On August 1 of this year the 1929 Palestine riots broke out between Palestinians and Jews over control of the Western Wall. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,[1] continued until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed.[2][3] Two of the more famous incidents occurring during these riots were the August 23–24 1929 Hebron massacre, in which almost 70 Jews were killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to stay at Hebron. The Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians. Jews would not return to Hebron until after the Six-Day War in 1967.[4] The other major clash was the 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18–20 Jews were killed by Palestinians in Safed in similar fashion.[5] Elsewhere in the Middle East, Iraq took a big step toward gaining independence from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I and the beginning of the British Mandate in the Middle East, consistently resisted British hegemony. In September, Great Britain announced it would support Iraq's inclusion in the League of Nations, signaling the beginning of the end of their direct control of the region.[6]

Early in 1929 the Afghan leader King Amanullah lost power through revolution and civil war to Habibullāh Kalakāni. Habibullāh's rule, however, only lasted nine months. Nadir Shah replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.[7] In India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British.[8] On December 29, the All India Congress in Lahore declared Indian independence from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India dominion status.[9] China and Russia engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of Hailar and Manchouli after issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated. The Chinese agreed to the terms on November 26. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control of Manchuria.[10] The Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to economic problems.[11] In the Pacific, on December 28 – "Black Saturday" in Samoa – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa.[12]

In 1929, the Fascist Party in Italy tightened its control. National education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.[13] In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.[13]

On February 11, Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state.[14] On July 25, Pope Pius XI emerged from the Vatican and entered St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.[15] Italy used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.[16] Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the Weimar Republic until foreign investors withdrew their German interests. This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.[17] In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million.[18] On July 27, the Geneva Convention, held in Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems encountered during World War I.[19]

On May 31, the British general election returned a hung parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would have power. These elections were known as the "Flapper" elections due to the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could vote.[20] A week after the vote, on June 7 the Conservatives conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals. Ramsay MacDonald founded a new Labour government the next day.[21]

1929 is regarded as a turning point by French historians, who point out that it was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great Depression. The Third Republic had been in power since before World War I. On July 24, French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by Aristide Briand. Briand adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, went into effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in 1928 by most leading world powers).[22] The French began work on the Maginot Line in this year, as a defense against a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the United States of Europe.[23] On October 22, Briand was replaced as Prime Minister by André Tardieu.[24]Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.[25]

In May, Joseph Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union by sending Leon Trotsky into exile. The only country that would grant Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey's civil war. He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.[26] Stalin turned on his former political ally, Nikolai Bukharin, who was the last real threat to his power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. [clarification needed] Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin's New Economic Policy into opposition.[27] In November, Stalin declared that it "The Year of the Great Breakthrough" and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as on collectivizing the grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only in agriculture, but in industry.[28] Millions of Soviet farmers were removed from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing kulaks as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.[29]

The timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression, as well as the Soviet Union's entrance into the market. Financial and political problems culminated in the birth of the fascist Lapua Movement on November 23 in a demonstration in Lapua. The movement's stated aim was Finnish democracy and anti-communism.[30] The Finnish legislature received heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.[31] Politics in Lithuania was heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived an assassination attempt in Kaunas.[32] Later, while attending a meeting of the League of Nations, he was ousted in a coup by President Smetona, who made himself dictator. Upon Voldemaras' removal from office, Geležinis Vilkas went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities from Germany.[32] Yugoslavia was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" as King Alexander sought to unite the Balkans under his rule.[33] The state's new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated by Serbs.[34]

The Mexican Cristero War continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed. Plutarco Calles, at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and more religious control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz Rubio. By this time, the war had ended.[37] The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US Ambassador Dwight Morrow initiated talks between parties. On June 21 an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On June 27, church bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. The agreement heavily favored the government, as priests were required to register with the government and religion was banned from schools.[38]

The year saw several advances in technology and exploration. On June 27 the first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington. The BBC broadcast a television transmission for the first time. By November, Vladimir Zworykin had taken out the first patent for color television. On November 29, Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, became the first to fly over the South Pole. Within the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint Antarctic Research Expedition, and the German airship Graf Zeppelin began a round-the-world flight (ended August 29). This year Ernst Schwarz describes Bonobo (Pan paniscus) as a different species from common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), both closely related phylogenetically to human beings.

