3.
Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the Frauenkirche in the background

4.
Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless Heilig-Geist-Kirche is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The Talbruck gate tower is missing completely.

1.
1931
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January – The National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act is formed to work for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, january 3 – Albert Einstein begins doing research at the California Institute of Technology, along with astronomer Edwin Hubble. January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa, january 6 – Thomas Edison submits his last patent application. January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia, january 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India. January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France, january 30 – Release of the movie City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin. February 3 – Hawkes Bay earthquake, Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier, february 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars while weak nations are beaten. Stalin states, We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries and we must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us, intensification of the First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin, february 11 – National Socialist and German National Peoples Party members walk out of the German Reichstag in protest against changes in the parliaments protocol intended to limit heckling. February 12 – Vatican Radio first broadcasts, february 14 – The original film version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States. February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland, february 20 – California gets the go-ahead by the United States Congress to build the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima, march 1 – The USS Arizona is placed back in full commission after a refit. March 1 – Sir Oswald Mosley founds the New Party as a breakaway from the Labour Party in the United Kingdom, march 3 – The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the United States National anthem. March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, march 7 – The new House of Representatives opens in Helsinki, Finland. March 11 – The Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR programme, march 17 – Nevada legalizes gambling. March 19 – Westminster St Georges by-election in the U. K. results in the victory of the Conservative candidate Duff Cooper, march 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj. March 25 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape, march 27 – English writer Arnold Bennett dies of typhoid in London shortly after returning from a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe. March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people, april 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi province

2.
Adolf von Hildebrand
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Adolf von Hildebrand was a German sculptor. Hildebrand was born at Marburg, the son of Marburg economics professor Bruno Hildebrand and he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Nuremberg, with Kaspar von Zumbusch at the Munich Academy and with Rudolf Siemering in Berlin. From 1873 he lived in Florence in San Francesco, a secularized sixteenth-century monastery, in 1877 he married Irene Schäuffelen. A friend of Hans von Marées, he designed the setting for the painters murals in the library of the German Marine Zoological Institute at Naples. He spent a significant amount of time in Munich after 1889, executing a monumental fountain there and he is known for five monumental urban fountains. Hildebrand worked in a Neo-classical tradition, and set out his theories in his book Das Problem der Form in der Bildenden Kunst. He was ennobled by the King of Bavaria in 1904 and he was the father of the painter Eva, Elizabeth, sculptor Irene Georgii-Hildebrand, Sylvie, Bertele, and Catholic theologian Dietrich von Hildebrand. He died in Munich in 1921

3.
Academy of Art, Munich
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The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich is one of the oldest and most significant art academies in Germany. It is located in the Maxvorstadt district of Munich, in Bavaria, the Academy of Fine Arts was founded 1808 by Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria in Munich as the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The Munich School refers to a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Academy between 1850 and 1918, the paintings are characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical painting subjects included landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, from 1900 to 1918 the academys director was Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller. In 1946, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts was merged with the School of arts and crafts, in 1953 its name was changed to the current Academy of Fine Arts. The large 19th-century Renaissance Revival style building complex, designed by Gottfried Neureuther, was completed in 1886 and it has housed the Academy since then. A new Deconstructivist style expansion, designed by the architectural firm Coop Himmelbau as an extension from the building, was completed in 2005

4.
Maillol
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Aristide Joseph Bonaventure Maillol was a French sculptor, painter, and printmaker. Maillol was born in Banyuls-sur-Mer, Roussillon and he decided at an early age to become a painter, and moved to Paris in 1881 to study art. His early paintings show the influence of his contemporaries Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gauguin encouraged his growing interest in decorative art, an interest that led Maillol to take up tapestry design. In 1893 Maillol opened a workshop in Banyuls, producing works whose high technical. He began making small terracotta sculptures in 1895, and within a few years his concentration on sculpture led to the abandonment of his work in tapestry, in July 1896, Maillol married Clotilde Narcis, one of his employees at his tapestry workshop. Their only son, Lucian, was born that October, maillol’s first major sculpture, A Seated Woman, was modeled after his wife. The first version was completed in 1902, and renamed La Méditerranée, Maillol, believing that art does not lie in the copying of nature, produced a second, less naturalistic version in 1905. In 1902, the art dealer Ambroise Vollard provided Maillol with his first exhibition, the subject of nearly all of Maillols mature work is the female body, treated with a classical emphasis on stable forms. Josep Pla said of Maillol, These archaic ideas, Greek, were the great novelty Maillol brought into the tendency of modern sculpture. What you need to love from the ancients is not the antiquity, it is the sense of permanent, renewed novelty and his important public commissions include a 1912 commission for a monument to Cézanne, as well as numerous war memorials commissioned after World War I. Maillol served as a juror with Florence Meyer Blumenthal in awarding the Prix Blumenthal a grant awarded to painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers and he made a series of woodcut illustrations for an edition of Vergils Eclogues published by Harry Graf Kessler in 1926–27. He also illustrated Daphnis and Chloe by Longus and Chansons pour elle by Paul Verlaine and he died in Banyuls at the age of eighty-three, in an automobile accident. While driving home during a thunderstorm, the car in which he was a passenger skidded off the road and rolled over. A large collection of Maillols work is maintained at the Musée Maillol in Paris and his home a few kilometers outside Banyuls, also the site of his final resting place, has been turned into a museum where a number of his works and sketches are displayed. Three of his bronzes grace the staircase of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, Summer, Venus Without Arms. The third is the only reference to music, created for a monument at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Flora, Nude, Houston, Texas LAir Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, “Aristide Maillol, 1861-1944”, New York, frèches-Thory, Claire, & Perucchi-Petry, Ursula, ed. Die Nabis, Propheten der Moderne, Kunsthaus Zürich & Grand Palais, Paris & Prestel, Munich 1993 ISBN 3-7913-1969-8, Lorquin, Bertrand

