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Thank you for coming. -------------------------------------------------------------------In the Year of our LORD Jesus Christ 2017

--As of January 20, 2017

A Sigh Of Relief With The Inauguration Of Donald John Trump as President of the United States of America, And Hope For A Prosperous Future For All United States Citizens (we who are a nation called "the melting pot of the world"). We shall be great and exceptionally great again.

Peace and Liberty. Semper Fidelis.

Wednesday, September 26, 2012

Guest Blog: From 2010's Middle East Quarterly with Phyllis Chesler

Informational posting of article with permission that stated: This
text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an
integral whole with complete information provided about its author,
date, place of publication, and original URL.

Worldwide Trends in Honor Killings

To combat the epidemic
of honor killings requires understanding what makes these murders
unique. They differ from plain and psychopathic homicides, serial
killings, crimes of passion, revenge killings, and domestic violence.
Their motivation is different and based on codes of morality and
behavior that typify some cultures, often reinforced by fundamentalist
religious dictates. In 2000, the United Nations estimated that there are
5,000 honor killings every year.[1]
That number might be reasonable for Pakistan alone, but worldwide the
numbers are much greater.

In 2002 and again in 2004, the U.N. brought a
resolution to end honor killings and other honor-related crimes. In
2004, at a meeting in The Hague about the rising tide of honor killings
in Europe, law enforcement officers from the U.K. announced plans to
begin reopening old cases to see if certain murders were, indeed, honor
murders.[2]
The number of honor killings is routinely underestimated, and most
estimates are little more than guesses that vary widely. Definitive or
reliable worldwide estimates of honor killing incidence do not exist.

Morsal
O, a 16-year-old German-Afghan girl, was killed in May 2008 by her
24-year-old brother Ahmad Sobair O. He stabbed her twenty-three times in
a parking lot in Hamburg, Germany, because of her alleged impure moral
conduct. Murder of teenage or young adult women by their fathers or
other close male relatives is characteristic of classic honor killings
and is not a pattern in non-immigrant Western populations.

Most honor killings are not classified as such, are
rarely prosecuted, or when prosecuted in the Muslim world, result in
relatively light sentences.[3]
When an honor killing occurs in the West, many people, including the
police, still shy away from calling it an honor killing. In the West,
both Islamist and feminist groups, including domestic violence
activists, continue to insist that honor killings are a form of
Western-style domestic violence or femicide (killing of women).[4] They are not.[5]
This study documents that there are at least two types of honor
killings and two victim populations. Both types differ significantly
from each other, just as they differ from Western domestic femicide. One
group has an average age of seventeen; the other group's average age is
thirty-six. The age difference is a statistically significant one.

Families Killing Their Young Women

The study's findings indicate that honor killings accelerated significantly in a 20-year period between 1989 and 2009.[6]
This may mean that honor killings are genuinely escalating, perhaps as a
function of jihadist extremism and Islamic fundamentalism, or that
honor killings are being more accurately reported and prosecuted,
especially in the West, but also in the East. The expansion of the
Internet may account for wider reporting of these incidents.

The worldwide average age of victims for the entire population is
twenty-three (Table 1). This is true for all geographical regions. Thus,
wherever an honor killing is committed, it is primarily a crime against
young people. Just over half of these victims were daughters and
sisters; about a quarter were wives and girlfriends of the perpetrators.
The remainder included mothers, aunts, nieces, cousins, uncles, or
non-relatives.

Honor killings are a family collaboration. Worldwide, two-thirds of
the victims were killed by their families of origin. (See Table 1).
Murder by the family of origin was at its highest (72 percent) in the
Muslim world and at its lowest in North America (49 percent); European
families of origin were involved almost as often as those in the Muslim
world, possibly because so many are first- or second-generation
immigrants and, therefore, still tightly bound to their native cultures.
Alternatively, this might be due to the Islamist radicalization of
third or even fourth generations. Internationally, fathers played an
active role in over one-third of the honor murders. Fathers were most
involved in North America (52 percent) and least involved in the Muslim
world; in Europe, fathers were involved in more than one-third of the
murders.

