Canning is an area on the borders of Toxteth and Liverpool city centre, England. It has no formal definition but is generally agreed to be bounded to the south by Upper Parliament Street, to the east by Grove Street, to the north by Myrtle Street and to the west by Hope Street.

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In 1800 the Liverpool Corporation Surveyor, John Foster, Sr., (1758–1827) prepared a gridiron plan for a large area of peat bog known as Mosslake Fields, which was to the east of Rodney Street. The area was built for and populated by the extremely wealthy of Liverpool. With the city's decline in the 20th century, the area grew unfashionable, and much of it became derelict. Areas along Upper Parliament St and Grove St and Myrtle St were demolished. The tide began to turn noticeably in the 1990s and the area is now much sought after. Nevertheless, the Office for National Statistics finds that it is one of the most deprived districts in the UK.[1]

1.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable

2.
Merseyside
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Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1.38 million. Merseyside, which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, Merseyside spans 249 square miles of land which border Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire and the Irish Sea to the west. North Wales is across the Dee Estuary, there is a mix of high density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a system of local government. The county council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts are now effectively unitary authority areas, Merseyside is joined by the neighbouring borough of Halton to form the Liverpool City Region, which together forms a local enterprise partnership and combined authority area. Further areas, including Widnes and Runcorn, were added to the Special Review Area by Order in 1965, draft proposals were published in 1965, but the commission never completed its final proposals as it was abolished in 1966. This would have included four districts, Southport/Crosby, Liverpool/Bootle, St. Helens/Widnes, in 1970 the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive was set up, covering Liverpool, Sefton, Wirral and Knowsley, but excluding Southport and St. Helens. The Redcliffe-Maud Report was rejected by the incoming Conservative Party government, a White Paper was published in 1971. The Local Government Bill presented to Parliament involved a substantial trimming from the White Paper, excluding the northern and southern fringes of the area, excluding Chester, following the creation of Merseyside, Merseytravel expanded to take in St Helens and Southport. Between 1974 and 1986 the county had a system of local government with the five boroughs sharing power with the Merseyside County Council. However, in 1986 the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the county council along with all other county councils. The eastern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, the territory comprising the county of Merseyside previously formed part of the administrative counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The two parts are linked by the two Mersey Tunnels, the Wirral Line of Merseyrail, and the Mersey Ferry, to express location within the Merseyside area by the preposition on – thus on Merseyside as opposed to in Merseyside – was traditionally the more usual. Therefore, more recent usage tends to draw distinctions between the geographical Merseyside – for which on is considered appropriate – and the Metropolitan county of Merseyside, Merseyside contains the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St. Helens and Wirral. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. This also has a usage by some local authorities and organisations and is used by Geographers A-Z Map Company for their Merseyside Street Atlas. However, a separate City region, comprising Merseyside and Halton, has official recognition as being Greater Merseyside. Halton also forms part of the Merseyside NUTS region, List of Lord Lieutenants of Merseyside List of High Sheriffs of Merseyside 1911 Liverpool general transport strike List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside Dickinson, Joseph

3.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide

4.
Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire

5.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea

6.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards

7.
North West England
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North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside. The North West had a population of 7,052,000 in 2011 and it is the third most populated region in the United Kingdom after the South East and Greater London. North West England is bounded to the east by the Peak District, the region extends from the Scottish Borders in the north to the West Midlands region in the south. To its southwest is North Wales, amongst the better known of the North Wests physiographical features are the Lake District and the Cheshire Plain. The highest point in North West England is Scafell Pike, Cumbria, Windermere is the largest natural lake in England. Broad Crag Tarn on Broad Crag is Englands highest lake, wast Water is Englands deepest lake, being 74m deep. A mix of rural and urban landscape, two large conurbations, centred on Liverpool and Manchester, occupy much of the south of the region. The north of the region, comprising Cumbria and northern Lancashire, is rural, as is the far south which encompasses parts of the Cheshire Plain. The region includes parts of three National parks and three areas of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, source, Office for National Statistics Mid Year Population Estimates North West Englands population accounts for just over 13% of Englands overall population. 37. 86% of the North Wests population resides in Greater Manchester,21. 39% in Lancashire,20. 30% in Merseyside,14. 76% in Cheshire and 7. 41% live in the largest county by area, Cumbria. According to 2009 Office for National Statistics estimates,91. 6% of people in the region describe themselves as White,88. 4% White British,1. 0% White Irish and 2. 2% White Other. The Mixed Race population makes up 1. 3% of the regions population, there are 323,800 South Asians, making up 4. 7% of the population, and 1. 1% Black Britons. 0. 6% of the population are Chinese and 0. 5% of people belong to ethnic group. North West England is a diverse region, with Manchester. 19. 4% of Blackburn with Darwens population are Muslim, the third highest among all local authorities in the United Kingdom, Areas such as Moss Side in Greater Manchester are home to a 30%+ Black British population. In contrast, the town of St. Helens in Merseyside, one in five of the population in the North West is Catholic, a result of large-scale Irish emigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire. For top-tier authorities, Manchester has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the region, for council districts, Burnley has the highest rate, closely followed by Hyndburn, both in Lancashire. For top-tier authorities, Cheshire has the lowest teenage pregnancy rate, for council districts, Eden has the lowest rate closely followed by South Lakeland, both in Cumbria

8.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish

9.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years

10.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

11.
Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the University of Roehampton in London is SW15 5PU, the postcode of GCHQ is GL51 0EX, where GL signifies the postal town of Gloucester. The postal town refers to an area and does not relate to a specific town. GL51 is one of the postcodes for the town of Cheltenham which is where GCHQ is located, the London post town covers 40% of Greater London. On inception it was divided into ten districts, EC, WC, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W. The S and NE sectors were later abolished and these divisions changed little, usually only changed for operational efficiency. Some older road signs in Hackney still indicate the North East sector/district, following the successful introduction of postal districts in London, the system was extended to other large towns and cities. Liverpool was divided into Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western districts in 1864/65, in 1917 Dublin – then still part of the United Kingdom – was divided into numbered postal districts. These continue in use in a form by An Post. In 1923 Glasgow was divided in a way to London. In January 1932 the Postmaster General approved the designation of some urban areas into numbered districts. In November 1934 the Post Office announced the introduction of numbered districts in every town in the United Kingdom large enough to justify it. Pamphlets were issued to each householder and business in ten areas notifying them of the number of the district in which their premises lay, the pamphlets included a map of the districts, and copies were made available at local head post offices. The public were invited to include the district number in the address at the head of letters. A publicity campaign in the following year encouraged the use of the district numbers, the slogan for the campaign was For speed and certainty always use a postal district number on your letters and notepaper. A poster was fixed to every box in the affected areas bearing the number of the district. Every post office in the district was also to display this information

