BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002,[1] with a schedule running from 19:00 to 04:00, the channel shows "a wide variety of programmes including comedy, documentaries, music, international film, original programmes, drama and current affairs ... an alternative to programmes on the mainstream TV channels".[2] It is required by its licence to broadcast at least 100 hours of new arts and music programmes, 110 hours of new factual programmes and to premiere twenty international films each year.[3][4]

BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002 at 19:00 GMT, having been delayed from the original planned 2001 launch. BBC Four began originally as a late schedule to BBC Two, before it received its own channel, along with BBC Three. Curiously, BBC Four had to launch before BBC Three as a result of the government delaying approval plans, the channel replaced BBC Knowledge, an educational and cultural channel which had undergone many changes throughout its lifetime; in its final format it carried a schedule of documentaries and art programming, essentially a test of the new BBC Four schedule. BBC Four would rebrand this channel, and bring it into line with the well recognised BBC One and Two brands at the same time. Planning for the new channel, along with the new BBC Three, had been in progress since October 2000; however, the incumbent government delayed approving the new BBC digital plans. The BBC Four plans were approved earlier, and as a result launched before BBC Three.

BBC Four was different from the old BBC Knowledge: the channel would be more heavily promoted with more new and original programming and the channel would not be broadcast 24 hours a day, this was because on the Freeviewdigital terrestrial platform, BBC Four is broadcast in a statistically multiplexed stream in Multiplex B that timeshares with the CBeebies channel (which is on air from 06:00 until 19:00). As a result, BBC Four broadcasts from 19:00 to around 04:00 each night, with an hour's down-time and promotions for CBeebies before the start of that channel's schedule.

On 12 May 2011, BBC Four was added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland on channel 230, it later moved to EPG 211 to free up space for new channels.[5]

BBC Four forms part of the BBC Vision group, and as a result, the channel controller is answerable to the head of this executive department: Emma Swain, as of 2012, the channel direction is determined by the channel's remit, set by royal charter and the corporation's governing body (the BBC Trust), and by the channel controller. In October 2013, following the departure of Richard Klein from the controllership, the management of the channel changed, with the role of Controller of BBC Four scrapped: from this point the Controller of BBC Two would have ultimate oversight of BBC Four as part of their role, absorbing some of the former duties of the Controller of BBC Four, but a new 'Channel Editor' post, reporting up to this controller, would be created to take day-to-day charge of Four, the controllers of BBC Four from 2002-2016 have been:

On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she had decided to leave the BBC as the Controller of BBC Two & BBC Four. As a result of the reorganisation, the post of Controller BBC Two and Four will close after her departure later in 2016.[12]

On 16 July 2013, the BBC announced that a high-definition (HD) simulcast of BBC Four would be launched by early 2014,[13] the channel launched on 10 December 2013, and rolled out nationwide up to June 2014 (as will BBC News HD and CBeebies HD).[14] The channel broadcasts on the BBC's new HD multiplex on Freeview and shares its stream with CBeebies HD as they both air at different times. Prior to launch, the majority of BBC Four's HD output was broadcast on the BBC HD channel before its closure on 26 March 2013.

BBC Four's primary role is to reflect a range of UK and international arts, music and culture, it should provide an ambitious range of innovative, high quality programming that is intellectually and culturally enriching, taking an expert and in-depth approach to a wide range of subjects.

On weekdays at 19:00 and weekends at 21:00, the channel shows a 30-minute global news programme called 100 Days + Monday–Thursday or an edition of World News Today Friday-Sunday, simulcast with and produced by BBC World News. Once 100 Days + ends it thought it will revert to World News Today, it screens a number of documentaries such as The Century of the Self and The Trials of Henry Kissinger. The channel is also home to many political travel shows such as Holidays in the Axis of Evil which features investigative journalism.

Drama has given the channel some of its most popular programmes, with The Alan Clark Diaries (2003) and Kenneth Williams: Fantabulosa! (2006) being among the highest rated, with over 800,000 viewers. The highly acclaimed Hattie, broadcast in 2011, holds the record for BBC4's best ever consolidated ratings of 2m / 8%,[17] before that The Curse of Steptoe brought the channel its highest audience figures, estimated as 1.41 million viewers, a 7% share of multichannel audiences between 21:00 and 22:05, based on overnight returns.[18] The official audience figures for the broadcast, including time-shifting, were later published as 1,625,000.[19] Another notable production was a live re-make of the 1953 science-fiction serial The Quatermass Experiment, adapted from the original scripts into a single, two-hour version (though on the night it, in fact, underran considerably, lasting less than 1 hour 40 minutes), broadcast on the evening of Saturday 2 April 2005. Discounting BBC Four's previous live relays of theatrical Shakespeare productions, this was the first live made-for-television drama to be broadcast by the BBC for twenty years.

Another notable programme broadcast on BBC Four is Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe which contains reviews of current shows, as well as stories and commentary on how television is produced, the show is presented by broadcaster Charlie Brooker.

The channel is also curator and leader of the BBC Archive project whose aim is that the BBC's television archive is re-broadcast as much as appropriate so that the Archive can be enjoyed again and not isolated.[20]

Some output from BBC Four (documentaries rather than foreign films) was for a time repeated on BBC Two in a 'BBC Four on Two' branded area, although this was often in a late night broadcast slot after Newsnight and has since been discontinued.

According to BARB the comedy panel game QI has the highest ratings of any show on BBC Four.[21]

In 2012 Dirk Gently became the first continuing drama series produced for the channel.[22]

BBC Four is occasionally used to show live sports coverage, the channel aired additional games from the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, and temporarily extended its broadcast hours to show live action from the 2016 Summer Olympics.[23]

The channel's initial series of idents were generated dynamically reflecting the frequencies of the continuity announcers' voice or of backing music and were designed by Lambie-Nairn, as a result, no two idents were ever the same. The first continuity announcer was Zeb Soanes.

When the channel first started airing, it used the slogan "Everyone Needs A Place To Think", but the BBC stopped using this several months after the launch, however the BBC Four logo and above slogan can be found, engraved on benches along the South Bank in London, between the London Eye and Waterloo Bridge.

On 10 September 2005, the channel began showing new idents comprising a central BBC Four logo surrounded by four quadrants which show different stages of the same footage thus making for a sort of optical illusion; for example, a swimming pool where a person on an inflatable ring appears in the bottom-left corner, though ripples don't enter the remaining quarters. Although the image appears as one at the start of the ident, by the end it is clearly four separate images.

1.
BBC Radio 4
–
BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010

BBC Radio 4
–
Logo of Radio 4 until 2007
BBC Radio 4
–
BBC Radio 4

2.
1080i
–
1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors

1080i
–
An example frame of poorly deinterlaced video. Despite the fact that most TV transmissions are interlaced, plasma and LCD display technologies are progressively scanned. Consequently, flat-panel TVs convert an interlaced source to progressive scan for display, which can have an adverse impact on motion portrayal on inexpensive models.

3.
BBC One
–
BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot

BBC One
–
Replica of an Emitron camera used to make the earliest 405-line programmes broadcast on the channel
BBC One
–
Logo of BBC1 from 16 February 1991 to 4 October 1997
BBC One
–
The BBC One 'Hippos' ident

4.
BBC Parliament
–
The channel also broadcasts reports from the European Parliament and the annual conferences of the main political parties and the Trades Union Congress. On 14 October 2016, the received a new look. Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as the Parliamentary Channel, operated by United Artists Cable, the Parliamentary Channel launched as a cable-exclusive channel in 1992. The channel was purchased by the BBC in 1998, retitled BBC Parliament and it now broadcasts on cable, satellite, and Freeview. The channel ran as a service via DAB from launch until 14 November 2000. Due to capacity limitations on the terrestrial television platform, now known as Freeview, from launch until 30 October 2002. Then on Freeview from October 2002 until 13 November 2006 the channel was able to broadcast a quarter-screen picture. After receiving thousands of angry and perplexed emails and letters, not to mention questions asked by MPs in the House itself, the BBC eventually found the bandwidth to make the channel full-screen. Until 2008, BBC Parliament was unique amongst the BBC channels in being broadcast using non-BBC facilities, with ITVs Millbank Studios in Westminster supplying the engineering, production, editorial and journalism were, however, maintained by the BBC. The previous idents, also based on a Big Ben clock motif ran from 2009-2016 and this replaced the channels previous identity which was first introduced in 2002. BBC Parliament was taken off the air during the 2012 Summer Olympics on Freeview in post-digital switchover areas to enable BBC Three to broadcast 24 hours a day. The BBC had done the same during the 2008 Summer Olympics as it used the space to provide an additional BBC Red Button option for Freeview users, BBC Parliament is the only BBC channel which does not broadcast in HD. This has been the case since 10 December 2013 when BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News, CBBC, on 5 September 2016 BBC Two began broadcasting BBC Parliament during BBC Twos overnight downtime. However this has subsequently been discontinued, the House of Lords is broadcast live only on days when there is no House of Commons sitting scheduled. A summer special is also produced featuring several beach books, briefings - a strand of programmes, usually broadcast weekend evenings, containing recorded coverage of major press briefings and conferences given by politicians in the previous week. Daily Politics - a daily political programme broadcast weekdays on BBC Two during parliamentary sessions and presented by Andrew Neil, daily Politics discusses the latest political news from across the United Kingdom, and is repeated on BBC Parliament every night at midnight. The Sunday Politics from BBC One is also repeated at midnight on the day of broadcast, dragons Eye - presented by Adrian Masters or Rhun ap Iorwerth, providing a weekly roundup of Welsh political developments. Eòrpa - current affairs series which covers political and social developments covering Europe, hearts and Minds - weekly programme covering the latest issues in the politics of Northern Ireland

BBC Parliament
–
BBC Parliament

5.
CBeebies
–
The name is used to brand the free-to-air domestic British channel, and is used for international variants supported by advertising, subscription or both. The channel was first launched on 11 February 2002, the channel has won a number of awards. At the BAFTA Childrens Awards, it won awards in 2002 and it has also won Best Schools Programme – 0–6 years awards from the Royal Television Society from 2002 to 2008. CBeebies is the childrens channel in the UK and is the 8th most watched channel overall. CBeebies HD officially launched on 10 December 2013, the CBeebies channel launched on 11 February 2002. The domestic CBeebies channel broadcasts from 6,00 a. m. to 7,00 pm each day– a result of the channel sharing bandwidth with the channel BBC Four on the Freeview platform, later on they launched a weekly publication called CBeebies Weekly. Since 27 March 2013, CBeebies has been carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service, the international CBeebies channel is advert-free and wholly owned by BBC Worldwide. The first international launch for the CBeebies channel was in India in May 2007, the channel is available in the Republic of Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong, Poland, Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Africa, Australia, and the United States. In March 2011, the on demand version of the network was launched in the US and is available on Xfinity. On 13 May 2011, CBeebies was launched as a block on the channel BBC Kids in Canada. It is serving a similar schedule to the main channel, in the UK, CBeebies is operated by the BBC Childrens division and part of BBC North. The division is responsible for CBBC and overall strategic responsibility for all of the BBCs domestic services for children rests with the Director of Childrens. She took over from the first controller Michael Carrington in 2010, internationally, CBeebies is owned by BBC Worldwide, who operate the brand. CBeebies offers a mix of mostly UK-produced entertainment and educational output designed to encourage learning through play and these goals are realised through a range of programmes about simple science, natural history, music and movement, storytelling, make up and make do, puzzle programmes and animation. The channels schedule is deliberately the same every weekday, with a different schedule at weekends, the schedule also includes signed programmes, shown in the UK between 14,00 and 17,00 on weekends. The international channels also show many programmes broadcast on the UK channel, inversely however, shows that air on CBeebies in the UK may air on networks other than CBeebies worldwide. Also, the international CBeebies airs 24 hours a day, unlike the UK variant, the following is a list of the ten most watched shows on CBeebies, based on Live +7 data supplied by the Broadcasters Audience Research Board. The links between programmes on CBeebies are primarily achieved through the use of in-vision continuity, using presenters to interact with the children, in the UK, links are pre-recorded rather than broadcast live, as is the case on sister channel CBBC

6.
Freeview (UK)
–
Freeview is the United Kingdoms digital terrestrial television platform. It is operated by DTV Services Ltd, a joint venture between the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Sky and transmitter operator Arqiva, the service provides consumer access via an aerial to the six DTT multiplexes covering the United Kingdom. In April 2014 it had some 60 DVB-T TV channels,26 digital radio channels,10 HD channels, six services,11 streamed channels. A number of new HD channels launched in 2014, from a new group of multiplexes awarded to Arqiva, the new HD channels were launched in selected areas on 10 December 2013 with a further roll-out during 2014. DTV Services delivery of television and radio is labelled Freeview. Reception of Freeview requires a Freeview tuner, either in a separate box or built into the TV set. Since 2008 all new TV sets sold in the United Kingdom have a built-in Freeview tuner, Freeview HD requires a HDTV-capable tuner. Digital video recorders with a built-in Freeview tuner are labelled Freeview+, depending on model, DVRs and HDTV sets with a Freeview tuner may offer standard Freeview or Freeview HD. DMOL, a company owned by the operators of the six DTT multiplexes is responsible for platform management and policy, including the electronic programme guide. The founding members of DTV Services, who trade as Freeview, were the BBC, Crown Castle UK, on 11 October 2006, ITV plc and Channel 4 became equal shareholders. Since then, the Freeview model has been copied in Australia, with the launch of Freeview other channels were broadcast free-to-air, such as, Sky Travel, UK History, Sky News, Sky Sports News, The Hits and TMF were available from the start. BBC Four and the interactive BBC streams were moved to multiplex B, under the initial plans, the two multiplexes operated by Crown Castle would carry eight channels altogether. The seventh stream became shared by UK Bright Ideas and Ftn which launched in February 2003, the eighth stream was left unused until April 2004 when the shopping channel Ideal World launched on Freeview. There are now 14 streams carried by the two multiplexes, with Multiplex C carrying 6 streams, and Multiplex D carrying 8 and it has recently been announced that more streams are now available on the multiplexes, and that bidding is under way. The Freeview service underwent an upgrade on 30 September 2009. The changes, meant to ensure reception of Channel 5. The Freeview website crashed and the centre was inundated as a result of the problems. The change involved an update to the NIT, which some receivers could not accommodate, many thousands of people could not receive some channels

Freeview (UK)
–
FreeviewPlay logo
Freeview (UK)
–
DTV Services

7.
Virgin Media
–
Virgin Media PLC is a British company which provides fixed and mobile telephone, television and broadband internet services to businesses and consumers in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are in Hook, Hampshire, United Kingdom, the company has been a subsidiary of Liberty Global plc, an international television and telecommunications company headquartered in London, since June 2013. Virgin Media previously had a listing on the NASDAQ Stock Market and was a constituent of the NASDAQ-100 index. It also had a listing on the London Stock Exchange. The company was formed in March 2006 by the merger of NTL and Telewest, in November 2006 the company signed a deal with Sir Richard Branson to license the Virgin brand for the combined business. All of the companys services were rebranded under the Virgin Media name in February 2007. At the same date it had around 3 million mobile telephony customers, Virgin Media competes primarily with Sky, BT Group, EE, O2, TalkTalk, Vodafone and Three. The companys origins lie in both Telewest and NTL, which merged in March 2006, Telewest began in 1984 in Croydon under the name Croydon Cable, and was acquired by United Cable of Denver in 1988. The company expanded during the 1990s and adopted the Telewest name in 1992 following the merger of its then-parent TCI and US West. It expanded into cable television access in 1999 by purchasing the remaining 50% stake in Cable London, one of the first cable TV companies in the UK, from NTL, adding 400,000 homes in north London. In April 2000 Telewest merged with Flextech, and in November extended its network with the acquisition of Eurobell. NTL was established by Barclay Knapp and George Blumenthal in 1993 as International CableTel, initially, Cabletel acquired local cable franchises covering Guildford, Northern Ireland and parts of Central Scotland and South Wales. In 1996 CableTel acquired National Transcommunications Limited, the privatised UK Independent Broadcasting Authority transmission network, in 1998 CableTel adopted NTL as its new name. NTL purchased the ISP Virgin. net in 2004, having originally operated it as a joint venture with Virgin Group since it launched in November 1996. It sold ADSL broadband services through BT landlines to those living outside areas served by NTLs cable network and also offered subscription-based, prior to acquiring Virgin. net, NTL offered a similar package called NTL Freedom. Telewest and NTL began discussions regarding a merger in late 2003, thanks to their geographically distinct areas, NTL and Telewest had co-operated previously, as in redirecting potential customers living outside their respective areas. On 3 October 2005, NTL announced a US$16 billion purchase of Telewest, to prevent this, Telewest instead acquired NTL. In December 2005 NTL, Telewest and mobile network operator Virgin Mobile UK announced that talks had taken place regarding a merger

8.
Virgin Media Ireland
–
Virgin Media Ireland is Liberty Globals telecommunications operation in Ireland. It is the largest digital cable television provider within the Republic of Ireland, as of 31 December 2014, the company offers broadband internet, digital television and digital telephony to 1.1 million customers. Virgin Media Ireland previously traded under the branding Chorus NTL until 4 May 2010 and it is primarily in competition with Sky Ireland, eir and Vodafone in the Irish pay TV market. Originally a joint venture with Independent News and Media, IN&M sold its shares to Liberty in 2004, in May 2005, NTL agreed to sell its Irish operations NTL Ireland to Liberty Global. Morgan Stanley held the shareholding until Competition Authority approval was obtained and this occurred in December 2005 and UPC Ireland came into being on 12 December 2005. In 2006, UPC Ireland began to integrate the brands Chorus, branding wise, on 5 September 2006 NTLs website was changed to the same design as Chorus i. e. itself based on UPC Netherlands website design at the time. 25 January 2007, NTL Ireland updated the electronic programme guide software to remove the NTL logo, on 31 January 2007, NTL and Chorus began advertising jointly, although the adverts were simply the ongoing campaign from NTL with the Chorus logo added to them. On 4 June 2007 @ntlworld. ie e-mail addresses switched to @upcmail. ie, the new UPC Mediabox set top boxes which contain a hardrive based digital video recording system are fully UPC branded and come with a much enhanced EPG. These were rolled out on both the ex NTL and Chorus cable networks, from 2008, the old Pace STBs supplied by NTL Ireland were replaced with new Pace STBs designed for UPC, also branded UPC Mediabox but without the hard drive/recording capabilities. In a Sunday Business Post article on 11 February 2007, UPC Irelands marketing manager revealed that the rebrand was due to place no later than May 2007. On 16 May 2007 UPC Netherlands introduced a new UPC logo, from July 2007, all UPC advertising began bearing a composite logo reading Chorus NTL – a UPC company. On 10 June 2007 UPC announced its takeover of one of the remaining small Irish operators and this gained UPC an extra 2000 customers. During late September and early October 2007, Chorus and NTL included a leaflet with their bills explaining that a rebrand would occur on 21 October. That did not happen, however, on 30 October 2007, in November 2007, NTL Business was rebranded UPC Business, making it the first part of the company to officially adopt the UPC name. On 29 April 2008 UPCs former Cork Communications cable network, latterly part of Chorus, became the first cable network in the Ireland to switch to digital, with the analogue signal switched off. On 4 May 2010 UPC began a €3 million spend on rebranding, completing the change from Chorus, a high-profile media campaign – fronted by broadcaster Craig Doyle – was planned to run for 3 months. It also lit up a number of buildings in Dublin, Galway, UPC had received the final approvals to acquire assets from broadband rival Broadworks, which was in liquidation. This would give it access to about 6,600 homes in west Dublin, the Competition Authority cleared the deal on 21 April 2010

Virgin Media Ireland
–
Virgin Media Ireland

9.
WightFibre
–
WightFibre is the only provider of commercial and residential cable television services on the Isle of Wight. They also provide telephone and broadband internet services and it is the last remaining cable company in the UK which is not part of Virgin Media which, from March 2006, operated more than 95% of cable services in the UK. The Isle of Wight Cable and Telephone Company and Omne Communications were taken over by CLS Holdings in the years of the 21st century. It ran two separate operations, WightCable on the Isle of Wight, and WightCable in south west Scotland. CLS Holdings sold both of the two companies to separate private investors who intend to operate them separately. Smallworld Cable was absorbed by Virgin Media in 2014 leaving WightFibre as the sole independent UK cable company, WightCable Ltd was sold in the last part of 2005, now going under the name Wight Cable 2005 Ltd. New branding was introduced, services upgraded and internet speeds increased, in 2012, WightCable changed its name to WightFibre, promising increased internet speeds up to 100Mbit/s, and introducing IPTV with high-definition channels and on-demand services. A £500,000 investment saw the launch of 50Mb broadband in July 2012, the company advertised heavily and returned to growth in October 2012. A small scale trial of the companys new IP based TV service was held in Nov & Dec 2012, in February 2013 WightFibre was acquired by Keith Young, a serial entrepreneur who was also an original investor in Easynet. The management team remained in place and the strategy remained unchanged

WightFibre
–
WightFibre Ltd

10.
IPTV
–
Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region

11.
BT TV
–
BT TV is a subscription IPTV service offered by BT, a division of United Kingdom telecommunications company BT Group, and was originally launched as BT Vision in December 2006. As of the end of 2015, BT TV has 1.4 million customers, BT TV provides on-demand content,28 extra entertainment channels,9 extra childrens channels,11 Movie channels and 5 live sports channels. BT Sport channels are available in SD and HD through IPTV signals, BT Sport, ESPN and AMC from BT are now available in non-fibre areas over IPTV using copper multicast where available. BT started rebranding its TV services – Vision and BTs YouView service as BT TV between May and August 2013. On 11 April 2014, BT announced that the original Vision service will be closed down as of 30 June, the Vision service was, after August 2013, solely used to broadcast Sky Sports, as well as BT Sport for non-Infinity customers. In January 2001, the ban was lifted, BT Vision was launched on 5 December 2006, competing with Sky, Virgin Media and TalkTalk Plus TV. Initial industry reaction was positive although there was criticism that set up costs were expensive. In May 2007, BT Group launched an advertising campaign for BT Vision. BT Vision was the second IPTV television platform in the UK, the aim was to attract hundreds of thousands of customers by the end of 2007 and 2–3 million in the medium-term. However, adoption was slow and by February 2008 BT Vision had just 150,000 customers, BT Vision also have the right to offer on demand coverage of 125 matches each season from the Football League and League Cup. This service ceased prior to the start of the 2010–11 season, BT Vision made a deal with American sports TV company ESPN for carriage of its new channel which replaced Setanta on DTT. On 7 January 2008, BT reached a deal with Microsoft where the latters Xbox 360 console will provide BT Vision on demand content, the service was due to launch in mid-2008 but never materialised. On 28 June 2010, BT and Sky signed an agreement where Sky Sports 1 and 2 will be available for BT Vision customers and this came a year after BT stopped offering Setanta Sports 1 &2 on Vision after Setanta lost the rights to broadcast Premier League football. On 22 March 2012, it was announced that BT would offer UKTV original content on-demand from later in the day. Featured programmes include, James Martins Mediterranean, Choccywoccydoodah, Extreme Makeover, Home Edition, Celebrity Fantasy Homes, Tool Academy, Bridezillas, Amazing Planet, as part of the deal, UKTV started streaming linear channels to BT Vision set top boxes later in 2012. The first three were Watch, GOLD and Alibi further channels, Good Food, Eden and Home were to launch at a later date. Dave, Really and Yesterday will likely not launch on the service as they are available on Freeview. On 11 April 2012, BT and Fox International Channels announced that from late 2012, BT Vision customers were also able to watch many of the top shows, up to seven days after transmission on-demand and watch library programmes on-demand

BT TV
–
Divisions and subsidiaries

12.
KPN
–
KPN is a Dutch landline and mobile telecommunications company. KPN started as a public company and is based in The Hague. KPN took on its present form on 1 January 1989 when the PTT was privatised, before the spin-off of TPG, the company also controlled the national Dutch postal services. The Dutch government progressively privatized KPN beginning in 1994, reducing its stake to 6. 4% in 2005, in 2001 KPN tried to merge with the Belgian telco Belgacom. It did not succeed because of the objections of the Belgian government, in 2001, Spanish Telefonica expressed an interest in buying KPN. The Japanese mobile telephone company NTT DoCoMo holds a 2% stake in KPN Mobile NV, from 2002 until 2007 KPN Mobile provided i-mode services on its mobile phone networks. I-mode as introduced by KPNs E-Plus in Germany in March 2002, KPN partly owned KPNQwest, a telecommunications company equally owned by KPN and the American Qwest Communications International. The company was set to bring together the state-of-the-art fibre-optic networks of the two partners and the Internet services expertise and customer base of EUnet International, the company collapsed in a bankruptcy in 2002. KPN also has operational synergies through joint ventures with TDC and Swisscom, in 2007 KPN acquired Getronics N. V. a worldwide ICT services company with more than 22,000 employees, and almost doubled its former size. KPN is still divesting parts of Getronics that didnt meet their core interests, recently they sold a Dutch department of Getronics named Business Application Services to CapGemini for about €250,000,000. In August 2013, América Móvil offered to take over the remaining 70% stake of the Dutch telecommunications company for 7.2 billion Euros, América Móvil currently owns close to 30% of KPN. The Dutch Government has issued a warning on this proposed takeover of KPN by Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim, as part of his ambition to expand his telecom empire. Current main share holders are, Stichting Preferente Aandelen B KPN50. 07% America Movil 14. 86% Norges Bank 3. 09% BlackRock 2. 69% Ontario Teachers Pension Plan 2. 19% JP Morgan Chase & Co 1. The foundation exercised an option to gain roughly 50% of the KPN shares in order to protect KPN against a hostile takeover. This stock has been withdrawn on a special meeting held on the 10th of January 2014. In the Netherlands, KPN has 6.3 million fixed-line telephone customers and its mobile division, KPN Mobile, has more than 33 million subscribers in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, and Spain under different brand names. KPN operates a mobile network for 2G and 3G technologies. 4G has recently rolled out and, as of March 2014

13.
Streaming media
–
Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves

Streaming media
–
A live stream from a camera pointed at a fish tank, Schou FishCam
Streaming media
–
A typical webcast, streaming in an embedded media player

14.
TVPlayer
–
TVPlayer is a live TV streaming service for users to watch free-to-air channels through their smart devices desktops, smartphones and tablets. The TV service allows television licence holders in the United Kingdom to stream 78 free live television channels, including BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Heart TV, Capital TV and The Box. TVPlayer Plus also allows users to catch up on programmes with their 7 day catch up service when using a Plus subscription, brazilian Channel Globo is available with an extra subscription. TVPlayer was launched as an iOS and Android app in December 2013, TVPlayer launched its tablet version in January 2014. Company representatives reported that TVPlayer had received 250,000 app downloads within 28 days of launching, on 30 January 2017, TVPlayer announced it had launched compatibility for all Windows 10 devices. As of January 2017, the TVPlayer app has been downloaded 2.5 million times since inception and boasts over one million active users. As of January 2017, a TVPlayer Plus subscription amounts to £5.99 per month or £59.99 for the plan with the first month being free to new customers as a free trial. A Globo subscription amounts to £14.99 per month after a one month free trial, all TVPlayer apps can be used via 3G, 4G, and Wi-Fi connections. Some channels are available while using a home Wi-Fi internet connection due to licensing rights. TVPlayer is a United Kingdom-only service so therefore can only be watched in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands, the service can be accessed in the following ways, Within an Adobe Flash Player enabled web browser. Via an app on devices running Android 4.2 or later, via an app on devices running iOS8.0 or later. Via apps on Apple TV 4th Generation the Amazon Fire TV, all TVPlayer Plus channels are available on EE TV. Via an app on the Humax H3 Smart Video Streaming Box, via an app on all Windows 10 devices. On February 16,2016, television channel BBC Three was removed due to the BBC relaunching it as an Internet television service only accessible through BBC iPlayer. TVPlayer is privately owned and operated by Simplestream Ltd, a provider of live streaming and catch-up TV services to broadcast. Adam Smith, who is the founder and CEO of Simplestream Ltd and TVPlayer, was also a co-founder of the similar, TVPlayer streams Freeview channels on your phone and tablet. TVPlayer tablet version comes to iOS, Android,40 of the best Android apps and games from January 2014

TVPlayer
–
TVPlayer

15.
Cable television
–
This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels

Cable television
–
Coaxial cable used to carry cable television into subscribers' residences.
Cable television
–
A cable television distribution box (left) in the basement of a building in Germany, with a splitter (right) which supplies the signal to separate cables which go to different rooms

16.
Greenwich Mean Time
–
Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans

17.
BBC Three
–
BBC Three was a British television channel operated by the BBC. Unlike its commercial rivals, 90% of BBC Threes output originated from the United Kingdom, 70% was original, covering all genres, including animation, comedy, current affairs, and drama. The former controller of the station, Zai Bennett, left to join Sky Atlantic in July 2014, despite significant public opposition, the proposal was provisionally approved by the BBC Trust in June 2015, with a new consultation open until 30 September of that year. The TV channel ceased operations on 16 February 2016, replaced by an online-only version, in late 2001 the BBC decided to reposition and rebrand their two digital channels so that they could be more closely linked to the well established BBC One and BBC Two. Their plan was for BBC Knowledge to be replaced with BBC Four—which took place in 2002—and for BBC Choice to be replaced with BBC Three, the channel was eventually given the go ahead, eleven months after the original launch date, and launched on 9 February 2003. The channel was launched by Stuart Murphy, who previously ran BBC Choice, and before that UK Play, on 12 May 2011, BBC Three was added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland on channel 229. It was later moved to channel 210 on 3 July 2012, for the duration of the 2012 Summer Olympics, BBC Three increased its broadcasting hours to 24 hours to provide extra coverage of Olympic events. Broadcast hours were extended again for the 2014 Commonwealth Games with BBC Three broadcasting from 9,00 am to 4,00 am for the duration of the games, on 16 July 2013 the BBC announced that a high-definition simulcast of BBC Three would be launched by early 2014. The channel launched on 10 December 2013, there was notable backlash against the measures, with celebrities including Greg James, Matt Lucas and Jack Whitehall speaking out. A petition against the move on change. org has gathered over 300,000 signatures, however, there was some support from media commentators, and those who backed a slimmer BBC. When the BBC revealed the detail in December 2014, it admitted there was widespread opposition from BBC Three viewers. They believed the public welcomed a BBC One +1 as it admits a vast majority of viewing still takes place on linear channels, the Save BBC Three campaign pointed out this was a contradiction to what the BBC said about BBC Three. The BBC Trust began a 28-day public consultation regarding the plans on 20 January 2015 and it did not consider the proposals cost-effective because the BBC will need to spend on a new brand and triple advertising budgets to increase awareness of the new service. The Trust also approved related proposals to allow first-run and third-party content on iPlayer, the BBC One timeshift service was rejected, citing limited public value. They had previously offered to buy the channel to keep it on television, BBC Three signed off during the early morning of 16 February 2016. The final programme was an episode of Gavin & Stacey, introduced by co-star James Corden from the Los Angeles studio of The Late Late Show, the channel thereafter carried promotional information regarding the BBC Three internet service until it officially went dark. The channels target audience was 16–34-year-olds, and it faced competition from rivals including ITV2 and E4. In 2008 it reached 26. 3% of 16–34-year-olds in digital homes—the channels highest ever such reach and above that of E4, ITV2, Dave, despite several official complaints from the BBC, BARB continues to publish figures which the BBC argues are unrepresentative

BBC Three
–
One of the former BBC Three "Blobs"
BBC Three
–
BBC Three

18.
Digital terrestrial television
–
Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network

Digital terrestrial television
–
DTT transmitters located at Mount Zhentou in Tainan, Taiwan
Digital terrestrial television
–
Two digital terrestrial television receiving antenna on the roof, upper antenna facing Tokyo Tower and lower one to another Local Television Stations in Kantō Plain of Japan until Tokyo Skytree operates. (For ISDB-T system)
Digital terrestrial television
–
Simple and low cost ISDB-TSet-top box (tuner) with remote control
Digital terrestrial television
–
Analog television shut down in Japan at noon. All television stations broadcast a blue information screen that displayed one or more telephone numbers for digital television inquiries on the day of the shutdown until the transmitters shut off at midnight.

19.
Statistical time division multiplexing
–
Statistical multiplexing is a type of communication link sharing, very similar to dynamic bandwidth allocation. In statistical multiplexing, a channel is divided into an arbitrary number of variable bitrate digital channels or data streams. The link sharing is adapted to the traffic demands of the data streams that are transferred over each channel. This is an alternative to creating a fixed sharing of a link, such as in general time division multiplexing, when performed correctly, statistical multiplexing can provide a link utilization improvement, called the statistical multiplexing gain. Statistical multiplexing is facilitated through packet mode or packet-oriented communication, which among others is utilized in packet switched computer networks, each stream is divided into packets that normally are delivered asynchronously in a first-come first-served fashion. In alternative fashion, the packets may be delivered according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing or differentiated and/or guaranteed quality of service, statistical multiplexing normally implies on-demand service rather than one that preallocates resources for each data stream. Statistical multiplexing schemes do not control user data transmissions, statistical multiplexing allows the bandwidth to be divided arbitrarily among a variable number of channels. Statistical multiplexing ensures that slots will not be wasted, the transmission capacity of the link will be shared by only those users who have packets. Static TDM and other circuit switching is carried out at the layer in the OSI model and TCP/IP model, while statistical multiplexing is carried out at the data link layer. In statistical multiplexing, each packet or frame contains a channel/data stream identification number, examples of statistical multiplexing are, The MPEG transport stream for digital TV transmission. Statistical multiplexing is used to allow several video, audio and data streams of different data rates to be transmitted over a bandwidth-limited channel, the channel number is denoted Program ID. The UDP and TCP protocols, where streams from several application processes are multiplexed together. The packets may have varying lengths, the port numbers constitute channel identification numbers. The X.25 and Frame relay packet-switching protocols, where the packets have varying lengths, and the channel number is denoted Virtual Connection Identifier. The international collection of X.25 providers, using the X.25 protocol suite was known as the Packet switched network in the 1980s. The Asynchronous Transfer Mode packet-switched protocol, where the packets have fixed length, the channel identification number consists of a Virtual Connection Identifier and a Virtual Path Identifier. The multiplexer allocates to each service the bandwidth required for its real-time needs so that services with complex scenes receive more bandwidth than services with complex ones. This bandwidth sharing technique produces the best video quality at the lowest possible aggregate bandwidth

20.
BBC Vision
–
BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 and it produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBCs domestic television channels have no advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence, the BBC operates several television networks, television stations, and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a number of its own programmes in-house. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by late 1930, thirty minutes of morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Bairds broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. Ally Pally housed two studios, various stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks, the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both made the BBCs service the worlds first regular high-definition television service, it broadcast from Monday to Saturday between 15,00 and 16,00, and 21,00 and 22,00. The two systems were to run on a basis for six months, early television sets supported both resolutions. Television production was switched from Bairds company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was Opening of the BBC Television Service at 15,00, the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25, 000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. Also, many of the services technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort. According to figures from Britains Radio Manufacturers Association,18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the announcers, made the first announcement, saying. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later

BBC Vision
–
A special ident was created in 1982 to celebrate 60 years of the BBC.

21.
Roly Keating
–
Roland Francis Kester Roly Keating is Chief Executive of the British Library. He took up his post in September 2012, Keating was born on 5 August 1961 to Donald Norman Keating and Betty Katharine Keating. He was educated at Westminster School, an independent school for boys in London, Keating joined the BBC in 1983. He was a producer and director for the Arts and Music department, making programmes for Omnibus, Bookmark and he was a producer and later became editor of The Late Show. In 1997, he head of programming for UKTV, partly owned by the BBC. In 1999, he became the BBC Controller of Digital Channels, in 2000, he also took on the responsibility of Controller of Arts Commissioning. He became the Controller of digital television station BBC Four in December 2001, in 2003, he was also joint leader of the BBCs Charter Review project for six months. He became the controller for BBC Two in June 2004. He was appointed controller of BBC One following Peter Finchams resignation on 5 October 2007. While Controller, he said that he wanted to see BBC Two be the first mainstream British TV channel to be available on broadband and his decision to screen Jerry Springer, The Opera on 8 January 2005 forced him to go into hiding and he was given security protection. Keating was previously Director of Archive Content for the BBC and he was announced as chief executive designate of the British Library in May 2012, to succeed Dame Lynne Brindley. As of 2015, Keating was paid a salary of between £155,000 and £159,999 by the British Library, making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time, in 1989, Keating married Caroline Marguerite Cumine Russell. Together they have three children, one son and two daughters, BBC Biography for Roly Keating Changing BBC TWOs idents in February 2007

Roly Keating
–
Roly Keating, Chief Executive of the British Library.

