Gemini Observatory: Exploring The Universe From Both Hemispheres

Gemini South Shines First Sodium Laser “Constellation”

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Figure 1. The Gemini South laser guide star “constellation” (upper left) is captured in this image by the lead of Gemini’s Optical Systems Group Maxime Boccas and Science Fellow Benoit Neichel. The image shows the 50-watt laser beam as it shines upward toward the atmospheric sodium layer about 90 kilometers above the earth’s surface to create a pattern of five artificial guide stars used to sample atmospheric turbulence for the Gemini Observatory’s GeMS adaptive optics system. The yellow-orange beam visible from lower right to upper left is caused by scattering of the laser's light by the Earth's lower atmosphere. The 30-second exposure was obtained on the night of January 21-22, 2011 and used a 500mm f/5.6 Celestron telescope with a Canon Rebel XT camera at an ISO setting of 1600. Image Credit: Gemini Observatory/AURA

Figure 2. The Gemini South telescope on the night of January 21-22, 2011 during the first propagation of the GeMS laser guide star system on the sky. A bright gibbous moon illuminates the landscape for this 20-second fisheye lens view. Gemini photo by Manuel Paredes Credit: Gemini Observatory/AURA.

Figure 3. An interior view of the Gemini South during propagation of the laser guide star system during on-sky testing of the laser system. Gemini photo by Manuel Paredes Credit: Gemini Observatory/AURA

In the early morning of January 22, 2011 at 4:38am, Chile Summer Time, a new era in high-resolution astronomy began with the successful propagation of a 5-star sodium laser guide star “constellation” in the skies over Cerro Pachón in Chile.

The event, captured by a series of remarkable images (Figures 1-3), includes one that clearly shows the five laser-produced stars shining in the sky (Figure 1). This first propagation of the Gemini South telescope laser system marks the beginning of on-sky commissioning for the next-generation adaptive optics system called GeMS or the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) System. GeMS will allow relatively wide-field imaging at extremely high resolution over an exceptionally large portion of the sky.

Maxime Boccas, who heads the Gemini Observatory’s Optical Systems Group captured the event using a digital camera and 500mm lens as the 50-watt laser, split into five beams, caused sodium atoms about 90 kilometers overhead to glow. The resulting image shows the distinctive 5-point grouping that resembles the pattern on a single die or domino. “The Gemini team has been working very hard for a very long time to get to this point and when I saw those 5 stars shining on the sky through my viewfinder it gave me goosebumps,” said Boccas. The laser guide stars are not visible to the naked eye and require a telescope or good binoculars to spot in the sky, although scattering from the beam in the lower atmosphere is visible as seen in the photos which accompany this release.

“This amazing picture illustrates the culmination of a laser development program that started about 10 years ago,” said Gemini Observatory’s Senior Laser Engineer Céline d’Orgeville who has overseen the laser’s development and spent four sleepless nights on the mountain with the commissioning team (Figure 4) to oversee the successful propagation of the laser. “Our Gemini team and its partners, including the laser manufacturer Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies, have worked extremely hard over the years to reach this milestone,” d’Orgeville adds. “We can now truthfully say that Gemini is one observatory, two telescopes, and six laser guide stars!” (Gemini North has a lower power 14-watt single laser guide star system that saw first light in 2005 and is a key capability for the Gemini telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i.)

The entire GeMS system will be integrated and commissioned throughout this year and into next. In 2012 the system should begin providing remarkably sharp images for the study of a wide range of topics ranging from the birth and evolution of stars to the dynamics of distant galaxies. GeMS will “feed” a variety of instruments that work in the near-infrared part of the spectrum and produce images and spectra of objects previously unobservable at this level of clarity due to blurring of light caused by turbulence in the earth’s atmosphere.

MCAO is a revolutionary approach to astronomical adaptive optics. The technique samples the turbulence structure in the atmosphere at several levels and then uses a technique similar to medical tomography to reconstruct a 3-D snapshot of how the atmosphere is distorting starlight. This is then used to shape a series of deformable mirrors to cancel out this distortion. All of this happens about 1000 times a second.

The Gemini system is expected to set the stage for the next generation of large ground-based telescopes which will have mirrors 30-meters in diameter or larger. These telescopes will require the latest adaptive optics technologies to produce images of sufficient resolution given the wide column of air they will observe through.

This work was funded by the international Gemini partnership funding agencies which include: The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Canadian National Research Council (NRC), the Chilean Comisión Nacional de Investigación Cientifica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), the Australian Research Council (ARC), the Argentinean Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and the Brazilian Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq.

Gemini observatory is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. The NSF also serves as the executive agency for the international partnership.

The Gemini Observatory is an international collaboration with two identical 8-meter telescopes. The Frederick C. Gillett Gemini Telescope is located on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i (Gemini North) and the other telescope on Cerro Pachón in central Chile (Gemini South); together the twin telescopes provide full coverage over both hemispheres of the sky. The telescopes incorporate technologies that allow large, relatively thin mirrors, under active control, to collect and focus both visible and infrared radiation from space.

The Gemini Observatory provides the astronomical communities in five participant countries with state-of-the-art astronomical facilities that allocate observing time in proportion to each country's contribution. In addition to financial support, each country also contributes significant scientific and technical resources. The national research agencies that form the Gemini partnership include: the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the Canadian National Research Council (NRC), the Argentinean Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, the Brazilian Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação and the Chilean Comisión Nacional de Investigación Cientifica y Tecnológica (CONICYT). The observatory is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. The NSF also serves as the executive agency for the international partnership.