In the last years, the term “Sustainable Intensification” (which means producing more outputs with more efficient use of all inputs on a durable basis, while reducing environmental damage and building resilience, natural capital and the flow of environmental services) – has come to take on a highly charged and politicised meaning. As we strive to feed a population expected to reach nine billion by 2050 sustainably, the risk is that we may lose sight of the term’s scientific value and its potential relevance to all types of agricultural systems, including for smallholder farmers in Africa.This new report Sustainable Intensification: A New Paradigm for African Agriculture', as well as this discussion with Tom Arnold, and member of the Montpellier Panel strive to clarify its meaning and give further indications into the way it can be achieved.