The film's darkly humorous and ironic take on its gruesome subject matter have led some to label it simply as a black comedy or a satire. The film's unique score by Michael Nyman and Damon Albarn generated a significant amount of attention. The film's production did not get off to a good start, with the original director Milcho Manchevski leaving the production three weeks after shooting started. He was replaced by Bird at the suggestion of Carlyle.

Contents

During the Mexican-American War (1846 – 1848), Second Lieutenant Boyd, who is fighting in the United States Army, finds his courage fail him in battle so he plays dead as his unit is massacred. His body, along with the other dead are put in a cart and hauled back to the Mexican headquarters (throughout this journey blood drips into Boyd's mouth). However, in a moment of bravery, Boyd seizes the chance to capture the Mexican HQ. His heroism earns him a Captain's promotion but when General Slauson learns of the cowardice through which victory was achieved he posts Boyd into exile at Fort Spencer, a remote military outpost high in the Sierra Nevada.

Shortly after Boyd joins the seven-man garrison at Fort Spencer, a stranger named Colqhoun arrives and describes how his wagon train became lost in the mountains. A Colonel Ives had promised the party a shorter route to the Pacific Ocean but instead had led them on a more circuitous route resulting in the party getting trapped by snow. People were reduced to cannibalism to avoid starvation. A rescue party is assembled to search for survivors. But before they leave they are warned by their Native Americanscout, George, of the Wendigo myth: anyone who consumes the flesh of their enemies takes their strength but becomes a demon cursed by an insatiable hunger for more human flesh.

When the soldiers reach the cave where the party had taken refuge they come to realize that Colqhoun and Ives are one and the same. He had killed and eaten his five companions and is now set on trapping and killing them as well. Colqhoun succeeds in doing this one by one, including Colonel Hart, the fort's commanding officer.

Boyd manages to escape the massacre by jumping off a cliff but breaks his leg in the process. He hides in a pit next to the body of a fellow soldier. Eventually he eats some of the man's flesh to stay alive. When he finally limps back into the fort he is delirious and severely traumatized; none of the remaining soldiers (who did not meet Colqhoun) believe his wild tale. A second expedition finds no bodies or any trace of the man. A temporary commander is assigned to the fort and to Boyd's horror it turns out to be Colqhoun, now cleaned up and calling himself Colonel Ives. The others still refuse to believe that Ives is the killer especially after he bears no sign of the wounds inflicted on him during the fight at the cave.

Ives tells Boyd that he used to suffer from tuberculosis but when a Native scout told him the Wendigo myth he "just had to try" by murdering him, eating his flesh and in the process curing his illness. He now planned to use the fort as a base to do the same to other passing travellers; he compares the location of the fort, with the guaranteed supply of isolated migrants that it entails, to the notion of Manifest Destiny that draws them there.

Boyd is suspected of murder after another soldier mysteriously dies chained up; he watches helplessly as the last officer is murdered by an unexpected ally of Ives: Colonel Hart, back from the dead after the massacre.

Ives saved Hart by feeding him his own comrades, and now Hart is addicted, like Colqhoun, to human flesh. Ives wounds Boyd and forces him to make a choice: eat or die. Eventually Boyd gives in and eats a stew made out of the last officer killed and his wound heals. But rather than join the two men in their conspiracy to convert General Slauson who is due to arrive at the fort shortly, Boyd convinces Hart to free him so he can kill Ives. Hart does so but asks that he be killed because he no longer wants to live as a cannibal.

Boyd and Ives inflict grievous wounds on each other. But they don't die easily due to their recuperative powers. Finally in an outhouse, Boyd forces Ives into a large bear trap and springs it, pinning them both together. Ives taunts Boyd by telling him he'll eat him as soon as he dies but Ives expires first. General Slauson arrives, and while his aide looks around the dilapidated fort, the general tastes the stew that was left simmering on the fire. Martha, the sister of George the native scout, sees Ives and the dying Boyd in the outhouse, closes the door, and walks away. Boyd refuses to save himself by eating Ives' corpse and dies.

The film was shot on location in the Tatra Mountains, Slovakia and Durango, Mexico. One week before production, original director Milcho Manchevski was said to have submitted new storyboards, which would have required additional two weeks of shooting.[2] The production company, Fox 2000, eventually agreed to an additional week, with complaints that Manchevski had refused production meetings with the producers. Meanwhile, Manchevski complained Fox 2000 executive Laura Ziskin micromanaged the production by vetoing his chosen technicians and casting against his wishes.

Shooting was delayed on the first day as Manchievski and the production were still negotiating over the production budget and shooting schedule. As filming commenced, Manchevski says Ziskin sent him notes on the rushes "every day", complaining about the amount of dirt on the costumes and the number of closeups.[3] Screenwriter Ted Griffin was at hand for "constant rewrites" during the shooting.[2]

After three weeks of shooting, Ziskin arrived to the set with director Raja Gosnell in tow to dismiss Manchevski and place Gosnell in as a replacement. While Manchevski left the production, the cast has been said to have rejected Gosnell. Robert Carlyle then recommended Antonia Bird, his frequent collaborator and business partner, to take over.

Following ten days of negotiations, Bird arrived in Prague to helm the production. She, too, would criticize the circumstances under which the filming was to take place, describing the allocated studio space as "horrible" and the scheduling of the shoot "manipulative".[3] She also went on to say her predecessor, Manchievski, should not be blamed for the problematic production.[4]

Bird suggests the final theatrical cut had elements introduced without her approval, as she expressed disdain over the voiceover narration and was interested in recutting the film for the European market.[3]

Ravenous opened on 19 March 1999 in the United States in 1,040 cinemas, accumulating $1,040,727 over its opening weekend. It finished eighteenth for the weekend. The film went on to gross $2,062,405 in North America, far less than its reported $12 million budget.[6]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.(February 2016)

Ravenous received mixed reviews from professional critics, somewhat tending toward the negative. However, the movie has since gained a cult following.[citation needed] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received 45% overall approval out of 46 reviews. Yet 79% of Rotten Tomatoes fans approved of the film.[7]Roger Ebert, gave Ravenous a better review, rating it 3 stars out of 4 and stating that it was "the kind of movie where you savor the texture of the filmmaking, even when the story strays into shapeless gore."[8]

Michael Smith of White City Cinema ranked it as his 21st favorite film of the 1990s.[9]

1.
David Heyman
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David Jonathan Heyman is an English film producer and the founder of Heyday Films. In 1999, he secured the rights to the Harry Potter film series and went on to produce all eight installments. He is the son of John Heyman, producer of such as The Go-Between and Jesus, and Norma Heyman. His paternal grandparents were German Jews who left Nazi Germany and emigrated to England prior to World War II and he went to Westminster School and, following graduation, he decided to study abroad. He earned a degree in Art History from Harvard University in the U. S. in 1983, Heyman got his start in the film industry as a production assistant on David Leans A Passage to India, and in 1986, Heyman became a creative executive at Warner Brothers. In 1997 Heyman returned to London and founded his own production company, other notable productions during this time include the 2007 blockbuster I Am Legend and the 2008 films The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, Is Anybody There. and Yes Man. The film grossed more than US$700 million worldwide and was nominated for 10 Academy Awards including Best Picture and he also produced the 2013 comedy Were the Millers and the 2014 family film Paddington, for which he was nominated for the Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film. In 2013 it was announced that Heyman will produce the upcoming Warner Bros. film adaptation of J. K, rowlings Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, which will be released on 18 November 2016. He is also set to produce Fables, based on the book series. He was announced as the producer of the fantasy film Queen of the Tearling, starring Emma Watson, Warner Bros. has acquired the film rights and will distribute the film. Heyman lives in Pimlico, London, and is married to interior designer Rose Uniacke

2.
Guy Pearce
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Guy Edward Pearce is an Australian actor and musician. In Australian cinema, he has appeared in The Proposition, Animal Kingdom, The Rover, Holding the Man and he has won an Emmy Award and received nominations for Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and AACTA Awards. Since 2012 he has played the role in the TV adaptations of the Jack Irish stories by Australian crime writer Peter Temple. Pearce was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK His mother, Anne Cocking, was from County Durham, England, she was a schoolteacher specialising in needlework and home economics. His father, Stuart Pearce, was a New Zealand-born RAAF test pilot who died flying a GAF Nomad when Pearce was eight, when he was three years old, Pearce moved to Geelong, Victoria, Australia, where his mother ran a deer farm. He attended the Geelong College, a private school, and was a member of the GSODA Junior Players. From the age of 15 to 22, he was an amateur bodybuilder. He also took part in fencing and he lived in Box Hill North, Victoria in the late 1980s while working on the Australian drama series Neighbours. Pearce starred in theatre productions when he was young. The lead part called for a 23-year-old university student and at first he was turned down due to his young age, Pearce transitioned to television when he was cast in the Australian soap opera Neighbours in 1985, playing the role of Mike Young for several years. Pearce also found roles in television series such as Home and Away and Snowy River. The accompanying Howson-funded publicity campaign brought Pearce to the attention of the film industry. He made his first major film breakthrough shortly after, with his role as a queen in The Adventures of Priscilla. Since then, he has appeared in several US productions including L. A. Confidential, Ravenous, Rules of Engagement, Memento, The Count of Monte Cristo, Pearce portrayed pop artist Andy Warhol in Factory Girl and Harry Houdini in Death Defying Acts. He also appeared in The Road and in Bedtime Stories with Adam Sandler, Pearce continues to perform in Australian films, such as The Hard Word and the critically lauded The Proposition, written by fellow Australian Nick Cave. In January 2009, Pearce returned to the stage after a seven-year absence and he performed in the Melbourne Theatre Companys production of Poor Boy, a play with music, co-written by Matt Cameron and Tim Finn. In 2010, he appeared as playboy David, the Prince of Wales and he is the eponymous lead in the Australian TV miniseries Jack Irish, an adaptation of the detective novels of author Peter Temple broadcast on the ABC network in 2012. In May 2012, Pearce was cast to star in David Michôds The Rover, in 2013, Pearce portrayed the villain character Aldrich Killian in Iron Man 3

3.
Robert Carlyle
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Robert Carlyle, OBE is a Scottish actor. His film work includes Trainspotting, The Full Monty, The World Is Not Enough and he has been in the television shows Hamish Macbeth, Stargate Universe, and Once Upon a Time. He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Full Monty, Carlyle was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, the son of Elizabeth, a bus company employee, and Joseph Carlyle, a painter and decorator. He was brought up by his father after his left when Carlyle was four years old. Carlyle became involved in drama at the Glasgow Arts Centre at the age of 21, in 1991, he and four friends founded a theatre company, Raindog. The same year he guest starred in The Bill and also starred in his first movie, Riff-Raff, in 1994, he played the gay lover of Father Greg in the film Priest. Carlyles first high-profile role came as murderer Albert Albie Kinsella in an October 1994 episode of Cracker opposite Robbie Coltrane and this highly acclaimed role showcased Carlyles pure intensity. Shortly after his appearance in Cracker, he landed the role of Highland policeman Hamish Macbeth in the BBC comedy-drama Hamish Macbeth, the series ran for three seasons from 1995 to 1997. The latter earned Carlyle a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and he also starred with Ray Winstone in the 1997 film Face. Carlyle appeared in the 2002 Oasis music video for Little By Little and he played Adolf Hitler in the 2003 miniseries Hitler, The Rise of Evil. In 2006 he played the villain Durza in Eragon, in 2007 Carlyle played one of the main characters in the film 28 Weeks Later. He also played the role as a marine engineer attempting to save London from total devastation in the disaster film Flood. That year he also portrayed Father Joseph Macavoy in the film The Tournament, in 2008 Carlyle narrated a BBC audiobook version of The Cutting Room. In 2008, he was cast as Dr. Nicholas Rush in the television series Stargate Universe. His role in the series has been described thus, As to survive, Dr. Rush works to unlock the mysteries of the ship and return the group home and his was touted by the studio as the leading role in Universe. In December 2008, Carlyle appeared in 24, Redemption, a movie based on the popular TV series 24. In 2009, Carlyle appeared in a commercial for Johnnie Walker whisky. Carlyle was shown walking down a path and talking for six minutes in a long take

4.
Jeremy Davies
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Jeremy Davies is an American film and television actor. He is known for portraying Cpl, timothy E. Upham in Saving Private Ryan and the physicist Daniel Faraday on the television series Lost. He also appeared in the FX series Justified, as Dickie Bennett, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. Jeremy Davies was born in Traverse City, Michigan, of Scottish and Welsh descent, Davies is Jeremys mothers maiden name, which he adopted as his professional name. He has a brother, Joshua, and two half-siblings, Zachery and Katrina, from his fathers second marriage and his parents separated when he was young, leaving Davies to relocate to Kansas with his mother until the mid-1970s, when she died of lupus. He went to live with his father and his stepmother in Santa Barbara, California, before moving to Rockford, Iowa in 1986 and he attended college at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in California. In 1992, he appeared on two episodes of The Wonder Years and he appeared in small roles in the NBC TV film Shoot First, A Cops Vengeance and in the pilot for the colonial-era sitcom 1775. He played a youth in the Showtime thriller Guncrazy and had a guest appearance on Melrose Place, in 1993, Davies was cast in a TV commercial for Subaru in which his character compares the car to punk rock. Numerous casting directors and industry forces noticed the commercial, and Davies found himself being sent feature film scripts, critics embraced his performance in David O. Russells debut film, the black comedy, Spanking the Monkey. Davies performance was received, and he went on to star in several films, including CQ, Secretary. In 2004, he portrayed Charles Manson in CBSs adaptation of Helter Skelter, Davies appeared as a main cast member on Lost during its fourth and fifth seasons, playing Daniel Faraday, an amnesiac physicist who comes to the island as part of a team hired by Charles Widmore. He guest-starred in three episodes in Losts sixth season and he had a recurring role on FXs Justified as Dickie Bennett, for which he earned a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2012. He was also nominated for the award in 2011 and he also starred in History Channels 2015 miniseries Texas Rising, as Sergeant Ephraim Knowles. Jeremy Davies at the Internet Movie Database Jeremy Davies Official Website Jeremy Davies Zone Jeremy Davies Daily

5.
Jeffrey Jones
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Jeffrey Jones is an American actor best known for his roles as Joseph II in Amadeus, Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Buellers Day Off, and Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice. In 2002, Jones was arrested and charged with possession of child pornography and he pleaded no contest to a felony charge, and was ordered to register as a sex offender. He then went to London in 1969 to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, followed by a stint with the Stratford Theatre in Stratford. Productions included, Cloud 9, A Flea in Her Ear, Romeo and Juliet and his transition from stage to film began in 1970. Jones began acting in small parts in film and television in the 1970s, in his best-known roles as Emperor Joseph II in Amadeus, Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice, and Edward R. However, the actor is also widely respected and considered a boon wherever he appears. Jones portrays the Emperor as a superficial and self-absorbed ruler who cant tell the difference between a great opera and a one, according to one reviewer. He received a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance, Joness performance as Edward R. Rooney in the 1986 film, Ferris Buellers Day Off, made him a cultural icon. Rooney, self-important and obsessed with catching the chronically truant Ferris Bueller, became a symbol of pomposity, the review likened Jones role as akin to that of Wile E. Coyote as a character who is fated to be unable to catch The Road Runner. Jones expressed concern about being remembered more for this role than his Emperor Joseph II in 1984s Amadeus, in the movie Beetlejuice, Jones played a supporting role, along with Catherine OHara, as co-owners of a haunted house. Jones went on to act in films by director Tim Burton, including Ed Wood in the role of The Amazing Criswell. Jones also appeared in The Hanoi Hilton, The Hunt for Red October, Howard the Duck, Houseguest, The Crucible, The Devil’s Advocate, and Stuart Little. In 1999 he co-starred with Guy Pearce, Robert Carlyle, and David Arquette in the cannibal western Ravenous, Jones appeared in the comedy film The Pest, as the evil German trying to hunt Pestario Pest Vargas. Other key roles include Mr. Spike in Stay Tuned and Dick Nelson in the 1992 comedy Mom, one of Joness earlier television roles was in an episode of the 1976 CBS series Sara. In 1986, he showcased his villain persona in the role of the sinister Mister Acme, in the satirical comedy miniseries Fresno, with Carol Burnett, Charles Grodin and Dabney Coleman. In 1995, Jones co-starred with Tyra Banks, Kathy Najimy and he also hosted Disneys D-TV Monster Hits musical special, as The Magic Mirror. He has had guest roles on a number of series, including Amazing Stories, Tales from the Crypt. In 1989, he starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom The People Next Door and he also appeared as newspaper publisher A. W. Merrick on the highly acclaimed HBO series Deadwood. Jones was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Ruth and his mother was an art historian, who urged him towards a career in acting

6.
John Spencer (actor)
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John Spencer was an American actor. He won an Emmy Award in 2002 for his role as White House Chief of Staff Leo McGarry on the NBC political drama series The West Wing, Spencer was born John Speshock, Jr. in New York City, and was raised in Totowa, New Jersey. He was the son of blue-collar parents Mildred, a waitress, Spencers father was of Irish and Czech descent, while his mother was of Ukrainian and Rusyn ancestry. With his enrollment at the Professional Childrens School in Manhattan in 1963, Spencer found himself sharing classes with such students as Liza Minnelli. He attended Fairleigh Dickinson University, but did not complete a degree, Spencer often referred to himself as a dyed-in-the-wool liberal and described Franklin Delano Roosevelt as one of his heroes. Spencer began his career on The Patty Duke Show. He won an Obie Award for the 1981 off Broadway production of Still Life, about a Vietnam War veteran and he became a full-fledged supporting actor with the hit 1990 courtroom thriller Presumed Innocent portraying a tough, veteran homicide detective, starring opposite Harrison Ford. The same year, Spencer joined the cast of the television series L. A. Law, playing rumpled, pugnacious, Spencers work also extended to video games, portraying the role of Captain Hugh Paulsen in the 1995 video game Wing Commander IV, The Price of Freedom. In 1999, Spencer was cast as White House Chief of Staff Leo McGarry on the hit NBC political drama series The West Wing, McGarry was later a senior staff consultant to President Josiah Bartlet and a vice presidential candidate until his death in 2005. Both Spencer and McGarry were recovering alcoholics, Spencer died of a heart attack in a Los Angeles hospital on December 16,2005, four days before his 59th birthday. He was survived by his partner of 5 years, actress Patricia Mariano, at Spencers private funeral, his West Wing castmate, Kristin Chenoweth, sang the musical number For Good from the Broadway musical Wicked. Spencers remains were interred at Laurel Grove Memorial Park in his hometown of Totowa, Spencers name remained in the opening credits throughout the remainder of the shows season. A tribute to Spencer, read by the shows lead Martin Sheen, was delivered at the start of episode 10 of the final season, John Spencer at the Internet Movie Database

