Garage rock (sometimes called '60s punk or garage punk) is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada, and has experienced various revivals in the last several decades. The style is characterized by basic chord structures played on electric guitars and other instruments, sometimes distorted through a fuzzbox, as well as often unsophisticated and occasionally aggressive lyrics and delivery. The term "garage rock" derives from the perception that groups were often made up of young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage, although many were professional.

In the US and Canada, surf rock—and later the Beatles and other beat groups of the British Invasion—motivated thousands of young people to form bands between 1963 and 1968. Hundreds of acts produced regional hits, and some had national hits, usually played on AM radio stations. With the advent of psychedelia, a number of garage bands incorporated exotic elements into the genre's primitive stylistic framework, but after 1968, as more sophisticated forms of rock music came to dominate the marketplace, garage rock records largely disappeared from national and regional charts, and the movement faded. Though generally associated with North America, other countries in the 1960s developed similar grass-roots rock movements that have sometimes been characterized as variants of garage rock.

During the 1960s garage rock was not recognized as a distinct genre and had no specific name, but critical hindsight in the early 1970s—and particularly the release of the 1972 compilation albumNuggets—did much to define and memorialize the style. Between 1971 and 1973 certain rock critics began to retroactively identify the music as a genre and for several years used the term "punk rock" to describe it, making it the first form of music to bear the description, predating the more familiar use of the term appropriated by the later punk rock movement of the mid- to late-1970s that it influenced. The term "garage rock" came into use at the beginning of the 1980s and eventually gained favor amongst devotees. The genre has also been referred to as "'60s punk", "garage punk", or "proto-punk".

In the early to mid-1980s, several revival scenes emerged featuring acts that consciously attempted to replicate the look and sound of 1960s garage bands. Later in the decade, a louder, more contemporary garage subgenre developed that combined garage rock with modern punk rock and other influences, sometimes using the garage punk label originally and otherwise associated with 1960s garage bands. In the 2000s, a wave of garage-influenced acts associated with the post-punk revival emerged, and some achieved commercial success. Garage rock continues to appeal to musicians and audiences who prefer a "back to basics" or "do-it-yourself" musical approach.

The term "garage rock", originally used in reference to 1960s acts, stems from the perception that its performers were often young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage.[2] While numerous bands were made up of middle-class teenagers from the suburbs, others were from rural or urban areas or were composed of professional musicians in their twenties.[3] The term "garage band" is often used to refer to musical acts in this genre.[4]

Referring to the 1960s, Mike Markesich commented "...teenge rock & roll groups (i.e. combos) proliferated Everywheresville USA".[5] Though it is impossible to determine how many garage bands were active in the era, their numbers were extensive on an unprecedented scale[6] in what Markesich has characterized as a "cyclonic whirlwind of musical activity like none other..."[7] According to Mark Nobles, it is estimated that between 1964-1968 over 180,000 bands formed in the United States,[8] and several thousand US garage acts made records during the era.[9][a]

Garage bands performed in a variety of venues. Local and regional groups typically played at parties, school dances, and teen clubs.[10] For acts of legal age (and in some cases younger), bars, nightclubs, and college fraternity socials also provided regular engagements.[11] Occasionally, groups had the opportunity to open at shows for famous touring acts.[12] Some garage rock bands went on tour, particularly those that were better-known, but lesser-known groups sometimes received bookings or airplay beyond their immediate locales.[13] Groups often competed in "battles of the bands", which gave musicians an opportunity to gain exposure and a chance to win a prize, such as free equipment or recording time in a local studio.[14] Contests were held, locally, regionally and nationally, and three of the most prestigious national events were held annually by the Tea Council of the U.S.A.,[15] the Music Circus,[16] and the United States Junior Chamber.[17]

Performances often sounded amateurish, naïve, or intentionally raw, with typical themes revolving around the traumas of high school life and songs about "lying girls" being particularly common.[2] The lyrics and delivery were frequently more aggressive than the more polished acts of the time, often with nasal, growled, or shouted vocals, sometimes punctuated by shrieks or screams at climactic moments of release.[18] Instrumentation was characterized by basic chord structures played on electric guitars or keyboards often distorted through a fuzzbox, teamed with bass and drums.[19] Guitarists sometimes played using aggressive-sounding bar chords or power chords.[20] Portable organs such as the Farfisa were frequently used and harmonicas and hand-held percussion such as tambourines were not uncommon.[21] Occasionally, the tempo was sped up in passages sometimes referred to as "raveups".[22]

Garage rock acts were diverse in both musical ability and in style, ranging from crude and amateurish to near-studio level musicianship. There were also regional variations in flourishing scenes, such as in California and Texas.[23] The north-western states of Idaho, Washington and Oregon had a distinctly recognizable regional sound with bands such as the Sonics and Paul Revere & the Raiders.[24]