12.
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK governments Office of Communications. For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code, regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long, the total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits. The area code is referred to as an STD or a dialling code in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is for London, the code allocated to the largest area is for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows, Number ranges starting 01 can have NSN length as 10 or 9 digits, the 0800 range can have NSN length as 10,9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits, the 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits, four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. Xxxxxx This is the used by most areas. It has an area code and a six digit subscriber number. These area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area range from 01200 to 01998. A small number of areas also have a few subscriber numbers that have only five digits. That is, almost all area codes now have only six digit local numbers, six of the four-digit area codes are known as mixed areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code and these area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995

13.
Merseyside Police
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Merseyside Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing Merseyside in North West England. The service area is 647 square kilometres with a population of around 1.5 million, as of March 2009 the service has 4,494 police officers,2,221 staff,442 police community support officers and 420 special constables. The service operates under the oversight of the Police and Crime Commissioner, a proposal to merge the force with the Cheshire Constabulary to form a strategic police force was made by the Home Secretary on 6 February 2006 but later abandoned. The service came into being in 1974 when Merseyside was created, the police and crime commissioner is scrutinised by the Merseyside Police and Crime Panel, made up of elected councillors from the local authorities in Merseyside. Before November 2012 the Merseyside Police Authority was the police governance, Merseyside Police is divided into five Basic Command Units, one in each of the metropolitan boroughs that make up Merseyside. The BCUs are, Liverpool Sefton Wirral St Helens Knowsley There are many different departments make up Merseyside Police. These include the Matrix Disruption Team and, formerly, the Anti-Social Behaviour Taskforce, the Matrix Disruption Team led by a Chief Inspector, consists of syndicates made up of Inspectors, Sergeants and Constables. Each syndicate works with other Matrix units to provide the force with a level two response to gun crime, faction based criminality and cash-in-transit robberies and they are the first response to any major large-scale disorder within the Merseyside force area. These officers are trained to deal with a variety of disorder situations. Public order is one of the functions of the department. Matrix has a number of baton gun trained specialist officers, two Sergeants and ten Constables, the Matrix team also have specialist search teams and rope access teams. They use yellow Mercedes Sprinter police vans with special markings on the side to show they are Matrix, the team also uses a marked Vauxhall Vectra Estate but this does not have any Matrix markings on, just the usual Merseyside livery. The Anti-Social Behaviour Taskforce deals with people who are alleged to be creating anti-social behaviour and they also make raids for drugs and known offenders who are alleged to be lowering the standard of life for the community. They use yellow Mercedes Sprinter police vans with special markings on the side to show they are used by the ASB Taskforce and they have different numbers on, which include QV0 + another digit. There is also an ASB Taskforce Peugeot Expert van and a 2009 Ford Focus Estate, the unit was initially known as Axis, but the use of this name was dropped around the end of 2007. It was publicly announced on 9 July 2010 that as a result of budget reductions, Merseyside Police Mounted Section has a long history. It is the oldest Provincial Mounted section, formed in 1886 as part of Liverpool City Police and it is an integral part of the Operational Support Unit, and is based at Greenhill Road, Allerton, Liverpool. The mounted section is an operational specialist section with a staff of 1 Inspector,2 Sergeants,14 Constables,6 civilian stable hands and 14 horses, each area within the force has its own allocation of dogs and handlers who work alongside the neighbourhood patrol section

14.
Fire services in the United Kingdom
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The fire services in the United Kingdom operate under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Emergency cover is provided by over fifty fire and rescue services, many FRS were previously known as brigades or county fire services, but almost all now use the standard terminology. They are distinct from and governed by an authority, which is the legislative, public and administrative body. Fire authorities in England and Wales, and therefore fire and rescue services, Scotland and Northern Ireland have centralised fire and rescue services, and so their authorities are effectively committees of the devolved parliaments. The total budget for services in 2014-15 was £2.9 billion. The devolved government in Scotland has an agency, HMFSI Scotland. This Act provided for centralised co-ordination of fire brigades in Great Britain,1947, Fire Services Act 1947 This Act transferred the functions of the National Fire Service to local authorities. Now repealed entirely in England and Wales by Schedule 2 of the Fire,1959, Fire Services Act 1959 This Act amended the 1947 Act, it dealt with pensions, staffing arrangements and provision of services by other authorities. It was repealed in England and Wales along with the 1947 Act,1999, Greater London Authority Act 1999 This act was necessary to allow for the formation of the Greater London Authority and in turn the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. In 2002, there was a series of fire strikes. In December 2002, the Independent Review of the Fire Service was published with the action still ongoing. Bains report ultimately led to a change in the relating to firefighting. 2002, Independent Review of the Fire Service published 2004, Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, generally only applying to England and it came into force on 1 October 2006. The DfCLG has published a set of guides for non-domestic premises,2006, The Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the National Assembly for Wales powers to pass laws on Fire, promotion of fire safety otherwise than by prohibition or regulation. But does not prevent future legislation being passed by the UK government which applies to two or more constituent countries, There are further plans to modernise the fire service according to the Local Government Association. The fire service in England and Wales is scrutinised by a House of Commons select committee, in June 2006, the fire and rescue service select committee, under the auspices of the Communities and Local Government Committee, published its latest report. For example, where FRSs were historically inspected by HMFSI, much of this work is now carried out by the National Audit Office, Fire Control On 8 February 2010 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Select Committee heard evidence on the Fire Control project. Called to give evidence were Cllr Brian Coleman and Cllr James Pearson from the Local Government Association, also giving evidence Matt Wrack from the Fire Brigades Union and John Bonney Chief Fire Officers Association

