6 June[3] – Samuel Leigh and William White establish the first Wesleyan mission at Kaeo, near Whangaroa, which they call ‘Wesleydale’ (var. Wesley-Dale).[2][4][5][6]

17 July – John Kent on the naval cutter Mermaid visits Otago Harbour and, not knowing it has already been named, calls it Port Oxley.

23 June – Phillip Tapsell is married for the first time, to Maria Ringa of Ngā Puhi, by Thomas Kendall. The bride runs away later the same day.[7][8] This is probably the first Christian wedding in New Zealand (as later claimed by Tapsell himself).

3 August – The Brampton arrives at the Bay of Islands. On board are Samuel Marsden, Henry Williams and family, and the Wesleyan missionaries John Hobbs and Nathaniel Turner (and family).[9][10]

The first church in New Zealand is built at Paihia. The original, made of raupo, is not replaced until 1855.[15]

John Kent on HMS Elizabeth Henrietta is the first identified European visitor to the Taranaki. Traders and/or whalers had recently visited the area.[16] Others who visited this year include the barqueWilliam Stoveld which is reported to have traded at the Waitara river mouth, and John Guard in the Waterloo.[17]

1.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu

2.
1823
–
As of the start of 1823, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 23 – In Paviland Cave on the Gower Peninsula of Wales, William Buckland inspects the Red Lady of Paviland, february 3 Jackson Male Academy, precursor of Union University, opens in Tennessee. Gioachino Rossinis Semiramide is first performed, february 10 – First worldwide carnival parade took place in Cologne, Prussia. February 11 – Carnival tragedy of 1823, About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta. February 15 – First officially recognised gold find in Australia, by surveyor James McBrien at Fish River, near Bathurst, New South Wales, march 19 – Agustín de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, abdicates thus ending the short-lived First Mexican Empire. April 13 – Eleven-year-old Franz Liszt gives a concert after which he is congratulated by Ludwig van Beethoven. June 5 – Raffles Institution established as the Singapore Institution by the founder of Singapore, july 10 – Gaols Act passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, based on the prison reform campaign of Elizabeth Fry. July 15 – The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire, september 10 – Simón Bolívar is named President of Peru. September 22 – Joseph Smith claimed in 1838 that on this day he had first come to the place where the plates were stored. September 23 – First Anglo-Burmese War, Burmese attack the British on Shapura, october 5 – Medical journal The Lancet is founded by Thomas Wakley in London. November – According to tradition, William Webb Ellis invents the sport of football at Rugby School in England. Beginning of the first Anglo-Ashanti war, Olbers paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers. Work begins on the British Museum in London, designed by Robert Smirke, the Oxford Union is founded as a student debating society in England. Davis, American politician November 18 – Charles H

3.
Head of state
–
A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president

4.
George IV of the United Kingdom
–
George IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father, George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as Prince Regent during his fathers mental illness. George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era and he was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace and he even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate, unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. For most of Georges regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister and his ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible. At all times he was much under the influence of favourites, taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. He did not provide leadership in time of crisis, nor act as a role model for his people. Liverpools government presided over Britains ultimate victory, negotiated the peace settlement, after Liverpools retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only child, Princess Charlotte, died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, George was born at St Jamess Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth, he was created Prince of Wales, on 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Duke of Cumberland, George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, the Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 from his father. It was far too little for his needs – the stables alone cost £31,000 a year and he then established his residence in Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life. Animosity developed between the prince and his father, who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the heir apparent, the King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the princes adherence to Charles James Fox and other radically inclined politicians. Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert and she was a commoner, six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic. Despite her complete unsuitability, the prince was determined to marry her, nevertheless, the couple went through a marriage ceremony on 15 December 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the Kings consent was not granted, however, Fitzherbert believed that she was the princes canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it, the prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle

5.
Governor of New South Wales
–
The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales

6.
Major general
–
Major general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the rank of sergeant major general. In the Commonwealth, major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral. In some countries, including much of Eastern Europe, major general is the lowest of the officer ranks. In the old Austro-Hungarian Army, the general was called a Generalmajor. Todays Austrian Federal Army still uses the same term, see also Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces General de Brigade is the lowest rank amongst general officers in the Brazilian Army. AGeneral de Brigada wears two-stars as this is the level for general officers in the Brazilian Army. In tha Brazilian Air Force, the two-star, three-star and four-star rank are known as Brigadeiro, Major-Brigadeiro, see Military ranks of Brazil and Brigadier for more information. In the Canadian Armed Forces, the rank of major-general is both a Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force rank equivalent to the Royal Canadian Navys rank of rear-admiral, a major-general is a general officer, the equivalent of a naval flag officer. The major-general rank is senior to the ranks of brigadier-general and commodore, prior to 1968, the Air Force used the rank of air vice-marshal, instead. In the Canadian Army, the insignia is a wide braid on the cuff. It is worn on the straps of the service dress tunic. On the visor of the cap are two rows of gold oak leaves. Major-generals are initially addressed as general and name, as are all general officers, major-generals are normally entitled to staff cars. In the Estonian military, the general rank is called kindralmajor. The Finnish military equivalent is kenraalimajuri in Finnish, and generalmajor in Swedish and Danish, the French equivalent to the rank of major general is général de division. In the French military, major général is not a rank but an appointment conferred on some generals, usually of général de corps darmée rank, the position of major général can be considered the equivalent of a deputy chief of staff. In the French Army, Major General is a position and the general is normally of the rank of corps general

7.
Thomas Brisbane
–
Major General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, 1st Baronet, GCB GCH FRS FRSE, was a British soldier, administrator, and astronomer. Upon the recommendation of the Duke of Wellington, with whom he had served, a keen astronomer, he built the colonys second observatory and encouraged scientific and agricultural training. Rivals besmirched his reputation and the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Bathurst, recalled Brisbane, Brisbane, a new convict settlement, was named in his honour and is now among the largest cities in Australia. Brisbane was born at Brisbane House in Noddsdale, near Largs in Ayrshire, Scotland and he was educated in astronomy and mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. He joined the British Army the 38th Regiment of Foot in 1789 and had a career in Flanders. He served under the Duke of Wellington, and in 1813 he was promoted to Major-General and he saw much action during the Peninsular War, including leading a brigade in the 3rd Division that broke through at the Battle of Vitoria. During the battle, he used the Charles C. Platt Homestead as his headquarters, in November 1819 he married Anna Maria Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Roxburghshire, Scotland. On his father-in-laws death, Brisbane assumed the surname, becoming Makdougall Brisbane. In 1821, on the recommendation of Wellington, Brisbane was appointed Governor of New South Wales, Brisbane took over the government on 1 December 1821, and at once proceeded to carry out some of the reforms recommended in the report of John Bigge. While Governor he tackled the problems of a rapidly growing and expanding colony. He worked to improve the land system and to reform the currency. He also set up the first agricultural training college in New South Wales and was the first patron of the New South Wales Agricultural Society and he conducted experiments in growing tobacco, cotton, coffee and New Zealand flax in the colony. However, Brisbane did not always receive loyal support from his officers, and in particular from Frederick Goulburn. A reference to Brisbanes dispatch to Earl Bathurst dated 14 May 1825 shows that Bigges recommendations had been considered. Brisbane did not limit his attention to Bigges report, early in April 1822 he discovered with some surprise the ease with which grants of land had hitherto been obtained. He immediately introduced a new system under which every grant had the stipulation that for every 100 acres granted the grantee would maintain free of expense to the crown one convict labourer. He also encouraged agriculture on government land, streamlined granting of tickets of leave and pardons and introduced, in 1823, a system of calling for supplies by tender. When Dr. Robert Wardell and William Wentworth brought out their paper the Australian in 1824, in 1823 Brisbane sent Lieutenant John Oxley to find a new site for convicts who were repeat offenders

