Jack Dougherty, Educational Studies

Provenance: Jack Dougherty, Trinity College, Hartford, CTReuse: This item is offered under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ You may reuse this item for non-commercial purposes as long as you provide attribution and offer any derivative works under a similar license.

Jack Dougherty is an associate professor of Educational Studies at Trinity College, a private 4-year liberal arts institution. Information for this case study was obtained from an interview conducted on July 17, 2013. This page is part of a collection of profiles about a variety of techniques for integrating Quantitative Reasoning (QR) across the curriculum.

Overview and Context

About the course

The Cities, Suburbs, and Schools seminar is an upper-level undergraduate class of between 12 to 18 students. As a prerequisite, students must have completed the introductory-level educational studies class or have come from other majors such as public policy, American Studies, or Urban Studies. About half of the class are Education Studies majors, and about half are from other departments on campus. I have taught this course about 9 times since 2002.

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How this course fits into the Educational Studies curriculum Educational Studies majors must take a research projects course as part of the core curriculum; this course is one of several choices that satisfy that requirement. Students also have to take a research methods class somewhere else in the college, and those are typically qualitative or quantitative methods classes. As seniors, students must also complete an independent research project as part of a senior research seminar.

The department requires students to take a research project course by the end of their junior year in order to have more experience doing a research project as part of a group. That way by the time they're in the senior research seminar doing an independent project, they have learned formal skill sets and also have real experience with seeing a project all the way through.

How Quantitative Reasoning (QR) and Literacy are approached

I'm trying to shift people from consumers of data to becoming producers of data, and therefore more critical consumers as well.

While I typically use the terms "quantitative reasoning" and "quantitative literacy" interchangeably, when asked to make a distinction, I view quantitative reasoning as higher-ordered thinking compared to literacy. To me, literacy usually means comprehension, whereas reasoning means the ability to make an analytical distinction; it is a more sophisticated thought process.

The assignments we do early on in the class typically focus on reading data, which is more about literacy. But when we move on to "how to lie with charts" and "how to lie with maps," I am pushing my students further into reasoning. When students realize that anyone can easily manipulate how data is presented, and how this strongly influences the conclusions people draw, they think more critically about data.

Design and Implementation of QR Goals

Motivation to integrate QR

It's personal and institutional. Personally, I think data visualization is fascinating, especially when you can present the same information in different ways. And institutionally, I believe that too often it's easy for students in a liberal arts college to avoid numerical data. Sometimes students need to realize it's such a rich contribution to multiple ways of thinking.

A classic story about Jack's motivation to integrate QR
Sam, a religion major, took my Cities, Suburbs, & Schools class a few years back. This was the first time he had been around data–numerical data–in any significant way because most of his other courses were textually based. He really thrived on thinking about social justice issues (which was why he was a religion major) and thinking about whether or not there would be quantitative data to support some of the positions he wanted to take, or those of the organizations he supported.
Two years after college, Sam did paralegal work at a law firm specializing in civil rights and employment discrimination cases. He wrote, "I have found your classes to be EXTREMELY helpful to me in this job. I do quite a bit of research trying to both quantify and qualify data, and whenever I am writing an memo to one of the attorneys, a little picture of you always pops up in my head and tells me to make sure to use rich qualitative examples and clear, fair quantitative ones. I also constantly use my [spreadsheet] knowledge that I gained from your classes to impress the attorneys. Many of them who aren't very computer savvy are truly amazed at my table and chart-producing skills."

QR goals

In my academic unit at Trinity, the goal of the research project course requirement is to help students work as a group where they identify a researchable question and come up with insightful ways of answering it with persuasive primary source data. One example is the Connecticut Fair Housing Project. They asked our seminar to identify patterns in ten years of housing discrimination tester reports that they had collected–about 1,000 pages–and my students learned how to do thematic coding in a shared spreadsheet, divided the labor, and wrote interpretations of how housing discrimination had changed over time, based on real data.

In my view, a research project course requires more than being able to read prior studies or doing library-based research. We also want undergraduate experiences to focus on primary-source learning.

In the Cities, Suburbs, and Schools seminar that I typically offer each fall, I try to choose collaborative research projects that uncover relationships between schooling and housing. Sometimes we do simple quantitative projects, or sometimes qualitative or historical projects But they all have something to do with schooling, housing, and how those two entities come together and shape so much of how America works.

Pedagogic approaches used

My advice to college educators. For at least one class you teach, think of that classroom as a place where people come together to learn, rather than a place where you pontificate. When a college classroom becomes a place where students–and you–are creating knowledge, then you can begin to rethink how to maximize your time, energy, and physical layout to deepen and enrich the learning process.

I teach Cities Suburbs & Schools as a once-a-week, three-hour seminar, with drop-in hours later in the week for people to come back and get more computer help. Sometimes during the three-hour seminar, we'll have workshop time where we're working on trying to make data come alive with Google thematic mapping. I'm not lecturing for three hours–that's not a good way to have students learn.

But I do need to give presentations, or students need to give presentations, or we need to have a close reading of a text, or thinking about the project we're working on, to move the learning further along.

Knowing the course is successful

I'm looking to see whether or not students are able to demonstrate that they grasp the concepts. For the assignments on manipulating and lying with data, they have to explain it in text, as well as show how they can take one piece of data and represent it in two diametrically opposed ways. Some semesters, it works better than others.

I'm seeing that when students have had this kind of class, students who were math-phobes are more likely to have a better experience using spreadsheets. And that's very important for me and for them. I guess students are scared of spreadsheets, even relatively small ones. Yet they need to be able to work in the world with other colleagues who may be more quantitatively oriented, even if they're not.

With my students, I'm not even teaching about standard deviations; it's not a statistics class. Rather, we ask: can you look at data, can you find patterns in data, (basically about percentages, not even about levels of confidence in whether those are meaningful percentages or not) , and can you visually represent this data in something other than a tabular form, or when it's spatial, something other than a chart form.

Key QR Assignment of the Course

There are two parts to this assignment. The first exercise involves teaching students to lie with statistics by making charts in a spreadsheet that appear to illustrate different outcomes with the same data. The second exercise involves students using Google Fusion Tables to create a thematic map and explain why they are presenting it one way versus another.

The first exercise, "How to lie with charts," is listed as Exercise 6 on October 16th in the 2013 syllabus.

The second exercise, "How to lie with maps," is listed as Exercise 8 on October 23rd in the 2013 syllabus.

The premise of the assignment is you can't be a good consumer of data visualization unless you understand how visualizations could be manipulated to fool you. The way to be a critical user of this material is to learn how to lie. Once you learn how to lie, then you'll be a much more critical reader of data visualizations created by other people.

"How to lie with charts." I used to call this exercise, "How to Lie with Statistics," based on the title of a 1954 book by Darrell Huff, and several other readings address this simple concept. When the point of the exercise is not about getting the one right answer, but different ways of lying or misrepresenting the facts, my students begin to think differently. Most quickly catch on to ways of manipulating spreadsheet tools to make a line charts appear flatter or steeper, based on the scale of the axis or the position of its starting point relative to the rest of the chart.

"How to lie with maps." As for manipulating a thematic map, that is a slightly more sophisticated thinking. I have them read a four-page excerpt from Mark Monmonier's, How to Lie with Maps. It's a good explanation of how the default range settings inside mapping applications shouldn't be trusted automatically. It is so easy to change the ranges, the cut-off values, and even the color to portray the same set of data through different maps.

For the map exercise, I give them student racial data of school districts in the metropolitan Hartford area, and ask them to create two different maps with the same data using Google Fusion Tables. One map should show severe racial segregation, and the other needs to display the appearance of racial harmony. The students come up with different ways of making the same data appear different ways based upon the data ranges, the number and position of cut-off points, and the color choice as well.

Google Fusion Tables is a free tool, which means students can continue using it after they leave Trinity College, and we also use it with non-profit community organizations here in Hartford and elsewhere that operate on lean budgets. I used to use ArcGIS for this assignment, which is something a student would want to learn to do more sophisticated spatial analysis, but I found that for the purpose of this assignment, creating thematic maps with Google Fusion Tables is better because it works well, it's easy to learn, and it's free. I also have begun experimenting with Tableau because there are some things it can do that Google Fusion Tables cannot.

Students use an online tutorial that I created to show how to make a thematic map based on any spreadsheet of data they have paired with any boundary file. And that's the magic of it. Here in Connecticut we have lots of people who have freely accessible boundary files.

The problem is, how do you go through the steps of merging the spreadsheet data with the boundary file? So that's mostly what the tutorial does. It also shows how to take the interactive merged map and display it, not just in a static PDF, but to embed it on a webpage so that it can be shared, resulting in more added value.

We go through the tutorial step-by-step in class. I'll take it all the way through, and I'll make a map, but I'll pause frequently so that I can walk around the room and check to see how they're doing with their maps. It helps to have another undergraduate TA there who's already had the class, to help people catch up who might have missed a step. I have found that a half hour of instruction is enough to give them the skills to figure out how to manipulate the software and do the homework.

It probably takes my students at least two hours to do that homework assignment satisfactorily. They need to not only make two maps, but also write a paragraph about the difference between them and how they were constructed, and place all of this inside a WordPress posting. Last year, students often stumbled with the technical aspects of how to embed these elements in a WordPress page, which is a side-point of this assignment. The instructional technologists upgraded our system this summer and we're working towards a way to make this step easier.

