As soon as the man partially solved the problem of earning the material
life, he found the task of regulating the human relations. The development
of the industry demanded law, order and social adaptation; this way,
the private property required of Government.

In an evolutionary world as the Earth, the antagonisms and the contradictions
are natural; therefore, the Social Peace is only gotten by some type
of system of Social Regulation. The Social Regulation is inseparable
from the Social Organization, and the association implies controlling authority.
The Government demands to coordinate the antagonisms of the tribes,
clans, families and individuals.

The Government is developed "unconsciously" and evolves by trial and errors, and it is valuable for the survival; therefore, it becomes
traditional. The Anarchy increased the misery, but little by little
it arose and is arising a Super Government and a Super System
of Law and Order. The dominant demands of fight for the existence
are those that take the man for the progressive way of the civilization.

1. GENESIS OF THE WAR

The
War is the state and natural patrimony of the primitive man in
evolution; the Peace is the social meter that measures the progress
of the civilization. Before the partial socialization of the races
in advance, the man was excessively individualistic, extremely
insecure and incredibly quarrelsome. The Violence is the law of
the primitive nature. The Hostility is the automatic reaction of
the children of the primitive nature; therefore, the “war” is
not but the same taken to a collective expression. It thunders
where and when the structure of the civilization is overloaded
due to the tremendous complications from the progress of the society,
and it always results in a violent and disastrous before the
primitive methods of abrupt adaptation, irritating the human inter-associations.

The War is a
bestial reaction before the misunderstandings and irritations. The Peace results from the civilized solution of all problem and difficulty
of all nature. The SANGIK race, and later the ADAMITES and NODITES
for then decadent, were belligerent. Soon the ANDONITES were taught
the “rule of gold” [Conduct Code], and even today, their
Eskimo descendants live encircled in great measure under that code;
among them the customs are ingrained and they are relatively free
of violent antagonisms.

ANDON taught his children to dissipate the quarrels, hitting a tree with a stick at the same time that he renounced to
the tree, and the first one to break the stick came out victorious.
Soon the ANDONITES dissipated the disputes celebrating a public act,
in which the fighters were insulted and ridiculed mutually,
then the public determined the winner with their applauses.

But it could not happen such a phenomenon of war until the society
didn't evolve enough to really experience periods of peace,
sanctioning the belligerent proceeding. The same concept of war implies
certain organization degree.

With the emergence of the social groupings, the personal irritations began to be submerged to the feelings of the group, and this promoted
the zeal for the internal tribal tranquility, but at the cost of the
intertribal peace. This way, the peace was enjoyed first inside
the group or tribe, at the mercy of the aversion and hate that
they always had against strange groups. The primitive man considered
that to spill a foreigner's blood was a virtue for his tribe.

But, in a principle, the above-mentioned didn't result. When
the primitive caciques tried to level misunderstandings, they were
often seen in the necessity of allowing the tribal combats by stoning
at least once a year. The clan was divided in two groups that liberated
a battle from sunrise to sunset, without another reason that the
pure pleasure of making it, but the truth is that they liked the
fight.

The “war” lasts because the man is still a human in
advance with primitive stragglers that evolve from an animal, and
all the animals by nature are belligerent. Among the primitive
causes of war it figures the following:

The Hunger- It took to raids of foods. Because
the shortage of lands always caused wars during these arduous
fights, the primitive
peaceful tribes were practically exterminated.

The Shortage of Women-
An effort to raise the shortage of domestic help. The kidnapping
of women always motivated war.

The Vanity-
Wanted of exhibiting tribal courage. Superior groups fought
to impose their
way of life to the inferior peoples.

The Slaves- The necessity of recruits for works in the labor sectors.

The Vengeance-
It was reason of war if a tribe believed that another neighboring
tribe
had caused the death of one of them.
They stayed mourning until one victim was
brought back.
The war of vengeance lasted until relatively
recent times.

The Recreation-
The youths of these primitive times considered the
war like a form of
amusement. If some valid and enough
pretext didn't arise to war, or if the peace pressed them,
then the neighboring tribes
accustomed to
begin semi-cordial combats, making
incursions of festival character in
order to enjoy a battle mockery.

The Religion-
The desire to make converts to the cult.
All the primitive
religions
sanctioned
the
war. Only
in recent times, the
religion began to be an excuse
to untie the war; but the “primitive
priests” unfortunately used to be allied with the
military power. Among the big pacific negotiations that
have been carried
out in the planet through the ages, figure the effort to
emancipate the church from the State.

These
primitive tribes always liberated wars on behalf of their gods
for order
of their caciques or quack doctors. The Hebrews believed
in a “God of the battles”; the narration of the invasion
of the “Midianites” is a typical story of the atrocious
cruelty of the old tribal wars. This attack, with the cruel slaughter
of all the males and later on of all the children and girls that
were not virgin, it would have not been worthy in the customs of
one tribal cacique from two hundred thousand years ago. This way,
all the narrated wars from then were executed on behalf of that
supposed “Lord God of Israel”.

This is a narrative of the evolution of the society -the
natural treatment to the problems of the races-, the man forging their
own destination in the face of the earth. We should know firmly that
the DEITY doesn't incite such cruelties, in spite of the primitive
man's malicious tendencies of attributing all responsibility to
his gods.

The military “compassion” has taken a long time in
arriving to the mankind. Even when a woman, called Deborah, that
governed the Hebrews, persisted with the same cruelty of previous
times and in great scale when conquering the gentiles, her generals
did that the “whole enemy army fell under the edge of the
sword until no one was left alive”.

Very early in the history of the human race poisoned weapons were
used and it was practiced all kinds of mutilations. Saul didn't
hesitate in demanding from David one hundred Philistine foreskins
as booty for his daughter Michal.

In the primitive wars, tribes fought against tribes; but later
on, it arose to bind a dispute between two “individuals” from
different tribes, instead of fighting the two tribes. The two disputants
were committed to be debated in duel. It also ended up being a custom
that two armies bet the whole result of the competition between the representatives
from each side. This was the case of David and Goliath.

