From the days of early man, races did not fully blend, but their civilizations
did to a considerable extent mix. Culture did slowly spread throughout
the world.

The civilization which is now evolving grew out of, and is predicated
on, the following factors:

1. Natural circumstances. The nature and extent of a material civilization
is in large measure determined by the natural resources available. Climate,
weather, and numerous physical conditions are factors in the evolution
of culture.

The configuration of continents and other land-arrangement situations
are ver influential in determining peace or war. Very few have ever had
such a favorable opportunity for continuous and unmolested development
as has been
enjoyed by the peoples of North America--protected on practically all
sides by vast oceans.

2. Capital goods. Culture is never developed under conditions of poverty;
leisure is essential to the progress of civilization. Individual character
of moral and spiritual value may be acquired in the absence of material
wealth,
but a cultural civilization is only derived from those conditions of
material prosperity which foster leisure combined with ambition.

During primitive times life was a serious and sober business. And it
was to escape this incessant struggle and interminable toil that mankind
constantly tended to drift toward the salubrious climate of the tropics.
While these warmer zones of habitation afforded some remission from the
intense struggle for existence, the races and tribes who thus sought ease
seldom utilized their unearned leisure for the advancement of civilization.
Social progress has invariably come from the thoughts and plans of those
races that have, by their intelligent toil, learned how to wrest a living
from the land with lessened effort and shortened days of labor and thus
have been able to enjoy a well-earned and profitable margin of leisure.

3. Scientific knowledge. The material aspects of civilization must always
await the accumulation of scientific data. It was a long time after the
discovery of the bow and arrow and the utilization of animals for power
purposes before man learned how to harness wind and water, to be followed
by the employment of, steam and electricity. But slowly the tools of civilization
improved. Weaving, pottery, the domestication of animals, and metalworking
were followed by an
age of writing and printing.

Knowledge is power. Invention always precedes the acceleration of cultural
development on a world-wide scale. Science and invention benefited most
of all from the printing press, and the interaction of all these cultural
and
inventive activities has enormously accelerated the rate of cultural
advancement.

Science teaches man to speak the new language of mathematics and trains
his thoughts along lines of exacting precision. And science also stabilizes
philosophy through the elimination of error, while it purifies religion
by the destruction of superstition.

4. Human resources. Manpower is indispensable to the spread of civilization.
All things equal, a numerous people will dominate the civilization of a
smaller race. Hence failure to increase in numbers up to a certain point
prevents the
full realization of national destiny, but there comes a point in population
increase where further growth is suicidal. Multiplication of numbers beyond
the optimum of the normal man-land ratio means either a lowering of the
standards
of living or an immediate expansion of territorial boundaries by peaceful
penetration or by military conquest, forcible occupation.

You are sometimes shocked at the ravages of war, but you should recognize
the necessity for producing large numbers of mortals so as to afford ample
opportunity for social and moral development; with such planetary fertility
there soon occurs the serious problem of overpopulation. The optimum stabilization
of national population enhances culture and prevents war. And it is a wise
nation which knows when to cease growing.

But the continent richest in natural deposits and the most advanced
mechanical equipment will make little progress if the intelligence of its
people is on the decline. Knowledge can be had by education, but wisdom,
which is indispensable
to true culture, can be secured only through experience and by men
and women who are intelligent. Such a people are able to learn from experience;
they may become truly wise.

5. Effectiveness of material resources. Much depends on the wisdom displayed
in the utilization of natural resources, scientific knowledge, capital
goods, and human potentials. The chief factor in early civilization was
the force exerted
by wise social masters; primitive man had civilization literally thrust
upon him by his superior contemporaries. Well-organized and superior minorities
have largely ruled this world.

Might does not make right, but might does make what is and what has
been in history. Only recently have we reached that point where society
is willing to debate the ethics of might and right.

6. Effectiveness of language. The spread of civilization must wait upon
language. Live and growing languages insure the expansion of civilized
thinking and planning. During the early ages important advances were made
in language.
Today, there is great need for further linguistic development to facilitate
the expression of evolving thought.

Language evolved out of group associations, each local group developing
its own system of word exchange. Language grew up through gestures, signs,
cries, imitative sounds, intonation, and accent to the vocalization of
subsequent
alphabets. Language is man's greatest and most serviceable thinking
tool, but it never flourished until social groups acquired some leisure.
The tendency to play with language develops new words--slang. If the majority
adopt the slang,
then usage constitutes it language. The origin of dialects is illustrated
by the indulgence in "baby talk" in a family group.

