And
what, bhikkhus, is the Noble Truth of dukkha? Birth note93
is dukkha, ageing is also dukkha, death is also dukkha; sorrow,
lamentation, physical pain, mental pain and anguish are also dukkha;
to have to associate with those (persons or things) one dislikes
is also dukkha; to be separated from those one loves or likes
is also dukkha; wishing for what one cannot get is also dukkha;
in short, the five aggregates of clinging are dukkha.note94

And
what, bhikkhus, is birth (jati)? The birth, the being born, the
origination, the conception, the springing into existence, the
manifestation of the aggregates, and the acquisition of the sense-bases
of beings in this or that class of beings - this, bhikkhus, is
called birth.

And
what, bhikkhus, is ageing (jara)? It is the ageing, the getting
frail, the loss of teeth, the greying of hair, the wrinkling of
skin; the failing of the vital force, the wearing out of the sense
faculties of beings in this or that class of beings - this, bhikkhus,
is called ageing.

And
what, bhikkhus, is death (marana)? The departing and vanishing,
the destruction, the disappearance, the death, the completion
of the life span, the dissolution of the aggregates (khandha),
the discarding of the body, and the destruction of the physical
life-force of beings in this or that class of beings - this, bhikkhus,
is called death.

And
what, bhikkhus, is sorrow (soka)?note95
The sorrow, the act of sorrowing, the sorrowful state of mind,
the inward sorrow and the inward overpowering sorrow that arise
because of this or that loss (of relatives, or possessions) or
this or that painful state that one experiences - this, bhikkhus,
is called sorrow.

And
what, bhikkhus is lamentation (parideva)? The crying and lamenting,
the act of crying and lamenting, and the state of crying and lamentation
that arises because of this or that loss (of relatives, or possessions)
or this or that painful state that one experiences - this bhikkhus,
is called lamentation.

And
what, bhikkhus, is physical pain (dukkha)? The bodily pain and
bodily unpleasantness, the painful and unpleasant feeling produced
by bodily contact - this, bhikkhus, is called physical pain.

And
what, bhikkhus, is mental pain (domanassa)? The pain in the mind
and the unpleasantness in the mind, the painful and unpleasant
feeling produced by mental contact - this, bhikkhus, is called
mental pain.

And
what, bhikkhus, is anguish (upayasa)? The distress and anguish
and the state of distress and anguish that arises because of this
or that loss (of relatives, or possessions) or this or that painful
state that one experiences - this, bhikkhus, is called anguish.

And
what, bhikkhus, is the dukkha of having to associate with those
(persons or things) one dislikes (appiyehi sampayogo dukkho)?

Having
to meet, remain with, be in close contact, or intermingle, with
sights, sounds, odours, tastes, tactile objects, and dhammas in
this world which are undesirable, unpleasant or unenjoyable, or
with those who desire one's disadvantage, loss, discomfort, or
association with danger - this, bhikkhus, is called the dukkha
of having to associate with those (persons or things) one dislikes.

And,
bhikkhus, what is the dukkha of being separated from those one
loves or likes (piyehi vippayogo dukkho)? Not being able to meet,
remain with, be in close contact, or intermingle, with sights,
sounds, odours, tastes, tactile objects, and dhammas in this world
which are desirable, pleasant or enjoyable, or with mother or
father or brothers or sisters or friends or companions or maternal
and paternal relatives who desire one's advantage, benefit, comfort
or freedom from danger - this, bhikkhus, is called the dukkha
of being separated from those one loves or likes.

And
what, bhikkhus, is the dukkha of wishing for what one cannot get?
Bhikkhus, in beings subject to birth and rebirth the wish arises:
"Oh that we were not subject to birth and rebirth! Oh that
birth and rebirth would not happen to us!" But this cannot
happen by merely wishing. This is the dukkha of wishing for what
one cannot get. Bhikkhus, in beings subject to ageing the wish
arises: "Oh that we were not subject to ageing! Oh that ageing
would not happen to us! " But this cannot happen merely by
wishing. This also is the dukkha of wishing for what one cannot
get. Bhikkhus, in beings subject to illness the wish arises: "Oh
that we were not subject to illness! Oh that illness would not
happen to us!" But this cannot happen merely by wishing.
This also is the dukkha of wishing for what one cannot get. Bhikkhus,
in beings subject to death the wish arises: "Oh that we were
not subject to death! Oh that death would not happen to us!",
But this cannot happen merely by wishing. This also is the dukkha
of wishing for what one cannot get. Bhikkhus, in beings subject
to sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, mental pain and anguish
the wish arises: "Oh that we were not subject to sorrow,
lamentation, physical pain, mental pain and anguish! Oh that sorrow,
lamentation, physical pain, mental pain, and anguish would not
happen to us!" But this cannot happen merely by wishing.
This also is the dukkha of wishing for what one cannot get.note96

And
what, bhikkhus, is (meant by) "In short, the five aggregates
of clinging are dukkha"? They are the aggregate of corporeality,
the aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate
of mental formations, and the aggregate of consciousness. These,
bhikkhus, are what is meant by "In short, the five aggregates
of clinging are dukkha.''