A film festival is an organised, extended presentation of films in one or more cinemas or screening venues, usually in a single city or region. Increasingly, film festivals show some films outdoors.[1] Films may be of recent date and, depending upon the festival's focus, can include international and domestic releases, some festivals focus on a specific film-maker or genre (e.g., film noir) or subject matter (e.g., horror film festivals). A number of film festivals specialise in short films of a defined maximum length. Film festivals are typically annual events, some film historians, including Jerry Beck,[2] do not consider film festivals official releases of film.

Film Funding competitions such as Writers and Filmmakers were introduced when the cost of production could be lowered significantly and internet technology allowed for the collaboration of film production.

Although there are notable for-profit festivals such as SXSW, most festivals operate on a nonprofit membership-based model, with a combination of ticket sales, membership fees, and corporate sponsorship constituting the majority of revenue. Unlike other arts nonprofits (performing arts, museums, etc.), film festivals typically receive few donations from the general public and are occasionally organized as nonprofit business associations instead of public charities. Film industry members often have significant curatorial input, and corporate sponsors are given opportunities to promote their brand to festival audiences in exchange for cash contributions. Private parties, often to raise investments for film projects, constitute significant "fringe" events. Larger festivals maintain year-round staffs often engaging in community and charitable projects outside festival season.

The core tradition of film festivals is competition, that is, the consideration of films with the intention of judging which are most deserving of various forms of recognition; in contrast to those films, some festivals may screen (i.e., project onto a movie screen before an audience) some films without treating them as part of the competition; the films are said to be "screened out..." (or "outside...") "of competition".

Ann Arbor Film Festival started in 1963. It is the oldest continually operated experimental film festival in North America, and has become one of the premiere film festivals for independent and, primarily, experimental filmmakers to showcase work.[citation needed]

The Sundance film festival founded by Sterling Van Wagenen (then head of Wildwood, Robert Redford's company), John Earle, and Cirina Hampton Catania (both serving on the Utah Film Commission at the time) is a major festival for independent film.

The Regina International Film Festival and Awards (RIFFA)[26][27][28][29] founded by John Thimothy,[29] one of the top leading international film festivals in western Canada (Regina, Saskatchewan) represented 92 countries in 2015 festival . RIFFA annual Award show and red carpet arrival event is getting noticed in the contemporary film and fashion industries in Western Canada.

Toronto's Hot Docs founded by filmmaker Paul Jay, is the leading North American documentary film festival. Toronto also has the largest amount of film festivals in the world, ranging from cultural, independent, and historic films, the largest festival, in terms of the number of feature productions, is the Seattle International Film Festival, which screens 270 features, and approximately 150 short films.[citation needed] The Whistler Film Festival gets bigger every year, with more than 80 screenings and an industry summit.

The Havana Film Festival was founded in 1979 and is the oldest continuous annual film festival in the Caribbean, its focus is on Latin American cinema. The Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival, founded in 2006, is dedicated to screening the newest films from the English-, Spanish, French- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean, as well as the region's diaspora. It also seeks to facilitate the growth of Caribbean cinema by offering a wide-ranging industry programme and networking opportunities.

Other festivals in the Caribbean include Festival Régional et International du Cinéma de Guadeloupe (FEMI), Rencontres Cinémas Martinique, the Curaçao International Film Festival Rotterdam, the Jamaica Film Festival, the Aruba International Film Festival, Cayfilm in the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas International Film Festival.

The Sahara International Film Festival, held annually in the Sahrawi refugee camps in western Algeria near the border of Western Sahara, is notable as the only film festival in the world to take place in a refugee camp. The festival has the two-fold aim of providing cultural entertainment and educational opportunities to refugees, and of raising awareness of the plight of the Sahrawi people, who have been exiled from their native Western Sahara for more than three decades.

^Bordwell, David (2005). Figures Traced in Light: On Cinematic Staging. University of California Press. p. 144. ISBN9780520241978. Because reputations were made principally on the festival circuit, the filmmaker had to find international financing and distribution and settle for minor festivals before arriving at one of the Big Three (Berlin, Cannes, Venice).

^Wong, Cindy Hing-Yuk (2011). Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen. Rutgers University Press. p. 5. ISBN9780813551104. Whether we talk about the Big Three festivals—Cannes, Venice, Berlin—look at Sundance, Tribeca, and Toronto in North America, or examine other significant world festivals in Hong Kong, Pusan, Locarno, Rotterdam, San Sebastián, and Mar del Plata, the insistent global icons of all festivals are films, discoveries, auteurs, stars, parties, and awards.

^Balio, Tino (2010). The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946–1973. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 250. ISBN9780299247935. Unlike the big three international film festivals—Cannes, Venice, and Berlin—the New York Film Festival, like its London model, would be noncompetitive.

1.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities

Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Palme d'Or awarded to Apocalypse Now at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival

2.
Berlin International Film Festival
–
The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the worlds leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held annually in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival based on actual attendance rates. Up to 400 films are shown in sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick, the European Film Market, a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers, the Berlinale Talent Campus, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, gathers young filmmakers from around the globe. It partners with the festival itself and is considered to be a forum for upcoming artists, the festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the red carpet, the Berlinale has established a cosmopolitan character integrating art, glamour, commerce and a global media attention. The Berlin International Film Festival was founded in West Berlin in 1951, alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca opened the first Berlinale. Although the film had premiered in 1940, many Germans had been unable to watch it until after the war ended, since 1978 the festival has been celebrated annually in February. The next-to-most recent festival, the 66th Berlinale, was held from 11 February to 21 February 2016, meryl Streep presided over the international jury. Joel and Ethan Coens film Hail, Caesar. was selected to open the festival, the Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian documentary Fire at Sea, directed by Gianfranco Rosi. The 67th Berlin International Film Festival was held February 9 to February 19,2017, the festival is composed of seven different film sections. Films are chosen in each category by a director with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories include, Competition, comprises feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, films in the Competition section compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production. Panorama, comprises new independent and arthouse films that deal with controversial subjects or unconventional aesthetic styles, films in the category are intended to provoke discussion, and have historically involved themes such as LGBT issues

Berlin International Film Festival
–
Berlinale Palace, the main venue at Potsdamer Platz
Berlin International Film Festival
–
Berlin International Film Festival
Berlin International Film Festival
–
Venues of the festival are spread throughout the central city districts
Berlin International Film Festival
–
The Berlinale Palast is the venue for the competition premieres

3.
Sundance Film Festival
–
The Sundance Film Festival, a program of the Sundance Institute, is an American film festival that takes place annually in Park City, Utah. With 46,660 attendees in 2016, it is the largest independent film festival in the United States. Held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as at the Sundance Resort, the 2017 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 19 to January 29,2017. Sundance began in Salt Lake City in August 1978, as the Utah/US Film Festival in an effort to more filmmakers to Utah. It was founded by Sterling Van Wagenen, John Earle, the 1978 festival featured films such as Deliverance, A Streetcar Named Desire, Midnight Cowboy, Mean Streets, and The Sweet Smell of Success. The festival also highlighted the work of filmmakers who worked outside the Hollywood system. The jury of the 1978 festival was headed by Gary Allison, and included Verna Fields, Linwood G. Dunn, Katharine Ross, Charles E. Sellier Jr. Mark Rydell, and Anthea Sylbert. More than 60 films were screened at the festival that year, also that year, the first Frank Capra Award went to Jimmy Stewart. The festival also made a profit for the first time, in 1980, Catania left the festival to pursue a production career in Hollywood. Several factors helped propel the growth of Utah/US Film Festival, first was the involvement of actor and Utah resident Robert Redford, who became the festivals inaugural chairman. By having Redfords name associated with the festival, it received great attention, secondly, the country was hungry for more venues that would celebrate American-made films as the only other festival doing so at the time was the USA Film Festival in Dallas. Response in Hollywood was unprecedented as major studios did all they could to contribute their resources, in 1981, the festival moved to Park City, Utah, and changed the dates from September to January. It was called the US Film and Video Festival, in 1984, the now well-established Sundance Institute, headed by Sterling Van Wagenen, took over management of the US Film Festival. The branding and marketing transition from the US Film Festival to the Sundance Film Festival was managed under the direction of Colleen Allen, Allen Advertising Inc. by appointment of Robert Redford. In 1991 the festival was renamed the Sundance Film Festival, after Redfords character The Sundance Kid from the film Butch Cassidy. The majority of the screenings, including the festivals premieres. The 2013 Sundance London Festival was held April 25–28,2013, Sundance London 2014 took place on April 25–27,2014 at the O2 arena. The Sundance London 2015 Festival was cancelled in an announcement on January 16,2015, Sundance London will return to London in 2016 from June 10–12 at Picturehouse Cinema in Londons West End

Sundance Film Festival
–
Sundance Film Festival

4.
North by Northwest
–
North by Northwest is a 1959 American thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint and James Mason. The screenplay was by Ernest Lehman, who wanted to write the Hitchcock picture to end all Hitchcock pictures and this is one of several Hitchcock films that features a music score by Bernard Herrmann and a memorable opening title sequence by graphic designer Saul Bass. This film is cited as the first to feature extended use of kinetic typography in its opening credits. North by Northwest is now numbered among the essential Hitchcock pictures and is listed as one of the greatest films of all time. It was selected in 1995 for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress, as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Two thugs looking for a George Kaplan at a hotel bar see a calling out for him at the same time advertising executive Roger Thornhill summons the waiter. Thornhill, thus, is mistaken for George Kaplan, kidnapped by the thugs, he is brought to the Long Island estate of Lester Townsend, and interrogated by spy Phillip Vandamm. Thornhill vehemently denies he is Kaplan, Vandamm thinks he is lying and Vandamms henchman Leonard tries to arrange Thornhills death, but Thornhill manages to escape a staged drunken driving accident. Thornhill fails to convince his mother and the police that he had been kidnapped, journeying to the scene of the crime with police, a woman at Townsends home, presumed to be Mrs. Townsend, says he showed up drunk at her dinner party. She says Townsend is a United Nations diplomat, while searching Kaplans hotel room with his mother, Thornhill answers a phone call from the thugs who are in the hotel lobby. He escapes and visits the U. N. General Assembly building to meet Townsend and he discovers that Townsend is not the man he met on Long Island, and that Townsend is a widower. As Thornhill questions Townsend, one of the thugs throws a knife, hitting Townsend in the back, Thornhill catches Townsend as he falls and grabs the knife, giving the appearance that he murdered Townsend. Thornhill flees and attempts to find the real Kaplan, meanwhile, a government intelligence agency picks up the news and realizes Thornhill has been mistaken for George Kaplan, a fictional persona created by the agency to thwart Vandamm. However, Thornhill is not rescued for fear of compromising their operation, Thornhill sneaks onto the 20th Century Limited train. He meets Eve Kendall, who protects him from the police, in Chicago, Kendall tells Thornhill she has arranged a meeting with Kaplan at an isolated bus stop. Thornhill waits, but no one comes and he is attacked by a crop duster plane, but steps in front of a speeding tank truck, the airplane crashes into the truck, and Thornhill escapes. When he reaches Kaplans hotel in Chicago, he discovers that Kaplan had checked out, Thornhill goes to her room, but she leaves. He tracks her to an art auction, where he finds Vandamm, Vandamm purchases a Mexican Purépecha statue and departs

North by Northwest
–
Theatrical release poster
North by Northwest
–
Thornhill (Grant) on the run, attempting to travel incognito.

5.
Star Wars
–
Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983

Star Wars
–
A street performer in costume as Darth Vader in Amsterdam. Vader is one of the most iconic characters of the Star Wars franchise.
Star Wars
–
The Star Wars logo as seen in all films
Star Wars
–
George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars
Star Wars
–
John Williams, composer of the musical scores for all six films of the original and prequel trilogies.

6.
Moscow International Film Festival
–
Moscow International Film Festival, is the film festival first held in Moscow in 1935 and became regular since 1959. From its inception to 1959 it was held every year in July. The festival has been held annually since 1995, the festivals top prize is the statue of Saint George slaying the dragon, as represented on the Coat of Arms of Moscow. Nikita Mikhalkov has been the president since 2000. Over the years the Stanislavsky Award—I Believe, in 2012 this prize was awarded to French actress Catherine Deneuve. In 2012 the jury was headed by the Brazilian director Hector Babenco, the Perspectives Jury was chaired by the filmmaker Marina Razbezhkina. The program director of the Festival is Kirill Razlogov, the White Bird Marked with Black 1973 – That Sweet Word, Liberty

Moscow International Film Festival
–
The Rossiya Cinema Theatre has always hosted the Moscow International Film Festival.
Moscow International Film Festival
–
Pushkinskaya Square, famous Pushkin Monument and Rossiya Cinema Theatre in 1984.

7.
Locarno Film Festival
–
The Locarno Festival is an international film festival held annually in August in the city of Locarno, Switzerland since 1946. Locarno is a film festival accredited by the FIAPF, the main feature of the festival is the open-air screening area at the Piazza Grande with room for over 8,000 spectators, having one of the largest open-air screens in the world. The top prize of the Festival is the Golden Leopard awarded to the best film in the international competition, other awards include the Leopard of Honour for outstanding career achievements, and the Prix du Public UBS, the public choice award. The Locarno Film Festival is well known worldwide as a festival of discovery, throughout its history the festival has discovered new trends and launched the careers of numerous directors and actors. The Festival del film Locarno kicked off on 23 August 1946, Grand Prize of the festival, awarded by the city and region of Locarno, for the best film in the concorso internazionale, that is shared equally between the director and the producer. Prize, awarded by cities of Ascona and Losone, for the second best film in the concorso internazionale, Prize, awarded by the city and region of Locarno, for the best directed film in the concorso internazionale. Prize awarded by a jury of critics to the first works presented in the sections concorso internazionale, concorso Cineasti del presente, Fuori concorso, Signs of Life. Prize awarded to the best film of competition, which is dedicated to first or second features. Ciné+ Special Jury Prize – Cineasti del presente, the French television channel Ciné+ Club offers the broadcast rights to the winning film and guarantees the broadcast on their channel. Pardo per il miglior regista emergente, Prize for the best new director, pardo per la migliore opera prima. Prize which has been awarded fro 2006 to 2009 to the best first work screened in the concorso internazionale or concorso Cineasti del presente. Pardino doro for the Best International Short Film – SRG SSR Prize, Prize awarded to the best short film in the international short film competition Pardi di domani. Pardino doro for the Best Swiss Short Film – Swiss Life Prize, Prize awarded to the best short film in the national short film competition Pardi di domani. Pardino dargento SSR SRG for the international competition, Prize awarded to a film in the international competition Pardi di domani. Pardino dargento Swiss Life for the national competition, Prize awarded to a film in the national competition Pardi di domani. Locarno short film nominee for the European Film Awards – Pianifica Prize, the prize, which is offered by the studio Pianifica, goes to a short film made by a European director, presented in one of the two competitions. The award includes an automatic nomination in the film category of the European Film Awards. The prize provides equipment offered by Cinegrell, Visuals SA, Freestudios SA, the winning film will be subtitled in three central European languages

Locarno Film Festival
–
Locarno International Film Festival
Locarno Film Festival
–
The 63rd Festival del film Locarno by Jannuzzi Smith
Locarno Film Festival
–
The 62nd Festival del film Locarno by Jannuzzi Smith
Locarno Film Festival
–
The 61st Festival del film Locarno by Jannuzzi Smith

