AUTHOR'S PREFACE IT is not an exaggeration to say that the persons and incidents portrayed in the great literature of a people influence national character no less potently than the actual heroes and events enshrined in its history. It may be claimed that the former play an even more important part in the formation of ideals, which give to character its impulse of growth. In the moving history of our land, from time immemorial great minds have been formed and nourished and touched to heroic deeds by the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In most Indian homes, children formerly learnt these immortal stories as they learnt their mother tongue at the mother's knee. And the sweetness and sorrows of Sita and Draupadi, the heroic fortitude of Rama and Arjuna and the loving fidelity of Lakshmana and Hanuman became the stuff of their young philosophy of life. The growing complexity of life has changed the simple pattern of early home life. Still, there are few in our land who do not know the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Though the stories come to them so embroidered with the garish fancies of the Kalakshepam (devotional meeting where an expert scholar and singer tells a story to his audience) and the cinema as to retain but little of the dignity and approach to truth of Vyasa or Valmiki. Vyasa's Mahabharata is one of our noblest heritages. And it is my cherished belief that to hear it faithfully told is to love it and come under its elevating influence. It strengthens the soul and drives home, as nothing else does, the vanity of ambition and the evil and futility of anger and hatred. The realities of life are idealised by genius and given the form that makes drama, poetry or great prose. Since literature is

closely related to life, so long as the human family is divided into nations, literature cannot escape the effects of such division. But the highest literature transcends regionalism and through it, when we are properly attuned, we realise the essential oneness of the human family. The Mahabharata is of this class. It belongs to the world and not only to India. To the people of India, indeed, this epic has been an unfailing and perennial source of spiritual strength. Learnt at the mother's knee with reverence and love, it has inspired great men to heroic deeds as well as enabled the humble to face their trials with fortitude and faith. The Mahabharata was composed many thousand years ago. But generations of gifted reciters have added to Vyasa's original a great mass of material. All the floating literature that was thought to be worth preserving, historical, geographical, legendary political, theological and philosophical, of nearly thirty centuries, found a place in it. In those days, when there was no printing, interpolation in a recognised classic seemed to correspond to inclusion in the national library. Divested of these accretions, the Mahabharata is a noble poem possessing in a supreme degree the characteristics of a true epic, great and fateful movement, heroic characters and stately diction. The characters in the epic move with the vitality of real life. It is difficult to find anywhere such vivid portraiture on so ample a canvas. Bhishma, the perfect knight; the venerable Drona; the vain but chivalrous Karna; Duryodhana, whose perverse pride is redeemed by great courage in adversity; the high souled Pandavas with godlike strength as well as power of suffering; Draupadi, most unfortunate of queens; Kunti, the worthy

mother of heroes; Gandhari, the devoted wife and sad mother of the wicked sons of Dhritarashtra, these are some of the immortal figures on that crowded, but never confused, canvas. Then there is great Krishna himself, most energetic of men, whose divinity scintillates through a cloud of very human characteristics. His high purposefulness pervades the whole epic. One can read even a translation and feel the over whelming power of the incomparable vastness and sublimity of the poem. The Mahabharata discloses a rich civilisation and a highly evolved society, which though of an older world, strangely resembles the India of our own time, with the same values and ideals. India was divided into a number of independent kingdoms. Occasionally, one king, more distinguished or ambitious than the rest, would assume the title of emperor, securing the acquiescence of other royalties, and signalised it by a great sacrificial feast. The adherence was generally voluntary. The assumption of imperial title conferred no overlordship. The emperor was only first among his peers. The art of war was highly developed and military prowess and skill were held in high esteem. We read in the Mahabharata of standardised phalanxes and of various tactical movements. There was an accepted code of honorable warfare, deviations from which met with reproof among Kshatriyas. The advent of the Kali age is marked by many breaches of these conventions in the Kurukshetra battle, on account of the bitterness of conflict, frustration and bereavements. Some of the most impressive passages in the epic center round these breaches of dharma. The population lived in cities and villages. The cities were the headquarters of kings

and their household and staff. There were beautiful palaces and gardens and the lives led were cultured and luxurious. There w trade in the cities, but the mass as of the people were agriculturists. Besides this urban and rural life, there was a very highly cultured life in the seclusion of forest recesses, centerd round ascetic teachers. These ashramas kept alive the bright fires of learning and spiritual thought. Young men of noble birth eagerly sought education at these ashramas. World-weary aged went there for peace. These centers of culture were cherished by the rulers of the land and not the proudest of them would dare to treat the members of the hermitages otherwise than with respect and consideration. Women were highly honored and entered largely in the lives of their husbands and sons. The caste system prevailed, but intercaste marriages were not unknown. Some of the greatest warriors in the Mahabharata were brahmanas. The Mahabharata has moulded the character and civilisation of one of the most numerous of the world's people. How did it fulfil, how is it still continuing to fulfil, this function? By its gospel of dharma, which like a golden thread runs through all the complex movements in the epic. By its lesson that hatred breeds hatred, that covetousness and violence lead inevitably to ruin, that the only real conquest is in the battle against one's lower nature. 1. GANAPATI, THE SCRIBE BHAGAVAN VYASA, the celebrated compiler of the Vedas, was the son of the great sage Parasara. It was he who gave to the world the divine epic of the Mahabharata. Having conceived the Mahabharata he thought of the means of giving the sacred story to the world. He meditated on Brahma, the Creator, who manifested

Vyasa saluted him with bowed head and folded hands and prayed: "Lord. During their stay in the forest." Having said these words he disappeared. as told by Vaisampayana." Ganapati replied: "Very well. I should like to narrate it to you. It is well
known that the virtuous and learned Vaisampayana. The latter had two sons. Vyasa first taught the great epic to his son." Ganapati smiled and agreed to the condition. The elder of the two being born blind. but cannot think of one who can take it down to my dictation. the two wives of Pandu. Chitrangada became King of Hastinapura and he was succeeded by Vichitravirya. he expounded it to many other disciples. one of the chief disciples of Vyasa." Brahma extolled Vyasa and said: "O sage. I can only write on this condition?" Vyasa agreed. the Rakshasas and the Yakshas. In the course of his reign. Later. Vyasa received him with due respect and sought his aid." At these words the ascetics eagerly gathered round him. Janamejaya. I have now come here to meet you all. the book might have been lost to future generations. conducted a great sacrifice in the course of which Vaisampayana narrated the story at the request of the former. He would occasionally compose some complex stanzas which would make Ganapati pause a while to get at the meaning and Vyasa would avail himself of this interval to compose many stanzas in his mind. with a counter stipulation: "Be it so. The sage Vyasa meditated on Ganapati who appeared before him. guarding himself. Tradition has it that Narada told the story of the Mahabharata to the devas while Suka taught it to the Gandharvas. Suta continued: "I heard the main story of the Mahabharata and the episodic tales contained therein told by Vaisampayana at the sacrifice conducted by King Janamejaya. But my pen must not stop while I am writing. Were it not so. I have conceived an excellent work. when the memory of the learned was the sole repository of books. It was before the days of printing. but you must first grasp the meaning of what I dictate before you write it down. the sage Suka. After the death of the great King Santanu." He then proceeded to tell the whole story of the Mahabharata in the grand assembly. I shall do as you wish. I made an extensive pilgrimage to various sacred places and also visited the battlefield where the great battle described in the epic was fought. Suta addressed the assembly: "I had the good fortune to hear the story of the Mahabharata composed by Vyasa to teach humanity dharma and the other ends of life. was recited by Suta in the forest of Naimisa to an assembly of sages under the lead of the Rishi Saunaka. Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Then the sage began to sing the story of the Mahabharata. this story. the son of the great King Parikshit.himself before him. the younger brother. Pandu committed a certain offence and had to resort to the forest with his two wives where he spent many years in penance. Pandu. Afterwards. Afterwards. Kunti and Madri gave birth to five sons who became well known as the five Pandavas. invoke Ganapati and beg him to be your amanuensis. however. "Lord Ganapati. Thus the Mahabharata came to be written by Ganapati to the dictation of Vyasa. I shall dictate the story of the Mahabharata and I pray you to be graciously pleased to write it down. ascended the throne. revealed the epic for the benefit of humanity. So you must dictate without pause or hesitation. Pandu passed away
.

Accordingly the Pandavas and the Kauravas began to rule separately from their respective capitals. his all. It is. they transferred the crown to their grandson. and then returned to the king with a smiling face. but suffered it all in silence. the sons of the blind Dhritarashtra. his wealth. The Pandavas ruled the kingdom for thirty-six years. The heart of the king was captivated by her modesty and grace and the steady love she bore him. The king earnestly offered for her love his kingdom. According to the conditions of the game. whoever you may be. nor must you ever be wroth with me on any account whatsoever. Often he wondered
. intervened to bring about mutual understanding and peace between them. with the Ramayana. besides the narrative of the fortunes of the Pandavas. The Kauravas. defeated Yudhishthira. Parikshit. there was a game of dice between the Kauravas and the Pandavas according to the then prevailing Kshatriya code of honor. oblivious of the passage of time. each newborn babe she took to the Ganges and cast into the river. his very life. When Yudhishthira. As a result. the eldest. and repaired to the forest with Draupadi. who had in the meanwhile usurped their kingdom. a living fountain of the ethics and culture of our Motherland. Ganga replied: "O king." Thus said the great King Santanu to the goddess Ganga who stood before him in human form. But on certain conditions that neither you nor anyone else should ever ask me who I am. Indraprastha and Hastinapura. War followed as a consequence. and she became his wife and lived with him. Sakuni. The Pandavas defeated Duryodhana and regained their patrimony. You must not say anything displeasing to me.while they were still living in the forest. I shall leave you then and there. She gave birth to many children. especially pertaining to the Kshatriyas. If you act otherwise. became jealous of the Pandavas and tried to injure them in various ways. all clad humbly in barks of trees. When they returned and demanded of Duryodhana their paternal heritage. 2. They left the kingdom and went to the forest with their devoted wife Draupadi. You must also not stand in the way of whatever I do. DEVAVRATA "You must certainly become my wife. the head of the family. The Mahabharata is in fact a veritable ocean containing countless pearls and gems. Afterwards. The sages brought up the five Pandavas during their early years. attained the age of sixteen the rishis led them all back to Hastinapura and entrusted them to the old grandsire Bhishma. Do you agree?" The infatuated king vowed his assent. who played on behalf of the Kauravas. the Pandavas spent twelve years in the forest and the thirteenth year incognito. the Pandavas had to be in exile for a period of thirteen years. mindful of the promise be had made. intoxicating his senses with her superhuman loveliness. Finally Bhishma.
This is the substance of the story of the Mahabharata. King Santanu and Ganga lived a life of perfect happiness. the latter. Santanu was filled with horror and anguish at such fiendish conduct. I shall become your wife. In a short time the Pandavas gained mastery over the Vedas and the Vedanta as well as over the various arts. good or bad. Some time later. In this ancient and wonderful epic of our land there are many illustrative tales and sublime teachings. refused to return it. or whence I come.

All the Vasus joined together and took the cow and its calf away with them. am the goddess Ganga. he missed the cow and the calf. the devas. You must certainly do this for my sake. for the milk of cows? This cow
belongs to the sage Vasishtha who is the master of the whole place. When the eighth child was born and she was about to throw it into the Ganges. stop. For
. He replied: "What need have we. Very soon he came to know by his yogic insight all that had taken place. and you do not need me any more. why are you bent on this horrid and unnatural murder of your own innocent babes?" With this outburst the king restrained her." she replied. I bore them to you. When the Vasus came to know of the curse. They went for a holiday with their wives to a mountain tract where stood the hermitage of Vasishtha: One of them saw Vasishtha's cow. the effect of which had been slightly impaired by his anger. but every exercise of this power reduces their store of merit. who are already immortal. willed that they should be born into the world of men. and his allmastering love for her. But this is no gain to us. grazing there. repentant too late. "O great king. I. It was this child who later became famous as Bhishma. It is for her sake that I make this request. but listen to my story before you judge me. wherefrom she had come and why she acted like a murderous witch. Vasishtha cursed the eight Vasus to be born in the world of men. When Vasishtha returned to his ashrama. he uttered no word of blame or remonstrance. but the others will be freed from the curse as soon as born. Is it worth our while incurring Vasishtha's wrath merely to satisfy a whim?" But she was not thus to be put off. "you have forgotten your promise. for your heart is set on your child. and moved by their supplications said. Still bound by his word. This was how the Vasus came to incur Vasishtha's curse. for it is my dearest wish. and one of them requested her husband to secure it for her. the Vasu who seized the cow. whose sole wealth was his austerity. Vasishtha said: "The curse must needs take its course. My words cannot prove ineffective." Afterwards. Thus she killed seven children. The Vasus felt relieved and approached the goddess Ganga and begged of her: "We pray you to become our mother. Nandini." After saying these words the goddess disappeared with the child. Prabhasa. I shall bring up this last child of yours for some time and then return it to you as my gift. they threw themselves on the sage's mercy and implored forgiveness. Before Vasishtha returns we shall have escaped with the cow. I shall not kill this child. will live long in the world in all glory. who am constrained to play this hateful role by the curse of Vasishtha. I was to be their mother." Finally her husband yielded. but I shall soften the curse to this extent. Sages who perform austerities acquire the power to curse. Santanu could not bear it any longer. I go. "I have a dear companion in the mortal world. They were all loud in praise of the graceful animal. Vasishtha set his mind again on his austerities. because they were indispensable for his daily rituals. Man will certainly become immortal by drinking its milk. adored of gods and men. He cried: "Stop.who she was. For you will go to higher regions for this service you have done to the eight Vasus. Its divinely beautiful form attracted him and he pointed it out to the ladies. Anger seized him and he uttered a curse against the Vasus. and well is it for you that it was so. The sage.

Still you have to make a promise to me before you can have her. the king could not make this promise. A sage had conferred on her the
boon that a divine perfume should emanate from her." The chief of the fisherfolk said: "The child born of this maiden should be the king after you. this is that eighth child I bore you. and disappeared. One day Devavrata asked his father: "My father. From the moment the goddess Ganga left him. Hastinapura. like every other. the heir apparent. the king of the gods. He did not reveal the matter to anyone and languished in silence. To the king who stood transfixed with amazement at the sight. the king. He said: "O king. Throw us into the water as soon as we are born and liberate us from the curse." The goddess granted their prayer. the goddess Ganga revealed herself and presented the child as his own son. playing with the mighty river as a child with an indulgent mother. but the sight of this divinely beautiful maiden burst the bonds of restraint and filled him with an overmastering desire. When the goddess Ganga left Santanu and disappeared with the eighth child. came to the earth and became the wife of Santanu. there is no doubt that this maiden. I am indeed tortured with mental pain and anxiety. Four years went by. You are my only son and you are always preoccupied with military ambitions. He therefore returned to his capital." Santanu replied: "If it is a just promise I shall make it. May it please you to ask him and get his consent. you have all that your heart could wish. She said: "O king. It was a price that could not be thought of without shame. the son of Ganga." Then she blessed the boy." Her voice was sweet as her form. The father was an astute man. Take back with you this child who is a great archer and hero as well as a master in statecraft. Why then are you so unhappy? How is it that you are like one pining away with a secret sorrow?" The king replied: "Dear son. handed him to his father. His name is Devavrata. He has learnt the Vedas and the Vedanta from Vasishtha. as it meant setting aside the godlike Devavrata. He has mastered the art of arms and equals Parasurama in prowess. what you say is true.our sake we beseech you to descend to the earth and marry a worthy man. the king gave up all sensual pleasures and ruled the kingdom in a spirit of asceticism. The child was amusing himself by casting a dam of arrows across the Ganges in flood. and is well versed in the arts and sciences known to Sukra. He asked her to be his wife. One day he was wandering along the banks of the Ganges when he saw a boy endowed with the beauty and form of Devendra. the king had kept his senses under control." Though almost mad with passion. and this was now pervading the whole forest. BHISHMA'S VOW WITH joy the king received to his heart and his kingdom the resplendent and youthful prince Devavrata and crowned him as the Yuvaraja. 3. The maiden said: "I am a fisherwoman. and he traced it to a maiden so lovely that she seemed a goddess. the daughter of the chief of the fishermen. who was entitled to the crown. has to be married to someone and you are indeed worthy of her. One day as the king was wandering on the banks of the Yamuna. I have brought him up till now. the air was suddenly filled with a fragrance so divinely sweet that the king sought for its cause. sick with baffled desire. Life in the world is
.

He vowed with upraised arm to the father of the maiden: "I shall never marry and I dedicate myself to a life of unbroken chastity. Still. The Family Tree Santanu (by Ganga) (by Satyavati) Bhishma Chitrangada&Vichitravirya (by Ambika) (by Ambalika) Dhtitarashtra Pandu ? ? The Kauravas The Pandavas 4. The sons of Dhritarashtra. but how can I hope that the children born of you will renounce their birthright? Your sons will naturally be mighty heroes like you. Thewise Devavrata realised that there must be a secret cause for the mental condition of his father." The father prevaricated. Devavrata." and he took a vow to that effect. not proper that the perpetuation of our family should depends on a single life. Then should not her son become king? But you have been crowned as the heir apparent and will naturally succeed your father. Chitrangada and Vichitravirya. That name became the celebrated epithet of Devavrata from that time. The fisherman was respectful. made his supreme renunciation. It is. you are equal to a hundred sons. This is the doubt that torments me. honored by all as the grandsire until the end of the famous battle of Kurukshetra. those who are well read in the scriptures say that in this transitory world having but one son is the same as having no son at all. and cries of "Bhishma." Devavrata replied: "I give you my word that the son born of this maiden shall be king. you have done what no one else born of royal blood has you have done till now. "I have no doubt you will keep your word. a hundred in number." And as he uttered these words of renunciation the gods showered flowers on his head. You are indeed a hero. who was bent on fulfilling the king's desire. He went to the chief of the fishermen and besought his daughter's hand on his father's behalf." When he heard this knotty question posed by the girl's father. Still. "Bhishma" means one who undertakes a terrible vow and fulfils it. being ashamed to reveal the whole story to his son. It is this that stands in the way. Then the son of Ganga led the maiden Satyavati to his father. Of course. Vichitravirya had two sons.uncertain and wars are incessant. AMBA AND BHISHMA
. hear with patience these words of mine which I say as the father of the girl. were known as the Kauravas. born respectively of his two queens. You can yourself conduct my daughter to the king. your father. and questioning the king's charioteer came to know of his meeting with the fishermaiden on the banks of the Yamuna. Two sons were born of Satyavati to Santanu." "Bhishma" resounded in the air. And I renounce in his favor my right as heir apparent. Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Ambika and Ambalika. This is the cause of my anguish. and will be hard to resist if they
seek to seize the kingdom by force. who ascended the throne one after the other. Pandu had five sons who became famous as the Pandavas. The chief of the fishermen said: "O best of the Bharata race. and above all things I desire the perpetuation of our family. but firm: "My daughter is indeed fit to be the king's spouse. If anything untoward befalls you our family will become extinct. Bhishma lived long.

But Vichitravirya roundly refused to marry a maiden whose heart had already been given to another. do what you. Vanga. At first everyone thought that the redoubtable hero had come merely to witness the festivities of the swayamvara." With these words Salva sent her back to Bhishma. and carried you away. intercepted and opposed him. When all were assembled for the marriage. the king of Saubala. Vichitravirya. should do. But at the request of the princesses Bhishma spared his life. as Bhishma was a peerless bowman. She returned to Hastinapura and told Bhishma of what had taken place. Bhishma was famous among the Kshatriyas as a mighty man-at-arms. as my husband. Pundra. you are aware of what is enjoined in the scriptures. What has this old man to do with this swayamvara? Fie on him!" The princesses who were to choose their husbands barely glanced at the old man and looked away. I cannot receive you now as my wife. Bhishma governed the kingdom in his name till be came of age. The marriage of Ambika and Ambalika. was the rightful heir and was duly crowned king. For that princess had mentally chosen Salva as her husband. And as he was a minor. Amba went rejoicing to Salva and told him what had happened: "I have mentally chosen you as my husband from the very start. The princesses were so far-famed for beauty and accomplishments that there was fierce competition to win them. Return to him and do as he commands. But when they found that he was also a suitor. Bhishma has sent me to you." Salva replied: "Bhishma defeated me in sight of all. the two younger sisters. Amba smiled mockingly at Bhishma and addressed him as follows: "O son of Ganga. Knowing this. attired in their best. Bhishma made preparations for their marriage to Vichitravirya.
But before he had gone far. the king of the Saubala country who was attached to Amba. As he died childless. learned in the scriptures. He challenged the assembled princes to a trial of their manhood and defeated them all. with Vichitravirya was duly solemnised. After a bitter fight Salva was worsted.CHITRANGADA. and no wonder. I have been disgraced. It was impossible
. was killed in battle with a Gandharva. Amba then turned to Bhishma and she sought him to marry her himself as there was no other recourse. Vichitravirya. The princes began to cast affronts at Bhishma: "This most excellent and wise descendant of the Bharata race forgets that he is too old and forgets also his vow of celibacy. I have mentally chosen Salva. the son of Satyavati. You have brought me here by force. Kalinga and other princes and potentates had also repaired to Kasi for the swayamvara. So. And taking the three princesses in his chariot he set out for Hastinapura. Arriving in Hastinapura with the princesses." Bhishma admitted the force of her objection and sent her to Salva with proper escort. When Vichitravirya reached adolescence Bhishma cast about for a bride for him. his brother. The grandsire tried to induce Vichitravirya to marry her. Salva. Marry me according to the sastras. And as he heard that the daughters of the king of Kasi were to choose theirhusbands according to the ancient Kshatriya practice he went there to secure them for his brother. They did not know that he had really come for the sake of his brother. the young princes felt themselves let down and were full of chagrin. Bhishma's wrath flamed up. The rulers of Kosla.

He told Amba: "I have done all that I could and I have failed. She practised austerities in the forest and in time was transformed into a male and became known as the warrior Sikhandin." Parasurama moved as much by her anguish as by his abiding hatred of the Kshatriya race. Amba went to the Himalayas and practised rigorous austerities to get the grace of Siva. now that all human aid had failed her. she saw the garland of never-fading flowers that still hung at the palace gate and had remained there untouched by anyone through fear. But no one had the hardihood to antagonise Bhishma. He sent his daughter in exile out of the capital to the forest. Finally. Some ascetics whom she met there and to whom she told her sorrowful tale advised her to go to Parasurama as a suppliant. and true to
. and for long years she abode in Hastinapura. revenge on Bhishma. Bhishma knew that Sikhandin was born as female.for Bhishma to break his vow. There is now but one thing in life for me. But in the end Parasurama had to acknowledge defeat. At last. that in her next birth she would slay Bhishma. Siva appeared before her and granted her a boon. She put it round her neck. She then hung the garland at Drupada's palace gate and went away to the forest. The lotus-eyed Amba spent six bitter years in sorrow and baffled hope. The only boon I seek is the death of Bhishma. she resorted to hard austerities to get the grace of Lord Subrahmanya. sorry as he was for Amba. He graciously appeared before her and gave her a garland of ever-fresh lotuses. By the grace of Lord Siva. he told her there was no way left to her but to go again to Salva and seek to persuade him." Consumed with grief and rage. Her father Drupada was in consternation at her temerity which he feared would draw on his head the wrath of Bhishma. Amba was impatient for that rebirth which would give her heart's desire. she went to Salva and found him adamant in refusal. She followed their advice." Amba said: "No. It was a long and equal combat between the two greatest men-at-arms of the age. She sought in vain for a champion among the princes to fight and kill Bhishma and thus avenge her wrongs but even the foremost warriors were afraid of Bhishma and paid no heed to her appeal. what do you want? I can ask Salva to marry you if you wish it. Amba took the garland and again be sought every Kshatriya to accept the garland gift of the six-faced Lord and to champion her cause. saying that the wearer of that garland would become the enemy of Bhishma. in sheer desperation. She made a pyre and plunged into the fire pouring out the flame in her heart into the scarcely hotter blaze of the pyre. and kept alive only by the passion for revenge. espoused her cause and fought with Bhishma. On hearing her sad story. Arjuna attacked Bhishma on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. A few years after her birth. Amba was born as the daughter of King Drupada. And her heart was seared with suffering and all the sweetness in her turned to gall and fierce hatred towards Bhishma as the cause of her blighted life. she went to King Drupada who also refused to grant her prayer. I do not wish it. That is the only course left to you. Parasurama was moved with compassion and said: "Dear child. I no longer desire marriage or home or
happiness. Finally. This at first she was too proud to do. And after some vain attempts to make Vichitravirya change his mind. With Sikhandin as his charioteer. Throw yourself on the mercy of Bhishma.

time and again. Both belligerents had illustrious preceptors. the more willingly. Devayani was filled with anxiety. The asuras had the formidable advantage that Sukracharya alone possessed the secret of Sanjivini which could recall the dead to life. Kacha went to the house of Sukra. while the asuras relied on Sukracharya's profound wisdom. the king of the asuras. Kacha acceded to their request and set out to meet Sukracharya who lived in the capital city of Vrishaparva. They naturally sought to prevent such a calamity. of whom he was extremely fond. Kacha devoted himself to pleasing and serving her with song and dance and pastime and succeeded in winning her affection. Thus the asuras who had fallen in the battle were brought back to life. They begged him to win his way into the good graces of Sukracharya and persuade him to take him as a pupil. They went to Kacha. he told her that as he was grazing the cattle the asuras came suddenly on him and slew
.his code of chivalry he would not fight him under any circumstance. The cattle have come back by themselves. and continued their fight with the devas. As the arrows struck Bhishma in his last fight. he was to acquire. Sukracharya had a lovelydaughter. Devayani. without detriment however to the vows of brahmacharya. you belong to a good family. that by doing so I shall also be showing my respect for Brihaspati. So Sukra acceded and said: "Kacha. When the cattle returned without Kacha. the secret of Sanjivini and remove the great handicap under which the devas suffered. 5. One day. I cannot live without him. I fear some mishap has befallen Kacha." she wailed. tore him to pieces and cast his flesh to the dogs. I accept you as my pupil. still Kacha has not returned home. At once Kacha came back to life and greeted the master with smiles. as Kacha was engaged in grazing the cattle of his master the asuras seized him. Asked by Devayani the reason for his delay. the son of Brihaspati. especially because Bhishma knew that his long and weary probation on earth was finished and consented to be vanquished. the grandson of the
sage Angiras and the son of Brihaspati. The devas were thus at a great disadvantage in their long drawn-out war with their natural foes. DEVAYANI AND KACHA IN ancient times. Once admitted to intimacy and confidence." Kacha spent many years under Sukracharya. "and your nightly fire sacrifice has been performed. rendering to perfection the prescribed duties in the household of his master. they became anxious as they suspected that Kacha's object was somehow to wheedle out of Sukracharya the secret of Sanjivini. he singled out those which had pierced him deepest and said: "This is Arjuna's arrow and not Sikhandin's." The fond father employed the art of Sanjivini and invoked the dead youth to appear." So fell this great warrior. When the asuras came to know of this. So it was that Arjuna could fight screened by Sikhandin and conquer Bhishma. and after due salutation. Brihaspati who was pre-eminent in the knowledge of the Vedas was the guiding spirit of the devas. I am a brahmacharin seeking knowledge under your tutelage. and ran to her father with loud lamentations: "The sun has set. by fair means or foul. addressed him thus: "I am Kacha. and besought his aid." It was the law that the wise teacher should not refuse a worthy pupil who sought knowledge of him. there was a bitter struggle between the devas or gods and the asuras or demons for the lordship of the three worlds.

and it is not proper for a wise soul like you to sorrow at it. Your life is all before you to enjoy. Once more the cows returned home without their keeper. But tell me the whole story. By the power of the Sanjivini Kacha dispersed as he was in the wine which was inside Sukracharya's body at the time. His life can only be bought by my death. I loved him dearly. He will be an object of scorn to all. he could only answer to his name from where he was. became angry at the deceit practised on him in his wine. Vaisampayana continued: "The highsouled and austere Sukracharya of immeasurable greatness. in spite of the inconvenience imposed by his position. was a blameless boy." Devayani deeply loved Kacha. The real explanation of it all flashed on him. but prevented by the peculiarity of his location from coming out. He said to Kacha: "O son of Brihaspati. and pounding his body to a paste. how did you get into me? Is this also the work of the asuras? This is really too bad and makes me feel like killing the asuras immediately and joining the devas. life to me has become bleak and insupportable. death is the common lot. and that means death to me. Sukracharya exclaimed in angry amazement: "O brahmacharin." Devayani began to weep and said: "Alas! It is death to me either way. mixed the ashes in wine and served it to Sukracharya who drank it. For Kacha to live." And Devayani began to fast. the Asuras killed Kacha and very cleverly as they thought. suspecting nothing. How he came back to life he knew not. and there he was. She said: "Kacha. As he did not return even after a long time Devayani went as before to her father who brought Kacha back to life by his Sanjivini. Well. The only way is to initiate you in the art of Sanjivini so that you can bring
. became very angry with the asuras. and once again Devayani approached her father with her distressful appeal for Kacha. which should be regarded as an imperative scriptural injunction. who was devoted and tireless in our service. and now that he has been killed. I shall not survive. heart-stricken by his daughter's sorrow. and again the asuras seized and killed him. he must rend my stomach and come out of it. "the asuras seem bent upon killing him. regained life. but equally for her sake I must not die either. but come back to life he did. and since the world began. On another occasion Kacha went to the forest to pluck flowers for Devayani. with youth and beauty and the goodwill of the world. "Though I have again and again brought back Kacha to life. Sukracharya tried in vain to console his daughter.
He employed the Sanjivini art and called upon Kacha to appear. here is a problem for you. and heard from him all that had taken place.him." Kacha narrated it all. Sukracharya. and felt that the heinous sin of killing a brahmana would weigh heavily on their fortunes. For if either of you perish. This is my message to humanity." said he.' Then he turned to his daughter Devayani and said: Dear daughter. the grandson of Angiras and the son of Brihaspati. I shall therefore follow in his path. For the third time again. and proclaimed for the benefit of humanity: 'Virtue will desert the man who through lack of wisdom drinks wine. I now see with what object you came and verily you have secured it! I must bring you out to life for the sake of Devayani. wise words have never cured the ache of bereavement." Sukracharya sought a way out of the difficulty. burnt his body. mixed it up in sea-water.

Besides. you have won my heart by your blameless life. But Kacha at once brought Sukracharya back to life by means of his newly acquired Sanjivini." Accordingly Sukracharya imparted the art of Sanjivini to Kacha. went to bathe in the cool waters of a sylvan pool. I got back my life by being born out of your father's body. These words were spoken half in jest. while the great preceptor fell down mangled and dead. But I am your brother." Kacha replied: "Do not seek to persuade me to unrighteousness. But Kacha said: "O faultless one. Immediately Kacha came forth from Sukracharya's body. It so happened that princess Sarmishtha. even while you were faithfully following your vows of a brahmacharin. Brihaspati as well as yourself are fully worthy of being honored by me. the king of gods. You should employ the knowledge I am going to impart to you and revive me. so that Devayani need not grieve for either of us. 6. "and not of my father. ever and always. It is not proper for you." said she. your great attainments and nobility of birth. while you come of a race which begs and
."
Devayani sought in vain to persuade him. king of the asuras. he took leave of his master to return to the world of the gods. When the period of his vow ended. you are my master's daughter and ever worthy of my respect. Hence I am your brother. Serve unto perfection. You should now reciprocate my love and make me happy by marrying me. flushed as you are with anger. my master Sukracharya. It is not fit that you should give up one like me sinless and devoted to you. some mistakes naturally occurred." With these words Kacha gently disengaged himself and proceeded to the abode of Indra. depositing their garlands on the bank before they entered its waters. the daughter of the king.me back to life after I shall have died when a way is torn out through my entrails for you. to ask me to wed you. my sister. A strong breeze blew their clothes together into a huddled heap and when they came to take them up again. pleasantly tired with sporting in the woods Devayani and the daughters of Vrishaparva. Pray bid me adieu. emerging like the full moon from a cloud. "You are the son of Brihaspati." Kacha remained for many more years under the tutelage of Sukracharya. it was because I loved you as indeed I have always loved you as my husband. You are enchanting more so now than ever. it was no uncommon thing for wise and learned brahmana ladies to speak out their mind with honorable frankness. THE MARRIAGE OF DEVAYANI ONE warm afternoon. grandchild of Angiras. as I have issued from your body you are my mother too. The latter was vexed and exclaimed half in jest at the impropriety of the daughter of a disciple wearing the clothes of the master's daughter. clad herself in Devayani's clothes. Kacha bowed down to Sukracharya and said: "The teacher who imparts wisdom to the ignorant is a father. I have loved you long and tenderly. As he was about to depart Devayani humbly addressed him thus: "O. but the princess Sarmishtha became very angry and said arrogantly: "Do you not know that your father humbly bows in reverence to my royal father every day? Are you not the daughter of a beggar who lives on my father's bounty? You forget I am of the royal race which proudly gives. Sukracharya consoled his daughter. If I have been the cause of your coming back to life. " In those days.

i. The messenger after a weary search came on her at last near the tree where she was sitting in dejection. She did not feel it safe to go there. He asked: "Who are you. marrying men of a lower caste. and you dare to speak thus to me. She replied in sorrow and anger: "Father. She remained sunk in sorrow in the shade of a tree in forest. known as pratiloma. When he glanced into the well. was Sarmishtha. and looking closer. The virtues or vices of others will not affect us in the least. Devayani had no mind to return home. she finally slapped Devayani on the cheek and pushed her into a dry well. Not content with this arrogant contumely. she slapped me and threw me
. leave alone my merits and faults. After waiting long in vain for the return of his daughter who had gone to play with her companions.receives." Yayati replied: "Loving soul. Devayani said: "Friend." Sarmishtha went on. that men are happy or miserable. I am a kshatriya and you are a brahmana maiden. he was surprised to find a beautiful maiden lying in the well. Devayani did not wish to return to the capital of the king of the asuras. her eyes red with anger and grief. he sent a woman in search of her. O beautiful maiden with bright earrings and ruddy nails? Who is your father? What is your ancestry? How did you fall into the well?" She replied: "I am the daughter of Sukracharya. The important thing was to keep the racial status of women unlowered. Caressing her. She told Yayati: "You have held a maiden by her right hand. getting angrier and angrier as she spoke till." With these words of wisdom. which are after all my own concern.e. according to the ancient tradition. Extremely grieved at the sad plight of his daughter Sukracharya hurried to her. was prohibited by the sastras." Having said these words Yayati went back to his capital. He does not know that I have fallen into the well. Devayani had not been killed by the fall into the well but was in a sad plight because she could not climb up the steep sides. he said: "It is by their own actions. And she asked her what had happened. but it was considered wrong for a brahmana maiden to marry a kshatriya.
A kshatriya maiden could marry a brahmana. Lift me up" and she held forth her hands. Yayati seized her hand and helped her out of the well. good or bad. Sukracharya loved Devayani more than his life. How can I marry you? How can the daughter of Sukracharya. return home. The asura maidens thought that Devayani had lost her life and returned to the palace. working herself up into a fit of anger. I feel that you are in every way worthy to be my husband. Hence anuloma or the practice of marrying men of higher castes was legitimate and the reverse practice. right when she told me you were but a minstrel singing the praises of kings? She called me the daughter of a mendicant living on the doles won by flattery. who is worthy to be the preceptor of the whole world. he saw something bright. and you must marry her. the daughter of Vrishaparva. as she pondered again and again on Sarmishtha's conduct. he tried to console her. go at once and tell my father that I will not set m foot in the y capital of Vrishaparva" and she sent her back to Sukracharya. Emperor Yayati of the Bharata race who was hunting in the forest by a happy chance came to this spot in search of water to slake his thirst. submit to be the wife of a kshatriya like myself? Revered lady. But tell me this.

She cannot any more stay in your kingdom. I hope. You are the daughter of one who is reverenced by all the world. though one's sins may not bring immediate punishment they are sure. If you can appease her." he said with dignity. He served me with fidelity and never strayed from the path of virtue. Besides. So. for she is the one thing I have and dearer to me than life itself. I bore it. He who. I shall enter fire and die. My daughter. Yet. the king of the gods. He who is not moved despite the greatest torments inflicted by others. I am going out of your kingdom. virtue and truth abandon the man who gives way to anger. The wounds inflicted by weapons may close in time. controls his anger. is a real hero." Devayani humbly told her father: "I am indeed a little girl. who holds her honor high." Sukracharya replied: "I care more for the happiness of my daughter than for the fate of you and your asuras. but. I cannot stay in any place within her father's territory. not too young to benefit by the great truth taught by you. should become my handmaiden and attend on me in the house into which my father gives me in marriage. was a brahmacharin who had conquered his senses and never committed any sin. had to hear dishonoring words uttered by your daughter. knows this. it is not proper to live with persons who have no sense of decency or decorum. Without her I cannot live here either. friends. He who sheds his anger just as a snake its slough. bringing prosperity to your family.into a pit which was nearby. and Vrishaparva is not ignorant of his debt to me. But no worthy man extols his own merits. "you are not the daughter of a court minstrel. Be patient. He who never gets angry is superior to the ritualist who faith fully performs for a hundred years the sacrifices ordained by scripture. to destroy the very germ of prosperity. Let us go home."
. The wise will not keep company with those who speak ill of their family. sooner or later. as a horseman breaks an unruly horse. the son of Brihaspati. The virtuous should not mix with them. My mind is ablaze with the anger roused by the taunts of Vrishaparva's daughter. Servants. Otherwise I go. Devayani was stubborn and said: "Sarmishtha who told me that I was the daughter of a beggar. but wounds inflicted by words remain painful as long as one lives. she was pushed into a well by your daughter. it is well and good." Sukracharya went to Vrishaparva and fixing his eyes on him gravely said: "O king." Vrishaparva and his retinue went to the tree under which Devayani stood and they threw themselves at her feet in supplication. the illmannered are really the veritable
chandalas outside the pale of caste. scalds may heal gradually. Your attendants tried to kill him." And Devayani began to weep. Arise. you are a peerless gem among women. but lets the horse go whither it would. If you abandon me. children. Sukracharya drew himself up proudly: "Devayani." At these words the king of the asuras was sorely troubled and said: "I am ignorant of the charges laid at my door. Your father does not live on the wages of flattery. who patiently puts up with the abuse of his neighbors. brothers. Kacha. and I shall say no more about myself. The wise will not take to heart the words of boys and girls." In this context Bhagavan Vyasa advises humanity in general in the following words of counsel addressed by Sukracharya to his daughter: "He conquers the world. wife. However rich they may be. Indra. is indeed a charioteer and not he who merely holds the reins. will realise his aim.

" It is needless to describe the misery of youth suddenly blighted into age. Yayati and Devayani spent many days in happiness. a kshatriya. Finally they both went to Sukracharya and got his assent to their marriage.Vrishaparva consented and asked his attendants to fetch his daughter Sarmishtha. who found himself suddenly an old man. He yielded to her prayer and married her without the knowledge of Devayani." Thus he blessed Yayati and bade him farewell. Yayati. prescribe what is right and forbid what is wrong but a marriage once effected cannot be made invalid. thus suddenly stricken with age in the very prime of his manhood. For. The sastras. Yayati again repeated his objection that he. He said: "O king. But Devayani came to know of it and was naturally very angry. She said: "Let it be as my companion Devayani desires. He had never known defeat. I have not had my fill of the joys of life. I will be her attendant. who had not forgotten Devayani's rescue from the well. Sarmishtha admitted her fault and bowed in submission. Sarmishtha remained with her as an attendant. Yayati. The curse cannot be recalled. He had five beautiful sons. he gently refused with the words: "Father. YAYATI EMPEROR Yayati was one of the ancestors of the Pandavas. women and servants will mock at me if I were to take upon myself your old age." When the second son was approached. She repeated her request that he should take her as his wife since he had clasped her right hand. no doubt. where the horrors of loss are accentuated by pangs of recollection. One day Sarmishtha met Yayati in secret and earnestly prayed to betaken also as his wife. at last relented. I desire to enjoy life in the full vigor of youth. was still haunted by the desire for sensual enjoyment. But as has already been told. She complained to her father and Sukracharya in his rage cursed Yayati with premature old age." Devayani was pacified and returned to her house with her father. Yayati called them and appealed piteously to their affection: "The curse of your grandfather Sukracharya has made me unexpectedly and prematurely old. I cannot do go. On another occasion also Devayani came across Yayati. not knowing what was in store for me I lived a life of restraint. That son replied: "O great king. He became famous as a ruler devoted to the welfare of his subjects. He followed the dictates of the sastras. could not lawfully marry a brahmana. adored the gods and venerated his ancestors with intense devotion. but if you can persuade anyone to exchange his youth for your age the exchange will take effect. you ask me to take up old age that
. he became prematurely old by the curse of Sukracharya for having wronged his wife Devayani. One of you ought to bear the burden of my old age and give his youth in return. He who agrees to this and bestows his youth on me will be the ruler of my kingdom. This is an instance of the pratiloma marriage which was resorted to on exceptional occasions.
7. denying myself even lawful pleasures. My father shall not lose his preceptor for a fault committed by me. you have lost the glory which is youth. begged so humbly for forgiveness that Sukracharya." He first asked his eldest son. In the words of the poet of the Mahabharata: "Yayati attained that old age which destroys beauty and brings on miseries. Ask of my younger brothers who are dearer to you than myself. all virtuous and accomplished.

he said: "Dear son. he supplicated his last son who had never yet opposed his wishes: "You must save me. cattle or women. spent his days in penance and the practice of truth. and not satisfied. who was rapt in deep meditation in a tone of peremptory command: "Did you see the robbers pass by? Where did they go? Reply at once so
. who regained his youth. The commander of the soldiers asked Mandavya. do not refuse as your elder brothers have done. hoping against hope. ruled the kingdom and acquired great renown. attained heaven. Still. said: "Father. moved by filial love. They placed their booty in a corner and hid themselves. Yayati became a youth. who accepted the old age of his father. went later to the garden of
Kubera and spent many years with an Apsara maiden. After long years spent in vain efforts to quench desire by indulgence. was made king by Yayati who retired to the forest. He spent his time there in austerities and. The fugitives entered the ashrama thinking that it would be a convenient place to hide themselves in." The fourth son begged to be forgiven as this was a thing he could by no means consent to. Returning to Puru. corn. Yayati was struck with sorrow at the refusal of the four sons. He lived in a hermitage in the forests on the outskirts of the city. His speech will falter.destroys not only strength and beauty but also as I see wisdom. No object of desire. No. VIDURA THE sage Mandavya who had acquired strength of mind and knowledge of the scriptures. in due course. I am not strong enough to do so. a band of robbers fled through the woods with officers of the king in hot pursuit." The third son replied: "An old man cannot ride a horse or an elephant. As soon as he touched his son. Be happy. nothing can ever satisfy the desire of man. sensual desire is never quenched by indulgence any more than fire is by pouring ghee in it. What can I do in such a helpless plight? I cannot agree. the truth dawned on him." With these words Yayati took his old age. I gladly give you my youth and relieve you of the sorrows of old age and cares of state. The soldiers of the king came to the ashrama tracking their footsteps. If you exchange your youth with me. Puru. One day while he was immersed in silent contemplation under the shade of a tree outside his hut of leaves. Yayati enjoyed life for long. I am afflicted with this old age with its wrinkles. debility and grey hairs as a result of the curse of Sukracharya. but till now I had not realised it. Puru. 8." Hearing these words Yayati embraced him. a most pitiful plight. Pray." The king was angry and disappointed that his three sons had declined to do as he wished. much as he loved his father he could not do it. I had heard and read this. but he hoped for better from his fourth son. Take back your youth and rule the kingdom wisely and well. gold. Such is the state of Brahman. I shall enjoy life for just a while more and then give you back your youth and resume my old age and all its sorrows. the youngest son. It is too hard a trial! If you will take upon yourself these infirmities. We can reach peace only by a mental poise beyond likes and dislikes. I shall give it back to you after some time and take back the old age with which I have been cursed. to whom he said: "You should take up my old age." Puru. An old man had to seek the help of others even to keep his body clean.

Are you not aware that all deeds. inevitably produce their results. Vyasa has it that no one in the three worlds could equal Vidura in virtue and knowledge. he ordered the wicked criminal. Mandavya was not angry with the king. Since he was in yoga when he was impaled he remained alive by the power of yoga. the wife of Vichitravirya. He hastened to the forest with his attendants and at once ordered the sage to be taken down
from the spear. replied in all humility: "O sage. as a mortal in the world. This story is intended to show that Vidura was the incarnation of Dharma. In the meantime some of the attendants entered the ashrama and discovered the stolen goods lying there. as he thought him. The commander returned to the hermitage. Vidura fell at his feet and protested solemnly: "O king and lord. He went straight to Dharma. to be impaled." Mandavya then pronounced a curse on Dharma: "This punishment you have decreed is far in excess of the deserts of a mistake committed by a child in ignorance. therefore. though impaled on the spear. while he was still in his teens. The commander repeated the question insolently. But the sage did not hear anything. and asked him: "What crime have I committed to deserve this torture?" Lord Dharma. I cannot approve of this action. Sages who lived in other parts of the forest came to his hermitage and asked Mandavya how he came to be in that terrible pass. Bhishma appointed him. who was absorbed in yoga. He is indeed the chief of these robbers." The sage."
. impaled Mandavya on a spear and handed over the stolen things to the king." The king was surprised and frightened when he heard that the impaled sage was still alive and that he was surrounded by the other sages of the forest. When Dhritarashtra gave his. who knew the great power of the sage. The king was very angry at the audacity of the chief of the robbers who had put on the garb of a brahmana sage. as the chief counsellor of king Dhritarashtra. you have tortured birds and bees. Strife will set in among your sons as a result. sastras and statesmanship and was totally devoid of attachment and anger. good or evil?" Mandavya was surprised at this reply of Lord Dharma and asked: "When did I commit this offence?" Lord Dharma replied: "When you were a child." Lord Dharma who was thus cursed by the sage Mandavya incarnated as Vidura and was born of the servant-maid of Ambalika. who was seated on his throne. He has inspired this robbery. good or bad. do not allow this. They reported this to their commander." Then he ordered his soldiers to guard the place. did not die. Be born. went to the king and told him that the sage Mandavya had been caught with the stolen goods. The great men of the world regarded Vidura as a mahatma who was unparalleled in his knowledge of dharma. the divine dispenser of justice. Without pausing to verify the facts. Mandavya replied: "Whom shall I blame? The servants of the king. who protect the world. The commander thought: "Now I know the reason why the brahmana pretended to be a silent sage.that we may give chase and capture them. have inflicted this punishment. however small. remained silent. Then he prostrated at his feet and prayed humbly to be forgiven for the offence unwittingly committed. the better to deceive the world. permission for the game of dice. The virtuous sage. Pray. All of them went in and found the stolen goods and the robbers who were in hiding.

'' Kunti conceived by the grace of the Sun. Thus Karna. In time. A childless charioteer happened to see the floating case. I have been drawn to you by the spell of the son-giving mantra that you have uttered. From that time she was known by the name of Kunti after her adoptive father. came to be brought up as a charioteer's child. the sage Durvasa stayed for a time as a guest in her father's house and she served the sage for a year with all care. asked: "O god. Go back and forgive this childish folly of mine. Divine births take place immediately without the nine months weary course of mortal gestation. was a worthy scion of the Yadava race. When the time came for giving Kunti in marriage. he will manifest himself to you and bless you with a son equal to him in glory. Kunti. To hide her fault she placed the child in a sealed box and set it afloat in a river. I merely wished to test the power of the boon granted by the sage Durvasa. patience and devotion. Vidura does not approve of it. She wondered what she should do with the child. I am not fit for motherhood and do not desire it. who art thou?" The Sun replied: "Dear maiden. the grandfather of Sri Krishna. KUNTI DEVI SURA. After bearing my son. At once the sky grew dark with clouds. He was so pleased with her that he gave her a divine mantra. She for her part was mortally afraid of being blamed by the world. overpowered by the glorious vision of her
divine visitor.Dhritarashtra also tried in manly ways to dissuade his wicked son." He granted her this boon because he foresaw by his yogic power the misfortune that was in store for her future husband. Sura gave his daughter Pritha in adoption to him. the giver of light and life to all the world. you will regain virginity." Kunti was aghast and said: "I am an unwedded girl dependent on my father. When Kunti was a little girl. he became one of the world's greatest heroes. He said: "If you call upon any god repeating this mantra. Kunti once again became a virgin as a result of the boon granted by the Sun. 9. and taking it." But the Sun god could not thus return because the power of the mantra held him. the wise Vidura of lofty intellect who is ever intent on our welfare. Kuntibhoja invited all the neighboring princes and held a
. and under cover of them the Sun god approached the beautiful princess Kunti and stood gazing at her with ardent soul scorching admiration. She gave birth to Karna who was born with divine armor and earrings and was bright and beautiful like the Sun. I am the Sun. The Sun god however reassured her: "No blame shall attach to you. Dhritarashtra surrendered his better judgment and sent to Yudhishthira the fateful invitation to the game. the son of the Sun god. Carried away by his doting fondness for his son." But Duryodhana did not heed this advice. After the birth of the child. His daughter Pritha was noted for her beauty and virtues. He handed it over to his wife who lavished a mother's love on it. Since his cousin Kuntibhoja was childless. He says the game is bound to result in a fierceness of hate which will consume us and our kingdom. He said to him: "Do not proceed with this game. was surprised and delighted to see within it a gorgeously beautiful child. The impatient curiosity of youth made Kunti test then and there the efficacy of the mantra by repeating it and invoking the Sun whom she saw shining in the heavens.

Dhritarashtra and others performed the funeral rites.swayamvara for her to choose her husband. Madri could not contain her sorrow. And one
day Pandu and Madri forgot their sorrows in the rapture of sympathy with the throbbing life around them. dead. which the rishi’s curse had denied him. Vyasa. Vyasa said to Satyavati. the happy flowers. The sages of the forest took the bereaved and grief-stricken Kunti and the Pandavas to Hastinapura and entrusted them to Bhishma. In spite of Madri’s earnest and repeated protests Pandu’s resolution broke down under the exhilarating influence of the season. in ignorance of the fact that it was a sage in disguise. King Pandu lived for many years in the forest with his wives and children. the whole kingdom was plunged in sorrow. It will be good for you to leave the city and spend the rest of your days in a hermitage in the forest." Satyavati agreed and went to the forest with Ambika and Ambalika. All the people in the kingdom lamented as at a personal loss. sin. you will meet with death the moment you taste the pleasures of the bed. They were born and brought up in the forest among ascetics. Since she felt that she was responsible for the death of the king. DEATH OF PANDU ONE day King Pandu was out hunting. creepers. Pandu shot the male with an arrow. birds and other creatures of the forest. the bright representative of the Bharata race. Bhishma. Yudhishthira was but sixteen years old at that time. 10. You need not wait to see the miseries and misfortunes that will befall this race. BHIMA
. In the old days the kings took two or three wives for making sure of progeny and not for mere sensual desire. Many eager suitors flocked to the swayamvara as the princess was widely famed for her great beauty and virtue. sorrow and suffering. Kunti confided to him the story of the mantra she had received from Durvasa. The marriage was duly solemnised and she accompanied her husband to his capital Hastinapur. On the advice of Bhishma and in accordance with the prevailing custom. It was springtime. She burnt herself on the pyre of her husband entreating Kunti to remain and be a mother to her doubly orphaned children. the grandmother: "The past has gone by pleasantly. Pandu took a second wife Madri. A sage and his wife were also sporting in the forest in the guise of deer. The world has passed its youth like a happy dream and it is now entering on disillusionment. Seeing that Pandu was desirous of offspring. 11. Stricken to death the rishi thus cursed Pandu: "Sinner. but the future has many sorrows in store. These three aged queens passed through holy asceticism to the higher regions of bliss and spared themselves the sorrows of their children. and at once the curse of t e sage h took effect and Pandu fell. Time is inexorable. He urged Kunti and Madri to use the mantra and thus it was that the five Pandavas were born of the gods t Kunti o and Madri. When the sages came to Hastinapura and reported the death of Pandu in the forest. the sister of the king of Madra. Vidura." Pandu was heartbroken at this curse and retreated to the forest with his wives after entrusting his kingdom to Bhishma and Vidura and lived there a life of perfect abstinence. Kunti placed the garland on the neck of King Pandu. whose personality eclipsed the lustre of all the other princes assembled there.

The evil Duryodhana had already caused sharp spikes to be planted on the spot. When Yudhishthira inquired about the whereabouts of Bhima. Kripacharya taught them archery and the practice of arms and other things that princes should learn. he felt drowsy and lay down on the bank of the river. with one or more of them clasped helpless in his arms. Duryodhana bound him with wild creepers and threw him into the river. So he returned to the city with the rest of the party in great joy. the river washed him to a bank. As the princes grew up. After his death Yudhishthira. Duryodhana was very much worried. Yudhishthira believed Duryodhana and as soon as he returned home. Poisonous water-snakes bit his body.
. Duryodhana's jealousy towards Bhima warped his mind and made him commit many improper acts. and presently. Duryodhana and his brothers planned to throw Bhima into the Ganges. Kunti and Yudhishthira welcomed him and embraced him in great joy. and then seize the kingdom and rule it. the heir-apparent. His anxious question brought forth the reply that Bhima had not yet returned. Duryodhana thought that Bhima must have died as he had been thrown in the river infested with poisonous snakes and planted with spikes. Bhima had exerted himself more than the others and as his food had been poisoned. which made Yudhishthira suspect some foul play against his brother.THE five sons of Pandu and the hundred sons of Dhritarashtra grew up in mirth and merriment at Hastinapura. This was done purposely so that Bhima might in falling be impaled on the spikes. Duryodhana thought that as his blind father was quite helpless he must. Bhima excelled them all in physical prowess. to prevent Yudhishthira's accession to the throne. They went back in great sorrow. would in course of time become king. imprison Arjuna and Yudhishthira. he would dive. into pools. Sometime later Bhima awoke and trudged wearily back home. the kingdom was ruled by Pandu. and lose his life. contrive a way of killing Bhima. By the poison that had entered his system Bhima became stronger than before. And he went again with his brothers to the forest and searched everywhere. Duryodhana informed him that he had preceded them to the city. A great swimmer. Fortunately there was no spike in the place where Bhima fell. Small wonder that the sons of Dhritarashtra nursed a deep hatred for Bhima from their very infancy. The poisonous food he had taken was counteracted by the snake poison and Bhima came to no harm. His father being blind. Whenever they climbed up on a tree he would stand on the ground and kick at the tree and shake them down like ripe fruits. He made arrangements to carry out his resolve since he thought that the powers of the Pandavas would decline with the death of Bhima. So Duryodhana went with his brothers and the Pandavas for a swim in the Ganges. He used to bully Duryodhana and the other Kauravas by dragging them by the hair and beating them. But Bhima could not be found. The bodies of the sons of Dhritarashtra would be ever sore with bruises as a result of Bhima's practical jokes. asked his mother whether Bhima had returned home.
After the sports they slept in their tents being exhausted. and remain under water till they were almost drowned.

Indra. They saw enter through the crowd. a godlike youth from whom light and power seemed to emanate. There was a large and enthusiastic crowd. even so did blazing wrath fill Arjuna. we have to be careful and help one another and protect ourselves. Arjuna. loud and compelling like thunder the sound made by the slapping of mighty arms in challenge. who felt affronted. O king. confronted him weapon in hand. and strode up to Arjuna. And glaring fiercely at Karna who stood. stately as a mountain peak. He looked proudly round him. with Drona's permission. The brothers. All eyes turned in that direction. cast a negligent salute to Drona and Kripa. and Bhaskara of
." Duryodhana was surprised to see Bhima come back alive. am grateful. 12. KARNA THE Pandavas and the Kauravas learnt the practice of arms first from Kripacharya and later from Drona. slain by me thou shalt presently go to the hell appointed for those who intrude uninvited and prate unbidden. His jealousy and hatred increased. O Arjuna. And. and not to you alone. Duryodhana's brow was dark with envy and hate. He seeks to kill Bhima since he wants to rule the kingdom. which made way in awed silence. For if the wicked Duryodhana is accused or blamed. taking leave of the Kuru brothers. your love and single combat with Partha. for it was Karna. Hereafter. faced one another. He heaved a deep sigh and pined away in sorrow. A day was fixed for a test and exhibition of their proficiency in the use of arms in the presence of the royal family and as the public had also been invited to witness the performance of their beloved princes. I am worried." Thus challenged. While Karna." Vidura replied: "What you say is true. Arjuna displayed superhuman skill with his weapons and the vast assemblage was lost in wonder and admiration. of their common blood. I shall show greater skill than you have displayed. receiving the greetings of the Kaurava brothers. Karna the lover of battle. but keep your thoughts to yourself. But what is the use of mere talk which is the weapon of the weak? Shoot arrows instead of words." With Drona's leave. the lord of the thunderclouds. he said: "O Karna. Great was Duryodhana's exultation. his anger and hatred will only increase." As love flooded Duryodhana's heart." Duryodhana clasped Karna again to his bosom and said: "My prosperity is all thine to enjoy. He threw his arms round Karna and said: "Welcome. Might is the sanction of sovereignty and the law is based on it. You need have no fear on that account. O thou with mighty arms.Kunti sent for Vidura and told him in secret: "Duryodhana is wicked and cruel. then and there duplicated all of Arjuna's feats with careless ease. as though the divine parents of the heroes sought to encourage their offspring and witness this fateful battle. At the close of the day. I and this kingdom of the Kurus are at your command. by the
bitter irony of fate." Said Karna: "I. hastily embraced his brothers and stood ready for combat. Karna addressed Arjuna in a voice deep as rumbling thunder: "Arjuna. whom good fortune has sent to us. all unaware." Yudhishthira also warned Bhima and said: "Be silent over the matter. Your sons are blessed with long life. Only two things I seek. Karna." Karna laughed in scorn: "This arena is open to all. there came suddenly from the entrance of the arena a sound.

didst thou say? I verily hold him worthy to rule the whole world. his godlike form and bearing. who was the foster-father of Karna. There were groups loud in talk under the light of the lamps. Nor is there much sense in tracing great heroes and mighty rivers to their sources. Vidura instructed the maidservant to attend upon her and she revived. And he put on the garb of a brahmana and came to Karna. that Karna. Valor is the hallmark of a kshatriya. the old charioteer Adhiratha. No sooner did he see him. The sun set and the crowd dispersed in tumult.the in finite rays. The Sun god had already warned Karna in a dream that Indra would try to deceive him in this manner. jewels and other royal insignia. and wept with joy wetting with tears
of love his head already moistened by the water of the coronation. staff in hand and quaking with fear. Nor shouldst thou reign in Anga as a king. I crown Karna as the king of Anga. But Duryodhana broke in indignantly: "It is unworthy of you." In generous wrath. to speak thus. Bhima roared with laughter and said: "O he is after all only the son of a charioteer! Take up the driving whip then as befits thy parentage." When he heard these words. It is only after knowing thy lineage that Partha can fight with thee." He then obtained the assent of Bhishma and Dhritarashtra. For how could a tiger be born of an antelope? Unworthy of being king of Anga. Karna bent down his head like a lotus under the weight of rainwater. At that moment. the newly crowned king of Anga. When she saw Karna. who was reputed for his charity and begged of him his earrings and armor. Kunti knew him as her first born and fainted away. The old man called him son. entered the assembly. others Karna. simultaneously appeared in the heavens. well-versed in the rules of single combat. and others again Duryodhana according to their predilection. Duryodhana stood up and said: "If the combat cannot take place merely because Karna is not a prince. performed all the necessary rites and invested Karna with the sovereignty of the kingdom of Anga giving him the crown. for high-born princes cannot engage in single combat with unknown adventurers. Reveal O mighty armed thy parentage and the race rendered illustrious by thy birth. why. his armor and earrings. stepped between them and addressed Karna: "This prince." At this outrageous speech. bowed his head and did humble obeisance in all filial reverence. Thou art not worthy of death at the hands of Arjuna. that is easily remedied. At this sight. embraced him with his thin and trembling arms. as the combat between the youthful heroes seemed about to commence. and his skill with weapons. Surely there is some mystery about him. some glorifying Arjuna. I could give you hundreds of instances of great men of humble birth and I know awkward questions might be asked of your own origin. Duryodhana took Karna in his chariot and drove away. who is ready to fight with thee. is the son of Pritha and Pandu and a scion of the Kuru race. Look at this warrior. O Vrikodara. Kripa. Karna's lips trembled with anguish and he speechlessly looked up at the setting sun with a deep sigh. She stood stupefied with anguish not knowing what to do.
. As they were about to join in battle. Indra foresaw that a supreme contest was inevitable between his son Arjuna and Karna.

Parasurama in his anger pronounced this curse on him: "Since you deceived your guru. and. Parasurama awoke and saw the blood that had poured from the wound. Karna became the leader of the Kaurava army and fought brilliantly for two days. DRONA DRONA. Hence he cut off the earrings and armor with which he was born and gave them to the brahmana. to conceal it. he praised Karna as having done what no one else would do. after completing his study of the Vedas and the Vedangas. bade Karna ask for any boon he wanted. Drupada. desired to acquire wealth. a thing that he had never cared for before. Blood began to flow and the pain was terrible. But he was too late as Parasurama had already given away all his wealth and was about to retire to the forest. he first went to him. shamed into generosity. He said: "Dear pupil. Karna replied: "I desire to get your weapon. who was a friend of Bharadwaja. and it will kill him whosoever he may be. all the more poignant because she had. you are not a brahmana. Drupada. He said: "You can use this weapon against but one enemy. But Karna bore it without tremor lest he should disturb the master's sleep. Karna could not bring himself to refuse any gift that was asked of him. was filled with surprise and joy. at that time. the Brahmastra you have learnt shall fail you at the fated moment. After the fall of Bhishma and Drona.
. After completing his studies. this weapon will no longer be available to you but will return to me. Drona married the sister of Kripa. for their sake. used often to tell Drona that he would give him half his kingdom when he ascended the throne. the king of gods. Karna went to Parasurama and became his disciple by representing to him that he was a brahmana. the son of a brahmana named Bharadwaja. While he was in this predicament. and." It was because of this curse that at the crisis of his last fight with Arjuna. in his boyish enthusiasm. was a fellow-student of Drona in the hermitage and there grew up between them the generous intimacy of youth. Arjuna killed him. Tell me the truth. Drona was passionately attached to his wife and son. You will be
unable to recall the invocatory mantra when your hour comes.Still. Indra." Indra granted the boon. though he had remembered it till then. 13. which has the power to kill enemies. Kunti was sunk in sorrow. A kshatriya alone can remain unmoved under all bodily torments. One day Parasurama was reclining with the head on Karna's lap when a stinging worm burrowed into Karna's thigh." Karna confessed that he had told a lie in presenting himself as a brahmana and that he was in fact the son of a charioteer. the son of the king of Panchala. the Sakti. He learnt of Parasurama the mantra for using the master weapon known as Brahmastra." With these words Indra disappeared. but with a fateful proviso. devoted himself to the art of archery and became a great master. In the end. the wheel of his chariot stuck in the ground and be was not able to lift it free and drive the chariot along. Learning that Parasurama was distributing his riches among the brahmanas. Karna was not able to recall the Brahmastra spell. But this killing done. After accepting the gift. Karna was the faithful friend of Duryodhana and remained loyally with the Kauravas until the end. and a son Aswatthama was born to them.

Bhishma knew that the brahmana was none other than the famous master Drona. Why cannot you take out the ball as anyone skilled in arms should know how to do? Shall I do it for you?" Yudhishthira laughed and said in fun: "O brahmana.
. The princes had gathered round the well and saw the ring shining from the bottom through the clear water. O brahmana. the princes were astonished and said: "We salute you. The princes were lost in amazement and delight and begged of him to get the ring also. "Princes." Drona was turned out of the palace with scorn in his ears and a blazing wrath in his heart. of which he was supreme master. The arrow rebounding brought up the ring and the b rahmana handed it to the prince with a smile. Seeing these feats. or a coward of a hero? Friendship can exist only between equals. Drona went to him in the confident hope of being treated generously. Drona borrowed a bow. we will see that you have a good meal in the house of Kripacharya. fixed an arrow on the string and sent it right into the ring. But he found the king very different from the student." he surprised them by saying. Parasurama offered to teach him the use of weapons.
One day. wherewith Drona took out the ball. in retirement. he became unrivalled master of the military art. His next move in search of employment was to go to Hastinapura. Remembering their early intimacy and Drupada's expressions of readiness to serve him. took a blade of grass and sent it forth into the well after reciting certain words of power for propelling it as an arrow. far from being glad to see him.But. Drona joyfully agreed. worthy of eager welcome as preceptor in any princely house in that warlike age. Afterwards he sent a number of similar blades in succession which clinging together formed a chain. and in the course of the game. But could see no way of getting it out. even to the extent of sharing his kingdom. A vagrant beggar cannot be the friend of a sovereign. go to Bhishma and learn from him who I am. notice that a brahmana of dark complexion stood nearby watching them with a smile. Drunk with power and wealth. Drupada said: "O brahmana. They did not however. The blade of grass straightway sped and stuck into the ball. Drupada. how dare you address me familiarly as your friend? What friendship can there be between a throned king and a wandering beggar? What a fool must you be to presume on some long past acquaintance to claim friend ship with a king who rules a kingdom? How can a pauper be the friend of a wealthy man. the ball as well as Yudhishthira's ring fell into a well." From the description given by the princes." Then Drona the brahmana stranger. Meanwhile. or an ignorant boor of a learned scholar. felt it an intolerable presumption. Drupada had ascended the throne of Panchala on the death of his father. in the house of his brother-in-law Kripacharya. if you take out the ball. "you are the descendants of the heroic Bharata race. the princes were playing with a ball outside the precincts of the city. anxious to do something for Drona. He said: "O princes. He made a mental vow to punish the arrogant king for this insult and his repudiation of the sacred claims of early friendship. Who are you? Is there anything we can do for you?" and they bowed to him. where he spent a few days. and great archer as he already was. When he introduced himself as an old friend.

Then Drona smilingly addressed Drupada: "Great king. because he is devoted to truth and to his vow that he would not be a king. in discharge of the duty they owed to him as their master. each owning a half of your kingdom. Now I am a king. Bhishma cannot be king either. As soon as the Kauravas and the Pandavas had acquired mastery in the science of arms. hatred of Drona and a wish to be revenged on him became the ruling passion of Drupada's life. Drona sent Karna and Duryodhana to seize Drupada and bring him alive. Your creed is that friendship is possible only between equals. You told me that a king alone could be friend to a king. Karna and Sakuni became Duryodhana's evil counsellors in planning wily stratagems. And we shall now be equals. He defeated Drupada in battle and brought him and his minister captives to Drona. So. It is not proper that he should now hold the kingdom in his hands. and so I give you half of your kingdom that has become mine by conquest. but could not accomplish their task. In our boyhood we were companions but you were pleased to forget it and dishonor me. Then the master sent forth Arjuna on the same errand. Hence Yudhishthira alone should be crowned as king. Drupada's pride was thus humbled but." Drona thought this sufficient revenge for the insult he had suffered. the consort of the Pandavas. He alone can rule the Kuru race and the kingdom with justice. set Drupada at liberty and treated him with honor." Thus people talked everywhere. 14. underwent fasts and conducted sacrifices in order to win the gratified gods to bless him with a son who should slay Drona and a daughter who should wed Arjuna. They would flock together and argue: "Dhritarashtra could never be king for he was born blind. and he would sometimes even knowingly follow the wrong path. since hate is never extinguished by retaliation. Bhishma received him with special honor and employed him to instruct the princes in the use of arms. that the Pandavas escaped with their lives. For his children's sake the worse became the better reason. Duryodhana sought in various ways to kill the Pandavas. but he was weak of will and dotingly attached to his own children. do not fear for your life. and birth of Draupadi. and made him writhe and burn with jealousy.
. he was a wise man no doubt and he also loved his brother's sons.He decided that Drona was the fittest person to impart further instruction to the Pandavas and the Kauravas. One unforgivable offence of the Pandavas in the eyes of Duryodhana was that the people of the city used to praise them openly and declare in season and out of season that Yudhishthira alone was fit to be the king. The king performed tapas. and few things are harder to bear than the pangs of wounded vanity. They went as ordered by him. Still I seek to regain my friendship with you. helped by a strange combination of circumstances. As for poor Dhritarashtra. It was by means of the secret help rendered by Vidura who wanted to save the family from a great sin. slew the otherwise unconquerable Drona.
His efforts were crowned with success with the birth of Dhrishtadyumna who commanded the Pandava army at Kurukshetra and. THE WAX PALACE THE jealousy of Duryodhana began to grow at the sight of the physical strength of Bhima and the dexterity of Arjuna. These words were poison to Duryodhana's ears. having conquered your kingdom.

As for the people. We shall only cover ourselves with ignominy.He went to Dhritarashtra and complained bitterly of the public talk: "Father. We cannot oppose them with any chance of success. They will not have a friend left here. and then his son will be the kings. and all the ministers of the State and commanders of armies." Sakuni's minister continued: "Be not wroth with me if I say a king should be mighty in action as in name. After sending the Pandavas to Varanavata we shall try to strengthen our party. Vidura cannot openly oppose us. the city and the whole kingdom will take our side. They have no respect even for such venerable persons as Bhishma and yourself. It pierces my heart and renders me sleepless and makes my life a
torment. because he has not the strength. Once the kingdom has become ours. will surely espouse his cause. the citizens babble irrelevant nonsense. they idolise the Pandavas. evils must be eradicated promptly for a thorn which has been allowed to remain in the body may cause a festering wound. for their goodness and influence are a menace to you and yours. for nobody will believe in strength which is never displayed. Send the Pandavas immediately to Varanavata. They are very strong. He has truly inherited all the excellent virtues of his deceased father. I have won over his ministers to our cause. A strong enemy should be destroyed by means of stratagem and it would be folly to show mercy to him. The Pandavas are the sons of your brother. People praise him and will support him. the citizens will rise in insurrection and either kill us or expel us. the minister of Sakuni. He loves all. and it may even be possible to let them come back. if for no other reason." Duryodhana told Dhritarashtra of his success in securing adherents: "I have bought the goodwill of the king's attendants with gifts of wealth and honor. Kanika. should be its execution. which means that his father Drona and uncle Kripa will also be on our side. where do we come? What chance has our progeny? After Yudhishthira his son. Powerful enemies should be destroyed and even a weak foe should not be neglected since a mere spark. while Ashwatthama is devoted to me. to whom Pandu had endeared himself by his nobility of character. guard yourself against the sons of Pandu. may cause a forest fire. Still Yudhishthira will not stray from the path of virtue. To live in hell would be better than that!" At these words. They are very powerful. there will be no power for harm left in them. I tell you the solemn truth that my cup of suffering is full and I can bear no more. was their leader. some politicians were prevailed upon to join Duryodhana's party and advise the king in the matter. State affairs should be kept secret and the earliest indication to the public. You were set aside because of your blindness." Duryodhana replied: "Your fears are baseless. and his son's son. Bhishma will at worst be neutral. If we do injustice. If Yudhishthira is to succeed his father. This would bring disaster on us. what you say is true. Dhritarashtra began to ponder and said: "Son. O king." he said. If you will adroitly prevail upon the Pandavas to go to Varanavata. Also."
. if over looked. We will sink into poor relations dependent on them even for our food. They say that Yudhishthira should be immediately crowned king. the closer and deadlier the danger. "O king. and your brother became the king. of a wise plan." Later. "guard yourselves against the sons of Pandu. but the nearer the kin.

Combustible materials like jute. The materials for the plastering of the walls were also inflammable. He plotted with Karna and Sakuni to kill Kunti and her sons at Varanavata. Before the Pandavas proceeded to Varanavata. they moved into it under Purochana's guidance. THE ESCAPE OF THE PANDAVAS AFTER taking reverential leave of the elders and embracing their comrades. the Pandavas proceeded to Varanavata. No one would dream of blaming the Kauravas. and that was the name which. Duryodhana was elated. The wise man knows his bearings by looking at the stars." Though they had started on their journey in sunshine of joy. especially when Dhritarashtra also told them in tones of great affection that they should certainly go and witness the festivities. And the wise man who would escape destruction must know the means to guard against them. Dhritarashtra's mind was shaken and he yielded to his sons' counsels. The ministers began to praise the beauty of Varanavata in the hearing of the Pandavas and made mention of the fact that a great festival in honor of Siva would be conducted there with all pomp and splendor. Vidura pointedly warned Yudhishthira in words intelligible only to the prince: "He alone will escape from danger who forestalls the intentions of an astute enemy. It only remained to give effect to the plot. and had inviting seats and bedsteads disposed at the most combustible places. It was named "Sivam" which means prosperity. The citizens accompanied them a part of their way and returned unwillingly to the city. There are weapons sharper than those made of steel. The people of Varanavata were very happy to learn of the coming of the Pandavas to their city and welcomed them. and gave him secret instructions which he bound himself to carry out faithfully. 15. The unsuspecting Pandavas were easily persuaded. and fat were used in the construction of the palace. The conflagration that devastates a forest cannot hurt a rat which shelters itself in a hole or a porcupine which burrows in the earth. the idea was to set fire to it at night when they were sound asleep. oil.When many began to say what he himself wished to believe. The Pandavas took leave of Bhishma and other elders and went to Varanavata. in ghastly irony. Purochana. He skilfully filled up various parts of the building with dry things that could catch fire easily. ghee. true to his instructions. After a brief stay in other houses while the palace specially meant for them was being got ready. hastened to the spot well in advance and had a beautiful palace built for their reception. until the palace was built. not only because they were worth seeing but because the people of the place were eager to welcome them. Yudhishthira diligently examined the whole place bearing in mind Vidura's warning and verified that the building was without a shadow of doubt constructed with combustible material. was given to the deathtrap. They sent for Purochana. When the Pandavas had settled down in the wax house. Every convenience was furnished for the Pandavas to dwell in the city without fear. a minister. Yudhishthira told Bhima: "Though we know very well that the palace is a trap of
.
The ostentatious love and solicitude with which the Pandavas had been received and treated would obviate all suspicion and the fire would be taken as a sad case of pure accident. lac. they now proceeded in a dark cloud of sorrow and anxiety.

