This brieﬁng aims to highlight the contribution of civil society organisations to the roles which middle-income countries play not just as recipients of aid, but also as innovators and providers of development cooperation. It draws on a review of available literature, on the evidence from the BRICS countries and Mexico gathered by the IDS Rising Powers in International Development programme and on four case studies.

In this Helpdesk Research Report, GSDRC aims to answer the following question:

What has worked in achieving social inclusion in labour-intensive productive safety net programmes in the agricultural sector? Consider analysis, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Where possible, draw on evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.