Richard of Conisburgh was executed following his involvement in the Southampton Plot to depose Henry V of England in favour of the Earl of March. The dukedom of York therefore passed to his son, Richard Plantagenet. Through his mother, Richard Plantagenet also inherited the lands of the earldom of March, as well as the Mortimer claim to the throne.

Despite his elevated status, Richard Plantagenet was denied a position in government by the advisers of the weak Henry VI, particularly John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, and the queen consort, Margaret of Anjou. Although he served as Protector of the Realm during Henry VI's period of incapacity in 1453-54, his reforms were reversed by Somerset's party once the king had recovered.

The Wars of the Roses began the following year, with the First Battle of St Albans. Initially, Richard aimed only to purge his Lancastrian political opponents from positions of influence over the king. It was not until October 1460 that he claimed the throne for the House of York. In that year the Yorkists had captured the king at the battle of Northampton, but victory was short-lived. Richard and his second son Edmund were killed at the battle of Wakefield on 30 December.

Richard's claim to the throne was inherited by his son Edward. With the support of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("The Kingmaker"), Edward, already showing great promise as a leader of men, defeated the Lancastrians in a succession of battles. While Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou were campaigning in the north, Warwick gained control of the capital and had Edward declared king in London in 1461. Edward strengthened his claim with a decisive victory at the Battle of Towton in the same year, in the course of which the Lancastrian army was virtually wiped out.

The early reign of Edward IV was marred by Lancastrian plotting and uprisings in favour of Henry VI. Warwick himself changed sides, and supported Margaret of Anjou and the king's jealous brother George, Duke of Clarence, in briefly restoring Henry in 1470-71. However, Edward regained his throne, and the House of Lancaster was wiped out with the death of Henry VI himself, in the Tower of London in 1471. In 1478, the continued trouble caused by Clarence led to his execution in the Tower of London; popularly he is thought to have been drowned in a butt of malmsey wine.

On Edward's death in 1483, the crown passed to his twelve-year-old son Edward. Edward IV's younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was appointed Protector, and escorted the young king, and his brother Richard, to the Tower of London. The famous Princes in the Tower were never seen again. However it is unknown whether they were killed or who might have killed them. Parliament declared, in the document Titulus Regius, that the two boys were illegitimate, on the grounds that Edward IV's marriage was invalid, and as such Richard was heir to the throne. He was crowned Richard III in July 1483.

Richard III had many enemies. Though the House of Lancaster had been extinguished, the Lancastrian sympathisers survived, who now rallied behind Henry Tudor, a descendant of the Beauforts, a legitimized branch of the House of Lancaster. Moreover, the family of Edward IV, and the Edwardian loyalists, were naturally opposed to him, essentially dividing his Yorkist power base. A coup attempt failed in late 1483, but in 1485 Richard met Henry Tudor at the battle of Bosworth Field. During the battle, some of Richard's important supporters switched sides or withheld their retainers from the field. Richard himself was killed. He was the last of the Plantagenet kings, as well as the last English king to die in battle.

Henry Tudor declared himself king, took Elizabeth of York, eldest child of Edward IV, as his wife, symbolically uniting the surviving houses of York and Lancaster, and acceded to the throne as Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty which reigned until 1603.

Upon Henry Tudor's uniting the rival houses of Lancaster and York, the title Duke of York became a royal prerogative and is traditionally accorded to the second son of the reigning monarch. Beginning with Richard of Shrewsbury (son of Edward IV, one of the Princes in the Tower), none of its holders were able to transmit it; they either died without a male heir or succeeded to the throne. The title is held today by Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II and her consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

The symbol of the House of York was a white rose, still used as the badge of Yorkshire and Jacobitism. York, Pennsylvania, is known as the White Rose City after the symbol of the House of York. The rivalry between York and Lancaster, in the modern form of the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, has continued into the present day on a more friendly basis.

Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each charged with a canton Gules, impaling, Barry of six, Or and Azure, on a chief two pales, the corners gyronny, overall an escutcheon Argent[14]

Daughter of: Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence and Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster.

Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules, within a bordure Argent charged with lions rampant purpure, impaling, Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Barry of six, Or and Azure, on a chief two pales, the corners gyronny, overall an escutcheon Argent (Mortimer), 2nd and 3rd Or, a cross Gules (de Burgh)[14]

Daughter of: Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and Alianore Holland, Countess of March.

Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules, within a bordure Argent charged with lions rampant purpure[17]

Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules, within a bordure Argent charged with lions rampant purpure, impaling, Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Barry of six, Or and Azure, on a chief two pales, the corners gyronny, overall an escutcheon Argent (Mortimer), 2nd and 3rd Or, a cross Gules (de Burgh)[14]

Daughter of: Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and Alianore Holland, Countess of March.

Quarterly, 1st and 4th, quarterly, France moderne, and England, overall a label of three points each charged with three torteaux Gules, 2nd, quarterly, Castile and Leon, 3rd, quarterly, Mortimer and de Burgh, and overall and inescutcheon Gules, three passant guardant Or, a bordure Argent[18]

Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules[18]

Son of: Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge, Duke of York and Anne Mortimer.

Originator of the claim of the House of York to the throne, by combining the claims of Clarence (from his mother) and York (from his father).

Quarterly, 1st, quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of five points Argent the two dexter points charged with lions rampant purpure and three sinister points each with three torteaux, 2nd and 3rd de Burgh, 4th Mortimer[20]

Quarterly of six, 1st, Agent, a lion rampant double queued gules, crowned Or (Luxembourg), 2nd, quarterly 1st and 4th, Gules, a star of eight points Argent, 2nd and 3rd, Azure semée of fleurs de lys Or (de Baux d' Andrée), 3rd, Barry Argent and Azure, overall a lion rampant Gules (Lusignan of Cyprus), 4th, Gules, three bendlets Argent, on a chief of the first, charged with a fillet in base Or, a rose of the second (Ursins), 5th, Gules, three pallets vairy, on a chief Or a label five points Azure (St. Pol), 6th, Argent, a fess and a canton conjoined Gules (Woodville)[24]

The most popular symbol of the house of York was the White Rose of York. The Yorkist rose is white in colour, because in Christian liturgical symbolism, white is the symbol of light, typifying innocence and purity, joy and glory.[32] During the civil wars of the fifteenth century, the White Rose was the symbol of Yorkist forces opposed to the rival House of Lancaster. The red rose of Lancaster would be a later invention used to represent the House of Lancaster, but was not in use during the actual conflict.[33] The opposition of the two roses gave the wars their name: the Wars of the Roses (coined in the 19th century).

1.
Duke of York
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The Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually given to the second son of English monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany, initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England, the title Duke of York has been created eight times. Additionally, the title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times and these occurred during the 18th century, following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single, united realm. The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the separate realms could be included. The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew, the son of Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Andrew currently has no heirs and has been unmarried since his 1996 divorce. In medieval times, York was the city of the North of England. Yorkshire was Englands largest shire in area, York under its Viking name Jorvik was a petty kingdom in the Early Medieval period. In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik, and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few Earls of York. The title Duke of York was first created in the Peerage of England in 1385 for Edmund of Langley, the surviving son of Edward III. His son Edward, who inherited the title, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the title passed to Edwards nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge. The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became king in 1461 as Edward IV, the title was next created for Richard of Shrewsbury, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and, as he died without heirs, the third creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, when Henry ultimately became King Henry VIII, his titles merged into the crown. The title was created for the time for Charles Stuart. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612 and he was created Prince of Wales in 1616 and eventually became Charles I in 1625 when the title again merged into the Crown. The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the son of Charles I

2.
House of Plantagenet
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The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, under the Plantagenets, England was transformed, although this was only partly intentional. The Plantagenet kings were forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta. These constrained royal power in return for financial and military support, the king was no longer just the most powerful man in the nation, holding the prerogative of judgement, feudal tribute and warfare. He now had defined duties to the realm, underpinned by a justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, in the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were commonplace, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms, the Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for the English Renaissance, and the advent of early modern Britain, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, adopted Plantagenet as his family name in the 15th century. Plantegenest had been a 12th-century nickname for his ancestor Geoffrey, count of Anjou, one of many popular theories suggests the common broom, planta genista in medieval Latin, as the source of the nickname. It is uncertain why Richard chose this name, although during the Wars of the Roses it emphasised Richards status as Geoffreys patrilineal descendant. It was only in the late 17th century that it passed into common usage among historians, the three Angevin kings were Henry II, Richard I and John, Angevin can also refer to the period of history in which they reigned. Many historians identify the Angevins as a distinct English royal house, Angevin is also used in reference to any sovereign or government derived from Anjou. The term Angevin Empire was coined by Kate Norgate in 1887, the Empire portion of Angevin Empire has been controversial. In 1986 a convention of historians concluded that there had not been an Angevin state, and therefore no Angevin Empire, nonetheless, historians have continued to use Angevin Empire. The later counts of Anjou, including the Plantagenets, descended from Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais, in 1060 the couple inherited the title via cognatic kinship from an Angevin family that was descended from a noble named Ingelger, whose recorded history dates from 870. During the 10th and 11th centuries, power struggles occurred between rulers in northern and western France including those of Anjou, Normandy, Brittany, Poitou, Blois, Maine, and the kings of France. In the early 12th century Geoffrey of Anjou married Empress Matilda, King Henry Is only surviving legitimate child and heir to the English throne. As a result of marriage, Geoffreys son Henry II inherited the English throne as well as Norman and Angevin titles, thus marking the beginning of the Angevin

3.
Kingdom of England
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In the early 11th century the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, united by Æthelstan, became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway. The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown, from the accession of James I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland. Under the Stuarts, the kingdom plunged into war, which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament and this concept became legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its state the United Kingdom. On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707, the Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Angelcynn, originally names of the Angles. They called their land Engla land, meaning land of the English, by Æthelweard Latinized Anglia, from an original Anglia vetus, the name Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle English period. The Latin name was Anglia or Anglorum terra, the Old French, by the 14th century, England was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain. The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum, Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first king to call himself King of England. In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with use of Rex Anglie. The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum, from the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie. In 1604 James VI and I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, the English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707. The kingdom of England emerged from the unification of the early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex. The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general, the English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927 CE. During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as Bretwalda, the decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful. It absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825, the kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. In 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, in 886, Alfred the Great retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that all of the English people not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred, asser added that Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the city of London splendidly

