Y

1.
Gamergate controversy
–
The Gamergate controversy concerns issues of sexism and progressivism in video game culture, stemming from a harassment campaign conducted primarily through the use of the Twitter hashtag #GamerGate. Gamergate is used as a term for the controversy, the harassment campaign and actions of those participating in it. Beginning in August 2014, Gamergate targeted several women in the game industry, including game developers Zoë Quinn and Brianna Wu. Harassment campaigns against Quinn and others were coordinated through these forums and included doxing, threats of rape, Most Gamergate supporters are anonymous, and the Gamergate movement has no official leaders, spokespeople, or manifesto. Statements claiming to represent Gamergate have been inconsistent and contradictory, making it difficult for commentators to identify goals, as a result, Gamergate has often been defined by the harassment its supporters have committed. Some Gamergate supporters have attempted to dissociate themselves from misogyny and harassment, many supporters of Gamergate oppose what they view as the increasing influence of feminism on video game culture. As a result, Gamergate is often viewed as a backlash against progressivism. Gamergate supporters claim to perceive collusion between the press and feminists, progressives, and social critics and these concerns have been dismissed by commentators as trivial, conspiracy theories, groundless, or unrelated to actual issues of ethics. Such concerns led users of the hashtag to launch email campaigns targeting firms advertising in publications of which they disapproved, Industry responses to Gamergate have been predominantly negative. The Entertainment Software Association and Sony Computer Entertainment have condemned Gamergate harassment, Gamergate has led figures both inside and outside the industry to focus on better methods of tackling online harassment. Representative Katherine Clark from Massachusetts has campaigned for a government response to online harassment. Within the industry, organizations such as the Crash Override Network, in February 2013, Zoë Quinn, an independent game developer, released Depression Quest, an interactive fiction browser game. The game was met with reviews in the gaming media. Quinn began to hate mail upon its release, leading her to change her phone number. In August 2014, Eron Gjoni, Quinns former boyfriend, published the Zoe Post, a 9, 425-word blog post that quoted from personal chat logs, emails, and text messages to describe their relationship. The post was linked on 4chan, where some erroneously claimed the relationship had induced Grayson to publish a review of Depression Quest. Grayson had never reviewed Quinns games and Graysons only article for Kotaku mentioning her was published before their relationship began, Gjoni later updated his blog post to acknowledge this. After Gjonis blog post, Quinn and her family were subjected to a virulent, the people behind this campaign initially referred to it as the quinnspiracy, but adopted the Twitter hashtag Gamergate after it was coined by actor Adam Baldwin near the end of August

2.
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
–
Contact with the aircraft, a Boeing 777-200ER, was lost about 50 km from the Ukraine–Russia border and wreckage of the aircraft landed near Torez in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine,40 km from the border. The crash occurred in a controlled by the Donbass Peoples Militia during the Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion. The crash is the deadliest airliner shootdown, and was Malaysia Airlines second aircraft loss during 2014 after Flight 370 on March 8, in October 2015, the Dutch Safety Board concluded that the airliner was downed by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine. The JIT had established the identities of approximately 100 people, witnesses or suspects, who were linked to the transporting of the Buk, the DSB and JIT findings confirmed earlier claims by American and German intelligence sources and the Ukrainian government as to the missile type and launch area. In 2014, Ukraine and US intelligence had also said that Russia had supplied the Buk missile to pro-Russian insurgents, also in 2014, German intelligence sources reported that they believed insurgents had stolen the missile from the Ukrainian military. Several theories about the crash have since appeared in Russian media, and as of September 2016, between November 2014 and May 2016, UK-based investigative collective Bellingcat made a series of allegations, based on their examination of photos in social media and other open-source information. In July 2015, Malaysia proposed that the United Nations Security Council set up a tribunal to prosecute those deemed responsible for the downing of the plane. The Malaysian resolution gained a majority on the Security Council, but was vetoed by Russia, Flight 17 was operated with a Boeing 777-2H6ER, serial number 28411, registration 9M-MRD. The 84th Boeing 777 produced, it first flew on 17 July 1997, exactly 17 years before the incident, powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 892 engines and carrying 280 seats, the aircraft had recorded more than 76,300 hours in 11,430 cycles before the crash. The aircraft was in a condition at departure. The Boeing 777, which entered service on 7 June 1995, has one of the best safety records in commercial aircraft. In June 2014 there were about 1,212 aircraft in service, the incident is the deadliest airliner shootdown incident to date. All 283 passengers and 15 crew died, the crew were all Malaysian and about two-thirds of the passengers were Dutch, while many of the other passengers were Australians and Malaysians. By 19 July, the airline had determined the nationalities of all 298 passengers, many initial reports had erroneously indicated that around 100 delegates to the conference were aboard, but this was later revised to six. Also on board were Dutch Senator Willem Witteveen, Australian author Liam Davison, at least twenty family groups were on board the aircraft, and eighty of the passengers were under the age of 18. The flight had two captains, Wan Amran Wan Hussin from Kuala Kangsar and Eugene Choo Jin Leong from Seremban, some airlines started to avoid eastern Ukrainian airspace in early March 2014 due to the Crimean crisis. In April, the International Civil Aviation Organization warned governments that there was a risk to commercial passenger flights over south-eastern Ukraine and this warning did not include the MH17 crash region. On 14 June 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft was shot down on approach to Luhansk International Airport, on 29 June, Russian news agencies reported that insurgents had obtained a Buk missile system after having taken control of a Ukrainian air defence base

