What was the late 15th century vessel that was designed to make long sea voyages and mount heavier cannons?

The Carrack

What did 15th century scholars generally agree/disagree on?

Roundness, but not the circumference of the world

Who gained authorization from the king of Benin to buy pepper for export to Europe and cloth for shipment to other parts of the world?

Portuguese merchants

Who financed Columbus's voyage to find a trade route to Asia that was not blocked by Muslim navies?

Ferdinand and Isabella

What factors contributed to the fall of native populations in the Americas?

Afroeurasian disease, iron weapons, and horse cavalry

The transfer of living organisms across the Atlantic in both directions accurately describes what?

Colombian Exchange

What disease organisms traveled eastward across the Atlantic to afflict unsuspecting Afroeurasians?

The bacteriological illness Syphilis

Who did Hernan Cortes and his army clash with first on the Yucatan Peninsula?

Tlaxcalans

Who was the conquistador that came to lead the Inca political hierarchy?

Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish crown sought to exert legislative, financial, judicial, and executive authority in the new colonies through what?

Council of the Indies

Returning from the Indian Ocean, Pedro Alvares Cabral unexpectedly bumped into what?

The coast of Brazil

What enticed the Netherlands, England, and France to send naval vessels around the Cape and build their own trading post empires?

Portugal's Spice Trade profits

Who made it as far as the Philippines and claimed it for Spain before being killed in fighting that erupted with local warriors?

Ferdinand Magellan

The majority of the Afroeurasian states in the 16th century were organized as what?

Monarchies

What 16th century state achieved the greatest territorial expansion?

Spain

Who were the ancestors of the Safavid Dynasty?

Turkic horse archers

In the 15th century, the majority of Muslims were what?

Sunni religious

Who founded the northern India dynasty and would become known as Mughal?

Babur

What were land-owning Russian aristocracy known as?

The Boyards

Who badly overreached by assaulting Korea?

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

How do the strongest European states finance armies and administrative bureaucracies?

Agriculture and commercial wealth

In 1579, who succeeded to the throne of the Habsburg Empire with the hope of uniting Europe into a single Christian Empire?

Charles V

In France's political system, the third estate represented who?

The Bourgeoisie

Paelolithic (no written records discover fire)

divergence of human kind

Earliest period of human development longest phase of human history characterized by evolution of mankind from apelike creatures to homo sapiens had basic stone tools "old" stone age Migration from Africa( Ethopia, Kenya) - Australia live in grasslands and savannas Hunter-gathers

Neolithic

settlement and farming

"new" stone age

gender division

men-hunt. women- gather.

bands of 20-30

plan cultivation and animal cultivation

manufacture of pottery and textiles

Hominids/ homo sapiens

Humans

Recored History

Writing and history

What is the last place reached in paleothic society?

N and S america

Impact migration has on environment

Big animals become extinct

Neanderthals

believed to existed in Eurasia

Reciding forehead and prominent brow ridges

Some DNA still exists in today's pop.

uncivilized cave man

lived during Ice Age

Theories why ag. began

1) large pop.

2) New food

3) boredom

advantages of ag.

increase of pop.

spread of lang.

new food

permeant settlements

Disadvantages of Agr.

deformed skeletons

disease from animals

social inequlaity

fighting over resources

longer work days

megafaunal extinction

large animals become extinct because humans killed them

paleolithic settling down

process where pealiothic people settle after ice age

storage of food, accumulation of goods, and social inequlities

" original affluent society"

saying that Paleolithic people wanted or needed little

Hunter- gatherer

member of nomadic people

live by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food

good diet

wealthy/equal society

no diseases

stereotype: (men hunt and women gather)

pastoral societies

branch of agr.

raise livestock

mobile (move with animals and water)

herd animals

rely on them for food and needs

bantu migrations

african- lang. family

became dominate culture of E and S Africa

Agr. techniques and iron working skills

Pushed Paleolithic people out and gave them animal-borne diseases

catal hulk

important Neolithic site(now Turkey)

Protection: holes in ceiling instead of doors

first city or settlement

moves away form strict agr. societies

turkish term for area

houses built close together

large-scale hunting community

not agr. community

ceremonial sites with elaborate decorations

shrine rooms

Willendorf Venus (Venus Figurines)

teaches us that history before writing is merely speculation

weird sculpture

symbol that we don't understand history before it was written

Fertile Cresent

in egypt

tigiris and euphartes

good for agr.

people could settle there

cradle of civil.

City-state

independent or autonomous

not part of local govmt

central city with surrounding villages

follow same law, share lang., religious beliefs, ways of life

ex) rome, athens, carthrage

irrigation agr.

in mesopotamian plain

1st to discover it

trencshes, hilsides, canals

hydraulic despotism

crops regularly watered by coaxing water through matrix of small channels in field

ancient Egypt= basin irrigations (use flooding of nile to inundate land plots surrounded by dykes. flood water held under surplus and returned to watercourse_

pharaoh Amenemhet 3 used lake faiyum oasis to store water

division of labor

move away from hunter gather societies

specialized occupations (not only engaged in agr.)

cuneiform

Ancient NE

used of memory aid and assisting accounting

1st form of writing

on wet, clay tablets

wedge shaped marks on clay tablets

formed grammar

pictograph

pictoral symbol for word or phrase

akadian

common lang.

earliest Semitic lang.