Duryodhana's hideous plot and the means of escape from danger. to all appearance bent on pleasure but really to make themselves familiar with the forest paths. so the heart of Dhritarashtra was at once warm with joy and chilled with sorrow. we should not make Purochana suspect that we know his plot. anxious to lull all suspicion and make the murderous fire seem an accident. but by day they used to go out hunting in the forest. unknown to Purochana. and later he communicated it to Kuntidevi. Some bustled aimlessly in futile efforts to put out the conflagration and all joined in the cry: "Alas! Alas! This surely is Duryodhana's work." Vyasa has beautifully described the then mental state of Dhritarashtra: "Just as the water of a deep pool is cool at the bottom and warm on the surface. The Pandavas kept armed vigil during night. Purochana's residence was enveloped in flames before he could escape and he fell an unpitied victim to his own wicked plot. It was noticed by some that Vidura was not so overcome by sorrow as the others and this was set down to his philosophical bent of mind. They dressed themselves in single garments as became sorrowful kinsmen and went to the river and performed the propitiatory funeral rites. Yudhishthira answered that he had grasped Vidura's meaning. But the real reason was that he knew that the Pandavas had escaped to safety.death. Meanwhile. At last Purochana felt he had waited long enough. Henceforward the miner worked for many days in secret. knowing that the fated moment had arrived. Vidura had sent an expert miner who met them in secret and said: "My password is the veiled warning Vidura gave you. Bhima set fire to the palace in several places.
. they carefully kept to themselves their knowledge of the wicked plot against their lives. And the watchful Yudhishthira. sent the following message to Hastinapura: "The palace which was the abode of the Pandavas has burnt down and no one in it escaped alive. The people of Varanavata. there was a roaring fire all over the palace and a fast swelling crowd of frightened citizens all around in loud and helpless lamentation. At midnight." So they stayed in that house to all appearance free from care. On his side Purochana. and he is killing the sinless Pandavas!" The palace was reduced to ashes." This was meant to indicate to Yudhishthira and to him alone. I have been sent to help you for your protection." Dhritarashtra and his sons cast off their royal garments in token of mourning for the Pandavas whom they believed consumed in the fire. groping their way out in the darkness. waited fully a year before putting the plot into effect. Kuntidevi and the Pandava brothers hurried out through the subterranean passage. called his brothers together and told them that now or never was the time for them to escape. As has already been said. Presently. Her idea was to lull them to well-fed sleep at night.
Kuntidevi arranged a sumptuous feast for the attendants that day. which ran round the precincts. and completed a subterranean egress from the wax house right under and across the walls and the moat. No outward show of heart broken bereavement was omitted. We should get away at the right moment but escape would be difficult if we gave room for any suspicion. Purochana had his quarters at the gateway of the palace.

as advised by Vyasa. went to the city of Ekachakra and stayed there in a brahmana's house. being born of the Wind god had great strength and a mighty appetite. And finding a pool. When Kunti told him of the sorrows that had befallen them. If they did not come back in time.When he looked sad. Life is a tangled web and there is no one in the world who has not done both good and evil. made cups of lotus leaves and brought water to his mother and brothers who were perishing with thirst. and entering a mighty forest they went on at night in darkness that wrapped them like a shroud and in a silence broken hideously by the frightful noises of wild animals. supporting Yudhishthira and Arjuna with his two hands. fearing that some evil might have befallen them. Bhima saw that his mother and brothers were exhausted by their nightly vigils as well as by fear and anxiety. All of them bowed before him and received encouragement and wise counsel from him. they sat down unable to bear the pangs of thirst and overcome by the drowsiness of sheer fatigue. they would race with each other. quite fordone by toil. 16." She forthwith laid herself down and was sunk in sleep. At last. Kuntidevi said: "I do not care even if the sons of Dhritarashtra are here to seize me. THE SLAYING OF BAKASURA IN the city of Ekachakra. Vidura secretly comforted him by revealing to him the story of their successful escape. They crossed the river in the darkness. tired beyond even heroic endurance. The Pandavas marched on. He therefore carried his mother on his shoulders and took Nakula and Sahadeva on his hips. Vyasa consoled her with these words: "No virtuous man is strong enough to live in virtue at all times. They met Bhagavan Vyasa on the way. they would pause and rest. Bhima. One half would go to Bhima. the Pandavas stayed in the guise of brahmanas. Then. Sometimes. Part of the way. Each and everyone has to bear the consequence of his actions. begging their food in the brahmana streets and bringing what they got to their mother. waiting for better days. The other half would be shared by the other brothers and the mother. full of life and the glorious strength of youth. they would carry their mother to make better speed." Then they put on the garb of brahmanas. Bhima alone sat awake absorbed in deep thought. Kunti would divide the food they brought in two equal portions. When they reached the Ganges. nor is any sinner bad enough to exist in one welter of sin. Do not give way to sorrow. while the others slept in merciful forgetfulness of their woes. Bhima could not understand the springs of sinfulness in others and was lost in grief. he wetted his upper garment. "Do not the plants and the creepers of the forest mutually help each other and live in peace?" he reflected. Bhima forced his way about the tangled forest in search of water in the darkness. who would wait anxiously till their return. Seeing that Bhishma was sunk in sorrow. he was in fact following with his mind's eye the weary wanderings of the Pandavas. he strode effortlessly like a lordly elephant forcing his way through the forest and pushing aside the shrubs and trees that obstructed his path. there was a boat ready for them in charge of a boatman who knew their secret. suffering many hardships and overcoming many dangers. "why should the wicked Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana try
to injure us in these ways?" Sinless himself. Thus heavily laden. but I must stretch my legs.
. Sometimes. she would be worried.

presented him with a big earthen pot that became an object of merriment to the street urchins. Sometime later. You are able. at last the brahmana said to his wife: "O unfortunate and foolish woman. It would be best if I am handed over to the Rakshasa. How can I think of losing you who have been to me at once my life's mate. loving mother. this girl and boy will surely die soon for want of a protector." The daughter who was hearing this piteous conversation. Some great calamity surely had befallen the poor family and Kunti went inside to learn what it was. who would pour libations for us and our ancestors? Alas! You did not pay heed
to my words. Death has no terror for one who has been a good wife. Bhima's insatiable hunger and the scanty food he used to get at Ekachakra went ill together. I am sure of heaven. now interposed with sobs: "Listen to me. which caused much distress to his mother and brothers. How can we live after consigning to death our only solace in life and our hope for the here after? If he is lost. as you know. our son. And he daily grew thin. the brahmana tenderly embraced her and. By
. and done my duty b bearing y you a daughter and a son. and then do what is proper. give me your blessing. What shall I do? It is best that all of us perish together" and the brahmana burst forth sobbing. Take care of my children. and a wolf. and in pulling it hither and thither in unclean greed. By my faithful devotion to you. nay. when the other brothers had gone to beg for alms. I have been happy with you. child though I be. its hunger is never quite satisfied. Gladden me with a brave smile. and I am not. Bid me farewell. sacrificing both love and duty. and this is the deadly fruit of your perversity. but. is what the scriptures say." Hearing these words of his wife. one of the names of Bhima. This little girl has been given to us by God as a trust to be handed over in time to a worthy man. to bring up and protect your children. a poor widowed woman is an easy prey to wicked and dishonest people. I have performed many meritorious actions. It is me alone that you can spare to the Rakshasa. looks always famished. One day. If I give up my life. The wife replied: "I have been a good wife to you. tear it into foul rags. Blessed indeed is the woman who passes to the other world. what words are these? Can I bear to live without you? The first duty of a married man is to protect his wife. This. Just as cast out offal is pounced upon and seized by rapacious birds. When he could find his voice. in return. he wept like a child. you would not agree. take another wife. I should indeed be a pitiful sinner if I lived after giving you up to the Rakshasa. means wolf-bellied. Bhimasena stayed behind with his mother. You persisted in saying that you were born and bred here and here you would stay where your parents and relations had lived and died. and send me to the Rakshasa. It is unrighteous to sacrifice her who is a gift of God to perpetuate the race. while her husband is alive. It is equally impossible to allow this other. The potter. Dogs fight for a cloth wet with ghee. Bhima became acquainted with a potter for whom he helped and fetched clay. The brahmana and his wife could hardly speak for weeping. he replied: "O beloved and noble one. And however much it might eat. the wife who bore my children. though time and again I wished we should leave this city for good. and they heard loud lamentations from the house of their brahmana landlord. utterly overcome by her love and courage.Vrikodara. to be killed. my all in all? I cannot send you to death while I keep myself alive. you know. After I am gone.

I have not the means to purchase a substitute. We will deliver these to you in a carriage drawn by two bullocks driven by a human being taken from each house in turn. In like manner. whose king is weak. what a good death mine would be! Even if you consider my welfare alone. He forcibly seized this city and kingdom thirteen years ago. The citizens of a country. is possible only under the rule of a good. you can save the others. No hero has been found to free this country from this pest. I have pained you with these things. The citizens prayed to the Rakshasa to come to some sort of stipulation in place of this promiscuous slaughter. along with the bullocks and the man. Wife. do not weep. Mother. strong king. rice. our own turn has come now to send a person as prey to the Rakshasa. This arrangement has been in force for many years. where lives a cruel and terribly strong Rakshasa named Bakasura. Since then he has held us in cruel thraldom. mad with hunger. Let the wicked glutton gorge himself with all of us. but refrain from this mad orgy of slaughter." The child's action and speech made them smile in the midst of their tears." At these brave words of the poor child. They prayed: 'Do not kill us wantonly at your whim and pleasure. women and children in this city. for the Rakshasa has invariably defeated and killed all the brave men who tried."
. should not marry and beget children. with culture and domestic happiness. curds and intoxicating liquors and many other delicacies. This
Rakshasa formerly used to issue from his cave whenever he liked and. myself. this strong Rakshasa has been protecting this kingdom from foreign raids and wild beasts. Once a week we shall bring you sufficient meat. And having long suffered with the sight of others' sorrow. Sister. indiscriminately kill and eat men. both I and this little baby brother of mine will soon perish unprotected in this hard world. Let me be the little boat to take you across this river of calamity. said in his sweet childish treble: "I shall kill the Rakshasa with this stick. you should send me to the Rakshasa. this is a sorrow far beyond your aid. You can make a repast of the rice. if there be no proper king ruling over us. It is impossible for me to protect two fatherless orphans and they will perish miserably like fish in a waterless pond. If both of you pass away. None of us can bear to live after sending one of us to a cruel death. but we have lost all hope even of that. but you wished to know. and so I shall go with my whole family to him. Mother. There is a cave near the city.' The Rakshasa agreed to the proposal. that is. A worthy family life. Then he rose up took a stick of firewood and brandishing it about. From that day. The kshatriya ruler of this country has fled to the city of Vetrakiya and is unable to protect us.sacrificing one soul. The brahmana said: "Mother. started up with glowing eyes. a woman without a guardian becomes the sport of wicked people who drag her hither and thither. the parents tenderly embraced her and wept. do not weep. Feeling this was the moment for intervention. wealth and other things are not safe. Only God can help us. If this family of ours can be saved from destruction by my single death. hardly more than a baby. but only added to their great sorrow. our legitimate sovereign is unable to protect us. Kuntidevi entered and inquired for the cause of their sorrow and whether there was anything she could do to help them. lisping: "Father." and he went to each and sat on their lap by turns. do not weep. Seeing them all in tears the boy.

But keep this a secret. I know the heroism of Bhima and have no fears. King of Panchala. Kunti. news of the swayamvara of Draupadi. the former never could forget or forgive the humiliation he
. Duryodhana's men would see the hand of t e Pandavas. We have seen these hills and dales till we are tired of them. It is our duty to be of service to this brahmana family." Kunti's fear was that. the daughter of Drupada. is to repay the benefit he has enjoyed by doing good in his turn. I have five sons. 17. if the story got noised abroad. his power will come to naught. Remember who carried us from Varanavata and who killed the demon Hidimba. if you reveal it. Duty. I fear your many trials have clouded your judgment!" Kuntidevi replied: "Dear sons. do not despair. Let us therefore go to Drupada's kingdom which is reputed to be fair and prosperous. but then shook his head sadly and would not hear of the substituted sacrifice. man's highest virtue. we have lived happily for many years in the house
of this brahmana. Kunti said: "O brahmana." Kunti was second to none in worldly wisdom and sagacity and could gracefully divine her sons' thoughts and spare them the awkwardness of expressing them. Kunti talked the matter over with Bhimasena and returned to the brahmana. One of them will take the food to the Rakshasa. Though Drupada and Drona were outwardly at peace. and find out h their where abouts." After a fierce battle. the Rakshasa Bakasura was slain by Bhima who pretended to bring him a cartload of food. She said: "Good man. The other brothers returned to the house with alms. The alms doled out to us are diminishing and it is not good to outstay your entertainment. God is great. The brahmanas went in groups to witness the swayamvara and the Pandavas mingled with them in the guise of brahmanas. as I have myself seen him kill many other such Rakshasas. do not be afraid. It is not through Bhima's strength and daring that we hope to regain the kingdom that has been seized by our deceitful enemies? Was it not through the prowess of Bhima that we escaped from the wax palace? And you are risking the life of Bhima who is our present protection and future hope. S she o told Yudhishthira: "We have been in this city so long that it is time to think of going somewhere else. My son is endowed with superhuman powers derived from mantras and will certainly kill this Rakshasa. nay. Yudhishthira said: "What is this? Is not this rash and thoughtless? Relying on Bhima's strength we sleep without care or fear. DRAUPADI'S SWAYAMVARAM WHILE the Pandavas were living in disguise as brahmanas at Ekachakrapura.The political truths contained in this story of Ekachakra are noteworthy and suggestive. Dharmaputra saw the face of Bhimasena radiant with joy to which it had l ng been a stranger and inferred that o he was resolved on some hazardous adventure and questioned Kunti who told him everything. reached them. Bhima was filled with unbounded joy and enthusiasm at the arrangement made by Kunti. for. Many brahmanas of Ekachakrapura planned to go to Panchala in the hope of receiving the customary gifts and to see the festivities and pageant of a royal wedding. After a long march the party reached the beautiful city of Drupada and billeted themselves in the house of a potter as obscure brahmanas of no note." The brahmana jumped up in amazed surprise. with her motherly instinct. read her sons' desire to go to Panchala and win Draupadi.

It was Arjuna who had come disguised as a brahmana. Many valiant princes had gathered there from all parts of Bharatavarsha. he was plunged in sorrow but was relieved by a later rumour that they had escaped. Krishna. and clad in flowing silk Draupadi dismounted and entered the swayamvara
hall. shall win my sister. The candidate for the princess' hand was required to string the bow and with it shoot a steel arrow through the central aperture of a revolving disk at a target placed on high. When he heard the news of the destruction of the Pandavas at Varanavata. The brahmanas themselves were divided
. Drupada's one wish was to give his daughter in marriage to Arjuna. Salya. Drupada would be all the stronger for being Arjuna's father-in-law. Jarasandha. The brahmanas repeated the usual mantras and offered oblations in the fire." Then he narrated to Draupadi the name. Sisupala. and they returned to their places abashed and ashamed. and Salya. Fresh from her auspicious bridal bath. she ascended the dais. Garland in hand. for there arose from among the group of brahmanas a youth who advanced towards the bow. The marriage hall was beautifully decorated and built amidst a finely laid out group of new guest-houses designed to accommodate the swayamvara suitors and guests. here is the bow. Jarasandha. He who sends five arrows in succession through the hole of the wheel and unerringly hits the target. Many noted princes rose one after another and tried in vain to string the bow. Dhrishtadyumna took Draupadi by the hand and led her to the center of the hall. After the peace invocation had been chanted and the flourish of music had stopped. There was great clamor and angry talk. Dhrishtadyumna on horseback rode in front of his sister Draupadi seated on an elephant. if he also be of good family and presence. Sisupala. Besides the competitors there was a huge concourse of spectators and visitors. O princes seated in state in this assembly. some even saying that it was an impossible test put up to shame the kings. clear tones: "Hear ye. The noise that issued therefrom resembled the uproar of the ocean and over it all arose the auspicious sound of festal music from hundreds of instruments. When Karna came forward. who for their part looked at her in speechless admiration. And if there were a war.had suffered at the latter's hands. Then he proclaimed in loud. and Drupada proclaimed that the hero who would win his daughter should perform this feat. The sons of Dhritarashtra were there as well as Karna. This required almost superhuman strength and skill. wild clamor burst forth again from the crowd. seeming to fill it with the sweetness of her presence and perfect beauty. and Duryodhana were among these unsuccessful aspirants. A mighty steel bow was placed in the marriage hall. Drona loved Arjuna so dearly that he could hardly look upon his pupil's fatherin-law as his deadly foe. When he stood up. Then all noises were hushed. There is the target and here are the arrows. all the assemblage expected that he would be successful but he failed by just a hair's breadth and the string slid back flashing and the mighty bow jumped out of his hands like a thing of life. and coyly glancing at the valiant princes. ancestry and description of the several suitors assembled there. Attractive sights and sports had been arranged for public entertainment and there were glorious festivities for fourteen days continuously. It was too heavy and stiff for them.

As Bhima and Arjuna were taking Draupadi to their temporary abode. while the crowd was lost in spellbound silence. is Kunti herself. The brahmanas who were seated in the assembly in large numbers sent forth shouts of joy. Arjuna proceeded to the house of the potter accompanied by Draupadi. Dhrishtadyumna followed them at a distance. he secretly told King Drupada: "Father. They said: "The practice of swayamvara. the Supreme God. I also followed and I saw all five and a venerable and august lady who. My words stand and there will be no going back on them. holding to the skirts of the deer-skin of that youth and she was not at all abashed. Balarama and others sought to appease those who had created the confusion." Then Arjuna meditated on Narayana. The crowd was in tumult and there was a blare of musical instruments.in opinion. If this maiden does not care to marry a prince. unseen by them. waving aloft their deerskins in exultation as though the whole community had won Draupadi. Yudhishthira. Bhima plucked a tree by the roots. The brahmana may be physically weaker. But there were others again who spoke differently as they noted the noble and shapely proportions of the youth. Some being highly delighted that there should be among them a lad of mettle enough to compete. while others more envious or worldly wise. and. As anticipated by Bhima."
. Draupadi said nothing but stood holding on to the skirts of the deer-skin in which Arjuna was clad. Her face glowed with happiness which
streamed out of her eyes as she looked on Arjuna. They said: "We feel from his appearance that he is going to win. Then without pause or hesitation he shot five arrows in succession through the revolving mechanism right into the target so that it fell down. and took the bow in his hand and strung it with ease. The uproar that followed was indescribable. He placed an arrow on the string and looked around him with a smile. who bends the bow and shoots the target. Draupadi accompanied them. I think they are the Pandavas. and Sahadeva returned in haste to the potter's house to convey the glad news immediately to their mother. Arjuna approached the place where the bow lay and asked Dhrishtadyumna: "Can a brahmana try to bend the bow?" Dhrishtadyumna answered: "O best of brahmanas. Bhima alone remained in the assembly fearing that some danger might befall Arjuna from the kshatriyas. He looks sure of himself and he certainly knows what he is about. said what impudence it was for this brahmacharin to enter the lists when heroes like Karna. my sister will become the lifemate of any one of good family and presence. Krishna. is not prevalent among the brahmanas. Nakula. Draupadi shone with a fresh beauty. I have no doubt. the princes were loud in wrath. by the side of Arjuna ready for any event. He was amazed and delighted at what he saw. and others had met with failure. Salya. but is it all a matter of brute strength? What about the power of austerities? Why should he not try?" And they blessed him." A free fight seemed imminent. stood armed with this formidable bludgeon. closely observed everything that took place there. and returning. and stripping it of foliage. She approached him and placed the garland on his neck. the choosing of a bridegroom. she should remain a virgin and burn herself on the pyre. How can a brahmana marry her? We should oppose this marriage and prevent it so as to protect righteousness and save the practice of swayamvara from the peril which threatens it.

" Finally Drupada yielded and the marriage was celebrated. Well. however." Dhritarashtra thought in his blind fondness for his son that it was Duryodhana." Vidura hastened to correct the mistake. Vidura was happy. who had also gone to take part in the swayamvara. Our mother has commanded us so. Duryodhana and his brother Duhsasana went to their uncle Sakuni and said in sorrow: "Uncle. Let us give Panchali a joyous welcome. are cleverer than ourselves. But he was surprised and disgusted when he heard that they would jointly marry Draupadi. He said to Vidura with apparent joy: "O Vidura. We should not. Is it good time for us that our natural enemies. and fortune also seems to favor them. let Vidura know our mind. Go at once and bring Draupadi. very good. the Pandavas. Dharmaputra confided to the king that they were the Pandavas. that had won Draupadi. He said: "The blessed Pandavas are alive and it is Arjuna who has won the daughter of Drupada. He also informed him of their decision to marry Draupadi in common. this immoral idea that goes against the traditional usage?" Yudhishthira answered: "O king. In a time of great peril we vowed that we would share all things in common and we cannot break that pledge. what you say is true. Our enemies. Dhrishtadyumna and Sikhandin have become their allies. We have been let down by relying on Purochana."
. Duryodhana said: "You told Vidura that better days were ahead of us.Invited by Drupada Kunti and the Pandavas went to the palace. Drupada opposed this and said: "How unrighteous! How did this idea get into your head. He immediately went to Dhritarashtra and said: "O King. we are undone. our family has become stronger because the daughter of Drupada has become our daughter-in-law. Are the dear Pandavas really alive? We have been mourning them as dead! The news you have now brought is balm to my heart. I am delighted at your words. Drupada rejoiced at knowing that they were the Pandavas. With their mother
Kuntidevi they are happy and well under the care of Drupada." Dhritarashtra replied: "Dear son. have so waxed n i strength that they will certainly destroy us? We could not carry out our plot against them and the fact that they know about it is an added danger. 18. Our stars are good. Dhritarashtra felt frustrated but concealed his disappointment. What can we do?" Karna and Duryodhana went to the blind Dhritarashtra. Let me now hear your suggestions as to what we should do. The five Pandavas have married her jointly according to the rites enjoined by the sastras. Favor us with your counsel in this matter." At these words of Vidura. kindly excuse us." Duryodhana's jealousy and hatred redoubled when he found that the Pandavas had somehow escaped from the wax palace and after spending a year incognito had now become even more powerful on account of the alliance with the mighty king of Panchala. a good time for us. INDRAPRASTHA WHEN news of the incidents that took place during the swayamvara at Panchala reached Hastinapura. the Pandavas. It has now come to this. well. So the daughter of Drupada has become our daughter-in-law. which set at rest all anxiety regarding the enmity of Drona. either we must destroy them here and now or we shall ourselves perish. That was why I spoke to him in that manner. as you say. Under this mistaken impression he replied: "It is indeed.

Stratagems will not do hereafter. Dhritarashtra could not make up his mind. There is nothing that cannot be accomplished by the power of wealth. All blame. Draupadi also can never be turned against them. Consulted on the steps to be taken." Karna smiled and said: "This is but futile talk. Karna flew into a rage at this suggestion. we found we could not deceive
them." Duryodhana continued: "Can we not create discord among the Pandavas by means of Draupadi? Her polyandrous marriage is very convenient for us. we may take advantage of the fact that these Pandavas are not born of one and the same mother and create enmity between the sons of Madri and those of Kunti. and you think we can deceive them now. when they have acquired experience and are moreover under the protection of Drupada. as befits kshatriyas. We shall certainly succeed. replied: "The proper course will be to welcome them back and give them half the kingdom.Duryodhana said: "I feel so distracted that no plan occurs to me. You cannot bribe the wise and honorable Drupada. and that is to attack them before they grow stronger and other friends join them. You cannot conquer the Pandavas by stratagem. sent for Bhishma and Drona and consulted them. We can get a beautiful woman to beguile some of the sons of Kunti and thus make Draupadi turn against them. we can invite him to Hastinapura and use him so that our plan prospers. Perhaps. He will not give up the Pandavas on any account. If Draupadi begins to suspect any of them. Therefore." Karna replied: "This too is idle talk. from them." Drona also gave the same counsel and suggested sending a proper messenger to bring about an amicable settlement and establish peace. This is the only way to maintain the dignity of our family. there is only one way left for us. even all suspicion. whose daughter they had married. You cannot frighten them that way. Trickery will prove useless. They have seen through your designs. You cannot sow dissensions among them. When they were here and were like immature birds with undeveloped wings. wise with the ripe knowledge of right and wrong." Thus spoke Karna. Bhishma. That he has given away his daughter in marriage to the Pandavas will not stand in the way of our making him an ally. will be set at rest if you invite the Pandavas and hand over half kingdom to them. There is much loose talk not creditable to you about the fire incident at the wax house. He was very much devoted to
. The citizens of the state also desire such a settlement. Then the Pandavas would fear to come here and we shall be safe." Karna laughed this also to scorn." Duryodhana continued: "We should somehow make sure that the Pandavas do not come here and demand of us the kingdom that is now in our possession. therefore. The king. Bhishma was very happy when he heard that the Pandavas were alive and well as guests of King Drupada of Panchala. We shall arouse doubts and jealousies in their minds through the efforts of experts in the science of erotics. We may commission a few brahmanas to spread convenient rumours in Drupada's city and severally tell the Pandavas that they would meet with great danger if they were to go to Hastinapura. He said: "None of your proposals is any good. We can also try to bribe Drupada into joining our side. We should take the heroic way out of our difficulty. This is my advice. We should make a surprise attack on the Pandavas and Drupada before Krishna joins them with his Yadava army.

Vidura rendered due honor to King Drupada and requested him on behalf of Dhritarashtra to send the Pandavas with Panchali to Hastinapura. your children." Then Dhritarashtra sought the advice of Vidura who replied: "The counsel given by Bhishma. let us go. is wise and just and should not be disregarded. and we should first of all try to clear ourselves of the blame. Love me in the same manner. Go to Khandavaprastha and make it your capital. I trust you." At last Drupada also gave his assent and Vidura returned to Hastinapura with the Pandavas. It is impossible to defeat them in battle. you saved my sons. Drona. Come. A king should examine critically the advice of his ministers before accepting or rejecting it. and Draupadi.
. half the kingdom was made over to the Pandavas and Yudhishthira was duly crowned king. and Yayati ruled the kingdom from there. his old eyes full of anger. That was our ancient capital. the streets of Hastinapura had been sprinkled with water and decorated with flowers.Duryodhana and could not at all bear the idea of giving a portion of the kingdom to the Pandavas. I have made this settlement so that there may be no strife or hatred between you. but he merely said: "The Pandavas may do as they like. May you prove a worthy heir to his renown! King Pandu delighted in abiding by my advice. Karna and Sakuni are but raw youths. the head of our race. I shall do as you advise. who has received wealth and honors at your hands. The citizens and the whole country are delighted to know that the Pandavas are alive and they desire to see them once again. Vidura thus assured her: "Your children will never meet with destruction. Karna's advice is foolish and wrong. the Kauravas will certainly meet with destruction in the near future. They are. Follow Bhishma's advice. He told Dhritarashtra: "I am surprised that Drona. the master." At these words of Karna.
Vidura went to the city of King Drupada in a speedy vehicle taking along with him many kinds of jewels and other valuable presents. and Drona. you are advising the king to go on the wrong path. Drupada mistrusted Dhritarashtra. Drupada and his sons as well as Krishna and the Yadavas are staunch allies of the Pandavas. Do not listen to the words of Duryodhana. In jubilant welcome of the beloved princes who were returning home after long years of exile and travail." Vidura went to Kuntidevi and prostrated himself before her. said: "O wicked man. She said: "Son of Vichitravirya. They will inherit the kingdom and acquire great renown. Dhritarashtra blessed the newly crowned Yudhishthira and bade him farewell with these words: "My brother Pandu made this kingdom prosperous. ignorant of statesmanship and incompetent to advise. Nahusha. Kunti. It is reported abroad that we tried to kill the Pandavas in the wax house." In the end Dhritarashtra determined to establish peace by giving half the kingdom to the sons of Pandu. has made such a suggestion." She was also suspicious of Dhritarashtra's intentions. As had been already decided. The Pandavas are also your children like Duryodhana and his brothers. My sons are wicked and proud. therefore. He sent Vidura to the kingdom of Panchala to fetch the Pandavas and Draupadi. If Dhritarashtra does not do what Bhishma and myself have advised. You should realise that those who advise you to injure the Pandavas are really bent upon the destruction of the race. Our ancestors Pururavas.

was indeed a frightful place when it came into the possession of the Pandavas. is made to frolic with apish joy. If we die here. The usual expedient employed is a previous birth when those creatures were human beings. The Pandavas renovated that ruined city. It is usual to entertain children with stories in which birds and beasts are made to speak. do not torment yourself on our account. What shall I do? Your father has deserted us. A saranga bird was living there with its four fledgelings. As the forest was set on fire as commanded by Krishna and Arjuna and the fire spread in all directions. 19. when he imagined that the beautiful damsel he saw at Ravana's inner courtyard was Sita." In this manner Dhritarashtra spoke affectionately to Yudhishthira." To the mother who was wailing thus. that forest full of uneven places and thorns and prickles and cumbered with the crumbling vestiges of a long dead city. and in the fox the clever nature is shot through with the characteristics of a wise and experienced king. Birds and beasts had made it their abode. Hanuman. In a delightful passage in the Ramayana. Leave us to our fate. reflect and do what is best for our race. The male bird was pleasantly roaming about in the forest with another female bird neglecting wife and children. birds and beasts speak like men."
. built palaces and forts. and renamed it Indraprastha. our family will become extinct. and I am not strong enough to fly away carrying you with me. Krishna and Arjuna resolved to set fire to the forest and construct a new city in its place. never straying from the path of dharma. Poor wingless babies! You will become a prey to the fire. we shall attain a good birth in some future life. The stories are thereby made
interesting vehicles of the great truths they sometimes convey. If you give up your life for our sake. and in them usually some background is given in explanation of animals having the gift of human speech. But the stories of the Puranas are meant for elderly people. the worried mother bird began to lament: 'The fire is coming nearer and nearer burning everything. For instance. The mother bird looked after its young ones. It grew in wealth and beauty and became the admiration of the world. One of the characteristic beauties of the Puranic literature is this happy fusion of nature and imagination. You will soon have other children and be able to forget us. and sometimes they give sound advice and even teach spiritual wisdom. But the natural qualities of those creatures are adroitly made to peep through this human veil. take another mate and be happy. The subsequent degradation being due to a curse. Khandavaprastha. In such cases the deer will act as a deer and yet speak as a rishi. who is described as very wise and learned. and it was infested with thieves and wicked men. a deer was a rishi in a previous birth. or a fox a king. Mother. the children said: "Mother.Re-establish that and be famous. doing its destructive work. Fly to a place of safety. All forest creatures are in despair and the air is full of the agonising crash of falling trees. and soon it will be here and destroy us. The Pandavas ruled there happily for thirty-six years with their mother and Draupadi. THE SARANGA BIRDS IN the stories narrated in the Puranas.

having had enough of me. A rishi named Mandapala long lived faithful to his vow of perfect brahmacharya but when he sought entry to the higher regions. Why falsely bring in the fire and the children? You have yourself told me that the children of Jarita would never perish in fire since the Fire god has given you that boon. The four eggs of Jarita hatched in time and they were the four birds mentioned above. As they were the children of a rishi they could cheer and encourage their mother in the way they did. While the fire was raging. Be happy with her. He was then born as a saranga bird and lived with a female companion named Jarita.Despite this earnest entreaty. I shall only be another of the many trusting females betrayed by unworthy males and cast out wandering in the forest. Take another mate and live happily. The mother bird told her children: "There is a rat-hole by the side of this tree. Lapita." But the children said: "There are sure to be other rats in the hole. I shall just go and see them and then come back to you " Having thus consoled his new mate. had expressed his fears to his new lovebird Lapita. anxious for the safety of his young ones. Why should you sacrifice your life for our sake? How have we merited it. You can get into the hole and escape the fire. the mother had no mind to leave her children. There is now no danger for you inside the hole. the gatekeeper said: "There is no place here for a childless man" and turned him back. You may as well tell the truth and go away. if you like. the mother bird came back and saw with wonder that her children were safe and chirping merrily. You may go. the male bird. She said: "I shall remain here and perish in the flames with you. be went to the tree where Jarita was seated. I shall close the mouth of the hole with earth and the fire will not touch you." The children would not agree. Our danger is not ended by the killing of one rat by the eagle." The fire which destroyed the whole forest. Jarita paid no attention to her consort but remained absorbed in joy at finding her children alive. I took birth as a bird for obtaining children and I am naturally anxious about them. They said: "The rat in the hole will devour us. Hearing his repeated laments "Is it so?" she said: "I know your mind. Kindly save your life by flying before the fire reaches us and this tree catches fire. Then she turned to her husband and asked in an indifferent tone why he had come. Then he left Jarita and wandered in the woods with another female companion. When the fire dies down I shall let you out. We cannot get into the rathole."
." The mother bird tried to relieve the fears of the children and said: "I saw an eagle devour the rat. She had petulantly upbraided him. It is better to perish in the flames than to die ignobly by being eaten up by rats. He replied with affection: "Are my children happy? Who is the eldest among them?" Then Jarita cut in icily: "Do you greatly care? Go back to her for whom you abandoned me. mercifully left the baby birds unscathed. When the fire had subsided. She embraced them and was intensely happy. who have done nothing for you? We have only brought you unhappiness since we
came into the world. I know that you desire to go back to Jarita." This is the background of the story of the birds." The bird Mandapala said: "Your assumption is untrue. to your beloved Jarita. I shall put you there. She laid four eggs.

I am but one of the many kings who rule their kingdoms with fairness and justice and lead happy unambitious lives. It is mere vanity and vainglory to desire to become an emperor. You can then not only perform the Rajasuya but also rescue and win the adherence of the kings who languish in his prisons. are afraid of his prowess and are submissive to him. It is my brothers who wish it. When Krishna learnt that Dharmaputra desired to see him." At these words of Krishna. can perform that sacrifice and win the status of emperor. Nor are you one of those who advise to please and whose counsel is pleasant rather than true or wholesome." 20. When you yourself are afraid of Jarasandha what can we hope to do?" Bhima did not at all like this spirit of cowardly contentment. It is evident that imperialism had an irresistible glamour even in those days. including the redoubtable Sisupala himself. Yudhishthira sought Sri Krishna's advice in this matter. he set out in a chariot harnessed with swift horses and reached Indraprastha.Mandapala philosophised: "A woman will not care for her husband after she has become a mother. What is the good of being strong if one does not know his own strength? I cannot reconcile myself to live a life of idle ease and contentment. After three years of continuous fighting we had to acknowledge defeat and we left Mathura and moved to Dwaraka in the west. Have you not heard of the wicked Kamsa. And really. but as you know. and built a new city where we are living in peace and plenty. Yudhishthira said: "'My people urge me to perform Rajasuya. can conquer even those stronger than himself. Such is the way of the world. Why should not a king rest satisfied with his own kingdom? So. Yudhishthira said: "I agree. only he who can secure the respect and allegiance of all kings. if we three join and set about it without doubts or fears. What." Krishna interposed: "Jarasandha should certainly be slain and fully deserves it. And the only way to overcome his opposition is to defeat and kill him. cannot be accomplished by a combination of my physical strength. Even the blameless Vasishtha was thus ignored by Arundhati. All the kshatriyas. He has unjustly cast eighty-six princes in prison. Even if Duryodhana. indeed. Karna and others do not object to your
assuming the title of emperor. Strength reinforced by stratagem will surely do much. He has planned to immolate a hundred kings and is waiting to lay hold of fourteen more. I shall give up this desire to be an emperor. He who casts off indolence and properly employs political means. you are not among those whose affection makes them blind and partial. Advise me. He has conquered many kings and holds them in subjection. Those who surrounded Yudhishthira urged him to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice and assume the title of Emperor." Krishna replied: "Quite so and that is why you cannot be emperor while the mighty Jarasandha of Magadha is alive and unconquered. the son of Ugrasena? After he had become the sonin-law and ally of Jarasandha my people and I attacked Jarasandha. I shall accompany them and together we will slay that king by
. Bhima said: "Ambition is the noblest virtue of a king. Jarasandha will certainly oppose it. JARASANDHA THE Pandavas ruled Indraprastha in all glory. If Bhima and Arjuna agree. the title has no temptations for me. Krishna's wisdom and Arjuna's dexterity? We can conquer Jarasandha's might.

" Yudhishthira was not pleased with this advice. resort to the forest and pass the rest of our days in penance and austerities. consisting of one eye. He did so to keep his vow not to show partiality to either. It seems to me far better to give up the idea altogether. The delivery took place in due course. it will be time to assume the ochre robe. Some time after they had partaken of the fruit. But instead of bringing the expected joy. They were indeed two equal and complementary portions of one baby. one leg. one ear and so on. he answered: "I am childless and have come to the forest giving up my kingdom. with a sorrowful longing for children in his heart. the wives became pregnant. reigned in the kingdom of Magadha and attained celebrity as a great hero. they commanded their attendants to tie the
. THE SLAYING OF JARASANDHA BRIHADRATHA." Arjuna said: "What is the use to us of an existence without heroic deeds. it plunged them into greater grief than before. advise? Death comes to all.stratagem and set free the imprisoned princes. He took it and gave it to the king with this blessing: "Take it. in the vast majority of cases. will not become famous if he does not exert himself. he does not employ the means he has. He married the twin daughters of the raja of Kasi and vowed to them that he would not show any partiality to either. to win glory. born as we are of an illustrious line? A Kshatriya though endowed with all other good qualities. I do not like to send them on this dangerous errand. Brihadratha was not blessed with a child for a long time. We can seize fortune if we do our duties energetically. he handed over his kingdom to his ministers. and overcoming his foes in righteous battle. Even a powerful man may fail if. For they each gave birth to but a half of a child. Enthusiasm is the mother of success. Give me children. half a face. Seized with grief. Failure is due. But the noblest duty of a kshatriya is to be true to his race and faith. and we are not afraid of using our strength to the utmost. 21. He said: "This may really mean sacrificing Bhima and Arjuna who are to me as my two eyes. Why should Yudhishthira suppose that we are incapable of this? When we have become old. born of Kunti in the Bharata race. went to the forest with his two wives and engaged himself in austerities. We know we are strong." The sage was filled with compassion and. to ignorance of one's own strength. merely to gratify a vain desire to be an emperor. we should lead strenuous lives and do heroic deeds worthy of the traditions of our race." The king cut the fruit into two halves and gave one to each wife. And when the sage was moved with pity and asked him what he wanted. Now. I like this suggestion. the commander of three regiments. This conversation has a curiously modern ring about it and shows that powerful men
in ancient days used very much the same specious reasoning as now. Your wish will be fulfilled. the hero as well as the sluggard. through lassitude. He went to Sage Kausika of the Gautama family. even as he was thinking how to help the king." Finally Yudhishthira assented to the unanimous opinion that their duty lay in slaying Jarasandha." Krishna was delighted to hear these words and said: "What else can Arjuna. Each half was a monstrous birth which seemed a revolting lump. When he became old. a mango fruit fell into his lap.

They can speak only after midnight. Jarasandha received them with respect as their noble bearing seemed to indicate an illustrious origin. This interesting story embodies the important truth that two sundered parts joined together will still remain weak. This child became known as Jarasandha. And they at once adhered together and changed into a whole living child. He grew up in to a man of immense physical strength. Krishna. a kshatriya had to accept the challenge to a duel whether with or without weapons. Jarasandha said: "Krishna. that being made up by the fusion of two separate parts. Now that he is isolated. Jarasandha chivalrously agreed to fight him without weapons. Bhima and Arjuna made no reply to his words of welcome because they wished to avoid having to tell lies." According to the code of honor of those days. The surprised Rakshasi did not wish to kill the child. She was elated at seeing the two pieces of flesh and. Bhima is famous for his physical strength. Hidimbaka. The attendants did as they were instructed and threw the cloth bundle on a heap of refuse in the street. Sri Krishna said: "Hamsa. accidently the halves came together the right way. Thus they entered the kingdom of Magadha and arrived at the capital of Jarasandha. But his body had one weakness namely." Jarasandha entertained them in the hall of sacrifice and returned to the palace. with a tendency to split. perfect in every detail. So. To ward off the threatened danger. This was the kshatriya tradition to which
Krishna and the Pandavas had recourse for slaying Jarasandha. as she gathered them up both at once. and other allies of Jarasandha are no more. When the conquest and slaying of Jarasandha had been resolved upon. Their conduct made Jarasandha suspicious. and he also observed that they had on their hands the scars made by the bowstring and had besides the proud bearing of kshatriyas. you are a cowherd and Arjuna is a mere boy. I wish to fight with him. Kamsa." After acquainting himself as to who they were. A cannibal Rakshasi chanced upon that place." The king was immensely delighted and handed it over to his two wives. He must be provoked to a single combat and slain. this is the right time to kill him. presented the child to him saying: "This is your child. Bhima.gruesome pieces in a cloth and cast them away. and Arjuna entered the palace unarmed. Jarasandha was disturbed by portents of ill omen. They disguised themselves as men who had taken religious vows.
. if sufficient force were used. Krishna spoke on their behalf: "These two are observing a vow of silence for the present as at part of their austerities. She took on the guise of a beautiful woman and. The latter sort was a fight to the death with weighted gauntlets or a wrestling to the death in catch-as-catch-can style. You can choose one of us at will to fight with you. it could be split again into two. It is useless to fight with armies. When Jarasandha demanded the truth of them they said frankly: "We are your foes and seek instant combat. It was the practice of Jarasandha to meet noble guests who had taken vows and talk to them at their leisure and convenience. clad in robes of bark-fibre and carrying the holy darbha grass in their hands. and so he called at midnight to see them. going to the king. he had propitiatory rites performed by the priests and himself took to fasts and penance." Since Bhima was unarmed.

Sisupala. The custom was to render first honor to the guest who was considered most worthy of taking precedence over all others. thus made whole. On the fourteenth day. the king of Chedi. some strong and ambitious monarch would seek the assent of his fellow kings to his overlordship. Jarasandha showed signs of exhaustion. and when once again he tore Jarasandha asunder he threw the two portions in opposite directions. Occasionally. Yudhishthira assumed the title of emperor. at the time of paying the first honor. This story is told in the next chapter. THE FIRST HONOR THE practice of staging a walkout from an assembly in protest against something
is nothing new. Bhima and Arjuna returned to Indraprastha. The captive princes were released and Jarasandha's son was crowned King of Magadha. The man who sought advice was born in illegitimacy. (This was an insulting allusion to the sons of Kunti) The man who gave advice was born of one who ever declines from high to low. Bhima aghast at the sight. which was also Yudhishthira's own opinion. but I am not surprised. The celebrations were marred by only one incident. so t at h they could not come together and join. when he saw Krishna pick up a straw. the Pandavas invited the other kings after the slaying of Jarasandha and performed the Rajasuya. The two halves at once joined and Jarasandha. We learn from the Mahabharata that walkout was resorted to even in ancient times. should be honored first. In accordance with this custom. Towards the close of the festive celebrations. could not tolerate it. With Jarasandha gone. who hated Krishna as wickedness alone can hate goodness. Sisupala behaved disrespectfully in the assembly of princes and provoked a fight with Krishna in which he was slain. He laughed aloud in derision and said: "How ridiculous and unjust. The question arose as to who should be honored first. which all the acquiescing kings would attend in token of acknowledgement of his supremacy. while Krishna and Arjuna looked on in alternating hope and anxiety. tear it into two. And Krishna. Though there was one dharma and one culture throughout the land. The India of those days consisted of a number of independent states. the king of Dwaraka.
. and Krishna prompted Bhima that the time had come to make an end of him. the way was now clear for the Rajasuya which the Pandavas performed with great pomp and splendor. Bhima took the hint. 22. leapt up into vigorous life and again attacked Bhima. Thus did Jarasandha meet his end. the autonomy of each state was scrupulosly respected. At once Bhima lifted him and whirling him round and round a hundred times. The time came for doing the honors of the occasion. Yudhishthira followed the advice and under his instructions Sahadeva offered to Sri Krishna the honors enjoined by tradition. which would sometimes be given without question. dashed him to the earth and seizing his legs tore his body asunder into two halves.Bhima and Jarasandha were so equally matched in strength that they fought with each other continuously for thirteen days without taking rest or refreshments. was at a loss what to do. And Bhima roared in exultation. After receiving this assent he would perform a grand Rajasuya sacrifice. and cast the bits in opposite directions. The grandsire was emphatically of the opinion that Sri Krishna.

And what shall I say of the man honored! He is a fool by birth and a cowherd by breeding. nor heroic. a mere nobody. why did you dare to do this wretch first honor in this illustrious assemblage of kings? He has not even the merit of age and if you admire grey hair. It is a pity that. Your family teacher. nor learned." Getting more and more angry as he spoke. we wanted to see him uphold the flag of dharma. Encouraged by their applause he addressed Yudhishthira: "When there are so many kings gathered here. We personally do not much care whether he is friend or foe. it is a shame that you paid the first honor to Krishna. Vasudeva.(This is in reference to the fact that Bhishma was born of Ganga. the disciple of Parasurama. is here. you chose Krishna for the first honor Krishna who is neither royal. Likewise. But. Leaving him aside. out of childish partiality. after all that t lk of virtue and dharma. you are raw. these
. Kripacharya. why. And there is also Karna. the river naturally flowing from higher to lower levels. nor holy." Some of the assembled princes applauded Sisupala. O kings. he has still the merit of being the oldest man of your house. Krishna is no ruler at all! O Yudhishthira. the son of Devaki? Is this worthy of the children of Pandu? O sons of Pandu. for dotard as he be. is present. he continued: "Ignoring the many kings and heroes who are here at your own invitation and in malicious despise of them. O Krishna. Not to render respect where it is rightly due and to render it where it is not merited are both equally grave offences. what impudence on your part to accept the undeserved honor which these misguided Pandavas did you! Did you forget yourself? Or did you forget decent tradition? Or was it just a case of a dog snatching at a remnant of food which nobody cared to claim or guard? Do you not really see that this farce is a ghastly mockery and disgrace to yourself? It is like the mockery of showing beautiful things to a blind man or offering a maiden in marriage to a eunuch. for your preceptor is Drona who is here in this assembly. is also present in this assembly. It would have been better even if you had paid the first honor to Bhishma. you have paid royal honors to a cowherd boor. the father of Krishna. Krishna. whom you have invited here. nor even hoary. He has now wantonly dishonored us. having heard much prate of his righteousness. for Vyasa. He is not even of royal blood. there is Duryodhana. altogether ignorant of the way to conduct a royal assembly. the great master.) And he who did the honors was also born illegitimately. This dotard Bhishma guided you foolishly and thus made fools of you. forgetting him? Among the princes assembled here. it is not out of fear that we assented to Yudhishthira's assuming the title of emperor. is not his father alive? You could not have honored him as your preceptor surely. the hero who is expert in all sastras. Is it as an expert in performing
sacrifices that you have honored him? It cannot be. was but a servant of Ugrasena. How did you choose Krishna. untaught youths. How could you then pay the first honor to this cowherd? Ashwatthama. a What virtue or dharma was there in his giving priority of honor to this villain Krishna who killed Jarasandha in an unjust manner? You should henceforth call Yudhishthira an unrighteous person. for all your imperial pretensions you are ignorant of this. Dumb indeed must be the members of this assembly if they have not a word to say to this! This is no place for worthy men. Is this the place and the occasion to show your vulgar partiality for Krishna. who is nothing but a low cowherd! Thus you have dishonored us all.

It will culminate in a war resulting in practical annihilation of the Kshatriya race. Sisupala's aggressive vanity waxed to fighting pitch." After Sisupala had spoken these harsh words. Be firm and steadfast in righteousness. Wise men have predicted from portents the happenings of catastrophic events. and there ensued a terrible fight between Krishna and Sisupala. took leave and returned to their places. Yudhishthira ran after them and tried to appease them with sweet words of peace but in vain. SAKUNI COMES IN AT the close of the Rajasuya." Yudhishthira touched the feet of his progenitor and guru and said: "O master. Vyasa also came to say farewell. May the illustrious Kuru race gain even greater glory through you. who was Duryodhana's evil genius. the Dhritarashtras. was the gambling match into which Yudhishthira was inveigled by Sakuni. The sage said: "O son of Kunti.kingly honors are really an affront to you. the princes. I shall never give way to anger. which is the root cause of enmity. Thus shall we profit by Bhagavan Vyasa's warning. Life seemed to him a bitter and weary business and his destiny particularly cruel and unbearable." His brothers expressed cordial assent. and this fellow Krishna are all made of the same stuff. farewell. may God protect us and give us wisdom. you alone can remove my apprehensions. The Rajasuya was duly celebrated and Yudhishthira recognised emperor. priests and elders. I take this vow never to speak harshly to my brothers or to my kinsmen for the next thirteen years. The portents indicate the destruction of the Kshatriya race and are not exhausted with the death of Sisupala. It shall be my duty to give no occasion for anger or pretext for hostility. It is far from it. on the other. It is now evident that the would-be emperor Yudhishthira. the senile Bhishma. Why did the wise and good Yudhishthira suffer himself to be persuaded to this step which he must have known to hold evil possibilities?
. Has this prediction been fulfilled by the death of Sisupala or is more to ensue?" Bhagavan Vyasa replied: "Dear child. and the old order of things will pass away. No one can go against destiny. Dharmaputra rose and received him with due respect and sat by his side. The first event of the series which culminated in the devastating slaughter on the blood-sodden field of Kurukshetra and the event which was the evil root of all. I shall avoid all pretext for conflict. for they were too angry to be appeased. much sorrow and suffering is in store for thirteen years to come. This catastrophe will spring out of the enmity between you and your brothers on the one side and your cousins. you have got the title of emperor which you eminently deserve. Hundreds of
kings will perish. For my part. in which the latter was slain by his discus. Vyasa's words filled Yudhishthira with grief and with a great repugnance for worldly ambition and life itself. Be vigilant and rule the kingdom. Let us meet destiny with an undaunted front and do our duty." Yudhishthira replied: "Brothers. who had gathered for the purpose. Many of them followed him." And Vyasa blessed Yudhishthira. he rose from his seat and walked out calling upon the other kings to join him in resenting the insult. Arjuna said: "You are a king and it is not right for you to be agitated. Give me leave to return to my hermitage. 23. He informed his brothers of the prediction of unavoidable racial disaster.

is it possible to overcome the Pandavas without sacrificing any life? What is your plan?" Sakuni replied: "Yudhishthira is fond of the game of dice and being unskillful is altogether ignorant of its tricks and the opportunity it offers to cleverer people. I shall win his kingdom and wealth for you without shedding a drop of blood. He said: "O king." The eyes of Duryodhana lighted up. without divine aid. speaking to him. I know the tricks of the game and I shall play on your behalf. Kripa. By their good fortune they have prospered and flourished without doing any injury to others. They are but enjoying their legitimate inheritance.The main cause was his fixed resolve to be on amicable terms with his cousins by not opposing their wishes. the Pandavas are your brothers. He was so absorbed in sorrow at the prosperity of the Pandavas that he did not at first hear Sakuni who was by his side. That will not be easy." 24. is like Indra. Out of his very anxiety to foster goodwill. he would accept. and if destiny is kind." At these words. following the tradition of the kshatriyas. Why do you grieve when Bhishma. Yudhishthira will be helpless as a child against me. And a friendly invitation to dice could not be summarily turned down. Sakuni asked: "Why are you sighing? Why are you tormented with sorrow?" Duryodhana replied: "Yudhishthira. all suggestive of great prosperity. but it seemed too good to be true. This gave him unbearable grief. Why should you be jealous? How can their strength and happiness diminish your greatness? Your brothers and relations stand by you and obey you. Duryodhana was burning with jealousy at the thought of the prosperity of the Pandavas that he had witnessed in their capital during the Rajasuya sacrifice. Drona. Somadatta and myself are your supporters? You can conquer even the whole world. the king of gods. Here is an illustration of the futility of human plans. Duryodhana saw unprecedented wealth. since the etiquette of those days made it a point of honor to accept a game of equal hazard. Our best wisdom is vain against fate. Before the very eyes of the assembled kings Sisupala was slain and not one of them had the courage to come forward to avenge him. THE INVITATION DURYODHANA and Sakuni went to Dhritarashtra. Do not give way to grief. Like the vaisyas who live by trade. our very follies turn to our advantage. While Dharmaputra was care-worn with solicitude to avoid a quarrel at all costs. but I know a way to drive Yudhishthira out of Indraprastha without a fight or the shedding of blood. If we invite him to a game. It is not right on your part to be jealous of their prosperity. they bartered their honor and jewels and riches for Yudhishthira's goodwill. Ashwatthama and Karna are on your side. Jayadratha. How can I avoid giving way to grief after seeing all this? What is the good of living?"
Sakuni said: "O Duryodhana. however well meant or wise. Sakuni opened the conversation. He also saw how glad the kings of many countries were to become the allies of the Pandavas. He asked incredulously: "Uncle. he laid open the field for the poisonous seed of hatred and death.
. surrounded by his brothers. it is true that I have so many to support me. attractive and sight eluding crystal doors and many pieces of exquisite artistry in the court-hall of Yudhishthira. Why should we not wage war and drive the Pandavas out of Indraprastha?" But Sakuni said: "No. Duryodhana said: "O Sakuni.

archery. He said to his father: "Vidura will only give us the platitudes of
. but I find life unbearable.' The kshatriya's duty is a constant seeking of victory." Duryodhana replied: "Father. Fear and pity lower the dignity of kings. the Pandavas have grown. Do not cherish any hatred towards the Pandavas. Thus has Brihaspati said: 'Forbearance and contentment. Leave the rest to me. though the duties of ordinary men. You should not be jealous." But Duryodhana would not hear of consulting Vidura. and his reply was not very respectful. like anybody else. though overfond of his son. if you would only agree to invite Yudhishthira. especially when they are blameless. rich or poor. He burst out: "Contentment with one's lot is not characteristic of a kshatriya. My wealth and pleasures do not give me any satisfaction since I have witnessed the greater prosperity of Yudhishthira.Duryodhana is wan with grief and anxiety. while we have shrunk. The wicked Sakuni wound up with saying: "It is enough if you merely send for the son of Kunti to play the game of dice. The way of the world is one thing and the administration of a state is quite another. Let us ask Vidura about it. Duryodhana did not at all like the advice of his father. did not occasionally hesitate to say what he felt to be just. Why should you be jealous of your brother? No. Why this unconcern?" Dhritarashtra who doted on his son embraced Duryodhana and said: "I do not see why you should be disconsolate. As my first born. as your advice to me clearly shows. why should you pine in sorrow? You have learnt the Vedas. He referred to the prosperity he had seen in the capital of the Pandavas that to him was bitterer than loss of his all would have been. You are paying no attention to his unbearable sorrow. What is here that you already do not enjoy? The whole world is at your feet." Thus said the old king who. but immersed in learning. you have inherited the throne. is like a wooden ladle immersed in savoury food which it neither tastes nor benefits from. You have much learning of statecraft but have no state wisdom at all. You are equal to him in
heroism and ancestry. He replied: "The man without common sense. you are the eldest son of my r oyal spouse and me and heir to the glory and greatness of our renowned race. He has not the least jealousy or hatred towards us. defeating him utterly and divesting him of his all without recourse to arms. why do you hate the guileless Yudhishthira? Is not his prosperity ours too? Our friends are his friends. Then Sakuni intervened and set forth in detail his infallible plan of inviting Yudhishthira to play the game of dice. I eat and cover my nakedness. Tell me." Duryodhana added: "Sakuni will win for me the riches of the Pandavas without a fight. are not virtues in kings. When you are surrounded by all kinds of pleasures like the very gods. O king. Sorrow and death will be the sole result of hatred of kith and kin. What is left you to wish for? Tell me. He will advise us rightly." Dhritarashtra said: "Beloved child." Duryodhana spoke thus quoting maxims of politics and citing examples and making the worse appear the better reason. What is the use of leading such a life?" And then he revealed in detail the envy and hatred that were eating into his vitals and depriving life of its savour. and other sciences from the best of masters." Dhritarashtra said: "Your suggestion does not seem proper.

I do not think it wise to antagonize them. Men rush consciously on their ruin impelled by lust. Vidura said: "O king. see everything. Do as you like. THE WAGER AT THE sight of Vidura. What would you have us do?" Vidura replied: "Everyone is aware that the playing of dice is the root of many evils. gambling and drink. You know this as well as I do. Go and invite Yudhishthira on
my behalf to come and play dice." Despite this warning. But the line that you are taking does not appeal to me. this will undoubtedly bring about the ruin of our race by raising up unquenchable hate." Thus commanded." Dhritarashtra said: "The Pandavas are strong. which will not help us to our object. 25. and is sterner stuff of which the test is success. have a game of dice and return to your capital.ordinary morality. This is the work of destiny. A lost opportunity may never come again. You may do as you like. It may be asked why the wise Yudhishthira responded to the invitation. destiny is allpowerful. It is an ancient pastime which kshatriyas have always indulged in. how could we help it? For. Vidura went to Yudhishthira with an invitation. How fares it with you all? I have come to invite you on behalf of King Dhritarashtra to come and see the newly erected hall of games. Moreover. Vidura does not like me and is partial to the Pandavas. who could not oppose the demand of his son. out-argued and through sheer fatigue and hopelessness of dissuading his son. I am sure you will repent later. Yudhishthira anxiously inquired: "Why are you so cheerless? Is it well with all our relations in Hastinapura? Are the king and the princes well?" Vidura acquainted him with his mission: "Everyone in Hastinapura is well. Yet he could not forbear consulting Vidura in secret about the matter. A beautiful hall has been erected there even like yours. fortune goes against us. said: "If fortune favors us I have no fear regarding this game. where is the harm?" Dhritarashtra replied: "Dear son. The weak-witted Dhritarashtra. If on the contrary." Dhritarashtra. and ordered the servants to prepare a hall of games." Yudhishthira seemed to ask counsel of Vidura: "Wagering games create quarrels among kshatriyas. Yudhishthira was fond of gambling. and if it will now serve us to win our cause without bloodshed.
. The passions resulting from the game will know no bounds." But Duryodhana was importunate: "Wise statesmanship lies in casting off all fear and protecting oneself by one's own efforts. A wise man will avoid them if he can. Three reasons may be given." In the end. Dhritarashtra assented. Should we not force the issue while yet we are more powerful than they are? That will be real foresight. The policy of kings must be very different from the goody maxims of textbooks. We should not do it. Still the king has commanded me to invite you and I have come. The kshatriya tradition made it a matter of etiquette and honor not to refuse an invitation to a game of dice. overpersuaded. We are ever abiding by your advice. I have grown old. yielded to the desire of his son through his attachment to him in spite of the fact that he knew this was the way that destiny was working itself out. and it is not as though we invented the game of dice to injure the Pandavas. Yudhishthira went to Hastinapura with his brothers and retinue. I did my best to oppose this idea. The king would like you to come with your brothers. The game of dice will only lead to enmity.

" Sakuni retorted tauntingly: "I see that you are forging another excuse. he would not stop. Yudhishthira rested on the day of arrival. villages and citizens and all other possessions were lost by Yudhishthira. When he lost all these. and that is what happens in a
game of dice also. Asita. sheep. I shall play. Still. that is all. silver and then chariots and horses. Yudhishthira staked his servants and lost them also. the expert defeats the beginner.There is a third reason too. True to the vow he took at the time Vyasa had warned him of the quarrels that would arise leading to destruction of the race. I think. The better man wins in every case. replied: "Well. Drona." Yudhishthira had thought himself secure of defeating Duryodhana in play but Sakuni was a different matter. and Dhritarashtra were seated there. in every field of activity. in fact. you need not play. cities. Still bad luck dogged him. He lost the ornaments of his brothers and himself as well as the very clothes they wore. Yudhishthira would not give any occasion for displeasure or complaint by refusing the invitation of Dhritarashtra. Devala and other wise rishis who were well-versed in worldly affairs have declared that gambling should be avoided since it offers scope for deceit. The dice thrown by Sakuni seemed at every time to obey his will." The hall was fully crowded. After the exchange of customary greetings." Yudhishthira flushed and. The assembled princes watched the game with great interest and enthusiasm. and there is nothing wrong in it. went to the hall of games the next morning. or rather the trickery of Sakuni was too much for him. He pledged his elephants and armies and lost them too. Yudhishthira lost continually. My uncle Sakuni will actually cast the dice in my stead. The keen-witted Sakuni spotted this weakness at once and said: "What is wrong with the game? What. for Sakuni was a recognised expert. and after the daily routine of duties. They have also said that conquest in battle is the proper path for the kshatriyas. It is not through heroism or merit that one succeeds in a game of chance. is a battle? What is even a discussion between Vedic scholars? The learned man wins victory over the ignorant. Bhishma. Sakuni announced to Yudhishthira that the cloth for playing the game had been spread and invited him to it. Vidura. These causes conspired with his natural inclination to make Yudhishthira accept the invitation and go to Hastinapura. who is to play with me?" Duryodhana said: "Mine is the responsibility for finding the stakes in the form of wealth and gems to play the game. casting caution to the winds. Cows." Yudhishthira replied: "Well. It is just a test of strength or skill. In his discussion with Sakuni. So he hesitated and said: "It is not. You are not unaware of it. drugged with misfortune. customary for one man to play on behalf of another. gambling is bad. As for the result. Kripa. But do not come out with this worn excuse of right and wrong. But if you are afraid.
. weakened by addiction to gambling. They knew that the game would end viciously and sat unhappily witnessing what they could not prevent. At first they wagered jewels and later gold. we see this inner conflict." But a part of himself. was at war with his judgment and in his heart of hearts Yudhishthira desired to play. Yudhishthira at first said: "O king. The Pandavas and their retinue stopped in the magnificent palace reserved for them.

I have played and I have won. his brothers and Karna shouted with exultation. If you win. Let us play." Sakuni replied: "Is it so? We shall be glad to win your beloved prince." Yudhishthira. are no doubt dearer than the sons of Madri. I win. He strikes terror into the heart of demons and is equal to Indra. Can you not continue the game cffering your wife Draupadi as wager?" Yudhishthira despairingly said: "I pledge her. Duryodhana. Others perspired. is our leader in battle. understand the righteous life we lead?" He continued: "I offer as wager the evervictorious Arjuna who successfully voyages across oceans of battle. he can never suffer the least dishonor and he is peerless throughout the world in physical
strength. now thoroughly reckless and stung to the quick by the sneering imputation that he held his step-brothers cheap. Soon great shouts of 'Fie! Fie!' arose from all sides. Here is myself." "Look. You will not offer them. but it will engulf you!" Having thus reprimanded Duryodhana. Sakuni cast the dice and won. With tears in his eyes." Sakuni answered: "I cast the dice" and he played." With these words Sakuni cast the dice and the result was what he had foretold. Let her come without delay. After that Sakuni stood up in the assembly and shouted the names of each of the five Pandavas and loudly proclaimed that they had all become his lawful slaves. you do not see it. Vidura turned to the assembly and said: "Yudhishthira had no right to stake
. Bhima and Arjuna. and felt the end of the world was come. The assembly trembled. He is one of my riches. replied: "Fool. being your full brothers. There was audible distress and agitation in that part of the assembly where the elders sat. still I do so. I place him as a wager." Thus saying."Yudhishthira lost Sahadeva too." and he trembled unwittingly. It is wrong to bet him. Yudhishthira said: "Here is my brother Sahadeva. the beloved wife of the Pandavas. The stubborn madness of unbroken misfortune carried Yudhishthira further and deeper. Bhima. The assembly looked on in stunned silence. The more emotional wept. living an evil life. The wicked Sakuni was afraid that Yudhishthira might stop there. my brother." Sakuni cast the dice with the words: "Here. I shall be your slave." Vidura exclaimed: "Are you mad that you rush to certain destruction? You are hanging by a slender thread over a bottomless abyss! Drunk with success. do you seek to divide us? How can you. He is famous for his infinite knowledge in all the arts." At once Duryodhana turned to Vidura and said: "Go and fetch Draupadi. Sakuni cast the dice and shouted again: "I have won.Sakuni asked: "Is there anything else that you can offer as wager?" Yudhishthira said: "Here is the beautiful sky-complexioned Nakula. Yudhishthira lost Arjuna also. In that group Yuyutsu alone bent his head in shame and sorrow and heaved a deep sigh. I know. She must hence forward sweep and clean our house. So be lashed Yudhishthira with these words: "To you. Let us play. Sakuni alone turned toYudhishthira and said: "There is one jewel still in your possession by staking which you can yet free yourself. I offer him as a bet" and he played again and lost Bhima too. The wicked Sakuni asked: "Is there any thing else you can offer?" Dharmaputra replied: "Yes. he said: "O king.

after having first forfeited his brothers and himself. Ask this question in the open assembly. was dumbfounded. the spouse of the emperor who had performed Rajasuya." Prathikami went to the assembly and.
asked of him the question put by Draupadi. Be not shy. Then Duryodhana bade Prathikami bring Panchali herself there to question her husband." Draupadi. beautiful lady. He said to her: "O revered princess. I have come by Duryodhana's command to take you to serve in his household as maid servant. Now you belong to Duryodhana. Make yourself agreeable to us. Duryodhana turned to his brother Duhsasana and said: "This man is a fool and is afraid of Bhima." Prathikami did so.Panchali as by then he had himself already lost his freedom and lost all rights. his charioteer: "Vidura is jealous of us and he is afraid of the Pandavas. Bring me his answer and then you can take me. with anger blazing from her eyes. expert in the art? Since
. Panchali rose trembling. Duhsasana darted after her. She asked: "Prathikami. now that you have been won by us. shouting: "Come. the sons of Dhritarashtra are on the path to hell. Yudhishthira fell under the spell of the game of dice and has wagered and lost even you. Prathikami went again to Draupadi and humbly said: "Princess. and that. Enraged. caught her by the hair and dragged her to the assembly. at this strange message. DRAUPADI'S GRIEF PRATHIKAMI went to Draupadi as ordered by his master. return. It is with a shudder of repugnance that we relate how the sons of Dhritarashtra stooped to commit this vilest of deeds. still. which will hereafter be your office. what do you say? Which prince would pledge his wife? Had he nothing else to pawn?" Prathikami answered: "It is because he had already lost all other possessions and had nothing else left that he played offering you as a stake. said: "O charioteer. Come to the assembly" and in his impatience. Draupadi controlled her anguish and appealed to the elders gathered there: "How could you consent to my being staked by the king who was himself trapped into the game and cheated by wicked persons." Thus commanded. I see that the ruin of the Kauravas is imminent. regardless of the advice of their friends and well-wishers. But you are different." Duryodhana was angry at these words of Vidura and told Prathikami. the mean-minded Duryodhana desires you to go to the assembly and ask your question yourself." 26." Then he told her the whole story of how Yudhishthira had lost all his wealth and had finally betted her. Though the news was such as to break the heart and kill the soul. or his wife. Yudhishthira remained speechless. Go forth and bring Draupadi immediately. He proceeded to the place where Draupadi was." Draupadi answered: "No. heart-stricken with sorrow and started to fly for refuge to the inner apartments of Dhritarashtra's queen. Draupadi soon regained her fortitude and. Ask of him who played the game whether in it he first lost himself. Return to the assembly and put the question and demand an answer. As soon as she came to the assembly. turning to Yudhishthira. why do you delay? You are now ours. Go and fetch Draupadi even if you have to drag her here. he bade as though to take her thither by force. the wicked Duhsasana at once sped with joy on his errand.

stretching out her arms and raising her flowing eyes in agonised supplication she cried in a voice broken with sobs: "If you have loved and revered the mothers who bore you and gave you suck. O Duhsasana. It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. you lay down the law though you are but a stripling. Even the clothes they have on are now Sakuni's property.he was no longer a free man. the wisdom given by God to the members of the assembly suddenly illumined their minds. how could he have a right to offer her as a stake? And there is this further objection. and you. This is my opinion. If we consider all these points. His swelling heart found relief in a roar of wrath that shook the very walls. There were great shouts of applause." With a superhuman effort." When the young Vikarna spoke thus courageously." As soon as they heard the cruel words of Karna. They shouted: "Dharma has been saved. By your ignorance and rashness you are injuring the very family which gave you birth. why are you silent? I am a mere youth. but your silence compels me to speak. just as the flame generated by the arani destroys its source. have left the daughter of Drupada to the mercy of these ruffians. forsake me not in this horror more cruel than death"' At this heart-broken cry. Beware. bring fire. the Pandavas." At that moment Karna rose up and said: "O Vikarna. Seeing this. and turning to Yudhishthira he said bitterly: "Even abandoned professional gamblers would not stake the harlots who live with them. worse than they. I cannot bear this injustice. we must admit that Panchali has not been legally won by us. of course. the elders hung their heads in grief and shame. Bhima controlled his anger. included Draupadi. We should not succumb and play their game. flung off their upper garments to show that they were ready to follow the path of honor and right at any cost. It was Sakuni who suggested her as a pledge. and being no longer a free man. how could he stake anything at all?" Then. under which neither player may demand a specific bet. the son of Dhritarashtra. forgetting that there are elders in this assembly. I know. as of a poor fawn stricken to death. Yudhishthira had already lost his freedom. the stick. At the very beginning. Hence. Brother Sahadeva. Yudhishthira was enticed to this game by a deeply plotted invitation and he pledged this lady when he had no right to do so. Bhima could hold himself no longer. Draupadi had already come into Sakuni's possession. because she does not belong to Yudhishthira alone. The plot devised by our enemies is entangling us also in its meshes and inciting us to wicked action. which is against the rules of the game. when Yudhishthira was a free man. if you believe in God and dharma. I am going to set fire to those hands of his which cast the dice. feeling that they had to stand the test of dharma to the bitter end. Dharma has been saved. if the honor of wife or sister or daughter has been dear to you. You are the cause of this great crime. Listen. he forfeited all he possessed and that. Vikarna. seize the garments of the Pandavas and the robes of Draupadi and hand them over to Sakuni. Besides. could not bear the sight of the agony of Panchali." Arjuna however remonstrated gently with Bhima: "You have never before spoken thus. Duhsasana went to Draupadi and made ready to seize her clothes by
.
For that reason alone the wager is illegal. He rose up and said: "O Kshatriya heroes. There is nothing more to be said in the matter.

as the wicked Duhsasana started his shameful work of pulling at Panchali's robes and good men shuddered and averted their eyes. Protect me. for as he pulled off each. "God whom I adore and trust. After Yudhishthira and his brothers had departed. bewildered and stunned. He quoted Brihaspati's aphorism that no device could be considered wrong which had as its object the destruction of formidable enemies. for once acted with wisdom and courage. No self-respecting kshatriya could decline an invitation to a game of dice. Incited by Duhsasana. Then he turned to Yudhishthira and said: "You are so blameless that you can have no enemies." Suddenly." Dharmaputra returned to Hastinapura and set again for a game with Sakuni." Truly. there was a long and angry discussion in the palace of the Kauravas. as Sri Vyasa says: "There never was and never can be an antelope of gold! Yet. On hearing this invitation. ever fresh garments were seen to clothe her body. she implored divine mercy and succour: "O Lord of the World. Surely.force. and seeing a miracle in this sudden release from calamity. He came up with Yudhishthira before the latter had reached his destination and invited him on behalf of king Dhritarashtra to come back. in the mercy of God a miracle occurred. that is all. and soon a great heap of resplendent clothes was piled up before the assembly till Duhsasana desisted and sat down in sheer fatigue. He called Draupadi to his side and attempted to soothe her with words of gentleness and affection. Duryodhana secured his doting father's reluctant and ominous approval to a plan to entice Yudhishthira once again to a game of dice. A challenge to dice cannot in honor be refused." And
the Pandavas left that accursed hall. Rama went in vain pursuit of what seemed one. He spoke in detail on the prowess of the Pandavas and expressed his conviction that the only hope of overcoming the Pandavas lay in guile and taking advantage of their pride and sense of honor. abandon me not in this dire plight. In vain Duhsasana toiled to strip off her garments." And she fainted away. If we must play again we must. this shame of the Bharata race. Yudhishthira said: "Good and evil come from destiny and cannot be avoided. All earthly aid had failed. Duryodhana upbraided his father with having frustrated their well-laid plans on the very threshold of success. I must accept it. Bhima with quivering lips. loudly uttered this terrible oath: "May I never go to the blest abode of my ancestors if I do not rend the breast and drink the heart's blood of this sinful Duhsasana. A messenger was accordingly dispatched after Yudhisthira who had taken his departure for Indraprastha. Then. and in the anguish of utter helplessness. Take back your kingdom and riches and everything else and be free and prosperous. though
. Return to Indraprastha. Dhritarashtra who realised that this incident would be the cause of the destruction of his race." she wailed. Sakuni and others. when calamities are imminent. Donkeys and carnivorous birds began to send forth weird dissonant cries from all sides. portending calamities to come. the judgment is first destroyed. Forgive in your magnanimity the evil done by Duryodhana and dismiss all memory of it from your mind. the howling of jackals could be heard. You are my sole refuge. The assembly trembled at this marvel and good men praised God and wept. But it was too good to endure. even then.

Bhima went behind with his eyes lowered on his arms.everyone in the assembly tried to dissuade him. I shall strive for them. the son of Kunti. addressed to Yama. Arjuna proceeded scattering sand on his path. Duryodhana and his companions were filled with fear and approached Drona with a prayer never to abandon them. Yudhishthira met with defeat on this occasion also. All the members of the assembly bent down their heads in shame. Dhaumya. Draupadi accompanied Dharmaputra." While Dhritarashtra and Vidura were conversing thus. As destiny would have it. Drona answered gravely: "I believe with the wise that the Pandavas are of divine birth and unconquerable. Your actions tend in the same direction and your days
.' While the citizens blame us thus. And things are moving as foreordained. went along with them singing the Sama hymns. the Lord of Death. who. Fie on the elders of the Kuru race who have suffered such things to happen! The covetous Dhritarashtra and his sons have driven away the sons of Pandu to the forest. burning with anger. there arose a great clamor of lamentation from people who thronged the streets and climbed the roofs and towers and trees to see them go. Narada declared: "Fourteen years from this day the Kauravas will become extinct as the result of the crime committed by Duryodhana" and vanished from sight. If they were recognised in the thirteenth year. the sage Narada suddenly appeared before them. Vidura replied: "Yudhishthira. Yet my duty is to fight for the sons of Dhritarashtra who rely on me and whose salt I eat. and the distressed earth quakes. I should know what anger is. The Pandavas will surely return from exile. Needless to say. DHRITARASHTRA'S ANXIETY WHEN the Pandavas set out for the forest. The stake played for was that the defeated party should go with his brothers into exile to the forest and remain there for twelve years and spend the thirteenth year incognito. On all sides cries arose of: "Fie and Alas! Does not God see this from His heaven?" The blind Dhritarashtra sent for Vidura and asked him to describe the departure of the Pandavas into exile. went with his face covered with a cloth. now walked away from their birthright on weary feet. But destiny is all-powerful. the heavens are vexed with cloudless lightning."
When he heard these words. he is the brother-in-law and fast friend of the Pandavas. the priest. Dhritarashtra was filled with ever-greater fear and anxiety than before. of yore. He seemed a mere pawn moved by Kali to relieve the burden of the world. for I dethroned and dishonored Drupada on account of my anger towards him. Implacably revengeful. rode in jewelled chariots or on lordly elephants to strains of auspicious music. It is said Dhrishtadyumna is that son. heart and soul. 27. they should go again into exile for twelve years. whatever happened. and there are other evil portents. her dishevelled hair covering her face and her eyes streaming with tears. he has performed a sacrifice so that he might be blessed with a son who would kill me. He asked: "What do the citizens say?" Vidura answered: "O great king. I shall tell you in their own words what the citizens of all castes and creeds say: 'Our leaders have left us. and the Pandavas took the vows of those who are to go to the forest. The princes. accompanied by weeping crowds. Nakula and Sahadeva besmeared their bodies with dust and closely followed Yudhishthira.

