Researchers in Spain measured the level of vitamin D in the blood of
almost 2,000 women in their first or second trimester of pregnancy and
evaluated the mental and motor abilities of their babies at about 14 months of
age. The investigators found that children of vitamin D-deficient mothers
scored lower than those whose mothers had adequate levels of the sunshine
vitamin.

"These differences in the mental and psychomotor development
scores do not likely make any difference at the individual level, but might
have an important impact at the population level," said study lead author
Dr. Eva Morales, a medical epidemiologist in the Center for Research in
Environmental Epidemiology in Barcelona.

Overall, lower scores in these tests could lead to lower
IQs among children, Morales added.

The study was published online Sept. 17 and in the October print issue
of the journal Pediatrics.

Previous research has linked insufficient levels of vitamin D during
pregnancy with language impairment in children at 5 and 10 years of
age.

Despite these connections, experts still debate how much vitamin D
pregnant women should receive.

The Institute of Medicine, an independent U.S. group that advises the
public, recommends pregnant women get 600 international units (IU) a day of
vitamin D and no more than 4,000 IU/day. However, the Endocrine Society says
that 600 units does not prevent
deficiency and that at least 1,500 to 2,000 units a day may be
required.

Bruce Hollis, director of pediatric nutritional sciences at the
Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, said the recommended 600
units per day is probably sufficient to promote good skeletal health in
fetuses, but it "basically does nothing" to prevent other
diseases.

Other studies have reported that low prenatal vitamin D levels could
weaken a baby's immune system and increase the risk of asthma and other
respiratory conditions, and heart disease.

Hollis recommends that women who are pregnant or want to become
pregnant get 4,000 units a day of vitamin D.

Women must take supplements or spend 10 or 15 minutes in the sun
during the summer if they are fair-skinned to get this level of vitamin D,
Hollis added. It would be difficult to get this many units even from foods rich
in vitamin D, such as fatty fish and fortified milk.

In the current study, Morales and her colleagues measured vitamin D
levels in 1,820 pregnant women living in four areas of Spain. Most were in
their second trimester.

The researchers found that 20 percent of the women were vitamin
D-deficient and another 32 percent had insufficient levels of the vitamin.

Morales and her colleagues found that the babies of mothers whose
prenatal vitamin D level was deficient scored on average 2.6 points lower on a
mental test and 2.3 points lower on a psychomotor test at about 14 months of
age than babies of women whose prenatal vitamin D level was adequate.

Differences of between four and five points in these types of
neuropsychological tests could reduce the number of children with above-average
intelligence (IQ scores above 110 points) by over 50 percent, Morales
noted.

The authors took into consideration other factors that could influence
babies' mental and motor development, including birth weight, maternal age,
social class and mother's education level, and whether or not the mother drank
alcohol or smoked during pregnancy.

The study found a link between vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy
and babies' brain development,
but it did not prove the existence of a cause-and-effect
relationship.

To get a better idea of what these differences in developmental scores
mean, the authors should evaluate the children when they are 7 or 8 years old
and starting to learn to read and write, said Dr. Ruth Lawrence, medical
director of the Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Study Center at the
University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.

Also, this study does not address the diet of the babies, Lawrence
said. Although vitamin D is in both breast milk and infant formula, cholesterol
and the amino acid taurine are only found in breast milk and also affect brain
development after birth, she added.

Lawrence advises pregnant women get a dietary consultation in their
first trimester and consider vitamin D supplementation. "We have realized
that vitamin D has a lot more impact than to prevent rickets," she
said.

Vitamin D may have additional benefits for mothers-to-be. Other
research conducted by Hollis and his team found that pregnant women taking
vitamin D could lower their risk of pregnancy-related diabetes and high blood
pressure.

Early studies suggesting that high levels of vitamin D could lead to
birth defects were bogus, Hollis said.

Women can receive up to 50,000 units a day before worrying about
having too much vitamin D, Hollis said. Excessive vitamin D can lead to spikes
in blood levels of calcium, which can, in turn, lead to kidney and nerve damage
and abnormal heart rhythm.

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