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1 NAVIGATING THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN PENNSYLVANIA A Guide for Parents and Guardians

2 Navigating the Juvenile Justice System in Pennsylvania: A Guide for Parents and Guardians Jessica Feierman, Esq. Emily C. Keller, Esq. Marcia Glickman, Esq. Rachel Stanton JUVENILE LAW CENTER Juvenile Law Center is a national public interest law firm that works to ensure that child welfare, juvenile justice and other public systems provide vulnerable children with the protection and services they need to become healthy and productive adults. Part or all of this publication may be reproduced if credited to Juvenile Law Center. This publication may also be downloaded at Juvenile Law Center s website, JUVENILE LAW CENTER 1315 Walnut Street, Suite 400 Philadelphia PA Fax: All rights reserved Prepared with support from the Public Welfare Foundation & the Pennsylvania Developmental Disabilities Council

4 ABOUT THIS GUIDE The juvenile justice process can be confusing for anyone. The purpose of this guide is to help parents and guardians better understand the juvenile justice process. This guide walks parents and guardians through each stage of the process and points out the places where a parent s input is especially important. This guide provides general information about the juvenile justice system in Pennsylvania. Certain juvenile justice policies may be slightly different from county to county. However, IMPORTANT NOTE: Using this guide is not the same as getting legal advice. If you have particular questions about your child s situation, you should speak with a lawyer. under the law, all children have important rights that should be protected in every courtroom and in every county. The Importance of Family Involvement When a child comes into contact with the juvenile justice system, the family s involvement with the process can be critical to the child s success. The family is a child s main emotional, social, cultural, and spiritual resource. As a parent, you know your child better than juvenile justice system professionals from probation officers to lawyers to the judge and often have valuable insights into your child s behaviors and needs. Unfortunately, the juvenile justice system often creates barriers that prevent families from effectively participating in their child s juvenile case. A workgroup in Pennsylvania has begun to identify and develop strategies and models that will support family involvement in the juvenile justice system. In 2009, this workgroup released Family Involvement in Pennsylvania's Juvenile Justice System, which discusses barriers to family involvement and identifies strategies to promote family involvement. This document is available for download at: 2.

5 BACKGROUND: THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM The juvenile justice system is different from the adult criminal justice system. Juvenile court is often less formal than adult criminal court. Also, different terms are used in juvenile court. These differences reflect the fact that the juvenile justice system has different goals than the adult criminal justice system. In Pennsylvania, the juvenile justice system provides for the supervision, care and rehabilitation of youth to ensure: (1) community protection (keeping the community safe from harm), (2) accountability (taking responsibility for actions and repairing harm caused to the victim and community), and (3) competency development (teaching skills that allow youth to be productive members of the community). Ideally, the juvenile justice system should focus on your child s needs and rehabilitation. However, you and your child should also understand that the consequences of what happens in the juvenile justice system can be very serious. Your child could be sent to detention or to other facilities away from home. Also, a juvenile record may make it difficult for your child to get a job, go to college, get financial aid, or enter the military. Generally, children ages 10 to 17 years old accused of crimes enter the juvenile justice system, not the adult criminal system. In cases where a child is accused of committing certain very serious crimes, the child may directly enter the adult criminal justice system or be transferred by a judge to adult criminal court. This manual does not discuss what happens when youth are charged and tried as adults. 3