4.
Kingdom of France
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The Kingdom of France was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe and a great power since the Late Middle Ages and it was also an early colonial power, with possessions around the world. France originated as West Francia, the half of the Carolingian Empire. A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987, the territory remained known as Francia and its ruler as rex Francorum well into the High Middle Ages. The first king calling himself Roi de France was Philip II, France continued to be ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines—the Valois and Bourbon—until the monarchy was overthrown in 1792 during the French Revolution. France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised, feudal monarchy, in Brittany and Catalonia the authority of the French king was barely felt. Lorraine and Provence were states of the Holy Roman Empire and not yet a part of France, during the Late Middle Ages, the Kings of England laid claim to the French throne, resulting in a series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years War. Subsequently, France sought to extend its influence into Italy, but was defeated by Spain in the ensuing Italian Wars, religiously France became divided between the Catholic majority and a Protestant minority, the Huguenots, which led to a series of civil wars, the Wars of Religion. France laid claim to large stretches of North America, known collectively as New France, Wars with Great Britain led to the loss of much of this territory by 1763. French intervention in the American Revolutionary War helped secure the independence of the new United States of America, the Kingdom of France adopted a written constitution in 1791, but the Kingdom was abolished a year later and replaced with the First French Republic. The monarchy was restored by the great powers in 1814. During the later years of the elderly Charlemagnes rule, the Vikings made advances along the northern and western perimeters of the Kingdom of the Franks, after Charlemagnes death in 814 his heirs were incapable of maintaining political unity and the empire began to crumble. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts, with Charles the Bald ruling over West Francia, the nucleus of what would develop into the kingdom of France. Viking advances were allowed to increase, and their dreaded longboats were sailing up the Loire and Seine rivers and other waterways, wreaking havoc. During the reign of Charles the Simple, Normans under Rollo from Norway, were settled in an area on either side of the River Seine, downstream from Paris, that was to become Normandy. With its offshoots, the houses of Valois and Bourbon, it was to rule France for more than 800 years. Henry II inherited the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou, and married Frances newly divorced ex-queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, after the French victory at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, the English monarchs maintained power only in southwestern Duchy of Guyenne. The death of Charles IV of France in 1328 without male heirs ended the main Capetian line, under Salic law the crown could not pass through a woman, so the throne passed to Philip VI, son of Charles of Valois

5.
Lordship of Ireland
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The Lordship of Ireland, sometimes referred to retroactively as Norman Ireland, was a period of feudal rule in Ireland between 1177 and 1542 under the King of England, styled as Lord of Ireland. The lordship was created as a Papal possession following the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169–71, as the lord of Ireland was also the king of England, he was represented locally by a governor, styled between 1660–1922 as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Ostensibly, the lordship extended throughout all of Ireland, however, in reality, the kings rule only ever extended to parts of the island. Areas under English rule expanded and retreated over time, many areas remained separate and outside English rule until the 16th century. The period was brought to a close by the creation of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542, further, the former Irish church had never sent its dues to Rome. Henrys primary motivation for invading Ireland 1171 was to control Strongbow, in 1175 the Treaty of Windsor was agreed by Henry and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, High King of Ireland. The popes asserted the right to grant sovereignty over islands to different monarchs on the basis of the Donation of Constantine, doubts were cast by eminent scholars on Laudabiliter itself in the 19th century, but it was confirmed by the letters of Pope Alexander III. The Papal power to grant also fell within the remit of Dictatus papae, while Laudabiliter had referred to the kingdom of Ireland, the Papacy was ambiguous about continuing to describe it as a kingdom as early as 1185. Having captured a part of Ireland on the east coast. For he had divided his territories between his sons, with the youngest being nicknamed Johan sanz Terre as he was left without lands to rule, Henry had wanted John to be crowned King of Ireland on his first visit in 1185, but Pope Lucius III specifically refused permission. Dominus was the title of a king who had not yet been crowned. Lucius then died while John was in Ireland, and Henry obtained consent from Pope Urban III and ordered a crown of gold, in late 1185 the crown was ready, but Johns visit had by then proved a complete failure, so Henry cancelled the coronation. The Lordship thrived in the 13th century during the Medieval Warm Period, the feudal system was introduced, and the Parliament of Ireland first sat in 1297. Some counties were created by shiring, while walled towns and castles became a feature of the landscape, but little of this engagement with mainstream European life was of benefit to those the Normans called the mere Irish. Mere derived from the Latin merus, meaning pure, environmental decay and deforestation continued unabated throughout this period, being greatly exacerbated by the English newcomers and an increase in population. The Norman élite and churchmen spoke Norman French and Latin, many poorer settlers spoke English, Welsh and Flemish. The Gaelic areas spoke Irish dialects, the Yola language of County Wexford was a survivor of the early English dialects. The Lordship suffered invasion from Scotland by Edward Bruce in 1315–18, the earldom of Ulster ended in 1333, and the Black Death of 1348–50 impacted more on the town-dwelling Normans than on the remaining Gaelic clans

6.
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
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Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, KG was the fourth surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Like many medieval English princes, Edmund gained his nickname from his birthplace, the other party in the Wars of the Roses, the incumbent House of Lancaster, was formed from descendants of Edmunds elder brother John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, Edward IIIs third son. On the death of his godfather, the Earl of Surrey, Edmund was granted the lands north of the Trent. In 1359, he joined his father King Edward III on a military expedition to France and was made a knight of the Garter in 1361. In 1362, at the age of twenty-one, he was created Earl of Cambridge by his father, Edmund took part in several military expeditions to France in the 1370s. In 1369, he brought a retinue of 400 men-at-arms and 400 archers to serve with John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, on campaigns in Brittany and Angouleme. In 1375, he sailed with the Earl of March to relieve Brest, but after initial success. In the 1370s, English envoys entered into an alliance with Fernando I of Portugal, as a consequence of The Caroline War in France, the Duke of Lancaster was forced to postpone the invasion of Castille. In 1381, Edmund finally led an expedition to press The Duke of Lancasters claim to the Castile. After months of indecisiveness, a peace was declared between Castile and Portugal, and Edmund had to lead his malcontented troops home. Edmund was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports on 12 June 1376 and he acted as Keeper of the Realm in 1394/95 when his nephew, King Richard II of England, campaigned in Ireland and presided over Parliament in 1395. He was also keeper of the realm in 1396 during the brief visit to France to collect his child-bride Isabella of Valois. The duke was left as Custodian of the Realm in the summer of 1399 when Richard II departed for another extended campaign in Ireland, in late June of that year, the exiled Henry Bolingbroke landed at Bridlington in Yorkshire. He raised an army to resist Bolingbroke, then decided instead to join him and he thereafter remained loyal to the new Lancastrian regime as Bolingbroke overthrew Richard II to become King Henry IV. On 6 August 1385, Edmund was elevated to Duke of York, in Richard IIs will, Edmund was highly emphasised as the kings heir despite the stronger claims of Henry of Bolingbroke and Edmund Mortimer. This was not due to any preference Richard had for Edmund, towards the end of his life, in 1399, he was appointed Warden of the West March for a short period. Edmund of Langley died in his birthplace and was buried there in the church of the mendicant friars and his dukedom passed to his eldest son, Edward. Langleys first wife, Isabella, was a daughter of King Peter of Castile and she was also the sister of the Infanta Constance of Castile, the second wife of Langleys brother John of Gaunt

7.
Richard III of England
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Richard III was King of England from 1483 until his death in 1485, at the age of 32, in the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty and his defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the subject of the historical play Richard III by William Shakespeare, when his brother King Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edwards son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V. As the young king travelled to London from Ludlow, Richard met and escorted him to lodgings in the Tower of London, on 25 June, an assembly of Lords and commoners endorsed the claims. The following day, Richard III began his reign, and he was crowned on 6 July 1483. The young princes were not seen in public after August, and accusations circulated that the boys had been murdered on Richards orders, there were two major rebellions against Richard. The first, in October 1483, was led by allies of Edward IV and Richards former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. In August 1485, Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor, Henry Tudor landed in southern Wales with a small contingent of French troops and marched through his birthplace, Pembrokeshire, recruiting soldiers. Henrys force engaged Richards army and defeated it at the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire, Richard was struck down in the conflict, making him the last English king to die in battle on home soil and the first since Harold Godwinson. Henry then ascended the throne as Henry VII, after the battle Richards corpse was taken to Leicester and buried without pomp. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the Reformation, in 2012, an archaeological excavation was commissioned by the Richard III Society on a city council car park on the site once occupied by Greyfriars Priory Church. Richards remains were reburied in Leicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015 and they returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton and participated in the coronation of Richards eldest brother as King Edward IV in June 1461. At this time Richard was named Duke of Gloucester and made a Knight of the Garter and Knight of the Bath, by the age of seventeen, he had an independent command. With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, while at Warwicks estate, he probably met Francis Lovell, a strong supporter later in his life, and Warwicks younger daughter, his future wife Anne Neville. As the relationship between the king and Warwick became strained, Edward IV opposed the match, during Warwicks lifetime, George was the only royal brother to marry one of his daughters, the eldest, Isabel, on 12 July 1469, without the kings permission. George joined his father-in-laws revolt against the king, while Richard remained loyal to Edward, in 1468, Richards sister Margaret had married Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, and the brothers could expect a welcome there. Although only eighteen years old, Richard played crucial roles in the battles of Barnet, during his adolescence, Richard developed idiopathic scoliosis. Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married Anne Neville, by the end of 1470 Anne had previously been wedded to Edward of Westminster, only son of Henry VI, to seal her fathers allegiance to the Lancastrian party

8.
English claims to the French throne
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From the 1340s to the 19th century, excluding two brief intervals in the 1360s and the 1420s, the kings and queens of England also claimed the throne of France. The claim dates from Edward III, who claimed the French throne in 1340 as the nephew of the last direct Capetian. Despite this, English and British monarchs continued to call themselves kings of France. This continued until 1801, by which time France had no monarch, the Jacobite claimants, however, did not explicitly relinquish the claim. The title was first assumed in 1340 by Edward III of England, Edward III claimed the throne of France after the death of his uncle Charles IV of France. At the time of Charles IVs death in 1328, Edward was his nearest male relative through Edwards mother Isabella of France, since the election of Hugh Capet in 987, the French crown had always passed based on male-line relations. There was no precedent for succeeding to the French throne based on his maternal ancestry. Philip arranged for his coronation, and became Philip V of France and he was challenged by the supporters of the Princess Joan, daughter of Louis X, on the basis of his right to the throne. In response, he convened an assembly of prelates, barons, and burgesses at Paris, who acknowledged him as their lawful king, at the time of Charless death in 1328, there was once again a dispute over the succession. At the time, Edward paid homage to Philip VI for his Duchy of Aquitaine, however, in 1337, Edward, in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine, refused to pay homage to Philip. The decision to assume the title of King of France was made at the solicitation of his Flemish allies, who had signed a treaty that they would no longer attack the French king. They said that if Edward took the French royal title, then the Flemish would be able to keep their honor, Edward continued to use this title until the Treaty of Brétigny on 8 May 1360, when he abandoned his claims in return for substantial lands in France. After the resumption of hostilities between the English and the French in 1369, however, Edward resumed his claim and the title of King of France, Henry V then adopted the title Heir of France instead. Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, and Henry Vs infant son Henry VI became King of France. He was the only English king who was de facto King of France, however, by 1429 Charles VII, with the support of Joan of Arc, had been crowned at Reims and begun to push the English out of northern France. The only French territory left to the English was Calais which they held until 1558, nonetheless the kings and queens of England continued to claim the French throne for centuries, through the early modern period. The words of France was prominently included among their realms as listed in their titles and styles, and this continued until 1801, by which time France had no monarch, having become a republic. Henry V, King of England Henry VI, King of England, succeeded as King of France upon the death of Charles VI, according to the Treaty of Troyes

9.
Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university

10.
Duke of Clarence
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Duke of Clarence is a title which has been traditionally awarded to junior members of the British Royal family. All three creations were in the Peerage of England, the title was first granted to Lionel of Antwerp, the second son of King Edward III, in 1362. Since he died without sons, the title became extinct, the title was again created in favour of Thomas of Lancaster, the second son of King Henry IV, in 1412. Upon his death, too, the title became extinct, the last creation in the Peerage of England was for George Plantagenet, brother of King Edward IV, in 1461. The Duke forfeited his title in 1478, after he had convicted of treason against his brother. He allegedly met his end by being drowned in a butt of Malmsey, however, she was deposed before this could take effect. Two double dukedoms, of Clarence and St Andrews and of Clarence, the title also took the form of an earldom for Queen Victorias son Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and his son Prince Charles Edward, the Clarence earldom being a subsidiary title. The title is said to originate from the town of Clare, Suffolk, which was owned by the first Duke of Clarence, Lionel of Antwerp. His wife, Elizabeth, 4th Countess of Ulster, was a descendant of the previous owners, the de Clares. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, the holders of the title were given titles including Scottish place names, St Andrews. His legitimate male line ended with the death in 1499 of his only son Edward Plantagenet, william IV, who became king in 1830, at which point the title merged with the Crown. For heirs to the peerages, see Duke of Albany Prince Albert Victor, 1st Duke of Clarence

11.
Duke of Gloucester
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Duke of Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstə/ is a British royal title, often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock, the child of King Edward III. The title became extinct at his death, as it did upon the death of the duke of the creation, Humphrey of Lancaster. The title was conferred on Richard Plantagenet, brother to King Edward IV. When Richard himself became king, the merged into the crown. After Richards death, the title was considered ominous, since the first three such dukes had all died without issue to inherit their titles. The title was not awarded for over 150 years, the next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I, Henry Stuart, upon whose death the title again became extinct. Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, son of the future Anne, Queen of Great Britain, was styled Duke of Gloucester for his whole life, but was never formally created duke. Frederick, Prince of Wales, was styled Duke of Gloucester from 1718–1726, there was next a creation of a double dukedom for the brother of King George III, Prince William Henry, his proper title becoming Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh. The fifth and final creation was for the Prince Henry, son of King George V, upon Prince Henrys death, the dukedom was inherited by his son Prince Richard, who still holds the title. The heir to the title is Alexander Windsor, styled Earl of Ulster, the next in the line of succession is the Earl of Ulsters son Xan Windsor, known by his grandfathers third title of Lord Culloden. The royal dukedom will devolve into an ordinary one when it will be inherited by the Earl of Ulster, as a great-grandson of a sovereign he lacks any royal style. Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster, Prince Richards only son Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden, Lord Ulsters only son List of dukedoms by reign Earl of Gloucester Duke of Gloucester

12.
Earl of March
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The title The Earl of March has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of England. The title derived from the marches or boundaries between England and either Wales or Scotland, and was held by several feudal families which owned lands in those border districts. Later, however, the title came to be granted as an honorary dignity, the title is now a subsidiary title of the dukes of Richmond and the current dukes eldest son Charles Gordon-Lennox, Earl of March and Kinrara uses it as a courtesy title. His successors controlled the Marches, but Earl of March was only assumed as a title to that of Earl of Dunbar by Patrick de Dunbar. The last of his successors was George de Dunbar, 11th Earl of March & Dunbar, whose honours and he retired into England and died in obscurity. Following his forfeiture, the creation of the Earldom of March was for Alexander Stuart. At the death of his successor John, the dukedom and earldom became extinct, the next creation was for Robert Stuart, but at his death the earldom again became extinct. The most recent Scottish creation of the Earldom of March was in 1697 for the Lord William Douglas, for more information on this creation, see the Earl of Wemyss and March. See Earl of Dunbar, for which Earl of the March is used as an alternate title and he forfeited his title, which was in the Peerage of England, for treason in 1330, but his descendant Roger managed to have it restored eighteen years later. With the death of the fifth Earl, however, there remained no more Mortimers who were heirs to the first Earl, and the title passed to Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York. At Richards death, the passed to his son Edward. In the Peerage of England, the creation of the earldom came when Edward Plantagenet. In 1483, he succeeded as King Edward V, and the earldom merged in the crown, later that year, however, his uncle Richard of Gloucester acceded to the throne as Richard III. The fate of the young Edward and his brother, Richard has never been confirmed, the next English creation was in favour of Esme Stewart, the third Duke of Lennox. His successors bore the earldom, until the death of the sixth Duke, the last English creation was in favour of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox. His successors have borne the English earldom of March since then, Marcher Lords English title for the Welsh Marches List of Marcher lordships

13.
Duke of Rutland
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Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England, derived from Rutland, a county in the East Midlands of England. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created twice in history, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 25 February 1390 for Edward of Norwich, son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and grandson of King Edward III. Upon the Dukes death in 1402 Edward became Duke of York, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 29 January 1446 for Edmund, second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. Thomas Manners, son of the 11th Baron de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and he was the great-grandson of Richard Plantagenet. The barony of de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir was created by Simon de Montfort with a writ of summons to the House of Lords for Robert de Ros in 1264, the 3rd Earl was succeeded as 4th Earl by his brother John. The barony of Ros was restored to the Manners family when Francis Manners, however, Francis died without male issue and the assumption of the courtesy title of Lord Ros for the eldest son of subsequent earls appears to have had no legal basis. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1641 the Earldom passed to his distant cousin John Manners of Haddon Hall, in 1703, the ninth Earl of Rutland was created Duke of Rutland and Marquess of Granby by Queen Anne. The most notable Marquess of Granby was John Manners, eldest son of the third Duke and he was an accomplished soldier and highly popular figure of his time, in 1745 he became a colonel, his military career flourished during the Seven Years War. At the Battle of Minden, although his role was small, in 1760, at the Battle of Warburg, he led a cavalry charge which routed the French, losing his hat and wig in the process. In recognition of this, soldiers of the Blues and Royals have the privilege in the British Army of being permitted to salute while not wearing headgear. Granbys losing his helmet and wig in the charge gave rise to the expression going bald-headed at something, in 1758, the King made him Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and in 1766, as Lieutenant-General, he became Commander-in-Chief. His title was honoured by being used by a number of pubs throughout Britain. The towns of Granby, Quebec in Canada and Granby, Massachusetts in the United States as well as Granby Street in Norfolk, Virginia and he died before his father, and therefore did not become Duke. The subsidiary titles of the dukedom are, Marquess of Granby, Earl of Rutland, Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby, the title Baron Roos of Belvoir is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the remaining titles being in the Peerage of England. The most senior title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Dukes eldest son. The Manners family own medieval Haddon Hall, Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire that were successively extended, some rooms in both buildings are open to the public. They are Grade I in architecture, set in listed parks, woodland and gardens and span a central water feature, which acted as models for other landscaped estates. In 2009, to mark 500 years of the occupancy of Belvoir Castle by the two aircraft from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, bore the Duke of Rutlands Coat of Arms

14.
Earl of Ulster
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The title of Earl of Ulster has been created several times in the Peerage of Ireland and Peerage of the United Kingdom. Currently, the title is a title of the Duke of Gloucester. Ulster is one of the four provinces of Ireland. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, jure uxoris Earl of Ulster Philippa, Countess of March, 5th Countess of Ulster, lord of the Glens Twescard Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Ulster, Earls of

15.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II

16.
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York
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Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, KG, was the eldest son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, by his first wife Isabella of Castile, and the grandson of King Edward III. He held significant appointments during the reigns of the monarchs Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V and he was slain at the Battle of Agincourt, one of the principal military engagements of the Hundred Years War against France, in 1415. Edward of Langley was born c and he had a sister Constance and a younger brother Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge. According to G. E. Edward was knighted at the coronation of his cousin, King Richard II, on 16 July 1377 and he was close to the king throughout his life, and benefited even in his youth from numerous royal grants and appointments. On 25 February 1390, the king created him Earl of Rutland, in 1392, he became a member of King Richards council, and was with the king during a campaign in Ireland in 1394-5. Prior to that, although no patent has been found, he was created Earl of Cork and he used the styles of Rutland and Cork throughout the remainder of his life. On 11 July 1397, Richard II arrested his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Rutland was later accused of having sent his servants to assist in Gloucesters subsequent murder at Calais, an allegation he denied. However, on 28 September 1397, he received a grant of Gloucester, Warwick. On 29 September, he was created Duke of Aumale, a title that had earlier granted to Gloucester on 3 September 1385. Additional royal grants followed during the years of King Richards reign. On 10 February 1398 Aumale was appointed Warden of the West March, in May 1399, Edward accompanied King Richard to Ireland, and in the kings absence, Henry Bolingbroke landed towards the end of June near Ravenspur, Yorkshire, with a small band of exiles. King Richards fatal decision to divide his army still in Ireland has been attributed to advice from Edward. The king sent some of his troops ahead to North Wales under the command of the Earl of Salisbury, news of the strength of Bolingbrokes army then caused the king to desert the troops with him and travel to North Wales in an attempt to join Salisbury. However Salisburys troops, having heard rumours of the death, had dispersed. Although he could have made his escape by sea, the king ensnared himself in negotiations with Bolingbroke, Edward speedily deserted to Bolingbroke as well and was reportedly wearing Bolingbrokes livery when he was among those sent by Bolingbroke to the king at Flint Castle. In response to public animosity towards King Richards closest associates, Henry IV deprived Edward of his office of Constable of the Tower on 31 August 1399, shortly after his accession. On 20 October 1399, he was imprisoned at Windsor Castle, and on 3 November deprived of the dukedom of Aumale, Edwards period of disfavour was not long-lasting, however. The king confirmed him in his offices in connection with the Channel Islands and the Isle of Wight, but according to James Tait, contemporary English sources that describe the conspiracy make no mention of Edward, and his role in it is open to question

17.
Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
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Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge was the second son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and Isabella of Castile. At the age of forty, he was beheaded for his part in the Southampton Plot and he was the father of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and the grandfather of King Edward IV and King Richard III. Richard was born about 20 July 1375 at Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire, the son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. His godfather was King Richard II, Richard was two years younger than his brother, Edward. There is no record of his birth or baptism and others put his birth in 1385. Richard II was in York on 20 July 1385, and in 1375 the future king was only eight years old, it was unlikely he would have been a godfather at that age, and with his father still alive. Strangely, Richard received no lands from his father and was mentioned neither in his fathers will nor his brothers will and this circumstance has been taken by G. L. Pugh, further largess from the king might have been expected when Richard came of age, according to G. L. Harriss, Richard of York received no favours from the new King, Henry IV. After Henry IVs accession, Richards annuities, his source of income, were either paid irregularly. From April 1403 to October 1404, Richard commanded a force defending Herefordshire against the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr. However, it was during this period, according to T. B, pugh, that Richard established the relationships with the Mortimer and Cherleton families that brought about his marriage to Anne de Mortimer. Richard was knighted in July of that year, perhaps in anticipation of this embassy, as a result, he lacked the resources to equip himself properly for the expedition. Perhaps partly for this reason, Cambridge conspired with Lord Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey to depose King Henry and place his late wife Annes brother Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, on 31 July, Mortimer revealed the plot to the king. Later, he served on the commission that condemned Cambridge to death, although Cambridge pleaded with the king for clemency, he was beheaded on 5 August 1415 and buried in the chapel of Gods House at Southampton. The fleet set sail for France a few later, on 11 August 1415. The Southampton Plot is dramatised in Shakespeares Henry V, and in the anonymous play, although Cambridges title was forfeited, he was not attainted, and his four-year-old son Richard was his heir. In the parliament of 1461, King Edward IV had the sentence that had passed on his grandfather, Richard, Earl of Cambridge, annulled as irregular. Early in 1408 Richard married Anne de Mortimer, the eldest of the four children of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, Anne was a niece of Richards stepmother Joan Holland

18.
Isabel of Cambridge, Countess of Essex
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Isabel of Cambridge, Countess of Essex was the only daughter of Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge and Anne Mortimer. She was the sister of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, isabel of York, the only daughter of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, and Lady Anne de Mortimer, was born about 1409. Through her father, she was the granddaughter of King Edward IIIs fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York and her mother was the daughter of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March and Lady Alianore Holland. The elder Sir Thomas Grey was an associate of Isabels father who also lost his life in the Southampton Plot, humphrey Bourchier, 1st Baron Cromwell, slain at the Battle of Barnet. John Bourchier, 6th Baron Ferrers of Groby, who married firstly Elizabeth Ferrers, Sir Thomas Bourchier, who married Isabella Barre. Edward Bourchier, slain at the Battle of Wakefield, Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, died on 4 April 1483. Isabel remained a widow and died on 2 October 1484, a manuscript calendar records her death on VI Non Oct in 1484. Both were buried at Beeleigh Abbey near Maldon, Essex, but later reburied at Little Easton, the Complete Peerage, edited by H. A. Harriss, G. L. Richard, earl of Cambridge, pugh, T. B. Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families

19.
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
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Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York KG, was a leading English magnate, a great-grandson of King Edward III through his father, and a great-great-great-grandson of the same king through his mother. He inherited vast estates and served in offices of state in Ireland, France, and England. Richard eventually attempted to take the throne, but was dissuaded, but within a few weeks of securing this agreement, he died in battle. Although Richard never became king himself, he was the father of King Edward IV, Anne Mortimer was the great-granddaughter of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, the second surviving son of King Edward III. On his fathers side, Richard had a claim to the throne in a male line of descent from his grandfather Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. Although the Earls title was forfeited, he was not attainted, Richard had an only sister, Isabel of Cambridge, who became Countess of Essex upon her second marriage in 1426. Within a few months of his fathers death, Richards childless uncle, Edward of Norwich, after some hesitation, King Henry V allowed Richard to inherit his uncles title and the lands of the Duchy of York. The lesser title but greater estates of the Earldom of March also descended to him on the death of his maternal uncle Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, however, during his lifetime, Mortimer remained a faithful supporter of the House of Lancaster. The Valor Ecclesiasticus shows that Yorks net income from Mortimer lands alone was £3,430 in the year 1443–44, as he was an orphan, Richards income became the property of, and was managed by, the crown. Ralph Neville had fathered an enormous family and had many daughters needing husbands, as was his right, in 1424 he betrothed the 13-year-old Richard to his daughter Cecily Neville, then aged 9. In October 1425, when Ralph Neville died, he bequeathed the wardship of York to his widow, by now the wardship was even more valuable, as Richard had inherited the Mortimer estates on the death of the Earl of March. These manors were concentrated in Wales, and in the Welsh Borders around Ludlow, little is recorded of Richards early life. On 19 May 1426 he was knighted at Leicester by John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, in October 1429 his marriage to Cecily Neville took place. On 6 November he was present at the coronation of King Henry VI in Westminster Abbey. He then followed Henry to France, being present at his coronation as king of France in Notre Dame on 16 December 1431, finally, on 12 May 1432, he came into his inheritance and was granted full control of his estates. In May 1436, a few months after Bedfords death, York was appointed to succeed him as Lieutenant in France. Yorks appointment was one of a number of stop-gap measures after the death of Bedford to try to retain French possessions until the young King Henry VI could assume personal rule, the fall of Paris led to his army being redirected to Normandy. Working with Bedfords captains, York had some success, recapturing Fecamp and holding on to the Pays de Caux, while establishing good order and justice in the Duchy of Normandy

20.
Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter
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Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter was the first child and eldest surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. Anne married twice and divorced her first husband, In 1447 aged eight years old, Anne was married to Henry Holland, during the Wars of the Roses Exeter sided with the House of Lancaster against his wifes family the House of York. Exeter was a commander at the great Lancastrian victories at the Battle of Wakefield and he was also a commander at the Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Towton. He fled to the Kingdom of Scotland after the battle, and then joined Margaret of Anjou in her exile in France, on 4 March 1461 Annes younger brother Edward, Duke of York, was declared in London as King Edward IV. Exeter was attainted but the new king gave his estates to Anne, Anne and Exeter separated in 1464 and divorced in 1472. If not decisive, her arguments certainly had some effect and thus she played some part in Edwards restoration, lady Dorset died sometime between 26 August 1467 and 6 June 1474 without children. Grey subsequently married Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington, another rich young heiress, Anne married secondly in about 1474 to Thomas St. Leger, a loyal follower of his brother-in-law King Edward IV. He took part in the Duke of Buckinghams attempted rebellion against King Edwards younger brother and eventual successor King Richard III, on the failure of which he was executed in 1483. King Edward IV had however in 1467 extended the remainder of most of the former Duke of Exeters lands to his sister Anne, thus, if she remarried any future children could inherit them. Anne died giving birth to her daughter by Thomas, Anne St. Leger. She married George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, and was mother of the royal favourite Thomas Manners, in August 2012, a dig to find the remains of King Richard III took place in Greyfriars, Leicester. In September, it was reported that remains had found during the dig. The remains were tested using the mitochondrial DNA of Canadian Michael Ibsen, mitochodrial DNA is inherited unbroken from mother to offspring along a female line. Michael is a 17th generation descendant of Anne of York by his mother Joy and it was later named the Rutland Chantry in honour of her son-in-law George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, father of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. And also the body of syr Thomas Sellynger knyght her husband which hathe funde within thys College a Chauntre with too prestys sy’gyng for ev’more, on whose soule god have mercy. Cawley, Charles, Earls of Kent –1408, Holand, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Ross, ladies of the Bower & Lords of the Tower A Medieval Re-enactment Society based in London, featuring members of the Neville/Plantagenet family

21.
Edward IV of England
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Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England, before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Edward of York was born at Rouen in France, the second son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. He was the eldest of the four sons who survived to adulthood and he bore the title Earl of March before his fathers death and his accession to the throne. Edwards father Richard, Duke of York, had been heir to King Henry VI until the birth of Henrys son Edward in 1453, Richard carried on a factional struggle with the kings Beaufort relatives. He established a dominant position after his victory at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, in which his chief rival Edmund Beaufort, however, Henrys Queen, Margaret of Anjou, rebuilt a powerful faction to oppose the Yorkists over the following years. The Yorkist leaders fled from England after the collapse of their army in the confrontation at Ludford Bridge, the Duke of York took refuge in Ireland, while Edward went with the Nevilles to Calais where Warwick was governor. In 1460 Edward landed in Kent with Salisbury, Warwick and Salisburys brother William Neville, Lord Fauconberg, raised an army and this left Edward, now Duke of York, at the head of the Yorkist faction. He defeated a Lancastrian army at Mortimers Cross in Herefordshire on 2–3 February 1461 and he then united his forces with those of Warwick, whom Margarets army had defeated at the Second Battle of St Albans, during which Henry VI had been rescued by his supporters. Edwards father had restricted his ambitions to becoming Henrys heir, and he then advanced against the Lancastrians, having his life saved on the battlefield by the Welsh Knight Sir David Ap Mathew. He defeated the Lancastrian army in the exceptionally bloody Battle of Towton in Yorkshire on 29 March 1461, Edward had effectively broken the military strength of the Lancastrians, and he returned to London for his coronation. King Edward IV named Sir David Ap Mathew Standard Bearer of England, Lancastrian resistance continued in the north, but posed no serious threat to the new regime and was finally extinguished by Warwicks brother John Neville in the Battle of Hexham in 1464. Henry VI had escaped into the Pennines, where he spent a year in hiding, Queen Margaret fled abroad with the young Prince Edward and many of their leading supporters. Even at the age of nineteen, Edward exhibited remarkable military acumen and he also had a notable physique and was described as handsome and affable. His height is estimated at 6 feet 4.5 inches, making him the tallest among all English, Scottish, most of Englands leading families had remained loyal to Henry VI or remained uncommitted in the recent conflict. The new regime, therefore, relied heavily on the support of the Nevilles, however, the king increasingly became estranged from their leader the Earl of Warwick, due primarily to his marriage. Warwick, acting on Edwards behalf, made arrangements with King Louis XI of France for Edward to marry either Louis daughter Anne or his sister-in-law Bona of Savoy. He was humiliated and enraged to discover that, while he was negotiating, Edward had secretly married Elizabeth Woodville, Edwards marriage to Elizabeth Woodville has been criticised as an impulsive action that did not add anything to the security of England or the York dynasty

22.
Edmund, Earl of Rutland
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Edmund, Earl of Rutland was the fifth child and second surviving son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. At the time Rouen was the capital of English occupied France and he was killed at the age of 17 either during or shortly after the Battle of Wakefield, during the Wars of the Roses. He was created Earl of Rutland by Henry VI probably some time before 1454. No record of the creation has been preserved, Edmund and his older brother Edward, then the Earl of March, signed a letter to their father on 14 June 1454 as E. Rutland and E. Marche. In 1451, Edmunds father, who held the title of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, as Edmund was underage, the duties of the position were held by Deputy Chancellors. His first Deputy Chancellor was Edmund Oldhall, Bishop of Meath and his brother Sir William Oldhall was Chamberlain to the Duke of York and was likely behind that appointment. He acted as de facto Chancellor until 1454, olldhall was replaced by John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, who also held the office of Lord High Steward of Ireland. He would continue serving as the de facto Chancellor until his death at the Battle of Northampton and his appointment and those of his Deputies were acknowledged by the Parliament of Ireland which at this time first asserted its independence. According to Parliamentary decisions during his term, the Irish subjects were only bound to answer writs by the Great Seal of Ireland, any officer attempting to enforce the rule of decrees from England would lose all of his property in Ireland and be subject to a fine. The House of York in Ireland had won the support of Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare, several allies of the FitzGeralds followed them in their loyalties. On the other hand, the House of Lancaster found its main Irish supporter in the person of James Butler, Edmund died at the age of seventeen either during or shortly after the Battle of Wakefield during the Wars of the Roses. He had fought in the battle at the side of his father and their movements were intercepted by the Lancastrians, and Lord Clifford made him prisoner, but did not then know his rank. Struck with the richness of his armour and equipment, Lord Clifford demanded his name, save him, implored the Chaplain, for he is the Princes son, and peradventure may do you good hereafter. This was an appeal, for it denoted hopes of the House of York being again in the ascendant. Thus fell, at the age of seventeen, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland. However this story does not appear in any of the accounts of the written by the chroniclers of the time. Edmund was possibly executed on the orders of the Lancastrian Lord Clifford, or by some accounts and his head was displayed on the gates of York, England, along with those of his father and of his uncle, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury. Edmund and his father were buried at Pontefract Priory, the bodies were reburied, with great pomp, in the family vault at Fotheringhay Castle on 29–30 July 1476

23.
Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk
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Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk was the sixth child and third daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was a sister of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Edward IV of England and Edmund. She was a sister of Margaret of York, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence. Sometime before February 1458, Elizabeth was married to John de la Pole, John was the eldest son of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Alice Chaucer. His maternal grandparents were Thomas Chaucer and Maud Burghersh and her father-in-law had served as the principal power behind the throne for Henry VI of England from 1447 to 1450. His three years in this position saw the loss of the English possessions in northern France. Suffolk could not avoid taking the fall for the failure and he had been imprisoned in the Tower of London and had been attainted. Consequently, John had not succeeded to his titles when his father was executed on 2 May 1450 and her older brother Edward IV of England restored his brother-in-law to the title of Duke of Suffolk in 1463. She remained the Duchess of Suffolk until his death in 1491/1492 and they were settled in Wingfield Suffolk. She survived her husband by almost a decade and she is last mentioned alive in January 1503. She was mentioned being deceased by May 1504 and her death is placed in the sixteen months in between the two reports. With Suffolk, she had the children, John de la Pole. He was designated heir to his maternal uncle Richard III, married to Lady Margaret FitzAlan and had a son, Edward de la Pole, who died young. Rebelled against Henry VII and was killed at the Battle of Stoke Field, married to Henry Lovel, 8th Baron Morley, without issue. Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, yorkist pretender in succession to his brother John. Beheaded by order of Henry VIII, married to William Stourton, 5th Baron Stourton, without issue. Sir William de la Pole, Knight, of Wingfield Castle, William was kept in the Tower of London, his date of death is generally regarded as being during late 1539, either October or November. Yorkist pretender in succession to Edmund, killed at the Battle of Pavia

24.
Margaret of York
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Margaret of York – also by marriage known as Margaret of Burgundy – was Duchess of Burgundy as the third wife of Charles the Bold and acted as a protector of the Duchy after his death. She was a daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville, and she was born at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England, and she died at Mechelen in the Low Countries. She believed that Burgundian trade, from which the Duchy drew its vast wealth, for this reason she was prepared to favour any English faction which was willing to favour Burgundy. By 1454, she favoured the House of York, headed by Margarets father, the negotiations petered out, however, due to power struggles in England, and the preference of Charles father, Philip the Good, for a French alliance. Philip had Charles betrothed to Isabella of Bourbon, the daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy, in late March 1454, and the pair were married on 31 October 1454. Margaret, being a useful bargaining tool to her family, was unmarried at age 19. She had borne Charles only a daughter, Mary, which made it an imperative for him to remarry and father a son. Because of this, Charles sent his advisor, Guillaume de Clugny, to London weeks after the death of his wife. The marriage did not take place immediately, however, but added problems were introduced by the French, Louis XI did not want an alliance between Burgundy and England, his two greatest enemies. Edward showed interest in the two propositions, offending Charles the Bold, and delaying the Anglo-Burgundian relations. Instead, in 1466, Margaret was betrothed to Peter, Constable of Portugal, Peter was himself a nephew of Duchess Isabella of Burgundy, and the betrothal thus signified an attempt to placate Burgundy. It was not to be, however, worn out by illness, disappointments, sorrow and overwork, Peter died on 29 June 1466, by 1467, the situation had changed again. Philip the Good had died, and Charles the Bold had become Duke of Burgundy, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, had turned against Edward IV, and was plotting against him with French support. Edward in such circumstances needed the support of Charles, and provided no further obstacles to the marriage negotiations, negotiations between the Dukes mother, Isabella, and the King of Englands in-laws, Lord Scales and Earl Rivers, then proceeded between December 1467 and June 1468. By the terms of the contract, Margaret retained her rights to the English throne. For his own part, Charles dowered Margaret with the cities of Mechelen, the marriage contract was completed in February 1468, and signed by Edward IV in March. The Papal dispensation arrived in late May, and preparations to send Margaret to Burgundy began, Margaret left Margate for Sluys on 23 June 1468. Lord Scales and Richard Boyville were among those who escorted her to meet her future bridegroom, despite Louis XI having ordered his ships to seize her on her journey, her convoy crossed without incident, reaching Sluys on the evening of the 25th

25.
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
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He played an important role in the dynastic struggle between rival factions of the Plantagenets known as the Wars of the Roses. Though a member of the House of York, he switched sides to support the Lancastrians and he was later convicted of treason against his brother, Edward IV, and was executed. He appears as a character in William Shakespeares plays Henry VI, Part 3 and Richard III, George was born on 21 October 1449 in Dublin at a time when his father, the Duke of York, had begun to challenge Henry VI for the crown. His godfather was James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond and he was the third of the four sons of Richard and Cecily who survived to adulthood. In 1461 his elder brother, Edward, became King of England as Edward IV, despite his youth, he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the same year. Clarence joined Warwick in France, taking his pregnant wife and she gave birth to their first child, a girl, on 16 April 1470, in a ship off Calais. Warwicks efforts to keep Henry VI on the ultimately failed. The re-instated King Edward IV restored his brother Clarence to royal favour, Edward intervened and eventually divided the estates between his brothers. Clarence was created first Earl of Warwick on 25 March 1472, in 1475 Clarences wife Isabel gave birth to a son, Edward, later Earl of Warwick. Isabel died on 22 December 1476, two months after giving birth to a son named Richard, and they are buried together at Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire. Their surviving children, Margaret and Edward, were cared for by their aunt, Anne Neville, until she died in 1485 and she was hanged immediately after trial with John Thursby, a fellow defendant. Clarences mental state, never stable, deteriorated from that point, in 1477 Clarence was again a suitor for the hand of Mary, who had just become duchess of Burgundy. Edward objected to the match, and Clarence, jealous of Gloucesters influence and he implicated one Thomas Burdett, and one Thomas Blake, a chaplain at Staceys college. All three were tried for treason, convicted, and condemned to be drawn to Tyburn and hanged, Blake was saved at the eleventh hour by a plea for his life from James Goldwell, Bishop of Norwich, but the other two were put to death as ordered. This was a warning to Clarence, which he chose to ignore. He appointed Dr John Goddard to burst into Parliament and regale the House with Burdett, Goddard was a very unwise choice, as he was an ex-Lancastrian who had expounded Henry VIs claim to the throne. Edward summoned Clarence to Windsor, severely upbraided him, accused him of treason, shakespeare portrays Clarence as weak-willed and changeable, his initial defection from Edward IV to Warwick is prompted by outrage at Edward IVs unwise marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. Several lines reference his penchant for wine, Gloucester nimbly stage-manages Clarences death, fast-tracking the order of execution and then intercepting Edward IVs pardon when he changes his mind

26.
Elizabeth of York
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Elizabeth of York was queen consort of England from 1486 until her death. As the wife of Henry VII, she was the first Tudor queen and she was the daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III, and she married the king following Henrys victory at the Battle of Bosworth which started the last phase of the Wars of the Roses. She was the mother of King Henry VIII, therefore, she was the daughter, sister, niece, wife, mother and grandmother of successive Kings of England. Her two brothers disappeared, the Princes in the Tower, their fate unknown and she was welcomed back to court by her Uncle Richard III, along with all of her sisters. Her marriage seems to have successful, though her eldest son Arthur, Prince of Wales, died at age 15 in 1502. She seems to have played part in politics. Her surviving children became a King of England and queens of France and Scotland, Elizabeth of York was born at the Palace of Westminster as the eldest child of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, sponsored by her grandmothers Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford and her third sponsor was her cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. At three, she had been betrothed to George Neville in 1469. His father John later supported Georges uncle the Earl of Warwick in rebellion against King Edward IV, in 1475, Louis XI agreed to the marriage of 9 year old Elizabeth of York and his son Charles, the Dauphin of France. In 1482, however, Louis XI reneged on his promise, as an 11 year old, she was named a Lady of the Garter in 1477, along with her mother and her paternal aunt Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk. On 9 April 1483, Elizabeths father unexpectedly died and her brother, Edward V. Her uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was appointed regent and her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, tried to deny Gloucester his right to be Lord Protector and keep power within her family. Gloucester opted to take steps to isolate his nephews from their Woodville relations and he intercepted Edward V while he was travelling from Ludlow, where he had been living as Prince of Wales, to London to be crowned king. Edward V was placed in the residence of the Tower of London. Elizabeth Woodville fled with her younger son Richard and her daughters into sanctuary in Westminster Abbey, Gloucester asked to take Richard with him, so the boy could reside in the Tower and keep his brother Edward company. Two months later, on 22 June 1483, Edward IVs marriage was declared invalid and it was claimed that Edward IV had at the time of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville already been betrothed to Lady Eleanor Butler. Parliament issued a bill, Titulus Regius, in support of this position, Gloucester ascended the throne as Richard III on 6 July 1483, and Edward V and his brother are believed to have disappeared shortly afterwards

