1.
English people
–
The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age

2.
14th century
–
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was the century lasting from January 1,1301, to December 31,1400. Political and natural disasters ravaged Europe, as well as the four khanates of the Mongol Empire and this period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France. The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the Balkans. Early 14th century, Attributed to Kao Ninga Monk Sewing is made and it is now kept at The Cleveland Museum of Art. 1309, King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit, the Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe. 1318, an Italian Franciscan monk, Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, in his record he described Majapahit kingdom. 1323, Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in Tutuila, now known as American Samoa,1325, Forced out of previous locations, the Mexica found the city of Tenochtitlan 1328, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit. Beginning of the Renaissance in Italy The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, the Vijayanagara Empire is founded in South India by Harihara in 1336 The Hundred Years War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne. The French recruit troops and ships in Genoa, Monaco, Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. 1347, Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung,1350, Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit, his reign is considered the empires Golden Age. Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia,1357, In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order of Gajah Mada. The death toll including Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide,1365, The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written. The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty The Lollardy movement rises in England 1377, palembangs prince, Parameswara flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port. The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually leading to 3 simultaneous popes, singapore emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance. Reunification of Poland under Władysław I of Poland Ciompi Revolt in Florence Peasants Revolt in England Islam reaches Terengganu, the Hausa found several city-states in the south of modern Niger. The Mali Empire expands westward and conquers Tekrur, the Scots win the Scottish Wars of Independence. 1392, Taejo of Joseon established Joseon Dynasty The Kalmar Union is established in 1397, uniting Norway, Sweden, iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia, is built. Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone, the citys population is now between 10,000 and 40,000

3.
Anne of Bohemia
–
Anne of Bohemia was Queen of England as the first wife of King Richard II. A member of the House of Luxembourg, she was the eldest daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and she died at 28 after 12 years of marriage, she was childless, and greatly mourned by her husband. But Anne appears to have won many English people over with her personality, and her efforts to help obtain royal pardons. Her fathers court, based in Prague, was a centre of the International Gothic style, then at its height, and her arrival seems to coincide with, and probably caused, new influences on English art. The Crown of Princess Blanche, now in Munich, may have made for Anne. She had four brothers, including Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and she also had five half-siblings from her fathers previous marriages. Anne is buried in Westminster Abbey beside her husband, Richard II married Anne of Bohemia as a result of the Western Schism in the Papacy that had resulted in two rival popes. Annes father was the most powerful monarch in Europe at the time, ruling over about half of Europes population and territory. The marriage was against the wishes of many members of his nobility and members of parliament and she brought with her no dowry, and in return for her hand in marriage, Richard gave 20,000 florins in payment to her brother Wenceslas. It is therefore no surprise that the marriage was unpopular, the Westminster Chronicler called her a tiny scrap of humanity, and Thomas Walsingham related a disastrous omen upon her arrival, where her ships smashed to pieces as soon as she had disembarked. Nevertheless, Anne and King Richard II were married in Westminster Abbey on 20 January 1382, tournaments were held for several days after the ceremony, in celebration. They then made a tour of the realm, staying at many major abbeys along the way, in 1383 Anne of Bohemia visited the city of Norwich, where at the Great Hospital a ceiling comprising 252 black eagles was made in her honour. Anne and Richard were only 14 years old when they first met, yet these two wispy teenagers soon fell into a loving relationship and over the years the king proved truly devoted to his new wife. Annes wedding to Richard II was the royal wedding in Westminster Abbey and was not followed by any other royal wedding in Westminster Abbey for another 537 years. They were married for 12 years, but had no children, Annes death from plague in 1394 at Shene Manor was a devastating blow to Richard. Historians have speculated that her counsel had an effect on Richard during her lifetime. This is supported by his conduct in the years after Annes death that lost him his throne. Richard married his wife, Isabella of Valois, on 31 October 1396

