JOHNSON, J. In this interlocutory appeal, we must determine whether a driver
who signals the operator of another motor vehicle to proceed has undertaken a
duty of care to other motorists on the roadway. Absent special circumstances, no
such duty exists. The mere act of signaling does not, by itself, create a duty
to insure the safety of other operators on the highway. However, if the
signaling driver knows or should know of special circumstances which create, or
could reasonably create, a foreseeable risk of harm to third-party operators on
the roadway, then a legal duty to exercise reasonable care exists. For example,
if the signaler knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know, that
the signalee's visibility of other motorists is obstructed, then the signaler
assumes a duty to exercise reasonable care in giving a signal.

Upon review of the specific facts set forth in the pleadings, we find that in
this case no special circumstances were pleaded. Therefore, we affirm the
decision of the Superior Court (Arnold, J.) granting defendant Trudeau's
motion to dismiss count II of the plaintiff's writ.

This action arises out of a daytime automobile accident at the intersection
of South Willow Street and Upton Street in Manchester. Upton Street runs west to
east and intersects at a "T" with South Willow Street, which runs north to
south. Defendant Dennis O'Brien, who had been traveling in an easterly direction
on Upton Street, had stopped and was waiting to make a left-hand turn onto South
Willow Street. His co-worker, defendant Brenda Trudeau, traveling northbound on
South Willow Street, had stopped in the left-hand travel lane at the
intersection and was waiting to make a left-hand turn onto Upton Street. Trudeau
signalled to O'Brien to make the left-hand turn onto South Willow Street in a
northerly direction. At the same time, the plaintiff, Gerard Williams, was
traveling southbound in the outer left travel lane of South Willow Street. As
O'Brien drove his vehicle onto South Willow Street, he collided with Williams'
vehicle, causing it to slide on its roof into Trudeau's vehicle. As a result of
the accident, Williams was severely injured. Williams sued both defendants,
alleging that Trudeau undertook a duty of care to him when she signaled O'Brien
to proceed, and that she breached that duty by failing to make certain that
South Willow Street was clear. Trudeau moved to dismiss Williams' claim. The
superior court granted the motion, concluding that Trudeau owed no duty
to the plaintiff. A motion for reconsideration was denied, and the superior
court subsequently approved this interlocutory appeal.

When reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss, we must determine "whether
the allegations [in the plaintiff's pleadings] are reasonably susceptible of a
construction that would permit recovery." Rounds v. Standex
International, 131 N.H. 71, 74, 550 A.2d 98, 100 (1988) (quotation
omitted). A motion to dismiss must fail if the facts as pleaded by the
plaintiff and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom would constitute a basis
for legal relief. Provencal v. Vermont Mut. Ins. Co., 132 N.H. 742, 745,
571 A.2d 276, 278 (1990). The court "must rigorously scrutinize the complaint to
determine whether, on its face, it asserts a cause of action. What
is involved is a pre-trial, threshold inquiry that tests the facts in the
complaint against the applicable law."Jay Edwards, Inc. v.
Baker, 130 N.H. 41, 44-45, 534 A.2d 706, 708 (1987).

Williams contends that Trudeau owed a duty to other drivers to insure that
the roadway was clear when she motioned to O'Brien to make the left-hand turn.
Trudeau answers that, as a matter of law, a signaling driver owes no such duty
simply because she gratuitously allowed another driver to proceed. Courts that
have addressed this issue are split on whether a duty of care arises when
signaling other drivers. SeeKerfoot v. Waychoff, 501 So. 2d 588,
589 (Fla. 1987). Some courts hold that a hand signal indicates only a
willingness to yield the right of way and, as a matter of law, creates no duty
on the part of the signaling motorist. E.g., Devine v. Cook, 279
P.2d 1073, 1082 (Utah 1955). Other courts hold that the meaning of a hand signal
cannot be determined as a matter of law and, therefore, is properly a question
for the jury. E.g., Askew v. Zeller, 521 A.2d 459, 462 (Pa. Super.
Ct. 1987). Previously, we implicitly found a duty of care on the part of a
signaling motorist in Currier v. Grossman's of New Hampshire,
Inc., 107 N.H. 159, 161, 219 A.2d 273, 274 (1966). There, we
determined that the trial court had "stated the law accurately" when giving a
jury instruction that reasonable reliance on a hand signal by another motorist
would absolve the plaintiff of contributory negligence. Id.