8.
Foveaux Strait
–
Foveaux Strait separates Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealands third largest island, from the South Island. Three large bays, Te Waewae Bay, Oreti Beach and Toetoes Bay, sweep along the northern coast. Across the strait lie the Solander Islands, Stewart Island/Rakiura, Dog Island, the strait is about 130 km long, and it widens and deepens from east to west. The strait lies within the shelf area of New Zealand. Captain Cook sighted the entrance to Foveaux Strait during his circumnavigation of the South Island in March 1770, the straits European discoverer was Owen Folger Smith, who found it in 1804. It is named after Joseph Foveaux, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales in 1808–1809, oystering began on Stewart Island during the 1860s, and gradually moved into the strait with the discovery of larger oyster beds there in 1879. The strait is a rough and often treacherous stretch of water, in 2006, six muttonbirders died when their trawler sank while returning to Bluff. From the years 1998 to 2012 there were a total of 23 fatalities in the Strait, john van Leeuwen swam it on 7 February 1963, in a time of 13 hours 40 minutes

9.
Phormium
–
Phormium is a genus of two plant species in the Asphodelaceae family. One species is endemic to New Zealand and the other is native to New Zealand, Phormium is an herbaceous perennial monocot. Phormium formerly belonged to the family Agavaceae and many systems still place it there. It includes two species, Phormium colensoi and Phormium tenax, all of them were part of the second expedition of Captain James Cook aboard the Resolution. The type specimens were taken from Queen Charlotte Sound, with specimens from both Norfolk Island and North Island, New Zealand. The name Phormium comes from Ancient Greek for basket, while tenax was Latin for strong, the tough, sword-shaped leaves grow up to three metres long and up to 125 mm wide. They are usually green but sometimes have coloured edges and central ribs. Cultivated varieties range from green through pink to deep russet bronze. There are numerous variegated cultivars with leaves marked by contrasting stripes in shades of green, red, bronze, pink, the rigid flower stalks can be up to five metres long, projecting high above the foliage. In November they produce clumps of curving tube-like flowers which turn red when mature. These produce unusually large quantities of nectar to attract all nectar feeding birds such as the tui, the seedpods that develop after pollination, each contain hundreds of seeds which are later widely dispersed by the wind. Phormium tenax occurs naturally in New Zealand and Norfolk Island, while P. colensoi is endemic to New Zealand, both species have been widely distributed to temperate regions of the world as economic fibre and ornamental plants. They are found mainly in swamps or low-lying areas but will grow just about anywhere The two species interbreed and there is part considerable regional variation in Phormium colensoi. Where the two species co-occur, there is local introgression, in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of Phormium cultivars commercially available. The 2005-2006 edition of the Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder listed 75 cultivars, as early as the 1920s it was recognised that ploidy plays a role in some cultivars due to the work of John Stuart Yeates. The highly regarded sport Ngaro was isolated from the Moutoa swamp, both species have been widely distributed to temperate regions of the world as economic fibre and ornamental plants

10.
Wesleyanism
–
Wesleyanism, manifest today in Methodist and holiness churches, is named for its founders, the Wesleys. In 1736, these two brothers traveled to the Georgia colony in America as missionaries for the Church of England, both of them subsequently had religious experiences, especially John in 1738, being greatly influenced by the Moravian Christians. They began to organize a movement within the Church of England to focus on personal faith. The Wesleyan churches are similar to Anglicanism, yet have added a strong emphasis on personal faith. At its heart, the theology of John Wesley stressed the life of Christian holiness, to love God with all heart, mind, soul and strength. Wesley’s teaching also stressed experiential religion and moral responsibility, the doctrine of Wesleyan-Arminianism was founded as an attempt to explain Christianity in a manner unlike the teachings of Calvinism. Arminianism is a study conducted by Jacobus Arminius, from the Netherlands. After the death of Arminius the followers, led by Simon Episcopius and this document is known today as the five articles of Remonstrance. Arminianism was officially recorded and presented to Dutch leaders in 1610 A. D. about one hundred, the doctrine is based upon five essential beliefs that are purposely biblical in nature. The first of five points is the reason for the conflict between Calvinism and Arminianism in its basic foundation, it is the concept of free will. Arminius believed that even after the fall of humankind, all persons had the responsibility to accept Jesus Christ, the second point of Arminianism declares conditional election. Arminius states that the choosing of the elect is based upon the foreknowledge of God as to who would believe and it is this choosing by Gods grace to accept Jesus Christ that elects one to inherit salvation. Thus, salvation is made to initially by Gods prevenient grace and then ones free will. Third, Arminianism explains that redemption is based on the fact that God loves everyone, that Christ was sacrificed for all, the crucifixion of Christ satisfied Gods wrath, provided the means by which forgiveness can occur, and Christs resurrection enables the forgiven to inherit life. However, once again, one must choose Christ in order to be saved, hence Christ died for every person who has lived and will ever live, but only those that freely choose to follow Jesus are elected unto salvation. Fourth, the idea of Obstructable Grace states that since God does desire all persons to be saved, God sent the Holy Spirit to encourage, yet, again because of free will, one may choose to reject salvation and thus resist Gods will. God wills all people to be saved and worship God in spirit and in truth, in the early 1770s, John Wesley, aided by the theological writings of John William Fletcher emphasized Arminian doctrines in his controversy with the Calvinistic wing of the evangelicals in England. Then, in 1778, he founded a journal which he titled the Arminian Magazine

