From the Town's Life

(From the end of the 19th century)

Translated by Adam Prager

The Town's Representatives

Buczacz was basically a Jewish town and its center was completely Jewish; the
Christian population lived in the suburbs. The Jews even inhabited the area
where the churches stood. Jewish Buczacz was mainly a mitnagdim town, the
mitnagdim being the most influential force in it. The municipal administration
and community [kehilla] cultural-educational policies were predominantly in
the hands of the mitnagdim. The hasidim were a minority though there were a
number of prominent figures such as Zeidman and others among them. Thanks to
the high cultural level of the Buczacz Jews, this did not lead to conflict
between the two factions and the minority adapted itself to the situation. The
general attitude was anti-hasidic. Nonetheless, due to the respect for renowned
hasidic figures, the hasidim were allotted representation in the community
council. The town's leadership  municipal and communal was in the hands
of the Shtern family. This is why an opposition to this family arose. However,
it was very hard to oppose them seriously, because every one of the important
people concentrated on his vocation, leaving no candidates for public office 
in the same sense that "the olive tree said unto them, should I leave my
fatness, wherewith by me they honor God and man, and go to be promoted over the
trees?" [Judges 9:9] In other cities and towns of eastern Galicia there
were usually two families who contended against one another, but not so in
Buczacz.

Officially the community was only founded around 1890. The reason for this late
date is unknown  either the authorities objected earlier or the Jews
themselves were not interested till then.

Following the death of the tsadik, Rabbi Israel Leib Wahrman, no one in Buczacz
was given the title "Rabbi" and no one was found worthy of this title
till the beginning of the 20thcentury when R' Meir Arak, the rabbi of
Yazlovits, was appointed as Buczacz's
rabbi. During this long interim the Jews made do with the title
Preceptor" [moreh hora'a]. Though a Tshortkov hasid, R' Arak was
forbidden to pray in their chapel [kloyz].

The Economic Situation

of approximately 60,000 inhabitants.
The material situation was usually bad, the town becoming more and more
impoverished. The reason for the decline originated from the town's inability
to keep up with the general advancement throughout the modern world. Many
Galician towns were lagging behind, Buczacz among them. In contrast, however,
there were towns that progressed. Buczacz's problem was the nearby town of
Tshortkov, which was in a much better financial situation for two main reasons:
a) Tshortkov had a large infantry and cavalry barracks. b) the court of a
tsadik of the family of the tsadik of Ruzhin. The tsadik's court was an
important economic factor. Members of his family and court lived in luxury.
Hasidim from all parts of Galicia, Bukovina and even the Ukraine would frequent
the "rebbe's" house, improving Tshortkov's finances considerably.

The town's leaders tried, of course, to obtain from the authorities a military
installation, a district court house, railroad lines (for the Buczacz-Horodenka
and Buczacz-Podheytse routes), but to no avail. Tshortkov received the district
court house and the above railroads were not built. Buczacz was awarded a
magnificent high-school [gymnasium] building, the most beautiful high-school
building in all Galicia.

Buczacz had no industry. There was only a carpet factory that was
actually a workshop. Buczazc and its vicinity were agrarian, characterized by
large estates. Their owners employed many agricultural workers who received
minimum wages that covered only their basic needs. Buczacz, whose main income
was from commerce, suffered from this situation. It traded in grains, spirits,
textile; in several other areas there was even a certain amount of transit
trade, as in agricultural machinery. In addition, there was export of poultry,
eggs and butter. Some merchants employed Christian workers, especially female
(in the selecting of beans and other kinds of pulses). The young lower-class
Jewish women, mainly from the area, worked as underwear seamstresses,
cheap-confection makers, cooks etc. Buczacz buckwheat was of fine quality and
its buckwheat groats were renowned near and far. In Bukovina, they would say: a
Jew of Buczacz on his return from synagogue on Saturday morning recites the
blessing over wine and has buckwheat groats for dessert.

A source of income for Buczacz's small and large merchants was the fairs, of
which there were three:

the weekly fair, held on Thursdays. On that day peasants of the vicinity
would gather in town to bring their goods to the three markets: the horse
market, the pig market by the Strypa river, and the general market surrounding
the town hall (Ratusz). In this market chickens, geese, ducks, eggs,
vegetables, fruits etc. were sold. The peasants would buy and sell. They mostly
bought salt and sugar.

A group of small traders known as antloznikes(Entlassene) the released (from jail) would journey to the second
fair in the market of Tlusta Ves' (Tovtse). These were shrewd and crafty
people, well known for their cunning and thievish ways. There were even cases
when they cheated each other. Many tales of their slyness and swindling were
common. In order to avoid being caught, they would adopt different nicknames
and call each other by them at the fairs.

An important source of income was the annual fair held in the town of
Lashkovits. This was a large fair that lasted 2-3 weeks. Merchants from many
towns thronged to this fair, some even from abroad. Of course, it had its share
of thieves. When someone appeared suspicious because of his external
appearance, people would say, He has the face of a Lashkovits thief.

