Church Reforms

New Agriculture * High Middle Ages

508

climate improvement
wheeled plow
rotation of the 3 fields
watermills, dams, and windmills used to energy

New Commerce

510

Trade between Muslim and Christian world
commercial capitalism
use of banking increases
coins used more frequently
trade fairs --- formation of cities
guild - streets street with people of same craft - union

Rise of Monarchy in Europe

511

Agricultural success + commercial network = centralized monarchy

1st Crusade

513

Pope Urban II calls war on Muslims in Jerusalem
massacre Muslims, killing men, women, and children