Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros (born January 12, 1945) (also spelled Mata-Ballesteros) was a major narcotics trafficker who has been credited with being one of the first to connect Mexican drug traffickers with the Colombian cocaine cartels. This connection paved the way for a major increase in the amount of cocaine smuggled into the United States during the late 70s and throughout the 1980s. Matta was indicted for operating several major cocaine smuggling rings in United States in the early 1980s. He was also one of the narcotics traffickers accused of the kidnap and assassination of American DEA agent Enrique Camarena in 1985.

In 1988 Matta was abducted from his Honduran residence in a controversial operation by the Honduran and American governments and taken to the United States, where he stood several trials for his drug smuggling activities and his part in the kidnap and murder of Enrique Camarena. He was found guilty of drug smuggling, and of participating in the kidnapping, but not the murder, of Camarena. Matta is currently serving multiple life sentences at the United States Penitentiary, Canaan, a high-security federal prison in Pennsylvania.

Details of Matta's early life and career are uncertain. According to a website put up by his family, he was born in Tegucigalpa, the second of four children.[1] A number of newspaper sources claim that Mata immigrated illegally to the United States as a teenager and was deported several times, returning each time under a different name.[2] In 1970 he was convicted of entering the country on a false passport and confined at the Federal prison camp in Eglin, Florida. He escaped from the camp the following year.[3][4] In 1974 Mexican authorities arrested Matta for selling 10 kilos of cocaine. He spent a year in prison, and was suspected of killing two other prisoners while incarcerated.[5]

In the early 1980s, Matta was involved with major cocaine smuggling operations. In 1984, he was indicted for his role in a Van Nuys smuggling ring. The discovery of the ring in 1981 resulted in the seizure of 114 pounds of cocaine and $1.9 million in cash, and based on ledgers found with the drugs, prosecutors later estimated that the ring had generated $73 million in just nine months.[6] In 1985, Matta was again indicted for his role in a major cocaine smuggling ring operating in Arizona and southern California. The ring was discovered in 1984, resulting in the seizure of about a ton of cocaine and $7.8 million in cash.[7]

Soon after the February 1985 kidnap-murder of U.S. DEA agent Enrique Camarena, Matta was suspected of involvement, and he was later indicted for his part in the kidnapping. According to writer Elaine Shannon, Matta was actually located in Mexico City several days after Caramena's kidnapping, but his arrest was delayed by Mexican authorities and he managed to flee the country.[8] U. S. law enforcement continued to track Matta, and in April 1985, they traced him to the Colombian city of Cartagena. At the DEA's request, Matta was arrested by the Colombian government.[9] In March 1986, while extradition proceedings were still underway, Matta escaped from prison, according to some accounts by bribing prison authorities.[10] Later that year, Matta returned to his native country of Honduras.[11]

The Honduran Constitution prohibited the extradition of Honduran citizens, and for two years Honduran authorities rejected U.S. requests to extradite Matta. Finally, in April 1988, Honduran police arrested Matta and put him on a plane to the Dominican Republic. The Dominican government then put him on a flight to Puerto Rico with United States Marshals who arrested Matta when they reached United States territory.[12] The day after Matta's extradition, 1,000 to 2,000 students from the National Autonomous University in Tegucigalpa marched on the U.S. embassy to protest. During the protests, which lasted for two days, the embassy was set on fire, and five students were killed.[12]

Matta appealed his conviction several times. Finally, in 1995, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that the United States Supreme Court, in a 1992 ruling on another defendant in the same case, had upheld the prosecution of a fugitive who was brought to the United States by kidnapping rather than extradition.[13]

Matta also appealed on the grounds that he was beaten and burned with an electric stun gun while being transported to the United States. A Federal judge in Los Angeles had previously found the evidence for his claims inconclusive, and the Court of Appeals declined to overturn that ruling.[2]

Several writers have claimed that Matta played an important role in the formation of the Guadalajara cartel, brokering some of the earliest deals between Colombian cocaine suppliers and Mexico-based smugglers, and starting Mexican smugglers in the business of transporting Colombian cocaine into the U.S. By 1975, Matta had formed an alliance with the Mexican smuggler Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, and with them the Guadalajara Cartel began to take shape.[5][15]

