Following the discovery of Bass Strait, and in order to secure southern waterways, new settlements were established in the south. From Britain, David Collins sailed in 1803 to settle Port Phillip. His sojourn there was unhappy, and in mid 1804 he moved to the Derwent River in southern Tasmania, already settled (September 1803) by a group from Sydney under John Bowen. Collins resettled the......

shipowner who in 1847 founded the government-subsidized United States Mail Steamship Company (Collins Line), which for a time gave serious competition to the British Cunard Line. From 1850 to 1854 Collins’s paddle-wheel steamers, the “Atlantic,” “Pacific,” “Arctic,” and “Baltic,” were the fastest and most luxurious s...

American geneticist who discovered genes causing genetic diseases and led the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) public research consortium in the Human Genome Project (HGP). In 2009 Pres. Barack Obama nominated Collins to head the NIH, a move that was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in August of that...

American geneticist who discovered genes causing genetic diseases and led the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) public research consortium in the Human Genome Project (HGP). In 2009 Pres. Barack Obama nominated Collins to head the NIH, a move that was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in August of that...

English author known for her provocative romantic thrillers, which were liberally salted with sex, crime, and entertainment-industry gossip. Collins’s glamorous public persona—she frequently appeared in leopard-print clothing and was adorned with expensive jewelry—echoed the lavish lifestyles of many of her characters. She sold more than 400 million copies of her books....

English author known for her provocative romantic thrillers, which were liberally salted with sex, crime, and entertainment-industry gossip. Collins’s glamorous public persona—she frequently appeared in leopard-print clothing and was adorned with expensive jewelry—echoed the lavish lifestyles of many of her characters. She sold more than 400 million copies of her books....

Bass left his Indiana home at age 18 and drifted to Texas, where in 1874 he befriended Joel Collins. In 1876 Bass and Collins went north on a cattle drive but turned to robbing stagecoaches; in September 1877 in Big Springs, Neb., they and four others robbed a Union Pacific train of $65,000 in gold coin and other valuables. Returning to Texas, Bass collected a gang and began a less successful......

...his many correspondents—including Pierre de Fermat, Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Gilles Personne de Roberval, and Galileo—of challenge problems and novel solutions. Later in the century John Collins, librarian of London’s Royal Society, performed a similar function among British mathematicians....

Sept. 14, 1929West Hartford, Conn.June 20, 2005Fréjus, FranceAmerican journalist and author who , had a fruitful partnership with French writer Dominique Lapierre, and the two produced a number of best-selling, scrupulously researched page-turners based on historical events. Their fi...

Sept. 14, 1929West Hartford, Conn.June 20, 2005Fréjus, FranceAmerican journalist and author who , had a fruitful partnership with French writer Dominique Lapierre, and the two produced a number of best-selling, scrupulously researched page-turners based on historical events. Their fi...

...had been subsidized by mail contracts such as that given to Cunard in 1840. Efforts by Americans to start a steamship line across the Atlantic were not notably successful. One exception was the Collins Line, which in 1847 owned the four finest ships then afloat—the Arctic, Atlantic, Baltic, and Pacific—and in 1851......

The expansion of industry and educational reform were priorities of Kentucky’s administrations in the 1980s and 1990s, including that of the state’s first woman governor, Martha Layne Collins, elected in 1984. Since the late 20th century many manufacturing firms have left the state for areas where labour is less expensive, particularly Mexico. However, the state simultaneously has se...

American educator who broke with a public school system she found to be failing inner-city children and established her own rigorous system and practice to cultivate her students’ independence and accomplishment....

American sociologist Patricia Hill Collins in her book Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (1990) proposed a form of standpoint theory that emphasized the perspective of African American women. Collins argued that the matrix of oppression—an interlocking system of race, gender, and class oppression and......

...concerns about overturning “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” After a continued filibuster of the National Defense Authorization Act, independent U.S. Sen. Joe Lieberman and Maine Republican Sen. Susan Collins introduced in the U.S. Senate a stand-alone bill that would repeal “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” A similar bill was introduced in the House of Rep...

...of Broadway shows she had little chance to sing, however; she was wanted mainly for comic “fat girl” roles that she despised. Her chance as a full-time singer came in 1930 when she met Ted Collins, an executive with Columbia Records. He became her manager and guided her career until his death in 1964. Collins helped her develop the radio show “Kate Smith Sings” (CBS,...

pre-Romantic English poet whose lyrical odes adhered to Neoclassical forms but were Romantic in theme and feeling. Though his literary career was brief and his output slender, he is considered one of the finest English lyric poets of the 18th century....