7.
Neal McDonough
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He also appeared in films such as Walking Tall, Red 2, The Marine 3, Homefront, Traitor, and as Dum Dum Dugan in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films and TV series. McDonough grew up in Barnstable, Massachusetts and was raised Roman Catholic and his childhood nickname was headster, which McDonough says originated in his brothers teasing him about the size of his head. His roommate in college was Brett Pollock, current broadcaster for the Omaha Storm Chasers of the Pacific Coast League, McDonough frequently appeared as Captain Laser, inspiring young students to bring their studies to completion. From there, McDonough trained for a time at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. In 1991, McDonough won the Best Actor Dramalogue for Away Alone, McDonough has made many television and film appearances since then, including Band of Brothers, Boomtown, Star Trek, First Contact, Minority Report and The Hitcher. He also starred in the role on 2004 medical drama Medical Investigation for its one full season. McDonough was set to star in the ABC dramedy Scoundrels, but was fired for refusing to act in sex scenes, citing his family, in 2011, McDonough appeared as Marvel comic book character Dum Dum Dugan in Captain America, The First Avenger. McDonough also voiced the character in the 2011 movie tie-in video game, Captain America and he reprised his role in the 2013 short film, Agent Carter possibly reprising the role in future projects. He made a appearance in the first episode of the second season of Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. He also appeared in an episode of Agent Carter, in 2012, McDonough had a recurring role in the third season of FXs Justified as Robert Quarles, a sadistic, carpetbagging mobster from Detroit. He was later cast as Police Chief Parker in Frank Darabonts TNT pilot Mob City, during the 2014 Winter Olympics on NBC, McDonough was featured in a high-profile and frequently aired commercial for a new electric car from Cadillac. In 2015, McDonough was cast as DC Comics villain Damien Darhk on the season of Arrow. In 2003 McDonough married Ruvé Robertson, a native of South Africa who McDonough met in England while filming Band of Brothers, the couple have five children, Morgan Little Buck Patrick, Catherine Maggie, London Jane, Clover Elizabeth, and James Hamilton. Neal McDonough at the Internet Movie Database Neal McDonough at the TCM Movie Database Neal McDonough at AllMovie

8.
David Arquette
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David Arquette is an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, fashion designer and former professional wrestler. A member of the Arquette acting family, he first became known during the mid-1990s after starring in several Hollywood films, such as the Scream series, Wild Bill and he has since had several television roles, such as Jason Ventress on ABCs In Case of Emergency. In addition to his career, Arquette took a brief foray into professional wrestling in early 2000. During his tenure, Arquette became a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion, Arquette was born in a Subud commune in Bentonville, Virginia. He is the youngest child of Brenda Olivia Mardi, an actress, poet, theater operator, activist, acting teacher, and therapist, and Lewis Arquette, Arquettes paternal grandfather was comedian Cliff Arquette. Arquettes mother was Jewish, while his father was a convert from Catholicism to Islam, through him and his father, whose familys surname was originally Arcouet, was of part French-Canadian descent. Arquettes four siblings, Rosanna, Alexis, Richmond, and Patricia are all actors, the Arquettes had an unusual upbringing, with a father who occasionally had substance abuse issues. Their mother died of breast cancer, Arquette appeared in a number of movies in the 1990s, including Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Airheads, and Never Been Kissed. He had guest spots on television shows like Blossom, Beverly Hills,90210, Arquette achieved his biggest success in the horror/slasher film franchise Scream. It was during the filming of the first film in 1996 that he first met his future wife, Arquette guest starred alongside Cox on Cougar Town in 2012. He also appeared in the 2001 EA video game SSX Tricky and he also starred in See Spot Run in 2001. Arquette starred in the 2007 ABC comedy series In Case of Emergency, since then, he has appeared in the 2008 film Hamlet 2, and reprised his role in Scream 4, again acting alongside Cox. He appeared alongside his sister in the TV show Medium in January 2011 and he appeared in Rascal Flatts music video for their song Why Wait in 2010. Arquette, a horror fan, made his directorial debut with 2007s The Tripper, and has signed on to direct Glutton. The film began shooting in July 2011 in Canada, Arquette appeared on the 13th season of Dancing with the Stars, partnered with two-time champion Kym Johnson. He was eliminated on November 1,2011, on October 7,2013, Arquettes new show Dream School in which he plays a mentor to high-risk kids in LA, premiered on the Sundance Channel. In 2000, after filming the World Championship Wrestling movie Ready to Rumble, on the following episode of Thunder, Arquette teamed with Page in a match against Bischoff and Jeff Jarrett, with the stipulation that whichever man got the pin would take the championship. Arquette pinned Bischoff again in the finish, receiving the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in the process

9.
Michael Nyman
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He has written six concerti, four string quartets, and many other chamber works, many for his Michael Nyman Band. He is also a performing pianist, Nyman prefers to write opera rather than other forms of music. Nyman was born in Stratford, London to a family of Polish secular Jewish furriers, Nyman was educated at the Sir George Monoux Grammar School, Walthamstow. He won the Howard Carr Memorial Prize for composition in July 1964, in 1965–66 Nyman secured a residency in Romania, to study folk-song, supported by a British Council bursary. It subsequently became the base for his 1977 piece In Re Don Giovanni and he wrote introductions for George Frideric Handels Concerti Grossi, Op.6 and conducted the most important interview with George Brecht in 1976. He wrote settings to various texts by Mozart for Letters, Riddles and Writs and he also produced a soundtrack for the silent film Man with a Movie Camera. Nymans popularity increased after he wrote the score to Jane Campions award-winning 1993 film The Piano, the album became a classical music best-seller. He was nominated for both a British Academy Award and a Golden Globe and his few forays into Hollywood have been Gattaca, Ravenous, and The End of the Affair. In 2000, he produced a new opera on the subject of cloning on a libretto by Victoria Hardie titled Facing Goya, the lead, a widowed art banker, is written for contralto and the role was first created by Hilary Summers. His newest operas are Man and Boy, Dada and Love Counts and he has also composed the music for the childrens television series Titch which is based on the books written and illustrated by Pat Hutchins. Many of Nymans works are written for his own ensemble, the Michael Nyman Band and this line up has been variously altered and augmented for some works. Nyman also published a book in 1974 on experimental music called Experimental Music, Cage and Beyond. In the 1970s, Nyman was a member of the Portsmouth Sinfonia – the self-described Worlds Worst Orchestra – playing on their recordings, Nyman created a similar group called Fosters Social Orchestra, which specialised in the work of Stephen Foster. One of their pieces appeared in the film Ravenous and a work, not used in the film. He has also recorded pop music with the Flying Lizards, a version of his Bird List from the soundtrack to Peter Greenaways The Falls appears on their album Fourth Wall as Hands 2 Take, on 7 July 2007, Nyman performed at Live Earth in Japan. On 2008 Nyman realised, in collaboration with the cultural association Volumina, Sublime, in October 2009, Nyman released The Glare, a collaborative collection of songs with David McAlmont, which cast his work in a new light. The album – recorded with the Michael Nyman Band – finds McAlmont putting lyrics based on news stories to 11 pieces of Nyman music drawn from different phases of his career. In 2012, he made a soundtrack for film Everyday, keith H. Yoo in 2012 commissioned Nyman to write a 26 minutes long piano quintet in four movements titled Through the Only Window

10.
Damon Albarn
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Damon Albarn, OBE is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is best known as the singer of the British rock band Blur as well as co-founder, vocalist, instrumentalist. After spending long periods of time touring the US, Albarns songwriting became influenced by British bands from the 1960s. The result of these came in the form of Modern Life Is Rubbish, Parklife. All three albums received critical acclaim while Blur gained mass popularity in the UK, aided by a Britpop rivalry with Oasis, subsequent albums such as Blur,13, Think Tank and The Magic Whip contained influences from lo-fi, electronic and hip hop music. Along with Tank Girl creator Jamie Hewlett, Albarn formed the virtual band Gorillaz in 1998, drawing influences from alternative rock, trip hop, hip hop, electronica, dub, reggae and pop music, the band released their self-titled debut album in 2001 to worldwide success. Although Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, the albums feature collaborations from a range of artists. Gorillaz are cited by the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band and he has also ventured into the world of opera with Dr Dee and Monkey, Journey to the West. In 2008 The Daily Telegraph ranked Albarn number 18 in their list of the 100 most powerful people in British culture, in a 2010 UK poll for Q magazine Albarn was voted the fourth-greatest frontman of all time. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to music, Albarn was born on 23 March 1968, is the eldest child of artist Keith Albarn and his wife Hazel, née Dring. Their daughter Jessica, born in 1971, also went on to become an artist, Keith Albarn, originally from Nottinghamshire, was briefly the manager of Soft Machine and once a guest on BBCs Late Night Line-Up. He was head of The School of Art and Design at Colchester Institute, damons paternal grandfather Edward, an architect, had been a conscientious objector during the Second World War and was involved in a farming community in Lincolnshire, becoming a peace activist. In 2002 Edward Albarn died, Damon stated in an interview that Edward did not want to any longer. The Apollo Cumfycraft and The Tailendcharlie produced by his fathers company Keith Albarn & Partners Ltd under the trade-name of Playlearn, when Damon and Jessica were growing up, their family moved to Leytonstone, East London. The household was described as bohemian and their upbringing as liberal, Albarn agreed with his parents views, later claiming, I always thought my parents were absolutely dead right. I went against the grain in a weird way – by continually following them and his parents primarily listened to blues, Indian ragas and African music. The population of the area was predominantly white as opposed to the ethnically mixed part of London which he had used to. He described himself as not really fitting in with the politics of the place, Albarn was interested in music from an early age, attending an Osmonds concert at the age of six

