INTERVIEW WITH DOUGLAS R. WEST
BY DOROTHE NORTON NOVEMBER 14, 2003
WEST HOME IN BLOOMINTON, MINNESOTA
MS. NORTON: It’s November 14, 2003. My interview this afternoon is with Doug
West, retired. He was formerly with USFWS in Region 3. Thank you. Good afternoon
Doug. It’s good to see you!
MR. WEST: Hi Dorothe! It’s been quite a while!
MS. NORTON: Yes, it has! The first thing I’d like to know is your birthplace and date.
MR. WEST: My birthplace was a farm about twenty miles southwest of Duluth on Hay
Lake in Carlton County. The date was April 11, 1928.
MS. NORTON: What were your parent’s names? What was their education?
MR. WEST: My father’s names was Marcus Wallace West. Mother’s name was Grace
Lillian Ferguson West. My mother had one sister. Both of them went to The Duluth
Normal School, which is now known as the Duluth Branch of the University of
Minnesota. They were in the education program. They both taught at country schools.
My dad was a farmer. He and an older brother moved up to this land in Carlton County
that their father had purchased earlier on speculation.
MS. NORTON: So you spent your early years up on the farm? What town did you say
it was where you were born?
MR. WEST: It was five miles south of Carlton. Carlton is on Interstate 35 just southeast
of Cloquet.
MS. NORTON: So how did you spend your early years? What did you do? Did you
have any hobbies, or books that you liked?
MR. WEST: Well, I liked birds. I was interested in that sort of thing. I guess I got
interested in it through The Farmer magazine, which had a bird club for subscribers who
were primarily children. I signed up for that. Actually, my Mother died when I was two
so I was living with an Aunt and Uncle. This was the same Uncle who had made the trip
up to Carlton County with my Dad. They had adjoining farms. And they had a son who
was two years older than me, plus three older sisters. For a few years, I was the
youngest one in the family. It was very enjoyable.
MS. NORTON: Did you have any jobs as a kid, before you graduated from high school?
MR. WEST: Oh yeah, actually in 1939, about two days before Hitler started marching
through Poland, I moved to Minneapolis. My Dad had taken a job. He did not do any
farming after my Mother died. He had trained as a Mechanic and also as a Cook and
Baker. He worked in an automobile factory in Michigan. He was working for the VA
Hospital during the later part of the Depression. He and I “bached” [were bachelor
roommates] it at a rooming house for three or four years until I started high school. By
the time of my sophomore year I was old enough to pretty much do my own cooking. I
also had a part time job after school at Ho’s Food Market on West Lake Street. It’s now
called Lund’s.
MS. NORTON: Ooh, that’s a fancy one!
MR. WEST: I had spent one summer working up near Black Duck. It’s about twenty-three
miles from Bemidji, I believe. I spent another summer on a farm near where my Dad
was born and raised. This was close to Dodge Center. I think one of the neighboring
towns was Claremont. The folks who owned the farm had Claremont as their mailing
address. I worked for the Minneapolis Park Board for about three summers on the boat
docks at Lake Harriett and Lake Calhoun. That was about it for summer work.
MS. NORTON: Did you ever hunt or fish when you were a kid?
MR. WEST: We lived on a lake, but it was too shallow to support fish at that time. A
local Dentist tried several times to get Northern stocked. They were stocked, but being
too shallow a body of water it would freeze out in the wintertime. I didn’t do any
hunting up there when I was living there. I did try, after I had moved to Minneapolis
when I was in high school; both with firearms and bows and arrows. I was unsuccessful
at both.
MS. NORTON: Where did you go to high school? And what year did you graduate?
MR. WEST: West High School in Minneapolis. I graduated in 1946.
MS. NORTON: Did you go to university after that?
MR. WEST: Well, this was 1946 and I had an Aunt in Minneapolis who was a business
lady and quite knowledgeable about current conditions. She knew how the returning Vets
were doing in college. They weren’t there for a good time. They were there to learn.
They were really holding down the top end of the curve. I was not the type of student
that I thought I could compete with them. So I joined the Army myself. I signed up for
three years, which gave me the GI Bill.
MS. NORTON: What were your duty stations in the Army?
MR. WEST: After basic….
MR. NORTON: Where was basic?
MR. WEST: Fort McClellan, Alabama. I was at the placement depot just each of San
Francisco; Stone something. I forget what it was. Then I took a train up to Seattle to
their port of embarkation. I caught a troopship to Alaska, and a railroad from there to the
big peninsula south of Anchorage. Whittaker was the Post Office, I think at the port of
debarkation. The train took me up to Fairbanks and I was stationed at Ladd Field. It was
later named Ladd Air Force Base. It was named after a World War II Army Air Corps
pilot. I think he was killed in the Aleutians. I did criminal investigation work; writing up
traffic accidents.
MS. NORTON: You did this while you were in the Army?
MR. WEST: Yeah. I did the usual Military Police work; gate duty, checking people in
and out. I volunteered for a summer tour at Galena, which was a town on the Yukon
River about half way between Nome and Fairbanks, and pretty much on a straight line
between the two. This was a base built in the early part of World War II as a refueling
stop for planes on lend/lease or that had been sold to Russia. They were following the
Alcan Highway up and then across Fairbanks to Galena, Nome and on up to Russia.
They still had a lot of equipment there. Myself and three other men were the fire
department!
MS. NORTON: You were only in two years but you got to see a lot didn’t you?
MR. WEST: I was in three years. I spent two years there. Approximately five months
before I went to Alaska and another five months after was the whole time. I took my
annual leave at the end. I was paid, but on leave for the last month or two of my
enlistment. Instead of getting out in July I got out at the end of May. It came out on
paper, so everything was fine.
MS. NORTON: Did you get any decorations while you were in the Service, any special
awards?
MR. WEST: I was in prior to January 1, or December 31, 1946. I think it was about the
first day of January, President Truman declared the end of hostilities. Six months from
that date, which would have put it in the end of June, all draftees had to be mustered out
of service. As a victim of circumstances, they gave me a Victory Medal.
MS. NORTON: So when you got out of the Service, you had the GI Bill. Did you go to
college then?
MR. WEST: Yes, at the University of Minnesota. I enrolled in the Fisheries and Wildlife
Management curriculum.
MS. NORTON: When did you get your degree?
