FEA Load Extraction - Peak Element

A variation of the Peak Element load extraction method has been added, "Peak Element - All Load Cases".

The old Peak Element load extraction method has been renamed to "Peak Element - Metric Filter".

"Peak Element - All Load Cases" stores peak element loads for all load cases. All load cases are analyzed. This is recommended as an alternative to the N-sigma method for final analysis - especially for (smeared) components with many elements.

"Peak Element - Metric Filter" stores only the max peak element load across all load cases. This acts as a load case filter - only a subset of the load cases are analyzed which saves computation time.

Load Case Management

A number of enhancements have been made to make managing projects with many load cases easier.

When importing run decks, it is now possible to have the same subcase ID referenced in multiple run decks. Each of these subcases will be imported as unique load sets.

Load sets can be now be renamed using any desired convention.

Load cases (combinations of load sets) can now be renamed. The default load case name is now the load set(s) name.

Load cases can now be marked as both static and fatigue.

Load set and load case data can be exported and imported using an Excel spreadsheet (*.xlsx). See the Tools drop-down menu in the Load Set/Case dialog respectively.

Abaqus - Step names are now imported as load set names. There is no more need to add integers to the step name.

Database Templates

Multiple database templates can be registered on single machine using the Database Template Manager (Tools | Manage Templates).

Database templates can be created from existing databases using File | Save As Template.

FEM Viewer

Modal displacements for buckling and frequency FEA solutions can be viewed for all modes.

HyperFEA

New algorithm for buckling constraints. The severity of the mode is computed per component in order to bias stiffness factors towards components that are participating in the mode shape. See Buckling Constraints.

Mixed format entries are supported (i.e. PCOMP with first line in large format and ply lines small in format).

FEM Import Filter Files

Users can exclude elements from importing into HyperSizer using a text file that lists the relevant element and/or property IDs. See About FEM Filter Files.

This feature enables user import a submodel without manually carving out the elements and grid from the main model.

Project Setup

Model setup performance has been enhanced due to internal improvements in assigning analysis selections to components. Large models should see approximately a 3x speed up for operations that assign concepts to components - such as FEM import and structure import.

Eliminated large delays in Run Decks form when modifying projects with many run decks.

New pressure and temperature import options: "None", "All", or "First Run Deck Only". Default is "None". See FEM Interface Options.

Upgrading Databases to a New Version

A new process has been implemented to upgrade old databases without doing a full project import. To use the new process simply attempt to open the old database or use File | Upgrade Database.

Explicitly upgrading the database is orders of magnitude faster than the old method of creating an new database and manually importing all of the projects.

Version 7.0.53

Released 2014 June

Overview

V7 software is much easier to learn. Less user-documentation and training is required. Wizards will guide you from one setup step to the next. Analysis and sizing optimization workflow processes have been streamlined with less user steps.

Stress reports contain a detailed breakdown of relevant load cases for the overall structure and per component

Analysis Plugins

Completely re-designed plugin interface

Plugin DLL (Hs_UDef.DLL) can be installed at any location on user's system. Plugin location can be changed from database to database. This means that different users or projects can point to different sets of analysis plugins

Plugins have access to most data available to each structural concept (material properties, layups, dimensions, stresses, spans, ABD matrices, etc.)

Supports Fortran or C++ development

Includes plugin versioning; warning users of out-of-date plugins

Includes support for SI vs English units

Stress Reports

Plugin developers can now generate their own stress reports by filling out Detail data for each Analysis Result

Quick Sizing and Variable Tuning

This version has a new capability to optimize a thousand times faster than previous versions, based on an entirely new approach. Currently implemented for composite stiffened panels such as I and Tee shaped, you will be able to produce mature design results very rapidly. Intended for vehicle level system design trade studies, users will be able to perform very accurate structural sizing for weight estimation and cost estimations based on producibility trades for a large design space including the effects of architectural layouts and topology. V7 released later this year will include other stiffened panel shapes, solid laminate and sandwich panels, and also metallic materials.

Minor Improvements

Improved method of analyzing Effective Laminates

Failure analysis of effective laminates is now accomplished by creating virtual plies in each direction (0/45/-45/90) at the outer fiber of each effective laminate object and then running ply-by-ply analysis on each ply. This gives much closer strength margins between effective laminates and a corresponding discrete laminate, especially for combined biaxial and shear loads

FEA loads are automatically imported when model is imported.

