Transcription

1 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE ACADEMIC STUDIES IN THE WESTERN AREA AND ROMANIA 1 Ella Magdalena CIUPERCĂ Department of Social Sciences, Mihai Viteazul National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania Abstract: The increasing of public appetite for understanding intelligence issues determined the delivery of many "bachelor" or "master" academic studies around the world. Despite an exponential increase in the number of such educational programs, experts agree that the Anglo-American space is, qualitatively and quantitatively, the best represented. As a member of the European Union and NATO, Romania has to take on such standards for comparison, but also to understand the common points and differences that divide those areas both in conceptual and pragmatic approach. For this reason I will present and analyze comparatively security and intelligence studies identified in the US, Great Britain and Romania. Keywords: education, intelligence culture, security studies, intelligence studies. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 The international sociopolitical developments of the recent years have led to the reconfiguration of the interest of regular people for intelligence and to the occurrence of a new paradigm specific for this field. Also, the increasing of public appetite for intelligence studies determined the opening of many "bachelor" or "master" programs around the world. Despite an exponential increase in the number of such educational programs, experts agree that Anglo-American area is, qualitatively and quantitatively, the best represented. As a member of the European Union and NATO, Romania had to assume such comparison standards, but also to understand what are the conceptual and pragmatic commonalities and differences. For this reason I will present and analyze security and intelligence studies identified in the United States, United Kingdom and Romania. 2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, project number PN II-RU 64/2010. The exponential institution for the American paradigm of "smart nation" is American Military University a leading provider of security education in the United States. The provided programs are diverse (bachelor and master degree or certificates of competence in different areas). All its courses are 100% integrated on an online platform, which is fueled by the country's major universities and all the information are derived exclusively from open sources. This institution is educate people in areas such as: Undergraduate certificate intelligence analysis; Graduate Certificate in Intelligence Analysis; Bachelor of Arts in Intelligence Studies; Master of Arts in Intelligence Studies 2 ; Graduate Certificate in Intelligence Studies 3 ; Associate of Arts in Counter Terrorism Studies 4 ; Homeland Security Online Degrees & Certificates 5 ; International Relations /graduate-certificate-in-intelligence-studies /associate-of-arts-in-counter-terrorism-studies 5 61

2 A comparative analysis of security and intelligence academic studies in the Western Area Online Degrees 6 ; National Security Studies Degrees & Certificates 7. Henley-Putnam University is a private higher education institution founded in 2001 as the California University of Protection and Intelligence Management and is providing bachelor and master programs: Bachelor of Science, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies 8 ; Bachelor of Science, Strategic Security and Protection 9 ; Bachelor s Degree in Intelligence Management 10 ; Master of Science, Strategic Security and Protection 11 ; Master of Science, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies 12 ; Master of Science, Intelligence Management 13 ; Doctorate, Strategic Security 14, şi certificate: Counterterrorism Studies, Executive Protection, Intelligence Analysis, Intelligence Collection, Intel & Terrorism Profiling, Security Management, Strategic Intelligence. The Institute of World Politics 15 also organises many intelligence and security studies such as: Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs 16 ; Master of Arts in Statecraft and International Affairs 17 ; Master of Arts in Strategic Intelligence Studies 18 ; Certificate of Graduate Study 19 circumscribed to eight different areas of specialization: Comparative Political Culture, Counterintelligence, Intelligence, International Politics, National Security Affairs, American Foreign Policy, Democracy Building, and Public Diplomacy and Political Warfare; Academic Programs for Defense and Intelligence Leadership 20 (in collaboration with United States Naval War College, United States Army and some other agencies belonging to the American intelligence community). Although there are some higher education institutions that are delivering only a few courses, they must be mentioned here because of the quality they get. So it is important to underline the contribution provided by University of Maryland (Program on Intelligence Research and Education (PIRE) 21 ; Certificate Program in Intelligence Analysis 22 ), University of Pittsburg (Major in Security & Intelligence Studies 23 ), Georgetown University (Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service settled the Center for Peace and Security Studies - CPASS 24 with the masteral degree Security Studies Program SSP), Stanford University (Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies FSI settled the Center for International Security and Cooperation - CISAC 25 with CISAC Interschool Honors Program in International Security Studies and Center for Counterintelligence and Security Studies 26, which provide expertise in the field of counterinformation, antiterrorism, regional studies). 3. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN UK is also positioned in the top states having scientific concerns in the field of intelligence studies. Because of the academic and administrative interest for such topics a large number of experts in this field emerged. In a study on British intelligence's, Maddrell has identified more than 30 specialists who blicinternationalaffairs/majorinsecurityintelligencestu dies/tabid/95/default.aspx

