He is considered one of the world's most renowned filmmakers[5] whose works chronicled his native country's political and social evolution[6] and dealt with the myths of Polish national identity offering insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience - the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.

In 1967, Cybulski was killed in a train accident, whereupon the director articulated his grief with Everything for Sale[19] (1968), considered one of his most personal films, using the technique of a film-within-a-film to tell the story of a film maker's life and work.The following year he directed an ironic satire Hunting Flies[20] with the script written by Janusz Głowacki and a short television film called Przekładaniec based on a screenplay by Stanisław Lem.[21]

Wajda's later commitment to Poland's burgeoning Solidarity movement was manifested in Man of Iron (1981), a thematic sequel to The Man of Marble, with Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa appearing as himself in the latter film. The film sequence is loosely based on the life of Anna Walentynowicz, a hero of socialist labor Stakhanovite turned dissident and alludes to events from real life, such as the firing of Walentynowicz from the shipyard and the underground wedding of Bogdan Borusewicz to Alina Pienkowska.[25] The director's involvement in this movement would prompt the Polish government to force Wajda's production company out of business, for the film, Wajda won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

In 1990, Andrzej Wajda was honoured by the European Film Awards for his lifetime achievement, only the third director to be so honoured, after Federico Fellini and Ingmar Bergman; in the early 1990s, he was elected a senator and also appointed artistic director of Warsaw's Teatr Powszechny. He continued to make films set during World War II, including Korczak[28] (1990), a story about a Jewish-Polish doctor who takes care of orphan children, in The Crowned-Eagle Ring (1993) and Holy Week (1995) specifically on Jewish-Polish relations. In 1994 Wajda presented his own film version of Dostoyevsky's novel The Idiot in the movie Nastasja,[29] starring Japanese actor Tamasoburo Bando in the double role of Prince Mishkin and Nastasja. The film's cinematographer was Pawel Edelman, who subsequently became one of Wajda's great collaborators; in 1996 the director went in a different direction with Miss Nobody,[30] a coming-of-age drama that explored the darker and more spiritual aspects of a relationship between three high-school girls. In 1999 Wajda released the epic film Pan Tadeusz,[31] based on the epic poem of the Polish 19th-century romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz.

Andrzej Wajda founded The Japanese Centre of Art and Technology in Kraków in 1994; in 2002 he founded and led his own film school with Polish filmmaker Wojciech Marczewski. Students of Wajda School take part in different film courses led by famous European film makers.[36]

1.
Second Polish Republic
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The Second Polish Republic, also known as the Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland and it had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland also shared a border with the then-Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia, the Second Republic was significantly different in territory to the current Polish state. It included substantially more territory in the east and less in the west, the Second Republics land area was 388,634 km2, making it, in October 1938, the sixth largest country in Europe. After the annexation of Zaolzie, this grew to 389,720 km2, according to the 1921 census, the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, almost a third of population came from minority groups,13. 9% Ukrainians, 10% Jews,3. 1% Belarusians,2. 3% Germans and 3. 4% Czechs, Lithuanians and Russians. At the same time, a significant number of ethnic Poles lived outside the country borders, Poland maintained a slow but steady level of economic development. By 1939, the Republic had become one of Europes major powers, the victorious Allies of World War I confirmed the rebirth of Poland in the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919. It was one of the stories of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Poland solidified its independence in a series of wars fought by the newly formed Polish Army from 1918 to 1921. The extent of the half of the interwar territory of Poland was settled diplomatically in 1922. In the course of World War I, Germany gradually gained overall dominance on the Eastern Front as the Imperial Russian Army fell back, German and Austro-Hungarian armies seized the Russian-ruled part of what became Poland. In a failed attempt to resolve the Polish question as quickly as possible, Berlin set up a German puppet state on 5 November 1916, with a governing Provisional Council of State, the Council administered the country under German auspices, pending the election of a king. A month before Germany surrendered on 11 November 1918 and the war ended, the Regency Council had dissolved the Council of State, with the notable exception of the Marxist-oriented Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, most Polish political parties supported this move. On 23 October the Regency Council appointed a new government under Józef Świeżyński, in 1918–1919, over 100 workers councils sprang up on Polish territories, on 5 November 1918, in Lublin, the first Soviet of Delegates was established. On 6 November socialists proclaimed the Republic of Tarnobrzeg at Tarnobrzeg in Austrian Galicia, the same day the Socialist, Ignacy Daszyński, set up a Provisional Peoples Government of the Republic of Poland in Lublin. On Sunday,10 November at 7 a. m, Józef Piłsudski, newly freed from 16 months in a German prison in Magdeburg, returned by train to Warsaw. Piłsudski, together with Colonel Kazimierz Sosnkowski, was greeted at Warsaws railway station by Regent Zdzisław Lubomirski, next day, due to his popularity and support from most political parties, the Regency Council appointed Piłsudski as Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces

2.
Warsaw
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Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.750 million residents within a metropolitan area of 3.101 million residents. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres, while the area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres. Once described as Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. On 9 November 1939, the city was awarded Polands highest military decoration for heroism, Warsaw is one of Europe’s most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world, in 2017 the city came 4th in the “Business-friendly” category and 8th in the “Human capital and life style”. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central, Warsaw is considered an Alpha– global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, the Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union, the city is the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra and the University of Warsaw. The historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town in 1980 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, buildings represent examples of nearly every European architectural style and historical period. Warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic, renaissance, baroque, neoclassical and modern periods, furthermore, the city is positioning itself as Europes chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and renowned restaurants. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, according to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland, the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa. A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak, warszawianin, warszawianka, warszawiacy, other names for Warsaw include Varsovia and Varsóvia, Varsovie, Varsavia, Warschau, װאַרשע /Varshe, Варшава /Varšava /Varshava, Varšuva, Varsó. The first fortified settlements on the site of todays Warsaw were located in Bródno, after Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa

3.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church

4.
Beata Tyszkiewicz
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Countess Beata Tyszkiewicz is a Polish actress and TV personality. She has worked with leading directors such as Agnieszka Holland, Krzysztof Zanussi, André Delvaux, Tyszkiewicz has appeared in more than a hundred films. Her debut was in Zemsta in 1956, in 1968 she was cast in The Doll, directed by Wojciech Has. The Doll was adapted from the Polish novel, Lalka by Boleslaw Prus, in 1971 she was a member of the jury at the 7th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1995 she was awarded with an Honorable Diploma at the 19th Moscow International Film Festival, in 1997 she was a member of the jury at the 20th Moscow International Film Festival. She is a member on Polands Dancing with the Stars. Tyszkiewicz is sometimes referred to as the First lady of Polish cinema and she has aristocratic roots, being the daughter of Count Krzysztof Maria Tyszkiewicz and Barbara Rechowicz of the Leliwa coat of arms. She has two daughters, Karolina Wajda, and Wiktoria Padlewska, who is also an actress, in 1998 she received her star on Aleja Gwiazd in Łódź. Beata Tyszkiewicz at the Internet Movie Database Beata Tyszkiewicz at culture. pl

5.
Krystyna Zachwatowicz
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Krystyna Zachwatowicz-Wajda, born Krystyna Zachwatowicz, is a Polish scenographer, costume designer and actress. She is a daughter of architect and restorer Jan Zachwatowicz and Maria Chodźko h, kościesza, and wife of film director Andrzej Wajda. Member of the Polish Film Academy and she is a co-founder of Centre of Japanese Art and Technology Manggha in Kraków. Zachwatowicz was born on 16 May 1930 in Warsaw, Poland and she graduated from the History of Art Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and Scenography faculty of the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. In 1958 she made her own debut as a scenographer in Marin Držićs Rzymska kurtyzana on the stage of Teatr Zagłębia in Sosnowiec, in 1960 she moved to Sosnowiec, where she was associated with students theatre of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. There, she designed a scenography to Witold Gombrowiczs The Marriage directed by Jerzy Jarocki, Zachwatowicz cooperated with Jarocki also in other theatre productions, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewiczs The Mother and The Shoemakers at The Old Theatre in Kraków. In The Old Theatre she made set designs to several performances directed by Konrad Swinarski, from 1958 to 1970s Zachwatowicz was an actress of Krakóws Piwnica pod Baranami, where she created a legendary portrait of the first naive. 1994, Silver Medal Cracoviae Marenti for contribution in Kraków, for founding Manggha,1995, Golden Laurel of Przekrój for the second Japan. 1999, Knights Cross of The Order of Polonia Restituta,2003, Polish Film Awards nominee in category of Costume Design for The Revenge film

6.
Palme d'Or
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The Palme dOr is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the organising committee, from 1939 to 1954, the highest prize was the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film. In 1964, it was replaced again by the Grand Prix du Festival before being reintroduced in 1974 as the Palme dOr again. In 1954, the Jury of the Festival de Cannes suggested giving an award titled the Grand Prix of the International Film Festival with a new design each year from a contemporary artist. At the end of 1954, the Festivals Board of Directors invited several jewellers to submit designs for a palm, in tribute to the coat of arms of the City of Cannes. The original design by the jeweller Lucienne Lazon had the lower extremity of the stalk forming a heart. In 1955, the first Palme dOr was awarded to Delbert Mann for Marty, and it remained the highest award until 1964, as of 2015, Jane Campion is the only female director to have won the Palme dOr, for The Piano. These choices were due to a Cannes policy that forbids the Palme dOr-winning film from receiving any additional awards, according to Spielberg, Had the casting been 3% wrong, it wouldnt have worked like it did for us. Since its reintroduction, the prize has been redesigned several times, at the beginning of the 1980s, the rounded shape of the pedestal, bearing the palm, gradually transformed to become pyramidal in 1984. In 1992 Thierry de Bourqueney redesigned the Palme and its pedestal in hand-cut crystal, the current design, first presented in 1997, is by Caroline Scheufele from Chopard. A single piece of cut crystal forms a cushion for the 24-carat gold palm, the winner of the 2014 Palme dOr, Winter Sleep—a Turkish film by Nuri Bilge Ceylan—occurred during the same year as the 100th anniversary of Turkish cinema. Note, The Palme dOr for Union Pacific was awarded in retrospect at the 2002 festival, the festivals debut was to take place in 1939, but it was cancelled due to World War II. The organisers of the 2002 festival presented part of the original 1939 selection to a jury of six members. The films were, Goodbye Mr. Chips, La Piste du Nord, Lenin in 1918, The Four Feathers, The Wizard of Oz, Union Pacific, and Boefje. In 2011 the festival announced that the award would be given out annually, however plans for this fell through, american director Woody Allen was the inaugural recipient while pioneering French filmmaker Agnès Varda was the first woman to receive the award in 2015. In 2016 Jean-Pierre Léaud became the first person to be awarded solely for acting. com Cannes Film Festival IMDB

7.
Golden Lion
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The Golden Lion is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the committee and is now regarded as one of the film industrys most distinguished prizes. In 1970, a second Golden Lion was introduced, this is an award for people who have made an important contribution to cinema. The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, previously, the equivalent prize was the Gran Premio Internazionale di Venezia, awarded in 1947 and 1948. Before that, from 1934 until 1942, the highest awards were the Coppa Mussolini for Best Italian Film, no Golden Lions were awarded between 1969 and 1979. Sixty-eight produced a dramatic fracture with the past,14 French films have been awarded the Golden Lion, more than that of any other nation. However, there is considerable diversity in the winners. Five American filmmakers have won the Golden Lion, with awards for John Cassavetes and Robert Altman, as well as Ang Lee, Darren Aronofsky and Sofia Coppola. The Golden Lion, by contrast, has awarded to ten Asians during the same time period. Ang Lee won the Golden Lion twice within three years during the 2000s, once for an American film and once for a Chinese-language film, zhang Yimou has also won twice. Other Asians to win the Golden Lion since 1980 include Jia Zhangke, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Trần Anh Hùng, Takeshi Kitano, Kim Ki-duk, Jafar Panahi, Mira Nair, and Lav Diaz. Russian filmmakers have won the Golden Lion several times, including since the end of the USSR. Still, to date 33 of the 54 winners were European men, since 1949 only four women have ever won the Golden Lion for directing, Mira Nair, Sofia Coppola, German Margarethe von Trotta and Belgiums Agnès Varda. In comparison to the other major Western European festivals, the Berlinales Golden Bear has also awarded to four women. In the history of Cannes, only one woman filmmaker has been awarded the Palme dOr

8.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision

9.
Theatre director
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The directors function is to ensure the quality and completeness of theatre production and to lead the members of the creative team into realizing their artistic vision for it. If the production he or she is mounting is a new piece of writing or a translation of a play, in contemporary theatre, after the playwright, the director is generally the primary visionary, making decisions on the artistic concept and interpretation of the play and its staging. Different directors occupy different places of authority and responsibility, depending on the structure, Directors use a wide variety of techniques, philosophies, and levels of collaboration. In ancient Greece, the birthplace of European drama, the writer bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays, the author-director would also train the chorus, sometimes compose the music, and supervise every aspect of production. The fact that the director was called didaskalos, the Greek word for teacher, a miniature by Jean Fouquet from 1460 bears one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, from Renaissance times up until the 19th century, the role of director was often carried by the actor-manager. This would usually be an actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work, staging it. This was the case for instance with Commedia dellArte companies and English actor-managers like Colley Cibber, the modern theatre director can be said to have originated in the staging of elaborate spectacles of the Meininger Company under George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The management of large numbers of extras and complex stagecraft matters necessitated an individual to take on the role of overall coordinator. This gave rise to the role of the director in modern theatre, simultaneously, Constantin Stanislavski, principally an actor-manager, would set up the Moscow Art Theatre in Russia and similarly emancipate the role of the director as artistic visionary. The French regisseur is also used to mean a stage director. A more common term for theatre director in French is metteur en scène, post World War II, the actor-manager slowly started to disappear, and directing become a fully fledged artistic activity within the theatre profession. The director originating artistic vision and concept, and realizing the staging of a production, a cautionary note was introduced by the famed director Sir Tyrone Guthrie who said the only way to learn how to direct a play, is. To get a group of actors simple enough to allow you to let you direct them, most European countries nowadays know some form of professional directing training, usually at drama schools or conservatoires, or at universities. In the early days such programmes typically led to the staging of one major production in the third year. At the University of California, Irvine, Keith Fowler led for many years a programme based on the premise that directors are autodidacts who need as many opportunities to direct as possible. Under Fowler, graduate student directors would stage between five and ten productions during their residencies, with each production receiving detailed critiques. Directing is an artform that has grown with the development of theatre theory, with the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices

10.
A Generation
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A Generation is a 1955 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda. It is based on the novel Pokolenie by Bohdan Czeszko, who wrote the script. It was Wajdas first film and the installment of what became his Three War Films trilogy set in the Second World War, completed by Kanal and Ashes. A Generation is set in Wola, a section of Warsaw, in 1942. The young protagonist, Stach, is living in squalor on the outskirts of the city and carrying out acts of theft. A box set of the Three War Films was released by The Criterion Collection, a Generation at the Internet Movie Database A Generation at AllMovie Criterion Collection essay by Ewa Mazierska

