Exploding killer plasmonic nanobubbles!

Has potential for cancer (and other cell) and gene therapy, and bone-marrow transplantation

December 5, 2012

After the laser pulse, red-stained cells show evidence of massive damage from exploding nanobubbles, while blue-stained cells remained intact, but with green fluorescent dye pulled in from the outside (credit: Plasmonic Nanobubble Lab/Rice University)

Researchers at Rice University have found a way to kill some diseased cells, including cancer cells, and treat others at the same time. The process, activated by a pulse of laser light, leaves neighboring healthy cells untouched.

The process, which uses “tunable plasmonic nanobubbles” developed in the Rice lab of Dmitri Lapotko, shows promise to replace several difficult processes now used to treat cancer patients (and others) with a fast, simple, multifunctional procedure.

The research was carried out at Rice by biochemist Lapotko, research scientist and lead author Ekaterina Lukianova-Hleb and undergraduate student Martin Mutonga, with assistance from the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Texas Children’s Hospital and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Exploding nanobubbles

Plasmonic nanobubbles that are 10,000 times smaller than a human hair cause tiny explosions. The bubbles form around plasmonic gold nanoparticles that heat up when excited by an outside energy source — in this case, a short laser pulse — and vaporize a thin layer of liquid near the particle’s surface. The vapor bubble quickly expands and collapses, killing cancer cells by literally exploding them without damage to healthy neighbors..

Taking it a step further, the researchers found that a single laser pulse creates large plasmonic nanobubbles around hollow gold nanoshells, and these large nanobubbles selectively destroy unwanted cells. The same laser pulse creates smaller nanobubbles around solid gold nanospheres that punch a tiny, temporary pore in the wall of a cell and create an inbound nanojet that rapidly “injects” drugs or genes into the other cells.

In their experiments, Lapotko and his team placed 60-nanometer-wide hollow nanoshells in model cancer cells and stained them red. In a separate batch, they put 60-nanometer-wide nanospheres into the same type of cells and stained them blue.

After suspending the cells together in a green fluorescent dye, they fired a single wide laser pulse at the combined sample, washed the green stain out and checked the cells under a microscope. The red cells with the hollow shells were blasted apart by large plasmonic nanobubbles. The blue cells were intact, but green-stained liquid from outside had been pulled into the cells where smaller plasmonic nanobubbles around the solid spheres temporarily pried open the walls.

High-throughput cell and gene therapy

Multifunctional cell-specific processing of a heterogeneous cell system with plasmonic nanobubbles (PNBs) that are selectively generated around the clusters of gold spheres in spheres-targeted cells (blue) and around the clusters of gold shells in shells-targeted cells (red) with a single laser pulse, resulting in the simultaneous delivery of molecular cargo into blue cells due to injection of the molecules (green dots) with small PNB and mechanical destruction of red cells with large PNB without damage to other cells, all realized in a single pulse treatment (credit: Ekaterina Y. Lukianova-Hleb et al./ACS Nano)

Because all of this happens in a fraction of a second, as many as 10 billion cells per minute could be selectively processed in a flow-through system like that under development at Rice, said Lapotko, a faculty fellow in biochemistry and cell biology and in physics and astronomy. That has potential to advance cell and gene therapy, and bone marrow transplantation, he said.

Most disease-fightingand gene therapies require “ex vivo” — outside the body — processing of human cell grafts to eliminate unwanted (like cancerous) cells and to genetically modify other cells to increase their therapeutic efficiency, Lapotko said. “Current cell processing is often slow, expensive and labor intensive and suffers from high cell losses and poor selectivity. Ideally, both elimination and transfection (the introduction of materials into cells) should be highly efficient, selective, fast and safe.”

Plasmonic nanobubble technology promises “a method of doing multiple things to a cell population at the same time,” said Malcolm Brenner, a professor of medicine and of pediatrics at BCM and director of BCM’s Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, who collaborates with the Rice team. “For example, if I want to put something into a stem cell to make it turn into another type of cell, and at the same time kill surrounding cells that have the potential to do harm when they go back into a patient — or into another patient — these very tunable plasmonic nanobubbles have the potential to do that.”

The long-term objective of a collaborative effort among Rice, BCM, Texas Children’s Hospital and MD Anderson is to improve the outcome for patients with diseases whose treatment now requires ex vivo cell processing, Lapotko said.

Lapotko plans to build a prototype of the technology with an eye toward testing with human cells in the near future. “We’d like for this to be a universal platform for cell and gene therapy and for stem cell transplantation,” he said.

Comments (7)

Yes, this is great research and very promising. But there is a “problem” with the constant stream of articles like this one and that is: “the research is not there yet.” A very rich person who believed this technique might be a life-saver for slef or loved one .. could simply buy a hospital, hire a world-class research team, and check himself/herselft in for treatment when the procedure was ready – using his own cells, etc. – made for him. The rest of us hear the promise but have to await indefinitely the results. I would like to see occassional articles that map the “current state-of-art-of practice. These would go back about 5 years in the literature, identify those promising research efforts that are now paying off and contributing to today’s “real” health care frontier. For example, the malaria research now beginning to pay off in Africa. Instead of mapping the “singularity” frontier we will be livng in 5-10 years, I would like to see the real current “sea-level” of the singularity as it is and has been arriving recently in real time. About the only real place you can see this now is in Ray Kurzweil’s exponential curves at the 2012 time points.

Very interesting and exciting developments. It is great to see so the different disciplines coming together for a common and smarter outcome. Not too long ago I was watching a man demonstrating his cancer killing radio frequency technique using a hot dog stating cancer cells are more suceptible to higher energy. Sometimes I do believe the Singularity is Near!