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The Arabic Alphabet: Vowels

Name

Character

Explanation

Pronunciation

Example

Transcription

Damma

ُ

Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel u (like the "u" in "but").

u

بُت

but

Wāw

و

Wāw is the long vowel ū (like the "oo" in "moon"). It also represents the consonant w. When Waw is used to represent the long vowel, damma appears above the preceding consonant.

ū

بُوت

būt

Fatha

َ

Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel a (a little like the "u" in "but"; a short "ah" sound).

a

بَت

bat

Alif

ا

Alif is the long vowel ā (a long "ahh" sound as in English "father").

ā

بات

bāt

Kasra

ِ

Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel i (like the "i" in English "pit").

i

بِت

bit

Ya'

ي

Ya' is the long vowel ī (like the "ee" in English "sheep"). It also represents the consonant y. When Ya' is used to represent the long vowel, kasra appears above the preceding consonant.

ī

بِيت

bīt

Sukūn

ْ

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel, it receives a mark called a sukūn, a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC). It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel.

بِنْتُ

bintu

Shadda (or tashdīd)

ّ

Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant. Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word, with no vowel between, instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant, the consonant is written only once, and shadda is en above it.