11.
Bay of Islands
–
The Bay of Islands is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is 60 km north-west of the city of Whangarei, Cape Reinga, at the northern tip of the country, is about 210 km by road further to the north-west. The bay itself is an irregularly-shaped 16 km-wide,260 km2 drowned valley system and it contains 144 islands, of which the largest is Urupukapuka, and numerous peninsulas and inlets. The three largest inlets are Waikare Inlet in the south, and Kerikeri and Te Puna inlets in the north-west. The Purerua Peninsula, north of Te Puna Inlet, separates the north-western part of the bay from the Pacific Ocean, the biggest town is Kerikeri, followed by Paihia. The small town of Russell is located at the end of a peninsula that extends into the bay from the southeast. Māori settled and multiplied throughout the bay and on several of its islands to establish various tribes such as the Ngāti Miru at Kerikeri. Many notable Māori were born in the Bay of Islands, including Hone Heke who several times cut down the flagpole at Kororāreka to start the Flagstaff War. Many of the Māori settlements later played important roles in the development of New Zealand, such as Okiato, Waitangi, the first European to visit the area was Captain Cook, who named the region in 1769. The Bay of Islands was the first area in New Zealand to be settled by Europeans, whalers arrived towards the end of the 18th century, while the first missionaries settled in 1814. The first full-blooded European child recorded as being born in the country, the bay has many interesting historic towns including Paihia, Russell, Waitangi and Kerikeri. Russell, formerly known as Kororāreka, was the first permanent European settlement in New Zealand, Kerikeri contains many historic sites from the earliest European colonial settlement in the country. These include the Mission House, also called Kemp House, which is the oldest wooden structure standing in New Zealand. The Stone Store, a storehouse, is the oldest stone building in New Zealand. In a 2006 study, the Bay of Islands was found to have the second bluest sky in the world, in 1886, Albert Ernest Fuller launched the sailing ship Undine in the Bay of Islands to deliver coal supplies to the islands within the Bay. With the fitting of a motor in the early 20th century, in 1927 Fuller acquired the Cream Trip from Eddie Lane – with the facilities on board to transport cream from the islands, and by the 1960s, the newly commissioned Bay Belle started this run. Although a modern catamaran now takes this route of the original Cream Trip. Bay of Islands Travel Guide Bay of Islands maps Bay of Islands information Bay of Islands Area Guide Local & Tourist Information on the Bay of Islands

12.
Kaeo
–
Kaeo is a township in the Far North District of New Zealand, located some 22 km northwest of Kerikeri. The town takes its name from the unique freshwater shellfish found in the nearby rivers, the 2006 New Zealand census reported a population of 495, an increase of 3 from 2001. Sanfords Fishery factory, one of the employers in Kaeo. Kaeo used to be a fortified village Pā of the Ngati-Uru sub-tribe. This tribe arrived in the Whangaroa Harbour as late as 1770-1775, having driven out of the Rawhiti area of the Bay of Islands, after killing and eating Captain Marion du Fresne. Built on the plain of the Kaeo River, Kaeo has experienced destructive flooding. It came to attention in 2007 when it took the brunt of three major floods within the space of a few months - in February, March and July. Water flooded homes and shops and destroyed the local Primary Schools pool-complex, landslips, fallen power lines, and road closures resulted from heavy rain in February 2008. The Northland Regional Council scheduled flood-protection work for 2008, but as of 2011 it is waiting on various consents. Floods occurred as a result of Cyclone Wilma in January 2011, Kaeo Primary School, a coeducational contributing primary school, has a decile rating of 1 and a roll of 127 students as of July 2016. The school dates from 1877, it moved to its current site some years later, in 1941 it became Kaeo District High School, taking both primary and secondary students. After the opening of Whangaroa College in 1969, Kaeo School became a primary school, Whangaroa College, a coeducational secondary school, has a decile-rating of 2 and 129 students as of July 2016. Famous people from Kaeo include Eric Rush, New Zealand rugby sevens legend, rahera Windsor, British Māori spiritual leader and founding member of Ngāti Rānana, was born in Pupuke near Kaeo. Kaeo The Heart of Whangaroa Kaeo School website

13.
Whangaroa
–
Whangaroa is a locality on the harbour of the same name in Northland, New Zealand. Whangaroa is 8 km north-west from Kaeo and 35 km northwest from Kerikeri, the harbour is almost landlocked and is popular both as a fishing spot in its own right and as a base for deep-sea fishing. The harbour was the scene of one of the most notorious incidents in early New Zealand history, in December 1809 almost all the crew and 70 passengers were killed as utu for the mistreatment of the son of a local chief who had been in the crew of the ship. Several days later the ship was burnt out after gunpowder was accidentally ignited, relics of the Boyd are now in a local museum. In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first Wesleyan mission in New Zealand, was established at Whangaroa, on 16 July 1824 on a voyage to Sydney from Tahiti, the crew and passengers of the colonial schooner Endeavour stopped in Whangaroa Harbour where the Wesleyan mission was located. An altercation with the local Māori Ngāti Pou hapū of the Ngā Puhi) iwi resulted in the Whangaroa Incident where the Endeavour was boarded by Māori warriors, the situation was defused by the timely arrival of another Māori chieftain, Ngāti Uru chief Te Ara. In February 1827, the famous Ngā Puhi chief Hongi Hika was engaged in warfare against the tribes of Whangaroa, acting contrary to the orders of Hongi Hika some of his warriors plundered and burnt the Wesleyan mission. The missionaries, Rev Turner and his wife and three children, together with Rev. Messrs, Hobbs and Stack, and Mr Wade and they were conveyed by ship to Sydney, NSW. During a skirmish Hongi Hika was shot in the chest by one of his warriors, on 6 March 1828 Hongi Hika died at Whangaroa. Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition,1979, Whangaroa travel guide from Wikivoyage Photographs of Whangaroa held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections

14.
Otago Harbour
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Otago Harbour is the natural harbour of Dunedin, New Zealand, consisting of a long, much-indented stretch of generally navigable water separating the Otago Peninsula from the mainland. They join at its southwest end,21 km from the harbour mouth and it is home to Dunedins deep water port facilities on its western shores in the suburb of Port Chalmers. The harbour was formed from the remnants of a giant shield volcano. The remains of this violent origin can be seen in the basalt of the surrounding hills, the last eruptive phase ended some ten million years ago, leaving the prominent peak of Mount Cargill. Substantial container port facilities exist at Port Chalmers,9 km along the shore from the harbour mouth. A channel along the side of the harbour is regularly dredged, allowing vessels with a draught of 12.5 m to Port Chalmers. New Zealands frozen meat export trade was inaugurated at Port Chalmers in 1882, the dredging of this channel, the Victoria Channel, was a major undertaking for the settlement of Dunedin in the 19th century. The eastern side of the harbour is shallow, with large sandbanks exposed at low tide, two islands form a line between Port Chalmers and Portobello in the lower harbour—Goat Island and Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua. A smaller island known as Pudding Island lies close to the Peninsula shore, Portobello is home to one of New Zealands leading marine research establishments, the Portobello Marine Laboratory, a department of the University of Otago. This lies at the edge on the tip of a small arm of the Otago Peninsula. Near the mouth of the lies the township of Aramoana, infamous for a massacre of 13 people by a gunman, David Gray. This is also the site twice projected for New Zealands second aluminium smelter, the proposals, in the mid-1970s and early 1980s, were abandoned after major public protest. The harbour is tidal, shallow and seldom rough and for that reason is popular for sports such as yachting and windsurfing. A significant area at the head of the harbour has been reclaimed since the founding of Dunedin, smaller portions have also been reclaimed at a number of places around the harbour, including Port Chalmers, Macandrew Bay, and Broad Bay. As a part of the famous Otago Peninsula, the water is known for various rare wildlife. The area is the home of many species of wading birds, other bird species which visit the harbour include two species of penguins, little penguin and famous yellow-eyed penguins. Taiaroa Head, at the tip of the Otago Peninsula, is home to a colony of northern royal albatrosses, the bay and peninsula provides a critical habitat for Hookers sea lions and New Zealand fur seal. Southern elephant and leopard seals are occasional visitors into the harbor, in total, four species of pinnipeds, and at least nine or more species of cetaceans are known to inhabit or migrate through the area

