Abstract

Background:Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) has been used as a biomarker of time spent outdoors and smaller CUVAF area is associated with myopia in Southern Hemisphere cohorts. Further research is to determine if this association is replicated in northern latitudes and whether average CUVAF intensity is a valuable metric. This prospective study explored the association between myopia, CUVAF (area and intensity) and additional indicators of sun exposure (vitamin D3 and self-reported sun exposure preferences) across seasons at a location 55°North.Methods: Young adults (18-20 years) provided blood samples biannually (Mar/Apr and Sept/Oct) over an 18-month period (four phases) for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). CUVAF (total area, average intensity) and self-reported sun exposure preferences were recorded at each phase. Axial length and corneal radius were measured. Refractive error was measured by autorefractor and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) used to classify participants into refractive groups: myopic (SER ≤-0.50DS) or non-myopic.Results:Fifty-four participants (24 myopes, 30 non-myopes) participated. CUVAF area was negatively associated with the presence of myopia (OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.90-0.98, p=0.002. Myopes=4.5mm2 (Interquartile range (IQR) 0.95-6.4mm2), non-myopes=7.0 mm2 (IQR=2.0 mm2-10.7 mm2)). No significant association was found between CUVAF intensity and refractive group (p=0.17). There was no significant association between sun exposure preferences or serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and refractive status (all p≥0.21). CUVAF measures were not associated with ocular biometry measures (all p≥0.084). CUVAF area was unaffected by season (all p≥0.45) and variations in CUVAF area over the study period did not exceed the repeatability of the measurement technique.Conclusion:Myopia was associated with smaller areas of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence indicative of less cumulative UVB exposure. These findings suggest that CUVAF measures are a useful, non-invasive biomarker of the time spent outdoors in adults in Northern Hemisphere populations.

title = "Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) area, but not intensity, is associated with myopia in UK adults",

abstract = "Background:Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) has been used as a biomarker of time spent outdoors and smaller CUVAF area is associated with myopia in Southern Hemisphere cohorts. Further research is to determine if this association is replicated in northern latitudes and whether average CUVAF intensity is a valuable metric. This prospective study explored the association between myopia, CUVAF (area and intensity) and additional indicators of sun exposure (vitamin D3 and self-reported sun exposure preferences) across seasons at a location 55°North.Methods: Young adults (18-20 years) provided blood samples biannually (Mar/Apr and Sept/Oct) over an 18-month period (four phases) for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). CUVAF (total area, average intensity) and self-reported sun exposure preferences were recorded at each phase. Axial length and corneal radius were measured. Refractive error was measured by autorefractor and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) used to classify participants into refractive groups: myopic (SER ≤-0.50DS) or non-myopic.Results:Fifty-four participants (24 myopes, 30 non-myopes) participated. CUVAF area was negatively associated with the presence of myopia (OR=0.94, 95{\%} CI=0.90-0.98, p=0.002. Myopes=4.5mm2 (Interquartile range (IQR) 0.95-6.4mm2), non-myopes=7.0 mm2 (IQR=2.0 mm2-10.7 mm2)). No significant association was found between CUVAF intensity and refractive group (p=0.17). There was no significant association between sun exposure preferences or serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and refractive status (all p≥0.21). CUVAF measures were not associated with ocular biometry measures (all p≥0.084). CUVAF area was unaffected by season (all p≥0.45) and variations in CUVAF area over the study period did not exceed the repeatability of the measurement technique.Conclusion:Myopia was associated with smaller areas of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence indicative of less cumulative UVB exposure. These findings suggest that CUVAF measures are a useful, non-invasive biomarker of the time spent outdoors in adults in Northern Hemisphere populations.",

N2 - Background:Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) has been used as a biomarker of time spent outdoors and smaller CUVAF area is associated with myopia in Southern Hemisphere cohorts. Further research is to determine if this association is replicated in northern latitudes and whether average CUVAF intensity is a valuable metric. This prospective study explored the association between myopia, CUVAF (area and intensity) and additional indicators of sun exposure (vitamin D3 and self-reported sun exposure preferences) across seasons at a location 55°North.Methods: Young adults (18-20 years) provided blood samples biannually (Mar/Apr and Sept/Oct) over an 18-month period (four phases) for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). CUVAF (total area, average intensity) and self-reported sun exposure preferences were recorded at each phase. Axial length and corneal radius were measured. Refractive error was measured by autorefractor and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) used to classify participants into refractive groups: myopic (SER ≤-0.50DS) or non-myopic.Results:Fifty-four participants (24 myopes, 30 non-myopes) participated. CUVAF area was negatively associated with the presence of myopia (OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.90-0.98, p=0.002. Myopes=4.5mm2 (Interquartile range (IQR) 0.95-6.4mm2), non-myopes=7.0 mm2 (IQR=2.0 mm2-10.7 mm2)). No significant association was found between CUVAF intensity and refractive group (p=0.17). There was no significant association between sun exposure preferences or serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and refractive status (all p≥0.21). CUVAF measures were not associated with ocular biometry measures (all p≥0.084). CUVAF area was unaffected by season (all p≥0.45) and variations in CUVAF area over the study period did not exceed the repeatability of the measurement technique.Conclusion:Myopia was associated with smaller areas of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence indicative of less cumulative UVB exposure. These findings suggest that CUVAF measures are a useful, non-invasive biomarker of the time spent outdoors in adults in Northern Hemisphere populations.

AB - Background:Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) has been used as a biomarker of time spent outdoors and smaller CUVAF area is associated with myopia in Southern Hemisphere cohorts. Further research is to determine if this association is replicated in northern latitudes and whether average CUVAF intensity is a valuable metric. This prospective study explored the association between myopia, CUVAF (area and intensity) and additional indicators of sun exposure (vitamin D3 and self-reported sun exposure preferences) across seasons at a location 55°North.Methods: Young adults (18-20 years) provided blood samples biannually (Mar/Apr and Sept/Oct) over an 18-month period (four phases) for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). CUVAF (total area, average intensity) and self-reported sun exposure preferences were recorded at each phase. Axial length and corneal radius were measured. Refractive error was measured by autorefractor and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) used to classify participants into refractive groups: myopic (SER ≤-0.50DS) or non-myopic.Results:Fifty-four participants (24 myopes, 30 non-myopes) participated. CUVAF area was negatively associated with the presence of myopia (OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.90-0.98, p=0.002. Myopes=4.5mm2 (Interquartile range (IQR) 0.95-6.4mm2), non-myopes=7.0 mm2 (IQR=2.0 mm2-10.7 mm2)). No significant association was found between CUVAF intensity and refractive group (p=0.17). There was no significant association between sun exposure preferences or serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and refractive status (all p≥0.21). CUVAF measures were not associated with ocular biometry measures (all p≥0.084). CUVAF area was unaffected by season (all p≥0.45) and variations in CUVAF area over the study period did not exceed the repeatability of the measurement technique.Conclusion:Myopia was associated with smaller areas of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence indicative of less cumulative UVB exposure. These findings suggest that CUVAF measures are a useful, non-invasive biomarker of the time spent outdoors in adults in Northern Hemisphere populations.