Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy.

Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details.

2.
For a long time nothing changed
• 1665 until 1945
– Paper journals
– Most scientific publishing is done by learned societies
– Only means of printing and distribution is publishers
– Only means of accessing this material is to personally
subscribe or to visit* the gatekeepers – a library
– Libraries and publishers have a symbiotic relationship
* and I mean visit. In person.

3.
Post war growth
• 1945-1970
– Science became a profession – rapid growth
– This period confirms the role of commercial
publishers as powerful actors in scientific
publishing
• 1970 – 1995
– Last period of print publishing
– Corresponds to the Serial Pricing Crisis; it sees the
financial power of the commercial publishers
consolidating;
“Open Access: Towards the Internet of the Mind” (2017), Jean-Claude Guedon
http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/boai15/Untitleddocument.docx

4.
Are we all comfortable?
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Tadpoles-Promise-Jeanne-Willis/dp/1842704265

5.
This talk is about change
• Early 1990’s the internet was being used for
non commercial practices eg: military and
academic

6.
Opportunity
https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!topic/bit.listser
v.vpiej-l/BoKENhK0_00
1994 – Stevan Harnad’s Subversive Proposal1991 – arXiv.org started
Physicists were sharing research by post
and then by email, but this was
cluttering up inboxes.
Paul Ginsparg recognized the need for
central storage, and in August 1991 he
created a central repository mailbox
stored at the Los Alamos National
Laboratory which could be accessed
from any computer.
Additional modes of access were soon
added: FTP in 1991, Gopher in 1992,
and the World Wide Web in 1993.

7.
Biggest change the world has seen
• In 1995 commercial restrictions on the World
Wide Web were lifted
• “Computer Chronicles - The Internet” (1995)
– Who says online users are a bunch of antisocial
geeks, here we are in a café… where you get the
best of both worlds, real people and online people
… The growing power of ‘The Internet’
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=23&v=XluovrUA6Bk

11.
Solutions to the serials crisis?
• In 1996, the first Big Deal was brokered in the UK
with Academic Press
• In 2000 Academic Press was acquired by, and is
now part of, Reed Elsevier
– http://ir.reedelsevier.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=67171&p=irol-
newsArticle&ID=980090&highlight
• In 2002 the term ‘Open Access’ was coined
– “An old tradition and a new technology have
converged to make possible an unprecedented public
good.”
– http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read

12.
The publishers also see opportunity
• “The most successful early entrants into
online academic publishing were big
commercial publishing firms. They were large
enough to absorb the technical costs
involved… digital distribution opened up new
ways of generating income”
– Big Deals
– Selling individual articles
– Paid-for data eg: usage statistics
– Charging for TDM
“Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship between commercial
interests, academic prestige ad the circulation of research”, Fyfe, A. et al, May 2017
https://zenodo.org/record/546100

13.
Where were we up to?
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Tadpoles-Promise-Jeanne-Willis/dp/1842704265
…. – he had grown arms.

15.
Libraries start to change
• Libraries have been taking responsibility for
providing access to the research output of
their institutions for a long time
• Cambridge established a ‘testbed’ instance of
DSpace in 2003

30.
Email to head Research Office Cambridge
• (Sent in April 2017)
• Please allow me to introduce myself. My name is XXXXXXX
and I work for the scientific publisher Nature Research,
where I am the Institutional Partnerships manager for the
UK and Europe. I am responsible for working closely with
senior management throughout public sector research
intensive organisations to build new business-centred
partnerships that utilise the expertise, services and
solutions from the Nature Research portfolio.
• <snip>
• I would like to speak with you about ways Nature Research
can support your role at the University of Cambridge and
offer our expertise and solutions in science publishing,
communications and grant funding applications.

31.
Recap
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Tadpoles-Promise-Jeanne-Willis/dp/1842704265
… - he had no tail.

