Ramathibodi prepared his son Ramesuan to succeed him, but on his death in 1369 the throne was seized by his Suphan Buri brother-in-law, Borommaraja I, who reigned for nine years before Ramesuan could regain the throne and restore Ramathibodi’s dynasty....

(B4C), crystalline compound of boron and carbon. It is an extremely hard, synthetically produced material that is used in abrasive and wear-resistant products, in lightweight composite materials, and in control rods for nuclear power generation....

any of the six chemical elements constituting Group 13 (IIIa) of the periodic table. The elements are boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and element 113 (temporarily named ununtrium [Uut]). They are characterized as...

The affinity of boron-10 for neutrons also forms the basis of a technique known as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for treating patients suffering from brain tumours. For a short time after certain boron compounds are injected into a patient with a brain tumour, the compounds collect preferentially in the tumour; irradiation of the tumour area with thermal neutrons, which cause relatively......

(chemical formula BN), synthetically produced crystalline compound of boron and nitrogen, an industrial ceramic material of limited but important application, principally in electrical insulators and cutting tools. It is made in two crystallographic forms, hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) and cubic boron nitride (C-BN)....

French poet, originally from the village of Boron, near Delle. He was important for his trilogy of poems (Joseph d’Arimathie, Merlin, Perceval). It told the early history of the Grail and linked this independent legend more firmly with Arthurian legend, using the prophetic figure of Merlin, with his knowledge of pas...

...where X is a halogen atom—F, Cl, Br, or I). These so-called Lewis acids readily form complexes with amines, phosphines, ethers, and halide ions. Examples of complex formation between boron trichloride and trimethylamine, as well as between boron trifluoride and fluoride ion, are shown in the following equations: ... in which the heavy dot indicates that a bond is formed between......

...that is inconvenient and hazardous to use. Borane forms stable complexes with ethers, however, and it is often supplied and used as its liquid complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF). Similarly, gaseous boron trifluoride (BF3) is more easily used as its liquid complex with diethyl ether, called BF3 etherate, rather than as the toxic, corrosive gas....

In the lithium-6 (6Li) and boron-10 (10B) reactions, the isotopes of interest are present only in limited percentage in the naturally occurring element. To enhance the conversion efficiency of lithium or boron, samples that are enriched in the desired isotope are often used in the fabrication of detectors. Helium-3 (3He) is a rare stable isotope of helium and is......

In nature, boron consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes—boron-10 (19.9 percent) and boron-11 (80.1 percent); slight variations in this proportion produce a range of ±0.003 in the atomic weight. Both nuclei possess nuclear spin (rotation of the atomic nuclei); that of boron-10 has a value of 3 and that of boron-11, 3/2, the values being dictated by quantum factors. These......

...species, including the former genus Pelea) occurs from Indo-Malaysia through Australia and New Zealand to the Pacific Islands. Agathosma (135 species) is endemic to South Africa. Boronia (about 100 species) is one of the largest endemic Australian genera. Haplophyllum (about 70 species) occurs from the Mediterranean region to eastern Siberia....

South American Indian people found along the upper Paraguay River and its tributaries in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil. They speak a language of the Macro-Ge group, of which there are two dialects: Bororo proper and Otuké. The Bororo have a western and an eastern division. They probably number fewer than 1,000 persons....

Dance occasions for formalized flirtation between the sexes before marriage are common, as in the Sikya dance of the Akan of Ghana. The Bororo of western Cameroon celebrate the coming of the dry season with a dance for young men and women, and couples pair off at the climax of the performance. Among the Nupe of Nigeria ribald songs and joking insults between the sexes have replaced performances......

March 3, 1920Fairfield, Conn.May 28, 1994near Fort Lauderdale, Fla.U.S. golfer who , was a consistent player whose trademark rhythmic and relaxed swing helped him win 18 Professional Golfers’ Association of America (PGA) titles, including two U.S. Open championships (1952 and 1963), during ...

...interpretations have been discredited, although a few adherents remain. For most astronomers, the redshift controversy was settled definitively in the early 1980s when American astronomer Todd Boroson and Canadian American astronomer John Beverly Oke showed that the fuzzy halos surrounding some quasars are actually starlight from the galaxy hosting the quasar and that these galaxies......