Worldwide, 42 percent of these murders were carried out by multiple
perpetrators, a characteristic which distinguishes them considerably
from Western domestic femicide. A small number of the murders worldwide
involved more than one victim. Multiple murders were at their highest in
North America and at their lowest in Europe. In the Muslim world, just
under a quarter of the murders involved more than one victim. Additional
victims included the dead woman's children, boyfriend, fiancé, husband,
sister, brother, or parents.

Worldwide, more than half the victims were tortured; i.e., they did
not die instantly but in agony. In North America, over one-third of the
victims were tortured; in Europe, two-thirds were tortured; in the
Muslim world, half were tortured. Torturous deaths include: being raped
or gang-raped before being killed; being strangled or bludgeoned to
death; being stabbed many times (10 to 40 times); being stoned or burned
to death; being beheaded, or having one's throat slashed.

Finally, worldwide, 58 percent of the victims were murdered for being
"too Western" and/or for resisting or disobeying cultural and religious
expectations (see Table 1). The accusation of being "too Western" was
the exact language used by the perpetrator or perpetrators. Being "too
Western" meant being seen as too independent, not subservient enough,
refusing to wear varieties of Islamic clothing (including forms of the
veil), wanting an advanced education and a career, having non-Muslim (or
non-Sikh or non-Hindu) friends or boyfriends, refusing to marry one's
first cousin, wanting to choose one's own husband, choosing a socially
"inferior" or non-Muslim (or non-Sikh or non-Hindu) husband; or leaving
an abusive husband. There were statistically significant regional
differences for this motive. For example, in North America, 91 percent
of victims were murdered for being "too Western" as compared to a
smaller but still substantial number (71 percent) in Europe. In
comparison, only 43 percent of victims were killed for this reason in
the Muslim world.

Less than half (42 percent) of the victims worldwide were murdered
for committing an alleged "sexual impropriety"; this refers to victims
who had been raped, were allegedly having extra-marital affairs, or who
were viewed as "promiscuous" (even where this might not refer to actual
sexual promiscuity or even sexual activity). However, in the Muslim
world, 57 percent of victims were murdered for this motive as compared
to 29 percent in Europe and a small number (9 percent) in North America.

What the Age Differences Mean

This study documents that there are at least two different kinds of
honor killings and/or two different victim populations: one made up of
female children and young women whose average age is seventeen (Table
3), the other composed of women whose average age is thirty-six (Table
5). Both kinds of honor murders differ from Western domestic femicide.

In the non-immigrant West, serious domestic violence exists which
includes incest, child abuse, marital rape, marital battering, marital
stalking, and marital post-battering femicide. However, there is no
cultural pattern of fathers specifically targeting or murdering their
teenage or young adult daughters, nor do families of origin participate
in planning, perpetrating, justifying, and valorizing such murders.
Clearly, these characteristics define the classic honor killing of
younger women and girls.

The honor murders of older women might seem to resemble Western-style
domestic femicide. The victim is an older married woman, usually a
mother, who is often killed by her husband but also by multiple
perpetrators (30 percent of the time). Worldwide, almost half (44
percent) of those who kill older-age victims include members of either
the victim's family of origin or members of her husband's family of
origin. (See Table 5.) This is extremely rare in a Western domestic
femicide; the husband who kills his wife in the West is rarely assisted
by members of his family of origin or by his in-laws.

However, in the Muslim world, older-age honor killing victims are
murdered by their own families of origin nearly two-thirds of the time.
This suggests that the old-world custom has changed somewhat in Europe
where the victim's family of origin participates in her murder only
one-third (31 percent) of the time. Thus far, in North America, no
members of the family of origin have participated in the honor killing
of an older-age victim. Whether North America will eventually come to
resemble Europe or even the Muslim world remains to be seen, as this
will be influenced by immigration and other demographic factors.
Finally, nearly half the older-age victims are subjected to a torturous
death. However, the torture rate was at its highest (68 percent) in
Europe for female victims of all ages. The torture rate was 35 percent
and 51 percent in North America and in the Muslim world, respectively.

