Note to InstructorThe text gives an excellent example of IKEA in China:When IKEA first opened stores in China in 2002, people crowded to take advantage of the freebies—air conditioning, clean toilets, and even decorating ideas. Chinese consumers are famously frugal. When it came time to actually buy, they shopped instead at local stores just down the street that offered knockoffs of IKEA’s designs at a fraction of the price. So IKEA slashed its prices in China to the lowest in the world.The penetration pricing strategy worked. IKEA now captures a 43 percent market share of China’s fast-growing home wares market.

Note to InstructorThis Web link brings you to Bluemountain.com. Many students may know this site for its free greeting cards. Notice how they have product line pricing—you can get some basic cards for free but need to join to be able to use more advanced features.

Note to InstructorStudents will quickly realize this is what their cell phone bill might be. Ask them how they feel about this pricing. This Web link goes to an ad for AT&amp;T’s campaign for rollover minutes.

Note to InstructorIn slideshow view, click on movie icon to launch General Electric video snippet. See accompanying DVD for full video segment

Note to InstructorDiscounts are either cash discount for paying promptly, quantity discount for buying in large volume, or functional (trade) discount for selling, storing, distribution, and record keeping.Allowances include trade-in allowance for turning in an old item when buying a new one and promotional allowance to reward dealers for participating in advertising or sales support programs.

Note to InstructorThe three types of segmented pricing are: Customer segment pricing is when different customers pay different prices for the same product or service. Product form segment pricing is when different versions of the product are priced differently but not according to differences in cost. Location pricing is when the product sold in different geographic areas is priced differently even though the cost is the same.

Note to InstructorDiscussion QuestionHow have you benefited from price segmentation?Most likely they have had student discounts. Ask them why that is effective given the criteria above.

Note to InstructorDiscussion QuestionHow well do you carry prices of coffee, pizza, and milk in your head?It might be interesting to collect the prices of items sold near or on campus including coffee, pizza, and sandwiches. Ask them how well they know these prices, have them write down the price of these items and then check themselves. You will often find that people do NOT know prices as well as they think they do.

Note to InstructorLoss leaders are products sold below cost to attract customers in the hope they will buy other items at normal markups.Special event pricing is used to attract customers during certain seasons or periods.Cash rebates are given to consumers who buy products within a specified time.Low-interest financing, longer warrantees, and free maintenance lower the consumer’s “total price.”

Note to InstructorThere is an excellent example in the text for dynamic pricing:Alaska airlines Web banner promotes “fly Alaska Airlines to Honolulu for $200 round trip.”Alaska Airlines is introducing a system that creates unique prices and advertisements for people as they surf the Web. The system identifies consumers by their computers, using a small piece of code known as a cookie. It company then combines detailed data from several sources to paint a picture of who’s sitting on the other side of the screen. When the person clicks on an ad, the system quickly analyzes the data to assess how price-sensitive customers seem to be.

Note to InstructorThere is an example in the book about a Tiffany’s price changes:In the late 1990s, the high-end jeweler responded to the “affordable luxuries” craze with a new “Return to Tiffany” line of less expensive silver jewelry. The “Return to Tiffany” silver charm bracelet quickly became a must-have item, as teens jammed Tiffany’s hushed stores clamoring for the $110 silver bauble. Sales skyrocketed. But despite this early success, Tiffany’s bosses grew worried that the bracelet fad could alienate the firm’s older, wealthier, and more conservative clientele.So, in 2002, to chase away the teeny-boppers, the firm began hiking prices on the fast-growing, highly profitable line of cheaper silver jewelry and at the same time, it introduced pricier jewelry collections, renovated its stores, and showed off its craftsmanship by highlighting spectacular gems like a $2.5 million pink diamond ring.

Note to InstructorThis is an interesting Web link to the Professional Jewelers Magazine Web site. It contains an article encouraging jewelers to fight deceptive pricing in their industry.

