Records related to trade, manufacture, and cultivation of Cuban sugar. The records begin in the second half of the nineteenth
century and end shortly after the nationalization of the Cuban sugar industry by the government of Fidel Castro. As a business
archives, the Collection provides information on the manufacture and trade of Cuban sugar and the means by which Cuba's annual
sugar harvest was financed and brokered. The collection provides descriptions of the social, political, and economic environment
in which Cuban sugar was manufactured. The collection is an important source of data on the international sugar trade and
the commercial and financial ties that once bound Cuba and the United States together.

Extent:

375 linear feet (527 boxes, 507 volumes)

Identification:

MS Group 187

Items from this collection have been digitized and are available online in the UF Digital Collections. For more information please see the note below.

The principal holdings of the collection are related to the Czarnikow-Rionda Company of New York (founded in 1909) and its
subsidiaries and affiliates. The Czarnikow-Rionda Company was a major raw sugar trading house, and through its affiliate,
the Cuban Trading Company, it handled approximately twenty percent of Cuba's sugar exports between 1909 and 1960. Czarnikow-Rionda
purchased and sold Cuban cane sugar and molasses, and exported jute bags, mill machinery, and other provisions to Cuba.

In addition, Czarnikow-Rionda owned or controlled six raw sugar factories in Cuba. Czarnikow-Rionda and its affiliates were
involved in every sector of the cane sugar business including cane cultivation, refining, storage and transportation, financing,
and brokerage. The collection also includes nineteenth century material from several commission merchant houses based in New
York and Cuba. These firms operated a trade network between Europe, the United States, and Cuba, and were typical of the Spanish
merchant houses that once dominated Cuba's commercial life.

The Braga Brothers Collection is the gift of George Atkinson Braga and B. Rionda Braga to the University of Florida's George
A. Smathers Libraries. Donated to the Libraries' Department of Special Collections in 1981, the collection is one of the richest
archival sources on the modernization and expansion of the Cuban sugar industry. As the archive of a large North American
company that did business in Cuba it provides insights to the unique commercial relationship that once existed between Cuba
and the United States. The collection is, as well, an unavoidable historical source on topics pertaining to the social and
political aspects of sugar production in pre-Castro Cuba.

The principal holdings in the collection are the records of the Czarnikow-Rionda Company of New York and its subsidiaries
and affiliates. From the beginning of the 20th century until the early 1960s, Czarnikow-Rionda was one of North America's
largest importers of sugar and molasses. Although it traded in sugar from around the world, its principal source was Cuba.
From its offices on Wall Street the company bought and sold ship loads of raw sugar, provided sugar mills with equipment and
supplies, and negotiated short term crop loans to Cuba's sugar producers. Czarnikow-Rionda's affiliated companies in Cuba
and the United States included cane farms, sugar mills, storage and weighing facilities, a sugar refinery, alcohol distilleries,
and cattle ranches.

The Braga Brothers Collection also documents a family network that has been involved in the sugar industry since the mid-1800s.
The collection begins in 1860 with the records of Lewis Benjamin, a commission merchant in New York City. The link to Cuba
and sugar begins in 1873 when Benjamin formed a partnership with Joaquín Rionda y Polledo, a Spanish immigrant with family
ties to a Cuban sugar producer. From there, the collection journeys through almost one hundred years of sugar history.

The collection consists primarily of administrative correspondence--letters, memoranda, and cables. Production data and records
related to the technology employed in the manufacture of raw sugar, molasses, alcohol, and other cane products are evident
as well. Ledgers and other accounting books, blueprints, and maps are also found in the collection. The latter includes original
maps of the sugar estates and aerial photographic surveys of the Francisco and Manati sugar mills.

English and Spanish are used throughout the collection, and a knowledge of both languages is essential to properly research
some topics. Codes used for the names of people and companies present a more perplexing problem. Codes were used primarily
for business security, but were often employed in sensitive communication related to government relations. A list of terms
decoded by researchers is available.

The Braga Brothers Collection is arranged in four record groups and is further divided into record series.

Record Group 1, 1860-1885, documents the business activities of Francisco, Joaquín, and Manuel Rionda y Polledo, three Spanish brothers
who came to Cuba and the United States and laid the foundation for later industrial and commercial enterprises.

Record Group 2, 1880-1951, contains the administrative files and letterbooks from the office of Manuel Rionda y Polledo, first president
and chairman of the Czarnikow-Rionda Company.

Record Group 3, 1891-1984, consists of records created by the Czarnikow-Rionda Company and its predecessor, Czarnikow, MacDougall and Company.
It contains the reference and correspondence files of corporate officials and the records of ten departments.

