This is a would be Poet, and his alter ego's quest. They are self publishing their works. While increasing their portions, from this treasured laden land, adding to their chests daily 24/7 365 days a year pennies from Heaven an unlimited source. Also hoping to spread their knowledge to the Lost Souls of this World, As they complete their 180 degree turn heading out of the storm, they no longer sailing these oceans blue. Donnie/Sinbad

Sunday, October 2, 2016

"The City On The Hill" ~John Winthrop

The passengers of the Arbella who left England in 1630 with their
new charter had a great vision. They were to be an example for the rest
of the world in rightful living. Future governor John Winthrop stated their purpose quite clearly: "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us."

In October 1629 he was elected governor of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in April 1630 he led a group of colonists
to the New World, founding a number of communities on the shores of Massachusetts Bay and the Charles River.

Between 1629 and his death in 1649, he served 19 annual terms as
governor or lieutenant-governor, and was a force of comparative
moderation in the religiously conservative colony, clashing with the
more conservative Thomas Dudley and the more liberal Roger Williams and Henry Vane.

Although Winthrop was a respected political figure, his attitude toward
governance was somewhat authoritarian: he resisted attempts to widen
voting and other civil rights beyond a narrow class of religiously
approved individuals, opposed attempts to codify a body of laws that the
colonial magistrates would be bound by, and also opposed unconstrained
democracy, calling it "the meanest and worst of all forms of
government".[2]

The authoritarian and religiously conservative nature of Massachusetts
rule was influential in the formation of neighboring colonies, which
were in some instances formed by individuals and groups opposed to the
rule of the Massachusetts elders.

Winthrop's son, John, was one of the founders of the Connecticut Colony,
and Winthrop himself wrote one of the leading historical accounts of
the early colonial period.

His long list of descendants includes famous
Americans, and his writings continue to influence politicians today.

Life in England

His father's family had been successful in the textile business, and
his father was a lawyer and prosperous landowner with several properties
in Suffolk.[5]

His mother's family was also well-to-do, with properties in Suffolk and Essex.[6]

When Winthrop was young his father became a director at Trinity College, Cambridge.[7] When Winthrop's uncle John (Adam's brother) emigrated to Ireland, the Winthrop family took up residence at Groton Manor.[8]

Winthrop was first tutored at home by John Chaplin and was assumed to have attended grammar school at Bury St. Edmunds.[9]

He was also regularly exposed to religious discussions between his
father and clergymen, and thus came at an early age to a deep
understanding of divinity.

He was admitted to Trinity College in December 1602,[10] matriculating at the university a few months later.[11]

Winthrop documented his religious life, keeping a journal beginning
1605 in which he described his religious experiences and feelings.[22][29]

In it, he described his failures to keep "divers vows", and sought to
reform his failings by God's grace, praying that God would "give me a
new heart, joy in his spirit; that he would dwell with me".[30]

Winthrop was somewhat distressed that his wife did not share the
intensity of his religious feelings, but he eventually observed that
"she proved after a right godly woman."[31]

He was notably more intensely religious than his father, whose diaries dealt almost exclusively with secular matters.[32]

When his wife Mary died in 1615, Winthrop, following the custom of
the time, remarried soon after, marrying Thomasine Clopton on 6 December
1615. She was noticeably more pious than Mary had been: Winthrop wrote
that she was "truly religious & industrious therein".[33]

Thomasine died on 8 December 1616 from complications of childbirth; the child did not survive.[33]

They continued to live at Groton, although Winthrop necessarily divided
his time between Groton and London, where he eventually acquired a
highly desirable post in the Court of Wards and Liveries.

His eldest son John sometimes assisted Margaret with the management of the estate while he was away.[37]

Decision to emigrate

In
the mid to late 1620s, the religious atmosphere in England began to
look bleak for Puritans and other groups whose adherents believed the English Reformation was in danger. King Charles I had ascended the throne in 1625, and he had married a Roman Catholic.