22.
Seinfeld
–
Seinfeld is an American sitcom that originally ran for nine seasons on NBC, from 1989 to 1998. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, the latter starring as a version of himself. It is often described as being a show about nothing, as many of its episodes are about the minutiae of daily life, Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment. In syndication, the series has been distributed by Sony Pictures Television since 2002, a favorite among critics, the series led the Nielsen ratings in seasons six and nine, and finished among the top two every year from 1994 to 1998. In 2002, TV Guide named Seinfeld the greatest television program of all time, E. named it the number 1 reason the 90s ruled. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America named Seinfeld the No.2 Best Written TV Series of All Time and that same year, Entertainment Weekly named it the No.3 best TV series of all time and TV Guide ranked it at No.2. Main Jerry Seinfeld – Jerry is a minor celeb stand-up comedian who is depicted as the voice of reason amidst the general insanity generated by the people in his world. The in-show character is a mild germaphobe and neat freak, as well as an avid Superman, New York Mets, Jerrys apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends and a focus of the show. Plot lines often involve Jerrys social interactions and romantic relationships around New York City and he typically finds minor, pedantic reasons to break up with women, including a habit of eating peas one at a time, oversized man hands and an irritating laugh. Other plot lines involve his longtime enemy Newman and his overbearing relatives, Elaine Benes – Elaine is Jerrys ex-girlfriend and later friend. She is attractive and genial, while also being humorous, arrogant and she sometimes has a tendency to be too honest with people, which often gets her into trouble. She usually gets caught up in her boyfriends quirks, eccentric employers unusual behaviors and idiosyncrasies, and she tends to make poor choices in men she chooses to date and is often overly reactionary. First she works at Pendant Publishing with Mr. Lippman, is hired as a personal assistant for Mr. Pitt. One of Elaines trademark moves is her forceful shove while exclaiming Get Out, when she receives good, objectionable or surprising news. Another is her memorable Little Kicks dance move, which is described as a full body heave accompanied by a double-fisted thumbs-up and she hates The English Patient, which is met with significant social disapproval. Elaine is popularly described as an amalgamation of Davids and Seinfelds girlfriends during their days in New York as struggling comedians. Cosmo Kramer – Kramer is Jerrys wacky neighbor and his trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle, vintage clothes, and energetic sliding bursts through Jerrys apartment door. Kramer was heavily based on a neighbor of Davids during his amateur comedic years in Manhattan and this is seen in his success with women and employers

Seinfeld
–
The main cast of Seinfeld
Seinfeld
–
Tom's Restaurant, a diner at 112th Street and Broadway, in Manhattan that was used as the exterior image of Monk's Café in the show
Seinfeld
–
The Los Angeles building used to depict the exterior of Jerry's apartment building at 129 West 81st Street, Manhattan

23.
The Thick of It
–
The Thick of It is a British comedy television series that satirises the inner workings of modern British government. It was first broadcast for two series on BBC Four in 2005, initially with a small cast focusing on a government minister, his advisers. These characters continued when the show switched channels to BBC Two for its series in 2009. A fourth series about a government was broadcast in 2012. In a 2012 interview, series creator Armando Iannucci said the series of the programme would probably be its last. The series has been described as the 21st centurys answer to Yes Minister, highlighting the struggles, as with Yes Minister, the political parties involved are never mentioned by name, although the context makes clear which is which. Iannucci describes it as Yes Minister meets Larry Sanders, the journalist and former civil servant Martin Sixsmith is an adviser to the writing team, giving some of the storylines an element of realism. The series became known for its profanity and for featuring storylines which have mirrored, or in some cases predicted real-life policies. A feature film spin-off, In the Loop, was released in the UK on 17 April 2009. A pilot for a U. S. Armando Iannucci originally conceived of a political satire after arguing the case for Yes Minister in a 2004 Best British Sitcom poll for BBC Two. His idea was commissioned by Roly Keating, the controller of BBC Four, Iannucci created the first series of three episodes, which aired in May–June 2005, and a second series, also of three episodes, which followed in October. The series is written by a team of writers led by Armando Iannucci, some of the dialogue is improvised rather than scripted, and includes some very strong language. Peter Capaldi said Fundamentally 80% of the cut is the script that we started with. The improvisation just makes it more real and not written. Prior to rehearsals, the scripts are sent to a consultant in Lancaster called Ian Martin. The programmes producer is Adam Tandy, who has produced all of Iannuccis television projects since 2000, the programme is shot with hand-held cameras to give it a sense of vérité or fly-on-the-wall documentary. The documentary style is furthered by the absence of any music or laughter track. The action centres on the fictional Department of Social Affairs and Citizenship, thus it acts as a super department overseeing many others, with some similarities to the Cabinet Office

The Thick of It
–
The Thick of It

24.
Documentary film
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century

25.
Wallander (Swedish TV series)
–
Wallander is a Swedish television series adapted from Henning Mankells Kurt Wallander novels, starring Krister Henriksson in the title role. The first season of thirteen films was produced in 2005 and 2006, with one taken directly from a novel, the second season of thirteen films was shown between 2009 and 2010. The stories are set in Ystad, Scania near the tip of Sweden. The three films Before the Frost, Mastermind, and The Secret were premiered in cinemas, with the rest first released as direct-to-DVD movies. The first episode of the series, Hämnden, was released in Swedish cinemas in January 2009. A third and final season, containing six 90 minute episodes, the first episode, adapted from the novel The Troubled Man, was released in cinemas in January 2013. From 2005 to 2006, the first 13 new stories, starring Krister Henriksson as Kurt Wallander, were produced, the first film is based on the Henning Mankell novel Before the Frost and was released in cinemas. The rest of the films are original stories based on plots written by Mankell, two more were theatrical releases, and the rest were released on DVD and shown on TV. In 2008, a further 13 films were commissioned, filming began in August 2008, and continued during 2009. The 13 episodes were released during 2009 and 2010, the first of these films, Hämnden, was a theatrical release on 9 January 2009, directed by award-winning Paris-based Franco-Swedish director Charlotte Brandström. The remaining 12 films went directly to DVD in Scandinavia during 2009 and 2010, however, he later indicated that he would be interested in playing the role in an adaptation of the final Wallander novel, The Troubled Man, because it is the definite end. A third and final season, containing six 90 minute episodes, the first episode, adapted from the novel The Troubled Man, was released in cinemas in January 2013. The series finale aired July 30,2013, in Sweden, producers, Malte Forsell, Ole Søndberg, Lars Björkman, Lasse Bjørkmann. Editors, Håkan Karlsson, Tomas Beije, Mattias Morheden, Hélène Berlin, Margareta Lagerqvist, Kristofer Nordin, Dino Jonsäter, to coincide with the BBC television adaptation, Wallander, BBC Four began broadcasting the 2005 series to United Kingdom audiences. Before the Frost and Mastermind were shown in November 2008, broadcast of the others began weekly in July 2009, Wallander and his comrades seek what remedies they can to the consequences of the sins of oppression and greed. What had happened for Wallander is an immersion in human degradation. Carlsson further criticised that the films are often predictable, tentative and carelessly made. Series 2 won the International TV Dagger at the 2010 Crime Thriller Awards, an awards ceremony presented by British television channel ITV3, the first season was released in installment sets

Wallander (Swedish TV series)
–
Wallander

26.
BBC television drama
–
BBC television dramas have been produced and broadcast since even before the public service company had an officially established television broadcasting network in the United Kingdom. As with any major broadcast network, drama forms an important part of its schedule, other major purchasers of BBC dramas include the BBCs equivalents in other Commonwealth nations, such as Australias ABC, Canadas CBC and Gibraltars Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation. Broadcast live at 3. 30pm on 14 July 1930, the play was produced from a studio in the Baird Company headquarters at 133 Long Acre. The play was chosen because of its setting, small cast and short length, and was directed by Val Gielgud. Because of the primitive 30-line camera technology, only one figure could be shown on screen at a time, the Prime Minister of the day, Ramsay MacDonald, watched the play with his family on the Baird Televisor Baird had previously installed at their 10 Downing Street home. The reviewer for The Times newspaper commented that, This afternoon on the roof of 133, the time for interest and curiosity is come, but the time for serious criticism of television plays, as plays, is not yet. The BBCs test broadcasts continued throughout the part of the decade as the quality of the medium improved. At the time of the debut on 2 November 1936 there were only five television producers responsible for the entire output. The producer selected to oversee drama was George More OFerrall, who had experience with working in a visual medium as he was a former assistant director of films. This was unlike most of his colleagues, who came across from the BBCs radio services and this was broadcast live from the Alexandra Palace studios on the evening of Friday 6 November 1936. Later BBC Television Head of Drama Shaun Sutton wrote about the production for The Times in 1972 and it was probably little more than a photographed version of the stage production, with the camera lying well back to preserve the picture-frame convention of the theatre. When television transmissions on Sundays began in March 1938, one Sunday per month would see the broadcast of a full-length Shakespeare play by actors from the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. The Times credited the ambition of BBC television drama in its review of a July 1938 modern dress version of Julius Caesar, from the moment when Mr. Sebastian Shaw and Mr. The penumbrascope, a device for providing a background by means of shadows, the essence of stagecraft is illusion, which must not be shattered by such accidents. Caesars ghost was also very unconvincing, nor did the handful of people listening to the funeral orations suggest an excited mob, greater praise was given by the same paper to Felicitys First Season, broadcast in September 1938 and, unusually for the time, written directly for television. The play relies on dialogue throughout, and there is a use of film to suggest the journey to Scotland. While there are few characters and little change of scenery, enormous cocktail parties, balls, the result was something between a stage play and a film—that is to say, good television entertainment. The overwhelming majority of BBC television drama produced during the 1930s consisted of adaptations of stage plays and these included the first multi-episodic drama serial, Ann and Harold, a five-part story about a married couple which began showing on 12 July 1938

27.
Shakespeare
–
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589

28.
Charlie Brooker
–
Charlton Charlie Brooker is an English satirist and broadcaster. He is the creator of the anthology series Black Mirror and he also wrote a five-part horror drama, Dead Set, which was nominated for the 2009 Best Drama Serial BAFTA. He has written comment pieces for The Guardian and is one of four directors of the production company Zeppotron. Brookers style of humour is acerbic, profane, and often controversial with surreal elements, Brooker was born in Reading, Berkshire, and grew up in the village of Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, Oxfordshire. He was raised in a relaxed Quaker household and he first worked as a writer and cartoonist for Oink. A comic produced in the late 1980s, after attending Wallingford School, he attended the Polytechnic of Central London, studying for a BA in Media Studies. He claims that he did not graduate because his dissertation was written on video games, Brooker wrote for PC Zone magazine in the mid-1990s. In February 1998, one of Brookers one-shot cartoons caused the magazine to be pulled from the shelves of many British newsagents. It was accompanied by photoshopped pictures of children smashing the skulls of monkeys with hammers, jumping on a badger with a pitchfork, in October 2008, Brooker and several other ex-writers were invited back to review a game for the 200th issue. Brooker began writing a TV review column titled Screen Burn for The Guardian newspapers Saturday entertainment supplement The Guide in 2000, a role he continued through to October 2010. From late 2005, he wrote a series of columns in The Guardian supplement G2 on Fridays called Supposing. The key theme behind Ignopedia was that, while Wikipedia is written and edited by thousands of users and he has since commented about the remark in the column stating, Brooker left the Screen Burn column in 2010. Longtime covering contributor Grace Dent took over the column and he continued to contribute other articles to The Guardian on a regular basis, his most recent comment column appearing in May 2015. In 2012 he contributed to the book Behind the Sofa, Celebrity Memories of Doctor Who, a print adaptation of the site was published by Fourth Estate in 2001. A TV sketch show based on the site was broadcast on UK digital station E4 the same year, in May 2012, Brooker was interviewed for Richard Herrings Leicester Square Theatre Podcast series. From 1999 to 2000, Brooker played hooded expert the Pundit in the short-lived show Games Republic, hosted by Trevor and Simon on BSkyB. In 2000, Brooker was one of the writers of the Channel 4 show The 11 OClock Show and a co-host on BBC Knowledges The Kit, in 2001, he was one of several writers on Channel 4s Brass Eye special on the subject of paedophilia. In 2003, Brooker wrote an episode entitled How to Watch Television for Channel 4s The Art Show, the episode was presented in the style of a public information film and was partly animated

29.
QI
–
In traditional Chinese culture, qì or chi is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi literally translates as breath, air, or gas, and figuratively as material energy, life force, Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Some elements of the concept of qi can be found in the energy when used in the context of various esoteric forms of spirituality. Notions in the West of energeia, élan vital, or vitalism are purported to be similar, despite widespread belief in the reality of qi, it is a non-scientific, unverifiable concept. The logograph 氣 is read with two Chinese pronunciations, the usual qì 氣 air, vital energy and the rare archaic xì 氣 to present food, pronunciations of 氣 in Sino-Xenic borrowings include, Japanese language ki, Korean language gi, and Vietnamese language khi. Reconstructions of the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 氣, standardized to IPA transcription, include, /kʰe̯iH/, /kʰĭəiH/, /kʰiəiH/, /kʰɨjH/, reconstructions of the Old Chinese pronunciation of 氣, standardized to IPA transcription, include, /*kʰɯds/, and /*C. qʰəp-s/. In addition, qì 炁 is an uncommon character especially used in writing Daoist talismans, historically, the word qì was generally written as 气 until the Han dynasty, when it was replaced by the 氣 graph clarified with mǐ 米 rice indicating steam. These oracle, bronze, and seal scripts graphs for qì 气 air, breath, etc. were anciently used as a loan character to write qǐ 乞 plead for, beg, ask. The regular script character qì 氣 is unusual because qì 气 is both the air radical and the phonetic, with mǐ 米 rice semantically indicating steam, vapor. This qì 气 air/gas radical, which was used in a few native Chinese characters like yīnyūn 氤氲 thick mist/smoke, was used to create new scientific characters for gaseous chemical elements. Some examples are based on pronunciations in European languages, fú 氟 fluorine and nǎi 氖 neon, others are based on semantics, qīng 氫 hydrogen and lǜ 氯 chlorine. Qi was an early Chinese loanword in English, romanized as, ki in Church Romanization in the century, chi in Wade–Giles in the mid-19th century. An early form of the idea comes from the writings of the Chinese philosopher Mencius, historically, the Huangdi Neijing/The Yellow Emperors Classic of Medicine is credited with first establishing the pathways through which qi circulates in the human body. The ancient Chinese described it as life force and they believed qi permeated everything and linked their surroundings together. They likened it to the flow of energy around and through the body, forming a cohesive, by understanding its rhythm and flow they believed they could guide exercises and treatments to provide stability and longevity. Although the concept of qi has been important within many Chinese philosophies, until China came into contact with Western scientific and philosophical ideas, they had not categorized all things in terms of matter and energy. Qi and li were fundamental categories similar to matter and energy, yuán qì is a notion of innate or pre-natal qi to distinguish it from acquired qi that a person may develop over the course of their lifetime. The earliest texts that speak of qi give some indications of how the concept developed, the philosopher Mo Di used the word qi to refer to noxious vapors that would in due time arise from a corpse were it not buried at a sufficient depth

QI
–
Qi (Ch'i)
QI
–
Main topics

30.
Dinosaurs, Myths and Monsters
–
Dinosaurs, Myths and Monsters is a 2011 British documentary film produced by the BBC. The film premiered on BBC Four on 14 September 2011, and is presented, jamie Muir served as the programmes director and producer. The duration of the film is an hour, the concept of the Cyclopes may have been derived from Greek encounters with elephant skulls. The Greeks, unfamiliar with living elephants, could have misinterpreted the skulls nose cavity as an eye socket. The film was produced three other dinosaur programmes, Planet Dinosaur, How to Build a Dinosaur, and Survivors. All four programmes were commissioned by Kim Shillinglaw, the BBCs commissioning editor for Science, jonathan Wright of The Guardian praised the programme, calling it precisely the kind of off-kilter but insightful documentary that explains why we need BBC Four. Rachel Cookes review in the New Statesman was more mixed, is, I must admit, increasingly limited. Overall, Cooke considered the film uneven, consisting of too little interesting material being stretched too far

31.
Only Connect
–
Only Connect is a British game show presented by Victoria Coren Mitchell. It aired on BBC Four from 15 September 2008 to 7 July 2014, in the series, teams compete in a tournament of finding connections between seemingly unrelated clues. The latest series began on 11 July 2016, from 6 January 2017 the show moved from Mondays to Fridays, leaving the fellow BBC Two quiz show University Challenge as the only quiz show that occupies the Monday 20,00 slot. The phrase Only connect was originally used in E. M. Forsters 1910 novel Howards End and it was spoken by the character Margaret Schlegel, and occurs in chapter 22, Only connect. That was the whole of her sermon, Only connect the prose and the passion, and both will be exalted, and human love will be seen at its height. Only connect, and the beast and the monk, robbed of the isolation that is life to either, will die. The quote was the basis of a question in the grand final of series nine – the beast, the monk, the prose. Each programme has two teams of three competing in four rounds of gameplay. In the first three series, clues in Rounds 1 and 2 and the walls in Round 3 were identified by Greek letters. The shows opening sequence continued to display Greek letters until series 5 and this reduced the number of competing teams from 16 to 8, and the episodes from 16 to 13, compared with the previous series except Series 2. The number of competing teams was restored to 16 with Series 10, expanding the series to a total of 27 episodes. In Series 12, the number of competing teams was expanded to 24, this expanded the series to a total of 37 episodes, the current format is split into 2 halves of 12 teams, each containing 6 heats, with the winners qualifying for the second round. The 4 highest scoring losers from each half play 2 matches, with the joining the heat winners in the second round. Thereafter, the remaining 8 teams must win twice to reach the semi-finals or lose twice to be eliminated, teams are given up to four clues and must try to figure out the connection between them within 40 seconds. The team is shown one clue, and may request the remaining three clues at any time within the 40 seconds. The team may press their buzzer to guess after the first clue for 5 points, the second for 3, the third for 2, or the fourth for 1. If the team guesses incorrectly, or fails to buzz within the time allotted, typically, one of the six puzzles involves pictures, and another uses pieces of music, both classical and contemporary. Each set of clues is now a sequence, and teams must try to out the fourth item in the sequence

Only Connect
–
Television and film production
Only Connect
–
Only Connect

32.
The Bridge (Danish/Swedish TV series)
–
The Bridge is a Scandinavian crime television series created and written by Hans Rosenfeldt. A joint creative and financed production between Swedens Sveriges Television and Denmarks DR, it has shown in over 100 countries. Three series have been broadcast, all starring Sofia Helin as the Swedish police detective Saga Norén, in the first and second, her Danish counterpart, Martin Rohde, is played by Kim Bodnia, and in the third Thure Lindhardt plays Henrik Sabroe. The bridge is the Øresund Bridge, which links Malmö with Copenhagen, the first series begins with the discovery of a dead body exactly on the centre of the bridge. It was broadcast on the Swedish SVT1 and Danish DR1 during the autumn of 2011, the second series aired in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Iceland during the autumn of 2013, and in the UK in early 2014. The third series was aired in Denmark, Sweden and Finland during the autumn of 2015 and it has been confirmed that the fourth season is in production and is scheduled to air in 2018. It is not one corpse but two halves of two women, the upper-half being that of a female Swedish politician, the lower-half being that of a Danish prostitute. Two detectives, Saga Norén from Sweden, and Martin Rohde from Denmark, in the course of the investigation, Martin and Saga develop a close working relationship. August, a son from his first marriage is now living with Martin and his current wife, Mette. Saga lives alone and rather than have serious relationships, she prefers to pick up men in bars for casual sex, the investigation quickly escalates as a journalist, Daniel Ferbé, whose car was used in the crime, begins receiving phone calls. The caller, who known as the Truth Terrorist, claims to be committing crimes in order to draw attention to various social problems. A social worker, Stefan Lindberg, whose estranged sister is a victim, working together, the Danish and Swedish police conclude that the killer must have a connection with them. After the killer has murdered people, his true motivation begins to seem personal. They discover that he has been planning his campaign over a period of several years, Series two starts 13 months later. A coaster veers off course and rams into the Øresund Bridge, Saga arrives on the scene and finds the ship deserted save for five people – three Swedish and two Danish – chained and in poor condition below deck. Saga arranges to have Martin assigned to the case, though he has gone through a nervous breakdown following his sons death, after the victims on the coaster die from pneumonic plague, a viral video appears in which four disguised eco-terrorists claim responsibility for the incident. They embark on further attacks, including blowing up a petrol tanker, as the police close in on the group, they are all found dead in a shipping container, thus raising the question of whether there are other terrorist cells or a larger group. The keynote speaker of an upcoming EU climate conference in Copenhagen is one of those killed by poisoning, Caroline Brandstrup-Julin, the head of the conference, appoints Viktoria Nordgren, head of the Medisonus pharmaceutical company, as his replacement

The Bridge (Danish/Swedish TV series)
–
The Øresund Bridge, a focal point of the TV series.
The Bridge (Danish/Swedish TV series)
–
Series one DVD for the Australian release
The Bridge (Danish/Swedish TV series)
–
Sofia Helin and Kim Bodnia are the protagonist detectives in series 1 and 2.

33.
Borgen (TV series)
–
Borgen is a Danish political drama television series created by Adam Price. It tells how Birgitte Nyborg, a politician, becomes the first female Prime Minister of Denmark against all the odds. Borgen is the name of Christiansborg Palace and is where the three branches of Danish government reside, the Parliament, the Prime Ministers Office, and the Supreme Court. Adam Price is the co-writer and developer of the series together with Jeppe Gjervig Gram, Borgen is produced by DR, the Danish public broadcaster which previously produced The Killing. Three series, each comprising ten episodes, have been made, the first series was shown in Denmark in the autumn of 2010, the second in the autumn of 2011, and the third on 1 January 2013. In the UK, BBC Four started broadcasting the first series on 7 January 2012, the second series started on 5 January 2013, with initial overnight viewing figures of over the one million for the first episode. The third series began on 16 November 2013, with two episodes being shown back-to-back, the US satellite and cable channel Link TV started broadcasting series one on 29 October 2011. Prior to the airing of the series, Price said that it was likely to be the final series. Adam Price, the creator of the series, has stated, shes also become a very professional political being, but there is definitely that idealism, and thats important. In describing her relationship with the character, she said, They liked to see a woman feeling guilty, I think should be responsible for her feelings. And when she has to make decisions, she should stand by them. I dont want her to feel sorry for herself or suddenly become a mess in her private life. In the beginning she is known as Birgitte Nyborg Christensen, when she divorces her husband Philip Christensen she is thereafter known as Birgitte Nyborg. In the first episode, Birgitte is the leader of a minority political party, the series has been well received by critics and audiences alike. It became a hit in the UK as well as Denmark, maggie Brown of The Guardian cited the strong female characters, originality and an ability to uncannily forecast actual developments in Danish politics as reasons for its success. Jane Merrick of The Independent published a list of similarities from Series 2 to actual events in present-day UK politics following the conclusion of the series in the UK. With several middle of the road 3/6 star ratings, the Danish media’s reaction to the series was noticeably less positive than for the first two series. Tabloid paper BT however claimed that the finished on a peak

34.
Hostages (Israeli TV series)
–
Hostages is an Israeli drama television series that was first broadcast on Channel 10 in October 2013. The series was created by Rotem Shamir and Omri Givon and produced by Chaim Sharir, the series originally aired on Channel 10 in Israel and was made available on Netflix in multiple regions in September 2016. When four masked men break into the Danon family home taking them hostage. The mysteriously masked men demand that Yael, the matriarch of this family and brilliant surgeon, the clock is ticking with the operation scheduled for the following day and if the Prime Minister is not dead, her family will be. Jonah Lotan as Adam Rubin Ayelet Zurer as Dr. M, shmuel Netzer Liat Stern as Neta Michal Kalman as Sara Maariv said you dont even notice the time pass and youre sitting with a dry throat and eyes glued to the screen. Youre already booking the next episode and setting a reminder, haaretz, another Israeli newspaper, said it sets a new standard for Israeli TV. In France, the series was also well-received by critics, with the newspapers LExpress describing it as refined, toni Collette, Tate Donovan and Dylan McDermott were cast in the leading roles. The US version premiered on 23 September 2013, a month before the Israeli premiere and it was cancelled after its first season on CBS due to poor ratings. The Israeli version, Bnei Aruba, was presented to buyers at MIPCOM in October 2013. BBC Four started showing it on 21 February 2015, with two episodes in tandem each Saturday night, in January 2014, Canal+ acquired the Israeli series. Due to the success in Europe, a second season was produced and acquired by Canal+. The series first season was released on Netflix in multiple regions in September 2016, hostages at the Internet Movie Database

Hostages (Israeli TV series)
–
Hostages

35.
Inspector Montalbano (TV series)
–
Inspector Montalbano is an Italian television series produced and broadcast by RAI since 1999, based on the detective novels of Andrea Camilleri. The protagonist is commissario Salvo Montalbano, and the stories are set in the town of Vigàta. In 2012 the series generated a prequel, Il giovane Montalbano, Salvo Montalbano, the police chief inspector of Vigàta, is a gruff character who is responsible and serious at work, but often also open and friendly with people he knows he can trust. Among his colleagues are his deputy, Mimi Augello, Inspector Giuseppe Fazio, the awkward policeman Agatino Catarella, otherwise, among his external collaborators are his friend Ingrid Sjostrom, the journalist Niccolò Zito and, more rarely, Adelina, his cook. In his private life, Salvo carries on a relationship with Livia Burlando, with whom he has a sometimes tempestuous relationship. The Series 10 episodes —A Delicate Matter and The Mud Pyramid—were released for streaming by MHz Networks on June 28,2016, given the success of the novels Rai commissioned a television series, in co-operation with Swedens Sveriges Television, of most of the novels and short stories. Each closely follows the plot of the novels, in some cases joining several short stories, alberto Sironi has directed the entire series. Luca Zingaretti had to adjust his accent to Sicilian having been born in Rome, Camilleri was teaching at the time when Zingaretti was studying at the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio DAmico. Austrian actress Katharina Böhm plays his girlfriend Livia, dubbed by Claudia Catani, while Cesare Bocci plays his deputy, although Camilleri set his books in a fictionalized version of the province of Agrigento, much of the show is filmed in the province of Ragusa. The exteriors in some episodes, such as de la Mànnara were actually filmed in Sampieri, while Montalbanos headquarters are in Scicli, as are the offices of Commissioner Bonetti-Alderighi. Other scenes were filmed in Ragusa Ibla, Modica, Donnafugata Castle, the port of Donnalucata, Marina di Ragusa, Comiso, Santa Croce Camerina, the opening shots of the programme also show Guerrieri Viaduct, which is in Modica. The show was launched on Rai 2, but moved to Rai 1 from the third series onwards based on viewing figures. Music for the soundtrack was composed by Franco Piersanti, the BBC holds the United Kingdom transmission rights. On 11 February 2012, it broadcast The Snack Thief, the very first episode, Saturday evening slot, previously occupied by both series of The Killing and, more recently, Borgen. On 25 August 2012, BBC Four started showing a series of 12 Inspector Montalbano episodes in its Saturday evening imported drama slot. BBC Four broadcast the four series 9 episodes on Saturdays from 19 Oct to 9 Nov 2013, in June 2014, BBC Four began a rerun of all existing episodes, this time in the correct running order. In Australia the series was shown on Special Broadcasting Service in Italian, the DVD region code Region 4 DVDs available were produced and subtitled by RAI Trade. A DVD region code Region 2 DVD of Inspector Montalbano, Collection One was due for release on 5 March 12,2012, in the United States, it is broadcast on MHz Networks Worldview Channel

36.
Minuscule (TV series)
–
Minuscule is a French series of short video animations giving a birds eye view of insects day to day existence, distorted through a burlesque, yet poetic lens. The characters are computer-modelled in 3D and set against natural scenery, each animation has a self-contained and usually humorous storyline. The audio is a combination of insect and ambient recordings with artificial sound effects. The various protagonist insects often perform anthropomorphic activities, displaying ironically portrayed intelligence, enjoyment and, sometimes, the background settings are generally of rural France, and include farm houses, fences, cars, road surfaces, drains, gutters and garbage bins. In Season 1 episodes, humans appeared only peripherally and large animals were the main reluctant witnesses to the variety of insect, spider. Some Season 2 episodes depict more explicit interaction with humans, production of a feature film that shares the same creative universe was commenced in March 2012. The feature film titled Minuscule, Valley of the Lost Ants, was released on January 29,2014. Similarities can be seen in the use of European country farm setting, similar camera angles and shots, Minuscule is produced by Phillipe Delarue through his society Futurikon, Thomas Szabo and Hélène Giraud. The shows generalised country settings and avoidance of spoken dialogue enable universal accessibility, the series has been sold to more than 100 countries on television and about 30 countries on video. Minuscule portrays an array of eighteen or more recurring characters, usually limited to one or two in episode, each displaying distinctive personality and behaviour. The episodes on disk are as follows, Official Minuscule Website Minuscule at the Internet Movie Database

Minuscule (TV series)
–
Minuscule

37.
Salamander (TV series)
–
Salamander is a Belgian drama television series that was first broadcast on Eén on December 30,2012. The twelve-part series is produced by Skyline Entertainment and written by Ward Hulselmans, jonkhere is a small private bank in Brussels, Belgium. At the start of the series,66 separate safe deposit boxes belonging to a number of the most prominent public figures in Belgium are robbed. The owners want to keep the thefts under wraps to avoid scandal, as he becomes the target of both the criminals and the authorities, Gerardi - at great personal cost - must quickly find out what their agenda is and who is behind the thefts. Filming locations include Brussels Park, Egmont Park, the exterior of the Belgian Federal Parliament, Cinquantenaire, Law Courts of Brussels, Brussels-South railway station, BBC Four acquired Salamander in 2013 and the first broadcast of both episodes one and two was on 8 February 2014. Sue Deeks, head of acquisition for BBC said, “Salamander is a gripping and it will make a fantastic addition to our Saturday nights on BBC4. ”The series was also acquired by RTBF and negotiations are currently underway for other countries. Funding was provided by Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie and the Belgian Tax Shelter, the series was bought and carried by Netflix. A second series is also being written, ben Lawrence of The Daily Telegraph gave the first two episodes three stars out of five and called its plot compelling. Eén, Salamander Salamander at the Internet Movie Database BETA Film, Salamander Salamander at BBC Programmes

Salamander (TV series)
–
Salamander

38.
All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)
–
All Creatures Great and Small is a British television series based on the books of the British veterinary surgeon Alf Wight, who wrote under the pseudonym James Herriot. The series had two runs, the original was for three series, the second for four, ninety episodes were broadcast in the six-year period. Simon Ward, John Alderton and Richard Beckinsale all turned down the role, Bill Sellars had wanted to give the role to Timothy from the outset, but the powers that be wanted to cast the role. Sellars, therefore, asked Timothy if he would accept the role of Tristan Farnon, I had a wife, I had children, I had a mortgage to pay, and I wasnt working. Timothy put everything on the line, I got home one night, at about 9 oclock. My wife was washing up in the kitchen, I walked into the kitchen and she said, without turning round, Youve got the Herriot part. Timothy also stated that, after all of the roles had been cast except that of Herriot, one of the said, Why dont we give to Christopher Timothy. In 2003, Timothy said that Alf Wight wrote him a letter after the series started, the cantankerous and eccentric Siegfried Farnon, based on Wights real life partner Donald Sinclair, is played by Robert Hardy. We all had a meeting together in London, recalls Hardy, and Bill Sellars said, Now, none of you are to meet these people until we have made at least three episodes. So I immediately got into my car and fled up to Yorkshire to meet my man, I was intrigued beyond measure by him. He was an eccentric and, like all true eccentrics. A bachelor at the time, Siegfried took over Skeldale House from another vet, some writers considered him an explosion, and all they needed to do was light the fuse and — bang — he would lose his temper, which was a great bore, explained the actor. So I ended up occasionally writing my own scenes, I did make a nuisance of myself, and Im afraid I made enemies amongst some of the younger writers. Out of these come, if youre lucky, quality. It needs steel and a stone to make a spark, in the 1983 Christmas Special, Siegfried meets an old flame, Caroline Fisher, who has returned after living in America. They later marry and have children, as mentioned in the series 7 episode Hampered, upon first meeting Davison, Christopher Timothy joked to Bill Sellars, Too tall, re-cast. I thought, What if they suddenly noticed I was quite a bit taller than Robert Hardy and he thought I meant it, said Timothy. He was horrified that I was trying to get him re-cast, I was in no position to do that and I wouldnt have done that joke for the world if I thought it would upset him

All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)
–
Cast of All Creatures Great and Small, circa 1978: Christopher Timothy, Robert Hardy, Peter Davison, Mary Hignett and Carol Drinkwater
All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)
–
The Kings Arms Hotel, on Main Street, doubled as the Drovers Arms in the series.
All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)
–
The exterior of Wensley Holy Trinity Church was used in the wedding of James and Helen.
All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)
–
Skeldale House, pictured in July 2011, when the building was up for sale. It is now a bed and breakfast, named Skeldale Guest House.

39.
Blue Peter
–
Blue Peter is a British childrens television programme, shown currently live on the CBBC television channel. A significant part of British culture, it first aired in 1958 and is the longest-running childrens TV show in the world. Although the show has a title and theme, it is a magazine/entertainment show containing viewer and presenter challenges. During its history there have been many presenters, often consisting of two women and two men at a time, the current presenters are Barney Harwood, Lindsey Russell and Radzi Chinyanganya. The show is produced mainly in a studio, but there is also a garden, often referred to as the Blue Peter Garden. The programme has featured a number of pets, currently a tortoise called Shelly makes appearances from time to time. Most programmes are broadcast live, but usually include at least one filmed report, There will also often be a demonstration of an activity in the studio, or a music or dance performance. Between the 1960s and 2011 the programme was made at BBC Television Centre, and often came from Studio 1 and this enabled Blue Peter to include large-scale demonstrations and performances within the live programme. From the September 2007 series, the programme was broadcast from a fixed set in Studio 2. However, from 2009 the series began to use the studios once more. The show is famous for its makes, which are demonstrations of how to construct a useful object or prepare food. Trace also used the line And now for something completely different, time is also often given over to reading letters and showing pictures sent in by viewers. Over 4,000 editions have been produced since 1958, Blue Peter was first aired on 16 October 1958. The Blue Peter is used as a signal, indicating that the vessel flying it is about to leave. Hunter Blair also pointed out that blue was a favourite colour. The first two presenters were Christopher Trace, an actor, and Leila Williams, winner of Miss Great Britain in 1957, the two presenters were responsible for activities which matched the traditional gender roles. As broadcasting historian Asa Briggs expressed it in 1995, Leila played with dolls and they were supported on occasion by Tony Hart, an artist who later designed the ship logo, who told stories about an elephant called Packi. It was broadcast every Friday for fifteen minutes on BBC TV, over the first few months more features were added, including competitions, documentaries, cartoons, and stories

40.
Butterflies (TV Series)
–
Butterflies was a British sitcom series written by Carla Lane that was broadcast on BBC2 from 1978 to 1983. The situation is the life of the Parkinson family in a bittersweet style. There are both traditional sources and more unusual sources such as Rias unconsummated relationship with the outwardly-successful Leonard. Ria is still in love with her husband, Ben, and has raised two potentially fine sons, yet finds herself dissatisfied and in need of something more, throughout the series Ria searches for that something more and finds some solace in her unconventional friendship with Leonard. In a 2002 interview, Carla Lane explained, I wanted to write a comedy about a woman contemplating adultery, in the first episode, an expository discussion between Ria and Leonard alludes to the significance of the series title, We are all kids chasing butterflies. You see it, you want it, you grab it and she adds, I am one of the few lucky ones, I have a pleasant house, a pleasant man and two pleasant sons. Rias husband Ben collects and studies butterflies, the show stars Wendy Craig as frustrated stay at home housewife, Ria Parkinson and Geoffrey Palmer as her reserved dentist husband, Ben, who is also an amateur lepidopterist. Rias early dialogue in the first series suggests her age as early 40s, whereas her husband, Ben, Rias disastrous attempts at cooking are a recurring gag. The Parkinsons have two sons, both of driving age and unemployed and their youngest son, Adam, is played by Nicholas Lyndhurst and their older son, Russell, by Andrew Hall. Bruce Montague plays Rias friend Leonard, a businessman, aged 44 whose wife has recently left him and is, like Ria Parkinson. The show also featured two recurring characters, Leonards chauffeur and confidant Thomas and the Parkinsons cleaner, Ruby. The Butterflies theme song, Love Is Like a Butterfly, is a 1974 single written, the cover version used at the opening of each episode was recorded for the series by Clare Torry, with a band conducted by BBC TV composer Ronnie Hazlehurst. The Adagio in G Minor written by Tomaso Albinoni was used as music in most of the episodes where Ria is reflecting on her dilemma. It is a very bitter-sweet twist on two, once very in love partners where the marriage is breaking down, but not recognised by the husband who is totally engrossed in his work. Ria, starts a romance with another man, which is seen by the viewer as virtual image. He later turns out to be real, the Adagio is used as a filler for the lack of script. Unlike most Carla Lane sitcoms, Butterflies is not set in Liverpool, many of the exterior scenes were filmed there, including the High Street, Montpellier and Hatherley Park. Exterior shots for the Parkinson house were filmed at 30 Bournside Road in Up Hatherley, oNeills, and Presto Supermarket, Grosvenor Terrace, which later became Bannatynes Health and Fitness

41.
Casualty 1907
–
Casualty 1900s is a British hospital drama spin-off of BBC One drama Casualty. It places the viewer in the Receiving Room of The London Hospital in Londons East End, the drama is shot with the pace and action of its modern-day counterpart A&E. In the London Hospital 1900, every case and character is based on cases, characters and events taken from the actual hospital records, nurses Ward Diaries. Casualty 1909, like its series, is an unbroken experience of life with pioneering doctors. It began with an episode of Casualty 1906, followed by three episodes of Casualty 1907, and six episodes of Casualty 1909. Nurse Ada Russell has to decide whether or not to take the job of Ward Sister of Wellington ward, the hospital is using a radical new technique, ultra-violet light, to treat skin disease caused by unsanitary living conditions in the East End. Queen Alexandra visits with her sister the dowager empress of Russia to see the hospital, probationer Ethel Bennett goes through a night of rising tension as she nurses Thomas Hooley, the injured docker whose leg wounds are not healing. She clashes with ward sister Ada Russell, who is overwhelmed by the strain of running of a large, busy ward, nobby Clark, leader of the violent Blind Beggar Gang, is hospitalised with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, aged just 15. Driven mad by cravings and nightmares, his path crosses with Ada with unexpected results, with the hospital facing imminent financial collapse, chairman Sydney Holland launches an inspired campaign to raise money. The cost of building the city is revealed when workers on the new Rotherhithe Tunnel are admitted with agonising divers bends. Ethel, working in the room, contracts scarlet fever from a patient. Revolution grips the East End as an explosion brings fears of a bomb, when detectives arrive, Matron Luckes and Chairman Sydney Holland fear the hospital is in danger of becoming an extension of Scotland Yard. Meanwhile, Sister Ada Russell battles with irascible star surgeon Mr Henry Dean, and ambitious young Dr Ingrams faces catastrophe in the operating theatre. A scandal brews as Nurse Goodley suspects that Mr Dean is ignoring the terrible side-effects of a new anaesthetic, Sister Ada Russell copes with her first day in reception following reassignment. Nurse Bennett fears that her alliance with Dr Culpin has been discovered when Matron Luckes sends her into private nursing. The strain of being married to the hospital takes its toll on Sister Ada Russell, on one of the Londons Jewish wards, Nurse Goodley finds herself increasingly drawn to the charismatic radical Saul Landau – but Saul has a life-threatening illness. Sister Russell discovers the secret of probationer Nellie Bowers when she catches her out to see a mysterious young man. The London admits a woman brought in wearing paupers clothes yet with silk underwear underneath, meanwhile, the brilliant pioneer Dr Henry Head commits to performing a dangerous experiment on himself