11.
Ashes and Diamonds (film)
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Ashes and Diamonds is a 1958 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda, based on the 1948 novel by Polish writer Jerzy Andrzejewski. It completed Wajdas war films trilogy, following A Generation and Kanal, the title comes from a 19th-century poem by Cyprian Norwid and references the manner in which diamonds are formed from heat and pressure acting upon coal. Ashes and Diamonds is considered by critics to be one of the great masterpieces of Polish cinema. Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola have cited the film as one of their favourites, a critics poll by the Village Voice called it the 86th best film of all time. They are given a chance in the towns leading hotel and banquet hall. Meanwhile, a grand fête is being organized at the hall for a newly appointed minister by his assistant. Drewnowski is in fact an agent, present at the first attempt to kill Szczuka. Maciek manages to talk himself into a room with the desk clerk. They sadly reminisce about such things as the section of town. While Maciek and Andrzej bide their time to strike Szczuka, Maciek becomes infatuated with the hotels barmaid, Szczuka has recently returned from abroad, and is attempting to locate his son Marek. Szczukas wife had died in a German concentration camp, and Marek had been staying with an aunt. Szczuka goes to visit the aunt, who lives in the town, to find out where is son is, but she says that he is already a grown man at 17. Later that evening, Szczuka learns from the local security official that Marek has been captured by the Red Army and is being held in detention. Macieks crush on Krystyna grows as the hour he must assassinate Szczuka nears, drinking with a cynical reporter until he is quite drunk, Drewnowski barges into the banquet dinner. In short order he sprays the guests with an extinguisher, pulls the tablecloth to the floor. After sleeping with Krystyna, Maciek goes for a walk with her and he tells her that he is thinking about changing some things in his life, and mentions the possibility of going to technical school. Consuming all that you must cherish if ashes only will be left, attempting to fix her broken heel, Maciek stumbles into a crypt where the bodies of the men he killed that morning are laid out awaiting burial. He escorts Krystyna back to the hotel, where she has to go back to work at the bar until it closes at 3,00 a. m. and then goes inside, where he runs into Andrzej

12.
National identity
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National identity is ones identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language. National identity may refer to the feeling one shares with a group of people about a nation. National identity is viewed in terms as an awareness of difference. The expression of national identity seen in a positive light is patriotism which is characterized by national pride. The extreme expression of identity is chauvinism, which refers to the firm belief in the countrys superiority. National identity is not a trait and it is essentially socially constructed. People with identification of their nation view national beliefs and values as personally meaningful, political scientist Rupert Emerson defined national identity as a body of people who feel that they are a nation. This definition of identity was endorsed by social psychologist, Henri Tajfel. Social identity theory adopts this definition of identity, and suggests that the conceptualization of national identity includes both self-categorization and affect. Self-categorization refers to identifying with a nation and viewing oneself as a member of a nation, the affect part refers to the emotion a person has with this identification, such as a sense of belonging, or emotional attachment toward ones nation. National identity requires the process of self-categorization and it both the identification of in-group, and differentiation of out-groups. Social identity theory suggests a relationship between identification of a nation and derogation of other nations. By identifying with ones nation, people involve in intergroup comparisons, national identity, like other social identities, engenders positive emotions such as pride and love to ones nation, and feeling of obligations toward other citizens. The socialization of national identity, such as socializing national pride, national identity can be most noticeable when the nation confronts external or internal enemy and natural disasters. An example of this phenomenon is the rise in patriotism and national identity in the U. S after the terrorist attacks on September 11,2001, the identity of being an American are salient after the terrorist attacks and American national identity are evoked. Having a common threat or having a common goal unite people in a nation, sociologist Anthony Smith argues that national identity has the feature of continuity that can transmit and persist through generations. By expressing the myths of having common descent and common destiny, national identity can be thought as a collective product

13.
The Promised Land (1975 film)
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The Promised Land is a 1975 Polish drama film directed by Andrzej Wajda, based on a novel by Władysław Reymont. Set in the city of Łódź, The Promised Land tells the story of a Pole, a German. Wajda presents an image of the city, with its dirty and dangerous factories and ostentatiously opulent residences devoid of taste. The film follows in the footsteps of Charles Dickens, Émile Zola and Maxim Gorky, as well as German expressionists such as Knopf, Meidner and Grosz, karol Borowiecki, a young Polish nobleman, is the managing engineer at the Bucholz textile factory. He is ruthless in his pursuits, and unconcerned with the long tradition of his financially-declined family. He plans to set up his own factory with the help of his friends Max Baum, a German and heir to an old factory, and Moritz Welt. Borowieckis affair with Lucy Zucker, the wife of another magnate, gives him advance notice of a change in cotton tariffs. However, more money has to be found so all three characters cast aside their pride to raise the necessary capital. On the day of the opening, Borowiecki has to deny his affair with Zuckers wife to a jealous husband who, himself a Jew. Borowiecki then accompanies Lucy on her exile to Berlin, however, Zucker sends an associate to spy on his wife, he confirms the affair and informs Zucker, who takes his revenge on Borowiecki by burning down his brand new, uninsured factory. Borowiecki and his friends lose all that they had worked for, the film fast forwards a few years. Borowiecki recovered financially by marrying Mada Müller, a rich heiress and his factory is threatened by a workers strike. Borowiecki is forced to decide whether or not to fire on the striking and demonstrating workers. He is reminded by an associate that it is never too late to change his ways, Borowiecki, who has never shown human compassion toward his subordinates, authorizes the police to open fire nevertheless. At the 9th Moscow International Film Festival in 1975, the won the Golden Prize. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the Polish Jewish director Andrzej Wajda, Polands greatest living filmmaker, explores Polands difficult transition in the late 19th-century from feudalism to the Industrial Revolution. The Promised Land at the Internet Movie Database

14.
Man of Iron
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Man of Iron is a 1981 film directed by Andrzej Wajda. It depicts the Solidarity labour movement and its first success in persuading the Polish government to recognize the right to an independent union. The film continues the story of Maciej Tomczyk, the son of Mateusz Birkut, the young man is clearly intended as a parallel to Lech Wałęsa. Man of Iron clarifies the ending of Man of Marble, which left the death of Mateusz Birkut ambiguous, Man of Iron explicitly states that Mateusz was killed in clashes at the shipyards in 1970. Because of this it was banned in 1981 by the Polish government, the film won the Palme dOr and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the film is set in Gdańsk in 1980. In Gdańsk shipyard workers strike continues, among them, an important role is played by activist Strike Committee, Maciek Tomczyk. Radio journalist, editor Winkel is ordered by the deputy chairman of Radio Committee to achieve coverage compromising Tomczyk, is sent to Gdańsk, where a representative of the authorities Badecki realizes the importance of his job. Winkel as a journalist on behalf of the party can not get through the gate of the yard. The crowd in front of the gate of Winkel meets a friend, Dzidka, dzidek tells him about Tomczyk, as it turns out - his friend from college. Father of Tomczyk, Mateusz Birkut, then would not allow his son to take part in the student protests in March 1968, Winkel is going to get a pass into the yard. Journalist visits unrealized director in custody, which was thrown for supporting the strike, agnes tells him about how she met Tomczyk and her marriage with him. By the way Winkel argues that the protesters are right for their demands, Winkel decides not to shoot reportage. Finally, a government delegation signs with Inter-Strike Committee agreement

