Friday, July 3, 2009

Many of us have had to ponder this question. Technology selection is notoriously difficult in the enterprise space since the criteria and complexity of the problem is often not fully understood until later in the development process.There is an interesting post from ThoughtWorker Erik Dörnenburg with the unfortunate title “Making the ESB pain Visible”. Erik provides a real-world example of when not to use an ESB citing that -

Based on conversations with the project sponsors I began to suspect that at least the introduction of the ESB was a case of RDD, ie. Resume-Driven Development, development in which key choices are made with only one question in mind: how good does it look on my CV? Talking to the developers I learned that the ESB had introduced “nothing but pain.” But how could something as simple as the architecture in the above diagram cause such pain to the developers? Was this really another case of architect’s dream, developer’s nightmare?

Later, Erik quite rightly points out that an ESB should not have been used in this scenario. This is a fairly common problem for ESBs and other enterprise technology like BPM/BPEL where the technology is not chosen for the right reasons and then the technology gets blamed when the project struggles. Given that much of the enterprise software disillusionment today stems from the incorrect usage of the technology I thought I'd offer some rough guidelines for selecting an ESB.

ESB selection checklist

Mule and other ESBs offer real value in scenarios where there are at least a few integration points or at least 3 applications to integrate. They are also well suited to scenarios where loose coupling, scalability and robustness are required. Here is a quick ESB selection checklist –

Are you integrating 3 or more applications/services? If you only need to communicate between 2 applications, using point-to-point integration is going to be easier.

Will you really need to plug in more applications in the future? Try and avoid YNNI in your architecture. It’s better to keep things simple re-architect later if needed.

Do you need to use more than one type of communication protocol? If you are just using HTTP/Web Services or just JMS, you’re not going to get any of the benefits if cross protocol messaging and transformation that Mule provides.

Do you need message routing capabilities such as forking and aggregating message flows, or content-based routing? Many applications do not need these capabilities.

Do you need to publish services for consumption by other applications? This is a good fit for Mule as it provides a robust and scalable service container, but in Erik’s use case all they needed was an HTTP client from their front-end Struts application.

Do you have more than 10 applications to integrate? Avoid big-bang projects and consider breaking the project down in to smaller parts. Pilot your architecture on just 3 or 4 systems first and iron out any wrinkles before impacting other systems.

Do you really need the scalability of an ESB? It’s very easy to over-architect scalability requirements of an application. Mule scales down as well as up making it a popular choice for ‘building in’ scalability. However, there is a price to be paid for this since you are adding a new technology to the architecture.

Do you understand exactly what you want to achieve with your architecture? Vendors often draw an ESB as a box in the middle with lots of applications hanging off it. In reality, it does not work like that. There is a lot details that need to be understood first around the integration points, protocols, data formats, IT infrastructure, security etc. Starting small helps to keep the scope of the problem manageable and keep the fuckupery to a minimum. Until you understand your architecture and scope it properly you can't really make a decision as to whether an ESB is right for you.

Generally, always validate a product solution for your needs. Don’t choose an ESB or any other technology because –

It will look good on my resume

I don’t need the features today but there is a remote chance that I _might_ in future

I had a great golfing weekend with the head of sales

This checklist is not exhaustive, but will help clarify when not to use an ESB. Once you have decided that an ESB is a good fit for your project you’ll want to add additional selection criteria such as connectivity options, robustness, error management, service repository, performance, data support, etc. The important thing to remember is that there is no silver bullet for good architecture and you need to know your architecture before making a technology decision.

With this checklist in mind it’s easy to see that Erik’s example never needed an ESB in the first place.

However, if the architecture looked something more like this, then an ESB would have probably been a good fit.

Choosing Mule

Obviously, as the creator of Mule I have some bias for wanting everyone to use Mule. However, it is critical to the continued success of the Mule project and to MuleSource that users understand when not to use an ESB. Open source makes a lot of sense for enterprise software because projects need time to try out the technology and refine their proposed architecture. Having access to the product and source code helps a huge amount in this discovery process and allows the customer to make an informed decision.

In fact the MuleSource business model hinges on the ability of the user to self-select Mule and approach us only when they need development or production support. This has been working very well for everyone involved. Customers get to do a proof of concept (PoC) with our product knowing that if they end up using it for a mission critical application that they can get professional 24x7 support. For MuleSource it means that our customers buy from us rather than us selling to them, so they always get what they want – this is a far cry from the old proprietary upfront license model that used to hold the enterprise market hostage.

Cheers Kenneth. Technology decisions are a huge gamble, so you are always better off starting out small and validating the direction. This is why many SOA projects fail. At least with open source you can learn to walk yourself rather than the vendor chauffering you to an unknown location and then driving off.

Ross, a very informative article. Well you explained, a very complex question in simple words :-) I was always confused should I use ESB or not?, now things are more clear.Coming from Apache Family, familiar with Apache Camel, but did studied Mule Source for a while. After reading this post, I think I can now plan to use Mule is one of the POC's and explore further.

I remember reading this post when you first published it and many of your points resonated with what I was aiming to do with Mule. The notion of the Enterprise Service Network is very much at the core of Mule (no bus required). Mule ESB is branded as such since people are more likely to look for the capabilities we provide under the ESB term. For Mule ESB is just one deployment topology, but we have lots of users who deploy Mule as an integration hub or ESN. However, the ESB is still popular.