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Generally speaking, the photocatalytic reaction mainly consists of the following three steps: 1, photocatalysts absorbs suitable photons, and then electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band. Moreover electron-hole pairs are formed inside the material. 2, photo-generated electron-hole pairs separate, and then the electrons and holes migrate to the surface of material. 3, when the electrons and holes reach the surface, the oxidation and reduction reaction occurs, such as splitting water into hydrogen. 1 2 3

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2. What are the advantages of template-directed nanostructures for PEC water splitting?

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The disordered geometrical structures would increase the distance that charges must travel, and then charges would suffer from more nonproductive consumption due to increased chances of recombination.

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3. What components does a sodium ion battery contain? How does a sodium ion Battery work? How to evaluate a good battery?

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SIBs have regained increasing research interest as a potential substitute to Li-ion batteries, in particular, for large-scale energy storage systems, due to their low cost, abundant natural resources, and relatively low redox potential.