simular to roman numerals

used cuneiform as letters

spoken in mesoptamia

hammurabis code

1st code

"eye for eye"

babylon law code of Mesopotamia

scaled punishment depending on social status

gender inequlaties

Epic fo Gilgamesh

oldest story in the world

common theme in rest of middle earliest literature

mesopotamias earliest epic poem

1st work of literature

Bronze Age International system

trade networks

international diplomatic system

culutral exchanges

Characteristics: (Copper and tin, unprecedented degree of international trade and diplomatic exchange)

military stalemate

diplomacy

akkadian and cuneform(internaional communication)

peace treaties and royal letters

patriarchy

system of society or govmt where male hold power

indus valley civil.

during bronze age

1 of 3 early civil. of old world

in basin of Indus River

noted for urban planning, elaborate draining, and water supply systems

large estates/land rise of wealthy land owners who own a lot of land famers lost land because they didn't have enough money to pay for armor

gracchi brothers

tiberius Gracchus

Gaius Gracchus

Tiberius Gracchus

tribune of people wants to take care of veterans idea= give veterans small parcel of land as reward for service and to poor bcome re-elected (bends rules) refuses to go to senate (uses authority to get law passed) assented and killed by senate

gaius Gracchus

tribune consul for 6 years continued brothers work assasinaited extend citizenship made govmt pay of r equipment, set up colonies, gave aliens the vote brother of Tiberious

Gaius Marcus

military success uses popularity to get power bends rules concil and elected again raise army of professionals idea- join army and get paid and get food runs out of money takes military to end riots soldiers are loyal to him

Sulla

brutal dictator orders assassination of enemies retires general willing to use military force 'if men are loyal to me, I can get power for myself." takes away tribunes power and gives it to senate sets precedent allowing miliatar to take power orders assassination of enemies retires w

Julius Caesar

uses pop. to stay in power

'council 4 life"

assasinated = which led to civil

conflcit btw Caesar and sulla

dictatorship

populist policies

octavian

caesars nephew changes name to augustus exercises absolute power

Zorastrainism

monthesism relgion=private affair focus on how to be moral and live life purpose of life look at other religions means people believe in one god, good and evil, savior coming, day of judgement, heaven and hell.(Christianity and jews)

What was the most important instrument of centralizing power in Afroeurasia (in the 16th century)?

Firearms

abbasid caliphate

was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad

abrahamic religions

all the religions traced back to Abraham

al andalus

was made up of three main religious groups: Christians, Muslims, and Jews

al ghazali

was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic of Persian descent

al shafi

A Muslim jurist, who lived from (767 — 820 CE / 150 — 204 AH). Often referred to as 'Shaykh al-Islām' he was one of the four great Imams of which a legacy on juridical matters and teaching eventually led to the Shafi'i school of fight.

brenard of clairvaux

was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order

breviary

a book containing the service for each day, to be recited by those in orders in the Roman Catholic Church.

carolingian miniscule

script developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabet could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another

charlemagne

charles the great that conqured the lombards

clovis

a Paleo-Indian culture of Central and North America. The culture is distinguished by heavy, leaf-shaped stone spearheads.

Council of Claremont

occurred during the first Crusade, is the sparking moment. Pope Urban called the Council and said anyone who goes on this (first Crusade) will be forgiven by god, allowed into Heaven, etc. Wanted to take back the Jerusalem.

Dhimmi

non-muslim people of the book (Jews and Christians)

what was the dictate of the Pope (1075)?

27 brief statements about the Popes power that were debated

Feudalsim

Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service to a greater lord

Fictive Kinship

People who are not related by good, but treat each other as if they were.

Fitna

internal squabbling and civil wars that led to dynastic and family killings

Islam: FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

5 basic acts of worship.

1st- Shahadah- There is no got but God (Allah) and Muhammad is the messanger of god.

What: It was one of the most important councils ever held, and its canons sum up Innocent's ideas for the church.

Where: convened in Rome

Why: to establish the requirements of confession at least once a year and communion at Easter time as the minimum requirement for church membership, called the Easter duty.

When: 1215

The Franks

400-700

Germanic tribe

strongest kingdom

clovisiking of The Franks

conquered the Roman Province of Gaul

Ger

A house that could be moved around by the Mongols from place to place

Golden Horde

Group of Mongols that overran Russia

Gregory VII

Pope who had a famous quarrel with Henry IV about naming bishops.

Hajj

pilgrimage to mecca required once in a lifetime

Hanseatic League

middle-class first really formed, group of people who don't fit into the normal classes, feudal social relations.

Henry IV

Holy Roman emperor who attempted to strengthen his control by expanding the royal domain and using ministeries as his bureaucrats

Henry IV

King of France

-Converted to Catholicism "Paris is worth a mass"

-Issued Edit of Nantes

-Strong believer in Divine monarchy and did not listen to Parliament at all

Hijra

group of people in India

neither men nor women

perform male and female acts

ilkhanate

was a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, which was ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.

imam

the prayer leader of a mosque

Investiture crisis

A disagreement over who should appoint bishops - the king or the pope?

Became a question of where ecclesiastical and secular authority had precedence or overlapped.

Settled by the Concordat of Worms, 1122, where it was agreed that both the king and the pope would crown new bishops in a joint ceremony.

ismali

a member of a branch of Shiite Muslims that seceded from the main group in the 8th century because of their belief that Ismail

Khuriltai

Name given to great meeting of Mongol cheifs

Mansa Musa

Malis most famous Muslim ruler

Mansa Musa

Mali emporer, wrecked the local economy of Cairo with his wealth

Mansa Musa

-Biography did a lot to advance Abolitionist cause

Mecca

Became the "holy city" of the Islamic religion.

