Other Resources

During the 50th anniversary
of World War II, as we honor
those Americans who undauntedly
and courageously contributed
to the defense of our nation,
often overlooked in our remembrances
are the valiant efforts of
African Americans. Throughout
the war years they repeatedly
had to battle adversaries on
two fronts: the enemy overseas
and racism at home. Black Americans
recognized the paradox of fighting
a world war for the "four freedoms"
while being subjected to prejudicial
practices in the United States.
Thus, as the war unfolded,
they vehemently insisted on
the privileges of full citizenship.
African Americans were ready
to work and fight for their
country, but at the same time
they demanded an end to the
discrimination against them.

To that end, over 2.5 million
African-American men registered
for the draft, and black
women volunteered in large
numbers. While serving in
the Army, Army Air Forces,
Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast
Guard, they experienced continuing
discrimination and segregation.
Despite these impediments,
many African-American men
and women met the challenge
and persevered. They served
with distinction, made valuable
contributions to the war
effort, and earned well-deserved
praise and commendations
for their struggles and sacrifices.

On the homefront, black Americans also did their part to support
the war. They worked in war industries and in government wartime
agencies, sold war bonds, voluntarily conserved goods needed for
the war, performed civil defense duties, encouraged troops by
touring camps as entertainers, risked their lives on the front
lines to report the war, and performed many other vital services.

The images described in
this leaflet illustrate African-American
participation in World War
II. The pictures were selected
from the holdings of the
Still Picture Branch (NNSP)
of the National Archives
and Records Administration.
The majority of the pictures
were chosen from the records
of the Army Signal Corps
in Record Group (RG) 111,
the Department of the Navy
in RG 80, the Coast Guard
in RG 26, the Marine Corps
in RG 127, and the Office
of War Information in RG
208.

The pictures are listed in the brochure first by the five
branches of the military and then by subject headings entitled
Merchant Marine, Women in the Military, Training, Rest and
Relaxation, Personalities, and the Homefront. Whenever possible,
original captions are used and appear in quotation marks;
however, no attempt was made to verify completely the accuracy of
all the information included in these captions. Obvious errors
and misspellings were corrected, but no effort was made to
standardize identification of military ranks, which were cited by
photographers in various ways. The captions also reflect the
fact that the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) was renamed the
Women's Army Corps (WAC) in July 1943, and the Air Corps (AC),
after a reorganization, became the Army Air Forces (AAF) in March
1942. Many of the captions were edited for length, and
extraneous information and pejorative terms were eliminated.
Conversely, information was sometimes added to help the reader
understand a caption. Within an original caption, this
additional material appears in brackets. When no caption was
available, one was created. If the photographers, artists,
locations, or dates of the photograph were known, they also are
listed. Following all of this information in the caption are
image identification numbers, which are printed in italics.

At the end of this pamphlet
are instructions for ordering
complete sets of slides from
this and other Select Audiovisual
Records leaflets. Prints,
negatives, or slides of individual
items listed in the leaflets
may also be ordered. To do
so, first contact the Still
Picture Branch (NNSP), National
Archives, Washington, DC
20408, for a current price
list and ordering information.
With the exception of three
color posters (indicated
by an asterisk following
the identification number),
all of the pictures in this
list are available only as
black-and-white reproductions.

Inquiries about other World War II pictures that may be part of
National Archives holdings should be submitted separately to the
Still Picture Branch. Indicate as specifically as possible the
desired names, dates, places, events, subjects, and other
details. Please limit each request to three items.

Barbara Lewis Burger
researched, selected, and
arranged the items for this
list and wrote the introductory
information.

3. "A company of men has set up its office between the columns
(Doric) of an ancient Greek temple of Neptune, built about 700
B.C." At desk, front to rear: Sgts. James Shellman, Gilbert A.
Terry, John W. Phoenix, Curtis A. Richardson, and Leslie B. Wood.
In front of desk, front to rear: T/Sgt. Gordon A. Scott, M/Sgt.
Walter C. Jackson, Sgt. David D. Jones, and WO Carlyle M. Tucker.
Italy. September 22, 1943. 111-SC-181588. (african_americans_wwii_003.jpg)

4. "Three soldiers of the United States Army sit in place at a
radar used by the 90th Coast Artillery in Casablanca, French
Morocco." June 19, 1943. 111-SC-223413 (african_americans_wwii_004.jpg)

5. "A kitchen was set up along the beach for the...labor
battalion unloading the boats. This picture shows a couple of
the men enjoying a hot meal for a change. Massacre Bay, Attu,
Aleutian Islands." May 20, 1943. T/5 Vincent A. Wallace.
111-SC-174129 (african_americans_wwii_005.jpg)

6. "Negro soldiers draw rations at the camp cook house at their
station in Northern Ireland. Detachments of Negro troops were
among the latest arrivals with the American forces in Northern
Ireland." Ca. August 1942. Acme. 208-AA-46G-1 (african_americans_wwii_006.jpg)

7. "... American Army Engineer task force in Liberia find
themselves in a land from which their ancestors came. Wash day
and Pvt. Jack David scrubs out his things on top of a table made
from native trees." Ca. July 1942. Fred Morgan.
111-SC-150980-B (african_americans_wwii_007.jpg)

8. "Negro members of the
477th Antiaircraft Artillery,
Air Warning Battalion, study
maps in the operations section
at Oro Bay, New Guinea."
November 15, 1944. Pvt. Edward
Grefe. 111-SC-305909 (african_americans_wwii_008.jpg)

9. "U.S.-built Army trucks wind along the side of the mountain
over the Ledo supply road now open from India into Burma..." n.d.
208-AA-45L-1 (african_americans_wwii_009.jpg)

10. "A U.S. Army soldier and a Chinese soldier place the flag of
their ally on the front of their jeep just before the first truck
convoy in almost three years crossed the China border en route
from Ledo, India, to Kunming, China, over the Stilwell road."
February 6, 1945. Sgt. John Gutman. 208-AA-338A-1
(african_americans_wwii_010.jpg)

11. "Two soldiers gather up their baggage as transportation
arrives to take them to their outfit on Guam. Another soldier
sits disconsolately awaiting further orders of transportation."
August 4, 1945. 208-AA-63HH-1 (african_americans_wwii_011.jpg)

13. "Seeking to rescue a Marine who was drowning in the surf at
Iwo Jima, this sextet of Negro soldiers narrowly missed death
themselves when their amphibian truck was swamped by heavy seas.
From left to right, back row, they are T/5 L. C. Carter, Jr.,
Private John Bonner, Jr., Staff Sergeant Charles R. Johnson.
Standing, from left to right, are T/5 A. B. Randle, T/5 Homer H.
Gaines, and Private Willie Tellie." March 11, 1945. S/Sgt. W.
H. Feen. 127-N-114329 (african_americans_wwii_013.jpg)

14. "Negro troops of the 24th Infantry, attached to the Americal
Division, wait to advance behind a tank assault on the
Jap[anese], along Empress Augusta Bay on Bougainville." 1944.
111-SC-202491 (african_americans_wwii_014.jpg)

