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Miguel Antonio Otero was born in Valencia, Nuevo México to Don Vicente Otero and Doña Gertrudis Aragón de Otero. Don Vicente had held prominent civic positions as judge and mayor in Valencia County, under both Spanish and Mexican Governments.

In 1852 Otero became the private secretary to the Governor of New Mexico, William C. Lane, and was elected to the second Legislative Assembly of the territory of New Mexico. In 1854 he was appointed attorney general for the territory, and served for two years. On July 23, 1856 he was seated as a Democratic Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, after successfully contesting the election of José Manuel Gallegos. With the support of the Bishop of New Mexico, Jean Baptiste Lamy, Otero was reelected to the next two Congresses, but was not a candidate for renomination in 1860.

An outspoken Congressman and a strong supporter of the railroad, Otero devoted much of his efforts to the construction of the transcontinental railroad through New Mexico. He introduced the Memorial of the New Mexican Railway Company, in Relation to the Pacific Railroad on May 21, 1860.[1]

After Otero had completed his term in Congress, President Abraham Lincoln nominated him to be minister to Spain in 1861. Otero declined that office to accept an appointment as secretary of the territory of New Mexico, but the Senate did not confirm him because of his involvement in the 1860 Democratic National Convention in South Carolina and his pro-confederate tendencies.

1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House

2.
New Mexico Territory
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In 1846, during the Mexican-American War, the U. S. provisional government of New Mexico was established. After the Mexican Republic formally ceded the region to the U. S. A. in 1848, earlier in the year 1850, a bid for New Mexico statehood was underway under a proposed state constitution prohibiting slavery. The request was approved at the time that the Utah Territory was created to the north. Texas raised great opposition to this plan, as it claimed much of the same territory, in addition, slaveholders worried about not being able to expand slavery to the west of their current slave states. The Compromise of 1850 put an end to the push for immediate New Mexico statehood, approved by the United States Congress in September 1850, the legislation provided for the establishment of New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory. It also firmly established the western boundary of Texas. The status of slavery during the territorial period provoked considerable debate, the granting of statehood was up to a Congress sharply divided on the slavery issue. Regardless of its status, slavery was rare in antebellum New Mexico. Black slaves never numbered more than about a dozen, as one of the final attempts at compromise to avoid the Civil War, in December 1860, a U. S. House of Representatives committee proposed to admit New Mexico as a slave state immediately. As in New Mexico, slavery was already limited, due to earlier Mexican traditions, laws. The northwestern corner of New Mexico Territory was included in Arizona Territory until it was added to the southernmost part of the newly admitted State of Nevada in 1864, eventually Arizona Territory was organized as the State of Arizona. The Purchase treaty defines the new border as up the middle of river to the point where the parallel of 31°47 north latitude crosses the same 31°47′0″N 106°31′41. Although this area was smaller than what had been included in the failed statehood proposal of early 1850, the Gadsden Purchase was acquired by the United States from Mexico in 1853/1854, arranged by the then-American ambassador to Mexico, James Gadsden. The land of 29,640 square miles provided an easily constructed route for a future southern transcontinental railroad line for the future Southern Pacific Railroad. The Colorado Territory was established by the Colorado Organic Act on February 28,1861 and this Act removed the Colorado lands from the New Mexico Territory. This Act left the New Mexico Territory with boundaries identical to the eventual State of New Mexico for a half-century until admitted to the Union in 1912 as the 47th state, as the route to California, New Mexico Territory was disputed territory during the American Civil War. S. Albuquerque, NM, University of New Mexico Press,2014

3.
John Sebrie Watts
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John Sebrie Watts was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. Born in Boone County, Kentucky, Watts moved to Indiana and he graduated from Indiana University at Bloomington, whereafter he studied law and was admitted to the bar and practiced. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1846 and 1847 and he served as associate justice of the United States court in the Territory of New Mexico from 1851 to 1854, when he resigned, after which he resumed the practice of law. Watts was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress and he served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864, and took an active part in equipping troops for the Union Army during the Civil War. He was appointed justice of the supreme court of New Mexico July 11,1868, by President Andrew Johnson. He resumed the practice of law in Santa Fe and he returned to Bloomington, Indiana, where he died June 11,1876, and was interred in Rose Hill Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

4.
Valencia County, New Mexico
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Valencia County is a county in the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 76,569, the county seat is Los Lunas. Valencia County is included in the Albuquerque, NM Metropolitan Statistical Area, valencia County has the longest record for predicting presidential election winners in the entire country, voting for the winning candidate in every election since 1952. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,068 square miles. It is the second-smallest county in New Mexico by area, the population density was 62 people per square mile. There were 24,643 housing units at a density of 23 per square mile. 54. 98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the family size was 3.25. In the county, the population was out with 30. 10% under the age of 18,8. 40% from 18 to 24,29. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 100.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,099, and the median income for a family was $37,157. Males had an income of $30,339 versus $23,132 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,747, about 13. 50% of families and 16. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 30% of those under age 18 and 10. 80% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 76,569 people,27,500 households, the population density was 71.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 30,085 housing units at a density of 28.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 73. 2% white,3. 8% American Indian,1. 4% black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific islander,17. 0% from other races, and 4. 0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 58. 3% of the population, in terms of ancestry,10. 9% were German,6. 7% were English,6. 1% were Irish, and 4. 2% were American. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.18

5.
Las Vegas, New Mexico
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Las Vegas is a city in and the county seat of San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. Once two separate municipalities both named Las Vegas, west Las Vegas and east Las Vegas, separated by the Gallinas River, retain distinct characters and separate, the population was 14,565 at the 2000 census. Las Vegas was established in 1835 after a group of settlers received a grant from the Mexican government. The town was out in the traditional Spanish Colonial style. Las Vegas soon prospered as a stop on the Santa Fe Trail, during the Mexican-American War in 1846, Stephen W. Kearny delivered an address at the Plaza of Las Vegas claiming New Mexico for the United States. In 1877 Las Vegas College, the precursor to Regis University, was founded in Las Vegas by a group of exiled Italian Jesuits, in 1887, Las Vegas College moved to Denver whereupon the name was changed. A railroad was constructed to the town in 1880, to maintain control of development rights, it established a station and related development one mile east of the Plaza, creating a separate, rival New Town, as occurred elsewhere in the Old West. The same competing development occurred in Albuquerque, for instance, during the railroad era Las Vegas boomed, quickly becoming one of the largest cities in the American Southwest. Since the decline and restructuring of the industry began in the 1950s. Although the two towns have been combined, separate school districts have been maintained, the anti-colonist organization Las Gorras Blancas was active in the area in the 1890s. The first billed Cowboy Reunions were held once a year within 1915 until 1931 and these reunions were meant to celebrate the ranching life that took place in northern New Mexico in the late 1800s. These reunions consisted of fair activities, including pie eating contests, barbecues. They brought the working cowhand and celebrities of Rodeos together in the town of Las Vegas, the Cowboy Reunions reflected the occupations of the area. The arrival of the railroad on July 4,1879 brought with it businesses, development and new residents, murderers, robbers, thieves, gamblers, gunmen, swindlers, vagrants, and tramps poured in, transforming the eastern side of the settlement into a virtually lawless brawl. Historian Ralph Emerson Twitchell once claimed regarding the Old West, Without exception there was no town which harbored a more disreputable gang of desperadoes, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.5 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,565 people,5,588 households, the population density was 1,938.2 people per square mile. There were 6,366 housing units at a density of 847.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 54. 21% White,0. 99% African American,1. 96% Native American,0. 61% Asian,0. 10% Pacific Islander,37. 19% from other races, and 4. 95% from two or more races