11.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific

12.
Western film
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns

13.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor

14.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years

15.
Suspense film
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Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, a strict definition of the thriller film is that the films overarching goal is to build tension in audiences as the film approaches its climax. Tension is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible, Life is typically threatened in thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films characters conflict with other or with an outside force. Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres, there exist adventure thrillers, science fiction thrillers, Western thrillers, Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective, common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Alfred Hitchcocks first thriller was his silent film, The Lodger. His next thriller was Blackmail, his and Britains first sound film and his notable thrillers in the 1930s include The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps. 326 —this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films, the German film M, directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing Foreign Correspondent, the Oscar-winning Rebecca, Suspicion, Saboteur and Shadow of a Doubt, notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase and Sorry, Wrong Number. In the 1950s, Hitchcock added technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales and he reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic films such as, Strangers on a Train, Dial M For Murder with Ray Milland, Rear Window and Vertigo. Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter —Charles Laughtons only film as director—and Orson Welless crime thriller Touch of Evil, director Michael Powells Peeping Tom featured Carl Boehm as a psychopathic cameraman. After Hitchcocks classic films of the 1950s, he produced Psycho about a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner, J. Lee Thompsons Cape Fear, with Robert Mitchum, had a menacing ex-con seeking revenge. A famous thriller at the time of its release was Wait Until Dark by director Terence Young, john Boormans Deliverance followed the perilous fate of four Southern businessmen during a weekends trip. In Francis Ford Coppolas The Conversation, a bugging-device expert systematically uncovered a covert murder while he himself was being spied upon, Peter Hyams science fiction thriller Capricorn One proposed a government conspiracy to fake the first mission to Mars. His notable films include Sisters, Obsession, which was inspired by Vertigo, Dressed to Kill. Other films include Curtis Hansons The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and Unlawful Entry, detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 90s

16.
Cannibalism
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Cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings. A person who practices cannibalism is called a cannibal, the expression cannibalism has been extended into zoology to mean one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food, including sexual cannibalism. The Island Carib people of the Lesser Antilles, from whom the word cannibalism derives, some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends and the prevalence of actual cannibalism in the culture. Cannibalism was practiced in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islands, Fiji was once known as the Cannibal Isles. Cannibalism has been documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo to Māori New Zealand. Neanderthals are believed to have practiced cannibalism, and Neanderthals may have been eaten by anatomically modern humans, Cannibalism has recently been both practiced and fiercely condemned in several wars, especially in Liberia and Congo. It is still practiced in Papua New Guinea as of 2012 for cultic reasons and in ritual, Cannibalism has been said to test the bounds of cultural relativism as it challenges anthropologists to define what is or is not beyond the pale of acceptable human behavior. Cannibalism has been practiced as a last resort by people suffering from famine. Also, some mentally ill people obsess about eating others and actually do so, such as Jeffrey Dahmer, there is resistance to formally labeling cannibalism as a mental disorder. Cannibalism derives from Caníbales, the Spanish name for the Caribs, a West Indies tribe that formerly practiced cannibalism, from Spanish canibal or caribal, in some societies, especially tribal societies, cannibalism is a cultural norm. Exocannibalism is the consumption of a person from outside the community, both types of cannibalism can also be fueled by the belief that eating a persons flesh or internal organs will endow the cannibal with some of the characteristics of the deceased. In most parts of the world, cannibalism is not a societal norm, the survivors of the shipwrecks of the Essex and Méduse in the 19th century are said to have engaged in cannibalism, as did the members of Franklins lost expedition and the Donner Party. Such cases generally involve necro-cannibalism as opposed to homicidal cannibalism, in English law, the latter is always considered a crime, even in the most trying circumstances. There are numerous examples of murderers consuming their victims, often deriving some degree of satisfaction from the act of cannibalism. Notable examples include Albert Fish, Issei Sagawa and Jeffrey Dahmer, cases of autophagia, or self-cannibalism, have also been reported. A well-known case of cannibalism is that of the Fore tribe in New Guinea. Although the Fores mortuary cannibalism was documented, the practice had ceased before the cause of the disease was recognized. However, some argue that although post-mortem dismemberment was the practice during funeral rites

17.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

18.
Donner Party
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The Donner Party was a group of American pioneers led by George Donner and James F. Reed who set out for California in a wagon train in May 1846. They were delayed by a series of mishaps and mistakes, some of the pioneers resorted to cannibalism to survive. The rugged terrain and difficulties encountered while traveling along the Humboldt River in present-day Nevada resulted in the loss of cattle and wagons. By the beginning of November 1846, the settlers had reached the Sierra Nevada where they became trapped by an early, heavy snowfall near Truckee Lake and their food supplies ran extremely low and, in mid-December, some of the group set out on foot to obtain help. Rescuers from California attempted to reach the settlers, but the first relief party did not arrive until the middle of February 1847, of the 87 members of the party,48 survived to reach California, many of them having eaten the dead for survival. Historians have described the episode as one of the most bizarre and spectacular tragedies in Californian history, during the 1840s, the United States saw a dramatic increase in pioneers, people who left their homes in the east to settle in Oregon and California. Most wagon trains followed the Oregon Trail route from Independence, Missouri to the Continental Divide, the trail generally followed rivers to South Pass, a mountain pass in Wyoming, which was relatively easy for wagons to negotiate. From there, wagon trains had a choice of routes to their destination, Lansford W. Hastings, an early immigrant, went to California in 1842 and saw the promise of the undeveloped country. To encourage settlers, he published The Emigrants Guide to Oregon and he described a direct route across the Great Basin which would bring emigrants through the Wasatch Mountains and across the Great Salt Lake Desert. Hastings had not traveled any part of his proposed shortcut until early 1846 on a trip from California to Fort Bridger, the fort was a scant supply station run by Jim Bridger and his partner Pierre Louis Vasquez in Blacks Fork, Wyoming. Hastings stayed at the fort to persuade travelers to turn south on his route, as of 1846, Hastings was the second of two men documented to have crossed the southern part of the Great Salt Lake Desert, but neither had been accompanied by wagons. The most difficult part of the journey to California was the last 100 miles across the Sierra Nevada. This mountain range contains 500 distinct peaks over 12,000 feet high, the eastern side of the range is also extremely steep. In the spring of 1846, almost 500 wagons headed west from Independence, at the rear of the train, a group of nine wagons containing 32 members of the Reed and Donner families and their employees left on May 12. George Donner, born in North Carolina, had moved west to Kentucky, Indiana. In early 1846, he was about 60 years old, with him were his 44-year-old wife Tamsen and their three daughters Frances, Georgia, and Eliza, and Georges daughters from a previous marriage, Elitha and Leanna. Georges younger brother Jacob also joined the party with his wife Elizabeth, teenaged stepsons Solomon Hook and William Hook, and five children, George, Mary, Isaac, Lewis, and Samuel. Also traveling with the Donner brothers were teamsters Hiram O. Miller, Samuel Shoemaker, Noah James, Charles Burger, John Denton, James F. Reed, a 45-year-old native of present-day Northern Ireland, had settled in Illinois in 1831