6 GENERAL TIPS WHEN ADVOCATING FOR YOUR CHILD 1 1. Keep organized. Put all of the papers that you receive in connection with your child s case in one place (including letters, evaluations, lab results, billing or payment records, and any reports from the police, probation officers, court, lawyers, doctors, and mental health workers). 2. Ask to read and request copies of all reports about your child and your child s case. You may not always be able get a copy of a report. Ask your child s lawyer if you have questions about whether you are allowed to see a copy of a specific report. 3. Write everything down. Write down information from meetings and telephone conversations with your child s lawyer, probation officer, and other juvenile justice system staff. Include the time and date, who you spoke to (and their title), and future meetings or phone calls. 4. Attend all meetings and court hearings and arrive on time. Because of job and family obligations, attending every meeting can be very difficult. However, it is very important that you attend meetings about your child. If you know you will not be able to attend, call or write a letter in advance to explain why you cannot attend and that you want to be involved in your child s case. 5. Help others to understand your child. Write down information about your child that will help your child s lawyer, probation officer, the judge, and other adults understand your child better. If your child has a disability, be sure to include information about the disability, how your child processes information, how your child reacts in certain situations, and what help or accommodations your child needs. See Appendix for a checklist of helpful information to include. 6. Speak up in meetings to share information about your child s needs, even if you feel uncomfortable or intimidated. If juvenile justice system staff (for example, a probation officer) or your child's lawyer will not listen to you, you can contact his or her supervisor. In court, you may have to ask your child s lawyer to tell the judge that you would like to speak. 7. Always be respectful. No matter how strongly you feel about your child s situation or the people working with your child, remain respectful when you speak in court or speak to probation staff or other people who are working with your child. 4

8 1. SCHOOL-BASED REFERRALS TO THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Schools often refer children, including children with disabilities, to law enforcement when children misbehave at school. If your child is having behavior problems at school, try to speak with school officials system about whether supports and services can be put in place to address your child s behaviors before the school calls the police or refers your child to the juvenile justice. If the school has already called the police, ask your child s lawyer whether he or she could argue that the school or mental health system, instead of the juvenile justice system, should be addressing your child s behavior problems. Students with Disabilities: Preventing School-Based Behavior Problems Often, children with disabilities will have behavior problems at school because they are not receiving needed supports and services. Before your child has any contact with the police, it is important that you are in touch with school officials to ensure that your child is receiving necessary supports and services at school. Considerations When Your Child Is In Special Education If your child is in special education and has an Individual Education Plan (IEP), your child s IEP team should discuss your child s behavior problems at school. The IEP Team can suggest changes that may stop your child s misbehaviors. If you think your child s behaviors are hurting his or her ability to succeed at school, you should contact the school and request an IEP team meeting. If the IEP team determines that your child s behaviors (1) hurt your child s ability to learn or (2) hurt other children s ability to learn, you should request that your child receive a Functional Behavior Assessment, which is an evaluation of what caused your child s behaviors and can be used by the team to write a Positive Behavior Support Plan, which is a plan that is designed help address your child s behaviors through positive measures, instead of punishment or If your child is in special education, attend IEP meetings and advocate for services and interventions that will reduce the likelihood that your child will act out in school. discipline. Make sure that the IEP team includes goals that reinforce positive behaviors. 6

9 Dealing with Behavior Problems within the School System If your child has a disability and gets in trouble at school, the law provides certain protections. If your child has an IEP and a public school suspends or expels your child for more than 10 days in a row (or more than 15 total school days), the school must hold a hearing within 10 days to determine whether the behavior was a manifestation of the child s disability. If your child s behavior was a manifestation of his disability, your child cannot be suspended, expelled, or transferred to a new school as a consequence of the behavior. (However, nothing in special education law prevents a school from having your child arrested or referred to juvenile court.) Additional Information on the Special Education System For more information about avoiding behavior problems and school discipline for children with disabilities, please review Education Law Center s The Right to Special Education in Pennsylvania: A Guide for Parents and Advocates, available on the web at: You can also seek additional programs or services that may be available within the school system, including: School-based diversion programs that address youth s behavior problems through peer panels or youth aid panels, instead of formal processing within the juvenile justice. system; School-based behavioral health services help children work on problem-solving skills, develop other positive behaviors, and address mental health issues; Medicaid-funded or privately funded behavioral health services such as counseling outside of school or Therapeutic Support Services (TSS) for your child in the classroom. 7