Charles was opposed to all manner of recusants, and supported the Church of England in its efforts against religious groups like the Puritans that did not adhere fully to its teachings and practices.[38]

This atmosphere of intolerance to their views led Puritan religious and business leaders to consider emigration to the New World as a viable means to escape persecution.[39]

The first successful religious colonization of the New World occurred in 1620 with the establishment of the Plymouth Colony on the shores of Cape Cod Bay.[40]

An effort in 1624 orchestrated by pastor John White led to a short-lived colony at Cape Ann, also on the Massachusetts coast.[41]

In 1628 some of the investors in that effort joined with new investors
to acquire a land grant for the territory roughly between the Charles and Merrimack Rivers.

First styled the New England Company, it was renamed the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 after it acquired a royal charter, granting it permission to govern the territory.[42]

Shortly after acquiring the land grant in 1628, it sent a small group of settlers led by John Endecott to prepare the way for further migration.[43]

John Winthrop was apparently not involved in any of these early activities, which involved primarily individuals from Lincolnshire;
however, by early 1629 he was probably aware of the company's
activities and plans.

The exact connection by which he became involved
with the company is uncertain, because there were many indirect
connections between Winthrop and individuals directly associated with
the company.[44]

Winthrop was also aware of attempts to colonize other places—his son Henry became involved in efforts to settle Barbados in 1626, which Winthrop financially supported for a time.[45]

This action apparently raised new concerns among the company's principals; in the company's July meeting, Governor Matthew Cradock proposed that the company reorganize itself and transport its charter and governance to the colony.[46]

It also worried Winthrop, who lost his position in the Court of Wards
and Liveries in the crackdown on Puritans that followed the dissolution
of Parliament. He wrote, "If the Lord seeth it wilbe good for us, he
will provide a shelter & a hidinge place for us and others".[38]

During the following months, Winthrop became more involved with the
company, meeting with others in Lincolnshire. By early August he had
emerged as a significant proponent of emigration, and on 12 August he
circulated a paper providing eight separate reasons in favor of
emigration.[47]

His name appears in formal connection with the company on the Cambridge Agreement,
signed 26 August; this document provided means for emigrating
shareholders to buy out non-emigrating shareholders of the company.[48]

The company shareholders met on 20 October to enact the changes
agreed to in August. Since Governor Cradock was not emigrating, a new
governor needed to be chosen.

Winthrop was seen as the most dedicated of
the three candidates proposed to replace Cradock, and won the election.

The other two, Richard Saltonstall
and John Humphrey, had many other interests, and their dedication to
the cause of settling in Massachusetts was viewed as uncertain.[49]

Humphrey was chosen as deputy governor, a post he relinquished the following year when he decided to delay his emigration.[50]

Winthrop, along with other company officials, then began the process
of arranging a transport fleet and supplies for the migration.

He also
worked to recruit individuals with special skills the new colony would
require, including pastors to see to the colony's spiritual needs.[51]

It was unclear to Winthrop when his wife would come over; she was
pregnant and due to give birth in April 1630, near the fleet's departure
time.

They consequently decided that she would not come over until a
later time; it would not be until 1631 that the couple was reunited in
the New World.[52]

To maintain some connection with his wife during their separation, the
couple agreed to think of each other between the hours of 5 and 6 in the
evening each Monday and Friday.[53]

Winthrop also worked to convince his grown children to join the
migration; John, Jr. and Henry both decided to do so, but only Henry
sailed in the 1630 fleet.[54]

By April 1630 Winthrop had put most of his affairs in order. Groton
Manor had not yet been sold, because of a long-running title dispute.

The legal dispute was only resolved after his departure, and the
property's sale was finalized by Margaret before she and John Jr. left
for the colony.[55]

It described the ideas and plans to keep the Puritan society strong in
faith as well as comparing the struggles that they would have to
overcome in the New World to the story of Exodus.

In it he used the now famous phrase "City upon a Hill" to describe the ideals to which the colonists should strive, and that consequently "the eyes of all people are upon us."[60]

Winthrop also said, "in all times some must be rich some poore, some
highe and eminent in power and dignitie; others meane and in
subjection", and in short meant that there were those who were rich and
successful and others who were poor and subservient to others.

But
Winthrop also said that although these two groups were different both
were equally important to the colony because both groups were members to
the same community.[9]

Engraving showing Winthrop's arrival at Salem

Upon the fleet's arrival at Salem in June, the new colonists were welcomed by John Endecott.

Winthrop and his deputy, Thomas Dudley,
found the Salem area inadequate for creating a settlement suitable for
all of the arriving colonists, and embarked on surveying expeditions of
the area.

They first decided to base the colony at Charlestown, but a lack of good water there prompted them to instead move to the Shawmut Peninsula, where they founded what is now the city of Boston.[61]

Because the season was relatively late, the colonists decided to
establish dispersed settlements along the coast and the banks of the Charles River
in order to avoid presenting a single point that hostile forces might
attack.

The colony struggled with disease in its early months, losing as
many as 200 people, including Winthrop's son Henry, in 1630, to a
variety of causes and about 80 others who returned to England in the
spring due to these conditions.[9][33]

Winthrop set an example to the other colonists in joining servants and
laborers in the work of the colony.

According to one report, he "fell to
work with his own hands, and thereby so encouraged the rest that there
was not an idle person to be found in the whole plantation."[62]

Winthrop built his house in Boston, where he also had a relatively spacious plot of arable land.[63]

Colonial governance

The colony's charter called for a governor, deputy governor, and 18
assistant magistrates (who served as a precursor to the idea of a Governor's Council), who were all to be elected annually by the freemen of the colony.[69]

The first meeting of the General Court
consisted of exactly eight men. They decided that the governor and
deputy should be elected by the assistants, in violation of the charter;
under these rules Winthrop was elected governor three times.

The
general court admitted a significant number of settlers, but also
established a rule requiring all freemen to be local church members.[70]

When the 1634 election was set to take place, delegations of freemen
sent by the towns insisted on seeing the charter, from which they
learned that the colony's lawmaking authority and that the election of
governor and deputy rested with the freemen, not the assistants.

Winthrop acceded on the point of the elections, which were thereafter
conducted by secret ballot
by the freemen, but he also observed that lawmaking would be unwieldy
if conducted by the now relatively large number of freemen.

A compromise
was reached in which each town would select two delegates to send to
the general court as representatives of its interests.[72]

In an ironic twist, Thomas Dudley, an opponent of popular election, won the 1634 election for governor, with Roger Ludlow as deputy.[73]

Winthrop, as he had after previous elections, graciously invited his fellow magistrates to dinner.[74]

In the late 1630s the seeming arbitrariness of judicial decisions led
to calls for the creation of a body of laws that would bind the
opinions of magistrates.

Winthrop opposed these moves, and used his
power to repeatedly stall and obstruct efforts to enact them.[75]

His opposition was rooted in a strong belief in the common law
tradition and the desire, as a magistrate, to have flexibility in
deciding cases on their unique circumstances.

He also pointed out that
adoption of written laws "repugnant to the laws of England" was not
allowed in the charter, and that some of the laws to be adopted likely
opposed English law.[76]

Some of the laws enacted in Massachusetts were cited as reasons for vacating the colonial charter in 1684.[77]

In the 1640s constitutional issues concerning the power of the
magistrates and assistants arose. In a case involving an escaped pig,
the assistants ruled in favor of a merchant who had allegedly taken a
widow's errant animal.

She appealed to the general court, which ruled in
her favor. The assistants then asserted their right to veto the general
court's decision, sparking the controversy.

Winthrop argued that the
assistants, as experienced magistrates, must be able to check the
democratic institution of the general court, because "a democracy is,
amongst most civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms
of government."[2]

Winthrop became the focus of allegations about the arbitrary rule of
the magistrates in 1645, when he was formally charged with interfering
with local decisions in a case involving the Hingham militia.[78]

The case centered around the disputed appointment of a new commander,
and a panel of magistrates headed by Winthrop had had several parties on
both sides of the dispute imprisoned pending a meeting of the court of
assistants.

Peter Hobart, the minister in Hingham and one of several
Hobarts on one side of the dispute, vociferously questioned the
authority of the magistrates and railed against Winthrop specifically
for what he characterized as arbitrary and tyrannical actions.

Winthrop
defused the matter by stepping down from the bench to appear before it
as a defendant.

Winthrop successfully defended himself, pointing out
that not only had he not acted alone, but that judges are not usually
criminally culpable for errors they make on the bench, and that the
dispute in Hingham was serious enough that it required the intervention
of the magistrates.[79]

One major issue that Winthrop was involved in occurred in 1647, when a
petition was submitted to the general court concerning the limitation
of voting rights to freemen who had been formally admitted to a local
church.

Winthrop and the other magistrates rejected the appeal that
"civil liberty and freedom be forthwith granted to all truly English",
and even fined and imprisoned the principal signers of the petition.[81]

William Vassal and Robert Child, two of the signatories, pursued
complaints against the Massachusetts government in England over this and
other issues.[82]

Hutchinson and Wheelwright subscribed to the Antinomian view that following religious laws was not required for salvation, while Winthrop and others believed in a more Legalist view.

This religious rift, commonly called the Antinomian Controversy, significantly divided the colony, and Winthrop saw the other side's beliefs as a particularly unpleasant and dangerous heresy.[84]

By December 1636 the dispute reached into colonial politics, and
Winthrop, in a bid to bridge the divide between the two factions, penned
an account of his religious awakening and theological position papers
designed to facilitate a harmonization of the opposing views.

How widely
these documents circulated is not known (and not all of them have
survived), but the Legalist pastor Thomas Shepard reacted in a way that biographer Francis Bremer describes as "horrified", and containing "a color of Arminianism, which I believe your [Winthrop's] soul abhors."[85]

In the 1637 election, Vane was turned out of all offices, and Dudley was elected governor.[86]

His election did not immediately quell the controversy.

First John
Wheelwright and later Anne Hutchinson were put on trial, and both were
banished from the colony.[87]

Winthrop was active in arguing against their supporters, but Shepard
criticized him for being too moderate, claiming Winthrop should "make
their wickedness and guile manifest to all men that they may go no
farther and then will sink of themselves."[87]

Hooker and Haynes had left Massachusetts in 1636 and 1637 for new settlements on the Connecticut River (the nucleus of the Connecticut Colony),[90]
and Vane left for England after the 1637 election, suggesting he might
seek to acquire a commission as a governor general to overturn the
colonial government.[91]

(Vane never returned to the colony, and became an important figure in Parliament before and during the English Civil Wars; he was beheaded after the Restoration.)[92]

In the aftermath of the 1637 election, the general court passed new
rules on residency in the colony, forbidding anyone from housing
newcomers for more than 3 weeks without approval from the magistrates.

Winthrop vigorously defended this rule against protests, arguing that
Massachusetts was within its rights to "refuse to receive such whose
dispositions suit not with ours".[93]

Ironically, some of those who protested the policy had been in favor of the banishment in 1635 of Roger Williams.[93]

Winthrop, who was then out of office, actually had a good relationship
with the controversial Baptist.

When the magistrates ordered Williams'
arrest, Winthrop warned him, making possible his flight that resulted in
the establishment of Providence, Rhode Island.[94]

Winthrop and Williams also later had an epistolary relationship in which they discussed their religious differences.[95]

Indian policy

Winthrop's
attitudes toward the local Native American populations was generally
one of civility and diplomacy.

He described an early meeting with one
local chief: "Chickatabot
came with his [chiefs] and squaws, and presented the governor with a
hogshead of Indian corn.

After they had all dined, and had each a small
cup of sack and beer, and the men tobacco, he sent away all his men and
women (though the governor would have stayed them in regard of the rain
and thunder.)

Himself and one squaw and one [chief] stayed all night;
and being in English clothes, the governor set him at his own table,
where he behaved himself as soberly ... as an Englishman. The next day
after dinner he returned home, the governor giving him cheese, and pease, and a mug, and other small things."[96]

Although the colonists generally sought to acquire title to the lands they occupied in the early years,[97] they also practiced a policy that historian Alfred Cave calls vacuum domicilium:
if land is not under some sort of active use, it is free for the
taking.