The medina

the original urban core of a traditional Islamic City

military orders

presidential directive that gives instructions to a branch of the armed forces

Mozarabs

Christians in Spain

were tolerated but had to pay a tax

Muhammad Ibn Abdullah

man that inspired Islam from jew and christian thought. known for negotiation instead of blood shed. became most powerful man in arabia

Mu'min

one who observes the commandments of islam

Ostrogoths

Barbarians who took over Italy

Outremer

The general name given to the crusader states

established after the first crusade

eventually given new names

People of the Book

A term applied by the Islamic governemnt to Muslims, Christians, and Jews because they all had a holy book

Personality of Law

unmarried women were under the control of their fathers while married women were under the control of their husbands

Pester John

-Mythical christian king “the Orient” who kept the faith among polytheistic and Muslims.

- A popular figure 1100-1600.

- Said to be a decedent of one of three wise men.

Peter the Hermit

was a priest of Amiens and a key figure during the First Crusade.

Peter the Venerable

- The Abbot of Cluny in 1100-Journeyed to Spain and commissioned a translation of the Qur’an to Latin-Had an interest in Islam and had the need to refute it and convert Muslims- reformed and protected order

Koran/Quran

the words of Allah as given by Muhammed

Holy book of Islam

Ramadan

ninth month of Islamic year

month of fasting

Remission of Sins

In order to get European knights to fight in the crusades, Pope Urban ll promised the knights this

free ticket to heaven

all sins forgiven

Richard

-The Lion-Hearted

-gone on crusades most of life

Rodrigo Diaz (El Cid)

conquest of Valencia.

Saladin

a military leader who united Muslims to fight Christians in Palestine in the 1100's

Seljuk Turks

* Nomadic people

* Established the title of "Sultan" which means ruler of power

Serfdom

lived on land owned by the wealthy. couldn;t leave the land. had to ask owner's permission for everything. treated like slaves

reference to Russians in eatern europe who were controlled by Soviet Union

Sunna

The teaching and actions of Muhammad

sunni

great majority of muslims

moderate in religion

tax farming

a system for collecting taxes and rents from the population, where the state grants the right of collection to private individuals

Temujin

a strong ruler who united the Mongols, he was chosen to be the leader and given the name Genghis Khan "STRONG RULER", he devoted himself to conquest created the largest land Emperor in history he dies in 1227

tumen

largest Mongolian military units made up of 10,000 men

Twelver Shi'a

believe there were 12 imams, and the 12th will return at the day of resurrection. The 12th imam is in hiding.

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars

Ulema

They administered the legal system and schools for educating muslims

Umayyad Caliphate

Invaded Spain from Africa, brought Islam

Took over Pamplona after Charlemagne

Umma

A just community after Muhammad's ideas.

There were fights between the tribes so it could not exist

Urban II

Pope who received the letter and used it as and excused to raise his own army

Wergeld

Money paid for ones wrongful action(s)

Yuan Dynasty

Official term for the Mongol dynasty of the Great Khans in China, 1279–1368.

Zakat

The pillar of almsgiving within Islam.

zud

Mongolian term for a severe winter in which large number of livestock die, primarily due to starvation due to being unable to graze, in other cases directly from the cold.

Ghana

- powerful African state during the 11th century- elites converted early to Islam- wealthy of gold and salt

Mali

- powerful african state during the 14th Century- absorbed Ghana- established by Sundiata- Mansa Musa - another emporer that took a pilgrimage to Mecca and spent so much in Cairo that he wrecked its economy

Songhai

- powerful African state during the 15th century- great ruler: Askia the Great

Ibn Battuta

- kept a travel log while in west Africa during the 14th century- spent much time in Timbuktu- outside perspective on the civilization

Insider vs. Outsider

people tend NOT to enslave their own (insiders) but enslave outsiders (usually prisoners of war)

Diaspora

dispersal of a group of people against their will

triangular trade

the trade between Africa, the Caribbean Islands, the Colonies, and Europe will the exchange of goods and people

Triangular trade

trading of goods and slaves that developed between the American colonies, The West Indies, and the coast of West Africa, and Britain.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Self-educated former slave, who led the Haitian revolution.

Tang Dynasty

- emperors were Chinese but also Turks- more open to outsiders and foreign influence

Li Shimin

- Tang emperor that expanded China enormously- emphasized one must be a man of learning and a warrior to be a good emperor

-political economy, ideas of freedom of enterprise and established the basis for modern economics

-grounds for economic liberalism

tabula rasa

- made by Locke- means everyone comes into this world with a "blank slate"

Tabula Rasa

Blank Slate

-part of John Locke's theory that the mind is blank at birth and experiences write on it to make it what it becomes

Mary Wollstonecraft

wrote all about the rights of women

abolitionism

humans shouldn't own other humans

Austrian Habsburg Dynasty

-Came out of the 30's year war

-Tried to take over and turn the Holy Roman Empire into a real state, failed

Austrian Hapsburg Emperors

-Holy Roman empire/emperors

-Charles V ruled over Austrian territories

-Charles V gave power of Central Europe to Ferdinand I and Spain to Phillip II

Absolutism

Royal rule with only divine control

Parliament and Monarchy, how did the royal rule w/ Parliament?