...ethnic composition: at the time of its founding, the membership of fewer than 5,000 was 7 percent Ukrainian. The Ukrainian component in the CP(B)U was strengthened in 1920 with the accession of the Borotbists, members of the “independist” and non-Bolshevik Ukrainian Communist Party that was formed in 1919. Still, in late 1920, Ukrainians constituted less than 20 percent of the......

prominent French tennis player of the 1920s. In 1927, as one of the Four Musketeers (the others being René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, and Jacques Brugnon), he helped France win the Davis Cup for the first time....

prominent French tennis player of the 1920s. In 1927, as one of the Four Musketeers (the others being René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, and Jacques Brugnon), he helped France win the Davis Cup for the first time....

inner borough of London, England. Situated opposite the central City of London, Southwark borough extends south from the River Thames over such areas and historic villages as Rotherhithe, Southwark (including Bankside, a historic district and street along the Thames), Bermonds...

the English form of ultimogeniture, the system of undivided inheritance by which real property passed intact to the youngest son or, failing sons, to the youngest daughter. Ultimogeniture was the customary rule of inheritance among unfree peasants, especially in southeast England. Its antiquity is uncertain, but it is first mentioned in the 12th century. “Borough-English” became...

administrative centre, Borovichi rayon (sector), Novgorod oblast (province), northwestern Russia, on the Msta River. A town since 1770, it has a varied economy. As well as an old handicraft industry, especially hosiery, there are ceramics, paper, and wood-using industries. Borovichi has medical and teacher-training schools. Pop. (2006 est.) 57,23...

administrative centre, Borovichi rayon (sector), Novgorod oblast (province), northwestern Russia, on the Msta River. A town since 1770, it has a varied economy. As well as an old handicraft industry, especially hosiery, there are ceramics, paper, and wood-using industries. Borovichi has medical and teacher-training schools. Pop. (2006 est.) 57,23...

Sept. 13, 1960Moscow, U.S.S.R.March 9, 2000Moscow, RussiaRussian investigative journalist who , gained prominence in the 1980s through his critical reports on Soviet intervention in the war in Afghanistan and later for his coverage of the rise in crime and corruption during and after the br...

...Tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. The two other principal gate towers—the Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (the Kutafya Tower), and the Borovitskaya Tower—rise from the western wall....

Joseph’s monastic career came into prominence at the monastery at Borovsk, a wealthy religious foundation supported by the grand prince of Moscow. In 1477 Joseph was made abbot of Borovsk; however, his ascetical reforms soon met with the disapproval of Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich, who had provided the monastery with luxurious surroundings and whose sons used the monastery as a stepping stone to......

...was Poland’s first animated film, and their Changing of the Guard (1956) employed the stop-action gimmick of animated matchboxes. The collaborative efforts of Jan Lenica and Walerian Borowczyk foresaw the bleak themes and absurdist trends of the Polish school of the 1960s; such films as Był sobie raz… (1957; Once......

...how Rubens praised Velázquez’s works very highly because of their simplicity. Velázquez’s painting of Bacchus, known as Los Borrachos (The Topers or The Triumph of Bacchus) seems to have been inspired by Titian and Rubens, but his realistic approach to the subject is characteristically Spanish and......

infectious disease characterized by recurring episodes of fever separated by periods of relative well-being and caused by spirochetes, or spiral-shaped bacteria, of the genus Borrelia. The spirochetes are transmitted from one person to another by lice (genus Pediculus) and from animals to humans by ticks (genus Ornithodoros). The......

Lyme disease is caused by several closely related spirochetes (corkscrew-shaped bacteria), including Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States, B. mayonii in the upper Midwestern United States, and B. afzelii and B. garinii in Europe and Asia. The spirochetes are transmitted to the human bloodstream by the bite of various species......

acute and painful infection of the tooth margins and gums that is caused by the symbiotic microorganisms Bacillus fusiformis and Borrelia vincentii. The chief symptoms are painful, swollen, bleeding gums; small, painful ulcers covering the gums and tooth margins; and characteristic fetid breath. The ulcers may spread to the throat and tonsils. Fever and malaise may also be......

Gerbert was taken to Spain in 967 by Count Borrell of Barcelona and remained there three years. At the monastery of Santa María de Ripoll, which was noted for its fine library, he studied the quadrivium (the higher division of the liberal arts, which includes music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy) under Bishop Atto of Vich....

The primary mission of Deep Space 1 ended on Sept. 18, 1999, with a flyby of asteroid 1992 KD. Nevertheless, it was kept operational, and on Sept. 22, 2001, it successfully navigated its way past Comet Borrelly, providing excellent views of the ice particles, dust, and gas leaving comets. The spacecraft came within 2,200 km (1,400 miles) of the roughly 8 × 4-km (5 ×......

four tiny (about 50 acres [20 hectares]) islands in Lake Maggiore, off Baveno and Stresa, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola provincia, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy. Geologic continuations of the Pallanza promontory, the islets are named for the Borromeo family, to whom they have belonged since the ...