15.
Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service
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In 1974 the merger of the following borough Fire Brigades, City of Liverpool, Birkenhead, Bootle, Southport, St Helens, and Wallasey. As well as parts of Lancashire County Fire Brigade and Cheshire County Fire Brigade to create Merseyside Fire Brigade, Merseyside Fire Brigade became Merseyside Fire and Civil Defence Authority on 1 April 1986 as established by the Local Government Act 1985. In an effort to modernise the Fire service the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 received Royal Assent on 22 July 2004 and this legislation changed the name to Merseyside Fire & Rescue Authority. The change of name reflects the fact that the service, in addition to fighting fire. Merseyside Fire & Rescue Authority is made up of 5 Area Commands as follows, Liverpool, Wirral, Sefton, Knowsley, and St Helens

16.
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
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Emergency care including ambulance and emergency department treatment is free to everyone, regardless of immigration or visitor status. The NHS commissions most emergency services through the 14 NHS organisations with ambulance responsibility across the UK. As with other services, the public normally access emergency medical services through one of the valid emergency telephone numbers. This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, the commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England. The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service was established in 1995 by parliamentary order, and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust was established on 1 April 1998, there is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012. This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011−12 to £67. 5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8. 8m. In 2014−15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services - an increase of 156% since 2010−11, in 2013, the CQC found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care. These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association, there are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles. There are a number of ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies, with the main ones being the British Red Cross. The history of the ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service. As they are in competition for work with the private ambulance providers. Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action, there are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities. These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances, all emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation and this requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards

17.
North West Ambulance Service
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There is no charge to patients for use of the service, and under the Patients charter, every person in the United Kingdom has the right to the attendance of an ambulance in an emergency. The trust lost the contract for non-emergency patient transport services in Cheshire, Warrington and it will transfer to the West Midlands Ambulance Service in July 2016. NWAS use Mercedes-Benz Sprinters or Fiat Ducatos as their standard emergency ambulance, Skoda Scouts as the main Rapid response car, the Trust currently operates from 114 ambulance stations and employs around 4,900 staff. NWAS was the first ambulance trust to be inspected by the Care Quality Commission, emergency medical services in the United Kingdom Healthcare in Greater Manchester North West Air Ambulance List of NHS trusts NWAS Website

18.
Liverpool Riverside (UK Parliament constituency)
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Liverpool Riverside is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Louise Ellman of the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party. 1983-1997, The City of Liverpool wards of Abercromby, Arundel, Dingle, Everton, Granby, 1997-2010, The City of Liverpool wards of Abercromby, Aigburth, Arundel, Dingle, Everton, Granby, Smithdown, and Vauxhall. 2010–present, The City of Liverpool wards of Central, Greenbank, Kirkdale, Mossley Hill, Princes Park, Riverside, the constituency is one of five covering the city of Liverpool. It also contains both the University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University, the constituency was created in 1983 merging most of the former Liverpool Scotland Exchange and Liverpool Toxteth constituencies. In their provisional recommendations, the Boundary Commission originally suggested calling the constituency Liverpool Abercromby, the name was changed during the local enquiry process, during which an alternate name of Liverpool Cathedrals was also proposed. It has always held by the Labour Party, from 1983 until 1997 by Robert Parry. It is a safe seat covering a deprived urban area, in both the 2001 and 2005 general elections it had the lowest turnout of all constituencies in the United Kingdom. In the 2005 general election, there was a swing to the Liberal Democrats. Also in 2005, Liverpool Riverside was one of the few seats where the Green Party retained its deposit, the turnout compared to the 2001 election had risen by 7. 4% to 41. 5%. However, this was still the lowest throughout the United Kingdom which averaged 61. 3% with a 1. 2% increase, in the 2001 election it had a turnout of 34. 1% which was the lowest of the United Kingdom. The average turnout in that year was 59. 2%, list of Parliamentary constituencies on Merseyside Notes References

19.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

20.
Toxteth
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Toxteth is an inner city area of Liverpool, England. Historically in Lancashire, Toxteth is located to the south of the city, Toxteth is bordered by Liverpool City Centre, Edge Hill, Wavertree, the district lies within the borders of the ancient township of Toxteth Park. Industry and commerce are confined to the docks on its western border, Toxteth is primarily residential, with a mixture of old terraced housing, post-World War II social housing and a legacy of large Victorian houses. In the 18th and 19th centuries, as Liverpool expanded the ancient park of Toxteth was gradually urbanised, large Georgian houses were built in the Canning area, followed in the Victorian era by more grand houses, especially along the tree-lined Princes Road/Avenue boulevard and around Princes Park. The district quickly became home to the slave merchants of Liverpool. Now, some of these streets of terraces are boarded up, two of the citys largest parks, Sefton Park and Princes Park, are located in or around Toxteth. Sefton Park was created by the Corporation of Liverpool in 1872, inspired partly by Birkenhead Park, across the River Mersey. Sefton Park has a large glass Palm House, which contains a statue of William Rathbone V unveiled in 1887, and originally had many features including an aviary. There is some ambiguity as to the origin of the name, one theory is that the etymology is Tokis landing-place. Before the time of the Norman Conquest, Toxteth was divided into two manors of equal size, one was owned by Bernulf and the other by Stainulf. After the conquest, part was granted by Count Roger of Poitou to the ancestor of the Earl of Sefton, from this time to about 1604, the land formed part of West Derby forest. In 1327, Toxteth was granted to Henry, Earl of Lancaster, over the years, various leases and grants were made and the park was owned by Adam, son of William de Liverpool, in 1338. In 1385, William de Liverpool had licence to take two cartloads of gorse weekly from the park for 12d, in 1383 a grant was made to William Bolton and Robert Baxter, in 1394 the lease was resigned and handed over to Richard de Molyneux. The park finally came into the hands of Sir Thomas Stanley in 1447, the parkland descended within the Stanley family until 1596, when it was sold by William Stanley, Earl of Derby, to Edmund Smolte and Edward Aspinwall. In 1604, the Earl sold it to Richard Molyneux of Sefton at a cost of £1,100, the estate descended from this time until 1972 with the death of the 7th Earl. The ancient township of Toxteth contains the village of Smeedon or Smithdown and it stretches over an area of three miles along the River Mersey and two miles inland, the highest point being on the corner of Smithdown Lane and Lodge Lane. A brook ran from the end of the area, near the boundary of Parliament Street. At some time in history the creeks were filled in, the Dingle is now in the area where the old northern creek was situated, and St Michaels Hamlet is situated around the southern creek