15. "Sgt. John C. Clark...and S/Sgt. Ford M. Shaw...(left to
right) clean their rifles in bivouac area alongside the East West
Trail, Bougainville. They are members of Co. E, 25th Combat
Team, 93rd Division..." April 4, 1944. Lt. Schuman.
111-SC-364565 (african_americans_wwii_015.jpg)

16. "Cautiously advancing
through the jungle, while
on patrol in Japanese territory
off the Numa-Numa Trail,
this member of the 93rd Infantry
Division is among the first
Negro foot soldiers to go
into action in the South
Pacific theater." May 1,
1944. 111-SC-189381-S (african_americans_wwii_016.jpg)

17. "Lt. Gen. George S. Patton, U.S. Third Army commander, pins
the Silver Star on Private Ernest A. Jenkins of New York City for
his conspicuous gallantry in the liberation of Chateaudun,
France..." October 13, 1944. 208-FS-3489-2. (african_americans_wwii_017.jpg)

18. "Pvt. Jonathan Hoag,...of a chemical battalion, is awarded
the Croix de Guerre by General Alphonse Juin, Commanding General
of the F.E.C., for courage shown in treatingwounded, even though
he, himself, was wounded. Pozzuoli area, Italy." March 21,
1944. Rutberg. 111-SC-188939 (african_americans_wwii_018.jpg).

19. "These drivers of the
666th Quartermaster Truck
Company, 82nd Airborne Division,
who chalked up 20,000 miles
each without an accident,
since arriving in the European
Theater of Operations." Left
to right: T/5 Sherman Hughes,
T/5 Hudson Murphy, Pfc. Zacariah
Gibbs. Ca. May 1945. 208-AA-32P-3
(african_americans_wwii_019.jpg).

22. "Members of Battery
A, 4520 AA stand by and check
their equipment while the
convoy takes a break." November
9, 1944. Musae. 111-SC-196212-S.
(african_americans_wwii_022.jpg)

23. "Pvt. William A. Reynolds..., an ambulance driver exhibits a
.50-caliber machine gun bullet which lodged above the windshield
of his vehicle when he was strafed by a German plane while
driving at the front in France..." 1944. 208-AA-32P-18.
(african_americans_wwii_023.jpg)

24. "Two smiling French soldiers fill the hands of American
soldiers with candy, in Rouffach, France, after the closing of
the Colmar pocket." February 5, 1945. Todd. 111-SC-199861-S.
(african_americans_wwii_024.jpg)

25. "A platoon of Negro troops surrounds a farm house in a town
in France, as they prepare to eliminate a German sniper holding
up an advance. Omaha Beachhead, near Vierville-sur-Mer, France."
June 10, 1944. Todd. 111-SC-190120. (african_americans_wwii_025.jpg)

28. "... troops of a field artillery battery emplace a 155mm
howitzer in France. They have been following the advance of the
infantry and are now setting up this new position." June 28,
1944. Rothenberger. 111-SC-191890-S. (african_americans_wwii_028.jpg)

30. "This mine detector crew is demonstrating what they do
before going to work on or around telephone poles in France."
Left to right: M/Sgt. Bennie Burns, Sgt. Vincent MacNeill, Sgt.
Frank Mack, Pfc. Riggles McCutcheon, T/Sgt. John A. Barbee, and
Sgt. Thomas G. Alexander. July 13, 1944. Norton.
111-SC-191360-S. (african_americans_wwii_030.jpg)

31. "Soldiers of the 161st Chemical Smoke Generating Company,
U.S. Third Army, move a barrel of oil in preparation to refilling
an M-2 smoke generator, which spews forth a heavy cloud of white
smoke. These men are engaged in laying a smoke screen to cover
bridge building activities across the Saar River near
Wallerfangen, Germany." December 11, 1944. Rothenberger.
111-SC-197552. (african_americans_wwii_031.jpg)

32. "Pvts. George Cofield...and Howard J. Davis...guard a
newly-constructed bridge site over the Rhine River, built by U.S.
Ninth Army Engineers." March 30, 1945. T/5 H. R. Weber and Pfc.
Sperry. 111-SC-204770. (african_americans_wwii_032.jpg)

35. "Members of a Negro
mortar company of the 92nd
Division pass the ammunition
and heave it over at the
Germans in an almost endless
stream near Massa, Italy.
This company is credited
with liquidating several
machine gun nests..." ca.
November 1944. Acme. 208-AA-47U-6.
(african_americans_wwii_035.jpg)

36. "Tricky Nazi captured. German prisoner wearing civilian
clothes, sits in jeep at south gate of walled city of Lucca,
Italy, awaiting removal to a rear area." Ca. September 1944.
208-AA-305A-2. (african_americans_wwii_036.jpg)

37. "Pfc. Robert Askew...with the 3278th Quartermaster Company,
examines overshoes which have been turned in. Overshoes proved
their worth and helped prevent trench foot during the rains."
April 8, 1944. Lapidus. 111-SC-371005. (african_americans_wwii_037.jpg)

38. "Body of American soldier is borne on stretcher from terrain
in vicinity of Malmedy, Belgium, where on or about 17 December
1944, the Germans committed many atrocities." ca. December 1944.
Taylor. 153-WC-1-19. (african_americans_wwii_038.jpg)

39. "This Negro combat patrol advanced three miles north of
Lucca (furthermost point occupied by American troops) to contact
an enemy machine gun nest. Here a bazooka-man cuts loose at the
target some 300 yards distant." September 7, 1944. Edwards.
111-SC-194328. (african_americans_wwii_039.jpg)

40. "Negro `doughfoots'
of the 92nd Infantry (`Buffalo')
Division pursue the retreating
Germans through the Po Valley.
German forces in Italy have
since capitulated unconditionally."
Ca. May 1945. 208-AA-49E-1-13.
(african_americans_wwii_040.jpg)

Army Air Forces

44. "Members of the 99th
Fighter Squadron of the Army
Air Forces, famous all-Negro
outfit, who are rapidly making
themselves feared by enemy
pilots, pose for a picture
at the Anzio beachhead. In
the foreground, head bared,
is 1st Lt. Andrew Lane."
Ca. February 1944. 80-G-54413.
(african_americans_wwii_044.jpg)

46. "With an officer giving them pointers from a giant map,
pilots of an American P-51 Mustang fighter-bomber group learn
their `target for today' during a briefing at a base in Italy.
Both the map and the briefing chart (right) indicate another
objective in Germany will soon be on the receiving end of their
bullets and bombs. The men are members of the 15th U.S. Army Air
Force, whose planes fly as part of the Mediterranean Allied Air
Force." Ca. September 1944. 208-MO-18K-32983. (african_americans_wwii_046.jpg)

47. "Fliers of a P-51 Mustang
Group of the 15th Air Force
in Italy `shoot the breeze'
in the shadow of one of the
Mustangs they fly." Left
to right: Lt. Dempsey W.
Morgan, Jr.; Lt. Car roll
S. Woods; Lt. Robert H. Nelson,
Jr.; Capt. Andrew D. Turner;
and Lt. Clarence P. Lester.
Ca. August 1944. 208-NP-6XXX-1.
(african_americans_wwii_047.jpg)