...Elected chief magistrate for Luzern in 1571—which office he continued to occupy until his death—he made that city the centre of Catholic Counter-Reformation activity in Switzerland. His Golden (or Borromean) League (1586)—the alliance of the seven Catholic cantons for furtherance of religious interests—nearly led to the destruction of the Swiss Confederation and......

...Vasari’s academy fell into disorganization, his ideas were taken up by the Accademia di San Luca, reestablished as an educational program in 1593 at Rome by the painter Federico Zuccari and Cardinal Federico Borromeo. With its emphasis on instruction and exhibition, the Accademia di San Luca was the prototype for the modern academy. Among its functions, much-imitated in later academies, was the...

four tiny (about 50 acres [20 hectares]) islands in Lake Maggiore, off Baveno and Stresa, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola provincia, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy. Geologic continuations of the Pallanza promontory, the islets are named for the Borromeo family, to whom they have belonged since the ...

Italian architect who was a chief formulator of Baroque architectural style. Borromini (he changed his name from Castelli about 1627) secured a reputation throughout Europe with his striking design for a small church, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome. He differed from Gian Lorenzo Bernini and other contemporaries in basing his designs on geometric figure...

French poet, originally from the village of Boron, near Delle. He was important for his trilogy of poems (Joseph d’Arimathie, Merlin, Perceval). It told the early history of the Grail and linked this independent legend more firmly with Arthurian legend, using the prophetic figure of Merlin, with his knowledge of pas...

American author and poet whose work often explored homosexual relationships and the devastating effects of the AIDS epidemic. He was best known for his autobiographies, Borrowed Time: An AIDS Memoir (1988) and Becoming a Man: Half a Life Story (1992)....

a race of tiny people in the Borrowers series of novels for children by British author Mary Norton. Secretive and resourceful, the Borrowers live concealed in the houses of full-sized human beings, subsisting on bits of food and cleverly using odds and ends that they “borrow” and fashion into clothing, tools, and furnishings....

Norton’s most famous book, The Borrowers (1952), featuring the tiny Clock family, earned her a Carnegie Medal (a British award for outstanding fiction for children) and quickly became a children’s classic. The complete miniature universe that Norton created earned her comparison to such imaginative writers as J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Lewis Carroll. Four sequels, The Borrowers......

Languages borrow words freely from one another. Usually this happens when some new object or institution is developed for which the borrowing language has no word of its own. For example, the large number of words denoting financial institutions and operations borrowed from Italian by the other western European languages at the time of the Renaissance testifies to the importance of the Italian......

transaction between two parties in which one (the creditor or lender) supplies money, goods, services, or securities in return for a promised future payment by the other (the debtor or borrower). Such transactions normally include the payment of interest to the lender. Credit may be extended by public or private institutions to finance business activities, agricultural operations, consumer expend...

Norman duke of Apulia from 1085 to 1111, son of Robert Guiscard. His succession to his father’s lands and title in 1085 led to a conflict with his half brother Bohemond de Hauteville. (See Bohemond I)....

Norman duke of Apulia from 1085 to 1111, son of Robert Guiscard. His succession to his father’s lands and title in 1085 led to a conflict with his half brother Bohemond de Hauteville. (See Bohemond I)....

beet soup of the Slavic countries. Although borsch is important in Russian and Polish cuisines, Ukraine is frequently cited as its place of origin. Its name is thought to be derived from the Slavic word for the cow parsnip, or common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), or from a fermented beverage derived from that plant. The mo...

In 2003, with Swiss engineer and pilot André Borschberg, Piccard launched Solar Impulse, a project that had the ultimate goal of developing and launching a solar-powered airplane capable of circumnavigating the globe. The first of those planes, Solar Impulse, was completed in 2009, and a major step occurred when the plane, piloted by Borschberg, completed a 26-hour flight over......

beet soup of the Slavic countries. Although borsch is important in Russian and Polish cuisines, Ukraine is frequently cited as its place of origin. Its name is thought to be derived from the Slavic word for the cow parsnip, or common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), or from a fermented beverage derived from that plant. The mo...