42.
Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series

43.
The Frozen Planet
–
Frozen Planet is a 2011 British nature documentary series, co-produced by the BBC and The Open University. It was filmed by the BBC Natural History Unit and it is distributed under licence by the BBC in other countries, Discovery Channel for North America, ZDF for Germany, Antena 3 for Spain and Skai TV for Greece. The seven-part series focuses on life and the environment in both the Arctic and Antarctic, the film was met with critical acclaim and holds a Metacritic score of 90/100. Despite such, it has criticized for limited coverage of the effects of global warming. The US Discovery Channel originally announced that they would air only the first six episodes of the show, in 2012, the US broadcast won four Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Nonfiction Series. After an introductory episode, the subsequent four episodes depict the changing seasons at the poles, the final episode, On Thin Ice, examines how global warming is affecting the polar regions. Filmmakers worked in new locations, including Antarctica’s active volcanoes and the Russian Arctic, sequences captured include migrating eider ducks, footage of a fur seal colony from the air, and pack hunting of seals by killer whales. The aerial photography used the Cineflex and Gyron cameras pioneered on Planet Earth, from late April to early May 2009, BBC crews were in Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada filming the annual breakup of the river of the same name, which flows into Great Slave Lake. The BBC was accused of staging after it was reported that one scene of a polar bear giving birth was filmed in a Dutch animal park, Frozen Planet was broadcast on BBC One and BBC One HD starting 26 October 2011. Each of the first six episodes comprises the main programme followed by a 10-minute featurette called Freeze Frame, David Attenboroughs principal role is to narrate the programmes, but he appears briefly on camera to give an introduction and a closing statement. For the seventh programme, On Thin Ice, he serves as writer and presenter for what was billed by the BBC as a statement on the effects of climate change at the poles. A special programme called Frozen Planet, The Epic Journey featuring re-edited highlights from the series was broadcast on BBC One on 28 December 2011. In the United States, Frozen Planet premiered on the Discovery Channel on 18 March 2012 with Alec Baldwin replacing David Attenborough as narrator of the first six episodes, in Australia, the series was broadcast on the Nine Network beginning on 27 October 2011. In France, the series has acquired by France Television. All episode names from BBC website, ratings include overnight audience shares, with consolidated viewers supplied by BARB. Uncertainty surrounded whether the series episode, which focuses on climate change, would air in the United States. This episode was not expected to be shown in the United States. S. Where climate change is an issue in the presidential race, on 6 December 2011, the Discovery Channel announced it would air the seventh and final episode of Frozen Planet

The Frozen Planet
–
Frozen Planet book
The Frozen Planet
–
BBC series title card

44.
The Good Life (1975 TV series)
–
The Good Life is a British sitcom, produced by BBC television. It ran from 1975 to 1978 and was written by Bob Larbey, in 2004, it came 9th in Britains Best Sitcom. In the United States, it aired on various PBS stations under the title Good Neighbors, the Good Life was written by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey for Richard Briers, the only cast member with a previously established high-profile. Larbey and Esmonde were inspired by Larbey attaining his 40th birthday and their storyline has the Goods decision to pursue self-sufficiency conflicting sharply with the habits of the Leadbetters, who live next door. The conflict between neighbours balanced with a close friendship creates comic tension as that friendship is tried to its limits. Peter Bowles was originally cast to play the role of Jerry and he later starred opposite Penelope Keith in To the Manor Born. Hannah Gordon was considered for the role of Barbara but ruled out, Esmonde and Larbey chose Felicity Kendal and Penelope Keith after seeing them on stage together in The Norman Conquests. The location filming was in the North London suburb of Northwood, although the series was set in Surbiton, the producers searched extensively for a suitable pair of houses, eventually chancing on Kewferry Road, Northwood. The grounds of the Goods house were returned to their original state after the filming of each series inserts and their house is paid for so he and his wife Barbara adopt a sustainable, simple and self-sufficient lifestyle while staying in their home in The Avenue, Surbiton. They turn their front and back gardens into allotments, growing soft fruit and they introduce chickens, pigs, a goat and a cockerel. They generate their own electricity, using methane from animal waste and they sell or barter surplus crops for essentials they cannot make themselves. They cut their monetary requirements to the minimum with varying success and their actions horrify their kindly but conventional neighbours, Margo and Jerry Leadbetter. Margo and Jerry were intended to be characters, but their relationship with one another. Under the influence of the Goods homemade wine, called peapod burgundy, Toms career has been as a draughtsman, a job he thoroughly dislikes. He feels his life is meaningless, nothing more than work, becoming self-sufficient is his idea, but Barbara, after expressing concerns, supports him. Tom is determined to succeed at self-sufficiency, and is cheerful about his new lifestyle. Tom is obstinate and pigheaded, often to Barbaras detriment or irritation, on the few occasions that he is pessimistic, Barbara becomes the optimist. Barbara is a normal, middle-class housewife when the series begins, while she sometimes wilts under Toms determined and dominant nature, her sharp tongue puts her on an equal footing

The Good Life (1975 TV series)
–
Opening credits of The Good Life

45.
I, Claudius (TV series)
–
I, Claudius is a 1976 BBC Television adaptation of Robert Graves I, Claudius and Claudius the God. Among many other productions and adaptations, Gravess Claudius novels have also adapted for BBC Radio 4 broadcast. I, Claudius follows the history of the early Roman Empire, narrated by the elderly Emperor Claudius, from the year 24 BC to his death in AD54. The series opens with Augustus, the first Emperor of Rome, attempting to find an heir, an expert poisoner, Livia uses the covert assassination and betrayal of all rivals to achieve her aims, beginning with the death in 22 BC of Marcellus. Claudius enlightened reign is marred by the betrayals of his adulterous wife Messalina, the series was produced by Joan Sullivan and Martin Lisemore, and directed by Herbert Wise in the studios at BBC Television Centre. Production was delayed because of negotiations between the BBC and the copyright holders of Alexander Kordas aborted 1937 film version. This did, however, give the scriptwriter Jack Pulman more time to fine-tune his script, filming was studio based, for artistic rather than budgetary reasons. I, Claudius was made at a low cost of £60,000 for an hour of broadcast material. Considering pound sterling inflation, the show would have cost £3,960,000 in 2013. As discussed in the 2002 documentary I, Claudius, A Television Epic, the deleted shot was only shown twice in 1976 and is now lost since the BBC no longer has a copy of it. Jacobi explained that he secured the role after another prominent British actor who had taken the part proved to be unsuitable. Brian Blessed originally auditioned for the role of Tiberius, but was persuaded to play Augustus instead. He recounted some of director Herbert Wises key pieces of advice on how to play Augustus - Wise told Blessed that he should. Be as you are - full of flannel. and that he should always play Augustus as an ordinary person, john Hurt revealed that he declined the role of Caligula when it was first offered to him. Wilfred Josephs wrote the title music, david Wulstan and the Clerkes of Oxenford ensemble provided the music for most episodes. During its original airing in 1976, the BBC estimated that I, Claudius had an audience of 2,500,000 viewers per episode. Among other awards, the series won three BAFTAs in 1977, director Herbert Wise won Outstanding Contribution Award at BAFTAs in 1978. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, I, the series was subsequently broadcast in the United States as part of PBSs Masterpiece Theatre series, where it received critical acclaim

I, Claudius (TV series)
–
I, Claudius
I, Claudius (TV series)
–
Cover of the US release of the first I, Claudius DVD. There has since been a remastered edition with a different cover.

46.
Juliet Bravo
–
Juliet Bravo is a British television series, which ran on BBC1 between 1980 and 1985. The theme of the series concerned a female police inspector who took control of a police station in the fictional town of Hartley in Lancashire. Despite popular misunderstanding, there never was any character named Juliet Bravo in the show, the name of the show is the inspectors radio call sign, J-B, or Juliet Bravo in the phonetic alphabet as practised in European NATO states. In fact this call sign was used once during Stephanie Turners tenure. However, from Series Four to Six the call sign was frequently used, however, Inspector, Maam was dropped during filming of the first series. The series was devised by Ian Kennedy Martin, who had enjoyed success with another police drama series. Ian Kennedy Martin actually based the character of Inspector Jean Darblay on a real life Female Police Inspector Wynne Darwin and she was in charge of the Police Station in Great Harwood just outside Manchester. The fictional Lancashire town of Hartley was based on Great Harwood, Series 1 and 2 were produced by Terence Williams. From series 3, the changed to Jonathan Alwyn, and was script edited by Chris Boucher. Series 4,5 and 6 were produced by Geraint Morris, the theme tune for the programme was arranged by Derek Goom. Exterior scenes were filmed in the Lancashire towns of Colne, Bacup, Accrington, Nelson, Burnley, other locations around east Lancashire, West Yorkshire and the Black Country were also used. The exterior of Hartley Police Station seen throughout the series run of Juliet Bravo was the Police Station in the Lancashire Town of Bacup. The Station closed a few years ago, but a campaign was mounted by fans of Juliet Bravo to save it from demolition, and turn it into a museum dedicated to the series Juliet Bravo. The lead role of Inspector Jean Darblay was played by Stephanie Turner between 1980 and 1982, and her replacement Inspector Kate Longton was played by Anna Carteret between 1983 and 1985. Stephanie Turner David Hargreaves David Ellison Noel Collins Mark Drewry Tony Caunter Gerard Kelly David Straun Anna Carteret C. J, the BBC licensed three TV tie-in novelisations of the show. These were authored by Mollie Hardwick, the first two were published by Pan Books, Juliet Bravo 1 Novelisation of the Series 1 episodes Shot Gun, Fraudulently Uttered, The Draughtsman, The Runner and Family Unit. Juliet Bravo 2 Includes novelisation of the Series 1 episodes Cages, The One Who Got Away, Relief and The Anastasia Syndrome. A third novel was published by BBC Books, Calling Juliet Bravo, New Arrivals Includes novelizations of the Series 2 episode New Arrivals, the British Television Drama Research Guide 1950–1997, second, revised edition

Juliet Bravo
–
Juliet Bravo Titles

47.
Last of the Summer Wine
–
Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke that was originally broadcast on the BBC. It premiered as an episode of Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973, from 1983 to 2010, Alan J. W. Bell produced and directed all episodes of the show. The BBC confirmed on 2 June 2010 that Last of the Summer Wine would no longer be produced, subsequently, the final episode was broadcast on 29 August 2010. Tom Owen criticised the BBC for not permitting a special final episode, Roy Clarke, however, stated that he was fully aware this was the last series, and preferred the show to have a quiet ending. The final line was said by Peter Sallis, the longest serving actor, since its original release, all thirty-one series—including the pilot and all Christmas specials—have been released on DVD. Repeats of the show are broadcast in the UK on Gold, Yesterday and it is also seen in more than twenty-five countries, including various PBS stations in the United States and on VisionTV in Canada. Last of the Summer Wine is the comedy programme in Britain. The original trio consisted of Bill Owen as the mischievous and impulsive Compo Simmonite, Peter Sallis as easy-going everyman Norman Clegg, the men never seem to grow up, and they develop a unique perspective on their equally eccentric fellow townspeople through their stunts. Due to the age of the main cast, a new trio was formed during the 30th series featuring somewhat younger actors, Sallis and Thornton, both past members of the trio, continued in supporting roles alongside the new actors. Many members of the Royal Family enjoyed the show, the programme was nominated for numerous awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999. There were twenty-one Christmas specials, three films and a documentary film about the series. Last of the Summer Wine inspired other adaptations, including a prequel, several novelisations. In 1972, Duncan Wood, the BBCs Head of Comedy, impressed by writer Roy Clarkes ability to inject both comedy and drama into the sitcom, Wood offered Clarke the opportunity to write a sitcom. Clarke nearly turned the job down as he felt that the BBCs idea for a programme about three old men was a concept for a half-hour sitcom. Clarke chose the title, The Last of the Summer Wine, to convey the idea that the characters are not in the autumn of their lives but the summer. BBC producers hated this at first and insisted that it remain a working title, while the cast worried that viewers would forget the name of the show. The working title was changed later to The Library Mob, a reference to one of the trios regular haunts early in the show. Clarke switched back to his original preference shortly before production began, the Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of BBCs Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973

Last of the Summer Wine
–
A typical intertitle
Last of the Summer Wine
–
Sid's Café in Holmfirth, a regular filming location. The café has become a tourist destination on the strength of the series, and features a model of Compo outside for photographic purposes.
Last of the Summer Wine
–
The most famous of the Last of the Summer Wine trios: From left to right: Peter Sallis as Norman Clegg, Brian Wilde as "Foggy" Dewhurst and Bill Owen as William "Compo" Simmonite.
Last of the Summer Wine
–
A collage illustrating the different compositions of the main characters during Last of the Summer Wine' s 37 year run. From left to right: Series 1–2, Series 3–8 & 12–18, Series 9–11, Series 19–21, Series 21, Series 22–24, Series 25–27, Series 28–29, Series 30–31.

48.
Life (BBC TV series)
–
Life is a British nature documentary series created and produced by the BBC in association with The Open University. It was first broadcast as part of the BBCs Darwin Season on BBC One, the series takes a global view of the specialised strategies and extreme behaviour that living things have developed in order to survive, what Charles Darwin termed the struggle for existence. Four years in the making, the series was entirely in high definition. Life premiered on 12 October 2009 in the United Kingdom consisting of ten 50-minute episodes, the opening programme gives a general introduction to the series, a second look at plants, and the remainder are dedicated to some of the major animal groups. A ten-minute making-of feature Life on Location aired at the end of each episode, Life is produced by the BBC Natural History Unit and The Open University. It is distributed under licence by the BBC in over 50 other countries, including by the Discovery Channel in the United States, the original script was written and narrated by David Attenborough. Life was the first series commissioned by the then Network Controller of BBC One, Peter Fincham and it was reportedly one of the most expensive documentaries ever ordered by the broadcaster, with a budget of £10 million. The Natural History Units production team includes series producer Martha Holmes, individual episodes were produced by Rupert Barrington, Adam Chapman, Martha Holmes, Neil Lucas, Patrick Morris and Ted Oakes. The specially-commissioned score was composed by George Fenton and performed by the Band of Life, the opening titles and brand imaging were created by Burrell Durrant Hifle. In February 2007, Gunton revealed that the BBC were looking for a new narrator for the series owing to Attenboroughs imminent retirement, however, later that year it was announced that the veteran narrator would be collaborating on both this series and the forthcoming Frozen Planet. The first year of production was spent researching possible stories for the series, the Life team contacted scientists and experts around the world in search of new discoveries to film, and new approaches to familiar subjects. Nearly three years of filming followed, involving 150 shoots on all seven continents, many of them full-scale expeditions to remote wilderness areas, new camera technology was used to build on the cinematic techniques first employed in Planet Earth, notably the pioneering use of stabilised helicopter-mounted cameras. Miniature high-definition cameras were used extensively for the Insects programme, in the forests of Mexico, the crew erected a spiders web of cables in the canopy to give the sense of flying alongside millions of monarch butterflies. In Zambia, they filmed from a hot air balloon to avoid disturbing the huge flocks of straw-coloured fruit bats, following recent debate about the use of artifice in natural history programmes, the BBC were more candid about sequences which had not been filmed in the wild. Close-ups of wild clownfish would have disturbed their natural behaviour, so animals were filmed in an aquarium at a Welsh university. Despite the best efforts of the film-makers, some ended up on the cutting room floor. Scientists in Arctic Scandinavia had accumulated enough evidence to suggest that golden eagles were the main predators of reindeer calves, after two summers tracking the herds in Finland, cameraman Barrie Britton finally filmed a hunt in full. However, the attack had taken nearly a mile away

Life (BBC TV series)
–
"Challenges of Life" documents the capture of a young chinstrap penguin by a leopard seal (pictured).
Life (BBC TV series)
–
Series title card from UK broadcast
Life (BBC TV series)
–
"Reptiles and Amphibians" documents how a group of Komodo dragons (pictured) kill and eventually eat a water buffalo using venom.
Life (BBC TV series)
–
A breaching humpback whale, a species featured in "Mammals".

49.
The Onedin Line
–
The Onedin Line is a BBC television drama series, which ran from 1971 to 1980. The series was created by Cyril Abraham, the series is set in Liverpool from 1860 to 1886 and deals with the rise of a shipping line, the Onedin Line, named after its owner James Onedin. The series also illustrates some of the changes in business and shipping, such as from wooden to steel ships and it shows the role that ships played in such matters as international politics, uprisings and the slave trade. Additionally, the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal is mentioned during one series, classic BBC drama series set in 19th Century Liverpool, and narrating the changing fortunes of the ambitious Captain James Onedin and his family. The series pilot played in Drama Playhouse - The Onedin Line,7 December 1970, Series 1 played from 15 October 1971 to 28 January 1972. Series opens in 1860 Liverpool, as 28 year old Onedin establishes a new shipping company, main characters and story arc are introduced. He was a sea captain with aspirations to greater things and in order to become a ship-owner, he married Anne Webster. She was the daughter of Captain Joshua Webster, owner of the topsail schooner Charlotte Rhodes. At first, it was purely a business transaction on Onedins part, on her death, at the end of the second series, James had come to love her. James considered two possible replacement brides, wealthy widow Caroline Maudslay and the young heiress Leonora Biddulph, before settling for his daughters governess, tragedy struck in the first year of the marriage when she, unfortunately in Jamess view, became pregnant. The memories of Anne always remained in his thoughts, in due course, Letty also died, of diphtheria, and, by the last series, James was married to a third wife, the exotic Margarita Juarez and was, by then, a grandfather. He was framed for theft and imprisoned and he was freed when Elizabeth, Baines, and Samuel sought evidence to clear his name. On his release, he took to the sea again with Captain Baines on business to South America that would stabilise his life for the twenty years. On the voyage home, she revealed that she was pregnant and unable, as was Baines as a captain, to deliver the baby. A baby son was delivered, with both mother and son well. James named the boy William after Captain Baines, Anne Webster/Onedin, entered into the marriage in full recognition that it was a business transaction. She was the conscience of James and, when she could not take his ruthless business nature any more, left him and lived hand to mouth in the Liverpool slums, seriously affecting her health. On her reconciliation with James, she ignored the warning not to get pregnant, knowing how much James wanted a son and heir

The Onedin Line
–
The Onedin Line
The Onedin Line
–
"Captain" Baines (Howard Lang)
The Onedin Line
–
The Charlotte Rhodes (Amsterdam, Oct. 1979)
The Onedin Line
–
Soren Larson, one of the ships filmed

50.
Planet Earth (TV series)
–
Planet Earth is a landmark 2006 British television series produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. Five years in the making, it was the most expensive documentary series ever commissioned by the BBC. Planet Earth premiered on 5 March 2006 in the United Kingdom on BBC One, the original version was narrated by David Attenborough, whilst some international versions used alternative narrators. The series has eleven episodes, each of which features an overview of a different biome or habitat on Earth. At the end of each episode, a ten-minute featurette takes a behind-the-scenes look at the challenges of filming the series. Ten years later, the BBC announced a sequel had been commissioned, titled Planet Earth II. David Attenborough returned as narrator and presenter, in 2001 the BBC broadcast The Blue Planet, a landmark series on the natural history of the worlds oceans. It received critical acclaim, high viewing figures, audience appreciation ratings and it also became a hugely profitable global brand, eventually being sold to 150 countries worldwide. Feedback showed that audiences liked the epic scale, the scenes of new and unusual species. Programme commissioners were keen for a follow-up, so Alastair Fothergill decided that the Natural History Unit should repeat the formula with a looking at the whole planet. The idea for Planet Earth was born, and the series was commissioned by Lorraine Heggessey, then Controller of BBC One, in January 2002. A feature film version of Planet Earth was commissioned alongside the series, repeating the successful model established with The Blue Planet and its companion film. Earth was released around the world from 2007 to 2009, Planet Earth premiered on BBC One on 5 March 2006 in the United Kingdom. On the same day or in the subsequent weeks or months, the episodes are each an hour in length, comprising the main programme and a 10-minute featurette called Planet Earth Diaries, which details the filming of a particular event. In the UK, Planet Earth was split into two parts, broadcast in spring and autumn 2006, the first five episodes premiered on BBC One at 9, 00pm on Sundays, beginning on 5 March 2006. The programmes were repeated the following Saturday in an evening slot on BBC Two. Along with its 2005 dramatisation of Bleak House, the BBC selected Planet Earth for its trial of high-definition broadcasts, the opening episode was its first-ever scheduled programme in the format, shown 27 May 2006 on the BBC HD channel. The first episode in the series, Great Plains, received its first public showing at the Edinburgh International Television Festival on 26 August 2006

51.
Sykes
–
Sykes is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 1972 to 1979. Starring Eric Sykes and Hattie Jacques, it was written by Sykes, who had starred with Jacques in Sykes and a. and Sykes. Sykes had the premise as Sykes and A. with Sykes, Jacques, Richard Wattis. The series was brought to an end by the death of Hattie Jacques of an attack on 6 October 1980. Unmarried twins Eric and Harriet Sykes are now living at an end of house,28 Sebastopol Terrace, East Acton. As before, Eric is childish and accident-prone while Hattie is patient and their neighbour is the snobbish unmarried Charles Fulbright-Brown, and PC Corky Turnbull is the local policeman. Corkys wife, Elsie, is unseen, except for one episode, Caravan, Deryck Guyler also played Corkys brother Wilfred Turnbull, a train attendant on the Glasgow to London sleeper train, in the episode Journey. Following the death of Richard Wattis in 1975 a new neighbour, Melody Rumbelow, the local baker is the widowed Madge Kettlewell, who appears occasionally, and who fancies Eric - she is first seen in the episode Football. Eric and Hattie are also the owners of a cuckoo clock, both speak to it as if it were a real bird, and a great deal of comedy derives from the antagonistic and sarcastic conversations between Eric and Peter. Several episodes in this set were reassembled from the studio sessions rather than the broadcast masters. This not only yielded better quality, but also allowed scenes that had cut for timing purposes to be restored. Conversely, since the colour videotape of the episode Journey had been wiped this episode was taken from a black, a brief featurette explains some of the restoration techniques employed. A Complete Series DVD set is scheduled for release on 26 June 2017, specific General Sykes at British TV Comedy Sykes at British Comedy Guide Sykes at the Internet Movie Database

Sykes
–
Eric Sykes on Sykes DVD cover

52.
Top of the Pops
–
Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, is a British music chart television programme, made by the BBC and originally broadcast weekly between 1 January 1964 and 30 July 2006. It was traditionally shown every Thursday evening on BBC1, except for a period on Fridays in mid-1973 before being again moved to Fridays in 1996. Each weekly programme consisted of performances from some of that weeks best-selling popular music artists, additionally, there was a special edition of the programme on Christmas Day, featuring some of the best-selling singles of the year. With its high viewing figures the show became a significant part of British popular culture, although the weekly show was cancelled in 2006, the Christmas special has continued. It also survives as Top of the Pops 2, which began in 1994, in the 1990s, the shows format was sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown in nearly 100 countries. Editions of the programme from the 1970s are being repeated on most Thursdays and Fridays on BBC Four, Top of the Pops was created by BBC producer Johnnie Stewart, inspired by the popular Teen and Twenty Disc Club which aired on Radio Luxembourg. It was first aired in 1964 and was based on the Top 20. By 1970 the Top 30 was being used and the show was extended from 30 to 45 minutes duration, the show was also now shown in colour following the BBC1 upgrade in November 1969. A switch to the Top 40 was made in 1984, the show saw many changes through the decades, in style, design, fashion and taste. It periodically had some aspect of its sequence, logo and theme tune, format, or set design altered in some way. The programme had several executive producers during its run, in charge of the production of the show. When Stewart left the show in 1973, after nearly 10 years in charge, both Stewart and Nash made brief returns to the show as producer after they left, in 1976 and 1981 respectively. Stewart devised the rules which governed how the show would operate, the programme would end with the number one record. The show would include the highest new entry and the highest climber on the charts, tracks could be featured in consecutive weeks in different formats. For example, if a song was played over the chart countdown or the closing credits, when the programmes format changed in November 2003, it concentrated increasingly on the top 10. Later, during the BBC Two era, the top 20 was regarded as the main point, with the exception made for up. Singles from below the top 40 were shown if the band were up, if a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words New Entry were shown and not the chart position. Top of the Pops was first broadcast on Wednesday,1 January 1964 at 6,35 pm and it was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, Manchester

Top of the Pops
–
Title screen used from 1998 to 2003
Top of the Pops
–
The first Top of the Pops aired from Dickenson Road Studios in Manchester on 1 January 1964.

53.
The Brides of Dracula
–
For the characters from the novel, see Brides of Dracula. The Brides of Dracula is a 1960 British Hammer Film Productions Horror film directed by Terence Fisher, the film is a sequel to Hammers original Dracula, though the vampires possess abilities denied to vampires in the previous film, much like those in the original novel. Alternative working titles were Dracula 2 and Disciple Of Dracula, Dracula does not appear in the film and is mentioned only twice, once in the prologue, once by Van Helsing. Shooting began for The Brides of Dracula on 16 January 1960 at Bray Studios and it premièred at the Odeon, Marble Arch on 6 July 1960. The film was distributed theatrically in 1960 on a bill with The Leech Woman. A gloomy wood is seen as a voice is heard, narrating, Transylvania, land of forests, dread mountains. Still the home of magic and devilry as the century draws to its close. Count Dracula, monarch of all vampires is dead, but his disciples live on to spread the cult and corrupt the world. Marianne Danielle, a young French schoolteacher en route to take up a position in Transylvania, is abandoned at an inn by her coach driver. Ignoring the warnings of the locals, she accepts the offer of Baroness Meinster to spend the night at her castle, there, she sees the Baronesss handsome son, whom she is told is insane and kept confined. Discovering this, the Baroness is horrified, yet when her son appears, she obeys him, despite knowing the evil he intends to the village, Greta remains loyal to the Baron. Marianne is later found, exhausted, by Dr. Van Helsing the following morning and she doesnt remember all that has happened, nor is she familiar when asked about the words undead or vampirism. He escorts her to the school where shes to be employed, when Van Helsing reaches the village inn, he finds there is a funeral in progress. A young girl has been dead in the woods with wounds upon her throat. He contacts Father Stepnik, who had requested Van Helsings presence, having suspicions about the castle and he tries to dissuade the girls father from burying her, but he doesnt listen, allowing more time for her transformation to be completed. The men try to stop her, but Greta holds them off, Van Helsing goes to the castle and discovers the Baroness, now risen as a vampire herself, as well as the Baron. After a brief scuffle, the Baron flees on a driven by the village girl, abandoning his mother. The Baron, meanwhile, visits Marianne at the school and asks her to marry him and she accepts, much to the good-natured envy of her roommate Gina

The Brides of Dracula
–
Film poster
The Brides of Dracula
–
Peter Cushing in The Brides of Dracula
The Brides of Dracula
–
Martita Hunt

54.
King Kong (1933 film)
–
King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and it stars Fay Wray, Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong, and opened in New York City on March 2,1933, to rave reviews. It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the greatest horror film of all time, the film tells of a gigantic, prehistoric, island-dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman. King Kong is especially noted for its stop-motion animation by Willis OBrien, in 1991 it was deemed culturally, historically and aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It has been remade twice, in 1976 and 2005, while a reboot, Kong, due to set sail that night, Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman. He meets penniless Ann Darrow and convinces her to him for what he proposes as the adventure of a lifetime. The Venture quickly gets underway and, during the voyage, the surly first mate, Jack Driscoll, after weeks of secrecy, Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island, an uncharted land shown on a map in Denhams possession. Denham also cryptically alludes to some monstrous creature rumored to dwell on the island, when they find the island and anchor offshore, they see a native village, separated from the rest of the island by an enormous ancient stone wall. A landing party, including the crew and Ann, witnesses a group of natives preparing to sacrifice a young maiden as the bride of Kong. The intruders are spotted and the native chief angrily stops the ceremony, when he sees the blonde Ann, he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the golden woman. They rebuff him and return to the Venture and that night, a band of natives kidnap Ann from the ship and lead her through a huge wooden gate in the wall. Tied to an altar, she is offered to Kong, who turns out to be an enormous gorilla-like ape, Kong carries her off into the jungle as the Venture crew, alerted to Anns abduction, arrive. They open the gate and Denham, Driscoll and some enter the jungle in hopes of rescuing Ann. They soon discover that Kong is far from the giant prehistoric creature on the island when they are charged by a Stegosaurus. After constructing a raft in order to cross a swamp, a Brontosaurus capsizes their supplies, fleeing through the jungle, they soon encounter Kong, who tries to stop them from crossing a ravine by shaking them off a fallen tree that bridges it. Only Driscoll and Denham, on sides, survive. A Tyrannosaurus threatens Ann, but Kong kills it after a colossal battle, Driscoll continues to shadow Kong and Ann while Denham returns to the village for more ammunition. Upon arriving in Kongs lair in a cave, Ann is menaced by a snake-like Elasmosaurus

55.
South Pacific (1958 film)
–
South Pacific is a 1958 American romantic musical film adaptation of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, and based on James A. Micheners Tales of the South Pacific. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Sound for Fred Hynes. Cutting as Admiral Kester Joe Bailey as U. S. commander Buck Class and Richard Kiser as Fighter pilots Note, the producers decided to tackle a big-screen adaptation of South Pacific as their next project. 20th Century Fox partially invested in the production in exchange for distribution rights. Additionally, all the departments and department heads were Foxs, the producers original plan was to have Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin, the two leads of the original Broadway cast, reprise their roles for the film, but Pinza died. Had he survived long enough to perform in the film, the producers would have cast Martin. Instead, Doris Day was offered the part of Nellie, but passed, Elizabeth Taylor tested for the same role, logan later heard her sing but was unable to persuade Rodgers to change his mind. Ultimately, Mitzi Gaynor, who had work in musical films. Rossano Brazzi was cast as Emile, a role that was first offered to established stars as Charles Boyer, Vittorio De Sica. Walston, a noted Broadway musical actor, played the part of Seabee Luther Billis, the film includes the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences, which has been a source of criticism for the film. All of the songs from the production were retained for the film. A song entitled My Girl Back Home, sung by Lt. Cable and Nellie, Emile is not shown in the film until about thirty minutes into it, in the film, Nellie first appears during the scene with the Seabees. Juanita Hall sang in the production and took part in the recording of the stage production cast album. However, she had her singing dubbed for the version by Muriel Smith. Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the voice for the role of Emile de Becque in the film. John Kerr starred as 2nd Lt. Joseph Cable, USMC, ken Clark, who played Stewpot, was dubbed by Thurl Ravenscroft. Gaynor and Walston were the principal cast members whose own singing voices were used. Criticism of the color filters did not prevent the film topping the box office of 1958

South Pacific (1958 film)
–
Theatrical release poster

56.
The Thirty-Nine Steps
–
The Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in Blackwoods Magazine in August and September 1915 before being published in form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons. It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, a hero with a stiff upper lip. John Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps while he was ill in bed with a duodenal ulcer, the novel was his first shocker, as he called it — a story combining personal and political dramas. The novel marked a point in Buchans literary career and introduced his adventuring hero. He described a shocker as an adventure where the events in the story are unlikely, Buchans son, William, later wrote that the name of the book originated when the authors daughter was counting the stairs at a private nursing home in Broadstairs, where Buchan was convalescing. There was a staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced. Some time later the house was demolished and a section of the stairs, One night he is buttonholed by a stranger, a well-travelled American, who claims to be in fear for his life. The man appears to know of an anarchist plot to destabilise Europe, beginning with a plan to assassinate the Greek Premier, Constantine Karolides, during his forthcoming visit to London. The man reveals his name to be Franklin P. Scudder, a spy, and remarks that he is dead. Scudder explains that he has faked his own death in order to avert suspicion, Scudder claims to be following a ring of German spies called the Black Stone who are trying to steal British plans for the outbreak of war. Hannay lets Scudder hide in his flat, and sure enough the day another man is discovered having apparently committed suicide in the same building. Four days later Hannay returns home to find Scudder dead with a knife through his heart. Hannay fears that the murderers will come for him next, and he also feels a duty to take up Scudders cause and save Karolides from the assassination. He decides to go into hiding in Scotland and then to contact the authorities at the last minute, in order to escape from his flat unseen, he bribes the milkman into lending him his uniform and exits wearing it, escaping from the German spies watching the house. Carrying Scudders pocket-book, he catches a train leaving from London St. Pancras station. Arriving at a station somewhere in Galloway, Hannay lodges in a shepherds cottage

The Thirty-Nine Steps
–
First edition

57.
When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth
–
When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth is a 1970 British prehistoric monster horror film from Hammer Film Productions, produced by Aida Young, written and directed by Val Guest, that stars Victoria Vetri. Guests screenplay was based on a treatment by J. G. Ballard and this was the third in Hammers Cave Girl series, preceded by One Million Years B. C. and Slave Girls. It was followed by Creatures the World Forgot, the films characters talk in a language that was specially constructed for the film, albeit of only a dozen words or so, a frequent one being neekro, which means kill. Like Hammers other prehistoric films, When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth anachronistically portrays dinosaurs, the special effects are considered a benchmark in realistic stop-motion animation, and the film is referenced in Steven Spielbergs Jurassic Park. The stop-motion creature effects were created by Jim Danforth, assisted by David W. Allen, the landscapes of Earth during the Quaternary period were filmed in Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura. Locations included Maspalomas beach, Ansite Mountain, Amurga, and Caldera de Tejeda. The film was released on DVD as an exclusive from Best Buy with a G-rating, a tribe on a cliff are about to sacrifice three blonde women. Three priests, wearing dinosaur hides, are about to them for their Sun God. She is rescued by Tara and some men on a raft, Tara takes Sanna to his seaside tribe, who also worship the Sun God. After building a hut for herself, She joins them at a feast, an Elasmosaurus attacks the seaside tribe until it is lured to a store of oil and immolated. The feast continues, and a woman, Ayak, is interested in Tara. After a ritual fight between Sanna and Ayak in the water, Sannas former tribe arrives, looking for her and she flees and they give chase. Hiding in a tree, a large boa sees her, but attacks and they think Sanna is in a nearby cave, but a Chasmosaurus makes its lair there and disembowels one man before injuring another with a deep gash. Vultures, drawn by the carcasses, jab, bite and slash at the wounded man, when Tara seeks Sanna, he finds the one man dead and, after the Chasmosaurus charges him. He is chased to a cliff, where he hides on a ledge as the Chasmosaurus loses its footing. A funeral pyre at the shore is followed by a frenzy during which an enraged Ayak burns down Sannas hut. Sanna meanwhile, running through a rainforest, sees a reptile and she becomes trapped by a carnivorous plant, and she cuts off her hair to escape. Tara unfortunately thinks Sanna has been eaten by the carnivorous plant, Sanna sleeps in a large dinosaur eggshell

58.
The Avengers (TV series)
–
The Avengers is an espionage British television series created in 1961. The Avengers initially focused on Dr. David Keel and his assistant John Steed, Hendry left after the first series and Steed became the main character, partnered with a succession of assistants. Steeds most famous assistants were intelligent, stylish and assertive women, Cathy Gale, Emma Peel, the Avengers ran from 1961 until 1969, screening as one-hour episodes its entire run. The pilot episode, Hot Snow, aired on 7 January 1961, the final episode, Bizarre, aired on 21 May 1969. The Avengers was produced by Associated British Corporation, a contractor within the ITV network, after a merger in July 1968 ABC Television became Thames Television, which continued production of the series although it was still broadcast under the ABC name. By 1969 The Avengers was shown in more than 90 countries, ITV produced a sequel series The New Avengers with Patrick Macnee returning as John Steed, and two new partners. In 2007 The Avengers was ranked #20 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever, the Avengers was marked by different eras as co-stars came and went. The only constant was John Steed, played by Patrick Macnee, the Associated British Corporation produced a single series of Police Surgeon, in which Ian Hendry played police surgeon Geoffrey Brent, from September through December 1960. While Police Surgeon did not last long, viewers praised Hendry, and ABC Television cast him for their new series, The Avengers, which replaced Police Surgeon in January 1961. The Avengers began with episode Hot Snow, in which medical doctor Dr David Keel investigates the murder of his fiancée, a stranger named John Steed, who was investigating the ring, appeared and together they set out to avenge her death in the first two episodes. Afterwards, Steed asked Keel to partner him as needed to solve crimes, Hendry was considered the star of the new series, receiving top billing over Macnee, and Steed did not appear in two episodes. As the first series of The Avengers progressed, Steeds importance increased, while Steed and Keel used wit while discussing crimes and dangers, the series also depicted the interplay—and often tension—between Keels idealism and Steeds professionalism. The other regular in the first series was Carol Wilson, the nurse, Carol assisted Keel and Steed in cases, and in at least one episode being very much in the thick of the action, but without being part of Steeds inner circle. Hafner had played opposite Hendry as a nurse in one episode of Police Surgeon, the series was shot on 405-line videotape using a multicamera setup. There was little provision for editing and virtually no location footage, as was standard practice at the time, videotapes of early episodes of The Avengers were reused. Keel and Lucy Briggs-Owen as Carol Wilson, production of the first series was cut short by a strike. By the time production could begin on the series, Hendry had quit to pursue a film career. Macnee was promoted to star and Steed became the focus of the series, Dr Martin King, a thinly disguised rewriting of Keel, saw action in only three episodes produced from scripts written for the first series

The Avengers (TV series)
–
John Steed and Emma Peel in the episode " The Hour That Never Was "
The Avengers (TV series)
–
Patrick Macnee as John Steed and Honor Blackman as Cathy Gale
The Avengers (TV series)
–
Diana Rigg as Mrs Emma Peel
The Avengers (TV series)
–
Film location plate presented by ABC TV to the Stapleford Miniature Railway, which is still in use today