48. "Pilots of a U.S. Army
Air Forces fighter squadron,
credited with shooting down
8 of the 28 German planes
destroyed in dog-fights over
the new Allied beachheads
south of Rome, on Jan. 27,
talk over the day's exploits
at a U.S. base in the Mediterranean
theater. Negro members of
this squadron, veterans of
the North African and Sicilian
campaigns, were formerly
classmates at a university
in the southern U.S." February
1944. 208-MO-18H-22051. (african_americans_wwii_048.jpg)

49. "American pilots of
a P-51 Mustang fighter group,
whose planes are named after
wild horses that once roamed
the U.S., listen intently
as they are briefed for a
mission at a base in Italy.
Like cavalrymen of old, they
ride down the enemy in their
flying steeds and have destroyed
German installations and
personnel throughout Europe.
They are members of the 15th
U.S. Army Air Force, whose
fighters and bombers are
part of the Mediterranean
Allied Air Force, which also
includes British, French,
and Polish fliers." Ca. September
1944. 208-N-32987. (african_americans_wwii_049.jpg)

50. "[Capt. Andrew D. Turner],
who in a few minutes will
be escorting heavy bombers
en route to enemy targets,
signals to the chief of his
ground crew before taking
off from a base in Italy.
He is a member of the 15th
U.S. Army Air Force, which
has been smashing enemy objectives
in Germany and the Balkans
with both fighter and bomber
craft. The pilot's plane,
a Mustang, is named for a
type of wild horse that once
roamed in America." ca. September
1944. 208-MO-18K-32981. (african_americans_wwii_050.jpg)

51. "Lt. Andrew D. Marshall, pilot in a Negro fighter group of
the Mediterranean Allied Air Force had his plane shot up by flak
during a strafing mission over Greece before the Allied invasion.
When he came down all that was left of the plane was his engine
and himself. But he only suffered some bruises and cuts. Greeks
hid him from the Nazis, then directed him to the British forces
when they parachuted into Greece. Here Lt. Marshall tells an
American pilot of the 51st Troop Carrier Wing of his harrowing
experience." ca. October 1944. 208-AA-102E-5. (african_americans_wwii_051.jpg)

52. "Members of the Nation's first Negro Navigation Cadets, who
will receive their commissions in the Army Air Forces on February
26th, visited City Hall as guests of Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia
this afternoon. They are shown on the steps of City Hall as the mayor greeted
their commanding officer, Maj. Galen B. Price." February 16,
1944. Acme. 208-PU-113M-26. (african_americans_wwii_052.jpg)

53. "Capts. Lemuel R. Custis
(left) and Charles B. Hall,
of the 99th Fighter Squadron
of the U.S. Army Air Forces,
chat while on leave in New
York City. Their all-Negro
squadron first went into
action in North Africa on
June 4, 1943, and is now
closely supporting Allied
ground forces advancing in
Italy. The fighter group
flies all types of combat
missions--bomber escort,
dive bombing, patrol for
beachheads, and strafing.
In one year, the squadron
has made more than 3,000
sorties and has shot down
17 planes, scored 3 probables
and damaged 6 other planes."
Ca. June 1944. 208-MO-120H-29054.
(african_americans_wwii_053.jpg)

54. "1st Lt. Lee Rayford...who has returned to the United States
from Italy where he served with the 99th Fighter Squadron. The
nature of his assignment here has not been announced. Other
pilots formerly assigned to the 99th now back in America include
1st Lts. Walter I. Lawson, Charles W. Dryden, Graham Smith and
Louis R. Purnell." N.d. 208-NP-6EEE-1. (african_americans_wwii_054.jpg)

55. "An armorer of the 15th U.S. Air Force checks ammunition
belts of the .50 caliber machine guns in the wings of a P-51
Mustang fighter plane before it leaves an Italian base for a
mission against German military targets. The 15th Air Force was
organized for long range assault missions and its fighters and
bombers range over enemy targets in occupied and satellite
nations, as well as Germany itself." Ca. September 1944.
208-MO-18H-32984. (african_americans_wwii_055.jpg)

56. "Members of the ground crew of a Negro fighter squadron of
the 15th U.S. Air Force in Italy place a loaded wing tank on a
P-51 Mustang before the group takes off on another mission
escorting bombers over enemy targets. The squadron uses the
auxiliary fuel tanks for long distance flights." Left to right:
T/Sgt. Charles K. Haynes, S/Sgt. James A. Sheppard, and M/Sgt.
Frank Bradley. N.d. 208-AA-49E-1-3. (african_americans_wwii_056.jpg)

58. "Capt. Wendell O. Pruitt..., one of the leading pilots of
the 15th Air Force always makes sure that he leaves his valuable
ring with his crew chief, S/Sgt. Samuel W. Jacobs." Ca. November
1944. 208-AA-46BB-4. (african_americans_wwii_058.jpg)

59. "Staff Sgt. William Accoo..., crew chief in a Negro group of
the 15th U.S. Air Force, washes down the P-51 Mustang fighter
plane of his pilot with soap and water before waxing it to give
it more speed." Ca. September 1944. 208-AA-46BB-30.
(african_americans_wwii_059.jpg)

60. "Staff Sgt. Alfred D. Norris...crew chief of a Negro fighter
group of the 15th U.S. Air Force, closes the canopy of a P-51
Mustang for his pilot, Capt. William T. Mattison...operations
officer of the squadron based in Italy." N.d. 208-AA-46BB-6.
(african_americans_wwii_060.jpg)

62. "Jackie Wilson (left)
and Ray Robinson have fought
two bitterly contested ring
encounters. Now it's Sgt.
Wilson and Pvt. Robinson
in the same Aviation Squadron
at Mitchel Field, New York,
and they stand shoulder to
shoulder--ready for a fight
to the death on the Axis."
1943. 208-PU-214B-5. (african_americans_wwii_062.jpg)

US Navy

63. "The crew of the U.S. Navy submarine chaser [PC 1264]
salutes the United States flag as the 173-foot long escort vessel
is commissioned in a U.S. East Coast port. As soon as they
qualify through experience and training, eight members of the
crew of 53 Negro sailors will replace the present chief petty
officers." May 1, 1944. 208-N-26553. (african_americans_wwii_063.jpg)

64. "Negro sailors of the U.S.S. Mason (DE 529) commissioned at
Boston Navy Yard on 20 Mar. 1944 proudly look over their ship
which is the first to have [a] predominately Negro crew." March
20, 1944. 80-G-218861. (african_americans_wwii_064.jpg)

66. "Negro messmen aboard a United States Navy cruiser who
volunteered for additional duty as gunners. They have been doing
proficient work under battle conditions on a task force in the
Pacific under the instruction of the officers at the right."
July 10, 1942. 80-G-21743. (african_americans_wwii_066.jpg)

68. "Capt. H. W. Taylor making award presentations aboard U.S.S.
Cowpens (CVL 25). Fred Magee, Jr., St3/c USN, receiving
commendation of the Secretary of the Navy." The commendation was
for attempting to rescue, at a risk to his own life, a shipmate
from drowning. October 1944. 80-G-291220. (african_americans_wwii_068.jpg)

70. Children aboard the SS Jean Lafitte, bound for the States
with internees freed from a Japanese internment camp in the
Philippines, gather around Pendleton (Bumblebee) Thompson.
Thompson volunteered as cook in the camp where they were
interned. Ca. April 1945. 80-G-128907. (african_americans_wwii_070.jpg)