4.
Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel
–
Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel was an English nobleman prominent in the conflict between Edward II and his barons. His father, Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel, died on 9 March 1301 and he therefore became a ward of John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, and married Warennes granddaughter Alice. In 1306 he was styled Earl of Arundel, and served under Edward I in the Scottish Wars, after Edward Is death, Arundel became part of the opposition to the new king Edward II, and his favourite Piers Gaveston. In 1311 he was one of the so-called Lords Ordainers who assumed control of government from the king, together with Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, he was responsible for the death of Gaveston in 1312. From this point on, however, his relationship to the king became more friendly and this was to a large extent due to his association with the kings new favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger, whose daughter was married to Arundels son. Arundel supported the king in suppressing rebellions by Roger Mortimer and other Marcher Lords, for this he was awarded with land and offices. His fortune changed, however, when the country was invaded in 1326 by Mortimer, immediately after the capture of Edward II, the queen, Edward IIIs regent, ordered Arundel executed, his title forfeit and his property confiscated. Arundels son and heir Richard only recovered the title and lands in 1331, after Edward III had taken power from the regency of Isabella, in the 1390s, a cult emerged around the late earl. He was venerated as a martyr, though he was never canonised, Edmund FitzAlan was born in the Castle of Marlborough, in Wiltshire, on 1 May 1285. He was the son of Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel, Richard had been in opposition to the king during the political crisis of 1295, and as a result he had incurred great debts and had parts of his land confiscated. When Richard died in 09/03/1301, Edmunds wardship was given to John de Warenne, Warennes only son, William, had died in 1286, so his daughter Alice was now heir apparent to the Warenne earldom. Alice was offered in marriage to Edmund, who for reasons initially refused her. By 1305 he had changed his mind, however, and the two were married, in April 1306, shortly before turning twenty-one, Edmund was granted possession of his fathers title and land. On 22 May 1306, he was knighted by Edward I, the knighting was done in expectation of military service the Scottish Wars, and after the campaign was over, Arundel was richly rewarded. Edward I pardoned the young earl a debt of £4,234 and this flow of patronage continued after the death of Edward I in 1307, in 1308 Edward II returned the hundred of Purslow to Arundel, an honour that Edward I had confiscated from Edmunds father. There were also official honours in the years of Edward IIs reign. At the new kings coronation on 25 February 1308, Arundel officiated as chief butler, though the reign of Edward II was initially harmonious, he soon met with opposition from several of his earls and prelates. At the source of the discontent was the relationship with the young Gascon knight Piers Gaveston, who had been exiled by Edward I

5.
Alice of Norfolk
–
Alice of Norfolk was an English noblewoman. She was the daughter of Thomas of Brotherton, and a granddaughter of Edward I and she married Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu. Alice of Norfolk, likely born about 1324, was the daughter of Thomas of Brotherton, eldest son of Edward I by his marriage to Margaret. Her mother was Alice de Hales, daughter of Sir Roger de Hales of Hales Hall in Loddon in Roughton, Norfolk, by his wife and she had an elder brother, Edward of Norfolk, and an elder sister, Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk. Alices father died in August 1338 and his only son, Edward of Norfolk, having predeceased him, Alice and her sister Margaret were their fathers heirs. In March 1339 Edward III ordered William Trussell, escheator, to deliver to Alice and her husband, Edward Montagu, her share of her fathers lands. Alice of Norfolk died at Bungay, Suffolk, shortly before 30 January 1352, as the result of an assault by her husband, for crime he. In 1361 one William Dunche of Bungay was pardoned for his part in her death and her heirs were her surviving daughters, Elizabeth, Maud and Joan. By his second wife, Joan, whose surname is unknown, he had a son, Edward, and two daughters, Elizabeth Montagu, who married Sir John de Brewes, and Audrey Montagu, who married Sir Hugh de Strelley. Edward Montagu died 14 July 1361, his son and heir by Alice having predeceased him. His heir was his son by his second marriage, Edward Montagu. At his death on 4 October 1361 any barony created by writ fell into abeyance, according to modern doctrine, montagus arms were Argent, three lozenges in fess, on each an eagle displayed with a label of three points. The marriage contract was declared void. Audrey Montagu, who was living in June 1349, but died before February 1359, Maud Montagu, who was elected Abbess of Barking Abbey on 20 April 1377. Joan Montagu, who married, as his first wife, before 28 October 1362, William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, by whom she had four sons, archer, Rowena E. Brotherton, Margaret, suo jure duchess of Norfolk. A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire, the Complete Peerage, edited by H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden. Ormrod, W. M. Ufford, Robert, first earl of Suffolk, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Plantagenet Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Waugh, Scott L. Thomas, first earl of Norfolk, bCM/D/7, The Brotherton Inheritance, National Archives Hales Hall, Loddon, Norfolk

