The Chronology of Ancient Kingdomswas published posthumously in 1728. The work represents one of Newton's forays into the topic of chronology, detailing the rise and history of various ancient kingdoms throughout antiquity.

There is an itroductoryletter to the Queen of England by Newton's estate manager John Conduitt, followed by a short advertisement. There is also "A Short Chronicle" which serves as a brief historical list of events listed in chronological order, beginning with the earliest listed date of 1125BC and the most recent listed at 331BC. 6 chapters follow:

Chap. I. Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks.Chap. II. Of the Empire of Egypt.Chap. III. Of the Assyrian Empire.Chap. IV. Of the two Contemporary Empires of the Babylonians and Medes.Chap. V. A Description of the Temple of Solomon.Chap. VI. Of the Empire of the Persians.

According to John Conduitt's introductory letter, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms was Isaac Newton's last personally reviewed work before his death. Some of its subject material and contents have led many people to categorize this work as one of Isaac Newton's occult studies.

The book attempts to revise the accepted ancient chronology of Newton's day, in order to prove that Solomon was the earliest king in the world, and that his Temple the first ever built, with all others being copies, beginning with Sesostris, King of Egypt, followed by others. Newton's results, therefore, diverge widely from presently accepted dates, often more widely than the system that he attempted to displace.

Newton's Atlantis

Found within "The Chronology", are several passages that directly mention the mythical land of Atlantis. The first such passage is part of his Short Chronical which indicates his belief that Homer's Ulysses left the island of Ogygia in 896 BC. In Greek Mythology, Ogygia was home to Calypso, the daughter of Atlas (after whom Atlantis was named). Some scholars have suggested that Ogygia and Atlantis are locationally connected, or possibly the same island. From his writings it appears Newton may have shared this belief. Newton also lists Cadis or Cales as possible candidates for Ogygia, though does not cite his reasons for believing so. Within the same material Newton mentions that according to ancient sources, Atlantis had been as big as all Europe, Africa and Asia, but was sunk into the Sea.

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