15.
Thomas Kendall
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Thomas Kendall was a New Zealand missionary, recorder of the Māori language, schoolmaster, arms dealer, and Pākehā Māori. A younger son of farmer Edward Kendall and Susanna Surflit, Thomas Kendall was born in 1778 and he grew up in North Thoresby, Lincolnshire, England, where he was influenced by his local minister Reverend William Myers and the evangelical revival within the Anglican Church. Dates of his early careers are disputed, while a teenager he moved with Myers to North Somercotes, where he was assistant schoolmaster and also helped run Myerss 15-acre farm. Kendall also tutored a gentlemans children in Immingham, where he met Jane Quickfall, on 21 November 1803, he married her and set up business as a draper and grocer. In 1805, while attempting to sell a cargo of hops in London, Kendall visited Bentinck Chapel, preaching of Basil Woodd and William Mann changed his outlook. He sold his business and moved his family to live in London, joining the congregation of that church, in 1808, he decided to become a missionary. The Anglican Church Missionary Society was, at the time, an organisation with a number of political connections. More than 150 years previously, Dutch sailor Abel Tasman and his crew had become the first Europeans to sight New Zealand, however, extensive European contact with the Māori people had only begun in the previous decade. This was mostly by whalers operating out of bases, however. This had gained a reputation for lawlessness and corruption, with the sailors accused of encouraging prostitution. While there was truth to this the sailors were in a poor position to present a threat to Maori. Nevertheless, as far as the Church Missionary Society was concerned, a mission to New Zealand was promoted by Samuel Marsden, a Church Missionary Society agent in New South Wales. In 1809 Kendall was chosen to head a mission with William Hall, after some delays and fundraising, Kendall and his family left for Sydney in May 1813. After further delays in Australia, Kendall and Hall took Marsdens vessel, the Active and they met Rangatira, including Ruatara and the rising war leader of the Ngapuhi, Hongi Hika, who had helped pioneer the introduction of the musket to Māori warfare. Hongi Hika and Ruatara travelled with Kendall when he returned to Australia on 22 August, the Governor of New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie, gave permission for the foundation of the mission in November and appointed Kendall Justice of the Peace and magistrate. Thomas Kendall gained knowledge of the Māori language while in New Zealand and subsequently published, to defend his work Kendall made an unauthorised return to London in 1820, travelling with Hongi Hika and minor chief Waikato on the whaling ship the New Zealander. It is possible that Hongi Hika wished to visit Britain and from his perspective Kendall was accompanying him, although the Church Missionary Society disapproved of the trip, Hongi Hika and Waikato were a social success. Kendall was ordained a priest on 12 November 1820 by the Bishop of Ely, the Rangatira and Kendall spent five months in Britain, mostly working with Professor Samuel Lee in Cambridge, where Kendalls views about the language were justified

16.
Samuel Marsden
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Samuel Marsden was an English born Anglican cleric and a prominent member of the Church Missionary Society, believed to have introduced Christianity to New Zealand. Marsden was born in Farsley, near Pudsey, Yorkshire in England, after attending the village school, he spent some years assisting his father on the farm. In his early twenties, he won a scholarship from the Elland Clerical Society to train as an Anglican priest, after two years at free grammar school he attended Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was associated with the reformist William Wilberforce. While still studying, Marsden was offered the position of chaplain to the Reverend Richard Johnsons ministry to the British colony of New South Wales on 1 January 1793. He married Elizabeth Fristan on 21 April 1793 and the month was ordained by the Bishop of Exeter. Marsden travelled by ship to Australia, his eldest child Anne being born en route. Shortly after arrival in 1794 he set up house in Parramatta,15 miles outside the main Port Jackson settlement, in 1800 Marsden succeeded Johnson and became the senior Anglican minister in New South Wales, he would keep this post until his death. Marsden was given grants of land by the government and bought more of his own, which were worked with convict labour. By 1807 he owned 3,000 acres of land, successful farming ventures provided him with a secure financial base, although they also formed a plank of contemporary criticism of Marsden for alleged over-involvement in non-church affairs. Marsden was appointed to the Bench of Magistrates at Parramatta, a role that attracted criticism in his lifetime, History has remembered Marsden as the Flogging Parson, with contemporaries claiming that he inflicted severe punishments, even by the standards of his day. This view of Marsden is disputed in some circles as part of a writing of history, in turn attributed to a dislike of Roman Catholics. Marsden was held to be involved in this action by the authorities. Holt himself was released but he was forced to witness the fate of others not so fortunate and he related, I have witnessed many horrible scenes, but this was the most appalling sight I had ever seen. The day was windy and I protest, that although I was at least fifteen yards to the leeward, from the sufferers, the blood, skin, and flesh blew in my face, as floggers shook it off from their cats. He continued The next prisoner who was tied up was Paddy Gavin, the first hundred were given on his shoulders, and he was cut to the bone between the shoulder-blades, which were both bare. The doctor then directed the next hundred to be inflicted lower down and you shall have no music out of my mouth to make others dance upon nothing. Some have written that Marsden ordered such treatment, however, Holts memoirs do not explicitly link Marsden to the floggings at Toongabbie on that day. Joseph Holt in his memoirs did express his impression of Marsden, as a busy meddling man, Holt believed that Parson Mardsen tried to intimate to Holt that his wife and children were free but he was not

17.
Henry Williams (missionary)
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Henry Williams was the leader of the Church Missionary Society mission in New Zealand in the first half of the 19th century. Williams entered the Royal Navy at the age of fourteen and served in the Napoleonic Wars and he went to New Zealand in 1823 as a missionary. The Bay of Islands Māori gave Williams the nickname Karu-whā and he was known more widely as Te Wiremu. His younger brother, William Williams, was also a missionary in New Zealand and their grandfather, the Reverend Thomas Williams, was a Congregational minister at the Independent Chapel of Gosport. In 1840 Williams translated the Treaty of Waitangi into the Māori language, on 21 September 1844 Williams was installed as Archdeacon of Te Waimate in the diocese centred on Te Waimate mission. Williams was the son of Thomas Williams and Mary Marsh who had married in Gosport on 17 April 1783, Thomas Williams was a supplier of uniforms to the Royal Navy in Gosport. In 1794 Thomas and Mary Williams and their six children moved to Nottingham, Thomas Williams was listed in the Nottingham trade directories as a hosier. The industry was based on William Lees stocking frame knitting machine, Thomas Williams received recognition as a Burgess of Nottingham in 1796 and as a Sheriff of Nottingham in 1803. However the prosperity which had such a feature of the hosiery industry in the second half of the 18th century ended. In 1804, when Thomas Williams died of typhus at the age of 50, his wife was left with a heavily mortgaged business with five sons, in 1806, aged 14, Williams entered the Royal Navy, serving on HMS Barfleur. He became a midshipman in 1807 and he then served on HMS Maida under Captain Samuel Hood Linzee during the Battle of Copenhagen when the Danish fleet was seized in 1807. He landed with the party of seamen who manned the battery before the city. Williams was wounded and never entirely recovered, for this service he qualified for the Naval General Service Medal, which was awarded in 1847 with clasp Off Tamatave 20 May 1811. After the outbreak of the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States he served on HMS Saturn as part of the blockading-squadron off New York City. He was transferred to HMS Endymion and served under Captain Henry Hope in the action on 14 January 1815 against the American warship USS President, in 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issue of the Naval General Service Medal, with clasp Endymion wh. President, to any surviving crew from Endymion. When peace came in 1815, he retired on half pay, after service at Madras and Calcutta, it was on into the cold American winter and that epic last naval engagement in which he took part, on the Endymion. After leaving the Royal Navy, Williams gained employment at Cheltenham and his artistic skills are apparent in the drawings he made in New Zealand

