CHAPTER 1: THE CHAPEL AND HOSPITAL OF ST. MARY ROUNCEVAL AT CHARING CROSS

On the Thursday before the feast of St. Luke (18th
October), 1236, "Gilbert, the Marshal of England, Earl
of Pembroke" dated a charter (fn. 1) from "London, in the
house of the hospital of Runchivalle." This is the earliest
reference to the foundation at Charing Cross which
has come to light. It had probably been formed only
a year or two before, for there is no suggestion of
its existence in Henry III's confirmation (in 1232) (fn. 2)
of the grant by William Marshal, 2nd Earl of
Pembroke, of certain houses and curtilages at
Charing to the Augustinian house of St. Mary at
Roncevaux in the Pyrenees. (fn. n1) The community at
Charing consisted originally of a prior and brethren
who were subject to the rule of the mother house, and
who seem in many cases to have been aliens themselves. Most of the references
to the hospital in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries are in connection
with the appointment of attorneys or proctors to take control during the
absence of the prior from England. Thus in 1292, the prior nominated (fn. 4)
William de Cestre and Peter Arnaldi de Sancto Michaele as his attorneys
during a five years' absence. A fair sample of the difficulties which arose
from this system is set out in a Writ of Aid (fn. 4) granted in 1321 to "William
Roberti, canon of the hospital of St. Mary, Rouncevall, appointed proctor in
England of that hospital for the recovery of their lands and rents, as it appears
that upon the death of John de Rouncevall, their late proctor, not being aware
of his death they did not appoint a new proctor, wars and other impediments
hindering them, so that their lands and rents were taken by divers men."

Figure 1:

The "Gentil Pardoner of
Rouncival"

Marshal, Earl of Pembroke

In 1379, in accordance with the statute dated at Gloucester, "for
the forfeiture of the lands of schismatic aliens" the chapel and lands of St.
Mary Rounceval were seized into the King's hands. Three years later their
custody was granted (fn. 4) to Nicholas Slake, "King's clerk," for his life. In the
same year Slake obtained powers "to arrest and bring before the king and
council all persons whom he should prove to have collected alms in the realm
as proctors of the hospital and converted the same to their own use." In
the following year the prior of Rounceval brought an action (fn. 5) in the King's
court to regain possession and won his suit, but it is probable that he never
regained full control over the community, for in 1390 the King's clerk, John
Hadham, was granted (fn. 4) the wardenship of the hospital, and he was succeeded (fn. 4)
in 1396 by John Newerk. In 1408–9 the prior brought a lawsuit (fn. 5) against
John Newerk for having broken into the prior's houses and removed a sealed
chest worth 20s. which contained the muniments of the house. Once again
the case was decided in the prior's favour, but in 1414 Henry V ordered the
final suppression of the remaining alien priories and from this time the mother
house lost control of the foundation at Charing Cross, although by a special
licence (fn. 4) from the King, dated 1432, the master of the English house was
allowed to receive "bulls and other letters of indulgences, pardons and other
things for the profit and advantage of the chapel or hospital from the prior
and convent of Roncidevall in Navarre," and he was allowed to send 10 marks
a year for the support of the mother house.

Meanwhile the house at Charing Cross was suffering from lack of
money. In 1423 the Archbishop of Canterbury gave a verdict (fn. 1) against the
chapel in a dispute with the vicar of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, who complained
that the master and brethren had been defrauding him of some of his parochial
dues under pretext of certain forged papal letters. This attempt to get funds
having failed, the master of the chapel, in the same year, obtained (fn. 1) a relaxation
from the Pope of "one year and forty days of enjoined penance" to penitents
who, during a certain period, should "visit and give alms for the sustentation
and repair of the chapel of the poor hospital of St. Mary the Virgin,
Rouncevall in the diocese of London, whose buildings are in need of no small
repair." Chaucer's "gentil Pardoner of Rouncival … that streight was
comen from the court of Rome," did not lack successors. (fn. n2)

In 1475 the King granted licence (fn. 4) for the foundation of "a fraternity
or perpetual gild of a master and two wardens and the brethren and sisters
who may wish to be of the same in the chapel of St. Mary, Rounsidevall, by
Charyngcrosse." Three years later the "custody, advowson and patronage"
of the "chapel or hospital" and "all lands, profits, oblations, rights and
commodities belonging to it" were granted (fn. 4) to the fraternity for the
sustenance of the chaplain and of "two other chaplains celebrating divine
service, and of the poor people flocking to the hospital." The gild remained
in possession until their final surrender to Henry VIII in 1544. (fn. n3)