3.
Nadiya Savchenko
–
Nadiya Viktorivna Savchenko is a Ukrainian politician and former Army aviation pilot in the Ukrainian Ground Forces. She is a member of the Verkhovna Rada, during the 2014 War in Donbass, Savchenko, a first lieutenant in the Ukrainian Ground Forces, served as instructor with a volunteer infantry unit, Aidar Battalion. She was subsequently charged and convicted of murder and illegally crossing Russian state border despite being abducted from Ukrainian territory one hour before the deaths of the journalists. European Union ministers and their representative regarded her detention as illegal, in November 2014, while still imprisoned, Savchenko was elected to the Verkhovna Rada in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, and she formally resigned from her military post. On 25 May 2016, Savchencko was exchanged in a swap for Russian GRU officers Yevgeny Yerofeyev. Savchenko was one of Ukraines first women to train as an airplane pilot, and is the only female aviator to pilot the Sukhoi Su-24 bomber. Nadiya Savchenko and her younger sister Vira were born in Kiev and their father was an agricultural engineer, their mother a designer and cargo manager. Savchenkos father was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union while her mother was an anti-communist and her mother and sister Vira said in an interview that she and her sister were brought up in a Ukrainian-speaking household and attending Ukrainian-language schools. At 16, Savchenko was already determined to become a pilot and she joined the Ukrainian Army, working as a radio operator with the countrys railway forces before training as a paratrooper. She was then the only Ukrainian female soldier in the Ukrainian peacekeeping troops in Iraq, in 2010, she was posted to the 3rd Army Aviation Regiment in Brody, Lviv Oblast. In 2011, the Ukraine Defense Forces published a 20-minute documentary about Savchenko and she also featured in a United Nations Development Program as part of a drive to promote equality in the Ukrainian military. Savchenko found her time in Brody boring and often got drunk and she was unhappy at being trained to fly the Mi-24 attack helicopter, instead of fast jets. Her former commanding officer at Brody, Edward Zahurskiy, described her as an officer, who was unstable, insubordinate. In December 2013 Savchenkos 3rd Army Aviation Regiment was ordered to Kiev by President Viktor Yanukovych, Savchenko then joined the Euromaidan demonstrations. Savchenko kept a low profile during the protests, there is video of trying to persuade not to throw petrol bombs at riot police. After the president had fled Ukraine in late February 2014, Savchenko, angry over her unit not being deployed in the War in Donbass Savchenko defied orders and left Brody and she volunteered as an instructor in the Aidar Battalion. During the War in Donbass, Savchenko fought as a volunteer in the east of Ukraine in the Aidar Battalion, on June 19 a video of her interrogation at an undisclosed location appeared on the internet, she was shown handcuffed to a metal pipe. On June 20, the chief of counterintelligence Vladimir Gromov said that Savchenko was being well treated, on June 22, there were media reports that Savchenko had been transferred to Donetsk

