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2018-11-19栏目：uedbet app作者：
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You may have heard people say that hard work is more important than the intelligence you are born with. Recently, researchers changes in the brains of individuals immediately after they were told this.

Hans Schroder led a study at Michigan State University. Mr. Schroder is a student at the university. As he noted, whether or not what people were told was true, “giving people messages that encourage and motivation may promote more efficient performance.”

In the study, two groups read different stories about intelligence. One story said intelligence levels are a product of our material and cannot be changed. The researchers called this, the “fixed mindset.” The other story discussed how difficult living environments probably made individuals like Leonardo da Vinci and Albert Einstein intelligent. Researchers called this the “growth mindset.”

Later, the researchers tested the groups’ members on what they had just read. Mr. Schroeder and his team watched their brain activity as they answered questions about the main subjects in the story.

The researchers say they found that small messages about our abilities can have a big effect on our beliefs about what we are able to do.

The people who read that intelligence comes from worked to answer the questions correctly. But their test results did not improve on later exams.

But the opposite was true among those who read that intelligence can come from hard work. They showed what the researchers called a more efficient brain response after they were told their answer was wrong. This suggests they thought they could give the correct answer on the next test. And the more these individuals thought about their mistakes, the faster they answered the questions on the next test.

The researchers say the study showed that those who had a growth mindset made efforts to improve and adapt. They say even a small amount of time spent on changing the mindset, or beliefs, of individuals can affect how their brain operates. In their words, “messages about how much our abilities can change affect learning, achievement, and performance.”

The study was published in the Biological .

I’m Christopher .

LYNN NEARY, HOST:

Today, 27 European countries are marking what is called the European Day of Jewish Culture. The initiative is aimed at opening the doors of Jewish communities, heritage cites and culture to the non-Jewish world and also to deepen Jews' own knowledge of their history in Europe. NPR's Sylvia Poggioli reports from little Jerusalem, a medieval town in the Italian region of Tuscony.

SYLVIA POGGIOLI, : Pitigliano soars over vineyards and olive . Its centuries-old, multistoried buildings seem carved out of a massive tufa rock first settled by the Etruscans. In the 16th century while Venice, Rome and Florence were locking Jews up in ghettos, the Orsinis, enlightened rulers of the independent states of Pitigliano, welcomed Jewish traders and to boost the local economy.