Gatemouth Brown, (Clarence Brown), American musician (born April 18, 1924, Vinton, La.—died Sept. 10, 2005, Orange, Texas), synthesized blues, country, zydeco, jazz, and rhythm and blues in a unique style that influenced and won the respect of an assortment of musicians. Brown began his career at t

Clarence Brown, American filmmaker who was one of the leading directors of Hollywood’s “golden age,” noted for such acclaimed movies as Anna Karenina (1935), National Velvet (1944), and The Yearling (1946). Brown attended the University of Tennessee, graduating with a degree in mechanical and

Claude Brown, American author who wrote Manchild in the Promised Land (1965), a landmark work in African American literature that chronicled his poverty-stricken childhood in the Harlem district of New York City. Brown turned to crime at a young age and eventually was sent to a reformatory in

Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter noted for lyricism, clarity of sound, and grace of technique. He was a principal figure in the hard-bop idiom. Brown attended Delaware State College and Maryland State College and played in Philadelphia before joining, first, Tadd Dameron’s band in Atlantic

Jackson Browne, German-born American singer, songwriter, pianist, and guitarist who helped define the singer-songwriter movement of the 1970s. Born in Germany to a musical family with deep roots in southern California, Browne grew up in Los Angeles and Orange county. His interest in music led to

human ear: Detection of angular acceleration: dynamic equilibrium: …Josef Breuer and Scottish chemist Crum Brown, working independently, proposed the “hydrodynamic concept,” which held that head movements cause a flow of endolymph in the canals and that the canals are then stimulated by the fluid movements or pressure changes. German physiologist J.R. Ewald showed that the compression of the…

Dan Brown, American author who wrote well-researched novels that centred on secret organizations and had intricate plots. He was best known for the Robert Langdon series, which notably included The Da Vinci Code (2003). Brown attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a prep school where his father was a

David M. Brown, American astronaut (born April 16, 1956, Arlington, Va.—died Feb. 1, 2003, over Texas), was a mission specialist and flight surgeon on the space shuttle Columbia. Brown was educated at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., and at Eastern Virginia Medical School, w

Dorris Alexander Brown, (“Dee”), American writer and academic (born Feb. 29, 1908, near Alberta, La.—died Dec. 12, 2002, Little Rock, Ark.), while serving as a librarian at the University of Illinois, began writing books—a number of them for children—and ultimately published some 30, including 11 n

Dennis Brown, Jamaican reggae singer who began recording as a child and eventually released more than 75 albums; his sweet voice and lively style drew the attention of reggae star Bob Marley and earned him the title “Crown Prince of Reggae,” but he failed to match Marley’s crossover popularity (b.

Dorris Alexander Brown, (“Dee”), American writer and academic (born Feb. 29, 1908, near Alberta, La.—died Dec. 12, 2002, Little Rock, Ark.), while serving as a librarian at the University of Illinois, began writing books—a number of them for children—and ultimately published some 30, including 11 n

Earle Brown, one of the leading American composers of avant-garde music, best known for his development of graphic notation and the open-form system of composition. Brown had been trained in engineering and mathematics before he began to study music theory and composition. In the early 1950s he met

Earle Brown, one of the leading American composers of avant-garde music, best known for his development of graphic notation and the open-form system of composition. Brown had been trained in engineering and mathematics before he began to study music theory and composition. In the early 1950s he met

Jerry Brown, American Democratic politician who served as governor of California (1975–83; 2011–19), mayor of Oakland, California (1999–2007), and California’s attorney general (2007–11). Brown was one of the four children of Edmund G. Brown, who served as governor of California from 1959 to 1967.

Edmund Gerald Brown, ("PAT"), U.S. politician who instituted civil rights laws, public works programs, and consumer-protection measures while serving (1959-67) as two-term governor of California; his son, Jerry, was also a politician (b. April 21, 1905--d. Feb. 16,

African Americans and Horse Racing: For example, Edward Brown trained the horse Baden-Baden, who won the Kentucky Derby in 1877, and Alex Perry trained Joe Cotton, who won in 1885. In addition, African Americans remained involved in the sport as exercise riders, groomers, stable hands, and clockers.

history of photography: Development of the daguerreotype: …Japan by the American photographer Eliphalet Brown, Jr., who accompanied the 1853–54 mission led by Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western interests.

Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (born Jan. 7, 1941, Salisbury, Wiltshire, Eng.—died June 5, 2004, Salisbury), directed (1974–80) London’s Academy of St. Martin in the Fields chamber orchestra during the time that it became one of the most recorded in the world. Born into a family of m

Ernest Brown, (“Brownie”), American tap dancer (born April 25, 1916, Chicago, Ill.—died Aug. 21, 2009, Burbank, Ill.), enjoyed a career in tap that spanned more than 80 years; he performed in early vaudeville circuits with Charles (“Cookie”) Cook in the dance duo Cook and Brown and as a member of

Ernest William Brown, British-born American mathematician and astronomer known for his theory of the motion of the Moon. Educated at the University of Cambridge in England, Brown began there to study the motion of the Moon by a method devised by G.W. Hill of the United States. Hill had carried the

Father Brown, fictional character, a priest who is the protagonist of a series of detective stories by G.K. Chesterton. The character was based on a priest whom Chesterton had met who had acquired a deep understanding of human evil by listening to confessions. Father Brown appears clumsy and naive,

Ford Madox Brown, English painter whose work is associated with that of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, although he was never a member. Brown studied art from 1837 to 1839 in Bruges and Antwerp, Belgium. His early work is characterized by sombre colour and dramatic feeling suited to the Byronic

Gatemouth Brown, (Clarence Brown), American musician (born April 18, 1924, Vinton, La.—died Sept. 10, 2005, Orange, Texas), synthesized blues, country, zydeco, jazz, and rhythm and blues in a unique style that influenced and won the respect of an assortment of musicians. Brown began his career at t

George Brown, Canadian journalist and politician who was committed to federalism and to weakening the powers of the French Roman Catholic Church in Canada. As proprietor of The Globe (Toronto), he wielded considerable political influence in Canada West (Upper Canada, now Ontario), where his

George Douglas, Scottish novelist who was instrumental in the realistic literature movement of the early 20th century. Educated at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford, he was a brilliant student who won many awards. After graduation in 1895 he travelled to London to write for

George Harold Brown, American electrical engineer who made major contributions to the development of radio and television broadcast antennas. After completing his education at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (B.S., 1930; M.S., 1931; Ph.D., 1933), Brown joined the Radio Corporation of America

George Mackay Brown, Scottish writer who celebrated Orkneyan life and its ancient rhythms in verse, short stories, and novels. Brown was the son of a Gaelic-speaking Highlander and an Orkney postman. He studied at Newbattle Abbey College, near Edinburgh, where Orkney poet Edwin Muir encouraged him

Gordon Brown, Scottish-born British Labour Party politician who served as chancellor of the Exchequer (1997–2007) and prime minister of the United Kingdom (2007–10). At the time of his elevation to prime minister, he had been the longest continuously serving chancellor of the Exchequer since the

Grafton Tyler Brown, American lithographer, cartographer, and landscape painter of the Pacific Coast best known for his bird’s-eye-view lithographs of the region’s cities and towns and landscape paintings of the Pacific Northwest and Yellowstone National Park. Brown’s parents were both African

Almirante Brown: …the central plaza honouring Admiral Guillermo Brown (hero of the 1827 naval battle of Juncal, in which Argentine warships defeated a Brazilian fleet). The county seat and county grew slowly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By 1947 the region began growing at an accelerated rate as the…

African Americans: Urban upheaval: …leaders as Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown, SNCC adopted increasingly radical policies. Some of the militant black leaders were arrested, and others, such Eldridge Cleaver, fled the country. This loss of leadership seriously weakened some of the organizations.

Hallie Quinn Brown, American educator and elocutionist who pioneered in the movement for African American women’s clubs in the United States. Brown was the daughter of former slaves. From 1864 she grew up in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, and in 1870 she entered Wilberforce University in Ohio. After her

nuclear strategy: Alternatives to mutual assured destruction: Jimmy Carter’s secretary of defense, Harold Brown, was skeptical that either side would actually find such sophisticated nuclear strikes possible, he accepted the need to develop a range of targeting options to convince the Soviet Union that it could not gain the upper hand by such methods. That was the…

Harrison Brown, American geochemist known for his role in isolating plutonium for its use in the first atomic bombs and for his studies regarding meteorites and the Earth’s origin. Brown studied chemistry, attending the University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore

Harrison Brown, American geochemist known for his role in isolating plutonium for its use in the first atomic bombs and for his studies regarding meteorites and the Earth’s origin. Brown studied chemistry, attending the University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore

Helen Gurley Brown, American writer and editor whose upbeat, stylish publications, beginning in the mid-20th century, emphasized sexual and career independence and adventure for a large audience of young women. Helen Gurley was a student at Texas State College for Women (1939–41; now Texas Woman’s

Helen Hayes, American actress who was widely considered to be the “First Lady of the American Theatre.” At the behest of her mother, a touring stage performer, Hayes attended dancing class as a youngster, and, from 1905 to 1909, she performed with the Columbia Players. At age nine, she made her

Henry Billings Brown, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1890–1906). Brown was admitted to the bar in 1860 in Detroit and the following year appointed deputy U.S. marshal there. Two years later he was named assistant U.S. attorney for the eastern district of Michigan. He served

Herbert Charles Brown, one of the leading American chemists of the 20th century. His seminal work on customized reducing agents and organoborane compounds in synthetic organic chemistry had a major impact on both academic and industrial chemical practice and led to his sharing the 1979 Nobel Prize

Himan Brown , American radio producer, actor, and director (born July 21, 1910, New York, N.Y.—died June 4, 2010, New York City), pioneered early radio drama, notably the use of sound effects such as the distinct train whistle of Grand Central Station (1937–54) and the eerie creaking door on Inner

J. Carter Brown, American museum director (born Oct. 8, 1934, Providence, R.I.—died June 17, 2002, Boston, Mass.), transformed the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., into one of the world’s major museums. He was credited with creating so-called blockbuster exhibitions, multimedia events t

circus: History: …itinerating show of the American J. Purdy Brown. His reasons for exhibiting shows under canvas tents (which were at first very small, housing one ring and a few hundred seats) are unknown, but it was an innovation that became a standard component of circuses for more than a century and…

Jacob Jennings Brown, U.S. general during the War of 1812, who was known as “the fighting Quaker.” Of Pennsylvania Quaker heritage and upbringing, Brown established himself as a prominent New York citizen and rose to brigadier general in the state militia before the War of 1812. His successful

James Brown, American singer, songwriter, arranger, and dancer, who was one of the most important and influential entertainers in 20th-century popular music and whose remarkable achievements earned him the sobriquet “the Hardest-Working Man in Show Business.” Brown was raised mainly in Augusta,

black theatre: …by an American black was James Brown’s King Shotaway (1823). William Wells Brown’s The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858), was the first black play published, but the first real success of a black dramatist was Angelina W. Grimké’s Rachel (1916).

Jim Ed Brown, (James Edward Brown), American country music singer (born April 1, 1934, Sparkman, Ark.—died June 11, 2015, Franklin, Tenn.), recorded numerous sweetly sentimental hit songs as a solo artist, as a duet singer with Helen Cornelius, and as a member (with his sisters Maxine and Bonnie)

Gordon Brown, Scottish-born British Labour Party politician who served as chancellor of the Exchequer (1997–2007) and prime minister of the United Kingdom (2007–10). At the time of his elevation to prime minister, he had been the longest continuously serving chancellor of the Exchequer since the

Jim Brown, outstanding American professional gridiron football player who led the National Football League (NFL) in rushing for eight of his nine seasons. He was the dominant player of his era and was considered one of the best running backs of all time. He later found success as an actor. In high

James Richard Brown, (“Buster”), American dancer and teacher (born March 17, 1913, Baltimore, Md.—died May 7, 2002, New York, N.Y.), was one of the last of the legendary tap dancers known as the Copasetics. He toured with Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Count Basie, and Cab Calloway; performed o

Roger Brown, American artist and collector who was associated with the Chicago Imagists and was known for his bright, flat, and seemingly simple compositions that show an ominous, sometimes satirical, perspective on contemporary life and American culture and politics. Brown was raised in Opelika,

Yusef Komunyakaa, American Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and professor known for his autobiographical poems about race, the Vietnam War, and jazz and blues. Komunyakaa was born in the conservative rural South on the cusp of the civil rights movement. His father, a carpenter and strong proponent of

Jerry Brown, American Democratic politician who served as governor of California (1975–83; 2011–19), mayor of Oakland, California (1999–2007), and California’s attorney general (2007–11). Brown was one of the four children of Edmund G. Brown, who served as governor of California from 1959 to 1967.

