Preface Chapter One: THE MEETING OF CULTURES America Before Columbus The Civilizations of the South/The Civilizations of the North/Tribal Cultures Europe Looks Westward Commerce and Nationalism/Christopher Columbus/The Conquistadors/The Spanish Empire/Spanish America/Northern Outposts/The Empire at High Tide/Biological and Cultural Exchanges/Africa and America The Arrival of the English The Commercial Incentive/The Religious Incentive/The English in Ireland/The French and the Dutch in America/The First English Settlements/Roanoke Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: Why Do Historians So Often Differ? Where Historians Disagree: The American Population Before Columbus For Further Reference

Chapter Two: TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLINES The Early Chesapeake The Founding of Jamestown/Reorganization/Tobacco/Expansion/Exchanges of Agricultural Technology/Maryland and the Calverts/Turbulent Virginia/Caribbean Colonization/Bacon's Rebellion The Growth of New England Plymouth Plantation/The Expansion of New England/Settlers and Natives/The Pequot War, King Philip¿s War, and the Technology of Battle The Restoration Colonies The English Civil War/The Carolinas/New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey/The Quaker Colonies Borderlands and Middle Grounds The Caribbean Islands/Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean/Borderlands and Middle Grounds/The Southwestern Borderlands/The Southeast Borderlands/The Founding Georgia/The Evolution of the British Empire Conclusion Significant Events The American Environment: The Other Pilgrims For Further Reference

Chapter Three: SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL AMERICA The Colonial Population Indentured Servitude/Birth and Death/Medicine in the Colonies/Women and Families in the Chesapeake/Women and Families in New England/The Beginnings of Slavery in British America/Changing Sources of European Immigration The Colonial Economies The Southern Economy/The Northern Economic and Technological Life/The Extent and Limits of Technology/The Rise of Colonial Commerce/The Rise of Consumerism Patterns of Society The Plantation/Plantation Slavery/The Puritan Community/The Witchcraft Phenomenon Awakenings and Enlightenments The Pattern of Religions/The Great Awakening/The Enlightenment/Education/The Spread of Science/Concepts of Law and Politics Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Origins of Slavery Patterns of Popular Culture: Colonial Almanacs For Further Reference

Chapter Four: THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION Loosening Ties A Tradition of Neglect/The Colonies Divided The Struggle for the Continent New France and the Iroquois Nation/Anglo-French Conflicts/The Great War for the Empire The New Imperialism/Burdens of Empire/The British and the Tribes/The Colonial Response Stirrings of Revolt The Stamp Act Crisis/The Townshend Program/The Boston Massacre/The Philosophy of Revolt/The Tea Excitement Cooperation and War New Sources of Authority/Lexington and Concord Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Taverns in Revolutionary Massachusetts For Further Reference

Chapter Five: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The States United Defining American War Aims/The Decision for Independence/Responses to Independence/Mobilizing for War The War for Independence The First Phase: New England/The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region/The Iroquois and the British/Securing Aid from Abroad/The Final Phase: The South/Winning the Peace War and Society Loyalists and Minorities/The War and Slavery/Native Americans and the Revolution/Women's Rights and Women's Roles/The War Economy The Creation of State Governments The Assumptions of Republicanism/The First State Constitutions/Revising State Governments/Toleration and Slavery The Search for a National Government The Confederation/Diplomatic Failures/The Confederation and the Northwest/Indians and the Western Lands/Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The American Revolution The American Environment: The Grid For Further Reference

Chapter Six: THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC Framing a New Government Advocates of Centralization/A Divided Convention/Compromise/The Constitution of 1787/Federalists and Antifederalists/Completing the Structure Federalists and Republicans Hamilton and the Federalists/Enacting the Federalist Program/The Republican Opposition Establishing National Sovereignty Securing the Frontier/Native Americans and the New Nation/Maintaining Neutrality/Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty The Downfall of the Federalists The Election of 1796/The Quasi War with France/Repression and Protest/The 'Revolution' of 1800 Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Background of the Constitution For Further Reference

Chapter Seven: THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA The Rise of Cultural Nationalism Patterns of Education/Medicine and Science/Cultural Aspirations in the New Nation/Religious Skepticism/The Second Great Awakening Stirrings of Industrialism The Industrial Revolution in England/Technology in America/Transportation Innovations/The Rising Cities Jefferson the President The Federal City and the 'People's President'/Dollars and Ships/Conflict with the Courts Doubling the National Domain Jefferson and Napoleon/The Louisiana Purchase/Lewis and Clark Explore the West/The Burr Conspiracy Expansion and War Conflict on the Seas/Impressment/'Peaceable Coercion'/Tecumseh and the Prophet/Florida and War Fever The War of 1812 Battles with Tribes/Battles with the British/The Revolt of New England/The Peace Settlement Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Horse Racing For Further Reference

