3 Radiant energy Wien s Displacement Law Area under curves = total radiant energy High temperature = large total amount of emitted radiation As temp increases, peak emission shifts to shorter s Peak determined by Wien s displacement law Use to select optimum of EMR to record for monitoring specific targets Wavelength of maximum emitted energy depends on an object's temperature The (λ) of maximum spectral radiant exitance (M) is inversely related to its temperature (T): λ max = A / T Higher temp = Shorter where, λ max = of maximum spectral radiant exitance (µm) A = 2898 µm.k T = temperature in K 13 Sources: Process Associates of America & Handbook of Chemistry & Physics, Recap As s decrease, frequency increases (wave theory), energy increases Emitted energy increases very quickly with increases in temperature (Stefan Boltzman Law) As temperatures increase, of maximum emitted energy decreases (Wien s Displacement Law) Conservation of Energy Need to understand this to interpret image data sets and measure processes responsible for absorption, reflection and transmission of EMR Controls on elements of image formation For any of EMR and incident amount of EMR (E) interacting with a surface: E = Reflected + Transmitted + Absorbed EMR Interactions Reflectance Reflection Re-direction of light striking non-transparent surface Strength of reflection type of surface Diffuse smooth Specular (Lambertian) rough Absorption Energy of the photon is taken up by the feature and converted to other forms of energy (e.g. used for photosynthesis) Transmission Light passing through material without much attenuation Water most affected by transmission of light Plant leaves Diffuse reflectance - uniform in all directions (Contains information on the characteristics of a target, by the nature of its interactions with EMR) Specular reflectance - mirror like / directional with no information on the characteristics of a target Accounts for amount of incoming radiation

4 Reflectance and Geometry EMR Interactions in the Atmosphere Reflected EMR depends on angles of incident light and camera position How does the atmosphere alter the "quality" of satellite/ airborne images and aerial photographs? Identification of EMR interactions affecting an airborne or satellite image The effect of the atmosphere on the transmission of EMR to and from the earth's surface by scattering and absorption processes is a function of Path length EMR Atmospheric conditions Scattering Rayleigh particles smaller in diameter than the EMR inversely proportional to 4th power of air molecules scatters short s (blue sky) Mie Particles equal in size to Inversely proportional to nd power of Water vapour, dust (haze), causes sky to take on reddish appearance Non-selective Particles have greater dimensions than Scatters all s Water Droplets and ice (fog and clouds), causes white appearance All scattering produces "additive path radiance" Absorption Reduces the amount of incident solar radiation and reflected or emitted radiation traveling to the sensor Loss of EMR energy to atmospheric constituents Major absorbers: H 2 O, CO 2, O 3, O 2, N 2, O, N Minor absorbers: NO, N 2 O, CO, CH 4 Source: Regions of the EMR spectrum where there is limited absorption of EMR by atmospheric constituents. Atmospheric Windows Your Job Annotate this image with arrows to indicate areas of reflection, absorption, transmission, scattering, and refraction EMR reflected or transmitted through the atmosphere measured by sensors in these spectral regions

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