-Royal fought against Parliament (James I and Charles I) and the government suffered

-Ended w/ Civil war

-Killed king Charles and that was the end of royal absolution

The 30 years War

1618-1648

-4 phases

-Catholics Vs. Protestants

-Widespread destruction of land and population

-Intervention by Others: Spain for the Emperor (anti-protestant) and

Sweden (from the north for Lutheran), Denmark (from the north for Lutheran), France (from the West for Lutheran) for the Protestant princes

-Ended w/ Westphalian Treaty

Ferdinand II

1619-1637

-Holy Roman Emperor, part of the Hapsburg/Austria Rule

-Catholic

-Reduced power of the Brohemian Estaes (protestant)

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweeden

-Sweedish King

-Entered 30 year war on the side of Protestants/Lutherans

-Won a lot of battles but then died in battle

"Whose the Reign, His the Religion"

-The Peace of Augsburg (1555)

-Whoever reigns chooses the religion of the people

-" Cuis Regio, eius Religio"

Spanish Hapsburgs

-Philip II ruled Spain from the Hapsburg family

Treaty that ended the 30 year war?

Treaty of Westphalia

-AKA Peace of Westphalia

Austrian Hapsburg Rulers

-Charles V gave power to brother

-Ferdinand I

-The Holy Roman Empire rulers

Pragmatic Sanction to gain European Acceptance of Maria Theresa as Hapsburg Ruler

Charles VI persuades the monarchs in the Hapsburg Empire to recognize Maria Theresa as ruler but when he dies, Frederick II ignores the agreement and seizes Silesia

War of the Austrian Succession

1740-1748

-Fredrick II The Great vs. Maria Theresa of Austria, Maria lost and had to give Silesia to Prussia

Hohenzollern Ruler of Prussia

-15th-16th century rulers

-ruled some parts of eastern Germany

-some political power but no real ruling

-Fredrick William unified these territoires and it became Prussia and his son got to be King (Frederick I)

German Account of Russian Life

German Adam Olearius travled to Moscow wrote a book Travels in Muscovy

-talked about the dominating monarchy and tsar

-Drunk people

-common people are serfs of the tsar

-fighting people

-lots of bell in churches and wife beating

Debate over the Extent of Royal Power in England

Thomas Cartwight's view- liked the idea of a king over the people b/c of divine rule

John Locke- believed in the sovernigty of the people, that people can reject a king if he goes against the law

Gluckel of Hameln

-1690 Jewish widow who wrote an autobiography

-had 13 kids, married at age of 12 to Chayim

-took over the business and travled when her husband died

Junkers

Prussian Nobels and landowners

Seven Years' War

Started in 1756 and ended in 1763. It was a war between the French and the English. France lost Canada and Louisiana. This war is also known as the French and Indian War. The war was Ended by the Treaty of Paris.

Monogol rule in Russia

13th cen. took over Kievan Rus

-Ivan III expanded their rule

-started the tsar trend in Russia

Russian Tsar Ivan IV and Boyars

Ivan IV (The terrible) came to the thron at 3 and the Boyars bullied him until age of 16 when he took over his reign and crowned himself tsar

Peter the Great

-tsar of Russia

-created schools and universities, strengthened the army, studied other countries ways of expansion and progress

-beat Sweeden 1709

-built a new capital St. Petersburg

-liked Western ways

-

Boyars

highest ranking members of Russian nobility

Stuart Dynasty of England and Scotland

James I (1603-1625)

King of Scotland and the King of England after Elizabeth died

-Made his home in London after becoming king of England

-Had a wife and kids

-Believe in divine rights monarchy meaning that his rule was a result of God and him

followed by Charles I

Puritans

members of 16th/17th reform movement within the Church of England that wanted to rid it of Roman Catholic elements such as bishops, elaborate decorations, and wedding rings

-Calvinists who wanted to "purify" the church

James I of Scotland

Cousin of Queen Elizebeth

-Ruled England after her

-believed fully in divine monarchy, son Charles I did too

-Fought with Parliament

Charles I

Son of James I king of Scotland/England

-Believed in divine monarchy, fought w/ Parliament

-Civil war in England ended w/ execution of Charles I

Archbishop William Laud

"The Book of Common Prayer"

-Super Catholic

-Charles I friend

Book of Common Prayer

Anglican service book

-forced upon the Scots

-William Laud archbishop

English Civil War, Monarchy vs. Parliament

1642-1649

King Charles I Vs. Parlament

-Ended w. Cromwell capturying Charles I and executing him for treason

New Model Army

Parlaments army in the England Civil war

Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate Governamnt

-the English military dictatorship established by Cromwell after execution of Charles I

-

The "Godly Republic"

-England under Cromwell

-England banned Catholicism in Ireland

-military dictatorship

Restoration of the English Monarchy

Charles II

-previously exiled in the Netherlands after execution of his dad Charles I

-Both houses of Parliament also back

The Test Act

Legislation passed by the English parliament in 1673 to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritians, Catholics, and other dissenters the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold office, and attend/teach at universities

-James fled to France w/ his son when William and Mary took over England

-1688

William III and Mary II

joint rulers of England

-took over from James II

-Protestant

Glorious Revolution

1688

-replaced one king with little bloodshed

-ended the idea of a divine monarchy forever

-Soverignty was now between the King and Parliament, and king needs the consent of the govern to rule

-Transition from James II to William and Mary who were backed by Parliament

The Act of Union

Creation of the United Kingdom

-1707

The Dutch Republic

-Netherlands

-Established a republic, ran by an oligarchy of wealthy business men

-no real sovrgn national gov, issues were handled at the local level but the territories would bond together for war

-Stadholder-executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position previously held by the princes of Orange