The first tuning of the war was the taking of prisoners, then the
woman's discharge in the hostilities and later came the recognition
of the “non combatants”. It didn't take long in develope
military chastes and permanent armies to stay to tone with the
growing complexity of the combats. Soon these warriors were prohibited
to be associated with women, and long time ago the women ceased of
fighting, although they continued feeding, taking care and urging
the soldiers to battle.

The practice of Declaring the war represented a great progress. Since such intention declarations to war denounced the arrival
of a sense of justice, of more civilized treatments, and this was
continued by the gradual development of the regulations from the “civilized
war”. Very soon it was a costume not combating near religious places,
and later on it was incremented not combating in sacred
days. Then the general recognition of the asylum right came, and
the political fugitives received protection.

This way the war gradually evolved, from the hunt of the primitive
man until the achievement of a more orderly system among
the “civilized nations”. Undoubtedly, a highly friendly
world social attitude takes a lot of time in displacing the hostile and belligerent attitude of the
enemy from the primitive man's
genetic residue in the way of evolution. [Top]

2. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WAR

In
past times, a violent war instituted sudden social changes, opening
the way to the demanded adoption of new ideas, thing that
had not taken place in natural form in ten thousand years. The
terrible price that it was necessary to pay for these undeniable
advantages brought by the wars, was that the society while the
war, heady was happening, it was temporarily put back to the tremendous
savagery, and the civilized reason had to resign. The War has
been as a strong medicine, very costly and dangerous; although,
it is
often good to cure certain social wrongs but sometimes kills the
patient: It destroys the Society.

The constant necessity of the national defense produced many social,
new and improved adjustments. The society of today enjoys the benefit
of numerous useful innovations that primitively were completely
military, and it is even owed to the war the dance, whose primitive
form was a military exercise.

The War has had social value for the last civilizations, since:

Imposed Discipline and demanded Cooperation.

Rewarded
the Rightness and the Value.

Fomented and solidified the nationalism,
for then required.

Destroyed the weak and idler people.

Dissolved the illusion
of the primitive equality, instead selectively stratified the
Society.

The War has
had certain selective and evolutionary value, but This and
the
Slavery should be discarded little
by little in some moment and in the measure that the Global
Society progresses. The Olden
Wars promoted the trips and the cultural interchanges;
and these now are better for the modern methods of transport
and communication.
The Olden Wars strengthened the nations, but the Modern
Wars definitively disrupt the civilized culture.
The Olden Wars produced havocs in
the inferior breeds of the human race; and the net result of
the Modern Wars is the selective destruction of the “superior
breed” of the humanity. The Olden Wars promoted
the “organization” and
the “efficiency”, but the Modern Wars have
become an excessive objective of the modern industry.
In the past
time the War was a social ferment that impelled forward
the civilization,
but the same result of today is achieved better by the “interest” and
the “invention”. The Olden Wars were supported
with the concept of a “God of the battles”, but
the modern man is learning that “God is Love”.
The Olden War has been good for many valuable objectives
in the past, and it has
been an indispensable scaffolding in the construction of the
civilization; but the Modern War is becoming obsolete and in
total cultural bankruptcy, in enlarged steps. Today it is unable to produce dividends
of social benefit and in some proportional way to the considerable
losses that result from its invocation.

In the past epochs
the doctors believed that the “loss of blood” was
the cure of many illnesses; but later, on they discovered better treatments
for most of these ailments. In the same way, the international “shedding
of blood” from the wars should be overcome with discovery for
better treatments that cure the national and international ills.

The nations of URANTIA [The Earth] now are at the final border
of the enormous fight among the “nationalist-militarism” versus
the “industrialism”, and in many aspects this conflict
is exactly similar to the secular fight between the “shepherd-hunter” and
the “farmer”. But if the Industrialism must triumph
over the militarism, then it should be avoided the dangers that
lie in it. These world dangers for the industrialism are:

The strong tendency toward the materialism;
that is to say, the spiritual blindness.

The cult to the power-wealth;
that is to say, the distortion of the values of the Being.

The exaggerated vices of luxury,
due to the cultural immaturity.

Those every time bigger dangers
of the indifference; that is to say, the insensibility to the
Service.

The development of one undesirable racial
weakness; that is to say, the biological deterioration.

The great
threat of standardized industrial slavery; that is to say, stagnation of the human
essence. The work ennobles, but monotony
hinders.

The
Militarism is autocratic and cruelly
savage. It promotes the social organization among the conquerors,
but underestimates
until
disintegrating the conquered ones. The Industrialism is more
civilized and must be led in advance in such a way that
is promoted
the Creativity increasingly and the Independence is
fomented. The Society should in every way possible foment
the Creativity.

Don't make the mistake of glorifying the War; rather, Discerns deeply
of what it has benefited the Society, so you may
be able to visualize with great precision the alternatives that
offer a
continuous progress satisfy the civilization
in advance. If such appropriate alternatives are not supplied, then don't doubt
that the wars will continue for a long time.

The man for his material condition, will never accept the “peace” like
normal way of life; unless, he has already understood entirely and
repeatedly that the “Peace” is much more convenient to
him, even for his “material wellbeing”. Also until
the society judiciously and wisely promote the peaceful alternatives
for the satisfaction to that innate tendency of discharging all collective impulses accumulated
periodically; and this is to liberate all those “emotions” and “energy” that
are deposited constantly in the human being and that are
inherent to the instinctive reactions of the self-preservation of the human
species.

But for consideration it should be recognized distinctions to the
War in its school quality of experience; that
it demanded to a race of proud, conceited, idlers, individualists,
etc. to undergo
an excessive rigorous authority -the supreme executive.
This way,
the Olden War selected for leadership to the men
of innate greatness, but the Modern War however
no longer forge this. To discover new altruistic leaders, the current
society should appeal to the
conquest
of the Peace!:
Industrial, Scientific and of Social Achievement. [Top]

3. THE PRIMITIVE HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS

In the most primitive society, the horde [clans] is everything; the
children are even of their property. This way, when evolving the
Family these hordes were displaced, by the improvement of the upbringing
of the offspring; in such a way, when the clans and the tribes
went arising, they were also replaced by social elements of better
quality.