6.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

7.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website

8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

9.
St. Louis University
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Saint Louis University is a private Roman Catholic four-year research university with campuses in St. Louis, Missouri, United States and Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1818 by the Most Reverend Louis Guillaume Valentin Dubourg, It is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges, SLUs athletic teams compete in NCAAs Division I and are a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. It has an enrollment of 13,505 students, including 8,687 undergraduate students and 4,818 graduate students, representing all 50 states and its average class size is 23.8 and the student-faculty ratio is 12,1. For nearly 50 years the university has maintained a campus in Madrid, the campus has 675 students, a faculty of 110, an average class size of 15 and a student-faculty ratio of 7,1. Fred Pestello is the President, serving as the 33rd President of SLU since July 1,2014 and its first location was in a private residence located near the Mississippi River in an area now occupied by the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial within the Archdiocese of St. Louis. In 1827 Bishop Dubourg placed Saint Louis College in the care of the Society of Jesus, in 1829 it moved to Washington Avenue and Ninth at the site of todays Americas Center by the Edward Jones Dome. In 1867 after the American Civil War the University purchased Lindells Grove to be the site of its current campus, Lindells Grove was the site of the Civil War Camp Jackson Affair. While the Militia was arrested without violence, angry local citizens rushed to the site, Jackson later led a Missouri Confederate government-in-exile, dying of cancer in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1862. The first building on campus, DuBourg Hall, began construction in 1888, St. Francis Xavier College Church moved to its current location with the completion of the lower church in 1884. During the early 1940s, many priests, especially the Jesuits, began to challenge the segregationist policies at the citys Catholic colleges. After the Pittsburgh Courier, an African-American newspaper, ran a 1944 expose on St. Louis Archbishop John J, by summer of 1944, Saint Louis University had opened its doors to African Americans, after its president, Father Patrick Holloran, secured Glennons reluctant approval. At the time, then board chairman Fr. Paul Reinert, SJ, the board also shifted to an 18 to 10 majority of laypeople. From 1985 to 1992 the Chairman of the Board of Trustees was William H. T. Bush, the younger Bush also taught classes at the school. Since the move to lay oversight, debate has erupted many times over how much influence the Roman Catholic Church should have on the affairs of the university. The decision by the University to sell its hospital to Tenet Healthcare Corp. in 1997 met much resistance by local and national Church leaders, but went ahead as planned. In 2016 St. Louis University hospital found its present owner, SLUs campus consists of over 235 acres of land and 7.2 million GSF, with 131 buildings on campus. Saint Louis University has four libraries, pius XII Memorial Library is the general academic library

10.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance

11.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited what we now call Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe

12.
Fishkill, New York
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Fishkill is a village within the town of Fishkill in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The village population was 2,171 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The village is in the part of the town of Fishkill on U. S. Route 9. It is north of Interstate 84, NY52 is the main street. Fishkill is located in the territory of the Wappinger people. It was part of the Rombout Patent granted to Francis Rombouts, Gulian VerPlanck, the name Fishkill evolved from two Dutch words, vis and kil. In 1714, Dutch immigrants settled in the area, the village of Fishkill was a significant crossroads in the overland transportation network in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Kings Highway, connecting Albany to New York City, intersected with an overland route from New England to the Hudson River. Among the first to occupy the land now within the limits were Johannes Ter Boss. By 1716 the settlers wanted their own Dutch Reformed church so they would not have to cross the river to Kingston or New Paltz to worship, a congregation was established and the church building was finished in 1731. The first Dominie who arrived from the Netherlands in 1731 served churches in Poughkeepsie, the church was used as a military prison during the American Revolution. The fourth New York Provincial Congress met in the church in 1776, making Fishkill the state capital, Fishkill became part of one of the largest colonial military encampments during the Revolutionary War. General Washingtons aide-de-camp Alexander Hamilton took residence here, the Trinity Church, on Hopewell Avenue in the village, was organized in 1756 and the structure built in 1760. It was used as a hospital during the Revolutionary War, in 1871, construction began for a schoolhouse on Church Street. The site used for the schoolhouse belonged to the Fishkill Reformed Church and was used as pasture land for the pastors cow. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.89 square miles. U. S. Route 9 leads north 5 miles to Wappingers Falls, north 12 miles to Poughkeepsie, New York State Route 52 leads west 5 miles to Beacon and east 7 miles to the Taconic State Parkway in East Fishkill. Interstate 84 passes 1 mile south of the village, with access from Exit 12, via I-84 it is 7 miles west to Newburgh across the Hudson and 31 miles southeast to Danbury, Connecticut

13.
Mexican-American War
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It followed in the wake of the 1845 U. S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory in spite of its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824 and it was characterized by considerable instability, leaving it ill-prepared for conflict when war broke out in 1846. In 1845, Texas agreed to an offer of annexation by the U. S. Congress, and became the 28th state on December 29 that year. In 1845, James K. Polk, the newly-elected U. S. president, when that offer was rejected, American forces commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor were moved into the disputed territory. They were then attacked by Mexican forces, who killed 12 U. S. soldiers and these same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande. This led to the war and the loss of much of Mexicos northern territory. The U. S. army, under the command of Major General Winfield Scott, captured the capital, Mexico City, marching from the port of Veracruz. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and specified its major consequence, the U. S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt owed by the Mexican government to U. S. citizens, Mexico acknowledged the loss of Texas and thereafter cited the Rio Grande as its national border with the United States. The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of US President James K. Polk, at first, the war was highly controversial in the United States, with the Whig Party, anti-imperialists, and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. Critics in the United States pointed to the casualties suffered by U. S. forces. The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States, in Mexico, the war came in the middle of political turmoil, which increased into chaos during the conflict. Border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government, for the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Mexican rule, the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power. The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City, after independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority. In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios, there were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well. The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche–Mexico Wars, the Apache–Mexico Wars also made Mexicos north a violent place, with no effective political control. The Apache raids left thousands of people dead through out northern Mexico, when the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers. There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population, hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult

14.
Governor of New Mexico
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The Governor of the State of New Mexico is the chief executive of the state of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the branch of New Mexicos state government. Responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, the officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of The Honorable for life. The current governor is Susana Martinez, a Republican, Martinez won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 31st Governor of the state of New Mexico on January 1,2011. She is also the first elected governor of the state. In 1850, New Mexico was organized as a Territory, the office of Governor of the State of New Mexico was created in 1912 when New Mexico was officially admitted to the United States as the 47th state. Section Three of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution establishes the requirements a person must meet in order to become governor. The governor must be a citizen of the United States, be at least 30 years old, under Section One of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution, no person may hold the office of governor for more than two terms until one full term has intervened. The Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico is elected jointly as the mate of the gubernatorial candidate in the general election. While the governor heads the Executive Branch of the New Mexico state government, other state executives, such as the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, and the attorney general are also elected to office. Since 1954, the Governor of New Mexico has resided in the New Mexico Governors Mansion, prior to its construction, the governors residence was located adjacent to the New Mexico State Capitol in downtown Santa Fe. Before 1909, the governor resided in the Palace of the Governors, the Palace of the Governors is the oldest continuously occupied public building in the United States. If there is no lieutenant governor, or that person is unable to perform the duties of governor, if there is no Secretary of State, the President pro Tempore of the Senate serves as governor. If there is no President pro Tempore of the Senate, or if that person is unable to perform the duties of governor, see, List of Governors of New Mexico Official site of Governors office

15.
William C. Lane
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William Carr Lane was a doctor and the first Mayor of St. Louis, Missouri, serving from 1823 to 1829 and 1837 to 1840. He was also the Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1852 to 1853, born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania to Presley Carr Lane and Sarah Sallie Stephenson, Lane attended college in Pennsylvania and studied medicine in Louisville, Kentucky. He entered the U. S. Army, and was appointed post surgeon at Fort Harrison on the Wabash River north of Terre Haute and he resigned from the army in 1819 to enter private practice. He married February 26,1818 in Vincennes, Indiana to Miss Mary Ewing, daughter of Nathaniel Ewing and their children were Anne Ewing Lane, Sarah L. Lane, and Victor Carr Lane. Lane served as St. Louiss first mayor from 1823 to 1829 and he oversaw the first public health system in the city, free public schools, and street improvements, including the paving of Main Street. Lane helped erect the citys first town hall and he was also instrumental in beautifying the city with fountains and greenery. The City Seal was adopted, and election procedures were written, perhaps the most memorable event in his term was a visit by Lafayette in 1825, and a ball given in his honor. Lane served again as mayor from 1837 to 1840, in 1852, President Millard Fillmore appointed him to be the new governor of the New Mexico Territory. After this term, Lane returned to St. Louis and practiced medicine until his death in 1863 and he was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery. There is also a street in city of St. Louis named in his honor, william Carr Lane at Find a Grave

16.
United States Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

17.
U.S. House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House

18.
Jean Baptiste Lamy
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Jean-Baptiste Lamy, was a French Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Archbishop of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the United States. The American writer Willa Cathers novel Death Comes for the Archbishop is based on his life, Lamy was born in Lempdes, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Auvergne region of France. At the same time, he was appointed Titular Bishop of Agathonice, after an arduous journey on primitive transportation, Lamy reached Santa Fe in the summer of 1851. Lamy entered Santa Fe on 9 August 1851, and was welcomed by the Governor of the territory, James S. Calhoun, Lamy wrote to Zubiría asking him to explain the change of responsibility to the New Mexico priests. When his request was unanswered, he went in person to Durango to meet with Zubiría, in light of this, Zubiría had to agree to inform the priests of the change. On July 23,1853, the Vicariate of New Mexico was raised to the Diocese of Santa Fe, and Lamy was appointed its first bishop. His early efforts as bishop were directed to reforming the New Mexico church, the building of churches in the territory, the creation of new parishes. He ended the practice of concubinage widely practiced by the local priests and he participated in the First Vatican Council from 1869-1870. Lamy was responsible for the construction of the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, both churches were built in French styles familiar to Lamy — the Cathedral is Romanesque Revival, while the Chapel is Neo-Gothic. On February 12,1875, the Diocese of Santa Fe was elevated to an archdiocese with Lamy as its first archbishop, on May 1,1885, Lamy consecrated Peter Bourgade as bishop, Bourgade would later become the fourth Archbishop of Santa Fe. Lamy ended his tenure as bishop when he resigned in 1885 and he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Cyzicus later that year. He died of pneumonia in 1888 and is buried under the floor of the basilica. Lamy was succeeded as Archbishop of Santa Fe by Jean-Baptiste Salpointe, also from Puy-de-Dôme, France

19.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father

20.
Democratic National Convention
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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U. S, like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. The partys presidential nominee is chosen in a series of state caucuses. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a caucus or primary. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates and this number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was a contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a number of delegates needed. In 1912,1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots, backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention, dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The rules were changed to a majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention has taken place, before about 1970, the partys choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the nominee had little to do with the process. In order to prevent such things happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened. By 1824, the nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade, state conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21,1832, in that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the partys unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president

21.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation

22.
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
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The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as Santa Fe or AT&SF, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. Chartered in February 1859, the reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo, Colorado. To create a demand for its services, the set up real estate offices. Despite the name, its main line never served Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the terrain was too difficult, the Santa Fe was a pioneer in intermodal freight transport, an enterprise that included a tugboat fleet and an airline. Its bus line extended passenger transportation to areas not accessible by rail, the AT&SF was the subject of a popular song, Harry Warren & Johnny Mercers On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe, written for the film, The Harvey Girls. The railroad officially ceased operations on December 31,1996, when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway was chartered on February 11,1859, to join Atchison and Topeka, Kansas, with Santa Fe, in its early years, the railroad opened Kansas to settlement. Much of its revenue came from wheat grown there and from cattle driven north from Texas to Wichita, rather than turn its survey southward at Dodge City, AT&SF headed southwest over Raton Pass because of coal deposits near Trinidad, Colorado and Raton, New Mexico. D&RG paid an estimated $1.4 million to Santa Fe for its work within the Gorge and agreed not to extend its line to Santa Fe, while Santa Fe agreed to forego its planned routes to Denver and Leadville. Building across Kansas and eastern Colorado was simple, with few natural obstacles and it set up real estate offices in the area and promoted settlement across Kansas on the land that was granted to it by Congress in 1863. It offered discounted fares to anyone who traveled west to land, if the land was purchased. AT&SF reached Albuquerque in 1880, Santa Fe, the destination of the railroad, found itself on a short branch from Lamy. In March 1881 AT&SF connected with the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico, the railroad then built southwest from Benson, Arizona, to Nogales on the Mexican border where it connected with the Sonora Railway, which the AT&SF had built north from the Mexican port of Guaymas. The Atlantic & Pacific Railroad was chartered in 1866 to build west from Springfield, Missouri, the infant A&P had no rail connections. The line that was to become the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway would not reach Springfield for another four years, A&P started construction in 1868, built southwest into what would become Oklahoma, and promptly entered receivership. In 1879 A&P struck a deal with the Santa Fe and Frisco railroads to construct a line for each. The railroads would jointly build and own the A&P railroad west of Albuquerque, in 1883 A&P reached Needles, California, where it connected with an SP line. A&P also built a line between Tulsa, Oklahoma and St. Louis, Missouri for the Frisco, but the Tulsa-Albuquerque portion remained unbuilt, by January 1890, the entire system consisted of some 7,500 miles of track

