What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the locomotor genital stage?

-initiative vs guilt
-purpose

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the latency stage?

-industry vs inferiority
-competency

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the adolescence stage?

-identity vs role confusion
-fidelity

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the young adulthood stage?

-intimacy vs isolation
-love

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the middle adulthood stage?

-generativity vs stagnation
-care

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the late adulthood stage?

-integrity vs despair
-wisdom

What is object relations?

-individual's symbolized relations to other person's (such as parents)

What is symbiosis?

period of when the infant is w/ its mother

What occurs if child is separated too early or far from the mother?

-separation anxiety occurs

What is self-object?

-refers to someone who's important in satisfying your needs

What is mirroring?

-responding to soemone in an empathic and acceptable way.

What is attachment?

-emotional connection

What is an example of a secure attachment?

-reflected by normal distress when the mother leaves and the baby is happy

What is an example of ambivalent/ resistant attachment?

-baby is clingy and becomes unusually upset when the mother leaves
-response to the mother's return mixes approval with rejections and anger

What is an example of the avoidment pattern of attachment?

-infant stays calm when the mothe rleaves and responds to her return in an avoiding, rejecting way.

What is static reasoning?

-a characteristic in which the young child assumes that the world is unchanging

what is irreversibility?

-a characteristsic in which the young child fails to reconize that reversing a process can sometimes restore whatever existed b/f the trans. occurred.

What is synchrony?

-coordinated interaction b/t the caregiver and the infant who respond to each other w/ split second timing.
-infants will imitate facial and mouth movement of their parents.

What is the social cognitive theory?

-perspective that highlights how school age children advances in learning, cognition, and culture, building on maturation and experiance to become more articulate, insightful, and competent

What is social perception?

-refers to the process through which people interpret informaiton about others, draw inferences about people, and develope mental represenatations of them. Social perception influences whether you see a person as hostile, friendly, repugnant, likable, or lovable.
It also helps to determine how you explain why epople behave the way they do.

What is schema?

-coherent organized set of beliefs and expectations.

What is assimiliation?

-the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

What is accomodation?

-adjustment of a schema into new information

What is equilibration?

adolescents experiance cognitive conflict or a sense of disequilibrium in their attempt to understand the world

What is attributions?

-describes the process people go through to explain the causes of behavior, including their own.

What is an internal attribution?

-reflects the characteristics of a person

What is an external attribution?

-reflects causes that arise not from the person but from the situation

What is a consensus?

-degree to which other people's behavior is similar to that of the person in question

What is consistency?

-the degree to which the behavior occurs repeatedly in a particular situation.

What is distinctiveness?

-depends on the predictability of behavior in various situations.

What does internal attribtuion occur?

-most likly when there is low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctivness

What is attributional biases?

-tendencies to systematically distort ones behavior

What is fundamental attribtuion error?

-wide spread tendecy to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors.

What is seserving bias?

-tendecy to take credit for success (attribtuing it to one is personal characteristsics or efforts) but to blame external causes to failure.

What is classical conditioning?

-occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus which naturally brings about an unconditioned response.
-eventually the conditioned stimulus will elicit a response knwon as the conditioned response even when abn uncondtioned stimulus is not present.

What is a condtioned response?

-a response that accomplishes a function.
-classical conditioning porduces an adaptive, automatic response to a signal that predicts an event.

What is delayed condtioning?

-presenting the condtioned stimulus shortly before the unconditioned stimulus but removing both at the same time.
-most effective method of pairing the stimuli

What is extinction?

-if the uncoditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the condtioned stimulus, the condtioned response eventually disappaears

What is stimulus generalization?

-condtioned responses occur after stimuli that are suimilar but not identical to condtioned stimuli

What si spontaneous recovery?

-after extinction has occurred, the condtioned response often reappaears if the condtioned stimulus is presented after some time.

What is recondtioning?

-occurs if the conditioned and unconditoned stimuli are paired once or twice after extinction.

What is higher order condtioning?

-occurs when a new neutral stimulus is associated w/ a conditioned stimulus and itself coems to produce the conditioned response

What si instrumental condtioning?

-process through which an organism learns to emit a response in order to obtain a reward or avoid an aversive stimulus.

What is the law of effect?

-postulated by Edward Thorndike
-any response that produces a reward becomes more likly over time and any response that does not produce a reward becomes less likly over time.

Operant condtioning?

-during instrumental condtioning , an organism leanrs a response by operating on an environment.

What is positive reinforcers?

-stimuli that streghten a response if they are presented after the response occurs (smiles, food, and many other desirable outsomes)

What is negative reinforcers?

-unokesant stimuli such as pain or boredom that streghten a response if they are moved after a response occurs (taking asprin to remove a headache)

-to remove pressure of conditions of worth by remaining non-directive and non-evaluative, showing no emotion and giving no advice
-helps client clarify feelings, cognitions, and experiances

What is constructive alternativism?

-people decide for themselves what constructs do apply to events

What are personal constructs?

-mental representations used to interpret events

How are constructs refined?

-by activly using them in familiar ways causing refinement.

What is a rep test used for?

-to measure a person's constructs

What is fixed role therapy?

-a way of getting people to engage in behaviors that they would not ordinary engage in.

What is Festiger's theory of social comparison?

-people use other people as a basis of comparison.

What is a referance group?

-the categories of people to which you see yourself as belonging and to which you habitually compare yourself

What are social norms?

-learned, socially-based rules that prescibe what people shoukld or should not do in various activiites

What is repricity?

-social norm that is the redency to respond to others as they have acted towards you

What is Social perception?

refers to the process throigh which people itnerpret information about others, draw in inferances about people and develop mental representations of them

What is a schema?

-coherent organized set of beliefs and expectations

What are attributions?

-describes the process pople go through to explain the causes of behavior, including their own.

What is the criteria for attributions?

-consensus
-consistency
-distictness

What is concensus?

degree to whom other people's behavior is similar to that of the person in question

What is ontology?

-study of one's core being

What is humanistic psychology/ Human Potential Movement?

-reflect the idea that everyone has the potential for growth and development
-no one is inherently bad or unowrthy
-the goal of humanistic psychology is to help people realize this about themselves so they'll have a chance to grow.

What is actualization?

-growth process
-tendency to develop capabilities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism

refers to the idea that the organinism automatically evaluates its experiances and actions to tell whther they're actualizing.
-if they arent, the organismic valuing process creatres a nagging sense that something isn't right

What is a fully functuioning person according to Carl Rogers?

-dscribes someone who is self-actualizing
-they are open to experiancing these feelings, aren't threatened by them, no matter what the feelings are
-they trust the feeligns rather that question them

What is affection?

-without special condition, w/ no strings attached, is unconditional positive regard
-sometimes affection is only given if certainconditions are satisfied (condtional positive regard)

What are conditions of worth?

-condtions under which the person is judged to be worth or positive regard

What are the 3 needs that must be satisfied to have a life of growth, integrity, and well-being?

-involves the preoccupation with certain aspects of the body
-person is obsessed with the perceived or imagined flaw of their appearance

What is derealization?

-one's sense of the outside world is temp. lost

What is depersonalization?

-one's sense of ones own self and one's own reality is temp. lost

What is depersonalization disorder?

-people have persistent or recurrent expriances of feeling detached from their own bodies and mental processes

What is retrograde amnesia?

-partial or total inability to recall or identify oreviously acquired information or past experiances

What is anterograde amnesia?

partial or total inabliity to retain new information

What is dissociative amnesia?

-usually limited to a failure to recall previously stored personal information when that failure cannot be accounted for by ordinary forgetting

What is dissociative fugue?

-a person not only goes into an amnesic state but also leaves his or her home surrounding and becomes confused about his or her identity, sometimes assuming a new one

What is Dissociative identity disorder?

-disorder where a person manifests 2 or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavior.
-each identity may have a different personal history, self image, and name.