Art History 6C @ UCSB

Modernism

“all that is ephemeral and fleeting and everything that isn’t traditional”; describes an effect and focuses on an object; uproot from rural to industrialized cities

Enlightenment

brought light and no longer governed by superstitions; emphasis on individual rather than the state
1. belief that destiny can be shaped and changed
2. individual takes on new meaning with agency to pursue happiness
3. institutions can be reformed and perfected and the purpose of the state is to help the individual

French Revolution

1789: inspired by enlightenment ideas; State=King, first estate=clergy/church, second estate=noblemen, third estate=everyone else; third estate rebels and try to create a constitution that is democratic and gives more equal rights

most important kind of painting; includes religious, mythological, historical, literary, or allegorical subjects (conveys a moral lesson about appropriate behavior, virtue)

Portraits

painting of someone that is meant to be of a specific person

Genre Scenes

scenes of everyday life, neither ideal nor in style nor elevated in subject; admired for skill, ingenuity, and even humor

Still Life

inanimate objects being painted

Rococo

arose from the rule of Louis XV who was more interested in social life and gambling than state of affairs; represents modern pleasures; intimacy, secrecy, fun between subject matters; fluffy brushwork, concerned with more playful themes

Neo-Classicism

austere, moral values, didactic, crisp lines, hard edges and clarity, sculpted forms, and shallow depths; usually history painting; used to teach citizens how to behave; often about how loyalty and sacrifice to the state is overall more important than emotion

Didactic

intending to teach; particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive

Royal Academy

established by Lois XIV in 1664; training for artists in casting, musculature, sin, and then clothes; made to control the artists

Salon

represent the artists’ work; established by Kin Lois XIV to control what was painted and to keep the state upheld; 1664-1881; official, sponsored; after 1881 Bougeureau and others take over and clal it the National Salon; held in spring

Storming of the Bastille

July 14th, 1789: peasants take over the prison and kill many of the prisoners and guards; the flashpoint of the french revolution

Guillotine

a weapon to kill those accused of being against the revolution; seen as democratic because it was used on everyone regardless of their status

The Reign of Terror

1793-1794; period during the revolution that was led mainly by Robespierre who was killing people in large numbers

September Days

1794, estimated that 18,000-40,000 were killed in weeks

Jacobins

the ones who did the reign of terror/september days; led by Robespierre

Romanticism

NOT a style; a movement that sets itself in opposition to tradition; values emotion and individual aspects of life; focuses on how the artist feels about the subject; often has more messy/fluid brushwork and no real distinction of background with the scene (but not always)

Timeline

1. Lois XIV = Sun King
2. Lois XV = Beheaded King
3. French Revolution = 1789
4. Empire = Napoleon as officer, then member of Consul, crowns himself emperor, beaten at Waterloo in 1815 and is sent into exile
5. The Restoration (1815-1830) = Lois XVI’s Brother “restored” to power

Napoleon

First Consul and the Emperor (1800-1815)

The Restoration

1815-1830, “restoration of the monarchy”; Lois XVIII and then Charles X; autocratic ruler

July Monarchy

second french revolution from 1830-1848; began with overthrow of Charles X; then Louis Phillip (“citizen king”) comes to power; then the revolution of 1848 (Workers and Peasant Revolutions)

Louis Phillip

constitutional monarchy under the charter; triumph of Bourgeoisie (workers are forgotten); King Louis Phillip, January 1831: attempted to stay in middle ground in equal distance from excess of popular power and abuse of royal power

The Revolution of 1848 (Workers and Peasant Revolutions)

Urban workers-socialist regime; June days and National Workshops; overthrow government; establish 10 hour work days, nationalized railways, National workshops for those who were unemployed, June days, uprisings stop in 1849

Realism

rejects notion of “higher reality” in art; focus on things of one’s own time, things one cn see and experience; usually depicts peasant life; paint application and composition call attention to themselves

Romantic used smoother lines and their lines show movement or flow to create action; Realists used rougher lines to show the relationship between the subjects hard life and the brushwork and showing paint as it was without trying to perfect it

Academic Painting

mid late 19th century; set apart from real life (like the Hollywood of painting); had hints of Neoclassical and Romantic styles; unlike Neoclassical there was no moral lesson to be learned, just a nice painting with many details in accordance with the conventions of the academy; took styles and normalized them along with their subjects; became a machine as it lost its relationship with the world

Impressionism

about a Bourgeoisie world where Bourgeoisie rituals govern and stand as markers of a persons social standing; wants to paint the modern world; wants to show how the painting was created (paint is not going to make a perfect figure when we do not live in a world of perfect figures); representation, fleeting spectacle of everyday life; plein air painting (outoors, on site); empahsis on surface as well as subject matter; rapid brushstrokes; motif is a slice of life rather than a posed scene; primarily leisure activities; interest in color and light

Salon of Refuges of 1863

put on by Napoleon III after numerous were rejected from the Salon; paintings such as Manet’s were displayed; sponsered to appease those rejected by the official salon

1874-86: anonymous society of artists, subscription to the society was required

Haussmannization

period during which Paris was transformed into the Modern city that it is today; Haussman was appointed by Napoleon III to modernize the city; created wide boulevards; people were moved and displaced; high rent for shop owners and some areas began to turn lively and trendy; filling leisure time and shopping the construction of the department stores brought entertainment and people started going to spend their time in other places

Franco-Prussian War

1870-71: prussia wins and france loses; republicans go to Versailles to make peace with Prussians and the elected french government (the republic) surrenders to Prussia so the Prussians agree to withdraw;

The Commune

March to May 1871: radical group; had separation of church and state, voting rights for women, the abolition of night work in Paris bakeries, pensions for survivors of National Gardman, and they postponed commercial debt obligations; during this period there was communism in the air; crushed and the Republicans ally with Prussians

Salon des Independants (1884)

founded by critics, artists, and dealers interested in “progressive” art; no jury and to exhibit your art you would pay 10 Francs; held in spring

Salon d’Atomne

1903: no jury; held in fall; established as progressive and features many foreign artists and major retrospectives “forward thinking”

Post-Impressionism

took certain parts of Impressionism and emphasized expression through use of color, line, patterning; the emotional impact of what they see