The following note is included in Publications
of the Geological Survey 1879 -1961, U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey, reprinted 1965:

“Note: On July 1, 1925, by Executive order, the Division
of Mineral Resources of the Geological Survey was transferred
to the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Mines.
On April 24, 1934, the Bureau was transferred to the Department
of the Interior. The series (entitled Mineral Resources during
the years 1924-31 and Minerals Yearbook thereafter) is published
by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines....”

Geologic Tours and Studies of Structures (buildings, walls, etc.)

Below is a list of online links, books, etc., that relate to information
on the stones used in constructing these structures.

Maryland – Baltimore, Maryland – A Geologic Walking Tour of Building Stones of Downtown Baltimore,
Maryland, by Sherry McCann-Murray, presented by the Maryland
Geological Survey. This site includes contributions and photography
by the Environmental Geology and Mineral Resources Program of the
Maryland Geological Survey. (Adapted for the Internet from Educational
Series No. 10.)

Massachusetts – Boston, Massachusetts – “Boston
Rocks: A History of the Earth in 13 Landmarks,” article
by David B. Williams, Graphics by Javier Zarracina (in PDF format).
This article was published on the May 3, 2009, in the Boston
Globe. David Williams has a new book, Stories in Stone,
that will be published in June 2009 by Walker and Company. More
information on this book is available in the “Stone” section
of his web site. (The following buildings are discussed in
the above article (which includes photos of the buildings and
the stones): 100 Cambridge Street, Government Center; Trinity
Church, Copley Square; “New” Old South Church, Copley
Square; Morse Auditorium, Boston University; Massachusetts General
Hospital; Townhouses, Beacon Hill; Cathedral Church of St. Paul,
downtown Massachusetts; Boston Public Library, Copley Square;
Memorial Hall & Hauser
Hall, Harvard University; King’s Chapel, downtown Massachusetts;
Algonquin Club, Back Bay; and the Keystone Building, Financial
District.)

Washington, D. C., USA–Descriptions and Origins of Selected Principal Building Stones
of Washington, United States Geological Survey (Book).

Washington, D.C., USA – National
Mall and Memorials Washington DC – Klondike
Gold Rush National Historical Park. This article discusses
the history and geology of the large stone monuments and memorials
in the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

“Welcome to the National Mall, a National Park in Washington,
DC where large stone monuments and memorials honor important
historical people and events. The National Mall is a good place
to visit if you want to learn about American history and be a historian.
Because of all the different stones used in the construction of
the memorials, it is also a good place to visit if you want to
learn about rocks and be a geologist.

“Historians and Geologists actually have many similarities.
They both look at past events to better understand the present, and
guess what will happen in the future. They both use tools to help
them in their research. They both make timelines to keep track of
events. The biggest difference is that Historians study the events
of humans while Geologists study the events of the earth….”

Google Earth Engine (“Our global, zoomable timelapse of Earth’s surface now extends back to 1984. Learn more about these stunning new visualizations on the Official Google Blog and in an in-depth, exclusive article by Time magazine. Explore the gallery below to see thirty years of change across the entire planet.”)

Offer to identify stones in Mines and Minerals magazine, June 1902, pp. 522:

ROCK DETERMINATION

“The Western Editor of Mines and Minerals will, without charge, examine and name, so far as possible, samples of rock sent him, the answers sent by postal card to the send of the specimen. He will only undertake to name average rocks, such as can be fairly determined at sight; and microscopic or chemical analyses will not be attempted; neither is it always possible to determine with absolute precision and certainty a small sample, or one decomposed and oxidized, and with such samples the sender must be content with the provisional determination that it appears like such and such a rock.

“Questions involving an opinion on mining property, for which an expert would be entitled to a fee, will not be answered, but advice that will aid the prospector will be given.

“The following conditions must be observed by those sending specimens for determination:

“Each should be distinctly labeled.

“The name and address of the sender, written very distinctly, must be enclosed in the package.

The Wall Game In Battersea Park, by Eric Robinson,
1996. in M. R. Bennett and others, eds., Geology on Your Doorstep: The
Role of Urban Geology in Earth Heritage Conservation: Bath,
the Geological Society Publishing House (Book)

Geology Institutions

Association of
American State Geologists- United States Geological Survey Sites, hosted by the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. (Once you reach this site, choose individual U. S. Geological Survey sites
by map or by list.)

“Abstract Cities large and small have a treasure trove of building stones both local as well as imported from various regions of the country as well as foreign sources. Many of them contain fossils which are easily available for teachers to utilize for class field trips….”

(From the web site) “There are a wide range
of options one can use to begin a mineral collection. These can range
from buying specimens (or a mine) to field collecting and trading.
This is a brief introduction to rockhounding and mineral collecting.”

Common
Minerals and Their Uses - State Mineral Production Summaries
- Major Minerals, Metals, and Energy Fuels, by the Mineral Information
Institute. The minerals available in each state are listed including
links to download a description of the mineral industry and state map
showing mineral locations.

A Geologist’s
Lifetime Field List – Generic geologic sites that every
geologist should visit, created by Terry Acomb while completing
an M. S. Degree at the University of Cincinnati Geology Department.

Fractures in Granite – “Mechanics of curved surfaces, with application to surface-parallel cracks” (pdf), by Stephen J. Martel, Department of Geology and Geosphysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, L20303, doi:10.1029/2011GL049354, October 20, 2011, 6 pp. (Photos include: “Figure 1. Sheeting joints near the summit of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park. They bound shingle-like slabs that are on the order of 1 m thick. Photograph courtesy of Greg Stock.” “Figure 4. Locations of topographic features, predictions of sheeting joints, and occurrences of sheeting joints near Olmsted Point, Yosemite National Park…(c) Photograph looking east across the southern portion of the study area. Sheeting joints decorate virtually every exposure in this picture….(d) Photograph looking southeast at the slope 0.7 km north of Olmsted Point. Sheeting joints are abundant in the saddle-shaped upper part of the picture but scarce in the bowl-shaped lower portion.” (This document is presented on Stone Quarries and Beyond with the permission of the author.)

Fundamentals
of Physical Geography, by Michael J. Pidwirny, Ph.D.,
Department of Geography, Okanagan University College, Canada. Following
is one of the sections on Geology from this site, although there are
many other subjects covered.

Geolographic
Names of the United States (GEONAMES), presented by
the Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut. The U.S. Geological Survey GEONAMES data base is an
annotated index lexicon of formal geologic nomenclature of the
United States, its territories, and possessions.

“History
of Geoscience: Women in the History of Geoscience,” on
enotes.com (Women in this article include: * Etheldred
Bennett, “a scientific researcher in paleontology and
an accomplished artist,” from the south of England . *
Mary Anning from the United Kingdom was the “most famous
early female geologist.” * Florence Bascom ,
a female geologist from Williamstown , Massachusetts , “founded
the department of geology at Bryn Mawr College . Bascom was the first
woman geologist employed by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1896. *
Eileen Gupp was “the first successful woman to be employed
by the British Survey in the petrology department in 1927.” *
Alice Wilson, born in 1881 in Cobourg, Ontario , Canada “became
the first woman to reach a prominent position within the Geological
Survey of Canada. * Mary Emilee Holmes was the “first
fellow of the Geological Society of America” in 1889.

“Mechanics of curved surfaces, with application to surface-parallel cracks” (pdf), by Stephen J. Martel, Department of Geology and Geosphysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, L20303, doi:10.1029/2011GL049354, October 20, 2011, 6 pp. (Photos include: “Figure 1. Sheeting joints near the summit of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park. They bound shingle-like slabs that are on the order of 1 m thick. Photograph courtesy of Greg Stock.” “Figure 4. Locations of topographic features, predictions of sheeting joints, and occurrences of sheeting joints near Olmsted Point, Yosemite National Park…(c) Photograph looking east across the southern portion of the study area. Sheeting joints decorate virtually every exposure in this picture….(d) Photograph looking southeast at the slope 0.7 km north of Olmsted Point. Sheeting joints are abundant in the saddle-shaped upper part of the picture but scarce in the bowl-shaped lower portion.” (fractured granite) (This document is presented on Stone Quarries and Beyond with the permission of the author.)

