Billions of Mobile Connections Billions of Mobile Experiences

~7 Billion >100 Billion ~352 Billion

Mobile connections, almostas many as people on Earth App downloads App downloads completed in 2013 expected in 2021Mobile is an amazing technical achievement

Mind-blowing Performance Reliable Connectivity

with processing power greater than overcoming signal loss resulting in the most advanced super All in a device receiving signal 100 trillion times computers of the early 1990s weaker than when it originated that fits in your Jaw-dropping Graphics pocket Broadband Speeds with capability to process several with blazing fast data rates capable thousand megapixels per second of 300+ Mbps

High Quality Multimedia Long Battery Life

4K UltraHD video player/recorder with ability to power all these HD gaming console amazing experiences with less 5.1/7.1 surround sound system energy than it takes to power a High resolution digital camera light bulb for 15 minutesConnectivity is the foundation of a great mobile experience

Connect Reliably Talk and browse without interruption with more bars in more places Connect Real-Time Connect On-the-Go Get instant access to content with less Talk and browse with seamless mobility delay for always-on experience anywhere you get a signal

GSM use TDMA and FDMA

Different uplink and downlink (FDD)

frequency. UL frequency is lower than DL frequency. GSM Band that used in Indonesia is P-GSM-900, DCS-1800 and E-GSM- 900. Divided into channel number called ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) which each of them has 200kHz bandwidth

Refarming: redeploying spectrum

from one technology to another technology. Currently some operator do spectrum refarming from GSM to LTE or UMTS to increase spectral efficiency GSM TDMA Structure

Co-channel interference and adjacent channel

interference should be avoided. co-channel interference: frequency serving cell is the same with neighbor Adjacent-channel interference: frequency serving cell only different one channel with neighbor3G AIR INTERFACE STRUCTURE3G Air Interface Structure 3G in Indonesia is using band 1 (2100 MHz) and band 8 (900 MHz) FDD

3G : Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Frequency Band 3G R99 is using QPSK 3G HSDPA is using QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM

Bandwidth

Multiple Access WCDMA Air Interface

Channelization Code 3G Voice is using SF128 Modulation HSDPA is using SF16

3G WCDMA has 5 MHz carrier spacing

UMTS Frequency UMTS has two type duplex : FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). UMTS technology implemented in Indonesia is FDD only . UMTS Band that used in Indonesia is band 1 2100 and band 8 900GSM (U900)

One carrier in UMTS is 5

MHz. Band 1 2100 has total 60 MHz, so there are 60/5 = 12 carrier all.UMTS Transmission Bandwidth WCDMA and CDMA2000 both use Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps Phase 2 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps

10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps Phase 3 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps

15 codes 64-QAM 21.0 Mbps

4G AIR INTERFACE STRUCTURE4G LTE Air Interface Structure More frequency band for LTE. Indonesia is using FDD: band 3 (1800 MHz), Band 8 (900 MHz), Band 5 (850 MHz). And TDD : band 40 (2300 MHz)

OFDMA on downlink and SC FDMA on uplink

Frequency Band User can served by 2 carrier or more to increased DL throughput

Flexible Bandwidth

Multiple Access LTE Air Interface

MIMO MIMO 2x2 is commonly used for LTE Carrier Aggregation macro site

Flexible bandwidth : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

LTE Frequency Allocation LTE has two type duplex : FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). Both FDD and TDD implemented in Indonesia LTE FDD Band that used in Indonesia is band 3 1800, Band 8 900GSM and band 5 850. LTE TDD implemented in Indonesia on band 40 TD2300

Measurement of neighbor cells

CPICH RSCP (Received Signal Code Power)

Received Signal Code Power, the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH. The reference point for the RSCP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. If Tx diversity is applied on the Primary CPICH the received code power from each antenna shall be separately measured and summed together in [W] to a total received code power on the Primary CPICH. If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the measured CPICH RSCP value shall not be lower than the corresponding CPICH RSCP of any of the individual receive antenna branches.

CPICH EcNo / CPICH Quality (CPICH Chip energy over noise density) The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. If receiver diversity is not in use by the UE, the CPICH Ec/No is identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI. Measurement shall be performed on the Primary CPICH. The reference point for the CPICH Ec/No shall be the antenna connector of the UE.3G Measurement Control and Measurement Report UE RNC

Part VII Inter-RAT Measurements 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D

1. Intra-frequency measurements 2. Inter-frequency measurements

Event 1a: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting range Event 2a: Change of best frequencyEvent 1b: A Primary CPICH leaves the reporting Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently usedrange frequency is below a certain threshold and theEvent 1c: A non-active primary CPICH becomes estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above abetter than an active primary CPICH certain threshold.Event 1d: Change of best cell Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-usedEvent 1e: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an frequency is above a certain thresholdabsolute threshold Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently usedEvent 1f: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an frequency is below a certain thresholdabsolute threshold Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain thresholdLTE Measurement4G Measurement: RSRP & RSRQ

RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

Average of power levels (in [W]) received across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. UE only takes measurements from the cell-specific Reference Signal elements of the serving cell If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall be equivalent to the linear average of the power values of all diversity branches Reporting range -44-140 dBm

RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality)

Defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks Reporting range -3-19.5dB4G Measurement Report

Geolocation tools show

RSRP plot for entire Medan city.