MR. WEST: December 1954. By that time, I had two children so I wasn’t always going
full time. But I stretched out the GI Bill and we made it through without owing too much
money.
MS. NORTON: When, where and how did you meet your wife?
MR. WEST: Well, I met her just before I graduated from high school. I was in a boy’s
organization called Demolay. She happened to be in another Masonic sponsored group
called Job’s Daughters. They were having an installation of officers and as a former
officer of the De Molay, so I was invited down. I showed up with some of my friends
and my wife happened to be serving punch. So we drank a lot of punch that day!
MS. NORTON: When and where did you get married?
MR. WEST: We married in south Minneapolis; at about 44th and Oakland, I guess it was,
in a Church there in December 1950. We started dating in 1949.
MS. NORTON: You had how many children?
MR. WEST: We had five children.
MS. NORTON: Can you tell me what they are doing now?
MR. WEST: My oldest daughter works at Normandale College in the Financial Aide
office. She has been there for several years in different jobs. It took a couple of years for
her to get on a permanent status there. She enjoys it very much. My oldest son works
for the Veterans Administration in Supply at the VA Hospital at Fort Snelling. He’s been
there a few years; better than ten, maybe pushing fifteen. The younger of my two sons
[Bruce] is in Colorado. He is an Assistant Principal. He and his brother both attended
the University of Minnesota. The older boy graduated with a degree in Mortuary Science
but did not take a job in that field. The younger one got an Education degree. He taught
Science in several schools. He had a double major in education so he had about four
different fields he could teach in. His first job, more than just being a substitute teacher,
was at a Girl’s School in Denver. This was a school where the students were placed
either by the Courts or by their parents who couldn’t handle them. The staff appreciated
my son coming there because he was young and athletic. If need be, when someone was
making a break for it, they could call him and he’d run them down. He had a separate
pass in his billfold that he could whip out and show any irate motorist that happened to
stop that he was authorized to do that; to tackle that girl! He is now an Assistant
Principal in Jefferson County, which is the first county west of the metropolitan area.
MS. NORTON: Does he live in Evergreen, by any chance?
MR. WEST: No, he’s down the hill. It’s not too far away. I think they are in the School
District.
MS. NORTON: Do you remember Terry Gross?
MR. WEST: Oh yeah.
MS. NORTON: His wife Donna is a teacher. They live in Jefferson County in
Evergreen.
MR. WEST: Oh, okay. Bruce’s wife is a teacher also. Then I have two more daughters.
Barbara has three boys. They live in St. Louis Park. She works for the local telephone
company. She’s been there for quite a few years in management. My youngest daughter
is married and living in Rochester. She has three daughters. She is a homemaker. Her
husband is in a medical transport company with his father.
MS. NORTON: Well now, we’ll go to your career! Why did you want to work for the
USFWS? Was it because of your degree?
MR. WEST: Actually, my first job with the Service was in 1953, as a student assistant
on Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin. That was about a three-month
appointment. I was interested in wildlife. As a young lad on the farm I had belonged to
this Farmer magazine Bird Club. I was interested in wildlife. In fact, my Uncle saw that I
was interested in it so he gave me the job of trapping woodchucks! They were a kind of a
nuisance in the fields; the hay field particularly. To me it was something that caught my
fancy.
MS. NORTON: What did you think of the pay and benefits when you started with the
FWS?
MR. WEST: The students registered in Fisheries and Wildlife Management were warned
before they ever signed up that they were not going to make much money on this job.
It’s not training that was in high demand. The supply of qualified employees far
exceeded the number of jobs. So every place I went, people told me the same thing so I
wasn’t walking in to something blindfolded. It was adequate to get by as long as the kids
were young and as long as we were living in a rural area. There were hunting seasons and
I could go out after work and do a little hunting. I could take a few days vacation to go
big game hunting.
MS. NORTON: What was your first full time position with FWS?
MR. WEST: That was in 1971, after I had worked for the State of South Dakota for
seventeen years. I got starved out of that one. My oldest daughter was in college. My
first job was with the Federal Aide Branch of FWS. I asked my employer one day why
he selected me. He said, “Well, if I was going to hire a Game Warden, I’d hire the best
poacher I could find because I wouldn’t have to train him; he already knew the business.”
The job I had in Federal Aide was the same type of program I had worked for at the State
level. The funding came through the Federal Aide office in Minneapolis. I was familiar
with the regulations and I had a manual for when I was in the field.
MS. NORTON: So you started with FWS in 1971, and where was your duty station?
MR. WEST: I was at Fort Snelling at the Federal Aide office in the Federal Building
there. They are currently in the same building.
MS. NORTON: Where did you go from there? Did you stay in the Regional office your
entire career?
MR. WEST: Yes, I did!
MS. NORTON: Wow! That’s a long time.
MR. WEST: It was! There were opportunities to move elsewhere and I knew that I was
hurting myself by not taking transfers to other locations. But in my mind I figured that
it’s like working between one Region, or State and another, the problems and
opportunities are about the same. The difference is in the faces you are looking at.
MS. NORTON: We have some things in common. I worked my thirty years all in Law
Enforcement in the Regional office! I met a lot of wonderful people that worked in other
divisions too.
MR. WEST: I am sure you trained a lot of people in that job!
MS. NORTON: Yeah! So if you stayed in the Regional office all of the time, did you
have promotional opportunities while you were there?
MR. WEST: Yeah, I went up one grade. I did not get to a “13” because I had not worked
in more than one region. I was able to get by. My wife was a Nurse, and she was
working. This gave her justification for getting out of the house to go to work.
MS. NORTON: Did your career affect your family?
MR. WEST: Not adversely, no.
MS. NORTON: That’s very good. Did you socialize with the people that you worked
with, or do any of the recreation things in the field?
MR. WEST: Yeah, there were social affairs out of the Regional office in the summer time,
at local parks where people would get together with the kids and families. Occasionally
there would be a meeting I would go to. These were mostly in state, where I could justify
driving myself, in my own personal car and take my wife along. Quire often at these
State meetings there would be some of the wives of the State employees too. This was
good.
MS. NORTON: When did you retire? And what was your title and grade when you
retired?
MR. WEST: I was Fish and Wildlife Management Biologist. I started as a GS-9.
MS. NORTON: What was the date when you retired?