October 24–29 – Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).

November 7 – In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) opens to the public. The first exhibition 'Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat' (Nov 7 – Dec 7) was seen by 47.000 visitors, curator is Alfred H. Barr.

1.
2nd millennium
–
The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium

2.
19th century
–
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina

3.
20th century
–
The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States

4.
21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported

5.
1900s (decade)
–
The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci

6.
1910s
–
The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires

7.
1920s
–
The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War

8.
1930s
–
The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

9.
1940s
–
The 1940s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1940, and ended on December 31,1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had an effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia. The decade also witnessed the beginnings of new technologies, often first developed in tandem with the war effort. World War II Nazi Germany invades Poland, Denmark, Norway, Benelux, Soviet Union invades Poland, Finland, occupies Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Romanian region of Bessarabia from 1939 to 1941. Germany faces the United Kingdom in the Battle of Britain and it was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign up until that date. The United States enter World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941 and it would face the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War. Germany and Japan suffer defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, the forces of the Western Allies land on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France. Yalta Conference, wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, by this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people. The German Instrument of Surrender signed, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Surrender of Japan on August 15. World War II officially ends on September 2,1945, Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War – The war was fought between the newly declared State of Israel and its Arab neighbours. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine in mid-May 1948, in its conclusion, Israel managed to defeat the Arab armies. Establishment of the United Nations Charter effective, establishment of the defence alliance NATO April 4,1949. 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, Victory of Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. Beginning of Greek Civil War, which extends from 1946 to 1949,1944 – Iceland declares independence from Denmark. 1945 – Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands,1946 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon dissolves to the independent states of Syria and Lebanon. The French settlers are forced to evacuate the French colony in Syria,1947 – The Partition of the Presidencies and provinces of British India into a secular Union of India and a predominantly Muslim Dominion of Pakistan. 1948 – British rule in Burma ends, the State of Israel is established. 1949 – The Peoples Republic of China is officially proclaimed, the Atanasoff-Berry computer is now considered one of the first electronic digital computing device built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937–1942

10.
1926
–
January 1 Flooding of the Rhine River struck Cologne,50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes. Irelands first regular service, 2RN, began broadcasting. January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declared himself dictator in Greece, January 6 – The airline Deutsche Luft Hansa was founded in Berlin. January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud was crowned King of Hejaz and it was a precursor to Gosden and Corrells more popular later program, Amos n Andy. January 16 – A BBC comic radio play broadcast by Ronald Knox about a revolution caused a panic in London. January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepted the Locarno Treaties, January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television system for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times at his London laboratory. January 29 – Eugene ONeills The Great God Brown opened at the Greenwich Theatre, January 31 – British and Belgian troops left Cologne. February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch, february 8 – Seán OCaseys The Plough and the Stars opened at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. February 9 – Flooding hit London suburbs, february 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, appointed the Committee on Evil Literature. February 20 – The Berlin International Green Week debuted in Berlin, february 25 – Francisco Franco became General of Spain. March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire, march 6 – The first commercial air route to South Africa is established by Alan Cobham. March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, march 23 – Éamon de Valera organises Fianna Fáil in Ireland. April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos won the election with 93. 3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered a foregone conclusion, april 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails. April 12 – By a vote of 45–41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, april 17 – Zhang Zuolins army captured Beijing. April 24 – Treaty of Berlin, Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a party for the next five years. April 25 – Rezā Khan was crowned Shah of Iran under the name Pahlevi, april 30 – African-American pilot Bessie Coleman was killed after falling 500 feet from an airplane. May 3 – Coal miners were locked out in Britain, may 4 – The United Kingdom general strike began at midnight in support of the coal strike

