Abstract

Antibacterial effect and biofilm inhibition Of Lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon nardus L.) against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Caries prevention can be carried out by several methods. One of them is by controlling the plaque accumulation on the surface of the teeth. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L) is containing certain compound that can inhibit the growth of bacteria and biofilm. The objective of this research is to observe the influence of antibacterial and biofilm inhibition of lemongrass extract against the growth of S. mutans. Subjects were S. mutans bacteria on KHM90 test as much as 6x108 CFU/ml and on biofilm inhibition test as much as 15x108 CFU/ml. Lemongrass was extracted using petroleum ether followed by using 70% ethanol. Antibacterial activity test carried out with KHM90 determination test using microdilution method on microplate flat bottom 96 wells. Bacteria were prepared by making a suspension in NB media and adjusted to McFarland II standard (6x108 CFU/ml). Biofilm inhibition activity test was performed using microdilution method of the biofilm formed on microplate flat flexible PVC U-bottom 96 wells which were stained using 1% of crystal violet. Bacteria were prepared by making a suspension in BHI media and adjusted to McFarland V standard (15 x108 CFU/ml). The result in the form of optical density (OD) was read by Bio-rad microplate reader Benchmark at a wavelength of 595 nm. The value of IC50 was determined by probit method using SPSS version 15.The results of this study of measurements on KHM90 test showed that 108,36% w/v is capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Biofilm inhibitory activity showed IC50 lemongrass value was 0,137% w/v. The conclusion of this study is that lemongrass extract has antibacterial effect against bacteria S. mutans showed by KHM90 obtained at concentrations of 0,18% w/v and there is lemongrass extract biofilm inhibitory effect against the bacteria S. mutans indicated by IC50 value 0,137%

Abstract

IL-1Î² level of macrophage exposed to A. actinomycetemomitans decreases after administrationÂ Curcuma Zedoaria volatile oil. Activation of interleukin-1Î² (IL-1Î²) is a key regulator of the inflammatory response.Â Macrophage is a phagocytic mononuclear cell that plays an important role in innate and adaptive immune response.Â The cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to pathogen are IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-Î± and chemokine. CurcumaÂ zedoaria volatile oil may have anti inflammation effect. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-1Î² level of macrophageÂ exposed to A. actinomycetemcomitans after administration Curcuma zedoaria volatile oil. The subjects were 10 maleÂ Wistar rats, which divided into two groups (treatment and control), each group 5 rats. In the treatment group, 30,6 Î¼l/ml Curcuma zedoaria volatile oil was administered per oral for 14 days and the control group used aquabidest. In theÂ 7th days, 100 Î¼l A. actinomycetemcomitans in CMC 2% were applied on the anterior gingival mandible for 7 days. RatsÂ were anesthetized in the 15th days then macrophage was collected from peritoneal. Interleukin-1Î² level of macrophageÂ was measured using ELISA kit (R&D Systems, USA). Data were analyzed using t-test. The result showed IL-1Î² levelÂ decreased after treatment. The comparison between treatment and control was significant difference (p<0.05). It canÂ be concluded that Curcuma zedoaria volatile oil may have anti inflammation effect through reducing the IL-1Î² level of macrophage.

Abstract

The Effect of Rossella Flower Petals Stew to Artificial Saliva pH. Saliva is a complex oral fluids. One of the microorganisms that cause the salivaâs pH becomes acid is Streptococcus mutans. Water stew of Rossella flower petals (Habiscus sabdariffa L) contains flavonoids and anthocyanins that interfere metabolism of the cells and growth of Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this experimental was to know the effect of water stew Rossella flower petals concentration in pH scale and absorbance score of artificial saliva which induced with Streptococcus mutans by in vitro. The method which applied here was True Experimental Design, post test control group design. The concentrations that used in this study were 5%, 15%, 25% and 35%. The results described the differences in pH scale and absorbance score of artificial saliva which induced with Streptococcus mutans between treatment group (added by water stew Rossella petals) and control group. Data analysis using correlation and regression test showed the effect of water stew of Rossella flower petals in pH scale of artificial saliva was 99.2%. The conclusion of this experimental explained the increase of pH scale after added with the water stew of Rossella flower petals, also showed a significant differences of pH scale of artificial saliva between treatment group and control group based on the One-Way ANOVA test, and the water stew of Rossella flower petals was effective to maintain pH scale of artificial saliva approach normal pH scale

Abstract

Influence of Immersion Length on Tetracycline Absorption on Gourami (Osphronemus Gouramy) Scales as Adsorbent. Gourami (Osphronemus Gouramy) scales are one of the natural sources of collagen. This fish scaleâs collagen has functional properties, such as bio-degradable (easily decomposed), bio-compatible (compatible with surrounding tissue), and potential as bio-adsorbent. The absorbent properties of collagen are currently used as a transport material in local drug delivery for periodontal disease treatment, which is known as tetracycline chip. However, this chip is made of synthetic collagen so it is not absorbable by the bodyâs system. The price is also expensive. This studyâs aim is to prove the potency of Gourami scales as a source of collagen in medical treatment, especially as a transport material of tetracycline for periodontal disease treatment. The gourami scale was obtained from seafood restaurant in Jember, Jawa Timur. About 500 mg of gourami scales was immersed into 20 ml tetracycline solution in beaker glass. About 200 Î¼l solution from the beaker glass was taken with micropipette after 1-hour, 2-hour, 4-hour, 12-hour and 24-hour after immersed. After that, the solution was collected into an eppendorf for each time. The absorbance was measured with spectrophotometer at 450 nm wave length. This procedure was repeated five times. The lowest absorbance occured at 1-hour time (160,6 Î¼g/Î¼l). The result from light and inverted microscope examination shows a bond between collagen from gourami scales with tetracycline. Gourami scale has the ability to absorb the highest rate of tetracycline at 1-hour immersed time by forming a bond between collagen and tetracycline.

Abstract

Correlation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) Level and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) Expressions ofÂ Salivary Neutrophils in Severe Early Childhood Caries. Early childhood caries is a very serious health problemÂ because it is a chronic infectious disease that is contagious. Dental caries begins after the primary teeth grow andÂ develop on the tooth surface very quickly and progressively. In recent years the views of neutrophils have changedÂ dramatically. Neutrophils not only act as a microbe killer through phagocytosis, the release of reactive oxigen speciesÂ (ROS) and its antimicrobial peptide, but neutrophil activation also helps regulate the immune response. To analyze theÂ relationship between the amount S. mutans and IL-8 expression of salivary neutrophils in severe early Childhood caries.Â Two groups, namely Isolation of S. mutans were performed on saliva samples taken from 20 caries-free and 20 severe early childhood caries and samples Nacl 1,5% mouthwash results of 20 caries-free and 20 severe early childhood cariesÂ salivary neutrophils that were analysis of IL-8 expression by flow cytometry. Based on the average value, it is known thatÂ S. mutans level in early Childhood caries-free is lower (513.500,00 +185.565,28 CFU/ml) in comparison to the severe early Childhood caries (977.000,00 +222.500,15 CFU/ml), but the expression of IL-8 neutrophil salivary neutrophils inÂ early Childhood caries-free is higher (3,31+0,50) in comparison to the severe early Childhood caries (2,95+0,56). TheÂ increased S. mutans level is probably caused by the decrease in the expression of IL-8 salivary neutrophils in severeÂ early childhood caries.

Abstract

Effect of Î²-carotene Gingival Mucoadhesive Patch Application at Panoramic Radiography Exposure.Â According to previous research, Î²-carotene gingival mucoadhesive patch has a radiation protection effect on NewÂ Zealand Rabbits. The increase in micronucleus after panoramic radiography exposure is avoided because of Î²-caroteneÂ gingival mucoadhesive patch application. In order to continue that research, we try the application of Î²-carotene gingivalÂ mucoadhesive patch into human. Twenty subjects who requested to take panoramic radiography were divided into twoÂ groups randomly. Group I was without Î²-carotene gingival mucoadhesive patch application and Group II was givenÂ the application before radiography exposure. Each of the subjects was swabbed on anterior maxillary gingiva beforeÂ radiography exposure and the 10th day after the exposure. The swab was stained using modified Feulgen RossenbeckÂ method. The adhesive time and the effect of radiograph were also observed. The result shows that there was a decreaseÂ in micronucleus number after Î²-carotene gingival mucoadhesive patch application but there was no significant differenceÂ (p>0,05) between Grup I and II. The adhesive time was more than 10 hours and there was uncomfortable taste in theÂ first time application. Gray scale analysis shows no significant difference (P>0,05) between panoramic radiographyÂ application and without application. The conclusion is that Î²-carotene gingival mucoadhesive patch application reducesÂ micronucleus number although not significantly.

Abstract

Antecendent Affecting Utilization of Dental Services in Pregnant Women (Pilot Study at SerpongÂ District, South Tangerang). Pregnancy and oral health are an aspect that is related to each other. Pregnant womenÂ need to regularly check oral health to a dentist every trimester. The number of utilization of dental service which is indicated by pregnant womenâs dental visit data in Indonesia is still very low. Antecendent factors in ABC behavior changeÂ theory (Antecendent Behavior Consequences) are very important to influence the formation of a behavior includingÂ pregnant women dentalâs visit. The objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the antecendent factors affectingÂ the utilization of dental services during pregnancy. The preliminary research was conducted at comunity health center inÂ Serpong district, South Tangerang with a cross sectional study. Subjects are 27 pregnant women with gestational ageÂ of 4-38 weeks.Data were collected through interview and clinical examination to find out about the score of DMFT indexÂ and modified gingival index, which was then analyzed descriptively and statistically using chi-Square test. Results: mostÂ of the respondents (96%; 26 respondents) did not visit the dentist during pregnancy. Antecendent factor of pregnantÂ womenâs dental visit: not knowing the benefits of dental visit during pregnancy (33%; 9 respondents), having fear of aÂ dentist (26%; 7 respondents), visiting a dentist is thought to be expensive (19%; 5 respondents), having no need (11%;Â 3 respondents), having fear of causing harm to the fetus (11%; 3 respondents). The mean of DMFT is 2.78 Â± 3.23 andÂ the mean of modified gingival index (MGI) 1.00 Â± 1.07. There were no significant differences in DMFT and MGI scores ofÂ each antecendent (p> 0.05). Conclusion: two major factors predicting the utilization of dental services during pregnancyÂ are 1) knowledge and 2) perceived need.

Abstract

Maternal Behavior Change Program (Cerdigi) Based on ABCâs Theory (Pilot Study in SerpongÂ Subdistrict, South Tangerang). Oral health is one of the things that need attention during pregnancy. However, theÂ behavior of dental and oral health maintenance during pregnancy is still low. Poor oral health conditions in pregnantÂ women can have an impact, such as premature births and low birth weight (LBW) babies. ABC behavior change theoryÂ focuses on the antecedent, behavior, and consequence of behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine pregnantÂ womenâs behavior of oral health maintenance, identify their antecedent factors, behavior change interventions (DHE), andÂ analyze the behavior consequence. This was a descriptive research with a cross-sectional design among 27 pregnantÂ women in Serpong Subdistrict, South Tangerang. The data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. TheÂ results show 100% (27 respondents) did tooth brushing twice a day, 44,4% (12 respondents) used mouthwash once a week and 4% (1 respondent) visited a dentist during pregnancy. The antecedent factors of not visiting a dentist duringÂ pregnancy were because: 33% did not know the benefits of visiting a dentist, 26% had fear of dentist, 19% felt that visitingÂ a dentist was expensive, 11% did not feel the need to go to a dentist, and 11% had fear of disturbing the fetus. After 9Â days of intervention, the consequences on the 19 respondents were evaluated and the results show that 89.5% had notÂ visited a dentist, 5.25% had visited a dentist, and 5.25% did not want to visit a dentist. The reason of not visiting a dentistÂ was because of having not much time 52.8%, having nobody to accompany 11.8%, feeling lazy 11.8%, still feeling afraidÂ of a dentist 11.8 %, and having no money 11.8%. The conclusion from this study is that the most dominant behaviors ofÂ oral health maintenance in pregnant women is to maintain it by themselves (toothbrushing and using mouthwash), whileÂ maintaining the health by visiting a dentist is still low with various antecendents.

Abstract

Effect of Herbal Toothpaste Application Method on Production of Volatile Sulfur Compound. Volatile sulfur compound (VSC) is a component of the gas produced by bacteria in the oral cavity, consisting of hydrogen sulfide,methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. This gas is often used as an indicator to assess the status of bad breath. Herbalbased dental paste has been reported in previous studies to inhibit the growth of germs that cause periodontal disease. Plaque Bacteria in the oral cavity can be reduced by tooth brushing and/or the use of antiseptic material. Two groups of subjects chosen were given treatment using herbal toothpaste in different ways: the first group was by brushing teeth with herbal toothpaste the way they usually do it and the second group was given the treatment by applying herbal paste in the left and right molar region of maxilla. The sampling was performed before treatment, 5 minutes and 2 hours after brushing teeth or applying herbal paste. The result of the experiment indicates that the use of herbal toothpaste with toothbrush and applying method has the same pattern on each component of the sulfur gas that is an increase after five minutes post-application and then a decrease after 2 hours post-application. Herbal toothpaste which is applied by means of brushing or by applying to the teeth affected the levels of VSC components; the level of Hydrogen sulfide decreased, the level of methyl mercaptan was relatively stable, and the level of dimethyl sulfide increased. Herbal toothpaste can be used in a common brushing way or by applying it to the teeth to reduce the levels of VSC gases, especially Hydrogen sulfide in normal subjects.