engWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleThe influence of the vegetation period on the content of bilobalide and ginkgolides in ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba L.) leaf extractsJoanna Kobus-Cisowska1Ewa Flaczyk1Paweł Juszczak23Dominik Kmiecik1Bartosz Kulczyński1Marzena Grdeń1Justyna Piechocka1Katedra Technologii Żywienia Człowieka, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w PoznaniuKatedra Higieny Żywienia Człowieka, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w PoznaniuKatedra i Klinika Chirurgii, Traumatologii i Urologii Dziecięcej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w PoznaniuBackground. At present ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba L.) is being widely researched. Its multi&shy;directional impact on the nervous and cardiovascular system was proved by numerous pharmacological investigations and clinical trials. The ginkgo green leaf extract, which is produced in a strictly defined manner, is widely used in pharmacology. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of different extractants on the content of bilobalide and ginkgolides in extracts made from dried yellow and green ginkgo tree leaves.
Material and methods. Dried green and yellow ginkgo tree leaves were chemically analysed. This material was extracted with water, acetone and ethyl alcohol. The content of ginkgolides and bilobalide in the extracts was measured by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC Agilent 1100 with Diode Array Detector). The compounds under analysis were identified by comparison with the reference substance.
Results. The analysis revealed that the content of bilobalide and ginkgolides in the maidenhair tree extracts depended on the extraction method and type of leaves. There was higher overall content of terpenoids in ethanol extracts from green leaves. Bilobalide was the predominant terpen&shy;oid in the yellow leaf extracts, whereas ginkgolides A and B were predominant in the green leaf extract. There was no ginkgolide C in the ginkgo extracts under analysis.
Conclusions. The research proved the influence of the vegetation period and the extraction conditions on the content of bilobalide and ginkgolides in the ginkgo tree leaf extracts.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_11.pdfginkgo bilobabilobalideterpenoidsginkgolidesengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleChanges in selected physicochemical properties of horse meat and fat during cold and frozen storageRenata Stanisławczyk1Mariusz Rudy1Katedra Przetwórstwa i Towaroznawstwa Rolniczego, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski w RzeszowieBackground. Cooling and freezing are the most popular methods of meat and fat preservation. During cooling low temperatures do not destroy the structure of meat and fatty tissue or cause big changes in their quality. The freezing of meat and fat causes changes in their quality, which are directly connected with the freezing process followed by frozen storage. The aim of the study was to analyse changes in selected physicochemical properties of horse meat and fat during cold and frozen storage.
Material and methods. Samples of the longest dorsal muscle and neck fat collected from 16 horse semi-carcasses were used as the research material. One batch of the meat samples was subjected to laboratory analyses after 48 and 120 h of cold storage. The other three batches were frozen and stored for 1, 3 and 6 months at a temperature of &ndash;22&deg;C.
Results. The extension of frozen storage of horse meat to 3 months (directly after defrosting) caused colour brightening and reduced thermal dripping, in comparison with the cold-stored raw material. Further extension of storage to 6 months decreased the meat quality by darkening its colour and caused greater thawing dripping (no statistically significant differences) with simultan&shy;eous improvement of thermal dripping. There were statistically significant differences both in peroxide and acid values for cold-stored and frozen neck fat. The values increased during freezing and frozen storage.
Conclusions. The study showed that the time of cold and frozen storage determined physicochemical properties of horse meat and fat. Therefore, it seems appropriate to conduct further research on changes in physicochemical properties of horse meat and fat stored under cooling conditions in modified atmosphere.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_12.pdfhorse meathorse fathydration propertiestendernessengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleThe nutritive value of edible elements of the carcasses of broiler chickens fed mixtures with faba beanAnna Milczarek1Maria Osek1Katedra Żywienia Zwierząt i Gospodarki Paszowej, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w SiedlcachBackground. The nutrition of chickens is an important factor which influences not only rearing indicators but also the quality of meat, including its nutritional value. The aim of the study was to determine the content of basic nutrients (protein, fat, ash) and the energy value in the muscles and liver of chickens fed mixtures with faba bean.
Material and methods. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor design on four groups (N1, N2, W1, W2) of broiler chickens. The birds were fed a mixture of maize and soybean with the following shares of low-tannin beans: 8/15% (group N1) and 16/22% (group N2), in Starter//Grower mixtures, respectively, and they were fed mixtures with the same shares of high-tannin faba beans in groups W1 and W2. The chickens were reared for 5 weeks. Next, 12 standardised birds were chosen from each group and they were slaughtered. Samples of chickens&rsquo; muscles and liver were collected during the slaughter analysis in order to measure the content of basic nutrients and calculate the energy value.
Results. The nutrition did not affect the slaughter yield, the share of breast and leg muscles or hearts and stomachs in chicken carcasses. However, it significantly (P &lt; 0.05) modified the share of skin with subcutaneous fat and total edible viscera, including the liver. The higher share of faba bean (regardless of the content of tannins) decreased the share of skin with subcutaneous fat, but it simultaneously increased the share of the liver. The breast muscles of the birds fed mixtures with a higher proportion of faba bean (regardless of the variety) contained significantly less protein and more intramuscular fat (P &lt; 0.05), whereas the leg muscles had higher content of crude ash (P &lt; 0.05). The feeding model did not affect the content of the abovementioned components in the liver or the energy value of edible elements assessed.
Conclusion. To sum up, faba bean (regardless of the variety) can be recommended for feeding broiler chickens, even at the respective proportion of 16/22% in the Starter/Grower mixtures, because it does not affect most meat and liver nutritional value parameters.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_13.pdfbroiler chickensfeedingfaba beanslaughter analysisnutritive valueengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleA study on the possibility to use pheromone traps to control the diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (L.)] ? a cabbage pest in Hanoi, VietnamDuong Tran Dinh12Chien Tran Dinh3Cong Nguyen Minh4Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life SciencesDepartment of Insect Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Entomology, Vietnam National University of AgricultureDivision of Vegetable Product Quality Management, Hanoi Plant Protection Sub-DepartmentBackground. The diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (L.)] is a major insect pest of cruciferous vegetables due to its infestation and resistance to pesticides. Pheromones have highly specialised advantages for each species and they leave no chemical residues. This study was an attempt to improve the understanding of the pheromone trap technique, a necessary step to produce safe vegetables in Vietnam.
Material and methods. The investigations were conducted on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) in Hanoi. Pheromone traps were used to catch adult diamondback moths every day and to count larvae on cabbage every 7 days. The data were analysed with Microsoft Excel 2007 and Irristat 4.0.
Results. The highest number of diamondback moths in the first season was 21.2 larvae per 1 m2 in the trapping variant and 22.1 larvae per 1 m2 in the non-trapping variant; in the second season it was 17.5 and 19.5, respectively. The F parameter significance between the number of adult insects in the trap and the larval density was linearly proportional, i.e. F = 0.000202 (&lt; 0.05) in the first season and F = 0.000146 (&lt; 0.05) in the second season. The use of pesticides required higher investment, but yielded lower profit than the pheromone trap (552 &euro;/ha vs 572 &euro;/ha).
Conclusions. The larval density in the formula with pheromone traps was always lower than in the one without traps. Pheromone traps affected the density of larvae in the field. Not only do they bring more economic benefits than the use of pesticides only, but they also protect the environment and ensure the sustainability of ecosystems.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_14.pdfcabbagepheromone trapPlutella xylostellasafe vegetable production zoneHanoiengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleA study on Subcarpathian Voivodeship inhabitants? preferences concerning leisure time in forestsTomasz Dudek1Katedra Agroekologii, Uniwersytet RzeszowskiBackground. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey on Subcarpathian Voivodeship inhabitants&rsquo; preferences concerning leisure time in forests.
