BAĞLAÇLAR. 6., we cannot infer from this that extraterrestrial civilisations do not exist.

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1 BAĞLAÇLAR 1. Pile foundations are costly and normally economic only commercial structures on valuable sites. A) in the manner of B) in the case of C) in place of D) in fulfilment of E) in accordance with 2. The writers of this article seem to assume that nuclear plants conform with safety requirements the fact that violations are constantly being reported. A) in case B) although C) against D) concerning E) despite 3. The old system of flood irrigation has fallen into disrepute. A) unless short canals could have enabled the compartments to be filled in an orderly fashion B) though the flood waters has been controlled to cover so much land C) as the height of the flood was variable so was the area flooded D) after several weeks the water would be drained back into the river E) because it only produces one crop a year 4. For a small planet, the Earth is extremely heavy. A) whether the liquid iron creates a powerful magnetic field B) that two-thirds of it are covered with ocean C) since its iron core is very large D) that the atmosphere screens the sun s radiation E) if the atmosphere were not rich with oxygen 5. As soon as slender steel column began to replace massive piers in building construction. A) inflammable materials would not be used again in highrise buildings B) a new school of architecture could never have developed without the challenge of these and other new building materials C) this new group of promising architects had as yet attracted very little attention D) new conceptions of both the practical and aesthetic use of space came into being E) their ideas indicated a rejection of machine production 6., we cannot infer from this that extraterrestrial civilisations do not exist. A) Though researches have made no positive detections of extraterrestrial signals B) Until radio transmissions from other civilisations were picked up C) Since a number of sophisticated searches are presently underway at the Radio Astronomy Observatory D) Whenever the possibility of extraterrestrial civilisations comes to the fore E) After they began to search for extraterrestrial civilisations by means of radio astronomy 7. when heat resistant materials are required. A) Engineers often use ceramics B) There are two main types of metal; ferrous and nonferrous C) With the addition of chromium, the steel s ability to resist corrosion was increased D) Both bronze and brass have been used ornamentally E) Cutting tools are made from high-speed steels photographers require short exposures to capture fast moving objects, chemists need short laser pulses to study rapid reactions. A) In contrast B) In spite of C) In case D) Since E) Just as 9. According to neo-darwinism, ---- mutation is recognised as the ultimate source of genetic variation, natural selection is given the dominant role in shaping the genetic make-up of populations. A) however B) although C) whether D) before E) unless 10. Even if it is not the job of scientists to make ethical decisions about their work, A) they have always treated humans as if they were machines B) the results of the work could be used in other entirely unhealthy ways C) future drugs will be better targeted and more effective D) I can see how far we have moved forward, and the direction we are taking E) it is certainly their job to tell others where it is leading

2 11. Unless we step up our efforts to protect the environment, A) there would probably have been no future at all to look forward to B) we cannot look forward to a healthy and prosperous future C) which is a vast and unexplored storehouse of biological treasures D) man is undoubtedly the planet s most successful predator E) we are under an obligation to do so as soon as possible 12. Though the strategic value of submarines was demonstrated in World War I, A) a submarine cannot stay submerged indefinitely B) the success of the German submarines prompted America to enter the war C) it was only in World War II that they played a really key military role D) the first nuclear-powered submarine was named USS Nautilus E) conditions on a submarine even in peace time are enough to crush most people before the technology has been shown to work in animals. A) Laws governing stem cell research remain uncertain throughout the world B) Australia is home to some of the world s top stem cell researchers C) In Britain, researchers could already harvest stem cells from surplus embryos created from IVF D) Some scientists believe it would be premature to study human embryonic stem cells E) Embryonic stem cell research didn t lead to cures for diseases like Parkinson s , researchers hope to improve the quality and safety of meat and dairy produce. A) Once they have unravelled the genome of the cow B) Even though dogs and cows are next in line to have their genetic codes sequenced C) If European farmers had their livestock vaccinated to prevent any future outbreak of foot and mouth disease D) Since vaccination is ruled out as a prevention strategy for foot and mouth disease E) Unless the projects for genome research are supported by the government 15. A discarded rocket from the Apollo 12 Moon Mission had been orbiting the sun for many years, A) while several large optical surveys continue to scan the skies for asteroids B) since any asteroid coming our way would either hit us or miss us completely C) so that the scientists at the Planet Centre may work out a plan to capture it D) before it changed course and started to orbit the Earth E) although it is the first man-made object known to have orbited the Sun , there is still a slight chance that a rogue black hole could come out of the depths of interstellar space and catch us unawares. A) If only an early warning system could be devised B) Because black holes would fling light at us in a pattern of concentric rings C) Whether a black hole is presently within the range of our telescopes D) The scientists working on black holes were concerned E) Although black holes are rare in our Galaxy 17. Computers are now part of our everyday lives and there seems to be nothing out of the ordinary about them. However, the computers of the future are a different proposition. They are already beginning to sound ---- science fiction. A) according to B) along with C) like D) close by E) up to 18. Super computers, many times more powerful than today s fastest machines, could be contained in a tiny drop of liquid. These would not be built of silicon, ---- DNA, the stuff of life itself. A) but of B) rather than C) instead of D) though E) except what is generally assumed, the number of animals remaining in a threatened species may actually rise as it approaches the brink of extinction. A) In view of B) Contrary to C) Surprisingly enough D) Needless to say E) Due to the span of a suspension bridge increases, the structure develops a "gravity" stiffness due to its own weight. A) As B) However C) Whereas D) While E) In case

