Creates a molecule in which part is electron-rich and part is electron-poor

What maintains a hydrogen-bonded liquid in water?

the polarized bond caused by the electron withdrawing property of the oxygen atom permits more positively charged hydrogen atom to share oxygen atoms

Define autotroph.

refers to an organism whose metabolism allows it to obtain all of its carbon from CO2, a gas

Define heterotroph.

refers to an organism whose metabolism allows it to obtain its carbon from a mixture of solid and liquid organic (carbon) compounds (food)

What is respiration?

the production of energy (ATP) by oxygen gas oxidizing carbon compounds; water (reduced O2) and CO2 (oxidized carbon)are the products, usually in mitochondria or their bacterial equivalent on the inner cell membrane

What is fermentation?

the production of energy (ATP) in the absence of molecular oxygen

By what means are cavities and calculus formed?

Heterotrophs and fermentation

What is meant by saccharolytic fermentation?

Bacteria that obtain energy for growth in the absence of oxygen by utilizing carbohydrate

What is the substrate in saccharolytic fermentation?

a saccharide that is broken to a free hexose such as glucose or fructose in the bacterial environment

What is the usual end product of saccharolytic fermentation?

Lactate

What is required to make hexose phosphate and fructose bisphosphate?

ATP

How is ATP made?

by converting GAP-3 to 3-phosphoglycerate and PEP to pyruvate

Why is their a net synthesis of ATP but no net synthesis of NADH?

2 ATPs are used and 4 ATPs are produced; NADH produced by oxidation of GAP-3 is reoxidized to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate

What is asaccharolytic bacterial fermentation?

bacteria obtain energy for growth in the absence of oxygen by utilizing proteins

What is the substrate in asaccharolytic bacterial fermentation?

a free amino acid derived from proteins by proteolysis

What are the 2 important end products of asaccharolytic bacterial fermentation?

ammonia from amino groups and short chain fatty acids derived from reducing the carbon skeletons of the amino acids

Why does ammonia accumulate more in the gingival sulcus than elsewhere in the body?

Elsewhere in the body, ammonia is made in eukaryotic cells that metabolize it to urea. The bacteria induce host proteins to enter the sulcus; the ammonia made by assacharolytic growth makes the sulcus alkaline and CaPO4 in blood plasma and saliva precipitate forming calculus and traps the bacteria.

What does plastoquinone do?

it's an electron carrier that takes up protons from outside the chloroplast thylakoid membrane when reduced (PQH2) and passes them to the interior when reoxidized (PQ). Its action provides protons that make ATP as they diffuse out of the thalakoid membrane lumen to the cytosol.

What does photosystem I provide for utilization in the dark reaction?

it reduces the electrons that are transferred from plastoquinone and transfers them to NADP+ to produce reducing equivalents (NADPH).

What is the first product of the dark reaction?

3-phophoglycerate from ribulose bisphosphate and CO2

Name the 6-carbon sugar that is first produced from photosynthesis?

fructose-6-phosphate, a derivative of fructose

Write the reaction that produces sucrose from glucose and fructose in plants. (It occurs in tthe leaf cell cytosol)