One-alarm, two-alarm, three-alarm fires, etc., are categories of fires indicating the level of response by local authorities. The term multiple-alarm is a quick way of indicating that a fire is severe and is difficult to contain. This system of classification is common in the United States and in Canada[citation needed] among both fire departments and news agencies.

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A common misconception is that a "3-alarm fire," for example, means that three firehouses responded to the fire. This is not the rule behind the naming convention, although some cities may use the number of firehouses responding for multi-alarm designations because that is the simplest way to determine an alarm number.[1][2]

The most widely used formula for multi-alarm designation is based on the number of units (firetrucks for example) and firefighters responding to a fire; the more vehicles and firefighters responding, the higher the alarm designation. (Note: In most cities, a "unit" can be anything from a tanker or ladder truck to rescue vehicles to even cars driven by the chief and deputies.[2])

With this unit/firefighter alarm designation, the initial dispatch is referred to as a "first alarm" and is typically the largest. Subsequent alarms are calls for additional units, usually because the fire has grown and additional resources are needed to combat it, or that the incident is persisting long enough that firefighters on scene need to be relieved.[3]

Requests for units and firefighters from outside jurisdictions do not normally occur in multi-firehouse urban areas until elevated alarms are reached (alarm three and above), but will depend on the location of the incident and the condition of the authority having jurisdiction at the time of the incident.

The system of classification comes from the old tradition of using pull stations to alert the local departments to a fire in their area.[2] The "box" would send a message to all local stations by telegraph that there was a fire, indicating the location as a number: (station area)-(box number), e.g., 2-11.[2] Fires are still dispatched as "box alarms," following this tradition, with maps broken up into a grid of "box areas."

Below is a list of the alarm levels used in the response policy of the New York City Fire Department. This is a basic example of how alarm levels are categorized in a fire department, how many fire apparatus or fire units respond to each alarm level, etc. In New York, however, additional special alarm levels are utilized, aside from the conventional 1st alarm, 2nd alarm, 3rd alarm, etc. Examples of such alarm levels are the signal 10-75 assignment, the signals 10-76 and 10-77 assignments, and the signal 10-60 assignment. A 10-75 is a working fire (i.e., there is fire visible from a building), the 10-76/10-77 assignments are the alarm levels separate from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd alarms, etc. that are the standard fire department responses to fires in high-rise buildings. The signal 10-60 is a separate response to major disasters.

Below is how alarm levels are categorized in order per protocol. Each apparatus count is in an addition per alarm (a five alarm assignment has 21 engine companies total). Each total is the total number of units on scene. [4]

If the incident commander decides that the incident does not require a higher alarm level to be requested, they can specially request an additional unit to the scene without requesting a full alarm level assignment. For example, at a working fire, there are four engine companies, three ladder companies, one squad company, one rescue company, two battalion chiefs, and one division chief operating at the scene. If the fire is not large enough to require a 2nd alarm, but there is a need for more equipment and manpower, the commanding chief can request additional units to respond "specially called" to the scene.

Thus, at the scene of a 5th alarm fire in New York, there are a total of 20 engine companies, 11 ladder companies, one squad company, one rescue company, six battalion chiefs, one division chief, one deputy chief, one assistant chief, and the chief of operations, as well as multiple specialized units and or specially called units operating on the scene.

All of these companies come from many firehouses to the scene. Some companies, however, are quartered together at the same firehouses. So, it is not a matter of how many firehouses respond to a fire, as popularly believed, but rather, how many companies/units and how many firefighters are operating on scene.

1.
Conflagration
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A conflagration is a large and destructive fire that threatens human life, animal life, health, and/or property. It may also be described as a blaze or simply a fire, a conflagration can begin accidentally, be naturally caused, or intentionally created. Arson can be for fraud, murder, sabotage or diversion, a firestorm can form as a consequence of a very large fire, in which the central column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can cause casualties including deaths or injuries from burns, trauma due to collapse of structures and attempts to escape, firefighting is the practice of attempting to extinguish a conflagration, protect life and property, and minimize damage and injury. One of the goals of fire prevention is to avoid conflagrations, when a conflagration is extinguished, there is often a fire investigation to determine the cause of the fire. A destructive fire, usually an extensive one a very intense and uncontrolled fire a large disastrous fire During a conflagration a significant movement of air, hot gaseous products of combustion move upward, causing the influx of more dense cold air to the combustion zone. Sometimes, the influx is so intense that the fire grows into a firestorm, inside a building, the intensity of gas exchange depends on the size and location of openings in walls and floors, the ceiling height, and the amount and characteristics of the combustible materials. Industrial conflagrations include fires at oil refineries, such as the 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire. One or several fire in forests or other areas, i. e. wildfire, may grow up into or unite to a conflagration. An urban conflagration moves beyond a block. In some ships, a large uncontained fire may lead to a ship conflagration. The conflagration of a building is known as a structure fire, an asteroid more than 4.3 miles in diameter colliding with the Earth, spewing out enough ejecta to cause a global conflagration

