bullfrog skeletal reconstruction

Bullfrog Skeleton Reconstruction

Introduction:

The skeleton of the frog consists chiefly of bony and cartilaginous elements. The functions of a skeleton include providing support for the body, protection of delicate internal organs and attachment surfaces for muscles. In vertebrates, the axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum (breast bone) and ribs (which are not present in amphibians). The vertebral column of frogs is made up of 10 vertebrae, the first of which (called the atlas) articulates with the base of the skull. The atlas is the only cervical vertebra in the frog. The next seven vertebrae are abdominal vertebrae, which is the large sacrum with two strong transverse processes that join with the ileum. The last vertebra is the long and highly modified urostyle. Note: Most vertebrates have a tail supported by caudal vertebrate, but frogs and toads are atypical in that they lack any tail and are therefore called anurans ("tail less amphibians").

The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that support them. In most vertebrates the forelimbs consist of three major bones — the humerus, radius and ulna, along with the smaller bones of the hand (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges). Note that in the frog the radius and ulna have become fused into a single bone, the radio-ulna. Likewise, the hindlimbs consist of three major bones — the femur, tibia and fibula, along with the smaller bones that make up the feet (tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges). Once again, in frogs and toads the tibia and fibula have become fused into a single bone, the tibio-fibula. The pectoral girdle consists of four pairs of bones (the suprascapula, scapula, coracoid, and clavicle). The last three pairs are connected to the sternum. In frogs, the pelvic girdle, which supports the hindlimbs, is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium and non-ossified pubis. Each femur fits into a socket on the pelvic girdle called an acetabulum. Note that the pelvic girdle and limb structure are well adapted for giving a powerful, synchronous thrust of both hind limbs in swimming and jumping

Objective:

By reassembling an amphibian skeleton, students will learn the bones and modifications of a vertebrate.

Recent Posts

Introduction Studies on the evolution of the human Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) have shown evolutionary traits that are similar to those of fish and other related vertebrates. This study has shed light on GIT illnesses related to the intestines and digestion, such as obesity, Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Diabetes, just to name a few. These findings … Continue reading "bullfrog skeletal reconstruction"

The biocompatibility, biodegradability and strength of spider silk are some of the properties that have excited researchers on the possibilities it provides. This is a protein-based compound that does not cause any adverse allergic, immune or inflammatory reactions in humans. Recently, recombinant technology has enabled scientists to manufacture spider silk, and there is a race … Continue reading "bullfrog skeletal reconstruction"

Researchers believe that the cure for Parkinson’s disease may be found by conducting their experiments in microgravity environments in space. One of the key Parkinson’s Disease proteins, called LRRK2, will be sent to the International Space Station for further study. Researchers say that microgravity conditions found in space will provide an optimal environment for conducting … Continue reading "bullfrog skeletal reconstruction"

Molecular biology – This is a term that has recently gained in popularity. Most people do not really understand how this branch of biology works. This article will explain the definition of molecular biology and its irreplaceable role for the health of mankind. What is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology is a branch in biological science … Continue reading "bullfrog skeletal reconstruction"

We all know plants require sunlight, micro nutrients, macro nutrients and CO2 to grow healthy. However, very few know that there is an optimum amount for each to ensure a healthy growth for plants. If one is far less than the others, while growth may occur, it certainly wouldn’t be the healthiest way. Balance is … Continue reading "bullfrog skeletal reconstruction"