18.
Mission House
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The Mission House at Kerikeri in New Zealand was completed in 1822 as part of the Kerikeri Mission Station by the Church Missionary Society, and is New Zealand’s oldest surviving building. It is sometimes known as Kemp House, samuel Marsden established the Anglican mission to New Zealand with lay preachers, who lived in the Bay of Islands under the protection of Hongi Hika, the chief of the local tribe, the Ngāpuhi. In November 1819, Marsden purchased 13,000 acres from the Ngapuhi, Marsden instructed the Reverend John Butler to erect buildings for the mission station under the shelter of the Ngapuhi Pa or fortress of Kororipo at Kerikeri. Using Māori and skilled European labour, Butler had completed the centre piece Mission House by 1822, butler’s house was a weatherboard clad, two-storey Georgian design with a verandah and two chimneys. It was built primarily from Kauri, at some point in the 1830s, a skilling was added, and the verandah was replaced with an enlarged design in 1843. In the 1920s a bathroom was added behind the kitchen, Mission House was added to the New Zealand Historic Places Category 1 list on 23 June 1983. The Trust has restored the building to an approximation of its 1843 appearance, together with the Stone Store, the Mission house is now a museum open to the public

19.
Otago
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Otago is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres and its population was 219,200 in the June 2016. The name Otago is an old Māori southern dialect word, introduced to the south by Europeans in the 1840s. Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour, established by the Weller Brothers in 1831, major centres include Dunedin, Oamaru, Balclutha, Alexandra, and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka. Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal, the Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the countrys hydroelectric power. Some parts of the area covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council. The Central Otago wine region produces award winning wines made from such as the Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot. It has a reputation as New Zealand’s leading Pinot noir region. The Otago Province was the whole of New Zealand from the Waitaki River south, including Stewart Island and it included the territory of the later Southland Province and also the much more extensive lands of the modern Southland Region. Initial settlement was concentrated on the port and city, then expanded, notably to the south-west, the 1860s saw rapid commercial expansion after Gabriel Read discovered gold at Gabriels Gully near Lawrence, and the Central Otago goldrush ensued. Further gold discoveries at Clyde and on the Arrow River around Arrowtown led to a boom, New Zealands first daily newspaper, the Otago Daily Times, originally edited by Julius Vogel, dates from this period. New Zealands first university, the University of Otago, was founded in 1869 as the university in Dunedin. The Province of Southland separated from Otago Province and set up its own Provincial Council at Invercargill in 1861, after difficulties ensued, Otago re-absorbed it in 1870. Its territory is included in the region of the old Otago Province which is named after it and is now the territory of the Southland region. The provincial governments were abolished in 1876 when the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 November 1876, two in Otago were named after the Scottish independence heroes Wallace and Bruce. From this time the national limelight gradually shifted northwards, beginning in the west, the geography of Otago consists of high alpine mountains. The highest peak in Otago is Mount Aspiring / Tititea, which is on the Main Divide, from the high mountains the rivers discharge into large glacial lakes. In this part of Otago glacial activity - both recent and very old - dominates the landscape, with large U shaped valleys and rivers which have high sediment loads, River flows also vary dramatically, with large flood flows occurring after heavy rain

20.
The Reverend
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The Reverend is an honorific style most often placed before the names of Christian clergy and ministers. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries, the Reverend is correctly called a style but is often and in some dictionaries called a title, form of address or title of respect. The style is sometimes used by leaders in non-Christian religions such as Judaism and Buddhism. The term is an anglicisation of the Latin reverendus, the originally used in Latin documents in medieval Europe. It is the gerundive or future passive participle of the verb revereri, the Reverend is therefore equivalent to The Honourable or The Venerable. In traditional and formal English usage, both British and American, it is considered incorrect to drop the definite article, the. In practice, however, the is not used in both written and spoken English. When the style is used within a sentence, the is correctly in lower-case, the usual abbreviations for Reverend are Rev. Revd and Revd. The Reverend is traditionally used as a form with first names and surname. Use of the prefix with the surname alone is considered a solecism in traditional usage, in some countries, especially Britain, Anglican clergy are acceptably addressed by the title of their office, such as Vicar, Rector, or Archdeacon. This has traditionally been considered grammatically incorrect on the basis that it is equivalent to referring to a judge as being an honourable or a man as being a mister. It is likewise incorrect to form the plural Reverends, in some churches, especially Protestant churches in the United States, ordained ministers are often addressed as Pastor. Pastor, however, is considered correct in some churches when the minister in question is the head of a church or congregation. Male Christian priests are addressed as Father or, for example. However, in correspondence, such priests are not normally referred to as Father John, Father Smith, or Father John Smith. Father as a title is used for Roman Catholic, Orthodox and Old Catholic priests. In England, however, even Roman Catholic priests were often referred to as Mr until the 20th century except when members of a religious order, Mr is still not incorrect for priests of the Church of England. Some female Anglican or Old Catholic priests use the style The Reverend Mother and are addressed as Mother, the Reverend may be modified to reflect ecclesiastical standing and rank

21.
Paihia
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Paihia is the main tourist town in the Bay of Islands in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located close to the towns of Russell and Kerikeri,60 kilometres north of Whangarei. Missionary Henry Williams named the mission station Marsdens Vale and eventually the Paihia became the name of the settlement. Nearby to the north is the settlement of Waitangi. The port and township of Opua, and the settlement of Te Haumi. The population of Paihia was 1770 in the 2006 Census, a decrease of 69 from 2001, Henry Williams and his wife Marianne settled in Paihia in 1823 and built the first church there the same year. William Williams and his wife Jane joined the Paihia mission in 1826, bishop William Grant Broughton visited the Paihia mission in 1838 and performed several firsts in New Zealand including the first Confirmation and Ordination ceremonies. The Herald was a 55-ton schooner that was built by the missionaries, in December 1832 the first mention of cricket being played in New Zealand was recorded by Henry Williams. In 1835 a game of cricket was witnessed here by Charles Darwin, in December 1835 while the Beagle spent 10 days in the Bay of Islands, in 1835 William Colenso set up the first printing press in New Zealand at Paihia. In 1850 the mission closed and Paihia declined to a small settlement by 1890. St. Pauls Anglican Church, completed in 1925, is the church built on the site. It is constructed of stone quarried from the Pukaru locality, near Kawakawa, the windows, titled Te Ara O Te Manawa are 4 m2 in total size. In 1926 a road was constructed to Puketona on the road from Kawakawa to Kerikeri leading to an increase in tourism in the 1930s. Paihia School is a full primary school with a decile rating of 4. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as oceanic, but it is rainier in winter and it has strong subtropical influence and is classified as such under the Trewartha system due to its consistent warm temperatures, and is the mildest weather station in New Zealand. Paihia - Jewel of the Bay of Islands Paihia map Paihia School website

