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Abstract:

Disclosed is a wireless power transmitter for wirelessly transmitting a
power to a wireless power receiver. The wireless power transmitter
includes a transmitting unit for transmitting a power supplied from a
power source to the wireless power receiver using resonance, and a
detecting unit for measuring an input impedance seen to the transmitting
unit at the power source to detect a variation of an output impedance of
the wireless power receiver by using the measured input impedance.

Claims:

1. A wireless power transmitter for wirelessly transmitting a power to a
wireless power receiver, the wireless power transmitter comprising: a
transmitting unit for transmitting a power supplied from a power source
to the wireless power receiver using resonance; and a detecting unit for
measuring an input impedance seen to the transmitting unit at the power
source to detect a variation of an output impedance of the wireless power
receiver by using the measured input impedance.

2. The wireless power transmitter of claim 1, wherein the detecting unit
detects a phase difference between an input voltage and an input current
of the wireless power transmitter by using the measured input impedance,
and detects the variation of the output impedance of the wireless power
receiver by using the phase difference.

3. The wireless power transmitter of claim 1, wherein the wireless power
receiver comprises: a receiving unit for receiving the power from the
transmitting unit using resonance; and an impedance varying unit for
transferring the power received in the receiving unit to a load side and
for varying the output impedance, and wherein the output impedance is an
impedance seen to the impedance varying unit at the receiving unit of the
wireless power receiver.

4. The wireless power transmitter of claim 2, wherein the phase
difference has a value of either 0 degree or 90 degrees.

5. The wireless power transmitter of claim 1, wherein the transmitting
unit comprises: a transmission induction coil for receiving the power
from the power source and a transmission resonance coil for transferring
the power received from the transmission induction coil through
electromagnetic induction to the wireless power receiver using resonance.

6. The wireless power transmitter of claim 2, further comprising: a state
information determining unit for determining state information about the
wireless power receiver based on the phase difference.

7. The wireless power transmitter of claim 6, further comprising: a power
controlling unit for controlling the power source according to the state
information to control the power transmitted to the wireless power
receiver.

8. A wireless power receiver for receiving a power from a wireless power
transmitter, the wireless power receiver comprising: an impedance varying
unit for varying an output impedance of the wireless power receiver to
vary an input impedance of the wireless power transmitter; a receiving
unit for receiving a power according to a variation of the output
impedance from the wireless power transmitter using resonance.

9. The wireless power receiver of claim 8, wherein the output impedance
is an impedance seen to the impedance varying unit at the receiving unit.

10. The wireless power receiver of claim 8, wherein the impedance varying
unit comprises: a switch; and a capacitor connected to the switch, and
wherein the output impedance is varied by shorting or opening the switch.

11. The wireless power receiver of claim 8, wherein the receiving unit
comprises: a reception resonance coil for receiving the power from the
wireless power transmitter using resonance; and a reception induction
coil for receiving a power from the reception resonance coil through
electromagnetic induction.

12. The wireless power receiver of claim 8, wherein the wireless power
receiver transmits state information about the wireless power receiver to
the wireless power transmitter by varying the output impedance.

13. The wireless power transmitter of claim 12, wherein the state
information about the wireless power receiver includes at least one of
information about a present charge amount of the wireless power receiver
and information about completion of charge informing of charge
completion.

14. A method for transmitting a power in a wireless power system which
includes a wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver for
wirelessly receiving the power from the wireless power transmitter, the
method comprising: varying an output impedance of the wireless power
receiver; detecting an input impedance of the wireless power transmitter
according to a variation of the output impedance; and detecting the
variation of the output impedance based on the input impedance.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the detecting of the output impedance
comprises: detecting a phase difference between an input voltage and an
output voltage of the wireless power transmitter based on the input
impedance; and detecting the output impedance based on the phase
difference.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the varying of the output impedance
comprises: varying the output impedance by using a switch and a capacitor
included in the wireless power receiver.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: determining state
information about the wireless power receiver based on the variation of
the output impedance.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: transmitting the power to
the wireless power receiver using resonance according to the state
information about the wireless power receiver.

19. A recording medium having a program for executing the method for
transmitting a power in the wireless power transmission system claimed in
claim 14.

20. A recording medium having a program for executing the method for
transmitting a power in the wireless power transmission system claimed in
claim 15.

Description:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of
Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0137786, filed Dec. 19, 2011, which
is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The embodiment relates to a wireless power transmitter, a wireless
power receiver and a wireless power transmission method.

[0003] A wireless power transmission or a wireless energy transfer refers
to a technology of wirelessly transferring electric energy to desired
devices. In the 1800's, an electric motor or a transformer employing the
principle of electromagnetic induction has been extensively used and then
a method for transmitting electrical energy by irradiating
electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves or lasers, has been suggested.
Actually, electrical toothbrushes or electrical razors, which are
frequently used in daily life, are charged based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. Until now, the long-distance transmission
using the magnetic induction, the resonance and the short-wavelength
radio frequency has been used as the wireless energy transfer scheme.

[0004] Recently, among wireless power transmitting technologies, an energy
transmitting scheme using resonance has been widely used.

[0005] Since an electric signal generated between the wireless power
transmitter and the wireless power receiver is wirelessly transferred
through coils in a wireless power transmitting scheme using resonance, a
user may easily charge electronic appliances such as a portable device.

[0006] In addition, the wireless power transmitter may receive information
about a state of a wireless power receiver to transmit power. A load
modulation technique is used for data transmission since high cost is
required if an additional communication channel or an additional
communication unit is provided for the data transmission from the
wireless power receiver to the wireless power transmitter. The load
modulation technique is a scheme that senses a variation of input
impedance of a wireless power transmitter party when a load (impedance)
of the wireless power receiver is changed.

[0007] However, an application of the load modulation technique is limited
to a magnetic induction type wireless power transmission system.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0008] An embodiment provides a wireless power transmitter, a wireless
power receiver and a wireless power transmission method, which can obtain
information about a wireless power receiver by detecting a phase of an
input impedance.

[0009] According to an embodiment, there is provided a wireless power
transmitter for wirelessly transmitting a power to a wireless power
receiver. The wireless power transmitter includes: a transmitting unit
for transmitting a power supplied from a power source to the wireless
power receiver using resonance; and a detecting unit for measuring an
input impedance seen to the transmitting unit at the power source to
detect a variation of an output impedance of the wireless power receiver
by using the measured input impedance.

[0010] According to an embodiment, there is provided a wireless power
receiver for receiving a power from a wireless power transmitter. The
wireless power receiver includes: an impedance varying unit for varying
an output impedance of the wireless power receiver to vary an input
impedance of the wireless power transmitter; a receiving unit for
receiving a power according to a variation of the output impedance from
the wireless power transmitter using resonance.

[0011] According to an embodiment, there is provided a method for
transmitting a power in a wireless power system which includes a wireless
power transmitter and a wireless power receiver for wirelessly receiving
the power from the wireless power transmitter. The method includes the
steps of: varying an output impedance of the wireless power receiver;
detecting an input impedance of the wireless power transmitter according
to a variation of the output impedance; and detecting the variation of
the output impedance based on the input impedance.

[0012] According to the embodiments, information about the state of the
wireless power receiver can be obtained based on the input impedance
which is varied as the output impedance is changed and the power
transmission can be performed according to the information, so that any
additional communication units or channels are not necessary.

[0013] Thus, since there is no need to pay additional cost when the
wireless power transmission system is constructed, the system can be
easily implemented.

[0014] Meanwhile, any other various effects will be directly and
implicitly described below in the description of the embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a wireless power transmission
system according to an embodiment;

[0016]FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a state that a switch of an
impedance varying unit is open according to an embodiment;

[0017]FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram showing a state that a switch of an
impedance varying unit is shorted according to an embodiment; and

[0018]FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a wireless power transmission
method of a wireless power transmission system according to an
embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Hereinafter, the embodiments will be described with reference to
accompanying drawings in detail so that those skilled in the art can
easily realize the embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 1 a circuit diagram showing a wireless power transmission
system 10 according to the embodiment.

[0021] Referring to FIG. 1, the wireless power transmission system may
include a power source 100, a wireless power transmitter 200, a wireless
power receiver 300 and a load side 400.