...Theatre in New York City. This solo style was honed further in the resorts of the Catskill Mountains region of New York in the 1930s and ’40s. The predominantly Jewish comedians of the so-called Borscht Belt developed a brash gag-filled monologue style that played on familiar comic tropes—the bossy mother-in-law, the henpecked husband—exemplified by Henny Youngman’s famous line......

...owned and foreign banks, the Austrian Post Office Savings Bank (Österreichische Postsparkasse), smaller local savings banks, and commercial credit and agricultural credit cooperatives. The Vienna Stock Exchange (Wiener Börse), founded in 1771 by Empress Maria Theresa, is one of the oldest such institutions in Europe. Shares of both Austrian and foreign companies are traded there....

After Philip had mortgaged the revenues of Holland and Zeeland to three nobles of the Borselen family from Zeeland (1430), Jacoba secretly married one of them—Francis, lord of Zuilen and St. Maartensdijk—probably as part of a plot to overthrow Burgundian sovereignty in Holland. Philip then imprisoned Francis (October 1432) and forced Jacoba to abdicate her countship (1433). She......

...of the German book trade.” He could be said to have invented the net price principle (see below Price regulation) and the idea of a booksellers’ association (1765), which in 1825 became the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler, a unique organization of publishers, wholesalers, and retailers. Toward the end of the 18th century, three publishers were outstanding—Georg......

beet soup of the Slavic countries. Although borsch is important in Russian and Polish cuisines, Ukraine is frequently cited as its place of origin. Its name is thought to be derived from the Slavic word for the cow parsnip, or common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), or from a fermented beverage derived from that plant. The mo...

ancient Babylonian city southwest of Babylon in central Iraq. Its patron god was Nabu, and the city’s proximity to the capital, Babylon, helped it to become an important religious centre. Hammurabi (reigned 1792–50 bc) built or rebuilt the Ezida temple at Borsippa, dedicating it to Marduk (the national god of Babylonia); subsequent kings recognized Nabu as the deity of Ezida and made...

Leonello’s brother and successor, Borso (reigned 1450–71), notwithstanding some military failures, not only maintained his state and increased its aesthetic and cultural prestige but also received from the Holy Roman emperor Frederick III the title of duke of Modena and Reggio (1452) and from Pope Paul II the title of duke of Ferrara (1471)....

megye (county), northern Hungary. It is bounded by Slovakia to the north and northwest and by the counties of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg to the east, Hajdú-Bihar to the southeast, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok to the south, and Heves and Nógrád to the southwest. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén is one of t...

May 5, 1953Hobart, Tasmania, AustraliaFeb. 1, 1995Vancouver, B.C.Canadian film director who , was a visionary perfectionist who captured the haunting beauty of the Canadian landscape in films that featured a poetic storytelling style. While in high school he was given a 16-mm Bolex camera, ...

Nov. 24, 1912Chicago, Ill. July 30, 2002Williamsville, N.Y.American nuclear physicist who , supervised the construction of the nation’s largest atomic reactor at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y., in 1950. Among his successes at the facility were improvements in how the reacto...

autobiographical work by Irish writer Brendan Behan, published in 1958. The book portrays the author’s early rebelliousness, his involvement with the Irish Republican cause, and his subsequent incarceration for two years in an English Borstal, or reformatory, at age 16. Interspersed with tales of brutality are anecdotes about dramatic and musical pastimes and Behan’s gardening a...

English reformatory system designed for youths between 16 and 21, named after an old convict prison at Borstal, Kent. The system was introduced in 1902 but was given its basic form by Sir Alexander Paterson, who became a prison commissioner in 1922. Each institution consists of houses containing, ideally, not more than 50 young offenders, with a housemaster or housemistress and house staff. Train...

...living in northern Mongolia, bore Temüjin a grudge, because Yesügei had stolen his own wife, Höelün, from one of their men, and in their turn they ravished Temüjin’s wife Börte. Temüjin felt able to appeal to Toghril, khan of the Kereit tribe, with whom Yesügei had had the relationship of anda, or sworn brother, and......

...law on national welfare assistance in 1964. The election of 1965 resulted in a clear majority for the four centre and right-wing parties, which formed a coalition government under the leadership of Per Borten. In 1971 the coalition government split, and the DNA again came to power, headed by Trygve Bratteli....