Divine Rights Monarchy: Plan of Bourbon Kings

-Idea that Kings were chosen by god to lead so they answer to god alone as authority

-French, Henry IV started this

Intendants

French Royal officials in the provinces

Hugunots

French Calvinists (Protestants)

Edict of Nantes

-Issued by Henry IV

-toleration for Huguenots in 150 traditionally Protestant towns in France

-Was revoked by Louis XIV

Louis XIII

Father was Henry IV

-Mother Marie de Medici ran the French gov with help from Cardinal Richelieu

Anne of Austria

Wife of Louis XIII and when he died Mazarin's friend/lover

The Fronde

French nobles war against the king of France

-reign of Louis XIV b/c of growing royal power and increasing taxes

-

Cardinal Mazarin

Succeed Richeliu as the the Chief Royal advisor

-Chief Minster 2nd

-Friend of Queen Anne

Versailes

The Royal palace

-France

-reign of Louis XIV

-moved the royal court to this new palace, countryside

Louis XIV

Sun King

-peak of royal absolitionism

-moved courts to Versailles

-lead a bunch of wars that bankrupted France in the end

Mercantilism

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver

-France

Charles II of Spain Hapsburg Dynasty

-no children

-gave crown to Philip of Anjou ( Louis XIV's grandson)

War of Spanish Succession

triggered by Louis XIVb/c he accepted the wil of Charles II of Spain instead of the treaty

-French Vs. English, Dutch, Austrians, Prussians

-ended w/ Peace of Utrecht

Peace of Utrecht

Ended the War of the Spanish Succession

-1713

-Allowed Philip to remain king of Spain and that Spain and French crowns will never be united

Philip V

-First of the Spanish branch of the Bourbon dynasty

Natural Philosophy

an early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we call "science" today

The Scientific Revolution

-fueled by the establishment of medical universities, the Renaissance

-1540-1690 the "real origin both of modern world and the modern mentality"

-new understanding of astronomy, physics, and medicine based on experimenting and reasoning

Moses Mendelssohn and Jewish Enlightenment

1743

-Boy walked to berlin to learn

-believed reason could supplement his religion

-"On the Immortality of the Soul"

Malachy Postlethwayt and Olaudath Equiano on the Abolition of Slavery

Postlethwayt- economist, pro-slavery on grounds that owners treated the slaves better here then their life in Africa

Equiano- former slaves and told of its harshness, said that being free would belief Britain more then being a slave would

Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage"

Diderot, born in France, literature and philosophy

-questioned god's role in creation, and suggested evolution

-Wrote on the Encyclopedia

-liked the idea of the natural free man

Ptolemy

Almagest

-theorized the planets moved in small circles (epicycles)

Ptolemy

created the epicycle

Geocentric Theories

sun and planets revolve around the earth

-supported by the Church

Heliocentric Theory

Sun is the center and the planets revolve around it

-proposed by Copernicus

Tycho Brache

agreed w/ Copernicus on Heliocentric theory

-"Rudolfine Tables" tracking movement of the planet/stars book

Johannes Kepler

-Planetary laws of motion

-Mathematically proved heliocentrism

Galileo Galilei

"A dialogue on the World's Two Systems"

-formulated law on inertia

-bettered the telescope

-Used telescope to provide evidence for heliocentrism

Issac Newton

-went to Cambridge

-"The Mathmatical Principle of Natural Philosophy"

-Law of Universal Gravitation

Frances Bacon

-Believed ideas are derived from experiences

-English politician and writer

-Advocated experimental method to find truth

Rene Decartes

Mathematics

-Deductive reasoning

-Cartesian dualism

St Thomas Aquinas and Catholic Views

great scholar who loved Aristotle, put his teachings in a Christan context, taught that angels push the planets around the earth

The Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduce new ways of thinking based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress

Philosophes

a group of french intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment

The Salons

meetings of the "enlightened"

-regular social gatherings held by rich Parisian women in their homes where philosophies and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy

Encyclopedia

edited by Denis Diderot

-collection of human knowledge in every field

-work of the philosophes

Jean-jacques Rousseau

-Government based upon fully-participatory social democracy that reflected the general will of the people

-"The Social Contract", "The Confessions", "Emile"

-Romanticism

-Called Native Americans "Noble Savages" and believed they lived by their emotions

The General Will

a concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all people, who have replaced the power of the monarch

Laissez-Faire

-economic and political doctrine

"Hands off"

-government meddles as little as possible in life

Deism and religious toleration

"watch maker God"

-He created the world but does not meddle w/ daily happenings

-Voltaire idea

-not Christianity

Baron de Montesquieu

-"The Spirt of Laws"

-separation of powers

-Checks and balances for 3 branches of government

-Limited Government

-did NOT believe in Deism

Voltaire and Opposition to Church and Nobility

praised the English for religious toleration, parliament, freedoms of speech and the press, loathed nobles' pretensions and airs, supported religious tolerance and disliked Catholicism

-Deism

Enlightened rulers

(such as Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and the Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II)-- Patronized arts and letters; also promoted social change and improved the lives of their subjects

Fredrick The Great of Prussia (fredrick II)

followed advice from Voltaire, no more torture, improved education, religious tolerance, promoted industry commerce and agriculture, efficient statesman, made prussia best ruled nation in europe, allowed freedom of the press and tolerated Catholics & Jews

ENLIGHTENED RULER

Joseph II emperor of Austria

drew on Enlightenment ideas. "revolutionary emperor". abolished slavery (serfdom) in 1781. offered to let peasants pay cash instead of with labor. this wasn't accepted. died at age 49.