3 had already been teaching intelligence in Many universities have developed programs and master's degree, most of them being integrated by the departments or schools of political science, international policy, international history, war studies. Academic works of British experts are constantly delivered at specialised conferences such as British International History Group, British International Studies Association şi British Political Studies Association (which has its own Security and Intelligence Studies Group from 1993). The most prestigious universities of UK have incorporated into their curriculum the field of security and intelligence. Thus: - Brunel University West London established the Brunel Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies 27 and a Master of Art Intelligence and Security Studies 28 ; - King's College London oferes a pluridisciplinary program including military disciplines, intelligence history, international relations, social sciences to enables the understanding of different approaches, including critical or unorthodox viewpoints and established Department of War Studies 29 (Goodman & Omand, 2008:1) and MA in Intelligence & International Security 30 ; - University of Wales, Aberystwyth with its Centre for Intelligence and International Security Studies 31, (Intelligence and Strategic Studies 32, Intelligence Studies and International History 33 ); 27 es/bciss 28 NSSTD 29 es/maiis/ 30 es/maiis/ 31 he:m8rajr6asuuj:users.aber.ac.uk/rbh/iss/aber.htm+un iversity+of+wales,+aberystwyth+%22intelligence+stu dies+and+international+history%22&cd=4&hl=ro&ct= clnk&gl=ro&source=www.google.ro MSCEC - University of Buckingham deliver Security and Intelligence Studies (MA) 34 and established Centre for Security and Intelligence Studies (BUCSIS) 35 ; - University of Birmingham, Birmingham provides US Intelligence Services (M.Phil.) 36 ; - University of Salford, Salford offers a MA and Postgraduate Diploma în Intelligence and Security Studies (MA) 37 ; - Sheffield University, Department of Politics - International Politics and Security Studies ROMANIA After the fall of communism Romania's intelligence was reconceptualized in several stages and this process was facilitated by the integration of the country in NATO and EU structures and the need to align to the main paradigms of thought in these areas. The "Mihai Viteazul" National Intelligence Academy (MVNIA) is the leading provider of intelligence and security expertise in Romania, and its curriculum include bachelor 39 and masteral 40 degrees and postgraduate courses 41 which are organized in a transdisciplinary manner from using knowledge from the filed of psychology, intelligence, communication studies, public relations, security studies. Their main objective is to revolve security culture among students, but also the skills and competencies specific to the domain. Also, together with the Faculty of Sociology, University of Bucharest, MVNIA established a Master program: Information Analysis 42 (this institution also deliver master programme Security and Defense Studies 43 ). 34 andintelligence ence_studies/index.shtml o?id=

