Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.

Family and personal life

Ancestry and parents

Trump's ancestors originated from the German village of Kallstadt in the Palatinate on his father's side, and from the Outer Hebrides in Scotland on his mother's side. All of his grandparents and his mother were born in Europe.[1]

Trump's paternal grandfather, Friedrich Trump, first immigrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16 and became a citizen in 1892, he amassed a fortune operating boom-town restaurants and boarding houses in the Seattle area and the Klondike region of Canada during its gold rush.[2] On a visit to Kallstadt, he met Elisabeth Christ and married her in 1902, the couple permanently settled in New York in 1905.[3] Frederick died from influenza during the 1918 pandemic.[4]

Trump's father Fred was born in 1905 in The Bronx. Fred started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15, shortly after his father's death, their company, "E. Trump & Son", founded in 1923,[5][nb 1] was primarily active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Fred eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments.[4][10] The company was later renamed The Trump Organization, after Donald Trump took charge in 1971.[11]

Trump's mother Mary Anne was born in Tong, Lewis, Scotland, at age 18 in 1930, she immigrated to New York, where she worked as a maid.[12] Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.[12][13]

Trump's uncle John was an electrical engineer, physicist, and inventor, he worked as a professor at MIT from 1936 to 1973. During World War II, he was involved in radar research for the Allies and helped design X-ray machines that were used to treat cancer.[14]

Early life and education

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City, the fourth of five children.[17] Trump grew up in Jamaica, Queens, and attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade, at age 13, he was enrolled in the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, after his parents discovered that he had made frequent trips into Manhattan without their permission.[18][19]

In 1964, Trump began his higher education at Fordham University.[15][20] After two years, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.[20][21] While at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump & Son,[22] and graduated in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[20][23][24] He would later boast that he had excelled in his class of 333 students at Wharton, and claimed that he had been first in the class,[25] although his classmates do not recall his academic achievements and he was not mentioned in the student newspaper's honor roll.[26]

Trump did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War.[27] While in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four student deferments;[28] in 1966, he was deemed fit for service based upon a military medical examination and in July 1968, after graduating from college, was briefly classified as eligible to serve by a local draft board. In October 1968, he was classified as 1-Y, "unqualified for duty except in the case of a national emergency,"[29] and given a medical deferment which he later attributed to heel spurs; in 1972, the medical deferment was changed to 4-F, "not qualified for service."[29][30][31] In the draft lottery in December 1969, Trump's birthday, June 15, received a high number which would have given him a low probability to be called to military service even without the 1-Y medical deferment.[29][30][32]

In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trump's daughter, who was named Tiffany after high-end retailer Tiffany & Company.[41] Maples and Trump were married two months later in December 1993,[42] they divorced in 1999,[43] and Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.[44]

Upon his inauguration as president, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his two adult sons, Eric and Don Jr,[50] his daughter Ivanka resigned from The Trump Organization and moved to Washington, D.C. with her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as an assistant to the president,[51] and he is a Senior Advisor in the White House.[52]

Trump says he receives Holy Communion, but that he does not ask God for forgiveness.[60] While campaigning, Trump referred to The Art of the Deal as his second favorite book after the Bible, saying, "Nothing beats the Bible."[61]The New York Times reported that evangelical Christians nationwide thought "that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions for the country were pure".[62]

Health

Trump does not drink alcohol; this decision arose in part from watching his older brother Fred Jr. suffer from alcoholism that contributed to his early death in 1981.[69][70] He also said that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed drugs, including marijuana.[71]

During the 2016 presidential campaign Trump's personal physician, Harold Bornstein, released a superlative-laden letter of health—which he later said Trump himself had dictated—praising Trump for extraordinary health, physical strength, and stamina. A second and less hyperbolic medical report from Bornstein showed Trump's blood pressure, liver, and thyroid function to be in normal ranges.[72][73][74] It also showed that he is overweight and takes statins to lower his cholesterol level.[73]In January 2018, Trump was examined by White House physician Ronny Jackson, who stated that he is in excellent health,[75] although his weight and cholesterol level were higher than recommended. A cardiac assessment revealed no medical issues.[76] Several prominent physicians who have not examined Trump have commented that his weight, lifestyle, and LDL cholesterol level of 143 do not indicate excellent health.[77] Trump requested to undergo a cognition test, and passed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with a score of 30/30. Jackson stated, "I’ve found no reason whatsoever to think that the President has any issues whatsoever with his thought process".[78][79]

Wealth

Trump said that he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father,[81] he appeared on the initial Forbes 400 list of wealthy individuals in 1982 with an estimated $100 million fortune.[82] He made the Forbes World's Billionaires list for the first time in 1989,[83] but he was absent from the Forbes 400 list following business losses from 1990 to 1995; he reportedly borrowed from his siblings' trusts in 1993.[84] His father's estate, valued at more than $20 million, was divided in 1999 among Trump, his three surviving siblings, and their children.[85][86]

During the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump submitted the required financial disclosure form which was released by the Federal Election Commission in mid-May 2016, the campaign claimed Trump's net worth exceeded $10 billion; however, the New York Times reported that "the figure cannot be verified with the disclosure form, because the largest range for a single asset’s worth is 'over $50 million.'"[87]

Forbes has disagreed with Trump over his net worth, and in July 2015 they lowered their valuation of Trump "from $4.1 billion to $4 billion since his controversial remarks about Mexican immigrants during his campaign launch speech".[88] Consumer boycotts and reduced bookings may have further affected his brand value during the presidential campaign.[89][90][91] The release of the Access Hollywood tapes in October 2016 put further pressure on his brand,[92] but real estate experts predicted a positive rebound from becoming president.[93]

Business career

Real estate

In 1968, Trump began his career at his father's real estate development company, Elizabeth Trump & Son, which, among other interests, owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[96][97] During his undergraduate studies, Trump joined his father Fred in attempting to revitalize the Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which Fred Trump had bought in 1964, boosting the occupancy rate to full in two years,[98][99] the management of the property was sued for racial discrimination in 1969; the suit "was quietly settled at Fred Trump's direction."[99] The Trumps sold the property in 1972, with vacancy on the rise.[99]