3 21. Dinosaurs may have terrorized other creatures during their time on Earth, ---- now it has emerged that some species had a taste for the flesh of their own kind. A) unless B) whether C) because D) even if E) so that , nuclear fusion can be created by passing pulses of electricity through a high-density plasma of hot gas. A) Even though the dream of an unlimited supply of energy from nuclear fusion is one step closer B) As a team of researchers at a California laboratory has shown C) Although electrical systems could deliver a lot of energy D) Since scientists are trying hard to get over the increasing energy shortage E) While we need efficient energy sources that could power cities 23. The principles of gunnery at sea are the same as on land, A) since the influence of radar on naval gunnery has been very great B) so naval gunnery had its own special problems C) although to produce accurate, flexible and steady fire, in all circumstances of terrain and weather, is the aim of gunnery D) but they are modified by the fact that both the gun-platform and the target are in rapid motion E) because all naval guns have become fully automatic and produce a very high rate of fire because they mark important milestones in the search for planets orbiting other stars. A) At present the number of known exoplanets exceeds 100 B) One of the newly-discovered exoplanets is similar to Jupiter in mass and orbit C) The recent discovery of two new exoplanets has attracted a great deal of attention from astronomers D) One of these exoplanets has a mass of about 40 times that of Earth E) The two exoplanets recently discovered are the lightest yet found orbiting a solar-type star 25. Though humanoids are the most appealing robots under development, A) the term "robot" first entered the English language from the Czech word for "slave" or "forced laborer" B) the majority of existing robots do not look even remotely human C) in the early 1980s dozens of robotics firms were founded and quickly went bust D) robots need to have a human form and interact benignly with humans E) fire fighting is an exciting new area for robotics 26. When it comes to pulling in Nobel prizes in physics or chemistry, A) most of Europe has been losing out in recent years B) Cambridge University has a long tradition of interdisciplinary research C) the National Science Centre has an extremely flexible approach to research D) the scientists at this institute are given total freedom to explore E) universities and research institutes must have freedom to choose what they work on 27. Within the next decade, the European Union will decide A) whether to allocate as much as 8 billion US dollars to help fulfill Spain's 24 billion National Hydro-logical Plan B) so that a common consensus will be reached on farming subsidies C) as far as governments are willing to cooperate on mega projects for irrigation D) if the investment for the irrigation of southern Spain had been supported by other international agencies E) because the Spanish government had promised its support for more institutional efficiency

4 28. Site falls exceeding 1 in 20 usually require special methods of foundation construction. Gravel or chalk are good subsoils ---- they do not hold moisture, and (21) ---- heavy loads. A) just B) or C) unless D) since E) besides 29. They were immensely pleased with their find, ----, although the crater s size is not particularly noteworthy, its structure is unique. A) nevertheless B) but C) however D) for E) unless when we interfere with planetary processes on a large scale. A) Climate change would almost certainly be accelerated B) We were extremely lucky that industrialists chose to use chlorine compounds not bromine C) The polar regions were adversely affected too D) We know surprisingly little about the risks we are running E) Aerosol emissions stay in the atmosphere for only a few days whether or not life is an accident unique to our planet. A) We cannot be sure B) It is hardly surprising C) The evidence clearly suggests D) The chances are E) The risks cannot be calculated 32. In photography, when it comes to fixing mistakes such as overexposure, A) you should have opened each print and resized it B) digital cameras and printers have come a long way in quality and usability C) this method had turned out to be useless D) digital cameras actually drain batteries very quickly E) the resulting prints were certainly impressive 33. Since we cannot eliminate natural hazards such as earthquakes, A) we should certainly make ourselves better prepared to deal with them B) some companies would claim to have found tailored solutions to them C) such a natural catastrophe was quite unexpected D) it is rarely covered by an insurance policy E) on this occasion financial losses were enormous 34. Obviously, unless precautionary measures were taken, A) the airborne dust was a major health hazard for the nearby town B) on-site speed limits will have to be set C) reclaimed areas were immediately planted with trees and grass D) during the entire mining project, no complaints were made to the local authority E) the air in the town was going to be thick with dust 35. The court case comes up at a crucial time, A) just as there is growing evidence of the ecological benefits of GM crops B) if an even greater environmental catastrophe could be averted C) which has led to a 25% reduction in pesticide use D) as activists had been acquitted of similar charges in England E) when they were charged with destroying a GM crop trial in the south of the country 36. Engineers removed 70 tonnes of earth from the base of the Tower of Pisa A) so the lean was reduced by 45 cm B) that the Tower's lean was increasing by 1.5 m every year C) but on one disastrous day it actually moved 2 mm D) if it would stand secure for another 200 years E) while it has been closed to visitors 37. Although NASA's budget has risen by 7% ever the past two years, A) its responsibilities have grown much faster B) the space station programmes are not targets for cutting costs C) the programme of unmanned missions could have been discontinued D) Earth-observing satellites are of less importance E) in fact, the Voyager probes may be cancelled because it affects the average rate of material loss across a landscape. A) More moisture also promotes the growth of vegetation B) Wetter conditions favour faster rates of erosion C) Mountains in polar latitudes are the least vulnerable to erosion D) Climate is inextricably linked with erosion E) Mountain glaciers aggressively attack surface rock

