Before the takeover, TAM was Brazil's and Latin America's largest airline.[6][7] Its headquarters are in São Paulo,[8] operating scheduled services to destinations within Brazil, as well as international flights to Europe and other parts of North and South America. Shares in the company were traded on the São Paulo Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) and New York Stock Exchange as "TAM".[9] Prior to the merger with LAN, the company closed its capital, transferring its shares to LATAM Airlines Group. However, in August 2015, it was announced that the two airlines would fully rebrand as LATAM, with one livery to be applied on all aircraft by 2018.[10][11] The airline withdrew from the Star Alliance, and joined Oneworld, effective 31 March 2014.[1]

TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais were two different entities, although both belonged to the TAM Group. TAM – Marília, an air taxi company founded in 1961 at the city of Marília, provided the start-up infrastructure for TAM – Regionais.

On November 11, 1975, the Government of Brazil created the Brazilian Integrated System of Regional Air Transportation and divided the country in five different regions, for which five newly created regional airlines received a concession to operate air services. Founded by Rolim Adolfo Amaro[12]TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais S/A was the third of those regional airlines to be made operational. Its services started on July 12, 1976, and its operational area comprised parts of the Southeast and Central West regions of Brazil, specifically the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, and parts of Mato Grosso, and São Paulo plus the possibility of serving the cities of Cuiabá, Rio de Janeiro, Londrina, Maringá and Brasília when linking them to its area of concession.[13]

TAM – Linhas Aéreas Regionais was formed as a joint-venture between TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and VASP, the latter of which was then a state-owned airline. The airline received the IATA code KK[14] on October 13, 1999. The new airline flew Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirantes at first, but these proved grossly inadequate for the task at hand, and even at full capacity needed to be subsidized by the government in order to be profitable.

TAM went on to purchase three used Fokker F27 turboprops, which were subsequently refurbished by Fokker in the Netherlands. In order to obtain the import authorization for the aircraft, a deal was struck with the government in which TAM was forced to maintain 3 Bandeirantes for every F27, as well as removing 5 seats from each one, bringing the F27's capacity down to 40 passengers. A fourth F27, previously owned by Air New Zealand, was added to the TAM fleet in 1981. By 1983, TAM had acquired 10 F27s. By 1981, TAM had flown one million passengers, and two million by 1984.

In August 1986, the company, under financial stress, went public and began floating stock in the market. The same year, TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK) acquired another regional airline, VOTEC, which operated in areas of northern and central Brazil. VOTEC was then renamed Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas. TAM and Brasil Central were both regional airlines and operated in different designated areas. They however operated as a consortium with integrated networks and fleet, with the most notable differences being the flight number IATA codes (whereas TAM had the IATA code KK, Brasil Central operated with the code JJ inherited from VOTEC), the different color schemes of the aircraft, and their designated areas of operation. In 1988, TAM flew its 3 millionth passenger.

On May 15, 1990, the Brazilian Government lifted restrictions on operational areas of regional airlines allowing them to fly anywhere in Brazil. As a consequence, Brasil Central was renamed TAM – Transportes Aéreos Meridionais, acquired the same color scheme of TAM (KK) but maintained the IATA code JJ.

In 2000 TAM (KK) was merged into TAM (JJ) and TAM (JJ) was renamed TAM Transportes Aéreos. The code JJ was maintained and the code KK was released back to IATA. It is now used by AtlasGlobal.

Despite TAM's success in the market, it was evident the airline would not last long when competing against airlines such as Varig and VASP, both of which already possessed Boeing 737s in their fleet. Amaro then tried to buy VASP, which was about to be privatized, and called the project "Revolution". Having lost the bid, he opted for slower growth with a gradual addition of new aircraft, re-dubbed "Evolution".

On September 15, 1989, TAM arranged for the acquisition of two Fokker 100 jets. Like the F27s before them, TAM did not actually purchase these aircraft, but used Amaro's credibility to arrange for a third-party asset management company, Guinness Peat Aviation to purchase them and subsequently lease them back to TAM. Two more were added in 1991. In 1992, TAM carried its eight millionth passenger. By 1993, through the use of the Fokker 100 fleet, which now numbered at 14, TAM was serving 56 cities in Brazil.

