This image is one of many examples of Newton's Basin or Newton's Fractal. Newton's Basin is based on a calculus concept called Newton's Method, a procedure Newton developed to estimate a <balloon title="load:myContent">root</balloon><span id="myContent" style="display:none">A root is located where y = 0 and the graph of an equation crosses the horizontal x-axis [[Image:Root.gif|200px]]</span> of an equation.

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This image is one of many examples of Newton's Basin or Newton's Fractal. Newton's Basin is based on a calculus technique called Newton's Method, a procedure Newton developed to estimate <balloon title="load:myContent">roots</balloon><span id="myContent" style="display:none">A root is the x-value where y = 0 and the graph of an equation crosses the horizontal x-axis [[Image:Root.gif|200px]]</span> (or solutions) of equations.

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The colors in a Newton's Basin usually correspond to each individual root of the equation, and can be used to infer where each root is located. Each color region reflects the set of coordinates whose x-values, after undergoing iteration with the equation describing the fractal, will eventually get closer and closer to the value of the root.

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Each pixel in a Newton's Basin corresponds to a unique coordinate, or point. The colors in a Newton's Basin usually correspond to each individual root of the equation, and can be used to infer where each root is located. Each color region reflects the set of points, which, after undergoing iteration with the equation describing the fractal, will eventually get closer and closer to the value of the root associated with that color.

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The animation emphasizes the roots in a Newton's Basin, whose equation clearly has three roots. The image featured on this page is also a Newton's Basin with three roots.

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The animation emphasizes the roots in a Newton's Basin, whose equation clearly has three roots. The image featured at the top of this page is also a Newton's Basin with three roots.

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|ImageDesc=The featured image on this page is a visual representation of Newton's Method for calculus expanded into the [[Complex Numbers|complex plane]]. To read a brief explanation on this method, read the following section entitled ''Newton's Method''.

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|ImageDesc=The image at the top of this page is a visual representation of Newton's Method in calculus expanded into the [[Complex Numbers|complex plane]].

===Newton's Method===

===Newton's Method===

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Newton's Method for calculus is a procedure to find a root of a polynomial, using an estimated coordinate as a starting point. Usually, the roots of a linear equation: <math>y = mx + b</math> can be simply found by setting y = 0 and solving for x. However, with higher degree polynomials, this method can be much more complicated.

[[Image:NewtonRoot_Animation.gif|right]]

[[Image:NewtonRoot_Animation.gif|right]]

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Newton's Method in calculus is a procedure to find roots of polynomials, using an estimated value as a starting point. Newton devised an iterated method (animated to the right) with the following steps:

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:#Estimate a starting x-value (<math>x_o</math>) on the graph near to the root

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:#Find the tangent line at that starting x-value

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:#Find the root of the tangent line

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:#Using the tangent's root as new starting x-value (<math>x_{n}, x_{n+1},...</math>), iterate the method to find a better estimate

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Newton devised an iterated method (animated to the right) with the following steps:

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The results of this method lead to very close estimates to the root of the polynomial. Newton's Method can also be expressed algebraically as follows, where <math>x_n</math> is the nth estimate:

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:#Estimate a starting coordinate on the graph near to the root

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[[Image:NewtonsMethod.gif|left|210px]]

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:#Find the tangent line at that starting coordinate

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:#Find the root of the tangent line

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:#Using the root as the x-coordinate of the new starting coordinate, iterate the method to find a better estimate

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The results of this method lead to very close estimates to the actual root. Newton's Method can also be expressed:

To produce an interesting fractal, the Newton Method needs to be extended to the complex plane and to imaginary numbers. Newton's Basin is created using a <balloon title="load:Content">complex polynomial</balloon><span id="Content" style="display:none">Or a polynomial with co-efficients that are complex, such as <math> p(z) = z^3 - 2z + 2</math></span>, with real and/or complex roots. In addition, each root in a Newton's Basin fractal is usually given a distinctive color. Thus, the fractal on the left has a total of five roots colored magenta, yellow, red, green, and blue.

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Every pixel in the image is assigned a complex number coordinate. The coordinates are applied to the equation and iterated continually with the output of the previous iteration becoming the input of the next iteration. If the iterations lead the x-values of the coordinates to converge towards a particular root, the pixel is colored accordingly. If the iterations lead to a loop and not a root, then the pixel is usually colored black because the x-values do not converge.

To produce an interesting fractal, the Newton Method needs to be extended to the complex plane. Newton's Basin is created using a <balloon title="load:Content">complex polynomial</balloon><span id="Content" style="display:none">Or a polynomial with co-efficients that are complex, such as <math> p(z) = z^3 - 2z + 2</math>, where ''z'' is in the form a + b''i''</span>, with real and/or complex roots. In addition, each root in a Newton's Basin fractal is usually given a distinctive color. Thus, the fractal on the right is generated by a polynomial with a total of five roots colored magenta, yellow, red, green, and blue.

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Each root has a set of initial (or pixel) coordinates <math>x_0</math> that converge to the root. This set of coordinates that are complex number values is called the root's ''basin of attraction''- where the name of this fractal comes from. In addition, some images including shading in each basin. The shading is determined by the number of iterations (aka. escape time) it takes each pixel to converge to a particular root, and it allows us to see the location of the root more clearly.

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Every pixel in the image represents a complex number. Each complex number is applied to the equation and iterated continually with the output of the previous iteration becoming the input of the next iteration. This iteration is done by using the same equations discussed in the previous '''Newton's method''' section, where ''x'' is now a complex number ''z'', ''y'' is now a complex number ''p'', and <math>z_n</math> is the nth estimate:

For example, the image below, as well as the featured image, was created from the equation <math> p(z) = z^3 - 2z + 2</math>. Since this equation is a 3rd degree complex polynomial, it has three roots, two of which are complex: z = -1.7693, 0.8846 + 0.5897i, and 0.8846 - 0.5897i. The resulting map of these solutions are to the right, and you can see that the Newton's Basin created from this complex polynomial has three roots (yellow, blue, and green) that correspond to the solution map.

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If the iterations lead the complex number to converge towards a particular root, the pixel is colored according to the color of that root. If the iterations lead to a loop and not a root, then the pixel is colored black because the complex number does not converge.

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Each root has a set of complex numbers (or pixels)that converge to the root (algebraically, this set would include all of the <math>z_0</math> values referenced above). This set of coordinates is called the root's '''basin of attraction''', where the name of this fractal comes from.

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In addition, some images including shading in each basin. The shading is determined by the number of iterations it takes each pixel to converge to its root, and it allows us to see the location of the root more clearly. The darker the shading of a pixel is, the more iterations it requires for that pixel to converge to its respective root.

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====An Example====

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[[Image:Roots.gif|thumb|200px|right]]

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For example, the image below, as well as the image at the top of the page, was created from the equation <math> p(z) = z^3 - 2z + 2</math>. Since this equation is a 3rd degree complex polynomial, it has three roots, two of which are complex:

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::<math>z_1 = -1.7693</math>

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::<math>z_2 = 0.8846 + 0.5897i</math>

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::<math>z_3 = 0.8846 - 0.5897i</math>

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The resulting map of these solutions are to the right. You can see that the Newton's Basin created from this complex polynomial has three roots (yellow, blue, and green) that correspond to the solution map.

As with all other fractals, Newton's Basin exhibits self-similarity. The video below is an interactive representation of the continual self-similarity displayed by a Newton's Basin with a root degree of 5 (similar to the fractal shown in the previous section). Towards the end of the video, you will notice that the pixels are no longer adequate to continue magnifying the image...however, the fractal still goes on.

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As with all other fractals, Newton's Basin exhibits self-similarity. The video below is an interactive representation of the continual self-similarity displayed by the Newton's Basin shown in an above section with a <balloon title="load:basin2">root degree of 5</balloon><span id="basin2" style="display:none">

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{{#ev:tubechop|gh6e95OmoAk&start=5&end=70|300|left}}

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[[Image:Newton Basin x5-1.png|150px]]<math>f(z) = z^5 - 1</math></span>. Towards the end of the video, you will notice that the pixels are no longer adequate to continue magnifying the image...however, the fractal still goes on.