The Role of Women in the History of Geology,
Special Publication No. 1281, (book) by Cynthia V. Burek (Author, Editor),
Bettie Higgs (Editor) A conference held at the London Geological Society,
Burlington House, London, on 28 November 2005), Geological Society
of London; 1st edition (September 15, 2007), 352 pages, ISBN-10: 1862392277,
ISBN-13: 978-1862392274. (Description: “Where were the women
in Geology? This book is a first as it unravels the diverse roles women
have played in the history and development of geology as a science
predominantly in the UK, Ireland and Australia, and selectively in
Germany, Russia and US. The volume covers the period from the late
eighteenth century to the present day and shows how the roles that
women have played changed with time. These included illustrators, museum
collectors and curators, educationalists, researchers and geologists.
Originally as wives, sisters or mothers many were assistants to their
male relatives. This book looks at all these forgotten women and for
the first time historians and scientists together explore the contribution
they made to this male-dominated subject. There are individual profiles
on remarkable women: Catherine Raisin, Dorothea Bate, Cuviers daughters,
Grace Prestwich, Annie Greenly, Nancy Kirk, Margaret Crosfield, Ethel
Skeat, Maria Ogivlie Gordon, Marie Stopes, Anne Phillips, Muriel Arber
and Etheldred Bennett.”)

Building Stones Collection: “Rocks utilized
for building and ornamentation, composed primarily of material
received from the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876
and from the Tenth Census at the close of an investigation into
the quarrying industries of the U.S. in 1880. Most specimens are
from domestic quarries, with some foreign varieties represented,
if imported into the U.S. between 1880 and 1920. A substantial
portion of the original collection was transferred to the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS) in the late 1940s for weathering tests.
In 1989, the NBS changed its name to the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 714 specimens
remain.”

Stone
Explained, by Dr. Tim Palmer, a chartered geologist and
consultant on the petrology of building stones and limes, on the Natural
Stone Specialist web site.
(Scroll down to the “Stone Explained” section.)

“The ‘Stone in Archaeology – Towards a Digital Resource’ project is based on the large archaeological comparative rock collection housed in the Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton. The main aim of the project has been to create an easily accessible, unique, multidisciplinary, searchable relational database which comprises the principal stones known to be used in antiquity throughout England.

“This database allows the identification of stone samples by searching on the distinctive physical properties of a stone. The results of the search can be backed up by macroscopic and thin-section photomicrographs of each sample and any geologically relevant information. The resource also provides information regarding the use, quarry location/vicinity and distribution of the stone throughout various periods of history. The resource’s ability to be manipulated in many different ways is one of its strengths.”

Unforbidden
Geology: The not so hidden history of Man from the often overlooked
geologic perspective, presented by Archae Solenhofen.

Articles Relating to Geology in The Manufacturer
and Builder, et al

The following articles can be found online at the Library of Congress, American
Memories,
The Nineteenth Century in Print (1831-1893). These digital images
are from Cornell University. (These images are slow to load.)

Geology (December 1888)The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol.
20, Issue 12, December 1888, pgs. 274-275. (The article includes a sketch
of the stone; article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library
of Congress)

Geology (January 1889) (Continued from December 1888) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 1, January 1889, pgs. 12-13. (The articles
includes the following sketches: A piece of Granite, and Some of the Grains
of a Piece of Chalk; article in digital images viewed at American Memory,
Library of Congress)

Geology (February 1889) (Continued from January 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 2, February 1889, pgs. 34-35. (The article
includes the following sketches: Piece of Conglomerate or Pudding Stone,
Piece of Shale; article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library
of Congress)

Geology (March 1889) (Continued from February 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 3, March 1889, pg. 59. (The article include
the following sketches: 1) Stones detached from cliffs by rains, frosts,
etc. and launched into a brook; 2) Stones from the same cliff after having
been rolled about in the bed of the brook; 3) A small heap of sand, consisting
of the same pieces of stone from the same cliff& article in digital
images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress)

Geology (April 1889)The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol.
21, Issue 4, April 1889, pgs. 82-84. (The article includes the following
sketches: 1) Section or cutting through the sediment brought by a rain
into a pool on a roadway& and 2) Stratification of Sedimentary Rocks;
article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress)

Geology (May 1889) (Continued from April 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 5, May 1889, pgs. 106-107. (The article
includes the following sketches: 1) A Piece of Shale Containing a Portion
of a Fossil Fern; 2) Piece of Shale with Animal Remains; 3) Quarry in
Sedimentary Rock; article in digital images viewed at American Memory,
Library of Congress)

