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Slide 2

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Short term, long term and duration. Short term Long term· Short term memories do not last · Long term memories last anywhere very long. from 2 hours to 100 years.· An example of the short term · Shepard (1967) tested the duration memory in action would be trying of the LTM. He presented to remember a phone number. This participants 612 memorable is maintained by repetition until pictures one at a time. An hour dialled and this is then forgotten as later, there was almost perfect the conversation begins. recall of the photographs and four· Rehearsal is one way of keeping a months later, participants still memory active. recognised 50% of the· The result of such verbal photographs. rehearsal is that short term · Bahrick et al. also conducted a memories are held in the short study in 1975 asked participants of term memory store and eventually varying ages to name the people become long term. from their high school yearbook. 48 years on, people were still 70% accurate.…read more

Slide 3

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Study on the duration of STM Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (1959)· The experimenter said a consonant Results syllable to the participant, followed · Participants remembered about by a three digit number (e.g. WCR 90% when there was only a 3 204). The syllable was meant to second interval and about 2% when have no meaning. there was an 18 second interval.· Immediately after hearing the · This suggests that when rehearsal syllable and number, the is prevented, STM lasts about 20 participants had to count backwards seconds at most. from the number in 3s or 4s until they were told to stop. This is a distraction activity to prevent the rehearsal of the syllable.· The participant was asked to recall the nonsense syllable.· Each participant was given two practice trials before eight trials. On each trial the retention interval was different: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds.…read more

Slide 4

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Evaluation. The duration of STM may be even Not quite so short term memory. shorter. · More recent research has shown· Peterson and Peterson's results that the duration of STM is not as have been challenged. It could be short as Peterson and Peterson's argued that in this experiment, study. participants were relying on more · Nairne et al.'s 1999 study found than STM alone because they that items could be recalled as long knew they would be asked to recall as 96 seconds later. In Nairne's the item. study, participants were asked to· Other research (Marsh et al., 1997) recall the same items across trials, has suggested that when whereas in the earlier studies, participants do not expect to be different items were used on each tested, forgetting can occur as trial, which led to interference and quickly as 2 seconds later. decreased recall.…read more

Slide 5

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Capacity of the STM.· Joseph Jacobs (1887) used the Evaluation `digit span technique' to assess the · Cowan (2001) reviewed a capacity of the STM. He found that multitude of studies on the capacity the average span for digits was 9.3 of the STM. His conclusion was items, whilst it was 7.3 items for that the STM is likely to be limited letters. He suggested that this was to 4 chunks. because there are only 9 digits but · Some researchers have also 26 letters. looked at the capacity of the STMIncreasing the capacity of the STM for visual information (rather than· George Miller (1956) wrote an verbal) and found that 4 items was article, reviewing psychological about the limit (Vogel et al., 2001). research and concluded that that the span of immediate memory is seven. He also found that people can remember five words as well as they can five letters (because we chunk information).…read more

Slide 6

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Key terms.Short-term memory ­ your Capacity ­ a measure of howmemory for immediate events. The STM much can be held in memory. It ishas limited duration and capacity. This measured in terms of bits oftype of memory is often referred to as information, such as a number ofworking memory, because it is used in a digits.comprehending language, solvingproblems etc.Long-term memory ­ yourmemory for events that have happenedin the past. This can last from 2 minutesto 100 years. The long term memorystore has potentially unlimited capacityand duration.Duration ­ A measure of howlong a memory lasts before it is no longeravailable.…read more