2.
Firefighting
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Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodland, etc. A firefighter suppresses and extinguishes fires to protect lives and to prevent the destruction of property, firefighters may provide other services to their communities. Additional hazards include falls and structural collapse that can exacerbate the problems entailed in a toxic environment, to combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing equipment. The first step in an operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire, to identify the specific risks. Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, the earliest known firefighters were in the city of Rome. In 60 A. D. emperor Nero established a Corps of Vigils to protect Rome after a disastrous fire and it consisted of 7,000 people equipped with buckets and axes, and they fought fires and served as police. In the 4th century B. C. an Alexandrian Greek named Ctesibius made a force pump called a siphona. As water rose in the chamber, it compressed the air inside, in the 16th century, syringes were also used as firefighting tools, the larger ones being mounted on wheels. Another traditional method that survived was the brigade, involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire. Typically, men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets of water toward the fire while in the other women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled. In the 17th century, fire engines were made, notably in Amsterdam, ancient Rome did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action and they would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no mention of fires being extinguished, rather they were contained and burned themselves out, ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the Vigiles were formed in the reign of Augustus. Prior to the Great Fire of London in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting, after the Great Fire, Nicholas Barbon introduced the first fire insurance. In order to reduce costs, Barbon also formed his own fire brigade. By the start of the 1800s, insured buildings were identified with a badge or mark, in 1833, these companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment. In World War II, the Auxiliary Fire Service and later the National Fire Service were established to supplement local fire services, at that time, there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms, procedures, ranks, or equipment. These were standardized after World War II, in January 1608, a fire destroyed many of the colonists provisions and lodgings in Jamestown, Virginia

3.
Firefighting in the United States
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As of 2014, there are around 1,134,400 firefighters serving in 27,198 fire departments nationwide and responding to emergencies from 58,150 fire stations. Of those firefighters, 31% or 346,150 were career firefighters, a Fire department responds to a fire every 23 seconds throughout the United States. Fire departments responded to 33,602,500 calls for service in 2015,21,500,000 were for medical help,2,533,500 were false alarms, and 1,345,500 were for actual fires. Paid firefighters may be union or non-union, union American firefighters are represented and united in the International Association of Fire Fighters with headquarters in Washington, D. C. However, many municipalities still rely on volunteer, paid on call and these non full-time firefighters are rarely union, and their interests are represented by the National Volunteer Fire Council. The United States Fire Administration provides national leadership to local fire services, the fire departments report fires and other incidents according to the National Fire Incident Reporting System, which maintains records of the incidents in a uniform manner. The National Fire Protection Association sets and maintains minimum standards and requirements for firefighting duties, the suppression of wildfires is regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This is done through the National Wildland Coordination Center, the two million fire calls that American fire departments respond to each year represent the highest figures in the industrialized world. Each year thousands of people die, tens of thousands of people are injured, indirect costs, such as temporary lodging expenses, lost time at work, medical expenses, and psychological damages are equally alarming. House fires in particular are one of the most common tragedies facing emergency disaster workers in recent history, according to the US Fire Administration, the United States has a more severe fire problem than generally perceived. In inner city Pennsylvania neighborhoods, house fires have greatly increased, an alarming trend in these specific house fires is that sixty percent of these houses do not have working smoke detectors. Additionally, these households are prone to using supplemental heating devices, UL compliant extension cords are labeled with valuable information as to the use, size, and rating of the cord. New Amsterdam established the colonies first firefighting system in 1647, Fire wardens inspected the houses and chimneys, fining for potential hazard. An eight-man team called a rattle watch patrolled the streets at night, when a fire was detected, they shook wooden rattles to alert townspeople. In 1711 the concerned Americans formed the so-called mutual fire societies of approximately twenty members each, when fire struck a society member, other members rushed for assistance. The first water-pumping engines were imported to New York in the 1730s, in 1736 Benjamin Franklin founded the first American volunteer fire company in Philadelphia. Such companies were organized in other colonies. Among those who served as volunteer firefighters were George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Volunteer firefighters were honored with frequent stanzas in urban newspapers and made the subject of heroizing prints by the popular American printmaking firm Currier & Ives

