Module 20

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

association

a form of learning in which we associate something new with something we have already experienced.

conditioning

the process of learning

classical conditioning

learning by associating two stimuli and anticipating the results.

operant conditioning

learning to associate a the consequence of our behavior. Repeating good behavior to get that result.

cognitive learning

we acquire mental information that guides our behavior.

observational learning

one form of cognitive learning, lets us learn from others' experience.

behaviorism

the view that psychology should (1) be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. {modern psychs agree with 1 but not 2}

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Performed coniditioning experiments on dogs.

These experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning

John B. Watson

urged behavioralism on his colleagues

Respondent Behaviors

Behaviors elicited by prior stimuli and are not affected by their consequences - tend to be reflexive in nature - ie salivating at smell of dinner cooking

neutral stimuli (NS)

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

- events dog could see or hear but didnt associate with food

conditioned response (CR)

salivation in response to the bell.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

the bell, which was previously a neutral stimuli has become this.

Acquisirion

initial learning

What would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS)? Would conditioning occur?

Not likely.

Classical conditioning is ________ adaptive because it helps humans and animals prepare for good or bad events.

biological

higher-order conditioning

A new NS can become a new CS. It becomes associated with a previously conditioned stimulus.

extinction

the weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a CR after a pause.

generalization

the tendency to respond likewise to similar stimuli.

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of:

habituation

discrimination

generalization

acquisition

3. generalization

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a a. UR. b. US. c. CR. d. CS.

a. UR.

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

a. Intrinsic motivation

b. generalization

c. Spontaneous recovery

d. Operant conditioning

d. Operant conditioning

Through language, we learn things we have neither experienced nor observed

cognitive learning

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

acquisition.

discrimination.

generalization.

spontaneous recovery.

Discrimination

9. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)

A) conditioned response. C) unconditioned response.

B) unconditioned stimulus. D) conditioned stimulus.

A) conditioned response.

In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

triggers imitation.

signals a reinforcer.

elicits operant behavior.

evokes a response.

evokes a response

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

variable-interval

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

shaping.

observational learning.

the law of effect.

latent learning.

the law of effect

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

negative reinforcers.

generalization.

spontaneous recovery.

punishment.

punishment

Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval

fixed-ratio

variable-interval

variable-ratio

VR

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified number of responses is called a ________ schedule.

fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

fixed-interval

variable-interval

FR

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

Selected Answer:

Ivan Pavlov.

Correct Answer:

B. F. Skinner.

B. F. Skinner

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.

positive

negative

partial

delayed

negative

A dog salivating at the sight of a food dish is a:

conditioned response

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of a. observable behavior. b. cognitive processes. c. genetic predispositions. d. all of these factors.

a. observable behavior.

7. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

A) a tone. C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

B) salivation to the sound of a tone. D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

Your heart my race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

discrimination

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

higher-order conditioning.

generalization.

acquisition.

spontaneous recovery.

Generalization

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip's newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of

generalization.

observational learning.

spontaneous recovery.

secondary reinforcement.

generalization

A neural stimulus is an event or situation that

evokes an unconditioned response.

signals that an operant response will be reinforced.

triggers a conditioned response.

elicits no response prior to classical conditioning.

elicits no response prior to classical conditioning.

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of

generalization.

classical conditioning.

latent learning.

operant conditioning.

operant conditioning

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

associative learning.

respondent behavior.

observational learning.

cognitive learning.

associative learning

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus following an operant response is

negative punishment.

negative reinforcement.

positive punishment.

positive reinforcement.

negative punishment

Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive Reinforcement- add good thing

Negative Reinforcement- take away bad thing

Positive Punishment- add bad thing

Negative Punishment- take away good thing

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

- negative reinforcement

- positive reinforcement

- negative punishment

- positive punishment

negative punishment.

Children can learn to fear the persons and places associated with their punishment. This best illustrates

negative reinforcement.

the law of effect.

latent learning.

classical conditioning.

classical conditioning

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

fixed-interval

variable-interval

VI

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was

The bell

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate:

generalization

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

conditioned reinforcement.

spontaneous recovery.

discrimination.

stimulus.

stimulus

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

spontaneous recovery.

extinction.

generalization.

discrimination.

extinction

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

generalization

negative reinforcement

spontaneous recovery

extinction

extinction

For the most rapid conditioning,a CS should be presented:

A)about 1 sec after the US

B)about one-half sec before the US

C)about 15 sec before the Us

D) at athe same time as the US

B) about one-half second before the US

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

extinction.

discrimination.

conditioned reinforcement.

latent learning.

discrimination

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the

conditioned stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response.

conditioned response.

conditioned stimulus

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of

latent learning.

classical conditioning.

modeling.

operant conditioning.

operant conditioning

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates a. spontaneous recovery. b. respondent behavior. c. operant conditioning. d. latent learning.

c. operant conditioning.

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

discriminative stimulus.

primary reinforcer.

fixed ratio.

respondent behavior.

primary reinforcer

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:

shaping and immediate reinforcement

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Operant conditioning

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should

monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote.

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called