True Televisions have the CRT Tube !!
Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets
all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

In Brief: On this site you will find pictures and information about some of the electronic, electrical and electrotechnical technology relics that the Frank Sharp Private museum has accumulated over the years .

Premise: There are lots of vintage electrical and electronic items that have not survived well or even completely disappeared and forgotten.

Or are not being collected nowadays in proportion to their significance or prevalence in their heyday, this is bad and the main part of the death land. The heavy, ugly sarcophagus; models with few endearing qualities, devices that have some over-riding disadvantage to ownership such as heavy weight,toxicity or inflated value when dismantled, tend to be under-represented by all but the most comprehensive collections and museums. They get relegated to the bottom of the wants list, derided as 'more trouble than they are worth', or just forgotten entirely. As a result, I started to notice gaps in the current representation of the history of electronic and electrical technology to the interested member of the public.

Following this idea around a bit, convinced me that a collection of the peculiar alone could not hope to survive on its own merits, but a museum that gave equal display space to the popular and the unpopular, would bring things to the attention of the average person that he has previously passed by or been shielded from. It's a matter of culture. From this, the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum concept developed and all my other things too. It's an open platform for all electrical Electronic TV technology to have its few, but NOT last, moments of fame in a working, hand-on environment. We'll never own Colossus or Faraday's first transformer, but I can show things that you can't see at the Science Museum, and let you play with things that the Smithsonian can't allow people to touch, because my remit is different.

There was a society once that was the polar opposite of our disposable, junk society. A whole nation was built on the idea of placing quality before quantity in all things. The goal was not “more and newer,” but “better and higher" .This attitude was reflected not only in the manufacturing of material goods, but also in the realms of art and architecture, as well as in the social fabric of everyday life. The goal was for each new cohort of children to stand on a higher level than the preceding cohort: they were to be healthier, stronger, more intelligent, and more vibrant in every way.

The society that prioritized human, social and material quality is a Winner. Truly, it is the high point of all Western civilization. Consequently, its defeat meant the defeat of civilization itself.

Today, the West is headed for the abyss. For the ultimate fate of our disposable society is for that society itself to be disposed of. And this will happen sooner, rather than later.

OLD, but ORIGINAL, Well made, Funny, Not remotely controlled............. and not Made in CHINA.

How to use the site:

- If you landed here via any Search Engine, you will get what you searched for and you can search more using the search this blog feature provided by Google. You can visit more posts scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year,or you can click on the main photo-page to start from the main page. Doing so it starts from the most recent post to the older post simple clicking on the Older Post button on the bottom of each page after reading , post after post.

You can even visit all posts, time to time, when reaching the bottom end of each page and click on the Older Post button.

- If you arrived here at the main page via bookmark you can visit all the site scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year pointing were you want , or more simple You can even visit all blog posts, from newer to older, clicking at the end of each bottom page on the Older Post button.So you can see all the blog/site content surfing all pages in it.

- The search this blog feature provided by Google is a real search engine. If you're pointing particular things it will search IT for you; or you can place a brand name in the search query at your choice and visit all results page by page. It's useful since the content of the site is very large.

Note that if you don't find what you searched for, try it after a period of time; the site is a never ending job !

Every CRT Television saved let revive knowledge, thoughts, moments of the past life which will never return again.........

Many contemporary "televisions" (more correctly named as displays) would not have this level of staying power, many would ware out or require major services within just five years or less and of course, there is that perennial bug bear of planned obsolescence where components are deliberately designed to fail and, or manufactured with limited edition specificities..... and without considering........picture......sound........quality........

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This integrated circuit uses I2L bipolar technology
and combines analog signal processing with digital
processing.
Timing signals are obtainedfrom a voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO) operatingat 500KHzby means
of a cheap ceramic resonator. This avoids the
frequency adjustment normally required with line
and frame oscillators.
A chain of dividers and appropriate logic circuitry
produce very accurately defined sampling pulses
and the necessary timing signals.
The principal functions implemented are :
- Horizontal scanning processor.
- Frame scanning processor. Two applications are
possible :
- D Class : Power stage using an external
thyristor.
- B Class : Powerstageusing an externalpower
amplifier with fly-back generator
such as the TDA8170.
- Secondary switch mode power regulation.
The SMPS output synchronize a primary I.C.
(TEA2260/61)at the mains part.
This concept allows ACTIVE STANDBY facilities.
- Dual phase-locked loop horizontal scanning.
- High performance frameand line synchronization
with interlacing control.
- Video identification circuit.
- Super sandcastle.
- AGC key pulse output.
- Automatic 50-60Hz standard identification.
- VCR input for PLL time constant and frame synchro
switching.
- Frame saw-tooth generator and phase modulator.
- Switchingmode regulated power supplycomprising
error amplifier and phase modulator.
- Security circuit and start-up processor.
- 500kHzVCO
The circuit is supplied in a 28 pin DIP case.
VCC = 12V.
Synchronization SeparatorLine synchronization separator is clamped to
black level of input video signal with synchronization
pulse bottom level measurement.
The synchronization pulses are divided centrally
between the black level and the synchronization
pulse bottom level, to improve performance on
video signals in noise conditions.
Frame Synchronization
Frame synchronization is fully integrated (no external
capacitor required).
The frame timing identification logic permits automatic
adaptation to 50 - 60Hz standards or non-interlaced
video.
An automatic synchronization window width system
provides :
- fast frame capture (6.7ms wide window),
- good noise immunity (0.4ms narrow window).
The internal generator starts the discharge of the
saw-tooth generator capacitor so that it is not disturbed
by line fly back effects.
Thanks to the logic control, the beginning of the
charge phase does not depend on any disturbing
effect of the line fly-back.
A 32ms timing is automatically applied on standardized
transmissions, for perfect interlacing.
In VCR mode, the discharge time is controlled by
an internal monostable independent of the line
frequency and gives a direct frame synchronization.
Horizontal Scanning
The horizontalscanningfrequencyis obtainedfrom
the 500kHz VCO.
The circuit uses two phase-locked loops (PLL) :
the first one controls the frequency, the second one
controls the relative phase of the synchronization
and line fly-back signals.
The frequency PLL has two switched time constants
to provide :
- capture with a short time constant,
- good noise immunity after capture with a long
time constant.
The output pulse has a constant duration of 26ms,
independent of VCC and any delay in switching off
the scanning transistor.
Video Identification
The horizontal synchronization signal is sampled
by a 2ms pulse within the synchronization pulse.
The signal is integrated by an external capacitor.
The identification function provides three different
levels :
- 0V : no video identification
- 6V : 60Hz video identification
- 12V : 50Hz video identification
This information may be used for timing research
in the case of frequency or voltage synthetizer type
receivers, and for audio muting.
Super Sandcastle with 3 levels : burst, line flyback,
frame blanking
In the event of vertical scanning failure, the frame
blanking level goes high to protect the tube.
Frame blanking time (start with reset of Frame
divider) is 24 lines.
VCR Input
This provides for continuous use of the short time
constant of the first phase-locked loop (frequency).
In VCR mode, the frame synchronization window widens out to a search window and there is no
delay of frame fly-back (direct synchronization).
Frame Scanning
FRAME SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR. The current
to charge the capacitoris automatically switched to
60Hz operation to maintain constant amplitude.
FRAME PHASE MODULATOR (WITH TWO DIFFERENTIAL
INPUTS). The output signal is a pulse
at the line frequency, pulse width modulatedby the
voltage at the differential pre-amplifier input.
This signal is used to control a thyristor which
provides the scanning current to the yoke. The
saw-tooth output is a low impedance,however, and
can therefore be used in class B operation with a
power amplifier circuit.
Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Secondary
to Primary Regulation
This power supply uses a differential error amplifier
with an internal reference voltage of 1.26V and a
phase modulator operating at the line frequency.
The powertransistor is turnedoff bythe falling edge
of the horizontal saw-tooth.
The ”soft start” device imposes a very small conduction
angle on starting up, this angle progressively
increases to its nominal regulation value.
The maximum conductionangle may be monitored
by forcing a voltage on pin 15. This pin may also
be used for current limitation.
The outputpulse is sent to the primaryS.M.P.S. I.C.
(TEA2261) via a low cost synchro transformer.
Security Circuit and Start Up Processor
When the security input (pin 28) is at a voltage
exceeding 1.26V the three outputs are simultaneously
cut off until this voltagedrops below the 1.26V
threshold again. In this case the switch mode
power supply is restarted by the ”soft start” system.
If this cycle is repeated three times, the three
outputs are cut off definitively. To reset the safety
logic circuits, VCC must be zero volt.
This circuit eliminates the risk to switch off the TV
receiver in the event of a flash affecting the tube.
On starting up, the horizontal and vertical scanning
functions come into operation at VCC = 6V. The
power supply then comes into operation progressively.
On shutting down, the three functions are interrupted
simultaneously after the first line fly-back.

APPLICATION INFORMATION ON FRAMESCANNING IN SWITCHED MODE:

Fundamentals (see Figure 80)
The secondary winding of EHT transformer provides
the energy required by frame yoke.
The frame current modulation is achieved by
modulating the horizontal saw-tooth current and
subsequent integration by a ”L.C” network to reject
the horizontal frequency component.
General Description
The basic circuit is the phase comparator ”C1”
which compares the horizontal saw-tooth and the
output voltage of Error Amplifier ”A”.
The comparator output will go ”high” when the
horizontal saw-tooth voltage is higher than the ”A”
output voltage. Thus, the Pin 4 output signal is
switched in synchronization with the horizontal frequency
and the duty cycle is modulated at frame
frequency.
A driver stage delivers the current required by the
external power switch.
The external thyristor provides for energy transfer
between transformer and frame yoke.
The thyristor will conduct during the last portion of
horizontal trace phase and for half of the horizontal
retrace.
The inverse parallel-connected diode ”D” conducts
during the second portion of horizontal retrace and
at the beginning of horizontal trace phase.
Main advantages of this system are :
- Power thyristor soft ”turn-on”
Once the thyristor has been triggered, the current
gradually rises from 0 to IP, where IP will reach
the maximumvalue at the end of horizontal trace.
The slope current is determined by, the current
available through the secondary winding, the
yoke impedance and the ”L.C.” filter characteristics.
- Power thyristor soft ”turn-off”
The secondary output current begins decreasing
and falls to 0 at the middle of retrace. The thyristor
is thus automatically ”turned-off”.
- Excellent efficiency of power stage dueto very
low ”turn-on” and ”turn-off” switching losses.

Frame Flyback
During flyback, due to the loop time constant, the
frame yoke current cannot be locked onto the
reference saw-tooth. Thus the output of amplifier
”A” will remain high and the thyristor is blocked.
The scanning current will begin flowing through
diode ”D”. As a consequence, the capacitor ”C”
starts charging upto the flyback voltage.The thyristor
is triggeredas soon as the yoke current reaches
the maximum positive value.

TDA4443 MULTISTANDARD VIDEO IF AMPLIFIERDESCRIPTION
The TDA4443 is a Video IF amplifier with standard
switch for multistandard colour or monochromeTV
sets, and VTR’s.

A switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver, including a primary winding and a secondary winding with the primary winding and the secondary winding each being subdivided into a plurality of respective partial windings. The partial windings of the primary lie in a first group of chambers and the partial windings of the secondary lie in a second group of chambers of a chamber coil body, and the chambers of both groups are nested or interleaved with one another.

1. A switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver, comprising in combination:
a primary winding and a secondary winding, with said primary winding being subdivided into three partial windings and said secondary winding being subdivided into two partial windings;
a chamber coil body having a plurality of chambers;
said partial windings of said primary winding being disposed only in a first group of said chambers, and said partial windings of said secondary winding being disposed only in a second group of said chambers, with each of said partial windings being disposed in a respective one of said chambers;
said chambers of said first group being interleaved with said chambers of said second group such that they alternate in sequence with said primary partial windings and said secondary partial windings being alternatingly disposed in five successive said chambers, so as to generate the major operating voltage at said secondary winding;
an additional secondary winding for generating a further operating voltage, said additional secondary winding likewise being subdivided into a plurality of partial windings; and,
said partial windings of said additional secondary winding are disposed only in respective said chambers of said second group below any of said partial windings of said secondary winding.

2. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein the total number of said chambers is six.

3. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein the width of the narrowest of said chambers is approximately 1 mm.

4. A transformer as defined in claim 1 or 2 wherein the widths of said chambers are different.

5. A transformer as defined in claim 1 or 2 wherein the total width of all of said chambers is only approximately 20 mm, whereby a flat and optimally coupled transformer is realized.

6. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein said additional secondary winding provides an operating voltage for a load which has a fluctuating current input.

7. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein said partial windings of said additional secondary winding are connected in parallel.

8. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein said partial windings of said primary winding are connected in series.

9. A transformer as defined in claim 1 or 8 wherein said partial windings of said secondary winding are connected in series.

10. A transformer as defined in claim 1 further comprising a plurality of auxiliary primary windings disposed in one chamber of said first group which is disposed in approximately the center of said first group and above the said partial winding of said primary winding disposed in said one chamber of said first group.

11. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein all of said partial winding disposed in said chambers of both said groups are wound with wire having the same diameter.

12. A switched mode power supply transformer as defined in claim 1 or 10 wherein: said coil body has six of of said chambers; said additional secondary winding is subdivided into three said partial windings; and two of said partial windings of said additional secondary winding are disposed below respective ones of said partial windings of said secondary winding and the third said partial winding of said additional secondary winding is disposed in the sixth said chamber.

13. A switched mode power supply transformer as defined in claim 10 further comprising at least one further secondary winding disposed in one of said chambers of said second group above any partial secondary winding present in said one of said chambers.

