For the past 14 lessons, we have been focused on sentential logic. This is where we use single letters in place of whole sentences and focus on the logical relations made between whole claims. But an argument can be valid without there being logical relations between whole sentences.

In his book Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence, David Benatar argues for anti-natalism, the belief that procreation is always wrong. He argues that there is an asymmetry between the values of pleasure and pain for someone who exists and for someone who does not exist, and …

From David Benatar, who considers pain so bad, it is better never to be born, to Friedrich Nietzsche, who affirms life with all its pain and suffering, different philosophers have different opinions on pain. What is yours?

In The Conquest of Happiness, Bertrand Russell describes ways to escape from unhappiness and find happiness. This video and post focus on the first chapter, focusing on how self-absorption causes unhappiness.