Loads can now be viewed in FEM Graphics before any analysis is performed.

True IML and OML reference plane (rather than midplane of upper or lower facesheet) selection is now available for unstiffened or sandwich panels.

IML and OML offsets are detected in FEM import

Nastran Support

Added support for SOL 112 (Modal Transient) - reads loads from final load state as design-to loads

Bug Fixes

Statistical FEA load processing techniques (2-sigma, 1-sigma, etc.) will use maximum Nxy, Mxy, Qx and Qy for both tension and compression loops. Must be activated through backdoor data options.

Version 6.1.80

Released 2011 July

New Capabilities

More Robust FEA Integration

Imports loads from .op2 FEA output file for a tighter coupling with FEA. The .op2 output file is generally smaller than the .f06 file and HyperSizer imports the FEA 8 times faster using this format.

Imports and stores loads for very large models with hundreds of thousands of elements and thousands of load sets.

Increased maximum run decks from 8 to 20.

Backdoor data flag to limit design-to loads. Now the 2-sigma design-to load for a component will not exceed the peak element load.

Improved composite laminate optimization process

Unique GSS material selections are available for step 4 of the laminate optimization process. This allows for a separate overwrap materials to be added to the automatically generated discrete laminates.

Improved CAD interface tab on project sizing form used to map the CAD zone definition to the HyperSizer component definition. This capability is specific to exporting laminate specs to FiberSIM and Catia.

The laminate sequencing can now be performed using the manufacturing process ID. Two orthotropic materials in the database may be assigned the same manufacturing process ID which will prompt HyperSizer to the material systems as if they are a single ply or manufacturing layer on the tool surface. This is useful for materials that may have reduced properties based manufacturing methods, but are the same physical ply during layup fabrication.

Laminate sequencing step now returns multiple sequenced designs using the lightest weight laminates for each component.

Bug Fixes

Fixed std. deviation calculation and added backdoor data flag to switch between new formulation and original formulation. Default in shipped database template is the new formulation.

Fixed PIN flags for CBAR element cards with non-specified continuation line. The PIN flags are stored in the database and written to the .cl1 file after a HyperSizer analysis.

Version 6.1.69

Released 2011 May

Major New Capabilities

Laminate optimization for manufacturability

Abaqus FEA Integration

Compression and shear postbuckling analysis methods

Bolted Joint Analysis Form and CBUSH element import

New panel concepts, PRSEUS, reinforced core sandwich

Integrated test database

Automatic sizing zone definition

Integrated Help System

Minor New Capabilities

Additional methods documentation available with install and online

Improved test data display

Additional composite failure theories available on laminate analysis form

Many new graphics functions such as auto creation of plydrop joints, auto creation of FEM joints and auto computing buckling spans.

Bug Fixes

Fixed errors when analyzing sandwich panels with linked facesheets. When facesheets were linked (thickness and material) for a sandwich panel the bottom facesheet would return a component thickness result = 0. This caused problems when analyzing the bottom facesheet from the object loads tab.

NASA SP-8007 method deactivated for flat panels

Fixed the superimposed local pressure capability for orthogrd and isogrid panels

Version 5.6.38

Released 2008 May

Version 5.3.0

Released 2008 May

Analysis Capabilities

Orthotropic Material Bending Correction Factor is now active

A common observation in composite analysis is that laminate plies exhibit higher strength in bending than in membrane only loads. That is, if the stress in a ply is caused by laminate bending, that ply will fail at a higher stress/strain than if that stress was caused by laminate membrane loads

A material based correction factor is now included that will adjust the strength allowables for plies in bending

The process consists of two steps. First, midplane membrane strain for the laminate is calculated and applied to each ply. Composite analyses are then calculated based on this strain using non-adjusted allowables. Second, ply strains based on combined membrane and bending loads are calculated and composite analyses are calculated using allowables adjusted using the Bending Correction Factor. The reported margin-of-safety is the lower of these two values.

User now has a choice whether HyperSizer will use tension/compression elastic properties
(E1T, E2T vs. E1C, E2C, etc.), depending on the sign of the load, for all strength calculations or to use an average “design” stiffness [ED = (ET + EC) / 2].

All strength failure modes allowables will continue to use either compression or tension strength allowables (Ftu1, Fcu1, etc.), depending on the load.

