Recently a former colleague of mine, Lucas van Lierop, showed me his new website, which he created using Spress. Lucas took two bold moves: he started freelancing, and he open-sourced his website code. This to me was very inspiring. I've been getting up to speed with Docker recently and am planning to do a lot more with it over the coming months, and being able to take a look at the source code of up-to-date projects that use Docker is certainly invaluable.

Taking lots of inspiration from Lucas's codebase, and after several hours of fiddling with configuration files, I can now guide you through the steps it took to containerize my blog (which is the site you're visiting now) and deploy a single container to a production server.

This blog is generated from a large set of Markdown files, some images, some SCSS files (compiled to CSS) and some JS files (minified and combined). I use Sculpin for the conversion of Markdown to HTML files and NodeJS/NPM/Bower/Grunt for all things CSS/JS. The result of generating the website from sources is a set of files in output_prod/ which for the past four years I've been happily rsync-ing with an Apache document root on my sponsored ServerGrove VPS.

This kind of setup asks for two containers: one with all the development tools (like NPM, Composer, etc.) and one which serves the generated website. If we do this right, we can use the latter container to preview the website on our development machine, and push the same container to a production environment where it can serve the website to actual visitors.

Although Sculpin makes a distinction between a prod and a dev environment, I wanted to streamline its build process: I want no surprises when I switch from dev to prod just before I release a new version of the website. I chose to hide the concept by forcing Sculpin to generate the website in output/. So in app/config/sculpin_kernel.yml I added:

sculpin:
output_dir: %sculpin.project_dir%/output

The build container

I decided to call the container with all the development tools the build container. I created docker/build/Dockerfile containing:

Taking the most recent PHP CLI image as the base image, these RUN commands install Composer, then NodeJS, then Bower and Grunt and finally Git (for downloading dependencies from Git). The working directory is set to /opt, which is a sensible place to store custom software. Please note that in most cases it's a best practice to combine the RUN statements into one big concatenated one, to reduce the number of filesystem layers Docker produces. I decided to ignore this practice, since this is a build container which doesn't have to be of "production quality".

The default entrypoint for the container is to run the nothing target of the designated Make file. This is what docker/build/Makefile looks like:

# I have no idea why this directive works, but at least we can now use spaces instead of tabs for recipes:
.RECIPEPREFIX +=
# nothing is a "phony" target, it produces no actual step in the build
.PHONY: nothing
nothing:
@echo Nothing to be done
# Install all dependencies defined in composer.json, package.json and bower.json
install:
npm install
bower install --allow-root
composer install
# Process all source files (assets and pages)
all:
grunt
vendor/bin/sculpin --project-dir=/opt --env=prod generate

I found out that Bower doesn't like to be executed by the root user (the user that runs the build container), so I "fixed" it using the --allow-root flag.

I decided to use docker-compose, which allows for separate configuration for production and development machines, based on the presence of a docker-compose.override.yml file. Since development work will only be done on a local development machine, I added the build container only to the list of services in docker-compose.override.yml, like this:

By running docker-compose build build (which builds the build container ;)) and then docker-compose run build, we get the message "Nothing to be done" from make (as expected, since by default it runs the nothing target we defined earlier). We can run other specific Make targets, by adding an extra argument, e.g. docker-compose run build install to install project dependencies.

To be honest I don't think I ever saw someone use make as an entrypoint for a Docker container, so consider this an experiment. Also, the targets could be arranged a little smarter (they probably should be more specialized), and I didn't add a "watch" target, to rebuild upon file changes.

The volumes directive instructs docker-compose to mount the local working directory (the root directory of the project) as /opt inside the container. This means that all the files that will be changed by the development tools inside the build container are actually changes on the host machine. This, of course, is very usual in a development environment.

Next up: the blog container

In the next post we'll look at how to set up the blog container, which will serve the generated website (for preview and deployment purposes).

By the way, since I'm learning Docker right now, I'm really hoping to receive some feedback from more experienced Docker users - feel free to use the comment form below!