5 jet engines, which are also reaction engines, modern rockets carry their own oxygen supply to burn their fuel and do not require any surrounding atmosphere. A) Instead of B) Even C) Whereas D) Unlike E) Whereby 40. Most of us think that random events tend to be equally spread, ---- the contrary seems to be true: randomness tends to occur in clusters. A) as if B) but C) so D) moreover E) since as water evaporating from leaves absorbs heat. A) Some forests could promote warming B) Global warming predictions could be wildly inaccurate C) Turning more land over to farming could have a great effect on global warming D) Forests help to cool the atmosphere E) Planting forests to absorb carbon dioxide can actually lead to warming , it stays liquid but starts to follow quantum rather than classical rules. A) While helium can help explain the nature of gravity and the intimate workings of black holes B) Since a droplet of helium could hold the secrets of the universe C) When helium is cooled to near absolute zero D) As superfluid helium has profound mathematical links with the cosmos E) Because helium can reveal the origin of physical laws and elementary particle , some people regard their local dams as beautiful. A) Because dams incontestably destroy ecosystems B) Just as a bridge or canal or industrial building can become a valued part of the scenery C) Since many past dam projects would never have been started in today's more ecologically aware conditions D) Even though dams embodied the American ideal of progress in the past E) So long as communities have grown up around the slack water that dams create 44. As the chess-playing computer Deep Blue can assess 36 billion moves in three minutes, A) chess is far from being a game of chance B) the game had come to an end C) there was no room left for the human element D) no one has managed to defeat it E) the game would soon lose its appeal 45. When the comet fragments plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere, A) it has a speed of over 200,000 kilometers per hour B) the same thing can happen to Earth C) they exploded, and released the energy of around 50,000 H bombs D) Jupiter has been struck at least four times over the past 100 years E) Earth must be guarded against a similar attack 46. As long as the world's economies are measured in purely monetary terms, A) the effects of deforestation on water supplies would continue to be ignored B) loss of species is a natural phenomenon C) localized conservation projects have tackled local issues D) conservation efforts are moving far too slowly E) the true value of the environment will be grossly underestimated 47. Just before a flash of lightning lights the sky, A) the phenomenon means physicists may have to rethink how lightning is made B) past studies have seen occasional hints of X-ray bursts C) a mysterious property of lightning has been confirmed D) an electromagnetic noise accompanies lightning E) a huge blast of X-rays or other energy particles is released because they don't encounter really strong atmospheric resistance. A) The storms on Uranus survive B) The Keck Telescope has captured the weather on Uranus C) The phenomena include a 29,000 km long cloud complex D) Images showed a giant storm oscillating backwards and forwards E) Uranus receives less solar energy than the Sun

6 , largely because the city's boundaries have been extended to include scores of smaller cities in the surrounding region. A) A megacity such as Tokyo invariably causes much pollution B) Shanghai and Beijing are rivals C) Pollution is a major problem in many cities in China D) Half the world's population live in urban areas E) In recent decades, Tokyo has grown at a remarkable rate 50. Alternative agriculture has some apparent disadvantages, A) so that most farmers have little or no control over what products they produce B) just as the increasing uniformity of global eating habits had become popular C) because they were being replaced by huge corporation-owned farms D) while, as is the case with plant crops, herds of livestock damage land E) but there are real advantages to offset them 51. Comets are thought to have changed very little over the last 4 billion years, ---- their composition should hold clues to the origin of the solar system. A) but B) whereas C) just as D) in that E) so 52. Robots will never be much good at household tasks such as pouring coffee or polishing shoes ---- they can calculate their position accurately. A) since B) when C) unless D) so that E) in case 53. About half of all women over 65 years of age take some type of nutrition supplement, ---- only about one-fifth of older men do. A) before B) because C) that is D) while E) despite 54. Shortly after the Golden Gate Bridge was opened, A) some aesthetic and artistic concerns may have dominated the visual design of the bridge B) it has been an enormously successful bridge by most aesthetic and functional criteria C) its roadway proved to be overly flexible under certain wind conditions D) the design of the bridge s towers was tested on scale models, and construction of the bridge started E) a number of such structures were acting similarly when they are exposed to higher than normal temperatures. A) Recent climate warming is associated with genetic change B) Recent global warming might already be driving such changes C) Researchers compiled data on chromosomal polymorphism covering periods of 13 to 46 years D) Some organisms undergo genetic change E) Weather records for the same periods and locations are studied 56. Although stem cells are found in many tissues, A) they have great potential to treat diseases B) the most promising ones seem to be those in bone marrow C) specialists have been very enthusiastic D) special staining techniques revealed that the cells were indeed dividing E) the results of that study have yet to be announced 57. Abnormally heavy and early rainfall in the Sudan caused the River Nile to overflow in 2007, A) so global land surface temperatures in January and April had reached the highest levels ever recorded for those months B) because the first documented tropical cyclone in the Arabian Sea hit Oman and Iran, causing 50 deaths C) but in May, ocean waves up to 5 metres high swamped parts of the Maldive Islands D) unless other extreme weather events include the summer heatweave in southeastern Europe E) while unusually heavy snowfall affected South Africa and parts of South America 58. ALH84001 is one of several meteorites that are generally acknowledged to have come from Mars A) when it is named for the place in Antarctica (Allan Hills) and the year (1984) it was found B) because they contain trapped gases that match the Martian atmosphere C) while geologists at NASA discovered in the rock a variety of surprising characteristics at a microscopic level D) where it turned out to be the oldest known rock from any planet E) so that the findings were based on meticulous studies and the papers of scientists at NASA

7 59. Until fairly recently, we viewed the ocean as a bountiful, virtually limitless resource, A) so many countries are also taking steps to restore and conserve wetlands B) unless we are now seeing the effects of our disregard for marine communities C) yet seafood would become less plentiful D) and we have harvested the ocean heavily and used it as a dumping ground for wastes E) regardless of the fact that laws in many countries now prohibit disposal of sewage and other wastes at sea 60. The research team was relieved to learn that the results of the experiment were in ---- their expectations. A) competition with B) place of C) favour of D) excess of E) accord with 61. Gravel or chalk are good subsoils sinse they do not hold moisture, and can support heavy loads. They are, (22) ----, economical and do not vary in bulk with the vagaries of the weather and temperature. A) on the other hand B) moreover C) in contrast D) occasionally E) regrettably I investigated and studied my scientist colleague's account of an environmental experiment, ---- thoroughly convinced I have become that it has no value whatsoever. A) So far as / most B) The more / the more C) Just as / more D) Neither / nor E) So long as / ever 63. Questions about global warming are obviously of concern to the general public, ---- to governments and their scientific advisors. A) except B) so as C) on the whole D) as well as E) less than 64. Electromagnetic traps for atomic ions work well for experiments using a small number of ions ---- they are completely impractical for large-scale systems. A) so long as B) now that C) although D) in case E) whether 65. The trend of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is documented by the examination of air bubbles trapped in glacial ice ---- by direct measurements of the atmosphere. 66. Being a scientist does not prevent one from participating in other fields of human endeavour, ---- being an artist does not prevent one from practising science. A) so far as B) rather than C) so that D) as well as E) just as 67. The management wishes to get the solid mounted engine and handlebar into production A) whether electronic fuel injection had proved efficient or not B) thought the new braking system was still on trial C) since it contributes greatly to ease of handling D) unless the balance shaft reduced primary vibration E) if it were mounted with sufficient rigidity , the Earth s crust is actually in a state of continual flux. A) If only they had been better prepared B) Whenever there are sudden changes in temperature C) However unreliable the method has proved D) When such an event is least expected E) Though it may not appear to be so 69. Though Kenya had been self -sufficient until the 1980s, --- A) the same problem faces small farmers in all parts of the world B) the situation in developing countries is becoming critical C) the economic interests of small farmers have been disregarded D) wheat prices there are dropping fast E) it now imports 80 per cent of its food 70. X - rays are generated A) if the sun is a copious source of energy B) when electrical charges are accelerated or decelerated C) after the target had been bombarded by electrons D) until the circuit gave off practically pure direct E) because the radiation was being imitated at a tangent 71. Since the bismar, which is the simplest weighing instrument known, is not capable of accuracy A) spring balances have been more successful B) a heavy load could be weighed at a short distance from the fulcrum C) various technical improvements were soon introduced D) weighing continued to be a laborious operation E) its use is illegal in England A) as well as B) unless C) because of D) also E) whereas

