5.
Lesson 14
MORE ABOUT EST
Let's learn another way to use est. Sometimes est simply means is. Consider the following example:
Poeta est agricola.
This sentence means the poet is a farmer. Here, it is clear that poeta is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we
leave out he and est simply means is. In other cases, there is no other word to be the subject of the sentence, as in the
following example:
Poeta est.
This sentence means he is a poet. Here it is clear that there is no other word available to be the subject of the
sentence. So, we translate est as he is. If you cannot figure out whether est means is or he is, try them both. The
correct meaning of est should become clear.
EXERCISES:
1. Agricola est poeta.
2. Nauta est poeta.
3. Est nauta.
4. Poeta non est nauta.
5. Nauta non est.
6. Poeta est agricola.
7. Nauta non est agricola.
8. Non es poeta.
9. Ego agricola non sum.
10. Es et agricola et poeta.

6.
Lesson 15
• SINGULAR AND PLURAL
Singular means one of something.
Plural means more than one of something.
In the exercises below, circle the subject of the sentence, then decide if the
subject is singular or plural by writing S or P in the margin.
EXERCISES:
1. The car is red.
2. We have ice cream cones.
3. Flowers are pretty.
4. I like blueberry pie.
S. They like hamburgers.
6. Jimmy will go to school
tomorrow.
7. The team has five players.
8. Mary is a good clarinet player.
9. In France, they speak French.
10. Many houses are on our street.

7.
Lesson 16
• NEW WORD nautae
• MEANING sailors
• PRONUNCIATION TIP: In classical pronunciation, the ae at the end of nautae sounds like
the English word eye. In ecclesiastical pronunciation, the ae at the end of nautae sounds like
the e in bet.
• Nautae is your first plural word in Latin. Nauta becomes plural when we change the ending
from -a to -ae. The same rule applies to agricola and poeta.
EXERCISES:
1.What is the plural form of agricola?
2. What is the plural form of poeta?

8.
Lesson 17
NEW WORD sumus
MEANING we are
• When studying any language it is important to notice whether each individual word is singular or plural.
Why? Because each word in a sentence must interact correctly with the words around it. In grammatical
terms, this is called agreement. See if you can figure out what is wrong with the following example:
Sum agricolae.
• Did you notice something strange about that sentence? This sentence does not make any sense because it
means I am farmers. In other words, sum and agricolae do not agree because sum is singular and
agricolae is plural. A correct sentence would be sum agricola because sum and agricola agree. Again, see
if you can figure out what is wrong with the following example:
Sumus agricola.
• This sentence does not make any sense either because it means we are a farmer. Sumus and agricola do
not agree because sumus is plural and agricola is singular. A correct sentence would be sumus agricolae
because sumus and agricolae agree.

10.
Lesson 18
• NEW WORD estis
• MEANING you are (plural) (youse)
• You already know that the word es means you are. We use es when
speaking to one person. Estis also means you are, but with one
important difference: estis is plural. The English word you can refer to
one person or more than one person. Other languages (such as Latin)
have different words for singular you and plural you.
• Sometimes we use expressions such as you guys or you people to try to
make it clear that we are talking to more than one person. In Scotland,
sometimes we hear the word youse when someone is talking to more
than one person.
• I will use this word to help you understand the difference between es and
estis.

12.
Lesson 19
• NEW WORD sunt
• MEANING they are
• Sunt is very similar to est. Sunt can mean they are or just are. Consider the following example:
Agricolae sunt poetae.
• This sentence means the farmers are poets. Here it is clear that agricolae is the subject of the
sentence. Therefore, we leave out they and sunt simply means are.
• In other cases, there is no other word to be the subject of the sentence, as in the following example:
Poetae sunt.
• This sentence means they are poets. Here there is no other word available to be the subject of the
sentence. So, we translate sunt as they are.
• Again (just as with est), if you cannot figure out whether sunt means are or they are, try them both.
The correct meaning of sunt should become clear.

14.
Lesson 20
• MEMORISATION
• Let's put all the verbs you know into a chart to help you
remember them.
sum sumus
es estis
est sunt
When studying any language, it is very beneficial to memorise groups of verbs
such as this one. To help you remember these verbs, say them over and over in
this sequence: sum, es, est, sum us, estis, sunt. Students of Latin often chant or
sing groups of verbs like this. You or your students may enjoy making up your
own games, songs, or chants to help you memorize things more easily.