In the 1960s, garage rock had no name and was not thought of as a genre, but primarily as just "rock and roll".[25] Rock critic and future Patti Smith Group guitarist Lenny Kaye remarked that the period "...dashed by so fast that nobody knew much of what to make of it while it was around".[26] Though "garage rock" was not the name initially prescribed for the form,[27] in the early 1970s Kaye and several other rock critics began to retroactively draw attention to the music, speaking nostalgically of mid-1960s garage bands (and subsequent artists then perceived to be their stylistic inheritors) as a genre,[28] and for several years used the term "punk rock" to characterize it,[29] making it the first musical form to bear the description.[30] Conjuring up the mid-1960s, Lester Bangs in 1971 wrote: "... then punk bands started cropping up who were writing their own songs but taking the Yardbirds' sound and reducing it to this kind of goony fuzztone clatter ... oh, it was beautiful, it was pure folklore, Old America, and sometimes I think those were the best days ever".[31]

Though the coinage of the phrase "punk rock" is unknown,[32]Dave Marsh was the first music critic to use the term in print to describe the actual style.[33] In the May 1971 issue of Creem he referred to a performance by ? and the Mysterians as a "landmark exposition of punk rock".[34] Much of the revival of interest in 1960s garage rock can be traced to the release of the 1972 album Nuggets compiled by Lenny Kaye.[35][36][37] In the liner notes, Kaye used the term "punk rock" to describe 1960s garage bands and also "garage-punk" in reference to a song recorded in 1966 by the Shadows of Knight.[26] In the January 1973 Rolling Stone review of Nuggets, Greg Shaw commented "Punk rock is a fascinating genre... Punk rock at its best is the closest we came in the 1960s to the original rockabilly spirit of rock & roll."[28] In May 1973, Billy Altman launched the short-lived punk magazine,[b][38] which pre-dated the better-known 1975 publication of the same name, but, unlike the later magazine, was largely devoted to discussion of 1960s garage and psychedelic acts.[38]

Though the phrase "punk rock" was the favored generic term in the early 1970s, "garage band" was also mentioned in reference to groups.[4] In Rolling Stone in March 1971 John Mendelsohn made an oblique reference to "every last punk teenage garage band having its Own Original Approach".[4] The term "punk rock" was later appropriated by the more familiar punk rock movement that emerged in the mid-1970s[39] and is now most commonly applied to groups associated with that movement or who followed in its wake.[40] For the 1960s style, the term "garage rock" came into favor in the early 1980s.[41] According to Mike Markesich: "Initially launched into the underground vernacular at the start of the '80s, the garage tag had slowly sifted its way amid like-minded fans to finally be recognized as a worthy descriptive replacement".[27] The term "garage punk" has also persisted,[42] and style has been referred to as "'60s punk"[43] and "proto-punk".[44]

In the late 1950s, the initial impact of rock and roll on mainstream American culture waned as major record companies took a controlling influence and sought to market more conventionally acceptable recordings.[45] Electric musical instruments (particularly guitars) and amplification were becoming more affordable, allowing young musicians to form small groups to perform in front of local audiences of their peers; and in some areas there was a breakdown, especially among radio audiences, of traditional black and white markets, with more white teenagers listening to and purchasing R&B records.

Link Wray, pictured in 1993, who helped pioneer the use of guitar power chords and distortion as early as 1958 with the instrumental, "Rumble", has been cited as an early influence on garage rock.

Guitarist Link Wray has been cited as an early influence on garage rock and is known for his innovative use of guitar techniques and effects such as power chords and distortion.[53] He is best known for his 1958 instrumental "Rumble", which featured the sound of distorted, "clanging" guitar chords, which anticipated much of what was to come.[54] The combined influences of early-1960s instrumental rock and surf rock also played significant roles in shaping the sound garage rock.[55][52]

According to Lester Bangs, "the origins of garage rock as a genre can be traced to California and the Pacific Northwest in the early Sixties".[44] The Pacific Northwest, which encompasses Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, played a critical role in the inception of garage rock, hosting the first scene to produce a sizable number of acts, and pre-dated the British Invasion by several years. The signature garage sound that eventually emerged in the Pacific Northwest is sometimes referred to as "the Northwest Sound" and had its origins in the late 1950s, when a handful of R&B and rock & roll acts sprung up in various cities and towns in an area stretching from Puget Sound to Seattle and Tacoma, and beyond.[58]

There and elsewhere, groups of teenagers were inspired directly by touring R&B performers such as Johnny Otis and Richard Berry, and began to play cover versions of R&B songs.[59] During the late 1950s and early 1960s other instrumental groups playing in the region, such as the Ventures, formed in 1958 in Tacoma, Washington, who came to specialize in a surf rock sound,[60] and the Frantics from Seattle.[61] The Blue Notes from Tacoma, Washington, fronted by "Rockin' Robin" Roberts, were one of the city's first teenage rock & roll bands.[62]The Wailers (often referred to as the Fabulous Wailers) had national chart hit in 1959, the instrumental "Tall Cool One".[63] After the demise of Blue Notes, "Rockin' Robin" did a brief stint with the Wailers, and with him on vocals in 1962, they recorded a version of Richard Berry's 1957 song "Louie Louie"—their arrangement became the much-replicated blueprint for practically every band in the region,[64] including Portland's the Kingsmen who went on to a major hit with it the following year.[65]

Other regional scenes of teenage bands playing R&B-oriented rock were well-established in the early 1960s, several years before the British Invasion, in places such as Texas and the Midwest.[66] At the same time, in southern California surf bands formed, playing raucous guitar- and saxophone-driven instrumentals.[44] Writer Neil Campbell commented: "There were literally thousands of rough-and-ready groups performing in local bars and dance halls throughout the US prior to the arrival of the Beatles ... [T]he indigenous popular music which functioned in this way ... was the protopunk more commonly identified as garage rock".[67]

As a result of cross-pollination between surf rock, hot rod music, and other influences, an energetic and upbeat style sometimes referred to as frat rock emerged, which can be viewed as an early subgenre of garage rock.[69] Though often associated with Pacific Northwest acts such as the Kingsmen, it also thrived elsewhere.[52][70] The Kingsmen's 1963 off-the-cuff version of "Louie Louie" became the de facto "big bang" for three-chord rock, starting as a regional hit in Seattle, then rising to No. 1 on the national charts and eventually becoming a major success overseas.[71] The group unwittingly became the target of an FBI investigation in response to complaints about the song's alleged use of profanity in its nearly undecipherable lyrics.[72] That year singles by several regional bands from other parts of the United States began appearing on the national charts, including "Surfin' Bird" by the Trashmen, from Minneapolis.[73] "California Sun" by the Rivieras, from South Bend, Indiana followed, becoming a hit in early 1964.[74]

During the mid-1960s garage rock entered its most fertile period, prompted by the influence of the Beatles and the British Invasion.[75] On February 9, 1964, during their first visit to the United States, the Beatles made a historic appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show watched by a record-breaking viewing audience of a nation mourning the recent death of President John F. Kennedy.[76] For many, particularly the young, the Beatles' visit re-ignited the sense of excitement and possibility that had momentarily faded in the wake of the assassination.[77] Much of this new excitement was expressed in rock music, sometimes much to the chagrin of parents and elders.[78]

In the wake of the Beatles' first visit, a subsequent string of successful British beat groups and acts achieved success in America between 1964 and 1966, often referred to in the US as "the British Invasion". Such acts had a profound impact, leading many (often surf or hot rod groups) to respond by altering their style, and countless new bands to form, as teenagers around the country picked up guitars and started bands by the thousands.[79] In many cases, garage bands were particularly influenced by the increasingly bold sound of British groups with a harder, blues-based attack, such as the Kinks, the Who, the Animals, the Yardbirds, Small Faces, Pretty Things, Them,[80] and the Rolling Stones[81] often resulting in a raw and primitive sound. Numerous acts sometimes characterized as garage formed in countries outside North America, such as England's the Troggs.[82] Their 1966 worldwide hit "Wild Thing" became a staple in countess American garage bands' repertoires.[83] By 1965, the influence of the British Invasion prompted folk musicians such as Bob Dylan and members of the Byrds to adopt the use of electric guitars and amplifiers, resulting in what became termed folk rock.[84] The resulting success of Dylan, the Byrds, and other folk rock acts influenced the sound and approach of numerous garage bands.[84]

In the wake of the British Invasion garage rock experienced a boom in popularity. With thousands of garage bands active in the US and Canada, hundreds produced regional hits during the period,[85] often receiving airplay on local AM radio stations.[86] Several acts gained wider exposure just long enough to have one or occasionally more national hits in an era rife with "One-Hit Wonders".
[87] In 1965 the Beau Brummels broke into the national charts with "Laugh, Laugh", followed by "Just a Little".[88] According to Richie Unterberger, they were perhaps the first American group to pose a successful response to the British Invasion.[89] That year, Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs' "Wooly Bully" went to No. 2, and they followed it up a year later with another No. 2 hit, "Little Red Riding Hood".[90] Also in 1965, the Castaways almost reached Billboard's top ten with "Liar, Liar", which was later included on the 1972 Nuggets compilation.[91] It is generally agreed that the garage rock boom peaked around 1966.[92] That April, the Outsiders from Cleveland hit No. 5 with "Time Won't Let Me",[93] which was later covered by acts such as Iggy Pop.[94] In July, the Standells from Los Angeles almost made it into the US top ten with "Dirty Water",[95] a song now often associated with Boston.[96] "Psychotic Reaction" by the Count Five went to No. 5 on Billboard's Hot 100 and was later memorialized by Lester Bangs in his 1971 piece "Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung".[97]

Garage rock was not an exclusively male phenomenon—it fostered the emergence of all-female bands whose members played their own instruments. One of the first of such acts was New York's Goldie and the Gingerbreads, who appeared at New York's Peppermint Lounge in 1964 and accompanied the Rolling Stones on their American tour the following year.[108] They had a hit in England with a version of "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat".[108] The Continental Co-ets from Fulda, Minnesota, were active from 1963-1967 and had a hit in Canada with "I Don't Love You No More".[109]The Pleasure Seekers (later known as Cradle), from Detroit, featured Suzi Quatro and her sisters.[110] Quatro went on to greater fame as a musical solo act and television actress in the 1970s.[111]The Luv'd Ones, also from Michigan, signed with Chicago's Dunwich Records and cut records with an sometimes somber sound, such as "Up Down Sue".[112]

San Francisco's the Ace of Cups became a fixture in the Bay Area scene in the late 1960s.[113] Other notable 1960s female groups were the Daughters of Eve from Chicago[114] and She (previously known as the Hairem) from Sacramento, California.[115] All-female bands were not exclusive to North America. The Liverbirds were a beat group from the Beatles' home city of Liverpool, England, but became best known in Germany, often performing in Hamburg's Star-Club.[116] All-female groups of the 1960s anticipated later acts associated with the 1970s punk movement, such as the Runaways and the Slits.[117]

In 1964 and 1965 the impact of the Beatles and the British Invasion shifted the musical landscape, presenting not only a challenge, but also a new impetus, as previously established acts in the Pacific Northwest adapted to the new climate, often reaching greater levels of commercial and artistic success than before while scores of new bands formed. After relocating to Portland, Paul Revere & the Raiders in 1963 became the first rock-and-roll act to be signed to Columbia Records, but did not achieve their commercial breakthrough until 1965 with the song "Steppin Out", which was followed by string of chart-topping hits such as "Just Like Me", originally recorded by the Wilde Knights, and "Kicks".[118]

The Sonics from Tacoma had a raunchy, hard-driving sound that influenced later acts such as Nirvana and the White Stripes.[119] According to Peter Blecha, they "were the unholy practitioners of punk rock long before anyone knew what to call it".[120] Founded in 1960, they eventually enlisted the services of vocalist Gerry Rosalie and saxophonist Rob Lind and proceeded to cut their first single," The Witch" in 1964.[121] The song was re-issued again in 1965, this time with the even more intense "Psycho" on the flip side.[122] They released several albums and are also known for other "high-octane" rockers such as "Cinderella" and "He's Waitin'".[123] Prompted by the Sonics, the Wailers entered the mid-1960s with a harder-edged sound in the fuzz-driven "Hang Up" and "Out of Our Tree".[124]

The Barbarians from Cape Cod, wearing sandals and long hair, and cultivating an image of "noble savages", recorded an album and several singles, such as "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl".[125] In 1964 the group appeared on the T.A.M.I. Show on same bill as the Rolling Stones, James Brown.[126] In the film of the show, their drummer, Victor "Moulty" Moulton, is seen holding one of his drumsticks with a prosthetic clamp while playing, as the result of a previous accident in which he lost his left hand.[127] In 1966, Moulton recorded "Moulty", a spoken monologue set to music, in which he recounted the travails of his disfigurement, released under the Barbarians' name, but backed by future members of the Band.[128]

The garage craze came into full swing in California, particularly in Los Angeles.[135][136] The Sunset Strip was the center of L.A. nightlife, providing bands with high-profile venues to attract a larger following and possibly capture the attention of record labels looking to sign a new act.[84] Exploitation films such as Riot on Sunset Strip, Mondo Hollywood, captured the musical and social milieu of life on the strip.[137] In Riot on Sunset Strip, several bands make appearances at the Pandora's Box, with the Standells supplying the theme song and later appearances by San Jose's the Chocolate Watchband and others.[138]The Seeds and the Leaves were favorites with the "in-crowd" and managed to achieve national hits with songs that have come to be regarded as garage classics: the Seeds with "Pushin' Too Hard"[139] and the Leaves with a hit version of "Hey Joe", which became a staple in countless bands' repertoires.[140]

Michigan had one of the largest scenes in the country. In early 1966, Detroit's MC5 released a version of "I Can Only Give You Everything" before they went on to greater success at the end of the decade.[161]The Unrelated Segments recorded a string of songs beginning with local hit "You Can't Buy Love",[162] followed by "Where You Gonna Go".[163] In 1966, the Litter from Minneapolis released the guitar-overdriven "Action Woman—a song which Michael Hann described as "one of garage's gnarliest, snarliest, most tight-trousered pieces of hormonal aggression".[164]

In Texas, The 13th Floor Elevators from Austin, featured Roky Erickson on guitar and vocals and are considered one of the prominent bands of the era.[165] They had a regional hit with "You're Gonna Miss Me" and a string of albums, but the band was hampered by drug busts and related legal problems that hastened their demise.[166][167] Richie Unterberger singled out The Zakary Thaks, from Corpus Christi, for their songwriting skills,[168] and they are best known for the frantic and sped-up "Bad Girl."[169]The Moving Sidewalks, from Houston, featured Billy Gibbons on guitar, later of ZZ Top.[170][171]The Gentlemen from Dallas cut the fuzz-driven "It's a Cry'n Shame", which in Mike Markesich's Teenbeat Mayhem is ranked as one of the top two garage rock songs of all time,[172] second only to "You're Gonna Miss Me", by the 13th Floor Elevators.[173]The Outcasts from San Antonio cut two highly regarded songs, "I'm in Pittsburgh and It's Raining", which became a local hit, and "1523 Blair", that Jason Ankeny described as "Texas psychedelia at its finest".[174]

The Five Americans were from Durant, Oklahoma, and released a string of singles, such as "Western Union", which became a top 10 US hit in 1967.[175] From Phoenix, Arizona, the Spiders featured Vincent Furnier, later known as Alice Cooper.[176] The group recorded two singles, most notably "Don't Blow Your Mind", which became a local hit in Phoenix.[177] They ventured to Los Angeles in 1967 in hopes of achieving greater success, which the group found not there, but in Detroit a few years later, re-christened as Alice Cooper.[177][178]

From Florida, Orlando's We the People came about as the result of the merger of two previous bands and featured songwriters Tommy Talton and Wane Proctor.[179] They recorded a string of self-composed songs, such as primitive rockers, "You Burn Me Upside Down" and "Mirror of my Mind", as well as the esoteric "In the Past", later covered by the Chocolate Watchband.[179]Evil from Miami, had a hard, sometimes thrashing sound and a reputation for musical mayhem, typified in songs such as "From a Curbstone" and "I'm Movin' On".[180]

Like the United States, Canada experienced a large and vigorous garage rock movement. Vancouver's the Northwest Company, who recorded "Hard to Cry", had a power chord-driven approach.[181]The Painted Ship were known for primal songs such as the angst-ridden "Frustration" and "Little White Lies", which Stansted Montfichet called a "punk classic".[182]The Guess Who from Winnipeg, Manitoba, began in 1958 and entered the mid-1960s with a hit, Johnny Kidd & the Pirates' "Shakin' All Over" and went to greater success in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[183]

The garage phenomenon, though most often associated with North America, was not exclusive to it.[193] Other countries developed grass-roots rock movements that closely mirrored what was happening in the North America which have sometimes been characterized as variants of garage rock or closely related forms.[194]

Although Britain did not develop a distinct and generalized garage rock genre the same way as the United States, many British acts shared characteristics with the American bands who often attempted to emulate them, and some in particular have been mentioned in relation to garage.[195][196]

Particularly after the "British Invasion" of the US, musical cross-fertilization developed between the two continents. In their 1964 transatlantic hits "You Really Got Me" and "All Day and All of the Night", the Kinks took the influence of the Kingsmen's version of "Louie Louie" and applied greater volume and distortion, which in turn, influenced the approach of many American garage bands.[203]The Pretty Things and the Downliners Sect were both known for their raw approach to blues-influenced rock.[204][205][206] Northern Ireland's Them recorded two songs that were widely covered by American garage bands: "Gloria", which became a big hit for Chicago's the Shadows of Knight, and "I Can Only Give You Everything" which was covered by numerous American acts.[207]

The Troggs have sometimes been mentioned in association with garage.[208][209] Extolling the virtues of their seemingly unrepentant primitivism and sexually charged innuendo, the Troggs were the band, albeit British, that in 1971 Lester Bangs memorialized as perhaps the quintessential "punk" [i.e. garage] band of the 1960s.[210] They had a worldwide hit in 1966 with "Wild Thing", written by American Chip Taylor.[211]The Equals, a racially integrated band from North London featuring guitarist Eddy Grant, specialized in an upbeat style of rock; their 1966 recording "Baby Come Back" was a hit in Europe before becoming a British number one in 1968.[212][213] In keeping with the popularity of blues-based rock and the onset of psychedelic music in the mid-1960s, some of the harder-driving and more obscure bands associated with the mod scene in the UK are sometimes retroactively referred to as Freakbeat, which is sometimes viewed as a more stylish British parallel to garage rock.[214][215][216] Several bands often mentioned as Freakbeat are the Creation, the Action, the Move, the Smoke, the Sorrows, and Wimple Winch.[217]

The beat boom swept through continental Europe, resulting in the emergence of numerous bands who played in styles sometimes cited as European variants of garage rock.[218][219] The Netherlands had one of the largest scenes, sometimes retroactively described as Nederbeat.[219][220] From Amsterdam, the Outsiders, who Richie Unterberger singled out as one of the most important 1960s rock acts from a non-English Speaking country, featured Wally Tax on lead vocals and specialized in an eclectic R&B and folk-based style.[221][222]Q65 from the Hague recorded extensively and lasted well into the 1970s, releasing the invective "I Despise You" in 1966.[223][224] Also from the Hague, the Golden Earrings, who later gained international fame in the 1970s and 1980s as Golden Earring, had a top ten hit in the Netherlands in 1965 with "Please Go", followed by "That Day", which went to number two on the Dutch charts.[225][226]

Having nurtured the Beatles' early development in Hamburg, Germany was well-positioned to play a key role as the beat craze overtook the continent. Bands from Britain and around Europe traveled there to gain exposure, playing in clubs and appearing on popular German television shows such as Beat Club and Beat! Beat! Beat!.[227][228]The Lords, founded in Düsseldorf in 1959, pre-dated the British Invasion by several years, and adapted their sound and look to reflect the influence of the British groups, even singing in English, but providing a comic twist.[229]The Rattles from Hamburg also had a lengthy history, but were more serious in their approach.[230] There were numerous bands active in Spain, such as Los Bravos, who had a worldwide hit with "Black Is Black",[231] as well as los Cheyenes and others.[232]

Latin America got swept up in the worldwide beat trend and developed several of its own national scenes. Mexico experienced its own equivalent to North American garage.[233] The nation's proximity to the United States was detectable in the raw sounds produced by a number of groups while the country simultaneously embraced the British Invasion.[234] One of Mexico's most popular acts were Los Dug Dug's, who recorded several albums and stayed active well into the 1970s.[235]

Despite famine, economic hardship, and political instability, India experienced its own proliferation of garage bands in the 1960s, even persisting into the beginning of the next decade with the 1960s musical style intact, after it had fallen out of favor practically everywhere else.[249][d] Mumbai, with its hotels, clubs, and nightlife, had a bustling music scene. The Jets, who were active from 1964 to 1966, were perhaps the first beat group to become popular there.[250] Also popular in Mumbai were the Trojans, featuring Biddu, originally from Bangalore, who later moved to London and become a solo act.[251] Every year the annual Simla Beat Contest was held in Bombay by the Imperial Tobacco Company.[252] Groups from all over India, such as the Fentones and Velvet Fogg, competed in the event.[253]

Australia and New Zealand experienced a garage/beat explosion in the mid-1960s.[254] Before the British Invasion hit, the region enjoyed a sizable surf rock scene, with popular bands such as the Atlantics, who had several instrumental hits, as well as the Aztecs and the Sunsets.[255][256] In late 1963 and early 1964 British Invasion influence began to permeate the music scenes there.[256][257] In June 1964 the Beatles visited Australia as part of their world tour and were greeted by a crowd of an estimated 300,000 in Adelaide.[257] In response, many prior Australian surf bands adapted by adding vocals over guitars, and a host of new bands formed.[257] The first wave of British-inspired bands tended towards the pop-oriented sound of the Merseybeat.[258] With rise in popularity of bands such as the Rolling Stones and the Animals, a second wave of Australian bands emerged that favored a harder, blues-influenced approach.[258]

Sydney was the host to numerous acts. The Atlantics switched to a vocal rock format and brought in veteran singer Johnny Rebb, formerly with Johnny Rebb and His Rebels.[259] "Come On" was their best-known song from this period.[259]The Easybeats, featuring vocalist Stevie Wright and guitarist George Young, the older brother of Angus Young and Malcolm Young later of AC/DC, became the most popular group in Australia during the mid-1960s.[260] One of Sydney's most notorious acts was the Missing Links, who throughout 1965 went through a complete and total lineup change between the release their first single in March and on the subsequent releases later that year, such as the primitivist anthems "Wild About You", as well as their self-titled LP.[261][262] Also in 1966, the Throb had a hit in Australia with their version of "Fortune Teller", and later that year released "Black", a brooding version of a traditional folk ballad noted for its expressionistic use of guitar feedback.[263]The Black Diamonds "I Want, Need, Love You" featured an intense and hard-driving guitar sound that Ian D. Marks described as "speaker cone-shredding".[264]

Increasingly throughout 1966, partly due to the growing influence of drugs such as marijuana and LSD,[281] numerous bands began to expand their sound, sometimes employing eastern scales and various sonic effects to achieve exotic and hypnotic soundscapes in their music.[282] The development was nonetheless the result of a longer musical evolution growing out of folk rock and other forms, and prefigured even in certain surf rock recordings.[283][284][e] As the decade progressed, psychedelic influences became pervasive in much garage rock.[287][288] Garage rock helped lay the groundwork for acid rock.[289]

By the mid-1960s numerous garage bands began to employ tone-altering devices such as fuzzboxes on guitars often for the purpose of enhancing the music's sonic palate and adding an aggressive edge, and using loudly amplified instruments to create a barrage of "clanging" sounds, often expressing anger, defiance, and sexual frustration.[290] A sense of despondency and restlessness entered the psyche of the youth in the United States and elsewhere, with a growing rise of tension and alienation creeping into the collective mindset—even in the largely conservative suburban communities which produced so many garage bands.[291] The garage bands, though generally apolitical, nonetheless reflected the tenor of the times.[292] Nightly news reports had a cumulative effect on the mass consciousness, including musicians.[293] Detectable in much of the music from this era is a disparate array of raw emotions, particularly in light of events such as President Kennedy's assassination and the ongoing escalation of troops sent to Vietnam,[294] yet while possessing what some have eulogized as a lost innocence.[295]