Chapter Eight: VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM A Growing Economy Banking, Currency, and Protection/Transportation Expanding Westward The Great Migrations/White Settlers in the Old Northwest/The Plantation System in the Southwest/Trade and Trapping in the Far West/Eastern Images of the West The Era of Good Feelings The End of the First Party System/John Quincy Adams and Florida/The Panic of 1819 Sectionalism and Nationalism The Missouri Compromise/Marshall and the Court/The Court and the Tribes/The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine The Revival of Opposition The 'Corrupt Bargain'/The Second President Adams/Jackson Triumphant Conclusion Significant Events For Further Reference

Chapter Nine: JACKSONIAN AMERICA The Rise of Mass Politics The Expanding Electorate/The Legitimization of Party/'President of the Common Man' Our Federal Union Calhoun and Nullification/The Rise of Van Buren/The Webster-Hayne Debate/The Nullification Crisis The Removal of the Indians White Attitudes Towards the Tribes/The Black Hawk War/The 'Five Civilized Tribes/Trails of Tears/The Meaning of Removal Jackson and the Bank War Biddle's Institution/The Taney Court The Changing Face of American Politics Democrats and Whigs/Van Buren and the Panic of 1837/The Log Cabin Campaign/The Frustration of the Whigs/Whig Diplomacy Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The ¿Age of Jackson¿ Patterns of Popular Culture: The Penny Press For Further Reference

Chapter Ten: AMERICA'S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION The Changing American Population The American Population, 1820-1840/Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860/The Rise of Nativism Transportation, Communications, and Technology The Canal Age/The Early Railroads/The Triumph of the Rails/Innovations in Communications and Journalism Commerce and Industry The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840/The Emergence of the Factory/Advances in Technology/Innovations in Corporate Organization Men and Women at Work Recruiting a Native Work Force/The Immigrant Work Force/The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition/Fighting for Control Patterns of Industrial Society The Rich and the Poor/Social Mobility/Middle-Class Life/The Changing Family/Women and the 'Cult of Democracy'/Leisure Activities The Agricultural North Northeastern Agriculture/The Old Northwest/Rural Life Conclusion Significant Events The American Environment: The Flow of Water Patterns of Popular Culture: Shakespeare in America For Further Reference

Chapter Eleven: COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH The Cotton Economy The Rise of King Cotton/Southern Trade and Industry/Sources of Southern Difference White Society in the South The Planter Class/Honor/The 'Southern Lady'/The Plain Folk Slavery: A Peculiar Institution Varieties of Slavery/Life Under Slavery/Slavery in the Cities/Free African Americans/The Slave Trade/Slave Resistance The Culture of Slavery Language and Music Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Character of Slavery Patterns of Popular Culture: The Slaves¿ Music For Further Reading

Chapter Twelve: ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM The Romantic Impulse Literature and the Quest for Liberation/Literature in the Antebellum South/The Transcendentalists/The Defense of Nature/Visions of Utopia/Redefining Gender Roles/The Mormons Remaking Society Revivalism, Morality, and Order/The Temperance Crusade/Health Fads and Phrenology/Medical Science/Reforming Education/Rehabilitation/The Indian Reservation/The Rise of Feminism The Crusade Against Slavery Early Opposition to Slavery/Garrison and Abolitionism/Black Abolitionists/Anti-Abolitionism/Abolitionism Divided Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Sentimental Novels For Further Reading

Chapter Thirteen: THE IMPENDING CRISIS Looking Westward Manifest Destiny/Americans in Texas/Tensions Between the United States and Mexico/Oregon/The Westward Migration/Life on the Trail Expansion and War The Southwest and California/The Mexican War The Sectional Debate Slavery and the Territories/The California Gold Rush/Rising Sectional Tensions/The Compromise of 1850 The Crises of the 1850's The Uneasy Truce/'Young America'/Slavery, Railroads, and the West/The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy/'Bleeding Kansas'/The Free-Soil Ideology/The Pro-Slavery Argument/Buchanan and Depression/The Dred Scott Decision/Deadlock over Kansas/The Emergence of Lincoln/John Brown's Raid/The Election of Lincoln Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Lyceums For Further Reading

