Introduction Trade policy is a collection of rules and regulations which pertain to trade. Every nation has some form of trade policy in place, with public officials formulating the policy which they think would be most appropriate for their country. The purpose of trade policy is to help a nation's international trade run more smoothly, by setting clear standards and goals which can be understood by potential trading partners. In many regions, groups of nations work together to create mutually beneficial trade policies. Things like import and export taxes, tariffs, inspection regulations, and quotas can all be part of a nation's trade policy. Some nations attempt to protect their local industries with trade policies which place a heavy burden on importers, allowing domestic producers of goods and services to get ahead in the market with lower prices or more availability. Others eschew trade barriers, promoting free trade, in which domestic producers are given no special treatment, and international producers are free to bring in their products. Safety is sometimes an issue in trade policy. Different nations have different regulations about product safety, and when goods are imported into a country with stiff standards, representatives of that nation may demand the right to inspect the goods, to confirm that they conform with the product safety standards which have been laid out. Security is also an issue, with nations wanting to protect themselves from potential threats while maintaining good foreign relations with frequent trading partners.

Definition“Trade Policy is a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports. Most countries have some form of trade barriers that hinder free trade. A trade restriction or trade barrier is a means of preventing a foreign product or service from freely entering a nation’s territory.”

TypesTrade policy may be characterized as either free trade policy(or an outward looking policy) or a restricted trade policy (or inward looking policy). The further description of these types is given below:

1. Free Trade Policy
IntroductionFree trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports) or quotas. According to the law of comparative advantage, the policy permits trading partners mutual gains from trade of goods and services. Under a free trade policy, prices emerge from supply and demand, and are the sole determinant of resource allocation. 'Free' trade differs from other forms of trade policy where the allocation of goods and services among trading countries are determined by price strategies that may differ from those that would emerge under deregulation. These governed prices are the result of government intervention in the market through price adjustments or supply restrictions, including protectionist policies. Such government interventions can increase as well as decrease the cost of goods and services to both consumers and producers. Since the mid-20th century, nations have increasingly reduced tariff barriers and currency restrictions on international trade. Other barriers, however, that may be equally effective in hindering trade include import quotas, taxes, and diverse means of subsidizing domestic industries. Interventions include subsidies, taxes and tariffs, non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation and import quotas, and even inter-government managed trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) (contrary to their formal titles) and any...

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...2. Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government tradepolicy – the interests of producers (businesses and their employees) or those of consumers?
Tradepolicy is a collection of rules and regulations when pertain to trade. Every nation has some form of tradepolicy, to help a nation’s international trade run more smoothly by setting clear standards and goals which can be understood by potential partner. Tradepolicy is a part of import and export taxes, tariffs, inspection regulations and quotas. The purpose of tradepolicy is to protect their local industries from heavy burden on importers and allowing domestics producers of goods and services to get ahead in the market with lower prices or more availability.
Implementation on tradepolicy hurts the consumer more than the producers. It is because the consumers need to pay higher prices on the import products due to limits on the competition of foreign countries. Meanwhile, the producers win because they are getting more money for the higher price goods due to foreign competition. Globally, business win because of tradepolicy which controlled by government and more concerned on producer and not as much for the consumer. By establishing tariffs to protect the competition from...

...POLICY PARALYSIS AND NEED FOR SECOND GENERATION
REFORMS IN INDIA
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Global economic condition and internal issues such as policy indexes, corruption and
subsides hampered India Growth Story.
The primary reason for Slow-Down of Indian Economy
 Global Slowdown
Global Economic downturn affected India’s exports and services business
 Coalition government
No strong figurehead emerged from the coalition government
Government policies were populistic rather than futuristic for long term growth
 Policy Paralysis
Slowdown of economic reforms made India an unsuitable destination to run business
 Corruption
Government accused of multiple scams such as $5bn Telecom Spectrum scam, $29bn Coal
mine scam, Vodafone Royalty payment issue etc.
 Implementation Bottlenecks
Improper action plan and poor allocation of funds resulted in delayed projects that led to
overruns of 15 BN
Policy Paralysis:






Improper action plan & allocation of budgeting which lead to delay of project and cost
overrun by 1.74 lakh crores
Manufacturing sector contracting from growth of 3.5 % in 2011-2012 to 3.1% in 2012-2013
due to lack of investment from foreign companies. This is due to the uncertainty created by
government policies further weakened by scams
301 central projects which require investment of more than 150 crore were delayed
Due to law and order, delay in land acquisition funds constraint...

...Introduction
Public policy, in general, refers to a broad ranging issue which may deal with a wide variety of substantive areas such as education, health, housing and others. Harold Dwight Lasswell, an American political scientist, has made a great contribution to the study of policy-making, declaring policy as a process – “a set of phenomena organised in time and led by a number of specific and self-induced mechanisms” (1951). The key emphasis of public policy has been set on the part played by policy institutions and structures of government and on the processes associated with policy-making. This essay will discuss about the role of various institutions in policy-making process with reference to Brunei Darussalam’s education policy: the National Education System for 21st Century, also known as Sistem Pendidikan Negara Abad 21 or in short, SPN21.
SPN21 as an Education Policy in Brunei Darussalam
The Ministry of Education in Brunei Darussalam is obligated in providing an educational system designed to diversify and broaden the provision of education as a package from primary to higher education to incorporating technical & vocational education, ensure a promising future for the country and prepare the younger generation for future roles as resourceful, competent and intellectual citizens. Hence, the education policy of SPN21 was...

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MODELS OF POLICY MAKING
Reaction Paper
Submitted to:
The Graduate School of
Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP)
ATTY. CYRIL RAMOS
Professor/ Specialist
In partial fulfillment of the Requirements in
DEM 739: EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATIONS & POLICY ANALYSIS
By:
JANICE L. LOZADA-HILAO
DEM Student
December 20, 2014
I. INTRODUCTION
On the level of the individual, we are often confronted with problems and issues every day. On the basis of our analysis of these problems and issues, we make decisions. Yet even though these decisions are made on the individual level, there are factors from our environment (or those that are external to us as individuals) that affect the way we decide. Some of these factors are the values held by our family and the community, and its structure, the resources available, the possible consequences of our actions, and the model that determines and guides the whole process.
From the individual level, we now move to society. A group of people, say a community or a state must make decisions also. An analysis of the problem or the issue must be made and a decision must be arrived at. Most often than not, these decisions become what we know as a policy, which may either be in the form of a statute, a program, a ruling, or a course of action. Our appreciation of the whole process is mostly affected by our individual circumstances, our environment and the model, which serves as the...

... Jagannath University
Date of Submission: 22-02-2014
Group Members
SL. NO. NAME ID NO.
1 SOHEL RANA B 110203076
2 NURNOBY RAHMAN 115234
3 UZZWAL HALDER B 110203046
4 IMAM HOSSAIN B 110203026
5 FARHANA BHUIYAN B 110203106
6 SUMAIYA YASMIN B 110203104
7 HAFIZUR RAHMAN B 110203025
8 FATEMA AKTER B 110203006
9 KHALILUR RAHMAN B 110203055
10 TOHIDUL ISLAM B 110203024
Letter of Transmittal
Shaikh Masrick Hasan
Course Coordinator
Money and Banking
Dept. of Finance
Jagannath University
Subject: To submit a report on “Impact of protectionist tradepolicy on the domestic industry and economy”
Sir
With a great respect, we are informing you that we have prepared a report on “Impact of protectionist tradepolicy on domestic industry and economy.” We feel great pleasure for submitting this report to you, which will definitely help us to be successful in our future life and to complete the BBA program.
During the preparation of this report, we have experienced a lot that will greatly help us in our further studies and carrier life. It has enlightened our practical knowledge in the practical world of business. The experience we got from here will help us to contribute these techniques in our practical life. We tried our level best to develop a good report.
We would like to thank you for giving us such an...

...Assess the relationship between sociology and social policy (33 marks)
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Most sociologists are interested in ‘normal’ behaviour and not just behaviour seen as a social problem. Simmel was interested in revealing the universal characteristics present in all social relationships, whether in an office, a family or a bus queue. Similarly historical studies of the social structure of the Roman Empire may have...

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An order from government had been instructed in order to set up the implementation coordination machinery so that the aim of OPP3 will be achieved parallel with vision 2020. In order to fasten the process of planning, implementation and monitoring the project that need electronic report, the Project Monitoring System II under E-Government will be used. The monitoring aspect as well as the analytical policy evaluation and development project are important to ensure that government development plan will be implemented consistently at all level and eventually achieve the objectives of National Vision Policy.
The implementation of OPP3 will begin with Eighth Malaysian Plan whereby it will emphasize on national development towards the year 2020. The implementation of development plan in the new era requires more effective implementation coordination machinery due to globalization and liberalization, as well as information communication technology (ICT).
Therefore the main strategies that will be implemented through implementation coordination machinery to overcome the challenges faced by our country are as follow:
a) Maintain the strong macroeconomics management and increase economic growth based on knowledge, for example k-economy;
b) Strengthen the productivity growth through knowledge and skill of the workers as well as improving the research and...

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