Micro level research in educational technology • The academic literature • Some gains in quantitative tests by students in experimental groups (Kulik, 1994; Wood et al., 1999; Parr, 2003). • Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT) research project (1985 – 1997): • technology integration by teachers and students impacted upon pedagogy and learning (Sandholtz et., 1997), • ACOT studentsʼ scores in standardised tests undertaken during the research were not signiﬁcantly better than those students who were not on the ACOT programme in the same schools (Tierney et al., 2005). • Improvement as capable communicators, independent discoverers, group oriented and, as expected, increased technical skills (ibid). 6

Micro level research in educational technology • found in a study of teachers Becker and Ravitz (2001) of 4th to 12th grade students (9-18 year olds) in schools in the USA that only • 25% of English teachers, • 17% of science teachers, • 13% of social studies teachers and • 11% of maths teachers • made weekly use of computers. 7

Micro level research in educational technology • Why is the literature so critical? • failure to adopt and adapt technology in mainstream education is due to inadequate training of new teachers (Mouza, 2002). • In Singapore, 44% were considered inadequately prepared to use ICT in the classroom (Hu et. al., 2004) • Many teaching methods in HE seem to be detrimental to the quality of student learning. Learning requires dialogue, structured goals and activity; a sort of conversation (Laurillard, 1992). • No medium can solve educational problems (Cuban, 2002). • It will take time for empirical evidence to show the positiveness of ICT integration to emerge (BECTA,2003). Is this an excuse? 8

Micro level research in educational technology • Students require opportunities to cognitively engage with materials with, “high levels of learner control” (Steeples et al., 2000). • A radical change in curriculum, teaching, learning and institutions is not a luxury but essential for social justice in the 21st Century (Keri Facer, Futurelab, UK). Presented at BETT, January 2007. 9

Meso level applying policies to classroom practices • A vision of the classroom of the future: • Observe the classroom setting. • Observe the technology. • When was this video made? • How close are you to this scenario in YOUR (or your child’s) school? • Do such ‘visions’ help or hinder attempts to convince teachers of technology’s value? 10

Micro level research in educational technology • Leading to Informed use of ICT ... supported by good task design. (Towndrow & Vallance, 2004) facilitate and/or negotiate students’ periodic encourages discussion, consultation and sharing outcomes focus upon process and product of task and provide a channel for feedback and assessment learning objectives integrate multiple media ﬂexibility of when and where learning occurs question whether the activities required in the allow access to a wide range of information Task process can be done ‘without’ IT! 19

Macro level Will ‘informed’ educational computers not policy and implementation practice impact upon only of ICT in education bring something policy ????? new to the learning environment … they change it and they change Meso levellearners too policies to applying (Heppell, classroom practices 1993) applying research outcome to classroom practice Micro level Prof.Stephen Heppell research in educational technology 29

Macro level Will ‘informed’ educational computers not policy and implementation practice impact upon only of ICT in education bring something policy ????? new to the learning environment … they change it and they change “The real change Meso levellearners too policies to [in applying (Heppell, education] is likely to occur not classroom practices 1993) by trying to exclusively deliver old learning outcomes with new technology, but by looking for new applying research outcome can only learning outcomes that to classroom practice that new be delivered by technology” (Heppell, 2005). Micro level Prof.Stephen Heppell research in educational technology 29

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