All twenty eight Arabic consonants are divided on phonetic ground into two equal groups. Fourteen are known as, The Moon Letters:

ا,ب ,ج ,ح ,خ ,ع ,غ ,ف ,ق ,ك ,م ,و ,ه ,ي

These letters are named as moon letters because the noun اﻠﻘﻤﺮ (The Moon) provides a pattern for articulation for all such nouns.

The remaining fourteen are, The Sun Letters:

ت ,ث ,د , ذ ,ر ,ز ,س ,ش ,ص ,ض ,ط ,ظ ,ل ,ن

These letters are named as moon letters because the noun ﺍﻠﺸﻤس (The Moon) provides a pattern for articulation for all such nouns.

Rule No. 14

When the article “al” ﺍﻠ is placed at the beginning of an indefinite noun it makes it definite and the tanwîn, nunation confines it to a Ĥarakah, a short vowel.

Example Analysis:

ﺒﺎﺐbābun (a door)ﺍﻠﺒﺎﺐAlbābu (the door)

bābun is indefinite because the final consonant bā carries a tanwîn, when the article “al” ﺍﻠis placed at the beginning of the noun the tanwîn of the final consonant is confined to a Ĥarakah Ďammah, because it was carrying Ďammah tanwîn previously.

[Note when an indefinite noun is changed into a definite with the article “al” ﺍﻠ, the definite noun should never carry a tanwîn.

Rule No. 15

When an indefinite noun begins with one of the Moon letters and is changed into definite noun by placing “al” ﺍﻠ at the befinning, the lām of “al” ﺍﻠ should be recited.

ﺍﻠﺒﺎﺐAlbābu (the door)

Rule No. 16

When an indefinite noun begins with one of the Sun letters and is changed into a definite noun by placing “al” ﺍﻠ at the beginning, the lām of “al” should be assimilated with the Sun letter.

With the Shaddah on the first Sun letter, Şirāŧun into AŞŞirāŧ

Rule No. 17

ذﻠﻚDhalika (that) [M1] is a singular masculine demonstrative pronoun and ﺘﻠﻚ Tillka (that) [F1] is a singular feminine demonstrative pronoun. Both are used when the object is for demonstration is far away.

DhalikaThaubun (That is a cloth.)

TillkaGhurfatun(That is a room.)

Wassalam

Say: (O Muhammad) If you love Allah, then follow me, Allah will love you and forgive you your faults, and Allah is Forgiving, MercifuL

Verbs in Arabic are mostly trilateral (containing three radical letters) but there are a few quadrilateral (containing four radical letters) verbs.They include two tenses: the perfect and the imperfect. The English past tense and the present perfect tense correspond to the Arabic Perfect.

Arabic grammarians use the verb ﻓﻋﻞfa’ala (he did), the third person singular masculine IIIM1, as a root and also as an example pattern. This pattern is frequently used in this work. It is therefore, necessary to understand it.

The initial radical letter in ﻓﻋﻞfa’ala is Fa, the medial is ‘Ayn and the third radical letter is Lam. The medial radical ‘Ayn in a trilateral Perfect verb may carry Fathahَ, Kasrah ِ, or dammah ُbut the radical Fa and lam only carry fathah in all roots. The following three verbs give ezamples of the three possibilies for the radical ‘Ayn.

(1)ﻓﻋﻞfa’alaﻛﺘﺐKataba

The radial Kaf stands for Fa, the radical Ta stands for the medial radical ‘Ayn and Ba stands for the third radical Lam.

ﻛﺘﺐKataba (he wrote) is the third person singular masculine.

(2)ﻓﻋﻞfa’ilaﺠﻫﻞJahila

The radial Jīm stands for Fa, the radical Ha stands for the medial radical ‘Ayn which carries Kasrah ِand Lam stands for the third radical Lam.

ﺠﻫﻞJahila (He remained ignorant) is the third person singular masculine.

(3)ﻓﻋﻞfa’ulaﻀﻌﻒĎa‘ufa

The radial Ďa stands for Fa, the radical ‘Ayn stands for the medial radical ‘Ayn which carriesdammah ُand Fa stands for the third radical Lam.

ﻀﻌﻒĎa‘ufa(He became weak) is the third person singular masculine.

[Note the radical ‘Ayn in ﻓﻋﻞfa’ala, root carries fathah only. The remaining two vowels kasrah and dammah are deliberately placed for the sake of example so that it can be used as a pattern for all such roots in which radical ‘Ayn carries either kasrah or dammah.

Just as with the English language, Arabic verbs are either transitive (requiring a direct object to complete the sense) or intransitive (which does not take a direct object) and a few are both transitive and intransitive depending on their use.

(1)The patternﻓﻋﻞfa’ala generally retains the transitive character as in ﻛﺘﺐKataba, but there are few roots which although they share the same pattern retain their intransitive nature such as ﺠﻠﺲJalasa (he sat).