21.
Hope Street, Liverpool
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The road runs parallel to Rodney Street. Together with Gambier Terrace and Rodney Street it forms the Rodney Street conservation area, the years immediately after the Millennium saw the public realm of Hope Street enhanced and the Hope Street area has sometimes been referred to as the Hope Street Quarter. The street is named after William Hope, a merchant whose house stood on the now occupied by the Philharmonic Hall. Hope Street was voted as the best street in the UK and Ireland by The Academy of Urbanism, Hope Street was straightened during the 1790s and residential construction commenced around the turn of the century. The Liverpool Philharmonic Hall stands on the corner of Myrtle Street and it was designed by Herbert James Rowse and built between 1936 and 1939. This replaced the building built 90 years earlier to designs by John Cunningham that burned down in 1933. It is built of brick and is starkly cubic in appearance except for a pair of rounded stair-towers to the front, the first floor windows and main entrance doors have etched glass by Hector Whistler. On Hope Street at the top of Mount Street is the interesting sculpture A Case History by John King,1998. Various items of luggage, cast in concrete, are stacked on the pavement – the labels on the refer to notable individuals. The terrace was extended between the late 1830s and early 1840s, at the northern end of Hope Street is the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral and, towards the southern end, the Anglican Cathedral

22.
Georgian era
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The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, The Century of Philosophy. In France, the doctrines of les Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance in opposition to an absolute monarchy. French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution, some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. Les philosophes of the widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church, a variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution, earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, René Descartes, John Locke, and Baruch Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence, others like James Madison incorporated them into the Constitution in 1787. The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, the ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an intellectual movement known as Romanticism. René Descartes rationalist philosophy laid the foundation for enlightenment thinking and his attempt to construct the sciences on a secure metaphysical foundation was not as successful as his method of doubt applied in philosophic areas leading to a dualistic doctrine of mind and matter. His skepticism was refined by John Lockes 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding and his dualism was challenged by Spinozas uncompromising assertion of the unity of matter in his Tractatus and Ethics. Both lines of thought were opposed by a conservative Counter-Enlightenment. In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines, the political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. Francis Hutcheson, a philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words. Much of what is incorporated in the method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy. Immanuel Kant tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the sphere through private

23.
George Canning
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The son of an actress and a failed businessman and lawyer, Canning was supported financially by his uncle Stratford, allowing him to attend Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. Canning entered politics in 1793 and rose rapidly and he was Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of the Navy under William Pitt the Younger. Canning was Foreign Secretary under the Duke of Portland, who was ill, Canning was the dominant figure in the cabinet and directed the seizure of the Danish fleet in 1807 to assure Britains naval supremacy over Napoleon. In 1809, he was wounded in a duel with his foe Lord Castlereagh and was thereafter passed over as a successor to the Duke of Portland in favour of Spencer Perceval. He remained out of office until after Perceval was assassinated in 1812. The King disliked Canning and there were efforts to frustrate his foreign policies, Canning, however, successfully built wide public support for his policies. His policies ensured a major trading advantage to British merchants and supported the Americans Monroe Doctrine, Canning was the arch-enemy of the Concert of Europe system set up by the conservative powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Hayes says that in terms of foreign affairs, His most important achievements was the destruction of the system of the neo-Holy Alliance which, if unchallenged and they both declined to serve under Canning and the Tories split between Peel and Wellingtons Ultra-Tories and the Canningites. Canning then invited several Whigs to join his cabinet, however, his health collapsed and he died in office in August 1827, after just 119 days in office, the shortest tenure of any British Prime Minister. Canning was born into an Anglo-Irish family at his parents home in Queen Anne Street, Marylebone, Canning described himself as an Irishman born in London. His father, George Canning, Sr. George Sr. eventually abandoned the family and died in poverty on 11 April 1771, his sons first birthday, Cannings mother, Mary Anne Costello, took work as a stage actress, a profession not considered respectable at the time. Indeed, when in 1827 it looked as if Canning would become Prime Minister, Lord Grey remarked that the son of an actress is, ipso facto, disqualified from becoming Prime Minister. Because Canning showed unusual intelligence and promise at an age, family friends persuaded his uncle, London merchant Stratford Canning. George Canning grew up with his cousins at the home of his uncle, who provided him with an income, Stratford Cannings financial support allowed the young Canning to study at Hyde Abbey School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. Canning came out top of the school at Eton and left at the age of seventeen and his time at Eton has been described as a triumph almost without parallel. He proved a brilliant classicist, came top of the school, Canning struck up friendships with the future Lord Liverpool as well as with Granville Leveson-Gower and John Hookham Frere. In 1789 he won a prize for his Latin poem The Pilgrimage to Mecca which he recited in Oxford Theatre, Canning began practising law after receiving his BA from Oxford in the summer of 1791, but he wished to enter politics. Stratford Canning was a Whig and would introduce his nephew in the 1780s to prominent Whigs such as Charles James Fox, Edmund Burke, George Cannings friendship with Sheridan would last for the remainder of Sheridans life

