Theories and Models of Public Administration
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Instructor’s name
Institution
Theories and Models of Public Administration
Introduction
Public administration (PA) is the process of developing and implementing government policies as well as an academic discipline which studies the implementation process and equipping the civil servants with knowledge in readiness to serve the public ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"59AkjZTq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91)}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91), n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":251,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/UT8JEL9E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/UT8JEL9E"],"itemData":{"id":251,"type":"book","title":"Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91)","publisher":"Ic.gc.ca","URL":"/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic91defe.html"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91), n.d.). Public administration focusses on pursuing of the public good, social justice and enhancing the civil society. It is also concerned with programs and government policy organization in addition to officials’ behavior. Public administration is exercised at the local, intermediate, central and local levels. For implementation process to be a success, all public administrators/servants including heads of the county, city, federal departments, state and regional must be involved ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hyrO6g9T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(White, 1955)","plainCitation":"(White, 1955)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":255,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/6NRRZVB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/6NRRZVB3"],"itemData":{"id":255,"type":"article-journal","title":"Introduction to the study of public administration","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"White","given":"Leonard Dupee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1955"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (White, 1955). With efficient and effective public administration, an institution or organization is the incapacity to achieve its goals. For a proper understanding of public administration, one has to establish its origin and related models. This paper discusses the history of public administration and analyzes the strength and weaknesses of public administration models.
History of Public Administration
Public administration has its ancient roots. In the old times both the Greeks and Egyptians organized public affairs by the office. The primary officeholders were in charge of enforcing the law and administering justice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1b1LLZ0s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Public administration,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Public administration,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":252,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/6X2FWR2N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/6X2FWR2N"],"itemData":{"id":252,"type":"webpage","title":"Public administration","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Public administration: Public administration, the implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of","URL":"/topic/public-administration","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2018",4,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Public administration,” n.d.). The Romans adopted a more sophisticated administration system where the empire was in control of everything. The operation led to the creation of distinctive administrative hierarchies for military affairs, justice, internal affairs, foreign affairs, finance, and taxation each constituting the leading officer of the state. Later on, an elaborative administrative structure was incorporated, whereby many hierarchies of officers were developed, and any information reached the emperor through the superiors. However, the sophisticated structure faded after Roman Empire’s fall in the western region of Europe in the 5th century, but the practices continued in the eastern part of the Byzantine Empire ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s3PIYQpH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dunleavy & Hood, 1994)","plainCitation":"(Dunleavy & Hood, 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":256,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/DFFZJEMV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/DFFZJEMV"],"itemData":{"id":256,"type":"article-journal","title":"From old public administration to new public management","container-title":"Public money & management","page":"9–16","volume":"14","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dunleavy","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Hood","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dunleavy & Hood, 1994).
Initial European administrative structure was formed from the kingly family of the medieval period. By the end of 12th century there still existed ill-defined official duties within the royal family; characterized by several people holding the same post with exceptions of a few such as butler in charge of wines, the steward was in charge of feasting preparations, Chamberlain received and lent money, and chancellor performed priestly roles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eAAh7Ktp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marini, 1971)","plainCitation":"(Marini, 1971)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":262,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/CL84CPFT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/CL84CPFT"],"itemData":{"id":262,"type":"article-journal","title":"Toward a new public administration","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Marini","given":"Frank"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1971"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marini, 1971). By the 13th century, there was a noticeable difference in domestic tasks and functions linked to state governance. The older posts were dropped as their importance declined. Only the office of the chancellor (usually associated with state matters) survived. It emerged to be the central link between the former court offices and new ministries. Chamberlain’s office forms the necessary foundation of the modern finance of treasury ministry.
Mid-13th century, three institutions started to gain dominance as the primary bodies for handling state affairs: exchequer, collegiate royal council and high court (transformed from chancellery). Nonetheless, the three organizations were adopted in France and England at the beginning of 14th century. In Brandenburg, where the elector was in governorship later formed the foundation of the Prussian state but became prominent early 17th century ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QyRUMDbp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Public administration,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Public administration,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":252,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/6X2FWR2N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/6X2FWR2N"],"itemData":{"id":252,"type":"webpage","title":"Public administration","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Public administration: Public administration, the implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of","URL":"/topic/public-administration","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2018",4,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Public administration,” n.d.).
Apart from treasury and justice department that emanated from old court offices, contemporary ministerial structures in Europe are formed out of the royal councils (great bodies chosen by the monarch). Division of labor is one of the subdivisions under the significant bodies. The monarch’s secretariats who were envisioned as of low statuses within the council came forth to be the first civil servants by profession in Europe. Secretaries’ closeness to the monarch greatly expounded their knowledge about royalty, and relative permanence increased their expertise in various matters of the state. The secretaries gained profound importance during the 15th and 16th century. In France, the delegation of duties and responsibilities amongst secretaries paved the way to functional liabilities in the year 1789 with the end of the ancient regime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XCipvEWt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bevir, Rhodes, & Weller, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Bevir, Rhodes, & Weller, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":263,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/IDMX25IY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MqS91Xa3/items/IDMX25IY"],"itemData":{"id":263,"type":"article-journal","title":"Traditions of governance: interpreting the changing role of the public sector","container-title":"Public administration","page":"1–17","volume":"81","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Traditions of governance","author":[{"family":"Bevir","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Rhodes","given":"Rod AW"},{"family":"Welle...

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