New Imaging Technology Gives Researchers Better Look at Crop Roots

Root imaging allows geneticists to search for plant genes with the best characteristics

Oct 21, 2014

New imaging tools are taking plant root research out of the laboratory and into the field, a new study in the October issue of the journal Plant Physiology explains.

Plant scientists from the Georgia Institute of Technology and Penn State University have developed an automated imaging technique taking exact measurements and analysis of the root systems of mature plants.

The research will advance improvement of food crops such as rice, maize, and beans by studying root systems that are essential to delivering nutrients to the plant.

The technique, believed to be the first of its kind, uses advanced computer technology to analyze photographs taken of root systems in the field.

"We've produced an imaging system to evaluate the root systems of plants in field conditions," said Alexander Bucksch, a postdoctoral fellow in the Georgia Tech School of Biology and School of Interactive Computing. "We can measure entire root systems for thousands of plants to give geneticists the information they need to search for genes with the best characteristics."

Beyond improving food crops, the technique could also help improve plants grown for energy production, materials, and other purposes.

Root systems are complicated and vary widely even among plants of the same species. Analyzing critical root properties in field-grown plants has depended on manual measurements, which vary with observer. In contrast, automated measurements have the potential to provide enhanced statistical information for plant improvement.

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Imaging of root systems has, until now, largely been done in the laboratory, using seedlings grown in small pots and containers. Such studies provide information on the early stages of development, and do not directly quantify the effects of realistic growing conditions or field variations in water, soil, or nutrient levels.

How it works
The technique uses digital photography to provide a detailed image of roots from mature plants in the field. Individual plants to be studied are dug up and their root systems washed clean of soil. The roots are then photographed against a black background using a standard digital camera pointed down from a tripod. A white fabric tent surrounding the camera system provides consistent lighting.

The resulting images are then uploaded to a server running software that analyzes the root systems for more than 30 different parameters – including the diameter of tap roots, root density, the angles of brace roots, and detailed measures of lateral roots. Scientists working in the field can upload their images at the end of a day and have spreadsheets of results ready for study the next day.

"In the lab, you are just seeing part of the process of root growth," Bucksch said. "We went out to the field to see the plants under realistic growing conditions."

Developing the digital photography technique required some changes to produce consistent images that could be analyzed using computer programs. To support the goal of making the system available worldwide, it had to be simple enough for field researchers to use consistently, able to be transported in backpacks to locations without electricity, and built on inexpensive components.

Future applications
In the future, the system could allow scientists to study crop roots over an entire growing season, potentially providing new life cycle data. Initial trials demonstrate that automated methods can reveal new below-ground traits that could be targeted for breeding and improvement.

Data generated by the new technique will be used in subsequent analyses to help understand how changes in genetics affect plant growth. For instance, certain genes may help plants survive in nitrogen-poor soils, or in areas where drought is a problem.

The overall goal is to develop improved plants that can feed increasing numbers of people and provide sustainable sources of energy and materials.

"We have to feed an ever-growing population and we have to replace materials like oil-based fuels," Bucksch said. "Integral to this change will be understanding plants and how they provide us with food and alternative materials. This imaging technique provides data needed to accomplish this."

In addition to those already mentioned, the research team included Larry York and Eric Nord from Penn State and Abraham Das from Georgia Tech.