Geology (June 1889) (Continued from May 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 6, June 1889, pg. 132. (The article includes
the following sketches: 1) Ripple marks in sandstone; 2) Rainprints in
sandstone; 3) Fossils: Coral, part of Encrinite, Spirifer, and a marine
shell; article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of
Congress)

Geology (August 1889) (Continued from July 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 8, August 1889, pgs. 178-180. (This article
contains the following sketches: 1) Ground plan, or a map of peat moss
filling up a former lake& 2) Some of the ooze from the Atlantic bed,
magnified 25 times; 3) A piece of chalk with shell in it; A piece of limestone
showing how the stone is made up of animal remains; article in digital
images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress)

Geology (September 1889) (Continued from August 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 9, September 1889, pgs. 203-204. (The
article includes the following sketches: 1) View of lava stream issuing
from one of the extinct volcanic cones in Auvergue, in central France;
2) Piece of lava showing the crystals and steam holes; article in digital
images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress)

Geology (October 1889) (Continued from September 1889) The
Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 10, October 1889, pgs. 227-228.
(The article contains the following sketches: 1) Vesuvius, as it appeared
at the beginning of the Christian era, when it was a dormant volcano;
2) Piece of volcanic tuff-a rock formed of consolidated volcanic ashes;
3) View of hot springs or geysers, Iceland; 4) Vesuvius as it appears
at present time-an active volcano; article in digital images viewed at
American Memory, Library of Congress)

Geology (November 1889) (Continued from October 1889) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 11, November 1889, pgs. 250-251. (Article
in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)

Geology (December 1889) (Continued from November 1889) The
Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 12, December 1889, pg. 275.
(Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)

Geology (January 1890) (Continued from December 1889 & continued
in February 1890 issue) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22,
Issue 1, January 1890, pg. 8. (The article includes the following sketches:
1) Inclined Strata; 2) Vertical Strata; 3) View of Contorted Strata; 4)
Section of Igneous Rock forced up into cracks and fissures of the earth's
crust; article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of
Congress)

Geology (February 1890) (Continued from January 1890 issue &
continued in the March 1890 issue) The Manufacturer and Builder,
Vol. 22, Issue 2, February 1890, pgs. 32-34. (This article includes the
following sketches: 1) Section of a series of sedimentary rocks originally
deposited horizontally on the sea bottom; 2) Section of a mountain formed
of crumpled rocks which have been contorted before the deposition of the
flat rocks; 3) View of a tableland cut into ridges and valleys by the
flow of its river; article in digital images viewed at American Memory,
Library of Congress)

Geology (March 1890) (Continued from February 1890) The Manufacturer
and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 3, March 1890, pgs. 56-57. (Article in
digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)

"The Rocks" (June 1885) (Includes the beginning of the
article on the Granites) Quarrying Notes - The Manufacturer and Builder,
Vol. 17, Issue 6, June 1885, pg. 130-131. Article in digital images viewed
at American Memory, Library of Congress)

Marble-Related Articles from the Manufacturer
and Builder, et al

Algerian Marbles (November 1887) (This article includes a sketch:
"Salem (Ind.) Quarry Yards, Mills and Kilns, and Cars Loaded with
Monoliths for the Georgia State Capitol.") The Manufacturer and
Builder, Vol. 19, Issue 11, November 1887, pg. 253. (Article in digital
images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)

American Marbles (January 1857) "The Living Age...",
The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 52, Issue 660, January 17, 1857,
pgs. 148-149. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library
of Congress.)

The Marbles of Vermont (September 1888)The Manufacturer and
Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 9, September 1888, pg. 203. (The article includes
a sketch: "Interior View of Marble Quarry at West Rutland, Vermont";
article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)

Texas Marble (July 1887) (This article states that pure white
marble was discovered when the Antonio and Arkansas Pass Railway was being
built toward Boerne near San Antonio, Texas. Arrangements were being made
to open quarries at that location.) The Manufacturer and Builder,
Vol. 19, Issue 7, July 1887, pg. 156. (Article in digital images viewed
at American Memory, Library of Congress.)