32.
What is the role of the library?
• Discussion at RLUK2017 conference.
– Are librarians support staff or research partners?
– Should we be collaborating and partnering with
the research community?
– Should we be leading the University over these
issues?
• See: “Become part of the research process –
observations from RLUK2017”
– https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/

33.
What is Scholarly Communication?
• Association of College and Research Libraries
(ACRL) 2003 definition:
– "the system through which research and other
scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality,
disseminated to the scholarly community, and
preserved for future use. The system includes both
formal means of communication, such as publication
in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such
as electronic listservs.”
• http://acrl.libguides.com/scholcomm/toolkit/
• Often Scholarly Communication services are run
out of libraries

34.
Governance
• These are big changes that need to be pushed through
the system.
• This is particularly complicated at Cambridge
https://www.governance.cam.ac.uk/governance/key-bodies/Pages/default.aspx

35.
Change is S-L-O-W
Academics at the 800-year-old institution have a
unique role in the running of their university and,
along with owning their own intellectual property
rights, members of the university's Regent House
can lobby for a vote on all amendments and
additions to the university's governing rules.
The ancient system of governance has come under
attack in the past for being too cumbersome, and
ill-designed for the 21st century. The university has
come under pressure from government to reform
its system of governance and intellectual property
rights.
“Dons clash with Cambridge over intellectual rights”, The Guardian, 2005
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/nov/22/highereducation.businessofresearch

36.
Esteem economy
• Academia is an unusual economy – no payment for
publishing, instead esteem
• The people and institutions who have succeeded have
done so within the current ‘economy’
• If the way research is rewarded changes, then the winners
might not be winners any more
ChrisPotter/CCBY

37.
Resistance
• Generally institutions are reluctant to step up,
partly because of the governance structure. The
nature of research itself is changing profoundly.
This includes extraordinary dependence on data,
and complexity requiring intermediate steps of
data visualisation. These eResearch techniques
have been growing rapidly, and in a way that
may not be understood or well led by senior
administrators.
– “Openness, integrity & supporting researchers”
Emeritus Professor Tom Cochrane
https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=307

38.
And then there is the administration
You Tube Cambridge in Numbers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwZsb2Ck
MsM
• It is a challenge to convince researchers to do anything.
• “Getting an Octopus into a String Bag”
https://www.slideshare.net/DannyKingsley/getting-an-octopus-into-a-string-bag-the-
complexity-of-communicating-with-the-research-community-across-a-higher-education-
institution
114 libraries
29 Colleges
Many
administrative units

39.
Office of Scholarly Communication
• Managing funder compliance
• Taking the lead in Research Data Management
• Training library community
• Training and collaborating with the research
community
• Strategic goals of the OSC
– http://osc.cam.ac.uk/about-scholarly-
communication/strategic-goals-office-scholarly-
communication

40.
We are loud and proud
• "2016 - That was the year that was" -
https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=1172
• "2015 - That was the year that was" -
https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=451
• "Further developing the library profession in 2016" -
https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=1228
• Slides from a November 2016 talk "The OSC at
Cambridge - a lightning tour” -
http://www.slideshare.net/DannyKingsley/the-osc-at-
cambridge-a-lightning-tour

42.
Yes we should be driving this agenda
• Scholarly Communication takes a ‘meta’ view of the
research ecosystem
• Disciplinary differences mean individual researchers
come to the table with very specific perspectives
• They all think they are right
• Very few understand that things are different in other
disciplines – and that these are as valid as their own
• Scholarly Communication is a research discipline of its
own. This is not recognised by most academics!

43.
Let’s wrap this story up
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Tadpoles-Promise-Jeanne-Willis/dp/1842704265
We left the story with the
caterpillar crying herself to
sleep in her cocoon

45.
We can’t leave it there!!!
• Look, publishers are just doing what all other
big industries are doing.
• Who owns your data?
– Facebook
– Twitter
– Google
– Amazon
• The problem is if tech companies take over
the world it gets built in their reflection.