Language differences have ever been the great barrier to the extension
of peace. The conquest of dialects must precede the spread of a culture
throughout a race, over a continent, or to a whole world. A universal language
promotes
peace, insures culture, and augments happiness. Even when the tongues
of a world are reduced to a few, the mastery of these by the leading cultural
peoples mightily influences the achievement of world-wide peace and prosperity.
While very little progress has been made toward developing an international
language, much has been accomplished by the establishment of international
commercial exchange. And all these international relations should be fostered,
whether they involve language, trade, art, science, competitive play,
or religion.

7. Effectiveness of mechanical devices. The progress of civilization
is directly related to the development and possession of tools, machines,
and channels of distribution. Improved tools, ingenious and efficient machines,
determine the survival of contending groups in the arena of advancing civilization.

In the early days the only energy applied to land cultivation was man
power. It was a long struggle to substitute oxen for men since this threw
men out of employment. Latterly, machines have begun to displace men, and
every such advance is directly contributory to the progress of society
because it liberates man power for the accomplishment of more valuable
tasks.

Science, guided by wisdom, may become man's great social liberator.
A mechanical age can prove disastrous only to a nation whose intellectual
level is too low to discover those wise methods and sound techniques for
successfully
adjusting to the transition difficulties arising from the sudden loss
of employment by large numbers consequent upon the too rapid invention
of new types of laborsaving machinery.

8. Character of torchbearers. Social inheritance enables man to stand
on the shoulders of all who have preceded him, and who have contributed
aught to the sum of culture and knowledge. In this work of passing on the
cultural torch to
the next generation, the home will ever be the basic institution. The
play and social life comes next, with the school last but equally indispensable
in a complex and highly organized society. Insects are born fully educated
and equipped for life--indeed, a very narrow and purely instinctive existence.
The human baby is born without an education; therefore man possesses the
power, by controlling the educational training of the younger generation,
greatly to modify the evolutionary course of civilization.

The greatest twentieth-century influences contributing to the furtherance
of civilization and the advancement of culture are the marked increase
in world travel and the unparalleled improvements in methods of communication.
But the
improvement in education has not kept pace with the expanding social
structure; neither has the modern appreciation of ethics developed in correspondence
with growth along more purely intellectual and scientific lines. And modern
civilization is at a standstill in spiritual development and the safeguarding
of the home institution.

9. The racial ideals. The ideals of one generation carve out the channels
of destiny for immediate posterity. The quality of the social torchbearers
will determine whether civilization goes forward or backward. The homes,
churches, and schools of one generation predetermine the character trend
of the succeeding generation. The moral and spiritual momentum of a race
or a nation largely determines the cultural velocity of that civilization.

Ideals elevate the source of the social stream. And no stream will rise
any higher than its source no matter what technique of pressure or directional
control may be employed. The driving power of even the most material aspects
of a cultural civilization is resident in the least material of society's
achievements. Intelligence may control the mechanism of civilization, wisdom
may direct it, but spiritual idealism is the energy which really uplifts
and advances human culture from one level of attainment to another.

At first life was a struggle for existence; now, for a standard of living;
next it will be for quality of thinking, the coming earthly goal of human
existence.

10. Co-ordination of specialists. Civilization has been enormously advanced
by the early division of labor and by its later corollary of specialization.
Civilization is now dependent on the effective co-ordination of specialists.
As society expands, some method of drawing together the various specialists
must be found.

Social, artistic, technical, and industrial specialists will continue
to multiply and increase in skill and dexterity. And this diversification
of ability and dissimilarity of employment will eventually weaken and disintegrate
human society if effective means of co-ordination and co-operation are
not developed. But the intelligence which is capable of such inventiveness
and such specialization should be wholly competent to devise adequate methods
of control and adjustment for all problems resulting from the rapid growth
of invention and the accelerated pace of cultural expansion.

11. Place-finding devices. The next age of social development will be
embodied in a better and more effective co-operation and co-ordination
of ever-increasing and expanding specialization. And as labor more and
more diversifies, some technique for directing individuals to suitable
employment. must be devised. Machinery is not the only cause for unemployment
among the civilized peoples. Economic complexity and the steady increase
of industrial and professional specialism add to the problems of labor
placement.

