US electronics giant IBM says it is "committed" to making smaller and more
efficient chips

IBM is to invest $3bn in chip research and development in the hope of finding a game-changing breakthrough that can revive its slumping hardware unit.

IBM announced the plan a week before its widely anticipated second-quarter earnings. Last quarter, sales in its hardware sector plunged 23pc from a year earlier and the company posted its lowest quarterly revenue in five years.

IBM hopes to find ways to scale and shrink silicon chips to make them more efficient, and research new materials to use in making chips, such as carbon nanotubes, which are more stable than silicon and are also heat resistant and can provide faster connections.

"The message to our investors is that we are committed to this space, we believe there is great innovation possible that will be necessary in world of big data analytics, said Tom Rosamilia, senior vice-president of IBM's Systems and Technology Group.

"These are essential ingredients in delivering the kind of performance the world will demand. The world is demanding it now and will continue to demand it for the next 10 years," he said.

The investment is equal to half of all IBM's research and development last year. The company is preparing to divest its chip manufacturing business to focus on intellectual property. The company is rumored to be close to a deal with chip maker Globalfoundries.

At an investor briefing in May, IBM's chief financial officer, Martin Schroeter, said new research and development was essential to refreshing the hardware sector, which he expects to stabilise in 2014 and grow in 2015.

Silicon chips, which have been made smaller every year, are reaching a point of diminishing returns, preventing chips from delivering performance improvements demanded by new technology, the company said.

"You might say this is not a good time to be in the silicon chip business, but it is a great time to be ready for the next thing. This is the next thing," said Richard Doherty, a research director at The Envisioneering Group.

IBM is the only major company investing in carbon chip research. As demand grows for faster speeds, the investment could put it miles ahead of competitors like Oracle and HP, said Mr Doherty.

Most electricity going through silicon chips gets released as heat, said Mr Doherty, with only 30pc going toward electricity.

"Silicon-electron mobility is like moving through snow. You can't run as fast," he said.

One substance IBM has already researched is graphene, a pure carbon through which the company says electrons move 10 times faster than in silicon. The company plans to invest more in this area.

The new chips would allow for faster computing processes that could lead to artificial intelligence and high power cognitive computing. The company hopes the investment will lead to technology that allows computer systems to emulate the brain's efficiency, size and power usage, it said.