A signal generator (100) receives an input clock signal (X1) at a first frequency (F1) and derives an output clock signal (Y) at a second frequency (FY). An arrangement (110) using a first intermediate signal (Z) receives the input clock signal (X1) and provides a second intermediate signal (X2) by selectively...http://www.google.com/patents/US6380811?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6380811 - Signal generator, and method

A signal generator (100) receives an input clock signal (X1) at a first frequency (F1) and derives an output clock signal (Y) at a second frequency (FY). An arrangement (110) using a first intermediate signal (Z) receives the input clock signal (X1) and provides a second intermediate signal (X2) by selectively providing transitions (119) of the second intermediate signal (X2) at time intervals (T2(n)) that are determined by a variable number (A+P(n)) of periods (TZ) of the first intermediate signal (Z). The second intermediate signal (X2) has a frequency (F2) that is in average (F′2) higher than the first frequency (F1). A phase-looked loop (PLL) circuit (180) locks at this average frequency (F′2) and provides the output clock signal (Y).

Images(6)

Claims(18)

What is claimed is:

1. A signal generator that receives an input clock signal at a first frequency and derives an output clock signal at a second frequency, said second frequency being higher than said first frequency, said signal generator comprising:

an arrangement using a first intermediate clock signal, said arrangement receiving said input clock signal and providing a second intermediate clock signal by selectively providing transitions of said second intermediate clock signal at time intervals that are determined by a variable number of periods of said first intermediate clock signal, said second intermediate clock signal having a third frequency with an average higher than said first frequency, said average of said third frequency being related to said first frequency by a first factor; and

a phase-looked loop circuit that locks at said average of said third frequency and provides said output clock signal, said second frequency of said output signal being related to said average of said third frequency of said second intermediate clock signal by a second factor.

2. The signal generator of claim 1 wherein said arrangement comprises a local oscillator that provides said first intermediate clock signal at a fourth frequency higher than said first frequency.

3. The signal generator of claim 2, wherein said fourth frequency is lower than said average of said third frequency.

4. The signal generator of claim 1, wherein said arrangement further comprises:

a phase detector to determine a first representation of the frequency ratio between a fourth frequency of said first intermediate clock signal and said first frequency of said input clock signal;

a filter to filter said first representation to a second representation; and

a divider that provides said transitions of said second intermediate signal depending on said second representation.

5. The signal generator of claim 4, wherein said divider provides said transitions of said second intermediate signals such that said variable number of periods of said first intermediate clock signal, over a period sequence with a number of consecutive periods of said second intermediate clock signal, the average of said variable number being a sum of a first number that is integer and a second number that is real.

6. The signal generator of claim 5, wherein said number of consecutive periods is larger than the frequency ratio between said fourth frequency of said first intermediate clock signal and said first frequency of said input clock signal.

7. The signal generator of claim 4, wherein said first representation is available at time intervals that have substantially equal duration as said period of said input signal.

8. The signal generator of claim 7, wherein said filter samples said first representation at a sampling frequency that is higher than said first frequency.

9. The signal generator of claim 8, wherein said sampling frequency is substantially equal to the frequency of said first intermediate signal.

10. The signal generator of claim 9, wherein said filter samples said first representation with said first intermediate clock signal.

11. The signal generator of claim 4, wherein a feedback unit derives a feedback clock signal from said second intermediate clock signal by counting to said first factor.

12. The signal generator of claim 11, wherein said phase detector determines said first representation by counting periods of said first intermediate signal that occur between predetermined transitions of said input signal and said feedback clock signal.

13. The signal generator of claim 4, wherein said first representation and said second representation are linearly related to the frequency of said first intermediate clock signal.

