In this action, the female former human resources director for a medical practice alleges that the medical practice and its female chief executive officer discriminated against and harassed her because of her sex and/or her sexual orientation and retaliated against her for resisting a sexually hostile work environment, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and the Iowa Civil Rights Act (ICRA), Iowa Code Ch. 216, and discriminated against her because of her age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 623 et seq., and the ICRA. The defendants have filed a " Joint Partial Motion To Dismiss," [1] asserting that Title VII provides no cause of action for discrimination or harassment based on sexual orientation, that the plaintiff did not exhaust in administrative proceedings any federal or state claims of discrimination or harassment because of her sex, and that, because the plaintiff cannot state a sexual harassment claim, she also cannot state a Title VII retaliation claim. Thus, the defendants contend that the only claims that the plaintiff has stated upon which relief can be granted are her state sexual orientation claims and her federal and state age discrimination claims. I must determine what claims have been adequately pleaded and exhausted.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Factual Background

" When ruling on a defendant's motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint." Erickson v. Pardus,551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). Thus, the factual background to a motion to dismiss must necessarily be drawn from the plaintiff's factual allegations.

In her Petition At Law (docket no. 2), originally filed in the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, then removed to this federal court, plaintiff Sharon Marie Robertson alleges that, on or about January 2, 2004, she was hired by defendant Siouxland Community Health Center (SCHC) in Sioux City, Iowa, as the human resources director, and that she was discharged from her employment on or about November 30, 2011. Robertson alleges that, at the pertinent times, defendant Michelle

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Stephan was the chief executive officer (CEO) of SCHC and Robertson's direct superior.

Robertson alleges that, during her employment, she was subjected to a hostile and pervasive atmosphere of discrimination and harassment " based on [her] sex/sexual orientation." Petition, ¶ 13. She alleges that the harassment included, but was not limited to, " Defendant Stephan subject[ing] [her] to unwanted and unwelcomed sexual comments, sexual questions, sexual conversations, sexual emails, sexual texts, and sexual jokes," including a list of twenty incidents. Id. at ¶ 13(a).[2] Robertson alleges that the defendants knew or should have known of the hostile environment and discrimination, but that they failed to take corrective action and, indeed, encouraged the harassment and retaliated against her for objecting to it. Id. at ¶ 15. Robertson alleges that the harassment and discrimination ultimately resulted in her discharge from employment with SCHC--indeed, it does not appear that she alleges any form of discrimination, as distinguished from harassment or retaliation, other than her discharge. Id. at ¶ 11. Robertson also alleges that she " resisted the sexually hostile work environment fostered by the Defendants' conduct" by complaining about it to SCHC, Stephan, and other SCHC staff, but instead of taking appropriate action to end the harassment, the defendants retaliated against her " through adverse employment actions, up to and including termination." Id. at ¶ ¶ 18-20.[3]

Robertson alleges that she filed a timely Complaint of Discrimination with the Iowa Civil Rights Commission (ICRC) and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and that she was issued " right to sue" letters by both commissions. She alleges that, thereafter, she timely filed this lawsuit. Id. at ¶ ¶ 6-8. Robertson has attached her administrative Complaint of Discrimination to her Petition as Exhibit A.

The claims asserted in Robertson's administrative charge and, consequently, the claims that are exhausted for purposes of her lawsuit, are in dispute. For the moment, I note that, in response to Question 6, which asked Robertson to " [p]lease check the ACTION that the Organization took against you. (Check all that apply)," Robertson checked " Harassment," " Sexual Harassment," and " Terminated," and also wrote in after " Other," " Hostile, volital [sic] work environment." On the other hand, in answer to Question 9, which asked, " Do you believe you were discriminated against because of your sex?," Robertson answered " no," and in response to Question 10, which asked, " Do you believe you were discriminated against because of your sexual orientation?," Robertson answered " yes" and indicated that her sexual orientation is " Lesbian." Also, in pertinent part, Robertson's Complaint of Discrimination states, in response to Question 17, that Robertson believed that she was treated differently since she complained about discrimination, explaining how she was retaliated against and by whom by stating, " Termination, Hostile work place by Michelle Stephan, Siouxland Community Health Center CEO." The administrative Complaint of Discrimination includes a 14-page typed narrative explaining the alleged discrimination, harassment, and retaliation. It also includes a 3-page list of reasons that Robertson claims that she was given for her termination, relating to alleged performance issues, with Robertson's response to each allegation.

