The characteristics of argon electron cyclotron resonance plasma discharged by 7.0, 8.0, and 9.4
GHz microwaves were investigated. Experiments were conducted in a fixed magnetic field. It
was found that the electron temperatures Te exhibited a trend of Te7.0<Te8.0<Te9.4 (suffixes
represent the discharge microwave frequencies).

This article presents an add-on secondary electron energy spectrometer for scanning electron
microscopes (SEMs). The add-on unit fits on to the specimen stage of a conventional SEM, and
the SEM is operated as normal. As an objective lens, the add-on unit improves the SEMs spatial
resolution by around a factor of 4 at a primary beam energy of 1 keV. The add-on unit functions as
a multichannel open-loop voltage contrast spectrometer by employing a bandpass deflector/filter
unit whose pass energy is ramped with time. The unit is designed to deflect the secondary
electrons while leaving the primary beam unaffected. Initial experimental results show that
significant voltage and material contrast can be obtained. In a data acquisition time of 0.32 s, a
minimum detectable voltage difference of around 54 mV was obtained. Regions of copper and
brass that were indistinguishable via the normal secondary electron image, were distinguished
with a signal to noise ratio of around 12 by using the add-on spectrometer.

A technique for the accurate determination of the surface potential US and its evolution during
irradiation, is proposed. The technique is based on detecting both backscattered (BSE) and
secondary electrons (SE) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The (BSE + SE) spectra are
measured using a compact, highly sensitive electrostatic toroidal spectrometer (ETS), specially
adapted for SEM applications. The use of an ETS analyzer set in a SEM for deducing the surface
potential from (SE + BSE) spectra of electron irradiated insulators is introduced here. The
surface potential is determined, either from the measured maximum energy of the secondary
electron peak, or from its beginning. Various dielectric materials such as MgO, Al2O3, Y2O3,
mica (potassium silicate aluminum), and Teflon were studied by this technique. Experimental
investigations of the beam energy and current effects on the surface potential of bare insulators are
reported. The change, due to this surface potential, in some physical quantities such as the amount
of BSEs and the most probable energy of their spectral distribution is also studied. The results
concerning coated and grounded insulators highlight the influence of the internal electric field on
the BSEs energy distribution. An account of the various benefits of using the toroidal spectrometer
in the surface potential measurement is also given.

Changes: This release is primarily a security fix release, addressing a
problem which could lead to a directory listing being displayed in place of
an error message. Also, it fixes some broken functionality present in the
1.3.17 release and various Win32 issues.

bftpd is a very configurable Linux FTP server which can do chroot without
special configuration or directory preparation. It works on all Unix
variants tested. Most FTP commands are supported, and user authentication
is done via passwd/shadow or PAM. tar/gzip on-the-fly is supported.

The CVS Manual Translation Project is an effort to provide translations of
the CVS documentation (currently 1.10.6). The German translation has been
started, and help is needed to start support for other languages. Please
contact the author if you can lend a hand.

Changes: Since 5.6.0, the authentication code has been almost completely
rewritten. As a result, fetchmail is now much better at detecting when it
can use password-shrouding methods like CRAM-MD5 and NTLM; also, these
methods now work with modern POP3 servers meeting RFC1734 as well as with
IMAP servers. Experimental code for ODMR (On-Demand Mail Relay) is
included.

Changes: Procmail version 3.15.1 fixes a race condition when creating
mailboxes that could result in a bounced message and increases the paranoia
with which the initial environment is handled when using the -p flag. It
also works around an AIX compiler bug that caused procmail to not find
users' default rcfiles.

Changes: A relatively major issue was discovered with session.groups which
may cause any group-expressions inside of &lt;Limit&gt; (DenyGroup, etc.)
to malfunction, new mod_sql and mod_ldap versions from from their
respective maintainers, and a few other minor fixes.

We report on the complex dielectric tensor components of four chalcopyrite semiconductors in an
optical energy range (1.4-5.2 eV, from 0.9 eV for CuInSe2) determined at room temperature by
spectroscopic ellipsometry. Our results were obtained on single crystals of CuInSe2, CuGaSe2,
CuInS2, and CuGaS2. Values of refractive indices n, extinction coefficients k, and
normal-incidence reflectivity R in the two different polarizations are given and compared with
earlier data where available. We analyze in detail the structures of the dielectric function
observed in the studied energy region. Critical-point parameters of electronic transitions are
obtained from a fitting of numerically calculated second-derivative spectra d^2e(w)/dw^2.
Experimental energies and polarizations are discussed on the basis of published band-structure
calculations.