The crafts also did not do well. Tailors were mostly busy before the holidays,
namely at the end of winter and the end of summer. This trade was solely in
Jewish hands, as was the fur trade. The furriers' season was the end of summer.
In the fall they mainly worked for the peasants, who wore simple fur caps and
coats during the winter. Shoemaking was mostly in Christian hands, only a small
percent of the shoemakers were Jews. Before the holidays the shoemakers were
busy with orders from the Jews. During the rest of the year they would make
boots for the peasants and sell them to shops or directly to the customers. In
time the shoemakers were pushed aside by the shoe factories that eventually
took over the market. Other craftsmen, such as carpenters, locksmiths etc. were
both Jewish and Christian. Craftsmen were not well off, even though there were
experts in fields such as furniture-making, carpentry, building, etc. All
barbers and tinsmiths were Jews, as were the carriage (fiacre) drivers.

Buczacz had three large bakeries that supplied fresh bread and rolls three
times a day. The small, domestic bakeries supplied backed goods only on Fridays
 all kinds of knishes or kashe pastries and, in the summer, pastries with green onions and cheese in them,
etc. For the Sabbath, top-quality khales were provided, mainly by special
order. This was an extra source of income during 2-3 days of the week. These
domestic bakeries also prepared pastries for the fairs, especially for the
annual fair that was associated with the Christian Shkapirna
pilgrimage.

Poverty and unemployment caused many to emigrate, especially to America and
Canada.

Buczacz had an excess of intellectuals. Buczacz Jews sent their children to
high school (gymnasium) and later to the university. This led to unemployment
in the liberal professions, and in many towns these professions were taken over
by former residents of Buczacz.

Leaving Buczacz did not solve the problem of poverty or improve the situation.
Many depended on the community's charity.

Some would beg from door to door
and on the Sabbath poor women would go from house to house and collect slices
of bread.

There were street beggars.

On Purim, people who did not beg
from door to door did so now by hiding behind their costumes, for they were
ashamed to be identified. Also Jewish policemen in civilian clothes (there were
such policemen) would beg for charity.

Before Passover, the town would hand
out holiday provisions [meot khitim] to the poor.

During the winter, the poor would receive a hot lunch at the soup kitchen for a
symbolic fee and, in the morning, bread and tea for almost nothing. There were
also the hidden poor, people who became impoverished and were
ashamed to beg. These people received charity, collected in various ways and
sent to their homes. One way of gathering charity was through the matan
be-seter [anonymous giving] fund  a collection box built into one of
the pillars of the Great Synagogue. Bad housing conditions resulted from the
deep poverty. The poor lived in decrepit houses at the side of the hill called baszty
[tower; dungeon?], or in basements. No wonder that epidemics, quite common in
Galicia, did not spare Buczacz  despite the fame of its excellent water. Best
remembered is the cholera epidemic of 1894 or 1895 that wrought havoc
throughout Galicia, including Buczacz. In order to pacify the angel of death, a
wedding sponsored by the community was held for a poor couple. The wedding
ceremony was held at the cemetery and, after the ceremony, a procession headed
by the young couple went through the streets of the town accompanied by
musicians.

Education and Culture

Education was varied: there was Jewish education and general education. In the
competition between the two, Jewish education had the upper hand for many
years. However, as in other places, general education grew stronger in time and
finally overcame Jewish education. Most people were indecisive as to which to
chose. Parents saw that there was no choice but to educate their sons and
prepare them for the struggle for existence. This meant acquiring a broad
knowledge of languages and secular subjects. The Jews may be divided thus: a)
parents who did not send their children to general schools but to the kheder,
and at home the children were tutored privately in general studies. b) parents
who sent only their daughters to general schools. These girls would attend
kheder in the afternoon to learn to read Hebrew and the Yiddish translations of
sacred texts [ivre-taytsh]. Sometimes the teacher [melamed] would come to their
homes during the day for a half-hour to give them reading lessons. The boys
would study all day at the kheder, morning and afternoon, and a tutor [moreh]
would come to their homes for an hour a day to teach them general subjects. c)
parents who sent their sons and daughters to general schools and their sons to
kheder as well. These were Torah-loving Jews who were compelled to send their
children to general schools only because of the "yoke of exile" [ol
hagalut]; however; they did not give up Torah studies. Their sons, of course,
were the talented and diligent ones who also studied in the kheder; in the
evening, after studies were over, 2-3 prize pupils would stay on from 8-9 to
study the Talmud. These pupils were under great pressure because they studied
from morning till night. d) parents who saw general education as the top
priority and sent their children to kheder for a few hours of cursory ["al
ketse hamazleg"] Torah study. For this reason the kheder, too, was highly
varied. There were:

One)

The kheder dardaki [yopung child's elementary school] for 3-5 year-old boys
and girls together, with five levels. They would start with the first portion
of Leviticus, and sometimes they would prepare the children to
interpret [lidrosh] a portion, and would hold a feast [seuda] at
the child-interpreter's home.

Two)

The kheder irbuvia [jumble kheder], one level higher than the previous one.
Here the children would study khumash [Pentateuch], a bit of Rashi and the
Early Prophets. The name irbuvia did not change even though only boys studied
in that kheder. Girls did not
continue their studies after graduating the kheder dardaki. Nor did
they study the Five Books of Moses [khumash]. For the girls, reading Hebrew and
the stylized archaic Yiddish of sacred texts [ivre-taytsh] was sufficient.
Winters in this kheder irbuvia and in the higher levels, the pupils studied
until 8 PM in the evening by oil lamps or candlelight. Each child shared in the
lighting expenses  1-2 kreutzers a week. The boys would return home,
torches in hand, singing songs. Evening studies would end a few days before
Passover, and this event would be celebrated with a feast at the kheder. Each
child participated in the expenses. Wine was bought and the rabbi's wife would
prepare fritters [levivot] filled with potatoes or buckwheat groats.

Three)

From the "jumble" [irbuvia] kheder, a 7-8 year old boy would
proceed to the Talmud teacher. Talmud kheders were on two levels  from ages
7-8 till 12-13, and from 12-13 onwards. On the first level Talmud was mostly
taught before noon. In the afternoon, for 4-5 hours, pupils were taught the
Latter Prophets and Writings [Ktuvim]. In the winter after evening prayers, or
in the summer just before evening, they would be taught Pentateuch with Rashi's
commentary according to the portion of the week. Besides the above, they also
studied (in the "jumble" kheder) seasonally appropriate texts: Sukkot
they studied Ecclesiastes, before Purim the book of Esther, before Passover the
Song of Songs and the Haggadah, before Shavuot the book of Ruth and Akdamut
[Aramaic poem read on Shavuot], and before the Ninth of Ab the book of
Lamentations.

Most of those who attended the general schools gave up Talmud studies and only
the gifted few stayed on during the winter evenings between 8 and 9. In the
summer they made do with a lesson at dusk after the rest of the pupils had
left, but most of these talmud studies were held while the general schools were
closed for holiday. A Talmud kheder [kheder gemara] of the second kind did not
accept pupils from the general schools. It had two streams: the Talmudic 
in which the Talmud (including the Mishnah) [Shas] and commentaries [Poskim
(text has psukim 'Biblical passages'  apparently an error] were taught, and
the maskilic in which maskilic "melamdim" ['progressive teachers']
taught their pupils Shas and Poskim, and in addition Bible, especially the
Latter Prophets, grammar and letter-writing in Hebrew and in Yiddish. In both
streams together in these kheders the number of pupils was small  usually no
more than 7-8. Instruction here was indeed given individually. Most
distinguished among the heads of the 1st stream was Yaane-Melamed (Yaakov Roykher) and among those of the 2nd stream was Pessi-Melamed (Pessakh Biller), a maskil knowledgeable
in the Hebrew language and its grammar and translator of several poems from
Yiddish to Hebrew.

In the young child's kheder [kheder dardaki] thereysh dukna [teacher's helper], familiarly known by the Yiddish term belfer[< bahelfer 'helper'], held an important role. The belfers were also of two
kinds: a) reysh dukna, the melamed's assistant in teaching to read the
Pentateuch, who held a special title: oyber-belfer ['head assistant']. b) the regular assistants, who actually helped the
parents. They would go from house to house in the morning and wash the
children's hands and faces; they would recite with them the modeh
ani prayer and would escort them to the kheder (during the winter months
on their shoulders). Then in the summer they would set out to collect the
second breakfast (podvaremes) or in the winter varemes (lunch). In the afternoon they would bring the children their late afternoon
meal. These assistants would watch over the children as they played in the yard
during recess. They were adored by the children and in most cases by the
parents. They were practically family members, compensated for
their efforts with meals at the children's homes, each day with a different
family [known in Yiddish as "esn teg"]. On Fridays they would shine
the household's shoes and would receive payment for doing so. They also made
toys for the children: flags for Simkhat Torah, lead tops for Khanuka,
rattlers for Purim, bows and arrows for Lag BaOmer [33rd day of the Counting of
the Omer], and "rifles" for the Ninth of Ab. Before sunset they
would align all the children in the yard in a strict and orderly fashion, after
which the rebbe or the reysh dukna would instruct them in the rules of proper
behavior and good manners. The assistants would then take the children home.
The assistants had an additional responsibility: when a boy was born to one of
the pupils' parents they would take the pupils to the house of the woman who
gave birth, read the shma prayer with the children, give each child a drop of wine, a small cake filled
with honey and another in the shape of an 8. The children would leave the house
cheerfully, happily bidding the mother and the newborn baby good night.

