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1 Chapter 3 The Ancient Egyptian C i v i l i z a t i o n Objectives To put the ancient Egyptian civilization into historical perspective and to look at why it is considered a great civilization. Myster y Why did the ancient Egyptian civilization last so much longer than all the other civilizations that came after it? Discussion and Research Pr ojects 1. a) When did the pharaohs rule Egypt? b) Make a list of the pharaonic periods and the corre s p o n d i n g dates. The dates will vary from one source to another. Compare this on a time line with other ancient civilizations you have studied. 2. The ancient Egyptian civilization has been acclaimed as one of the g reatest of the ancient world. Do you agree? Why? Use the criteria for evaluating ancient civilizations to see how Egypt rates (see Activity Sheet 5 ). 3. How did the ancient Egyptians explain the origins of their first p h a r a o h? 4. Why are so many vestiges of the ancient Egyptian civilization visible tod a y? 5. Why did the ancient Egyptian civilization fall into decline? 6. C o m p a re the reasons for the decline of the ancient Egyptian civilization with those for other civilizations you have studied. 7. What two nations ruled Egypt in the last period of dynastic rule? Mysteries of Egypt Te a c h e r s Guide

2 8. H i s t o ry has shown that all great civilization go through a cycle of rise and fall. What factors may pose a threat to the survival of contemporary civilizations? Cr eative Pr ojects 1. Use Activity Sheet 5 to learn about the characteristics that distinguish ancient Egypt as a gre a t civilization. Some of the criteria used to evaluate a civilization are: a unified world view or a religion, a government, a communication system, trade and defence capabilities, arc h i t e c t u r a l achievements, proliferation of the arts, and a diversified workforc e. 2. Use Activity Sheet 6 to learn how to read the symbols on Narm e r s palette. King Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt in 3000 B.C. (late pre-dynastic period). Ask your students why N a rmer had such a palette made. Consider the importance of creating visual images in a society that was largely illiterate. 2 2

3 FACT SHEET: The Ancient Egyptian Civilization Egyptian Time Line The pharaohs ruled ancient Egypt for almost 3,000 years. The first dynasty started in 3000 B.C. with the reign of King Narm e r. In 332 B.C., Alexander the Great drove out the hated Persians to become the new ruler of the land. This brought the pharaonic era to an end. In the fourth century B.C., a high priest and scribe of the sacred shrines of Egypt named Manetho compiled the first comprehensive list of the pharaohs. He grouped their reigns into dynastic divisions that to a large degree are still considered accurate tod a y. Mythical Beginnings Ancient cultures trace their origins to a mythical time when the earth was form e d and humans were born. Creation stories accounts of that mythical time were passed down through the ages and re c o rded in paintings and in writing. In ancient Egypt, these accounts were written in hieroglyphs on the walls of pyramids, tombs and temples, and on wooden tablets and sheets of papyrus. These sacred writings p rovide an indication of how the Egyptians explained the origins of their culture. The texts make re f e rence to the very early hist o ry of Egypt, to a time when the land was ruled by god-kings. The mythical god Horu s was believed to be the first god-king to ru l e Upper and Lower Egypt. The pharaohs were c o n s i d e red the living Horus, and when they died, they became Osiris, Lord of the Dead. As i n t e rmediaries between the human world and the world of the gods, the pharaohs b rought wisdom and justice to their people, and taught them the secrets of life and death. The Decline of Ancient Egypt Although Egypt was sometimes ruled by foreign princes during the pharaonic period, it continued to maintain its independence. Over the centuries, the power of the pharaohs i n c reased and decreased numerous times b e f o re Egypt came under foreign rule. Aro u n d 1000 B.C., Egypt was virtually bankrupt and its strength began to decline. 5 Horus wearing the Double Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt Photo: Harry Foster (CMC S ) 2 3

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5 A pharaoh making an offering to an Apis bull CMC ECD #15 The Persians and the Macedonian Greeks were the first foreign powers to rule the country. In 350 B.C., a new Persian ru l e r, Art a x e rxes III, attempted to invade the country but failed. Seven years l a t e r, Egypt did fall to the Persians, during the reign of Nectanebo II, the last Egyptian pharaoh. A c c o rding to Greek accounts, the Persians were cruel masters, robbing temples, killing sacred animals and burdening the people with taxes. The Macedonian Greek emperor Alexander the Great waged a campaign to destroy the Persian e m p i re. When he entered Egypt in 332 B.C., he was hailed as a divine being and saviour. He hastened to Memphis, perf o rmed a sacrificial ceremony to the Apis Bull and was accepted as the new pharaoh. The founding of the city of Alexandria, on the Mediterranean coast, marked the beginning of the end for ancient Egypt. Egypt changed immensely under Greek rule, although to a large degree the population maintained its way of life, and continued to write in its own language and to observe its traditional customs. G reek and demotic (a form of hieroglyphs) were both used in the Late Period, but in the third cent u ry A.D., hieroglyphic writing began to be replaced by Coptic, a form of Greek writing. As time passed, fewer and fewer priests could read hieroglyphs, and gradually the Egyptian language died out. Following the deaths of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra VII in 30 B.C., Egypt became part of the Roman Empire. When the Empire was divided in A.D. 395, Egypt was controlled fro m Byzantium until the Arab conquest in A.D

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