The sexual desire and the maternal affection settle down the Family.
Now, the True Government doesn't appear until it doesn't begin to
gestate the big groups of super-families. In the times of the hordes,
previous to the family, the leadership was provided by individuals
that were chosen informally. The African Bushmen never progressed
of this primitive stage. They don't have caciques.

The families united for consanguineous knots in the clans and relatives'
groups; and these ones later evolved by consequence in tribes, in
territorial communities. The war and the external pressure forced
the clans of relatives to a tribal organization, but it was the trade and the exchange what maintained together these premature primitive
groups with certain degree of internal peace.

The Peace in URANTIA can be promoted by the “Free
International CommercialDistribution”, and it is much better than all the
sentimental fallacies from the visionary formulations of plans for
the world peace. Due to that the commercial relationships have
been facilitated by the development of the Language and the improved
methods of Communication, as well as the advance of the Transport.

The absence of a “Common Language” has always impeded
the progress of the peaceful nations; but the “Currency” has
become the global language of the modern trade. The modern society
stays united mainly for the “Industrial trade”. The “Gain” motive
is a powerful civilizer, as long as it provides combination with
the desire of SERVING.

In the primitive ages, each tribe was surround of concentric circles
of growing “fear” and intense “distrust”;
therefore, it ended up being a custom to kill the strangers and later
on they enslaved them. The old concept of “friendship” meant
the adoption to the clan. They believed that the affiliation to the
clan allowed them to survive the death. It was one of the most primitive
concepts in the “eternal life”.

The adoption ceremony consisted on drinking the blood of another.
In some groups saliva was exchanged, instead of drinking the blood,
being this the old origin of the modern social usage of “kissing”.
All the “association ceremonies”, being marriage or adoption, always ended up in feasting.

In later times, the blood was used diluted with the red wine, and
later, only the wine was drank in order to seal the “adoption” ceremony
that was symbolized with the crash of cups of wine and the total
sip of the drink. Hebrews used a modified form of these adoption
ceremonies. Their Arab ancestors used the “oath”, while
the candidate's hand rested on the tribal genital organs of the native
one. Hebrews tried kindly and fraternally to the “adoptive aliens”: “The stranger that dwells with you, will be
like one born among you, and you shall love him as yourselves!”.

“The friendship towards the guest” was a relationship of temporary
hospitality. When the guests left, a plate was broken on half, a piece
was given to the friend that was leaving, so that it served as appropriate
introduction for a third that could arrive to visit in the future.
It was a habit that the guests paid for their demurrage, relating stories
about their trips and adventures. The “narrators of
stories” from the past were so popular as the established customs; later on,
the residents prohibited that this worked during the seasons of hunting
or the crop.

The first treaties of peace were “knots of blood”. The
"Ambassadors of Peace" from two tribes in
war met and paid honors; then, they proceeded to puncture
their skin until bleeding, so they
sucked the blood from each other and declared the peace.

The first missions of peace consisted on men's delegations that took their select maidens for the bonus of their old enemies, making use of the sexual appetite to combat the warlike impulse.
This way, the honest tribe made another visit in return to correspond with its own maidens'
offer; then, it was established the peace firmly. Soon it began
to be sanctioned the marriages among the families of the caciques. [Top]

4. THE CLANS AND THE TRIBES

The
first peaceful group was the family then the clan, the tribe and
much later the nation, which with the time ended up being the
modern “territorial state”. It is very encouraging for
the goal of the man's following great evolutionary escalade that
the groups, peaceful nations from today, have expanded for a lot of
time, extending and adhering in consanguineous knots and in union
of races to include all the nations from the face of the earth. This, in spite of the fact that the nations of URANTIA continue
unsuccessfully determined to spend considerable sums of human capital and
material in preparations of war.

The clans were consanguineous groups inside the tribe,
and their existence was due to common interests, as:

Their
origin went back to a common ancestor.

They
were loyal to a common religious totem.

They
spoke the same dialect.

They
shared a common dwelling.

They
feared the same enemies.

They
had a common military experience.

The headmen of the clan were always subordinated of the cacique of the
tribe. The old tribal governments were a confederation of clans without
cohesion. For it, the Australian aboriginal never developed a
tribal form of government.

The peaceful caciques of the clan used to govern through the “maternal
line”; and the warring caciques of the tribe settled down
through the “paternal line”. The courts of the tribal caciques
and primitive kings consisted on leaders of the clans whowere
used to invite before the king's presence, several times a year;
and this allowed him to watch them and win better their
cooperation. The clans were valuably for the local auto-government,
but they retarded thoroughly the development of big and strong
nations. [Top]

5. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE GOVERNMENT

All
human institution has its genesis, so the “Civil
Government” is product of a progressive and constant evolution;
likewise, they are: the Marriage, the Industry and the Religion.
It was starting from the first clans and primitive tribes that
were gradually developed the human government's successive orders that have appeared and desappeared, until they were able to capture
new forms of civil and social regulation that characterize the
second third of the twenty century.

With the gradual emergence of the “family unities”,
it sat down the government's foundations in the organization of
the clan that were groupings of consanguineous families. The
true and first government body was the “Council of
Elders”.
This regulator group was compound for “old men” that
had been distinguished somehow efficiently. Until the most terrible
man knew how to appreciate the “wisdom” and the “experience”, from
there came a lingering gerontocracies age, the domain of the “old
men”. But gradually this oligarchic reign of the advanced
age became the “patriarchal” concept.

In the Council of Elders originally was the potential
of all the government functions: The Executive,
the Legislative and the Judicial one.
When the Council interpreted the effective customs, it was the Tribunal Body; when it established the
new ways of the social usage, it was the Legislative
Body;
and when it was made complete these agreed ordinances and promulgations,
it was the Executive Body. The president
of the advice was one of the future tribal cacique's predecessors.

Some tribes had “Council of Women” and from time to
time many tribes had ruling women. But the Red Man American tribes
conserved the teachings of ONAMONALONTON [sage and redeemer among
the American Red Men, approximately about 65,000 years ago, that
inhabited among the big redwoods of California; their descendants
arrived until these times among the Indians of the Blackfoot],
and they followed only the régime of the “Council
of Seven”.