User can now select the NASA SP-8007 buckling knockdown factor for global panel buckling of curved panels as an alternative to specifying a static value. HyperSizer will automatically compute the knockdown factor based on r/teff ratio and return this value to the interface.

Material Forms

Layup/Laminate Editor

All references to ply numbering have been re-ordered to correspond to industry standard ply numbering

Ply numbering now starts with ply 1 at the bottom with numbers increasing in the positive z direction

Form indicates (B)ottom and (T)op plies of laminate

Existing laminates in HyperSizer databases will not need to be changed

Ply angles can now be typed in (to accommodate angle increments smaller than 0.1°)

Laminate Editor is now much more intuitive and conforms with Microsoft Windows standards for left click, right click, keyboard shortcuts, etc.

Click on any column for any ply to select that ply (or drag to select multiple plies)

Right-click on any ply selection to get options

Commonly used functions are now included as toolbar buttons

Laminate Analysis Form

Equivalent Orthotropic G13 and G23 Calculations added.

Stress Plot/Strain Plot and Margin of Safety Plot now display values at the inner/outer and midplane fibers rather than just a single point at the midplane.

Stress and Strain Plots include an export to Comma Separated Value (CSV) file.

Right click in Database Explorer Tree to create a new material in a particular family

Right click in the Database Explorer Tree to delete a material

Custom Material Families

Right click in the tree to access a new Material Family dialog

Create/delete/rename new material families

Re-assign materials to different families

The material forms have been reorganized to make them more intuitive

Material Name fields have been widened so that full material names can be seen

Isotropic/orthotropic/honeycomb/foam – material properties grouped based on function (e.g. all stiffness properties are now on the same tab)

All metric and english units and property descriptions are now consistent between data entry, plot, and stress reports, labels and tooltips.

Commonly used functions are now included as toolbar buttons

Workspace Setup Form

The Setup form is now available for Workspaces. This allows for load sets and load cases to be re-named and workspace units to be set.

Graphics Form

Shortcut keys were added to quickly change from one data item to the next or from one load set to the next. For example, if plotting FEM loads, press PageUp/PageDn to go from Nx to Ny to Nxy, etc. Press <Shift>-PageUp/PageDn to go from Load Set 102 to Load Set 103 to Load Set 104, etc.

Project Setup Form

Project Display units added to Options tab

Right click on any text box, dropdown box, option to assign database defaults for FEM Format and Units, project units, Import/Export Options, etc. These database default will be used for any new projects created in this database

General

Starting with Version 5.3, database default settings can now be imported from one database to another. For future HyperSizer versions, default settings will be imported from one database version to another.

When importing projects or workspaces from one database to another, the user now has the option to import analysis results. In previous HyperSizer versions, analysis results were not imported, requiring the user to re-analyze the project or workspace. Note: This capability will only be available if the source and target database versions are the same.

When copying projects or workspaces within a database, analysis results are copied along with project or workspace setup parameters. In previous HyperSizer versions, analysis results were not copied requiring the user to re-analyze the copied project or workspace.

Efficiency of element based analysis been greatly increased. Speed increases up to a factor of 10 have been reported, depending on the number of elements and number of load cases. The more elements and load cases, the greater the speed increase.

HyperSizer’s security has been updated to the latest Macrovision/FLEXnet licensing.

FLEXnet is the industry standard for IT administration of floating licenses.

Node-locked licenses no longer have issues that require users to be connected to a network to obtain a license.

HyperSizer Version 5.3 is Microsoft Vista Compatible.

If User Access Control (UAC) is turned on, the HyperSizer process with a node-locked license may need to run with Administrative Privilege

Tooltips for all forms can be turned on and off via Preferences | Options.

All major forms can now be re-sized up to full-screen.

Forms will remember their positions and sizes even after the software is closed and re-opened.

Version 5.2.17

Released 2008 March

New Capabilities

Stress Reports are automatically generated in Word, to include figures, equations, sample calculations, summary margin-of-safety tables, and table of contents.

Major rewrite has been completed, including reorganization of information.

Stress report generation speed has been increased.

Visual progress indicators have been added. This prevents the software from “locking up” while generating large stress reports.

Sample calculations have been added for all analysis methods. In this capability, the equations for each method are shown and then sample values used in the analysis of your project are included:

Centrally set database default values for all analysis methods. This allows the user to set defaults for all failure method independent of any particular project. In the example shown here, the user has turned composite material strength Hoffman interaction on, and turned all other composite failure analyses off.

