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Mary Lyon (1925-2014) was a UK geneticist who proposed in 1961 the theory of X inactivation, where one of the two X chromosomes in the cells of female mammals is randomly inactivated during early development. In deference to her, this process is also referred to as "Lyonisation". She also worked on other X-linked genetic diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and haemophilia.