24.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign

25.
Liverpool Corporation
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Liverpool City Council is the governing body for the city of Liverpool in Merseyside, England. It consists of 90 councillors, three for each of the citys 30 wards, the council is currently controlled by the Labour Party and is led by Mayor Joe Anderson. It is a constituent council of Liverpool City Region Combined Authority, Liverpool has been a town since 1207, when it was granted its first charter by King John. It has had a town corporation since before the 19th century, the corporation created a police force in 1836. Liverpool was granted city status in 1880, when local government was reformed in 1888 under the Local Government Act 1888 it was one of the cities to become a county borough, and thus independent of Lancashire. This saw the old corporation nomenclature abolished and the council reconstituted as Liverpool City Council, in 1835 Liverpool expanded into the village of Everton and then the township of Kirkdale in the 1860s. In 1895 Wavertree, Walton and parts of Toxteth and West Derby were incorporated into the city, fazakerley and Gateacre followed, then the rest of West Derby known as West Derby Rural in 1928 and finally Speke in 1932. In 1986 the council of Merseyside was abolished and its functions devolved to its districts, Liverpool has never been a district council under Lancashire County Council. In the late 1970s the City was run by the Liberal Party under Sir Trevor Jones, as part of their plans, a cost-cutting exercise was drawn up, to reduce the councils costs by 25%. In 1979 the Conservative Party won the General Election, the council then adopted a deficit budget in which spending exceeded income, and causing a financial crisis. Derek Hatton, councillor for Netherley ward and Deputy Leader of the Council, shouted lies at the platform, the Labour Party ultimately succeeded in expelling members of Militant, and Hatton himself was expelled from the Labour Party in June 1986. 1998 The Liberal Democrats win control of Liverpool City Council,2003 Liverpool win the UK nomination of European Capital of Culture for 2008. 2004 Liverpools waterfront and parts of the city centre are given World Heritage status,2005 Cllr Storey was replaced as leader by Warren Bradley. Sir David Henshaw was replaced as chief executive by Colin Hilton,2005 Liverpool City Council issue a formal apology for the flooding of Capel Celyn, near Bala, North Wales. The community was destroyed and the land flooded to create Llyn Celyn in 1965, the reservoir was solely created to supply water to Liverpool and Wirral. 2006 Planning decisions and policies of the Council threaten the World Heritage status, Council faces cutting £29million from its budget – much of it from the money earmarked for Capital of Culture. 2008 Jason Harborow, Chief Executive of Culture Company, charged with delivering Capital of Culture, quits with a cash payout after clashes with Cllr Warren Bradley. 2008 Liberal Democrats lose overall control of city on 1 May in local elections,2008 Green Party take second seat in St Michaels ward, becoming a recognisable group on the council

26.
Office for National Statistics
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The Office for National Statistics is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the UK Parliament. Its main office is in Newport near the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office and Tredegar House, but another significant office is in Titchfield in Hampshire, ONS co-ordinates data collection with the respective bodies in Northern Ireland and Scotland, namely NISRA and NRS. The ONS was formed on 1 April 1996 by the merger of the Central Statistical Office, following the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, the United Kingdom Statistics Authority became a non-ministerial department on 1 April 2008. This is often produced in ways that make comparison with other societies and economies possible. Its publications, and analyses by other users based on its data, are reported and discussed daily in the media as the basis for the public understanding of the country in which they live. The complexity and degree and speed of change in the society, combined with the challenge of measuring some of these rise to periodic debates about some of its indicators. Consequently, unexpected or incomplete data or occasional errors or disputes about its analysis can also attract considerable attention, ONS data can also be used in epidemiologic studies such as survival analysis. This was originally a 1997 Labour manifesto commitment and was also the policy of the Liberal Democrat, such independence was also sought by the Royal Statistical Society and the Statistics Commission. The National Statistician would be accountable to Parliament through a more widely constituted independent governing Statistics Board. The ONS would be a government department so that the staff, including the Director, would remain as civil servants. The details of the plans for independence were considered in Parliament during the 2006/2007 session and resulted in the Statistics, on 7 February 2008, following the first meeting of the shadow board, it was announced that it would be known as the UK Statistics Authority. In 2012, Andrew Dilnot replaced Michael Scholar as chairman of the Authority, since its establishment, ONS has had five Directors, Professor Tim Holt, Len Cook, Karen Dunnell, Jil Matheson, and, from October 2012, Glen Watson. Len Cook was the first Director to hold the newly created role of National Statistician, the roles of Director of ONS and National Statistician were combined until 2012 when Jil Matheson continued as National Statistician while Glen Watson became Director of the ONS. John Pullinger replaced Jil Matheson as National Statistician in July 2014, the work of the ONS covers the collection of data and the analysis and publication of statistics covering the economy, population, and society of the UK. Where data is broken down by geographical area, this is usually done by the areas defined in the ONS geographical coding system and they are members of the Government Statistical Service and are the professional responsibility of the head of the service, who is also the National Statistician. Each department has a statistical service Head of Profession, for example, data on Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry comes primarily from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. ONS is also responsible for the maintenance of the Inter-Departmental Business Register and this ceased to operate from 1 April 2008. The General Register Office and the post of Registrar-General for England & Wales ceased to be part of ONS from that date, the annual United Kingdom National Accounts are published in an online publication by the Office for National Statistics

27.
Rodney Street, Liverpool
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Rodney Street in Liverpool, England is noted for the number of doctors and its Georgian architecture. It is sometimes known as the Harley Street of the North, together with Hope Street and Gambier Terrace it forms the Rodney Street conservation area. There are over 60 Grade II listed buildings on the street and it was developed piecemeal up to the 1820s with houses for the affluent, escaping the old town centre. A few houses have five bays, with doors. They were erected in pairs or short runs by different developers which led to an inconsistent roof line, no.9 was the birthplace of Arthur Clough, a poet born in 1819. No.62 was the birthplace in 1809 of William Ewart Gladstone, no.59 Rodney Street was home and studio to Edward Chambré Hardman, photographer, and is now owned by the National Trust and is open to the public. On the north side of Rodney Street stands the Scottish Presbyterian Church of Saint Andrew, the body of the church is of a simple two storey design with round arched windows and stuccoed walls designed by Daniel Stewart. The façade of blackened ashlar, designed by John Foster Jr. is a composition of Ionic entrance columns, flanked by corner towers, topped with Corinthian columns. In 2012 the former church was renovated and redeveloped to provide en suite student accommodation for 100 students, number 19 is the address where author Tom Slemen wrote many of his topselling Haunted Liverpool books. Henry Booth merchant, entrepreneur, and engineer, Arthur Hugh Clough and Anne Clough were born in the street William Henry Duncan first Medical Officer of Health in 1847. William Ewart Gladstone was born at number 62, E. Chambré Hardman, photographer, studio at no 59. Nicholas Monsarrat, novelist, was born on the street, William Roscoe, developer and historian James Maury, the first United States consul from 1790 to 1829, lived at 4 Rodney Street. Tom Slemen, writer on the paranormal and true crime, brian Epstein, manager of The Beatles, was born at no 4 Rodney Street in 1934