Immunotherapy can also be combined with targeted therapy to achieve synergistic effects (effects that are greater than expected). For example, bortozemib, which was approved to treat multiple myeloma and certain lymphomas, interferes with the ability of tumour cells to degrade proteins, thereby causing the accumulation of malfunctioning proteins within the cells. This renders tumour cells more......

beet soup of the Slavic countries. Although borsch is important in Russian and Polish cuisines, Ukraine is frequently cited as its place of origin. Its name is thought to be derived from the Slavic word for the cow parsnip, or common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), or from a fermented beverage derived from that plant. The mo...

...who, in his designs for the Chapel of Our Lady of Pilar in the cathedral of Saragossa (1750), showed himself to be a master of the developed Rococo in its altered Spanish form; but it was a Fleming, Jaime Borty Miliá, who brought Rococo to Spain when he built the west front of the cathedral of Murcia in 1733....

Indians of western Panama and Costa Rica, one of a group known as Talamancan. Their languages are similar and belong to the Chibchan family. The Boruca, of whom comparatively little is known, have much in common with the Bribrí and the well-studied Guaymí. ...

chief town, Borūjerd shahrestān (county), Lorestān ostān (province), western Iran. Borūjerd is situated 5,500 feet (1,700 metres) above sea level, below high mountains, in a wide, fertile valley. It is a flourishing regional centre on the main highway from the Persian Gulf and Khūzestān to Tehrān; it is connected by roads with Hamadān and Kermānshāhān ostāns...

...living on Denmark’s Jutland coast, she graduated from Vejle Gymnasium in 1954 and studied at Teachers’ College in Århus. While a student she began publishing poems and met the poet and critic Poul Borum, who was her mentor and (1959–76) husband. She taught briefly (1963–64) at the College for Arts in Holbæk before devoting herself exclusively to writing....

...word for the stinging tree. Proclaimed a town in 1890, it was made a city in 1905. In addition to gold, which was mined until 1930, limestone and silver have been worked in the locality. The Borumba Dam (completed 1964), on Yabba Creek, mitigates floods and impounds water for irrigating the area, which yields dairy products, tropical fruits (especially pineapples), vegetables, and beef......

any of various Japanese criminal gangs, many of which combined in the 20th century into Mafia-like organizations. The word was embraced by Japanese officials in the late 20th century to serve as a replacement for the term yakuza (“good for nothing”), which had taken on increasingly positive connotations in Japan. ...

May 29, 1940Japanese-occupied Sakhalin IslandJan. 19, 2013Tokyo, JapanJapanese sumo wrestler who was regarded as the greatest sumo wrestler in Japan since the end of World War II, with a record 32 Emperor’s Cups in the course of his 15-year career. In the 1960s he won 45 consecutive tournam...

...Basin in eastern Ukraine, to southern Ukraine and the port of Odessa, and to western Ukraine and Poland. The navigability of the Dnieper has been improved by a series of barrages and reservoirs. Boryspil International Airport operates direct flights to many Ukrainian towns and international service to major cities throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. Within Kiev itself there is......

breed of hound dog developed in Russia to pursue wolves. It is descended from the Arabian greyhound and a collielike Russian sheepdog. The borzoi—formerly known as the Russian wolfhound—is a graceful, strong, and swift dog. Males stand at least 28 inches (71 cm) and females 26 inches (66 cm); weights range from 60 to 105 pounds (27 to 48 kg). It has a long, narrow head, small ea...

(species Bos banteng), a species of wild Southeast Asian cattle, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), found in hill forests. A shy animal resembling a domestic cow, the banteng attains a shoulder height of about 1.5–1.75 m (60–69 inches). It has a slight ridge on the back, a white rump, white “stockings” on the legs, and slender, curving horns. Bulls are dark brown or black, and cows and y...

one of several species of wild cattle, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). The gaur lives in small herds in the mountain forests of India, Southeast Asia, and the Malay Peninsula. Larger than any other wild cattle, it attains a shoulder height of 1.8 m (6 feet) or more. It is heavy-bodied and typically blue-eyed and has curving horns, a high ridge on the forepart of the back, and white “stockings...

long-haired, short-legged oxlike mammal that was probably domesticated in Tibet but has been introduced wherever there are people at elevations of 4,000–6,000 metres (14,000–20,000 feet), mainly in China but also in Central Asia, Mongolia, and Nepal....

All modern domestic cattle are believed to belong to the species Bos taurus (European breeds such as Shorthorn and Jersey) or Bos indicus (Zebu breeds such as Brahman) or to be crosses of these two (such as Santa Gertrudis). Breeds as they are known today did not always exist, and many are of recent origin. The definition of a breed is difficult and inexplicit, although the term......