Record Group 4, 1899-1968, contains records of the Manati Sugar Company, the Francisco Sugar Company, and other affiliates and subsidiaries
of the Czarnikow-Rionda Company. Most of Record Group IV depicts the production of raw sugar and other cane products, but
there is also substantial documentation on Cuban cattle ranches and several experimental ventures. In addition, the record
group includes material from the W. J. McCahan Sugar Refining and Molasses Company, a Philadelphia refinery owned by Czarnikow-Rionda.

Additional documents were donated to the Libraries by the Braga family in 1993. When possible, these items were merged with
existing records series and record groups. Some materials, however, fell outside the scope of the original donation. These
are described in an Addendum group and include the personal papers and memoirs of several members of the Braga family. The addendum also describes non-textual
materials, such as photographs, maps and plans, memorabilia, and artifacts.

The Braga Brothers Collection is the gift of George Atkinson Braga and B. Rionda Braga to the University of Florida's George
A. Smathers Libraries. Donated to the Libraries' Department of Special Collections in 1981.

The earliest records in the Braga Brothers Collection date to 1860 and bear the name of a commission merchant, Lewis Benjamin.
Benjamin was one of many traders buying and selling a variety of commodities in Manhattan's vibrant financial district. In
1873, Benjamin and Joaquín Rionda y Polledo (1850-1889) formed the partnership of Benjamin, Rionda and Company. Joaquín Rionda
was the middle brother in a family of six sisters (Maria, Isidora, Gregoria, Ramona, Concepción, and Bibiana) and three brothers
(Francisco, Joaquín and Manuel), offspring of Don Bernardo de la Rionda y Alvarez and Doña Josefa Polledo y Mata. All were
born in the village of Noreña in the Oviedo district of Asturias.

The eldest brother, Francisco (1844-1898), resided in Cuba most of his life. It is uncertain when he arrived in Cuba, but
he worked with his uncle, Joaquín Polledo, in the firm Polledo, Rionda and Company. The company was a sugar export house with
its office and warehouse in Matanzas. The family also owned sugar plantations near that Cuban port. By 1875, Francisco had
married Elena de la Torriente, the daughter of one of Cuba's wealthiest sugar barons. His father-in-law, Cosmé de la Torriente,
awarded him management of a sugar estate dubbed La Elena after Francisco's bride.

The Polledos and Riondas also enjoyed a long and profitable association with George S. Hunt, owner of the Eagle Sugar Refinery
at Portland, Maine. In addition to the refinery, Hunt operated a fleet of ships that traded primarily in Maine lumber products
and Cuban sugar and molasses. Hunt took under his wing Joaquín and Manuel when they came to America and oversaw their preparation
for the business world. Joaquín spent his adolescent years at the Abbott School in Farmington, Maine, before he settled in
New York City. Manuel (1854-1943) left Spain in 1870 and followed Joaquín at the Abbott School before joining his brother
at Benjamin, Rionda and Company in 1874.

In the meantime, Francisco and his uncle enlarged their Cuban sugar holdings. By 1877, they had acquired the Central China
and contracted with Franklin Farrel of the Farrel Foundry and Machine Company of Ansonia, Connecticut, to modernize the estate's
industrial plant. However, debts incurred by the purchase of expensive mill machinery, coupled with declining sugar prices,
forced the bankruptcy of Polledo, Rionda and Co. in December, 1878. $400,000 of that debt was to Rionda, Benjamin and Co.

As part of a 1880 court settlement of Polledo, Rionda's remaining assets, the Rionda brothers acquired the Central China and
the Matanzas warehouses. Joaquín subsequently moved to Cuba to take charge of the Central China. Francisco continued at the
Elena estate until the de la Torrientes sold it. He then joined Joaquín at the Central China. Manuel also moved to Cuba and
assumed control of the Matanzas warehouses for a brief period. While all three of the brothers were in Cuba, the New York
business was left in the hands of a partner, Hugh Kelly.

Quickly, though, the business network began to crumble. By 1883, Rionda, Benjamin and Co. was declared insolvent. Manuel returned
to New York and attempted a new partnership with Kelly, but that lasted only a year. The Matanzas operations also failed and
the Central China eventually became the property of the New York Sugar Manufacturing Company, established by Farrell, Kelly
and Lewis Cooke.

The Riondas then focused their energies on sugar properties they acquired in the vicinity of Sancti Spiritus in Santa Clara
province. Manuel returned to Cuba briefly to work with his brothers. By 1886, though, he was back in New York working with
the firm of J. M. Ceballos and Co. The record trail in Record Group 1, however, stops in 1885. Record Group 2 starts in 1895, and there are no records in the collection for the intervening years. The memoirs and recollections of family
members (see also: Addendum) recount the history of the intervening years.