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Gambier Terrace
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Gambier Terrace is a street of 19th-century houses overlooking St. Jamess Mount and Gardens and Liverpool Cathedral. It is generally reckoned to be in Canning, although it falls within the Rodney Street conservation area, together with Hope Street and it was named after James Gambier. Numbers 1 to 10 are Grade II* Listed Buildings, as is the northernmost house in the terrace and they were probably designed by John Foster, Junior. The terrace was built in 1832-1837, Number 10 was the last of the original build. The terrace was completed to a cheaper specification. During the First World War Number 1 Gambier Terrace was the location of the Women’s War Service Bureau which assisted soldiers, the service expanded into 5 additional premises on Bold Street and Berry Street. They all attended nearby Liverpool College of Art, the freehold to the terrace and the garden in front belongs to Liverpool City Council. The land adjacent to Hope Street is maintained, in part, by the City Council, the exact status of this land is unclear except that it is a public thoroughfare and unadopted by the City Councils highways department. Media related to Gambier Terrace at Wikimedia Commons Gambier Terrace and the Canning Area Birdseye view of Gambier Terrace

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Falkner Square
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Falkner Square is a square in Canning on the border of Liverpool city centre and Toxteth. Falkner Square Gardens occupy the centre of the square, the Square was completed in 1830 and in 1835 the central area was acquired as a park, one of the first areas so acquired by the council. Falkner Square is named after Edward Falkner, soldier and Sheriff of Lancashire and he wanted it called Wellington Square. It dates from 1835 and was one of the citys first open public spaces, however, at the time it was unpopular, regarded too far out of town, especially as regards the long uphill hike for horse-drawn vehicles

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German Church, Liverpool
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The German Church in Liverpool is in Bedford Street South/ Canning Street and is part of the German speaking churches of North England. Services in German are held twice a month on the first, regular Groups include a Faith discussion group, Wirral Circle and a Toddler Play Group. An English cleric came across a prayer meeting of some Germans in a ship on the River Mersey. Initially it was a German-speaking congregation in the Church of England and this is the origin of the German Lutheran congregation in Liverpool, after using many different buildings it built its own in 1960

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Architecture of Liverpool
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The architecture of Liverpool is rooted in the citys development into a major port of the British Empire. It encompasses a variety of styles of the past 300 years. Erected 1716-18, Bluecoat Chambers is supposed to be the oldest surviving building in central Liverpool, there are over 2,500 listed buildings in Liverpool of which 27 are Grade I and 85 Grade II* listed. It has been described by English Heritage as Englands finest Victorian city, however, due to neglect, some of Liverpools finest listed buildings are on English Heritages Heritage at Risk register. In accordance with Liverpools role as a port, many of its best buildings were erected as headquarters for shipping firms. The wealth thus generated led to the construction of civic buildings. The historical significance and value of Liverpools architecture and port layout was recognised when, in 2004, Liverpools origins date back as far as the 11th century, although today nothing remains of the citys medieval architecture. Probably the earliest building of note within Liverpool would have been Liverpool Castle, the oldest surviving building within the city is likely to be Stanlawe Grange in Aigburth, a Monastic grange dating from the 13th century. Frequent modifications throughout its history mean that little of the building remains. Like medieval architecture before it, little remains of Tudor and Elizabethan architecture in Liverpool today, speke Hall, which is located in the south of the city, is a Tudor manor house that dates from the 16th century. It was completed in 1598, although much of the dates from much earlier in the century. It is one of the few remaining timber framed Tudor houses in the North of England, another large manor house that dates from this period is Croxteth Hall, the ancestral home of the Molyneux family. Started in 1575, only one wing of the building dates from this period. As such the building mixes a variety of different architectural styles including Elizabethan, Queen Anne Style, several buildings from the Stuart era remain in Liverpool today, with the oldest of them, Tuebrook House, dating from 1615. The Ancient Chapel of Toxteth also dates from this period and was started around 1618. The building is today grade I listed and still serves its purpose as a Unitarian Chapel. One of the periods most notable remaining buildings is Woolton Hall, also built for the Molyneux family, the hall is conceived as a Palladian villa and constructed from red sandstone from the local quarry in Woolton. Mainly built in 1716–17, but with additions nearly immediately necessary, designed in the Queen Anne style, following in the tradition of Christopher Wren, it housed the Liverpool Blue Coat School

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Anfield, Liverpool
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Anfield is a district of Liverpool, Merseyside, England and a Liverpool City Council Ward. The population of the Liverpool Ward at the time of the 2011 census was 14,510, the district is home to 18-time English champions and five-times European champion football club Liverpool F. C. ever since the clubs founding in 1892. Originally common pasture land within the town of Walton on the Hill, the name was also frequently written as Hongfield or Honghfield. The Ordnance Survey map of 1840 shows a house here called Anfield House, most of the houses in Anfield are terraced houses from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This type of property is particularly dense around Anfield stadium, although in 1991 the properties in Kemlyn Road were demolished to make way for a new stand at Anfield stadium. Anfield is a district of Liverpool bordered by a number of areas including Walton, Clubmoor, Tuebrook. Demolition of the now defunct Anfield Community Comprehensive School on Priory Road commenced towards the end of 2010 and have completed in early 2011. Liverpool City Council is currently exploring options for the redevelopment of the site in conjunction with local stakeholders, Anfield Stadium, the home of Liverpool F. C. is located within the district. Everton moved to Goodison Park in 1892 and the new Liverpool Football Club moved in, the area also contains Stanley Park, one of Liverpools grand Victorian parks, covering 110 acres of Anfield and is the primary separator between Anfield Stadium and Goodison Park in Walton. Liverpool F. C. have speculated for a time about building a new stadium in Stanley Park. Kerrie Hayes Alexei Sayle Chris Shepherd William Herbert Wallace Ricky Tomlinson Rebecca Ferguson Bobby Willis Vincent Cavanagh, the elected councillors for Anfield are Cllrs Jimmy Kendrick for the Liberal Democrats and two Labour councillors, Brian Dowling and Ian Francis