When his father became chairman of the board in 1971, Trump was promoted to president of the company and renamed it The Trump Organization.[11][100] In 1973, he and his father drew wider attention when the Justice Department contended that the organization systematically discriminated against African Americans who wished to rent apartments, the Department alleged that the Trump Organization had screened out people based on race and not low income as the Trumps had stated. Under an agreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing and made the Urban League an intermediary for qualified minority applicants,[101][102] his adviser and attorney during (and after) that period was Roy Cohn, who responded to attacks by counterattacking with maximum force, who valued both positive and negative publicity, and who Trump emulated.[103]

Manhattan developments

In 1978, Trump launched his Manhattan real estate business by purchasing a 50% stake in the financially troubled Commodore Hotel, the purchase was largely funded by a $70 million construction loan that was jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and the Hyatt hotel chain.[104] When the remodeling was finished, the hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel, located next to Grand Central Terminal.[105][106]

Also in 1978, Trump finished negotiations to develop Trump Tower, a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot) skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, which The New York Times attributed to his "persistence" and "skills as a negotiator".[107] To make way for the new building, a crew of undocumented Polish workers demolished an old Bonwit Teller store, including art deco features that had initially been marked for preservation.[108] The building was completed in 1983 and houses both the primary penthouse condominium residence of Trump and the headquarters of The Trump Organization.[109][110] Architectural critic Paul Goldberger said in 1983 that he was surprised to find the tower's atrium was "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years".[111][112] Trump Tower was the setting of the NBC television show The Apprentice.[113]

In 1980, repairs began on Central Park's Wollman Rink, with an anticipated two-and-a-half year construction time frame. Because of flaws in the design and numerous problems during construction, the project remained unfinished by May 1986 and was estimated to require another 18 months and $2 to $3 million to complete.[114][115] Trump was awarded a contract as general contractor in June 1986 to finish the repairs by December 15 with a cost ceiling of $3 million, with the actual costs to be reimbursed by the city.[114] Trump hired an architect, a construction company, and a Canadian ice-rink manufacturer and completed the work in four months, $775,000 under budget,[114] he operated the rink for a year and gave most of the profits to charity and public works projects[116] in exchange for the rink's concession rights.[115] Trump managed the rink from 1987 to 1995, he received another contract in 2001 which was extended until 2021.[117][118] According to journalist Joyce Purnick, Trump’s "Wollman success was also the stuff of a carefully crafted, self promotional legend."[117] While the work was in progress, Trump called numerous press conferences, for example for the completion of the laying of the pipes and the pouring of the cement;[119] in 1987, he also unsuccessfully tried to get the city to rename the landmark after him; the Trump logo is prominently displayed on the railing encircling the rink, on the ice resurfacer machine, colloquially referred to as a Zamboni,[117] on the rental skates,[118] and on the rink’s website.[120][118]

In 1988 Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan for a record-setting $407 million and appointed his wife Ivana to manage its operation.[121] Trump invested $50 million to restore the building, which he called "the Mona Lisa".[122] According to hotel expert Thomas McConnell, the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-star ranking, they sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana was no longer involved in the hotel's day-to-day operations.[123]

In 1994, Trump got involved with the refurbishing of the Gulf and Western Building on Columbus Circle, the former office building was remodeled with design and structural enhancements to become a luxury residential and hotel property.[124][125] When the job was finished, Trump owned commercial space in a 44-story mixed-use tower (hotel and condominium) that he named Trump International Hotel and Tower.[126]

In 1996, Trump acquired the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building, which was a vacant seventy-one story skyscraper on Wall Street that had briefly been the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1930, after an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street.[127] In 1997, he began construction on Riverside South, which he dubbed Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River, he and the other investors in the project ultimately sold their interest for $1.8 billion in 2005 in what was then the biggest residential sale in the history of New York City.[128] From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50% share of the Empire State Building, he would have renamed it "Trump Empire State Building Tower Apartments" if he had been able to boost his share.[129][130] In 2001, Trump completed Trump World Tower, for a couple years, the structure was the tallest all-residential tower in the world.[131] In 2002, Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico, which was renovated and reopened in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue; the building consisted of 35 stories of luxury condominiums.[132]

Trump's initial offer of $28 million had been rejected, and he was able to get the property at the much lower price by purchasing Jack C. Massey's beachfront property for $2 million[135] and threatening to build a house on it that would block Mar-a-Lago's ocean view. In addition to using the estate as a home, Trump also turned it into a private club open to everyone who could afford the initiation fee of $100,000 plus annual dues.[136]

Atlantic City casinos

New Jersey legalized casino gambling in 1977, and Trump went to Atlantic City, New Jersey the following year in order to explore how he might get involved in a new business venture. Seven years later, Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino opened there; the project was built by Trump with financing from the Holiday Corporation, which also managed the operation.[137] Renamed "Trump Plaza" soon after it opened, it was at the time the tallest building in Atlantic City.[138] The casino's poor financial results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp., which led to Trump's paying $70 million in May 1986 to buy out their interest in the property.[139][140] Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million; when completed in 1985, that hotel and casino became Trump Castle, and Trump's wife Ivana managed that property until 1988.[141][142]

Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal, then halfway through construction, through a complex transaction with television host and entertainer Merv Griffin as well as the resort and casino company Resorts International.[143] The Taj opened in April 1990 and was built at a total cost of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever.[144][145] The project was financed with $675 million in junk bonds[146] and was a major gamble by Trump.[147] The project underwent debt restructuring the following year,[148] leaving Trump with 50% ownership,[149] he also sold his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.[150][151]

In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[152] THCR purchased Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.[153] Trump remained chairman of THCR until 2009.[154]

During the 1990s, Trump's casino ventures faced competition from Native American gaming at the Foxwoods casino located on an Indian reservation in Connecticut, where it was exempt from the state's anti-gambling laws. Trump stated in 1993 that the casino owners did not look like real Indians to him or to other Indians.[155] Subsequent to that well-publicized remark about the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Trump became a key investor backing the Paucatuck Eastern Pequots, who were also seeking state recognition.[156]

Golf courses

The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and resorts in the United States and around the world. According to Golfweek, Trump owns or manages about 18 golf courses,[157] his personal financial disclosure with the FEC stated that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382 million,[158][159] while his three European golf courses did not show a profit.[160]