Record Group 1 of the Braga Brothers Collection is a valuable resource for studies of early North American investments in
the Cuban sugar industry. It also documents the Spanish communities in the United States and Cuba and the important role they
played in the development of Cuba's sugar industry. The Benjamins' business interests are also well documented in the correspondence
with Lewin and Sohr of Antwerp and Truninger and Company of London. Record Group 1 includes correspondence, bound and unbound
business records, shipping contracts and other maritime documents, legal papers, and trade circulars. A small amount of family
correspondence can also be found.

Series 6 includes cargo pouches, charter parties, maritime protests, insurance policies, and contractual records. The largest
part of the collection consists of cargo pouches. The original pouch envelopes, many of which were wrapped in bundles marked
"consignment envelopes," have been retained.

Box 6 contains insurance policies, receipts and ledgers (1870-1885) related to ships, cargoes on ships, and cargoes stored
in wharves and bulkheads. The ledger entitled "Marine Insurance G.R. and Co." lists vessels with merchandise, exit ports,
dates and amounts of insurance (in gold or currency), and compliments material found in many of the cargo pouches.

The majority of the maritime papers are written in English with some in Spanish and a few in French and German.

Series 31 consists primarily of business correspondence received at the early Rionda trading houses in New York City. Also
included in the series are copies of letters sent from the trading houses, but most of the outgoing correspondence will be
found in the letterbooks in Series 32. Some internal business correspondence, including memoranda, is also found along with
contracts and other business documents. The series also contains a small number of private letters and documents from family
members in Spain and Cuba. The majority of letters revolve around the purchase and sale of various commodities, including
sugar. The Riondas interest in sugar production factors more heavily in the later years of the series. Of particular interest
are the letters and documents related to the modernization of several mills in the 1880s. Discussion related to the abolition
of slavery can be found in the correspondence of the brothers, most notably in 1879.

The materials were bundled with titles and dates written on the bundle wrappers. Unless otherwise noted in brackets, the folder
titles here are the same as those that were on the wrappers. About a tenth of the series was found loose with no identification.
Those letters have been arranged by date and marked in the contents lists with an asterisk. A considerable portion of the
series was lost to rodent damage.

Legal size documents are in box 8, oversize documents in box 9.

Box

8

Dept. of State claim of Wolf, Hoffnung and Levi, British subjects [legal size]. 1864

1

[Two letters]. 1869

1

[Miscellaneous correspondence]. Not dated

1

[Correspondence].* 1872 Feb-Mar

1

Compositions in English,. 1872

1

Correspondencia desde Deciembre a Enero 24,. 1872, 1873

8

[Miscellaneous documents l [legal]. 1872-1874

1

Taken from envelope marked "BAIZ" and addressed to Isaac Phillips. 1872-1875

1

[Found in unmarked bundle]. 1872-1876

1

Versos (miscellaneous). 1872-1877

1

[Correspondence found in bundle marked 1872]. 1873

1

Enero-Febrero. 1873

1

Correspondencia Enero 2 a [February 18]. 1873

1

Correspondencia hasta Marzo 31. 1873

1

Letters from February to December. 1873

1

[June to December]. 1873

1

Letters of L, Benjamin from August to October. 1873

1

[November-December}. 1873

1

Private letter. 1873, 1874

1

Letters of Francisco Rionda from August 1873 to September 1874. 1873-1874

Series 32 consists of twenty letterbooks containing copies of outgoing correspondence from the Rionda trading houses in New
York City. Eight of the volumes contain letters from Rionda, Benjamin and Co., exclusively, while the remainder carry correspondence
from various houses. A small amount of personal and family correspondence is also included.

The letterbooks do not form a continuous series and there is considerable overlapping of dates. Special care should be taken
when looking for specific dates.

In general the records of this series are in good condition, with only minor mutilation and some ink fading.

Series 33 consists of trade circulars and market reports received by the various firms associated with Record Group 1, including
Rionda, Benjamin and Company. Most of the circulars and reports relate to the sugar trade and were issued in the United States,
Cuba, and Europe. There are also publications on other commodities traded by Rionda, Benjamin.

Series 34 contains the ledgers, journals, and other bound financial records of Benjamin, Rionda and Company and several related
firms. An interesting feature of this series is the inclusion of several items from the years prior to Joaquin Rionda's partnership
with Lewis Benjamin. This includes ledgers from A. Wolf, one of several business associates of Lewis Benjamin. The series
also contains a cashbook for the Central China.

