What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science?

There is no difference.

How do hypotheses differ from theories

An explanation made on the basis of limited evidence.

A guess that has been tested and has a lot of evidence to

What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?

sea snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains

Who would be considered Darwin's early mentor (he also helped get him on the beagle)?

Henslow

Which of the following is true of Charles Darwin:

When his daughter died, he blamed himself, and became indifferent towards God

This graph represents a computer model of the change in frequency of one allele (A1) in a starting population of 100 do solely to genetic drift. Only one run of the model is graphed. Which of the following is most likely for additional trials?

A1 will likely either go to 1.0 or 0.0 in less than 500 generations

he similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.

common ancestry

Part of the first law of Lamark's theory was that a change in the environment led to a change in behavior, and that a change in behavior led to ___________________.

greater use or disuse of the structure

greater use or disuse of the structure

Science does not claim to have absolute truth. Science addresses things that are falsifiable. Then they do experiments that are testable and repeatable. this is called the scientific method.

What do scientists mean when they say that Evolution is a theory?

There is a lot of evidence to back it up, and it hasn't been proven false yet; but it is not accepted as absolute truth either.

Darwin's Bulldog

Huxley

Biblical literalist, ultimately killed himself

Fitzroy

Came up with the idea of natural selection independent of Darwin

Wallace

Married Emma Wedgwood

Darwin

Captain of the Beagle

Fitzroy

"The man who walked with Darwin"

Henslow

Wrote "Principles of Geology"

Lyell

Was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln

Charles Darwin

Medical Doctor, wrote how all organisms belong to one living filament

Erasmus Darwin

"There is no scientific proof that the earth is billions of years old. The average layman thinks there is, but he is mistaken." . Please demonstrate with at least two pieces of evidence why this statement is incorrect.

Through fossil records and tree rings we have evidence that the earth is billions of years old

What events ultimately led Darwin to decide to publish Origen of Species?

His friends encourage him to, and Mr. Wallace sends him a letter about the idea of natural selection.

Suppose you want to date the age of a trilobite fossil you found in the mountains of Dugway. You collect rocks that surround the fossil (from the same rock layer) and send them off to be radiometrically dated. If the half life of element X decaying into Y is 125 million years, and there is 1/16 of the original amount of X left in the rock you found. How old is the rock and therefore the fossil?

500 million years

Describe a situation in nature where genetic drift might be a more important influence on evolution than natural selection.

If there was a natural disaster such as a tornado for example, that took out a large number of a population and only a select few lived then their genes would be passed on at random. Natural disasters don't consciously consider what traits are there in a population they just go ahead and wipe the population out.

Suppose a friend approaches you and says that Darwin was evil based on these points: (1) in the Origin of Species, Darwin teaches that humans evolved from apes, (2) that all religions teach that evolution cannot possibly be true, and (3) that there is no way that just random mechanisms could produce the diversity of life on the planet Correct your friend on these three points.

1) Humans did not evolve from apes however they do share common ancestry.

2) The LDS church is neutral on the fact. The Catholic church finds nothing incorrect about evolution.

3) Talk to them about genetic drift, and how through a bottle effect genes evolve and cause variety. Also have them look at their family. No one looks the same, they have similar genes but there is diversity in their family.

Briefly describe an example of how exaptation can cause “fast evolution”?

Feathers may have originally been used as a mating tool, but are now used for flight.

Populations never come into contact with each other

Pre-zygotic

Offspring fail to reproduce

post-zygotic barrier

Male and female gametes fail to unite in fertilization.

pre-zygotic barrier

Mating behaviors are not recognized by different organisms

pre-zygotic barrier

______ are the most diverse group of arthropods.

Insects

exploring in the tropics you discover a nonvascular plant that produces pollen. what type of plant have you discovered?

an angiosperm

The feature present in reptiles and absent in amphibians that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is ______.

the amniotic egg

______ are seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

How do sponges differ from all other animals?

Sponges lack true tissues.

Which hominid had the largest brain size measured in cc (cubic centimeters)?

Homo neanderthalensis

Some of the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens are at least ______ years old, although recently even older fossils have been found.

100,000

Which of the following represents a molecule characterized by polar covalent bonding?