23.
Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas

24.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver

25.
Riverside Cemetery (Denver, Colorado)
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Riverside Cemetery, established in 1876, is Denver, Colorados oldest operating cemetery. More than 67,000 people are buried there, including 1,000 veterans, Riverside Cemetery occupies a 77-acre site between Brighton Boulevard and the east bank of the South Platte River, approximately 4 miles down stream from downtown Denver, Colorado. The majority of Riverside Cemetery lies within Adams County, Colorado, however the rest of the cemetery, the volunteers of this foundation staff the Riverside Cemetery Office on Tuesdays and Thursdays and organize events and preservation projects for the cemeteries. Today, the neighborhood has become an industrial area, surrounded by a gas station, smokestacks, train tracks, and an industrial park. It remains a minor tourist attraction, in 2001,3,000 people went on walking tours of the site and they have also stopped watering and cut back drastically on services, claiming that their $2. They still employ two groundskeepers to pick up trash, but have had to refuse offers of help from volunteers due to liability issues. In 2005, Fairmount approached the city government and requested they take over operation of the cemetery, however, the city was forced to decline due to lack of funds. Local residents, concerned by the trees and grass and generally poor state of the cemetery, formed a group, Friends of Historic Riverside Cemetery. Being Denvers oldest operating cemetery, Riverside serves as the resting place for hundreds of local historical figures. With three Medal of Honor recipients buried there, it has the most such recipients of any cemetery in the state, john Bass, an early baseball pioneer, who was part of the first major league baseball season in 1871 James B. Congressman and lawyer Thomas Belt, English naturalist Hiram Pitt Bennet, congressman Henry P. H. Bromwell, U. S. National Register of Historic Places listings in Adams County, Colorado Fairmouny-cemetery. com Fairmount Heritage Foundation Student, Annette L. Thomas J. Noel. Denvers Riverside Cemetery, Where History Lies, Fairmount Cemetery Company - owner/operator of Riverside Cemetery Fairmount Heritage Foundation

26.
Miguel Antonio Otero (II)
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Miguel Antonio Otero II, nicknamed Gillie, was the 16th Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1897 to 1906 and in later life the author of several books on Western lore. He was the son of Miguel Antonio Otero, a prominent businessman, Miguel Antonio Otero had an adventurous boyhood as his father, a businessman and railroad baron, moved the family from town to town across Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. The family established a permanent home in Las Vegas, New Mexico about 1879 and he attended St. Louis University and the University of Notre Dame with his older brother Page, but preferred socializing to studying. He returned to Las Vegas in 1880 to work in his fathers bank, the naming of the three generations of Oteros is confusing and has been muddled by writers through the years. According to available evidence, the first Otero did not add any suffix to his name after his son was born, modern historians often append Sr. but this cannot be considered correct as his son never used Jr. In My Life on the Frontier, 1864–1882, his son gave Otero the parenthetical suffix, the second Otero also referred to himself without a suffix. It is incorrect to refer to the second Otero as Jr, the third Otero was known as Miguel Antonio Otero, Jr. But in My Life on the Frontier, his father also refers to him as Miguel Antonio Otero -- not, examples of these usages can be found in My Life on the Frontier, pages iv,280,285,286, and 292. Because the two older Oteros had exactly the name, there remains confusion over places that were named for them. Best evidence suggests all three were named after Miguel Antonio Otero. While working as a banker, land broker, and livestock broker in Las Vegas, in a few years, he served as city clerk, probate clerk, county clerk, and recorder, and district court clerk. In 1892 he served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention, when McKinley was elected President in 1896, he appointed Otero governor of the Territory of New Mexico. Given Oteros youth, his meager statewide experience, and his lack of support from political party. The Otero name was known in New Mexico, however. As New Mexico moved towards statehood, Otero survived struggles against a variety of factions in his own party. After McKinleys assassination, he survived a brutal battle with Thomas B. Catron to earn reappointment by President Theodore Roosevelt, in 1899, he chartered the first secondary school in Santa Fe, Santa Fe High School. The infighting eventually took its toll, and in 1906, Roosevelt replaced Otero after more than eight years in the governors mansion, at 46, Otero was still a young man when he left office

27.
Mariano S. Otero
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Mariano Sabino Otero was a Congressional delegate from the Territory of New Mexico, nephew of Miguel Antonio Otero and cousin of Miguel Antonio Otero. Born in Peralta, New Mexico, Otero attended private and parochial schools and St. Louis University and he engaged in commercial pursuits and stock raising, and subsequently became a banker. He was probate judge of Bernalillo County in 1871–1879 and he was also nominated by the Democratic State convention as a candidate for Delegate to the Forty-fourth Congress, but declined. Otero was elected as a Republican to the Forty-sixth Congress and he declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1880, but instead engaged in his former business pursuits. Otero served as commissioner of Bernalillo County in 1884–1886 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1888 to the Fifty-first Congress and in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress. He moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1889, and was interested in the manufacture of sulphur and he died in Albuquerque, and was interred in Santa Barbara Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

28.
Otero County, New Mexico
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Otero County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,797 and its southern boundary is the Texas state line. Otero County comprises the Alamogordo, NM Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 6,628 square miles, of which 6,613 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water. It is the third-largest county in New Mexico by area, lincoln National Forest White Sands National Monument As of the census of 2000, there were 62,298 people,22,984 households, and 16,801 families residing in the county. The population density was 9 people per square mile, there were 29,272 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile. 32. 16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was out with 29. 50% under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,28. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,861, and the median income for a family was $34,781. Males had an income of $27,657 versus $18,470 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,345, about 15. 60% of families and 19. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 90% of those under age 18 and 12. 80% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 63,797 people,24,464 households, the population density was 9.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 30,992 housing units at a density of 4.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 72. 7% white,6. 7% American Indian,3. 5% black or African American,1. 2% Asian,0. 2% Pacific islander,11. 5% from other races, and 4. 2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 34. 5% of the population, in terms of ancestry,13. 4% were German,8. 1% were English,8. 0% were Irish, and 4. 4% were American. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.05. The median age was 36.5 years, the median income for a household in the county was $39,615 and the median income for a family was $46,210

29.
Otero County, Colorado
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Otero County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,831, the county seat is La Junta. The county was named for Miguel Antonio Otero, one of the founders of the town of La Junta and a member of a prominent Hispanic family. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,270 square miles. The population density was 16 people per square mile, there were 8,813 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile. 37. 62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was out with 26. 90% under the age of 18,8. 90% from 18 to 24,24. 40% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,738, and the median income for a family was $35,906. Males had an income of $26,996 versus $21,001 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,113, about 14. 20% of families and 18. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 90% of those under age 18 and 11. 80% of those age 65 or over. La Junta Rocky Ford Cheraw Fowler Manzanola Swink La Junta Gardens North La Junta Index of Colorado-related articles G. W

