They are to pump blood to and from the lungs to enable oxygen to be picked up and to excrete carbon dioxide- pulmonary circuit, and to and from the body to meet the needs of the cells in body tissues- the systematic circuit

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What is the pulmonary circuit powered by?

The cardiac muscle on the right hand side of the heart. The left hand side provides the pressure needed to push the blood around the systematic circuit

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What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

Systole (contract) and diastole (relax). There is also atrial systole

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The timing of the cardiac cycle is controlled by?

The SAN, it acts as a pacemaker

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Name all the fibres in the heart.

AVN, Purkyne fibres and the Bundle of His

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Equation for cardiac output

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume (volume per unit time)

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What are the types of nerves which the heart receives impulses from?

The vagus (parasympathetic nerve) delivers impulses to the SAN and AVN, and the sympathetic nerve which delivers impulses to many areas of the hearts walls

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What hormone released by the adrenal glands has an increased effect on the heart rate?

Adrenaline

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What do the chemorecepetors monitor?

Concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the blood

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What do the baroreceptors register?

They register the changes in the walls of blood vessels caused by change in blood pressure

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The cardiovascular centre is involved in regulating heart activity and blood pressure. What are the two regions within this?

The cardio-acceleratory centre, linked to the heart by the sympathetic nervous system, and the cardio-inhibitory centre, linked to the heart by the parasympathetic nervous system

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What are pocket valves?

These are formed by extensions of the inner wall of a vein. Any blood that attempts to flow back along a vein 'fills the pockets' and the valve cusps are pushed together closing off the lumen of the vein. Prevents back flow

It has a very large surface area, barriers are very thin, permeable to the gases involved and moist, and about 80% of the total alveolar surface is in contact with a pulmonary capillary, diffusion gradient and close to a transport system

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How is oxygen transported?

It is transported in the red blood cells, haemoglobin present in the blood cell will combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. This is reversible. haemoglobin + 4 molecules of oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

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How are nutrients transported?

Dissolved nutrients such as blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol are added to the bloodstream by diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport

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Name three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported.

5% dissolves in the blood plasma, 10% leaves the plasma to enter red blood cells where it combines with haemoglobin to form carbahaemoglobin and 85% diffuses into red blood cells where it combines with water to form carbonic acid

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Name recreational drugs which act as a depressant.

Alcohol, barbiturates, cannabis

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Name recreational drugs which act as a stimulant.

Amphetamines, amyl nitrate, cocaine, khat

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Name recreational drugs which act as a hallucinogenic.

Ecstasy and THC

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Name recreational drugs which act as a analgesic.

Heroin and methadone

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Name performance enhancing drugs which act as a anabolic steriod.

Nandrolone, testosterone and trenbolone

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What blood sample techniques can be used to detect the presence of drugs and their concentration?

An increase in blood glucose is registered in the B-cells of the pancreas, triggering a release of insulin. Insulin travels in the bloodstream to the liver where glucose is converted to glycogen, making blood-glucose concentration levels fall

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What is type 1 diabetes?

It is the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin.

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What is type 2 diabetes?

Impaired secretion of insulin, it is failing to produce enough to manage control and a failure of the tissues to respond to insulin in the normal way.

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What is a Clinistrip?

They are a ***** with enzymes fixed to them. The blood drop is placed and then an enzyme controlled reaction occurs. Glucose is converted into products which bring around a colour change, the colour is compared to work out the glucose concentration

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What is a glucose meter?

It is a device which takes clinistrips and reads and presents data on the concentration of glucose in the blood.