She subsequently disappeared until she was arrested in Ghazni, Afghanistan, by Afghanistan Police, 17 July, 2008, with documents and notes for making bombs plus containers of sodium cyanide, and held detained by them. Siddiqui was shot in the torso the next day by visiting U.S. FBI and Army personnel, after they allege she shot at one of them with an unattended rifle.

Siddiqui was flown by the FBI to New York and indicted in New York federal district court in September 2008, on charges of assault and attempted murder of a United States Army Captain in the police station in Ghazni, Afghanistan. Siddiqui denied the charges. After 18 months in detention, she was tried and convicted 3 February 2010 and sentenced later that year to 86 years in prison.

Background[edit]

Siddiqui went to the US on a student visa in 1990 for undergraduate and graduate education. She eventually settled in Massachusetts and earned a PhD in neuroscience from Brandeis University in 2001.[8] A Muslim who had engaged in Islamic charity work,[4] she returned to Pakistan in 2002 before disappearing with her three young children in March 2003, shortly after the arrest in Pakistan of her second husband's uncle, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the alleged chief planner of the September 11 attacks.[10][11][12] Khalid Mohammed reportedly mentioned Siddiqui's name while he was being interrogated[13] and, shortly thereafter, she was added to the FBI Seeking Information – War on Terrorism list.[12][14]

Siddiqui was shot and severely wounded at the police compound the following day. Her American interrogators said she grabbed a rifle from behind a curtain and began shooting at them.[18] Siddiqui's own version was that she simply stood up to see who was on the other side of the curtain and startled the soldiers, one of whom then shot her.[19] She received medical attention for her wounds at Bagram Air Base and was flown to the US[20] to be charged in a New York City federal court with attempted murder, and armed assault on US officers and employees.[11][21] She denied the charges.[22] After receiving psychological evaluations and therapy, the judge declared her mentally fit to stand trial.[23][24] Siddiqui interrupted the trial proceedings with vocal outbursts and was ejected from the courtroom several times.[15] The jury convicted her on all charges in February 2010.[18][25][26]

The prosecution argued for a "terrorism enhancement" that would require a life term;[7] Siddiqui's lawyers requested a 12-year sentence, arguing that she suffers from mental illness.[27][28] The charges against her stemmed solely from the shooting, and Siddiqui was not charged with any terrorism-related offences.[29][30]

Amnesty International monitored the trial for fairness.[31] Four British Parliamentarians (Lord Ahmed, Lord Sheikh, Lord Patel, and MP Mohammad Sarwar) called the trial a grave miscarriage of justice that violated the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution as well as the United States' obligations as a member of the United Nations, demanding Siddiqui's release. In a letter to Barack Obama, they stated that there was a lack of scientific and forensic evidence tying Siddiqui to the weapon she allegedly fired.[32][33] Many of Siddiqui's supporters, including some international human rights organisations, claimed that Siddiqui was not an extremist and that she and her young children were illegally detained, interrogated, and tortured by Pakistani intelligence, US authorities, or both, during her five-year disappearance.[10] The US and Pakistan governments have denied all such claims.[16][34]

Biography[edit]

Family and early life[edit]

Siddiqui was born in Karachi, Pakistan, to Muhammad Salay Siddiqui, a British-trained neurosurgeon, and Ismet (née Faroochi), an Islamic teacher, social worker, and charity volunteer.[12][35] She belongs to the Urdu-speaking Muhajir community of Karachi. Her mother was prominent in political and religious circles and at one time a member of Pakistan's parliament.[36] Siddiqui is the youngest of three siblings.[12] Her sister, Fowzia, is a Harvard-trained neurologist who worked at Sinai Hospital in Baltimore[37] and taught at Johns Hopkins University before she returned to Pakistan.[9]

Aafia attended school in Zambia until the age of eight, and finished her primary and secondary schooling in Karachi.[35]

In 1992, as a sophomore, Siddiqui received a Carroll L. Wilson Award for her research proposal "Islamization in Pakistan and its Effects on Women".[12][35][39] As a junior, she received a $1,200 City Days fellowship through MIT's program to help clean up Cambridge elementary school playgrounds.[12] While she initially had a triple major in biology, anthropology, and archaeology at MIT, she graduated in 1995 with a BS in biology.[40][41]

She was regarded as religious by her fellow MIT students, but not unusually so: a student who lived in the dorm at the time said, "She was just nice and soft-spoken, [and not] terribly assertive."[37] She joined the Muslim Students' Association (MSA),[12][42][unreliable source?] and a fellow Pakistani recalls her recruiting for association meetings and distributing pamphlets.[29] Siddiqui solicited money for the Al Kifah Refugee Center which has been tied to al-Qaeda.[12][16][40] Through the MSA she met several committed Islamists, including Suheil Laher, its imam, who publicly advocated Islamization and jihad before 9/11.[4] Journalist Deborah Scroggins suggested that through the MSA's contacts Siddiqui may have been drawn into the world of terrorism:

At MIT, several of the MSA's most active members had fallen under the spell of Abdullah Azzam, a Muslim Brother who was Osama bin Laden's mentor.... [Azzam] had established the Al Kifah Refugee Center [Brooklyn, New York] to function as its worldwide recruiting post, propaganda office, and fund-raising center for the mujahideen fighting in Afghanistan... It would become the nucleus of the al-Qaeda organization.[12]