It is not enough to train men for work; in a complex society there must
also be provided efficient methods of place finding. Before training citizens
in the highly specialized techniques of earning a living, they should be
trained in
one or more methods of commonplace labor, trades or callings which
could be utilized when they were transiently unemployed in their
specialized work. No civilization can survive the long-time harboring of
large classes of
unemployed. In time, even the best of citizens will become distorted
and demoralized by accepting support from the public treasury. Even private
charity becomes pernicious when long extended to able-bodied citizens.

Such a highly specialized society will not take kindly to the ancient
communal and feudal practices of olden peoples. True, many common services
can be acceptably and profitably socialized, but highly trained and ultraspecialized
human beings can best be managed by some technique of intelligent co-operation.
Modernized co-ordination and fraternal regulation will be productive of
longer-lived co-operation than will the older and more primitive methods
of
communism or dictatorial regulative institutions based on force.

12. The willingness to co-operate. One of the great hindrances to the
progress of human society is the conflict between the interests and welfare
of the larger, more socialized human groups and of the smaller, contrary-minded
asocial associations of mankind, not to mention antisocially-minded single
individuals.

No national civilization long endures unless its educational methods
and religious ideals inspire a high type of intelligent patriotism and
national devotion.

Without this sort of intelligent patriotism and cultural solidarity,
all nations tend to disintegrate as a result of provincial jealousies and
local self-interests.

The maintenance of world-wide civilization is dependent on human beings
learning how to live together in peace and fraternity. Without effective
co-ordination, industrial civilization is jeopardized by the dangers of
ultraspecialization: monotony, narrowness, and the tendency to breed distrust
and jealousy.

13. Effective and wise leadership. In civilization much, very much,
depends on an enthusiastic and effective load-pulling spirit. Ten men are
of little more value than one in lifting a great load unless they lift
together--all at the same moment. And such teamwork--social co-operation--is
dependent on leadership. The cultural civilizations of the past and the
present have been based upon the intelligent co-operation of the citizenry
with wise and progressive leaders; and until man evolves to higher levels,
civilization will continue to be dependent on wise and vigorous leadership.

High civilizations are born of the sagacious correlation of material
wealth, intellectual greatness, moral worth, social cleverness, and cosmic
insight.

14. Social changes. Society is not a divine institution; it is a phenomenon
of progressive evolution; and advancing civilization is always delayed
when its leaders are slow in making those changes in the social organization
which are
essential to keeping pace with the scientific developments of the age.
For all that, things must not be despised just because they are old, neither
should an idea be unconditionally embraced just because it is novel and
new.

Man should be unafraid to experiment with the mechanisms of society.
But always should these adventures in cultural adjustment be controlled
by those who are fully conversant with the history of social evolution;
and always should these
innovators be counseled by the wisdom of those who have had practical
experience in the domains of contemplated social or economic experiment.
No great social or economic change should be attempted suddenly. Time is
essential to all types of human adjustment--physical, social, or economic.
Only moral and spiritual adjustments can be made on the spur of the moment,
and even these require the passing of time for the full outworking of their
material and social repercussions. The ideals of the race are the chief
support and assurance during the critical times when civilization is in
transit from one
level to another.

15. The prevention of transitional breakdown. Society is the offspring
of age upon age of trial and error; it is what survived the selective adjustments
and readjustments in the successive stages of mankind's agelong rise from
animal to human levels of planetary status. The great danger to any
civilization--at any one moment--is the threat of breakdown during the
time of transition from the established methods of the past to those new
and better, but untried,
procedures of the future.

Leadership is vital to progress. Wisdom, insight, and foresight are
indispensable to the endurance of nations. Civilization is never really
jeopardized until able leadership begins to vanish. And the quantity of
such wise leadership has never exceeded one per cent of the population.

And it was by these rungs on the evolutionary ladder that civilization
climbed to that place where those mighty influences could be initiated
which have culminated in the rapidly expanding culture of the twentieth
century. And only by adherence to these essentials can man hope to maintain
his present-day civilizations while providing for their continued development
and certain survival.

This is the gist of the long, long struggle of the peoples of earth
to establish civilization. Present-day culture is the net result
of this strenuous evolution. Before the discovery of printing, progress
was relatively slow since one generation could not so rapidly benefit from
the achievements of its predecessors. But now human society is plunging
forward under the force of the accumulated momentum of all the ages through
which civilization has struggled.