In 1965, the influence of artists such as Bob Dylan, who moved beyond political protest by experimenting with abstract and surreal lyrical imagery[296] and then switched to electric guitar, became increasingly pervasive across the musical landscape, affecting a number of genres, including garage rock.[297] The members of garage bands, like so many musicians of the 1960s, were part of a generation that was largely born into the paradigm and customs of an older time, but grew up confronting a new set of issues facing a more advanced and technological age.[298] Postwar prosperity brought the advantages of better education, as well as more spare time for recreation, which along with the new technology, made it possible for an increasing number of young people to play music.[299] With the advent of television, nuclear weapons, civil rights, the Cold War, and space exploration, the new generation was more global in its mindset and began to conceive of a higher order of human relations, attempting to reach for a set of transcendent ideals, often expressed through rock music.[300] Though set to a backdrop of tragic events that ultimately proved disillusioning,[301] the various forms of personal and musical experimentation held promise, at least for a time, in the minds of many.[50] While testing the frontiers of what the new world had to offer, 1960s youth ultimately had to accept the limitations of the new reality, yet often did so while experiencing the ecstasy of a moment when the realm of possibilities seemed boundless and within reach.[302]

Tapping into the psychedelic zeitgeist, musicians sonically pushed barriers and explored new horizons. Garage acts, while generally lacking the budgetary means to produce musical extravaganzas on the scale of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band or the instrumental virtuosity of acts such as Jimi Hendrix or Cream, nonetheless managed to infuse esoteric elements into basic primitive rock.[303]The 13th Floor Elevators from Austin, Texas, are usually thought to be first band to use the term "psychedelic"—in their promotional literature in early 1966.[166] They also used it in the title of their debut album released in November, The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators. In August 1966, the Deep traveled from New York to Philadelphia to record a set of hallucinogenic songs for the album Psychedelic Moods: A Mind-Expanding Phenomena, released in October 1966, one month before the 13th Floor Elevators' debut album, and whose all-night sessions produced mind-expanding stream of consciousness ramblings.[304] Other notable bands that incorporated psychedelia into garage rock were the Electric Prunes, the Music Machine, the Blues Magoos,[305] and the Chocolate Watchband.

Certain acts conveyed a world view markedly removed from the implicit innocence of much psychedelia and suburban-style garage, often infusing their work with subversive political or philosophical messages,[306] dabbling in musical forms and concepts considered at the time to be extreme.[307] Such artists shared certain characteristics with the garage bands in their use of primitivistic instrumentation and arrangements, while displaying psychedelic rock's affinity for exploration—creating more urbanized, intellectual, and avant garde forms of primitivist rock, sometimes mentioned in relation to garage rock.[308] New York City was the home to several such groups. The Fugs, who formed in 1963, were one of rock's first experimental bands and its core members were singer, poet, and social activist Ed Sanders, along with Tuli Kupferberg and Ken Weaver.[309] They specialized in a satirical mixture of amateurish garage rock, jug, folk, and psychedelic laced with leftist political commentary.[309][310][311] In a 1970 interview, Ed Sanders became the first known musician to describe his music as "punk rock".[34][312]

Outside of New York were the Monks from Germany, whose members were former US servicemen who chose to remain in Germany, where in 1965 they developed an experimental sound on their album Black Monk Time.[314][315][316] The group, who sometimes wore habits and partially shaven tonsures, specialized in a style featuring chanting and hypnotic percussion.[315]

Even at the height of garage rock's popularity in the mid-1960s, the success of most of its records, despite a handful of notable exceptions, was relegated to local and regional markets.[86] In the wake of psychedelia, as rock music became increasingly sophisticated, garage rock began to fade.[317] After the release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and other late-1960s big-production spectaculars, rock albums became increasingly elaborate and were expected to display maturity and complexity, while the 45-RPM single ceded to the long-play album as the preferred medium.[318][319]

Album-oriented progressive FM stations eventually overtook AM radio in popularity, and as the large major-label record companies became more powerful and less willing to sign new acts, the once plentiful "mom and pop" independent labels of the mid-1960s began to fold.
[320] Radio playlists became more regimented and disc jockeys began to have less freedom, making it increasingly difficult for local and regional bands to receive airplay.[28] Teen clubs and dance venues which previously served as reliable and steady engagements for young groups started to close.[321] The garage sound disappeared at both the national and local level, as band members graduated, departing for college, work, or the military.[322] Musicians in bands frequently faced the prospect of the Vietnam Wardraft, and some were selected for service,[323] in some cases losing their lives in action.[324] With the tumultuous political events of 1968, the tense mood of the country reached a breaking point, while increasing use of drugs and other factors intermingled with shifting musical tastes.[325] New styles either evolved out of garage rock or replaced it, such as acid rock, progressive rock, heavy metal, country rock, and bubblegum.[35][326] By 1969 the garage rock phenomenon was largely over.[327]

Iggy Pop was a member of the Stooges, who are considered one of the preeminent proto-punk acts.