When Pakistan asked the US for help in 1995 in combating religious extremism, Siddiqui circulated the announcement with a scornful note deriding Pakistan for "officially" joining "the typical gang of our contemporary Muslim governments", closing her email with a quote from the Quran warning Muslims not to take Jews and Christians as friends.[12] She wrote three guides for teaching Islam, expressing the hope in one: "that our humble effort continues ... and more and more people come to the [religion] of Allah until America becomes a Muslim land."[12] She took a 12-hour pistol training course at the Braintree Rifle and Pistol Club.[43]

Siddiqui studied cognitive neuroscience at Brandeis University.[13] In early 1999, while she was a graduate student, she taught General Biology Lab, a course required for undergraduate biology majors, pre-med, and pre-dental students.[16] She received her PhD in 2001 after completing her dissertation on learning through imitation;[4]Separating the Components of Imitation.[35][45] Siddiqui's dissertation adviser was a Brandeis psychology professor who recalled that she wore a head scarf and thanked Allah when an experiment was successful.[13] He said her research concerned how people learn and did not believe it could be connected to anything that would be useful to Al-Qaeda.[13] She co-authored a journal article on selective learning that was published in 2003.[46]

In 1999, while living in Boston, Siddiqui founded the Institute of Islamic Research and Teaching as a nonprofit organisation. She served as the organisation's president, her husband was the treasurer, and her sister was the resident agent.[5][6][35][nb 1]). She attended a mosque outside the city where she stored copies of the Quran and other Islamic literature for distribution.[47] She also helped establish the Dawa Resource Center, a program that distributed Qurans and offered Islam-based advice to prison inmates.[44]

In May 2002, the FBI questioned Siddiqui and her husband regarding their purchase over the internet of $10,000 worth of night vision equipment, body armour, and military manuals including The Anarchist's Arsenal, Fugitive, Advanced Fugitive, and How to Make C-4.[20][24][37] Khan claimed that these were for hunting and camping expeditions. On 26 June 2002, the couple and their children returned to Karachi.[4][11][12][20]

In August 2002, Khan alleged that Siddiqui was abusive and manipulative throughout their seven years of marriage; her violent personality and extremist views led him to suspect her of involvement in jihadi activities.[48] Khan went to Siddiqui's parents' home, announced his intention to divorce her, and argued with her father.[12][37] In September 2002, Siddiqui gave birth to the last of their three children, Suleman.[12] The couple's divorce was finalised on 21 October 2002.[12][24]

Siddiqui left for the US on 25 December 2002, informing her ex-husband that she was looking for a job;[12] she returned on 2 January 2003.[11][12] Amjad later stated he was suspicious of her explanation, as universities were on winter break.[48] The FBI alleged that the purpose of the trip was to open a post office box for Majid Khan, whom they believed to be an al-Qaeda operative, and listed as a co-owner of the box.[4][36][37][49][50] The FBI believes the purpose of this was to make it appear that Khan, whom Siddiqui had listed as a co-owner of the box, was still in the US.[10][24] The P.O. box key was later found in the possession of Uzair Paracha, who was convicted of providing material support to al-Qaeda.[12][51]

In February 2003, she married accused al-Qaeda member Ammar al-Baluchi, a nephew of al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed,[10][16][49] in Karachi.[10][16][20][35][49][52] Her family denies she married al-Baluchi, but Pakistani and US intelligence sources,[53] a defence psychologist during her 2009 trial,[54] and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's family all say the marriage was real.[29] She had worked with al-Baluchi in opening a PO box for Majid Khan, and says she married him in March or April 2003.[36][55][56]

Blood diamond allegations[edit]

According to a dossier prepared by UN investigators for the 9/11 Commission in 2004, Siddiqui, using the alias Fahrem or Feriel Shahin, was one of six alleged al-Qaeda members who bought $19 million worth of blood diamonds in Monrovia, Liberia, immediately prior to the 11 September 2001, attacks.[57] The diamonds were purchased because they were untraceable assets to be used for funding al-Qaeda operations.[4][12][37][58] The identification of Siddiqui was made three years after the incident by one of the go-betweens in the Liberian deal. Alan White, former chief investigator of the UN-backed war crimes tribunal in Liberia, said she was the woman.[4][12][37][59] Siddiqui's lawyer maintained credit card receipts and other records showed that she was in Boston at the time.[12] FBI agent Dennis Lormel, who investigated terrorism financing, said the agency ruled out a specific claim that she had evaluated diamond operations in Liberia, though she remained suspected of money laundering.[24]

Disappearance[edit]

In early 2003, while Siddiqui was working at Aga Khan University in Karachi, she emailed a former professor at Brandeis and expressed interest in working in the US, citing lack of options in Karachi for women of her academic background.[4][20]

According to the media, Khalid Sheikh Muhammad, alleged al-Qaeda chief planner of the 11 September attacks, was interrogated by the CIA after his arrest on 1 March 2003.[60] Mohammed was subjected to waterboarding 183 times,[24][61] and his resultant confessions triggered a series of related arrests shortly thereafter.[12] The press reported Mohammed naming Siddiqui as an al-Qaeda operative;[60] On 25 March 2003, the FBI issued a global "wanted for questioning" alert for Siddiqui and her ex-husband, Amjad Khan.[12] Siddiqui was accused of being a "courier of blood diamonds and a financial fixer for al-Qaida".[62] Khan was questioned by the FBI and released.[20]

Afraid the FBI would find her in Karachi, a few days later she left her parents' house along with her three children[63] on 30 March.[29] She took a taxi to the airport, ostensibly to catch a morning flight to Islamabad to visit her uncle, but disappeared.[4][20]

Siddiqui's and her children's whereabouts and activities from March 2003 to July 2008 are a matter of dispute. On 1 April 2003, local newspapers reported, and Pakistan interior ministry confirmed, that a woman had been taken into custody on terrorism charges.[29] The Boston Globe described "sketchy" Pakistani news reports saying Pakistani authorities had detained Siddiqui, and had questioned her with FBI agents.[44][60] However, a couple of days later, both the Pakistan government and the FBI publicly denied having anything to do with her disappearance.[29] On 22 April 2003, two US federal law enforcement officials anonymously said Siddiqui had been taken into custody by Pakistani authorities. Pakistani officials never confirmed the arrest, however, and later that day the US officials amended their earlier statements, saying new information made it "doubtful" she was in custody.[64] Her sister Fauzia claimed Interior Minister Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat said that her sister had been released and would be returning home "shortly".[29]

In 2003–04, the FBI and the Pakistani government said they did not know where Siddiqui was.[20][65][66] US Attorney General John Ashcroft called her the most wanted woman in the world, an al-Qaeda "facilitator" who posed a "clear and present danger to the US".

On 26 May 2004, the US listed her among the seven "most wanted" al-Qaeda fugitives.[60][67] One day before the announcement, The New York Times cited the Department of Homeland Security saying there were no current risks; American Democrats accused the Bush administration of attempting to divert attention from plummeting poll numbers and to push the failings of the Invasion of Iraq off the front pages.[68]

According to her ex-husband, after the global alert for her was issued, Siddiqui went into hiding and worked for al-Qaeda.[20][48][71] During her disappearance Khan said he saw her at Islamabad airport in April 2003 as she disembarked from a flight with their son; he said he helped Inter-Services Intelligence identify her. He said he again saw her two years later, in a Karachi traffic jam.[20][24]

Media reports Siddiqui having told the FBI that she worked at the Karachi Institute of Technology in 2005 and was in Afghanistan in the winter of 2007; she stayed for a time during her disappearance in Quetta, Pakistan and was sheltered by various people.[10][16][72] According to an intelligence official in the Afghan Ministry of the Interior, her son, Ahmad, who was with her when she was arrested, said he and Siddiqui had worked in an office in Pakistan, collecting money for poor people.[16] He told Afghan investigators that on 14 August 2008 they had travelled by road from Quetta, Pakistan, to Afghanistan.[9] Amjad Khan, who unsuccessfully sought custody of his eldest son, Ahmad, said most of the claims of the family in the Pakistani media relating to her and their children were to garner public support and sympathy for her; he said they were one-sided and in mostly false.[9][48] An Afghan intelligence official said he believes that Siddiqui was working with Jaish-e-Mohammed (the "Army of Muhammad"), a Pakistani Islamic mujahedeen military group that fights in Kashmir and Afghanistan.[16]

Siddiqui's maternal uncle, Shams ul-Hassan Faruqi, said that on 22 January 2008 she visited him in Islamabad.[20][24] He said that she told him she had been held by Pakistani agencies. She asked for his help to cross into Afghanistan, where she thought she would be safe in the hands of the Taliban.[20][24] He had worked in Afghanistan and made contact with the Taliban in 1999, but told her he was no longer in touch with them. He notified his sister, Siddiqui's mother, who came the next day to see her daughter. He said that Siddiqui stayed with them for two days.[73] Her uncle has signed an affidavit swearing to these facts.[9]

Ahmad and Siddiqui reappeared in 2008.[16] Afghan authorities handed the boy over to Pakistan in September 2008. He now lives with his aunt in Karachi, who has prohibited him from talking to the press.[16][20] In April 2010, Pakistan Interior Minister Rehman Malik claimed a 12-year-old girl found outside a house in Karachi was identified by DNA as Siddiqui's daughter, Mariyam, and that she had been returned to her family.[74]

Alternative scenarios[edit]

Siddiqui's sister and mother denied that she had any connections to al-Qaeda, and that the US detained her secretly in Afghanistan after she disappeared in Pakistan in March 2003 with her three children. They point to comments by former Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, detainees who say they believe a woman held at the prison while they were there was Siddiqui.[60] Her sister said that Siddiqui had been raped, and tortured for five years.[75][76] According to journalist and former Taliban captive Yvonne Ridley, Siddiqui spent those years in solitary confinement at Bagram as Prisoner 650. Six human rights groups, including Amnesty International, listed her as possibly being a "ghost prisoner" held by the US[10][44] Siddiqui claimed that she had been kidnapped by US intelligence and Pakistani intelligence.[10]

Siddiqui has not explained clearly what happened to her other two children.[10] She has alternated between saying that the two youngest children were dead, and that they were with her sister Fowzia, according to a psychiatric exam.[35] She told one FBI agent that sometimes one has to take up a cause that is more important than one's children.[72] Khan said he believed that the missing children were in Karachi, either with or in contact with Siddiqui's family, and not in US detention.[9][48][77] He said that they were seen in her sister's house in Karachi and in Islamabad on several occasions since their alleged disappearance in 2003.[9][48][78]

In April 2010, Mariam was found outside the family house wearing a collar with the address of the family home. She was said to be speaking English. A Pakistani ministry official said the girl was believed to have been held captive in Afghanistan from 2003 to 2010.[79]

The US government said it had not held Siddiqui during that time frame, and had no knowledge of her whereabouts from March 2003 until July 2008.[80] The US ambassador to Islamabad, Anne Patterson, categorically stated that Siddiqui had not been in US custody "at any time" prior to July 2008.[20] A US Justice Department spokesman called the allegations "absolutely baseless and false", a CIA spokesman also denied that she had been detained by the US, and Gregory Sullivan, a State Department spokesman, said: "For several years, we have had no information regarding her whereabouts whatsoever. It is our belief that she ... has all this time been concealed from the public view by her own choosing."[44] Assistant US Attorney David Raskin said in 2008 that US agencies had searched for evidence to support allegations that Siddiqui was detained in 2003, and held for years, but found "zero evidence" that she was abducted, kidnapped or tortured. He added: "A more plausible inference is that she went into hiding because people around her started to get arrested, and at least two of those people ended up at Guantanamo Bay.[81] According to some U.S. officials, she went underground after the FBI alert for her was issued, and was at large working on behalf of al-Qaeda.[20][71]The Guardian cited an anonymous senior Pakistani official suggesting an "invaluable asset" like Siddiqui may have been "flipped" – turned against militant sympathisers – by Pakistani or American intelligence.[20]

Ahmed Siddiqui's account[edit]

In August 2010, Yvonne Ridley reported having obtained a three-paragraph statement, taken from Ahmed by a US official before his release from US custody.[82][nb 2] Ahmed described Aafia driving a vehicle taking the family from Karachi to Islamabad, when it was overtaken by several vehicles, and he and his mother were taken into custody. He described the bloody body of his baby brother being left on the side of the road. He said that he had been too afraid to ask his interrogators who they were, but that they included both Pakistanis and Americans. He described beatings when he was in US custody. Eventually, he said, he was sent to a conventional children's prison in Pakistan. His statement does not describe how he and his mother came to be in Ghazni in 2008.[82]

Arrest in Afghanistan[edit]

Siddiqui was approached by Ghazni Province police officers outside the Ghazni governor's compound on the evening of 17 July 2008 in the city of Ghazni. With two small bags at her side, crouching on the ground, she aroused the suspicion of a man who feared she might be concealing a bomb under the burqa that she was wearing.[4] A shopkeeper noticed a woman in a burqa drawing a map, which is suspicious in Afghanistan where women are generally illiterate.[16][21] She was accompanied by a teenage boy about 12, whom she reportedly claimed was an orphan she had adopted.[35] She said her name was Saliha, that she was from Multan in Pakistan, and that the boy's name was Ali Hassan.[4] Discovering that she did not speak either of Afghanistan's main languages, Pashtu or Dari, the officers regarded her as suspicious.[21]

In a bag she was carrying, the police found that she had a number of documents written in Urdu and English describing the creation of explosives, chemical weapons, Ebola, dirty bombs, and radiological agents (which discussed mortality rates of certain of the weapons), and handwritten notes referring to a "mass casualty attack" that listed various US locations and landmarks (including the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty, Wall Street, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the New York City subway system), according to her indictment.[4][11][21][83]The Globe also mentioned one document about a 'theoretical' biological weapon that did not harm children.[16] She also reportedly had documents detailing US "military assets", excerpts from The Anarchist's Arsenal, a one-gigabyte digital media storage device that contained over 500 electronic documents (including correspondence referring to attacks by "cells", describing the US as an enemy, and discussing recruitment of jihadists and training), maps of Ghazni and the provincial governor's compounds and the mosques he prayed in, and photos of Pakistani military people.[4][10][11][20][21][84][85] Other notes described various ways to attack enemies, including by destroying reconnaissance drones, using underwater bombs, and using gliders.[10][11]

She also had "numerous chemical substances in gel and liquid form that were sealed in bottles and glass jars", according to the later complaint against her,[4][11][20][21][84][86] and about two pounds of sodium cyanide, a highly toxic poison.[10][17] The US prosecutors later said that sodium cyanide is lethal even when ingested in small doses (even less than five milligrams), and various of the other chemicals she had can be used in explosives.[87] Abdul Ghani, Ghazni's deputy police chief, said she later confessed that she intended to carry out a suicide attack against the provincial governor.[85]

The officers arrested her and took her to a police station. She said that the boy found with her was her stepson, Ali Hasan; Siddiqui subsequently admitted he was her biological son, when DNA testing proved the boy to be Ahmed.[4][35]

Shooting(s) in Ghazni[edit]

There are conflicting accounts of the events following her arrest in Ghazni, Afghanistan. American authorities say that two FBI agents, a US Army warrant officer, a US Army captain, and their US military interpreters arrived in Ghazni the following day, on 18 July, to interview Siddiqui at the Afghan National Police facility where she was being held.[11][21][84][88]

American authorities say that the following day, on 18 July, two FBI agents, a US Army warrant officer, a US Army captain, and their US military interpreters arrived in Ghazni to interview Siddiqui at the Afghan National Police facility where she was being held.[11][21][84][88] They reported they congregated in a meeting room that was partitioned by a curtain, but did not realise that Siddiqui was standing unsecured behind the curtain.[11][21][88] The warrant officer sat down adjacent to the curtain, and put his loaded M4 carbine on the floor by his feet, next to the curtain.[21][88] Siddiqui drew back the curtain, picked up the rifle, and pointed it at the captain.[84][88] "I could see the barrel of the rifle, the inner portion of the barrel of the weapon; that indicated to me that it was pointed straight at my head," he said.[84][88] Then, she was said to have threatened them loudly in English, and yelled "Get the fuck out of here" and "May the blood of [unintelligible] be on your [head or hands]".[21][88] The captain dove for cover to his left, as she yelled "Allah Akbar" and fired at least two shots at them, missing them.[10][84][88] An Afghan interpreter who was seated closest to her lunged, grabbed and pushed the rifle, and tried to wrest it from her.[11][21][84][88][90] At that point the warrant officer returned fire with a 9-millimeter pistol, hitting her in the torso, and one of the interpreters managed to wrestle the rifle away from her.[10][21][62][88] During the ensuing struggle she initially struck and kicked the officers, while shouting in English that she wanted to kill Americans, and then lost consciousness.[11][21][88]

Siddiqui related a different version of events, according to Pakistani senators who later visited her in jail. She denied touching a gun, shouting, or threatening anyone. She said she stood up to see who was on the other side of the curtain, and that after one of the startled soldiers shouted "She is loose", she was shot. On regaining consciousness, she said someone said "We could lose our jobs."[24]

Some of the Afghan police offered a third version of the events, telling Reuters that US troops had demanded that she be handed over, disarmed the Afghans when they refused, and then shot Siddiqui mistakenly thinking she was a suicide bomber.[91]

Emergency hospital treatment[edit]

Aafia Siddiqui was taken, 18 July, to U.S. military base Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan by helicopter in critical condition.[20] When she arrived at the hospital she was rated at 3 on the Glasgow Coma Scale, but she underwent emergency surgery without complication. She was hospitalised at the Craig Theater Joint Hospital, and recovered over the next two weeks.[24][35]

Transport to and imprisonment in the U.S.A.[edit]

4 August, still recovering, Aafia Siddiqui was bundled on to an FBI jet and flown to the U.S.A.[20] The Afghan government had allowed the Americans to transport her to the United States for trial.[citation needed] The day after landing, 5 August, Siddiqui, bandaged and doubled over in a wheelchair, barely able to speak, appeared before a judge in a Manhattan courtroom.[24] After having appeared in the US District Court in Manhattan she was detained.[92] While incarcerated in the U.S.A., Siddiqui was provided care for her wound.[35][citation needed]

Trial[edit]

Charges[edit]

Siddiqui was charged on 31 July 2008, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, with assault with a deadly weapon and with attempting to kill a United States Army Captain “while engaged in... official duties.”[20][21] After allegedly shooting at the Captain, she was shot in the torso and flown to U.S. military base Bagram Airfield, where she underwent emergency surgery.[20] She was then flown to New York and indicted on two counts of attempted murder of US nationals, officers, and employees, assault with a deadly weapon, carrying and using a firearm, and three counts of assault on US officers and employees.[11][93][92]

Explaining why the US may have chosen to charge her as they did, rather than for her alleged terrorism, Bruce Hoffman, professor of security studies at Georgetown University, said the decision turned what might have been a potentially complex terrorism matter into a more straightforward case:

There’s no intelligence data that needs to be introduced, no sources and methods that need to be risked. It’s a good old-fashioned crime; it's the equivalent of a 1920s gangster with a tommy gun.[94]

I think it's interesting that they make all these allegations about the dirty bombs and other items she supposedly had, but they haven't charged her with anything relating to terrorism... I would urge people to consider her as innocent unless the government proves otherwise.[95]

Medical treatment and psychological assessments[edit]

According to FBI reports prepared shortly after 18 July 2008, Siddiqui repeatedly denied shooting anyone.[96] FBI reports maintain that Siddiqui told a US special agent at the Craig Hospital, on or about 1 August, that "spewing bullets at soldiers is bad," and expressed surprise that she was being treated well.[96] On 11 August, after her counsel maintained that Siddiqui had not seen a doctor since arriving in the US the previous week, US magistrate judge Henry B. Pitman ordered that she be examined by a medical doctor within 24 hours.[97] Prosecutors maintained that Siddiqui had been provided with adequate medical care since her detention in Afghanistan, though at the hearing they were unable to confirm whether she had been seen in New York by a doctor or by a paramedic.[98] The judge postponed her bail hearing until 3 September.[99] An examination by a doctor the following day found no visible signs of infection; she also received a CAT scan.[100]

Siddiqui was provided care for her wound while incarcerated in the US.[35] In September 2008, a prosecutor reported to the court that Siddiqui had refused to be examined by a female doctor, despite the doctor's extensive efforts.[96] On 9 September 2008, she underwent a forced medical exam.[35] In November 2008, forensic psychologist Dr. Leslie Powers reported that Siddiqui had been "reluctant to allow medical staff to treat her". Her last medical exam had indicated her external wounds no longer required medical dressing, and were healing well.[101] A psychiatrist employed by the prosecutor to examine Siddiqui's competence to stand trial, Gregory B. Saathoff M.D., noted in a March 2009 report that Siddiqui frequently verbally and physically refused to allow the medical staff to check her vital signs and weight, attempted to refuse medical care once it was apparent that her wound had largely healed, and refused to take antibiotics.[35] At the same time, Siddiqui claimed to her brother that when she needed medical treatment she did not get it, which Saathoff said he found no support for in his review of documents and interviews with medical and security personnel, nor in his interviews with Siddiqui.[35]

Siddiqui's trial was subject to delays, the longest being six months to perform psychiatric evaluations.[20] She had been given routine mental health check-ups ten times in August and six times in September. She underwent three sets of psychological assessments before trial. Her first psychiatric evaluation diagnosed her with depressive psychosis, and her second evaluation, ordered by the court, revealed chronic depression.[102] Leslie Powers initially determined Siddiqui mentally unfit to stand trial. After reviewing portions of FBI reports, however, she told the pre-trial judge she believed Siddiqui was faking mental illness.[16]

In a third set of psychological assessments, more detailed than the previous two, three of four psychiatrists concluded that she was "malingering" (faking her symptoms of mental illness). One suggested that this was to prevent criminal prosecution, and to improve her chances of being returned to Pakistan.[20][96] In April 2009, Manhattan federal judge Richard Berman held that she "may have some mental health issues" but was competent to stand trial.[20][96][101]

Objection to lawyers and jurors with Jewish backgrounds[edit]

A three-person defence team was hired by the Pakistani embassy to supplement her two existing public defenders, but Siddiqui refused to co-operate with them.[24] She tried to fire her lawyers due to their Jewish background (she once wrote to the court that Jews are "cruel, ungrateful, back-stabbing").[20] In addition she said her case was been orchestrated by unspecified "Jews" and demanded that no person of Jewish descent be allowed to sit on the panel of jurors.[103] She demanded that all prospective jurors be DNA-tested, and excluded from the jury at her trial:

if they have a Zionist or Israeli background ... they are all mad at me ... I have a feeling everyone here is them—subject to genetic testing. They should be excluded, if you want to be fair.[104]

Siddiqui's legal team said, in regard to her comments, that her incarceration had damaged her mind.[10][105]

Prior to her trial, Siddiqui said she was innocent of all charges. She maintained she could prove she was innocent, but refused to do so in court.[106] On 11 January 2010, Siddiqui told the Judge that she would not co-operate with her attorneys, and wanted to fire them. She said she did not trust the Judge, and added, "I'm boycotting the trial, just to let all of you know. There's too many injustices." She then put her head down on the defence table as the prosecution proceeded.[107]

Trial proceedings[edit]

After 18 months of detention, Siddiqui's trial began in New York City on 19 January 2010.[108][109][110][111] Prior to the jury entering the courtroom, Siddiqui told onlookers that she would not work with her lawyers because the trial was a sham.[112] She also said: "I have information about attacks, more than 9/11! ... I want to help the President to end this group, to finish them... They are a domestic, U.S. group; they are not Muslim."[17][113]

Nine government witnesses were called by the prosecution: Army Captain Robert Snyder, John Threadcraft, a former army officer, and FBI agent John Jefferson testified first.[25] As Snyder testified that Siddiqui had been arrested with a handwritten note outlining plans to attack various US sites, she interjected: "Since I'll never get a chance to speak... If you were in a secret prison... or your children were tortured... Give me a little credit, this is not a list of targets against New York. I was never planning to bomb it. You're lying."[114][115][116][117] The court also heard from FBI agent John Jefferson and Ahmed Gul, an army interpreter, who recounted their struggle with her. The judge allowed the jury to hear about her target list and other handwritten notes, but not about the chemicals and mass-produced documents from "how-to" terror manuals, or about Siddiqui's alleged ties to al-Qaeda because they could have created an inappropriate bias.[118]

The defence said there was no forensic evidence that the rifle was fired in the interrogation room.[113] They noted the nine government witnesses offered conflicting accounts of how many people were in the room, where they were positioned and how many shots were fired.[25] It said that her handbag contents were not credible as evidence because they were sloppily handled.[119] According to the Associated Press of Pakistan, Carlo Rosati, an FBI firearms expert witness in the federal court doubted whether the M-4 rifle was ever fired at the crime scene; an FBI agent testified that Siddiqui's fingerprints were not found on the rifle.[120] The prosecution argued that it was not unusual to fail to get fingerprints off a gun. "This is a crime that was committed in a war zone, a chaotic and uncontrolled environment 6,000 miles away from here."[116] Gul's testimony appeared, according to the defence, to differ from that given by Snyder with regard to whether Siddiqui was standing or on her knees as she fired the rifle. When Siddiqui testified, though she admitted trying to escape, she denied that she had grabbed the rifle and said she had been tortured in secret prisons before her arrest by a "group of people pretending to be Americans, doing bad things in America's name."[22]