33.
Belle Vale, Liverpool
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Belle Vale is a district of south-east Liverpool, Merseyside, England and a Liverpool City Council Ward that covers both Belle Vale and Netherley. The Belle Vale area shares borders with Huyton, Netherley, Gateacre, the main road in Belle Vale is Childwall Valley Road running from Childwall through to Netherley. The old North Liverpool Extension Line at the back of Hartsbourne Avenue is often considered to be the border between Belle Vale and the districts of Childwall and Gateacre. Belle Vale District Centre has a number of amenities including a station, police station, health centre, large shopping centre. The Belle Vale Junior football league now plays in nearby Netherley, the district is often linked with Childwall or Gateacre, which are neighbouring districts. The Belle Vale area is divided with different housing estates having their own local names, such as Hartsbourne, Lee Park. You will also find past and modern references to the area being in Gateacre further adding to the confusion, District signage erected by Liverpool City Council in 2005 did not include Belle Vale as a distinct district leaving the area in somewhat of a quandary. Signs were put up on Childwall Valley Road saying Gateacre and Childwall, the centre of Belle Vale effectively falls within the area identified as Gateacre by the signs, with Childwall deemed to begin north of a new school and health centre. The areas identity as Belle Vale is recognised by the names of local amenities including the health centre, shopping centre, police station. The postcode for Belle Vale is L25, which is also the postcode for nearby Woolton, Belle Vale was historically part of the parish of Childwall and part of the township of Little Woolton. Little Woolton was absorbed into the City of Liverpool in 1913, at the beginning of the 20th century Belle Vale was a hamlet within the rural district of Little Woolton. It consisted of cottages, farm buildings and Belle Vale Hall, in 1901 Belle Vale Hall was owned by Thomas Harrison, a merchant and ship owner. Rex Harrison, the actor, who was related to the family, in the 1920s the estate became a fruit farm and traded as Belle Vale Orchards Ltd. The Hall was demolished in 1929, Ltd had a jam factory on the site in the 1930s and 1940s. After 1960 the factory produced spam, initially as Blue Cap Foods, the site of the factory is now occupied by Morrisons supermarket and petrol station. Part of the estate grounds survived to become Belle Vale Park, the first church in the district was St Stephens, Church of England, built between 1872 and 1874 in Belle Vale Road. It was initially used as a chapel of ease to Childwall church until Gateacre was made a parish in its own right in 1893 and it was designed by Liverpool architect Cornelius Sherlock who also designed Church Cottages next to the church. The cottages were built in 1880 by Sir Andrew Barclay Walker for his estate workers, the cottages remained part of the Walker estate until put up for auction in 1917

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Childwall
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Childwall is an affluent suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England and a Liverpool City Council Ward. Historically in Lancashire, it is located to the south of the city, bordered by Gateacre, Wavertree, Belle Vale, Broadgreen, Bowring Park, in 2008 the population was recorded as 14,085. The earliest recorded reference to Childwall was in the Domesday Book of 1086, Four Radmans held Childwall as four Manors. There was a priest, having half a carucate of land in frank almoign, Childwall was known as Cileuuelle in the 1086 Domesday Book meaning a stream where youngsters meet from the Old English words cild and wella. Historically the name has recorded as Childewalle, Chaldewall, Childwall, Childewelle, Chaldewal. Childwall was traditionally part of the West Derby Hundred and it was an urban district from the Local Government Act 1894 until it was annexed to Liverpool in 1913. All Saints Church, Childwall is the oldest church in Liverpool, housing is almost entirely detached or semi-detached, there are very few terraces within Childwall. The areas pleasant greenery in abundance and range of houses makes it one of Liverpools most sought-after suburbs. Childwalls public houses include the Childwall Abbey, which played host to The Quarrymen, a fledgling incarnation of The Beatles, the Halfway House. From 2009, the Halfway House became the point for regular Tom Slemens Haunted Liverpool Ghost and Murder Tours of Childwall. Lime Pictures, formerly Mersey Television, is based in the area, Childwall was also the home of Brookside until 2003, and the BBCs Grange Hill between 2003 and 2008. Historically there was also Childwall railway station, regular bus services connect the district with Liverpool John Lennon Airport and the city centre, as well as surrounding districts. Save Childwall Church Graveyard Childwall Today Liverpool City Council, Ward Profile, Childwall MultiMap

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Chinatown, Liverpool
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Chinatown is an area of Liverpool that is an ethnic enclave home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe. Located in the south of the city centre, Chinatown has many Chinese businesses, such as Chinese restaurants and supermarkets, the area is also notable for its Chinese-style architecture, with the paifang on Nelson Street being the largest, multiple-span arch of its kind outside of China. The first presence of Chinese people in Liverpool dates back to 1834 when the first vessel direct from China arrived in Liverpools docks to trade goods as silk. Many Chinese immigrants first arrived in Liverpool in the late 1860s as a result of Alfred Holt, the commercial shipping line created strong trade links between the cities of Shanghai, Hong Kong and Liverpool, mainly importing silk, cotton and tea. From the 1890s onwards, small numbers of Chinese began to set up businesses catering to the Chinese sailors working on Holts lines, some of these men married working class British women, resulting in a number of British-born Eurasian Chinese being born in Liverpool. At the beginning of World War II, there were up to 20,000 Chinese mariners in the city, in 1942, there was a strike for rights and pay equal to that of white mariners. The strike had lasted for four months, for the duration of the War these men were labelled as troublemakers by the shipowners and the British Government. At the end of the conflict, they were forbidden shore jobs, their pay was cut by two-thirds, hundreds of men were forced to leave their families, with many of their Eurasian children continuing to live in and around Liverpools Chinatown to this day. Liverpools first Chinatown existed within the citys docklands, although heavy bombing during World War II led to a relocation to the current spot just west of Liverpool Cathedral, the Chinese Arch was assembled in 2000 as a mark of redevelopment of the area, which is still continuing today. Plans to redevelop a significant portion of Chinatown were revealed in October 2010, one scheme named China Square is to include a Chinese Cultural Museum and Courtyard by Marriott in the former Scandinavian Hotel building. Another regeneration project tipped to take place is Shanghai Square, which is built will occupy the southern fringes of Chinatown. The proposal includes building a 23,000 m2 trade centre that provide space for up to 100 businesses. The Chinatown in Liverpool, England is located near the city centres southern edge close to Liverpool Cathedral, the citys Chinatown district has spread significantly since its first establishment, now taking up much of Berry Street. The streets of Liverpools Chinatown are decorated with Chinese-style lanterns, waste bins and all signs are written in English. 2007 estimates state 1. 7% of Liverpools population as being of full Chinese descent, the International Organization for Migration, by contrast, has estimated that the number of Chinese people in Liverpool could range between 25,000 and 35,000. There is also a number of Chinese Liverpudlians of mixed European and Chinese ethnicity. Liverpools universities also host a number of Chinese students, with The University of Liverpool having the largest number of Chinese students of any university in the UK. Chinese owned restaurants, supermarkets, book shops and other businesses are now spread throughout the district, Chinatown is also home to many community organisations as well as the Liverpool Chinese Gospel Church and the Liverpool Chinese Christian Disciples Church

