55 Strategic Recognition of Chinese Military and Security Experts in Recent Years: Centering on National Interests, Geopolitics, “Strategic Frontier”

Transition

70 Why Colleges’ Liberal Lean Is a Problem

75 An Analysis of Liaoning’s Case of Vote Buying for Being Deputies to the National People’s Congress: From the Perspectives of Behavior, Institution and Structure

Wisdom

88 Three Lives of Dr. Vavryk: Explaining One Myth from the Galicia’s Past, 1914-1956

110 Culture of Emblems and the Evolution of Swiss Confederation

Letters

123 China’s Obsession with Nuclear Weapons and Its Impact

137 In the Name of Islam: Islamicate Societies and Islamic Movements

146 The Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on European and American Societies

Summary of Issue 76 of the magazine Leaders

Securing the Energy Union: Five Pillars and Five Regions

The borders of the EU are no barriers to cooperating on energy market integration or security improvements, provided that it all takes place among states with harmonising regulatory environments and similar energy goals. Creating more harmonised and integrated energy markets in the EU’s neighbours should improve the energy security of both the European Union and its partners. Those member states facing the east and the south, in particular, are focused on relations with their non-EU neighbours, to minimize downsides and maximise upsides. The Energy Union is a potentially dynamic mechanism for framing these external relations, even if the frontiers of the Energy Union may blur as cooperation with these neighbours improves.

Why Colleges’ Liberal Lean Is a Problem

Consider, from the Higher Education Research Institute’s national surveys of faculty members and students, that in 2014, 32 percent of ﬁrst-year students considered themselves liberal or far left, compared with 60 percent of faculty members. That ratio of faculty-to-student political sentiment has increased since 1989, when the numbers were 24-percent liberal or far-left students to 41-percent for faculty members. That rise must have been at the expense of moderates, for in 1989, as now, there were few conservative faculty members. Meanwhile, the portion of the American populace at large that considers itself liberal or far left, 26 percent, is smaller even than that among students and has hardly changed in recent decades — it was 27 percent in 1989.

Three Lives of Dr. Vavryk: Explaining One Myth from the Galicia’s Past, 1914-1956

The political and creative activity of Vavryk, in principle, fits into the framework of Miroslav Hroch’s concept of chronological stages of nationalism. According to him, in stage A, the intellectuals, detached from the general population, begin to learn and study the folk culture; Then, in stage B, intellectuals begin to “educate” the people and engage in politics. Finally, in the final stage of C, the ideas of nationalism penetrate the population. The first stage, indicated by Hroch, the Galician “wake-up” passed by the end of the first third of the XIX century. The second, stretched for the next hundred years, has not been overcome. In this respect, it is not surprising that Vavryk’s poems on artistic merit and semantic content at most remained at the level of the 1870s.

55 Strategic Recognition of Chinese Military and Security Experts in Recent Years: Centering on National Interests, Geopolitics, “Strategic Frontier”

Transition

70 Why Colleges’ Liberal Lean Is a Problem

75 An Analysis of Liaoning’s Case of Vote Buying for Being Deputies to the National People’s Congress: From the Perspectives of Behavior, Institution and Structure

Wisdom

88 Three Lives of Dr. Vavryk: Explaining One Myth from the Galicia’s Past, 1914-1956

110 Culture of Emblems and the Evolution of Swiss Confederation

Letters

123 China’s Obsession with Nuclear Weapons and Its Impact

137 In the Name of Islam: Islamicate Societies and Islamic Movements

146 The Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on European and American Societies

Summary of Issue 76 of the magazine Leaders

Securing the Energy Union: Five Pillars and Five Regions

The borders of the EU are no barriers to cooperating on energy market integration or security improvements, provided that it all takes place among states with harmonising regulatory environments and similar energy goals. Creating more harmonised and integrated energy markets in the EU’s neighbours should improve the energy security of both the European Union and its partners. Those member states facing the east and the south, in particular, are focused on relations with their non-EU neighbours, to minimize downsides and maximise upsides. The Energy Union is a potentially dynamic mechanism for framing these external relations, even if the frontiers of the Energy Union may blur as cooperation with these neighbours improves.

Why Colleges’ Liberal Lean Is a Problem

Consider, from the Higher Education Research Institute’s national surveys of faculty members and students, that in 2014, 32 percent of ﬁrst-year students considered themselves liberal or far left, compared with 60 percent of faculty members. That ratio of faculty-to-student political sentiment has increased since 1989, when the numbers were 24-percent liberal or far-left students to 41-percent for faculty members. That rise must have been at the expense of moderates, for in 1989, as now, there were few conservative faculty members. Meanwhile, the portion of the American populace at large that considers itself liberal or far left, 26 percent, is smaller even than that among students and has hardly changed in recent decades — it was 27 percent in 1989.

Three Lives of Dr. Vavryk: Explaining One Myth from the Galicia’s Past, 1914-1956

The political and creative activity of Vavryk, in principle, fits into the framework of Miroslav Hroch’s concept of chronological stages of nationalism. According to him, in stage A, the intellectuals, detached from the general population, begin to learn and study the folk culture; Then, in stage B, intellectuals begin to “educate” the people and engage in politics. Finally, in the final stage of C, the ideas of nationalism penetrate the population. The first stage, indicated by Hroch, the Galician “wake-up” passed by the end of the first third of the XIX century. The second, stretched for the next hundred years, has not been overcome. In this respect, it is not surprising that Vavryk’s poems on artistic merit and semantic content at most remained at the level of the 1870s.