11.
1927
–
January 1 – The Cristero War erupts in Mexico when Catholic rebels attack the government, which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. January 7 – The first transatlantic telephone call is made via radio from New York City to London, january 7 – The Harlem Globetrotters play their first ever road game in Hinckley, Illinois. January 9 – A military rebellion is crushed in Lisbon, Portugal, january 15 – Teddy Wakelam gives the first sports commentary on BBC Radio. January 19 – Great Britain sends troops to China to protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in Central China, january 24 – U. S. marines invade Nicaragua by orders of President Calvin Coolidge, intervening in the Nicaraguan Civil War and remaining in the country until 1933. January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republikanischer Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Austria, february – Werner Heisenberg formulates his famous uncertainty principle while employed as a lecturer at Niels Bohrs Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. February 12 – The first British troops land in Shanghai, february 14 – An earthquake in Yugoslavia kills 100. February 19 A general strike in Shanghai protests the presence of British troops, in the United States, the silent romantic comedy film It starring Clara Bow, is released, popularising the concept of the It girl. February 23 – The U. S. Federal Radio Commission begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies, March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims. March 7 – The 7.0 Mw Kita Tango earthquake kills at least 2,925 in the Toyooka and Mineyama areas, western Honshu, March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack by Yugoslavia. March 11 In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel, the first armored car robbery is committed by the Flatheads Gang near Pittsburgh. March 13 – Fritz Langs culturally influential film Metropolis premieres in Germany. S, Navy and the British Royal Navy fire shells and shot to disperse the crowds. April 1 – The U. S. Bureau of Prohibition is founded, April 5 – In Britain, the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 forbids strikes of support. April 7 – Bell Telephone Co. transmits an image of Herbert Hoover, April 12 The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no part of the Kingdom. Kuomintang troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai, the incident is called the April 12 Incident, or the Shanghai Massacre. The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the Civil War lasting until 1949 begins, April 14 – The first Volvo automobile rolled off the production line in Gothenburg, Sweden. April 18 – The Kuomintang set up a government in Nanking, April 21 – A banking crisis hits Japan. April 22–May 5 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in American history through that time, April 27 The Carabineros de Chile are created

12.
1928
–
January – English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffiths experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. January 1 Estonia changes its currency from the mark to the kroon, abolition of domestic slavery in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone comes into effect. Eastern Bloc emigration and defection, Boris Bazhanov, Joseph Stalins personal secretary, January 6–7 – The River Thames floods in London,14 drown. On January 7 the moat at the Tower of London is completely refilled by the river, January 12 – Convicted American murderer Ruth Snyder is executed at Sing Sing. January 17 – The OGPU arrests Leon Trotsky in Moscow, he assumes a status of passive resistance, January 26 – The volcanic island Anak Krakatau appears. January 31 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Alma-Ata, february 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York. February 11–19 – The 1928 Winter Olympics are held in St. Moritz, Switzerland, sonja Henie of Norway wins her first gold medal in womens figure skating. February 12 – Heavy hail kills 11 in Britain, february 20 – The Japanese general election produces a hung parliament. February 25 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D. C. becomes the first holder of a license from the Federal Radio Commission. March 12 – In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails, March 15 March 15 incident, The Japanese government cracks down on socialists and communists. Chinese warlord Shi Yousan sets fire to the Shaolin Monastery in Henan, destroying some of its ancient structures, March 21 – Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for his first Transatlantic flight. March 26 – The China Academy of Art is founded in Hangzhou, april 10 – Pineapple Primary, The United States Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts. April 12 – A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders, april 12–14 – The first ever east–west transatlantic flight by aeroplane takes place from Dublin, Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada, using German Junkers W33 Bremen. April 14 – Two earthquakes in Chirpan and Plovdiv in Bulgaria destroy more than 21,000 buildings, april 19 – The last section of the original Oxford English Dictionary is completed and published. April 22 – An Ms 6.0 earthquake affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, leaving 20 dead, a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. April 28 –28 inches of snow fall in southern-central Pennsylvania, may 3 – Jinan incident, An armed conflict between the Imperial Japanese Army allied with Northern Chinese warlords against the Kuomintangs southern army, occurs in Jinan, China. May 7 – Passage of the Representation of the People Act in the United Kingdom lowers the age for women from 30 to 21 giving them equal suffrage with men from July 2. May 10 – The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, may 15 The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia commences operations