27.
Mary of York
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Mary of York was the second daughter of Edward IV of England and his queen consort Elizabeth Woodville. Little is known about the second York princess except that she was born in Windsor Castle, there were reportedly plans to marry her to John, King of Denmark but nothing came of them, John married Christina of Saxony in 1478. In 1480, Mary was named a Lady of the Garter along with her younger sister Cecily of York and their older sister Elizabeth had already been a Lady of the Garter since 1477. Mary died at Greenwich on 23 May 1482, and was buried in St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle and this vault was found to contain the coffins of two mysterious, unidentified children. The coffin of Mary was opened, the girl of fourteen who had died a year before her father. A shock of her pale gold hair had insinuated itself through the chinks of the coffin, the eyes were blue and open. Some of the hair was cut off by Henry Halford, who in turn passed it to Agnes Strickland, with modern scientific testing methods it might be possible to determine who else is buried next to Edward IVs tomb. Royal consent would be necessary to any royal tomb, so it was felt best to leave the medieval mystery unsolved for at least the next few generations. 3. Vetusta Monumenta, Volume III, page 4, ^ Lysons & Lysons, Magna Britannia,1812 supplement p.471. Also in Brittons Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain,1812 page 45, the move to Edward IVs crypt mentioned in Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Great Britain 1831. ^ Art Ramirez, A Medieval Mystery, Ricardian Bulletin, September 2001, lives of the queens of England from the Norman conquest, p.372 Remarks on the Privy Purse Expenses and Memoirs of the Siblings of Elizabeth of York The Peerage. com

28.
Cecily of York
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Cecily was born in Westminster Palace, Ossulstone Hundred, Middlesex. In 1474, Edward IV contracted an alliance with James III of Scotland. Because of this she was for a time styled Princess of Scots and this agreement was, however, unpopular in the Kingdom of Scotland, and later military conflicts between Edward IV and James III negated the marriage arrangement. With her older sisters, Cecily was present at the wedding of their brother the Duke of York in 1478, in 1480, Cecily was named a Lady of the Garter, along with her next elder sister Mary. Edward IV sent Albany and Richard, Duke of Gloucester with an army into Scotland, Richard returned with a bond from the merchants of Edinburgh to repay the dowry, and re-captured the town of Berwick upon Tweed. Edward IV decided to take the money and formally cancel the marriage with Prince James. Albany was killed on 7 August 1485, without a marriage to Cecily having taken place, after the death of Edward IV, his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, asserted his right to the crown despite the fact that Edward had two male heirs. Richard assumed the throne, and in January 1484 Parliament passed the Titulus Regius, declaring Gloucester to be King Richard III, many published works fail to note this earlier, nullified, marriage. Years later, Cecilys discarded first husband succeeded another elder brother to the barony, becoming Ralph Scrope. Her new husband was a maternal half-brother of Lady Margaret Beaufort, and thus an uncle of the half-blood of Henry VII, Cecily had two children, Elizabeth and Anne Welles, who both died young and unmarried. Upon the death of Viscount Welles on 9 February 1499, Cecilys grief is said to have been considerable, and I will yt suche residue as shall fortune to be of my goodes that my saide dere beloved lady and wife have theym to her owne use. And I make executors the saide Cecill, my beloved wife. There is also a record of her money to her sister. Though the king banned Cecily from court after her marriage to Thomas Kyne. It is thought to have been a match, entered into entirely from the princess own liking. Green states that she chose a partner to suit herself who was also someone so unthreatening as to be beneath the notice of the king or likely to arouse his jealousy and this wedding took place without the kings approval or permission. The princess appears to have miscalculated her brother-in-laws attitude, the king banished Cecily from court and all her estates were confiscated. After the intervention of the mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort

29.
Edward V of England
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Edward V was King of England from his father Edward IVs death on 9 April 1483 until 26 June of the same year. Edward and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, were the Princes in the Tower who disappeared after being sent to heavily-guarded royal lodgings in the Tower of London. Responsibility for their deaths is widely attributed to Richard III, but the lack of any solid evidence, Edward was born on 2 November 1470 in Westminster Abbey. His mother, Elizabeth Woodville, had sought sanctuary there from Lancastrians who had deposed his father, the prince was to arise every morning at a convenient hour, according to his age. His day would begin with matins and then Mass, which he was to receive uninterrupted, after breakfast, the business of educating the prince began with virtuous learning. Dinner was served from ten in the morning, and then the prince was to be read noble stories, of virtue, honour, cunning, wisdom, and of deeds of worship but of nothing that should move or stir him to vice. After further study, in the afternoon the prince was to engage in sporting activities suitable for his class, supper was served from four, and curtains were to be drawn at eight. Following this, the attendants were to enforce themselves to make him merry. They would then watch him as he slept. He had such dignity in his person, and in his face such charm. The two were to be married upon their majority, and the devolution of Brittany would have given to the second child to be born. Those plans disappeared together with Edward V and it was at Ludlow that the 12-year-old prince received news, on Monday 14 April 1483, of his fathers sudden death five days before. Edward IVs will, which has not survived, nominated his trusted brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, both the new king and his party from the west, and Richard from the north, set out for London, converging in Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire. Dominic Mancini, an Italian who visited England in the 1480s, reports that Edward protested, but the remainder of his entourage was dismissed and Richard escorted him to London. On 19 May 1483, the new king took up residence in the Tower of London, the council had originally hoped for an immediate coronation to avoid the need for a protectorate. This had previously happened with Richard II, who had become king at the age of ten, another precedent was Henry VI whose protectorate had ended with his coronation aged seven. Richard, however, repeatedly postponed the coronation, the following day he acceded to the throne as King Richard III. The Latin reference to Argentinus medicus had previously been translated to mean a Strasbourg doctor, because in Roman times Strasbourg was called Argentoratum, however, D. E

30.
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
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Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England. Prince Richard was created Duke of York in May 1474 and made a Knight of the Garter the following year, from this time on, it became a tradition for the second son of the English sovereign to be Duke of York. He was created Earl of Nottingham on 12 June 1476, in January 1483 Parliament passed an act that gave the Mowbray estates to Richard, Duke of York and Norfolk, for his lifetime, and at his death to his heirs, if he had any. The rights of the two co-heirs at law were extinguished, Viscount Berkeley had financial difficulties and King Edward IV paid off those debts, Berkeley then renounced his claims to the Mowbray estate before parliament in 1483. Nothing was done for Lord Howard and his father died on 9 April 1483. Thus his brother Edward, Prince of Wales, became King of England and was acclaimed as such, a priest, now generally believed to have been Robert Stillington, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, testified that Edward IV had agreed to marry Lady Eleanor Talbot in 1461. Lady Eleanor was still alive when Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, under Gloucesters influence, both Edward and Richard were declared illegitimate and removed from the line of succession on 25 June 1483. The Duke of Gloucester, as the surviving brother of Edward IV. The Duke of York was sent to the Tower of London, then a residence, by King Richard III in mid-1483. They were sometimes seen in the garden of the Tower, what happened to the two of them—the Princes in the Tower—after their disappearance remains unknown. Tudor History was quick to blame his uncle, Richard, subsequent re-evaluations of Richard III have questioned his guilt, beginning with William Cornwallis early in the 17th century. Bones reportedly belonging to two children were discovered in 1674 by workmen rebuilding a stairway in the Tower, on the orders of King Charles II, these were subsequently placed in Westminster Abbey, in an urn bearing the names of Edward and Richard. The bones were re-examined in 1933 at which time it was discovered the skeletons were incomplete and had been interred with animal bones and it has never been proven that the bones belonged to the princes. In 1789, workmen carrying out repairs in St Georges Chapel, Windsor, rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV, adjoining this was another vault, which was found to contain the coffins of two children. This tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IVs children, George, Duke of Bedford, who had died at the age of 2, and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14. However, the remains of two children were later found elsewhere in the chapel, leaving the occupants of the childrens coffins within the tomb unknown. In 1486 Richards sister Elizabeth married Henry VII, thereby uniting the Houses of York, as son of the king, Richard was granted use of the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent, on the first point a canton gules

31.
Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)
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Anne of York was born in the Palace of Westminster, London, as the fifth daughter of King Edward IV of England and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. On 5 August 1480, King Edward IV signed a treaty agreement with Maximilian I, according to its terms, Anne was supposed to marry his eldest son Philip, the future Duke of Burgundy. The agreement also included the term that Maximilian would not pursue other contracts of marriage for the three years. Maximilian was the eldest son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife and mother to Philip was Mary, Duchess of Burgundy. Both relations made Maximilian a valuable ally for Edward IV, however, the marriage treaty was repudiated after Edwards death and was never concluded. As a sign of closeness between King Richard III and the Howard family, Anne was betrothed to Thomas Howard in 1484, after the overthrow of Richard III, Howard renewed his marital claim to Anne. At this time, Anne was attending her sister Elizabeth, wife of King Henry VII, on 4 February 1495, Anne was married to Thomas Howard at Westminster Abbey. Howard was the eldest son and heir of Sir Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Surrey by his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney. As Thomas Howard did not succeed to the earldom of Surrey or the dukedom of Norfolk until after Annes death and their only son known with certainty was Thomas Howard. There are also suggestions of short-lived Henry Howard and William Howard resulting from this marriage, there was at least one stillborn child. In 1486, at the christening of her nephew Arthur. And in 1489, at the christening of her niece Margaret, later Queen of Scots and these properties included the Castle and Manor of Wingfield and several other prominent properties. Anne died on 23 November 1511 and was buried at Thetford Priory, after the Reformation, she was relocated, along with other Howards, to the large aisle chancel of the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. Anne and Thomas are considered to have survived their own children and he was a childless widower following her death

32.
Catherine of York
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Catherine or Katherine of York was the ninth child and sixth daughter of King Edward IV by his wife Elizabeth Woodville. From birth to death, she was daughter to Edward IV, sister to Edward V, niece to Richard III, sister-in-law to Henry VII and she was born in Eltham Palace. The alliance was still being negotiated when her father died on 9 April 1483 and her brother-in-law Henry VII, husband of her sister Elizabeth, later negotiated with James III of Scotland to obtain a possible husband for her. According to an agreement drawn up in November 1487, Catherine would marry James Stewart, Duke of Ross, the same agreement promised the hand of her mother Elizabeth Woodville to James III and the hand of one of her sisters to the future James IV of Scotland. James III was killed in the Battle of Sauchieburn and his son and successor, James IV, never pursued this agreement. By late October 1495, Catherine was already married to William Courtenay and he was the eldest son and heir-apparent of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, and his wife and distant cousin Elizabeth Courtenay. Her nephew Henry VIII apparently had greater trust for William and created him Earl of Devon on 10 May 1511 and he was Earl for less than a full month. Their son Henry succeeded his father, later being created Marquess of Exeter. Catherine was still only 31 years old and would be expected to again, however she took a voluntary vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames. As a widow, Catherine reportedly went through periods of wealth and adversity but was reportedly favoured by her nephew Henry VIII who brought her into a sure estate. She outlived her husband by sixteen years before she died at Tiverton Castle aged forty-eight and she was the last of Edward IVs children to die. These arms may be seen, exposed to the elements and thus very worn, sculpted above the porch of St Peters Church. Familysearch. org Accessed 26 January 2008 Plantagenet family Accessed 26 January 2008 Possible discovery of Catherines tomb