Two years later, in 1999, services to Europe were inaugurated through a code share service with Air France, to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. In 2000, the airline was renamed TAM Linhas Aéreas in Portuguese. Long running discussions to merge with Varig ended in 2004. In 2008, TAM transported 30,144,000 passengers, with an average load factor of 71%.[15] As of 2010, the airline is owned by the Amaro family (46.25%), Amaro Aviation Part (3.52%), treasury stocks (0.27%) and minority shareholders (49.96%). It employs 24,000 staff.[15] On May 13, 2010, TAM became the 27th member of Star Alliance.[16]David Barioni served as the airline's president from 2007 to 2009.[17][18]

In 2009 TAM decided to replace its Passenger Service System provided by Sabre, known as Sabresonic, with the Altéa platform from Amadeus.[19] The migration to Altéa was completed in the first quarter of 2010.[20]

On March 30, 2011, TAM signed a letter of intentions to purchase up to 31% of the shares of TRIP Linhas Aéreas, a regional airline which code-shares with TAM since 2004.[21] A final decision had however been postponed,[22] and finally in February 2012 the purchase agreement was not renewed. On May 28, 2012, TRIP was sold to Azul Brazilian Airlines.[23] Code-sharing operations ended on March 28, 2013.[24]

On December 21, 2009, TAM Airlines purchased Pantanal Linhas Aéreas. At that time TAM decided to maintain Pantanal as a separate airline within the TAM Group integrated into the network of TAM.[25] Starting August 1, 2011 Pantanal operated flights on behalf of TAM, all with origin and destination at São-Paulo-Congonhas Airport. On March 26, 2013 Brazilian authorities approved the incorporation of all Pantanal assets by TAM and Pantanal ceased to exist.[26] The incorporation process was completed on August 23, 2013.[27]

In January 2013, the Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) determined that TAM Airlines had the second worst safety record in the world. The ratings take into account the number and deadliness of the hull losses (destroyed airplanes) they have suffered in the past 30 years, how they have fared more recently, and how many flights they have flown without incident. The results do not take into account the cause of the hull losses, or whether the airline is at fault, so they are not a perfect measure of how safely an airline behaves.[28]

On August 13, 2010, TAM signed a non-binding agreement with Chilean airline LAN Airlines to merge and create LATAM Airlines Group.[29] This was changed into a binding agreement on January 19, 2011.[30] Latam agreement was approved with 11 restrictions by Chilean authorities on September 21, 2011. These included transferring 4 slots at São Paulo-Guarulhos to competitors interested in operating flights to Santiago de Chile, renouncing membership to either Oneworld or Star Alliance, restricting increase capacity on flights between Brazil and Chile, and opening code-share possibilities and fidelity program membership to interested competitors.[31] On December 14, 2011, Brazilian authorities approved the agreement imposing similar restrictions as Chilean authorities. By August 2012 LATAM made a decision in favor of Oneworld and frequencies between São Paulo and Santiago de Chile were reduced: TAM had two pairs of slots while LAN had four. LAN ceded two pairs to competitors interested in using them which later was known to be Sky Airline.[32] The merger was completed on June 22, 2012.[4] As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM.[33]

In 1994 TAM Airlines established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called ARPA - Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned LAP – Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and maintained the IATA code of LAP, PZ. Today TAM owns 94.98% and the Paraguayan government 5.02% of the shares.

In 2008, following a branding strategy, the name TAM Mercosur was dropped and the airline adopted an identical corporate identity of TAM Airlines. However, its corporate structure remained the same.[34] This airline is today informally known as TAM Paraguay, and uses the IATA code PZ. In 2016 the airline was rebranded to LATAM Paraguay, at the same time as all other airlines of LATAM group.

On June 16, 2005, TAM purchased 20 additional Airbus A320 family aircraft (including the A319, A320 and A321), with an additional 20 options. These are expected to be delivered between late 2007 and 2010, adding to the already scheduled delivery of 6 A320s between 2006 and 2008. At the same time, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus stating its intent to buy 10 of the new Airbus A350-900 plus 5 options, with deliveries planned due to commence at the end of 2014. However, LATAM received its first A350 in early 2016.[36]

TAM has also signed a firm contract with Airbus to acquire 37 additional aircraft. The order comprises twelve A319s, 16 A320s, three A321s and three A330s and includes twelve unspecified extra options. This would bring the number of aircraft in TAM's fleet acquired directly from Airbus to 115 aircraft.[37] The commitments are separate from deals in earlier years for 29 firm-ordered A320s and 20 options. The deliveries were concluded by 2010. In 2013, TAM announced that it would phased out 3 of the oldest Boeing 767 it operates; however, it later changed plans and decided to keep the aircraft, adding some more aircraft from LAN Airlines instead. They replaced the A330-200s. TAM also received the first aircraft of the A320 family with Sharklets in April 2013.[citation needed]

LATAM Fidelidade(LATAM Loyalty) is the frequent flyer program of LATAM Brasil. Program points can be redeemed for tickets on airlines of the LATAM group Oneworld and other selected partners. It is divided into the following categories and percentages of mileage accrual:[44]

On February 12, 1990: a Fokker F27 registration PT-LCG operating a flight from São Paulo-Congonhas to Bauru, due to faulty approach procedures touched down at Bauru 775 m past the runway threshold. The pilot was unable to initiate a go-around procedure and went past the end of the runway, hitting a car that was passing on a road nearby. One crew member and two occupants of the car died.[51]

On July 9, 1997, a Fokker 100 registration PT-WHK operating flight 283 en route from São José dos Campos to São Paulo-Congonhas. The aircraft was climbing after take-off from São José dos Campos when a bomb exploded in the rear part of the passenger cabin. The uncontrolled decompression blew one passenger out of the aircraft. The aircraft made a successful emergency landing in São Paulo, despite the hole in the fuselage. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.[54]

On September 15, 2001, a Fokker 100 registration PT-MRN operating the charter flight 9755, flying from Recife to São Paulo-Congonhas via Campinas-Viracopos, following an uncontrolled engine failure en route to Campinas had 3 cabin windows shattered by fragments of the engine and made an emergency landing at Belo Horizonte-Confins. One passenger was sucked out partly and held by another passenger until the aircraft landed. The passenger did not survive.[55][56]

On July 17, 2007, an Airbus A320 registration PR-MBK operating flight 3054 from Porto Alegre to São Paulo-Congonhas overran the runway while landing at Congonhas, crossed a major thoroughfare and impacted against a TAM Express warehouse. All 187 passengers and crew perished, as did 12 people on the ground.[57]

Multiplus Fidelidade is the customer loyalty network.[58] On November 8, 2011, Multiplus and the Canadian company Aimia, administrator of Aeroplan, the loyalty program of Air Canada, established a joint-venture to create in Brazil a third company that would administer loyalty schemes of other companies.[59]

1.
TAME
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TAME or TAME EP Linea Aerea del Ecuador is an airline founded in 1962. TAME is the carrier and the largest airline of Ecuador. TAME headquarters are in Quito, Pichincha Province and the hub is Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito. The airline was formed by the Air Force of Ecuador, in 2011, it became a commercial entity and now provides domestic, international and charter flights. The military airline was founded on December 17,1962, by Luis A. Ortega under Guillermo Freile Posso and it was named Transportes Aéreos Militares Ecuatorianos. At the time, the Air Force required a source, governmental transport services to remote and difficult to reach parts of Ecuador. The airline gradually increased in size infrastructure and number of services, on December 4,1962, Luis A. Ortega, Hector Granja, Eduardo Sandoval, Alfredo Barreiro, Oswaldo Lara, Julio Espinosa, Teodoro Malo and Jose Montesinos made inaugural flights in the Dakota C-47. The pilots held the rank of major and noncommissioned officers worked as flight attendants, the first commercial flight was made by Teodoro Malo on a route from Quito, Esmeraldas, Bahía, Manta, Guayaquil, Cuenca and back to Quito. Initially, TAME made domestic flights using C-47 planes, gradually, over the next two years, DC-3 and DC-6 planes were added and then in 1970, two HS-748 Avro were acquired. On April 30,1966, TAME began regular flights to Havana, Panama. In 1997, international flights were extended to Los Angeles, Taipei, as its business grew, TAME purchased four Lockheed L-188 Electras from Ecuatoriana de Aviación. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TAME added three Boeing 727–100s, during the mid-1980s and up until 1992, Tame purchased four Boeing 727–200s. In 1986, three Fokker F28 Fellowship 4000s were added, in December 1998, TAME rented a Boeing 757–200. In 2000, TAME began a process of fleet renewal beginning with the renting of two Airbus A320s. These planes were delivered at the European Corporation Assemble factory, Toulouse and were renewed in 2008, also in 2000, the Boeing 727–100 and 200 were retired. TAME found the Embraer 170/190s suited the airlines needs, over the next two years, two models of the 170 series and one of the 190 series were obtained. On August 25,2008, one Airbus A319 was obtained, in 2011, Tame changed its legal status to a state owned company, no longer under the administration of the Ecuador Air Force. TAME’s colors are blue, light blue, and gold as a decorative element, the original logo, designed by Luis A. Ortega symbolized the flight of a bird with a sun in the background

2.
Santos Dumont Airport
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Santos Dumont Airport is the second major airport serving Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is named after the Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos Dumont, Santos Dumont has slot restrictions operating with a maximum of 19 operations/hour, being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil. Originally known as Calabouço Airport, the history of the airport can be traced back to the early 1930s, until that time, the few aircraft equipped with landing gear used Manguinhos Airport. Seaplanes, which at the time operated the majority of domestic and international flights, used a terminal located at the Calabouço Point, take-off and landings were made using an area of Guanabara Bay then known as estirão do Caju. It was as a development of the terminal at Calabouço Point that Calabouço Airport was created, a new public terminal building for seaplanes was inaugurated on 29 October 1938. It was a replacement for the passenger terminal and was used by all airlines except Panair do Brasil and Pan American World Airways. Due to the obsolescence of seaplanes, it ceased to be used in 1942, today, this protected building houses the Historical and Cultural Institute of the Brazilian Air Force. In 1934, in order to handle a growing amount of land operations, in 1936, the runway was extended to 2,300 feet and on 30 November it received its first commercial flight, a VASP Junkers Ju 52 aircraft flying from São Paulo–Congonhas. The airport complex was inaugurated on 16 October 1936 and was named Santos Dumont Airport and it was also in 1936 that the construction of a new passenger terminal began. It was a led by the architects MMM Roberto inspired in the Paris - Le Bourget Airport terminal. Its pioneering, modernist, architectural features created a Brazilian national landmark and it was only in 1947 that its construction was completed. This building continues to be used to the present day, in the lobby of this terminal, two monumental paintings by Cadmo Fausto de Sousa can be seen. Named Old Aviation and Modern Aviation, they feature many old and this terminal opened in 1937 featuring an architecture was inspired by the Pan American Seaplane Base and Terminal Building in Miami. It included a terminal, offices and hangars. It remained the headquarters of Panair do Brasil until the airline was forced to cease its operations in 1965 and it is now the headquarters of the Third Regional Air Command of the Brazilian Air Force. On 21 May 1959 a formal agreement between Varig, Cruzeiro do Sul, and VASP created an air service, the first of its kind in the world. This service operated between Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont Airport and São Paulo–Congonhas and comprised regular departures, common check-in counter. The service was an instant success, transbrasil joined the partnership in 1968

3.
Silvio Pettirossi International Airport
–
Silvio Pettirossi International Airport is Paraguays main national and international gateway, located at Luque, a city of the Central Department. It is named after the Paraguayan aviator Silvio Pettirossi and was known as President Stroessner International Airport. The airport serves as hub for LATAM Paraguay, formerly known as TAM Paraguay, TAM Mercosur, the terminal building splits into two international concourses, the north concourse with 2 gates and the south concourse with 4 gates. The airplane arrived with the presence of the Minister of Tourism, Marcela Bacigalupo, mr. Hidalgo highlighted the high seat occupancy of the inaugural flight, which, in his opinion, shows success is expected for this route. The airport, located within Luque, may be reached from the city of Asuncion via the Airport Main Road, asuncions local bus line 30-A links the city center with the airports terminal. The airport is also near the headquarters of CONMEBOL, the governing body of association football in South America. Part of the wing broke off, the crashed and caught fire. Of the 24 passengers and crew aboard,16 died,27 August 1980, Transporte Aéreo Militar – TAM Paraguayo, a Douglas C-47B registration FAP2016 crashed on approach to Silvio Pettirossi International Airport. The aircraft was on a flight to Ayolas when an engine failed shortly after take-off, one person was killed 4 February 1996, a LAC Colombia cargo Douglas DC-8-55F registration HK-3979X flying from Asunción to Campinas for an empty positioning flight from Asunción. At VR power was reduced on no.1 engine and, after rotation, with the gear still down and flaps at 15° the aircraft lost control and crashed on a playing field 2 km past the runway. The crew possibly used the flight as an opportunity for crew training. All four occupants of the aircraft and 20 persons on the ground died. afhra. af. mil/, Airport information for SGAS at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006. Source, DAFIF, Airport information for SGAS at Great Circle Mapper

4.
Salgado Filho International Airport
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Salgado Filho International Airport is the airport serving Porto Alegre, Brazil. It is named after the Senator and first Minister of the Brazilian Air Force Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho, Salgado Filho was originally called São João Federal Airport, after the neighborhood where it is located. In the beginning it was an air club, where the first flights landed on May 31,1923, in 1932, needing a facility to use its aircraft with landing-gear which were replacing its seaplanes, Varig started using São João Airport as its operational base. However, it was only in 1940 that the first passenger terminal was inaugurated, in 1953 the old terminal was incorporated into the maintenance facilities of Varig, a new passenger terminal was opened, and runways were paved. Until that year larger aircraft such as Lockheed L-049 Constellations had to land at Canoas Air Force Base and this new terminal is known as Passenger Terminal 2. It underwent major renovations and enlargements between 1969 and 1971 but unable to cope with the traffic, another brand new facility was built. This new facility was named Passenger Terminal 1 and opened on September 11,2001, Terminal 2 became underused by general aviation and cargo services. However, in order to cope with the passenger traffic at the airport, on September 8,2010 a decision was made to renovate Terminal 2. It became operational on December 4,2010, the total area of the Salgado Filho Airport is about 3,805,810.04 m² with 142,750 m² of ramp area. Terminal 1 has 37,600 m² and 16 gates with jetways, in front of terminal 1 there is a carpark with 1,440 places. Terminal 1 is the first facility in Latin America with a shopping mall, one of the two TAP Maintenance & Engineering centers in Brazil is located at Salgado Filho International Airport. The airport is served by rail, taxi, and bus, people mover connects the International Airport to the Porto Alegre Metro Airport Station since August 10,2013. Porto Alegre Metro connects Downtown Porto Alegre with the International Airport, terminals 1 and 2 have taxi services. Bus routes T5, T11, and B09 link Terminal 1 - International Airport to the city of Porto Alegre, february 28,1942, a Varig Junkers Ju-52/3m registration PP-VAL crashed shortly after take-off from Porto Alegre. Seven of the 23 occupants died, including 2 crew members, june 20,1944, a Varig Lockheed 10 A/E Electra registration PP-VAQ on approach to Porto Alegre after a flight from Pelotas during a storm crashed on the waters of Guaíba river. All 10 passengers and crew died, of the 36 passenger and crew aboard,5 died. All 10 occupants died, including the founder of SAVAG and pilot, Gustavo Kraemer, of the 18 passengers and crew aboard,14 died. October 18,1957, a Varig Douglas C-47A-80-DL registration PP-VCS operating a flight from Porto Alegre crashed upon take-off

5.
Oneworld
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Oneworld is an airline alliance founded on 1 February 1999. The alliances stated objective is to be the airline alliance for the worlds frequent international travelers. Its central alliance office is based in New York City in the United States. As of August 2016, Oneworld is the third largest global alliance in terms of passengers more than 557.4 million passengers carried, behind Star Alliance. Its slogan is An alliance of the worlds leading airlines working as one, Oneworld announced the formation of a central alliance team, the Oneworld Management Company, in February 2000, to mark the alliances first anniversary. The oMC was established in May 2000 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and it acts as the alliances central secretariat, with responsibility for driving future growth and the launch of new customer services and benefits. Bruce Ashby, who previously held roles of CEO of Saudi Arabias SAMA Airlines, CEO of Indias IndiGo, rob Gurney succeeded Ashby as CEO in October,2016. Reporting to the CEO are Vice-Presidents for Commercial, Membership and Customer Experience, and Corporate Communications, a Chief Financial Officer, the CEO reports to the Oneworld Governing Board, which is made up of the chief executives of each of the member airlines. The Governing Board meets regularly to set strategic direction and review progress, chairmanship of the board rotates among the alliance members chief executives. Cathay Pacific CEO Ivan Chu currently has the role, Oneworld was unveiled by its founding members, American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and Qantas at a press conference in London, United Kingdom, on 21 September 1998. Oneworld was officially launched and became operational on 1 February 1999, at its launch in 1999, Oneworlds member airlines and their affiliates served 648 destinations in 139 countries, and carried 181 million passengers with a fleet of 1,577 aircraft. Finnair, Finlands largest airline and flag carrier, was the alliances first new recruit on 9 December 1998, the alliance welcomed Iberia, Spains flag carrier, as its second recruit on 15 February 1999. Both airlines, together with Iberias franchisee, Iberia Regional Air Nostrum, joined the alliance on 1 September 1999, on 19 May 1999, LanChile became a member-elect, the alliances first representative from Latin America. LanChiles two subsidiaries, LAN Express and LAN Perú, would join the alliance. Irish carrier Aer Lingus was formally elected on board and confirmed as the member of the alliance on 2 December 1999. As LanChile and Aer Lingus joined on 1 June 2000, Canadian Airlines left the alliance, following the purchase by Air Canada. However, Swiss later decided not to proceed with key elements of its agreement with British Airways and was released from its commitment to join Oneworld. Swiss was later taken over by Lufthansa in 2005 and joined Star Alliance in 2006, the mid-2000s saw Oneworld undertake one of the biggest expansions in its history

