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(1897–1945). The leader of the most militant wing of India’s independence movement was Indian politician Subhas Chandra Bose. He spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. During World War II, from Southeast Asian territory occupied by Japan, Bose led a liberation army against the British in India. He was popularly known as Netaji, which means “Respected Leader” in Hindi.

Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa (Odisha), southwest of Calcutta (Kolkata). His father was a wealthy Bengali lawyer. Subhas encountered racial discrimination at his Anglo-Indian school, and at 16 he ran away from home to wander through the Himalayas and the holy cities of India on a spiritual journey.

His interests shifted from religion to politics after he enrolled at Presidency College in Calcutta, from which he was expelled for his role in a student strike. He traveled to England to study after graduating with high honors from Scottish Church College (Calcutta) in 1919. Bose trained for the Indian civil service at Cambridge University in England. Although he passed the civil service exam, when he heard about turmoil in India he withdrew his candidacy and sailed for home.

Bose met with Mahatma Gandhi on the day he reached India, July 16, 1921. Bose became active in the resistance movement in India and experienced the first of many incarcerations in December 1921. Upon his release he joined nationalist leader Chitta Ranjan Das in Calcutta, editing the newspaper Forward and working in youth education and Congress Party leadership. Bose became chief executive of Calcutta following municipal elections in 1924. He was arrested in October 1924 and late 1926, but it scarcely interrupted his political career. In 1927, on his return from political detention in Burma (now Myanmar), he was elected president of the Bengal National Congress party and co-secretary of the All-India National Congress party.

He was elected mayor of Calcutta while in prison in 1930. Jailed yet again in January 1932, he was released because he had contracted tuberculosis. For the next several years he alternated among visits to Europe, Congress Party activities in Bengal, and prison. His autobiography, The Indian Struggle, 1920–1934, was banned in India.

His narrow election as president of the All-India National Congress Party in 1938 brought his differences with more conservative leaders to a climax. His national planning committee favored industrialization, while the principles of simplicity embraced by Gandhi and his followers idealized traditional home crafts such as spinning. Bose resigned as party president after an angry party meeting in April 1939 made their conflicts public.

Britain’s involvement of India in World War II deepened the rifts. Bose welcomed any alliance against the British. In July 1940 he was jailed for allegedly plotting to destroy the Black Hole of Calcutta monument. Bose went on a hunger strike, was released to his residence, and escaped in disguise. By April 1941 he was in Germany. In 1942, recordings of his anti-British speeches were broadcast into India by radio from Japanese-controlled Burma.

By May or June 1943 Bose was in Tokyo, Japan. Advancing through Southeast Asia, Bose built a liberation army of 30,000 to 40,000 Indians living in countries occupied by Japan. In Singapore on October 21, 1943, he proclaimed a provisional independent government for India. Bose was its president, and his Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) was its military arm.

The Indian liberation troops reached India together with Japanese ground forces on March 18, 1944. They lost the ensuing battle and had to withdraw. The Indian National Army passed out of existence when Japan surrendered to the Allies in September 1945.

In November 1945 Japan reported that Bose had died on August 18, 1945, from burn injuries sustained in a plane crash in Formosa (now Taiwan). Many people in India, however, especially in Bengal, believed that this report was false and that Bose was alive. In 1946 Gandhi said that he thought that Bose was “still alive and biding his time somewhere.” Many rumors and theories about Bose’s death surfaced, including some that accused the Indian government of a cover-up. A popular theory held that Bose had faked his own death to avoid being prosecuted as a war criminal by the British and that he had escaped to the Soviet Union. Over the years, some individuals claimed to have seen Bose in the Soviet Union, India, and elsewhere. Some people came to believe that he secretly lived in India as a religious hermit. They contended that a Hindu holy man who died in 1985 in Uttar Pradesh state had really been Bose.

Amid popular demand for investigations, the central government of India established three commissions of inquiry into Bose’s death. The first two—the Shah Nawaz Khan committee of 1956 and the Justice G.D. Khosla commission of 1970–74—confirmed that Bose had died in the plane crash. The third commission, consisting of Justice M.K. Mukherjee, investigated the matter in 1999–2006. In his report, Mukherjee presumed that Bose was by then dead, since he would have been well over 100 years old. He concluded, however, that Bose had not died in the 1945 plane accident and that the ashes officially said to be those of Bose, kept at a temple in Japan, were not his. The Indian government rejected the findings of the Mukherjee commission. Rumors persisted, and many files about Bose held by the Indian, British, and Russian governments remained classified. Meanwhile, Bose continued to have a strong popular following in West Bengal state, where he was widely revered as a saintly hero.

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