ZnO typifies a class of materials that can be doped via native defects in only one way: either n
type or p type. We explain this asymmetry in ZnO via a study of its intrinsic defect physics,
including Zn_O, Zn_i, V_O, O_i, and V_Zn and n-type impurity dopants, Al and F. We find that Zn_O is n
type at Zn-rich conditions. This is because (i) the Zn interstitial, Zn_i, is a shallow donor,
supplying electrons; (ii) its formation enthalpy is low for both Zn-rich and O-rich conditions, so
this defect is abundant; and (iii) the native defects that could compensate the n-type doping effect
of Zn_i (interstitial O, Oi, and Zn vacancy, V_Zn), have high formation enthalpies for Zn-rich
conditions, so these "electron killers" are not abundant. We find that Zn_O cannot be doped p type
via native defects (O_i, V_Zn) despite the fact that they are shallow (i.e., supplying holes at room
temperature). This is because at both Zn-rich and O-rich conditions, the defects that could
compensate p-type doping (V_O, Zn_i, Zn_O) have low formation enthalpies so these "hole killers"
form readily. Furthermore, we identify electron-hole radiative recombination at the V_O center as
the source of the green luminescence. In contrast, a large structural relaxation of the same center
upon double hole capture leads to slow electron-hole recombination (either radiative or
nonradiative) responsible for the slow decay of photoconductivity.

The bonding and electronic structure of TiN thin films grown by sputtering have been
characterized by means of resonant photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation.
Specifically we found a complex resonance profile that exhibits a maximum at 45 eV followed by
a second structure at 50 eV. The intensity enhancement observed at 45 and 50 eV is consistent
with the resonant photoemission of the Ti 3d states involved in the valence band of TiN and the
multiplet configuration of the [Ti 3p^5 3d^2]* excited states. The autoionizing character of the [Ti 3p^5 3d^2]* states could also be confirmed by observation of the corresponding autoionization
emission. The resonance is used to determine the Ti 3d contribution to the valence band. The
results are in good agreement with calculated Ti 3d partial density of states.

By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, the Si(313)12x1 surface has been found to be, after
Si(111)7x7, another stable elemental semiconductor surface with a metallic nature. On the basis
of the details revealed by the high resolution STM images, an atomically rough model consisting
of trenches and a variety of building entities has been proposed for the surface structure for
further investigation. The common features of major stable silicon surfaces as well as the
similarities and differences between these surfaces and their germanium counterparts are
discussed in the context of the driving forces behind the reconstruction of elemental
semiconductor surfaces.

By means of scanning tunnel microscopy the surface morphology of reconstructed Au(001)
surfaces has been studied after bombardment with 600 eV Ar ions as a function of dose, in the
range of 10^13 to 10^16 ions/cm2, and the experimental results analyzed in the light of molecular
dynamics simulations using a glue potential. At low dose (5x10^13 ions/cm^2) new defects,
different from the commonly observed vacancy islands are reported. They appear as depressions
0.06 nm deep, with a characteristic width of 1.44 nm. Bombardment with similar doses of Pt(001)
show the same general behavior. Molecular dynamics simulations with a realistic glue potential
that reproduces the hexagonal-like Au(001) reconstruction, confirm that these depressions are in
fact two-dimensional /3 dislocation dipoles originated by the relaxation of vacancy rows on the
ridges of the topmost reconstructed layer. These two-dimensional dipoles are seen to dissociate
into individual two-dimensional dislocations that display the characteristics of ordinary bulk
dislocations, e.g. glide or climb. At higher doses (3x10^14 ions/cm^2), but well below a
nominal removal of 1 monolayer, vacancy islands, one atomic spacing high, are seen to nucleate
on these depressions. With increasing ion damage these vacancy islands become the dominant
feature. For doses of about 10^15 ions/cm^2, other defects related to the reconstruction, such as
perpendicular reconstruction domains and unreconstructed patches of (001) square symmetry,
become visible.