A few of the yearly accounts of the gild in the time of Henry VIII
have survived. (fn. 6) These record inter alia payments for "Castying a way of
the myre and dyrt owte of the high way"; "Seyllyng of our ladies grete
Chamber"; "Rewgh Castyng of the Bartilmentes of the Chapell"; mending
"the pewes in the chapell'"; "mendyng of the grete Antiphon' that lieth
in the Quere"; "mendyng of the velvett Bonett for our lorde"; (to Ric'
White Glasyer) "mendyng of the Chambre Wyndowes and of the Chapell'
wyndowes"; "a newe bell' rope for the grete bell' in the steple";
"Reparacions don' apon' the Wall' yt goith from the chapell' dore to the
gate"; "Repayryng of our lady Wharffe." The almshouse building does
not seem to have been repaired or redecorated during the periods covered by
the accounts. Later documents give the information that it measured 80 feet
by 23 feet, and it probably contained at least nine beds, since there is a
record of a payment "for lynyng' of ix coverletts for the Almes beddes."
There are also payments for "naylles for to mend iii beddes in the Almonse
house"; for "threde for turnyng' and mendyng' of the sheitts"; for straw
"for the Almes beddes," and for "a newe Buckyng tubb'" (for boiling
linen). The allowance per patient was 1d. a day and this seems to have
covered the cost of food and of any medical aid that was given. Few of the
patients seem to have spent more than three or four days in the almshouse, and
against many of their names is the entry "died." (fn. n4)

In 1529 Henry VIII took possession of York Place (afterwards
known as Whitehall Palace) (fn. 9) and soon after began extensive building
operations there. In 1531 he bought up the houses along the street frontage
as far as Rounceval, but not content with these he seems also to have taken
over some of the actual Rounceval property, including the almshouse building.
Among the payments for the "King's Manor of Westminster" (fn. 10) in 1531–2
are "for two pounde of Frankensence delyvered at Rouncyvalle for Eyring
of the Almonshouse there wherein the workemen be paied," and "for one
paire hengies [hinges] and hokes sette upon the payehouse Dore at
Rouncyvale." As was his custom Henry VIII legalised matters later by Act
of Parliament. In 1536 (fn. 11) he obtained authority to purchase from "John
Henbury, Maister of the Hospytall of our Lady of Rounsidevall', Willyam
Jenyns and Thruston Mayer Wardeyns of the same Hospitall' iij tenements
and a wharf wyth thappurtenances lying in the parisshe of Seynt Margarett," (fn. n5)
but he had apparently no permanent use for this property for three years
later he leased (fn. 12) it to John Rede under the description of "unum tenementum
cum uno le Wharff in tenura dicti Johannis Rede scituatum … apud
Runsivall' … necnon unum tenementum … ibidem in tenura Ricardi
Harryson et unum aliud tenementum … vocatum le plumerye alias le
Almessehowse ibidem." (fn. n6)

Burials took place in the chapel at least until the end of 1541, but
it had then begun to be dismantled. In 1541–2 "our Lady Tabernakill"
was taken down and set up in St. Margaret's Church. (fn. 13) Two years later the
final surrender took place. (fn. 14) In the following year the King resumed (fn. 15) the
properties in lease to Rede and handed the whole over to Sir Thomas
Cawarden, one of the "Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber." Cawarden
obtained a formal grant in 1550 (see Appendix A) and seems to have disposed
of it almost at once to John Rede. (fn. n7)

From the descriptions given in the deeds and from later plans the
extent of the Rounceval property can be roughly determined. Its street
frontage extended northward from and including No. 8, Charing Cross (fn. 17) to
approximately the centre of Northumberland Avenue. We know from the
accounts that there was a "great gate" to the street and that the churchyard,
which contained a rood and a half of ground, was surrounded by a lime-washed
mud wall. The churchyard and chapel were certainly at the northern end of
the property, though it is probable that the chapel did not abut directly on
the street. (fn. n8) The rest of the ground extended in a south-easterly direction
towards the river behind the sites of Nos. 1–15, Whitehall and of the
Hermitage (now Craig's Court). The greater part of this ground was, at the
time of the surrender, let out in gardens or allotments (see Appendix A).
A wharf gave access to the river. There is no evidence by which the exact
position of the almshouse can be determined, but it probably adjoined
the royal property or it would not have been commandeered for use in
connection with the King's works. (fn. n9)

John Rede adapted the chapel and "great chamber," which seems
to have adjoined the chapel, for a residence. His will, (fn. 18) dated 1557, shows
that he had divided the chapel into three storeys with three or four rooms
in each. He had also built five tenements to the east of his own house. His
nephew and heir, Robert "Reade," who died in 1567, made further additions
to the main building. (fn. 19) He left his property to his wife, Elizabeth, who
subsequently married a near neighbour, John Hill. (fn. 20) She died in 1577, as
did her eldest son, John Rede. The Rounceval property passed intact to
John's younger brother, Robert. None of it seems to have been sold outright
until 1605, when Sir Francis Fane and Sir George Fane bought (fn. 21) from
Robert Reade 10 messuages and three gardens. The purchase was probably
made as a marriage portion for their sister, Frances, who, about this time,
became the wife of Sir Robert Brett, Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber
and King's Sergeant. Brett is first shown as the occupier of a house by Charing
Cross in the ratebook for 1604. His son was christened there in December,
1607, when Prince Henry, who was himself only 13 years old, stood godfather
and gave his name to the child. (fn. 22)

In 1612 Brett brought an action in the Court of Exchequer (fn. 23) against
Gabriel Brewer concerning a small piece of ground and a building adjoining
both their houses, in the course of which Brett stated that he then had in his
possession all the Rounceval property granted to Cawarden "except certaine
parcells thereof inclosed within the house and garden of Henry, Earl of
Northampton." In the following year Brett sold (fn. 24) his house to Northampton
together with ten messuages "neare Charing Crosse." (fn. n10)

Some kind of subsidiary agreement must have followed this sale, for
not only did Brett continue to live in his house, but he bequeathed a leasehold
interest therein to his wife. (fn. n11) Brett's will, which dated 23rd August,
1620, (fn. 25) transferred all his freehold property to his executors, Sir Humphrey
Lynde and John Baron, and subsequent transactions show that this included
three messuages on the west side of Northumberland House which had
apparently been reserved out of the sale to Northampton. These houses were
on the site of those known at the beginning of the nineteenth century as
Nos. 1–3, Charing Cross. Their later history is detailed below (pp. 8, 9).

Before his death the Earl of Northampton founded a hospital at
Greenwich for 13 poor men of East Greenwich and 8 poor men of Shottisham,
Norfolk, his birthplace. By his will, dated 14th June, 1614, (fn. 26) the Earl endowed
this hospital with inter alia "the messuages and gardens in Saint Martyns
parishe in the feildes which I latelie purchased from (fn. n12) Robert Brett, Michaell
Appesley and Sir Edward Mountague." The change of ownership made
little difference to the tenants of the property. Their names can be traced in
the ratebooks. Sir Robert Brett's young widow, Anne, continued to live in
the largest house. In 1623 she married Sir Francis Cottington, afterwards
Baron Cottington, and his name is shown in the ratebooks until 1634, when
his wife died. The "earl of Cleaveland" was rated for the house from
1635 to 1638, and "Lord William Hamilton, Earle of Leverick" (Lanark)
in 1640 and 1641.

In 1643 when Sir Roger Palmer was assessed by the Committee for
the Advance of Money for delinquency he was described as of "The Strand,
Charing Cross." His name does not appear in the ratebooks, but it seems
probable that he lived either in Brett's house or in one adjacent thereto, and
that he was responsible for the formation of Angel Court. He died in 1657
leaving (fn. 28) all his property to his brother, Sir James Palmer, and in the following
year the latter died, having bequeathed (fn. 29) to his son Philip Palmer "all those
Houses in Angell Court neere Charing Cross in the tenure … of John
Robinson, Mr. Wingfeild, Widdow Heale, — Smith, Mary Juet, widdow,
Gregory Ellis a Cooke liveth in a house there where a Tayler liveth, Tong's
House, Widdow Strickson's house, Mrs. Barnes House, Thomas Parker's
house and Cotton's house with the great house let to Nathaniel Impes for
certaine yeares to come." Angel Court is first shown in the ratebooks in
1648, but it may have been formed some years previously. It probably took
its name from the "tenement near Charing Cross called the Angel," which
Robert Reade let to John Pemmerton circa 1580, (fn. 30) and which in 1583 was
stated to have been divided into "divers tenements." (fn. 31)

Lionel Empes was rated for houses in Angel Court from 1657 until
1698. (fn. n13) His house was frequently hired for the use of foreign ambassadors or
visitors to the Court as, e.g., in 1682 when the ambassador from "the King of
Bantam" was accommodated there. (fn. 34) Empes' widow, Frances, continued
to live there until her death in 1712.