13.
1930
–
January 6 The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed by Clessie Cummins, founder of the Cummins Motor Co. An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. January 13 – The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance. January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee and this is the closest moon distance at 356,397 km in recent memory and the next one will be on January 1,2257 at 356,371 km. January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares this date as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj, January 28 – The first patent for a field-effect transistor is granted in the United States to Julius Edgar Lilienfeld. January 30 – Pavel Molchanov launches a radiosonde from Pavlovsk in the Soviet Union, January 31 – The 3M company markets Scotch Tape, invented by Richard Gurley Drew, in the United States. February 2 – The Communist Party of Vietnam is established, february 10 – The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng launch the Yên Bái mutiny in the hope of ending French colonial rule in Vietnam. February 18 While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirms the existence of Pluto, elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft, and also the first cow to be milked in an aeroplane. March 2 – Mahatma Gandhi informs the British viceroy of India that civil disobedience will begin the following week, March 5 – Danish painter Einar Wegener begins sex reassignment surgery in Germany and takes the name Lili Elbe. The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye go on sale in Springfield, March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. March 29 – Heinrich Brüning is appointed Chancellor of Germany, March 31 – The Motion Picture Production Code is instituted in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in films for the next 40 years. April 4 – The Communist Party of Panama is founded, April 5 – In an act of civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi breaks the Salt laws of British India by making salt by the sea at the end of the Salt March. April 6 International Left Opposition is founded in Paris, France, April 17 – Neoprene is invented by DuPont. April 18 The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the Chittagong armoury raid, BBC Radio from London reports on this day that There is no news. April 19 – Warner Bros. in the United States release their first cartoon series called Looney Tunes which runs until 1969, April 21 A fire in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus kills 320 people. April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty to regulate submarine warfare, April 28 – The first night game in organized baseball history takes place in Independence, Kansas. May 5 – Mahatma Gandhi is re-arrested, may 6 – The 7.1 Mw Salmas earthquake shakes northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X. Up to three-thousand people were killed, may 10 – The National Pan-Hellenic Council is founded in Washington, D. C. May 15 – Nurse Ellen Church becomes the worlds first flight attendant, may 16 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic

14.
1931
–
January – The National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act is formed to work for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, january 3 – Albert Einstein begins doing research at the California Institute of Technology, along with astronomer Edwin Hubble. January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa, january 6 – Thomas Edison submits his last patent application. January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia, january 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India. January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France, january 30 – Release of the movie City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin. February 3 – Hawkes Bay earthquake, Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier, february 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars while weak nations are beaten. Stalin states, We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries and we must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us, intensification of the First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin, february 11 – National Socialist and German National Peoples Party members walk out of the German Reichstag in protest against changes in the parliaments protocol intended to limit heckling. February 12 – Vatican Radio first broadcasts, february 14 – The original film version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States. February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland, february 20 – California gets the go-ahead by the United States Congress to build the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima, march 1 – The USS Arizona is placed back in full commission after a refit. March 1 – Sir Oswald Mosley founds the New Party as a breakaway from the Labour Party in the United Kingdom, march 3 – The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the United States National anthem. March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, march 7 – The new House of Representatives opens in Helsinki, Finland. March 11 – The Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR programme, march 17 – Nevada legalizes gambling. March 19 – Westminster St Georges by-election in the U. K. results in the victory of the Conservative candidate Duff Cooper, march 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj. March 25 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape, march 27 – English writer Arnold Bennett dies of typhoid in London shortly after returning from a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe. March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people, april 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi province

