Laodicea Ad Lycum

LAODICEA AD LYCUM (mod. Denizli, q.v.) was founded probably by Antiochus II. Theos (261-46 B.C.), and named after his wife Laodice. Its
site is close to the station of Gonjeli on the Anatolian railway. Here was one of the oldest homes of Christianity and the seat of one of the seven churches of
the Apocalypse. Pliny states (v. 29) that the town was called in older times Diospolis and Rhoas; but at an early period Colossae, a few miles to the east, and
Hierapolis, 6 m. to the north, were the great cities of the neighbourhood, and Laodicea was of no importance till the Seleucid foundation (Strabo, p. 578). A
favourable site was found on some low hills of alluvial formation, about 2 m. S. oftheriverLycus(ChurukSu)and9m.E.of the confluence of the Lycus and Maeander.
The great trade route from the Euphrates and the interior passed to it through Apamea. There it forked, one branch going down the Maeander valley to Magnesia
and thence north to Ephesus, a distance of about 90 m., and the other branch crossing the mountains by an easy pass to Philadelphia and the Hermus valley,
Sardis, Thyatira and at last Pergamum. St Paul (Col. iv. 15) alludes to the situation of Laodicea beside Colossae and Hierapolis; and the order in which the
last five churches of the Apocalypse are enumerated (Rev. i. n) is explained by their position on the road just described. Placed in this situation, in the
centre of a very fertile district, Laodicea became a rich city. It was famous for its money transactions (Cic. Ad Fam. ii. 17, iii. 5), and for the beautiful
soft wool grown by the sheep of the country (Strabo 578). Both points are referred to in the message to the church (Rev. iii. 17, 18).

Little is known of the history of the town. It suffered greatly from a siege in the Mithradatic war, but soon recovered its prosperity under the Roman
empire. The Zeus of Laodicea, with the curious epithet Azeus or Azeis, is a frequent symbol on the city coins. He is represented standing, holding in the
extended right hand an eagle, in the left a spear, the hasta pura. Not far from the city was the temple of Men Karou, witfy a great medical school; while
Laodicea itself produced some famous Sceptic philosophers, and gave origin to the royal family of Polemon and Zenon, whose curious history has been illustrated
in recent times (W. H. Waddington, Melanges de Numism. ser. ii.; Th. Mommsen, Ephem. Epigraph, i. and ii. ; M. G. Rayet, Milet et le Golfe Latmique, chap. v.).
The city fell finally into decay in the frontier wars with the Turkish invaders. Its ruins are of wide extent, but not of great beauty or interest; there is no
doubt, however, that much has been buried beneath the surface by the frequent earthquakes to which the district is exposed (Strabo 580; Tac. Ann. xiy. 27).

See W. M. Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, i.-ii. (1895); Letters to the Seven Churches (1904) ; and the beautiful drawings of Cockerell in the
Antiquities of Ionia, vol. iii. pi. 47-51. (A. H. S.)