Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (1928-1967) was an Argentine physician
and revolutionary who played a key role in the Cuban Revolution. He
also served in the government of Cuba after the communist takeover
before leaving Cuba to try and stir up rebellions in Africa and South
America. He was captured and executed by Bolivian security forces in
1967. Today, he is considered by many to be a symbol of rebellion and
idealism, while others see him as a murderer.

Early Life

Ernesto was born into a middle class family in Rosario, Argentina.
His family was somewhat aristocratic and could trace their lineage to
the early days of Argentine settlement. The family moved around a great
deal while Ernesto was young. He developed severe asthma early in life:
the attacks were so bad that witnesses were occasionally scared for his
life. He was determined to overcome his ailment, however, and was very
active in his youth, playing rugby, swimming and doing other physical
activities. He also received an excellent education.

Guevara Joins the Cuban Revolution

In late September 1954, Guevara travelled to Mexico City, where most
of his revolutionary friends were heading. Guevara found work, moved in
with Hilda, and spent time talking to his revolutionary friends. Then,
in June 1955, Raul Castro (Fidel Castro’s younger brother) fled Cuba and
arrived in Mexico City. Through Guevara’s Cuban friends, Guevara met
Raul upon his arrival. Guevara then asked Raul over for dinner. The two
began talking and found they had much in common.
A couple of weeks later, Fidel Castro fled Cuba and arrived in
Mexico City. Shortly after his arrival, Guevara met Fidel and later that
same night, went out to dinner with both Castro brothers. While at
dinner, Fidel asked Guevara to join his revolutionary movement to
overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. Guevara
immediately accepted.
Shortly after Guevara joined Fidel’s revolutionary force, Hilda
discovered she was pregnant. Doing the “honorable thing,” Guevara
married Hilda on August, 18, 1955. On February 15, 1956, their daughter,
Hilda, was born. Despite now having a wife and family, Guevara was
still determined to go with Fidel to Cuba.
While waiting for the day of the revolution to begin, Guevara and
other trusted Cuban exiles began training and preparing for guerrilla
warfare.

Starting a Revolution in Bolivia

After the failed effort in the Congo, Guevara decided to organize a
revolution in Bolivia. In November 1966, Che arrived in Bolivia
disguised as a balding, middle-aged Uruguayan businessman named Adolfo
Mena Gonzalez. Once safely within Bolivia, Guevara quickly shed that
disguise and got to work on the revolution.
Since, the bulk of Guevara’s initial revolutionary force was
Peruvian and Cuban, it was imperative that Guevara get a decent number
of Bolivians to support the revolutionary cause as soon as possible.
Unfortunately, Guevara was never able to do this. Guevara’s first hope
was to get the support of the Bolivian Communists; however, after Che
refused to let the leader of Bolivia’s Communist Party take control of
the entire revolution, the Bolivian Communists wanted nothing to do with
Guevara.
Guevara’s second hope was to appeal to Bolivian peasants to
support the revolutionary cause. This also failed once the Bolivian
government began a very effective propaganda campaign that emphasized
the internationality of Guevara’s rebels and blamed these foreigners for
bringing Castro-led Communism into their country. The patriotic
peasants were thus not willing to help these outsider rebels.
Everything else went badly for Guevara in Bolivia. The most
damaging development came when the Bolivian government discovered
Guevara's presence in their country as well as his general location
before Guevara had time to establish himself.
By March 1967, the Bolivian army was actively pursuing Guevara’s
small group of revolutionaries, following them so closely that Guevara
was unable to maintain a base camp. Constantly on the run and suffering
from a severe asthma attack, Guevara was unable to muster an attack or a
retreat. Hunted, Guevara’s group became splintered and many were
captured or killed.

Che Guevara Captured and Executed

The end came in October 1967. On the morning of October 8th,
Bolivian Army Rangers had surrounded Guevara and the 16 revolutionaries
that remained within a gully called the Quebrada del Churo. At 1:10
p.m., a gun battle broke out. The guerrillas got separated; many were
killed or captured. During the gunfight, Guevara was hit by a bullet in
his left leg. While trying to scramble away, Guevara was captured.
Guevara was taken to a schoolhouse in the small town of La Higuera,
where he was interrogated.
The next day, the order to execute Che Guevara was given by the
president of Bolivia. At 1:10 p.m. on October 9, 1967, Sergeant Mario
Teran, a Bolivian soldier who had volunteered for the job, shot Guevara
with a semiautomatic rifle.
Che Guevara was dead at age 39.

Guevara After Death

At first, the Bolivians placed Guevara’s body on top of a concrete
washbasin and let both soldiers and locals view his remains. Pictures
were taken. Some people even cut off locks of Guevara’s hair as good
luck keepsakes. Before he was to be buried, the Bolivians sawed off
Guevara’s hands and placed them in formaldehyde hoping to use them as
proof of Guevara’s death.
On October 11, 1967, the Bolivians secretly buried Guevara’s
hand-less body in a secret grave. For three decades, the location of
Guevara’s grave remained a closely kept secret.
In July 1997, Guevara’s skeleton and those of six other
revolutionaries were located near the Vallegrande airstrip in southern
Bolivia and returned to Cuba for reburial. In October of that year,
Guevara and his companions were buried in Santa Clara, the city where he
had won a decisive victory in the Cuban Revolution in 1958.
Despite the failure of attempted revolution in the Congo and in
Bolivia, Guevara has had a brilliant afterlife as the symbol of a
dedicated revolutionary, willing to sacrifice his life for the oppressed
of the world. Ironically, his image has been turned into a commodity by
the very capitalistic system he sought to overturn, reproduced on
countless posters and on a vast array of other commercial products.
* According to a leading biographer of Guevara, Jon Lee Anderson (Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life,
page 3), Guevara’s mother told him that Guevara was actually born May
14, but she and her husband changed the date so no one would suspect she
had been pregnant before the marriage.

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