5.
New-Product Pricing Strategies<br />Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market<br />Product quality and image must support the price<br />Buyers must want the product at the price<br />Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices<br />Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily<br />

6.
New-Product Pricing Strategies<br />Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share<br />Price sensitive market<br />Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth<br />Low prices must keep competition out of the market<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

8.
Product Mix Pricing Strategies<br />Product line pricing takes into account the cost differences between products in the line, customer evaluation of their features, and competitors’ prices<br />Optional-productpricing takes into account optional or accessory products along with the main product<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

10.
Price Mix Pricing Strategies<br />By-product pricing refers to products with little or no value produced as a result of the main product. Producers will seek little or no profit other than the cost to cover storage and delivery.<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

14.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />Segmented pricing is used when a company sells a product at two or more prices even though the difference is not based on cost<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

15.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />Pricing Strategies<br />Segmented Pricing<br />To be effective:<br />Market must be segmentable<br />Segments must show different degrees of demand<br />Watching the market cannot exceed the extra revenue obtained from the price difference<br />Must be legal<br />

16.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />Pricing Strategies<br />Psychological pricing occurs when sellers consider the psychology of prices and not simply the economics<br />Reference prices are prices that buyers carry in their minds and refer to when looking at a given product<br />Noting current prices<br />Remembering past prices<br />Assessing the buying situations<br />

19.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />Geographical pricing is used for customers in different parts of the country or the world<br />FOB pricing<br />Uniformed-delivery pricing<br />Zone pricing<br />Basing-point pricing<br />Freight-absorption pricing<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

20.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />FOB (free on board) pricing means that the goods are delivered to the carrier and the title and responsibility passes to the customer <br />Uniformed-delivery pricing means the company charges the same price plus freight to all customers, regardless of location<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

21.
Price Adjustment Strategies<br />Zone pricing means that the company sets up two or more zones where customers within a given zone pay a single total price<br />Basing-point pricing means that a seller selects a given city as a “basing point” and charges all customers the freight cost associated from that city to the customer location, regardless of the city from which the goods are actually shipped<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

22.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />Freight-absorption pricing means the seller absorbs all or part of the actual freight charge as an incentive to attract business in competitive markets<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

23.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />Dynamic pricing is when prices are adjusted continually to meet the characteristics and needs of the individual customer and situations<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

24.
Price-Adjustment Strategies<br />International pricing is when prices are set in a specific country based on country-specific factors<br />Economic conditions<br />Competitive conditions<br />Laws and regulations<br />Infrastructure<br />Company marketing<br /> objective<br />Pricing Strategies<br />

31.
Public Policy and Pricing<br />Price fixing: Sellers must set prices without talking to competitors<br />Predatory pricing: Selling below cost with the intention of punishing a competitor or gaining higher long-term profits by putting competitors out of business<br />Pricing Within Channel Levels<br />

32.
Public Policy and Pricing<br />Robinson-Patman Act prevents unfair price discrimination by ensuring that the seller offer the same price terms to customers at a given level of trade<br />Pricing Across Channel Levels<br />

33.
Public Policy and Pricing<br />Robinson-Patman Act<br />Price discrimination is allowed:<br />If the seller can prove that costs differ when selling to different retailers<br />If the seller manufactures different qualities of the same product for different retailers<br />Pricing Across Channel Levels<br />

34.
Public Policy and Pricing<br />Retail (or resale) price maintenance is when a manufacturer requires a dealer to charge a specific retail price for its products <br />Pricing Across Channel Levels<br />

35.
Public Policy and Pricing<br />Deceptive pricing occurs when a seller states prices or price savings that mislead consumers or are not actually available to consumers<br />Scanner fraud failure of the seller to enter current or sale prices into the computer system<br />Price confusion results when firms employ pricing methods that make it difficult for consumers to understand what price they are really paying<br />Pricing Across Channel Levels<br />