6.
Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere
–
Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere was a Norman-Irish noblewoman, suo jure heiress, and the wife of Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere. She was jailed on account of having ordered an assault on Isabella of France. Margaret surrendered the castle on 31 October 1321 after it was besieged by the Kings forces using ballistas, edwards capture of Leeds Castle was the catalyst which led to the Despenser War in the Welsh Marches and the north of England. Upon her release from the Tower, Margaret entered a life at the convent house of the Minorite Sisters outside Aldgate. King Edward granted her a stipend to pay for her maintenance, Margaret had an illegitimate half-brother, Richard. Her parents resided in both Ireland and England throughout their marriage, it has never been established where Juliana was residing at the time of Margarets birth although the date is known and her father died on 29 August 1287, when she was almost five months of age. His cause of death has never been ascertained by historians and her mother married her second husband, Nicholas Avenel, sometime afterwards, but the exact date of this marriage is not known. Between 11 December 1291 and 16 February 1292, Margaret acquired another stepfather when her mother married her third husband, Thomas estate included the stewardship of the Forest of Essex, the town and castle at Thomond and numerous other properties in Ireland that are listed in the reference. She married firstly before the year 1303, Gilbert de Umfraville, son of Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus, and Elizabeth Comyn. Upon their marriage, the Earl of Angus granted Gilbert and Margaret the manors of Hambleton and Market Overton, however, when Gilbert died childless prior to 1307, the manors passed to Margaret. He had held the post of Governor of Bristol Castle since 1307 and it is feasible that Margarets marriage to Badlesmere had been arranged by her brother-in-law, Baron Clifford, Badlesmere having been one of Cliffords retainers during the Scottish Wars. Clifford was later killed at the Battle of Bannockburn, where Badlesmere also fought, Margaret was styled as Baroness Badlesmere on 26 October 1309 and henceforth known by that title. When Margaret was visiting Cheshunt Manor in Hertfordshire in 1319, she was taken hostage by a group of sixty people and her captors demanded a ransom of £100 for her release. She was held prisoner for one night before being rescued on the day by the Kings favourite. Hugh was married to Margarets first cousin, Eleanor de Clare, eldest daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester and Joan of Acre, the King ordered the arrest and imprisonment of twenty of Margarets kidnappers, they all, however, were eventually pardoned. The five children of Margaret and Baron Badlesmere were, Margery de Badlesmere, married before 25 November 1316 William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros of Hamlake, by whom she had six children. Maud de Badlesmere, married firstly, Robert FitzPayn, secondly, John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford, Giles de Badlesmere, 2nd Baron Badlesmere, married Elizabeth Montagu, but did not have any children by her. Margaret de Badlesmere, married Sir John Tiptoft, 2nd Lord Tiptoft, by whom she had one son, Margarets husband, Baron Badlesmere was appointed Governor of the Royal Castle of Leeds in Kent in the fifth year of Edward IIs reign

7.
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
–
Richard FitzAlan, 5th or 11th Earl of Arundel and 9th Earl of Surrey, KG was an English medieval nobleman and military commander. Born in 1346, he was the son of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and he succeeded his father to the title of Earl of Arundel on 24 January 1376. His brother was Thomas Arundel, the Bishop of Ely from 1374 to 1388, Archbishop of York from 1388 to 1397, at the coronation of Richard II, Richard FitzAlan carried the crown. In 1377, Richard FitzAlan held the title of Admiral of the West, in this capacity, he attacked Harfleur at Whitsun 1378, but was forced to return to his ships by the defenders. Later, he and John of Gaunt attempted to seize Saint-Malo but were unsuccessful, FitzAlan was closely aligned with Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, who was uncle of King Richard II. Thomas was opposed to Richard IIs desire for peace with France in the Hundred Years War, in late 1386, Gloucester forced King Richard II to name himself and Richard FitzAlan to the Kings Council. This Council was to all intents and purposes a Regency Council for Richard II, however, Richard limited the duration of the Councils powers to one year. In 1386, Richard II named Richard FitzAlan Admiral of England, as Admiral of England, he defeated a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off Margate in March 1387, along with Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham. The King summoned Gloucester and FitzAlan to a meeting, however, instead of coming, they raised troops and defeated the new Council at Radcot Bridge on 22 December 1387. During that battle, they took the favourites prisoner, the next year, the Merciless Parliament condemned the favourites. FitzAlan was one of the Lords Appellant who accused and condemned Richard IIs favorites and he made himself particularly odious to the King by refusing, along with Gloucester, to spare the life of Sir Simon de Burley who had been condemned by the Merciless Parliament. This was even after the queen, Anne of Bohemia, went down on her knees before them to beg for mercy, King Richard never forgave this humiliation and planned and waited for his moment of revenge. In 1394, FitzAlan further antagonized the King by arriving late for the queens funeral, Richard II, in a rage, snatched a wand and struck FitzAlan in the face and drew blood. Shortly after that, the King feigned a reconciliation but he was biding his time for the right moment to strike. Arundel was named Governor of Brest in 1388, peace was concluded with France in 1389. However, Richard FitzAlan followed Gloucesters lead and stated that he would never agree with the peace that had been concluded and his first wife was Elizabeth de Bohun, daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. They married around 28 September 1359 and had seven children, Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel Lady Eleanor FitzAlan, on 28 October 1371, at the age of about six, Elizabeth FitzAlan, married first William Montacute, no issue. Married second, in 1384, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, had issue, married third, before August 1401, Sir Robert Goushill of Hoveringham, had issue

8.
Alexander of Abingdon
–
Alexander of Abingdon was one of the leading sculptors of England around 1300. By 1291, Alexander of Abingdon was active in London, where he lived for most of his life. In the accounts of the executors of the estate of Queen Eleanor of Castile and it seems that this term indicated a maker of statues of human figures carved in the round, rather than a mason working on the general architectural ornament. From 1291 to 1294, he was employed on carving the marble tomb-chest for the effigy of Queen Eleanor of Castile in Lincoln Cathedral. Alexander of Abingdon also supplied wax models for three small images cast by William of Suffolk for Eleanor’s heart in the Blackfriars church in London, all of these works are now lost. He is last documented in 1316–17, when he was associated with the master mason. It is likely that Alexander and Michael of Canterbury also worked together at Ely Cathedral on the tomb of Bishop William of Louth, Alexander of Abingdon’s three authenticated sculptures are now on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. These memorials marked the places where Eleanor’s body rested for the night on the route to Westminster. On the basis of similarities, the sculpture of a standing Virgin and Child. The sculptors style is characterised by a treatment of draperies. There are stylistic affinites between Alexander of Abingdon’s figures and the paintings and illuminations in the Westminster style, master Walter might have also done some work for Abingdon Abbey. The affinity between Alexander of Abingdon’s sculptures and contemporary illuminations assist in locating him within the circle of courtly art

