Chateau Montelena vineyard uses compost made from food scraps collected from San

Mayor Gavin Newsome passed a mandatory source separation ordinance
in June 2009, that requires residents and businesses to separate
organics and recyclables from their garbage. It came into effect in
October and is the first of its kind in the U.S. Six months later,
more than 300 cities and universities across the US are replicating
this program and collecting food scraps and taking them to modern
composting facilities.

Robert Reed, Public Relations Manager for Recology which is
contracted to haul the waste says this "essentially makes sure that
no matter where you go in San Francisco, you'll have opportunities
to recycle and compost through the city's curbside programs."

As an added inducement, this city is the only one in the country
where collection trucks give passersby a view into the truck. Or, at
least, the 3-D artwork decorating the trucks give the impression of
transparency. "This program, Recycling Changes Everything,
encourages people to pause...and look at their garbage. And when they
do that," says Reed, "they see paper, metal, glass, and food
scraps, that is, a mixture of resources that should be reused,
recycled and composted."

More than 225,000 households, 4,000 businesses, and about 46
percent of San Francisco's 8,500 apartment buildings participate.
The collections go to Recology's Jepson Prairie Organics in
Vacaville, north of San Francisco, where over a period of 60 days
they're turned into compost. What's more, this compost comes in
custom blends, made with recipes that add different amendments for
specific uses and locations.

Reed agrees city dwellers sometimes must learn to overcome the
"yuck factor", that initial reluctance to handle what was
heretofore thrown away. "Something as simple as an apple core
doesn't simply disappear, it goes somewhere else. We suggest people
take a more responsible attitude to that apple core and other waste.
It is really a fork-in-the-road moment: toss it away and it goes to
a landfill where it'll produce methane gas; or put it into a
compost cart where it can end up doing wonderful things to the soil
for 200 vineyards in five different counties."

Soil scientist, viticulturist, ecologist, and agronomist Bob
Shaffer uses San Francisco compost in his daily life and in his work
consulting with viticulturists in California's Napa and Sonoma
counties. He explains, "Compost is organic matter and water that's
been mixed up in a proper ratio that makes bacteria and fungi happy
so that they consume organic matter. This produces heat, a little
CO2, a little water vapor, and humus, the same humus that is in the
soil. Humus holds an enormous amount of water. But it is fragile. It
is always being created or destroyed; some of it is two thousand
years old and some of it is two days old."

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Shaffer mentions that, in the classic book published in 1936,
Soils and Men, the USDA and fifty reputable soil scientists
announced that from 1900 until 1936 our nation had lost much soil
fertility by not returning organic matter to the soil. They warned,
"This is nothing short of an emergency." They pleaded with cities
around the country to recycle food scraps back to farms, stating that
it was imperative that we take advantage of this rich resource. Since
that time we have lost vast amounts of humus in our farming soils.

Today, a growing number of farms using compost made from food
scraps produce better quality food at a lower cost. Only there are
not enough such farms. Moreover, Schaffer says, "Even though I love
farming it is hard on the environment. The word "care" is
particular to how we need to farm now. Good farmers understand how to
care for the land and how to care for animals. I travel a lot and I
notice that the big farms are difficult to manage and to care for in
a way that produces food that is capable of producing human health."

Humus is still a mystery to science. Shaffer says, "As a
forty-year long composter and farmer I recognize that of all the
creatures on the earth, only bacteria and fungi can make humus
that mystical substance that also holds water. I can only make the
conditions under which I know bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and
protozoa can make humus for me."

According to Shaffer, this is a point the chemical fertilizer
manufacturers miss. Back in the early days, he says, "Honest men in
these companies were simply trying to concentrate the weight to
enable shipping the materials. Synthetic triple grade fertilizers
were not intended to be used at thousands of pounds per acre as they
are used today, or to be used as a primary input. Advertising and
marketing told the farmer that this was all he needed. So he stopped
making cover crops, he stopped making compost."

Cover crops are those plants with long roots that heal soil.
Beneath the visible plant above the ground the roots take
photosynthate and exude about half of that sugar to the soil around
its roots to provide nutrients to the bacteria and fungi. These in
turn provide available minerals and other materials to the plant as
well as prevent disease. Plus, the cycle of living and dying roots
maintains humus.

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Bob Shaffer displays mustard's long roots that provide nutrients to bacteria and

In
a recent radio interview Shaffer admitted, "I love
compost. But I can put compost down for a lifetime and if I don't
grow a diversity of plants along with cover crops, compost won't work
right."

According to Shaffer, "Compost is nothing short of the highest
tech, cutting edge method to preserve our soils, preserve our ability
to raise food and to feed ourselves, and to preserve our health in
current science. There is nothing that comes close to the necessity
for us to learn more about compost as quickly as possible and to
apply this technology. Yet we only know a certain amount about
humus. It is the enigma in soil. It does not have a regular chemical
formula. It is made of colloids, materials so small that we can
barely examine them. All the top scientists working in the field
agree that it is a highest priority to figure this out given the
reality of our current world. We humans do well to remember that only
about one percent of the earth actually is rich enough to farm
productively."

Susan Galleymore is the author of Long Time Passing: Mothers Speak about War and Terror, sharing the stories of people in Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and U.S. [Pluto Press 2009]. She is also host and producer of Raising Sand Radio (more...)