Independent discovery by George Zweig

George Zweig proposed quarks (which he called "aces") independently from Murray Gell-Mann. His two papers on the subject are linked below. George studied under the supervision of Richard Feynman and received his PhD from Caltech in 1963. He spent the year 1963-1964 at CERN as an NRC Fellow, where he wrote these papers. At the time, CERN required that papers written by junior members of the theory group needed to be approved before they could be submitted for publication. This approval was not forthcoming in George's case, so it took a while for his work to be fully appreciated. Fortunately, this CERN policy was eliminated long ago. In 1964 George returned to Caltech, where he was a Professor in the high energy theory group for 20 years.
Unfortunately, George was unable to accept our invitation to speak at this symposium.