A decision by a U.S. appeals court could give the Philadelphia police union increased political clout.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit ruled Monday that the city’s ban on political contributions by police violates the First Amendment. Other city employees including firefighters, who successfully challenged a similar ban, are allowed to make contributions.

Essay: Race or Party, Race as Party, or Party All the Time: Three Uneasy Approaches to Conjoined Polarization in Redistricting and Voting Cases, William and Mary Law Review (forthcoming 2018) (draft available)

After Scalia: The Future of United States Election Law, America-Ho (in Japanese, forthcoming 2016)