71. "Coxswain William Green observes safety precautions in
checking his pistol while Albert S. Herbert, Quartermaster first
class..., stands by with a clip of ammunition and holster belt,
ready to complete the formalities." N.d. 208-NP-7CCC-1.
(african_americans_wwii_071.jpg)

83. "Leading petty officers of one of the Navy's new Logistics
Support Companies... This company is undergoing combat training
by Service Force Advance Base Section at a station on Oahu Island
prior to their departure for duty in a combat area." Left to
right, front row: Boatswain Mate Second Class James W. Chase and
Coxswain John D. Perry. Left to right, back row: Coxswains
Raymond C. Vaultz, Elmer Williams, Darrel M. Beech, and Jimmie
Cook. May 10, 1945. 208-AA-43TT-1. (african_americans_wwii_083.jpg)

84. "E. Perry, Seaman 1/c, is splicing steel cable... This is a
highly specialized naval activity. Some of the most constructive
work at any naval command is performed by the `riggers.'" May
17, 1945. 208-NP-7QQ-6. (african_americans_wwii_084.jpg)

85. "Looking to sea from the signal bridge is Napoleon Reid,
Seaman 2/c., USNR, shown standing on lookout watch on a ship
somewhere in the Pacific." March 19, 1945. 208-NP-7III-1.
(african_americans_wwii_085.jpg)

US Marine Corps

93. "Breaking a tradition of 167 years, the U.S. Marine Corps
started enlisting Negroes on June 1, 1942. The first class of
1,200 Negro volunteers began their training 3 months later as
members of the 51st Composite Defense Battalion at Montford
Point, a section of the 200-square-mile Marine Base, Camp
Lejeune, at New River, NC. The first Negro to enlist was Howard
P. Perry shown here." N.d. Roger Smith. 208-NP-10KK-1.
(african_americans_wwii_093.jpg)

94. "The first Negro to be commissioned in the Marine Corps has
his second lieutenant's bars pinned on by his wife. He is
Frederick C. Branch of Charlotte, NC." November 1945.
127-N-500043. (african_americans_wwii_094.jpg)

95. "Handling Negro Marine public relations at the Montford
Point Camp here are Sgt. Lucious A. Wilson (left)..., and his
photographer, Cpl. Edwin K. Anderson... Sgt. Wilson is a former
correspondent for the New York Amsterdam News...." N.d.
208-NP-10FFFF-1. (african_americans_wwii_095.jpg)

97. "... Although a dress uniform is not a part of the regular
equipment, most of the Negro Marines spend $54 out of their pay
for what is generally considered the snappiest uniform in the
armed services... Photo shows a group of the Negro volunteers in
their dress uniforms." Ca. May 1943. Roger Smith.
208-NP-10NN-2. (african_americans_wwii_097.jpg)

98. "First Negro Marines decorated by the famed Second Marine
Division somewhere in the Pacific (left to right) Staff Sgt
Timerlate Kirven...and Cpl. Samuel J. Love, Sr... They received
Purple Hearts for wounds received in the Battle of Saipan..."
N.d. 208-NP-10SSSS-1. (african_americans_wwii_098.jpg)

99. "Pfc. Luther Woodward..., a member of the Fourth Ammunition
Company, admires the Bronze Star awarded to him for `his bravery,
initiative and battle-cunning.' ..." The award was later
upgraded to the Silver Star. April 17, 1945. Cpl. Irving
Deutch. 127-N-119492. (african_americans_wwii_099.jpg)

100. "Marines, following the rapid Japanese retreat northward on
Okinawa, pause for a moments rest at the base of a Japanese war
memorial. They are (on steps) Pfc. F. O. Snowden; Navy
Pharmacist's Mate, 2nd class R. Martin; (on monument, left to
right) Pvt. J. T. Walton, Pvt. R. T. Ellenberg, Pfc. Clyde
Brown, Pvt. Robb Brawner. Photo was taken during the battle for
Okinawa." April 12, 1945. Cpl. Art Sarno. 127-N-117624.®¯
(african_americans_wwii_100.jpg)

101. "Peleliu Island...Marines move through the trenches on the
beach during the battle." September 15, 1944. Fitzgerald.
127-N-9527. (african_americans_wwii_101.jpg)

102. "Iwo Jima...Negro Marines on the beach at Iwo Jima are,
from left to right, Pfcs. Willie J. Kanody, Elif Hill, and John
Alexander." March 1945. C. Jones. 127-N-11383. (african_americans_wwii_102.jpg)

103. "Negro Marines, attached to the Third Ammunition Company,
take time out from supplying ammunition to the front line on
Saipan. Riding captured...bicycle is Pfc. Horace Boykin; and
left to right, Cpl. Willis T. Anthony, Pfc. Emmitt Shackelford,
and Pfc. Eugene Purdy." June 1944. 127-N-8600. (african_americans_wwii_103.jpg)

104. "Aboard a Coast Guard-manned transport..., a Negro Marine,
Robert Stockman, goes over his carbine with Coast Guardsmen."
Ca. February 1944. 26-G-321. (african_americans_wwii_104.jpg)

105. "Aboard a Coast Guard-manned transport somewhere in the
Pacific, these Negro Marines prepare to face the fire of
Jap[anese] gunners." Ca. February 1944. 26-G-321.
(african_americans_wwii_105.jpg)

106. "Surrounded by a veteran crew of Marines who have spent 15
months in the Southwest and Central Pacific, this gun, named the
'Lena Horne' by its crew, points majestically skyward. The gun
is manned by members of [the 51st] Defense Battalion, one of two
such Negro units in the Corps." 1945. Nicholson. 127-N-12174.
(african_americans_wwii_106.jpg)

110. "Carrying a Jap[anese] prisoner from stockade to be
evacuated and treated for malnutrition. Iwo Jima." February 23,
1945. Don Fox. 127-N-110622. (african_americans_wwii_110.jpg)

111. "Negro assault troops await orders D-day to attack enemy
shortly after they had come ashore at Saipan in the Marianas."
June 1944. T/Sgt. William Fitch. U.S. Coast Guard,
127-N-83928. (african_americans_wwii_111.jpg)

112. "Coast Guardsman Aught Guttery, Jr., first class Steward's
Mate,...is shown aboard the Coast Guard-manned assault transport
on which he served during the initial landings at Guam." N.d.
208-NP-8WWW-9. (african_americans_wwii_112.jpg)

113. "Coast Guardsman Charles Tyner, Fireman first class,
examines the jagged shrapnel hole in the helmet he wore during
the initial assault on the beaches of Southern France... Tyner
suffered just a superficial scratch... ." N.d. 26-G-2748.
(african_americans_wwii_113.jpg)

115. "Five steward's mates stand at their battle stations, as a
gun crew aboard a Coast Guard-manned frigate in the southwest
Pacific. On call to general quarters, these Coast Guardsmen man
a 20mm AA gun. They are, left to right, James L. Wesley,
standing with a clip of shells; L. S. Haywood, firing; William
Watson, reporting to bridge by phone from his gun captain's post;
William Morton, loading a full clip, assisted by Odis Lane,
facing camera across gun barrel." N.d. 26-G-3797.
(african_americans_wwii_115.jpg)

