Malignancies that develop from primitive nerve cells in the bone marrow and usually affects the shaft of long bones

warthin's tumor is seen almost exclusively in the _______ gland

parotid

caspases

family of cysteine proteases. Have specificity for asparate residues. Present as proenzymes and are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Autoactivation via aggregation, creating a cascade of activation. Act on a variety of substrates (regulatory &amp; structureal proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, nuclear lamins). Activate CAD by cleaving CAD-ICAD complex leading to the cleavage of DNA

acanthlysis of granular layer or subcorneal, but can be subtle (subcorneal sep.)
neutrophils, some eosinophils cmay accumulate in blister cavity
mild to moderate eosinophilc exocytosis
immunofluorescence shows intercellular IgG and C3 deposits through full thickness of epidermis in majority of cases

Which one is NOT a Multiple polyposis syndrome (very high malignant potential): Entamoeba histolytica, Gardner syndrome, Familial polyposis, Turcot syndrome

Entamoeba histolytica

Extranodal MALT B cell lymphoma surface antigens

CD5-; CD10-; CD23-CD19+; CD20+

What is septic shock

Peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood; endothelial activation/injury; leukocyte-induced damage; disseminated intravascular coagulation; activation of cytokine cascades. With a 25% to 50% mortality rate, ranks first among the causes of mortality in intensive care units and is estimated to account for over 200,000 deaths annually in the United States. Most cases of septic shock (approximately 70%) are caused by endotoxin-producing gram-negative bacilli. Endotoxins are bacterial wall lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) that are released when the cell walls are degraded (e.g., in an inflammatory response)

hypoxic death of cells in the central nervous system produces

liqeufactive necrosis

young woman prefers to date older men because they tend to take care of her and serve as a father figure that she can be submissive to; she has very low self esteem

in type III hypersentitiivity ewhat are the threemost common sites of ag ab complex depostion?

renal glomerulus, joints and small blood vessels

describe the histologic changes shown in the lung

acute inflammation - infiltration of the alveolar spaces by neutrophils, which are the predominant cell of the acute inflammatory response, containing among other things granules with myeloperoxidase (catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (in the

gas bubbles obstruct vascular flow (causing distal ischemic injury). Air may enter circulation during obstetric procedures or as a consequence of chest wall injury. One form, decompression sickness, occurs when individuals are exposed to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure; consequences include the bends, the chokes, and caisson disease.

P21, which are functionally similar to G proteins, membrane-signaling proteins acitvated by GTP binding, which mediate signal transduciton from the cell surface.

What is the type and cause of the most common congenital heart malformation in Down syndrome?

Septum-primum-type ASD due to endocardial cushion defects

Discuss the role of growth factors in the repair reaction

signals may be autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine, but no matter what they are critical to affecting the cellular and tissue changes that are necessary for the repair process. They serve to promote wound contraction and epithelial migration (fibronectin), act as growth factor for fibroblasts and chemotactic for fibroblasts and macrophages (PDGF), inhibit cell growth and promote differentiation of fibroblasts and epithelium (TGF), and give rise to marked increase in CT and endothelial growth

how does gene amplification, such as in c-myc, cause neoplasia?

Multiple duplications of the myc gene occur on the chromosome. This will lead to many more sites of expression of growth factor genes.

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissueIt occurs most commonly in hyperplastic squamous epithelium (skin, cervix, and bronchus) and reflects persistent injury to the tissueDysplasia shares many cytologic features with in situ cancer and it may be a problem to the pathologist. It is established that dysplasia is a pre-neoplastic lesion.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation-sudden or insidious onset of widespread fibrin thrombi in the microcirculation-can cause diffuse circulatory insufficiency, particularly in the brain, lungs, heart and kidneys. The development of multiple thrombi leads to rapid concurrent consumption of platelets and coagulation proteins, but at the same time, fibrinolytic mechanisms are activated and, as a result, the initially thrombotic disorder can evolve into a serious bleeding disorder

an autoimmune disease of the salivary and lacrimal glands that produces xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca is ______ syndrome

