Dog bones reveal ecological history of California’s Channel Islands

A recent study of dog bones excavated from archaeological sites on the Channel Islands of California has cast new light on the past ecology of the islands and the impact that domestic dogs—brought to the islands by Native Americans more than 6,000 years ago—may have once had on the islands’ animals and ecosystems.

Today, dogs have been removed from all but one of the islands, yet during the early Holocene Native Americans came to the islands bringing with them small, short-faced dogs for hunting, companionship and protection, says Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Anthropologist Torben Rick.

Over time, the dogs increased in numbers and inevitably had a strong impact on the bird and sea mammal populations living on the islands, killing some and driving great numbers to offshore islets and other isolated areas.

Photo: An archaeological site on California’s San Nicolas Island contains the remains of two dogs buried side-by-side some 600 years ago. (Photo by Rene Vellanoweth)

Data for the study by Rick, lead researcher on the project, and his colleagues was collected through a careful review of published and unpublished scientific papers containing accounts of dog bones found at archaeological sites on the islands. Accounts of some 96 dogs from 42 archaeological digs on six of the eight islands were identified by the researchers. Evidence ranged from burned bones of dogs that had been eaten and complete skeletons of dogs that had been ritualistically buried, to pins made from a dog’s tibia and ulna.

“Overall, the data suggest that dogs generally were not consumed, except perhaps during times of scarcity,” Rick notes. “Native villages and their dogs were present across much of the islands, especially around the coastlines and near good water sources. Dogs, along with island foxes and humans, influenced the biogeography and breeding behavior of birds, marine mammals and other animals.”

Documenting the activities of ancient people, and the animals they introduced, can improve models of ancient island ecosystems and enhance managing and restoring these habitats by providing baseline data on how island ecosystems may have been structured in the past.

“Given the lengthy presence of people and dogs on the islands,” modern ecological conditions on the islands appear to be radically different than what existed for much of the Holocene,” Rick says.

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Very interesting I can only imagine how they must have looked. Clearly they are of some Brachycephalic breed and medium in size, bred for hunting,protection,and companionship. I envision a breed similar to a small Boxer/Bulldog. Further studies are necessary or should be to help determine a DNA profile from these bones. It would be an interesting study….Pacific Coast Seafaring Native Americans with Brachycephalic hunting dogs…how long have they been bred …and to what extent. Great care was taken for these animals in life and in death as can be seen in the careful placement of their bodies during burial.

Captain Nidever, who rescued Juana Maria on San Nicholas Island in 1853, said the dogs there looked like some he had seen in northern California, medium size. Apparently, Native Americans on other islands had smaller dogs.

I’m a sn anthropology major at California State University Los Angeles. I’m currently doing an undergraduate independent studies class in the coastal archaeology lab. I can say from just looking at the skeletons everyday that the dogs are about the heigh of a medium dog.