14. The signal generator of claim 1, wherein said first factor is programmable.

15. The signal generator of claim 1, wherein said first factor is a power-to-2 integer.

16. The signal generator of claim 15, wherein said first factor is selected from the set of 256, 512, and 1024.

17. A method to derive an output clock signal from an input reference clock signal, said method comprising the following steps:

generating a first intermediate clock signal;

providing a second intermediate clock signal by counting periods of said first intermediate clock signal wherein the number of periods of said first intermediate clock signal in said second intermediate clock signal varies and wherein the spectrum of said second intermediate clock signal is being shaped;

decimating said second intermediate clock signal to a feedback clock signal at substantially the same frequency as said input reference clock signal;

calculating a numeric representation of the phase difference between said input reference clock signal and said feedback clock signal by counting periods of said first intermediate clock signal;

using said numeric representation to adjust said number of periods of said first intermediate clock signal in said second intermediate clock signal; and

filtering said second intermediate clock signal to said output signal with a transfer function that is inverse to said spectrum.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the number of periods of said intermediate clock signal in said intermediate signal varies by quasi random.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to an arrangement that generates periodic electrical signals, and more particularly, to a signal generator for a microprocessor, and to a method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many applications, such as microprocessors, require a clock having a high frequency. While quartz oscillators operate at a lower frequency, conversion is often required.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit. The PLL circuit has a phase comparator (PC), a low pass filter (LPF) with capacitor, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The PLL circuit provides that the frequency FOUT of the output signal Y remains locked to the frequency FREF of the input signal X (or to a multiple of FREF). The phase comparator detects phase differences between the input signal X and the output signal Y and acts on the VCO to minimize the difference.

It is desired to integrate the complete PLL circuit and the processor into a monolithic integrated chip. For many “on-chip” applications, the input signal X has a low reference frequency (e.g., FREF≈32 kHz) and the output signal Y has a very high output frequency (e.g., FOUT≈100 . . . 200 MHz). Frequency multiplication is required by a factor FOUT/FREF of about 3000 . . . 6000. Since noise influence increases frequency variations, the PLL circuit would require a large capacitor (e.g., 10 nF) external to the chip and connected by an unwanted extra pin. Integrating the capacitor would be difficult too; for example, the silicon area of such a capacitor would be larger than the area of the PLL circuit itself.

There in an ongoing need to provide an improved PLL circuit as well as a method that mitigate some or all of these and other disadvantages and limitations of the prior art.

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a signal generator according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a multiplier in the generator of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a detector in the multiplier of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a digital filter in the multiplier of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a digital fractional divider in the multiplier of FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified spectrum of an intermediate signal in the generator of FIG. 2, as well as illustrates a transfer function;

FIG. 8 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of an input signal as well as intermediate signals in the multiplier of FIG. 3;

FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of an intermediate signal in the multiplier of FIG. 3;

FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of an intermediate signal in the multiplier of FIG. 3;

FIG. 11 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of an intermediate signal provided by the multiplier of FIG. 3; and

FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified flow chart diagram of a method to operate the multiplier of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description of a preferred embodiment follows the order (a) short introduction into the signals, (b) explanation of components, (c) detailed explanation of the signals, and (d) method of operation.

(a)

When referring to signals, terms like “intermediate”, “clock”, “input”, “output” are introduced once but can conveniently be left out later. For convenience, same symbols (e.g., symbol “dK”) are used for the signals (e.g., “signal dK”) and any numeric value that the signal represent (e.g., “integer dK”).

For convenience and simplicity, signals X1, X2, X3, Z are considered to be digital single-bit signals of rectangular shape, cf. signal X2 in FIG. 2 as representative example. First logical state “1” and second logical states “0” are defined, for example, by high value 118 and low value 117, respectively, of a physical quantity, such as a voltage or a current. The duration of both logical states is conveniently assumed to be substantially equal. Neglected is the transition time between the states, i.e., from “1” to “0” and vice versa. For convenience, a period T is conveniently defined between consecutive transitions from “1” to “0” (“falling edges”). The period T is the reciprocal of a frequency of the signal, that is

T=1/F (2)

Signals such as dK and K are considered to be multi-bit signals that represent a positive or negative numerical value. Periods are conveniently defined between time points that allow changes in the numerical value.

(b)

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of signal generator 100 according to the present invention. Signal generator 100 comprises digital frequency multiplier 110 (“arrangement”, “multiplier”) and PLL circuit 180. It is an advantage of the present invention that generator 100 is implemented on a single monolithic chip.