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New Mexico's at-large congressional district
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From statehood in 1912 to 1969, New Mexico did not use congressional districts for its representatives to the United States House of Representatives. Instead, it elected its representatives statewide At-large, republicans held onto the seat in 1920 by nominating Néstor Montoya, the county clerk of Bernalillo County and former Speaker of the New Mexico Territorial Legislature. Montoya won with a combination of Hispanic voters and coat-tails from the election of President Warren Harding, otero-Warren was defeated by Democrat John Morrow, an educator and lawyer from northeast New Mexico. Morrow would win consecutive re-elections in 1924 and 1926, but lost re-election in 1928 to Albert G. Simms, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

31.
John S. Watts
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John Sebrie Watts was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. Born in Boone County, Kentucky, Watts moved to Indiana and he graduated from Indiana University at Bloomington, whereafter he studied law and was admitted to the bar and practiced. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1846 and 1847 and he served as associate justice of the United States court in the Territory of New Mexico from 1851 to 1854, when he resigned, after which he resumed the practice of law. Watts was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress and he served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864, and took an active part in equipping troops for the Union Army during the Civil War. He was appointed justice of the supreme court of New Mexico July 11,1868, by President Andrew Johnson. He resumed the practice of law in Santa Fe and he returned to Bloomington, Indiana, where he died June 11,1876, and was interred in Rose Hill Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

32.
Richard Hanson Weightman
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Richard Hanson Weightman was an antebellum delegate to the United States Congress from the Territory of New Mexico. He was also a commander of the secessionist Missouri State Guard during the American Civil War. Weightman attended private schools there and in Alexandria, Virginia and he graduated from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1834. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, 1835–1837 and he subsequently studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1841 in the District of Columbia, but did not practice. He moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and on May 28,1846, was elected captain of Clarks Battalion, Missouri Volunteer Light Artillery and he served as Additional Paymaster, Volunteers, in the Army in 1848 and 1849. He moved to New Mexico Territory in 1851 and edited a newspaper in Sante Fe and he was appointed agent for Indians in New Mexico in July 1851. While in Santa Fe in August 1854, he killed François Xavier Aubry who was a French Canadian merchant, when Aubry drew his revolver, Weightman stabbed Aubry with a Bowie knife. Weightman was elected as a Democrat and the Territorys first Delegate to the Thirty-second Congress and he was not a candidate for reelection in 1852, but resumed newspaper work. He moved to Kickapoo and Atchison, Kansas, in 1858, Weightman was elected colonel of the First Regiment Cavalry, Eighth Division, Missouri State Guard on June 11,1861. He was promoted to command of the First Brigade, Eighth Division, June 20,1861, and led it competently at the Battle of Carthage on July 5. Colonel Richard Hanson Weightman was killed leading his brigade at the Battle of Wilsons Creek in Missouri on August 10,1861. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-5-11 This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

33.
Francisco Perea
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Francisco Perea was a businessman and politician, serving first in the House of the New Mexico Territory after the areas acquisition by the United States following the Mexican-American War. He was a cousin of Pedro Perea, and grandson of Governor Francisco Xavier Chávez, Perea had a trade network along the Santa Fe Trail between St. Louis and Mexico. During the American Civil War, Perea was commissioned as a Union Army lieutenant colonel and he was elected to serve as a delegate for the Territory of New Mexico to the 38th United States Congress from March 4,1863 to March 3,1865. After the war he served again in the Territorial legislature, Perea was born January 9,1830 in Los Padillas, New Mexico. This area is now within Bernalillo County, New Mexico, near Albuquerque and he was the third child of Juan Perea and his wife, Josefa Chaves de Perea, a family of Hispanos whose roots in the area dated to colonial era. As a youth, Perea attended select schools in Bernalillo County from 1836 to 1837, Perea attended the Jesuit College, St. Louis, Missouri, from 1843 to 1845. He received collegiate training at the Bank Street Academy in New York City 1847-1849, during this period, the Mexican-American War took place, ending with Mexicos defeat and its ceding the Southwest and California to the US. When Perea returned to New Mexico, it had been annexed by the US, before returning home, Perea and other classmates met President Zachary Taylor. Perea contracted cholera about this time, but he recovered, shortly after his return from the east, Perea married Delores Ortero on March 15,1851. They had a total of eighteen children, most of whom died as infants, throughout the 1850s, Perea was engaged in stock raising and commercial pursuits. He transported merchandise by mule train along the Santa Fe Trail from St. Louis and Independence, Missouri and he also traveled to California, and had an extended trip to New York City during the 1850s. In 1858 Perea was elected to represent Bernalillo County in the Territorial House. I was not aware that it was my duty to resign after I had been elected, or I would have done so, in order to give the people of my county an opportunity to elect another in my place. With assurances to the Hon. House, that I would be happy to accompany them in providing for the good of our common country. I am, Mr. Speaker with much respect, Your Obd, servant, FRANCISCO PEREA The communication was adopted and Francisco Perea was excused from attending the House during the 1858 session. When the American Civil War broke out, Perea traveled across the Territory of New Mexico to garner support for the Union cause, President Abraham Lincoln authorized the establishment of two regiments and four battalions for the defense of the New Mexico Territory. Perea was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel, in December 1861, he organized one of the battalions, which came to be known as Pereas Battalion. It was stationed at Albuquerque during the winters of 1861 and 1862 and he commanded the unit to defend New Mexico against the Texas Rangers and Navajo

34.
Charles P. Clever
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Clever was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. He was born in Cologne, Prussia where he attended the gymnasium of Cologne and he immigrated to the United States in 1848 and settled in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1850. He engaged in trade from 1855 to 1862, and was appointed United States marshal for New Mexico in 1857 and he became one of the owners of the Santa Fe Weekly Gazette in 1858. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1861 and he was again appointed United States marshal in 1861. He served as adjutant on the staff of General Edward Canby at the Battle of Valverde and he served as Territorial Attorney general in from 1862 to 1867. Clever was appointed one of the incorporators of the Centennial Exposition and he also served as a commissioner to revise and codify the laws of New Mexico. He engaged in the practice of law until his death in Tome, New Mexico, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Works by or about Charles P, clever at Internet Archive This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

