Military

Further Reading

Somali Clan Disputes Giving Boost to al-Shabab

By Alisha Ryu
Nairobi
19 October 2009

Several hundred insurgent fighters in Somalia have reportedly defected to the government in the past week, following fierce fighting that began early this month between militant Islamist factions in the southern city of Kismayo. The split in the Islamist alliance could bring further turmoil and uncertainty to Somalia.

On October 1, two Somali Islamist groups, which had been close allies in the effort to topple the U.N.-backed Somali transitional government in Mogadishu, turned their guns on each other in the port city of Kismayo. Days of heavy fighting killed an unknown number of fighters and civilians.

Back to clan warfare

For more than a year, Kismayo, like several other key cities in southern and central Somalia, had been largely administered by a coalition of Islamist groups called Hizbul Islam and the al-Qaida-linked militant group, al-Shabab. But late last month, al-Shabab shattered that alliance by declaring a new administration in Kismayo that excluded Hizbul Islam members.

U.S.-based Somalia analyst Michael Weinstein says, on the surface, the dispute between Hizbul Islam and al-Shabab appears to be a straight-forward rivalry between the two Islamist groups, fighting for power in one of the most prized cities in Somalia. Taxes collected at the Kismayo port are a crucial source of revenue for both sides.

But Weinstein says he believes long-running clan rivalries, not religious rivalry, was the root cause of the conflict between the two Islamist groups.

"What I think is going on is a volatile realignment toward clan-based Islamist warlordism. I do not think it is between religious movements," he said.

Warlordism in historical perspective

Somali history shows that controlling Kismayo has been the goal of various clans that have historical claims to the city and its surrounding regions. But for much of the past decade, that power was in the hands of Barre Hirale, a factional leader of the Marehan, a sub-clan of one of the largest clans in Somalia, the Darod.

In 2006, Hirale and most of his Marehan militia were chased out of Kismayo by the Islamic Courts Union. With the support of neighboring Ethiopia, Hirale re-took Kismayo from the Islamists in 2007, only to be chased out again in August 2008 by Hizbul Islam and al-Shabab.

The two Hizbul Islam factions that captured Kismayo in 2008 - Ras Kamboni and Anole -- were Islamists fighting to turn Somalia into an Islamic state. But equally, they were members of Darod sub-clans that have long held a grudge against the locally dominant Marehan group.

Weinstein says Ras Kamboni and Anole saw an opportunity for their respective sub-clans to reclaim power through Hizbul Islam. But the rise of Ras Kamboni and Anole threatened Marehan clansmen and sub-clan members of Darod's biggest rival, the Hawiye, in Kismayo. They aligned themselves with al-Shabab, hoping their support of the extremist group would elevate their clans to positions of power as well.

Since the fall of Somalia's last functioning government in 1991, the country has been plagued by clan-driven civil wars. Somalia's Islamist movement originally emerged as a way of bringing order to the country through community-based Islamic courts.

In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union defeated a coalition of C.I.A.-funded factional leaders, seized Mogadishu and restored stability in much of the country. But it was ousted from power six months later by neighboring Ethiopia amid reports that radicals inside the courts were gaining power. The Islamists launched an insurgency and have been fighting for control of Somalia ever since.

Somali political analyst Ali Roble agrees that clan interests are again playing a pivotal role in creating conflicts. But he argues current conflicts are being fueled by the leadership of al-Shabab -- men Roble says are so thoroughly committed to advancing the global agenda of radical Islamic groups, they no longer see themselves as Somalis.

Al-Shabab's 'divide and rule' tactics

Al-Shabab, whose top leaders are believed to have trained by al-Qaida in Afghanistan, is listed as a terrorist organization by the United States and Australia.

"Al-Shabab always takes advantage of estrangements between clans. For example, if clan A and clan B are not on good terms with each other, al-Shabab will go and sit with whichever they think they can convince," Roble said. "[They] tell them that, 'You will be the clan dominating this area. You will be the ruling clan here, so you support us.' Another trick they are using is to terrorize and threaten different clans, saying [things] like, 'We will cleanse your clan. You will be destroyed and your clan will be history. If you don't like it, don't come against us," he said.

Mohamed Ali Osman is a member of parliament and the chairman of a group seeking semi-autonomy for Kismayo and the surrounding regions. He says al-Shabab enjoyed popular support when it was perceived as a group fighting for Somali sovereignty against Ethiopia and the West. But support for the militants eroded after al-Shabab imposed strict interpretations of Islamic law. Punishments have included amputating the limbs of thieves, stoning and flogging of women, and public beheadings.

Osman says having lost its popular mandate, al-Shabab now maintains authority through deception and tactics long used by conquering armies.

"They are using 'divide and rule' for the clans. They are giving out positions and money and weapons, saying 'You stay in Kismayo, we will give you a share of the administration." This is a lie. They are lying to the local people," he said.

Militiamen belonging to the hard-line Hisbul Islam faction stand guard at group's headquarters in south Mogadishu, 24 Apr 2009
Hizbul Islam militiamen stand guard at the group's HQ in south Mogadishu, 24 Apr 2009
Signaling a possible shift in alliance, nearly 300 Hizbul Islam fighters surrendered to the Somali government last week. Isolating al-Shabab from less fanatical Islamist groups has been a goal for the besieged government and its Western backers.

But few Somalis believe the realignment will weaken al-Shabab's resolve. They say as long as there are clan differences, al-Shabab will likely find a way to exploit them to further their extremist agenda.