MR. WEST: Boy, I gotta think! It was 1992 at the end of the year. I think it was
December 30, 1992. I didn’t work until the 31st; I wanted to have a break in service in
case I wanted to come back to work.
MS. NORTON: And did you?
MR. WEST: Yes, I did. It was not immediately!
MS. NORTON: I know because I say you there! I said, “wait a minute Doug, you’re
retired! What are you doing here?”
MR. WEST: Well, they had some new people who needed some training. It was two
new Biologists. They wanted someone to help them get a little bit more experience on the
land acquisition and the land record work. That was the first job I had. I also closed out
some projects that I had worked on previously that I was familiar with.
MS. NORTON: So your career was all in the division of Federal Aide?
MR. WEST: Yeah.
MS. NORTON: What kind of training did you receive for your job when you first came
to FWS?
MR. WEST: I read the Federal Aide Manual some more.
MS. NORTON: Since you had the experience with the State of South Dakota, you didn’t
need any training?
MR. WEST: Well, I was looking at it from a different viewpoint. This would be not
writing project proposals, but critiquing them. I was making sure that there was
substantial character and design. There were also a number of people there that I could
call on. For example; on fisheries work there were three fisheries employees there. I did
not have that strong a background in fisheries work, but I worked away at it.
MS. NORTON: That’s good! You didn’t even work with any animals did you?
MR. WEST: Not directly. In the Regional office [with FWS] I didn’t, but on the State
level I did.
MS. NORTON: How do you think the FWS was perceived by people outside of our
agency? I have always met people who thought that FWS was just like the state DNR.
MR. WEST: Well, some people thought very highly of the Service and it’s employees.
They agreed with the work they were doing, and they helped or assisted when they
could. Then, there were things that the Service did that interfered with for example the
freedom of operation by landowners. One of the biggest things originally was the
Service’s stance on agricultural drainage because of its affect on waterfowl and furbearer
habitat. Later on, the Endangered Species Act that interfered with people who wanted to
hunt Timber wolves, or wanted to thin them down to protect their own livestock. They
definitely, well, they would have just soon not had a FWS!
MS. NORTON: What projects were you involved in?
MR. WEST: Wildlife Habitat; upland game, waterfowl, and small game habitat. Also
Forest habitat and prairie and agricultural land. All of the States in Region 3, which I was
in, had their own land acquisition programs. They were essentially buying lands for the
same purposes that the Service did. But they were not necessarily in competition
because there was so much land that needed to be bought. They were more or less
cooperating with each other so that we were not in competition and not driving the price
up. Some of the work was with the animals themselves, research and management of the
animals. It could be furbearers; one state which I think was Wisconsin had somebody
working on Martins and Fishers. Most everybody did some work on deer and upland
game birds. And this was not just on the animals but also on their habitat improvements
and how to keep the plants and habitat in a vigorous condition to support the maximum,
or optimum levels of birds or mammals that they are managing the land for.
MS. NORTON: What were some of the major issues that you had to deal with?
MR. WEST: Well, sometimes I guess we might have had some difference of opinion with
the State on a project proposal. In their minds it was justified, but in our minds we might
be going part of the way but there might me aspects that we thought ought to be
reconsidered. There’s language written into the Acts themselves so that this land, where
the habitat work was done…people back in the 1930’s when this legislation was passed
were concerned that these areas would become slaughter pens, or that they were set up
just to kill animals. Our program did not deal specifically with the hunting or the killing
of the animals. Any seasons to do that were set by the State. It was strictly under state
control.
MS. NORTON: Did you have any real pressing issues? And if so, how was it resolved?
MR. WEST: I can think of one where there was a kind of an impasse on some habitat
work on the spring ponds in northern Wisconsin. They way that it was resolved was
that they did not have the really strong information that ‘this was done, and this was the
result’. So they agreed to do some companion research work along with this development
which was dredging out ponds that had silted in with marl deposits, rock had formed.
They were deepening the water level to make more trout habitat. It was too shallow.
Fish would freeze out. They needed to be in deeper water like a spring hole to get
through the winter. That was set up as a research project and it progressed. The study
came up with good, useable information. They could quantify how much work needed to
be done and so on. They knew what benefit, based on the research, what the carryover of
the trout population would be. So that was a case where it was settled to everybody’s
satisfaction. Everybody got what they wanted. That sort of approach worked a number
of times in different species or locations.
MS. NORTON: Did you ever feel that there was a major impediment to your job?
MR. WEST: In a way, yes. Part of this was perceived at least. I don’t think other
people in the Service felt it was an impediment; we worked with the States and not with
the Service and for that reason other Service employees didn’t think we understood their
programs. I think we understood them. We didn’t work, or assist them necessarily on a
day-to-day basis because our funds could not be mingled with their funds. In a way, that
probably put us in at a disadvantage as far as seeking a transfer from our program; say
from Federal Aide to Refuges or Waterfowl Management or something like that. Until
they had been there and done the work they didn’t feel we understood it. In my own
mind, I think we understood it as well as they did and maybe better, but… we could see
their programs from a distance.
MS. NORTON: Do you remember whom all of your supervisors were? Like when you
first started, who was your supervisor?
MR. WEST: You mean the top dog?
MS. NORTON: Who ever told you what to do.
MR. WEST: Dale Martin. He came from the state of Indiana. He had also kind of gotten
starved out down there. After that was well, I can see his face… he came from Denver.
MS. NORTON: It’s difficult for me too because Law Enforcement and Federal Aide
didn’t have that close of a working relationship. So I don’t remember a lot of their names.
MR. WEST: Well I can picture them! His home, where he came from was in Wisconsin.
But I am having a senior moment; I just can’t remember the name. The next one was a
Veterinarian by training. He came from New Mexico or Arizona. He was there for a
while and transferred in to…he was the Chief when I retired. It was after that when he
moved to Washington.
MS. NORTON: Do you remember who the Presidents and Secretaries of the Interior
were, or Directors of FWS were that you served under?
MR. WEST: Lynn Greenwalt was the second one. There was somebody else for maybe
a year or two before that, but I’m not sure. I can’t come up with his name either. There
were a number of them.
MS. NORTON: How do you think the changes in administrations affected the work that
we were expected, or required to do? Maybe in the type of work you were doing it
didn’t matter what the administration was.