Worldwide, younger-age victims were killed by their families of
origin 81 percent of the time. In North America, 94 percent were killed
by their family of origin; this figure was 77 percent in Europe and 82
percent in the Muslim world. (See Table 3.) In North America, fathers
had a hands-on role in 100 percent of the cases when the daughter was
eighteen-years-old or younger (See Table 4). Worldwide, younger-age
women and girls were tortured 53 percent of the time; however, in
Europe, they were tortured between 72 and 83 percent of the
time—significantly more than older-age women worldwide.

Western Responses to Honor Killing

Many Western feminists and advocates for victims of domestic violence
have confused Western domestic violence or domestic femicide (the two
are different) with the honor killings of older-age victims.
Representatives of Islamist pressure groups including Council on
American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) and the Canadian Islamic Congress,
various academics (e.g., Ajay Nair, Tom Keil), activists (e.g., Rana
Husseini), and religious leaders (e.g., Abdulhai Patel of the Canadian
Council of Imams) have insisted that honor killings either do not exist
or have nothing to do with Islam; that they are cultural, tribal,
pre-Islamic customs, and that, in any event, domestic violence exists
everywhere.[7]
Feminists who work with the victims of domestic violence have seen so
much violence against women that they are uncomfortable singling out one
group of perpetrators, especially an immigrant or Muslim group.
However, Western domestic femicide differs significantly from honor
killing.[8]

Former National Organization for Women (NOW) president Kim Gandy compared the battered and beheaded Aasiya Hassan[9] to the battered (but still living) pop star Rihanna and further questioned whether Hassan's murder was an honor killing:

Is a Muslim man in Buffalo more likely to kill his wife
than a Catholic man in Buffalo? A Jewish man in Buffalo? I don't know
the answer to that, but I know that there is plenty of violence to go
around—and that the long and sordid history of oppressing women in the
name of religion surely includes Islam, but is not limited to Islam.[10]

At the time of the Hassan beheading, a coalition of domestic violence
workers sent an (unpublished) letter to the Erie County district
attorney's office and to some media stating that this was not an honor
killing, that honor killings had nothing to do with Islam, and that
sensationalizing Muslim domestic violence was not only racist but also
served to render invisible the much larger incidence of both domestic
violence and domestic femicide. They have a point, but they also miss
the point, namely, that apples are not oranges and that honor killings
are not the same as Western domestic femicides.
One might argue that the stated murder motive of being "too
Westernized" may, in a sense, overlap substantively with the stated and
unstated motives involved in Western domestic femicide. In both
instances, the woman is expected to live with male violence and to
remain silent about it. She is not supposed to leave—or to leave with
the children or any other male "property." However, the need to keep a
woman isolated, subordinate, fearful, and dependent through the use of
violence does not reflect a Western cultural or religious value; rather,
it reflects the individual, psychological pathology of the Western
batterer-murderer. On the other hand, an honor killing reflects the
culture's values aimed at regulating female behavior—values that the
family, including the victim's family, is expected to enforce and
uphold.

Further, such cultural, ethnic, or tribal values are not often
condemned by the major religious and political leaders in developing
Muslim countries or in immigrant communities in the West. On the
contrary, such communities maintain an enforced silence on all matters
of religious, cultural, or communal "sensitivity." Today, such leaders
(and their many followers) often tempt, shame, or force Muslim girls and
women into wearing a variety of body coverings including the hijab (head covering), burqa, or chadari
(full-body covering) as an expression of religiosity and cultural pride
or as an expression of symbolic resistance to the non-Muslim West.[11]
Muslim men are allowed to dress like Westerners, and no one challenges
the ubiquitous use of Western technology, including airplanes, cell
phones, the Internet, or satellite television as un-Islamic. But Muslim
women are expected to bear the burden of upholding these ancient and
allegedly religious customs of gender apartheid.