B. Procedural Background

Robertson filed her Petition At Law in the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County on November 27, 2012. On January 17, 2013, the defendants removed this action to this federal court on the basis of federal question jurisdiction and supplemental jurisdiction over Robertson's state law claims. See Joint Notice Of Removal (docket no. 1). After removal, Robertson's state court Petition was refiled in this court at docket number 2. The Petition states that Robertson's " causes of action are brought pursuant to the Iowa Civil Rights Act, Iowa Code Chapter 216, Title VII, and the Age Discrimination In Employment Act where relevant." Petition at ¶ 9. Count I asserts a claim of " Hostile Work Environment And Discrimination Based On Sex/Sexual Orientation," Count II asserts a claim of " Retaliation," alleging that Robertson resisted and complained about " the sexually hostile work environment" created by the defendants' conduct, and that Robertson suffered retaliation for such resistance and complaints, up to and including termination, and Count III asserts a claim of " Age Discrimination." None of the counts alleges the specific legal basis for the claim or claims stated therein, so that, like the defendants, I will assume that each count is based on both state and federal law. On Counts I and II, Robertson seeks compensatory damages, including back pay, front pay, benefits, training, promotions, and seniority; damages for past and future emotional distress and other non-pecuniary losses; punitive damages; past and future medical and counseling expenses; injunctive relief; costs, expenses, and attorneys' fees; interest; and such other relief as the court deems proper. On Count III, she seeks essentially the same damages, with the exceptions that she seeks " liquidated/punitive damages," rather than punitive damages, and she does not seek injunctive relief. By Order (docket no. 16), dated February 26, 2013, trial in this matter is set to begin on May 27, 2014.

On January 22, 2013, the defendants filed the " Joint Partial Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff's Petition" (docket no. 4), which is now before me. Also on January 22, 2013, SCHC filed its Answer (docket no. 5), and Stephan filed her separate Answer, Affirmative Defenses, And Counterclaim (docket no. 6), denying Robertson's claims. Stephan's Counterclaim alleges that Robertson's administrative charge is frivolous, unreasonable, and groundless, and that the allegations were not made for their intended purpose, but for the improper purpose of shifting the blame for her discharge from her to Stephan, in the hopes of extracting some monetary concession, which has damaged Stephan's personal and professional reputation, Stephan's relationship with her current employer, and Stephan's prospects for future professional development. Counterclaim (docket no. 6).[4]

On February 1, 2013, Robertson filed her Answer To Defendant Michelle Stephan's Counterclaim (docket no. 7), denying Stephan's Counterclaim. On February 15, 2013, Robertson filed her Resistance To Defendants Siouxland Community Health Center's And Michelle Stephan's Joint Partial Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff's Petition (docket no. 11), conceding that Title VII does not provide protection from sexual orientation discrimination, but asserting that she has properly exhausted and pleaded claims of sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, and retaliation for complaining about sexual harassment under Title VII and the ICRA, under a " same-sex harassment" theory. The defendants filed a Joint Reply Brief (docket no. 15), in further support of their motion to dismiss on February 22, 2013.

The defendants requested oral arguments on their motion to dismiss. I conclude, however, that the parties have adequately briefed the issues and that oral arguments are unlikely to be beneficial. Therefore, I will consider the motion on the parties' written submissions.

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

A. Standards For Dismissal Pursuant To Rule 12(b)(6)

The defendants seek dismissal of Robertson's Petition, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which authorizes a pre-answer motion to dismiss for " failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). As the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals recently explained,

We review de novo the district court's grant of a motion to dismiss, accepting as true all factual allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. See Palmer v. Ill. Farmers Ins. Co., 666 F.3d 1081, 1083 (8th Cir. 2012); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). " To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation omitted). " A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id.

Courts consider " plausibility" by " 'draw[ing] on [their own] judicial experience and common sense,'" Whitney, 700 F.3d at 1128 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679), and " 'review[ing] the plausibility of the plaintiff's claim as a whole, not the plausibility of each individual allegation.'" Id. (quoting Zoltek Corp. v. Structural Polymer Grp., 592 F.3d 893, 896 n.4 (8th Cir. 2010)). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has refused, at the pleading stage, " to incorporate some general and formal level of evidentiary proof into the 'plausibility' requirement of Iqbal and Twombly. " Id. Nevertheless, the question " is not whether [the pleader] might at some later stage be able to prove [facts alleged]; the question is whether [it] has adequately asserted facts (as contrasted with naked legal conclusions) to support [its] claims." Id. at 1129. Thus,

[w]hile this court must " accept as true all facts pleaded by the non-moving party and grant all reasonable inferences from the pleadings in favor of the non-moving party," United States v. Any & All Radio Station Transmission Equip., 207 F.3d 458, 462 (8th Cir. 2000), " [a] pleading that offers 'labels and conclusions' or 'a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.'" Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting [Bell A. Corp. v.] Twombly, 550 U.S. [544,] 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 [(2007)]).

Here, the defendants seek dismissal of Robertson's Title VII claims based on sexual orientation and her Title VII and state law claims based on sex on the following grounds: (1) Title VII provides no protection for sexual orientation; (2) Robertson did not exhaust administrative remedies on her Title VII or state law claims based on sex; (3) assuming that Robertson did exhaust her claims based on sex, she has not adequately pleaded claims based on sex, rather than claims based on sexual orientation; and (4) Robertson's failure to allege sexual harassment means that she cannot assert a claim for retaliation for complaining about a sexually hostile work environment. I will consider these grounds for dismissal in turn.