MR. WEST: I don’t think there was very much. There were attempts at different times
but between Federal Aide staff members, and advice from Solicitors and maybe even
pressure from the States. When they found out about things, the State Directors had a
group that could bring pressure if they felt it was needed.
MS. NORTON: In your opinion, who do you think were some of the individuals who
helped shape the FWS?
MR. WEST: The big shaping work was done in the 1930’s. There was the
Pittman/Robertson Act, and the Dingle/Johnson Act. The first was started in 1936.
Senator Pittman from Arizona and Robertson from Virginia, I think. He had been in the
Virginia Fresh Water Fish Commission at one time. Somebody in Washington gave him a
copy of this proposed P/R Act and asked him what he thought of it. He sat down and
wrote a line or two on it. He said that if they would “include these twenty-three words
in this Bill, I’ll co-sponsor it.” And he did! What he did was to make sure that any
land acquired with the funds would remain the property of the State Fish and Wildlife
Agency. Lands could not be used by another entity like a Park board or a Forest agency
or something like this. If the use was no longer justified, or could no longer accomplish
it’s objective, the lands could be sold. Any funds earned were to be placed in to the State
P/R or D/J programs. What it did was keep people from absconding with program funds
or property. That made the program, or gave it some stature on the State level. It was a
State responsibility to assure that these rules were lived up to. When land was no longer
needed from program purposes, it could be disposed of, but the value had to be put back
into the program, it wasn’t a give away.
MS. NORTON: What was the high point of your career? There must have been at least
one Doug!
MR. WEST: Oh yes! There were many. It’s difficult to frame it. I didn’t have a chance
to work this out in advance!
MS. NORTON: Maybe one day, you met someone, or experienced something
extraordinary, or maybe you got an award?
MR. WEST: Yeah, that happened too!
MS. NORTON: There’s so many you can’t think of just one special one, huh?
MR. WEST: There were a lot of different times. The first one was when I hadn’t been
there too long when my Supervisor took a job in Washington. So I was green as grass and
we had a new Regional Director. And I was working under a new Supervisor who came in
at the same time as the Regional Director did. I had about four or five new people to train
at the same time. Maybe it was three people. I was recognized by the Regional Director
for the job I did. The people all turned out good. The States did not rebel; everything
operated smoothly.
MS. NORTON: Did you have a low point in your career?
MR. WEST: Well, not really. There may have been days, but right now, I can’t think of
one.
MS. NORTON: Did you ever have a dangerous or frightening experience? Hopefully in
the Regional office it wouldn’t happen!
MR. WEST: No, I can’t think of one of those either.
MS. NORTON: Well how about this? What was the most humorous experience you had
in the time you were working?
MR. WEST: I mentioned that Dale Martin was my first Supervisor. He was well
endowed with Hoosier humor. He was very down to earth. He was always coming up
with something. He’d make an observation or something that was really quite humorous
and put us in stitches for a while.
MS. NORTON: What would you like to tell others, people who don’t work for the
Service about FWS?
MR. WEST: Well, the first thing they’d need to know is that they shouldn’t be high
maintenance. They shouldn’t need a lot of money to live on, is what I meant to say. You
should be able to receive job satisfaction by something other than monetary means. It has
to be the satisfaction you get for accomplishing something on the ground or seeing that a
bad situation on the ground is improved. There might be one of the big projects that we
had a number of times when we had to cooperate with the State people. I forget the name
of this big lake for diving ducks that is northwest of the Twin Cities. It was famous for
many years. Carp got in to the lake. The two agencies, the State and FWS got into the
problem; they may even have had the National Guard helping out. I am not sure. They
were treating the lake with Rotenone or other chemicals to suffocate the fish. It would
shut down gill breathing so they would die. The Carp and Bullheads, the rough fish were
bottom feeders and they would root out the aquatic vegetation and muddy the water to
the point where the quality habitat was not there for the diving ducks. I want to say Lake
Christina, but I am not sure. Anyway, they’ve done that for several years and improved
the water quality for the diving ducks for six or eight years before it would get noticeable
again.
MS. NORTON: What are some of the changes in the Service that you have observed
over the period of your career, in the personnel, or in the environment for example?
MR. WEST: There’s been a big change, and more and more effort and more and more
people devoted to educating the public. The refuge at Fort Snelling, the Minnesota River
Refuge is an example of that. What they’ve done is to set up compatible uses on these
lands; uses that are compatible without unduly hurting the species which they were
designed to be managed for.
MS. NORTON: What are your thoughts on the future? Where do you see the Service
heading in the next decade or so? Do you feel that it will stay the same, or improve any?
MR. WEST: I am sure that it’s going to change. It will probably improve. Agriculture is
changing. As long as the changes are all compatible, I can see potential for improved
habitat, improved feeding, and resting areas.
MS. NORTON: Well, this is the end of the interview! I’d like to ask you now of there is
anybody special that you think we should interview. I’ve got a whole list of people, but
there are some people who aren’t even on the Retiree list; I don’t know why. If there
was anybody that you worked with closely or a lot?
MR. WEST: I can’t think of people who are retired. Bud Fuques is in our office. He is
extremely sharp.
MS. NORTON: Becky Johnson worked in there too. Becky is now married to Bill and
they live in Brookings, South Dakota. I am hoping to make a trip out that way next
spring.
MR. WEST: There are a couple of people who used to be in Federal Aide that aren’t any
more.
MS. NORTON: I am willing to take any names you can think of. I’ll check any see
about that Dale Martin.
MR. WEST: He died. He suffocated with Carbon Monoxide poisoning. They had just
moved to Indiana from Big Fork.
MS. NORTON: Didn’t we have, at one time, a man named Bill Martin who was in
Federal Aide?
MR. WEST: Bill was in Ecological Services. Lucinda Corcoran is a good one. But she’s
not retired yet. Keep her in mind because she’s a real sharp cookie. Jeff Gosse isn’t
retired either but he moved to Endangered Species. He and Bud can see things from a
higher perspective. Mike Sweet is with Federal Aide now. He worked for the State of
Illinois, Missouri before he worked for Federal Aide in the Service. He’s got some
perspectives too.
MS. NORTON: Well Doug, I want to thank you for the time that you’ve given me
today. If you think you might be interested in going to the Training Center next April, I’ll
be sure and send you whatever information I get.