It is clear that Muslim girls and women are murdered for honor in both the West and the East when they refuse to wear the hijab
or choose to wear it improperly. In addition, they are killed for
behaving in accepted Western or modern ways when they express a desire
to attend college, have careers, live independent lives, have non-Muslim
friends (including boyfriends with whom they may or may not be sexually
involved), choose their own husbands, refuse to marry their first
cousins, or want to leave an abusive husband. This "Westernization"
trend also exists in Muslim countries but to a lesser extent.
Allegations of unacceptable "Westernization" accounted for 44 percent of
honor murders in the Muslim world as compared to 71 percent in Europe
and 91 percent in North America.
Tempted by Western ideas, desiring to assimilate, and hoping to
escape lives of subordination, those girls and women who exercise their
option to be Western are killed—at early ages and in particularly
gruesome ways. Frightening honor murders may constitute an object lesson
to other Muslim girls and women about what may happen to them if they
act on the temptation to do more than serve their fathers and brothers
as domestic servants, marry their first cousin, and breed as many
children as possible. The deaths of females already living in the West
may also be intended as lessons for other female immigrants who are
expected to lead subordinate and segregated lives amid the temptations
and privileges of freedom. This is especially true in Europe where large
Muslim ghettos have formed in the past few decades. It is particularly
alarming to note that in Europe 96 percent of the honor killing
perpetrators are Muslims.

The level of primal, sadistic, or barbaric savagery shown in honor
killings towards a female family intimate more closely approximates some
of the murders in the West perpetrated by serial killers against
prostitutes or randomly selected women. It also suggests that gender
separatism, the devaluation of girls and women, normalized child abuse,
including arranged child marriages of both boys and girls, sexual
repression, misogyny (sometimes inspired by misogynist interpretations
of the Qur'an), and the demands made by an increase in the violent
ideology of jihad all lead to murderous levels of aggression towards
girls and women. One only has to kill a few girls and women to keep the
others in line. Honor killings are, in a sense, a form of domestic
terrorism, meant to ensure that Muslim women wear the Islamic veil, have
Muslim babies, and mingle only with other Muslims.
Since Muslim immigration and, therefore, family networks are more
restricted in North America than in Europe, honor-killing fathers may
feel that the entire burden for upholding standards for female behavior
falls heavily upon them and them alone. This may account for the fact
that fathers are responsible 100 percent of the time for the honor
murders of the youngest-age victims. In Europe and in the Muslim world,
that burden may more easily be shared by sons and brothers,
grandfathers, uncles, and male cousins.

What Must Be Done

How can this problem be addressed? Immigration, law enforcement, and
religious authorities must all be included in education, prevention, and
prosecution efforts in the matter of honor killings.
In addition, shelters for battered Muslim girls and women should be
established and multilingual staff appropriately trained in the facts
about honor killings. For example, young Muslim girls are frequently
lured back home by their mothers. When a shelter resident receives such a
phone call, the staff must immediately go on high alert. The equivalent
of a federal witness protection program for the intended targets of
honor killings should be created; England has already established such a
program.[12]
Extended safe surrogate family networks must be created to replace
existing family networks; the intended victims themselves, with enormous
assistance, may become each other's "sisters."

In addition, clear government warnings must be issued to Muslim,
Sikh, and Hindu immigrants and citizens: Honor killings must be
prosecuted in the West, and perpetrators, accomplices, and enablers must
all be prosecuted. Participating families should be publicly shamed.
Criminals must be deported after they have served their sentences.

Western judicial systems and governments have recently begun to
address this problem. In 2006, a Danish court convicted nine members of a
clan for the honor murder of Ghazala Khan.[13]
In 2009, a German court sentenced a father to life in prison for having
ordered his son to murder his sister for the family honor while the
20-year-old son was sentenced to nine and a half years.[14]
In another case, a British court, with the help of testimony from the
victim's mother and fiancé, convicted a father of a 10-year-old honor
murder after the crime was reclassified;[15] and, for the first time, the Canadian government informed new immigrants:

Canada's openness and generosity do not extend to
barbaric cultural practices that tolerate spousal abuse, "honour
killings," female genital mutilation or other gender-based violence.
Those guilty of these crimes are severely punished under Canada's
criminal laws.[16]