But
gradually his patience wore thin with repeated homilies. he retired to the inner apartments. Sanjaya hurried to the hermitage where the Pandavas were staying and found them clad in deer-skin and surrounded by sages. Dhritarashtra embraced Vidura and the difference between them was washed away in tears of mutual affection. does not take a club and break the head of a man but by destroying his judgment. You are free to go to the Pandavas if you like." But later he called for Sanjaya and asked him to bear a repentant message to Vidura imploring him to forgive the thoughtless words of an unhappy father and to return. Recall Yudhishthira from the forest and make peace with him. Duryodhana. The victim of adverse fate will first become perverted. perform great sacrifice. Sanjaya asked Dhritarashtra: "O king. Lose no time in doing good while you may.
. He would often tell him: "Your son has committed a great wrong. He also saw Vidura there and conveyed Dhritarashtra's message adding that the blind king would die broken-hearted if he did not return. Time. Your sons have grossly insulted Panchali and put themselves on the path of destruction. the all destroyer." Then. why are you worried?" The blind king replied: "How can I know peace after having injured the Pandavas?" Sanjaya said: "What you say is quite true. you will do what you like. for he knew Vidura to be a wiser man than himself who wished him well. "you are always speaking for the Pandavas and against my sons. taking Dhritarashtra at his word. Dharmaputra has been cheated. But. turning his back on Vidura. utterly losing his sense of right and wrong." Dhritarashtra said: "I did not follow the wise path of dharma and statesmanship but suffered myself to be misled by my foolish son and. who was dharma incarnate. the sage Maitreya came to the court of Dhritarashtra and was welcomed with great respect. Was it not your duty to turn your children to the path of virtue and pull them away from vice? You should order even now that the Pandavas get back the kingdom granted to them by you. makes him act madly to his own ruin. Dhritarashtra could stand it no longer. Dhritarashtra was filled with anxious remorse. He reflected thin himself: "What have I done? I have only strengthened Duryodhana. as you say. You should even restrain Duryodhana by force if he will not listen to reason. The soft-hearted Vidura. Vidura sorrowfully felt that the destruction of the Kuru race was certain and. of course. drove in a chariot with fleet horses to the forest where the Pandavas lived. "O Vidura." At first Dhritarashtra would listen in sad silence when Vidura spoke thus. Duryodhana was born of my loins. Nemesis will overtake you in the fourteenth year. How can I give him up? What is the use of advising such an unnatural course? I have lost my faith in you and do not need you anymore." Vidura used to advise Dhritarashtra earnestly. we are fast hastening towards the abyss." he burst out. give alms to the needy. One day. enjoy sinless pleasures. while driving the wise Vidura to the Pandavas." Duryodhana was not at all pleased with these words of Drona. You do not seek our good. One day. was greatly moved and returned to Hastinapura.are numbered. make peace withYudhishthira this is my counsel to you.

Maitreya saw Duryodhana who was also in the court and advised him. by attacking and defeating him. the game of dice and the exile of the Pandavas. Otherwise it will have effect. The sages of the place had come to see him. Thus no arrangements were neglected that could further strengthen the city which nature had already made impregnable. Maitreya grew angry and looking at Duryodhana said: "Are you so arrogant and do you slap your thighs in derision of one who wishes you well? Your thighs will be broken by a Bhima's mace and you will die on the battlefield.
. and the Kekayas who were all devoted to the Pandavas. Ample barracks had been provided and there was an abundant supply of food and weapons and the garrison included many illustrious warriors. Dhrishtaketu. All the bridges were demolished and ships were forbidd enentry into ports in the realm." Later. Krishna having not yet returned to Dwaraka. Iron spikes were planted in the moats around the fortress a the city walls kept nd in good repair. slapping his thighs in derision and. fell at the feet of the sage and begged forgiveness. The sieges described in the Mahabharata seem very
much like those in wars of the present day. he became very angry and besieged Dwaraka with a mighty force. not to injure but to make peace with the Pandavas who were not only mighty themselves but related to Krishna and Drupada. Along with Krishna went many. you have certainly met my beloved children. Are they well? Will mutual affection abide in our family without any diminution?" Maitreya said: "I accidentally met Yudhishthira in the Kamyaka forest. the Pandavas. KRISHNA'S VOW As SOON as the news of the slaying of Sisupala by Krishna reached his friend Salva. the king of the Chedi country. Maitreya said: "My curse will not work if your son makes peace with the Pandavas." At this Dhritarashtra jumped up. Dwaraka was a strongly garrisoned fortress built on an island and well provided with means of defence. I learnt of the events that took place in Hastinapura. including men of the Bhoja and Vrishni tribes. At once be set out for the forest where the Pandavas were living. for his own good. It was only afterwards that Krishna learnt for the first time of the events at Hastinapura. The siege was so rigorously pushed that the garrison suffered great privations. Ugrasena imposed a stringent ban upon drinking and amusements generally for the period of the siege. Volunteers for service were rigidly tested before being accepted as soldiers. when he returned. old Ugrasena was in charge of the defence of the city." and strode indignantly out of the assembly. in Kurujangala. tearing the ground with his feet and without granting an answer. The pay of the soldiers was increased. and I marvelled that such things should have been permitted while Bhishma and yourself were alive. 28. The obstinate and foolish Duryodhana merely laughed. turned away. All entrances to the city were guarded with barbed wire and permits and passwords strictly controlled ingress and egress. Krishna.Dhritarashtra craved his blessing and asked him: "Revered sir. was struck to the heart at the sufferings of his beloved city and he compelled Salva immediately to raise the siege.

They would plead that only righteous anger befitted a kshatriya and that
." Dhrishtadyumna also consoled his sister and told her how nemesis would overtake the Kauravas. When Sakuni was cheating you. Kripa and the other elders to a sense of duty. Arjuna will slay Karna. the wife of Arjuna. I was in Dwaraka. 29. Had I been in Hastinapur. told the story of her wrongs. the charioteer's son. It was only after I had defeated him that I came to know of the game of dice and the subsequent sordid story. Draupadi approached Sri Krishna and. as declared in scriptures: "For protecting the righteous. She said: "I was dragged to the assembly when I had but a single garment on my body." She stood trembling. I shall help the Pandavas in every way. Bhima's bodily strength and Arjuna's Gandiva bow were alike of no avail. some water must be lost before a broken dam is restored. I would. He said: "Those who tormented you will be stricken to death in the bloody quagmire of a lost battle. I was fighting King Salva who had besieged my city." Sri Krishna said: "When this calamity befell you. the earth may crumble or the boundless sea may dry up. utterly unable to continue. it will be seen. and their child. for destroying the wicked and for firmly upholding the law. the Himalayas may split in twain." Then Krishna took leave and returned to Dwaraka with Subhadra. even my husbands did not protect me from the jeers and the ribald insults of those foul ruffians. Wipe your eyes. This vow. Krishna was deeply moved and he consoled the weeping Draupadi. The heavens may fall. Bhima and Draupadi used. I. PASUPATA IN the beginning of their stay in the forest. They thought that I had become their slave and accosted me and treated me as one. He said: "I will kill Drona. O Janardhana. Under such supreme provocation even weaklings would have found strength and courage to strike the vile insulter dead. the daughter-in-law of the emperor Pandu. It grieves me that I am not able to remove your sorrows immediately but you know. Dhrishtadyumna went back to Panchala taking with him the sons of Draupadi. the wife of five heroes. I would have gone there and stirred up Drona. in a voice drowned in tears and broken with sobs. Uninvited. Sikhandin will cause Bhishma's fall. on occasions. I would never have allowed this fraudulent game of dice to take place. even you had deserted me." and
Krishna took a solemn vow before Draupadi. The Pandavas are renowned heroes and yet Duryodhana lives! I. I am born on earth age after age. O Madhusudana. to argue with Yudhishthira. The sons of Dhritarashtra insulted me most outrageously and gloated over my agony. You will become an empress. was in perfect accord with the purpose of the Lord's avatars. my words shall stand. Bhima will take the lives of the wicked Duryodhana and his brothers.They were filled with righteous indignation when they heard of Duryodhana's perfidy and cried out that surely the earth would drink the blood of such wicked people. was dishonored. for the grief convulsed her. Even Bhishma and Dhritarashtra forgot my birth and breeding and my relationship to them. Abhimanyu. I solemnly promise that your grievous wrongs shall be amply avenged. have prevented this destructive play of dice. I tell you verily. I swear this. was dragged by my hair. at all costs. but.

He would sometimes answer with common maxims of politics and refer to the relative strength of the parties. as well as mighty monarchs. We should not let the wicked sons of Dhritarashtra have their way. but will not give him up and are prepared to sacrifice their lives on his side in the battlefield. It scorches Arjuna and myself day and night. and to me. The course of war is unpredictable and success is uncertain. are now on their side. such hell is heaven. You have become a brahmana by temperament. There is no use in being hasty." Bhima was never tired of pressing his view. This is my opinion. You should resolve to kill our enemies immediately. Bhishma and Drona. You say that we should abide by our promise. A handful of grass thrown to a tired bull ought to be enough as expiation for breaking such a promise. Later. May God give you all that Kuntidevi hoped and wished for when you were born. Hence. while you lie torpid like a gorged python. Nakula and Sahadeva live in hiding? Can the famous Draupadi walk about unrecognized by others? Even if we do these impossible things." Thus Yudhishthira managed with difficulty to restrain the impatience of the younger Pandavas. Draupadi also would refer to the dishonor she had suffered at the hands of Duryodhana. this promise of ours is impossible of performance and has been put on us merely to thrust us out
again for another thirteen years. He thought it unworthy of warriors to continue to dwell tamely in the forest. You know. as advised by Vyasa. Your forbearance burns us worse than fire. indeed. may you prosper in your mission. Arjuna took leave of his brothers and went to Panchali to bid her farewell. Many feudatory princes. The happiness. Vain is the birth of a kshatriya who does not conquer his deceitful enemies. The sastras too support me when I say that a filched promise is no promise. There is no higher duty for a kshatriya. Arjuna went to the Himalayas to practise austerities for the purpose of getting new weapons from the devas. He would say: "Our enemy has such adherents as Bhurisravas. Karna and Aswatthama. have no respect for Duryodhana's character.
. Karna and Duhsasana and would quote authorities from the scriptures that would give Yudhishthira anxiety to think. if we go to hell by killing a deceitful foe. You are born as a kshatriya and yet you do not think or behave like one. Bhima was burning with impatience to attack and kill Duryodhana immediately and win back the kingdom. well versed in the use of all the weapons. Duryodhana and his brothers are expert in warfare. Karna is a brave and skilful fighter. They would quote weighty authorities and argue vehemently in support of their contention. Drona. Bhima said to Yudhishthira: "You speak like those who repeat Vedic mantras and are satisfied with the sound of the words though ignorant of their meaning.patience and forbearance under slights and insults were not worthy of him. Your intellect has become confused. Yudhishthira would firmly reply that they should abide by the promise they had made and that forbearance was the highest virtue of all. making us sleepless. How can the world-renowned Arjuna live incognito? Can the Himalayas be hidden under a handful of grass? How can the lion-hearted Arjuna. the son of Dhritarashtra will find out through his spies. Bhishma. Those miscreants have seized our kingdom by fraud and are enjoying it. the scriptures enjoin on a kshatriya sternness and enterprise. She said: "O Dhananjaya.

Arjuna. Arjuna humbly sought divine aid and meditated on Siva." Thus Panchali sent him forth with auspicious words. Nothing could please Arjuna better. yet the benediction was Kunti the mother's for the words were: "May God give all that Kuntidevi wished and hoped for when you were born. what is the use of weapons? Ask for pleasures or seek to go to higher worlds for enjoyment. The ascetic smiled and spoke affectionately to Arjuna: "Child." Arjuna answered: "O king of gods. and that if Arjuna thought differently be was welcome to fight about it. What do you seek in this garb of a kshatriya in this abode of ascetics and saints who have conquered anger and passion?" That was Indra.life. It is noteworthy that though the voice was Draupadi the wife's. the king of gods. he started to strike Siva with his bow. honor and prosperity of us all depend on you. almost amounting to doubt. There was now nothing to do but to grapple with the formidable unknown. But the hunter seemed not to heed it and wrenched with ease the bow out of Arjuna's hand and burst into laughter. Bless me with weapons. they seemed to have no effect on the hunter and fell back hurtless like storm-driven rain from a mountain peak. who shot an arrow into it with his Gandiva bow at the same moment that the hunter Siva transfixed it with a shaft from his Pinaka bow. I seek but weapons. was struck with amazement. a light broke on his
. To his amazement. Arjuna went to the Himalayas and did penance to obtain the grace of Siva. But undaunted. Return after acquiring new weapons. belongs to us." Indra replied: "O Dhananjaya. The chase grew fast and furious. When he had no more arrows. Who are you? Weapons are of no use here. Worsted and overmastered. you will receive divine weapons. who came to have the pleasure of meeting his son. Arjuna bowed to his father and said: "I seek arms. I have come here after leaving Panchali and my brothers in the forest. Your limbs and bearing bespeak a soft luxurious life. He jumped up and showered snake-like arrows at Siva." He also added that it was his shaft that had killed the boar. Then." The thousand-eyed said: "If you be blessed by the vision of god Siva. entered the forest in pursuit of game. You do not look tough enough to be a forester. Arjuna shouted in loud voice: "Who are you? Why are you ranging in this forest with your wife? How dare you shoot at the game I had aimed at?" The hunter replied as though in contempt: "This forest. I do not seek pleasures of higher worlds. who had been disarmed with humiliating ease by one who seemed an ordinary hunter of the forest. he drew his sword and continued the combat." Arjuna passed through dense forests and reached the mountain of Indrakila. and presently a wild boar started charging
Arjuna. As he did so." Thus saying Indra disappeared. and obtain his grace. The hunter caught him in an iron clasp so close that Arjuna was quite helpless. But here again he was outmatched. where he met an old brahmana. Do penance unto Siva. It is rather for me to ask what you are doing here. who live in it. Siva under the guise of a hunter and accompanied by his divine spouse Umadevi. the three-eyed god. The sword was split into pieces on the hunter's adamantine frame. you are clad in armor and carry weapons. full of game.

Balarama said to Krishna: "O Krishna. and at once he knew who the hunter really was. who was listening carefully to this speech. Yudhishthira will never give up the path of righteousness for love or fear. Arjuna was overcome with joy and exclaimed: "Have I really seen the Lord face to face and have I been blessed with his divine touch? What more do I need?" At that moment." said Siva and vanished from view like the setting sun. as well as the other weapons. This is good for them and befits us as men of valor. was made whole and perfect by the divine touch of the three-eyed god and became a hundred fold stronger and more brilliant than before. Seeing such unmerited prosperity and undeserved privation. this is no time for lamenting. came there with his chariot and took Arjuna to the kingdom of the gods. The heroes of the Vrishni race may now return with the certainty that we shall meet again when the time is ripe. When he wants us to fight." said Siva smilingly and gave him back his Gandiva bow. Why. The praise of virtue in the sastras seems mere mummery when we see the actual results of good and evil in this world. while the virtuous Yudhishthira lives in the forest wearing the bark of trees. Arjuna was still away in the Himalayas and Bhima's anxiety and impatience
. But the Pandavas would not like to receive from the hands of others what they have not won by their own efforts. 30. said: "What you say is true. said: "O Balarama. He fell at the feet of the Lord and. "Truth is greater than power or prosperity and has to be guarded at all costs and not the kingdom. the charioteer of Indra. Deeply distressed by what he saw. Arjuna's body. With the army of the Vrishnis. When the stipulated period of exile is over the kings of Panchala. AFFLICTION IS NOTHING NEW BALARAMA and Krishna came with their retinue to the abode of the Pandavas in the forest. where is the need to foil Karna's vaunted archery and cut off his head. of which he had been deprived. battered in the unequal combat. it would seem that virtue and wickedness bear contrary fruit in this life. He also bestowed on Arjuna the marvellous Pasupata weapon. the wicked Duryodhana is ruling his kingdom clad in silk and gold. born of a heroic race as she is. who was seated near. born from the sacrificial fire. would not hear of it." Yudhishthira was delighted at these words of Krishna. "I forgive you. Matali. "Go to heaven and render dutiful respect to your father Indra.troubled mind. we are surely strong enough to destroy the Kauravas." Satyaki." With these words Yudhishthira gave them leave to return. why should the Pandavas waste their precious years in the forest? Let us collect our forces and attack Duryodhana. For see. in a broken voice of repentance and adoration he prayed for forgiveness. Draupadi for one. men have lost their faith in God. Let us kill Duryodhana and his adherents in the battlefield and hand over the kingdom to Abhimanyu if the Pandavas wish to keep their word and stay in the forest. "Sri Krishna knows my mind. How will Dhritarashtra justify his conduct and defend himself when he is face to face with the god of death? Even the mountains and the earth weep at the sight of the blameless Pandavas dwelling in the
forests with the blessed Draupadi. Should we wait till Yudhishthira asks us to do our duty for the Pandavas? While you and Krishna and all other relations are living. he shall find us ready." said he. Kekaya and Chedi and ourselves will unite our forces to help the Pandavas to conquer their enemies." Vasudeva.

because things felt are more than things heard or seen. You say that there is no one in this world that is as unfortunate as you. Now. return to the forest and live a life of asceticism. cannot escape. has not returned as yet and we miss him sorely. if you like. with the Gandiva bow. our deceitful enemies. He lost his wealth and kingdom and had to go in exile to the forest. The sage concluded with these words: "O Pandava. is inclined to claim pre-eminence in sorrow. Now. The influence of Kali. It is not a sin to kill by stratagem an enemy who has resorted to stratagem. After this clear duty is done. as soon as the period of thirteen years is over. Will he return with divine arms? And when will he be back? Surely never was there in this world a man who suffered so much sorrow as myself. tried by adversity. and yourself will fight and kill Duryodhana. Be patient till then. and you will permit me on the fourteenth day to kill Duryodhana. solitary and almost mad. but you are really not so badly off. which can compress time and reduce its span. "Beloved brother. our sorrows and sufferings. and we have had no tidings of him. Nala was tried by sorrows more agonising than yours. Be assured of it. you may. nor Satyaki nor even Sri Krishna can save us. Karna and Duryodhana are slain. then neither the king of Panchala. as well as the growing strength of our foes. And not knowing what he was doing. we would be perfectly justified in doing so." The great sage replied: "Do not let your mind dwell on sorrow. We should immediately recall Arjuna and wage war with the sons of Dhritarashtra. deprived him of his discrimination and good sense. who left us a long time ago to get divine weapons. Arjuna will return with divine weapons and you will conquer your enemies in the fitness of time. squeeze thirteen years into thirteen days. He has been away very long. that is not true. Self-pity is natural. All this we owe to that mad game of dice. and drove my heroic brothers. Have you heard of king Nala of Nishadha? He suffered more sorrows than yourself even in the forest. I shall be satisfied only when the wicked Sakuni. who are sunk in sin. the great sage Brihadaswa came to the hermitage of the Pandavas and was received with the customary honors.became well nigh insupportable. compare your state with his. He was deceived by Pushkara at a game of dice." While the sorrow-stricken brothers were thus engaged in debate. the spirit of the dark age. Yudhishthira said to him: "Revered sage. by such means. Dharmaputra affectionately embraced him and sought to restrain his impetuosity. with the help of Sri Krishna. Less fortunate than you. I have heard that the Atharva Veda has incantations. and wandered about in the forest. he had not with him his brothers or brahmanas. Arjuna.
drew us into this game of dice and cheated us of our kingdom and riches. as well as Panchali and myself. the hero. After a while. He said to Yudhishthira: "You know that our life depends on Arjuna. If he should be lost to us. You have the company of your heroic brothers and devoted wife and are supported by a few learned brahmanas in your adversity." Hearing these words of Bhima. To be dwelling in the forest is not the duty enjoined on a kshatriya. Arjuna. Duryodhana and his followers. he deserted his wife who had accompanied him. Your mind is sound and steady. and I for one cannot survive that loss. yet he
." The sage then narrated the life of Nala which constitutes twenty-eight chapters of the great epic. to the forest. If we could. though everyone.

announced to his followers that such of them. For conjugal
. and the marriage of Agastya and Lopamudra was celebrated in due course. It was difficult to maintain such a large establishment. Later. resorted to this austerity. might return to Dhritarashtra or. But no prince dared to woo her for fear of Agastya. They replied: "Dear child. for they are the lot of man and not peculiar to you. The king of the country of Vidarbha was childless and. we are your ancestors. Bear your trials and tribulations with fortitude. he bade her give up her costly garments and valuable jewels. as were unaccustomed to hardship and to hard and scanty fare and those who had followed merely in token of loyalty. When the princess set out to accompany the sage. The king was reluctant to give the delicately nurtured princess in marriage to a sage leading the primitive life of a forester but he also feared the anger of the sage if he said nay. the sage Agastya came to Vidarbha and demanded the hand of the king's daughter. greatly concerned. a brahmana sage named Lomasa came to the abode of the Pandavas. so." When Agastya heard this. The story of Agastya was one such.triumphed over them all and his life ended happily. If you discharge not your debt to us by marrying and begetting progeny. He advised Yudhishthira to minimize his retinue before going on pilgrimage as it would be difficult to move freely from place to place with a large following. Agastya. therefore. He repaired to Agastya to get his blessing. She grew with years into a maiden of such rare beauty and charm that she became celebrated in the kshatriya world. if they preferred i. AGASTYA THE brahmanas. Agastya announced that the king would be the father of a beautiful girl. Lopamudra. she joyfully accompanied the sage. Later. and was plunged in sorrow. a strong and abiding love sprang up between them. Soon the queen gave birth to a girl who was named Lopamudra. who had long felt that difficulty. the t King of Panchala. in order to persuade you to save us from this peril. Unquestioningly Lopamudra distributed her priceless jewels and garments amongst her companions and attendants. careworn. acquainting themselves with the stories and traditions relating to each. had followed him to the forest. In granting him the boon. We have. During the time Lopamudra and Agastya spent in tapas and meditation at Gangadwara. it is said. who. the Pandavas started on a pilgrimage to holy places. Yudhishthira. You have the alleviations of unclouded intellect and the society of your nearest and dearest. Some time after Arjuna had gone on his quest of Pasupata. You spend much of your time in exalted contemplation of dharma and in holy converse with brahmanas who are learned in the Vedas and Vedantas. once saw some ancestral spirits dangling head down and asked them who they were and how they had come to be in that unpleasant plight. there will be no one after you to offer us
oblations. 31. to marry the sage. who had been with Yudhishthira in Indraprastha. The king was relieved. he decided to marry. and covering herself in deerskin and garments of bark. with a greatly reduced retinue. nay her desire." Thus did the sage Brihadaswa console Yudhishthira. he stipulated should be given in marriage to him. discovered the cause of her parent's unhappiness and expressed her readiness. go to Drupada.

life, Lopamudra's modesty shrank from the lack of privacy in a forest hermitage. And one day, with blushing and humbleness she expressed her mind to her husband. She said: "My desire is that I may have the royal bedding, the beautiful robes and the valuable jewels I had when I was in my father's place and that you too may have splendid garments and ornaments. And then we shall enjoy life to our heart's content." Agastya smilingly replied: "I have neither the wealth nor the facilities to provide what you want. Are we not beggars living in the forest?" But Lopamudra knew her lord's yogic power, and said: "Lord, you are allpowerful by the strength of your austerities. You can get the wealth of the whole world in a moment if you but will." Agastya said that no doubt that was so, but, if he spent his austerities in gaining things of such little moment as riches, they would soon dwindle to nothing. She replied: "I do not wish that. What I desire is that you should earn in the ordinary way sufficient wealth for us to live in ease and comfort." Agastya consented and set out as an ordinary brahmana to beg of various kings. Agastya went to a king who was reputed to be very wealthy. The sage told the king: "I have come in quest of wealth. Give me what I seek, without causing any loss or injury to others." The king presented a true picture of the income and expenditure of the State and told him he was free to take what he deemed fit. The sage found from the accounts that there was no balance left. The expenditure of a State turns out always to be at least equal to its income. This seems to have been the case in ancient times also.

Seeing this, Agastya said: "To accept any gift from this king, will be a hardship to the citizens. So, I shall seek elsewhere," and the sage was about to leave. The king said that he would also accompany him and both of them went to another State where also they found the same state of affairs. Vyasa thus lays down and illustrates the maxim that a king should not tax his subjects more than necessary for rightful public expenditure and that if one accepts as gift anything from the public revenues, one adds to the burden of the subjects to that extent. Agastya thought he had better go to the wicked asura Ilvala and try his luck. Ilvala and his brother Vatapi cherished an implacable hatred towards brahmanas. They had curious plan for killing them. Ilvala would, with effective hospitality, invite a brahmana to a feast. By the power of his magic he would transform his brother Vatapi into a goat and he would kill this pseudo-goat for food and serve its meat to the guest. In those days, the brahmanas used to eat meat. The feast over, Ilvala would invoke his brother Vatapi to come out, for he had the art of bringing back to life those whom he had killed. And Vatapi, who as food had entered the vitals of the unlucky brahmana, would spring up sound and whole and rend his way out with fiendish laughter, of course killing the guest in doing so. In this manner, many brahmanas had died. Ilvala was very happy when he learnt that Agastya was in the neighborhood, since he felt that here was a good brahmana delivered into his hands. So, he welcomed him and prepared the usual feast. The sage ate heartily of Vatapi transformed into a goat, and it only remained for Ilvala to call out Vatapi for the rending scene. And, as usual, Ilvala

repeated the magic formula and shouted: "Vatapi come out!" Agastya smiled and, gently rubbing his stomach, said: "O Vatapi, be digested in my stomach for the peace and good of the world." Ilvala shouted again and again in frantic fear: "O Vatapi, come forth." There was no response and the sage explained the reason. Vatapi had been digested. The trick had been tried once too often. The asura bowed to Agastya and surrendered to him the riches he sought. Thus was the sage able to satisfy Lopamudra's desire. Agastya asked her what she would prefer whether ten ordinarily good sons or one super-good son with the strength of ten. Lopamudra replied she would like to have one exceptionally virtuous and learned son. The story goes that she was blessed with such a gifted son. Once the Vindhyas became jealous of the Meru Mountain and tried to grow in stature, obstructing the sun, the moon and the planets. Unable to prevent this danger, the gods sought aid from Agastya. The sage went to the Vindhya Mountain and said: "Best of mountains, stop you’re growing till I cross you on my way to the south and return north again. After my return, you can grow, as you like. Wait till then." Since the Vindhya Mountain respected Agastya, it bowed to his request. Agastya did not return north at all, but settled in the south and so the Vindhyas remain arrested in growth to this day. Such is the story as narrated in the Mahabharata. 32. RISHYASRINGA IT is an error to think that it is easy for a person to lead a life of chastity if he is brought up in complete ignorance of sensual pleasures. Virtue guarded only by ignorance is very insecure as illustrated by

the following story. It is told in the Ramayana also, but not in the same detail. Vibhandaka who was resplendent like Brahma, the Creator, lived with his son Rishyasringa in a forest. The latter had not come across any mortal, man or woman, except his father. The country of Anga was once afflicted with a dire famine. Crops had withered for want of rain and men perished for lack of food. All living things were in distress. Romapada, the king of the country, approached the brahmanas to advise him of some means of saving the kingdom from famine. The brahmanas replied: "Best of kings, there is a young sage called Rishyasringa who lives a life of perfect chastity. Invite him to our kingdom. He has won the power, by his austerities, of bringing rain and plenty wherever he goes." The king discussed with his courtiers the means by which Rishyasringa could be brought from the hermitage of the sage Vibhandaka. In accordance with their advice, he called together the most charming courtesans of the city and entrusted them with the mission of bringing Rishyasringa to Anga. The damsels were in a quandary. On the one hand, they feared to disobey the king. On the other, they also feared the sage's wrath. Finally, they made up their minds to go, relying on Providence to help them, in achieving the good work of rescuing the stricken land from famine. They were suitably equipped for their enterprise before being sent to the hermitage. The leader of this band of courtesans made a beautiful garden of a big boat, with artificial trees and creepers, with an imitation ashrama in the center. She had the boat moored in the river near Vibhandaka's hermitage, and the courtesans visited the hermitage with quaking hearts. Luckily for them, the sage

was not at home. Feeling that this was the opportune moment, one of the beautiful damsels went to the sage's son. She thus addressed Rishyasringa: "Great sage, are you well? Have you sufficient roots and fruits? Are the penances of the rishis of the forest proceeding satisfactorily? Is your father's glory constantly growing? Is your own study of the Vedas progressing?" This was how rishis used to accost one another in those days. The youthful anchorite had never before seen such a beautiful human form or heard such a sweet voice. The instinctive yearning for society, especially of the opposite sex, though he had never seen a woman before, began to work on his mind from the moment he beheld that graceful form. He thought that she was a young sage like himself, and felt a strange irrepressible joy surging up in his soul. He answered, fixing eyes on his interlocutor: "You seem to be a bright brahmacharin. Who are you? I bow to you. Where is your hermitage? What are the austerities you are practising?" and he rendered her the customary offerings. She said to him: "At a distance of three yojanas from here is my ashrama. I have brought fruits for you. I am not fit to receive your prostration, but I shall return your greetings and salutation in the way customary with us." She embraced him warmly, fed him with the sweets she had brought, decorated him with perfumed garlands, and served him with drinks. She embraced him again, saying that that was their way of salutation to honored guests. He thought it a very agreeable way. Shortly after, fearing the return of the sage Vibhandaka, the courtesan took her leave of Rishyasringa saying it was time for her

to perform the agnihotra sacrifice and gently slipped out of the hermitage. When Vibhandaka returned to the hermitage, he was shocked to see the place so untidy with sweet meats scattered all over, for the hermitage had not been cleansed. The shrubs and creepers looked draggled and untidy. His son's face had not its usual lustre but seemed clouded and disturbed as by a storm of passion. The usual simple duties of the hermitage had been neglected. Vibhandaka was troubled and asked his son: "Dear boy, why have you not yet gathered the sacred firewood? Who has broken these nice plants and shrubs? Has the cow been milked? Has anyone been here to serve you? Who gave you this strange garland? Why do you appear worried?" The simple and ingenuous Rishyasringa replied: "A brahmacharin of wonderful form was here. I cannot describe his brightness and beauty or the sweetness of his voice. My inner being has been filled with indescribable happiness and affection by listening to his voice and looking at his eyes. When he embraced me, which it seems is his customary greeting, I experienced a joy which I have never felt before, no, not even when eating the sweetest fruits," and then he described to his father the form, beauty and the doings of his fair visitor. Rishyasringa added wistfully: "My body seems to burn w desire for the company ith of that brahmacharin and I should like to go and find him and bring him here somehow. How can I give you any idea about his devotion and brightness? My heart pants to see him." When Rishyasringa had thus brokenly expressed yearnings and disturbances to which he had hitherto been a stranger, Vibhandaka knew what had occurred. He said: "Child, this was no brahmacharin

that you saw, but a malignant demon who sought, as demons do, to beguile us and hinder our penances and austerities. They take recourse to many kinds of tricks and stratagems for the purpose. Do not let them come near you." After that Vibhandaka searched in vain for three days in the forest to find out the wretches who had done this injury, and returned baffled it his purpose. On another occasion, when Vibhandaka had gone out of the hermitage to bring roots and fruits, the courtesan again came softly to the place where Rishyasringa was seated. As soon as he saw her at a distance, Rishyasringa jumped up and ran to greet her gushingly, as pent up water surges out of a reservoir that has sprung a leak. Even without waiting for prompting this time, Rishyasringa went near her and after the customary salutation said: "O shining brahmacharin, before my father returns let us go to your hermitage." This was just what she had hoped and worked for. And together they entered the boat, which had been made to look like a hermitage. As soon as the young sage had entered, the boat was freed from its moorings and floated easily down with its welcome freight to the kingdom of Anga. As might be expected, the young sage had a pleasant and interesting journey and when he reached Anga, he certainly knew more about the world and its ways than he had done in the forest. The coming of Rishyasringa delighted Romapada infinitely and he took his welcome guest to the luxuriously provided inner apartments specially prepared for him. As foretold by the brahmanas, rain began to pour the instant Rishyasringa set his foot in the country. The rivers and the lakes were full and the people rejoiced.

Romapada gave his daughter Shanta in marriage to Rishyasringa. Though all ended as he had planned, the king was uneasy in his mind, for he was afraid that Vibhandaka might come in search of his son and pronounce a curse on him. So, he sought to mollify Vibhandaka by lining the route he would take with cattle and kind and by instructing the cowherds in charge to say that they were Rishyasringa's servants and had come to welcome and honor their master's father and place themselves at his service. Not finding his son anywhere in the hermitage, the enraged Vibhandaka thought that this might be the work of the king of Anga. He crossed intervening rivers and villages and marched to the capital of the king as if to burn him in his anger. But as at each stage of the journey he saw magnificent cattle which belonged to his son and was respectfully welcomed by his son's servants, his angry mood passed gradually as he approached the capital. When he came to the capital, he was received with great honor and taken to the king's palace where he saw his son sitting in state like the king of the gods in heaven. He saw by his side his wife, the princess Shanta, whose great beauty soothed and pleased him. Vibhandaka blessed the king. He laid this injunction on his son: "Do all that will please this king. After the birth of a son, come and join me in the forest." Rishyasringa did as his father bade him. Lomasa concluded the story with these words addressed to Yudhishthira: "Like Damayanti and Nala, Sita and Rama, Arundhati and Vasishtha, Lopamudra and Agastya, and Draupadi and yourself, Shanta and Rishyasringa repaired to the forest in the fullness of time and spent their lives in mutual love and the worship

the son of Dasaratha. No. He began the story thus: "Yavakrida. He tortured his body with austerities and thus awakened the compassion of Indra. The path is study and study alone. offered oblations on this mountain and prayed to be blessed with a son. during his austerities. Go and study the Vedas. Return home. You can acquire knowledge only by study. the Pandavas reached the hermitage of Raibhya on the banks of the Ganga. named Bharadwaja and Raibhya. When. seek a proper preceptor and learn the Vedas from him. Yavakrida practised hard penance to gain the grace of Indra. lived. Paravasu and Arvavasu. Austerity is not the way to learning.of God. laboriously throwing handfuls of sand into the water. met with destruction in this very place. Your father learnt the Vedas by patient study and so can you." The Pandavas bathed there and performed their devotions. isn't it?" Yavakrida laughed and said: "What a fool you must be to think you can build a dam
. I
am performing these austerities to realise that desire. I have built a dam of sand here. the mother of the gods." He continued: "There lived in their hermitages two eminent brahmanas. who appeared and asked him why he so mortified his flesh. learnt the Vedas and became famed scholars. 33. FRUITLESS PENANCE IN the course of their wanderings. Anger and passion will be washed off if you bathe in the running waters of this river. Aditi. be saw a gaunt old brahmana on the bank. This is the hermitage where Rishyasringa. He continued his penance. the son of a sage. Indra again manifested himself before Yavakrida and warned him again: "You have taken the wrong path to acquire knowledge. Bless me. to the horror and the distress of the gods." With these words Indra vanished. Bathe in these waters and be purified. One morning. Lomasa told them the story of the place: "This is the ghat where Bharata. See how very difficult it is at present to cross it. people can cross the river with ease. will vanish. Yavakrida asked: "Old man. who were dear friends. bathed. you are on the wrong path. I wish to be a great scholar. He pursued his course of austerities with even greater rigor. These waters cleansed Indra of the sin of killing Vritra unfairly. Raibhya and his two sons. when he went to bathe in the Ganga. Desist from this vain mortification of the body. he would never give up. Useful work." Yavakrida did not heed even this second warning of Indra and announced defiantly that if his prayer were not granted. It takes a long time and involves much hardship to learn the Vedas from a teacher. O Yudhishthira. he would cut off his limbs one by one and offer them as oblations to the fire. which have cast a cloud on your life. He had a son named Yavakrida who saw with jealousy and hatred that the brahmanas did not respect his ascetic father as they did the learned Raibhya. I am practising austerities to acquire that knowledge directly. Bharadwaja devoted himself wholly to the worship of God. ascend this holy mountain and the misfortunes. with handful after handful." Indra smiled and said: "O brahmana." Yavakrida replied: "I wish to be more learned in the Vedas than any has ever been before. what are you doing?" The old man replied: "I am going to build a dam across this river. Here also Sanatkumara became one with God." Then Lomasa expatiated in greater detail on the sanctity of the place. But the son of Bharadwaja would not give up.

"grant boons to foolish people who persistently practise penances. courage and purity. Yavakrida earnestly begged Indra to grant him learning as a personal boon. So. More humble this time. The trees and creepers were beautiful with flowers and the whole forest was gorgeous with color and sweet with the song of birds. She appeared more than human. In olden times there was a celebrated sage named Baladhi. Go and study the Vedas. Indra blessed." The old man said: "Is my project more foolish than yours of mastering the Vedas not by study but by austerities?" Yavakrida now knew that the old man was Indra." The boon was
granted to him and he was duly blessed with a son named Medhavi. Dhanushaksha took the form of a wild buffalo and by the power of his penances butted at the mountain and broke it to pieces and Medhavi fell down dead. One day. Bharadwaja concluded the story with this solemn warning to his son: "Learn wisdom from this old story. as intoxicants are sold to fools for money. He had a son whose untimely death plunged him into grief. The sage replied: "In that case grant that the life of my son may persist as long as that mountain lasts. Seeing this. Cultivate self-restraint." he said. in the sweet union in her of beauty. "The gods. Do not transgress the limits of good conduct and do not be disrespectful to the great Raibhya. and this leads to the warping of the mind and utter destruction." 34. They asked him to name his own limit. The gods told the sage that this could never be. be practised rigorous penance to get a son who would never meet with death. At that time Yavakrida came there and was so overwhelmed by her loveliness that he completely lost his sense and selfcontrol and became as a ravening beast with lust. which is given below. since he would live as long as the mountain existed. Paravasu's wife was strolling alone in the garden near the hermitage of Raibhya. Be not ruined by vanity. he dragged her to a lonely pot and violated her person. YAVAKRIDA'S END YAVAKRIDA studied the Vedas and became learned. and there need must be a limit to human life.
. At once that sage cursed that he might be turned to ashes. He accosted her and taking brutal advantage of her fear and shame and bewilderment. He grew vain with the thought that he had acquired the knowledge of the Vedas through the boon of Indra and not through human tutelage. and he behaved with arrogance towards all. you will become learned. I grant you the boon you seek. The very earth seemed to be under the spell of the god of love. but the curse took no effect on Medhavi who remained in perfect health." It was springtime. They lead to loss of self-control. the high-souled sage was puzzled and then remembered the gift Medhavi had been endowed with at birth. Medhavi grew conceited at the thought that he was safe from death forever. He thought it necessary to warm him. this vain man showed disrespect to a great sage named Dhanushaksha. Bharadwaja did not like this and feared that his son might ruin himself by slighting Raibhya." He illustrated his advice by the ancient tale. and comforted Yavakrida with the following words: "Well. for the human race was necessarily mortal.across this mighty river with your silly handfuls of sand! Arise and take to some more useful work.

Regaining control soon. which also dried up at his approach. what seemed to him a beast of prey crouching for a spring and. The sage commanded them to kill Yavakrida. be himself killed by one of his s ons!" Thus. When Bharadvaja returned to his hermitage.
"Alas! My child. There was no water for him anywhere. he looked for his water-jug. he reached his hermitage before dawn. I have not only lost my only son. Yavakrida stood up in fear. Knowing that his mantras would be of no avail until he cleansed himself with water. mistaking him for a wild denizen of the forest. who caused the death of my only son. He plucked a hair from his bead and offered it to the fire reciting a mantra. Please do
. distorted with mortal fear. a disciple of the sage Raibhya. he saw in the twilight. Meanwhile. but in the madness of my grief I have also cursed my friend and companion. he sought to force his way in. brokenhearted and inconsolable and learning of the shameful outrage perpetrated on her. What is the use of continuing my life?" He cremated his son's body and died by throwing himself on the funeral pyre. he was seized with implacable anger. 35. He saw his daughter in-law weeping. But to his horror and grief. When he had hastily performed the funeral rites of his father. The sage plucked another hair from his knotted lock and offered it as oblation. Near the hermitage. With the permission of their father. A terrible ghost rose from the fire. hurling his weapon at it. he rushed to a pond for water but the pond was dry. While Yavakrida was performing the morning rites. He realised that the fatal mistake was the effect of the curse of Bharadwaja. Was it not a great mistake that you tried to learn the Vedas in a way not resorted to by any brahmana? Why did you behave so as to be cursed thus? May Raibhya. At last. walking alone all night. both of them went joyfully to the capital of the king. he sought refuge in the sacrificial hall of his father. you died of your pride and vanity. While arrangements were being made for the sacrifice. His sin had consumed the power of his vigils and fasts. the female spirit went near him and with smiles and allurements put him off his guard and as she ran away with his water-jug. as beautiful as his daughter-in-law. At once.Raibhya returned to his hermitage. a maiden. Paravasu desired one day to go and see his wife and. he went to Arvavasu and told him the doleful tale. performed a great sacrifice at which he requested his teacher to let his two sons Paravasu and Arvavasu officiate. the fiend overtook him and killed him with his spear. he exclaimed in anguish: "Alas! They alone are blessed who have no sons. The terrible fiend pursued him everywhere and Yavakrida fled for his life. MERE LEARNING IS NOT ENOUGH KING Brihadyumna. he came upon his son's corpse and concluded that disrespect to Raibhya must have led to this cruel fate. with the demon hot on his heels. He said: "But this mishap should not interfere with the sacrifice of the king. The half-blind man who was guarding the hermitage stopped him as be could not recognise Yavakrida as. carried away by rage and grief the sage cursed Raibhya. When he found it missing. Both of them bowed to the order. the male ghost rushed on him with uplifted spear. killed it. He went to nearby stream. emerged from the sacrificial fire. he discovered that he had killed his own father clad in skins.

There is. It is true that one should know the difference between good and evil. Lomasa narrated this story to Yudhishthira at a place near Raibhya's hermitage and said: "O Pandavas. 36. Both of them learnt at his feet and became eminent scholars themselves. they came one day to the hermitage of the personages immortalized in the
. That done. mercifully. Paravasu decided to dishonor him by casting on him an unjustice as a person and accordingly. was also slandered as a liar. But learning is one thing and virtue is quite another. retreated to the forest in despair of finding justice in the world and betook himself to rigorous austerities. he came to the court of the king to join his brother and assist in the sacrifice. and he was ignominiously expelled from that hall of sacrifice by the orders of the king." Arvavasu and Paravasu were both sons of a great scholar. "It is my brother who has committed the sin and even then it was through a mistake. It is just an outward show like our clothes and is no real part of us. and so. which is a thing you cannot do as yet. he only prayed that his father might be restored to life and that his brother might be freed from wickedness and the sins that he had committed. The knowledge that is merely so much undigested information crammed into the mind. when Arvavasu entered the hall. atonement for sins committed in ignorance. ASHTAVAKRA WHILE the Pandavas were wandering among holy places in the forest. The gods granted his prayer. I shall do penance to free you from the terrible taint of having killed a father and a brahmana. Becoming jealous of the radiance on his brother's face. The virtuous Arvavasu who. Arvavasu repeatedly protested his innocence. what is the boon you seek?" High thinking and deep meditation had in the meantime cleansed his heart of all anger at his brother's conduct." The virtuous Arvavasu. since expiation cannot be by proxy. accordingly. took upon himself the expiatory rites on behalf of his brother. bathe here and wash off your passions in this holy river. I have saved him by performing expiatory rites." This made matters worse for him for nobody believed that the expiation he had undergone was not for his own crime and everyone thought that he was adding false
accusation against a blameless brother. The sin of Paravasu was not washed off. Paravasu loudly exclaimed so that the king might hear: "This man has committed the sin of killing a brahmana and how can he enter this holy sacrificial place?" Arvavasu indignantly denied the accusation but none heeded him. The gods were gracious and asked him: "O virtuous soul. Then indeed knowledge becomes virtue. cannot instill virtue. I can officiate unaided. If you can be my substitute here for undergoing the expiation I shall be able to go and assist in conducting the king's sacrifice. to his other sins.the rites on my behalf in expiation of the sin I have unwittingly committed. It tainted his mind with wicked designs." The virtuous brother agreed and said: "You may attend to the king's sacrifice. besides being falsely accused of a monstrous crime. But this knowledge should soak into every thought and influence every act in one's life. if one is to seek good and shun evil.

" Ashtavakra instead of moving out of the way said to the retainers: "O royal attendants. which means "Eight crooked bends." The gatekeeper said: "You are certainly not old. These crooked bends earned him the name of Ashtavakra. A child generally inherits the characteristics of both the parents. though you talk like all the hoary sages. Lomasa told Yudhishthira the story of that place. Get out. How can y a mere ou. Have done with your idle brag. The couple was blessed with a son. as he often did in reciting the Vedas. having been defeated. as usual. the other d isciples used to laugh and mock at him. Make way for the King. Udalaka. But fortunately the grandson of Uddalaka took after his grandfather rather than his father and knew the Vedas even while he was in his mother's womb. On their way to the place of sacrifice at
Mithila." The gatekeeper said: "Stop. Meanwhile Ashtavakra grew up to be a towering scholar even in his boyhood." Ashtavakra replied: "We are not mere boys. We have observed the necessary vows and have learnt the Vedas. the court scholar of Mithila. have learnt and realised the Vedanta?" The boy said: "You mean I am not big like an over-grown gourd with no substance in it? Size is no indication of knowledge or worth. had a disciple named Kagola. accompanied by his uncle Svetaketu. observing to his attendants: "What this brahmana stripling says is true. When Kagola made mistakes. persons bearing loads and brahmanas learned in the Vedas. who was virtuous and devoted but had no great learning." Ashtavakra replied: "Gatekeeper. The gatekeeper stopped them and said: "Boys cannot go in. Fire is fire whether it is tiny or big and it has the power to burn. The attendants of the king marched in front shouting: "Move away. Those who have mastered the truths of the Vedanta will not judge another on mere considerations of age or appearance. Let me pass. This is the rule enjoined by the scriptures. surprised at these wise words of the brahmana boy. Grey hairs do not prove the ripeness of the soul. provoked a polemical contest with Vandi. the fair sex. accepted the justness of the rebuke and made way. Only old men learned in the Vedas may go into the sacrificial hall. was made to drown himself. has to move and make way for the blind." The king. a great sage and teacher of Vedanta. and so it came to pass that he had eight crooked bends in his body when he was born. they came across the king and his retinue. and at the age of twelve he had already completed his study of the Vedas and the Vedanta. debate on the sastras.Upanishads. A very tall old man may be a tall old fool. boy. So. attached no great weight to his disciple's lack of erudition but really appreciated his virtues." Ashtavakra and Svetaketu entered the sacrificial hall. The really mature man is the one who has
. One day. one ill-fated day. if he is righteous. devotion and good conduct and gave his daughter Sujata in marriage to him. Ashtavakra learnt that Janaka. the king of Mithila was performing a great sacrifice in the course of which the assembled scholars would. Ashtavakra set out for Mithila. the child in the womb would twist his body with pain. nor is age. Uddalaka. nor tall. and. even the king. however." Kagola. the deformed.

whom you will see crumple up like a broken-wheeled cart. I h sent Arjuna to ave gain Indra's grace and get weapons from him as the Kaurava heroes can be defeated by no other means. the father of Ashtavakra. I have come here to repay the debt due on account of my father. External appearances are deceptive. Having sent him on a very difficult errand.learnt the Vedas and the Vedangas." Which shows that the unlearned Kagola was not devoid of common sense. I am here to meet the court pandit Vandi.Then the spirit of Kagola. Karna knows the secret of divine weapons. The author of the epic instructs us through these words put in Kagola's mouth: "A son need not be like his father." Ashtavakra met Vandi. My mind can know no peace without seeing Arjuna. I myself feel the same about Arjuna and what you say makes me thrill with love and sympathy. The court pandit of Mithila bowed his head and paid the forfeit by drowning himself in the ocean and going to the abode of Varuna. We have sent him to the Himalayas to get from Indra. Kripa and Aswatthama. the king of gods. BHIMA AND HANUMAN DRAUPADI used to complain frequently: "This Kamyaka forest is not beautiful without Arjuna. That dauntless and dexterous hero has not yet returned. The king asked: "Do you know that my court pandit Vandi has overthrown in argument many great scholars in the past and caused them to be cast into the ocean? Does that not deter you from this dangerous adventure?" Ashtavakra replied: "Your eminent scholar has not hitherto encountered men like me who are proficient in the Vedas on Vedanta. They took up a debatable thesis and started an argument. Bereft of Arjuna. for we miss him in all our accustomed haunts." Yudhishthira addressing his priest Dhaumya said: "I have sent my younger brother Arjuna to win divine weapons. Sahadeva. And in the end the assembly unanimously declared the victory of Ashtavakra and the defeat of Vandi. Inform King Janaka of my desire. this beautiful forest seems desolate. I wish to go elsewhere. We shall try whether a change of scene will help us to bear the pain of separation better. we cannot live here happily. Drona. I find no joy in life in the absence of Arjuna." At that moment the king himself came there and easily recognized Ashtavakra. and his supreme wish is to fight with Arjuna. He has become arrogant and vain with easy victories over good men who were not real scholars. each employing his utmost learning and wits to confound the other. for that may enable us to bear
. weapons with which we could conquer Bhishma. Bhimasena told Draupadi: "Blessed lady. 37. mastered their gist and realised their essence. who had gone to the Himalayas in quest of divine weapons. I have no doubt I shall vanquish Vandi. since it is certain that these heroes will fight on the side of the sons of Dhritarashtra." The other Pandavas shared Draupadi's wretchedness at separation from Arjuna. as I have heard from my mother. A father who is physically weak may have a very strong son and an ignorant father may have a scholarly son. Please summon him. how do you feel?" Sahadeva said: "This hermitage seems to be empty without Arjuna. gained peace and joy in the glory of his son. the precociously wise boy he had met before. It is wrong to
acesess the greatness of a man on his physical appearance or age. who was defeated by this man and made to drown himself.

addressing Yudhishthira: "No one need carry me. Later on. Draupadi and Bhima. Draupadi took it in her hands and was so charmed with its fragrance and beauty that she showed it rapturously to Bhima. grew angry and shouted: "Who are you. Who are you? Whither are you bound? It is not possible to go further along this mountain path which is the path of the gods. without wasting a thought on the wild beasts that crossed his path. they went to the charming forest of Narayanasrama and halted there. In the course of their wanderings through the Himalayan regions they came to a terrible forest where the path was rugged and steep. We should grow this plant in our Kamyaka forest." Bhima." Draupadi ran to give the flower to Yudhishthira. He suggested that Bhima and Sahadeva should stay behind at Gangadwara with Draupadi. When Bhima said these words. Bhima would not agree. Draupadi would often feel exhausted by having to traverse mountains and forests. Can you suggest where we could go?" Dhaumya described many forests and holy places. The Pandavas went the round of those places to relieve themselves to some extent from the pangs of separation.the separation better. and there he saw a huge monkey shining like blazing fire. Bhima. on the Himalayas. but he could easily carry Draupadi across the most difficult parts of it. He could carry Nakula and Sahadeva also. demons and wild animals. Draupadi smiled and said. It only half opened its eyes lazily and drawled: "I am indisposed and so I am lying here. Why lid you wake me? You are a wise human being and I am mere animal. One day."
They reached Kulinda. unused to being taken so lightly.
. a breeze that blew from the northeast wafted a beautiful flower near Draupadi. go back in peace. Yudhishthira embraced him and blessed him and wished him an increase of physical strength. I can walk. It is proper that the rational man should show mercy to animals as interior creatures. the kingdom of Subahu. Besides. He went alone in the direction from which the fragrance seemed to be borne by the breeze. Do not be anxious about me. The way was hard. I am afraid you are ignorant of right and wrong. He said that the pain of separation from Arjuna ought to have taught his brother how much he would suffer if he were parted from Sahadeva. would serve and encourage them and make their labors easy. Bhima could not leave Yudhishthira alone in this forest infested with Rakshasas. Anxious to please his beloved Draupadi. Yudhishthira was worried and told Bhima that the way would greatly distress Draupadi but that he himself would go on accompanied by Nakula and the sage Lomasa. Men cannot cross this limit. which lay right across his path blocking it. Bhima went in quest of that plant. What a sweet fragrance! How charming! I shall hand this over to Yudhishthira. He presently came to a garden of plantain trees at the foot of a mountain. sometimes helped by his son Ghalotkacha. Bring some flowers of this kind. "Come and see this flower. Eat what you like of the fruits of this place and if you are wise. He tried to frighten the animal out of his way by shouting at it. They spent many years in this pilgrimage and in listening to the traditions. which sanctified each shrine. They accepted the honors rendered to them by that king and rested there awhile.

But here is the stream with its depths where you can find the Saugandhika plant you came to seek. you will meet with danger and that is why I stop you. kindly move aside my tail and make a path for yourself. Now move away from the path or stop me at your peril. and have mercy on the old and weak. a descendant of the Kuru race and a son of Kunti. resuming his former size." Bhima was transported with delight: "I count myself the most fortunate of men in that I have been blessed to meet my brother." Bhima roared and said: "Have you not heard of Hanuman. like Hanuman crossing the ocean. he bent down his head. though he exerted all his strength. In shame. jump over me.
. be patient. god or Gandharva. I wish to see the form in which you crossed the ocean. to seek and find Sita." Bhima said: "Nothing could be easier but the scriptures forbid it. and then asked in a chastened mood: "Who are you? Forgive me and reveal to me whether you are a Siddha. a little bit up or down or sideways. who crossed the ocean. whom you mentioned a little while ago. Since you have scruples in jumping over me.yourself. But. who is that Hanuman who crossed the ocean? If you know his story. Well. the wife of Rama? I am equal to him in strength and heroism. a hundred yojanas in breadth. He covered his eyes. as you say. the son of the Wind god. but you will come to destruction if you try to force a way. Get up and move out of the way or I will make you." Bhima said: "I do not want your advice and it is no concern of yours if I go to destruction. Be gentle as you are strong. being but a very old monkey." Bhima like most strong men. the mere description of which had till then filled him with wonder." Hearing these words the monkey merely smiled and said: "I am. Hanuman replied: "O mighty-armed Pandava.
He set his jaws and strained every muscle till the very sinews cracked and he was covered with perspiration." The monkey answered: "O mighty hero. which is the road to the spirit-world where the Yakshas and the Rakshasas abide. Know that I am the son of the Wind god. to his amazement he could not move it in the least. my body can grow still more. you monkey." Proud of his immense strength. that indulges in such tall talk? I am a kshatriya hero. Hanuman said: "Bhima. still. even that Hanuman. No man can go beyond this and live. now get up and make way and do not provoke me to do you some harm. Bhima thought to pull the monkey out of the way by its tail. that is enough talk. was all respect when he saw one stronger than himself. If you go on this path. Hanuman smiled and began to increase the size of his body and stood forth firmly to the world like a mountain seeming to fill the landscape. and spoke like a pupil addressing his master. Otherwise I should jump over you and the mountain in one bound." And Hanuman contracted his body." The monkey remarked as though in surprise: "O best of men. a monkey. He tenderly embraced Bhimasena. could not move that tail the least. I have no strength to rise up as I am decrepit with age. my elder brother. Bhima was thrilled at actually seeing that divine form of this elder brother. know that I am your brother." The monkey replied: "I have no strength to stand up. But. If you have to go at any cost. unable to bear the dazzling light radiating from that figure. in the presence of my enemies." and he prostrated before Hanuman. enlighten me.

if each hasty or angry wish took effect at once! How much there would be to regret or repent afterwards! It is lucky for us that wishes depend onoutward circumstances for accomplishment. she came out with alms to the mendicant. you have made me wait for such a long time. This indifference is not fair." Hanuman gave this parting blessing to his brother: "While you roar like a lion in the battlefield. 38. he went as usual to beg alms. Think of me whenever you are in need." Kausika. There was once a brahmana. where grew the Saugandhika flowers he had come to seek. Large hearted and forgiving." Hanuman pointed out to Bhima the stream nearby. How strange!"
Hearing this Markandeya told him a sacred story. since that saves us from much sin and sorrow. The housewife was cleansing utensils at that time. I AM NO CRANE ONCE the sage Markandeya came to see the Pandavas. Kausika waited in the hope that she would attend to him after her work was over.Bhagavan Vyasa says that Bhima felt completely refreshed and became much stronger than before by the embrace of Hanuman. and the wife had to attend to his wants. Inspired with your strength we are sure to conquer our enemies. Kausika sorrowed that the evil thought that passed in his mind in a moment of anger had killed an innocent bird. He stood before the door of a house to receive his dole. After her husband had been cared for and fed. She brings it into the world inpain and anxiety and thence forward her one thought is for its health and happiness. tired and hungry. Ask any boon that you like. named Kausika who observed his vow of brahmacharya. How frightful it would be if wishes fulfilled themselves. burning with anger. A crane. defiled his head with its droppings."
." Bhima said: "Blessed are the Pandavas for I have had the good fortune to see you. perched on the top of the tree. In this preoccupation she seemed to have forgotten the mendicant waiting outside. go to your abode. Yudhishthira happened to talk of the virtues of the fair sex and said: "What greater wonder is there in this world than the patience and the chastity of woman? She gives birth to a child after cherishing it in her womb as dearer than life itself. and he collected the flowers and returned to her without delay. a woman forgives and continues to love even a wicked husband who neglects and hates and subjects her to all sorts of miseries. I felt the same delight when I embraced you that I had in times of yore when I was fortunate enough to touch the divine body of Sri Rama. Some time later. with great steadfastness and devotion. He looked up at it. This put Bhima at once in mind of Draupadi who was waiting for his return. She said: "I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. he sat under a tree reciting the Vedas. I shall be present on the flag of the chariot of your brother Arjuna. my voice shall join yours and strike terror into the hearts of your enemies. You will be victorious. Pardon me. and his angry look killed the bird and it fell down dead. The brahmana was pained when he saw the dead bird lying on the ground. Hanuman said: "O hero. One day. wash and dry his feet and serve him with food. said: "Lady. In the meantime the master of the house returned.

The woman told the brahmana: "Best of brahmanas. Go to Mithila and be instructed in the secret of good life by Dharmavyadha living in that city. May all good attend you. Vedavyasa emphasizes this great truth by making a scholarly brahmana.
"Revered sir. You seem an arrogant woman. I know why you have come. Afterwards. (Bhagavad Gita. She continued: "O great one. returning to Hastinapura. 45-46) The occupation may be one he is born to in society or it may have been forced on him by circumstances or be may have taken it up by choice. in which was a man selling meat. The brahmana told him how the Pandavas. Kausika took his lessons from that butcher on dharma. But what really matters is the spirit of sincerity and faithfulness with which be does his life's work. and that this is really worship of God who created and pervades all. Forgive the delay in attending to you. I was serving my husband and hence the delay. 39." The brahmana remarked: "It is right and proper to attend on the husband. But what troubled him most were the consequences to his own sons. you do not know the secret of duty. are you well? Did that chaste brahmana lady send you to me?" The brahmana was stupefied." The brahmana was amazed. a duty. is the same as the teaching of the Gita. Kausika reached Mithila and looked for Dharmavyadha's residence. Dhritarashtra was probably sorry to hear this. which he thought would be some lonely hermitage far from the noise and bustle of common life. but the brahmana also should not be disregarded. kindly do forgive me. were. He said: "I deserve your just admonition and it will do me good." She said: "Be not angry with me and remember that I kept you waiting only because I was dutifully serving my husband. man's calling and duty. at the mercy of the wind and the sun and suffered great privations. Let us go home. THE WICKED ARE NEVER SATISFIED MANY brahmanas visited the Pandavas during their exile. The moral of this striking story of Dharmavyadha so skillfully woven by Vedavyasa into the Mahabharata. And one such. came to the brahmana and inquired: "Revered sir. He wondered how the woman knew of the crane incident. Man reaches perfection by the honest pursuit of whatever calling falls to his lot in life. the brahmana returned to his house and began to tend his parents. and you are also not aware that anger is the greatest enemy that dwells in man. by unkind destiny. Could
. who lived it in his humble and despised life. born princes. who did not know it. The brahmana was shocked beyond measure and stood at a distance in disgust." With these words he went to Mithila. who received him with due honor. His amazement was great when he learnt that this man was Dharmavyadha. XVIII. went to see Dhritarashtra." The brahmana was taken aback. which he had rather neglected before. I am no crane to be killed by a violent thought and your rage can do no harm to the woman who devotes herself to the service of her husband. He walked along magnificent roads between beautiful houses and gardens in that great city and finally reached a butcher's shop." said the butcher and h e took the brahmana to his house where he saw a happy family and was greatly struck by the devotion with which the butcher served his parents. learn it from a butcher. The butcher suddenly rose from his seat.

Sakuni. Bhima and Arjuna in the forest. why did we become a prey to covetousness? It is not as though poverty drove us to it! Why did we take to the path of injustice? Instead of enjoying our boundless wealth in contentment we succumbed to lust of power and possession and coveted what was not ours. On the contrary we shall be very careful and avoid them. But I tell you. might one day break its bounds and overflow in a devastating flood. long pent up. We need no longer burn with jealousy. without a sight of the sufferings of Draupadi. which may lead to trouble." Sakuni and Duryodhana applauded this bright idea and sent the leader of the cowherds to the king to secure his permission. Also. lest danger should befall us. I cannot agree to send you to a place near the abode of Bhima and Arjuna while there is still occasion for anger and strife. This life of idle ease is torment to me without that great joy." The king answered: "However careful you may be. Sakuni. But I learn that the Pandavas are dwelling in that forest. but would it not be a joy of joys to see with my own eyes the sufferings of the Pandavas and bring their sorrow to a climax by a display of our happiness? The only way to perfect our happiness is to go to the forest and see the distress of the Pandavas." Duryodhana replied: "O Karna. Wrong cannot but yield its bitter harvest! Arjuna has returned from heaven with divine weapons. What could tempt one back to earth from heaven but the craving for vengeance? And we have earned it!" These thoughts would haunt and give him no peace. Sakuni and yourself must seek a way of obtaining the king's consent for us to go to the forest and see the Pandavas in their misery. all we have done so far is labor lost. But the king would not assent. all that is true. He said: "Hunting is indeed beneficial to the princes. Though Dhritarashtra was thus worried. It is not advisable for you to go there. The king anxiously pondered thus: "Arjuna and Bhima will certainly try to punish us. Karna went to Duryodhana with a cheerful face and announced that he had found a way out of the difficulty. but my father will refuse
permission. Karna and Duryodhana were giddily happy and found much pleasure in exulting congratulation of one another on their prosperity. Karna. He said: "What do you think of going to our ranches at Dwaitavana for the annual stock-taking of the cows? The king certainly cannot object to that. there is danger in mere nearness. Anyone of your soldiers might trespass and give offence.
. He said again: "The king fears the Pandavas. Karna and Sakuni said to Duryodhana: "The kingdom which was in the hands of Yudhishthira has become ours. Duryodhana and the short-sighted Duhsasana are perched precariously up a tree in search of a honeycomb while below is the abyss of Bhima's anger yawning to receive them to their destruction." and Duryodhana shed tears at his father's cruelty in denying him this pleasure. it is not right to intrude on the sorrows of the Pandavas in their forest life." Duryodhana said: "We shall not go near them. as he thinks that they are endowed with the power of austerities. He forbids us to go to the forest and meet them." The blind king pursued his thought: "Alas." Early next morning.Yudhishthira continue to hold the justly wrathful Bhima in check? Dhritarashtra feared that the anger of the Pandavas. It is also desirable to take stock of the cows.

He has given his promise in the open assembly and the Pandavas will follow his bidding. please yourselves. the sylvan sports and other entertainment’s arranged for them. He said to Yudhishthira: "These Gandharvas have done our job for us. and his attendants had already encamped in the neighborhood of the pool and they prevented Duryodhana's men from putting up their camp." The king. They themselves camped in luxurious rest houses in a place four miles off the abode of the Pandavas. the king of the Gandharvas. the king of the Gandharvas." A heart full of hate can know no contentment." Sakuni said: "O king. on which it lives and grows. Let him return after taking stock of the cows. rallied his troops and began using his magic weapons. The Kaurava army fled in all directions and some of the fugitives took refuge in the hermitage of the Pandavas. at the hands of strangers. When Duryodhana came to know of this. this is not the time for you to rejoice. They returned to Duryodhana and represented that some petty prince who was there with his followers was giving them trouble. over-persuaded as usual. The Kauravas are our kith and kin and their humiliation. Karna and the other Kaurava heroes lost their chariots and weapons and had to retreat in haste and ignominy. The attendants returned to the lake and tried to carry out their orders but found the Gandharvas too many for them and had to retreat in precipitation. who placed him in his chariot bound hand and foot. who must have come here to mock at us. The sons of Kunti will not show any enmity towards us."
. is ours. The Gandharvas took many of the prominent Kauravas captive. We cannot hold back and take this lying down. After counting the cows. They inspected the herds of cows and took stock of them. I shall also accompany him and see to it that none of us go anywhere near the Pandavas.Someone else can go in your stead to count the cattle. Bhima heard the news of Duryodhana's defeat and capture with delight and amusement. which extorts the fuel. 40. At first the fight went in favor of the Kauravas. We must rescue them. Chitrasena. the hunt. bulls and calves. DURYODHANA DISGRACED THE Kauravas reached Dwaitavana with a great army and many followers.
Duryodhana was annoyed at this presumption and directed his men to turn the Gandharva prince out and put up the tents. has got what he deserved. But the tables were quickly turned when Chitrasena. Do not oppose Duryodhana who is fond of hunting. they enjoyed the dance. Yudhishthira knows and follows the path of dharma. Duryodhana. While hunting. Duryodhana and Karna went with unconcealed joy at the very thought of being able to gloat on the sad plight of the Pandavas. Duryodhana alone remained in the battlefield but he was soon seized by Chitrasena. and blew his conch in token of victory. Hate is a cruel fire. I feel like thanking our Gandharva friend!" But Yudhishthira reproved him: "Dear brother. he grew very a ngry and with a large army marched to destroy the audacious enemies who had dared to resist his pleasure. A great fight ensued between the Gandharvas and Duryodhana's army. said: "Well. Duryodhana and his party reached an attractive pond near the hermitage of the Pandavas and ordered a camp to be put on its bank.

The friends of Duryodhana. He said: "Why should we save this sinner who tried to burn us alive in the wax house? Why should you feel sorry for the fellow who poisoned my food. joined them on the way. on the other hand. But when the ceremony was over. What is the use of just collapsing under sorrow? It will but make your enemies happy. felt it would have been far better if be had been killed by Chitrasena and announced his wish to fast unto death. for giving back the kingdom to the Pandavas was to him a hundred times worse than defeat or disgrace. Duryodhana. having been. praised him and the sacrifice he had celebrated and likened it to those
." Karna said: "That is the way for a king to talk. He accepted this advice and celebrated the Vaishnava with great splendor. bound me hand and foot and wanted to drown me in the river? What brotherly feeling can we really have towards these vile wretches who hauled Draupadi by the hair to theassembly and disgraced her?" At that moment a cry of agony from Duryodhana reached them faintly from the distance and Yudhishthira." When Duryodhana heard this speech. But Chitrasena had no wish to fight with the Pandavas and at their approach." And then he touched his sword in token of the oath. Why do you say that you would give up your life when the kingdom seized from the Pandavas is yours to enjoy? Fasting serves no purpose. He said to Duhsasana: "Be crowned and rule the kingdom."
Sakuni interposed and said: "Listen to Karna's words. released Duryodhana and the other prisoners saying that all he wanted was to teach a lesson to these arrogant Kauravas. driven off the battlefield.Bhima did not think this very reasonable. who. 41. I can no longer continue to live after having become a laughing stock to my enemies. He wanted to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. the citizens began to talk among themselves that Duryodhana's sacrifice had not come up to even a sixteenth part of Yudhishthira's Rajasuya in magnificence. They have not taken to fasts in spite of the disgrace they have suffered. Karna said: "This does not befit heroes of the Kuru race. overruled Bhima's objection and bade his brothers go to the rescue of the Kauravas. with Karna. for if you really repent of what you have done till now." And he added: "What sense is there in dying? You can do something worthwhile only if you are alive. greatly moved." While returning home. Duryodhana celebrated a great sacrifice with much pomp and splendor. Karna could not bear the sight of the brother's sorrow. Bhima and Arjuna rallied the routed Kaurava forces and offered battle to the Gandharvas. Karna said: "I swear to you by all that is holy t at. SRI KRISHNA'S HUNGER WHILE the Pandavas were dwelling in the forest. I will kill Arjuna in battle. his evil nature regained ascendancy. you should make friends with the Pandavas and give them back their kingdom." Duhsasana protested his unworthiness to be king and caught hold of his brother's feet and wept. when h the stipulated period of thirteen years is over. The dishonored Kauravas returned in haste to Hastinapura. Obedient to his behest. in great shame and dejection. but the brahmanas told him that he could not do that while Yudhishthira and Dhritarashtra were alive and advised him to perform the sacrifice known as the Vaishnava instead. Look at the Pandavas. He shouted: "I shall conquer the Pandavas.

"I shall not take meat or wine. nor will I refuse the prayer of anyone who asks me for anything. had eaten their meals and so the vessel was empty and denuded of its power for the day.
The brothers welcomed the sage." Here was a pretty pass. Bharata and others." Accordingly. And the sage Durvasa has come. Draupadi was greatly troubled and perfectly at a loss to find food when the sage and his disciples should return after their ablutions. He dreamt that the wild beasts of the forest came and appealed to him piteously not to destroy them altogether. O Krishna? The power of the vessel given by the Sun is exhausted for the day. Afterwards the Pandava brothers would take their meals. all of them." he said. "bring without delay something to eat and we shall speak of other things afterwards. Yudhishthira was greatly concerned. Our meals must be ready then. saluted and honored him. the Sun god had given him the Akshayapatra. she prayed earnestly to Sri Krishna to come to her aid in this hopeless predicament and deliver her from the wrath of the sage. Duryodhana felt sure that the Pandavas. It looked as though the ally from whom she hoped for relief had gone over to the foe! She cried out in great confusion: "Alas! Why do you try me thus. who themselves lived from hand to mouth in the forest. When Durvasa reached the place. Then the sage said: "We shall be back soon. Mandhata. Karna had been born with divine armor and was undoubtedly a mighty hero. Draupadi would have her share. In making the gift. "I am very hungry. including Draupadi." said he. The sons of Dhritarashtra were delighted to hear this vow of the great hero Karna and shouted in joy. Court flatterers were not sparing with their praise. for he had a great opinion of Karna's prowess. "Through this I shall place at your disposal for twelve years as much food as is required for your daily consumption. Not till everyone has been served and Draupadi herself has taken her share will the vessel become empty for the day. for we are hungry. In the kitchen. a wonderful vessel that held a never-failing supply of food. would be unable to feed or entertain the sage and his following. One morning. as the latter were resting after their midday meal. Yudhishthira had a dream. They felt as if the Pandavas had been slain already. Durvasa went with his disciples to the Pandavas as was desired by Duryodhana. just before the hour of awakening. As a result of the austerities of Yudhishthira at the beginning of their stay in the forest. At once Sri Krishna appeared before her. This would give him greater joy than any benefit he could have asked for himself when the sage offered a boon. Karna told Duryodhana that his Rajasuya had been only postponed till the Pandavas should be defeated and slain in battle and repeated that his part would be the slaying of Arjuna.performed by Yayati. "Till I have slain Arjuna. Spies conveyed to the Pandavas in the forest the news of the oath taken by Karna. Finally. but to move on to some other forest. the brahmanas and other guests would be served first." and hurried off with his disciples to the river. Many of our dreams come either in the beginning or at the end of our sleep. What shall I do? The sage and his disciples will soon be here and as though
." Such was the solemn vow taken by Karna in the assembly. the god had said. and would incur some dreadful curse from that too hasty visitor for their want of hospitality.

" Yudhishthira noticed with sorrow that all of them had lost their cheerfulness and courage. There must certainly be water there. we should have killed those wretches. Worn out by the futile chase." Draupadi brought it to him. told him to go to the river and intimate to the revered sage that food was ready and waiting for them. A bit had been left which had been partaken by Vasudeva! Sri Krishna seemed replete with satisfaction after eating his solitary grain and calling Bhima. So we have deservedly fallen into this pitiable state. doing nothing. Bhima said: "Quite so." Yudhishthira sent him to fetch some to drink. Bhimasena. hastened to the river where Durvasa and his followers were bathing. but we feel well-fed and full and cannot eat anything more. A tiny bit of cooked vegetable and a grain of rice were sticking to the rim of the vessel." Then the party went away. The disciples told the sage: "We have come here after asking Yudhishthira to prepare food for us. his satisfaction with a single grain of rice satisfied for the time the hunger of all beings including the sage. the Soul of the Universe. How can I perform the fire sacrifice?" shouted the brahmana and rushed towards the Pandavas for help in his extremity. Tell Yudhishthira to forgive us. the Pandavas sat in great dejection under a banyan tree. decoying the Pandavas far into the forest and then disappeared." Sri Krishna said: "I am terribly hungry and want food. THE ENCHANTED POOL THE stipulated period of twelve years was drawing to a close. He thought they would be more cheerful with something to do. "I bore in silence the vulgar and insulting brag of that son of the charioteer. In those days matches were unknown and fire was kindled with pieces of wood by mechanical friction. Nakula sighed: "We cannot render even this trifling service to the brahmana. Fetch the vessel and let me see for myself. He was tormented with thirst and so he said to Nakula: "Brother. you have also come at this juncture saying that you are hungry. but full of faith in Sri Krishna. How we have degenerated!" said he sadly. looked around and said: "At a little distance I see water plants and cranes. climb that tree and see whether there is any pool or river nearby. accepting them as Sri Hari." Durvasa knew what it was and he told Bhima: "We have taken our meals. The explanation is that as the whole universe is contained in Sri Krishna. greatly puzzled. Sri Krishna ate them with satisfaction." Nakula climbed the tree. the mortar got entangled in its horns and the affrighted animal fled wildly with it into the forest. a deer was rubbing itself against a poor brahmana's fire-kindling mortar and as it turned to go. Arjuna agreed. They were in great surprise to find that their ravenous hunger had given place to a pleased satiety. They had all the comfortable cheerfulness of people who had feasted well.this were not enough. When Draupadi was dragged into the assembly.
. Is it not because we did not do so that we have had to suffer all these sorrows?" and he looked at Arjuna sadly. Draupadi was filled with shame at her slovenliness in not having cleaned the vessel free of all remnants. not excuses. which sped in great leaps and bounds.
One day. 42. "Alas! The deer is running away with my fire-kindler. The Pandavas pursued the animal but it was a magic deer.

" Greatly vexed. he wondered whether any harm had come to him. which said: "Do not be rash." Bhima. you will die. Also bring water. And he also fell dead among his brothers. At once. "Have they been subjected to a curse or are they wandering about in the
. this is my pool. Answer my questions and then you can satisfy your thirst. for I die of thirst.Nakula was glad when he got to the place and saw there was a pool. When Sahadeva reached the pool and saw his brother lying on the ground. O son of Madri. he felt all feelings submerged in a monstrous thirst. beware. he drank the water. hurried away without a word. Again. Alone. Something terrible must have happened to our brothers. for he was very thirsty. He was shocked at the sight and felt that they must have been killed by some lurking foe. a voice was heard: "Answer my question before you drink the
water. answer my questions and then drink the water." he added. Puzzled and worried that Sahadeva also did not return. But before looking into the matter further. has also not yet returned. But no sooner did he dip his hand in the transparent water than he heard a voice. Yudhishthira wailed full of anxiety and thirst. Answer my questions and then only may you quench your thirst. I shall first drink water the better to fight them." Nakula was surprised. This pool belongs to me. glaring around in defiance. I will hunt them down and kill them. You may drink only after answering my questions. Though heart-broken with grief and burning with the desire for revenge. His grief and rage can be imagined when he saw his three brothers lying there dead. but carried away by his intense thirst and heedless of the warning." and he shot keenedged arrows in the direction of the voice. The voice shouted: "Bhimasena. Please seek them out and be quick about it. and he drank the water avidly. He cried: "Who are you? Come and stand up to me. thirst was the enemy he must kill first. you will follow your brothers. to all appearance dead. You will die if you disregard my words. he fell down. If you disobey me. After anxious waiting Yudhishthira turned to Bhima: "Dear brother. "And bring water." Like Nakula. The invisible being laughed in scorn: "Your arrows do but wound the air. If you drink the water without doing so. Arjuna went swiftly. rushed irresistibly to the water to quench his burning thirst. Sahadeva also did not heed the warning. Arjuna. He drank the water and at once dropped down. He was very thirsty himself and so thought of quenching his thirst first before taking water in his quiver for his brother. But first he had to quench his terrible thirst. Yudhishthira sent Sahadeva to see what the matter was. He thought: "This is certainly the work of the Yakshas. the great hero. The voice was heard again: "O Sahadeva. And as he did so. and I will kill you." And then he descended into the pool. Surprised that Nakula had not returned. Yudhishthira sent Arjuna to see whether the brothers had met with any danger. So he drank the water and also fell down dead. This pool is mine. which irresistibly impelled him to the fatal pool. overcome by irresistible drowsiness. for our stars are bad." Arjuna's anger knew no bounds. He saw both his brothers lying dead near the pool. his great strength seemed to slip from him like a garment. But O! I am so thirsty. Yes." "Who are you to dictate to me?" cried Bhima. racked with anxiety. Arjuna made up his mind to seek out and grapple with this elusive foe.