Russia: Catherine II "The Great"

- 3rd great Russia ruler of this period

- brought the Enlightenment to Russia

- established Russia as a major power in European affairs

- expanded boundaries into Turkey

- conquered Ukraine and partitioned Poland (1772-95)

Maria Theresa of Austria

-somewhat enlightened.

-traditional power politics more than enlightenment.

-Made her son Joseph II co-ruler

Duarte Barbosa on the Swahili City-States

-Portugese writer, gov agent, and traveler

-"The Book of Duarte Barbosa" a geographical and ethnographical survey of the people, lands, and commerce from Cape of Good Hope to China

Slaves and Global trade

Slaves are people who are bound to servitude and often traded as property

-most religions tolerated slavery

-African Slaves trade

.-continues today

-

Ethiopia

practiced Coptic Christianity (orthodox form of Christianity from Egypt)

-eastern African nation

-invaded by Muslims 1531 ish 1543 ish they leave

-

Swahili

"People of the Coast"

-East African along the coast

-invaded and run and tuin by Portugal

Middle Passage

African slaves voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas, a long and dangerous journey which slaves endured terrible and possibly deadly conditions

Olaudah Equiano

Eighteenth-century West African who published an account of his enslavement and transport to North America. After buying his freedom in 1766, he described the horrors of the Middle Passage, which bolstered the arguments of early advocates of the abolition of slavery.

Luanda, Angola in Africa

- the capital and largest city of Angola, in Southern Africa-chief seaport and its administrative cente-Big part on route of slave trade

What regions supplied the majority of slaves for the Atlantic Slave Trade?

The Southern Bulge of Africa

Columbian Exchange

•An exchange of foods, animals, & diseases between europe and the americas

•Major Cause: Exploration/colonization of americas by Europeans

•Major Effect:New fruits and vegetables are introduced to Europe,

new animals to the new world.

Millions of Native Americans die from European diseases introduced

Indian deaths

Diseases, enslavement.

Transatlantic Economy

Economic impact due to slave trade that affected the Portugese & Spanish colonies in South America & the Dutch, French, and British colonies in the Caribbean & North America.

Major Areas Affected by Plantation Economies and Slavery

-In North American colonies, plantations were mainly concentrated in the south. These colonies included Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia.-which means workers (slaves) were needed for this area

Major Areas affected by plantation economies and slavery

West Indies, America, Africa and Europe

The Sugar Islands

Barbados, Antigua, Monteserrat, and various islands in the Caribbean founded in the 1620s by wealth, slave-owning British sugar planters to harvest sugar.

Quizilbash

Turkish Sufis that wore red hates and were mainly used for military support

No Theater

type of Japanese theater in which performers convey emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words

Daimyo

regional Lords in Japan

Alternate Residents System

- in Japan- arrangement in which Lords lived in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages

Kabuki Theater

- popular form of Japanese drama that brings together dialogue, dance, and music to tell stories- colorful costumes and dramatic makeup

Sundiata

- creator of Mali- epic poem written about him

Askia the Great

- great ruler of Songhai- patronage of scholars and learning

Zimbabwe

- city-state in Africa that controled a lot of land- disappeared in 15th century- everyone was gone when Europeans got there

The Zanj

series of city states along the coast of Africa that was developed by African and Arabic trades

City of Chang'an (Xi'an)

- capital during the Tang dynasty- planned carefully and laid out in a grid pattern- very international

Li Bo

Was one of the most popular poets during the Tang Era.

Zhu Xi

great confucian scholar during the Song Dynasty

Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan's grandson, finished conquering China

Viziers

Bureaucrats of the Ottoman Empire.

Koprulus

family of grand viziers. begin to build ottoman again after decline. lay seize on vienna for the second time and barely lose.

Physiocrats

French economists who argued against mercantilist regulation of the economy and believed in Laissez-faire

Shah Abbas

Great emporer of the Safavids

The Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese government founded by Tokugawa leyasu that lasted from 1603-1867 (also called Edo period)

Nobunaga

A political figure in japan . Reorganized tax system. Formed alliances with other daimyos. Assassinated by one of his own generals.

Hideyoshi

A farmer's son who had become a military commander and succeeded Nobunaga, later went on to be a great unifier

Anti-Clericalism

An opposition towards the Clergy

Queen Anne

last monarch with veto power over parliament, daughter of James II

-Queen during Rape of the Lock

-Unites Ireland and England

Stuarts

George III

Stubborn ruler, lustful for power, who promoted harsh ministers like Lord North

human progress (as an idea)

based education and the teachability of individuals.

Peace of Westphalia

-Ended 30 years war

-Calvinist states legalized

-Lutheran states were affirmed

English Rulers in order

Elizabeth I

James I

Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

Charles II

James II

William and Mary 8. Anne

Romanticism

-Stated that truth comes from feelings and emotions

Cardinal Richelieu

-Advisor to Marie de Medici and Louis XIV

-Promotes absolutism

-Believed peasants were beasts for burden for France

European kings that abdicated their thrones

-James II

-Charles V

Pugachev

-Led revolution in Russia that ended the repression of the Enlightenment

Arabia's population in the first centuries of the Common Era can best be described as which of the following?

nomadic populations similar to the pastoral nomads of Inner Eurasia

Hajj refers to which of the following?

the requirement of all Muslims to visit the city of Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they are able

The Sunni and Shi'a sects of Islam split due to a disagreement about which of the following?

how the leader of Islam should be chosen

The military crises brought about by Arab attacks resulted in which of the following in the Byzantine state?

a restructuring of the Byzantine state in order to centralize authority

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the church in western Europe from the fifth to the eighth century C.E.?