59.
Newsround
–
Newsround is a BBC childrens news programme, which has run continuously since 4 April 1972. It was one of the worlds first television news magazines aimed specifically at children, initially commissioned as a short series by BBC Childrens Department, who held editorial control, its facilities were provided by BBC News. The programme is aimed at 6 to 12-year-olds, originally known as John Cravens Newsround, it was mostly presented by John Craven between 4 April 1972 and 22 June 1989. Originally, stand-in presenters, such as Richard Whitmore, came from the main BBC News bulletins, the programme gradually developed its own presentation team, including Roger Finn and Helen Rollason, with Craven in the dual role of chief presenter and programme editor. For most of its first two decades, Newsround drew upon the BBCs network of national and international such as John Humphrys, Michael Buerk. The programme gradually developed its own small reporting team, including Lucy Mathen, Paul McDowell, regular reporters on the programme, who have also presented it, included Paul Welsh, Lizo Mzimba and Terry Baddoo. The closing sting used the last couple of bars of New Worlds by John Baker, newsrounds updated In May 1987, with computer graphics, although this look was originally planned for January 1987. In September 1990 a space look was introduced, the muit-coloured look appeared in January 1994. This edition was presented by Roger Finn, who had recently joined the programme. The programme was also first in Britain to report an attempt on Pope John Paul II in Vatican City in 1981. In February 2002, Newsround expanded from a sole ten-minute programme on weeknights to through-the-day bulletins seven days a week to tie-in with the launch of the CBBC Channel, with this included a new theme, titles and presenting team. In 2009, a bureau for the programme was opened at the BBCs former Manchester studios. As part of the relocation of the BBC Childrens Department, Newsround began broadcasting from new studios at MediaCityUK in Salford Quays on Monday 21 November 2011. On weekdays, Newsround is broadcast on the CBBC Channel with a bulletin at 7. 40am. Weekend bulletins are also broadcast on the CBBC Channel, the Saturday edition includes five-minute bulletins at 8. 55am,12. 00pm and 1. 35pm. The Sunday edition includes five-minute bulletins at 10. 00am and 12. 10pm, the programme was traditionally broadcast as a fifteen-minute programme on BBC One at 5, 00pm. The final BBC One edition was broadcast on 20 December 2012, then after Joe Tidy left and Ore Oduba went on leave Ayshah Tull joined Newsround and started presenting as well as Jenny Lawrence, a former behind the scenes employee. Two or three series of these documentaries air during the year, which replace the regular bulletins on one day of the week, Newsround Specials in recent years have included, The Wrong Trainers, a series of six animated films dealing with child poverty

Newsround
–
Newsround logo as of 2014

60.
BBC Four idents
–
BBC Four and its predecessor BBC Knowledge are both channels operated by the BBC as cultural and knowledge based channels. Their visual identities therefore have been a result of this aim, BBC Knowledge was launched in 1999 with the intent of creating a multimedia learning channel. The idea was that computers, interactive TV via the Red Button and television could come together to make a new, factual, learning channel for kids, the launch identity consisted of cartoon characters climbing ladders of learning between clouds against an orange background. All the idents featured the logo, which followed the BBC style design of the time by having the station name follow the BBC logo in upper case. This white logo would appear at the end of ident, the idents all featured characters, drawn by Michael Sheehy, shown with items such as a magnifying glass, telescope or rolls of paper. Several variations of the ident were made featuring different characters prominent on the ladders of learning and these characters could also been seen as stills on launch promotional material and on the BBC Knowledge website. The channel launched with a Digital on-screen graphic, in line with the BBC practice at the time, however, different from the other channels which used the station logo, BBC Knowledge used the URL of their website www. bbc. co. uk/knowledge. The use of this promoted the website tie in with the channel, another style of presentation utilised was that of viewer videos, shown either as part of the shrinking credits, or between programmes. Information included the logo, promotions and the DOG, in December 2000 Following the approval of the new BBC Four, BBC Knowledge programming was realigned to better reflect the new channel. A single ident was utilised instead featuring a circle out of different materials which would move forward. These could be made with a variety of objects, the musical accompaniment followed the choral and instrumental style. This sequence lasted until the station went off air, promotional style remained the same with the BBC Knowledge logo seen at the bottom. The DOG also changed to the BBC Knowledge logo, the channel had always utilised a stranded layout to make genres of programmes easy to find on the new channel. However, special idents began to appear for each strand from c.2000. These featured an object, before a fact about it related to the strand appears and ends on an image with the name shown clearly on screen. Following the relaunch in 2000 and 2001, all different idents were dropped in favour of a single ident, the BBCs cultural channel BBC Four was launched on 2 March 2002 as a successor to BBC Knowledge. As a result, the channel was to show a variety of programming. To show this, Lambie Nairn devised the idea of an improvised ident that reacted to the frequencies of continuity announcers voices or the music of the ident

BBC Four idents
–
A ladders of learning ident
BBC Four idents
–
One of the improvised idents, used between 2002 and 2005
BBC Four idents
–
One of the idents introduced in 2005

61.
Station identification
–
Station identification is the practice of radio or television stations or networks identifying themselves on-air, typically by means of a call sign or brand name. This may be to satisfy requirements of licensing authorities, a form of branding or a combination of both, as such, it is closely related to production logos used in television and cinema, alike. Station identification used to be done regularly by an announcer at the point during the presentation of a television program. Idents are known as a montage in Thailand, and as an interlude in Cambodia, Station IDs in the Philippines differ from the original concept. Station IDs in the Philippines runs for three to six minutes depending on the television station, the longest station ID is Isang Pamilya Tayo Ngayong Pasko, which was used by ABS-CBN as a Christmas ID in 2016, lasting for twelve minutes and 42 seconds. However, ABS-CBN, alongside some networks, also releases CGI-animated station IDs, broadcast stations in Europe do not identify by a callsign, however most networks use a brand based on their common channel number. A form of station identification clip is played between programmes, traditionally incorporating the channels logo, and accompanied by a continuity announcer that introduces the next programme and these identifiers evolved from mainly being mechanical models, to becoming more advanced through the evolution of CGI during the 1980s. From the 1960s to the 1990s, most broadcasters only used a single identifier, sometimes using special variations for holidays and special events. In the present day, most broadcasters use a set of multiple identifiers built around a theme or branding element. It meant that viewers across the country would see a Yorkshire Television logo and hear the corresponding fanfare before Emmerdale Farm, beginning in 1988, these were largely replaced by endcaps. Since the consolidation of the ITV network in the early 2000s, prior to 1988, the two existing channels in the Netherlands, Nederland 1 and Nederland 2, used only the idents of the broadcasters airing on them. With the creation of Nederland 3, all three channels started using their own idents, the United States Federal Communications Commission enforces specific requirements for identification that must be followed by all terrestrial radio and television stations. As a courtesy, top-of-hour identifications may also contain information, such as frequencies. Only the name of the licensee, the frequency or channel number as stated on its license, and/or network affiliations. All translators must be identified between 7 and 9 a. m.12,55 and 1,05 p. m. and 4 and 6 p. m. FCC rules specify that additional communities a station serves may also be listed in a legal ID, the advent of automated broadcast equipment has made it much easier for broadcasters to ensure compliance with identification rules. Many television stations and radio stations may have their identifications pre-recorded or programmed to play automatically at the appropriate times, on radio, the top-of-hour ID must contain the full, legal call sign as assigned by the FCC, followed immediately by the stations community of license. The call letters must be individually, even if the call letters are pronounced as a word for branding purposes

Station identification
–
A 2009 example of an identification on the bottom of the television screen, from WVIT in Hartford, Connecticut. This ID covered both WVIT’s analog and digital signals.
Station identification
–
Racine, Wisconsin 's WBME-TV identifies their three broadcast signals as of August 2008; the station's former subchannel broadcast on WDJT-TV digital channel 58.3, the former analog signal on UHF channel 49, and their digital broadcast on UHF channel 48, which maps to virtual channel 49. Note that using the channel numbers in an identification is not a requirement.

62.
South Bank
–
The South Bank is an entertainment and commercial district of Central London, England, next to the River Thames opposite the City of Westminster. It forms a narrow, unequal strip of land within the London Borough of Lambeth. As with most central London districts its edges evolve and are informally defined however its central area is bounded by Westminster Bridge, both the County Hall and the Shell Centre contain major residential parts. South Bank is 800 metres southeast of Charing Cross, the pedestrianised embankment is The Queens Walk which is part of the Albert Embankment built not only for public drainage but to raise the whole tract of land and prevent flooding. In 1951 the Festival of Britain redefined the area as a place for arts and it now forms a significant tourist district in central London, stretching from the Blackfriars Bridge in the east to Westminster Bridge in the west. A series of central London bridges connect the area to the bank of the Thames Golden Jubilee. During the Middle Ages this area developed as a place of entertainment outside the regulation of the City of London on the north bank. By the 18th century the more genteel entertainment of the gardens had developed. The shallow bank and mud flats were ideal locations for industry and docks, there was a shift in use when the London County Council required a new County Hall, which was built between 1917 and 1922 on the south bank near North Lambeths Lower Marsh. The construction of County Hall returned the first section of frontage to public use. This was extended eastwards in 1951 when the Festival of Britain caused a considerable area to be redeveloped and it was renamed South Bank as part of promoting the Festival. The South Bank stretches two miles along the southern bank of the River Thames. The western section is in the Bishops ward of the London Borough of Lambeth, there are significant amounts of public open space along the riverside. Between the London Studios and the Oxo Tower lies Bernie Spain Gardens, named after Bernadette Spain, the South Bank is a significant arts and entertainment district. The Southbank Centre comprises the Royal Festival Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Royal National Theatre, the London IMAX super cinema and BFI Southbank adjoin to the east, but are not strictly part of the centre. County Hall is non-administrative and has converted into The London Marriott Hotel County Hall, Sea Life London Aquarium. It contains the Jubilee Gardens, home to the Udderbelly Festival for 15 weeks in the summer, the OXO Tower Wharf is towards the eastern end of South Bank, and houses Gallery@Oxo, shops and boutiques, and the OXO Tower Restaurant run by Harvey Nichols. The London Studios, the home of ITV faces the Thames

South Bank
–
The London Eye on the South Bank at County Hall.
South Bank
–
Royal Festival Hall c1959 and the now-demolished Shot Tower.
South Bank
–
The National Theatre is one of the collection of arts buildings on the South Bank.

63.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886

The Guardian
–
The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
–
The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
–
The Guardian's HQ in London
The Guardian
–
The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian

64.
BBC Online
–
BBC Online, formerly known as BBCi, is the BBCs online service. The website has gone through several branding changes since it was launched, originally named BBC Online, it was then rebranded as BBCi before being named bbc. co. uk. It was then renamed BBC Online again in 2008, however the service uses the branding BBC, the web-based service of the BBC is one of the most visited websites and the worlds largest news website. As of 2007, it contained two million pages. On 2 March 2010, the BBC reported that it cut its website spending by 25% and close BBC6 Music. On 24 January 2011, the cuts of 25% were announced leaving a £34 million shortfall. This resulted in the closure of several sites, including BBC Switch, BBC Blast, 6-0-6, and this led to the official launch of BBC Online at the www. bbc. co. uk address in December 1997. Later, BBC Online launched licence fee funded web sites for Top of the Pops and Top Gear, Beeb. com was later refocussed as an online shopping guide, and was closed in 2002. Beeb. com now redirects to the BBC Shop website, run by BBC Worldwide. In 1999, the BBC bought the www. bbc. com domain name for $375,000, previously owned by Boston Business Computing, as of 2005, www. bbcnc. org. uk no longer exists. In 2001, BBC Online was rebranded as BBCi. the website launched on 7 November 2001, the BBCi name was conceived as an umbrella brand for all the BBCs digital interactive services across web, digital teletext, interactive TV and on mobile platforms. The navbar was designed to offer a similar system to the i-bar on BBCi interactive television. Interactive TV services continued under the BBCi brand until it was dropped completely in 2008, the BBCs online video player, the iPlayer has, however, retained an i-prefix in its branding. The widget-based design was inspired by such as Facebook and iGoogle. The new homepage also incorporated the design used in the 1970s on the BBCs television service into the large header. The new BBC homepage left beta on Wednesday,27 February 2008 to serve as the new BBC Homepage under the same URL as the previous version. On 30 January 2010, a new design became available as a beta version. This homepage expanded on the idea and the customisation theme

65.
BBC One Northern Ireland
–
BBC One Northern Ireland is a television channel operated by BBC Northern Ireland. It is the Northern Irish variation of the UK-wide BBC One, the service is broadcast in Northern Ireland from Broadcasting House in Belfast. Outside Northern Ireland the service is available on Sky channel 953, on 24 October 2012, an HD variation of BBC One Northern Ireland was launched, to coincide with the completion of the digital switchover process in Northern Ireland. On 18 November 2013, BBC One Northern Ireland HD was swapped with the SD channel on Skys EPG for HD subscribers, the channels main competitor is UTV while also competing with RTÉ One and TV3 from the Republic of Ireland. BBC One Northern Ireland listings at BBC Online BBC Northern Ireland at BBC Online

BBC One Northern Ireland
–
BBC One Northern Ireland

66.
BBC One Wales
–
BBC One Wales is a television channel operated by BBC Cymru Wales. It is the Welsh variation of the UK-wide BBC One and is broadcast in Wales from Broadcasting House in Cardiff, BBC One Wales broadcasts around three hours of non-news programmes for Wales each week alongside six hours a week of national news for Wales from Wales Today. Continuity from the main BBC One network service is carried overnight until the handover to the BBC News Channel, a high-definition simulcast of BBC One Wales launched on 29 January 2013 on Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media. Unlike BBC One HD, controversially, BBC One Wales HD and BBC One Northern Ireland HD, are currently stereo only, on 10 December 2013, BBC One Wales HD was swapped with the SD channel on Skys EPG for HD subscribers. BBC One Wales listings at BBC Online BBC Wales at BBC Online

BBC One Wales
–
BBC One Wales

67.
BBC Two Northern Ireland
–
BBC Two Northern Ireland is a television station operated by BBC Northern Ireland. It is broadcast via digital television, the channel was branded onscreen as BBC Two NI from October 2006 until February 2007, though not referred to as such by continuity announcers. Unique idents for Northern Ireland featuring the robotic figure 2 were used during time, showing the Giants Causeway. This has all now ended and the two Northern Ireland services have been merged, unlike BBC Two in the rest of the UK, the channel broadcasts regular news and regional weather updates between programmes. Programming shown on BBC Two Northern Ireland can be watched again across the UK after transmission on the BBC iPlayer service, BBC Two Northern Ireland listings at BBC Online BBC Northern Ireland at BBC Online

BBC Two Northern Ireland
–
BBC Two Northern Ireland

68.
BBC Two Wales
–
BBC Two Wales is the national variation of BBC Two for BBC Cymru Wales. It is broadcast to Wales from Broadcasting House in Cardiff, the channel can opt out from the main BBC Two schedule to show Welsh made programming, however this is used less frequently than in the past. BBC 2W was the channel to BBC Two Wales, until the Digital Switchover saw the end of analogue broadcasts in Wales. The specific BBC 2W service was closed down and the BBC Two Wales brand used, programming is much the same as BBC Two, with the exception of some Welsh-oriented programming. Frequently, schedules are changed as a result of a programme being inserted. Presentation is parallel to that of BBC Two itself, with BBC Two Wales sharing the same idents, the primary addition is the word Wales under the BBC Two logo inside the box. Programmes shown exclusively on BBC Two Wales can also be seen again, BBC Two Wales listings at BBC Online BBC Wales at BBC Online

BBC Two Wales
–
BBC Two Wales (BBC Dau Cymru)

69.
BBC Cymru Wales
–
BBC Cymru Wales is a division of the BBC, and the national broadcaster for Wales. Established in 1964, BBC Cymru Wales is based in Cardiff and directly employs some 1,200 people to produce a range of programmes for television, radio, BBC Cymru Wales operates two TV channels and two radio stations. Wales raises some £182 million in licence fee resources, however, spend on local content by BBC Wales is £151 million, £31 million of which is for BBC-produced television productions. BBC Cymru Wales operates two services, BBC One Wales and BBC Two Wales, which can opt out of the main network feed of BBC One. In addition to two channels, BBC Cymru Wales is required to provide programmes in Welsh, which it supplies to the Welsh channel S4C free of charge using the BBC Cymru brand. These programmes include a Welsh news service Newyddion, covering Welsh, general UK and international news, and a soap opera Pobol y Cwm, BBC Cymru Wales operates two radio stations covering the entire country. BBC Radio Wales is the English language network, broadcasting local programmes for approximately 20 hours a day, while off air, Radio Cymru simulcasts BBC Radio 5 Lives overnight programme. BBC Cymru Wales operates its own mini-site on BBC Online as well as providing news, in addition, news stories are provided for the BBC Red Button interactive service. BBC Cymru Wales employs an orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. The majority of the concerts are recorded for broadcast on BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio Wales. Since January 2009 the administrative base of the NOW has been the BBC Hoddinott Hall, in the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff. The first broadcast in Wales was on 13 February 1923 from the radio station 5WA, later to become part of the BBC Regional Programme, during this time, the region was served from a variety of bases around Wales. During World War II, the services all ceased and broadcast the Home Service from London. The BBCs Bangor base played host to the BBC Variety Department during the war, the first television signals in Wales came on 15 August 1952 from the newly constructed Wenvoe transmitter. The transmitter itself broadcast the national BBC Television service, the launch of BBC Wales on 9 February 1964 provided a specific television service for the country. The new service was promoted with animated promos using the sound of Welsh choirs to explain about interference from the mountains. Two years later in 1966, BBC Cymru Wales new headquarters at Broadcasting House in Cardiff opened, following the end of the Second World War, the BBC Home Service continued its regional opt-outs, including an opt-out service for Wales. This opt-out continued after the change from the Home Service to Radio 4, prior to 1982, BBC Cymru Wales on television provided programmes in both English and Welsh, with the news programme Heddiw and the long-running serial Pobol y Cwm figuring among the key output

70.
BBC Northern Ireland
–
BBC Northern Ireland is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland. It is one of the three BBC national regions, together with BBC Scotland and BBC Cymru Wales, based at Broadcasting House, Belfast, it provides television, radio, online and interactive television content. BBC Northern Ireland currently employs 700 people, largely in Belfast, BBC Northern Ireland has two TV channels - BBC One Northern Ireland, BBC Two Northern Ireland, and two radio stations - BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle. Since 28 October 2006, BBC Two Northern Ireland has been the name for both services which have been merged. BBC Northern Ireland has its own team of continuity announcers which introduce the vast majority of programmes on BBC One, BBC Northern Ireland makes some of its own programmes itself. However, unlike the radio stations, the stations content is for the most part identical to that broadcast by the BBC One. Some network programmes may however be time-shifted to make room for local programming. Most local programmes are broadcast on BBC One Northern Ireland, BBC Newsline is the regional news service. Its main presenters are Donna Traynor and Tara Mills, the main bulletin is from 18. 30–19.00 with shorter bulletins at 13.30 and 22.30. Summaries are also broadcast during Breakfast and the early afternoon, there is coverage of the Orange parades on 12 July, St. Patricks Day parades on 17 March, etc. As well as programmes intended purely for an audience, BBC Northern Ireland also produces programmes for national consumption on the BBCs channels across the UK. The main part of BBC Northern Irelands network productions are in comedy and this has included producing the high-profile drama series Messiah. BBC Northern Ireland is also involved in co-productions with other broadcasting networks, BBC One Northern Ireland and BBC Two Northern Ireland are widely available across the border in the Republic of Ireland. These channels are carried on pay-TV platforms in the Republic including Sky Ireland, Virgin Media Ireland, Magnet Networks, SCTV, BBC One NI and BBC Two NI are also available in the Republic via signal overspill by Freeview in counties near the Northern Ireland border. Similarly, prior to digital switchover in 2012, they were available in these areas via analogue television, leading subscription TV providers also carry these channels. On 1 February 2010 the Republic of Irelands Minister for Communications Eamon Ryan signed an agreement with the UKs Ben Bradshaw and this agreement will enable viewers within Northern Ireland to watch RTÉ One, RTÉ Two and TG4 on Freeview as of 2012. Until 2012, for example, Radio 1 split the nations on Thursday morning from midnight to 2am, with Scotland, Wales. The Radio 1 session from Northern Ireland was last presented by Phil Taggart from Omagh, BBC Northern Irelands online service provides News, Sport, Schools, Learning and Programme information for television and radio programmes

71.
BBC Yorkshire
–
BBC Yorkshire is one of the English regions of the BBC. It was formed from the division of the former BBC North region into BBC Yorkshire and BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, BBC Yorkshires television output consists of the flagship regional news service Look North, the topical magazine programme Inside Out and a 20-minute opt-out during Sunday Politics. The region is the centre for BBC Radio Leeds, BBC Radio York. The three stations simulcast networked programming during the evenings and late night, BBC Yorkshire also produces regional news and local radio pages for BBC Red Button and BBC Local News websites for each county. The new operation was called BBC North until 2002, in 2002, viewers on the Belmont transmitter transferred to the BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire service, and the service began to use the on-screen name of BBC Yorkshire. This was made official in 2004, when both the Leeds operation, and the East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire operation in Hull, moved into new premises. The first Leeds base for BBC North, upon the launch of television was a converted studio in All Souls Church. From then, the service moved into Old Broadcasting House at Woodhouse Lane, Leeds. The building itself was of two ages, one made of stone with columns, and another made of concrete. In 2004, however, the equipment required replacing and new premises were built, in addition to St. Peters Square, BBC Yorkshire also has radio studios and television bureaux located in York and Sheffield. BBC English Regions BBC Local News at BBC Online BBC Look North from Yorkshire at BBC Online

72.
BBC East Midlands
–
BBC East Midlands is the BBC English Region covering Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and South Kesteven in Lincolnshire. BBC East Midlandss television output consists of the regional news service East Midlands Today, the topical magazine programme Inside Out. The television area is bigger than the regions radio area, because of the coverage from Waltham over Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, in reality, Radio Leicester covers much the same area as TV reception from Waltham, including all of Northamptonshire. The region is the centre for BBC Radio Nottingham, BBC Radio Derby. On weekdays, the three stations carry local programming between 6am and 7pm before joining together for an evening show presented by Mark Forrest. The weekday East Midlands Late Show is produced at Nottingham from Sunday to Thursday, BBC East Midlands also produces regional news & local radio pages for BBC Red Button and the BBC Local News websites for each county. However, to better serve East Midlands viewers, a few changes were made, the new region had a new news programme, although the programmes visual identity remained the same as its West Midlands counterpart. The region is now very much separate from the Midlands region, Waltham is on the eastern edge of Leicestershire, and is also the main transmitter for south Lincolnshire. North Northamptonshire is near to Waltham as well, much of Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire is also covered by Waltham. The journalistic coverage is different from the broadcast coverage because of the set of stations that are tied to the BBC East Midlands region. Peterborough and north Northamptonshire, although covered by Waltham, have their radio stations both tied to the BBC East region in distant Norwich. It began broadcasting in widescreen format in July 2002, in 1991 the TV studios, Radio Nottingham, and the BBC regions offices were at York House on Mansfield Road. This became Nottingham Trent Universitys Centre for Broadcasting & Journalism, with the TV studios left intact, York House is soon to be demolished. NTU moved its centre in 2009 to its Chaucer Building on Goldsmith Street. It is located on London Road, Nottingham, in addition to the main headquarters, the region has offices in St. Helens Street, Derby containing BBC Radio Derby, and in St. Nicholas Place, Leicester housing BBC Radio Leicester. Both of these also contain news bureaux for East Midlands Today. BBC English Regions BBC Local News East Midlands Today BBC East Midlands transmitter coverage map

73.
BBC East
–
BBC East is the BBC English Region serving Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and northern Buckinghamshire. Former programmes include Weekend, East on Two, Matter of Fact, the region is the controlling centre for BBC Radio Norfolk, BBC Radio Suffolk, BBC Essex, BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, BBC Radio Northampton and BBC Three Counties Radio. On weekdays, all six stations open transmission at 4am with an early morning show before carrying local programming between 6am and 7pm. There is also a regional programme broadcast across the stations from 10pm to 1am on weeknights. BBC East also produces news and local radio pages for BBC Red Button. In the mid-1950s, the BBC had a headquarters in Norwich at No.35 All Saints Green. In September 1956 they moved to a new, larger headquarters at the nearby St Catherines Close, from here, editions of radio programmes such as Midlands Miscellany were broadcast into the Midlands Home Service before the end of 1956. Daily news bulletins for East Anglia began on Monday 10 March 1958, on VHF from the Norwich studios, the first television news bulletin for the east from St Catherines Close was broadcast on 5 October 1959. These initial bulletins were only three minutes per night, but in 1962 were extended to ten minutes and the bulletins named East Anglia at Six Ten. In 1964, the programme was extended to 20 minutes in length and renamed Look East, the Norwich-based operation was initially a satellite of the larger BBC Midland region, based in Birmingham. East Anglia was given autonomy within the BBC in 1969 after the Broadcasting in the Seventies report recommended the large Midlands. During 1997, a service was introduced to provide local bulletins for Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, Peterborough. Until 1980, regional programming was provided by an East Anglia opt-out on BBC Radio 4, consisting largely of daytime news bulletins. BBC Easts main headquarters and studios are based at The Forum on Millennium Plain in Norwich, BBC East also has radio and television studios at the Cambridge Business Park, on Cowley Road in the city, where both Look Easts West opt-out and Radio Cambridgeshire are based. Local radio studios and television bureaux are also located in Chelmsford, Northampton, Ipswich, BBC English Regions BBC Local News at BBC Online BBC Look East at BBC Online

BBC East
–
The Forum, where BBC East is based
BBC East
–
BBC East's area within the UK

74.
BBC South West
–
BBC South West is the BBC English Region serving Cornwall, Devon, Isles of Scilly, southern and western Somerset, western Dorset and Channel Islands. A late night football magazine show Late Kick Off is co-produced with BBC South, BBC West, the region is the controlling centre for BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Cornwall, BBC Radio Jersey and BBC Radio Guernsey. On weekdays, the four stations carry local programming between 5am and 7pm before joining together for networked programming between 7pm and closedown at 1am, weekend evening programmes are also simulcast with stations in the BBC West region. BBC South West also produces regional news & local radio pages for BBC Red Button, BBC South West began a regional television service on 20 April 1961 with ten-minute news bulletins on weekdays, originally presented by Tom Salmon. A year later, the bulletin was expanded and relaunched as the magazine programme South West at Six before being renamed again on 30 September 1963 as Spotlight South West. The service was expanded on 16 October 2000 and now incorporates the first half of Spotlights main 6, 30pm programme, the service is now based at the studios of BBC Radio Jersey in St Helier. ITV Channel Television continues to produce and broadcast its own dedicated news service for the Channel Islands from its studios near St Helier in Jersey. The regional headquarters and television centre is at Broadcasting House in the Mannamead area of Plymouth, with offices and television studios also in St Helier, Truro and Exeter. A new colour television studio was added to the complex in 1974, the studios were due to close in late 2011, with BBC South West moving to a new purpose-built broadcasting centre on the banks of Sutton Harbour, opposite the Barbican in Plymouth city centre. The move stalled, however due to a developer pulling out of the project, in late 2012, the owner of the harbour expressed fears the move may never happen and admitted other parties had expressed an interest in moving to the site earmarked for the BBC. In 2013, the BBC confirmed it would not be moving to Sutton Harbour, BBC English Regions BBC Local News at BBC Online BBC Spotlight at BBC Online BBC Channel Islands News at BBC Online

BBC South West

75.
BBC South
–
BBC Souths television output consists of its flagship regional news service BBC South Today, the topical magazine programme Inside Out and a 20-minute opt-out during Sunday Politics. A late night football magazine show Late Kick Off is co-produced with BBC West, BBC South West, the region also produces and broadcasts occasional regional documentaries, the latest examples being Titanic – Southampton Remembers and Sea City. The region is the centre for local radio stations BBC Radio Oxford, BBC Radio Berkshire. Radio Solent, BBC Radio Oxford and Radio Berkshire broadcast between 5am and 1am with local programming broadcast between 5am and 7pm on weekdays, the three stations carry networked programming with the two stations in the BBC South East region every evening. The stations also simulcast overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live each night after closedown, BBC South also produces regional news & local radio pages for BBC Red Button and BBC Local websites for each county. The BBCs television news operation in Southampton began on 5 January 1961 with the launch of South at Six, presented by Martin Muncaster, the programme was later renamed as South Today. In 1967, Bruce Parker joined BBC South and went on to become its longest-serving presenter, in 1969, South Today became part of Nationwide, with its own opt-out section of the main programme for local news. The region itself has changed in size and shape on a few occasions, additionally, following the digital switchover of the Whitehawk Hill transmitter on 7 March 2012, Brighton and Hove transferred to the coverage of BBC South East. BBC Souths regional broadcasting centre is based in Southampton, with radio and television studios also in Brighton, Oxford, Portsmouth. In 1991, BBC South moved into new, purpose-built facilities at Havelock Road in Southampton, the new studios were built on to the side of the hill at the top of the city with the railway tunnel running directly underneath. This slope meant that the new studios were far larger than the previous ones. The new facilities also included new equipment and technology, radio studios for BBC Radio Solent. The extra space was because BBC South, at the time, was one of the new regional production centres, previously production centres had been in the large regions with studio facilities, these being the nations, BBC Midlands, BBC North West and BBC West. However, some smaller production centres were being trialled in the South, as a result, the new studio was made slightly larger so that it could accommodate a network production. Studio A, the larger is used for South Today and is capable, while Studio B. It is currently used as a meeting room, BBC English Regions BBC South Today BBC Radio Berkshire BBC Radio Oxford BBC Radio Solent BBC Local News at BBC Online BBC South Today at BBC Online

BBC South
–
BBC South's studio centre at Broadcasting House on Havelock Road, Southampton
BBC South
–
BBC South's area within the UK

76.
BBC South East
–
BBC South East is the BBC English region serving Kent, East Sussex, part of West Sussex and a small part of Surrey. The BBC region was created in September 2001 by the joining of the Heathfield transmitter with the Bluebell Hill, unlike ITV Meridian, it does not serve southern Essex, this area being part of the BBC London region instead. BBC South Easts television output consists of the regional news service South East Today. A 25-minute opt-out during Sunday Politics is produced by an independent production company, a late night football magazine show Late Kick Off is co-produced with BBC London. The region is the centre for BBC Radio Kent, BBC Surrey. BBC South East also produces news and local radio pages for BBC Red Button. It also provided information for the BBC Ceefax service until its closure in October 2012. London had not been afforded the same status as the other BBC regions as the bulk of the national content was produced in the capital. This was reflected in the fact that since the launch of regional TV news bulletins in 1957, as a result, the region had fewer local bulletins. Despite the changes throughout the decade, the region and fewer regional operatives meant the service was still far from ideal. On 16 October 2000, the served by the Oxford transmitter were transferred from BBC South East to a new opt out service from BBC Souths South Today. Following digital switchover in the south on 7 March 2012, the Whitehawk transmitter in Brighton transferred from the BBC South region to BBC South East, BBC South East is the only one of the BBC regions not based in a major city. In 1980, the building was damaged by fire. It was renovated and bought and now contains an arcade of shops, a car park. The studios, as is now the trend with most modern developments, until late 2015, the complex contained a BBC Shop. BBC Oxford News BBC London BBC Local News at BBC Online BBC South East Today at BBC Online

BBC South East
–
The Great Hall, Tunbridge Wells
BBC South East

77.
BBC Sport
–
BBC Sport is a department of the BBC North division providing national sports coverage for BBC Television, radio and online. Results, analysis and coverage is also added to the BBC Sport Website, the BBC has broadcast sport for several decades under individual programme names and coverage titles. Grandstand was one of the more notable Sport programmes, broadcasting sport since the launch in 1958. This practice continued throughout the two decades. Upon the launch of the BBC News website in 1997, sport was included in the BBCs online presence for the first time, in May 2007, the BBC Trust approved plans for several BBC departments, including BBC Sport, to be moved to a new development in Salford. The new development at MediaCityUK marks a major decentralisation of BBC departments from London, the department moved into Quay House, MediaCityUK gradually in late 2011 and early 2012 with the first Sports bulletins being broadcast from the new BBC Sport Centre on 5 March 2012. The BBC shares the rights to the FIFA World Cup with ITV, a near equal split of group stage and knockout stage games are shown, including a semi final and the final is shown on both networks. The BBC shows highlights of the Premier League on Match of the Day which has been hosted by Gary Lineker since 1999, Match of the Day 2 and Match of the Day 2 Extra, are presented by Mark Chapman. Dan Walker hosts Football Focus every Saturday lunchtime before Jason Mohammad presents Final Score every Saturday afternoon, the BBC also broadcasts live coverage of the FA Cup and will do so until 2018. BBC Sport currently holds the rights to broadcast the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, the Wimbledon contract has been held by the BBC since 1937 and the current contract lasts until 2017 making it the longest such contract in the world. The BBC produce over 900 hours of footage that is distributed to broadcasters in 159 different countries, BBC Wimbledon coverage is presented by former British number one and 1976 French Open Champion Sue Barker. Matches are broadcast live on BBC One, BBC Two, the Red Button, highlights are also shown on the long-running Today at Wimbledon, presented by Clare Balding, who replaced John Inverdale in 2015. The same year, the programme was renamed Wimbledon 2day, with a new lighthearted magazine format, but after one year. Regular tournament weather updates are provided by Carol Kirkwood, the BBC also broadcasts two traditional Grass warm up events in the fortnight before the Wimbledon Championships. First is the AEGON Championships from Queens Club, which takes two weeks before Wimbledon. Coverage is led by Sue Barker with commentary by Andrew Castle, Andrew Cotter, the following week is the WTA AEGON International event from Eastbourne. In 2015, coverage was introduced by John Inverdale and Lee McKenzie with commentary from Andrew Cotter, Sam Smith, both events are primarily shown on BBC Two. The BBC also shares broadcasting coverage of the ATP World Tour Finals with Sky Sports, showing one afternoon match per day including one semi-final and the final which are usually shown on BBC Two

78.
CBBC
–
CBBC is a BBC childrens television strand aimed for older children aged from 6 to 12. BBC programming aimed at under six year old children is broadcast on the CBeebies channel, CBBC broadcasts from 7 am to 9 pm on the digital CBBC Channel, available on most UK digital platforms. CBBC programmes were also broadcast in high definition alongside other BBC content on BBC HD, generally at afternoons on weekends and this ended when BBC HD closed on 26 March 2013, but CBBC HD launched on 10 December 2013. BBC-produced childrens programming, in languages of Scotland and Wales, also airs on BBC Alba. The BBC has produced and broadcast television programmes for children since the 1930s, the first children-specific strand on BBC television was For the Children, first broadcast on what was then the single BBC Television Service on Saturday 24 April 1937, it was only ten minutes long. It lasted for two years before being taken off air when the service closed due to the Second World War in September 1939, the 1964 launch of BBC Two allowed additional room for childrens programming with an edition of Play School technically being the first official programme. On 1 October 1980, Watch with Mother was replaced by See-Saw, meanwhile, weekday afternoon childrens programmes on BBC One were introduced by the usually off-screen continuity announcer, though often specially-designed menus and captions would be used. On 9 September 1985, this block of childrens programming was rebranded as Childrens BBC, and for the first time the childrens block had dedicated idents. Previously the BBC had broadcast childrens programming using BBC1s team of regular duty announcers, the launch presenter for this block, and thus the first Childrens BBC presenter of the current format, was Phillip Schofield. During the 1990s, Childrens BBC began to be referred to informally on-air as CBBC, the official billing name of Childrens BBC remained in place, however, until the BBCs network-wide branding refresh of October 1997, when the official on-air branding changed to CBBC. From 1996 to 1999, CBBC programmes were shown on the channel Nickelodeon, in 2002, the launch of the CBBC Channel and the CBeebies Channel saw a wide variety of programmes, both new and archive, being shown again on the new channels from 6/7 am until 7pm. Ms Jowell responded that it was the Governments job to develop a charter for the BBC, and then the BBCs job to determine standards of taste, decency and appropriateness. In 2009, a report published by the BBC Trust found that changes which took place in February 2008. It was found that the majority of viewers watched the programmes on these channels already. Childrens programming on BBC One ended on 21 December 2012 with the CBeebies morning strand on BBC Two ending on 4 January 2013, the two new hours are aimed towards an older youth audience. On 14 March 2016, CBBC unveiled a new logo and on-air presentation, featuring an abstract, CBBC controller Cheryl Taylo stated that the new brand was designed to be fun and unpredictable and would appeal to both ends of our broad age spectrum. The logo was meant to be suitable for use across digital platforms. On 11 April 2016, CBBC officially extended its broadcast day to be from 7,00 a. m. to 9,00 p. m. CBBC is operated by the BBC Childrens division, part of BBC North

CBBC
CBBC
–
Children's BBC

79.
BBC Arabic Television
–
BBC Arabic Television is a television news channel broadcast to the Middle East by the BBC. It was launched at 0956 GMT &1256 Moscow Standard Time on 11 March 2008 and it is run by the BBC World Service and funded from the British television licence fee. In 1994, BBC Arabic Television was launched by Rome-based Orbit Communications Company, on 21 April 1996, it was pulled off the air following an episode of Panorama that was critical of the Saudi Arabian government. Ian Richardson, who set up the department during that time blamed the short life of the channel on a clash with the owners over content. Many of the staff who worked for the original BBC Arabic Television service went on to work for Al Jazeera television, plans to relaunch the channel were announced in October 2005 and broadcasting was to start in Autumn 2007, but was delayed until 0956 GMT on 11 March 2008. Tony Khouri, Malak Jaafar BBC Arabic Television is run by the BBC World Service, the service is based in the Peel Wing of Broadcasting House in London. 24-hour programming began 19 January 2009, BBC Arabic can also be seen via bbc. co. uk/Arabic/. The website includes a 16,9 live stream of the channel, newshour, an hour-long news bulletin is broadcast twice a day. In this programme, the top stories of the day are analysed and covered by BBC correspondents around the world, the top stories are broadcast on the channel every fifteen minutes

BBC Arabic Television
–
BBC Arabic Television

80.
BBC Brit
–
BBC Brit is an entertainment subscription television channel featuring factual entertainment programming. The channel is owned and operated by BBC Worldwide. Originally set to rollout internationally in 2014, it was announced it would launch in 2015. In October 2013, BBC announced that in 2014 they would roll out 3 new brands - BBC Earth, BBC First, and BBC Brit, with BBC Brit to be dedicated to entertainment programming. It was later announced that the content would largely be factual entertainment, other series are to include Room 101 and Mock the Week. It was also announced that roughly 50 hours, or roughly 5 series, BBC Brit premiered in Poland on 1 February 2015, replacing BBC Entertainment. BBC Brit replaced BBC Entertainment in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the channel launched on DStv in Africa replacing BBC Entertainment on 1 September 2015. The channels content is offered exclusively on BBC Player Singapore