Most of the daily correspondence of the Rionda trading houses was in the form of international cables. The availability of
cheap telegrahpic messaging allowed smaller and newer firms as Rionda, Benjamin and Company to compete with older established
firms. Cable messages relayed the price and availability of specific commodities. To save money, commercial codes were employed
to reduce the number of letters used in a single cable. Series 59 contains only a sampling of the hundreds of thousands of
largely undeciperable cables originally foound in the collection. Series 59 contains several telegraph code books employed
by Rionda, Benjamin and Company and Gomez, Rionda and Company, a cable book containing copies of outgoing cable messages,
and some examples of incoming cables.

Manuel Rionda worked at the firm J. M. Ceballos and Co. from approximately 1886 to 1896. During that time, he established
a sound reputation among Wall Street's sugar brokers and important links with Cuba's sugar producers. In 1896, he left Ceballos
and became a commission agent in Czarnikow, MacDougall and Company (est. 1891). Czarnikow, MacDougall was the North American
branch of the eminent London trading house C. Czarnikow, Ltd., one of the world's largest sugar traders.

While Manuel's star rose in New York business circles, his brothers continued to expand and modernize the family's sugar properties
in Sancti Spiritus. Manuel's employer, Juan Ceballos, was encouraged to invest in the venture and the Central Tuinucu Sugar
Cane Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1891. (The company's name was shortened to the Tuinucú Sugar
Company in 1903.) Tragically, though, Joaquín had died in a drowning accident while fording the Rio Tuinicú on April 7,1889.
Francisco Rionda managed the cane fields and factory, and cane was ground at the new mill for the first time in 1895. No sooner
had Tuinucu's new mill begun operations, but civil war in 1895 plunged Cuba into economic chaos. Cuba's sugar industry was
devastated, and the Central Tuinucu was one of many plantations whose cane fields were put to the torch by Cuban insurgents.
Francisco's letters to Manuel in Series 1 chronicle the turmoil of that period. Fearing execution by the insurgents, Francisco and other family members left Cuba in
1898. Before leaving, though, Francisco acquired a significant tract of land around the Bahía de Guayabal in Camagüey province.

Francisco died in New York City in November, 1898, leaving Manuel as the head of the family's properties and businesses. By
this time, the United States' victory over Spain in the Spanish-American War had initiated a period of peace in Cuba under
U.S. military occupation. Despite initial reluctance to continue in Cuba after 1898, Rionda decided to reinvest in the Cuban
sugar industry. First, he was able to secure funds to revive Tuinucu. Then he organized a new company, the Francisco Sugar
Company, to exploit the Camagüey land holdings acquired by his brother. Lacking capital of his own to build a sugar mill,
Rionda sought out investors. The principal investors in the Francisco Sugar Company were the owners of the W. J. McCahan Sugar
Refinery in Philadelphia. The McCahan group managed the company until 1909 when it relinquished ownership and control to the
Riondas.

Cuba's war for independence also interrupted Rionda's work in Czarnikow, MacDougall and forced the firm to seek alternative
sources of sugar. With the end of fighting in Cuba, however, Rionda plunged into the work he had been hired to do. Ironically,
the war had removed or hurt many of his competitors. With the capital resources of C. Czarnikow behind him, Rionda financed
old clients and aggressively sought new ones. By 1903, Czarnikow, MacDougall was the dominant company in the Cuban sugar trade.
When the company's senior partner, Caesar Czarnikow, died in 1909, a new company was organized. The Czarnikow-Rionda Company
was incorporated September 1, 1909, with Manuel Rionda as its president. The new firm was a private company and management
of the company was vested in the common stock owned coequally by five individuals. Four of the common stockholders were the
remaining partners in C. Czarnikow, Ltd.; the fifth was Rionda. Consequently, control of the company remained in London.

Rionda's relations with the other stockholders were never satisfactory. Rionda believed the Europeans were too conservative
to effectively compete for the Cuban sugar market. The London stockholders, for their part, were wary of Cuba's political
instability. Incidents such as the Guerrito de Agosto, which resulted in a second U.S. occupation of Cuba in 1906, and a racial
conflict in 1912 further soured business interest in the island. In 1915, Rionda announced his intention to retire from Czarnikow-Rionda.
His aim was to create his own brokerage house with his nephews, Manuel Enrique Rionda and Bernardo Braga Rionda, as his seconds
and successors. Negotiations between the New York and London offices led, instead, to a new five year agreement that reduced
British participation in Czarnikow-Rionda. Rionda continued to serve as the company's chief executive and chairman of the
board.

Between 1902 and 1922, the Riondas expanded their operations and holdings in Cuba. When several mills passed into the hands
of Czarnikow, MacDougall after their owners failed to meet debt obligations, the Riondas stepped in to acquire and manage
the properties. In this manner, the Riondas acquired the Central San Vicente in 1907. Another foreclosed mill, the Central
San José, was reorganized as the Washington Sugar Company in 1911. Other acquisitions included the Central Elia, a sugar mill
adjacent to the Francisco Sugar Company, and the Central Céspedes near La Florida in Camagüey.