1. Lack of Title VII protection for sexual orientation

The defendants argue that it is well-settled that Title VII's prohibitions against discrimination and harassment based on sex do not include discrimination based on sexual orientation. Thus, they contend that Robertson's Title VII claims based on sexual orientation in Count I must be dismissed. Robertson acknowledges that, under the current state of federal law, discrimination based on sexual orientation generally is not covered by Title VII, so that her causes of action based on sexual orientation discrimination in Count I can proceed only under the ICRA, Iowa Code § 216.6(1)(a).

Title VII makes it " an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire . . . or otherwise to discriminate against any individual . . . because of such individual's . . . sex." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Although courts have recognized that " [g]ender stereotyping can violate Title VII when it influences employment decisions," see Hunter v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 697 F.3d 697, 702 (8th Cir. 2012) (citing Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 251, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989)), and the Supreme Court has recognized that Title VII may protect against " same-sex harassment," if it is shown to be " because of sex," see Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, like other courts, has concluded that " Title VII does not prohibit discrimination against homosexuals." Williamson v. A.G. Edwards and Sons, Inc., 876 F.2d 69, 70 (8th Cir. 1989); accord Vickers v. Fairfield Med. Ctr., 453 F.3d 757, 762 (6th Cir. 2006) (concluding that, under Title VII, " sexual orientation is not a prohibited basis for discriminatory acts" ); Hamm v. Weyauwega Milk Prods., Inc., 332 F.3d 1058, 1066 (7th Cir. 2003) (concluding that a claim of harassment on the basis of sexual orientation cannot give rise to a Title VII retaliation claim); Bibby v. Philadelphia Coca Cola Bottling Co., 260 F.3d 257, 261 (3d Cir. 2001) (" Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. Congress has repeatedly rejected legislation that would have extended Title VII to cover sexual orientation." ). Robertson does not assert that she is alleging harassment because of sex arising from rumors that falsely labeled her a lesbian in an effort to debase her femininity. Cf. Schmedding v. Tnemec Co., Inc., 187 F.3d 862, 865 (8th Cir. 1999) (considering a male plaintiff's claim alleging that he was falsely labeled a homosexual to debase his masculinity). Rather, she acknowledges that she is a lesbian and she alleges that she was harassed and discriminated against both because of her sex (female) and because of her sexual orientation (lesbian). Title VII has not been construed to permit the latter claim.

Therefore, the part of the defendants' motion to dismiss seeking dismissal of Title VII claims in Count I based on sexual orientation is granted. On the other hand, the ICRA expressly prohibits discrimination based on " sexual orientation," see Iowa Code § 216.6(1)(a),[6] so that Robertson's claims of discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation may proceed under state law.

2. Exhaustion of claims based on sex

Next, the defendants seek dismissal of Robertson's Title VII and state law claims based on sex, because they contend that Robertson failed to exhaust those claims by raising them in her administrative charge. Unlike the first issue in the defendants' motion for partial dismissal, this issue is hotly contested.

a. Arguments of the parties

The defendants argue that Robertson's completed ICRC complaint form shows that she expressly answered " no" to the question, " Do you believe you were discriminated against because of your sex?" They also argue that Robertson's narrative attached to her administrative charge made it abundantly clear that her complaint of discrimination and/or harassment is based on her sexual orientation, not on her gender. Therefore, they argue that Robertson's federal and state claims for discrimination and harassment based on sex should be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies with respect to those claims.

Robertson argues that she did, in fact, exhaust her claims of discrimination and harassment based on sex. She argues that answering " no" to one question in the administrative charge about whether or not she believed that she was discriminated against because of her sex is not the end of the inquiry. Instead, she argues that the facts that she alleged in her administrative charge indicate that the hostile work environment created by Stephan's actions was, at least in part, because of Stephan's sexual desires toward those of the same sex, which creates a viable cause of action for " same-sex harassment" under Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998). Robertson then cites portions of her administrative charge that she argues demonstrate that the harassment to which she was subjected was related to Stephan's sexual attraction to lesbians. Robertson argues that these statements by Stephan give context to earlier and later harassment, which Robertson had noted indicated that Stephan was " inappropriately infatuated" with Robertson's sexual orientation. Robertson argues that these allegations were sufficient to put the defendants and the ICRC on notice that she was claiming that Stephan was sexually harassing her due to same-sex sexual desires. Consequently, she argues that she did exhaust her administrative remedies on her claims of discrimination and harassment because of sex under Title VII and Iowa law.

In reply, the defendants argue that I should not simply ignore Robertson's negative answer to the pertinent question about sexual discrimination in the administrative charge and that I cannot reasonably read or interpret Robertson's allegations of " sexual attraction" in her administrative charge as allegations of " same-sex harassment." They argue that Robertson did not simply " forget" to check the appropriate box for sexual discrimination or sexual harassment, she expressly rejected or disclaimed such claims. They also argue that allegations of sexual attraction or sexual desire do not, in and of themselves, amount to harassment or discrimination. They argue that Robertson is now simply conflating " sexual attraction" with " sexual harassment," so that she has not exhausted administrative remedies as to any sexual discrimination or sexual harassment claims.

b. Analysis

i. The administrative exhaustion requirement

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals recently explained the nature of the administrative exhaustion requirement under Title VII, as follows:

Title VII requires that before a plaintiff can bring suit in court to allege unlawful discrimination, she must file a timely charge with the EEOC or a state or local agency with authority to seek relief. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 109, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002); Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 47, 415 U.S. 36, 94 S.Ct. 1011, 39 L.Ed.2d 147 (1974); Williams v. Little Rock Mun. Water Works, 21 F.3d 218, 222 (8th Cir. 1994). Congress set up an elaborate administrative procedure, implemented through the EEOC, that is designed " to assist in the investigation of claims of ... discrimination in the workplace and to work towards the resolution of these claims through conciliation rather than litigation." Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 180-81, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989), superseded by statute on other grounds, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub.L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071. The text of the statute on exhaustion provides:

A charge under this section shall be filed within one hundred and eighty days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred and notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) shall be served upon the person against whom such charge is made within ten days thereafter.

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1) (emphases added). If the agency dismisses the charge and notifies the complainant of her right to sue, then the complainant has ninety days to bring a civil action in federal court. Id. § 2000e-5(f)(1).

As to the effect and scope of exhaustion, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained,

The employee may not bring allegations in a Title VII action if they go beyond those that " could reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination" filed with the EEOC. Kells v. Sinclair Buick-GMC Truck, Inc., 210 F.3d 827, 836 (8th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation omitted). While a charge of discrimination " need not specifically articulate the precise claim, it must nevertheless be sufficient to give the employer notice of the subject matter of the charge and identify generally the basis for a claim." Humphries v. Pulaski Cnty. Special Sch. Dist., 580 F.3d 688, 697 (8th Cir.2009) (internal quotation omitted).

Malone v. Ameren UE, 646 F.3d 512, 516 (8th Cir. 2011); Bissada v. Arkansas Children's Hosp., 639 F.3d 825, 830 (8th Cir. 2011) (" 'The exhaustion requirement may be satisfied if the civil claim grows out of or is like or reasonably related to the substance of the allegations in the administrative charge, but the civil suit can be only as broad as the scope of any investigation that reasonably could have been expected to result from the initial charge of discrimination.'" (quoting Fanning v. Potter, 614 F.3d 845, 851-52 (8th Cir. 2010)).

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained why courts must consider what is alleged in the administrative complaint to determine the scope of what is exhausted, as follows:

" [C]ourts should not use Title VII's administrative procedures as a trap for unwary pro se civil-rights plaintiffs.... We ..., therefore, when appropriate, construe civil-rights and discrimination claims charitably." Shannon [v. Ford Motor Co.], 72 F.3d [678,] 685 [(8th Cir. 1996)]; accord Cobb [v. Stringer], 850 F.2d [356,] 359 [(8th Cir. 1988)] (noting that discrimination complainants oftentimes file EEOC charges without legal assistance and observing that courts must " interpret[ ] [administrative charges] with the utmost liberality in order not to frustrate the remedial purposes of Title VII." ). Even so, " there is a difference between liberally reading a claim which 'lacks specificity,' and inventing, ex nihilo, a claim which simply was not made." Shannon, 72 F.3d at 685 (internal citation omitted).

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has applied this " exhaustion" standard focusing on the substance of allegations in the administrative charge to determine the scope of administrative exhaustion where a plaintiff failed to check the box on the administrative complaint identifying a claim that the plaintiff later tried to bring in court. See Tyler v. University of Ark. Bd. of Trustees, 628 F.3d 980, 989 (8th Cir. 2011) (considering whether the plaintiff ever mentioned gender in his administrative complaint or made other allegations indicative of gender discrimination, notwithstanding his failure to check the box indicating that his complaint involved gender discrimination, where his administrative charge was plainly addressed to racial discrimination); Bainbridge v. Loffredo Gardens, Inc., 378 F.3d 756, 760 (8th Cir. 2004) (concluding that a " retaliation" claim was not administratively exhausted where the plaintiff did not check the " retaliation" box on the civil rights complaint form " and did not allege any facts in the complaint form connecting his termination with his alleged complaint about the racial slurs" and the ICRC investigator had not addressed " retaliation' because the plaintiff " 'did not directly allege retaliation'" ). On the other hand, in Blakley v. Schlumberger Tech. Corp., 648 F.3d 921, 931 (8th Cir. 2011), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's dismissal of gender and disability claims for lack of exhaustion, where the plaintiff did not challenge the district court's conclusion that she failed to exhaust her administrative remedies by failing to check the boxes for " sex" and " disability" discrimination.

ii. Exhaustion here

Here, the defendants argue that Robertson did not merely fail to check the box for discrimination or harassment based on sex, she expressly stated that she was not alleging sex discrimination in answer to a specific inquiry in the administrative complaint form. Compare Tyler, 628 F.3d at 989; Bainbridge, 378 F.3d at 760. I also note that, unlike most pro se civil-rights plaintiffs, who might be trapped by unwary completion of an administrative charge and, therefore, whose administrative claims should be construed " charitably," see Duncan, 371 F.3d at 1025, Robertson was a human resources professional who might be presumed to know the difference between and the legal basis for protection from discrimination because of sex versus discrimination because of sexual orientation. Also, the defendants are correct that Robertson answered " no" to Question 9 in her administrative charge about whether she was discriminated against because of sex, and " yes" to Question 10, which asked, " Do you believe you were discriminated against because of your sexual orientation?"