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INTERVIEW WITH DOUGLAS R. WEST
BY DOROTHE NORTON NOVEMBER 14, 2003
WEST HOME IN BLOOMINTON, MINNESOTA
MS. NORTON: It’s November 14, 2003. My interview this afternoon is with Doug
West, retired. He was formerly with USFWS in Region 3. Thank you. Good afternoon
Doug. It’s good to see you!
MR. WEST: Hi Dorothe! It’s been quite a while!
MS. NORTON: Yes, it has! The first thing I’d like to know is your birthplace and date.
MR. WEST: My birthplace was a farm about twenty miles southwest of Duluth on Hay
Lake in Carlton County. The date was April 11, 1928.
MS. NORTON: What were your parent’s names? What was their education?
MR. WEST: My father’s names was Marcus Wallace West. Mother’s name was Grace
Lillian Ferguson West. My mother had one sister. Both of them went to The Duluth
Normal School, which is now known as the Duluth Branch of the University of
Minnesota. They were in the education program. They both taught at country schools.
My dad was a farmer. He and an older brother moved up to this land in Carlton County
that their father had purchased earlier on speculation.
MS. NORTON: So you spent your early years up on the farm? What town did you say
it was where you were born?
MR. WEST: It was five miles south of Carlton. Carlton is on Interstate 35 just southeast
of Cloquet.
MS. NORTON: So how did you spend your early years? What did you do? Did you
have any hobbies, or books that you liked?
MR. WEST: Well, I liked birds. I was interested in that sort of thing. I guess I got
interested in it through The Farmer magazine, which had a bird club for subscribers who
were primarily children. I signed up for that. Actually, my Mother died when I was two
so I was living with an Aunt and Uncle. This was the same Uncle who had made the trip
up to Carlton County with my Dad. They had adjoining farms. And they had a son who
was two years older than me, plus three older sisters. For a few years, I was the
youngest one in the family. It was very enjoyable.
MS. NORTON: Did you have any jobs as a kid, before you graduated from high school?
MR. WEST: Oh yeah, actually in 1939, about two days before Hitler started marching
through Poland, I moved to Minneapolis. My Dad had taken a job. He did not do any
farming after my Mother died. He had trained as a Mechanic and also as a Cook and
Baker. He worked in an automobile factory in Michigan. He was working for the VA
Hospital during the later part of the Depression. He and I “bached” [were bachelor
roommates] it at a rooming house for three or four years until I started high school. By
the time of my sophomore year I was old enough to pretty much do my own cooking. I
also had a part time job after school at Ho’s Food Market on West Lake Street. It’s now
called Lund’s.
MS. NORTON: Ooh, that’s a fancy one!
MR. WEST: I had spent one summer working up near Black Duck. It’s about twenty-three
miles from Bemidji, I believe. I spent another summer on a farm near where my Dad
was born and raised. This was close to Dodge Center. I think one of the neighboring
towns was Claremont. The folks who owned the farm had Claremont as their mailing
address. I worked for the Minneapolis Park Board for about three summers on the boat
docks at Lake Harriett and Lake Calhoun. That was about it for summer work.
MS. NORTON: Did you ever hunt or fish when you were a kid?
MR. WEST: We lived on a lake, but it was too shallow to support fish at that time. A
local Dentist tried several times to get Northern stocked. They were stocked, but being
too shallow a body of water it would freeze out in the wintertime. I didn’t do any
hunting up there when I was living there. I did try, after I had moved to Minneapolis
when I was in high school; both with firearms and bows and arrows. I was unsuccessful
at both.
MS. NORTON: Where did you go to high school? And what year did you graduate?
MR. WEST: West High School in Minneapolis. I graduated in 1946.
MS. NORTON: Did you go to university after that?
MR. WEST: Well, this was 1946 and I had an Aunt in Minneapolis who was a business
lady and quite knowledgeable about current conditions. She knew how the returning Vets
were doing in college. They weren’t there for a good time. They were there to learn.
They were really holding down the top end of the curve. I was not the type of student
that I thought I could compete with them. So I joined the Army myself. I signed up for
three years, which gave me the GI Bill.
MS. NORTON: What were your duty stations in the Army?
MR. WEST: After basic….
MR. NORTON: Where was basic?
MR. WEST: Fort McClellan, Alabama. I was at the placement depot just each of San
Francisco; Stone something. I forget what it was. Then I took a train up to Seattle to
their port of embarkation. I caught a troopship to Alaska, and a railroad from there to the
big peninsula south of Anchorage. Whittaker was the Post Office, I think at the port of
debarkation. The train took me up to Fairbanks and I was stationed at Ladd Field. It was
later named Ladd Air Force Base. It was named after a World War II Army Air Corps
pilot. I think he was killed in the Aleutians. I did criminal investigation work; writing up
traffic accidents.
MS. NORTON: You did this while you were in the Army?
MR. WEST: Yeah. I did the usual Military Police work; gate duty, checking people in
and out. I volunteered for a summer tour at Galena, which was a town on the Yukon
River about half way between Nome and Fairbanks, and pretty much on a straight line
between the two. This was a base built in the early part of World War II as a refueling
stop for planes on lend/lease or that had been sold to Russia. They were following the
Alcan Highway up and then across Fairbanks to Galena, Nome and on up to Russia.
They still had a lot of equipment there. Myself and three other men were the fire
department!
MS. NORTON: You were only in two years but you got to see a lot didn’t you?
MR. WEST: I was in three years. I spent two years there. Approximately five months
before I went to Alaska and another five months after was the whole time. I took my
annual leave at the end. I was paid, but on leave for the last month or two of my
enlistment. Instead of getting out in July I got out at the end of May. It came out on
paper, so everything was fine.
MS. NORTON: Did you get any decorations while you were in the Service, any special
awards?
MR. WEST: I was in prior to January 1, or December 31, 1946. I think it was about the
first day of January, President Truman declared the end of hostilities. Six months from
that date, which would have put it in the end of June, all draftees had to be mustered out
of service. As a victim of circumstances, they gave me a Victory Medal.
MS. NORTON: So when you got out of the Service, you had the GI Bill. Did you go to
college then?
MR. WEST: Yes, at the University of Minnesota. I enrolled in the Fisheries and Wildlife
Management curriculum.
MS. NORTON: When did you get your degree?