4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day

5.
Fire department
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Other life safety services, such as technical rescue, hazardous materials, and emergency medical services may also be provided by the agency. In the United States a fire brigade is the private firefighting organization of a company or enterprise, a fire department usually contains one or more fire stations within its boundaries, and may be staffed by career firefighters, volunteer firefighters, or a combination thereof. A fire department may provide fire protection or fire prevention services, whereby firefighters visit homes and give fire safety advice. In many countries fire protection or prevention is seen as an important role for the service, as preventing a fire from occurring in the first place can save lives. Fire departments are organized in a system of administration, services, training, and operations, for example, Administration is responsible for supervision, budgets, policy, Service offers protection, safety, and education to the public. Training prepares skilled people with the knowledge to perform their duties, operations performs the tasks to successfully save the public from harm. Larger departments have branches within themselves to increase efficiency, composed of volunteers, support, volunteers give advantages to the department in a state of emergency. Support organizing the resources within and outside of the department, research is to give advantages in new technologies for the department. A fire departments jurisdiction is organized by the body that controls the department. This comes from a municipality, county, prefecture, state, province, the most common type of government control is at the municipality level. The jurisdiction size and organisation would be set up by a department or the government in charge of these duties and this deals with the placement of fire stations, equipment, and personnel within the area of control. Fire departments periodically survey their areas and use the data for redeploying proper coverage. This data comes from time, range from station, and/or a population survey. This brings equal service to the community and gives the department efficient places to launch operations. The earliest known firefighting service was formed in Ancient Rome by Egnatius Rufus who used his slaves to provide a fire service. These men fought fires using bucket chains and also patrolled the streets with the authority to impose corporal punishment upon those who violated fire-prevention codes, the Emperor Augustus established a public fire department in 24 BCE, composed of 600 slaves distributed amongst seven fire stations in Rome. Fire departments were formed by property insurance companies beginning in the 17th century after the Great Fire of London in 1666. The first insurance brigades were established the following year, each company had its own fire mark, a durable plaque that would be affixed to the building exterior

6.
Firefighting apparatus
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A firefighting apparatus describes any vehicle that has been customized for use during firefighting operations. These vehicles are highly customized depending on their needs and the duty they will be performing and these duties can include firefighting, vehicle extrication, dangerous goods investigations, urban search and rescue, medical emergency, swift water rescue and plane crashes. While fire engine red remains the most common color for firefighting apparatus, for example, the Chicago Fire Department has a long-standing tradition of painting their apparatus black over red. Neighboring departments will often use different colors to distinguish their apparatus. For example, the Santa Barbara Fire Department uses the fire engine red while the neighboring Santa Barbara County Fire Department elects to use blue over white. A study by the American Psychological Association published in February 2014 indicated that lime-yellow is a significantly safer color for emergency vehicles because of its increased visibility, the study showed that lime-yellow fire apparatus were half as likely to be involved in accidents as red vehicles. See Fire Department Rehab Water tender - also known as a tanker, the fire pump was reinvented in Europe during the 16th century, reportedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and Nuremberg in 1657. A book of 1655 inventions mentions a steam pump used to raise a column of water 40 feet. Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop during fires at night and these buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Lynns 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jencks, by 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had made successful fire engines, the first used in New York City were of his make. The amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted the institution of a fire company by Benjamin Franklin in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743 and these earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually powered and the water was supplied by bucket brigade dumped into a tub where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source doing away with the bucket brigade, philadelphia fire engine manufacturers Sellers and Pennock model the Hydraulion is said to be the first suction engine produced in 1822. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake, the earliest engines were small and were carried by four men or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. The earliest four-wheel carriage mounted engines were pulled to the fire by hand, as the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine, john Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, the first self-propelled steam-driven fire engine was built in New York in 1841. It was the target of sabotage by firefighters and its use was discontinued and that same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts began selling what some have described as the worlds first modern fire engine

7.
New York City Fire Department
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The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 10,200 uniformed firefighters and over 3,940 uniformed EMTs, paramedics and its regulations are compiled in title 3 of the New York City Rules. The FDNYs motto is New Yorks Bravest, the FDNY serves more than 8 million residents within a 320 square mile area. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, there are Three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Citywide, Brooklyn, the Bronx houses Manhattan and the Bronx, and Queens houses Queens. The current Fire Commissioner is Daniel A. Nigro, who took over the position from Salvatore J. Cassano in June 2014. Staff chiefs include the seven citywide tour commanders, the Chief of Safety, the Chief of Fire Prevention, operationally and geographically, the department is nominally organized into five Borough Commands for the five traditional Boroughs of New York City. Within those five Borough Commands exists nine firefighting Divisions, each headed by a Deputy Division Chief, within each Division are four to seven Battalions, each led by a Battalion Chief. Each Battalion consists of three to eight firehouses and consists of approximately 180–200 firefighters and officers, each firehouse consists of one to three fire companies. Each fire company is led by a captain, who commands three lieutenants and nine to twenty firefighters, there are currently four shifts of firefighters in each company. Tours can be either night tours or day tours, the FDNY faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. The origins of the New York City Fire Department go back to 1648 when the first fire ordinance was adopted in what was then the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant, within one year of his arrival, appointed four fire wardens to wooden chimneys of thatched-roofed wooden houses, the first four fire wardens were Martin Krieger, Thomas Hall, Adrian Wyser, and George Woolsey. Hooks, ladders and buckets were financed through the collection of fines for dirty chimneys, an organization known as the prowlers but given the nickname the rattle watch patrolled the streets with buckets, ladders and hooks from nine in the evening until dawn looking for fires. Leather shoe buckets,250 in all, were manufactured by local Dutch shoemakers in 1658, in 1664 New Amsterdam became an English settlement and was renamed New York. The first New York fire brigade entered service in 1731 equipped with two hand-drawn pumpers which had transported from London, England. These two pumpers formed Engine Company 1 and Engine Company 2, the citys first firehouse was built in 1736 in front of City Hall on Broad Street. In 1865, the fire department was abolished by a state act which created the Metropolitan Fire District

8.
Firefighter
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In some areas, they are also trained in Emergency Medical Services and operate ambulances in addition to being a firefighter. The fire service, or fire and rescue service, also known in countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the three main emergency services. Firefighting and firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world, from wildlands to urban areas, according to Merriam-Websters Dictionary, the English word firefighter has been used since 1903. In urban areas across the world the population is protected by paid full time firefighters. The goals of firefighting are, As such, the skills required for operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighters career. In the United States, the preeminent fire training and standards organization is the National Fire Protection Association, often initial firefighting skills are taught during a local, regional, or state approved fire academy. Depending on the requirements of a department, additional skills and certifications such as technical rescue, Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies, most particularly local and state police departments. The increasing role of firefighters in providing medical services also brings firefighters into common overlap with law enforcement. One example of this is a state law requiring all gunshot wounds to be reported to law enforcement agencies. Fire fighting has some skills, prevention, self-preservation, rescue, preservation of property, basic first aid. Firefighting is further broken down into skills which include size-up, extinguishing, ventilation, salvage, wildland firefighting includes size up, containment, extinguishment, and mop up. Search and Rescue, which has already mentioned, is performed early in any fire scenario and many times is in unison with extinguishing. Fire suppression systems have a record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have sprinkler systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence greatly reduce the risk of death from a fire, with the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. Other methods of prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. Tools are generally carried at all times and are important for not only forcible entry, a self-contained breathing apparatus delivers air to the firefighter through a full face mask and is worn to protect against smoke inhalation, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter, Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue ropes

9.
Fire engine
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A fire engine is a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. In addition, many fire departments/fire services often employ their vehicles for other uses including emergency medical services. The terms fire engine and fire truck are used interchangeably. The primary purposes of an engine include transporting firefighters to an incident scene, providing water with which to fight a fire. Many fire vehicles are based on standard vehicle models and they are normally fitted with audible and visual warnings, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The standard fire engine is an apparatus designed primarily for firefighting operations, the tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and what sort of terrain the department must handle. For example, departments located near bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools, floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus. The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department, some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun, also known as a master stream, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines, commonly referred to as preconnects, the preconnects are attached to the engines onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. The name is derived from the fact that the ladder is mounted on a turntable on the back of a truck chassis. To increase its length, the ladder is telescopic, modern telescopic ladders are either hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier and they may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. A ladder can also be mounted behind the cab and this is sometimes called mid-ship and the arrangement allows a lower travel height for the truck, and also can be more stable in certain conditions. In some cases, there may also be a monitor at the top of the ladder for ease of use, other appliances may simply have a track-way which will hold a manually-run hose reel securely, and prevent it from falling to the ground. In the United States, a truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial, tiller ladder. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and it has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of the features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability

10.
Fire alarm call box
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A fire alarm box, fire alarm call box, or fire alarm pull box is a device used for notifying a fire department of a fire. Typically installed on street corners, they were the means of summoning firefighters before the general availability of telephones. When the box is activated by turning a knob or pulling a hook, a receiver at fire headquarters annunciates the pulses through flashing lights or tones, or via a pen recorder, and the box number is matched to a list of box locations. In modern installations a computer receives and translates the pulses, in unmanned installations in small communities, though still in wide use, many communities have removed them, relying instead on the widespread availability of landline and cellular telephones. The first telegraph fire alarm system was developed by William Francis Channing and Moses G. Farmer in Boston, two years later they applied for a patent for their Electromagnetic Fire Alarm Telegraph for Cities. In 1855, John Gamewell of South Carolina purchased regional rights to market the fire alarm telegraph, later obtaining the patents, the Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph Co. was later formed in 1879. Gamewell systems were installed in 250 cities by 1886 and 500 cities in 1890, by 1910, Gamewell had gained a 95% market share. If the power is out, people may not be able to charge batteries in portable phones, the telegraph alarm boxes, however, are powered from a separate supply and will likely continue to work in the face of outages of both electrical and telephone systems. In the later years of their use and proliferation, some boxes were designed with special devices. Gamewell-FCI company history List of cities with fire box alarm systems Fire alarm boxes in New York City FDNY fire alarm box locator

11.
Squad truck
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A Squad Truck is a rescue vehicle designed to transport the necessary tools, equipment, and personnel to perform a vehicle extrication at the scene of an entrapment. The design of squad trucks varies, depending on the geography, areas with rough terrain or snow usually have squad trucks with four-wheel drive, jake brake, locking differentials, hydraulic brakes, and aggressive tires. As such, the size of trucks is varying. Class I, or light duty trucks are the smallest. They can range from an ambulance or Chevy Suburban type truck. Class II, or medium duty trucks are substantially bigger in both the physical size of the truck and its weight. Medium duty squad trucks can range from fire engines specifically designed for extrications to International truck cabs. Class III, or heavy duty trucks are usually the dimensions of a full sized fire engine and often include more exotic tools such as cascade systems. This is a general list as many trucks have more tools

12.
Democrat and Chronicle
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The Democrat and Chronicle is a daily newspaper serving the greater Rochester, New York area. Located at 245 East Main Street in downtown Rochester, the Democrat, the papers production facility is located in the town of Greece. The Democrat and Chronicle is Rochesters only daily circulated newspaper, founded in 1833 as The Balance, the paper eventually became known as the Daily Democrat. The Daily Democrat merged with local paper, the Chronicle, in 1870, to become known as the Democrat. The paper was purchased by Gannett in 1928, from 1928 to 1985, the Democrat and Chronicle was Gannetts flagship paper, and Gannetts corporate headquarters were located in the Democrat and Chronicle building. Gannett moved its headquarters to Tysons Corner, Virginia, home of USA Today, at 153,350 square feet, the former headquarters in the Gannett building was considerably larger than the current headquarters, which is 42,000 square feet. With the move came new branding as D&C Digital emphasizing focus on the outlets online, in 2010, The Democrat and Chronicle ranked number one among US newspapers in market penetration, the percentage of readers in a metro area who read in print or online. The Democrat and Chronicle held that top spot for several years, according to the official site, the Democrat and Chronicle is delivered to over 170,000 homes,1300 retail stores and over 1000 news racks. Earl Caldwell Marie D. De Jesus Arch Merrill Manuel Rivera-Ortiz Pam Sherman, aka The Suburban Outlaw Michael Walsh The Democrat and Chronicle prices are, $1 daily, may be higher outside Monroe & adjacent counties. Official Site Gannett Official Site 1923 Paper detailing opening of old Pre-Gannett building formerly on Main Street Bridge