Philip Palmer transferred his rights in the property to his brother,
Roger, who was created Earl of Castlemaine in 1661. In 1666 and 1667
Castlemaine petitioned (fn. 35) for the King's help in obtaining a renewal of his
lease from the Mercers' Company, who held the freehold in trust for the
Hospital of Holy Trinity, Greenwich. (fn. n14) He stated that the Company was
asking for a fine of £1,800 for the lease, which it valued "in proportion
to the great rise of rents since the fire of London, but which are now
diminishing." The report on the first petition stated that "the houses are
all paper buildings and very slight and old." The original lease did not
expire until after 1670 when Castlemaine was still treating for its renewal.

In 1677 Castlemaine was accused by Titus Oates of being a Jesuit.
A search was made for him, but the Serjeant-at-Arms reported to the House
of Lords that he "could not find Lord Castlemaine, but that his Deputies
had found two altars and several large books at his lodgings at Charing
Cross." (fn. 36) Castlemaine was tried before the House in 1680, for complicity in
the so-called Meal-Tub Plot, but was acquitted. He died in 1705. His
lease of the Charing Cross property seems to have expired circa 1695, in
which year Samuel Prior, who is stated in a later deed to have obtained a
lease of the premises from "the Warden and Poor Men of the Hospitall of
the Holy Trinity," (fn. 37) moved from the tavern on the opposite side of Whitehall
to one of the Angel Court houses. (fn. n15) Prior died in 1705 and his widow, Mary,
soon after married Thomas Johnson, who proceeded to pull down and rebuild
the houses on the street frontage and those in Angel Court which subsequently
became known as Johnson's Court. He mortgaged the property in August,
1717, (fn. 38) when it was described as "Six New erected brick messuages …
fronting the Street called Charing Cross … now or late in the Severall
Tenures of — Portal, Widow Cressett, Andrew Drummond, (fn. n16) Cecill Wray,
Henry Warcopp and — Beck. And all those Two Severall Messuages …
in the yard belonging to the Mansion house heretofore in the Tenure of …
Lionell Empes … wherein One Sir Robert Brett formerly dwelt on the
ground upon which the said Mansion house formerly stood and other ground
thereto adjoining and in the roome of other late old messuages … there
are built the said Two severall messuages or Tenements … together with
the ground belonging to the said Mansion house ranging with the wall of the
garden belonging to Northumberland house and extending to Scotland Yard
And One Messuage … adjoining to a Tower of Northumberland House
And also all those severall Messuages in a Court there on the backside of the
said Front houses called … Angell Court now or late in the severall
Tenures … of John Spaune, Widow Worcester, Widow Bland, Francis
Barry, John Tounshend and David Walker and the ground … of the said
Court." Thomas Johnson died (fn. 41) in 1719 and the property passed to his son,
Thomas, who died in 1732 leaving (fn. 42) his interest therein to Andrew Drummond
and John Goodchild as trustees for his mother, Margaret, then the wife of
John Raspin. In 1751–53 the Earl of Northumberland bought (fn. 43) the tenant
rights in a small portion of Johnson's Court for the erection of a gallery
(see p. 15). His son obtained a lease of this ground from "the Warden and
Poor Men of the Hospital" in 1812 (fn. 44) with an additional strip of the court
which he used for an area. The freehold of this property was sold to the
Duke of Northumberland in 1821 under powers obtained by Act of
Parliament. (fn. 45) In 1789 a fresh lease of the remainder of Johnson's Court
together with the six front houses was granted (fn. 44) to Francis Watkins, optician,
who was also in possession of property on the west side of the street. (fn. 17) In
1782 Watkins granted a sub-lease to James Booth of part of Johnson's Court
which was for a time known as Booth's Buildings. (fn. 46)(fn. n17) The houses there were
rebuilt circa 1812 when the court was renamed Trinity Place and a lease
of it was granted to Louis Mitchell. (fn. 44) The front houses, then numbered 4–8,
Charing Cross, were leased to separate tenants
in the nineteenth century. The whole of
the Trinity Hospital property on the west
side of Northumberland House, with the
exception of a strip of ground at the back
of Craig's Court which had been sold to the
Earl of Harrington in 1871, (fn. 47) was purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works
on 13th April, 1876, and was utilised in
connection with the formation of Northumberland Avenue. The present Nos. 1–8,
Charing Cross, Nos. 1–6, Northumberland
Avenue, and part of the roadway now occupy
the site.

