* Uniprot accession number '''Q9NZK5''' - Check this! Also you may want to verify [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?type=rs&rs=2231495 rs2231495] for hints about the relevance of auxotrophic genes (alternative splicing) in the phylogenetical evolution of CES.

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** See also the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/224183182?report=fasta primary reference] (FASTA) for the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_011519.10 GRCh37.p10] assembly (genome).

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** The latest <font color="red">genome reference</font> for the GRCh37.p11 assembly is available [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCF_000001405.23/ here].

* Get the latest BLAST results for EG10269 [http://www.ecogene.org/prerun/EG10269.html here].

* Get the latest BLAST results for EG10269 [http://www.ecogene.org/prerun/EG10269.html here].

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=== DS ===

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==== References ====

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# '''Down syndrome phenotype''' http://omim.org/entry/190685

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# http://omim.org/entry/147150

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==== Role and implications of orthogonal rRNA (16S) transcription and translation promoters in the Down Syndrome mutant phenotype acquisition ====

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* chromosome 21q22.3

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* APP: ''Patients with Down syndrome develop the neuropathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease at a much earlier age than individuals with Alzheimer disease without trisomy 21 (Wisniewski et al., 1985). Characteristic senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are present in the brain of all individuals with Down syndrome over the age of 40 years (Wisniewski et al., 1985). The triplication of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP; 104760) may be the cause of this phenomenon. Several mutations in the APP gene have been described in families with early-onset Alzheimer disease without trisomy 21 (e.g., Goate et al., 1991).'' [1] http://omim.org/entry/104760

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* (Interferon-inducible) p78 protein : ''Mapping of the chromosomal region that, if triplicated, results in the phenotypic characteristics of Down syndrome has been facilitated by the use of DNA samples from individuals who have partial trisomy 21 with or without features of the Down syndrome phenotype (Rahmani et al., 1989; McCormick et al., 1989; Korenberg et al., 1990; Delabar et al., 1993; Korenberg, 1993). Although detailed analysis of these DNAs is still under way, an area of approximately 5 Mb between loci D21S58 and D21S42 has been identified that is associated with mental retardation and most of the facial features of the syndrome. <font color="red">In particular, a subregion that includes D21S55 and MX1 (interferon-induced protein p78; 147150), the latter being located in band 21q22.3</font>, has been associated with mental retardation and several morphologic features, including oblique eye fissure, epicanthus, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, short broad hands, clinodactyly of the fifth finger, gap between first and second toes, hypotonia, short stature, Brushfield spots, and characteristic dermatoglyphics (Delabar et al., 1993). Additional phenotypic characteristics may map outside the minimum critical region (symbolized DCR). Material from other rare patients who have features of Down syndrome but no visible chromosomal abnormality may help to narrow down the critical region. In several such studies, however, no triplicated region has been identified (McCormick et al., 1989; Delabar et al., 1993). It is possible that these patients do not have any chromosome 21 abnormality and their phenotype is a phenocopy of Down syndrome.'' [1] http://omim.org/entry/190685

* '' "Look (2002) reviewed the mechanism by which GATA1 mutations might interact with trisomy 21 to result in AMKL. He pointed out that several lines of evidence indicated that at least 2 classes of mutations are needed to transform a normal hematopoietic stem cell into a clonal acute myeloid leukemia. One class imparts a myeloproliferative or survival advantage, as illustrated by activating mutations in FLT3 (136351), encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase, or the increased dosage of genes in chromosome 21 in persons with Down syndrome. To generate overt leukemia, a second class of genetic alterations must produce lineage-specific blocks in differentiation. <font color="red">The mutations responsible for this step have been demonstrated mainly in genes encoding chimeric transcription factors produced by chromosomal translocation. GATA1 is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in myeloid lineage commitment.</font>" '' [1]

DS

References

Role and implications of orthogonal rRNA (16S) transcription and translation promoters in the Down Syndrome mutant phenotype acquisition

chromosome 21q22.3

APP: Patients with Down syndrome develop the neuropathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease at a much earlier age than individuals with Alzheimer disease without trisomy 21 (Wisniewski et al., 1985). Characteristic senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are present in the brain of all individuals with Down syndrome over the age of 40 years (Wisniewski et al., 1985). The triplication of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP; 104760) may be the cause of this phenomenon. Several mutations in the APP gene have been described in families with early-onset Alzheimer disease without trisomy 21 (e.g., Goate et al., 1991). [1] http://omim.org/entry/104760

(Interferon-inducible) p78 protein : Mapping of the chromosomal region that, if triplicated, results in the phenotypic characteristics of Down syndrome has been facilitated by the use of DNA samples from individuals who have partial trisomy 21 with or without features of the Down syndrome phenotype (Rahmani et al., 1989; McCormick et al., 1989; Korenberg et al., 1990; Delabar et al., 1993; Korenberg, 1993). Although detailed analysis of these DNAs is still under way, an area of approximately 5 Mb between loci D21S58 and D21S42 has been identified that is associated with mental retardation and most of the facial features of the syndrome. In particular, a subregion that includes D21S55 and MX1 (interferon-induced protein p78; 147150), the latter being located in band 21q22.3, has been associated with mental retardation and several morphologic features, including oblique eye fissure, epicanthus, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, short broad hands, clinodactyly of the fifth finger, gap between first and second toes, hypotonia, short stature, Brushfield spots, and characteristic dermatoglyphics (Delabar et al., 1993). Additional phenotypic characteristics may map outside the minimum critical region (symbolized DCR). Material from other rare patients who have features of Down syndrome but no visible chromosomal abnormality may help to narrow down the critical region. In several such studies, however, no triplicated region has been identified (McCormick et al., 1989; Delabar et al., 1993). It is possible that these patients do not have any chromosome 21 abnormality and their phenotype is a phenocopy of Down syndrome. [1] http://omim.org/entry/190685

"Look (2002) reviewed the mechanism by which GATA1 mutations might interact with trisomy 21 to result in AMKL. He pointed out that several lines of evidence indicated that at least 2 classes of mutations are needed to transform a normal hematopoietic stem cell into a clonal acute myeloid leukemia. One class imparts a myeloproliferative or survival advantage, as illustrated by activating mutations in FLT3 (136351), encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase, or the increased dosage of genes in chromosome 21 in persons with Down syndrome. To generate overt leukemia, a second class of genetic alterations must produce lineage-specific blocks in differentiation. The mutations responsible for this step have been demonstrated mainly in genes encoding chimeric transcription factors produced by chromosomal translocation. GATA1 is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in myeloid lineage commitment." [1]