15.
1932
–
January 1 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washingtons birth. January 3 – The British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel, January 7 – The Stimson Doctrine is proclaimed, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. January 8 – In Great Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids Anglican church remarriage of divorced persons, January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident, Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort to assassinate Hirohito Emperor of Japan. The Kuomintangs official newspaper runs an editorial expressing regret that the attempt failed, January 12 – Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States Senate. January 14 – Maurice Ravels Concerto in G debuts with piano soloist Marguerite Long, January 15 – About 6 million are unemployed in Germany. January 26 – The British submarine M2 sinks with all 60 hands, January 28 – Conflict between Japan and China in the Battle of Shanghai. January 29 – The minority government of Karl Buresch in Austria ends the governmental crisis, January 31 – Japanese warships arrive in Nanking. February 1 – Brave New World, a novel by Aldous Huxley, is first published, february 2 A general World Disarmament Conference begins in Geneva. The principal issue at the conference is the demand made by Germany for gleichberechtigung, the League of Nations again recommends negotiations between the Republic of China and Japan. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation begins operations in Washington, D. C, february 4 The 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York. February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City, february 18 – Japan declares Manchukuo formally independent from China. February 22 – The first Purple Heart is awarded, february 24 – Womens suffrage is granted in Brazil. February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 election for Reichspräsident, february 27 – The Mäntsälä rebellion occurs in Finland. March 1 Charles Lindbergh, Jr. the infant son of Anne Morrow Lindbergh and Charles Lindbergh, is kidnapped from the home near Hopewell. Japan proclaims Manchuria an independent state and installs Puyi as puppet emperor, march 2 – The Mäntsälä rebellion ends in failure, Finnish democracy prevails. The Lapua Movement is condemned by conservative Finnish President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud in a radio speech, march 5 – Dan Takuma, prominent Japanese businessman and director of the Mitsui Zaibatsu conglomerate is assassinated by the radical right-wing League of Blood group. March 7 – Four people are killed when police fire upon 3,000 unemployed autoworkers marching outside the Ford River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, march 9 – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. It is the first change of government in the Irish Free State since its foundation 10 years previously, march 14 – George Eastman, founder of Kodak, commits suicide

16.
1929 in architecture
–
The year 1929 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 7 – Ceremony to lay the foundation stone for the new Palace of Nations in Geneva, november 18 – Ceremony to break the ground for the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India, designed by Henry Vaughan Lanchester. Plan of White City in Mandatory Palestine by Patrick Geddes agreed, april - Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, Brooklyn, New York city, designed by Halsey, McCormack and Helmer. July 23 - Landakotskirkja, Reykjavik, Iceland, october 3 - Dominion Theatre, London, England, designed by W. and T. R. Milburn. December 1 - Underground Electric Railways Company of London headquarters,55 Broadway, the Barcelona Pavilion, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Royal York Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, it becomes the tallest building in the British Empire, Church of Our Lady & St Alphege, Bath, England, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. Lovell House in Los Angeles, designed by Richard Neutra, e-1027 vacation home at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France, designed for themselves by Eileen Gray and her lover Jean Badovici. Nobel House, the headquarters of ICI, on Millbank, Westminster, London, paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma, richfield Tower in Los Angeles, designed by Stiles O. Clements. Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam, Netherlands, plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, Spain, designed by José Espeliú

