Part seven: l.308 'But tel me this' - l.378 'This know they'

Synopsis of l.308-378

The Wife subverts surveillance

The Wife continues her attack on the husbands by accusing them of trying to restrict her liberty. A pointless activity, she claims, because a wife will not love a man who seeks to confine her. In any case, she argues, making an analogy between sexual access and lamplight, it's niggardly of her husband to refuse another man to light a candle at his lantern. He will have no less light for allowing it.

The Wife resents the husband's objections to her braided hair, jewels and fine clothes. Modest attire is not for her. The husband's surveillance is fruitless, she claims. Even if he had the one hundred eyes of Argus, he could only keep her fidelity if she wished it.

She returns to the husband(s)' misogyny and the claims that three things trouble the earth and that no one can endure the fourth thing – a hateful wife. One husband, she reports, asserts from experience that a wife destroys a husband as certainly as caterpillars can strip a tree.

Commentary on l.308-378

l.310 It is my good as wel as thyn, pardee!: Until the Married Women's Property Act in 1870, the possessions of a wife automatically came under the ownership of her husband. The Wife has become an increasingly wealthy woman by her advantageous marriages. See Social / political context > Marriage in England in the fourteenth century.

l.320 I knowe yow for a trewe wyf, dame alys: The Wife longs to hear these words from her husband(s) whilst Chaucer clearly demonstrates that she is not ‘true'.

l.324 The wise astrologien, daun ptholome: Ptolemy was a Greek philosopher, whose Almagest l. 325, was the most important work on astronomy until the Renaissance, when his earth centred system of the universe was challenged by Copernicus and Galileo.

l.340-1 with sorwe! thou most enforce thee, / … in the apostles name: The Wife is angry that her husband grounds his criticism in the ultimate ‘auctoritee', the Bible (see 1 Timothy 2:9), although she herself has previously quoted the author of this statement, St Paul.

l.346-7 After thy text … / I wol nat wirche as muchel as a gnat.: The Wife audaciously dismisses the authority of the Bible.

l.348, 354 I was lyk a cat … goon a-caterwawed: The extended simile conveys the the Wife's slyness, vigour and sexual drive.

l.358-9 argus with his hundred yen / 359: To be my warde-cors: According to Greek fable Argus had one hundred eyes. He was asked by Juno to spy on people who roused her jealousy. He failed because he was so enraptured by the way in which Mercury played the lyre that he fell asleep. Mercury then killed him and Juno set the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock.

l.366, 369 Yet prechestow … / … youre parables: These terms are associated with sermons and the authoritative teaching of priests and Jesus, which the husband is trying to assume.

l.371, 372, 373 Thou liknest … wommenes love to helle / bareyne lond / wilde fyr: Because the medieval church taught that Eve caused Adam to disobey God, allowing the advent of sin into the world, women were commonly associated with hell, as suggested by the images here. See also:

l.376 as wormes shende a tree: With this unusual image of destruction, Jankin is probably recalling the Old Testament story of Jonah, who resented God sending a ‘worm' to destroy the vine in whose shade he was sitting (Jonah 4:6-7). See Famous stories from the Bible > Jonah.

Try to give a voice to one of the husbands denied a voice by the Wife's control of thenarrative and the conversation. Write a diary extract from a husband's point of view. (Ifyou are stuck for a beginning, try – ‘Dame Alis, woe was the day when .…')

English Standard Version

King James Version

1First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people,2for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.3This is good, and it is pleasing in the sight of God our Savior,4who desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth.5For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus,6who gave himself as a ransom for all, which is the testimony given at the proper time.7For this I was appointed a preacher and an apostle (I am telling the truth, I am not lying), a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth.8I desire then that in every place the men should pray, lifting holy hands without anger or quarreling;9likewise also that women should adorn themselves in respectable apparel, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hair and gold or pearls or costly attire,10but with what is proper for women who profess godliness - with good works.11Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness.12I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.13For Adam was formed first, then Eve;14and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor.15Yet she will be saved through childbearing - if they continue in faith and love and holiness, with self-control.

