The ______ needed to start a chemical reaction is called the free energy of activation, or activation energy (EA)

Initial Energy

A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product. Each step is catalyzed by?

Specific enzyme

In ______ energy, matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

An open system

Enzyme specificity results from the complementary fit between the shape of its active site and the _______.

Substrate shape

The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of?

Anabolism

Chemical chaos would result if a cell's metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated. A cell does this by switching on or off the ____ that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes

Genes

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be?

Created or destroyed

Enzymes do not affect the change in ____; instead, they hasten reactions that would occur eventually

Free energy

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective, Examples include?

Toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

An enzyme's activity can be affected by general environmental factors, such as _____ and the concentrations of the chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme.

Temperature and pH

The ability to do work to maintain life

Energy

Energy of motion

Kinetic energy

Stored energy

Potential Energy

Energy that is contained in the chemical bonds of organic molecules (food)

Chemical energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be changed without a loss of usable energy

Second law of thermodynamics

The relative amount of disorganization from energy transformation

Entropy

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

Metabolism

Substances the participate in a reaction

Reactants

Substances that form as a result of a reaction

Products

The release of energy from a reaction

Exergonic reactions

Requiring the input of energy in a reaction, ATP (adenosine triphosphate): the energy produced by cell respiration is stored here

Endergonic reactions

The energy that must be added for a reaction to take place

Energy of activation

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

Hypotonic

Factors affecting enzymatic speed

Substrate concentration, temperature and pH

Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Catalyst

Organic, nonprotein molecules including vitamins that assist enzymes in reactions