A family business

Corah was established by Nathaniel Corah, who began buying hosiery in Leicester to sell in Birmingham in 1815. He was born in Barlestone, Leicestershire in 1777 and trained as a frame-smith to produce garments on a knitting frame. Every Saturday morning Nathaniel would meet in The Globe with stockingers who had goods to sell. He would examine the goods, make bids for what he wanted, and sell the stockings elsewhere.

In its early years the company relied on domestic outworkers but by the 1820s Nathaniel Corah had begun to introduce the factory system, purchasing premises in both Leicester and Birmingham. In 1830 his sons John, William and Thomas become partners in the company of N. Corah and Sons Ltd.

Nathaniel died a year later but, with the sons at the helm, the company continued to prosper and expanded its premises in Leicester and Birmingham. In 1851 the company exhibited an ‘extensive assortment of hose, wool vests and drawers, fancy wool cuffs and sleeves, hoods, hats and bonnets, and ladies' wool paletots (jackets)’ at the Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace. By the late1850s the company had purchased Hine and Mundella’s steam-powered circular knitting machines from Nottingham to undercut other makers such as John Biggs of Leicester and began a programme of rapid expansion.

St Margaret’s Works

In 1865 Nathaniel’s grandson, Edwin Corah, laid the foundation stone for the St Margaret’s Works. It was designed by Leicester architect William Jackson and built on a four acre site in the shadow of St Margaret’s Church (between what is now Vaughan Way and the River Soar) At the time it was the largest factory of its kind in Leicester. It had a vast range of north lit workshops running down to an engine house, with a 145 foot chimney, near the river.

The following year Edwin’s sister, Jennie, started the large 50 horsepower beam engine which powered the 50 rotary machines, 47 circulars and 77 sewing machines in the St Margaret’s Works. Twenty eight hand frames were also still in use for high quality work. The beam engine was made by Messrs. Joseph Ryde and Gimson & Co. of Leicester. The company commemorated the opening of the St Margaret’s Works with an Inaugural Fete in 1866 for employees and friends.

The ‘St Margaret’ trademark

During the 1870s the company expanded the range of products it produced; new additions included bathing wear and football jerseys. All products carried Corah’s ‘St Margaret’ trademark, which took its name from the neighbouring church. This trademark was one of the first to be registered for knitted goods. By the time it was registered in 1876, it had represented the goods of Corah’s of Leicester for ten years.

The vast St Margaret's works that stretched across many buildings and factories in north Leicester

Corah celebrates its success with its employees

By the 1880s the company needed more space. The first extension was in 1882, when the company was the first in Leicester to introduce electric lighting to a factory. Once again, the developments were celebrated as employees and their wives joined influential citizens for supper and entertainment at the St Margaret’s Works. The following day the company provided a tea and entertainment for over 1000 local elderly poor people. By the time of the third extension in 1886 the company had extended the celebrations to three events. This was during the time when the company traded as ‘Cooper, Corah and Sons Limited’. The company continued to prosper and nine more extensions were completed by 1914, by which time the firm was again known as ‘N. Corah and Sons’.

Corah and the Great War

During the First World War over 330 male staff joined the Forces. This was about half of the male staff of the company. However, St Margaret’s Works still produced over ten million knitted items for the government during the four years of war. These ranged from face cloths to football jerseys and woollen helmets to woollen stockings. Unfortunately, 39 employees and a member of the Corah family lost their lives in the First World War. A memorial plaque containing all their names was placed at the front of the factory and the directors established an aid fund in their memory, known as the Leslie Corah Memorial Fund.

Photograph of King George V and Queen Mary on a visit to the Corah factory, 1919. Manufacturing Pasts (University of Leicester)

St Margaret’s Works and its famous visitors

The St Margaret’s Works received many visitors over the years which included international sports teams and members of the Royal Family. King George V and Queen Mary visited in 1919 and Queen Elizabeth II visited in 1958. In 1926 Mr Israel Seiff of Marks and Spencer visited to establish a unique relationship between the two companies. Mr Seiff was looking for a manufacturer with a well-known trademark to supply Marks and Spencer with knitted items, which Corah did for nearly 80 years.

Although difficult years for the hosiery industry, the relationship with Marks and Spencer meant that the 1930s were a period of expansion of Corah. Between the two World Wars more than ten further extensions were built to the St Margaret’s Works. Warehouses in other cities were closed and production and distribution of goods were centralised in Leicester.

Corah supports the war effort

At the outbreak of World War II Corah had 4,500 employees but over half of that number left to join the Services or undertake war work. Regardless of the reduced workforce the company produced 26 million knitted items for the government and processed around 250 million clothing coupons. The engineering department was also extended to allow for the production of 80,000 gun parts and 30,000 parts for tank landing craft. In addition, there were changes to the physical space at St Margaret’s Works with a third of the space being used by the Admiralty Victualing Stores, Standard Telephone and Cables Ltd and other hosiery firms. Marks and Spencer even moved some of their offices and staff to the site. The St Margaret’s Works fire brigade was extended, an ambulance brigade was formed and a platoon of the Local Defence Volunteers was established, known as ‘Corah’s LDVs’. Of the 850 male and female staff that joined the Services, sadly 33 of them lost their lives, including family member, Peter Corah. A second memorial plaque was erected at the front of the factory.

Employee welfare at the heart of the company

Corah was a major employer in Leicester, with over 2,000 employees in 1919 rising, at its height, to 6,800 by 1969. It was predominantly a family run business and employees were well provided for. As early as the 1890s they enjoyed paid holidays and in 1920 the company purchased four acres of land for the St Margaret’s Works Sports Association. The company had always encouraged the sporting interests of employees and first held an annual sports event in the 1870s. One member of the ‘Cooper Corah’ cricket team played in the England team which toured Australia in 1904/5 and in the 1960s and 70s the firm’s football team was prominent in the Leicester City Football League. Progress on all the sports activities was reported, with other news and information, in the quarterly staff magazine, ‘Encore’. In 1936 the first fully equipped works canteen in Leicester opened at St Margaret’s Works and in the same year the company established a staff pension scheme. By 1946 the on-site ambulance room was upgraded to a fully equipped surgery.

Quality control

Product quality was very important to Corah. In 1939 the company opened a testing and analytical department. In response to the post-war labour shortage the company established an on-site training centre in 1944, which dramatically reduced the amount of time staff spent learning processes. In 1946 a quality control department was opened, followed a few years later by the introduction of work study.

St Margaret’s Works today

Despite all the innovation, good working practices, quality products and special relationship with Marks and Spencer, Corah was acquired by Coats Viyella in 1994. The company was soon broken up and the St Margaret’s Works site closed within a decade. Lasting well over a hundred and fifty years, Corah was a family firm and for most of its history had been dependent largely on female labour.

Some parts of the site have severe fire damage and much of it remains derelict. The occupied units include small textile firms, a skate park and a banqueting suite which is quite fitting for a company which celebrated the opening of the site with refreshments and entertainment.

Find out about the history of the knitwear industry in the East Midlands on the Knitting Together website.

Gallery

St Margaret’s Works. From an article on Corah in ‘Leicester Official Handbook 1954’

Photograph of Indian visitors to Corah factory, 1939 Manufacturing Pasts (University of Leicester)

Corah advert, 1925 Victorian Society Archives

Photograph of King George V and Queen Mary on a visit to the Corah factory, 1919 Manufacturing Pasts (University of Leicester)

One of the many buildings that make up the St Margaret's Works

The impressive St Margaret's Works main building

Roman Leicester

(47- 500) A military fort was erected, attracting traders and a growing civilian community to Leicester (known as Ratae Corieltauvorum to the Romans). The town steadily grew throughout the reign of the Romans.

Medieval Leicester

(500 – 1500) The early years of this period was one of unrest with Saxon, Danes and Norman invaders having their influences over the town. Later, of course, came Richard III and the final battle of the Wars of the Roses was fought on Leicester’s doorstep.

Tudor & Stuart Leicester

(1500 – 1700) The wool trade flourished in Leicester with one local, a former mayor named William Wigston, making his fortune. During the English Civil War a bloody battle was fought as the forces of King Charles I laid siege to the town.

Georgian Leicester

(1700 – 1837) The knitting industry had really stared to take hold and Leicester was fast becoming the main centre of hosiery manufacture in Britain. This new prosperity was reflected throughout the town with broader, paved streets lined with elegant brick buildings and genteel residences.

Victorian Leicester

(1837 – 1901) The industrial revolution had a huge effect on Leicester resulting in the population growing from 40,000 to 212,000 during this period. Many of Leicester's most iconic buildings were erected during this time as wealthy Victorians made their mark on the town.

Edwardian Leicester

(1901 – 1910) Electric trams came to the streets of Leicester and increased literacy among the citizens led to many becoming politicised. The famous 1905 ‘March of the Unemployed to London’ left from Leicester market when 30,000 people came to witness the historic event.

Early 20th Century Leicester

(1910 – 1973) The diverse industrial base meant Leicester was able to cope with the economic challenges of the 1920s and 1930s. New light engineering businesses, such as typewriter and scientific instrument making, complemented the more traditional industries of hosiery and footwear manufacturing.

Modern Leicester

(1973 – present day) Industry was still thriving in the city during the 1970s, with the work opportunities attracting many immigrants from all over the world. While industry has declined in recent years, excellent transport links have made Leicester an attractive centre for many businesses. The City now has much to be proud of including its sporting achievements and the richness of its cultural heritage and diversity.