Decoding Depression: Much More Than Sadness

Most people think of depression as a period of excessive sadness. While sadness is one symptom of major depressive disorder, it is only one of nine possible symptoms. The symptoms must:

Be present for at least two weeks

Represent a change from typical functioning

Interfere with daily activities

Occur most of the day, nearly every day

Major depressive disorder is not the only mental illness that includes depressive mood as its primary symptom. However, it is the one most commonly referred to as “depression.” There are ten distinct disorders collectively referred to as depressive disorders. Depressive mood is the one symptom they all have in common. Other physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms may also be present.

When doctors and therapists evaluate a patient for a possible diagnosis, they are looking for at least five of the following symptoms:

Depressive or irritable mood

Anhedonia — the loss of pleasure or interest

Unintentional changes in appetite or weight

Insomnia or hypersomnia

Psychomotor retardation or agitation

Lethargy — fatigue or loss of energy

Misplaced feelings of worthlessness or guilt

Cognitive impairment — the inability to focus, concentrate, or make decisions

In the coming weeks, we will explore each of these symptoms in detail. Our focus will be on the neurobiological aspects of major depressive disorder. We’ll discuss the neurological link between emotional and physical pain and examine the role of neurotransmitters. We’ll also take a closer look at the human body’s ability to restore healthy neurological functioning, looking at non-pharmacological ways to counteract the symptoms of major depressive disorder.

There are many myths about major depressive disorder. As we explore each symptom, we will also examine some common misconceptions about each symptom and their assumed causes. We will challenge such ideas as: