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Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 8 (search)

Such, as far as one can speak of so vast a multitude, was the state of
feeling at Rome. Among the provinces, Spain was under the government of Cluvius Rufus, an
eloquent man, who had all the accomplishments of civil life, but who was
without experience in war. Gaul, besides remembering
Vindex, was bound to Galba by the recently conceded privileges of
citizenship, and by the diminution of its future tribute. Those Gallic
states, however, which were nearest to the armies of Germany, had not been treated with the same respect, and
had even in some cases been deprived of their territory; and these were
reckoning the gains of others and their own losses with equal indignation.
The armies of Germany were at once alarmed and
angry, a most dangerous temper when allied with such strength; while elated
by their recent victory, they feared because they might seem to have
supported an unsuccessful party. They had been slow to re-
volt
from Nero, and Verginius had not immediately de

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 13 (search)

ealth, in vain,
he would think, rescued from Nero, if it was to be left with Otho. For
Otho's had been a neglected boyhood and a riotous youth, and he had made
himself agreeable to
MUTINY IN GERMANY; OTHO'S CANDIDACY
Nero by emulating his
profligacy. For this reason the Emperor had entrusted to him, as being the
confidant of his amours, Poppæa Sabina, the imperial favourite, until
he could rid himself of his wife Octavia. Soon suspecting him with regard to
this same Poppæa, he sent him out of the way to the province of Lusitania, ostensibly to be its governor. Otho ruled the
province with mildness, and, as he was the first to join Galba's party, was
not without energy, and, while the war lasted, was the most conspicuous of
the Emperor's followers, he was led to cherish more and more passionately
every day those hopes of adoption which he had entertained from the first.
Many of the soldiers favoured him, and the court was biassed in his favour,
because he resembled Ner

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 21 (search)

Otho, meanwhile, who had
nothing to hope while the State was tranquil, and whose whole plans depended
on revolution, was being roused to action by a combination of many motives,
by a luxury that would have embarrassed even an emperor, by a poverty that a
subject could hardly endure, by his rage against Galba, by his envy of Piso.
He even pretended to fear to make himself keener in desire. "I was," said
he, "too formidable to Nero, and I must not look for another Lusitania, another honourable exile. Rulers always
suspect and hate the man who has been named for the succession. This has
injured me with the aged Emperor, and will injure me yet more with a young
man whose temper, naturally savage, has been rendered ferocious by prolonged
exile. How easy to put Otho to death! I must therefore do and dare now while
Galba's authority is still unsettled, and before that of Piso is
consolidated. Periods of transition suit great attempts, and delay is
useless where inaction is more

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 22 (search)

at
would leave them to others. The astrologers also urged him to action,
predicting from their observation of the heavens revolutions, and a year of
glory for Otho. This is a class of men, whom the powerful cannot trust, and
who deceive the aspiring, a
OTHO'S
INTRIGUES
class which will always be proscribed in this country, and
yet always retained. Many of these men were attached to the secret councils
of Poppæa and were the vilest tools in the employ of the imperial
household. One of them, Ptolemæus, had attended Otho in Spain, and had there foretold that his patron would
survive Nero. Gaining credit by the result, and arguing from his own
conjectures and from the common talk of those who compared Galba's age with
Otho's youth, he had persuaded the latter that he would be called to the
throne. Otho however received the prediction as the words of wisdom and the
intimation of destiny, with that inclination so natural to the human mind
readily to believe in the mysteriou

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 37 (search)

demanded it, massacred so many thousands of perfectly guiltless
soldiers. A shudder comes over my soul, whenever I call to mind that ghastly
entry, Galba's solitary victory, when, before the eyes of the capital he
gave orders to decimate the prisoners, the suppliants, whom he had admitted
to surrender. These were the auspices with which he entered the city. What
is the glory that he has brought to the throne? None but that he has
murdered Obultronius Sabinus and Cornelius Marcellus in Spain, Betuus Chilo in Gaul,
Fonteius Capito in Germany, Clodius Macer in Africa, Cingonius on the high road, Turpilianus in the
city, Nymphidius in the camp. What province, what camp in the world, but is
stained with blood and foul with crime, or, as he expresses it himself,
purified and chastened? For what others call crimes he calls reforms, and,
by similar misnomers, he speaks of strictness instead of barbarity, of
economy instead of avarice, while the cruelties and affronts inflicted u