10 2. ARREST A child typically becomes involved in the juvenile justice system in one of two ways: Someone, such as a neighbor or school official complains to the police, or The child is arrested in the community If your child is arrested: Do not allow the police to talk to your child if you are not present. Police may ask you if it is okay if they talk to your child without you being there. They may even suggest that your child will be more comfortable if you are not there when your child is talking to the police. Try to see your child immediately. If the police officers will not let you see your child, ask to speak with their supervisors. Also, if the police have kept you from talking to your child, make sure that you tell this to your child s lawyer (as soon as your child has a lawyer). When you see your child, tell your child not to talk to the police without a lawyer present. Your child should not tell the police anything unless your child s lawyer says it is okay, even if your child was not involved in any way. If your child has a disability, provide information about your child s disability when you go to the police station: o If your child has an IEP, bring it with you. o Explain your child s disability. o Explain if the disability affects his or her understanding of the charge. o Tell the police if the disability affects your child s ability to understand and answer questions appropriately. Be careful before you call law enforcement for help in dealing with your child s behavior problems. You may be very frustrated with your child. You may be worried about his or her behavior and hopeful that the juvenile justice system can provide the help and services he or she needs to be successful. People may have told you that the only way for you to get your child help is through the juvenile justice system. But be careful before you involve law enforcement. Juvenile records can be lasting. The system can be helpful, but it can also do more harm than good. 8

11 What can I do before my child is arrested to prepare my child for questioning by the police? 1 Children should know that police are there to protect them and keep them safe. They should be taught that if they are ever in danger or need help, they should go to the police. At the same time, you should talk to your child about what to do if they get into trouble and the police want to talk to them. If your child is arrested or brought in for questioning, teach your child never talk to police without a lawyer there. Tell your child to immediately ask to talk to you (their parent) and a lawyer. Even if your child is not involved in any wrongdoing, it is important to make sure that his or her rights are protected. Children and teens are especially likely to give into pressure from peers or the police. They may end up admitting something that they did not do. Practice appropriate responses. Make sure that your child understands what to say to police, and that he or she should be polite. Teach your child not to run away from a police officer, make up a story, or argue with a police officer, even if the officer says something that sounds wrong or unfair. 9

12 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUR CHILD S LAWYER As soon as your child is arrested or detained, he or she has the right to speak to a lawyer. If you cannot afford a lawyer, your child has the right to a public defender free-of-cost for every court hearing. You can call the public defender s office directly. If you have questions about how to contact the public defender, you can ask law enforcement or juvenile probation. Currently, Pennsylvania s 67 counties determine a child s eligibility for a public defender differently. You should speak to someone in the public defender s office to see if your child is eligible. In December 2010, the Juvenile Court Procedural Rules Committee proposed a new rule that would presume that all juveniles are indigent. If this rule is adopted, a child would presumptively be entitled to a public defender. The lawyer is responsible for making sure that your child s rights are protected and, if your child enters the system, that his or her needs are met. Your child s lawyer works for your child, not for you or for the court. It is very important that your child is represented by a lawyer at all court proceedings, even if the police or probation officer tells you that your child will be facing only probation. Legal proceedings in juvenile court are serious. The consequences could follow your child for the rest of his or her life. Information to Share with Your Child s Lawyer: Your child s relevant records (including IEPs, medical and mental health records, educational records, communications from the schools, any evaluations or assessments) Information about your child s disability if your child is disabled (including how the disability affects your child s behaviors or reactions, how the disability affects your child s ability to understand and communicate, and what accommodations your child receives/needs in school or at home) Contact information for professionals who work closely with your child (including any psychologists, therapists, and school counselors) See Appendix for a comprehensive checklist. 10

