13 Revision exercise.a Go straight on. Then turn (__________ the) right __________ the crossroads. The school is __________ your left.b There's something __________ the bottom of the bottle.c What's showing __________ the cinema?d I'm going to give my parents a surprise __________ New Year's ;Eve.e Let's meet __________ the bus-stop.f Our plane landed __________ the airport bang __________ time.g That couple has been snogging __________ the film started. It's almost ending and I don't think they even know what it's about.h He discovered that she was a vampire because he couldn't see herself __________ the mirror.i Don't sit __________ the ground, or you'll get dirty.j He was made to appear __________ court as an accused.k My boyfriend is waiting for me __________ the post office.l You must hand the documents in __________ Thursday. If you give them in later, they will not be accepted.m "Where's your father?"
"He's __________ bed. He's terribly ill."n The kids are swimming __________ the lake.o We're going to Moscow __________ 14th August.p They are leaving __________ New Year's Day.q Everything occurred __________ a hot summer day.r She was sitting __________ her desk when I came in her office.s "Where's the bus-stop?"
"It's __________ the corner."t They are sitting __________ the bed crying.u Look! There's a cockroach __________ the floor.v This suit hasn't been dry-cleaned __________ two months.w I haven't read a Gothic novel __________ I was a teenager.x We'll contact you __________ a month. (in the period of a month, but not later.)y She has her office __________ the third floor.z Her office is __________ number 25.

14 Examples:He flew from London to28 Berlin. (from one place to another)He flew to Berlin from London. (less usual than the one above)She met a boy from Paris. (From expresses "origin".)She went to the USA. (To expresses "destination".)The train from Paris is the train that comes from Paris.
The train to Paris is the train that goes to Paris.
He ran into the building. (Into expresses movement from outside to inside.)He ran in the building. (He was inside the building. There is no movement from outside to inside.)Don't put your hands in(to) your pockets? (There is no ambiguity if we use in, so in is possible instead of into. However, into is a better and safer alternative.)Come in, please! (In is an adverb here; into is always a preposition, that is a preposition is followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund, but an adverb is not.)Put those books on/on to/onto29 the table.

a She saw him walk __________ the park alone for at least twenty minutes.b He went __________ the house with the purpose of finding any clue related to the murder.c She was very infuriated with his remarks and marched __________ her room.d The plane __________ New York will take off in a few minutes. (= The one that goes to New York.)e I've come __________ my place __________ here just for nothing.

15 Examples:The children's department is up the stairs30. (opposite down the stairs)Stop going up and down, will you? (an adverb phrase)Go along this road (= follow this road) until/till (time conjunction31) you find a very tall building.Go along this road tothat tall building. (until/till is not possible instead of to)This bag can hold up to six kilos. (until/till is not possible here.)Go across this road. (= Go to the other side of the road.)We went through a tunnel. (three dimensions)Stop running round/around me, or you'll feel dizzy.

a She was driving __________ this (flat) street when her car broke down.b We are on the third floor, so you'll have to go __________ to32 the first floor.c This demijohn can hold __________ __________ twenty litres.d We'll have to go __________ a dense forest.e Why don't we go __________ the block to stretch our legs.

16 Examples:They were driving towards33 Rome. (ie, in that direction)We were driving away from Rome. (away from is the opposite of towards)We'll go to Amsterdam via/by Brussels. (ie, by way of of Brussels)This channel will broadcast via/by satellite. (ie, using a satellite)I discovered what had happened via/through a local newspaper. (ie I read it in a local newspaper.)This ticket is only valid within34 the country. (ie, inside the country)We walked past/beyond/by the park. (ie We went further than the park.)She lives beyond those mountains. (ie She lives behind those mountains.)She's beyond suspicion. (ie She cannot be guilty.)This mathematical problem is beyond me. (ie I cannot do it.)What he said is beyond belief. (ie It cannot be believed.)

a I learnt he was dead __________ his mother.b When I saw her, she was walking __________ the beach. She sometimes goes there and sits on the sand to watch the stars.c We had better leave now, as the situation is getting __________35 our control.d It's __________ me why he left his studies.e We could come back home __________ Barcelona.