33.
Bridget of York
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Bridget of York was an English princess, the tenth child and seventh daughter of Edward IV of England and Queen Elizabeth Woodville. She was also an aunt of Henry VIII of England and she was born in Eltham, London on 10 November 1480, and was baptised by Edward Story, Bishop of Chichester on 11 November 1480. Her godmothers at the baptismal fount were her paternal grandmother, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York and her godfather was William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester. Bridgets aunt Margaret, Lady Maltravers, served as her godmother at her confirmation, Bridget was likely named after St. Bridget of Sweden. Bridget maintained correspondence throughout her life with her sister the queen, after Bridgets sister, Elizabeth of York, married Henry VII, Elizabeth paid some of Bridgets expenses and kept in touch with her via messengers. Bridget is known to have left Dartford on at least one occasion, when she attended the funeral of her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, in 1492

34.
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury
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Blessed Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was an English peeress. She was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, Margaret was one of two women in 16th century England to be a peeress in her own right with no titled husband. One of the few surviving members of the Plantagenet dynasty after the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of Henry VIII, Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV of England and her father, already Duke of Clarence, was then created Earl of Salisbury and of Warwick. Edward IV declared that Margarets younger brother Edward should be known as Earl of Warwick as a courtesy title, Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward. Margarets mother and youngest brother died when she was three, and her father had two servants killed who he thought had poisoned them, George plotted against his brother, Edward IV, and was attainted and executed for treason, his lands and titles were forfeited. Married to Anne Neville, younger sister to Margarets mother Isabel, Richard III sent the children to Sheriff Hutton Castle in Yorkshire. He was defeated and killed in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 by Henry Tudor, the new king married Margarets cousin Elizabeth of York, Edward IVs daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. Soon young Edward, technically a potential York claimant to the throne, was moved to the Tower of London. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Pauls Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the Earl of Warwick to the Irish lords. Shortly thereafter, probably in November 1487, Henry VII gave Margaret in marriage to his cousin, Sir Richard Pole, whose mother was half-sister of the kings mother, Margaret Beaufort. When Perkin Warbeck impersonated Edward IVs presumed-dead son Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, in 1499, Richard Pole held a variety of offices in Henry VIIs government, the highest being Chamberlain for Arthur, Prince of Wales, Henrys elder son. When Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, Margaret became one of her ladies-in-waiting, when her husband died in 1504, Margaret was a widow with five children, a limited amount of land inherited from her husband, no salary and no prospects. Henry VII paid for Richards funeral, to ease the situation, Margaret devoted her third son Reginald Pole to the Church, where he was to have an eventful career as a papal Legate and later Archbishop of Canterbury. Nonetheless, he was to resent her abandonment of him bitterly in later life, additionally, Margaret, without adequate means to support herself and her children, was forced to live at Syon Abbey among Bridgettine nuns after her husbands death. She was to remain there until she returned to favor at the ascension of Henry VIII in 1509, when Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509, he married Catherine of Aragon himself. Margaret was again appointed one of her ladies-in-waiting, in 1512, Parliament restored to her some of her brothers lands of the earldom of Salisbury, for which she paid 5000 marks. Henry VII had controlled them, first during her brothers minority and then during his imprisonment, the same Act also restored to Margaret the Earldom of Salisbury

35.
Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick
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He was also a younger brother of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury. He was born on 25 February 1475, at Warwick, the home of his mother. He was created Earl of Warwick in 1478 shortly after the attainder, despite this, he was knighted at York by Richard III in September 1483. In 1480, Warwick was made a ward of King Edward IVs stepson, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, after King Richards death in 1485, Warwick, only ten years old, was kept as prisoner in the Tower of London by Henry VII. His claim, albeit tarnished, remained a threat to Henry. In 1490, he was confirmed in his title of Earl of Warwick despite his fathers attainder, but he remained a prisoner until 1499, when he became involved in a plot to escape with Perkin Warbeck. On 21 November 1499, Warwick appeared at Westminster for a trial before his peers, presided over by John de Vere, a week later, Warwick was beheaded for treason on Tower Hill. Henry VII paid for his body and head to be taken to Bisham Abbey in Berkshire for burial, catherine was said to feel very guilty about Warwicks death, and that her trials in later life were punishment for it. A number of historians have claimed that Warwick had a mental disability and it seems likely that Hall simply meant that long imprisonment had made Warwick naive and unworldly. Upon Warwicks death, the House of Plantagenet became extinct in the male line. However, the sons of his aunt Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk

36.
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
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Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, 1st Earl of Salisbury, was the only child of King Richard III of England and his queen consort, Anne Neville. He was Richards only legitimate child and died aged ten, Edward was allegedly born in December 1473 at Middleham Castle, a stronghold close to York that became Richard and Annes principal base in northern England. The date of 1473 is, however, not universally accepted, in fact, he was probably not born until 1476. The act of Parliament that settled the dispute between George of Clarence and Richard over Anne Beauchamps inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick was naturally dead was dated May 1474. There were no provisions, however, for their heirs in case of this said divorce, but such provision was the provence of the ruling king for those of royal blood so would have been moot. Edward was mostly kept at Middleham, and was known to be a sickly child, after the citizens of London, nobles, and commons convened, a petition was drawn up that asked Richard to assume the throne. He accepted and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 6 July 1483 and his title to the throne was later confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document Titulus Regius. Edward did not attend his parents coronation, likely due to illness and he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in a splendid ceremony in York Minster on 8 September 1483, following his parents Royal Progress across England. The reasons of his death are unknown. The Croyland Chronicle reads, Edwards sudden death left Richard without a legitimate child, contemporary historian John Rous recorded that Richard declared his nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick, his heir in his place, but there is no other evidence of this. Similarly, John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln also seemed to have designated as Richards new heir. The location of Edwards burial is unknown, however evidence for this suggestion is lacking. Edward of Middleham appeared in Sharon Penmans The Sunne in Splendour, in the latter series, it is implied that Edward was poisoned at the behest of Margaret Beaufort as part of her efforts to secure the throne for her son, the eventual Henry VII. Edward of Middleham is a character in Joan Szechtmans Loyalty Binds Me, panton, Kenneth J. Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Edward of Middleham at Find a Grave

37.
Edward III of England
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Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. Edward was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France, at age seventeen he led a successful coup against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. After a successful campaign in Scotland he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337. This started what would become known as the Hundred Years War, following some initial setbacks the war went exceptionally well for England, victories at Crécy and Poitiers led to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny. Edwards later years, however, were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity, Edward III was a temperamental man but capable of unusual clemency. He was in ways a conventional king whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, Edward was denounced as an adventurer by later Whig historians such as William Stubbs. This view has been challenged recently and modern historians credit him with some significant achievements, Edward was born at Windsor Castle on 13 November 1312, and was often referred to as Edward of Windsor in his early years. The reign of his father, Edward II, was a problematic period of English history. One source of contention was the inactivity, and repeated failure. Another controversial issue was the kings patronage of a small group of royal favourites. The birth of an heir in 1312 temporarily improved Edward IIs position in relation to the baronial opposition. To bolster further the independent prestige of the prince, the king had him created Earl of Chester at only twelve days of age. In 1325, Edward II was faced with a demand from his brother-in-law, Charles IV of France, Edward was reluctant to leave the country, as discontent was once again brewing domestically, particularly over his relationship with the favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger. Instead, he had his son Edward created Duke of Aquitaine in his place, the young Edward was accompanied by his mother Isabella, who was the sister of King Charles, and was meant to negotiate a peace treaty with the French. While in France, however, Isabella conspired with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward deposed, to build up diplomatic and military support for the venture, Isabella had Prince Edward engaged to the twelve-year-old Philippa of Hainault. An invasion of England was launched and Edward IIs forces deserted him completely, the king was forced to relinquish the throne to his son on 25 January 1327. The new king was crowned as Edward III on 1 February 1327 and it was not long before the new reign also met with other problems caused by the central position at court of Roger Mortimer, who was now the de facto ruler of England

38.
Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
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He was named for his birthplace, at Antwerp in the Duchy of Brabant. Prince Lionel was born of a Flemish mother and was a grandson of William I and he grew to be nearly seven feet in height and had an athletic build. He was called Earl of Ulster from 1347, having been named as his fathers representative in England in 1345 and again in 1346, Lionel joined an expedition into France in 1355, but his chief energies were reserved for the affairs of Ireland. His efforts to secure an effective authority over his Irish lands were only moderately successful, after holding a parliament at Kilkenny, which passed the celebrated Statute of Kilkenny in 1366, he dropped the task in disgust and returned to England. The poet Geoffrey Chaucer was at one time a page in Lionels household, after Lionels first wife Elizabeth died in 1363, a second marriage was arranged with Violante Visconti, daughter of Galeazzo Visconti, lord of Pavia. Journeying to fetch his bride, Lionel was received in great state both in France and Italy and was married to Violante at Milan in June 1368. Some months were spent in festivities, during which Lionel was taken ill at Alba. There was strong speculation at the time that he had been poisoned by his father-in-law, Lionel had only one child, Philippa, daughter of his first wife Elizabeth. In 1368 she married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and their granddaughter and eventual heir, Anne Mortimer, married into the Yorkist branch of the English royal family and was the mother of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. The House of York based its claim to the English throne on this line of descent from Lionel, Lionel was the ancestor of Kings Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III and all later British monarchs beginning with Henry VIII. Ormrod, W. M. Lionel, duke of Clarence, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Clarence, Dukes of s. v

