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Light-Activated Neurons May Restore Function to Paralyzed Muscles

EuroPhotonicsSep 2014
LONDON, April 10, 2014 — There is optimism that a new technique could help paralyzed muscles move again using light.

The technique, developed at University College London and King’s College London, could potentially restore the function of muscles afflicted by motor neuron disease or spinal cord injury.

A new technique using light on stem cell-derived motor neurons could potentially restore function to paralyzed muscles. Courtesy of Dr. Barney Bryson, University College London Institute of Neurology.
"This strategy has significant advantages over existing techniques that use electricity to stimulate nerves, which can be painful and often results in rapid muscle fatigue,” said Dr. Linda Greensmith of the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases at UCL's Institute of Neurology. “If the existing motor neurons are lost due to injury or disease, electrical stimulation of nerves is rendered useless as these, too, are lost."

The new method transplants motor neurons created from stem cells into injured nerve branches.

"We custom-tailored embryonic stem cells so that motor neurons derived from them can function as part of the muscle pacemaker device," said Dr. Ivo Lieberam of the Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology at King's College.

These cells were equipped with a molecular light sensor, allowing the researchers to control the motor neurons with flashes of blue light. They were able to adjust muscle control by modifying the intensity, duration and frequency of the light pulses.

A survival gene was then built in; the researchers said this helped the stem cell motor neurons stay alive when transplanted into the injured nerves.

Conducting the experiments on mice, the team demonstrated that the transplanted motor neurons grew along the injured nerves to connect successfully with the paralyzed muscles, which could then be controlled by pulses of blue light.

"This new technique represents a means to restore the function of specific muscles following paralyzing neurological injuries or disease," Greensmith said.

The researchers expect to be able to conduct human trials within the next five years. The work is published in Science (doi: 10.1126/science.1248523).