On the Sabbath all rested in the young child's kheder  the rebbe, his
assistants and the pupils. Not so in the other kheders. On Sabbath afternoons
pupils would come to those kheders for 2-3 hours. They would play outside till
the rebbe would awake from his nap and call them inside in order to teach them
Borkhi Nafshi ['bless God, o my soul!'; Psalms 103-4 were recited before minkha
on the Sabbath] in the winter and Pirkey Avot ['Ethics of the Fathers', a
tractate in the Mishna] during the summer. On Shabbat Khazon [the Sabbath
before Tisha B'av] the rebbe would read the story of Kamtsa and Bar-Kamtsa
[according to the Talmudic legend in Giten 55] and other legends of the
Destruction of the Temple [khurban]. Pupils were also examined on the Sabbath.
In the winter before noon and in the summer before sunset, the rebbe would come
to the parents' homes (each Sabbath to one or two houses) or to the pupil's
relatives, test the pupil and receive refreshments. Outstanding pupils did not
require the presence of the rebbe and would be tested by their father or by
relatives.

During Lag BaOmer the official excursion for all the kheders was held. The
pupils would receive several kinds of pastries, especially cakes dipped in
honey ("krafen") [fritters] and, instructors leading the way, set out
for the country and its fresh air. They would visit the Pedor, the Bashtim or
the fortress. There were also instructors who would prepare a big flag and the
prize student was given the honor of carrying it behind the musicians who lead
the procession. Some instructors would take the pupils for a dip in the river
and it should be noted in their praise that not a single case of drowning
occurred.

We should also mention the negative side of this educational system: the
punishments. In the lower grades, the rebbe would sit at the head of the table,
kantshik [cat-of-nine-tails] in hand, and at times would wield it (this
depended on the teacher's nature and the pupil's character). Also known in the
young child's kheder was the "kuneh" (not the genuine article). In
this method of punishment, a shabby turban with feathers was put on the
sinner's head, after which he had to stand on top of a table and be
made a fool of in front of the other children.

The religious education of poor pupils was funded by the public. Householders
would donate to the Talmud Torah fund that for many years was headed by
Avrahamtsi Ginsburg. These poor pupils attended various kheders and their
teachers would be payed from the above fund.

General Schools

Pupils whose parents wished to give their children a general and systematic education
studied in two schools. a) The school named after Baron Hirsch, which most of
the Jews attended. This was a primary school with four grades. For the most
part it was a good school. The children studied 6 hours a day: 4 hours before
noon and 2 in the afternoon. The workload of the pupils was considerable, but
the teaching (in three languages: Polish, German and Ukrainian) was thorough.
Torah and some grammar were also taught. Those who taught Hebrew and religious
studies were maskilim "who had peeped [into secular studies?] and been
stricken" [hetsitsu ve-nifge'u]. These were Moshe Khayim Tauber and
Mordechai Kanfer. Following primary school the pupils proceeded either to high
school (gymnasium) or to commerce and crafts. Poor pupils would also receive
winter and summer clothing from the HaKeren fund and, in winter, a
hot meal. Those who chose crafts became craftsmen's apprentices for a period of
three years in order to learn the trade. A few were sent to Germany to study at
the agricultural school founded by Baron Hirsch. There was a Polish general
school but few Jews attended it. Many of our high school teachers admitted that
the graduates of the Baron Hirsch School were better educated than those of the
Catholic school.

The kheder was not the final stage in Jewish education. Many continued with
their studies. A considerable number frequented the study houses [batey
midrash], especially the Old Study House. But many turned to commerce and
crafts, studying Talmud and Midrash in the synagogues in spare moments
["between minkha and maariv," i.e. briefly]; and, more leisurely, on
Saturdays and holidays. Some studied alone while others studied under one of
the instructors. There were also societies for the study of Talmud and Poskim.
These were mainly in the study houses of the mitnagdim and operated
voluntarily.

Characters and Customs

Buczacz had various customs, most of them like those in other Galician towns;
however, a few were unique. There were general public customs connected with
religious duties and practices and there were playful and amusing ones as well.

On Sabbath eve, the town's sexton [shamash] would herald the start of the
Sabbath: "In shul arayn!" ['To the synagogue!'] Every morning at dawn
he would walk through the streets waking up everyone with the tapping of his
cane, three taps at each gate (two taps if someone had passed away during the
night). During the penitential days [slikhot], the sexton would wake up the
townspeople at 3 AM. He would loudly declare in a melodious fashion:
Awake, awake Israel, holy people, awake to worship the Lord. [kumu,
kumu yisrael am kedoshim, kumu la-avodat habore'.]

The sexton would also announce the funerals in the town, calling out "met
mitsva" [Megila 3: "talmud tora umet mitsva  met mitsva adif" 'honoring the
dead at a funeral takes precedence over studying the Torah'].

The penitential days were days of prayers and pleas, but also days of fun and
mischief for the youth. The boys would wake up together with or before their
parents. On their way to the synagogue they would pass by the Strypa River and
float wooden boards covered with lit candles  at that moment the river was a
truly magnificent sight. It is no wonder that the youth sought relief in such a
way. Playgrounds in Buczacz as well as in other towns were scarce. The Strypa
River thus became a place for recreation: during the summer, bathing or rowing;
in the winter. skating over the ice that covered the river during most of the
winter. The summer supplied the town with occasional attractions such as a
wandering circus, a zoo, and a panorama [primitive cinema] that would stay in
Buczacz for a few weeks. Sometimes a professional athlete would arrive and run
around the town hall or display his rope-walking skills. Or a gramophone
player, a magician and juggler would come by. Gimpel's Jewish Theater from
Lvov would also visit Buczacz for a few weeks during the summer and erect its
stage in a barn by the bank of the Strypa River.

Before Passover the young male hasidim would be busy in their chapel [kloyz]
baking matsa shmura [unleavened bread prepared in the strictest manner]. It was
a pleasant task albeit a serious one. In contrast to them, the idle youth and
pranksters would get ready for Shabat haGadol ['the great Sabbath', the Sabbath
before Passover].

The ordinary young people arranged processions on the Great Sabbath. At the
head walked a boy carrying a stuffed image (pants and a coat stuffed with
straw), while several others beat on tin drums and everyone sang:

When they arrived at the house of someone with scabies [Yiddish parkhes], they came to a standstill and sang "their song" [see the ten
plagues of the haggada].

Relationships between people were graced by lovely customs. For a circumcision
people would send sugar, conserves, etc.

At the synagogue when a bridegroom read from the Torah, women from the women's
section [ezrat nashim] threw raisins, almonds and candy at him. On Simkhat
Torah the khatan-tora [the person honored to read the last portion of the
Torah] and the khatan-bereyshit [the person honored to read the first portion
of the Torah] treated the congregation to cake and brandy in the synagogues and
in the homes of the elders.

Buczacz had many characters and it is impossible to write about them all. I
will mention a few that were especially strange in their ways:

Yankl Grosfeld. An educated man, he was always in a good mood. He was very poor
and no one knew what this vegetable lived on. Most hours of the
day he would spend with Avrahamtsi Fisher (owner of a shoe store), both of them
seated playing chess, competing with each other in telling jokes day in and day
out.

Among the musicians, Elazar the Cripple (Leyzer der kalike) stood out, not for
his musical talent  he played the cymbals, but for his merriment and for
the Yiddish songs he sang on various occasions  especially on days before
army conscription when potential conscripts (plogers) ['sufferers' ?]
"tortured themselves" in order to be disqualified from service.

Ayzik Volf Yurman was a man of several crafts, but the saying many crafts
but few blessings [Yiddish: a sakh melokhes un vintsik brokhes] did not
apply to him. On the contrary, he was a wealthy homeowner. Throughout the year
he worked with a carding machine, and at the end of summer he prepared shofars,
He had two additional year-round occupations: during the day he traded in rags
and junk, while during the night he was a wedding jester [Yiddish: batkhn]. At
weddings he wore two guises: a serious man before the canopy, and one who would
turn with his rhyming to the groom or bride, causing weeping and tears among
the women (especially when one of the newlyweds was an orphan). But after the
wedding meal, he would grow merry and comical and would call out the gifts from
the guests on the bride's side and the groom's side respectively (droshe
geshenk) ['wedding gifts']. At weddings of wealthy people he would receive
extra pay for reciting in Hebrew and translating into Yiddish songs such as
ish khasid haya [He Was a Hasid] and others.

Lastly, let us favorably remember the old vinegar-maker (esikmakher) who used
to talk Hebrew to his mare on the Sabbath. He would lead her to the well to
drink, urging her on with phrases like "holekh lamayim" ['going to
the water']. Since many people were somewhat tipsy on the night of Purim and
thus liable to forget to attend the evening prayer service [aravit], he would
go through the streets on Purim night and call out: "Don't forget evening
prayers!"

Dr. David Pohorile

[Page 202]

Fragments

Translated by Jessica Cohen

During the tombstone unveiling for Yisrael Moshe Stern (founder of the
hospital), the entire Stern family (Rodzina) was invited by the
hospital committee. After the ceremony, the guests toured the hospital. When
Yisrael Shlomo Stern, who was a very shrewd Jewish man, saw the impeccable
order in the institution, he turned to the people accompanying him and said:
ihr hat gamacht a-tel fonem hekdesh (The hospital was
once a poorhouse).

*

Once, before Passover, the management wanted to make new pairs of trousers for
the men in the old age home, for the holiday. They purchased some fabric and a
few tailors were asked to sew the trousers for free. There was one elderly man
in the home by the name of Sozie Alexander, a Hassid from Czortakow,
who was an expert on everything and was particularly talented
at sewing. They gave him the fabric and said: Reb Suzie, take this fabric
and sew yourself a pair of trousers. Reb Zuzie's reply was to ask:
And who will pay me for this?

*

Once a traveling salesman came to Buczacz, and stayed there for a while. When
he returned home, they asked him: what kind of a town is Buczacz? He replied:
[Yiddish] (Buczacz is a strange town; in the middle of the town, stands the
council house. Above the council house, stands the great synagogue. Above the
synagogue, stands the bathing house. Above the bathing house, is the hospital.
Above the hospital there is a church, and above it, seven mills spin round).