Jim Brown, outstanding American professional gridiron football player who led the National Football League (NFL) in rushing for eight of his nine seasons. He was the dominant player of his era and was considered one of the best running backs of all time. He later found success as an actor. In high

Jim Ed Brown, (James Edward Brown), American country music singer (born April 1, 1934, Sparkman, Ark.—died June 11, 2015, Franklin, Tenn.), recorded numerous sweetly sentimental hit songs as a solo artist, as a duet singer with Helen Cornelius, and as a member (with his sisters Maxine and Bonnie)

John Brown, militant American abolitionist whose raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in 1859 made him a martyr to the antislavery cause and was instrumental in heightening sectional animosities that led to the American Civil War (1861–65). Moving about

American colonies: The Gaspee: That night the merchant John Brown headed a party of Providence men who boarded and burned the Gaspee as it thus lay helpless. Rewards of ￡1,000 were offered for proof of the identity of the ringleader, and Brown was put under arrest. But the influence of his powerful family…

John Brown, British propounder of the “excitability” theory of medicine, which classified diseases according to whether they had an over- or an understimulating effect on the body. Brown studied under the distinguished professor of medicine William Cullen at the University of Edinburgh, but was

J. Carter Brown, American museum director (born Oct. 8, 1934, Providence, R.I.—died June 17, 2002, Boston, Mass.), transformed the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., into one of the world’s major museums. He was credited with creating so-called blockbuster exhibitions, multimedia events t

John Robert Brown, U.S. judge (born Dec. 10, 1909, Funk, Neb.—died Jan. 22, 1993, Houston, Texas), as a federal judge (1955-67) and chief justice (1967-79) of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit, played a pivotal role in championing and enforcing civil rights legislation in the South, p

Joseph Emerson Brown, Confederate governor of Georgia during the American Civil War. Brown grew up in the mountainous region of northern Georgia. His political career began in 1849, when, after having established himself as a lawyer in Canton, Ga., he was elected to the state senate as a Democrat.

Joseph Rogers Brown, American inventor and manufacturer who made numerous advances in the field of fine measurement and machine-tool production. After training as a machinist, Brown joined his father in a successful clock-making business, which he operated himself from 1841 to 1853. He perfected

Lancelot Brown, the foremost English master of garden design, whose works were characterized by their natural, unplanned appearance. Brown was born in Kirkharle, in northern England, likely in 1716. He might have been born the previous year, but the only existing records are those documenting his

Larry Brown, American basketball player and coach, the first coach to win both a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s national championship and a National Basketball Association (NBA) title. Few people have coached basketball in as many places, with as much success, as

Larry Brown, American basketball player and coach, the first coach to win both a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s national championship and a National Basketball Association (NBA) title. Few people have coached basketball in as many places, with as much success, as

Lester Raymond Brown, (“Les”), American bandleader (born March 14, 1912, Reinerton, Penn.—died Jan. 4, 2001, Pacific Palisades, Calif.), led a top swing-era dance band that went on to long-term Hollywood and television success and spent 40 years accompanying comedian Bob Hope’s stage and b

Lesley Brown, British personality (born 1946?—died June 6, 2012, Bristol, Eng.), attracted international attention after giving birth on July 25, 1978, to her daughter Louise Joy Brown, the world’s first “test-tube baby.” Brown and her husband, John, spent nine years trying to conceive a child.

Lester Raymond Brown, (“Les”), American bandleader (born March 14, 1912, Reinerton, Penn.—died Jan. 4, 2001, Pacific Palisades, Calif.), led a top swing-era dance band that went on to long-term Hollywood and television success and spent 40 years accompanying comedian Bob Hope’s stage and b

Louise Brown, British woman, the first human conceived using in vitro fertilization (IVF). After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, Lesley Brown, British medical researcher Robert Edwards and British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe tried fertilizing her eggs in a Petri dish before implanting

Louise Brown, British woman, the first human conceived using in vitro fertilization (IVF). After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, Lesley Brown, British medical researcher Robert Edwards and British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe tried fertilizing her eggs in a Petri dish before implanting

Molly Brown, American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

Molly Brown, American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

Margaret Wise Brown, prolific American writer of children’s literature whose books, many of them classics, continue to engage generations of children and their parents. Brown attended Hollins College (now Hollins University) in Roanoke, Virginia, where she earned a B.A. in 1932. After further work

Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance leader who is believed to have drafted the call for the convention that organized the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Martha McClellan was reared from 1840 in Cambridge, Ohio. In 1858 she married the Reverend W. Kennedy Brown. Shortly after her

Ferguson: …2014 the fatal shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed African American teenager, by Darren Wilson, a white police officer, resulted in days of civil unrest and protests fueled by tensions between Ferguson’s predominantly black population and its predominantly white government and police department. The incident drew national and international attention.…

ethnic conflict: Causes of ethnic conflict: In several scholarly articles, Michael Edward Brown provided a useful approach to understanding the causes of ethnic conflict. In those articles, he distinguished between underlying causes and proximate causes. Underlying causes include structural factors, political factors, economic and social factors, and cultural and perceptual factors. Proximate causes embrace four…

Michael S. Brown, American molecular geneticist who, along with Joseph L. Goldstein, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their elucidation of a key link in the metabolism of cholesterol in the human body. Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,

Michael S. Brown, American molecular geneticist who, along with Joseph L. Goldstein, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their elucidation of a key link in the metabolism of cholesterol in the human body. Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,

Little Rock Nine: Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed—became the centre of the struggle to desegregate public schools in the United States, especially in the South. The events that followed their enrollment in Little Rock Central High School provoked intense

Molly Brown, American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

United States: Beginnings of industrialization: Moses Brown (later benefactor of the College of Rhode Island, renamed Brown University in honour of his nephew Nicholas) was looking to invest some of his family’s mercantile fortune in the textile business. New England wool and southern cotton were readily available, as was water…

Norman Oliver Brown, American philosopher and critic (born Sept. 25, 1913, El Oro, Mex.—died Oct. 2, 2002, Santa Cruz, Calif.), was educated in the classics, but his thought drew on psychoanalysis, literature, and other fields. He earned a B.A. degree in 1936 from the University of Oxford and a P

Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company: Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska declared that the Supreme Court was wrong in its interpretation of the Constitution and proposed the explicit language permitting an income tax that was incorporated into the Sixteenth Amendment. He said it was imperative that Congress “give the court a Constitution…

Olympia Brown, minister and social reformer, an active campaigner for woman suffrage and one of the first American women whose ordination was sanctioned by a full denomination. Brown was refused admission to the University of Michigan because of her sex and instead attended Mount Holyoke College in

Oscar Cicero Brown, Jr., American jazz artist, actor, and activist (born Oct. 10, 1926, Chicago, Ill.—died May 29, 2005, Chicago), became noted during the civil rights movement for the songs he created and sang celebrating black American life and history. “Brown Baby,” “The Snake,” and “

Oscar Cicero Brown, Jr., American jazz artist, actor, and activist (born Oct. 10, 1926, Chicago, Ill.—died May 29, 2005, Chicago), became noted during the civil rights movement for the songs he created and sang celebrating black American life and history. “Brown Baby,” “The Snake,” and “

Edmund Gerald Brown, ("PAT"), U.S. politician who instituted civil rights laws, public works programs, and consumer-protection measures while serving (1959-67) as two-term governor of California; his son, Jerry, was also a politician (b. April 21, 1905--d. Feb. 16,

Paul Brown, American gridiron football coach known for his cerebral approach, innovative methods, iron rule, and cool demeanour. Brown coached winning teams in high school, college, armed forces, and professional football. Brown was an undersized quarterback at Miami University (Ohio), where he

Paul Brown, American gridiron football coach known for his cerebral approach, innovative methods, iron rule, and cool demeanour. Brown coached winning teams in high school, college, armed forces, and professional football. Brown was an undersized quarterback at Miami University (Ohio), where he

George Wald: In the late 1950s, with Paul K. Brown, he identified the pigments in the retina that are sensitive to yellow-green light and red light and in the early 1960s the pigment sensitive to blue light. Wald and Brown also discovered the role of vitamin A in forming the three colour…

Brighton Rock: …detective Ida and the murderous Pinkie, a teenager and Roman Catholic who chooses hell over Heaven. Responsible for two murders, Pinkie is forced to marry the hapless Rose to prevent her from giving evidence that would undercut his alibi. A good Catholic, Rose seems to represent Pinkie’s lost innocence. Although…

Ray Brown, American string bassist and one of the greatest of all jazz virtuosos. Brown first made his mark at age 19 when he went to New York City to join Dizzy Gillespie’s band at a time when the modern jazz revolution, spearheaded by saxophonist Charlie Parker, was just getting under way. Brown

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