By the late 1980s, Matta had become extremely wealthy and employed thousands of people in the businesses he owned. Matta also possessed investments in coffee, tobacco, spice, cattle, and dairy operations and founded several agricultural and construction firms in Honduras. A U.S. court of appeals estimated that Matta and Felix Gallardo were pulling in more than $5 million per week from their drug trafficking activity alone, and these businesses helped Matta launder much of these illicit earnings. In 1982, DEA agents reported that Matta had paid $50 million to Bolivian and other Latin American officials to protect his narcotics operations from law enforcement harassment.[16]

A United States Senate investigation found that an air transport company controlled by Matta was used by the U. S. government to supply the anti-government Contra rebels in Nicaragua. According to the Kerry Committee report, the Honduran airline SETCO was "the principal company used by the Contras in Honduras to transport supplies and personnel for the Honduras-based FDN (one of the earliest Contra groups), carrying at least a million rounds of ammunition, food, uniforms and other military supplies for the Contras from 1983 to 1985."[17] According to a 1983 U.S. Customs report that the Kerry Committee report cites, "SETCO aviation is a corporation formed by American businessmen who are dealing with Matta and are smuggling narcotics into the United States."[17]

1.
Tegucigalpa
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Tegucigalpa, commonly referred to as Téguz, is the capital of Honduras and seat of government of the Republic, along with its twin sister Comayagüela. Claimed on September 29,1578 by the Spaniards, Tegucigalpa became the capital on October 30,1880 under President Marco Aurelio Soto. After a failed attempt to create a Central American republic in 1821, on January 30,1937, Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution was changed under Decree 53 to establish Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela as a Central District. Tegucigalpa is located in the highland region known as the department of Francisco Morazán of which it is also the departmental capital. It is situated in a valley, surrounded by mountains, Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, being sister cities, are physically separated by the Choluteca River. The Central District is the largest of the 28 municipalities in the Francisco Morazán department, Tegucigalpa is Honduras largest and most populous city as well as the nations political and administrative center. Tegucigalpa is host to 25 foreign embassies and 16 consulates and it is the home base of several state-owned entities such as ENEE and Hondutel, the national energy and telecommunications companies, respectively. The city is home to the countrys most important public university. The capitals international airport, Toncontín, is known for its short runway. The Central District Mayors Office is the governing body, headed by a mayor and 10 aldermen forming the Municipal Corporation. Being the departments seat as well, the office of Francisco Morazán is also located in the capital. In 2008, the city operated on a budget of 1.555 billion lempiras. In 2009, the city government reported a revenue of 1.955 billion lempiras, Tegucigalpas infrastructure has not kept up with its population growth. Deficient urban planning, densely condensed urbanization, and poverty are ongoing problems, heavily congested roadways where current road infrastructure is unable to efficiently handle over 400,000 vehicles create havoc on a daily basis. Both current national and local governments have taken steps to improve, most sources indicate the origin and meaning of the word Tegucigalpa is derived from the Nahuatl language. Another source suggests that Tegucigalpa derives from another language in which it means painted rocks, other theories indicate it may derive from the term Togogalpa which refers to tototi and Toncontín, a small town near Tegucigalpa. In Mexico, it is believed the word Tegucigalpa is from the Nahuatl word Tecuztlicallipan, meaning place of residence of the noble or Tecuhtzincalpan, meaning place on the home of the beloved master. Tegucigalpa was founded by Spanish settlers as Real de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa on September 29,1578 on the site of a native settlement of the Pech, Tolupans