This pool is mine. At once the voice without form warned as before: "Your brothers died because they did not heed my words. It is by association with the great in wisdom that he gets wisdom. he lifted his voice and wept. Do not follow them. he reflected: "Surely my heart must be made of steel not to break even after seeing Nakula and Sahadeva dead." The Yaksha asked: "By the study of which science does man become wise?" Yudhishthira replied: "Not by studying any sastra does man become wise. He saw a possible way of redeeming the situation. you have been snatched away. He said to the bodiless voice: "Please ask your questions. unable to restrain his grief. Or." The voice put questions rapidly one after another. He stroked the faces of Bhima and Arjuna as they lay so still and silent there and mourned: "Was this to be the end of all our vows? Just when our exile is about to end. There was surely some magic about it. girdling a pool of pellucid water. nectar to his eyes.forest in a vain search for water or have they fainted or died of thirst?" Unable to bear these thoughts and driven desperate by an overpowering thirst. he sadly wondered who could have been powerful enough to kill them. There was also no trace of the footprints of an enemy." Yudhishthira knew that these could be none other than the words of a Yaksha and guessed what had happened to his brothers. could it be a trick played by Duryodhana? Might he not have poisoned the water? Then Yudhishthira also descended into the pool." The Yaksha asked: "What is higher than the sky?" Yudhishthira replied: "The father. Brokenly."
. he started out to look for his brothers and the pool. Besides." The Yaksha asked: "What is more blighted than withered straw?" Yudhishthira replied: "A sorrow-stricken heart. Answer my questions first and then quench your thirst. For what purpose should I continue to live in this world?" Then a sense of mystery overcame him. But when he saw his brothers lying there like sacred flagpoles thrown pell-mell after a festival.
in his turn drawn to the water by a consuming thirst." The Yaksha asked: "What is more nobly sustaining than the earth?" Yudhishthira replied: "The mother who brings up the children she has borne is nobler and more sustaining than the earth." The Yaksha asked: "What rescues man in danger?" Yudhishthira replied: "Courage is man's salvation in danger. there were no wounds on their bodies which could have let out life and their faces were faces of men who slept in peace and not of those who died in wrath. for this could be no ordinary occurrence. now so helpless. Even the gods have forsaken me in my misfortune!" As he looked at their mighty limbs. Yudhishthira proceeded in the direction his brothers had taken through tracts infested with wild boar and abounding in spotted dear and huge forest birds. The Yaksha asked: "What makes sun shine every day?" Yudhishthira replied: "The power of Brahman. Presently he came upon a beautiful green meadow." The Yaksha asked: "What is fleeter than wind?" Yudhishthira replied: "Mind. The world held no warriors who could overcome his brothers.

abandoning which man becomes loved by all?" Yudhishthira replied: "Pride. It was Yama. And why not Arjuna. which contains all within itself is the greatest vessel." The Yaksha was pleased at this and asked Yudhishthira: "Why did you choose Nakula in preference to Bhima who has the strength of sixteen thousand elephants? I have heard that Bhima is most dear to you." Yudhishthira replied: "Birth and learning do not make one a brahmana. dharma is the only shield of man and not Bhima or Arjuna. who had taken the form of the deer and the Yaksha so that he might see his son Yudhishthira and test him. Even though he may be learned in the four Vedas." Thus. lying like a fallen ebony tree. In the end the Yaksha asked: "O king. giving it up. man becomes rich?" Yudhishthira replied: "Desire. and so. a son of Kunti. the Lord of Death. broad-chested and long-armed Nakula." The Yaksha asked: "What makes one a real brahmana? Is it birth. she is not completely bereaved. lotus-eyed. Yama said: "Only a few days remain to complete the stipulated period of your exile in the forest. good conduct or learning? Answer decisively." and saying this he disappeared. men see creatures depart to Yama's abode and yet.
." Yudhishthira replied: "O Yaksha." The Yaksha asked: "What is the greatest wonder in the world?" Yudhishthira replied: "Every day. a man of bad conduct falls to a lower class. the Yaksha posed many questions and Yudhishthira answered them all. man will be ruined." Yudhishthira thought for a moment and then replied: "May the cloudcomplexioned. However learned a person may be he will not be a brahmana if he is a slave to bad habits." The Yaksha asked: "Which is the biggest vessel?" Yudhishthira replied: "The earth. Good conduct alone does. whose prowess in arms is your protection? Tell me why you chose Nakula rather than either of these two. None of your enemies will be able to discover you. arise. In order that the scales of justice may be even. Whom do you want revived? He shall come back to life. He embraced Yudhishthira and blessed him. one of your dead brothers can now be revived." The Yaksha asked: "Who is the friend of one who stays at home?" Yudhishthira replied: "The wife." The Yaksha asked: "What is the loss which yields joy and not sorrow?" Yudhishthira replied: "Anger." The Yaksha asked: "What is that. I ask that Madri's son Nakula may revive. The thirteenth year will also pass by. getting rid of it. This verily is the greatest wonder. I am surviving." The Yaksha asked: "What is that.
those who remain seek to live forever." The Yaksha was pleased with Yudhishthira's impartiality and granted that all his brothers would come back to life." The Yaksha asked: "What is happiness?" Yudhishthira replied: "Happiness is the result of good conduct." The Yaksha asked: "Who accompanies a man in death?" Yudhishthira replied: "Dharma. by giving up which.The Yaksha asked: "What befriends a traveller?" Yudhishthira replied: "Learning. we will no longer subject to sorrow. man becomes wealthy. That alone accompanies the soul in its solitary journey after death. Kunti and Madri were the two wives of my father. for abandoning that man will be loved by all. You will successfully fulfil your undertaking. If dharma is set at naught.

either through fear or hope of reward. The Pandavas retired to a secluded spot in the forest and discussed their future line of action. But you are too wise and learned to be shaken or daunted. the refuge of men. the Lord of Death."
So spoke Yudhishthira to the brahmanas who were living with the Pandavas till then. enter into the weapon of Indra to defeat Vritra. the Lord of gods. 43. Yudhishthira shone with tenfold lustre. They will never be unduly attached to transitory things. Still we have passed these years cheerfully with joy in the forest. Now. For we have to spend the next twelve months undiscovered by the spies of Duryodhana. become a child in the womb of Aditi. We can easily pass the twelve months together without being discovered. and take away from Emperor Bali his kingdom for the salvation of the world? Did not Lord Narayana. and the dangers are many and great. The thirteenth year of exile has come. Yudhishthira sadly asked Arjuna: "You are well conversant with the ways of the world. you know Yama. Safely concealed thus. without fear or concealment. conquer your enemies and win prosperity. the Lord of Dharma. "The minds of those who listen to the sacred story of Yudhishthira's meeting with his father. Arjuna returned from tapas with divine weapons and strengthened by contact with Indra. You must also do likewise. and with it the time for us to part from you. descend as the son of Dasaratha and spend long years. bless us before we go. no doubt. Where would it be best for us to spend the thirteenth year?" Arjuna replied: "O great king. he managed to destroy his enemies. God knows when the day will dawn which will see us together again. Did not Mahavishnu. the all-pervading God. Having met. cheated out of our kingdom and reduced to poverty. but the gains too were not inconsiderable. It was a period of hard discipline and searching probation through which they emerged stronger and nobler men. suffering many sorrows for the sake of killing Ravana? The greatest souls in the past have sanctified disguise for a good purpose. to pass through all sorts of troubles during their exile." Yudhishthira took leave of the brahmanas and gave the members of his retinue leave to go home. His voice shook with emotion as he spoke these words. He said: "Parting. Dhaumya consoled him. at the enchanted pool. likewise. They will never fall victims to lust. They will never seek to create quarrels among friends or covet the wealth of others. You will. DOMESTIC SERVICE "O BRAHMANAS. the asura king? Did not the Fire god hide himself in the waters for the sake of the gods? Does not the moon keep out of sight every day? Did not Lord Vishnu. when pested by the demons. And may we escape the notice of those who may wish to betray us to the sons of Dhritarashtra. we have been deceived by the sons of Dhritarashtra. the Lord of the Universe. Bhima also met his elder brother Hanuman near the lake where the Saugandhika flowers bloomed and got tenfold strength from his embrace. May the same good attend the readers of this story as retold by us." Thus said Vaisampayana to Janamejaya as he related this story of the Yaksha. suffer human birth. has blessed us. You must disguise yourselves. his father Yama. Indra. is hard. disguised himself as a brahmana and lived unknown in the country of Nishadha.The Pandavas had. There are many charming states for us to choose
. will never go after evil.

I shall also delight the king by contending with and defeating the wrestlers who come to his court. who had performed the Rajasuya sacrifice. braiding my hair like a woman. Kalinga." Arjuna said: "Well then. she cursed me with loss of manhood. It is. Well. I shall take the garb of a sanyasin and shall keep him agreeably engaged by my skill in reading omens and knowledge ofastrology as well as of the Vedas." Afterwards Yudhishthira addressed Arjuna: "What profession do you propose to take up? How can you hide your towering valor?" When he asked this question Yudhishthira could not restrain him from narrating the brilliant exploits of Arjuna." This made Yudhishthira anxious for he feared that danger might befall them if Bhima engaged himself in wrestling bouts. Bahlika. I shall serve out that year of loss of manhood now. O Bhima. I shall restrain mad bulls. I think of taking service as a cook in the court of Virata. But through Indra's grace the curse would hold good only for a year. Yudhishthira answered: "I am thinking of asking Virata to take me in his service as a courtier. the Matsya country of king Virata is the best. but be not anxious about me. I agree that it would be best to live incognito in Virata's kingdom. When I rejected Urvasi's amorous overtures on the ground that she was like a mother unto me. He is of mature judgment and is devoted to the practice of virtue. take up under Virata? You saved us by killing Jatasura. prosperous and charming as it is. Salva. what works will you. I shall hide myself in the guise of a eunuch and serve the ladies of the court. I may give a bad jolt to any wrestler who deserves it but I shall not kill anyone. states like Panchala. and the time would be mine to choose. I shall chop the trees of the forest and bring heaps of fuel. But if I may venture an opinion. He will not be won over or frightened by Duryodhana. I shall please Virata by preparing such dainty food as he has never tasted. having to disguise himself and take service. Surasena. O king. Videha. Vedangas. the king of Matsya. who conquered and slew Baka and Hidimba. buffaloes and other wild animals and thus entertain king Virata. ethics. He spoke of his brother's glory in twenty verses. I shall hide under a jacket the scars on my arms made by the constant chafing of the bowstring. politics and other sciences. Matsya. I shall have to be careful of course. What disguise can hide your mighty personality and enable you to live unknown in the country of Mastya?" Yudhishthira was in tears as he put this question to Bhima. who deserves praise if not Arjuna? Arjuna replied: "Revered brother. Arjuna was full of sorrow at the thought of Yudhishthira. and clothing myself in female attire. is very strong and he loves us much. the great and guileless king. and Magadha. I shall tell him that I was an intimate friend of Yudhishthira and learnt these things while I was privileged to be with him. Valor and strength are over-flowing from you.from for our sojourn. Dasharna. Wearing bangles made of white conchs. I could delight him with my conversation and my dexterity at dice.
Bhima laughingly replied: "O king. for you to choose. You know that I have a great appetite and that I am also an expert in cooking." Yudhishthira answered: "Virata. of course. what work would you seek in the court of Virata?" When he asked this question. At once Bhima spoke thus to calm his fears: "I shall not kill anyone. I shall engage myself in menial work in the inner apartments of Virata's
.

Thus shall I remain unknown to others. still be should always behave as if he would be dismissed immediately. Do not go too near him. worthy of all reverence and protection. you speak as befits one of your family. He may not reveal the secrets confided to him." Saying this. They may give their counsel only when asked. My mind delights in training and looking after horses." Yudhishthira praised Draupadi's courage and said: "O auspicious one. the priest and the preceptor of the gods. who is a veritable fire in human form. She was dearer to him than life itself. Yudhishthira was in tears. I shall tend the cows. the companion and attendant of the princess. And I shall seek service saying that I used to serve Draupadi in Yudhishthira's court. Nakula replied: "I shall work in King Virata's stables. the teacher of the asuras. A servant of the king should ever be active and selfrestrained. nor yet appear to avoid him. I can not only ride and break horses but also harness and drive them in a chariot. the mother of Nakula. by being honored or dishonored by the king. tears rolled down his eyes. nor unduly depressed. with the intelligence of Brihaspati. may be done only after informing the king. seat or chariot of the king. Yudhishthira felt choked by shame and despair." but Yudhishthira could not find words to ask her what she proposed to do. He should not be excessively elated. what work will you take up?" Sahadeva replied: "Let Nakula look after horses.
Draupadi saw his grief and spoke these brave words: "O best of kings. I shall preserve my freedom and chastity." Yudhishthira asked Sahadeva: "You. Even though a person may be trusted by the king and have great authority. who stands high like the great golden Mount Meru. must go and seek employment of Virata as a eunuch in the queen's inner apartments?" he said brokenly. They must serve without talking too much. I shall be a sairandhri in the court of the queen of Virata. nor may he receive anything in the
. I shall pass my days in such light tasks as braiding the hair and entertaining the women of the court with small talk.queen. I shall teach the women singing and dancing. no matter how small. a scion of Bharata's line. and never obtrude it. presuming on his affection. the daughter of a king. Yudhishthira then turned to Nakula and asked him what work he would engage in and. and the knowledge of Sukra. "Alas! Have the fates decreed that he. nobly born. It would be foolishness to place too much confidence in a king. They should praise the king on befitting occasions. do not grieve or suffer anxiety on my account. I shall guard Virata's cattle from the ravages of disease and the attacks of wild beasts. tenderly nurtured. I shall say that I had looked after the horses of the Pandavas and I have no doubt Virata will take me in his service." When the Pandavas thus decided. She was a princess. as he thought of Madri. who is the equal of Sri Krishna himself in fame and valor. for the attendant and companion of a princess has this right and can exercise it." "O Draupadi. All things. For I know the heart of horses and have knowledge of their ailments and cure. One may not sit in the conveyance. and it seemed sacrilege to talk of service. Dhaumya blessed them and advised them thus: "Those who are engaged in service under a king should always be vigilant. I shall represent that I had thus served princess Draupadi in Yudhishthira's court and seek employment from the queen. Arjuna turned to Draupadi and smiled.

One cannot be too careful with the ladies of the court. She lived in the inner apartments
of the palace as maid and companion." The queen tried to dissuade him but Kichaka would not listen. Others also disguised themselves. Yudhishthira became the king's companion and spent his days in playing dice with him. He was so smitten with Draupadi's beauty that he conceived an uncontrollable passion for her. He represented himself as dying of desire. and by controlling wild animals. When they went to King Virata seeking service.form of gift from the citizens. of course. There should not be the faintest suggestion of indelicacy in one's conduct towards them. serving the king Virata. the daughter of Virata. had greater influence over his sister. engaging herself in uncongenial tasks. he finally appointed them to the places they sought of him. Kichaka. the brother of Sudeshna. Kichaka. VIRTUE VINDICATED YUDHISHTHIRA put on the garb of a sanyasin. and he shamelessly confided to her his unlawful passion for her maid and sought her aid to compass his wish. you will pass the rest of your days in happiness. at first. if fate had been less cruel. Arjuna transformed himself into a eunuch." Dhaumya then blessed the Pandavas: "Live thus in patience for one year. You must save my life by managing somehow to make her receive my advances favorably. and then. should herself have been served by many maids. and the ladies. Draupadi was too shy to speak of this to Sudeshna or to others. But Kichaka was not to be frightened so easily and he sought persistently to seduce Draupadi. And he was so sure of his own attractions and power that it never occurred to him that she. to engage them in service but yielding to their urgent solicitations. which greatly vexed her. He also entertained the king by wrestling with the reputed men of might whom came to the court. Kichaka was inordinately vain of his strength and his influence over the king. Kichaka wielded such vast influence that people used to say that Kichaka was the real king of the Matsya country and old Virata king only in name. Virata's queen. He hesitated." he said. But no disguise could take away their natural charm. His persecution became so intolerable that at last she complained of it to Queen Sudeshna. I do not get any sleep or rest. Bhima worked as the chief of the cooks. was the commander-in-chief of Virata's army and it was to him that the old king Virata owed his power and prestige. though a mere maidservant could resist his will. Nakula looked after the horses and Sahadeva looked after the cows and the bulls. "that from the time I met your maid." 44. "I am so full of torment. And finally Sudeshna
. She gave out that her husbands were Gandharvas who would mysteriously kill those who tried to dishonor her. leaving aside the wise. Such waywardness should be ignored. Arjuna assumed the name of Brihannala and taught dancing. He should not be jealous of other servants. singing and instrumental music to Princess Uttara. they seemed to him born to command and rule rather than to serve. Her good conduct and lustre made every one believe in her story about the Gandharvas. The princess Draupadi who. grace and nobility of appearance. had now to pass her days in serving Sudeshna. and implored her protection. He made amorous overtures to her. The king may place fools in positions of authority. regaining your lost throne.

yielded. Both of them decided upon a plan to entrap Draupadi. One night, many sweetmeats and intoxicating drinks were prepared in the house of Kichaka and a great feast was arranged. Sudeshna called Sairandhri to her side and handing her a beautiful golden jug bade her go and bring her a jug of wine from Kichaka's house. Draupadi hesitated to go to the house of the infatuated Kichaka at that hour and begged hard that someone else of her many attendants might be sent, but Sudeshna did not listen. She pretended to be angry and said sharply: "Go, you must. I can not send anyone else," and poor Draupadi had to obey. Draupadi's fears were justified. When she reached Kichaka's house, that wretch, maddened with lust and wine, began to pester her with urgent entreaties and solicitations. She rejected his prayers and said: "Why do you, who belong to a noble royal family, seek me, born of a low caste? Why do you take to the wrong path? Why do you approach me, a married lady? You will perish. My protectors, the Gandharvas, will kill you in their anger." When Draupadi would not yield to his entreaties, Kichaka seized her by the arm and pulled her about. But putting down the vessel she carried, she wrenched herself free and fled, hotly pursued by the maddened Kichaka. She fled to the court wailing loudly. But even there, intoxicated not only with wine, but even more by his power and influence, Kichaka followed her and kicked her in the presence of all with abusive words. Everyone was afraid of the all-powerful commander-in-chief and no one was bold enough to oppose him. Draupadi could not bear the sorrow and anger she felt at the thought of her

helplessness under the intolerable insult offered to her. Her deep distress made her forget the danger that would befall the Pandavas if they were discovered prematurely. She went that night to Bhima and waking him up, gave vent to her agonized sense of wrong. After telling him how brutally Kichaka had pursued and insulted her, she appealed piteously to Bhima for protection and revenge. She said in a voice choked with sobs: "I cannot bear this any longer. You must kill this wretch at once. For your sake, to help you keep your promise, I serve in a menial office and even prepare sandal paste for Virata. I have not minded it, I, who have till now served only you or Mother Kunti, whom I love and honor. But now, I have to serve these wretches, fearful every moment of some disgraceful outrage. Not that I mind hard work, see my hands." And she showed her hands, which were cracked and stained with menial tasks. Bhima respectfully carried her hands to his face and eyes, and speechless with sorrow and pity and love, he dried her tears. Finally he found his voice, and said thickly: "I care not for the promise of Yudhishthira or the advice of Arjuna. I care not what may happen but I w do as you say. I will ill kill Kichaka and his gang here and now!" and he rose. But Draupadi warned Bhima not to be hasty. They talked it over and finally decided that Kichaka should be beguiled to come alone at night to a retired spot in the dancing hall where he should find waiting for him Bhima disguised as a woman, instead of Draupadi. Next morning, Kichaka renewed his hateful attentions and vaingloriously said to Draupadi: "O Sairandhri, I threw you

down and kicked you in the presence of the king. Did any one there come forward to help you? Virata is only king in name of this Matsya country. But I, the commander-in-chief, am the real sovereign. Now, do not be a fool, but come and enjoy life with me, with all royal honors. I shall be your devoted servant." And he begged and bullied and cringed, devouring her the while with lustreddened eyes. Draupadi pretended to yield and said: "Kichaka, believe me, I can no longer resist your solicitations. But none of your companions or brothers should know of our relations. If you swear that you will faithfully keep the secret from others, I shall yield to your wish." Kichaka delightedly agreed to the condition and he promised to go alone to a place of assignation that very night. She said: "The women have their dancing lessons during daytime in the dancing hall and return to their own quarters at nightfall. None will be in the dancing hall at night. Come there tonight. I shall be waiting for you there. You can have your will of me." Kichaka reveled in happiness. That night, Kichaka took his bath, perfumed and decked himself, went to the dancing hall and finding with joy that the doors were open, gently entered the place. In the very dim light, he saw someone lying there on a couch, no doubt Sairandhri. He groped his way in the dark, and gently laid his hands on the person of the sleeper. Alas! It was not the soft form of Sairandhri that he touched but the iron frame of Bhima who lept forth on him like a lion on its prey and hurled him to the ground. But surprised as he was, Kichaka was no coward, and he was now fighting for dear life.

Grimly they wrestled, Kichaka no doubt thinking he had to do with one of the Gandharva husbands. They were not ill matched, for at that time Bhima, Balarama and Kichaka were reputed to be in the same class in strength and wrestling skill. The struggle between Bhima and Kichaka was like that between Vali and Sugriva. In the end Bhima killed Kichaka, pounding and kneading his body into a shapeless lump of flesh. Then he gave the glad news of Kichaka's punishment to Draupadi and went in haste to his kitchen, bathed, rubbed sandal paste over his body and slept with satisfaction. Draupadi awoke the guards of the court and said to them: "Kichaka came to molest me, but as I had warned him, the Gandharvas, my husbands, made short work of him. Your commander-in-chief, who fell a prey to lust, has been killed. Look at him." And she showed them the corpse of Kichaka, which had been reduced to such a shapeless mass that it had no human semblance. 45. MATSYA DEFENDED THE fate of Kichaka made Draupadi an object of fear to the people of Virata. "This woman, so beautiful that she captures all hearts, is as dangerous as she is lovely, for the Gandharvas guard her. She is a great danger to the people of the city and the members of the royal household, for the Gandharvas may stop at nothing in their jealous anger. It would be best to send her out of the city." Reflecting thus, the citizens went to Sudeshna and prayed to her to expel Draupadi. Sudeshna told Draupadi: "You are, no doubt, a very virtuous lady, but kindly leave our city. I have had enough of you." There was only one month more to complete the stipulated period of living incognito and Draupadi begged earnestly to be permitted to stay just another month

by when, she said, her Gandharva husbands would have realised their objects and would be ready to take her away with them. The Gandharvas would be very grateful to King Virata and his kingdom. Whether grateful or not, the Gandharvas could be deadly if irritated and Sudeshna was too afraid of Draupadi to refuse her request. From the beginning of the thirteenth year, the spies of Duryodhana, under his express orders, had searched for the Pandavas in all possible places of hiding. After several months of futile search, they reported their failure to Duryodhana and added that probably the Pandavas had perished of privations. Then came the news that the powerful Kichaka had been killed in single combat by some Gandharva on account of a woman. There were only two persons who could kill Kichaka, and Bhima was one of them. And so they suspected that Bhima might have been the vengeful Gandharva who had killed Kichaka. Duryodhana also felt that the lady who was the cause of the killing might be Draupadi. He expressed his doubts in the open assembly. He said: "I suspect that the Pandavas are in Virata's city. Now, he is one of the kings who are too stiff-necked to court our friendship. It would be a good thing to invade his country and carry away his cows. If the Pandavas are hiding there, they will certainly come out to fight with us to repay Virata's hospitality and we can easily spot them. If we discover them there and we can sure before the stipulated time, they will have to go to the forest again for another twelve, years. If, on the other hand, the Pandavas are not there, there is nothing lost." King Susarma, the ruler of Trigarta heartily supported him. "The king of Matsya is my enemy." he said, "and

Kichaka has given me a lot of trouble. Kichaka's death must have weakened Virata considerably. Give me leave to attack Virata now." Karna seconded this proposition. They unanimously came to the decision that Susarma should attack Matsya from the south and draw off the army of Virata to the south for defence. Duryodhana, with the Kaurava army, would then launch a surprise attack on Virata from the northern side, which would be relatively undefended. Susarma invaded Matsya from the south seized the cattle and laid waste the gardens and fields on the way. The cowherds ran in great distress to Virata, who now very much wished that Kichaka were alive, for he surely would have made short work of the raiders. When he said so to Kanka (the assumed name by which Yudhishthira was known in Virata's court) the latter said: "O king, be not worried. Even though I am a hermit, I am an expert in warfare. I shall put on armor and go in a chariot and drive away your enemies. Please instruct that your horse keeper Dharmagranthi, your chief cook Valala, and your stable herd Tantripala may also get into chariots and help us. I have heard that they are great fighters. Kindly give orders that the necessary chariots and the weapons may be given to us." Delighted, Virata was only too willing to accept the offer. The chariots were ready. All the Pandavas excepting Arjuna went out with the army of Virata to oppose Susarma and his men. A fierce fight ensued between the armies of Virata and Susarma, with much loss of life on both sides. Susarma attacked Virata and surrounded his chariot, compelling him to get down and fight on foot. Susarma captured Virata and held him captive in his chariot. With the capture of

Virata, the army of Matsya lost heart and began to scatter in all directions, when Yudhishthira commanded Bhima to attack Susarma and release Virata and rally the scattered Matsya forces. At these words of Yudhishthira, Bhima was about to uproot a tree, but Yudhishthira stopped him and said: "No such tricks, please, and no battle cry or your identity will be revealed. Fight like anybody else from the chariot with your bows and arrows." Bhima accordingly got into the chariot attacked the enemy, set Virata free and captured Susarma. The dispersed forces of Matsya rallied into new formations charged and defeated the army of Susarma. As soon as the news of Susarma's defeat reached the city, the people were extremely jubilant. They decorated the city and went forth to welcome their victorious king back home. When they were thus making preparations to receive king Virata, the big army of Duryodhana came down on them from the north, and began despoiling the cattle ranches on the outskirts of the city. The Kaurava army marched in force and rounded up the countless cows that were there. The leader of the cowherds ran to the city and said to the prince Uttara: "O prince, the Kauravas are marching on, robbing us of our cows. King Virata has gone south to fight against the Trigarta. We are in consternation as there is no one to protect us. You are the king's son and we look to you for protection. Pray, come and recover the cows for the honor of your family." When the leader of the cowherds made this complaint to Uttara in the presence of the people and especially of the women of the palace, the prince felt flushed with valor and proudly said:

"If only I can get someone to be my charioteer I will recover the cows singlehanded. Well, my feats of arms will be worth seeing and people will know there is little to choose between Arjuna and myself." When Uttara said these words Draupadi was in the inner apartments and must have laughed within herself. She ran to princess Uttara and said: "O princess, great danger has be fallen the country. The cowherds have complained to the young that the Kaurava army is advancing on our city from the north and has captured cattle ranches and cows on the outskirts. The prince is eager to fight them and is in need of a charioteer. Should such a small thing as that stand in the way of victory and glory? I tell you that Brihannala has been Arjuna's charioteer. When I was in the service of the queen of the Pandavas, I heard of this fact and I also know that Brihannala learnt archery from Arjuna. Order Brihannala immediately to go and drive the prince's chariot." Arjuna as Brihannala pretended to be unfamiliar with armor and raised a laugh at his awkwardness in wearing it. The women of the palace laughed at his fears and told him again not to be afraid for Uttara would look after him. Arjuna spent some time in such fun but, when he harnessed the horses, it could be seen that, at least, he was an expert charioteer. And when he held the reins, the horses seemed to love and obey him. "The prince will be victorious. We shall despoil the enemy of their embroidered robes and distribute them to you as the prize of victory" were the last words of Brihannala to the women of the palace, as the chariot rapidly bore the prince outwards to battle. 46. PRINCE UTTARA

Even men who have afterwards distinguished themselves by heroic deeds have confessed to having felt something like panic fear. Kripa. the son of Virata. At that sight. Sairandhri praised me and I have come at your request. mad with panic. though it can be overcome by will-power or strong motives like love. I do not care. And presently the Kaurava army was sighted. Nor is Uttara's panic during his first battle. for he fought and fell gauntly at Kurukshetra. by any means. turn back the chariot. Going nearer. trying to dodge the hands that would stop him. you started from the city. attack an army? I have no troops. Fear is a strong instinctive feeling. He said in a quaking voice: "I cannot do it. since the king. shame or hate. shouting to him to stop and behave like a Kshatriya. I will not turn back the chariot. I shall jump out and walk back." Brihannala laughed and said: "O prince. led by world-renowned warrior! Oh Brihannala. single-handed. let them. has taken all available forces. He shut his eyes with both his hands to keep out the fearsome sight. which had been gradually drying up during the rapid rush to the field. It is absurd to think that one man can alone fight a well-equipped army. Uttara's distress was pitiable. Arjuna pursued the running prince. Duryodhana and Karna. at first a gleaming. enveloped in a cloud of dust that seemed to go up to the skies. I simply cannot. Uttara saw the great army drew in battle by Bhishma. got down from the chariot and began to fly towards the city. Otherwise. or more usually. his courage. the first time they came under fire. The citizens also have put their trust in you. The prince fled hither and thither. Drona was puzzled at the sight of Brihannala who. Let the Kauravas march off with the cows and if the women laugh. Let us stand firm and fight. Those of the Kaurava army. Drona." With these words Uttara cast off his bows and arrows. set off with enthusiasm from the city in his chariot with Brihannala as his charioteer and commanded the latter to drive quickly to the place where the Kauravas had rounded up the cows. The braided hair of the charioteer began to dance and his clothes began to wave as he ran in pursuit of Uttara. What sense is there in
fighting people who are immeasurably stronger than we fight? Do not be a fool! Turn back the chariot. seemed a man rigged out as a woman and to remind him curiously of Arjuna. singular. was quite gone. line." With these words Brihannala began to drive the chariot towards the enemy and they approached quite close to them. Uttara was by no means an exceptional coward. we shall become the laughing-stock of all. The young prince has brought the attendant of the
. my father. the horses were put to their best speed. leaving the city unprotected. Have no fear. His mouth went dry and his hair stood on end.UTTARA. He said:"How can I. full of fierce determination and the ladies expect great things of you. albeit dressed fantastically. His limbs were all in a tremble. When he remarked about this. Karna said: "How can this be Arjuna? What does it matter even if he is? What can Arjuna alone do against us in the absence of the other Pandavas? The king has left his son alone in the city and gone with his whole army to fight against Susarma. found it amusing. Willingly. If we return without recovering the cows. by discipline. who could see this spectacle. This should not be taken as something that has never happened in life.

Sairandhri. the cook who prepares such nice dishes for your father. I shall fight with the Kauravas. he will be only playing into our hands. Uttara began to sob and said: "What a fool I was to brag! Alas! What will happen to me?" Arjuna said kindly. asked him to drive towards a tree near the burial ground. Valala. The prince said in alarm and grief: "People say that what hangs on this tree is the corpse of an old huntress. for insulting whom Kichaka was killed." Poor Uttara was imploring Brihannala to let him go. You will have all the glory. are Nakula and Sahadeva respectively. so that Uttara might not lose grip of his newly awakened courage. He appealed to his pity: "I am the only son of my mother. Dharmagranthi. He pursued him." As they approached the Kaurava host. Duryodhana turned to Karna and said: "Why should we worry who he is? Even if he is Arjuna. the bag tied up there and came down. is Yudhishthira. He asked with ardor: "O charioteer." Seeing that resistance was of no avail Uttara climbed up the tree as Brihannala had asked him to and took. Uttara stood amazed at the sight of the gleaming weapons and covered his eyes. How can I touch a dead body? How can you ask me to do such a thing?" Arjuna said: "It is not a corpse. is none other than Bhima. They have been deprived of their kingdom and they have retired to the forest. in great disgust. climb the tree and take down the arms hidden there. you will soon see me defeat the Kauravas even in the sight of Bhishma. putting the reins in his hands. That is all. no good ever came of flight. seized him and dragged him to the chariot by force." With these words Arjuna lifted the prince on to the chariot and. arrows and swords belong to the Pandavas. who was watching all this intently. how fortunate I am to see you with my own eyes! So. who looks after the horses and Tantripala. Climb up the tree bravely and bring them down. I am full of fear. and would not let him go. and I shall do the rest. You will also gain renown and it will be a lesson to you. Forgive the wrongs I have done through ignorance. he saw weapons as bright as the sun. the keeper of the cows. I am Arjuna. knew that the fantastically dressed charioteer was Arjuna and shared his knowledge with Bhishma. Arriving in
. Do not delay. prince. He said: "Kanka. The touch seemed to send a stream of hope and high courage into him. Arjuna is the victorious hero whose very contact has put heart and courage into me. what a wonder! You say that these bows. who serves the king. promising untold wealth if he did so. When the leather bag was opened. Do you know them? Where are they?" Then Arjuna told him briefly how they were all in Virata's court. for his being discovered will send the Pandavas to the forest for another twelve years. Drona. Be not afraid. Brihannala wanted to save him from himself. Help me by looking after the horses and driving the chariot. Drona and Aswatthama and recover the cows. I am a child grown up on my mother's lap. O prince. soothing the prince's fears: "Be not afraid. We will rout the enemy and recover your cows. He mustered courage and touched them. Arjuna recounted some of his heroic deeds." As soon as they came near the tree Brihannala bade the prince get down. I know that it contains the weapons of the
Pandavas." But. Believe me. is Draupadi." Then Uttara folded his hands and said: "O Arjuna.ladies of the palace as his charioteer.

brave man was to help others to rise above their weakness. got into the chariot and gloried in the familiar feel of his famous Gandiva bow. He said: "The acharya ever delights in singing Arjuna's praises and in magnifying his prowess. and the strong scorn the weak. has come. That would be our one chance of success." said Drona anxiously. It is in ordinary human nature to look with contempt on lower levels of conduct in ability. prayed to God. as usual. seeming to shake the earth. He never abused his strength and power. 47. the heroes of the Kaurava army said to one another: "This surely is Gandiva's voice. Arjuna has revealed himself before the time. stood facing the east. But Arjuna was no ordinary man. and that he owed them to no special exertions on his part. the Kaurava army was alarmed and a frenzied shout arose that the Pandavas had come. even if all the others stand back. and he lived up to it. He was a great soul and a true hero who felt that his duty as a strong. on the chariot. removed the conchbangles from his hands and put on leather gauntlets. The story of Uttara. who are afraid. I shall give them cover. They may drive away the cows of the Matsya king while. Let us leave him in the rear and advance to the battle. and fight him. One of his many names is Bibhatsu. he got down. began to blow his own trumpet. who stands so proudly. the beautiful scorn the plain. bow in hand. who spoke boastfully in the ladies' boudoirs and fled in panic at the sight of the hostile array. he said: "This is pure tomfoolery. Hearing the sound. But why need we fear even if it were Parasurama? I will myself stop the advancing warrior and redeem my word to you." Karna grew angry. And he did what he could to put courage into Uttara and make him worthy of his lineage. "Our army must be arrayed well and with care. Do not therefore. Brave men despise cowards. This was Arjuna's characteristic nobility. need not fight. The hearts of the Kauravas quaked when they heard the twang of the Gandiva bow. meditated on his armor. he had the true humility of the really great.front of the Kauravas. He said to Karna: "The Pandavas' pledge was that they would spend twelve years in the forest and the following year undiscovered. Duryodhana did not at all like the honor Drona did Arjuna by this anxiety. Arjuna. engaging Arjuna in battle. Drona is suffering from the cold feet of the too learned. which means one who shrank from doing an unworthy act." Karna assented and said: "Our soldiers' heart is not in the fight and they are trembling with fear. aye. single handed. is Arjuna. speeding towards us. The thirteenth year has not ended yet." When Arjuna stood on the chariot in all his godlike stature and blew his conch Devadatta. Whether he does so from fear or excessive fondness for the Pandavas. We must all make a combined attack on Arjuna. The rich scorn the poor." and Karna. Why then should we give way to fear? The Pandavas will have to go again to the forest for another twelve years. He stringed it and thrice twanged the string whose shrill note raised an echo from all sides. brag about your opposing him alone and unaided. When Kripa heard these words of Karna. Those. PROMISE FULFILLED
THE chariot of Arjuna thundered on its way. but
. He then tied a cloth on his flowing hair. his not been introduced in the Mahabharata. They say that the man. Knowing that nature had endowed him with courage and bravery at birth. merely as a comic interlude. I do not know.

Likewise. I. in what battle did your heroes defeat the Pandavas? You dragged Draupadi to the assembly. If you wish to make
. will stand here and fight. as men learned in the science of planetary movements will tell you. Are you proud of it? You have destroyed the Kaurava race like an empty-headed clod that fells a big sandal tree for love of its fragrance. Even those. What business have men learned in the Vedas. the grandsire was filled with sorrow and said: "The wise man does not insult his teachers. Even wise people often lose their balance and good sense over their own affairs. Reflect a little before deciding on war. Mother earth sustains all things. for one. who are true to the salt they have eaten. The sun shines but not on him. Your calculation is wrong. Soothed by his noble words. place and circumstance. a mere soldier who loves my friends and hates my enemies. A fight with Arjuna. heroes superior to Drona. His intellect has been clouded by anger. who combine in themselves Vedic scholarship and kshatriya heroism? We know of none other than Parasurama who can equal Drona. Where can the Kauravas find in the whole world. The fire is silent and yet cooks the food. got here?" said he sneeringly. could not hear unmoved this sneer at the venerable teachers. Vain fools. and his son Aswatthama. Drona's son and Kripa's nephew. is a very different thing from a throw of the dice.may simply look on. One should engage in battle only after a careful calculation of time. by mere cheating. And I cannot see what you have done to be proud of. movable and immovable. Kripa and Aswatthama should forget and forgive. He said sternly to Karna: "We have not yet taken the king back to Hastinapura. If we quarrel amongst ourselves we cannot fight Arjuna. Let us address ourselves to the task before us. Your brag is idle vainglory. engage in battle. The Gandiva will send forth sharp arrows and not fours and twos as in the game of dice. do not crow too loudly about it. Drona. It may be that we are not kshatriyas and that we belong to the class that recites the Vedas and the sastras. You must take them as intended merely to put the preceptors on their best spirit and sting them nto action. O Duryodhana. you will find. Ruffled by anger. the preceptor. do you think that Sakuni
can. pray do not mind Karna's offensive remarks. angry feelings subsided. But I have not been able to find in any sastra that it is honor able for kings to seize kingdoms by cheating at dice. Arjuna has come. I knew that the period had ended when Arjuna blew his conch. who fight and conquer kingdoms. Aswatthama. and the battle is yet to be won. Seeing this." Thus spoke the grandsire. i This is not the time to nurse enmity or sow dissension. and supports her burden without so much as a whisper. sneak a victory in battle for you?" The leaders of the Kaurava army lost their patience and began a loud wordy warfare. What claim to praise has a kshatriya who has unlawfully seized another's kingdom at a game of dice? To have cheated the Pandavas of their kingdom is no more a matter of glory than to have spread traps for unsuspecting birds. Bhishma turned to Duryodhana and continued: "Best of kings. while others. who love and praise their enemies. even the usually so sensible Duryodhana fails to recognise that the warrior who stands braving our army is Arjuna. O Karna. We can conquer Arjuna only if we all join together and fight him. The stipulated period of thirteen years terminated yesterday. O Aswatthama.

because. After that. it is said. The whole army returned to Hastinapura after this humiliating defeat. after a glorious fight between Bhishma and Arjuna." Then Drona said: "Let prince Duryodhana take away a fourth of the army to guard him and return to Hastinapura. which they did with great rejoicing. which. they left the field. Seeing this. When Aswatthama grew weary." Duryodhana replied: "Revered sire. I have no wish for peace. Arjuna carried on a wonderful fight. turn back the horses. Arjuna then pursued Duryodhana. Bhishma and others surrounded and protected him. But Kripa also sustained defeat and the whole army was routed and fled in fear. when Arjuna taunted him with cowardice. he respect fully greeted his teachers and the old grandsire. the gods themselves came to see. Arjuna reached the place where the cows were gathered and put to rout the marauding forces. I shall not give even a village to the Pandavas. Though rallied and brought back to the attack by Bhishma. The seizure of the clothes of the enemy was the sign of decisive victory in those days. Arjuna said: "O Uttara. If we return without seizing the cows it would amount to an acknowledgment of defeat. Our enemies have fled." On the way back. Finally. Let us get ready for war. he made at Karna and drove him from the battlefield. Arjuna fought and finally. The attempt to head off Arjuna’s pursuit of Duryodhana thus failed and soon Arjuna came up with Duryodhana and strongly attacked him." The Kaurava forces ranged themselves accordingly in battle array. there was no fight left in them. Reverently saluting them in this heroic fashion.peace with the Pandavas. sent forth arrows against him. the five of us will give battle to Arjuna. which gave Arjuna an opportunity of letting Drona withdraw from the field. Drona and others. Bhishma sent him back to the city. there ensued a bitter struggle between Aswatthama and Arjuna. a just and honorable peace or a mutually destructive war? Ponder well and make your choice. he employed a magic weapon that made them all fall down unconscious on the battlefield. Kripa relieved him and maintained the attack against Arjuna." With these words Arjuna moved away from the Kaurava army and went after Duryodhana and the cows. Let another surround the cows and seize them. but not far. Duryodhana was defeated and fled from the battlefield. I think Duryodhana is driving away the cows to Hastinapura. Aswatthama joined in the fight and attacked Arjuna. he left them and pursued Duryodhana. by drawing his Gandiva bow and sending arrows so as to fall near their feet. now is the time for it. he turned round like a serpent and resumed the fight. With the rest of the army. First. Bhishma and the other Kaurava warriors rushed to the rescue and. clad in armor. What do you seek. I do not see Duryodhana's chariot or Duryodhana. he attacked and
defeated Drona. And as he was going. adorning your person with sandal paste and decked with flowers. surrounding Arjuna. Arjuna deposited the weapons as before on the tree and dressed
. Then. Seeing Drona standing spent with fatigue. When Duryodhana came. return to your kingdom. I see Bhishma standing. Arjuna said: "O Uttara. While they were in that condition he snatched away their garments. Let us pursue him and recover the cows. Our cows have been regained. O prince. He then turned to the cowherds and asked them to take the cows to the barns.

They talked while they played and naturally. But the king's heart sank within him at the news. He has put the famed Kaurava warriors to flight. Virata returned to his capital amidst the acclamations of the citizens." Virata sent out ministers. my lion-hearted boy. VIRATA'S DELUSION AFTER defeating Susarma. Whosoever fights from a chariot driven by her." Meanwhile courtiers arrived from the field of battle with the glad news that Uttara had defeated the Kaurava forces and recovered the kine. They had not a doubt that their hand some prince could conquer the whole world. returning in triumph. Brihannala
. he asked Sairandhri to bring the dice. "While I am talking about my son's victory. even to the fond father. again and again babble about the eunuch?" he cried. now disguised as the sanyasin Kanka. you expatiate on the charioteering skill of the eunuch. tried to comfort Virata by assuring him that the prince could come to no harm. I happen to know that even Indra's charioteer or Krishna's cannot equal Brihannala." "Yes. Make all arrangements to receive. king of Trigarta." said he. "You do not know about her. "Your son is indeed fortunate for. When he reached his palace. "I do. overwhelmed with anguish. There is nothing extraordinary in your son's victory. the king was full of his son's greatness and prowess." This seemed absurd to Virata. Let all the principal streets are decorated with flags and the citizen’s go in procession to strains of triumphal music. "See the glory of my son. Scouts also were immediately despatched to find out Uttara's whereabouts and fate. What the messengers say must be true. but Yudhishthira smilingly reassured him. Let special prayers of thanksgiving be offered at all places of worship. "My dearly loved son must be dead by now. When Brihannala went
out as charioteer. Dharmaputra." replied Yudhishthira with a smile. 48. He sent messengers in advance to proclaim in the city that Uttara had won a glorious victory. Bhuminjaya. O king. how could he have secured Brihannala to drive his chariot?" Virata was angry at this persistent glorification of Brihannala at the expenses of Uttara. as if that were of any significance. success was certain. but he was too happy to resent it." The king's anger only increased when Kanka remonstrated: "I know what I am talking about. without the best of good fortune. He said to Kanka: "I cannot contain my joy.himself once more as Brihannala. he saw that Uttara was not there and the womenfolk told him with much elation that Uttara had set out to conquer the Kauravas. He then bade his ministers collect and send as strong a force as could be got together for rescuing Uttara if he was still alive and bring him back. "My success over Susarma is nothing. can be sure of victory. since Brihannala had gone as his charioteer. "Why do you. for he knew the impossible task which the delicately nurtured prince had taken on himself with no better following than a eunuch. soldiers." he cried. let us play." and sat down to a game with Yudhishthira. "The prince's is the real victory. He made large gifts of precious stones and other wealth to the messengers who brought the good news and ordered public rejoicing. This seemed too good to be true. When the king retired to his private apartments. and maidens to welcome his son. the news of Susarma's defeat must have reached there and the Kauravas must have retreated. Said he: "Have no doubts. Further. in a befitting manner." he proclaimed. Come.

All that was the work of a god prince. But Uttara was so anxious and importunate that he yielded and bowed to Yudhishthira asking for pardon." "He has disappeared for the time being." Virata got up excitedly and said: "Ask him in. root and branch. How did you defeat the Kaurava army? How did you recover the kine?" Uttara hung his head down." He did this to prevent a catastrophe." he said. ask him in. "Alas! You have done great wrong. I did nothing. I will give my daughter. this unlucky brahmana extolled your charioteer." Meanwhile the gatekeeper announced: "Uttara and Brihannala have arrived. who was still in a passion. is sure of success in any undertaking. rescued me from destruction. In Virata's hall of assembly. "I conquered no army. I fear you do not know Kanka's greatness. Virata said: "My boy. and whoever is in it." Uttara spoke thus because Arjuna was indeed a prince of the gods and had also for the time being disappeared in Brihannala. Brihannala should stay behind. "and rescued no cows." Now. for now he knew that Kanka was the great Yudhishthira. and Virata in a passion flung the dice at Yudhishthira's face and followed this up with a blow on Yudhishthira's cheek. wiped the blood with the edge of her garment and squeezed it into a golden cup. and pray forforgiveness or we will be destroyed." Uttara was overwhelmed with fear. all the leading citizens had gathered to celebrate
. father. The chariot she drives can never see defeat. and I am sorry I struck him. "but I think he will come again either today or tomorrow." The king could hardly believe his ears." replied the prince. Go and fetch him in. Fall at his feet right now. in marriage to him. Uttara." replied Sairandhri. to whom all this was inexplicable. O king. He took up our cause. "I must see and thank the hero who rescued my son and beat back my foes. but it is not worth talking about. no matter how difficult. I am in a fever of impatience to hear all about it. He could not bear to see Dharmaputra hurt by anyone except in fair battle. Thereafter. Uttara entered and paid due homage to his royal father." And Yudhishthira whispered to the sentry: "Let Uttara come alone. this perverse flouting could not be borne. "A Sanyasin's blood may not be split on the ground.is no ordinary person. "O king. embracing his son and making him sit. "who was it that caused hurt to this great one?" Virata looked at his son and said: "Why all this fuss about it? I struck him for
untimely and envious belittling of you when I was in an ocean of delight at the news of your glorious victory. stood with a puzzled frown not knowing what to do. for he knew Arjuna would be unable to control his anger when he saw the injury on his brother's face. put the Kaurava soldiers to flight and brought the herd back." he cried. "The rains will fail in your land for as many years as there are drops in the blood that is split on the earth. "Why all this fuss? What are you collecting the blood into a cup for?" demanded the angry king. Sairandhri who was nearby. The prince is waiting for an audience with the king. "Where is that god prince?" he asked. That was why I collected the blood in this cup. When he turned to do obeisance to Kanka be was horrified to see his bleeding face. and gave the victory to him. It was too silly really. Yudhishthira was hurt and blood flowed down his face. you are truly a hero. the eunuch." Virata. Each time I mentioned you.

that would not be proper. Virata entered the court. they left Virata's capital as Pandavas and settled openly in Upaplavya. am in the position of father to her. When they felt they had enough fun. Indrasena and many others like him. But Arjuna said: "No. The venerable Bhishma and others learned in the stars will no doubt tell him that full thirteen years had been completed before your forces heard again the twang of Dhananjaya's bow and fled in fear. Kanka. as her teacher. "Duryodhana feels very sorry that owing to the hasty action of Dhananjaya. was there too with three divisions. Abhimanyu's marriage to princess Uttara was solemnized according to Vedic rites before that illustrious gathering of friendly heroes. Virata also insisted that he should give his daughter in marriage to Arjuna. envoys arrived from the wicked and treacherous Duryodhana with a message for Yudhishthira. The Kasi prince and Saibya ruler arrived with their forces. who were responsible for the victories. No longer obliged to be in disguise. who had at the beginning of the preceding year left the Pandavas in the forest."
Dharmaputra laughed and said: "Messengers. to the surprise of everyone. Valala the cook. Abhimanyu and accompanied by many Yadava warriors. and her son. for the princess learnt dancing and music from me. while Balarama and Satyaki were
. the Panchala prince. rejoined them with their chariots at Upaplavya. after all. Brihannala. in accordance with your undertaking. Virata was beside himself with joy to think that it was the Pandava princes and Panchali who had been ministering to him all these days in disguise." they said. He let himself be recognised before the end of the thirteenth year and so." 49. you have to go back to the woods again. Some explained the conduct by saying that. I. you have to dwell in the forest for another twelve years. There were many other princes gathered at Upaplavya. return quickly to Duryodhana and tell him to make further inquiry. He embraced Kanka in exuberant gratitude and made a formal surrender of his kingdom and his all to him. From Dwaraka came Balarama and Krishna with Arjuna’s wife Subhadra. Meanwhile. another place in Matsya territory. Drupada. Loud and long was the blare of trumpet-conchs as the Matsya prince and the Pandavas went forth to receive Janardana. The wedding celebrations over. they met in conclave in Virata's hall of assembly.the king's victory and the prince's. agreed to accept her for his son Abhimanyu. sat among the princes unbid. Krishna sat next to Yudhishthira and Virata. bringing with him Sikhandin and Draupadi's sons and her brother Dhrishtadyumna. the Pandavas disclosed their identity to the amazement of all present." He. however. these humbler folk had rendered invaluable service at a critical time and really deserved recognition. well attached to the Pandavas. TAKING COUNSEL THE thirteenth year during which the Pandavas had to remain undiscovered came to an end. On seeing Kanka sanyasin and the cook and the others seated in places reserved for princess and the nobility the king lost his temper and gave loud vent to his displeasure. Tantripala and Dharmagranthi. of course immediately receiving them back with thanks. they sent emissaries to summon their friends and relatives. From there. arrived also and entering the hall. "O son of Kunti.

One can. The fulfilment of the conditions of exile could only give the Pandavas their personal freedom and not their kingdom. I feel we should send an able and upright emissary to him to persuade him to a peaceful settlement by the restoration of half the kingdom to Yudhishthira. Dharmaputra desires nothing that he cannot justly claim. staked his kingdom and lost it. the sons of Pandu have patiently borne their trouble in redemption of their pledged word. nothing could be better for them. would give way to anger. In giving your counsel. The envoy should get the cooperation of Bhishma.
Drona and Vidura. the Kauravas and for all concerned. If Kunti's sons can get back their kingdom by a peaceful settlement. and secure support for Kunti's sons. He wishes nothing but good even to the sons of Dhritarashtra who deceived him and did him grievous wrong. a man who has the weight and the ability to bring about peace and good understanding. on achieving a peaceful settlement. Someone has to go to convey to Duryodhana Yudhishthira's wish for a peaceful settlement and bring an answer from him. He rose in anger and spoke indignantly: "Balarama's words do not strike me as in the least degree just. I endorse it as good for both Duryodhana and Dharmaputra. I desire you to approach Duryodhana tactfully and make peace with him. "You all know." said Krishna to the hushed assembly. on no account. who now rose to speak. Princes. For. Let us avoid an armed conflict by all the means in our power. Only that which accrues in peace is worth while. Balarama did not relish an armed conflict among scions of the same family and rightly held that war would lead only to disaster. which will be in consonance with dharma and contribute to the glory and welfare of both Pandavas and Kauravas. Dhritarashtra. "The solution he propounds is wise and just. Ponder well and counsel a course." he said. But it gave them no right to the return of their kingdom. A fit envoy would be one who is not a warmonger but is dead set. they need not serve another term of exile in the forest. Fully aware that he was no match for the adept Sakuni. he yet played against him. Out of war. Devise a just and honorable settlement. For thirteen years. He should be one who. that is to say. As the bustle died down. in spite of every difficulty.seated beside Drupada. bear in mind the fraud and meanness of the Kauravas as well as the honorable magnanimity of the Pandavas. obstinately disregarding the reasoning of friends. Satyaki. the Yadava warrior. We do not know what Duryodhana has in his mind. Kripa and Aswatthama and even of Karna and Sakuni if possible. "You have just heard Krishna. Dharmaputra could only supplicate for the return of what he had lost and not claim it as of right. all eyes were turned on Krishna. The poet puts an eternal truth in Balarama's mouth. if skilful
." Balarama then rose to address the gathering. Only then will there be happiness and peace in the land. nothing but wrong can issue. could not contain himself. He cannot now complain but can only supplicate for his rights. Dharmaputra. with full knowledge of consequences. who heard Balarama speak thus. "the story of the great deceit how Yudhishthira was cheated at the game board and deprived of his kingdom and exiled with his brothers and Draupadi to the forest." Balarama's position was that Yudhishthira knew what he was doing when he gambled away his kingdom and could not now claim it as of right.

of course. question the performance. The learned brahmana. We must. is to incur disgrace. Baladeva and I are bound to the Kauravas and the Pandavas with equal ties of affection. To supplicate before the enemy. Duryodhana and his associates. They also began preparing
. Soft words will not bring Duryodhana round to reason. Duryodhana and his brothers were not idle. Vasudeva (Krishna. can be sent to Hastinapura. one branch bowed with fruit and another sticking out gaunt and useless? So. Great are you among the princes of the land. forgive my harsh speech. If he fails to persuade Duryodhana out of his error. He rose and said: "Satyaki is right and I support him. Jayatsena and Kekaya. who finds fault with Dharmaputra. he can have it and we shall be quite ready for it. Do we not see in one and the same tree. Let there be no delay and let us get on with the preparations. Messengers went forth to all the friendly princes who got busy and mobilised their respective armies. Duryodhana is not going
to part with territory without a war and it would be folly to waste time. Dhritarashtra and Dronacharya. Let us continue our preparations for war and let our friends be warned without loss of time to bring up their forces. prepare for the inevitable conflict. said: "What you suggest is practicable and also conforms to the kingly code. alike in age and wisdom. I shall defeat these impudent villains in battle and they shall either seek Yudhishthira's pardon or meet their doom. the son of Vasudeva) rose and addressing Drupada. If Duryodhana desires war. And if you grant what cannot be doubted that the Kauravas cheated Yudhishthira of his share of the kingdom. Krishna speaks words that breathe the spirit of dharma while Balarama's attitude is unworthy. now that he has fulfilled his pledges? Yudhishthira is not a mendicant and need not beg. send a suitable envoy to Dhritarashtra. Meanwhile. I must protest against Balarama's stand. my friends. which fills me with disgust. And yet. Not of his own volition but because the Kauravas pressed and invited him to do so. The Pandavas and their allies went on with their preparations. does so in cowardly fear of Duryodhana. did the novice and unwilling Dharmaputra play with a dishonest gambler that game so fraught with disaster. We came here for princess Uttara's wedding and will return now to our city. but not all the skill in the world can convert wrong into right or injustice into justice. in high esteem like Drona and Kripa. Instruct him well as to what he should say to Duryodhana and how he should convey the message to Bhishma. Dhritarashtra too holds you. He has kept his word and so have his brothers twelve years in exile in the forest and twelve months there after in disguise according to their pledge. How can a righteous war be wrong in any case? There is no sin in slaying enemies who take up arms and fight. O princes. make out a plausible plea for any case. allowing them to keep it is as unjust as confirming a thief in the possession of his booty! Anyone. with confidence. Dhrishtaketu." The conference ended and Krishna left for Dwaraka with his people. who conducts the religious ceremonies in my court. most shamelessly and dishonestly. Send word instantly to Salya. Why should he bow and supplicate before Duryodhana.enough." Drupada's heart was gladdened by Satyaki's resolute words. not for any sound reason. of these brothers. why then. his boyhood friends." When Drupada concluded. and send word to us. and entitled to advise us all. It is therefore only right that you should instruct the brahmana envoy on his mission of peace.

And. for outbreak of war and carrying on peace talks with the object of creating dissension in the enemy's ranks. And that. while Arjuna kept standing at its foot with arms folded in respectful posture. ARJUNA'S CHARIOTEER HAVING sent Drupada's brahmana to Hastinapura on the peace mission. to send one on a peace mission will be advantageous to us. Duryodhana too did not remain idle. the Japanese were carrying on negotiations with the Americans and. so much the better. Arjuna and Duryodhana. immediately on the breakdown of those talks. you are able to come back with good terms of peace. Duryodhana. the path of dharma and wisdom. Show the old. Because they were his close relatives." says the poet. as fast as his swiftest horses could take him. To Dwaraka. Having understood through his spies the turn events were taking. to the princes likely to favor their cause to collect their forces and hold themselves in readiness for war. his eyes fell on Arjuna who stood in front of him and he gave him warm welcome. with unremitting vigor. Drona and Kripa as well as among the warlords. which will be time gained for the completion of the Pandavas war preparations. Still. he sped towards Dwaraka in his chariot. Arjuna and Duryodhana could go into his bedroom. You will find in Vidura a great ally in this task. News of these preparations on both sides soon spread through out the land.for the coming conflict and sent word to their friends to get their contingents ready for war. Drupada's instruction to the brahmana would show that this was no new technique. When Mahadeva woke up. Arjuna went himself. it will be some time before those differences are smoothed out. Krishna was fast asleep. Your mission may lead to differences of opinion among the elder statesmen such as Bhishma. thus reached Dwaraka on the same day. There they both waited for Krishna to wake up. Turning then to Duryodhana. military preparations were made in much the same way as in our times. The Kauravas deceived the Pandavas with the connivance of their father Dhritarashtra who would not listen to the sage advice of Vidura. weak king. Go to him as the emissary of the Pandavas. The two of them. if this happens. "The constant rapid journeying back and forth of princes caused a great stir everywhere. at the same time. Drupada called in his brahmana and said to him: "You know Duryodhana's bent of mind as well as the qualities of the Pandavas. the same method was followed of carrying on negotiations and even sincerely working for peace. by a miracle. The earth shook beneath the heavy tramp of marching legions. he welcomed him too and asked them what brought them both to Dwaraka. even in the old days. but simultaneously preparing. There is nothing new under the sun! 50. Duryodhana was the first to speak. who went in first." In December 1941.
. It would appear that even in olden days. As long as you are in Duryodhana's capital talking of peace. seated himself on a decorated throne-chair at the head of the bed. Learning that Vasudeva (Krishna) was back in his home city. the Pandavas sent word. If. who is misled by his son. their preparations for war will receive a set-back which is all to the good from the Pandavas' standpoint. I do not expect Duryodhana will agree to a peaceful settlement. took them
unawares and attacked Pearl Harbor destroying their naval forces there.

"Partha. I would. Janardana. are my equals in battle and constitute a host. Arjuna answered: "My ambition is to achieve glory even like yours."It looks. You cannot say that either of us is nearer to you than the other. bear yourself in accordance with the Kshatriya code. then. You have the power and prowess to face all the princes of the land and their hordes in battle single-handed. So. He gladly chose the help of Vasudevas army and his request was granted. which is respected by all the princes of the land. Often have I told Krishna that we have equal ties with the Kauravas and the Pandavas. the traditional usage is to begin with the junior-most among the recipients. In my distribution of assistance. I will not help Partha and I cannot support you against Krishna. preferring me alone and unarmed to my fully equipped and heroic forces?" asked Krishna of Arjuna with a smile. you must support me. so it is incumbent on you to set an example to others. It is impossible for me to side with one whom Krishna opposes. large and almost invincible. Tradition has it that he who came first should be shown preference. when they were alone. Vasudeva has been left without an army. and I individually on the other. your claims on me are equal and I am therefore bound to render assistance to both sides. The Narayana. If you were the first arrival. but it was Kunti's son that I saw immediately on waking up. I am helpless." Vasudeva smiled again and pronounced this benediction: "Are you trying to compete with me? May you succeed. The great army of Dwaraka will fight on my side and Balarama's good wishes too are with me." To which Purushottama (Krishna) answered: "Son of Dhritarashtra. it was Arjuna who first caught my eye. But my words failed to carry conviction to him. If it does. they must have told you all I said at the time of the marriage of Virata's daughter. Would you want me. Duryodhana. even in this respect. if it must be war. I pleaded your case and urged everything that could be said for you. I came here before Arjuna. But I shall wield no weapon and take no part in actual fighting. "as though war would break out between us soon. the mighty Balarama said: "Duryodhana. Pleased with the acquisition of a mighty force." Turning to Arjuna he said. As he finished speaking. therefore. So. alone and weaponless." "Dhananjaya. think it over well. it may be that you came here first. We both claim equally close relationship with you. In distributing favors. they will be on one side.
. Duryodhana returned to Hastinapura in high spirits saying to himself: "Arjuna has made a fool of himself. my tribesmen. Well. offer the choice to Arjuna first." Duryodhana could hardly contain himself for joy at what he thought was Arjuna's
imbecile choice. Confirm with your conduct the traditional dharma and remember that it was I who came first. Duryodhana went to Baladeva and told him the story. though you may wield no weapon." said he. Arjuna and I are equally beloved of you. I too feel I can do it. you come of an illustrious line. I desire that I should win the battle with you driving my chariot unarmed." Scarcely had Krishna finished when Arjuna said with reverence and without hesitation: "I would be content if you are with us. I have desired this for long and you have today fulfilled my wish." for he was pleased with Arjuna's decision. you are the greatest among the great. why did you choose thus unwisely." said he. or would you prefer the prowess of the Narayana? Exercise the right to the first choice which custom gives you as the younger man.

The Puranas wherein right conduct is always preached. He collected a very big army and set off towards that city to join the Pandavas. thereby disturbing men's minds? It was not as though others had discovered the lapses and Vyasa and Valmiki had to defend their heroes. 51." Salya was stunned. several beautifully decorated rest houses were erected at several places on the route. This is the reward I ask of you. Duryodhana. This is to press home the truth that howsoever learned one may be. and bring me his consent. Why indeed. for religious books thus to seem to justify wrong? A little reflection will enable one to see the matter in proper light. he exclaimed. It is necessary to bring home the fact that even wise. the earth shaking beneath their heavy strides. who was all the time moving unobserved with the party waiting on Salya and his soldiers. "How noble and kind of you! How can I repay you?" Duryodhana replied: "You and your forces should fight on my side. He heard that the Pandavas were camping in the city of Upaplavya and making preparations for war. Feeling very pleased with the hospitality. Duryodhana." The servants went and told their master. Please tell Kunti's son that he should let me do this. not in conformity with Dharma. seems condoned. Yudhishthira. This amazed Salya whom till then had no suspicion of the truth. at once took this opportunity to present himself before Salya. Greatly moved. as though irresistibly driven to do so. Salya's army marched on. Salya's army was so large that where it halted for rest. he called the waiting attendants one day and said to them: "I must reward you all who have treated me and my soldiers with so much love and attention. In accordance with Duryodhana's instruction. Duryodhana instructed his officers to provide him and his great army with all facilities and treat them to sumptuous hospitality. That is why the Puranas. humility and constant vigilance are absolutely necessary if one wishes to avoid evil. Food and drink were lavishly provided. sometimes set out stories in which conduct. although ever seeking to instil Dharma. Salya was exceedingly pleased with the attentions paid to him but assumed that his nephew. one may ask. Deciding that Salya should somehow be persuaded to join his side. and say how
honored he felt at Salya's acceptance of the Kaurava hospitality. News of Salya and his marching forces reached Duryodhana. good and great men are liable to fall into error. the ruler of Madradesa. The stories are artistic
. this. and he was also touched by the chivalry of Duryodhana in lavishing kingly hospitality on a partisan of the Pandavas. at which Salya and his men were treated to wondrous hospitality. did the great authors of our epics write about the lapses of Rama in the Ramayana and Yudhishthira in the Mahabharata? Where was the need to make mention of them and then labor arguments to explain them away. contain narratives to show how in this world even good people sometimes sin against Dharma.This is the sacred story of how Krishna became Partha's charioteer. SALYA AGAINST HIS NEPHEWS SALYA. had arranged all this. was the brother of Madri. the mother of Nakula and Sahadeva. the encampment extended over a length of nearly fifteen miles. Is it right.

Duryodhana."
"Go. Salya then turned to Duryodhana saying: "Duryodhana. Are you going to be the cause of Arjuna's death? Or are you going to save him then? I know I cannot fairly ask this of you. VRITRA
. I have given you my word of honor. I will not betray you. Yudhishthira addressed Salya thus: "Great warrior. you are bound to keep the promise you have made to. You are the equal of Vasudeva in battle and Karna will have you as his charioteer when he seeks Arjuna's life in the battlefield. Salya went to the city of Upaplavya where Yudhishthira was camping. I must mean as much to you as the Pandavas. The sorrows and insults. Although they do point out that even great men now and again fell into error and committed wrong." said Duryodhana. You must agree to come to my aid. believe me. Salya related to them the story of his promise to Duryodhana. The Pandavas received the ruler of Madra with great eclat. This is the striking difference between our epics and the modern talkies. which wait to engulf the careless." Flattered by Duryodhana's splendid reception. yours will be good luck. I have been tricked into giving Duryodhana my word and I shall be ranged against you in battle. Nakula and Sahadeva were joyous beyond measure to see their uncle to whom the Pandavas narrated all their hardships and sufferings." Saying this.creations in which lapses they impress the desired moral. When they started talking about obtaining his help in the war that was impending." To which Salya rejoined: "My lad. But when Karna proceeds to attack Arjuna. The parts dealing with the lapses deeply distress the reader's mind and serve as solemn warnings of pitfalls. I must however meet Yudhishthira and tell him what I have done. the presentation is such as to warn the reader and not to allure him into evil ways. Salya deserted the Pandavas who were entitled to his love and esteem and pledged his word to fight on Duryodhana's side which shows what dangers may lurk in receiving the hospitality of kings. Feeling that it would not be right to go back without meeting Yudhishthira. They dispose the mind to humility and watchfulness and make it realise the need for divine guidance. Go back to your palace. will soon be an avenged memory. No one can prevent or alter what has been ordained by fate. "Good luck to you. Yudhishthira saw at once that it had been a mistake to take Salya's assistance for granted. see him and return soon." said Duryodhana. "You are the same unto us both. The modern cinema also projects on the screen much that is bad and immoral. Fear not. Whatever may be the explanation offered by the protagonists of the cinema. you may take it he will go to battle disheartened and Arjuna shall be saved. which were visited on Draupadi and you all. Concealing his disappointment as best he could. thereby letting Duryodhana forestall them. Bear with me. I have acted wrongly. This is not so in the Puranas." 52. if I happen to be his charioteer. Henceforth. which arises from the difference in the character of the people who produced them. Still I do. And do not forget your promise to me. evil is presented on the screen in an attractive fashion that grips people's minds and tempts them into the path of wickedness. Salya answered: "Be it so.

foremost in all branches of learning. Go now to Twashta's son Visvarupa and request that noble spirit to be your preceptor and all will be well with you. through Indra's folly. Brihaspati was hurt by Indra's discourtesy and. desirous of avenging his death. The frothing of water is also attributed to this. Indra soon realized the foolishness of his conduct and. Twashta sent him against the chief of the gods. Indra did not rise from his seat to receive the acharya or ask him to be seated and failed to do the customary honors. saying: "Enemy of Indra. lost Brihaspati. taking pity on the beleaguered gods. And out of the sacrificial flames sprang Indra's mortal enemy Vritra. advised them to take unto themselves a new acharya. which encouraged the latter to attack the gods."
Visvarupa agreed.INDRA. When Indra found that his plan of seduction failed. The story goes that the world suffers vicariously for this great sin of Indra. as a result of his guidance and teaching. He feared that because of his birth. the gods sought the youthful anchorite Visvarupa and made their request to him saying: "Though young in years. The artful and seductive blandishments of Indra's glamour girls had no effect on the young ascetic." A great battle raged between the two in which Vritra was gaining the upper hand. Visvarupa might not be quite loyal and his suspicion gradually deepened. may you be strong and may you kill Indra. With Brihaspati gone. the court lost in splendor and dignity and became an unimpressive gathering. But this he could not do. he gave way to murderous thoughts and one day killed Visvarupa with the Vajrayudha. was once so drunk with pride that he quite forgot the courteous manners and forms that the gods had hitherto observed. made himself invisible. attributing it to the arrogance of prosperity. which caused Indra to regard Visvarupa with suspicion. while that of the asuras increased. In his great conceit. Indra persuaded himself to believe that the sastras allowed him as a king in court the prerogative of receiving guests seated. performed a great sacrifice. When the battle was going against Indra. you are well versed in the Vedas. Without the high priest of the gods. the rishis and the gods sought refuge in great Vishnu who offered them protection and said to them: "Be not afraid. Do us the honor of being our teacher." Heartened by these words. This preyed on Indra's mind. sensing trouble for himself from the acharya's displeasure. and venerated alike by the gods and the asuras. And. preceptor of the gods. Indra's strength began to decline. as a result of it. they were saved from the tormenting asuras. But Visvarupa did not succumb. Indra sought to entice him into error with the temptresses of his court and so weaken him spiritually. Twashta in his great rage and grief at Indra's cruel killing of his son and. because Brihaspati had. Said he to them: "You have. When Brihaspati. Apprehending danger to himself from this descendent of the enemies of the gods. Then Brahma. parts of the earth turned alkaline and became unsuitable for cultivation and women came to be afflicted with the physical troubles and uncleanness peculiar to them. mother was of the asura clan of daityas. he thought to make up with him by falling at his feet and asking for forgiveness. silently left the assembly. I shall
. in his anger. to the great advantage of the gods for. came to his court. Visvarupa's. He held fast to his vow of celibacy. the Lord of the three regions.

nor with metals. The story of Nahusha's fall is also instructive. the latter hurled with his left band. I cannot be your king. He might take me unawares." And they returned in good heart. "Forgive me. All the merit and potency of our penance will be yours and be an addition to your strength. Indra's disappearance caused the gods and the rishis great distress. Vishnu having entered the foam. Indra only feigned friendship for Vritra but was. The battle had raged for a long while when Vritra praising the Lord Vishnu. Who am I to aspire to the seat of Indra? How can I protect you? It is impossible.
But Indra was not dead. undaunted. But to Indra himself. his iron mace at his assailant who thereupon cut down his other arm also. use it against me and I shall attain blessedness through Hari. waiting for a suitable opportunity to slay him. Thereafter. Nahusha became the king of the gods in his stead." he humbly objected." Vritra respectfully answered: "O blameless ones. NAHUSHA THE sin of the unrighteous slaughter of Vritra pulled Indra down from his high estate and made him a fugitive." Thus over-powered. The long battle thus ended and the afflicted world heaved a sigh of relief. assisted by the merit and the fame earned by him while he was a king on earth. even in the world of the gods. he fell on evil days. neither with dry weapons nor with wet ones." said the rishis and the gods. When Indra disappeared into the mouth of Vritra." The rishis said in reply: "Do not entertain such doubts. Two great powers cannot coexist as you know." Indra maimed Vritra by chopping off his right arm but. he met Vritra on the beach and began to attack him in the twilight.enter Indra's Vajrayudha and he will win the battle in the end. Two good souls can be friends and their friendship is often after hostility.
. Be anointed our king. Hostilities ceased. But they insisted. it became a deadly weapon and the mighty Vritra lay dead. why do you not use the unfailing Vajrayudha? Hallowed by Hari. that neither by day nor by night. But I have no faith in Indra. then. said to Indra: "Meanest of the mean. So I seek this boon of you. namely. Nahusha started well. nor with arrows shall Indra be able to take my life. The power and the energy of everyone you set your eyes on shall be transferred to you and you will be invincible. 53. I shall cease fighting. This story shows that. he agreed. He ripped Vritra's belly open and issuing forth went to the nearby beach. You are both equal in strength and valor. Revolution is no new thing. So they went to the good and mighty king Nahusha and offered him the crown." "So be it. the end of the war brought only ignominy because his victory was secured through sin and deceit and is went into hiding for sheer shame. how can Indra. And directing his thunderbolt at the water hurled it so that the surf flew and hit Vritra. neither with stone nor with wood. But soon Vritra's fears were confirmed." Vritra yielded saying: "Well. there was a revolution leading to Indra's dethronement and Nahusha's installation as king in his stead. For a people without a king or a council of state to govern them cannot prosper. There cannot be friendship between rivals for supremacy. One evening. They went to Vritra and said to him: "Please make friends with Indra. all the time. and I become friends? Forgive me. great was the consternation of the gods. saying: "Do not hesitate.