17.
1929 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B

19.
1929 in rail transport
–
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1929. First of an eventual 863 Great Western Railway 5700 Class 0-6-0 pannier tank locomotives to C. B. Colletts design completed at its Swindon Works, England, january 1 – Paul Shoup takes over the presidency of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad. January 12 – Great Northern Railway opens replacement Cascade Tunnel, at 7.8 mi the longest through tunnel in North America, march 1 – Sixty-nine railroads buy the American Railway Express Company and rename it Railway Express Agency. March 20 – Yaga Station in 5-chōme, Yaga, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, april 10 – The Randsfjord Line and Sørland Line in Norway take electric traction into use between Drammen and Kongsberg. May – Charles E. Denney succeeds John J. Bernet as president of the Erie Railroad, june 29 – The last scheduled train runs on the Maine narrow gauge Kennebec Central Railroad. July 7 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, trip time is cut from 100 to 80 hours. August 6 – The Ghan begins operation in Australia under its current name, october 1 – Tobu Nikko Line, Sugito via Tochigi to Tobu Nikko route officially completed in Japan, as a same time, Asakusa of Tokyo to Tobu Nikko route direct express train service start. November 1 – The Southern Railway celebrates the 21st birthday of the Southern Belle passenger train with ceremonies at each end of the route between London and Brighton. The last Willamette locomotive is built for Neils Lumber Company of Klickitat, december 1 – Underground Electric Railways Company of London officially opens its notable new headquarters building at 55 Broadway, above St. Jamess Park tube station, designed by Charles Holden. December 10 – Ottawa Electric Railway discontinues streetcar service between Carling Avenue and the Experimental Farm, december 11 – Nanbu Railway Line, as predecessor for Nanbu Line, Tachikawa to Kawasaki route officially completed in Japan. Henry deForest assumes the position of Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Southern Pacific Company, ALCO purchases McIntosh and Seymour Diesel Engine Company for further manufacturing of diesel engines that will be installed in subsequent ALCO locomotives. London & North Eastern Railway adopts Eric Gills Gill Sans typeface for its publicity material, march 9 – Roger Tallon, French industrial designer. August 23 – Richard Steinheimer, American railroad photographer, is born, september – Ding Guangen, Minister of Railways for China 1985-1988. Significant dates in Canadian railway history

20.
1929 in Australia
–
See also,1928 in Australia, other events of 1929,1930 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The subsequent torrent floods the town of Derby, killing fourteen people,3 June – Fremantle, Western Australia is proclaimed a city. 12 October – A federal election is held, james Scullin leads the Australian Labor Party to victory over the incumbent government of Stanley Bruce. Bruce becomes the first Prime Minister to lose his seat in an election,30 November – A state election is held in Victoria. 12 December – Premier of Victoria William Murray McPherson refuses to resign after the election and he retires, with Edmond Hogan assuming the premiership. 16 December – Rothbury Riot in which police shoot at locked out miners,18 January – Sir John Longstaff wins the 1928 Archibald Prize for his portrait of Alexander Leeper. 3 January – Don Bradman makes 112 for Australia v England in the third Test match at Melbourne,5 November – Nightmarch wins the Melbourne Cup. The Australia national rugby team embarked on the 1929–30 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain. New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield England defeats Australia 4-1 in The Ashes series South Sydney win the 1929 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership, collingwood football club win their third consecutive AFL Priemiership flag, after an undefeated home and away season

21.
1929 in Canada
–
Events from the year 1929 in Canada. March 22 - The Canadian schooner and rum-runner Im Alone was sunk by the US Coast Guard, april 4 - Henry George Carroll becomes Quebecs 16th Lieutenant Governor. June 6 -1929 Saskatchewan election, James Garfield Gardiners Liberals win a plurality, andersons Conservatives, will form a coalition against Gardiner, forcing him to resign as premier May 29 - A series of explosions rip through Ottawas sewer system. January 6 - Reginas Darke Hall auditorium opened, wop May and Vic Horner brave poor visibility and −30 °C temperatures in an open cockpit to rush diphtheria anti-toxin to Fort Vermilion. Frozen fish fillets are introduced by the Biological Board of Canada developed by Archibald Huntsman, september 12 - The first legal forward pass in Canadian football is completed. Newman, journalist May 12 - Dollard St. Lawson, trade unionist, politician and Senator November 2 - Richard E

2nd millennium
–
The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-

19th century
–
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industri

2.
Arab slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th century

3.
The Industrial Revolution forever modified the economy worldwide.

4.
Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.

