publications

objective

To compare the odds of depressive and anxiety disorders for participants with diagnosed diabetes, participants with diabetes but unaware of this, and participants without diabetes. Such knowledge might improve etiological insight into psychopathology in diabetes.

Methods

Data of 90,686 participants (mean age = 45 years; 59% female) from the LifeLines cohort was used. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The odds of depression and anxiety were assessed for three groups: a) diagnosed diabetes, diabetes medication use and/or self-reported "diabetes"; b) undiagnosed diabetes, fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, but no diabetes medication use and self-reported "no diabetes"; and c) no diabetes, fasting blood glucose <7.0 mmol/l and self-reported "no diabetes." Logistic regression was performed to compare the odds of depression and anxiety in these groups, adjusting for age, seks, diabetes-related diseases, comorbid depressive or anxiety disorders, and glycosylated hemoglobin.

Conclusions

Depression was more prevalent in participants with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, whereas anxiety was more prevalent only in participants who were aware of their diabetes. Longitudinal research is needed to assess the causal pathways of these associations.