Geoloc. get RSRP from

measurement report sent by Ue

Compare to drive test

result geoloc show more detail area not only route. Coverage problem can be detect easier with geolocation tools.MOBILE AND NETWORK INTERACTIONMobile Network InteractionMobile State after Switch OnWhen the UE is switched on, it attempts to establisha contact with a public land mobile network (PLMN) Power onusing a certain radio access technology.In the selected PLMN a suitable cell is selected and PLMN Selection PLMNif this new cell is not in a registered area, location and Reselectionregistration is performed via BTS/NodeB/eNodeB tothe core network. PLMN PLMN F1 selected available EThe overall process is divided into three sub- Registration Pprocesses: response Cell selection S and1. PLMN selection and reselection to search for Reselection an available mobile network.2. Cell selection and reselection to search for a suitable cell belonging to the selected PLMN. Registration

Idle Mode MS switched ONWhen? Call Setup When the MS is switched ON MS in Connected When there is no dedicated connection MS in Idle mode Search RF channels to find BCCH carrier modeWhy? Call Release To camp on the best suitable cell

Why to camp on a specific cell? Check that the PLMN

& cell is allowed Idle mode Dedicated mode For MS to receive system info from the NW on DL For MS to be able to initiate a call whenever needed MS listens to BCCH MS sends DL For the NW to be able to locate the MS when there is MS monitoring downlink measurement report ona MT call/SMS signal strength of MS camps on SACCH the best neighbor cells to ensure it suitable cell is camped on to the best Idle Mode Tasks available cell

1 - None (Squal > Sintrasearch )

2 - WCDMA intra-frequency (Sintersearch < Squal Sintrasearch) 3 - WCDMA intra- and inter- frequency, no inter-RAT cells (SsearchRAT < Squal Sintersearch) 4 - WCDMA intra- and inter-frequency and inter-RAT cells (Squal SsearchRAT )WCDMA Idle Mode: Cell Selection S CriterionUE ranks the serving cell and the measured neighboring cellsto find out if reselection should be made All the measured suitable cells (S-criteria) are included How long the reselection conditions must be fulfilled before reselection is triggered? in the ranking. Treselection Criteria for a suitable cell (S-criteria) is defined as WCDMA intra-frequency neighbour cell: Impacts all cell reselections : Inter RAT, intra frequency and inter frequency CPICH Ec/No > AdjsQqualmin and CPICH The UE reselects the new cell, if the cell reselection criteria (R-criteria, see next slide) RSCP > AdjsQrexlevmin are fulfilled during a time interval WCDMA inter-frequency cell: Treselection CPICH Ec/No > AdjiQqualmin and CPICH As this parameter impacts on all the cell reselections too long Treselection timer might cause RSCP > AdjiQrexlevmin problems in high mobility areas but too short timer causes too fast cell reselections and GSM cell: eventually causes also cell reselection ping pong Rxlev > Qrxlevmin Recommended value 1s should work in every conditions i.e. enough averaging to make sure that correct cell is selectedRanking is done using Criteria R, and the UE reselects to the However careful testing is needed to check the performance of different areascell with highest R-criteria. R-criteria is defined (Dense) Urban area, slow moving UEs with occasional need for fast and accurate (toas: correct cell) reselections e.g. outdoor to indoor scenarios or city highways in some For serving cell: Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts cases cell by cell parameter tuning is performed to find most optimal value between 0s For neighboring cell Rn = Qmeas,n Qoffsetts,n and 2s but typically 1s is optimal value when workload is considered as well Qmeas is CPICH Ec/No for WCDMA cell and RxLev Highways, fast moving UEs must reselect correct cell typically 1s works the best for GSM cell (however occasionally also 0s might be needed in fast speed outdoor to indoor cell reselections e.g. tunnels) Rural areas, slow or fast moving UEs need very often reselect between different RATs and make proper cell reselections even when the coverage is poor typically 1s works the best Location Area Borders, usually the coverage is fairly poor typically 1s works the best but sometimes to reduce location area reselection ping pong 1s is used when going from LA1 to LA2 and 2s from LA2 to LA1WCDMA Idle Mode: Cell Selection WCDMA to LTEWhen a UE in the UMTS network receives SIB19 and specific conditions are met, the UEstarts measuring the LTE signal quality. Based on the measurement results, the UE campson the best cell by performing reselectionCriteria for Starting MeasurementsSIB19 carries the absolute priority of the serving UMTS cell, the absolute priorities of the LTE frequencies, and the cell reselection thresholds.Different radio access technologies (RATs) must have different priorities. Upon receiving SIB19, the UE does the following:If SrxlevServingCell <= Sprioritysearch1 or SqualServingCell <= Sprioritysearch2, the serving UMTS cell has poor signal quality. In this situation, the UE startsmeasuring the signal quality of the neighboring LTE cells that work on low- and high-priority frequencies.If SrxlevServingCell > Sprioritysearch1 and SqualServingCell > Sprioritysearch2, the serving UMTS cell has good signal quality. In this situation, the UEmeasures the signal quality of the LTE frequencies that have higher absolute priorities than the serving cell at an interval of at leastThigher_priority_search.Where,According to section 4.2.2 Requirements in 3GPP TS 25.133 V11.5.0, the value of Thigher_priority_search is the number of frequenciesmultiplied by 60, in the unit of second.The Spriority specifies the absolute priority of the serving UMTS cell.The Npriority specifies the absolute priorities of the LTE frequencies.The ThdPrioritySearch1 and ThdPrioritySearch2 specify the values of Sprioritysearch1 and Sprioritysearch2, respectively. Sprioritysearch1 specifies the CPICH RSCP thresholds for measuring the low- and high-priority LTE frequencies. CPICH RSCP refers to the common pilot channel received signal code power. Sprioritysearch2 specifies the CPICH Ec/N0 thresholds for measuring the low- and high-priority LTE frequencies. CPICH Ec/N0 refers to the signal-to-noise ratio of the CPICH.The other variables are defined as follows: Srxlev: cell RX level value (dB) Squal: cell quality value (dB), which applies only to FDD cells Qrxlevmin : required minimum RX level Qqualmin : required minimum quality level SrxlevServingCell: serving cell's RSCP measured by the UE minus Qrxlevmin SqualServingCell: serving cell's Ec/N0 measured by the UE minus QqualminThe UE should not perform cell reselection to a cell for which cell selection criterion S is not fulfilled. LTE Idle Mode: Cell Selection S Criterion

