Linking verbs: I do go, I can go, I did go, I could go, I don’t go, I can’t go >> kleileies, leiklioes, kleioleies, leikloies, ikleileies, leiiklioes. I will be going, I would be going, I can be gone, I can’t be gone >> leiosesei, leiosesea, egleiesklioes, eghleiesklioes.

Sample Sentence(s):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Adjectives append to the noun they are modifying; the adverbs that modify a single word append similarly; adverbs that modify more than one word stand alone, but are placed beside the words they intend to modify.

All modifiers are given the special affix -ya, which appends to the end of the word being modified (in the case of multi-word modifiers, -ya appends to the modifier itself).

The big dog = kif ligarksya.

“Dog-piling”: In Thoul, if a word is being modified by more than one adjective/adverb these modifiers “dog-pile” onto the word in a chain-like fashion.

The big, old, hairy dog = kif ligiyoliruckearksya.

Note, in the above example, that only the modifier closest to the “dog-piled” word conjugates like a typical modifier (with -ya coming after the word); the modifiers that come before have their -ya appended directly to themselves in the form of -i-.

>>The above prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs are arranged according to word similarities; not so much according to their actual semantic value (although that is still mostly the case). For example, ‘because’ is not an adverb, but conjugates like one (due to it deriving from ‘of’).

Numbers:

Thoul numbers are easily conjugated, and thus overall more on the boring side of things…

0 = ih 0th = ihkya(ihtya) 11 = eshe

1 = e 1st = ekya Once = etya 12 = eshes

2 = es 2nd = eskya Twice = estya 13 = esher

3 = er 3rd = erkya Thrice = ertya 20 = esesh

4 = em 4th = emkya (emtya) 30 = eresh

5 = ey 5th = eykya (eytya) 100 = ash

6 = eye 6th = eyekya (eyetya) 1,000 = ath

7 = eyes 7th = eyeskya (eyestya) 1,000,000 = ay

8 = eyer 8th = eyerkya (eyertya)

9 = eyem 9th = eyemkya (eyemtya)

10 = esh 10th = eshkya (eshtya)

Half = ecesa Three-quarter = ercema

Third = ecera Two-third = escera

Quarter = ecema Three-half = ercesa

Fifth = eceya Four-third = emcera

Sixth = eceyea

Seventh = eceyesa

Eighth = eceyera

Ninth = eceyema

Tenth = ecesha

AND THAT CONCLUDES PART TWO! More on Thoul grammar to come, eventually…

With respect to us here on Earth, ‘Thoul’ is what’s known as a ‘conlang’ — which is short for ‘constructed language’, and is simply a language that has been created by someone out of thin-air, basically.

For example, ‘Klingon’ is a conlang, and so is the Na’vi language of Cameron’s Avatar.

Here are the Thoul basics:

LETTERS & SOUNDS.

The Thoul consonants are:

/d/ /t/ /th/ /ts/*; th as in thing.

/b/ /p/ /ph/ /f/ /v/; ph as in phantom.

/g, gh/ /k, ck/ /c/ /h/ /ks/; gh as in ghost, ck as in chick, c either as in camp or in cease (depending on nearby vowels).