Cut emissions further or face risks of high air pollution, study shows

Aug 01, 2012

The MPI (Multipollutant index) describes the degree of air pollution, by summarizing pollutants with effects on human health (i.e. ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides) in a single value. A natural scenario (without human-induced emissions) is here compared with a simulated scenario for 2025 (top) and 2050 (bottom). The simulations describe the air pollution as a global problem. The yellow tint base means that the level of air pollution can affect human health. Orange and red areas indicate the calculated hotspot with hazardous air quality. Especially Asia and India are affected. Credit: MPI for Chemistry

Most of the world's population will be subject to degraded air quality in 2050 if man-made emissions continue as usual. In this 'business-as-usual' scenario, the average world citizen 40 years from now will experience similar air pollution to that of today's average East Asian citizen. These conclusions are those of a study published today in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, an Open Access journal of the European Geosciences Union (EGU).

Air pollution is a major health risk that may worsen with increasing industrial activity. At present, urban outdoor air pollution causes 1.3 million estimated deaths per year worldwide, according to the World Health Organisation [1].

"Strong actions and further effective legislation are essential to avoid the drastic deterioration of air quality, which can have severe effects on human health," concludes the team of scientists, led by Andrea Pozzer of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Italy (now at the Max Planck Institute of Chemistry in Germany), in the new paper.

The researchers studied the impact of man-made emissions on air quality, assuming past emission trends continue and no additional climate change and air pollution reduction measures (beyond what is in place since 2005) are implemented. They point out that, while pessimistic, the global emissions trends indicate such continuation.

"At present the post-Kyoto climate negotiations are progressing slowly, and it is unclear how air quality policies will develop globally," explains co-author Greet Janssens-Maenhout of the European Commission Joint Research Centre in Italy. "In regions with economic growth, it might be less effective to implement emission-reduction measures due to strong growth in activities in particular sectors; in countries suffering from the economic downturn, implementing expensive air-quality measures could prove difficult in coming years," she adds.

"We show that further legislation to control and reduce man-made emissions is needed, in particular for eastern China and northern India, to avoid hot-spots of elevated air pollution," says Pozzer. Combined with the fact that these are regions of high population density, elevated air pollution here would mean that air quality would worsen significantly for the average world citizen in 2050.

Air pollution would also increase in Europe and North America, but to a much lesser extent than in Asia, due to the effect of mitigation policies that have been in place for over two decades.

Pozzer and his colleagues estimated air quality in 2005, 2010, 2025 and 2050 using an atmospheric chemistry model. "The model uses basic mathematical formulation to predict the meteorology and the chemical composition of the atmosphere," Pozzer explains. "In practice, it is a software used to forecast  or hindcast, for past years  the status of the atmosphere at specific times."

The results show that in 2025 and 2050, under the business-as-usual scenario studied, East Asia will be exposed to high levels of pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) [2]. Northern India and the Arabian Gulf region, on the other hand, will suffer a marked increase in ozone levels.

The analysis now published is the first to include all five major air pollutants know to negatively impact human health: PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide. The scientists considered pollutants released through human activity, as well as those occurring naturally such as desert dust, sea spray, or volcanic emissions.

Taking all pollutants into account, eastern China, northern India, the Middle East, and North Africa are projected to have the world's poorest air quality in the future. In the latter locations this is due to a combination of natural desert dust and man-induced ozone. The effect of anthropogenic pollution emissions are predicted to be most harmful in East and South Asia, where air pollution is projected to triple compared to current levels.

The study aimed to compare the influence of man-made emissions on air quality in different regions, and show how no-further legislation to reduce emissions can result in drastic deterioration of air quality worldwide compared to the present day situation.

[2] PM2.5 refers to pollutant particles less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic size, or about a quarter of the size of a cloud droplet. According to the WHO, "PM affects more people than any other pollutant." PM2.5 is more dangerous than particulate matter of larger size because these particles can reach the smallest of airways and interfere with gas exchange in the lungs. (Source: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsh… /fs313/en/index.html)

This research is presented in the paper Effects of business-as-usual anthropogenic emissions on air quality to appear in the EGU Open Access journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics on August 1, 2012.

The scientific article is available online, from the publication date onwards, at www.atmos-chem-phys.net/recent_papers.html. To receive a copy of the peer-reviewed paper before publication, please contact the EGU Media and Communications Officer.

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Weird. Not once did they mention how clean shale gas was. And the fact that the USA is burning way less coal because a cheap, clean, plentiful and easy to use fossil fuel exists

I notice that they don't mention reproduction and migration of blue whales in southern oceans either. How strange.

On the bright side, this report is based on the assumption of zero improvement, while in reality there will be global improvement even without an international treaty. In the case of transportation, for example, since the US, EU and other developed nations continue to raise emissions and mileage standards, the rest of the world will buy the same cars that are made to comply wtih our standards (to some extent). For example, Kia doesn't deliberately ship cars to China with worse mileage than the ones they ship to the US. Computers are another example of improved efficiency distributed globally. Everyone wants to save money, so some improvements will always happen.

Weird. Not once did they mention how clean shale gas was. And the fact that the USA is burning way less coal because a cheap, clean, plentiful and easy to use fossil fuel exists.

Nor did they mention solar, wind, hydro, etc. Yawn.

How much do those cost and how much CO2 do they produce compared to how much CO2 has shale gas prevented?

Hydro is a big CO2 / CH4 producer.

Shale gas is cheap, clean , efficient and for the US and Canada the money stays within the country, instead of enriching China or Denmark (or whoever is the cheapest producer of solar panels and wind turbines).

Weird. Not once did they mention how clean shale gas was. And the fact that the USA is burning way less coal because a cheap, clean, plentiful and easy to use fossil fuel exists.

Nor did they mention solar, wind, hydro, etc. Yawn.

Nor did they mention how the amish are polluting at an ever-accelerating rates with their wood stoves, manure and soil runoff, and degradation of paved roads with their studded horseshoes and buggy wheels. And homegrown tobacco smoke in unfiltered clay pipes.

And outrageously excessive procreation, the most egregious polluter of them all.

This article is lacking.

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