The cerebrospinal fluid of patients with vs without intervertebral disc degeneration with and without low back pain was shown to differentially express proteins involved in inflammation and nerve injury.

Long-term, clinically important improvement in chronic low back pain can be achieved with lumbar total disc replacement and multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients whose low back pain does not respond to conservative therapy.

The ACP developed the guideline from randomized, controlled trials and systematic reviews published through April 2015 that focused on noninvasive pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for low back pain.