Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) Consortium examined the role of gut flora in health by a massive project (ref. below) to determine the DNA base sequence of the majority of the millions of genes in the thousands of species of bacteria that abide in human feces. Gut flora have been linked to many human diseases, as well as the normal function of the human immune system. (more…)

Cattle Are Finished by Selective Killing of Gut Flora. The Sickened Animals Store Fat that Grills Great. People Get Metabolic Syndrome.

The likening of modern humans to potatoes sacked out on a couch is misleading. The obesity epidemic linked to diets of processed foods more closely resembles the stumbling progression of cattle to abattoir. Antibiotics and diet systematically lead in both feedlot and food court to gut dysbiosis, immune system failure, hormone disruption, rampant fat accumulation, physical inactivity, depression and the modern suite of chronic diseases. Healthcare costs escalate, but vet bills, in contrast, are forestalled by a captive bolt pistol. (more…)

I find it amazing that supplements are encouraged for exclusively breastfeeding infants. It doesn’t make sense to suspect that breast milk is inadequate and why is formula fortified with ingredients at ten to a hundred times the levels in breast milk? The answer is in the infant gut flora and perhaps in poor maternal nutrition/gut flora. (more…)

Three strikes and you’re out unfortunately does not seem to hold true for the chemical bisphenol A (BPA). Yet another study has now linked it to harmful bodily effects, further adding to an already long list. (more…)

You might be able to stop taking pain relievers once and for all if you choose to switch to natural herbs, which can both help fight pain and may help rebuild your joints. These therapies include… (more…)

A reader (Jay Bryant) recently pointed out a PNAS article on the structure of a bacterial enzyme that uses sucrose to make the glucan matrix of dental biofilms. This article released a cascade of associations in my mind and illustrated why honey does not contribute to dental plaques, but is antimicrobial and aids wound healing. People forget that sugars combine both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, and thereby act as soaps. (more…)

Fructose and Fiber as Possible Confounders

One factor to consider is that there are different varieties of sweet potato. We eat an Asian sweet potato variety which is not nearly as sweet as conventional American sweet potatoes; it has a yellow flesh and a chestnut flavor. It is botanically a yam, not a sweet potato. It looks like this (via “my super sweet twenty-six”):

Like so many modern foods, the standard American sweet potato has been bred for sweetness. Here is data from http://nutritiondata.com comparing 100 g of potatoes, yams, sweet potatoes, and grapes for sugar, starch, and fiber content:

Food

Sugar (g)

Starch (g)

Fiber (g)

Potato

1.2

17.3

2.2

Yam

0.5

23.1

3.9

Sweet potato

6.5

7.5

3.3

Grapes

15.5

0.0

0.9

All have similar calories. Yams are largely sugar-free, but sweet potatoes are intermediate between grapes and potatoes in both sugar and starch content. They are sort of half fruit, half starch.

Thus, it is conceivable that sweet potatoes could trigger an issue like fructose malabsorption; or that fructose or fiber might feed certain gut infections that would not be similarly fed by potatoes.

Oxalate

Chris believed his problem was due to oxalate. Sweet potatoes do contain oxalate, although they are not the only plant foods which do.

In fact, by far the largest source of oxalate in the American diet is spinach. Spinach by itself accounts for over 40% of all oxalate consumed by Americans; potatoes for about 10%. [1] Wheat bran has high levels of oxalate.

Why are oxalates troublesome? Some people have sensitivities to oxalate. Rarely, genetic defects in the enzymes that degrade oxalate cause a disease called primary hyperoxaluria; this disease afflicts 1 to 3 people in a million. Other conditions can elevate calcium or oxalate in the urine and increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. This is especially likely in people who are deficient in magnesium or who don’t eat citrate. [2]

Another pathway by which oxalate might cause trouble is via fungal infections. Candida and other fungi form calcium oxalate crystals in tissue [3,4]; fungi appear to be responsible for the yellow-brown calcium oxalate biofilms which form on stone monuments. [5]

But the literature suggests that oxalate sensitivities are rare. If oxalate sensitivity is present, then it should manifest itself when eating spinach, wheat bran, and other oxalate rich foods. Since Chris has praised spinach and wheat recently, I wonder if it is really the oxalate that caused his trouble.

Phytoalexins

Another possibility is a class of toxins called phytoalexins.

Ordinarily, sweet potatoes are largely toxin free. But when attacked by fungus or molds, sweet potatoes generate a variety of food toxins. As two papers describe them:

Sweet potatoes contain phytoalexins that can cause lung edema and are hepatotoxic to mice. At least one of these, 4-ipomeanol, can cause extensive lung clara cell necrosis and can increase the severity of pneumonia in mice. Some phytoalexins in sweet potatoes are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to mice. [6]

Ipomeanine (IPN), 4-ipomeanol (4-IPO), 1-ipomeanol (1-IPO), and 1,4-ipomeadiol (DIOL) are toxic 3-substituted furans found in mold-damaged sweet potatoes. IPN and 4-IPO are the most toxic, but all produce pulmonary toxicity in cattle and rodents, and 4-IPO induces hepatotoxicity in humans. [7]

Cattle will die if fed mold-damaged sweetpotatoes:

Unfortunate bovine fatalities occurring after ingestion of mold-damaged sweetpotatoes preclude the use of the culled tubers in livestock feed. In cattle, mold-damaged sweetpotatoes induce an acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in asphyxiation. [8]

Toxins may be present even if mold damage is not visible:

Fermentation of 6 weeks duration was observed to inadequately eliminate the lung, liver, and kidney toxicity caused by mold-damaged sweetpotatoes. In fact, fermentation exacerbated the hepatotoxicity of mold-damaged sweetpotatoes. This is also the first demonstration that sweetpotato regions lacking visible mold damage can induce lung and kidney injury … [8]

Allergies

Sweet potatoes are generally considered to be one of the least allergenic of foods. However, infants sometimes do have sensitivities to sweet potato. This may reflect an immature gut flora in the infants; perhaps specific bacterial species — possibly including the oxalate-digesting Oxalobacter [9] — make sweet potatoes tolerable? If so, it raises the possibility that adults with incomplete gut flora might also have sweet potato sensitivities.

There is also the possibility of allergies to mold toxins in infected sweet potatoes.

Food Sensitivities as a Diagnostic Tool

Leaky gut. People with a leaky gut will have many food sensitivities; people with a healthy gut will have few.

Small bowel infections. People with infections of the small intestine will usually have a negative reaction to fructose.

Colonic infections. People with infections of the colon may react badly to fiber, and obtain relief on low-fiber diets.

There is a chance that oxalate may benefit fungal infections, so I suppose an oxalate sensitivity could be diagnostic for that, although in my experience fungal infections are usually slow-reacting to food and the response is rarely obvious.

Conclusion

In our book [p 121] we note that all plants make pesticidal toxins. Thus, no plant food can be guaranteed to be safe.

Normally, levels of pesticidal toxins are low in sweet potatoes. But it’s always desirable to inspect sweet potatoes for visible damage, and to discard any that are discolored or show other evidence of toxin production.

I confess to being puzzled as to how sweet potatoes caused Chris’s symptoms. If he tolerates spinach and wheat bran, it seems unlikely that the oxalate in sweet potatoes would be responsible. He might wish to test various foods and try to narrow down the source of his sensitivity.

For our part, we may cease listing sweet potatoes among our “safe starches” and specify yams instead, since a “safe starch” should probably be low in fructose.

We think that pathogens – viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa – are, along with toxic and malnourishing diets, the main cause of human disease.

People who think we exaggerate the impact of microbes on health may not have fully appreciated the ubiquity of these pathogens. We live in a sea of microbes, many of whom would like nothing better than to live at our expense.

Some of the most miserable and painful chronic diseases known to humankind involve inflammation in the bowel. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are two of these relapsing conditions. They affect more than a million people in the United States and cause weight loss, diarrhea, sometimes excruciating abdominal pain and cramping and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Mainstream medicine treats these ills, which involve ongoing tissue inflammation that alters the functioning of the intestine, with a host of immune suppressive drugs including steroids. Unfortunately, these Big Pharma side-effect laden solutions are not totally effective and patients relapse. (more…)