Among the financial backers of the Washington Sugar Company was Walter E. Ogilvie, a North American businessman and a major
stockholder in the United Railways of the Havana and Regla Warehouses. Rionda and Ogilvie would collaborate on other business
ventures. Together, they organized the Regla Coal Company in 1911 and broke the Berwind White Coal Company's monopoly on coal
distribution in Cuba. For a brief period in the early 1920s, Ogilvie served as Czarnikow-Rionda's president and attempted
a reorganization of the company's operations. When the reorganization failed to bring the desired results, Rionda returned
to his position as president.

In 1907, Rionda began a long and beneficial relationship with the law firm of Sullivan and Cromwell. Several partners of the
firm invested in the Stewart Sugar Company that operated a large sugar factory in Camagüey province. Rionda served as president
during the construction of the mill and the company's initial harvest. His success prompted further business collaboration
with Sullivan and Cromwell, and Sullivan and Cromwell

Sullivan and Cromwell also invested in the largest sugar mill constructed by the Riondas. In 1911, Rionda brought together
a group of investors that also included Claus Spreckels, Edmund Converse, Regino Truffin, and the financial house of J. and
W. Seligman to exploit extensive land holdings around the Bahia de Manatí. The Manati Sugar Company was an immense undertaking
and presaged Rionda's most ambitious business venture, the creation of the Cuba Cane Sugar Corporation in 1915. Backed by
the financial resources of the Morgan trust, Cuba Cane was able to acquire the properties of seventeen mills that controlled
over sixteen percent of Cuba's annual sugar production. Rionda served as president of Cuba Cane from 1915 to 1920.

The organization of the Cuba Cane Sugar Corporation in 1915 was encouraged by the rise in sugar prices brought on by the war
in Europe. The entry of the United States in that conflict, however, produced demands at home and abroad for market controls.
To achieve price stability and insure supplies of sugar at the same time, various national and international regulatory bodies
were created. In recognition of Czarnikow-Rionda's influence in the sugar industry, Rionda was appointed by Cuban President
Mario G. Menocal to the Cuban Commission. The Commission, which included Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and Robert B. Hawley, represented
Cuba in international negotiations on sugar prices and allocations. Members of Czarnikow-Rionda also served on the Cuban Adjustment
Committee, the Cuban Allotment Committee, and the Committee on Compensation to United States Brokers. Market prices for Cuban
sugar were tightly regulated during the war, and Rionda played a prominent role in determining the price of Cuban raw sugar.

Despite protests from Rionda and others in the sugar trade, the United States lifted price restrictions on raw sugar in 1919.
The result was a frenzy of market speculation known as the "Dance of the Millions." In the space of a few months, the price
of raw sugar rose and fell dramatically ruining hundreds of planters and merchants in the process. In response to the market
collapse, President Menocal named Rionda and several other sugar merchants to the Sugar Finance Committee. The Committee's
task was to assist in financing and marketing the unsold portion of the 1920 Cuban harvest.

The committee's efforts were largely unsuccessful, and Rionda's presence on the committee led to complaints of favoritism
and charges of illegal business practices. Other attempts to control the marketing of Cuban sugar followed. In 1929, the Compañía
Exportadora Nacional del Azucar, or Vendedor Unico as it was often called, was organized as a single cooperative agency for
the sale of Cuban sugars. Rionda exerted influence in Vendedor Unico and its successor, the Cooperative Export Agency.

Efforts to regulate sugar production and marketing on a world-wide scale were also made and Czarnikow-Rionda participated
in all of the early international marketing agreements. The company's representative at many of the sugar conferences was
Aurelio Portuondo, a Cuban lawyer and a vice-president in the Cuban Trading Company. Portuondo later represented the Cuban
government in tariff negotiations with the United States in 1933 and was the company's principal liaison to the Cuban government
for many years. In addition to Portuondo, Manuel Rionda corresponded with Thomas Chadbourne, the architect of the 1929 Chadbourne
Plan. Rionda also carried on a lengthy correspondence with Viriato Gutierrez and José Miguel Tarafa. Both were prominent Cuban
businessmen and important figures in international negotiations.

The 1920s and 1930s marked a slow and steady decline in the Rionda business fortunes. The sugar industry had barely recovered
from the effects of the 1920 collapse when the Great Depression brought new economic difficulties and crippling tariff protection.
The Francisco, Cespedes, and Manati sugar companies were forced into receivership and reorganized. Cuba Cane, in which the
Riondas invested heavily, was a serious drain on the family's resources and was dissolved in 1938. By the mid-1930s, Czarnikow-Rionda's
market dominance had been supplanted by its major competitor, Galban, Lobo and Company. Although it continued to play a significant
role in Cuba's economic life, Czarnikow-Rionda never regained the influence it enjoyed during the first three decades of the
twentieth century.

