在学术写作中，学生往往被要求不要脱离阅读的主题。参考文献引用是一个证明，证明了学生做了合适的和足够的的阅读。这是必要的，以引用二手资料（从其他人的作品获取信息）作为一个礼貌的做法，以及避免抄袭（引用的想法或研究其他人的观点作为自己的看法），以验证思想的来源，以充实论据 In academic writing students are expected to read around the subject. Referencing is a way of demonstrating that appropriate and adequate reading has taken place. It is necessary to reference secondary sources (information taken from other people’s writing) as a courtesy to the originator and to avoid /essaygs/ PLAGIARISM (the act of presenting the ideas or discoveries of another person as your own), to verify the source of ideas, to substantiate arguments and to enable readers to follow-up source material.

PLAGIARISM is a very serious issue which is not dealt with in detail in this handout. ‘Students who attempt to gain an unfair advantage in this way will be punished appropriately’ Prof. Richard MURRAY – Dean of Hollings Faculty

Reference list 参考文献引用表

A list of references must be provided at end of all coursework, including projects and dissertations. This reference list contains details of all of the works used (cited either: (i) directly with quotation marks and page numbers or (ii) indirectly – paraphrased or summarised) to produce text of your work so that the source/author of all of ‘your’ submission may be identified. Page numbers are compulsory for direct quotations. Works are listed in alphabetical order by author; surname first followed by initials. If there is more than one work by the same author they are placed in date (chronological) order, earliest first. There is no need to separate books, journals and other sources; simply list all references in alphabetical order using the system outlined blow.

Note: If an author is cited more than once, chronological order is used. If the author has two or more references from the same year differentiate this by year followed by a letter, for example, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c etc.

Bibliography 参考书目

A bibliography may be requested in addition to references or in place of references as part of the coursework assignment – check with your tutor.

A bibliography is a complete list of all the works you have consulted in preparing the coursework or dissertation. Usually, it includes works that you have read but not actually cited in the text. If there is no reference list, the bibliography may also include references. The bibliography should comprise only items that you considered to have been important in forming your views.

INDEX
Page

1. Book 23
a. One author 23
b. Two authors 23
c. Three or more authors 23
d. Anonymous/no author 23
e. Two or more texts by different authors 23
f. More than one work by the same author 23
g. Secondary sources 23

Methods employed for:
(i) direct quotations (copying words form a secondary source);
(ii) paraphrased information (use of ideas but with rearrangement or synthesis of words from one or more sources); and
(iii) listing references are exemplified:

1. Book
The information required for referencing a book is:

author/s and/or editors (or the organisation/association if no author is listed or the title if no author or organisation is listed) - year of publication - title (in italics) - edition, volume number and translation (if applicable) - publisher - place (city) of publication

Take the title and author's name from the title page, not the cover.

The details of publication (publisher's name, place of publication and year of publication) can usually be found on the reverse of the title page. Sometimes there might be more than one year given. In that case, look for the word ‘edition’, or abbreviation ‘edn’. Use the latest year associated with this. If a book lacks details, it may be referenced using n.d. meaning no date and/or, n.p., no place.

d. Anonymous/no author
If no specific author is given but an organisation is named, use organisation name, for example. (Mintel, 1999). When no identification is possible, use either (Anon. 2003) or the title - (Management Styles, 2003) – if it is not too long.

e. Two or more texts by different authors
Separate text author(s)/dates with a semicolon and list either in:
(i) chronological order
e.g. (Brown, 2000; Black and White, 2001; Black, White and Grey, 2002) or alphabetical order
e.g. (Black and White, 2001; Black, White and Grey, 2002; Brown, 2000)

f. More than one work by the same author
(i) e.g. (Brown, 2000; 2001a; 2001b)
if Brown’s ideas have been summarised from three works written in 2000 and 2001.

g. Secondary sources
Secondary sources refer to the work of one author from within that of another being cited. It is preferable to consult and cite the parent source. However, if it is necessary to refer to a secondary source, both/all authors’ names should be provided. For example:
(i) ‘management by objectives was outdated’ (Violet, cited by Brown, 2000, p.23).
(ii) Violet (cited by Brown, 2000) maintained that….
(iii) Violet, X. (2000). Management in the future. In R. Brown (ed.) Management paradigms, Blackwell, Oxford, p.108.