14. A switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver, comprising in combination:
a primary winding and a secondary winding, with said primary winding and said secondary winding each being subdivided into a plurality of partial windings;
a chamber coil body having a plurality of chambers;
said partial windings of said primary winding being disposed only in a first group of said chambers, and said partial windings of said secondary winding being disposed only in a second group of said chambers with each of said partial windings being disposed in a respective one of said chambers;
said chambers of said first group being interleaved with said chambers of said second group such that said primary partial windings and said secondary partial windings are alternatingly disposed in successive said chambers, so as to generate the major operating voltage at said secondary winding;
an additional secondary winding for generating a further operating voltage, said additional secondary winding likewise being subdivided into a plurality of partial windings, and said partial windings of said additional secondary winding are disposed only in respective said chambers of said second group below any of said partial windings of said secondary winding.

15. A switched mode power supply transformer as defined in claim 1 or 14 wherein each of said partial windings of said primary winding contains the same number of turns and each of said partial windings of said secondary winding contains the same number of turns.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver.
In communications transmissions devices, particularly in television receivers, it is known to effect the desired dc decoupling from the mains by means of so-called switched mode power supply transformers. Such switched mode power supply transformers are substantially smaller and lighter in weight than a mains transformer for the same power operating at 50 Hz, because they operate at a significantly higher frequency of about 20-30 kHz. Such a switched mode power supply transformer (hereinafter called SMPS transformer) generally includes a primary side with a primary winding serving as the operating winding for the switch and further additional auxiliary windings, as well as a secondary side with a secondary winding for generating the essential operating voltage and possibly further additional windings for generating further operating voltages of different magnitude and polarity. The secondary and primary are insulated from one another as prescribed by VDE and have the necessary dielectric strength so that there is no danger of contact between voltage carrying parts on the secondary. A switched mode power supply (SMPS) circuit for a tv-receiver is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,182, issued June 29, 1976.
A further requirement placed on such an SMPS transformer is that the stray inductance at least of the primary winding and of the secondary winding should be as small as possible. With too high a stray inductance, a transient behavior may develop during the switching operation which would not assure optimum switch operation of the switching transistor connected to the primary winding and would endanger this transistor by taking on too much power. Moreover, an increased stray inductance undesirably increases the internal resistance of the voltage sources for the individual operating voltages.
It is known to design the windings for such transformers as layered windings. Such layered windings, however, contain feathered intermediate foil layers and, after manufacture, generally require that the coil or the complete transformer be encased in order to insure VDE safety. Use as a chamber winding in television receivers presently does not take place because of the problems to be discussed below. A chamber winding would have the particular advantage that it could be wound more easily and economically by automatic machines. when using a chamber winding for a switched mode power supply, the detailed insulation between the primary and the secondary would be realized initially by two chambers with one of these chambers being filled only with the windings of the primary and the other of these chambers being filled only with the windings of the secondary. However, with such an arrangement there would exist only slight coupling between the primary and the secondary and thus an undesirably high stray inductance. If, on the other hand, the number of chambers were selected to be substantially larger, the transformer becomes more expensive and unnecessarily large. Moreover, a larger core would be required. Consequently, in the past, no television receiver has been introduced that included an SMPS transformer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of the present invention to provide an SMPS transformer designed in the chamber wound technique which permits economical automatic winding, i.e. can be wound with but a single type of wire, has a structure which is spatially narrow and as flat as possible, provides the required insulation between the primary and secondary windings, and has a low stray inductance. The transformer should not be encased or saturated and nevertheless should produce no interfering noise during operation. The transformer should be able to be held in a circuit board without mechanical aids merely by its connecting terminals which are soldered to the circuit board.
The above object is basically achieved according to the present invention in that the transformer for a switched mode power supply, particularly for a television receiver, comprises: a primary winding and a secondary winding with the primary and secondary windings each being subdivided into a plurality of partial windings; and a chamber coil body with a plurality of chambers; and wherein the partial windings of the primary winding are disposed in a first group of chambers of the coil body, the partial windings of the secondary winding are disposed in a second group of chambers of the coil body, and the chambers of the first and second groups are interleaved.
Due to the fact that the individual windings or partial windings of the primary are disposed only in chambers of the first group and the windings or partial windings of the secondary are disposed only in chambers of the second group, i.e. primary and secondary are distributed to separate chambers, the necessary dielectric strength between primary and secondary is assured. By dividing each of the primary and secondary windings to a respective plurality or group of chambers and, due to the interleaved or nested arrangement of the chambers of the primary and the secondary, the desired fixed coupling between primary and secondary, and thus the desired low stray inductance at the primary and secondary, are realized. It has been found that a total number of chambers in the order of magnitude of six constitutes an economically favorable solution. With a smaller number of chambers, the coupling between primary and secondary is reduced. With a larger number of chambers, however, either the individual chambers become too small or the entire transformer, and particularly the core, become too large.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram for a preferred embodiment of a switched mode power supply transformer according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic partial sectional view showing the distribution of the individual windings of FIG. 1 to different chambers according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 shows a transformer intended for a switched mode power supply for a television receiver with a power output between 40 and 150 watts. The transformer includes a primary side P and a secondary side S which, while maintaining the required dielectric strength of, for example, 10,000 V, are galvanically decoupled or separated from one another. The primary side P includes a primary winding 1 which, as the operating winding, will lie in the collector circuit of a switching transistor switched at about 20-30 kHz. The primary winding 1 is divided into three partial windings 1a, 1b and 1c which are connected in series. When utilized in a television receiver, the beginning of partial winding 1a and the end of partial winding 1c are connected into the collector circuit of the switching transistor, while the taps between the partial windings 1a-1b and 1b-1c are not utilized, but rather form supporting points for the connection of the terminals of the partial windings. The primary side P also includes an additional winding 3 which feeds the feedback path with which the primary winding 1a-1c is designed as a self-resonant circuit. Moreover, the primary side P includes an additional winding 4 for regulating the moment of current flow in the switching transistor in the sense of stabilizing the amplitude of the output voltages on the secondary side S.
The secondary side S initially includes the secondary winding 2 from which is obtained, via a rectifier circuit (not shown), the main operating voltage U1. The secondary winding 2 is divided into two series connected partial windings 2a and 2b. Additionally, the secondary winding S includes a winding 5 for generating an operating voltage for the video amplifier and a further winding 6 for generating the operating voltage for the vertical deflection stage of a television receiver. Moreover, an additional secondary winding 7 is provided from which, after rectification, the operating voltage or the audio output stage of the receiver is obtained. Winding 7 comprises three partial windings 7a, 7b, 7c which are connected in parallel. The audio output stage of a television receiver has a greatly fluctuating current input between 50 mA and 1000 mA so that the load of the secondary side S varies considerably. This variation in load may effect an undesirable change in the operating voltage U1 which also influences the horizontal deflection amplitude. This undesirable dependency can be reduced in that the coupling between winding 7 and winding 4 is dimensioned greater, for regulating purposes, than the coupling between winding 2 and winding 4. This solution is described in greater detail in Federal Republic of Germany Offenlegungsschrift (laid open application) DE-OS No. 2,749,847 of May 10, 1979. This increased coupling between windings 7 and 4 is realized in the present case by the three parallel connected windings 7a, 7b, 7c. Finally, the secondary S includes a further winding 8 which serves to generate, after rectification, a negative operating voltage of -30 V.
FIG. 2 shows one half of the chamber coil body 9 for the individual windings of FIG. 1, with the body 9 including a total of six chambers 10. The size and particularly the widths of the individual chambers 10 can vary with respect to one another and the widths may all be different. Preferably, the width of the narrowest chamber 10 is about 1 mm and the total width of all six chambers is only approximately 20 mm so as to realize a flat and optimally coupled transformer.
As shown, one third of the primary winding 1, in the form of respective partial windings 1a, 1b and 1c, is distributed to each of the first, third and fifth chambers 10 of the coil body 9. The additional primary windings 3 and 4 are disposed in the third chamber 10 above the partial winding 1b. One half of the secondary winding 2, in the form of respective partial windings 2a, 2b, is distributed to each of the second and fourth chambers 10 of the coil body 9. The three partial windings 7a, 7b and 7c of the additional secondary winding 7 for the audio output stage are distributed to the second, fourth and sixth chambers 10, respectively, with the partial windings 7a-7c being disposed closest to the longitudinal axis of the coil body 9 and thus below any partial secondary winding 2a, 2b or other secondary winding which may be located in the same chamber. That is, the partial windings 7a and 7b are disposed below the partial windings 2a and 2b, respectively, in the respective second and fourth chambers 10, and below the additional secondary windings 5 and 8 in the sixth chamber 10. Further winding 6 is disposed above partial secondary winding 2b.
As can be seen in FIG. 2, the chambers 10 contain alternatingly only windings or partial windings of the primary side P or of the secondary side S. The illustrated nesting or interleaving of the windings, i.e. the alternating arrangement of windings of the primary side P and of the secondary side S in successive chambers 10, assures the desired close coupling between the primary side P and the secondary side S. The arrangement of the windings 3, 4 in approximately the center of the coil body 9 above partial winding 1b assures the desired close coupling between the windings 3, 4 with the other windings.
In an embodiment of the transformer shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 which was successfully tested in practice, the individual windings were all wound with the same diameter wire and contained the following numbers of turns:

______________________________________

Winding No. Number of Turns

______________________________________

1a 22

1b 22

1c 22

2a 30

2b 30

3 3

4 10

5 25

6 1

7a 11

7b 11

7c 11

8 16

______________________________________

The diameter of the wire of the windings 1-8 may be about 0.40 or 0.45 mm. Also, each winding may exist of two parallel shunted wires each of 0.3 mm diameter. The width of the six chambers 10--seen from the left to the right in FIG. 2--may be 0.95/1.95/1.75/1.95/0.95/2.75 mm and the thickness of the walls forming the chambers 0.65 mm.
It will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.

A video display apparatus incorporates a picture tube, such as a square-planar picture tube, that includes a phosphor screen located on a faceplate having an aspherically curved geometry that produces a relatively flat surface contour. Deflection circuitry generates line and field scanning currents in respective line and field deflection windings to enable the electron beams of the picture tube to scan a raster on the phosphor screen. The electron beams are subject to a scanning error that results in raster distortion, such as side pincushion distortion. A parabola generator produces a parabolic modulation of the scanning of the electron beams to generally correct the raster distortion while retaining a residual error due to the aspherically curved geometry of the faceplate. A nonlinear waveshaping circuit modifies the parabolic modulation of the scanning current in accordance with the aspherically curved geometry to provide additional modulation of the electron beam scanning for correcting the residual error. The nonlinear waveshaping circuit includes a current source and a switched current divider that is responsive to a threshold level of the parabolic voltage developed by the parabola generator.

1. Video display apparatus with correction of raster distortion, comprising:
a picture tube having a phosphor screen located on a faceplate having an aspherically curved surface contour, with at least one of a minor and major axis exhibiting a curvature that changes from an edge of the faceplate to the center;
deflection means including horizontal and vertical deflection windings for generating respectively therein horizontal and vertical deflection currents to enable an electron beam of said picture tube to scan a raster on said phosphor screen;
a parabola generator coupled to said deflection means for generating a generally parabolically shaped signal that produces a parabolic modulation of the scanning of said electron beam to generally provide correction of a first raster distortion while leaving uncorrected a residual raster distortion due to the change in curvature of said faceplate from said edge to the center; and
means for nonlinearly modifying said (parabolic modulation) parabolically shaped signal as a function of said change in curvature of said faceplate to provide additional modulation of the scanning of said electron beam for correcting said residual raster distortion.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first raster distortion results in side pincushion raster distortion and wherein said faceplate has an aspherically curved geometry that results in areas of said faceplate near the top and bottom being of increased curvature relative to the curvature in areas near the center. 3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said residual raster distortion comprises a barrel-like distortion of a raster display of a vertical line pattern in said areas near the top and bottom of said faceplate. 4. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said nonlinearly modifying means comprises a current source coupled to said parabola generator and a switched current divider that switches from a first conductive state to a second conductive state during that portion of a vertical trace interval when a raster is being scanned on said faceplate in said areas of increased curvature. 5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said parabolically shaped signal is a generally parabolically shaped input voltage repeating at a vertical deflection rate and having both a DC component voltage and an AC parabolic component voltage and wherein said switched current divider comprises an impedance receiving a constant current from said current source for establishing a bias voltage level and switching means responsive to said bias voltage level and direct current coupled to said parabola generator for shunting a portion of said constant current when said input voltage goes beyond a threshold voltage level established in accordance with said bias voltage level to modify the waveshape of said input voltage in a manner that corrects said residual raster distortion. 6. A circuit for correcting a given error of electron beam positioning in a video display apparatus, comprising:
a deflection winding;
an output stage for generating current in said deflection winding to control said electron beam positioning;
a parabolic voltage generator for developing a generally parabolically shaped input voltage repeating at a deflection rate and having both a DC component voltage and an AC parabolic component voltage;
an amplifier for driving said output stage in accordance with said parabolically shaped input voltage to generally correct said given error while retaining a residual error of said electron beam positioning;
a current source;
an impedance receiving current from said current source for establishing a bias voltage level; and
switching means responsive to said bias voltage level and direct current coupled to said parabolically shaped input voltage for shunting a portion of the current from said current source when said input voltage goes beyond a threshold voltage level established in accordance with said bias voltage level to modify the waveshape of said input voltage in a manner that corrects said residual error.
7. A circuit according to claim 6 wherein said switching means is direct current coupled to an output terminal of said parabolic voltage generator, at which terminal said input voltage is developed, and which is direct current coupled to a terminal of said impedance, at which impedance terminal said bias voltage level is developed. 8. A circuit according to claim 7 wherein said switching means comprises a diode in which there flows the shunted portion of current from said current source. 9. A circuit according to claim 7 wherein the shunted portion of current from said current source establishes a modified parabola voltage at an output terminal of said switching means that is direct current coupled to the output terminal of said parabolic voltage generator, said modified parabola voltage having a waveform that generally follows the waveform of said input voltage when said switching means is in one conductive state and having a waveform of waveshape that is substantially different than that of said input voltage when said switching means is in another conductive state. 10. A circuit according to claim 9 including means for AC coupling said modified parabola voltage to said amplifier. 11. A circuit according to claim 10 including means for adjusting said bias voltage level to adjust the switching instants of said switching means and wherein a peak amplitude of said modified parabola voltage remains substantially unchanged for different adjustments of said bias voltage level. 12. A circuit according to claim 11 including an adjustable voltage divider coupled to said AC coupling means and direct current coupled to said amplifier for adjusting the amplitude of the AC coupled modified parabola voltage, and wherein the peak amplitude of the modified parabola voltage that is established at the output terminal of said switching means remains substantially unchanged for different adjustments of said voltage divider. 13. A circuit according to claim 9 wherein said input voltage includes an AC sawtooth component voltage repeating at said deflection rate and further including means for applying said sawtooth component voltage to said impedance to provide common-mode rejection of said sawtooth component voltage with respect to the shunted portion of current from said current source. 14. A circuit according to claim 9 wherein said switching means applies an additional voltage to said terminal of said impedance that is representative of the difference between said bias voltage level and said input voltage to control the amplitude of the shunted portion of current in accordance with said additional voltage. 15. A circuit according to claim 9 wherein said current source comprises a source of DC voltage coupled to a second impedance, and wherein said switching means applies an additional voltage to said terminal of the first mentioned impedance that is representative of a difference between said bias voltage level and said input voltage. 16. A circuit according to claim 15 wherein said DC voltage of said DC voltage source is substantially greater in magnitude than that of said additional voltage to prevent significant changes from occurring in the magnitude of said current source when said switching means changes conductive states. 17. A circuit according to claim 6 wherein said video display apparatus includes a picture tube having a phosphor screen located on a faceplate having an aspherically curved geometry that produces a relatively flat surface contour and wherein said residual error of electron beam positioning is produced in accordance with said aspherically curved geometry. 18. A circuit according to claim 17 wherein said given error is produced by side pincushion distortion and wherein said residual error produces a barrel-like distortion of a raster display of a vertical line pattern in regions near the top and bottom of said faceplate where the curvature of said faceplate is increased relative to the curvature in the center region. 19. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said nonlinearly modifying means produces a parabolic modulation when scanning raster lines near top and bottom of said raster that is different than when scanning raster lines near raster center for correcting said residual raster distortion due to the aspherically curved geometry of said faceplate.