*

Baruch Luli once lay in a hospital in Vienna, and next to him lay a
local Jew. The latter wanted to make fun of the bearded Galician Jew, and
asked: [Yiddish] (How do you say louse in Yiddish?)  Lice,
Baruch replied.  Yes, that is in the plural, but how do you say it in the
singular?  We don't have them in the singular  Baruch
Lulu replied.

*

The town mayor, Barris Stern, liked to play cards, and Tzadok Avraham Yankels
was his regular kibitzer. One Thursday, he was engrossed
in a game, and only as evening fell did
he remember that he had not left his wife any money to buy things for Shabbat.
He turned to Tzadok and said:

 Tzudik, take these 10 crowns and take them home to the wife, for the Shabbat
groceries.

Tzudik took the ten crowns and took them home to his own wife. Later than
night, B. Stern returned home and was warmly welcomed by his wife
for not having left her the money for Shabbat.

The next day when he met Tzudik, the mayor asked: - why did you not give the
money to my wife, like I asked you?  But you told me to give the money to
the wife, and so I gave it to my wife. If you had asked me to give the money to
the lady, I would have given it to your wife. I have a wife, and you  a
lady.

*

The same Tzadok Avraham Yankels once said:  when I lie on my deathbed and
you see me moving my lips, you will know that I am insulting my lord.

*

Moidel goy (a Jew) went to Rabbi Yudlei Shapira before Passover and
said to him: Reb Yudlei, please buy some potatoes for Passover from me. Reb
Yudlei became angry and answered: Potatoes, potatoes  even potatoes have
their limit!

- My potatoes have a limit too, Moidel replied, believing that
limit was something that potatoes must have in order to be kosher
for Passover.

*

On the morning of Tisha Be'Av, Moidel Goy went to pray, carrying the
tefilin bag. He came across Antashki Kastalawski (a Christian, who was knowledgeable
in the customs of Judaism), who told him: Moidel, you goy  don't you know
that on the morning of Tisha Be'Av, you don't go to pray with the tefilin bag in your hand?

*

When they asked David Wolf Shapira why he does not lay
tefilin, his answer was: I don't want to put my head into a dispute between Rashi and
Rabeinu Tam

*

One morning, when Hersch Leibeleh Hassid stood in his home for the
shmoneh-esreh prayer, he noticed a dog that had come into the house. He could not banish the dog, and he did not want to stop his prayer to utter the profane. He called to
his wife and said to her in lashon hakodesh: My wife, my wife  a
pas (dog) is in the house!

*

When Kappaleh thief came home from the army after the First World
War, he found a baby in his home. Having no choice, he took on the
responsibility. After a while, the baby became ill and died and Kappaleh sat
shiva. When his friends came to console him, he told them: Hear this, friends 
I have sat many times in my life, but never yet have I sat when I
am so free of blame.

Compiled by Khaye Roll

[Page 204]

Gleanings

Translated by Jessica Cohen

A few rabbis from Buczacz were
previously rabbis in Yazlowitz, including the author of
Neta Shaashuim and afterwards the tzadik from Buczacz, the son-in-law of [the author of] Neta Shaashuim. One of them was stolen in the middle of the night from Yazlowitz, because the Yazlowitz community did not want to dismiss him from his position.

The tzadik Rabbi Avraham David Warman, of blessed memory, was born in Nadworna. One Friday, the tzadik passed through town and saw that someone was eating a late lunch. The tzadik said to him: Why are you eating now? You could have waited and eaten in the evening, with a full appetite, for Shabbat. The man replied: If I satisfy my
hunger now, I will eat in the evening only to honor the Shabbat, but if I
starve myself, I will eat on Shabbat only for the bodily pleasure, and not to
honor the Shabbat. The tzadik admitted the truth of his argument.

*

A few months before the death of the tzadik, the leader of the town died.
And a few weeks before the death of the tzadik, the leader came to him
in his dream. The leader brought a fish in a bowl, but he took back the head
of the fish with him. The tzadik told his dream to the members of his household next morning, and said that he was afraid this was a sign that the head would go to the leader. And this did occur. A short while later, the tzadik died.

*

It is said that on Shabbat, during the seudah shlishit, when the
tzadik spoke from the Torah, some people fell asleep. Because they were not all
worthy of hearing the secrets of the Torah.

*

It is told of Michal Preminger, the grandfather of Zvi Preminger, that when he
was 15 years old the tzadik chose him as his cantor, and he served in this position his whole life. And once he said to Michal that his grandchildren would be better than his
grandchildren.

*

The builder of the Great Synagogue in Buczacz was a Christian engineer. After
he finished the building, namely  after he had positioned the final
stone in the vaulted ceiling, he held this stone in both hands, and his legs
dangled in the air. He wished to illustrate in this way, that the building was
strong and complete.