13 Information Regarding Your Child s Competence to Stand Trial Under state and federal law, it is unconstitutional for someone to go to trial if (1) the person is unable to understand the nature or purpose of the proceedings against him or her or (2) is unable to participate and assist in his or her defense. Therefore, if your child is unable to understand the juvenile court hearings or process or effectively communicate with and understand his or her lawyer, your child s lawyer may be able to argue that your child is not competent to stand trial. Be sure to tell your child s lawyer if your child might have any problems: understanding the proceedings in the courtroom; understanding the charges against him or her; understanding the lawyer; or communicating effectively with the lawyer. Possible Consequences if Your Child is Incompetent to Stand Trial It is important to understand that, if your child is found incompetent, the case against is not automatically dismissed. If your child is found incompetent, there are a number of possible consequences: If your child is in detention, a finding of incompetence risks lengthening your child s detention. You should discuss the situation with your child s lawyer. The lawyer can ask the judge to discharge your child from detention if it is unlikely that the child will become competent. As long as your child is considered incompetent, the case against your child cannot move forward. However, your child could be regularly re-examined and the case could resume if your child becomes competent to stand trial. If the court determines that because of the passage of time it would be unfair to resume the case against the child, the court may dismiss the charge. The court may order involuntary treatment for up to 60 days if your child is not severely mentally disabled, but only if the court is reasonably certain that the involuntary treatment will provide your child with the capacity to stand trial. The court may order outpatient treatment, partial hospitalization or inpatient treatment. 11

14 4. DETENTION HEARINGS After a child is arrested, he or she may return home or he or she may be detained at a juvenile detention facility or at another outof-home placement facility. If your child is detained, there will be a hearing to determine whether your child will stay in detention or will be released. (If your child is not detained after arrest, the next step in the process will be probation intake. See page 15.) If your child is placed in detention: Within 72 hours of being detained, a judge or master must hold a hearing. You, your child, and your child s lawyer must receive notice including the date, time, place and purpose of the hearing. The notice can be in writing, over the phone or in person. If you do not get notice of the hearing, you can give an affidavit (a written statement that is made under oath or before a notary) to your child's probation officer. In the affidavit, you should write that you were not notified of the detention hearing and that you did not appear or waive appearance at the hearing. The court must then hold another hearing within 72 hours of receiving the affidavit. What is the purpose of the detention hearing? The only purpose of this hearing is to determine whether your child should stay in detention. The judge must first decide if there is a reasonable basis to believe that your child may have committed the crime. Then, the judge must decide whether your child must be in detention to protect people or property in the community, or to ensure that your child returns to court for the adjudication hearing. If there is a less restrictive alternative that would work (for example, electronic monitoring), the judge may not order detention. 12

15 What is the role of a parent or guardian at the detention hearing? The judge is going to look to you to decide if you will be able to keep your child safe and out of trouble. A judge can also release the child to other family members, not just the parents or guardians. Before the hearing, talk to other family members to see if they would be willing and able to take care of your child. This may be especially important if you think that there are reasons why you may not be able to keep your child safe or out of trouble (for example, your work schedule or a history of conflicts with your child). Make sure that the judge knows about any disabilities your child has and how they affect your child s behavior, understanding, and communication. Make sure the judge knows if your child receives special education services and explain to the judge why it is important that the child continue to receive those services. Make sure the judge is aware of any special medical conditions that may require treatment or monitoring if your child is detained. If your child has been receiving counseling or other mental or medical health services before detention, ask the judge to order that arrangements be made for these services to continue while the child is in detention. What will happen if the judge decides to detain your child pre-adjudication (pretrial)? The delinquency petition must be filed within 24 hours or by the next business day in court. The adjudication hearing (like a trial in adult court) must be held within 10 days of the filing of the petition. If it is not, your child must be released from detention unless one of the following occurs: o If the prosecution needs more time to gather evidence, the court may allow for no more than 10 additional days in detention. o If the child requests more time, the court will continue the case for 10 days at a time, until the youth is ready for a hearing. 13

16 Am I allowed to visit your child in detention? Yes. Detention can be very difficult for children. Family visits can make a big difference. However, detention facilities usually have specific visiting hours. Be sure to find out those hours and arrive during those times. If my child is in special education, does your child have a right to those services in detention? Yes. Children in detention still have all of their special education rights under federal law. The state must provide children with appropriate special educational services as described in their Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). Parents should insist that their child receives the same special education services that he or she was receiving in his or her home school. 14

