How Effort Influences What We Believe to See

– Reciprocal interaction between action and perception –

February 22, 2017

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

University College London

Western University

Abstract

In Aesop’s fables of the fox and grapes, the fox insists that the grapes hanging beyond his reach are not ripe. The conventional moral of the story is that the lazy fox simply says this, as an excuse to avoid the effort of getting the fruit. However, a recent study in journal of eLife, conducted by the researchers from the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), University College London (UCL) and Western University, challenges this view with an alternative interpretation; the fox may actually believe that the grapes look greener and less ripe, because his perceptual judgement process adapts to the physical cost of the movement to get the fruit. More generally, the way we judge things could depend on how we have to react to them. The finding may contribute to designing products that look better by manipulating the effort level to interact with, or designing environments in which less favourable options require more effort.

Achievements

Human volunteers judged whether a cloud of dots moved to the left or to the right of a computer screen. They expressed their decisions by moving a handle held in the left or right hand respectively. When the researchers gradually added a load to one of the handles, making it more difficult to move, the volunteers’ judgements about what they saw became biased, and they started to avoid the effortful response. Crucially, the participants did not become aware of the increasing load on the handle: their motor system automatically adapted, triggering a change in their perception also. Nobuhiro Hagura, who led the team, said “The tendency to avoid the effortful decision remained even when we asked people to switch to expressing their decision verbally, instead of pushing on the handles. The gradual change in the effort of responding caused a change in how the brain interpreted the visual input. Importantly, this change happened automatically, without any awareness or deliberate strategy to change behaviour. Traditionally, scientists have assumed that the visual system gives us perceptual information, and the motor system is a mere downstream output channel, which we can use to express the decision of what we saw, but cannot influence the decision itself. Our experiments suggest an alternative view: the motor response that we use to report our decisions can recursively influence the decision about what we have seen”.

Future Prospects

The researchers believe that our daily maladaptive decisions could be modified not just through deliberate cognitive strategies, but also by designing the environment to make these decisions slightly more effortful.

The study was performed under an international collaboration between NICT (Japan), UCL and Western University (Canada).

Appendix

Figure 1: Situation of the experiments and the result

Left panel: Human participants judged whether a cloud of dots moved to the left or to the right of a computer screen. They expressed their decisions by moving a left or right cursor on the screen to the target, which each was controlled by moving the handle under the screen.

Right panel: Horizontal axis represents the ratio of the dots moving to the direction requiring more effort for the decision (positive) and the direction requiring less effort (negative). When the effort level was un-equal between the options (red line), the probability of judging the stimulus as moving to the less effortful direction increases, compared to when the effort level was equal (blue line).

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the experiment

The tendency to avoid the effortful decision remained even when the participants were asked to switch to expressing their decision verbally, instead of pushing on the handles. This indicates that the past experience of effortful decisions changed how the direction of the dots are judged, not the selection of which hand to use for the judgement.