First-order and second-order rules in Abstract Reasoning

Practise recognising the difference between first-order and second-order rules.

Here’s a first-order rule for two sets. The variable is the type of side (curved v straight):

Set A: All shapes have curved sides

Set B: All shapes have straight sides

Here’s a second-order rule for two sets. More than one variable is used (the type of shape, and its location)

Set A: All shapes have curved sides. One square is in the bottom-left corner

Set B: All shapes have straight sides. One circle is in the bottom-right corner

You can see how the second-order rule is more complex. Identifying relationships within the questions is an essential skill in Abstract Reasoning.

Look out for common distractors

These are designed to make it more difficult for you to identify what’s important. You might find larger shapes, random shading, or irrelevant images. The important thing is to stay focused on what you’re examining, and ignore obvious distractions.