The garage rock boom faded at the end of the 1960s, but a handful of maverick acts carried its impetus into the next decade, seizing on the style's rougher edges, but brandishing them with increased volume and aggression.[328][329] Such acts, often retroactively described as "proto-punk", worked in a variety of rock genres and came from disparate places, notably Michigan. Such bands specialized in an energetic and hard-rocking style that was heavy, but more primitive than most of the sophisticated hard rock sounds typical of the time, which often relied on extended instrumental soloing and jams.[330][331]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, several Michigan bands rooted in garage rock[332][333][177] recorded works that became highly influential, particularly with the 1970s punk movement.[334] In 1969, MC5 issued their live debut LP, Kick Out the Jams, which featured a set of highly energetic, politically-charged songs.[328][335]The Stooges, from Ann Arbor were fronted by lead singer Iggy Pop,[329] Describing their approach, Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented: "Taking their cue from the over-amplified pounding of British blues, the primal raunch of American garage rock, and the psychedelic rock (as well as the audience-baiting) of the Doors, the Stooges were raw, immediate, and vulgar." The group released three albums during this period, beginning with the self-titled The Stooges in 1969[329][336] and culminating with Raw Power (now billed as Iggy and the Stooges) in 1973, which featured the cathartic opeing cut, "Search and Destroy".[337] The Alice Cooper band relocated to Detroit, where they began to gain success with a new "shock rock" image, and recorded 1971's Love It to Death, which featured their breakout hit "I'm Eighteen".[178][177]

Two bands who formed in the early 1970s in the waning days of the Detroit scene were the Punks and Death. The Punks had a sometimes thrashing sound that rock journalist Lester Bangs described as "intense" and their song "My Time's Comin'" was featured in a 2016 episode of HBO's Vinyl.[338] In 1974, Death, whose membership was made up of brothers David, Bobby, and Dannis Hackney, recorded tracks for an album that remained unreleased for over 30 years, ...For the Whole World to See, which, along with their other subsequently-issued tracks, finally earned them a reputation as pioneers in punk rock.[339]

The Ramones (pictured in 1977), who were influenced by garage rock, spearheaded the mid-1970s punk movement in New York.

Identification of garage rock by certain critics in the early 1970s (and their use of the term "punk rock" to describe it), as well as the 1972 Nuggets compilation exerted a marked degree of influence on the subsequent punk movement of the mid-to-late 1970s.[347] As a result of the popularity of Nuggets and critical attention paid to primitive-sounding rock of the past and present, a self-conscious musical aesthetic began to emerge around the term "punk"[348] that, with the eventual arrival of the New York and London punk scenes, grew into a subculture, with its own look, iconography, identity, and values.[349]

The mid- to late-1970s saw the arrival of the bands most often viewed as the quintessential punk rock acts. One of the most prominent was the Ramones from New York, some of whose members had played in 1960s garage bands,[350] and who are usually considered the first punk band as the term is now commonly understood.[351] They were followed by the Sex Pistols from London, who struck a far more defiant pose and effectively heralded the arrival punk as a cause célèbre in the larger public mind.[352] Both bands spearheaded the popular punk movement from their respective locations.[351][352] Though garage rock and protopunk influenced many of the bands from the New York and London scenes of this period,[353] punk rock emerged as a new movement of its own, distinct from whatever prior connotations,[354] and the garage band era of the 1960s came to be viewed as a distant forerunner.[355][356]

Garage rock has experienced various revivals in the ensuing years and continues to influence numerous modern acts who prefer a "back to basics" and "do it yourself" musical approach.[357] The earliest group to attempt to revive the sound of 1960s garage was the Droogs, from Los Angeles, who formed in 1972 and pre-dated many of the revival acts of the 1980s.[358] In the early 1980s, revival scenes linked to the underground music movements of the period sprang up in Los Angeles, New York, Boston, and elsewhere, with acts such as the Chesterfield Kings, the Fuzztones, the Pandoras, and the Lyres earnestly attempting to replicate the sound and look of the 1960s garage bands.[359] This trend fed in into the alternative rock movement and future grunge explosion, which embraced influences by 1960s garage bands such as the Sonics and the Wailers.[360]

^On p. 49, Markesich mentions that the book's core discography (consisting almost exclusively of US acts) includes approximately 16,000 recordings made by over 4500 groups. Release dates for records generally range from 1963 to 1972 (with several later exceptions), but the vast bulk of the discography is composed of records released between 1964 and 1968).

Palao, Alec (September 15, 1998). Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968 (4-CD Box Set) – Get Me to the World On Time: How the Sound of Nuggets Engulfed the Globe (liner notes). ISBN1-56826-804-1. R2756466.