Remember the plighted word. do protect me. He lost his humility and became filled with lawless desires. come to me? Am I not the king of the gods now? Send her to my house soon. Indra's wife was indignant. I am the lord of the three regions. I have a request to make. The affrighted gods decided to talk the matter over with Brihaspati and somehow contrive to bring Sachidevi to Nahusha. I sought refuge in you. do not tremble. Stay here with me. Oh brahmana. the virtuous Indrani." But. "Fear not " he said. then no sin will attach to me and I could become your wife with a clear conscience. he said to them: "When Indra lusted for Ahalya. Possessed by evil thoughts." Nahusha said: "What you say is right." ordered Nahusha. "Indra will soon be back. be not angry. I do not find him." Brihaspati consoled her and said: "He. As soon as Nahusha saw her. Be not afraid. Nahusha's end is approaching. Indra's wife. he sent her back to Brihaspati's house." When she learnt this. the wife of the king of the gods. where were your principles of righteousness and good conduct? Why did you not prevent him then and why do you stop me now? What did you do when he so shamelessly murdered Visvarupa when the latter was in penance and where was your virtuous horror when he killed Vritra through deceit? Sachidevi's only course is to come and live with me and it will be for your good to get her reconciled to my
proposal and leave her in my charge.
. I will not give you up. Go and search for him and be sure to return. after making enquiries and searching for him. he was beside himself with joy and said: "O fair one. They all went to Brihaspati and related to him what Nahusha had said and pleaded that Sachidevi should submit to Nahusha’s desires. the chaste Sachidevi shook with shame and fear and cried out: "My God! I cannot do it. trembled for a moment." Saying this." Brihaspati offered her protection. The king's displeasure frightened the gods. that he sows. pride and lust having deprived him of his senses. Your anger will make the world sad. before I become yours. So. the infatuated Nahusha would not listen to them. she went to Brihaspati and cried out: "Preceptor." He indicated a way of escape from her difficult situation by hinting that she should pray for time.The assumption of the kingship of the gods filled him with arrogance. In fear and distress. do not covet her. Tauntingly. One day. where is he? If. he saw Indra's wife and became enamored of her. sprout. save me from this wicked person. You will regain your husband." Hearing the wicked man's words. will meet with destruction. Is Indra alive or is he dead? If he is alive. he became exceedingly angry. The very earth will not let the seed. Sachidevi is another's wife. Nahusha indulged freely in the pleasures of heaven and gave him up to untamed and lecherous thoughts. he spoke in tones of command to the assembled gods: "Why has not Sachidevi. Soon regaining composure she replied: "King of the gods. There can be no sin in your becoming my wife." When Nahusha learnt that Sachidevi did not agree to fall in with his wishes and that she sought and obtained shelter under Brihaspati's roof. Do not swerve from the path of righteousness. and the shrewd Sachidevi took the hint and bravely went to Nahusha's palace. They protested: "King of the gods. At which. now set about it. who betrays one who has sought refuge.

the sin of it." cursed the rishi in his wrath. Nahusha fell into the trap. So he began goading the rishi-bearers of his palanquin to go faster. He was doing penance in that state waiting for better days. do thou fall from heaven and become a sarpa on earth. the foolish Nahusha burst out: "Blessed one. "Nahusha's end is drawing near. At this sacrilege. one of the bearers. their uncle Salya tried to comfort them. You have been true to your word. I have come back."said he. and sent her back home. reached where er Indra was in hiding." "Yes. "Meanest of the mean. by h grace.) The insanity of lust and arrogance had reached its culmination." Sachidevi prayed to the goddess of chastity. saying "sarpa. I shall then be
glad and receive you and bid you welcome. which I very much desire. You. He will be cleansed of sin and the evil-minded Nahusha will meet with destruction. meet with destruction. It is but proper that the great rishis should carry me. Let the palanquin be borne by the seven rishis. Sachidevi could not contain herself for sorrow at her husband's plight and burst into tears. Nahusha was impatient to reach her soon. Pray indicate a way of deliverance for him. your brothers and Draupadi have gone through untold sufferings like Indra and his wife. sarpa. Those. But worse was to come as the palanquin was carried along. Inflamed with thoughts of the beautiful Sachidevi waiting for him. and ashamed and afraid to show himself in his unclean state." (Sarpa means to move and also a serpent. You will be my husband. Indra was restored to his state. Overjoyed that she had returned to him in this complaisant mood. They said: "Lord. Your trials will soon be over and you will
. "What a grand idea! Your imagination is wonderful. whom prosperity makes arrogant." Narayana said in reply: "Let him worship me. who am blessed with the powers of absorbing the energy of those on whom my eyes fall. the three worlds were aghast and trembled. Indra spoke words of courage to her. Indra had reduced himself to the size of an atom and hid himself in a fibre of the stem of a lotus plant growing in Manasarovara. And he went so far in his mad wickedness as to kick Agastya. Nahusha's cup of iniquity was full. "Go to him by yourself and tell him that you consent to his proposal. Are you not the lord of the world? It is my wish that you should come majestically to my house in a grander style than the great Vishnu or Rudra or the asuras. down from heaven. Then Nahusha will be destroyed. and became a python in the jungle and had to wait for several thousand years for his deliverance. he has hidden himself. it was your might that killed Vritra but Indra bears. I shall do exactly as you have wished. It pleases me exceedingly." she said. I want you to do something. I am your slave and ready to do you’re every bidding. "Victory awaits the patient. and. Ask him to come to your residence in a palanquin carried by ascetics. He became the king of the gods and Sachidevi's grief ended." Sachidevi went and pretended to agree to Nahusha's proposal as Indra had asked her to do. The infatuated Nahusha called the rishis and bade them carry him on their shoulders. Immediately Nahusha fell headlong. Relating this story of the sufferings of Indra and his wife to Yudhishthira and Draupadi at Upaplavya." he said.The gods went to the great Vishnu and complained to him of Nahusha. She acquainted him with her troubles.

they must once again go back to the forest for another twelve years and return thereafter." After this appeal of the messenger. according to our usages." he said." The disorder and excitement in the assembly made Dhritarashtra intervene. Chariots were the "armored cars" of ancient warfare and elephants. Although they have obtained the support of many princes and are strong enough for battle. while Pandu's sons are without their share of the common inheritance. the Pandavas desire peace. Render unto them. a division consisted of 21. war will be upon us in which we are certain to be defeated. Dhritarashtra's sons have taken possession of the whole kingdom. In those days. specially trained for war. To restore to them their property is the only right thing to do." said Salya. Let me tell you clearly that nothing can be got out of Duryodhana by threats. In spite of this. They still seek peace. As the plighted word. "By the grace of God. There can be no justification for this. The evil-minded Karna and Duryodhana will be destroyed even as Nahusha was. 54. Then. This would be in accordance both with justice and with the agreement previously reached. they sent emissaries to all friendly rulers. you speak foolishly. After the usual ceremonial introduction and enquiries were over. has been broken. The Kauravas did likewise and collected an army of eleven divisions. that the Pandavas should live undiscovered during the thirteenth year. the wise and brave Bhishma spoke.870 chariots. particularly Matsya and Panchala. You know this and I need not point it out to you. I have
. SANJAYA'S MISSION THE Pandavas were camping at Upaplavya in Virata's territory. corresponded to the " tanks" of modern times. now." Bhishma interposed: "Son of Radha. From there. as now. They are prepared to forget the sufferings they have undergone and to let bygones be bygones. Scions of the Kuru dynasty. the Pandavas had a mighty force of seven divisions. Yudhishthira wants anything. And Duryodhana and all of us are doomed to destruction. an equal number of elephants. Dhritarashtra and Pandu are both Vichitravirya's sons and are." Bhishma had not finished when Karna angrily broke in and.
because they fully know that war never brings any good but only destruction. "the Pandavas are safe and well. a division was made up of all arms grouped together in accordance with established military practice. turning to the messenger. Contingents arrived from all parts of the country and soon. the things that are due to them. and they were provided with weapons of all kinds and other war equipment. If we do not do as this messenger tells us. They are unwilling to resort to war. He said to the messenger: "Having in mind the good of the world and considering the Pandava's welfare. therefore. the messenger addressed the assembled gathering on behalf of the Pandavas: "Law is eternal and of inherent validity. thrice as many horses and five times as many foot soldiers. equally entitled to their father's property. he must beg for it as a gift! He arrogantly prefers this absurd claim in fond reliance on the strength of his allies. exclaimed: "O brahmana. Drupada's brahmana messenger reached Dhritarashtra's court. they are not bent on war. is there anything new in what you have said? What tortures it to tell the same old story? How can Yudhishthira claim the property that he lost at the game board? If.regain your kingdom. Let there be no delay.

They desire nothing else. court and tell the son of Ambika this from me: 'Was it not through your generosity that we obtained a share of the kingdom when we were young? You." And Yudhishthira said to Sanjaya: "Sanjaya. Surrounded by princes. desire only peace and hate war. he felt glad and answered: "If so. After the introductory salutations. Satyaki and Virata. Dhritarashtra can choose what he pleases. between us. Dhritarashtra's sons have been saved. Rectitude is the best of possessions. The sight gladdens my heart. you present the picture of Indra himself.decided to send Sanjaya to them. Please return at once and tell Yudhishthira this." Krishna said: "I desire the welfare of the Pandavas. I shall do as Vasudeva orders. Let there be no antagonism. Give the grandsire my love and
. He desires your friendship and yearns for peace.' Thus should you request Dhritarashtra on my behalf." Sanjaya went to Yudhishthira on this mission of peace. Give all the princes assembled there my regards. If our kingdom is returned to us. King Dhritarashtra sends you his best wishes and desires to know that you are well and happy. the Pandavas get back what is due to them. He wishes both sides well. the Kauravas will have been rescued from the jaws of death. old age and death are inescapable. Go there on my behalf and speak conciliatingly so as to secure the avoidance of war. Dear uncle. nothing would make me and the Pandavas happier. Sanjaya thus addressed Yudhishthira in the midst of his court: "Dharmaputra. we will wipe out all memories of the sufferings we have undergone. I think I can settle this issue by myself going to Hastinapura. what you say is true. I shall also have achieved something good and worthwhile." Then Dhritarashtra called Sanjaya aside and instructed him thus: "Sanjaya. If I succeed in doing so. they will still serve Dhritarashtra loyally. But you should not lose patience. nay. go to the sons of Pandu and convey to them my affectionate regards and my kind inquiries about Krishna. The son of Ambika (Dhritarashtra) detests all talk of war. If I could obtain peace from the Kauravas on terms that do not conflict with the welfare of all. go back to the Kaurava. there is enough room in the world for both of us and the Kauravas. But that is no reason why you should swerve from rectitude or lose patience. who made me a king once. but are we committing wrong? Krishna knows the intricacies of rectitude and dharma. Disregarding their father's advice and their grandsire's wise words. too. through a peaceful settlement." Yudhishthira answered: "Sanjaya. it is my good fortune to be able to see you again with my eyes. But they are also prepared for war if need be. therefore. peace and war. This is a difficult matter. should not deny us our share now and drive us to make a beggar's living on the charity of others. you stand ever for right conduct. they are still as wicked as ever. Even if. Duryodhana and his brothers are fools. Yudhishthira. Even if they do not give back your kingdom. Let us eschew the great evil of war. we have all escaped a great tragedy. Of these two alternatives. Even if one were to gain the whole earth bounded by the
ocean." When Dharmaputra heard Sanjaya say this. I. you should not abandon the supreme path of dharma. Can happiness be gained with possessions obtained through war? What good can we reap from a kingdom won after killing our own relatives? Do not therefore commence hostilities. I desire also that Dhritarashtra and his sons should be happy." Sanjaya spoke again: "Dhritarashtra's sons are perverse.

Do not covet what belongs to others. at least now. for. We shall be content. what was Karna able to do? When the Gandharvas took your son prisoner. "is not equal to a sixteenth part of the Pandavas. Dhritarashtra. But what can I do? These fools would go their own way. listening to his words. Bhishma counselled Dhritarashtra against opposing the combined might of Arjuna and Krishna. You insulted and harassed our weeping wife in the assembly of princes. said Bhishma. who were princes of the realm. filled with anxiety. live in the forest. Make no mistake about
it. For the five of us give at least five villages and make peace with us. Explain matters t Duryodhana and tell him on my o behalf: 'My dear brother. Yudhishthira knows it too." Duryodhana." said Dhritarashtra. Sanjaya. giving up all hope of kingdom. evil stars make the foolish Duryodhana seek war with Krishna and myself. Vidura is the person who can best see what is good for all of us and advise accordingly." said Dhritarashtra. When Arjuna beat back your son's attack on Virata's capital and humbled his pride. do not worry and tremble about our safety." said Vidura. The next morning Sanjaya returned to Hastinapura. "To give the Pandavas their share of the kingdom is the safest plan. "All wise men say. "What grandfather Bhisma says is the only proper thing to do. who boasts repeatedly that he will slay the Pandavas". root and branch. That we shall win is certain. stood up. Convey the same message to Vidura also. "Father. Not even Indra and the gods can defeat us. We bore all this patiently. "Only this can bring good to both sides. however loudly I protest. "Karna. Say thus to Duryodhana. NOT A NEEDLE-POINT OF TERRITORY AFTER he had despatched Sanjaya to the Pandavas. "My son. the right course is also the wise one. clad in skins. Is it not clear from this that he is already scared about our eleven divisions? What can the Pandavas oppose to our eleven divisions? Why then do you doubt our victory?" Duryodhana said to his father and tried to cheer him up. demanding when? When? Sanjaya. In this case. arrows keep peeping out impatiently. "Be satisfied with half the kingdom. let us not have war. where did the invincible Karna bide himself? Was it not Arjuna who drove back the Gandharvas?" Thus did Bhisma taunt Karna and warn the Kauravas.regards and ask him to devise some way of ensuring that his grandchildren live happily in amity. 55. could not get a wink of sleep that night. Your sons are heading for destruction. My bowstring is throbbing even without my stretching it and from my quiver. We are five. I am prepared and ready for peace as well as for war." Vidura counselled Dhritarashtra in this manner at great length. he only begs now for five villages." After Yudhishthira had said these words. who had been listening to all this. Duryodhana should know what Arjuna said: 'Krishna and I are going to destroy Duryodhana and his followers. and went back to Hastinapura. We know how strong we are. It is enough if we govern that
." said Sanjaya.' Thus spoke Dhananjaya. you made us. Give us back. Sanjaya took leave of Kesava and the Pandavas. "Chiefly. and I know. that it is best to seek peace. Treat the Pandavas and your own sons with equal affection. what is lawfully ours. And gave a full account of what had taken place in Yudhishthira's court. The Gandiva bow is impatient for war. He sent for Vidura and spent the whole night talking to him.

" Said Yudhishthira: "You are all-knowing. But the words with which he ended his message seemed to commend meekness to us. We must omit nothing. the court broke up. Have no fears for my safety. supported a peaceful settlement. and in a voice
. I have decided to go to Hastinapura. I was glad at first when I heard Sanjaya speak. Yudhishthira said to Krishna: "Vasudeva. I know how wicked Duryodhana is." Krishna said in reply: "For the good of you both. The wicked Kauravas will refuse even this. Holding her locks in her hand she stood before Krishna.half well. Even the mighty Bhima. there is none better than you. jealousy and enmity. for. I know you both. But Draupadi could not forget her humiliation." he exclaimed. "Let not the race be destroyed. pray do not go." Krishna said: "Yes. If my mission succeeds. a messenger of peace. We cannot let you jeopardise your
safety. no matter how slender our hopes of success. He then struck a middle line and spoke desiring peace. The crisis is approaching. In my simplicity. How can we tolerate this height of intransigence? Only you can advise us in this crisis. Let us now relate what the Pandavas were saying among themselves." Thus saying. Dhritarashtra is trying to secure peace without giving us any territory. even if our just rights were denied. The poet Vyasa makes Bhima speak thus in order to show that truly great warriors desire peace. Sanjaya is Dhritarashtra's alter ego. The signs are ominous and portend war. I will do all I can to secure the result. But it soon became clear that my joy was unfounded." Yudhishthira said: "Krishna. Still duty demands that we should make the attempt for peace. But still we should make all attempts at a peaceful solution so as to give the world no cause to accuse us of not having done everything possible to avert war. What is the good of your going to the enemies' place now? The perverse Duryodhana will stick to his folly. Krishna had a lone discussion with the Pandavas. which I know is dear to you. I will reduce them to ashes. I made my offer that we would be content with only five villages. Peace is very much to be preferred. In the excitement that prevailed. I shall go to Dhritarashtra's court and try to secure your rights without war. but little for you. Dhritarashtra has not been playing fair with us. rather surprisingly." said he." Krishna answered: "Dharmaputra. and that to seek peace is not a sign of fear. Your mind ever clings to righteousness and theirs is always steeped in hatred. There is none but you who knows what our duty is now and can guide us in dharma as well as in statesmanship. You know our hearts as well as theirs. it will be for the good of the world. 56. a settlement reached without war even though it may have. KRISHNA'S MISSION SATYAKI accompanied Govinda (Krishna) to Hastinapura. From his speech. for the Kauravas will stop at nothing. and left the court." Duryodhana could stand it no longer. if the Kauravas offer me. "The Pandavas will not receive even a needle-point of territory. I have divined what is in Dhritarashtra's mind. After Sanjaya left Upaplavya for Hastinapura. There are none but you to protect us. any threat of bodily harm. In expounding matters and in the art of persuasion. Before setting out on his journey. Krishna took leave of the Pandavas and set off in his chariot to Hastinapura. I do not like your going among those unscrupulous men.

with Subhadra's son Abhimanyu. will go to battle." When Govinda reached Hastinapura. I have. suppressed the burning flame of anger within me. for the sake of Dharmaputra. but Krishna said with a smile: "Emissaries eat only after their mission is fulfilled. You will live to see us victorious and the insult to you will be fully avenged." said Krishna. Have no fear for my life. will fight the Kauravas. Krishna comforted her and. he knew. I can restrain myself no longer. Thinking of the sufferings of her sons and overpowered by grief." But Vidura said: "Govinda cannot be bought with presents.
. these thirteen years. They are going to fall and their bodies will be food for wild dogs and jackals. Dhritarashtra issued instructions that Duhsasana's palace. Give him that for which he is coming to the land of the Kurus." Draupadi was satisfied. Dhritarashtra issued orders for decorating the city and arrangements for receiving Janardana (Krishna) were in full swing. look at these tresses of mine and do what honor requires to be done. the city was in great excitement. she said: "Madhusudana. Does he not come
here seeking a peaceful settlement? Make that possible. Dhritarashtra consulted Vidura. All. supported by my children. who knew Duryodhana and his brothers. "What you say about Duryodhana is true. taking leave of her. she wept. Dhritarashtra's sons will not listen to my words of peace. Even if my father can keep out. Even if Arjuna and Bhima are against war. You cannot satisfy Madhava with other gifts. You may give a feast when my work here is completed. Krishna was moved and said: "Weep not. were under a moral obligation not to abandon him. being bigger and more beautiful than Duryodhana's. Kuntidevi met him there. along the route which Krishna's chariot was to take. should be got ready and placed at the disposal of Krishna and his entourage and large tents were erected at several places outside the city. old though he is. I have not come here with any hope that I would be able to secure a peaceful settlement. through fraud and deceit." Declining Duryodhana's invitation. When news of Krishna's forthcoming visit came. Presents of other kinds should also be got ready. my father. Vidura told him that Duryodhana's arrogance was based on his confidence that no one could defeat him as long as Bhishma and Drona. Vidura said that it would be a mistake for Govinda even to enter the wicked man's court. Vidura and Krishna took counsel together. remembering the great outrage. at their head. who. stood by him. He went first to Dhritarashtra's palace and then proceeded to Vidura's house." And she sobbed. Duryodhana and Sakuni came to Krishna and informed him that Dhritarashtra was waiting for him. Govinda went to the court along with Vidura. There can be no peace with honor. Madhava (Krishna) halted for the night near the city of Kucasthala. The next morning. against Krishna's life. soon. apprehended that they would plot. and that too.quivering with grief. made for Duryodhana's palace. the citizens had thronged in such numbers in the decorated streets that his chariot could only progress very slowly. he returned to Vidura's house where he rested. He said to him: "Make arrangements for presenting Govinda with chariots and elephants. Duryodhana gave Govinda welcome and invited him to dinner. but only in order that the world might not hold me to blame. my children.

" Bhishma and Drona also pressed Duryodhana to listen to Govinda. staked their kingdom at play and. Saluting the elders with folded hands and with a word or a smile for the others. Krishna. you wrong me out of love for the Pandavas. For what fault of mine do they now s battle and wish eek to slay us? I will not yield to threats. "Dhritarashtra. they went to the forests as in honor bound. The others here also blame me. When I was young. but I do not think I am one whit to blame in this matter. But Duryodhana's heart could not be softened. walked out of the court. My wicked sons do not listen to me. You regard as bad what is good for you and as good what is bad. and said: "Madhusudana. On account of you. not even a needle-point of it!" When Duryodhana said that he had not committed wrong. accompanied by his brothers. a part of the kingdom to which they had not a shadow of a right. I do not know why. being defeated. I refuse to return it to them. our race will perish. Dhritarashtra once again said to his son: "If you do not listen to Govinda's advice. the elders did us grievous wrong by giving the Pandavas." Krishna turned to Duryodhana and said: "You are the descendant of a noble ine."
Drona and Bhishma also tried repeatedly to persuade Duryodhana and turn him from error. They wish to live in happiness under you. that great assemblage of kings stood up. "I pity Dhritarashtra and Gandhari whom Duryodhana is dooming to bereavement and desolation by his misdeeds. He rose. Make peace with them by giving them half the kingdom. It is your duty to restrain your sons. He made clear what the Pandavas wanted. this famous line is in danger of being destroyed. turning to Dhritarashtra explained the object of his visit. Treat them also as your sons and devise an honorable solution. Govinda addressed the court again and said: "Sires. and the world will acclaim you. The Pandavas. Duryodhana was furious with everyone for pressing him in this matter to agree to a peaceful solution. it seems that these people have a plot to bind you with ropes and hand you over to the Pandavas." and reminded him of the other iniquities he had perpetrated against the Pandavas. I am utterly blameless.As Vasudeva came into the court. I entreat you to advise Duryodhana. Your present thoughts are unworthy and befit only men of low birth. l Pursue the path of dharma. If you listen to reason and justice. The Pandavas are prepared for war but they desire peace." and Duryodhana. the Pandavas themselves will install Dhritarashtra as king and you as the heir apparent. I acquiesced then but they lost it at play. the Yadavas and Vrishnis live
." said Vidura. I desire precisely what Madhava has stated but I am powerless. Govinda rose from his seat and. of their own volition. And yet. justly forfeited it. I will not give the Pandavas an inch of land. How am I responsible for it? Losing the game. Krishna took his seat. Let us get away from here. do not bring ruin to your people. you have the impudence to say that you have committed no wrong. Govinda laughed and said: "The play was fraudulently arranged by you in conspiracy with Sakuni and you afterwards insulted Draupadi in an assembly of princes. Duhsasana seeing that Bhishma and others were accepting Krishna's indictment of Duryodhana said: "Brother." said Krishna. Dhritarashtra said: "My friends know that I am not to blame. The introductions over.

left the court. by the grace of Krishna. And Krishna rose and. returned and Gandhari tried by all the means in her power to bring him round to reason. Now is the time for me. Let us not ask for any territory and let us avoid war'? How can my sons accept what is contrary to kshatriya tradition?" "At the same time. my heart is consumed with agony like a faggot in the fire." said she. "How can I" reflected Kunti. News of this reached the court. Of these." she thought. Karna is a great man-at-arms. "The time has come. my mind trembles. laughed and disclosed his divinity. 'Bear the insults. when she came to the court. The grandsire will certainly not want to kill them. "Pundarikaksha. I do not worry about the others. who had anticipated all this. But Karna is the Pandavas' chief enemy. it is some times necessary to sacrifice an individual. his eyes red with anger." Dhritarashtra said to Vidura: "Bring farsighted Gandhari here. Duryodhana is obstinate. Dronacharya might refrain from killing my children from either love or unwillingness to meet one's own disciples in battle. with Satyaki and Vidura on either side of him. "for that for which a kshatriya woman brings forth sons. temporarily regained his sight and was able to see Krishna in his Visvarupa presence in every form. to seek Karna out and tell him the truth about his birth." Gandhari was sent for and. and he became blind again. I ask that I should be blind again." said Dhritarashtra to Govinda. "All our efforts have failed. Bhishma. I do not wish to see anything else. Kunti was overwhelmed with grief when she learnt that it was to be war to the death. Duryodhana.
. He is anxious to please Duryodhana by killing my sons. Drona and Karna? They are warriors who have never yet met defeat. Duryodhana was sent for. ATTACHMENT AND DUTY ANY ray of hope there might have been of a peaceful settlement when Krishna went to Hastinapura was extinguished when he returned and narrated what happened. That is the only way. (lotus-eyed Krishna) having seen your Visvarupa. "give my thoughts tongue and say to my sons. "How can my sons defeat the mighty three combined. Govinda. He went straight to Kunti. on knowing which. Does it not happen occasionally that a village is abandoned in order that the country may be saved? I am afraid you will have to sacrifice Duryodhana if you want to save your race. In order to save a whole people. When I think of them. "what can be gained by mutual killings in the war and what happiness attained after the destruction of the race? How shall I face this dilemma?" Thus was she tormented by the prospect of wholesale destruction on the one hand and the claims of kshatriya honor on the other. May you protect my sons!" A kshatriya mother brings forth children to be sacrificed in war. The blind Dhritarashtra.happily. War became a certainty. He and his friends had plotted to seize Krishna. These three are the only people in the Kaurava army capable of fighting the Pandavas with any hope of slaying them. Purushottamat
(Krishna as Supreme Being) got into his chariot and sped towards Upaplavya. He told her what had happened and she asked him to convey her blessings to her sons. It is possible that Duryodhana might listen to her." said Dhritarashtra. Duryodhana said 'No' and again walked out of the hall. now that Kamsa and Sisupala are dead. As I think of him engaged in battle against my other sons. 57.

Karna was there at his devotions. I have myself urged them into this war. which will enable them to cross the deluge of war." said Kuntidevi. waiting patiently for him to finish his prayers. a helpless babe." Tormented by these anxious thoughts about her children. according to the established forms of respectful address. How can I now desert them? Could there be blacker treachery and baser ingratitude? What in life. And now. You deprived me of all that was my birthright as a kshatriya when you threw me. to be untrue to my salt and go over to the Pandavas. O queen?" asked Karna. If I now join the Pandavas. nor is the charioteer your father. you tell me this story. Facing east and with uplifted hands he was in deep meditations. But he checked himself and took it to mean that the Sun god was testing his loyalty and strength of mind. filled him with great confusion and amazement. "You who were born with full armor and golden earrings. This is the highest dharma according to our scriptures. I must discharge
. like that of the
brothers Balarama and Krishna. Do not think t at you are a man of h the chariot-driver's caste. "Karna. Karna looked back to find Kunti standing behind him and holding the hem of his upper garment over her head to shield it from the burning sun. have joined Duryodhana and have come to hate them. "The son of Radha and the chariot-driver Adhiratha bows to you. will not the world proclaim that I have done so out of fear? I have eaten the salt of Dhritarashtra's sons. May you and Arjuna put down the wicked! The whole world will be at your feet. otherwise known as Kunti. is contrary to dharma. your effulgence will be like that of Brahma among the gods. Karna was in meditation and was unmindful of everything until he felt the hot rays of the sun on his back. "not knowing that the Pandavas are your brothers. To live in dependence on Dhritarashtra's sons. one must do what gives satisfaction to loving parents. You are Surya's son born out of the womb of Pritha of royal blood. Your fame will reach far and wide. And now you want me. Surrounded by your five brothers. You denied me the motherly love. "you are not Radha's son. Join Arjuna and be one of the kings of the realm. With an effort of the will. which blesses all life. The sons of Dhritarashtra look on me as the ark. That Pandu's queen and the mother of the Pandava princes should be there. He should not be found wanting. he controlled alike the temptations of self-interest and the prompting of natural affection. Kunti quietly stood behind him and waited. He said sadly but firmly: "What you have said. won their confidence as their champion and enjoyed all the consideration and kindness they showed me. I shall have done myself much more hurt than any that an enemy might inflict on me in the battlefield. His prayers over. dear mother. Kunti went to the banks of the Ganga where Karna usually offered his daily prayers." When his mother spoke thus to him at the end of his devotions to the sun." said Kunti. or beyond it.he is bound to abandon Duryodhana's cause. you talk to me of my duties as a kshatriya. In perplexing situations. May good fortune attend you"! She then narrated the story of his birth. I am at your service. If I swerve from the path of duty. does not befit you. would be worth a price like that? Mother dear. when the battle is about to be joined. And now. What can I do for you. thinking of your other children's good. Karna felt a sign in his heart that the Sun god endorsed Kunti's request. into the river.

it was the practice to ascertain the views of younger people first. Mother of warrior sons.
They formed the army in seven divisions and appointed Drupada. that is. and has for long been waiting for an encounter with Drona. Dhrishtadyumna should be our chief in the battlefield. with life. Chekitana and Bhimasena at the head of each division. We must now prepare for war without delay. you will still have five sons. and is supporting us. "It seems to me best to make Drupada the Generalissimo. He should lead our army against Drona and Bhishma. Yudhishthira said: "We should select one of these seven to be Supreme Commander." "But yet. This instilled enthusiasm and self-confidence in the younger folk. who can burn enemies to ashes. "Drupada. Dhrishtadyumna. courage. "I cannot have my mother plead completely in vain. he is supreme. I shall surely use all my followers against your sons in this coming war. battle array. for. has learnt archery from Bharadwaja. The foolish Duryodhana would not listen to the advice tendered to him by the elders in the assembly.my debt." said Yudhishthira. as if we were his own sons. her heart was full of tumultuous and contrary feelings and. "He has. aye. Either I or Arjuna will survive this war. I shall be no better than a common thief purloining my food all these years. if necessary. They then considered who should be appointed Generalissimo. you will still have five". "Let us take as our Supreme Commander the king of Virata who helped us when we lived in disguise and with whose support we now demand our share of the kingdom. addressing his brothers." and she returned home. Part with Arjuna to me. But. Kurukshetra is waiting for the holocaust. offered not to harm four of my sons. Please forgive me. The hero who has his senses under control and who has been born to bring about Drona's
. whatever they may do unto me. I cannot deceive you. in point of age. adhering to the kshatriya code." "There is no longer any hope of peace. There is now no way out except the fourth. He is much respected by all kings." continued he. She embraced him and departed in silence. and even honest differences of opinion might savor of disrespect. He should be one who knows how to dispose his forces as circumstances require from time to time. at least. the last alternative of war. He should be one capable of successfully facing the great Bhishma. Either he or myself must die in this war." said Nakula. Who do you think is most fitted for this responsibility?" In the olden days." replied Sahadeva. birth and strength. Satyaki. "I think. 58. and issued orders for marshalling their forces in. "I spoke urging what was right and what was also good for them. Virata. May God bless him. "Who can go against what has been ordained?" she thought. without trusting herself to speak. Sikhandin. I will not kill your other sons. And with the other four sons. it would not be possible for others to speak with freedom. When Kunti heard her first-born speak thus firmly. That is enough. Addressing Sahadeva. before consulting elders. wisdom. it was all in vain. If the elders were consulted first." Dharmaputra then asked Dhananjaya for his opinion. otherwise. THE PANDAVA GENERALISSIMO GOVINDA reached Upaplavya and told the Pandavas what had happened in Hastinapura. the father of Draupadi.

in their encampment. My inclination would be to give the command to Sikhandin whose radiant face is like that of Parasurama. Anoint Dhrishtadyumna. Bhimasena said: "O king. Dhrishtadyumna alone can withstand the arrows of Bhishma whose skill in archery made even the great Parasurama hold back. worthy of selection. visited the Pandavas. It is only honest men that find themselves in this predicament. I have equal regard and love. I can think of no one else. With warlike cheers which made the sky ring. each one of them. but contrary. the visitor seated himself beside Dharmaputra. BALARAMA BALARAMA. How can Krishna and I be in opposite camps? For Bhima and Duryodhana. Krishna and others gave the broadshouldered warrior a glad welcome. he paused for a while and then continued: "Dharmaputra. I do not think any one else can defeat Bhishma. I would endorse Arjuna's choice. "The warriors mentioned are. We may not take sides in their foolish quarrels. Often have I told Krishna.
Bowing to Drupada and Virata. this conflagration that will consume everything. "I have come to Kurukshetra. "Any one of them would fill the Kauravas with fear. the blowing of conchs and shells and the trumpeting of elephants rent the air.end. Compelled to choose between two equally justifiable. keeping out of the Mahabharata war is illustrative of the perplexing situations in which good and honest men often find themselves. the illustrious brother of Krishna. who for thirteen long years was brooding over the insult that his sister had to suffer in Duryodhana's court. 'Duryodhana is the same to us as the Pandavas. clad in blue silk. and who was waiting for an opportunity to avenge the wrong. entered majestically like a lion. All things considered." Overcome by emotion." said he. therefore. Krishna's brother left the place. what Arjuna says is true. Dhrishtadyumna. He is the only man fitted to be our commander. both of them my pupils. anger and hatred and that the peace talks have broken down and that war has been declared. the unhappy individual is caught on the horns of a dilemma. who led Draupadi at the swayamvara and gave her away to Arjuna. his heart laden with sorrow and his mind seeking consolation in God. Drupada's illustrious son. the Pandava army entered Kurukshetra in martial array. "learning that the descendants of Bharata have let themselves be overwhelmed by greed. was anointed Supreme Commander of the Pandava army." replied Arjuna. How then can I support one against the other? Nor can I bear to see the Kauravas destroyed." Having thus spoken against the calamitous war.' He would not listen to me. courses of action. His great affection for Dhananjaya has misled Krishna and he is with you in this war which I see he has approved. This episode of Balarama’s. As Halayudha (plough bearer). This tragedy has made me lose all interest in the world and so I shall wander among holy places. The lion-roar of warriors. as your Supreme Commander. The earth is going to is a bloody morass strewn with mangled bodies! It is an evil destiny that has maddened the kshatriya world to foregather here to meet its doom." Yudhishthira finally asked Kesava for his opinion. Yudhishthira. The dishonest ones of the earth have no
. 59." Accordingly. dreadful destruction is ahead. but the rishis and elders have said that Sikhandin has come into the world to kill Bhishma. I will therefore have nothing to do with this war." said Krishna.

Bharata and Lakshmana reacted to the difficulties with which each of them was faced. Kundinapura. If you do not turn up. a princess of matchless beauty. the capital of Vidarbha. She took counsel with a brahmana whom. all except her eldest brother Rukma. Rukma's became the dominant voice and it looked as though Rukmini would be compelled to marry Sisupala. Not so the great men who have renounced all desire. the ruler of Bhojakata." Krishna read this and immediately mounted his chariot. Modern critics and expositors sometimes forget this underlying basic factor and seek to weigh all in the same scales. Maricha. charm and strength of character. RUKMINI BHISHMAKA. between whom and Krishna there was no love lost. guided as they are solely by their own attachments and desires. is told in the next chapter. she wished to be united to him in wedlock and the desire daily grew in intensity. She feared that her father would be helpless against her domineering brother and would not be able to prevent the unhappy marriage. I will put an end to my life so that I may at least join you in my next birth. The letter ran as follows: "My heart has already accepted you as lord and master. Their solutions did not conform to a single moral pattern but reflected their several individualities. will oppose you and will have to be overcome before you can have me. that is. I charge you therefore to come and succour me before Sisupala carries me off by force. The story of Rukma.
. Yudhishthira and Karna were put. Dasaratha. the king of Chedi. which is quite wrong. We read in that epic how they solved their several difficulties. One was Balarama and the other was Rukma. charging him to explain matters to her beloved and sue for help. We may profit by the way in which. Mustering all her strength of mind. Having heard of Krishna and his renown. as well as Jarasandha's. had five sons and an only daughter. Only two princes kept out of that war. she sent as her emissary to Krishna. in the Ramayana. Witness the great trials to which. The brahmana accordingly went toDwaraka and conveyed to Krishna Rukmini's sad plight and her entreaty. Rukmini. Likewise. was disconsolate. by self-interest. Her relatives approved the idea. as part of the wedding ceremonies. Rukmini. abandoning all maidenly reserve. 60. May you be the triumphant hero and capture me! My brother has decided to marry me to Sisupala and. The matter cannot brook any delay. The conduct of each was the reaction of his personality and character to the impact of circumstances. the king of Vidarbha. Kumbhakarna. and handed to him the letter Rukmini had sent through him. The king
being old. whose younger sister Rukmini married Krishna. Balarama's neutrality in the Mahabharata war has a lesson. Rukma pressed his father not to give Rukmini in marriage to the ruler of Dwaraka but to marry her instead to Sisupala. Vidura. Rukmini resolved somehow to find a way out of her predicament. the heir apparent. Sisupala's forces. was most gorgeously decorated and preparations for the wedding of the princess with Sisupala were in full swing.such problems. whose heart was wholly Krishna's because she was Lakshmi incarnate. in the Mahabharata. That would be the best time for you to come and rescue me. so you must be here tomorrow. I am going to the temple along with my retinue to offer worship to Parvati. Bhishma. At the king's behest.

The bridegroom elect and his associates." swore Rukma. returned to his kingdom without taking part in battle. I shall bring you victory. the heir apparent. Dhananjaya laughed. accompanied by her retinue." Turning to Vasudeva." Rukma. where divine service was held. Rukma arrived there with a huge force. And Krishna drove off with her. went in procession to the temple." At this. Instead of acting according to dharma." implored Rukmini. Kripa or even Bhishma. The servants ran to Rukma. But. all by himself. 61. You may either go away or stay on. just as you like. meanwhile. "Oh Devi. Rukmini sighted Krishna's chariot and ran straight as a needle to the attracting magnet. "we are not afraid of the size of the enemy forces. Rukma. all sworn enemies of Krishna. he offered help to the Pandavas. "I will not return without killing Janardana. and added: "I am not in such dire need yet as to welcome their leavings. "the enemy forces are very large. "My forces are at your disposal." Said he to Duryodhana. Guessing that it must be about the daughter of the king of Vidarbha and anxious lest Krishna should be hemmed in alone by mortal enemies thirsting for his blood. "The Pandavas have refused my proffered assistance. Hearing of the Kurukshetra battle. "Oh. thus put to disgrace by both sides. ruler of Bhojakata. over which he ruled." said he addressing Dhananjaya. Rukma was filled with anger and shame and went to Duryodhana's camp with his army. he hurriedly assembled a great force and marched on to Kundinapura." "Is it not after the Pandavas rejected your assistance that you have come here?" exclaimed Duryodhana. Neutrality in war may be of several kinds. "Oh Pandavas." Stepping out of the temple. Balarama had arrived with his army. We have no need of your help and do not particularly desire it." said Arjuna. and neither side would have him. had already assembled in the capital. NON-COOPERATION
. Only let me know your wish. where Rukmini's wedding with Krishna was celebrated with customary rites. and went in pursuit of Krishna with a large force. Thinking that he could thereby w the friendship of in
Vasudeva. praying for her intercession. I have the strength to attack Drona. I have come to help you. Balarama and Krishna returned home in triumph. The defeated Rukma was ashamed to return to Kundinapura and built at the very site of the battle between Krishna and himself a new city. Balarama was neutral in the Mahabharata war because of his love of peace. Balarama came to know of Krishna's sudden and secret departure. and related what had happened. Bhojakata. Leaving her apartments. abstained as a result of his conceit. and a great battle ensued between the two opposing forces in which the enemy was utterly routed. Grant that Krishna may espouse me. "I prostrate myself before thee who knowest my devotion. It may arise from conscientious objection to war or it may be due to mere conceit and self-interest. Give me the word and I shall attack whichever sector of the enemy formation you would like me to. on the other hand. he thought of personal glory. Yet others may keep aloof through cowardice or sheer inertia. Rukmini. She fled to him and got into his chariot. to the bewilderment of all around.

Age alone does not confer a title to honor and respect among warriors. for he will not be able to remember the mantras. Controlling his anger. and he is too boastful." said he. Karna said: "Illustrious warrior." said Bhishma. Presently. I do not like his great hatred of the Pandavas. "Karna has earned your affection. Duryodhana was cheered up. but he does not know it. he will suffer defeat. he charges the accuser with that very fault. "have always slighted me through mere dislike and envy and have never neglected an opportunity of humiliating me. I bore all your taunts and thrusts for the sake of Duryodhana. Let me tell you my settled conviction. This is well illustrated in this episode. To make matters worse. The grandsire. Why hide your real feelings? The fact of the matter is that you have no genuine affection for Duryodhana. Karna became the subject of their talk. earn some fame from the heroic deeds of others. He has become senile and his time is up. Bhishma spoke of the strength. we are in a crisis and that is why you have not ceased to live this moment. Age must be respected and experience is useful but. and through carelessness. But I will not bear arms while he is in command. His appraisement of me will injure your cause. as the sastras warn us. I would not place him in the highest rank among the warriors of the land. he has given away the divine armor with which he was born. which will cause him to be neglectful of the finer points of strategy. I have no doubt. By running me down. there is a point when age becomes senility and ripeness falls into rottenness and decay. "but I do not think much of him. Desist from poisoning our relations. There is no limit to his arrogance and he is much given to disparaging others. Only after he has fallen will I do so." Turning then to Duryodhana. Drona agreed with the grandsire and said: "Karna is full of pride and overconfidence. not I. skill and prowess of the warriors ranged on the Kauravas' side. Karna turned to the grandsire with flaming eyes. You have stooped to behavior unworthy of a kshatriya. He is not therefore likely to be of great help to me in this battle. His command of supernatural weapons will fail him in his hour of need. who will fail the Kauravas. Hating me you seek to come between me and Duryodhana and poison his mind against me. Bhishma replied: "Son of Surya. You have been the evil genius of
. Besides." Thus spoke Bhishma without mincing matters. though I gave you no reason. He is trying to sow dissension in our ranks. think well and look to your own good. he seeks to dampen my enthusiasm.IT was the day before the commencement of the great battle. was with Duryodhana seeking to inspire him with his own heroic spirit and cheerfulness. When accused of it. You have said that I would not be of much help in
the impending war. His arrogance does not let him have regard for anyone else. His judgment is warped and he considers it a crime on the part of anyone to point out his defect. And the battle that will ensue between him and Arjuna will prove fatal for Karna. and this was exceedingly unpalatable to Duryodhana and Karna. "You sir. You have made Bhishma your Generalissimo who will. now the Kaurava Generalissimo. Do not place too great a reliance on the grandsire. The curse of Parasurama is on him too. it is you. but prowess does. you have been belittling my strength and running me down." The arrogant man is never conscious of his own arrogance." Enraged by these harsh words. And in furtherance of your wicked design.

KRISHNA TEACHES ALL was ready for the battle. Single combats might only be between equals and one could not use methods not in accordance with dharma. which he received. for the moment disengaged. Karna kept out during the first ten days of the battle. I have no doubt. Thus those who left the field or retired would not be
attacked. elephant troops and infantrymen could engage themselves in battle only with their opposite numbers in the enemy ranks. "You will both do deeds of great heroism. It was wrong to slay one who had been disarmed or whose attention was directed elsewhere or who was retreating or who had lost his armor. The joy of living with Indra and Brahma awaits you. though all his men participated in it. Each day.
. These were the rules that the Kauravas and the Pandavas solemnly declared they would follow. And the occasional violations were looked upon as wrong and shameful. Karna cooperated and himself proposed Drona for the command of the Kaurava forces in succession to Bhishma. the battle was over at sunset. Let there be no fighting among friends. and the hostiles mixed freely like friends. the accepted rules of honorable and humane war were observed by both sides in the Kurukshetra battle. the reader may have some idea of the rules of warfare followed in the Kurukshetra battle. The code of conduct in war and methods of warfare vary from time to time. It is only if what was in vogue at the time of the Mahabharata war is kept in mind that we can understand the epic. The passage of time has witnessed many changes in men's ideas of right and wrong. We see clearly in the story that occasional transgressions took place for one reason or another. Sometimes the established conventions went overboard even in the Mahabharata war. 62. nay. Nor might one. Addressing the princes under his command. Those who sought quarter or surrendered were safe from slaughter. the battle joins. "Son of Ganga. mules and medical stores. From what follows. At the break of dawn." Duryodhana was in distress. the story would be puzzling in places. on the whole. I need the help of you both. Duryodhana eventually yielded to Karna and suffered him to carry out his threat. Otherwise. are destroyed without compunction.the Kauravas. Karna took over the command and led the Kaurava forces. At the end of the tenth day. But. yours is a glorious opportunity. camels. charioteers. when the great Bhishma lay on the battlefield covered all over with arrows. And no shafts were to be directed against non-combatant attendants or those engaged in blowing conchs or beating drums. Nothing is exempt from attack in modern warfare. are the gates of heaven wide open. Likewise. not one on foot. with the foe in full force before us!" But Karna was adamant in that he would not take up arms so long as Bhishma was in supreme command. direct his weapons against another who was engaged in combat. Bhishma said: "Heroes." he said. but dumb animals such as horses. When Drona also fell. Not only are munitions made the target of attack. The warriors on both sides gathered together and solemnly bound themselves to honor the traditional rules of war. A horseman could attack only a horseman. non-combatants of all ages. Before you. Thereafter. Karna went to him and bowed reverently and asked for forgiveness and blessings.

"What is this that Yudhishthira is doing?" asked everyone and was puzzled by this sudden and silent proceeding on the part of the Pandava. rich or poor. suddenly doff his armor and put away his weapons. Yudhishthira gave orders to Arjuna: "The enemy force is very large. Krishna's exhortation to Arjuna at this juncture is the Bhagavad Gita." and the princes responded by ordering their trumpets to be sounded and shouted victory to the Kauravas. Then Vasudeva. Likewise others and the battlefield thus presented a pageant of flags. He feels it is not right to start such a grave proceeding without formally taking such benediction and permission. The other brothers and Krishna also joined. Descending from his chariot." The men in Duryodhana's army. But you have doffed your armor and thrown aside your weapons and are proceeding forward. which is enshrined in millions of hearts as the Word of God. On Kripa's flag was depicted a bull. therefore. Its gospel of devotion to duty. On Bhishma's flag shone brightly the palm tree and five stars. 63. In Drona's golden-hued standard. who knew the hearts of men. the ascetic's bowl and the bow glistened. the steadfast and brave son of Pandu. So he goes unarmed. At this tense moment. It is only thus that we might fare well in this battle. unattended and on foot. without attachment or desire of reward. Fight with joy and attain fame and greatness. Tell us what you are about." Thus said Arjuna to Dharmaputra. But Yudhishthira was immersed in deep thought and proceeded forward silently. The enemy is ready for battle. It is right that he does this. and the cobra of Duryodhana's famed banner danced proudly with outspread hood. thought:
. when Arjuna saw men arrayed on both sides for mutual slaughter. why are you proceeding to the enemy's lines in this strange manner? You have told us nothing. while Jayadratha's carried a wild boar. A kshatriya does not wish to die of disease or old age in his bed but prefers to die on the battlefield. in needle formation. Dhananjaya too was perplexed and he jumped down from his chariot and ran to Yudhishthira. Array our forces. he proceeded on foot towards the commander of the Kaurava forces. when they saw Yudhishthira advancing with hands clasped in humble attitude. On Aswatthama's the lion tail fluttered in the air. "King. who have sought for light in the dark problems of life." Now. They feared that perhaps Yudhishthira. The Bhagavad Gita is acknowledged by all as one of the supreme treasures of human literature. has shown the way of life for all men. our tactics should be concentration rather than deployment that will only weaken us. had suddenly decided to seek peace on any terms and was going forward to announce this. Seeing the Kaurava forces ranged in battle array. he was deeply agitated and Krishna spoke to him in order to quell his agitation and remove his doubts. Our army being smaller. smiled and said: "He is going to the elders to ask for their benediction before commencing this terrible fight. YUDHISHTHIRA SEEKS BENEDICTION EVERYTHING was ready for the battle to begin. learned or ignorant. their soldiers sheathed in armor and with uplifted weapons.Pursue the path of your ancestors and follow the kshatriya dharma. surrendering to his natural inclination. He goes to the grandsire to take his blessing and that of Dronacharya. He knows proprieties. both
armies saw with amazement Yudhishthira.

many savage and unchivalrous deeds were done. there was also indiscriminate fighting among common soldiers. Yudhishthira went through the lines of soldiers armed from head to foot and proceeded straight to where Bhishma was and. I am bound by my obligation to the king and must fight on the side of the Kauravas. "born in the race of Bharatas. It is all "sankula. and dharma comes to be disregarded more and more easily and frequently. Our vested interests enslave us and become our masters. Abhimanyu and
Brihatbala. thousands of other warriors fought severally according to the rules of war of those days. Even great men commit wrong and their lapses thereafter furnish bad examples to others. charioteers. When Drona died. It gives me joy to see this. After him."Here is the Pandava coming to sue for peace. our unconquerable and incomparable grandsire. Chivalry and rules of war die hard. to the acharya. We have dared to give battle to you. who also gave his blessings. you have acted worthily and according to our code of conduct. Duryodhana and Bhima. Karna fell towards the close of the seventeenth day's battle. commencing with single combats between the leading chiefs armed with equal weapons." The Kauravas fought under Bhishma's command for ten days. I shall fight on their side. The ground became a bloody mire in which it was difficult for the chariots to move about. Fight and you will have victory. I am not a free agent. Thus have I become bound to the Kauravas. permit us to begin the battle. O son of Dharma. We seek benediction before beginning the fight." After thus obtaining the permission and the blessings of the grandsire. elephants and horses." replied the grandsire. But you will not be defeated. according to form. The battle began. But yours will be the victory." Yudhishthira similarly approached and obtained the blessings of Kripacharya and uncle Salya and returned to the Pandava lines. Drona took the command. Truly this man brings disgrace to the race of kshatriyas. Satyaki and Kritavarma. said: "Grandsire. Bhishma and Partha. saying: "I am under inescapable obligations to the Kauravas. for there is an innate nobility in human nature.
. Karna succeeded to the command. And Salya led the Kaurava army on the eighteenth and last day. Why was this coward born among us?" Thus did they talk among themselves reviling Dharmaputra though delighted at the prospect of securing victory without a blow. especially when they are exhausted with fighting and warped with hatred and bloodshed. The name of "sankula yuddha" was given to such free fighting and promiscuous carnage. and Dbrishtadyumna and Drona were thus engaged in great battles. Thus does violence beget and nourish adharma and plunge the world in wickedness. frightened at our strength. On the field lay piles of slaughtered soldiers." "Child. bending low and touching his feet in salutation. Similarly. Yudhishthira went to Drona and circumambulated and bowed. In modern battles there is no such thing as single combats. Yudhishthira and Salya. Towards the latter part of the battle. Besides these numerous single combats between renowned warriors. But difficult situations and temptations arise which men are too weak to resist. The Kurukshetra battle witnessed many such "sankula" fights wherein countless men fought and died in the mad lust of battle.

rode an elephant and led a fierce charge on Salya. uncles and nephews slew one another forgetful of old affection and ties of blood. Horses neighed. he had to use his full strength against the boy. The goad he had in his hand dropped and he rolled down dead. His anger rose. and numerous were the chariots broken and the horses and elephants killed. Bhimasena was overjoyed and made a great lion-roar that further inspired the valiant nephew. Durmukha's charioteer was struck by one of Abhimanyu's sword-edge arrow and his severed head rolled on the ground. killed Sveta's horses and charioteer. Abhimanyu's flag. And then it uttered a loud cry and fell dead. Virata's son Sveta saw Salya slay his younger brother. When the oldest and the youngest warriors thus met in battle. horns and conchs made the sky ring with their clamor. Bhishma. THE FIRST DAY'S BATTLE DUHSASANA was leading the Kaurava forces and Bhimasena did the same on the Pandava side. Another broke Kripa's bow. Whereupon there was a great battle. Unwillingly. He parried their shafts with his own and cut their javelins down as they sped towards him. Bhishma's flag was brought down by Sveta. it was like the dance of the destroyer. There upon. Duryodhana lost no time now and sent forces to relieve Salya. Salya got into Kritavarma's car. The warriors in both armies were amazed at the skill displayed by Sveta. they
. Arrows flew in the air like burning meteors. a worthy son to Dhananjaya!" Then the Kaurava warriors made a combined attack on the valiant youth. Thousands of soldiers perished. It was a mad and terrible carnage. Arrows were showered on Sveta and the missiles sped across like lightning in clouds. seeing the valor of the young hero. But the elephant did not withdraw. trumpets. Sveta defended himself marvelously. Bhishma himself was hit nine times by Abhimanyu's shafts. Great was the grandsire's
joy. The kettledrums. And he drove his chariot towards Salya. Uttara. the son of Drupada and Bhima came to relieve the young hero and attacked the grandsire who then turned his attentions on them. the gods came to watch the combat. his son Uttara. It continued charging until Salya cut off its trunk and hit it in many places with his arrows. Sveta succeeded in putting Duryodhana's men to flight and he pushed forward and attacked Bhishma. It went with unerring aim and pierced him in the chest. Fathers and sons. Abhimanyu could not bear this and he attacked the grandsire. Seven chariot warriors at once came up in support of Salya and protected him from all sides. Dhrishtadyumna. The noise of battle rolled and rent the air. Bhishma and the warrior supporting him exclaimed: "Indeed.64. Kritavarma was hit by one of his arrows and Salya was hit five times. One of his well-aimed arrows brought the grandsire's palm tree flag down. like fire fed by libations of butter. But he stood against them all. the son of Virata. In the forenoon of the first day's battle the Pandava army was badly shaken. Virata. Abhimanyu's feats brought down showers of flowers from the gods who looked on. Seeing this. displaying the golden karnikara tree brightly waved on his chariot. charging elephants trumpeted and the warriors uttered their lion-roars. Wherever Bhishma's chariot went. Salya's chariot horses were trampled to death and thereupon he hurled a javelin at Uttara. in his turn. He parried with his own all the shafts discharged by Bhishma.

Karna whose devotion and loyalty to me are most genuine stands aside and does not fight for me only because of you. What reason is there for you to be dejected? Do you forget that Sikhandin is awaiting for his predestined victim Bhishma?" Thus did Krishna comfort Yudhishthira. "Son of Ganga. Accordingly." replied Krishna. His chariot flashed hither and thither sundering hostile ranks like forked lightning. Duhsasana blew his horn and danced in joy. even before the mace dashed against the chariot. "do not fear. Sveta took a mace. however. all the warriors. I fear I shall be deceived and you will not take steps quickly to destroy Phalguna (Arjuna). Sveta was struck and fell dead. sent it at Bhishma's car which was smashed to pieces. Fight and care not for life. stood in the center of his army and addressed his warriors. There is the grandsire's chariot. The way in which he wielded his great bow on this occasion. who intervened in support of Bhishma. so rapidly that the eye ached to follow its career. again made strong attack on the Pandava forces
and broke their formation.hurled javelins at one another and fought on. fought on unconcerned. Dharmaputra was seized with apprehension. Drupada and Dhrishtadyumna. killing large numbers. "Heroes in armor". filled with conceit on account of the success on the first day. THE SECOND DAY THE Pandava army. extorted the admiration of all the great generals in the army. our army will soon be totally destroyed by the grandsire. I am afraid we can not save our army. Duryodhana's heart beat fast as he watched this combat. said: "If we continue in this way. having fared badly on the first day of the battle. On the second day. besides myself." Duryodhana said. The chariot sped forward at a great pace. supporting the grandsire. This was followed by a great attack on the Pandava army by Bhishma. Duryodhana had ordered his men to protect the grandsire most vigilantly and never to let him expose himself to danger. God has blessed you with valiant brothers. led by Bhishma. Unless we slay Bhishma. It was well known that there were but three on the Kaurava side who could stand against Arjuna with any chance of success the grandsire Bhishma. at once intervened and attacked Arjuna who. the army was most carefully arrayed and everything was done to instil confidence. he said in a loud voice. and drove straight towards him. Duryodhana." The Kaurava army." "Dhananjaya. But the grandsire. The grandsire sent his shafts welcoming the challenge. Arjuna. had anticipated it and jumped down." said Krishna to Yudhishthira. Why should you entertain any doubts? There is Satyaki and there are Virata. The brothers came to Krishna and were engaged in anxious consultations. The Pandava forces suffered greatly on the first day of the battle. turning to Krishna. then get ready. Arjuna made short work of the warriors."
. "it seems as if even while you and Drona are alive and fighting. From the ground he pulled the string of his bow to his ear and sent a fatal arrow at Sveta. and swinging it. His confidence in the great Bhishma began to be shaken. devised measures to avoid a repetition of it. Drona and Karna. 65. "Chief among Bharatas. the Generalissimo. Dhrishtadyumna. "our victory is assured. his charioteer. this irresistible combination of Arjuna and Krishna will destroy our entire army. and Duryodhana's joy was unbounded.

The generals of the Kaurava army were greatly perturbed and their previous day's enthusiasm had all disappeared. the son of the king of the Panchalas and brother of Draupadi. But Drona again disabled him and prevented his advance. But the latter retaliated with equal vigor and with a grin of hatred he shot arrows and sped other missiles at Drona. As the sun sank in the west. Dhrishtadyumna then drew his sword and rushed forward like a lion springing on its elephant prey. Our army is disheartened and weary. went forward on foot. Duryodhana who saw this sent the Kalinga forces against Bhimasena. sent a shower of arrows on Drona and carried Dhrishtadyumna to safety in his chariot. Bhima killed the Kalinga warriors in great number. Both chariots were drawn by white steeds. The Pandava army was wild with enthusiasm when Bhishma's chariot sped thus out of the field. One of Satyaki's shafts brought Bhishma's charioteer down and the horses of Bhishma's chariot. Many times did Dhrishtadyumna's bow break. Bhishma said to Drona: "It is well we stop the fighting now.The gods came down to watch the combat between Bhishma and Arjuna. hit by Drona's arrows. These were two of the greatest warriors on earth. he came to relieve the Kalingas. Only the flag could be distinguished. Drona defended himself with great skill. One of Drona's arrows killed the Panchala prince's charioteer. Great was the loss the Kaurava army suffered in that day's battle as a result of Arjuna's deeds of valor. Dhananjaya and others returned in great cheer to their camp. the Kauravas were
. Just then Bhima. bolted carrying Bhishma away from the field. with bands playing. The combatants were equal and the battle raged for a long while. From either side flew arrows in countless number." On the side of the Pandavas. Drona's attack was powerful and Dhrishtadyumna was wounded badly. They took advantage of the situation and made a fierce attack on the Kaurava army. Shaft met shaft in the air and sometimes the grandsire's missile hit Arjuna's breast and that of Madhava (Krishna). They eagerly looked forward to sunset when there would be an end to the day's battle. And the blood flowing made Madhava more beautiful than ever as he stood like a green palasa tree in full bloom with crimson flowers. So fierce was the destruction that the entire army trembled in fear. Arjuna's wrath rose when he saw his dear charioteer hit and he pulled his bow and sent well-aimed arrows at the grandsire. left uncontrolled. who saw the Panchala's predicament. At the end of the second day's battle. Like Death itself he moved about among his enemies and felled them to the ground. He parried the sharp missiles and the heavy maces hurled at him with his arrows and broke them to pieces even as they sped in the air. jumping down from the chariot. Abhimanyu and other warriors came up in support of Bhima.
Drona sent an arrow that brought the mace down. In the movements the chariots made they were so close to one another and moved about so fast that it was not possible to say where Arjuna was and where Bhishma. As this great and wonderful scene was enacted in one part of the field. When Bhishma saw this. at another place a fierce battle was being fought between Drona and his born enemy Dhrishtadyumna. Satyaki. Thereupon Dhrishtadyumna took up a mace and.

He feared that the Kaurava forces would be completely demoralised if they saw that the prince had been disabled. Bhimasena took full advantage of the position and worked havoc among the fleeing Kaurava forces. Satyaki's chariot was broken to pieces and he had to scramble up Abhimanyu's chariot and thereafter both fought from the same chariot. But even this movement created great confusion. Bhima's shafts hit Duryodhana and he lay in swoon in his chariot. On the right horn of the crescent stood Bhima and on the left Arjuna." The chagrin of defeat. Why did you not tell me frankly 'I love the Pandavas. I am fulfilling my duties by you with all my might. Drona and Bhishma jointly attacked Dharmaputra's division and Nakula and Sahadeva joined their brother in opposing Drona's offensive."
. I tried to prevent the war but. Dhananjaya's attack was powerful but the enemy stood firm. Like a great cloud of locusts the shafts covered Arjuna's chariot. Javelins and spears and other missiles flew in the air shining like forked lightning in a thunderstorm.
Bhima and his son Ghatotkacha attacked Duryodhana's division and in that day's battle the son appeared to excel his great father in valor. leading the respective divisions. At another point Sakuni led a large force against Satyaki and Abhimanyu. it would be best if you and Drona told me frankly your mind in the matter. The Pandavas too arrayed their forces with skill.in the mood that the Pandavas were in the previous evening. you could deal with them easily. THE THIRD DAY'S BATTLE ON the morning of the third day Bhishma arrayed his army in eagle formation and himself led it while Duryodhana and his forces protected the rear. His charioteer quickly drove the chariot away from the scene. The scattered forces were brought together and Duryodhana was again seen leading them. horses and elephants rose to hide the sun. But with amazing skill he raised a moving fortification around his chariot with arrows discharged in an unending stream from his famous bow. The battle began. Surely these men are not equal to you. I am an old man and what I am doing is quite my utmost. Drona and Bhishma who saw the discomfiture and confusion of the Kaurava army came up quickly and restored confidence." said Duryodhana to the grandsire. All arms were at once engaged and blood flowed in torrents and the dust that was raised by chariots. They were able to destroy Sakuni's forces. So great was the care taken over every detail that the Kauravas were certain that there could be no mishap for them that day. Dhananjaya and Dhrishtadyumna decided in favor of a crescent formation of their army so as more effectually to cope with the eagle formation of the enemy's forces. Dhrishtadyumna and Satyaki are my friends and I cannot attack or slay them. and the knowledge that the grandsire disapproved of his ways made Duryodhana speak thus bitterly.' You should have stated the position explicitly to me. now that it has come. But Bhishma merely smiled and said: "Wasn't I quite frank in my advice to you? That advice you rejected when you decided on war. 66. A counter-attack was made by the Kauravas concentrating on Arjuna's position. And if you were so minded. Even now. "How can you stand thus. "looking on when our forces are scattered and put to disgraceful flight? I fear you are too kind to the Pandavas.

Bhishma picked up another bow but it too met the same fate. and dropping the reins. which had been so badly demoralized already. You have pledged yourself to it and you have now to carry it out. He had too much regard for his great grandsire. I shall kill Bhishma myself if you will not do it!" he exclaimed. have you indeed come down from the chariot for my sake? I offer you my life. You must now attack the grandsire. Vasudeva." said Krishna. Be true to your decision not to flinch from your duty to kill in battle Bhishma. he poured shafts on Arjuna's chariot with unerring aim. Janardana's (Krishna) anger rose. and persuaded Krishna to return. the grandsire resumed his operations. He jumped down and ran after Krishna. The latter thought that the grandsire had multiplied himself into a number of Bhishmas fighting at several points. it met a hot reception from the grandsire. "Hail. who covered it with his arrows. The grandsire's heart was gladdened when he saw Arjuna's skill in archery. he entreated Krishna to turn back. taking up another bow. Otherwise our army is lost beyond redemption. Arjuna. As they returned to their camps in torchlight. May your hands take this life away and save me for eternity. "Do not lose your patience with me. but in spite of it. Give me that boon. come. brave warrior!" applauded the grandsire. Overtaking him with great difficulty. Arjuna bent his bow and discharged three shafts that broke the grandsire's bow. his face expanded with ecstatic joy. both he and Arjuna were hit many times by Bhishma's arrows. Those who opposed him were struck down and perished like months in t e fire. h The Pandava army was thoroughly broken and began to scatter. If I be slain by you. he took up his discus and jumped down from the chariot and dashed forward towards Bhishma. Desist and I promise not to flinch. He rallied his men and delivered the most severe attack yet made on the Pandava army. "Dhanjaya. the grandsire raged about the field like a destroying fire. The Kauravas suffered a severe defeat on the evening of the third day. As Dhananjaya's chariot sped on towards Bhishma. But Arjuna's hands did not do their best. but were unsuccessful." he said.
Krishna was not happy at the way Arjuna met the attack. But. The grandsire's bow was working fiercely. But stung by Duryodhana's reproaches. the army. would be utterly destroyed and all would be lost. Krishna managed the chariot skilfully. Lord of the World. for his heart was not in it." "Drive on. On the contrary. Arjuna attacked the Kaurava forces furiously and thousands were slain by him. Oh Madhava. "I can stand this no longer. They did not expect Bhishma to rally his forces and attack them again." said Arjuna. Bhishma was far from being perturbed at this. The turn of events in the forenoon had been so much in their favor that the delighted Pandavas were now somewhat careless. Partha and Sikhandin tried hard to restore order and confidence. Krishna thought that. "Come. Drona and all the other friends and relatives and respected elders. they said to one another: "Who can equal
. if Arjuna went on like this. "I bow to you. I shall be glorified in the three worlds.Saying thus. even as. "now has the critical time come. The chariot reins were again in Krishna's hands. Oh Lotuseyed One!" he exclaimed. So swift were his movements that afternoon." Arjuna was distressed to see this.

elephants and horses all arrayed in battle order and ready for the fight. Aswatthama." So marvelous was Arjuna's prowess that day. thereupon. had it not been for his armor. The Kaurava army. But he stood firm as a rock and presently. ready to be shaken down like ripe fruits on a tree. Still. Bhishma arrayed the Kaurava forces again. iron mace in hand. "Visoka. Keep your hold well on the reins and drive on. The battle commenced. THE FOURTH DAY THE battle was very much the same every day and the narrative is one of monotonous fighting and killing. Arjuna watched the hostile movements from his chariot. he descended from his chariot. we cannot fully understand the epic heroes of that crowded stage. now is the glad hour. made a strong attack on Dhrishtadyumna. who saw this. Duryodhana. 67. presented the appearance of the sky in a great thunderstorm. was exceedingly angry and immediately charged against Bhima with a large force of elephants. It will be seen that even in our Puranic stories elephants fared as b adly in battle as they did in the wars of the Greeks and the Romans. Bhima's bow was smashed by one of Duryodhana's arrows. attacked them so fiercely that they scattered in a wild stampede.Arjuna? There is nothing strange in his being victorious. Bhimasena also appeared on the scene at this juncture. Abhimanyu saw this and sent a shower of arrows on Salya and put him in such danger that Duryodhana and his brothers
rushed to Salya's help. Surrounded by Drona." Bhima's arrows would have killed Duryodhana then and there. Chala himself now joined and he with Salya. Chitrasena and the son of Chala surrounded Abhimanyu and attacked him. Bhima's attack on the elephants was like Indra's devastating onslaught on the winged mountains. Duryodhana's brothers lost courage. and he too got ready. As soon as Bhima saw the elephants coming up. Dhrishtadyumna also arrived with a large force. with a wrathful lion roar joined his son whereat the tempo of fighting flared up." said Bhima to his charioteer.
. The son of Chala was killed. Duryodhana. if we skip over it. with its chariots. Arjuna saw this combined attack on his son and. At break of day. the great battle is the central event in the Mahabharata and. Bhurisravas. Duryodhana and others. "I see a number of Dhritarashtra's sons before me. When Bhima raised his mace aloft. The warrior fought like a lion opposing five elephants. The latter's bow was severed into two by a sharp missile discharged by Salya. holding his thunder bolt. throwing the Kaurava ranks into disorder. surrounded by the devas. Eight of Duryodhana's brothers were slain in that day's battle by Bhima. trampling numerous soldiers in their wild race. A number of Duryodhana's arrows struck Bhima's chest and he climbed up his chariot again. The slaughtered elephants lay dead on the field like great hills. The grandsire gave orders for advance. I am going to dispatch these wretches to Yama's abode. the Pandava warriors came up and joined him. Duryodhana fought fiercely. ordered a wholesale attack on Bhima. Those that escaped fled in panic and caused great havoc in the Kaurava army. Salya. whereon the Hanuman flag was waving. the grandsire looked verily like great Indra.

preferring to do as your foolish son desired. He had lost many of his brothers in that day's battle. when Sanjaya related the happenings of the great battle. Duryodhana
." said Bhishma to Drona. The Pandava warriors now poured a great shower of arrows on Duryodhana." "King " said Sanjaya in reply. Therefore." When the fighting was stopped on the evening of the fourth day. Bhishma. the blind old king burst into tears. King. Duryodhana took up a fresh bow and discharged a well-aimed shaft which struck Bhima on his chest with such force that he reeled and sat down. I shall surely drown. Your sons are brave but their thoughts are wicked. which was unable to stand against his onslaught. "Sanjaya. I am full of fear. 68. they win. Bhima sent an arrow with a knife-edge at Duryodhana that cut the latter's bow into two. "We cannot fight this Rakshasa today. "The Pandavas rest on the strength of a just cause. Drona and I tried to stop you in your unwise course. they have strength. They have done great injustice to the Pandavas. THE FIFTH DAY "I AM like a shipwrecked man seeking to save himself by swimming in a storm
tossed ocean. but you did not listen and you went on." The grandsire ordered his army to retire for the night. Their cause being just. who saw his father sit dazed with the force of the blow. Let us deal with Ghatotkacha tomorrow.Taking up a fresh bow. which would have saved your people. unable to bear his grief. Kripa and Aswatthama look on unconcerned when our army fled in terror? What indeed is their plan? When and how are they going to help Duryodhana? How are my sons to escape from destruction?" Saying thus. his eyes filled with tears. It is nearing sunset and at night of the Rakshasas grows stronger with the darkness. Vidura." said the blind old king. and they are reaping the harvest of their sins. They are fighting according to the practice of kshatriyas. Your tale has ever been one of sorrow. Ghatotkacha. The Pandavas are not winning by charms or magic incantations." exclaimed Dhritarashtra. So. Duryodhana sat musing in his tent. Like a foolish sick man who refuses to drink bitter medicine. It seems fate is more powerful than human effort. "Every day. overwhelmed in this sea of sorrow. of defeat and loss of dear ones! I cannot stand this any more. You are in distress now. And Bhishma gave the same answer as I give you. "Our men are weary. Duryodhana asked Bhishma the same question as you put to me now. "Bhima is going to kill all my sons. but you discarded wise counsel. plunged in great grief. Not baffled by this. you obstinately refused to follow our advice. "Calm yourself. Dhritarashtra would thus lament. Last night. Drona. What stratagem can save my people? How are we going to win in this fight? Indeed." said Sanjaya. "is this not all the result of your own folly? Of what avail is grief? How can I manufacture good news for you? You should hear the truth with fortitude. Did Bhishma. got exceedingly angry and fell on the Kaurava army." "Ah! Vidura's words are coming true. Friends advised you. luck does not favor them. "I do not believe there is anyone with prowess enough in our army to protect my sons from death." Again and again." he said. you give me nothing but bad news.

And Sikhandin. In the end. There is no doubt. The battle was resumed the next morning. Dharmaputra and the twin brothers held the rear. the prowess of these great warriors is limitless. Bhishma arrayed the Kaurava forces in a strong formation. put Satyaki's men to fight. Vikarna and Bhagadatta. making the Pandavas. Duryodhana went to Drona and complained bitterly according to his custom. Kritavarma. you can all enjoy this vast country as yours. you have always refused to follow what your elders counselled you to do. and pressed Satyaki himself so fiercely that he was in distress. who was a powerful opponent. For Sikhandin was born a girl. Destruction awaits you if you insult Dhananjaya and Krishna. For your good as well as for that of the world. Death has no terror for these veterans. the fruit of which you are now reaping. Belonging to the same royal house. Bhishma bent his bow and discharged his shafts. In the after noon. I gave you this advice. it is not loo late for making peace and that is the way to rule your kingdom. and Bhishma's principles did not permit him to attack a woman. listen to me. Bhurisravas. who are none other than Nara and Narayana. Drona upbraided him severely: "Obstinate prince. Again. We are doing our best. Bhishma turned away. Bhima stood at the head of the advance lines as usual. but he could not sleep that night. securely guarding the main body. There was a promiscuous battle the whole of the morning of the fifth day. Sudakshin. Aswatthama. the world knows that you are a warrior who knows not fear. What then is the mystery behind this daily defeat of our army at the hands of the sons of Kunti?" Bhishma replied: "Prince. But Satyaki destroyed it completely and advanced to attack Bhurisravas. friends instead of enemies. Bhurisravas. But.went by himself to Bhishma's tent and. aided by other generals. Kripa. but you disregarded it and have grievously wronged the Pandavas. Duryodhana sent a large force to oppose Satyaki. and the slaughter was terrific. this same objection proved to be the cause of Bhishma's death. Dhrishtadyumna and Satyaki stood
behind. you talk without understanding. As soon as Sikhandin stepped in. Dhananjaya saw this and retaliated by fierce shafts aimed at Bhishma. So did Dhrishtadyumna for the Pandava army. The same is the case with Drona. said: "Grandsire. The battle grew fiercer still. Bhishma and Salya made a combined attack on Bhima. The Pandava army suffered greatly under the grandsire's attack. You are ignorant of the Pandavas' strength. I have given you advice on every occasion and told you what was good for you. Sikhandin supported Bhima by pouring a shower of arrows on Bhishma." Drona's powerful attack on the Pandava army was too much for Satyaki who was meeting it and Bhima therefore turned his attentions to Drona. How then can you hope for victory? Even now. he attacked Sikhandin fiercely and compelled him to withdraw. I tell you that it is best for you to make peace with Pandu's sons. your powerful brothers. All the Pandavas combined cannot defeat any one of you." Duryodhana took leave and went to his tent. even like your own. Satyaki's ten sons saw their father's plight and sought to relieve him by launching an
. bowing reverently. When Drona saw Bhishma turn away. Drona. The Pandavas are protected by Krishna himself. that is the only course that should be followed.

Durmata. For Bhima knew that Bhurisravas was an unrivalled swordsman and he did not want Satyaki to be slain. Sudarsana. They. he was alarmed and rushed to prevent disaster. Which Vyuha was best for any particular occasion. The sixth day was marked by a prodigious slaughter. mace in band. strewn on the field like so many tall trees struck down by lightning. for their part.offensive against Bhurisravas. he asked the charioteer: "Visoka. And the warriors stood face to face with sword and shield in desperate single combat. The chariots of the two warriors dashed against each other and crumbled to pieces. Bhimasena pierced the enemy's lines to seek out Duryodhana's brothers and finish them. Chitrasena. Great was the destruction he effected. in hot haste to slay them. wild with rage and grief. THE SIXTH DAY ACCORDING to Yudhishthira's order Dhrishtadyumna arrayed the Pandava army in makara (fish) formation for the sixth day's battle. the princes on the Pandava army surrounded Arjuna and greeted him with loud cries of admiration and victory. His well-aimed darts broke their weapons and they were all slain. He went about like fire among cotton heaps. What the strength and composition of the forces arrayed should be and what positions they should take up were
decided upon. but Bhurisravas undaunted by numbers. in a combined attack from all sides. With tears in his eyes. The soldiers. The Kaurava army was arrayed in krauncha (heron) formation. Vyuha was the general name for battle array. They desired to take him prisoner and he to kill them all on the spot. Suddenly. but rushed on him. He was attacked by Duhsasana. We know. Bhimasena. Charuchitra. The armies on both sides retired to camp. elephants and horses and the debris of chariots. Then. Arjuna killed thousands of warriors that evening. 69. perished like moths in the fire. who did not know what fear was. but found it was occupied only by the charioteer and Bhima was not in it. or postures. how. names were given to physical exercise. along with the tired horses and elephants. The battle raged fiercely. asanas. did not wait to be sought. Jaya.
. dispatched against him by Duryodhana. Drona's charioteer was killed and Drona took the reins of the horses himself and used his bow as well. Vikarna. all together. Blood flowed in torrents and the field was covered by dead bodies of soldiers. He reached Bhima's car. Dushkarna and others. Suvarma. where is Bhima dearer to me than life?" Dhrishtadyumna naturally thought Bhima had fallen. As the sun went down and Bhishma gave orders to cease fighting. Satyaki. even in the first part of the morning. drove forward at a furious pace to slay Bhurisravas. and made straight on foot for the sons of Dhritarashtra. similarly. Bhima came and took away Satyaki by force into his chariot and drove away. according to the situation as it developed from time to time. stood up and fought them all. opposed the combined attack and was not to be shaken. depended on the requirements of the offensive and defensive plans of the day. even like the ancient battle between the gods and the asuras. The formations of both armies were soon broken and indiscriminate and fierce fighting went on. Jayatsena. the son of Pandu lost his patience and jumped down from his chariot. When Dhrishtadyumna saw Bhima's chariot disappear in the enemy lines. Durvishaha.

whose path was marked by the bodies of slain elephants. he saw him surrounded on all sides by enemies fighting from their chariots.
. Dhrishtadyumna was greatly relieved when he saw this. Bhima and Duryodhana met face to face. without waiting for my reply rushed forward on foot. the Trigarta chief. great war elephants. Sakuni. Salya." the grandsire said to Duryodhana. Bhagadatta. When Dhrishtadyumna found Bhima. The Pandava forces began to waver and Drona was cheered by the Kaurava army. Bhishma personally arrived at the spot now and led the attack and scattered the Pandava forces. "See there. discharging it. wounded all over and breathing fire. Accordingly. into the enemy ranks. 70." Fearing that Bhima would be overpowered and killed Dhrishtadyumna drove his chariot into the enemy lines in search of Bhimasena. Drona. reinforcements sent by Yudhishthira arrived. however. You are looking on doing nothing. Indiscriminate mass fighting and slaughter went on that day. THE SEVENTH DAY DURYODHANA. Bhima stood against them all. horses and horsemen. At one time. Kritavarma. He got into Kekaya's chariot and took up his position along with the rest. why should you feel downhearted? Get rid of this mood of dejection. Just then. the king of Magadha. A force of twelve chariots with their retinue led by Abhimanyu came upon the scene to support Bhima. Our formations are broken and our warriors are being slain in large numbers. the two brothers of Avanti. and Kripacharya. threw the enemy forces into a stupor. Drona. Dhrishtadyumna embraced him and took him into his chariot and proceeded to pick out the shafts that had stuck in his body. He killed Dhrishtadyumna's charioteer and horses and smashed his chariot and
Drupada's son had to seek a place in Abhimanyu's car. When these great warriors are here. was terrible that day. mace in hand. wounded all over and suffering greatly. mace in hand. went to Bhishma and said: "The battle had been going against us every day. The sun was sinking. Aswatthama. Yudhishthira was glad that Dhrishtadyumna and Bhima returned to camp alive." Saying this. Vikarna. Then the day's battle ceased. Kripa extricated him with great skill and took him away in his own chariot. But Duryodhana then joined the fray and discharged weapons to counter the stupor weapons of Dhrishtadyumna.Visoka bowed and said to the son of Drupada: "The son of Pandu asked me to stay here and." The grandsire soothed Duryodhana with comforting words: "Why do you let yourself be disheartened? Here are all of us. The usual exchange of hot words took place and was followed by a great battle of archery. ready to give up their lives for you. which he had obtained from Dronacharya and. Duryodhana was hit and fell unconscious. "These thousands of cars. Bhimasena had also by now refreshed himself and was ready to renew the fight. Dhrishtadyumna had a secret weapon. Duryodhana now ordered his warriors to attack Bhimasena and Dhrishtadyumna and not to wait for them to attack or challenge. but the battle was continued for an hour yet and the fighting was fierce and many thousands perished. they made a combined attack even though they were not inclined to engage themselves in further fighting. he issued orders for the day.

