Researchers at the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine found that adding MBI to mammography of women with dense breast tissue increased the costs of diagnosis 3.2 times, compared to costs of mammography alone, and nearly quadrupled the rate of cancer detection. Because the supplemental test found more cancer, screening with a combination of mammography and MBI saved $8,254 per cancer detected.

While mammography is still the standard tool for widespread breast cancer screening, it is now known to perform less effectively in women with dense breast tissue. Both tumors and normal dense breast tissue can appear white on a mammogram, making tumors hard to detect. Nearly half of all women over age 40 have mammograms classified as “dense,” according to Carrie Hruska, Ph.D., a medical physicist in the Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology and the study’s lead author. Supplemental screening techniques like MBI address a significant need for better cancer detection methods for this patient population.

In an MBI examination, a radioactive tracer readily absorbed by cancerous breast cells is injected into the body. A small, semiconductor-based gamma camera then scans the breast, lighting up any areas where the tracer is concentrated. “It works really well in our practice at Mayo Clinic,” Dr. Hruska says. “Patients generally like it, and radiologists think it’s relatively easy to read.”

The screening combination of MBI and mammography can detect more cancers than mammography alone at acceptable radiation doses for screening, as the research group reported in a study published in AJR in February. But, concerns persist about the cost-effectiveness of MBI. Though the test finds more cancer in dense breast tissue, additional screening could also generate more false-positive results and lead to biopsies that do not result in a cancer diagnosis, ultimately increasing costs unnecessarily.

Dr. Hruska and her colleagues used the same data from the February study to compare the cost-effectiveness of screening 1,585 women with dense breast tissue with mammography alone and the combination of mammography and MBI. The comparison resulted in these findings:

Cost per patient screened increased from $176 to $571 for the combination of tests. Mammography alone detected cancer in five of these patients. With the combination, physicians detected cancer in the first five women and an additional 14 patients — nearly a fourfold improvement.

The cost per cancer detected was $55,851 for mammography alone and $47,597 for the combination of mammography and MBI — a savings of $8,254 per cancer detected.

The risk of receiving an unnecessary biopsy because of a false-positive result increased from 0.9 percent with mammography alone to 3 percent with the addition of the MBI examination. However, this 2.1 percentage point increase in the benign biopsy rate is lower than the 6-point increase observed in outside studies using screening ultrasound or screening MRI, two alternative supplemental techniques.

The positive predictive value (PPV) of MBI, or the likelihood that a biopsy generated by MBI would result in a cancer diagnosis, was 30 percent. In contrast, biopsies generated by screening ultrasound and MRI have PPVs of 6 percent and 20 percent, respectively.

“Cost saving per cancer detected with supplemental screening MBI is compelling evidence for future coverage of screening MBI of women with dense breasts,” the authors write. The study did not consider any costs beyond the point of cancer detection; however, the authors speculate that earlier detection with MBI may reduce the costs of treatment of advanced cancer further. When dense breast tissue is the only criterion for supplemental imaging like MBI, insurance coverage varies from state to state and among insurance providers.

Dr. Hruska calls the latest study a critical step in developing MBI as an individualized screening approach for patients with needs unmet by current options.

“The question is: What’s the right screening regimen for you?” says Dr. Hruska. “For about half of women of screening age, mammography works well. The other half – those with dense breasts – may want to consider adding another test. If you have additional risk factors, like family history or a genetic mutation that predisposes you to breast cancer, then you should have a supplemental MRI. But, there’s this huge group of women in-between who don’t qualify for a supplemental MRI and need something more than a mammogram. That’s who we’re trying to reach.”

About the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine
The Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine is home to the Individualized Medicine Clinic, the world’s first integrated, multidisciplinary genomics clinic, serving patients with advanced cancer and diagnostic dilemmas. The center discovers and integrates the latest in genomic, molecular and clinical sciences into personalized care for each Mayo Clinic patient. Visit http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/center-for-individualized-medicine/ for more information.

About Mayo ClinicMayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization committed to medical research and education, and providing expert, whole-person care to everyone who needs healing. For more information, visit mayoclinic.com or newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org.