Unlike other institutions in western Europe, the church grew and participated heavily in politics.

An accurate definition of the term serf is

the European peasantry that labored for wealthy landowners and remained bound to a particular aristocratic family or estate from generation to generation.

All of the following are consequences of Charlemagne's rule EXCEPT

the naming of Charlemagne as pope.

The government examination system initiated by the Han dynasty resulted in which of the following?

the chance for some peasants to rise up through the social ranks

Which of the following best describes the spread of Buddhism in China under the Tang dynasty?

Buddhists adapted their ideas to Confucianism and Daoism as they spread the teachings of the Buddha in East Asia.

The rise of Empress Wu to the Tang throne tells us what about Chinese society?

The rise of Empress Wu to the Tang throne tells us what about Chinese society?

The art of making paper originated in which country?

China

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the relationship between the Abbasids and Islam?

The Abbasids often found themselves at odds with Islamic religious leaders and engaged in practices contrary to Islamic ideals.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the spread of Islam and agriculture from the eighth to eleventh centuries C.E.?

The spread of Islam coincided with a great bump in the types and quantities of crops grown throughout Southwest Asia.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the social structure of Muslim states?

Though Islam encouraged equality among all of its followers, Muslim cities were marked by great disparities between rich and poor.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the Dar al-Islam?

Only Muslims travelled throughout the Dar al-Islam

Which of the following best describes the relationship between science and religion in the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century?

While many Muslims continued to engage in scientific inquiry, authorities expected obedience to religious values in the public arena.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Japanese and Chinese culture beginning in the third century C.E.?

Though the Japanese were eager to adopt many aspects of Chinese culture and society, they eventually developed their own distinct blend of Japanese and Chinese culture.

Which of the following likely contributed to the rise of states in West Africa from the third to the eleventh centuries C.E.?

an extended period of increased rainfall

Which of the following best summarizes the trans-Saharan trade during the first millennium C.E.?

Trade increased significantly during this time period, and both the northern and southern ends of the route benefited greatly from the influx of goods.

Which of the following is an accurate definition of the term feudalism?

a system in which a landed aristocrat provides protection for those individuals and families that serve him or her in a variety of capacities

To encourage the growth of the Chinese economy, the Song

expanded China's already extensive network of waterways.

Which of the following is an important difference between the peasantry of Europe under feudalism and China's peasantry under the Song dynasty?

Chinese peasants could sell or bequeath their land to children, unlike the majority of European peasants who labored on the land of wealthy aristocrats.

Which of the following best describes the movement known as Neo-Confucianism?

Originating during the Song era, Neo-Confucianism reaffirmed the basic values of Confucian thought while incorporating some of the spiritual elements of Buddhism and Daoism.

Japan's samurai class was most similar to which of the following?

European vassals

As of 1000 C.E., which group dominated the Mediterranean and Black Seas?

Muslim captains

Which of the following best describes the study of the humanities and sciences under Muslim rule?

Even though madrasas did not offer study in the humanities and sciences, many scholars pursued these topics privately and produced great works in these fields.

The term Sufism refers to which of the following?

the mystical branch of Islam

The annual markets held in the Champagne region of France in the twelfth century tell us what about European society during this period?

Europeans were producing larger quantities of manufactured goods and engaging more heavily in trans-hemispheric trade.

The Magna Carta is important because it

limited the power of the English monarch, especially his or her ability to raise taxes.

All of the following were motives for the spread of Christianity throughout Europe EXCEPT

a preference among large numbers of Europeans for the teachings of Christianity over pagan beliefs.

The life of Sorghaghtani Beki tells us what about the status of women in Mongol society?

Mongol women could achieve great political power and were recognized for their achievements.

Which of the following is an explanation for why the Mongols abandoned eastern Europe?

Instability in Mongol China required the retreat of Mongol forces in the west.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Russia's princes and the Mongols?

Russian princes were largely free to do what they wished as long as they paid an annual tribute to the Mongol court.

Which of the following best describes the impact of Kubilai Khan's rule on the structure of Chinese society?

Though Kubilai Khan relied on Turko-Mongol officials for the highest positions in society, he made great use of lower-level Chinese bureaucrats and kept most of China's institutions intact.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding trade in southern India around the time of the Mongol invasions?

Southern Indian trade centered on overland trade that made significant use of the silk roads.

Which of the following is evidence of Africa's growing role in trans-hemispheric trade during the thirteenth century?

the discovery of Chinese porcelain in the land known as Great Zimbabwe

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of western Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

Europe was composed of several different political entities and was culturally and linguistically diverse.

Which of the following best summarizes the basic principle of scholastic theology?

Scholastic theology combines the principles of Aristotle with the concept of Christian divine revelation.

Which of the following best describes the Malian state?

The emperor of Mali was a powerful ruler who extracted tribute from surrounding chiefs, much like the Mongols did in Russia.

Stories about Sunjata, the founder of the Malian state, most closely parallel the tales of which other imperial founder?

Chingis Khan

Which region was spared from the population and economic slump of the fourteenth century?

Subsaharan Africa

Among the structural shifts undermining the Mongol state in the 1300s was

price inflation caused by excess paper money.

In the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria in the wake of the Black Death, income ________ for rural peasants and ________ for skilled urban workers.

fell; grew

Who was the last of the great Inner Eurasian steppe conquerors?