4 A comparative analysis of security and intelligence academic studies in the Western Area Another important institutions that is providing bachelor and masteral programme dedicated to security and intelligence are: - the National Defence University "Carol I", who founded the Center for Strategic Studies and Defence 44 ; - the West University of Timisoara, where the Faculty of Master of Economics provides the masteral programme Security, Development and European Integration 45 ; - the Babes-Bolyai University, which organizes in the Faculty of History: Security Studies 46, Security Management in Contemporary Society 47 and training programs to became "security inspector" and "security agent"; - the Christian University "Dimitrie Cantemir": the Security and Defence Studies, the NATO Studies Center; - National School of Political and Administrative Sciences which prepares NATO experts through Senior Executive Master 48 ; - Romanian Association of Security Industry 49, which own the franchise of the Security Institute of UK 50 for Romania and Moldavia organizes The Management of Security, which include 2 stages: a certificate and then a bachelor degree. 3. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE STUDIES The enumeration 51 of the security and intelligence academic programme in the western and Romania areas allows us to identify some trends on several levels of comparative analysis. Thus the obvious differences or uniformity are derived from variables that influence the orientation PREZENTARE-MASTERAT-S php The lack of space is the reason for giving the web address of every mentioned programme instead of describing it more specifically. programs of study, the involved staff in different teaching subjects, the priority areas that are orienting those studies. As a general conclusion the curriculum of security and intelligence is that such programmes are concerned to teach general knowledge of history's intelligence and security, to clarify the priority areas of interest (terrorism, economic security, environmental security, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, crisis management and conflict, human rights), the manner in which the specific activities are developing and how they are valued by the beneficiar. In western area, there is constant concern to ground the theory of the domain and therefore they are extensively discussing topics such as ethics, human rights, the relations with civil society, the public - private partnership. The funding of the identified programs is whether institutionalized by the state or by private initiative. The teaching staff is generally mixed as the practitioners, who offer their expertise in different areas of intelligence, and the theoreticians, who store theoretical knowledge of the field, are equally involved. Frequently, the first category shall recruit new members from retired or retired practitioners. In terms of beneficiaries of such programs, graduates are prepared either for the state own needs in various institutions's intelligence or to work in other connected area (foreign affairs, politics, diplomacy). Regarding the degree of the openness of the country to the study security and intelligence there are different characteristics. Thus, there is a significant opening of academics and officials to study such topics in the United States and their points of view are converging. The Central Intelligence Agency is an important promoter of academic study and teaching of this subject since 1960: the National Security Agency and CIA have their own team of historians specialized in intelligence, who initiated and made permanent the practice of inviting teachers to spend long periods of time in their agencies Also, the National Security Agency launched an invitation for students. 64

5 In UK, on the contrary, there is no such synchronization, but a considerable distance between academics and practitioners. The access to archives and information was allowed only for a few historians commissioned to write the history of the Second World War and only in 2004 the Advisory Group on Security and Intelligence Records was established under the tutelage of Cabinet Office, which is responsible for the relations with the academic field. In Romania the situation is different, especially in terms of our socioistoric context: the transition from a totalitarian state to democracy has been a challenge for the Romanian intelligence services, born on the ruins of the former Securitate. Lingering feelings of suspicion that people are still feeling for the Securitate, lack of trust in state institutions, the selective and weak legal basis governing the intelligence activity and its lack of transparency have been major obstacles for developing and strengthening a sense of confidence that people would have been cherished for these institutions. This may be the reason why, not mentioning the notable exception of "Mihai Viteazul" National Intelligence Academy established 20 years ago, the most initiatives to study intelligence are of recent date. Unfortunately, Romania still lacks a national strategy to address direct academic research of the field or a law to regulate the domain specific unclear concepts (Sebe, 2009). The lack of such a coherent strategy is reflected even in the relatively few studies dedicated to security and intelligence and their random distribution across the country. The very term of "intelligence" was firstly introduced in various scientific papers and articles only a decade ago. The few Romanian specialists in intelligence have adopted a rather passive way of relating to the field developments and their contributions have remained unknown. Instead of cooperation and collaboration, universities seem to rather compete having no tangible results. The cases of institutional cooperation (as was the master "Information Analysis" conducted by the Faculty of Sociology, University of Bucharest and NAIMV) are very rare. But the biggest problem of Romania is the lack of international visibility of these programs of study. Without a link to the quality of teachers involved or to the other ingredients related to education quality, the publications are poorly capitalized and poorly disseminated, the participation in professional conferences is sporadic, and exchanges of students and teachers nonexistent. The research topics addressed are therefore limited and not dependent of context, as it requires the global one. As a conclusion, we can say that the level and visibility of intelligence studies programs is conditioned on the one hand by the current strategic interests in that area, but also by the financial strength of the country and the importance it attaches to security and intelligence. Although the orientation and curriculum of Romanian programme are in line with those of the highly developed countries of the world, there is a gap in terms of funding, methods of dissemination and the degree to which experts and research results are used by authorities of the state. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Goodman, M.S. & Omand, D. (2008). What Analysts Need to Understand: The King's Intelligence Studies Program. Studies in Intelligence, 52(4). Extracts.; Goodman, M.S. (2006). Studying and Teaching About Intelligence: The Approach in the United Kingdom. Studies in Intelligence, 50(2), Kent, S. (1949). Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press. 3. Maddrell, P. (2003). Intelligence Studies at UK Universities. CIISS. Available at 4. Matei, F.C. (2007). Romania's Intelligence Community: From an Instrument of Dictatorship to Serving Democracy. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. 20(4), Sebe, M. (2009a). Despre intelligence. Revista Română de Studii de Intelligence. 1-2,

Introduction to Special Edition on University Nonproliferation Education and Training PNNL-SA-50159 Nonproliferation, like many aspects of security, has not played out as many expected following the end

Security and intelligence postgraduate 2015 INNOVATIVE AND CUTTING-EDGE PROFESSIONAL DEGREES THAT COMBINE THEORY WITH POLICY AND PRACTICE IN COUNTER TERRORISM, INTELLIGENCE, SECURITY AND STRATEGIC POLICING.

215 REGULATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION (MEd) (See also General Regulations) Any publication based on work approved for a higher degree should contain a reference to the effect that the work

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES PROFESSIONAL DEGREES PROFESSIONAL DEGREES Degrees for an increasingly dynamic, competitive and multi-faceted workplace. The Professional Degree offerings are an

ACADEMIC REQUIREMENTS Please note that these requirements apply to students entering Vesalius College during the academic year 2014/15. Students who entered in previous years are bound by the requirements

MA NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY (TAUGHT IN BULGARIAN) Brief presentation of the program: The training covers specialized courses in sciences for risk, geopolitics and security, environmental and

SPIRU HARET UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY Page1 ADDRESS 46G Fabricii Street, Bucharest, sector 6 (in the Politehnicii Park, near the National TV station) Tel.

Espionage and Intelligence Debra A. Miller, Book Editor Intelligence... has always been used by the United States to support U.S. military operations, but much of what forms today s intelligence system

International Relations MA Greenwich Campus gre.ac.uk/ach/hpss Why study this programme? MA International Relations offers a varied and interesting approach to the study of international politics, focusing

Part B of the Teaching and Examination Regulations for the Master's degree programme in History, 2014-2015, 60 ECTS credits Section 1 General provisions Article 1.1 Applicability of the Regulations These

Summary of the 2 nd Neureiter Science Diplomacy Roundtable 1 Educating for Science Diplomacy December 18, 2013 A roundtable meeting organized by the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association

Faculty of Economics and Business University of Zagreb POSTGRADUATE (DOCTORAL) PROGRAMMES IN BUSINESS STUDIES AND ECONOMICS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Reasons for establishing the studies Doctoral studies represent

SUBJECT-SPECIFIC CRITERIA Relating to the accreditation of Bachelor s and Master s degree programmes in industrial engineering (as of 09 December 2011) The following specifications complement the ASIIN

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Head of Department: Mr Mike McCrostie, BSc (Warwick), MPhil (York), Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economics and International Studies Undergraduate:

Facult y of SOCIAL SCIENCES Undergraduate Degrees in Quantitative Methods Quantitative Methods Starting September 2014 new from 2014 What are Quantitative Methods? Quantitative methods encompass a range

Invest in people! EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013 Priority axe nr. 1 Education and professional training in support of economic growth and knowledge

CURRICULUM MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SECURITY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES GENERAL SIR JOHN KOTELAWALA DEFENCE UNIVERSITY (MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITIES AND INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITIES)

SCHOOL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION The School of Politics and International Relations (SPIR) at Quaid-i-Azam University is Pakistan s premier institution