In the fight between Satyaki and Alambasa. Salya attacked his nephews. Duryodhana stood resplendent like Indra at the center of this great and wellequipped army. sword in hand. Sikhandin. Duryodhana and Dhrishtadyumna fought with each other at yet another point. and their armies were completely destroyed. while Bhimasena opposed Kritavarma. Fear not. The army was that day arrayed in circular formation. between Yudhishthira and Srutayu and between Chekitana and Kripa. The Avanti kings opposed Yudhamanyu. however. badly beaten. but it was met by Aswatthama's arrow. heartened by the grandsire's words of confidence. continued the fight. Aswatthama aimed his shaft at his sword and broke it." Thus cheering up the dejected Duryodhana. There were great battles between Ghatotkacha and Bhagadatta. This day's battle was fiercely fought simultaneously at many sectors. Bhagadatta attacked Ghatotkacha and put to flight all his supporters. He went to the field. between Bhurisravas and Dhrishtaketu. the former had the worst of it at first but later recovered ground and Alambasa had to flee. Duryodhana rubbed it over his numerous wounds and felt relieved. To each horseman were attached ten shield bearers. He. Each chariot was supported by seven horsemen. Drona and Virata were engaged with each other at another point. Vikarna and Durmarsha. Virata's sons Uttara and Sveta had fallen in the first day's battle. Nakula and Sahadeva attacked their uncle Salya. Sanga also was slain just as his father came up to his side. Both continued the fight from the same car. But. His chariot was smashed and he jumped down and stood sword and shield in hand. Kritavarma made a strong attack on Bhima but was worsted. he gave him a healing balm for his wounds. Sikhandin and Aswatthama fought a big battle at another sector. you can vanquish even the gods.and those armed foot soldiers from various kingdoms are all ready to fight for you. Yudhishthira arrayed the Pandava army in vajravyuha. was defeated by Aswatthama. With each war elephant were seven chariots fully equipped. having
lost his own chariot. In the battle between Dhrishtadyumna and Duryodhana. fled towards Sakuni's car. got into Satyaki's chariot and retired. On this seventh day. But in the end. horses and charioteer. In the battle between Drona and Virata. between Alambasa and Satyaki. making him look like a porcupine speeding away in the forest. With this fine army. Chitrasena. Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti were defeated by Yudhamanyu. Bhishma personally opposed Arjuna's attacks. Sikhandin. Drupada's son. Sikhandin then whirled the broken sword and hurled it at Aswatthama with tremendous force. Ghatotkacha stood and fought bravely. alone. the latter was worsted and he had to climb into the chariot of his son Sanga. which gladdened the whole Kaurava army. Salya was hit by Sahadeva's arrow and
. with Bhima's arrows sticking all over him. Sakuni came then and took the prince away in his chariot. He lost his chariot and horses and acknowledging defeat. the horses of the latter were killed and he had to alight from his chariot. Nakula's horses were killed and he had to join his brother in the latter's chariot. he too had to save himself by flight. Everyone wore armor.

Yudhishthira then lost his temper and sent a powerful arrow that pierced Srutayu's breast-plate. drive the car towards Bhishma. but the latter was able to intercept it with his own arrow. When the Madra king (Salya) was seen retreating from the field Duryodhana's army lost heart and the twin sons of Madri blew their conchs in triumph. Our ancestors had developed the science of war very well. And the great warrior was like a sun radiating glory. Satyaki of another. The Kurukshetra battle was fought some thousands of years ago. The charioteer skilfully drove the car away and saved Salya. He then whirled his mace and hurled it at Kripacharya. Armor and tactics were employed suitably to meet the weapons of offence and the tactics that the enemy used in those days. The latter's well-aimed arrows intercepted Dharmaputra's missiles. Taking advantage of the situation. Three of Duryodhana's brothers attacked
Abhimanyu who inflicted a heavy defeat on them but spared their lives. they inflicted heavy damage on Salya's forces. Ninety-six arrows of Dhrishtaketu struck Bhurisravas. The Pandava forces were arrayed in a three-pronged formation. and his armor was pierced and he was severely wounded. and standing on the ground. In the attack on Kripa. 71. he compelled Dhrishtaketu to admit defeat and retire. Reading the story of the battle in the Mahabharata. After this. alighted and attacked Kripa's charioteer and horses with mace in hand and killed them. Yudhishthira was not his normal self and burnt with anger. Bhishma attacked Abhimanyu. for an hour.swooned. retired to their tents for rest and for having their injuries attended to. without a word about war or hatred. Yudhishthira said to Dhrishtadyumna: "See there. we
. soothing the warriors to their rest. And the warriors of both sides. says the poet. all sticking in his breast-plate. the other Pandavas also joined Arjuna. soft music was played. weary and wounded. Bhishma arrayed his army in tortoise formation. sword in hand. Chekitana was badly hit. Thereupon. Yudhishthira led an attack on Srutayu. It was not reduced to writing but was preserved by tradition in the families of kshatriyas." At that moment. and the battle was suspended for the day. Arjuna saw this and said to his illustrious charioteer: "Krishna. Kripa also alighted. That day. Bhima was at the head of one prong. THE EIGHTH DAY WHEN the eighth day dawned. But the grandsire was able to hold his own against all five until the sunset. discharged his arrows. as the arrows. Both were wounded and fell on the ground. Thereupon they closed with each other. That hour was spent. Srutayu's charioteer and horses were killed and the chariot was smashed and he had to flee on foot from the field. shone bright around his radiant face. and it was a glad sight to see. One can see herein what the great lesson of the Mahabharata is. and Yudhishthira at the crest of the middle division. This completed the demorahsation of Duryodhana's army. It was an hour of heavenly bliss. Chekitana. You have to answer at once with a formation that can break it. losing his chariot and charioteer. because Bhima had sworn to kill them. At noon. when Bhima came and took Chekitana away in his chariot. Even in that condition. the enemy is in kurma vyuha (tortoise formation). Sakuni similarly took wounded Kripa away in his car." Dhrishtadyumna immediately proceeded to his task.

We have no explanation as to how one could. All these things appertaining to ancient war. having the practice and incidents of modern warfare in mind. After all this killing. by discharging a continuous stream of arrows. precise details as to what is tortoise formation or lotus formation. the kshatriyas. we can not expect to see such details in it as might interest a medical man. although the narrative may be of battles. would seem almost weird and even ridiculous if compared with those of modern naval warfare. So. Bhima killed eight of Dhritarashtra's sons early in the battle that day. he broke down completely. to include scientific details in his story. When Arjuna heard this. Their culture and their training were entirely their own charge. where the great outrage was enacted. even as he swore in the assembly ball. What are we doing all this wretched destruction up on one another for? Just for the sake of property. The principles and the secrets of warfare and the science and art of the use of military weapons were handed down from generation to generation by tradition and personal instruction. This son of Arjuna by his Naga wife had come and joined the Pandava forces at Kurukshetra. Military affairs were in ancient times the sole concern of the military order. the English admiral Nelson fought great sea battles and won undying renown. the Rakshasa Alambasa.should not. build a defence around himself or
intercept and cut missiles in transit. or how far the armor worn by the soldiers and officers could protect them against missiles or what were the ambulance arrangements or how the dead were disposed of. we cannot hope to find in the epic of Vyasa. keeping everything else to himself and he would not resort to fighting if that were agreed to. Another matter to be kept in mind is that we cannot expect. I now see why the far seeing Yudhishthira said he would be content if Duryodhana would give five villages to us. Duryodhana's heart lost courage before this. however interesting. in his obstinate folly. or how one could be living when pierced all over by arrows. It seemed to his friends as if Bhimasena would complete his revenge this very day. refused to give even these five villages and so. Arjuna had a great bereavement in this day's battle. Only about a century and a half ago. in the books of poets and literary writers. His dear son Iravan was killed. No author would care. accurate or full details about weapons and tactics. The weapons used and the vessels that actually took part in Nelson's battles. I continue fighting only because men would
. so long back as that of the Mahabharata war. these great sins have to be committed on both sides. If a modern novel deals in some chapters with the treatment and cure of a sick person. we must be prepared for very strange things in the procedure and events of a period. to oppose the Naga warrior. what joy are we or they likely to find in the end? O Madhusudana. reject the Mahabharata narrative as mere myth with no relation to fact. Duryodhana. Said he turning to Vasudeva: "Vidura had indeed told us plainly that both sides would be plunged in grief unbearable. even if he were able. Iravan was slain after a fierce fight. Duryodhana sent his friend. If a hundred and fifty years can make so much difference. There were no military textbooks and there was not any place for them in the works of poets and rishis. will have to be in the realm of the unknown in spite of the vivid narrative we have in the Mahabharata epic.

otherwise think me a coward, who could submit tamely to wrong. When I see the dead warriors lying on the field, my heart is filled with unbearable anguish. Oh, how wicked we are to carry on in this miserable, sinful way." Seeing Iravan killed, Ghatotkacha uttered a loud war-cry which made all the assembled soldiers tremble. And with his division, he fell upon the Kaurava army ferociously. So great was the destruction he wrought that at many points the Kaurava formation was broken. Seeing this, Duryodhana personally led an attack on Bhima's son. The king of Vanga joined Duryodhana with his elephants. Duryodhana fought most bravely on this eighth day of the battle. He killed a great number of warriors on Ghatotkacha's side. Ghatotkacha hurled a javelin which would have ended Duryodhana's career but for the Vanga chief's prompt intervention with one of his elephants. The missile hit the beast, which fell dead, and Duryodhana was saved. Bhishma was anxious about Duryodhana and sent a large force under Drona to support the Kaurava prince. Many were the veterans who were in this force that attacked Ghatotkacha. So tumultuous and fierce was the fight at this sector of the battle that Yudhishthira feared for Ghatotkacha's safety and sent Bhimasena to his aid. Then the battle became even fiercer than before. Sixteen of Duryodhana's brothers perished on this day. 72. THE NINTH DAY ON the morning of the ninth day, before the battle began, Duryodhana was closeted with the grandsire. He gave vent to his bitter feelings of disappointment over the way the battle was going. He uttered words that were like the sharp spears and pained the grandsire greatly but the latter was patient and said sadly:

"Like ghee on the sacrificial fire I am pouring my life out for you. Why do you seek to mortify me, who have been doing my very utmost for you? You speak like a man of no understanding, not knowing what is right and what is wrong. They say that, when a man is nearing his death, the tree appears to him to be made of gold. You see things now, not as they are. Your vision is clouded. You are now reaping the harvest of the hatred you deliberately sowed. The best course for you are to go on fighting, as well as you can. This is also the plain path of duty. It is not possible for me to fight Sikhandin, for I can never raise my hand against a woman. Nor can I with my hands kill the Pandavas, for my mind revolts against it. I will do everything barring these two and fight all the warriors opposed to you. Nothing is gained by losing heart. Fight as a kshatriya should and honor will be yours whatever the events." Saying thus to Duryodhana and cheering him up with wise and affectionate words, Bhishma proceeded to issue instructions for arraying the forces for the day's battle. Duryodhana was heartened. He sent for Duhsasana and said to him: "Brother, put forth all our strength in today's battle. I am convinced, the grandsire is fighting on our side with his whole heart. It is only against Sikhandin, he says, he cannot use his weapons. We should see that he is not exposed to Sikhandin's attacks, for you know, even a wild dog can kill a lion if the latter scorns to fight back." There was a great fight between Abhimanyu and Alambasa. Abhimanyu demonstrated that his valor was no less than his illustrious father's. Alambasa had to flee on foot to save himself. There were fierce combats between Satyaki and Aswatthama and between Drona and Arjuna. Thereafter, all the Pandavas attacked the grandsire and

Duryodhana sent Duhsasana to support the old warrior. Bhishma fought furiously and beat the Pandavas back. The Pandava forces were thoroughly demoralised and were flying hither and thither, like cattle that had lost their way in the forest. Krishna halted the chariot and said to Arjuna: "Partha, you and your brothers were looking forward to this day, after thirteen years. Do not hesitate to kill the grandsire. Remember the duty of a soldier." Arjuna bent his head down and, without looking up, replied: "I would much rather have continued to be an exile in the forest than kill the grandsire and the teachers whom I love, but I shall obey you. Drive on." Arjuna's heart was not in the fight. Unwillingly and in great distress of mind, he proceeded to the combat. Bhishma, on the other hand, burnt fiercely like the noonday sun. When the army saw Arjuna's chariot proceed towards Bhishma, it regained courage and order once again prevailed. Bhishma's arrows came thick and fast and covered the advancing chariot so completely that neither horses nor vehicles could be seen. Krishna was unperturbed and drove on with circumspection and skill. Arjuna's shafts hit Bhishma's bow and shattered it many times. But the grandsire went on renewing his weapon. "You are not fighting, Arjuna, as you should!" exclaimed Krishna, and jumped down in a rage from the chariot and, taking up his discus, he advanced towards the grandsire. Bhishma saw Vasudeva approaching. "Hail, O Lotus-eyed One!" he cried. "Blessed am I to be separated from the body by you! Come, come!"

Arjuna jumped down from the chariot and, rushing forward overtook and held Krishna, casting both his arms around him. "Stop, Krishna," he cried. "Do not break your pledge. You have promised not to use weapons in this battle. This is my work. I shall not fail. I shall send my arrows and kill the beloved grandsire myself. Pray, mount the car and take the reins." Arjuna took Krishna back and the battle was resumed. The Pandava forces had been handled roughly, but now the sun was down in the west and the fighting ended for the day. 73. THE PASSING OF BHISHMA IT was the tenth day of the battle. Keeping Sikhandin in front of him, Arjuna attacked Bhishma. When Sikhandin's darts pierced his breast, sparks flew from the grandsire's eyes. For a moment the old warrior's anger rose like flaming fire and his eyes glared as if to consume Sikhandin. But, at once, the grandsire restrained himself. He decided not to be provoked into fighting Sikhandin, who was born a woman and to strike whom it seemed unworthy of a warrior. He knew, however, his end was near and calmed himself. Sikhandin went on discharging his arrows, not minding the battle of emotions in his opponent's mind. Arjuna also steeled his heart, and from behind Sikhandin aimed arrows at the weak points in Bhishma's armor, even while the grandsire stood still. Bhishma smiled as the arrows continued to come down thick on him, and turning to Duhsasana, said: "Ah, these are Arjuna's arrows! These cannot be Sikhandin's, for they burn my flesh as the crab's young ones tear their mother's body." Thus did the grandsire look upon his dear pupil's arrows and, while saying this to Duhsasana, he took up a javelin and

hurled it at Arjuna. Arjuna met it with three arrows which cut it to pieces even as it was speeding through the air. Bhishma then decided to end the combat and made as if to dismount from his chariot, sword and shield in hand. But before he could do so, his shield was cut to pieces by Arjuna's arrows. With arrows sticking all over his body so thickly that there was not even an inch of intervening space, Bhishma fell headlong to the ground from his chariot. As he fell, the gods, who looked on from above, folded their hands in reverent salutation and a gentle breeze, laden with fragrance and cool raindrops, swept over the battlefield. Thus fell the great and good Bhishma, the son of Ganga, who came on earth to hallow it and all it bears. The blameless hero who, unasked, made the great renunciation to give joy to his father. The undefeated bowman who had humbled the pride of Rama of the axe. The selfless worker for righteousness' sake, thus repaid his debt to Duryodhana, and lay wounded to death sanctifying with his life-blood the battlefield. As the grandsire fell, the hearts of the Kauravas also fell along with him. Bhishma's body did not touch the ground, on account of the arrows sticking out all over his body. His body shone more brightly than ever before, as it lay as on a bed of honor, supported by the shafts that had pierced his flesh. Both armies ceased fighting and all the warriors came running and crowded round the great hero, who lay on his bed of arrows. The kings of the earth stood with bowed heads round him, as the gods round Brahma. "My head hangs down unsupported," said the grandsire. The princes who stood near, ran and brought cushions. The old warrior rejected them with a smile and, turning

towards Arjuna said: "Dear son Partha, give me a cushion befitting a warrior." When Arjuna, whose arrows were just then burning the grandsire's flesh, heard those words addressed to him, he took three arrows from out of his quiver and so placed them that the grandsire's head found support on their points. "Princes," said Bhishma addressing the assembled chiefs, "Arjuna's arrows were indeed what my head required to be supported on. This pillow gives me satisfaction. Now, I must lie thus until the sun turns north. My soul will not depart till then. When I pass away, those of you who may be alive then may come and see me." Then the grandsire turned again to Arjuna and said: "I am tormented with thirst. Get me some drinking water." At once, Arjuna raised his bow, and drawing, it to the ear, shot a shaft down into the earth near the grandsire on his right side. Upon the opening made by the arrow, there gushed a stream of pure sweet water to the very lips of the dying man. Ganga came up, says the poet, to quench her dear son's burning thirst. Bhishma drank and was happy. "Duryodhana, may you be wise!" said Bhishma, addressing the Kaurava prince. "Did you see how Arjuna brought me water to quench my thirst? Who else in this world can do such a deed? Make peace with him without further delay. May the war cease with my exit. Listen to me, son, make peace with the Pandavas." The grandsire's words did not please Duryodhana. Even when dying, the patient does not like medicine. He objects to the bitter taste. All the princes retired to their camps. 74. KARNA AND THE GRANDSIRE WHEN he learnt that Bhishma lay wounded and dying, Karna hurried to the place and fell at his feet and said:

"Eldest of the race. Radha's son, who, through no fault of his, incurred your great displeasure, humbly prostrates himself before you." When after humble salutation Karna stood up, the grandsire, greatly moved, tenderly placed his hand on Karna's head and blessed him. "You are not Radha's son, young man," he said in loving tones: "You are Kuntidevi's own first born. Narada, who knows all the secrets of the world, himself revealed this to me. Son of Surya, truly I entertained no dislike for you. But I was grieved to see your increasing hatred of the Pandavas although they gave you no cause for it. I know and admire your valor and your open handedness. And I know also that you belong to the class of Phalguna and Krishna in prowess. It is proper that you befriend the Pandavas. Therein lies the right path for you who are their brother. With the closing of my part in this war, may the chapter of your enmity also close. This is my wish, Karna." Karna listened respectfully and replied: "Grandsire I know I am Kunti's son, and not charioteer born. But I have eaten Duryodhana's salt and must be true to him, to be true to my own lineage. It is impossible for me to go over to the Pandavas now. You must permit me to repay with my life, if it so be the debt I owe to Duryodhana for his love and trust. I have erred greatly in word and deed. You must forgive me for it all and give me your blessings." The great acharya, who knew all the laws of right conduct and what Karna said, replied: "Do reflect for a while and then do as you wish, for that is the right way." Even when Bhishma was mortally wounded and lay dying, the battle did not cease. Discarding the grandsire's words of wisdom, the Kauravas resumed the battle.

Deprived of Bhishma's leadership, the Kaurava forces felt like sheep without a shepherd when Bhishma no longer led them. Indeed, even as Bhishma fell wounded, the men shouted: "O Karna, you are the one left to lead and protect us." The Kaurava warriors felt that, if but Karna would agree to take up the command, victory was certain. During the first ten days when Bhishma led the forces, the son of Surya kept away from the battle. As already narrated, deeply hurt at the grandsire's contempt, Karna had said: "So long as you are up fighting, I shall keep aloof. If you slay the Pandavas and bring victory to Duryodhana, I shall be glad. And I shall then, taking the king's leave, go to the forest. But, if you be defeated and go to the abode of the brave, I who am not deemed by you as an adhiratha (master of chariot warfare) will ride my chariot and oppose those whom you deem to be of greater prowess than myself. And defeating them, bring victory to Duryodhana." Thus had Karna sworn and, with Duryodhana's consent, kept aloof from the battle during the first ten days. Now he went on foot to Bhishma who lay on his bed of arrows waiting for his end and, saluting him, addressed him thus: "Veteran grandsire, vanquisher of Parasurama, you lie on the field of battle, struck down by Sikhandin. If you, who had reached the summit of right living and were an embodiment of purity itself, must lie wounded in this manner, it is clear that no one can attain in this world what he deserves by his merit. You were the one boat on which the Kaurava princes depended for crossing the flood of their troubles. Heavy indeed will be the blows that the Pandavas will now deal at the Kauravas and great will be their

if any of them be chosen." Duryodhana agreed that this was the right thing to do. "Well. wisdom. Under your command. Karna. DRONA IN COMMAND DURYODHANA and Karna held counsel as to who should be put in supreme command of the forces." Bhishma gave his blessings to Karna. Turn your gracious eyes on me and bless me. the
. knowledge of sciences. Take charge of the Kaurava army now as your own rich possession and guard it well. made the Kauravas feel as though they had already vanquished the enemy. 75. When the valorous Karna entered the field on his war chariot. "All these kings are of equal prowess. ancestry. Drona was installed in due form amidst thunderous acclamation. mounted his chariot and rode to the battlefield. energy. Serve Duryodhana and save him. like rain clouds to living beings. everyone of these princely warriors fighting on your side is great enough to be put in charge of our forces as supreme commander. skill. valor and skill. valor. I beg of you to accept the supreme command. You fought the Girivrajas on his behalf and defeated them. strength. So. But now that Karna was in the field. the teacher of all these princes and warriors. He indeed is the greatest of all those that carry arms today. Like fire and wind burning down the forest. ancestry and wisdom. having received the benediction of the grandsire. Thereby we stand to suffer. His sorrow. bowed and addressed him: "Revered Master. firm in your loyalty. The praise of courtiers and the sound of trumpets that accompanied the ceremony." The assembled kings received this proposal with loud cheers and war cries that gladdened Duryodhana's heart. each of the others would feel hurt and may not put forth his whole strength in the cause. in the presence of the assembled warriors and princes. you are unrivalled among all those assembled here in caste."You are like the good earth to the seeds. was in some degree alleviated. courage. You put down the Kiratas of the Himalayan fastnesses for him.consequent distress. it was certain that the Pandavas would be destroyed." said Karna. So great was their enthusiasm and confidence in Drona's leadership. The talk went round in the army that the great Bhishma did not wish to slay the sons of Pandu and therefore had not put his whole heart in the fight. Arjuna and Krishna will destroy the army of Kauravas. my advice is that we install
Dronacharya. May you lead Duryodhana's forces to success! May you have every good fortune! Fight your enemies. ever dependable. Let us therefore install him. who had till then stood aside was now seen moving about in his great chariot on the battlefield and this put new courage and joy into the hearts of the Kaurava soldiers. This is certain. age. No kshatriya equals him in the qualities required for leading our army. Duryodhana went to Dronacharya and. They cannot all be put in joint command and. Whenever he led an attack. at having lost Bhishma. this army will be victorious. Though of advanced years. Dronacharya was in command for five days of the battle. who have accepted the command of the forces. Many more things you have accomplished for him. as supreme commander. Duryodhana's joys knew no bounds. he was everywhere in the field and displayed the fierce energy of a young warrior. Drona arrayed the army in circular formation. and so it was decided. You vanquished the Kambojas for him. go." Karna.

when he heard Duryodhana request that Yudhishthira should be captured alive. "Duryodhana. 76. I see this clearly from your desire to capture Yudhishthira alive. great was his joy. Even if the fight were to be continued relentlessly until both armies were destroyed.
. we desire that you should capture Yudhishthira alive and give him over to us. for he hated the very idea of slaying the Pandava brothers. Bhima. if Yudhishthira was captured alive. we shall all be exceedingly satisfied with your conduct of the war. he could surely play on Yudhishthira's goodness and his loyalty to the traditional code of kshatriya conduct. TO SEIZE YUDHISHTHIRA ALIVE AS SOON AS Drona assumed command of the Kaurava forces Duryodhana. Krishna would still remain alive and he would put either Draupadi or Kunti in sovereign possession of the kingdom. The gods are showering their favors on Kunti's good son. "Do you too wish to abstain from killing Yudhishthira? How it gladdens my heart! Truly. and the anger of the Pandavas would be all the greater. not even a total victory. We desire nothing more. he loved the sons of Kunti and especially the pure-minded Yudhishthira. his
unrivalled glory has become ten times enhanced." "I see. If you achieve this for us. Drupada and Kasiraja and defeated them on many occasions. Arjuna. what you intend. which the people have given to Kunti's eldest son. Dhrishtadyumna. So. to fulfil his obligation. He harassed and inflicted severe punishment on the Pandava army during the five days he was in command. Thereafter." Drona was exceedingly glad and he said again: "Indeed Yudhishthira is the most fortunate man on earth. he felt greatly relieved. he began to reveal his real intentions. the war would end more speedily and victoriously for the Kauravas. the acharya loyally joined the Kaurava side against the Pandavas. Abhimanyu. So has he won the hearts of even enemies." But Duryodhana's motives in wishing to take Yudhishthira alive were far different. Duryodhana thought. And Duryodhana went to Dronacharya to put it in operation. dear Duryodhana. nothing would be gained by it. And Duryodhana knew that it would only mean the utter defeat of his army. What then was the point in killing Yudhishthira? On the other hand. "You wish to defeat the Pandavas in battle and then give them their share in the kingdom and live in peace and amity with them. Yudhishthira is one without an enemy and the name Ajatasatru. It was pretty certain he could be drawn into the battle of dice again and sent to the forests once more. Karna and Duhsasana sat in council and decided on a plan.Pandava forces were scattered like clouds before a storm. has been justified by your great decision." When Drona heard Duryodhana address him thus. And as soon as Drona acceded to his proposal and gave his pledge that he would do his best to capture Yudhishthira. He fought Satyaki. may you be blessed!" the acharya said. When even you have made up your mind that he should not be killed but should be captured alive. He personally engaged the greatest warriors on the Pandava side in battle. The battle would rage more fiercely than before. "Acharya. Even though." Drona continued. If Yudhishthira were slain.

for Arjuna had come on the scene. he decided to restore lost morale by leading a straight attack on Yudhishthira. when the acharya was determined on something and gave his pledged word for executing it. Yudhishthira's bow was cut down and Drona was coming very near. Dhrishtadyumna tried to intercept Drona but in vain. the earth rumbling under the wheels of his chariot. Then there was a great combat between Salya and Bhimasena in which Salya was defeated and made to retire. And. So. From his Gandiva bow issued a continuous stream of arrows. and he withdrew admitting defeat. not the fulfilment of the desires. There was a fierce battle between Sahadeva and Sakuni skilled in illusion warfare. over bones and bodies lying in heaps. Yudhishthira answered with barbed arrows. his unrivalled eminence in the art of war and his valor made it a most serious affair. His golden chariot went forward. in the direction of Yudhishthira. smiling most provokingly all the time. Drona held back. The Pandavas knew that. Jayadratha and Salya singlehanded and made them withdraw. When their chariots broke. then. the acharya was greatly disappointed and he cursed Duryodhana in his heart. When Drona saw this. So also was there fierce fighting between Satyaki and Kritavarma and between Virata and Karna. Salya had his car smashed and his flag brought down. Abhimanyu's valor was also demonstrated as he fought Paurava.Ten days of fighting had demonstrated to Duryodhana that further fighting would only result in the destruction of the race. and advanced at great speed. But. Many were the single combats among renowned warriors. He cut the Pandava army in twain where Dhrishtadyumna stood. they alighted on the ground. The whole army shouted: "Yudhishthira has been taken!" So near came Drona. he was glad that Yudhishthira was not to be killed. was carried by their spies to the Pandava army. they struck each other with maces and closed with one another in single combat. they soon got busy and so arrayed the forces that Yudhishthira was never left unsupported. Between Kripacharya and Dhrishtaketu there was a battle in which the latter was worsted. drawn by four noble Sindhu horses. In the first day's battle under the leadership of Drona. When Duryodhana made his motives clear to Drona. feathered with eagle-feathers. Suddenly. Salya fought his nephew Nakula and harassed him exceedingly. in the end. The news that Drona had given a solemn assurance to Duryodhana that he would take Yudhishthir a prisoner. But whatever the reason for it. Kritavarma. who saw this. the acharya amply demonstrated his great skill and energy. But Drona did not mind. He moved about destroying the Pandava forces like a fire burning up dry logs. No one could see the shafts taken out of the quiver or placed in
. as it coursed swiftly over the bloody field. Between Bhima and
Vivimsati there was a great battle in which chariots were broken on both sides. they always took care to leave sufficient protection against any surprise attack on Yudhishthira. Arjuna appeared on the battlefield. Whatever movements might take place. The Kaurava forces began to lose courage and the Pandava army. His rapid movements made the Pandava army feel as if Drona was everywhere at the same time showering arrows like rain and converting the battlefield into a stage for the dance of the God of Death. attacked the Kaurava army with renewed energy and broke its ranks. like two hills sprung to life and motion.

may we be punished as for deadly sin!" Having adjured themselves thus before the sacred fire. Arjuna approached the large samsaptaka force. He is a matchless warrior. from out of the great bow. every branch of archery. Accordingly. Thus closed the eleventh day of the battle. they marched south for that
was the direction of Death. strong and skilled in. Susarma and his men are calling me to battle. Keep that in mind and do whatever you think fit. Let us not fall into public ridicule. they gathered. "It is clear we cannot succeed in our efforts to seize Yudhishthira so long as Dhananjaya is nearby. and sat before the fire. The battle was stopped for the day and the Kaurava forces went to their camp in chastened mood. Krishna. an unending flood of arrows issued without intermission. standing in support of you. it is unworthy to flinch. "Heroes. "you know Drona's intentions. here is Satyajit. cheerful under the intoxication of their oath. I am pledged to accept a challenge thus thrown out. we have taken our oaths before the fire and in the presence of the whole army of warriors. and they made a plan. Drona retreated. Indeed they are full of the exultation of approaching swarga. I could pierce the Pandava formations and capture Yudhishthira. and went through funeral gifts and ceremonies for themselves as if already dead." "King. then also we win indeed. "As long as he is alive and by you. and faced Arjuna with the sublime courage of accepted deaths." The samsaptakas cheered their leader. It is no want of interest on my part. Yudhishthira was not taken. If he does that. Drona was speaking to Duryodhana about this." So speaking to his great charioteer. renouncing honor. He knows no fatigue and nothing escapes his watchful eyes. nothing can happen to you. I promise to seize him and deliver him to you provided he does not flee from the battle." "Brother beloved." replied Arjuna. and shouted "O Arjuna!" challenging him to battle. Arjuna's attack began to tell and the Trigartas fell in swathes before him but Susarma reminded them of their oath. If we flee in fear from battle. the samsaptakas are calling me to battle. It was a fierce fight. The battlefield was darkened by flying missiles. together with a large force. "There. After a time.position. The Pandava army marched proudly to camp and behind them walked Kesava (Krishna) and Arjuna conversing. THE TWELFTH DAY THE attempt to capture Yudhishthira alive failed. If by some stratagem we could draw Arjuna away to some other part of the field. see the Trigartas standing. and took their oath: "Not till we have killed Dhananjaya will we turn back. They resolved to take the samsaptaka oath and challenge Arjuna to battle and draw him away from Yudhishthira's side." So saying Arjuna asked the Panchala prince Satyajit to stand guard by Yudhishthira's side and marched off like a hungry lion to meet the samsaptakas. though they know they go to certain death. It seemed as if. do we not?" The chief of the Trigartadesa who heard Drona say this talked it over with his brothers. I shall destroy them all and return." said Yudhishthira. Having sworn terrible resolves. 77. He has promised Duryodhana to take me alive. This was the Twelfth Day of the great battle. Arjuna turned to Yudhishthira and addressed him thus: "King. brave. Permit me to go. It was a great suicide squad organized to achieve what Drona had pointed out to be essential. dressed in matted grass.
.

But. The Pandavas stood firm and answered Drona's attacks with showers of arrows. They will not surrender. The wrongs they have undergone are too great to be forgotten. the Gandiva. marched against Drona. but he too fell dead. another chief. son of Virata. Ketama. See how their army reels under Drona's blows. Yudhamanyu. "Yes. You tried to poison and kill them. Many a warrior was slain by him in succession. It went here and it went there and wherever it went. Arjuna's great bow. Satyajit made a charge on Drona's car and there was a fierce combat in which Drona's figure assumed the grimness of the Destroyer. Drive on. Panchalya. rushed madly up to stop the acharya and fought most desperately. You tried to burn them alive. You have grieved and humiliated them at the game of dice and you have forced them out to live in the forest for long years. Drona gave orders for a violent assault on the Pandava forces at the point where Yudhishthira stood." The son of Drupada did not wait for Drona to advance but marched forward in his car himself to meet Drona. They will never surrender. The fighting was severe." said Arjuna." he said. At one time Arjuna's car and flagpole were immersed in darkness under the downpour of arrows. Seeing this. "The Pandavas are not to be so easily vanquished. as well as Satyajit. followed the attack but he too perished. The field was full of severed limbs and headless bodies and presented a terrible spectacle. The burst of blood in their compct ranks was like the burst of Palasa blossoms in a springtime forest. do you see the valor of our mighty leader? No more will the Pandavas be inclined towards battle. At that moment. Dhananjaya?" shouted Krishna. their army has rallied and all their forces are leading a combined
. scattered death among the doomed Trigartas. Duryodhana was delighted and said exultingly to Karna: "Radheya. fell dead. a prince of Panchala." replied Arjuna. Drupada's forces suffered heavy punishment at Drona's hands and blood flowed in streams on the battlefield. Driven by Madhusudana (Krishna) Arjuna's chariot moved like Indra's car in the great war of the gods against the asuras. Satanika. again turned his attention to
Yudhishthira. Vasudhana rushed forward to stop the advance of Drona. for well he knew that his death was destined to be at his hands and that death was not yet due. they are resolved on fighting to the last."Hrishikesa. then. Then. As Arjuna proceeded to oppose the samsaptakas. Drona was now almost within reach of Yudhishthira." Karna shook his head. discharged shafts that dispelled the arrow-shower. It was like the Rudra dance of dissolution. See there. Vrika. Look after the forces with vigilance. Satanika's severed head rolled on the ground with the golden kundalas shining in the earlobes. another son of Drupada. In a moment. "Do not be so confident. Dronacharya avoided Dhrishtadyumna. And he wheeled his chariot in another direction where Drupada was leading his forces. were repulsed and all these great warriors had to retreat. Sikhandin and Uttamaujas who came to push Drona back. he too was mortally wounded and fell from his chariot like a failing star. Drona. "Are you alive. and pulling the string of his Gandiva. Yudhishthira saw this movement and spoke to the Panchala prince Dhrishtadyumna: "The brahmana is coming to seize me. Satyaki. Then.

attack on Drona. There, see Bhima, Satyaki, Yudhamanyu, Kshatradharma, Nakula, Uttamaujas, Drupada, Virata, Sikhandin. Dhrishtaketu and other warriors have all come to protect Yudhishthira and are pressing Drona hard. We should not stand idly watching, when we have put such a heavy burden on the acharya. Great as he is, there is a limit to the load even he can carry. Even wolves combined in large numbers can harass and kill a mighty elephant, Let us proceed. It will not do any longer to leave Drona unsupported." 78. BRAVE BHAGADATTA DRONA made many attempts to take Yudhishthira prisoner, but failed. Duryodhana led a large elephant division against Bhima. Bhima defended himself from his chariot with well-aimed arrows. He sent crescent-headed shafts and tore down Duryodhana's flag and cut down his bow even as he held it in his hand. Seeing the king harassed in this manner, the Mlechchha king Anga marched against Bhimasena seated on a huge elephant. But Bhima sent shafts that laid the elephant low and killed the Mlechchha king, which resulted in scattering that section of the Kaurava forces in fear and confusion. When the elephants stampeded, the horses also took fright and thousands of footmen were trampled under the feet of the elephants and the horses, flying in wild panic. Seeing this great confusion and the scattering of the Kaurava forces in all directions, the king of Pragjyotisha, the brave Bhagadatta grew indignant. He got up on his renowned elephant Supratika and charged against Bhimasena. The gigantic beast rushed forward with widespread ears and twirling trunk, crashed into Bhimasena's chariot. And in an instant, horses and vehicle were an

unrecognizable mass. But Bhima escaped by jumping off the car in the nick of time. He knew all about elephants. He got below the great and fierce elephant and showered blows on its vital points. The great beast got mad and whirled round like a potter's wheel, trying to throw off Bhimasena, who was sticking to its legs and attcking it from below. It bent down and caught Bhima by its trunk and was about to crush him under its knees, when Vrikodara somehow released himself from its hold and again got below, in between its limbs and sticking to the elephant's under-regions, caused exceeding pain to the beast. Bhima was thus gaining time in the hope that some elephant on the Pandava side would be led to attack Bhagadatta's elephant and enable him to get away. But, when Bhima disappeared from view, being hidden in between the beast's legs, the soldiers thought Bhima was slain. They exclaimed: "Bhima is dead! Bhagadatta's elephant has crushed Bhimasena!" and the cry was repeated all over Kurukshetra. Yudhishthira heard the cry and, thinking Bhima was slain, urged the forces to destroy Bhagadatta. The king of Dasarna charged against Bhagadatta. Dasarna's elephant was also a fierce beast and there was great battle between Supratika and Dasarna's elephant. But Supratika's tusk pierced Dasarna's beast in the side and it crashed down dead. At that moment, Bhima emerged from below Supratika and ran out safe. And the Pandava army cheered when they saw Bhima alive. Bhagadatta was now attacked on all sides, but he did not lose heart. Resplendent on his elephant, he shone like a forest fire on a hill. Ignoring the enemies around him, he drove his beast on Satyaki's chariot.

The elephant seized the chariot with its great trunk and lifting it high dashed it upside down. Satyaki jumped out of the chariot in time to save himself. His charioteer displayed great agility and skill and saved the vehicle as well as the horses, and righting the chariot, drove it to where Satyaki stood. Bhagadatta's elephant wrought great havoc in the Pandava army, hurling warriors about and killing them in great number, striking terror wherever it went. Bhagadatta stood on its back, like Indra on Airavata when he fought the asuras. With ears spread out rigid in anger and trunk extended in front, the great beast trampled upon numerous horses, chariots and soldiers and wrought destruction all over the Pandava army. The shafts hurled at it seemed only to incense it more. Like a herdsman in the forest driving the cattle where he would, Bhagadatta drove the soldiers of the Pandava army before him. Bhimasena, equipping himself once again with a chariot, renewed his attack on Bhagadatta. The elephant stretched out its trunk and blew out a violent spray of mucus that scared the horses of Bhima's chariot and they bolted in wild flight and the charioteer could not check them. A great cloud of dust rose from the field where this great elephant battle raged. Arjuna saw this from where he was fighting the samsaptakas and he also heard the tumult created by Bhagadatta's elephant. He feared things had gone wrong and said to Krishna: "Madhusudana, this is the cry of Supratika, Bhagadatta's elephant. This king of Pragjyotisha is terrible with his elephant, and has no equal in that kind of warfare. He is sure to defeat and confound our men. We must proceed at once and save the situation. We have punished these samsaptakas enough. Drive to where

Drona is engaging Yudhishthira." Krishna drove the chariot accordingly towards the main battlefront. Susarma and his brothers came up behind the chariot and shouted "Stop, stop." At the same time, they discharged shafts at Arjuna's chariot. Arjuna was of two minds. "Here is Susarma challenging me to battle and I hated declining this kind of invitation, but there, t the north of us, our o formation seems broken and our men are in need of immediate relief." While Arjuna was pondering thus, a javelin came hurtling at Arjuna and another towards Janardana. Wild with anger, Arjuna sent three well-aimed shafts, which compelled Susarma to turn back. They lost no more time but drove quickly to where Bhagadatta was doing havoc. As soon as Arjuna's car was seen, the Pandava forces rallied and soon Arjuna reached the lines where Bhagadatta was. Bhagadatta attacked Arjuna on Supratika like the Destroyer incarnate. But Vasudeva's skill avoided the shock, each time the beast charged. Bhagadatta showered arrows on Arjuna and Krishna. But Arjuna's arrows broke the elephant's armor and began to hurt the beast. Bhagadatta saw that his elephant could no longer stand the attack and he hurled a javelin at Krishna. Arjuna met it with a shaft from his bow and broke it into two. Bhagadatta then discharged another javelin that struck Dhananjaya's helmet. Readjusting his helmet, Arjuna bent his bow exclaiming: "Bhagadatta, take your last look at the world and prepare for death!" Bhagadatta was a veteran of very advanced age. His grey hair and the wrinkles on his noble old face gave him the intrepid appearance of a lion. Indeed,

so old was he that the skin hung loose down over his eyes and he had tied its folds over his forehead with a silk kerchief so that they might not interfere with his sight. Bhagadatta was not more renowned for valor than for purity of character and conduct and was one of the most illustrious among the brave men of his time. Men gave him the title 'Friend of Indra' in recognition of his greatness. "Look around for the last time," said Arjuna to this great man and hurled at him shafts that broke his bow, shattered his quiver and pierced the joints of his armor. In those days, all warriors wore heavy armor and the secret of hitting weak points such as joints and moving parts was specially studied by kshatriyas and was an important part of military training. When deprived of all his weapons, Bhagadatta hurled his elephant goad at Arjuna. It was sent with deadly aim and charged with the Vaishnava mantra. It would have killed Arjuna, but Krishna came in between and presented himself as a target for the missile. It settled on his chest as a shining necklace. Charged with the mantra of Vishnu, it could not hurt Vishnu but just became the Lord's jewelled garland round his neck. "Janardana, how is it you have offered yourself as a target for the enemy's missile? You said you would be charioteer and leave all the fighting to me. How could you do this?" protested Arjuna. "Beloved Arjuna, you do not understand. This shaft would have killed you if it had hit you. But it is really my own thing and came back to its lawful owner," Krishna said and laughed. Then, Partha sent an arrow that entered the head of Bhagadatta's elephant as a serpent enters into the anthill. Bhagadatta tried to urge his great beast forward, but it stood stark rigid. And his

loud command went in vain even as the words of man, who has lost his wealth, are disregarded by his wife. Like a great hill the elephant stood rigid for a moment and then it suddenly sank down driving its tusks into the earth and yielded up the ghost with an agonised squeal. Arjuna was somewhat grieved at the death of the noble animal and for his not having been able to slay Bhagadatta, without killing the beast. Arjuna's shafts tore the silken napkin that bound up the folds of the aged king's forehead and he was blinded at once by his own hanging wrinkles. Soon, a sharp crescent-headed shaft came and pierced his chest. And Bhagadatta fell like a great tree in a storm, his golden necklace shining like flowers on the uprooted tree. The Kaurava forces fell into utter confusion. Sakuni's brothers Vrisha and Achala tried their best to oppose Arjuna and attacked him in front and rear. But their chariots were soon dashed to pieces and they were themselves stricken dead on the field like two lion cubs. They both looked much alike and equally noble in appearance. The poet says that the bodies of these two valiant heroes who did not flee when the rest fled, shed a strange lustre all around. Sakuni was full of anger when he saw his brave and incomparable brothers lying dead on the field. He attacked Arjuna fiercely and used all the weapons of illusion, in which he was skilled. But Arjuna's strokes broke all the charms and rendered them useless. And Sakuni had to leave the field, as fast as his horses could bear him. The Pandava forces then attacked Drona's army and wrought great havoc till the sunset, and the twelfth day's fight ended. Drona gave orders to cease fighting and the Kaurava forces, which had lost

heavily, retired in sullen dejection to their camp. The Pandava army, on the other band, was in high spirits and its warriors gathered round campfires in cheerful talk and praise of Arjuna and the other heroes, who had led them to victory. 79. ABHIMANYU EARLY next morning, Duryodhana went to Dronacharya in a state of bitterness and anger. After the customary salutation, he addressed him thus in the presence of a large number of generals: "Esteemed brahmana, Yudhishthira was quite within your reach yesterday and, if you had really wished to take him no one could have prevented you. Yet, you did not take him, and to me the events of yesterday are inexplicable. I cannot understand what makes it hard for you to carry out your promise to me. Verily great men are not understandable." Dronacharya was exceedingly hurt by this insulting insinuation. "Duryodhana," he said, "I am putting forth on your be half all the strength and skill I possess. You entertain thoughts unworthy of a king. As long as Arjuna is present, supporting Yudhishthira, it is not possible for us to seize him. I have told you that already. It is only if we manage some how to get Arjuna out of the battlefield that we can hope to carry out this plan as you desire. And I am devising ways to attain this objective." Thus did Drona nobly conquer his just anger and seek to comfort Duryodhana in his distress. On the thirteenth day, the samsaptakas again challenged Arjuna to battle and he accordingly went to attack them, where they were arrayed to the south of the main battlefront. The battle that was fought between the samsaptakas and Arjuna was the fiercest that ever had been seen or heard of till that day.

When Dhananjaya left the main front for meeting the samsaptakas, Drona rearranged his army in lotus formation and attacked Yudhishthira fiercely. Bhima, Satyaki, Chekitana, Dhrishtadyumna, Kuntibhoja, Drupada, Ghatotkacha, Yudhamanyu, Sikhandin, Uttamaujas, Virata, the Kekayas, Srinjayas and many others opposed him. But their resistance seemed paralysed by the violence of Drona's offensive. Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna and Subhadra, was still adolescent, but had already won recognition as a mighty man-at arms even as the equal of his father and uncle in battle. Yudhishthira called Abhimanyu and said to him: "Dear son, Dronacharya is attacking our army greatly. Arjuna is absent and, if we should be defeated in his absence, he will be grieved beyond measure. No one among us has been able to break Drona's array. You know you can do it and no one else. I ask you to take up this task." "I can do it," replied Abhimanyu. "I have been instructed by my father how to penetrate this formation and can certainly do so. But if after forcing my way, it should unfortunately become necessary for me to come out, I shall be at a loss what to do, being as yet uninstructed in the art of extrication." "Valiant boy, break this impregnable formation and open a passage for us. We shall all break in your wake. We shall be with you to face any danger and no question can arise of your having to come out." Bhimasena supported Yudhishthira's proposal: "I shall be immediately behind you and enter when you succeed in breaking the enemy's formation. So also will Dhrishtadyumna, Satyaki, the Panchalas, the Kekayas and the forces of Matsyadesa. Only break the formation as

But the breach closed under the inspiration of Jayadratha. "May the gods protect you!" said the charioteer. chaiot canopies. surrounded by enemies on all sides.you alone can do. The acharya is unrivalled in skill and experience. having leant that the king himself was engaged in battle with Abhimanyu. they managed to rescue the king from the boy-hero who greatly disappointed at the escape of Duryodhana. Drive fast towards Drona's division. Sakuni. who found himself alone. "Faster. Karna. Kripa." said Abhimanyu to his charioteer. Then." "May your prowess grow. Do not hesitate." Abhimanyu thought of his father and Krishna. have not his long years to back it. axes. shields." they thought and began to lose heart. king of the Sindhus. while you. before the other Pandava warriors could force their way in according to plan and Abhimanyu was alone! Kaurava warriors opposed him. see Drona's flag flying there! Drive straight and fast to that point. and impelled by his own gallant nature. spears. I am Krishna's nephew and son of Arjuna. "Sumitra. maces." said Yudhishthira and blessed the youth. Aswatthama." Abhimanyu smiled and replied: "Friend. "Yudhishthira has placed a very great burden on your young shoulders." The charioteer obeyed. one after another. Drona. Like a young lion on a herd of elephants. vented his anger on the warriors that had come to rescue him and put them to headlong flight. conchs. arrows. Think well before you pierce Drona's array and enter. Drona. along with severed heads and limbs of slain warriors. the soldiers in the Kaurava army shouted: "Abhimanyu is corning! He has come!" The Pandavas followed Abhimanyu close behind him. Feeling encouraged by what had been said by Bhimasena and Yudhishthira. Abhimanyu rushed on. Salya and many other great
. though his equal in valor. Bows. the formation was breached and Abhimanyu entered. The bend soon became a break and under Drona's very eyes. And the bodies of soldiers lay strewn on the field like Kusa grass on the sacrificial platform. But. There was a ripple
in the Kaurava ranks which bent under his headlong onslaught. a large number of veteran warriors made a combined and simultaneous attack on the hero. We shall do the rest and smash the Kaurava army. but they fell like moths in the fire. "I shall please my great father and uncle. With great difficulty. "Let my valor be staked on this. Abhimanyu's shafts searched the weak points in the armor of his enemies. pieces of harness." he said with enthusiasm. faster!" urged Abhimanyu as they sped along. am I not? Which other has that advantage? Fear dares not approach me! These enemies here have not a sixteenth part of my strength. undertook the adventure. swords. Arjuna's son withstood this united ouslaught. "Here is one greater in valor than Arjuna. even as on all sides a rock receives the rising tide of the sea. throwing away all sense of shame and chivalry. The Kaurava warriors were perturbed as they saw Abhimanyu's chariot approach them with great speed. As the golden chariot to which were yoked beautiful young horses approached. javelins. covered the field. became anxious and sent veterans to protect Duryodhana. whips. Duryodhana was wroth and rushed in person to oppose the youthful warrior. Seeing the destruction wrought by Abhimanyu.

if the acharya were minded to dispose of Abhimanyu. crashing down the canopy and flagstaff of Jayadratha's car. the poet says. had closely followed Abhimanyu when he broke into the Kaurava formation. baffled and broken. But the Saindhava. Seeing this. so that the Pandavas found it impossible to force their way in. And Abhimanyu destroyed those that stood. equipped with all arms. The young hero was thus isolated and surrounded by the Kaurava forces. only to be dashed back. were completely demoralised. Salya was badly wounded and sat. proceeding according to plan. "and he sings his praises instead of fighting him. Abhimanyu sent his shafts and disposed of him in no time. and the latter had to go into Satyaki's car. In this manner. The Kaurava forces. Duhsasana was struck senseless in his car. he was often led to speak in this manner and hurt the feelings of the acharyas who stood loyally by him. He killed Bhima's chariot horses. Karna's armor was pierced. in the hearing of Duryodhana who could not contain his anger.
. The army was in confusion and men fled in all directions. But one of Abhimanyu's arrows felled Karna's bow and the young warrior followed up this advantage so vigorously that he put Karna and his supporters to flight. when they saw this. with stubborn valor. Having undertaken a war of adharma. "Was there ever a fighter to equal this boy Abhimanyu?" exclaimed Drona to Kripa. Yudhishthira hurled a javelin and cut Jayadratha's bow. and his charioteer just managed to drive away from the field saving Duhsasana's life. 80." Duryodhana said. alone and unsupported. But Dhritarashtra's son-in-law Jayadratha. Duhsasana roared in anger and exclaiming: "This obstinate lad will perish now!" led his chariot forward to attack Abhimanyu. But smiling. Bhimasena's arrows made deadly work. Thus did Abhimanyu. Karna attacked Abhimanyu with his shafts and harassed him greatly.warriors in their chariots. the gallant king of the Sindhus. even when they saw the wickedness of his ways. Indeed. as fire destroys a dry jungle in summer. the Saindhava took up another bow and sent unerring shafts at Dharmaputra. Jayadratha. THE DEATH OF ABHIMANYU THE Pandavas. unable to move. his uncle. would it take him long to do it!" Often did Duryodhana suspect and complain in this manner against Bhishma and Drona. each time his equipment was broken. surged in attack on the young hero. not caring for Drona's shouts of remonstrance. The chariots of Abhimanyu and Duhsasana made wonderful
movement against each other and the battle raged long. Salya's brother came up in great wrath to avenge his brother's disgrace but he fell and his chariot was broken to pieces. swooped down upon the Pandavas with all his forces and enabled the breach in the formation to be effectively and solidly closed up. But in an instant. "The acharya's partiality for Arjuna prevents him from killing Abhimanyu. Asmaka rode his chariot at great speed against Abhimanyu's. was alert and rearmed himself. in his chariot. Dronacharya's eyes were filled with tears of affectionate admiration. oppose a host of veteran warriors and show the skill in the use of arms which he had learnt from his illustrious father and from Vasudeva. prevented the Pandavas from entering in Abhimanyu's wake.

his shaft came swift and shining. struck him with his mace and killed him. Duryodhana's son Lakshmana.The son of Subhadra was however undaunted. the soldiers that went to attack him. "And. Disable him thus and attack him from behind. he filled the warriors around with amazement. stood up facing all the enemies that surrounded him. He attacked all the warriors around him and slew them in great number. Like rivers losing themselves in the ocean. The handsome youth. Yuyutsu threw his weapon away in disgust and left the battlefield. you have forgotten your code. lay dead on the field and the Kaurava soldiers were filled with grief. Still. Arjuna's son was undaunted and. a gallant young warrior. then charged on Abhimanyu. showering arrows on Abhimanyu. that circled overhead making noises seemed to cry 'Not thus!' 'Not thus!' " While there was blowing of conchs and cries of victory all over the Kaurava army. like an elephant in a lily pond. Even the birds of prey. When they saw this. Karna. The dust from the chariot wheel covered him and the poet says it enhanced the natural beauty of the young hero. with beautiful nose and eyebrows and hair. your people danced around his dead body like savage hunters exulting over their prey. having killed him. the combined onslaught of the warriors that surrounded him overpowered him. Then Abhimanyu bent down and taking up one of his chariot wheels and whirling it like a discus. and the six great warriors. you shout brazen cries of victory. instead. Whirling his sword. while Abhimanyu was struggling to his feet. facing his enemies. "It is impossible to pierce this youth's armor. Both went down together but Duhsasana's son rose again and." he angrily cried.
. "Aim at the reins of his horses and cut them off. was thus overpowered by numbers and killed cruelly. His horses and charioteer were killed. The chariot wheel was shattered t pieces. with a skill that confounded them. But soon. "This is ignoble. did not approve of all this. blind to the danger that is imminent. you revel in foolish joy. retreating soldiers came back and supported Lakshmana." So saying." said Drona to Karna. Aswatthama. the son of Dhritarashtra. like rain falling on a hill. It seemed to them as if his feet did not rest on earth and he was on wings. As he stood dauntless like kshatriya dharma incarnate. Having committed a most wicked deed. Yuyutsu. Abhimanyu's bow was broken by a shaft discharged from behind. Thus disabled. The Kaurava army reeled under Abhimanyu's onslaughts. like a serpent fresh-sloughed. single-handed worked havoc in the Kaurava army. Drona sent a shaft that broke Abhimanyu's
sword. "To hell with the wicked Abhimanyu. "Soldiers." The son of Surya did accordingly." shouted Duryodhana. and pierced Lakshmana. Kripa. Verily. Brihatbala and Kritavarma closed upon Abhimanyu. All good men in the army were grieved and tears rolled from their eyes. "Subhadra's son who. he held his own against the numerous warriors who had surrounded him. the young warrior stood on the field. disappeared before his arrows. He fought fiercely like a second Vishnu with the discus. with sword and shield. in the air." said Sanjaya to Dhritarashtra. The son of Duhsasana o came up then and closed with him in mortal combat. Dorna. you should be ashamed but. Karna's sharp arrows tore his shield into bits.

I have killed Arjuna's beloved son. O warrior that made Duhsasana flee in fear. Around him were sitting warriors. A FATHER'S GRIEF YUDHISHTHIRA was plunged in sorrow.
. looking for honey. they proceeded to the camp." Thus was Yudhishthira lamenting in histent. This thought of Brahma grew into a flame which became bigger and bigger until it threatened to destroy all creation at once. having made him sit." On the way. in my desire for victory I pushed to the battlefront this boy. whenever they were in great sorrow. My mouth feels parched and my heart is troubled with a great foreboding of loss. These lives will multiply and soon their number will be beyond the capacity of the earth to bear. There seems to be no way of coping with this. So he appeared now before Yudhishthira. Remounting the chariot. are you dead? What then is there for me to fight for or win? Why do we want kingdom now? What words of comfort can I offer to Arjuna? And what shall I say to Subhadra. ordained for the good of the world. Like the fool who." After saying these words of solace. it is not right that you should grieve like the unlearned." said Arjuna."He and your other brothers are safe." Vyasa proceeded to console the bereaved Dharmaputra: "When Brahma created living beings. Dhananjaya and Krishna were proceeding towards their camp after defeating and slaying the samsaptakas." said Vyasa. There is no fool like me in the world. falls into a precipitous pit below and is destroyed. "and it is not meet that you should allow yourself to be lost in grief in this manner. There is no reason to pity those who pass away. His words were not sweet in the Kaurava ears. This law of the creator takes many forms. "He has gone to the sleep that knows no waking. "Govinda. whose life was all before him in love and joy. such as war or sickness or accident and keeps the balance between birth and death." "Do not be concerned about Yudhishthira. Krishna. I do not know why." "You are wise and a knower. It is not true wisdom to be impatient with Death or to grieve immoderately for those who die. he who in battle overcame Drona. 81. Arjuna's premonitions of calamity increased.This young son of Dhritarashtra feared sin. Then Rudra came and pleaded for allaying this destructive fire. Something makes me afraid. quivering like a cow bereaved of her calf? How can I utter to them vain words of solace that serve no purpose? Truly. He was their great teacher as well as grandsire.
Knowing the nature of death. silent in sorrowful thought of the valor of the youthful hero and his cruel death. We may have reason indeed to grieve for those who remain. said: "I have tried very hard to find peace of mind. they halted and did the evening prayers. Krishna Dwaipayana retired. he was filled with anxiety. "but my mind is not at ease." replied Krishna. As they approached the camp. The sage was received with all honor and Yudhishthira. Death is thus an inescapable law of existence. but I am unable to find it. Aswatthama and Duryodhana and who was like a destroying fire to enemy forces. ambition destroys the understanding of men. instead of protecting him during the absence of his father. I wonder if any calamity has happened to Yudhishthira. Brahma controlled the great fire and subdued it into the law that is known to mortals as Death. It was always the custom with Vyasa to come and comfort the Pandavas. but he was a good man and spoke out his mind.

"Alas. your brothers and other kings will lose heart. and then.' I said. The Sindhu kept us out. "Why are you all wearing sad faces? I do not see Abhimanyu here. boy as he was. seeing me from a distance." Dhananjaya desired to be told the full story of his brave son's end and Yudhishthira related it: "I incited Abhimanyu to enter the enemy's formation. THE SINDHU KING
. and downcast eyes. Did Abhimanyu force his way in? If so. shame on kshatriyas who could do this! A crowd of redoubtable warriors hemmed him in. we do not hear the usual auspicious music in the camp. "do not give way thus to grief."Janardana. I say to Draupadi? And what solace can be given to Uttara and who shall give it?" Vasudeva spoke to his stricken friend. determined not to retreat. has attained the happy regions above which grey haired veterans yearn to reach in battle." he said. This is strange behavior on their part. the wicked Jayadratha came and effectively stopped us. Abhimanyu. He caused the breach in the formation to be closed up at once and we found ourselves unable to follow Abhimanyu. If Drona and Kripa come between him and me these acharyas also shall be overwhelmed and slain!" Saying this. Has he been slain indeed?" When their mournful silence. Born as kshatriyas we have to live and die by weapons. The soldiers. We went behind him according to plan. he twanged the Gandiva string. and Krishna blew the Panchajanya. has my dear boy indeed become Yama's guest? Yudhishthira. for I did not teach him how to make his way out of that formation. No one among you could pierce it as far as I know. But. 'Make your way into the lotus array and we shall follow immediately behind you. For I knew that he alone could do it among all of us. Death is ever the companion of those who have taken up the profession of arms and go into battle." When he heard the full story. Abhimanyu's end is indeed the prescribed
and much desired goal of all kshatriyas. "Beloved Arjuna. Do you think my brothers are safe? I am confused. had confirmed his worst fears. I shall slay this Jayadratha who caused my son's death. hang down their heads and avoid my sight. he is dead. Bhimasena. the bereaved father burst into heart-broken lamentation. O Madhava. I fear greatly. When he recovered. that dared not meet his. accompanied by his brothers?" They entered the camp. How is it Abhimanyu does not run out to meet us today as usual. unto the sons of Dhritarashtra. and slew him. just then. And Bhima said: "This twang of Arjuna's bow and this blare of Krishna's conch shall be. The youthful hero did accordingly and broke the great formation and made his way in. Warriors must be ever ready to die young. This great deed of yours will please the hearts of your father and your uncle. If you give way to grief in this inordinate way. he took an oath: "Before sunset tomorrow. Stop grieving and infuse courage and fortitude into the hearts of the others. Arjuna was again over whelmed by grief and he fell on the ground in a swoon. Oh. How is it I see no glad faces? I understood that Drona arrayed his army in the lotus formation. Dhrishtadyumna and great Satyaki have all of you allowed the son of Subhadra to be slain by the enemy? Alas! What comfort shall I give to Subhadra? What shall. the summons of Death!" 82. thus isolated.

Salya. "Do not fear. the Kaurava forces were scattered and fled in all directions.
Durmukha. He retired to the forest. a voice was heard to say: "This prince will attain great glory and he will attain the happy regions above. At the time of the birth of the prince.NEWS of Arjuna's oath reached the enemy. but Arjuna excels because of his superior discipline and his own practice. Fight according to the tradition of your ancestors. He
. Like clouds driven about by a gale. Chitrasena. Discard fear and fight. Durmarshana's army was beaten. When Duhsasana saw this. Death comes to us all. You should not leave us now. his anger rose." Jayadratha grew up and. The whole of my army will have but one task today. proceeded to marshal the forces for the next day. Duhsasana was a very wicked man but he was brave also. Let me go back to my country. Vriddhakshatra handed over the care of the State to the prince." replied Duryodhana. Vrishasena. Jaya. The spies informed Duryodhana's friends that Arjuna. Twelve miles to the rear of the main army Jayadratha and his detachment were placed in a strongly guarded position. Purumitra. to defend you against Arjuna. Karna. Leading a huge force of elephants he surrounded Arjuna. He went to Drona and said to him: "Master. Vriddhakshatra was grieved to hear the voice declare his son's end. when he reached manhood. slain in battle. Bhoja. Satyavrata. having spoken thus to Jayadratha. which afterwards became the Kurukshetra field of battle. Bhurisravas. was blessed with a son. Dronacharya arrayed the main Kaurava forces in circular formation. In his disturbed state of mind. shall have his head burst at that very moment into fragments. among the warriors of all ages. When Jayadratha came to know about Arjuna's vow." he said to Duryodhana. had vowed to kill the Sindhu king before sunset next day." Jayadratha agreed to remain. Kalinga. he remembered the prediction about his death and feared his end was near. You will be placed behind a strong force that Arjuna cannot easily pierce. who shall cause my son's head to roll down on the ground. Bhurisravas. Vrishasena and Kripa were there with all their forces. Between them and the Pandava army. Salya. you taught me and Arjuna and you know us both well. sever his head from the body." Drona. he uttered a curse: "He. Drona's illustrious son and Sakuni all these warriors and I myself are here and you cannot be in danger. "I do not want to be in this battle any longer. Duhsasana." All living beings must die but hardly any. What is your appraisal of us two?" "Son. Vikarna. But. "Here are all these veterans and warriors who will stand between you and danger. Karna. however wise or brave. Saindhava. the illustrious king of the Sindhus. welcome it. cowards as well as brave men. Aswatthama. who was named Jayadratha. Sudakshina. One who. you need not be discouraged by this. the Avanti princes. in the field of battle. Vriddhakshatra. Drona. I discharged my duties as teacher and dealt with you both impartially. The instruction was the same to you and to Arjuna. ranks among the most illustrious will. Vivimsati. And the warrior dying in battle attains with ease the happy regions which others only attain with great difficulty. having learnt that Jayadratha was the cause of Abhimanyu's death. Kamboja. where he spent the evening of his days in austerities in an ashrama near the plain. Subahu.

But he should not use the weapon against one who does not fight. not my enemy. Savyasachi's car swiftly proceeded forward and passed Drona. god Varuna gave a mace. slain. If he does. Srutayu and his brother Asrutayu then attacked Partha on both sides trying to save the situation. he withdrew defeated and went back to join Drona's forces. grieving for my son. he lay stretched dead on the field like a great flagstaff after the festival is over. Kritavarma and Sudakshina who opposed
his passage were defeated. And like a demon recoiling fatally on the magician. Even as he was pulling his bowstring Drona's shaft came and cut the string. but the acharya showered his arrows that covered Arjuna and his chariot in darkness. it slew Srutayudha and laid him dead on the field. still retaining the smile on his face. Then Arjuna pierced the Bhoja army. Arjuna fought back. who seems to know no fatigue. I am in the position of a son to you. Parnasa went through penances that pleased Varuna and obtained from that god a boon that her son Srutayudha may not be killed by any enemy. disregarding the injunction." Saying this Drona discharged a shower of arrows on Arjuna's car. Srutayudha also tried to stop Arjuna's progress. Srutayudha and the king of Kamboja. like a great forest tree blown down by a storm. The missile hit Janardana's chest and immediately rebounded fiercely back to Srutayudha." said Drona. no more waste of time. Then the king of Kamboja led his forces against Arjuna. I have come to wreak vengeance on the Sindhu king. Let us proceed." Saying this. His mother had obtained this mace as a result of her offering but the condition attached to the boon operated and it came back and struck Srutayudha himself dead. Let him use it in all his battles. The acharya. when fighting Arjuna. There was a fierce battle in which Srutayudha lost his horses and he hurled his mace at Krishna. Krishna drove Arjuna's chariot to the left of the acharya and proceeded forward. "Illustrious one. "You are my guru." said Arjuna to the acharya. surely you will not proceed without defeating your enemy. When they saw the strong warriors. hurled the mace at Krishna who was not fighting but was only driving Arjuna's chariot. O acharya. and greatly harassed him. Partha also replied with his arrows but these the acharya parried with ease and sent flaming shafts that hit Krishna and Arjuna. Finally. the weapon will recoil and kill him. It is no use fighting this brahmana. The acharya smiled and said: "Arjuna. I crave your blessings for the fulfilment of my vow. The Pandava then decided t cut Drona's o bow and bent his Gandiva for that purpose. Srutayudha. the Kaurava force was in great confusion. After a fierce fight. This is the story of the mace. Krishna saw things were not going at all well and said: "Partha. Saying this. "I shall give your son a divine weapon. Arjuna
." said Arjuna and they proceeded forward at a swift pace bypassing Drona. No enemy will be able to defeat him or kill him. rained a shower of arrows on Arjuna and his horses and chariot. "Stop. that commits an error in uttering the spell of power that holds it in thrall. you must first fight and defeat me before you can reach Jayadratha. There is no one in the wide world that can defeat you. At one stage of this battle.fought Arjuna fiercely and the field was strewn with the dead.

but they are unequal to opposing the strength of Arjuna. Vasudeva now knows that your rectitude is only hypocrisy. Aswatthama himself is not dearer! Do what I ask you. Why did you not prevent the son of Kunti from gambling? Had you done the right thing then. The Kauravas are now
doing their utmost as warriors. Yudhishthira and Drona do not respect you now as they did before. this calamity could have been avoided. But Duryodhana heeded not. Kesava. Forgive me. Tell me all. Satyaki and Bhima. Duryodhana was greatly agitated when he saw Arjuna's chariot proceeding triumphantly towards the Sindhu king. He is putting forth his utmost strength. be it ever so unpleasant. Kripa and others. But my obstinate son would not listen. But Krishna spoke to him encouragingly and Arjuna recovered and resumed the fight. Sanjaya said: "Of what avail are your regrets now? The life-giving water has all run to waste and you now seek to stop the breach. Seeing our discomfiture. distracted by grief. And obedient to the old king's behest. Tell me what happened. protecting the Sindhu king. I am talking foolishly." said the old king convulsed with grief. Drona deprecated war. Bhurisravas. slaying the two brothers as well as their two sons who continued the struggle. will surely lose heart. 'Kesava has come to do us a good turn. What you say is right. as he desired. it is not possible for him to escape death." To this frantic appeal Drona made answer: "King. Duryodhana has not spared himself. I am in great distress of mind. in what matter have I offended you? Why are you letting me down in this way? If I had known that you would do this. all this great grief would have been stopped at the source. and invited this ruinous war. tell me. I admit my dereliction of duty. killing many more warriors successfully made his way to Jayadratha. I should not have asked Jayadratha to stay here. Even later. back to his own country. I told him to make peace with his cousins. donning it. so also did Bhishma. Arjuna marched on and. he got entangled in anger and hatred. If Arjuna attacks him. dazed with the wounds he received. BORROWED ARMOR WHEN Dhritarashtra heard Sanjaya relate the success of Arjuna. The Destroyer entered his mind and he sought his own ruin. He rushed to Drona and complained bitterly: "Arjuna has effected a breach in the great army and has advanced to Jayadratha's position. he exclaimed: "Oh Sanjaya! When Janardana came to Hastinapura seeking a settlement. You are like a son to me. It is not meet that you should now accuse him or his devoted soldiers. 83. if you had been firm and stopped your son from his evil ways. Take this coat of armor and. You saw the evil and yet. you followed the foolish advice of Karna and Sakuni. What Karna and Duhsasana said seemed to him better advice than mine. No one can change the course of fate. I told Duryodhana that it was a great opportunity and he must not lose it. Sanjaya continued his narration. He advanced before your eyes and nothing was done to prevent it. Krishna." "Dear Sanjaya. Impelled by inordinate ambition. against your own sound judgment. I shall not take offence at your thoughtless and unworthy remarks. Do not disregard his advice.leaned on the flagstaff. go and stop
. the warriors. Do go in person yourself to save the Saindhava. It was a great mistake I committed in not letting him go." To Dhritarashtra thus lamenting. They had believed that it was impossible for Arjuna to get past you and that has now been falsified. Sir. You seem indeed bent on helping the Pandavas.' I said.

skill and experience." Duryodhana's confidence was restored and. The horses rested for a while and were refreshed. After this. Yudhishthira is here unsupported by Arjuna and is this not just the opportunity we wanted? Our very plan has borne fruit and I must now take Yudhishthira prisoner and deliver him to you. It will not let any blow pass through your body. "Partha. See there. "They say. Here is the man who caused all this grief. Arjuna proceeded to shoot his arrows. This coat will protect you against all weapons. What good luck! Long have you suppressed your anger. Let me put this armor on you. look behind! There comes the foolhardy Duryodhana. until he could bear it no longer and turned and fled. You have valor.
. I am astonished. When Duryodhana was thus discomfited. and now is the time for you to let yourself go. and also a keen and strong-limbed fighter. This man has come dressed by Drona in charmed armor. Let me see if your courage and your skill are indeed as great as your reputation. There after he sent needle-eye darts which pierced just those parts of Duryodhana's body that were not covered by armor. Arjuna broke his bow and disarmed him completely. The acharya has taught me the secret of this armor. first depriving Duryodhana of his horses. You will see some fun now!" Saying thus. to attack Arjuna. Do not fear. Karna. The warriors around the Sindhu king were surprised. This is strange. Duryodhana. They were defeated and Arjuna scattered their forces and slew them both. as the acharya directed. his charioteer and his car. Duryodhana approached without fear. Then. well-versed in bow lore. I have not seen this myself.Arjuna. "How is it your arrows do not seem to hurt Duryodhana? This is the first time I see the shafts proceeding from the Gandiva bow strike their targets without effect. dressed in magic armor and accompanied by a large force of soldiers. but this man wears it as a bullock might do. Seeing that the horses were somewhat fatigued. when the brothers Vinda and Anuvinda came up suddenly and began to attack Arjuna. Chala. our battle array will be hopelessly broken and we shall be lost. the clouds of arrows! The Pandava army is attacking us in great force. he went. that you have done acts of prowess. I cannot do so for my presence is necessary in this part of the field. they proceeded again according to plan. "Dhananjaya. Go forth to battle. delivering himself into your
hands." Arjuna smiled and replied: "I understand. Have your arms lost their power? Or has the Gandiva bow lost its quality? Why do your arrows strike Duryodhana and drop to the ground without piercing him? This is most puzzling." Thus said Krishna and they halted to give battle to the Kaurava. If I go after Arjuna now. Krishna blew his conch and it sent a thrill of fear in Jayadratha's army. clad in the armor given by Brahma. Go in confidence." said Krishna. Krishna stopped the chariot and was about to unyoke the tired animals. They at once got ready in their chariots and Bhurisravas. in confidence as Indra did. I cannot give up this objective and run after Phalguna now. Then. Krishna unyoked the chariot and let the horses roll in the mud. But remember he is a great archer. May victory be yours." said Duryodhana to Arjuna as he began to battle. Arjuna had crossed the Kaurava army and gone far ahead towards where Jayadratha had been kept for safety. Arjuna. The combat was fierce indeed and Krishna was surprised.