MR. WEST: December 1954. By that time, I had two children so I wasn’t always going
full time. But I stretched out the GI Bill and we made it through without owing too much
money.
MS. NORTON: When, where and how did you meet your wife?
MR. WEST: Well, I met her just before I graduated from high school. I was in a boy’s
organization called Demolay. She happened to be in another Masonic sponsored group
called Job’s Daughters. They were having an installation of officers and as a former
officer of the De Molay, so I was invited down. I showed up with some of my friends
and my wife happened to be serving punch. So we drank a lot of punch that day!
MS. NORTON: When and where did you get married?
MR. WEST: We married in south Minneapolis; at about 44th and Oakland, I guess it was,
in a Church there in December 1950. We started dating in 1949.
MS. NORTON: You had how many children?
MR. WEST: We had five children.
MS. NORTON: Can you tell me what they are doing now?
MR. WEST: My oldest daughter works at Normandale College in the Financial Aide
office. She has been there for several years in different jobs. It took a couple of years for
her to get on a permanent status there. She enjoys it very much. My oldest son works
for the Veterans Administration in Supply at the VA Hospital at Fort Snelling. He’s been
there a few years; better than ten, maybe pushing fifteen. The younger of my two sons
[Bruce] is in Colorado. He is an Assistant Principal. He and his brother both attended
the University of Minnesota. The older boy graduated with a degree in Mortuary Science
but did not take a job in that field. The younger one got an Education degree. He taught
Science in several schools. He had a double major in education so he had about four
different fields he could teach in. His first job, more than just being a substitute teacher,
was at a Girl’s School in Denver. This was a school where the students were placed
either by the Courts or by their parents who couldn’t handle them. The staff appreciated
my son coming there because he was young and athletic. If need be, when someone was
making a break for it, they could call him and he’d run them down. He had a separate
pass in his billfold that he could whip out and show any irate motorist that happened to
stop that he was authorized to do that; to tackle that girl! He is now an Assistant
Principal in Jefferson County, which is the first county west of the metropolitan area.
MS. NORTON: Does he live in Evergreen, by any chance?
MR. WEST: No, he’s down the hill. It’s not too far away. I think they are in the School
District.
MS. NORTON: Do you remember Terry Gross?
MR. WEST: Oh yeah.
MS. NORTON: His wife Donna is a teacher. They live in Jefferson County in
Evergreen.
MR. WEST: Oh, okay. Bruce’s wife is a teacher also. Then I have two more daughters.
Barbara has three boys. They live in St. Louis Park. She works for the local telephone
company. She’s been there for quite a few years in management. My youngest daughter
is married and living in Rochester. She has three daughters. She is a homemaker. Her
husband is in a medical transport company with his father.
MS. NORTON: Well now, we’ll go to your career! Why did you want to work for the
USFWS? Was it because of your degree?
MR. WEST: Actually, my first job with the Service was in 1953, as a student assistant
on Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin. That was about a three-month
appointment. I was interested in wildlife. As a young lad on the farm I had belonged to
this Farmer magazine Bird Club. I was interested in wildlife. In fact, my Uncle saw that I
was interested in it so he gave me the job of trapping woodchucks! They were a kind of a
nuisance in the fields; the hay field particularly. To me it was something that caught my
fancy.
MS. NORTON: What did you think of the pay and benefits when you started with the
FWS?
MR. WEST: The students registered in Fisheries and Wildlife Management were warned
before they ever signed up that they were not going to make much money on this job.
It’s not training that was in high demand. The supply of qualified employees far
exceeded the number of jobs. So every place I went, people told me the same thing so I
wasn’t walking in to something blindfolded. It was adequate to get by as long as the kids
were young and as long as we were living in a rural area. There were hunting seasons and
I could go out after work and do a little hunting. I could take a few days vacation to go
big game hunting.
MS. NORTON: What was your first full time position with FWS?
MR. WEST: That was in 1971, after I had worked for the State of South Dakota for
seventeen years. I got starved out of that one. My oldest daughter was in college. My
first job was with the Federal Aide Branch of FWS. I asked my employer one day why
he selected me. He said, “Well, if I was going to hire a Game Warden, I’d hire the best
poacher I could find because I wouldn’t have to train him; he already knew the business.”
The job I had in Federal Aide was the same type of program I had worked for at the State
level. The funding came through the Federal Aide office in Minneapolis. I was familiar
with the regulations and I had a manual for when I was in the field.
MS. NORTON: So you started with FWS in 1971, and where was your duty station?
MR. WEST: I was at Fort Snelling at the Federal Aide office in the Federal Building
there. They are currently in the same building.
MS. NORTON: Where did you go from there? Did you stay in the Regional office your
entire career?
MR. WEST: Yes, I did!
MS. NORTON: Wow! That’s a long time.
MR. WEST: It was! There were opportunities to move elsewhere and I knew that I was
hurting myself by not taking transfers to other locations. But in my mind I figured that
it’s like working between one Region, or State and another, the problems and
opportunities are about the same. The difference is in the faces you are looking at.
MS. NORTON: We have some things in common. I worked my thirty years all in Law
Enforcement in the Regional office! I met a lot of wonderful people that worked in other
divisions too.
MR. WEST: I am sure you trained a lot of people in that job!
MS. NORTON: Yeah! So if you stayed in the Regional office all of the time, did you
have promotional opportunities while you were there?
MR. WEST: Yeah, I went up one grade. I did not get to a “13” because I had not worked
in more than one region. I was able to get by. My wife was a Nurse, and she was
working. This gave her justification for getting out of the house to go to work.
MS. NORTON: Did your career affect your family?
MR. WEST: Not adversely, no.
MS. NORTON: That’s very good. Did you socialize with the people that you worked
with, or do any of the recreation things in the field?
MR. WEST: Yeah, there were social affairs out of the Regional office in the summer time,
at local parks where people would get together with the kids and families. Occasionally
there would be a meeting I would go to. These were mostly in state, where I could justify
driving myself, in my own personal car and take my wife along. Quire often at these
State meetings there would be some of the wives of the State employees too. This was
good.
MS. NORTON: When did you retire? And what was your title and grade when you
retired?
MR. WEST: I was Fish and Wildlife Management Biologist. I started as a GS-9.
MS. NORTON: What was the date when you retired?