116. "... crew members who man the 20mm guns of a Coast Guard
fighting ship have won an enviable reputation for gunnery
results, due primarily to incessant practice in assembly and
operation. As expressed by the intent faces in this picture,
these men play for keeps." N.d. 26-G-3154. (african_americans_wwii_116.jpg)

118. "... crew of a 20mm gun aboard a Coast Guard fighting ship
are hanging up some new records for speed and accuracy. Left to
right: Daniel Moore, Walter L. Bottoms, William Wheeler, and
Rudolph C. Grimes, all Steward's Mates, second class." N.d.
26-G-3151. (african_americans_wwii_118.jpg)
119. "Two Ohio Coast Guardsmen [John R. Smith, on the left, and
Daniel J. Kaczorowski] stand at their gun aboard a Coast
Guard-manned invasion transport on which they served during the
invasion of Normandy." Smith, steward's mate, third class, also
served during assaults against North Africa, Sicily, and Italy.
N.d. 26-G-2624. (african_americans_wwii_119.jpg)

120. "Coast Guardsman George W. Steele...is serving aboard a
Coast Guard-manned frigate in the North Pacific... [He] has been
stationed with his vessel for the past 16 months." N.d.
208-NP-8UUU-1. (african_americans_wwii_120.jpg)

121. "A startling change is affected by Coast Guardsman Dorall
Austin, Steward's Mate third class, at the alarm of general
quarters aboard his Coast Guard assault transport somewhere in
the Pacific. With the enemy sighted Austin springs from his duty
in the ship's galley to his battle station as a gunner..." N.d.
208-NP-8UUU-2. (african_americans_wwii_121.jpg)

123. "... These Negro members of a Coast Guard Horse Patrol unit
patrol beaches in the New Jersey area in all kinds of weather.
Left to right: Seamen first class C. R. Johnson, Jesse Willis,
Joseph Washington, and Frank Garcia." N.d. 208-NP-8CCC-1.
(african_americans_wwii_123.jpg)

125. "Coast Guardsman Levern Robinson, Seaman first class, is
shown at work in the ship's laundry, aboard a Coast Guard manned
troop transport operating in the Atlantic. The transport is
engaged in bringing home our victorious fighting men from
liberated Europe for well-earned leaves and reassignments." N.d.
208-NP-8WWW-10. (african_americans_wwii_125.jpg)

128. "Reginald Brandon...recently completed the eight-month
course in Radio Operations and Maintenance at Gallup's Island
[MA] Radio Training School of the Maritime Commission. He is the
first Negro graduate of the school. . . . Upon assignment he
will have the rank of ensign." N.d. Roger Smith. 208-NP-5P-1.
(african_americans_wwii_128.jpg)

129. "Ens. Joseph Banks Williams...first Negro to graduate from
the U.S. Merchant Marine Cadet Corps, has been assigned to active
duty on the S.S. Booker T. Washington..." N.d. 208-NP-5R-1.
(african_americans_wwii_129.jpg)

133. "Artist George Wright, an American merchant seaman,
presents to Russian Captain Orset Chevstov a painting depicting a
Soviet woman war worker and an American seaman unloading a U.S.
Lend-Lease tank at a Soviet port..." August 18, 1944. Wide
World Photos. 208-N-31563. (african_americans_wwii_133.jpg)

135. "Lt.(jg.) Stanly Marlowe Smith, U.S. Maritime Service;
[Mrs. Marion H. Elliott] Assistant Executive Secretary of the
National Council of Negro Women; and Mrs. B.L. Derrick,
Chairman." Lt. Smith is pictured at a war bond rally in
Washington, DC, where he spoke and was honored. August 8, 1944.
357-G-83-4308. (african_americans_wwii_135.jpg)

136. "... Clifford R. Jenkins, Jr... After a course at the Cooks
and Bakers School at the U.S. Maritime Training Base, Sheepshead
Bay, Brooklyn [NY],...is now baking for merchant seamen aboard
the [SS] Patrick Henry, first Liberty Ship launched." N.d.
357-G-93-548. (african_americans_wwii_136.jpg)

139. "Arnold R. Fesser, oiler, 17 years at sea: `We got a big
job to do until this war is won. We will keep them sailing until
the end. Then we have got time for holidays." October 14, 1944.
357-G-203-4690. (african_americans_wwii_139.jpg)

Women in the Military

141. "U.S. Army nurses, newly arrived, line the rail of their
vessel as it pulls into port of Greenock, Scotland, in European
Theater of Operations. They wait to disembark as the gangplank
is lowered to the dock." August 15, 1944. Meyer.
111-SC-192605-S. (african_americans_wwii_141.jpg)

145. "Auxiliaries Ruth Wade and Lucille Mayo (left to right)
further demonstrate their ability to service trucks as taught
them during the processing period at Fort Des Moines and put into
practice at Fort Huachuca, Arizona." December 8, 1942. Oster.
111-SC-162466. (african_americans_wwii_145.jpg)

146. "... WAAC cooks prepare dinner for the first time in new
kitchen at Fort Huachuca, Arizona." December 5, 1942.Oster.
111-SC-162454. (african_americans_wwii_146.jpg)

147. "Capt. Della H. Raney, Army Nurse Corps, who now heads the
nursing staff at the station hospital at Camp Beale, CA, has the
distinction of being the first Negro nurse to report to yuty in
the present war..." April 11, 1945. 208-PU-161K-1.
(african_americans_wwii_147.jpg)

148. "The first Negro WACs to arrive [on] the continent of
Europe were 800 girls of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Bn,
who had also been the first to arrive in England. After the
battalion had set up its facilities at Rouen, France, it held an
`open house', which was attended by hundreds of Negro soldiers.
Pvt. Ruth L. James,...of the battalion area is on duty at the
gate." May 26, 1945.Pfc. Stedman. 111-SC-237072. (african_americans_wwii_148.jpg)

150. "Members of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion
take part in a parade ceremony in honor of Joan d'Arc at the
marketplace where she was burned at the stake." May 27,
1945.Pfc. Stedman. 111-SC-426441.
(african_americans_wwii_150.jpg)

151. "The `Top-Kick' looks them over at Camp Shanks, New York,
Transportation Corps staging area of the New York Port of
Embarkation. Tech. Sgt. Tommye Berry, Acting 1st Sgt. of the
Negro WAC group..." April 16, 1945. 208-PU-10D-7.
(african_americans_wwii_151.jpg)

152. "Lt. Florie E. Gant...tends a patient at a prisoner-of war
hospital somewhere in England." October 7, 1944.
112-SGA-Nurses-44-1676. (african_americans_wwii_152.jpg)

153. "A company of Negro WAACs was reviewed by the Hon. Lester
A. Walton, U.S. Minister to Liberia, recently on a visit to an
American camp near Monrovia [Liberia]. The WAACs are shown as
they lined up for review." N.d. 208-NP-6KKK-5. (african_americans_wwii_153.jpg)

154. "Willa Beatrice Brown, a 31-year-old Negro American, serves
her country by training pilots for the U.S. Army Air Forces. She
is the first Negro woman to receive a commission as a lieutenant
in the U.S. Civil Air Patrol." N.d. 208-FS-793-1.
(african_americans_wwii_154.jpg)