20th century
–
The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s

1.
The Earth as seen from Apollo 17. The second half of the 20th century saw humankind's first space exploration.

2.
Ukraine, early days of the 1941 Nazi invasion. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people between 1941 and 1945, almost half of all World War II deaths.

21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of

1.
Shanghai becomes a symbol of the recent economic boom of China.

2.
Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit.

3.
September 11 attacks

4.
Various scenes from the 2005 civil unrest in France. The riots renewed debate over France's failure to integrate millions of immigrants.

1900s (decade)
–
The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an exam

2.
A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back, with Queen Victoria (British Empire), Wilhelm II (German Empire), Nicholas II (Imperial Russia), Marianne (French Third Republic), and a samurai (Empire of Japan) stabbing into a king cake with Chine ("China" in French) written on it. A portrayal of New Imperialism and its effects on China.

3.
Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in United States history

4.
A sketch of Leon Czolgosz shooting U.S. President William McKinley.

1910s
–
The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared o

1.
Leonid Perfetsky picture showing a conflict between the soldiers of Ukrainian Galician Army and Volunteer Army in the streets of Kiev during their joint operation against the Bolsheviks, under the command of General Denikin, Aug 1919.

3.
Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin and Kamenev at the Second Party Congress of the Communist Party of Russia in 1919.

4.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

1920s
–
The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period

1.
Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol.

2.
Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922.

3.
This Cruzcampo Beer Truck was photographed in the 1920s in Spain (left side of the photograph).

4.
Crowd gathering after the Wall Street Crash of 1929

1930s
–
The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Col

1.
The Colombian Army countering a Peruvian attack during the Colombia–Peru War

3.
Japanese naval landing forces blasting Chinese pillbox and marching during the Canton Operation in 1938.

4.
German dictator Adolf Hitler (right) and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (left) pursue agendas of territorial expansion for their countries in the 1930s, eventually leading to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

1940s
–
The 1940s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1940, and ended on December 31,1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had an effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia. The decade also witnessed the beginnings of new technologies, often first developed in tandem with the war ef

1.
Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle ever fought, June 1943

3.
Crowds celebrating V-J Day in Times Square, New York City, August 1945

4.
David Ben-Gurion proclaiming Israeli independence from the United Kingdom on May 14, 1948

1926
–
January 1 Flooding of the Rhine River struck Cologne,50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes. Irelands first regular service, 2RN, began broadcasting. January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declared himself dictator in Greece, January 6 – The airline Deutsche Luft Hansa was founded in Berlin. January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud was crowned King of Hejaz and

1.
March 16: Goddard with rocket in 1926.

2.
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

3.
Hugh Hefner

4.
Elizabeth II

1927
–
January 1 – The Cristero War erupts in Mexico when Catholic rebels attack the government, which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. January 7 – The first transatlantic telephone call is made via radio from New York City to London, january 7 – The Harlem Globetrotters play their first ever road game in Hinckley, Illinois. January 9

1.
May 20: Solo flight New York to Paris

2.
Pope Benedict XVI

3.
Gabriel García Márquez (2002)

4.
Jerry Stiller

1928
–
January – English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffiths experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. January 1 Estonia changes its currency from the mark to the kroon, abolition of domestic slavery in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone comes into effect. Eastern Bloc emigration and defection, Boris Bazhano

1.
A 1928 Ford Model A

2.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

3.
Walter Mondale

4.
Jeanne Moreau

1930
–
January 6 The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed by Clessie Cummins, founder of the Cummins Motor Co. An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. January 13 – The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance. January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Ear

1.
Gene Hackman

2.
Robert Wagner

3.
Joanne Woodward

4.
Steve McQueen

1931
–
January – The National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act is formed to work for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, january 3 – Albert Einstein begins doing research at the California Institute of Technology, along with astronomer Edwin Hubble. January 4

1.
February 10: New Delhi becomes India's capital

2.
February 21: Ford Trimotor hijacked

3.
May 1: Empire State Building is completed.

4.
September 18: The Mukden Incident: Incident Museum in Shenyang

1932
–
January 1 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washingtons birth. January 3 – The British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel, January 7 – The Stimson Doctrine is proclaimed, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. January 8 – In Great Brita

1.
The Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving Enigma with plugboard, the main German cipher device during World War II.

2.
Umberto Eco

3.
Edward Kennedy

4.
Johnny Cash

1929 in architecture
–
The year 1929 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 7 – Ceremony to lay the foundation stone for the new Palace of Nations in Geneva, november 18 – Ceremony to break the ground for the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India, designed by Henry Vaughan Lanchester. Plan of White City in Mandatory Pa

1.
Van Nelle Factory, Rotterdam

2.
Paimio Sanatorium interior

1929 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber pu

1.
1st ed.

1929 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1929. January 1 – Pianist and composer Abram Chasins makes his debut playing his own piano concerto with the Philadelphia Orchestra. January 11 – Karol Szymanowskis Stabat Mater is premiered, may 17 – Sergei Prokofievs Symphony No.3 is premiered in Paris. May 21 Season opening of

1.
Igor Stravinsky conducting in 1929

1929 in rail transport
–
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1929. First of an eventual 863 Great Western Railway 5700 Class 0-6-0 pannier tank locomotives to C. B. Colletts design completed at its Swindon Works, England, january 1 – Paul Shoup takes over the presidency of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific

1.
Early GWR 5700 Class locomotive

2.
London Underground headquarters

1929 in Australia
–
See also,1928 in Australia, other events of 1929,1930 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The subsequent torrent floods the town of Derby, killing fourteen people,3 June – Fremantle, Western Australia is proclaimed a city. 12 October – A federal election is held, james Scullin leads the Australian Labor Party to victory over the in

1929 in Canada
–
Events from the year 1929 in Canada. March 22 - The Canadian schooner and rum-runner Im Alone was sunk by the US Coast Guard, april 4 - Henry George Carroll becomes Quebecs 16th Lieutenant Governor. June 6 -1929 Saskatchewan election, James Garfield Gardiners Liberals win a plurality, andersons Conservatives, will form a coalition against Gardiner,

1.
Differences shown between the two different versions of the Bengali calendar (for Asharh month of the year 1419). On the top is the "Traditional unrevised version" followed in West Bengal and below it is the "New revised version" followed in Bangladesh.

2.
A page from a Tunisian calendar, showing the correspondence of 1 Yennayer ʿajmi (in red on bottom) with the 14 January of the Gregorian calendar. The writing on the bottom signals that it is ʿajmi New Year's Day and that al-lyali al-sud ("the black nights") are beginning.

3.
Iḍ n innayr

4.
Photo taken on 31 December 2007 near Tafraout (Morocco), with the writings aseggas ameggaz ("good year") in Tifinagh and bonne année 2959 ("good year 2959") in French. Note the 1-year mistake, as 2959 corresponds to the Gregorian year 2009.

1.
Mexican government forces publicly hanged Cristeros on main thoroughfares throughout Mexico, including in the Pacific states of Colima and Jalisco, where bodies would often remain hanging for extended lengths of time.

2.
Peaceful protesters standing against President Plutarco Calles' law forbidding public religious practices.

3.
A vintage photo of officers and family members from the Cristeros Castañon fighting regiment.

2.
The routing of the main line of the Chinese Eastern Railway (Manzhouli to Harbin to Suifenhe), and its southern branch (Harbin to Dalian). After 1905, most of the southern branch (from Changchun to Dalian) became the Japan-run South Manchuria Railway

3.
Cossacks guard the CER bridge over the Sungari River in Harbin during the Russo-Japanese War (1905)

4.
The Lüshun train station, built during the period of Russian control

2.
Prior to the revolution of 1917, Stalin played an active role in fighting the Russian government. Here he is shown on a 1911 information card from the files of the Russian police in Saint Petersburg.

3.
A group of participants in the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party, 1919. In the middle are Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, and Mikhail Kalinin.