Pseudopapilledema is a fairly common finding in ophthalmic practice, and in many cases, the diagnosis is straightforward. However, an accurate diagnosis can challenge the most seasoned clinicians, and missing true papilledema can result in life-threatening or vision-threatening consequences. In this review, we describe the clinical findings and a diagnostic algorithm to distinguish pseudopapilledema and papilledema in the pediatric patients. We also describe the clinical evaluation once a diagnosis of papilledema has been established.

Duane syndrome (DS) is a common form of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motility pattern lies in a wide clinical spectrum, and the choice of treatment must be individualized depending on the severity of the clinical findings. There is no perfect method of treatment and no real “cure” in DS. In this paper, the aim is to give some guidelines to the reader for selection of the most appropriate treatment method for the patient.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate two cases of vertical diplopia after cataract surgery and to discuss the mechanism and types of strabismus caused by the local anesthesia with retrobulbar injection. Two cases of vertical diplopia after cataract surgeries were reported. They were operated by the same surgeon and both happened to the left eye and both presented with marked left hypotropia. The clinical findings consisted of overacting left inferior rectus (LIR) in case 1 and mixed overacting and restrictive LIR in case 2. The diplopia and left hypotropia were eliminated after muscle operation. Retrobulbar injection is a basic technique in ophthalmic practice. Although it is generally safe, complications do happen in certain cases including diplopia and strabismus. Ophthalmologists should know about the orbital anatomy and learn to prevent any accidental insult to extraocular muscles.

The aim of this study was to use Descemet's Stripping-automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) as a novel treatment to remove thioridazine corneal deposits. A 53-year-old female presented with a 3-month history of visual loss and glare. She had been taking thioridazine (100 mg/day for 1 year) for a psychiatric disorder. Dense yellowish-brown deposits had developed in the posterior stroma. Thioridazine was discontinued, and she was switched to fluoxetine. One year after discontinuation of thioridazine, her symptoms and signs did not resolve. Standard DSAEK was performed on her left eye. Two weeks after DSAEK, an anterior subcapsular cataract was detected in the same eye. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were performed after 3 months. The left cornea became completely clear after DSAEK, and the patient's best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/40 to 20/20 at 1 month after cataract surgery. All-visual symptoms such as glare and halos improved postoperatively. We suggest that DSAEK can be used as a novel treatment to reduce vision problems caused by thioridazine-induced corneal deposits.

The aim of this study is to report a rare case of macular edema as a presentation of hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity. We presented a case of a 46-year-old female patient using hydroxychloroquine for underlying rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with blurred vision over the left eye. Uveitis and macular edema were found initially. Systemic survey did not reveal any other etiology. Topical corticosteroid was given under the impression of RA-related uveitis. The uveitis resolved 1 week later, but macular edema persisted in spite of treatment. Under the suspicion of drug-related complication, we try to discontinue hydroxychloroquine. Her symptoms improved gradually after cessation of hydroxychloroquine, and further serial image study confirmed subsiding of the macular edema without any further treatment. Except the well-known signs of the retinal toxicity, macular edema might be a rare presentation of hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity.

Purpose: The management of diplopia can be challenging in patients with a concurrent visual-field (VF) defect. We conducted a retrospective chart review to analyze and compare treatment outcomes for different types of VF defects.
Methods: A retrospective chart review.
Results: Seven patients with diplopia and VF defects were identified during the study. Four had bitemporal hemianopia, one had homonymous hemianopia, and two had a constricted central VF. A favorable or satisfactory outcome was achieved in all but two patients with bitemporal hemianopia.
Conclusions: The hemifield-slide diplopia may develop in patients with bitemporal hemianopia or heteronymous altitudinal visual defects. Sensory abnormalities usually persist, even after elimination of ocular misalignment.

Purpose: Teachers' perspectives on eye health can be limited, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess teachers' knowledge and practices associated with eye health of primary students in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of primary school teachers. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 443 participants from 34 private and 17 public schools. A self-administered questionnaire was used.
Results: Teachers' knowledge ranged from “high” (35.89%), “moderate” (49.89%), and “low” (14.22%). Teachers' practices associated with students' eye health ranged from “high” (10.16%), “moderate” (23.02%), and “low” (66.82%). The teachers' knowledge index scores increased 4.28 points with successive age groups and increased 2.41 points with each successive level of education. For teachers whose close relatives experienced eye disease, their knowledge index score was 4.51 points higher than those teachers whose relatives never had any eye disease. Teachers' age, education level, and their close relatives experiencing eye disease were significant predictors of their knowledge (R2 = 0.087, P< 0.001). Female teachers' practices index score was 10.35 points higher than the male teachers and public school teachers had 10.13 points higher than the private school teachers. Teachers' gender and type of school were significant predictors of their practices (R2 = 0.06, P< 0.001).
Conclusion: There was a significant gap among primary school teachers' knowledge and practices related to students' eye health. Innovative strategies are needed to improve how teachers address students' eye health issues in the classroom.