8 72. Unless there is adequate foam to completely cover the burning material A) there is little hope of extinguishing the fire B) the starvation principle hasn't been effective C) an alternative method would be to demolish nearby buildings and create a fire stop D) it is smothering that works by limiting oxygen E) there is no fear of further combustion 73. The scientists endeavours ---- to produce power as efficiently and cheaply as possible, ---- to apply it economically. A) even / just as B) so / unless C) not only / but also D) as much / as if E) most / that simply transmitting voice, the Joint Tactical Radio System (JRTS) as the Pentagon refers to it, will also simultaneously carry video and data transmissions. A) Rather than B) According to C) Due to D) In contrast to E) In spite of mechanical impact, certain impurities would make such explosives unstable if they were stored in warm conditions. A) Involving B) Including C) In case D) Contrary to E) Even without 76. Should the cabin pressure somehow be lost, A) the oxygen canisters located above the passenger seats in a plane provide oxygen to the passengers through masks B) the oxygen-generator canisters must be replaced periodically to ensure that they will operate properly when needed C) the oxygen canister contains a core of sodium chlorate, which is activated by a small explosive charge D) the airline maintenance rules made it clear that a bright yellow safety cap must be installed on the oxygen canisters E) a small explosion was initiated when a passenger pulled the oxygen mask toward herself astronomers have so far found no Earth-like planets, this does not mean that there are none. A) While B) As C) Even though D) As if E) Unless because there was a shortage of coal for smelting. A) In Japan, steel expansion has been subsidized for several years B) Italy has only very limited supplies of iron ore C) In Sweden, steel- making on a large scale developed late D) French reserves are among the best in Europe as regards quantity E) Stimulated by the rapid growth of the railways, the iron and steel industry expanded rapidly in Russia as it contains salt. A) The sea freezes at temperatures below the normal freezing point of water B) She tries to avoid such types of food C) In polar regions glaciers frequently flow down into the sea D) The warmer the air the more moisture it can carry E) Snowflakes, like other from of water vapour, nearly always possess a crystal structure 81. There are seasons of plentiful water and others of scarcity A) when water has to be used sparingly B) though irrigation schemes were introduced C) since these outlets are designed to deliver supplies of water automatically D) where traditional methods of irrigation stil remain in use E) so flow irrigation is best suited to a flat countryside 82. More attention is being given to improved efficiency in the use of fuel A) because they cause environmental pollution B) if prices continue to rise at this rate C) as the cost of fuel increases D) whether cleaner methods are forthcoming E) which should have been discovered earlier 83. Roentgen, which is the unit of radiation exposure, is defined ---- the number of ions produced in one cubic centimeter of air by the radiation. A) in view of B) as well as C) due to D) in terms of E) on behalf of industry is concerned, money spent on research is money well spent. A) According to B) As much as C) As far as D) Even so E) With regard to 78. Irrigation is the art of using water, ---- direct rainfall, for crop cultivation. A) in case of B) besides C) compared with D) other than E) ranging from

9 85. Traffic congestion is frequently not caused by overloading ---- by small disturbances in the flow. A) as B) but C) as well as D) more E) than 86. Just as railway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 19th century, A) highway bridges became the engineering emblems of the 20th century B) the invention of the automobile created an irresistible demand for better roads C) most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do D) the type of bridge needed for cars and trucks is fundamentally different from that needed for trains E) an arch bridge curves upwards to support the roadway because each type behaves differently and has a different effect on human health. A) On a global scale, most particulates come from natural sources B) Solid particulates include grit from building sites and soot from industrial chimneys C) Fortunately larger particles do not pose a health risk D) Field experiments on wind-borne sand and dust had already been carried out E) The study of particulates is an arduous one 88. As space shuttles are designed to work in a vacuum, A) NASA engineers are hoping to cut take off weights by half B) about 85 per cent of its weight is fuel C) the method is obviously inefficient but beter ones have yet to be found D) they have to carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it E) such craft could accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound 89. The Earth is thought to be 4.6 billion years old A) because rocks dating back to the early geological ages have been discovered in some parts of California B) even though almost half the Earth is stil wilderness C) so that astronomical observations and measurements could be made far more accurately D) though until recently few geological traces have been found that date back further than 3.6 billion years E) since at the beginning it was a lifeless planet still being bombarded by asteroids and comets 90. Atomic clocks keep time by tracking the waves which atoms emit A) as they oscillate between different energy levels B) though there are other viable ways to improve it C) because they lose only 1 second in 150 million years D) before they can replace the clocks which are currently in use E) while researchers have been working on an alternative 91. The texture of the rock suggested it came from an asteroid and not from a loose, sooty ice ball ---- a comet. A) including B) like C) as D) as well as E) such 92. The interiors of planets are totally inaccessible, what we know about them comes from indirect measurements and analysis. A) so B) whereas C) even though D) since E) so as 93. It was not long the design deficiencies of the room became apparent. A) as if B) before C) until D) wherever E) unless 94. The Centre conducted the study identify priority areas for conservation. A) in order to B) as well as C) with respect to D) due to E) with reference to 95. The next model the company produced was well engineered and finely built but,, it never became popular and sales were poor. A) on the contrary B) even so C) just as D) such as E) in accordance with 96. Even though the water around coral reefs sometimes looks clear,. A) wave-exposed waters differ in this respect from more sheltered areas B) it can contain a variety of suspended matter C) in fact corals themselves secrete mucus to cleanse their colony surfaces D) these aggregates often resemble snowflakes E) large quantities of inorganic particles were also present

10 97. so that it can get close to hostile forces without being detected. A) The precision navigation systems are what impressed most of us B) Ideally the periscope would have been eliminated C) The new-style submarine has been specifically designed D) This is just one of a number of smaller, smarter, stealthier submarines E) Previously submarines were not expected to work in shallow, coastal waters 98. As the canal bed slopes downward by just 8 cm each kilometer A) the cracks in the concrete were the result of the heat B) there might have been a build-up of water C) it didn t need to be frequently cleaned D) the water flows slowly but consistently E) everything was done to prevent the concrete from drying too fast 99. when NASA astronauts were installing the new cooling system. A) An infrared camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope got damaged B) The Nubble's infrared camera had taken stunning space pictures C) The Hubble Space Telescope is expected to relay to NASA spectacular images of some distant galaxies D) There appears to be plenty of water in the outer Solar System in the form of ice E) The new space shuttle, designed by a consortium of aircraft companies, will have two rockets to launch it 100. Soldiers will continue to be killed in "friendly fire" incidents. A) unless a better and more reliable communications technology is developed B) if acts of terrorism are not included C) that fighting on foot is still the only way to occupy an unfriendly town or city D) as the infantry man had most to gain from new advances in military technology E) which demonstrates the need for yet more improvements 101. The "giant squid" may need to change its name A) that the nickname for the new specimen is the "colossal squid" B) since a bigger and meaner relative has been discovered near Antarctica C) if it has hooks at the ends of its tentacles D) so it could maul sperm whales E) though it had grown to a length of 4 metres 102., its true potential has barely been explored. A) If new information continues to increase at this rate B) Since these memory systems are due for overhaul C) Though technology has given us massive memory storage D) Unless there are some more creative entries E) When a number of problems suddenly came to the fore 103. Statistics show that the risk of a fatality,, is proportional to the distance covered. A) while driving on rural interstate highways B) that did not include intermediate take-offs and landings C) until a natural disaster has occurred D) so long as the driver was experienced E) which could have been prevented providing energy, proteins provide the raw materials for building the body s tissues and regulating its many activities. A) According to B) As regards C) Despite D) In addition to E) Contrary to 105. The theory posits that Earth s climate changes ---- cyclic variations in the way it orbits the sun. A) in place of B) in case of C) so as to D) in view of E) as a result of 106. Long before Linnaeus established his system for naming plants in the 18th century, A) around the world, orchids have long been symbols of fertility and potency as in the Greek legend of Orchis B) the common names of flowers should be highly evocative or imaginative C) early attempts at growing orchids had consisted of placing plants in pots filled with a thick mixture of rotting wood and leaves D) many Amazonian orchids are referred to locally as monkey love-potions E) people throughout the world called plants by their own inventive names 107. While air quality may improve with increased biofuel use, A) water quality can suffer due to over-use of fertilizers and overdrawn water supplies B) worldwide ethanol demand has pushed up the cost of corn by 25% and sugar by 100% C) meanwhile, fuel crops had increased in value D) the energy balance of today s ethanol is positive E) 75 million gallons of biodiesel and 4 billion gallons of ethanol were made last year

