"That made me think."

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In the sentence to translate “That made me think” the verb is third person singular, i.e. it must agree with the subject of the sentence which is the word “that”. The verb form in Spanish for “hacer” in third person singular (past tense) is “hizo”.

No. First we need to find out the direct and the indirect object. the verb is "made" so, to find the direct object we ask, "what?" to the verb, what made? "Think" is the direct object, (to find the indirect object we ask, who or what received it?) What received it? "Me" is the indirect object. Your sentence does not have an indirect object and without one there couldn't be an indirect, it would be right if it was "Eso le (to him/her) hizo pensarme" "that made him think about me". The indirect object is "him" and "me" would be the indirect object for the verb "think" (think about what? About me) I don't know if I explained it well but I hope so.

Edit: I read this again and it's incoherent, sorry if it confused you, just look at "pensarme" as "think about me" then your sentence would be "that made think about me". See? It doesn't make sense.

I didn't know if "hacer" had the same sense of making someone do something as the English word "make", so I tried "eso me obligó a penser" (that forced me to think) but it was wrong. Oops. :p Is there another verb I could have used (besides hacer)?

I believe the general rule is that you don't need to add "a" before an infinitive because the infinitive already contains it, e.g. "pensar" already means "to think".

The exception is when the verb preceding the infinitive is a verb of motion. The most common example of that would be the verb "ir", for example "va a pensar" (he/she is going to think). Another example could be "voy a pasar a visitarte" (I am going to pass by to visit you) here "pasar" is also followed by "a" because "pasar" is also a verb of motion.

Because hacer doesn't need a preposition to introduce the infinitive verb. The following verbs need an a to introduce it:

Acostumbrarse (to get use to) / Acostumbrar doesn't need it.

Alcanzar (to manage).

Aprender (to learn).

Aspirar (to aspire).

Comenzar (to begin).

Empezar (to begin).

Enseñar (to teach).

Entrar (to enter).

Incitar (to incite).

Ir (to go).

Jugar (to play).

Llegar (to get to).

Obligar (to force).

Poner(se) (Transitive: To make somebody do something / Pronominal: To start doing something)

Tentar (to tempt).

Those are just some of them. And there is the special case that is mandar, it has two different meanings depending on the preposition, mandar + infinitive means to order somebody, whilst mandar + a + infinitive means to send somebody to a place to do something.

This construction has a verb called a "causative verb" in English (I don't know what it's called in Spanish, sorry). It's when the Subject (someone/something) causes something else to happen, or when the Subject (someone) causes someone else to do something. Three verbs (that I'm aware of/remember) use this construction with a "bare infinitive" (an infinitive without "to"): make, let, and have (Note: in this use of have it means similar to "make [someone do something]").

Examples:
"The movie, Amistad, always makes me cry."
"The doctor made me remove my shirt."
"Mom lets me make cakes even though I'm only four."
"Mother always have me do the dishes after dinner which I hate."

Other causative verbs use "to-infinitive" in construction:
"Mom allows me to make cakes even though I'm only four."

Yes, in a sense creer can be correct.. If that something made a believer out of you then your use of creer is appropriate. But if it just made you think (or become pensive) about something then pensar is more appropriate.