1I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men;2For kings, and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.3For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour;4Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth.5For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus;6Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time.7Whereunto I am ordained a preacher, and an apostle, (I speak the truth in Christ, and lie not;) a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and verity.8I will therefore that men pray every where, lifting up holy hands, without wrath and doubting.9In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array;10But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works.11Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.12But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.13For Adam was first formed, then Eve.14And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression.15Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety.

English Standard Version

King James Version

1But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was angry.2And he prayed to the Lord and said, O Lord, is not this what I said when I was yet in my country? That is why I made haste to flee to Tarshish; for I knew that you are a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love, and relenting from disaster.3Therefore now, O Lord, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live.4And the Lord said, Do you do well to be angry?5Jonah went out of the city and sat to the east of the city and made a booth for himself there. He sat under it in the shade, till he should see what would become of the city.6Now the Lord God appointed a plant and made it come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to save him from his discomfort. So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the plant.7But when dawn came up the next day, God appointed a worm that attacked the plant, so that it withered.8When the sun rose, God appointed a scorching east wind, and the sun beat down on the head of Jonah so that he was faint. And he asked that he might die and said, It is better for me to die than to live.9But God said to Jonah, Do you do well to be angry for the plant? And he said, Yes, I do well to be angry, angry enough to die.10And the Lord said, You pity the plant, for which you did not labor, nor did you make it grow, which came into being in a night and perished in a night.11And should not I pity Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 persons who do not know their right hand from their left, and also much cattle?

1But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was very angry.2And he prayed unto the LORD, and said, I pray thee, O LORD, was not this my saying, when I was yet in my country? Therefore I fled before unto Tarshish: for I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repentest thee of the evil.3Therefore now, O LORD, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live.4Then said the LORD, Doest thou well to be angry?5So Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see what would become of the city.6And the LORD God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd.7But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd that it withered.8And it came to pass, when the sun did arise, that God prepared a vehement east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die, and said, It is better for me to die than to live.9And God said to Jonah, Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd? And he said, I do well to be angry, even unto death.10Then said the LORD, Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for the which thou hast not laboured, neither madest it grow; which came up in a night, and perished in a night:11And should not I spare Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more then sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much cattle?

Nicolaus Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer who theorised that the sun, rather than the earth, was at the centre of the universe.

The Christian Bible consists of the Old Testament scriptures inherited from Judaism, together with the New Testament, drawn from writings produced from c.40-125CE, which describe the life of Jesus and the establishment of the Christian church.

The 'Apostle to the Gentiles' (d. c. CE 65). Paul had a major role in setting up the Early Church and is believed to be the author of several letters in the Bible.

An image where one thing is said to be 'as' or 'like' another: e.g. 'He jumped up like a jack-in-the-box'.

a mythological character with hundred eyes

Queen of the Roman gods, wife of Jupiter, and patroness of women. (Greek name, Hera.)

The son of Zeus and Maia. (Greek name, Hermes.)

A talk which provides religious instruction and encouragement.

A person whose role is to carry out religious functions.

The name given to the man believed by Christians to be the Son of God. Also given the title Christ, meaning 'anointed one' or Messiah. His life is recorded most fully in the Four Gospels.

1. Term for a worshipping community of Christians.
2. The building in which Christians traditionally meet for worship.
3. The worldwide community of Christian believers.

According to the book of Genesis in the Bible the first woman, said to have been created by God out of Adam's rib, to be his companion.

According to Genesis (the first book of the Old Testament), Adam is the first human being, made in the image / likeness of God, placed in the Garden of Eden and given dominion over the earth.

The Bible describes God as the unique supreme being, creator and ruler of the universe.

Disobedience to the known will of God. According to Christian theology human beings have displayed a pre-disposition to sin since the Fall of Humankind.

Jesus describes hell as the place where Satan and his demons reside and the realm where unrepentant souls will go after the Last Judgement.

A 'testament' is a covenant or binding agreement and is a term used in the Bible of God's relationship with his people). The sacred writings of Judaism (the Hebrew Bible). These also form the first part of the Christian Bible.

The main character in the Old Testament book of Jonah. Jonah was a prophet sent by God to the city of Nineveh to preach to the people but he disobeyed. He spent three days in the belly of a whale. Jonah prayed and God gave him a second chance.

The Bible describes God as the unique supreme being, creator and ruler of the universe.