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I've noticed that on Celebrity Cruise ships some of the "deluxe ocean view" rooms are priced differently and are listed as 2A, 2B, and 2C. If they are all balcony rooms, how come there is a difference in the price for the rooms and letters after the 2? According to the description of the room, they are all the same size (170 sq.ft) with balconies listed at 38 sq.ft.

Does anyone know why they make a distinction and the price differential?

The difference in price represents the location (bow, midship, aft), and the deck (lower decks are cheaper) the cabin is located on.

Midship cabins on higher decks are slightly more (when in the same category) than others in less-desirable locations (such as the very front or back, where motion is more noticeable). Lower deck cabins (even those in the same category) and cabins located directly underneath public rooms also are priced less.

I think you are looking at the Millennium class ships. The designations for the "2" cabins, in this case refer to decks. If you look at the deck plan for any Millie ship you will see that the 2 C cabins are all on deck 6, 2 B cabins are on deck 7 and 2 A's are on 8 and 9.
Generally most lines charge more for cabins the higher the deck.

On the Millie class ships there are also starboard afts 2B's 7166 and 7174/76/78/80 with larger balconies. The 2A's with larger balconies are 8146, 8161 and 9136 and 9173. There are a few fore cabins in the 2's. 6048, 6053, 7080, 7049 have larger balconies too. The category 2 handicap cabins on decks 6 and 7 are also larger.
From time to time Celebrity will offer at least two of the cat 2's at the same fare which gives you a much larger pool of cabins to choose from.
We won't know about those hidden jewels on the Solstice and Equinox until our fellow buddies on CC get onboard and scope out the ships. The official deck plan never really tells the whole story.
I hope this helps.