CheckInstall keeps track of all files installed by a "make install" or
equivalent, creates a Slackware or RPM package with those files, and adds
it to the installed packages database, allowing for easy package removal or
distribution.
Changes: This is a stable release which adds improved RPM support, a user
interface, and customization. All known bugs have been fixed.

StatistX is a GUI frontend for the statistics program statist. Currently,
it provides about 20 different statistical tests and regressions. It is not
intended to replace tools like R. Results are presented either as text or
Gnuplot graphs.
Changes: This release includes the new official release of statist 1.0.0
and provides calculation of percentiles.

Thokbook is a personal library system written in Perl. It is intended for
medium-to-large individual collections (several thousand books). Using
thokbook, you can add books via ISBN or EAN (usually via a barcode scanner
of some kind), get MARC records from libraries (so you don't have to type
in the information for the vast majority of your books), and create Web
pages so you can list all your books or search them. You can also check
books in and out and record who checked them out.

freq is a script designed to generate reports and graphs from the lastlog.
It can display a variety of information in a variety of ways.
Changes: This release speeds things up, allows for the installer to be
non-interactive, and has been verified to work with IRIX 6.5.11m.

The vaporization of condensed materials in contact with high-current discharge plasmas is
considered. A kinetic numerical method named direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and
analytical kinetic approaches based on the bimodal distribution function approximation are
employed. The solution of the kinetic layer problem depends upon the velocity at the outer
boundary of the kinetic layer which varies from very small, corresponding to the high-density
plasma near the evaporated surface, up to the sound speed, corresponding to evaporation into
vacuum. The heavy particles density and temperature at the kinetic and hydrodynamic layer
interface were obtained by the analytical method while DSMC calculation makes it possible to
obtain the evolution of the particle distribution function within the kinetic layer and the layer
thickness.

A laser
induced fluorescence technique (LIF) in combination with optical
emission spectroscopy (OES) and Rayleigh scattering (RS) was applied
to investigate absolute number densities of the population of the
three nitrogen triplet states C^3Πu, B^3Πg, and the metastable A^3Σ
u+ in an asymmetric low pressure rf discharge. Primary targets of this
investigation were the three lowest vibrational levels (v = 0,1,2) of
each triplet state and additionally v = 8 of A^3Σu+ which can be
populated very efficiently in the plasma sheath. Calibration of LIF
intensities to absolute densities of A^3Σu+ and B^3Πg has been
realized by comparison with the signal of the RS experiment done in
pure nitrogen gas. Calibration of C^3Πu which we could not detect by
LIF but rather only by OES was achieved after comparing OES and LIF
signals of the B^3Πg state. Excitation energies of the analyzed
states range from 6 up to 11.5 eV and the measured number densities
differ by about seven orders of magnitude from as much as 1012 cm?3
down to almost 105 cm?3. In addition to the interpretation of the
results this article describes the used calibration methods which are
partly based on a suggestion made by P. Bogen (Proceedings of the XVI
International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Invited
Papers, edited by W. Botticher, H. Wenk, and E. Schultz-Gulde,
Dusseldorf, 1983, pp. 164-173).

Methods to chemically passivate the surfaces of amorphous-carbon films
(a-C) produced by dc magnetron sputtering were studied. The chemical
composition of carbon surfaces produced via sputtering are dependent
upon the environment to which the carbon is exposed immediately
following deposition. When the sputtered film is vented to ambient
conditions, free radicals produced at the surface during the
deposition process are quenched by reaction with oxygen and/or water
to form an oxidized, hydrophilic surface. If the sputtered carbon film
is, however, exposed to a reactive gas prior to venting to ambient,
the chemical nature of the resulting surface can be modified
substantially. Specifically, a less highly oxidized and much more
hydrophobic carbon surface is produced when the surface free radicals
are quenched via either an addition reaction (demonstrated with a
fluorinated olefin) or a hydrogen abstraction reaction (demonstrated
with two alkyl amines). Chemical modification of amorphous-carbon
films can also be accomplished by performing the sputtering in a
reactive plasma formed from mixtures of argon with molecular hydrogen,
amines, and perfluorocarbons. The elemental composition of these
films, and the relative reactivity of the surfaces formed, were
investigated via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact-angle
goniometry, respectively. In the case of sputtering with a mixture of
argon and hydrogen, increasing the hydrogen flow results in an
increase in the amount of hydrogen incorporated into the carbon film
and a decrease in the surface free energy. Sputtering in diethylamine
produces an amorphous-carbon film into which nitrogen is
incorporated. The free energies of the a-C:N surfaces produced in this
process are similar to those of the a-C:H films. Sputtering in a
fluorocarbon vapor results in the incorporation of fluorine into the
film structure and the formation of very low free-energy
surfaces. Increasing the concentration of the fluorocarbon in the
sputtering plasma increases the amount of F incorporated into the
film. At the highest fluorocarbon flow rates employed, a-C films were
produced with stoichiometries and surface free energies comparable to
those of bulk Teflon.

