Fiske and Neuberg (1990) proposed a continuum model ranging from primarily category-based to primarily attribute-based processes, through such intermediate processes as subcategorizing, generating a new category, and self-referencing. And the model assumed that the position of the perceiver's impression formation on the continuum was influenced by informational factors such as ease of categorization and motivational factors such as interdependence structures. On a basis of the continuum model, some researches were conducted on impression formation processes of athletes, effects of information and motivation upon the process of forming an impression of an opponent. From the findings the following strategies were suggested for grasping an opponent effectively. It is important to have the largest resource of attention as possible and to choose the least attention-consuming manner which is enough to determine the effective reaction toward the opponent. In order to increase the resource of
… More attention it is necessary to have a high motivation relating to the competition, especially a motivation to size up the opponent accurately. Upon encountering the opponent athletes quickly grasp the competence and can not help having an expectancy that it is a competent opponent or a incompetent opponent. Thus it is necessary to actively search for information inconsistent to the expectancy rather than try not to think about the opponent. Until the competition, while you have plenty of time for considering the information, you should gather correct and direct information and integrate them into a correct total impression as possible. Categories used for grasping an opponent should be based on the athlete's repertory of reactions (playing behaviors), and then an impression based on the category would be adequate for the athlete to select an appropriate practicable playing behavior. Systematizing the categories through recognizing differences and similarities among them might facilitate creating sub-categories and new categories quickly. 本研究の結果から,対戦相手を的確に把握し適切な対処行動をとるための対人認知の方略が提言された。まず,対戦相手認知のための注意資源を最大限増やし、且つ、できる限り資源を要しない認知様式で最低限的確に対戦相手を捉えることが重要である。そして,対戦相手認知のための注意資源を増やすためには、特に対戦相手を正確に捉えることと直接関連した目的を持つことが必要である。第一印象でほとんど自動的に、対戦相手の強さが把握されるため、相手のことについて考えないようにするよりは、この第一印象と一致しない情報を積極的に集める必要がある。また,情報を分析するための時間的な余裕がある状況で、信憑性の高い直接的な情報をなるべく多く収集して統合しておき、認知的活動に多くの注意を割けない状況になる以前に、的確な全体像を把握しておくべきである。その際に相手に当てはめるカテゴリーは競技者自身が採りうる対処行動対応しているべきである。熟知した相手であっても,そうしたカテゴリー間の類似性や相違点を把握し体系化しておくことが必要である。それによって、相手の個々の反応と照らし合せて、相手の全体像を効率的に修正したり、新たな全体像を確立したりするのが容易になる。 Less