Purpose: To report the surgical effect in upshoot of Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) with corecession of horizontal rectus muscles with or without Y-splitting.
Patients and Methods: A retrospective chart review of six patients of DRS received muscle surgeries for upshoot in adducted position was performed.
Results: From 1994 to 2010, six Duane patients received muscle surgeries for upshoots of lesion eye in adduction. Their age of receiving surgery ranged from 5 to 41 years. Four of the patients were male, and five had their left eye involved. Three underwent recession of ipsilateral medial and lateral rectus (LR) muscles, and the other three also received Y-splitting of LR muscle when recession. One of the patients that received Y-splitting showed mild hypertropia at down gaze postoperatively, and another one had little improvement of exotropia at the primary position. All patients showed improvement of their upshoots and lid fissure narrowing in adduction as well as face turn.
Conclusion: Postoperative improvements in abnormal head posture and upshoots were achieved with corecession of horizontal muscles with or without Y-splitting. Although Y-splitting of the LR muscle is an effective surgery, it might cause undesired complications.

Background/Purpose: The concept of adjustable suture has been developed in strabismus surgeries for nearly four decades. This technique is not yet universally embraced by strabismus surgeons, especially in pediatric patients. The aim of this study is to describe and evaluate the application of the adjustable suture with pull-string technique in pediatric patients.
Methods: A retrospective medical record review was conducted for patients aged 18 years and under who received adjustable suture strabismus surgery using short tag sliding noose with pull-string technique. For the analysis, the patients were arbitrarily divided into three age groups: 6 years and younger, between 6 and 12 years, and 12 years and older. Patients were examined at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery.
Results: A total of 123 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age at the time of surgery was 9.4 years, ranging from 0.7 to 18.4 years. Eighteen (14.6%) patients required adjustment and 105 (85.4%) patients did not require adjustment. The average follow-up was 10.2 months (range, 1–48 months). At their final postoperative follow-up, 93 of 123 (75.6%) patients were within 10 prism diopters of orthophoria. The success rates were 77.6% (66/85) in exotropia patients and 71.1% (27/38) in esotropia patients. The success rates were 76.4% (84/110) for those who receive the procedure as primary surgery and 69.2% (9/13) for those who receive the procedure as reoperative surgery. Of the 18 patients who required adjustment, 16 (88.9%) patients were successful. Of the 105 patients who did not require adjustment, 77 (73.3%) patients were successful.
Conclusion: This study showed that the pull-string technique provided similar success rate compared to those reported in literature in pediatric patients. The pull-string technique is developed to simplify the postoperative adjustments. Many surgeons encounter difficulties to handle the postoperative adjustments, especially when they need to retrieve the buried subconjunctival adjustable sutures. The obstacles are reduced with the aid of pull string. Using the pull-string technique, the surgeon can perform adjustable suture surgeries in any age group with confidence.

Surgery on inferior oblique muscle has a long history and various surgical techniques have been developed. The historical review of the surgery starting in 1840's to date is performed. The surgical effectiveness between simple myectomy and recession is still controversial.

Myopia has become epidemic in the world. Without effective control, the progression may lead to excessive myopia with severe complications affecting vision and ocular alignment. The genetic factors and environmental factors of myopia are closely interrelated to each other. Asian ethnicity and parental myopia, among other genetic factors, influence the refractive outcome dramatically when environmental risk factors such as hours of near work and reading distance are analyzed. Outdoor activities are protective measures that retard myopia progression. Total time under the sun and not the specific outdoor activities are contributing factors. Current effective treatments for myopia include atropine of high, moderate, and low doses, relative peripheral myopia-inducing devices, and bifocal spectacles including prism bifocal spectacle lenses. Although atropine is considered highly effective in randomized controlled trials, it is not well tolerated in a clinical setting, especially in high dosage. Since the severity of rebound effect of atropine after cessation of usage and the side effects are directly related to the concentration of the medication, it is recommended that low-dose atropine is used in the initial attempt. Higher concentration for better control can be considered when compliance is observed. Devices that induce relative peripheral myopia such as orthokeratology are moderately effective interventions that are well accepted by children who wish to be spectacle free. Bifocal spectacles generally have low effect in myopia control. Prism bifocal spectacle lenses may have a special niche in myopia retardation for patients with low lags of accommodation.