Chronic passive congestion of lungs in left sided heart failure --> intra-alveolar hemorrhage --> RBCs that are forced out of the vessels are taken up by macrophages --> brown hemosiderin granules in macrophages --> called "_____ ____ ce

"heart failure cells"

Causes of pancreatic insufficiency

cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis –> loss of pancreatic enzymes

expectorants

agents that aid the removal of mucus to help widen air passages

chronic reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus will produce esophagitis that may develope into

barrett's esophagus

tracheal froth

accumulation of foam with or without blood, filling airways, even the trachea. Often considered pathognomonic for pulmonary edema, it can be seen in any animal that dies slowly, allowing serum to leak from capillaries into the airways and then to be mixed to a froth as the lungs collapse after death.

cellular response (neutrophils are major effector cells in acute inflam)marginate and roll
margination- roll out of periphery of vessel
rolling- move along endothelial lining being drawn by chemoattractant stimulus

adhere to endothelial cell
transmigrate through endothelial cell gaps
move to site of injury along chemoattractant gradient

radiation carcinogens (most important kind and its types, the fate of those types)

List the major characteristics important to the recognition and function of plasm cells

Produce antibody directed either against persistent antigen in the inflammatory site or against altered tissue components.

pokilocytosis is an abnormal

variation in the shape of RBC's

Liquefactive necrosis is what?

Is usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation (e.g. pneumonia). This is typical of bacterial or, sometimes, fungal infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory reaction. Curiously, ischemia (re

Hodgkin's: Which HL type has the most RS cells?

Mixed cellular.

lumen of intestine has stringy exudate we can scrape off; diptheriitic membrane

infection with CPV-2

what is marasmus

type of malnutrition where the somatic compartment is consumed for energy maintenace, albumin levels decreased, emaciated apparence and immune deficient

what is an incomplete fracture that the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend of the bone

-reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissues
or
-undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue

Dysplasia (and 4 ways its possible)

Abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. Lack of maturation, loss of polarity, presence of mitoses, cellular pleomorphism

tumor stage (def, what it evaluates, usefullness)

def.- distribution and extent of cancer at time of dx
all staging systems evaluate:
size of primary lesion
extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
presence or absence of metastases

staging aids in selection of best therapy for the patient
Stage has greater clinical value than grade.

Name 3 common R-to-L shunts.

The 3 T's: Tetralogy of Fallot (most common cause of early cyanosis), Transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus

List the factors associated with increased risk of thrombosis

Three major factors are associated w/ increased risk of thrombosis-the Virchow triad. Endothelial injury may occur over ulcerated plaques in atherosclerotic arteries, or at sites of traumatic or inflammatory vascular injury. Alterations in normal blood flow-turbulence and stasis-may be caused by ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques, abnormal aortic and arterial dilations (aneurysms), myocardial infarction, as well as sickle cell anemia. Hypercoagulability contributes less, but is important in some syndromes(ie- HIT &amp; APS).

Are the pathologic criterion for chronic bronchitis the relevant ones for making the Dx?

What are the units of &quot;productive cough&quot;?

Are X-rays specific in Chronic bronchitis?

No; it is a clinical Dx.

productive cough more than 3months at least two times a year. for more than 2 years.

Cups of mucin per day.

No.

What are psammoma bodies where are they seen?

1. They are laminated, concentric, calcific spherules.
2. They are seen in
1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
2. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
3. Meningioma
4. Malignant mesothelioma

1. Jason is a biology teacher who has noticed that Melissa, who has very high standardized test scores, is not doing well in
his class. She sits at the back of the room and has minimal interaction with the other students. When it is time to take out the microscopes for observation she always chooses the oldest one that does not function particularly well. Recent research shows that in order to try and help her performance, the most important thing he can do is to (71-72)

Definition:

assist her in developing social relationships with the other students.