8.
Yorkton Film Festival
–
The Yorkton Film Festival is an annual film festival held in late May in Yorkton, Saskatchewan. Canadas first film festival, the YFF bills itself as the longest running festival in North America. It was established in 1947 under the guidance of the Yorkton Film Council, initially known as the International Film Festival, it was run by the Yorkton Film Council until that body disbanded in 1971. Since then, the Yorkton International Film Festival Society has run the event, the festival is open to Canadian productions, or international productions directed by a Canadian, and focuses on films that are under 60 minutes in length. During World War II, the National Film Board of Canada instituted a program to bolster the spirit of Canadians during the war through the projection of NFB produced films across Canada. The NFB provided films and upkeep, while the councils were responsible for securing their own projector, in 1947 James Lysyshyn, a field officer for the National Film Board developed an idea for the Yorkton International Film Festival. Lysyshyn wanted to bring back the prestige for documentary films in the face of the glamourous Hollywood productions of the time. Many on the council worried that all the films would come from the NFB, many of which the community members had seen. The film council decided the festival would be held in 1950, Film council members wrote letters, made phone calls to embassies, and worked tirelessly to secure films for the festival. The efforts paid off with 40 films being submitted to the festival, with coming from the Netherlands, India, Sweden, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Norway, France. The festival was held on 11 and 12 October, with screening of films held in City Hall, audience members judged the films and Certificates of Merit were awarded to the winners. The success of the first festival, bolstered by amazing reception of the Yorkton community, the decision was made to have festival every two years, in order to give organizers time to solicit and receive submissions, with the next festival being set for 1952. In 1952, the festival was held for a second time, the second festival changed format slightly, as the film council held screenings at three separate venues as opposed to the single venue of City Hall at the 1950 festival. The festival accepted colour film for the first time, the festival also added a day to accommodate their screening schedule, making the festival a three-day event in the community. Again, the community members of Yorkton rallied around the event, the festivals entries grew slightly, as 47 films were entered in the festival, but the list of countries that had submitted films read like the roll call at the United Nations. In 1954, the festival was held for a third time, the festival was beginning to attract a lot of recognition, with the Regina Leader-Post saying Yorkton this week is taking an international flutter. It is holding its biennial ‘International Film Festival’, a venture the Saskatchewan city began with some courage, today, Yorkton is holding the only such festival on this continent and only now are some metropolitan American cities toying with the idea of following suit. The festival continued to thrive thanks to its community members

Yorkton Film Festival
–
Yorkton Film Festival

9.
International Film Festival Mannheim-Heidelberg
–
Mannheim-Heidelberg International Filmfestival, often shortened to IFFMH, is an annual film festival held jointly by the cities of Mannheim and Heidelberg in Baden-Württemberg. The festival was established in 1952, the festival presents arthouse films of international newcomer directors. It is the second-oldest film festival in Germany, since 1994 it has been held jointly by the cities of Mannheim and Heidelberg. The festival takes place annually around November, the 65th International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg will take place from November 4 to 19 in 2016. After several screenings there are public panel discussions with the films representatives, the festival presents films of independent newcomer directors and who are internationally widely-unknown, focussing on arthouse and auteur films. The films selected must be premieres and thus films screened at Cannes, Locarno, Venice, in 2010 the MANNHEIM MEETING PLACE was launched. The project succeeds the Festivals former co-production market MANNHEIM MEETINGS, focusing on the improvement of marketing opportunities of completed film projects, however, co-production meetings will still take place. Grand Newcomer Award Mannheim-Heidelberg for the best fiction feature film with a length of 70 minutes. Special Newcomer Award Mannheim-Heidelberg for the best unconventionally narrated feature film with a length of 70 minutes. The prize can not be awarded ex aequo, Special Achievement Award of Mannheim-Heidelberg for a film with the minimum length of 70 minutes, or for an extraordinary performance as actor, writer, director etc. This prize can be awarded twice if required, Special Mentions of Mannheim-Heidelberg for a memorial film or special achievements like acting, photography, music, montage, etc. Up to three Special Mentions can be awarded, new Creators Award Mannheim-Heidelberg since 2015, for the best creative and intelligent serial drama, which has not been broadcast. The International Film Critics Prize given by the FIPRESCI Jury for a film of the competition, the Ecumenic Film Prize given by the Ecumenical Jury for a film of the competition. Audience Award of Mannheim-Heidelberg for the film most liked by the Festival audience, regardless of genre, recommendations of the Jury of Cinema Owners for a film of the competition which should be released theatrically in Germany. A Film About Love and Fungi Jason Cortlund, Julia Halperin, USA, Poland & Silent City Threes Anna, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. Fighter. Fighter

International Film Festival Mannheim-Heidelberg
–
Stadthaus N1, Mannheim
International Film Festival Mannheim-Heidelberg
–
The main award of the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg
International Film Festival Mannheim-Heidelberg
–
Venue in Heidelberg
International Film Festival Mannheim-Heidelberg

10.
International Film Festival of India
–
The International Film Festival of India, founded in 1952, is one of the most significant film festivals in Asia. The festival is conducted jointly by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Directorate of Film Festivals, the 46th edition of IFFI was held at Panjim Goa from 20 November 2015 with A R Rahman as the Chief Guest. The 1st edition of IFFI was organised by the Films Division, Government of India, held in Mumbai from 24 January to 1 February 1952, the Festival was subsequently taken to Madras, Delhi, Calcutta and Trivandrum. In all it had about 40 features and 100 short films, in Delhi, the IFFI was inaugurated by Prime Minister Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 21 February 1952. The first edition was non-competitive, had 23 countries including the United States participating with 40 feature films, the Indian entries for the festival were Awara, Patala Bhairavi, Amar Bhoopali and Babla. This was the first International Film Festival held anywhere in Asia, the notable films shown during the festival were Bicycle Thieves, Miracle of Milan & Open City from Italy. Yukiwarisoo, Dancing Fleese, The River and Fall of Berlin and it was for the first time that the Indian Film Industry was exposed to a vast range of outstanding post-war era films. From the 3rd edition in January 1965, IFFI became competitive and it has since then moved to Trivandrum, capital of Kerala. In 1975 the Filmotsav, non-competitive and to be held in other film-making cities in years, was introduced. Later, Filmotsavs were merged in IFFI, in 2004 the IFFI was moved to Goa from Trivandrum. Since then IFFI has been an event and competitive. The 46th International Film Festival of India, began in Panaji, Goa on 20 November 2015, a total of more than 7,000 delegates participated and the festival closed with the film - ‘The Clan’- from Argentina. Following were the key highlights of the 11-day-long festival, UNESCO Fellini Medal was awarded for the first time at IFFI2015, the Kingdom of Spain was the focus country of IFFI2015. The 13-member Feature Jury was headed by Chairperson Aribam Syam Sharma while the seven-member Non-Feature jury was led by Chairperson Rajendra Janglay, centenary Film Personality Award conferred upon Internationally acclaimed Music composer Illayaraja during the Opening Ceremony. The first Prize for Best Film in 1987 was a Special Jury Award,2006 and 2007 were also Special Jury Awards. In 2009 the Best Feature Film prize was a Silver Peacock Award, the first IFFI was held in 1952, and American director Frank Capra attended as a part of the US delegation. On the eve of IFFI2006, journalist and author Mario Cabral e Sas book Location Goa, since 2004, Goa has hosted IFFI every year. This brings in visitors to the State, and also coincides with the novenas

International Film Festival of India
–
Logo of International Film Festival of India

11.
Sydney Film Festival
–
The Sydney Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Sydney, Australia, usually over 12 days in June. The festivals director is Nashen Moodley, who commenced in early 2012, the committee included Alan Stout, Professor of Philosophy at The University of Sydney, filmmakers John Heyer and John Kingsford Smith, and Federation of Film Societies secretary David Donaldson. Under the direction of Donaldson, the festival opened on 11 June 1954 and was held over four days. Attendance was at capacity with 1,200 tickets sold at one guinea each. By 1958, the festival attracted its first international sponsored guest, Paul Rotha, the following year, the program expanded to seventeen days and by 1960 exceeded 2,000 subscribers with the introduction of the Opening Night feature film and party. Censorship difficulties arose in the mid-1960a and continued until such time as the festival was granted exemption from censorship in 1971, from inception until 1967, the University remained the annual home of the festival. The following year, the moved to the Wintergarden in Rose Bay where it remained for the ensuing five years. The historic State Theatre became the home of the festival in 1974, in 2007 a new FlexiPass, the FlexiDiscovery, was introduced for people aged 18–24, to encourage young people to discover the film festival. Strict guidelines in relation to previous screenings of films means that audiences see films that havent had general release, on 10 September 2007, the Festival announced it had received funding from the New South Wales government to host an official international competition, which rewarded new directions in film. The FIAFP has since classified the Sydney Film Festival as a Competitive Specialised Feature Film Festival, an Oral history of the Sydney Film Festival,40 years of film. A History of the Sydney Film Festival

Sydney Film Festival
–
Sydney Film Festival

12.
Mar del Plata International Film Festival
–
The Mar del Plata International Film Festival is an international film festival that takes place every November in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. It is the only competitive feature festival recognized by the FIAPF in Latin America, the festival is organized by the National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts. In the early years famous international guests such as Mary Pickford, Gina Lollobrigida, Edward G. Robinson, in 1964 the festival moved temporarily to Buenos Aires, and the name was changed to Festival Cinematográfico Internacional de la República Argentina. In 1966 there was a coup detat in Argentina, in 1968 and 1970 the Instituto de Cine took charge of the festival. From 1967 to 1969 the festival was cancelled because there were other festivals in Rio de Janeiro, after 1970 the festival was cancelled. There were some attempts to reactivate it, but this did not happen until 1996 when the returned with new renovations. Since then there were several changes, in the first years the event was not held in March, from 2001 to 2007 it returned to that month. Since 2008 the Festival has been held in November, during this stage the festival was granted a Category A, the highest class assigned by FIAPF. Originally the awards were called Ombú after the typical pampas tree, the twenty-second Mar del Plata Film Festival, held from 8 to 18 March 2007, introduced a new competition specifically for Latin American film-makers. The competition awards the Ernesto Che Guevara Award to the best Latin American film, currently, awards are given to, Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Script, Best Latin American Film and the Judges Special Award. * Denotes first win Official website Mar del Plata Website with news, activities and information

13.
Taormina Film Fest
–
Taormina Film Fest, a historic film festival that began in 1955 under the name Rassegna Cinematografica Internazionale di Messina e Taormina. The Festival is an A Festival in FIAP accreditation, the award is the Nastro dArgento in Italian cinema. It is the Italian equivalent to the Academy Award, the aim was to honour the best of each year’s Italian and foreign films, similar to the American Oscars. However, the Davids have been and are awarded by the people in the industry, screenwriters, performers, technicians, producers, the ceremonies were held at the Greek Theatre in Taormina. The festival was directed from 1999 to 2006 by Felice Laudadio, the 2004 festival was its fiftieth anniversary. From 2007, the director is Deborah Young, for years the vice-director under Laudadio. The event has hosted, for years, the award ceremony for the Nastro dArgento in Italian cinema. It takes place in the citys Greek Theater, enrico Ghezzi, director from 1991 to 1998, renamed the show TaoFest

14.
Seminci
–
Valladolid International Film Festival is a film festival held annually in Valladolid, Spain since 1956. Nowadays the festival is regarded as one of the most important in the specialty of independent film and it has introduced directors and cinematographers who were previously unknown there. Valladolid, through various loopholes in state censorship, was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain. Much the same occurred with distribution on the circuit at the end of the 1960s. Even after the death of Franco in 1975, Valladolid continued to be the ground for films which had been banned. For example, the premiere in Spain of Kubricks A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark, as one of Europes oldest festivals, Valladolid has always been characterised by its willingness to take risks and to innovate in its programming. It has also been keen to critically examine each new school or movement as it has arisen, whether it be German, Polish, Chinese, Canadian or otherwise. Between 1984 and 2004, a team headed by Fernando Lara contributed to the growth of the range and scope of the festival so that fiction and documentaries play alongside animations. Between April 2005 and April 2008, Argentine film critic and writer Juan Carlos Frugone took over the reins of the festival, in June 2008, journalist Javier Angulo was appointed new director

15.
Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
–
The Antalya Film Festival previously known as Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival is a film festival, held annually since 1963 in Antalya, is the most important film festival in Turkey. The most recent edition of the festival was the 52nd International Antalya Film Festival and these events held in the summer months under the honorary patronage of Dr. Avni Tolunay, found ever increasing interest of people and became traditional until the beginning of the 1960s. In 1963, the festivities turned into a festival with the initiation Dr. Avni Tolunay. As the logo of the festival was chosen orange, the most important symbol of the region, along with sea, historical elements. The orange becomes not only a figure within the logo but gives also the festival its name, the 1st Golden Orange Film Festival was held in 1964. The Golden Orange Feature Film Award was called soon the Turkish Oscar following the enthusiasm created in the world with its high performance within a short time. In 1978, the festival went international by incorporating plastic arts for the first time, until 1985, the Golden Orange Festival was organized by the patronage of the Municipality of Antalya. That year, the organization was taken over by the newly established Foundation for Culture, Arts, from 1985 until 1988, the incorporation of an international music festival called Akdeniz Akdeniz added another dimension to the festival. In the years 1989 to 1994, the municipality, tourism companies, finally, the festival became institutional with the establishment of the Foundation of Golden Orange Culture and Arts Foundation. The institution serves under the name Antalya Culture and Arts Foundation since September 2002, from 2005 to 2008 it was jointly organized with Turkish Foundation of Cinema and Audio-visual Culture and was accompanied by the International Eurasia Film Festival. A jury of seven professional cinema experts in each of the three film categories advise the main jury, the Golden Orange awards are given in three film categories. The statuette used before 2005 has been reinstated as of 2009.000 TRY Best Music 20, the opening ceremony takes place at the Konyaaltı Amphitheatre or in Antalya Cultural Center in presence of national and international film celebrities invited. At this ceremony, honorary awards are presented to people for their contribution. The award ceremony takes place in the night at the historical Aspendos Amphitheatre. In case of bad conditions, the award ceremony is transferred to the Glass Pyramid Sabancı Congress and Exhibition Center. As an initial response, the jury of the Festival released a statement protesting the decision. On October 5,2014, the chair of the Festival jury informed the press of his decision to resign from the jury for ethical reasons, Cinema of Turkey Turkish television drama World cinema Altın Portakal Official Web Site

16.
Chicago International Film Festival
–
The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual film festival held every fall. Founded in 1964 by Michael Kutza, it is the longest-running competitive film festival in North America. Its logo is a stark, black and white close up of the eyes of early film actresses Theda Bara, Pola Negri and Mae Murray. In 2010, the 46th Chicago International Film Festival presented 150 films from more than 50 countries, the Festivals program is composed of many different sections, including the International Competition, New Directors Competition, Docufest, Black Perspectives, Cinema of the Americas, and Reel Women. Foreign films are screened for free throughout the city weekly from July through September, bruce Dern Terrence Howard Susan Sarandon Shirley MacLaine Robert Zemeckis Irma P. Hall, Robert Townsend and Harry J

Chicago International Film Festival
–
Chicago International Film Festival

17.
International Film Festival Rotterdam
–
The International Film Festival Rotterdam is an annual film festival held in various cinemas in Rotterdam, Netherlands at the end of January. The festival also has a focus on presenting cutting edge media art and artists film. IFFR also hosts CineMart, for producers to seek funding. The International Film Festival Rotterdam management emphasizes diversity in its programming and on building relationships with. Rather than red-carpet events, the design is to encourage film makers to mingle with attendees. As a result, the festival claims having a unique atmosphere, the festival is described as having a serious commitment to film lovers and film making - screenings are shown without popcorn breaks, trailers or other commercials. This sense of purpose plays a role in attracting the best directors to the event, allowing it to forge a reputation for diversity, discovery. The first festival — then called Film International — was organized in June 1972 under the leadership of Huub Bals, iFFRs logo is a tiger, loosely based on the M. G. M. From the beginning, the festival has profiled itself as a promoter of alternative, innovative and non-commercial films, with an emphasis on the Far East and developing countries. After the festival founders sudden death in 1988, a fund was initiated and named after him, the non-competitive character of the festival changed in 1995, when the VPRO Tiger Awards were introduced—three yearly prizes for young filmmakers making their first or second film. The next year, Simon Field, formerly Cinema Director at the London Institute of Contemporary Arts, in 2004 Sandra den Hamer took over as director of the festival, and from 2007 to 2015 the director was Ruger Wolfson. Since August 2015 the leadership is in the hands of film producer Bero Beyer, despite financial difficulties in the mid-1980s, the festival has grown steadily, reaching more than 300,000 visitors in 2015. The Pathé cinema at Schouwburgplein is one of the biggest cinemas in the country, the modern edifice – located between the Schouwburg and De Doelen – is dramatically lit by night, dominating the square. De Doelen is the Central Box office during the festival Cinerama is a magnificent old cinema with 7 theaters and it has been thoroughly renovated multiple times, but retains an atmosphere that lends a special touch to the cinematic experience. The Rotterdamse Schouwburg is located in the heart of Rotterdam, on the famous Schouwburgplein and it is one of the main performing arts centers of the city, offering a wide range of critically acclaimed dance, opera and theatrical performances. Lantaren Venster is the only screening location at the side of the Maas river. Like Pathé and Cinerama, it has 7 theaters, lantaren Venster is used as a performance arts location and well known for their non-mainstream and art house programming of movies. The Tiger Award has had various sponsors over the years, in the years leading up to and including 2010 it was sponsored by the VPRO

International Film Festival Rotterdam
–
IFFR logo
International Film Festival Rotterdam
–
The Rotterdamse Schouwburg

18.
Cambridge Film Festival
–
The Cambridge Film Festival is the third-longest-running film festival in the UK. The festival historically took place during early July, but now takes place annually during Autumn in Cambridge, all films are open to the public to watch. Each year the Festival awards audience awards to the Best Feature, Best Documentary, the Cambridge Film Festival is a celebration of film - past, present and future that prides itself on showing film from all over the world from all different kinds of filmmakers. Other UK premieres at the Festival have included Quentin Tarantinos Reservoir Dogs in 1992, Pirates of the Caribbean starring Johnny Depp, the Festival also has touring events across the Eastern region of England including Norwich, Ipswich and Ely. Notably in 2006 the Festival held a screening of A Cock and Bull Story at Felbrigg Hall. In 2006 the Cambridge Film Trust was launched, a new charity aiming to support and promote the film festival, the 36th Film Festivals programme ran from 20th to the 27th of October. The 35th Cambridge Film Festival ran from 3–13 September 2016, highlights included BBC Arena at 40, Night and Day 24 Hours, a 3-D special event with Brian May, and a BAFTA Kids workshop with Ben Shires and Katie Thistleton. The 34th Cambridge Film Festival ran from 28 August -7 September, some of these strands will reoccur each year, and others provide a special focus on a filmmaker for that year. The 2014 programme included retrospectives on Gerhard Lamprecht, Lionel Rogosin, the Contemporary German Strand is a recurring strand that also includes Contemporary German shorts. The strand is designed to showcase established and new talent from new German Cinema, the Retro 3-D Strand in 2014 showcased the newly digitally restored 3-D classics from the 50s including The Creature From The Black Lagoon, House of Wax, Inferno, and The Mad Magician. The Camera Catalonia Strand appeared for the time in 2014 to showcase Catalan cinema. The Short Fusion Strand is a strand that showcases the best in contemporary short films from all over the world. The Family Film Festival is a strand in the Cambridge Film Festival Programme that started in the 30th Cambridge Film Festival in 2010. The strand includes childrens films, TV shows and workshops, the Surprise Films are films where the audience buys a ticket to the show without knowing anything about it. Pirates of the Caribbean, A Cock and Bull Story, Burn After Reading, the Festival takes place in Cambridge’s three-screened Arts Picturehouse, a local arts cinema run by Picturehouse. Some special outdoor screenings are held each year, most notably the Movies on the Meadows screenings at Grantchester Meadows shown on an inflatable screen, Movies on the Meadows is an outdoor screening event held at Grantchester Meadows, Cambridge. Over the August bank holiday weekend films screen over on giant inflatable screens positioned on the banks of the river Cam, the films show simultaneously each night and audiences tune into their preferred film using a radio set and headphones. Audiences can bring their own picnics or browse the varied food, in 2014 the local vendors included Planet of the Crepes, Caffe Mobile, and Steak and Honour Movies on the Meadows was 26-29 August

19.
Durban International Film Festival
–
The Durban International Film Festival is an annual film festival that takes place in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. It is one of the oldest and largest film festival in Southern Africa and presents over 200 screenings celebrating the best in South African, African, most of the screenings are either African or South African premieres. The festival offers many competition sections and some of the prizes have cash attached, since 2006, Amnesty International via the Durban Amnesty group, has also sponsored a cash prize called the Amnesty International Durban Human Rights Award. Since 2005 DIFF serves as the South African launch for the Wavescape Surf Film Festival, Talent Campus Durban, in cooperation with the Berlinale Talent Campus, was a new initiative in 2008. and ran its fifth edition in 2012. Durban FilmMart, a co-production finance forum, launched in 2010 and it is run in partnership with the City of Durbans Durban Film Office. Durban International Film Festival Wavescapes Surf Film Festival Durban FilmMart - a coproduction market Berlinale Talent Campus Durban Film Office

Durban International Film Festival
–
DIFF2012 Poster

20.
Istanbul International Film Festival
–
The article is about the older festival, held in April. For the newer festival, held in February, see If Istanbul Independent Film Festival, the Istanbul International Film Festival is the first and oldest international film festival in Turkey, organised by the Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts, a non-profit organisation. It is held every year in April in movie theaters in Istanbul, as mentioned in its regulations, the festival aims to encourage the development of cinema in Turkey and to promote films of quality in the Turkish cinema market. The Istanbul International Film Festival was first organized in 1982, within the frame of the International Istanbul Festival as a Film Week consisting of six films. The theme of the participating in the Festival was limited to Arts and Cinema. In 1983 the event was realized under the title of Istanbul Filmdays, beginning from 1984, the event gained an identity as a separate activity, it was shifted to the month of April. In 1985, two sections, one being national and the other international, were included in the festival program. From 1987 on, Cinema Honorary Awards began to be presented, at the beginning of 1989 the event was recognized as a competitive specialized festival by International Federation of Film Producers Associations and was accredited. Parallel to this development, Istanbul Filmdays was renamed as Istanbul International Film Festival, beginning from 1996, Lifetime Achievement Awards along with Cinema Honorary Awards began to be presented to international cineastes, actors and actresses. Also in 2006, Azize Tan, the then Assistant Director of the festival replaced Hülya Uçansu as director, with its 28th edition in 2009, the festival began to give its Golden Tulip Award also as a result of its National Competition. Since the beginning of the Festival, a total of 2,065,000 spectators have attended the screenings of 2,330 films from 72 different countries, the festival boasted an audience of 170,000 in 2007, breaking its own record. In 1988, government inspectors forced the withdrawal of 5 of 160 films that are to be screened at the festival, jean-Jacques Beineixs Betty Blue and Vedreba by Tengiz Abuladze were among these five works. Vedreba was being blocked on the grounds that it was anti-Islamic, the Turkish Ministry of Culture subsequently issued a decree holding all international film festivals exempt from censorship. The selection and programming of the films is conducted by the selection committee

Istanbul International Film Festival
–
Festival logo as of 2008
Istanbul International Film Festival
–
Istanbul International Film Festival 23rd edition logo

21.
Guadalajara International Film Festival
–
The Guadalajara International Film Festival is a week-long film festival held each March in the Mexican city of Guadalajara since 1986. The festival is considered the most prestigious film festival in Latin America, the festival is the premier showcase for new work from Mexican and international independent filmmakers. The presence in Guadalajara of delegates from other important festivals from around the world has helped Mexican film to have an international presence in the last twenty years. An international jury grants the Mayahuel award to the winners in a range of categories, Guadalajara Film Market & Producers Network Iberoamerican Film Market Short Up. Digital Space Iberoamerican Coproduction Meeting Guadalajara Build Expotec Iberoamerican Film Crossing Borders Film festivals in North and Central America Official website

Guadalajara International Film Festival
–
Guadalajara International Film Festival
Guadalajara International Film Festival

22.
Santa Barbara International Film Festival
–
The Santa Barbara International Film Festival is an eleven-day film festival held in Santa Barbara, California since 1986. In 2014, the festival screened over 200 films, including films and short films, from different countries. Besides screenings, the festival also contains different sections, including celebrity tributes, industry panels, though founded in 1986, the festival has developed and changed over years. When the present executive director, Roger Durling, first took over in 2002 and it was believed that he noticed the Sundance Effect which refers to the popularity of Sundance Film Festival taken place in January. He then decided to move the festival to late January and it was believed that Santa Barbara International Film Festival tries to shines a light on independent and ethnic film-makers. In the past, Roger Durling saved a third of his festivals slots to films by Hispanic filmmakers in order to better represent Latino population in the area, Durling also decided to add nature films. Now between you and me, I fall asleep at nature films, he said, but hey — they draw a huge crowd. Later, he decided to bring in surf flicks and adventure-sports film that would attract young college students, Film festivals have a tradition of being for the elite, but they shouldnt be, Durling said. It should be like a candy store, anyone should be able to walk in and grab whatever they want. In the past, the festival has honored numerous independent filmmakers, organizers of the festival have pointed out that some of their honorees were not the most popular stars, however, they all contributed to the industry at a great level. Ten writers are selected to write one 10-minute script each, the scripts are then matched with the ten filmmakers and those students then have ten days to shoot and edit the completed ten-minute short film, during the ten days of the festival. Films are screened and winners are announced on closing night, a selection committee consisting of representatives from each school, Industry professionals and SBIFF representatives select the participants. SBIFF Website Santa Barbara Film Commission IMDb SBIFF page Santa Barbara International Film Festival - A Photoessay by Scott London

Santa Barbara International Film Festival
–
Santa Barbara International Film Festival

23.
Shanghai International Film Festival
–
The Shanghai International Film Festival, abbreviated SIFF, is one of the largest film festivals in East Asia. Along with Tokyo International Film Festival, the SIFF is one of the biggest film festivals in Asia, the first festival was held from October 7 to 14,1993, and was held until 2001. In 2003 there was no due to the SARS outbreak. Since its beginning in 1993, Shanghai International Film Festival has grown to become an A-category international film festival, SIFF organized by Shanghai Municipal Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV and Shanghai Media & Entertainment Group. It awards several Golden Goblet Awards for best film, best director, best actor/actress, SIFF Mart consists of the Film Market, China Film Pitch and Catch, and Co-production Film Pitch and Catch. The SIFFORUM is a communication platform, the 14th Shanghai International Film Festival was held from June 11 to June 19,2011 and was chaired by US director Barry Levinson. The most prestigious award given out at Shanghai is the Jin Jue for the Best Feature Film, voted by the reporters in the entertainment industry, the awards are aimed at promoting medium-and-small-budget homegrown movies and exposing talented young directors and actors. Voted by the reporters in the entertainment industry, the awards are aimed at celebrating international action movies and honoring those who have made outstanding contributions to the genre

Shanghai International Film Festival
–
Sebastian Bieniek at 2007 Shanghai International Film Festival press conference
Shanghai International Film Festival
–
Donnie Yen at the 2007 festival
Shanghai International Film Festival
–
Chen Hao at the 2007 festival

24.
Atlantic Film Festival
–
The Atlantic Film Festival is a major international film festival held annually in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada since 1980. The Atlantic Film Festival Association holds four events throughout the year, the Atlantic Film Festival is a 10-day event, screening films from Canada and around the world, and showcasing Atlantic Canadian films and artists. In the spring, the AFFA holds the ViewFinders, International Film Festival for Youth, the AFF Outdoor Film Experience, is the AFFAs outdoor summer film series held on the Halifax waterfront. The 2005 festival experienced a 24 per cent attendance increase from the year with 29,400 in overall attendance, including 28 sold-out screenings. In 2007 attendance was up 18 per cent over 2006, with a record-setting 33,500 people taking part in the 27th annual event, maudie was awarded Best Atlantic Feature and Ashley McKenzie won Best Director for Werewolf. This years selections included Weirdos, Theatre Of Life, Juste La Fine Du Monde, Manchester by the Sea, Perfume War, across the Line was awarded Best Atlantic Feature. Cast No Shadow was awarded Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director, there Are Monsters was awarded Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director. Blackbird was awarded Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director, charlie Zone won Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director and Thom Fitzgeralds Cloudburst won the Peoples Choice Audience Award. A number of actors, including Brenda Fricker, Billy Boyd, Adam Sinclair, Kristin Kreuk. The opening film was Rollertown, the film was Mike Clattenburgs Afghan Luke. Films that were screened included Bruce McDonalds Trigger, Evan Kellys debut feature The Corridor, the opening film was Trailer Park Boys, Countdown to Liquor Day. Down to the Dirt won Best Atlantic Feature and Jason Eisener received the award for Best Editing for his short film Treevenge, the opening film was Shake Hands With The Devil and The Bodybuilder and I was named best Canadian documentary. The opening film was The Journals of Knud Rasmussen, directed by Zacharias Kunuk, the opening film was 3 Needles, directed by Thom Fitzgerald, and Jason Eiseners short The Teeth Beneath premiered. The opening film was Wilby Wonderful, directed by Daniel MacIvor, the opening film was The Event, directed by Thom Fitzgerald