In his last years, Rionda was preoccupied with keeping his various businesses afloat. Despite losses in its market share,
Czarnikow-Rionda escaped dissolution and Francisco, Manati, and Cespedes passed through receivership still under the control
of the Riondas. San Vicente and Washington, however, were sold. As the years progressed Rionda's participation in industry
affairs waned, but he was active until his death, at 89, on September 2, 1943. Rionda was succeeded as president of Czarnikow-Rionda
by his nephew, Bernardo Braga Rionda.

Manuel Rionda's papers include more than 150 letterbooks and over seventy-five linear feet of subject files from his Wall
Street office as well as documents kept at Rio Vista, his New Jersey estate on the palisades of the Hudson River. Manuel Rionda
was the epitome of the hands-on industrial manager and demanded of his subalterns, many of whom were nephews and in-laws,
detailed and regular reports. The magnitude and detail of his papers is, in turn, matched by a richness of opinions and convictions.
He required prompt and detailed correspondence from each mill manager and company president. Rionda also responded personally
to the entreaties of his colonos, the cane farmers who supplied cane for the sugar mills. Also included in this record group
are Rionda's financial papers including records related to the execution of this estate. Of special note is Series 11 containing the correspondence of Aurelio Portuondo while he served as a negotiator for Cuba in the talks leading up to the
Reciprocity Treaty of 1934.

The material in this series was gathered from several disorganized files. They have been rearranged into a single alphabetical
file. Arrangement is by the personal or corporate names of the correspondents. Series 1 consists of letters written to Manuel
Rionda during the years 1896-1917 and complements the letterbooks found in Series 2. In the mid-1910s, Rionda began to keep a subject file containing both outgoing and incoming correspondence (See Series 10.) Rionda also kept separate files for Czarnikow-Rionda's internal memoranda and his correspondence with his nephews, Manuel
Enrique Rionda and Bernardo Braga Rionda. (See Series 5 and Series 12.)

The earliest correspondence, dating from 1896, is mainly from family members in Spain and Cuba. Manuel's brother, Francisco,
managed the Central Tuinucu, the family's estate in Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Francisco wrote many letters describing the effects
of the Cuban war for independence from Spain. Francisco's correspondence and that of Manuel's sisters and nieces, recount
the activities of guerrillas camping nearby, the arrival of General Weyler and his attempts to defeat the rebels, and the
damage done to the sugar industry and Cuba. The family filed a successful damage claim to the government of the United States
for which there is documentation. After Francisco's death in 1898, Manuel Rionda's brother-in-law, Pedro Alonso, took over
the management of Tuinucu, and later Manuel E. Rionda, José B. Rionda, and D. A. Walsh assumed that position. Each of these
men wrote extensively to Manuel Rionda, who wanted daily reports about all his holdings. There is also extensive correspondence
from long-time business associates of Manuel Rionda, including Louis Placé, Ramon Pelayo, Tiburcio and Pedro Bea, Juan Ceballos,
and Julio Rabel. Manuel Rionda followed their careers as they dissolved companies and formed new ones or took on colonos.
He also took a personal interest in their families and educated several of their sons at academies in Maine and New York and
found positions for them in his companies.

The Zevallos brothers, Rafael and Victor, figure prominently in this series. Victor Zevallos became the president of the Cuban
Trading Company, which negotiated Czarnikow-Rionda's business and legal transactions in Cuba. Victor Zevallos and Higinio
Fanjul, another nephew of Rionda, were known affectionately as the "Havana boys." Manuel E. Rionda and Bernardo Braga Rionda
were called the "New York boys." Legal counsel for the Cuban Trading Company during this period was Manuel Rafael Angulo.
There is extensive correspondence with John F. Craig and William J. Craig of the W. J. McCahan Sugar Refining Company of Philadelphia,
principal backers for the Francisco Sugar Company. There are also detailed reports from some of the Francisco managers, Gabriel
Menocal, Francisco Coma, Pedro Alonso, John Durham, Leandro Rionda, and Gerard Smith. They discuss daily management of problems,
including acts of sabotage, deliberate fires, attempts by the workers to unionize and the response by managers, and the roles
of the Cuban and United States governments in maintaining order on the island.

The Stewart Sugar Company, located in Camagüey, was another major venture that involved Rionda. Subscribers included C. Czarnikow
Ltd., D. Stewart and Company of Glasgow, and the law firm of Sullivan and Cromwell. There are files for each of these, as
well as William Nelson Cromwell, Alfred Jaretski, and Francis Pollak, all of Sullivan and Cromwell. (See also Series 7.) Sullivan and Cromwell was also influential in the formation of the Manati Sugar Company in 1912. Eduardo Ulzurrun became
the administrator of the Central Manati and filed detailed reports on the operations of the estate. His files include lists
of colonos, petitions by the colonos and administration responses, his requests for United States forces to protect the property
during rebellions, and even such details as menus for the workers. In addition to Tuinucu, Francisco, Stewart, and Manati,
the series also contains smaller files on the following Cuban sugar factories: the Central Jobo and Central Julio (See files
of Pedro Laborde), the Central Perservancia, and the Rosario Sugar Company. There are also files on Puerto Rican sugar companies
including the Plazuela Sugar Company (see Eduardo Giorgetti) and the Loiza Sugar Company (see William S. Marr).

There are a wide variety of other correspondents--individual and corporate--represented in this series. These include heads
of railroad companies and steamship lines, such as the Cuba Railroad Company and the Munson Steamship Line, American sugar
refineries, machinery companies (see especially Honolulu Iron Works Company and the Krajewski-Pesant Corporation), banking
interests such as J. and W. Seligman and Company (see files of Albert and Frederick Strauss), and several import-export agents.
Another prominent business associate of Manuel Rionda was Walter E. Ogilvie. There are also files on the British stockholders
in Czarnikow-Rionda. These include Charles Lagemann, Jules Ganzoni, Theodore Westrick, and George MacDougall.

Series 2 is the major letterbook series in Record Group 2 and contains copies of Manuel Rionda's outgoing correspondence written
from his New York office. Each volume has a name index with the page number of each entry. Confidential letters written by
Rionda were kept in separate books (Series 4), as were letters written during his trips to Cuba during the sugar harvest (Series 3).

Correspondence is in both Spanish and English and is mostly typewritten. Of the original ninety-five volumes three are missing--volumes
1, 2, and 86.

Contains copies of letters written by Manuel Rionda y Polledo while he was away from his Wall Street office. Most of the correspondence
was written in Cuba where he spent the winter months supervising the sugar harvest. The letters were recorded in several formats.
Letters written between 1910 and 1926 were copied in rice-paper letterbooks. Scrapbooks with pasted letters cover the harvests
of 1909 and 1910. (Additional scrapbooks were not retained as they duplicated letters in the rice-paper letterbooks.) A carbon
copybook with letters for the harvest of 1907 was found and added to the series in 1994. Finally, there is a rice-paper letterbook
which spans the years 1905-1913. This letterbook contains letters written during trips, but also includes letters written
from his residence in Alpine, New Jersey and receipts for traveling expenses. With the exception of the carbon copybook, each
volume includes a name index with the page number of each letter. A volume containing copies of cables, received and sent,
for the winter of 1925-1926 is also included in this series.

This series complements Series 5 and Series 12, which also cover the harvest months. Originals or typescripts of copies found in this series may be found there as well.

Series 4 consists of copies of selected outgoing correspondence and internal memoranda from Manuel Rionda. Most of the letters
are marked CONFIDENTIAL and concern business matters primarily. A numerical code is used in many of the letters for the names
of people and businesses and for important business data. Unfortunately, the code sheet is rarely included with the letter.

The letters here are not repeated in other letterbook series. Volumes 1-3 have name indexes; volume 4 does not.

Series 5 consists of copies and originals of memoranda between the Czarnikow-Rionda Company and C. Czarnikow, Ltd. of London
and between the Havana and New York offices of Czarnikow-Rionda. The memoranda were generated during Manuel Rionda's trips
to Cuba during the harvest months. As such, the memoranda complement the letters found in Series 3 and Series 12. In general, the correspondence runs from December through March, but sometimes as early as September and as late as July.
There are no memoranda for the harvests of 1905-1906 and 1907-1908.

Many of the memos are divided into subject headings, and a continuous correspondence on a particular subject can be traced
over a period of time. Part of Series 5 was found in five loose leaf binders, four of which had numbered pages and indexes
for each subject heading. Other memoranda were found with materials now in Series 1. (Several memoranda from the 1902-1903
harvest can be found in Series 1 under Czarnikow, MacDougall and Co.)

The correspondence between Rionda and London is often bitter and reflects Rionda's growing dissatisfaction with the British
stockholders. The correspondence from Rionda in Cuba is rich in comments, gossip, and opinions on political and economic conditions
in the early years of the Cuban Republic. There is also some discussion of the sugar industry in Puerto Rico and elsewhere
in the Caribbean. The letters from London often comment on the European beet sugar market and world market conditions.