In 2006, Trump bought 1,400 acres (570 ha), including the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and created a golf resort there.[161] Scottish supporters emphasized potential economic benefits, and opponents emphasized potential environmental harm to a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).[162][163][164] In 2015, an offshore windfarm being built within sight of the golf course prompted a legal challenge by Trump, which was dismissed by the UK Supreme Court;[165] in the wake of the 2008 recession, Trump greatly scaled back development of this property, and as of December 2016[update] Scottish officials were pushing for completion of the far larger development as originally approved.[166]

In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which hosted the British Open four times between 1977 and 2009.[167][168] After extensive renovations and a remodeling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turnberry was re-opened in June 2016.[169]

Branding and licensing

Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects that are owned and operated by other people and companies, he has also licensed his name for various commercial products and services. In doing so, he achieved mixed success for himself, his partners, and investors in the projects;[171] in 2011, Forbes' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3 billion.[172] According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[173]

Legal affairs and bankruptcies

As of April 2018[update], Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Today,[174] as of 2016, he or one of his companies had been the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his company as plaintiff, more than half the cases have been against gamblers at his casinos who had failed to pay off their debts, with Trump or his company as a defendant, the most common type of case involved personal injury cases at his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution, Trump's side won 451 times and lost 38.[175][176]

Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, but his hotel and casino businesses have been declared bankrupt six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds,[177][178] because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws – they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.[179][180]

A 2016 analysis of Trump's business career by The Economist concluded that his "... performance [from 1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with the stock market and property in New York", noting both his successes and bankruptcies.[183] A subsequent analysis by The Washington Post concluded that "Trump is a mix of braggadocio, business failures, and real success", calling his casino bankruptcies the "most infamous flop" of his business career.[184]

Adult film actress Stormy Daniels has alleged that she and Trump had an affair in 2006,[185] which Trump denied.[186] Just before the 2016 presidential election Daniels was paid $130,000 by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen as part of a non-disclosure agreement (NDA); Cohen said he paid her with his own money.[187] In February 2018, Daniels sued Cohen's company asking to be released from the NDA and be allowed to tell her story. Cohen obtained a restraining order to keep her from discussing the case,[188] and asserted that Daniels could owe $20 million in liquidated damages for breaching the agreement.[189] In March 2018, Daniels claimed in court that the NDA never came into effect because Trump did not sign it personally;[190] in May 2018, Trump's annual financial disclosure revealed that he reimbursed Cohen in 2017 for payments related to Daniels.[191]

Side ventures

After Trump took over the family real estate firm in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization, he greatly expanded its real estate operations and ventured into numerous other business activities, the company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.[192]

Miss Universe

From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe pageants,[197][198] the pageants include Miss USA and Miss Teen USA. His management of this business involved his family members—daughter Ivanka once hosted Miss Teen USA.[199] He became dissatisfied with how CBS scheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe and Miss USA to NBC in 2002.[200][201]

In his 2015 U.S. presidential campaign kickoff speech, Trump made controversial statements about illegal immigrants who crossed the border from Mexico. NBC then decided to end its business relationship with him and stated that it would no longer air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageants on its networks;[202] in September 2015, Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and then sold the entire company to the WME/IMG talent agency.[203]

Trump University

Trump University was a for-profit education company that was founded by Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny, the company ran a real estate training program and charged between $1,500 and $35,000 per course.[204][205][206] In 2005, New York State authorities notified the operation that its use of the word "university" was misleading and violated state law, after a second such notification in 2010, the name of the company was changed to the "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute".[207] Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business license for the operation.[208]

Ronald Schneckenberg, a sales manager for Trump University, said in a testimony that he was reprimanded for not trying harder to sell a $35,000 real estate class to a couple who could not afford it.[209] Schneckenberg said that he believed "Trump University was a fraudulent scheme" which "preyed upon the elderly and uneducated to separate them from their money."[209]

In 2013, New York State filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University; the suit alleged that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[207][210] In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court relating to Trump University; they named Trump personally as well as his companies.[211] During the presidential campaign, Trump criticized presiding Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel, alleging bias in his rulings because of his Mexican heritage.[212][213] Shortly after Trump won the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all three pending cases, whereby Trump paid a total of $25 million and denied any wrongdoing.[214][215]

Foundation

The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based private foundation[216] that was established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal.[217][218] The foundation's funds have mostly come from donors other than Trump,[219] who has not given personally to the charity since 2008.[219]

In 2016, The Washington Post conducted investigations that revealed how the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations; those violations included alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[224] After beginning an investigation into the foundation, the New York State Attorney General's office notified the Trump Foundation that it was allegedly in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.[225][226][227] A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job";[225] in response to mounting complaints, Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President."[228] According to an IRS filing in November 2017, the foundation intends to shut down and distribute its assets (about $970,000) to other charities. However, a spokesperson for the New York Attorney General's office said the foundation cannot legally shut down until an ongoing investigation of the charity is completed.[229]

Conflicts of interest

There were questions about how Trump would avoid conflicts of interest between his work in the White House and his business activities, at a press conference on January 10, 2017, Trump said that he and his daughter Ivanka would resign all roles with The Trump Organization, while his two adult sons Don Jr. and Eric would run the business with chief financial officer Allen Weisselberg.[230]

Trump retained his financial stake in the business,[231] his attorney Sheri Dillon[232] said that before the January 20 inauguration, Trump would put those business assets into a trust, which would hire an ethics advisor and a compliance counsel. She added that The Trump Organization would not enter any new foreign business deals, while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities,[233] as of April 2017[update], Trump companies owned more than 400 condo units and home lots in the United States, valued at over $250 million in total ($200,000 to $35 million each).[234]

Media career

Books

Trump has published numerous books, his first published book in 1987 was Trump: The Art of the Deal, co-written by Tony Schwartz,[235][236][237] who is sometimes called a ghostwriter of that book.[238] It reached number 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list, stayed there for 13 weeks, and altogether held a position on the list for 48 weeks.[238] According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon."[238] Trump's published writings shifted post-2000, from generally memoirs about himself, to books giving advice about finance.[239]

The Apprentice

Trump was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007, during the height of the popularity of The Apprentice

In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which contestants competed for a high-level management job in one of Trump's businesses, and were successively "fired" and eliminated from the game, during the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1 million per episode.[242]The Apprentice was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2004 and 2005.[243] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to television on The Apprentice.[171][244]

Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump was hired as host of The Celebrity Apprentice, in which celebrities compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers. International versions of The Apprentice franchise were co-produced by Burnett and Trump.

