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3 Financial Statement Requirements in US Securities Offerings: What Non-US Issuers Need to Know 2015 Edition Alexander F. Cohen Kirk A. Davenport II Joel H. Trotter Latham & Watkins LLP Melanie F. Dolan KPMG LLP January 2015 Alexander F. Cohen is a partner in the Washington, D.C. office of Latham & Watkins LLP; Kirk A. Davenport II is a partner in the New York office of Latham & Watkins LLP; and Joel H. Trotter is a partner in the Washington, D.C. office of Latham & Watkins LLP. Melanie F. Dolan is a partner in the Audit Quality and Professional Practice Group of KPMG LLP and is located in the Washington, D.C. office. Any errors or omissions are, of course, solely the responsibility of the authors. The views and opinions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of Latham & Watkins LLP or KPMG LLP. Latham & Watkins operates worldwide as a limited liability partnership organized under the laws of the State of Delaware (USA) with affiliated limited liability partnerships conducting the practice in the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Singapore and as affiliated partnerships conducting the practice in Hong Kong and Japan. The Law Office of Salman M. Al-Sudairi is Latham & Watkins associated office in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In Qatar, Latham & Watkins LLP is licensed by the Qatar Financial Centre Authority. Under New York s Code of Professional Responsibility, portions of this communication contain attorney advertising. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. Results depend upon a variety of factors unique to each representation. Please direct all inquiries regarding our conduct under New York s Disciplinary Rules to Latham & Watkins LLP, 885 Third Avenue, New York, NY , Phone: Copyright 2015 Latham & Watkins. All Rights Reserved KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and the U.S. member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ( KPMG International ), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. 3

5 Financial Statement Requirements in US Securities Offerings: What Non-US Issuers Need to Know 2015 Edition Introduction The most frequently asked question at all-hands meetings for a securities offering is What financial statements will be needed? The question seems simple enough. But the answer is rarely straightforward. This User s Guide is designed to provide a roadmap to help navigate the financial statement requirements of the US federal securities laws. We focus on the requirements for public offerings by foreign private issuers (a term that covers most non-us issuers other than foreign governments) including offerings by emerging growth companies (EGCs) under the JOBS Act. 1 We also summarize briefly the practices in the Rule 144A market. 2 Background What is a Foreign Private Issuer? A foreign private issuer means any issuer (other than a foreign government) incorporated or organized under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of the United States unless: 3 more than 50 percent of its outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned of record by US residents; and any of the following applies: the majority of its executive officers or directors are US citizens or residents; more than 50 percent of its assets are located in the United States; or its business is administered principally in the United States. Some Key Ways in which Foreign Private Issuers are Treated Differently than Domestic US Issuers Under the US federal securities laws and the rules and practice of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), foreign private issuers are not regulated in precisely the same way as domestic US issuers. 4 In particular, foreign private issuers are allowed a number of key benefits not available to domestic US issuers. These include the following. Ability to Use US GAAP, IFRS or Local GAAP US domestic companies must file financial statements with the SEC in accordance with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). 5 The financial statements of foreign private issuers, however, may be prepared using US GAAP, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), or local home-country generally accepted accounting principles (local GAAP). 6 In the case of foreign private issuers that use the English-language version of IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB IFRS), no reconciliation to US GAAP is needed. 7 By contrast, if local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS is used, the consolidated financial statements (both annual and interim) must include a note reconciliation to US GAAP. 8