Description:

This invention relates to electron beam positioning error correction circuitry in a video display apparatus.
New, flatter faceplate picture tubes, such as the RCA Corporation square-planar picture tubes, have aspherically curved faceplate contours. A tube of this type, having a complex curvature faceplate, is described in the following U.S. patent applications, herein incorporated by reference.
1. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 469,772, filed Feb. 25, 1983, by F. R. Ragland, Jr. entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING AN IMPROVED SHADOW MASK CONTOUR.
2. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 469,774, filed Feb. 25, 1983 by F. R. Ragland, Jr. entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING A FACEPLATE PANEL WITH A SUBSTANTIALLY PLANAR PERIPHARY.
3. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 469,775, filed Feb. 25, 1983, by R. J. D'Amato et al., entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING DIFFERENT CURVATURE ALONG MAJOR AND MINOR AXES.
4. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 529,644, filed Sept. 6, 1983, by R. J. D'Amato et al., entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING A FACEPLATE PANEL WITH AN ESSENTIALLY PLANAR SCREEN PERIPHERY.
In one form of flatter faceplate picture tube, as typified by the RCA 110° COTY-SP, square-planar, 27 V, color television picture tube, A68ACC10X, the formula for the tube faceplate sagittal height, z, in millimeters, with reference to the center of the faceplate is given by: Z=A 1 X 2 +A 2 X 4 +A 3 Y 2 +A 4 X 2 Y 2 +A 5 X 4 Y 2 +A 6 Y 4 +A 7 X 2 Y 4 +A 8 X 4 Y 4 ,
where X and Y are the distance coordinates, in millimeters, from the faceplate center along the major and minor axes, respectively, and where: A 1 =-0.236424229×10 -4 A 2 =-0.363538575×10 -8 A 3 =-0.422441063×10 -3 A 4 =-0.213537355×10 -8 A 5 =+0.883912220×10 -13 A 6 =-0.100020398×10 -9 A 7 =+0.117915353×10 -14 A 8 =+0.527722295×10 -21
The picture tube faceplate defined by this formula has a relatively shallow curvature near the center of the faceplate, which increases near the edges along paths parallel to both the major and minor axes of the tube. The overall result is a faceplate of relatively flat appearance and with planar edges, namely, with points along the top, bottom, right and left edges located substantially in a common plane.
In general, the raster scanned on the phosphor screen of a picture tube may exhibit an east-west or side pincushion raster distortion. This distortion may be substantially corrected by a side pincushion correction circuit that produces a parabolic amplitude modulation of the horizontal deflection current. The required vertical rate parabola voltage may be obtained from the vertical deflection circuit by integration of the vertical sawtooth current.
When using such a conventional circuit for raster correction in a picture tube, such as a square-planar picture tube that has an aspherically curved faceplate, a small but often objectionable raster distortion may remain at the top and bottom of the display, as illustrated by the solid vertical lines of a raster R display R in FIG. 1. Due to the aspherically curved geometry of the faceplate, the vertical line bend away from the vertical direction near the top and bottom of the raster display, where the curvature of the faceplate increases. The overall appearance of the vertical lines in FIG. 1 is slightly barrel-shaped.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a video display apparatus includes a picture tube having a phosphor screen located on a faceplate having an aspherically curved geometry. Correction circuitry is provided that compensates for raster distortion or electron beam positioning errors, such as pincushion or convergence distortions. The correction circuitry includes a parabola generator coupled to deflection circuitry for producing a parabolic modulation of the scanning of the electron beam. The modulation generally provides correction of the raster distortion or electron beam positioning error, while retaining a residual error due to the aspherically curved geometry of the faceplate. The modulation is nonlinearly modified in accordance with the aspherically curved geometry to provide additional modulation of the scanning of the electron beam for correcting the residual error.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a particularly advantageous arrangement of correction circuitry smoothly straightens the bent vertical lines near the top and bottom of the raster display illustrated in FIG. 1.
The parabola generator of the correction circuit arrangement produces a generally parabolically shaped input voltage repeating at a deflection rate. An amplifier drives an output stage that generates current in a deflection winding to control the electron beam landing position. The amplifier is responsive to the output of the parabola generator for driving the output stage in accordance with the parabolically shaped input voltage to generally correct electron beam landing error, while retaining a residual error. A current source with a switched current dividing network is responsive to a threshold level of the parabolically shaped input voltage for supplying to the amplifier a portion of the current from the current source when the input voltage exceeds the threshold level to correct the residual error.
FIG. 1 illustrates vertical lines of a raster display scanned on the screen of a square-planar picture tube;
FIG. 2 illustrates in block diagram form raster scanning circuitry used in conjunction with raster scanning on the aspherically curved faceplate of a square-planar picture tube, shown schematically in FIG. 2 from a side elevation view, in partial breakaway;
FIG. 3 illustrates detailed embodiments of the horizontal and vertical deflection circuits of FIG. 2, including circuitry embodying the invention that corrects for the residual side pincushion distortion illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed embodiment of a portion of the circuit of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 illustrates waveforms useful in explaining operation of the circuits of FIGS. 3 and 4.
In FIG. 1, there is illustrated vertical lines of a raster display R that is generated on the phosphor screen of a faceplate 30 of a square-planar picture tube SP of FIG. 2. Horizontal and vertical deflection circuits 20 and 40 of FIG. 2 generate horizontal and vertical deflection currents in horizontal and vertical deflection windings L H and L V , respectively. The horizontal and vertical deflection currents deflect electron beams 18 in square-planar picture tube SP to produce raster display R on faceplate 30.
Square-planar picture tube SP incorporates a glass envelope 11 comprising a generally rectangular faceplate panel 19 and a tubular neck 14 connected by a funnel 16. Panel 19 comprises viewing faceplate 30 and a peripheral flange or side wall 12, which is sealed to funnel 16 by a glass frit 17. A generally rectangular 3-color cathodoluminescent phosphor screen 15 is carried by the inner surface of faceplate 30. The screen may be a line screen, with the phosphor lines extending substantially parallel to the minor or vertical axis Y--Y of the tube. Alternatively, the screen may be a dot screen. A multi-aperture color selection electrode or shadow mask 13 is removably mounted within panel 19 in predetermined spaced relation to screen 15. An electron gun 10, shown schematically by dashed lines in FIG. 2, is centrally mounted within neck 14 to generate and accelerate the three electron beams 18 along convergent paths through mask 13 to screen 15.
The line and field deflection currents in line and field deflection windings L H and L V , respectively, subject the three electron beams 18 to vertical and horizontal magnetic flux that scans the beams horizontally in the direction of the major or horizontal axis X--X and vertically in the direction of the minor axis Y--Y, in a rectangular raster pattern over screen 15. The longitudinal axis of picture tube SP is labeled Z--Z in FIG. 2.
Faceplate 30 of square-planar color picture tube SP is relatively flat. The curvature of the faceplate is complex and may be approximated in accordance with the polynominal expression given above. In the field scanning direction, or as the electron beams are scanned from top edge to bottom edge, vertically, the curvature of the faceplate decreases from top edge to center and then increases again to the bottom edge. A similar situation holds in the line scanning direction.
Assume that horizontal and vertical deflection circuits 20 and 40 of FIG. 2 correct for distortions such as S-distortion, north-south and gullwing distortion. Furthermore, assume that horizontal deflection circuit 20 generally corrects for side pincushion distortion by parabolically modulating the amplitude of the horizontal deflection current. The display of a vertical line pattern on faceplate 30 by means of raster line scanning produces a raster display such as illustrated in solid-line in FIG. 1. The generally vertical lines exhibit a residual distortion at the top and bottom of the raster which, due to the aspherically curved geometry of faceplate 30, causes the vertical raster lines to be bent inward toward the center in a barrel-like manner.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, horizontal deflection circuit 20 nonlinearly modifies the parabolic modulation of the horizontal deflection current to straighten the vertical lines at the top and bottom of the raster, as illustrated by the dashed-line, straight line segments of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates detailed embodiments of vertical deflection circuit 40 and horizontal deflection circuit 20 of FIG. 2 that include nonlinear waveshaping circuitry in accordance with an aspect of the invention. In horizontal deflection circuit 20 of FIG. 3, a B+ voltage is applied to the primary winding W p of a flyback transformer T1 via a small valued resistor 21. A capacitor 22 provides filtering. Primary winding W p is coupled to a horizontal output stage 70 of horizontal deflection circuit 20. Horizontal output stage 70 includes a horizontal oscillator and driver 25, a horizontal output transistor Q1, a first retrace capacitor C R1 coupled across transistor Q1, a damper diode D2, a second retrace capacitor C R2 coupled across diode D2 and the series arrangement of a linearity inductor 26, and S-shaping capacitor C s , deflection winding L H of FIG. 2, and a resonant circuit 27, comprising a capacitor C1 in parallel with the inductance of a tapped winding W1 of a transformer T2. Deflection winding L H is coupled to the tap terminal of winding W1.
Resonant circuit 27 is tuned to produce approximately two cycles of oscillation during the horizontal trace interval for introducing an oscillatory current component into horizontal deflection current i H that provides dynamic S-correction of the raster scanned on faceplate 30 of square-planar picture tube SP of FIG. 1. The function of dynamic S-correction, resonant circuit 27 is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,618, by P. E. Haferl, issued Jan. 7, 1986, entitled S-CORRECTED DEFLECTION CIRCUIT.
To provide side pincushion correction, the amplitude of horizontal deflection current i H is modulated at a vertical rate by a side pincushion correction modulator circuit 30 that drives horizontal output circuit 70. Side pincushion correction circuit 30 includes a damper diode D3 with a grounded anode and a cathode coupled to the anode of damper diode D2, a retrace capacitor C R3 coupled across diode D3, a modulator choke inductor L m coupled to the junction of retrace capacitors C R2 and C R3 , and a modulator control circuit 60 coupled to choke L m .
Modulator control circuit 60 modulates at a vertical rate the modulator current i m in choke L m , to concurrently modulate the retrace pulse voltage V Rm developed across modulator retrace capacitor C R3 . The modulation of retrace pulse voltage V Rm produces a concurrent but opposite sense modulation of deflection retrace pulse voltage V Rd across deflection retrace capacitor C R2 . The vertical rate modulation of deflection retrace pulse voltage V Rd produces the required vertical rate modulation of horizontal deflection current i H that provides side pincushion correction.
The opposing sense modulation of retrace pulse voltages V Rd and V Rm produces an unmodulated retrace pulse voltage V R at the collector of horizontal output transistor Q1. Retrace pulse voltage V R is applied to the primary winding W p of flyback transformer T1 for generating an unmodulated retrace pulse voltage V RH at a terminal A of a secondary winding W s . An unmodulated retrace pulse voltage is also generated in a high voltage winding W HV for developing an ultor accelerating potential at a terminal U of a high voltage generating circuit 23.
FIG. 3 also illustrates a detailed embodiment of vertical deflection circuit 40 of FIG. 2. Vertical deflection circuit 40 includes a vertical deflection amplifier U1 coupled to vertical deflection winding L V of FIG. 2 for generating a vertical deflection current i V that deflects the electron beams in picture tube SP of FIG. 2 in the vertical direction. Vertical deflection winding L V is coupled to a north-south and gullwing distortion correction circuit 34 for modulating vertical deflection current i V in a manner that corrects both north-south pincushion distortion and gullwing distortion of the raster when scanning raster lines on square-planar picture tube SP of FIG. 2. A description of the operation of north-south pincushion and gullwing correction circuit 34 may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 719,227, filed Apr. 2, 1985, by P. E. Haferl entitled NORTH-SOUTH PINCUSHION CORRECTED DEFLECTION CIRCUIT, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,897 and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 733,661, filed May 10, 1985, by P. E. Haferl et al, entitled GULLWING DISTORTION CORRECTED DEFLECTION CIRCUITRY FOR A SQUARE-PLANAR PICTURE TUBE, both herein incorporated by reference.
Vertical deflection current i V , after passing through correction circuit 34, flows through a coupling or vertical S-shaping capacitor C V and a current sampling resistor R s . Coupling capacitor C V intergrates vertical deflection current i V to develop across the capacitor between terminals 35 and 36 an AC parabola voltage, of almost ideal waveshape, that repeats at the vertical deflection rate. The voltage across capacitor C V comprises the AC parabola voltage superimposed upon a DC level established by vertical deflection amplifier U1. The voltage V sV developed across current sampling resistor R s is illustrated in FIG. 5a and comprises an AC, S-shaped, sawtooth voltage repeating at the vertical deflection rate. The voltage V1 developed at terminal 35 is illustrated in FIG. 5b and equals the sum of the voltages developed across capacitor C V and resistor R s . Thus, the AC component of voltage V1 during the vertical trace interval t 3 -t 7 of FIG. 5b is a generally parabolically shaped voltage that is skewed downward by the relatively small sawtooth voltage component derived from sampling resistor R s .
The voltages at terminals 35 and 36 are applied to vertical deflection amplifier U1 to provide DC and AC feeback, respectively, to the amplifier. The vertical rate voltages V1 and V sV , the horizontal rate retrace pulse voltage V RH and a voltage V ds developed across winding W2 of transformer T2 are coupled to correction circuit 34 to provide deflection synchronization information and to provide waveform information that produces the required waveshaping and modulation of vertical deflection current i v , as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent applications.
Vertical deflection circuit 40 may be considered as a low impedance voltage source 48 that generates parabola voltage V1 at output terminal 35 of the source.
Vertical parabola voltage V1 is nonlinearly waveshaped by a nonlinear network 50 and is then applied via a DC blocking capacitor C2 and a parabola amplitude adjusting potentiometer R a to the noninverting input terminal of an amplifier U2 of side pincushion control circuit 60. Vertical sawtooth voltage V sV is applied to the inverting input terminal of amplifier U2 via the wiper arm of a trapeze adjusting potentiometer R t and a resistor 31. The DC level at the inverting input terminal is controlled by a width adjusting potentiometer 33 that couples a +25 V source to the inverting input terminal via a resistor 32 and the wiper arm of potentiometer 33. The output of amplifier U2 is coupled to an inverting driver stage U3 that applies a modulation voltage V m to modulator choke inductor L m .