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 49 (search)

his own. His family could boast an ancient nobility,
his wealth was great. His character was of an average kind, rather free from
vices, than distinguished by virtues. He was not regardless of fame, nor yet
vainly fond of it. Other men's money he did not covet, with his own he was
parsimonious, with that of the State avaricious. To his freedmen and friends
he shewed a forbearance, which, when he had fallen into worthy hands, could
not be blamed; when, however, these persons were worthless, he was even
culpably blind. The nobility of his birth and the perils of the times made
what was really indolence pass for wisdom. While in the vigour of life, he
enjoyed a high military reputation in Germany; as
proconsul he ruled Africa with moderation, and when
advanced in years shewed the same integrity in Eastern
Spain. He seemed greater than a subject while he was yet in a subject's
rank, and by common consent would have been pronounced equal to empire, had
he never been emperor.

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 62 (search)

Wonderful was the contrast between the army and the
Emperor. The army was all eagerness; they cried out war, while Gaul yet wavered, and Spain
hesitated. "The winter," they said, "the delays of a cowardly inaction must
not stop us. We must invade Italy, we must seize the
capital; in civil strife, where action is more needed than deliberation,
nothing is safer than haste." Vitellius, on the contrary, was sunk in sloth,
and anticipated the enjoyment of supreme power in indolent luxury and
prodigal festivities. By mid-day he was half-intoxicated, and heavy with
food; yet the ardour and vigour of the soldiers themselves dis-
PLANS TO INVADE ITALY
charged all the duties of a general as well
as if the Emperor had been present to stimulate the energetic by hope and
the indolent by fear. Ready to march and eager for action, they loudly
demanded the signal for starting; the title of Germanicus was at once
bestowed on Vitellius, that of Cæsar he refused to accept, even after
his v

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
I, chapter 76 (search)

The first encouraging tidings came to Otho from Illyricum. He heard that the legions of Dalmatia, Pannonia, and Mœsia had sworn allegiance to him. Similar
intelligence was received from Spain, and Cluvius
Rufus was commended in an edict. Immediately afterwards it became known that
Spain had gone over to Vitellius. Even Aquitania, bound though it was by the oath of allegiance
to Otho which Julius Cordus had administered, did not long remain firm.
Nowhere was there any loyalty or affectionSpain had gone over to Vitellius. Even Aquitania, bound though it was by the oath of allegiance
to Otho which Julius Cordus had administered, did not long remain firm.
Nowhere was there any loyalty or affection; men changed from one side to the
other under the pressure of fear or necessity. It was this influence of fear
that drew over to Vitellius the province of Gallia
Narbonensis, which
PRAETORIANS LOYAL;
PROVINCES WAVER
turned readily to the side that was at once the
nearer and the stronger. The distant provinces, and all the armies beyond
the sea, still adhered to Otho, not from any attachment to his party, but
because there was vast weight in the name of the capital and the prestige of

Cornelius Tacitus, The History (ed. Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brodribb), BOOK
II, chapter 32 (search)

"The entire army of
Vitellius," he said, "has already arrived. Nor have they much strength in
their rear, since Gaul is ready to rise, and to
abandon the banks of the Rhine, when such hostile
tribes are ready to burst in, would not answer his purpose. A hostile people
and an intervening sea keep from him the army of Britain; Spain is not over full
of troops; Gallia Narbonensis has been cowed by the
attack of our ships and by a defeat; Italy beyond
the Padus is shut in by the Alps, cannot be relieved from the sea, and has been
exhausted by the passage of his army. For that army there is nowhere any
corn, and without supplies an army cannot be kept together. Then the
Germans, the most formidable part of the enemy's forces, should the war be
protracted into the summer, will sink with enfeebled frames under the change
of country and climate. Many a war, formidable in its first impetuosity, has
passed into nothing through the weariness of delay. We, on the other hand,
hav