17 Examples:We have to go over/across that bridge. (We have to go to the other side of that bridge.)You'll have to swim across the river. (Over is not possible here.)He lives across/over the street. (on the other side of the street)He escaped by climbing over the wall. (Across is impossible here.)We have the intention of riding across the plateau in only two hours. (ie, of crossing an area36.)We saw her running across the conference hall. (ie, inside a room)We spent two hours watching the water running under37 the bridge. (Compare this with the following: She run across/over the bridge.)There's a tennis ball under the table. (The opposite of under is on: There's a tennis ball on the table.)

a They wounded man dragged __________ some trees so as not to be discovered.b They are __________ the road. Let's call their names out.c So as to save space, you can put it __________ your bed.d We're going to have dinner. Can you put the dinner things __________ the table?e We'll have to jump __________ an electric fence. Therefore,
we'll have to employ these long sticks.

18 Examples:I'd like to travel all38round/around/over the world. (= I'd like to travel worldwide.)I'd like to travel throughout/about the world. (ie, worldwide)The priest has a crucifix over/above his bed. (The crucifix is hung on the wall. The opposite of over or above is below: The bed is below the crucifix. Compare this with the following: The crucifix is under the bed.)There is a helicopter flying over/across the sea. (Across means "crossing"; over does not necessarily have this meaning.)The helicopter is flying over/above that tall building. (There is a slight difference between over and above, as over implies that the helicopter is nearer to the tall building.)The plane was flying above the clouds. (opposite: below the clouds)The Perkins live above Mary and the Adams, below39 (her). (She lives on the third floor; the Perkins, on the fourth; the Adams, on the second.)Tomorrow the temperature will be below zero. (The opposite of "below zero" is "above zero".)

a A bird is hovering __________ those trees.b She's planning to sail __________40 the Atlantic in a small boat next spring. (= She wants to cross the Atlantic in a small boat next spring.)c She is considering the idea of travelling __________ America.d There is a spotlight __________ the door. (in a higher position)e My father works __________ ground41, since he is a miner.

19 Revision exercise.a I want to go __________ Madrid. Is this the bus __________ Madrid?b We sheltered from the heavy snow __________ a bridge.c Why she did that sort of thing is __________ my understanding.d I got __________ the shops just __________ time: they were already shutting up.e Your T-shirts are __________the bottom drawer.f "What's the time?"
"It's three minutes __________ two." (2.03)g We'll have to go __________ the border if we want to be free.h "What's __________ your desk?"
"It's a heater to keep my feet warm."i She works __________ King Street.j She works __________ 20 King Street.k She works __________ number 20.l They arrived __________ the hotel __________ twenty __________ seven. (6.40)m Go __________ the house and bring me a Phillips screwdriver.n She thinks she's very pretty, as she's forever looking at herself __________ the mirror.o This bus can take __________ __________ fifty-five people plus the driver and the conductor.p We had to push our way __________ the crowd to shake the singer's hand.q Our dog jumped __________ the hedge and ran __________ the house.r There are ants all __________ the house.s If I were you, I would place your new hi-fi __________ that table and the loudspeakers __________ those pictures.t Aids is transmitted __________ blood, semen or vaginal secretion.u They are coming __________ home __________ dusk.v They play away __________ January 15th, but __________ home __________ January 22nd.w You've been poking fun at me __________ the last twenty minutes. Don't you think it's time to stop?x I haven't dropped in on them __________ February.y He was driving __________ this street when the bomb exploded.z It rained buckets__________ the match.

20 Examples:There were over/above42 five thousand people at the demostration. (over/above = more than)She is over/above43 him. (She is a captain and he is a lieutenant. The opposite is He is under/below her.)He comes from an upper-class family, so he considers us beneath him. (He believes that he is superior to us just because he comes from an upper-class family.)Beneath/Underneath her quick-tempered exterior, there is a great woman. (Her quick-tempered exterior hides a great woman.)Beneath (very formal)/Below/Under44its waters lies his treasure. (Compare: His treasure lies under water/underwater.)A treasure is hidden below/beneath/under the surface of this place.Under his régime, the country killed a lot of innocent people, just because they were thought to be inferior. (When he ruled the country, he ordered that those who were considered inferior should be exterminated.)She had the accident because she was driving under the influence of alcohol. (The alcohol she had drunk was the cause of the accident.)He found a coin under/underneath/beneath the carpet. (The carpet covered/hid the coin.)There is a secret passage under/underneath/beneath the castle. (The passage is underground.)

a He refuses to work as a waiter, as he thinks this job is __________ him.b This magazine is for people __________ the age of eighteen. (This magazine is for people who have reached the age of eighteen.)c People __________ the age of eighteen cannot read this magazine.d We were much happier __________ the former boss.e __________ his cruel appearance, he is very warm-hearted.