[0022] The wireless power transmitter 200 may include a transmitting unit
210, a detecting unit 220, a state information determining unit 230 and a
power controlling unit 240.

[0023] The transmitting unit 210 may include a transmission induction coil
unit 211 and a transmission resonance coil unit 212.

[0024] The wireless power receiver 300 includes a receiving unit 310, an
impedance varying unit 320 and a controlling unit 330.

[0025] The receiving unit 310 includes a reception resonance coil unit
311, a reception induction coil unit 312, and an impedance varying unit
320. The power generated from the power source 100 may be transferred to
the wireless power transmitter 200, and the wireless power transmitter
200 may transmit the power to the wireless power receiver 300 using
resonance. The power transmitted to the wireless power receiver 300 is
transferred to the load side 400 through a rectifier circuit (not shown).

[0026] The load side 400 may be a battery or a predetermined apparatus
which needs power, and a load impedance is denoted as `RL` in the
embodiment. In the embodiment, the load side 400 may be included in the
wireless power receiver 300.

[0027] In more detail, the power source 100 is an AC power source for
supplying an AC power having a predetermined frequency.

[0028] The transmitting unit 210 may include the transmission induction
coil unit 211 and the transmission resonance coil unit 212. The
transmission induction coil unit 211 is connected to the power source
100, and the AC current flows through the transmission induction coil
unit 211. When the AC current flows through the transmission induction
coil unit 211, an AC current is induced to the transmission resonance
coil unit 212 physically spaced apart from the transmission coil 21 due
to electromagnetic induction. The power transferred to the transmission
resonance coil 212 is transmitted using resonance to the wireless power
receiver 300 which forms a resonance circuit with the wireless power
transmitter 200.

[0029] Power may be transferred using resonance between two LC circuits
which are impedance-matched with each other. The power transfer using
resonance is able to transfer power at higher efficiency to a longer
distance than those by electromagnetic induction.

[0030] In detail, the transmission resonance coil unit 212 of the wireless
power transmitter 200 may transmit power to the reception resonance coil
unit 311 of the wireless power receiver 300 through a magnetic field.

[0031] The transmission resonance coil unit 212 and the reception
resonance coil unit 311 are resonance-coupled with each other to operate
at the resonance frequency

[0032] By using the resonance couple between the transmission resonance
coil unit 212 and the reception resonance coil unit 311, power
transmission efficiency between the transmission resonance coil unit 212
and the reception resonance coil unit 311 may be further improved.

[0033] The transmission resonance coil unit 212 includes a transmission
induction coil L1 and a capacitor C1. A capacitance of the capacitor C1
may have a fixed value.

[0034] One terminal of the capacitor C1 is connected to one terminal of
the power source 100, and the other terminal of the capacitor C1 is
connected to one terminal of the transmission induction coil L1. The
other terminal of the transmission induction coil L1 is connected to the
other terminal of the power source 100.

[0035] The transmission resonance coil unit 212 includes a transmission
resonance coil L2, a capacitor C2, and a resistor R2. The transmission
resonance coil L2 includes one terminal connected to one terminal of the
capacitor C2 and the other terminal connected to one terminal of the
resistor R2. The other terminal of the resistor R2 is connected to the
other terminal of the capacitor C2. A resistance of the resistor R
denotes an amount of power loss of the transmission resonance coil L2.

[0036] The detecting unit 220 may measure the first input impedance Z1
which is an impedance seen to the wireless power transmitter 200 at the
power source 100 toward. In the embodiment, when an input voltage, which
is input to the wireless power transmitter 200, is known, the detecting
unit 220 may measure an input current input to the wireless power
transmitter 200 to measure the first input impedance Z1.

[0037] The detecting unit 220 may detect a phase of the first input
impedance Z1 based on the first input impedance Z1. The phase of the
first input impedance Z1 signifies a phase difference between the input
voltage and the input current output from the power source 100.

[0038] The detecting unit 220 detects a variation of an output impedance
ZL by the impedance varying unit 320 of the wireless power receiver 300,
which will be described below, by using the detected phase difference.

[0039] The detecting unit 220 may detect a phase of 0 degree or 90 degrees
according to the operation of the impedance varying unit 320 which will
be described below.

[0040] The detecting unit 220 may recognize the state of the wireless
power receiver 300, that is, the state whether the switch SW of the
impedance varying unit 320 is open or shorted, through the phase
detection.

[0041] The state information determining unit 230 determines the state
information of the wireless power receiver 300 according to the first
input impedance. In the embodiment, the state information about the
wireless power receiver 300 may include information about a charged
amount or a change of the charged amount of the wireless power receiver
300. Further, the state information about the wireless power receiver 300
may include charging completion information informing that charging of
the wireless power receiver 300 has been completed.

[0042] The power controlling unit 240 controls the power transferred to
the wireless power receiver 300 according to the state information. The
power controlling unit 240 controls the power source 100 to control the
power transferred to the wireless power transmitter 200, so that the
power transferred to the wireless power receiver 300 can be controlled.

[0043] Therefore, the phase detecting procedure may signify a procedure of
determining the state of the wireless power receiver 300 by the wireless
power transmitter 200. That is, the wireless power receiver 300 transmits
the state information thereof to the wireless power transmitter 200, and
the wireless power transmitter 200 transmits the suitable power according
to the received state information about the wireless power receiver 300.

[0044] The wireless power transmitter 200 may recognize the information
about a present charge amount of the wireless power receiver 300 by
detecting a phase of the first input impedance Z1, and may perform power
transmission corresponding to the recognized information. For example,
when it is determined that the present charge amount of the wireless
power receiver 300 is insufficient, the wireless power transmitter 200
may control the amount of output power from the power source 100 to
increase the transmitting power.

[0045] For example, when it is determined that the power has been charged
in the wireless power receiver 300, the wireless power transmitter 200
may control the output of the power source 100 such that the power
transmission may be stopped.

[0046] The wireless power receiver 300 may include a receiving unit 310
and an impedance varying unit 320.

[0048] The reception resonance coil unit 311 includes a reception
resonance coil L3, a capacitor C3, and a resistor R3. The reception
resonance coil L3 includes one terminal connected to one terminal of the
capacitor C3 and the other terminal connected to one terminal of the
resistor R3. The other terminal of the resistor R3 is connected to the
other terminal of the capacitor C2. A resistance of the resistor R3
denotes an amount of lost power caused due to a power loss of the
reception resonance coil L3.

[0049] The reception induction coil unit 312 includes a reception
induction coil L4 which has both terminals connected to both terminals of
the impedance varying unit 320. The reception induction coil L4 may
further include a capacitor (not shown), so that a circuit having
suitable inductance and capacitance values can be formed.

[0050] The reception resonance coil unit 311 maintains the resonance state
with the transmission resonance coil unit 212 at the resonance frequency.
That is, the reception resonance coil unit 311 is resonance-coupled with
the transmission resonance coil unit 212 such that an AC current flows
therethrough, and the wireless power receiver 300 may receive power in a
non-radiative scheme.

[0051] The reception induction coil unit 312 receives power from the
reception resonance coil unit 312 by electromagnetic induction, and the
power received at the reception induction coil unit 312 is transferred to
the load side 400 after the power is rectified by the rectifier circuit
(not shown) through the impedance varying unit 320.

[0052] The impedance varying unit 320 may include a switch SW and a
capacitor C4. The switch SW includes one terminal connected to one
terminal of the capacitor C4 and the other terminal connected to one
terminal of the load side 400. The other terminal of the load side 400 is
connected to the other terminal of the capacitor C4.

[0053] The impedance varying unit 320 may vary an output impedance ZL seen
from the reception induction coil L4 to the lad side 400. The impedance
varying unit 320 may vary the output impedance through the switch SW such
that the first input impedance Z1 may be varied.

[0054] Hereinafter, the procedure of varying the first input impedance Z1
through the impedance varying unit 320 will be described.

[0055] The third input impedance Z3 signifies a measured impedance seen to
the load side 400 at the reception resonance coil L3 and may expressed as
Equation 1:

[0056] wherein `w` denotes a resonance frequency between the transmission
resonance coil L2 and the reception resonance coil L3, and `M3` is a
mutual inductance between the reception resonance coil L3 and the
reception induction coil L4. Further, `ZL` denotes an output impedance.
Equation 1 is based on the frequency domain and equations which will be
described below are also based on the frequency domain.

[0057] The second input impedance Z2 signifies a measured impedance seen
to the wireless power receiver 300 at the wireless power transmitter 200
and may be expressed as Equation 2:

wherein `M2` denotes a mutual inductance between the transmission
resonance coil L2 and the reception resonance coil L3, and `C3` denotes a
capacitor which is an equivalent circuit corresponding to the reception
resonance coil unit 311. Further, `R3` denotes a resistance corresponding
to an amount of power loss caused by power loss of the reception
resonance coil L3.

[0058] Although the capacitor C3 and the leakage resistor R3 have fixed
values, the mutual inductance M2 may vary according to a coupling factor
K2 between the transmission resonance coil L2 and the reception resonance
coil L3.

[0059] The coupling factor K2 denotes a degree of the electromagnetic
coupling between the transmission resonance coil L2 and the reception
resonance coil L3, and may vary by at least one of a distance, a
direction and a position between the wireless power transmitter 200 and
the wireless power receiver 300.

[0060] The first input impedance Z1 is an impedance measured when seeing
the wireless power transmitter 200 at the power source 100 and may be
expressed as Equation 3:

[0062] If it is assumed that R1 and R2 have very small values, R1 and R2
may become `0` (zero). In addition, if the first input impedance Z1 is
selected such that resonances between the transmission induction coil L1
and the capacitor C1, between the transmission resonance coil L2 and the
capacitor C2, and between the reception resonance coil L3 and the
capacitor C3 occur at the same resonance frequency w, the first input
impedance Z1 may be expressed as Equation 4:

[0064] Referring to Equation 8, as the output impedance ZL varies, the
first input impedance Z1 may vary. This procedure will be described in
detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0065] The controlling unit 330 applies a control signal to the impedance
varying unit 320 such that the impedance varying unit 320 is controlled.
The control signal may include a driving signal for allowing the switch
SW to be open or shorted.

[0066] Hereinafter, the variations of the output impedance ZL and the
first input impedance Z1 according to whether the switch SW is open or
shorted will be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0067]FIG. 2 illustrates that the switch SW of the impedance varying unit
320 is open according to the embodiment.

[0068] When the switch SW is open by the control signal of the controlling
unit 330, the impedance varying unit 320 may be expressed as a circuit
diagram depicted in FIG. 2.

[0069] At this time, the output impedance ZL may be expressed as Equation
9:

[0070] If the values of the reception induction coil L4 and the capacitor
C4 are selected to allow the reception induction coil L4 and the
capacitor C4 to resonate with each other at the resonance frequency w,
the first input impedance Z1 of Equation 8 is expressed as Equation 10:

[0071] In this case, the first input impedance Z1 has only a real
component. As the first input impedance Z1 has only a real component, a
phase difference between the input voltage and the input current input
from the power source 100 does not exist. That is, a phase difference
between the input voltage and the input current input from the wireless
power transmitter 200 is equal to 0 (zero), and thus, the phase of the
first input impedance Z1 is equal to 0 (zero).

[0072]FIG. 3 illustrates that the switch SW of the impedance varying unit
320 is shorted.

[0073] When the switch SW is shorted by the control signal of the
controlling unit 330, the impedance varying unit 320 may be expressed as
a circuit diagram depicted in FIG. 3.

[0074] In this case, the output impedance ZL may be expressed as Equation
11:

ZL=0 [Equation 11]

[0075] If the reception induction coil L4 and the capacitor C4 are
selected to resonate with each other at the resonance frequency w, the
first input impedance Z1 of Equation 8 may be expressed as Equation 12:

Z 1 = k 1 2 k 3 2 k 2 2 ( - jω L 1
) [ Equation 12 ] ##EQU00008##

[0076] In this case, the first input impedance Z1 has only an imaginary
component. As the first input impedance Z1 has only an imaginary
component, a phase difference between the input voltage and the input
current input from the power source 100 is equal to 90 degrees. That is,
the phase difference between the input voltage and the input current
input from the wireless power transmitter 200 is equal to 90 degrees, and
thus, the phase of the first input impedance Z1 is equal to 90 degrees
(or -90 degrees).

