Census Count of Same-Sex Couples to Stir Policy Fights

When the U.S. Census Bureau counts same-sex married couples next year, demographers expect hundreds of thousands to report they are spouses -- even though legal same-sex weddings in the United States number in the tens of thousands.

Gay advocates say they plan to use "A Census that Reflects America's Population," as the Census Bureau calls its plan to report same-sex marriage statistics, to push for legislative and policy initiatives, while groups opposed to same-sex marriage weigh a counteroffensive.

Particularly at the state and local levels, gay advocacy groups say census data on income for same-sex couples will show the need for more protections against job discrimination. Statistics on households with children will help them challenge laws limiting gay adoptions and legal guardianship. With raw numbers to illustrate the need, it will be easier to demand services, they say.

"Why does the census ask if people are young or old, black or white, married or single?" said Joe Solmonese, president of the Human Rights Campaign, which promotes civil rights for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. "It's because we want to understand if the country is meeting the public-policy needs of those Americans. That's particularly so for LGBT Americans."

But conservatives say the tally could just as easily support their position that most gay people aren't looking to get married. They say they will oppose attempts to make policies more gay-friendly.

"It seems homosexual activists use these various markers as ways push their agenda, to force people to go along with whatever they demand," said Wendy Wright, president of Concerned Women for America, which promotes "biblical values." "Regardless of what the numbers are, they're going to exaggerate the importance of it and claim all of society must change in order to comport with their demands."

The 2010 Census will not be the first in which same-sex couples have identified themselves as married. But it will be the first in which the raw numbers are publicly reported, reflecting an evolution in the way the Census Bureau keeps track of American lifestyles.

The issue of counting same-sex unions first arose in 1990, when the Census Bureau added the category of "unmarried partner," primarily to count heterosexual couples living together. Since no state permitted same-sex marriage, the Census Bureau "edited" the sex of one person in each same-sex couple. For instance, if two women said they were spouses, the Census Bureau changed the sex of one to male.

In 2000, in what was considered a more enlightened approach, the Census Bureau re-categorized those same-sex couples who said they were married, counting them as unmarried partners. But it didn't release the numbers.

That was prohibited by the Bush administration, which cited the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act's ban on federal recognition of same-sex marriages.

This summer, the Obama administration reversed that interpretation and ordered the Census Bureau to release the raw data when it becomes available in 2011. It also is planning to accurately count same-sex couples in programs such as the American Community Survey, a smaller, in-depth study run by the Census Bureau.