6 Quarterly Reporting Not Required; Current Reporting on Form 8-K Not Required Unlike domestic US issuers, foreign private issuers are not required to file quarterly reports (including quarterly financial information) on Form 10-Q. 9 They also are not required to use Form 8-K for current reports, and instead furnish (not file) current reports on Form 6-K with the SEC. 10 Some foreign private issuers, however, choose (or are required by contract) to file the same forms with the SEC that domestic US issuers use. In that case, they must comply with the requirements of the forms for domestic issuers (and would file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, in addition to annual reports on Form 10-K). 11 Financial Information Goes Stale More Slowly The SEC s rules also allow a foreign private issuer s registration statement to contain financial information that is of an earlier date than that allowed for domestic US issuers. In particular, foreign private issuers can omit interim unaudited financial statements if a registration statement becomes effective less than nine months after the end of the last audited fiscal year (unless the issuer has already published more current interim financial information). 12 After that time, a foreign private issuer must provide interim unaudited financial statements (which may be unaudited) covering at least the first six months of the fiscal year, together with comparative financial statements for the same period in the prior year. 13 Ability to Submit IPO Registration Statements Confidentially Certain foreign private issuers that are registering for the first time with the SEC may submit draft registration statements on a confidential basis to the SEC Staff. In particular, a foreign private issuer may submit its IPO registration statement on a confidential basis if it: qualifies as an EGC; is listed or is concurrently listing its securities on a non-us securities exchange i.e., a foreign private issuer that is not solely listing in the United States; is being privatized by a foreign government; or can demonstrate that the public filing of an initial registration statement would conflict with the law of an applicable foreign jurisdiction. 14 By contrast, domestic US issuers that are not EGCs must file registration statements publicly. The Basics Background to Financial Statement Requirements Public securities offerings registered with the SEC under the US Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act) generally require the filing of a registration statement with the SEC and the distribution of a prospectus in connection with the offering. The registration statement and prospectus must contain certain financial statements and other financial information regarding the issuer s financial condition and results of operations. The financial statement requirements for registration statements of foreign private issuers are found in Items 3, 8, 17 and 18 of Form 20-F, and in Regulation S-X (S-X). What Financial Statements Must Be Included in Public Offerings? The following tables summarize the scope of the basic financial statement requirements for issuers in registered offerings. 15 Note that much of the basic information can be incorporated by reference for issuers eligible to use Form F-3, 16 and for certain issuers filing a registration statement on Form F

7 The Basic Requirements for Public Offerings Annual Audited Financial Statements Consolidated annual audited financial statements of the issuer consisting of: 18 balance sheet; income statement; statement of changes in equity; statement of cash flows; related notes and schedules required by the system of accounting under which the financial statements were prepared; and if not included in the primary financial statements, a note analyzing the changes in each caption of shareholders equity presented in the balance sheet. Audited financial statements included in a registration statement (or annual report) must be prepared in accordance with: US GAAP; IASB IFRS; or local GAAP/non-IASB IFRS reconciled to US GAAP, as described below. 19 Audited financial statements must cover each of the latest three fiscal years, 20 with certain exceptions: if the issuer has been in existence less than the required three years, financial information covering the issuer s predecessor entities (if any) may need to be provided; 21 if a jurisdiction outside the United States does not require a balance sheet for the earliest year of the three-year period, that balance sheet may be omitted; 22 in an initial registration statement, if the financial statements are presented in accordance with US GAAP (rather than reconciled to US GAAP), the earliest of the three years of financial statements may be omitted if that information has not previously been included in a filing made under the Securities Act or the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act). 23 This accommodation does not apply to financial statements presented in accordance with IASB IFRS unless the issuer is applying IASB IFRS for the first time; 24 and in an EGC IPO registration statement, as discussed below. Under certain circumstances, audited financial information may cover nine to 12 months rather than a full fiscal year for one of the required years. Audited financial statements must be accompanied by an audit report, covering each of the audited periods. Audited financial statements for an issuer must be accompanied by an audit report issued by accountants that are registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the PCAOB) under auditing standards promulgated by the PCAOB. 27 The accountants must meet SEC and PCAOB standards for independence. 28 The SEC Staff will not object if the audit report states that the audit was also conducted in accordance with home-country generally accepted accounting standards. 29 3

8 The Basic Requirements for Public Offerings Interim Unaudited Financial Statements If a registration statement becomes effective more than nine months after the end of the last audited fiscal year, the issuer must provide consolidated interim financial statements. 30 Those financial statements: may be unaudited but must be prepared in accordance with US GAAP or IASB IFRS, 31 or local GAAP/non-IASB IFRS if reconciled to US GAAP; 32 must cover at least the first six months of the fiscal year; should include a balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, statement of changes in equity and selected note disclosures; may be in condensed form, as long as they contain the major line items from the latest audited financial statements and include the major components of assets, liabilities and equity (in the case of the balance sheet), income and expenses (in the case of the income statement), and the major subtotals of cash flows (in the case of the statement of cash flows); and should include comparative interim statements for the same period in the prior fiscal year, except that the requirement for comparative balance sheet information may be met by presenting the year-end balance sheet. 33 EGC Offerings In order to qualify as an EGC, a company must have annual revenue for its most recently completed fiscal year of less than $1.0 billion. 34 EGC status is generally unavailable to any issuer that priced its US IPO on or before December 8, An EGC may conduct its initial public equity offering using two years, rather than three years, of audited financial statements and as few as two years, rather than five years, of selected financial data. 35 After its IPO, an EGC phases into full compliance by adding one additional year of financial statements in each future year until it presents the traditional three years of audited financial statements plus two years of selected financial data. 36 The required MD&A would cover only the years for which audited financial statements are provided. 37 After the initial determination of EGC status, a company will remain an EGC until the earliest of: the last day of any fiscal year in which the company earns $1.0 billion or more in revenue; the date when the company qualifies as a large accelerated filer, with at least $700 million in public equity float; the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of the IPO pricing date; or the date of issuance, in any three-year period, of more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt securities. 38 4