CvsGraph is a utility for generation of graphical representation of
revisions and branches from a CVS/RCS repository.
Changes: This is a major rewrite of a lot of code. CvsGraph reads the
repository file directly, which enables the proper evaluation of the tree
structure in the repository when revision numbers are not in order.
Branches are compacted horizontally so that a tree with many branches
doesn't take too much space. Branches with no revisions are shown.
Branches and revisions which are not in sequence or do not start at 1.1 are
properly plotted. Minor configure updates, implementation of imagemaps, an
ability to generate HTML that allows linking in the form of imagemaps,
changes to some configuration parameters, and an ability to add custom
expansion string from the command-line using -[0-9]. The executable has
become significantly larger because of table optimization in flex. You can
disable the optimization in configure with '--disable-speed'. This will
slow the execution, but reduce the size.

ttf2pt1 converts TTF fonts (.ttf) into PostScript Type 1 fonts and metrics
(.pfa, .pfb, .afm). It can read not only TrueType but any other scalable
font format supported by the FreeType2 library as well.
Changes: This release fixes spurious aborts when guessing the font
encodings and other lesser problems. Its has been tested with FreeType-2.0.

Changes: This release includes a workaround for mkisofs on Cygwin where
partial archiving could happen, a fix for a mkisofs cmdline parsing bug
with -- fileame, support for the latest Cygwin+GCC, support for Win ME, and
fixes to avoid system hangs on SCO Unixware 7.1.1.

Most Debian application packages depend on other packages, containing
libraries or other utilities. When the application package is removed, the
dependencies will still linger on the system. Debfoster can detect such
"orphaned" dependencies and will clean them up. It can be used as a
front-end to apt or standalone.
Changes: This release has been internationalised (with a Dutch translation
included), and complies to the latest version of the Debian FHS.

The xmlprocfs is a new filesystem to report the data reported by proc
filesystem in XML format, so the applications can read it easily. There is
not any other difference between xmlproc filesystem and proc filesystem.
Only some files can generate XML data now.
Changes: This release of xmlprocfs should be applied to linux-2.4.2, and
includes a great deal of proc output function fomalizing in the kernel, as
well as some bugfixes.

Starting from a continuum description, we study the non-equilibrium roughening of a thermal
re-emission model for one and two spatial dimensions. Using standard analytical techniques,
we map our problem to a generalized version of an earlier non-local KPZ
(Kardar-Parisi-Zhang) model. In 2+1 dimensions, the values of the roughness and the
dynamic exponents calculated from our theory go like $ \alpha \approx z \approx 1 $ and in
1+1 dimensions, the exponents resemble the KPZ values for low vapor pressure, supporting
experimental results. Interestingly, Galilean invariance is maintained althrough.

Changes: A fix for the NLS build under Linux (builds with NLS by default,
as an unavoidable side effect of fix), various cleanups and minor bugfixes
in OTP support, a fix for a header error in SSL support, an updated Spanish
translation, and incorporation of Red Hat's 5.5.0 Kerberos V patch and a
fetchmailconf warning on local names with @.

FreeAmp is an MP3/Vorbis/CD Audio player/Jukebox for Linux and Win32. It
features both graphical theme and text-based user interfaces, a download
manager for automating MP3 downloads, and a powerful music browser/playlist
manager. Other features include HTTP/RTP streaming playback with HTTP
stream saving and title streaming, and a fast, clean-sounding Open Source
decoding engine. It supports Win32/OSS sound systems, ALSA, and EsounD.
Changes: This release includes some general bugfixes, improved ID3 support,
Vorbis beta 4 support, improved Relatable TRM features, and a new KDE/arts
plug-in.

g4u ("ghost for unix") is a bootfloppy that allows one to easily clone PC
harddisks by using FTP. This is often done to deploy a common setup on a
number of PCs. The floppy offers two functions: it uploads the compressed
image of a local harddisk to a FTP server, and then it can retrieve that
image via FTP, uncompress it, and write it back to disk. Network
configuration is fetched via DHCP. As the harddisk is processes as a image,
any filesystem and operating system can be deployed using g4u.
Changes: This is a maintenance release, with lots of doc updates.

SISAL is an efficient functional programming language for numerical computation on both serial and
parallel computers. It has advantages of safety and clarity over conventional programming languages,
and it parallelizes without programmer intervention on certain machines. (Unfortunately, not Linux for
now!)

vsftpd is an FTP server written from the ground up to be free of security
holes, whilst providing safeguards so the impact is low if it isn't. It is
also very small and fast.
Changes: Fixes for nasty bugs whereby the data connection timeout went off
incorrectly, per-user chroot(), a banned anonymous email address list, PASV
range restriction, minor performance enhancements, a vsftpd.conf.5 man
page, and non-PAM local authentication.

ReiserFS has problems supporting NFS because 64 bits of information are
required to find an object in the tree, and NFS expects to find an inode
with just the inode number (32-bits long).
The good news is the NFS file handle has enough room to store the extra
information ReiserFS needs in order to find the file again later,
and other kernel developers have written APIs to give the file
system control over some of the file handle.
By the time this article is out, there should be public patches
to add proper NFS support to ReiserFS.

recover automates some steps as described in the Ext2fs-Undeletion-howto in
order to recover a lost file. This utility will greatly increase your file
recover rate. People who do not know how to undelete a file are encouraged
to use this utility.
Changes: A fix for a bug in support for RAID and other exotic devices.

Simple network top (sntop) is a curses-based console utility in the spirit
of top that polls network hosts at a regular interval to determine their
connectivity and displays the results in a pretty format. Advanced features
are supported, such as automatic HTML generation of results, secure
terminal mode, execution of an external file on connectivity changes, a
daemon mode, and user/system configure files.

whois supports all protocol extensions (RIPE, 6bone, CRSNIC) with the
familiar RIPE command line interface and IPv6 support. It also
automagically queries the right registry for all domains and most
netblocks.
Changes: Updated .at, .be, .cy, .cz, .ee, .gr, .il, .pl, .ro, .vi, and .nz
ccTLDs, new -cz, -nicat, -norid, and -rotld nic handles, new Telstra IP
allocations, and a fix for a fencepost error.

Apt-sources simplifies the task of finding the nearest APT servers. The
server list can be either downloaded and parsed from Debian.org or read in
from a local file via a command-line argument. The scoring of the servers
is done using embedded Netselect source code for distance (hops) and
latency. The user also has the option of testing the servers using embedded
BING source code for bandwidth scoring. Other command-line arguments
include saving top placing servers to a file for future scoring and
distribution selection (stable, unstable, and testing).
Changes: Apt-Sources v2.0 has been totally rewritten. It has rid itself of
Netselect and Bing source code and all other external source code. It now
benchmarks lists of Debian mirrors via FTP and generates a sources.list of
the best servers.

Gnome Flow is a program written to calculate and visualize simple
steady-state fluid flows. It uses the relaxation method, and can calculate
flows past symmetric objects. Steady-state means that it calculates the
flow at a given time, and that the physical parameters are constant in
time.
Changes: Object data can be loaded from graphic files of many formats.
Timer driven pressure calculation was added. Online help was updated.

ciGraphica is a scientific application for data analysis and technical
graphics. It pretends to be a clone of the popular commercial application
"Microcal Origin", supplying plotting features for 2D, 3D, and polar
charts. It features opening several worksheets and plots to work with at
the same time, fully-configurable plots using a control panel dialog, a
completely WYSIWYG look and feel, and publication-quality PostScript
output.
Changes: This release adds improved Postscript output, a preferences
dialog, the first version of a Bonobo interface, emergency save in case of
a crash, and dozens of bugfixes.