Atlantic Film Festival
–
Atlantic Film Festival

25.
Busan International Film Festival
–
The Busan International Film Festival, held annually in Haeundae-gu, Busan, South Korea, is one of the most significant film festivals in Asia. The first festival, held from 13 to 21 September 1996, was also the first international festival in Korea. The focus of the BIFF is introducing new films and first-time directors, another notable feature is the appeal of the festival to young people, both in terms of the large youthful audience it attracts and through its efforts to develop and promote young talent. In 1999, the Pusan Promotion Plan was established to connect new directors to funding sources, the 16th BIFF in 2011 saw the festival move to a new permanent home, the Busan Cinema Center in Centum City. The Busan Cinema Center is an about USD150 million structure designed by Austria-based architecture collective Coop Himmelblau, a Window on Asian Cinema, A showcase of brand new and/or representative films by the talented Asian filmmakers with their diverse points of view and style. New Currents, The only international competition section featuring the first or the feature films by the future leading directors of Asian cinema. Korean Cinema Today, Selected Korean feature films are shown in two sub-sections, Panorama and Vision and these two sub-sections recognise the current production trend of Korean cinema and anticipate its future. Korean Cinema Retrospective, Revisiting the history of Korean cinema by spotlighting films of a notable director or films with a significant theme. World Cinema, Presentation of new works by world-renowned filmmakers along with the years best films that help understanding the recent trends in world cinema. Wide Angle, A section dedicated to showing outstanding short films, animation, documentaries, open Cinema, A unique outdoor screening venue where a collection of new films, combining both art and mass popularity, are shown along with internationally acclaimed works. Flash Forward, Flash Forward is set to discover yet-surfaced cineastes and this section is an eclectic collection of first or second films of up-and-coming filmmakers from non-Asian countries. Midnight Passion, Midnight Passion presents films of diverse genres selected for entertainment value from all over the world to meet the audience at night, special Programs in Focus, A retrospective and special showcase of films of a certain notable director or genre. Asian Cinema Fund, The Asian Cinema Fund is a program to help activate more independent film productions. It supports projects in various stages and categories, from script development, ACF also aims to be a cornerstone in the foundation of a pan-Asian network by providing a meeting place for Asian filmmakers. The 900 million won Asian Cinema Fund will be used to support to seven projects in script development, five post-productions. The Script Development Fund is aimed at helping screenwriters complete their scripts and it will offer an opportunity to make for a more creative and fine-tuned project. The Post-Production Fund is made possible through the support of Korean post-production companies. With this fund, the director is invited to Korea to work on sound and it will help the director complete his or her film in 35mm

26.
International Film Festival of Kerala
–
The International Film Festival of Kerala is a film festival held annually in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, India. This film festival was started in 1996 and is hosted by the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy on behalf of Department of Cultural Affairs, the festival is held in November/December every year and is acknowledged as one of the leading such events in India. Several national and international films have their premiers at the IFFK each year, Competition section is limited to 14 selected films produced in Asia, Africa or Latin America. The festival also has a devoted to Malayalam cinema. On the lines of the IFFK, the Chalachitra Academy also organises the International Documentary, the Directorate of Film Festivals, Govt of India held the International Film Festival of India at Thiruvananthapuram in 1988. The festival ushered in interest in films and subsequently several film societies were born throughout the state. The activities of the societies included screening of films from around the world, conducting group discussions on various aspects of cinema. The film societies obtained copies of films from archives and from embassies of countries as a part of culture-exchange programmes. The film society movement helped to raise literacy among people. The first IFFK was in Kozhikode in 1996, incidentally, the festival was held in the 100th year anniversary of cinema and 100 films were screened as a part of the event. Later, the FIAPF accredited the festival and a section was added to the event in 1999. The competition is limited to films produced in Asia, Africa or Latin America, the FIPRESCI and the Netpac have also recognised the festival. Film Market and Seminars on important issues concerning Cinema are being scheduled in the festival, the festival is now permanently held at various cinema halls in Thiruvananthapuram. The festival is noted for its public support. The festival is perhaps the one to have screenings for residents of a jail, a juvenile home. Netpac Award, For the best film in the section from Asia. Newly Introduced Awards, In 2007, two awards from the FIPRESCI and the Netpac are introduced, which will be awarded separately to the best Malayalam films at the festival. The 19th IFFK was held from 12 December 2014 to 19 December 2014, with a total of 140 films,10 sections and 12 theatres, The world cinema package of the IFFK has a total of 60 films from 37 countries, including, French and Chinese film packages

International Film Festival of Kerala
–
Main venue of 16th Iffk 2011 at Kairali
International Film Festival of Kerala
–
അന്തർദേശീയ ചലച്ചിത്രോത്സവം കേരളം International Film Festival of Kerala

27.
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival
–
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, or PÖFF, is an annual film festival held since 1997 in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. The Festival runs three competitive programs - International Competition, The Tridens First Film Competition and The Tridens Estonian Feature competition, the top prize of the festival is the Golden Wolf, given to the director and producer of the best film of the International Competition programme. In addition BNFF organises two smaller film festivals, Haapsalu Horror and Fantasy Film Festival and Tartu Love Film Festival tARTuFF. When it began in 1997, PÖFF was principally a showcase for Nordic film with 4500 attendances, today BNFF is one of the largest film events in Northern Europe. In 2010 the festival held the European Film Awards ceremony in Tallinn and it hosts 450+ industry guests annually. The largest regional market, and place to meet the Baltic film industry. Animated Dreams – Animation Film Festival, Just Film – Children and Youth Film Festival. Official website www. justfilm. ee Just Film is the biggest children, the festival includes a competitive programme with €3000 grant for the best youth film, childrens rights programme and a special programme for documentaries. Sleepwalkers – International Short Film Festival

28.
Chennai International Film Festival
–
The festival has been organised since 2002. It showcases international as well as Indian feature films, the Indian language films are divided into the Tamil and the Indian panorama featured films. The festival screens more than 100 international feature films, the CIFF provide awards in the following categories, The Best film in Tamil. Special Jury Award for individual excellence Online Film buff Award Amitabh Bachchan Youth Icon Award, from 2013 Official website

Chennai International Film Festival
–
Event logo

29.
Dubai International Film Festival
–
The Dubai International Film Festival is the leading film festival in the region. The 12th edition of DIFF took place from December 9 –16,2015, the DIFF is held under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President & Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai. It is a cultural event, presented and organised by Dubai Entertainment & Media Organization. In 2014 DIFF screened a line-up of 118 feature films, shorts and documentaries from around the world including 55 world premieres and international premieres

Dubai International Film Festival
–
Dubai International Film Festival مهرجان دبي السينمائي الدولي

30.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world

31.
The Chris Awards
–
It is held each year in November. It is the oldest film festival in the United States, having existed since 1952, the present organization has been known as the Columbus International Film and Video Festival since the 1980s. As a competitive festival, it is known as The Chris Awards. The Festival is supported by a number of sponsors including the Ohio Arts Council, the Columbus Film Festival has existed since 1952, but was preceded by the foundation of the Columbus Film Council

The Chris Awards
–
Logo of 60th Annual Festival (2012)

32.
Akira Kurosawa
–
Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese filmmaker. Regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema, Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936, following a brief stint as a painter. After years of working on films as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he made his debut as a director in 1943, during World War II. The two men would go on to collaborate on another 15 films, Kurosawas wife, Yōko Yaguchi, was also an actress in one of his films. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed approximately a film a year, including a number of highly regarded films such as Ikiru, Seven Samurai, in 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. Kurosawa was born on March 23,1910 in Ōimachi in the district of Tokyo. In addition to promoting physical exercise, Isamu Kurosawa was open to western traditions and considered theater and he encouraged his children to watch films, young Akira viewed his first movies at the age of six. During this time, the boy also studied calligraphy and Kendo swordsmanship, another major childhood influence was Heigo Kurosawa, Akiras older brother by four years. In the aftermath of the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923, which devastated Tokyo, some commentators have suggested that this incident would influence Kurosawas later artistic career, as the director was seldom hesitant to confront unpleasant truths in his work. In the late 1920s, Heigo became a benshi for Tokyo theaters showing foreign films, Akira, who at this point planned to become a painter, moved in with him, and the two brothers became inseparable. Through Heigo, Akira devoured not only films but also theater and circus performances, while exhibiting his paintings, with the increasing production of talking pictures in the early 1930s, film narrators like Heigo began to lose work, and Akira moved back in with his parents. In July 1933, Heigo committed suicide, only four months later, Kurosawas eldest brother also died, leaving Akira, at age 23, the only one of the Kurosawa brothers still living, together with his three surviving sisters. In 1935, the new film studio Photo Chemical Laboratories, known as P. C. L and his half-mocking view was that if the deficiencies were fundamental, there was no way to correct them. Kurosawas essay earned him a call to take the exams, and director Kajirō Yamamoto. The 25-year-old Kurosawa joined P. C. L. in February 1936, during his five years as an assistant director, Kurosawa worked under numerous directors, but by far the most important figure in his development was Kajiro Yamamoto. Of his 24 films as A. D. he worked on 17 under Yamamoto, many of them featuring the popular actor Kenichi Enomoto. Yamamoto nurtured Kurosawas talent, promoting him directly from third assistant director to assistant director after a year. In the last of Kurosawas films as an assistant director, Horse, Kurosawa took over most of the production, One important piece of advice Yamamoto gave Kurosawa was that a good director needed to master screenwriting

Akira Kurosawa
–
Akira Kurosawa on the set of Seven Samurai in 1953
Akira Kurosawa
–
Toshiro Mifune electrified audiences as a rebellious but critically ill gangster in Drunken Angel (1948), considered Akira Kurosawa's breakthrough film.
Akira Kurosawa
–
A painting by Akira Kurosawa of the "third castle" scene in Ran. Kurosawa used such paintings as storyboards to assist his crew in the construction and filming of the scenes.
Akira Kurosawa
–
Akira Kurosawa's grave at An'yō-in temple in Kamakura.

33.
Throne of Blood
–
Throne of Blood is a 1957 Japanese film co-written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. The film transposes the plot of William Shakespeares play Macbeth from Medieval Scotland to feudal Japan, the film stars Toshiro Mifune and Isuzu Yamada in the lead roles. As with the play, the tells the story of a warrior who assassinates his sovereign at the urging of his ambitious wife. Despite the change in setting and language and numerous creative liberties, generals Miki and Washizu are Samurai commanders under a local lord, Lord Tsuzuki, who reigns in the castle of the Spiders Web Forest. After defeating the enemies in battle, they return to Tsuzukis castle. On their way through the thick forest surrounding the castle, they meet a spirit, the spirit tells them that today Washizu will be named Lord of the Northern Garrison and Miki will now be commander of the first fortress. She then foretells that Washizu will eventually become Lord of Spiders Web Castle, when the two return to Tsuzukis estate, he rewards them with exactly what the spirit had predicted. As Washizu discusses this with Asaji, his wife, she manipulates him into making the part of the prophecy come true by killing Tsuzuki when he visits. Washizu kills him with the help of his wife, who gives drugged sake to the lords guards, when Washizu returns in shock at his deed, Asaji grabs the bloody spear and puts it in the hands of one of the three unconscious guards. She then yells murder through the courtyard, and Washizu slays the guard before he has a chance to plead his innocence. Tsuzukis vengeful son Kunimaru and an advisor to Tsuzuki, Noriyasu, Washizu is unsure of Mikis loyalty, but chooses Mikis son as his heir, since he and Asaji have been unable to bear a child of their own. During the banquet Washizu drinks sake copiously because he is clearly agitated, in his delusional panic, he reveals his betrayal to all by exclaiming that he is willing to slay Miki for a second time, going so far as unsheathing his sword and striking over Mikis mat. Asaji, attempting to pick up the pieces of Washizus blunder, tells the guests that he is drunk, then one of his men arrives with the severed head of Miki. The guard also tells them that Mikis son escaped, later, distraught upon hearing of his child is stillborn and in dire need of help with the impending battle with his foes, he returns to the forest to summon the spirit. She tells him that he not be defeated unless the very trees of Spiders Web forest rise against the castle. Washizu believes this is impossible and is confident of his victory, Washizu knows he must kill all his enemies, so he tells his troops of the last prophecy, and they share his confidence. The next morning, Washizu is awakened by the screams of attendants, striding into his wifes quarters, he finds Asaji in a semi-catatonic state, trying to wash clean the imaginary foul stench of blood from her hands, obviously distraught at her grave misdeeds. Distracted by the sound of his troops moving outside the room, the prophecy has come true and Washizu is doomed

Throne of Blood
–
Original Japanese poster

34.
Satyajit Ray
–
Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. Ray was born in the city of Calcutta into a Bengali family prominent in the world of arts, Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He was also a writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed at children, Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters created by him. He was awarded a degree by Oxford University. Rays first film, Pather Panchali, won international prizes. This film, along with Aparajito, and Apur Sansar form The Apu Trilogy, Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing, and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. The Government of India honored him with the Bharat Ratna, its highest civilian award, Satyajit Rays ancestry can be traced back for at least ten generations. He also set up a press by the name of U. Ray and Sons, which formed a backdrop to Satyajits life. Sukumar Ray, Upendrakishores son and father of Satyajit, was a pioneering Bengali writer of nonsense rhyme and childrens literature, an illustrator, Ray was born to Sukumar and Suprabha Ray in Calcutta. Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was barely three, and the family survived on Suprabha Rays meager income, in 1940, his mother insisted that he study at the Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan, founded by Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant due to his love of Calcutta, and the low opinion of the life at Santiniketan His mothers persuasion. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate Oriental art and he later admitted that he learned much from the famous painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee. Later he produced a film, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. His visits to Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Indian art, in 1943, Ray started work at D. J. Keymer, a British-run advertising agency, as a junior visualiser, although he liked visual design and he was mostly treated well, there was tension between the British and Indian employees of the firm. The British were better paid, and Ray felt that the clients were generally stupid, later, Ray also worked for Signet Press, a new publishing house started by D. K. Gupta

35.
Pather Panchali (film)
–
Pather Panchali is a 1955 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Satyajit Ray and produced by the Government of West Bengal. It is based on Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays 1929 Bengali novel of the name and is Rays directorial debut. It features Subir Banerjee, Kanu Banerjee, Karuna Banerjee, Uma Dasgupta, the first film in the Apu trilogy, Pather Panchali depicts the childhood of the protagonist Apu and his elder sister Durga and the harsh village life of their poor family. Production was interrupted because of funding problems and it took three years for the film to be completed. The film was mainly on location, had a limited budget, featured mostly amateur actors. The sitar player Ravi Shankar composed the soundtrack and score using classical Indian ragas. Subrata Mitra was in charge of the cinematography while editing was handled by Dulal Dutta, following its premiere on 3 May 1955 during an exhibition at New Yorks Museum of Modern Art, Pather Panchali was released in Calcutta later the same year to an enthusiastic reception. A special screening was attended by the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Critics have praised its realism, humanity, and soul-stirring qualities while others have called its slow pace a drawback, and some have condemned it for romanticising poverty. The tale of Apus life is continued in the two subsequent installments of Rays trilogy, Aparajito and Apur Sansar. Pather Panchali is described as a point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that pioneered the Parallel Cinema movement. It is often featured in lists of the greatest films ever made, in Nischindipur, rural Bengal, in the 1910s, Harihar Roy earns a meagre living as a pujari, but dreams of a better career as a poet and playwright. His wife Sarbajaya takes care of their children, Durga and Apu, because of their limited resources, Sarbajaya resents having to share her home with the old and helpless cripple Indir. At times, Sarbajayas taunts become offensive, forcing Indir to take refuge in the home of another relative. Durga is fond of Indir and often gives her fruit she has stolen from a wealthy neighbours orchard, One day, the neighbours wife accuses Durga of stealing a bead necklace and blames Sarbajaya for encouraging her tendency to steal. As the elder sibling, Durga cares for Apu with motherly affection, every evening they are delighted by the sound of a distant trains whistle. One day, they run away from home to catch a glimpse of the train, unable to earn a good living in the village, Harihar travels to the city to seek a better job. He promises Sarbajaya that he return with money to repair their dilapidated house. During his absence, the family sinks deeper into poverty, Sarbajaya grows increasingly lonely and bitter

Pather Panchali (film)
–
A poster of Pather Panchali
Pather Panchali (film)
–
A page from the film's storyboard, created by Ray
Pather Panchali (film)
–
Ravi Shankar at a meeting with Satyajit Ray for the sounds in the movie (1955)
Pather Panchali (film)
–
Pather Panchali is considered one of Satyajit Ray's best works.

