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The term spirituality lacks a definitive definition, although, social scientists have defined spirituality as the search for ‘the sacred’, where ‘the sacred’ is broadly defined as that which is set apart from the ordinary and worthy of veneration. The use of the term ‘spirituality’ has changed throughout the ages. In modern times, spirituality often connotes a blend of humanistic psychology with mystical and esoteric traditions and eastern religions aimed at personal well-being and personal development. The notion of ‘spiritual experience’ plays an important role in modern spirituality, but has a relatively recent origin.

This article draws from the study, research and experience on the subject of spirituality and from various sources and scriptures. Here are some spiritual truths you would, probably, not be aware of:

We are spiritual beings on a human journey. Before we came down into this physical body, we planned out the point in time that we would begin to awaken to who and what we are. The womb of our mother was the tunnel of forgetting, and we knew the challenge of remembering would be tough. The biggest risk we took was never remembering but we were never disconnected from our source of light, however the connection was stretched very long and thin to reach this part of the universe in density. Our challenge is to strengthen this connection and to grow our pillar of light in remembrance and recognition of who we truly are.

Our souls never die. Our souls never die we just change our focus. As a spark of light from ‘the source’, we are infinitely connected to the flow of experience. When it is time to disconnect the cord of life from our physical body, our spark rises up and out of the human physical body. We take the experience of our lifetime with us, but our focus is changed to a slightly different level of vibration. We still exist as the person we were in human form as well as the many people we have been before. Every lifetime builds experience and wisdom.

Everything is energy vibrating at a certain frequency. All living things on earth have consciousness, even rocks and trees. Everything and everyone is connected to a ‘tree of life’ or an infinite energy source. We can connect to the consciousness of trees and rocks and can carry on conversations with them by tuning in to their particular vibrational frequency. Our bodies are 90% water and can be programmed and molded to a certain vibrational frequency via thoughts, sound, color, and love. When we understand vibration, we can understand how alternative and holistic treatments can cure any disease or ailment in the body by changing the water vibration.

Our thoughts create our reality. All thoughts are energy which manifest into what we see as reality. Always being aware of your thoughts is one of the first steps in responsible co-creation of your reality. It is a simple concept but takes awareness and work. If every person on earth changed their thoughts towards peace and freedom there would be no war or tyranny. Focusing on negative thoughts will create a lower vibrational frequency and focusing on positive thoughts can raise the vibrational frequency. Our reality is a manifestation of what we create through thought patterns.

We are the ones we have been waiting for. There are many races and dimensions of beings on the planet at this time. We volunteered to be here at this time, answering the call from the consciousness of Planet Earth as she cried out for help. We came here from other galaxies, universes, and cosmoses. Many came here each time there was a chance to achieve a ‘golden age’ after the ‘fall’, although, those times were not completely successful, they were all preparation for this time.

Most of us incarnated here before. Most of us have incarnated before many times, in order to prepare for this current lifetime. There are souls who are here to be guides, teachers and way showers and leaders and there are souls here who just wanted to be here to witness the raising of vibration of the human race in concert with the planet, which will affect the solar system, the universe, the cosmos, and beyond. For those who lead by example, our schooling never stops. We had many ‘classes’ to take in order to prepare to master ourselves in this incarnation. The scope of the effect this event will have on all of creation is one of the biggest secrets of all. Some say that the incarnation cycle has ended and this lifetime is the opportunity to release ourselves from the wheel of karma, or the need to balance our actions.

We are never alone. We could not exist here without help from our spirit guides and angels, or high vibrational beings of light who made agreements with us to help steer us on the path toward the goal of ascension. They exist in another vibrational level or dimension higher than ours, thus, most of us cannot see them. They are always with us and are waiting patiently for us to ask for help, as we live on a free will planet. They abide by laws of interference because of our free will, but if we ask with our highest and best interest they do have creative ways of manifesting what you ask for. Most guidance comes from within- through a process of telepathy where you get an idea in your head. Messages can also come from other people, those who can tap into that vibrational level in order to hear what they have to say.