American poet whose uncommonly accessible verse—characterized by plain language, gentle humour, and an alert appreciation for the mundane—made him one of the most popular poets in the United States....

At the same time, in 1850, Captain Richard Collinson was to enter from the west and meet Austin in a pincer movement. His two ships became separated in the Pacific, however, and operated independently. Commander Robert (later Sir Robert) McClure in the Investigator discovered Prince of Wales Strait, rounded Banks Island by the west, and entered Mercy Bay on the north coast,......

city, Madison and St. Clair counties, southwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies a few miles east of the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, Missouri. First settled in 1810 by John Cook of Virginia, the community was laid out in 1837 on bluffs above the river’s floodplain. The village was originally named Unionville but was soon renamed C...

in physics, the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies, such as, for example, two billiard balls, a golf club and a ball, a hammer and a nail head, two railroad cars when being coupled together, or a falling object and a floor. Apart from the properties of the materials of the two objects, two factors affect the result of impact: the force and the time during which the ob...

For these pathfinders, the danger of running into another vessel was negligible, but, as traffic expanded along established routes, collision avoidance became a concern. Emphasis shifted from finding the way to maintaining safe distances between craft moving in various directions at different speeds. Larger ships are easier to see but require more time to change speed or direction. When many......

The solution to a basic statistical problem can be used to estimate the number of collisions such a typical diffusing molecule experienced (N) and the average distance traveled between collisions (l), called the mean free path. The product of N and l must equal the total distance traveled—i.e., Nl = 5 × 108 cm. This distance can......

Liability insurance pays for damage to someone else’s property or for injury to other persons resulting from an accident for which the insured is judged legally liable; collision insurance pays for damage to the insured car if it collides with another vehicle or object; comprehensive insurance pays for damage to the insured car resulting from fire or theft or many other causes; medical-paym...

Under maritime law responsibility for collision damage is based upon the fault principle: a colliding vessel will not be held responsible for damage to another ship or to a fixed object such as a bridge, wharf, or jetty unless the collision is caused by a deficiency in the colliding vessel or by negligence or a willful act on the part of its navigators. It is not always necessary, however, to......

...less angular momentum (dependent on the total mass, its distribution, and the speed of rotation) than the theory seemed to require. For several decades most astronomers preferred the so-called collision theory, in which the planets were considered to have been formed as a result of a close approach to the Sun by some other star. Objections to the collision theory more convincing than those......

theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another. Not all collisions, however, bring about chemical change. A collision will be effective in producing chemical change only if the speci...

...size. To find this relationship, consider a single molecule in motion; during a time interval t it will sweep out a certain volume, hitting any other molecules present in this so-called collision volume. If molecules are located by their centres and each molecule has a diameter d, then the collision volume will be a long cylinder of cross-sectional area......

This process of cloud-droplet growth is referred to as collision-coalescence. Warm-cloud rain results when the droplets attain a sufficient size to fall to the ground. Such a raindrop (perhaps about 1 mm [0.04 inch] in radius) contains perhaps one million 10-micrometre cloud droplets. The typical radii of raindrops resulting from this type of precipitation process range up to several......

in astronomical spectroscopy, bright emission lines in the spectra of certain nebulae (H II regions), not observed in the laboratory spectra of the same gases, because on Earth the gases cannot be rarefied sufficiently. The term forbidden is misleading; a more accurate description would be “highly improbable.” The emissions result from electrons...

...bounded on the west by the Isser River and on the southeast by the Wadi Soummam; (2) the Little Kabylie (Petite Kabylie, or Kabylie des Babors) around the Gulf of Bejaïa (Bougie); and (3) the Collo Kabylie (Kabylie de Collo) forming the hinterland of Cape Bougarʿoun. The Kabylie is joined to the Tell Atlas on the west by the Bou Zegza Mountains....

...The more primitive forms (order Cydippida) have a pair of long, retractable branched tentacles that function in the capture of food. The tentacles are richly supplied with adhesive cells called colloblasts, which are found only among ctenophores. These cells produce a sticky secretion, to which prey organisms adhere on contact....

(genus Collocalia), any of numerous species of cave-dwelling birds belonging to the swift family, Apodidae, found from southeastern Asia (India and Sri Lanka) and the Malay Peninsula through the Philippines, and eastward to the islands of the South Pacific....