This meant that lands that were only used seasonally by the
natives (e.g. for fishing or hunting), which otherwise appeared to be
empty, could be claimed. Winthrop claimed that the rights of "more
advanced" peoples superseded the rights of the hunter-gatherers.[98]

However, cultural differences and trade issues between the colonists
and the natives meant that clashes were inevitable, and the Pequot War
was the first major conflict the colony engaged in.

Winthrop sat on the
council that decided to send an expedition under John Endecott to raid
native villages on Block Island in the war's first major action,[99] but his communication with Williams encouraged the latter to convince the Narragansetts to side with the English against the Pequots, their traditional enemies.[100]

The war ended in 1637 with the destruction of the Pequots as a tribe,
whose survivors were scattered into other tribes, or shipped to the West Indies.[101]

Slavery and the slave trade

Slavery,
according to Puritan thought, was condoned in the Old Testament, and
therefore was not considered sinful towards God.

The institution already
existed in the Massachusetts Bay area prior to John Winthrop's arrival,
since Samuel Maverick
arrived in the area with slaves in 1624, and Winthrop supported the
practice.

This is most clearly evident in the aftermath of the Pequot
War, in which many of the captured Pequots were enslaved.

The
Massachusetts council, headed by Winthrop, approved this action.

Male
warriors, deemed dangerous to the colony, were shipped to the West
Indies, while females and children were divided among the colonists.

Winthrop recorded that the exported male Pequots were traded for "salt,
cotton, tobacco, and Negroes", and the practice of exporting captured
Indians to exchange for goods and African slaves became a routine
practice.

Winthrop was known to keep three Pequot slaves, a male and two
females.[102]

Winthrop was a member of the committee that drafted the code, but his
role in drafting the slavery language is not known because records of
the committee have not survived.

Winthrop was generally opposed to the
Body of Liberties because he favored a common law approach to
legislation.[103]

Trade and diplomacy

Rising tensions in England (that culminated in civil war)
led to a significant reduction in the number of people and provisions
arriving in the colonies, something noted by Winthrop in 1643.

The
colonists consequently began to expand trade, interacting with other
colonies, non-English as well as English. These led to trading ventures
with other Puritans on Barbados, a source of cotton, and with the neighboring French colony of Acadia.[104]

In June 1643 la
Tour came to Boston and requested military assistance against assaults
by d'Aulnay.[105]

Winthrop, then governor, refused official assistance, but allowed la Tour to recruit volunteers from the colony for service.[106]

This decision brought on a storm of criticism, principally from the magistrates of Essex County, which was geographically closest to the ongoing dispute.[107]

John Endecott was particularly critical, noting that Winthrop had given the French a chance to see the colonial defenses.[106]

The 1644 election became a referendum on Winthrop's policy, and he was turned out of office.[108]

The Acadian dispute was eventually resolved with d'Aulnay as the
victor. In 1646, with Winthrop again in the governor's seat, d'Aulnay
appeared in Boston and demanded reparations for damage done by the
English volunteers.

Winthrop placated the French governor with the gift
of a sedan chair, originally given to him by an English privateer.[109]

Governors Island was named for him, and remained in the Winthrop family
until 1808, when it was purchased for the construction of Fort Winthrop.[112]

The farm at Ten Hills suffered from poor oversight on Winthrop's part
— the steward of the farm made questionable financial deals that in the
early 1640s caused Winthrop to have a cash crisis.

The colony insisted
on paying him his salary (something he had regularly refused to accept
in the past), as well as his out-of-pocket expenses while engaged in
official duties.

Private subscriptions to support him raised about £500
and the colony also granted his wife 3,000 acres (12 km2) of land.[113]

His wife Margaret arrived on the second voyage of the Lyon in
1631, but their baby daughter, Anne, died during the crossing. Two more
children were born to the Winthrops in New England before Margaret died
on 14 June 1647.[114][115]

Sometime after 20 December 1647 and before the birth of their only
child in 1648, Winthrop married his fourth wife, Martha Rainsborough.

Writings and legacy

Though
rarely published and relatively unappreciated for his literary
contribution during his time, Winthrop spent his life continually
producing written accounts of historical events and religious
manifestations.

Winthrop's major contributions to the literary world
were A Modell of Christian Charity (1630) and The History of New England (1630–1649; also known as The Journal of John Winthrop), which remained unpublished until the late 18th century.

The third notebook, long thought lost, was rediscovered in 1816, and
the complete journals were published in 1825 and 1826 by James Savage as
The History of New England from 1630–1649. By John Winthrop, Esq.
First Governor of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay. From his Original
Manuscripts.

A modern preparation combining new analysis of the surviving volumes
and Savage's transcription of the second notebook was prepared in 1996
by Richard Dunn and Laetitia Yeandle.[126]

The journal began as a nearly day-to-day recounting of the ocean
crossing. As time progressed he made entries less frequently, and wrote
them up at a greater length, so that by the 1640s the work began to take
the shape of a history.[127]

Winthrop wrote primarily of his private accounts: his journey from
England, the arrival of his wife and children to the colony in 1631, and
the birth of his son in 1632.

He also wrote profound insights into the
nature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and nearly all important events
of the day.[128]

The majority of his early journal entries were not intended to be
literary, but merely observations of early New England life. Gradually,
the focus of his writings shifted from his personal observations to
broader spiritual ideologies and behind-the-scenes views of political
matters.[129]

Other works

Winthrop's earliest publication was likely The Humble Request of His Majesties Loyal Subjects
(London, 1630), which defended the emigrants' physical separation from
England and reaffirmed their loyalty to the Crown and Church of England.
This work was republished by Joshua Scottow in the 1696 compilation MASSACHUSETTS:
or The first Planters of New-England, The End and Manner of their
coming thither, and Abode there: In several EPISTLES.[130]

In addition to his more famous works, Winthrop produced a number of
writings, both published and unpublished.

While living in England,
Winthrop articulated his belief "in the validity of experience" in a
private religious journal, known as his Experiencia.[131]

This journal, in which he wrote intermittently between 1607 and 1637,
was a sort of confessional, very different in tone and style to the Journal.[132]

Later in his life, Winthrop wrote A
Short Story of the rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists
and Libertines, that Infected the Churches of New England, which
described the Antinomian controversy surrounding Anne Hutchinson in 1636
and 1637.

Legacy

Winthrop's reference to the "city upon a hill" in A Modell of Christian Charity has become an enduring symbol in American political discourse.[136]

Many leading American politicians, going back to revolutionary times,
have cited Winthrop in their writings or speeches.

Winthrop's reputation
suffered in the late 19th and early 20th century, when critics like Nathaniel Hawthorne and H. L. Mencken
pointed out the negative aspects of Puritan rule, leading to modern
assessments of him as a "lost Founding Father".

Political scientist
Matthew Holland argues that Winthrop "is at once a significant founding
father of America's best and worst impulses", with his calls for charity
and public participation offset by rigid intolerance, exclusionism and
judgmentalism.[137]

But at heart he did truly want to be a good leader and once gave a
speech to the General Court in July 1645 that there were two kinds of
liberty: natural, liberty to do as one wished, "evil as well as good," a
liberty he believed should be restrained, and civil, liberty to do
good.

Winthrop strongly believed that civil liberty was "the proper end
and object of authority", meaning it was the duty of the government to
be selfless for the people and promote justice instead of promoting the
general welfare.[138]

Winthrop supports this point of view from his past actions such as when
he passed laws requiring the heads of households to make sure their
children and even their servants to receive proper education and for
town to support teachers from public funds.[9]

Winthrops actions were all for the unity of the colony because he
believed that nothing was more crucial of a colony than working as a
single unit that wouldn't be split by any force, such as with the case
of Anne Hutchinson.[9]

He was a leader respected by many, and even Richard Dummer, a principal
Hutchinsonian disarmed for his activities, admired Winthrop and gave
100 pounds to him.[139]

John Winthrop's descendants number thousands today. In addition to his son John, who was the first governor of the Saybrook Colony,
later generations of his family continued to play an active role in New
England politics well into the 19th century.

He is also the namesake of three squares in Boston, Cambridge, and Brookline,[citation needed] and the Winthrop Building on Water Street in Boston, one of the city's first skyscrapers, was built on the site of one of his homes.[149]

Source: Wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop

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Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh.