Read e-book online A new foundation of physical theories PDF

Written within the culture of G. Ludwig’s groundbreaking works, this publication goals to explain and formulate extra exactly the basic principles of actual theories. by way of introducing a simple descriptive language of easy shape, within which it's attainable to formulate recorded proof, ambiguities of actual theories are kept away from up to attainable. during this technique the sphere of physics that are meant to be defined via a concept will depend on simple techniques simply, i.e. techniques that may be defined and not using a theory.

In this context the authors introduce a brand new notion of idealization and overview the method of researching new techniques. they think that, while the theories are formulated inside of an axiomatic foundation, suggestions are available to many tough difficulties resembling the translation of actual theories, the family among theories in addition to the creation of actual concepts.

The booklet addresses either physicists and philosophers of technological know-how and may motivate the reader to give a contribution to the certainty of the lasting middle of actual wisdom in regards to the genuine buildings of the world.

An inquiry into the probabilities of believing in God in an age of technology. the writer makes a speciality of the collegiality among technological know-how and theology, contending that those "intellectual cousins" are either considering interpreted adventure and with the search for fact approximately fact.

Charles Darwin's at the beginning of Species is surely one of many leader landmarks in biology. The starting place (as it's widely recognized) was once actually in simple terms an summary of the manuscript Darwin had initially meant to accomplish and submit because the formal presentation of his perspectives on evolution. in comparison with the starting place, his unique lengthy manuscript paintings on typical choice, that is awarded the following and made to be had for the 1st time in revealed shape, has extra ample examples and illustrations of Darwin's argument, plus an intensive quotation of resources.

Following within the type of Stephen Jay Gould and Peter Medawar, one of many world's prime scientists examines how "pure technology" is in truth formed and guided by means of social and political wishes and assumptions.

Constantin Carathéodory - arithmetic and Politics in Turbulent occasions is the biography of a mathematician, born in Berlin in 1873, who turned recognized in the course of his existence time, yet has hitherto been missed by means of historians for part a century due to the fact his demise in 1950, in Munich. In a thought-provoking method, Maria Georgiadou devotes to Constantin Carathéodory the entire consciousness this kind of character merits.

Time t’ instead of only ‘t’, or ‘position x1 , x2 , x3 ’ instead of only ‘x1 , x2 , x3 ’. , ‘t’ for time and ‘x’ for position. Often the meaning of a real number is also determined by the position of this real number in (r) (see Sect. 4). The introduction of real numbers in physics is a very common practice which essentially simpliﬁes the mathematical description, so that one sometimes thinks that the physical method is essentially quantitative. But physics is not only quantitative. How real numbers can be deﬁned in physical theories will be described later (see Sect.

A “physical system” consisting of several electrons and nucleus can be an object if it can be identiﬁed using the total experiment that will be described by the intended theory. The fact that we restrict the basic language of an intended theory to sentences of the forms (p) and (r) is essential for the construction of the method of physics proposed in this book. But since physicists also use other forms of language that are not very clear and very condensed, so condensed that people other than physicists can (or better, must) misunderstand this language, we will give examples of languages that do not belong to the basic language and that do not describe the correct method of physics.

3). 28 2 Building of a Mathematical Theory For the set theory, it is decisive that the set is intuitively seen as the collective whole of all its elements. But, it is precisely this “whole of all” which is doubtful in physics, as we have already outlined in the introduction of the logical sign ∀ in M T . For example, the statement “set of all electrons” is not regarded as meaningful during the construction of a P T , because it is doubtful that this totality of all electrons exists. In mathematics, “to collect in a set” is a signiﬁcant notion of the set theory.