Generator 100 receives external input clock signal X1 having frequency F1 (e.g., F1≈32 kHz) at input 121. An example for X1 is explained in connection with FIG. 8. The period T1 of signal is defined as

Multiplier 110 receives signal X1 and provides intermediate clock signal X2 having frequency F2 at output 145. Details for signal X2 are explained in connection with FIG. 11. The period T2(n) of signal X2 is defined as the time interval two consecutive falling edges 119.

Multiplier 110 selectively provides transitions of signal X2 (e.g., falling edges 119) at consecutive time intervals T2(n); the duration of T2(n) is determined by a variable number (e.g., A+P(n)) of periods TZ of signal Z. Details for multiplier 110 are explained in connection with FIG. 3.

The time average F′2 of frequency F2 is substantially constant, in other words, measuring F2 at consecutive time points and calculating the arithmetic average of the measurements substantially results to one and the same F′2. Average F′2 is higher than F1 but lower than FY, that is:

F′2>F1 (10)

F′2<FY (12)

Average F′2 is related to F1 by multiplication factor M1, that is:

F′2=M1*F1 (14)

Conveniently, factor M1 is an integer; preferred values for factor M1 are in the range between 128 and 1024 (powers to 2); in the example, M1=512. Preferably, factor M1 is programmable, so that generator 100 operates with either value.

To simplify calculations and further explanation, M1 is assumed to be M1=500 (instead of 512), thus resulting in average F′2=16 MHz and an average period T′2=1/F′2=0,0625 ns.

In the illustrative example with FY=100 MHz and F′2=16 MHz, factor M2 is 6.25.

PLL circuit 180 low-pass filters out frequency fluctuations of signal X2 (transfer function, cf. FIG. 7). The frequency jitter of signal Y is less than the jitter of signal X2.

FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified block diagram of multiplier 110 in the generator of FIG. 2. Multiplier 110 looks similar to a conventional PLL with digital components, however, its operation and its signals are different.

Filter 130 and divider 140 has registers or other memory means (no shown in FIG. 3) to store numeric values needed for operation, such as, for example, filter coefficients, and look-up tables. Persons of skill in the art can implement the registers without the need of further explanation herein. Oscillator 150 has digital-to-analog converter 151 (“DAC”). Signal lines with in the core portion are illustrated by plain lines.

Preferably, to assist operation, multiplier 110 further comprises calibration unit 163, and initialization unit 164. For convenience, signal lines to and from units 163, 164 are illustrated by dashed lines.

In a first control loop (detector 120, filter 130, divider 140, feedback unit 160), signal X2 is derived from signal X1, wherein signal Z serves as an auxiliary signal. Preferably, this first control loop has two signal feedback paths:

In a second control loop, calibration unit 163 compensates the influence of the environment temperature on oscillator 150.

Oscillator 150 provides signal Z (mentioned above). There is no need to synchronize signal Z with signal X1. Preferably, FZ is higher than F1, and FZ is also higher than the average F′2 of F2, that is:

FZ>F1 (20)

FZ>F′2 (22)

A preferred value for FZ is, for example, the rated frequency FZ RATED=160 MHz (TZ=6.25 ns). Due to tolerances in manufacturing generator 100, FZ is allowed to vary in a predetermined operating range (i.e. FZ MIN . . . FZ MAX) that is larger than the frequency range of signal Y (i.e., FY MIN . . . FY MAX), but that is smaller than the frequency FY, that is:

Oscillator 150 is, preferably, implemented on the chip without the use of frequency stabilizing quartz components. Oscillator 150 is preferably, implemented as a frequency controlled oscillator VCO that receives a control voltage VC from DAC 151. In other words, oscillator 150 is a digitally controlled oscillator.

Oscillator 150 exhibits a frequency drift that is a function of the temperature and control voltage VC.

Alternatively, oscillator 150 is implemented as a delay ring oscillator with a loop of delay elements (example explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,048).

Feedback unit 160 converts signal X2 into feedback clock signal X3, for example, by division with factor M1. Signal X3 has a frequency that is about frequency F1.