Tamerlane

Why did serfdom virtually disappear in western Europe in the fifteenth century?

the discovery by landowners that other labor practices made better economic sense

Since printing didn't take hold in India or in the central Muslim lands until the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, how did colleges and wealthy families possess libraries?

The books were hand-copied, mainly in Arabic or Persian.

The Ming government's policies favored

an agrarian society.

How did Murad I ensure his army was not concerned with Ottoman politics or factional feuding, but was loyal to the ruler?

by drafting healthy Christian boys from the Balkans

Why did European women in the fifteenth century enjoy somewhat greater freedom to earn money?

severe labor shortages

The Renaissance philosophy that was fundamentally a project to retrieve the surviving literary and aesthetic achievements of ancient Rome was

humanism.

What method of transport carried the greatest volume of goods in AfroEurasia?

maritime shipping

The Muslim state of Gujarat successfully broke away from ________, South Asia's largest land empire.

the sultanate of Delhi

Who were the original settlers of the Canaries?

migrants from Morocco

Kongolese weavers produced large quantities of textiles for regional markets. What were these textiles made from?

palm fronds

What Iberian region emerged as a creative center for mapmaking, navigational charts, and nautical instruments?

Catalonia

The lateen or triangular sail allowed sailors to

sail almost directly upwind.

In which direction did the winds of the North Atlantic blow?

clockwise

Which of the following is NOT among the reasons Subsaharan Africans were able to resist violent raiding by Portuguese traders?

superior sailing vessels and naval weapons

How did the Spanish crown seek to exert legislative, financial, judicial, and executive authority in the new colonies?

through the Council of the Indies

In the last quarter of the fifteenth century, what maritime power dominated trade in the southern seas?

No single maritime power dominated.

What settlement was founded at the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers sometime between 800 and 1000 C.E.?

Cahokia

What was the primary reason people migrated during the ninth and tenth centuries from northern Mexico and the American Southwest to the highlands of central Mexico?

drought conditions

Most of the settlements of the Pueblo peoples lay

on the Colorado Plateau.

What is obsidian?

a volcanic glass

Who founded the Aztec state but did not call themselves Aztecs?

the Mexica

Cities of the Triple Alliance sometimes fought pre-arranged battles to

trade captives for ritual killing.

To ensure the purity of the royal bloodline, the Incas practiced

sibling marriage.

Which of the following was NOT a main component of the Incan communication system?

pony riders

How did Inca rulers turn religion into a source of power?

by connecting holy sites to Cuzco's central temple

What set off a civil war between the two sons of King Wayna Qhapaq?

the death of the king

Who came to dominate the Atlantic sea trade and exchange in the seventeenth century?

large international companies

Which of the following was NOT a means the Spanish crown used to acquire silver?

mine ownership

What key innovation was used to raise yields of a farm's acreage?

the four-field rotation system

All of the following resulted from Europe's inflationary spiral EXCEPT

higher standards of living.

The accords of the Peace of Westphalia reinforced the principle of ________ that has guided international relations ever since.

territorial sovereignty

In addition to silver, gold, and copper coins, the ________ that came mainly from the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean were also used as money in certain regions.

cowry shells

Some historians contend that slavery was widespread in the Afroeurasian tropical zone because power was demonstrated by

owning labor, not land.

The economic doctrine of mercantilism was based on the premise that

the world's exploitable wealth was finite, and trade barriers against rival states should be erected.

Why did Portuguese sugar planters largely abandon the island of São Tomé in the seventeenth century?

warfare conducted by escaped slaves

Who was the Ndongo royal princess who led her army inland and conquered the Matamba kingdom?

Nzinga

Why did the trend of greater state centralization in the sixteenth century not affect the Ming dynasty?

It was already very centralized.

In the fifteenth century, the great majority of Muslims were of which religious sect?

Sunni Islam

Akbar, who came to the throne as a Muslim, held religious views that were

quite liberal and inclusive.

What were the Russian gun-toting horse soldiers called?

Cossacks

In 1579, with the hope of uniting Europe into a single Christian empire, Charles V succeeded to the throne of

the Habsburg empire.

What was the largest African empire of the sixteenth century?

Songhay

What was the most important instrument of centralizing power in Afroeurasia in the sixteenth century?

firearms

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were mainly directed against the

sale of indulgences.

The meaning of vernacular is

a commonly spoken language.

Which of the following aspired to, but never achieved, large-scale conquests within Europe in the sixteenth century?

the Ottoman empire

The 1700s territorial expansion transformed Russia into a(n)

complex but multicultural state.

In the century following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, wars continued in Europe in one part or another. What generally motivated the fighting?

strategic objectives

The assumption to the British throne of William of Orange and Mary, James II's Protestant daughter, as co-rulers is known as the

Glorious Revolution.

Even with the terrible epidemics that killed millions, natives continued to constitute large majorities relative to Europeans in

Mesoamerica.

Where in the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere was the first European farming settlement founded?

the Cape region of Africa

What aspect of ancient Greek philosophy was used to help make sense of the flood of new knowledge that came in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

logic

Who famously argued that universal physical laws governed all of God's creation, that these laws could be expressed mathematically, and that humans could understand the workings of the universe through their God-given powers of reason?

Isaac Newton

________ argued that the social training given to girls taught them to be frivolous, vain, and incapable. If educated equally, women would be the intellectual match of men.

Mary Wollstonecraft

In the early modern centuries, what was the fastest growing major religion?