"Based on odor, females seemed to be not only choosing with which males to mate, but many times they also were selecting different males to raise their nestlings," Danielle Whittaker says. "Interestingly enough, the cuckolding males had higher levels of a 'female-like' odor." (Credit: Brendan Lally/Flickr)

Contrary to previous beliefs, birds do use scent to choose mates. Researchers find odor is more reliable than size or plumage in determining successful mating.

For most animals, scent is the instant messenger of choice for quickly exchanging personal profiles. Scientists, however, have long dismissed birds as odor-eschewing Luddites that don’t take advantage of scent-based communications.

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In a first-of-its-kind study, however, researchers demonstrate that birds do indeed communicate via scents, and that odor reliably predicts their reproductive success. The study appears in the current issue of Animal Behaviour and focuses on volatile compounds in avian preen secretions.

Birds’ preen glands are located near their tails. Using their beaks, birds extract oil from the glands and rub it on their feathers and legs. Historically, this activity was thought to simply bolster the strength of feathers. Danielle Whittaker, managing director of Michigan State University’s BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, and her research team, however, have shown that it plays a key role in signaling reproductive health.

“This study shows a strong connection between the way birds smell near the beginning of the breeding season—when birds are choosing mates—and their reproductive success for the entire season,” she says. “Simply put, males that smell more ‘male-like’ and females that smell more ‘female-like’ have higher genetic reproductive success.”

The long-held assumption was that birds’ preferred methods of communication and mate selection were visual and acoustic cues. Studying dark-eyed juncos, Whittaker’s team compared which were more effective—chemical signals, or size and attractive plumage.

The results showed that individual bird odor correlated with reproduction success while size and plumage were less reliable. The study also revealed that females were making multiple decisions based on how their potential mates smelled.

“Based on odor, females seemed to be not only choosing with which males to mate, but many times they also were selecting different males to raise their nestlings,” Whittaker says. “Interestingly enough, the cuckolding males had higher levels of a ‘female-like’ odor.”

In addition, the researchers believe odors serve as beacons for hormone levels, current condition, and overall health, and genetic background.