Division can be accomplished, for example, by changing the logical state (causing transitions) of X3 every M1 periods of X2. Preferably, feedback unit 160 is implemented by a counter to M1.

Decimation is well known in the art, and described, for example, in “Crochiere, R. E. and Rabiner, L. R.: “‘Interpolation and Decimation of Digital Signals—A Tutorial Review’, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 69, No.3, March 1981”.

Detector 120 calculates the phase difference between signal X1 (frequency F1) and signal X3 (also about frequency F1, cf. feedback loop via unit 160), preferably, with an accuracy of a single period TZ and provides numeric representation “dK” of this phase difference. Preferably, detector 120 is implemented as an up-and-down counter. Details are explained in connection with FIGS. 4 and 8.

Filter 130 samples the numeric representation “dK” with a sampling frequency FS that is, preferably, higher than F1 and thereby low-pass filters “dK” to further numeric representation “K”. Details for the operation of filter 130 are also explained in connection with FIGS. 9-10.

Optionally, as indicated by the dashed frame, adder adds signal FDNC (cf. FIG. 3) at input 123 to dK, resulting in dK# at output 124# With FDNC being a real number, dK# is also a real number.

The following explanation considers dK as integer; persons of skill in the art can apply the mentioned fine adjusting by using dK# instead (output 124# coupled to input 123 of filter 130, second control loop).

In state machine 126, circles illustrate the following states: WAIT, COUNTER RESET (A), COUNTER RESET (B), COUNT DOWN, and COUNT UP. Unidirectional arrows between the states indicate state transitions that are triggered, as in the example of FIG. 4, by falling edges (symbols ↓) of signals X1, X3 and Z that occur at any time point. The WAIT state has 3 departing arrows that correspond to each signal X1, X3 and Z. The other states have 2 departing arrows only so that they remain unchanged even for the falling edge of the “non-arrow” signal.

If a falling edge triggers a state transition, i.e. when an arrow goes to a circle, state machine 126 causes counter 127 either to reset dK to zero (“RESET”); to increment dK by 1 (“COUNT UP”); to decrement dK by 1 (“COUNT DOWN”); or to output dK to adder 128 (that substantially simultaneously forwards dK to output 124).

Preferably, when dK has reached its maximum value (i.e. dK=dKMAX) and state machine 126 issues COUNT UP, then dK remains unchanged at dKMAX. Similarly, when dK has reached its minimum value (i.e. dK=dKMIN) and state machine 126 issues COUNT DOWN, then dK remains unchanged at dKMIN.

Without departing from the invention, persons of skill in the art can modify state machine 126, for example, by making it respond to rising edges.

Multiply unit 132-1 digitally multiplies representation dK to dK′, for example, by a multiplication factor of 1.5. Adder unit 133 digitally adds dK from input 137 and dK(iii) from register 131 to dK(i); register 131 delays dK(ii), preferably, by a single period 1/F2 to dK(iii); divide unit 136 divides dK(iii) to dK(iv), preferably, by dividing with M1; and adder unit 135 adds dK(i) and dK(iv) to dK(v); and multiply unit 132-2 digitally multiplies dK(v), preferably, by 1/M1, to K at output 138. Digitally multiplying signals is well known in the art.

Since the multiplication factor in units 132-1 and 132-2 is a real number, dK(i), dK(iv), dK(v) as well as K are real numbers too, each having an integer portion and a fractional portion. The integer portion represents a positive or negative numeric integer value; and the fractional portion represents a numeric value between 0 and +1. Preferably, K is positive.

For simplicity, the figures represent the signal flow by single lines; persons of skill in the art can implement the connections, for example, in parallel by separate bit lines. Conveniently, the real portions are transmitted by bit lines for 20, 21, 22 and so on; and similarly, the fractional portions are transmitted by bit lines for 2−1, 2−2 and so on. For convenience of further explanation, the term “most significant bits” (MSB) is used for the integer portion; and the term “least significant bits” (LSB) stands for the fractional portion.

FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified spectrum of signal X2 in generator 100 of FIG. 2 and the transfer function of PLL circuit 180. The abscissa axis shows F2 in MHz. Graph 1 shows the power spectrum density, and graph 2 shows the transfer function. The transfer function is substantially inverse to the spectrum, so that low frequency components of X2 are prioritized over high frequency components. In other words, while PLL circuit 180 passes the “low” frequency components at F2, PLL circuit 180 filters out the unwanted “high” frequency components.

Assuming sampling with 16 MHz, the spectrum is shown up to 8 MHz only (Nyquist criterium), wherein higher frequency components are not considered here.

FIG. 8 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of signals X1, X3 and Z in multiplier 110 of FIG. 3. Also, FIG. 8 indicates how detector 120 derives signal dK. As mentioned above, detector 120 calculates the phase difference between signal X1 and signal X3 with an accuracy of plus/minus a single period TZ of signal Z.

At output 124, detector 120 provides dK as a numeric representation of the time TdK between consecutive falling edges of X1 and X3 counted by periods TZ, that is:

dK=TdK/TZ (28)

Preferably, the sign of dK also indicates which signal leads: dK is positive when the falling edge of X1 comes earlier than the falling edge of X3 as in FIG. 8, and dK is negative otherwise. Values of dK are, preferably, the following range:

dKMIN≦dK≦dKMAX (30)

−T2*TZ*0.5≦dK≦+T2*TZ*0.5 (32)

−250≦dK≦+250 (example) (34)

However, in most cases, the falling edges occur at short intervals, so that dK is in the range ±32.

Since detector 120 determines dK based on a period TZ, the value of dK is linearly related to frequency FZ. In other words, suppose Td remains constant, dK increases if oscillator 150 speeds up and dK decreases if oscillator 150 slows down. In other words, dK is proportional to the frequency ratio between FZ of signal Z and F1 of signal X1, and proportional to the period ratio between T1 and TZ, that is:

dK=factor*FZ/F1 (36)

dK=factor*T1/TZ (38)

with “factor” being a proportional factor introduced for convenience of explanation.

FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of signal dK in multiplier 110 of FIG. 3. Values of dK are shown be vertical lines. Since falling edges in each signal X1 and X3 occur every T1≈T3, a new value of dK becomes available every T1 and remains constant during that interval (horizontal lines).

FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified signal diagram of intermediate signal K provided by filter 130 in multiplier 110 of FIG. 4. K represents a real number (floating point). Compared to dK, the signal K appears less jumping and more smoothed.

As mentioned above, period T2(n) varies in duration. Each period T2(n) is allowed to differ from its predecessor, that is:

T2(n−1)≠T2(n) (48)

In other words, the actual period T2(n) differs from the average period T′2 (i.e., 1/F′2) by a predetermined offset ΔT2(n)

T2(n)=T′2+ΔT2(n) (50)

also called “jitter”, indicated below for each falling edge 119; ΔT2(n) is either zero (T2(n) substantially equal to T′2), positive (T2(n) longer than T′2), or negative (T2(n) shorter than T′2).

The above mentioned average T′2 of T2(n) is calculated over N periods as follows:

T2′=1N∑n=1NT2(n)(52)

Preferably, N is larger than the number of periods T2(n) that fit into a single period T1. In other words, N is larger than M1. As mentioned above, T2(n) is a multiple of TZ, that is:

T2(n)=TZ*[A+P(n)] (54)

Both A and P(n) are integers; A is a positive constant, and P(n) is a positive or negative offset variable, that is:

P(n)=0, ±1, ±2 . . . ±PMAX (56)

Preferably, the absolute value of PMAX is smaller than or equal to the absolute value of A, that is:

|PMAX|≦|A| (58)

In the example, T2(1) is longer than T′2 (i.e., ΔT2(1)=+TZ); T2(2) is substantially equal to T′2 (i.e., ΔT2(2)=0); T2(3) is shorter than T′2 (i.e., ΔT2(1)=−TZ), thus giving an offset sequence starting with P(1)=+1, P(2)=0, and P(3)=−1.

