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Pluralism is a theory, system, or form of society in which two or more groups defined by race, creed, religion, political affiliation, sexual orientation, culture, socioeconomic status, or another foundation of identity coexist, are recognized, respected, accepted, and engaged with on the basis of their diversity. In pluralistic societies, there is also a specific effort to include and protect minorities’ civil and human rights as well as their access to resources such as education and health care as well as the fair and equal ability to participate in all levels of public institutions, including those of political authority. Pluralism involves attitudes, beliefs, and actions. This entry discusses various definitions of pluralism in different contexts as well as related concepts and theories, measures, and challenges.