Chapter Fourteen: THE CIVIL WAR The Secession Crisis The Withdrawal of the South/The Failure of Compromise/Fort Sumter/The Opposing Sides The Mobilization of the North Economic Measures/Raising the Union Armies/Wartime Politics/The Politics of Emancipation/African Americans and the Union Cause/The War and Economic Development/Women, Nursing, and the War The Mobilization of the South The Confederate Government/Money and Manpower/States' Rights Versus Centralization/Economic and Social Effects of the War Strategy and Diplomacy The Commanders/The Role of Sea Power/Europe and the Disunited States/The American West and the War The Course of Battle The Technology of Battle/The Opening Clashes, 1861/The Western Theater/The Virginia Front, 1862/1863: Year of Decision/The Last Stage, 1864-1865 Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Causes of the Civil War Patterns of Popular Culture: Baseball and the Civil War For Further Reference

Chapter Fifteen: RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH The Problems of Peacemaking The Aftermath of War and Emancipation/Competing Notions of Freedom/Issues of Reconstruction/Plans for Reconstruction/The Death of Lincoln/Johnson and 'Restoration' Radical Reconstruction The Black Codes/The Fourteenth Amendment/The Congressional Plan/The Impeachment of the President The South in Reconstruction The Reconstruction Governments/Education/Landownership and Tenancy/The Crop Lien System/The African-American Family in Freedom The Grant Administration The Soldier President/The Grant Scandals/The Greenback Question/Republican Diplomacy The Abandonment of Reconstruction The Southern States 'Redeemed'/The Ku Klux Klan Acts/Waning Northern Commitment/The Compromise of 1877/The Legacies of Reconstruction The New South The 'Redeemers'/Industrialization and the 'New South'/Tenants and Sharecroppers/African Americans and the New South/The Birth of Jim Crow Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: Reconstruction Patterns of Popular Culture: The Minstrel Show Where Historians Disagree: The Origins of Segregation For Further Reference Appendices Maps The United States Topographical Map of the United States The World United States Territorial Expansion, 1783-1898 Documents and Tables The Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States of America Presidential Elections Vice Presidents and Cabinet Members Population of the United States, 1790-1993 Employment, 1870-1992 Production, Trade, and Federal Spending/Debt, 1790-1992 List of Illustrations List of Maps List of Charts Index

Preface Chapter One: THE MEETING OF CULTURES America Before Columbus The Civilizations of the South/The Civilizations of the North/Tribal Cultures Europe Looks Westward Commerce and Nationalism/Christopher Columbus/The Conquistadors/The Spanish Empire/Spanish America/Northern Outposts/The Empire at High Tide/Biological and Cultural Exchanges/Africa and America The Arrival of the English The Commercial Incentive/The Religious Incentive/The English in Ireland/The French and the Dutch in America/The First English Settlements/Roanoke Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: Why Do Historians So Often Differ? Where Historians Disagree: The American Population Before Columbus For Further Reference

Chapter Two: TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLINES The Early Chesapeake The Founding of Jamestown/Reorganization/Tobacco/Expansion/Exchanges of Agricultural Technology/Maryland and the Calverts/Turbulent Virginia/Caribbean Colonization/Bacon's Rebellion The Growth of New England Plymouth Plantation/The Expansion of New England/Settlers and Natives/The Pequot War, King Philip¿s War, and the Technology of Battle The Restoration Colonies The English Civil War/The Carolinas/New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey/The Quaker Colonies Borderlands and Middle Grounds The Caribbean Islands/Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean/Borderlands and Middle Grounds/The Southwestern Borderlands/The Southeast Borderlands/The Founding Georgia/The Evolution of the British Empire Conclusion Significant Events The American Environment: The Other Pilgrims For Further Reference

Chapter Three: SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL AMERICA The Colonial Population Indentured Servitude/Birth and Death/Medicine in the Colonies/Women and Families in the Chesapeake/Women and Families in New England/The Beginnings of Slavery in British America/Changing Sources of European Immigration The Colonial Economies The Southern Economy/The Northern Economic and Technological Life/The Extent and Limits of Technology/The Rise of Colonial Commerce/The Rise of Consumerism Patterns of Society The Plantation/Plantation Slavery/The Puritan Community/The Witchcraft Phenomenon Awakenings and Enlightenments The Pattern of Religions/The Great Awakening/The Enlightenment/Education/The Spread of Science/Concepts of Law and Politics Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Origins of Slavery Patterns of Popular Culture: Colonial Almanacs For Further Reference