35.
Stephen Benton Elkins
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Stephen Benton Elkins was an American industrialist and political figure. He served as the Secretary of War between 1891 and 1893 and he served in the Congress as a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a Senator from West Virginia. Stephen Benton Elkins was born on September 26,1841 near New Lexington, Ohio and moved with his family to Westport, Missouri in the mid-1840s to Philip Duncan Elkins and Sarah Pickett Withers. He attended the Masonic College in Lexington, Missouri in the 1850s, after graduation, he briefly taught school in Cass County, Missouri. Among his pupils was future James-Younger Gang member Cole Younger, in the American Civil War Elkins father and brother joined the Confederate Army under Sterling Price, but he joined the Union Army. Before he joined the Union Army he was to encounter Quantrills Raiders twice and was spared from being killed because of his father and brother and he noted, They marched me along and we got to Quantrills camp. There I saw Cole Younger, Dick Yager and George M. Todd and those I have mentioned were farmers sons around where I lived. They identified me and said, Here comes Steve Elkins. All the way along I had been afraid that those fellows who had captured me would shoot me in the back, Elkins entered the Union Army as a captain of militia in the 77th Missouri Infantry. He served under Kersey Coates and only saw action once in the Battle of Lone Jack, Foster thought the Confederates were the guerrilla hands who raised the black flag, and never gave any quarter. So he refused to surrender, and every one of his officers was picked off, Elkins and Foster from the Lone Jack Battle were to argue for a pardon for Younger following his conviction in the Northfield, Minnesota bank robbery. He entered the practice of law at Mesilla, New Mexico and he was appointed territorial district attorney for a term from 1866 to 1867. It was at time, on June 10,1866. In 1867, Elkins served as general of the territory. He was elected delegate to the U. S. Congress in 1872. In 1875, he met and married his wife, Hallie Davis. He founded and was president of the Santa Fe National Bank, and pursued business interests in land, rail, mining. In attempting to evict squattors from the Land Grant he would be accused of being part of the Santa Fe Ring, along with his brother in law, Thomas B

36.
Trinidad Romero
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Trinidad Romero was an American politician and rancher who was the Delegate to United States Congress from the Territory of New Mexico. Trinidad Romero was born in Santa Fe, Santa Fe County, New Mexico and he engaged in merchandising, freighting with ox teams from Kansas City to Santa Fe, and later in stock raising. He served as member of the Territorial house of representatives in 1863, probate judge of San Miguel County, New Mexico, in 1869 and 1870. Romero was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1878. He was appointed United States marshal by President Harrison and served from November 13,1889 and he engaged in mercantile pursuits and stock raising on his ranch near Wagon Mound, New Mexico. He died in Las Vegas, San Miguel County, New Mexico and he was interred in Calvary Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

37.
Tranquilino Luna
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Tranquilino Luna was a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Territory of New Mexico. Born in Los Lunas, New Mexico, Luna attended the schools and graduated from the University of Missouri in Columbia. He engaged extensively in stock raising, Luna served as delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1880 and 1888. Luna was elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh Congress, after leaving Congress, he was the Sheriff of Valencia County, New Mexico, from 1888-1892. He died in Peralta, New Mexico, on November 20,1892, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

38.
Francisco Antonio Manzanares
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Francisco Antonio Manzanares was a United States businessman and politician. Francisco Antonio Manzanares, son of Jose Antonio Manzanares and Maria Manuela Valdez, was born in Abiquiú, New Mexico, barely three years later in 1846, the Mexican-American War commenced. By the time he was seven, New Mexico had become a territory of the United States, the Manzanares family held a very prominent place in the community. His parents were from Spanish families that moved to the New Mexico territory during the colonial period, Manzanares father had supported the Union during the civil war, and afterward, served in the legislative assembly as an Indian Agent. Manzanares grew up with Spanish as his first language, and during his youth attended Taos School under the instruction of Father Antonio Jose Martinez, in 1863 he began attending St. Louis University, where he studied English until 1864. Manzanares then began his business career with Chick, Browne, and Co. in Kansas City and he held a sales position there for a brief period, and then quickly relocated to New York City, where he continued his college education. While in New York, Manzanares began working at a bank and he learned valuable skills during his year in New York which resulted in a career leap upon his return to Kansas City. Where he was named partner of Chick, Browne, and Co, throughout his years working for the firm, Manzanares opened a number of markets throughout Kansas Pacific, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway train routes. In 1879, the firm was renamed to Browne and Manzanares, the firm was then moved to Las Vegas, New Mexico. Though New Mexico was still in a period of transition, Manzanares wasted no time in working to boost the economy, with the help of other members in the community, Manzanares planned and founded Las Vegas Waterworks Association. He did not stop there, however, and soon aided in the development of infrastructure of the state by opening First National Banks in Las Vegas, Santa Fe. In 1884, Manzanares left the business and challenged Republican candidate Tranquilino Luna for a seat in Congress. He won, and served as a delegate to the United States House of Representatives from March 5,1884 to March 3,1885. He did not run for re-election, Manzanares was also a member of the board of county commissioners in San Miguel County in 1896 and 1897. He died on September 17,1904, in Las Vegas, biographical Directory of the United States Congress

39.
Antonio Joseph (politician)
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Antonio Joseph was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits and he was county judge of Taos County, New Mexico from 1878 to 1880. He then moved to Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, in 1880, Joseph was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth and to the four succeeding Congresses. He was a candidate for reelection in 1894 to the Fifty-fourth Congress. He served in the Territorial senate 1896-1898, serving as president of that body in 1898 and he again engaged in the mercantile business and was an owner of hotels and owned extensive real estate holdings. He died in Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, April 19,1910, biographical Directory of the United States Congress

40.
Thomas B. Catron
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Thomas Benton Catron was an American politician and lawyer who was influential in the establishment of the U. S. state of New Mexico, and served as one of its first United States Senators. Catron was born near Lexington, Missouri on October 6,1840 and he was educated in Lexingtons public schools and at Masonic College in Lexington. He graduated from the University of Missouri in 1860, during the American Civil War Catron joined the Confederate States Army, serving in Hiram M. Bledsoes Battery, a unit of Sterling Prices command. Catron took part in the battles of Carthage, Wilsons Creek, Second Lexington, by the end of the war Catron was a First Lieutenant in command of the 3rd Missouri Battery. In the latter stages of the war he served during combat in Tennessee, Alabama, Catron returned to Missouri after the war and began to study law. In 1866 he moved to the Territory of New Mexico, living in Las Cruces before settling in Mesilla. He traveled to New Mexico with two loads of flour, which he sold to finance his legal studies, and a Spanish grammar book. Catron completed his studies and was admitted to the bar in 1867. Unlike most southerners who had supported the Confederacy, Catron was a Republican, almost as soon as he began to practice Catron was appointed District Attorney for the Third Judicial District, and served until 1868. In 1869 he was appointed Attorney General of the New Mexico Territory, Catron served as U. S. Attorney until 1878. While holding office as U. S. Attorney Catron moved to Santa Fe, in 1884 Catron was elected to the New Mexico Territorial Council, and he served again in 1888 and 1890. In 1892 Catron ran unsuccessfully for Delegate to Congress and he ran again in 1894 and won, serving one term March 4,1895 to March 3,1897. From 1895 to 1896 Catron was President of the New Mexico Bar Association and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to Congress in 1896, and served on the Territorial Council again in 1899 and 1905. From 1906 to 1908 Catron served as Mayor of Santa Fe, as a lawyer familiar with the intricacies of old Mexican land grants, Catron gained an interest in or clear title to 34 grants totaling 3,000,000 acres. As a member of the group of land known as The Santa Fe Ring, he was the largest single landowner in New Mexico. When New Mexico was admitted as the 47th state in 1912, Catron won the long term, while Albert B. Catron took office on March 27,1912, to win election to the Senate, Catron made a personal alliance with Fall, ensuring that each of them would be elected. This alliance antagonized New Mexicans of Spanish heritage, who had hoped one of their own would become a Senator

41.
Harvey Butler Fergusson
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Harvey Butler Fergusson was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a U. S. Born near Pickensville, Alabama, Fergusson attended the schools in the state. He was graduated from Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, in 1873 and he taught in the Shenandoah Valley Academy, Winchester, Virginia. He was admitted to the bar in 1875 and commenced the practice of law in Wheeling and he moved to White Oaks, New Mexico, in 1882, and to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1883. There he engaged in the practice of law and served as special United States attorney in 1893 and 1894 and he also served as member of the Democratic National Committee in 1896–1904. Fergusson, a Democrat, was elected as a Delegate to the Fifty-fifth Congress and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1898 to the Fifty-sixth Congress and for election in 1902 to the Fifty-eighth Congress. Upon the admission of New Mexico as a State into the Union, Fergusson was elected to the Sixty-second Congress and he was reelected to the Sixty-third Congress and served from January 8,1912, to March 3,1915. He was a candidate for reelection in 1914 to the Sixty-fourth Congress. His son was Harvey Fergusson, the American writer, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

42.
Pedro Perea
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Pedro Perea was a sheep rancher, politician and banker in the Territory of New Mexico. He served as a delegate to Congress from the Territory of New Mexico and he was a younger cousin of Francisco Perea, who also served in Congress from New Mexico. Pedro Perea was born in Bernalillo, New Mexico to a Hispano Catholic family whose ancestors had been in the area since the colonial era and he went to Santa Fe to attend St. Michaels College, Santa Fe, then equivalent to a boys seminary. He next studied at Georgetown College, Washington, D. C. soon after it was founded and he graduated from St. Louis College, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1871. After returning to New Mexico, Perea owned and operated a ranch where he raised agricultural crops and he entered politics in his late 30s, being elected as a Republican member of the council of the New Mexico Territorial legislature in 1889,1891, and 1895. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1896 and he served as president of the First National Bank of Santa Fe in 1890–1894. Perea was elected in 1898 as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth Congress and he did not run for another term. He engaged in banking and stock raising, Perea was appointed as Territorial insurance commissioner in early 1906, serving days until his death in Bernalillo, New Mexico, on January 11,1906. He was interred in the Perea Cemetery in Bernalillo, Sandova County, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Pedro Perea at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov

United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. T

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United States House of Representatives

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Seal of the House

3.
Republican Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.

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House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009.

New Mexico Territory
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In 1846, during the Mexican-American War, the U. S. provisional government of New Mexico was established. After the Mexican Republic formally ceded the region to the U. S. A. in 1848, earlier in the year 1850, a bid for New Mexico statehood was underway under a proposed state constitution prohibiting slavery. The request was approved at the time th

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Flag

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A map of the later Federal Arizona and New Mexico Territories, split from the original New Mexico Territory of 1851, showing existing counties.

John Sebrie Watts
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John Sebrie Watts was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. Born in Boone County, Kentucky, Watts moved to Indiana and he graduated from Indiana University at Bloomington, whereafter he studied law and was admitted to the bar and practiced. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1846 and 1847 and he served as associate

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Territorial (1851–1912)

Valencia County, New Mexico
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Valencia County is a county in the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 76,569, the county seat is Los Lunas. Valencia County is included in the Albuquerque, NM Metropolitan Statistical Area, valencia County has the longest record for predicting presidential election winners in the entire country, voting for the winn

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Valencia County Courthouse in Los Lunas

Las Vegas, New Mexico
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Las Vegas is a city in and the county seat of San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. Once two separate municipalities both named Las Vegas, west Las Vegas and east Las Vegas, separated by the Gallinas River, retain distinct characters and separate, the population was 14,565 at the 2000 census. Las Vegas was established in 1835 after a group

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Downtown Las Vegas

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The Plaza Hotel, built in 1881, on the Plaza of West Las Vegas

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New Mexico Insane Asylum in Las Vegas, 1904

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AT&SF engine #1129 on the corner of Grand & Mills

Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democrati

1.
Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States

3.
The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908), Josephus Daniels, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)

4.
John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma

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The Alma Mater statue by Mario Korbel, at the entrance of the University of Havana in Cuba.

United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

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Flag

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The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

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The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

St. Louis University
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Saint Louis University is a private Roman Catholic four-year research university with campuses in St. Louis, Missouri, United States and Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1818 by the Most Reverend Louis Guillaume Valentin Dubourg, It is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit

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Statue of Saint Ignatius at SLU.

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Saint Louis University

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NE quarter of the Frost Campus of Saint Louis University, including Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology.

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John Cook School of Business.

U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of

1.
U.S. states

Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive

Fishkill, New York
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Fishkill is a village within the town of Fishkill in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The village population was 2,171 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The village is in the par

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Village entrance on Main Street, with the First Reformed Church to the right.

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Main Street in Fishkill.

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Van Wyck Municipal Hall on Main Street

Mexican-American War
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It followed in the wake of the 1845 U. S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory in spite of its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824 and it was characterized by considerable instability, leaving it ill-prepare

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Clockwise from top left U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City, U.S. marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag, Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City.

Governor of New Mexico
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The Governor of the State of New Mexico is the chief executive of the state of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the branch of New Mexicos state government. Responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, the officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of The Hono

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Incumbent Susana Martinez since January 1, 2011

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Seal of the Governor

William C. Lane
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William Carr Lane was a doctor and the first Mayor of St. Louis, Missouri, serving from 1823 to 1829 and 1837 to 1840. He was also the Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1852 to 1853, born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania to Presley Carr Lane and Sarah Sallie Stephenson, Lane attended college in Pennsylvania and studied medicine in Louisville, Ke

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U.S. Military Admin (1846–51)

United States Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democrati

1.
Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States

2.
Democratic Party

3.
The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908), Josephus Daniels, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)

4.
John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

U.S. House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. T

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United States House of Representatives

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Seal of the House

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Republican Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.

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House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009.

Jean Baptiste Lamy
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Jean-Baptiste Lamy, was a French Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Archbishop of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the United States. The American writer Willa Cathers novel Death Comes for the Archbishop is based on his life, Lamy was born in Lempdes, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Auvergne region of France. At the same time, he was appointed Titular Bis

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The Most Reverend Jean-Baptiste Lamy

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Bronze statue of Lamy in front of St. Francis Cathedral

Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened

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Lincoln in 1863, aged 54

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The young Lincoln in sculpture at Senn Park, Chicago.

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1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son, Tad

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Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War.

Democratic National Convention
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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candida

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Democratic National Committee Secretary Alice Travis Germond opens the roll call of the states during the third day of the 2008 convention.

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Illustration of the 1876 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis, Missouri.

South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vot

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Released in 2000

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Flag

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Table Rock State Park in the mountains of South Carolina

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Francis Marion National Forest in Berkeley County

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
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The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as Santa Fe or AT&SF, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. Chartered in February 1859, the reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo, Colorado. To create a demand for its services, the set up real estate offices. Despite the name, its main line never served Sa

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Cyrus K. Holliday, first president of AT&SF.