On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season,[245] on February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.[246] Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced they were going ahead with production,[247] on June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump."[248] Actor and former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger replaced Trump as host for the fifteenth season.[249] Trump is still credited as an executive producer for the show.[250]

Public profile

Political image

Presidential approval polls taken during the first ten months of Trump's term have shown him to be the least popular U.S. president in the history of modern opinion polls.[256][257][258] A Pew Research Center global poll conducted in July 2017, found "a median of just 22% has confidence in Trump to do the right thing when it comes to international affairs", this compares to a median of 64% rate of confidence for his predecessor Barack Obama. Trump received a higher rating in only two countries: Russia and Israel.[259] An August 2017 POLITICO/Morning consult poll found on some measures "that majorities of voters have low opinions of his character and competence".[260]

False statements

As president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.[261][262][263]

Trump uttered "at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office according to The New York Times,[261] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office according to the "Fact Checker" political analysis column of The Washington Post,[264] which also wrote, "President Trump is the most fact-challenged politician that The Fact Checker has ever encountered ... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up."[262] After 466 days in office, the tally was at 3,001 false or misleading claims, and it had risen to an average of 6.5 per day from 4.9 during Trump's first 100 days in office.[265]

Racial views

Trump has a history of making racially controversial remarks and taking actions that are perceived as racially motivated.[266][267][268][269] In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[97][270][271] He was accused of racism for insisting that a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger attack, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002, he continued to maintain this position as late as 2016.[272]

Trump played a leading role in "birther" conspiracy theories that had been circulating since President Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.[273][274] Beginning in March 2011, he publicly questioned Obama's citizenship and eligibility to serve as president.[275][276][277] Although the Obama campaign had released a copy of the short-form birth certificate in 2008,[278] Trump demanded to see the original "long-form" certificate,[275] he mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii to research the question, but he did not follow up with any findings.[275] He also repeated a debunked allegation that Obama's grandmother said she had witnessed his birth in Kenya.[279][280] When the White House later released Obama's long-form birth certificate,[281] Trump took credit for obtaining the document, saying "I hope it checks out."[282] His official biography mentions his purported role in forcing Obama's hand,[283] and he has defended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later saying that his promotion of the conspiracy made him "very popular";[284] in 2011, he had called for Obama to release his student records, questioning whether his grades warranted entry into an Ivy League school.[285] He also claimed in his 2011 CPAC speech that Obama's classmates "don't know who he is".[286] When asked in 2015 whether he believed Obama was born in the United States, he said he did not want to discuss the matter further;[287][288] in September 2016, he publicly acknowledged Obama's birthplace, and claimed, falsely, that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.[276]

Trump makes a statement (begins at 07:20 into the video) on the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville published by the White House

Trump launched his 2016 presidential campaign with a speech in which he described Mexican immigrants as criminals and rapists.[289][290] Later, his comments about a Mexican-American judge were criticized as racist.[291] Comments he made following a 2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, were seen as implying a moral equivalence between white supremacist marchers and those who protested them.[292] In the aftermath of widespread condemnation of his response, Trump stated in prepared remarks that "racism is evil";[293][294] in a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation with Congressional leaders, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African countries as "shitholes".[295] His remarks were condemned as racist worldwide, as well as by several members of Congress.[296][297][298] Trump has denied accusations of racism multiple times, saying he is the "least racist person".[299][300]

Trump's racially insensitive statements[301] have been condemned by many observers in the U.S. and around the world,[302][303] but accepted by his supporters either as a rejection of political correctness[304][305] or because they harbor similar racial sentiments.[306][307] Several studies and surveys have stated that racist attitudes and racial resentment have fueled Trump's political ascendance, and have become more significant than economic factors in determining party allegiance of voters.[307][308] According to an October 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll, 45% of American voters view Trump as racist and 40% do not.[309]

Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show on talk radio.[311] Trump also had his own daily talk radio program called Trumped!, from 2004 to 2008.[312][313][314] Trump's wealth has often featured in hip hop lyrics, with his name mentioned in 266 songs.[315][316]

Social media

Trump's presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in March 2009, he communicated heavily on Twitter during the 2016 election campaign, and has continued to use this channel during his presidency. The attention on Trump's Twitter activity has significantly increased since he was sworn in as president. Many of the assertions tweeted by Trump have been proven to be false.[317][318][319] Two-thirds of Americans dislike his "use of Twitter", according to a July 2017 ABC News/Washington Post poll.[320]

Political career and affiliations up to 2015

Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times over the years. Trump was a Democrat prior to 1987;[327] Trump registered as a Republican in Manhattan;[328] in 1987 Trump vaguely expressed interest in running for the presidency when he spent almost $100,000 to place full-page advertisements in three major newspapers. In his view at that time, "America should stop paying to defend countries that can afford to defend themselves",[329] the advertisements had also advocated for "reducing the budget deficit, working for peace in Central America, and speeding up nuclear disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union."[330] After rumors of a presidential run, he was then invited by Democratic senators Jim Wright and John Kerry, and Arkansas congressman Beryl Anthony Jr., to host a fundraising dinner for Democratic Congressional candidates and to switch parties. Anthony told The New York Times that "the message Trump has been preaching is a Democratic message". Asked whether the rumors were true, Trump denied he was a candidate and said, "I believe that if I did run for President, I'd win."[330] According to a Gallup poll in December 1988, Trump was the tenth most admired person in America.[331][332]

Trump also considered running for president in 2004,[338] from 2001 to 2008, Trump identified himself as a Democrat, but, in 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for president. In 2009, he officially changed his party registration to Republican.[339]

A Wall Street Journal / NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump leading among potential contenders; he was one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.[341] A Newsweek poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of incumbent president Barack Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for president.[342] Trump's interest in a gaining political stature were accelerated after President Obama lampooned him at the White House Correspondents’ Association Dinner in April 2011.[343] In the 2012 Republican primaries, Trump generally had polled at or below 17 percent among the crowded field of possible candidates; an exception was a PPP poll in April 2011 that put him at 26%; however his support dropped in a few weeks after that to 8%.[344]

Trump's moves were interpreted by some media as possible promotional tools for his reality show The Apprentice.[345][346][347] On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president in the 2012 election, while also saying he would have become the president of the United States, had he run;[345] in December 2011, Trump became an independent for five months before returning to the Republican Party.[348][349] In February 2012, Trump endorsed Romney for president.[350]

In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC),[351] where he spoke out against illegal immigration while seeming to encourage immigration from Europe, bemoaned Obama's "unprecedented media protection", and advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.[352][353]

Trump spent over $1 million in 2013 to research a possible run for president.[354] In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo; in response to the memo, Trump said that while New York had problems and that its taxes were too high, running for governor was not of great interest to him.[355] A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election;[356] in February 2015, Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on for another season of The Apprentice, as he mulled his political future.[357] When asked in 2015 which of the last four presidents he prefers, Trump picked Democrat Bill Clinton over the Republican Bushes.[358][359]

Campaign contributions

According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s—although no laws were broken—by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his own name.[360][361] Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers, he also said the contributions were not to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.[360][362]

Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with the top ten recipients of his political contributions being six Democrats and four Republicans,[363] after 2011, his campaign contributions were more favorable to Republicans than to Democrats.[364]

Trump participated in eleven of the twelve Republican debates, skipping only the January 28 seventh debate, which was the last debate before primary voting began on the first of February, the debates received historically high television ratings, which increased the visibility of Trump's campaign.[367] Republican leaders were hesitant to support him, they doubted his chances of winning the general election and feared that he could harm the image of the Republican Party.[368][369]

By early 2016, the race had focused on Trump and U.S. SenatorTed Cruz.[370] On Super Tuesday, Trump won the plurality of the vote, and he remained the front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Republican nomination,[371] after a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016—which prompted the remaining candidates Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns—RNC Chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[372] With 14,015,993 votes, Trump broke the all-time record in the history of the Republican Party for winning the most primary votes, he also set the record for the largest number of votes cast against the front runner.[373] He won a total of 1441 delegates (58.3% of the total) and 44.9% of the vote versus 25.1% for the runner-up, Cruz.

General election campaign

After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump shifted his focus to the general election. Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016.

Clinton had established a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016; in early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.[374][375][376]

On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate.[377] Four days later on July 19, Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention,[378] the list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not attend.[379][380]

Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nomination in a 76-minute speech, the historically long speech received mixed reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to CNN and Gallup polls.[381][382][383]

The media has described Trump's political positions as populist,[389][390] and some of his views cross party lines, for example, his economic campaign plan calls for large reductions in income taxes and deregulation,[391] consistent with Republican Party policies, along with significant infrastructure investment,[392] usually considered a Democratic Party policy.[393][394] According to political writer Jack Shafer, Trump may be a "fairly conventional American populist when it comes to his policy views", but he attracts free media attention, sometimes by making outrageous comments.[395][396]

Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.[397][398][399]Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",[399] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[400]

Campaign rhetoric

In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained political correctness; he also stated that the media had intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse media bias.[401][402][403] In part due to his fame, and due to his willingness to say things other candidates would not, and because a candidate who is gaining ground automatically provides a compelling news story, Trump received an unprecedented amount of free media coverage during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.[404]

Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.[405][406][407] At least four major publications—Politico, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times—have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements, with the Los Angeles Times saying that "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has".[408]NPR said that Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.[409]

Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth and where puffery abounds.[410] Trump has called his public speaking style "truthful hyperbole", an effective political tactic that may, however, backfire for overpromising.[410]

During the campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.[415][416][417] He retweeted open racists,[418][419] and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white supremacists, in an interview on CNN's State of the Union, saying that he would first need to "do research" because he knew nothing about Duke or white supremacists.[420][421] In a subsequent interview he said that he had been given a "bad earpiece", and that he had disavowed Duke the day before;[422][423] in August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon—the executive chairman of Breitbart News—as his campaign CEO; the website was described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right."[424] According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[425]

Financial disclosures

As a presidential candidate, Trump disclosed details of his companies, assets, and revenue sources to the extent required by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), his 2015 report listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $265 million.[426][427] The 2016 form showed little change.[428]

Trump did not release his tax returns during his presidential campaign,[429] contrary to usual practice by every candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976,[430] although it is tradition to do so, presidential candidates are not required by law to release them.[431] Trump's refusal led to speculation that he was hiding something.[432] Trump said that his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[433][434] However, no law prohibits the publication of tax returns during an audit.[435] Tax attorneys differ about whether such a release is wise legal strategy.[436] Trump has told the news media that his tax rate was none of their business, and that he tries to pay "as little tax as possible".[437][438][439]

In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times, they show that Trump declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied,[440] he said that he did use the tax code to avoid paying taxes.[441][442][443]

On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to Rachel Maddow and showed on MSNBC, the document states that Trump paid $38 million in federal taxes and had a gross adjusted income of $150 million.[444][445] The White House confirmed the authenticity of these documents and stated: "Despite this substantial income figure and tax paid, it is totally illegal to steal and publish tax returns."[444][445]

Sexual misconduct allegations

A total of 19 women have accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of December 2017[update].[446] Trump and his campaign have denied as of October 2016[update] all of the sexual misconduct accusations, which Trump has called "false smears", and alleged a conspiracy against him.[447][448][449]

Two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women.[450][451][452] The hot mic recording was captured on a studio bus in which Trump and Billy Bush were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. "I just start kissing them," Trump said, "I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab them by the pussy."[453] During the recording, Trump also spoke of his efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he "moved on her very heavily."[453] These statements were recorded several months after Trump married his third and current wife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.[453][454]

Trump's language on the tape was described by the media as "vulgar", "sexist", and descriptive of sexual assault, the incident prompted him to make his first public apology during the campaign,[455][456] and caused outrage across the political spectrum,[457][458] with many Republicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candidacy and some urging him to quit the race.[459] Subsequently, at least 15 women[460] came forward with new accusations of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, resulting in widespread media coverage;[461][462] in his two public statements in response to the controversy, Trump responded by alleging that Bill Clinton, former president of the United States and husband of Trump's Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, had "abused women" and that Hillary had bullied her husband's victims.[463]

Election to the presidency

On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton, the official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.[464] Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.[465][nb 2] Clinton finished ahead by 2.1 percentage points, with 48.04% of the vote and 65,844,954 votes to 46.09% of the vote and 62,979,879 votes, with neither candidate reaching a majority nationwide.[468][469]

Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset by most observers, as polls had consistently showed Hillary Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as a favorable advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated throughout his campaign,[470], and many observes blamed errors in polls, partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.[471] However, the polls were actually relatively accurate,[472] but media outlets and pundits alike showed overconfidence in a Clinton victory despite a large number of undecided voters and a favorable concentration of Trump's core constituencies in competitive states.[473]

Protests

Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017, a day after the inauguration

Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice-versa both inside and outside the venues.[479][480][481] Trump's election victory sparked protests across the United States, in opposition to his policies and his inflammatory statements. Trump initially said on Twitter that these were "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were "unfair", but he later tweeted, "Love the fact that the small groups of protesters last night have passion for our great country."[482][483]

In the weeks following Trump's inauguration, massive anti-Trump demonstrations took place, such as the Women Marches, which gathered 2,600,000 people worldwide,[484] including 500,000 in Washington alone.[485]

On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court judge Neil Gorsuch, described as a solid conservative, to fill the vacancy left on the Supreme Court by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia eleven months earlier.[487] The Senate confirmed the nomination on April 7 with a 54–45 vote, after Republicans invoked the "nuclear option" which allowed confirmation by a simple majority.[488][489]

In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate to 21%, lowered personal tax brackets, increased child tax credit, doubled the estate tax threshold to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local tax deduction to $10,000.[504] The reduction in individual tax rates ends in 2025. While people would generally get a tax cut, those with higher incomes would see the most benefit.[505][506] Households in the lower or middle class would also see a small tax increase after the tax cuts expire, the bill is estimated to increase deficits by $1.5 trillion over 10 years.[507][508] In February 2018, Trump praised the bill for increasing pay for millions, after announcements of bonuses from many companies, these bonuses have been criticized by the bill's opponents as publicity stunts,[505] and economists have said many of them would have happened anyway due to low unemployment.[509][510]

Energy and climate

Trump's energy policy advocates domestic industrial support for both fossil and renewable energy sources in order to curb reliance on Middle-Eastern oil and possibly turn the U.S. into a net energy exporter.[511]His appointed advisers favor a less regulated energy market and, because they do not consider climate change a threat, see no need for immediate action.[512]

Government size and deregulation

Trump's early policies have favored deregulation and a smaller federal government, he signed a Congressional Review Act disapproval resolution, the first in 16 years and second overall.[521] During his first six weeks in office, he abolished ninety federal regulations.[522][523]

During his campaign, Trump repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace Obamacare.[534][535] Shortly after taking office, he urged Congress to repeal and replace it; in May of that year, the United States House of Representatives voted to repeal the ACA.[536] Over the course of several months' effort, however, the Senate was unable to pass any version of a repeal bill.[537] Trump has expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail", and the Trump administration has cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.[538][539][540] The tax reform Trump signed into law at the end of his first year in office effectively repealed the individual health insurance mandate that was a major element of the Obamacare health insurance system; this repeal is scheduled to be implemented in 2019.[541][542][543]

Travel ban

Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump had made a controversial proposal to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[548][549][550] He later restrained the proposed ban to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".[551][552][553]

On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order was imposed without warning and took effect immediately.[554] Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports,[555][556] the administration then clarified that visitors with a green card were exempt from the ban.[557][558]

On January 30, Sally Yates, the acting Attorney General, directed Justice Department lawyers not to defend the executive order, that she deemed unenforceable and unconstitutional;[559] Trump immediately dismissed her.[560][561]Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and on February 5 a federal judge in Seattle blocked its implementation.[562][563] On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which excluded Iraq, gave specific exemptions for permanent residents, and removed priorities for Christian minorities.[564][554] Again federal judges in three states blocked its implementation,[565] on June 26, 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States."[566]

The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, and certain Venezuelan officials,[567] after lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions with injunctions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4.[568] In January 2018, the Supreme Court announced that it would hear a challenge to the travel ban,[569] the Court heard oral arguments on April 25;[570] a ruling would probably be issued by late June.[569]

DACA

While running for president, Trump said that he intended to repeal the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) on "day one" of his presidency. The program, introduced in 2012, allowed people who had either entered or remained in the United States illegally as minors to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and be eligible for a work permit.[571]

In September 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that the DACA program would be repealed after six months.[572] Trump argued that "top legal experts" believed that DACA was unconstitutional, and called on Congress to use the six-month delay to pass legislation solving the "Dreamers" issue permanently,[573] as of March 2018[update], when the delay expired, no legislation had been agreed on DACA.[574] Several states immediately challenged the DACA rescission in court.[575] Two injunctions in January and February 2018 allowed renewals of applications and stopped the rolling back of DACA, and in April 2018 a federal judge ordered the acceptance of new applications; this would go into effect in 90 days.[576]

Social issues

Trump is conservative, describes himself as pro-life, and opposes abortion except for cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother,[577] he has said that he is committed to appointing justices who would try to overturn the ruling in Roe v. Wade.[578] He personally supports "traditional marriage"[515] but considers the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[578]

Trump has been described as non-interventionist[587][588] and nationalist,[589] he has repeatedly stated that he supports his foreign policy "America First".[590] He supports increasing United States military defense spending,[589] but favors decreasing United States spending on NATO and in the Pacific region,[591] he says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic needs.[588] As a candidate he questioned whether he, as president, would automatically extend security guarantees to NATO members,[592] and suggested that he might leave NATO unless changes are made to the alliance.[593] As president he has reaffirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO.[594]

In order to confront the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil in ISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and ground troops.[595] In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000 to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,[596] a position he later retracted.[597]

Cuba

On June 16, 2017, Trump announced that he was canceling the Obama administration's deals with Cuba, while also expressing hope that a new deal could be negotiated between Cuba and the United States,[609][610] on November 8, 2017, the Trump administration tightened the rules on trade with Cuba, thus undoing Obama administration's loosening of restrictions. These changes are "intended to steer economic activities away from the Cuban military, intelligence and security services"; they limited individual visits to Cuba.[611]

Israel

Regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Trump has stated the importance of being a neutral party during potential negotiations, while also having stated that he is "a big fan of Israel",[612] during the campaign he said he would relocate the U.S. embassy in Israel to Jerusalem from its current location, Tel Aviv.[613] On May 22, 2017, Trump was the first U.S. president to visit the Western Wall in Jerusalem, during his first foreign trip, which included Israel, Italy, the Vatican, and Belgium.[614][615] Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on December 6, 2017, despite criticism and warnings from world leaders. Trump added that he would initiate the process of establishing a new U.S. embassy in Jerusalem.[616] The United Nations General Assembly condemned the move by adopting a resolution that "calls upon all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic missions in the Holy City of Jerusalem" in an emergency session on December 21, 2017.[617][618]

North Korea

North Korea became a major issue in mid-2017, during the campaign and the early months of his presidency, Trump had hoped that China would help to rein in North Korea's nuclear ambitions and missile tests.[619] However, North Korea accelerated their missile and nuclear tests, leading to increased tension;[619] in July, the country tested two long-range missiles identified by Western observers as intercontinental ballistic missiles, potentially capable of reaching Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. mainland.[620][621] In August, Trump dramatically escalated his rhetoric against North Korea, warning that further provocation against the U.S. will be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen."[622] North Korean leader Kim Jong-un then threatened to direct the country's next missile test toward Guam. Trump warned Kim of strong retaliation if North Korea attacked Guam or U.S. allies.[623]

In March 2018, the White House confirmed that President Trump would accept a meeting invitation from Kim Jong-un. Press secretary Sarah Sanders said that "in the meantime, all sanctions and maximum pressure must remain."[624] The schedule has not been set for such a meeting,[625] the meeting was cancelled in May.[626]

Russia

Trump's connections to Russia have been intensely scrutinized by the media,[627][628] during the campaign, Trump repeatedly praised Russian President Vladimir Putin as a strong leader and called for better relations with Moscow.[629][630] Within days of Trump's inauguration, State Department staffers were ordered to develop plans for immediately revoking the sanctions against Russia, although the plans were never carried out.[631]

War in Afghanistan

Under the Trump administration, U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan have increased from 8,500 to 14,000, as of January 2017[update].[632] Trump announced this troop increase in August 2017; this was a change from his pre-election position which was critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[633] U.S. officials said then that they aimed to "force the Taliban to negotiate a political settlement"; in January 2018, however, Trump spoke against talks with the Taliban.[634]

Personnel

White House staff

The Trump administration has been characterized by high turnover, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned,[635] as of early March 2018[update], 43 percent of senior White House positions had turned over. Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[636] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Mike Flynn (after just 25 days in office), Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, replaced by retired Marine General John F. Kelly on July 28, 2017,[637] and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[636] Close personal aides to Trump such as Steven Bannon, Hope Hicks, Keith Schiller, and John McEntee have quit or been forced out.[638]

Turnover has been "historically" high in his cabinet. Out of his 15 original cabinet secretaries, two were gone within 15 months: Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017, and Trump fired Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in March 2018.[649][638]

Second-tier officials

Trump has been slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying that many of the positions are unnecessary, as of October 2017[update], there were hundreds of sub-cabinet positions vacant.[650] At the end of his first year in office, "Of the roughly 600 key executive branch positions, just 241 have been filled, 135 nominated candidates await confirmation while 244 slots have no nominee at all."[651]

Investigations

Russian interference

In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[652][653] In March 2017, then FBI DirectorJames Comey told Congress that "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[654] Later, in testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, he affirmed he has "no doubt" that Russia interfered in the 2016 election, adding "they did it with purpose and sophistication".[655]

One of Trump's campaign managers, Paul Manafort, had worked for several years to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovich win the Ukrainian presidency.[656] Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, have been connected to Russian officials.[657][658] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[659] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election;[660] in a December 29, 2016, conversation, Flynn and Kislyak discussed the recently imposed sanctions against Russia; Trump later fired Flynn for falsely claiming he had not discussed the sanctions.[661]

According to a Comey memo of a private conversation on February 14, 2017, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into Michael Flynn;[666] in March and April, Trump had told Comey that the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,[667] and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.[668] He also asked DNIDan Coats and NSA DirectorMichael Rogers to issue statements saying there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 election.[669] Both refused, considering this an inappropriate request, although not illegal.[670] Comey eventually testified on June 8 that while he was director, the FBI investigations did not target Trump himself;[667][671] in a statement on Twitter Trump implied that he had "tapes" of conversations with Comey, before later stating that he did not in fact have such tapes.[672]

The Washington Post reported that days after Comey's dismissal the special counsel started investigating whether Trump had obstructed justice.[675] Trump's lawyer Jay Sekulow stated that he had not been notified of any such investigation.[676][677] ABC News later reported that the special counsel was gathering preliminary information about possible obstruction of justice but had not launched a full-scale investigation.[678]

In June 2017, a close friend of Trump said that Trump was considering terminating Mueller's appointment;[679][680] in January 2018, The New York Times reported that Trump had ordered Mueller to be fired in June, after learning that Mueller was investigating possible obstruction of justice, but backed down after White House Counsel Don McGahn said he would quit;[681] Trump called the report "fake news".[682][683]The New York Times reported in April 2018 that Trump had again wanted the investigation shut down in early December 2017, but stopped after learning the news reports he based his decision on were incorrect.[684] In April 2018, following an FBI raid on the office and home of Trump's private attorney Michael Cohen, Trump mused aloud about firing Mueller.[685] Under Department of Justice regulations, that authority can only be exercised by Rosenstein, the DOJ official in charge of the special counsel investigation, but White House Press Secretary Sanders said that Trump believes he has the power to do it directly, although he is not currently acting to do so.[686]

In January 2018, The Washington Post reported that Mueller wants to interview Trump about the removal of Michael Flynn and James Comey.[687] Trump has expressed a willingness to do the interview; according to The New York Times, some of his lawyers have warned against doing so. Mueller can subpoena Trump to testify if Trump refuses,[688] as of March 2018, Trump is reportedly a "subject" of the investigation, meaning his conduct is being looked at, but not a "target" which would indicate the likelihood of criminal charges.[689]

Impeachment efforts

In July 2017, Congressman Brad Sherman (D-CA) introduced an article of impeachment;[690][691] in November 2017, six other Democratic representatives introduced five articles of impeachment citing "obstruction of justice", "violation of the foreign emoluments clause", "violation of the domestic emoluments clause", "undermining the independence of the federal judiciary," and "undermining the freedom of the press".[692]

