A Big Break for Bio-Gasoline

While the world waits for a better battery (and a energy grid system that doesn’t require constant power making), scientists are hard at work trying to teach old fuels a new trick. Thankfully an international team of bioengineers has boosted the ability of bacteria to produce isopentenol, a compound with desirable gasoline properties. The finding, if it is not obvious, is a significant step toward developing a bacterial strain that can yield industrial quantities of renewable bio-gasoline.

The metabolic engineering steps to produce short-chain alcohol solvents like isopentenol in the laboratory bacteria, called Escherichia coli have been worked on extensively by many research groups and this is the big result.

“Biofuels are one tool in the array of alternative energy solutions that can be used in our infrastructure immediately,” head researcher, Aindrila Mukhopadhyay says. Sustainably produced fuel compounds can be added directly into gasoline blends used today to offset reliance on fossil fuels and also lower the net carbon emissions from vehicles.

“But the solvent-like compounds inhibit microbial growth and that was an aspect that we realized would come up sooner rather than later,” says Mukhopadhyay, who amongst other things, holds a joint appointment at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

“We wanted to look at that aspect with a systems biology approach—could we engineer bacteria to also tolerate the solvent it is producing?”

Improving tolerance is key to moving production toward levels that are industrially relevant. Industrial production requires a robust strain that can stably produce for longer periods of time and withstand the accumulation of the solvent-like biofuel.

To address this challenge, the team treated a non-producing E. coli strain with isopentenol by adding it to the culture. As the bacteria responded to the solvent-stressor, the team measured which genes were shifted up or down by looking at messenger RNA transcripts across the entire genome.

They chose 40 genes that the bacteria cranked up in response to isopentenol—presumably because their actions helped mitigate the toxicity in some way. Next, they overexpressed each one in a bacterial strain actively producing isopentenol to see which ones might improve the strain’s growth.

Of the eight genes that rescued growth, two stood out as promising—MetR, a biosynthesis regulator, that improved isopentenol production by 55%, and MdlB, a transporter, that improved production by 12%. If the researchers bumped up the levels of the MdlB transporter protein inside the cells even further, they saw production improve by as much as 60% over the original strain.

“Finding a transporter really appealed to us because it has the potential to export the final solvent product out of the cell,” says Mukhopadhyay. “And in this case, once enough alcohol gets outside the cell, it might phase separate and not even be accessible to the organism anymore.” In other words, the biofuel would separate away to sit atop the watery broth the bacteria live in.

As an added bonus, the MdlB protein is a good candidate for directed evolution experiments that could improve the performance and specificity of the transporter for shuttling isopentenol out as quickly as possible. Combining a more efficient transporter with other genes that improved tolerance might produce a strain that can generate bio-gasoline for the gas pump in the near future.

While I am glad we’ve come this far with the production of biofuel, given it should be a direct replacement for traditional gasoline without the strain on our food supply making it cheap and effective to implement, I am still a little weary. While I commend the researchers and the joint effort, I still hope that the end goal will be to move away from fuels like this altogether.