It was a craftsman's professional joy at skill displayed in the art he loved. sword and shield in hand. Long did this fight go on. Drona as well as Satyaki were bleeding profusely. The Devas. arrayed their forces against Arjuna." Satyaki said to
his charioteer. The great acharya said to himself: "This man Satyaki is a warrior in the class of Sri Rama. "Here is the man who. Take the chariot up quickly. Kripa." Satyaki's charioteer accordingly lashed the silver-white horses and took the car at a great pace. This man fancies himself a very great soldier and is ever bursting with conceit. YUDHISHTHIRA'S MISGIVINGS WHEN the Pandavas saw Duryodhana proceeding in the direction of Arjuna. Satyaki had a ready answer of equivalent quality. they attacked the Kaurava army in force so as to hold Drona and prevent him from going to Jayadratha's rescue. he sprang upon Drona's chariot. Dhananjaya and Bhishma. So. Dhrishtadyumna threw away his bow and. giving up his vocation as a brahmana has taken up the profession of fighting and is causing distress to the Pandavas. went forward to accept the challenge. As a result of all this. And so it went on till Drona lost a hundred and one bows without being able to shoot an arrow."and was glad he had an opponent worthy of him. Kartavirya. eight of them. The warriors on either side stood still watching the duel and they did not blow their conchs or raise their war cries or sound their lion-roars. the Kaurava army had to fight on three fronts. and the battlefield was in darkness for a while. and the son of Bharadwaja had to take another bow and. 84. now on the horses and now on the yoke. But Satyaki saw this and.
. Salya. when he saw Drona desiring battle. all the while seeming to scorch him with baleful and bloodshot eyes. For every specially-charged shaft that Drona sent. which would have drunk the Panchala's life but for the unexpected intervention of Satyaki who sent an arrow and diverted the acharya's shaft. Drona. The chariot hoods and the flagstaffs on both sides were battered down. Aswatthama and Jayadratha. Satyaki and Drona shot shafts at one another so quick that they covered the sun. Gandharvas and Yakshas watched the great battle from above. The steel shafts swished glimmering like newly-sloughed snakes rushing about. Drona's bow was broken by a wellaimed shaft from Satyaki. I must teach him a lesson. which enabled the Panchala warriors to take Dhrishtadyumna away. Drona pulled his bow in great wrath and sent a shaft. Long did this equal combat continue. Drona's chestnut horses and the Panchala's dove-colored ones were entangled with one another and presented a picturesque sight like the clouds at sunset. Vidyadharas. he attacked Drona bewilderingly. sent the Varuna astra to counteract it. Drona of unrivalled skill in archery then resolved on killing Satyaki and sent the fire astra. losing no time. Dhrishtadyumna attacked him violently. Dhrishtadyumna led his forces repeatedly against Drona. even as he strung it.Vrishasena. Drona then turned and attacked Satyaki. Driving his chariot right against Drona's. Drona took up another bow that too was shot down. "This man is the principal cause of Duryodhana's arrogance. his eyes red with anger. advanced on Satyaki who was among the front rank warriors on the Pandava side and who. Satyaki shot it down again. hissing like a black cobra. and was greatly weakened. Now standing on the shafts of the vehicle.

Dharmaputra. and there are many enemy warriors there helping him and resolved to die in defence of him. You should go there at once. he. who taught you. "The brahmana will otherwise slay Satyaki in a few minutes. seeing this. I hear Panchajanya. There is only one warrior in the Kaurava army whom we fear. "Our great and good hero Yuyudhana (Satyaki) is being overpowered by Drona. Just then. There is Dhrishtadyumna also. "but the twang of Arjuna's bow does not accompany it. Consider well before you command me to leave. the Kaurava warriors were glad and shouted in satisfaction. Satyaki. The Sindhu king and the others cannot cope with a sixteenth part of Arjuna. Why are you hesitating? Go at once. is in mortal danger. Jayadratha is a powerful warrior. Drona is playing with Satyaki as a cat plays with a bird. "I have thought over it. But allow me to put before you what the wise Vasudeva and Arjuna told me when they left." he said to Dhrishtadyumna.' Thus said Vasudeva and Arjuna to me when they went. How can I disregard his command? Do not have any fear about Arjuna's safety. You leave me with my full permission. How is it that only Krishna's conch is heard? I fear Dhananjaya has been slain and therefore Krishna has taken up arms. We go leaving Dharmaputra's safety in our hands." cried Yudhishthira. He pierced the Kaurava ranks in the morning and he has not come back yet though the greater part of the day is gone. Oh." replied Yudhishthira. who was weary after his battle with Drona. Often has Arjuna spoken to me admiringly of your great skill and prowess. There is no need to worry about me. to whom shall I entrust your safety if I must go? I see no one here who can stand against Drona if he comes to seize you. You know his sworn intention. look there! The dust is rising that side." Thus did Dharmaputra speak in great trepidation. Arjuna laid this trust on me. 'There is not another soldier like Satyaki. and there are many others besides. We entrust this to you in confidence and go." So saying. When Yudhishthira saw Satyaki was hard pressed." Yudhishthira ordered the army to make a powerful attack on Drona." "Satyaki. Here is the powerful Bhima to look to my safety.
. No one can defeat him. and he is Drona. "O Satyaki. Go at once. Do not ask me to go.
Satyaki. 'Until we return after slaying Jayadratha you should not leave Yudhishthira's side. Satyaki was saved with difficulty. he told those nearby to go to Satyaki's relief. Your bosom friend Arjuna. Arjuna is opposed by forces both in front of him and in his rear. I shall obey your command. I fear Arjuna has been surrounded by Jayadratha's friends and is in danger.But now Satyaki's strength began to fail and. As I have weighed the danger against the need and I have concluded that you must go. I am certain Arjuna has been surrounded. the sound of Krishna's conch was heard from the sector where Arjuna was fighting. If you order me. Be vigilant in protecting him. What would I not do for Dhananjaya's sake? My life is the merest trifle in my eyes. Yudhishthira placed a boxful of arrows and other weapons in Satyaki's chariot and got fresh horses yoked thereto and sent Satyaki uttering benedictions on him. I am ready to fight the gods themselves. replied: "Faultless among men. there is nothing you cannot accomplish. Satyaki is indeed in the paws of the Destroyer. Satyaki.' he said to me when we were in the forest. believing me fit for it.

show mercy to you. Satyaki met with violent resistance as he proceeded to dash through the Kaurava forces. my fear grows. Your brother Arjuna went in with my consent. killing no less than eleven of the sons of Dhritarashtra. The second chariot too was broken to pieces. But he cut his way through bearing down all opposition. in whom were centerd all our hopes. You go now. and do likewise and. "Here I am. When Drona saw Satyaki part from Yudhishthira. that bravest and most loyal of friends. "I have never seen you so agitated. If you would do as I tell you. But I must also obey him and fulfil his command." "Bhima. Drona cannot take Yudhishthira without first killing me. Be vigilant. I hear the Panchajanya. but he did not hurt you out of pity. trusting him to your care. Our foremost duty is to protect the King. My anxiety is increasing every moment. under orders from me. The Kauravas surrounded Bhima in full force and vowed to prevent him from going to Arjuna's relief. the unrivalled hero. you were our preceptor and were like a father to us. sworn enemy of Drona. Bhima aimed his mace at Drona's chariot that crumbled to pieces." cried Drona. And Bhima hurried away. Go with an assured mind. who was sent after him. and do what needs to be done. you know very well that Drona is seeking. My mind is confused. You cannot proceed further without defeating me. do not be concerned. pierced the Kaurava ranks and proceeded in the direction of Arjuna. and come back. but not the twang of Arjuna's bowstring. your enemy. I shall go and let you know they are safe. And so I go." "My Lord. Join him and Satyaki."Bhimasena. Satyaki. and it seems to me Madhava has now himself taken up arms. YUDHISHTHIRA'S FOND HOPE "ARJUNA has not returned. Now." replied Bhimasena. Yudhishthira is your charge. Once upon a time. like Arjuna." "Dearest Bhima. not let your fortitude grow less." said Yudhishthira to Bhima in great perplexity of mind. 85. May it be so!" Saying this. And Drona had to take to another chariot. to seize Dharmaputra alive. He broke your resistance and pierced your battle lines fighting his way through. We respected you as such. I am your enemy. you have yourself said you are our enemy. do not grieve. and
immediately turning to Dhrishtadyumna said: "Panchala. by some means or other. But I shall not. I fear your brother has been slain. I fear Dhananjaya. has been killed. Bhima. go at once to where Arjuna is. Yudhishthira was greatly agitated. But Bhima was furious at hearing these words of Drona. But the resistance was very stiff and his progress was slow. Do not let the wheels of your mind stick in the mud of anxiety. until it began to break and retreat. "Do. Command me as you please. if you indeed see them alive. and answered scornfully. he began to assault the Pandava formation without rest or interval. Drona
." Drona spoke thus believing that he would receive the same courtesy from Bhima as he did from Arjuna. nor has Satyaki." said Satyaki. I shall know it by your lion-roar. and went to join Dhananjaya. "Stop. Bhima then approached Drona himself. But like a lion scattering less noble beasts he put his enemies to flight." said Bhima. Satyaki. And Bhima forced his way through overcoming all opposition. has not come back with any tidings. "Oh brahmana. it was not with your permission that Arjuna went. I hear the conch of Madhava but I hear not the resounding twang of Gandiva. But I cannot let you go." said the heroic son of Drupada.

relieved o his doubts and f anxieties. that tried to stop Bhima. He will slay the man who caused Abhimanyu's death and will return in triumph. but was soon defeated and turned back. Duryodhana arrived with his forces at the sector where Arjuna attacked Jayadratha. between Bhima and Karna at another and between Arjuna and Jayadratha at a third. As soon as he saw Arjuna. Satyaki and Arjuna were engaging the enemy. KARNA AND BHIMA ARJUNA had left Yudhishthira behind to repel Drona's attacks and had gone to make good his word that before sunset Jayadratha would lie dead on the field of battle. It was the fourteenth day and the battle raged fiercely at many points. overpowered and slain. Dharmaputra heard the lionroar of Bhima and knew that Arjuna was found alive. Duryodhana was speaking to Drona: "Arjuna. Only the Lord knows through what travail the world must evolve. Will this indeed happen? The great grandsire Bhishma has been offered as a sacrifice. Seeing so many of his brothers slain.lost eight chariots that day. Hearing that roar. our battle array should have been broken and our plans completely foiled. your accusations are as unworthy as they are contrary to truth. The lives of numerous kings and great warriors have been sacrificed on the field of battle and even the stubborn and narrow-visioned Duryodhana may now see his fault and ask for peace. he pronounced blessings on Arjuna. We have seen how Yudhishthira in his anxiety sent first Satyaki and then Bhima to join Arjuna in his battle against Jayadratha. once again. Bhima roared like a lion. The armies were so deployed that each side was exposed to danger in its rear." Duryodhana thus. between Satyaki and Bhurisravas at one place. and thereby caused Abhimanyu to be isolated. bitterly reproached Drona. 86. It is indeed strange that. He it was who had
effectively prevented the relief of Abhimanyu by the Pandavas. Jayadratha had been the main cause of Abhimanyu's death. Will this wicked enmity end with it and shall we be saved from further cruel destruction?" While thus Yudhishthira was fondly hoping and dreaming of peace. Everyone asks how it is that the great Drona with all his mastery of the science of war has been so badly outmaneuvered. And the army of the Bhojas. His ways are inscrutable. who replied unperturbed: "Duryodhana. And he thought within himself: "Before the sun sets today. Bhima reached where Arjuna was engaged and sounded his simhanada (lion-roar). Bhima and Satyaki have treated us with contempt and proceeded successfully to Jayadratha's sector and they are pressing hard on the Sindhu king. He proceeded mowing down all opposition and reached where Arjuna was fighting Jayadratha's forces. The battle thus raged long and furiously on more than one front. was completely destroyed.
. under your command. and leading a counter-offensive against them. Duryodhana may sue for peace after Jayadratha's death. What answer shall I make? I have been betrayed by you. Arjuna's oath will be fulfilled. Drona remained at the main front resisting the attack of the Panchalas and the Pandavas. Yudhishthira heard these roars and. the battle was raging with great fury where Bhima. Krishna and Arjuna were exceedingly pleased and raised yells of joy. it is possible that foolish Duryodhana may see light.

It is best I stay here and send you reinforcements as and when required. It is of no avail to dishearten oneself by dwelling on past defeats and difficulties. But he minded them not." "Now. But they have as much reason to be anxious as we. I must keep the Panchalas and Pandava army engaged here. For anger rose in him. The two cars dashed against each other and the milk white horses of Karna's chariot and Bhimasena's black horses jostled in the combat like clouds in a thunderstorm. The advantages and risks of such strategy appear to have been fully understood and discussed even in those days." Puzzled and perplexed. by no means. Bhima did not desire to fight Karna or remain long engaged with him. The narrative of the fourteenth day's fighting at Kurukshetra shows that. Tell me what should be done. Karna would keep at a distance and send his well-aimed shafts but Bhima would disregard the arrows and javelins failing thick upon him and always try to close with Karna. Three great generals have advanced. Bhima was red with bleeding wounds all over and presented the appearance of an Asoka tree in full blossom. Give your best consideration to the difficulties of the situation and decide and let us do it quickly. Bhima was all anger when taunted in this manner. and do all you can to support him. thus did Duryodhana plead. calmly and with graceful ease." and so on.There is nothing to be gained by talking about what is past and beyond repair. go up to Jayadratha again. But Radheya would. and fought desperately. Drona replied: "My son. there was no smile on his face. whereas Bhimasena fumed and fretted with impatience. Karna's handsome lotus-like face was radiant with smiles when he attacked Bhima saying: "Do not show your back. as he showed his amazing strength of limb. caring not for life. the modern tactics of turning and enveloping movements was not unknown. Both showed the strength of tigers and the speed of eagles and their anger was now like that of serpents in a fury. Arjuna's flanking manoeuvres perplexed his enemies greatly.
. for their rear is now left as open to attack as ours. as he attacked Karna cutting bows in twain and smashing his chariot. We are on both sides of them and their position is not therefore safe. even in the Mahabharata times. the situation is no doubt serious." "Sir. permit him to do this. do not flee like a coward. like the sea on a full moon day. When Karna had to run for a fresh chariot. He was maddened by Karna's smiles. we shall be wholly destroyed. Be heartened. it is for you to advise me. He showered his arrows on
Bhimasena and stopped him from proceeding. The contrast between the two warriors was striking. outmanoeuvring us. Radheya did everything he did. He was eager to reach where Arjuna was. Duryodhana went with fresh reinforcements again to where Arjuna was directing his attack on Jayadratha. The battle was fierce but Karna did everything with a smiling air of ease whereas Bhima's face glowed with rage and his movements were violent. as he attacked Bhima. The story of that day's battle between Bhima and Karna reads very much like a chapter from the narrative of a modern war. Otherwise." Accordingly. Think of what is to be done now. Bhima brought before his mind all the insults and injuries which he and his brothers and Draupadi had suffered.

paying mournful honor to the dead. Seeing yet another son of Dhritarashtra come to offer himself up to death. Karna now stood on the ground with bent bow. Again and again did Karna lose his chariot. Sanjaya. PLEDGE RESPECTED DHRITARASHTRA. and the physical pain of his own wounds made him lose courage and he turned away defeated. Durmukha's armor was broken and he fell lifeless." Durjaya went as ordered and attacked Bhima who. king. Bhima did not stop but continued the fight and greatly harassed Karna. was it not you who brought about this unquenchable hatred. who has the strength of the god of death! We are indeed ruined!" Sanjaya replied: "O king. even as Karna climbed up to take his seat in the chariot. Blame yourself. But. listening to the words of your foolish and stubborn son? To you indeed must be traced this greater disaster. He sent well aimed shafts and hit Bhima who in a fury hurled his mace at Karna and it crashed on Karna's chariot and killed his charioteer and horses and broke the flagstaff. The stubborn Duryodhana has led the lads Durmukha and Durjaya. he could not brook it but returned to the combat. But Bhima parried it and continued pouring his arrows on Karna. But he too at once returned the attack and wounded Bhima all over. Bhima.Karna's bow was shattered and his charioteer reeled and fell. like moths falling in the fire. What can these Pandavas do to me?' But now he has seen Karna beating a retreat when Bhimasena attacked him. Who then can defeat us? Even the gods cannot win a battle against me when Karna is on my side. "O Sanjaya. The sight of so many of Duryodhana's brothers dying for his sake one after another was too much for Karna. he was again overwhelmed with grief and stood motionless for a while. Karna once again had to find a fresh chariot. You are now but reaping the fruit of your discarding the advice of Bhishma and the other elders. Still the Pandava would not stop and attacked Karna furiously. Durmukha went accordingly and took Karna on his chariot. And. Alas. This. Karna was overwhelmed with grief and circled round the hero. my son has earned the undying hatred of the son of Vayu. 87. Duryodhana saw Karna's plight and calling his brother Durjaya said: "This wicked Pandava will kill Karna. Karna then hurled a javelin at Bhima. to their doom. in a rage sent seven shafts which sent Durjaya's horses and his charioteer to the abode of Yama and Durjaya himself fell mortally wounded. Do not
. was desolate. Duryodhana now sent another brother to relieve Karna. my sons are being destroyed. His sharp arrows pierced Karna's coat of armor and he was in pain.
Bhima relentlessly continued his attack on Karna. hearing of the slaughter of his sons and the check received by Karna. Seeing his bleeding body wriggling on the ground like a wounded snake. who had taken up a fresh bow. I have lost these boys! The fool said: 'Karna. when Bhima stood up on the field of battle red with wounds all over like a flaming fire and emitted a triumphant yell. unrivalled among men for courage and the accomplishment of war. Go at once and attack Bhima and save Karna's life. When Karna saw the warrior bathed in blood and lying dead by his side. Has he seen wisdom at least now? Alas. is on our side. Bhima licked his lips in gusto and sent nine shafts on the newly arrived enemy.

O Vikarna. But fell dead one
after another. When Karna saw this. Aswatthama. The two combatants clashed like clouds in a thunderstorm. They gave battle to Bhima displaying great skill and energy. When Bhima saw him fall dead after a brave fight. uprooted by a strong wind and lying flat on the ground with their beautiful red blossoms. Indeed this battle is a curse upon us wherein men like you and the grandsire Bhishma have had to be slaughtered. his face was wet with tears and he mounted a fresh chariot and began to attack Bhima with deadly effect. for Bhima's passion was roused and his attack was irresistible. When Karna saw so many of the sons of Dhritarashtra sacrificing themselves for him. But they became so violent in their assault that Bhima got incensed and. He feared Bhima would kill Radheya that day. Durmata. Satyaki and Arjuna were filled with admiration and joy as they watched Bhima fighting. Chitrayudha and Chitravarman. He used his bow so as to disarm Karna completely. Duryodhana. Karna now jumped down from his chariot and hurled his mace at Bhima. Sarasana. Kesava. and sent seven more of his brothers directing them to surround Bhima and attack him simultaneously. Bhimasena at first ignored the sons of Dhritarashtra and concentrated on Karna." Seeing Duryodhana's brothers. Salya. Durmarsha. he was deeply moved and exclaimed: "Alas. thinking of all the evil that Karna had wrought against the Pandavas. he was heartened and turned back to resume his attack. His horses and charioteer were also laid low. I had to kill even you. The seven brothers sent by Duryodhana attacked Bhima. He leant back on his seat in the chariot and closed his eyes unable to bear the sight. Charuchitra. Bhima too was more violent than before. Sanjaya proceeded to tell him what happened. was beloved of all. Five sons of Dhritarashtra. Karna's plight caused him extreme anxiety. disposed of all five of them. Kripacharya. The young warriors with their bleeding wounds presented the appearance of a forest with trees. Jayadratha and many other warriors of the Kaurava army also broke into exclamations." After thus admonishing the blind king. to relieve Radheya. astonished at the way in which Bhima fought. Durdhara and Jaya.blame Karna and the brave warriors who have done their best in battle. They lay dead on the field. turning his attentions on them. But fell one after another. who watched this combat. Bow after bow was
. you were just and knew what was dharma! You fought in loyal obedience to the call of duty. when they saw Karna put to flight by Bhima at once rushed on the latter. But Bhima warded it off with shafts from his powerful bow and covered Karna with a shower of arrows and forced him to turn back and walk on foot. Chitraksha. who came to help him. Duryodhana was stung to the quick and burned with anger. slain one after another in this manner. with their horses and their charioteers. Upachitra. Dussaha. Karna was overwhelmed by anguish. struck down by his arrows. was greatly grieved and sent seven of his brothers Chitra. Then recovering control over his emotions he hardened his heart and began again his attack on Bhima. When Karna saw another batch of princes slaughtered for his sake he fought more grimly than ever before. Bhurisravas. who was killed last. Vikarna.

" said Krishna. was a maiden. the limbs of horses and elephants that were lying about. In the renewed and fierce battle between Bhima and Karna. why do you engage yourself in battle here? Go to the jungle and fill yourself with fruits and roots and
grow fat. "It was not right for him to have left Dharmaputra and come here to join me. It was a great mistake for Yudhishthira to have sent Satyaki away here. When Devaki. Karna had long ago discarded his smile and his face showed savage anger even as Bhima's. Radheya took cover behind his flagstaff and escaped destruction. Karna said exultingly: "Foolish glutton. "There. and on behalf of Vasudeva he placed Devaki in his chariot and took her away. SOMADATTA'S END "THERE comes the valorous Satyaki. They now glared fiercely at each other as they fought. But Karna took up yet another bow and assailed Bhima with arrows more fiercely than before. he has come here. Bhima jumped out of Karna's car down into the field of battle where. deprived of all arms. many princes competed for her hand and there was a great battle between Somadatta and Sini over it." replied Arjuna. he fought Drona with increased vigor. Bhima hurled his spear at Karna who was in his chariot and as Karna parried it with his shaft. You are a savage. wheels of broken chariots. to Dhananjaya. Eighteen times he had to take up a fresh bow. Dhananjaya's eyes burned red with wrath. kept him engaged without interval. not fit for kshatriya battle. Satyaki should have stuck to his post there to guard him." "I do not like it. Drona is there ever seeking an opportunity to seize Dharmaputra. he used the elephants lying dead on the ground to protect himself from Karna's arrows and continued the fight. but mindful of his word to Kunti. Sini won. he made the helpless Bhima burn with rage. It had come about this way. Then. He had pledged his word to Kunti not to kill more than one of the Pandavas and he reserved that option for the great Arjuna." said Krishna. in a fit of uncontrollable rage. But this could not long continue and Bhima was soon at a great disadvantage. and heartened by it. He bent his Gandiva bow and discharged his arrows on Karna who then gladly turned his attentions from Bhima to Arjuna. Get away!" Hurling insulting taunts at him. Soon his chariot also was smashed to pieces. Instead. the charioteer. but Karna kept the battle. "Your disciple and friend is marching up. and hurling them at Karna. sprang upon Karna. Since that incident there was feud
. Bhima lost his horses and charioteer. Bhima. Old Bhurisravas has intercepted Satyaki. and it cut Karna's bow into two and fell on the ground. 88. He picked up anything he could lay hands upon. Madhava. Bhima advanced with sword and shield. Yudhishthira now heard Bhima's roar rise above the tumult of battle. But Karna broke the shield at once with his shafts. you do not know the science of war. Bhima whirled his sword and hurled it." There was a family feud between Bhurisravas and Satyaki that made them inveterate foes.broken up by Bhimasena's shaft. who was to be the blessed mother of Sri Krishna. refrained from killing him. Then. Thereupon. when he saw the plight of his valiant brother. Arjuna! See how poor Bhima is being harassed by Karna. triumphantly breaking through enemy ranks.

it was natural that. Krishna again pressed Arjuna to consider Satyaki's condition. nor has he challenged me to fight. Here now I have you in my power and will presently finish you. "Satyaki who came after an exhausting battle with the Kaurava forces has been forced to accept Bhurisravas' challenge." Bhurisravas caught hold of the prostrate Satyaki and dragged him o the ground as n a lion drags its elephant prey. the sky was darkened by a cloud of arrows sent by Jayadratha. "Oh Satyaki." said Krishna. but he constantly turned with pain to where Satyaki was in the mortal grip of Bhurisravas. beloved Yuyudhana will be slain. Unless we help him. the Sini family and that of Somadatta." After this exchange of words. They fell down again and so the combat went on for a long while. the best among the Vrishni clan. "I know you strut about thinking yourself a man of great prowess. although it is true a friend who came to help me is being slaughtered before my eyes. "Satyaki is exhausted. "O Partha. You are looking on. How can I send my shaft at Bhurisravas when he is engaged with another? My mind recoils from such an act. gladdening the hearts of many a bereaved widow. When they found themselves on opposite sides in the Kurukshetra battle." When Arjuna turned. They were now standing on the ground fighting with swords and shields. Their horses were killed. One who came to help you. Long have I sought for this meeting. Satyaki was Sini's grandson. "Have done with your vaunting. is being killed before your eyes. the battle began. Bhurisravas was Somadatta's son. Demonstrate your valor in action and do not indulge in dry thunder like autumn clouds. Arjuna replied with a shower of arrows." he interrupted. and both were rendered chariotless." said Krishna again. "Bhurisravas has not been called to battle by me. the old warrior challenged Satyaki to battle. They rolled together on the ground. Partha's mind was at the time concentrated on Jayadratha's movements and he did not watch this combat between Satyaki and the son of Somadatta. doing nothing." cried Bhurisravas. Bhurisravas lifted Satyaki up and brought him crashing to the ground and all the men around in the Kaurava army exclaimed: "Yuyudhana is dead!" Again Krishna importuned: "Satyaki is lying almost dead on the field." Satyaki laughed. They leaped up and they sprang on each other. Satyaki has lost all his weapons and he is now in Bhurisravas' power.
"Dhananjaya. "It is a most unequal battle. "Words are not deeds and do not frighten fighting men." Still Arjuna was following only Jayadratha's movements. But his charioteer Krishna was deeply concerned about Satyaki's fate. till their shields were hacked to bits and their swords broken.
. Like Indrajit destroyed Dasaratha's son Lakshmana. he saw Bhurisravas with his foot on the prostrate body of Satyaki and sword upraised to slay him." Just as Arjuna finished saying this to Krishna. as soon as Bhurisravas saw Satyaki. you will die today and go to the abode of Yama.between the two clans. their bows were broken. and the combat was as between two fierce lions." Even as Krishna was saying this. Arjuna was in a great conflict of mind. For Krishna knew about their family feud. Then they were locked in a deadly embrace without weapons. helpless. Bhurisravas is going to kill him now.

he turned to Bhurisravas and said: "O excellent among brave men. as your unchivalrous conduct proves. Arjuna spoke: "Brave men. his coat of armor torn off?" Bhurisravas who heard this did not answer but spread his arrows on the ground with his left hand and made a seat for meditation. Indeed. who heard this. It is my sacred pledge. Satyaki now recovered consciousness and rose. Having been defeated. What code of honor enabled you to raise your sword to thrust it into the body of the fallen warrior and slay him? Do I not remember how you cheered the man who killed my boy Abhimanyu when he stood staggering. lowered his head in salutation. Arjuna? Did you learn this from your father Indra or from your teachers Drona and Kripa? What code of conduct was it that permitted you to shoot your arrow at a man who was engaged in combat with another and could not so much as turn his eyes on you? You have done the deed of a low-bred fellow and foully besmirched your honor. You overcame him. turned and saw who had done it. Ah! Who taught you this low trick." he exclaimed. It was not in your own nature to do it. No one with princely blood in his veins would think of such a dastardly deed. I am sworn to protect every friend within bow-shot of me and I cannot let an enemy kill him. Said Partha: "Bhurisravas. powerless. bitterly denounce Krishna and Arjuna in the Kurukshetra field. The old warrior sat in yoga and the sight deeply moved all the Kaurava soldiers. Arjuna shot an arrow which went with the speed of lightning and the next moment the uplifted arm fell chopped off to the ground still holding the sword. and whom you were going to stab when he was lying
helpless on the ground? I would have deserved to go to hell if I had failed to intervene. all amazed. You say. Why do you blame me? It is not right to hurl reproaches without due thought. You accuse Hrishikesa and me without cause. then. How could I look on doing nothing. Bhurisravas. when you go back to your brother Dharmaputra. you were in the act of killing my friend. If you like. Satyaki who was weary and exhausted when he came here and who was inadequately armed. "I had not expected this of you! It befits not a warrior to shoot from behind in this manner. who came and risked his life in battle on my behalf. you have protected many who have gone to you for help. he lay on the ground. Carried away by the impetuosity of
. "Son of Kunti." After saying this to the warriors in the field who reproached him. I was engaged in combat with someone else and you have attacked me without notice. one who was like a right hand to me. was challenged by you to give battle. before my eyes. They cheered Bhurisravas and uttered reproaches against Krishna and Arjuna. when. There is no justice in blaming me. what account are you going to give him of this valorous deed. I know you have been incited to it by that contemptible Krishna. no man can resist the evil influence of the company he keeps. let us all blame the violence which governs kshatriya life. Who in the wide world would not wish to be so ruined? You have spoken out of confused understanding. you are old and age seems to have affected your judgment. You must have been instigated into it by the son of Vasudeva. You know that what has happened is due to your own error." Bhurisravas. Dhananjaya.Before Bhurisravas could deliver the fatal thrust." Thus did Bhurisravas with his right arm cut off. exhausted and weaponless. I have been ruined by keeping company with Madhava.

Arjuna was engaged in a great attack on the Kaurava army and putting forth all his strength. See the sun has sloped down in the west. Salya. Everyone in the field condemned Satyaki's act." When Karna and Duryodhana were thus planning.
. I may slay him in whatever posture he might choose to be. uttered blessings on Bhurisravas. It seems my stars are now in the ascendant. Daruka's mastery of driving and Satyaki's archery were such as brought down the gods to witness the combat.his passion. Inflamed by the thought of the slaughter of Abhimanyu. Aswatthama. sitting in yoga on his seat of arrows. who rushed to the spot. with one swift and powerful cut. You. Within the little time
left before nightfall. Satyaki took his place in it. Karna. There is not a fourth to match them!" Arjuna broke through the Kaurava opposition and reached Jayadratha. Karna had to run and climb up into Duryodhana's chariot. because the gods had willed it that he should be thus destroyed by his own hand. Your great skill in battle is on trial today. Then the flagstaff was cut asunder and the chariot was smashed." But none approved of his conduct. I do not think it possible for Partha to reach Jayadratha. when hatred and anger have been roused. The slaying of Bhurisravas is one of the many situations of moral conflict woven into the story of the Mahabharata to demonstrate that. the destruction of the Pandavas is certain and this kingdom will be ours in unquestioned and absolute sovereignty. The gods and the siddhas. and I must guard Jayadratha and do all we can to see that he does not fall into Arjuna's hands during the next few hours before sunset. Partha and Satyaki. Sanjaya here tells Dhritarashtra to whom he was relating the incident: "The greatest adepts in archery are Krishna. and am so weary that my limbs have no power in them. this enemy of my family placed his foot on my prostrate figure and attempted to kill me. he struck off the old warrior's head which rolled down. Satyaki maintained he was right. could prevent him. while the body was still in the posture of meditation. I only live to serve you. Arjuna fought with fury. Prove yourself this day. Krishna put his Panchajanya in his mouth and blew a loud note in the rishabha swara. he picked up a sword and. Arjuna will be disgraced and he will kill himself. JAYADRATHA SLAIN "THE decisive hour has come. who looked on from above the battlefield. With Arjuna's death. When it came. for not having redeemed his oath. saying: "After I fell down senseless. codes of honor and dharma are powerless to control them. advancing to Bhurisravas. and all the great wrongs inflicted by the Kauravas. keeping him fully engaged. so that before sunset he could break through to Jayadratha. The whole thing depends on you." "My king. Karna's four chariot horses were disabled and the charioteer was unseated." said Duryodhana. The great Karna stood chariotless and the event produced a great flutter in the Kaurava army. I shall put forth all the strength that is in me. which was the signal for his own charioteer Daruka to arrive at once with his chariot. "If before nightfall this day Jayadratha is not slain. We should not let this opportunity slip. 89. Dhananjaya swore this impossible oath in a moment of thoughtlessness. Kripa. and attacked Karna vigorously and skilfully. Still." Karna replied "I have been wounded all over by Bhimasena. We must see somehow that his challenge fails. even when all around were shouting in horror and before Krishna and Arjuna.

but the battle did not cease. It was a strange sight. as ordained." said Duryodhana to himself in great glee. The attack on Jayadratha began and the battle raged long. The sun sank towards the horizon and reddened. who felt as if Death had come to the battlefield with wide-open jaws. "I am saved!" for he did not see the sun then and thought the time-limit of danger from Arjuna was over. however. Yudhishthira led his army fiercely against Drona. I have caused this darkness. carried away Jayadratha's head. They fought fiercely but were all defeated and could not prevent Arjuna from reaching Jayadratha. courage. and. strength. The Saindhava was no mean foe. This is the moment for it. They are Arjuna's son. Arjuna. The sun is still up and has not set. and amiability. Bhimasena's famous son by his asura wife. but on the fourteenth day of the battle the rule of cease-fire at sunset was not observed. Both of them gave up their lives on the Kurukshetra battlefield. Vriddhakshatra was in his ashrama sitting in the open absorbed in his evening meditation with eyes closed. Jayadratha and his father together reached the abode of the brave. and taxed to the full. Arjuna has lost. Jayadratha turned to the western horizon and thought within himself. when his son's head with beautiful black hair and golden earrings gently dropped into his lap." And Arjuna sent his wonderful arrows that carried away the head in the air. As the passions rose from day to day. DRONA PASSES AWAY ALL those who have heard the story of the Mahabharata know about Ghatotkacha. Then. Arjuna's strength and skill were hard put to it. It seems Jayadratha has been saved and Arjuna's challenge has failed. "send your shafts in swift relays. when the head rolled down and fell on the ground. there was darkness and the cry went round in both armies: "It is sunset and Jayadratha has not been killed." The Pandavas were depressed and there were shouts of joy in the Kaurava army. Satyaki. now using one hand and now the other." cried Krishna. 90. one by one the rules and restraints broke down. he discharged shafts from the Gandiva bow. "There is but a very little time left. for the day was nearing its end. Dhananjaya. Abhimanyu. fortitude. There are two young men among the Mahabharata figures who embody all the qualities of heroism. Krishna said to Arjuna: "Dhananjaya. It was nightfall. He struck terror and confusion among his enemies. the hatred roused on
. It is only the poet of the Mahabharata that can describe the combat that raged between Arjuna and Aswatthama and the other great warriors that protected the king of Sindhu." A shaft flew from the Gandiva bow. The old king finished his meditation and got up. And.Savyasachin as he was. like a vulture swooping down on a
chicken. Do your work. The vow is unfulfilled and Arjuna is going to be disgraced. Bhima. Both sides were constantly looking westwards. Yudhamanyu and Uttamaujas blew their conchs and Dharmaraja who heard the triumphant noise knew that it meant that Arjuna had redeemed his oath and that the Saindhava had been slain. Ghatotkacha. so that the head may be supported from falling to the earth and borne into Vriddhakshatra's lap. the Sindhu raja is looking at the horizon. and Bhima's son. Kesava. Vriddhakshatra's head burst into a hundred fragments. Towards the latter part of the Mahabharata fight. "Listen. At that moment. for Jayadratha is off his guard. Then.

was. as he uttered these words.both sides did not find satisfaction in battle conducted during the daytime and close at nightfall. now did Yudhishthira decide to bear the shame of it. "I have killed Aswatthama!" Bhimasena who. Rama was driven to bear the sin of killing Vali. for otherwise. Ghatotkacha. Bhima lifted his iron mace and brought it down on the head of a huge elephant called Aswatthama and it fell dead. So also. Finish him without further delay. But when the ocean was churned at the beginning of the world and the dread poison rose threatening to consume the gods. "Kill this fellow at once. for no one was minded to be a party to deceit. Thus was Arjuna saved. who from mid-air was showering his deadly arrows on the Kaurava army. He had with him no doubt the spear of unerring effect which Indra had given to him. until then. We cannot cope with him unless dharma is discarded. Those who were nearby with him also rejected the idea. in disregard of the rules of fairplay. Bhima's beloved son. with thousands of torches burning and using signals specially devised for nighttime. as he could not bring himself to tell a lie." Thus begged all the perplexed Kauravas of Karna. Yudhishthira stood for a while reflecting deeply. they did not cease fighting but went on with it in torchlight. but could they be true? Drona heard these words as he was in the act of discharging a Brahmastra. The Kurukshetra field presented a strange sight. We have no other way open. for there was no other way. did not Rudra come forward to swallow it and save them? To save the friend who had wholly depended on him. having just been wounded by one of the asura's arrows. and he had carefully husbanded it for exclusive use on Arjuna with whom a decisive encounter he knew was inevitable. "O Arjuna. Duryodhana's heart sank within him when he saw thousands of his men destroyed by Ghatotkacha and his demon army moving in the air and attacking in weird and unexpected ways." Arjuna shrank in horror at the proposal. "there is none that can defeat this Drona. fighting according to the strict rules of war. found darkness an additional advantage and violently attacked Duryodhana's army. is it true my
. On the fourteenth day. Karna. the like of which had not been seen before in Bharatadesa. Drona will lose all interest in life and throw down his weapons." he said and resolved the deadlock! It was strange. "Yudhishthira. when the sunset. If he hears that Aswatthama is dead. plunging the Pandavas in grief. Karna." said Krishna. But it could be used only once. Someone must therefore tell Drona that Aswatthama has been slain. The battle did not stop. There is but one thing that will make him desist from fighting. Bhimasena went near the division commanded by Drona and roared so that all might hear. impelled by a sudden urge. "I shall bear the burden of this sin. But in the confusion and wrath of that eerie midnight melee. After killing the elephant Aswatthama. The generals and soldiers on both sides were engaged in battle. soon our whole army will cease to be. Karna was himself angry and bewildered. but at great cost. greatly ashamed. Ghatotkacha and his troops of asuras who are strongest at night. They knocked against his very heart. hurled the missile at the young giant. Drona spread fear and destruction in the Pandava army by
his relentless attacks. had never done or even contemplated an ignoble act. dropped dead.

abandoning the legitimate functions of your varna and taking to the Kshatriya profession of arms. he felt again the disgrace of it and added in a low and tremulous voice. the wheels of his chariot. but within him also was the desire to win. it is true that Aswatthama has been killed." But. This book.son has been slain?" Dronacharya asked addressing Dharmaputra. suddenly became of the earth. When the words of untruth came out of Yudhishthira's mouth. the hero passes through dangers and difficulties and finally marries a woman whom he loves. "O king. And Yudhishthira himself stood trembling in horror of what he was about to do. we are lost. When Drona heard that his beloved son had been slain. Drona's Brahmastra is of unquenchable potency and the Pandavas will be destroyed. is altogether different from tales and romances. The acharya thought that Yudhishthira would not utter an untruth. If you brahmanas had not gone astray from the duties belonging to you by birth. though a story. And the soul of the son of Bharadwaja issued out in a visible blaze of fight and mounted heavenwards." he said to himself and hardened his heart. you have rejected that wisdom which is yours by birth. Krishna was terribly perturbed. which until then always stood and moved four inches above the ground and never touched it at once came down and touched the earth. At this moment Dhrishtadyumna with drawn sword. as he was saying it. earthy. It was our misfortune that you descended to this sinful life. Yet. You teach that non-killing is the highest dharma and that the brahmana is the supporter and nourisher of that dharma. Yudhishthira. "Aswatthama." These taunts of Bhimasena caused excruciating pain to Drona who had already lost the will to live. When Drona asked thus. And desire vanished as if it had never been there." he said. the princes would not have been led to this destruction. "If Yudhishthira fails us now and shrinks from uttering an untruth. Thus it is that the Mahabharata. The Mahabharata is a great and wonderful story. all his attachment to life snapped. "Let it be my sin. have brought ruin to princes. The sorrows of human life are painted with sublime beauty and rolled out in a grand panorama. in style and substance. thus was a great sin committed. Bhimasena loudly spoke indicting him in harsh words:
"You brahmanas. and said aloud: "Yes. When the veteran was in that mood." said Sanjaya to the blind Dhritarashtra. exciting scenes are enacted. Behind the story of errors and sorrows the poet enables us to have a vision of the Transcendent Reality. and shamelessly undertaken the profession of killing. while relating the events of the battle to him. In modern novels. He too desired victory and slipped into the way of untruth and so his chariot came down to the common road of mankind. who till then had stood apart from the world so full of untruth. has come to be a book of dharma. Or else everything seems to go on happily but suddenly things go
. He threw his weapons away and sat down in yoga on the floor of his chariot and was soon in a trance. dramas and pictures. even for the kingship of the three worlds. came and climbed in to the chariot and heedless of cries of horror and deprecation from all around he fulfilled his destiny as the slayer of Drona by sweeping off the old warrior's head. the elephant" words which were however drowned in the din and were not heard by Drona.

Even great Karna was shaken as he saw Bhima in this ecstasy of wrath. Duhsasana made a concentrated attack on Bhima and sent a shower of arrows at him. is this the wretched hand that held Draupadi by the hair? Here. THE DEATH OF KARNA WHEN Drona died. Then followed a great battle. After the great Duhsasana's death. hurled him down and broke his limbs. With eyes red with wrath and unshed tears." As Bhima thus bethought himself of what Duhsasana had done to Draupadi. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are quite a different kind of artistic creation." said Salya to Karna. Beloved friend. "I have this wretch now safe in my hands. so to say. the princes of the Kaurava army installed Karna as Generalissimo. Arjuna led the attack on Karna. The battle again began. Bhima chuckled and said to himself. "The oath I swore against this great sinner has been redeemed. "It does not befit you to show any sign that may be mistaken for fear. The sacrificial fire is ready. He sucked and drank the blood from his enemy's body like a beast of prey and danced on the bloody field. If there be any here wishing to help you." said Aswatthama addressing Duryodhana earnestly. I tear out the root from your body. he ordered a fresh disposition of the forces." "What? Did you not hear the words that the stubborn Bhima uttered when like a ravening beast. Stop the battle. "Wicked beast. "Do not flinch. and win eternal glory on earth or the soldier's heaven!" At these words." The scene made everyone shudder. it is not right that you also should lose heart. When we read them. This is the art scheme of ordinary sensational stories. supported by Bhimasena immediately behind his chariot. I shall today redeem my promise to Draupadi. The dauntless confidence of his bearing and his great renown as a warrior heartened the Kauravas. Like the gallant warrior you are. Bhimasena tore
Duhsasana's arm out and threw the bleeding limb on the battlefield. and gave the command for attack. make peace with the Pandavas. and we are finally lifted above both and taken to the Transcendent and Real. he drank human blood and danced over my brother's mangled body? What talk can there be now of peace? Why do you speak vain words!" said Duryodhana. the army's hope rests solely on you. let him come forward and try!" Glaring hatefully at Duryodhana as he roared this challenge. seek single combat with Arjuna.wrong and terrible misfortune happens and the curtain drops. our inner being is seized and cleansed. Readers of the stars were consulted and the Pandavas chose the propitious hour for grim battle. which spat
. he bade Salya drive the chariot towards Arjuna. Saying thus. "Let us terminate this disastrous enmity. And then he fulfilled the terrible oath he had taken thirteen years before. Karna recovered his courageous spirit. "I have done it!" he roared. the anger within him blazed up uncontrollably and throwing down all his weapons. You must now bear the full burden. he jumped from his chariot and leapt upon Duhsasana like a tiger on its prey. The son of Surya sent a dazzling arrow. Let that victim also prepare. Too long has my oath waited for performance. by being passed alternately through joys and sorrows. "Enough of fighting. mad with passion. 91. It only remains to redeem my oath as regards Duryodhana. When Duryodhana stands quivering in despair. Karna stood up in his gorgeous war chariot driven by Salya.

Arjuna's charioteer. who was fond of play but was unskilled at it. Arjuna. the left wheel of his chariot suddenly sank in the bloody mire. even as Parasurama had foretold. But when Krishna said this. Krishna intervened. you remember them indeed. you would certainly not take unfair advantage of this accident. I shall presently set my car right and give you all the battle you want. His hand hesitated to do what was not chivalrous. do not talk now of chivalry and fairplay. "Waste no more time. go and marry another husband'? The tongue that was not ashamed to utter those words now talks of chivalry. and knowing dharma as you do. and again appealed to Arjuna's sense of honor." Arjuna hesitated. Karna!" be exclaimed. Then Krishna. What had happened to dharma all that time? What did dharma tell you when violent hands were laid on Draupadi and you were looking on enjoying the sight? Did you not then mock at her saying: 'Your husbands have left you unprotected. to gamble. how was it you forgot them utterly? You helped to inveigle Dharmaputra. Karna bent his head in shame and uttered not a word." cried Madhava. But when you and Duryodhana and Duhsasana and Sakuni dragged Draupadi to the Hall of Assembly and insulted her. "Send your shaft and slay your wicked enemy." Arjuna's mind was wavering. at the nick of time. But the curse was too strong for him and fortune had deserted the great warrior.fire and made for Arjuna. pressed the vehicle down five fingers deep in the mud. "it is well that you too remember that there are things like fairplay and chivalry! Now that you are in difficulty. Then he tried to recall the mantras of mighty astras he had learnt from Parasurama. He remembered the curse that had been pronounced on him. And Karna's fated hour was come. Chivalry indeed! When a mob of you surrounded the young Abhimanyu and shamelessly slew him. and as had been foretold. for you have never honored them!" When Krishna was denouncing him in this manner in order to urge Arjuna to prompt action. but his memory failed in the hour of his need. to jump down again and hurriedly tried to lift the chariot wheel up. "Wait a minute!" he cried. so that the serpent shaft just missed Partha's head but struck off his helmet! Arjuna was red with shame and anger and he fixed a dart on his bow to make an end of Karna. Where had your fairplay hidden itself then? Was it fairplay to refuse to give to Yudhishthira his kingdom when according to the pledge the twelve years of forest life and the thirteenth year incognito were duly completed? What had happened to the dharma you appeal for now? You conspired with the wicked men who
sought to poison and kill Bhima. "Ha. Karna was now somewhat perturbed on account of the mishap. "My chariot has sunk in the ground. Karna silently ascended the chariot leaving the wheel still stuck in the mud and took his bow and sent an arrow at Arjuna with unerring aim and such power that it stunned him for a moment. The wheel would not budge. was that chivalry? Wicked man. the poet says: "Arjuna accepted this command of the
. Karna utilised the respite won. like a serpent with its flaming double-tongue out. Great warrior as you are. He jumped down on the ground to lift the wheel up from the mud. and you cheated him. though he strove with all his great strength. You acquiesced in the plot to burn the Pandavas alive when sleeping in the palace of wax into which they had been lured.

Yudhishthira now led the attack personally against Salya. his spear that went straight and struck him. fought so furiously. fell dead. Sahadeva discharged a sharp-edged sword-arrow saying: "Fool. however. Duryodhana did not relish this counsel." and smiled grimly. it was wholly wrong. crimson with blood. Sakuni led the attack on Sahadeva's division. Salya's body lay lifeless on the field. here is the reward for your great sin. "'Thus utterly was destroyed thine army of eleven Akshauhinis. any longer continue this ruinous fight. adharma increases." The poet had not the heart to impute this act to Arjuna who was the embodiment of nobility. The surviving sons of Dhritarashtra." Even at that moment of deep despair. Like the great flagstaff at the end of a festive function. According to the code of honor and laws of war prevailing then. He slew them all. Left leaderless. There is but one course left to you to make peace with the Pandavas. Kripacharya was deeply moved by Duryodhana's anguish of heart and said: "Moved by ambition and greed we placed too great a burden on friends. through physical violence and war. On the side of the Pandavas. conducted through physical force leads to numerous wrongs and. the Kaurava army lost all hope. pursued and slaughtered to a man by the exulting victors. rolled on the ground. The battle for right. When Salya. in the net result. They supported his stand and they chose Salya and gave him the supreme command from then on. Do not. O! Bharata. who was till then the very incarnation of gentle ness. And the head. The army was arrayed under his leadership and the battle raged fiercely. there was a time for that. the blood of our dearest and theirs? If I surrender in order to escape death. how can I escape the contempt of the world? What happiness can I hope to have in a life so ignobly saved? And what joy can I hope to find in sovereignty. Salya was mighty of limb and as brave as any of the warriors who had been killed. Who could bear the responsibility for breaches of dharma except the Lord Himself? The lesson is that it is vanity to hope. He said to himself now: "I have not lived in vain. out of
. his grief knew no bounds.Lord and sent an arrow which cut and severed the head of the Radheya. It was the Lord Krishna that incited Arjuna to kill Karna when he was vainly trying to raise his chariot out of the mud in which it had stuck. After a while. They have uncomplainingly borne it and laid down their lives on the battlefield and attained the happy regions above. It astonished everyone to see how the man. The son of Vayu had nourished his burning anger for thirteen years from the time Draupadi was insulted in the Hall of Assembly." It went straight and cut through Sakuni's neck like a sword. What talk can there be of peace between the Pandavas and us with all this inexpiable blood between us. O King. but it is long past. but Duryodhana still lives. The battle was equal for a long while. when Yudhishthira hurled at Salya. "Perhaps. the wreck of the broken army scattered and fled in all directions. which was at the root of all the wicked deeds of the Kauravas. joined together and attacked Bhima from all sides. to put down wrong. 92. the last of the great generals. DURYODHANA WHEN Duryodhana beheld Karna's death. secured by a peace after my brothers and relatives have all been slain?"
These words of Duryodhana were lustily cheered by the others.

Krishna said to Arjuna that Bhima would redeem the oath he swore in the Hall of Assembly and smash Duryodhana's thighs. Of what avail is wisdom that comes too late? What has been done must produce its result that has to be suffered. in vain." Sanjaya. After doing. Choose any of us you like and fight. weary and wounded all over. especially after you said you would not allow us even a needle-point of land. here said: "When your son Duryodhana heard these harsh and cruel words spoken by Dharmaputra. they see and preach dharma and chivalry to others." he said to himself. pray tell us how Abhimanyu was attacked and killed? Did you not consent to many combining and attacking that boy. Yudhishthira and his brothers arrived there in relentless. standing all alone amidst your crowd? Yes. fainting and sore wounded. His whole frame was burning like fire. only Duryodhana could be seen on that battlefield. as he entered the water. "after destroying family and tribe. would you yourself escape death by concealing yourself in this pond? Where is your pride now? Have you no shame? Come up and fight. and the outrage you perpetrated on Draupadi. wounded to death. and the battle raged long. That is the law. Die and go to swarga or win and be king. Sparks of fire flew when their maces clashed." said Sanjaya. Must I recount all your sins? The wrongs you did us. when men face misfortune." Stepping out of the pool. you spurned our proposal. took up his mace and walked towards a pool of water. were debating as to whom would win. you say we
may take it all. the unfortunate Duryodhana said: "Come. Now. all of you. Wear your coat of armor. a fugitive for my life. that is really generous." Yudhishthira replied sharply: "If indeed it be wrong for many to join together and attack a single person. one by one. all he could to rally his defeated army. left almost alone. I neither fear death nor wish to live. and the issue hung doubtful. who related the events to the blind old king. who stood watching. who espoused thy cause in their pride and might. A kshatriya by birth. do you shrink battle and death?" Stung to the quick by these words. My desire for kingdom is gone. It is not for kingdom or land that we fight." Yudhishthira replied: "Now. When we begged for peace and entreated you to give us a portion. describing the debacle to the blind king. Enjoy it in undisputed sovereignty. Bhima heard this and. It was not fear that brought me here.the thousands of kings. he at once rose from the water. You five will surely not join together and attack me who am alone and without armor. "The wise Vidura knew what would happen and he told us. for I am single. He leaped like a lion and came down with his mace on Duryodhana's thighs and broke them and Duryodhana fell heavily on the ground. the combat began between Bhima and Duryodhana. Duryodhana and Bhima were equal in strength and skill. the memory of the great outrage came vividly to his mind. pursuit of their great enemy. Duryodhana replied with dignity: "I have not come here. Those. I leave the world to you without a rival. mace in hand. Dharmaputra. at that moment. but why should I fight? The earth has now nothing left that I came to fight for! All those who stood by me have been slain." Accordingly. Duryodhana. "Duryodhana!" exclaimed Yudhishthira.
. I stepped into the water to cool the fire that is raging within me. cannot be expiated except with your life. and water attracted him.

He came just when Bhima and Duryodhana were engaged in their last mortal combat. intercepting him. Duryodhana and his friends have been slain. A warrior's death is the fitting crown of such a life. They have been the victims of insufferable wrongs at the hands of Duryodhana. It is not right to put your foot on his head." When Krishna said this. "Fie upon you all! Would any kshatriya hit below the navel? This Bhima has offended the law most disgracefully. You remain here below. the face of the fallen Duryodhana glowed like a blazing fire with anger and hatred. He saw Bhima aiming the deadly blow which broke Duryodhana's thighs." said Krishna.' He proclaimed this solemn oath at that time and everyone has known it. You could not have dreamt of victory in a fair fight with Karna or Bhishma or Drona. Bhima vowed: 'I will one day in battle break the two thighs of Duryodhana with this mace and kill him. But I cannot bear to see such unclean fighting!" Saying this he advanced towards the offending Bhima with upraised plough. All human joys. I go triumphantly to swarga to join my friends and my brothers who have gone there already and are waiting to welcome me. When Draupadi was insulted in the Assembly Hall. Do not let your anger mislead you and do not be unjust to the innocent Pandavas. such joys as kings wish for in vain. Bhima. stamped on his head with his heavy foot and danced a terrible dance. generous friend. in their fullness. Duryodhana felt no regret for all that he had done. Have you not a spark of shame left?" Even dying. "Living. have been mine. "Cease. as the discus was Krishna's. The plough was Balarama's weapon on supreme occasions." "Wretch!" replied Duryodhana. You should. Balarama arrived at Kurukshetra after completing his tour of holy places. before condemning Bhima. I was a great prince. Krishna was alarmed when he saw his elder brother advancing in a passion towards Bhima. take
." he exclaimed and impatiently going up to his brother Krishna. shouted: "You can look on and tolerate all this. flowers were showered down from the heavens by the gods. 93." cried Dharmaraja. I do not mind Bhima putting his foot on my head as I lie helpless on the ground with legs broken. THE PANDAVAS REPROACHED WHEN the war was nearing its end. Why linger here? On to your chariots. said: "The Pandavas are our friends and closest relations. What care I? In a few minutes more will not the feet of crows and vultures settle on my head?"
When Duryodhana said this. Sons of Pandu. and a terrible foe. Dying. Inordinate desire took Duryodhana into the wrong path. Turning his eyes towards Krishna be said: "By base tricks you contrived the death of warriors. and even Gods do not despise. "You have paid off the debt." Said Krishna:"Soon the wicked man's soul will depart from the body.Bhima jumped on the prostrate body of his enemy. and his anger flamed up at this great breach of the rules of single combat. Greed and pride of power led you to unnumbered wicked deeds and you are reaping as you sowed. your objects defeated and yourselves the object of contempt of all kshatriyas. But no one could question the unconquerable spirit of Dhritarashtra's son. "Duryodhana. It is the duty of a kshatriya to fulfil the vow he has solemnly taken. Duryodhana is a prince and a cousin. He rushed forward and. whence ensued anger and numerous breaches of dharma. "vainly do you accuse others. who fought bravely according to the laws of war.

extenuations and excuses are of no avail in giving mental satisfaction. Bhima bore the wrongs done and kept his wrath within himself for thirteen long years. "Duryodhana will attain the happy regions reserved for the brave. were however loud in condemnation of Duryodhana and were reminding one another of all his misdeeds and errors. Let us go. but his anger subsided. He was stupid and brought about his own end. it is not proper that we go on speaking against an enemy who has been defeated and is lying mortally wounded. You cannot snatch a particular act out of its context and proceed to give judgment on it alone without gross injustice. I know the full measure of grief and anger in Vrikodara's heart.into account all the wrongs that the Kauravas have done to the Pandavas. We have killed Duryodhana. Arjuna. Duryodhana thought evil and practised deception from the time of his birth and has brought about the destruction of his people. when he heard Krishna say this. agony. when he stood all by himself in the field. Nor did he say anything by way of detraction. There is no sin in Bhima killing this man. and in a most cowardly manner. When he challenged the aggrieved Pandavas to battle. It will remain forever a great blot on his good name. Nothing but error can result if one proceeds to judge conduct without taking into account the chain of events leading up to it. who were there. Bhima's fame has been tarnished for all time. How can you think that it was wrong for Bhima to do this?" Krishna's words did not change Balarama's opinion. Krishna turned towards them and said: "Warriors. it hurts me to see Bhima leap on cousin Duryodhana's mortally wounded body and trample on his head. when the laws of a previous age cannot apply. The rest of the people. who was stretched on the ground in intense. "Yudhishthira. deprived of bow and chariot. It was because of Duryodhana's foul instigation that Karna sent a shaft from behind and broke Abhimanyu's bowstring when he was defending himself against heavy odds. He did not show approval of Bhima's act." Duryodhana. why this strange silence?" asked Krishna. The era of Kali has arrived. who was afflicted by uncontained greed and poverty of understanding. and don't wish to blame him beyond reason. I see the end of the glory of our race. He half raised himself on his arms in spite of the excruciating pain." So saying
the indignant Balarama immediately left for Dwaraka. went into a paroxysm of rage. I hate to stay here any longer. We should not speak ill of a dying man. We were wronged by the Kauravas. was silent. of penetrating intellect. It will be said among men that the son of Pandu broke the laws of war in attacking Duryodhana. "O Madhava. Duryodhana knew well that Bhima had sworn to break his thighs and kill him. It was not wrong for Bhima to strike below the navel an enemy who had wickedly contrived against his life on many occasions. He fell into the company of bad men and was ruined. and exclaimed: "Wretch! Son of a slave! Was not your father Vasudeva Kamsa's slave? You have
. When men transgress the law. killed him. he knew very well that he invited Bhima to make good his oath. What serves it now to debate the ethics of it or nicely to weigh the propriety of a much wronged man's revenges?" Yudhishthira was greatly oppressed in mind. Arjuna's young son was attacked by numerous warriors who surrounded him.

Dying now." said the stubborn Duryodhana. You were the father of that deadly lie that issued from Yudhishthira's mouth. "Son of Gandhari. But you are dying the death of a brave man. Need I recount all the wrongs that you were guilty of against the sons of Pandu? What punishment can be too severe for the great outrage.no business to sit or move with princes. surely it was you who instigated Satyaki to butcher Bhurisravas when his right arm had been foully cut off and he stopped fighting and spread his arrows for a seat for holy meditation. "why do you let your anger add to the pain of your last moments? It is your own misdeeds that have brought about your end. such death as warriors deem the crown of kshatriya life. the very pinnacle of power." said Krishna. which you inflicted on Draupadi? The animosities and passions that resulted from your misdeeds cannot be made ground for condemning others. and made Dronacharya throw his bow away. sole cause of our destruction. I go to swarga with my friends and relatives. disregarding the laws of single combat? Till then it had been equal battle. Oh worthless man. the Sindhu king. You brought about the end of Dronacharya through making Dharmaputra utter a falsehood. Do not attribute it to me." "Krishna. and thus he was slain when he was off his guard. making as though casually talking to Arjuna. believe that the day was over and he was past danger. "I studied the Vedas." Thus did Duryodhana pour his denunciation against Krishna and then. Did you not contrive the death of the grandsire Bhishma through stratagem? You advised Sikhandin to be placed in front when attacking Bhishma. when that. such joys as even the Gods cannot despise and kings sigh for in vain. and would let himself be mortally wounded without resistance. Bhishma and Drona had to die on account of your sins. and rejoice. Did you not look on without protest. the whole world has condemned your act when by sorcery you made it appear as if the sun had set. exhausted by the pain of his wounds and the violence of his rage. but really indicating to Bhima that he should strike me on the thighs. You have neither pity nor shame. I go to meet in heaven my friends and brothers gone
. and settled down in yoga posture for meditation on the Supreme? Was it not you who wickedly contrived to make Karna hurl the fatal spear at Ghatotkacha instead of reserving it for Arjuna as he had all along resolved to do? O great sinner. It was you who brought about the death of Karna by inducing Arjuna to attack him in a cowardly manner when he was engaged in lifting his chariot wheel which had sunk and stuck in the mud in the field of battle. I stood upon the humbled heads of foes. While I lived. All human joys. wretch Dhrishtadyumna attacked and killed the acharya who had stopped fighting. knowing that the grandsire would scorn to fight a woman. All the deceptions and lapses you charge us with were forced on us by reason of your wicked conduct. were mine. So also were you the cause of the death of Karna and others.
You made Jayadratha. But you and your friends will live on earth to suffer. pointing to your thigh. I have given gifts ordained by law and I have reigned supreme over all the sea-girt earth. You will go to the happy regions reserved for kshatriyas who lay down their lives on the field of battle. I saw you instigate Bhima to aim his blow at my thigh! Do you think I did not see you. You have paid off on the battlefield the debt incurred by your greed. he fell prostrate again. You speak like a shameless wretch. throwing away his weapons.

And the gods showered flowers down on the dying warrior and the gandharvas played music and the sky was illuminated. To attack men who have retired to sleep." Aswatthama made up his mind and he immediately woke up Kripacharya and informed him of his plan. find the long sought triumph but ashes in your mouth?" said Duryodhana. This wicked man was invincible in battle. Thus can I avenge the deeds of foul play they have practised on us. was astonished." 94. under which the three warriors were resting. was transported with joy when he heard Aswatthama take this oath. When Aswatthama saw the nocturnal bird of prey tear the helpless crows. We have no other course open. and learnt the details of the combat. He was turning over in his mind how to execute his promise to Duryodhana. They were all quiet and asleep until a big owl came and began to attack the birds one after another and kill them." It was sunset and the forest was in utter darkness when under a big banian tree Kripacharya. why then should not we. Who is more blest. Duryodhana. "It is wholly wrong." said Krishna. He immediately ordered those who stood nearby to install Aswatthama as Supreme Commander of the Army with due ceremony and. hundreds of crows roosted. who heard it. "There is truth. "These wicked Pandavas and the Panchala that killed my father and all their supporters can easily be killed by us. I. attack our enemies when they are asleep? There can be nothing wrong in it. said to Him: "All my hopes are in you. who was in the last physical agony of departing life. practised by the Pandavas in order to bring about his father's end. had been rankling in his mind. indignation and hatred burnt within him. Kritavarma and Aswatthama halted for rest. He was listening to the noises that the nocturnal birds and prowling
beasts began to make as the night advanced. Vasudeva and the Pandavas felt small. when his army is tired or when his forces are scattered. or you who. who have lost our armies. for whom are we fighting?
. Indeed it is only thus that we can punish and defeat these Pandavas who have achieved successes through foul play. I am deeply indebted to this bird of prey from whom I have received the teaching.before. They were so greatly fatigued that Kripacharya and Kritavarma fell fast asleep as soon as they lay down. On the branches of the banian tree. he went to the spot where Duryodhana was lying and there took an oath that he would that night send the Pandavas to the abode of Yama. when that was over. ASWATTHAMA WHEN Aswatthama heard how Duryodhana lay mortally injured. if we surprise them when they are sleeping in their tents at night even as this owl is attacking these blind crows. If we can lawfully attack an enemy. has never been done before. The deception. You could not have defeated him by fair means. Now. Aswatthama. It would be an unprecedented crime against the laws of kshatriya conduct. "This can never be. There is no offence in adopting plans to suit one's altered circumstances. "in what Duryodhana said. But Aswatthama did not get sleep. doomed to linger here." said he. for sorrow. he got an idea. mourning for slaughtered friends in desolate homes. his righteous anger swelled like the sea. eager to welcome me. Kripacharya. The crows that could not see at night flew round and round helplessly and fell victims to the owl that attacked them violently. when he learnt how Duryodhana had been stricken down mortally against all rules of chivalry.

I am going tonight to the tents where they are sleeping having cast off their armor and there I will kill the Pandavas and Dhrishtadyumna while they are asleep. let us share also." "Sir. Aswatthama? We cannot approve of it. When he was about to leave Kripacharya and Kritavarma cried: "Stop. They will tell us what lies before us to do. Dhrishtadyumna had doffed his armor and was plunged in deep slumber in his tent. The path you are bent on treading. once for all. without waiting for an answer. One's understanding naturally limits one's vision. What dharma has been left for us to follow? The Pandavas have. Desist from this. Aswatthama's grief and indignation increased and he spoke bitterly: "Everyone feels sure that what he thinks is the only right and proper thing to do. The same process was relentlessly repeated until all the Panchalas and all the sons of Draupadi were killed one by one when they were plunged in sleep in their tents. but neither can we desert you in your desperate enterprise. I do not care. Bhima has killed Duryodhana with a blow below the navel. and place ourselves at their disposal. They reached the Pandava camp. and not a. I seek such a birth!" Saying this and. even like a milk-white cloth bespattered with blood. These Pandavas have been guilty of the foulest conduct.The man for whose sake we joined in this war has been fatally wounded and his end has arrived. they went along with him. I may be doomed to rebirth in the body of a foul bird or of a wriggling worm. Aswatthama proceeded to harness his horses and get his chariot ready to start. We have discharged our obligations most loyally. destroyed the wall of dharma. cruelly kicked him to death. They have killed Duryodhana against the laws of chivalry.
. we shall also follow. Evil flourishes on retaliation." So. Aswatthama leapt on the sleeping warrior and. We fought our best for the greedy and wrongheaded Duryodhana but we failed irretrievably. Thus does evil grow! One transgression begets the next and thus evil grows from evil submerging righteousness. They killed my noble and trustful father through a lie." he pleaded. Let us go to Dhritarashtra and the faultless Gandhari. Never could it be right to kill sleeping men. The sin you are resolved upon. who was on the ground putting right the wheel of his chariot. before he could put himself into a posture of defence. I have no doubt in my mind that what I propose to do is quite proper vengeance for all these foul deeds." Kripacharya was deeply grieved to hear Aswatthama speak thus: "You have attained a great name among men." When Kripacharya spoke thus. was murdered by these lawless rascals. who butchered my great father. "Your spotless character will by this be blemished. These men have
breached the embankment of dharma and released the flood. Let us take counsel of wise Vidura also. It is only if I carry out this plan that I can possibly repay my debt to my king and to my father. There is no purpose now in our continuing the fight and it is folly to do so. drop of dharma is now left! Karna. What are you resolved upon doing. what are you talking? These Pandavas butchered my father when he had thrown away all his weapons and had sat down in prayer. I have decided on it and I do not propose to alter my plan. Why should we make research into law and chivalry when dealing with these ruffians who have attained successes by destroying both? If by killing the sleeping Panchalas.

been crushed and destroyed like vermin. They looked for him in all sorts of places and found him. I have avenged the great outrage and discharged my debts. who killed your beloved sons. acknowledging his defeat. the Pandavas immediately went out in search of the murderer. the like of which had never before been considered possible among kshatriyas. When she said this. by destroying this great sinner Aswatthama?" she cried." said Dronacharya's son. Kritavarma and I remain. you are yet alive. We made a night attack on them when they were asleep. having successfully crossed the big seas. even like the crows on the banian tree under which they had rested in the forest. Kripacharya. slowly opened his eyes and. hiding himself behind Vyasa. Aswatthama pried out the shining jewel that was part of his head and gave it to Bhima. on hearing this. The entire army of theirs has been destroyed. Draupadi's children. She came to Dharmaputra's side and wept. Duryodhana has been destroyed. Aswatthama quietly took up a blade of grass and charged it with the mantra of destruction and sent it forward saying: "May this destroy the race of the Pandavas. by our unwariness. AVENGED "O. There are only seven survivors now on the Pandava side. we have been totally defeated. "Is there no one to avenge my children's slaughter. returns home but capsizes in a ditch and is lost. Duryodhana expired. on the bank of the Ganga." Draupadi was overwhelmed by inconsolable grief. On our side." And it went straight to the womb of Uttara who bore in her the son of Abhimanyu. this is for you. Bhima took the great jewel and. at last. if we can reach him. "We have done our duty. Kritavarma and Aswatthama came out of the tents and set fire to the camp. before he expires. have. This child was Parikshit who was later crowned by Yudhishthira when the Pandavas retired to the forest. "Let us go and give the glad news to Duryodhana. the sleeping soldiers were awakened and fled hither and thither in confusion. hear the news and rejoice! All the Panchalas have been slaughtered. going up to Yudhishthira bowed and said: "Faultless
. you have indeed done for me what neither the great Bhishma nor the valiant Karna could achieve! You have gladdened my heart and I die happy. has been vanquished. The vanquished have indeed triumphed.After having done this deed. who survived the onslaught of
the formidable Karna. When the fire spread. When he saw the Pandavas and Janardana approaching. Kripacharya." The three of them accordingly hurried to Duryodhana. and they were mercilessly slaughtered by Aswatthama. Yudhishthira gave way to grief and broke down: "At the very moment of victory. The race of the Pandavas would have been destroyed thereby but for the intervention of Sri Krishna who saved the child in the mother's womb. We have allowed ourselves to be destroyed like a merchant ship which. The sons of the Pandavas have also been all done to death. I have drunk the blood of Duhsasana." Thus said Aswatthama to the dying Duryodhana who." Saying this. When he saw the unexpected destruction of his army as a result of the attack during sleep." Draupadi took the jewel and. going to Draupadi said: "Angel of spotless purity. 95. gasped out these words: "Aswatthama. and went away to the forest. Let him die pleased. The man. with struggling breath. DURYODHANA.

Vyasa also approached Dhritarashtra tenderly and said: "Dear son. they again disappear into nowhere. it befits you to wear this in your crown. You should try to love him and in that way bear the burden of life. "be not angry with the Pandavas." The king was composed somewhat and he blessed Bhima and the other Pandavas who then took leave of him and went to Gandhari. It is now time that you should arrange for proper funeral ceremonies for the dead. You have not killed Bhimasena. being only a bodily connection and a mere minor incident in the soul's eternal life."said the rishi. That is why this calamity could
not be prevented. Hastinapura was a city of mourning. Relationship ends with death." Then Krishna said to the blind king: "Lord. You must now call to aid your great fortitude. nothing like brother or son or relative. words of consolation addressed to a bereaved person do not remove his grief.king. did the wise and good Vidura try to assuage the king's grief." Gandhari said: "Bhagavan. through the crowd of weeping women Yudhishthira approached Dhritarashtra and bowed before him. But. WHO CAN GIVE SOLACE? WHEN the battle was over." Thus. giving up grief. It is not right to let the mind dwell on what is past and nurse one's anger. Dhritarashtra embraced Yudhishthira. with death. Bhima is still alive. and. He gently pushed Bhima aside and placed an iron figure before the blind Dhritarashtra. "Ha! My anger has deceived me. there is nothing like relationship. Why should we weep for them? Those who die in battle after a heroic fight go as guests to receive Indra's hospitality." said Dhritarashtra. May your anger be appeased with what you have done to this image. But Vasudeva was wise." Making his way. knowing the old king's exceeding anger. Did you not tell them even when the battle began: 'Where there is dharma. When souls have left their bodies. Your sons have really no connection with you. You have crushed only an iron image that I placed instead before you. I do not envy the victory of the Pandavas. and in many more ways. It is true that
. Henceforth." 96." said Sanjaya to Dhritarashtra. Then Bhimasena was announced to the blind king. the blind king thought of all that had passed. I knew that it would be thus and I prevented the disaster. And his wrath increased to such a pitch that the image was crushed to pieces in his embrace. You know very well that all living beings must die. At Kurukshetra. Vyasa was with Gandhari. "Come. Dhritarashtra hugged the metal statue to his bosom in a firm embrace and then the thought came to him of how this man had killed everyone of his sons. Dhritarashtra went to the field of battle. the scene of terrible destruction. but there was no love in that embrace. Thousands of rulers have given up their lives in battle for your sons. you cannot gain anything in the nature of dharma. From the nowhere do lives come. nearest and dearest." cried Dhritarashtra. of what avail was weeping? "O king. "Oh queen. Yudhishthira is your son. This great battle came to reduce earth's burden as I have heard from Lord Vishnu Himself. With many thousands of bereaved women accompanying. there is nothing that you do not know and which you have to learn from me. "I have killed dear Bhima. pleasure or wealth. Grieving for what is past. "It is not right to grieve for those who die in battle. there surely will be victory'? And so it has happened. All the women and children were weeping and lamenting their slain. and wept aloud.

" said Gandhari. Bhima struck him below the navel and killed him. I do not complain about it. if you had left but one out of my hundred sons and killed all the rest and satisfied your anger. and hid himself behind Vasudeva. And. the valor of Arjuna and the power of your dharma. Arjuna knew the power of bereaved Gandhari's wrath. We had been wronged by your son in so many ways. her eyes fell on the toe of the prostrate Yudhishthira. O
. who was in lamentation. whose eyes were bound in a cloth in loyal
lifelong penance for her husband's blindness. Yudhishthira replied: "Bhagavan. who heard this. Bound by Dharmaraja's vow." Saying this. We have since discharged honor's debt and found satisfaction in battle." 97. the cruel Yudhishthira. He called Yudhishthira to play and deceived him. One day. through the cloth with which her eyes were bound. Your son was invincible in combat and so I did in selfprotection what was undoubtedly wrong. I care not for life or for kingdom." She said. knowing that Duryodhana was stronger and could not be defeated in single combat. He would not give back the kingdom. "Dear girl. you should forgive me. even as she turned her face away. of which be took unlawful possession. Hearing this. the toe was charred black. says the poet. I did this to save myself in battle. stands before you fit to be cursed. Are you happy?" he asked. And you know what your son did to blameless Draupadi. Gandhari heaved a deep sigh and stood mute. it is true the kingdom has come into my possession. YUDHISHTHIRA'S ANGUISH THE Pandavas performed the til and water ceremonies for the peace of the souls of the dead warriors and camped on the bank of the Ganga for a month. I and my old husband would have found solace in that surviving son for the rest of our lives. he fell on the ground and touched her feet. "Son. This was wrong and it is this that I find it impossible to forgive. But my kinsmen are all gone. having lost all her sons. I know that Duhsasana and Sakuni brought about this destruction of our people. with clasped hands. when he misbehaved in the Hall of Assembly. through Krishna's grace. Narada appeared before Yudhishthira. She turned her head aside knowing that if. Do curse me who have committed great sin." "Dear son. Arjuna and Bhima are blameless. we restrained ourselves with difficulty then. At once. If we had killed your son on the spot. Vasudeva was looking on. We have lost sons that were dear. Bhima called Duryodhana to battle and they fought. But through a little space in the cloth. who killed your sons. This victory appears to me but a great defeat.grief for the death of my sons has robbed me of my understanding. you were victorious and you are the sovereign lord of the land. "Do not grieve. He bowed low before her and said softly: "Queen. Whether it was right or wrong. surely you would not have blamed us. Who can give solace to you and me? It is through my fault that this great tribe has been destroyed altogether. Where is Dharmaputra? Call him. Yudhishthira trembled as he. in Vasudeva's presence. These Pandavas also are my sons. Pride brought this battle about and my sons deserve the fate they have met. But then. you should bear with me. approached Gandhari." Bhima. her vision fell on the prostrate Yudhishthira he would be reduced to ashes on the spot. Gandhari turned to Draupadi. came near and said: "Mother. The wise and good Gandhari suppressed all her anger and blessed the Pandavas and sent them to Kunti. Mother.

he approached Drona and entreated him to teach him how to wield the Brahmastra. which were so much like Kunti's feet. for Karna's. "Karna's pledge to his mother Kunti that he would not kill more than one of the five of you. kept the promise he gave to our mother and abstained from killing us. Parasurarna's curse. when Karna was practising with his bow in the forest near Parasurama's asrama. Karna. When he saw what had happened. From him he obtained instruction in archery and the use of many astras. Drona declined saying it was not open to him to instruct any but a brahmana of faultless conduct or a kshatriya who had purified himself by much penance. This terrible act of slaying our own brothers was the result of our sinful attachment to our possessions. "Do not blame yourself. From that time. even like this innocent cow which you have killed. Indra. Thereupon. a low fellow who murdered his own brother. "You are a kshatriya." said Kunti. One day. he discovered that the disciple was not a brahmana. One day. Karna's feet were so much like our mother's feet. Karna went to the Mahendra hills and deceived Parasurama by saying that he was a brahmana and became his disciple. Karna was free in making gifts. "His father. we took our own brother for an enemy and killed him. however. You have deceived your teacher. a brahmana's cow was accidentally hit and killed. your chariot wheels will stick in the mud and you will be done to death. even Karna who stood rooted like a rock in his honor and at whose valor the world wondered. otherwise you could not have borne this physical pain without stirring. Once. death. came in the garb of a brahmana and begged of Karna for a gift of the divine earrings and armor with which he had been born. One day. Karna's strength was reduced." Parasurama's wrath against kshatriyas is well known and. My mind is troubled greatly at this thought. Tell me the truth. son. the way in which his charioteer Salya depressed him by underrating his valor and Vasudeva's stratagems. on the other hand. Karna took them out and gave them away accordingly. the anger of the brahmana whose cow was killed by Karna. The brahmana was angry and uttered a curse on Karna: "In battle. who was Arjuna's father. Yudhishthira heaved a deep sigh. he cursed him thus in his anger. I remember that now and my grief increases. your knowledge of astras will fail you and what you have learnt from me through deception will not avail you. but Yudhishthira was not consoled by these words." Thus said Narada. Oh! I am a sinner." So saying. the sun
. he was angry. Fool! When your hour comes.Narada. Karna bore the acute pain quietly and did not stir. when I looked at his feet. Do not grieve believing that you alone caused his death. In the large hall. when that great outrage was committed and my anger rose. It happened tha an an insect bit a hole into Karna's thigh when one afternoon the teacher had fallen asleep on Karna's lap. The warm blood trickling from the wound woke up Parasurama." Parasurama was exceedingly fond of Karna and taught him all the archery he
knew and instructed him fully in the use and the withdrawing of the Brahmastra. when he discovered that Karna was a kshatriya. Narada told him all about Karna and the curses that had been pronounced on him on various occasions. when Karna saw that Arjuna was superior to him in archery. these combined to bring about Karna's end. lest the master should wake up. my wrath subsided. You are not a brahmana.