36.
Slamdance Film Festival
–
The Slamdance Film Festival is an annual film festival focused on emerging artists and low-budget independent films, created in 1995. Peter Baxter has been in charge of Slamdance since 1997, Festival discoveries have included directors Christopher Nolan, Marc Forster, Jared Hess, Oren Peli, Benh Zeitlin, Seth Gordon, Lynn Shelton, and Lena Dunham. Slamdance also attracts renowned alumni including Larry Clark, Steven Soderbergh, at the 2005 Festival, Slamdance screened the documentary Mad Hot Ballroom, which was immediately purchased by Paramount Pictures for the largest amount ever for a feature-length documentary. Also in 2005, actor Chip Godwin, won an unprecedented Honorable Mention Sparky award for his performance in John Erick Dowdles comedy, The Dry Spell. At the 2007 Festival Seth Gordons premiere The King of Kong, in 2008, Oren Pelis Paranormal Activity played its Festival premiere at Slamdance and was acquired by DreamWorks who then passed domestic control of the film onto Paramount. During the weekend of October 11–12,2009 Paranormal Activity broke the record for a film playing at fewer than 200 theaters by selling $7.1 million worth of tickets in the US. As of October 25, Paranormal Activity had earned $66 million, by January 10,2010, the $10,000 budgeted picture had amassed $107 million at the domestic Box Office and $193 million worldwide. A Quiet Little Marriage, directed by Mo Perkins, won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Dramatic Feature, 2010s festival event took place in Park City, Utah on January 21–28,2010. It included the premiere of Steven Soderberghs And Everything Is Going Fine. This Summit invites the global filmmaking community to collectively craft a new charter for storytelling, for the 2011 Festival, Slamdance received a record number of over 5,000 submissions. The Sparky for Best Narrative Film went to Stranger Things” and Best Documentary went to “Bhopali, ” which also won the Audience Award. The Audience Award for Best Narrative went to “Silver Tongues. ”Following their premiers at Slamdance “Real Life Superheroes” sold to HBO, at the 2012 Festival, Canadian distributor Phase 4 Films acquired the high school comedy Bindlestiffs. The Slamdance title directed by Andrew Edison will be the first movie to be released under Kevin Smiths SModcast Pictures Presents, in 2013, Slamdance screened the horror film Jug Face, which was acquired by Gravitas Ventures for a VOD release. Also acquired by Gravitas were MIchael Uries Hes Way More Famous Than You, Stephen Feinartzs The Bitter Buddha starring Eddie Peppitone, the Sparky Award for Narrative Feature Film went to Matt Johnsons The Dirties and the Jury Prize from Documentary went to Nicole Teenys Bible Quiz. Audience Awards went to the feature Hank & Asha, directed by James E. Duff, in 2014, Slamdance celebrated its 20th festival anniversary. Notable alumni like Christopher Nolan and the Russo brothers made special appearances, the Jury Award for Narrative Feature went to Rezeta by Fernando Frias De La Parra and for Documentary Feature to Elliot by Matthew Bauckman and Jaret Belliveau. The Audience Awards went to Copenhagen by Mark Raso and Kidnapped For Christ by Kate S. Logan, gods Bloodsucking Bastards which was acquired by Shout. Event was held with James Franco and Varietys Scott Foundas, discussing the world of DIY filmmaking according to Franco, the Jury Award for Narrative Feature went to Tired Moonlight directed by Britni West

Slamdance Film Festival

37.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

38.
Rotterdam Film Festival
–
The International Film Festival Rotterdam is an annual film festival held in various cinemas in Rotterdam, Netherlands at the end of January. The festival also has a focus on presenting cutting edge media art and artists film. IFFR also hosts CineMart, for producers to seek funding. The International Film Festival Rotterdam management emphasizes diversity in its programming and on building relationships with. Rather than red-carpet events, the design is to encourage film makers to mingle with attendees. As a result, the festival claims having a unique atmosphere, the festival is described as having a serious commitment to film lovers and film making - screenings are shown without popcorn breaks, trailers or other commercials. This sense of purpose plays a role in attracting the best directors to the event, allowing it to forge a reputation for diversity, discovery. The first festival — then called Film International — was organized in June 1972 under the leadership of Huub Bals, iFFRs logo is a tiger, loosely based on the M. G. M. From the beginning, the festival has profiled itself as a promoter of alternative, innovative and non-commercial films, with an emphasis on the Far East and developing countries. After the festival founders sudden death in 1988, a fund was initiated and named after him, the non-competitive character of the festival changed in 1995, when the VPRO Tiger Awards were introduced—three yearly prizes for young filmmakers making their first or second film. The next year, Simon Field, formerly Cinema Director at the London Institute of Contemporary Arts, in 2004 Sandra den Hamer took over as director of the festival, and from 2007 to 2015 the director was Ruger Wolfson. Since August 2015 the leadership is in the hands of film producer Bero Beyer, despite financial difficulties in the mid-1980s, the festival has grown steadily, reaching more than 300,000 visitors in 2015. The Pathé cinema at Schouwburgplein is one of the biggest cinemas in the country, the modern edifice – located between the Schouwburg and De Doelen – is dramatically lit by night, dominating the square. De Doelen is the Central Box office during the festival Cinerama is a magnificent old cinema with 7 theaters and it has been thoroughly renovated multiple times, but retains an atmosphere that lends a special touch to the cinematic experience. The Rotterdamse Schouwburg is located in the heart of Rotterdam, on the famous Schouwburgplein and it is one of the main performing arts centers of the city, offering a wide range of critically acclaimed dance, opera and theatrical performances. Lantaren Venster is the only screening location at the side of the Maas river. Like Pathé and Cinerama, it has 7 theaters, lantaren Venster is used as a performance arts location and well known for their non-mainstream and art house programming of movies. The Tiger Award has had various sponsors over the years, in the years leading up to and including 2010 it was sponsored by the VPRO

39.
Mumbai
–
Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited

40.
Long Island, New York
–
Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick

41.
Miami, Florida
–
Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region

42.
Portland International Film Festival
–
The center provides a variety of film and video exhibition, education and information programs primarily directed to the residents of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and Alaska. The center was founded as the Northwest Film Study Center in 1971, the Center offers college credit in association with Portland State University, Marylhurst University, and the Pacific Northwest College of Art. The core program contains about 20 classes covering fundamentals of video, film, sound, lighting, editing, screenwriting, post production, animation, stop motion, classes are also available to members of the public who satisfy prerequisites. Classes begin three times per year, there are three levels of the certificate program. All require the four core classes, Art of Filmmaking, Digital Video Editing, Shooting Digital Video. A final project is required for level, which is made over a two-term period in a class called advanced production. The final projects are shown at the Portland Art Museum Whitsell Auditorium in the Fall, one elective class is required for level 1, and two elective classes are required for levels 2 and 3. Level 2 requires three additional classes -- Narrative Traditions, Documentary Forms & Visions, and Experimental Film & Video, level 3 adds a requirement for a class on 16 mm. In addition,10 -12 hours of time is required for level 1,15 -20 hours of workshop time required for level 2. Workshops are short classes lasting an afternoon or an entire day offered periodically throughout the year, as all of the classes have sections in the evenings, it is possible to complete the certificate program while working full-time. The schools 36 instructors are mostly working filmmakers with several hundred years total experience, the film center rents a wide range of filmmaking equipment to students, artists, and for commercial use. Preference is to the schools students and it has standard video, super 8, and 16 mm film equipment, along with a full range of sound capture, lighting, electrical supplies. Events at the NWFC include the Portland International Film Festival, the Northwest Filmmakers Festival, Reel Music Film Festival, Portland Jewish Film Festival and the Young Peoples Film Festival

Portland International Film Festival
–
The Center's building in Downtown Portland
Portland International Film Festival
–
Northwest Film Center

43.
Northwestern United States
–
The Northwestern United States is an informal geographic region of the United States. The region consistently includes the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho—and usually Montana, some sources include southeast Alaska in the Northwest. The related but distinct term Pacific Northwest generally excludes areas from the Rockies eastward, the Northwestern United States is a subportion of the Western United States. In contrast, states included in the regions and Utah are not simultaneously considered part of both regions. Like the southwestern United States, the Northwest definition has moved westward over time, the current area includes the old Oregon Territory. The region is similar to Federal Region X, which comprises Oregon, Washington, Idaho and it is home to over 14.2 million citizens. As the US westward expansion, the western border also shifted westward. In the early years of the United States, newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Allegheny Mountains were detached from Virginia, during the decades that followed, the Northwest Territory covered much of the Great Lakes region east of the Mississippi River. Together, these states have a population of 14,273,965. The largest cities and metropolitan areas in the Northwest are, Lavender, land of Giants, The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750-1950 online Schwantes, Carlos. The Pacific Northwest, An Interpretive History online Warren, Sidney, farthest Frontier, The Pacific Northwest online Winther, Oscar Osburn

Northwestern United States
–
Seattle, the largest metropolitan area in the Northwest
Northwestern United States
–
The dark red states are almost always included, while the striped states are usually considered part of the Northwestern United States as well.
Northwestern United States
–
Portland, the second largest metropolitan area in the Northwest
Northwestern United States
–
Boise, the third largest metropolitan area in the Northwest

44.
Traverse City Film Festival
–
The Traverse City Film Festival is an annual film festival held at the end of July in Traverse City, Michigan. The festival was created as an event in 2005 to help “save one of Americas few indigenous art forms—the cinema. The Traverse City Film Festival is an organization, and is funded by businesses, community groups and individuals. The Festival is headed by a committee of Michigan area filmmakers, writers, Deb Lake has been the executive director of the Traverse City Film Festival since 2006, and is one of only three paid employees who work year round. About 3,000 volunteers come together each summer to devote their time, Traverse City Film Festival also showcases all volunteer music, with over 60 regional artists featured in the 2016 event. The 2005 Traverse City Film Festival was held July 27–31, the 5-day event featured many independent films, plus four classic films. The independent films were shown in three venues in downtown Traverse City, the State Theatre, the Old Town Playhouse. In addition, each night, a film was shown on a giant inflatable screen along West Grand Traverse Bay in the city’s Open Space Park. Broken Flowers, a winner at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival, was shown at the Traverse City Film Festival before being released to the general public. Other 2005 Traverse City Film Festival selections covered a gamut of film subjects ranging from period romances, unemployment, terrorism, the second annual Traverse City Film Festival was held July 31 – August 6,2006. The third annual festival was held July 31 – August 5,2007, the fourth annual festival, July 29 – August 3,2008. Special appearance by Madonna, on August 2,2008, introducing her film I Am Because We Are, Michigan Filmmaker Award went to Kurt Luedtke. The fifth annual festival was held from July 28 – August 2,2009, the sixth annual festival was held from July 27 – August 1,2010. The seventh annual festival was held from July 26–31,2011, the eighth annual festival was held from July 31 - August 5,2012. The ninth annual festival was held from July 30 - August 4,2013, paul Feig was honored with the Michigan Filmmaker Award and Michael Apted with the Lifetime Achievement Award. Liana Liberato received the Discovery Award and Mark Cousins, Rob Epstein, the Festival added a new venue this year by renovating the former Con Foster Museum into a theater that was named Bijou by the Bay which opened in time for the 2013 Traverse City Film Festival. The tenth anniversary festival was held from July 29 - August 3,2014, the eleventh annual festival was held from July 28 - August 2,2015. Executive Director, Deb Lake Business Director, Susan Fisher Creative Director, Meg Weichman Official Site – Traverse City Film Festival

45.
Three Colors: White
–
Three Colours, White is a 1994 French-Polish comedy-drama film co-written, produced, and directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski. White is the second in The Three Colors Trilogy, themed on the French Revolutionary ideals, following Blue, the film was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. White is about equality, with the film depicting Karol Karol, a shy man who, after being left by his wife in humiliating circumstances in Paris, loses his money, his residency, and his friends. As a deeply ashamed beggar in Warsaw, Karol begins his effort to restore equality to his life through revenge, the immigrant Karol, despite his difficulty in understanding French, is made to understand that his wife Dominique does not love him. The grounds for divorce are humiliating, Karol was unable to consummate the marriage, along with his wife, he loses his means of support, his legal residency in France, and the rest of his cash in a series of mishaps, and is soon a beggar. He only retains a 2 franc coin, in a Paris Métro station, performing songs for spare change, Karol meets and is befriended by another Pole, Mikołaj. Through a hazardous scheme, Mikołaj helps him return to Poland hidden in the suitcase shown at the beginning of the film and he returns to working as a hairdresser with his brother. Karol takes a job as a bodyguard in a seemingly innocent cash exchange office, Mikołaj meets Karol in a Warsaw Metro tunnel for the execution of the suicide, it turns out to be that Mikołaj is the intended victim and asks Karol to kill him. Karol shoots a blank into Mikołajs chest and asks him if he wants to go through with it as the next bullet is real. Mikołaj refuses and is able to feel alive again, Karol beats them to it, and then tells his ex-bosses that if they kill him all his estate shall go to the Church, and they are therefore forced to purchase all the land from him. With the money he gained from this scheme and with the payment from Mikołaj, Karol becomes ruthlessly ambitious, focusing his energies on money-making schemes while learning French and brooding over his wifes abandonment. The final image of the film shows Karol staring at Dominique through the window of her cell, while crying. The first inexplicably sticks to his hand when he tries to throw it away, in the case of Red the judge never closes or locks his doors and his fountain pen, which stops working at a crucial point in the story. In the case of Blue it is a decoration of blue beads. The film has been interpreted as an anti-comedy by Roger Ebert, in parallel with Blue being an anti-tragedy, Three Colors, White was met with critical acclaim, it holds a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, while the first and third films hold 100% ratings. Kieślowski won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival in 1994