...of plant and animal substances (such as leaves, moss, hair, feathers) held together and fastened to the cave wall with a mucilaginous secretion of the salivary glands. The nest of one species, the edible-nest swiftlet (C. fuciphaga), is composed almost entirely of concentric layers of this salivary cement. These nests and, to a lesser extent, those of some other swiftlets are gathered......

The true swifts have a somewhat greater size range; such tiny species as the pigmy swiftlet (Collocalia troglodytes) of the Philippines weighs only 5 grams (0.2 ounce), whereas some of the large and powerful members of the Old World genus Apus are 30 times heavier. Beyond the size differences, the most obvious morphological variation among swifts is in the conformation of the......

...described the dissolution of moderately nitrated cellulose in ether and ethyl alcohol to produce a syrupy fluid that dried to a transparent film; mixtures of this composition eventually found use as collodion, employed through the 19th century as a photographic carrier and antiseptic wound sealant....

early photographic technique invented by Englishman Frederick Scott Archer in 1851. The process involved adding a soluble iodide to a solution of collodion (cellulose nitrate) and coating a glass plate with the mixture. In the darkroom the plate was immersed in a solution of silver nitrate to form silver iodide. The plate, still wet, was exp...

early photographic technique invented by Englishman Frederick Scott Archer in 1851. The process involved adding a soluble iodide to a solution of collodion (cellulose nitrate) and coating a glass plate with the mixture. In the darkroom the plate was immersed in a solution of silver nitrate to form silver iodide. The plate, still wet, was exp...

any substance consisting of particles substantially larger than atoms or ordinary molecules but too small to be visible to the unaided eye; more broadly, any substance, including thin films and fibres, having at least one dimension in this general size range, which encompasses about 10−7 to 10−3 cm. Colloidal systems may exist as dispersions of one substance in ...

The most common type of goitre is endemic goitre, caused by iodine deficiency. Iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for the production of thyroid hormone. When iodine intake is low, thyroid hormone production is low, and in response the pituitary gland secretes greater quantities of the hormone thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) in an attempt to restore thyroid hormone......

A comparatively early non-silver process depended on organic colloid (gum or gelatin) treated with a bichromate. Exposure to light hardened the gelatin, rendering it insoluble, while unexposed portions could be washed away with warm water, leaving a relief image....

The second and last collection Gozzano published during his lifetime was I colloqui (1911; The Colloquies), which addresses the themes of youth, death, creative repression, nostalgia, regret, and contentment. It includes the poems “La signorina Felicita, ovvero, La Felicità” (“Miss Felicita, or, Felicity”), reminiscences of the poet’s visits ...

...but, like the Hollanders and Brabanters with whom he was most at home, he recoiled from the cruel logic of religious persecution. He expressed his views indirectly through the Colloquia, which had started as schoolboy dialogues but now became a vehicle for commentary. For example, in the colloquy Inquisitio de fide (1522) a Catholic finds....

The second and last collection Gozzano published during his lifetime was I colloqui (1911; The Colloquies), which addresses the themes of youth, death, creative repression, nostalgia, regret, and contentment. It includes the poems “La signorina Felicita, ovvero, La Felicità” (“Miss Felicita, or, Felicity”), reminiscences of the poet’s visits ...

...of the Saints), as well as homilies not in these cycles; a Latin grammar; a treatise on time and natural history; pastoral letters; and several translations. His Latin Colloquy, supplied with an Old English version by an anonymous glossarist, gives a fascinating glimpse into the Anglo-Saxon monastic classroom. Aelfric wrote with lucidity and astonishing......

...variety and command. It contains two of his most praised poems: “The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket,” elegizing Lowell’s cousin Warren Winslow, lost at sea during World War II, and “Colloquy in Black Rock,” celebrating the feast of Corpus Christi. In 1947 Lowell was named poetry consultant to the Library of Congress (now poet laureate consultant in poetry), a.....

in Irish literature, the preeminent tale of the Old Irish Fenian cycle of heroic tales. The “old men” are the Fenian poets Oisín (Ossian) and Caoilte, who, having survived the destruction of their comrades at the Battle of Gabhra, return to Ireland from the timeless Land of Youth (Tír na nÓg) to discover th...

photomechanical printing process that gives accurate reproduction because no halftone screen is employed to break the images into dots. In the process, a plate (aluminum, glass, cellophane, etc.) is coated with a light-sensitive gelatin solution and exposed to light through a photographic negative. The gelatin is hardened in exposed areas and is then soaked in glycerin, which is absorbed most in t...