19.
Alferd Packer
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Alfred Griner Alferd Packer was an American prospector who confessed to cannibalism during the winter of 1874. He and five other men attempted to travel through the mountains of Colorado during the peak of a harsh winter. After his story was called into question, he hid from justice for nine years before being tried, convicted of murder, Packer won a retrial and was eventually sentenced to 40 years in prison for manslaughter. A biopic of his life, The Legend of Alfred Packer, was made in 1980, a more comedic take, titled Cannibal. The Musical, was made in 1993, Alferd Griner Packer was born January 21,1842, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, one of three children of James Packer and his wife Esther Griner. By the early 1850s, James Packer had moved his family to LaGrange County, Indiana, Alfred Packer served in the Union Army in the American Civil War. Upon enlisting, on April 22,1862 at Winona, Minnesota in Company F, 16th U. S. Infantry Regiment and he was honorably discharged due to epilepsy eight months later, at Fort Ontario, New York. He moved south and on June 25,1863, enlisted in Company L, 8th Iowa Cavalry Regiment at Ottumwa, Iowa, however, he was discharged at Cleveland, Tennessee on April 22,1864, for the same reason. He then traveled to the Rocky Mountains and worked at mining related jobs for nine years, in November 1873, Packer joined Bob McGrues party of 21 men, who left Provo, Utah for the gold country around Breckenridge, Colorado. On January 21,1874, the party met Chief Ouray, known as the White Mans Friend, near Montrose, Chief Ouray recommended they postpone their expedition until spring, since they were likely to encounter dangerous winter weather in the mountains. Ouray kindly offered to allow the men to stay with his tribe until the winter had passed, some men in the party became restless, and decided to ignore Ourays advice and attempt to find the government cattle camp near the Los Pinos Indian Agency. O. D. Packer returned to the camp, the following week, on February 9, Packer and five others left for the Los Pinos Indian Agency. Besides Packer, the group comprised Shannon Wilson Bell, James Humphrey, Frank Reddy Miller, George California Noon, the leader of the outfit, Bob McGrue, guided Packers party until his horses could not continue. McGrue unloaded the mens provisions and went back to Ourays camp, what happened after this is not clear. On April 16,1874, Packer arrived at the Los Pinos Indian Agency near Gunnison. When Preston Nutter, a member of McGrues original group, asked Packer what happened to the rest of his party, Packer claimed that he had got his feet wet and frozen, and the others had abandoned him. Packer claimed he was broke and sold the Winchester rifle he had in his possession to Major Downer, the justice of the peace, for $10. After a short stay at the Agency, Packer said he wanted to return to Pennsylvania, during the course of this journey, Nutter saw that Packer had in his possession a skinning knife that had belonged to Frank Reddy Miller and began to have doubts about Packers story

20.
Dashiell Hammett
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Samuel Dashiell Hammett was an American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories, screenwriter, and political activist. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade, Nick and Nora Charles, in his obituary in The New York Times, he was described as the dean of the. Time magazine included Hammetts 1929 novel Red Harvest on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005 and his novels and stories also had a significant influence on films. Hammett was born on a farm in Saint Marys County, Maryland and his parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Anne Bond Dashiell, his mother belonged to an old Maryland family, whose name in French was De Chiel. Known as Sam, Hammett was baptized a Catholic, and grew up in Philadelphia and he left school when he was 13 years old and held several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for Pinkerton from 1915 to February 1922, the agencys role in union strike-breaking eventually left him disillusioned. Hammett enlisted in the Army in 1918 and served in the Motor Ambulance Corps and he was afflicted during that time with the Spanish flu and later contracted tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient at Cushman Hospital in Tacoma, Washington, where he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, Hammett and Dolan had two daughters, Mary Jane and Josephine. Shortly after the birth of their child, Health Services nurses informed Dolan that due to Hammetts TB, she. Dolan rented a home in San Francisco, California, where Hammett would visit on weekends, the marriage soon fell apart, but he continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing. Hammett was first published in 1922 in the magazine The Smart Set, known for the authenticity and realism of his writing, he drew on his experiences as a Pinkerton operative. Hammett wrote most of his fiction while he was living in San Francisco in the 1920s, streets. He said that All my characters were based on people Ive known personally, Raymond Chandler, often considered Hammetts successor, summarized his accomplishments in The Simple Art of Murder, Hammett was the ace performer. He is said to have lacked heart, yet the story he himself thought the most of and he was spare, frugal, hard-boiled, but he did over and over again what only the best writers can ever do at all. He wrote scenes that seemed never to have written before. In 1929 and 1930, he was involved with Nell Martin. He dedicated The Glass Key to her, and in turn, in 1931, Hammett embarked on a 30-year affair with the playwright Lillian Hellman. Though he sporadically continued to work on material, he wrote his novel in 1934

21.
The Thin Man
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The Thin Man is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook. It appeared in form the following month. Hammett never wrote a sequel, but the book became the basis for a successful film series. The television series The Thin Man television series was produced in the 1950s and it is about a quarter of the length of the finished book. Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel. I think, but I only think, I know a few of the reasons, he wanted to do a new kind of work, he was sick for many of those years and getting sicker. Following the success of the version of The Thin Man in 1934. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012, the story is set in New York City in December 1932, in the last days of Prohibition. The main characters are a private detective, Nick Charles. Nick, son of a Greek immigrant, has given up his career since marrying Nora, a wealthy socialite, Nick and Nora have no children, but they own a female Schnauzer named Asta. Charles is drawn, mostly against his will, into investigating a murder, the case brings them in contact with a rather grotesque family, the Wynants, and with various policemen and lowlifes. As they attempt to solve the case, Nick and Nora share a great deal of banter and witty dialogue, Nick Charles, the narrator, a onetime detective, now a lumberman. Humorous, self-possessed, tough, and intelligent, he discovers clues, arranges them, makes deductions and he then summarizes the whole solution for his admiring wife, Nora. Nora Charles, Nick’s wife, a woman with a sense of humor. Clyde Wynant, the Thin Man, a wealthy, eccentric inventor, Mimi Jorgenson, Clyde’s former wife, a showy blond. Julia Wolf, Clyde Wynant’s secretary, who is murdered, dorothy Wynant, Mimi and Clyde’s daughter, a small, attractive blonde who dislikes her family and who asks Nick to locate her missing father. Gilbert Wynant, Dorothy’s brother, an odd, extremely inquisitive young man, christian Jorgenson, formerly called Kelterman, Wynant’s former associate who, feeling unfairly treated, breaks with him. Although he already has a wife in Boston, Jorgenson bigamously marries Mimi to get his hands on the divorce settlement Wynant provides for her

22.
Milcho Manchevski
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Milcho Manchevski, is a film director. The New York Times included his film Before the Rain in its Guide to the Best 1,000 Films Ever Made list. Manchevski’s work also includes the films Dust, Shadows, Mothers, Bikini Moon, as well as the shorts Thursday, Macedonia Timeless, Manchevski has authored two exhibitions of photographs, and works of fiction, as well as books of essays and performance art. He teaches at the Feirstein Graduate School at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, VGIK in Moscow, EICTV in Cuba, Bikini Moon Mothers Shadows Dust Before the Rain – This film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994

23.
Mexican-American War
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It followed in the wake of the 1845 U. S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory in spite of its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824 and it was characterized by considerable instability, leaving it ill-prepared for conflict when war broke out in 1846. In 1845, Texas agreed to an offer of annexation by the U. S. Congress, and became the 28th state on December 29 that year. In 1845, James K. Polk, the newly-elected U. S. president, when that offer was rejected, American forces commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor were moved into the disputed territory. They were then attacked by Mexican forces, who killed 12 U. S. soldiers and these same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande. This led to the war and the loss of much of Mexicos northern territory. The U. S. army, under the command of Major General Winfield Scott, captured the capital, Mexico City, marching from the port of Veracruz. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and specified its major consequence, the U. S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt owed by the Mexican government to U. S. citizens, Mexico acknowledged the loss of Texas and thereafter cited the Rio Grande as its national border with the United States. The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of US President James K. Polk, at first, the war was highly controversial in the United States, with the Whig Party, anti-imperialists, and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. Critics in the United States pointed to the casualties suffered by U. S. forces. The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States, in Mexico, the war came in the middle of political turmoil, which increased into chaos during the conflict. Border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government, for the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Mexican rule, the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power. The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City, after independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority. In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios, there were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well. The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche–Mexico Wars, the Apache–Mexico Wars also made Mexicos north a violent place, with no effective political control. The Apache raids left thousands of people dead through out northern Mexico, when the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers. There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population, hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult

24.
United States Army
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The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma

25.
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
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The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province. The vast majority of the lies in the state of California. The Sierra runs 400 miles north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west, the Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks, the character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology. More than one hundred years ago during the Nevadan orogeny. The range started to uplift four M. A. ago, the uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones. Uplift continues due to faulting caused by forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada has a significant history, the California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912, the Sierra Nevada lies in Central and Eastern California, with a very small but historically important spur extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevadas elevation increases gradually from 1,000 feet in the Central Valley to an height of about 10,500 feet at its crest only 50–75 miles to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment, unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift. The Sierra Nevada stretches from the Susan River and Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south and it is bounded on the west by Californias Central Valley and on the east by the Basin and Range Province. The geographical boundary between the Sierra and the Cascades is virtually indistinguishable, with the Fredonyer Pass designation being traditional, physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade-Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The range is drained on its western slope by the Central Valley watershed, the northern third of the western Sierra is part of the Sacramento River watershed, and the middle third is drained by the San Joaquin River. The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower, its rivers flow out into the endorheic Great Basin of eastern California and western Nevada. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct which provides water to Southern California, the height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the range from 5,000 feet to more than 9,000 feet. The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet high, farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell

26.
Wagon train
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A wagon train is a group of wagons traveling together. In a military context, a train was the wagon train that followed an army with supplies. In the American West, settlers traveling across the plains and mountain passes in covered wagons banded together for mutual assistance, although wagon trains are associated with the Old West, the Trekboers of South Africa also traveled in caravans of covered wagons. Virtually all U. S. trails originated in Independence, Missouri, perhaps the most famous wagon train trail was the Oregon Trail which had a span of over 2,000 miles. Other paths included the Santa Fe Trail, the Chisholm Trail, the California Trail, the Mormon Trail, and the Old Spanish Trail. Although wagon train suggests a line of wagons, when permitted, wagons would often fan out. Originally, westward movement began in small groups, but well-funded travelers with a hundred or more wagons could employ professional wagon masters and ostlers, Overland emigrants discovered smaller groups of twenty to forty wagons were more manageable than larger ones, especially without professional wagon masters. Many operated under democratic principles, creating bylaws and electing a captain, in reality, a captain had limited authority. His role was largely confined to getting everyone moving in the morning and selecting when, membership in wagon trains was generally fluid and wagons frequently joined or left trains depending on the needs and wishes of their owners. An accident or illness, for instance, might force someone to fall behind and wait for the next train, some might break away to settle in Colorado Territory or other territories along the way. While Indians might attempt to raid horses under cover of darkness, contrary to popular belief, wagons were seldom circled defensively. The advent of gunpowder meant that an army could no longer rely solely on foraging in the surrounding countryside. In the 18th century, organized commissary and quartermaster departments were developed to centralize delivery of supplies, the delivery took the form of baggage trains, large groups of wagons that traveled at the rear of the main army. Westward-bound collective treks are reflected in numerous books, films and television programs about the journeys, cavalcade Conestoga wagon Convoy Covered wagon Laager Stewart, George R. The California Trail, An Epic With Many Heroes, the Plains Across, The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-60. Urbana, University of Illinois Press,1993, children on the Oregon Trail Life and Death on the Oregon Trail, Â Provisions for births and lethal circumstances, Â OCTA. Oregon-California Trails Association - Oregon Trail History, brown, Dee Alexander, and Martin Ferdinand Schmitt. Media related to Wagon trains at Wikimedia Commons Wagon Train at Spartacus Educational http, //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/634001/wagon-train

27.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians

28.
Reconnaissance
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In military operations, reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence. Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops, ships or submarines, manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, satellites, espionage normally is not reconnaissance, because reconnaissance is a militarys special forces operating ahead of its main forces, spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines. Often called recce or recon, the verb is reconnaître. Traditionally, reconnaissance was a role that was adopted by the cavalry, speed was key in these maneuvers, thus infantry was ill suited to the task. From horses to vehicles, for warriors throughout history, commanders procured their ability to have speed and mobility, to mount and dismount, skirmishing is a traditional skill of reconnaissance, as well as harassment of the enemy. Reconnaissance conducted by ground forces includes special reconnaissance, armored reconnaissance, amphibious reconnaissance, aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance carried out by aircraft. The purpose is to weather conditions, map terrain, and may include military purposes such as observing tangible structures, particular areas. Naval forces use aerial and satellite reconnaissance to observe enemy forces, navies also undertake hydrographic surveys and intelligence gathering. Reconnaissance satellites provide military commanders with photographs of enemy forces and other intelligence, military forces also use geographical and meteorological information from Earth observation satellites. A tracker needs to pay attention to both the environment and the psychology of his enemy. Knowledge of human psychology, sociology, and cultural backgrounds is necessary to know the actions of the enemy and this is almost as necessary as to know the physical character of the country, its climate and products. Certain people will do certain things almost without fail, certain other things, perfectly feasible, they will not do. There is no danger of knowing too much of the habits of an enemy. One should neither underestimate the enemy nor credit him with superhuman powers, fear and courage are latent in every human being, though roused into activity by very diverse means. Types of reconnaissance, Terrain-oriented reconnaissance is a survey of the terrain, force-oriented reconnaissance focuses on the enemy forces and may include target acquisition. Civil-oriented reconnaissance focuses on the dimension of the battlespace. The techniques and objectives are not mutually exclusive, it is up to the commander whether they are carried out separately or by the same unit, some military elements tasked with reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense, and rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by destroying their reconnaissance elements, reconnaissance-in-force is a type of military operation or military tactics used specifically to probe an enemys disposition

29.
Manifest Destiny
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In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. Generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven, historians have emphasized that manifest destiny was a contested concept—pre-civil war Democrats endorsed the idea but many prominent Americans rejected it. Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes, American imperialism did not represent an American consensus, Whigs saw Americas moral mission as one of democratic example rather than one of conquest. The term was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico, but manifest destiny always limped along because of its internal limitations and the issue of slavery, says Merk. It never became a national priority, Merk concluded, From the outset Manifest Destiny—vast in program, in its sense of continentalism—was slight in support. It lacked national, sectional, or party following commensurate with its magnitude, the reason was it did not reflect the national spirit. The thesis that it embodied nationalism, found in historical writing, is backed by little real supporting evidence. There was never a set of principles defining manifest destiny, therefore it was always a general rather than a specific policy made with a motto. Andrew Jackson, who spoke of extending the area of freedom, typified the conflation of Americas potential greatness, the nations budding sense of Romantic self-identity, yet Jackson would not be the only president to elaborate on the principles underlying manifest destiny. Owing in part to the lack of a definitive narrative outlining its rationale, while many writers focused primarily upon American expansionism, be it into Mexico or across the Pacific, others saw the term as a call to example. Without an agreed upon interpretation, much less a political philosophy. This variety of possible meanings was summed up by Ernest Lee Tuveson, A vast complex of ideas, policies and they are not, as we should expect, all compatible, nor do they come from any one source. This destiny was not explicitly territorial, but OSullivan predicted that the United States would be one of a Union of many Republics sharing those values. Six years later, in 1845, OSullivan wrote another essay titled Annexation in the Democratic Review, in this article he urged the U. S. Overcoming Whig opposition, Democrats annexed Texas in 1845, OSullivans first usage of the phrase manifest destiny attracted little attention. OSullivans second use of the phrase became extremely influential, on December 27,1845, in his newspaper the New York Morning News, OSullivan addressed the ongoing boundary dispute with Britain. That is, OSullivan believed that Providence had given the United States a mission to spread republican democracy, because Britain would not spread democracy, thought OSullivan, British claims to the territory should be overruled. OSullivan believed that manifest destiny was an ideal that superseded other considerations

30.
Jeremy Davies (actor)
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Jeremy Davies is an American film and television actor. He is known for portraying Cpl, timothy E. Upham in Saving Private Ryan and the physicist Daniel Faraday on the television series Lost. He also appeared in the FX series Justified, as Dickie Bennett, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. Jeremy Davies was born in Traverse City, Michigan, of Scottish and Welsh descent, Davies is Jeremys mothers maiden name, which he adopted as his professional name. He has a brother, Joshua, and two half-siblings, Zachery and Katrina, from his fathers second marriage and his parents separated when he was young, leaving Davies to relocate to Kansas with his mother until the mid-1970s, when she died of lupus. He went to live with his father and his stepmother in Santa Barbara, California, before moving to Rockford, Iowa in 1986 and he attended college at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in California. In 1992, he appeared on two episodes of The Wonder Years and he appeared in small roles in the NBC TV film Shoot First, A Cops Vengeance and in the pilot for the colonial-era sitcom 1775. He played a youth in the Showtime thriller Guncrazy and had a guest appearance on Melrose Place, in 1993, Davies was cast in a TV commercial for Subaru in which his character compares the car to punk rock. Numerous casting directors and industry forces noticed the commercial, and Davies found himself being sent feature film scripts, critics embraced his performance in David O. Russells debut film, the black comedy, Spanking the Monkey. Davies performance was received, and he went on to star in several films, including CQ, Secretary. In 2004, he portrayed Charles Manson in CBSs adaptation of Helter Skelter, Davies appeared as a main cast member on Lost during its fourth and fifth seasons, playing Daniel Faraday, an amnesiac physicist who comes to the island as part of a team hired by Charles Widmore. He guest-starred in three episodes in Losts sixth season and he had a recurring role on FXs Justified as Dickie Bennett, for which he earned a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2012. He was also nominated for the award in 2011 and he also starred in History Channels 2015 miniseries Texas Rising, as Sergeant Ephraim Knowles. Jeremy Davies at the Internet Movie Database Jeremy Davies Official Website Jeremy Davies Zone Jeremy Davies Daily

31.
Tatra Mountains
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The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra, are a mountain range that form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains, the Tatras should be distinguished from the Low Tatras which are located south of the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia. The Tatra Mountains occupy an area of 785 square kilometres, of which about 610 square kilometres lie within Slovakia, the highest peak, called Gerlach, at 2,655 m is located north of Poprad. The highest point in Poland, Rysy, at 2,499 m is located south of Zakopane. The Tatras length, measured from the foothills of the Kobyli Wierch to the southwestern foot of Ostry Wierch Kwaczański, in a straight line is 57 km. The range is only 19 km wide, the Tatras main ridge leads from Huciańska Pass in the west to Zdziarska Pass to the east. In 1992 the Polish and Slovak parks were designated a transboundary biosphere reserve by UNESCO in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves under its Man. It is the highest mountain range within Carpathians, by the end of the First Polish Republic and the Polish border between the Kingdom of Hungary in the Tatras was not strictly defined. The Tatras became an unoccupied borderland, two years later, the First Partition of Poland allocated the lands to Austria. In 1824, Zakopane good and Fish Creek Valley with Morskie Oko purchased from the authorities of the Austrian Hungarian Emanuel Homolacs. In 1867 formed the Austria-Hungary and the Tatra Mountains have become imaginary border between the two states of the monarchy, but the border still has not been exactly determined. In 1889, Count Władysław Zamoyski purchased at auction a good Zakopane, due to numerous disputes over lands belonging in the late nineteenth century, attempts were made to the delimitation of the border. They did not bring effect in 1897, and the case went to a court that on September 13,1902 determined the exact course of the Austria-Hungary border in the disputed area. The Tatras lie in the zone of Central Europe. They are an important barrier to the movements of air masses and their mountainous topography causes one of the most diverse climates in that region. Winds The average wind speed on the summits is 6 m/s. southerly winds on the northern side westerly winds at the base of Tatra foehn winds most often occur between October and May and they are warm and dry and can cause extensive damage. On 19 November 2004, large parts of the forests in the southern Slovak part of the High Tatras were damaged by a wind storm. Three million cubic metres of trees were uprooted, two died and several villages were totally cut off

