GAMMA - EM radiation - no charge- no change to nucleus- lead stops it - no deflection by electric field.

examples:

alpha:

beta:

Half-life, is the time taken for the radioactive nuclei to decay by half, this is a fixed value and isn't effected by temperature!

This process can be used to date any living thing (wood, bones...) ages of igneous rocks containing radioactive isotopes can also be estimated.

Tracers are radioactive isotopes whose decay is monitored. They are commonly used in the medicinal world to aid diagnosis. The tracer is monitored with a Geiger Muller tube/counter, its important the length of the half life is neither too long nor too short! Too long and it will remain in the body for too long- potentially causing harm. Too short and the source will be too small to trace!

Nuclear fusion: the joining together of two or more smaller nuclei to form a heavier nuclei of a new element. High temperatures and pressures are required to overcome the repulsion between the positive nuclei. This is the process which occurs in stars.

light and electrons...

Energy levels- electrons occupy fixed energy levels- these are the same for each atom of an element. In the ground state, electrons are closest to the nucleus and have the…