22.
Typha orientalis
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Typha orientalis, commonly known as bulrush, bullrush, cumbungi in Australia, or raupō in New Zealand, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the genus Typha. It can be found in Australia, New Zealand including the Chatham Islands and the Kermadec Islands), Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, China and the Russian Far East. T. orientalis is a plant that grows on the edges of ponds, lakes and slow flowing rivers. Raupō was quite useful to Māori, the rhizomes were cooked and eaten, while the flowers were baked into cakes. The leaves were used for roofs and walls and occasionally for canoe sails, Māori introduced raupō to the Chatham Islands

23.
Taranaki
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Taranaki is a region in the west of New Zealands North Island, administered by the Taranaki Regional Council. It is named for its main feature, the stratovolcano of Mount Taranaki. The main centre is the city of New Plymouth, the New Plymouth District has over 65% of the population of Taranaki. New Plymouth is in North Taranaki along with Inglewood and Waitara, South Taranaki towns include Hawera, Stratford and Etham. Since 2005, Taranaki has used the promotional brand Like no other, Taranaki is on the west coast of the North Island, surrounding the volcanic peak. The region has an area of 7258 km², the large bays north-west and south-west of Cape Egmont are the prosaically named North Taranaki Bight and South Taranaki Bight. Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont, the second highest mountain in the North Island, is the dominant feature of the region. A Māori legend says that Taranaki previously lived with the Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu mountains of the central North Island, a near-perfect cone, it last erupted in the mid-18th century. The mountain and its immediate surrounds form Egmont National Park, the mountain has two alternative official names, Mount Taranaki and Mount Egmont. The region is fertile, thanks to generous rainfall and the rich volcanic soil. Dairy farming predominates, with Fonterras Whareroa milk factory just outside of Hawera producing the largest volume of dairy ingredients from a single anywhere in the world. There are also oil and gas deposits in the region, both on- and off-shore, the Maui gas field off the south-west coast has provided most of New Zealands gas supply as well as, at one time supporting two methanol plants at Motunui. More fuel and fertiliser is produced from a well-complex at Kapuni, the way the land mass projects into the Tasman Sea with northerly, westerly and southerly exposures results in many excellent surfing and windsurfing locations, some of them considered world-class. Taranaki has a population of 116,600 as of Statistics New Zealands June 2016,2.5 percent of New Zealands population and it is the tenth most populous region of New Zealand. The median age of Taranakis population is 39.9 years, around 16.2 percent of the population is aged 65 or over while 21.1 percent is aged under 15. There are 95.7 males for every hundred females in Taranaki, just under half the residents live in New Plymouth, with Hawera being the only other town in the region with a population over 10,000. The region has had a strong Māori presence for centuries, the local iwi include Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Ruanui, Taranaki, Te Āti Awa, Nga Rauru, Ngāruahinerangi and Ngāti Tama. Around 50.2 percent of Taranakis population affiliate with Christianity and 2.7 percent affiliate with non-Christian religions, catholicism is the largest Christian denomination in Taranaki with 15.5 percent affiliating, while Anglicanism is the second-largest with 13.5 percent affiliating

24.
Barque
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A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen rigged fore-and-aft. The word barque entered English via French, which in came from the Latin barca by way of Occitan. The Latin barca may stem from Celtic barc or Greek baris, the Oxford English Dictionary considers the latter improbable. The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages, the form adopted by English, perhaps from Irish, was bark, while that adopted by Latin as barca very early, which gave rise to the French barge and barque. In Latin, Spanish and Italian the term refers to a small boat. French influence in England led to the use in English of both words, although their meanings now are not the same, well before the 19th century a barge had become interpreted as a small vessel of coastal or inland waters. Somewhat later, a became a sailing vessel of a distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the century, the spelling had taken on the French form of barque. Francis Bacon used this form of the word as early as 1592, throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of the barca-longa of the Mediterranean Sea. The usual convention is that spelling barque refers to a ship and bark to tree hide, barcarole in music shares the same etymology, being originally a folk song sung by Venetian gondolier and derived from barca - boat in Italian. In the 18th century, the British Royal Navy used the bark for a nondescript vessel that did not fit any of its usual categories. She happened to be a sailing vessel with a plain bluff bow. Our Northern Mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship, hon. the Earl of Sussex, Lord Deputy of Ireland. By the end of the 18th century, the term came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of sail-plan. This comprises three masts, fore-and-aft sails on the aftermost mast and square sails on all other masts, barques were the workhorse of the Golden Age of Sail in the mid-19th century as they attained passages that nearly matched full rigged ships but could operate with smaller crews. Conversely, the ship rig tended to be retained for training vessels where the larger the crew, another advantage is that a barque can outperform a schooner or barkentine, and is both easier to handle and better at going to windward than a full-rigged ship. Usually the main mast was the tallest, that of Moshulu extends to 58 m off the deck, the four-masted barque can be handled with a surprisingly small crew—at minimum, ten—and while the usual crew was around thirty, almost half of them could be apprentices. Today many sailing ships are barques

25.
Waitara, New Zealand
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Waitara is a town in the northern part of the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand. Waitara is located just off State Highway 3,15 kilometres northeast of New Plymouth and its population was 6312 in the 2013 census, an increase of 24 from 2006. Waitara was the site of the outbreak of the Taranaki Wars in 1860 following the purchase of land for English settlers from its Māori owners. Disputes over land that was confiscated by the Government continue to this day. The commonly accepted meaning of the name Waitara is mountain stream, in 1867 the settlement was named Raleigh, after Sir Walter Raleigh. It reverted to its name with the establishment of the borough of Waitara in 1904. Prior to European colonisation, Waitara lay on the overland route between the Waikato and Taranaki districts. Vestiges of numerous pā on all strategic heights in the district indicate close settlement and closely contested possession, just before and in early European times, by various tribes. Some Te Atiawa were taken to Waikato as prisoners and slaves, pākehā settlers who came to New Plymouth in the 1840s and 1850s viewed nearby Waitara as the most valuable of Taranakis coastal lands because of its fertile soil and superior harbour. The company claimed that Te Atiawa had either abandoned the land or lost possession of it, tensions between settlers and local Māori began as early as July 1842, when settlers who had taken up land north of the Waitara River were driven from their farms. A year later 100 men, women and children sat in a path to disrupt the surveying of land for sale. They established substantial cultivations of wheat, oats, maize and potatoes, selling it to settlers and also for export, the Waitangi Tribunal noted that the group allegedly eventually owned 150 horses and up to 300 head of cattle. In 1857 the issue came to a head with the offer for sale of land at Waitara and at Turangi, further to the north, by two individuals, Ihaia Te Kirikumara and a minor chief, Pokikake Te Teira. The dispute ultimately led to the outbreak of war in Waitara on 17 March 1860, the war, in which 2300 Imperial troops fought about 1400 Māori, ran for 12 months before a ceasefire was negotiated. Later campaigns during the war included the major British defeat in the Battle of Puketakauere, close to Te Kohia pā, on 27 June 1860 which cost the lives of 32 Imperial troops and of five Māori. A major British sapping operation at the strongly defended Te Arei pā up the Waitara River began in February 1861, as a result of this operation, Colour Sergeant John Lucas was awarded the Victoria Cross. For further information see First Taranaki War In May 1863 war resumed in Taranaki, in 1884 the Government returned as Native reserves 103,000 hectares of the 526,000 hectares of Taranaki land it had confiscated, although the land remained in government control. By 1990 half of the reserves had been sold to Pakeha settlers by the Native Trustee without reference to Maori, the remainder was leased to settlers with Maori receiving only a peppercorn rental return