32.
Slovakia
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Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Slovakias territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks, the capital and largest city is Bratislava. The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries, in the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samos Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra. In the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary, which became part of the Habsburg Empire. After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a separate Slovak Republic existed in World War II as a client state of Nazi Germany. In 1945, Czechoslovakia was reëstablished under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite, in 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The country maintains a combination of economy with universal health care. The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009, Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the OECD, the WTO, CERN, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group. The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and its legal tender, the Euro, is the worlds 2nd most traded currency. Although regional income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, in 2016, Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world. Slovakia is the world’s biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone, the car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia’s industrial output, and a quarter of its exports. Radiocarbon datingputs the oldest surviving archaeological artefacts from Slovakia – found near Nové Mesto nad Váhom – at 270,000 BC and these ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia. Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic era come from the Prévôt cave near Bojnice, the most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium, discovered near Gánovce, a village in northern Slovakia. The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of mammoth-bone, the statue was found in the 1940s in Moravany nad Váhom near Piešťany. Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina and these findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. The Bronze Age in the territory of modern-day Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BC

33.
Fox 2000
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific

34.
Laura Ziskin
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Ziskin was born and raised in a Jewish family in the San Fernando Valley, California, the daughter of Jay Ziskin and Elaine Edelman. Jay was a psychologist and lawyer who died of cancer, aged 77. After graduating from the University of Southern California USC School of Cinematic Arts in 1973, Ziskin started out writing for game shows, then became the personal assistant of Jon Peters. Ziskin quickly became a development executive, moving into feature films with Jon Peters production company where she worked on the 1976 remake of A Star Is Born, Ziskin formed Fogwood Films with partner Sally Field in 1984, and produced Murphys Romance. As an independent producer, Ziskin produced the thriller No Way Out for Orion Pictures, in 1988, Ziskin and partner Ian Sander produced two films featuring Dennis Quaid, the remake of D. O. A. and Taylor Hackfords Everybodys All-American. Ziskins success came with the hit comedy Pretty Woman in 1990, starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, the following year was difficult for Ziskin. Ziskin and star Bill Murray had spirited disagreements during production, both that film and The Doctor were not as strong at the box office as Pretty Woman. A switch to Columbia resulted in Stephen Frears Hero in 1992, Ziskin directed her first short film in 1994, Oh, What a Day. 1914 and produced the Nicole Kidman tour-de-force To Die For in 1995, by the time that last film was in release, Ziskin had been appointed president of Fox 2000, one of several offshoots 20th Century Fox developed to speed up their production and distribution. Since the formation of Fox 2000, Ziskin rounded up a number of directors and writers. Among those released were Edward Zwicks Gulf War drama Courage Under Fire and the romantic comedy One Fine Day and Pat OConnors Inventing the Abbotts, Ziskin executive produced As Good as It Gets in 1997. After nearly five years on the job, Ziskin resigned from Fox 2000 in November 1999, after being tapped to serve as the first solo female producer of an Academy Awards telecast in 2002, Ziskin returned to the big screen with the highly anticipated feature version of Spider-Man. The film was released on May 3,2002 to widespread acclaim from critics, went on to box office records. The success of the led to two sequels, Spider-Man 2 and Spider-Man 3. In 2002, Ziskin was also awarded the Crystal Award by Women in Film for her efforts at expanding the role of women in the entertainment industry. In February 2004, Ziskin was diagnosed with stage 3 breast cancer, Ziskin died of breast cancer at her home in Santa Monica, California on June 12,2011, aged 61. Her final films were the franchise reboot, The Amazing Spider-Man and she died a few months after filming ended on The Amazing Spider-Man, but three weeks before filming began on The Butler. When she was about 27, Ziskin married writer Julian Barry, the two later had a daughter, Julia Barry

35.
Leo McGarry
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Leo Thomas McGarry is a fictional character played by American actor John Spencer on the television serial drama The West Wing. The role earned Spencer the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2002, McGarrys character, the former United States Secretary of Labor, begins the series as the White House Chief of Staff. He is President Josiah Bartlets best friend and a figure to the Senior Staff, particularly White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman. In crafting the character of Leo McGarry, series creator Aaron Sorkin said he envisioned John Spencer in the part but had not imagined he would be available. Although he had decided he did not want to do another TV drama series due to the long hours. Like the character, Spencer was an alcoholic, and said he found he could relate to McGarry because Leos in recovery. In an earlier draft of the script, dated February 6,1998, McGarry is called Leo Jacobi and is described as being aged 55. Leo McGarry is from Chicago, Illinois born in 1948, though he seems to have some connection to Boston. He is of Irish and Scottish ancestry, and has at least two sisters, Elizabeth McGarry and Josephine McGarry, Ph. D. the latter serving as a district superintendent in Atlanta. He and his ex-wife have one daughter, Mallory OBrien, who teaches fourth grade, McGarry is a recovering alcoholic and Valium addict. His father was also an alcoholic, who committed suicide, McGarry is a United States Air Force veteran, having flown a F-105 Thunderchief with the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing out of Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base in the Vietnam War. During the war, he was shot down and wounded, prior to working in the White House, McGarry had been the United States Secretary of Labor during a presidency prior to the beginning of the show. McGarry amassed significant wealth during his life in the sector as a member of the board of directors of a defense contractor, Mueller-Wright Aeronautics. He also worked for Cultico, a firm that was blamed for a disaster in Haryana. On more than one occasion, it is known that he is the wealthiest member of the staff - even more than the President himself. McGarry scored 1400 on his SAT and it is implied in the episode And Its Surely to Their Credit that McGarry is an attorney. Its also implied in the episode The Portland Trip that he has some association with the University of Michigan, in 1997, Leo travels to New Hampshire in an attempt to persuade his old friend Governor Josiah Bartlet to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. Having persuaded Bartlet, McGarry becomes his manager and general chairman of the Bartlet For America campaign, hiring Josh Lyman, Toby Ziegler, C. J. Cregg

David Heyman
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David Jonathan Heyman is an English film producer and the founder of Heyday Films. In 1999, he secured the rights to the Harry Potter film series and went on to produce all eight installments. He is the son of John Heyman, producer of such as The Go-Between and Jesus, and Norma Heyman. His paternal grandparents were German Jews who left Nazi German

1.
Heyman in July 2009

Guy Pearce
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Guy Edward Pearce is an Australian actor and musician. In Australian cinema, he has appeared in The Proposition, Animal Kingdom, The Rover, Holding the Man and he has won an Emmy Award and received nominations for Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and AACTA Awards. Since 2012 he has played the role in the TV adaptations of the Jack I

Robert Carlyle
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Robert Carlyle, OBE is a Scottish actor. His film work includes Trainspotting, The Full Monty, The World Is Not Enough and he has been in the television shows Hamish Macbeth, Stargate Universe, and Once Upon a Time. He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Full Monty, Carlyle was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, the son of Elizabet

1.
On a Once Upon a Time panel at the 2014 Comic-Con International

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Robert Carlyle in July 2009.

Jeremy Davies
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Jeremy Davies is an American film and television actor. He is known for portraying Cpl, timothy E. Upham in Saving Private Ryan and the physicist Daniel Faraday on the television series Lost. He also appeared in the FX series Justified, as Dickie Bennett, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. Jeremy Davies was born in Traverse City

1.
Davies answering questions at the Toronto premiere of Rescue Dawn in September 2006.

Jeffrey Jones
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Jeffrey Jones is an American actor best known for his roles as Joseph II in Amadeus, Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Buellers Day Off, and Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice. In 2002, Jones was arrested and charged with possession of child pornography and he pleaded no contest to a felony charge, and was ordered to register as a sex offender. He then went to

1.
Jeffrey Jones in 2012

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Jones in the role of Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Bueller's Day Off

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Jones with Catherine O'Hara in Beetlejuice.

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Jones upon his May, 2005 arrest in Florida for failure to register as a sex offender.

