quarta-feira, 26 de abril de 2017

Dinosaurs and Dragons: The Real Story

Untangling the Dragon Myth, from Prehistory to the Modern Era

In the 10,000 or so years since human beings became
civilized, virtually every culture in the world has referenced
supernatural monsters in its folk tales--and some of these monsters take
the form of scaly, winged, fire-breathing reptiles. "Dragons," as
they're known in the west, are usually depicted as huge, dangerous, and
fiercely antisocial, and they almost always wind up being killed by the
proverbial "knight in shining armor" at the end of a back-breaking
quest.

Before we explore the link between dragons and dinosaurs,
it's important to establish exactly what a dragon is. The word "dragon"
comes from the Greek "dracon," which means "serpent" or
"water-snake"--and, in fact, the earliest mythological dragons resemble
snakes more than they do dinosaurs or pterosaurs.
It's also important to know that dragons aren't unique to the western
tradition; these monsters feature heavily in Asian mythology, where they
go by the Chinese name "long."

What Inspired the Dragon Myth?

Identifying
the precise source of the dragon myth for any particular culture is a
near-impossible task; after all, we weren't around 5,000 years ago to
eavesdrop on conversations or listen to folk tales! (See also 10 Mythical Beasts Inspired by Prehistoric Animals.) That said, though, there are three likely possibilities:Dragons were mixed-and-matched from the most frightening predators of the day.

Until only a few hundred years ago,
human life was nasty, brutish and short, and many people met their end
at the teeth (and claws) of vicious wildlife. Since the details of
dragon anatomy vary from culture to culture, it may be that these
monsters were assembled piecemeal from familiar, fearsome predators: for
example, the head of a crocodile, the scales of a snake, the pelt of a
tiger and the wings of an eagle.

Dragons were inspired by the discovery of giant fossils. Ancient civilizations could easily have stumbled across the bones of long-extinct dinosaurs, or the mammalian megafauna
of the Cenozoic Era. Just like modern paleontologists, these accidental
fossil-hunters may have been inspired to visually reconstruct "dragons"
by piecing together bleached skulls and backbones. As with the above
theory, this would explain why so many dragons are "chimeras" that seem to have been assembled from the body parts of various animals.Dragons were based on recently extinct mammals and reptiles.
This is the shakiest, but the most romantic, of all dragon theories. If
the very earliest humans had an oral tradition, they may have passed
down accounts of creatures that went extinct 10,000 years ago, at the
end of the last Ice Age. The dragon legend could have been inspired by
dozens of creatures, ranging from the Giant Sloth to the Saber-Tooth Tiger to (in Australia) the giant monitor lizard Megalania, which at 25 feet long and two tons certainly attained dragon-like sizes!

Dragons, Dinosaurs and Christian Apologists

The
above are the three likeliest explanations for the dragon myth. Now we
come to the unlikeliest, but also the most popular (at least in the
U.S.): the insistence by Christian fundamentalists that dragons actually
*were* dinosaurs, since dinosaurs were created, along with all other
living creatures, only about 6,000 years ago.

It's
hard to categorically refute an argument based on such an outlandish
claim. If, for example, a scientist says that carbon dating proves Tyrannosaurus Rex
roamed the earth 65 million years ago, a fundamentalist might counter
that modern science was created by Satan as a way to deceive
unbelievers. By the same token, if you point out that Noah's Ark was too
small to accommodate even a small fraction of known dinosaurs, a clever
apologist will insist that Noah took along dinosaur eggs, not real,
live dinosaurs!

Amusingly, some creationists have tried to meet
modern scientists on their own terms, with an account of how dinosaurs
(that is, dragons) breathed fire.

According to this story, dinosaurs
belched the methane gas produced by their capacious digestive systems,
then ignited it by gnashing their teeth! To support this argument,
fundamentalists cite the well-known example of the bombardier beetle,
which somehow evolved the ability to squirt a noxious, boiling,
irritating chemical out of its rear end. (Rest assured that there isn't
even a shred of evidence that dinosaurs breathed fire, and besides, this
stunt would have instantly killed any Tarbosaurus that even attempted it.)

Dinosaurs and Dragons in the Modern Era

There
aren't many (let's be honest, *any*) paleontologists who believe that
the dragon legend was invented by ancient human beings who glimpsed a
living, breathing dinosaur and passed the story down through countless
generations. However, that hasn't prevented scientists from having a
little fun with the dragon myth, which explains recent dinosaur names
like Dracorex and Dracopelta and (further east) Dilong and Guanlong,
which incorporate the "long" root corresponding to the Chinese word for
"dragon." Dragons may never have existed, but they can still be
resurrected, at least partway, in dinosaur form!