BBC Brit
–
BBC Brit

81.
BBC First
–
BBC First is an entertainment subscription television channel featuring comedy and drama programming. The channel is owned and operated by BBC Worldwide. The channel began rolling out internationally in 2014, launching first in Australia, in October 2013, BBC announced that in 2014 they would rollout 3 new brands - BBC Earth, BBC First, and BBC Brit, with BBC First to be dedicated to comedy and drama programming. It was later announced the new channel would be named BBC First, BBC First launched in the Netherlands on 16 May 2015, initially exclusively on the KPN IPTV service on channel 23. The programme mix will be specifically for the Netherlands with more emphasis placed on drama, all programming is subtitled in Dutch. KPN simultaneously withdrew BBC Three and BBC Four, the channel launched in Belgium on 4 June 2015. The channel launched in South Africa on 18 October 2015, on the 7th of January 2016, BBC Worldwide and OSN have announced that they had forged a new and exclusive deal which would see the launch of BBC First HD on the first of February 2016. The new channel would broadcast to Middle East & North Africa and would feature comedy and drama content, BBC First launched a Subscription Video-On-Demand service on StarHub TV Channel 522 on 4 April 2016. BBC First was launched as a Subscription Video-On-Demand service on HyppTV Channel 812 on October 1,2016,10 months after BBC Entertainment was dropped from the provider, the channels content is also available in the VOD tab in the HyppTV Everywhere app for iOS and Android. On 1 November 2016, BBC First launched as a Subscription Video-On-Demand service in Hong Kong, the channel replaced BBC On Demand and BBC Entertainment on Now TV. On 14 November 2016, the service was launched on myTV Super OTT platform, there are BBC First programming blocks on the following channels, AXN Mystery. Banished Not all content are available in all territories

BBC First
–
BBC First logo

82.
BBC HD (international)
–
BBC HD is an international high-definition television channel provided by BBC Worldwide and launched in September 2006. In Australia, an Australian version of BBC HD was broadcast on the Foxtel HD+ service which was available to subscribers on 2 June 2008 and was officially launched at the end of June 2008. On 15 November 2009 it was replaced on Foxtel HD+ by UKTV HD, during the first broadcast of BBC World News America, it was announced that BBC America HD would be launched in 2008. However, the HD version did not begin broadcasting until 20 July 2009, BBC HD started broadcasting to the Scandinavian countries in 2008. A localised Latin American feed started in 2011, in 2012 a Brazilian feed was created, though later that year, the Brazilian feed merged with that for the rest of the region, with separate audio and subtitle channels. BBC HD BBC HD Nordics BBC HD International

BBC HD (international)
–
BBC HD

83.
Community Channel (UK)
–
Community Channel is a UK free-to-air television channel wholly owned by Media Trust and supported by major broadcasters including the BBC. The channel is available to all TV households in the UK, Community Channel broadcasts inspiring community stories, uplifting series and documentaries that encourage people to do something brilliant that makes a difference to where they live. Each year the channel broadcasts over five hundred new programmes and hundreds of community stories, a million individuals a month watch the channel across its platforms. The channel broadcasts on Freeview HD63, Sky 539 and Virgin TV269 and it offers video on demand through the channels website, YouTube, BT TV, Daily Motion and via BBC iPlayer. The channel is also streamed through TVPlayer, the channel runs an interactive red button service with Looking Local on Sky and Virgin. The channel’s website presents deeper online resources and an extensive video-on-demand service, Community Channel launched on Sky in September 2000, on Freeview in 2002, NTL in 2005, YouTube on 2008 and BBC iPlayer in November 2012. In early October 2013, the channel launched on TV Catchup and it joined the free-to-air satellite TV service Freesat on 17 October 2013. MTV, Disney and Turner Broadcasting System joined the group in 2006, Community Channel has produced and broadcast programmes from communities and charities across the UK and around the globe. Notable series include Chalkhill Lives, Kismet Road, Charity Chic, Charge, What Can Science Do For Me. Community Channel is the only TV channel for communities, charities, viewers learn more by watching the channel and are motivated to do more for others. Community Channel launched on 18 September 2000 and it has grown from a two-hour teleshopping channel on Sky to a 24-hour channel available on all UK TV platforms, streaming applications and with 90% of its programming available on-demand. Viewers are mainly 35-54 and 54-65 with a gender split. They are mainstream and mid-market and there is representative viewing across the UK nations, by 2002, Community Channel had increased its broadcast hours from three hours a day to 12 hours a day. It was chosen as one of the initial 30 free-to-view channels on the terrestrial platform Freeview. The BBC also agreed to supply relevant programming from the BBC archive to Community Channel, in conjunction with continued broadcasts of charity focused programming, Community Channel began a co-production with ITVs campaigning series Thats Esther to promote volunteering. 2002 also saw Jane Mote, Editor BBC London - TV, Radio, in 2003 the channel produced First Up, a cruelty-free talent show. Milton Keynes ska-punk-funk-metal band Six. Point. Five were awarded first prize by viewers, the prize was five days recording in Abbey Road with a producer of their choice. 2004 saw the launch of drama series Kismet Road

Community Channel (UK)
–
Community Channel

84.
BBC Choice
–
BBC Choice was a BBC TV station which launched on 23 September 1998 and closed on 8 February 2003. It was the first British TV channel to broadcast exclusively in digital format, BBC Choice initially broadcast from 5pm nightly, this later switched to 7pm. The 7pm starts carried over into its successor BBC Three, BBC Choice also aired childrens programmes, initially at weekends and subsequently daily during the daytime, this duty transferred to CBBC Channel, CBeebies and BBC Three. Before the launch, a timer was in place, when the timer was nearing the final seconds, parts of history played, e. g. the first successful rocket launch. When BBC Choice launched, no digital TV receivers were available to the public as Sky Digital and ONdigital had not yet launched. The main format of the channel was a mix of BBC One and Two programming as well as original programming such as Backstage, BBC Choice also introduced an innovative programme format known as Hotlink, which expanded on popular shows. Examples included Watchdog Extra, where viewers could contact the show by phone or e-mail with either questions or feedback on the issues discussed. Crimewatch Extra provided follow-up detail on the involved in the main programme. The Hotlink format has since adopted by many other channels. The channel was presented as an alternative to the normal BBC One and this was reflected in its original on-screen presentation which featured groups of threes. For the first year of BBC Choice, childrens programming would air on weekend afternoons as CBBC Choice, and included strands like Dog & Dinosaur, The Crew Room, L&K Replay and Re, Peter. It included repeats of archive shows rarely seen on the channels, such as Mr Benn, Paddington, Simon. This continued until February 2002, when the CBBC and CBeebies channels launched, with the CBBC Channel taking up BBC Choices daytime broadcast bandwidth, in June 2000, the BBC radically changed its digital channel formats. The initial format had seen BBC Choice target a similar mixed audience to BBC One and Two with a general entertainment skew, with BBC Knowledge focusing on educational and informative programming. Entertainment news magazine Liquid News, presented by Christopher Price, evolved out of News 24s Zero 30 and became the channels flagship show. In August 2000, the BBC announced that it would replace BBC Choice as soon as possible with BBC Three, which would be a continuation of the youth aspect of the new BBC Choice. Whilst BBC Three was delayed, the other proposals gained the approval of Parliament, from October 2001, BBC Choice began screening a significant amount of new, young-skewing programming, the kind of content that had been earmarked for BBC Three. This new proposal for BBC Three was given the go-ahead in September 2002, with a set of conditions laid down

BBC Choice
–
A former ident of BBC Choice

85.
BBC Japan
–
BBC Japan was a television channel from the BBC available via satellite in Japan. Similar in format to BBC Prime, BBC Japan showed such BBC programmes as Blackadder and Fawlty Towers, the channel launched on December 1,2004 and was available on Sky PerfecTV. Satellite channel 110 and Online TV Companys IPTV service, but ceased broadcasting less than two years later, on 20 March 2006, the BBC announced that its distributor JMC no longer has the financial means to honour its contractual commitments to distribute the BBC Japan channel. On 24 April 2006, the BBC confirmed that BBC Japan would cease broadcasting on 30 April 2006

BBC Japan
–
BBC Japan

86.
BBC Prime
–
BBC Prime was the BBCs general entertainment TV channel in Europe and the Middle East from 30 January 1995 until 11 November 2009, when it was replaced by BBC Entertainment. Now known as BBC World News, BBC Prime, a 24-hour English subscription lifestyle, variety and entertainment channel such, variety, culture, leisure, lifestyle, art and light entertainment programmes. The channel broadcast drama, comedy and lifestyle programmes which it repeated on a monthly basis and it also included a special childrens strand, using the CBBC brand and idents, by the name of CBBC on BBC Prime, or CBBC Prime. However, this was dissolved in 1998, owing to rights issues, much of the programming on BBC Prime was from the Corporations archive. Consequently, many people in mainland Europe bought viewing cards to receive full broadcasts of BBC One and Two from the UK and this prompted GBC in Gibraltar to end terrestrial retransmission of BBC Prime in 1999. It was also funded by adverts placed on the channel in breaks, much of BBC Primes programming was available to watch through BBC One, Two or the UKTV network, part owned by the BBC and showing archive programming. The channel was available in areas through satellite and cable television In the Netherlands and Belgium. It was available on terrestrial television in the Netherlands and Malta. In Gibraltar, GBC relayed BBC Prime on its VHF and UHF channels with opt-outs, in Turkey, it was available on Türksat Cable TV and Digiturk. In Italy, it was available on SKY Italia, in MENA, it was available on the Orbit Network. The South Africa service was launched in 1999 and contained some different programmes to that broadcast in Europe, the Asia service was launched on the 1 December 2004 and had a different schedule to that of the Europe service to reflect the different time zones, and cultural practices. It was available in Hong Kong, Thailand (on TrueVisions, Singapore, the Asian service also had subtitles in Chinese, Thai, and Korean. A similar channel, called BBC Japan, launched in Japan on 1 December 2004, in September 2006 it was announced that the BBC Prime brand was to be phased out and replaced by BBC Entertainment, one of a number of new international channels planned by BBC Worldwide. The process began with the Asian services, which switched on the 6 October 2006, BBC Prime was completely replaced by BBC Entertainment on 11 November 2009. BBC Prime Ident Compilation BBC Prime at TV Ark

BBC Prime
–
BBC Prime

87.
BBC Select
–
BBC Select was an overnight television service run by the BBC during the hours when BBC1 or BBC2 had closed down, usually between 2am and 6am. The channel showed programming intended for specialist audiences, such as businessmen, lawyers, nurses and teachers and it was funded by a subscription, and most programming was scrambled. The service was launched on 21 January 1992 overnight. The service experimented with programming for audiences, and with overnight broadcasts. By broadcasting the now, it allowed the BBC to broaden their audience. Corporate companies also took advantage of the service, in 1992 and 1993 Cable & Wireless used BBC Select to broadcast highlights of their annual general meeting. The first broadcast, of their 1992 AGM, was the first time in the UK that a company AGM had been televised, to watch programming, a set-top box, or BBC Selector and BBC Select viewing card was required which both decoded and unscrambled the programme. The box also received signals, sent out prior to the programme start, the box would then trigger VCRs to begin recording by sending out a pulse of Infrared to set off the VCRs recorder, as if the viewer had pressed the record button. The scrambling system used was called VideoCrypt S, the system was very similar to what British Sky Broadcasting were using for their analogue satellite transmissions, but was modified due to technical limitations of terrestrial TV. The new service had differing presentation to the BBC channels that they broadcast on, the presentation featured a single gold circle in centre screen with the BBC Select caption beneath. The S in Select of the caption has a circle around it, the channel featured no announcements, promotions or captions for upcoming programming, with presentation featuring only the ident, filler and promotions of the service itself. The ident could also form out of the background, as the circle drew itself from the top clockwise and this was occasionally used at the startup of the service. In these five-minute breaks, a filler was used that composed the static ring logo against a background that constantly and gradually changes colour and this would then usually fade into the ident. BBC Learning Zone BBC Select promos at TVARK BBC Select promo video

BBC Select
–
BBC Select

88.
BBC World Service Television
–
BBC World Service Television, often abbreviated to WSTV, was the name of two BBC international satellite television channels between 1991 and 1995. It was the BBCs first foray into television broadcasting. In Europe, it was the successor to BBC TV Europe, the service was also launched in Asia as a 24-hour news and information service with minor differences, a precursor to BBC World News, launched on 14 October 1991. Unlike BBC World Service at the time, it was not funded by the British government with a grant-in-aid, instead, it was funded by commercial advertising, with commercials were inserted locally by the cable or satellite providers. In the years followed, the BBC would insert news headlines and other updates to fill the gaps. In Europe, BBC WSTV replaced BBC TV Europe on 11 March 1991 as the BBCs subscription-funded entertainment service, like BBC TV Europe, it was a mix of BBC1 and BBC2, but showed specially commissioned World Service News bulletins from Television Centre. The BBC World Service News studio looked like the BBCs domestic news, though with different graphics, the station also broadcast its own Childrens BBC junctions from Presentation Studio A. Competing against CNN International, it showed current affairs and documentary programming from BBC One and BBC Two, BBC World Service Television programming was also carried in Africa on M-Net launched on 15 April 1992 for 11 hours a day. In Canada, its bulletins were carried on CBC Newsworld several times a day, the channel from 1991 until c.1994 used the presentation device of a rotating world, the Computer Originated World, which had previously been used on BBC One between 1985 and 1991. The world symbol remained the same, but the legend at the bottom was altered to a BBC logo with an italic World Service beneath. Promotional style and static programme captions mirrored that of BBC1 and 2 at the time and featured the symbol above a small BBC logo in the top left corner of promotions. The sidebar of captions featured a vague wispy line style, similar to that used by WSTV bulletins, the channel also used a break bumper featuring the globe, and a promo bumper featuring the COW globe split into lines to the side and bottom. Around the time of the relaunch, BBC WSTV adopted a variation of the look later to be used by BBC World. The channel had a permanent DOG of the BBC logo in the top corner of the screen

89.
BBC 2W
–
BBC 2W was a digital television channel run by the BBC in Wales until January 2009. It replaced the standard BBC Two broadcast on digital services in Wales — running on weekdays from 8. 30pm to 10pm, launched on 5 November 2001, it had an initial reach of 1.1 million viewers. 2W broadcast in English and was aimed at the English-speaking population, unlike S4C, the digital-only service was replaced with a single BBC Two for Wales on 2 January 2009. The channel name on the Electronic Programme Guide was BBC 2W although outside its broadcast hours the channel was referred to onscreen as BBC Two Wales, the channel did provide a choice to all other viewers. Originally, the news programme was 2W News & Sport. In 2005, this was replaced by a bulletin of Wales Today, the bulletin, entitled Wales Today on 2W carried the same titles as that on BBC One Wales and was broadcast from the same studio with the same main presenters. BBC 2Ws original ident in 2001 was a green design with a stylised spinning cube that could transition directly into a programme menu. However, from 18 February 2007, BBC 2W simply used the standard BBC Two idents with the 2W box, at crossover the boxes alternated between each other during the ident. This alternation also occurred during trailers which advertised programmes during BBC 2W hours, the BBC closed down BBC 2W in the run-up to digital switchover as part of plans to achieve 3% annual efficiencies at BBC Wales. Digital BBC Two in Wales reverted to the version, with less frequent regional programmes as is the arrangement on Analogue BBC Two Wales

90.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

91.
Media of the United Kingdom
–
There are several different types of media in the United Kingdom, television, radio, newspapers, magazines and websites. The country also has a music industry. The United Kingdom has a range of providers, the most prominent being the state-owned public service broadcaster. Regional media is covered by radio, television and print newspapers. Trinity Mirror operates 240 local and regional newspapers, as well as newspapers such as the Daily Mirror. In 2009 it was estimated that individuals viewed a mean of 3.75 hours of television per day, sales of newspapers have fallen since the 1970s and in 2009 42% of people reported reading a daily national newspaper. In 2010,82. 5% of the United Kingdom population were Internet users, london dominates the media sector in the United Kingdom, national newspapers, television and radio are largely based there, notable centres include Fleet Street and BBC Broadcasting House. Greater Manchester is also a significant national media hub, notable centres include MediaCityUK a 200-acre media production facility in Salford and Trafford. The Guardian national newspaper was founded in Manchester in 1821, and was known as the Manchester Guardian until 1959, in the 1950s, coinciding with the growth in television, the Granada Television franchise was set up by Sidney Bernstein. Consequently, the Granada Studios were the first purpose-built television studios in the United Kingdom, the franchise produced television programmes such as Coronation Street and the Up Series. The other division is BBC Future Media, in addition ITV has two major divisions of its business based here ITV Studios responsible for UK and international network production and ITV Granada its regional service provider. The University of Salford also has a campus and research center based at media city. The United Kingdom is known for its music industry, along with its new. In the UK, media is spread through the forms of TV, newspapers, magazines, websites, great Manchester is the hottest place to receive media information in the UK. The Daily Mirror was founded in 1903, the Sunday Mirror on the other hand, is the sister paper to the Daily Mirror that was started in 1915. Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff, are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland, the BBC, founded in 1922, is the United Kingdoms publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world. It operates numerous television and radio stations in the United Kingdom and abroad, the print media sector is entirely regulating itself and there are no specific statutory rules regulating the print media. Traditionally British newspapers have been divided into quality, serious-minded newspapers, for convenience of reading many traditional broadsheets have switched to a more compact-sized format, traditionally used by tabloids

Media of the United Kingdom
–
Broadcasting House in London, headquarters of the BBC
Media of the United Kingdom
–
Mediacity in Greater Manchester, privately funded and publicly backed by the BBC is the largest media-production facility in the United Kingdom.
Media of the United Kingdom
–
Picture of a Truetone brand radio
Media of the United Kingdom
–
The Channel 4 building London

92.
List of newspapers in the United Kingdom
–
There are newspapers distributed nationally in the United Kingdom and some in Scotland only, and others serving a local area. National daily newspapers publish on every day except 25 December and Sunday, Sunday newspapers may be independent, e. g. The Observer was an independent Sunday newspaper from its founding in 1791 until it was acquired by The Guardian in 1993, many daily newspapers now have Sunday stablemates, usually with a related name, but editorially distinct. The Independent and The Times have changed in recent years to a compact format, the Guardian moved in September 2005 to what is described as a Berliner format, slightly larger than a compact. Its Sunday stablemate The Observer followed suit, other Sunday broadsheets, including The Sunday Times, which tend to have a large amount of supplementary sections, have kept their larger sized format. The national Sunday titles usually have a different layout and style to their weekly sister papers, all the major UK newspapers currently have websites, some of which provide free access. The Times and The Sunday Times have a paywall requiring payment on a per-day or per-month basis for non-subscribers, the Financial Times business daily also has limited access for non-subscribers. The Independent became online only upon its last printed edition on the 26 March 2016, however unlike the previously mentioned newspapers it does not require any payment to access its news content. Most towns and cities in the UK have at least one newspaper, such as the Evening Post in Bristol. They are not known nationally for their journalism in the way that some city-based newspapers in the USA are, an exception to this was the well-regarded Manchester Guardian, which dropped the Manchester from its name in 1959 and relocated its main operations to London in 1964. The Guardian Media Group produced a Mancunian paper, the Manchester Evening News, helens St. - with a circulation of perhaps a few thousand each. There are between 50 and 60 Papurau Bro which cover the whole of Wales, plus the Welsh communities of Liverpool, papers are frequently named after local features, connections, crafts, etc. or in dialect. The first papur bro appeared in 1973 in Cardiff, and the decade saw the establishment of most of the others. Much of the work of producing the papers is done voluntarily, some of the papers listed may have ceased publication. Several newspapers in other than English are published in Britain, for immigrant. Newspapers, both national and local, in Arabic, Bulgarian, Bangla, Italian, Korean, Latvian, Polish, Portuguese, Urdu, and other languages are published

93.
History of British newspapers
–
During of the 17th century, there were many kinds of publications that told both news and rumours. Among these were pamphlets, posters, ballads etc, even when the news periodicals emerged, many of these co-existed with them. A news periodical differs from these mainly because of its periodicity, the definition for 17th century newsbooks and newspapers is that they are published at least once a week. Johann Carolus Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in Strassburg in 1605, is regarded as the first news periodical. At the beginning of the 17th century, the right to print was strictly controlled in England and this was probably the reason why the first newspaper in the English language was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler around 1620. This followed the established by Veselers earlier Dutch paper Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt. However, when the English started printing their own papers in London, the publication of these newsbooks was suspended between 1632 and 1638 by order of Star Chamber. After they resumed publication, the era of these lasted until the publication of the Oxford Gazette in 1665. The control over printing relaxed greatly after the abolition of Star Chamber in 1641, the Civil War escalated the demand for news. News pamphlets or books reported the war, often supporting one side or the other, following the Restoration there arose a number of publications, including the London Gazette, the first official journal of record and the newspaper of the Crown. Publication was controlled under the Licensing Act of 1662, but the Acts lapses from 1679–1685, Mercurius Caledonius founded in Edinburgh in 1660, was Scotlands first but short-lived newspaper. Only 12 editions were published during 1660 and 1661, there were twelve London newspapers and 24 provincial papers by the 1720s. The Public Advertiser was started by Henry Woodfall in the 18th century, the first English journalist to achieve national importance was Daniel Defoe. In February 1704, he began his weekly, The Review, defoes Review came to an end in 1713. Between 1716 and 1720 he published a newspaper with old style title. The Examiner started in 1710 as the chief Conservative political mouthpiece, Swift had control of the journal for 33 issues between November 1710 and June 1711, but once he became dean of St. Patricks Cathedral in Dublin, he gave up regular journalistic work. The 76th issue of the paper contained a paragraph mentioning the House of Lords. He preferred to discontinue his publication instead, in 1726 he in part revived it, under the title of Lloyds List, published at first weekly, it would later become a daily

History of British newspapers
–
Linotype operators preparing hot-metal type 'slugs' to be assembled in columns and pages by hand compositors. This letterpress mode of newspaper production was supplanted in the 1970s and 1980s by the cleaner, more economical offset litho process.
History of British newspapers
–
This plaque in London marks the publication in 1702 of The Daily Courant as London's first daily newspaper
History of British newspapers
–
1855 first edition of the Daily Telegraph & Courier
History of British newspapers
–
Evening Standard headlines on 7 July 2005

94.
The Observer
–
The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981

The Observer
–
The Observer

95.
Broadsheet
–
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets

96.
Financial Times
–
The Financial Times is an English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. The paper, published and owned by Nikkei Inc. in Tokyo, was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, and merged in 1945 with its closest rival, the Financial Times has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. FT. com has 4.5 million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper had an average daily circulation of 234,193 copies in January 2014. In February 2014 the combined sale of the editions of the Financial Times was 224,000 copies. In October 2013 the combined print and digital circulation of the Financial Times reached nearly 629,000 copies. In December 2016 print sales for the paper stood at 193,211, on 23 July 2015 Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m. On 30 November 2015 Nikkei completed the acquisition, the FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, the readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the slightly older and more daring Financial News. After 57 years of rivalry the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper, the Financial Times brought a higher circulation while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was introduced from Financial News. Pearson bought the paper in 1957, over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the economy towards globalisation. On 1 January 1979 the first FT was printed outside the UK, since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U. S. The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa and it is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the Euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the world with the launch of FT. com

Financial Times
–
The front page of the Financial Times on 13 February 1888.
Financial Times
–
The front page of the Financial Times on 29 December 2010
Financial Times
–
The London offices of the Financial Times at One Southwark Bridge (2013).
Financial Times
–
Editor Lionel Barber speaking at the newspaper's 125th anniversary party in London, 2013

97.
The Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

The Daily Telegraph
–
The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
–
In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph building in 1974

98.
The Sunday Times
–
The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time

The Sunday Times
–
Plaque to The first number of The Sunday Times, 4 Salisbury Court, London EC4Y
The Sunday Times
–
Edition number 9,813 of The Sunday Times, published on 7 October 2012

99.
Compact (newspaper)
–
A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term as used for this came into its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for Londons commuters. Readers from other parts of the country liked the new format, the Times and The Scotsman copied the format as The Independent increased sales. All three newspapers are now printed exclusively in compact format following trial periods during which both broadsheet and compact version were produced simultaneously, the term “compact” was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail when that newspaper went tabloid, although the Mail now calls itself a tabloid. It is often used to differentiate newspapers with more content from those with a flamboyant or salacious publishing style. The functional opposite of compact is red top, as the nameplates of British sensationalist tabloids tend to be red, berliner Broadsheet List of newspapers Paper sizes Tabloid

100.
The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817

101.
The Mail on Sunday
–
The Mail on Sunday is a British conservative newspaper, published in a tabloid format. It was launched in 1982 by Lord Rothermere and its sister paper, the Daily Mail, was first published in 1896. Like the Daily Mail it is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust and it had an average daily circulation of 1,284,121 in December 2016. The Mail on Sunday was launched on 2 May 1982, to complement the Daily Mail, the first story on the front page was the Royal Air Forces bombing of Port Stanley airport in the Falkland Islands. Its sports coverage was seen to be among its weaknesses at the time of its launch, the Mail on Sundays first back-page splash was a report from the Netherlands on the rollerskating world championships, which led to the paper being ridiculed in the industry. Lord Rothermere, then the proprietor, brought in the Daily Mails editor David English who, with a force of new journalists. Over a period of three-and-a-half months English managed to halt the papers decline, three new sections were introduced, firstly a sponsored partwork, the initial one forming a cookery book, then a colour comic supplement, and lastly, a magazine – You magazine. The newspapers reputation was built on the work of its next editor, the newspapers circulation grew from around 1 million to just under 2 million during his time in charge. Although its sister paper the Daily Mail has invariably supported the Conservative Party, the subsequent editors were Jonathan Holborow, Peter Wright and, currently, Geordie Greig. At the 2015 general election The Mail on Sunday urged its readers to vote Conservative to prevent the country veering left under a Labour-SNP pact and it urged UKIP voters to please come home to the Conservatives as their protest has been registered. In the EU membership referendum, the paper came out unequivocally in favour of the Remain campaign, arguing that it would provide a safer, freer and more prosperous UK. The facts did not emerge until several years later, when they were revealed in evidence at the News of the World phone hacking trial, Wright became a member of the PCC from May 2008. He took over the previously held by the Daily Mails editor-in-chief Paul Dacre. The PCC issued two reports, in 2007 and 2009, which were compiled in ignorance of the significant information from the Mail group about the hacking of its journalists’ phones. The PCCs 2009 report, which had rejected Davies claims of widespread hacking at the News of the World, was retracted when it became clear that they were true. Wright and Dacre both also failed to mention the hacking of the four Mail on Sunday staff in the evidence they gave to the Leveson inquiry in 2012 and you – You magazine is a womens magazine featured in The Mail on Sunday. Its mix of features plus fashion, beauty advice, practical insights on health and relationships, food recipes. The Mail on Sunday is read by over six million a week, event – this magazine includes articles on the arts, books and culture and carries reviews of all media and entertainment forms and interviews with sector personalities

The Mail on Sunday
–
The Mail on Sunday
The Mail on Sunday
–
An issue of The Mail on Sunday from 25 November 2007 with all its supplements. The First magazine was included as a preview before it was released on general sale.

102.
Morning Star (British newspaper)
–
Morning Star is a left-wing British daily tabloid newspaper with a focus on social, political and trade union issues. Articles and comment columns are contributed by writers from socialist, communist, social democratic, green, the paper was founded in 1930 as the Daily Worker, organ of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Since 1945, it has been owned by the Peoples Press Printing Society and it was renamed the Morning Star in 1966. The papers editorial stance is in line with Britains Road to Socialism, the Morning Star was founded in 1930 as the Daily Worker, the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain. The first edition was produced on 1 January 1930 from the offices of the newspaper in Tabernacle Street, London, in January 1934 The Daily Workers offices moved to Cayton Street off City Road. On 1 October 1935, the first eight-page Daily Worker was produced, on 3 September 1939, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain spoke to the nation on the BBC, at which time he announced the formal declaration of war between Britain and Nazi Germany. Daily Worker editor J. R. Campbell, backed by his ally, Party General Secretary Harry Pollitt. The paper accused the British governments policies of being not to rescue Europe from fascism, the newspaper responded to the assassination of Leon Trotsky by a Soviet agent with an article on 23 August 1940 entitled A Counter Revolutionary Gangster Passes, written by former editor Campbell. The paper criticised Sir Walter Citrine after a Paris meeting with French Labour Minister Charles Pomaret in December 1939. Citrine alleged, in response to his lawyers questioning, that the Daily Worker received £2,000 pounds per month from Moscow, for this reason in January 1941 the newspaper was suppressed by the wartime coalitions Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison. Following the German armys invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, from June 1941 onwards, the situation changed. From 1942, and for the rest of the war, the paper was a supporter of the British war effort. The governments ban on the Daily Worker was lifted in September 1942 following a campaign supported by Hewlett Johnson, the Dean of Canterbury, a Lift the ban conference at Central Hall, Westminster on 21 March 1942 was attended by over 2,000 delegates. A key part of the campaign was to secure Labour Party support, on 26 May 1942, after a heated debate, the Labour Party carried a resolution declaring the Government must lift the ban on the Daily Worker. During the ban the Daily Worker offices at Cayton Street were totally destroyed by fire during The Blitz on 16 April 1941, the paper moved temporarily in 1942 to the former Caledonian Press offices in Swinton Street. In 1945 new offices were acquired at a former brush makers warehouse at 75 Farringdon Road, a Scottish edition of the Daily Worker was produced from its plant in Glasgow from 11 November 1940. The Daily Worker welcomed the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima. The paper also applauded the bombing of Nagasaki, and called for the use of atomic bombs against the Japanese

103.
The Sunday People
–
The Sunday People is a British tabloid Sunday newspaper, founded as The People on 16 October 1881. It was bought by the Mirror group in 1961 along with the Daily Herald and it is still published by the Trinity Mirror Group, and shares a website with the Mirror papers. In July 2011, when it benefited from the closure of the News of the World, by December 2016 the circulation had shrunk to 239,364. Despite its tagline claim to be an independent newspaper, The People endorsed the Labour Party at the 2015 general election on the recommendation of polling data from its readers. Garry Bushell had a two-page television opinion column, Bushell On the Box, jimmy Greaves, the former England footballer Fred Trueman, former England cricketer and fast bowler. Fred Harrison an established author of 19 books

The Sunday People
–
Sunday People

104.
The Sun (United Kingdom)
–
The Sun is a tabloid published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Since The Sun on Sunday was launched in February 2012, the paper has been a seven-day operation, as a broadsheet, it was founded in 1964 as a successor to the Daily Herald, it became a tabloid in 1969 after it was purchased by its current owners. It is published by the News Group Newspapers division of News UK, the Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had a daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Approximately 41% of readers are women and 59% are men, the Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow, Belfast, on 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, the Sun was first published as a broadsheet on 15 September 1964, with a logo featuring a glowing orange disc. It was launched by owners IPC to replace the failing Daily Herald, the new paper was intended to add a readership of social radicals to the Heralds political radicals. Supposedly there was an immense, sophisticated and superior class, hitherto undetected and yearning for its own newspaper. As delusions go, this was in the El Dorado class, launched with an advertising budget of £400,000, the brash new paper burst forth with tremendous energy, according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to curiosity and the advantage of novelty, by 1969, according to Hugh Cudlipp, The Sun was losing about £2m a year and had a circulation of 800,000. Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions and he assured IPC that he would publish a straightforward, honest newspaper which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwells offer and he would later remark, I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers. Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed, Lamb wanted Bernard Shrimsley to be his deputy, which Murdoch accepted as Shrimsley had been the second name on his list of preferences. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were selected for their availability rather than their ability. This was about a quarter of what the Mirror then employed, Murdoch immediately relaunched The Sun as a tabloid, and ran it as a sister paper to the News of the World. The Sun used the printing presses, and the two papers were managed together at senior executive levels. The new tabloid Sun was first published on 17 November 1969, with a front page headlined HORSE DOPE SENSATION, an editorial on page 2 announced, Todays Sun is a new newspaper

The Sun (United Kingdom)
–
Front page of The Sun, October 2013, which was criticised by Mind and Rethink Mental Illness, two mental health charities
The Sun (United Kingdom)
–
"Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster", 13 March 1986
The Sun (United Kingdom)
–
The Sun ‍ '​s front page on 19 April 1989. The allegations were later proven to be entirely false, with the Sun later admitting their decision to publish the allegations was the "blackest day in this newspaper's history."
The Sun (United Kingdom)
–
Poster urging the Liverpool public not to purchase The Sun.

105.
Sunday Sport
–
Sunday Sport is a British tabloid newspaper, published by Sport Newspapers, which was established in 1986. It prints plainly ludicrous stories, such as London Bus Found Frozen In Antarctic Ice, defenders of the paper pointed out that it was not intended to be taken seriously. Its controversial content also includes a high quotient of female nudity. Sunday Sport was started in 1986, 1st issue on sale was dated September 14th 1986. Its original publisher was David Sullivan, Sullivan sold the paper to Sport Newspapers but had to give them a £1. 68m bailout in 2009. The last editor was Nick Appleyard, appointed in September 2007 and his predecessors included Dominic Mohan, Michael Gabbert and Paul Carter. It had a sister title, Daily Sport. It ceased publication and entered administration on 1 April 2011, however, it shortly returned to publication on 8 May, after it was reacquired by its original publisher David Sullivan for £50,000. Sullivan now publishes the paper three times a week as Midweek Sport, Weekend Sport and Sunday Sport, through his company Sunday Sport Limited and it always has a salacious edge, mirroring The Suns Page 3 girl, except spread across more of the pages. Following the departure of editor-in-chief Tony Livesey in August 2006, the paper moved towards more showbiz content spiced with sex, glamour and unique humour. Most issues came with a gift, which could be free pints of lager, free downloads. The Daily Sport and Sunday Sport helped launch the careers of many Page 3 models, including Linsey Dawn Mckenzie, Solange Hop, Cherry Dee, Zoe Parker, Josie Shaw, eunice Clark said, Winston was my only friend. One night he was coming home so I went out to look for him. It was a freezing, foggy night but I saw him walking down the road, but at that moment, a young naval officer came pedalling down the road on his bike, singing in a language I now know to be Belgian. He barrelled into Winston squashing him flat, then carried on as if nothing had happened, I am convinced that man was Ralph Miliband. Only a Belgian – a Belgian Communist – could have killed a kitten in cold blood, Ed Miliband later read from the article and recorded a tongue-in-cheek video message for a Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year award in November that year, pledging to battle the scurrilous story. Barely stifling his laughter, Ed Miliband said Now my friends, Daily Sport Sport Newspapers David Sullivan Page 3 Official website You couldnt make it up, Sport editor quits for BBC, The Independent,17 Aug 2006

Sunday Sport
–
Sunday Sport

106.
BBC Radio
–
BBC Radio is an operational business division and service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The service provides national radio stations covering the majority of genres, as well as local radio stations covering local news, affairs. It also oversees online audio content, of the national radio stations, BBC Radio 1,2,3,4 and 5 Live are all available through analogue radio as well as on DAB Digital Radio and internet services through RealMedia, WMA and BBC iPlayer. The remaining stations, BBC Radio 1Xtra,4 Extra,5 Live Sports Extra and 6 Music, all of the BBCs national radio stations broadcast from bases in London, usually in or near to Broadcasting House in Marylebone. However, the BBCs network production units located in Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, the BBCs radio services began in 1922. Today radio broadcasting still makes up a part of the corporations output - the title of the BBCs listings magazine, Radio Times. On 1 January 1927 the British Broadcasting Company was succeeded in control of the airwaves by the British Broadcasting Corporation. John Reith, who had been the managing director of the commercial company. He expounded firm principles of centralised, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and these he set out in his autobiography, Broadcast Over Britain, influencing modern ideas of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. To this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate, although no other broadcasting organisation was licensed in the UK until 1973, commercial competition soon opened up from overseas. The English language service of Radio Luxembourg began in 1933 as one of the earliest commercial radio broadcasting to Britain. The IBC began leasing time on transmitters in continental Europe and then reselling it as sponsored English-language programming aimed at audiences in Britain and it was an important forerunner of pirate radio and modern commercial radio in the United Kingdom. The onset of World War II silenced all but one of the original IBC stations, at the start of the Second World War it was renamed The Overseas Service but is now known as the BBC World Service. Beginning in 1964 the first in what became a fleet of 10 offshore pirate radio stations began to ring the British coastline, by 1967 millions were tuning into these commercial operations and the BBC was rapidly losing its radio listening audience. The British government reacted by passing the Marine Offences Act, which all, One of the stations called Radio London was so successful that the BBC was told to copy it as best they could. This led to an overhaul by Frank Gillard the BBCs Director of Radio of the BBC output creating the four analogue channels that still form the basis of its broadcasting today. The creator of BBC Radio One told the press that his family had been fans of Radio London, the BBC hired many out-of-work broadcasting staff who had come from the former offshore stations. Tony Blackburn who presented the very first BBC Radio One morning show had previously presented the morning show on Radio Caroline

BBC Radio
–
Much of BBC radio comes from Broadcasting House, Portland Place at the head of Regent Street, London
BBC Radio
–
BBC Radio

107.
Digital radio in the United Kingdom
–
In the United Kingdom, the roll-out of digital radio is proceeding since engineering test transmissions were started by the BBC in 1990 followed by a public launch in September 1995. In the capital, London there are more than 64 different digital stations available. In addition to DAB and DAB+, radio stations are also broadcast on digital television platform as well as radio in the UK. Digital radio ensemble operators and stations need a licence from the UKs media regulator Ofcom to broadcast. In the long term there will be a switchover from analogue to digital radio when the AM, the government has set criteria on the coverage and proportion of digital listening before this occurs. As of 2017 these criteria have not yet been reached and a switchover is unlikely before 2020, on the other hand critics say that coverage is not yet sufficient and the quality can be less than that of FM. Experimental transmissions of the DAB Eureka 147 standard from the Crystal Palace transmitting station by the BBC started in 1990 with permanent transmissions covering London in September 1995. With the expansion of its network in the spring of 1998. DAB+ full-time broadcasts began in 2016, the Broadcasting Act of 1996 allowed the introduction of national, regional and local commercial ensembles in the United Kingdom. The first national ensemble licence for DAB from the Radio Authority was advertised in 1998, the licence was awarded to the GWR Group and NTL Broadcast, who since the launch were renamed Arqiva. The two companies formed the Digital One ensemble, which began broadcasting on 15 November 1999. The Digital One ensemble has grown and is available to over 90% of the UK population although an Ofcom report into Digital Radio in 2015 puts robust household coverage at 89. 8% of the UK. In the United Kingdom, the uptake of DAB has increased since the launch of the BBC national DAB ensemble in 1995, lower prices, new radio stations and marketing have increased the uptake of DAB radio in the UK. Digital radios were first sold as car radios in 1997, priced around £800, in 2001, Digital One invested in Frontier Silicon to produce a new processing chip which would allow cheaper portable radios to be produced. Roberts Radio, Goodmans and in 2002, Pure Digitals award winning Evoke series of radios broke the £100 price barrier, and DAB take up has increased since. The BBC and other DAB broadcasters have been encouraging DAB take up by promoting a number of features which are new or improve upon former technology in their sales literature. Broadcasters also state that DAB offers better reception, without the problems of interference that are more noticeable through analogue radio and this, as well as multiplexing technology, allows a number of channels to be broadcast together on one frequency as opposed to one channel for analogue radio broadcasts. National, local and regional DAB ensembles use the frequency for the area they cover

