the repetition at the end of a clause of a word that occurred at the beginning of a clause; it rends to make the sentence or clause stand apart from its surroundings (ex. "Breakfast was over, and none had breakfasted".)

Epistrophe

the repetition of same word or groups of words at the end of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the word in the final position (Ex. Genius is said to be self conscious; I cannot tell whether Miss Ingram was a genius, but she was self-conscious- remarkably self-conscious indeed.)

Apostrophe

A form of personification in which the absent or dead are spoken to as if present and the inanimate as animate. Ex. When Tom talks to Samuel in E.O.E.

Synecdoche

a form of a metaphor where part of something is used to signify the whole (Ex. All hand on deck) or the whole is part (E. Canada played the United States in the Olympic hockey finals.)

Metonymy

Changed label or substitute name or the name of one this is applied to another (EX. "The white house declared" rather than saying "The president declared.")

Allusion

A reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or event. (Ex. And down he hastened into that Eden of poisonous flowers.)

Understatement

Opposite of a hyperbole; a kind of irony that represents something being less than it is. Ex. A man who gets a few letters does not open one lightly

Oxymoron

A form of paradox that combines a pair contrary terms (ex. Sweet sorrow, fiend angelical)

Paradox

a statement that contradicts itself (ex. The more you know, the more you don't know.")

Pun

a play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings (ex. Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man")

Alliteration

repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning or words "as if the fountain were an immortal spirit that sung its song unceasingly"

Onomatopoeia

use of words to imitate sounds "A little gurgling sound ascended to found man's window."

Situational

When one thins is expected to happen but the opposite occurs

Verbal

the result of a statement saying one thing while meaning the opposite

Sarcasm

A type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it.

Satire

A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform and ridicule