Chapter Four: THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION Loosening Ties A Tradition of Neglect/The Colonies Divided The Struggle for the Continent New France and the Iroquois Nation/Anglo-French Conflicts/The Great War for the Empire The New Imperialism/Burdens of Empire/The British and the Tribes/The Colonial Response Stirrings of Revolt The Stamp Act Crisis/The Townshend Program/The Boston Massacre/The Philosophy of Revolt/The Tea Excitement Cooperation and War New Sources of Authority/Lexington and Concord Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Taverns in Revolutionary Massachusetts For Further Reference

Chapter Five: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The States United Defining American War Aims/The Decision for Independence/Responses to Independence/Mobilizing for War The War for Independence The First Phase: New England/The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region/The Iroquois and the British/Securing Aid from Abroad/The Final Phase: The South/Winning the Peace War and Society Loyalists and Minorities/The War and Slavery/Native Americans and the Revolution/Women's Rights and Women's Roles/The War Economy The Creation of State Governments The Assumptions of Republicanism/The First State Constitutions/Revising State Governments/Toleration and Slavery The Search for a National Government The Confederation/Diplomatic Failures/The Confederation and the Northwest/Indians and the Western Lands/Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The American Revolution The American Environment: The Grid For Further Reference

Chapter Six: THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC Framing a New Government Advocates of Centralization/A Divided Convention/Compromise/The Constitution of 1787/Federalists and Antifederalists/Completing the Structure Federalists and Republicans Hamilton and the Federalists/Enacting the Federalist Program/The Republican Opposition Establishing National Sovereignty Securing the Frontier/Native Americans and the New Nation/Maintaining Neutrality/Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty The Downfall of the Federalists The Election of 1796/The Quasi War with France/Repression and Protest/The 'Revolution' of 1800 Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Background of the Constitution For Further Reference

Chapter Seven: THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA The Rise of Cultural Nationalism Patterns of Education/Medicine and Science/Cultural Aspirations in the New Nation/Religious Skepticism/The Second Great Awakening Stirrings of Industrialism The Industrial Revolution in England/Technology in America/Transportation Innovations/The Rising Cities Jefferson the President The Federal City and the 'People's President'/Dollars and Ships/Conflict with the Courts Doubling the National Domain Jefferson and Napoleon/The Louisiana Purchase/Lewis and Clark Explore the West/The Burr Conspiracy Expansion and War Conflict on the Seas/Impressment/'Peaceable Coercion'/Tecumseh and the Prophet/Florida and War Fever The War of 1812 Battles with Tribes/Battles with the British/The Revolt of New England/The Peace Settlement Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Horse Racing For Further Reference

Chapter Eight: VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM A Growing Economy Banking, Currency, and Protection/Transportation Expanding Westward The Great Migrations/White Settlers in the Old Northwest/The Plantation System in the Southwest/Trade and Trapping in the Far West/Eastern Images of the West The Era of Good Feelings The End of the First Party System/John Quincy Adams and Florida/The Panic of 1819 Sectionalism and Nationalism The Missouri Compromise/Marshall and the Court/The Court and the Tribes/The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine The Revival of Opposition The 'Corrupt Bargain'/The Second President Adams/Jackson Triumphant Conclusion Significant Events For Further Reference

Chapter Nine: JACKSONIAN AMERICA The Rise of Mass Politics The Expanding Electorate/The Legitimization of Party/'President of the Common Man' Our Federal Union Calhoun and Nullification/The Rise of Van Buren/The Webster-Hayne Debate/The Nullification Crisis The Removal of the Indians White Attitudes Towards the Tribes/The Black Hawk War/The 'Five Civilized Tribes/Trails of Tears/The Meaning of Removal Jackson and the Bank War Biddle's Institution/The Taney Court The Changing Face of American Politics Democrats and Whigs/Van Buren and the Panic of 1837/The Log Cabin Campaign/The Frustration of the Whigs/Whig Diplomacy Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The ¿Age of Jackson¿ Patterns of Popular Culture: The Penny Press For Further Reference

Chapter Ten: AMERICA'S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION The Changing American Population The American Population, 1820-1840/Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860/The Rise of Nativism Transportation, Communications, and Technology The Canal Age/The Early Railroads/The Triumph of the Rails/Innovations in Communications and Journalism Commerce and Industry The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840/The Emergence of the Factory/Advances in Technology/Innovations in Corporate Organization Men and Women at Work Recruiting a Native Work Force/The Immigrant Work Force/The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition/Fighting for Control Patterns of Industrial Society The Rich and the Poor/Social Mobility/Middle-Class Life/The Changing Family/Women and the 'Cult of Democracy'/Leisure Activities The Agricultural North Northeastern Agriculture/The Old Northwest/Rural Life Conclusion Significant Events The American Environment: The Flow of Water Patterns of Popular Culture: Shakespeare in America For Further Reference

Chapter Eleven: COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH The Cotton Economy The Rise of King Cotton/Southern Trade and Industry/Sources of Southern Difference White Society in the South The Planter Class/Honor/The 'Southern Lady'/The Plain Folk Slavery: A Peculiar Institution Varieties of Slavery/Life Under Slavery/Slavery in the Cities/Free African Americans/The Slave Trade/Slave Resistance The Culture of Slavery Language and Music Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Character of Slavery Patterns of Popular Culture: The Slaves¿ Music For Further Reading

Chapter Twelve: ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM The Romantic Impulse Literature and the Quest for Liberation/Literature in the Antebellum South/The Transcendentalists/The Defense of Nature/Visions of Utopia/Redefining Gender Roles/The Mormons Remaking Society Revivalism, Morality, and Order/The Temperance Crusade/Health Fads and Phrenology/Medical Science/Reforming Education/Rehabilitation/The Indian Reservation/The Rise of Feminism The Crusade Against Slavery Early Opposition to Slavery/Garrison and Abolitionism/Black Abolitionists/Anti-Abolitionism/Abolitionism Divided Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Sentimental Novels For Further Reading

Chapter Thirteen: THE IMPENDING CRISIS Looking Westward Manifest Destiny/Americans in Texas/Tensions Between the United States and Mexico/Oregon/The Westward Migration/Life on the Trail Expansion and War The Southwest and California/The Mexican War The Sectional Debate Slavery and the Territories/The California Gold Rush/Rising Sectional Tensions/The Compromise of 1850 The Crises of the 1850's The Uneasy Truce/'Young America'/Slavery, Railroads, and the West/The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy/'Bleeding Kansas'/The Free-Soil Ideology/The Pro-Slavery Argument/Buchanan and Depression/The Dred Scott Decision/Deadlock over Kansas/The Emergence of Lincoln/John Brown's Raid/The Election of Lincoln Conclusion Significant Events Patterns of Popular Culture: Lyceums For Further Reading

Chapter Fourteen: THE CIVIL WAR The Secession Crisis The Withdrawal of the South/The Failure of Compromise/Fort Sumter/The Opposing Sides The Mobilization of the North Economic Measures/Raising the Union Armies/Wartime Politics/The Politics of Emancipation/African Americans and the Union Cause/The War and Economic Development/Women, Nursing, and the War The Mobilization of the South The Confederate Government/Money and Manpower/States' Rights Versus Centralization/Economic and Social Effects of the War Strategy and Diplomacy The Commanders/The Role of Sea Power/Europe and the Disunited States/The American West and the War The Course of Battle The Technology of Battle/The Opening Clashes, 1861/The Western Theater/The Virginia Front, 1862/1863: Year of Decision/The Last Stage, 1864-1865 Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: The Causes of the Civil War Patterns of Popular Culture: Baseball and the Civil War For Further Reference

Chapter Fifteen: RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH The Problems of Peacemaking The Aftermath of War and Emancipation/Competing Notions of Freedom/Issues of Reconstruction/Plans for Reconstruction/The Death of Lincoln/Johnson and 'Restoration' Radical Reconstruction The Black Codes/The Fourteenth Amendment/The Congressional Plan/The Impeachment of the President The South in Reconstruction The Reconstruction Governments/Education/Landownership and Tenancy/The Crop Lien System/The African-American Family in Freedom The Grant Administration The Soldier President/The Grant Scandals/The Greenback Question/Republican Diplomacy The Abandonment of Reconstruction The Southern States 'Redeemed'/The Ku Klux Klan Acts/Waning Northern Commitment/The Compromise of 1877/The Legacies of Reconstruction The New South The 'Redeemers'/Industrialization and the 'New South'/Tenants and Sharecroppers/African Americans and the New South/The Birth of Jim Crow Conclusion Significant Events Where Historians Disagree: Reconstruction Patterns of Popular Culture: The Minstrel Show Where Historians Disagree: The Origins of Segregation For Further Reference Appendices Maps The United States Topographical Map of the United States The World United States Territorial Expansion, 1783-1898 Documents and Tables The Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States of America Presidential Elections Vice Presidents and Cabinet Members Population of the United States, 1790-1993 Employment, 1870-1992 Production, Trade, and Federal Spending/Debt, 1790-1992 List of Illustrations List of Maps List of Charts Index