9.
Alice of Hainault
–
Alice of Hainault, Countess Marshal, was the daughter of John de Avenes, Count of Hainault, and Philippine, daughter of the Count of Luxembourg. She was the wife of Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk. Her father succeeded as Count of Holland when his cousin, John I, Count of Holland, Alice of Hainault had several brothers, one of whom, William III, Count of Hainault, was the father of Edward IIIs wife, Philippa of Hainault. Another brother was John, Lord of Beaumont, known in England as Sir John of Hainault, in 1326 he was influential in the invasion of England by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, for which he was paid £32,722 or more. A third brother, also named John, who had contracted in marriage to Blanche of France. Alice married, as his wife, Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England. Negotiations for the marriage were underway in 1289, on 12 June 1290 Norfolk designated twenty-two manors in East Anglia as Alices jointure, and on 13 June had licence to enfeoff £300 worth of land jointly to himself and Alice. Shortly thereafter Alice and Norfolk were wedded at the manor of Havering in Essex. In 1296 Alice and her husband were summoned to the ceremony at which her fathers cousin, John I, Count of Holland, married Edward Is daughter, Norfolk died before 6 December 1306. However his widow continued to be known as the Countess Marshal, in 1371, decades after her own death, she was referred to in the will of Sir Walter Manny as Alice de Hainault, the Countess Marshal. Manny endowed the Charterhouse in London as a Carthusian monastery, requesting the monks to pray for the souls of himself, his wife Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, Alice remained a widow for the rest of her life. In 1309 she intended a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, and was granted protection for a year for that purpose, in the spring of 1310 the pirate John Crabbe seized a ship carrying cloth, jewels, gold, silver and other goods worth £2000 belonging to the Countess. Although the King sent further letters to the Count, Crabbe was not brought to justice. In 1315, some of Crabbes men were punished, but no restitution had been made, in consequence of which Edward II ordered the seizure of Flemish ships, Alice of Hainault died 26 October 1317. She is said to have left a will. About 1330 a chantry was founded at Carleton St Peter, Norfolk, bain, Joseph, ed. Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. The Complete Peerage, edited by Vicary Gibbs and Lord Howard de Walden, Edward III and the War at Sea. Davies, Gerald S. Charterhouse in London, Monastery, Mansion, Hospital, the Nobility and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England. Lucas, Henry S. John Crabbe, Flemish Pirate, Merchant, maclean, John, ed. Annals of Chepstow Castle

10.
John Appleton (academic)
–
John Appleton was a Master of University College, Oxford, England. Appleton was a commoner and Fellow of University College. He became Master of the College circa 1401 and remained in the post until about 1408 and this supported three new Fellows at the College. The College prospered and developed under Appletons mastership, especially in the area around Logic Lane off the High Street and he later received a special Fellowship at the College in 1438

11.
Alice de Warenne, Countess of Arundel
–
Alice de Warenne, Countess of Arundel was an English noblewoman and heir apparent to the Earldom of Surrey. In 1305, she married Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, on the death of her paternal grandfather, John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey in 1304, her only sibling John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey succeeded to the earldom. He became estranged from his childless wife and they never reconciled, leaving Alice as the heir presumptive to the Surrey estates, in 1305, Alice married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel, the son of Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel and Alice of Saluzzo. He had initially refused her, for reasons which were not recorded, however, by 1305, he had changed his mind and they had nine recorded children, and their chief residence was Arundel Castle in Sussex. Arundel inherited his title on 9 March 1302 upon his fathers death and he was summoned to Parliament as Lord Arundel in 1306, and was later one of the Lords Ordainers. He also took part in the Scottish wars and he had allied himself to the Kings favourite Hugh le Despenser, and agreed to the marriage of his son to Despensers granddaughter. Arundel had previously been granted many of the traitor Mortimers forfeited estates and he was also made Constable of Montgomery Castle which became his principal base. The Earl of Arundel was captured in Shropshire by the Queens party, on 17 November 1326 in Hereford, Arundel was beheaded by order of the Queen, leaving Alice de Warenne a widow. Her husbands estates and titles were forfeited to the Crown following Arundels execution, Alice died before 23 May 1338, aged 50. Her brother died in 1347 without legitimate issue, thus the title of Surrey eventually passed to Alices son, Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, known as Copped Hat, also succeeded to the title of Earl of Surrey on 12 April 1361. He married firstly Isabel le Despenser, whom he later repudiated and he had a son Edmund who was bastardised by the annulment. His second wife, whom he married on 5 February 1345, by Papal dispensation, was Eleanor of Lancaster and she was the widow of John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont. Richard and Eleanor had three sons and four daughters, including Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Joan de Bohun, edward FitzAlan Alice FitzAlan, married John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford. Joan FitzAlan, married Warin Gerard, Baron LIsle, aline FitzAlan, married Roger le Strange, 5th Baron Strange of Knockyn, by whom she had issue. John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, 1st Baron Maltravers, who was a Marshall of England, and drowned in 1379. The current Duke of Norfolk descends from Lady Mary, Duchess of Norfolk, catherine FitzAlan, married firstly Andrew Peverell, and secondly Henry Hussey of Cockfield. Had issue by her second husband, Elizabeth FitzAlan, married William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer, by whom she had one daughter, Elizabeth. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arunde

12.
Elizabeth de Bohun
–
Lady Elizabeth de Bohun, Countess of Arundel, Countess of Surrey was a member of the Anglo-Norman Bohun family, which wielded much power in the Welsh Marches and the English government. She was the first wife of Richard FitzAlan, a powerful English nobleman and military commander in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II. She was the mother of seven of his children, and as the wife of one of the most powerful nobles in the realm, enjoyed much prestige and took precedence over most of the other peers wives. Lady Elizabeth de Bohun was born around 1350, the daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and her older brother Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford married Joan FitzAlan, a sister of the 11th Earl of Arundel, by whom he had two daughters. Elizabeth had a half-brother, Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March and her paternal grandparents were Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. Her maternal grandparents were Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, lady Elizabeths parents both died when she was young, her mother having died in 1356, and her father in 1360. Their marriage was advantageous as it united two of the most powerful families in England. The alliance was strengthened by the marriage of Elizabeths brother. At the coronation of King Richard II, FitzAlan carried the crown, in the same year,1377, he was made Admiral of the South and West. The following year,1378, he attacked Harfleur, but was repelled by the French, FitzAlan allied himself with the Kings uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, who was married to FitzAlans niece Eleanor de Bohun, who was also Elizabeths niece. The two men became members of the Council of Regency, and formed a strong and virulent opposition to the King. This would later prove fatal to both men, lady Eleanor FitzAlan, on 28 October 1371, at the age of about six, married Robert de Ufford. The Howard Dukes of Norfolk descend from her daughter Margaret Mowbray who married Sir Robert Howard, Joan Goushill, daughter from the 3rd marriage, was ancestress of James Madison, 4th President of the U. S. A. Lady Alice Fitzalan, married before March 1392, John Cherlton, had an affair with Cardinal Henry Beaufort, by whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort. Lady Margaret FitzAlan, married Sir Rowland Lenthall, of Hampton Court, Herefordshire, Elizabeth de Bohun died on 3 April 1385 at the age of about thirty-five. She was buried at Lewes in Sussex and her husband married secondly Philippa Mortimer on 15 August 1390, by whom he had a son, John FitzAlan. Richard FitzAlan was executed by decapitation on 21 September 1397 at Tower Hill Cheapside, London for having committed high treason against King Richard

The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England who speak the English language. The English identity is …

"The Arrival of the First Ancestors of Englishmen out of Germany into Britain": a fanciful image of the Anglo-Saxon migration, an event central to the English national myth. From A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence by Richard Verstegan (1605)