21 Examples:There's nobody in/inside45 the house. (ie, the house is empty.)We saw a lot of people outside46 the building. (Outside is the opposite of inside or in.)She went out of/outside the building. (= She left the building.)I'm afraid she's out47. (ie, She's not at home, in the office, etc., now)My dog jumped on/on to/onto48 my bed. (The opposite of on, on to or onto is off: My dog jumped off my bed.)

a The audience applauded as the group of actors went __________ the stage. (= The audience applauded as the group of actors left the stage.)b "Take two thousand pounds from the safe."
"There is nothing __________ the safe!"
"Oh, dear! We've been robbed!"c He's __________, but he'll be with you in a jiffy. He went just round the corner.d Under no circumstances should you go __________ __________ this room. (= Under no circumstances should you leave this room.)e He climbed __________ the roof so that he could take a better photograph of the place.

22 Examples:I need to buy a book on49/about the fauna and flora of the Iberian peninsula. (I need to buy a book that deals with the fauna and flora of the Iberian peninsula.)"I'd like to tell you something."
"What is it about?" (What do you want to tell me?)"It's about your husband." (It has to do with your husband.)I saw him somewhere about/around the park. (I saw him near the park.)There were a lot of cigarette ends strewn about/(all) round/(all) around the place. (ie, all over the place.)How/Whatabout going to the cinema this afternoon? (Why do we not go to the cinema this afternoon?)"I'm going to the shopping centre.""Can you post this letter for me while you areabout it?" (Can you post this letter for me at the same time that you go to the shopping centre?)There were trees around/round/about the square. (They surrounded the square.)

a I'd like to tell you something __________ Timmy.b There were lots of old newspapers scattered __________ the hut.c How ________ your exam results?d She's writing her thesis __________ the effects of man upon our planet.e I'm going to cook something for myself. Would you like me to prepare something while I'm __________ it?

____________________28From...to can also relate to time:She works here from morning to night.
He went out with my sister from 1995 to 1997.See section 5.From...until/till is not possible here. You may use until/till to mean "go as far as": Don't get off the train until/till Barcelona.29 Both on and onto (or more formally, on to) can indicate movement, but onto (or on to) very often implies movement to a higher or lower surface:The tamer made the lion jump onto/on to/on a stool. (On might suggest the lion stayed on the stool jumping.)She got onto/on to/on the train.We went to a mountain refuge. The bedroom was not very big and had bunk beds. During the night, I woke up because I felt something viscous dripping onto/on to my face from the bed above. I turned on my torch to see what was going on. The viscid substance was blood. Somebody had killed my friend!On to (not onto) must be used when on and to bear no relation to each other:She went on to explain why I should give up the struggle to free them. (on + a to-infinitve)Go straight on/aheadto the next traffic lights. (= Go straight on/ahead until you reach the next traffic lights.)30 You can also say The children's department is upstairs. (opposite: downstairs)31See section 5 in this unit.32 Notice the usage of to here.33Toward is also possible, especially in American English.34See section 4 in this unit.35Outside and out of are also possible here.36 See the next section.37 In a very formal style, we can often use beneath instead of under:We spent hours watching the water running beneath the bridge.
There is a tennis ball beneath the table.
They were under/beneath some trees to protect themselves from the sun.38All emphasizes the idea of "everywhere", but it may be left out: I've been (all) round/around/over Asia. The verb "travel" can be used without any preposition: I'd like to travel the world.39 If we remove "her", we have an adverb instead of a preposition.40 In this particular case, the preposition may be omitted.41 We can also say under the ground or underground (adverb).42Above may convey a greater quantity (etc) than over. The opposite of above is below; of over, under.43Over implies that there is only one rank (etc) superior to him. Above may suggest that there is more than one. The opposite of over is under; of above, below.44See sections 17 and 18 in this unit.45Inside and in can also be adverbs: There's nobody in/inside.46Outside of and inside of are often used in American English: We saw a lot of people outside of the building. If we remove "the building", we convert outside into an adverb: We saw a lot of people outside.47Out is an adverb.48See section 14 in this unit.49 If we use on, we mean that the subject being discussed is more formal and serious.