Using the offset sequence P(1) to P(N), the previous equations are re-written as follows: T2′=Tz*[A+1N∑n=1NP(n)](60)

T′2=TZ*[A+P′] (62)

Preferably, the offset sequence P(1) to P(N) is predetermined and depends on K. The average P′ of the sequence as well as TZ determine T′. Changes of TZ are allowed but the influence of such changes is compensated by P′.

In operation, divider 140 provides signal X2, for example, by repeating the following event sequence: (i) at the beginning of each period T2 (n), divider 140 outputs falling edge 119 of X2 (as mentioned above, falling edges can also be used); (ii) also at the beginning of T2(n), divider 140 starts to count A+P(n) periods of TZ ; (iii) divider 140 output a rising edge of X2 (e.g., after half of A+P(n) periods); and (iv) after A+P(n) periods TZ, divider 140 outputs falling edge 119 again (starting T2(n+1)). Persons of skill in the art are able to provide the P(n) sequence, for example, by a look-up table; providing a counter is well known too, so that table and counter are not illustrated. Using a sigma-delta modulator for providing the P(n) sequence is also convenient. Such a sigma-delta modulator can relate KLSB to P′.

In the example, to achieve the above mentioned F2=16 MHz and T2=62.5 ns for X2, for various frequencies FZ of signal Z, A is selected as A=10; the following values for P′ are convenient: P′=−1 for FZ=144 MHz, P′=−0.5 for FZ=152 MHz, P′=0 for FZ=160 MHz, P′=+0.5 for FZ=168 MHz, and P′=+1 for FZ=176 MHz.

While P′ depends on K; the sequence of P(n) is distributed by quasi random, provided that the average P′ reaches the required value. If K changes, P′ changes too; if K remains unchanged, and P′ remains unchanged. This random distribution avoids noise at predetermined frequencies in the spectrum of X2 and hence also in Y. It is an advantage of the present invention that generator 100 is substantially stable after about 10 periods T1 of “low frequency” signal X1. Compared to the prior art (cf. FIG. 1), that is an improvement by the factor 100.

(d)

FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified flow chart diagram of method 300 to operate multiplier 110 of FIG. 2. At start 301, multiplier 110 is enabled by providing power signal X1 to generator 100. As mentioned above, the stabilized time base of period T1 of signal X1 is available to multiplier 110 at substantially all the time.

The following steps 310, 320 and 330 are considered as calibration step 305 (dashed frame) of oscillator 150, preferably, executed by calibration unit 163.

In a first time frame, i.e. in step starting oscillator 310, oscillator 150 provides signal Z with an increasing frequency FZ until FZ reaches a predetermined minimum frequency FZ MIN that allows detector 120 to operate properly. For example, FZ MIN is half the rated frequency FZ RATED, that is:

FZ MIN=FZ RATED/2 (64)

FZ MIN=80 MHz (example) (66)

In a second time frame, i.e. in step counting periods 320, calibration unit 163 counts periods TZ, for example, within a single period T1 of signal X1 and thereby measures the frequency FZ. This is possible, because period T1 is known; counting over more than one periods is also possible. During the operation of generator 100, frequency FZ can be measured at substantially any time, it is convenient to measure from time to time only.

Performing steps 310, 320 and 330 as explained here is convenient, but not essential for the present invention. Persons of skill in the art are able to start and calibrate oscillator 150 otherwise, such as, for example, as explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,006.

Having signal Z stabilized is the condition for the operation of divider 140. Leaving calibration 305, in the following, step 340 providing intermediate signal X2, divider 140 provides signal X2 as described above.

using numeric representation K to adjust 370 the number of periods of intermediate clock signal Z in intermediate clock signal X2; and

filtering 380 intermediate clock signal X2 to output signal Y with a transfer function that is inverse to the spectrum.

While the invention has been described in terms of particular structures, devices and methods, those of skill in the art will understand based on the description herein that it is not limited merely to such examples and that the full scope of the invention is properly determined by the claims that follow.

Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE REMOVE PATENTS 8108266 AND 8062324 AND REPLACE THEM WITH 6108266 AND 8060324 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 037518 FRAME 0292. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT AND ASSUMPTION OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS;ASSIGNOR:CITIBANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:041703/0536