scientist, Dr. Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer, was editor of theNeu Braunfelser Zeitung, as well as one of the best known botan-ists in America.ao Another German, young W. H. Menger, estab-lished a hotel in San Antonio that was quickly to become thefashion place of the city. Several foreigners, including German-born Ferdinand Flake of Galveston, English-born David Richard-son of Galveston, Irish-born Andrew Daly of Houston, and Ger-man-born Adolf Douai of San Antonio, became leading jour-nalists of the state.81Of course, not all the foreigners were so prominent. Themajority occupied inconspicuous positions in Texas society andreceived little public attention. Some attempted to retain thetraditions and customs of their native lands; others quickly trans-formed themselves and adapted to the new surroundings.32 Someunfortunately were paupers and public charges, dependent uponthe financial assistance of charitable institutions. Others were lawviolators and imprisoned. County and city jails in major Texastowns contained an unusually high percentage of aliens, partlyperhaps because of a tendency of the courts to deal rather severelywith foreigners33 in addition to the difficulty the aliens encoun-tered in fitting in with the new way of life. The Galvestoncounty jail, for example, contained six inmates in 186o, all for-eigners.84 The Brownsville county jail had four inmates, twoof whom were Mexicans and two native Americans." The townjail of Indianola had three prisoners, all of whom were foreignborn. The census enumerator listed the crime of one, a PrussiansoBiesele, History of German Settlements in Texas, 224; Ella Lonn, Foreignersin the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, 1940), 16-17.3lCarl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution (Philadelphia, 1952), 193-194; Biesele,History of German Settlements in Texas, 223-224; Webb and Carroll, Handbook ofTexas, I, 608; II, 174, 469.82Ferdinand Roemer, Texas, With Particular Reference to German Immigration,85, complained that Germans in Texas renounced their origin all too quickly andattempted to pass as native Americans. Olmsted, in his A Journey Through Texas,433, noted that Germans in American towns occupied a suspected position andtherefore carefully avoided all open expression.s3Weaver, "Foreigners in Ante-Bellum Towns," Journal of Southern History, XIII,72.40One was Italian, two were Irish, one Swiss, one English, and one German.Manuscript returns, Schedule No. 1, Free Inhabitants, United States Census, 186o,Galveston county, City of Galveston, 2nd Ward, 63.35Ibid., Cameron county, City of Brownsville, 9.

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