H2O

Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element?

iodine

A base ______.

removes H2O molecules from a solution

An atom with a positive charge has ______.

more protons than electrons

What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons?

covalent

What refers to the amino acid sequence of proteins?

Primary

Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of

Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of

steroids

Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is false?

many lipids function as enzymes

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.

Which organelles are believed to have originated from free-standing bacteria ingested by ancient eukaryotic cells?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Most animal cells are embedded in

an extracellular matrix

A hormone that will be secreted from the cell is manufactured by ribosomes _____.

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

researchers have been able to study the pathway of a secreted protein by "tagging" it with a fluorescent marker. using this method, you would observe fluorescence moving from the ER to which organelle?

golgi bodies

Which of the following is involved in modifying, sorting, and shipping proteins?

Golgi complex

The waste products of cellular respiration include ______.

water and carbon dioxide

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago.

2.7 billion

Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding medium tend to ______.

expand

Plant Cells

has a Plasma membrane

cell wall

Which of the following best describes an enzyme?

They lower the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.

For a species with four pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combinations are possible.

16

Upon completion of telophase 1 and cytokinesis, there is(are) _____ cell(s).

two haploid

Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction in eukaryotes?

budding in Hydra

Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Which is it?

the events of meiosis II

During metaphase I, ______.

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

41. Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does not occur in prophase II?

Crossing over occurs.

Crossing over during prophase I results in ______.

genetic recombination

A benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in that a benign tumor

does not metastasize.

According to the endosymbiotic theory and given the tree below, which was constructed from whole genome sequences or exemplar organisms from the three domains of life, where would be the most likely place for a branch containing the animal mitochondrial genome be connected? In other words, animal mitochondrial DNA is most closely related to the complete genome of which type of organism?

Branch connected near A

The origin of life (which is not the same as the theory of Evolution), is described as having a series steps (stages), leading to the formation of a pre-cell. Of the following list select those steps that are part of this "RNA world hypothesis".

in the film 'Why Sex?' a drought dried up pools with asexual and sexual reproducing minnows. Upon repopulating the upper pools, what mechanism of evolution caused the sexually reproducing population to have very little genetic variation?

genetic variation

Assume you are living in Dover, PA, and you have a child that is going to a public high school. Which of the following would be true concerning the teaching of Intelligent Design (ID) and Evolution. (mark all that apply)

It would be against the law for your child's high school science teacher to advocate ID

It would be against the law for your child's high school science teacher give equal time to ID along side of Evolution.

Imagine that your child's public high school science teacher advocates the idea of intelligent design in the classroom. At the next parent teacher conference, what two pieces of advise (backed up with evidence) would you give, knowing that you don't want tax money going toward a trial.

ID is another form of creationism. An intelligent designer is the same thing as a creator.

Intelligent design is not a true scientific theory. in an original draft of People and Pandas, it was said the earth was formed by an intelligent creator, but was then later changed to designer.

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?

Dd

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?

50%

According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______.

gametes have one copy of each allele

In Mendel's pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds. If a true-breeding green-seed-producing plant is crossed to a heterozygous yellow-seed-producting plant, what percentage of offspring produces green seeds?

50%

What is the Key to the recognition of incomplete dominance?

The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

An individual who is homozygous ______.

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic.

height

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

three

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?

one

Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______.

RNA . . . a polypeptide

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______.

promoter

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______.

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?

RNA polymerase

More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer.

lung

Consider the following figure, which outlines cloning by nuclear transplantation. Why does the clone not resemble the surrogate mother?

The clone would exhibit characteristics of the genetic donor, not the surrogate.

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this?

cellular differentiation

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

______ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.

Asbestos

Tobacco

The human genome contains approximately ________ genes?

21,000

The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______.

play a role in all of the choices listed here

Which of the following seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA?

DNA ligase

"Sticky ends" are ______.

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

Which of these is a genetically modified organism?

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.

humulin

While working with cultured mayfly cells, Dr. Ogden unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that although rare, causes deletion or insertion of individual bases in DNA. Subsequently, He isolated and cultured a single cell from this group and noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and this was having an effect on their viability (even though mayflies are so cool). The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ______.