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Liverpool City Centre
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Liverpool city centre is the commercial, cultural, financial and historical heart of Liverpool, England, and its surrounding region. The inner city districts of Vauxhall, Everton, Edge Hill, Kensington, the immediate city centre consists of the postal districts of L1, L2 and L3, although L6, L7 and L8 cover some parts of the outer city centre also. The resident population of the city centre has grown dramatically over the last decade and now stands at around 36,000 people and climbing. Liverpool was granted borough status in 1207, and the seven streets of the settlement can now be found within the commercial district of Liverpool city centre. Six areas within Liverpool city Centre form the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City which is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site, Liverpool city centre is one of the most architecturally significant locations in the country. Areas within Liverpool city centre consist of areas that define the centre of Liverpool. Not to be confused with trendy and modern business terms and definitions, canning is an alternative name for the elegant and mainly Georgian collection of terraced streets at the edge of the city centre, often referred to as the Georgian Quarter. Centred on Church Street and Lord Street, this contains many shops. The Chinatown in Liverpool city centre is home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe, Chinese are now the largest visible ethnic minority group in the city numbering up to 30,000. Numerous Chinese-owned supermarkets, restaurants and community groups are spread across Liverpools Chinatown, the Liverpool Chinese Gospel Church and the Liverpool Chinese Christian Disciples Church are also located within the area. The arch located at the gateway to Chinatown, Liverpool is also the largest of its kind outside of China, Liverpools commercial district is a term given by business to distinguish Liverpools business and commercial centre from the rest of the city centre. It is centred on Old Hall Street and is the heart of Liverpool. Many businesses and companies have a presence in the area. Since the mid-2000s many new building and redevelopment projects have taken place in the commercial district, some notable properties within the commercial district include the headquarters of the Post & Echo and offices of Unisys, HM Passport Office, BT and Maersk Line. The table below shows the tallest buildings within the commercial district, William Brown Street William Brown Street is adjacent to St Georges Hall and St Johns Garden, close to Lime Street Station. It is a pedestrianised street featuring several significant buildings constructed in the latter half of the 19th century. The Library and Museum was designed by John Weightman, to its east the Walker Art Gallery and Picton Reading Room built in the 1870s, in front of them stands the Nelson Column, erected 1861-1863. Hope Street and its vicinity is notable for a number of reasons

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Clubmoor
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Clubmoor is a neighbourhood of Liverpool, Merseyside, England and a Liverpool City Council ward. At the 2001 Census the population of Clubmoor ward was recorded as 13,387, the ward is heavily residential but with a few areas of employment such as the district centre known locally as Broadway situated on Broadway/Broad Lane. As a Liverpool City Council ward, it is represented by three Labour Party councillors - Roz Gladden, James Noakes and Irene Rainey, the local Member of Parliament is Labour MP Steve Rotheram. The Clubmoor area is situated in north Liverpool and is bordered by the districts of Norris Green, Anfield. The main Liverpool inner ring-road Queens Drive passes through Clubmoor, transport wise, Clubmoor is well served by buses on the routes to Liverpool city centre and also on Queens Drive. Until 1960 it was served by Clubmoor railway station on the old loop line, schools in the area include Roscoe Primary School. During the Liverpool Blitz, a incident of the area was the ammunition train explosion of 1940. The train was leaving the docks in order to avoid the bombing, a train wheel smashed through the doorway of a pub, killing the manager. The driver of the train, George Roberts acted extremely selflessly and managed to detach the back end of the train, one of the men was off duty railwayman John Guinan from Witton Road who ran to help as soon as he heard the blast. To this day, many of the houses have been affected by the blast. During the 1950s, US Troops from RAF Burtonwood and RAF Sealand used the spaces in Clubmoor for playing baseball. This land as well as the nearby Breckside park depot was used for storing Tanks, Ack Ack guns. There to prepare them for shipping to Europe and Africa, houses were also built next to the railway depot with the streets with American States as names. Liverpool City Council, Ward profile, Clubmoor Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 11 Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 13

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Dingle, Liverpool
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Dingle is an inner-city area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is located to the south of the city, bordered by the districts of Toxteth and Aigburth. At the 2001 Census, the population was recorded at 13,246, Dingle is an area entirely within the boundaries of the old Toxteth Park. On either side were steep rocky cliffs, with Dingle Point to the south west, in the 1850s the Dingle area was purely rural. Liverpool lay to the north west, but this was an area of houses, vast gardens, babbling streams. Between 1896 and 1956, the Liverpool Overhead Railways terminus and only station was Dingle railway station, located on Park Road. This was the end of the line for services from Seaforth Sands in the north of the city, not to be confused with Seaforth, Dingle is the last of the southern inner-city districts of Liverpool. Further south of Dingle are the suburbs and this area is traditionally working class, housing being mostly terraced, although many of the terraced streets are being pulled down to make room for more modern development. Like many districts in Liverpool, there is not universal agreement about where the Dingle begins/ends, the old township of Toxteth Park covers a much bigger area encompassing Parliament Street, Lodge Lane, Smithdown Road, Penny Lane, Greenbank Road, Aigburth Vale and St Michael-in-the-Hamlet. Some locals regard Dingle as being within the area encompassed by Warwick Street, in the north, Princes Road, Devonshire Road and Dingle Lane. Some define the Dingle as above but only as far as Grafton Street and not to the bank of the Mersey, the area between Admiral Street and Princes Road is known as Princes Park, after the nearby parkland. In 2007, residents in the Shorefields area of Dingle signed a petition to block plans for a new twelve storey residential development on the infilled Herculaneum Dock. The nearest railway stations are Brunswick for people living in the Grafton Street area, both stations are on the Northern Line of the Merseyrail system. Regular trains depart for Liverpool city centre, Southport and Hunts Cross

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime …

Late in the 17th century Treasury Ministers began to attend the Commons regularly. They were given a reserved place, called the Treasury Bench, to the Speaker's right where the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members sit today.

The House of Commons early 19th century. The Loyal Opposition occupy the benches to the Speaker's left. Seated in the front, the leaders of the opposition form a "Shadow Government", complete with a salaried "Shadow Prime Minister" ready to assume office if the government falls or loses the next election.