Alliteration (da. alliteration): Repetition of closely connected words beginning with the same letter, usually a consonant. It is used to highlight the feeling of sound and movement, to intensify meaning, or to bind words together, e.g. "the burning bushes".

Anaphora (da. anafor):
The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs;
for example, “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
we shall fight in the hills” (Winston S. Churchill).
Emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clauses.

In linguistics:
An anaphora is the use of a linguistic unit, such as a pronoun, to refer back to another unit, as the use of 'her' to refer to Anne in the sentence "Anne asked Edward to pass her the salt".
Anaphora in general is used of coreferential relations, where one element in a sentence takes its meaning or reference from another.
In ‘John said that it would rain, but I don't believe it’ the last ‘it’ refers back to what John said.

Assonance (assonans, halvrim): Also called 'vowel rhyme'. Assonance is the repetition
of similar or identical vowel sounds in non-rhyming words
which follow each other, especially when the vowel is stressed, e.g. in a campaign slogan
advertising for Hoover vacuum cleaners: It beats as it sweeps as it cleans.

Enjambement (enjambement): A line ending in which the syntax, rhythm and thought are continued and completed in the next line, e.g. But in contentment I still feel/ the need of some imperishable bliss.

Imagery (billedsprog):
Use of pictures, figures of speech and description to evoke ideas feelings, objects,
actions, states of mind etc. Thus, imagery is vivid or figurative language, including similes, metaphors and
symbols - elements in a literary work used to evoke mental images, visually, sensually and emotionally.

Lyric (lyrik, poesi): Originally poetry meant to be sung, accompanied by lyre or lute. Now refers to category of poetry that is short, concentrated in expression, personal in its subject matter, and songlike in quality.

Metaphor (metafor):
Stems from ancient Greek and means "to carry over" or "transference".
A a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to a person, idea, or object to which it is not literally applicable,
because the normally do not belong together.
Like the simile, is based on a point of similarity between two things; but whereas the simile states that one thing is like another, the metaphor identifies them completely. Thus, "the child chattered like a monkey" is a simile, but "that child is a perfect monkey" is a metaphor.
The medieval British poet, John Donne, makes use of metaphor when, in "Twickenham Garden", he writes:
And take my tears, which are love’s wine.
Read more under "simile vs metaphor".

Motif (motiv): A recurrent image, word, phrase, represented object or action that tends to unify
the literary work or that may be elaborated into a more general theme.
Also, a situation, incident, idea, image, or character type that is found in many different literary
works, folktales, or myths.

Onomatopoeia (onomatopoetikon): Use of words which echo their meaning in sound, e.g. "snap", crackle" and "pop"!

Personification (personificering): Technique of presenting things which are not human as if they were human,
e.g. "The Ballad of John Barleycorn"

Rap (rap): Popular song form which utilizes several poetic devices, most notably the play of language within a strict rhythmic scheme. As a song form it makes use of rhyme and refrain; punning, improvisation and aphoristic verse are qualities which are also characteristic.

Refrain (refræn): A recurring phrase or line, especially at the end of a verse, or appearing irregularly throughout a song or poem. It is used to create unity, to accumulate plot and meaning or to maintain rhythm and melody.

Rhyme (rim): The use of words with matching sounds, usually at the end of each line. The use of rhyme often occur in a
recurring rhyme scheme.
Rhyme is the similarity or identity of terminal sound in words, e.g. in this Limerick (with the rhyme scheme AABBA):
There once was an old monk of Basing,
Whose salads were something amazing;
But he told his confessor
That Nebuchadnezzar
Had given him hints upon grazing.

Rhyme scheme (rimmønster): The order in which the lines in a poem rhymes.

Simile (simile, sammenligning, lignelse):
A simile is a figure of speech which compares two essentially unlike things,
and similes are marked by use of the words "like" and "as", e.g.
"as light as a feather" or "sleeping like a baby".
Similes are not only used in poetry, but also widely in modern literature.

Simile vs metaphor (metafor, billede):
As mentioned, similes are marked by use of the words "like" and "as". However,
an example like "The snow blanketed the earth" is also a simile and not a metaphor because the verb "blanketed" is a shortened
form of the phrase "covered like a blanket". ---
Metaphors differ from similes in that the two objects are not compared,
but treated as identical: The phrase "The snow was a blanket over the earth" is a metaphor.
Thus, a simile states that A is like B, a metaphor states that A is indeed B or may substitute B for A.
Ordinary language has an abundance of corporeal metaphors - so we may speak of "the legs of a table" or
say that "the walls have ears".
There are a variety of types of metaphors (see Wikipedia).

Stanza (strofe, vers): A unit within a larger poem, another word for verse,
an arrangement of lines of verse in a pattern usually repeated throughout the poem.

Symbol (symbol): When a word, phrase or image 'stands for' or evokes a complex set of ideas, the meaning of which is determined by the surrounding context, e.g. the sun can symbolize life and energy, a red rose can symbolize romantic love.

Symbolism (symbolik): The totality of symbols, metaphors etc. that can be interpreted in a literary text
such as a poem or in a speech.

Verse (vers, strofe, linie): This word canm have three meanings: 1) a line of metrical writing;
2) a stanza; or 3) poetry in general.