Exchange-traded funds: What is an ETF?

How do ETFs work?

An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a UCITS fund which tracks an index like the FTSE 100 or EURO STOXX 50 and trades like a share. An ETF combines the benefits of a fund and a share in one security.

ETFs enable you to invest cost-effectively in entire markets with one security. You can also invest in many other asset classes with ETFs in addition to stocks. Owing to this variety, ETFs are the perfect building blocks for private financial investments. ETFs simply copy a market index one-to-one and can be traded any time on the stock exchange like a share.

ETFs offer the following advantages:

ETFs are cost-effective

ETFs are transparent

ETFs are widely diversified

ETFs are flexible and liquid

The mode of operation and the advantages of an ETF can be best explained on the basis of three parts, from which the term “exchange-traded index fund” is formed.

An ETF is an exchange-traded fund that tracks an index

What is a fund?

An investment fund is a collection point for the investor’s capital.

To put it simply, thousands of investors pool their funds and give the order to a professional (fund manager), to invest the funds as profitably as possible and with wide diversification in the context of a specified investment strategy.

How an investment fund works

The investment classes (e.g. shares, bonds and commodities) in which the fund manager may invest is determined in the investment strategy.

In an investment fund, the investors’ assets are segregated. Thus, the funds are held in trust by a depository bank and is legally separated from the assets of the investment company. Therefore, the investor’s capital is protected even in case of insolvency of the investment company.

The manager of a typical mutual fund has the task to achieve a higher return on investment than the respective benchmark. However, only a very few fund managers succeed in this in the long run (period of more than three years) according to academics.

What is an index fund?

The provider of an index fund ensures that it represents the development of an index as accurately as possible. The investments of an index fund (constituents and weightage) are exactly specified by the index. Indices are market barometers, which make the performance or return of total markets determinable.

An index fund has the great advantage that you, as an investor, always know where you have invested. As the composition of the underlying index such as the EURO STOXX 50 is always known. The European stock index (EURO STOXX 50) includes the shares of the 50 largest stock corporations of the Eurozone weighted according to their size (as measured by the free-float market capitalization).

What is an ETF – Explained simply with the example of EURO STOXX 50

No elaborate analyses are required for stock picking due to index replication in case of index funds/ETFs (in comparison to the active investment funds). For this reason, the ETF provider receives only low annual fees for his service.

What does exchange-traded mean?

ETFs are traded on the stock exchange similar to shares. Thus, you can buy and sell ETFs at any time during the trading hours. In comparison to this, typical mutual funds are traded only once a day via the investment company.

While high upfront loads generally incur for the mutual funds, only the order fees of the bank and a usually small bid and ask difference (spread) at the time of trading on the exchange are paid for the trading of ETFs.

Why have I never heard of ETFs before?

ETFs are not a popular product for commission-oriented financial advisers and affiliated banks. Since these advisers basically survive on the commissions, which are paid to them for selling the financial products by the respective fund providers. However, there are no such commissions for ETFs. For this reason, ETFs are currently recommended almost exclusively by fee-only financial advisers.

While the ETFs are relatively unknown to private investors, professionals have been using these in their investments for years. ETFs are a fixed part of portfolios at pension funds and insurances. But the popularity is increasing rapidly. If you read the newspaper carefully, you will see reports on ETFs quite often. Especially, the clients of online brokers are increasingly using ETFs for their investments.