Three Colors: White
–
Theatrical release poster

46.
Three Colors: Red
–
Three Colors, Red is a 1994 film co-written, produced, and directed by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. It is the film of The Three Colors Trilogy, which examines the French Revolutionary ideals, it is preceded by Blue. Kieślowski had announced that this would be his film, which proved true with the directors sudden death in 1996. Red is about fraternity, which it examines by showing characters whose lives gradually become closely interconnected, Red was highly acclaimed, and was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director for Kieślowski. It was also selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, during her work as a model she poses for a chewing-gum campaign and during the photo shoot the photographer asks her to look very sad. While walking back home, Auguste, a neighbour of Valentines, drops a set of books, notices that a chapter of the Criminal Code opened at random. As she drives back to her apartment, Valentine is distracted while adjusting the radio and she tracks down the owner, a reclusive retired judge, Joseph Kern. He seems unconcerned by the accident or the injuries sustained by Rita, Valentine takes Rita to a veterinarian, where she learns that Rita is pregnant. Later, money is delivered to her apartment from an unnamed sender, whilst Valentine is walking Rita the next day the dog runs away and Valentine eventually finds her back at Kerns house. She asks and he confirms that the money sent to her came from him and he then tells Valentine she can have the dog. A short time later Valentine finds Kern eavesdropping on his neighbours private telephone conversations, the judge challenges Valentine to go tell the neighbours and initially she goes to do so. She visits the house, which appears, on the surface, to contain a contented nuclear family. She returns to Kerns house and Kern tells her that it would make no difference if she denounced him for his spying because the lives he listens to would eventually turn into hell anyway. She leaves saying that she feels nothing but pity for him, whilst visiting Kern, Valentine hears a phone conversation between her neighbour, Auguste, and his girlfriend, Karin. They discuss if they should go bowling, Valentine covers her ears but from the very little she hears she concludes that they love each other. Later, Auguste takes his exam and passes it and becomes a judge, Karin asks if he was asked any questions regarding the article that was open when he dropped his books. Karin gives him a fountain pen as a gift and he wonders what the first judgment he signs with it will be. That evening, Kern writes a series of letters to his neighbours and the court confessing his activities, later, at the law courts, he sees Karin make the acquaintance of and begin to flirt with another man

Three Colors: Red
–
Theatrical release poster

47.
Mar del Plata Film Festival
–
The Mar del Plata International Film Festival is an international film festival that takes place every November in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. It is the only competitive feature festival recognized by the FIAPF in Latin America, the festival is organized by the National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts. In the early years famous international guests such as Mary Pickford, Gina Lollobrigida, Edward G. Robinson, in 1964 the festival moved temporarily to Buenos Aires, and the name was changed to Festival Cinematográfico Internacional de la República Argentina. In 1966 there was a coup detat in Argentina, in 1968 and 1970 the Instituto de Cine took charge of the festival. From 1967 to 1969 the festival was cancelled because there were other festivals in Rio de Janeiro, after 1970 the festival was cancelled. There were some attempts to reactivate it, but this did not happen until 1996 when the returned with new renovations. Since then there were several changes, in the first years the event was not held in March, from 2001 to 2007 it returned to that month. Since 2008 the Festival has been held in November, during this stage the festival was granted a Category A, the highest class assigned by FIAPF. Originally the awards were called Ombú after the typical pampas tree, the twenty-second Mar del Plata Film Festival, held from 8 to 18 March 2007, introduced a new competition specifically for Latin American film-makers. The competition awards the Ernesto Che Guevara Award to the best Latin American film, currently, awards are given to, Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Script, Best Latin American Film and the Judges Special Award. * Denotes first win Official website Mar del Plata Website with news, activities and information

48.
FIAPF
–
The FIAPF based in Paris, created in 1933, is an organization composed with 36 member associations from 30 of the leading audiovisual production countries. FIAPF is also in charge of regulating international film festivals, including some of the worlds most important ones. z. w, the FIAPF categorizes the film festivals as Competitive, Competitive Specialised, Non-Competitive and Documentary/Short Film. The following film festivals have been given competitive status by the FIAPF, Toronto / Toronto International Film Festival Vienna / Vienna International Film Festival The following film festivals are for documentary and short films

FIAPF
–
Contents

49.
Ann Arbor Film Festival
–
The Ann Arbor Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Ann Arbor in the U. S. state of Michigan. Established in 1963, it is the third-oldest film festival in North America, and it has become one of the premier film festivals for independent and, especially, experimental filmmakers to showcase their work. Now entering its 55th year, the Ann Arbor Film Festival attracts over 3,000 entries from filmmakers in more than 60 countries, created as an alternative to commercial cinema, the annual week-long festival remains true to its original mission of promoting film as an art form. The Ann Arbor Film Festival also fosters the growth of emerging and established film, the festival is open to film and video of all lengths and genres, including experimental, narrative, animation, documentary, and genre hybrids. The festival’s mission is to supporting bold, visionary filmmakers, promote the art of film & new media, the 55th Ann Arbor Film Festival will be held March 21–26,2017. The Ann Arbor Film Festival was founded in 1963 by University of Michigan professor George Manupelli, Manupelli originally screened only films in the 16 mm format, and thus the festival was called the 16 mm Film Festival. The festival gained prominence quickly, as it was one of the few outlets for experimental filmmakers to screen their work, in 1980 the festival moved from Lorch Hall on the University of Michigan campus to the Michigan Theater, an Ann Arbor landmark with a seating capacity of 1700. In 1983, after becoming independent from the University of Michigan, in 2003 the festival began accepting entries in digital formats, opening up the festival to more filmmakers. In 2007 the festival was named one of Variety magazines Top Ten Festivals We Love

Ann Arbor Film Festival
–
Opening animation during the 43rd fest

50.
Austin, Texas
–
Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months

Austin, Texas
–
Downtown skyline as seen from Lady Bird Lake
Austin, Texas
–
An 1873 illustration of Edwin Waller's layout for Austin
Austin, Texas
–
Statue of the Goddess of Liberty on the Texas State Capitol Grounds prior to installation on top of the rotunda
Austin, Texas
–
Bob Bullock Texas History Museum in Austin. Its mission is to "tell The Story of Texas".

51.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

52.
Filmmaking
–
Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period

53.
Sundance film festival
–
The Sundance Film Festival, a program of the Sundance Institute, is an American film festival that takes place annually in Park City, Utah. With 46,660 attendees in 2016, it is the largest independent film festival in the United States. Held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as at the Sundance Resort, the 2017 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 19 to January 29,2017. Sundance began in Salt Lake City in August 1978, as the Utah/US Film Festival in an effort to more filmmakers to Utah. It was founded by Sterling Van Wagenen, John Earle, the 1978 festival featured films such as Deliverance, A Streetcar Named Desire, Midnight Cowboy, Mean Streets, and The Sweet Smell of Success. The festival also highlighted the work of filmmakers who worked outside the Hollywood system. The jury of the 1978 festival was headed by Gary Allison, and included Verna Fields, Linwood G. Dunn, Katharine Ross, Charles E. Sellier Jr. Mark Rydell, and Anthea Sylbert. More than 60 films were screened at the festival that year, also that year, the first Frank Capra Award went to Jimmy Stewart. The festival also made a profit for the first time, in 1980, Catania left the festival to pursue a production career in Hollywood. Several factors helped propel the growth of Utah/US Film Festival, first was the involvement of actor and Utah resident Robert Redford, who became the festivals inaugural chairman. By having Redfords name associated with the festival, it received great attention, secondly, the country was hungry for more venues that would celebrate American-made films as the only other festival doing so at the time was the USA Film Festival in Dallas. Response in Hollywood was unprecedented as major studios did all they could to contribute their resources, in 1981, the festival moved to Park City, Utah, and changed the dates from September to January. It was called the US Film and Video Festival, in 1984, the now well-established Sundance Institute, headed by Sterling Van Wagenen, took over management of the US Film Festival. The branding and marketing transition from the US Film Festival to the Sundance Film Festival was managed under the direction of Colleen Allen, Allen Advertising Inc. by appointment of Robert Redford. In 1991 the festival was renamed the Sundance Film Festival, after Redfords character The Sundance Kid from the film Butch Cassidy. The majority of the screenings, including the festivals premieres. The 2013 Sundance London Festival was held April 25–28,2013, Sundance London 2014 took place on April 25–27,2014 at the O2 arena. The Sundance London 2015 Festival was cancelled in an announcement on January 16,2015, Sundance London will return to London in 2016 from June 10–12 at Picturehouse Cinema in Londons West End

Sundance film festival
–
Sundance Film Festival

54.
Regina, Saskatchewan
–
Regina (/rᵻˈdʒaɪnə/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and within the Treaty 4 territories. The city is the second-largest in the province, after Saskatoon, and it is governed by Regina City Council. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No.159, Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories, of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part, and of the District of Assiniboia. The site was previously called Wascana, but was renamed to Regina in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria and this decision was made by Queen Victorias daughter Princess Louise, who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada, the Marquess of Lorne. Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West, on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off, Reginas importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906. The CCF, formulated its foundation Regina Manifesto,1933 in Regina, in recent years, Saskatchewans agricultural and mineral resources have come into new demand, and it has entered a new period of strong economic growth. The population of the Regina CMA as of 2016, was 236,481, there was an obvious conflict of interest in Dewdneys choosing the site of Pile-of-Bones as the territorial seat of government and it was a national scandal at the time. There, the Territories were remote and of little concern, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, wife of the then Governor General of Canada, named the new community Regina, in honour of her mother, Queen Victoria. The episode, including Riels imprisonment, trial and execution, brought the new Regina Leader, later the Leader-Post, to national prominence. Regina grew rapidly until the beginning of the Great Depression, in 1929, by this time, Saskatchewan was considered the third province of Canada in both population and economic indicators. Thereafter, Saskatchewan never recovered its early promise and Reginas growth slowed, in 1935, Regina gained notoriety for the Regina Riot, an incident of the On-to-Ottawa Trek. Recently older buildings have put to new uses, including the old Normal School on the Regina College campus of the University of Regina. Despite the setting, improbable though it always was compared with more likely sites for the capitol. There is an abundance of parks and greenspaces, all of its trees — some 300,000 — shrubs and other plants were hand-planted. As in other cities, American elms were planted in front yards in residential neighbourhoods. In recent years the pattern of primary and high school grounds being acreages of prairie sports grounds has been re-thought and such grounds have been landscaped with artificial hills, newer residential subdivisions in the northwest and southeast have, instead of spring runoff storm sewers, decorative landscaped lagoons. Despite having fallen in recent years, Reginas crime rate remains among the highest in Canada, Reginas overall police-reported crime rate was second highest in the country in 2012. However, the severity of crimes in Regina is quite high

Regina, Saskatchewan
–
Victoria Park, Regina
Regina, Saskatchewan
–
The eponymous Pile of Bones. These are buffalo bones, originally collected by the Cree.
Regina, Saskatchewan
–
Donald C. McDougall and his shack (1882), the first house in Regina, believed to have been located along what is now the downtown section of Cornwall Street
Regina, Saskatchewan
–
Corner of South Railway Street (later renamed Saskatchewan Drive) and Scarth Street looking south, circa 1915. Note old Post Office (tower in left background), currently Prince Edward Building, at 11th Avenue.

55.
Western Canada
–
The capital cities of the four western provinces, from West to East, are, Victoria, Edmonton, Regina and Winnipeg. Except for Winnipeg, which is the largest city in Manitoba, Manitoba established as a province of Canada in 1870, following the enacting of the Manitoba Act. Saskatchewan, Established as province in 1905, with the implementation of the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta, In 1905, the same year as Saskatchewan, Alberta also was established as province. Just like Saskatchewan had the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta had the Alberta Act and this represents 31. 5% of Canadas population. While Vancouver serves as the largest metropolitan area in Western Canada, the following is a list of these areas and their populations as of 2011. Western Canada consists of the four westernmost provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan. It covers 2.9 million square kilometres – almost 29% of Canada’s land area, British Columbia adjoins the Pacific Ocean to the west, while Manitoba has a coastline on Hudson Bay in its northeast of the province. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan are landlocked between British Columbia and Manitoba, the Canadian Prairies are part of a vast sedimentary plain covering much of Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba. The prairies form a significant portion of the area of Western Canada. The plains generally describes the expanses of flat, arable agricultural land which sustain extensive grain farming operations in the southern part of the provinces. Despite this, some such as the Cypress Hills and Alberta Badlands are quite hilly. In Alberta and British Columbia, the Canadian Cordillera is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Canadian Rockies are part of a major continental divide that extends north and south through western North America and western South America. The continental divide also defines much of the border between Alberta and British Columbia, the Columbia and the Fraser Rivers have their headwaters in the Canadian Rockies and are the second- and third-largest rivers, respectively, to drain to the west coast of North America. To the west of their headwaters, across the Rocky Mountain Trench, is a belt of mountains. The coast of British Columbia enjoys an oceanic climate because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. Winters are typically wet and summers relatively dry and these areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall much below the freezing mark. The mountainous Interior of the province is drier and has colder winters, Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the chinook wind, wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily

Western Canada
–
Edmonton is the largest provincial capital city by population in western Canada.
Western Canada
–
Western Canada, defined geographically
Western Canada
–
Calgary is the largest municipality by population in western Canada.
Western Canada
–
Vancouver is the largest census metropolitan area by population in western Canada.

56.
Cartagena Film Festival
–
The Cartagena Film Festival, or FICCI, is a film festival held in Cartagena, Colombia, which focuses mainly on the promotion of Colombian television series, Latin American films and short films. The Cartagena Film Festival, which is held every March, is the oldest film festival in Latin America, the Cartagena Film Festival was founded 1959 by Victor Nieto. Nieto remained the director of the festival for 48 years. Nieto died at the age of 92 in November 2008, lina Paola Rodriguez was appointed manager by Nieto in 2007 and 2008, and will remain acting director following Nietos death. Cartagena Film Festival official website Cartagena Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database

Cartagena Film Festival
–
Cartagena Film Festival office

57.
Festival de Gramado
–
The Gramado Film Festival is an international film festival held annually in the Brazilian city of Gramado, Rio Grande do Sul, since 1973. Since 1992 it also gives awards to Latin American films produced outside Brazil and it is the biggest film festival in the country. The efforts of the community, the press, the tourists. By the 1980s it was already the most important film festival of Brazil, currently the festival awards films in 24 categories. It is the name of the 13 inches statuette created by artisan Elisabeth Rosenfeld, which is given to the awards winners

Festival de Gramado
–
Festival logo.
Festival de Gramado
–
The festivals are held at the Festivals Palace (Palácio dos Festivais).