26.
Hongi Hika
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Hongi Hika was a New Zealand Māori rangatira and war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi. Hongi Hika used European weapons to overrun much of northern New Zealand in the first of the Musket Wars and he also encouraged Pākehā settlement, patronised New Zealands first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture and helped put the Māori language into writing. He travelled to England and met King George IV and he was a pivotal figure in the period when Māori history emerged from myth and oral tradition and Pākehā began to settle rather than just visit. Hongi Hika was born at Kaikohe into one of the families of the Ngāpuhi. Hongi Hika once said he was born in the year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori—in 1772—though other sources place his birth around 1780. Hongi Hika rose to prominence as a leader in the Ngāpuhi campaign, led by Pokaia. In over 150 years since the Maori first begun sporadic contact with Europeans, Ngāpuhi fought with small numbers of them in 1808, and Hongi Hika was present later that same year on the first occasion that muskets were used in action by Māori. This was at the battle of Moremonui at which the Ngāpuhi were defeated and those killed included two of Hongi Hikas brothers and Pokaia, and Hongi Hika and other survivors only escaped by hiding in a swamp until Ngāti Whātua called off the pursuit to avoid provoking utu. Hongi Hika became the war leader of the Ngāpuhi, his warriors included Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa, in 1812 he led a large taua to the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou. Despite his earlier experiences he seems to have become convinced of the value of muskets which were used during this campaign, in 1825 Hongi avenged the earlier defeat of Moremonui in the battle of Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses. Ngāpuhi controlled the Bay of Islands, the first point of contact for most Europeans visiting New Zealand in the early 19th century, Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and European seamen and settlers, arguing the benefits of trade. He befriended Thomas Kendall—one of three lay preachers sent by the Church Missionary Society to establish a Christian toehold in New Zealand. In 1814 Hongi Hika and his nephew Ruatara, the then-leader of the Ngāpuhi, visited Sydney, Australia, with Kendall, Ruatara and Hongi Hika invited Marsden to establish the first Anglican mission to New Zealand in Ngāpuhi territory. Ruatara died the year, leaving Hongi Hika as protector of the mission. In 1817 Hongi led a war party to Thames where he attacked the Ngati Maru stronghold of Te Totara, killing 60 and taking 2000 prisoners. On 4 July 1819 he granted 13,000 acres of land at Kerikeri to the Church Missionary Society in return for 48 felling axes and he personally assisted the missionaries in developing a written form of the Māori language. Hongi Hika never converted to Christianity, in later life, in exasperation with teachings of humility and non-violence, he described Christianity as “a religion fit only for slaves”. He protected the Pākehā Māori Thomas Kendall when he effectively “went native”, taking a Māori wife, though Hongi Hika encouraged the first missions to New Zealand, virtually no Māori converted to Christianity for a decade, large scale conversion of northern Māori only occurred after his death

27.
Mokoia Island
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Mokoia Island is located in Lake Rotorua in New Zealand. It has an area of 1.35 square kilometres, the island is a rhyolite lava dome, rising to 180 metres above the lake surface. It was formed after the Rotorua caldera collapsed and rhyolitic magma was pushed through the cracks, one of the cracks was below where Mokoia island is today. The foreshores of the island have geothermal springs with hot spring water forming the Hinemoa pool and it also has very rich volcanic soil, which was why the local Māori grew kumara on it. It was also a good strategic location, which was why it was often fought over. Mokoia Island is privately owned by local Māori iwi, who run it in conjunction with the New Zealand Department of Conservation and it is a bird sanctuary and access is limited to tour parties only. It is home to rare species, including the North Island kōkako, the North Island brown kiwi. The island is also the location of regular Mau rākau training camps in the Maori martial art of taiaha, Hinemoa decided to swim 3.2 kilometres across the lake to the island, guided by the sound of Tūtānekais flute-playing. For flotation she wrapped rushes around her and swam her way to the island, according to another version, she made a flotation device from gourds. The Te Arawa version of the widely known traditional Maori love song Pokarekare Ana references the story of Tūtānekai, the lyrics imply Hinemoas crossing the lake to reach Tūtānekai. List of volcanoes in New Zealand Pokarekare Ana Images of Mokoia Island Pokarekare Ana

28.
Frederick Weld
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Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld GCMG, was a New Zealand politician and a governor of various British colonies. He was the sixth Premier of New Zealand, and later served as Governor of Western Australia, Governor of Tasmania, Weld was born near Bridport, Dorset, England, on 9 May 1823. His mother, Christina Maria Clifford, was the daughter of Charles Clifford, both of his parents were from old recusant Catholic families. His father, Humphrey Weld of Chideock, was a member of the Weld-Blundell family, humphreys brother Thomas was founder of the Jesuit college at Stonyhurst. Welds upbringing was strongly grounded in the Catholic faith and his early years were spent with his parents in France. Later, he received an education, studying at Stonyhurst before attending the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. He had originally intended to pursue a career, but was convinced otherwise by his tutor at Fribourg. He instead decided to seek a career in the colonies, and arrived in Wellington, New Zealand, in New Zealand, he entered a partnership with his cousin, Sir Charles Clifford, 1st Baronet of Flaxbourne. The two established a number of stations around the country, and Weld became relatively prosperous. Weld found a life of agricultural management to be too mundane, however, one of his more significant campaigns was to ward against any potential discrimination against Catholics in New Zealand. He later became active in lobbying for government in New Zealand. In 1848, Weld declined an offer by the governor, Sir George Grey, in 1852 he visited England, where he published a pamphlet, Hints to Intending Sheep Farmers in New Zealand, which ran into three editions. When the creation of the New Zealand Parliament was announced, Weld stood for election and he became a member of the 1st Parliament as the representative of Wairau, an electorate in the northeast of the South Island, he was declared elected unopposed. The main political division of the day was between centralists and provincialists, on this spectrum, Weld established himself as a moderate centralist, although he tended to oppose the extremes of either side. Weld was also a member of the cabinet formed around James FitzGerald. This represented an attempt by Parliament to assume responsibility for administering New Zealand. Acting Governor Robert Wynyard managed to block this move, however, despite the failure of the FitzGerald cabinet, Weld was pleased that Catholics were able to participate fully in politics. The fact that Charles Clifford, also a Catholic, had become Speaker was also encouraging to him, Weld resigned from Parliament in June 1855, a short while before the end of its first term, returning to England for a brief time