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{{#ev:tubechop|gh6e95OmoAk&start=5&end=70|300|mute}}

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|other=Calculus

|other=Calculus

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|FieldLinks=:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/newton/ for further mathematical explanation

Contents

Basic Description

Animation Emphasizing Roots

This image is one of many examples of Newton's Basin or Newton's Fractal. Newton's Basin is based on a calculus technique called Newton's Method, a procedure Newton developed to estimate rootsA root is the x-value where y = 0 and the graph of an equation crosses the horizontal x-axis (or solutions) of equations.

Each pixel in a Newton's Basin corresponds to a unique coordinate, or point. The colors in a Newton's Basin usually correspond to each individual root of the equation, and can be used to infer where each root is located. Each color region reflects the set of points, which, after undergoing iteration with the equation describing the fractal, will eventually get closer and closer to the value of the root associated with that color.

The animation emphasizes the roots in a Newton's Basin, whose equation clearly has three roots. The image featured at the top of this page is also a Newton's Basin with three roots.

A More Mathematical Explanation

Note: understanding of this explanation requires: *Calculus

[Click to view A More Mathematical Explanation]

The image at the top of this page is a visual representation of Newton's Method in calculus expanded [...]

[Click to hide A More Mathematical Explanation]

The image at the top of this page is a visual representation of Newton's Method in calculus expanded into the complex plane.

Newton's Method

Newton's Method in calculus is a procedure to find roots of polynomials, using an estimated value as a starting point. Newton devised an iterated method (animated to the right) with the following steps:

Estimate a starting x-value () on the graph near to the root

Find the tangent line at that starting x-value

Find the root of the tangent line

Using the tangent's root as new starting x-value (), iterate the method to find a better estimate

The results of this method lead to very close estimates to the root of the polynomial. Newton's Method can also be expressed algebraically as follows, where is the nth estimate:

Newton's Basin

Newton Basin with 5 Roots

To produce an interesting fractal, the Newton Method needs to be extended to the complex plane. Newton's Basin is created using a complex polynomialOr a polynomial with co-efficients that are complex, such as , where z is in the form a + bi, with real and/or complex roots. In addition, each root in a Newton's Basin fractal is usually given a distinctive color. Thus, the fractal on the right is generated by a polynomial with a total of five roots colored magenta, yellow, red, green, and blue.

Every pixel in the image represents a complex number. Each complex number is applied to the equation and iterated continually with the output of the previous iteration becoming the input of the next iteration. This iteration is done by using the same equations discussed in the previous Newton's method section, where x is now a complex number z, y is now a complex number p, and is the nth estimate:

Coloring

If the iterations lead the complex number to converge towards a particular root, the pixel is colored according to the color of that root. If the iterations lead to a loop and not a root, then the pixel is colored black because the complex number does not converge.

Each root has a set of complex numbers (or pixels)that converge to the root (algebraically, this set would include all of the values referenced above). This set of coordinates is called the root's basin of attraction, where the name of this fractal comes from.

In addition, some images including shading in each basin. The shading is determined by the number of iterations it takes each pixel to converge to its root, and it allows us to see the location of the root more clearly. The darker the shading of a pixel is, the more iterations it requires for that pixel to converge to its respective root.

An Example

For example, the image below, as well as the image at the top of the page, was created from the equation . Since this equation is a 3rd degree complex polynomial, it has three roots, two of which are complex:

The resulting map of these solutions are to the right. You can see that the Newton's Basin created from this complex polynomial has three roots (yellow, blue, and green) that correspond to the solution map.

Self-Similarity

As with all other fractals, Newton's Basin exhibits self-similarity. The video below is an interactive representation of the continual self-similarity displayed by the Newton's Basin shown in an above section with a root degree of 5. Towards the end of the video, you will notice that the pixels are no longer adequate to continue magnifying the image...however, the fractal still goes on.