2.
Drug lord
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A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, or narcotrafficker is a person who controls a sizable network of persons involved in the illegal drug trade. The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltrations of their networks, often using informants from within the organization. Rakesh Jyoti Saran, also known as Black Panther, is a drug trafficker best known for the Illegal Internet Pharmacy that he presided over in Arlington, Texas. Saran along with others took orders for prescription drugs online and then shipped them to people across the country, Saran made more than $200 million in the process. Additionally, Saran also illegally sold promethazine cough syrup with codeine, hydrocodone and alprazolam to individuals on the streets, according to plea papers filed in court, Saran operated 23 Texas-incorporated pharmacies through two firms he owned, Carrington Healthcare Systems and Infinity Services Group. As part of Sarans plea agreement, Saran forfeited assets earned from his illegal activities, according to the DEA, Guzmán is the biggest drug lord in history. He is well known for his use of sophisticated tunnels—similar to the one located in Douglas, in 1993 a 7. 3-ton shipment of his cocaine, concealed in cans of chili peppers and destined for the United States, was seized in Tecate, Baja California. In 1993 he barely escaped an ambush by the Tijuana Cartel led by Ramon Arellano Felix and his gunmen. Captured in Guatemala, he was jailed in 2001 and placed in a security prison called Puente Grande. On 22 February 2014, Loera was arrested and he is considered a folk hero in the narcotics world, celebrated by musicians who write and perform narcocorridos, extolling his exploits. On 8 January 2016, Loera was captured by the Mexican Marines, jorge Alberto Rodríguez, also known as Don Cholito, born on 19 November 1971 or 19 April 1966 or 8 December 1962, Cedula No. 79290554, Passport 79290554 is a notorious Colombian/Puerto Rican drug lord from Bronx, NY who headed The 400 criminal organization, a dismantled secret cell of the Cali Cartel. Pulled into the trade at just 12 years old, he left home at age 14 to begin working for his father, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela. During that time the murder rate and cocaine-related hospital emergencies doubled. He was arrested in 1990 in Tallahassee, Florida and sentenced to a 25-year prison term for a number of federal violations and he reigned and flourished while incarcerated until he was placed in court-ordered high security isolation in 1994. Pablo Escobar Gaviria was a Colombian drug overlord, often referred to as the Worlds Greatest Outlaw, Pablo Escobar was perhaps the most elusive cocaine trafficker to have ever existed. He owned innumerable luxury residences and automobiles and in 1986 he attempted to enter Colombian politics and it is said that Pablo Escobar once burnt two million dollars in cash just to keep warm while on the run. It is these and some other infamous achievements that have made Escobar a legend in the world of crime, Pablo Escobar started to buy cocaine from Roberto Suárez in the 1970s when he had just created the Medellin Cartel

3.
Illegal drug trade
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The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws. A UN report has stated that the drug trade generated an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2003. With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the same year, consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally. Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729,1796 and 1800, addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the early 19th century, a drug trade in China emerged and as a result. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium that led to the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, the United Kingdom won and forced China to allow British merchants to trade opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking opium had become common in the 19th century, the Second Opium War broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the French. In 1868, as a result of the use of opium. Between 1920 and 1933, by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the beginning of the 21st century saw a drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for marijuana and cocaine. As a result, international organized crime such as the Sinaloa Cartel. Another illicit drug with increased demand in Europe is hashish, Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug, the quantity trafficked, if the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances. Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries, sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, flogging and even the death penalty. In December 2005, Van Tuong Nguyen, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004, in 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram of cannabis into the country. The countries of production and transit are some of the most affected by the drug trade. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries, while some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic, Honduras, through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to the United States, has the highest murder rate in the world

4.
Murder
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A murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human being with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, in most countries, a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence, possibly a life sentence where permitted. In many common law jurisdictions, a convicted of murder will receive a mandatory life sentence. In jurisdictions where capital punishment exists, the penalty may be imposed for such an act, however. The modern English word murder descends from the Proto-Indo-European mrtró which meant to die, the Middle English mordre is a noun from Anglo-Saxon morðor and Old French murdre. Middle English mordre is a verb from Anglo-Saxon myrdrian and the Middle English noun, the elements of common law murder are, Unlawful killing through criminal act or omission of a human by another human with malice aforethought. Killing – At common law life ended with cardiopulmonary arrest – the total, with advances in medical technology courts have adopted irreversible cessation of all brain function as marking the end of life. Сriminal act or omission – Killing can be committed by an act or an omission. of a human – This element presents the issue of life begins. At common law, a fetus was not a human being, life began when the fetus passed through the vagina and took its first breath. By another human – In early common law, suicide was considered murder, the requirement that the person killed be someone other than the perpetrator excluded suicide from the definition of murder. With malice aforethought – Originally malice aforethought carried its everyday meaning – a deliberate, Murder necessarily required that an appreciable time pass between the formation and execution of the intent to kill. The courts broadened the scope of murder by eliminating the requirement of actual premeditation and deliberation as well as true malice, all that was required for malice aforethought to exist is that the perpetrator act with one of the four states of mind that constitutes malice. The four states of mind recognized as constituting malice are, Under state of mind, intent to kill, thus, if the defendant intentionally uses a deadly weapon or instrument against the victim, such use authorizes a permissive inference of intent to kill. In other words, intent follows the bullet, examples of deadly weapons and instruments include but are not limited to guns, knives, deadly toxins or chemicals or gases and even vehicles when intentionally used to harm one or more victims. In Australian jurisdictions, the risk must amount to a foreseen probability of death. Under state of mind, the doctrine, the felony committed must be an inherently dangerous felony, such as burglary, arson, rape. Importantly, the underlying felony cannot be a lesser included offense such as assault, as with most legal terms, the precise definition of murder varies between jurisdictions and is usually codified in some form of legislation

5.
Kidnapping
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In criminal law, kidnapping is the abduction or unlawful transportation of a person, usually to hold the person against his or her will. This may be done for ransom, wikipedia. org/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome Kidnapping that does not result in a homicide is an offence that comes with a maximum possible penalty of life imprisonment. A murder that results from kidnapping is classified as 1st-degree, with a sentence of imprisonment that results from conviction. Part 1 allows sentencing kidnappers to maximum imprisonment of 8 years or a fine of the fifth category, part 2 allows maximum imprisonment of 9 years or a fine of the fifth category if there are serious injuries. Part 3 allows maximum imprisonment of 12 years or a fine of the fifth if the victim has been killed. Part 4 allows sentencing people that collaborate with kidnapping, part 1,2 and 3 will apply also to them. Kidnapping is an offence under the law of England and Wales. In R v D, Lord Brandon said, First, the nature of the offence is an attack on, and infringement of and this is the case regardless of the age of the child. A very small child will not have the understanding or intelligence to consent and this means that absence of consent will be a necessary inference from the age of the child. It is a question of fact for the jury whether a child has sufficient understanding. Lord Brandon said, I should not expect a jury to find at all frequently that a child under fourteen had sufficient understanding and intelligence to give its consent. If, on the hand, the child did not consent. Mode of trial Kidnapping is an indictable-only offence, sentence Kidnapping is punishable with imprisonment or fine at the discretion of the court. There is no limit on the fine or the term of imprisonment that may be imposed provided the sentence is not inordinate. The use of force to take and detain will also be regarded as an assault, law in the United States follows from English common law. The fact that a victim may have been taken across state lines brings the crime within the ambit of federal criminal law. Most states recognize different types of kidnapping and punish accordingly, New York bases its definition of first-degree kidnapping on the duration and purpose. There are several deterrents to kidnapping in the United States of America, among these are, The extreme logistical challenges involved in successfully exchanging the money for the return of the victim without being apprehended or surveiled

6.
Kiki Camarena
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Enrique S. Camarenas nickname was Kike in Spanish, and Kiki in English. From 1973–1975, Camarena served in the United States Marine Corps, after which he joined the DEA, at their Calexico, California, in 1977, Camarena moved to the agencys Fresno office, and in 1981, he was assigned to their Guadalajara office in Mexico. Camarena had also worked as a firefighter and police investigator before joining the DEA in Calexico. Camarena, who had identified as the source of the leak, was abducted in broad daylight on February 7,1985 by corrupt police officers working for drug lord Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. Camarena was tortured at Gallardos ranch over a 30-hour period, then murdered and his skull, jaw, nose, cheekbones and windpipe were crushed, his ribs were broken, and a hole was drilled into his head with a power drill. He had been injected with amphetamines and other drugs, most likely to ensure that he remained conscious while being tortured, Camarenas body was found in a rural area outside the small town of La Angostura, in the state of, on March 5,1985. Camarenas torture and murder prompted a reaction from the U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration and launched Operation Leyenda. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, investigators soon identified Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the U. S. A. to President Miguel de la Madrids government, Fonseca and Quintero were quickly apprehended, the United States government pursued a lengthy investigation of Camarenas murder. Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was brought to trial in Los Angeles in 1992, after presentation of the governments case, the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict, and charges were dropped. Álvarez subsequently initiated a suit against the U. S. government. The case eventually reached the U. S. Supreme Court, the four other defendants, Vásquez Velasco, Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, Juan José Bernabé Ramírez, and Rubén Zuno Arce, were tried and found guilty of Camarenas kidnapping. Arce had known ties to corrupt Mexican officials, and Mexican officials were implicated in covering up the murder, Mexican police had destroyed evidence on Camarenas body. A CIA spokesman responded that “its ridiculous to suggest that the CIA had anything to do with the murder of a U. S. federal agent or the escape of his killer. ”Camarena received numerous awards while with the DEA, and he received the Administrators Award of Honor. In Fresno, the DEA hosts a golf tournament named after him. The nationwide annual Red Ribbon Week, which school children. In 2004, the Enrique S. Camarena Foundation was established in Camarenas memory, Camarenas wife Mika and son Enrique Jr. Camarena is survived by his wife Mika and their three sons. Several movies about Camarena were produced in Mexico, and he is referenced in others, in November 1988, TIME magazine featured Camarena on the cover

7.
United States Penitentiary, Canaan
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The United States Penitentiary, Canaan is a high-security United States federal prison for male inmates, with a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, USP Canaan is located in northeastern Pennsylvania,20 miles east of Scranton and 134 miles north of Philadelphia. USP Canaan is a 170, 000-square-yard facility designed by David R. Cassara Associates, Structural Engineering and Consulting of Rochester, USP Canaan opened in March 2005 and is designed to house 1088 male inmates in six housing units. Six V-shaped buildings facing each other and a maintenance building surround a central yard with a tower in the middle. Six additional towers are lined along the rectangular-shaped facility, the facility is surrounded by a lethal electrical double fence. Cells are approximately 4 m ×2 m in size, equipped with a bunkbed, a stainless steel sink-toilet combination, cells are usually occupied by two inmates and are air conditioned. The administrative and disciplinary unit, called the Special Housing Unit, cells in the disciplinary unit have showers and are occupied by two inmates. Inmates are counted 5 to 6 times a day, at 12,01 a. m.3,00 a. m.5,00 a. m.4,00 p. m.10,00 p. m. and 10,00 a. m. Initial work movements start at 4,30 a. m. all inmates must be back inside their cells at 10,00 p. m. Prisoners have access to a text-based e-mail program known as Trust Fund Limited Inmate Communication System, prisoners are allowed only 13,000 characters per e-mail, and they cannot send, receive or view attachments. Inmates are not allowed to more than two newspapers,10 magazines, and 25 letters in their cells. Inmates are allowed to phone calls to up to 30 approved numbers. Phone calls are restricted to 15 minutes per call and five hours per month, inmates pay for their phone calls through their trust accounts. Inmates can buy food, hygiene articles, and clothes from commissary for a maximum of $290 a month. Four inmate murders have taken place at USP Canaan since its opening in 2005, on 25 April 2010, Allen Hurley, an inmate serving a 37-year sentence for multiple armed robberies, became involved in a physical altercation with Joseph OKane while they were both in Hurleys cell. Hurley pulled out a homemade prison knife known as a shank, OKane, an associate of the Gambino Crime Family in New York City who was serving life sentence for racketeering and murder, died at the scene. Hurley was convicted of manslaughter on 21 June 2012 and was sentenced to life in prison in September 2012. On 23 August 2010, inmate Jose Antonio Perez, the leader of a drug trafficking ring in Hartford, Connecticut

8.
United States Marshals Service
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The United States Marshals Service is a federal law enforcement agency within the U. S. Department of Justice. It is the oldest American federal law enforcement agency, which was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington, the Marshals Service is attached to the Judicial branch of government, and is the enforcement arm of the federal courts. It is the agency for fugitive operations, responsible for prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court. The Marshals Service operates the Witness Protection Program, and serves federal level arrest warrants, the office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24,1789, the Act provided that the United States Marshals primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The critical Supreme Court decision, affirming the authority of the federal marshals, was made in In re Neagle 135 U. S.1. For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge and they were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896. Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in service during the American Revolution. From the nations earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions, local law enforcement officials were often called marshals so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official. Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, the largest part of the business was paper work—serving writs, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts, Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U. S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the bailiffs, criers and they made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the government within their districts. They took the census every decade through 1870. During the settlement of the American Frontier, marshals served as the source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own. U. S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the Old West era, Bill Tilghman, Heck Thomas, and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as The Three Guardsmen when they worked together policing the vast, lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories

9.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is a U. S. Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit, for lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel. The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal courts in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon. However, the Philippines were never under the Ninth Circuits jurisdiction, congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals. Instead, appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1979, the Ninth Circuit became the first federal judicial circuit to set up a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel as authorized by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders, according to the most current count, the Ninth Circuit has among the highest percentage of sitting judges appointed by Democratic presidents. Republicans argue the court is biased because of its high proportion of Democratic appointees. From 1999 to 2008, of the 0. 29% for the same period, some argue the courts high percentage of reversals is illusory, resulting from the circuit hearing more cases than the other circuits. This results in the Supreme Court reviewing a smaller proportion of its cases, critics of the Ninth Circuit claim there are several adverse consequences of its large size. Chief among these is the Ninth Circuits unique rules concerning the composition of an en banc court, in other circuits, en banc courts are composed of all active circuit judges, plus any senior judges who took part in the original panel decision. By contrast, in the Ninth Circuit it is impractical for 29 or more judges to take part in an oral argument. The court thus provides for an en banc review of a randomly selected 11 judge panel. The result, according to detractors, is a risk of intracircuit conflicts of law where different groupings of judges end up delivering contradictory opinions. That is said to cause uncertainty in the courts and within the bar. However, en banc review is a rare occurrence in all circuits. All recently proposed splits would leave at least one circuit with 21 judges, in other words, after a split at least one of the circuits would still be using limited en banc courts. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is nominated to be chief. To be chief, a judge must have been in service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65

10.
Money laundering
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Money laundering is the process of transforming the profits of crime and corruption into ostensibly legitimate assets. Most anti-money laundering laws openly conflate money laundering with terrorism financing when regulating the financial system, some countries define money laundering as obfuscating sources of money, either intentionally or by merely using financial systems or services that do not identify or track sources or destinations. Other countries define money laundering to include money from activity that would have been a crime in that country, the concept of money laundering regulations goes back to ancient times and is intertwined with the development of money and banking. Money laundering is first seen with individuals hiding wealth from the state to avoid taxation or confiscation or a combination of both, in China, merchants around 2000 BCE would hide their wealth from rulers who would simply take it from them and banish them. In addition to hiding it, they would move it and invest it in businesses in remote provinces or even outside China, over the millennia many rulers and states imposed rules that would take wealth from their citizens and this led to the development of offshore banking and tax evasion. One of the methods has been the use of parallel banking or Informal value transfer systems such as hawala that allowed people to move money out of the country avoiding state scrutiny. In the 20th century, the seizing of wealth again became popular when it was seen as a crime prevention tool. The first time was during the period of Prohibition in the United States during the 1930s and this saw a new emphasis by the state and law enforcement agencies to track and confiscate money. Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition and a source of new funds that were obtained from illegal sales of alcohol. In the 1980s, the war on drugs led governments again to turn to money-laundering rules to try and seize proceeds of crime to catch the organizers. It also had the benefit from a law enforcement point of view of turning rules of evidence upside down, Law enforcers normally have to prove an individual is guilty to get a conviction. But with money laundering laws, money can be confiscated and it is up to the individual to prove that the source of funds is legitimate if they want the funds back and this makes it much easier for law enforcement agencies and provides for much lower burdens of proof. The September 11 attacks in 2001, which led to the Patriot Act in the US and similar legislation worldwide, starting in 2002, governments around the world upgraded money laundering laws and surveillance and monitoring systems of financial transactions. Anti money laundering regulations have become a larger burden for financial institutions. During 2011–2015 a number of major banks faced ever-increasing fines for breaches of money laundering regulations and this included HSBC, which was fined $1.9 billion in December 2012, and BNP Paribas, which was fined $8.9 billion in July 2014 by the US government. For example, in 2006, Australia set up the AUSTRAC system, Money obtained from certain crimes, such as extortion, insider trading, drug trafficking, and illegal gambling is dirty. It needs to be cleaned to appear to have derived from legal activities so that banks. Money can be laundered by many methods, which vary in complexity, some of these steps may be omitted, depending on the circumstances

