atRA is a pleiotropic, paracrine or autocrine signaling molecule produced from vitamin A through oxidative reactions carried out by the cytosolic retinaldehyde dehydrogenases RALDHl, RALDH2, and RALDH3 (Duester 2008).

A sampling of topics: endothelial mechanotransduction, interactions with the extracellular matrix in cellular mechanotransduction, nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction, mechanotransduction through local autocrine signaling, and micro- and nanoscale force techniques for mechanotransduction.

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