Ue will start measurement when condition below :

Intra - Frequency: Srxlev <= Sintrasearch

Inter - Frequency: Srxlev <= Snonintrasearch OR

Prio (inter f) > Prio (serving)

Inter - RAT: Srxlev <= Snonintrasearch OR

Prio (inter - RAT) > Prio (serving)

For inter-frequency and inter-system measurements, depending on the UE capability, the network allocates measurement gaps during which no data are sent for the UE, so that the UE could perform the necessary measurements using a single receiver. During the measurement gaps, the particular UE cannot be scheduled for data transmission, but the vacant resources could still be used for other UEs, because of the shared channel mechanism.LTE Idle Mode: Cell Ranking Criterion Intra-frequency/ Equal Priority Case: Cell Ranking Criterion: R Qmeas Rn > Rs Cell ReselectionRanking of cells: Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n Rn

Event B2 -> serving becomes worse than A5 thold 1 B2 thold 1

Handovers in LTE are:

Hard handovers: resources are prepared in the target cell before the UE is commanded to move to the target cell Lossless: Packets are forwarded from the source to the target cell. Network controlled: The target cell is selected by the network not by the UE. The handover control is in the e-UTRAN not in the Core Network. UE-assisted: Measurements are made and reported by the UE to the network although it is the network (eNodeB) which triggers those measurements. Late path switch: Only when the inter eNodeB handover is successful, the packet core is involved (X2 required).LTE: Signaling Flow Handover Preparation

Redirection is triggered by the radio conditions

RSRP or RSRQ in case of CS Fallback*, redirection is triggered by mobile originating or terminating CS call

Target RAT/frequency layer is indicated to a UE by an eNB

within RRC:rrcConnectionRelease message At first glance, redirection could be regarded as the last-ditch from loosing of signaling connection between an eNB and a UE in case of either poor coverage or extensive interference * RRC connection release with redirection mechanism is one of the means of realization of the CS Fallback functionality

Medium Access Layer (MAC) :