It has been very difficult for the humanity to learn that an unstable
and stagnated society cannot govern the war or the peace. The primitive “debates” rarely were useful. The old race didn't delay in learning, that an
army commanded by a “group of chiefs” of clan, didn't
have possibility to triumph against a strong army commanded by “only
one man”. This way, the war has always been a “kingmaker”.

In a principle the “chiefs of war” were only chosen
for the service of the army, and they used to give up during the
peacetimes, since their duties were rather of social character.
But gradually, they began to interfere in the intervals of peace,
dilating their service to continue ruling from one war to the
other. Even they often were in charge that it didn't last so much
time the interim between successive wars. These primitive “chiefs
of war” were not fond of the peace.

Later on some caciques were chosen for other services, besides
the military services; and they were selected taking into account
the hefty and strong physique or outstanding personal aptitudes.
The Men of Red Race often had two groups of caciques -the Sachems
or “caciques of peace”, and the hereditary “warring
caciques”. The governors of the peace were also judges and
teachers... Some primitive communities were governed by “quack
doctors” that sporadically acted as caciques. Then, a single
man acted as priest, doctor and as supreme executive. Very often
the first real badges had been the symbols or emblems
of the priestly vestments.

It was by means of these steps that went gradually arising the existence
the government's “Executive Branch”. The Clan and the Tribal Councils continued in their
quality of
advisors and as predecessors of the “LegislativeBranch” and “Judicial Branch” that flourished later. In today's Africa,
all this forms of primitive government are still in material
existence
in many tribes. [Top]

6. THE MONARCHIC GOVERNMENT

It was only reached an effective State
Regime when a boss reached
full executive authority. The man discovered that the effective
government could be reached when conferring the power to a personality,
and not being founded in ideas.

The “sovereignty” was born from the concept of authority
or family wealth. When a patriarchal kinglet became a true king,
he was sometimes called the “father of his people”.
Later on, it was believed that these kings had arisen from the heroes,
and even later on, the sovereignty ended up being “hereditary”,
due to the dogma of the divine origin of the kings.

The “hereditary monarchy” avoided the “anarchy” that
so many havocs had made previously between the death of a king
and its successor's election. The Family had a biological head;
the Clan had a selected natural leader; but the Tribe and the State later on didn't have any natural
leader, and this was an additional
reason to constitute another motive for which they ended up being
hereditary the “cacique-kings”. The idea of the “real
families” and the “aristocracy” was also based
on the established customs of the “title of property” in
the clans.

Later, it ended up considering over-natural the succession of
the kings; it was believed mistakenly that the real blood went
back at the times of the one hundred materialized retinues from the Planetary Prince
CALIGASTIA, [Headed for Daligastia, associated of the Prince; had
installed five hundred thousand years ago approximately and
after five hundred thousand years approximately of the appearance
of the man's intelligent life. This happened in the region of the
Persian Gulf that later corresponded to Mesopotamia; being
founded there the central headquarters called DALAMATIA, in honor
to Daligastia. They were assigned to carry out missions to promote
the evolutionary escalades of the human races; numerous legends
originated from them, that later were confused with the missions
of Adam and Eve]. This way the kings became fetish personalities
and they were feared in great way, reason why a special form of
language was adopted for the court usage. Even in recent times,
it was believed that touching a king cured the illnesses, and in
some towns of URANTIA, they still consider that their rulers have
divine origin.

Very soon, the king primitive fetish was often preserved in isolation;
because he was considered too sacred to be contemplated
except by the festival and sacred days. Usually somebody was named
so that he made the representative role of the “king”,
and this is the origin of the first Ministers.
The first official of the cabinet was an “Administrator
of Foods”; the
other officials appeared little time later. The governors didn't
take long in naming designated representatives so that they took
charge of the “Trade” and the “Religion”;
and the development of the “cabinet” constituted a
direct step toward the depersonalization of the Executive authority.
These assistants of the primitive kings became the grateful nobility,
and the “king’s” wife ascended gradually to the “queen” dignity. This way he women arrived to be sustained with more esteem.

The unscrupulous sovereigns won great power by the discovery of
the poison. The magic of the primitive “courts” was
perverse; then, the enemies of the kings suddenly died. But reciprocally,
the autocrat more tyrant was subordinated to some restrictions,
for what they were hindered by the constant fear of being murdered.
The quack doctors, the witchdoctors and the priests always represented
a powerful control for the kings. Later on the landowners and the
aristocracy exercised a controling influence; and from time, to
time the clans and the tribes simply rebelled and overthrew their despotic and tyrannic
sovereign. In many cases the
sovereigns were deposed to death penalty, and often they were given
the option of committing suicide, which gave origin to the social primitive style of the suicide under certain circumstances.[Top]

7. THE PRIMITIVE CLUBS AND THE SECRET SOCIETIES

The Consanguinity determined
the first social groups, and the Association enlarged
the consanguineous clan. The “marriages” among
members of different clans constituted the next step in the expansion
of the “groups”, and from that resulted a complex
tribe that was the first and true Political Entity.
The following advance in the social development was the evolution
of the Religious
Cults and the Political Clubs. Both appeared
for first time with character of “secret societies” and
originally both were totally of “religious character”;
and later, on these two ended up being of “regulator character”.
In a principle they were men's clubs and later women's clubs appeared.
Recently,
they were divided in two classes: sociopolitical and religious-mystic.

There were many reasons to maintain these primitive societies in “secret”,
such as:

The
fear of incurring in the displeasure of the governors, due to
the transgression of some taboo.

To
practice minority religious rites.

The
purpose of preserving valuable “mystic” or “trade ” secrets .

To
enjoy of some amulet or special charm.

The quality of the secret of these societies conferred their
members the power of the “mystery” over the rest of the tribe.
The quality of the secret also attracted the vanity; the initiate of such societies were formed by the social aristocracy of the
time. After the initiation, the youths could already hunt with
the adults; considering that before, they had to pick up vegetables
with the women. It was a supreme humiliation, a dishonor before
the tribe that one of them was not able to pass the tests of the
puberty, being this way forced to remain outside of the activities
of the males, to be together to the women and children, and they
were considered effeminate. Also, those candidates were not allowed
to get married.

The primitive men taught their adolescents the sexual continence.
It ended up being a habit to separate the male youths from their
parents since the puberty until the marriage, commending their
education
and formation to the secret societies of the men. One of the
main functions of these “clubs” was the control of adolescent
males, preventing that illegitimate children were born.

The “marketed prostitution” began when these clubs of these men began to pay with money the usufruct of the women
of other tribes. But the most primitive groups were notably free
of that sexual condition.

The ceremony of the “initiation of puberty” used to
last a five year period. There were in these ceremonies a lot
of self-torture and painful incisions. It was practiced the circumcision
firstly as a way of initiation rite in some of these secret institutions.
It was also part of the initiation of the puberty to be carved
the tribal marks in the body; this way, it was originated the tattoos
as affiliation symbol. These tortures and privations had the purpose
of strengthening these youths, recording in their minds the reality
of the life and showing them the unavoidable annoyances. This objective
was achieved better after lingering time by the physical athletic
and fair games.

But the secret societies tried to improve the moral sense of
the adolescents; one of the main purposes of the pubertys ceremonies
was to inculcate the boy that he should consider prohibited
the wives of other males.

After years of rigorous discipline and training, exactly before
the marriage, the youngs were put in freedom so that they enjoyed
a brief period of leisure and entertainment. Later they should
return to get married and undergo the rigors of the tribal taboos
during
the rest of their life. This primitive habit has continued
until these modern times, as the absurd notion of passing to “the youthful disorderly life”.

Later on, many tribes sanctioned the formation of the “secret
clubs of women” that had the purpose of preparing the adolescent
girls to be wives and mothers; that after the initiation, these
youths were capable for the marriage. Then they were allowed
to attend the “introduction of brides”, and this was
the promotion party in the societies of those times. Then, very
soon began to appear the orders of women that made vote of chastity against the marriage.

Already in more recent times appeared the “non secrets clubs”;
this happened when the single males began to group, and at
the same time, the non committed women also grouped, forming their
own organizations by separate. These associations were the “first
schools” indeed. Although frequently the feminine and masculine
clubs were harassed mutually. Some more advanced tribes, after the
contact with the masters of DALAMATIA, experienced the mixed
teaching,
founding schools of boarding schools for both sexes.

The Secret Societies contributed mainly to the
formation of the “social
castes”, due to the mysterious character of their initiations.
The members of these societies began first to use masks to
frighten the onlookers that wanted to witness their mourning
rites -the
adoration of their ancestors. Later this rite became a pseudo
session of spiritualism, in which it was speculated that “ghosts” appeared.
The old societies of the “renaissance” used to
use signs and a special secret language, and they also
gave
up solemnly to certain foods and drinks. They acted as night police,
and also they acted in a wide range of social activities.

All the Secret Societies imposed an oath. They
urged to each other of dependability and they taught to keep the
secrets;
these orders
scared and controlled the throng; they also acted as societies
of surveillances and made punishments. They were the first “spies” in
the tribal wars, and they were the first “secret policemen” in
times of peace. The best thing of everything for them was
that they maintained the unscrupulous kings in an insecure
throne. Then
to counteract them, the kings fomented their own secret police's
development.

These societies gave place to the first “political parties”.
The first partisan government resulted from the “strongest” versus
the “weakest”. In ancient times, it was not changed
the administration until after a civil war, giving abundant test that
the weak ones had become strong ones.

The merchants used these clubs to charge their “debts”,
and the sovereigns used them to collect “taxes”. The
burden of “taxes” has constituted a lingering
fight, figuring among the first forms of them the “tithe”,
a tenth part the hunt or the booty. Originally the taxation
was burdened to maintain the king's house, but it was discovered that
it was easier when the tax was disguised as an offering to support
the service of the temple.

With the time, these Secret Societies became the
first “charitable
organizations”, and later they evolved to end up
being the first “religious societies” -the
predecessors of the churches. Finally, some of these societies extended
to the intertribal environment, being formed from there the first international confraternities. [Top]

8. THE SOCIAL CLASSES

The mental and physical inequality of the human
beings guarantee the appearance of the “social
classes”.
The only planets that don't have social strata are the most primitive
and the most
advanced. In such a way that a civilization in their beginnings
has not still begun the differentiation of the social levels; while
in a world that is settling down already in the ERA
OF LIGHT AND LIFE, it has erased in great percentage these divisions of the
humankind that is so characteristic from all the intermediate evolutionary
phases.

The measure that the society emerged from savagery, passing trough the
barbarism; their human components tend in to group in varied social
classes, because of the following reasons:

Natural -The contact, the consanguinity and the marriage. The
first social classes were based on the sex, the age and the blood
-the relationship with the cacique.

Personal -The
recognition of the abilities, the resistance, the knowledge
and the rightness; and very soon it continued
the recognition of the domain of the language, the science
and the intelligence in general.

Fortuitous -The
war and the emigration generated the division of human groups.
The Conquest, the
relationship of the conqueror with the conquered influenced strongly in the evolution
of classes; the slavery caused the first general division
of societies: free and captive.

Economic -The
rich and the poor. The wealth and the possession of slaves
was the
hereditary
base for one class of society.

Geographic -The
classes arose as a result of the urban or rural colonization.
The city
and
the field, respectively,
have contributed
to the differentiation from the “shepherd-farmer” and the “merchant-industrial”
with their points of view and divergent reactions.

Social -The
classes were formed gradually in agreement with the popular
appreciation
of the social
value from different
groups. The
first divisions of this nature were the
differentiations
between the Priests and Teachers,
among the Governors and Warriors,
between the Capitalists and Merchants and
the common Workers with the Slaves.
The “slave” could never end
up being capitalist, but already as “salaried”, he
could opt to be integrated to the capitalist
sector.

Vocational-
In the measure that the vocations were multiplied, these spread
to settle
down “castes” and “guilds”. The Workers
were divided in three groups: the “professional classes”,
even the “quack doctors” then the “skilled workers” and
continued by the “unskilled workers”.

Religious -The
first Secret Clubs made
their own classes inside
the clans
and tribes,
but the
pity and the mysticism of the priests were perpetuated for
a lot of time like a separate social group.

Racial -The
presence of two or more races
inside a certain
nation or
territorial
unit
usually
produces chaste of color. The
original system of chaste from the India was
based on the color, as well
as it was at
the beginning
in Egypt.

Age -The youth and the maturity. Among the tribes,
the boy remained
under the
custody of his
father, while
this was alive; on the
other hand, the girl was under the
care of her mother until
she got married.

It is indispensable for an evolutionary society that the social
classes be flexible and versatile. But when the Classes become
in Caste,
and when they petrify the social levels; then, the only thing that
is left is to establish the improvement of the social stability
trough the small Personal Initiative. The “social caste” solves
the problem when signing up to each individual in the industry, this
at the same time, reduces emphatically the individual's intimate evolutive development
and also annuls almost completely the “social cooperation”.

The “classes” of the society being established in natural
way will remain until the man achieves gradually and wisely
his elimination-transformation, and this is carried out by the correct
administration for the evolutive support of all the Biological,Intellectuals and Spiritual potentialities of a great civilization in progress;
they are:

The Biological Transformation of
the racial linage -The selective Eradication-Transformation
of the great multiplicity of inferior
humans, eradicating many and unjust
inequalities of the mortal man.

The Ascendant Education that amplified the intellectual
potential, activating the "Nuclear Mind", accompanied
by the biological progress.

The rebirth of the Ascendant Religion from the motives for Unity and the Global Fraternity of the
earthly man.

These measures cannot give its true and elevated fruits but through
big millennium processes; although, the social
improvement would
immediately result trough a correct administration of these factors
of acceleration from the cultural progress, as long as it be Intelligent,
Wise, Flexible and mainly in Order, Light and Love.
The “Ascendant
Religion”[that is reveling] is a powerful lever that
can take out and rise the civilization from the chaos; but this
would
be impotent separated from the entire and healthy support of minds
that rest firmly on a rich natural estate of elevated intentions and
altruist motives. [Top]

9. THE HUMAN RIGHTS

The
nature confers none “Right” to the man, but it
confers “Life” and a world in where to Live
it. The
nature doesn't even confer the right to Live, just as it could be
deduced if we consider what would happen if a defenseless man met
a hungry tiger front to front in a primitive forest. Therefore
the Security is the primordial gift that the society grants to
the man.

The Society gradually designed and made worth their Rights
and until nowadays are:

The
Guarantee of the Food Supply.

The
Military Defense -The transitory security while gets ready
for the achievement of the Global
Unity.

The
Preservation of the Interior Peace -The prevention of the personal
violence and the social disorder.

The
Sexual Education -The marriage, the family institution.

The
Property - The right to be the owner.

The
Promotion of the Competitiveness between individuals and groups;
as traffic
for
the realization of the Global
Cooperation.

The
Provision of the Education and Training of the youth.

The
Promotion of the Interchange and Commerce -The Industrial Development.

The
Constant Improvement of the Labor Conditions and Retributions.

The
Guarantee of the Freedom and the Religious Practice
so all of
these
other social
activities
be elevated by
the acquisition of the spiritual
motivation.

When
the rights are so old that are ignored their origin, they are usually
denominated
Natural Rights. But the “Human Rights” are
not really natural; they are entirely “Socials”.
These are totally relative and very constantly change; because
they
are not more than the “game rules” of this civilization
in advance -Are adaptations, grateful adjustments of the relationships
that govern the phenomena in the always changing life and the
human competitive fight to survive.

What may be
considered as correct for a time cannot be considered so in another
time. The survival of big quantities of “abnormal” and “degenerate” people
doesn't depend on that they are entitled to the natural right to obstruct the civilization in advance of the present century; but because
simply, this way is decreed by the society of this time -The
Established Customs.

Few Human Rights
were recognized during the European Middle Ages; then, all man
belonged to other and the rights were not more than
privileges or favors granted by the State or the Church. The revolutions
that arose from this error were equally erroneous since it was from
the belief that all the men are “born equal”.

The “weak” and the “inferiors” have always
fight for equal rights than the other ones; they have always insisted
in that the State should force the “strong” and “superiors” to
solve or alleviate their necessities; and otherwise, they insist
to be recompensed from their deficiencies which very often are the
natural result of their own indifference and abandonment.

But
this ideal of the “equality” is the elevated fruit
of a super civilization in Order, Light and
Love; and this is not in the nature. Even the culture itself
demonstrates in an overwhelming
way the inherent inequality among the men, through its different
and unequal cultural capacities. An abrupt execution and without
going by the evolutionary processes of the supposed “natural
equality”, would violently precipitate the civilized man to the rough usages
of the primitive ages again. The Society cannot offer the “equal
rights” to all, but it can commit to administer the “varied
rights” to each one with all Transparency and Equity.
The Ministration and the Duty of the society are to provide the children
of the nature the fair and peaceful opportunities to get the Self-Conservation,
participating in the Self-Perpetuation and at
the same time, enjoying certain degree of Auto-Gratification.
The sum of the three constitutes the authentic
happiness of the earthly man. [Top]

10. THE EVOLUTION OF THE JUSTICE

The “Natural Justice” is
an artificial theory elaborated by the man, it is not a reality.
In the nature, the man's justice
is purely theoretical, fictitious. But what the universal nature offers is
Balance; that it is the unavoidable comfort from effects of the causes.

The justice, as conceived by the man means to demand his
rights,
and this way he believes to get his evolutive progress. The
concept of the “Justice” can only be constituent and
realized in a mind endowed with an elevated spirit, and this doesn't
emerge to the existence with its entire splendor in the material
worlds of the space and time.

The primitive man attributed all the phenomena to people. This
way, in the case of death the primitive man didn’t asked “What
killed it?”, or “Who did it?”. Still was not
recognized the “accidental murder”; therefore, the “condemnation
for crimes” was disregarded completely. It was given remiss attention
to the offender's motives; the agreement trial was only emitted
with the damage made.

In the most primitive society, the “Public
Opinion” worked
in a direct way, and the officials of the law were not necessary,
there was not privacy in the primitive life. The neighbors of an
individual were responsible for the behavior of him; from there the
right of interfering in the personal matters. Then, the society was
regulated on the base of the theory that the number of affiliation
of a group should possess an interest in each member's behavior,
and until certain degree, control over them.

In these primitive times, it was believed that the “ghosts” administered
the justice through the quack doctors and priests; they were constituted
this way in the first orders in detecting the delinquency and serving as officials of the law. Their primitive methods of detection
of the delinquency consisted on making tests of the poison, fire and pain. These wild tests were not more than rough arbitration
techniques, and they didn't necessarily arbitrate the disputes
in a fair way, for example: when it was administered poison to
an accused one, if this one vomited, he was innocent...

In the Old Testament one of these tests consists; this way, the
test of guilt for matrimonial infidelity: If a man suspected that
his wife was unfaithful, he took her before the priest and he exposed
his suspicions, and the priest prepared a repugnant mixture; after
a forced ceremony that understood in lowering curses to the accused
wife, she was forced to drink the repugnant potion: “The water
that causes the curse will enter in her and will become bitter, her stomach
will be inflated and will be rotted her thighs, then
the woman will be cursed among her town”, and if by any chance,
some woman drank this whole dirty beverage without manifest
symptoms
of physical illness, she was acquitted from the charges made by her
jealous husband.

These atrocious methods of detection of the crime were practiced
for almost all the tribes in evolution in some moment or another.
Then much later, being beaten in “duel” was the most
modern survival in the trial for dispute.

It is not surprising that Hebrews and other semi civilized tribes
practiced such a primitive techniques of administration of justice until hardly three thousand years ago; but it is much
more astonishing that these “thinking men” from that time
would retain such relics of the barbarism in the pages of their
collections of Sacred Writings. But today, with the modern and
reflexive thought, it should be revealed that no Divine Being ever
gave the earthly man such unjust and perverse instructions
with respect to detections and punishments before the suspicion
of matrimonial infidelity or other condemnations.

Before the evident, the society soon adopted a vengeful attitude
of reprisals: “eye by eye, life by life”. For then,
all the evolving tribes would recognize this right of vengeance
of blood. The “vengeance” became the objective of the
primitive life, but the religion had already begun to modify considerably these terrible primitive tribal practices before the statements of their religious teachers that proclaimed: “The
vengeance is mine, says the Lord”. The slaughters for vengeance
in the primitive times were not so different from the current murders
that are carried out so pretext as the still unwritten law.

The “suicide” was a common way of vengeance. They believed
that when somebody could not retaliate in life, it committed
suicide believing that it would return and discharge its
anger over its enemy, in its ghost condition. Since it was generalized
this belief, the single threat of committing suicide to retaliate
their enemy from the threshold, used to be enough to make
it give up. The primitive man didn't appreciate the “life”;
even suicides happened because of insignificances and this was
common; but the teachings of the DALAMATIANS reduced these fatal
customs considerably; while in more recent times the Entertainment,
the Comfort, the Religion and the Philosophy were united to sweeten
the life and make it more desirable. It results that the “strikes
of hunger” that happen today in the world are, however, a
refined current similar case of this old method of reprisal or
vengeance.

One of the advanced first formulations of the tribal law was related
with the mediation of the tribe among the bloody family enmities.
But, for stranger that it seems, even in those times a man could kill
his wife without receiving punishment, as long as he had totally paid an amount for her. The Eskimos of today, however, still leaves
that the punishment of a crime, inclusive the murder, be administered
and decreed by the wronged family.

Another advance was the imposition of “penalties” for
taboos violations -the provision of penalties. These penalties constituted the first public revenues. The usage of paying money
like “rescue” for the life also entered in vogue as
substitute of the cruel vengeance. These damages used to be paid
with women or livestock; and it took a lot of time so that the
penalties, with monetaryretribution, settled down as real punishment
for the delinquency. And since the punishment idea became a monetary
compensation essentially, then all the things, including the human
life, came to have with the time a price that should be paid in
the future as damages. The Hebrews were the first ones in abolishing
the usage of paying money as rescue for other people's life.
Moses taught that they shouldn’t “Take money as rescue
for the life from a murderer condemned to death since that man
could die unfailingly”...

This way the Justice, in a principle was administered
by the family, then for the clan and later for the tribe. The true
administration
of justice dates from when the “vengeance” was removed
from the hands of the individuals and the consanguineous groups;
then, it was deposited in the hands of the Social Group -The
State.

Burning alive somebody in the blaze was a cruel punishment of
common practice. This was recognized by many old chiefs, inclusive
Hammurabi and Moses, who administered many crimes, particularly
those of serious sexual character; and it was punished with them
burning in the blaze. If “the daughter of a priest” or
any other outstanding citizen was dedicated to the public prostitution,
the Hebrew habit was to “burn her in the blaze”.

The “treason” the selling out or the betrayal of the
tribal associates was the first capital crime. The “stealing”,
that is the cattle theft, was punished generally with the summary
death, and until recently it was punished in a similar way the
theft of horses. And with the step of the time, it was known that
the “severity of the punishment” was not a dissuasive
factor as effective as it was the certainty and the speed of
its execution.

When
a society is not able to sanction the crimes,
the collective resentment usually made its way in form of “disturbances”;
for it, the provision of “sanctuaries” served as a way
of escape before the sudden pressures of the collective anger. The
revolts and protests represent the “opposition” from
the individual when differing with a particular amendment of the State. [Top]

11. THE LAWS AND THE TRIBUNALS

It
is not simple to trace clear distinctions between the “Established
Customs” and the “Laws”; this is as demonstrating
with mathematical precision when the night preside the day. The
customs are laws and regulations regulators elaborated by processes
of discernments. When the “Indefinite Customs” take
too much time in vigor, these tend to crystallize in Precise
Laws, in Concrete Regulations and in very
defined Social Conventions.

The “Law” in a principle is always negative and prohibitive.
In the advanced civilizations the law becomes more and more positive
and flexibly directive; and in the primitive societies, it worked
in a negative way since only were limited to give the right of
living imposing the commandments to “others”, but “not” to
themselves. All grant of rights or freedoms to an individual involve
to all the other ones, and this was carried out initially by the
taboos that are the primitive laws. All concept of the taboo is
inherently negative, since the primitive society was also completely
negative in its organization; therefore, the primitive administration
of the justice consisted on the vigorous application of the taboos.
These laws were originally only applied to the members of a neighboring
tribe, just as the Hebrews demonstrate it on more recent times,
who had different ethics codes to treat the egregious.

