Headache

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A headache is pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. Serious causes of headaches are rare. Most people with headaches can feel much better by making lifestyle changes, learning ways to relax, and sometimes by taking medicines.

Causes

The most common type of headache is tension headache. It is likely caused by tight muscles in your shoulders, neck, scalp, and jaw. A tension headache:

May be related to stress, depression, anxiety, a head injury, or holding your head and neck in an abnormal position.

Tends to be on both sides of your head. It often starts at the back of the head and spreads forward. The pain may feel dull or squeezing, like a tight band or vice. Your shoulders, neck, or jaw may feel tight or sore.

A migraine headache involves severe pain. It usually occurs with other symptoms, such as vision changes, sensitivity to sound or light, or nausea. With a migraine:

The pain may be throbbing, pounding, or pulsating. It tends to begin on one side of your head. It may spread to both sides.

The headache may be associated with an aura. This is a group of warning symptoms that start before your headache. The pain usually gets worse as you try to move around.

Migraines may be triggered by foods, such as chocolate, certain cheeses, or monosodium glutamate (MSG). Caffeine withdrawal, lack of sleep, and alcohol may also be triggers.

Rebound headaches are headaches that keep coming back. They often occur from overuse of pain medicines. For this reason, these headaches are also called medicine overuse headaches. People who take pain medicine more than 3 days a week on a regular basis can develop this type of headache.

Other types of headaches:

Cluster headache is a sharp, very painful headache that occurs daily, sometimes up to several times a day for months. It then goes away for weeks to months. In some people, the headaches never come back. The headache usually lasts less than an hour. It tends to occur at the same times every day.

Sinus headache causes pain in the front of the head and face. It is due to swelling in the sinus passages behind the cheeks, nose, and eyes. The pain is worse when you bend forward and when you first wake up in the morning.

Home Care

There are things you can do to manage headaches at home, especially migraines or tension headaches. Try to treat the symptoms right away.

When migraine symptoms begin:

Drink water to avoid getting dehydrated, especially if you have vomited.

Rest in a quiet, dark room.

Place a cool cloth on your head.

Use any relaxation techniques you have learned.

A headache diary can help you identify your headache triggers. When you get a headache, write down the following:

Day and time the pain began

What you ate and drank over the past 24 hours

How much you slept

What you were doing and where you were right before the pain started

How long the headache lasted and what made it stop

Review your diary with your health care provider to identify triggers or a pattern to your headaches. This can help you and your provider create a treatment plan. Knowing your triggers can help you avoid them.

Your provider may have already prescribed medicine to treat your type of headache. If so, take the medicine as instructed.

For tension headaches, try acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen. Talk to your provider if you are taking pain medicines 3 or more days a week.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Some headaches may be a sign of a more serious illness. Seek medical help right away for any of the following:

This is the first headache you have ever had in your life and it interferes with your daily activities.

Your headache comes on suddenly and is explosive or violent.

Your headache is "the worst ever," even if you regularly get headaches.

You also have slurred speech, a change in vision, problems moving your arms or legs, loss of balance, confusion, or memory loss with your headache.

Your headache gets worse over 24 hours.

You also have a fever, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting with your headache.

Your headache occurs with a head injury.

Your headache is severe and just in one eye, with redness in that eye.

You just started getting headaches, especially if you are older than 50.

Your headaches are associated with vision problems, pain while chewing, or weight loss.

You have a history of cancer or immune system problem (such as HIV/AIDS) and develop a new headache.

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your provider will take a medical history and will examine your head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, neck, and nervous system.

Your provider will ask many questions to learn about your headaches. Diagnosis is usually based on your history of symptoms.

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