Nevertheless, I do not agree with the defendants that Robertson has failed to exhaust any claims based on sex. The defendants' argument that Robertson disclaimed any claim based on sex conveniently ignores that, in response to Question 6, which asked her to " [p]lease check the ACTION that the Organization took against you. (Check all that apply)," Robertson checked " Harassment," " Sexual Harassment," and " Terminated," and also wrote in after " Other," " Hostile, volital [sic] work environment." Thus, her responses to Question 6 and Question 9 appear to be contradictory. Where Robertson, who was unrepresented at the time, gave apparently contradictory indications of the basis for her civil rights complaint in an administrative charge, I believe that the " liberal" or " charitable" reading requirement for administrative charges, Duncan, 371 F.3d at 1025, the consideration of claims that could reasonably be expected to grow out of the administrative charge and what notice the employer has received, Malone, 646 F.3d at 516, and the scope of any investigation that reasonably could be expected to result from the initial charge of discrimination, Bissada, 639 F.3d at 830, all suggest that Robertson was asserting both discrimination based on sex and discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Furthermore, I believe that the substance of the allegations in Robertson's administrative charge is more important than what boxes she marked or what answers she gave to yes/no questions on the administrative complaint form. Although the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in Blakely affirmed the district court's conclusion that the plaintiff had failed to exhaust her administrative remedies by failing to check the boxes for " sex" and " disability" discrimination, the plaintiff in that case did not challenge that conclusion. See 648 F.3d at 931. In contrast, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals focused on the substance of the allegations in the administrative charge in other cases in which the parties did dispute what claims are exhausted. See Tyler, 628 F.3d at 989; Bainbridge, 378 F.3d at 760. Because the parties here dispute the scope of exhaustion, I believe that I must also focus on the substance of Robertson's allegations in her administrative charge, not just on her answers to certain questions on the form complaint.

Here, contrary to the defendants' arguments, the substance of the allegations in Robertson's administrative charge does not relate exclusively to discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation. Rather, I find that the substance of Robertson's allegations in her administrative charge reasonably gave SCHC notice that discrimination and harassment because of sex were also at issue and that an investigation of discrimination and harassment claims because of sex reasonably could have been expected from the substance of Robertson's allegations in her administrative charge. See Malone, 646 F.3d at 516 (considering whether the administrative complaint is sufficient to give the employer notice of the subject matter of the charge and identify generally the basis for a claim); Bissada, 639 F.3d at 830 (" 'The exhaustion requirement may be satisfied if the civil claim grows out of or is like or reasonably related to the substance of the allegations in the administrative charge, but the civil suit can be only as broad as the scope of any investigation that reasonably could have been expected to result from the initial charge of discrimination.'" (quoting Fanning, 614 F.3d at 851-52)).

For example, in the narrative to her administrative charge, Robertson alleged that she was terminated, inter alia, for complaining that Stephan's " sexual oriented or sexual in nature jokes, comments, questions, and conversations directed to [Robertson] or about [Robertson] were offensive, unwanted and unwelcomed and [for asking Stephan] on numerous occasions to refrain from any communication referring to sexually oriented, sexual in nature, or personal topics." Petition, Exhibit A, narrative at 1 (docket no. 2 at 18) (emphasis added). The administrative complaint also contains allegations of numerous incidents of harassment, admittedly more often specifically identifying Robertson's sexual orientation as the topic of the harassment, but Robertson also alleged in her administrative charge that the harassment in 2010 was targeted toward her sexual orientation, while the harassment in 2011 became more " sexual in nature." Petition, Exhibit A, narrative at 10 (docket no. 2 at 27). Furthermore, as Robertson argues, the administrative charge alleges numerous incidents indicating Stephan's apparent attraction to lesbians, which reasonably suggest " sexual desire" for persons of her own gender on Stephan's part as a basis for all of her harassment of Robertson. As explained in more detail, below, proof of " sexual desire" is one of the three evidentiary routes for proof that " same-sex harassment" is " because of sex" under Oncale. See Smith v. Hy-Vee, Inc., 622 F.3d 904, 908 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80-81). The incidents alleged in the administrative charge indicating Stephan's same-sex sexual desire include the following: (1) Stephan asking Robertson " how do you pick up a gay person," Petition, Exhibit A at 3-4 (docket no. 2 at 20-21); (2) Stephan telling Robertson that she " was considering hooking up with a woman," see id. at 6 (docket no. 2 at 23); and (3) Stephan bringing up how her husband believed that she was sexually attracted to Robertson and that this was the basis for the divorce, see id. Thus, a conclusion that Robertson did administratively exhaust discrimination and harassment claims based on sex is an appropriate liberal reading of her administrative charge, not the invention of claims ex nihilo that simply were not made. Duncan, 371 F.3d at 1025.