15.
Katyn massacre
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The Katyn massacre was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the NKVD in April and May 1940. Though the killings took place at different locations, the massacre is named after the Katyn Forest. The number of victims is estimated at about 22,000, the victims were executed in the Katyn Forest in Russia, the Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons, and elsewhere. The government of Nazi Germany announced the discovery of graves in the Katyn Forest in 1943. When the London-based Polish government-in-exile asked for an investigation by the International Committee of the Red Cross, in November 2010, the Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre. At least 111,091 people were executed during the Polish Operation of the NKVD, on 1 September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany began. Consequently, Britain and France, obligated by the Anglo-Polish military alliance and Franco-Polish alliance to attack Germany in the case of such an invasion, demanded that Germany withdraw. On 3 September 1939, after Germany failed to comply, Britain, France, and most countries of the British Empire declared war on Germany and they took minimal military action during what became known as the Phony War. The Soviet invasion of Poland began on 17 September in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Red Army advanced quickly and met little resistance, as Polish forces facing them were under orders not to engage the Soviets. About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities, some were freed or escaped quickly, but 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD. Of these,42,400 soldiers, mostly of Ukrainian and White Russian ethnicity serving in the Polish army, who lived in the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, were released in October. The 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, then under German control, were transferred to the Germans, in turn, Soviet repressions of Polish citizens occurred as well over this period. Since Polands conscription system required every nonexempt university graduate to become a reserve officer. According to estimates by the Institute of National Remembrance, roughly 320,000 Polish citizens were deported to the Soviet Union, IPN estimates the number of Polish citizens who died under Soviet rule during World War II at 150,000. Of the group of 12,000 Poles sent to Dalstroy camp in 1940-1941, mostly POWs, only 583 men survived, according to Tadeusz Piotrowski, during the war and after 1944,570,387 Polish citizens had been subjected to some form of Soviet political repression. As early as 19 September, the head of the NKVD, Lavrentiy Beria, ordered the police to create the Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War. The largest camps were located at Kozelsk, Ostashkov, and Starobelsk, other camps were at Jukhnovo, Yuzhe, rail station Tyotkino, Kozelshchyna, Oranki, Vologda, and Gryazovets. Kozelsk and Starobelsk were used mainly for officers, while Ostashkov was used mainly for Polish Scouting, gendarmes, police officers

16.
Home Army
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The Home Army was the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. It was formed in February 1942 from the Związek Walki Zbrojnej, over the next two years, it absorbed most other Polish underground forces. Its allegiance was to the Polish Government-in-Exile, and it constituted the armed wing of what became known as the Polish Underground State, estimates of the Home Armys 1944 strength range between 200,000 and 600,000, the most commonly cited number being 400,000. This last number would make the Home Army not only the largest Polish underground resistance movement, the Home Army was disbanded on 19 January 1945, after the Soviet Red Army had largely cleared Polish territory of German forces. The Home Army sabotaged German operations such as transports headed for the Eastern Front in the Soviet Union and it also fought several full-scale battles against the Germans, particularly in 1943 and in Operation Tempest in 1944. The Home Army, in support of the Soviet military effort, tied down substantial German forces, the most widely known Home Army operation was the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. The Army also defended Polish civilians against atrocities perpetrated by German, because the Home Army was loyal to the Polish Government-in-Exile, the Soviet Union saw it as an obstacle to a Soviet takeover of Poland. Consequently, over the course of the war, conflict grew between the Home Army and Soviet forces, all the while, however, many other resistance organizations remained active in Poland. Most of them merged with the Armed Resistance or with its successor. The Polish Government in Exile envisioned the Home Army as an apolitical, Home Army plans envisioned, at wars end, the seizure of power in Poland by the Government Delegation for Poland and by the Government in Exile itself, which expected to return to Poland. In addition to the Polish government in London, an organization operated in Poland itself - a deliberative body of the resistance. The Political Consultative Committee formed in 1940 pursuant to an agreement between several political parties, the Socialist Party, Peoples Party, National Party and Labor Party. In 1943 it was renamed to Home Political Representation and in 1944 to Council of National Unity, after Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Soviet Union joined the Allies and signed an Anglo-Soviet Agreement on 12 July 1941. This put the Polish Government in a position, since it had previously pursued a policy of two enemies. Though a Polish-Soviet agreement was signed in August 1941, cooperation continued to be difficult, until the major rising in 1944, the Home Army concentrated on self-defense and on attacks against German forces. The Home Army supplied valuable intelligence to the Allies, 43% of all received by the British secret services from continental Europe in between 1939 and 1945 came from Polish sources. Until 1942 most British intelligence on Germany came from Home Army reports, until the end of the war, the Home Army remained Britains main source of news from Central and Eastern Europe. Home Army intelligence provided the Allies with information on German concentration camps and on the V-1 flying bomb,242, photographs, eight key V-2 parts, and drawings of the wreckage

17.
Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts
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The Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, or the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts, is a public institution of higher learning located in downtown Kraków, Poland. It is the oldest Polish fine-arts academy, established in 1818, ASP is a state-run university that offers 5- and 6-year Masters degree programs. As of 2007, the Academys faculty comprised 94 professors and assistant professors as well as 147 Ph. D. s, the Academy of Fine Arts was originally a subdivision of the Jagiellonian Universitys Department of Literature and was initially called School of Drawing and Painting. ASP received the status of an independent institution of learning in 1873 as the School of Fine Arts. The main building based on a design by architect Maciej Moraczewski was erected in todays Matejko Square in 1879. In 1893–95 its principal was a broadly educated Władysław Łuszczkiewicz who also served as conservator of monuments in the city. Following the death of Jan Matejko in 1893, the next ASP President elected in 1895 was Julian Fałat, who remained at his post until 1909. On the 100th anniversary of its founding, in 1979, the Academy was named for Jan Matejko, its founder and first president, in 2008 the Academy joined Icograda and became that organizations first educational member in Poland

18.
Aleksander Ford
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Aleksander Ford was a Polish film director, and head of the Polish Peoples Army Film Crew in the Soviet Union during World War II. Ford became director of the nationalized Film Polski company following the Red Army occupation of Poland, in 1948 the new communist authorities appointed him professor of the National Film School in Łódź. Roman Polanski was among his students. Another of Fords protégés was the Polish film director Andrzej Wajda, following the anti-Semitic purge in the communist party in Poland, in 1968 Ford emigrated to Israel and from there through Germany and Denmark, to the United States. He committed suicide in 1980 in Naples, Florida, Ford made his first feature film, Mascot in 1930, after a year of making short silent films. He did not use sound until The Legion of the Streets, when World War II began, Ford escaped to the Soviet Union and worked closely with Jerzy Bossak to establish a film unit for the Soviet-sponsored Peoples Army of Poland in the USSR. The unit was called Czołówka Filmowa Ludowego Wojska Polskiego, after the war, Ford was appointed head of the government-controlled Film Polski and held enormous sway over the countrys entire film industry. Ford and a group of colleagues from the Polish Communist Party rebuilt most of the film production infrastructure. Roman Polanski wrote in his biography about them, They included some extremely competent people, notably Aleksander Ford, a party member. The real power broker during the postwar period was Ford himself. For the next twenty years, Ford served as professor at the state-run National Film School in Łódź, Ford continued making films in Poland until the 1968 Polish political crisis. Accused of antisocialist activity and expelled from the Communist Party, Ford emigrated to Israel where he lived for the two years. He later moved to Denmark and eventually settled in the United States, Ford made two more feature films, both of which were commercial and critical failures. In 1973, he made an adaptation of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel The First Circle. In 1975 he made The Martyr, an English language, Israeli-German co-production based on the story of Dr. Janusz Korczak. Blacklisted by the Polish communist government as a defector, Ford became a non-person in contemporary discussions. Isolated, he committed suicide in a Florida hotel on 4 April 1980. pl