Greek epic poet now represented by only one extant poem, The Rape of Helen (which was discovered in Calabria, Italy). The short poem (394 verses) is in imitation of Homer and Nonnus and tells the story of Paris and Helen from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis down to Helen’s arrival at Troy. According to the Suda lexicon, Colluthus was also...

soil and debris that accumulate at the base of a slope by mass wasting or sheet erosion. It generally includes angular fragments, not sorted according to size, and may contain slabs of bedrock that dip back toward the slope, indicating both their place of origin and that slumping was the process of transportation. At the edges of valleys, colluvium may be interfingered with and almost indistinguis...

...which, though popular, contributed largely to Skelton’s later reputation as a “beastly” poet. His three major political and clerical satires, Speke Parrot (written 1521), Collyn Clout (1522), and Why come ye nat to courte (1522), were all directed against the mounting power of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, both in church and in state, and the dangers—a...

English playwright, writer of scurrilous satiric verse, and theatre manager whose comic operas, farces, melodramas, and sentimental comedies were box-office successes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries....

important prelate of the early Irish church and monastic founder who led the Celtic party at the crucial Synod of Whitby (663/664), held by the church of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria to decide whether to follow Celtic or Roman usages....

Hollywood film actor whose screen image embodied the archetypal English gentleman. His elegant accent and polished demeanour gave voice to characters who were sophisticated yet graciously heroic, which contrasted with the rugged, action-oriented screen images of American-bred leading men....

Hollywood film actor whose screen image embodied the archetypal English gentleman. His elegant accent and polished demeanour gave voice to characters who were sophisticated yet graciously heroic, which contrasted with the rugged, action-oriented screen images of American-bred leading men....

town, northeastern France, Haut-Rhin département, in theAlsace région. Colmar is located 42 mi (68 km) south-southwest of Strasbourg, 10 mi west of the Rhine River, bordering the German frontier and a few miles east of the foothills of the Vosges Mountains. It is on the main railway from Strasbourg to Mulhouse and Basel...

French mathematician. In 1820, while serving in the French army, he built his first arithmometer, which could perform basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The first mechanical calculator to gain widespread use, it became a commercial success and was still being used up to World War I....

...Duarte, established his European reputation. Traditional in form, it was both a popular and a critical success. His second novel, La colmena (1951; The Hive), with its fragmented chronology and large cast of characters, is an innovative and perceptive story of postwar Madrid. It solidified Cela’s critical and popular reputati...

The logic programming language PROLOG (Programmation en Logique) was conceived by Alain Colmerauer at the University of Aix-Marseille, France, where the language was first implemented in 1973. PROLOG was further developed by the logician Robert Kowalski, a member of the AI group at the University of Edinburgh. This language makes use of a powerful theorem-proving technique known as resolution,......

American talk-radio and television news commentator. Colmes came to national prominence in his role as cohost of the Fox News Channel’s political debate show Hannity & Colmes. He is also host of The Alan Colmes Show, a nationally syndicated late-night talk radio program on Fox News Radio....

...is some 25 miles (40 km) away on the eastern side of the estuary. Macau comprises a small, narrow peninsula projecting from the mainland province of Guangdong and includes the islands of Taipa and Coloane. Extending up a hillside is the city of Macau, which occupies almost the entire peninsula. The name Macau, or Macao (Pinyin: Aomen; Wade-Giles romanization: Ao-men), is derived from the......

July 19, 1910Quemchi, ChileAug. 5, 2002Santiago, ChileChilean author who , penned seafaring adventure tales that were wildly popular and critically praised. His stories drew on local legends and reflected the landscape of the harsh Chilean coast, particularly Tierra del Fuego, which had an ...

...of their digestive system attests. Relatively few examples of dietary specialization are to be found. The so-called leaf-eating monkeys, a sobriquet that embraces the whole of the subfamily Colobinae, including colobus monkeys and langurs, are by no means exclusively leaf eaters and according to season include flowers, fruit, and (in some cases) seeds in their diet. The howler monkeys......

failure of one or more structures in the eye to fuse during embryonic life, creating a congenital fissure in that eye. Frequently several structures are fissured: the choroid (the pigmented middle layer of the wall of the eye), the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eye), the ciliary body (the source of the aqueous humour and the sit...

any of some dozen species of long-tailed tree-dwelling and generally gregarious monkeys native to eastern, central, and western Africa. Colobus monkeys are active during the day and are able to make long leaps between trees. The three genera of colobus are all more or less thumbless and can be distinguished by colour: black-and-white colobus (genus Colobus...