Time is an illusion. We have a past and we have already been to the future. The majority of our energy particles (our souls) exist in a place of ‘no time’. Time is created in order to experience and is part of the controlled experiment. Meditation or ‘going within’ is the key to returning to the place of ‘no time’ where all the answers lie.

Ascension does not involve going anywhere. It is a state of being, a focus of awareness and consciousness into a higher vibrational frequency. It is what we were created for, to ‘go forth and experience’, and return the experiences back to ‘the source’ in an infinite loop of co-creation and mastery. This is achieved by being in love itself.

Love is all there is. Finding and reconnecting to love again is the most important thing we can do as humans. ‘The source’ is unconditional love, and we are the sparks of the source, which means we are also love. Therefore we are that we seek. Loving ourselves unconditionally is the key to returning to ‘the source’.

Change starts within each individual person who recognizes these truths. We are not responsible for trying to convince others of our own truth, but instead all we have to do is to ‘be’ truth and the rest will follow. How do we do this? Be the example by speaking your truth, and watch the world change before your eyes. By becoming responsible for ourselves, our thoughts, and our actions, we will have made one great leap toward the future of our children and the future of humanity as spiritual beings on a human journey. We have the greatest opportunity ever in the history of the earth to be the best version of a human being we can be. It is simply up to us as to how glorious we create the future of humanity existing on the spaceship we call Earth.

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Transparency International defines corruption as ” the abuse of entrusted power for private gain.” Transparency International is a non-governmental organization that monitors and publicizes corporate and political corruption in international development. It publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide. According to the statistics (2010) released by Transparency International, India’s Corruption Perception Index is 3.3, which means ‘high (perceived) corruption’.

Corruption is not a new menace but has been rampant in India since times immemorial. It is being believed that the implementation of the Lokpal Bill will hopefully reduce corruption in India. The basic idea of the Lokpal has been borrowed from the office of the ombudsman in other countries. The recent movement for the implementation of the Bill is gaining momentum but is still pending after 42 years when it was first introduced in 1968. Each time, after the bill was introduced to the house, it was referred to some committee for improvements , a joint committee of parliament, or a departmental standing committee of the Home Ministry and before the government could take a final stand on the issue, the house was dissolved. Several flaws have been cited in the recent draft of the Lokpal Bill,again.

They see nothing peculiar about corruption in India, except that it is everywhere. They see many corrupt individuals in a system unable to correct itself. The media reports corruption episodically. One independent incident of greed follows another. Why is corruption and bribery a part of Indian culture? But can a race be corrupted by its culture? What patterns and practices distinguish Indians? Let us set that aside and look at the menace differently. No race can be congenitally corrupt. To know why Indians are corrupt let’s make an objective inquiry into the nature and causes of corruption in India.

Firstly, it is the religion in India that makes the Indian corruptible. Religion is transactional in India. In India they give God cash and anticipate an out-of-turn reward. Their plea acknowledges they aren’t really deserving. The cash compensates for their lack of merit. In the world outside the temple walls, such a transaction is called “bribe”. In India God accepts cash from them, not good work, for which there is no reward. They don’t expect something from God in return for sweeping their neighborhood streets. They go with money.

Let us see this differently. Why does the wealthy Indian give not cash to temples, but gold crowns and such baubles? To ensure his gift isn’t squandered on feeding the poor. Their pay-off is only for God. It’s wasted if it goes to man.

In June 2009, The Hindu published a report of Karnataka minister G. Janardhan Reddy gifting a crown of gold and diamonds worth Rs 450 million to Tirupati temple in India. According to the temple’s website, Tirupati got 3,200 kg silver and 2.4 kg of diamonds in just one year. The temple encourages such giving, according to a report in The Telegraph in April 2010. Those who gifted a kilo of gold, worth over Rs 2 million, got the “VIP darshan” (which means cutting the queue) of the idol. In 2007, Vellore’s Sripuram temple was built with 1,500 kg of gold. By weight alone it is worth Rs 3250 million. In May 2010, according to The Economic Times, 1,075 kg of gold was deposited by Tirupati with the State Bank of India (SBI) for safe keeping. In 2009, 500kg was deposited with the Indian Overseas Bank. In June 2004, Business Standard reported that Tirupati couldn’t melt down 8,000 kg of gifted gold ornaments because devotees had stuck precious stones to their gift. This 8 tons of metal, worth Rs 16800 million but actually useless, was gathering dust in temple vaults. According to The Hindu Business Line, 1,175 kg of gold was deposited with State Bank of India, and the temple trustees had yet another 3,000 kg of gold handy.

What will they do with all this metal? Gold-plate the walls of the temple (lending a new meaning to the phrase “India Shining”). This work was halted by the Andhra Pradesh high court in December. Not because it was wasteful (such things aren’t vulgar to Indians) ­ but because it might have damaged wall inscriptions.

India’s temples collect so much of this stuff they don’t know what to do with it. In February, 17 tons of silver, worth Rs 1170 million, was found in an Orissa temple. The priests say they had no idea it was even there. But the devotee keeps giving. Tirupati alone gets between 800 kg (The Economic Times’ estimate) and 1,825 kg (The Telegraph’s estimate) of gold every year.

See what all this has produced in the Hindu Indian’s society. When God accepts money in return for his favors, what is wrong with my doing the same thing? Nothing. Their culture accommodates such transactions, morally. This is why Indians are so easily corruptible. The demonstrably corrupt Indian leader can harbor hope of a comeback, unthinkable in the West. This is the key. There is no real stigma.

Secondly, their moral ambiguity towards corruption is also visible in their history. Any number of books on Indian history tells them of the capture of cities and kingdoms after guards were paid off to open gates, and commanders paid off to surrender. This is unique to India. They read of battles won after battalions evaporated. Their corrupt nature has meant limited warfare on the subcontinent. It is striking how little Indians have actually fought compared to ancient Greece and modern Europe.

The Turks’ battles with Nadir Shah were vicious and fought to the finish. In India fighting wasn’t needed, bribing was usually enough to see off their armies. The invader willing to spend a bit of cash always brushed aside India’s kings, no matter how many tens of thousands peopled their infantry. Little battle was given at the “Battle” of Plassey. Clive paid off Mir Jaffar and all of Bengal folded to an army of 3,000. There was always a financial solution to taking their forts. Golconda was captured in 1687 after the secret back door was left open. In 1700, the fort of Parli, west of Satara, the headquarters of the Maratha government, fell after it took a bribe from Aurangzeb. In 1701, Aurangzeb invested the Panhala fort for two months without success. Then he bribed the Maratha commandant Trimbak, who let the Mughals in. Aurangzeb took the forts at Wardhangarh, Nandgir, Wandan and Chandan without fighting. Khelna fought the Mughals (led by the mercenary Sawai Rajputs of Amber) superbly till commandant Parshuram accepted his bribe and gave up the fort.

According to The Cambridge History of India, Torna was the only fort captured in that long campaign without bribes. Allahabad was taken by the Mughals in April 1720 when Girdhar Bahadur left the gates open after being promised governorship of Awadh. The same year Asir opened its gates to Nizam-ul-Mulk after a bribe. The Raja of Srinagar gave up Dara Shikoh’s son Sulaiman to Aurangzeb after a bribe. Shivaji took Kondhana (which he renamed Sinhagad) after the Mughal commander was bribed. The Mughals lost Penukonda to the Marathas in 1706 after the commandant was paid off. They must understand that this isn’t one man bribed alone. He must share that money with his officers, who must in turn pass it along to the infantry and cavalry. Everyone participated in this treason.

Now, the big question is, why do Indians have a transactional culture while other ‘civilized’ nations don’t? The answer to this is that they haven’t learnt to trust one another as Europeans (or other races in the West) have. Indians do not buy the theory that they can all rise if each of them behaves morally, because that is not the message of their faith. Their faith assures them that ‘their‘God will deliver for them individually, but they must deliver to him too. This is the third reason for their corruptibility.

When Europeans came to rule India, they built schools (there were no schools in Gujarat before Mont Stuart Elphinstone built the first 10 in the 1820s). When Indians go and settle in Europe they build temples. Patels alone have built 12 Swaminarayan temples in Britain and many more around the world including one in Toronto, Canada.

Unfortunately, other races we are talking about are inherently tolerant but the Indian is quite shameless, though it’s true that he’s unaware of what he’s doing. He’s practicing his magic in a culture where it isn’t needed. He doesn’t need God’s favors in a society that isn’t corrupt, that is moral, and that is equal. All he needs is hard work, which he’s quite capable of giving. Some might say the doctrine of their faith doesn’t support this behavior. That shouldn’t concern them here. They’re talking about its practice, the way they do religion, rather than its philosophy, which is ultimately meaningless.

Indians are up against everyone else, except God ­ and even he must be bribed.

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Another hilarious piece of write up on English language, as spoken and understood in Pakistan, India’s neighbor. A contribution by Masood Hasan from Pakistan, this is simply a delightful read…

Those of us who had the good fortune to be taught English by Mr. Hugh Catchpole who was our principal at Cadet College, Hasan Abdal, were always hauled up for messing with the Queen’s English. Mr. Catchpole would have none of that. From him we learnt – at least some of us did the basics of English; not so much the rules which for instance I still don’t know, but the art of the language.

He taught us to think in English untainted by flags and borders; he taught us the language to equip us for the lives that lay ahead. I often wonder what Mr. Catchpole would have thought of the language as it survives in a crumbling state in Pakistan. Not much I can tell you.

He once wrote a short piece called ‘Urdu Made Easy,’ which regretfully I am unable to reproduce in its entirety, but here are a few lines worth sharing.

“I’m sure that some must really be thinking that the learning of Urdu is as easy as winking. But this is a matter where I don’t agree for the writing of Urdu seems tricky to me.

In English the letters are just twenty six, and the way that we make them has no funny tricks but Urdu requires some nine letters more, though why they are needed I’m really not sure.

And the shape of each letter does seem to demand on its place in the middle, beginning or end and some can be joined while others cannot, which certainly puzzles my brain quite a lot.”

And much as I would like to continue, I have to end this delightful little piece. Concluded Mr. Catchpole: “Now genders in Urdu are a puzzle to me, a stool is a ‘he’ and a table a ‘she. ‘But try all I can, I am quite unable to imagine a stool making love to a table.’ So now, I suppose you are thinking that in writing such nonsense I must have been drinking.”

Some years back, a friend of mine in a London pub smoking and drinking the nectar of the gods – this was when pubs were pubs and you could smoke, was accosted by a genial Sikh gent, who was quite merry. The gent said, ‘Where you are from behind?’ My friend thought this was a pick up line and nervously looked back at the grinning Sardar Ji and then turned and looked ‘behind’ him. Sardar Ji understood and thumped him cordially, ‘I am meaning where you are from behind? Lahore? Amritsar?’ Since then we have progressed much here and it is common to hear gems like, ‘‘the office is at the backside.’’

And long after the Queen’s rule is over, we are still occupied with ruining whatever remains of that language. I was not distressed but simply puzzled to read a few winters back this large news item in a Lahore paper, which claimed that ‘Meeters and Greeters in for a surprise with a thud’. It was revealed a little later that people arriving at the Lahore airport on a foggy morning found flights delayed or cancelled.

Who were the ‘meeters’? Why, those who were at the airport to meet people! And the ‘greeters’ were merely those who had come to greet their friends or family arriving or leaving Lahore. The ‘thud’ was basically to tell the reader that all experienced a rude shock, the ‘thud’ sort of conveying the sound of someone suddenly sitting down in a chair or receiving some shocking news. ‘Jhatka’ in Urdu had been happily translated into a ‘thud.’

Most people are asking you to ‘touch’ them on their cell phones and insist that so and so’s ‘repute’ is superb. You are also often advised to ‘mind, please’ and people are leaving stones turned at what can only be called an alarming rate. The credit for ‘thanks be to Allah’ belongs only to the Pakistani cricket players and officials and many things remain ‘under your kind control,’ so many years later.

I am also convinced that Pakistanis are no longer able to tell apart words that sound the same such as ‘lose’ and ‘loose,’ ‘fare’ and ‘fair.’ These words and dozens more are in a happy cooking pot. The stew is served daily from the Presidency (where AZ apparently spelt God as ‘Gawd’) down to the clerical staff which requires you to ‘proceed through proper channel,’ or the equally loved, ‘concerned authority’. We all know from bitter experience that had the authority been ‘concerned’ we wouldn’t be in such a sorry state. The evergreen ‘I damn care’ is a classic as also this sublime message at the back of a rickshaw. Translated freely from ‘Aa mujh say payar kar,’ (come and love me) it now read, ‘I Love Me’.

That being that, I can only share parts of another nugget with you to make your holiday a little less painful.

We are a unique species, aren’t we? Not humans. Indians, I mean. No other race speaks or spells like we do.

Take greetings for example.

A friendly clerk asking me for my name is apt to start a conversation with, “What is your good name?” As if I hold that sort of information close to my heart and only divulge my evil pseudonym. Bizarre.

I call these Indianisms.

Which got me thinking about a compilation, a greatest hits of the most hilarious Indianisms out there. And here they are. The most common ones and my favorites among them.

1. ‘Passing out’

When you complete your studies at an educational institution, you graduate from that institution.

You do not “pass out” from that institution.

To “pass out” refers to losing consciousness, like after you get too drunk, though I’m not sure how we managed to connect graduating and intoxication.

Oh wait … of course, poor grades throughout the year could lead to a sudden elation on hearing you’ve passed all of your exams, which could lead to you actually “passing out,” but this is rare at best.

2. ‘Kindly revert’

One common mistake we make is using the word revert to mean reply or respond.

Revert means “to return to a former state.”

I can’t help thinking of a sarcastic answer every time this comes up.

“Please revert at the earliest.”

“Sure, I’ll set my biological clock to regress evolutionarily to my original primitive hydrocarbon state at 1 p.m. today.”

3. ‘Years back’

If it happened in the past, it happened years ago, not “years back.”

Given how common this phrase is, I’m guessing the first person who switched “ago” for “back” probably did it years back. See what I mean?

And speaking of “back,” asking someone to use the backside entrance sounds so wrong.

“So when did you buy this car?”

“Oh, years back.”

“Cool, can you open the backside? I’d like to get a load in.”

4. ‘Doing the needful’

Try to avoid using the phrase “do the needful.” It went out of style decades ago, about the time the British left.

Using it today indicates you are a dinosaur, a dinosaur with bad grammar.

You may use the phrase humorously, to poke fun at such archaic speech, or other dinosaurs.

“Will you do the needful?”

“Of course, and I’ll send you a telegram to let you know it’s done too.”

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A Somalian arrives in Vancouver as a new immigrant to Canada. He stops the first person he sees walking down the street and says, ”Thank you Mr. Canadian for letting me in this country, giving me housing, money for food, free medical care, free education and no taxes!”

The passerby says, ” You are mistaken, I am Mexican.”

The man goes on and encounters another passerby. ”Thank you for having such a beautiful country here in Canada!”

The person says, ”I not Canadian, I am Vietnamese.”

The new arrival walks further, and the next person he sees he stops, shakes his hand and says, ”Thank you for the wonderful Canada!”

That person puts up his hand and says, ”I am from Middle East, I am not Canadian!”

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Chanakya (derived from his father’s name “Chanak”) aka Kautilya and Vishnugupta (c. 350–283 BCE), was an adviser to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta (c. 340–293 BCE), and was the chief architect of his rise to power . In the western world, he has been referred to as the Indian Machiavelli, although Chanakya’s works predate Machiavelli’s by about 1,800 years. Chanakya was a teacher in Taksashila, an ancient centre of learning. His works, Artha Shastra and Neeti Shastra, were lost near the end of the Gupta dynasty and not rediscovered until 1915.The Arthashastra discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail. Neeti Shastra is a treatise on the ideal way of life, and shows Chanakya’s in depth study of the Indian way of life. Chanakya also developed Neeti-Sutras (aphorisms or pithy sentences) that tell people how they should behave. Of these well-known 455 sutras, about 216 refer to raaj-neeti (the do’s and don’ts of running a kingdom). Apparently, Chanakya used these sutras to groom Chandragupt and other selected disciples in the art of ruling a kingdom.