19.
Michael V. Gazzo
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Michael Vincenzo Gazzo was an American playwright who later in life became a film and television actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in The Godfather Part II, Gazzo was born on April 5,1923. He was a member of the Actors Studio and would go on to train such actors as Debra Winger, Henry Silva. He authored the gritty Broadway play about drug addiction A Hatful of Rain and it starred Ben Gazzara and Shelley Winters in the two lead roles, and subsequently was adapted into a film by Oscar-winning director Fred Zinnemann in 1957. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, a 1968 made-for-television version starred Peter Falk, Sandy Dennis and Michael Parks. Gazzos other screen writing credits include the Elvis Presley American musical drama King Creole in 1958 and he also authored the Broadway play The Night Circus starring Ben Gazzara. As an actor, Gazzo was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Frank Pentangeli in The Godfather Part II and he lost to Robert De Niro, who played Vito Corleone in the same film. Gazzo died in 1995 due to complications from a stroke and he was buried in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles

20.
A Hatful of Rain
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A Hatful of Rain is a 1957 American dramatic film about a young married man with a secret morphine addiction. It is a medically and sociologically accurate account of the effects of morphine on an addict, the frank depiction of drug addiction in a feature film was a rarity for its time. The film stars Eva Marie Saint, Don Murray, Anthony Franciosa, Lloyd Nolan and it was adapted by Michael V. Gazzo, Alfred Hayes, and Carl Foreman from the play by Gazzo. Foreman was blacklisted at the time of the films release, the Writers Guild of America added his name to the films credits in 1998,14 years after his death. It was directed by Fred Zinnemann and features a musical score by Bernard Herrmann. Herrmann was asked by 20th Century Fox to rescore his prelude for the film as the original was considered too terrifying, Franciosa was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In a housing project apartment in New York City near the Brooklyn Bridge, Johnny Pope lives with his pregnant wife Celia, Johnny is a veteran recently returned from the Korean War, in which he sustained an injury while surviving for days trapped in a cave. Johnny and Polos father, John Sr. arrives in New York from his home in Florida to briefly visit his sons, and to pick up $2500 that Polo had saved and promised to him whenever he wanted it. John Sr. has just fulfilled his dream of quitting his job and buying his own bar, however, Polo tells his father that he spent the money and refuses to say what he spent it on. John Sr. becomes angry and refuses to speak to Polo, continuing his lifetime pattern of praising Johnny, later on, John Sr. Unbeknownst to their father and Celia, Polo gave the money to Johnny, who spent it all on his $40-a-day drug habit. Celia thinks he is seeing another woman but in reality he is looking for drugs, which are becoming harder to find as the police are arresting many dealers. While John Sr. is visiting, Johnnys dealer Mother comes to the Popes apartment with his henchmen Apples and Chuch, Mother gives Johnny a gun and suggests he commit robbery to get the money. After arguing with Celia, Johnny leaves and spends the night walking the streets and he tries to rob several people at gunpoint, but is unable to go through with it. Meanwhile, Polo and Celia are home alone in the apartment and Polo, who has been drinking, confesses his love for Celia, despite their mutual feelings for each other, they fall asleep in separate rooms. When Johnny returns in the morning, he is starting to suffer withdrawal again and needs to meet a dealer for a fix, Johnny tries to get his father to spend the day with Polo instead. But his father doesnt even want to talk to Polo, causing an emotional confrontation, John Sr. finally agrees to attend the football game with Polo. Johnny next coerces Polo into driving him to meet the dealer by threatening to throw out of the car in traffic, but when he arrives at the meeting place. Johnny goes into withdrawal and begins to hallucinate, just as Mother

21.
Hamlet
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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlets father, Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne, also marrying his deceased brothers widow. It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and he almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeares time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors in each successive century. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto, the Second Quarto, each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The plays structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, the protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his fathers brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlets widow, Gertrude, Hamlets mother, Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighboring Norway, which culminated when King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway, and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbrass infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian kings son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle and they vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. As the court gathers the next day, while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius, after the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself, as Poloniuss son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France, Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim to thine own self be true. Poloniuss daughter, Ophelia, admits her interest in Hamlet, and that night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes, the prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to put an antic disposition on and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret. Privately, however, he remains uncertain of the ghosts reliability, soon thereafter, Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving crazily. Polonius blames love for Hamlets madness and resolves to inform Claudius, as he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlets mood, additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard, messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his fathers battles. The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland, Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlets behavior, and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while, when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his friends warmly, but quickly discerns that they are spies

22.
Two for the Seesaw
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Two for the Seesaw is a 1962 romance-drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Robert Mitchum and Shirley MacLaine. It was adapted from the Broadway play written by William Gibson, Jerry Ryan is a lawyer from Nebraska who has recently separated from his wife. To get away from it all, he has moved to an apartment in New York. He is struggling with the divorce, which has been filed but is not final, at a party he meets Gittel Mosca, a struggling dancer. They instantly get along, and begin to fall in love, but the relationship is hampered by their differences in background and temperament. Jerry gets a job with a New York law firm and prepares to take the bar examination and he helps Gittel rent a loft for a dance studio, which she rents out to other dancers. Gittel has a fling with an old boyfriend, and Jerry has difficulty separating himself emotionally from his wife and they prepare to move in together nevertheless, but Gittel is upset when she learns that the divorce came through and Jerry did not tell her about it. Jerry explains that though he is divorced from his former wife on paper, they continue bonded in many ways. Paul Newman was originally slated to star opposite Elizabeth Taylor in the film, when Taylor was forced to drop out because of shooting overruns on Cleopatra, Newman was freed up to take the role of Fast Eddie Felson in The Hustler. The title tune, Second Chance, became a pop music and jazz standard, recorded by Ella Fitzgerald, MacLaine revealed on Oprah on April 11,2011, that she and Mitchum began a relationship during the filming of this film that lasted until his death

23.
William Gibson (playwright)
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William Gibson was an American playwright and novelist. He won the Tony Award for Best Play for The Miracle Worker in 1959, Gibson graduated from the City College of New York in 1938, and was of Irish, French, German, Dutch and Russian and Greek ancestry. Gibsons Broadway debut had been with Two for the Seesaw in 1958 and it was directed by Arthur Penn. Gibson published a chronicle of the vicissitudes of rewriting for the sake of this production with a book in the following year. His most famous play is The Miracle Worker, the story of Helen Kellers childhood education, Arthur Penn directed both the stage and film versions. In 1973, Gibson published A Season in Heaven, an account of his studies with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Punta Umbria and La Antilla, Spain. In 1954, Gibson published a novel, The Cobweb, set in a psychiatric hospital resembling the Menninger Clinic, in 1955, Gibson married Margaret Brenman-Gibson, a psychotherapist and biographer of Odets, in 1940. After 1954, the couple would move from Topeka, Kansas to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Brenman-Gibson died in 2004, leaving behind her husband and their two sons, Daniel and Thomas, William Gibson at the Internet Broadway Database William Gibson at the Internet Off-Broadway Database ‘Miracle Worker’ Playwright Dies, The New York Times ArtsBeat blog, November 27,2008