John Spencer (actor)
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John Spencer was an American actor. He won an Emmy Award in 2002 for his role as White House Chief of Staff Leo McGarry on the NBC political drama series The West Wing, Spencer was born John Speshock, Jr. in New York City, and was raised in Totowa, New Jersey. He was the son of blue-collar parents Mildred, a waitress, Spencers father was of Irish a

1.
John Spencer

Neal McDonough
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He also appeared in films such as Walking Tall, Red 2, The Marine 3, Homefront, Traitor, and as Dum Dum Dugan in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films and TV series. McDonough grew up in Barnstable, Massachusetts and was raised Roman Catholic and his childhood nickname was headster, which McDonough says originated in his brothers teasing him abou

1.
McDonough in Los Angeles, April 18, 2009

David Arquette
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David Arquette is an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, fashion designer and former professional wrestler. A member of the Arquette acting family, he first became known during the mid-1990s after starring in several Hollywood films, such as the Scream series, Wild Bill and he has since had several television roles, such as Jason

1.
Arquette in 2013

Michael Nyman
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He has written six concerti, four string quartets, and many other chamber works, many for his Michael Nyman Band. He is also a performing pianist, Nyman prefers to write opera rather than other forms of music. Nyman was born in Stratford, London to a family of Polish secular Jewish furriers, Nyman was educated at the Sir George Monoux Grammar Schoo

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Michael Nyman at Odessa International Film Festival in July 2015

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Nyman at the 2009 Venice Film Festival

Damon Albarn
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Damon Albarn, OBE is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is best known as the singer of the British rock band Blur as well as co-founder, vocalist, instrumentalist. After spending long periods of time touring the US, Albarns songwriting became influenced by British bands from the 1960s. The result o

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Albarn performing with Gorillaz at the Roskilde Festival in 2010

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Coxon (left) and Albarn on stage at the Newcastle Academy in June 2009.

20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20t

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Logo used as of 2013

2.
Entrance to 20th Century Fox studio lot.

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Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.

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Alice Faye, Don Ameche, and Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941.

Western film
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains

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Justus D. Barnes, from The Great Train Robbery

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The Lone Ranger; a famous heroic gunslinger

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Gary Cooper in Vera Cruz

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Western set at Universal Studios in Hollywood

Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surr

1.
' Hopscotch to oblivion', Barcelona, Spain

2.
An amusing play on words

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Major "King" Kong riding a nuclear bomb to oblivion, from the film Dr. Strangelove

Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often dea

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A famous scene from one of the first notable horror films, Nosferatu (1922)

4.
Christopher Lee starred in several British horror films of the era, shown here in 1958's Dracula.

Suspense film
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Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience

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A common theme in thrillers involves innocent victims dealing with deranged adversaries, as seen in Hitchcock's film Rebecca (1940), where Mrs. Danvers tries to persuade Mrs. De Winter to leap to her death.

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A common occurrence in thrillers is characters being taken as hostages and with a ransom in need. (Hostages, 1896 painting by Jean-Paul Laurens, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon)

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Little Red Riding Hood is an early example of a psychotic stalker story, a common convention in the thriller genre (art by Gustave Doré).

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Rear Window is considered to be one of Hitchcock's best and one of the greatest movies ever made. The film received four Academy Award nominations.

Cannibalism
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Cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings. A person who practices cannibalism is called a cannibal, the expression cannibalism has been extended into zoology to mean one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food, including sexual canni

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Cannibalism, Brazil. Engraving by Theodor de Bry to illustrate Hans Staden 's account of his captivity in 1557.

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A cannibal feast on Tanna, Vanuatu, c. 1885-9

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Hansel and Gretel, illustrated by Arthur Rackham.

California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and th

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A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park

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Flag

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Mount Shasta

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Aerial view of the California Central Valley

Donner Party
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The Donner Party was a group of American pioneers led by George Donner and James F. Reed who set out for California in a wagon train in May 1846. They were delayed by a series of mishaps and mistakes, some of the pioneers resorted to cannibalism to survive. The rugged terrain and difficulties encountered while traveling along the Humboldt River in

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Page 28 of Patrick Breen's diary, recording his observations in late February 1847, including "Mrs. Murphy said here yesterday that she thought she would commence on Milton and eat him. I do not think she has done so yet; it is distressing."

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An emigrant encampment of tents and covered wagons on the Humboldt River in Nevada, 1859

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James and Margaret Reed

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Big Cottonwood Canyon, located several miles south of the Donner route in the heart of the Wasatch mountains of Northern Utah

Alferd Packer
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Alfred Griner Alferd Packer was an American prospector who confessed to cannibalism during the winter of 1874. He and five other men attempted to travel through the mountains of Colorado during the peak of a harsh winter. After his story was called into question, he hid from justice for nine years before being tried, convicted of murder, Packer won

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Alfred Packer

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Memorial to Packer's alleged victims, at the scene of the crime, southeast of Lake City, Colorado.

Dashiell Hammett
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Samuel Dashiell Hammett was an American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories, screenwriter, and political activist. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade, Nick and Nora Charles, in his obituary in The New York Times, he was described as the dean of the. Time magazine included Hammetts 1929 novel Red Harvest on i

The Thin Man
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The Thin Man is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook. It appeared in form the following month. Hammett never wrote a sequel, but the book became the basis for a successful film series. The television series The Thin Man television series was produced in the 1950s and it is about a quarter

1.
First edition cover

Milcho Manchevski
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Milcho Manchevski, is a film director. The New York Times included his film Before the Rain in its Guide to the Best 1,000 Films Ever Made list. Manchevski’s work also includes the films Dust, Shadows, Mothers, Bikini Moon, as well as the shorts Thursday, Macedonia Timeless, Manchevski has authored two exhibitions of photographs, and works of ficti

Mexican-American War
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It followed in the wake of the 1845 U. S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory in spite of its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824 and it was characterized by considerable instability, leaving it ill-prepare

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Clockwise from top left U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City, U.S. marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag, Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City.

United States Army
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The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception f

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Storming of Redoubt #10 in the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America.

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Emblem of the United States Department of the Army

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General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders during the defense of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812

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The Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War

Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
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The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province. The vast majority of the lies in the state of California. The Sierra runs 400 miles north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west, the Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilde

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The Sierra's Mills Creek cirque (center) is on the west side of the Sierra Crest, south of Mono Lake (top, blue).

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Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the range and the contiguous United States

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The Sierra hosts many waterways, such as the Tuolumne River.

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Mount Tallac above Lake Tahoe

Wagon train
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A wagon train is a group of wagons traveling together. In a military context, a train was the wagon train that followed an army with supplies. In the American West, settlers traveling across the plains and mountain passes in covered wagons banded together for mutual assistance, although wagon trains are associated with the Old West, the Trekboers o

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1912 Pioneer Day re-enactment of a wagon train in Utah.

Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of fi

1.
Pushmataha

3.
Charles Eastman

4.
Wilma Mankiller

Reconnaissance
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In military operations, reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence. Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops, ships or submarines, manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, satellites, espionage normally is not reconnaissance, because reco

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A Scimitar as used by armoured reconnaissance regiments of the British Army.

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A two-man JGSDF team mans Kawasaki KLX250 dirt bikes in the reconnaissance role during a public demonstration.

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U.S. Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team on a mission to determine if a bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements

Manifest Destiny
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In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. Generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven, historians have emphasized that manifest destiny was a contested concept—pre-civil war Democrats endorsed the idea but many prom

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John L. O'Sullivan, sketched in 1874, was an influential columnist as a young man, but he is now generally remembered only for his use of the phrase "manifest destiny" to advocate the annexation of Texas and Oregon.

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John Quincy Adams, painted above in 1816 by Charles Robert Leslie, was an early proponent of continentalism. Late in life he came to regret his role in helping U.S. slavery to expand, and became a leading opponent of the annexation of Texas.

4.
The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller

Jeremy Davies (actor)
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Jeremy Davies is an American film and television actor. He is known for portraying Cpl, timothy E. Upham in Saving Private Ryan and the physicist Daniel Faraday on the television series Lost. He also appeared in the FX series Justified, as Dickie Bennett, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. Jeremy Davies was born in Traverse City

1.
Davies answering questions at the Toronto premiere of Rescue Dawn in September 2006.

Tatra Mountains
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The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra, are a mountain range that form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains, the Tatras should be distinguished from the Low Tatras which are located south of the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia. The Tatra Mountains occupy an area of 785 square kilome

1.
View from above Morskie Oko

2.
Tatra - NASA World Wind (NLT Landsat Visible)

3.
Bird's-eye view of Western Tatras

4.
Tatra Mountains - Czerwone Wierchy

Slovakia
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Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Slovakias territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks, the cap

1.
A Venus from Moravany nad Váhom, which dates back to 22,800 BC.

2.
Flag

3.
Left: A Celtic Biatec coin Right: Five Slovak crowns

4.
A Roman inscription at the castle hill of Trenčín (178–179 AD).

Fox 2000
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20t

1.
Logo used as of 2013

2.
Entrance to 20th Century Fox studio lot.

3.
Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.

4.
Alice Faye, Don Ameche, and Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941.

Laura Ziskin
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Ziskin was born and raised in a Jewish family in the San Fernando Valley, California, the daughter of Jay Ziskin and Elaine Edelman. Jay was a psychologist and lawyer who died of cancer, aged 77. After graduating from the University of Southern California USC School of Cinematic Arts in 1973, Ziskin started out writing for game shows, then became t

1.
Laura Ziskin

Leo McGarry
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Leo Thomas McGarry is a fictional character played by American actor John Spencer on the television serial drama The West Wing. The role earned Spencer the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2002, McGarrys character, the former United States Secretary of Labor, begins the series as the White House Chief of St