39.
House of Lancaster
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The House of Lancaster was the name of two cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet. The first house was created when Henry III of England created the Earldom of Lancaster—from which the house was named—for his second son Edmund Crouchback in 1267 and this brought him—and Henry, his younger brother—into conflict with their cousin Edward II of England, leading to Thomass execution. Henry inherited Thomass titles and he and his son, who was also called Henry, the second house of Lancaster was descended from John of Gaunt, who married the heiress of the first house. Edward III married all his sons to wealthy English heiresses rather than following his predecessors practice of finding continental political marriages for royal princes. Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, had no male heir so Edward married his son John to Henrys heiress daughter and this gave John the vast wealth of the House of Lancaster. Their son Henry usurped the throne in 1399, creating one of the factions in the Wars of the Roses, there was an intermittent dynastic struggle between the descendants of Edward III. In these wars, the term Lancastrian became a reference to members of the family, the family provided England with three kings, Henry IV, who ruled from 1399 to 1413, Henry V, and Henry VI. Later grants included the first Earldom of Lancaster on 30 June 1267, Edmund was also Count of Champagne and Brie from 1276 by right of his wife. Edmunds second marriage to Blanche of Artois, the widow of the King of Navarre, Blanches daughter Joan I of Navarre was queen regnant of Navarre and through her marriage to Philip IV of France was queen consort of France. Edmunds son Thomas became the most powerful nobleman in England, gaining the Earldoms of Lincoln and Salisbury through marriage to the heiress of Henry de Lacy and his income was £11,000 per annum—double that of the next wealthiest earl. After initially supporting Edward, Thomas became one of the Lords Ordainers, who demanded the banishment of Piers Gaveston, after Gaveston was captured, Thomas took the lead in his trial and execution at Warwick in 1312. Edwards authority was weakened by poor governance and defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn and this allowed Thomas to restrain Edwards power by republishing the Ordinances of 1311. Following this achievement Thomas took little part in the governance of the realm and this allowed Edward to regroup and re-arm, leading to a fragile peace in August 1318 with the Treaty of Leake. In 1321 Edwards rule again collapsed into civil war, Thomas raised a northern army but was defeated and captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge. He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered but because he was Edwards cousin he was given a death by beheading. Henry joined the revolt of Edwards wife Isabella of France and her lover Mortimer in 1326 and his restored prestige led to him knighting the young King Edward III of England before his coronation. Mortimer lost support over the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton that formalised Scotlands independence, when Mortimer called a parliament to make his new powers and estates permanent with the title of Earl of March in 1328, Henry led the opposition and held a counter-meeting. In response, Mortimer ravaged the lands of Lancaster and checked the revolt, Edward III was able to assume control in 1330 but Henrys further influence was restricted by poor health and blindness for the last fifteen years of his life

40.
Primogeniture
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The son of a deceased elder brother inherits before a living younger brother by right of substitution for the deceased heir. In the absence of any children, brothers succeed, individually, among siblings, sons inherit before daughters. The principle has applied in history to inheritance of property as well as inherited titles and offices, most notably monarchies. Variations on primogeniture modify the right of the son to the entirety of a familys inheritance or, in the West since World War II. Most monarchies in Europe have eliminated male preference in succession, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, absolute, equal, or lineal primogeniture is a form of primogeniture in which gender does not matter for inheritance. This form of primogeniture was not practiced by any modern monarchy before 1980, however, according to Poumarede, the Basques of the Kingdom of Navarre transmitted title and property to the firstborn, whatever the gender. This inheritance practice was adhered to by the nobility and free families alike in the early. The Navarrese monarchy, however, was inherited by dynasties from outside of Navarre which followed different succession laws, eventually only the Basque lower nobility and free families of the Basque country and other regions continued to follow this practice, which persisted as late as the 19th century. The most notable of these are the Egyptian cases of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, as well as the Ptolemaic Dynastys kings, Zapateros proposal was supported by the leader of the main opposition party, the conservative Partido Popular, making its passage likely. However, Zapateros administration ended before any amendment was drafted, Felipe succeeded to the throne as Felipe VI, upon his fathers abdication in 2014, by which time he had two daughters. Felipe VI has no son that would, absent the constitutional change, in July 2006, the Nepalese government proposed adopting absolute primogeniture, but the monarchy was abolished in 2008 before the change could be put into effect. In 2011, the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms who share the person as their respective monarch announced the Perth Agreement. This was implemented when the legislation came into effect on 26 March 2015. In Japan, debates have occurred over whether to adopt absolute primogeniture, however, the birth of Prince Hisahito, a son of Prince Akishino has sidelined the debate. In 2006, King Juan Carlos I of Spain issued a decree reforming the succession to noble titles from male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture. The order of succession for all noble dignities is determined in accordance with the title of concession and, if there is none, with that traditionally applied in these cases. Men and women have a right of succession to grandeeship and to titles of nobility in Spain. Male-preference primogeniture accords succession to the throne to a member of a dynasty if she has no living brothers

41.
Battle of Bosworth Field
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Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by the Lancastrians. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, by his victory became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty and his opponent, Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed in the battle. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, at the request of his brother Edward IV, Richard was acting as Lord Protector for his son Edward V. Richard had Parliament declare Edward V illegitimate and ineligible for the throne, across the English Channel in Brittany, Henry Tudor, a descendant of the greatly diminished House of Lancaster, seized on Richards difficulties so that he could challenge his claim to the throne. Henrys first attempt to invade England was frustrated by a storm in 1483, marching inland, Henry gathered support as he made for London. Richard mustered his troops and intercepted Henrys army south of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, Thomas, Lord Stanley, and Sir William Stanley brought a force to the battlefield, but held back while they decided which side it would be more advantageous to support. Richard divided his army, which outnumbered Henrys, into three groups, one was assigned to the Duke of Norfolk and another to the Earl of Northumberland. Henry kept most of his force together and placed it under the command of the experienced Earl of Oxford, Richards vanguard, commanded by Norfolk, attacked but struggled against Oxfords men, and some of Norfolks troops fled the field. Northumberland took no action when signalled to assist his king, so Richard gambled everything on a charge across the battlefield to kill Henry, seeing the kings knights separated from his army, the Stanleys intervened, Sir William led his men to Henrys aid, surrounding and killing Richard. After the battle Henry was crowned king below an oak tree in nearby Stoke Golding, Henry hired chroniclers to portray his reign favourably, the Battle of Bosworth was popularised to represent the Tudor dynasty as the start of a new age. From the 15th to the 18th centuries the battle was glamorised as a victory of good over evil, the climax of William Shakespeares play Richard III provides a focal point for critics in later film adaptations. The exact site of the battle is disputed because of the lack of conclusive data, in 1974 the Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre was built on a site that has since been challenged by several scholars and historians. In October 2009 a team of researchers, who had performed geological surveys and archaeological digs in the area from 2003, during the 15th century civil war raged across England as the Houses of York and Lancaster fought each other for the English throne. In 1471 the Yorkists defeated their rivals in the battles of Barnet, the Lancastrian King Henry VI and his only son, Edward of Lancaster, died in the aftermath of the Battle of Tewkesbury. Their deaths left the House of Lancaster with no direct claimants to the throne, the Yorkist king, Edward IV, was in complete control of England. He attainted those who refused to submit to his rule, such as Jasper Tudor and his nephew Henry, naming them traitors and confiscating their lands. The Tudors tried to flee to France but strong winds forced them to land in Brittany, then a semi-independent duchy, Henrys mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV. The Beauforts were originally bastards, but Henry IV legitimised them on the condition that their descendants were not eligible to inherit the throne

42.
Philippa of Hainault
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Philippa of Hainault was Queen of England as the wife of King Edward III. Edward, Duke of Guyenne, her husband, promised in 1326 to marry her within the following two years. She was married to Edward, first by proxy, when Edward dispatched the Bishop of Coventry to marry her in his name in Valenciennes in October 1327. The marriage was celebrated formally in York Minster on 24 January 1328, in August 1328, he also fixed his wifes dower. Philippa acted as regent in 1346, when her husband was away from his kingdom, and she accompanied him on his expeditions to Scotland, France. This popularity helped maintain peace in England throughout Edwards long reign, the eldest of her fourteen children was Edward, the Black Prince, who became a renowned military leader. Philippa died at the age of fifty-five from a closely related to edema. The Queens College, Oxford was founded in her honour and she was one of eight children and the second of five daughters. Her eldest sister Margaret married the German king Louis IV in 1324, williams counties of Zealand and Holland as well as of the seigniory of Frieze were devolved to Margaret after agreement between Philippa and her sister. Edward III of England, however, in 1364–65, in the name of his wife Philippa, demanded the return of Hainaut and he was not successful, as it was the custom in these regions to favour male heirs. King Edward II had decided that an alliance with Flanders would benefit England, the bishops report to the king describes one of the counts daughters in detail. A later annotation says it describes Philippa as a child, the description runs, The lady whom we saw has not uncomely hair, betwixt blue-black and brown. Her head is clean-shaped, her high and broad. Her face narrows between the eyes, and the part of her face is still more narrow and slender than her forehead. Her eyes are blackish-brown and deep and her nose is fairly smooth and even, save that it is somewhat broad at the tip and also flattened, and yet it is no snub-nose. Her nostrils are broad, her mouth fairly wide. Her lips somewhat full, and especially the lower lip and her teeth which have fallen and grown again are white enough, but the rest are not so white. The lower teeth project a little beyond the upper, yet this is and her ears and chin are comely enough

43.
Wars of the Roses
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The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487, however, there was fighting before and after this period between the houses. With the Duke of Yorks passing, the transferred to his heir, Edward. His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V, but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IVs younger brother, the two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London. The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, after assuming the throne as Henry VII, he married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV, thereby uniting the two claims. The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603, with the death of Elizabeth I, granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The name Wars of the Roses refers to the badges associated with the two royal houses, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. Wars of the Roses came into use in the nineteenth century. Badges were not always distinct, at the Battle of Barnet, Edwards sun was very similar to the Earl of Oxfords Vere star, which caused fateful confusion. Another example, Henry Tudors forces at Bosworth fought under the banner of a red dragon, although the names of the rival houses derive from the cities of York and Lancaster, the corresponding duchies had little to do with these cities. Although minor armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of York and Lancaster, the first open fighting broke out in 1455 at the First Battle of St Albans, several prominent Lancastrians died at the hands of the Yorkists. Although peace was restored, the Lancastrians were inspired by Margaret of Anjou to contest Yorks influence. Fighting resumed more violently in 1459, York and his supporters were forced to flee the country, but one of his most prominent supporters, the Earl of Warwick, invaded England from Calais and captured Henry VI at the Battle of Northampton. York returned to the country and became Protector of England, but was dissuaded from claiming the throne, Margaret and the remaining Lancastrian nobles gathered their army in the north of England. When York moved north to engage them, he and his second son Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. The Lancastrian army advanced south and released Henry at the Second Battle of St Albans, but failed to occupy London, Yorks eldest son, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV. He gathered the Yorkist armies and won a victory at the Battle of Towton in March 1461. After Lancastrian revolts in the north were suppressed in 1464 and Henry was captured once again, Edward fell out with his chief supporter and adviser, the Earl of Warwick after Edwards unpopular and secretly conducted marriage with the widow of a Lancastrian supporter, Elizabeth Woodville. Within a few years, it clear that Edward was favoring his wifes family

Catherine or Katherine of York (14 August 1479 – 15 November 1527) was the ninth child and sixth daughter of King …

Image: Katherine of York

The five daughters of King Edward IV (1461–1483) and Elizabeth Woodville, (left to right): Elizabeth, Cecily, Anne, Catherine, and Mary, all "Princesses of York". Royal Window, Northwest Transept, Canterbury Cathedral

1915 depiction of Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt : The King wears on this surcoat the Royal Arms of England, quartered with the Fleur de Lys of France as a symbol of his claim to the throne of France.