The plural is usually formed by adding the plural marker -i- to the singular stem before adding the genitive -en. However, the formation will transform the -i- to -j- if it appears between two vowels, and there are other transformations that often take place.

The common genitive plural endings are-ien -iden -itten -ojen and less often -sten -ten

Do you already understand the genitive plural? You can improve this section by writing the rules for the formation of the genitive plural!

The genitive case is used an attribute of ownership in much the same way as apostrophe s ('s) does for nouns in English.

Tämä auto on Timon

This is Timo's car (Literally, this car is Timo's)

Sometimes, however, English will mark ownership with the word "of". In equivalent phrases in Finnish the genitive is used.

Baabelin torni

The tower of Babel

Helsingin yliopisto

The University of Helsinki

And there are situations where English does not always mark the attribute with an "apostrophe s" or with the word "of", but uses the nominative form. However, Finnish is usually consistent and marks it with the genitive.

Turun Linna

Turku Castle (Turku's castle or the Castle of Turku)

Lontoon pörssi

The London Stock Exchange (London's Stock Exchange or The Stock Exchange of London"

""""""""::Note that isän is the genitive. Car, auto, also has an -n ending but this is not the genitive. It is instead a whole object marker known as the -N accusative.

Pesin hänen autonsa

However, in spoken language, (and especially in Helsinki!) the personal ending is often left out.

Pesin sen auton

I washed his car

We have already seen the exceptional existential phrase structure that does not mark the sentence's OBJECT with a personal suffix. These will always have the existential verb olla.

Tämä auto on Timon

That is Timo's car (Literally, that is the car Timo's)

The phrase is essentially existential (something is something). These types of sentence do not take a personal suffix.

But on the other hand, if the object owned is the SUBJECT of the the sentence then the personal suffix must be given.

Minun kelloni on rikki

My watch is broken

The personal suffix is always added to the stem but if the word already carries a case marker then the personal suffix is always added after the case ending.

He tulivat meidän talollemme

They came to our house

House Talo adds case ending llebefore personal suffix-mme

Hampaani on kipeä

My tooth aches

Tooth, hammas has the stem form hampaa- to which the personal siffix -ni is added.

But note! The addition of a personal suffix will NOT of itself cause a hard grade consonant to weaken.

Meidän kirkkomme

Our church

the word for churchkirkko normally weakens to a stem form kirko- when adding a case ending. However, personal suffix endings DO NOT WEAKEN THE FINAL CONSONANT.

Special Rules for the third person

Rule 1. The third person suffix is the same whether the subject is singular or plural. That is, it applies to situations such as "his", "her" or "their". Whether the meaning is singular or plural is known because the personal genitive will either be singular or plural.

Se on hänen talonsa

Its his house

Se on heidän talonsa

Its their house

Rule 2. The genitive marker of the person is not used if the person is the person owning is the person of the verb

He menivät pankkiinsa

They went to their bank

pankkiin + -nsa becomes pankiinsa (- see Rule 3). Heidän pankkiinsa would be incorrect if the bank was the place where "they" do their own banking.

The Kokkonens walked in the market square with Erkki and Marja Suomela. Then they went to their bank.

the use of the word heidäntheir can only mean the Suomelas' bank, not the Kokkonens' bank.

Rule 3. The third person marker is only -nsa (or -nsä) if the case is nominative singular (unmarked), nominative plural (-T) genitive, illative, or accusative ( -N or -T forms). The -N or -T from these forms is dropped before adding the -NSA. Otherwise the vowel at the end of the case ending is lengthened and just -n is added to make the personal suffix.

Se on heidän talonsa

Its their house

-nsa is used in the nominative

He kulkivat takaisin talolleen

They walked back to their house

talolle + -nsa becomes talolleen The meaning is implicitly their own house. If it was someone else's house it would add heidäntheir

Se ei ole heidän talonsa

Its not their house

Hän päätti, että hän ei myy taloaan

He decided not to sell his house

house is partitive for the same reason as above. So taloaan can be singular as in this example or plural (as in the previous example)

Kuluttajat luottavat lompakkoonsa

Consumers trust their (own) wallets

the verb luottaatrust requires the illative case (one puts trust INTO something in Finnish). Lompakko wallet is therefore in the illative "lompakkoon". This already has a long vowel ending so we do not use the vowel lengthening form. Instead, like all illative forms with the third person personal suffix, -nsa stays in its -nsa form. We know its third person plural because the verb has the ending -vat indicating plural person. Because the person owning is the same as the person of the verb, we do NOT say heidän lompakkoonsa because this would mean some other group's wallets.

Hänen omat saksensa eivät purreet siihen materiaaliin

His own scissors would not cut into the material

Sakset scissors is a plural noun as in English. Sakset + -nsa becomes saksensa. The plural t is lost altogether.

Raine on kadottanut lompakkonsa

Raine has lost his wallet

lompakko (nominative) plus -nsa. Note: No consonant degradation.

Raine ja Anne ovat molemmat kadottaneet lompakkonsa

Raine and Anne have both lost their wallets

So lompakkonsa can be both plural and singular depending on context. Lompakot (nominative plural) + -nsa becomes lompakkonsa

Hän otti lomapakon

He or she took the wallet (but we don't know whose wallet)

lompakon is in -N accusative form, which is identical in form to the genitive.

but

Hän otti lompakkonsa

He or she took (his or her own) wallet

Lompakon + -nsa becomes Lompakkonsa. Notwithstanding that this was originally in the weak case, the addition of the -nsa cause the original -n to be lost and the weakened stem to become string again.

If you understand Finnish and understand the article at the link above and can explain this en English, you may be able to help students reading this wikibook by updating this page with an English translation of elements relating to compound genitive words. Please also write this in the Finnish version of this page in the Finnish Wikibook.

Many of the words describing relative place in Finnish such as edessaäin front of, takanabehind, vieressäalongside come after the word describing the absolute place. This word is always a noun that is in the genitive case. Words such as veressä are therefore known as prepositions (meaning put after). Equivalent English words such as behind, under, over are known as prepositions. Lets look at a few genitive prepositional phrases.

Poytä on sohvanedessä

The table is in front of the sofa

So the construction when transliterated is something like the table is of the sofa in front. Because the construction is so different from English this sounds quite strange.

Kirkonvieressä on kirkkotupa 1600-luvulta.

Next to the Church is the church hall from the 1600s

tupa is cabin or hut but is translated here as hall (a meeting place separate from the Church itself)