Also, what I'd like to add is a video screencast of the Google Fusion Table steps to post on the tutorial web page. Then, students could play the video again and again. With highly visual steps involving graphical user interfaces, some students seem to learn better when they can watch a video and replay it.

In the past I graded the assignment as 0-2 out of a total of 100 points. I've learned over the years, however, that I need to give this exercise more value to make finer gradations, so now it's worth 4 points.

My Trinity colleagues and I are trying to make more opportunities available for students who wish to do more with data and spatial visualizations. We're trying to create more opportunities for students to do paid summer internships with Hartford community partners, which we're pursuing funding for right now.

I've worked with non-profit organization staff who say, "I've got an hour. Can you and your students show me how to take my data and make a map with it?" And now I say, "Yes, we can." It's often a very simple data map, but that's where we start. That's what Google Fusion Tables does.

Public School Choice. This fall, my Cities Suburbs & Schools seminar will work with two different community partners who want to create more data visualizations about public school choice in Connecticut – magnet schools, charter schools – and public policy questions they raise about equal opportunity. One partner is an advocacy group and the other runs a non-profit news website. My hope is that my students will explore working with a wider range of visualizations, and that some will meet the partners' standards to be published on their websites.

Connecticut Zoning Initiative. Another good example was the Connecticut Zoning Initiative. One of my students worked with the Connecticut Fair Housing Center for her senior thesis, and helped them to come up with ways to present zoning data, which really drives what happens in Connecticut. Which towns have the most exclusionary zoning policies that prohibit more affordable, multi-family housing? How can you accurately present these concepts on an interactive map?

These examples show how Trinity students work with nonprofit organizations to collect data, visualize it, and help everyone to see numbers in a new light. A lot of my students start to realize the value of their liberal arts education when they start partnering with community organizations or agencies to display what their own data tells them in ways that previously couldn't been understood when it was only in tabular or chart form.

Challenges

Keeping up-to-date with the latest technology. The tools keep changing–that's good, but it's challenging, too. I am thankful that I don't have to teach ArcGIS like I used to do for the "how to lie with maps" exercise because it required me to do much more of the behind-the-scenes prep work to make something that students could manipulate. When I taught it with ArcGIS, I had to pre-join the spreadsheet data and map boundaries before my students could start to manipulate it.

The tools got easier to work with, such as Google Fusion Tables. Now I have an exercise that is basically, "merge spreadsheet A with map boundary file B." The web tutorial I created works because it's an online do-it-yourself guide to merge any spreadsheet with the corresponding boundary file, which is easily shared on WordPress, the web publishing tool I began using about three years ago. Nowadays, I can visually demonstrate and explain map-making steps on a web page, better than I ever could do on a printed page, and I can easily update it when the tools change. Based on user statistics for my Trinity website, the Google Fusion Tables thematic map tutorial is one of the most widely-read items I've ever written, with over 5,000 page views (and an average time of 30 minutes spent on the page) over the past year.

Creating new materials. Some things get easier, but the burden is still on me to learn this stuff. My graduate training is in educational policy studies, not quantitative literacy or data visualization. But I personally find it interesting, so I like to know about the best tools out there that are easy-to-learn, free or inexpensive, and preferably open-access. I have great instructional technology staff, and we're always comparing notes, but I create my own instructional materials. I probably put more time into this than I should. But other people around the world also find it to be of educational value, which is great.

Student push-back. Another issue I encounter is that some students who take the class say, "I had no idea we're supposed to use computers in this class." And some will say, "I'm a math-phobe", or, "I'm a techno-phobe." It does take more time with these students. I've been very fortunate in past semesters to have an undergraduate TA who has already had the class, got a lot out of it, and gave back by working with the next class of students. Some students get turned on by data visualization and decide to take more courses in statistics or research methods or GIS.

Advice

Don't reinvent the wheel. Find things that people are doing elsewhere which match with your curriculum, pedagogical interests, and the academic heart of your course. Find those that match rather than detract from it, and that actually helps you. If you're teaching about stratification, find data exercises and tools that enrich our understanding more than just textual descriptions or pre-fabricated textbook pictures.

Take advantage of informal spaces if they are available. To help students outside of class, I used to sit in my office and wait for them to come and see me. But now, with everything on my laptop and their laptops, I can help students by being accessible in different places. I'll tell them, "I'll be at the coffee bar in the library from 3:00 to 5:00 today. Drop in there if you want help." People are much more likely to come find me in a public space than they will in my office. And they're more likely to work together and help one another in more public spaces.

Find things that help you do what you're already teaching, but in a better way. There's lots of great material out there. I need to look more at the Teaching With Data web site; there is a lot of stuff on it that I haven't seen yet, and I should be studying more of it.

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Provenance

Jack Dougherty, Trinity College, Hartford, CT

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This item is offered under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ You may reuse this item for non-commercial purposes as long as you provide attribution and offer any derivative works under a similar license.