Apply values for any component based data (e.g. load factors, buckling knockdowns, failure methods, etc.) from the current component to all components in the current group, all components in the current assembly, all components in the current project, or set the current setting as a database default which can be applied to other projects in the same database.

A backdoor flag option has been added to allow HyperSizer to automatically calculate a curved panel knockdown factor using the process described in NASA publication SP-8007. The knockdown factor calculation can be turned on and off for a project through the backdoor file and will be included in analysis, optimization and the stress reports. This capability will be included in the normal HyperSizer GUI starting in version 5.3.

Corrections or Improvements

Local Pressure Calculation for Uniaxial Stiffened Panels has been improved.

In previous versions, the local moment, shear and deflection between stiffeners due to pressure on the facesheet was not calculated properly for situations where the flange thickness was greater than the skin thickness. This has been corrected and verified against detailed FEA in Version 5.2.16.

A problem was fixed where the HyperSizer GUI became very slow if very large component, element, or grid IDs (>9,000,000) were used in the imported FEM. HyperSizer will now efficiently process FEMs with IDs up to 99,999,999. The speed of the GUI will be the same whether large or small IDs are used.

The Sizing form is now a “Sizeable” window. This removes the problem, especially on the Failure tab, where analysis method names were truncated and not viewable because the window size was too small.

Database Import improvements

Database default settings can be imported from one database to another.

When importing from one database to another, analysis results can be imported as long as it is the same database version. In previous HyperSizer Versions, whenever importing from one database to another, all analysis results would be lost requiring the analysis to be re-run by the user.

A correction was made to the import of some user-defined palettes.

Easier navigation of components/groups/assemblies from the HyperSizer graphics. The user can now switch from one assembly view to the next by pressing a button on the graphics form. In previous versions, to switch assemblies, the user was forced to go to the Sizing form.

Minimum margin of safety is now displayed at the top of the sizing form for every component.

Workspaces are now created from the database tree, rather than manually copied from a template. To create a new workspace, simply click on the Workspace branch of the tree and select “Create Workspace.”

Permissions to the HyperSizer database were fixed to allow the HyperSizer Admin account to save new database defaults.

A problem was fixed that caused an application error when pulling up the Graphics window for the first time for a newly created Workspace.

Version 5.0.0

Released 2008 January

New Capabilities

Test Data Driven Reliability Analysis (Stochastic Optimization)

The new reliability analysis provides more structural integrity (reliability) while also reducing structural weight

User’s can conveniently go back and forth between traditional deterministic analysis and the reliability analysis to assess margin-of-safety impact of new method

Based on test data provided in the installed HyperSizer database, and on user entered test data, correlation factors can be established for each unique analysis method

Two correlation factors are established, one for stochastic data scatter, and one for analysis inaccuracy

The two correlation factors, per analysis method, can be used for selecting the reliability percentage of a particular analysis/sizing

Version 4.12.3

Released 2007 May

Corrections or Improvements

Correction to orthogrid local pocket buckling to account for facesheet/stiffener interaction

The interaction of the stiffener with the facesheet of an orthogrid panel has the effect of partially fixing the edges of the facesheet pocket against rotation. This can lead to over-conservative predictions for facesheet local pocket buckling

Fix for import of NASTRAN CBARs

In some situations, orientation vectors could be incorrectly interpreted from the NASTRAN run-deck if the orientation vector components were entered in scientific format

Version 4.12.1

Released 2007 Apri

New Capabilities

Local Buckling Knockdown Factor included on Buckling Tab of the Sizing form

For simply supported, full cylinders (e.g. fuselage or cylindrical tanks), this method compares very closely, but has the advantage over HyperSizer’s built-in numerical buckling solution of being very efficient and therefore greatly speeding up optimizations that are controlled by global panel buckling

HyperFEMGen Automated Local Mesh Generation

A new backdoor capability has been developed to automatically create local finite element models (NASTRAN Format) that have consistent applied boundary conditions and loadings to perform independent checks of HyperSizer analyses.

These local FEMs can be run directly in NASTRAN without modification.

Local FEMs can be used for:

Static Analysis

Local buckling

Global/panel buckling

Crippling/Non-linear post buckling

Features such as holes and cutouts (e.g. windows) can be included in the local mesh

Corrections or Improvements

Reads the TEMP(INIT) card from a NASTRAN deck case control to get a non-room temperature reference temperature. This allows HyperSizer to do elevated temperature analysis, where temperature dependent material properties are considered, without introducing thermal stress effects.

Version 4.11.0

Released 2007 February

New Capabilities

Provided a backdoor option, “Local Buckling Knockdown Factor” which provides a separate knockdown factor for local buckling failure modes. In previous versions, local buckling failure modes used the same knockdown factor as global buckling failure modes. This feature will be integrated into the Buckling tab of the sizing form in version 4.12.

Corrections or Improvements

Added import of area non-structural masses (NSM) from NASTRAN property cards (PCOMP, PSHELL, etc) into HyperSizer as “Added Weight” on the sizing form Options tab. These non-structural masses are tracked by HyperSizer and exported back to the finite element model for iteration. To import non-structural masses, the option “Import Non-Structural Masses from FEM…” must be selected BEFORE importing the finite element model.

Non-structural masses (or Added Weights) are now by default, not included in weights reported on the Sizing Form, in the Summary Tab, or in the HyperSizer Graphics weight reporting. This behavior can be overridden by setting the backdoor option, “Remove Added Weight for Reporting” to False.

When sizing a structure to a minimum stiffness (i.e. A11, A22, D11, D22, etc. ), corrected the failure criteria to always use the minimum of either tension or compression stiffnesses when calculating the margin of safety. In previous versions, would default to only using the compression based stiffness terms when reporting to the Computed Properties tab and calculating the margin.

Version 4.10.4

Released 2007 January

Corrections or Improvements

Automatically turns off simple BC panel buckling failure modes for panels that include non-simple boundary conditions. These failure modes, if turned on, will now return the code N/A into the Failure Tab Margin of Safety. These failure modes will not affect the sizing.

Correction to stress reports when using All Load Case Details (highest level of detail) when also reporting element based analysis results. A buffer overrun would cause an error and return no results.

Correction to database import code when importing from one 4.10 database to another. In previous versions, there was possibility of data loss for some of the more advanced material and project data during the import procedure.

Correction for “Maximum Principal Stress” metallic failure mode. In some situations, this failure mode would incorrectly return a margin of safety of “-1.0”.

Correction of controlling BUCKLING vs STRENGTH reporting in the “Free Body Diagram Output” section of the FBD tab of the Sizing Form. In previous versions, this would always report STRENGTH as the controlling failure method regardless of the actual failure method.

Version 4.10.3

Released 2006 December

Corrections or Improvements

Correction to import of finite element models with non-english standard units (e.g. mm, Pa, N, etc) that reference different coordinate systems. In Version 4.10.2, the nodes of a model that is specified to be non-english units will not be translated correctly on import.

Version 4.10.2

Released 2006 November

New Capabilities

Correctly calculates the reduced local pressure bending effects for the pocket of an orthogrid stiffened panel.

For stiffened concepts where stiffeners run in the circumferential direction, a large percentage of applied pressure is reacted in hoop force in the stiffeners, however a small portion will be reacted by the bending stiffness of the pockets between stiffeners. This bending stiffness effect is now correctly accounted for as a reduced pressure in the local pressure bending calculation.

Corrections or Improvements

Automatically turns off flat panel buckling failure modes for curved panels. These failure modes, if turned on, will now return the code N/A into the Failure Tab Margin of Safety. These failure modes will not affect the sizing.

Automatically turns off Panel Level Superimpose Pressure moment and shear effects for curved panels. The assumption is that for curved panels, the pressure will be reacted principally by hoop tension and therefore inappropriate to calculate reaction edge and midspan bending moments and shears.

Reduces the threshold of (Radius / Span) for assuming a panel is “flat” when importing a finite element model. In previous versions, a panel was assumed to be flat if Radius/Span > 50. In Version 4.10.0, a panel is assumed flat for Radius / Span > 10. The user can override the software’s assumption of flat or curved by clicking the “Panel is Curved” checkbox on the Buckling Tab.

Updates the Honeycomb Core Shear Strength calculation to derive the core shear stress from the core thickness + ½ the facesheet thicknesses rather than the full panel height.

Correction to laminate percentage ply based strain allowables where a laminate is hybrid (more than one ply material) or has uneven distribution of ply thicknesses. In previous versions, HyperSizer assumed that all plies have the same thickness when determining the percentage of plies in each direction.

Corrected percentage ply based analysis to assume that woven (fabric) plies contain 50% 0° plies and 50% 90° plies. In previous versions, woven plies were treated the same as tape plies and did not take their biaxial strength into account.

Version 4.9.0

Released 2006 October

New Capabilities

Interactively create and re-define components, groups, and assemblies on the FEM using HyperSizer native graphics.

Create components and move individual elements from one component to another by simply clicking individual elements in the graphics.

This substantial new capability greatly increases the productivity of FEM and FEA post processing and modification and may free up PATRAN and FEMAP licenses for model building and preprocessing.

Limit and Ultimate load factors can now be applied to individual load sets.Previously, load factors were only assigned on a component-by-component basis and were assumed to be the same for all load sets

Multiple load sets can be selected and modified at one time. Previously the user was required to modify one load set at a time

Load Cases created automatically on import rather than requiring the user to create load cases individually

Multiple load cases can now be selected, activated, deactivated, or deleted as one unit rather than requiring individual manipulation

Weight/Mass import and export from the FEM

Import of non-structural masses from the FEA as “Added Weight”

HyperSizer will read the WTMASS parameter from the FEM and use it when exporting densities and non-structural masses to the updated FEM

A user choice is supplied for exporting masses in MASS units or WEIGHT Units

User selected reference plane choice for unstiffened laminates and sandwich panels rather than the HyperSizer default reference plane of the midplane of the upper facesheet. This enhancement applies only to panels in the Unstiffened/Sandwich Panel Family.

Improved speed and formatting of Microsoft Word based stress reports

Version 4.7.0

Released 2006 July

New Capabilities

New Margin-of-Safety Stress Report

A new stress report is generated in Word document format.

This is a fundamental new capability.

The HTML format will still be available.

The Word document includes margins-of-safety for all possible combinations of conditions.

Table of contents, section headers, and graphics are generated automatically.

Element based analysis/sizing

Analysis and margin-of-safety (MS) reporting on an element-by-element basis for each component

A table is created in the Word based stress report summarizing the minimum margin of each element of the model, sorted by increasing MS

Element based margins-of-safety are displayed in the HyperSizer graphics

Corrections or Improvements

Cascading coordinate systems (i.e. coordinate systems that reference other coordinate systems) are now properly translated on HyperSizer import of a FEM

Unlimited include file nesting in a finite element model is now handled correctly

HyperSizer database template location is now user-configurable. This allows an organization to locate a template database (for example, with company maintained materials) in a common location from which all users' new databases will be created.

Released 2005 September

New Capabilities

Damage tolerance sizing such as open hole tension (OHT), and after impact compression (OHC) both implemented on the ply and on the laminate level. The ply allowables are temperature dependent, and the laminate allowables are both temperature and layup sequence dependent. The user can enter their layup dependent allowables via a table entry format and HyperSizer will generate the plot interactively for verification to the user.

Laminate allowables can be entered as a function of either: % of 0 degree plies, % of 45 degree plies, or % of AML (Angle minus load/longitudinal) plies. With the laminate allowables, the four primary directions 0, 90, 45, and -45 are checked, using a bending moment correction factor of which the standard default value =1.3 can be user changed.

New graphic capabilities such as storing preferred view angles and display format. Standard and advance menus for plotting results. More data types are now available to plot on the FEM.

More descriptive margin-of-safety (MS) reporting on the GUI, such as reporting which failure analyses are missing data, which analyses are out of bounds, which analysis are NA to given loads or optimization choices, etc. The failure tab now displays along with numbers for MS, these alpha string codes.

Freeze an optimization. This permits the software to perform analyses with different criteria, such as adding a loadcase without changing the previous optimized design, HyperSizer reports the MS for these changes without resizing and without requiring the user to manually freeze out each sizing variable’s permutation. This minor capability has turned out to be quite useful.

Data entry checks on the material forms have been added, such as:

Corrections or Improvements

More accurate crippling analysis that includes the effects of bending moments and biaxial loadings. (Includes technical documentation)

More accurate and general pressure bending analysis for panels including beam-column amplification for solving offline from FEA the effects, for instance, of fuel. (Includes technical documentation)

Slight corrections to local buckling for long aspect ratio plates such as web stiffeners