17 5. PROBATION INTAKE After your child is arrested, he or she will meet with a probation intake officer. Usually, the probation intake officers will schedule a meeting that will include both your child and you. The intake officer makes a recommendation to the court about what he or she thinks should happen next with your child. The intake officer must base his or her recommendation on interviews with the child, the parents, the complainant (person who filed a formal charge against your child), and the victim. If your child has a disability: Tell the probation officer how the disability might affect your child s ability to understand/answer questions or to act appropriately in certain situations. Before the intake interview, you and your child must be provided with a copy of the written allegation against your child. The written allegation states the delinquent act (crime) that your child is accused of committing. The intake officer must inform your child about his or her constitutional rights, including the right to remain silent. o If the probation officer is discussing the possibility of an informal adjustment (see p. 16), any information your child discloses about their conduct cannot later be used against the child in court. Should I talk with my child s lawyer before the interview? Yes. It is a good idea to consult with your child s lawyer before this interview. You may want ask the lawyer to attend the interview. 15

18 Possible outcomes of the intake interview: Dismissal: If the intake officer decides to dismiss the case, your child will have no more connection with the juvenile court system for that offense. o However, it is important to realize that when your child is arrested, there is a record of the child s arrest, whether charges are filed or not. See the expungement section (p. 26) for more information about erasing your child s records. Informal adjustment: Under an informal adjustment, no delinquency petition will be filed as long as your child complies with certain conditions. o For example, the informal adjustment plan may require your child to attend school, stay away from friends who cause trouble, and check in with the probation officer. o It may also require your child to participate in a community-based programs such as victim-offender mediation, a skill-building program, a dispute resolution program, or a community service program. o If the rules are followed, the charges will be dismissed and your child's record will remain clean. Diversion: Similar to an informal adjustment, your child may be referred to community-based services and programs that address your child s needs while also holding your child accountable. If your child successfully completes the diversion program, no charges will be filed. o Different counties handle diversion differently. Depending on where you live, there might be opportunities for diversion at the time of arrest, at the school, at probation intake, or even after a petition is filed. Talk to your child s lawyer to find out what opportunities are available in your county. Find out what communitybased options are available so that your child can enter a diversion program instead of going to court. o Diversion programs may be particularly appropriate for youth with special needs so long as your child has the ability to comply with any conditions tied to diversion. Be sure to ask probation and your child s attorney about any available diversion programs in your community. Filing a formal delinquency petition: If the probation officer files a formal petition with the court, your child s case will be heard by a judge. The judge will hold an adjudicatory hearing (similar to a trial in the adult system). 16

19 6. THE DELINQUENCY PETITION A delinquency petition is the legal paper that states what your child has been charged with doing. If probation files a delinquency petition, your child will receive a court date (when he or she must return to court for a hearing). However, even after a petition is filed, your child is still eligible for a consent decree. A consent decree is very similar to an informal adjustment. The district attorney and judge must agree to a consent decree. Though a petition has been filed, the court will delay ruling on whether your child is guilty of the alleged offense. If your child successfully complies with the conditions set out in the consent decree, the case will be closed. If your child violates the terms of a consent decree, the case will resume in court. Where will my child be while we wait for the court date? While you wait for the court date, your child may: Return home. Be placed on home detention with supervision or electronic monitoring. If the case is handled by informal adjustment or consent decree, make sure that your child understands all of the rules that he or she must follow. If your child has disabilities, the plan should take them into account. If you think your child s disabilities would interfere with his or her ability to comply with the conditions set by probation, tell your child s lawyer and probation. Be placed on pre-trial supervision by probation or a private agency. This means that, even though your child will be at home, he or she will be supervised by probation (or another agency) and will have to obey certain conditions. Be placed in shelter care or foster care if the court is concerned that staying at home may result in further trouble or the child is unlikely to show up in court if she stays at home. Be placed in detention. 17

20 7. ADJUDICATION HEARING (TRIAL) An adjudication hearing is similar to a trial in adult court. The government s lawyer (also called the district attorney or prosecutor), your child s lawyer, witnesses, victims, and police officers may all participate. The judge listens to witnesses, receives evidence and determines if the child committed the offense. When will the adjudication hearing occur? If your child is in detention, the hearing will be held within 10 days of the filing of the petition. If your child is not in detention, the hearing must be held within 90 days of filing the petition (unless the parties agree, or one of the sides can show that they have a good reason to ask for an extension). The judge can order you to attend hearings. You will receive a notice with all the information about the location and time for the hearings. What happens at the adjudication hearing? ADMISSIONS: Your child, with the help and advice of a lawyer, may decide to admit that he or she committed one or all of the offenses with which he or she was charged. o If your child decides to admit participating in the crime, your child is giving up important rights. These rights include a right to a hearing, a right to have the government prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, and a right to confront his or her accusers. This is an important decision that your child should discuss with his or her lawyer. The judge should also make sure that your child is aware of these important rights before accepting any admission from your child. When the judge is explaining these rights to your child, it is important that the judge know if your child has a disability, since a child s disability may affect how the child understands and responds to the judge. o If your child admits to an offense, the court will then determine if your child is in need of treatment, rehabilitation, and supervision. If so, the judge will enter a finding of delinquency. (If your child is adjudicated delinquent for a felony certain serious offenses the judge will presume that there is a need 18

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HOW TO FILE A PETITION TO EXPUNGE JUVENILE OFFENSES Disclaimer Neither the staff in Court Administration nor the staff in any Court office will be able to give you legal advice or help you fill out/complete

Statutory Rape: What You Should Know 2013 Why Do You Need To Read This? Many teens are concerned about the laws regarding something commonly called statutory rape. This brochure will explain what statutory

IN THE IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR WOODBURY COUNTY THE STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff, vs. Defendant. CRIMINAL NO. WRITTEN PLEA OF GUILTY AND WAIVER OF RIGHTS (OWI First Offense) COMES NOW the above-named Defendant

Juveniles should be fingerprinted upon being taken into custody for any serious or aggravated misdemeanor or felony charge and the Final Disposition Report started Livescan electronically submits cards

California s Alternative Sentencing Law for Veterans and Members of the U.S. Military You re a veteran, or maybe you re still in the military. But now you re looking at time in county jail or state prison.

OLMSTED COUNTY ATTORNEY DOMESTIC ABUSE PROSECUTION POLICY POLICY STATEMENT: It is the policy of the Olmsted County Attorney to pursue all domestic abuse allegations with zealous, yet discretionary prosecution

Being involved in a child abuse and neglect case can be very confusing and stressful for a family. Not knowing what to expect can make it even harder. This handbook will help you understand what will happen.

Some Things You Should Know An Introduction to the Federal Public Defender=s Office and the Federal Court System Office of the Federal Public Defender Southern District of West Virginia 300 Virginia Street

Role of Foster Parents in Family Court This information packet has been written for foster parents, those individuals licensed by the Department of Social Services (DSS) to provide temporary care for children

A Federal Criminal Case Timeline The following timeline is a very broad overview of the progress of a federal felony case. Many variables can change the speed or course of the case, including settlement

Criminal Records & Employment 1. What exactly is a criminal record? YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS A criminal record, formally known as a summary criminal history, or more commonly known as a rap sheet, is a list of

MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT FAMILY DIVISION JUVENILE DIFFERENTIATED CASE MANAGEMENT PLAN THIRD EDITION JANUARY 2016 INTRODUCTION The mission of the Montgomery County Circuit Court is to serve the Sixth

Illinois DCFS Flowchart How to Report Suspected Child Abuse or Neglect Organize the Information for your report. Gather ONLY the information you need to make the report of abuse/neglect to the Hotline.

SERVICES FOR FORENSIC CLIENTS GENERAL LEGAL RIGHTS CHAPTER 13 DESCRIPTION OF FORENSIC POPULATION The forensic program for the State of Missouri is designed to provide services to all circuit courtordered

How to Enroll a Child in Public School Education Law Center The Philadelphia Building 1315 Walnut Street, 4th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19107-4717 Phone: 215-238-6970 Education Law Center 702 Law & Finance

The Rights of Crime Victims in Texas 1 Housekeeping Please turn off cell phones and pagers or place in a silent mode. Questions can be answered in presentations or during break. 2 Constitutional Rights