5.
Au (Munich)
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Au is a district in the south eastern plain tract of the German city of Munich in Bavaria. Au extends from the Deutsches Museum in the north and along the Isar up to Wittelsbacherbrücke in the south, in the centre of the area the Auer Dult takes place three times a year on the Mariahilfplatz, which is the largest annual market in Munich. Bordering boroughs of the city are Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt and Altstadt-Lehel on the side of the Isar, Untergiesing-Harlaching in the south. The Haidhausen district lies to the east and along with Au, Au was first documented on 12 December 1340 as Awe ze Gysingen, with Awe meaning Land on water. In 1808 Au was made a town as Vorstadt Au, in 1818, along with Untergiesing, Au formed its own urban munincipality. On 1 October 1854 the district was incorporated into Munich, hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck, a 1974 World Cup champion has operated a stationery shop in Au for over 20 years. After the munincipality had been part of the city in 1808 it was given its own coat of arms on 25 July 1808 by the Royal Bavarian Landes-Commissariat. It is likely that coat of arms also applied to Haidhausen, description, Three silver lilies with green styling and 6 leaves on a blue background. Meaning, In reference to the Lilienberg Monastery in Au, after the incorporation into the city of Munich in 1854, all rights to the coat of arms belonged to the Munich city council. Helmuth Stahleder, Von Allach bis Zamilapark, names and historical dates of the history of Munich and its incorporated suburbs. Stadtarchiv München, ed. München, Buchendorfer Verlag 2001, ISBN 3-934036-46-5 Herrmann Wilhelm, In der Münchner Vorstadt Au - Vergessene Lebenswelten des siebzehnten, achtzehnten und neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. MünchenVerlag ISBN 978-3-937090-00-9 Official site of the district at www. muenchen. de

Au (Munich)
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Mariahilf Church

6.
Pierre Auguste Rodin
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François Auguste René Rodin, known as Auguste Rodin, was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past and he was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Pariss foremost school of art. Sculpturally, Rodin possessed an ability to model a complex, turbulent. Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime and they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodins most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory, modeled the human body with realism, Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, but refused to change his style. Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community, by 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodins work after his Worlds Fair exhibit and he married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917, Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community. Rodin was born in 1840 into a family in Paris, the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean-Baptiste Rodin. He was largely self-educated, and began to draw at age ten, between ages 14 and 17, Rodin attended the Petite École, a school specializing in art and mathematics, where he studied drawing and painting. His drawing teacher, Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran, believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes, Rodin still expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life. It was at Petite École that he first met Jules Dalou, in 1857, Rodin submitted a clay model of a companion to the École des Beaux-Arts in an attempt to win entrance, he did not succeed, and two further applications were also denied. Given that entrance requirements at the Grande École were not particularly high, Rodins inability to gain entrance may have been due to the judges Neoclassical tastes, while Rodin had been schooled in light, 18th-century sculpture. Leaving the Petite École in 1857, Rodin earned a living as a craftsman, Rodins sister Maria, two years his senior, died of peritonitis in a convent in 1862. Rodin was anguished and felt guilty because he had introduced Maria to an unfaithful suitor, turning away from art, he briefly joined a Catholic order, the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. Saint Peter Julian Eymard, founder and head of the congregation, recognized Rodins talent and, sensing his lack of suitability for the order and he returned to work as a decorator, while taking classes with animal sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye. The teachers attention to detail – his finely rendered musculature of animals in motion – significantly influenced Rodin, in 1864, Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beuret, with whom he would stay – with ranging commitment – for the rest of his life. The couple had a son, Auguste-Eugène Beuret and that year, Rodin offered his first sculpture for exhibition, and entered the studio of Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, a successful mass producer of objets dart

7.
Spreeathen
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln

Spreeathen
Spreeathen
Spreeathen
Spreeathen

8.
Geramny
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed

9.
Ernst Bloch
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Ernst Bloch was a German Marxist philosopher. Bloch was influenced by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx, as well as by apocalyptic and religious thinkers such as Thomas Müntzer, Paracelsus and he established friendships with György Lukács, Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor W. Adorno. Blochs work focuses on the thesis that in a world where oppression and exploitation have been eliminated there will always be a truly revolutionary force. Bloch was born in Ludwigshafen, the son of a Jewish railway-employee, after studying philosophy, he married Else von Stritzky, daughter of a Baltic brewer in 1913, who died in 1921. His second marriage with Linda Oppenheimer lasted only a few years and his third wife was Karola Piotrowska, a Polish architect, whom he married in 1934 in Vienna. When the Nazis came to power, they had to flee, first into Switzerland, then to Austria, France, Czechoslovakia, Bloch returned to the GDR in 1949 and obtained a chair in philosophy at Leipzig. 1948 he was offered the chair of philosophy at the University of Leipzig, in 1955 he was awarded the National Prize of the GDR. In addition, he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin and he had more or less become the political philosopher of the GDR. But the Hungarian uprising in 1956 brought the convinced Marxist Bloch to reverse course for the SED regime, because he taught his humanistic ideas of freedom, he was retired in 1957 for political reasons – not because of his age,72 years. When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, he did not return to the GDR, but went to Tübingen in West Germany, where he received an honorary chair in Philosophy. Blochs The Principle of Hope was written during his emigration in the United States and he wrote the lengthy three volume work in the reading room of Harvards Widener Library. Bloch originally planned to publish it there under the title Dreams of a Better Life, the Principle of Hope tries to provide an encyclopedic account of mankinds and natures orientation towards a socially and technologically improved future. Blochs work became influential in the course of the student protest movements in 1968. It is cited as a key influence by Jürgen Moltmann in his Theology of Hope, by Dorothee Sölle, psychoanalyst Joel Kovel has praised Bloch as, the greatest of modern utopian thinkers. Robert S. Corrington has been influenced by Bloch, though he has tried to adapt Blochs ideas to serve a liberal rather than a Marxist politics. Blochs concept of concrete utopias found in The Principle of Hope was used by José Esteban Muñoz to shift the field of performance studies, frage, Kategorien des Herausbringens, Praxis “Causality and Finality as Active, Objectifying Categories, Categories of Transmission”. Durham, NC, Duke University Press Boldyrev, Ivan, Ernst Bloch and His Contemporaries, Ernst Bloch, London, Routledge Hudson, Wayne. The Marxist philosophy of Ernst Bloch, New York, St. Martins Press Schmidt, Ernst Bloch, Stuttgart, Metzler Münster, Arno

10.
Communication designer
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A graphic designer is a professional within the graphic design and graphic arts industry who assembles together images, typography, or motion graphics to create a piece of design. A graphic designer creates the graphics primarily for published, printed or electronic media, such as brochures and they are also sometimes responsible for typesetting, illustration, user interfaces, and web design. A core responsibility of the job is to present information in a way that is both accessible and memorable. A degree or certificate from a trade school is usually considered essential for a graphic design position. After a career history has been established, though, the designers experience. A portfolio, which is the method for demonstrating these qualifications, is usually required to be shown at job interviews. One can obtain an AAS, BA, BFA, BCA, degree programs available vary depending upon the institution, although typical U. S. graphic design jobs require at least some form of degree. Current graphic designer jobs demand proficiency in one or more graphic design software programs, a common software package used in the graphic design industry is Adobe Creative Cloud. This software package contains the three main programs used by designers, which are Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. Photoshop, InDesign, and Illustrator are the standard applications for many graphic design positions. Another example of a software package is CorelDraw Graphics Suite. Outside the graphic design industry, many people use Microsoft Word or Microsoft Publisher to create a layout or design, however, depending on the job at hand, most designers create the layout in either InDesign, CorelDRAW or QuarkXPress. Specifically, the designer will type or import the text in the program, also importing the graphics. There are a couple of reasons a designer builds a layout in this fashion, as a result, the file size can become very large, depending upon the photos and graphics used in it. By using a program and linking these graphics and images. When the designer is ready to go to press, s/he will either create a press-ready PDF, or use the Package function in InDesign, InDesign, CorelDRAW, or QuarkXPress make it possible to work with large multiple page layouts, such as catalogs and booklets. A web designer should understand how to work with XML, HTML, a print designer should understand the processes involved in printing to be able to produce press-ready artwork. Designers should be able to solve visual communication problems or challenges, in doing so, the designer must identify the communications issue, gather and analyze information related to the issue, and generate potential approaches aimed at solving the problem