Study: Male Ogling Hurts Women's Math Scores

Getting the once-over from a man causes women to score lower
on a math test, a new study finds.

Despite this drop in performance, women were more motivated
to interact with men who ogled them, perhaps because they were trying to boost
their sense of belonging, psychologists report in the February issue of the
journal Psychology of Women Quarterly.

"It creates this vicious cycle for women in which
they're underperforming in math or work domains, but they're continuing to want
to interact with the person who is making
them underperform in the first place," study researcher Sarah Gervais,
a psychologist at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, told LiveScience.

The Objectifying Gaze

According to researchers, objectification happens when a
person is judged on body parts or sexual function without regard to other
aspects of their personality. Previous studies have found that women experience
objectification frequently: One to two times a week, according to a 2001 study
of U.S. college students that was published in the Journal of Social Issues. [Read:
Negative
Stereotypes Have a Lasting Effect]

But although people have come to regard blatant
sexual harassment as a problem, the consequences of subtle objectification
are less well understood, Gervais said. She and her colleagues decided to
investigate whether "sneaking a peek" at an opposite-sex workmate
might affect that person's job performance.

To do so, Gervais and her colleagues trained research
assistants to do a quick up-and-down look at a person's body and to train their
gaze at the other person's chest for a consistent period of a few seconds during
conversations. It was harder than it sounds, Gervais said.

"For people that are doing this -- even the men who are
presumably doing this pretty frequently -- actually having to slow down and do
it is pretty hard," Gervais said. It was also somewhat awkward, she added.

After the assistants had undergone close to 30 hours of gaze-training
apiece, the researchers asked 67 women and 83 men, all college students, to
come to the lab. The volunteers were told the study was about teamwork. After
this briefing, each volunteer was assigned to an opposite-sex partner --
actually a trained research assistant posing as another volunteer.

The research assistants then gave the real volunteers a
five-question interview, ostensibly as part of the teamwork exercise. In some
cases, the assistant started the interview by gazing from the volunteer's head
to waist and back again, and then stared at the volunteer's chest for a few
seconds between some questions. (Although the chest is a more sensitive area
for women, men
are becoming increasingly self-conscious about chest muscularity, the
researchers explained.) In other cases, the assistant simply made eye contact.
The volunteers then had 10 minutes to complete 12 math problems.

My Eyes Are Up Here

The results revealed that men's scores were not affected whether
or not they got an objectifying glance from a woman before the math test. But
women whose male partners objectified them scored lower than those whose
partners didn't gaze at their bodies. The non-objectified women scored an
average of 6 out of 12 questions correct, while objectified women scored an
average of just under 5.

Studies have shown that when you remind people of a
stereotype about their group -- "Girls are bad at math" -- their
performance at that task actually does drop because of their anxiety over the
stereotype. This phenomenon, called stereotype
threat, likely played a role in the lowered math scores, Gervais said. The
women who got the objectifying look were aware of it on some level, as they
reported that their partner was more preoccupied with their looks than the
women who weren't ogled.

Bad math scores notwithstanding, the ogled women were more
likely than the non-ogled women to say they wanted to interact with their
partners more. There are a few possible explanations for this seemingly
self-defeating desire, Gervais said. Women could be wishing for a chance to
show the men they're not a sex object. They might have seen the flirtatious
look as a sign he was attracted and returned that attraction. They may have
felt flattered at being checked out. Or they may be trying to fit in, Gervais
said.

"People that are being stereotyped [become] very, very
concerned about their social connections and whether
they belong," Gervais said. Further interaction may reduce that
anxiety, she said.

The researchers are now investigating whether woman-on-woman
or man-on-man gazing has any effect on performance. They're also interested in
whether licentious glances could become as taboo as butt-slaps under sexual
harassment law.

"When it comes to something subtle like this, it's very
difficult to combat," Gervais said. "It's sort of expected that men
are going to do this to women and that really it's just not that harmful."

But if research shows that sexualized gazes consistently
interfere with work performance, it's time to take rubbernecking more
seriously, Gervais said.

"Even
though it is just a look," she added, "it has meaningful consequences for
women."