Optimization of Sluice box Performance

Optimization of Sluice box
Performance
Rickford Vieira
Commissioner, GGMC
11th September 2014
Introduction
 A sluice-box is essentially a section of open sloping channel, with some form of riffling on
the lower surface to collect the concentrate
-fits into the category of deposit flowing concentrators
Cross-sectional area has traditionally been considered to be a balance between two
opposing considerations. For a given fluid flow:
-A wider sluice-box produces a thinner film of water and is thus more
amenable to recovery of finer heavy minerals; and
-A narrower channel has a deeper flow and is more suited for recovering larger
particles and transporting course gangue along the sluice-box.
 Sluice-boxes are always set at an inclination, the slope of which is again a balance between
conflicting factors, similar to those that determine width.
 A number of types of riffles have been used and includes, longitudinal riffles, blankets,
mercury traps, “hungarian” or “dredge” riffles and expanded metal.
Description of the Sluice-box
The sluice-box is essentially a section of open
sloping channel, with some form of riffling on
the lower surface to collect the concentrate.
A combination sluice-box with three sections
were developed for this investigation
Advantages/Disadvantages
• Advantages:
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- very low cost
- high capacity (alluvial mining)
- local production
- no motor no moving parts
- easy operation
- good recovery even for fine gold (if properly built and operated)
- high enrichment ratio
- good for cleaning of amalgamation tailings
• Disadvantages:
• - needs much manual work, security problem
• - discontinuous process
ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
 The feed grade (material that was processed) was usually
so low that no reliable measure of recovery was possible.
 Further, the tailings grade was not of much concern.
 Each section of the sluice operated with relatively fixed
cycle time that was based on the riffle packing criteria.
 Sluiceboxes are primarily used for the treatment of
alluvial material where the denser valuable mineral is
usually highly liberated.
 Losses in the over or under-size particles tend to dominate
the consideration of sluiceboxes
Water flow rate and slope
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Some of the early work on sluiceboxes used criteria such as “water duty” to describe
the flow rate.
Longridge criteria was based on the velocity of water necessary to move gravel of the
given size using;
• 0.08 m/sec
Begins to wear away fine clay
• 0.16 m/sec
Just lifts fine sand
• 0.20 m/sec
Carries sand as coarse as Bird seed
• 0.23 m/sec
Moves fine sand
• 0.61 m/sec
Moves pebbles 2.5 cm. in diameter
• 1.02 m/sec
Moves egg-sized pebbles
• 1.63 m/sec
Moves stones 7.5 -10 cm. in diameter
• 2.03 m/se
Moves boulders 15 – 20 cm in diameter
• 3.05 m/sec
Moves boulders 15 – 20 cm in diameter
The sluicebox slope can then be determined from:
G = C v2P
2A
G= slope: v = velocity: P = Wetted perimeter; A = area filled by water and dirt; C = variable
coefficient, depending on the friction character of the gravel.
• Designing optimum alluvial gold recovery plants
requires a detailed knowledge of the size, shape
and surface physical characteristics of the gold
particles and the host alluvium in the pay gravel,
sand and clay
• Particles down to 100µm could be recovered
effectively once the throughput, the feed top
size are reduced and the Corey Shape Factor
(C.S.F) of the gold particles are greater than 0.4.
Flow Rates
From visual observances, three modes of particle
transport due to flow rates were identified.
 At low flow rates, particles build up against the riffle
until it becomes full, and then roll/slide into the next
riffle spacing.
 At moderate flow rates, erosion by turbulence
increases, and reduces the amount of material held in
the riffle.
 At high rates most of the material is carried
downstream, leaving only “dead zones” in the corner.
Flows
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
MATTING.
The Nomad (magic) matting was far more
superior to the Brazilian matting. The former
has more space to accommodate material and
is easier to clean up.
The Brazilian type needs to be cleaned more
often and is only effective for the recovery
fine gold particles
Matting
Carpet only” -sluice boxes:
- little amount of preconcentrate
- high enrichment
- fast amalgamation
- little amount of
amalgamation tailings
“Carpet only” -sluice box for fine gold:
“Carpet only” -sluice box for fine gold:
SURGING
Breaks in the feed while maintaining the water
flow have only caused a slight loss in recovery,
while the gold particles migrated further along
the sluice.
However, surges due fluctuating slurry flow
was found to be detrimental to the effective
recovery of the finer size range.
These surges tend to “flush out” the material
that was trapped in the riffles
CLAY
Clay slimes have little effect on gold recovery
under most condition.
Sticker clays can formed clay balls that were
transported out of the sluice-box with the
tailings and some gold particles
SCREENING
Would allow a lower flow rate , shallower
slope, and the effect of differences in specific
gravity would be more pronounced due to
the lower influence of particle sizes
Screening
CYCLE TIME
The cycle time would vary from operation to
operation.
 Standard practice seems to be for clean-up
to carry out after the pit is finished
Should be carried out when a significant
portion of the riffles have been filled with
(heavy) sands
Clean-up
Typical mass balance for the use of sluice-boxes
• Feed: alluvial gold ore: 100m3 or 180t (one day) =
100%
• Rougher sluice-box pre-concentrate: 180kg =
0.1%
• Cleaner sluice-box concentrate: 18kg = 0.01%
• Only the cleaner concentrate or 0.01% of the
material is amalgamated!
• 99.99% of the material is discharged completely
free of mercury contamination
• Cleaner sluice-box tailings are recycled to feed
DISCUSSION

Establishing the slope, plus water and solids feed rates to
provide optimum scour behind the each riffle.

Although, the research had difficulties maintaining
uniform feed rates over long period of time, slurry rates
between 250kg/m/min to 1400kg/m/min.

By reducing the feed top size, the flow rate required to
transport larger gangue particles out of the sluice could be
effectively used to sort the minerals based on their
specific gravity

The Nomad matting proved to be a very effective gold trap
to hold large amounts of gold and prevent its migration
down the sluice.

Clean-up periods should be designed to avoid the riffles
from being packed which may lead to gold migration and
possible losses.
CONCLUSIONS
There are four basic processes for the successful
operation of the sluice-box.

The gold particles must be delivered to the plane of the riffle
surface.

The rifles must be capable of attracting the gold particles in it’s
storage.

The riffles must hold the gold particle in preference to other
minerals.

The gangue must be transported out of sluice-box.
The failure of any of these processes could reduce
performance, and any operating or design strategy
must consider all these factors, and by implication,
their interaction.