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Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway

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AT&SF trademark in the late 19th century incorporated the British lion out of respect for the country's financial assistance in building the railroad to California.

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AT&SF caboose on display at the Deaf Smith County Historical Museum in Hereford, Texas.

Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west

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From top left: the Liberty Memorial, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Kansas City skyline, the Country Club Plaza, Arrowhead Stadium, and Kauffman Stadium

Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the Sou

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Former Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver visited his namesake city in 1875 and in 1882.

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The "Bronco Buster", a variation of Frederic Remington 's " Bronco Buster " western sculpture at the Denver capitol grounds, a gift from J.K. Mullen in 1920

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"Pioneer Mothers of Colorado" statue at The Denver Post building

Riverside Cemetery (Denver, Colorado)
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Riverside Cemetery, established in 1876, is Denver, Colorados oldest operating cemetery. More than 67,000 people are buried there, including 1,000 veterans, Riverside Cemetery occupies a 77-acre site between Brighton Boulevard and the east bank of the South Platte River, approximately 4 miles down stream from downtown Denver, Colorado. The majority

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Riverside Cemetery

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The cemetery office, c. 1935

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John Evans ' grave marker

Miguel Antonio Otero (II)
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Miguel Antonio Otero II, nicknamed Gillie, was the 16th Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1897 to 1906 and in later life the author of several books on Western lore. He was the son of Miguel Antonio Otero, a prominent businessman, Miguel Antonio Otero had an adventurous boyhood as his father, a businessman and railroad baron, moved the family f

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Miguel Antonio Otero

Mariano S. Otero
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Mariano Sabino Otero was a Congressional delegate from the Territory of New Mexico, nephew of Miguel Antonio Otero and cousin of Miguel Antonio Otero. Born in Peralta, New Mexico, Otero attended private and parochial schools and St. Louis University and he engaged in commercial pursuits and stock raising, and subsequently became a banker. He was pr

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Mariano S. Otero

Otero County, New Mexico
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Otero County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,797 and its southern boundary is the Texas state line. Otero County comprises the Alamogordo, NM Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 6,628 square miles, of which 6,613 square

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Otero County courthouse in Alamogordo

Otero County, Colorado
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Otero County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,831, the county seat is La Junta. The county was named for Miguel Antonio Otero, one of the founders of the town of La Junta and a member of a prominent Hispanic family. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of

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Otero County Courthouse in La Junta, Colorado

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Otero Museum and Fine Arts League in La Junta

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Cattle feedlot in Otero County west of Rocky Ford

New Mexico's at-large congressional district
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From statehood in 1912 to 1969, New Mexico did not use congressional districts for its representatives to the United States House of Representatives. Instead, it elected its representatives statewide At-large, republicans held onto the seat in 1920 by nominating Néstor Montoya, the county clerk of Bernalillo County and former Speaker of the New Mex

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Benigno C. Hernández

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George Curry

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William B. Walton

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Néstor Montoya

John S. Watts
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John Sebrie Watts was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. Born in Boone County, Kentucky, Watts moved to Indiana and he graduated from Indiana University at Bloomington, whereafter he studied law and was admitted to the bar and practiced. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1846 and 1847 and he served as associate

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Territorial (1851–1912)

Richard Hanson Weightman
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Richard Hanson Weightman was an antebellum delegate to the United States Congress from the Territory of New Mexico. He was also a commander of the secessionist Missouri State Guard during the American Civil War. Weightman attended private schools there and in Alexandria, Virginia and he graduated from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville i

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Col. Richard Hanson Weightman, from The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico (1909), by Ralph Emerson Twitchell.

Francisco Perea
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Francisco Perea was a businessman and politician, serving first in the House of the New Mexico Territory after the areas acquisition by the United States following the Mexican-American War. He was a cousin of Pedro Perea, and grandson of Governor Francisco Xavier Chávez, Perea had a trade network along the Santa Fe Trail between St. Louis and Mexic

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Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Perea

Charles P. Clever
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Clever was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. He was born in Cologne, Prussia where he attended the gymnasium of Cologne and he immigrated to the United States in 1848 and settled in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1850. He engaged in trade from 1855 to 1862, and was appointed United States marshal for New Mexico in 1857 and he became one of the

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Territorial (1851–1912)

Stephen Benton Elkins
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Stephen Benton Elkins was an American industrialist and political figure. He served as the Secretary of War between 1891 and 1893 and he served in the Congress as a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a Senator from West Virginia. Stephen Benton Elkins was born on September 26,1841 near New Lexington, Ohio and moved with his family to Wes

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Stephen Benton Elkins

Trinidad Romero
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Trinidad Romero was an American politician and rancher who was the Delegate to United States Congress from the Territory of New Mexico. Trinidad Romero was born in Santa Fe, Santa Fe County, New Mexico and he engaged in merchandising, freighting with ox teams from Kansas City to Santa Fe, and later in stock raising. He served as member of the Terri

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Trinidad Romero

Tranquilino Luna
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Tranquilino Luna was a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Territory of New Mexico. Born in Los Lunas, New Mexico, Luna attended the schools and graduated from the University of Missouri in Columbia. He engaged extensively in stock raising, Luna served as delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1880 and 1888.

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Tranqulino Luna

Francisco Antonio Manzanares
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Francisco Antonio Manzanares was a United States businessman and politician. Francisco Antonio Manzanares, son of Jose Antonio Manzanares and Maria Manuela Valdez, was born in Abiquiú, New Mexico, barely three years later in 1846, the Mexican-American War commenced. By the time he was seven, New Mexico had become a territory of the United States, t

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Francisco Antonio Manzanares

Antonio Joseph (politician)
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Antonio Joseph was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits and he was county judge of Taos County, New Mexico from 1878 to 1880. He then moved to Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, in 1880, Joseph was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth and to the four succeeding Congresses. He was a candidate for reelection

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Territorial (1851–1912)

Thomas B. Catron
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Thomas Benton Catron was an American politician and lawyer who was influential in the establishment of the U. S. state of New Mexico, and served as one of its first United States Senators. Catron was born near Lexington, Missouri on October 6,1840 and he was educated in Lexingtons public schools and at Masonic College in Lexington. He graduated fro

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Thomas B. Catron

Harvey Butler Fergusson
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Harvey Butler Fergusson was a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a U. S. Born near Pickensville, Alabama, Fergusson attended the schools in the state. He was graduated from Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, in 1873 and he taught in the Shenandoah Valley Academy, Winchester, Virginia. He was admitted to the bar in 1875 a

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Territorial (1851–1912)

Pedro Perea
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Pedro Perea was a sheep rancher, politician and banker in the Territory of New Mexico. He served as a delegate to Congress from the Territory of New Mexico and he was a younger cousin of Francisco Perea, who also served in Congress from New Mexico. Pedro Perea was born in Bernalillo, New Mexico to a Hispano Catholic family whose ancestors had been