The swirling Arabesque ceramic tiles used in medieval Islamic mosaics and architecture were produced using geometry not understood in the West until the 1970s, a new study suggests.

The inlaid patterned tiles grace the walls of many structures worldwide, in patterns of mind-boggling intricacy called “girih.” Historians have always assumed that medieval architects meticulously developed the patterns with basic tools.

But manuals written by the architects to share tricks of the trade actually include model tiles—like geometrical tracings—that helped lay out the complex “girih” designs [image] on a large scale, researchers discovered recently. The efficient system eventually allowed artisans to produce “quasicrystalline” wall patterns—a concept that was discovered by Western mathematicians just three decades ago.

“I compare the manual to a crib sheet of expert tips, from master to master,” said Peter J. Lu, a Ph.D. candidate at Harvard University and co-author of the new study.

Polygons needed to be perfect

Most mosaic tile walls in medieval Islamic buildings are based on a polygon and star pattern, with lines atop them creating a zip-zag look [image]. Since polygons don’t fit together properly without near-perfect symmetry, it would have been very challenging to make the patterns look right, historians say, but they assumed a basic straight-edge and compass were used to get the job done.

Lu’s investigation of buildings and texts from throughout the Islamic world suggests the artisans had a better system.

He found 13th-century architectural scrolls from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Afghanistan, among other predominantly Islamic countries, that contain diagrams of five different polygon shapes that artisans shared as standard models.

“Nothing written in there was an accident,” Lu told LiveScience. “There is direct historical evidence for the use of these scrolls, and that allowed for a wide range of use.”

The scrolls explain why designs mimic each other across the Middle East, Lu said. “The fact that we can explain so many sets of tilings, from such a wide range of architectural structures throughout the Islamic world, with the same set of tiles makes this an incredibly interesting universal picture,” he said.

Designs get dizzying

When architects started using the model “girih tiles”, as Lu calls them, the work of architects across the region became faster and easier because they were able to get the shapes bang on every time.

It also became easier to make more complicated patterns, Lu said. By 1453, architects had started designing walls with perfectly overlapping quasicrystalline tiles. Quasicrystalline patterns never repeat, but are completely symmetrical. A dizzying example is on display at its medieval best at the Darb-i Imam shrine in Iran.

Western science couldn’t describe the same pattern until the early 1970s, when English mathematician Roger Penrose introduced his famous “Penrose” tiling system.

The full study appears in the upcoming issue of the journal Science, and is co-authored by Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton University.

About the Author

Paul J. Steinhardt is the Albert Einstein Professor in Science and Director of the Princeton Center for Theoretical Science at Princeton University, where he is also on the faculty of both the Department of Physics and the Department of Astrophysical Sciences. He received his B.S. in Physics at Caltech in 1974; his M.A. in Physics in 1975 and Ph.D. in Physics in 1978 at Harvard University. He was a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1978-81 and on the faculty of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania from 1981-98, where he was Mary Amanda Wood Professor from 1989-98. He is a Fellow in the American Physical Society and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He shared the P.A.M. Dirac Medal from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in 2002 for his contribution to the development of the inflationary model of the universe; and the Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society in 2010 for his contribution to the theory of quasicrystals. He is the author of over 200 refereed articles, five patents, three technical books, numerous popular articles, and, in 2007, co-authored Endless Universe: The Big Bang and Beyond, a popular book on contemporary theories of cosmology. He is one of the co-discoverers of the first natural quasicrystal and recently organized a geological expedition to Chukotka in Far Eastern Russia in find new information about its origin and search for more samples.

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The contribution of the Muslim World to a wide range of arts, sciences and academic disciplines is often overlooked or taken for granted. This site provides a glimpse of the rich cultural heritage within the Muslim World and the significant role that Muslims have played in the advancement of knowledge. It presents the rich creativity of Islamic Arts and Architecture, traces the historical development of Islamic regions and dynasties, highlighting their diversity of artistic expression from the inception of the faith until the present.