4.
Karamat Rahman Niazi
–
Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi, NI, SJ, HI, is a retired four-star rank admiral who served as the Chief of Naval Staff from 1979 to 1983. In 1979, he took over the command of Pakistan Navy as its Chief of Naval Staff, Karamat Rahman Niazi was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab Province, British Indian Empire, to a Pashtun family who belonged to the Niazi tribe that hailed from Mianwali, Punjab in Pakistan. Upon returning, he was promoted as Sub-Lieutenant and his career in the Navy progressed extremely well, Niazi was directed to the United States to complete a training on the submarine operations, and qualified for his training from the USS Angler, alongside with then-Lt. Upon commissioning of PNS Ghazi in the Navy in 1963, Niazi was promoted as Commander and was the first commanding officer of nations first submarine, the Ghazi. On 2 September in 1965, Ghazi was deployed off to Bombay coast under the command of Cdr Niazi, however, Cdr Niazis mission was to remain off the Bombay coast and engage with only major warships of Indian Navy who were close to Karachi coast. After the naval shelling by Pakistan Navy in Dwarka, India, Ghazi again returned to patrol off the Rann of Kutch areas, Niazi order to fire off three Mk.14 torpedoes aimed at targeting the INS Brahmaputra when it was identified by its navigator officers. Cdr Niazi order for an increased its depth to evade the counterattack as there were three distant explosions were heard. Cdr, Niazi did logged the explosions in the war logs, after the ceasefire was enforced by the two nations, Cdr. Niazi decided to the continue the patrol of the Arabian sea, Niazi submitted the mission report but did not submit the inquiry report of three mysterious explosions that were heard during the course of the mission. Tasnim were public decorated with Sitara-e-Jurat by President Ayub Khan for their actions of valor, Cdr Niazi commanded Ghazi until 1967 before being promoted Captain and taking a staff assignment at the Navy NHQ. In 1971, he was promoted as Commodore and temporarily held the rank of Rear-Admiral to assume the Submarine Command during the war with India. Upon graduating in 1976, he was promoted as Rear-Admiral and assumed the command of Pakistan Fleet as its Commander, in 1977, he was promoted as Vice-Admiral and appointed Vice Chief of Naval Staff of Navy where he was instrumental in incorporating new ideas on anti-submarine warfare methods. Vice-Admiral Niazi was promoted as four-rank admiral in the Navy and assumed the Command of Navy from Admiral Mohammad Shariff as its Chief of Naval Staff on 22 March 1979. Admiral Niaz was honored with Nishan-i-Imtiaz, which is awarded to all the services chiefs upon taking over their respective commands by the President, as naval chief, Admiral Niazi played a crucial role in stabilizing the administration of President Zia-ul-Haq and was appointed martial law administrator under President Zia. Admiral Niazi worked in coordination with President Zia on the national security issues. His interests in the economy was also noted when aiding in preparation of federal budgets. Niazi lived a quiet life and lives on military pensions. He did not seek a public office but became a member of Tablighi Jamaat in his life serving on missionary activities throughout his life

5.
Serbia v Albania (UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying)
–
A UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match involving the national association football teams of Serbia and Albania took place on 14 October 2014 at Partizan Stadium, in Belgrade, Serbia. The match was abandoned after several on and off the field incidents, Serbian fans had chanted Ubij, ubij, Šiptara, and threw flares and other objects on the pitch. At that point a drone carrying an Albanian nationalist banner with an image of Greater Albania appeared on the pitch. During an interruption of play, Albanian players rushed towards a Serbian player, Stefan Mitrović, conflict arose when Bekim Balaj ran over and took the banner. This triggered an invasion by Serbian fans and security stewards. In addition to attacks by Serbian fans, the Albanian side claimed that their players were attacked by stewards. This was denied and a counter-claim of provocation was made by Serbian officials. On 24 October 2014, UEFA awarded Serbia a walkover against Albania, with Serbia deemed to have won the match 3–0, Serbia was, however, given a three-point deduction, and ordered to play its next two homes games behind closed doors. In addition both teams were fined €100,000, the decision was appealed by both Serbia and Albania, but the decision was upheld by UEFA. The points deduction to Serbia, fines, and order to play Serbia home games without a crowd were left intact, Serbia and Albania were drawn together on 23 February 2014, in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group I. The two countries have strong political disagreements regarding Kosovo, which culminated during the Kosovo War, the game between Serbia and Albania took place at Partizan Stadium in Belgrade, Serbia, on 14 October 2014, as part of UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group I. During the games opening moments, Serbian fans burned a NATO flag, around 15 minutes into the game, the first flare was thrown on the pitch. Approximately ten minutes later, a Greek flag was raised by the Serbian fans, ten minutes before half time, flares were thrown towards Ansi Agolli as he was about to take a corner kick, and a petard exploded. Several objects were thrown at him, and at the assistant referee, the match was briefly suspended, and Danko Lazović and Aleksandar Kolarov attempted to ease tension as players briefly retreated from stands. After 40 seconds, the continued, while the stadium announcer asked fans not to throw objects onto pitch. At around the 40-minute mark, a bottle was thrown at Bekim Balaj, in the 42nd minute of the match, English referee Martin Atkinson suspended the game again due to Serbian fans launching flares onto the pitch. While the game was suspended, a small remote-controlled quadcopter drone with a suspended from it hovered over the stadium. Bekim Balaj finally took the flag from Mitrović, and tried to take it off the field, until a Serbian fan ran onto the pitch and struck him across the back of the head with a plastic stool