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George Clarke (New Zealand pioneer)
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George Clarke was an Australian-born New Zealand pioneer and educationist. George Clarke was born in Parramatta, New South Wales, the son of the Revd George Clarke, Clarke senior who came from Norfolk and arrived at Hobart, Van Diemens Land in September 1822. Clarke senior then went to Sydney, and while waiting for a ship to New Zealand, the family went on to New Zealand in 1824 and settled at Bay of Islands. His father worked at the Waimate mission, teaching the Māori students, in 1832 George Clarke the younger was sent to Hobart and went to R. W. Giblins school. Returning to New Zealand early in 1837 the boy studied with the Rev. William Williams, in 1840 Clarkes father was made protector of aborigines by the recently appointed lieutenant-governor, Captain Hobson. The seat of government was transferred to Auckland, and there the elder Clarke bought a block of land from the Maoris for the government. In January 1841 his son was appointed a clerk in the department of the civil service of New Zealand. In February 1842 he was translator at the trial of Wiremu Kingi Maketu, in all these capacities he did most valuable work. Clarke accompanied Commissioner William Spain as an interpreter, during his inquiry into the claims of the New Zealand Company, eventually the claims of the company were reduced. New Plymouth and Manawatu were shown to have been purchased correctly, in June 1844 Clarke was sent to Otago to assist in the purchase of a large block of land for the projected Scottish settlement. Clarke wrote out the original Māori deed and English translation, for eight of the early months of 1845 Clarke was in the centre of the war with the Māori, and for most of the time was the only representative of the government in the district. On 18 November 1845 Governor Grey arrived and Clarke was at once attached to his personal staff, Grey was anxious to put an end to the war and eventually peace was declared. In another place he mentions that Heke always said, if fight we must, in 1846, greatly to the regret of Grey, Clarke resigned from the government service. Clarke left New Zealand for Hobart and early in 1847 sailed to London and he was ordained in the Union Chapel, Islington in 1851, and at once returned to Hobart to become minister of the Collins Street church. Soon a larger church was built in Davey Street, and for over 50 years he remained its pastor, honoured and beloved by all and never losing his appeal to the younger people. He took much interest in education, and was a member of the Tasmanian Council of Education for many years from 1878. He was also a member of the Royal Society of Tasmania and he was one of the founders of the University of Tasmania, its first vice-chancellor from May 1890 to May 1898, and chancellor from May 1898 to May 1907, when he retired. He had retired from his work in 1904

30.
Thomas Dick (politician)
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Thomas Dick was a 19th-century New Zealand politician. Originally a merchant, he worked in London and then represented his firm on Saint Helena for seven years, from there, he was sent to Dunedin as the companys representative, he emigrated with an extended family. He soon became involved in politics and was Superintendent of Otago Province from 1865 until 1867. Over a period of 24 years, he represented various Dunedin electorates in Parliament and was Colonial Secretary, Minister of Justice from 1881 to 1882, a deeply religious man, he was involved in many church affairs. He was one of the founders of Hanover Street Baptist Church, Dick was born in Edinburgh, the son of Thomas Dick and Marjorie Dick. The family moved to London, but he was sent back to Edinburgh for his education and he was employed by London merchandise firms and his second employer sent him to Saint Helena as their company representative in 1850 for seven years. He was transferred to Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1857, arriving there with his wife, four children, his wifes mother and he became an auctioneer in Dunedin. Dick was active in politics in the Otago District of New Zealand and he was elected to the Otago Provincial Council on 12 February 1859. He was Provincial Secretary for several years and was Superintendent from 1865–1867, at the nomination meeting, Dick, Henry Clapcott and Edward McGlashan were proposed. Clapcott had been on the Executive of the Provincial Council from May 1864 until April 1865, McGlashan had been on the first Council and had represented the City of Dunedin electorate in Parliament from 1860 until his resignation in 1862. Clapcott withdrew his candidacy and resigned from the Council a month later, the election was held on 4 August 1865 and with 990 votes to 565, Dick achieved a clear majority. Previously he had not been defeated, he had resigned the seat he held in 1862,1863,1866,1867 and 1881. Dick contested the Dunedin West electorate again in the 1887 election and he was then offered to be appointed to the Legislative Council, but he declined and retired from politics. In Port Chalmers, Dick was elected on 17 March 1866 and he successfully contested the 15 December 1866 by-election, but resigned again on 26 April 1867. David Forsyth Main succeeded him through the 1867 by-election, Dick served in three Ministries, Hall, Whitaker, and the third Atkinson. He was Colonial Secretary from 5 March 1880 and held this role continuously until the defeat of the third Atkinson Ministry on 16 August 1884 and he was appointed Minister of Education on 15 December 1880 in the Hall Ministry and also continuously served in this role until 16 August 1884. He was appointed Minister of Justice on 23 April 1881 in the Hall Ministry and he was Postmaster-General and Electric Telegraph Commissioner in the Whitaker Ministry. The author of The History of Otago says about Dick that he distinguished himself more by a devotion to duty than by any display of brilliance

31.
William Clayton (architect)
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William Henry Clayton was a New Zealand colonial architect. He established the practice of Mason and Clayton with William Mason, in 1869 Clayton moved to Wellington to take up a post as the first Colonial Architect, in which position he became central to the public works projects of prime minister Julius Vogel. He also designed All Saints Church, Dunedin, an important design in Christchurch is the Chief Post Office in Cathedral Square, a Category I heritage building. Claytons self-designed residence, finished in 1874, was the first concrete house in New Zealand, Clayton died of an infected ankle on 23 August 1877, and was buried in Dunedin Northern Cemetery. Media related to William Clayton at Wikimedia Commons

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History of New Zealand
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The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Abel Janszoon Tasman on 13 December 1642, captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire, there was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealands land passing from Māori to Pākehā ownership, from the 1890s the New Zealand parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including womens suffrage and old age pensions. The country remained a member of the British Empire, and 110,000 men fought in World War I. After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles, joined the League of Nations, when World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealanders contributed to the defence of the British Empire, the country contributed some 120,000 troops. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and a welfare state was developed. Meanwhile, Māori culture underwent a renaissance, and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers and this led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. In the 1980s the economy was deregulated and a number of socially liberal policies. Foreign policy involved support for Britain in the wars, and close relations after 1940 with the United States. Foreign policy after 1980 became more independent especially in pushing for a nuclear-free region, subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat. In 1984, the Fourth Labour government was elected amid a constitutional, the economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas (finance minister, who enacted fundamental, radically neo-liberal and unexpectedly pro-free market reforms known as Rogernomics. New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia, the most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE. The descendants of settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, as moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara and this was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Warfare also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land, in this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare