If you can hold a bridge for 2 minutes, you will get more value from switching to a more challenging version of the exercise. While static holds have a place in some training repertoires, most people have little need for the effects of a 2:00 bridge. Unless you have been advised by a pt or have physical issues which require you to use this version, I'd suggest changing your bridge form.
Options you might consider: one leg straight/opp leg bent, marching bridges, one straight/one bent while abducting (or using other movement while holding bridge form, etc.

When I do bridges, I have always held the position (e.g. 2 minutes), instead of going up and down (e.g. x sets of y reps). i am wondering which is better.

It's the old isometric vs. dynamic argument. I'd say start with dynamic and end with isometric hold for time after reaching desired reps.

Does adding weight to bridges work? I hear of people holding bridges with people sitting on them and the like and I wish I knew how it targets the muscles, but as is, the way muscles work the move or stabilize us in bridging and planking is still very confusing to imagine. I wish there were more analogies and analyses.

All phases of muscle contraction are important. If you want to be plank strong, then be plank stable first. Bump up the propriocetive load, then go for endurance again, then start 4/2/1 eccentric/isometric/concentric, and progress the variables, then to 2/0/2, then power. Don't forget the numerous ways to hold planks, and bridges, too.

The bridge exercise is a great way to isolate and strengthen the gluteus muscles and hamstrings. If you do this exercise correctly, you also will find that it is a good core strengthening exercise that strengthens both the abdominal muscles as well as the lower back muscles. Finally, the bridge exercise is considered a basic rehab exercise to improve core and spinal stabilization.

The Bridge is an excellent Pilates torso stability exercise. This means that one of your goals is to keep your torso really still during the exercise. This exercise strengthens the butt and the back of the legs and teaches core stability. Physical therapists the world over use the Bridge because it’s a safe exercise for those with a weak or injured back.

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