Digital radio in the United Kingdom
–
A typical DAB digital radio receiver with the Digital Radio Development Bureau DAB digital radio marketing logo
Digital radio in the United Kingdom
–
Transmitters including Emley Moor (pictured) broadcast digital radio via DAB and digital terrestrial television

108.
BBC Radio 1
–
Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts

109.
BBC Radio 2
–
BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBCs national radio stations and the most popular station in the United Kingdom. Much of its daytime playlist-based programming is best described as contemporary or AOR. Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between 88.1 and 90.2 MHz from studios in Wogan House, adjacent to Broadcasting House in central London. Programmes are relayed on radio via DAB, Sky, Cable TV, IPTV, Freeview, Freesat. The station was launched at 05,30 on 30 September 1967, the first show had started at 05,30 am but continued with Breakfast Special from Paul Hollingdale as Radio 1 split. In early years, much programming and music was common to stations, particularly on the shared FM frequency. Radio 2 became the first national 24-hour radio station in the UK in 1979, the stations policy remained stable with only minor changes until April 1986 when Frances Line, head of music, repositioned the station. She would become Controller in 1990, although popular with its target audience, the policy alienated many younger listeners who had listened to both Radio 1 and Radio 2 and the stations audience fell. It took another hit in 1990 when it lost its medium wave frequencies to a new network, BBC Radio 5, further blows were struck by the rise of album-rock commercial stations and gold spinoffs from Independent Local Radio stations playing classic pop and rock. With the stations audience in decline a change of emphasis was needed, Line was replaced by James Moir in 1996. Unlike the early-1990s repositioning of Radio 1 in which the BBC lost many well-known names, many former Radio 1 presenters stayed with the BBC, Radio 2 is now termed the nations favourite, a title the BBC formerly used for BBC Radio 1. As well as having most listeners nationally, it ranks first in regions above local radio stations. BBC Radio 2 played to 27% of the audience in 2006. In February 2007, Radio 2 recruited Jeff Smith, director of UK and International programming at Napster, Smith joined the network on 26 March. The licence fee funding of Radio 2, alongside Radio 1, is criticised by the commercial sector. In the first quarter of 2011, Radio 2 was part of a review conducted by John Myers. His role, according to Andrew Harrison, the executive of RadioCentre, was to identify both areas of best practice and possible savings. This coincided with the launch of a new jingle package produced by Godfrey in association with Wise Buddah Productions, Radio 2 has recently been running several pop-up DAB services to cover special events, the first being BBC Radio 2 Eurovision, providing coverage of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014

BBC Radio 2
–
BBC Radio 2

110.
BBC Radio 3
–
BBC Radio 3 is a British radio network operated by the BBC. Its output centres on classical music and opera, but jazz, world music, drama, culture, the station is the world’s most significant commissioner of new music, and through its New Generation Artists scheme promotes young musicians of all nationalities. The station is notable for its broadcast of the BBC Proms concerts, live and in full, each summer in addition to performances by the BBC Orchestras, there are regular productions of both classic plays and newly commissioned drama. Radio 3 won the Sony Radio Academy UK Station of the Year Gold Award for 2009 and was nominated again in 2011, Radio 3 is the successor station to the BBC Third Programme which began broadcasting on 29 September 1946. The name Radio 3 was adopted on 30 September 1967 when the BBC launched its first pop station, Radio 1 and rebranded its national radio channels as Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3. On 10 July 1969 the BBC published its plans for radio, at the time of the review, Radio 3 faced several problems. However Day-time serious music would be the casualty of these proposals, a further rumour was expressed that Radio 3 could be closed altogether as a strong statistical case existed against the station according to The Guardian. However, the Director-General, Charles Curran, publicly denied this as quite contradictory to the aim of the BBC, which is to provide a comprehensive radio service. As a result of Broadcasting in the Seventies, factual content, including documentaries and current affairs, were moved to BBC Radio 4 and the separate titled strands were abolished. The document stated that Radio 3 was to have an output of standard classical music but with some element in the evening of cultural speech programmes – poetry. Equally, questions were being asked by the poet Peter Porter about whether other spoken content, for example poetry, the Broadcasting in the Seventies report also proposed a large cutback in the number and size of the BBCs orchestras. The campaign objected to the dismantling of the Third Programme by cutting down its spoken word content from fourteen hours a week to six, mention of the campaign even reached debate in the House of Commons. From the launch until 1987, the controllers of Radio 3 showed preferences towards speech and arts programming as opposed to focus on classical music and the Proms. The first controller, Newby, made little contribution to the station, focusing on the transition from the Third programme to Radio 3, the second controller, Stephen Hearst who assumed the role in 1972, was different. As Hearst had previously been head of television arts features his appointment was seen with scepticism among the staff who viewed him as a populariser. However, during this time the long running arts discussion programme Critics’ Forum was launched as well as themed evenings, in 1978, Ian McIntyre took over as controller of Radio 3 but quickly faced uncomfortable relationships between departments. An example of this is the replacement of Homeward Bound in 1980 with an extended, senior management was also getting dissatisfied with listening figures leading to the Director-General Alasdair Milne to suggest that presentation style was too stodgy and old-fashioned. In 1987 the positions of Controller of Music and Controller of Radio 3 were merged, Drummond, like Hearst, believed that the music programmes presentation was too stiff and formal and he therefore encouraged announcers to be more natural and enthusiastic

BBC Radio 3
–
The tercentenary of Henry Purcell's death was marked in 1995 by the award-winning Radio 3 series Fairest Isle
BBC Radio 3
–
BBC Radio 3
BBC Radio 3
–
BBC Radio 3's studios are located in Broadcasting House, London.
BBC Radio 3
–
The first BBC broadcast of Choral Evensong came from Westminster Abbey in 1926

111.
BBC Radio 1Xtra
–
BBC Radio 1Xtra is a digital radio station in the United Kingdom from the BBC specialising in urban music. Launched at 18,00 on 16 August 2002, it had been codenamed Network X during the period and is the sister station to BBC Radio 1. The station is broadcast from the 8th floor of New Broadcasting House, shared with Radio 1, the current station controller is Ben Cooper, who took over from predecessor Andy Parfitt on 28 October 2011. It is available on radio, digital satellite television, digital terrestrial television. The first ever played on 1Xtra was a specially created track produced by DJ Skitz and Rodney P and featuring Beverley Knight. The show was presented by the Rampage DJ collective and the then breakfast show host. As part of its public service broadcasting remit, 1Xtra is required to carry a significant amount of news, information, 1Xtra had its own news service, 1Xtra News, which was operated as a subsidiary of Radio 1s Newsbeat operations. The tone and style of the presentation is in keeping with the stations overall target audience - young. Initially, in addition to regular hourly bulletins, TX had a flagship weekday two-hour news, features, the Trust required that 1Xtras main bulletins not air at the same time as those on Radio 1. When the new bulletins were introduced in late summer 2009, they aired at 12noon and 5pm, as of Summer 2009 it was reported that Radio 1 and 1Xtra were carrying shared news bulletins at weekends, weekday news output remained separate. September 2012 saw an increase in Newsbeat bulletins simulcast with Radio 1. Weekday breakfast bulletins at 06,00,07,30,08,00,08,30 and 09,30 remain bespoke 1Xtra broadcasts. From 10,30, bulletins are shared with Radio 1, in the first quarter of 2011, 1Xtra was part of an efficiency review conducted by John Myers. His role, according to Andrew Harrison, the executive of RadioCentre, was to identify both areas of best practice and possible savings. 1Xtras typical audience is between 15 and 30 years old, the upper age range is deliberately lower than sister station Radio 1 which is closer to 35. This has now itself been replaced by a rerun of the previous weeks overnight mix show from 4-7 am, saturday evening content is now simulcast entirely with BBC Radio 1 - this allows Radio 1s flagship urban content to air on 1Xtra. A list of past presenters is shown below, BBC 1Xtra, archived from the original on 25 February 2007. BBC NEWS - Entertainment - TV and Radio - 1Xtra celebrates birthday presence

BBC Radio 1Xtra
–
BBC Radio 1Xtra

112.
BBC World Service
–
The BBC announced in November 2016 that It would start broadcasting in additional languages including Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, Yoruba and Amharic, in its biggest expansion since the 1940s. In 2015 World Service reached an average of 210 million people a week, the English-language service broadcasts 24 hours a day. The World Service is funded by the United Kingdoms television licence fee, limited advertising, the service also gets £289 million each year from the UK government. The World Service was funded for decades by grant-in-aid through the Foreign, the Director of the BBC World Service Group is Francesca Unsworth. The controller of BBC World Service, English, is Mary Hockaday, the BBC World Service began in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service, broadcasting on shortwave and aimed principally at English speakers across the British Empire. In his first Christmas Message, King George V stated that the service was intended for men and women, so cut off by the snow, the desert, or the sea, first hopes for the Empire Service were low. The programmes will neither be very interesting nor very good and this address was read out five times as it was broadcast live to different parts of the world. On 3 January 1938, the first foreign-language service was launched in Arabic, programmes in German started on 29 March 1938, and by the end of 1942 broadcasts were being made in all major European languages. As a result, the Empire Service was renamed the BBC Overseas Service in November 1939, and these were financed not from the domestic licence fee but from government grant-in-aid, and known administratively as the External Services of the BBC. The External Services broadcast propaganda during the Second World War and its French service Radio Londres also sent coded messages to the French Resistance. George Orwell broadcast many news bulletins on the Eastern Service during World War II. By the end of the 1940s the number of broadcast languages had expanded and reception had improved, following the opening of a relay in modern-day Malaysia and of the Limassol relay, Cyprus, in 1957. In recent years, financial pressures have decreased the number and type of services offered by the BBC, in countries with wide access to Internet services, there is less need for a radio station. Broadcasts in German ended in March 1999, after research showed that the majority of German listeners tuned into the English service, broadcasts in Dutch, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese and Malay were stopped for similar reasons. Additionally, Romanian broadcasts ceased on 1 August 2008, in January 2011 the closure of the Albanian, Macedonian, Portuguese for Africa, Serbian, and English for the Caribbean services was announced. The British government announced that the three Balkan countries had access to international information, and so broadcasts in the local languages had become unnecessary. 650 jobs went as part of the 16% budget cut and this led to allegations that these measures would encourage a pro-American bias within the Service and help America win the information war. The Service broadcasts from Broadcasting House in London, which is headquarters of the Corporation

BBC World Service
–
The BBC World Service is located in Broadcasting House, London.
BBC World Service
–
BBC World Service
BBC World Service
–
Bush House in London was home to the World Service between 1941 and 2012.

113.
Absolute Radio
–
Absolute Radio is one of the UKs three Independent National Radio stations. The station rebranded to its current name at 7,45 am on 29 September 2008, the station is based in London and plays popular rock music. It currently broadcasts on medium wave and DAB across the UK, on 105.8 FM in London and 105.2 FM in the West Midlands, Sky, Virgin Media, Freeview and Freesat. It is also available in parts of the world via satellite, cable. As of 31 December 2013, international streaming via the internet has been discontinued, Absolute Radio is a patron of The Radio Academy. Absolute Radio is owned and operated by Bauer Radio of Hamburg based Bauer Media Group, the 1990 Broadcasting Act allowed for the launch of independent national radio stations in the United Kingdom. The Radio Authority was mandated to award three INR licences, one of which had to be for a station, and one of which had to be for a predominantly speech-based service. The remaining licence was to be open to all-comers, the licences were to be awarded to the highest cash bidder, providing that the applicant met criteria set down in the Broadcasting Act. The second national licence, INR2, would take over the 1197 kHz and 1215 kHz frequencies, later that year, TV-am lost its ITV license and its stake in the radio station was sold in March 1993 to Apax Partners, JP Morgan Investment Corporation and Sir David Frost. The station launched as Virgin 1215 at 12.15 pm on 30 April 1993, the original line-up of DJs included Richard Skinner, Russ Williams, Jono Coleman, Mitch Johnson, Graham Dene, Nick Abbot, Wendy Lloyd, Tommy Rivers, Emperor Rosko and Dave Fanning. Chris Evans was also hired to present a Saturday morning show, the Show, The Big Red Mug Show was sponsored by Nescafe. The first song was a version of the Steppenwolf song Born to be Wild. Richard Branson was the first voice to be heard, live from the Virgin Megastore in Manchester, Skinner was also Programme Director, a role he shared with John Revell. John Pearson, formerly Sales Director of LBC was launch Sales Director, andy Mollett was launch Finance Director. David Campbell, previously managing director of one of Virgins post-production television companies, was the executive at launch. From before its launch on AM, Virgin Radio was campaigning for a national FM network, Virgin Radio launched on 105.8 MHz FM in London on 10 April 1995 beginning with a message from broadcaster David Frost at 6 am followed by the Russ n’ Jono breakfast show. Part of the requirements for the London service meant that a daily London opt-out was broadcast on FM. Within a year, Virgin Group was considering the next steps for the station, including the option of a flotation or buying back the shares of JP Morgan, Apax

Absolute Radio
–
No 1 Golden Square with "Virgin Radio" branding, 1993 – 2008.
Absolute Radio
–
Absolute Radio
Absolute Radio
–
No 1 Golden Square with Absolute Radio branding

114.
Heart (radio network)
–
Heart is a radio network of 21 adult contemporary local radio stations operated by Global Radio in the United Kingdom, broadcasting a mix of local and networked programming. Eighteen of the Heart stations are owned by Global, while the three are operated under franchise agreements. Heart began broadcasting on 6 September 1994, as 100.7 Heart FM being the UKs third Independent Regional Radio station, five days after Century Radio, the first song to be played on 100.7 Heart FM was Something Got Me Started, by Simply Red. Its original format of adult contemporary music included artists such as Lionel Richie, Simply Red. Reflecting this, its slogan was 100.7 degrees cooler. Heart 106.2 began test transmissions in London in August 1995, the test transmissions included live broadcasts of WPLJ from New York City. The Heart programming format was modified in 1996, the new format saw the soft AC music replaced with a generally more neutral Hot AC music playlist. Century 106 in the East Midlands became the station of the Heart network in 2005 after GCap Media sold Century. Chrysalis radio holdings were sold to Global Radio in 2007, Heart East Midlands was sold to Orion Media due to the same competition concerns that had forced its earlier sale to Chrysalis. Two Hit Music Network stations were closed and merged with Heart stations. Stations in Gloucestershire, Kent, London, the West Midlands, Heart Cymru, serving Gwynedd and Anglesey, moved its studios from Bangor to Wrexham but retained its extended local output of 10 hours on weekdays and 8 hours on Saturdays and Sundays. Heart North West and Wales retained an opt-out on 96. 3FM for Welsh language programming, the move saw Hearts networked programming replaced by local output from Nottingham. On 19 March 2012, Global Radio announced it had brought the Cornwall ILR station Atlantic FM from joint owners Tindle Radio and Camel Media. Atlantic FM became part of the Heart Network and merged with Heart Devon on Monday 7 May 2012 to form Heart South West, the Communicorp-owned stations use Hearts network programming and branding under a franchise agreement with Global. Global Radio extended the Heart network to the Real Radio network of stations from Tuesday 6 May 2014. The two stations based in Wrexham - Heart North West and Wales and Heart Cymru - became part of the Capital FM Network on the same date. Local programming is produced and broadcast live from the originating Heart stations studios and is broadcast from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays, 1-5pm on Saturdays, however, some news content is produced from neighbouring stations. For example, news bulletins for the networks West Country, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire stations are all produced from Bristol

Heart (radio network)
–
Heart

115.
Talksport
–
Talksport, owned by Wireless Group, is a sports radio station and the Global Audio Partner of the English Premier League. Its content includes coverage of sports, exclusive interviews with the leading names in sport and entertainment, phone-ins. In the United Kingdom, Talksport is available on 1053 kHz,1071 kHz,1089 kHz, and 1107 kHz, DAB, Sky, Virgin Media, Freeview, on mobile, Talksport will be available on Freesat from April 2016. Outside the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, Talksport broadcasts live commentary of every Premier League match around the world in multiple languages including English, Spanish, on 25 June 2016 Rupert Murdochs News Corp announced that it was acquiring the parent Wireless Group company for $296 million. The station was originally and officially launched as Talk Radio UK on 14 February 1995, with Sean Bolger, however the first live broadcast had been Caeser the Geezers phone-in which aired the previous night. Other presenters on Talk Radio included Jeremy Beadle, Scott Chisholm, Moz Dee, Tommy Boyd, Anna Raeburn, Gary Newbon, Terry Christian, Ronnie Barbour, Jonny Gould, also joining the line-up were Caesar the Geezer and Wild Al Kelly, dubbed as shock jocks. A year later Talk Radio launched a new breakfast show presented by Paul Ross, former BBC Radio 1 DJ Simon Bates also joined the station along with James Whale, Ian Collins, and Mike Dickin. Talk Radio made their first foray into the world of sports radio rights bidding, by purchasing the rights to broadcast the Football League from BBC Radio Five Live for the 1997–98 season. In addition, the station broadcast their first FIFA World Cup from France in 1998, with bringing in the Sky Sports commentary team of Alan Parry. Tony Lockwood, Clive Allen, and Dave Roberts covered additional games in France, Talk Radio also acquired up the rights to broadcast Manchester Uniteds matches in the Champions League for the 1998–99 season. On 12 November 1998 TalkCo Holdings, whose chairman and chief Executive was former Sun Editor Kelvin MacKenzie, in late 1999, TalkCo, rebranded as The Wireless Group, announced a relaunch of Talk Radio to become the UKs first national commercial sports radio station called Talksport. The relaunch occurred at midnight on 17 January 2000 and was accompanied by the moving from Oxford Street to a new studio in Hatfields on the South Bank of the River Thames. Almost all the talk show presenters were axed at the time, including The Big Boys Breakfast with David Banks and Nick Ferrari, with only James Whale, Ian Collins. The new line-up involved a number of presenters and commentators. They included Alan Brazil, Mark Nicholas, Chris Cowdrey, Geoffrey Boycott, Mike Parry, Peter Shilton, Brian Moore, Brough Scott, Tom Watt, Gary Newbon, Ian Darke, Tony Banks, and Alvin Martin. Talksports programming consists of talk, live coverage, discussion. Jim White follows with a look at the days sport with interviews. Hawksbee & Jacobs present through the afternoon with sports gossip, interviews and chat, followed by Drive Time with Adrian Durham, Kick Off, hosted by Mark Saggers, then guides listeners through the evenings sporting action with live commentary and discussion

Talksport
–
Talksport

116.
British Forces Broadcasting Service
–
The British Forces Broadcasting Service provides radio and television programmes for Her Majestys Armed Forces, and their dependents worldwide. Editorial control is independent of the Ministry of Defence and the forces themselves. It was established by the British War Office in 1943, in 1944, it was managed by Gale Pedrick. BFBS does not carry commercial advertising, BFBS Radios three stations broadcast on a combination of local DAB, FM and AM frequencies, via live streaming at bfbs. com/listen, on Sky Channel 0211 and Freesat Channel 786. The Forces Station BFBS – contemporary music and Forces Community Radio, BFBS Radio 2 – popular music, news, current affairs and sport. Bespoke news bulletins are broadcast every hour,24 hours a day, utilising content from BBC News, IRN, the standard bulletin is three minutes long, with extended ten-minute Newsplus programmes on weekdays at 0400,0700,1100,1300 and 1700 UK time. Two-minute-long news and sport headlines are broadcast on the half-hour during breakfast programming, bulletins are broadcast around the clock on BFBS Radio and BFBS Gurkha Radio, and during BFBS Radio 2s music programming. BFBS Gurkha Radio broadcasts on AM and DAB in select UK locations as well as on FM in the Falkland Islands, Afghanistan, Brunei, Nepal, Belize and it provides programmes in Gurkhali, for the Gurkha units serving with the British Army. BFBS broadcast in Malta until 25 March 1979, when British forces left the islands and it ceased broadcasts from Berlin on 15 July 1994, following the end of the Cold War, German reunification, and the withdrawal of British forces from the city, after 33 years. The BFBS Berlin frequency was given up on 12 December 1994, BFBS also broadcast on FM in Belize, from Airport Camp near Belize City. These broadcasts could also be received in parts of Guatemala. It ceased broadcasting in the country August 2011, at midnight on Saturday 12 January 2008, the Forces Station BFBS began a trial period of broadcasting nationwide across the UK on DAB, which ran until 23,59 on 31 March 2008. Audience research carried out during the trial concluded that it was successful, until 6 March 2017 when the service ceased, due to the cost to the charity SSVC. On Monday 31 May 2010, BBC Radio 1 teamed up with BFBS to transmit the 10-hour takeover show from Camp Bastion with BFBS presenters and it repeated the link-up in 2011. In December 2011, Smooth Radio broadcast their national breakfast show, presented by Simon Bates, BFBS Television started in Celle, near Hanover in the then West Germany on 18 September 1975 from Trenchard Barracks. This used taped broadcasts from the BBC and ITV, flown to Germany from London, live broadcasts of news and sport began in 1983, using a microwave link between the UK and West Germany, extending as far east as West Berlin. The BFBS TV service used the 625-line PAL system, used in the UK as well as West Germany, by 1982, it was available at 50 sites throughout northern and central regions of West Germany. It was known as SSVC Television between 1985 and 1997, when it reverted to the BFBS name, today it now broadcasts live via satellite

British Forces Broadcasting Service
–
A Forces TV launch banner. Note that Forces TV was on Sky channel 299 at launch, moving to 264 in August that year.

117.
Jazz FM (UK)
–
Jazz FM, is a radio station broadcasting on digital radio in the United Kingdom which predominantly plays jazz music, jazz standards as well as blues and soul music. The station also plays specialist programming in a variety of jazz disciplines. The station, in this set up by Richard Wheatly, can trace its roots back to 102.2 Jazz FM. The current station launched on 6 October 2008 at 19,00 BST, the station started off as a separate website named ejazz as an accompaniment to the now defunct 102.2 Jazz FM and 100.4 Jazz FM stations in London and the North West respectively. GMG Radio revamped the site in 2004 and in 2005 when the London Jazz FM station was replaced with 102.2 Smooth FM, the ejazz website adopted the Jazz FM name and moved to jazzfm. com. GMG also launched jazzfm. com on free-to-air digital satellite via the Sky platform, in 2008, GMG made plans to relaunch Jazz FM in a move to encourage Ofcom to remove jazz commitments from the licences of 102.2 Smooth Radio and 100.4 Smooth Radio. The format change was denied but GMG promised to continue its plans to relaunch jazzfm. com as Jazz FM, in January 2009, The Local Radio Company placed the station up for sale. Richard Wheatly, former chairman of The Local Radio Company headed a consortium for a management buyout of the station. He was also the CEO of the former Jazz FM between 1995 and 2002, London station 102.2 Jazz FM was launched on 4 March 1990 with a concert performed by Ella Fitzgerald at the Royal Albert Hall. Jazz FM played mainly soul and jazz music and was broadcast to the London area, a sister station in Manchester called 100.4 Jazz FM was launched on 1 September 1994. The Jazz FM stations were purchased by the Guardian Media Group in 2002, in 2003, GMG radio conducted market research into the type of music that listeners in the north-west of England wanted to hear on the radio. The study concluded that people were dissuaded by the name Jazz. In 2005, GMG rebranded the London station 102.2 Smooth FM, the two renamed stations played middle of the road music, soul and R&B during the day and as part of their licence requirements, jazz music at night. The website was designed by the DDW agency. The subscription fee for Club ejazz was dropped but user registration remained, the website was heavily promoted via the Jazz FM website and through advertising on Jazz FM. The ejazz. fm website was renamed to jazzfm. com on 7 June 2005 and it was on this date that the radio station appeared on DAB in Yorkshire, South Wales and the Severn Estuary using spare capacity from the now defunct Smooth Digital service. The station also broadcast on digital satellite and via the Sky platform. com. The Yorkshire jazzfm. com service closed on 26 June 2006 to make way for Yorkshire Radio test transmissions to take place, GMG Radio said that the money saved by pulling the plug on the Sky and DAB services will be re-invested into the website

Jazz FM (UK)
–
The first iteration of the Jazz FM logo used from the launch, which brought back the Jazz FM chameleon and "Listen in Colour" branding formerly used by Jazz FM back in the early 2000s (decade) on their London and North West FM stations
Jazz FM (UK)
–
Jazz FM

118.
Kisstory
–
Kisstory is a UK radio station, a sister station to Kiss that plays old skool and anthems. Kisstory was initially a radio programme airing between 11am and 12pm Monday–Sunday, then on 7 May 2013 Kisstory was expanded into a full-time station in response to positive feedback from listeners and at the expense of Q Radio. At the same time KissFresh, a then brand-new station playing non-stop new beats including hip-hop, R&B, EDM, House, it’s the right time to launch KissFresh, Kisstory and a new KissKube app as brilliant new additions to the Kiss brand. We’re giving audiences more of what they want whilst attracting new audiences and commercial partners with what we know are fantastic music, andy Roberts, the group programming director, added, These new launches see Kiss grow through its love for the old and desire for the new. Kisstory tunes are the DNA that built the Kiss we know today and we really excited to launch these two stand-alone digital stations that allow listeners the opportunity to consume whenever and however they want. Initially, Kisstory was available over Freeview and online, but was unavailable via DAB radio receivers, in 2014, Bauer announced plans to roll out the Kisstory station over DAB digital radio to London and other areas. Kisstory began DAB rollout in London on 12 December 2014 with the addition of the service to the Greater London I multiplex, Radio from areas outside London, and the launch of Magic 105.4 FM as a national station over Digital One. From 29 February 2016 the Kisstory station was available in DAB more widely across the UK with the launch of the second national commercial DAB multiplex. Some of the local-level DAB slots vacated by Kisstory were taken over by sister station KissFresh, in February 2016, Kisstory was launched in Norway Content is managed by local teams and is broadcast with Kiss in DAB+

Kisstory
–
Kisstory

119.
Magic 105.4 FM
–
Magic 105.4 FM is an adult contemporary Independent Local Radio and national radio station based in London owned by Bauer Radio. Magic 105.4 FM forms part of Bauers National portfolio of radio brands, as well as being carried on FM and DAB in London it is carried nationally on DAB, as well as online and on digital television. In 1998, Melody FM was purchased by media group Emap from Hanson plc for a reported £25 million, Magic was criticised for automating a further eleven hours of its daily output given the reach and size of the station. Audience figures fell on all nine stations in the months that followed. These stations were rebranded into the Bauer City 2 network in 2015. The end of networking heralded a shift, Magic adopting its more music. Former Capital FM head and radio consultant Richard Park was brought in to increase the audience share. IRN retained the contract to supply Magics news bulletins until 2015, however, Magic regained the honour on 30 March 2007 with listener Maria Crosskey winning £168,600 in a six-month-long Mystery Voices contest, although she was later disqualified. In 2008, Emap sold its stations, including Magic. Magic, along with urban-music station Kiss and a number of radio brands. It had previously broadcast from studios on Winsley Street until September 2014, Magic launched two digital-only sister stations in March 2016 as part of the Sound Digital multiplex jointly owned by Bauer. Fran Godfrey has hosted the breakfast show on Mellow Magic, its only live programme, there is also a complementary Magic music television channel available on the Sky and Virgin Media digital TV platforms in the UK. For a number of years, Magic ran a Mystery Voices competition in which listeners were required to guess the names of three celebrity voices, one said Magic, the second One-oh-five and the third Point-four. Every hour a listener guessed the names of the celebrities and for each failed attempt £100 was added to the prize fund, the competitions often ran for several months with the winner eventually receiving a prize potentially worth upwards of £100,000. Nicola Diss won £110,600 for identifying Kurt Russell, Gloria Estefan, barbara Way won £81,200 for naming Liza Tarbuck, Mariah Carey and John Travolta. In a marathon six-month contest, a woman claiming to be called Maria Crosskey won £168,600 for identifying Anjelica Huston, Rob Thomas, Emap decided to roll the prize fund over to the start of the next Mystery Voices contest, which began in August 2007. A competition commenced in August 2007, due to the disqualification after the previous contest, the bonus for the first voice was set at £50,000, for the second voice another £50,000 and the jackpot for the third voice started at £69,000. The bonuses went on the second and fourth days of the competition, Paul Young, the jackpot of £88,600 was won on 5 September 2007 by Gary Thompson who identified the third voice as that of Nigel Planer

Magic 105.4 FM
–
Magic

120.
Premier Christian Radio
–
Premier Christian Radio is a British Christian radio station, part of Premier which is in turn wholly owned by the charity Premier Christian Media Trust. Premier Christian Radio broadcasts Christian programming including news, debate, teachings, Premier Christian Radio was founded in 1994, broadcasting exclusively on medium wave to a Greater London audience when it also began its telephone counselling service, Lifeline. It took the air at a party in Battersea Park. A series of magazine titles then joined, the charity currently produces Premier Christianity, Premier Youthwork, Premier Childrenswork and Christian Marketplace. In 2001, Premier Christian Radio received a warning from the Radio Authority for broadcasting items that were offensive to people of other. A yellow card warning was issued, recognising that Premier had acknowledged its errors, in the months of April to July 2014 Premier Christian Radio reached its biggest-ever audience in its near twenty years history. RAJAR figures showed a weekly reach for the period of 240,700 people in London and the South East of England and this boost followed on from a rebranding exercise in the beginning of 2014, and a new website which included listen-again features and breaking news. Premier Christian Radio was at first only available on medium wave in London and it later added broadcasts on the internet, Freeview channel 725, Sky Digital, Virgin Media and London DAB - a national DAB broadcast was added later. In 2006, the group launched Premier. tv, one of the first Christian IPTV channels in the UK. In August 2009, Premier achieved its target of meeting the £650,000 yearly fee to broadcast on the national Digital One DAB multiplex, Premier Gospel was launched as a DAB spin-off station in 2010, taking the London DAB slot vacated by the parent services move to D1. A second sister station, Premier Praise, playing contemporary Christian pop and rock, launched on 27 March 2016 as part of the Sound Digital national DAB multiplex. It will be available on SDL alongside the core Premier service, Premier Christian Radios supporters come from many different Christian denominations, including those from the Anglican, Baptist, Catholic, Evangelical, Methodist and Pentecostal churches. In 2004 The Times placed Premier Christian Radio at number one in a chart of the most upmarket stations based upon the percentage of its audience that is ABC1. In the quarter ending June 2010 the station was receivable by 10,983,000 people,143,000 listened, Premier Christian Media Trust, registered charity no.287610

Premier Christian Radio
–
Premier Christian Radio

121.
Broadcasting House
–
Broadcasting House is the headquarters of the BBC, in Portland Place and Langham Place, London. The first radio broadcast was made on 15 March 1932, the main building is in Art Deco style, with a facing of Portland stone over a steel frame. As part of a consolidation of the BBCs property portfolio in London. This involved the demolition of post-war extensions on the side of the building. The wing was named the John Peel Wing in 2012, after the disc jockey, BBC London, BBC Arabic Television and BBC Persian Television are housed in the new wing, which also contains the reception area for BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra. The main building was refurbished, and a built to the rear. The radio stations BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 4 Extra and the BBC World Service transferred to refurbished studios within the building. The extension links the old building with the John Peel Wing, the move of news operations from BBC Television Centre completed in March 2013. Construction of Broadcasting House began in 1928, programmes transferred gradually to the building. On 15 March 1932 the first musical programme was given by the bandleader Henry Hall, Hall also wrote and performed, with his Dance Band, Radio Times, the name of the BBCs schedule publication. The first news bulletin was read by Stuart Hibberd on 18 March, the last transmission from Savoy Hill was on 14 May, and Broadcasting House officially opened on 15 May 1932. George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBCs civil engineer, the interiors were the work of Raymond McGrath, an Australian-Irish architect. The building is built in two parts, dispensing with the oft-found central light-well of contemporary buildings this size, the central core containing the recording studios was a windowless structure built of brick. The surrounding outer portion, designed for offices and ancillary spaces, is framed and faced using Portland stone. While the outer portion had plenty of windows, the core required special sound-dampened ventilation systems. There were two areas where right of ancient lights would cause height restrictions, Underground structures, including a hundred-year-old sewer, also presented problems during construction. The building is above the Bakerloo line of the London Underground, the Victoria line was tunnelled beneath in the 1960s, noise from passing trains is audible within the radio theatre, but generally imperceptible in recordings. The ground floor was fitted with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking the street, the rapid expansion of the BBC meant this never occurred

Broadcasting House
–
Broadcasting House and the new eastern extension
Broadcasting House
–
Ariel between Wisdom and Gaiety by Eric Gill
Broadcasting House
–
Prospero and Ariel by Eric Gill
Broadcasting House
–
Refurbished reception in Broadcasting House

122.
Radio Independents Group
–
The Radio Independents Group, or RIG, is the trade body that represents the interests of the independent radio producers of the United Kingdom. Established in June 2004, RIG is mandated to negotiate terms with broadcasters and audio such as digital publishers. The organisation is a non-profit making body, solely financed through membership fees, RIG membership represents some 95% of total industry turnover. The trade body represents all sizes of business from sole-traders and partnerships, to limited companies, an independent radio producer is defined as a supplier of radio programmes who is not affiliated in any manner with the commissioning broadcaster or company. They can be working in a sole-traders and partnerships, as well as limited companies. There are some indies in radio who are independent television producers. Many radio indies supply additional audio, training, teaching and various other services due to the low budgets inherent in the industry, for the majority of radio indies the BBC national radio networks are the main, or only, commissioner of their programs. Unlike the television sector, which has a legally guaranteed 25% share of the BBCs output, the BBC chooses to voluntarily offer approximately 10% of its eligible hours to independent production. This figure has not changed in over 13 years and both the BBC and the British Government refuse to alter the status quo and this has led to an unstable and uncertain sector with large numbers of companies pitching for small amounts of air-time. The Radio Independents Group is tasked with getting the voluntary quota increased, Radio indies also produce many hours of programming for the Commercial Radio companies, such as chart shows, traffic & travel bulletins and entertainment news. However, unlike the BBC, the majority of material is paid for by third party sponsors rather than by the radio stations. There is very little commissioned programming on UK commercial radio due to the cost of making such material, up until Dec 2004, when commissioning programs from independent producers, the BBC would purchase an all rights deal. This meant that the independent producer retained no ownership or control over their product, the RIG since 2010 has organized the Radio Production Awards, supported by the Radio Academy. The awards recognise and celebrate the production skills of radio and audio producers based in the UK or supplying UK-based broadcasters from overseas

Radio Independents Group
–
Contents

123.
Television in the United Kingdom
–
Television in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing, there are 27,000 hours of domestic content produced a year at a cost of £2.6 billion. Since 24 October 2012, all broadcasts in the United Kingdom are in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable as well as over IP, set-top boxes are generally used to receive these services, however integrated digital televisions can also be used to receive Freeview or Freesat. Most TVs sold in the UK come with a DVB-T tuner for Freeview – a rare thing in Europe, BT TV and TalkTalk Plus TV, both based on YouView, utilise hybrid boxes which receive Freeview as well as additional subscription services. Households viewing TV from the internet are not tracked by Ofcom, the UKs five most watched channels, BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5, are available from all providers. Digital terrestrial television launched in 1998 as a service named ONdigital. Since October 2002, the broadcaster is Freeview, with BT TV providing additional subscription services. In all cases cable TV is a subscription service normally bundled with a phone line, smallworld Cable is available in south-west Scotland and north-west England. Pricing ranges from £10.50 to £80 per month, wightFibre is available in the Isle of Wight. Virgin Media is available to 55% of UK households, pricing ranges from £11 a month to £30.50 a month, with additional fees for premium services such as Sky Sports. Virgin also market V+, a video recorder and high-definition receiver. Virgin Media is the cable provider to supply high-definition television and video on demand. There are three distinctly marketed direct-broadcast satellite services, Sky is a subscription service owned by Sky plc. It is the satellite provider to offer premium channels with the largest total number of channels compared to all other television providers. As of January 2017, subscriptions starts at £22 per month for the basic package, there is an upfront cost of £15 on sign up. Sky TV markets SkyQ Silver & SkyQ boxes as well as SkyQmini boxes, Sky TV also provides video on demand branded as SkyTV On Demand. As of October 2016, Sky UK stopped offering there aging Sky+HD hardware, Freesat from Sky, is a free satellite service owned by Sky plc

Television in the United Kingdom
–
Crystal Palace transmitter. Constructed in 1956, it is the main transmitter for London.
Television in the United Kingdom
Television in the United Kingdom
–
Television aerials used for receiving analogue or digital terrestrial + television. The term aerial is in common use rather than antenna.
Television in the United Kingdom
–
A pavement dug up revealing the cables underneath. The green box is a common sight in areas with cable coverage, as are manhole covers enscribed with CATV.