9 The Basic Requirements for Public Offerings Selected Financial Information A registration statement must include selected historical financial information, comprised of income statement and balance sheet data for each of the last five fiscal years (or such shorter period as the issuer has been in operation), with the following exceptions: 39 selected financial data for either or both of the two earliest years may be omitted if the issuer represents to the SEC in the review process that such information cannot be provided, or cannot be provided on a restated basis, without unreasonable effort or expense; 40 and EGCs may present less than five years of selected financial information, as discussed above. Financial information may be prepared based on US GAAP or IASB IFRS, or on the same basis used in the primary financial statements (that is, local GAAP/non-IASB IFRS) with a reconciliation to US GAAP. 41 As we discuss below, that reconciliation need only cover (i) those periods for which the issuer is required to reconcile its primary financial statements and (ii) any interim periods. 42 If interim unaudited financial statements are included, the selected financial data should be updated for that interim period and comparative data from the same period in the prior fiscal year should be provided. 43 Selected financial data should be presented in the same currency as the financial statements. 44 Acquired Company Financial Information and Pro Forma Financial Information Depending on the size of the acquisition and its significance to the issuer (which is measured in various ways not all of them intuitive), audited annual financial statements for the most recent one, two or three fiscal years, plus appropriate unaudited interim financial statements, must be included. We discuss S-X Rule 3-05 in more detail below. Under S-X Article 11, when acquired company financial statements are included in a registration statement (and in certain other instances) pro forma financial information must also be included. We discuss S-X Article 11 in more detail below. Statement of Capitalization and Indebtedness Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges for Debt A registration statement must include a statement of capitalization and indebtedness. 45 Although the rules require the capitalization statement to be as of a date no earlier than 60 days prior to the date of the registration statement, 46 the SEC Staff will not object if a foreign private issuer presents the statement as of the same date as the most recent balance sheet required in the registration statement. 47 If, however, there have been significant subsequent changes in capitalization (for example, securities issuances), those changes should be reflected in as adjusted columns or footnotes to the table. 48 If debt securities are being registered, a ratio of earnings to fixed charges for each of the last five fiscal years and for the latest interim period presented must be included. 49 For preferred securities, a ratio of combined fixed charges and preference dividends to earnings must be shown. 50 If the proceeds from the sale of debt or preferred equity will be used to repay outstanding debt or to retire other securities and the change in the ratio would be 10 percent or greater, a pro forma ratio must be included for the most recent fiscal year and the latest interim period presented. 51 5

10 When Does Financial Information Go Stale? Understanding the timing requirements for the provision of financial statements is almost as critical as understanding the scope of the financial information required. The determination of when financial statements go stale is sure to come up at the all-hands meeting and planning to have the necessary financial information prepared on time is an essential part of the offering process. Among other considerations, the SEC Staff has a policy against commencing review of a filing unless the financial statements in the filing comply with the staleness rules on the filing date. 52 The following tables summarize financial statement staleness requirements, measured by the number of days between the effective date of the registration statement (or, by analogy, the pricing date of a Rule 144A offering if the underwriter desires to mirror SEC requirements) and the date of the financial statements in the filing. 53 For any of the time frames noted below, if the last day before the financial statements go stale is a Saturday, Sunday or US federal holiday, Securities Act Rule 417 allows the filing to be made on the next business day, thereby effectively postponing the staleness date. Staleness of Financial Statements Staleness of Annual Audited Financial Statements The last year of audited financial statements cannot be more than 15 months old at the time of the offering or listing, subject to the two exceptions listed below. 54 This means that an issuer with a December 31 fiscal year end must have its registration statement go effective before March 31, or else annual audited financial statements for the year just ended must be included. In the case of a registration statement relating to an IPO, the audited financial statements must be as of a date not older than 12 months prior to the time the document is filed. 55 In other words, an IPO issuer with a December 31 fiscal year end cannot file a registration statement after January 1 without including audited financial statements for the year just ended (or audited financial statements as of an interim date less than 12 months prior to the filing). However, if the issuer is already public in another jurisdiction, the 12 month rule does not apply. 56 In addition, the SEC will waive this requirement and apply the 15 month rule in an IPO where the issuer is able to represent that it is not required to comply with this requirement in any other jurisdiction outside the United States and that complying with the requirement is impracticable and would involve undue hardship. 57 In the case of a registration statement relating to an offering of securities (i) upon the exercise of outstanding rights granted pro rata to all existing security holders of the applicable class, (ii) pursuant to a dividend or interest reinvestment plan or (iii) upon the conversion of outstanding convertible securities or upon the exercise of outstanding transferable warrants, the financial statements may be up to 18 months old at the time of offering. 58 This means that an issuer with a December 31 fiscal year end must have its registration statement for these types of transactions go effective before June 30, or else annual audited financial statements for the year just ended must be included. 6

11 Staleness of Financial Statements Staleness of Interim Unaudited Financial Statements If a registration statement becomes effective more than nine months after the end of the last audited fiscal year (e.g., September 30, in the case of an issuer with a December 31 fiscal year end) the issuer must provide unaudited interim financial statements either in accordance with, or reconciled to, US GAAP, or in accordance with IASB IFRS, in either case covering at least the first six months of the year. However, if an issuer publishes interim financial statements that are more current than those required, it must include the more current information in its registration statement. 59 For example, if an issuer with a fiscal year ending December 31 publishes first quarter information and does a securities offering in July, it must include the first quarter information in its registration statement. The more current interim financial information (the first quarter information in the example above) generally need not be reconciled to US GAAP. However, except for financial information prepared in accordance IASB IFRS, a narrative explanation of differences in accounting principles should be provided, and material new reconciling items should be quantified. 60 MD&A Registration statements for foreign private issuers must contain or incorporate by reference an Operating and Financial Review and Prospects, which contains essentially the same information as the Management s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of a US registration statement (the MD&A). 61 The MD&A requirements for US issuers are set out in S-K Item 303. We refer to the Operating and Financial Review and Prospects section of a foreign private issuer s registration statement as the MD&A. The purpose of the MD&A is to provide investors with the information necessary to understand an issuer s financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations. 62 It is the place where management interprets the financial statements for investors. A well-written MD&A will focus on trends and uncertainties in the marketplace and will identify the key drivers of the issuer s results of operations. It will explain the issuer s business as management sees it, from separately discussing each segment s performance to the business as a whole. It will also identify and discuss the key metrics that management uses to evaluate the business performance and financial health. Many MD&A sections include a general discussion of the issuer s future prospects under a subheading such as Outlook, and some issuers even go so far as to give specific guidance for the following quarter or the current or following fiscal year. Drafting the MD&A section of the disclosure requires close coordination among the issuer s financial team, its accountants and counsel, and can be a timeconsuming exercise. The SEC has steadily expanded the line item disclosure requirements for the MD&A, adding specific requirements for off-balance sheet arrangements and long-term contractual obligations, 63 certain derivatives contracts and related-party transactions and critical accounting policies. 65 For a recent explanation of the SEC s view of required liquidity and capital resources disclosure, see the guidance release from September 2010, 66 and for a sweeping explanation of the purpose of MD&A disclosure, see the guidance release from December Using IFRS Without Reconciliation A foreign private issuer may generally file financial statements prepared in accordance with IASB IFRS without reconciliation to US GAAP. 68 In order to take advantage of this: the accounting policy footnote must state compliance with IASB IFRS and the auditor s report must opine on compliance with IASB IFRS, although the issuer may state, and the auditor may opine on, compliance with both IASB IFRS and home country standards (such as EU IFRS) if there is no difference; 69 and 7

12 published interim financial information must also be prepared using IASB IFRS (and if the effective date of the registration statement or post-effective amendment is more than nine months after the end of the fiscal year, the issuer must explicitly state compliance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 34). 70 Note that reconciliation to IASB IFRS in lieu of full compliance with IASB IFRS is not permitted, with the exception of certain historical financial statements of companies using EU IFRS. 71 In addition, foreign private issuers that voluntarily file on domestic US forms (such as Form 10-K) may file financial statements under IASB IFRS, but should prominently disclose that the company meets the foreign private issuer test and is voluntarily filing on domestic forms. 72 Reconciliation to US GAAP Annual Audited and Interim Unaudited Financial Statements Reconciliation Annual Audited and Interim Unaudited Financial Statements Reconciliation Requirements Annual and Interim Financial Statements Annual audited and interim unaudited financial statements in a registration statement may be prepared using either US GAAP, IFRS or local GAAP. 73 If local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS is used in the preparation of the financial statements, the consolidated financial statements (both annual and interim) must include a reconciliation to US GAAP. 74 Reconciliation comprises both disclosure of the material variations between local GAAP/ non-iasb IFRS, on the one hand, and US GAAP, on the other hand, as well as a numerical quantification of those variations. 75 In the case of registered offerings, the reconciliation must meet Item 18 of Form 20-F (discussed in more detail below). A foreign private issuer registering for the first time must reconcile only the two most recently completed fiscal years (and any interim period). 76 Items that frequently require discussion and quantification as a result of the reconciliation requirements include stock compensation, restructuring charges, impairments, deferred or capitalized costs, investments, foreign currency translation, deferred taxes, pensions, derivatives, consolidation, asset retirement obligations, research and development and revenue recognition. Selected Financial Information Reconciliation Selected Financial Information Reconciliation Requirements Selected Financial Information Required selected financial information prepared in local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS must be reconciled to US GAAP. 77 A reconciliation to US GAAP of local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS selected financial information must cover (i) those periods for which the issuer is required to reconcile its primary financial statements and (ii) any interim periods. 78 So, for example, a first-time registrant reporting in local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS would only need to reconcile the most recent two years of its selected financial information (and any interim periods). 79 If a first-time registrant prepares its primary financial statements in accordance with US GAAP (rather than reconciling to US GAAP), it may present five years of selected financial information under local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS without reconciliation if US GAAP financial data is not available for the oldest three years. 80 8

13 MD&A A foreign private issuer s MD&A disclosure should focus on its primary financial statements, whether those statements are prepared in accordance with US GAAP, local GAAP, IASB IFRS or non-iasb IFRS. 81 To the extent those statements are prepared under local GAAP or non-iasb IFRS, a discussion should be included of the reconciliation to US GAAP and any differences between local GAAP/non-IASB IFRS and US GAAP not otherwise discussed in the reconciliation and needed for an understanding of the financial statements as a whole. 82 Audit Reports Audited financial statements must be accompanied by an audit report, covering each of the audited periods. 83 The SEC will generally not accept a disclaimer of an opinion or an audit report containing a qualification. 84 Note that the audit report must state that the audit has been conducted in compliance with PCAOB standards, although the SEC Staff will not object if the audit report states that the audit was also conducted in accordance with home-country generally accepted accounting standards. 85 In addition, an accounting firm (US or non-us) that prepares or issues any audit report with respect to any issuer, or plays a substantial role in the preparation or furnishing of an audit report with respect to any issuer, must be registered with the PCAOB. 86 Currency Translation; Exchange Rates Foreign private issuers may state amounts in their financial statements in any currency they deem appropriate (the reporting currency), 87 although (except for companies operating in a hyperinflationary environment) operations should generally be measured using the currency of the primary economic environment to measure transactions. 88 The reporting currency must be prominently disclosed on the face of the financial statements. 89 The issuer must also disclose if dividends will be paid in a different currency and any material exchange restrictions or controls relating to the reporting currency, the currency of the issuer s domicile or the currency in which dividends will be paid. 90 If the reporting currency is not the US dollar, US dollar-equivalent financial statements or convenience translations are not permitted to be included, except that an issuer may present a translation of the most recent fiscal year and any subsequent interim period. 91 The exchange rate used for any convenience translations should be as of the most recent balance sheet date included in the registration statement, except where the exchange rate of the most recent practicable date would yield a materially different result. 92 In addition, issuers that do not prepare their financial statements in US dollars must provide disclosure of the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the US dollar. 93 That disclosure should show: the exchange rate at the last practicable date; the high and low exchange rates for each month during the previous six months; and for the five most recent fiscal years, and any subsequent interim period covered by the financial statements, the average rates for each period (based on the average exchange rates on the last day of each month during the period). 94 The exchange rate to use for these purposes is the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfer in non- US currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 95 9

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