Standardization

If we have a sample of data drawn randomly from a population with a normal distribution, we can assume that our sample distribution also has a normal distribution (provided a sample size of more than 30). If we have a mean of zero and a standard deviation (SD) of 1, then we can calculate the probability of getting a particular score based on the frequencies we have. To centre our data around a mean of zero, we need to subtract each individual score from the overall mean, then divide this by the standard deviation. This is the process of standardisation of raw data into z-scores. This [READ MORE]

Peter Steyn, IntroSpective Mode

Peter Steyn (Ph.D) is a Hong Kong-based researcher with more than 30 years of experience in marketing research.
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In addition to being a marketing research consultant, he has published in several academic journals and trade publications and taught post-graduate students. He also serves as an editorial reviewer for marketing journals. In his spare time, he travels and publishes Globerovers Magazine for intrepid travellers. Also published 10 books…