In December 2017, an impeachment resolution was put to a vote. Introduced by Congressman Al Green (D-TX), it comprised two articles of impeachment titled "Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism, Neo-Nazism and Hatred" and "Inciting Hatred and Hostility",[693] it was defeated 364 to 58.[694]

2020 presidential campaign

Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within hours of assuming the presidency,[695] this transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.[696] Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a campaign rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.[697] By January 2018, Trump's reelection committee had raised $22.1 million.[698]

Notes

^Some modern sources, including Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal, refer to the company as "Elizabeth Trump & Son."[6][7] Contemporary sources, however, refer to it as "E. Trump & Son."[8][9]

^Records on this matter date from the year 1824. The number "five" includes the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016, despite their similarities, some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g. John Quincy Adams trailed in both the national popular vote and the electoral college in 1824 (since no-one had a majority in the electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives), and Samuel Tilden in 1876 remains the only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the popular vote (rather than just a plurality).[466][467]

^Brenner, Marie (September 1990). "After The Gold Rush". Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 10, 2016. "They were married in New York during Easter of 1977. Mayor Beame attended the wedding at Marble Collegiate Church. Donald had already made his alliance with Roy Cohn, who would become his lawyer and mentor.

^"Part 2: Donald Trump on 'Watters' World'". Watters' World. Fox News Channel. February 6, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016. WATTERS: "Have you ever smoked weed?" TRUMP: "No, I have not. I have not. I would tell you 100 percent because everyone else seems to admit it nowadays, so I would actually tell you, this is almost like, it's almost like 'Hey, it's a sign'. No, I have never. I have never smoked a cigarette, either."

^Cassidy, John (May 17, 2016). "Just How Rich Is Donald Trump?". The New Yorker. The gap between Forbes's $4.5 billion figure and Bloomberg's $2.9 billion figure is largely attributable to differences in how the two publications appraised individual properties.

^Dunlap, David (July 30, 2015). "1973: Meet Donald Trump". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2015. Trump Management ... was also to allow the league to present qualified applicants for every fifth vacancy ... Trump himself said he was satisfied that the agreement did not 'compel the Trump Organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant.'

^Penzenstadler, Nick; Page, Susan (June 2, 2016). "Exclusive: Trump's 3,500 lawsuits unprecedented for a presidential nominee". USA Today. Retrieved June 2, 2016. About 100 additional disputes centered on other issues at the casinos. Trump and his enterprises have been named in almost 700 personal-injury claims and about 165 court disputes with government agencies ... Due to his branding value, Trump is determined to defend his name and reputation.

^Carter, Brandon (March 6, 2018). "Stormy Daniels files lawsuit against Trump". The Hill. Daniels, whose legal name is Stephanie Clifford, claims in her suit filed Tuesday that the nondisclosure agreement is not valid because Trump never signed the deal, according to documents revealed publicly by her attorney, Michael Avenatti.

^ abBradner, Eric; Frehse, Rob (September 14, 2016). "NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices". CNN. Retrieved September 25, 2016. The Post had reported that the recipients of five charitable contributions listed by the Trump Foundation had no record of receiving those donations. But the newspaper updated its report after CNN questioned the accuracy of three of the five donations it had cited.

^Koffler, Jacob (August 7, 2015). "Donald Trump's 16 Biggest Business Failures and Successes". Time. The Apprentice premiered on NBC in 2004 to great ratings. Trump served as not only the host but also the executive producer, raking in $1 million per episode. The show was successful enough that it inspired a spinoff, The Celebrity Apprentice.

^"Donald J. Trump – Biography". The Trump Organization. Retrieved August 27, 2016. In 2011, after failed attempts by both Senator McCain and Hillary Clinton, Mr. Trump single handedly forced President Obama to release his birth certificate, which was lauded by large segments of the political community.

^Cunion, William. "White Knights to the Rescue! The Non-Candidates of 2012" in The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party, pp. 47–48 (William J. Miller, ed., 2013). Cunion writes that Trump never got above 17 percent in polls against the rest of the Republican field, but at least one exception was a PPP poll in April 2011 that put him at 26%. See Jensen, Tom. "Trump collapses", Public Policy Polling Blog (May 10, 2011).

^Koppel, Ted (July 24, 2016). "Trump: "I feel I'm an honest person"". CBS News. 'Well, I think that I'm an honest person,' Trump said. 'I feel I'm an honest person. And I don't mind being criticized at all by the media, but I do wanna – you know, I do want them to be straight about it.'

^ abFlitter, Emily; Oliphant, James (August 28, 2015). "Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire". Reuters. Trump's penchant for exaggeration could backfire – he risks promising voters more than he can deliver ... Optimistic exaggeration ... is a hallmark of the cutthroat New York real estate world where many developers, accustomed to ramming their way into deals, puff up their portfolios. 'A little hyperbole never hurts,' he wrote ... For Trump, exaggerating has always been a frequent impulse, especially when the value of his Trump brand is disputed.

^Jan, Tracy (October 14, 2016). "More women accuse Trump of aggressive sexual behavior". Boston Globe. Trump has been confronted with a slew of allegations of sexual misconduct over the past week, starting with a report in The Washington Post of a 2005 tape featuring him bragging about forcibly kissing women and grabbing them by the genitals.

^ abYoder, Eric (February 16, 2017). "Hiring freeze could add to government's risk, GAO chief warns". The Washington Post. 'We've looked at hiring freezes in the past by prior administrations and they haven't proven to be effective in reducing costs and they cause some problems if they're in effect for a long period of time,' Comptroller General Gene Dodaro told a House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing.

^Calabresi, Massimo (March 9, 2017). "Inside Donald Trump's War against the State". Time. Staffed by experts who oversee an open governmental process, they say, the federal bureaucracy exists to protect those who would otherwise be at the mercy of better-organized, better-funded interests.

^"Second Amendment Rights". Donald J. Trump for President. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2017. There has been a national background check system in place since 1998 ... Too many states are failing to put criminal and mental health records into the system ... What we need to do is fix the system we have and make it work as intended.

^"Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking". The New York Times. January 6, 2017. p. ii. Retrieved January 8, 2017. We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.

^Thomas, Pierre (June 19, 2017). "Where things stand with special counsel Mueller's Russia probe". ABC News. According to sources familiar with the process ... [a]n assessment of evidence and circumstances will be completed before a final decision is made to launch an investigation of the president of the United States regarding potential obstruction of justice.