"You talk. and not a man possess this ability either. Bhimasena also spoke and harshly." This is the poet's story of how Yudhishthira cursed all women in his anguish over having killed his own elder brother." he said to his brothers. and women need not grieve over an incapacity of this kind. But it is not great virtue from the point of view of moral character. He brought his end on himself. Sanyasa is not the dharma of kshatriyas. You have meted just punishment too evildoers. It is now your sacred duty to take up the burden of governing the land according to dharma. Do not leave us. alas"' he said. is to live an active life and perform his proper task. It may be that in worldly affairs." Draupadi also spoke. YUDHISHTHIRA COMFORTED YUDHISHTHIRA'S pain of mind increased everyday as he thought of all the kinsmen that had been killed. Yudhishthira was duly crowned at Hastinapura. The affectionate temperament natural to women may perhaps incline them to openness. It cannot be avoided and is an essential part of the ruler's duty. and persuaded him to go to the city and take up the burden of ruling the land. mother" said Yudhishthira. my teacher. in taking up the office of king or in worldly enjoyment. "like a dullwitted person who has committed to memory the texts of the sastras without understanding their sense. "I see no joy or good." Then Vyasa spoke to Yudhishthira at length and explained where his duty lay." Nakula also contested the propriety of Dharmaputra's proposal and insisted that the path of work was the right one to follow and the way of sanyasa was beset with difficulties. But he would not listen to us. This instruction of Bhishmacharya to king Yudhishthira is the famous Santiparva of the Mahabharata. The king went to the Ganga and offered libations.lord himself. it is an advantage to be able to keep secrets. Before taking up the duties of the State.
. May women never be able to keep a secret henceforth." Arjuna talked of the nobility of family life and the entire good one may do without
taking sanyasa. "by hiding the secret of his birth from us. Yudhishthira went to where Bhishma lay on his bed of arrows awaiting his death. "It was right we killed Duryodhana and his men. I too tried hard. Why should we regret it? Among the duties of a king is included the inflicting of just punishment. 98. But some women do keep secrets very well indeed. It is a fallacy to attribute the differences that arise out of training and occupation on nature itself and imagine some qualities as peculiar to a sex. He begged of him to give up the wickedhearted Duryodhana and join you. Do rule the land yourselves leaving me free to go to the forest. There is no cause whatsoever for contrition. bear with us. Cease grieving. He was stricken with intense remorse and decided he must give up the world go to the forest and do penance to expiate his sin. not to go to the forest renouncing activity. Sahadeva also argued likewise and entreated: "You are my father." "You deceived us. It is a common notion that women cannot keep secrets. as well as brother. And this story is a beautiful conception illustrating that popular belief. pleaded with him. if indeed Kunti's legacy still persists. my mother. pointing out precedents. The duty of a kshatriya. and took his blessing and instruction in dharma. You became thus the cause of this great sin. After the discourse was over. Bhishma's soul passed out.

He at first refused and tried to avoid the honor. all the tragic events came back to his mind. In this world men become envious of others." 99. The wisest of men are sometimes affected by envy and suffer thereby. was master of all knowledge. Like gold seen in a dream the glory has vanished. and spent his days in that way to escape from his brother's persecution. Brihaspati harassed Samvarta in many ways. My hundred sons have disappeared into the world of nowhere. Marutta requested Brihaspati to conduct the yajna for him. as he stood for a while. You achieved victory in battle in accordance with the dharma of warriors. teacher to the gods themselves. Dhritarashtra also came up and said to Yudhishthira: "You should not grieve like this. "Here is this enemy of mine. for this reason.in accordance with ancient custom. Brihaspati had a younger brother. like an elephant struck down by the hunter. I listened to the ignorant words of Duryodhana and deceived myself. Bhima went up to his big brother and caressed him tenderly and spoke to him soothing words. I did not pay heed to the words of Vidura and committed a great error. and they cannot bear this. while they themselves are not so good. he decided to perform a great Yajna. Brihaspati
was. Do not grieve. yet he was once the victim of this debasing emotion and suffered disgrace. After the ceremony was over. chief of the gods. despite his pressing entreaties. King Marutta of the Ikshwaku dynasty made great penance and obtained from the Lord of Kailasa a great goldmine in the Himalayas and. Arise and. as a result of the yajna. king Marutta. assisted by your brothers and friends. His health declined rapidly and he became thin and pale. He refused to comply with the king's invitation. But Brihaspati feared that Marutta would. stricken with envy of his brother. His condition grew worse everyday. But I have you as my son now. he fell senseless on the ground. but finally yielded. poor Samvarta put on the appearance of an eccentric and wandered from place to place. for the peace of the departed soul. It is strange indeed that men should not suffer even virtue in others. approached the divine preceptor and saluting him asked:
. Leave grief to Gandhari and me. Brihaspati. When he could not stand it any more. reign over the kingdom that awaits your rule. with his resources thus augmented. going to conduct king Marutta's great yajna. What shall I do now?" Thus did Brihaspati brood over it until his envy affected his health. Samvarta. until it attracted the attention of Indra himself. Your duty now is to do what appertains to the office of king. ENVY AFTER the libation ceremony for Bhishma was over. Vyasa narrated to grief-stricken Yudhishthira an episode in Brihaspati's life. who was also a person of great learning and a very good man. Yudhishthira went up the bank. Fool that I was. There. just because the others are good. overshadow the gods who were his charge. who had come to know about Samvarta found his whereabouts and approached him with the invitation to conduct his yajna. Indra. Samvarta. Thereupon. and overcome by intense grief. This further increased Brihaspati's envy of his unfortunate brother. The duties appertaining to that victory await your attention now. He was learned in all the Vedas and all the sciences.

" Agni thus reminded Indra of what the latter had suffered. I cannot help it. Have his feet laved and bring the gifts proper to his greatness. why are you ill? What has caused this languishing? Do you sleep well? Do the attendants serve you properly? Do they anticipate your wishes and not wait to be told? Do the gods behave courteously towards you or has there been any lapse in this respect?" To Indra's anxious inquiry. You must find a way to put this man down. "Do not let my anger burn you up. king of the gods. "Do give up this Samvarta. There is nothing wanting in the respect and courtesies shown by the gods." Fire reduces things to ashes. Why do you needlessly take upon yourself this suffering by mere envy?" It was amusing that Indra should so far and so humanly forget his own history as to give counsel of good conduct."
The god of fire agreed and went on this mission. He ordered the attendants to do all the usual honors of hospitality."Lord. The king of the gods could not believe the story. I want you to go as my messenger and ask Marutta to give up Samvarta." said Agni. If you require a priest. The attendants serve me with all devotion. he will incur my wrath and be destroyed. "Why are you grieved?" asked Indra affectionately." Then his voice failed and he could not proceed. "Stop this chatter!" he said to Agni. But Brihaspati refreshed his memory on the point and asked: "Would you yourself delightedly watch your enemy's power growing? Judge me by how you would have felt had you been in my position." Brihaspati then told Indra about it all. and this was done. The trees and the creepers along his path caught fire and the earth trembled as he marched roaring. but brahmacharya can burn up fire itself! At Samvarta's anger Agni." Samvarta. "Why have you grown thin and bloodless? Tell me what troubles your mind. The wrath of one who led the strict life of a brahmacharin was exceedingly potent. retired quickly. "Brahmic power and the potency born of brahmacharya are not unknown to you. You are wise and learned. and the gods themselves have accepted you as their priest and wise counselor." said he. Tell him that if he does not."
. He returned to Indra and told him what had happened. Brihaspati replied: "Deva raja." Indra sent for Agni and said to him: "Go and stop the yajna of Marutta somehow. Indra was surprised. "Learned brahmana. How can anything burn you? What is this story of Samvarta’s angry eyes reducing you to ashes?"' "Not so. was indignant. I sleep on a good bed and in right time. Indra did not wrangle but called a Gandharva had said: "Now. "Let him be duly seated. I shall bring Brihaspati himself to help you. So great was his prostration of spirit. incurring the wrath of those whom had attained Brahmic power. Agni then explained why he had come. Agni has failed. there is no object of desire that is not already yours. It is this that has made me wan and thin." said the king. "Agni. you burn up other things in the world. I beg of you to save me against this Samvarta. trembling like an aspen leaf. "Samvarta is going to conduct a great yajna. What harm can Samvarta do to you? There is nothing you can lose on account of him. He presented himself before the king in his divine form. who heard this. The king was mightily pleased to see Agni stand before him.

The king would not listen." The Gandharva said: "O king. "I cannot be guilty of the deadly sin of deserting a trusting friend. While on his way. If I appear as a Yaksha or as a Rakshasa. what is there to say about ordinary mortals? 100. the Viswarupa. I do everything like a Yaksha or a Rakshasa. Almost all of them have perished on the field of battle. do your cousins the Pandavas and the Kauravas love one another as brothers should? Are they well and flourishing?" he asked. "Fear not. Krishna was astounded at the question of his brahmana friend. Krishna stopped and descending from his chariot saluted the brahmana. UTANGA WHEN the battle was over. Then he softly disclosed what had happened." Krishna pacified the indignant brahmana and appeared to him in his all-embracing form. Indra. Krishna bade farewell to the Pandavas and went to Dwaraka. Do not use up the fruit of your great penances in this anger. Listen to what I say and then. It is a universal disease. "Sir. peace! Calm yourself. Therein also I failed. Utanga returned the greeting and proceeded to make the usual inquiries about the health and welfare of relatives. When I am born as a Deva. Envy is a deadly sin. I was in wrath and showed them even my
. a terrible battle had been fought by the Pandavas and the Kauravas. If I am born as a human being. "I am born in various bodies from time to time to save the world and establish the good.The Gandharva went accordingly to king Marutta and faithfully conveyed Indra's message and warning. In whatever body I am born. if you like. I do what is natural to that birth and complete my task. I begged very hard of the ignorant Kauravas. Brihaspati's plan of envy failed miserably. or as a beast. how can you survive. I must act in conformity with the nature of that body. were you there standing by and did you let all this happen? You have indeed failed in your duty. he stood silent not knowing what to say in reply. If Brihaspati who could defeat the goddess of knowledge herself in learning became a victim to envy. They were arrogant and intoxicated by power and paid no heed to my advice. I tried hard and applied every means to prevent the fight and make peace between them. He received the burnt offering in proper form and retired. With eyes red with indignation he spoke to Madhava: "Vasudeva. "Madhava. and trembled in fear. who had come to do battle. was compelled to change over to benevolent peace and to take part in the yajna as the radiant god of sacrifices. he met his old brahmana friend Utanga." said Samvarta to the king. For a while. Brahmacharya triumphed. You have surely practised deceit and led them to destruction. when Indra hurls his bolt at you?" Even as he said this. When Utanga heard the narrative. you may pronounce your curse. The king was in great fear and entreated Samvarta to save him. Prepare now to receive my curse!" Vasudeva smiled and said: "Peace. Who can stop the hand of fate?" Then he related all that had happened. he was exceedingly wroth. and he proceeded to put the power of his penance into action. the clouds above thundered and everyone knew that the god of the thunderbolt was coming. I act as a Deva does. But they would not listen.
The innocent recluse had not heard about the great battle that had been fought." said the king: "I cannot give up Samvarta. I tried to intimidate them.

" After this explanation of Krishna. The Nishada grinned at Utanga and saying." offered the bamboo spout of his water-skin to the brahmana to drink from. when you put my boon into action. Was this kind?" asked Utanga. They persisted in wrongdoing. let me find water to drink whenever I might feel thirsty. "you put me to a difficult trial. if you must give me some boon. Janardana smiled. Utanga reflected: "Who was this? He could not have been a real Nishada. but it only made Utanga more and more angry and he refused to drink. As was the custom on occasions of this great horse sacrifice. The brahmanas and the poor and the destitute people. "O Purushottama!" exclaimed Utanga." Utanga saw his mistake and was ashamed. It was certainly a test and I have blundered miserably. "Is this all? Have it then. Here is water for you. received bounteous gifts. a Nishada appeared before him.Viswarupa." But Krishna insisted and the desert wandering simple brahmana said: "Well. Utanga recovered his calm. As soon as be did this. The hunter and his dogs disappeared. delighted. said in disgust: "Friend. he performed an aswamedha yajna.
Seeing the strange disappearance of the Nishada. to drink. I accepted the challenge believing you had attained jnana and transcended externals. Utanga. thank you." Krishna smiled. I do not need it. A moment later Madhava himself appeared with conch and discus. Utanga spoke in bitter tones. Everything was done in
. he thought of Krishna and reproached him in his mind: "Indeed. provided I let him do it as a Chandala and tested your understanding and found you willing to take water from a Chandala. "Achchyuta. "O Utanga. But I prevailed upon him and he agreed to take amrita and give it to you as water. O best among brahmanas. 101. He had five hunting hounds in leash and a waterskin strapped to his shoulder. Give me this boon." Saying this. a brahmana. They waged war and perished. all the princes of the land gathered on invitation and the yajna was completed in great splendor. What would you like?" said Krishna. and proceeded on his journey. looking at the man and his dogs and his water skin. But you have done this and made me suffer defeat at Indra's hands. Even that failed to have an effect. Krishna was. was this all the boon you gave me?" The outcaste Nishada pressed Utanga over and over again to quench his thirst. while he was willing to do anything else. Was it right of you to try me thus? Make an untouchable offer unclean water to me. "I wish to give a boon to you. unable to find water anywhere in the desert." Utanga was in great anguish. "You seem to be thirsty. I asked Indra to take amrita to you and give it to you as water. "is it not enough I have seen Thee and Thy Form Universal? I do not desire any further boon." he said. he bethought himself of the boon he had received. my Lord. A POUND OF FLOUR WHEN Yudhishthira was crowned and installed as king after the Kurukshetra battle. One day Utanga was very thirsty and. who had come in great numbers from all parts of the country." said Utanga. for your sake. clothed in filthy rags. My philosophy deserted me. I rejected the water offered by the Nishada and proved myself to be an arrogant fool. He said he could not give to a mortal what would give him immortality. you have no reason to be angry with me.

is not in truth as great an act as that gift of the poor brahmana. The weasel's body was on one side all shining gold. And in reward for his gift. what I said is true. The four castes are pleased." The gathering was amazed at this strange and impertinent speech of the golden weasel. listen to me. which they had gathered. after rolling on the ground laughed a loud human laugh as if in derision. Pray. The priests were alarmed at this strange and unnatural occurrence and wondered whether it was some evil spirit that had come to pollute and disturb the sacred rites. which you have just completed so showily. a poor brahmana who lived in Kurukshetra made a gift of a pound of maize flour. Listen to my story which is a true narrative of what I saw myself. It is not envy that makes me say this. Everyday in the afternoon they would sit down and have their only meal for the day. You no doubt believe that you have completed your yajna in splendid style. Once upon a time. all four lived in this manner. Why do you speak as you do? Do explain yourself." The weasel laughed again and said: "O brahmanas. he and his wife. This was the strict unchhavritti discipline they had pledged themselves to observe. sat down
. after wandering in hunger and heat. when a great drought came and there was famine all over the land. they would fast until the next afternoon. lived in Kurukshetra.magnificent style and in conformity With the injunctions relating to the sacrifice. For many days the brahmana and his family starved. I do not grudge the good fortune of king Yudhishthira or the good fortune of any of you. Long before you waged your battle there. performed by good and worthy men? Who are you? Why do you utter words of scorn about our sacrifice? This aswamedha has been duly completed in every detail in accordance with sastraic injunctions. They ground it and after saying their prayers they divided the flour into four equal parts and. From somewhere unseen. be not so vain about it. with great difficulty they came home with a small quantity of maize. This remarkable creature turned round and took a good view of the assembly of princes and learned brahmanas that had come from various countries and gathered in that great pavilion and began to speak: "Princes assembled and priests. They passed their days thus for many years. It is not proper that you should speak derisively of our great sacrifice. All cultivation ceased and there was neither sowing nor harvesting nor any grain scattered in the fields to be gleaned. a brahmana.
Everyone is pleased with the gifts and returns happy and contented. On days when they failed to find enough grain. Everyone that has come to this yajna has been duly attended to and has been accorded suitable honors and gifts. a weasel suddenly appeared right in the middle of the assembled guests and priests in the great pavilion and. went up to the weasel and spoke to it: "Wherefrom and why have you come to this yajna. The brahmana priests. son and daughter-in-law. You seem to think too much of your yajna. Your great horse sacrifice and all the gifts made in that connection are less than that small gift of the Kurukshetra brahmana. One day. He and his wife. who had performed the sacrificial rites. offering thanks to God. son and daughter-in-law were immediately taken to swarga. They would not keep over any thing for the next day if they got more than they required for the day. who obtained his daily food by gleaning in the fields. which I have seen. The yajna. The mantras have been chanted perfectly and the oblations duly offered.

I shall be glad if the guest's hunger he satisfied. was confused.' The brahmana yielded and took the wife's share and gave it to the guest who took it greedily and ate it. best of brahmanas'. 'Faithful one.' The son insisted: 'it is the duty of the son to look after his father in his declining years. came forward. 'Is it not true that dharma. I am a poor man. you are now skin and bone and famished and exceedingly hungry. your nobility and your mastery over the senses fill me with pride.' 'Dear boy. the brahmana was grieved and did not know what to do. 'old men can stand starvation. I cannot accept your offer. who saw this. This flour of maize was obtained in accordance with dharma.' 'You are versed in the sastras.' The father's distress increased. Youth's hunger is severe. If I accept your offer. But he was still hungry! Great was the distress of the poor brahmana of Kurukshetra. Seeing his hungry and unsatisfied look. replied the wife. his daughter-in-law addressed him thus: 'Lord. they got up and made due obeisance and asked him to join them. The pure-souled brahmana and his wife and son and daughter-in-law were exceedingly delighted to have the good fortune of receiving guest at that juncture.' said he.' The father-in-law was sad beyond measure. you who help me and serve me to do the sacred duties of a householder's life? Beloved one. 'the beasts and the birds and all the animals tend the females of their species with care. I shall give my share too and gladly complete our efforts to feed this guest. May blessings attend on you. I shall accept your share!' said the father. 'Oh best of brahmanas. you propose to give your part of the food also to me. your child. How can I leave you to suffer in that condition and hope to attain any good by feeding the guest? No. Seeing an unexpected guest arrive. Is it not said that the father is born afresh in his son? My share of the flour is yours in truth. The guest ate the third part of the flour also but he was still hungry! The brahmana. when his wife said: 'Lord. 'Child!' he exclaimed. You are
hungry as I am and you should not make any distinction between us. I entreat you not to deny my request. The son is not different from the father. here is my share.' Saying this. she handed her share of the flour to her husband to be given to the guest. so that I may earn merit by giving it to this guest. The guest ate it with avidity but he was still hungry when he had finished. I shall have eternal good as my reward. for. who lived on scattered grain. pale and emaciated as you are from starvation. Blessing on you. 'Father. I shall be indeed happy if we shall thus be able to fulfil our duty. artha and all the objects of human activity are to the common and equal benefit of both of us who have been joined together? Do look on me with compassion and take my share of the flour and satisfy the requirements of this our guest. I am not able to find it in my heart to accept what you say. a brahmana entered and he was exceedingly hungry. May man do worse? I cannot accept your suggestion. Just then.' said the brahmana. What shall I gain in this or in the other world if I leave you to starve and suffer hunger. not knowing that to do.' said the brahmana of Kurukshetra and gave his share of the flour to the guest. give my share also to him. 'O girl of spotless character. and he took the son's flour and gave it to the guest to eat. His son. 'Give it to this guest who seems to be still hungry. While he was in distress. I beg of you to accept it and bless me. by that.eagerly to eat. I beg of you to accept what I give and feed this hungry guest. Pray accept this. How could I possibly look on when you wither in hunger?' The
. I shall indeed be guilty of cruelty.

The Pandavas defeated the Kauravas and became the unquestioned sovereigns of the land. the weasel continued: "I was nearby and caught the fragrance wafted from that flour of the brahmana. I implore you to accept my flour. the brahmana accepted her share of the flour and blessed her saying: 'Loyal girl. you are lord of my lord and master. may every good be yours!' The guest received this last portion avidly and ate it and was satisfied. But you have. It made one side of me into bright gold. what Arjuna felt and argued had also a great deal of force and there was more truth in it than appeared on the surface. YUDHISHTHIRA RULES MAN pursues madly the object of his desire until it is got. lose their steadfastness. Your gift has achieved swarga for you. It made my head all gold. who recited Vyasa's Mahabharata to the king. he is soon satisfied. bravely set aside your attachment to wife and son and placed dharma above all else. The pious. believing that this sacrifice might come up to the standard. given with the purest intent and to the uttermost of your capacity. how did they treat Dhritarashtra?" asked king Janamejaya. The chariot is waiting for you. explained the principles of man's activities and the proper discharge of one's duties. would pale into insignificance before the great sacrifice you have done through this single act of hospitality.' Thus implored by his daughter-in-law. I heard that Yudhishthira of world fame was performing a yajna and came here.girl would not listen. See the gods and the Gandharvas have come down in their bright chariots with their attendants to take you with your family to the happy regions above. god of my god. "When the Pandavas won and obtained the kingdom. I have been trying every place where men perform great yajnas and penances.' Saying this the mysterious guest disappeared. I turned on the other side but there was no more flour left and that part of me is still as it was. It leads them to evil thoughts. they found not in victory. you and your family. Is not this body of mine dedicated wholly to serve my lord? You should help me to attain the good. when suffering the pangs of hunger. D o take this flour. Lo there. When it is in his possession.
. but he becomes the slave of ever-fresh longings and fresh griefs and finds no peace. Hunger destroys the understanding of men. But. the gods are showering flowers in admiration of your extraordinary sacrifice. So. tells the story. I then went and
rolled in joy on the ground where some of the flour had been scattered. even when hungry. 'Blessed is your hospitality. and Vaisampayana. preceptor of my preceptor. what joy can one gets out of power and position and wealth acquired by slaughter and grief inflicted on brothers and near relations? It was this that Arjuna pointed out in his powerful plea before Krishna when the battle commenced. 102. I said that your great aswamedha was not so great as the loft of flour which that brahmana made to his guest. But I found it did not. But. Krishna in answer. Your gift has leased me. They took up their duties and discharged them according to dharma. as well as for your ancestors." Having related this story of the Kurukshetra brahmana who lived by gleaning scattered ears of corn in the field. 'Father. It makes them go aside from the path of rectitude. Desirous of getting my body made all gold. Enter and go to swarga. I entreat you. the joy that they had expected." The weasel then disappeared. Rajasuya sacrifices and horse sacrifices completed in splendor. Although to fight and to kill his enemies is a Kshatriyas dharma.

In the administration of affairs of the State. My cruel sons. as the eldest member of the family. Kripacharya. who had lost all his sons. as if he were still the emperor. Whenever she felt pained at what Bhima said. who committed unforgivable wrong to Draupadi and deprived you of your lawful
. I have made gifts and offerings to ancestors and fulfilled all my desires in that respect. blessings on you. He showed no ill will towards them even
as they showed him no unkindness. Bereaved Gandhari. Dhritarashtra too conducted himself lovingly towards the Pandavas. when old Dhritarashtra found himself utterly unable any longer to bear the burden of grief. He would sometimes. You have tended me most lovingly. The princes. 103. I have spent fifteen happy years under your roof. They tried to make him happy. countermand the old man's instructions. he secretly fasted and underwent hard penances. was looked after by Kuntidevi with loving and sisterly devotion and Draupadi dutifully ministered to them both. as they did of old. Gandhari too observed manifests and inflicted privation on her. with equal respect. He sent from the royal kitchen most dainty and palatable dishes prepared for him. has ministered to my physical wants all these years. calculated to assuage his sorrow. which pained Dhritarashtra. Karna or Duhsasana. Yudhishthira issued no orders except with his approval. whose hundred sons had disappeared like dreamgold. He would let fall in Dhritarashtra's hearing words like "Those perverse cousins of ours have themselves to thank for their destruction. Yudhishthira was most careful in his speech. Unknown to the Pandavas. followed this injunction faithfully. she would look at Kunti and find peace. Bhima began on occasions to give cause for offence. After a time. DHRITARASHTRA FIFTEEN years passed under king Yudhishthira's reign. Yudhishthira consulted Dhritarashtra and conducted himself so as to give him the feeling that in truth the kingdom was ruled on his behalf and that he. Yudhishthira had instructed his brothers most strictly that nothing should be done to cause the slightest pain to their uncle. Hurt by Bhima's occasional reproaches." It was not possible for Bhima to forget or forgive Duryodhana. And one day Dhritarashtra sent for Dharmaputra and spoke to him thus: "Son. She was. was still the supreme authority.The Pandavas with the utmost respect treated Dhritarashtra. Fifteen years passed in this manner. Vyasa comforted him with instructive stories of olden times. They did nothing to make him feel humiliated. with perhaps the exception of Bhima. who came to Hastinapura from all parts of the world. he found no heart to accept the courtesies and comforts provided under king Yudhishthira's orders. who was plunged in a sea of grief. laying aside her own grief. a noble and enlightened soul. Gandhari felt intensely grieved when she noticed that Bhima uttered words. The Pandavas behaved unexceptionably towards their old uncle. in impatience. Yudhishthira furnished Dhritarashtra's house with rich seats and beds and decorations and all else that was wanted. however. The brothers. G andhari. lived with Dhritarashtra and kept him company. gave Dhritarashtra the same honors. The women attendants gave Gandhari no occasion to feel her fallen estate. however. never to allow himself to say anything to cause pain to the bereaved old man. For Kunti was a veritable embodiment of dharma and inspired forbearance.

And events happened which were not in our control." Yudhishthira received a shock when he saw Dhritarashtra and heard him say this. Let me terminate this chapter of error. How then can I give or refuse permission to you? Let me assure you that my anger against Duryodhana is a thing of the past. for which there can be no solace. their child. piteously leaning senseless on Gandhari like one destitute. praying for your good. I want your permission for this. The time has come when with Gandhari I must do what has to be done for our next state. Dhritarashtra turned to Vidura and Kripacharya: "I beg of you to comfort the king and make him grant my prayer. I am tired. I must go with you and serve you there. Desire and ambition deceived me into this. devoid of intelligence. A curse on my learning!" He sprinkled water on Dhritarashtra's face and caressingly stroked him with his soft hands. "that you had been fasting and sleeping on the bare ground and mortifying your flesh in this manner. I see no good in kingdom or pleasures. I have talked too much. Give me that opportunity and privilege. who stood with clasped hands and trembling with agitation. Father. you yourself may take up the duties of king and look after the people." Having thus spoken to Yudhishthira. "Have I caused all this?" he reproached himself. I am unable to speak any more.
. You must permit me now to fulfil my wish and let me go. My mind is fixed on the forest. You ask me for permission to go. suitable for the life of Vanaprastha. perished on account of their sins." Saying this. We are your children.inheritance. If you go away to the forest. My brothers too were unaware o f this. You know what the sastras have lain down. I shall go to the forest. I am feeling dry in my throat. I have lived under your roof for many years. If you retire to the woods and leave me here. But they fought like brave soldiers and died in the battlefield and have gone to the happy regions reserved for the brave. As king. what joy shall I have in kingship? I prostrate myself before you and implore you to forgive the errors we have been guilty of. even like Duryodhana and his brothers. How lean he had become now and emaciated. ignorant of dharma. I desire to go and live in the forest." Dhritarashtra was deeply moved. Gandhari and Kunti is alike mother to me and command equal regard
and filial affection from me. I must now go to the forest. Or if you will do so. "I did not know. But he said: "Kunti's beloved son. or anyone else you choose. You and all your people have served me with unstinted devotion. who had possessed the sinews of an elephant and had had strength enough to crush the metal figure of Bhima into powder. You are the king. I am a sinner. These robes must be replaced by bark and tattered old clothes." he said. Do not desert me. I am not the king. Yudhishthira was unable to bear this distress of the grand old man. you have suffered grief. Let me follow the practice of our fathers. I was misled into believing you were well looked after and happy. "Miserable and unworthy am I. with his bones showing through his skin. it is due to age. I implore you to save me from further obloquy and burning shame. my mind is fixed on going to the forest and on penance. Serving you will give me true joy and peace of mind. he leaned helplessly on Gandhari and swooned. Let your son Yuyutsu be king. Fate willed it and engulfed us all in confusion of mind. I can find no peace otherwise now. gone without a trace. you will share in the fruits of my penance. Perhaps.

When he recovered from the shock he said: "Mother. Kunti went on her way. he enjoyed the wide earth through his son and gave bounteous gifts. Kunti sat with Gandhari and they ate together. Kunti had decided in her mind to go with Gandhari to the forest. Gandhari. As she walked on. When you were in the wilderness for thirteen years. Return to the city. has borne her sorrows with courage. Look after Draupadi with unfailing tenderness. The time has come for him to do penance. I shall be with Gandhari and go through the discipline of forest life and soon join your father. not thus! You blessed us and sent us to battle. Dhritarashtra asked Yudhishthira to sit by him and gave him his last blessings. Dhritarashtra has ruled the kingdom and performed yajnas. You left him nothing to desire. It is not right you should now desert us and go to the forest. Let him go with your hearty consent. Let him go to the forest. Keep this ever in mind. Gandhari. because her lord and husband was blind. Dhritarashtra and Gandhari went back to their residence and broke their fast. but I committed the crime of not disclosing it to you. leaving the cares of the world behind.When the old man recovered. Go back unagitated." Dharmaraja said: "So be it!" Then Vyasa returned to his hermitage. this picture of the three elders of the
." Then Vyasa entered." Yudhishthira's entreaties were however of no avail. It is not possible for him much longer to bear his grief. gave up the use of her eyes and wrapped her face with a cloth all her life. When he heard her speak thus. Each with hand on the shoulder of the other. Remember with love Karna who died a hero's death on the battlefield. Kunti held to her purpose. Do not ever give cause for grief to Bhima. When he was acquainted with what had happened. "I must join my lord and husband wherever he be now. Let him go and live among the honeyladen flowers of the forest and breathe their fragrance. Do not stand in the way of their wishes. whom God has blessed with enlightenment. and without anger in his heart. Nakula and Sahadeva. placed her hand on Kunti's shoulder and slowly walked along. with his hand resting on Gandhari's shoulder. looking back occasionally at him and her other sons. All his sons have gone before him. thus guided. he said to Yudhishthira: "Do what Dhritarashtra. eldest of the Kurus.
slowly walked out of the city on his journey to the forest. Arjuna. Let not Dhritarashtra pine away and die here. do not ever let your speech be angry when you speak to Sahadeva. 104. she was speaking to Yudhishthira: "Son. May your mind ever stand steady on dharma. he was taken aback and was speechless for a few minutes." Thus did Kunti bless her illustrious son and depart. The dharma of kings is to die in battle or to spend their last days in retirement in the forest. son. Then the old man stepped out and." Dharmaputra had till then believed that Kunti was accompanying Gandhari only for a distance to say goodbye. who. He was my son. he tenderly clasped the Pandava to his bosom and muttered: "My dear boy. Yudhishthira stood speechless. The burden of the family is now wholly on you. how sweet is your touch! I am happy. desires. He is old. THE PASSING AWAY OF THE THREE WHEN Yudhishthira at last gave his consent for Dhritarashtra's retirement to the forest.

throughout all his days. had thus disposed of the danger. At first merry. as if the parting happened in his own family now. some rishis came to Dwaraka. One day." The rishis saw through the irreverent joke and said in anger: "This person will give
birth to a mace. The foolish Yadavas were rather perturbed at this unpleasant ending of what they had thought was a good joke. gave birth to a mace! This filled them with terror because they felt that their end was near as the rishis had cursed. presenting him to the revered guests. You had better save yourself. and thought they.tribe wending their way to the forest. the forest had caught fire. the man who had been dressed up in female clothes. Next day. his only light and was dear to him like life itself. then pugnacious. O Kritavarma? You have brought a great and lasting disgrace on our tribe. and rushed madly to the pools. for they had forgotten all about the curse of the revered guests. the blind old king. They dressed up one of their young men like a woman and. said: "O ye learned men." said Satyaki. Among the Yadavas. The arrogant and irreverent Yadavas mocked these rishis with a practical joke. The liquor began to work. Seasons passed. Once. spent the rest of his days in the Himalayas as a sanyasin. Gandhari with her eves blindfolded and Kunti sat down on the ground. and a number of drunken Yadavas applauded the attack. the Yadavas went to the beach for a picnic and spent the whole day in dance and drink and revelry. The deer and the wild boars ran in herds hither and thither. Kritavarma could not bear the insult. The rains came and on the beach. they were curious and amused. They deliberated long and finally ground the mace to fine powder. facing eastwards in yoga posture and calmly gave themselves up to the flames. not a boy or a girl and that mace will prove to be Yama to your tribe and destroy you all. Dhritarashtra finished his ablutions and returned to their hermitage. raking up old offences and quarrelling. Dhritarashtra told Sanjaya: "This fire will envelop us all. the Bhopas and other branches of the Yadavas belonging to Krishna's tribe spent their days in unrestrained self-indulgence and luxury. leaving their sons behind. Nothing happened for some time. The Vrishnis. When one day. there sprang up a dense. When the Yadavas saw this. which they scattered in the sea. 105. near where they had strewn the fine dust of the awful club. "Would any Kshatriya attack and kill sleeping soldiers." The rishis departed after pronouncing this curse." Saying this. the three of them. they were in consternation to see that Samba. on slight cause with one another. they began to talk without restrain. Kritavarma had fought on the side of the Kauravas and Satyaki on that of the Pandavas. crop of rushes. long after. The wind blew and the flames spread everywhere. Dhritarashtra. KRISHNA PASSES AWAY KRISHNA ruled at Dwaraka for thirty-six years after the Kurukshetra battle was over. taunting Kritavarma. Sanjaya. Gandhari and Kunti spent three years in the forest.
. developed labor pains and lo and behold. Sanjaya was with them. tell us whether this lady will have a boy or a girl. They lost all sense of discipline and humility. who had been to the blind king. is painted by the poet so vividly that it fills the reader with solemn grief.

as emperor and the five brothers left the city with Draupadi.
Krishna saw all his people thus destroy themselves as predestined. Yudhishthira knew
. son ofAbhimanyu. pondering on the completion of his avatar. They crowned Parikshit. From a distance. Krishna's son. "The time has come for me to go. with his sword drawn. Balarama passed away into the ocean in a stream of light. joined the fray to rescue Satyaki and there was a desperate melee in which both Satyaki and Pradyumna were killed. dare to taunt me. the hunter mistook Krishna for a wild animal resting on the ground. laid about him with them indiscriminately. Balarama. exclaiming: "Here is the end of the coward who killed sleeping soldiers! " Others immediately fell upon Satyaki with their drinking bowls and pots and anything they could lay hands upon. coward. Sahadeva and Nakula were released from the burden of the flesh one after another. went full through his body. When he saw the passing of Balarama. They went out on a pilgrimage. When the Pandavas received the news. Then followed Arjuna and then great Bhima too. you slaughtered the great Bhurisravas when seated in yoga after his right hand was cut off and you. He bent his bow and shot an arrow at the prostrate figure which." he said to himself and. The rushes that had grown out of the mace became each one of them a mace as it was plucked by the doomed men in their unreasonable fury. Krishna knew that the destined hour was come. Thus ended the avatar of Narayana in Balarama. for the light of Truth burned bright before him. they lost all remaining attachment to life on earth. a hunter. Draupadi."Like a butcher." he exclaimed and a number of the revelers joined him and began to scoff at Satyaki for his barbarous deed. Yet. Satyaki. serenely he went on not giving way to grief. Pradyumna. he roamed about in deep meditation in the wilderness. saw Vasudeva lying on the ground among the shrubs. prowling for game. visiting holy places and finally reached the Himalayas. Soon. Yudhishthira saw his dear ones fall and die. The rishis' curse had begun to work. They used them on one another with deadly effect and soon all of them were destroyed in this drunken brawl. A dog joined them somewhere and kept them company all along. 106. sprang upon Kritavarma and cut his head off. YUDHISHTHIRA'S FINAL TRIAL To Hastinapura came the sad tidings of the death of Vasudeva and the destruction of the Yadavas. The youngest succumbed first. He gave up his life as he lay in a yoga trance. As they toiled up the mountain path one by one fell exhausted and died. which fringed the beach. was overwhelmed with shame and disgust and sank to the ground. and plucking the tall rushes. In that wooded beach. This led to every one of the Yadavas doing the same and there was great indiscriminate slaughter. who was seeing all this. all the Yadavas were in the quarrel on one side or the other and presently from words they came to blows. which swiftly developed into a free fight. lying on the ground fell asleep. Thus did the great Vasudeva depart from the world of men. which issued from his forehead like a silver serpent. piercing his foot in the insteep. And the seven of them climbed the mountain on their last pilgrimage.

Finally. followed Yudhishthira up the wearisome mountain path. Then Narada. the Panchala prince. I do not care to spend my time in his company. ye denizens of swarga?" asked Yudhishthira. Yudhishthira was astonished. Where is that region of greater glory. who was a sinner. Duryodhana. I long to see the dear sons of Draupadi and Abhimanyu." said Indra. But when Yudhishthira went up to take his seat in Indra's chariot. when he reached a great height. burdened with your body. You have lagged behind. the dog also climbed up. was dragged to the Hall of the Assembly and insulted under the orders of this wicked man. we harbor no ill will. this is not right. the heavenly rishi of encyclopedic knowledge." said Yudhishthira. The Kuru prince was seated on a beautiful throne and he shone with the splendor of the sun and around him stood in attendance the goddess of heroism and other angels. I cannot bear the sight of this man. There. so it is that you have these inappropriate feelings. son!" Yudhishthira replied: "O sage. and also all the friends and princes who gave up their lives in battle for me. who did not know right from wrong." said Indra." and pushed the dog away. where are my brothers? I wish to go where they are. He did not see his brothers or anyone else. The dog still followed Yudhishthira. who fed enmity and anger and who brought death to countless men. Drupada. I do not see them here. I have come to take you.what was shadow and what was substance. Ascend my chariot and go with me in the flesh.
before our eyes. "Where are my brothers. Where are they all? My
. who caused suffering to good men. There is no place in swarga for hatred. "There is no place for dogs in swarga." Saying this Yudhishthira averted his eyes from where Duryodhana was seated in glory. "This man of greed. You have arrived here with your human body. he saw Duryodhana. Tell me. We stood tied by dharma to inaction when. Do not speak in this manner about Duryodhana. when his brothers and wife had gone leaving him alone. united to us in sacred wedlock. "Your brothers and Draupadi have arrived before you. It is not right to let the things of the flesh stay in the mind and breed ill will. "No. I desire to meet again Virata. Discard them. which must be the abode of my brave and good brothers and Draupadi? I am eager to see them and Karna. The lesson enforced by the poet in this episode of the dog is that dharma is the only constant companion in life's journey. who threw their bodies into the blazing fire of battle for my sake. Dharma had come to test Yudhishthira's loyalty and he was pleased with his son's conduct. Yudhishthira reached swarga. Where are they. Do follow the law and stay here with king Duryodhana. The dog vanished from sight. like ghee in the sacrifice? I do not see any of them here. In swarga. innocent Panchali. is here. I do not see them here. no. and refused to enter the heavenly chariot if he had to leave his faithful companion behind. It was dharma who. smiled disapprovingly at Yudhishthira and said: "Renowned prince. in the shape of the dog. We were driven by this man's envy and spite to kill friends and relatives. Indra appeared in his chariot. "Then there is no room for me either. of limited vision. The brave Duryodhana has attained his present state by force of kshatriya dharma. has attained this swarga of warriors. Dhrishtaketu and Sikhandin.

" The foul odors of the place were so sickening that for a moment Yudhishthira was minded to go back. I am eager to see him. vaguely familiar voices rose all around in
loud lamentation." said another. by all means. the twins Nakula and Sahadeva and our dear Panchali. Worms were wriggling everywhere and there was an insufferable stench in the air. Do not go back. A thousand thoughts tortured his mind as he proceeded. "I am Arjuna. But just then. "What sin indeed have these been guilty of?" cried he." he enquired of the messenger in deep anguish. In ignorance of his being my own blood brother. I long to see and be with them all. he exclaimed: "Alas wretched souls! Who are ye that lament like this? Why are you here?" "Lord. till the accumulated pain was more that Yudhishthira could bear. "How far have we to go yet on this road? Where indeed are my brothers? Tell me. came mournful voices from all around. I shall stay here where my dear brothers. for no other sin than devotion to me. I caused Karna to be slain. for what good is it for me to be here." cried another voice in piteous tone. "I am Bhima. Your presence has given us momentary relief from torture. replied: "O Yudhishthira. we may turn back. O stay. the messenger proceeded in front and Yudhishthira followed him. As they went along. As you came. Bhima. "Dhritarashtra's son Duryodhana. I am Karna. while these are in hell? Am I dreaming or am I awake? Is my mind deranged? Have I gone crazy?" Overwhelmed by anger. He saw mutilated human bodies everywhere. that me is swarga." and they ordered an attendant to take Yudhishthira. Yudhishthira stood in painful bewilderment. The path was strewn with carrion and bones and dead men's hair. The messenger quietly replied: "If you so desire. you may go at once. are consigned to the tortures of hell. So. While you are here. "Draupadi. Yudhishthira was horrified and confused. "I am Nakula."
. Overwhelmed with pity at the poignant anguish in faintly remembered voices. Son of Kunti. "O Dharmaputra. Yudhishthira cursed the gods and denounced dharma. Let me be with them. steadfast in dharma. my friend." Thus the voices pleaded. even now.place must be among them. At the close of the battle. Arjuna. you have brought with you a whiff of air so sweet and pure that we have found a little relief in our agony." and so on. not this place!" The angels. He waded through slippery slime of blood and offal. what good deeds did he do to sit like Mahendra in heaven. dearer to me than life. as if divining his intention." said a voice. the very sight of you gives us comfort and mitigates our suffering. we enjoy a respite in our torture. if you indeed desire to be with them. who was like Indra him self. I do not wish to be in heaven." cried a third voice. who heard this." "We are Draupadi's sons. There is no need to delay. When I think of it. my mother Kunti wanted me to offer libations for Karna also. it soon became dark and in the gathering gloom could be dimly seen things weird and revolting. away from my brothers? Wherever they may be. grief overwhelms me. He turned to the angel attendant and said sharply: "Go back to your masters. do not go back! Stay here for a few minutes at least." "I am Sahadeva. Hearing the loud lamentations that thus came from all around him. be it for ever so short a time.

also disappeared all trace of anger and hatred. Nor Karna the just. smiled on his son Yudhishthira. nor anyone else who you thought had been consigned to suffering. "Wisest of men. You chose to remain in hell for the sake of your brothers. serene and free from anger. was transfigured. the darkness rolled away and the horrid sights disappeared. In this reunion. but swarga. the god of dharma. this is the third time I have tested you. Then Yudhishthira saw their Karna and all his brothers and the sons of Dhritarashtra also.
. With the disappearance of the human body. When they came. It is inevitable that kings and rulers must go through hell if only for a while. Do you not see there Narada whose travels cover the three worlds? Cease grieving. A fragrant breeze blew as Yama. all having attained the state of the gods.The messenger went back and conveyed to Indra what Yudhishthira had said. Yudhishthira at last found peace and real happiness. Then Indra and Yama appeared before Yudhishthira where he stood in anguish. The mortal frame was gone and he was a god. The sinners and their suffering were no more to be seen." Thus said Yama to Dharmaputra. It was an illusion designed to test you. Thus passed the thirteenth part of a day. who. This is not hell. Neither the illustrious Savyasachi (Arjuna) nor your beloved brother Bhima is really in hell. So it was that for the thirtieth part of a day you too were doomed to suffer the pangs of hell. thereupon.

friendly to the Pandavas. the food of the gods. the others being Dharma. Bakasura : A voracious. the stage of life of Vedic study in which chastity and service are essential. Amrit : Ambrosia. Brahmacharin : A religious student. Kama (satisfaction of desires). example. Brihadaswa : A great sage who visited the Pandavas in their forest hermitage and reminded them of King Nala of Nishadha who also lost his kingdom in the game of dice and who deserted his wife Damayanti because of a curse but ultimately regained both. friend of all born things. stepbrother of Rama. Brahma : Creator of the universe. one given by Lord Brahma himself. Ajatasatru : Having no enemy. Brahmacharya : Celibacy. Balarama : An avatar or incarnation of Adisesha the thousand-hooded serpent on which Lord Mahavishnu reclines in Vaikuntha. Alambasa : A Rakshasa friend of Duryodhana who had joined his forces but Satyaki compelled him to flee from the battlefield. Aswamedha Yajna : A horse sacrifice. Bharadwaja : A rishi. Bharata : Son of Kaikeyi and King Dashratha. (righteous. Asita : A sage who held that gambling was ruinous and should be avoided by all wise people. Narada. Arundhati : Wife of sage Vasishtha. Ashtavakra : A towering scholar while still in his teens. devoted to study and service. Agnihotra : A sacrifice to God Agni. cruel and terribly strong Rakshasa or demon who lived in a cave near the city of Ekachakrapura whom Bhima killed to the great relief of the citizens. Airavata : Indra's elephant. Brahmastra : A divine weapon. Salva Baladev : Balarama. Vyasa. unmarried. Bhagadatta : King of Pragjyotisha.ness).GLOSSARY
Abhimanyu : Son of Arjuna and Subhadra who was married to Uttara. Achuta : A synonym of Sri Krishna. Moksha (spiritual salvation). daughter of King Virata. Agastya : A great sage whose life-story the Pandavas learnt while on pilgrimage to holy places is wife Lopamudra was equally a great sage in her own right. an epithet of Yudhishthira. Akshayapatra : A wonderful vessel given to Yudhishthira by the Sun god which held a never-failing supply of food. Astra : A missile charged with power by a holy incantation. : States the kings of which were Kalinga. father of Yavakrida. Matsya. irresistible. Acharya : Teacher or Guru. Dasharna. a Kaurava supporter. Asmaka : A Kaurava warrior who attacked Abhimanyu. Panchala. Bahlika. who lives with his spiritual guide. chastity. Balarama : Elder brother of Sri Krishna. elder brother of Sri Krishna.
Aswathama : Son of Dronacharya and last supreme commander of the Kaurava force.Bhagawan Sri Krishna. a Kaurava ally. Anga : Mlechchha kings.
. Bhagawan : Form of address to Gods and great rishis. Artha (Wealth) : one of the objects of human life. Arani : An upper and a lower piece of wood used for producing fire by attrition. who was exceptionally devoted to and loved Rama. which makes the partaker immortal. Adhiratha : Karna's foster-father. Magadha.

Bhishma : The old grandsire to whose care were committed the five Pandavas by the rishis when the eldest Yudhishthira attained the age of sixteen for their proper upbringing including mastery of the Vedas. Devadatta : Name of Arjuna's conch. saying it was his child. Chekitana : Head of one division of the Pandava army. Chitra : A son of Dhritarashtra killed in the war. In it all public business is transacted. Bhima : The second Pandava brother who excelled in physical prowess as he was born of the wind-god. Charachitra : A son of King Dhritarashtra who perished in the war Chavadi : Place of public assembly of the village. and it serves also as the village club the headquarters of the village police and guest house for travellers. Bibhatsu : One of Arjuna's name meaning a hater of unworthy acts. with Brihannala as his charioteer. Daruka : Sri Krishna's charioteer. father of Rukmini and Rukma. which later became known as Jarasandha. His two wives ate each half of a mango given by sage Kausika and begot half a child each. Brihannola : Name assumed by Arjuna while living at Virata's court in incognito. Appointed supreme commander of the Kaurava armies. Brihatbala : A daring warrior who charged at Abhimanyu caught in the Kaurava army's net. married the twin daughters of the Raja of Kasi. Brihadyumna : A King. Chitraksha : One of the many sons of King Dhritarashtra who fell in the war Chitrasena : King of the Gandharvas who prevented the Kauravas from putting up their camp near the pond where he himself had encamped. Later he intervened but without success to bring about peace and understanding between the Kauravas and the Pandavas who ruled separately from Hastinapura and Indraprastha respectively. Bhojas : A branch of the Yadava clan belonging to Krishna's tribe. He was the eighth child of King Santanu and Ganga.Brihadratha : Commander of three regiments reigned over Magadha and attained celebrity as a great hero. a disciple of sage Raibhya.
. It is the property of the entire community. Chitrasena : A Kaurava warrior. Dasaratha : King of Ayodhya and Rama's father. Chala : A Kaurava warrior. Bhishmaka : King of Vidarbha. which she presented to the king. Chitrayudha : A Kaurava prince who laid down his life in the war. Vedanta and various arts especially those pertaining to the Kshatriyas. Chandala : A person of a degraded caste. Darshana : A country whose king attacked Bhagadatta's elephant in an effort to save Bhima. Burisrwas : One of the powerful kings on the side of the Kauravas. they became a chubby baby. Chitravarma : A brother of Duryodhana who was killed in the war Chitrangada : Elder son of Santanu born of Matsyagandhi (Satyavati) who succeeded his father on the throne of Hastinapura. A Rakshasi recovered the two portions from a dustbin wherein they were thrown and when they accidentally came together. Devaki : Mother of Sri Krishna. Bhuminjaya : Another name of prince Uttara son of Virata who had proceeded to
fight the Kaurava armies. whose conduct was much below standard and whose cause pollution.

Drona : Son of a Brahmana named Bharadwaja. Dussaha : A son of Dhritarashtra killed by Bhima. Dhaumya : Preceptor of the Pandavas. to save Karna's life but lost his own. Dhrishtaketu : A kinsman of the Pandavas. because of the vow that they would share everything in common. Dharma : Righteous course of conduct. the son of Dharma or Yama. King of Panchala. Dharmagranthi : Assumed named of Nakula at Virata's court. father of Draupadi who became the wife of the Pandavas Duhsasana : Duryodhana's brother who dragged Draupadi to the hall of assembly pulling her by her hair. Dhananjaya : One of the names of Arjuna. Devendra : King of the Gods. Then Medhavi fell down dead. Durjaya : A brother of Duryodhana who was sent to attack Bhima. Ganapati : Amanuensis of Vvasa who agreed to write down without pause or
. He was a meat-seller.
Dharmaputra : The son of Yama. Lord of Death. Dharmavyadha : He possessed the secret of good life and lived in the city of Mithila. as it usually offered scope for deceit and dishonesty. learnt military art from Parasurama. preceptor of the Devas. Drupada : King of Panchala. Durmata : A son of Dhritarashtra who got killed by Bhima. Durvishaha : A warrior fighting on the Kaurava side. Dhartarashtras : Sons of Dhritarashtra Draupadi : Daughter of King Drupada. who married all the five Pandavas though Arjuna had won her in the Swayamvara. once insulted. Dhrishtadyumna : Supreme commander of the Pandava forces eldest brother of Draupadi. Later he became the instructor to of the Kaurava and Pandava princes in the use of arms. son of sage Baladhi. son of Brihaspati.Devata : A sage who condemned the game of dice as an evil form of gambling and declared it unfit as entertainment for good people. Dushkarma : A warrior belonging to the Kaurava side. preceptor of the demons. the maser. Dhanusaksha : A great sage whom Medhavi. Durmarsha : A son of Dhritarashtra killed by Bhima. cows were being bred and housed. a name of Yudhishthira. who fell in love with Kacha. He took the form of a bull and butted at that mountain and broke it to pieces. singing Sama hymns addressed to Yama. Durvasa : A sage known for his anger who visited the Kauravas. married a sister of Kripa and a son Aswathama was born to them. Devavrata : The eighth child of Santanu and Ganga who in time mastered the art yielding arms and learned the Vedas and Vedanta as also the sciences known to Sukra was crowned Yuvaraja (heir apparent). Durdhara : A son of Dhritarashtra killed by Bhima in the war. Dhritarashtra : Elder son of Vichitravirya and Ambika. father of Duryodhana. but later vowed to celibacy and was known as Bhishma. Dharmananda :The delighted of Dharma. Dwaitayana : A forest where the Kaurava. epithet of Yudhishthira. who accompanied them during their exile to the Kurijangala forest. Durmukha : A chariot-borne warrior on the Kaurava side. born blind. Devayani : The beautiful daughter of Sukracharaya.

Gangadwara : A place where sage Agastya and his wife performed penance. it means a cowkeeper and refers to Krishna's occupation in Gokula. Gandharvas : A class of celestial beings regarded as specialists in music. Govinda : One of the epithets of Sri Krishna and Vishnu. King of Lanka. a great Rajarishi. killed him a number of times. Jayatsena : A warrior fighting on the side of Kauravas. father of Sita. After the brahmin had partaken of the feast he would call his brother out who would rend his way back to life. Indrajit : Son of Ravana. Hastinapura : Capital city of the Kauravas. Janardana : A name of Krishna Jarasandha : Mighty king of Magadha of whose prowess all Kshatriyas were afraid. wife of Sri Rama. the preceptor's lovely daughter. fell in love with him. Indra : King of the Gods. the Lord of Gods and who was killed by Rama's brother Lakshmana. Killed by Bhima in a thirteen-day nonstop physical combat: with Sri Krishna and Arjuna as witnesses. Jarita. Kamsa. Hanuman : Wise and learned monkey devotee of Sri Rama. Hamsa. : Allies of King Jarasandha. Hrishikesha : Krishna. the last married the two daughters of Jarasandha. Jayatsena : A kinsman of the Pandavas. Guru : Revered preceptor. her father brought him back to life every time he was killed. Iravan : Arjuna's son by a Naga wife who fell in the battle on the eighth day. who was a rishi named Mandapala in his previous birth when he was refused admission to heaven be cause he was childless. Halayudha : Plough-weaponed. the colony of cowherds. tearing the belly of the guest. Jnana : Knowledge of the eternal and real Kacha : Grandson of sage Angiras and son of Brihaspati. Gandhari : Dhritarashtra's wife and queen mother of the Kauravas.
Indrakila : A mountain Arjuna passed on his way to the Himalayas to practise austerities to acquire powerful new weapons from Lord Mahadeva. But due to Devayani's love for him. who possessed extraordinary powers of discrimination and wisdom and who searched and found Sita in her confinement in Lanka. Janamejaya : A king who conducted a great sacrifice for the well being of the human race. an epithet of Balarama who wielded a plough as his weapon. Ilvala would invite a brahman to a feast at which he would serve the meat of the goat into which his brother had turned he. Ghalotkacha : Son of Bhima from demoness Hidimba. Indrasena : A kinsman of the Pandavas. teacher. Laputa : Female companions of a saranga bird. Gandiva : Arjuna's most potent bow.hesitation the story of the Mahabharata dictated by Vyasa. Jaya : A son of King Dhritarashtra who was killed by Bhima in the war Jayadratha : A warrior on the side of Kauravas who closed the breach effected by Abhimanyu in the Chakravyuha military formation by Dronacharya and trapped him inside. The Asuras (demons) suspecting him of wanting to steal the secret of reviving the dead. Janaka : King of Mithila. Ultimately the secret was
. Hidimbaka. Ilvala : This demon and his brother Vatapi hated brahmanas implacably. who conquered Indra. Devayani. Also Krishna's step-uncle whom Krishna killed. who went to seek knowledge under Sukracharya as a brahmacharin. Jalasura : A demon killed by Bhima.

King of Lanka. Ashamed. Kanika : Minister of Sakuni. also son-in-law of Jarasandha. Krauncha-Vyuha : military formation on a pattern supposed to resemble a heron with outstretched beak and spreading wings. Kichaka : Sudeshna's brother. of performing one's duty. Kundinapura : Capital of Vidarbha. The sons were known as
. King of Lanka. son of the Sun god and Kunti. In ancient Indian practice. his foster-mother. Kausikam : A sage who learnt from Dharmavyadha the secret of Dharma. whom she had served while he was a guest at her father's house. Kumbhakarna : Brother of Ravana. Kripacharya : Aswathama's uncle who advocated a combined assault on Arjuna in battle as against Karna's boast that he could take him on single-handed. Kritavarma : A notable Yadava warrior fighting on the side of Kaurava forces. The box was picked up by a childless charioteer and brought up as his own and became known as Karna. Kartikeya : Commander of the armies of the devas. Karna : A matchless warrior. who made advances to Sairandhri (Draupadi). she placed the child in a sealed box and set it afloat on a river. or Kurma or Krauncha. Kambojas : Enemies of the Kauravas whom Karna had defeated Kamsa : Maternal Uncle of Sri Krishna and son of Ugrasena. Kekaya : A brave warrior on the Pandava side into whose chariot Bhima got during the fighting on the sixth day. Later. Ketama : Another chief whose head was cut off by Drona. gave her a divine mantra which when repeated would give her a son from any god whom she would call upon.
Krishna-Dwaipayana : Sage Vyasa. Kuchasthala : A city where Krishna stayed the night on his way to the court of Dhritarashtra. armies were arrayed for battle in formations of definite patterns. Also son of Radha. Nahusha and Yayati ruled. Kunti chose Pandu as her husband at a Swayamvara. He was invited to meet her at night at the ladies dancing hall and was met instead by Valala (Bhima) dressed up as a female who killed him (Kichaka). and was known as Radheya. each of which had a name such as Chakra. or Makara according to a real or fancied resemblance. Kanka : Assumed name of Yudhishthira at Virata's court.learnt by the devas who then succeeded in defeating the asuras. Kunti : She was the daughter of Sura and was known as Pritha. Kagola : A disciple of the great sage and teacher of Vedanta. Uddalaka. who was asleep most of the time because of the curse of Brahma. Kartavirya : A great warrior who defeated Ravana. Kshatradharma : A great warrior on the side of Pandavas. Kunti-Madri : Queens of King Pandu who gave birth to three and two sons known as the Pandavas in the forest where he spent many years for having committed some sin. Kesava : One of the names of Sri Krishna. Out of childish curiosity. She was given in adoption to the king's childless cousin Kuntibhoja and was named Kunti after her adoptive father. Disciple of Parasurama. whom Sri Krishna killed. The Pandavas rebuilt the ruined city and erected palaces and forts and renamed it Indraprastha. Khandavaprastha : The ancient capital from where the ancestors of Pandavas. Sage Durvasa. she invoked the Sun god by repeating the Mantra and then she gave birth to a son born with divine armor and earrings. commander-in-chief of Virata's army. Krauncha : Curlew-heron.

Kausika. king of Panchala. Madhusudana : Another name of Krishna. Bhima. Manasarovar : A sacred lake in the Himalayas Mandavya : A sage wrongly punished by the king by being impaled as the chief of robbers who had clandestinely hidden their stolen goods in a corner of his hermitage when he was in deep contemplation. Nandini : Vasishtha's divinely beautiful cow. the moon and the planets. Medhavi : Son of Sage Baladhi who desired that his son should live as long as a certain mountain lasted. Lopamudra : Daughter of the king of Vidarbha who married the sage Agastya. Arjuna. Lakshmana : Younger step-brother of Rama and son of Sumitra and King Dasaratha. Lomasa : A brahmana sage who advised the Pandavas to reduce their retinue while repairing to the forest. Agastya whom the Vindhya mountain respected asked it to stop growing until he crossed it on his way to the south and returned to the north again. son of Dasaratha. Nara : Arjuna or Dhananjaya. King of Lanka. Nakula : Fourth brother of the Pandavas. Maitreya : A sage who visited the court of Dhritarashtra. It means the Lord of Lakshmi. Markandeya : A sage who told Yudhishthira the story of a brahmana. Duryodhana's gallant young son also bore this name. Lord Vishnu also took birth as Rama. Narada : The sage who suddenly appeared before Dhritarashtra and Vidura as the latter was describing the departure of the Pandavas to the forest and uttered a prophecy that after fourteen years the
. expressed sorrow at the Pandava's plight. who offered her to Sage Vyasa in place of Ambalika. At this
Mandavya cursed Dharma who was born as Vidura. Kurma : Tortoise. the Vindya began to grow very high obstructing the sun. uncle of Ravana who transformed him self into a golden deer at the behest of Ravana to entice Sita. having settled in the south. Lord Narayana : Refuge of men. Mahavishnu. advised Duryodhana not to injure the Pandavas for his own good. Madhava : One of the names of Krishna. Meru : An ancient mountain. Maricha : A character in the Ramayan. Those unable to bear the hardships of exile were free to go to the court of Dhritarashtra or Drupada. Nala : King of Nishadha who lost his kingdom in a game of dice and deserted his wife Damayanti because of a curse. to kill Ravana. Nakula. to the servant maid of Ambalika. Marutta : A king of the Ikshwaku dynasty whose sacrifice was performed by Samvarta in defiance of Indra and Brihaspati. Nahusha : A mighty king who was made king of the gods because Indra had disappeared due to his killing Vritra through sin and deceit. But he did not return at all. Mantra : An incantation with words of power. and Sahadeva. Mahendra : A King who had attained heaven. Mahavishnu : Lord of the Universe who took human birth in order to wrest his kingdom from Emperor Bali for the salvation of the world.Yudhishthira. Lord Dharma gave him this punishment for having tortured birds and bees in his childhood. wife of King Vichitravirya. He accompanied Yudhishthira on his wanderings. the slayer of the asura Madhu. Matali : Charioteer of Indra who took Arjuna to the kingdom of gods. the wise. Becoming jealous of Meru.

Nishadha : A country where Indra. Pradyumna : Sri Krishna's son. Nishada : An aboriginal hunter orfisherman: a man of low or degraded tribe in general. Aditi. Rishabha : The second note of the Indian gamut (Shadja. Pundarikaksha : Krishna. Partha : Arjuna. an outcaste. Narayanas : Krishna's kinsmen. a name of Karna. who had grown up seeing no mortal except his father. Pritha : Mother of Karna. the wife of the Charioteer Adhiratha. Bharata. prayed here to be blessed with a son. who was killed with a spear by a fiend for his sin. mother of the gods. Kunti before her marriage. Raibhya : A sage whose hermitage was situated on the banks of the Ganga. Paravasu : Son of Raibhva and elder brother of Arvavasu whose wife was violated by Yavakrida. Narayanasrama : A charming forest where the Pandavas had halted during their wanderings. Phalguna : Arjuna. Ptirushottama : An epithet of Sri Krishna. Vishnu. panchama. The Pandavas during their wanderings visited it. Ravana : King of Lanka who abducted Sita. ri. Lord of the gods had lived once disguised as a brahmana. Parasara : A great sage. Parikshit : Son of Abhimanyu and grandson of the Pandavas who was crowned king after the holocaust claimed the Kauravas and the Pandavas. Panchalya : A son of King Drupada who died in the war. Pratikhami : Duryodhana's charioteer. father of the Pandavas. Parvati : Consort of Siva. gandhara. madhyama. Panchajanya : Name of Krishna's conch. Purumitra : A Kaurava warrior Pitamaha : Literally grandfather. as she had set her heart on marrying Krishna.
Prabhasa : The Vasu who seized Vasishtha's divine cow. Purochana : An architect who built a beautiful wax palace named "Sivam" in Varanavata. Rajasuya : A sacrifice performed by a king to be entitled to assume the title of "Emperor". ni. as his elder brother Dhritarashtra was born blind. daivata. who as a foundling was brought up as a son by Radha. "flame of the forest". ga. The king of Anga. which however carried no imputation of senile infirmity but denotes the status of the pater familias.) Rishyasringa : Son of sage Vibhandaka. son of Dasaratha bathed here. Rukmini prayed to her for saving her from the cruel Sisupala king of Chedi. ma. Sanatkumar became one with God. dha. Panchali : Another name of Draupadi Queen of the Pandavas and daughter of King Drupada. nishada sa. father of Veda Vvasa. the beautiful wife of Ramachandra. Indra was cleansed of his sin of killing Vritra unfairly by bathing in this ghat. Paurava : A Kaurava hero. This ghat was very holy. It is one of the names of Vishnu and means the Supreme Being. pa. rishabha. Narayana : Sri Krishna or Krishna. Radheya : Son of Radha. the lotus-eyed one.
. Palasa : Butea frondosa.Kauravas would be extinct as a result of Duryodhana's crimes and vanished as suddenly. Pandu : Second son of Vichitravirya and Ambalika who succeeded to the throne of Hastinapura on his father's death.

Rukma : Heir apparent to the throne of Vidarbha. Sarasana : One of the Kaurava brothers who died in the war. to bring rain and plenty. Shanta : Wife of sage Rishyasringa. he had to get into Sanga's chariot. Romapada : King of Anga which was once visited by a great drought. He told the king that a victim of adverse fate would first become perverted and loses his sense of right and wrong. a soldiers battle as distinguished from the combats of heroes.which was afflicted with a dire famine. confused fight. father of Bhishma. Sakuni : He played dice on behalf of the Kauravas and succeeded in defeating the Pandavas by a stratagem. Satanika : Virata's son whose bead was severed by Drona. Rudra : One of the names of Siva. The Samsaptakas were suicide-squads. while Arjuna was away answering a challenge by the Samsaptakas (the Trigartas). who beguiled Duryodhana to take to evil ways. According to the conditions of the game. friend of Krishna and the Pandavas who advocated collecting their forces and defeating the unrighteous Duryodhana. Sanga : Son of Virata. as foretold by rishis. and never to retreat. When defeated by Balarama and Krishna he established a new city Bhojakata. Sairandhri : A maid servant or female attendant employed in royal female apartments. Salya : Ruler of Madradesa and brother of Madri and uncle of the Pandavas who because of having received hospitality from Duryodhana went over to his side. Satyajit : A Panchala prince. She was also known as Indrani.
. horses and charioteer Sanjaya : The narrator who tells blind Dhritarashtra the progress of the war from day to day. Sachidevi : Wife of Indra. king of the gods on whom Nahusha's evil eye fell. Samsaptaka : One who has taken a vow to conquer or die. Satyavati : A fisherman's daughter who possessed uncommon beauty and emanated a divinely sweet fragrance and king Santanu became enamored of her. the capital of Vidarbha. a hero who stood by Yudhishthira to prevent his being taken prisoner by Drona. a person of great learning. married her and made her his queen. Rudra dance : Siva's cosmic dance of destruction. If discovered by anyone they were again to repair to the forests for a like term. Saibya : A ruler friendly to the Pandavas. When king Virata was wounded. Sahadeva : Youngest of the Pandava princes who offered the first honors to Krishna at the Rajasuya sacrifices. Salva : Friend of Sisupala. Santanu : King of Hastinapura. As a result the latter had to go and live in the forest for thirteen years. vowed to some desperate deed of daring. He was considered to be the evil genius. invited him. the thirteenth and last year of exile was to be spent incognito. Sarmishtha : Princes and daughter of king Vrishaparva who got angry with Devayani and slapped and pushed her into a dry well. having lost his chariot. and ruled over it. Samba : A Yadava youngster dressed as a woman who gave birth to a mace. Time would destroy his reason and drive him to his own destruction. who besieged Dwaraka Sri Krishna's kingdom to avenge Sisupala's death at the latter's hand.
Samvarta : Brihaspati's younger brother. Sankula Yuddha : A melee. Sanyasin: One who has renounced the world and its concerns. ashamed to return to Kundinapura. Satyaki : A Yadava warrior.

Uddalaka : A great sage and teacher of Vedanta. Sisupala : King of Chedi. warrior on the Pandava side who restored order among scattered.
. Simhanada : A lion-note or roar. Unchhavritti : The life of a mendicant. Somadutta : One of the suitors to Devaki's hand. else it would kill the person who hurls it. Astutayu : Two brothers fighting on the Kaurava side attacked Arjuna but were killed. Swarga : The heaven of Indra where mortals after death enjoy the results of their good deeds on earth. a supporter of the Kauravas who backed the proposal to invade Matsya. Sri Rama : Also knew as Rama. Tantripala : Assumed name of Sahadeva at Virata's court. Savyasachin : Ambidexter. Sudarsana : A warrior on the Kaurava army. Sikhandin : A girl turned man. killed Ravana the king of Lanka who abducted his wife. Suvarna : A soldier on the Kaurava side. Subhadra : Wife of Arjuna. Sujata : Daughter of Sage Uddalaka and wife of Kagola. Suka : A sage. Supratika : Name of King Bhagadatta's elephant. Upachitra : One of King Dhritarashtra's sons who perished in the war. Drupada's son. A kinsman of the Kauravas. A kinsman of the Kauravas. Her mother Parnasa had obtained that gift from Varuna who had specified that the mace should not be used against one who does not fight. Died at the hands of Krishna at the time of Dharmaputra's Rajasuya sacrifice. Srinjayas : Pandava supporters. grandson of Arjuna. his disciple who had virtue and devotion but not much of erudition. A name of Arjuna who could use his bow with the same skill with either hands. and brother of mighty Vali whom Sri Rama killed. where the Pandavas settled after their exile of thirteen years. begging his food. Virata's country. Sveta : A son of King Virata who fell in battle to Bhishma's arrow. Srutayudha : A Kaurava warrior whose mace hurled at Krishna rebounded fiercely. Subahu : King of Kulinda in the Himalayas. Sita. subdued soldiers. Hanumana tells Bhima how he was deeply thrilled when he happened to touch Rama's body.Satyavrata : Warrior on the Kaurava side. Ramachandra or Sri Rama. Sudeshna : Queen of King Virata whom Sairandhri (Draupadi) served. Umadevi : Wife of Siva. of terror in their enemies. son of Vyasa. Saugandhika : A plant that produced a very beautiful and fragrant flower that Bhima went to get for Draupadi. Sugriva : Monkey-king. killing Srutayudha himself. Srutayu. ally of the Kauravas. who related the Srimad Bhagavata to King Parikshit. This king of Ayodhya was banished to the forest for fourteen years. sister of Sri Krishna and mother of Abhimanyu. Susarma : King of Trigarta. Saindhava : Jayadratha. Upaplavya : A place in Matsya Kingdom. mother of Ashtavakra.
Sumitra : Abhimanyu's charioteer. friend of Sri Rama. a deep roar of defiance or triumph which warriors were wont to utter to inspire confidence in their friends. Sudakshina : A warrior on the Kaurava side. one who can use both hands with equal facility and effect. Sini : One of the suitors to Devaki’s hand.

Anuvinda : Two brothers kings of Avanti. Valala : Assumed name of Bhima when.Urvasi : An apsara in Indra's court. he worked as a cook at Virata's court. Vrisha. Vajrayudha : The weapon with which Indra killed Visvarupa on suspicion because his mother belonged to the asura tribe of daityas. Vanaprastha : The third stage of the dvija's life. when he is required to relinquish worldly responsibilities to his heirs and retires to the woods with his wife for an anchorite's life. the country which was suggested by Bhima to live in incognito during the thirteenth year of their exile. He was born out of his father's sacrificial flames and became Indra's mortal enemy. See the description in the Bhagavad Gita chapter eleven. Vedavyasa : Vyasa. Vasudeva : An epithet of Krishna. Vrika : A Panchala prince who fell in battle.
. Vivimsati : A Kaurava hero. Yayati. all-including form. Vaishnava mantra : An invocation which endows a missile with some of the irresistible power of Vishnu. Vandi : Court poet of Mithila who on being defeated by Sage Ashtavakra in debate drowned himself in the ocean and went to the abode of Varuna. Mandhata. Vaishnava : A sacrifice performed by Duryodhana in the forest. Achala : Sakuni's brothers. great soldiers whom were on the Kaurava side. as Yudhishthira himself was a slave and had lost all his rights. Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Vasishtha : A sage who had cursed the eight Vasus to be born in the world of men as sons of Ganga and Santanu. Bharata and others also performed it. whose amorous overtures Arjuna declined. Therefore the Kauravas had not won Draupadi legally. they suffered defeat at the hands of Yudhamanyu Virata : King of Matsya. Vasudhana : Another warrior who perished in the battle on the Twelfth Day. Vriddhakshatra : King of the Sindhus. Vritra : Son of Twashta who was defeated by Indra's weapons Vajrayudha. Vrishnis. he held Vinda. Vrishasena : A warrior on the Kaurava side. Kekayas : Tribals who were devoted to the Pandavas. father of Jayadratha into whose lap his son Jayadratha's head was caused to fall by Arjuna after cutting off Jayadratha's head. who with Sri Krishna visited the Pandavas in their exile. author of the Mahabharata. Varanavata : A forest in which the Pandavas were asked to stay in a waxhouse which was to be set on fire at midnight in order to kill the Pandavas while they were asleep.
Vichitravirya: Younger son of Santanu who succeeded King Chitrangada on the throne of Hastinapura. Brihaspati having left when insulted by Indra. Ganga threw her seven children in to the river with a smiling face. brother of Sugriva. It means both son of Vasudeva and the supreme spirit that pervades the universe. Vali : Monkey-king. Vaisampayana : Chief disciple of sage Vyasa who revealed the epic for the benefit humanity. Viswarupa : All-pervading. Visoka : Bhima's charioteer. He had two sons. Vikarna : A son of Dhritarashtra who declared the staking of Draupadi illegal. Visvarupa : Name of Twashta's son who became the preceptor of the gods.

Yudhamanyu : A prince supporting the Pandavas. an epithet of Bhima.
. Yayati : Emperor of the Bharata race who rescued Devayani from the well into which she had been thrown by Sarmishtha. denoting his slimness of waist and insatiable hunger. Yajna : A sacrifice. Yavakrida : Son of Sage Bharadwaja who was bent upon mastering the Vedas. Vyuha : Battle arrays.Vrikodara : Wolf-bellied. Vyasa : Compiler of the Vedas. Yuyutsu : A noble son of Dhritarashtra who bent his head in shame and sorrow when Yudhishthira lost Draupadi. Yama : God of death. subjects of Kubera. whose son was Yudhishthira. One of the ancestors of the Pandavas who became prematurely old due to Sukracharya's curse. God of dharma. He later married both Devayani and Sarmishtha. It is he whose questions Yudhishthira answered correctly whereupon his dead brothers were brought back to life on the banks of the enchanted pool. Yuyudhana : Another name of Satyaki. the god of wealth. He also disapproved of the unfair way in which Abhimanyu was killed. son of sage Parasara. Yaksha : A class of demi-gods.