This is not to say, however, that all hand signals create a duty of care on
the part of the signaler. In Currier, the defendant signaled the
plaintiff to pass on the left because the plaintiff's view was obstructed by the
defendant's truck. The plaintiff therefore reasonably relied on the signal as an
indication that "the way ahead was clear." Id. at 160, 219 A.2d at 279.
Where, as in the Currier case, the signalee's view is obstructed or there
is some incidence of reasonable reliance by the signalee, the signaler has an
obligation to exercise due care when "waving on" another driver. Therefore,
while we find that as a matter of law signaling another driver to proceed does
not create a duty of care, there is a "narrow class of cases" in which

[i]t is possible that under certain conditions upon certain highways, such as
hills or in the nighttime, a driver of a motor vehicle in signaling a car . . .
might, by such a signal or conduct on the part of the driver, be responsible for
an accident in which the person relying upon such signal to proceed became
involved.

Giron v. Welch, 842 P.2d 863, 864 (Utah 1992) (quotation omitted).

In New Hampshire, absent the existence of a duty, a defendant cannot
be liable for negligence, and "[w]hether a duty exists in a particular case is a
question of law." Walls v. Oxford Management Co., 137 N.H. 653, 656, 633
A.2d 103, 104 (1993). Williams contends that "public policy dictates that a duty
to act reasonably and prudently should be adopted in cases such as this" and
asks the court to recognize a negligence action against the signaling driver
whenever injury results. We decline, however, to rule that in all cases as a
matter of law a duty of care is imputed to the signaler. We have recognized that
with respect to negligence actions, it is necessary to adopt well-defined
guidelines in order to prevent the imposition of remote and unexpected liability
on defendants. SeeNutter v. Frisbie Mem. Hosp., 124 N.H. 791,
794, 474 A.2d 584, 586 (1984). The policy considerations of avoiding both
infinite liability and uncertainty in the law must be balanced against the "need
to compensate those plaintiffs whose injuries derive, however

remotely, from the defendant's negligence." Id. at 795, 584 A.2d at
586.

In a signaling case,

the determination of whether a duty should be recognized . . . is based on a
balancing of the societal interest involved, the severity of the risk, the
burden upon the defendant, the likelihood of occurrence and the relationship
between the parties.

Peka v. Boose, 431 N.W.2d 399, 400 (Mich. Ct. App. 1988)
(quotation omitted). We find that the balance weighs in favor of the
plaintiff only when a special relationship indicating heightened reliance exists
or when the parties are not "driving in ordinary circumstances" or there exist
other "unusual obstacles or obstructions" in the roadway (for example, passing a
truck where the path ahead is obscured). Id. at 401; seealsoDevine, 279 P.2d at 1083. "[D]uty and foreseeability are
inextricably bound together," Manchenton v. Auto Leasing Corp., 135 N.H.
298, 304, 605 A.2d 208, 213 (1992) (quotation omitted), and as such a
duty arises only under special circumstances where it is foreseeable that a
signalee driver will not independently insure that the way is clear. Only when
the signalee's view is obstructed in a situation where the signaler knew or
should have known of the obstruction or there is other objective evidence of
reliance can liability be imposed on the signaler.

Trudeau argues that even when a duty is found to exist, a signaling driver
can only be liable to the signalee driver and not other motorists. However, we
have recognized in other areas that a defendant may be liable to third parties
for a foreseeable harm resulting from the breach of a duty of care.
Cf. Elks Lodge v. Hanover Ins. Co., 110 N.H. 324,
326, 266 A.2d 846, 847 (1970) (third party injured by an intoxicated driver can
maintain a common law action for negligence against server of alcohol);Lenz v. Company, 88 N.H. 212, 214, 186 A. 329, 330 (1936) (expressing
disfavor for privity doctrine in personal injury cases where injury to third
parties is foreseeable); seegenerally W. Keeton etal., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 33, at 206-08 (5th ed.
1984) (noting that there is third-party liability for negligent
misrepresentation); Restatement (Second) of Torts

311(1)(b), 324A(c) (1965) (liability to third parties for negligent
performance of an undertaking or negligent misrepresentation).

We affirm the superior court's order granting Trudeau's motion to dismiss.
While we recognize that under narrow circumstances a duty of care may exist on
the part of the signaling driver, the plaintiff's complaint fails to state any
facts from which one could reasonably infer that a special circumstance existed.
Williams did not allege that there were any obstructions at the intersection
that the signaler knew or should have known would have obstructed O'Brien's view
of Upton and South Willow streets. Although we assume the truth of the
plaintiff's allegations of fact and construe all reasonable inferences therefrom
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Collectramatic, Inc. v.
Kentucky Fried Chicken Corp., 127 N.H. 318, 320, 499 A.2d 999, 1000 (1985),
the pleadings on their face lacked sufficient facts upon which relief may be
granted. SeeJay Edwards, Inc., 130 N.H. at 48, 534 A.2d at 710
(motion to dismiss granted where the plaintiff's pleadings were "bare of those
essential facts that would give rise to any cognizable legal cause of action").
The superior court's order granting Trudeau's motion to dismiss was therefore
appropriate.