11.
Crime in Honduras
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Crime in Honduras has long been a problem. Crime is orchestrated mainly by gangs, including the two most powerful in the country, Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18, Honduras has the highest murder rate in the world, with 90.4 homicides per 100,000 people. The international average intentional homicide rate, by comparison, is 6.2 per 100,000 people, as per the UNODC In 2014, there was a total of 5,936 murders in Honduras in 2014. Honduras is considered a major route to the US. Smuggling is said to have increased after the US suspended anti-drug support following the 2009 Honduran coup détat, piracy has also been known to be a problem in Honduras. There have been reported incidents of passengers on boats off the coast of Honduras experiencing armed robberies. Jaime Rosenthal is one of the most powerful political and economic elites in Honduras, Rosenthal has rebutted these charges, claiming, we are sure that we will prevail in the trial because the accusations are false. Specifically, the Rosenthal family has been accused by the United States for dealing with Cachiros, jaime Rosenthal, at 79 years old is currently under house arrest in San Pedro Sula, Honduras awaiting trial in the United States. Gang presence is rampant in Honduras, especially in big cities such as San Pedro Sula, in these cities, territory is controlled by members of rival gangs, the most powerful being the Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street Gang. These gangs use violence and threats to enforce their power, members of the community who do not pay their war taxes to the gangs for protection are threatened and oftentimes killed simply for their disobedience. In 2003, the Honduran government introduced the Mano Dura laws and these laws allowed gang members to be incarcerated simply for their association with the gang. To avoid being detected by police officers, members of gangs have been forced to change their territorial strategies, since tattoos are such an easy way to identify a gang member, gangs have been forced to wear clothes covering their tattoos and to adopt a more casual appearance. Tattoos are significant to gangs because they mark each member as property, each tattoo tells a gang members story and each has its own meaning, but the appearance given off serves to indicate dominance, which explains partly why these men can be so influential. Although these laws were introduced with the intention of reducing gang violence, aside from an initial reduction in crime, the laws have not managed to significantly address the problem. In fact, the Mano Dura laws have had unintended consequences. First, the policies have forced many gang members to seek protection with members of their gang in other countries such as El Salvador. The Mara Salvatrucha have taken to public violence to express their opposition to the laws, on December 24,2004, a year after the introduction of the Mano Dura, members of MS-13 shot up a bus, killing 28 people and wounding 14. Outbursts such as these suggest that policies have promoted further extremism in a country shrouded by gang violence

12.
Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
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A number of writers have claimed that the United States Central Intelligence Agency is or has been involved in drug trafficking. Following is a summary of some of the claims made by geographical area. While the CIA was sponsoring a Secret War in Laos from 1961 to 1975, it was accused of trafficking in opium. In response to accusations by Rolling Stone magazine in 1968, and Alfred W. McCoy in 1972 and it noted that trading in opium was legal in Laos until 1971. Opium served the isolated Lao hill tribes as their cash crop. Additionally, it was one of the few available in their primitive living circumstances. Nevertheless, the CIA had its own internal security agents investigating any possible commercial exports from mid-1968 onwards, an American single plane airline was barred from CIA airfields on suspicion of drug smuggling. A guerrilla commanding officer was pressured into giving up dealing in opium, the CIAs own conclusion was that small amounts of opium might have been smuggled via their contract aircraft, given wartime conditions. The Agencys case officers even staged a couple of raids on drug refineries. During its involvement, the CIA used the Meo population to fight Pathet Lao rebels, because of the war against Pathet Lao rebels, the Hmong depended upon poppy cultivation for hard currency. The Hmong were very important to CIA operations and the CIA was very concerned with their well-being, the Laotian Air Force had almost no light planes that could land on the dirt runways near the mountaintop poppy fields. Having no way to transport their opium, the Hmong were faced with economic ruin, Air America was the only airline available in northern Laos. According to several sources, Air America began flying opium from mountain villages north. The CIAs front company, Air America was alleged to have profited from transporting opium and heroin on behalf of Hmong leader Vang Pao and this allegation has been supported by former Laos CIA paramilitary Anthony Poshepny, former Air America pilots, and other people involved in the war. It is portrayed in the movie Air America, curtis Peebles denies the allegation, citing Learys study as evidence. He CIA did not handle heroin, but it did provide its drug lord allies with transport, arms, in sum, the CIAs role in the Southeast Asian heroin trade involved indirect complicity rather than direct culpability. The topic has received press coverage that has included allegations of awareness, participation and/or coverup involvement of figures such as Oliver North. An investigation by the CIAs inspector general concluded that the CIA had no involvement in or knowledge of any activities that may have occurred in Mena

13.
Contras
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The contras is a label given to the various U. S. Among the separate groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, from an early stage, the rebels received financial and military support from the United States government, and their military significance decisively depended on it. After US support was banned by Congress, the Reagan administration covertly continued it and these covert activities culminated in the Iran–Contra affair. The term contra comes from the Spanish contra, which means against but in case is short for la contrarrevolución. Some rebels disliked being called contras, feeling that it defined their cause only in negative terms, rebel fighters usually referred to themselves as comandos, peasant sympathizers also called the rebels los primos. From the mid-1980s, as the Reagan administration and the sought to portray the movement as the democratic resistance. During their war against the Nicaraguan government, the Contras committed a number of human rights violations and used terrorist tactics. These actions were carried out systematically as a part of the strategy of the Contras. Remnants of the Guard later formed groups such as the Fifteenth of September Legion, the Anti-Sandinista Guerrilla Special Forces, initially however, these groups were small and conducted little active raiding into Nicaragua. Anti-Somozistas who had supported the revolution but felt betrayed by the Sandinista government – e. g, another example are the MILPAS, peasant militias led by disillusioned Sandinista veterans from the northern mountains. Founded by Pedro Joaquín González, the Milpistas were also known as chilotes, even after his death, other MILPAS bands sprouted during 1980–1981. The Milpistas were composed largely of campesino highlanders and rural workers, Nicaraguans who had avoided direct involvement in the revolution but opposed the Sandinistas. Although the FDN had its roots in two made up of former National Guardsmen, its joint political directorate was led by businessman. Edgar Chamorro later stated there was strong opposition within the UDN against working with the Guardsmen. Based in Honduras, Nicaraguas northern neighbor, under the command of former National Guard Colonel Enrique Bermúdez, largely financed, trained, equipped, armed and organized by the U. S. it emerged as the largest and most active contra group. A popular and charismatic leader, Pastora initially saw his group develop quickly and he confined himself to operate in the southern part of Nicaragua, after a press conference he was holding on 30 May 1984 was bombed, he voluntarily withdrew from the contra struggle. In the course of conflict, forced removal of at least 10,000 Indians to relocation centers in the interior of the country

14.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial

15.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker