(a) mIPSCs recorded from the same stellate cell (cell # 120202p2) at two time periods showing that event amplitude and frequency were similar throughout. (b) Amplitude distributions of inhibitory events from stellate cell recordings (n = 6) comparing early (i.e. 0–5 minutes) and later (i.e. 20–25 minutes) events. Averaged data has been fit with the sum of 3 Gaussian functions (red line) with individual Gaussians shown in either black (left panel) or white (right panel). In this figure and other figures, closed point distribution (filled) has been scaled to the fitted peak of the lowest event amplitude and represents the average noise observed during the recordings.

Antimycin-A increases the amplitude of eIPSPs in the presence of physiological levels of chloride

(a) eIPSPs obtained in the presence (right) or absence (left) of 2 μM antimycin-A while cytosolic levels of chloride where maintained at physiological levels (i.e. [Cl−]I = 4.5 mM). The black traces represent the average response during the first 5 minutes (i.e. 0–5 minutes). The red traces represent the average response during the last 5 minutes (i.e. 25–30 minutes). (b) Summary plot showing the change of normalized membrane potentials of eIPSPs in the presence (white circle; n = 5) or absence (black circle; n = 3) of 2 μM antimycin-A (Anti). (c) Summary bar graph comparing the change in the area under the curve for the control and 2 μM antimycin-A condition at two time points. When compared to the first 5 minutes (0–5 min), antimycin-A elicits a significant increase (P = 0.043, paired two-tailed Student’s t-test) in total area under the curve.

(a) Representative scanning confocal images of a stellate cell loaded via the recording pipette with 100 μM Alexa 594 to assess the extent of cell filling and 100 μM H2DCF-DA (DCF) to measure increases in intracellular ROS. The inset is the area depicted in panel b (Control) at 2 min after breakthrough. Scale bar, 10 μm. (b) Example DCF images from two separate experiments in the absence (Control) and presence of Antimycin-A (Anti) in the recording pipette. The images are displayed using a range indicator from blue, pixels with no fluorescence, to red, the maximum signal for any pixel over the course of an individual experiment. Scale bar, 5 μm (c) The time course of mean intracellular DCF fluorescence in control (n = 3) and Antimycin-A (n = 4) experiments. Fluorescence was normalized based on the time it took to acquire a stable Alexa signal (5–7 min, Alexa fill). Error bars, s.e.m. (d) Normalized mean frequency time course of small amplitude mIPSCs (<100 pA) recorded concomitantly from the same cells in panel c. Error bars, s.e.m