Roots of Brazil'apos;s Relative Economic Backwardness explains Brazil'apos;s development level in light of modern theories regarding economic growth and international economics. It focuses on both the proximate and fundamental causes of Brazil'apos;s...

Economics is traditionally taken to be the social science concerned with the production, consumption, exchange, and distribution of wealth and commodities. Economists carefully track the comings and goings of the human household, whether written...

As part of the Regional Project on Harmonizing External Sector Statistics (Proyecto Regional de Armonización de las Estadísticas del Sector Externo - PRAESE) of the Technical Assistance Center for Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic,...

We present and discuss a set of indicators to help assess countries' trade policies. The indicators relate to three policy areas - trade in goods, trade in services, and FDI. Given concerns about the direction of global trade policy, we also consider...

Italian banks are burdened with high levels of nonperforming loans, the cleanup of which depends in important part on the efficiency of insolvency and enforcement processes. Traditionally, these processes in Italy have taken very long, hampering the...

This title was first published in 2000: The noble goals embodied in the Endangered Species Act are colliding with financial and social realities. Citizens increasingly face the costs of current policies, while initiatives which fail to respect...

The relevance of recording and assessing countries' capital flow management measures iswell-recognized, but very few studies have focused on low-income developing countries(LIDCs). A key constraint is the lack of an appropriate index to measure the...

The income velocity of money-an inverse measure of the demand for money balances-is the ratio of the money value of income to the average money stock that the public (excluding banks) holds in a given period. Why the magnitude of that ratio has...

In his foreword, the president of the World Bank, James D. Wolfensohn, states plainly and precisely the rationale for this volume. 'quot;Evaluation is a central aspect of any poverty reduction endeavor. Evaluation implies that we have adopted a...

Economic players must often choose between several strategic options in a fierce competitive environment where interactions with competitors make decisions particularly complex. Game theory offers useful insights to choose an optimal decision or at...

According to the standard position of the economic mainstream, the efficient production of so-called public goods, including law and defense, requires the use of territorial monopolies of coercive force. Two arguments are put forward for this...

The economy is recovering after Cyclone Winston struck in February 2016. GDP growth is estimated to have rebounded to 3.8 percent in 2017 from 0.4 percent in 2016. It is projected to reach 3.5 percent in 2018 and stabilize at 3-3.5 percent in the...

Two types of currency in circulation models are identified: (1) a first generation derived fromthe theory of money demand and (2) a second generation aimed at producing daily forecastsof currency in circulation. In this paper, we transform the...

Chances are, you already know what it's like to work for a toxic boss. You know they suck the air out of a room and the life out of their employees, and you don't need a research report to tell you that working for one is a nightmare. If this sounds...

Samuel Pufendorf'apos;s work on natural law and political economy was extensive and has been cited by several important figures in the history of economic thought. Yet his name is rarely mentioned in textbooks on the history of economic thought, the...

This paper provides a comprehensive, updated picture of energy subsidies at the global and
regional levels. It focuses on the broad notion of post-tax energy subsidies, which arise when
consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect...

Motivated by the tension first revealed during the global financial crisis between thedomestic and international financial stability obligations of central bank reserve managers,this paper offers some reflections along four main lines. First, the...

In recent years transaction costs economics have come to dominate the discussion of the nature and organization of firms. InTransaction Costs Economics and Beyond Michael Driscoll offers a critical exploration of transaction costs. He argues that...

Context. Australia has enjoyed a comparatively robust economic performance while adjusting to the end of the large mining boom of the 2000s. But the economy has not yet returned to full employment, and inflation is below its target range. Housing...

Codes and Rings: Theory and Practice is a systematic review of literature that focuses on codes over rings and rings acting on codes. Since the breakthrough works on quaternary codes in the 1990s, two decades of research have moved the field far...

Denmark has a high level of compliance with the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (BCPs). The Danish Financial Supervisory Authority (DFSA) has the appropriate legal authority to carry out supervision effectively and in its...

The latest editions of introductory texts are becoming easier and easier. At the same time, macroeconomic models used by central banks in their simulations (the so-called Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models, DSGE) are increasingly...

Few papers have attempted to assess the role of 'capacity,' especially in the area ofmacroeconomic statistics. Consequently, we make an attempt to advance this literaturethrough the construction of a 'statistical capacity building index,' and then...

Without doubt, Cuba is facing its most serious economic challenge in nearly thirty-five years of revolutionary rule. There is consensus that as the official, centrally planned economy has faltered, ordinary citizens eke out a living only by engaging...

This book will be crucial reading for students across a variety of disciplines. A broadly socio-legal text, using a mixed-methods design combining grounded theory with an in-depth case study, this research explores a rarely-seen facet of the legal...

This is the first book to cover in a comprehensive way, the conduct and structure of the international sugar industry from cultivation right through to end use. The authors look in detail at the workings of the growing and production sector and the...

In 2009, the United Kingdom changed from a worldwide to a territorial tax system, abolishingdividend taxes on foreign repatriation from many low-tax countries. This paper assesses thecausal effect of territorial taxation on real investments, using a...

Originally published in 1994, Teachers: Constructing a Future is designed for teachers, as well as those interested in the future of schooling and education. The book draws on sociological analysis, philosophical insights and aspects of political...

This book provides a focused understanding of contemporary forest management issues through real life examples to engage students. The methodology for the development of quantitatively-derived forest management plans - from gathering information to...

Over the past 15 years, local money networks, which are essentially trading networks using a community-created currency, have emerged in countries as far apart as Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, Canada and the US, continental Europe and Japan....

Contrary to common belief, macroeconomics is not merely a theory of aggregates, and cannot be constructed from individual behaviour. Both nationally and internationally, there are economic laws that are logically independent of economic agents'apos;...

This paper presents estimates of potential output for all Central American economies. Our findings are that potential output growth has declined in recent years in most economies of Central America. Lower capital accumulation and TFP growth are...

There is a widespread perception that trust and social capital have declined in United States as well asother advanced economies, while income inequality has tended to increase. While previous research hasnoted that measured trust declines as...

The Central Bank of Morocco has been working on developing a Forecasting and Policy Analysis System (FPAS) to support a gradual move toward a more flexible exchange rate regime and the eventual adoption of a full-fledged inflation-targeting (IT)...

What explains public debt spikes since the end of WWII? To answer this question, this paperidentifies 179 debt spike episodes from 1945 to 2014 across advanced and developingcountries. We find that debt spikes are not rare events and their...

The United States has a problem – a big problem. Due to costs associated with the massive bailout of financial institutions deemed 'too big to fail,' on-going armed conflicts, and a move towards socialism, another even bigger bubble is about to burst...

This study investigates the effect of gender budgeting in India on gender inequality and fiscal spending. Gender budgeting is an approach to budgeting in which governments use fiscal policies and administration to address gender inequality and...

Without doubt, Cuba is facing its most serious economic challenge in nearly thirty-five years of revolutionary rule. There is consensus that as the official, centrally planned economy has faltered, ordinary citizens eke out a living only by engaging...