Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.4

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Female breast at puberty

Both. (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology 9th ed., p 36

Cellular adaptation of non-dividing cells such as myocardial fibers.

Hypertrophy (TOPNOTCH)

A 50 y/o male has untreated hypertension for several years. What cellular alteration will be most likely seen in the myocardium?

Hypertrophy (TOPNOTCH)

8

A 40 y/o male underwent partial hepatectomy. What cellular adaptation will the liver most likely undergo?

Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)

9

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle

Increased workload (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.34

10

A 65 y/o male presents with 3-month history of weak stream, straining, and hesitancy. There is no history of prostate cancer. Prostate was severely enlarged without nodules. PSA level is 3 mcg. What cellular adaptation does the prostate most likely undergo?

A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved. The affected tissues take on a firm texture.

Coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.43

36

Characterized by digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

Liquefactive necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology , 9th ed. p.43

37

Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity. The foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction.

Fat necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 44

38

A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels. Deposits of immune complexes, together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels, result in a bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E stains, called "fibrinoid" (fibrin-like) by pathologists.

Fibrinoid necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 44

39

Seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections, because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue.

Liquefactive necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

40

This term is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers.

Gangrenous necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.43

41

Friable, white appearance of necoris. It appears as a structureless collection of fragmented or lysed cells and amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border.

Caseous necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.43

42

Obstruction of the blood supply would lead to which type of pathologic process in the brain parenchyma?

Liquefactive necrosis (TOPNOTCH)

43

The type of necrosis seen in tissue injury associated with acute pancreatitis

Enzymatic fat necrosis. (TOPNOTCH)

44

A 32 y/o male complains of chronic cough and weight loss. CXR showed an ill-defined mass along the apex of the right lobe. Sputum AFB was positive. Biopsy of the lung will most likely reveal what kind of necrosis?

Caseation necrosis (TOPNOTCH)

45

These are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital.

Free radicals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

46

They block free radical formation or inactivate free radicals. Examples of these are the lipid-soluble vitamins E, A, and C, and glutathione in the cytosol.

Antioxidants(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 48

47

Most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine.

Ischemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

48

Patient presented with heaviness in the chest, nausea, and diaphoresis. Troponin I and CKMB were noted to be elevated. What is the mechanism of the elevation of cardiac enzyme?

Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. Most often seen in the liver but can also occur in the heart, sk m., and kidneys.

Other name for macrophages in contact with lipid debris of necrotic cells or abnormal forms of lipoproteins. Filled with minute, membrane-bound vacuoles of lipid, imparting a foamy appearance to their cytoplasm.

Foam cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

59

Presence of cholesterol-filled macrophages in subepithelial connective tissue of skin or tendons.

Xanthomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

60

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Cardiomegaly due to hypertension

Hypertrophy due to increased workload(TOPNOTCH)

61

Most common exogenous pigment?

Carbon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

62

"Wear and Tear pigment"?

Lipofuschin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

63

Pigment produced by tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine.

Melanin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

64

Hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden-yellow to brown in color. Accumulates in excess of iron.

Dystrophic or metastatic calcification? Calcific aortic stenosis

Dystrophic calcification(TOPNOTCH)

Dystrophic calcification(TOPNOTCH)

99

Dystrophic or metastatic calcification? Sarcoidosis

Metastatic calcification (TOPNOTCH)

100

Dystrophic or metastatic calcification? Paget disease

Metastatic calcification (TOPNOTCH)

101

After a tibial fracture in a 19 year old football player, the leg is immobilized to permit healing. The leg muscles decrease in size due to: (A) decrease in cell size, (B) decrease in cell number, (C) inadequate nutrition, (D) loss of hormonal stimulation

A 30 year old thalassemic male has been receiving multiple blood transfusions throughout his life. What is the expected intracellular accumulation in the parenchymal cells of his liver, heart, and endocrine organs?

Hemosiderin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

103

An 80 year old female is found to have calcified aortic valves. Which of the following is the likely cause? (A) renal failure with secondary hyperparathyrodism, (B) accumulation of calcium in damaged valves despite absence of calcium derangements, (C) parathyroid-related protein production from an underlying malignancy, (D) hypercalcemia from multiple myeloma

In industrialized nations, what are the most common causes of fatty change in the liver?

A 22 year old female is on the first day of her menses. Which of the following characterizes the events in her endometrial cells: (A) endometrial cells show shrinkage and nuclear condensation, (B) neutrophils accumulate around the cells, (C) severe mitochondrial swelling and plasma membrane destruction, (D) accumulation of amorphous pink material