During the trial, Siddiqui was removed from the court several times for repeatedly interrupting the proceedings with shouting; on being ejected, she was told by the judge that she could watch the proceedings on closed-circuit television in an adjacent holding cell. A request by the defence lawyers to declare a mistrial was turned down by the judge.[121] During the trial, she was questioned about allegedly taking a firearms course while a student in Boston. Initially she answered that she had no memory of it but and when pressed further, denied it. When the prosecutor continued to press the issue implying sinister motivations, Siddiqui replied "You can't build a case on hate; you should build it on fact!"[122]

Conviction[edit]

The trial lasted 14 days, with the jury deliberating for three days before reaching a verdict.[25][26] On 3 February 2010, she was found guilty of two counts of attempted murder, armed assault, using and carrying a firearm, and three counts of assault on US officers and employees.[18][25][26] After jurors found Siddiqui guilty, she exclaimed: "This is a verdict coming from Israel, not America. That's where the anger belongs."[123]

She faced a minimum sentence of 30 years and a maximum of life in prison on the firearm charge, and could also have received a sentence of up to 20 years for each attempted murder and armed assault charge, and up to 8 years on each of the remaining assault counts.[26] Her lawyers requested a 12-year sentence, instead of the life sentence recommended by the probation office. They argued that mental illness drove her actions when she attempted to escape from the Afghan National Police station "by any means available ... what she viewed as a horrific fate".[27] Her lawyers also claimed her mental illness was on display during her trial outbursts and boycotts, and that she was "first and foremost" the victim of her own irrational behaviour. The sentencing hearing set to take place on 6 May 2010,[18] was rescheduled for mid-August 2010,[124] and then September 2010.[27]

Sentencing[edit]

Siddiqui was sentenced to 86 years in prison by the federal judge Berman in Manhattan on 23 September 2010, following a one-hour hearing in which she testified.[125]

A New York Times reporter wrote that at times during the hearing Judge Berman seemed to be speaking to an audience beyond the courtroom in an apparent attempt to address widespread speculation about Ms. Siddiqui and her case.

He gave as an example a reference to the five-year period before her 2008 arrest of Ms. Siddiqui's disappearance and claims of torture, where the Judge said: "I am aware of no evidence in the record to substantiate these allegations or to establish them as fact. There is no credible evidence in the record that the United States officials and/or agencies detained Dr. Siddiqui".[126]

At the time of sentencing Siddiqui did not show any interest in filing an appeal, instead saying "I appeal to God and he hears me." After she was sentenced, she urged forgiveness and asked the public not to take any action in retaliation.[citation needed]

Taliban and al-Qaeda reaction[edit]

According to a February 2010 report in the Pakistani newspaper The News International, the Taliban threatened to execute captured US soldier Bowe Bergdahl, whom they captured on June 30, 2009, in retaliation for Siddiqui's conviction. A Taliban spokesperson claimed that members of Siddiqui's family had requested help from the Taliban to obtain her release from prison in the US.[129][130] Bergdahl was released on May 31, 2014 in exchange for five Guantanamo Bay detainees.[131]

In September 2010, the Taliban kidnapped Linda Norgrove, a Scottish aid worker in Afghanistan, and Taliban commanders insisted Norgrove would be handed over only in exchange for Siddiqui.[132][133][134][135] On 8 October 2010, Norgrove was accidentally killed during a rescue attempt by a grenade thrown by one of her rescuers.[91][91][136][137][138]

In January 2013, one of the things that the al-Qaeda linked hostage takers at In Amenas wanted was the release of Siddiqui.[143]

In June 2013, the captors of two Czech women kidnapped in Pakistan demanded the release of Siddiqui in exchange for the two women.[144]

Reaction in Pakistan[edit]

In August 2009, Pakistani Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani met with Siddiqui's sister at his residence, and assured her that Pakistan would seek Siddiqui's release from the US[145] The Pakistani government paid $2 million for the services of three lawyers to defend Siddiqui during her trial.[146] Many Siddiqui supporters were present during the proceedings, and outside the court dozens of people rallied to demand her release.[147]

A petition was filed seeking action against the Pakistani government for it not approaching the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to have Siddiqui released from the United States. Barrister Javed Iqbal Jaffree said the CIA arrested Siddiqui in Karachi in 2003, and one of her sons was killed during her arrest. On 21 January 2010, Jaffree submitted documents allegedly proving the arrest to the Lahore High Court.[148]

In Pakistan, Siddiqui's February 2010 conviction was followed with expressions of support by many Pakistanis, who appeared increasingly anti-American, as well as by politicians and the news media, who characterised her as a symbol of victimisation by the United States.[9] Her ex-husband, Amjad Khan, was one of the few who expressed a different view, saying that Siddiqui was "reaping the fruit of her own decision. Her family has been portraying Aafia as a victim. We would like the truth to come out."[103]

After Siddiqui's conviction, she sent a message through her lawyer, saying that she does not want "violent protests or violent reprisals in Pakistan over this verdict."[25] Thousands of students, political and social activists protested in Pakistan.[60] Some shouted anti-American slogans, while burning the American flag and effigies of President Barack Obama in the streets (see also: anti-Americanism in Pakistan).[149][150] Her sister has spoken frequently and passionately on her behalf at rallies.[9][150][151] Echoing her family's comments, and anti-US sentiment, many believe she was picked up in Karachi in 2003, detained at the US Bagram Airbase, and tortured, and that the charges against her were fabricated.[60][152]

The Pakistani Embassy in Washington, DC, expressed its dismay over the verdict, which followed "intense diplomatic and legal efforts on her behalf. [We] will consult the family of Dr. Aafia Siddiqui and the team of defense lawyers to determine the future course of action."[153] Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani described Siddiqui as a "daughter of the nation," and opposition leader Nawaz Sharif promised to push for her release.[9] On 18 February, President Asif Ali Zardari requested of Richard Holbrooke, US Special Envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, that the US consider repatriating Siddiqui to Pakistan under the Pakistan-US Prisoner Exchange Agreement.[154][155] On 22 February, the Pakistani Senate passed a resolution expressing its grave concern over Siddiqui's sentence, and demanding that the government take effective steps including diplomatic measures to secure her immediate release.[156]

Shireen Mazari, editor of the Pakistani newspaper The Nation, wrote that the verdict "did not really surprise anyone familiar with the vindictive mindset of the U.S. public post-9/11".[103]Foreign Policy reported that rumours about her alleged sexual abuse by captors, fuelled by constant stories in the Pakistani press, had made her a folk hero, and "become part of the legend that surrounds her, so much so that they are repeated as established facts by her supporters, who have helped build her iconic status".[150]

Steve Inskeep of National Public Radio noted on 1 March that while when Siddiqui's case has been covered in the US, it has mostly been described as a straightforward case of terrorism, in contrast when "the Pakistani media described this very same woman, this very same case, the assumptions are all very different".[157]The News International, Pakistan's largest circulation English tabloid, carried a 3 March letter from Talat Farooq, the executive editor of the magazine Criterion in Islamabad, in which she wrote:

The media has highlighted her ordeal without debating the downside of her story in objective detail. A whole generation of Pakistanis, grown up in an environment that discourages critical analysis and dispassionate objectivity ... has ... allowed their emotions to be exploited. The Aafia case is complex... The grey lady is grey precisely because of her murky past and the question mark hanging over her alleged links to militants.... Her family's silence during the years of her disappearance, and her ex-husband's side of the story, certainly provide fodder to the opposing point of view.... The right-wing parties ... have once again played the card of anti-Americanism to attain their own political ends.... Our hatred of America, based on some very real grievances, also serves as a readily available smokescreen to avoid any rational thinking.[158]

A New York Times article reviewing the Pakistani reaction noted: "All of this has taken place with little national soul-searching about the contradictory and frequently damning circumstances surrounding Ms. Siddiqui, who is suspected of having had links to Al Qaeda and the banned jihadi group Jaish-e-Muhammad. Instead, the Pakistani news media have broadly portrayed her trial as a "farce", and an example of the injustices meted out to Muslims by the United States since Sept. 11, 2001."[9]

Jessica Eve Stern, a terrorism specialist and lecturer at Harvard Law School, observed: "Whatever the truth is, this case is of great political importance because of how people [in Pakistan] view her."[16]

In September 2010, Pakistan Interior Minister Rehman Malik sent a letter to the United States Attorney General calling for repatriation of Siddiqui to Pakistan. He said that the case of Siddiqui had become a matter of public concern in Pakistan and her repatriation would create goodwill for the US[159]

On 27 September 2010, the MQM announced that it would take out a procession the next day "to condemn the sentence awarded to Dr Aafia Siddiqui in the United States."[160]

Reactions on other aspects[edit]

Many of Siddiqui's supporters, including some international human rights organisations, have claimed that Siddiqui was not an extremist and that she and her young children were illegally detained, interrogated and tortured by Pakistani intelligence, US authorities or both during her five-year disappearance.[10] The US and Pakistan governments have denied all such claims.[16][34]Amnesty International monitored the trial for fairness.[31]

The parents of the two young men who were shot dead by Raymond Davis, CIA contractor in Pakistan and US consulate employee, on 27 January 2011, had said they are ready to withdraw the murder case filed against him if the US authorities allow Siddiqui to return to Pakistan as a free citizen.[161] However, both the families backed out afterwards and agreed to drop the case (according to Al Jazeera, under some pressure from the Pakistani government[162]) in return for accepting payment of up to 3 million USD as diyya or blood money as specified by Islamic Sharia tradition; Davis was later released by Pakistan and returned to the U.S.[163][164]

James Foley[edit]

In August 2014, it was reported that the captors who claimed responsibility for the beheading of U.S. photojournalist James Foley mentioned Siddiqui in an email to Foley's family. Siddiqui is identified in the email as one of the Muslim "sisters" the Islamic State was purportedly willing to swap as part of a prisoner exchange with the United States.[165]

^In sentencing her, Judge Berman repeated the prosecution witnesses claim that while she shot at Americans with an M-4 rifle she had said ‘I want to kill Americans’ and ‘Death to America’. Ms. Siddiqui said that she forgave the soldier who had shot her, and the judge. She told the court: