3.
CAMERA BASICS <ul><li>F-Stop (how much light is seen, how much the aperture is open) </li></ul><ul><li>Shutter Speed (how long the light is seen in the aperture) </li></ul><ul><li>FILM SPEED (ISO) (how fast the film itself responds to this light) </li></ul>

4.
F-STOP <ul><li>HOW MUCH LIGHT IS SEEN </li></ul><ul><li>Sometimes known as ‘aperture’ </li></ul><ul><li>Ranges from about 1.8 to 32 </li></ul><ul><li>A higher number (i.e. 32) means less light is ‘seen’. </li></ul><ul><li>A lower number (i.e. 1.8) means more light is ‘seen’. </li></ul>

8.
SHUTTER SPEED <ul><li>MEASURES HOW LONG LIGHT IS LET INTO THE FILM/CAMERA </li></ul><ul><li>Common values include ½ sec, 1/8 second, 1/1000 second etc </li></ul><ul><li>Shorter time means less time for light to get into the camera </li></ul><ul><li>Shorter time reduces blurriness </li></ul><ul><li>Longer time lets in more light, adds need for tripod or image stabilization </li></ul>

13.
FILM SPEED (ISO) <ul><li>Traditional cameras use film of different sensitivities. It is measured by its ISO number, i.e. 64, 100 400 </li></ul><ul><li>Slower speed (i.e. 64) is good for enlarging but requires bright light and/or slow shutter speed and/or lower F-stop. </li></ul><ul><li>Faster Film (i.e. 400) is poor for enlarging but needs less light and thus good for indoor photography. </li></ul><ul><li>Digital Cameras do not use film per se. They use a technology called CCD (Charge Coupled Device) which senses images. </li></ul>

14.
TIPS ON TAKING PHOTOS <ul><ul><li>Be aware of ‘backlighting’, i.e. a bright background will make your subject appear ‘dark’. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Best to have the light on the subject from behind you for proper lighting. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Take photos in early morning/late afternoon for dramatic shadows. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Frame your subject in the viewfinder and use the ‘ rule of thirds ’ when framing your subject. See the next slide. </li></ul></ul>

16.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY <ul><li>The concepts are generally the same </li></ul><ul><ul><li>The F-stop (‘Aperture’) is sometimes ‘fixed’ within the digital camera. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The digital camera then adjusts the shutter speed (and if possible, the aperture) based on light conditions. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The film speed is the same for all photos within the camera, i.e. it is not chemical based but usually uses CCD technology </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The main important concept is PIXELs </li></ul></ul>

17.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY <ul><li>PIXELS – short for PICTURE ELEMENT . </li></ul><ul><li>The more PIXELS a camera has, the better the picture quality,i.e. level of resolution or details in each picture. Some typical values: </li></ul><ul><li>640x480 pixels - This is the low end on most &quot;real&quot; cameras. This resolution is okay if you plan to e-mail most of your pictures to friends or post them on a Web site. This is 307,000 total pixels. But you will not be happy with this resolution if you print it. </li></ul><ul><li>1216x912 pixels - If you are planning to print your images, this is a good resolution. This is a &quot;megapixel&quot; image size -- 1,109,000 total pixels. </li></ul><ul><li>1600x1200 pixels - This is &quot;high resolution.&quot; Images taken with this resolution can be printed in larger sizes, such as 8x10 inches, with good results. This is almost 2 million total pixels. You can find cameras today with up to 25 million pixels. </li></ul>

18.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY How it works <ul><li>A picture is taken and the camera automatically converts the pixels from analog to digital format. </li></ul><ul><li>The camera then converts the digital pixels to color images. </li></ul><ul><li>Then they are stored in digital memory within the camera and/or on memory cards/sticks and so on. </li></ul><ul><li>Pictures can then be subsequently transferred from the digital camera either by serial cables or more recently via a USB port. </li></ul>

19.
Optical/Digital Zoom <ul><li>Digital cameras usually allow for some zooming. </li></ul><ul><li>Optical zoom is often better; the camera makes adjustments within the lens themselves. </li></ul><ul><li>Digital zoom is whereby the camera calculates how to adjust the pixels, adding them or removing them. Interpolation is used when adding them. </li></ul><ul><li>Macro mode is another type of zoom and allows close-up pictures, i.e. flowers. </li></ul>

20.
Advantages of Digital Cameras <ul><li>The pictures do not need to be developed at the store, saving money and time. </li></ul><ul><li>The picture you took can be viewed within a few seconds of taking it. </li></ul><ul><li>You can readily delete photos within the camera that are done improperly or by mistake. </li></ul><ul><li>You can upload to a computer and use software to enhance the photo further. </li></ul>

21.
BATTERIES <ul><li>The best batteries are known as </li></ul><ul><li>Nickel Metal Hydride, i.e. NiMH </li></ul><ul><li>They are rechargeable. </li></ul><ul><li>They last about as long as alkaline batteries. </li></ul><ul><li>You can buy batteries and charger at BJs, Radio Shack and so on. </li></ul>