Figure 2:

TRINITY PLACE, CHARING CROSS

The former Nos. 1–3, Whitehall.—In
1629 Sir Humphrey Lynde sold (fn. 48) to Thomas
Grinsell three messuages in the parish of St.
Martin-in-the-Fields with warranty against
the heirs of Sir Robert Brett. Thomas
Grinsell was the brother-in-law of Isaac
Walton whom in 1645 he made a trustee
with Henry Brown of "his freehold messuages … neere Charringe
Crosse" for such persons as he should afterwards appoint. (fn. 49) Grinsell died a
few months later leaving his wife, Anne, as his residuary legatee. In the
will of the latter, dated 17th November, 1647, (fn. 49) the three messuages are
described as: "That howse neere unto the great messuage called Suffolke,
Northampton or Northumberland howse and neerest unto Whitehall late in
the tenure … of … Richard Smith and Thomas Smith or one of them
And nowe in the tenure … of Charles Titford Victualler … one other
of the said howses … situate on the other side of the howse called the
Chaireinge Crosse Taverne and beinge next and adjoyninge to …
Northumberland howse. … And nowe in the tenure of John Hardinge,
Sadler … and … my Third Howse … commonlie called by the
name … of the Chairinge Crosse in the Strande nowe or late in the tenure
… of William Bestwick, Vintner And alsoe the shopp or shopps thereunto
… formerly or nowe belonging … one whereof is nowe or latelie was
in the tenure of Robert Edmunds, And the other beinge a little Shoppe is
adjoyninge to it on the West Side thereof." The last-mentioned house (on
the site of the later No. 2, Whitehall) became the property of Anne's daughter
Jeane, who later married Thomas Hanwell. In 1679 Bernard Underwood,
who had bought the house from Jeane's son, Thomas, (fn. 50) sold (fn. 51) the premises
to Thomas Pargiter under the description of "All that messuage …
heretofore called … the Kingshead Taverne and lately … the Crowne
Taverne Situate … neere a place where Chering cross formerly stood …
between the messuage … in the occupacion of John Maydman on the
East part and the messuage … of Mary Dew on the West part …
together with all Shopps cellers … and appurtenances … which said
premisses … now are in the occupacion of Charles Rogers, Watchmaker."

The house on the site of the later No. I, Whitehall was bought by
the Duke of Somerset in 1742–3 (fn. 52) in order that he might repair the north-west
turret of Northumberland House (see p. 13), but the property must have
been re-sold, for in 1777 the freehold was purchased from Henry Williams
by Thomas Noble, silversmith. (fn. 53) The sites of these three houses were thrown
into the roadway when Northumberland Avenue was formed.

Footnotes

n1. Roncevaux stands at the southern end of the pass through the Western Pyrenees on the
road from Bayonne to Pamplona, and is the traditional scene of the exploits of Roland and Oliver
in A.D. 778. The Augustine abbey in the village was founded circa 1130 by Sancho de la
Rosa. At Ibañeta at the top of the pass stood a chapel and hospital erroneously believed to have been
founded by Charlemagne as a memorial to the fallen. This was purchased in 1279 by the monks of
Roncevaux, who began to exploit the legend for their own benefit with the aid of a collection of
relics. The community acquired both fame and wealth and was endowed with lands in various
parts of France, Spain, England and Ireland.

n2. In the gild accounts there are entries of regular payment for printing "breves"
and for pasting them on church doors. The printer employed in 1520–22 was "Mr. Wylkyns,"
who was almost certainly Caxton's successor, Wynkyn de Worde. Robert Copland also printed
"breves" for the gild.

n3. Apparently the gild did not retain full control over the advowson for in 1526 the King
made a grant of the free chapel of St. Mary the Virgin, Rounsivale, "to Roger Elys, B.A." in
succession to "Richard Bromefeld," deceased, and about this time the wardens of the gild were
involved in a lawsuit with Bromefeld's heirs for non-payment of his pension.

n4. Occasionally extra comforts were provided for the almshouse by gift or bequest, e.g.,
"Kateryn Phillips" by her will, dated 1504, requested that her body should be "buryed in the
Chappell of our Lady of Runcedevale" and bequeathed "to the hospitall' of our Lady aforsaid a
fedderbed, a peyr of shets, a bolster, a pair of blanketts, a coverlet."

n5. This part of St. Margaret's parish had been assigned to the parish of St. Martin-in-theFields by the King's order of November, 1534.

n6. These properties are stated to have been lately bought from the master and wardens of
the hospital. Richard Harrison is mentioned as regularly paying rent for his house to the gild in
the earlier accounts.

n7. No deed of purchase has been found, but the Inquisition Post Mortem on John
"Reede," Junior, in 1578, states that the property was bought by John Rede, senior, from Sir
Thomas Cawarden.

n8. The Rose, on the south-west corner of St. Martin's Lane, was described in 1493 as
lying opposite "Rowncevall," which suggests that the chapel, the principal building of the hospital,
lay near the street frontage.

n9. Among the payments for the "King's Manor of Westminster" (1531–2) is that of
xvjd. for "clensing of two jakys at Rouncyvalle to the whiche pouremen of late lodgid there had
recourse and nowe a lodgeing appoyntid for maister heritage."

n10. These were said to be then "or late in the severall tenures of Sir Henry Cary, knight,
Sir John Parker, knight, Sir Richard Cox, knight, Sir Phillipp Cary, knight, James Waller, John
Drue, Richard Hill, Henry Leonard, Peirce Keninge, and the Widowe Kennington."

n12. In the grant by Thomas Howard to the "Warden and poore men of the hospitall of
the holy and undevided Trinitie in East Greenwich "dated 1st November, 1615, the Brett property
is described in exactly the same terms as in the sale from Brett to Northampton. The original hospital
buildings at Greenwich are still in existence.

n13. In 1690 he complained at the Middlesex Sessions that he was over-rated. He died in
1698.

n14. The 1666 petition states that "Henry Earle of Northampton founded an Hospitall att
Greenwich, and left ye oversight and care thereof to ye companie of Mercers. Ye said Earle granted
a lease of certain tenements neer Charing Cross to Sir Robert Brett for 60 yeares in 1604. The said
Sir Robert Brett (about 40 yeares since) assigned over ye said tenements to Sir Roger Palmer for a
valewable consideration, and from him they came to his nephew ye Earle of Castlemaine."

n15. Samuel Prior was the uncle of the poet, Matthew Prior. An account of the tavern on
the west side of Whitehall is given is Survey of London, Vol. XVI, Charing Cross.

n16. Andrew Drummond was a goldsmith and banker whose shop was known by the sign of
the Golden Eagle. He is shown in the ratebooks for this house from 1717 until 1760, when he
removed to the opposite side of the road (see Survey of London, XVI, p. 109). There is a note among
the Treasury Papers for the year 1721 that "Sir Isaac Newton, Master and Worker of the Mint,"
and John Sydenham "went to the house of Mr. Andrew Drummond, goldsmith, at Charing Cross,
where, in the presence of the agent for the proprietors of the patent granted to Jacob Rowe, Esq.,
for fishing on wrecks, silver was weighed for the use of his Majesty, viz., 1/10th part thereof. The
same was converted into current coin . . . " In 1736–38 Drummond bought the sub-leases of two
pieces of property in Johnson's Court.

n17. The Annual Register for 1794 contains this note: "15th August.—About two o'clock,
a melancholy accident happened in Johnson's court, Charing Cross. George Howe, a genteel young
man, was taken to a recruiting-office there, belonging to the East-India company, to be enlisted:
and, upon attempting to make his escape, his hands were tied behind his back, and in that situation
Le was put into a garret, where he was not many minutes before he jumped from the window, and
was killed upon the spot. This circumstance very naturally attracted the attention of passengers,
and presently a crowd was collected, who, fired by indignation, pulled down the house. A detachment
of the Guards was called in, and with difficulty the mob was dispersed."