behaviorism

conditioning

according to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. the word conditioning is used to emphasize the importance of repeated practice, as when a athlete conditions his or her body to perform well by traingi for a long time

classical conditioning

the learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) is connected with a eutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) that had no special meaning before conditioning. also called respondent conditionig
1. through association, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired (which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated). also called instrumental conditioning
1. through reinforcement, weak or rare response becomes strong, frequent response

Law of Effect

social learning theory

an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a persons behavior. even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through obsservation and imitation of toerh people
1. through modeling, observed bhehaviors become copied behaviors

Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on:

Cognitive Theory

a grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. according to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
•Emphasizes structure and development of thought processes
•Piaget
•4 stages

When an emergent theory becomes a consistent and recurring source of research, and becomes comprehensive and widely applied, it has become what type of theory?

Sociocultural Theory

An emergent theory that holds that development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surroundig social and cultural forces
Human development results from the interaction between an individual and his/her society/culture
•Vygotsky
•Main criticism of the theory: doesn't examine biology enough

Harlow's research

the monkeys were raised from birth in separate cages, each with two "surrogate mothers": one made of bare wire and the other of wire covered with terrycloth. half the mokeys were fed by a bottle stuck onto the wire, the other half by a bottle stuck onto the cloth mother.
Result: monkeys, and presumably all primate infants need "contact comfort," the warm and soft reassurance of a mother's touch

modeling

the central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them.
modeling is likely when the observer is uncertain or inexperienced and when the model is admired, powerful, nurturing, or similiar to the observer

Vygotsky: Play without the "expert"

A sociocultural theorist would agree that:

SCT Applications: Bullying

Bullying involves systematic efforts to inflict harm on another, through physical, verbal or social attacks
•Cyberbullying involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior that is intended to harm others