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UW Religion Today Column for Week of Nov. 24-30: Thanksgiving at Plymouth: The Christmas Substitute (or, You Can’t Stop a Good Party)

November 20, 2013 — By Paul V.M. Flesher

The celebration of Thanksgiving as a national holiday in
late November was not enacted until the 1870s. The official reason was to
commemorate the landing at Plymouth of the nation’s Puritan forefathers and
foremothers. The holiday’s national designation stemmed from two forces. The
first was the unceasing will of author Sarah Josepha Hale, who spent 40 years
of her adult life campaigning for the declaration of Thanksgiving as a national
holiday.

The second was the Civil War and its aftermath. Thanksgiving
celebrates the American nation and the country’s citizens’ unity within it and
subordination to it. So, it is not surprising that Abraham Lincoln issued the
first national proclamation for its observance and that his successors,
encouraged by Hale, instituted the national date of a Thursday in late
November.

Before Thanksgiving was established as a national holiday,
states held their own observances on a variety of dates under different names.
As the location of the Pilgrims’ landing, Massachusetts commemorated the first
arrival of the Puritans on the Mayflower at the site of Plymouth Rock, which they
identified as Dec. 22.

In the town of Plymouth itself, public celebrations began to
take place in 1798, and accounts of celebrations over the next 25 years appear
in the Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. 17.

Plymouth’s observances contained three main parts: a
religious ceremony that included a procession around the town and a sermon or
“oration”; a large dinner followed by the drinking of numerous toasts to
leaders past and present; and a festive ball filled with dancing and merriment.
This last item is usually accompanied by thanks to the town’s women for
organizing such an enjoyable evening.

Toasts feature prominently in the local news reports, which
often list them. The 1798 dinner features 29 separate toasts. Unsurprisingly,
later reports reveal worries about public drunkenness.

Plymouth’s annual observance of the “Pilgrim Anniversary”
took place just three days before the traditional date of Christmas, Dec. 25.
True to their Puritan heritage, most people in Massachusetts during the 18th
and early 19th centuries did not celebrate Christmas.

On Dec. 25, shops were open their normal hours, children
attended school and daily life continued as normal. Merrymakers often were prosecuted
for disturbing the peace. Massachusetts continued this treatment of Christmas until
well after the Civil War.

Puritans disliked Christmas intensely. It was not a
biblically ordained celebration. Nowhere in scripture appears any encouragement
for a celebration of Jesus’ birth. When the Reformation took place, many
Protestants saw Christmas (and Easter) as part of Catholicism’s “pagan corruption”
of Christianity and removed them. American Puritans held to this view long
after most other Protestants abandoned it.

Perhaps more importantly, Puritans disapproved of the
rowdiness, drunkenness and inappropriate actions that accompanied Christmas
celebrations of the time. They believed the celebration of the Savior’s birth,
who was God’s Son, should not be a time for encouraging irreligious behavior.

From the 1880s onward, despite changing attitudes in
Massachusetts, American Christmas stories and poems decry and ridicule this
dour Puritan denial of Christmas and its celebratory joy and festivities.

The stories usually imply and even state outright that the rejection
of joyous activity on Christmas day is typical of daily life in New England: no
one ever smiles; children are quiet and subdued; there is no pleasure in living;
happiness is never expressed.

Such tales overlook the festivities of the Pilgrim festivals
just three days before. Celebrating the foundation of America as a nation,
these revelries are secular (despite occasional religious overtones). So
drunkenness, and loud and exciting activities like dancing, do not offend
religious sensibilities, because they do not take place on a religious holiday.

The people of Plymouth do not shun merriment; they don’t
even shun it in late December. They simply avoid associating it with a day
which their puritan heritage links to “pagan worship.” In many ways, they
exemplify what is happening in Boston and other Massachusetts towns and cities.
And, it should be noted, they engaged in the much despised activities that
caused their Puritan forefathers to reject Christmas.

Plymouth’s early celebrations of what later became
Thanksgiving, then, gave them a day of celebration that they could enjoy at the
same time the rest of the country was celebrating Christmas. Their secular
observance of the nation’s founding provided a substitute for Christmas
religious festivities.