MR. WEST: Boy, I gotta think! It was 1992 at the end of the year. I think it was
December 30, 1992. I didn’t work until the 31st; I wanted to have a break in service in
case I wanted to come back to work.
MS. NORTON: And did you?
MR. WEST: Yes, I did. It was not immediately!
MS. NORTON: I know because I say you there! I said, “wait a minute Doug, you’re
retired! What are you doing here?”
MR. WEST: Well, they had some new people who needed some training. It was two
new Biologists. They wanted someone to help them get a little bit more experience on the
land acquisition and the land record work. That was the first job I had. I also closed out
some projects that I had worked on previously that I was familiar with.
MS. NORTON: So your career was all in the division of Federal Aide?
MR. WEST: Yeah.
MS. NORTON: What kind of training did you receive for your job when you first came
to FWS?
MR. WEST: I read the Federal Aide Manual some more.
MS. NORTON: Since you had the experience with the State of South Dakota, you didn’t
need any training?
MR. WEST: Well, I was looking at it from a different viewpoint. This would be not
writing project proposals, but critiquing them. I was making sure that there was
substantial character and design. There were also a number of people there that I could
call on. For example; on fisheries work there were three fisheries employees there. I did
not have that strong a background in fisheries work, but I worked away at it.
MS. NORTON: That’s good! You didn’t even work with any animals did you?
MR. WEST: Not directly. In the Regional office [with FWS] I didn’t, but on the State
level I did.
MS. NORTON: How do you think the FWS was perceived by people outside of our
agency? I have always met people who thought that FWS was just like the state DNR.
MR. WEST: Well, some people thought very highly of the Service and it’s employees.
They agreed with the work they were doing, and they helped or assisted when they
could. Then, there were things that the Service did that interfered with for example the
freedom of operation by landowners. One of the biggest things originally was the
Service’s stance on agricultural drainage because of its affect on waterfowl and furbearer
habitat. Later on, the Endangered Species Act that interfered with people who wanted to
hunt Timber wolves, or wanted to thin them down to protect their own livestock. They
definitely, well, they would have just soon not had a FWS!
MS. NORTON: What projects were you involved in?
MR. WEST: Wildlife Habitat; upland game, waterfowl, and small game habitat. Also
Forest habitat and prairie and agricultural land. All of the States in Region 3, which I was
in, had their own land acquisition programs. They were essentially buying lands for the
same purposes that the Service did. But they were not necessarily in competition
because there was so much land that needed to be bought. They were more or less
cooperating with each other so that we were not in competition and not driving the price
up. Some of the work was with the animals themselves, research and management of the
animals. It could be furbearers; one state which I think was Wisconsin had somebody
working on Martins and Fishers. Most everybody did some work on deer and upland
game birds. And this was not just on the animals but also on their habitat improvements
and how to keep the plants and habitat in a vigorous condition to support the maximum,
or optimum levels of birds or mammals that they are managing the land for.
MS. NORTON: What were some of the major issues that you had to deal with?
MR. WEST: Well, sometimes I guess we might have had some difference of opinion with
the State on a project proposal. In their minds it was justified, but in our minds we might
be going part of the way but there might me aspects that we thought ought to be
reconsidered. There’s language written into the Acts themselves so that this land, where
the habitat work was done…people back in the 1930’s when this legislation was passed
were concerned that these areas would become slaughter pens, or that they were set up
just to kill animals. Our program did not deal specifically with the hunting or the killing
of the animals. Any seasons to do that were set by the State. It was strictly under state
control.
MS. NORTON: Did you have any real pressing issues? And if so, how was it resolved?
MR. WEST: I can think of one where there was a kind of an impasse on some habitat
work on the spring ponds in northern Wisconsin. They way that it was resolved was
that they did not have the really strong information that ‘this was done, and this was the
result’. So they agreed to do some companion research work along with this development
which was dredging out ponds that had silted in with marl deposits, rock had formed.
They were deepening the water level to make more trout habitat. It was too shallow.
Fish would freeze out. They needed to be in deeper water like a spring hole to get
through the winter. That was set up as a research project and it progressed. The study
came up with good, useable information. They could quantify how much work needed to
be done and so on. They knew what benefit, based on the research, what the carryover of
the trout population would be. So that was a case where it was settled to everybody’s
satisfaction. Everybody got what they wanted. That sort of approach worked a number
of times in different species or locations.
MS. NORTON: Did you ever feel that there was a major impediment to your job?
MR. WEST: In a way, yes. Part of this was perceived at least. I don’t think other
people in the Service felt it was an impediment; we worked with the States and not with
the Service and for that reason other Service employees didn’t think we understood their
programs. I think we understood them. We didn’t work, or assist them necessarily on a
day-to-day basis because our funds could not be mingled with their funds. In a way, that
probably put us in at a disadvantage as far as seeking a transfer from our program; say
from Federal Aide to Refuges or Waterfowl Management or something like that. Until
they had been there and done the work they didn’t feel we understood it. In my own
mind, I think we understood it as well as they did and maybe better, but… we could see
their programs from a distance.
MS. NORTON: Do you remember whom all of your supervisors were? Like when you
first started, who was your supervisor?
MR. WEST: You mean the top dog?
MS. NORTON: Who ever told you what to do.
MR. WEST: Dale Martin. He came from the state of Indiana. He had also kind of gotten
starved out down there. After that was well, I can see his face… he came from Denver.
MS. NORTON: It’s difficult for me too because Law Enforcement and Federal Aide
didn’t have that close of a working relationship. So I don’t remember a lot of their names.
MR. WEST: Well I can picture them! His home, where he came from was in Wisconsin.
But I am having a senior moment; I just can’t remember the name. The next one was a
Veterinarian by training. He came from New Mexico or Arizona. He was there for a
while and transferred in to…he was the Chief when I retired. It was after that when he
moved to Washington.
MS. NORTON: Do you remember who the Presidents and Secretaries of the Interior
were, or Directors of FWS were that you served under?
MR. WEST: Lynn Greenwalt was the second one. There was somebody else for maybe
a year or two before that, but I’m not sure. I can’t come up with his name either. There
were a number of them.
MS. NORTON: How do you think the changes in administrations affected the work that
we were expected, or required to do? Maybe in the type of work you were doing it
didn’t matter what the administration was.