Under these circumstances, I conclude that the portion of the defendants' motion to dismiss seeking dismissal of Robertson's claims alleging discrimination and harassment because of sex for failure to administratively exhaust them is denied.

3. Pleading of claims based on sex

Next, the defendants contend that, even if Robertson exhausted her claims based on sex, she has not adequately pleaded in her Petition that she was subjected to discrimination or harassment because she is a woman, rather than because she is a lesbian. This contention is also hotly contested.

a. Arguments of the parties

In their opening brief, the defendants assert that the allegations in Robertson's Petition fall far short of providing the facts necessary to state a plausible claim for discrimination or harassment because of Robertson's sex, under either Title VII or the ICRA. They argue that, although Robertson makes conclusory allegations that she was subjected to unwanted or unwelcome sexual comments, questions, conversations, texts, and jokes, the examples pleaded all deal with her sexual orientation, not her status as a woman. The defendants assert that Robertson's Petition is devoid of allegations that men were treated more favorably than she was or that the harassment she allegedly suffered was because of her gender, rather than because of her sexual orientation.

Robertson responds that her claims of discrimination and harassment because of sex are based on the recognition of same-sex harassment claims in Oncale and, more specifically still, based on adequate allegations that Stephan's harassing conduct was motivated by sexual desire. Robertson argues that she does not have to prove that Stephan is a homosexual or investigate Stephan's sexual history to establish that Stephan discriminated against her because she is a woman, as long as she has alleged conduct directed at her that allows the inference that she was harassed because she is a woman. Thus, Robertson argues that she has pleaded sufficient facts to make a plausible claim that Stephan's harassing actions were motived by same-sex attraction or desire.

In reply, the defendants argue that " same-sex attraction" is not the same as " same-sex harassment" and that Robertson may have alleged " same-sex attraction," but she has not alleged the existence of harassment on the basis of her gender. In other words, they argue that the substance of Robertson's allegations does not sufficiently allege conduct amounting to a hostile work environment, as a matter of law, because the conduct alleged is not sufficiently severe to create a hostile work environment. They argue that, putting aside Robertson's pleading of labels and conclusions that the conduct was " unwelcome" and " harassing," it is " obvious" from the substance of the conduct alleged that Robertson does not meet the elements required to establish a valid claim of sexual harassment or sexual discrimination.

b. Analysis

i. Harassment because of sex

In considering the adequacy of the pleading of Robertson's sex discrimination and sexual harassment claims, I will not distinguish between her claims under Title VII and comparable claims under the ICRA. I have previously noted that " [i]t is widely accepted in the Eighth Circuit that generally no distinction is made between claims based on federal law and comparable state law claims under the ICRA." Soto v. John Morrell & Co., 285 F.Supp.2d 1146, 1177-78 (N.D. Iowa 2003) (citing Hannoon v. Fawn Eng'g Corp., 324 F.3d 1041, 1046 (8th Cir. 2003); Beard v. Flying J, Inc., 266 F.3d 792, 798 (8th Cir. 2001)); see Mercer v. City of Cedar Rapids, 308 F.3d 840, 845 n.2 (8th Cir. 2002) (noting, in a sex discrimination case, " 'The [Iowa Civil Rights Act] is interpreted to mirror federal law. . . . Thus, our analysis of [plaintiff's Title VII] claim applies equally to [her] ICRA claim.'" (quoting Fisher v. Pharmacia & Upjohn, 225 F.3d 915, 919 n.2 (8th Cir. 2000)); see also Boyle v. Alum-Line, Inc., 710 N.W.2d 741, 750 (Iowa 2006) (" [T]he elements for the Title VII [sexually hostile work environment] claim mirror the elements of the ICRA claim." ); McElroy v. State, 703 N.W.2d 385, 391 (Iowa 2005) (" Because the ICRA is in part modeled after Title VII, we have traditionally looked to federal law for guidance in interpreting it." ). However, federal law is not controlling, but merely provides an analytical framework for analyzing ICRA claims. See Soto, 285 F.Supp.2d at 1178 (citing Hulme v. Barrett, 449 N.W.2d 629, 631 (Iowa 1989)). With these principles in mind, unless a distinction between Title VII and the ICRA becomes critical, my analysis of Robertson's Title VII claims based on sex applies equally to her ICRA claims.

As the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained,

[H]ostile work environments created by supervisors or coworkers have the following elements in common: (1) the plaintiff belongs to a protected group; (2) the plaintiff was subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) a causal nexus exists between the harassment and the plaintiff's protected group status; and (4) the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment. Al-Zubaidy v. TEK Indus., Inc., 406 F.3d 1030, 1038 (8th Cir. 2005).

EEOC v. CRST Van Expedited, Inc., 679 F.3d 657, 683 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Gordon v. Shafer Contracting Co., 469 F.3d 1191, 1194-95 (8th Cir. 2006), and distinguishing between additional elements for proof of harassment by supervisory employees and proof of harassment by co-workers). It appears that the elements at issue on the defendants' motion to dismiss are the third and fourth ones, the " causal connection" or " because of sex" element and the " harassment affecting employment" element, respectively.