6.
The Interview
–
The Interview is a 2014 American political satire spy comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. It is their directorial work, following This Is the End. The screenplay is by Dan Sterling, based upon a story he co-authored with Rogen, the film stars Rogen and James Franco as journalists who set up an interview with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, and are recruited by the CIA to assassinate him. The film is heavily inspired by a Vice documentary which was shot in 2012. Rogen and Goldberg developed the idea for The Interview in the late 2000s, in 2011, after Jong-ils death, Jong-un replaced him as the North Korean leader. Rogen and Goldberg re-developed the script with the focus on Jong-uns character, the announcement for the film was made in March 2013, along with the beginning of pre-production. Principal photography took place in Vancouver from October to December 2013, in June 2014, the North Korean government threatened action against the United States if Columbia Pictures released the film. Columbia delayed the release from October to December, and reportedly re-edited the film to make it acceptable to North Korea. In November, the systems of parent company Sony Pictures Entertainment were hacked by the Guardians of Peace. The group also threatened terrorist attacks against cinemas that showed the film, major cinema chains opted not to release the film, leading Sony to release it for online rental and purchase on December 24,2014, followed by a limited release at select cinemas the next day. The Interview grossed $40 million in rentals, making it Sonys most successful digital release. It received mixed reviews for its humor and subject matter, although a few praised the performances of Rogen, Franco, Park. Dave Skylark is the host of the talk show Skylark Tonight, after Skylark and his crew celebrate their 1, 000th episode, the shows producer Aaron Rapaport is upset by a producer peer who criticized the show as not being a real news program. A while later Rapaport reveals his concern and urge for change, Skylark discovers that North Korean leader Kim Jong-un is a fan of Skylark Tonight, prompting Rapaport to arrange an interview. Skylark carries the ricin strip hidden inside a pack of gum, upon their arrival in the presidential palace in Pyongyang, they are introduced to security officers Koh and Yu, Koh discovers the ricin strip and chews it, believing it to be gum. That night, Lacey airdrops them two more strips from a UAV, but in order to smuggle it back to their room, Rapaport has to evade a Siberian tiger, Skylark spends the day with Kim, playing basketball and partying. Kim persuades Skylark that he is misunderstood as a dictator and as a failed administrator. At dinner, Koh has a seizure and inadvertently kills Yu before dying, the next morning, Skylark feels guilty and discards one of the ricin strips, then thwarts Rapaports attempt to poison Kim with the second strip

7.
Marius (giraffe)
–
Marius was a young male giraffe living at Copenhagen Zoo. Though healthy, he was considered unsuitable for future breeding so it was decided by the zoo authorities to kill him. Despite several offers to adopt Marius, and a petition to save him. His body was dissected in public and parts were subsequently fed to other animals at the zoo. The event received media coverage and generated responses from several organisations and individuals. Since records began in the early 1900s, five giraffes have been killed for similar conservation management reasons and this is out of a captive population in Europe that in 2014 stood at 798 giraffes. Since 2012, two other young bulls in the European Endangered Species Programme have been killed. The giraffe was born on 6 February 2012 at Copenhagen Zoo where he lived all his life, most media wrote that Marius was 18 months old. Bengt Holst, Scientific Director of the zoo, corrected this and he specified that Marius could not be considered as an inbred, countering few earlier reports. He added that alternative solutions were considered, but not found viable, the zoo had announced that he would be anesthetized before being put down with a bolt gun. However, the vet said he used a rifle, allegedly a Winchester. Following the recommendations of the EAZA the zoo decided to put down Marius, the Copenhagen Zoo explained in a statement that, Offers to relocate Marius were received by Copenhagen Zoo, but none were taken up. Commenting on several offers the zoo stated that the offers did not match with requirements of the EAZA, as an EAZA member, the Copenhagen zoo does not own its animals, but manages them. The zoo is not allowed to sell animals and the placement of animals outside of the EEP is limited to those that follow the same set of rules as EAZA. EAZA member Krakow Zoo said it offered EAZA to adopt Marius, also declined were offers from two non-EAZA members, the Dutch Landgoed Hoenderdaell wildlife park and the Swedish Frösö Zoo, as well as an offer by a private individual. After being killed, Marius was publicly dissected and this was done in a separate area of the zoo, but accessible for those interested, including parents with children. Parts of his body were fed to the zoos lions, other parts were sent to seven research projects. The zoos spokesman said, Im actually proud because I think we have given children an understanding of the anatomy of a giraffe that they wouldnt have had from watching a giraffe in a photo