MR. WEST: I don’t think there was very much. There were attempts at different times
but between Federal Aide staff members, and advice from Solicitors and maybe even
pressure from the States. When they found out about things, the State Directors had a
group that could bring pressure if they felt it was needed.
MS. NORTON: In your opinion, who do you think were some of the individuals who
helped shape the FWS?
MR. WEST: The big shaping work was done in the 1930’s. There was the
Pittman/Robertson Act, and the Dingle/Johnson Act. The first was started in 1936.
Senator Pittman from Arizona and Robertson from Virginia, I think. He had been in the
Virginia Fresh Water Fish Commission at one time. Somebody in Washington gave him a
copy of this proposed P/R Act and asked him what he thought of it. He sat down and
wrote a line or two on it. He said that if they would “include these twenty-three words
in this Bill, I’ll co-sponsor it.” And he did! What he did was to make sure that any
land acquired with the funds would remain the property of the State Fish and Wildlife
Agency. Lands could not be used by another entity like a Park board or a Forest agency
or something like this. If the use was no longer justified, or could no longer accomplish
it’s objective, the lands could be sold. Any funds earned were to be placed in to the State
P/R or D/J programs. What it did was keep people from absconding with program funds
or property. That made the program, or gave it some stature on the State level. It was a
State responsibility to assure that these rules were lived up to. When land was no longer
needed from program purposes, it could be disposed of, but the value had to be put back
into the program, it wasn’t a give away.
MS. NORTON: What was the high point of your career? There must have been at least
one Doug!
MR. WEST: Oh yes! There were many. It’s difficult to frame it. I didn’t have a chance
to work this out in advance!
MS. NORTON: Maybe one day, you met someone, or experienced something
extraordinary, or maybe you got an award?
MR. WEST: Yeah, that happened too!
MS. NORTON: There’s so many you can’t think of just one special one, huh?
MR. WEST: There were a lot of different times. The first one was when I hadn’t been
there too long when my Supervisor took a job in Washington. So I was green as grass and
we had a new Regional Director. And I was working under a new Supervisor who came in
at the same time as the Regional Director did. I had about four or five new people to train
at the same time. Maybe it was three people. I was recognized by the Regional Director
for the job I did. The people all turned out good. The States did not rebel; everything
operated smoothly.
MS. NORTON: Did you have a low point in your career?
MR. WEST: Well, not really. There may have been days, but right now, I can’t think of
one.
MS. NORTON: Did you ever have a dangerous or frightening experience? Hopefully in
the Regional office it wouldn’t happen!
MR. WEST: No, I can’t think of one of those either.
MS. NORTON: Well how about this? What was the most humorous experience you had
in the time you were working?
MR. WEST: I mentioned that Dale Martin was my first Supervisor. He was well
endowed with Hoosier humor. He was very down to earth. He was always coming up
with something. He’d make an observation or something that was really quite humorous
and put us in stitches for a while.
MS. NORTON: What would you like to tell others, people who don’t work for the
Service about FWS?
MR. WEST: Well, the first thing they’d need to know is that they shouldn’t be high
maintenance. They shouldn’t need a lot of money to live on, is what I meant to say. You
should be able to receive job satisfaction by something other than monetary means. It has
to be the satisfaction you get for accomplishing something on the ground or seeing that a
bad situation on the ground is improved. There might be one of the big projects that we
had a number of times when we had to cooperate with the State people. I forget the name
of this big lake for diving ducks that is northwest of the Twin Cities. It was famous for
many years. Carp got in to the lake. The two agencies, the State and FWS got into the
problem; they may even have had the National Guard helping out. I am not sure. They
were treating the lake with Rotenone or other chemicals to suffocate the fish. It would
shut down gill breathing so they would die. The Carp and Bullheads, the rough fish were
bottom feeders and they would root out the aquatic vegetation and muddy the water to
the point where the quality habitat was not there for the diving ducks. I want to say Lake
Christina, but I am not sure. Anyway, they’ve done that for several years and improved
the water quality for the diving ducks for six or eight years before it would get noticeable
again.
MS. NORTON: What are some of the changes in the Service that you have observed
over the period of your career, in the personnel, or in the environment for example?
MR. WEST: There’s been a big change, and more and more effort and more and more
people devoted to educating the public. The refuge at Fort Snelling, the Minnesota River
Refuge is an example of that. What they’ve done is to set up compatible uses on these
lands; uses that are compatible without unduly hurting the species which they were
designed to be managed for.
MS. NORTON: What are your thoughts on the future? Where do you see the Service
heading in the next decade or so? Do you feel that it will stay the same, or improve any?
MR. WEST: I am sure that it’s going to change. It will probably improve. Agriculture is
changing. As long as the changes are all compatible, I can see potential for improved
habitat, improved feeding, and resting areas.
MS. NORTON: Well, this is the end of the interview! I’d like to ask you now of there is
anybody special that you think we should interview. I’ve got a whole list of people, but
there are some people who aren’t even on the Retiree list; I don’t know why. If there
was anybody that you worked with closely or a lot?
MR. WEST: I can’t think of people who are retired. Bud Fuques is in our office. He is
extremely sharp.
MS. NORTON: Becky Johnson worked in there too. Becky is now married to Bill and
they live in Brookings, South Dakota. I am hoping to make a trip out that way next
spring.
MR. WEST: There are a couple of people who used to be in Federal Aide that aren’t any
more.
MS. NORTON: I am willing to take any names you can think of. I’ll check any see
about that Dale Martin.
MR. WEST: He died. He suffocated with Carbon Monoxide poisoning. They had just
moved to Indiana from Big Fork.
MS. NORTON: Didn’t we have, at one time, a man named Bill Martin who was in
Federal Aide?
MR. WEST: Bill was in Ecological Services. Lucinda Corcoran is a good one. But she’s
not retired yet. Keep her in mind because she’s a real sharp cookie. Jeff Gosse isn’t
retired either but he moved to Endangered Species. He and Bud can see things from a
higher perspective. Mike Sweet is with Federal Aide now. He worked for the State of
Illinois, Missouri before he worked for Federal Aide in the Service. He’s got some
perspectives too.
MS. NORTON: Well Doug, I want to thank you for the time that you’ve given me
today. If you think you might be interested in going to the Training Center next April, I’ll
be sure and send you whatever information I get.