To feel guilt, you have to know what you did wrong. If a dog destroys something long before you get home, they have no idea why you are mad at them. You'd get the same response if you came in mad when they'd done nothing wrong. Also, people can feel guilty when nobody knows they did something, because they can create the situation in their heads where people find out. Dogs can't.

As adorable as it is, research has shown that dogs don't experience shame. Despite what any dog owner will tell you, the dogs are just responding to their owner's queues. They can tell you are angry and react accordingly. They aren't saying "I'm sorry". They are saying "Don't punish me".