8.
Controversy
–
Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus – turned in a direction, from contra – against – and vertere – to turn, or versus, hence. The most applicable or well known controversial subjects, topics or areas are politics, religion, philosophy, parenting and sex. Other prominent areas of controversy are economics, science, finances, culture, education, the military, society, celebrities, organisation, the media, age, gender, Controversy in matters of theology has traditionally been particularly heated, giving rise to the phrase odium theologicum. In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a case, while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil. For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of the United States Constitution states that the judicial Power shall extend, to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party. Controversies are frequently thought to be a result of a lack of confidence on the part of the disputants – as implied by Benfords law of controversy, which only talks about lack of information. A study of 1540 US adults found instead that levels of scientific literacy correlated with the strength of opinion on climate change, in other controversies – such as that around the HPV vaccine, the same evidence seemed to license inference to radically different conclusions. Kahan et al. explained this by the biases of biased assimilation. Similar effects on reasoning are seen in non-scientific controversies, for example in the gun control debate in the United States. As with other controversies, it has suggested that exposure to empirical facts would be sufficient to resolve the debate once. In computer simulations of cultural communities, beliefs were found to polarize within isolated sub-groups, Bayesian decision theory allows these failures of rationality to be described as part of a statistically optimized system for decision making. As such, it appears neurobiologically plausible that the brain implements decision-making procedures that are close to optimal for Bayesian inference, in addition, the preferences of the agent also cause the beliefs formed to change – this explains the biased assimilation shown above. Argument Bipartisanship Dialectic ProCon. org Scandal Brian Martin, The Controversy Manual

9.
Olexandr Kolchenko
–
Olexandr Olexandrovych Kolchenko is a Ukrainian left-wing and trade union activist, antifascist, anarchist, ecologist, archaeologist, who has been convicted of terrorism. Olexandr Kolchenko and three more Crimean pro-Ukrainian activists, Olexiy Chyrniy, Gennadiy Afanasyev and Oleg Sentsov are united by a criminal case of the so-called “Crimean terrorists”. All four have been arrested and imprisoned in Russia after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, born in a working-class family, Olexandr Kolchenko worked as a loader at the post while studying tourism management at the georgraphic faculty of Tavrida National University in Simferopol. He became a supporter of anarchist, antifascist and internationalist ideas, since 2007, Kolchenko has been an active militant of the local antifascist movement. He staged numerous protests against manifestations of fascism in the region. He also organized actions of solidarity with Russian antifascists who fell victims of the terror or government repression, including Anastasia Baburova. He was involved to numerous events and public campaigns to protect workers’ rights and he was supporting the struggles of Crimean Trolleybus employees and protesting against construction of a contaminant port in Crimea. Olexandr Kolchenko was detained on May 16,2014 in Simferopol, Crimea and he was convicted of arson of the offices of Russian political organizations and planning the bombing of the Soviet Memorial monument in Crimea. On May 23,2014 Olexandr was convoyed to Moscow and imprisoned in the Lefortovo prison, despite his left-wing and antifascist affiliations, he has been accused of belonging to the Ukrainian ultranationalist organization Right Sector and of plotting terrorist attacks. In June 2015 the investigation of the Kolchenko and Sentsov criminal case was finished, on July 31,2015 the Rostov-on-Don military court started hearings on this case. Olexandr Kolchenko stood trial together with Oleg Sentsov, the accusation against Kolchenko and Sentsov is primarily based on evidence given by two other so-calles “Crimean terrorists”, Chyrniy and Afanasyev, broadcast on Russian television. But they refused to testify in court, Afanasyev announced that his testimonies had been given under torture. Olexandr Kolchenko rejects all charges of terrorism, Kolchenko fully admits to hurling a Molotov cocktail at a building housing pro-Russian organizations, but denies that this was terrorism. The attack was committed at night when the participants understood the office to be empty, both Kolchenko and his lawyer, Svetlana Sidorkina, are adamant that the only real charge against Kolchenko can be classified as hooliganism or vandalism. Kolchenko also refuted belonging to the political party Right Sector which is banned in Russia, Right Sector itself has released a press statement stating that the four individuals considered by Russia as “Crimean terrorists” have nothing to do with the party. Russian authorities denied Sentsov and Kolchenko Ukrainian consular assistance, claiming that they were Russian citizens, following the annexation of Crimea, Kolchenko and Sentsov had not signed the document stating that they did not wish to change citizenship. In other words, these men have been ″united with Russia″ along with the Crimean peninsula”. According to his lawyer, Svetlana Sidorkina, Kolchenko was illegally issued with a Russian passport, dated May 26,2014, Kolchenko has sent a complaint to the European Court of Human Rights against Russian citizenship forcibly having been conferred on him