24.
Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)
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The Jury Prize is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival, chosen by the Jury from the official section of movies at the festival. Initially the award signified the second best film in competition, though now it is now considered the third-most prestigious prize at the festival, after the Palme dOr. From 1951 until 1966 the name Special Jury Prize was used for the second-most important award of the festival, in 1967 the second place was renamed Grand Prize of the Jury, and the Special Jury Prize title was withdrawn. Then, in 1969, the Jury Prize was created separately from the Grand Prize, the Special Jury Prize reappeared twice in the 1990s, and one International Jury Prize was awarded in 1946. UK director Andrea Arnold and UK director Ken Loach are tied for the record for most Jury Prizes. As of 2016 Arnold was awarded the prize for her films Red Road, Fish Tank, and American Honey, while Loach was awarded the prize for his films Hidden Agenda, Raining Stones, and The Angels Share. Michelangelo Antonioni, René Clément, Masaki Kobayashi, and Samira Makhmalbaf have each won the award twice, Palme dOr Grand Prix Cannes Film Festival official website Cannes Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database

25.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities

26.
The Seventh Seal
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The Seventh Seal is a 1957 Swedish drama-fantasy film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. Set in Sweden during the Black Death, it tells of the journey of a knight and a game of chess he plays with the personification of Death. Bergman developed the film from his own play Wood Painting, here the motif of silence refers to the silence of God, which is a major theme of the film. The Seventh Seal is considered a classic of world cinema, as well as one of the greatest movies of all time and it established Bergman as a world-renowned director, containing scenes which have become iconic through homages, critical analysis, and parodies. Disillusioned knight Antonius Block and his nihilistic squire Jöns return after fighting in the Crusades, on the beach immediately after their arrival, the knight encounters Death, personified as a pale, black-cowled figure resembling a monk. The knight, in the middle of a game he has been playing alone, challenges Death to a chess match. Death agrees, and they start a new game, the knight with his squire heads for his castle. Along the way, they pass some actors, Jof and his wife Mia, with their infant son, Mikael, Jof is also a juggler and has visions of Jesus and Mary, but Mia is skeptical of them. The knight and squire enter a church where a fresco of the Dance of Death is being painted, the squire draws a small figure representing himself. Upon revealing the chess strategy that will save his life, the knight discovers that the priest is Death, Leaving the church, the knight speaks to a young woman who has been condemned to be burned at the stake for consorting with the devil. Shortly thereafter, the squire searches an abandoned village for water and he saves a servant girl from being raped by a man robbing a corpse. He recognizes the man as Raval, a theologian, who 10 years prior had convinced the knight to leave his wife, the squire promises to brand the theologian on the face if they meet again. The servant girl joins the squire, the trio ride into town, where the actors met earlier are performing. The actor-manager introduces the actors to the crowd, then is enticed by Lisa. The actors performance is interrupted by the arrival of a procession of flagellants, at a public house, the juggler meets Raval who forces him to dance on the tables like a bear. The squire appears and, true to his word, slices the theologians face, the knight enjoys a country picnic of milk and wild strawberries gathered by the wife of the juggler. The knight says, Ill carry this memory between my hands as if it were bowl filled to the brim with fresh milk. And it will be an adequate sign – it will be enough for me. He invites the actors to his castle, where they will be safer from the plague, along the way, they come across the actor-manager and the blacksmiths wife in the forest

27.
Zbigniew Cybulski
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Zbigniew Cybulski Polish pronunciation, was a Polish actor, one of the best-known and most popular personalities of the post-World War II history of Poland. Zbigniew Cybulski was born November 3,1927 in a village of Kniaże near Śniatyń. After World War II he joined the Theatre Academy in Kraków and he graduated in 1953 and moved to Gdańsk, where he made his stage debut in Leon Schillers Wybrzeże Theatre. Also, with his friend Bogumił Kobiela, Cybulski founded a student theatre. In the early 1960s, Cybulski moved to Warsaw, where he joined the Kabaret Wagabunda. He also appeared on stage at the Ateneum Theatre, one of the most modern, however, Cybulski is best remembered as a screen actor. He first appeared in a 1954 film Kariera as an extra and his first major role came in 1958, when he played in Kazimierz Kutzs Krzyż Walecznych. The same year he appeared as one of the main characters in Andrzej Wajdas Ashes and Diamonds. From then on Cybulski was seen as one of the most notable actors of the Polish Film School and one of the young and wrathful and his most famous films, apart from Ashes and Diamonds, include Wojciech Has The Saragossa Manuscript. He also acted in television plays, including some based on works by Truman Capote, Anton Chekhov. Cybulski died in an accident at a Wrocław Główny railway station on January 8,1967, as he jumped on the speeding train, he slipped on the steps, fell under the train, and was run over. Before the accident he said goodbye to Marlene Dietrich, a friend of his. Cybulski remains a legend of the Polish cinema and his style of acting was revolutionary at the time, as was his image. He was often referred to as the Polish James Dean, like Dean, he played nonconformist rebels, and like him he died young. The Polish band 2 Plus 1 recorded an album to Cybulski. In 1996, readers of Film magazine awarded him the title of Best Polish Actor of All Time, in 1969 the Zbyszek Cybulski Award for young film actors with strong individuality was introduced. pl

28.
Allegory
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As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor whose vehicle may be a character, place or event, representing real-world issues and occurrences. Many ancient religions are based on astrological allegories, that is, allegories of the movement of the sun, in classical literature two of the best-known allegories are the Cave in Platos Republic and the story of the stomach and its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa. One of the examples of allegory, Platos Allegory of the Cave. In this allegory, Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained in an all of their lives. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows, using language to identify their world. He tries to tell the people in the cave of his discovery, also allegorical is Ezekiel 16 and 17, wherein the capture of that same vine by the mighty Eagle represents Israels exile to Rome. Allegory has an ability to freeze the temporality of a story, Mediaeval thinking accepted allegory as having a reality underlying any rhetorical or fictional uses. The allegory was as true as the facts of surface appearances, if, then, the Greeks or others say that they were not committed to the care of Peter and his successors, they necessarily confess that they are not of the sheep of Christ. This text also demonstrates the frequent use of allegory in religious texts during the Mediaeval Period, following the tradition, since meaningful stories are nearly always applicable to larger issues, allegories may be read into many stories which the author may not have recognised. This is allegoresis, or the act of reading a story as an allegory. S, lewis and A Kingdom Far and Clear, The Complete Swan Lake Trilogy by Mark Helprin. The story of the apple falling onto Isaac Newtons head is another famous allegory and it simplified the idea of gravity by depicting a simple way it was supposedly discovered. It also made the scientific revelation well known by condensing the theory into a short tale. According to Henry Littlefields 1964 article, L. Yet, George MacDonald emphasised in 1893 that, A fairy tale is not an allegory, I much prefer history – true or feigned– with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers. I think that many confuse applicability with allegory, but the one resides in the freedom of the reader, and this further reinforces the idea of forced allegoresis, as allegory is often a matter of interpretation and only sometimes of original artistic intention. Like allegorical stories, allegorical poetry has two meanings – a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning, some unique specimens of allegory can be found in the following works, Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene, The several knights in the poem actually stand for several virtues. Nathaniel Hawthorne – Young Goodman Brown, The Devils Staff symbolises defiance of God, the characters names, such as Goodman and Faith, ironically serve as paradox in the conclusion of the story. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter, The scarlet letter symbolises many things, the characters, while developed with interiority, are allegorical in that they represent ways of seeing the world. George Orwell – Animal Farm, The pigs stand for political figures of the Russian Revolution, lászló Krasznahorkai - The Melancholy of Resistance and the film Werckmeister Harmonies, It uses a circus to describe an occupying dysfunctional government

