Key messages

Figures

Fancybox relations

Key assessment

The rate of penetration of new technologies is highly correlated with the average life-time of vehicles and the average age of the fleet. Estimates based on the numbers of cars fitted with catalytic converter suggest that it takes at least ten years for a new technology to penetrate the entire car fleet. The proportion of trucks and aircraft that comply with new higher emission standards is even lower than for cars, mainly because of the relatively high life-times of these vehicles.