58.
Brazil
–
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama

59.
Guadalajara
–
Guadalajara is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is in the region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,495,189 it is Mexicos fourth most populous municipality, the municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico, the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico. It is a business and economic center in the Bajio region. Guadalajara is the 10th largest city in Latin America in population, urban area, the city is named after the Spanish city of Guadalajara, the name of which came from the Andalusian Arabic wād l-ḥijāra, meaning river/valley of stones. Other, more industries, such as shoes, textiles. Guadalajara, one of the most popular clubs in Mexico. This city was named the American Capital of Culture for 2005, Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games. The city was established in five other places before moving to its current location, the first settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistlán, Zacatecas. This site was settled by Cristóbal de Oñate as commissioned by Nuño de Guzmán, with the purpose of securing recent conquests, the settlement did not last long at this spot due to the lack of water, in 1533 it was moved to a location near Tonalá. Four years later, Guzmán ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotán, while the settlement was in Tlacotán, the Spanish king Charles I granted the coat of arms that the city still has today. This settlement was attacked during the Mixtón War in 1543 by Caxcan, Portecuex. The war was initiated by the due to the cruel treatment of Indians by Nuño de Guzmán. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza had to control of the campaign to suppress the revolt after the Spanish were defeated in several engagements. The conflict ended after Mendoza made some concessions to the Indians such as freeing the Indian slaves, the village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and the villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel Michael, who remains the patron of the city. It was decided to move the city again, this time to Atemajac. The city has remained there to this day, in 1542, records indicate that 126 people were living in Guadalajara and, in the same year, the status of city was granted by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was officially founded on February 14,1550 in the Valley of Atemajac, the settlements name came from the Spanish hometown of Nuño de Guzmán

Guadalajara
Guadalajara
Guadalajara
Guadalajara

60.
Valdivia, Chile
–
Valdivia is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. Since October 2007, Valdivia has been the capital of Los Ríos Region and is also the capital of Valdivia Province, the national census of 2002 census recorded the commune of Valdivia as having 140,559 inhabitants, of whom 127,750 were living in the city. The main economic activities of Valdivia include tourism, wood pulp manufacturing, forestry, metallurgy, the city is also the home of the Austral University of Chile, founded in 1954, and the Centro de Estudios Científicos. The city of Valdivia and the Chiloé Archipelago were once the two southernmost outliers of the Spanish Empire, in the second half of 19th century, Valdivia was the port of entry for German immigrants who were given land and settled in the surrounding areas. In 1960 Valdivia was severely damaged by the Great Chilean earthquake, debris and destroyed buildings from the earthquake can still be found in the suburban areas. In addition, land subsidence and sediments have resulted in complex navigation challenges on the rivers and in some areas. This challenges the Clovis First model of migration to the New World, researchers speculate that the first inhabitants of Valdivia and Chile travelled to America by watercraft and not across a land-bridge in the Bering Strait. By the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, Valdivia was inhabited by the Huilliche, the Huilliche and Mapuche were both referred to by the Spaniards as Araucanos. Their main language was a variant of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language, a large village called Ainil stood where present-day downtown Valdivia has been developed. The Huilliche called the river, Ainilebu, Ainil seemed to have been an important trade centre, it was a port on the sea and had access to the interior via the network of the Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers, both tributaries of the Valdivia. Ainil may be described as a kind of little Venice, as it had large areas of wetlands, since that period, most of these waterways and wetlands have been drained or filled. The market in Ainil received shellfish and fish from the coast, legumes from Punucapa, and other foods from San José de la Mariquina, a remnant of this ancient trade is the modern Feria Fluvial on the banks of Valdivia River. The surroundings of Valdivia were described as extensive plains having a population that cultivated potatoes, maize, quinoa and legumes. The population has been estimated by historians as 30 to 40 thousand inhabitants as of 1548. Pedro Mariño de Lobera, a conquistador and chronicler, wrote that there were half a million Indians living within ten leagues from the city. Other historians consider these numbers too high and argue that early Spaniards usually exaggerated in their descriptions, later the British naturalist Charles Darwin observed that there is not much cleared land near Valdivia. This suggests that agriculture in Valdivia was far more extensive than the agriculture practiced in the early 19th century at the time of his visit. The first European to visit Valdivia Rivers estuary was the Genoese captain Juan Bautista Pastene and he named the river after the Governor of Chile Pedro de Valdivia

Valdivia, Chile
–
View of Valdivia from Pedro de Valdivia Bridge
Valdivia, Chile
–
Idealized illustration of Pastene from Alonso de Ovalle 's "Histórica relación del Reyno de Chile"
Valdivia, Chile
–
Picture of Pedro de Valdivia, conquistador of Chile and founder of Valdivia
Valdivia, Chile
–
Image of Torreón El Canelo restored in the 1850s. It is one of two remaining Spanish towers in Valdivia used to defend the city and one of the few remaining colonial structures

61.
Annecy International Animated Film Festival
–
The Annecy International Animation Film Festival was created in 1960 and takes place at the beginning of June in the town of Annecy, France. Initially occurring every two years, the became an annual event in 1998. It is one of the four animated film festivals sponsored by the Association Internationale du Film dAnimation. According to the topic of the festival, classic or recent films are projected upon the giant screen, on Saturday evening, all the award winners are presented. The winner/s is/are marked in bold, in the 2000 edition the prize was declared void. This prize was originally named Grand prix, in 1987 it was renamed Grand prix du court métrage to differentiate it from the feature films prize. In 2003 it took its current name, Le Cristal dAnnecy, ASIFA official web site Annecy International Animation Festival

Annecy International Animated Film Festival
–
Outdoor projection in 2014

62.
HKIFF
–
Screening over 250 titles from more than 55 countries in over 11 major cultural venues across the territory every year, HKIFF is one of the largest cultural events in Hong Kong. From 2017, HKIFF will collaborate with Heyi Pictures to produce two films a year by young Chinese filmmakers that will hold their world premieres at HKIFF. The 40th Hong Kong International Film Festival was held from 21 March to 4 April 2016, out of 3,183 film submissions that the festival received,248 films from 66 countries/regions were picked and showcased in 11 major cultural venues in Hong Kong. 63 of the films were world, international or Asian premieres, the 41st Hong Kong International Film Festival will be held from 11 to 25 April 2017. The Hong Kong SAR Government has continued to subsidise the festival through venue provision, the Hong Kong International Film Festival Society is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organisation. HKIFF draws over 300 international press every year, festival-goers can attend screenings, panel discussions, forums, seminars, exhibitions, live music performances, and parties celebrating the festival. Opening film - Italy, Year One, hKIFF02,74 features,7 shorts,113 screenings,55489 total attendance. Opening films, Raise Ravens by Carlos Saura and The Seagull by Marco Bellocchio, hKIFF03,79 features,3 shorts,128 screenings,80755 total attendance. Opening film, Raining in the Mountain by King Hu, hKIFF04,97 features,17 shorts,166 screenings,89745 total attendance. Opening film, American Gigolo by Paul Schrader, hKIFF05,137 features,52 shorts,213 screenings,95688 total attendance. Opening films, Child of the Sun by Kiriro Urayama and The Uprising by Peter Lilienthal HKIFF06,128 features,46 shorts,216 screenings,109028 total attendance. Opening films, Circle of Deceit by Volkor Schlondorff, Street Music by Jenny Bowen, Opening films, Passion by Jean LucGodard, Moonlighting by Jerzy Skolimowski and Son of the North East by by Vichit Kounavudhi. HKIFF08,140 features,14 shorts,279 screenings,125373 total attendance. Opening films, The King of Comedy by Martin Scorsese, Carmen by Carlos Saura and Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence by Nagisa Oshima HKIFF09,133 features,18 shorts,270 screenings,121384 screenings. Opening films, Full Moon in Paris by Eric Rohmer, Paris Texas by Wim Wenders, Opening films, PingPong by Leong Po-chih, Ran by Akira Kurosawa and Insignificance by Nicolas Roeg HKIFF11,136 features,21 shorts,320 screenings,120897 total attendance. Opening films, The Green Ray by Eric Rohmer, To Sleep So As To Dream by Kaizo Hayashi, Closing films, Wings of Desire by Wim Wenders and Red Sorghum by Zhang Yimou HKIFF13,123 features,37 shorts,318 screenings,95422 total attendance. Closing film, Song of the Exile by Ann Hui HKIFF15,173 features,28 shorts,330 screenings,115884 total attendance. Opening film, Li Lianying, The Imperial Eunuch by Tian Zhuangzhuang Closing film, Opening films, Ripples Across Stagnant Water by Ling Zifeng and High Heels by Pedro Almodovar HKIFF17,150 features,35 shorts,270 screenings,111556 total attendance

63.
Burkina Faso
–
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in Africa around 274,200 square kilometres in size. It is surrounded by six countries, Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, in 2014 its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million. Burkina Faso is a country and French is an official language of government. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, residents of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabé. Before the conquest of what is now Burkina Faso by the French, after gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes. Blaise Compaoré was the most recent president and ruled the country from 1987 until he was ousted from power by the popular youth upheaval of 31 October 2014 and this resulted in a semi-presidential republic which lasted from October 2014 to September 2015. On 17 September 2015 the provisional government was in turn toppled by an apparent military coup carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security. On 24 September 2015, after pressure from the African Union, ECOWAS, and the forces, the military junta agreed to step down. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, the bé suffix added onto Burkina to form the demonym Burkinabé comes from the Fula language and means men or women. The northwestern part of todays Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers between 14,000 and 5000 BC and their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archeological excavations. Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC, the Bura culture was an Iron-Age civilization centered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso. Iron industry, in smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC, historians began to debate about the exact dates when Burkina Fasos many ethnic groups arrived to the area. During the Middle Ages the Mossi established several kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma. Sometime between 1328 and 1338 Mossi warriors raided Timbuktu but the Mossi were defeated by Sonni Ali of Songhai at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483, during the early 16th century the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso. During the 18th century the Gwiriko Empire was established at Bobo Dioulasso and ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, starting in the early 1890s a series of British, French and German military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these colonialists and their armies fought the local peoples, at times they forged alliances with them, the colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties amongst themselves. Through a complex series of events what is Burkina Faso eventually became a French protectorate in 1896, the eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered, however

Burkina Faso
–
The cavalry of the Mossi Kingdoms were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, even against the formidable Mali Empire.
Burkina Faso
–
Flag
Burkina Faso
–
Resistance to the French invasion at Bobo-Dioulasso in 1892.
Burkina Faso
–
The capital, Ouagadougou, in 1930

64.
South Africa
–
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind

65.
Zanzibar International Film Festival
–
The Zanzibar International Film Festival, also known as Festival of the Dhow Countries, is an annual film festival held in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It has been described as the largest cultural event in East Africa, ZIFF is a non-governmental organization established in 1997 to develop and promote film and other cultural industries as catalyst for the regional social and economic growth. The festival is arguably the largest multi disciplinary art and cultural festival in Africa, ZIFF now gives 12 International Awards presented by 5 International Juries. It is estimated that 7000 western tourists came to Zanzibar to attend the festival and its impact on the economy of Zanzibar is unquestionable

Zanzibar International Film Festival
–
Zanzibar International Film Festival
Zanzibar International Film Festival
–
2013 audience

66.
Tanzania
–
Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English

67.
Sahrawi refugee camps
–
With most of the original refugees still living in the camps, the situation is among the most protracted in the world. The limited opportunities for self-reliance in the desert environment have forced the refugees to rely on international humanitarian assistance for their survival. However, the Tindouf camps differ from the majority of camps in the level of self-organization. Most affairs and camp life organization is run by the refugees themselves, the camps are divided into five wilayas named after towns in Western Sahara, Laayoune, Awserd, Smara, Dakhla and more recently Cape Bojador. In addition comes the smaller satellite camp February 27, surrounding the school for women. The encampments are spread out over a large area. While Laayoune, Smara, Awserd, February 27 and Rabouni all lie within an hours drive of the Algerian city of Tindouf, the camps are also the headquarters of the 6th military region of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. The refugee camps are governed by Polisario, being part of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. SADRs government in exile and administration are located in the Rabouni camp, the Tindouf camps are divided into administrative sub-units electing their own officials to represent the neighbourhoods in political decision-making. Each of the four wilayas are divided into six or seven daïras, local committees distribute basic goods, water and food, while daïra authorities made up by the representatives of the hays organize schools, cultural activities and medical services. Some argue that this results in a form of democracy on the level of camp administration. Women are active on several levels of administration, and UNHCR has appraised their importance in camp administration, according to Polisario, Algeria does not intervene in their organization, treating the area as effectively under Sahrawi self-rule, though statements by former Polisario responsibles contradict that. While the Algerian military has a significant presence in the city of Tindouf. Camp residents are subject to the constitution and laws of SADR, a local justice system, with courts and prisons, is administered by Polisario. Local qadis have jurisdiction over personal status and family law issues, while teaching materials are still scarce, the literacy rate has increased from about 5% at the formation of the camps to 90% in 1995. Childrens education is obligatory, and several thousands have received university educations in Algeria, Cuba, one former camp resident claimed to have been forcefully sent as a child to an indoctrination camp in Cuba, where he was taught ot use firearms. The camps have 27 clinics, a hospital and four regional hospitals. Men perform military service in the forces of the SADR

68.
Western Sahara
–
Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres. It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, the population is estimated at just over 500,000, of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune, the largest city in Western Sahara. Occupied by Spain until the late 20th century, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand and it is the most populous territory on that list, and by far the largest in area. In 1965, the UN General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara, one year later, a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination. In 1975, Spain relinquished the control of the territory to a joint administration by Morocco. A war erupted between those countries and a Sahrawi nationalist movement, the Polisario Front, which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic with a government in exile in Tindouf, Algeria. Mauritania withdrew its claims in 1979, and Morocco eventually secured de facto control of most of the territory, including all the major cities and natural resources. The United Nations considers the Polisario Front to be the representative of the Sahrawi people. As of 2017, no member state of the United Nations has ever recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. However, a number of countries have expressed their support for a recognition of the Moroccan annexation of the territory as an autonomous part of the Kingdom. Overall, the annexation has not garnered as much attention in the community as many other disputed annexations. Internationally, countries such as Russia have taken a generally ambiguous and neutral position on each sides claims, both Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, essentially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. The Polisario Front has won recognition for SADR from 37 states. Morocco has won recognition or support for its position from several African governments and from most of the Muslim world, in both instances, recognitions have, over the past two decades, been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends. Western Sahara is located in Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and it also borders Algeria to the northeast. The land is some of the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, the land along the coast is low, flat desert and rises, especially in the north, to small mountains reaching up to 600 metres on the eastern side. While the area can experience flash flooding in the spring, there are no permanent streams, at times a cool off-shore current can produce fog and heavy dew. The earliest known inhabitants of Western Sahara were the Gaetuli, depending on the century, Roman-era sources describe the area as inhabited by Gaetulian Autololes or the Gaetulian Daradae tribes

Western Sahara
–
Commemoration of the 30th independence day from Spain in the Liberated Territories (2005)
Western Sahara
–
Western Sahara الصحراء الغربية aṣ-Ṣaḥrā’ al-Gharbīyah Sahara Occidental Taneẓroft Tutrimt
Western Sahara
–
North Western Sahara landscape.
Western Sahara
–
Dakhla Bay, near Dakhla.

69.
David Bordwell
–
David Bordwell is an American film theorist and film historian. With his wife Kristin Thompson, Bordwell wrote the introductory textbooks Film Art, with aesthetic philosopher Noël Carroll, Bordwell edited the anthology Post-Theory, Reconstructing Film Studies, a polemic on the state of contemporary film theory. His largest work to date remains The Classical Hollywood Cinema, Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960, written in collaboration with Thompson, notable film theorists who wrote their dissertations under his advisement include Edward Branigan, Murray Smith, and Carl Plantinga. He and Thompson maintain the blog Observations on film art for their recent ruminations on cinema, however, his more influential and controversial works have dealt with cognitive film theory, historical poetics of film style, and critiques of contemporary film theory and analysis. Bordwell has also associated with a methodological approach known as neoformalism, although this approach has been more extensively written about by his wife. Much of Bordwells work considers the film-goers cognitive processes take place when perceiving the films nontextual. Bordwell and Carroll coined the term S. L. A. B, Theory to refer to theories that use the ideas of Saussure, Lacan, Althusser, and/or Barthes. Many philosophers have criticized neoformalism, notably Slavoj Žižek, of whom Bordwell has himself been a long-time critic and their criticism of neoformalism is generally not based on any internal inconsistencies. The David Bordwell Collection is held at the Academy Film Archive and is noteworthy for the strength of its Hong Kong holdings. Filmguide to La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc, french Impressionist Cinema, Film Culture, Film Theory, Film Style. Reprint of 1974 Ph. D. dissertation Bordwell, David, Bordwell, David, Janet Staiger, Kristin Thompson. The Classical Hollywood Cinema, Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960, ozu and the Poetics of Cinema. Making Meaning, Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema, on the History of Film Style. Planet Hong Kong, Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment, Figures Traced in Light, On Cinematic Staging. The Way Hollywood Tells It, Story and Style in Modern Movies, minding Movies, Observations on the Art, Craft, and Business of Filmmaking. The Rhapsodes, How 1940s Critics Changed American Film Culture, the Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice Film Criticism 4,1, revised for Poetics of Cinema Textual Analysis, Etc. The Velvet Light Trap 37, revised for Figures Traced in Light Aesthetics in Action, Kung Fu, Gunplay, law Kar, reprinted in Poetics of Cinema Richness through Imperfection, King Hu and the Glimpse in Transcending the Times, King Hu and Eileen Chan, ed. How Film Style Streamlines Nonverbal Interaction Style and Story, Essays in Honor of Torben Grodal, issues in Contemporary Film Studies - issue dedicated to Making Meaning, featuring essays from Edward Branigan, RIck Altman, David A. Cook, Thomas Elsaesser, Robert B

David Bordwell
–
Bordwell lecturing on the economics of the film industry; his whiteboard diagram shows the oligopoly that existed in the US film industry during the Golden Age of Hollywood.
David Bordwell
–
Bordwell delivering a lecture on film theory.

