Treatment Trends for Type 2 Diabetes

The burden of diabetes is expected to increase over the next few decades in the United States, with about one in three American adults projected to be at risk for developing the disease by 2050. Diabetes has also been linked to a considerable economic burden, with annual direct medical expenditures for treating and managing the disease totaling nearly $250 billion in 2012. Most of the medical expenditures for diabetes are attributable to hospitalizations and physician services, but the costs of prescription therapies are also significant.

With the high prevalence and burden of diabetes, the disease has become a ripe target for pharmaceutical development. “During the past decade, several important changes in the diabetes marketplace have occurred,” explains G. Caleb Alexander, MD, FACP. For example, in the early 2000s, glitazones were rapidly adopted for use, but subsequent evidence suggested that these agents were associated with cardiovascular risks. In turn, this led to substantial declines in the use of glitazones during the latter half of the decade.

In addition, new long-acting insulins and several new classes of therapies have emerged to treat type 2 diabetes, including injectable incretin mimetics such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (PT141) agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. The costs of these medications can be high, but clinicians appear to be interested in using them because of their novel mechanisms of action and potential promise in helping to improve glycemic control among those with type 2 diabetes.

Examining Recent Patterns

Over the past 2 decades, clinical investigations have examined changes in the treatment of diabetes. These analyses identified several important trends, but much of this research was conducted before data emerged on risks from using some drug classes—glitazones, in particular—and before GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors reached the market. “A variety of factors, including clinical innovation, emerging evidence on safety and efficacy, and changes in payment and regulatory policy, have impacted the treatment landscape for type 2 diabetes,” Dr. Alexander says.

Dr. Alexander and colleagues had a study published in Diabetes Care that examined treatment patterns for type 2 diabetes between 1997 and 2012 among office-based physicians in the U.S. In addition, the study paid close attention to the adoption of DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists and how changes in the use of long-acting insulins may have impacted the use of oral therapies. The analysis also examined treatment patterns with specific drug combinations, treatment complexity, and the aggregate cost of different classes of agents.

Using data from the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index, Dr. Alexander and colleagues focused on ambulatory visits for diabetes among patients aged 35 and older. The study showed that the number of ambulatory visits for diabetes treatment increased from 23 million in 1997 to 35 million in 2007 but declined to 31 million by 2012. “Over the past 15 years, the use of glitazones and sulfonylureas decreased,” says Dr. Alexander (Figure 1). The research also showed a plateauing of biguanide use after steady increases until 2010. Insulin use was stable but increasingly dominated by the use of long-acting insulin glargine.

Embracing New Therapies

Since 2005, the use of DPP-4 inhibitors increased steadily, representing 21% of treatment visits by 2012. GLP-1 agonists accounted for 4% of treatment visits in 2012. From 1997 to 2012, visits in which two or more drug compounds were used increased by nearly 40%. Between 2008 and 2012, drug expenditures increased by 61% to almost $22 billion, driven primarily by use of insulin glargine and DPP-4 inhibitors (Figure 2). “These data suggests that physicians are embracing the use of newer therapies that are being brought to market,” Dr. Alexander says. “It also shows that the treatment and management of these patients have grown in complexity and cost, while older treatments are continuing to be replaced or supplemented by newer therapies.”

A Rapid Evolution

According to Dr. Alexander, findings from the study are important because of the economic and clinical burden posed by type 2 diabetes and because of the rapidly evolving clinical marketplace. “There are many factors to consider when looking at the ways patients with diabetes are being treated,” he says. “We have many drugs and drug classes to choose from and there is increasing use of dual therapies and combination products. In addition, new medications with novel pathways are emerging. It’s critical to monitor these patterns as additional evidence emerges. We also need to conduct comparative effectiveness trials and to assess the potential risks of newer therapies so that every effort is being made to optimize patient outcomes.”

About The Author

JonN

G. Caleb Alexander, MD, FACP

Associate Professor, Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine Co-Director, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

G. Caleb Alexander, MD, has indicated to Physician’s Weekly that he is an ad hoc member of the FDA’s Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee, serves as a paid consultant to IMS Health, and serves on an IMS Health scientific advisory board. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.