*

It is said of Dr. Bloch, that in his youth he worked at a bakery, and then he
rose to become a representative in the Austrian parliament and fought in the
wars against the enemies of Israel. When he was elected for the second time,
there was great joy in our town. The Jews wore their streimelach and
acted as if it were Purim, with barrels of beer rolling down the streets.
And the city of Buczacz was merry.

Dr. Bloch once came to a voters' gathering in winter and asked the voters what
portion was being read this week. They told him: va'yeshav portion. And
he told them that vayeshav [Hebrew characters: vav-yod-shin-vav] was an
acronym: valt Josef Shmuel Bloch (vote for Yosef
Shmuel Bloch)

*

During one meeting in the Fobiat house, to support products made in Israel,
with the presence of Count Potozki, the mayor Barris Stern quoted a verse from
the Tanach. When he finished his speech, Count Potozki went up to him and said:
Excuse me, Sir, the verse which you quoted from the Tanach is in fact an
explicit mishna, and does not originate in the Tanach. All the people present were amazed at this expertise.

*

A wagon-owner from Buczacz conveyed goods to Lvov. One night, on the way, the
goods were burned and there was a dispute between the owner and the
wagon-driver, as to whether the latter was an unpaid keeper or a paid keeper,
and who was to pay for the damages. They came to Lvov for a
din torah before Rabbi Yosef Shaul Nathanson. And the rabbi justified
the owner. But the wagon-driver contradicted the Rabbi and told him that he must look in a
particular book and he would realize his mistake. Finally, the Rabbi admitted
to the wagon-driver and kissed his forehead, saying that even a wagon-driver
from Buczacz was an exemplary talmid chaham.

*

I also heard a story about the Gaon Bechohmat Yefet, who was esteemed
and honored in Vienna, Professor Dr. Heinrich Miller, a native of Buczacz: in his
youth he studied Torah with Avramtzi Ginsberg, the talmud Torah
treasurer. Later, he had the legal right to travel at any time on a special
train (saparat-tzug, in foreign language). And in the royal house, Archduke
Rauner  the uncle of Kaiser Franz Josef  would boast about being a
friend of Professor Miller.

*

It was said of one of the elderly people of the previous generation, Mordechai
Spielberg, that he was the pride of the generation and a great scholar. He was
the only one in town who spent his nights as he did his days, both during
summer and during winter. In the middle of the night he would get up and leave
his house to go to the old Midrash and study Torah until morning. He would
always take with him a candle and matches from his home, to light up the Beit
Midrash. Once he forgot to take matches, on a winter night. And when he took
out the candle, he had nothing to light it with. He stood in the dark in the
Beit Midrash, not knowing what to do. But suddenly the candle lit up on its own
and he did not see or hear a soul in the Beit Midrash They honored him
greatly when he died. Along all the streets where they carried his coffin, they
closed down the stores, and on Shabbat evening he was buried, and was eulogized
by Rabbi Meir Arek, of blessed memory.

*

Near Buczacz, a Jew would transport brandy from one town to the next, without
paying the excise tax on it. A goy policeman saw him and was going
to deliver him to the court. When the Jew saw
this, he took out some money and tried to bribe the policeman. But the
policeman gave him over to the court anyway. This happened on a Friday
afternoon. And when the day of the trial came, the judge was a Jew, a Torah
scholar, and before the trial started the judge said to the accused: Jew! Did
you not recite: If darkenss falls while you are travelling, you must give
your money to a Gentile? The Jew understood the hint, and then claimed
before the judge that he had not intended to bribe the policeman at all, but
since he was an observant man and it was dusk, he gave his money to the first
Gentile he met, because it was forbidden to carry money on Shabbat. Based on
this argument, the Jew was released.

*

My grandfather, Yosef Engelberg of blessed memory, was a great
talmid chaham, and was also learned in external wisdoms, fluent in French and extremely modest and retiring. He died at a young age and was survived by a few
daughters. My grandmother cried when he saw the patient's condition.
Grandfather asked: why is she crying? And when they told him that she was
crying because of the children, he told her not to cry, and comforted her by
saying that if he left this world, the children would have a greater father
then him, because hashem is the father of orphans and the judge
of widows.

*

My brother-in-law Moshe had a son, also a Rabbi, whose name was Yehosha. He
took the place of his father. And when he was given the office of Rabbi in
place of his father, they wrote to him: before the sun of Moshe set, the sun of
Yehosha rose.

My brother-in-law, the Rabbi mentioned previously, had a sister named Tova, and
she had a son called Haim. When he was bar-mitzvahed, they wrote him a
blessing, which was: since he is a Haim [life] of Tova [goodness], may he also
be Haim [life] of blessing, a life of wealth and honor and also a God-fearing
sin-fearing life.

*

Before the First World War, Rabbi Meir Arek, of blessed memory, from Yazlowitz,
was accepted as a rabbi in Buczacz. A few years previously, he had visited
Rabbi Matzortakow, because he was one of his followers. And he said to him:
Greetings, Buczaczer Rabbi! For in previous years, the rabbis from Yazlowitz
had been appointed Buczacz rabbis several times. And so the rabbi thought that
this time it would happen too. When Rabbi Matzortakow's followers heard what
their rabbi had said, they were concerned that the rabbi's promise should come
true. And indeed, the Gaon Rabbi Meir was accepted as the Buczacz rabbi with great pomp and circumstance.

Rabbi Gedalia Margaliyot from Saraki gave his two horses  which were the
finest in all the district, and had carried princes several times  to the
carriage which was going to Buczacz. And Rabbi Yisraeli Stein, the son-in-law
of Mordechai Lieb Bergman from Potok, one of the wealthiest men in all the
district, was the wagon-driver himself, to transport the honorable rabbi to
Buczacz. And that was on a Thursday, in winter, and the town of Buczacz was
merry. That Shabbat, there were many guests in Buczacz, including the students
of the Rabbi, who were rabbis themselves. Among them was Rabbi Meir Shapira, of
blessed memory, the founder of the Chahmei Lublin Yeshiva and founder of the
daf yomi. Another student rabbi was unable to attend, and he sent a telegram saying:
Rejoice and sing, Buczacz, for in your midst sits the greatest of
Israel.

I recall that on that Shabbat night, I was with Rabbi Meir Shapira, of blessed
memory, and he told a joke. Once on Shabbat morning a Hassid was leaving the
mikveh and he met three Ashkenazim who had finished their prayers. And since the
Hassidic circles do not deal with the Tanach much, they decided to test him. They asked
the young man: What is the difference between diadem, crown and
wreath. The young man understood that they were trying to trick him, he
held up his hand and pointed at each one of them, saying: You tell me the
difference between this is my exchange, this is my substitution, and this
is my sacrifice, and he left them.

*

It is said of Fischel Aberdam, the father of Zvi Aberdam, that when he was once
in Karlsbad, a nobleman lost a large sum of money and Fischel Aberdam found the
treasure and did not return it. He was suspected, and they searched him and
found the treasure, but he claimed that all the money was his and that he was
rich. He told the searchers: ask in the town I come from, and you will hear.
The police asked in the town where he had come from. The townspeople thought
they were talking about a healing fee which everyone who came to the bathing
town paid, and because he had enemies in the town who wanted to get their
revenge on him, they told the bathing town that Fischel Aberdam was truly a
rich man. And so they left him alone in the bathing town and all the treasure
remained with him. When the real reason for the questioning was discovered
later in the town, they were angry at them, because they had thought badly of
him and it had turned out good.

*

His son Zvi Aberdam was a learned man in chohmat shem ve-yefet
and was very handsome. He had a noble appearance, he was wealthy and respected
and famous. Once, someone came to his house and he was not at home. Zvi
Aberdam's wife said to the guest, walk through the town and when you meet the
most handsome Jew in all of town, you will know that it is my husband Zvi
Aberdam. (This was no exaggeration.)

*

Our teacher, Rabbi Zvi Meir Arek, of blessed memory, had a brother called
Fischel, who had a son called Zecharia. On his mother's side, Zecharia Arek was
a grandson of Mordechai Lieb Bergman, owner of the Potok estate, which was
previously the estate of the eminent Rabbi Yisrael from Rozin. The same
Zecharia was married to the house of an important family from Krakow. The young
and wealthy woman was learned and educated, as most Jewish girls were in
Krakow. But her devout husband was not to her liking, and she rebelled against
him, left him and went to Vienna to study secular studies. No amount of
requests and imploring could bring her back to her husband. And finally she
even refused to separate from her husband by means of a get. Time
went by and she did not change her mind. She mocked him and the Jewish
custom of the get. In such a case, there was only one solution. With the
heiter of one hundred rabbis, the husband could marry another woman. And thus he did.
Zecharia came to the Rabbi from Rodi, Rabbi Mendel Steinberg, of blessed
memory, and he also gave him a heiter, one out of a hundred, and
invited Zecharia to later take his daughter as a wife. And thus it happened.
For after he had obtained a heiter from one hundred rabbis, Zecharia
married the daughter of Rabbi Steinberg, of blessed memory. And I recall that
after a son was born to him (this was before shavuot), the Rabbi, of
blessed memory, came to Buczacz to celebrate Shavuot and the briss.
The Rabbi's coming to town made a great impression and I had the honor of hearing
the address he gave to the public. And the Hassidic circle was very joyful.

*

Michal Preminger was, like his father Zvi Preminger, of blessed memory, a
prominent student of Rabbi Meir Arek, of blessed memory. When the Rabbi passed
away, Michal recited kadish over the Rabbi, while his parents were still alive.
Michal had no sons for a long time, and once the Rabbi came to Michal in a dream, and told him that his
wife was pregnant and she would have a son, and he must name it Meir after him.
And Michal asked the Rabbi in the dream for another son, and the Rabbi told him
that in those days, it would be better to have just one son. But Michal asked
again the Rabbi for a blessing which he could study in detail, and the Rabbi
promised him this too, and it came to be. Later, he learned that his wife was
pregnant, and a son was born and he named it after Rabbi Meir.

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