6.
Brazil
–
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama

7.
LATAM Chile
–
LATAM Airlines, formerly LAN Airlines S. A. is an airline based in Santiago, Chile, and is one of the founders of LATAM Airlines Group, Latin Americas largest airline holding company. The main hub is Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport, with hubs in El Dorado, Jorge Chávez, José Joaquín de Olmedo. LAN is one of the largest airlines in Latin America, serving Latin America, North America, the Caribbean, Oceania, the carrier has been a member of the Oneworld airline alliance since 2000. LATAM Airlines Group was formed after the takeover by LAN of Brazilian TAM Airlines, in August 2015, it was announced that the two airlines would fully rebrand as LATAM, with one livery to be applied on all aircraft by 2018. Currently, LAN and TAM continue to work as separate companies, LATAM Airlines Group is currently the largest airline conglomerate in Latin America. In 1932 It was rebranded as Línea Aérea Nacional de Chile, LAN-Chiles first fleet consisted of de Havilland Moth planes. Also because of this reason, US-built airplanes became more difficult to incorporate to LANs fleet until the beginning of WWII, in 1936,2 French Potez 560 airplanes were purchased while in 1938,4 German Junkers Ju 86Bs were incorporated to the fleet. During that same year, a joint cooperation agreement was established with Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, another agreement with Lufthansa was signed for flights to & from Europe and Americas Atlantic coast. On August 23,1945, LAN-Chile became a member of the newly formed IATA, in October 1946, it started international service to Buenos Aires at Morón Airport and in 1947 to Punta Arenas, Chiles most distant continental destination. In December 1954, LAN-Chile made its first commercial flight to Lima, on December 22,1956 a LAN-Chile Douglas DC-6 made the worlds first commercial flight over Antarctica. Since then, all LANs DC-6 fleet had painted on their fuselage Primeros sobre la Antártica, in 1966, LAN-Chile purchased from Lufthansa its first Boeing 707, in exchange for flying rights in the Lima-Santiago route. With this aircraft model, the company developed new long routes to the USA, Oceania. LAN-Chile started on April 15,1967, the route Santiago-John F. Kennedy International Airport, in October 1967 a LAN-Chile Sud Aviation Caravelle made the first ILS landing in South America at Limas Jorge Chávez International Airport. On January 16,1968, the Santiago-Easter Island flight was extended to Papeete-Faaa International Airport, in Tahiti, on September 4,1974, this route was extended to Fiji. In 1969, LAN-Chile expanded its destinations to Rio de Janeiro, Asunción, in 1970, with Boeing 707s LAN-Chile opened its first transatlantic routes to Madrid–Barajas Airport, Frankfurt Airport and Paris-Orly. Since its inception and until 1970 the airline had its headquarters, main hub and maintenance center at Los Cerrillos Airport, for this reason, Santiago International Airport in Pudahuel was built between 1961 and 1967, fully moving LAN-Chiles flights to this new airport in 1970. On February 10,1974, A LAN Chile Boeing 707 flown by captain Jorge Jarpa Reyes made the worlds first transpolar non-stop flight between South America and Australia, in 1980, the company replaced its Boeing 727s with 737-200 Advanced on its domestic routes. In addition, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, LAN Chiles first wide body jets, were added for use on routes to Los Angeles, Miami and that same year, the maintenance facilitites were relocated from Los Cerrillos to Arturo Merino Benitez Airport

8.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services

Courtyard of the College, Pátio do Colégio, in the Historic Center of São Paulo. At this location, the city was founded in 1554. The current building is a reconstruction made in the late 20th century, based on the Jesuitcollege and church that were erected at the site in 1653.