70.
Rutgers University Press
–
Rutgers University Press is a nonprofit academic publishing house, operating in New Brunswick, New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University. Rutgers University Press, an academic publishing house operating in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Over the last 75 years, the Press has grown in size, among the original areas of specialization were Civil War history and European history. Rutgers is one of thirteen publishers to participate in the Knowledge Unlatched pilot, a global library consortium approach to funding open access books

Rutgers University Press
–
Rutgers University Press

71.
International Antalya Film Festival
–
The Antalya Film Festival previously known as Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival is a film festival, held annually since 1963 in Antalya, is the most important film festival in Turkey. The most recent edition of the festival was the 52nd International Antalya Film Festival and these events held in the summer months under the honorary patronage of Dr. Avni Tolunay, found ever increasing interest of people and became traditional until the beginning of the 1960s. In 1963, the festivities turned into a festival with the initiation Dr. Avni Tolunay. As the logo of the festival was chosen orange, the most important symbol of the region, along with sea, historical elements. The orange becomes not only a figure within the logo but gives also the festival its name, the 1st Golden Orange Film Festival was held in 1964. The Golden Orange Feature Film Award was called soon the Turkish Oscar following the enthusiasm created in the world with its high performance within a short time. In 1978, the festival went international by incorporating plastic arts for the first time, until 1985, the Golden Orange Festival was organized by the patronage of the Municipality of Antalya. That year, the organization was taken over by the newly established Foundation for Culture, Arts, from 1985 until 1988, the incorporation of an international music festival called Akdeniz Akdeniz added another dimension to the festival. In the years 1989 to 1994, the municipality, tourism companies, finally, the festival became institutional with the establishment of the Foundation of Golden Orange Culture and Arts Foundation. The institution serves under the name Antalya Culture and Arts Foundation since September 2002, from 2005 to 2008 it was jointly organized with Turkish Foundation of Cinema and Audio-visual Culture and was accompanied by the International Eurasia Film Festival. A jury of seven professional cinema experts in each of the three film categories advise the main jury, the Golden Orange awards are given in three film categories. The statuette used before 2005 has been reinstated as of 2009.000 TRY Best Music 20, the opening ceremony takes place at the Konyaaltı Amphitheatre or in Antalya Cultural Center in presence of national and international film celebrities invited. At this ceremony, honorary awards are presented to people for their contribution. The award ceremony takes place in the night at the historical Aspendos Amphitheatre. In case of bad conditions, the award ceremony is transferred to the Glass Pyramid Sabancı Congress and Exhibition Center. As an initial response, the jury of the Festival released a statement protesting the decision. On October 5,2014, the chair of the Festival jury informed the press of his decision to resign from the jury for ethical reasons, Cinema of Turkey Turkish television drama World cinema Altın Portakal Official Web Site

72.
International Istanbul Film Festival
–
The article is about the older festival, held in April. For the newer festival, held in February, see If Istanbul Independent Film Festival, the Istanbul International Film Festival is the first and oldest international film festival in Turkey, organised by the Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts, a non-profit organisation. It is held every year in April in movie theaters in Istanbul, as mentioned in its regulations, the festival aims to encourage the development of cinema in Turkey and to promote films of quality in the Turkish cinema market. The Istanbul International Film Festival was first organized in 1982, within the frame of the International Istanbul Festival as a Film Week consisting of six films. The theme of the participating in the Festival was limited to Arts and Cinema. In 1983 the event was realized under the title of Istanbul Filmdays, beginning from 1984, the event gained an identity as a separate activity, it was shifted to the month of April. In 1985, two sections, one being national and the other international, were included in the festival program. From 1987 on, Cinema Honorary Awards began to be presented, at the beginning of 1989 the event was recognized as a competitive specialized festival by International Federation of Film Producers Associations and was accredited. Parallel to this development, Istanbul Filmdays was renamed as Istanbul International Film Festival, beginning from 1996, Lifetime Achievement Awards along with Cinema Honorary Awards began to be presented to international cineastes, actors and actresses. Also in 2006, Azize Tan, the then Assistant Director of the festival replaced Hülya Uçansu as director, with its 28th edition in 2009, the festival began to give its Golden Tulip Award also as a result of its National Competition. Since the beginning of the Festival, a total of 2,065,000 spectators have attended the screenings of 2,330 films from 72 different countries, the festival boasted an audience of 170,000 in 2007, breaking its own record. In 1988, government inspectors forced the withdrawal of 5 of 160 films that are to be screened at the festival, jean-Jacques Beineixs Betty Blue and Vedreba by Tengiz Abuladze were among these five works. Vedreba was being blocked on the grounds that it was anti-Islamic, the Turkish Ministry of Culture subsequently issued a decree holding all international film festivals exempt from censorship. The selection and programming of the films is conducted by the selection committee

International Istanbul Film Festival
–
Festival logo as of 2008
International Istanbul Film Festival
–
Istanbul International Film Festival 23rd edition logo

73.
Kolkata International Film Festival
–
The Kolkata International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Kolkata, India. Founded in 1995, it is the second oldest international festival in India. The 19th Kolkata International Film Festival will be held 10 to 17 November 2013, the festival is organized by the West Bengal Film Centre under the West Bengal Government. The Government of West Bengal created Nandan the West Bengal Film Centre in 1985, the centre was inaugurated by Satyajit Ray. From the moment of its foundation the Kolkatan film buffs demanded their own film festival, in 1995, Nandan organized its first ever independent film festival. Within a couple of years it was recognized by FIAPF, the authority of film festivals. Held from 10 to 17 November every year,500.00 rupees for delegate card More than 100 producers and festival representatives

Kolkata International Film Festival
–
KIFF LOGO

74.
Sitges Film Festival
–
The Sitges Film Festival is a Spanish film festival and one of the worlds foremost international festivals specializing in fantasy and horror films. Established in 1968, the festival takes place every year in early October in the coastal resort of Sitges,34 kilometers West-South-West of the city of Barcelona, Catalonia. The main venue of the Sitges Film Festival is the Auditori or Auditorium, also the festival takes place in El Prado, El Retiro and Sala Tramuntana. The Auditori is located inside the Melia Hotel in the Port dAiguadolç area, the director of the festival is Àngel Sala. Since 1971 the festival has given awards to the best films, actors, the Maria Award winners are the main awards of the festival, and are chosen by an international jury

Sitges Film Festival
–
Sitges Film Festival in 2009

75.
Stockholm International Film Festival
–
The Stockholm International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Stockholm, Sweden. It was launched in 1990 and has held every year in the second half of November. The film voted by a jury as the best in the competition receives the Bronze Horse. Since its start the festival has focused on bringing forth and supporting new talents through competitions, a third of the films selected for the festival are made by a debuting director and only directors who have made less than 3 films are selected for the competition. In 2011 The Stockholm Film Festival Feature Film Award was inaugurated which funds a feature film for a female director. The aim for Stockholm International Film Festival is to broaden the selection of films in Sweden with creative new films of high quality, with seminars, opportunities to meet actors and filmmakers during the festival, all means are given to make the film experience come full circle. Stockholm International Film Festival also arrange Stockholm Film Festival Junior, a festival for children. The main goal of the festival is to show quality film from every corner of the world. All screenings are free of charge for everyone between 6 and 19 years old, in August every year the Stockholms International Film Festival arrange a Summer Cinema in Rålambshovsparken in Stockholm. Five nights the festival film in an outdoor cinema. The following films have received the top honour at the festival, Stockholm Lifetime Achievement Award is given as an honour for a lifework within cinema. Prize is awarded to an actor who has made achievements in film and has the ability to become tomorrows star. The purpose of the award is to highlight an actor early in their career

Stockholm International Film Festival
–
Stockholm International Film Festival
Stockholm International Film Festival
–
Mike Leigh at Stockholm International Film Festival in Nov 2014, together with actor Olle Sarri, festival director Git Scheynius and Swedish actress Alexandra Dahlström
Stockholm International Film Festival
–
Ai Weiwei's ice sculptures at Norrmalstorg during the Stockholm Film Festival 2014

76.
Vienna International Film Festival
–
The Vienna International Film Festival, or Viennale, is a film festival taking place every October since 1960 in Vienna, Austria. The average number of visitors is about 75,000, traditional cinema venues are Gartenbaukino, Urania, Metro-Kino, Filmmuseum and Stadtkino. At the end of the festival, the Vienna Film Prize is awarded, the festival features a collection of new films from all over the world, as well as national and international premieres. Apart from new feature films in film genres, the festival focuses on documentary films, short films, experimental films. Together with the Austrian Film Museum, a retrospective is organized every year, as well as special programs, tributes and homages to international institutions. During the festival, the Fipresci Prize is awarded by international film critics, another prize is awarded by the readers of the Austrian newspaper Der Standard. The program of the festival includes galas, special events and celebrations, as well as discussions, the Vienna International Film Festival is different from the Film Festival Rathausplatz in central Vienna, which exclusively shows music films daily throughout August. Vienna International Film Festival Film Festival Rathausplatz

Vienna International Film Festival
–
The Stadtkino during the Viennale 2004

77.
International Short Film Festival Oberhausen
–
The International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, founded in 1954, is one of the oldest short film festivals in the world. Held in Oberhausen, it is one of the international platforms for short form. Oberhausen is furthermore known today for its extensive thematic programmes such as “Shooting Animals, a Brief History of Animal Film”, Memories Cant Wait. Film without Film or The Third Image, the event was initially geared to fulfilling an educational policy mandate and the motto chosen for the first festival was hence “Cultural Film – Route to Education”. Featured were 45 films from the Federal Republic of Germany, France, at the 4th West German Educational Film Festival, in 1958, the motto “Way to the Neighbour” was introduced, under which the festival took place until 1997. In 1959 the festival was rechristened “West German Short Film Festival”, as early as the 1950s, however, visitors were also treated to works by young filmmakers from the West such as François Truffaut, Norman McLaren, Alain Resnais, Bert Haanstra and Lindsay Anderson. At the fourth festival in 1958,190 films from 29 countries were included in the programme. The 1960s then culminated in a 1968 scandal surrounding Hellmuth Costard’s film Besonders wertvoll, Oberhausen emerged from the crisis with an amended set of regulations, including a public selection procedure for German films. In the 1970s the women’s movement was a touchstone at the festival, with filmmakers such as Chantal Akerman. With its Children’s and Youth Cinema, the festival inaugurated a new category in 1978. The 1970s also witnessed a wave of new festivals, ousted from the cinema, in the late 1980s video and new media began to gradually come onto the scene at Oberhausen. With the subsidence of the East/West conflict that had shaped the early years. In 1991 the festival was renamed the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen and that same year, Oberhausen introduced the nation’s first competition for German short film. Since 1993 the festival has given film and video equal standing in its competitions, with the rise of video art more and more films made by artists have found their way into the festival programmes. Today Oberhausen presents short films and videos originating from a range of formal, cultural and social backgrounds. Large-scale special programmes take up a different theme each year, most recently “Shooting Animals, a Brief History of Animal Film”, Memories Cant Wait. Film without Film and The Third Image, besides organizing the festival, Oberhausen operates a non-commercial short film distribution service and its own archive holding short films from over 60 years of film history. “I smoked my first cigarette here, for years, I saw every single film at the Westdeutsche Kurzfilmtage, looking forward to those days in Oberhausen every year

International Short Film Festival Oberhausen
–
The Lichtburg Filmpalast Oberhausen
International Short Film Festival Oberhausen
–
German stamp commemorating the festival's 25th anniversary (1979)

78.
National Diet Library
–
The National Diet Library is the only national library in Japan. It was established in 1948 for the purpose of assisting members of the National Diet of Japan in researching matters of public policy, the library is similar in purpose and scope to the United States Library of Congress. The National Diet Library consists of two facilities in Tokyo and Kyoto, and several other branch libraries throughout Japan. The Diets power in prewar Japan was limited, and its need for information was correspondingly small, the original Diet libraries never developed either the collections or the services which might have made them vital adjuncts of genuinely responsible legislative activity. Until Japans defeat, moreover, the executive had controlled all political documents, depriving the people and the Diet of access to vital information. The U. S. occupation forces under General Douglas MacArthur deemed reform of the Diet library system to be an important part of the democratization of Japan after its defeat in World War II. In 1946, each house of the Diet formed its own National Diet Library Standing Committee, hani Gorō, a Marxist historian who had been imprisoned during the war for thought crimes and had been elected to the House of Councillors after the war, spearheaded the reform efforts. Hani envisioned the new body as both a citadel of popular sovereignty, and the means of realizing a peaceful revolution, the National Diet Library opened in June 1948 in the present-day State Guest-House with an initial collection of 100,000 volumes. The first Librarian of the Diet Library was the politician Tokujirō Kanamori, the philosopher Masakazu Nakai served as the first Vice Librarian. In 1949, the NDL merged with the National Library and became the national library in Japan. At this time the collection gained a million volumes previously housed in the former National Library in Ueno. In 1961, the NDL opened at its present location in Nagatachō, in 1986, the NDLs Annex was completed to accommodate a combined total of 12 million books and periodicals. The Kansai-kan, which opened in October 2002 in the Kansai Science City, has a collection of 6 million items, in May 2002, the NDL opened a new branch, the International Library of Childrens Literature, in the former building of the Imperial Library in Ueno. This branch contains some 400,000 items of literature from around the world. Though the NDLs original mandate was to be a library for the National Diet. In the fiscal year ending March 2004, for example, the library reported more than 250,000 reference inquiries, in contrast, as Japans national library, the NDL collects copies of all publications published in Japan. The NDL has an extensive collection of some 30 million pages of documents relating to the Occupation of Japan after World War II. This collection include the documents prepared by General Headquarters and the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the Far Eastern Commission, the NDL maintains a collection of some 530,000 books and booklets and 2 million microform titles relating to the sciences

National Diet Library
–
Tokyo Main Library of the National Diet Library
National Diet Library
–
Kansai-kan of the National Diet Library
National Diet Library
–
The National Diet Library
National Diet Library
–
Main building in Tokyo