Academic Program Assessment Plan Certificate: Homeland Security Studies Department of History and Political Science College of Humanities and Social Sciences Colorado State University-Pueblo Plan appended

Curriculum Development for Doctoral Studies in Education Irine BAKHTADZE * Abstract Profound changes in high education which started in 1996 in Georgia have to be continued. We have to explore potentially

I. Introduction ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT IN COOPERATIVE SECURITY: A MORE EFFICIENT AND FLEXIBLE PARTNERSHIP POLICY 1. Over the past two decades, NATO has reached out to partners to help build cooperative security

ABOUT THE UNIVERSITY The National University of Public Service (NUPS) claims to be a unique institution in the European Higher Educational Area. Our University offers a wide range of diverse and comprehensive

1 ÔThe information presented below is based on a preliminary study and should not be regarded as defnitive at this stage. 15 Public Administration Programmes in the United Kingdom 1 Professor John Greenwood,

Recommendations to the Higher Arts Education Institutions, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education and the Ministry of education and Science, Lithuania Overview Report of the Applied Arts Accreditation

Department of Politics and International Relations M.A./Postgraduate Diploma in American Foreign Policy equivalent in Politics, History, International Relations, American Studies or other related subjects.

Navigating Interagency Education and Training Courses by John Dyson While interagency education and training have long been staples of the intelligence and law enforcement communities, such efforts are

Study program Faculty Cycle Public Administration Public Administration and Political Sciences Undergraduate ECTS 180 Offered in Tetovo and Skopje Description of the program The program for Public Administration

MA PROGRAM IN MILITARY STRATEGIC STUDIES INTRODUCTION WHAT IS MSS The interdisciplinary Military Strategic Studies program is concerned with understanding, analyzing and explaining the military dimension

Syllabus Master s Programme in International and European Relations 120 Credits Introduction The Master s Programme in International and European Relations is a two year, full-time study programme that

School of Public Policy University of Maryland Strategic Plan Executive Summary The University of Maryland School of Public Policy launched work in 2005 to implement a tenyear strategic plan. This document

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL WORK Strategic Plan for Teaching and Learning 2000-2004 (Revised February 2003) 1 Part 1. Faculty Strategic Plan for Teaching and Learning 2000-2004 (Revised February 2003)

BACHELORS DEGREE COURSES Bachelor of Arts in Development Studies This is a three years programme which has been developed to expose students to both theoretical and practical experiences in relation to

Education Studies BA Hons Avery Hill Campus gre.ac.uk/education Why study this programme? This programme is designed for people with an interest in education as an academic subject. The programme provides

Developing New Masters Program on Library and Information Science for the LIS Faculties of Armenia, Georgia and Uzbekistan: European Union Eastern Neighbouring Area Central Asia cooperation triangle in

Doctoral Studies in Social Work and Social Policy at SSW National University Kiev-Mohyla Academy Doctoral Studies in Social Work and Social Policy is the first doctoral program which offers postgraduate

THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES POLITICAL SCIENCE PROGRAM HANDBOOK MAY 2015 Political Science Objectives 1. To study the structure and functions of government. 2. To understand political

Information & Security: An International Journal Valentyn Petrov, vol.31, 2014, 73-77 http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.3104 ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL CYBERSECURITY SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL SECURITY

Master Program in Entrepreneurship and Technology Management in Estonia J. Andrijevskaja * and T. Mets Centre for Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu,

Erich Reiter and Johann Frank The European Security Strategy Austrian Perspective The following essay gives the Austrian view on the ESS from a security political perspective and analyses the needs and

Study program International Communication (120 ЕCTS) Faculty Cycle Languages, Cultures and Communications Postgraduate ECTS 120 Offered in Skopje Description of the program The International Communication

PROGRAMME APPROVAL FORM SECTION 1 THE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Programme title and designation Public Policy 2. Final award Award Title Credit value ECTS Any special criteria equivalent MA Public Policy

Appendix A Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards A new Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards has been approved by the CSWE Board of Directors in April 2008. Preamble Social work practice

247 REGULATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION (MEd) (See also General Regulations) Any publication based on work approved for a higher degree should contain a reference to the effect that the work

Plan Number 2014 A- General Rules and Conditions: STUDY PLAN Master in Political Science (None Thesis Track) 1. This plan conforms to the valid regulations of the programs of graduate studies. 2. Areas

2. Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards Preamble Social work practice promotes human well-being by strengthening opportunities, resources, and capacities of people in their environments and by

The UK s European university BRUSSELS SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Graduate study BRUSSELS: THE CAPITAL OF EUROPE Home to the main institutions of the European Union and numerous European and international

Jackie Skinner Library Section name Politics and international relations Collecting policy User profile This statement covers collection provision for the staff and students of the Department of Politics

Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards Copyright 2001, Council on Social Work Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sections renumbered December 2001, released April 2002, corrected May 2002, July

JOHN DAVIDSON WOODWARD, JR. Professor of the Practice of International Relations The Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University 152 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215 E-mail: jdwjr@bu.edu

International Economics and Commercial Diplomacy bachelor program (University of Latvia) Formulation of learning outcomes agnese.rusakova@lu.lv Top-down approach National qualification descriptors from

TEACHING OF STATISTICS IN NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES: THE CASE OF KAZAKSTAN Guido Ferrari, Dipartimento di Statistica G. Parenti, Università di Firenze, Italy The aim of this report is to discuss the state

First Pan-European Nurse Educators Conference Udine, November 2007 The Career Pathways of Nurse Educators in Europe: A Collaborative Project BASELINE INFORMATION GATHERING SHEET One of the important early

Guide to Graduate Programs Master of Arts Degrees Certificates of Graduate Study The Institute of World Politics is a graduate school of national security and international affairs, dedicated to developing

MASTER OF ARTS in Theology, Ministry and Mission 2015-2016 INSTITUTE FOR ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN STUDIES formally APPROVED and blessed BY the Pan-Orthodox Episcopal Assembly for great britain and Ireland ALSO

FACULTY OF EDUCATION MEd Degree, DEd Degree, PhD (Education) Degree INFMATION F GRADUATE STUDENTS ABOUT THE MEd degree, DEd degree and PhD (Education) degree BECOME PART OF A VIBRANT RESEARCH COMMUNITY

PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION Doctor in Education Awarding body: Institute of Education, University of London Teaching institution: Institute of Education, University of London Name of the final award: Doctor

1 Management can be taken as a single major or in combination with another major; including one offered within the Bachelor of Commerce degree or from the Bachelor of Arts; Bachelor of Science; or Bachelor

SPIRU HARET UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGY STUDY WITH US 2013-2014 UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES OF STUDY PSYCHOLOGY Undergraduate courses, full time and part time. 3 years, 180 credits PEDAGOGY

ISA Master s Degrees in International Relations & Political Science Degree Title Master of Arts in Public Policy University University of Reading University Overview Ranked in the top 1% of universities

PROGRAMME APPROVAL FORM SECTION 1 THE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Programme title and designation Intelligence and International Security 2. Final award Award Title Credit value ECTS Any special criteria

National Commission for Academic Accreditation & Assessment Standards for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Higher Education Programs November 2009 Standards for Quality Assurance and Accreditation

190 P O L I T I C A L S C I E N C E POLITICAL SCIENCE (POSCI) Politics rules over everything you do as a human being and gives you an understanding that enables you to have more control over your own life.

WHY STUDY ACU LAW New Programs Students are able to undertake a law degree alone, or combined with a degree in arts, business administration, commerce, global studies or theology. Dual degrees are a great

Postgraduate Taught Tuition Fees for 2014/15 What are tuition fees for? Studying at a UK University means that you need to pay an annual fee for your tuition, which covers the costs associated with teaching,

KPMG Legal Cybersecurity and the Romanian business environment in the regional and European context Developing a cybersecurity culture for the users of digital and communications systems has become a mandatory

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW Department of Politics and Public Policy Senior Lecturer in Project Management Full Time, Permanent Grade G: 36,672-46,414 per annum The Faculty of Business and Law wishes to