(2)The pattern ﻓﻋﻞfa’ila generally gives intransitive significance indicating a transient state, action or quality either in a person or in a thing as in ﺠﻫﻞJahila (He remained ignorant).

(3)The Pattern ﻓﻋﻞfa’ula is intransitive in its character and indicates a permanent state or inherent quality as in ﻀﻌﻒĎa‘ufa(He became weak).

(4)Certain verbs depending on their use are either transitive or intransitive as ﺴﻤﻊSami‘a.

Rule No. 18

If the subject is third person masculine singular the verb ends with Fathah.

Example Analysis:

Musa ‘Alima (Musa Knew), in this example Musa isthird person masculine singular so the verb Alima ends with a kasrah on Mim.

Rule No. 19

If the subject is third person feminine singular, ت is added to verb with a sukun having a kasrah on the last radical of the verb.

Example Analysis:

Maryamu ‘Alimatt (Maryam Knew), Maryamu is third person singular feminine and she is the subject of the verb ‘Alimatt.

[Note the particle ThummaﺛﻢThen, is employed for connection. It connects two actions with some duration of time. It also signifies garadation]

Huwa Dakhala Thumma Kharaja (He entered, then he came out.)

Wassalam

Say: (O Muhammad) If you love Allah, then follow me, Allah will love you and forgive you your faults, and Allah is Forgiving, MercifuL

JazakAllah khair sis, please guide me in improving the ways, i am always up for the new ways inshaAllah. Sorry for this long delay but i was off for few weeks, pray that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala gives me ability to continue.

Rule No. 20

If a particle, a noun or a verb ends with a quiescent consonant and the following word begins with a hamzat al-wasl [اْ], the connecting hamzah then kasrah is added to the quiescent consonant enabling it to join with the following word.

Example Analysis:

The verb ﺠﻫﻠت ends with the quiescent (تْ) because its subject is ْاﻷﻢ. this quiescent (تْ )joins with اﻷﻢ which begins with hamzat al-wasl, the connective hamzah. A kasrah is added to the quiescsecnt (تْ ) enabling it to join with the lām of اﻷﻢ.

[Note this kasrah can be called kasrah of convenience which provides convenience when two words are connected with each other in the articulation. The verb usually precedes the subject.Such verbal sentence needs no subject pronoun.]

؟ﻀﻌﻔﺖاﻠﺒﻨﺖﻫﻞHalil bintu Ďa‘ufatt.

The particle ﻫﻞ ends with the quiescent (ﻞْ) and the next word اﻠﺒﻨﺖ begins with hamzat al-wasl, the connecting hamzah.A kasrah is added to the consonant lām enabling it to join with the lām of اﻠﺒﻨﺖ.

Rule No. 21

If the subject is second person masculine singular the verb ends in ( ﺖَ ) keeping its radical letter lām quiescent.

Example Analysis:

؟ﻜﺗﺒﺖﺃﻨﺖﺃ[Āa Anta katabta] (Did you write?)

The subject of the verb ﻜﺗﺒﺖkatabta) is (ﺃﻨﺖAnta) which is second person masculine singular.Therefore, it ends with the (ﺖَ ). The radical letter lām in this verb is Bā therefore it is kept quiescent.

Rule No. 22

If the subject is second person feminine singular, the verb ends in ( ﺖِ) keeping its radical letter lām quiescent.

Example Analysis:

؟ﺴﻤﻌﺖﺃﻨﺖﻫﻞ(Hal Anti Sami’ti) Did you listen?

The subject of the verb ﺴﻤﻌﺖSami’ti is (ﺃﻨﺖAnti) which is second person feminine singular. Therefore, it ends in (ﺖِ).The radical letter lām in this verb is ‘a’ therefore it remains quiescent.

Rule No. 23

If the subject is first person singular masculine and feminine, the verb ends with ﺖُkeeping its radical letter lām quiescent.

Example Analysis:

؟ﻜﺗﺒﺖﺃﻨا(Ana katabtu) I wrote.

The subject of the verb ﻜﺗﺒﺖkatabtu is ﺃﻨاAnawhich is first person singular masculine and feminine. Therefore, it ends with (ﺖُ). The radical letter lām in this verb is Bā, therefore it remains quiescent.

Rule No. 24

Active Participle

The active participle describes the doer of the action of verbs. It may function as a noun or an adjective.

The method of forming an active participle is as follows:

Add Alif after the radical letter Fā’.

Place kasrah under the radical letter ‘Ayn.

As active participle is a noun the radical letter lām in case of indefiniteness shall carry a tanwin and if definite it shall carry a Ĥarakah short vowel.

ﻓﻋﻞfa’alaﻞٌﻋِاﻔَﻔاﻋﻞFā’ilun(doing/doer)

ﻛﺘﺐKatabaﺐٌﺘِاﻜَﻜاﺘﺐKātibun (writing/writer)

ﺴﻤﻊSami‘aﻉٌﻣِاﺴَﺴاﻣﻊSāmi’un (listening/listener)

For feminine ة / ﺔ added to the radical letter lām, which then takes fatĥah.

ﻔاﻋﻞFā’ilunﻔاﻋﻠﺔFā’ilatun.

ﻜاﺘﺐKātibunﻛاﺘﺑﺔKātibatun

ﺴاﻣﻊSāmi’unﺴاﻣﻌﺔSāmi’atun

The active participle is also found on the pattern of ﻔﻌﻳﻞ Fa’īlun. Generally this position is used for adjectives and attributes of Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala.

ﺴﻤﻊSami‘aﺴﻣﻳﻊSami’un (Hearing)

Note when the radical letter Fā of a verb carries đammah ﻓﻋﻞ Fa’ula, the active participle can be formed only on the pattern of ﻔﻌﻳﻞ Fa’īlun.

Wassalam

Say: (O Muhammad) If you love Allah, then follow me, Allah will love you and forgive you your faults, and Allah is Forgiving, MercifuL

Seventeen particles are used in the Arabic as prepositions. If one of them appears before noun, it changes the noun into genitive case. In the genitive case, nouns accept either kasrah or kasrah tanwin depending on whether they are definite or indefinite.

Example Analysis:

In the glossary the words ﻋﻠﻰ(‘Alay) to ﻤﻦ(Minn) are prepositions and when they occur before a noun, the noun becomes genitive.

ﺍﻠﻐﺮﻔﺔﻔﻲﻫﻮHuwa fil ghurfati(He is in the room.)

The preposition ﻔﻲ(Fi) appears before the noun ﺍﻠﻐﺮﻔﺔ alghurfati and is one of the particles which requires the genitive case. Therefore, Ta of ﺍﻠﻐﺮﻔﺔ alghurfati carries kasrah without tanwin because the noun is definite.

ﻤﺴﺠﺩﺇﻠﻰﺒﻴﺖﻤﻦMinn baytin ila masjidin(From a house to a mosque)

ﻤﻦ (from) and ﺇﻠﻰ (to) are prepositions and requires the genitive particles appear before the nouns ﺒﻴﺖ baytin and ﻤﺴﺠﺩ masjidin respectively. As both these nouns are indefinite, their final consonants, therefore, carry kasrah tanwin.

Interjection/ Vocative particles ﻴﺎ(Ya/Yā)( M+ F ) O!

ﺃﻴﻫﺎ(Ayyuha)( M )O!ﺃﻴﺘﻫﺎ(ayyatuha)( F )O!

In their daily conversation Arabs use interjection particles for inviting the attention of person/s.

Rule No. 26

The particle for interjection ﻴﺎ(Ya/Yā)( M+ F ) O! cannot be followed by a noun with a definite articleﺃﻠ (al). This particle can also be used for both genders.

Example Analysis:

؟ﻫذﻩﻤﺎ! ﻮﻠﺪﻴﺎ Ya waladu! Ma Hādhihi(O boy! What is this ( F1 ) ?)

The particle for interjection ﻴﺎ Ya is followed by the noun ﻮﻠﺪ waladu. Although the definite article ﺃﻠ (al) is not applied after Ya, the noun is construed as definite because the speaker is addressing a specific person, therefore, it is written without tanwin.

The interrogative particles from lesson 1 are combined with the prepositions in this lesson and one more interrogative particle ﺃﻴﻦ Ayna (where?) is added.

In Arabic some interrogative particles can be combined with propositions.

ﺒﻢBima (with what?)

ﻤﻢMimma (from what?)

ﻤﻤﻦMimman (from whom?)

ﻔﻴﻢFima (in what?)

ﻠﻤﻦLiman (for whom? To whom, whose?

ﻠﻢLima (For what? Why?

ﻋﻠﺎﻢ‘Alāma (on what?)

ﺃﻴﻦﻤﻦMinn Ayna (from where?)

Rule No. 28

If an interrogative particle is combined with a preposition, the preposition will not have any genitive effect on the interrogative particle because interrogative particles are indeclinable.

Example Analysis:

In example no 5 ﻠﻤﻦ Liman, the preposition Li is combined with mann. The final consonant will remain sākin quiescent unless there is a need to join it with another noun which begins with Hamat al-wasl, the connecting Hamzah (see Rule No 20).

ﺍﻠﻤﻠﻚﻠﻤﻦ Limanil mulku? Here Mann carries kasrah because it is combined with Mulku, where as in case of ﺍﻠﺤﺮﺚﻫﺫﺍﻠﻤﻦliman Hāzal ĥarrthu, it retains its sākin quiescent form.

Pronoun Suffix

The following are the singular pronoun suffixes:

ﻪُ Hu (IIIM1)ﻫﺎHā (IIIF1)

ﻚَ Ka (IIM1)ﻚِKi (IIF1)

ﻨﻲ/ﻱِ Nī/Yi (IM1 + F1)

Rule No. 29

Pronoun suffixes can be combined with prepositions. When these are combined they give the meaning of both the pronoun suffixes and the prepositions employed.

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