MAC layer is responsible for - Mapping between logical channels and transport channels, - Multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to the physical layer on transport channels, - Demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the physical layer on transport channels, Physical Layer (Layer 1) : - Scheduling information reporting, Physical Layer carries all information from the MAC transport - Error correction through HARQ, channels over the air interface. - Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling, - Priority handling between logical channels of one UE, Logical Responsible for : Channel prioritization. - link adaptation (AMC), - power control, - cell search (for initial synchronization and handover purposes) - and other measurements (inside the LTE system and between systems) for the RRC layer. Signalling Introduction Radio Resource Control (RRC) : The main services and functions of the RRC sublayer include - broadcast of System Information related to the non-access stratum (NAS),Non Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol : - broadcast of System Information related to the access stratum (AS), a functional layer in the UMTS and LTE wireless telecom - Paging, protocol stacks between the core network and user - establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and E-UTRAN, equipment - Security functions including key management, establishment, configuration, maintenance and NAS pass transparently by Radio Network. e.g. Attach, TA release of point to point Radio Bearers. update Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP) :Access Stratum (AS) Protocol : PDCP Layer is responsible for functional layer in the UMTS and LTE wireless telecom - Header compression and decompression of IP data, protocol stacks between radio network and user - Transfer of data (user plane or control plane), equipment - Maintenance of PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), - In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, - Duplicate elimination of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, - Ciphering and deciphering of user plane data and control plane data, - Integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, - Timer based discard, duplicate discarding, - PDCP is used for SRBs and DRBs mapped on DCCH and DTCH type of logical channels. Signalling Introduction

RRC connection release with redirection info to UtranFDD 10613 sent to Ue (downlink), then Ue move to UMTS idle mode. Before RRC Connection Release, there are Measurement Report sent by Ue (uplink), that probably cause of redirection.NETWORK PLANNINGRadio Planning ProcessDimensioning Scope and Purpose

To define a network configuration that meets the expected traffic and service quality based on the operators business case

Calculate the number of

sites required to serve certain area while fulfilling the coverage and capacity requirements.Dimensioning: Link Budget Calculation

Before dimensioning the radio network, the link budget for different environments (indoor, outdoor, in car) must be considered. From the link budget, the maximum allowed path loss (MAPL) Lmax can be derived Calculate the cell ranges for the different clutter types based on the maximum allowable path loss and on the propagation environment Requirements

Transmitter side Receiver side

EIRP PTx _ antenna Gantenna L feeder LTMA

ins Lbody

MAPL = 56 dBm (-69 dBm) = 125 dB

Dimensioning: 2G UL Link Budget

Transmitter side Receiver side

MAPL = 30 dBm (-94 dBm) = 124 dB

Due to the low MS power often the UL is the bottleneck. Maximum Allowable Path Loss UL is lower then DL.Dimensioning: 3G UL DL Link Budget Okumura-Hata Model The Hata model for urban environments is the basic formulation since it was based on Okumura's Urban environments measurements made in the built-up areas of Tokyo Dimensioning: 3G UL DL Link BudgetOkumura-Hata Model The Hata model for suburban environments is The objective is to find d (CELL RADIUS or applicable to the transmissions just out of the cities distance between base station and mobileSub-Urban environments and on rural areas where man-made structures are there but not so high and dense as in the cities. To be station) and then found needed #site. more precise, this model is suitable where buildings After cell radius is found, then we can exist, but the mobile station does not have a significant variation of its height calculate cell range using traditional hexagonal model. (R (or d) is cell radius))

The Hata model for rural environments is

applicable to the transmissions in open areas where no obstructions block the transmission linkRural environmentsDimensioning: LTE- DL Link Budget

Propagation models provide a forecast for

average signals Predict the path loss L(d) variations around the averageModels must give a forecast as close as possible to real scenarios, so that they can be used asreliable tools to plan cellular networks Propagation Model Okumura Hatta

Propagation models that usually used in GSM, WCDMA and LTE coverage planning is Okumura Hatta. Below is the original equation :

k1 to k6 can be estimated by model tuning for any planning project

Coverage Planning Tools that

Lost call and waiting call telephone system

Even during periods of high traffic, the subscriber must have a good chance of access to make call. The subscriber not succeeding in making a call either be lost (pure lost-call ) or the call will be delayed (waiting-call). To avoid lost/delay call, capacity should be planned and monitored.CS Traffic CharacteristicsTraffic Offered Mean number of calls attempt offered to the system. Traffic offered estimated with Erlang B table. Usually CS Traffic dimensioned with blocking probability 2% Based on this Erlang B table, capacity TCH and TRX calculated.

ANR covers 4 steps:

The scope within ANR is to establish an X2 connection between source and target nodes and for that it is necessary that source eNB knows the target eNB IP@ How the source eNB gets the IP@ differentiates the ANR features: Central ANR (RL10) ANR (RL20) ANR- Fully UE based (RL30)Detailed Planning: LTE ANR Configuration Principle Neighbor Site Site MME UE eNB - A eNB - B connected

Unclear future development of end customer behavior

Network structure is still Opti: Perform the most efficient optimization tasks at the right timegrowing and in flowOpti: Keeping the network quality on a Unclear picture about specific performance issuesdefined level during the expansion Opti: Detailed KPIs information about the network statusFast expanding networkenvironment Subscriber increase due to campaign/new applicationOpti: Optimized network quality & Opti: Improved subscriber satisfaction lead to decreased churnreliability rate/increased ARPU