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These statements show that leadership is not just the property of an individual figure. Leadership is much more. What is Leadership? “ She was a courageous leader” “ An innovative leadership culture flourished in the company” “ The company board showed great leadership” “ Scandinavia takes a lead on social welfare” www.simonwestern.com To cite work: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text Sage London

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Controller Leadership Discourse Scientific rationalism and efficiency The Controller Discourse underlying assumption is that the leadership will focus on maximizing efficiency and control to increase output. Employees are treated in a functional way as replaceable human resources’, cogs in the wheel of the efficient machine. This leadership assumption gained credence from the cultural belief in modernism and scientific rationalism highlighted by Taylorism and the ‘efficiency craze’ in the management field. The Controller Discourse remains with us especially in manufacturing and finance departments where control is useful. However whist in demise, a recent reversion to target and audit culture shows that the discourse of the Controller is still a powerful influence. www.simonwestern.com To cite work: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

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Therapist Leadership Discourse Happy workers are more productive workers The Therapist leadership assumption is to work on human relations and motivation. It emerged in the post-war culture, to create a society fit for hero’s and to democratise and humanise the workplace. By the 1960s personal growth and the rise of individualism dominated a changing culture. ‘Therapist’ leaders encouraged employees to self-actualize through their work, so that people ‘ come to work to work on themselves’ (N. Rose). Key influences were Ed Mayo, Maslow, K Lewin, Carl Rogers, and the Tavistock institute (the Human Relations Movement). Phillip Rieff (1965) calls this social period ‘the triumph of the Therapeutic’. Personnel departments were established to achieve these ‘therapeutic goals’. This discourse remains very popular in education and the public and voluntary sector, HR OD departments and ‘people focused’ organizations. www.simonwestern.com To cite work: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

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The Messiah discourse arose in the 1980s following an economic slump in the USA. The Asian tiger economies excelled and challenged US dominance, drawing upon their collectivist cultures to engage employees in improving productivity. In response, Transformational Leadership (Bass/Burns) became the business school fad, trying to mimic the strong cultures of Japan (Ouchi 1981) : . Charismatic leaders offered vision and values, engineering ‘strong cultures’ (Kunda 1992) to encourage loyalty to the company. Personal success and identity become linked to the company. Internalizing the company culture leads to self and peer surveillance (in open plan offices) which replaces hierarchical or coercive control. Messiah Leadership offers hope in the face of despair, order from chaos, and arises at times of crisis when a saviour is welcomed. However, in the long-term Messiah leadership creates conformist cultures and dependency. Strong aligned cultures produce solidarity, but expel difference, undermining creativity and independent thinking. Innovation and ethics become secondary to loyalty and uniformity. Unquestioning employees lead to Enron and worse. www.simonwestern.com To cite work: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London Messiah Leadership Discourse Charismatic Leaders and Strong Cultures

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Messiah Leadership: Conformist Cultures Isolated elements swimming in the same direction for the purpose of understanding. Damien Hirst (1991) Individually cased, Hirst’s fish swim blindly in the same direction without interaction. It’s a cold and clinical metaphor for society without conflict. A utopian ideal of a harmony that comes at an unthinkable cost of sameness and emotional confinement. From the Damien Hirst Collection Saatchi Gallery London 2003 Messiah led, aligned organizational cultures can end up looking like this! www.simonwestern.com To cite content: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

Challenged the dualistic, binary machinic worldview to a more holistic ecological worldview

2) Globalisation and technological advances

Make the world smaller, and connected. Technology transforms are ability to communicate and interact, shifting notions of time and space. There is no-longer any escape from our inter-dependence.

3) Environmental social movement

From a marginal movement to centre stage, climate change and finite natural resources are a major concern to governments and business. Social activists have led the way in developing new organizaitonal forms, organising non-hierachically in self managed systems, using IT and open source technology to challenge powerful institutions. These adaptive organizations point the way for new organizational forms in other ‘sectors’.

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Eco-leadership is the emergent response to leading complex, global, interdependent, digitalized organizations. The internet presents us with our mirror; we work in vast networked, real and virtual spaces. New organizational forms emerge that require new forms leadership. The Network society undoes leadership and management theory of the past century. Linear hierarchies, fixed structures and roles are not ‘fit for purpose’ in this new environment. The organizational metaphor changes from the machine e.g getting leadership tools, fixing a problem, maximizing efficiency, to that of an eco-system where leaders work in inter-dependent systems of connecting networks. Organizational Eco-systems merge technology and people, virtual and real space, machines and texts, systems and processes, architecture and nature. The Eco-leaders task is to think spatially and work across these networks to influence them, rather than trying to control from top down. Eco-leaders create connections and spaces that encourage others to lead from the edge, accessing talent, creativity and collective wisdom to deal with organizational complexity. www.simonwestern.com To cite content: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London The Eco-leadership Discourse From Machine to Eco-system

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The Eco-leadership Discourse Organizational Success Re-defined Eco-Leadership challenges the notion that organizational success (measured by profit) is at odds with people and planet. They often are, and profit and growth need to be re-thought and success re-defined; is never-ending growth realistic or even desired? Can new business models be found that change the working enviroment and the natural environment? The contemporary organizational challenge is to realise our connectivity and inter- dependence. Organizations must liberate creativity and distribute leadership to be successful, whilst at the same time addressing issues of social responsibility and sustainability. Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London Unilever are a leader in the field of sustainability: There is no conflict between sustainable consumption and business growth � . Quite the opposite, in fact. There is a compelling case for sustainable growth - retailers and consumers demand it and it saves us money Paul Polman, Chief Executive, Unilever www.simonwestern.com To cite content: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

Taking an Ethical stance is not only altruistic it is also good for business.

Protecting the brand against social activism and negative consumer voices

Efficiency savings by reducing energy bills and waste

Talent attracted and retained ethical practice and socially responsible companies are more

attractive to bright minds

Employee engagement and brand loyalty :

employees and customers respond to companies that align good business with doing good.

Anticipating regulation as natural resources decline and climate change increases, international and national regulation will increase. Eco-leaders lead rather than follow these moves, anticipating change.

Emergent capability Engaging all employees in tackling the big issues creates unexpected opportunities. Emergence means to see the patterns and opportunities that emerge from the unexpected.

The Eco-leadership Discourse Ethics and Success www.simonwestern.com To cite content: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

www.simonwestern.com To cite content: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

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Leadership Formation Leadership Formation challenges contemporary leadership development because it focuses on leadership and leaders. Eco-leadership means to take Leadership Development beyond the skills and competencies of an individual. Formation of individuals (leaders) Formation of a collective (leadership) When spending time in a Benedictine monastery I observed the monks and gained a simple but profound insight; a monk is not trained in monk skills but undergoes a ‘spiritual formation’. Both an individual monk and the monastic community are continually shaped and formed by their context, by what they call simply ‘the life’. This is the liturgy, the prayer cycle, the silence, and the manual work. New monks have a spiritual director to lead this formation process and with the support of monastery, their particular charism (gift) is revealed. Organizations unlike monasteries, pay scant regard to how the context and culture forms and shapes their leaders; at best it’s an ad-hoc process. Yet when asked leaders say the same; they are formed not by MBAs or leadership classes, but by ‘their life’ and work experience, by a particular mentor, by their mistakes and successes, by their social and cultural context. The task is to create a leadership formation process that utilises context and experience, and is holistic rather than elitist. www. simonwestern .com To cite content: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

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Leadership Formatio Building eco-leadership capacity “Leaders cannot be trained but are formed through multiple experiences. The radical task for contemporary organizations is to create a formation process and spaces in the organizational architecture to enable leaders and leadership to flourish.” Western S. 2008 Leadership a critical text Sage Leadership Formation has 7 principles 1) No personal development without organizational development 2) Leaders learn more from each other than from trainers 3) Leaders learn more from work experience than from classrooms 4) Leaders are formed by their context and the organizational culture 5) Leadership is an emergent process, requiring a generative and generous culture. 6) Leadership formation requires both a formal and informal process 7) Leadership formation and emergent cultures require ‘containing structures’ that encourage reflective, creative and developmental activity to thrive. www. simonwestern .com To cite work: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

www.simonwestern.com To cite work: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

See www.lead2lead.com Case Study 1 Lead2lead: Leadership Exchange Programme Lead2lead delivers Eco-leadership results through Leadership exchanges. Leaders are carefully selected, matched, trained and then visit each other across a company, undertaking a structured observation, feedback and shared learning process. The learning is profound and has immediate application: It has four elements: Personal Development- personal insights when and where it matters - this is on the job learning that’s immediately applied. Knowledge Exchange and sharing best practice Building New Networks and relationships across the company eco-system Creating an Eco-Leadership Culture

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Research based, tried and tested: Lead2lead delivered a leadership exchange programme to align a new 3 way global merger: ‘ M ultiply my learning by 100 leaders and the micro changes that take place with individuals represent a significant change programme with in the company’. Snr Manager Basell : B asell is the world's largest producer of plastics www.simonwestern.com To cite: Western S. (2008) Leadership a Critical Text, Sage London

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Tavistock Institute Certificate in Eco-Leadership The programme is led by Dr Simon Western in partnership with faculty of the TIHR, To download brochure http://www.simonwestern.com/leadership.asp www.simonwestern.com

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`It is refreshing when you come across a clear, well-written book about leadership that is not peddling the latest gimmick, buzzword or quick fix. What makes this work really refreshing is the emphasis on the critical dimension in the title and the breadth of the author's own experience of work' Times Higher Education ‘ In a highly original way, taking “Critical Theory” as a point of departure, Dr. Western helps us to obtain greater insight into the enigma of leadership.’ Manfred Kets de Vries Director INSEAD Global Leadership Center ‘ Leadership A Critical Text’ is an outstanding addition to the Leadership literature. This is an excellent text which takes the field to new heights in the first decade of the 21st Century’ Professor Cary L. Cooper, CBE, Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health at Lancaster University ‘ The book provides a unique and much needed 'voice' to the field of leadership studies, and will have a significant impact worldwide.’ Professor Jonathan Gosling, Director of the Leadership Centre Exeter University Eco-leadership Publications Eco-Leadership developing a new paradigm Western 2010 Chapter in Leadership for Sustainability B. Redekop ed Routledge Leadership a critical text Western 2008 www.simonwestern.com Contact [email_address]