Box

1

New York City to London. December 1904-January 1905

1

Havana to New York City. December 1904-February 1905

1

Havana to New York City. November 1906-January 1907

1

London to New York City. November 1906-January 1907

1

New York City to London - "General Matters". November 1906-January 1907

1

New York City to London - "B. W. I. Matters". November 1907-January 1907

1

All Havana to New York City (Index for Pages 1-313). 1908-1909

1

All Havana to New York City (Pages 1-118). November-December, 1908

1

All Havana to New York City (Pages 119-211). January-February, 1909

1

All Havana to New York City (Pages 212-313). March-April, 1909

1

Index to 1909-1910, 1910-1911, and 1911-1912. 1909-1912

1

New York City to London (Pages 1-104). September-December, 1909

1

Havana to New York City (Pages 105-201). December 1909-March 1910

2

Havana to New York City (Pages 202-316). December 1910-April 1911

2

Havana to New York City (Pages 317-393). December 1910-March 1912

2

London to New York City. December 1909-February 1910

2

New York City to Havana. December 1909-February 1910

2

New York City to London. December 1909-March 1912

2

All New York City to London - Index (Pages 1-239). 1910-1911

2

All New York City to London (Pages 1-85). October-November, 1910

2

All New York City to London (Pages 86-194). December 1910-March 1911

2

All New York City to London (Pages 195-239). July-December 1911

2

London to New York City. December 1910-March 1911

2

London to New York City. December 1911-March 1912

2

Primarily accounts of sugars sold from different mills in Cuba and Puerto Rico and comparative production data for various
mills in Cuba, Harvest of 1911-1912. September-December 1912

This series consists of Manuel Rionda's correspondence written during his tenure as president of the Stewart Sugar Company.
The Stewart Sugar Company owned and operated the Central Stewart located near the port of Júcaro in the province of Camagüey.
Among the principal investors in the company was the law firm of Sullivan and Cromwell, C. Czarnikow, Ltd., and D. Stewart
and Co. of Glasgow. The Riondas were not stockholders, but were asked by the investors to reorganize the factory's management.

Series 9 consists of a volume entitled "Sales Made By Single Seller". Single Seller, or Vendedor Unico as it was known in
Cuba, refers to the Compañia Exportadora Nacional de Azúcar, a cooperative agency established by the Cuban government in 1928
to handle the sales of sugar to foreign markets. The organizers of Vendedor Unico were José Miguel Tarafa and Manuel Rionda
y Polledo. Vendedor Unico ended in 1930 and was replaced by the Cooperative Export Agency. It is uncertain whether this series
is a record of all Vendedor Unico sales or simply those handled by the Czarnikow-Rionda Company.

Series 10 contains incoming and outgoing correspondence, reports, comparative data on sugar production and sales, published
materials, internal memoranda, blueprints, maps, and other records.

Subseries 10a spans the years 1911 through 1920. It documents the creation of the Manati Sugar Company and the Cuba Cane Sugar Corporation,
Manuel Rionda's involvement in international regulation of sugar supplies during World War I, the collapse of the sugar market
in 1920, and Czarnikow-Rionda's participation in the Sugar Finance Committee.

Subseries 10b was found in a transfile marked "files kept by Mrs. Forbes." Subseries 10b consists primarily of carbon copies of outgoing
correspondence from 1920 through 1922. A more complete record of Manuel Rionda's letters for this time period can be found
in Series 2, Series 3, and Series 4.

The largest part of Series 10 is contained in Subseries 10c. This subject file replaced and unified other filing systems used by Rionda. Consequently, it provides extensive coverage
on all of Rionda's diverse concerns. Subseries 10c begins in 1921 and continues until Rionda's death in September, 1943. The
time period includes the Great Depression, the Cuban Revolution of 1933, and the first years of World War II. The files on
each of the Rionda sugar companies provide detailed information on the operations of the plantations. There is abundant documentation
on the political and social forces that affected sugar production and marketing. Folders marked "Sugar Finance Committee,
Documents, Lawsuit 1935-1936" were originally part of documentary evidence related to a suit filed by the Cuban government
against members of Czarnikow-Rionda who served on the Sugar Finance Committee. Also contained in this subseries are materials
created by the public relations firm of Ivy Lee to combat higher sugar tariffs in the 1920s.

Included among the principal correspondents in Series 10 are Walter E. Ogilvie, the law firm of Sullivan and Cromwell (which
owned stock in many of the Rionda sugar companies), Albert and Frederick Strauss of J. and W. Seligman, Robert B. Hawley,
Jose Miguel Tarafa, Miguel Arango, Laureano Falla Gutierrez, and Thomas L. Chadbourne.

Boxes 146-147 include oversize materials separated from their original files and stored flat.