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List Description

”Europe” can be difficult to define.

This list includes countries that have a most-isolated peak located geographically in Europe, which here includes all of the Urals and Caucasus (Greater and Lesser). The most isolated peak of Kazakhstan in in the far southern Urals, for example, and Armenia’s most isolated peak is in the Lesser Caucasus.

Turkey and Russia have most isolated peaks that are more clearly in Asia and therefore not on the list. However, the island peaks of Spain and Portugal are included, due to the strong European identity of their mainland portions.

Acknowledgments:

Thanks to Andrew Kirmse, who created and ran software for calculating isolation from digital elevation models, and to Jonathan de Ferranti, who helped with high-quality DEM data. Many of the isolation values for peaks on this list were determined by their process and then map checked.