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The 10th Congress of the European Federation of National Associations of Ort- paedics and Traumatology (EFORT) is the most important combined congress of the national societies in Europe. At present a total of 36 societies are members of this organisation. The major goal of EFORT is to bring current knowledge of diseases and trauma of the musculoskeletal system to all European surgeons and additionally to welcome colleagues from all over the world to join us in sharing our daily work experience. In the scienti? c programme the instructional lectures form a very basic and imp- tant part of the Congress. In Vienna a total of 25 sessions are included in the p- gramme. The authors come from all over Europe and they discuss topics from many different ? elds of trauma and orthopaedics. These lectures not only give the oppor- nity for us to be informed about various diseases, but they are also in? uenced by the authors’ experience based on the treatment philosophy in their own country – again an opportunity to widen the European horizon. They are aimed at both the general orthopaedic surgeons and the young residents and trainees who want to widen their knowledge in different topics of orthopaedic and trauma surgery. As the chairman of the Local Organising Committee I thank all the authors for providing their presentation for publication in this volume. I also address my special thanks to Professor George Bentley for organising this edition.

This eleventh volume in the EUROPEAN INSTRUCTIONAL LECTURES series continues the format of educational chapters from across Orthopaedics and Traumatology contributed by distinguished Orthopaedic Educators in Europe. It provides up-to-date material and major advances covering a range of topics including: General Orthopaedics, Basic Science and Technology, Musculo-skeletal Tumours, Infections, Paediatric Orthopaedics, Trauma, Spine, Upper Limb, Hip, Knee, Leg, Ankle and Foot. All the lectures were presented at the 12th EFORT Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark. The lectures are an authoritative source of information illustrated by radiographs, MRI and CT Scans, operative photographs, tables and line drawings. They are a valuable source of instruction for Surgeons and Trainees alike.

This fourteenth volume in the EUROPEAN INSTRUCTIONAL LECTURES series continues the format of educational chapters from across Orthopaedics and Traumatology contributed by distinguished Orthopaedic Educators in Europe. It provides current material and major advances covering a range of topics including: General Orthopaedics, Basic Science and Technology, Musculo-skeletal Tumours, Infections, Paediatric Orthopaedics, Trauma, Spine, Upper Limb, Hip, Knee, Leg, Ankle and Foot. All the chapters are based on lectures presented at the 15th EFORT Congress in London, England. The lectures are an authoritative source of information illustrated by radiographs, MRI, CT and PET Scans, operative photographs, tables and line drawings as appropriate. They are an invaluable source of instruction for Surgeons and Trainees alike. This book was edited by Professor George Bentley, Chairman, Scientific Publications Committee of EFORT.

This fifteenth volume in the EUROPEAN INSTRUCTIONAL LECTURES series continues the format of educational chapters from across Orthopaedics and Traumatology contributed by distinguished Orthopaedic Educators in Europe. It provides current material and major advances covering a range of topics including General Orthopaedics, Basic Science and Technology, Musculoskeletal Tumours, Infections, Paediatric Orthopaedics, Trauma, Spine, Upper Limb, Hip, Knee and Lower Leg. All the chapters are based on lectures presented at the 16th EFORT Congress in Prague, Czech Republic. The lectures are an authoritative source of information illustrated by radiographs, MRI, CT and PET Scans, operative photographs, tables and line drawings as appropriate. They are an invaluable source of instruction for Surgeons and Trainees alike. This book was edited by Professor George Bentley, Chairman, Scientific Publications Committee of EFORT.

It is a privilege for me to introduce this Instructional Lecture book for the 11th EFORT Congress. The format of the Congress combines a National society, SECOT, and the European Federation, EFORT. For this lecture book,the topics selected are original and attractive and will predicate further lectures. The main goal of EFORT is to convey the latest knowledge of diseases and trauma of the Musculoskeletal system to all European Surgeons. We also wish to welcome colleagues from all over the world,especially from Latin-America and Asia, who are joining us. The Scientifc programme combines multiple aspects of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, paying attention particularly to the latest treaments for infections, m- astatic disease, Trauma care and arthroplasty registers, from a European perspective. Our Instructional Lecturers are from all over Europe, and present topics from diverse areas of interest. These lectures give the opportunity to learn about various deseases but also our speakers’ special experience based on their National philosophy - again a chance to widen our European horizons. As the chairman of the Local Organising Committee. I thank all of our Lecturers for their for excellent contributions for publication in this collection. My special thanks go the Professor George Bentley for organising this edition. EFORT should be congratulated for all its efforts in providing training material for all Orthopaedic surgeons,and particularly for this selection of Instructional Lectures for the Congress in Madrid.

This thirteenth volume in the EUROPEAN INSTRUCTIONAL LECTURES series continues the format of educational chapters from across Orthopaedics and Traumatology contributed by distinguished Orthopaedic Educators in Europe. It provides current material and major advances covering a range of topics including: General Orthopaedics, Basic Science and Technology, Musculo-skeletal Tumours, Infections, Paediatric Orthopaedics, Trauma, Spine, Upper Limb, Hip, Knee, Leg, Ankle and Foot. All the lectures were presented at the 14th EFORT Congress in Istanbul, Turkey. The lectures are an authoritative source of information illustrated by radiographs, MRI and CT Scans, operative photographs, tables and line drawings. They are an invaluable source of instruction for Surgeons and Trainees alike.​

This twelfth volume in the EUROPEAN INSTRUCTIONAL LECTURES series continues the format of educational chapters from across Orthopaedics and Traumatology contributed by distinguished Orthopaedic Educators in Europe. It provides current material and major advances covering a range of topics including: General Orthopaedics, Basic Science and Technology, Musculo-skeletal Tumours, Infections, Paediatric Orthopaedics, Trauma, Spine, Upper Limb, Hip, Knee, Leg, Ankle and Foot. All the lectures were presented at the 13th EFORT Congress in Berlin, Germany. The Lectures are an authoritative source of information illustrated by radiographs, CT's, MRI scans, and other relevant contemporary imaging modalities, operative photographs, line drawings and tables. They are an invaluable source of instruction for Surgeons and Trainees alike.