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PRELIMINARY ESSAY.

the Chinese themselves of the Roman Empire and its inhabitants had some striking points of analogy to those views of the Chinese which are indicated in the classical descriptions of the Seres. There can be no mistaking the fact that in this case also the great object was within the horizon of vision, yet the details ascribed to it are often far from being true characteristics, being only the accidents of its outer borders towards the east.

18. The name of Seres is probably from its earliest use in the west identified with the name of the silkworm and its produce, and this association continued until the name ceased entirely to be used as a geographical expression.1 Yet it was long before the westerns had any correct conception of the nature of the article which they imported at so much cost. Virgil tells how the Seres combed out from the leaves of the forest the fleecy staple of their trade ; and poet after poet echoes the story down to Claudian.2 Pliny knows no better, nor does Ammianus, three

I The Chinese See and Szu, Silk, is found in the Corean language or dialect in the form Sir, in Mongol Sirkek, in Manchu Sirghé. Klaproth supposes this word to have given rise to the, Greek o4., the silk-worm, and Vjpes, the people furnishing silk, and hence Sericum, silk. (item. rel.

l'Asie, iii, 265.) Looking to the Tartar forms of the word the idea suggests itself that Sericum may have been the first importation, and that Sér and Seres may have been formed by inverse analogy from that word taken as an adjective. Deguignes makes or borrows a suggestion that the word Sherikoth, which occurs in the Hebrew of Isaiah, xix, 9 (" They that work in fine flax and they that weave net-works shall be confounded" —Deguignes by mistake quotes Ezekiel) means silk, and he refers to the Arabic Saraqat. This, according to Freytag, means a long piece of white silk, sometimes silk in general. (Mem. de l'Acad. des Insc., xlvi, 575.) Pardessus, in the modern Merz. de l'Acad. des Insc., xv, p. 3, says Sir is Persian for silk, but I cannot discover the authority. Sarah, connected

with the Arabic word just quoted, is "a stripe of white silk." (F. Johnston's Dict.)

2 A specimen from Silius Italicus is worth quoting, as it shows a correct

idea of the position of the Seres on the shores of the remotest eastern sea :