The “oath” originated in the times of DALAMATIA, in
an effort to give truer testimonies; and these oaths consisted
on decreeing condemnations to himself, since formerly no individual
wanted to testify against his native group.

While the “delinquency” constituted an aggression to
the tribal customs, the “sin” was the transgression
of the taboos imposed by supposed ghosts, but confusion existed
during a lot of time due to the failure of controlling the delinquency
and the sin.

The “interest to oneself” established the taboo against the assassination and the “society” sanctioned
it as a traditional habit, while the “religion” consecrated
this habit with the moral law; and the three conspired this way
to make the surest and viable human life. The society could not
have been maintained united, during these primitive times, if its
rights had not had the back up of the religion; since the superstition was always the police-moral-social force of the lingering evolutionary
ages. All the tribal “Elders” always affirmed that
formerly the gods had given them the laws, the taboos to their
ancestors.

The “Law” is a coded registration of the extensive
human experience, it is also the crystallized and legalized Public
Opinion; and the “Established Customs” were the raw
material of the accumulated experience, with which the ruling minds
could formulate the written laws. Therefore, the old judge didn't
have laws; when failing, simply he said: “It is Custom”.

The concerning to all the precedent of the Court Decisions represents
the effort of the Judges to adapt the laws written to the changing
and persistent conditions of the society. That said previously,
demands a constant and progressive adaptation before these changing
conditions of the society, togetherly with the imposing character
of the traditional continuity.

The
disputes about the “property” were
managed in many ways, such as:

By
the destruction -Of the property in dispute.

By
the force -The arguers began a fight body to body.

By
the arbitration -A third decided.

By
the appeal to the “Elders” -Later
to the Courts.

The
first “Tribunals” were pugilistic encounters regulated,
and the “Judges” were strictly the referees. They were on
charge that the fight was made of agreement with the approved regulations.
When beginning a judicial combat, each part had to leave a deposit
with the judge in order to pay the costs and the penalty after
the dispute, when one defied the other. Then, the “Force
gives the Right”. But later, the “Verbal
Discussions” substituted
the physical blows.

All concept of the primitive justice is based not so much on being
exactly fair but in granting the dispute, impeding this way
the public disorder and the private violence. The primitive man
didn't suffer so much for what today is known as injustice; but
it was given by a fact that those that had the power took advantage
from it selfishly. Nevertheless, We can determine the quality of
an entire civilization and accurately, only examining meticulously
the justness of their Tribunals and the integrity of their Judges. [Top]

12. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CIVIL AUTHORITY

The
great fight in the Government's evolution has been related a lot
with the concentration of the “power”. The Administrators,
the Divine Hierarchies of the Grand Universe, know for own experience
that there are regulated much better the evolutionary towns of
all the inhabited planets, by the type of “REPRESENTATIVE
CIVIL GOVERNMENT”; and this only works when is kept the equilibrium
of the power and correct coordination among the Executive,
Legislative and JudicialBranches.

Although
the primitive authority was based on the “force”,
in the physical power; the Ideal Government is based on the “representative
system” where the leadership is founded in the “dexterity”;
but in the days of the barbarism there was too much war to allow
the Representative Government to work in an effective way. In the
lingering fight between the distribution of the authority and the
unit of the control, the dictator won. The primitive and diffuse
powers from the first “Elders Council” concentrated
gradually on the person of an absolute king. After the appearance
of the real kings, the groups of Elders subsisted as a “body
of advisors”, almost legislative and judicial. Later on, appeared the “legislative” organs of coordinative character
for the first time; and finally, the “Supreme
Tribunals of Justice” settled down independently from the legislatures.

The king was the executioner of the “established customs”,
that is to say of the original or not written law; and later he
made complete the “legislative promulgations”, crystallizing
the “public opinion”. Although it arose gradually the
important development of the “popular assembly” that
constituted a great social advance as the expression of the public
opinion!.

The first kings were largely restricted by the established customs
-By the Tradition or the Public Opinion. In recent times, some nations
of URANTIA [The Earth] have decoded these customs in their government
letter.

The inhabitants of URANTIA are entitled to the Liberty; they should
create their government systems. They should adopt their constitutions
or other constituent letters of civil authority and also their
administrative procedures. Having fulfilled the above said, they
should select their best representatives and that they be worthy
of being Executive Supreme. For representatives of the Legislative Branch should only be chosen those that are intellectual and morally
qualified to carry out these sacred responsibilities. For Judges
of the Supreme and Superior Tribunals it should be chosen only
those that are endowed with natural aptitudes and to those who
have ended up being wise by plethoric experiences.

For the men to conserve their Liberty, after having chosen their
Constituent Letter of Liberty, they must have a prudential, intelligent
and bold interpretation, in order to avoid:

The
unjustified usurpation of the power by the Executive Branch
or Legislative Branch.

The
machinations of ignorant and superstitious agitators.

The
delay of the Scientific Progress.

The
stagnation of the dominance of the mediocrity.

The
dominance for the vicious minorities.

The
control for ambitious and astute candidates to be dictators.

The
disastrous disruption of panics.

The
exploitation for the unscrupulous.

The
imposition of the tributary slavery of the citizenship for the
State.

The
lack of Social and Economic Justice.

The
coalition of the Church and the State.

The
loss of the Personal Liberty.

These are the objectives and goals of the “Constitutional
Tribunals” that act as governors on the Representative Government's
machinery in a world that is in an evolutive advance.

The constant fights of the humanity to perfect the Government in URANTIA is related with the improvement of the ways of the
Administration;
with adaptations to the current necessities of the life that
constantly are changing, with the improvement of the distribution
of the three
powers inside the Government and finally with the selection of the best administrative leaders that are truly wise and
highly
altruistic. Although it exist a Divine and Ideal form of Government,
this one cannot reveal unless it is discovered in a very laborious
way the men and women of good will of each planet through
the Universes of the Time and Space. [With the collaboration
of
a Melchizedeck of Nebadon].