[0077] As described above, the output impedance varies according to the
switching operation of the wireless power receiver 300 and the wireless
power transmitter 200 detects the phase difference (or the phase of the
first input impedance) between the input voltage and the input current,
so that the wireless power transmitter 200 may recognize the state of the
wireless power receiver 300, that is, whether the switch is open or
shorted. Thus, the wireless power transmitter 200 may perform a suitable
power transmitting procedure by recognizing the state of the wireless
power receiver 300.

[0078] For example, when digital data `1` is to be transmitted from the
wireless power receiver 300, the controlling unit 330 allows the switch
SW to be shorted, and when digital data `1` is to be transmitted, the
controlling unit 330 allows the switch SW to be open. The detecting unit
220 may detect whether the switch SW is open or shorted and may receive
the state information about the wireless power receiver 300. Thus, the
wireless power transmitter 200 may receive the state information about
the wireless power receiver 300 to perform suitable power transmission.

[0079]FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a wireless power transmission
method according to the embodiment.

[0080] Hereinafter, the wireless power transmission method according to
the embodiment will be described in cooperation with description of FIGS.
1 to 3.

[0081] The configuration of the wireless power transmission system 10 is
the same as that depicted in FIG. 1.

[0082] First, in step S101, the impedance varying unit 320 of the wireless
power receiver 300 varies the output impedance. As shown in FIG. 1, the
output impedance ZL signifies the measured impedance seen to the
impedance varying unit 320 at the receiving unit 310. The impedance
varying unit 320 may include the switch SW and capacitor C4, and may vary
the output impedance by using the switch SW. For example, when the
wireless power receiver 300 determines that the current charged amount is
insufficient, the wireless power receiver 300 may vary the output
impedance to receive increased power from the wireless power transmitter
200. The output impedance may vary by the switching operation as shown in
FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0083] In step S103, the detecting unit 220 of the wireless power
transmitter 200 may detect the phase difference between the input voltage
and input current output from power source 100 to the wireless power
transmitter 200 according to the output impedance variation. That is, the
detecting unit 200 may detect the phase difference between the input
voltage and the input current input to the wireless power transmitter 200
based on the first input impedance which is varied according to the
variation of the output impedance.

[0084] The detecting unit 220 may detect the variation of the output
impedance of the wireless power receiver 200 through the detected phase
difference.

[0085] The phase difference may have either 0 degree or 90 degrees. The
detection of the phase difference may be achieved based on the first
input impedance seen to the transmitting unit 210 at the power source
100, as described in detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0086] In step S105, the state information determining unit 230 of the
wireless power transmitter 200 may determine the state information about
the wireless power receiver 300 based on the phase difference. In the
embodiment, the wireless power transmitter 200 may determine the state
information about the wireless power receiver 300 based on the variation
of the phase difference for a predetermined time.

[0087] Thereafter, in step S107, the power controlling unit 240 may
control the power source 100 according the state information about the
wireless power receiver 300 to transmit power to the wireless power
receiver 300. For example, when the state information about the wireless
power receiver 300 may include the charge completion information
informing of the completion of the charge operation, the power
controlling unit 240 of the wireless power receiver 300 may control the
power source 100 such that the power transmission to the wireless power
receiver 300 may be stopped.

[0088] As described above, according to the embodiment, the wireless power
transmitter 200 detects the output impedance of the wireless power
receiver 300 to identify the state information about the wireless power
receiver 300, and may transmit power according to the state information,
so that power can be effectively transmitted without any additional
communication channels or communication units.

[0089] Although embodiments have been described with reference to a number
of illustrative embodiments thereof, it should be understood that
numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those
skilled in the art that will fall within the spirit and scope of the
principles of this disclosure. More particularly, various variations and
modifications are possible in the component parts and/or arrangements of
the subject combination arrangement within the scope of the disclosure,
the drawings and the appended claims. In addition to variations and
modifications in the component parts and/or arrangements, alternative
uses will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.