Islamic gender apartheid is a human rights violation and cannot be
justified in the name of cultural relativism, tolerance, anti-racism,
diversity, or political correctness. As long as Islamist groups continue
to deny, minimize, or obfuscate the problem, and government and police
officials accept their inaccurate versions of reality, women will
continue to be killed for honor in the West.
The battle for women's rights is central to the battle for Europe and
for Western values. It is a necessary part of true democracy, along
with freedom of religion, tolerance for homosexuals, and freedom of
dissent. Here, then, is exactly where the greatest battle of the
twenty-first century is joined.

Phyllis Chesler is emerita professor of psychology
and women's studies at the Richmond College of the City University of
New York and co-founder of the Association for Women in Psychology and
the National Women's Health Network. The author wishes to thank Jonathan
Francis Carmona, graduate student at Hunter College, CUNY, for the
statistical tests for this study, and Prof. Howard Lune, director of the
Graduate Social Research Program at Hunter College.

Table One: Entire Population (N = 230)

REGION

Worldwide

North America

Europe

Muslim World

AVERAGE AGE

23

25

22

23

BY PERCENTAGE

Killed by Family of Origin1,2

66

49

66

72

Family Position1

-- Daughter/Sister

53

50

49

56

-- Wife/Girlfriend

23

27

34

17

-- Other3

24

33

27

27

Paternal Participation4

37

53

39

31

Multiple Perpetrators

42

42

45

41

Multiple Victims1

17

30

7

21

Tortured1

53

39

67

49

Motive4

-- "too Western"

58

91

71

43

-- "sexual impropriety"

42

9

29

57

1 Significant according to a chi square test.
2 Family of origin includes fathers, mothers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, and male cousins.
3 "Other" includes mothers, aunts, cousins, and no familial relation.
4 Significant according to a Pearson correlation test.

Table Two: Women Only, All Ages (N = 214)

REGION

Worldwide

North America

Europe

Muslim World

AVERAGE AGE

23

26

21

23

BY PERCENTAGE

Killed by Family of Origin1,2

69

52

66

75

Family Position1

-- Daughter/Sister

56

52

53

58

-- Wife/Girlfriend

24

28

37

17

-- Other3

20

20

10

25

Paternal Participation4

39

52

42

33

Multiple Perpetrators

42

45

44

40

Multiple Victims1

18

30

7

21

Tortured1

54

35

68

51

Motive4

-- "too Western"

58

89

73

44

-- "sexual impropriety"

42

11

27

56

1 Significant according to a chi square test.
2 Family of origin includes fathers, mothers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, and male cousins.
3 "Other" includes mothers, aunts, cousins, and no familial relation.
4 Significant according to a Pearson correlation test.

Table Three: Females 25 Years of Age and Younger (N = 129)

REGION

Worldwide

North America

Europe

Muslim World

AVERAGE AGE

17

18

18

17

BY PERCENTAGE

Killed by Family of Origin1,2

81

94

77

82

Family Position1

-- Daughter/Sister

74

94

67

73

-- Wife/Girlfriend

14

0

20

14

-- Other3

3

6

13

13

Paternal Participation4

54

88

54

46

Multiple Perpetrators

46

75

46

38

Multiple Victims1

17

30

8

20

Tortured1

53

25

72

47

Motive4

-- "too Western"

57

88

74

38

-- "sexual impropriety"

43

12

26

62

1 Significant according to a chi square test.
2 Family of origin includes fathers, mothers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, and male cousins.
3 "Other" includes mothers, aunts, cousins, and no familial relation.
4 Significant according to a Pearson correlation test.

Table Four: Females 18 Years of Age and Younger (N = 68)

REGION

Worldwide

North America

Europe

Muslim World

AVERAGE AGE

15

15

14

13

BY PERCENTAGE

Killed by Family of Origin1,2

89

90

86

90

Family Position1

-- Daughter/Sister

82

100

78

79

-- Wife/Girlfriend

8

0

13

6

-- Other3

10

0

9

15

Paternal Participation4

70

100

68

61

Multiple Perpetrators

39

80

32

32

Multiple Victims1

25

29

16

30

Tortured1

55

30

83

58

Motive4

-- "too Western"

55

80

67

41

-- "sexual impropriety"

45

20

33

59

1 Significant according to a chi square test.
2 Family of origin includes fathers, mothers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, and male cousins.
3 "Other" includes mothers, aunts, cousins, and no familial relation.
4 Significant according to a Pearson correlation test.

Table Five: Females 26 Years of Age and Older (N = 51)

REGION

Worldwide

North America

Europe

Muslim World

AVERAGE AGE

36

40

31

37

BY PERCENTAGE

Killed by Family of Origin1,2

44

0

31

65

Family Position1

-- Daughter/Sister

24

0

13

37

-- Wife/Girlfriend

55

89

87

26

-- Other3

21

11

0

37

Paternal Participation4

8

0

13

7

Multiple Perpetrators

30

11

43

30

Multiple Victims1

9

29

8

5

Tortured1

45

44

53

44

Motive4

-- "too Western"

56

88

69

38

-- "sexual impropriety"

44

12

31

62

1 Significant according to a chi square test.
2 Family of origin includes fathers, mothers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, and male cousins.
3 "Other" includes mothers, aunts, cousins, and no familial relation.
4 Significant according to a Pearson correlation test.

Methodology

This study analyzes 172 incidents and 230 honor-killing victims. The
information was obtained from the English-language media around the
world with one exception. There were 100 victims murdered for honor in
the West, including 33 in North America and 67 in Europe. There were 130
additional victims in the Muslim world. Most of the perpetrators were
Muslims, as were their victims, and most of the victims were women.

The perpetrators and victims in this study lived in the following
twenty-nine countries or territories: Afghanistan, Albania, Bangladesh,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Gaza Strip, Germany, India,
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey,
United Kingdom, United States, and the West Bank.
In general, statistically significant interactions were found for
age, geographical region, the participation of multiple perpetrators
(mainly members of the victim's family of origin, including the victim's
father), family position, multiple victims, the use of torture, and the
stated motive for the murder. Between 1989 and 2009, honor killings
also escalated over time in a statistically significant way.

Worldwide, the majority of victims were women; a mere 7 percent were
men. Only five men were killed by their families of origin whereas the
rest of the male victims were killed by the families of the women with
whom they were allegedly consorting or planning to consort with either
within or outside of marriage. The murdered male victims were usually
perceived as men who were unacceptable due to lower class or caste
status, because the marriage had not been arranged by the woman's family
of origin, because they were not the woman's first cousin, or because
the men allegedly engaged in pre- or extramarital sex. Men were rarely
killed when they were alone; 81 percent were killed when the couple in
question was together.
Although Sikhs and Hindus do sometimes commit such murders, honor
killings, both worldwide and in the West, are mainly Muslim-on-Muslim
crimes. In this study, worldwide, 91 percent of perpetrators were
Muslims. In North America, most killers (84 percent) were Muslims, with
only a few Sikhs and even fewer Hindus perpetrating honor killings; in
Europe, Muslims comprised an even larger majority at 96 percent while
Sikhs were a tiny percentage. In Muslim countries, obviously almost all
the perpetrators were Muslims. With only two exceptions, the victims
were all members of the same religious group as their murderers.

In the West, 76 individuals or groups of multiple perpetrators killed
one hundred people. Of these perpetrators, 37 percent came from
Pakistan; 17 percent were of Iraqi origin while Turks and Afghans made
up 12 and 11 percent, respectively. The remainder, just under a quarter
in all, came from Albania, Algeria, Bosnia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guyana,
India, Iran, Morocco, and the West Bank.

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A Born-Again Christian Conservative and Fundamentalist. A Republican with a very pro-defense, pro-US Cold War view of politics and the world. I also have, as a non-Jew, a Pro-Israel political and religious position as a born-again Christian Conservative.