Thursday, May 5, 2011

Adequate nutrition is necessary to meet the body’s demands. Nutritional status can be affected by disease or injury states (e.g., gastrointestinal [GI] malabsorption, cancer, burns); physical factors (e.g., muscle weakness, poor dentition, activity intolerance, pain, substance abuse); social factors (e.g., lack of financial resources to obtain nutritious foods); or psychological factors (e.g., depression, boredom). During times of illness (e.g., trauma, surgery, sepsis, burns), adequate nutrition plays an important role in healing and recovery. Cultural and religious factors strongly affect the food habits of patients. Women exhibit a higher incidence of voluntary restriction of food intake secondary to anorexia, bulimia, and self-constructed fad dieting. Patients who are elderly likewise experience problems in nutrition related to lack of financial resources, cognitive impairments causing them to forget to eat, physical limitations that interfere with preparing food, deterioration of their sense of taste and smell, reduction of gastric secretion that accompanies aging and interferes with digestion, and social isolation and boredom that cause a lack of interest in eating. This care plan addresses general concerns related to nutritional deficits for the hospital or home setting.

Nursing Intervention for Imbalanced Nutrition Less than Body Requirements

Pain is a feeling triggered in the nervous system. Pain may be sharp or dull. It may come and go, or it may be constant. You may feel pain in one area of your body, such as your back, abdomen or chest or you may feel pain all over, such as when your muscles ache from the flu.

Pain can be helpful in diagnosing a problem. Without pain, you might seriously hurt yourself without knowing it, or you might not realize you have a medical problem that needs treatment. Once you take care of the problem, pain usually goes away. However, sometimes pain goes on for weeks, months or even years. This is called chronic pain. Sometimes chronic pain is due to an ongoing cause, such as cancer or arthritis. Sometimes the cause is unknown.

Fortunately, there are many ways to treat pain. Treatment varies depending on the cause of pain. Pain relievers, acupuncture and sometimes surgery are helpful.nlm.nih.gov

Nursing Interventions for Pain

Increase knowledge

Explain the causes of pain to the individual, if known.

Linking how long the pain will last, if known.

Explain diagnostic tests and procedures in detail with a connecting discomfort and sensation will be felt, and the estimated duration of pain occur.

Provide accurate information to reduce fear.

Connect your acceptance of individual response to pain.

Recognizing the existence of pain.

Listen with full attention on the pain.

Shows that the pain you are because you want to understand better (not to determine if the pain is really there).

Sunday, May 1, 2011

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the level of blood glucose is persistently raised above the normal range. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two primary forms: type 1, characterized by absolute insufficiency, and the more prevalent type 2, characterized by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (ADA], Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003.

Nursing Intervention for Diabetes

Nursing Diagnosis

Impaired nutrition: less than body requirements related to the reduction of oral input, anorexia, nausea, increased metabolism of protein, fat.

Nursing Intervention

Objective :The patient's nutritional needs are met

Result Criteria :Patients can digest the amount of calories or nutrients appropriateStable weight or additions to the range usually

Intervention :

Weigh the body weight per day or according to the indication.

Determine the diet and eating patterns of patients and compare it with foods that can be spent on patients.

Auscultation bowel sounds, record the existence of abdominal pain / abdominal bloating, nausea, vomit that has not had time to digest food, maintain a state of fasting according to the indication.

Give the liquid diet containing foods (nutrients) and the electrolyte immediately if the patient has to tolerate it orally.

Involve the patient's family at this meal digestion according to the indication.

Observation of the signs of hypoglycemia, such as changes in level of consciousness, skin moist / cold, rapid pulse, hunger, sensitive to stimuli, anxiety, headaches.

Pneumonia, acute infection of the lung parenchyma, interstitial lung tissue in which fluid and blood cells escape into the alveoli. that often impairs gas exchange. Pneumonia classified in several ways.

Based on microbiological etiology origin:

Viral

Bacterial

Fungal

Protozoa

Mycobacterium

Mycoplasmal

Rickettsial

Based in location, pneumonia can be classified:

Bronchopneumonia, Bronchopneumonia involves distal airways and alveoliLobular pneumonia or lobar pneumonia. In this pneumonia involves part of a lobe; and lobar pneumonia, an entire lobe

The infection is also classified as one of three types:

Primary pneumonia

Primary pneumonia results directly from inhalation or aspiration of a pathogen, such as bacteria or a virus; it includes pneumococcal and viral pneumonia.

Secondary pneumonia

Secondary pneumonia may follow initial lung damage from a noxious chemical or other insult (superinfection) or may result from hematogenous spread of bacteria from a distant area.

Aspiration pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia results from inhalation of foreign matter, such as stomach contents vomitus or food particles, into the bronchi. It’s more likely to occur in elderly or debilitated patients, those receiving nasogastric tube feedings, higher prevalence those with an impaired gag reflex, poor oral hygiene, or a decreased level of consciousness.

Quality of cough and ability to raise secretions including consistency and characteristics od sputum - removal of secretions prevents obstruction of airways and stasis leading to further infection and consolidation of lungs; clearing airways facilitates breathing.