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained the " causal nexus" or " because of sex" element as follows:

In Oncale, the Supreme Court that . . . " Title VII does not prohibit all verbal or physical harassment in the workplace; it is directed only at 'discrimination because of ... sex.'" 523 U.S. at 80, 118 S.Ct. 998 (emphasis in original). [T]he Court noted that it " ha[d] never held that workplace harassment ... is automatically discrimination because of sex merely because the words used have sexual content or connotations." Id.

As to the element requiring proof that the " harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment," the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained that " [a] sexually hostile work environment is one in which the sexual harassment would reasonably be perceived, and is perceived by the victim, as '" sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment." '" Sheriff, 619 F.3d at 930 (emphasis added) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993), in turn quoting Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986)). The court has explained that, in this analysis,

Relevant factors to determine objectivity include the frequency and severity of the discriminatory conduct; whether it can be characterized as " physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance" ; whether it presents an unreasonable interference with the employee's work performance, Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, or " make[s] it more difficult to do the job," id. at 25, 114 S.Ct. 367 (Ginsberg, J., concurring) (internal alteration omitted).

When sexual behavior is directed at a woman by a man, it raises the inference that the harassment is based on the woman's sex. See Sheriff, 619 F.3d at 929. In addition, in Oncale, the Supreme Court recognized that same gender sexual harassment may also be actionable. Smith, 622 F.3d at 907 (citing Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80). More specifically,

In analyzing the same-sex harassment claim, the Court [in Oncale ] noted that it " ha[d] never held that workplace harassment ... is automatically discrimination because of sex merely because the words used have sexual content or connotations." [ Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80]. Rather, the Court set out three evidentiary routes a plaintiff can use to show the conduct in a same-sex harassment claim was based on sex. Id. at 80-81, 118 S.Ct. 998. First, a plaintiff can show that the conduct was motivated by the co-worker's sexual desire for persons of the same sex. Id. at 80, 118 S.Ct. 998. Second, a plaintiff can show the harasser was motivated by a general hostility to the presence of the same gender in the workplace. Id. Third, a plaintiff may offer direct comparative evidence about how a harasser treated both males and females differently within a mixed-sex workplace. Id. at 80-81, 118 S.Ct. 998.

Smith, 622 F.3d at 907-08; McCown v. St. John's Health Sys., 349 F.3d 540, 543 (8th Cir. 2003) (describing the same " three evidentiary routes by which a same-sex plaintiff can show that the conduct was based on sex" ); see also Pedroza v. Cintas Corp. No. 2, 397 F.3d 1063, 1070 (8th Cir. 2005) (rejecting the argument that Title VII establishes dual standards for the " based on sex" showing required in male and female same-sex harassment cases and concluding that courts may look to cases that involve male same-sex harassment to determine whether a female, same-sex harassment plaintiff has made the showing required to create a jury question upon the " because of sex" requirement).

iii. Robertson's " same-sex harassment" allegations

Robertson contends, the defendants apparently ultimately concede, and I specifically conclude that Robertson's factual allegations in her Petition are more than sufficient to give facial plausibility to her claim that Stephan was motivated by same-sex desire. See Richter, 686 F.3d at 850 (stating the " plausibility" standard for stating a claim upon which relief can be granted); Smith, 622 F.3d at 907 (recognizing that a plaintiff can demonstrate that same-sex harassment is " because of sex" by showing that the conduct was motivated by the co-worker's sexual desire for persons of the same sex). The pertinent allegations of same-sex desire include the following: (1) that Stephan was " inappropriately infatuated with Robertson's sexual orientation," see Petition at ¶ 13(a)(11); (2) that, based on the volume of inappropriate texts and e-mails, Robertson's partner believed that Stephan had a sexual attraction to Robertson, see id. at ¶ 13(a)(13); (3) that Stephan sent Robertson texts and e-mails stating that Stephan " was considering hooking up with a woman," see id. at ¶ 13(a)(17); and (4) that Stephan related to Robertson that Stephan's husband believed that Stephan was divorcing him because she was a lesbian and wanted to have sex with Robertson, see id. at ¶ 13(a)(18).

The defendants contend that, nevertheless, Robertson has not alleged legally sufficient harassment based on same-sex desire. They continue to parse Robertson's allegations in terms of whether the harassment was allegedly because of Robertson's sex or because of her sexual orientation. First, I think that allegations of a female harasser's sexual attraction to another woman she knows to be a lesbian do not turn the harasser's conduct into allegations of harassment based solely on sexual orientation. Rather, I believe that, if anything, such allegations heighten the plausibility that the harassment is based on same-sex desire, because the target may be believed to be more receptive to same-sex advances. Richter, 686 F.3d at 850 (stating the " plausibility" standard for stating a claim upon which relief can be granted). It is not necessary to show that the alleged same-sex harasser is " strictly" homosexual, only that the alleged same-sex harasser was motivated by some degree of homosexual desire towards the plaintiff. See Pedroza, 397 F.3d at 1069 n.2. Similarly, the circumstance (or happenstance) that the victim of alleged same-sex harassment was admittedly a homosexual does not negate the inference that the victim was harassed because his or her gender was the same as the harasser's, where the harassment can be shown (or plausibly alleged) to be based on some degree of same-sex desire.

Second, I read Oncale and Smith to stand for the proposition that, if a plaintiff makes sufficient factual allegations of same-sex desire by the alleged harasser, the plaintiff has plausibly alleged that all of the alleged harasser's conduct in a same-sex harassment claim was based on sex. Smith, 622 F.3d at 907 (citing Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80-81). To put it another way--the way stated by Robertson--factual allegations that plausibly show that Stephan was motivated by same-sex desire give context to earlier and later harassment, thus plausibly suggesting that those incidents were harassment " because of sex."

Third, the defendants have focused only on the " severity" aspect of unlawful sexual harassment, ignoring that " [a] sexually hostile work environment is one in which the sexual harassment would reasonably be perceived, and is perceived by the victim, as '" sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment." '" Sheriff, 619 F.3d at 930 (emphasis added) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 21-22, in turn quoting Meritor Savings Bank, FSB, 477 U.S. at 67). Furthermore, " [t]he whole pattern of conduct must be examined, for its severity and pervasiveness cannot be fully understood by 'carving it " into a series of discrete incidents." '" Id. (quoting Hathaway, 132 F.3d at 1222 (citation omitted)).

Here, Robertson has not just made conclusory allegations that conduct towards her was unwelcome, she has alleged frequent--indeed, nearly constant--comments, questions, conversations, texts, and e-mails of inappropriate and offensive content concerning her sexual orientation (which, as explained above, in the context of same-sex harassment, concerns her gender). See id. (stating " relevant factors" to determine whether harassment is actionable as including the frequency and severity of the discriminatory conduct). She has also alleged that such conduct unreasonably interfered with her ability to do her job, because it impacted her health and personal life, see, e.g., Petition at ¶ 13(a)(12), made her working environment stressful and unpleasant to the point that it interfered with her ability to address workplace issues that fell within her responsibilities, see, e.g., id. at ¶ 13(a)(20) (alleging that Stephan's conduct made Robertson reluctant to bring to Stephan's attention concerns about her attire at work that fell within Robertson's duties as the human resources director), and interfered with her work relationships with others, see, e.g., id. at ¶ 13(a)(5), (17), not to mention the instances in which Stephan allegedly retaliated against Robertson for her complaints about Stephan's conduct by excluding her from meetings relevant to her job duties, see, e.g., id. at ¶ 13(a)(7), (9), (15), (18), (19). These factual allegations are sufficient to allege a plausible claim that the work environment was sexually hostile.

Therefore, the part of the defendants' motion to dismiss seeking dismissal of Robertson's claims based on sex for failure to state claims upon which relief can be granted is denied.

4. Pleading of retaliation

Finally, the defendants seek dismissal of Robertson's claims alleging retaliation for complaining about a sexually hostile work environment, but they do so solely on the ground that, because Robertson has failed to allege a sexually hostile work environment, she has not made any plausible claim that the defendants retaliated against her for reporting a hostile work environment based on gender. There are at least two problems with this contention.

First, I concluded, above, that Robertson has adequately alleged a hostile work environment based on sex, not just based on sexual orientation. Second, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals " 'applies § 2000e-3(a) broadly to cover opposition to " employment actions that are not unlawful, as long as the employee acted in a good faith, objectively reasonable belief that the practices were unlawful." '" Guimaraes v. SuperValu, Inc., 674 F.3d 962, 977 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Pye v. New Aire, Inc., 641 F.3d 1011, 1020 (8th Cir. 2011), in turn quoting Bonn v. City of Omaha, 623 F.3d 587, 591 (8th Cir. 2010)). Thus, Robertson's claim of retaliation for complaining about a sexually hostile work environment could survive independently of the merits or the adequacy of the pleading of her claim of a sexually hostile work environment, if Robertson pleaded a factual basis for her plausible, reasonable belief that the conduct she complained about constituted a sexually hostile work environment, and that such complaints resulted in retaliation, and I conclude that she has.

Therefore, the part of the defendants' motion to dismiss seeking dismissal of Robertson's claims of retaliation for complaining about a sexually hostile work environment is denied.

III. CONCLUSION

I agree with the parties that Title VII provides no protection for sexual orientation. Consequently, the defendants are entitled to dismissal of Title VII claims in Count I alleging discrimination or harassment because of sexual orientation. On the other hand, contrary to the defendants' contentions, I conclude that Robertson did exhaust administrative remedies on her Title VII or state law claims based on sex; that she has adequately pleaded claims based on sex, rather than just claims based on sexual orientation; and that she has adequately pleaded a claim for retaliation for complaining about a sexually hostile work environment.

THEREFORE, the defendants' January 22, 2013, " Joint Partial Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff's Petition" (docket no. 4) is granted in part and denied in part, as follows:

1. The part of the defendants' motion seeking dismissal of Robertson's Title VII claims in Count I alleging discrimination or harassment because of sexual orientation is granted; but

2. The remainder of the defendants' motion to dismiss is denied.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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