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3D augmented reality for improving social
acceptance and public participation in wind farms
planning
To cite this article: S Grassi and T M Klein 2016 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 749 012020
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
3D augmented reality for improving social acceptance
and public participation in wind farms planning
S Grassi* & T M Klein°
*Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation – ETH Zurich
Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
°Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems – ETH Zurich
Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Corresponding author: sgrassi@ethz.ch
Abstract. Wind energy is one of the most important source of renewable energy characterized
by a significant growth in the last decades and giving a more and more relevant contribution to
the energy supply. One of the main disadvantages of a faster integration of wind energy into the
energy mix is related to the visual impact of wind turbines on the landscape. In addition, the
siting of new massive infrastructures has the potential to threaten a community’s well-being if
new projects are perceived being unfair. The public perception of the impact of wind turbines
on the landscape is also crucial for their acceptance. The implementation of wind energy projects
is hampered often because of a lack of planning or communication tools enabling a more
transparent and efficient interaction between all stakeholders involved in the projects (i.e.
developers, local communities and administrations, NGOs, etc.). Concerning the visual
assessment of wind farms, a critical gap lies in effective visualization tools to improve the public
perception of alternative wind turbines layouts. In this paper, we describe the advantages of a
3D dynamical and interactive visualization platform for an augmented reality to support wind
energy planners in order to enhance the social acceptance of new wind energy projects.
1. Introduction
Wind energy has been a source of debates and arguments in the last decades due to general accepted
willingness of renewable energy sources to reduce the CO2 emissions. On the other hand, one of the
main concerns about the siting of new wind farms is the visual impact on the surroundings and their
noise and impact on birds and wildlife [1]. The acronym NIMBY (‘Not-In-My-Back-Yard’) describes
resistance to siting specific projects close to one's area of residence while exhibiting acceptance of
similar projects elsewhere [2]. The local participation with respect to the installation of wind turbines
has been investigated in the last decades [3, 4] showing that the acceptance is influenced by the
perception of the landscape and the value given to the aesthetic impact on the environment. Previous
studies showed the importance of the visual impact in different countries such as Sweden [5],
Netherlands [6] and USA [7]. In addition, according to previous work, the social acceptance is a key
aspect for a successful market development [8, 9] and stakeholders admit the lack of useful instruments
to support social acceptance [10, 11].
The importance of involving local communities when planning wind energy projects has been
investigated in many regions of the world such as Australia [12], France and Germany [13]. Overall,
factors such as quality of communication, public participation in the planning process are demonstrated
to play a critical role in the acceptance of local communities with respect to new wind projects [14, 15].
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
This issue has been addressed in last decades in order to support planners and investors in increasing the
social acceptance of wind projects and thus to reduce the construction time and investment risk.
With the technology progress, IT solutions and processes were developed aimed at supporting planners
and decision makers in the planning process. Typical approaches of superimposition of images from
given points of view have been adopted for years [16] to show the visual impact from different distances
for offshore and onshore wind projects [17] showing limitations due to the lack of visualization from
other subjective perspectives.
The more realistic the image or the visualization, the higher is the achieved credibility [18]. In addition,
previous work demonstrated that the interactivity of the 3D visualization of wind farms in the landscape
is a benefit for users [18-20]. Visualization software program pushed by computer games gave a
significant contribution for the interactive visualization enabling for real-time navigation through virtual
environment [21].
Approaches using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been developed to enhance the public
participation and acceptance of wind energy projects [22, 23] for visualization [24] and integrating also
the acoustic 3D simulation [25]. The technological advances in digital landscape visualization
techniques allow using digital 3D visualizations for landscape design, planning and management [26].
In this paper, we describe the advantages of a 3D dynamical and interactive visualization platform for
an augmented reality to support wind energy planners to enhance the social acceptance of new energy
projects. The developed process consists of a combination of GIS processes aimed at identifying the
regions suitable for wind energy projects whose outcome is then used in the 3D visualization for
augmented reality. The advantage of the proposed generalized method is the ability of combining the
planning phase with the 3D interactive visualization into a unique tool enabling users to have an intuitive
and real-time understanding of possible scenarios of wind turbines immersed in a virtual landscape. The
additional benefit consists of the flexibility of tool in being adapted for public participation and thus
giving investors and administrations a tool for a better communication with local communities. The tool
can be also applied for planning for example transmission lines which are infrastructures necessary both
for wind farm interconnection and the enhancement of the existing power grid.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dataset
The data required for a 3D visualization with augmented reality consist of the geospatial data of the
landscape (i.e. topography, satellite images). The higher the resolution the better the landscape is
represented. The objects in the landscape are added in the exact location and with their corresponding
characteristics (e.g. the type and the height of trees).
Figure 1. Building detection using different LiDAR data point clouds (Buffat R,2016)
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging or simply 3D scanning)
data can be also integrated and used to better describe the objects in the landscape. LiDAR consists of a
surveying technology collecting 3D data points cloud (x, y, z) of the landscape with high-resolution (up
to several ten hundreds of points per square meter) collected using a device installed on an airplane
flying over a region. LiDAR is applied in many fields ranging from agriculture to transport, archeology
and meteorology. It allows reconstructing 3D objects on the Earth such as buildings [27] and vegetation
[28]. Figure 1 shows an example of how LiDAR data can be used in order to describe in details real
objects such as buildings by combining satellite images [29].
2.2. Method
The layout of wind turbines is optimized in order to maximize the economic profit using different IT
solutions based on CFD but neglecting the analysis of their visual impact. Often visual assessments are
carried out by superimposing wind turbines on fixed images taken from few viewpoints limiting thus a
full perspective of the whole landscape. The developed platform uses, first, GIS data and geoprocessing
(figure 2) to identify suitable locations of wind turbines far from natural and anthropological constraints
(figure 3). The suitable regions are identified by excluding areas not suitable for wind turbines
installation and using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)[30] which classifies areas using a
matrix of weights corresponding to the land suitability as done in previous work [31, 32] and applying
buffer distances [33]. These weights are set by planners based on their experience and by experts’
opinions and by regulation.
Then, each suitable land is discretized in cells of arbitrary spatial resolution corresponding to potential
suitable wind turbines locations (figure 4).
The obtained suitable regions are integrated into a 3D visualization (web)-platform that allows to place
3D wind turbines models in the suitable areas. Each cell contains information and data of the wind
resource and the corresponding geographic position.
Figure 2. Geoprocessing of the developed platform for an augmented 3D interactive visualization of
wind turbines
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
Figure 3. Identification of suitable areas far from constraints
As additional information, the visibility of the wind turbines from selected landmarks of the landscape
can be also estimated using a GIS-based process. In Switzerland, when planning large infrastructures,
such as wind farms or transmission lines, the visual impact plays a critical role since the landscape is
considered as part of the well-fare and a quantitative assessment of the visual impact from given observer
points, such as buildings or landmarks, gives planners additional information about the potential
locations where issues can raise.
Figure 4. Discretization of suitable region in cells of 50m resolution.
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
As investigated in previous studies [34], for instance, the visual impact of such massive infrastructures
can be quantified as function of the distance from the buildings in the landscape within a certain radius
from the wind farm area.
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of the visibility of transmission line towers from the buildings (left),
approach used to estimate the visibility depending on the distance (right).
The buildings are used as observer points since they are the locations where people spend part of their
private life and thus considered – with the surroundings – fundamental element of well-being.
Nevertheless, other elements such as specific landmarks in the landscape or mountains (e.g. hiking trails,
panoramic spots, etc.) can be selected or included in the assessment of the visual impact.
In figure 5 (left) the estimate of the spatial distribution of the visibility is shown: with this approach the
area around each cell is divided into multiple concentric rings and to each of them a weight is assigned
depending on the distance from the center of each cell.
The width of the histograms corresponds to the width of the rings and is determined by discretizing the
function expressed in the figure 5 (right). The weight of a circular ring equals the mean value of the
impact between the inner and the outer radius and is calculated with the relation in figure 5 (right). The
difference between the inner and the outer radii increases with the distance whilst the corresponding
weight decreases. The formula describing the visual impact depending on the distance has been defined
in previous work when assessing the impact of transmission line towers [35]. In previous work [36] the
perceived impact wi of TLs depending on the distance x from the TLs (in this case limited to 5000m)
has been defined with the relation in figure 5(right). The same approach is used for wind turbines where
the height of the observed point is adapted depending on the wind turbine model.
The weight of each ring is roughly equal to 0.85 times of the weight of the previous ring. This map can
be generated for any region and any type of wind turbine and to assign a value of visual impact to each
cell (figure 6). This map can be used as input data to optimize the wind turbines locations in order to
find possible layouts which are a trade-off between two possible wind turbine layouts: the one that
maximizes the return on investment and the one that minimizes the visual impact on the surroundings.
Once the information and the data are collected, the layout of wind turbines is identified in the space,
the 3D visualization can be created (figure 7). The possible layouts can be interactively visualized by
switching on-off the corresponding layers, which enable the user to assess each layout from different
perspectives.
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
Figure 6. distribution of the number of visible buildings from each potential cell suitable for wind
turbines.
A user can navigate through a given project using customized functions in order to get an augmented
and more realistic perception of the impact of wind turbines on the landscape (figure 8). The user can
both simulate a walk at the ground level and fly over the project region to gain a personal perspective.
This allows having a realistic subjective impression of the impact of wind turbines from arbitrary
locations or landmarks in the landscape. In countries such as Switzerland, the environment and the
landscape are highly considered as element of the welfare therefore such massive infrastructures are
seen as an issue for the beauty of valleys and mountains. Overall, the landscape threatened by massive
infrastructures, such as wind turbines, is one of the common and frequent reason raising local protests
and opposition in many other areas worldwide.
This reasonable concern of local population stems from both a lack of knowledge of wind turbines
technology and the lack of efficient form of communication and visualization allowing one to get a
visual interactive experience of how a project will look like. Aware of this issue, the platform is designed
in order to assess the visual impact from different points such as trails in the mountains, ridges or any
other given location and can be applied to any region worldwide.
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
Figure 7. Snapshot of the 3D visualization of wind turbines from the ground.
Since multiple locations are suitable for wind turbines, the interactivity feature of the platform allows
modifying the positions of wind turbines within the allowed areas identified with cells. This enables
identifying different scenarios both in terms of number of wind turbines and layout in order to assess
the different visual impacts. At the same time, the tool performs the estimate of the long-term electricity
generation and thus allows for comparing different scenarios.
The advantage of the developed platform is its flexibility of being adapted for public communication in
a form of a web-platform where stakeholders can exchange feedback and comments about a given wind
farm project (figure 2).
The driving concept for the development of this platform is the need of giving a more realistic and
intuitive experience of a future project. The superimposition of fixed images from few viewpoints is a
great limitation when showing new wind farm projects since it does not show their impact from different
perspectives. Since the local population is familiar with their landscape and has a high consideration of
the landscape and natural values as part of their welfare, they look at the wind turbines as a threat for
their wellbeing. Any sort of environment and landscape can be reproduced with high resolution and
fidelity (figure 8).
Additional features of the 3D visualization are the shadowing and flickering of the tower and the blades
of wind turbines depending on the position of the sun and the simulation of the different weather
conditions.
The flexibility of the 3D interactive platform allows integrating functionalities useful for wind farm
planners in order to obtain a quick overview and visualization of a wind energy layout. The platform is
useful to enhance the communication with the local population and to identify critical aspect of a wind
farm layout (e.g. wind turbines position not accepted by the population).
Previous work demonstrated how a 3D dynamic visualization can support users in better understanding
the impact of wind turbines on the landscape [25]. The platform can be also used as a useful tool for
public participation by integrating and exchanging comments and feedback between all stakeholders
involved in the projects. Suitable locations for wind turbines can be graded depending on the individual
perspective and finally ranked based on their suitability.
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WindEurope Summit 2016
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 749 (2016) 012020
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012020
Figure 8. Assessment of a wind farm layout on site by augmented reality
3. Results and Discussions
The social acceptance of wind energy projects can be improved by using 3D interactive visualization
platform which allows a user to navigate through a more realistic representation of the landscape. The
3D platform realistically reproduces 3-dimensional objects of the environment using GIS data and highresolution satellite images. It helps users to experience the visual impact of wind energy projects from
different viewpoints and to have a better understanding and perspective of the impact of wind farm
projects on the landscape. The developed platform can be applied to any region and for any wind farm
size, layout and wind turbine model overcoming the limitations of fixed images usually used to
reproduce the visual impact from a limited number of viewpoints. The flexibility of the platform allows
integrating also additional tasks to support planners during the planning phase of wind farms, in
particular:
• the identification of the optimal layout of wind turbines in suitable regions for wind farms,
• a preliminary quantitative assessment of the visual impact of wind turbines from landmarks or
buildings in the surroundings
• the assessments of visual impact of other elements of wind energy projects such as transmission
line interconnection
• the creation of a platform for enhancing the public participation and interaction between all
stakeholders of the project and the local communities
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