Conscience and Conservatives: What role should it play in public debate?

We’ve all been whipped into a frenzy over Rush Limbaugh’s idiotic insults of a Georgetown law student, a controversy I have been fastidiously trying to ignore. Errors often compound faster than interest, and responding to one outlandish statement with apoplexy and outrage only feeds the belly of the coarsening entertainment beast.

And after all, there is a substantive discussion still to be had about such matters, right? Given that we cannot trust others to it, we shall have to have one ourselves.

By using this argument, conservatives have conceded that the moral duty to protect life and not destroy it obligates only those who accept that responsibility, not every person. Even if this argument succeeds, conservatives will merely have defended subjective, privatized religion—so-called “conscience”—of an acceptably tame modern variety, rather than a worldview that is objectively true and universally binding.

Conservatives should not content themselves with fighting for a larger religious exemption that protects their “right to free exercise” if the government is still able to eschew any notion of its duty toward the good of the society it governs. Freedom of conscience—religious liberty—is an instrumental good, not an end in itself nor a natural right. Appeals to fictional fundamental rights will only take conservatives so far; what will they do the next time such an issue arises?

Set aside, though, the historical question. There’s an interesting concern here about the degradation of “conscience” as a category of moral reflection and how it might get all turned about against conservatives in the future. The worry is a real one, and similar to the concerns about the term I register early on in this little book. Whatever else we say about “conscience,” it needs to be tied down well lest it go adrift.

Religious liberty strives to protect a minimum standard: The government cannot coerce a person to perform an action that his conscience deems wrong on religious grounds. It shields the private exercise of religion not to keep the exercise of religion private, but rather as a necessary prerequisite for making it public.

“Religion” here is the contested category, of course, and I don’t think we should grant religious institutions a carte blanche freedom to do whatever they want in the name of their religion. The hypothetical pagan society that makes a go at reintroducing human sacrifice is wrong, politically and religiously, and the government has the right and duty to say so.

But that is, of course, different than our current scenario. Here the government is not merely recognizing a wrong that has been committed and judging accordingly: they are compelling religious institutions to act against their consciences. And in such cases, the argument from conscience takes on a new validity.

Recognizing the principle of “conscience” is one way in which government’s acknowledge that their citizens can be and often are held to a deeper moral code than that which is inscribed in the laws of the land. It does not specify the nature of this moral code, nor should we think that the government’s deference should be paid to only religious variations. But in establishing a sphere of liberty beyond its coercive authority, a government opens its laws to the possibility of revision in light of better clarity about the contents of the moral law.

To put it another way, the argument from “conscience” is a modest one. But modest arguments demand modesty in return. The government’s refusal to infringe upon the conscience of its citizens could be an artificial freedom that only pretends to be neutral. Or it could be that the government has a sense of its own limitations, and that the nature of the goodness by which it must judge harms unfolds slowly throughout the social structures that it has authority over.

No completely sure how it fits into this. But CT is reporting that an Israeli postal worker refuses to deliver Hebrew/English New Testaments that have been sent through the mail to his area on grounds of conscience. This does seem to be another step in the logical progressing.

In the US I would not be surprised if a US postal worker would refuse to deliver birth control pills because it was a violation of conscience. Clearly there are things that because of conscience we should refuse to do (I think Christians should refuse to be in porn films or work on the set, a life of crime should violate conscience, working in finance when you know that you are taking advantage of customers that do not understand what you are selling them should be a violation of conscience. But there are also many things that are just part of living in a diverse, pluralistic world.

No answers, just a thought.

Support Mere Orthodoxy | Christianity, Politics, and Culture on Patreon!