1. Questions generated by readers during text comprehension were studied. Readers asked questions on the definition of terms and the interpretation of events when they read expository texts. A few queations were asked on the judgment and expectation about the contents. Goals of reading were found to affect the kinds of questions generated during comprehension.2. Understanding emotions (delight, anger, sadness, surprise, and shame) by analogy were studied using elementary pupils. Qualitative differences in comprehension were observed from first graders to third graders.3. Learning processes of hierarchical structure of personality traits were simulated by neural network models. Hierarchical levels of terms were found to affect the difficulty of concept learning.4. The effects of repeated listening of music on pleasingness were studied. It was found that pleasingness showed inverted U-shaped functions of violating expectancies in cord progression and in melody. Redundancy of rhythmic patterns and typicality of harmony also affected the evoked pleasingness.5. Relationship between memory and comprehension of English idioms were studied.