Some of the selected neetisutras given by the great Indian master strategist , philosopher and teacher of political science and management, are given below :

There is no austerity equal to a balanced mind, and there is no happiness equal to contentment; there is no disease like covetousness, and no virtue like mercy.

There is poison in the fang of the serpent, in the mouth of the fly and in the sting of a scorpion; but the wicked man is saturated with it.

There is some self-interest behind every friendship. There is no friendship without self-interests. This is a bitter truth.

Never make friends with people who are above or below you in status. Such friendships will never give you any happiness.

Treat your kids like a darling for the first five years. For the next five years, scold them. By the time they turn sixteen, treat them like a friend. Your grown up children are your best friends.

We should not fret for what is past, nor should we be anxious about the future; men of discernment deal only with the present moment.

Whores don’t live in company of poor men, citizens never support a weak company and birds don’t build nests on trees that don’t bear fruits.

A good wife is one who serves her husband in the morning like a mother does, loves him in the day like a sister does and pleases him like a prostitute in the night.

A man is born alone and dies alone; and he experiences the good and bad consequences of his karma alone; and he goes alone to hell or the Supreme abode.

If one has a good disposition, what other virtue is needed? If a man has fame, what is the value of other ornamentation?

It is better to die than to preserve this life by incurring disgrace. The loss of life causes but a moment’s grief, but disgrace brings grief every day of one’s life.

Wise man, give your wealth only to the worthy and never to others. The water of the sea received by the clouds is always sweet.

Once you start a working on something, don’t be afraid of failure and don’t abandon it. People who work sincerely are the happiest.

Purity of speech, of the mind, of the senses, and of a compassionate heart is needed by one who desires to rise to the divine platform.

Test a servant while in the discharge of his duty, a relative in difficulty, a friend in adversity, and a wife in misfortune.

The earth is supported by the power of truth; it is the power of truth that makes the sun shine and the winds blow; indeed all things rest upon truth.

The fragrance of flowers spreads only in the direction of the wind. But the goodness of a person spreads in all direction.

The happiness and peace attained by those satisfied by the nectar of spiritual tranquillity is not attained by greedy persons restlessly moving here and there.

The one excellent thing that can be learned from a lion is that whatever a man intends doing should be done by him with a whole-hearted and strenuous effort.

The serpent, the king, the tiger, the stinging wasp, the small child, the dog owned by other people, and the fool: these seven ought not to be awakened from sleep.

The wise man should restrain his senses like the crane and accomplish his purpose with due knowledge of his place, time and ability.

A person should not be too honest. Straight trees are cut first and honest people are screwed first.

As a single withered tree, if set aflame, causes a whole forest to burn, so does a rascal son destroy a whole family.

As long as your body is healthy and under control and death is distant, try to save your soul; when death is imminent what can you do?

Before you start some work, always ask yourself three questions: why am I doing it, what the results might be and will I be successful. Only when you think deeply and find satisfactory answers to these questions, go ahead.

Do not be very upright in your dealings for you would see by going to the forest that straight trees are cut down while crooked ones are left standing.

Do not reveal what you have thought upon doing, but by wise council keep it secret being determined to carry it into execution.

The biggest guru-mantra is: never share your secrets with anybody. It will destroy you.

Education is the best friend. An educated person is respected everywhere. Education beats the beauty and the youth.

The life of an uneducated man is as useless as the tail of a dog which neither covers its rear end, nor protects it from the bites of insects.

Books are as useful to a stupid person as a mirror is useful to a blind person.

One whose knowledge is confined to books and whose wealth is in the possession of others can use neither his knowledge nor wealth when the need for them arises.

Even if a snake is not poisonous, it should pretend to be venomous.

He who is overly attached to his family member’s experiences fear and sorrow, for the root of all grief is attachment. Thus one should discard attachment to be happy.

He who lives in our mind is near though he may actually be far away; but he who is not in our heart is far though he may really be nearby.

The world’s biggest powers are the youth and the beauty of a woman.

As soon as the fear approaches near, attack and destroy it.

God is not present in idols. Your feelings are your god. The soul is your temple.

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Following a discussion on a LinkedIn Group ‘Sethi’, I have been inspired and excited to write about the history and origin of my surname Sethi, a subgroup of the major Khukhrain clan . The information in this write up has been collected from various reliable sources and has been passed on to me by Sethi elders and seniors . This article is intended for and of interest, mainly, to Khukhrains or Sethis. I welcome further discussions and comments on the subject and am open to reliable additions or modifications to this information.

The Sethi surname was derived from Sanskrit word sreshthi which means shreshth,”the best among all”. They have also been called ‘Pulseti’ (based on their gotra from Pulastya Rishi). Sethis belong to a warriors’ clan Khukhrains (etymological derivative of Khokhar their ancestor Raja Khokhar Mal or khukhri, a lethal dagger or sword Khukhrains used to carry during turbulent times). Sethis are a regional sub caste of the ten Khukhrain clans ,viz., Anand, Kohli, Suri, Bhasin, Sahni, Chadha, Sethi, Sabharwal, Ghai, and Chandhok. Khukhrains, traditionally and historically a warrior community, bore the brunt of invasions from various central Asian tribes now converted to Islam who came from the northwest during the 12th-16th centuries.

Most of the Khukhrains who moved to India following Partition in 1947 descended from Doab region of Pakistan that comprised of Khushab, Pindi Gheb, Talagang, Campbellpur, Chakwal, Pind Dadan Khan, Peshawar and Nowshera. Various contemporary and historical places in Pakistan Punjab and Afghanistan corresponding to traditional areas associated with Khukhrain or Khokhar bear the name or variants of Khukhrain or Kokrana. Today, Khukhrain Hindus or Sikhs are, by and large , an urbanised highly educated and economically well off community. Khukhrains in India and Pakistan have excelled in almost all spheres including business, politics, arts, military, and in various fields of sciences as well as in the judiciary and law. Among all Punjabi communities, the Khukhrains are the most respected and counted as the topmost.

Sethi’s are an Indo-Scythian community and have originally followed Hinduism however, a significant number adapted Sikhism during the 18th and 19th centuries. A predominant section of the Hindu Khukhrains, continue to follow dual religious traditions of ,both, Sikhism and Arya Samaj. Sethis’ mother tongue is Punjabi but Sethis in Pakistan speak a different dialect of Punjabi than the Sethis of East Punjab.

Originally, Sethis have their roots in the town of Bhera (Bhadravati) in the Jech Doab (Jhelum – Chenab interfluves) region of Sargodha district of Pakistan Punjab. Bhera was an important trading outpost on the road to Kabul, and a ‘taksal’ (mint) during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The palace of Sopeithes which the Greek historian Arian mentions as the palace on the Hydaspes was supposed to be at Bhera. The present day Sethi’s are descendents of Raja Khokhar Mal who ruled a part of West Punjab with his seat at Bhera. He was instrumental in forging unity of all other sections and laid the foundation of a single powerful kingdom, which came to be known as Khukhrain clan. The last chief or Raja of Bhera was a Sethi Khukhrain, Diwan Bahadur Jawahar Mal.

Sethis are believed to be one of the bravest of the clans of Khukhrains. The various constituents of this clan were so brave a people that Mahmud Ghazni (the clash of the Khukhrains with Mahmud Ghazni took place in his third invasion after the defeat of Jayapala, at the Battle of Bhera in 1004-5) while invading India was so scared of Sethis that he instructed his generals not to antagonise them and to keep off their territories while conducting their campaigns.

Sethis developed as warriors and defenders of land, initially, have been on high ranks in the civil, government, and military administration roles, for centuries. Sethis were also referred to as heads of a tribe or business as they expanded into trade and mercantile businesses. The Sethis have always been a very powerful and wealthy group of Punjabis, especially those living in large cities, either in Pakistan or now in India.