Material and methods. The respondents answered questions concerning the distribution of their visits to the forest, the most often visited parts of forests, preferable leisure types as well as factors adversely affecting their visits to forests.
Results. The results show that Subcarpathian Voivodeship inhabitants most often go to forests at weekends (43% of the respondents) and they prefer tree stands located deep inside forest complexes (36% of the respondents). Their favourite leisure activities are mushroom picking and walking &ndash; 58% and 54% of the respondents, respectively. The most annoying factors during visits to forests are the presence of mosquitoes and ticks (66% of the respondents) and garbage (62%).
Conclusions. Recreation-oriented forest management should be based on the preferences of the inhabitants of a given region. This will help forest managers improve the protection of the forest environment and control the leisure traffic.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_15.pdfforest recreationtourismforest usequestionnaire surveySubcarpathian VoivodeshipengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleThe effect of the cooling rate on the glycolysis and tenderness of the pork LTL muscleEwa Iwańska1Beata Mikołajczak1Bożena Grześ1Anita Spychaj1Edward Pospiech1Instytut Technologii Mięsa, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w PoznaniuBackground. Meat quality is determined by genetic, environmental and post-mortem factors. The influence of the muscle cooling process after slaughter is also significant. Inadequate meat cooling conditions, including the cooling rate, may decrease meat tenderness. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different cooling rates on the glycolysis and tenderness of the pork LTL muscle.
Material and methods. The longest thoracic and lumbar muscle (m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum) was used as the experimental material. It derived from 10 massive population pigs which were slaughtered under standard conditions. The muscles were cooled at three different rates: C &ndash; 0.12&deg;C/min, FC &ndash; 0.15&deg;C/min, VFC &ndash; 0.27&deg;C/min. The process of glycolysis in the muscles was evaluated on the basis of the pH value after 45&prime;, 2 h, 24 h, 48 h and 6 days and according to the content of glycogen and lactic acid after 45&prime;, 2 h and 24 h post-mortem. Tenderness was measured on the second and sixth day on the basis of the shear force evaluations.
Results. The increase in the muscle cooling rate slowed down the process of glycolysis and deteri&shy;orated meat tenderness.
Conclusion. Cooling muscles at a rate of 0.27&deg;C/min caused muscle contraction, which resulted in greater meat toughness.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_16.pdfporkcooling rateglycolysistendernessengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleNot only a flavour ? the pleiotropic bioactivity of vanillic acidMałgorzata Sieradzka1Joanna Kołodziejczyk-Czepas1Paweł Nowak1Katedra Biochemii Ogólnej, Uniwersytet ŁódzkiVanillic acid is a natural derivative of benzoic acid, commonly found in the plant world. Until recently antioxidant properties have been listed as its main bioactivity. Recently there have been numerous reports indicating a much broader range of the bioactivity of this compound, including its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and neuro- and nephroprotective properties. Both the results of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that vanillic acid may be an important bioactive component present in the human diet. This study is based on an overview of available literature (featuring studies published in the last 10 years) concerning a wide range of the bioactivity of vanillic acid as well as prospects for using this compound for pharmacological purposes.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_17.pdfvanillic acidbenzoic acidbioactivityengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleGIS Analysis and Statistical Methods of Tree Location ? a Case Study of Jakubowo parkDaria Adamska1Cezary Kowalczyk1Katedra Planowania i Inżynierii Przestrzennej, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w OlsztynieBackground. The city is not a propitious environment for the growth of trees. The authors attempted to solve the problem which anthropogenic areas of uniform function may have negative influence on the development of trees. Due to the diversity of tree species and their different environmental requirements the study was a preliminary overview of their health, allowing for the direct neighbourhood of wooded areas.
Material and methods. The research was conducted in Jakubowo Park in Olsztyn, which is the oldest park in the city. At the first stage of the study the authors described the health of the trees according to their age and species. The research involved preparatory work, during which the site was catalogued by means of a calliper, measuring tape and altimeter. The results were used to make a map and inventory table of the area. The visualisation resulted in a map showing health classes of the tree stand. At the second stage of the study the correlation between the location of tree stands in different health states and the neighbouring areas with separate functions was invest&shy;igated. GIS tools were used to locate trees in different health states. GIS software also enabled identification of anthropogenic areas in direct neighbourhood of the stand. QGis and Statistica software was used for all spatial analyses.
Results. The diagrams of internal relationships between variables show that the most healthy specimens could be found among hawthorns (Crataegus &times;media Bechst.) and rowans (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Silver birches (Betula pendula Roth), red oaks (Quercus rubra L.), common oaks (Quercus robur L.), ashes (Fraxinus excelsior L.), ash-leaved maples (Acer negundo L.), common maples (Acer platanoides L.) and small-leaved limes (Tilia cordata Mill.) were in the poorest health, because their medians showed the first, poorest health class.
Conclusions. The correlation analysis showed that the overall health of the trees was better when they stood closer to public recreational areas. There was a separate correlation in the case of areas under standing water, e.g. ponds. Trees growing at longer distances from ponds were in worse health.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_18.pdfGIS toolsinventorydistribution maphealth classage of tree standengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleA Comparison of the Growth of the ?Purpurea? Silver Birch Cultivar (Betula pendula Roth) Propagated by Grafting and with the in Vitro Culture Method Sławomir Świerczyński1Agnieszka Malinowska1Małgorzata Golcz-Polaszewska1Katedra Dendrologii, Sadownictwa i Szkółkarstwa, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w PoznaniuBackground. There are few studies comparing the growth of ornamental trees obtained with different propagation methods. Producers compete by using the propagation methods that result in better growth of trees in the nursery. The aim of the experiment was to compare how two propaga&shy;tion methods influenced the growth of &lsquo;Purpurea&rsquo; silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) trees.
Material and methods. Trees propagated by traditional grafting and with the in vitro tissue culture method were under observation for a few years. The height and diameter of the trunk, the length and diameter of side shoots and the fresh weight of the plants were measured.
Results. The birch trees obtained by grafting were characterised by a bigger trunk diameter. Those propagated with the in vitro tissue culture method had more lateral shoots, which were longer. Regardless of the propagation method, the trees did not differ significantly in height, diameter of lateral shoots or fresh weight.
Conclusions. Both propagation methods were equally good and they can be used in nursery practice. However, it is necessary to estimate the cost of production to choose the less expensive propagation method.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_19.pdfsilver birchpropagation methodoutdoor nurserycharacter of tree growthengWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w PoznaniuNauka Przyroda Technologie189778202017-06-30112articleLactic acid bacteria and their metabolites ? potential biopreservatives in fish and seafoodDorota Grabek-Lejko1Maciej Kluz1Katedra Biotechnologii i Mikrobiologii, Uniwersytet RzeszowskiThere is growing demand for unprocessed or minimally processed food products without chem&shy;ical preservatives. This tendency can also be observed in seafood. Therefore, traditional methods of preservation are being replaced by modern ones, e.g. biopreservation. Biopreservation is the use of non-pathogenic microorganisms and/or their metabolites to improve microbiological safety and extend the shelf life of foods. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and products of their metabolism, such as bacteriocins, organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl and carbon dioxide can be successfully used as biopreservatives. LAB inhibit the growth of pathogenic and food-spoiling bac&shy;teria, keep food fresh and extend its shelf life. About 20 years ago research began on the use of bacteria in non-fermented products such as fish and seafood, where sensory changes and nutrient modifications cannot occur. This article describes the latest reports on the use of these substances to preserve fish and fishery products, especially to provide protection from pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. Moreover, the article presents methods of dosage into foods and synergistic combinations with other methods of food preservation.
http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/volume11/issue2/art_20.pdfbiopreservationprotective culturesbacteriocinslactic acid bacteria (LAB)fish productsseafood