124.
Film4
–
Film4 is a British digital television channel available in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by the Channel Four Television Corporation, that screens films. It offers films in standard definition free of charge, to access the high definition version of the channel, viewers must have a paid subscription with Virgin Media or Sky. The channel is available in the Republic of Ireland on Virgin Media, Sky and Eir Vision. The companys first production was Walter, directed by Stephen Frears, in 1998, the outfit was re-branded as FilmFour, to coincide with the launch of a new Digital TV channel of the same name. Film4 was originally known as FilmFour and became Channel 4s second channel and it was a subscription-only service available on satellite television via the Sky platform, digital terrestrial via ITV Digital, and most UK cable services. It cost £5.99 a month, eventually rising to £7, the launch night, which was also broadcast on Channel 4, was hosted by Johnny Vaughan and the first film to be shown was Whats Eating Gilbert Grape. Channel 4 cut its budget from £30 to £10 million and 50 staff in 2002, due to mounting losses, the cuts were a consequence of FilmFours unsuccessful attempts to compete with Hollywood. David Thompson, head of BBC Films, described it as a sad day for the British film industry. The British film industry needs right now and this doesnt inspire confidence, In 2004. The name Film4 Productions was introduced in 2006 to tie in with the relaunch of the FilmFour broadcast channel as Film4, FilmFour Weekly ceased broadcasting on 19 July 2006 when the subscription service ended. The subscription service ended on 19 July 2006 and the channel re-launched as a free-to-air service a few days later on 23 July, when the channel became free, it also returned to digital terrestrial as part of the Freeview brand, and became completely free-to-air on satellite television. Due to the change, the channels availability increased from 300,000 to 18 million households and it also changed its broadcasting hours to 12,45 -08,45, and commercial breaks were included during films for the first time. The first film broadcast under the new format was the British non-subscription television premiere of Lost in Translation, prior to the arrivals of Movie Mix and movies4men on the Freeview platform, Film4 was the only free film channel available on digital terrestrial television. From 23 May 2009, the hours were changed to 11, 00am -04, 00am. On 1 November 2010, Film4 partnered with FilmFlex to launch Film4oD, on 2 September 2014, Film 4 debuted a new on-air look, designed by Man vs. Machine. There are 15 new idents in the series run alongside a new on-screen presentation. On 6 July 2017, Film4 will have been end-of-part programmes going in to, Film4 did not originally broadcast many blockbusters, but nowadays broadcasts many mainstream Hollywood films. The channel frequently has themed nights or seasons in which a number of films centred on one genre, as Channel 4 also owns a film production company, Film4 Productions, it shows many of its in-house productions

Film4
–
Film4

125.
More4
–
More4 is a digital television channel, owned by Channel Four Television Corporation. The channel launched on 10 October 2005, the channel is carried on Freeview, on satellite broadcasters Freesat and Sky and on UK cable network Virgin Media. In Switzerland the channel is available on UPC Switzerland and in Ireland on Virgin Media Ireland, Magnet Networks, daytime content includes classic films and reruns of shows such as Hill Street Blues and ER. The channel also carried Morgan Spurlocks reality TV show 30 Days, the channel featured a nightly discussion programme Starkeys Last Word hosted by David Starkey during the Autumn line-up. This show was originally called The Last Word and hosted alternately by Stanley Johnson, Mark Dolan, Hardeep Singh Kohli and David Mitchell, on midweek days, it shows hour-long and feature-length documentaries including Channel 4s Cutting Edge films. On its first night, the channel led with the satirical docudrama A Very Social Secretary about the affair between David Blunkett, the former British Home Secretary, and Kimberly Quinn, in April 2006, More4 broadcast a live hypnosurgery hernia operation. On 23 January 2012, More4 refocused towards more lifestyle based content, documentaries which previously aired on the channel moved to its parent station Channel 4. Previously, More4 concentrated on lifestyle, documentaries and arts programming competing with BBC Four, the channel broadcasts between 09, 00-06,00 daily. On 6 July 2017, More4 will have been end-of-part programmes going in to, in September 2005, Channel 4 began running teaser trailers for the new station. Showing neon lettering, the teasers hinted at adult entertainment, some people may have been confused by the deliberate double-meaning of these trailers and mistakenly presumed the new channel would be of a pornographic nature. The Daily Mail refused to accept advertising for the channel on these grounds. Advertisements starting at the end of September made it clearer that the adult entertainment being offered was the intelligent. Viewing figures for the launch date gave More4 an average figure of 269,000 viewers, the original More4 branding was designed by Spin. On 23 January 2012, More4 adopted a new logo and on-air branding, the logo and channel idents were designed by London-based design and motion company ManvsMachine and Channel 4s in-house agency, 4Creative. The repositioning of the brand coincided with the move towards more lifestyle content. The idents focus on moving mechanical scrapbooks which also refers to the Digital Scrapbook platform, space was reserved on Freeview multiplex C for the channel. However, despite Channel 4 saying that the channel would appear on multiplex C, a place holder appeared on the Freeview EPG at number 13 on 13 September and after a time, ran a looping teaser trailer. More4 +1 became available on the DTT platform on 14 December 2005 and it was removed on 18 May 2006, to make way for live coverage of Big Brother, and the Freeview launch of Film4 later in the year

More4
–
More4 logo used from 2012.

126.
4seven
–
4seven is a television channel in the United Kingdom which launched on 4 July 2012 at 7.00 pm. According to Channel 4, it was created in response to its viewers saying that with so much choice they sometimes missed the best programmes, despite some having PVRs, 4seven launched with 20 hours of content in the schedule per day. The 11.00 pm slot is used to repeat the programme shown on Channel 4 at 9.00 pm, the rest of the programmes on 4seven are reruns of the most popular ones of the week. Weekends are devoted to multiple repeats of the programmes of the past seven days. The service was reported under the working title of Project Shuffle, though it was announced on 8 March 2012. The channel was set to launch by June 2012, however it was subsequently reported to be launching later in the summer. On 22 May 2012, it was confirmed that 4seven would launch on 4 July 2012, the channel launched across all major TV platforms in the UK, with agreements in place for carriage on Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin TV. The channel indirectly replaced the temporary More4 +2 on Sky, while on Freeview, a placeholder for 4seven appeared on channel 47 in post-digital switchover areas on 2 April 2012. A high-definition simulcast, 4seven HD, launched on 1 July 2014 on Freeview channel 111, 4Seven HD was added to Virgin Media November 2016. List of television stations in the United Kingdom 4seven at channel4. com

4seven
–
4seven

127.
5 USA
–
5 USA is a British multi-platform entertainment television channel. It is owned by Viacom International Media Networks Europe and is a channel of Channel 5. It was launched on 16 October 2006 as Five US and was the digital channel in the UK to be launched by RTL Group as part of their multi-channel strategy. 5 USA concentrates on showing imported movies and programmes from the United States, the channels original broadcast hours were from 16,00 to 01,00, however it extended its hours starting at 12,00 in June 2007. On 1 November 2015, the extended its hours again. The channel changes its programme slots and shows from time to time,5 USA is available on Sky, Virgin Media, Freesat, Freeview and IPTV. The music used during the idents until February 2009 was The Dress Looks Nice on You. on 28 August 2007, Five US launched a timeshift channel named Five US +1 available only on Sky. On 22 January 2009, it was announced that Five US would be rebranded to Five USA on 16 February, the channel rebranded for a second time as 5 USA on 7 March 2011. The channels highest ratings to date were on 12 February 2008 for the part of the CSI, Crime Scene Investigation. The show averaged 2.580 million viewers between 22,00 and 23,00 equating to a share of 13. 9%. Columbo - Complete Series CSI, Crime Scene Investigation - Complete Series CSI, Miami - Complete Series CSI, NY - Complete Series CSI Cyber - Series 1 Diagnosis, from the eighteenth series,5 USA obtained the first-run rights to the series. ^2 Series one through three and the first two episodes of the series were aired first-run on 5Star. From the third episode of series four,5 USA obtained the rights to the series. ^3 Universal Channel has first-run rights to Law & Order, Special Victims Unit in the United Kingdom, Universal Channel is currently airing the sixteenth series. Channel 5 had second-run rights to all series, up until the twelfth series, from the thirteenth series, aired in 2015,5 USA has second-run rights to the series. ^45 USA has finished airing episodes to this first-run or second-run series and is currently rerunning episodes in their schedules, as of 2015

5 USA
–
5USA

128.
Spike (UK)
–
Spike UK is a British digital television channel owned by Viacom International Media Networks Europe. S. Following Viacoms acquisition of Channel 5, it was reported that a version of the male skewing U. S. channel Spike would be launching in the United Kingdom. These reports were confirmed in late 2014, with the channel proposed to replace Viva on Freeview, among its first programs, the premiere of Police Interceptors Unleashed was seen by 137,000 viewers. Ben Fogle, New Lives in the Wild Cant Pay, the number of viewers does not include repeats

Spike (UK)
–
Spike

129.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4

ITV (TV network)
–
The London Studios near Waterloo was originally the base for the ITV London weekend contractor LWT but is now ITV's main London headquarters.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV
ITV (TV network)
–
Granada Studios was the oldest TV studios in the UK, having been built in 1954 to house the broadcaster of the same name. The studios were closed in June 2013. Granada is the only franchise to remain an ITV contractor since creation in 1954.
ITV (TV network)
–
The Leeds Studios, used by ITV Yorkshire. Each ITV region originally had its own studios, however the rise of publisher-broadcasters like Carlton Television and the takeover of regions caused several studios to be closed.

130.
ITV (TV channel)
–
ITV is a commercial television channel in the United Kingdom. Previously a network of regional television channels, ITV currently operates in England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man. From 2001 until 2013, the channel was called ITV1, in 2004, Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc. ITV is the biggest and most popular television channel in the United Kingdom. ITV and its channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UKs most watched television channel since the 1950s. However, in line with other channels, ITVs audience share has fallen in the era of multi-channel television. Following the creation of the Television Act 1954, the establishment of a television service in the UK began. The Independent Television service, or ITV, was made up of regions, the three largest regions were subdivided into weekday and weekend services, with a different company running each. ITV existed in a form from its inception to the 2000s. ITV1 became the generic brand name used by the twelve franchises of the ITV Network in the United Kingdom. The brand was introduced in 2001 by Carlton- and Granada-owned franchises, however, it became the sole on-air identity in 2002 when the two companies decided to create a single unified playout of the channel, with regional references only used prior to regional programming. Carlton and Granada went on to merge in 2004, creating ITV plc which now owns thirteen of the fifteen regional ITV licences. The ITV1 name was used in England, Wales, Southern Scotland and Isle of Man until Channel Television adopted the name in January 2006. It should be noted, however, that as national continuity is used on Channel Television. ITV Wales & West was the exception, using the name ITV1 Wales at all times for the Welsh part of its broadcast area as it has a higher regional commitment. Latterly the ITV1 Wales name was used on breakbumpers and regionally advertised programmes till 2013. Non ITV plc-owned licencees on the network generally did not refer to the ITV name, the network production arms of the ITV-plc owned licencees have been gradually combined since 1993 to eventually form ITV Studios. ITV was formed by the unification of eleven of the ITV licences, the Broadcasting Act 1990 changed many of the rules regulating the ITV Network, which most notably relaxed franchise ownership and hours of production

ITV (TV channel)
–
ITV logo used since 2013

131.
UTV (TV channel)
–
UTV is a commercial television broadcaster in Northern Ireland owned and operated by ITV plc as part of the ITV Network. Formed in November 1958 and appointed as contractor for the Independent Television Authority soon after. UTV was sold by UTV Media plc to ITV plc in February 2016, each transmitter has a series of relay stations. UTV was the last of the ITV stations to cease broadcasting on analogue transmitters, the analogue signal was closed at just after 11,35 pm on Tuesday 23 October 2012. The ITA eventually persuaded both applicants to merge their bids to obtain the new franchise, on the provision that a stake of investment in the station was offered to Catholic sources. Ulster Television went on air at 4. 45pm on Saturday 31 October 1959, the stations opening was overseen by Lord Wakehurst, then Governor of Northern Ireland, and Sir Laurence Olivier introduced the opening ceremony. Sir Laurence Olivier delivered the stations first epilogue, an excerpt from Joseph Addisons The Spacious Firmament, the following evening, UTV contributed a play to the Armchair Theatre series, A Shilling for the Evil Day, produced in association with ABC Television. Initially, Ulster Televisions programmes would only be available to viewers located within range of the Black Mountain transmitter near Belfast. On the stations first night of programmes however, it was reported that residents of Dublin. Coverage of UTV spread to Western areas of Northern Ireland when the Strabane transmitter opened in February 1963, Ulster Televisions UHF PAL colour service was launched with the opening of the UHF transmitter Divis in September 1970. This was followed by two transmitters at Limavady and Brougher Mountain. In October 1988, the station began 24-hour broadcasting - the last station in the ITV network to do so. UTV was originally scheduled to take a provided by Central in Birmingham. At the companys annual meeting in Belfast on 26 May 2006. The company believed that the name no longer reflected the full scope of the companys business. UTV Ltd. – the original Ulster Television Limited, now a wholly owned subsidiary of UTV Media – returned to being solely the operating company for the ITV franchise. On 19 October 2015, UTV Media announced that it would sell its ITV franchise, ITV CEO Adam Crozier welcomed the news by saying, The acquisition, finalised the following February, left STV Group as the only remaining independent owner of ITV franchises. ITV plans to retain the UTV brand in Northern Ireland, on 11 July 2016, ITV plc announced that it would sell the UTV Ireland service to Virgin Media Ireland

132.
ITV2
–
ITV2, is a 24-hour, free-to-air entertainment television channel in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and the Channel Islands owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a division of ITV plc. It was launched on 7 December 1998 and is available digitally via satellite, cable, IPTV, prior to the launch of Channel 4 in 1982, the name ITV2 had sometimes been used to refer informally to an envisioned second commercial network in the UK. However, the name resurfaced in the late 1990s for very different reasons, whilst free-to-air, it was marketed alongside their own subscription based ONdigital platform. Other ITV licensees, SMG, UTV and GMTV launched their own services in the space, while ITV2 is now a popular entertainment channel, at its launch in 1998 it was a mixed genre channel. Much of the content in its launch schedule was current affairs related programming fronted by ITV newscasters. Other programmes included Midsomer Murders, Inspector Morse, Judge Judy, omnibus editions of ITV soaps Emmerdale and Coronation Street, and a Saturday football results service. In June 2004, ITV plc announced that they were going to double the channels programme budget, on 1 November 2004, in an attempt to launch ITV3 on Sky, ITV2 moved from 175 to 118 on Sky after ITV plc bought GSkyB for £10 million. As a result, Plus was permanently closed down, with its EPG slot taken by ITV3, ITV plc launched a one-hour timeshift channel of ITV2 on Monday,30 October 2006. The company is looking to its channels to shore up revenues as the ITV Network suffers a decline in viewers. ITV3 +1 was launched on the same day, ITV2 and its one-hour timeshift channel began broadcasting 24 hours a day on 17 March 2008. From 11 January 2011, ITV2 +1 on the Freeview platform has changed its hours to 7,00 p. m. until 4,00 a. m. On 1 June 2011, an hour was added in England, Northern Ireland and Scotland. On 2 August 2011, ITV2 +1 began to broadcast 24 hours a day on Freeview across the UK, using an eleventh stream created on mux A. As part of the changes, ITV2 +1 swapped slots on Skys electronic programme guide with Men & Motors, gMTV2 programming moved from ITV2 to ITV4. The strand continues to be simulcast on the CITV channel, on 20 August 2008, ITV2 unveiled a new look. The logo was given a 3D look, with three new idents, ITV2 was launched on UPC Ireland in the Republic of Ireland on 4 January 2010, marking the first time the channel has been officially available in the country. The channel had already been available to Irish viewers on free-to-air satellite for some time, on 1 April 2011, ITV2 was removed from UPC Ireland along with ITV3 and ITV4 due to the expiry of a carriage agreement between UPC and ITV. Conversely, UPC Ireland also claims to have been in discussions right up to the last moment in order to continue broadcasting the channels, ITV2, ITV3 and ITV4 were restored to the UPC Ireland line-up on 20 December 2011

ITV2
–
Original ITV2 logo, used from 7 December 1998 to 18 November 2001. The static '2' would appear in a variety of colours, with the animated variant changing colour.

133.
ITV4
–
ITV4 is a British television station which was launched on 1 November 2005. It is owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a division of ITV plc, the channel has a male-orientated line-up, including sport, police shows and US comedies and dramas, as well as classic ITV action series of the 1960s and 1970s. ITV4 is broadcast on terrestrial, satellite, cable and IPTV platforms. ITV replaced the failing News Channel with CITV, both channels were on Freeview until ITV plc took Men & Motors off Freeview and replaced it with the live quiz channel ITV Play. Some programming from Men & Motors were transferred to ITV4, ITV4 was the first channel to use the new on-screen look that was rolled out across the rest of ITV plcs channels on 16 January 2006. Red Bee Media designed the new logos and presentation for the corporation that saw the end of the yellow and blue squared look designed for ITV, ITV2. An ITV annual report revealed that an old style logo was designed for the channel but was never used on air, ITV4 was launched on UPC Ireland in the Republic of Ireland on 4 January 2010, marking the first time the channel has been officially available in the country. On 1 April 2011, ITV4 was removed from UPC Ireland along with ITV2, conversely, UPC Ireland also claims to have been in discussions right up to the last moment in order to continue broadcasting the channels. ITV2, ITV3 and ITV4 were restored to the UPC Ireland line-up on 20 December 2011, tV3 and its sister channel 3e already hold carriage agreement to air certain ITV content within the Republic of Ireland, alternatively UTV is available within the Republic. ITV2 is available along with ITV3 and ITV4 within Switzerland, all three channels are available on SwisscomTV and UPC Cablecom, ITV4s launch night was on Freeview channel 30. Although it was broadcast on the Astra 2D satellite used by Sky and it was launched on Sky channel 120, after ITV2 and ITV3 in the listings, on 7 November. Prior to this date, some sporting content was simulcast on Men & Motors in an ITV4 on M&M strand, in late October 2008, it was announced that a timeshifted version of ITV4 would be launched by the end of the year. ITV4 +1 was launched on Sky on 1 December 2008, on Freesat on 9 December 2008 and on Virgin Media on 25 March 2010. It was removed from Sky on 11 January 2011, due to the launch of ITV +1 taking up space on the EPG, the channel continued to be available on Freesat and Virgin Media. On 31 May 2012, ITV4 +1 returned to Sky, to channel 225, moving ITV2 HD to 226, ITV3 HD to 227, the channels moved to 206,207,208 and 228 on 3 July 2012 to make space for new channels. In February 2014, ITV4 +1 gained an EPG slot on the Freeview platform, the channel timeshares with other ITV Digital channels CITV, ITV3 +1 and JML Store. Also, ITV4 Plus launched on 24 March 2014, as a channel for ITVBe. ITV4 Plus closed on 7 May 2014, on 20 May 2014, ITV4 +1 moved to channel 26 on Freeview, moving to 62 on 1 September 2014 following the launch of an ITVBe placeholder

ITV4
–
Proposed ITV4 logo, featured in ITV's annual report - never seen onscreen or in press.
ITV4
–
ITV4

134.
CITV
–
CITV is a British childrens television channel from ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a division of ITV plc. It broadcasts content from the CITV archive and acquisitions, every day from 6am to 9pm which was previously 6am to 6pm until 21 February 2016 in an attempt to compete with CBBC and it is also the title of a programming block on the ITV network at weekends. Childrens ITV launched on 3 January 1983, as an afternoon programming block on the ITV network. It replaced the earlier Watch It, branding and introduced networked in-vision continuity links between programmes. These links were originally pre-recorded from a small London studio, up until 1987 when Central won the contract to produce live links from their Birmingham studios, in 2004, presentation of CITV was relocated to Granada Television in Manchester, which saw the demise of in-vision continuity. Nine years later, operations moved to ITV Granadas MediaCityUK studios in Salford, in 2006, CITV launched as a channel in its own right. The CITV channel averages around 100,000 viewers between 4pm-6pm every day, the CITV strand on the ITV network airs on weekend mornings from 6am to 9, 25am, as part of the ITV Breakfast time slot. Before being known as Childrens ITV, the timeslot for childrens programmes on the ITV Network was briefly branded as Watch It, brand started on 29 December 1980 and was presented live by the duty continuity announcer in each ITV region. On many occasions, the ITV regions were able to broadcast whatever programmes they wished, many non-childrens programmes appeared, ATV provide different animations each season, to freshen up what was available to each company. Most regions, including Southern/TVS and Granada, would use their own station announcers during Watch It, shortly after the start of new franchises in 1982, some ITV stations raised concerns that Watch It. had not gone far enough to address previous concerns. Centrals Controller of Childrens Programmes, Lewis Rudd, suggested a different approach to the presentation method, as a result, the Central promotions department came up with the initial concept for Childrens ITV. The new look was devised, and links between programmes were pre-recorded using presenters drawn from the constituent programmes, initially featuring a different presenter each month, the links were pre-recorded in advance in a small studio at a London facility called Molinare, using a single locked-off camera. The first set design was a ship and was used for the first few months. The concept was retired, and the set and style of presentation used began to reflect the artist presenting that month or the programme that he/she fronted. By 1984, the links were still being recorded, but using a common, the exterior of this fictitious location also featured in the animations and stings. Technical considerations often left the system flawed, with each programme coming from a different playout source, and each link being pre-recorded, things often went wrong on air, programmes would be rolled early and the links would be cut short. Programmes would also fail to appear and the presenter would be left on screen, pre-recording the links also meant that late schedule changes could not be easily referenced. In September 1985, the BBC revamped their own childrens presentation with the introduction of Childrens BBC, using the BBC1 announcer booth at BBC Television Centre, later dubbed The Broom Cupboard, Phillip Schofield provided links between the programmes

135.
ITV Encore
–
ITV Encore, is a British drama television channel in the United Kingdom that is owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a division of ITV plc. The channel is exclusive to Skys satellite platform as well as Sky Go, Now TV, ITV Encore launched at 7pm on 9 June 2014. The first programme to be shown on the channel was an episode of Agatha Christies Poirot, the channel is ITVs first new channel launch in over eight years, and forms part of a wider four year partnership with Sky - ITVs largest ever with a platform operator. A one-hour timeshifted variant of ITV Encore launched alongside the parent channel, ITV Encore +1 temporarily closed on 1 October 2014, to make space for ITVBe, which launched on channel 179. ITV Encore +1 was re-added to the lineup on 15 December 2014 on channel 208. A high-definition service also launched on Sky channel 298 on the day as ITV Encore. It broadcasts viewers favourite ITV dramas in high-definition, ITV Encore HD moved to Sky channel 263 on 19 August 2014 following more spaces in the Entertainment genre to be added and the Lifestyle genre being shortened. On 15 December 2014, it moved again to Sky channel 269 to make space for ITVBe +1, the new channel broadcasts some of ITVs most successful drama series of recent years. From January 2015, ITV Encore will show original drama, commissioned for the channel and this move is to attract new viewers to the channel, and to the Sky TV platform. Gracepoint Jordskott The Americans Ängelby The Frankenstein Chronicles Harlots Houdini & Doyle ITV Encore at itv. com

ITV Encore
–
ITV Encore

136.
ITVBe
–
ITVBe is a British entertainment, lifestyle and reality television channel owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a division of ITV plc. The channel launched on 8 October 2014, and is funded by advertising. It is available free-to-air on all the major broadcasting platforms, including Freesat, Freeview, Sky, the channel was first announced on 12 February 2014. A high-definition simulcast, ITVBe HD, launched on Virgin Media on 19 November 2014, along with a timeshift service. Both subsidiary channels were exclusive to the Virgin platform until the ITVBe +1 service was available on the Sky. ITVBe targets a female audience, including shows such as. Figures are based on Live +7 data supplied by BARB ITVBe at itv. com

ITVBe
–
ITVBe

137.
Sky plc
–
Sky plc is a British satellite broadcasting, on-demand internet streaming media, broadband and telephone services company with headquarters in London. It has operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Sky is Europes biggest and leading media company and largest pay-TV broadcaster, with 21 million subscribers and 30,000 employees as of 2015. Initially formed in 1990 by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting. In 2014, after completing the acquisition of Sky Italia and Sky Deutschland, Sky is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalisation of approximately £18.75 billion as of 2015. Rupert Murdochs 21st Century Fox owns a 39.14 per cent controlling stake in the company, British Sky Broadcasting was formed by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting on 2 November 1990. Both companies had begun to struggle financially and were suffering financial losses as both competed against each other for viewers. The Guardian later characterised the merger as effectively a takeover by News Corporation, on 17 November, the IBA decided to terminate BSBs contract, but not immediately, as it was deemed unfair to 120,000 viewers who had bought BSB devices. Sam Chisholm was appointed CEO in a bid to reorganise the new company, in April the nine Sky/BSB channels had been condensed into five, with EuroSport being dropped soon after the Sky Sports launch. Chisholm also renegotiated the merged companys expensive deals with the Hollywood studios, News International received 50%, Pearson PLC17. 5%, Chargeurs 17. 5%, Granada 12%, Reed International 2% of the new shares in the company. Many of the lessons had been learnt with more than half the running cost of the combined company, further cuts in losses were a direct result of 313,000 new customers joining during the first half of 1991. James Capel forecast BSkyB would still be indebted in 2000, in the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights, ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch has described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High court to get an injunction as it believed their details were leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to also investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via the newspapers had influence the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premiership packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters

Sky plc

138.
Challenge (TV channel)
–
Challenge is a British digital television channel owned by Sky plc. The channel mostly transmits game shows from the UK and around the world, in June 1993, prior to its launch, IFE sold a 39% stake in the channel to Flextech. The Family Channel did produce some UK original programming, but heavily relied upon content from MTM and TVSs archives and it was claimed that the channel produced more original series worldwide than any other cable or satellite network. In April 1996, IFE sold its remaining 61% share to Flextech, giving them ownership of the venture. The deal did not include any of the archive which included many TVS game shows, such as Catchphrase and All Clued Up. Flextech planned to re-launch the channel as Challenge during the autumn of 1996, with daytime targeted towards housewives, instead, The Family Channel began transitioning to the new brand by introducing a weekend game show strand known as Family Challenge Weekend. On 3 February 1997, The Family Channel re-branded as Challenge TV, from 3 February 1997 to the end of 1998, between 00,30 and 06,00, the channel was branded as Family Late, which continued to air its previous entertainment programming. On 7 April 2009, Virgin Media, the current owner. On 13 July 2010, Sky and Virgin Media announced that Sky had completed the acquisition of Virgin Media Television following regulatory approval in the Republic of Ireland. On 15 September 2010, Sky announced a number of its sister channels Bravo, Bravo 2 and Channel One, were closed, on 25 January 2011, it was confirmed that Total Nonstop Action Wrestling programming would start broadcasting on Challenge from 3 February 2011. On 1 February 2011, Challenge replaced Channel Ones Freeview space on the Freeview multiplex, on 23 June 2016, the channel went through another revamp, discarding the Challengers and introducing a new logo which features a segmented C. Bullseyes You cant beat a bit of Bully and Robot Wars 3.2.1, bumpers framing breaks sometimes also include general knowledge questions or rebuses, referencing shows like Blockbusters and Catchphrase. The channel also aired some poker game shows including World Poker Tour, Celebrity Blackjack and it also launched a very short-lived spin-off channel in 2006, Player, which mainly focused on the poker-related programming that Challenge had transmitted. Challenge only aired programmes in the format, but on 3 June 2008. This was coupled with a logo and a new set of idents. Challenge have had various programming blocks, for example, Fully Loaded, a former morning programming block from around 2007 which consisted of Win, Lose or Draw, Wheel of Fortune, Catchphrase, Bullseye and Family Fortunes. Although the bulk of Challenges schedule consists of shows, the channel also broadcasts some other entertainment programming. As of January 2017, however, they no longer be broadcasting any TNA programming

Challenge (TV channel)
–
Challenge logo used from 2013.

139.
Pick (TV channel)
–
Pick is a British television channel, available via Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media. The channel was launched in 2005 as Sky Three. From its launch on 1 November 2005 until 24 June 2010, the channel also showed seasons 3 and 4 of Prison Break in 2010. In recent years, the number of well known Sky 1 shows being shown on Pick TV has declined, the number of American shows airing on the channel has declined rapidly, with Prison Break the last major US Sky 1 drama to be shown on the channel in 2010. Since its rebrand to Pick TV, recent Sky 1 shows such as UK Border Force, Pineapple Dance Studios and documentary series hosted by Ross Kemp such as gangs, on 1 February 2011, Sky Atlantic launched on Sky channel 108, which had originally been occupied by Sky3. Sky rebranded Sky3 as Pick TV on 28 February 2011, on Monday 7 October 2013, Pick TV became Pick introducing a new look and logo for the channel. On 28 June 2016, another new logo was announced which included a brand new look. In May 2012, Pick TV started broadcasting some older Sky 1 and Sky Living, Sky Three was the first free-to-air general entertainment channel from Sky. It launched on 1 November 2005, replacing the Sky Travels EPG slot on Freeview in a bid to attract subscribers to Skys satellite service. Due to its availability on Freeview channel 11, the channel constantly had higher ratings than Sky 2 where Sky3 was achieving on average a 1% share compared to Sky 2s 0. 1-3% share. Instead of Sky selling on the terrestrial free-to-air rights for their programmes to another broadcaster, in 2008, Skys entertainment channels changed the wording in the logos to numbers, hence Sky Three became Sky3. On 23 August 2010, Sky Sports News became a pay-TV channel, Sky3 +1 also launched on Sky channel 223 on the same day. A final rebrand took place in early 2011 and saw Sky 1,2 and 3 gain similar rectangular logos to Sky News, the channel was rebranded as Pick TV on 28 February 2011. Only the name was changed, as the channel retained the look of the most recent rebrand which occurred a few weeks earlier, the launch of Challenge saw quiz and gameshow type programming move off Pick TV. On 20 September 2011 at 14,00, Pick TV +1 was removed from Freeview. This was so all of the channels owned by BSkyB could be on multiplex C and Challenge could broadcast for 24 hours a day in Wales on the platform. On 7 October 2013, Pick TV was rebranded as Pick on Freeview, on 23 June 2016, Pick and Challenge were rebranded with entirely new looks. Sky showed a second Free Weekend Pass event on 17–18 April 2010, the event has not been repeated since Sky3 rebranded as Pick TV

Pick (TV channel)
–
Pick

140.
Sky 1
–
Sky 1 is the British flagship channel operated and owned by Sky plc. It is the entertainment channel operated in the United Kingdom. Sky 1 launched across Europe on 26 April 1982 by founder Connor Baskey as Satellite Television and is the oldest non-terrestrial TV channel in the United Kingdom. In the UK, the channel is available via satellite on Sky, digital cable on Virgin Media, IPTV on TalkTalk TV. In Ireland, the channel is available via Sky Ireland, Virgin Media Ireland, on 27 June 1983, the shareholders of Satellite Television agreed a £5 million offer to give News International 65% of the company. Murdoch extended the broadcast hours and the number of countries the station broadcast to including the United Kingdom, on 16 January 1984 the channel was renamed Sky Channel. On 8 June 1988, Murdoch announced his plans to expand Skys service to four channels, the show had a mix of entertainment, gossip, fashion, etc. The Channel continued with the childrens programmes, soaps, and US action series. On 31 July 1989, the channel was renamed Sky One and closed in most European countries, broadcasting to only the United Kingdom, in 1990 Sky One begin to acquire more recent programming, an early success being Moonlighting, which the BBC had previously screened but not repeated. Sky One also picked new programming such as The Simpsons,21 Jump Street and the last series of Falcon Crest, the channel also commissioned a number of home grown programmes while also expanding its Australian television series to include E Street, Chances and Paradise Beach. In contrast to the Sky2 that was relaunched, this channel featured even more first-run programmes. In 2000, a feed of Sky One for Ireland was launched. For most of this Irish feeds existence, the difference between it and the United Kingdom feed has been differing commercials and programme promotions. In June 2003, the channel started broadcasting in 16,9 widescreen, however, all TV commercials were broadcast in 4,3 until November 2005, because they were played off the same servers for all Sky channels, many of which were not broadcast in widescreen. On 21 September 2004, Sky One Mix was subsequently renamed Sky Mix, on 31 October 2005, Sky Mix was renamed as Sky Two with the launch of a second sister channel Sky Three. An on-screen message instead appears redirecting viewers to Sky 1, to coincide with launch of Sky HD, Sky 1 HD began broadcasting on 22 May 2006. Programmes that are not available in HD are upscaled, a new Sky 1 HD logo was introduced along with the rebrand on 31 August 2008. On 1 October 2010, Sky 1 HD launched on Virgin Media channel 122, with Sky 2 moving to channel 123 and Sky 3 moving to channel 180 on 22 September 2010, to make way for the new channel

Sky 1
–
Sky Channel logo, January 1984 to February 1989.
Sky 1
–
Sky One logo, September 2004 to August 2008. The logo was heavily mocked by pronouncing the name as Sky Onc

141.
Sky Arts
–
Sky Arts is an art-oriented television channel offering 24 hours a day of programmes dedicated to highbrow arts, including theatrical performances, movies, documentaries and music. Sky Arts HD is also available on Sky, Virgin Media, in its early days, it was owned and managed by a public partnership including Sir Jeremy Isaacs. However, the channel suffered severe financial difficulty, in July 2002, it even staged its own farewell party, only to find emergency funding that very evening. In 2003, with a staff, it was facing closure. At this point, Sky stepped in, taking an initial 50% stake, Sky subsequently bought out the remaining shareholders and in June 2005 took full control, reducing the staff further, and dropping the channels premium subscription fee shortly afterwards. 60 hours of music along with seven full-length operas were broadcast each month to help bring in potential new subscribers. John Cassy, the manager of Artsworld, said, It is great news for the arts that a dedicated cultural channel will be available to millions of households. On 1 March 2007, Artsworld became Sky Arts and Artsworld HD became Sky Arts HD and this resulted in all of BSkyBs wholly owned channels carrying the Sky name. From 8 June 2007, Sky Arts introduced a series called Friday Night Hijack, artists were invited to schedule a night of television that reflects their tastes, interests and passions. Guests included legendary punk DJ Don Letts, Don McCullin, Saffron Burrows, Anthony Horowitz, Malcolm McLaren, Phill Jupitus, Germaine Greer, George Melly and this weekly feature was later moved and renamed as Sunday Night Hijack. Queen concerts and documentaries also air frequently on Sky Arts 1, in 2013 Sky Arts launched a painting competition series Portrait Artist of the Year presented by Frank Skinner and Joan Bakewell. The series is judged by art experts Tai-Shan Schierenberg, Kathleen Soriano, nick Lord won the first series and was awarded a commission to paint Hilary Mantel for the British Library. In 2014 the second series was won by Christian Hook and his portrait of Alan Cumming is now part of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery collection, in 2015 Sky Arts introduced a development of the competition for landscape painters called Landscape Artist of the Year in association with National Trust. The first series was won by Nerine McIntyre and she was awarded a commission to paint the scene made famous by John Constable at Flatford, on 9 June 2015, Sky Arts 2 closed and merged its content with Sky Arts 1 to form one channel. Sky Arts focused on the modern and independent side of Sky Arts programming. Schedules included cutting-edge documentaries, cult films, and rock concerts, but since 9 June 2015 it has also featured the high brow programmes from the former Sky Arts 2. This channel focused on high brow programme and featured music, opera, dance, fine arts programming. From 30 March to 14 April 2013, Sky Arts 2 was temporarily rebranded as Sky Arts Rieu in honour of André Rieu, broadcasting back-to-back concerts by the violinist

Sky Arts
–
The 1990s Sky Arts logo

142.
Sky Living
–
Sky Living is a television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland, owned and operated by Sky plc. The channel was launched as UK Living on 1 September 1993 and it was known as simply Living from 1997 to 2002, as Living TV from 2002 to 2007, and again as Living from 2007 to 2011. British Sky Broadcasting took over the channel in 2010, and rebranded it as Sky Living on 1 February 2011, the channels programming was originally aimed mainly at women and young adults. UK Living began broadcasting on 1 September 1993, as part of the Sky Multichannels network, the channel was mainly aimed at women aged between 25 and 45, broadcasting films, dramas, chat shows and soap operas. Most of its programming came from the programme libraries of Thames Television. A unique aspect was the repeats of such as Kilroy, Anne and Nick, and Floyd. Shortly afterwards the channel moved away from it reliance of BBC programming, in 1997, when the BBC and Flextech launched the UKTV Network, UK Style, UK Horizons and UK Arena, it was decided that UK Living would remain a separate channel. As such, it had to remove the UK branding to avoid being confused with the UKTV services, as part of an attempt to appeal more to men, the channels pink branding were replaced by a blue and silver logo in September 2013. The most watched shows on the channel are The Blacklist, Elementary, the show had brought some of the channels biggest ratings to date. And Most Haunted, which continued to be popular, the channel has also launched a number of successful US television shows in the UK market. Past successes include Charmed, Will & Grace, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, Miss Match, Joan of Arcadia, CSI, and Just Shoot Me. At present the channel currently has first run UK rights to Boston Legal, Criminal Minds, Blindspot, Greys Anatomy, Ghost Whisperer, The L Word, Men in Trees and the Australian comedy Kath & Kim. In 2008 the channel debuted the first seasons of Army Wives, Lipstick Jungle. Brian Dowling was put forward as one of the figures to represent the channel – by presenting programming including Celebrity Extra, Trolley Dollies. However, in recent years, he has been absent from the channel apart from the occasional Celebrity Extra presenting duties. To continue the list of reality TV stars hosting programmes, Jodie Marsh announced that she would be presenting a new programme called Get A Life starting on 1 March 2007. However, the announced that the show was to be cancelled. This will be the first time that her show will be broadcast in HD, the following is a list of the ten most watched programmes on Sky Living, based on Live +7 data supplied by BARB up to 6 December 2015

Sky Living
–
Sky Living logo used from 2013.

143.
Sky News
–
Sky News is a 24-hour international multimedia news company based in the U. K. Originally a 24-hour television news channel, Sky News currently provides news on television, online, John Ryley is the Head of Sky News, a role he has held since June 2006. Other versions of Sky News are operated as joint-ventures and these include Sky News Australia and Sky News Arabia. A channel called Sky News International, with the news content but without British adverts, is available in Europe, Africa, Asia. Sky News Radio provides national and international news to radio stations in the UK. Sky News also provides content to Yahoo, the channel is available on Apple TV, Roku and YouTube. On 8 June 1988, Rupert Murdoch announced plans to start a new television service in a speech to the British Academy of Film. Sky News started broadcasting at 6 pm on 5 February 1989, there were overriding reasons of prestige and politics for keeping it. The final hurdle of the Broadcasting Bill had still to be overcome, – former deputy Prime Minister Viscount Whitelaw said in the House of Lords in 1990 that Sky News had a very high reputation. I admire it, as do other people, it will certainly waken up both the BBC and ITN and ensure that they compete with what is a very important news service. The channel has never run for a profit, and has considered using ITN to supplement the service. Ask anyone in Europe, and particularly the BBC and you will be told that Sky News has added a new, Sky News was the UKs first 24-hour news channel, broadcast on Astra 1A. It had no competition until November 1997 when BBC News launched a new 24-hour channel, BBC News 24. In September 1999 the European Commission ruled against a Sky News complaint which argued that the publicly funded BBC News 24 was unfair, the EC ruled that the television licence fee should be considered state aid but that the BBCs public service remit justified the channel. In March 2000 Sky News Active was launched, a 24-hour interactive service providing headlines on demand, in March 2004 it was announced that Sky News had won a 5-year contract to supply news bulletins to Channel 5, taking over from ITN in January 2005. On 24 October 2005, Sky News moved to new studios in Isleworth, London, the new studio was integrated with the newsroom and boasted the biggest video wall in Britain, it was designed by New York architects Janson Design Group. New music was scored by Adelphoi Music and recorded with an orchestra at Air Studios, Hampstead. New on-screen graphics were launched and the channel broadcasting in Widescreen format

144.
Sky Sports
–
Sky Sports is a group of sports television channels operated by the satellite pay-TV company Sky plc. Sky Sports is the dominant subscription television sports brand in the United Kingdom, Sky Sports 1,2,3,4 and 5 are available as a premium package on top of the basic Sky package. These channels are available as premium on nearly every satellite, cable and IPTV broadcasting system in the UK. Sky Sports News HQ and Sky Sports Mix are both provided as part of basic packages, the Sky Sports network is managed by Barney Francis. At launch on 5 February 1989, Sky Television operated Eurosport as a 50/50 joint venture with the European Broadcasting Union, however, the service had encountered a legal challenge from rival sports channel Screensport, a joint venture between WH Smith Television and Americas ESPN network. Subtitled as The European Sports Network, the channel was available on the Astra satellite. Screensports contention was that the involvement of the EBU with Skys Eurosport channel had the effect of restricting and distorting competition in the sports market, the European Commission agreed, and the Eurosport joint venture ceased broadcasting in early 1991. The Sports Channel was part of the BSB channel line-up, the Sports Channel survived BSBs merger with Sky Television to become one of the five channels operated by the consolidated British Sky Broadcasting. In the BSB years, it shared the frequency with its underpromoted sister channel, The Computer Channel. The channel is seen as a presuccessor of Sky Sports, with Sky owning any archive recordings made by the channel, an example of this was a 1996 retro screening of Liverpool and Evertons 1991 FA Cup 4-4 draw between the sides. The commentary was taken from the original BSB Sports Channel alongside on-screen captions, the channel was sold as one of the major draws of the Sky system and initially aired sports such as rugby and golf in 1991, before acquiring rights to German and Italian league football in 1996. The channel was initially encrypted but broadcast free-to-view, requiring an analogue VideoCrypt decoder, since VideoCrypt decoders were only officially available within the UK, this measure was intended to prevent viewing of the service outside the UK and Ireland. However, it was following the formation of the Premier League for the 1992/93 football season, believed to have been assisted by the promise of higher TV payments, that Sky Sports became well known. By bidding £304m, BSkyB beat the BBC and ITV to acquire the live and exclusive Premier League football broadcasting rights for the United Kingdom, in doing so, they had taken live top-flight English league football from terrestrial and free-to-air television for the first time in its history. At this point, Sky Sports became a channel, available with a monthly subscription on a standalone basis. Sky Sports 1 mainly broadcasts football, Sky launched its second sport-dedicated channel, Sky Sports 2 on 19 August 1994, three years after the original channel launched on the Marcopolo satellite on BSB. As a result, Sky Sports was renamed as Sky Sports 1, Sky Sports 2 mainly broadcasts Cricket and Rugby Union. Sky Sports Gold, a dedicated to classic sport, in a similar vein to ESPN Classic

Sky Sports

145.
Sky Sports F1
–
Sky Sports F1 is a television channel created exclusively for Skys UK coverage of Formula One, with Sky having a package of UK rights from the 2012 season to the 2018 season. From 2017, Sky Sports F1 will broadcast Formula 1 in UHD for the first time, the BBC initially had exclusive UK rights from 2009 until the end of the 2013 season, having regained the rights from ITV. However, because of the licence fee freeze and resultant review of cost constraints, a new broadcast rights deal was announced on 29 July 2011, stating that Sky Sports would cover all races live. Both Sky and the BBC would cover the remaining races live including the British Grand Prix and it also allowed the BBC to show highlights of all races. However, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra would continue to broadcast live commentary of the season, including practice, qualifying. However, since its launch, similar channels have launched in Germany, on 13 January 2012, an advert was released saying the channel would launch on 9 March 2012, seven days before the start of the 2012 Formula One season. During 2012, the channel was on air for hours during race weeks. Sky Sports F1 announced via Twitter that there would not be a dedicated Sky Sports F1 app, Sky Sports F1 HD launched with a two-hour special of The F1 Show, presented by Simon Lazenby, Martin Brundle and Damon Hill, previewing the 2012 Formula One season. Sky Sports F1 HD on the Sky platform is available to new customers who take out a Sky Sports subscription with HD or existing customers before 1 April 2013 providing they subscribed to the HD pack. Subscribers to all of the Sky Sports channels without the HD pack receive a standard definition version, Virgin Media and Smallworld Cable offer the standard definition version of the channel to Sky Sports subscribers, it is not available separately. The HD version of the channel was available to Virgin Media customers subscribing to the Sky Sports Collection with the additional Sky Sports HD pack on 15 July 2014. A standard definition version of the channel is provided through Sky Go. In the 2016 Formula One season, TSN reached a deal with Sky to utilise its television coverage for Canadian F1 broadcasts, including its pre-, the 2012 season started on 16 March from the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Australia. Sky Sports broadcast every practice session, qualifying session and race live, the season passed 19 countries on the way. Formula One visited places as diverse as China, Bahrain, Belgium, Italy, the season came to an end at the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix on 25 November 2012. On 7 March 2012, Sky Sports F1 revealed their theme tune for the 2012 season, Just Drive by Alistair Griffin, the 43-second opening credits feature archive footage of former world champions and memorable F1 moments from 32 Grands Prix between 1950 and 2011. The theme tune is used on The F1 Show and for Classic F1. 2014 saw a rearrangement of the theme to go with their updated titles, Skys original arrangement is still utilised for its coverage of Classic F1 races

Sky Sports F1
–
Sky Sports F1

146.
Sky Sports News
–
Sky Sports News HQ is a 24-hour sports news television channel in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Nordic countries. The channel focuses predominantly on football but reports on a range of sports. The programming is presented by two reporters in the studio who read the news or introduce short clips featuring highlights and interviews covering a variety of topics. Tabs at the bottom of the screen give unrelated information on a range of sports. The content of the studio feed generally repeats depending on the amount of news at a given time. On 20 May 2007, SSN broadcast the Conference National play-off Final between Exeter City and Morecambe and this was due to all other Sky Sports channels being occupied by live sport. This enabled Freeview viewers to watch a match on Sky Sports. The station also had coverage of Wales v New Zealand on 26 May 2007. Sky Sports News launched on 1 October 1998, the date of BSkyBs Digital Satellite service. On 10 April 2000, SSN relaunched as Sky Sports. com TV, the channel scrapped its. com TV look, and on 1 July 2001, Sky Sports News launched another graphics change. A major part of this was the standardisation, i. e. a more corporate look across the Sky channels, the channel also scrapped its slogan and just paid attention to the fact of the news. From April 2002, Sky Sports News had another face-lift, the channel stayed in the same studio, but with a silver look replacing the old wooden bench, and there was a promise of being first for breaking news, along with much more useful information. In 2004, Sky Sports News changed its image, with an open blue look to the channel. The titles featured players such as Frank Lampard, Tim Cahill, Thierry Henry and Ryan Giggs passing the football to each other, Sky Sports News was rebranded as Sky Sports News HQ on 12 August 2014. The new studio is twice the size of the old one, as part of the change the channel moved to Sky channel 401. The channel also gained new graphics, as part of the launch, a new look for the channel was introduced at 07,00 on 5 August 2007, in time for the 2007–08 football season. The main presentation structure was retained, including the information box displaying transfers. The ticker at the bottom of the screen was retained, however changed from white to red, with the yellow

147.
Alibi (TV channel)
–
Alibi is a digital television channel broadcasting in the United Kingdom and Ireland, as part of the UKTV network of channels. The channel launched on 1 November 1997 and relaunched in its current format on 7 October 2008, the channel is available on satellite through Sky, on cable, primarily through Virgin Media and on IPTV through BT TV, TalkTalk TV and TVPlayer. The channel originally launched as part of the new four channel UKTV network on 1 November 1997, the channel, originally named UK Arena, focused on arts programming and was named after the BBCs flagship arts programme Arena. However, following disappointing original ratings, the focus was broadened to include all drama series. The service lasted, with viewing figures until 8 March 2004 when, along with the rest of the UKTV network. Following the successful relaunch and rebranding of the channel UKTV G2 as Dave, UKTV Drama was rebranded as Alibi on 7 October 2008, and the channels programming output was redirected from all dramas, to specifically crime dramas. All non-crime dramas were either transferred to the rebranded Gold channel, the time shift service Alibi +1 was originally launched on 2 May 2006 as UKTV Drama +1, using the frequency previously occupied by UKTV People +1. It features the channels schedule broadcast an hour later, with no special idents or continuity used, on 29 July 2011, UKTV announced that it had secured a deal with BSkyB to launch three more high-definition channels on Sky. As part of Virgin Medias deal to sell its share of UKTV, Alibi HD launched on 3 July 2012 on Sky and Virgin Media, while Dave HD and Watch HD launched in October 2011. All three channels are HD simulcasts of the standard-definition channels, when the channel launched in 1997, the idents featured a star shape, usually inside a circle, with the UK Arena logo below. When the channel changed to UK Drama in 2000, the remained the same. A new design in 2002 resulted in the UK Drama logo standing alone at the bottom of the screen in a text, stylised to appear as. On the end of the logo, a design was included. One was assigned to channel, with the exception of UK Gold and UK Gold 2. In the case of UK Drama, it was a bold, the idents themselves were replaced by three men beating drums with water on the surface with each drummer bathed in a particular colour light, red, blue and green. On 1 July 2015, Alibi had its first rebrand for seven years, with a change to the overall look. The channels red identity was made slightly darker while the logo stayed circular with white font, no dot over the first i, new idents feature crime scenes with the camera following red string that joins the clues together before resolving into the new logo

Alibi (TV channel)
–
Alibi logo used 2008 to 2015

148.
Dave (TV channel)
–
Dave is a television channel owned by UKTV, which is available in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The channel is available on cable, IPTV, Freeview and some satellite platforms, the channel took the name Dave in October 2007, but it had been on air under various identities and formats since October 1998. UK Gold Classics, UKTVs first digital-only channel, was launched on 2 October 1998 and was only broadcast from Friday to Sunday on Sky Digital from 6. 00pm to 2. 00am. They also showed some recent shows from the channel. On weekdays, the channel was off air, showing a still caption of all the UKTV channels, the UK Gold subsidiary channel was again relaunched with a completely new programme line-up and renamed UKG² on 12 November 2003. The channel was promoted as being an alternative to UK Gold, like that channel. A fair amount is similar to the output of UK Play/Play UK before that channels closure, however, unlike Play. Along with the rest of the UKTV network, the UK prefix was changed to UKTV on 8 March 2004, on 7 October 2005, it was announced that they would show sports programming. This new line-up was called UKTV Sport and included a new show by the same name, UKTV Sport also had its own logo and DOG. There was talk that this could lead to a channel but it never happened, on 16 March 2006, they announced a deal to air extensive coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup as a sub licensing of the BBCs rights to the tournament. UKTV G2 simulcast the BBCs live matches, including the match between Germany and Costa Rica, Englands game with Paraguay and the final. The channel also showed highlights of every match in the tournament, in September 2007, UKTV announced that they would relaunch and rename UKTV G2 as Dave on 15 October. UKTV said the name of the channel was chosen because everyone knows a bloke called Dave, the rebrand included the channel being available free-to-air on digital terrestrial platform, Freeview, replacing UKTV Bright Ideas which only averaged 0. 1% of the audience share. The move to Freeview saw Dave launch in the previously used by UKTV History which was moved to the time limited bandwidth once occupied by UKTV Bright Ideas. Dave is available daily, from 7. 00am to 3. 00am and it uses the tagline the home of witty comedy banter and uses Ralph Ineson as an announcer, along with David Flynn, Phill Jupitus, Iain Lee and BBC Radio 1 DJ Greg James. To ensure that all Freeview viewers receive the channel on number 19 and this later changed to the current location on Channel 12. From 31 January 2008, the channel broadcasting in widescreen. In April 2009, they aired 3 new instalments of Red Dwarf and this marked the channels first foray into scripted original programming

Dave (TV channel)
–
Dave

149.
Eden (TV channel)
–
Eden is a digital television channel broadcasting factual content in the United Kingdom and Ireland as part of the UKTV network of channels. The channel originally launched on 8 March 2004 and relaunched in its current format on 27 January 2009, the channel is available on Sky, Virgin Media, Smallworld Cable, TalkTalk Plus TV, BT TV, and TVPlayer. It isnt available on the digital terrestrial supplier Freeview, much of this programming had come from the former UKTV channel UK Horizons, which had closed down the day before and which the channel, along with UKTV People, replaced. UKTV Documentary occupied the same broadcasting slot as UK Horizons, on 9 October 2008, UKTV announced plans to rebrand UKTV Documentary and UKTV People in early 2009. The news came just two days after UKTVs entertainment channels were rebranded to Watch, Gold and Alibi and they announced that UKTV Documentary would be rebranded as Eden and this rebrand took place on 26 January 2009. As part of the rebrand, the channels programming output changed from all documentaries to primarily documentaries focusing on the natural environment, all other documentaries were transferred to UKTV History or UKTV People, depending on their subject matter. From launch, the channel has had a service, called Eden +1. The service ran on Sky and Virgin Media and broadcast the channels schedule one hour later than usual, the timeshift was removed from Virgin Media in October 2008 to allow bandwidth for new channel Watch, however the time shift service was restored on 7 October 2011. Eden HD launched on 4 October 2010 on Sky channel 559, as part of Virgin Medias deal to sell its share of UKTV, all five of UKTVs HD channels were added to Virgins cable television service by 2012. Eden HD was added to Virgin Media on 7 October 2011, on 3 October 2016, Eden HD was added to BTTV. The UKTV Documentary identity focused around scenes from the landscape of Britain, the ident would first feature a close up shot, for example of a person or a stone, before pulling back to reveal the bigger picture, such as a busy rail station or a stone circle. This was then overlaid with the UKTV Documentary logo, consisting of the UKTV logo on top, alongside the idents, the channel had a Digital on-screen graphic of the same design and also featured a generic UKTV design for all promotions for the channel. The channels house colour was a blue, similar in shade to Azure, the current Eden identity features explorers in an unknown environment, such as the deep jungle or the Antarctic, before coming across a landscape, which the logo then forms onto. Eden is renowned for showing blue-chip natural history but has recently moved into more scientific programmes while keeping the blue-chip. Eden has also produced its own programming, with the most recent series David Attenboroughs Natural Curiosities, produced by Humble Bee Films. UKTV Television in the United Kingdom Official website UKTV at The TV Room

Eden (TV channel)
–
Eden

150.
Good Food
–
Good Food is a lifestyle channel broadcasting in the United Kingdom and Ireland as part of the UKTV network of channels. The channel originally launched on 5 November 2001 and relaunched in its current format on 22 June 2009, Good Food is available on satellite through Sky, on cable services, primarily through Virgin Media, and through IPTV with TalkTalk TV, BT TV. The channel originally launched on 5 November 2001 as UK Food, the channel uses a large amount of programming from the BBCs programme archive. The channel is familiar to an international channel run by BBC Worldwide called BBC Food. The channel changed its name on 8 March 2004 to UKTV Food, as part of the rebranding of all UKTVs channels to a unique name and identity, UKTV Food rebranded as Good Food on 22 June 2009, the last of UKTVs brands to do so. The name is based on that of the BBC Good Food cookery magazine, the channel and the magazine continue to be operated separately. The network also operates a time shifted version of the channel Good Food +1, the time shifted channel does not use any special branding, with the occasional exception of a change in Digital on-screen graphic. The time shift channel is available on Sky and Virgin Media, on 13 July 2009, Virgin Media revealed that they were currently in active talks with UKTV about launching a high-definition version of Good Food on their cable television platform. Good Food HD launched on 31 August 2010 on Sky, broadcasting a HD simulcast of the channels schedule, as part of Virgin Medias deal to sell its share of UKTV, all five of UKTVs HD channels were added to Virgins cable television service by 2012. Good Food HD was added to Virgin Media on 7 October 2011, when UK Food channel launched in 2001, the channel adopted a branding package based around circular shaped foods with a spiral pattern located in the centre when looked at from above. The channels logo at the featured the name, stylised as UK Food. The majority of UKTV channels had some pattern located there to distinguish the channel, following the rebranding as UKTV Food, the channels identity was altered. The swirling motif was retained within the idents themselves, indeed many of the previous idents survived the rebrand to be reused again, the primary difference was the addition of the two lined UKTV logo, aligned to the left of the screen. The channels colour was orange, and was used in different shades as the colour to all promotion end boards. Following the rebrand to Good Food, the changed to sequences involving the coming together of ingredients to events such as a picnic barbecue, a dinner party. The idents finish with an endboard featuring the circular Good Food logo in the centre of a screen with food imagery in the background, such as outlines, knife. The channel primarily airs programming from the BBCs programming archive and programming aired on other domestic, recipes come from the various shows on Good Food and some include videos taken from the demonstrations. UKTV Television in the United Kingdom BBC Food BBC Magazines Official website Good Food at TVARK UKTV at The TV Room

Good Food
–
Good Food

151.
Home (TV channel)
–
Home is an interior home and garden-orientated lifestyle television channel broadcasting in the United Kingdom and Ireland, as part of the UKTV network of channels. The channel originally launched on 1 November 1997 and relaunched in its current format on 30 April 2009, Home is broadcast 24 hours a day on Sky, Virgin Media and TVPlayer. The channel was transmitted by terrestrial provider ITV Digital 24 hours a day until the collapse in 2002. Home made a return to terrestrial screens for a time in the mid-2000s as part of the now-defunct Top Up TV system, the channel originally launched on 1 November 1997 as UK Style, broadcasting lifestyle programming from the archive of the BBC and from external producers. The channel was launched as part of the creation of the UKTV network. The channels success was noted when new channel UK Food was created with the purpose to free up the space on UK Styles schedule by transferring all food programming to the new channel. In January 2003, another new channel called UK Bright Ideas was created to showcase programming from UK Style and this was later extended to all networks, allowing repeats of some programmes to air on this channel only. On the 8 March 2004, in line with the rest of the UKTV network, the channels schedule was further freed up by the creation of new channel UKTV Style Gardens in January 2005, which allowed the transfer of all landscape and gardening programmes to the new channel. The channel name was shortened to UKTV Gardens in 2007. Other female lifestyle programmes were transferred to newly created channel Really, the channel has a one-hour timeshift service entitled Home +1 that broadcasts at the same time as the main channel only one hour later. A two-hour timeshift called UKTV Style 2 launched on 12 December 2007 on major platforms, the channel closed on 15 September 2008 to make room for new entertainment channel Watch. The channels original identity revolved around the split in half horizontally with two objects coming together to form one object. These idents were accompanied by a logo consisting of UK inside a box, the channel also had a digital on-screen graphic of the same logo. During July 2002, the channel relaunched in image along with the rest of the UKTV network, the box and line logos were replaced with the channel name stylised UK Style with a four-box pattern positioned to the right of the logo. This style had been adopted by the majority of the UKTV channels, with each channels symbol representing the idents simplified and the channel focus in some ways. The boxes were arranged with one rectangle down the side, one running along the top half of the screen, a third in the centre bottom. This arrangement was also reflected in the idents in 2001. The idents were changed again in January 2003, with the pattern used again

Home (TV channel)
–
Home

152.
Digital television in the United Kingdom
–
In addition, an IPTV system known as BT Vision is provided by BT. Individual access methods vary throughout the country, 77% of the United Kingdom has access to HDTV via terrestrial digital television. Satellite is the source of HDTV broadcast available for the remaining 23%. The initial attempt at launching a digital terrestrial broadcasting service, ONdigital, was unsuccessful, all services are transmitted in standard definition—576i in the UK—many using an anamorphic widescreen format. 31 March 2004 saw the return of a limited pay-television offering to the terrestrial platform with the launch of Top Up TV. This new service is designed to appeal to those who do not want to pay the subscription fees that Sky Television. The service carries some of the UK’s most watched channels including the Discovery Channel, UKTV Gold, Discovery Real Time, British Eurosport, the 10 channels are split into five different slots and broadcast for only part of the day. In October 2006, Top Up TV became Top Up TV Anytime, taking advantage of the increase in the popularity of PVRs, now over 100 programs are broadcast overnight and added to the boxs hard disk, so that it may be watched at any time. Channels that joined the service include MTV, Nickelodeon and Hallmark Channel,2005 saw the first areas of the United Kingdom losing their analogue signal in a pilot test. Digital transmissions for this pilot commenced in December 2004, at time a message was added to the analogue picture advising viewers that the analogue services would end in February 2005. The pilot paved the way for full switch-over to digital television signals throughout the United Kingdom by the Governments deadline of 2012, the year 2005 also saw the announcement by Ofcom of the proposed analogue switch off plans for the UK. It is proposed that the switch off will progress on an ITV region by region basis starting in 2008 starting in the Border Television region and these plans were confirmed by the Secretary of State for Culture, Tessa Jowell, on 15 September 2005. See Digital switchover in the United Kingdom, Freeview HD launched in December 2009, from the Crystal Palace and Winter Hill transmitters, to coincide with digital switchover at the latter. Receivers did not, however, appear in the shops until February 2010, BBC HD, ITV HD, BBC One HD and Channel 4 HD are the currently available terrestrial HDTV channels. The broadcast mode is DVB-T2, using MPEG4 encoding, the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 ran terrestrial HDTV trials involving 450 homes in the London area during June-December 2006 on locally unused frequencies. As part of trial, the BBC broadcast BBC HD free to air. The trial homes received an HD-capable set-top box, the services could also be received and played back by a PC equipped with a DVB-T card that is within range using a software H.264 decoder. Digital Cable in the United Kingdom is available through Virgin Media, trials of the UKs first HDTV service began on 2 December 2005

Digital television in the United Kingdom
–
BBC satellite regions

153.
Real Digital
–
Real Digital had planned to launch in Ireland. The service ceased transmitting on 31 March 2012 to undergo essential maintenance work, on 26 April 2013, David Henry informed The Guardian that the service intended to launch in the autumn. As of January 2015, the service has still not launched. Real Digitals main competitors were Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media, Real Digital only offered free-to-air channels which have been available on other platforms for several years. They had intended to pay television packages by spring 2012 which would have included Sky Sports 1 and 2. It was also planned that subscription packages were to be available on a month-by-month basis, additionally, it was proposed that pay-per-view services would be made available. Support for the BBC iPlayer and ITV Player video on demand services had also been announced, the service made use of the same fleet of satellites as Freesat and Sky, Astra 28. 2°E and Eutelsat 28A. Providing the LNB has sufficient outputs, the one dish was able to receive multiple services, for their proposed pay TV offering, Real Digital intended to use a Conax conditional access system. Real Digital offered two kinds of boxes, one with a single tuner and the other with a dual tuner PVR. Before launch, the company had missed many promised launch dates, the service eventually began broadcasting on 1 October 2011. Test boxes were received by reviewers and a number of beta-testers in December 2011. A number of demonstrations to retailers showed the REAL Digital EPG and TV channel lists running. On 31 March 2012 at midnight, the lease of the transponder on Eutelsats Eutelsat 28A satellite ran out, the transponder was subsequently cleared, removing the EPG broadcast stream. Real Digital claim to be undergoing maintenance work, with the signal going offline for approximately 7 days. The move left the Real Digital beta-testers with nothing more than the DVB-S standard now, as of November 2012, the stream has not returned and on 11 April 2012 Real Digital claimed on Facebook that work had halted due to the Easter break. Another Facebook post on 2 May 2012, denied that the service had closed, on 29 May 2012, Real Digital deleted their Facebook page and removed all links to it from their website. As of April 2014, the company is listed as active by Companies House. On 26 April 2013, David Henry informed The Guardian that the service intends to launch in the autumn, the company was founded by former Rapture TV boss David Henry and Information TV boss Fred Perkins. On 11 November 2011, David Henry was disqualified from acting as a director after failing to ensure that one of his former companies paid the appropriate amount of tax

Real Digital
–
Real Digital TV Limited

154.
TalkTalk TV
–
TalkTalk TV is a UK-based consumer television and video on demand service, operated by the TalkTalk Group. In its current form, it was launched on 3 September 2012 in a partnership with YouView and its offering is delivered over a BT phone line, using ADSL or VDSL to provide a triple-play package of IPTV, video on demand, telephony and broadband internet access. There are now 2 options available – Plus TV or Essentials TV, the only difference is the Essentials Box cannot record and only has the capability of pausing and rewinding for up to 30 Minutes, compared to the standard 2 Hours on the Plus Box. The YouView box is a Smart Freeview+HD box which means BBC1 to 4 News and CBBC, humax have a silver 1TB model which can be bought in retail stores and can be used with or without a TalkTalk subscription. Currently both Huawei boxes do not have Wifi built in, and therefore an ethernet cable must be used for internet content and boosts. The service, originally known as Homechoice, was launched in September 2000 in the London area, in 2003, as Homechoice, it expanded its video services to include, via its IPTV platform, the majority of live channels that are available on the Freeview platform. Homechoice was purchased by Tiscali UK in August 2006, and became known as Tiscali TV, on 30 June 2009, a deal for The Carphone Warehouse to purchase all the assets of Tiscali UK for its TalkTalk division was approved by the European Union. As a result of Tiscali UKs acquisition, Tiscali TV was rebranded as TalkTalk TV as of 14 July 2009, TalkTalk TV however struggled to compete against BSkyB, Virgin Media and BTs television services. By the time Tiscali UK was taken over, there were just 50,000 TV subscribers, by the start of 2011, TalkTalk discontinued its existing TV service and removed it from their official site. TalkTalk formally launched its new YouView-based TV service in September 2012, a free YouView box will be provided to TalkTalk Plus customers taking out a fixed term contract and allow access to the content previously available from TalkTalk TV. Content that TalkTalk provides is available from the TalkTalk Player application within the YouView menu, BT, similarly to TalkTalk, offer a TV service together with YouView. Despite being launched in September 2012, TalkTalk did not start to heavily promote its TV service until early 2013, by May 2013, TalkTalk Plus TV became Britains fastest growing TV service. As of 1 September 2014, customers with a second YouView box will not be able to watch Boost channels, the boxes will be describes as Primary and Secondary boxes, where TV boosts are only available on the Primary Box. There is currently no multi-room package, YouView launched a Netflix player for new and existing Netflix customers. This is now on retail boxes and will launch on TalkTalk early 2015, TalkTalk announces the axe of six Discovery network channels from the Entertainment boosts on 30 June 2016. TalkTalk strikes a deal to offer original series and content from Maker Studios, TalkTalk Plus TV is delivered by IPTV signals using a YouView set-top box. These boxes also allow access to terrestrial television signals using an additional aerial to watch Freeview channels. Originally all its channels and content were available on the TalkTalk Player without any EPG channel numbers, on 7 August 2013, the channels became available on the YouView EPG with channel numbering ranging from 401 to 599

TalkTalk TV
–
TalkTalk TV

155.
Top Up TV
–
Top Up TV was a pay TV service in the United Kingdom launched in March 2004, operating on the digital terrestrial television platform. The aim of the service was to Top Up Freeview customers by providing additional content, Top Up TV formerly offered live premium sports channels including ESPN, Sky Sports 1 and Sky Sports 2. Top Up TV could be received by DVB-T DVR set top box with a card slot for Top Up TV. As of July 2013, there were approximately 200,000 subscribers, at the end of 2013, Top Up TV sold their subscriber business to Sky but continued to run conditional access to the Freeview platform which BT uses to broadcast BT Sports 1 and 2. Launched in December 2006 as Top Up TV Anytime, the service offered video on demand content from many channels. In 2009, Top Up TV Anytime was rebranded as TV Favourites, the service was only accessible through a Top Up TV DVB-T DVR set top box. Content was available by pressing the Top Up TV button on the remote whilst watching a TV channel or perusing the EPG, over time, channels like Living and Home were phased out, replaced by programmes from the BBC, Warner Bros. Television and The Walt Disney Company, the channel icons displayed on the Top Up TV EPG changed from being the logo of their respective channel in favour of a uniformed genre list. Movies offered were from the NBCUniversal library, seven films were available at any one time, with titles being refreshed nightly. The service launched in October 2006 and was the first premium add-on available to Top Up TV customers, Top Up TV was the first platform in the world to host the service along with its TV programmes spin-off TV box. British Eurosport – Original live channel and on-demand content, Sports Xtra – On-demand content Setanta Sports 1 – Premium sport channel, closed due to administration and subsequently closed down. Film Turner Classic Movies – Original live channel and on-demand content, kids Toonami Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoon Network Too Nickelodeon Disney Channel ESPN was a premium sport channel offering Premier League football among other sports for a monthly fee. The channel could be accessed through a module, set top box with a slot. It replaced Setanta Sports 1 when its parent company went into administration and was closed, because this channel time-shared with the downloads for the TV Favourites service, it was barred from broadcasting 24 hours a day. Between Setanta Sports 1 closing and ESPN launching, ESPN America filled airtime whilst carriage negotiations were ongoing, the channel is still offered by BT TV under their BT Sport package. Top Up TV had been able to offer Sky Sports 1 &2 and this was possible only via CI+ compatible IDTVs and set-top boxes. Top Up TV offered its services over a range of devices, the Top Up TV Freeview+ DTRs offered all services from Top Up TV. All Top Up TV set-top boxes and CAMs allowed access to ESPN whilst the CI+ CAM and approved set-top boxes allowed viewers to subscribe to Sky Sports, a viewing smartcard is used to unlock customers services

Top Up TV
–
Top Up TV

156.
TVCatchup
–
TVCatchup is an Internet television service for viewing free-to-air UK channels. It operates as a service and retransmits BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5. Users can access the service via desktop browsers as well as smartphone, the service is funded by advertising, with a pre-roll advertisement preceding the live channel stream. The service was launched in 2007 as a personal video recorder in the cloud. On 4 June 2014 TVCatchup Ltd went into administration by order of Londons High Court of Justice, the service remains online, despite winding up and liquidation orders made in May 2015. TVCatchup retransmits free-to-air channels appearing on Freeview and Freesat within the UK, users can view up to 17 channels live via the Internet. It was possible to record TV in 2007, but that functionality was removed in 2008, the company said in 2010 that the facility would be returning to the site. The following channels are available to all United Kingdom television licence holders, in 2010 it was reported that the network had a capacity for 50 GBps. The service can be accessed through desktop browsers with Adobe Flash installed and it can also be viewed on the Windows Media Center functions of Windows Vista and Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005. TVCatchup is accessible on mobile devices through a range of free apps, an iOS app was released on the iTunes Store in 2011 for both iPhone and iPad. The app is compatible with Apple Airplay, meaning it can be viewed on a TV set, the app can be set to receive only via WiFi, to avoid incurring potentially high streaming costs. An Android app was released in September 2012, available from the Google Play store, in December 2012, an app was launched for the Kindle HD Fire tablet. In February 2013, an app was launched for Windows Phone 8, all mobile devices can access the service through their browsers. There is a plug-in available for XBMC and it used to be watchable on a PS3, however as of a firmware update in 2010 this is no longer possible. TVCatchup released an Adobe AIR cross-platform desktop PVR into Beta mode on 8 May 2014 and its features include a full TV guide, pop out player and PVR. In December 2015, TV Catchup announced on their site that they had commenced legal action against G Zero Ltd, an app developer it had originally contracted to provide mobile apps for its service. It is claimed that G Zero used TV Catchups IP to create and launch their own app, ToView is, according to the complaint, a re-brand of the original TV Catchup app. As of February 2016, this action is still pending

TVCatchup
–
TVCatchup website as of 2012

157.
Virgin TV
–
Virgin TV is a digital and analogue cable television service in the UK, owned by Liberty Global. Its origins date from NTL and Telewest, two of the largest cable operators in the country which merged on 6 March 2007, all services were rebranded under the Virgin name in February 2007. Virgin TV is the largest cable provider in the country. Virgin TV ranks as the UKs second largest pay TV service, in 2007, it had 3. 6m subscribers, compared to BSkyBs 8. 2m on Sky, as of Q32007. Virgins digital cable television currently uses the Nagravision 3 conditional access system and it is unclear what will happen to this legacy network. As part of the Next Generation Television network, the infrastructure was consolidated into a super headend at Langley in 2010. In May 2008, Virgin Media began their long term region-by-region analogue television service switch off project, beginning with Coventry, analogue subscribers in areas where digital cable services are already available will be offered transfers to new packages. The firm signalled that it wants to use the capacity to provide broadband internet. On 11 September 2009, Cisco Systems announced a deal to support Virgin Medias Internet Protocol TV distribution platform, Virgin Media deployed Cisco Digital Video Headend technology in all of its regional and central headends, across its national fibre optic network. The TV platform will be capable of delivering advanced services to more than 12.6 million UK homes, a Virgin Media spokesman later clarified that the plan isnt quite announcing the launch of IPTV services. The agreement with Cisco is to enhance our existing TV platform. On 24 November 2009, Virgin Media entered into a partnership with TiVo. Under the mutually exclusive agreement, TiVo developed a television and broadband interactive interface to power Virgin Medias next generation. The terms of the deal were not disclosed, TiVo became the exclusive provider of middleware and user interface software for Virgin Medias next generation set top boxes. Virgin Media became the distributor of TiVo services and technology in the United Kingdom. Virgin Media will pay TiVo monthly fees, which commenced upon delivery of its first set-top box, the agreement has a multi-year term with additional limited renewal rights granted to Virgin. Virgin Media will promote the product and has rights to use the TiVo brand. As part of the agreement, Virgin Media and TiVo entered into a covenant not to assert with regards to each partys intellectual property

Virgin TV
–
Virgin TV

158.
FilmFlex
–
FilmFlex, is an on-demand movie rental services provider, claiming to be largest outside of the US. It is a joint venture between Sony Pictures Television and The Walt Disney Company, Virgin Movies makes up part of Virgin Medias On Demand video on demand system. Virgin Movies has been available on Virgin since January 2005 and saw over 11 million films watched on demand in 2009, on 13 September 2012, the FilmFlex service was rebranded as Virgin Movies on the cable platform. Virgin Movies provides over 500 movies some of which are available in HD, viewers can search for a movie by title, genre, cast or director. Once a movie has been ordered it can be viewed any time within the next 24 hours before it has to be paid for again, the movie can also be viewed as many times as the viewer likes within the 24 hours for no additional cost. Once viewers are watching a movie they have control over it by the use of pause, rewind and fast forward functions. All genres of movies are available ranging from Hollywood blockbusters to action, adventure, horror, comedy, romance, on 26 April 2010, Virgin Media announced the launch of its first online movies service, Virgin Media Online Movies. All rentals will offer unlimited streamed views for 48 hours so viewers can pause, rewind and watch again, Virgin Media Online Movies is powered by FilmFlex, the service is delivered over the web using Microsoft Silverlight and will initially present movies in standard definition. A HD version of the service was tested, although as of 2012 has not been made available, from 30 March 2007 Virgin Media ran a movies promotion called the Penny Movies Festival. The promotion was run five weeks and each week focused on a different genre. Week one, blockbusters, week two, family favourites, week three, cult classics, week four, comedy, week five, action adventure, channel 4 partnered with FilmFlex to launch an online video on-demand service for Film4. Film4oD, which launched on 1 November 2010, has more than 500 films available for 48-hour rental online. In November 2011, HMV Group partnered with FilmFlex to launch the online video on-demand service HMVon-demand, the online service offers content available on a rental basis for consumers to stream or download to view offline, with other models planned including download-to-own and cloud-based locker services. HMV initially promoted the service with a soft launch through its hmv. com store, on 30 October 2011, FilmFlex launched the EE Film store together with EE, to coincide with the launch of its 4G service. Official website Virgin Movies website Film4oD website EE Film website Filmflex Ratings Currently available movies listed by ratings according to Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic etc

FilmFlex
–
The FilmFlex logo

159.
BBC Pacific Quay
–
BBC Pacific Quay is BBC Scotlands television and radio studio complex at Pacific Quay, Glasgow, Scotland. Opened by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown in August 2007, the studios are home to BBC Scotlands television, radio and online services and the headquarters of the BBC in Scotland. The studios are located adjacent to the Glasgow Science Centre, across the river from the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, the new building is one of the most modern digital broadcasting facilities in the world, complete with the BBCs first HD-capable newsroom. There are three television studios based at BBC Pacific Quay. Studio A is the largest television studio at the complex with 8,417 sq ft of floor space. It can easily accommodate studio audiences of up to 320, Studio B is the small to medium-sized studio with 2,594 sq ft of studio floor space. Small studio audiences of up to 100 can be accommodated in Studio B, Studio C is the smallest studio and is the home to BBC Scotlands flagship news programme Reporting Scotland. The studio has 1,938 sq ft of floor space. This studio is used for news, politics and current affairs programming for BBC Scotland and is therefore not usually available for use by other productions. The studio also houses 6 radio studios used for BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio nan Gàidheal, the £72m project on the River Clyde in Glasgow was designed by David Chipperfield Architects but Keppie Architects took control in late 2004

160.
Gas Street Studios
–
Gas Street Studios is a studio complex operated by ITV plc in Birmingham, England. The complex is only used by ITV Central for the broadcast of ITV News Central. The complex had also previously used for other broadcasts including the former home of CITV. Today only 45 ITV Central staff work at the Gas Street Studios, significantly less than in June 1997 when the studios opened, the new centre was completed in 1997, when Central Wests regional news department moved from its Broad Street base. A tribute to the Broad Street studios was broadcast on Central News West, the building was originally designed to have the Central Cake logo on the outside, however the first branding used was the later Carlton-style logo which had replaced it in 1998. This was itself replaced with the Carlton name from 1999 until 2004, when Carlton merged with Granada, it featured ITV Central branding which was updated in 2006 when the new ITV logo came into use. The complex was used for the continuity links for CITV until this was moved to Granada Studios in Manchester in September 2004. Centrals transmission was also handled here until October 2004, when ITV plc closed the department, all networked programming for the ITV network from Gas Street ceased in 2005 leaving only the Central Tonight production from the studios. Central News East was moved to the studios on 5 February 2005 following the closure of Carlton Studios in Nottingham, the East Midlands version of Central News was then presented from Studio E at Gas street until 23 February 2009 when the both regions started using the same programme. The only programme currently broadcast from the studios is ITV Central news programme ITV News Central, the national ITV plc feedback service is also based at the complex. ITV have since sold the Gas Street office building to Cube Real Estate, a commercial property developer. While Central maintains office space and a ground floor studio. The property is marketed as 22 Gas Street