Side pincushion control circuit 60 is operated in the switched mode at the horizontal rate. A horizontal sawtooth voltage generator 29, synchronized by horizontal retrace pulse voltage V RH , applies a horizontal rate sawtooth voltage V sH to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 via a resistor R g . Resistor R g represents the effective source impedance of sawtooth voltage generator 29. The output of amplifier U2 is a pulse width modulated, horizontal rate voltage having a duty cycle that varies at a vertical rate. Modulation voltage V m therefore is also a pulse width modulated, horizontal rate voltage having a duty cycle that varies at a vertical rate. This enables the drive provided by side pincushion modulator circuit 30 to be varied in a manner that corrects side pincushion distortion.
Side pincushion modulator circuit 30 operates in a manner similar to that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 651,301, filed Sept. 17, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,937 by P. E. Haferl, entitled EAST-WEST CORRECTION CIRCUIT. Other side pincushion correction circuits, such as switched mode diodc modulator circuits, may be used to drive horizontal output stage 70.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, nonlinear waveshaping network 50 is interposed between terminal 35 and the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 of side pincushion control circuit 60. Nonlinear network 50 modifies the waveshape of parabola voltage V1 at terminal 35 to generate a modified parabola voltage V2 at a terminal 37, as illustrated by the solid-line waveform of voltage V2 in FIG. 5f. Shaped parabola voltage V2 is then applied to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 via AC coupling capacitor C2 and potentiometer R a . The additional waveshaping provided by nonlinear network 50 corrects the residual side pincushion error that would otherwise exist when scanning a raster on the phosphor screen of a square-planar picture tube.
Nonlinear waveshaping network 50 comprises a constant current source CS in series with a potentiometer R2 that is coupled to the wiper arm of trapeze adjusting potentiometer R t . A diode D1, functioning as a unidirectional switch, is coupled between the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 and terminal 37, with the cathode of diode D1 being coupled to terminal 37.
In operation, constant current source CS generates an almost ideal constant current i 0 , illustrated in FIG. 5d, that does not significantly change in value throughout the entire vertical deflection interval t 3 -t 8 . Diode D1 is reverse biased by voltage V2 during the interval t b of FIG. 5. During this interval, all of current i 0 that flows into end terminal 38 of potentiometer R2 flows out of the other end terminal 39, as illustrated in FIG. 5c by the current i 3 during the interval t b . Current i 3 flows in that portion R2b of potentiometer R2 between intermediate wiper arm terminal 41 and end terminal 39 coupled to the wiper arm of potentiometer R t . The solid-line waveform of FIG. 5c also illustrates the voltage V3 developed by current i 3 in resistance R2b.
When diode D1 is nonconductive, during the interval t b of FIG. 5, constant current source CS advantageously establishes an adjustable DC bias voltage level V b at intermediate wiper arm terminal 41, as illustrated by the dotted-line waveform of FIG. 5c. Voltage V b equals the constant voltage level V 0 that is established for voltage V3 by constant current source CS, summed with the vertical sawtooth voltage developed at the wiper arm of trapeze adjusting potentiometer R t . Illustratively, voltage level V 0 is shown in FIG. 5c at a level established by the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 when the wiper arm is in a centered position.
When diode D1 is nonconductive, voltage V1 is divided by a voltage divider (R1, R a , R b , R g ) coupled between terminal 35 and the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 for developing voltage V2 at terminal 37, which terminal is an intermediate point of the voltage divider. As illustrated in FIGS. 5b and 5f, voltages V1 and V2 exhibit substantially the same waveshape during the interval t b .
During the second half of vertical trace, after the center of trace instant t 5 , voltages V1 and V2 decrease in amplitude. Near time t 6 , voltage V1 has decreased to a threshold voltage level V' al and voltage V2 has decreased to a threshold voltage level V a1 . The decreased voltage V2 at terminal 37 near time t 6 or time t 1 , enables diode D1 of nonlinear waveshaping circuit 50 to begin conducting, thereby coupling together terminals 37 and 41.
Diode D1 continues to conduct throughout the interval t a of FIG. 5. During this interval, voltages V1 and V2 are below the threshold levels V' a2 and V a2 , respectively. At the end of the interval t a , near time t 9 or time t 4 , voltages V1 and V2 have increased sufficiently to reestablish at terminal 41 the bias voltage level V b of FIG. 5c that forces diode D1 to become nonconductive.
During the interval t a , when diode D1 is conductive, a portion of constant current i O of FIG. 5d, that flows in the upper resistance portion R2a of potentiometer R2, is shunted away from resistance R2b via the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 and diode D1. The shunt current i c in diode D1 is illustrated in FIG. 5e during the interval t 1 -t 4 or t 6 -t 9 . Current i c substracts from constant current i 0 when diode D1 is conductive to reduce the amplitude of current i 3 in resistance R2b by the amount of current shunted. As illustrated in FIG. 5c, current i 3 , during the interval t a , has the same waveshape as current i c of FIG. 5e, but inverted in phase.
The waveshape of current i c is determined in accordance with the waveshape of the parabolic component of voltage V1 that is applied to the voltage divider (R1, R2b) formed whendiode D1 is conductive. The amplitude of current i c is related to the difference in value between the bias voltage level V b and the parabolic voltage V1.
Correction current i c , flowing into terminal 37, modifies the waveshape of voltage V2 during the interval t a to correct the residual side pincushion error that would otherwise exist in raster display R of FIG. 1. Correction current i c flows mainly in resistor R1 to provide an additional voltage drop between terminals 37 and 35 that produces a flatter slope to the sides of parabola voltage V2 during the conduction interval t a of diode D1.
The solid-line waveform of FIG. 5f during the interval t a illustrates voltage V2 with diode D1 conducting. The dashed-line waveform illustrates the waveshape that voltage V2 would have assumed had diode D1 remained nonconductive during the interval t a . Comparing the solid-line waveform with the dashed-line waveform in FIG. 5f, one notes that the presence of nonlinear network 50 waveshapes parabola voltage V2 during the intervals t 3 -t 4 and t 6 -t 7 , when the top and bottom of the raster are being scanned.
The flattening of parabola voltage V2 occurs when the raster lines between lines L3 and L4 and between lines L6 and L7 of FIG. 1 are being scanned. This flattening produces less modulation of the amplitude of deflection current i H when scanning the top and bottom raster lines. The result of the nonlinear waveshaping is the straightening of the bent vertical line segments of raster display R of FIG. 1 to correct the residual side pincushion error caused by the increased curvature of the faceplate of a square-planar picture tube in the top and bottom regions of the faceplate.
FIG. 4 illustrates a more detailed embodiment of a portion of the circuitry of FIG. 3 that includes nonlinear network 50. Items in FIGS. 3 and 4 similarly identified perform similar functions or represent similar quantities.
Inverting driver stage U3 comprises a switching transistor Q2 driven at its base by amplifier U2 and having its collector coupled to choke inductor L m and its emitter coupled to ground. During those intervals within each horizontal deflection cycle that transistor Q2 is cutoff, modulator current i m flows to the B+ supply via a flywheel diode D4. DC biasing for transistor Q2 is established by voltage dividing resistors 42 and 43. To provide stabilized operation of driver transistor Q2, negative feedback from the collector of the transistor to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 is provided via a resistor 44.
Horizontal sawtooth generator 29 comprises an RC network including a resistor 45 coupled to flyback transformer terminal A and a capacitor 46 coupled to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2. DC biasing of the noninverting input terminal is provided by resistor R b . Horizontal retrace pulse voltage V RH is integrated by the RC network to develop the horizontal sawtooth voltage V sH that produces the horizontal rate switching of transistor Q2. The duty cycle of the horizontal rate switching is modulated by means of the vertical rate modulation of the AC-zero level of voltage V sH .
In FIG. 4, constant current source CS comprises a DC voltage source of relatively large magnitude, such as the 140 volt, B+ voltage source, coupled to a resistor R3 of relatively large value, such as 180 kilohm. The amplitude of constant current i 0 is mainly determined by the value of the B+ voltage divided by the sum of the values of resistors R3 and R2. Current i 0 establishes an adjustable bias voltage level V b at the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 that maintains diode D1 nonconductive during the interval t b of FIG. 5 when parabola voltage V1 is sufficiently large in amplitude to keep the diode reverse biased. During the remaining interval t a , parabola voltage V1 is sufficiently small in amplitude to enable diode D1 to shunt some of current i 0 away from resistance portion R2b of potentiometer R2 to provide the correction current i c that waveshapes parabola voltage V2.
Advantageously, diode D1 is DC coupled to parabola voltage source 48 via resistor R1, with the cathode of diode D1 being coupled on the DC side (with respect to parabola voltage V1) of coupling capacitor C2. By means of the DC connection of diode D1 to parabola voltage source 48, the diode switching instants t 4 and T 6 may be adjusted by potentiometer R2 independently of the adjustment of east-west parabola amplitude potentiometer R a . When potentiometer R a is adjusted for the desired parabola amplitude, the AC-zero level of the parabola voltage applied to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 also varies. This variation of the AC-zero level has little or no effect on the switching of diode D1.
For example, assume amplitude potentiometer R a is adjusted to provide the proper amount of side pincushion correction when the central raster lines are being scanned between raster line L4 and raster line L6 of FIG. 1 during the interval t 4 -t 6 of FIG. 5. Potentiometer R2 may then be adjusted to establish a bias voltage level V b that enables diode D1 to switch conductive states near times t 4 and t 6 . The switching of diode D1 near times t 4 and t 6 provides the required additional waveshaping of voltage V2 that corrects the residual side pincushion error in the top and bottom regions of raster display R.
The instants when diode D1 switches conductive states are controlled by the DC bias level V b established by potentiometer R2 rather than by amplitude potentiometer R a . The adjustment of potentiometer R2 has no significant effect on the previous amplitude adjustment provided by potentiometer R a .
When the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 is moved towards end terminal 39, the conduction interval t a of diode D1 decreases and the cutof interval t b increases. The location of raster lines L4 and L6 where nonlinear waveshaping begins moves away from center raster line L5 towards top and bottom raster lines L3 and L7, respectively. The peak downward excursion of voltage V2, that occurs near the beginning of retrace near times t 2 and t 7 , also moves downward toward the dashed-line level that represents the peak downward excursion when diode D1 is cutoff for the entire vertical deflection interval t 2 -t 7 .
The amount of nonlinear waveshaping of parabola voltage V2 may be defined as the voltage difference between the dashed and solid-line waveforms V2 of FIG. 5f at times t 3 and t 7 , the start and end of vertical trace, respectively. This voltage difference relative to the dashed-line waveform V2 represents the amount of correction resulting on the raster display of FIG. 1.
When the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 is moved toward end terminal 38, the amount of nonlinear waveshaping increases until the conduction interval t a of diode D1 equals the nonconduction interval t b . As the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 is moved further toward end terminal 38, the amount of waveshaping begins to decrease and reaches zero when bias voltage level V b is set at a sufficiently high level to enable diode D1 to conduct for the entire vertical deflection interval.
The amplitude of current i c changes when potentiometer R2 is adjusted. However, the peak amplitude that parabola voltage V2 attains remains substantially the same at all levels of adjustment because correction current i c of FIGS. 3 and 4 flows mainly in resistor R1 and does not add any significant charge to AC coupling capacitor C2. No significant portion of current i c flows in capacitor C2 because of the long time constant associated with capacitor C2 and resistors R a , R b , R g . Current i c causes a very small increase of the average DC voltage at terminal 37, not illustrated in waveform FIG. 5. This increase amounts to approximately 75 millivolt, which is 1/4 the voltage difference between the dashed and solid-line waveforms of voltage V2 in FIG. 5f, at times t 3 and t 7 .
When diode D1 becomes conductive, parabola voltage source 48 becomes DC coupled to current source CS. At the same time an additional load impedance becomes coupled to current source CS derived from the voltage divider (R1, R a , R b , R g ). Because of the DC connection provided by diode D1 between the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 and parabola voltage source 48, the additional voltage that is coupled in-circuit with current source CS during the interval t a of FIG. 5 is relatively small. The additional voltage, ΔV3, equals the voltage difference between the constant voltage level V 0 of FIG. 5c and the voltage V3 developed across resistance R2b.
The peak-to-peak amplitude of voltage ΔV3 is relatively small, approximately one volt peak-to-peak for the values given in FIG. 4. Because the peak-to-peak amplitude ΔV3 is much smaller than the B+ voltage of constant current source CS, the shunt current i c that source CS supplies when diode D1 is conductive is also small relative to current i 0 and has substantially no effect on the amplitude of the constant current. For the values given in FIG. 4, the amplitude of current i 0 changes less than one percent during the conduction interval t a shown in FIG. 5.
End terminal 39 of potentiometer R2 may be advantageously coupled to trapeze adjusting potentiometer R t rather than to ground. This connection enables nonlinear network 50 to provide a common-mode rejection of the sawtooth voltage component of parabola voltage V1. Thus, diode D1 nonlinearly waveshapes only the parabolic component of voltage V1 and not the sawtooth component. The common-mode rejection of the waveshaping of the sawtooth component of voltage V1 may be noted from the waveforms of FIGS. 5c and 5e, which are symmetrical about the center of trace instant t 5 .
Nonlinear waveshaping network 50 advantageously produces gradual changes in the slope of parabola voltage V2 at the switching instants of diode D1 that smoothly straightens the bent segments of the vertical lines of raster display R in FIG. 1, without introducing wiggly line excursions of the vertical line pattern near raster lines L4 and L6.
Nonlinear network 50 operates as a current divider to divide current i 0 into current i 3 and current i c during conduction of diode D1. Thus, the change in the forward voltage drop of diode D1, produced by variations in ambient temperature, has little influence on the waveshaping of the parabola voltage.

A television receiver which is suitable for displaying teletext pages comprises a control system including a microcomputer. The microcomputer is coupled to a volatile memory which comprises a plurality of page number registers. A page number can be temporarily stored in each of these registers. With the aid of a keyboard the user makes known which page numbers he wants to have stored in the different registers and the stored page numbers represent a first series of pages. One single read key (RCL) is provided for the display of such a page. Each time this key is depressed once, a different page belonging to the first series appears on the picture screen. The sequence in which the pages appear is the same as the sequence in which the user has keyed-in the relevant page numbers. This sequence can be interrupted by the occurrence of a preselected operating instruction in response to which a number of teletext pages not associated with said first series can be displayed on the picture screen. Thereafter, the display of the teletext pages of the first series can be continued.

1. A television receiver comprising:
a control system for generating in response to external manipulations control instructions including teletext page numbers of teletext pages to be displayed on said television receiver;
a teletext-decoder circuit having a page number input for receiving from said control system page numbers of teletext pages to be displayed and having a picture output applying the picture signal of the teletext page to be displayed;
a picture screen coupled to display the picture signal from the picture signal output of the teletext decoder circuit, said picture screen displaying a teletext page which is identified by an associated page number;
page number storage means for storing a plurality of page number; and
a programmable control circuit coupled to the page number storage means and to the control system for receiving the control instructions, and to said page number input of the teletext decoder circuit to apply teletext page numbers thereto, the control circuit being programmed for carrying out the steps of:
storing in the page number storage means a first series of preselected teletext page numbers selected by a user in the order in which the corresponding teletext pages are desired for display;
successively applying the teletext page numbers of said first series to the teletext-decoder in response to successive occurrences of a selected first control instruction for successively displaying the teletext pages corresponding to the teletext page numbers successively applied to the teletext-decoder;
interrupting the successive application of teletext page numbers of said first series to the teletext-decoder in response to the occurrence of a selected further control instruction;
storing intermediate teletext page numbers in the order in which the corresponding teletext pages are desired for display;
successively applying the intermediate teletext page number to the teletext-decoder in response to successive further occurrences of the selected control instruction; and
continuing the successive application of the remainder teletext page numbers of said first series to the teletext decoder after all the intermediate teletext page numbers have been applied thereto.
2. A television receiver as claimed in claim 1, in which the storage means comprises N registers, each register storing a teletext page number, whereby registers storing teletext page numbers selected by the user are defined to be occupied registers and whereby the remaining registers are defined to be non-occupied registers, the control circuit is further programmed for:
making a register non-occupied in response to each occurrence of the selected first control instruction,
generating a sequence of further page numbers S+1, S+2, S+3, . . . in which S represents the last teletext page number of the first sequence; and
storing the teletext page numbers S+1, S+2, . . . S+(N-M) in the respective non-occupied registers, where M is the actual number of occupied register.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a television receiver of a type comprising a teletext decoding circuit and a storage means (page number memory) in which the page numbers associated with a plurality of teletext pages can be stored.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Such a television receiver has several operating modes, more specifically a program-mode and a teletext mode. In the program mode the video signal transmitted by a transmitter is applied through a video channel to a picture screen for displaying the television program. In the teletext mode said video signal is applied through a teletext decoder circuit to the picture screen for displaying the teletext associated with the program. The television itself can be partly or wholly suppressed.
The operating mode is determined by the viewer, (user). To enable the viewer to inform the receiver about his wishes, the receiver includes a control system comprising external components which can be manipulated by the viewer. More specifically, this control system has a control panel with control keys, each having a specific control function. This function is indicated by a sign applied on, over or under the relevant control key. Thus, there are for example a volume control key, a luminance key, a teletext key, a mixed-mode key, a program key and a plurality fo figure keys etc. These last-mentioned keys are characterized in that the associated signs are numerals. If the receiver is in the program mode, the viewer can inform the receiver with the aid of the figure keys which program or channel is wanted. After the teletext or the mixed-mode key has been operated the set is in the teletext mode with a partly or wholly suppressed television program and the viewer keys-in the page number of the desired teletext page, using the same above mentioned keys.
Operation (or manupulating) of one or more of the keys on the control panel generally results in the generation of a control instruction by the control system. Such control instruction may include the page numbers of a desired teletext page. All these instructions are received by a control circuit which interprets these instructions and gives instructions to the different circuits to be controlled, including the teletext decoder circuit. More specifically, the teletext decoder receives a page number in response to which the required teletext page is captured, stored in a page memory and thereafther displayed on the picture screen by a character generator.
As is known a teletext index page is first displayed on the picture screen after a teletext key or the mixed-mode key has been operated. By selecting a desired page from this index and keying-in the associated page number with the aid of the numeric keys this teletext page is captured by the teletext decoder circuit and displayed thereafter.
If thereafter the display is required of a page associated with a different subject, the index page must usually again be consulted to find the page number of the relevant page. It should be borne in mind that each time the page number of a desired page is keyed-in it takes a certain period of time before the relevant page is displayed on the screen. It is therefore justified to state that such a television receiver is far from user-friendly. To improve this, it is proposed on page 527 of reference 1 to provide the receiver with a storage means which is coupled to the control circuit and in which a plurality of page numbers can be stored. This storage means will be referred to as the page number memory hereinafter.
By operating the control circuit, the user can store a first series of page numbers in a sequence in which he wants them to be displayed, in the page number memory. To enable the display in the desired sequence of these preselected teletext pages, the control panel has a key which will be called the read key hereinafter. Each time this key is operated, the control circuit receives an accurately defined operating instruction and a subsequent page number of the first series is read from the page number memory and applied to the teletext decoder circuit. In this way the teletext pages of the first series are sequentially displayed on the picture screen.
Thus, for this television receiver it is possible to select all those pages from an index page the viewer is interested in. The page corresponding numbers can be stored in the page number memory in the sequence in which the display of these pages is desired. Thereafter, they can be caused to appear in the desired sequence, one after the other, by pushing the read key once for every page.
It should be noted, that, after the read key has been operated, it also takes a certain time before the new page appears on the picture screen. However, by constructing the teletext decoder circuit in the way described in reference 1 or 2, a new page can be displayed immediately after pushing the read key. It is possible to couple to the teletext decoder circuit detailed in said reference a page memory having a capacity that no less than four pages can be stored therein simultaneously. All this is then organised such that this page memory contains the page actually displayed on the picture screen and also the three pages of the first series.
It should also be noted that the page number memory may be constituted by a non-volatile memory, so that the same series of teletext pages are permanently available. It is alternatively possible to use a volatile memory for this purpose, optionally in combination with a non-volatile page number memory.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention has for its object to further improve the convenience of use of a television receiver of the type defined in the foregoing, having a volatile page number memory. According to the invention, the control circuit performs the following additional steps:
interrupting the sequential display of the teletext pages of the series for the benefit of the sequential display of a number of further teletext pages which do not belong to the first series, whose associated page numbers are generated by means of the control system; and,
continuing the display of the teletext pages of the first series in response to a further operation of the read key, after all the further teletext pages have been displayed on the screen.
The properties of the television receiver thus obtained will no doubt be appreciated when the following is considered. The contents of the first series of pages whose page numbers are stored in the page number memory are not known previously. When those pages are displayed, it may happen that a given page is itself an index page (denoted sub-index page in the sequel) or that it contains a reference to pages in which additional information on the same subject is contained. The viewer can now select from such sub-index page a further series of pages, generate the associated page numbers with the aid of the control system and insert the display of these pages between the sub-index page and the subsequent page of the first series. If the control circuit were not implemented in such a way that the above-defined steps can be performed, then these further pages could not be displayed until all the pages of this first series have been displayed on the picture screen.
REFERENCES
1. Enhanced UK teletext moves towards still pictures; J. P.Chambers: IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. Ce-26, Aug. 1980, pages 527-532.
2. Computer controlled teletext; J. R.Kinghorn; Electronic Components and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1984, pages 15-29.
3. Bipolar IC's for video equipment; Philips Data Handbook Integrated Circuits Part 2, Jan. 1983.
4. IC's for digital systems in radio, audio and video equipment; Philips Data Handbook Integrated Circuits, Part 3, Sept. 1982.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows the general structure of a television receiver comprising a teletext decoder circuit and
FIGS. 2 to 10 shows diagrams to explain the operation of this television receiver.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
General Structures of the Television Receiver
FIG. 1 shows schematically the general structure of a colour television receiver. It has an antenna input 1 connected to an antenna 2, which receives a video signal modulated on a high-frequency carrier and processed in a plurality of processing circuits. More specifically, the video signal is applied to a tuning circuit 3 (tuner or channel selector) This tuning circuit receives a band selection voltage V B to enable tuning of the receiver to a frequency within one of the frequency bands VHF1, VHF2, UHF etc. In addition, the tuning circuit receives a tuning voltage V T for tuning the receiver to the desired frequency within the selected frequency band.
This tuning circuit 3 produces an oscillator signal having frequency f OSC and also an intermediate-frequency signal IF. The last-mentioned signal is applied to an intermediate-frequency amplifying and demodulating circuit 4 which produces a base band composite video signal CVBS. For this circuit 4 reference could be made to Philips IC TDA 2540, described in Reference 3.
The signal CVBS thus obtained is further applied to a colour decoder circuit 5, which produces the three primary colour signals R, G and B, which are applied by an amplifier circuit 6 to a picture tube 7 for displaying television programs on the picture screen 8. In the colour decoding circuit 5 colour saturation, contrast and luminance are influenced by means of control signals. In addition, the colour decoder circuit receives an additional set of primary colour signals R', G' and B', and also a switching signal BLK (Blanking) with which the primary colour signals R, G and B can be suppressed. For this circuit 5 a Philips integrated circuit of the group TDA 356 X, which is also described in Reference 3, can be used.
The video signal CVBS is also applied to a teletext decoder circuit 9, which comprises a video input processor 9 (1) receiving the video signal CVBS, separates the teletext data therefrom and applies the latter through a data line TTD to a circuit 9 (2) which will be called the computer controlled teletext decoder (abbreviated to CCT-decoder). This CCT-decoder also receives a clock signal from the video input processor 9 (1) through a clock line TTC. The decoder is further coupled to a memory 9 (3) in which one or more teletext pages can be stored and which is therefore called the page memory. This CCT-decoder produces the three previously-mentioned primary signals R', G', B' and also the switching signal BLK. The video input processor 9 (1) may be constituted by the Philips IC SAA 5230, the CCT-decoder 9 (2) by the Philips IC SAA 5240 and the page memory by a 1K8 to 8K8 RAM. For an detailed description of the structure and operation of a teletext decoder circuit reference is made, for the sake of brevity, to Reference 2.
The CCT-decoder 9 (2) is further connected to a bus system 10, to which also a control circuit 11, in the form of a microcomputer, an interface circuit 12, a non-volatile storage means 13 and a volatile storage means 14 are connected. The interface circuit 12 produces the band selection voltage V B , the tuning voltage V T and also the control signals for controlling the analog functions contrast, luminance, colour saturation. It receives an oscillator signal having frequency f' OSC which by means of a frequency divider 15 whose dividing factor is 256, is derived from the oscillator signal having frequency f OSC supplied by the tuning circuit 3. Tuning circuit 3, frequency divider 15 and interface circuit 12 together form a frequency synthesizing circuit. The Philips IC SAB 3035, which is known by the name CITAC (Computer Interface for Tuning and Analog Control) and is described in Reference 4 may be used as the interface circuit.
The storage means is, for example, used to store the tuning data of a plurality of preselected transmitters, or programs. If under the control of the microcomputer 11 such a tuning datum is applied to the interface circuit 12, then it produces a given band selection voltage V B and given tuning voltage V T , in response to which the receiver is tuned to the desired transmitter.
For the microcomputer the microcomputer of the Philips MAB 84XX family can be used. Although it may be assumed that the structure of a microcomputer is generally known, it should here be briefly remarked that it comprises a program memory (usually a ROM) in which the manufacturer stores a plurality of control programs, and also a working memory.
The volatile storage means 14 is used as a page number memory. It comprises a number of N page number-registers having the register numbers R(1), R(2), . . . R(p), . . . R(N), respectively, wherein N=10. This volatile storage means 14 which is shown in the drawing as a separate memory, is preferably constituted by a portion of the working memory of the microcomputer 11.
To operate this television receiver a control system is provided which in the embodiment shown is in the form of a remote control system and is constituted by a hand set 16 and a local receiver 17. This receiver 17 has an output which is connected to an input (usually the "interrupt"-input) of the microcomputer. The receiver may be the Philips IC TDB 2033 described in Reference 4 and then has for its object to receive infrared signals transmitted by the hand set 16.
The handset 16 comprises a control panel 16 (1) which, in addition to a number of numeric keys indicated by the numerals 0 to 9, has the following keys; a saturation key SAT, a brightness key BRI, a volume control key VOL, a teletext key TXT, a mixed-mode key MIX, a program key PR, a storage key ENT and a read key RCL. The keys of this control panel are coupled to a transmitter circuit 16 (2) for which the Philips IC SAA 3004 which is described in detail in Reference 4, may, for example, be used. If a key is depressed, then the transmitter circuit 16 (2) generates a code which is specific for that key and which transmitted on a infrared carrier to the local receiver 17, is demodulated there and thereafter applied to the microcomputer 11. Thus, the microcomputer receives control instructions and through the bus system 10 energizes one of the circuits coupled thereto. It should be noted that a control instruction may be single, that is to say that it is complete after only one single key has been operated. It may alternatively be a multiple instruction, that is to say that it is not complete until two or more keys have been operated. This situation occurs, for example, when the receiver is in the teletext mode. In that case operating the numeric keys does not produce a complete operating instruction until, for example, three numeric keys have been depressed. Such an operating instruction, consisting of for example three figures is called a page number.
Operation of the Television Receiver
The operation of the television receiver shown in FIG. 1 is wholly determined by the various control programs stored in the internal program memory of the microcomputer. A control program which is always stored in such a receiver, is the switch-on program SWON which is symbolically shown in FIG. 2. Although this program is generally known, it should be noted for the sake of completeness that this program immediately applies a predetermined tuning datum present in the strorage means 13 to the circuit 12 after the receiver has been switched on, in response to which the receiver is tuned to the relevant transmitter. This may either be a predetermined transmitter, or it may be the transmitter the receiver was tuned to at the moment it was switched off.
After the switch-on program has been performed, the initiation program INT which is symbolically indicated in FIG. 3 is started. During this program the content of the first page number-register R (1) is made equal to a fixed page number; for example 100 (one hundred). This page number 100 is also applied to the CCT-decoder 9 (2) which decodes this page, stores it in the page memory 9 and displays it on the picture screen 8 after the teletext key TXT or the mixed-mode key MIX has been operated. To determine whether a key has been depressed, the so-called background program BGR, which is shown symbolically in FIG. 4 is started.
After the teletext key or the mixed-mode key has been operated a teletext program is started which is given the reference numeral 50 in FIG. 5. This program includes a step 51 in which the value 2 is assigned to a vector p. Thereafter, in a step 52 it is checked whether a page number is received. If so, then a storage program 53 is passed through or, if negative, a read program 54. After such a program has ended, it is checked in step 53 whether a new page number is received.
The storage program 53 includes a step 531 in which the page number received is stored in the register R(p). Thereafter, in a step 532 it is checked whether the storage key (enter key) ENT has been operated. If not, then this storage program has ended and the content of the register R(p) can be overwritten by a different page number. If the enter key has been operated, the vector p is first incremented by one in a step 533. Acting thus, the registers R(1) to R(N) can be loaded with page numbers of a first series of teletext pages. These pages can now be sequentially displayed on the picture screen by means of the read program and by operating the read key RCL. More specifically, the read program 54 has a step 541 in which it is checked whether the read key has been operated. If no, the read program has ended, if yes the contents of the registers are shifted in a step 542 to registers of the next lower number, that is to say the content of register R(2) is shifted to R(1), the content of register R(3) is shifted to R(2) etc. Thereafter the vector p is decremented by one unit in a step 543. So now vector p indicates the empty register having the lowest number. If now a new page number were received and the storage key ENT were depressed, then this new page number would be stored in the register R(p-1). Before the associated teletext page can be displayed, the read key RCL must then first be depressed p-2 times. Prestoring the page numbers of the desired teletext pages and the fact that only one key (namely the read key) must be operated to effect the display of these pages, makes this television receiver very user-friendly. However, the fact that a new page number cannot result in the immediate display of the associated page when not all the page number registers are empty (so that the vector p=1) is experienced as annoying. To increase the convenience and ease of use of this television receiver the storage program is provided, as is shown in FIG. 6, with an auxiliary read program 534 consisting of one step 5341 in which it is checked if after reception of a page number the read key RCL has been operated without the storage key ENT having been depressed. If this is indeed the case, then in a step 5342 the content of register R(p) is transferred to register R(1) and thus the relevant page is pulled-in and displayed as soon as the opportunity arises.
With the program shown in FIG. 6 a subsequent, new page number can be applied after the preceding new page number has been transferred from register R(p) to register R(1). A storage and read program with which the successive display of the teletext pages of the first series can be interrupted to enable the storage of a second series of pages in a sequence the user wants them to be displayed and the sequential display of the pages of this second series in response to the pushing of the read key RCL, followed by the display of the original (first) series of pages, is illustrated in FIG. 7. This program differs from the program shown in FIG. 5 in that now the read program 54, has, instead of the program step 543 a program step 543' in which the vector p is made equal to two after each operation of the read key RCL and the register contents have been shifted one register in step 542, this vector becomes equal to two.
The storage program 53 further comprises a step 535 in which the contents of the register R(p) to R(N-1) are shifted to registers of a next higher number.
If, after the read key RCL has been depressed and the read program has been performed a new page number is applied to the microcomputer, then in step 535 the content of the second register R(2) is shifted to the third register R(3), the content of the third register R(3) is shifted to the fourth register R(4) etc. Thereafter the new page number is stored in the second register R(2) in step 531. If thereafter the storage key ENT is operated, then the vector becomes equal to 3. A new page number is then stored in the third register R(3), whilst the original content of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth etc. registers are shifted to the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh etc. registers, respectively. So acting thus a second series of Q-1 page numbers can be stored in the registers R(2) to R(Q) each time the read key RCL is operated, the page numbers originally contained in these registers being shifted to registers of Q-1 higher numbers. When the read key is now operated, these Q-1 page numbers of the second series are first applied to the teletext decoding circuit and only thereafter the display of the original (first) series is continued.
The program shown in FIG. 6, which provides the possibility of storing a new page number directly in the first register, and thus to display the associated page on the display screen at the first opportunity can advantageously be combined with the program shown in FIG. 7. For the sake of completeness, FIG. 8 shows a program comprising both the program steps shown in FIG. 6 and those shown in FIG. 7. To have this program proceed adequately, the steps 5343, 5344 are additionally present which, in view of the foregoing need no further explanation.
The teletext programs shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 are structured such that storing a series of new page numbers requires the operation of the storage key ENT after a new page number has been applied. It is however, alternatively possible to structure the teletext program such that the storage key must be operated before a new page number is applied. Such a teletext program is shown for the sake of completeness in FIG. 9. It comprises a step 51' in which the vector p is given the value one. To enable, a decision which the program shown in FIG. 6, also now the immediate storage of any random page number in the register R (1), this program has a step 60 in which it is checked whether a page number is applied. If yes, this page number is immediately stored in the first register R(1) in step 61, whereafter early display of the relevant page can follow. If no page number is coming forward, then it is checked in step 62 whether the storage key ENT has been operated. If not, the read program 54 is effected or else the storage program 63.
The read program again includes the steps 541 and 542. It now also has a step 543" in which the vector p is again made equal to one. The storage program 63 has a step 631 in which the actual value of the vector is incremented by one. Thereafter, in a step 632, the arrival of a new page number is awaited, whereafter in step 633 the contents of the registers R(p) to R(N-1), respectively are shifted to the registers R(p+1) to R(N). Finally, in step 634 the latest page number is stored in the register R(p).
The teletext programs mentioned in the following have the property that those page number registers R(.) in which no page numbers selected by the user are stored remain empty. This implies that when the user repeatedly depresses the read key he may be confronted by the situation that all registers are empty. To prevent this situation from occurring, these registers may be filled automatically with page numbers for which there are two adequate possibilities. Firstly, they might be the page numbers of preferred pages which had previously been stored already by the user in a non-volatile memory, for example, the memory 13 in FIG. 1. Secondly, they might be the page numbers S+1, S+2, . . . etc., S being the last page number of the first series. To accomplish that the page number registers are filled thus with page numbers, the teletext program might be of a structure as shown in FIG. 10. This program corresponds to a considerable extent to the program shown in FIG. 8, but differs therefrom in several respects. Step 52 is followed by a step 70 in which a page number and also a user flag flg.(-) are stored in the registers R(2) to R(N) (see FIG. 1). More specifically, the page number in the register R(i) then becomes one higher than the page number in the preceding register R(i-1), so that at the end of this step 70 the page number registers R(1) to R(n) contain the respective page numbers 100, 101, 102, 103, . . . 100+(N-1). The associated user flags are all zero.
If at a given value of the vector p a new pagenumber, for example S, is applied, then in step 71 it is first checked whether the user flag (flg(p) in the register R(p) is equal to one. If not this implies that the register R(p) is not filled with a page number explicitly stipulated by the user. In step 721 this newly applied page number S is then stored in this register R(p). At the same time the associated user flag flg (p) becomes 1 to indicate that this page number has been selected by the user. Thereafter a step 722 is performed which corresponds to step 70. More specifically, the page number S+1 is then stored in the register R(p+1), the page number S+2 in the register R(p+2) whilst the associated user flags flg(p+11), flg(p+2), etc. all become equal to zero, signifying that these page numbers were not explicitly stated by the user.
If upon performing of step 71 it appears that the user flag flg(p) in the register R(p) is indeed equal to one, then in step 535 the contents of the registers R(p) to R(N-1) are shifted to the respective register R(p+1) to R(N), so that in step 531' the latest page number can be stored in the register R(p), the associated user flag flg(p) then simultaneously becoming equal to one.
This teletext program further differs from the program shown in FIG. 8 in that the auxiliary read program 534 has a further step 5345 and the read program 54 has a further step 544 identical thereto. In these steps, each time after the last page number register R(n) has become empty because of the shift operation effected in the preceding step, a page number which is one higher than the page number stored in the last-but-one register R(N-1) is stored in this register R(N). At the same time the associated user flag flg (N) becomes equal to zero.
It should be noted that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the control circuit is predominantly constituted by the microcomputer 11. In practice it has however been found advantageous to arrange between the microcomputer 11 and the CCT-decoder 9(2) a second micro computer which only controls this CCT-decoder 9(2) and for that purpose comprises one of the teletext programs described in the foregoing.

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Resisting the tide of post-modernity may be difficult, but I will attempt it anyway.

Your choice.........Live or DIE.That indeed is where your liberty lies.

IMPORTANT NOTE: - FRANK SHARP obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.comwas founded as a public free WEB Museum to all kind of people and amateur and professional CRT TELEVISION Lovers who enjoy using and/or preserving - restoring vintage CRT Televisions sets, or only curious public who was unaware of that kind of technolgy of the past. The purpose is to provide information about vintage Television Receivers Publicy on the WEB that is generally difficult to locate; all this as a important milestone general worldwide reference for the future, globally in the public interest.obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com does not provide support or parts for any apparatus on this site nor do we represent any manufacturer listed on this site in any way. Catalogs, manuals and any other literature that is available on this site is made available for a historical record only. Please remember that safety standards have changed over the years and information in old manuals as well as the old Television receivers themselves may not meet modern standards. It is up to the individual user to use good judgment and to safely operate old machinery. The obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com web site will assume NO responsibilities for damages or injuries resulting from information obtained from this site. No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this site/Blog may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights.

Many topics are permanent, so may be updated to any material, for add or correct info.

Sure Fun Times, A working TV Discovered with a CRT Oscilloscope !

Safety Hazards:

------------------------------------------------------Safety Hazards in Radio and TV Repair,------------------------------------------------------

People who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Anyone attempting to repair any electronic equipment who does not fully understand the shock hazards, as well as the fire hazards associated with working with electronic equipment, should not attempt such procedures! Improperly attempted repair can kill you and burn down your house.Devices that plug into the wall can produce a very lethal electric shock as well cause a fire from incorrect or careless repairs both during servicing or later on.Improper repair of battery operated devices can also result in bad consequences for you, the device, and any equipment attached to it.

Why some people do repairs themselved then? If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You also will learn a lot in the process.

Consumer electronic equipment like TVs, computer monitors, microwave ovens, and electronic flash units, use voltages at power levels that are potentially lethal. Even more so for industrial equipment like lasers and anything else that is either connected to the power line, or uses or generates high voltage.

Normally, these devices are safely enclosed to prevent accidental contact. However, when troubleshooting, testing, making adjustments, and during repair procedures, the cabinet will likely be open and/or safety interlocks may be defeated. Home-built or modified equipment, despite all warnings and recommendations to the contrary - could exist in this state for extended periods of time - or indefinitely.

Depending on overall conditions and your general state of health, there is a wide variation of voltage, current, and total energy levels that can kill.

Microwave ovens in particular are probably THE most dangerous household appliance to service. There is high voltage - up to 5,000 V or more - at high current - more than an amp may be available momentarily. This is an instantly lethal combination.

TVs and monitors may have up to 35 kV on the CRTbut the current isn't low - like a wrong legend saying a "couple of milliamps" but relatively high because of the boost circuit technology and transformer design. However, the CRT capacitance can hold a painful charge for a long time. In addition, portions of the circuitry of TVs and monitors as well as all other devices that plug into the wall socket are line connected.This is actually even more dangerous than the high voltage due to the greater current available - and a few hundred volts can make you just as dead as 35 kV!

Electronic flash units and strobe lights, and pulsed lasers have large energy storage capacitors which alone can deliver a lethal charge - long after the power has been removed. This applies to some extent even to those little disposable pocket cameras with flash which look so innocent being powered from a single 1.5 V AA battery. Don't be fooled - they are designed without any bleeder so the flash can be ready for use without draining the battery!

Even some portions of apparently harmless devices like VCRs and CD players - or vacuum cleaners and toasters - can be hazardous (though the live parts may be insulated or protected - but don't count on it!

This information also applies when working on other high voltage or line connected devices like Tesla Coils, Jacobs Ladders, plasma spheres, gigawatt lasers, hot and cold fusion generators, cyclotrons and other particle accelerators, as well as other popular hobby type projects. :-)

In addition, read the relevant sections of the document for your particular equipment for additional electrical safety considerations as well as non-electrical hazards like microwave radiation or laser light. Only the most common types of equipment are discussed in the safety guidelines, below.

SAFETY guidelines:

These guidelines are to protect you from potentially deadly electrical shock hazards as well as the equipment from accidental damage.

Note that the danger to you is not only in your body providing a conducting path, particularly through your heart. Any involuntary muscle contractions caused by a shock, while perhaps harmless in themselves, may cause collateral damage. There are likely to be many sharp edges and points inside from various things like stamped sheet metal shields and and the cut ends of component leads on the solder side of printed wiring boards in this type of equipment. In addition, the reflex may result in contact with other electrically live parts and further unfortunate consequences.

The purpose of this set of guidelines is not to frighten you but rather to make you aware of the appropriate precautions. Repair of TVs, monitors, microwave ovens, and other consumer and industrial equipment can be both rewarding and economical. Just be sure that it is also safe!

Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency another person's presence may be essential.

Always keep one hand in your pocket when anywhere around a powered line-connected or high voltage system.

Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers. An insulated floor is better than metal or bare concrete but this may be outside of your control. A rubber mat should be an acceptable substitute but a carpet, not matter how thick, may not be a particularly good insulator.

Don't wear any jewelry or other articles that could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct current, or get caught in moving parts.

Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.

Have a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires readily accessible in a location that won't get blocked should something burst into flames.

Use a dust mask when cleaning inside electronic equipment and appliances, particularly TVs, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and other dust collectors.

Know your equipment: TVs and monitors may use parts of the metal chassis as ground return yet the chassis may be electrically live with respect to the earth ground of the AC line. Microwave ovens use the chassis as ground return for the high voltage. In addition, do not assume that the chassis is a suitable ground for your test equipment!

If circuit boards need to be removed from their mountings, put insulating material between the boards and anything they may short to. Hold them in place with string or electrical tape. Prop them up with insulation sticks - plastic or wood.

If you need to probe, solder, or otherwise touch circuits with power off, discharge (across) large power supply filter capacitors with a 2 W or greater resistor of 100 to 500 ohms/V approximate value (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use a 20K to 100K ohm resistor). Monitor while discharging and/or verify that there is no residual charge with a suitable voltmeter. In a TV or monitor, if you are removing the high voltage connection to the CRT (to replace the flyback transformer for example) first discharge the CRT contact (under the insulating cup at the end of the fat red wire). Use a 1M to 10M ohm 1W or greater wattage resistor on the end of an insulating stick or the probe of a high voltage meter. Discharge to the metal frame which is connected to the outside of the CRT.

For TVs and monitors in particular, there is the additional danger of CRT implosion - take care not to bang the CRT envelope with your tools. An implosion will scatter shards of glass at high velocity in every direction. There is several tons of force attempting to crush the typical CRT. Always wear eye protection. While the actual chance of a violent implosion is relatively small, why take chances? (However, breaking the relatively fragile neck off the CRT WILL be embarrassing at the very least.)

Connect/disconnect any test leads with the equipment unpowered and unplugged. Use clip leads or solder temporary wires to reach cramped locations or difficult to access locations.

If you must probe live, put electrical tape over all but the last 1/16" of the test probes to avoid the possibility of an accidental short which could cause damage to various components. Clip the reference end of the meter or scope to the appropriate ground return so that you need to only probe with one hand.

Perform as many tests as possible with power off and the equipment unplugged. For example, the semiconductors in the power supply section of a TV or monitor can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.

Provide a reliable means of warning that power is applied and that high voltage filter capacitor(s) still hold a charge during servicing. For example, solder a neon indicator lamp (e.g., an NE2 in series with a 100K ohm resistor) across the line input and a super high brightness LEDs in series with 100K, 1 W resistors across the main filter capacitor(s).

Use an isolation transformer if there is any chance of contacting line connected circuits. A Variac(tm) (variable autotransformer) is not an isolation transformer! However, the combination of a Variac and isolation transformer maintains the safety benefits and is a very versatile device. See the document "Repair Briefs, An Introduction", available at this site, for more details.

The use of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protected outlet is a good idea but may not protect you from shock from many points in a line connected TV or monitor, or the high voltage side of a microwave oven, for example. (Note however, that, a GFCI may nuisance trip at power-on or at other random times due to leakage paths (like your scope probe ground) or the highly capacitive or inductive input characteristics of line powered equipment.) A GFCI is also a relatively complex active device which may not be designed for repeated tripping - you are depending on some action to be taken (and bad things happen if it doesn't!) - unlike the passive nature of an isolation transformer. A fuse or circuit breaker is too slow and insensitive to provide any protection for you or in many cases, your equipment. However, these devices may save your scope probe ground wire should you accidentally connect it to a live chassis.

When handling static sensitive components, an anti-static wrist strap is recommended. However, it should be constructed of high resistance materials with a high resistance path between you and the chassis (greater than 100K ohms). Never use metallic conductors as you would then become an excellent path to ground for line current or risk amputating your hand at the wrist when you accidentally contacted that 1000 A welder supply!

Don't attempt repair work when you are tired. Not only will you be more careless, but your primary diagnostic tool - deductive reasoning - will not be operating at full capacity.

Finally, never assume anything without checking it out for yourself! Don't take shortcuts!

Many people who mistakenly feel that ‘old technology’ is somehow more user-friendly, in some strange way automatically good - merely because it is old. Don’t be fooled! Approach old equipment with an open and alert mind and realise that a hot chassis, or a resistor line cord, or asbestos insulation, or selenium rectifiers require much more thought and consideration for safety.

Live chassis are indiscriminate in whom they kill and even if you are a thoughtful, careful kind of person, that doesn’t mean the last person who handled the set was.

Vintage radio and television receivers use 'live chassis' techniques, in which the chassis is connected directly to one side of the incoming mains supply. This means they can be lethal to carry out repair or servicing work on, unless the appropriate safety measures are in place.

Another thing about live-chassis sets - live spindles. We’ve touched on this already but it’s worth making the point once more. The shafts of switches and potentiometers fixed to the chassis may well be at chassis potential and thus live. The bakelite or wood cabinet is insulated but these shafts are not, and if someone lost the proper grub screw and replaced a knob using a cheesehead screw, the next person to grip that knob may get a dose of 250 volts. Originally these grub screws were sealed and embedded in wax but you cannot rely on subsequent tinkerers having the same high standards.

Even in more orthodox apparatus standards of insulation were not always as high as they are now. Soldered connections to HT and mains wiring should always have rubber or plastic sleeving but in times gone by this was often omitted (or it may since have perished). Beware too of kinked and frayed braiding on cloth-covered mains cords, particularly when the cord has a dropper conductor.

If you are not satisfied that you fully understand the risks involved in this sort of work, do not proceed any further. Instead seek advice and assistance from a competent technician or engineer.

Whenever you acquire a new treasure there's always a terrific temptation to try it out. With mains-driven equipment that means plugging it in and seeing if it works. Well don't, not until you have made some quick checks.

Before contemplating connecting any unknown receiver to the mains supply, spend a little time inspecting it for signs of missing or loose parts, blown fuses, overheating or even fire damage. Use a meter to check obvious points to ensure no short circuit exists (e.g. across the mains input). If you then decide to apply power keep clear but be observant since an elderly electrolytic might explode! This can be avoided if you can apply power gradually through a variac. Auto-transformers are handy for supplying reduced power to sets being repaired but they are not a substitute for a proper isolation transformer!

If you are working with electricity and your work area has a concrete floor, a rubber mat is essential, particularly during damp weather! Where possible try to arrange a neat working area away from water or central heating pipes. For safety try to arrange that this area is separate from the area occupied by your family. This is emphasised because inadvertently rushing to answer a telephone you might just leave a TV chassis connected to a supply and curious little fingers know nothing of the dangers of electricity - or, for that matter - the lethal vacuum encased within every picture tube!

Many younger enthusiasts may not be aware of the dangers of mishandling tubes, in particular the old round types found in early TVs. When handling these tubes eye protection should be worn and tubes must not be left lying around, they must be stored in boxes. The glass is surprising fragile and can implode without any provocation or warning. Bits of glass flying around at high speed can be deadly. The notes following are inspired by Malcolm Burrell again.

Picture tubes are perhaps one of the most hazardous items in any TV receiver. This is because most are of glass construction and contain a very high vacuum. If you measured the total area of glass in any picture tube then estimated the pressure of air upon it at 14.7lb. per square inch, you would discover that the total pressure upon the device could amount to several tons! Fracturing the glass suddenly would result in an extremely rapid implosion such that fragments of glass, metal and toxic chemicals would be scattered over a wide area, probably causing injury to anyone in close proximity. In modern workshops it is now a rule that protective goggles are worn when handling picture tubes.

The weakest point in most picture tubes is where the thin glass neck containing the electron gun is joined to the bowl. It is therefore essential that you refrain from handling the tube by its neck alone. Once a tube is removed from the receiver hold it vertically with the neck uppermost and one hand beneath the screen with the other steadying the device by the neck.With larger devices it is sometimes easier to grip the peripheral of the screen with both hands.

Until the advent of reinforced picture tubes, most were mounted in the cabinet or on the TV chassis by some form of metal band clamped around the face.Never support the weight of the tube by this band since it has been known for the tube to slide out! Some of the larger tubes are extremely heavy. It may, therefore, be easier to enlist assistance.

Before starting to remove a tube, first discharge the final anode connection to the chassis metalwork and preferably connect a shorting lead to this connection whilst you are working. It might be convenient to keep a spare piece of EHT cable with a crocodile clip at one end and a final anode connector at the other.

Exercise care when removing picture tubes from elderly equipment. You may find that the deflection coils have become stuck to the neck. It is extremely dangerous to use a screwdriver prise them away. Gently heating with a hairdryer or soaking in methylated spirit is safer.

Disposal of picture tubes also requires care. Unless rendered safe they should never be placed in dustbins or skips. Many engineers swipe the necks off tubes in cavalier fashion using a broom handle but this is not recommended. A safer method is to make a hole in the side of a stout carton, preferably one designed to hold a picture tube. The tube is placed in the carton and the neck broken using a broom handle. The carton should then be clearly labelled that it contains chemicals and broken glass!

Therefore people who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Think for yourself. Otherwise you have to believe what other people tell you.

For most people thinking is a matter of fortune.A society based on individualism is an oxymoron.Freedom is at first the freedom to starve.A wise fool speaks, because he has something to say.A fool speaks, because he has to say something.A wise fool is silent, because there is nothing to say.A fool is silent, because he has nothing to say.

Resist or regretWork for what's good for our people

Help stem the dark tideStand tall or be beat downFight back or die

The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

We now live in a nation where doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the press destroys information, religion destroys morals and our banks destroy the economy.The globalist argument is that if only we erase distinctions, obliterate identities, put everyone on a level playing field, etc.. we can eliminate war and everyone can be so prosperous and efficient, such great cogs in a well-oiled global machine.There will be no more historical grievances because people will no longer even care, they'll have no connection to the past, no foolish pride in past accomplishments of people totally unrelated to them.A globalized culture, no borders, everyone a citizen of the world.Know this: I will never acquiesce to this corrupt, inhuman, Borg-like vision. The dangerous lunatics who push us towards their globalized "utopia" are my enemy. How exactly all this will play out, whether through wars, or whether we can thwart the globalist agenda peacefully (this is my hope of course) I don't know. But I do know that unless people are willing to fight and die, globalism will win out in the end.The actual crimes committed by the EU against the European peoples are directly in violation of the 1948 UN genocide convention, Article II: (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.* The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

TELEVISION HISTORY IN BRIEF

Television history

At 1928 Baird transmits from London to New York, using his mechanical system.with 30 vertical lines. By 1930 it was clear that mechanical television systems could never produce the picture quality required for commercial success. For this reason mechanical system was rapidly succeeded by the electronic TV systems. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second Since the mid-1930s picture repetition frequency (field rate or frame rate) has been the same as the mains frequency, either 50 or 60Hz according to the frequency used in each country. This is for two very good reasons. Studio lighting generally uses alternating current lamps and if these were not synchronised with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, in days gone by, the smoothing of power supply circuits in TV receivers was not as good as it is today and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus less obtrusive.To determine what electronic system to use, the BBC sponsored trial broadcasts by two systems, one by Baird, with 240 lines, and one by EMI with 405 lines. Scheduled electronic television broadcasting began in England in 1936 using 405-line system (lasted until the 1980s in the UK). Germany made their forst TV broadcasts at 1936 olympics using 180-line TV system. Germany also made their TV broadcasts by the fall of 1937 using a 441-line system. Also fFrance tested TV (455 line system). RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World's Fair,and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time (525 line system).In 1940 the USA established its 525-line standard. At year 1941 the 525-line standard, still in use today in USA, was adopted.Russia also produced TV sets before the war (240 and 343 line systems).World War Two interrupted the development of television. Immediately after World War Two production of TV sets started in the U.S-In USA there was TV broadcasts and few throusand receivers at 1945. In the early 1950s, two competing color TV systems emerged: CBS sequential color (used color wheel) and RCA dot sequential system. At 1953 color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.It calls this new RCA color system "NTSC" color. The first NTSC color TVs were on the marker at 1954.In Europe the TV broadcasts started to use experiment using 625 line system 1950s. This standard is used nowadays throughout Europe. France also tried 819 line system at the same time (this system was in use to 1980s). The rest of Europe opted for 625 lines, a system devised in 1946 by two German engineers, M??ller and Urtel (it appears that the Russians came up independently with a very similar system). The use of PAL color standard started at around 1967 and is still in use. The SECAM color system (used in France) testing started also at 1967. The TV broadcasting history has not ended. The newst thign is digital television. It is expected that terrestrial television will open up billion-dollar opportunities for those companies and organisations best prepared to embrace this new broadcasting era. At 1996 small digital satellite dishes hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.

Using TV 24H

TV has something for everyone. Idiots, intellectuals, fans of all sorts. Some people are couch potatoes, watch anything just to sit there and be mindless. That's their problem. Children have always needed to be monitored by their parents. If people gotta a mind for it they could figure out the real news even without the internet and there has always been a library.

Is TV bad in and of itself? The researchers aren’t saying that. But we all know that watching television is a solitary, isolating occupation that keeps you sedentary. Sitting in front of the boob tube reduces the time you have available to exercise, interact with your family, read books, and be outdoors. This new research dovetails with other studies, which have linked excessive TV time to obesity and higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

watching too much television can jeopardize your whole family’s health.

This should be a wake-up call to all adults. Stay active. Go outside. Spend time with your spouse and your children with the television off. Read a book and do crossword puzzles to stimulate your imagination and your brain. Reduce your screen time as much as you can.

The National Cancer Institute researchers suggest that watching TV is a public health issue. The price we are paying for our technology-driven lives may be much higher than we previously realized !

DON'T WATCH TV AT ALL !!

The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.

At least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their enemies.

Girl Looking TV.

Happy Times:

Do you remember when a telly looked like a real telly? When it was a piece of furniture that you lavished love on, even polished from time to time ?When it was a piece of somewhat at looking in to ?When it was a piece of Highest tech looking inside ? First, this site is a Digital free, HD free, flat panel, HDMI, China, Turks, Afrika free zone. All in all a wealth of vintage information at your finger tips, a one stop unique experience. So step on in, leave the modern throw-away world behind, travel back in time to a vintage world of repair and enjoy.This site has stirred memories about the watching TV's days on a CRT TUBE television......Childhood memories, your parents getting their first colour tv, a b/w or color portable, perhaps memories of renting or buying your first set remote featured, perhaps your days working in the trade, selling or repairing them....... If you enjoyed this site, found its content left you all misty eyed then just talk about it as it would be very welcome............like the time to recover and restore a set ................and happy reminiscing.

Digital TV in Brief.

Digital TV:

Digital television is a hot topic now.If you have looked at television sets at any of the big electronics retailers lately, you know that Digital TV, or DTV, is a BIG deal right now in the U.S. In Europe Digital TV is also a hot topic, because many countries have started terrestrial digital TV broadcasts and plan to end analogue broadcasts after some years (will take 5-10 years). Satellite TV broadcasts have also shifted very much to digital broadcasts.The main advantage if digital broadcasts are that it does not havethe picture quality problems of analogue TVs (it had it's own videoproblems caused by video compression), it allowes putting more TV channels to same medium (TV channel frequencies and satellites) and it allows new services (like HDTV and interactive multimedia). The digital brodcasts are generally designed to use such modulation that the digital data stream (typically around 20-30 Mbit/s) is modulated to the same bandwidth (around 6 MHz) as the analogue TV broadcasts. The used modulation vary between different media, which means thatdifferent modulation techniques are used in terrestrial transmissions, cable TV and satellite. Different modulations are used because of the different characteristics of those transmission medias. There is not on "digital TV", but several different variations of it in use.The basic technology of digital TV, known as MPEG 2 video compressionand MPEG 2 transmission stream format, is same around the world, butis is used somewhat differently in different standards used in differentcountries.

USA uses ACTS Digital Televisio Standard, which standardizes NTSC format transmissions, HDTV transmission, sound formats and data signal modulation in use. The ATSC MPEG-2 formats for DTV, including HDTV, uses 4:2:0 samling for video signal. The US system uses a fixed power and a fixed maximum bitrate, at which some bits are always transmitted. That rate is typically 19.3 Mb/sec.

Europe uses DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard. This standardallows basically normal PAL resolution transmisssion (vasically HDTVcould be added later but is not yet standardized) with several audio formats, digital data rates and digital signal modulation. There are several different variations fo DVB standard for different media:

DVB-T for terrestrial broadcastsDVB-S for satelliteDVB-C for cable TV

Those different DVB versions varyon the data signal modulation methods, error correction and frequency bands used. DVB and option for some interactive extra services, but thestandardization of this is not ready here yet(there are fire different incompatible interactive servicessystems in use in different countries and by different broadcasters).

The process of transmitting digital TV signal is the following: Analog video/audio - digitisation - MPEG compression - Multiplexing ( youcan now call it digital) - Preparation for transmisson - modulation toanalog carrier.Reception process is the following: Demodulation of analogue carrier - Error correction - Demultiplexing - MPEG decompression - DA conversion to get analogue signal (unless you use digital display). The analoguie video signal that gets digitized can be practically from any video source, for example produced with old analogue video production equipment and distributed with a video tape. In high-end system the information is analogue only in the image sensor on the video camera, and from this on the signal gets digitally processed. In many real-life TV production systems the reality is something between those two extremes.

At least in Europe, the signal level requirements for DVB-T are well below the analog requirements, so the transmitter power is much less than on the analog side. In the NorDig recommendation the minimum received signal level for 64QAM, 7/8 code rate with a Rayleigh fading path and 8 dB receiver noise figure would be -64 dBm. With other code rates, modulations and fading mechanisms, the requirement is lower. Many receivers can perform much better at conditions where there is no fading (a quasi error free less than one uncorrected error/hour signal even at 27 dBuV (-82 dBm) with 64QAM and 8 MHz channel width). For analog signals, the recommended level is more than 1 mV (+60 dBuV, -49 dBm). While the ERP can be at least 10 dB lower than analog, the question of power consumption is more complicated, since COFDM with 64QAM carriers require a quite good linearity, which may affect the efficiency and hence power consumption.

Digital TV system in use in USA

The FCC mandate to change our broadcast standards from NTSC analog to ATSC digital broadcasting (DTV) is big bold move, requiring changes in everything from the way the studios shoot video, the format that's transmitted, to the equipment we use to receive and watch broadcastsDTV (digital TV) applies to digital broadcasts in general and to the U.S. ATSC standard in specific. The ATSC standard includes both standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) digital formats. The notation H/DTV is often used to specifically refer to high-definition digital TV. The federal mandate grants the public airwaves to the broadcasters to transmit digital TV in exchange for return of the current analog NTSC spectrum, allowing for a transition period in the interim. At the end of this period scheduled for 2006, broadcasters must be fully converted to the 8VSB broadcast standard. Digital Television ("DTV") is a new broadcast technology that will transform television. The technology of DTV will allows TV broadcasts with movie-quality picture and CD- quality sound and a variety of other enhancements (for example data delivery). With digital television, broadcasters will be able to offer free television of higher resolution and better picture quality than now exists under the current mode of TV transmission. If broadcasters so choose, they can offer what has been called "high definition television" or HDTV, television with theater-quality pictures and CD-quality sound. . Alternatively, a broadcaster can offer several different TV programs at the same time, with pictures and sound quality better than is generally available today. HDTV (high-definition TV) encompasses both analog and digital televisions that have a 16:9 aspect ratio and approximately 5 times the resolution of standard TV (double vertical, double horizontal, wider aspect). High definition is generally defined as any video signal that is at least twice the quality of the current 480i (interlaced) analog broadcast signal. There are 18 approved formats for digital TV broadcasts, but only two (720p/1080i) are proper definition of the term HDTV. The advent of high definition has allowed monitors to read images differently, either in standard interlaced format or progressively. Sets that do not have any decoding capabilities but can display the high-resolution image is often labeled as "HD-Ready" a term that describes 80% or more of the Digital TVs on the market. HDTV displays support digital connections such as HDMI (DVI) and IEEE 1394/FireWire, although standardization is not finished. HDTV in the US is part of the ATSC DTV format. The resolution and frame rates of DTV in the US generally correspond to the ATSC recommendations for SD (640x480 and 704x480 at 24p, 30p, 60p, 60i) and HD (1280x720 at 24p, 20p, and 60p; 1920x1080 at 24p, 30p and 60i). In addition, a broadcaster will be able to simultaneously transmit a variety of other information through a data bitstream to both enhance its TV programs and to provide entirely new services. The technical specifications of USA DTV system is defined in ACTS Digital Television Standards.

Digital TV in Europe

Digital TV brodacasting in Europe is done according to DVB standards. DVB technology has become an integral part of global broadcasting, setting the global standard for satellite, cable and terrestrial transmissions and equipment. There are three versions of DVB in use: DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T.DVB-T is a flexible system allowing terrestrial broadcastersto choose from a variety of options to suit their various service environments. This allows the choice between fixed roof-top antenna, portableand even mobile reception of DVB-T services. Broadly speaking the trade-off in one of service bit-rate versus signal robustness.

DVB-T network is very flexible. Having many transmitters all on the same frequency is not a problem for the used COFDM based system. COFDM has been chosen and designed to minimise the effects of multipath in obstructed reception areas. In fact multipath signals can significantly improve the overall received signal with no adverse effects. These properties are particularly valuable for radio cameras and mobile links. DVB-T because of its unique design which allows single frequency networks (SFN). This means that many transmitters along the planned routes can transmit on the same frequency. It is also possible to use simple gap fillers that amplify and retransmit the signal. In-air digital TV broadcasts in Europe use DVB-T. 8 MHz of bandwidth may be used to provide a 24 Mbps digital transmission path using Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) modulation (theoretical maximum 31.67 Mbits for 8 MHz bandwidth). In cases where less bandwidth is available (6 or 7 MHz), the data rate is somewhat lower (around 20 Mbit/s).

DVB-C does the same function as DVB-T, but the modulation used in this system is optimized to operate well in cable TV networks. The modulation used in DVB-C is QAM. Systems from 16-QAM up to 256-QAM can be used, but the system centres on 64-QAM, in which an 8MHz channel can accommodate a physical payload of about 38 Mbit/s. Digital cable TV in Europe uses DVB-C. The DVB standard for the cable return path has been developed jointly with DAVIC, the Digital Audio Visual Council. The specification uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation in a 200kHz, 1MHz or 2MHz channel to provide a return path for interactive services (from the user to the service provider) of up to about 3Mbit/s. The path to the user may be either in-band (embedded in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream in the DVB-C channel) or out-of-band (on a separate 1 or 2MHz frequency band).

DVB-S is the satellite version of DVB. Satellite transmission has lead the way in delivering digital TV to viewers. Established in 1995, the satellite standard DVB-S is the oldest DVB standard, used on all six major continents. QPSK modulation system is used, with channel coding optimised to the error characteristics of the channel. A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz bandwidth, which may support transmission at up to 38 Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m receiving antenna) using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. 16 bytes of Reed Solomon (RS) coding are added to each 188 byte transport packet to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC) using a RS(204,188,8) code. For the satellite transmission, the resultant bit stream is then interleaved and convolutional coding is applied.

The core of the DVB digital data stream isthe standard MPEG-2 "data container",which holds the broadcast and service information.This flexible "carry-all" can containanything that can be digitised, includingmultimedia data. The MPEG-2 standards define how to format the various component parts of a multimedia programme (which may consist of: MPEG-2 compressed video, compressed audio, control data and/or user data). It also defines how these components are combined into a single synchronous transmission bit stream. The process of combining the steams is known as multiplexing. The multiplexed stream may be transmitted over a variety of links, standards / products.Each MPEG-2 MPTS multiplex carries a number of streams which in combination deliver the required services. A typical data rate of such multiplex is around 24 Mbps for terrestrial brodcasts.

European DVB systems currently transmit only standard definition TV signals and set top boxes also handle only normal TV resolution. It would be possible to transmit HDTV signals on DVB data stream, but those broadcasts have not yet started in any wide scale. There is one satellite broadcater that broadcasts HDTV DVB signals in Europe (some cable TV operators carry that signal on their cable).

Many DVB-T integrated TV sets, and some set top boxes, in the Europe come with a Common Interface slot - which is pretty much the same form-factor as a PC Card (aka PCMCIA) used in PC laptops. This CI slot accepts a Conditional Access Module, in the same way that DVB-S receivers do, which implements at least one (some can do more than one) decryption algorithm. This CAM may also, itself, have a smart card slot to accept a consumer subscription card to authorise decryption - you plug your smartcard into your CAM and your CAM into the CI slot in your receiver/IDTV. Some DVB receivers have an integrated CAM (in the case of some receivers this is implemented purely in software, with no extra hardware required) rather than a CI slot to plug in a 3rd party device. With these type of receivers you just plug in the smart card and don't have to worry about CI slots and buying CAMs. So there is an interface standard for DVB - but different broadcasters can chose different encryption schemes, requiring different CAMs for decryption.

DVB Standards and related documents are published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). These include a large number of standards and technical notes to complement the MPEG-2 standards defined by the ISO.

There are few different standard how interactive TV functionaly is implemented in DVB-systems in use in differenct countries. DVB-MHP is one gaining some acceptance. Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) is the open middleware system designed by the DVB Project (www.dvb.org).