155. "Two Negro SPARS pause on the ladder of the dry-land ship
`U.S.S. Neversail' during their `boot' training at the U.S.
Coast Guard Training Station, Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, NY.
They are recent enlistees and have the ratings of apprentice
seamen. In front is SPAR Olivia Hooker and behind her is SPAR
Aileen Anita Cooks." N.d. 208-NP-10K-1. (african_americans_wwii_155.jpg)

156. "Inspecting a Grumman Wildcat engine on display at the U.S.
Naval Training School (WR) Bronx, NY, where she is a `boot' is
WAVE Apprentice Seaman Frances Bates." 1945. 80-G-183373.
(african_americans_wwii_156.jpg)

157. "Hospital Apprentices second class Ruth C. Isaacs,
Katherine Horton and Inez Patterson (left to right) are the first
Negro WAVES to enter the Hospital Corps School at National Naval
Medical Center, Bethesda, MD." March 2, 1945. 80-G-126506.
(african_americans_wwii_157.jpg)

158. "Cmdr. Thomas A. Gaylord, USN (Ret'd), administers oath to
five new Navy nurses commissioned in New York..." Phyllis Mae
Dailey, the Navy's first African-American nurse, is second from
the right. March 8, 1945. 80-G-48365. (african_americans_wwii_158.jpg)

159. "Lt.(jg.) Harriet
Ida Pickens and Ens. Frances
Wills, first Negro Waves
to be commissioned. They
were members of the final
graduating class at Naval
Reserve Midshipmen's School
(WR) Northampton, MA." December
21, 1944.Cropped view. 80-G-297441.
(african_americans_wwii_159.jpg)

Training

160. "Sixteen Negro soldiers recently won the coveted `wings' of
the U.S. Army paratroopers at Fort Benning, in the southern U.S.
state of Georgia. The picture shows some of them riding high in
a C-47 transport plane preparing to make one of the required five
qualifying jumps." March 1944. 208-FS-1783-1. (african_americans_wwii_160.jpg)

163. "A squad of non-coms, cadres of the 92nd Division, get a
refresher course in charging through smoke. When the main body
of troops arrives it will be up to the cadres to train them."
Fort McClellan, AL. November 1942. 111-SC-147998. (african_americans_wwii_163.jpg)

164. "Men of the Sixteenth Battalion, crack all-Negro training
unit at the Field Artillery Replacement Center, Fort Bragg, NC,
are shown in their daily rifle calisthenics. After nine weeks
training the men have developed a rhythm and precision in these
body building exercises that is seldom equalled by more
experienced troops." February 1943. 111-SC-166875.
(african_americans_wwii_164.jpg)

165. "Address of welcome to [Army Air Corps] cadets in front of
Booker T. Washington Monument on the grounds of Tuskegee
Institute." Tuskegee, AL. August 1941. 111-SC-122432.
(african_americans_wwii_165.jpg)

168. "Basic and advanced flying school for Negro Air Corps
cadets, Tuskegee, Alabama... In the center is Capt. Roy F. Morse,
Air Corps... He is teaching the cadets how to send and receive
code." On the left, from front to rear: James B. Knighten, Lee
Rayford, and C. H. Flowers. On the right, from front to rear:
George Levi Knox, Sherman W. White, and Mac Ross. January 1942.
Wilfred Morgan. 208-NP-5QQ-3. (african_americans_wwii_168.jpg)

169. "Pilots at Selfridge Field [MI] learn to carry out bombing
missions as they would carry them out under actual combat
conditions. These pilots are being briefed for a practice raid."
Ca. 1943. 208-VM-1-5-68A. (african_americans_wwii_169.jpg)

170. "Negro pilots in one of the flight formations which will
soon carry them over enemy territory. Here they are flying the
shark-nosed P-40 fighter aircraft." Selfridge Field, MI. Ca.
1943. 208-VM-1-5-69G. (african_americans_wwii_170.jpg)

172. "... George C. Fields, 32, points proudly to the honor
certificate presented him yesterday at graduation exercises for
the tenth Negro class to be graduated from the Navy's Service
Schools at the U.S. Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, IL.
Fields served as President Roosevelt's valet for four years
before entering the Navy." Ca. 1943. 208-NP-7QQ-2.
(african_americans_wwii_172.jpg)

173. "As a landing barge noses onto the beach, members of the
Negro Seabee Battalion clamber ashore. This assault training is
supplemental to the Seabees' chief work as construction crews for
the U.S. Navy." Ca. December 1942. 208-N-570. (african_americans_wwii_173.jpg)

178. "Judo instruction is one of the high spots in the life of
the latest addition to the Leatherneck Marines here. An
instructor shows a recruit how to make the enemy's bayonet
useless. Cpl. Arvin Lou Ghazlo, USMC, giving judo instructions
to Pvt. Ernest C. Jones, USMCR." Montford Point Camp, NC. April
1943. 127-N-5334. (african_americans_wwii_178.jpg)

179. "A trio of recruits in training to take their places as
fighting Leathernecks in the U.S. Marine Corps, run the rugged
obstacle course at Camp Lejeune, NC [Montford Point Camp]. The
Marine recruits have shown such excellent results in their
aptitudes and leadership capacities that an expanded Navy
recruiting program is now underway." April 1943. Pat Terry.
127-N-5335. (african_americans_wwii_179.jpg)

180. Two recruits in a light tank during training in mechanized
warfare at Montford Point Camp, NC. April 1943. Pat Terry.
127-N-5320-B. (african_americans_wwii_180.jpg)

181. "Under the direction of Swimming Instructor, Marine Pfc.
Paul Tolliver..., Leathernecks in training at Montford Point Camp
learn the correct movements for the breaststroke." November
1944. Anderson. 127-GC-404-8276. (african_americans_wwii_181.jpg)

182. "Marines receiving instruction in the Demolition Course at
Montford Point Camp [NC], during intensive combat training in
preparation for action in the Pacific." February 1945. Sgt. L.
A. Wilson. 127-N-9019. (african_americans_wwii_182.jpg)

183. "American Negro nurses, commissioned second lieutenants in
the U.S. Army Nurses Corps, limber up their muscles in an
early-morning workout during an advanced training course at a
camp in Australia. The nurses, who already had extensive
training in the U.S., will be assigned to Allied hospitals in
advanced sectors of the southwest Pacific theater." February
1944. 208-N-2296. (african_americans_wwii_183.jpg)

184. "WAAC Capt. Charity Adams of Columbia, NC, who was
commissioned from the first officer candidate class, and the
first of her group to receive a commission, drills her company on
the drill ground at the first WAAC Training Center, Fort Des
Moines, Iowa." May 1943. 111-SC-238651. (african_americans_wwii_184.jpg)

186. "U.S. Army nurses
are taking notes during a
lecture in [a] classroom
at the Army Nurse Training
Center in England." September
5, 1944. Klosterman. 111-SC-37076.
(african_americans_wwii_186.jpg)

Rest and Relaxation

187. "A contingent of 15 nurses,...arrive in the southwest
Pacific area, received their first batch of home mail at their
station." 268th Station Hospital, Australia. Three of the
nurses are Lts. Prudence L. Burns, Inez Holmes, and Birdie E.
Brown. November 29, 1943. Sgt. Dick D. Williams. 111-SC-370740.
(african_americans_wwii_187.jpg)

