Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid Nodules

These are incredibly common, and are palpable in as much as 5% of women and 1% of men. Ninety-five percent are benign (adenoma, colloid nodule, cyst). Thyroid nodules are rarely associated with clinically apparent hyperfunction- ing or hypofunctioning.

twitchy and hyperexcitable lethargic and slow

Signs of neural hyperexcitability in hypocalcemia:

Primary hyperaldosteronism is

the autonomous overproduction of aldoste- rone despite a high pressure with a low renin activity. Eighty percent are from solitary adenoma. Most of the rest is from bilateral hyperplasia. It is rarely malignant.

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primary hyperaldosteronism =

High BP + hypokalemia

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Pheochromocytoma is

a nonmalignant lesion of the adrenal medulla autonomously overproducing catecholamines despite a high blood pressure.

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Pheochromocytoma is the answer when there is:

o Hypertension that is episodic in nature o Headacheo Sweatingo Palpitations and tremor

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Pheochromocytoma treatment

TreatmentPhenoxybenzamine is an alpha blocker that is the best initial therapy of pheochromocytoma. Calcium channel blocker and beta blockers are used afterwards.Pheochromocytoma is removed surgically or by laparoscopy.

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Dopamine agonists:

Cabergoline is better tolerated than bromocriptine.

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Cushingsyndromecanbeusedinterchangeablywiththe term

hypercortisolism. Cushing disease is a term used for the pituitary overproduction of ACTH.