29.
Symbol
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A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different concepts and experiences, all communication is achieved through the use of symbols. Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, ideas or visual images and are used to other ideas. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for STOP, on a map, a blue line might represent a river. Alphabetic letters may be symbols for sounds, personal names are symbols representing individuals. A red rose may symbolize love and compassion, the variable x, in a mathematical equation, may symbolize the position of a particle in space. In cartography, a collection of symbols forms a legend for a map The word derives from the Greek symbolon meaning token or watchword. It is an amalgam of syn- together + bole a throwing, a casting, the sense evolution in Greek is from throwing things together to contrasting to comparing to token used in comparisons to determine if something is genuine. The meaning something which stands for something else was first recorded in 1590, later, expanding on what he means by this definition Campbell says, a symbol, like everything else, shows a double aspect. We must distinguish, therefore between the sense and the meaning of the symbol. The term meaning can only to the first two but these, today, are in the charge of science – which is the province as we have said, not of symbols. The ineffable, the unknowable, can be only sensed. Heinrich Zimmer gives an overview of the nature, and perennial relevance. Concepts and words are symbols, just as visions, rituals, through all of these a transcendent reality is mirrored. They are so many metaphors reflecting and implying something which, though thus variously expressed, is ineffable, though thus rendered multiform, Symbols hold the mind to truth but are not themselves the truth, hence it is delusory to borrow them. Each civilisation, every age, must bring forth its own, in the book Signs and Symbols, it is stated that A symbol. Is a visual image or sign representing an idea -- a deeper indicator of a universal truth, Symbols are a means of complex communication that often can have multiple levels of meaning. This separates symbols from signs, as signs have only one meaning, human cultures use symbols to express specific ideologies and social structures and to represent aspects of their specific culture

30.
Surrealism
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Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream, leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I, the word surrealist was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works, after the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the son of writer. He admired the young writers anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition, later Breton wrote, In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and they began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields, continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin, freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness, as Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, There is only one difference between a madman and me. Beside the use of analysis, they emphasized that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power, the group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to people from false rationality, and restrictive customs. Breton proclaimed that the aim of Surrealism was long live the social revolution. To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism, in 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire, the other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées, in the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority

31.
French New Wave
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The New Wave is a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s. New Wave is an example of European art cinema, using portable equipment and requiring little or no set up time, the New Wave way of filmmaking presented a documentary style. The films exhibited direct sounds on film stock that required less light, filming techniques included fragmented, discontinuous editing, and long takes. The combination of realism, subjective realism, and authorial commentary created a narrative ambiguity in the sense that questions that arise in a film are not answered in the end. This is why I would like to call this new age of cinema the age of the camera-stylo, Cahiers co-founder and theorist André Bazin was a prominent source of influence for the movement. By means of criticism and editorialization, they laid the groundwork for a set of concepts, revolutionary at the time, Cahiers du cinéma writers critiqued the classic Tradition of Quality style of French Cinema. Notable among these was François Truffaut in his manifesto-like article Une Certaine tendance du cinéma français, Bazin and Henri Langlois, founder and curator of the Cinémathèque Française, were the dual father figures of the movement. These men of cinema valued the expression of the personal vision in both the films style and script. The auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his movies, the beginning of the New Wave was to some extent an exercise by the Cahiers writers in applying this philosophy to the world by directing movies themselves. Apart from the role that films by Jean Rouch have played in the movement, part of their technique was to portray characters not readily labeled as protagonists in the classic sense of audience identification. The auteurs of this era owe their popularity to the support they received with their youthful audience, most of these directors were born in the 1930s and grew up in Paris, relating to how their viewers might be experiencing life. With high concentration in fashion, urban life, and all-night parties. The French New Wave was popular roughly between 1958 and 1964, although New Wave work existed as late as 1973, the socio-economic forces at play shortly after World War II strongly influenced the movement. Politically and financially drained, France tended to back on the old popular pre-war traditions. One such tradition was straight narrative cinema, specifically classical French film, the movement has its roots in rebellion against the reliance on past forms, criticizing in particular the way these forms could force the audience to submit to a dictatorial plot-line. They were especially against the French cinema of quality, the type of high-minded, literary period films held in esteem at French film festivals, New Wave critics and directors studied the work of western classics and applied new avant garde stylistic direction. The low-budget approach helped filmmakers get at the art form and find what was, to them. French New Wave is influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, many of these directors, such as Edmond Agabra and Henri Zaphiratos, were not as successful or enduring at the well-known members of the New Wave and today would not be considered part of it

32.
Krzysztof Komeda
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Krzysztof Komeda — born Krzysztof Trzciński — was a Polish film music composer and jazz pianist. Perhaps best known for his work in film scores, Komeda wrote the scores for Roman Polanski’s films Knife in the Water, Cul-de-sac, The Fearless Vampire Killers, and Rosemary’s Baby. Born Krzysztof Trzciński, he chose Komeda as his name only upon graduation from university as a means of distancing himself as musician from his daytime job in a medical clinic. He grew up in Częstochowa and Ostrów Wielkopolski where in 1950 he graduated from the Gymnasium for Boys, while at school, he participated in the Music and Poetry Club. After high school he entered the Medical Academy in Poznań to study medicine and he finished his six-year-long studies and obtained a medical doctor diploma in 1956. He chose to specialize as an otolaryngology physician and he took music lessons from early childhood, to become a renowned virtuoso was his dream. He became a member of the Poznań conservatorium at the age of eight, Komeda explored the theory of music, and learned to play piano, during this period and later, until 1950, however, he was aware of the loss of the past six years. Komeda was interested in light and dance music and he met Witold Kujawski, a graduate of the same school and already a well-known swinging bass player, at the gymnasium in Ostrów Wielkopolski. It was Kujawski who acquainted Komeda-Trzciński with jazz, and took him to Kraków, the romantic period of Polish jazz, called the catacombs, had its day in the spotlight. Concert publicity did not exist then, jam sessions, which such famous musicians as Matuszkiewicz, Borowiec, Walasek and Kujawski himself participated in, took place in Witold’s legendary small apartment in Kraków. Some years later, it clear why Komeda was fascinated with be-bop performed by Andrzej Trzaskowski. The fascination with jazz and the friendship with famous musicians strengthened his connections with music and he worked for some time with the first, postwar, pioneer Polish jazz band, a group called Melomani that was from Kraków and Łódź, whose mainstays were Matuszkiewicz, Trzaskowski and Kujawski. Later on, he played with various pop groups from Poznań, one of them was Jerzy Grzewińskis group, which soon transformed itself into a dixieland band. Komeda appeared with Grzewiński on the I Jazz Festival in Sopot in August 1956, the reason for that was simple, dixieland did not meet Komeda’s expectations at the time. He was more fascinated with modern jazz, thanks to this passion, the Komeda Sextet was created. Krzysztof Trzciński used the stage name Komeda for the first time when he worked at a laryngological clinic, and wanted to conceal his interest in jazz from co-workers. Jazz was beginning its struggle for respectability with the communist authorities in the era of the thaw and Polish society also, the Komeda Sextet became the first Polish jazz group playing modern jazz, and its pioneering performances opened the way for jazz in Poland. He played jazz that related to European traditions and which was the synthesis of the two most popular groups at that time, The Modern Jazz Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet

33.
Roman Polanski
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Rajmund Roman Thierry Polański is a French-Polish film director, producer, writer, and actor. Born in Paris, his Polish-Jewish parents moved the back to Poland in 1937. Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany a few later, in 1939. Polanskis first feature-length film, Knife in the Water, made in Poland, was nominated for a United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He has since received five more Oscar nominations, along with two BAFTAs, four Césars, a Golden Globe Award and the Palme dOr of the Cannes Film Festival in France, in the United Kingdom he directed three films, beginning with Repulsion. In 1968 he moved to the United States and cemented his status by directing the horror film Rosemarys Baby. A turning point in his life took place in 1969, when his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, following her death, Polanski returned to Europe and eventually continued directing. He made Macbeth in England and back in Hollywood, Chinatown, in 1977, Polanski was arrested and charged with the rape of a 13-year-old model during a photo session. He subsequently pled guilty to the charge of statutory rape and he was released from prison after serving 42 days, and as part of an apparent plea bargain, was to be put on probation. When he learned that the judge changed his mind and planned to reject the plea bargain, in Europe, Polanski continued to make films, including Tess, starring aspiring actress, Nastassja Kinski. It won Frances César Awards for Best Picture and Best Director and he later produced and directed The Pianist, starring Adrien Brody, in a World War II true story drama about a Jewish-Polish musician. The film won three Academy Awards including Best Director, along with numerous international awards and he also directed Oliver Twist, a story which parallels his own life as a young boy attempting to triumph over adversity. Polanski was born in Paris, the son of Bula and Ryszard Polański, a painter and manufacturer of sculptures and his mother had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette managed to survive Auschwitz, where her mother died, Polańskis father was Jewish and originally from Poland, Polańskis mother, born in Russia, had been raised Roman Catholic and was of half-Jewish ancestry. Polański, influenced by his education in the Peoples Republic of Poland, said Im an atheist in an interview about his film, Rosemarys Baby. The Polański family moved back to the Polish city of Kraków in 1936, Kraków was soon occupied by the German forces, and Nazi racial purity laws made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the Kraków Ghetto, along with thousands of the citys Jews. Around the age of six, he attended school for only a few weeks, until all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled. That initiative was followed by requiring all Jewish children over the age of twelve to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David imprinted for visual identification

34.
Jerzy Skolimowski
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Jerzy Skolimowski is a Polish film director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. A graduate of the prestigious National Film School in Łódź, Skolimowski has directed more than twenty films since his 1960 début Oko wykol, in 1967 he was awarded Golden Bear for his film Le départ. His famous film is Deep End, jane Asher and John Moulder Brown acted in Deep End. He lived in Los Angeles for over 20 years where he painted in a figurative, expressionist mode, more recently, he returned to Poland, and to film making as a writer and director after a 17-year hiatus with Cztery noce z Anną in 2008. He received the Golden Lion Award for Lifetime Achievement at the 2016 Venice Film Festival, Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland, the son of Maria and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect. He often recognized indications in his work to a childhood ineradicably scarred by the War, as a small child he witnessed the brutalities of war, even having been rescued from the rubble of a bombed-out house in Warsaw. His father, a member of the Polish Resistance, was executed by the Nazis and his mother hid a Jewish family in the house and Skolimowski recalls being required to take candy from the Nazis to maintain appearances. After the war, his became the cultural attaché of the Polish embassy in Prague. His fellow pupils at school in Poděbrady, a spa town near Prague, included future film-makers Miloš Forman and Ivan Passer, Skolimowski was considered as a trouble maker at school as he was the origin of many pranks which angered the authorities. At college he studied ethnography, history and literature and took up boxing, Skolimowskis interest in jazz and association with composer Krzysztof Komeda brought him into contact with actor Zbigniew Cybulski and directors Andrzej Munk and Roman Polanski. In his early twenties Skolimowski was already a writer, having published several books of poems, short stories, Skolimowski was not impressed and dismissed the script. However, in response to a challenge by Wajda, he produced his own version became a basis for the finished film, Innocent Sorcerers. Skolimowski enrolled in the Łódź Film School with the intention of avoiding the long apprenticeship required before graduating to feature film direction, while scoring poorly in course work Skolimowski had a finished feature film by the end of the course. Skolimowski then collaborated with Polański, writing the dialogue for the script of Knife in the Water, between 1964 and 1984 he completed six semi-autobiographical feature films, Rysopis, Walkover, Barrier, Hands Up. Moonlighting and Success Is the Best Revenge, a segment in Dialóg, Barrier won Grand Prix at Bergamo International Film Festival. Le Départ won the Golden Bear at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival, after Barrier he left Poland to make Le Départ in Belgium in French. According to him Le Départ was a film rather than a comedy. Skolimowski returned to Poland to make Ręce do góry, the film of the Andrzej trilogy

35.
Samson (1961 Polish film)
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Samson is a 1961 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda that uses art house aesthetics to tell a story about the Holocaust. Wajdas World War II film alludes to the Old Testament story of Samson, but unlike the Biblical character, Wajdas Samson has great emotional strength. A dark coming-of-age film, Samson follows its Jewish protagonist from a private school to a prison, then into a Jewish ghetto. Wajda uses this journey as a means to explore expressionist cinematography, the construction of the Jewish ghetto is communicated through a single, stationary shot. A shabbily dressed mass is clustered in front of the camera, through minimalism and simplicity, Wadja establishes a separation between the world of the impoverished Jew and the world outside the ghetto. The viewer looking on as the walls block the view of what happening inside, is made to feel detached from the horror inside. One question Wajda raises is that of Jewish solidarity and the guilt of being saved while ones brethren are suffering, Samson escapes from the Jewish ghetto but immediately wants to return. Although he could enjoy a life of cocktails and women, hed rather be in the ghetto. Samson argues that his place is with the Jews, that he should suffer alongside them, a fake-blond beauty offers a different take. She confides to Samson that shes Jewish and has been concealing her roots in order to avoid the ghetto, although she argues passionately, Samsons emotional strength inevitably inspires her to accept her fate as a Jew. When Samson is bruised and exhausted, lying on the ground, he is encouraged by a friend who says, “one man can suffer such blows and rise again. ”For Wajda. Samson is a scrawny, haggard young man, who says little and might almost border on boringly average. What the novel demanded of a director, however, was simplicity, modesty and, above all, from the first day of shooting to the final day of editing, I remained torn between the two extremes. As veterans of Ashes and Diamonds both of us, Jerzy Wójcik and myself, realized the power of narrative shortcuts and the impact of symbolism on the screen and we wanted to continue in that direction. Brandys novel, however, contradicted and desperately resisted our concepts, Georges Sadoul Les Lettres Françaises, Paris,1964 In its first part, the film is a masterpiece. Never before has Wajda revealed such virtuosity and he has not succumbed to the temptation of formal exercise. Far from any baroque mannerism, he says what he has to say firmly, even brutally, while using a minimum of effects and this style present throughout the film reveals a great talent on the threshold of maturity. Guest at Lucynas Party Roland Głowacki, guest at Lucynas Party Andrzej Herder

June 1945 Moscow show trial of 16 leaders of the Polish wartime underground movement (including Home Army and civil authorities), who were convicted of "drawing up plans for military action against the U.S.S.R." They had been invited in March 1945 to help organize a Polish Government of National Unity and had been immediately arrested by the SovietNKVD. Despite the court's lenience, 6 years later only two were still alive.

Left: Beria's January 1940 letter to Stalin asking permission to execute 346 "enemies of the CPSU and of the Soviet authorities" who conducted "counter-revolutionary, right-Trotskyite plotting and spying activities" Middle: Stalin's handwriting: "за" (support). Right: The Politburo's decision is signed by Stalin