188. "The Bowling Alleys at Fort McClellan, Alabama, are well
patronized by members of WAC Det #2 in their off-duty hours.
M/Sgt Helen Starr...is ready to send a ball on its way down the
alley." January 27, 1944. 111-SC-18369. (african_americans_wwii_188.jpg)

189. "WAAC officers go shopping...soon after their arrival at
Fort Huachuca, Arizona, these two officers [3d Officers Vera
Harrison and Irma J. Cayton] started shopping for lamps and other
accessories needed in their recreation hall." 1942. Oster.
111-SC-16248. (african_americans_wwii_189.jpg)

191. "... U.S. Coast Guardsmen make use of a telephone booth in
Scotland. They are on liberty from their ship, a Coast Guard
combat cutter engaged in convoy escort duty." From left to
right: Officers' Cook Second Class Joseph Andy, Officers'
Steward First Class Casiano Aquino, Gunner's Mate Second Class
Vincent G. Igoe, Electrician's Mate Second Class George Trigony,
Radioman Third Class Carlton Lee, and Officers' Steward Second
Class Daniel Riley. N.d. 26-G-1550. (african_americans_wwii_191.jpg)

192. "Relaxing aboard a U.S. Coast Guard-manned transport headed
for Pacific invasion areas, three Negro Marines catch a smoke.
Tomorrow, it will be the smoke of battle." N.d. 26-G-321.
(african_americans_wwii_192.jpg)

193. "Aboard a U.S. Coast Guard-manned transport somewhere in the
Pacific, a group of Negro Marines presents a cheerful front."
N.d. 26-G-322. (african_americans_wwii_193.jpg)

195. "However pressing his duties STM2/c James Lee Frazer always
finds time to read a few chapters from his Bible each day. In
this study he is especially intense about his devotional
routine...it was the night before the opening strike of a raid on
Manila Bay." January 9, 1945. 80-G-30524. (african_americans_wwii_195.jpg)

197. "Somewhere in England one of the hottest bands in the
European Theater of Operations belongs to a Special United States
Naval Construction Battalion..." The band leader and trumpeter
is Coxswain Thomas J. Lindsey (left), and the drummer is S1c.
Edward A. Grant. December 14, 1944. 208-NP-8T-2. (african_americans_wwii_197.jpg)

198. "... sailors in their bunkroom aboard the U.S.S.
Ticonderoga (CV-14) on eve of the Battle of Manila, PI. Thomas
L. Crenshaw (STM1/c) looks at a picture of his three children,
while a bunkmate writes a letter home." November 4, 1944. Lt.
Wayne Miller. 80-G-46951. (african_americans_wwii_198.jpg)

200. "Negro troops, moving over the Atlantic on a Coast Guard
manned troop transport, sprawl on a hatch to `bat the breeze' and
talk of home. They are on their way to the fighting lines in
Europe..." N.d. 208-NP-3WW-22. (african_americans_wwii_200.jpg)

202. "Rickshaws are almost
as common in India as they
are in China. Some of the...troops
are on their way to see `Tarzan's
New York Adventure'--in India..."
July 1943. 208-AA-45HH-1.
(african_americans_wwii_202.jpg)

203. "After a hard day's work a shower and shave are in order.
Sgt. Wm. H. Whaley...soaps himself before taking a cold shower
while Sgt. Delos Oliver...lathers up..." Ca. July 1943.
208-AA-45BB-1. (african_americans_wwii_203.jpg)

204. "Negro GIs and American Red Cross workers, college
graduates, join in some musical fun at Assam, India..." Left to
right: Cpl. Robert Barttow, Pvt. James Montgomery, Jeannette C.
Dorsey, and Willie Lee Johnson. August 23, 1944. Grigg.
111-SC-329741. (african_americans_wwii_204.jpg)

205. "Chaplain William T. Green reads the benediction at the
marriage ceremony of Pfc. Florence A. Collins, a WAC of the
6888th Postal Directory Battalion, to Cpl. William A. Johnson of
the 1696th Labor Supervision Co. This is the first Negro
marriage to be performed in the European Theater of Operations."
Rouen, France. August 19, 1945. T/5 L. Kaufman. 111-SC-210939.
(african_americans_wwii_205.jpg)

206. "Sgt. Franklin Williams, home on leave from army duty, with
his best girl Ellen Hardin, splitting a soda. They met at
Douglas High School." Baltimore, MD. May 1942. Arthur
Rothstein. 208-NP-6LL-11. (african_americans_wwii_206.jpg)

207. "Christmas Dance at Negro Service Club #3. The dance was
sponsored by the 1323rd Engineers. They had their own orchestra.
Camp Swift, Texas." December 23, 1943. Pvt. Greene.
111-SC-188341. (african_americans_wwii_207.jpg)

208. "For his 19th birthday, this sergeant's buddies baked him a
cake and decorated it with the tools of his trade. P.S.: He
didn't light the candles." Ca. May 1942. Fred Morgan.
111-SC-150930-B. (african_americans_wwii_208.jpg)

209. "Long, dangerous missions over enemy territory and
inclement weather often necessitate fighter planes returning to
their bases with gas in their tanks for little over 3 minutes
flying time. Pilots of a 15th AAF squadron decided to form a
club to be known as `The Three Minute Egg Club', with membership
limited to those unfortunates who landed within the narrow
margin." Left to right: 1st Lts. Clarence A. Dart and Wilson D.
Eagelson and 2d Lt. William N. Olsbrook. N.d. 208-AA-47E-1.
(african_americans_wwii_209.jpg)

210. "Negro [air cadet] shown on a cot in his barracks studying
as he gazes fondly at his collection of photos of his girl
friends." N.d. 208-NP-5QQ-9. (african_americans_wwii_210.jpg)

211. "Pvt. Lloyd A. Taylor,
21-year-old transportation
dispatcher at Mitchel Field,
New York City, who knows
Latin, Greek, Spanish, French,
German, and Japanese, studies
a book on Chinese. A former
medical student at Temple
University, he passes two
hours a day studying languages
as a hobby." N.d. 208-NS-3753-2.
(african_americans_wwii_211.jpg)

214. "Marian Anderson, world's greatest contralto, entertains a
group of overseas veterans and WACs on [the] stage of the San
Antonio Municipal Auditorium..." April 11, 1945. 208-PU-5A-3.
(african_americans_wwii_214.jpg)

215. "Bishop John Andrew Gregg, Leader of [the] African
Methodist Church in North Central United States and Envoy of
President Roosevelt, fondles a pet koala bear adopted by Pfc.
Sammy Hurt... Around the Bishop are members of the [630th]
Ordnance Company." July 21, 1943. 111-SC-180917. (african_americans_wwii_215.jpg)

216. "Hattie McDaniel (center), Chairman of the Negro Division
of the Hollywood Victory Committee, takes time off from
rehearsals...to lead a caravan of entertainers and hostesses to
Minter Field,...for a vaudeville performance and dance for
soldiers stationed there. The young lady to the right of Miss
McDaniel is Miss Virginia Paris, noted concert singer." N.d.
208-NS-4264-5. (african_americans_wwii_216.jpg)

221. "After receiving first aid treatment in practice raid in
Washington, DC, air-raid `victim' is removed to hospital by a
Medical Corps of the Office of Civilian Defense." The physician
is Dr. Charles Drew. N.d. Roger Smith. 208-NP-4W-2.
(african_americans_wwii_221.jpg)

222. "First of the famous Mills Brothers quartet to enter Army
service, Pvt. Harry Mills stops at the jukebox in the Reception
Center PX to hear how he sounds on one of the latest Mills
Brothers recordings. Left to right: S/Sgt. Arthur Whyte, Sgt.
Robert Seymour, Pfc. George Blair, and Pvt. Harry Mills. Fort
Custer, MI." 1943 111-SC-187426. (african_americans_wwii_222.jpg)

223. "Miss Josephine Baker, popular stage performer, sings the
National Anthem as the finale to the show held in the Municipal
Theater, Oran, Algeria, N. Africa. The band is directed by
T/Sgt. Frank W. Weiss." May 17, 1943. 111-SC-175237.
(african_americans_wwii_223.jpg)

224. [Mary McLeod Bethune], "Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt and others
at the opening of Midway Hall, one of two residence halls built
by the Public Buildings Administration of FWA for Negro
government girls..." Washington, DC. May 1943. James Stephen
Wright. 162-PBA-10-F-561. (african_americans_wwii_224.jpg)

225. "Sgt. Romare Bearden, noted young Negro artist whose
paintings have been exhibited in galleries and museums in several
metropolitan centers...is shown (right) discussing one of his
paintings, `Cotton Workers,' with Pvt. Charles H. Alston, his
first art teacher and cousin... Both Bearden and Alston are
members of the 372nd Infantry Regiment stationed in New York
City." Ca. February 1944. Roger Smith. 208-NP-6W-1.
(african_americans_wwii_225.jpg)

227. "Mr. Truman K. Gibson, Jr., Civilian Aide to the Secretary
of War, pictured at press conference Monday, April 9, following
his return from Mediterranean and European Theaters of
Operations." April 9, 1945. 208-PU-77F-5. (african_americans_wwii_227.jpg)

228. "After inspecting a regiment of Negro artillerymen during a
visit to Hawaii, Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson
congratulates Col. Chauncey M. Hooper,...commander of the unit,
while Lt. Gen. Robert C. Richardson, Jr. and Col. Harry B.
Reubel,...watch with approval." August 1943. 107-T-7-2.
(african_americans_wwii_228.jpg)

229. Judge William H. Hastie, dean of the Howard University Law
School, Civilian Aide to the Secretary of War. Ca. 1941.
208-NP-6BBB-1. (african_americans_wwii_229.jpg)

231. "Surrounded by recruits, Marva Louis, wife of champion Joe
[Louis], takes time out from a tour of nightclubs to entertain
men in the Negro regiments at the U.S. Naval Training Station,
Great Lakes, IL. Some 2,000 bluejackets gathered in a regimental
drill hall to hear her songs." N.d. 208-NP-8J-2. (african_americans_wwii_231.jpg)

232. "World Heavyweight
champ Joe Louis (Barrow)
sews on the stripes of a
technical sergeant--to which
he has been promoted..."
April 10, 1945. 208-PU-120V-12.
(african_americans_wwii_232.jpg)

233. "Paul Robeson, world
famous Negro baritone, leading
Moore Shipyard [Oakland,
CA] workers in singing the
Star Spangled Banner, here
at their lunch hour recently,
after he told them: `This
is a serious job--winning
this war against fascists.
We have to be together.'
Robeson himself was a shipyard
worker in World War I." September
1942. Wide World Photos.
208-NS-3848-2. (african_americans_wwii_233.jpg)

The Homefront

235. "Brig. Gen. Robert N. Young, Commanding General of the
Military District of Washington, assists Melba Rose, aged 2,
daughter of Mrs. Rosie L. Madison,...in viewing the Silver Star
posthumously awarded her father 1st Lt. John W. Madison, of the
92nd Infantry Division, who was killed in action in Italy..."
N.d. 208-AA-139B-1. (african_americans_wwii_235.jpg)

236. "The National Council of Negro Women entertained British
war workers representing labor unions and American labor women
just returned from an eight-week tour of Great Britain..." April
21, 1945. 208-NP-3AA-1. (african_americans_wwii_236.jpg)

238. "To learn how to shop with point stamps, these youngsters
in a Fairfax County, Virginia, grade school have set up a play
store, complete with point value table and informational material
on point rationing." N.d. Roger Smith. 208-NP-4FFF-1.
(african_americans_wwii_238.jpg)

239. "Air raid wardens at a sector meeting in Washington, DC,
discuss the zones they control during a practice air raid." N.d.
Roger Smith. 208-NP-4W-3. (african_americans_wwii_239.jpg)

242. "William R. Carter, government pharmacist for 40 years...
As [a] laboratory aide in the Food and Drug Administration of the
Federal Security Agency, he is entrusted with the job of
preparing media for testing the sterility of bandage material."
N.d. Roger Smith. 208-NP-4JJ-1. (african_americans_wwii_242.jpg)

244. "... the public school children of the South-Central
District of Chicago purchased $263,148. 83 in war bonds and
stamps...a huge check representing enough money for 125 jeeps,
two pursuit planes and motorcycle was presented to Maj. C. Udell
Turpin of the Illinois War Bond Sales staff." N.d.
208-NP-3MM-1. (african_americans_wwii_244.jpg)

245. "This highly experienced Negro draftsman is one of many
skilled technical Negro workers employed in speeding war
production at a large eastern arsenal." May 1942. Howard
Liberman. 208-NP-2HH-1. (african_americans_wwii_245.jpg)

246. "Cortez W. Peters, World's Champion Portable Typist, is
shown with ten late model standard-size typewriters which he
turned over to the Government to aid the drive for 600,000
machines for the Army and Navy." November 1942. Danor.
208-NP-1V-1. (african_americans_wwii_246.jpg)

248. "Final assembly of the pilot's compartment is being made by
these Negro workers in a large eastern aircraft factory. These
youths went directly from a war training course to their jobs in
this plant." May 1942. Howard Liberman 208-NP-2VV-2.
(african_americans_wwii_248.jpg)

249. "Insignia for military police are being turned out in an
eastern quartermaster corps depot where this young worker has
obtained war production employment." May 1942. Howard Liberman.
208-NP-2HHH-1. (african_americans_wwii_249.jpg)

250. "Under the direction of Cecil M. Coles, NYA foreman, Miss
Juanita E. Gray learns to operate a lathe machine at the
Washington, DC, NYA War Production and Training Center. This
former domestic worker is one of hundreds of Negro women trained
at this center." N.d. Roger Smith. 208-NP-2QQQQ-1.
(african_americans_wwii_250.jpg)

251. "The Negro janitors of the plant maintenance department in
North America's Kansas City factory in V-formation as they start
out on their daily tasks." February 4, 1942. Carl Conley.
208-NP-1KK-1. (african_americans_wwii_251.jpg)

254. "Miss Clara Camille Carroll..., contributes her bit to the
war effort in her daily work. She is one of the thousands of
Negro girls now filling clerical positions in the Nation's
Capital." January 15, 1943. Roger Smith. 208-NP-3F-3.
(african_americans_wwii_254.jpg)