11 108. When sunlight hits a raindrop, A) a ray of sunlight actually consists of a mixture of differently-coloured light B) a typical raindrop is spherical in shape C) the rainbow is actually a circle which is centered on the point that is directly opposite the sun from the observer D) there is a reduction in its speed and this causes the light to bend E) refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another 109. Having taken in more carbohydrates than it needs, A) sugar can contribute to nutrient deficiencies only by displacing nutrients B) the body uses glucose to meet its energy requirements, fills its glycogen stores to capacity, and may still have some left over C) researchers agree that unusually high doses of refined sugar can alter blood lipids to favour heart disease D) high-fibre foods not only add bulk to the diet, but are economical and nutritious E) a high-fat diet raises the risks of heart disease, some types of cancer, hypertension, diabetes and obesity , yet the software programmes, or genes, inside our bodies have not changed much in thousands of years. A) Computer software has come down in price by half annually B) There is a gene that tells fat cells to hold on to every calorie in order to protect the body during periods of starvation C) Scientists are researching new methods to overcome the difficulties of gene therapy D) A human gene is composed of two sets of 23 chromosomes E) Our computers and other electronic devices typically have their software updated every few months because at these speeds they can propel the car without using engine power. A) The two-mode hybrid systems contain two electric motors surrounding two planetary gear sets B) At higher velocities, engine power is required C) The systems can deliver continuous power in the required amounts D) Single-mode hybrid automobile systems are more fuelefficient at lower speeds E) Two-mode systems switch between modes without the driver realizing it 112. Biological psychology is interdisciplinary by nature - -- A) now that about half the people who have advanced degrees in psychology will work in colleges and universities B) if our treatment of consciousness reflected both the biological and cognitive perspectives C) since it seeks to establish relationships between pyschological processes and biological ones D) just as biological researchers have often attempted to explain psychological principles in terms of biological ones E) and so cognitive science and cultural psychology are further examples of this phenemenon 113. Most viruses cannot survive very long outside a living host cell, A) although temperate bacteriophages do not always destroy their hosts B) but the type of attachment proteins on the surface of a virus determines what type of cell it can infect C) since viruses have several ways to penetrate animal cells D) so their survival depends to a great extent on their being transmitted from animal to animal E) yet under a microscope, most bacteria appear similar in size and form , it is now actually quite a simple matter to make electrons oppose the push of applied electric and magnetic fields. A) Although this process might have seemed impossible in the past B) Rather than the wave reacting to an individual molecule C) Whether there is a collective response of milions of molecules D) Because one wants to understand how negative refraction can arise E) Since much remains to be done to turn such visions into reality 115. Physical activity limits the rise in blood glucose that would normally occur after a meal A) but aerobic exercise is typically recommended for people who want to lose weight B) since research is ongoing in this area C) whereas it takes weeks to months of aerobic training to improve physical fitness D) that it will be required only under certain specific conditions E) by making insulin work better in moving glucose into muscle

12 , astronomers want to take pictures of galaxies of various ages from infancy to maturity. A) Because Hubble has taken long exposures of small patches of sky B) In order to get an idea of what the Milky Way might have looked like in the past C) Even though old galaxies were smaller in size and more irregular in shape than modern ones D) As one would expect, if today s galaxies formed from the union of several smaller ones E) If the rate of star formation reached its peak around seven billion years ago 117. He realized that the world could run out of key resources, ---- he was a harsh critic of the wastefulness of modern industrial society. A) so that B) whether C) so long as D) and so E) but the car is equipped with a sophisticated protection system, you know you are fully protected. A) Until B) Even if C) Although D) So E) Since 119. Engineering structures must conform ---- to their type ---- to the laws of physics. A) not only / but also B) as / as C) more / but D) both / as E) either / and , though none are yet being grown on a commercial scale. A) Conifers are dominant trees in northern latitudes B) Trees produce copious pollen, which travels up to 16 kilometres C) Genetically modified trees have not been planted in natural woods and forests D) Plants demonstrate a remarkable diversity in size, habit and form E) Genetically modified trees are being developed for a variety of uses 121. Because each leaf is characteristic of the plant on which it grows, A) most leaves are composed of three parts: a blade, a petiole and a pair of stipules B) water loss by evaporation from the leaf s surface is unavoidable C) many plants can be identified by their leaves alone D) all parts of a plant can be damaged by air pollution, but leaves are particularly susceptible E) many leaves have special structures through which water is literally forced out 122. Although global warming was outside the parameters of their study, A) countries with high gasoline prices are more innovative in the field of personal transportation vehicles B) battery-powered electric vehicles would not have been disregarded C) fossil fuel consumption habits will have to be curtailed D) for the present the focus is on the efficient use of fossil fuels E) it is nevertheless a fact that should have been faced as they are today. A) Satellites are providing clear photographs B) The fluctuating magnetic field lies deep in the centre of Earth C) Several other bodies in the solar system generate their own magnetic fields D) Earth s magnetic poles have not always been oriented E) Many intriguing explanations are being put Forward 124. Since mines may have been laid there, A) these fields had not been cultivated B) large areas of valuable farmland are being overgrown by bamboo C) immense bamboo thickets would have come into being D) the costs of restoring farmland to full production have always been high E) faster techniques were called for 125. The vast oil output of the Caspian must be piped overland to, say, the Mediterranean, A) that it is not a landlocked sea B) if a pipeline is laid across Iran C) before it can be pumped into tankers D) which would also pass through Georgia E) as a great deal of diplomacy would be required 126. Their latest digital radio is supplied with a pair of active speakers A) if the number keys have been moved to the sides B) that an FM radio is fitted into its compact dimensions C) though the screen itself seemed to be touchsensitive D) so you don t have to plug it into an amplifier E) how the graphic display shows the programme you are listening to

13 127. Despite the fact that no one has ever seen it happen, A) there is evidence to suggest that rocks of up to 320 kilograms are moved by the wind across the floor of Death Valley in California B) the Grandstand is a 20-metre-high island of rock that looks like the top of a mountain buried in a sea of sediment C) most of southeastern California is a region torn by earthquakes and eroded by wind and rain D) Death Valley lies 86 metres below sea level and is surrounded by peaks of more than 3,000 metres E) Death Valley was formed as the Amargosa and Panamint mountain ranges were pulled apart from each other 128. As the Hubble Space Telescope continues its mission, ---- A) Edwin Hubble encouraged this idea in connection with his own research B) Eta Carinae is one of the most massive stars known in the Milky Way, and is thought to be on the verge of becoming a gigantic supernova C) millions of people have already learned a great deal about the solar system D) we tend to think of science in terms of great minds coming up with great ideas E) it sends home new revelations about the life and death of stars and the nature of our expanding universe 129. When the first transistor amplifiers came along, A) there were a number of design deficiencies B) the engineers identified these problems and fixed them C) people would have been astonished by the magic of it all D) Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain developed the transistor in 1947 and 1948 E) the extent of their achievements will never be appreciated 130. As soon as scientists realized the power of DNA technology, A) early concerns focused on the possibility that they might create new pathogens B) the Human Genome Project has yielded many other unexpected results C) they claim that these proteins could be tested for their ability to cause allergic reactions D) they began to worry about its potential dangers E) one safety measure is a set of strict laboratory procedures designed to protect researchers from infection 131. Although geologists tended to dismiss the attempt of the physicist Kelvin to estimate the age of Earth as being too simplistic, A) the theory of continental drift might have been accepted decades earlier B) early nineteenth-century geologists largely accepted that Earth was of unlimited age C) many people believe that his calculation failed through his ignorance of radioactivity D) Kelvin began writing on this subject when he was 16 E) the model he used has in fact proved very useful in geology 132. Since albatross have the longest wings in nature, ---- A) their populations had already begun to decline B) they came ashore far more frequently C) they can glide for hundreds of kilometres without flapping their wings D) from time to time they went in search of new breeding grounds E) most pairs mate for life, producing and raising one chick every two years 133. Twenty years have passed since the accident at Chernobyl A) when many of the studies have been showing an elevated rate of mutations among the animals in the area B) so that scientists studying the effects find themselves in unpopular positions C) wherever policy makers want concrete conclusions and results, not probability estimates on the dangers of radiation exposure D) because many public servants do not share the scientists enthusiasm for the scientific process E) but the extent to which people and the environment have been harmed is still being hotly debated 134. Geologists note that coal is similar to tar A) as we might expect coal to last another 200 years B) unless environmental issues may limit how much of this resource is exploited C) in that both are relatively difficult to mine without dangerous environmental consequences D) because the world is using these energy sources so inefficiently at the moment E) while tar is also formed by tobacco burning

14 135. One of the most important aspects of our planet s evolution is the formation of the atmosphere, A) if continents and oceans, encircled by an oxygen-rich atmosphere, support familiar life forms B) although such constant change has characterized Earth since its beginning some 4.5 billion years ago C) whether understanding the carbon dioxide content of the early atmosphere is crucial for understanding climatic control D) because it is this assemblage of gases that allowed life to come out of the oceans and to be sustained E) as continental shift has been altering the face of Earth for nearly a billion years 136. Fish often spend much of their time in the deep, cool waters of a lake ---- oxygen levels there become depleted by decomposers. A) as if B) just as C) now that D) unless E) so as 137. In 2002, ---- Australia s Great Barrier Reef was hit hard by unseasonable warming, 95 per cent of its coral was adversely affected. A) so that B) if C) when D) so long as E) in case a violent storm is over, it leaves a cooler ocean behind, lowering the likelihood that more storms will flare up, at least not immediately. A) Once B) Even so C) Even if D) Since E) While 139. Humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep their core body temperatures pretty much constant ---- differences in the temperature in the world around them. A) as of B) regardless of C) instead of D) in terms of E) because of 140. For a domestic staircase, an additional form of support, ---- a "carriage", that is a beam under the centre of the stairs, is not usually necessary. A) in case of B) so that C) such as D) according to E) either 141. Many basic issues, ---- the relationship between gravity and quantum physics, remain unsolved. A) except for B) despite C) such as D) in case of E) instead of 142. Certain reactions, ---- catalytic methanation, appear to stop before they are complete. A) instead of B) such as C) in place of D) in case of E) with reference to 143. many diverse animal forms exist exceptions can be found to almost any definition of an animal. A) So / as B) As / as C) Whether / so D) So / that E) Neither / nor 144. Products diverse rubber, tobacco, coffee, chocolate and aromatic oils for perfumes come from flowering plants. A) as /as B) too / than C) both / and D) either / or E) not only / but also 145. Networks without controlled access can ---- ensure the security or privacy of stored data, ---- keep network resources from being exploited by hackers. A) neither / nor B) so / as C) only / but D) rather / than E) also / but 146. Such an investment would save many times ---- water as could ever be supplied by draining the Ebro river. A) the more B) more C) as much D) as more E) the most 147. In statistics, random samples are obtained ---- by sampling replacement from a finite population ---- by sampling without replacement from an infinite population. A) either / or B) whether / and C) just / as D) as / as E) so / that

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