what reflex seen in lesions of the corticospinal tract is an extension of the great toe with fanning of the remaining toes

Babinski in UMN lesions

Horner's...
sympathetic fibers from __ - __ are obstructed

T1-T4

what part of the inner ear has
1. perilymph- and responds to angular acceleration and deceleration
2. endolymph- responds to head turning
3. endolymph- has gravity receptors monitoring linear acceleration and deceleration

1. semicircular canal
2. semicircular duct
3. utricle and saccule

what is the name of demyelination of the corticospinal tract and dorsal column in the spinal cord due most commonly to a vitamin B12 def

subacute combined degeneration, which is bilateral below the level of the lesion

what encephalopathy causes ocular palsies, confusion, and gait abnormalities related to a lesion in the mammillary bodies and/or the dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus

MGB

where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies, the CNS or PNS

PNS

what disease is a coavitation of the spinal cord causing bilateral loss of pain and temp at level of lesion

syringomyelia

what nucleus of the hypothalamus receives visual input from the retina and helps set the circadian rhythm

suprachiasmatic

are white rami preganglionic or pstganglionic

preganglionic

what area of the hypothalamus is responsible for recognizing a dec in body temp and mediates the rsponse to conserve heat

posterior hypothalamic zones; lesions result in poikilothermy (environmental control of heat)

what CN transmits sensory info from cornea

V1

what preganglionic sympathetic fibers are responsible for innervating the smooth mm and glands of the pelvis and hindgut

lumbar splanchnics

where are the cell bodies for the DCML and spinothalamic sensory systems

what term describes the reflex that increases the curvature of the lens, allowing near vision

accommodation

what CN carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the viscera of the neck, thorax, foregut and midgut

X

what area of the hypothalamus is responsible for recognizing an inc in body temp and mediates the response to dissipate heat

anterior hypothalamic zone;
lesions here result in hyperthermia

what excitatory fibers arise from the inferior olivary nuclei in the contralateral side of the body

climbing fibers, they are monsynaptic input on Purkinje cells
Mossy fibers are also excitatory and are axons of all other sources and synapse on granule cells

what four CN carry preganglionic parasympathetics

III
VII
IX
X

name the form of spina bifida...
1. meninges and spinal cord
2. meninges
3. open neural tube lying on surface of back
4. defect in vertebral arch

1. meningomyelocele
2. meningocele
3. myeloschisis
4. occulta

all spina bifida's except occulta cause elevated... levels

alpha fetoprotein

name the nucleus
input from optic tract
output to primary visual cortex

LGB

name the nucleus
input from trigeminal pathways
output to primary somatosensory cortex

ventral posteromedial

name the nucleus
input from globus pallidus and cerebellum
output to primary motor cortex

ventral lateral

name the nucleus
input from medial lemniscus and spinocerebellar tracts
output to primary somatosensory cortex

ventral posterolateral nu

name the nucleus
input from globus pallidus and substantia nigra
output to primary motor cortex

ventral anterior

name the nucleus
input from amygdala and prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe
output to prefrontal lobe and cingulate gyrus

medial nuclear group
(limbic system)

name the nucleus
input from inferior colliculus; output to primary auditory cortex

MGB
(ears)

name the nucleus
input from mammillary bodies via the mtt and the cingulated gyrus
output to cingulated gyrus via anterior limb of the internal capsule

anterior nuclear group (Papez circuit of limbic system)

what is the name of a thin brown ring around the outer edge of the cornea, seen in Wilson's disease

Kayser-Fleisher

what do UMNs innervate

LMNs

what area of the brian serves as the major sensory relay center for visual, asuditory, gustatory, and tactile information destined for the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, or basal ganglia

thalumus

which of the colliculi help direct the mov't of both eye in a gaze

superior colliculus
(Superior for Sight)
(inferior colliculus does both ears)

how do the corticobulbar fibers of CN VII differ from the rest of the CNs

normally corticobulbar fiber innervation of the CNs is bilateral (LMN receives info from both left and right cerebral cortex), but with CN VII, the LMN of the upper face receives bilateral input but hte lower facial LMNs only receive only contralateral input

what syndrome is described by a lesion in the angular gyrus (area 39) resulting in alexia, agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and right-left disorientation

Gerstmann's syndrome
(spoken language understood)

what are the three sites where CSF can leave the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space (Name the lateral and medial foramina)

what syndrome is described as bilateral lesions of the amygdala and the hippocampus resulting in placidity, anterograde amnesia, oral exploratory behavior, hypersexuality, and psychic blindness

Kluver-Bucy

by asking a patient to close the eyes while standing with feet together, what two pathways are you eliminating from proprioception

visual and cerebellar components are removed so you are testing the dorsal columns

what is the name of bilateral flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, and hypotonia due to a viral infection of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

poliomyelitis
a bilateral LMN lesion

what branch supplies
1. the ventrolateral 2/3 of the cervical spinal ord and the ventrolateral part of the medulla
2. the cerebellum and the dorsolateral part of the medulla

1. ant spinal art
2. PICA

what syndrome causes inability to conc, easy distractibility, apathy, and regression to an infantile suckling or grasping reflex

frontal lobe syndrome

T or F
the presence of PMNs in the CSF is always abnormal

T
there may be up to 4 lymphocytes or monocytes but NEVER PMNs

what cells lining the ventricles have cilia on their luminal surface to move CSF

ependymal cells

what is the most common site for the aneurysm in cerebral circulation

the junction where the anterior comm and anterior cerebral arteries join
as the aneurysm expands, it compresses the fibers from the upper temporal fields of the optic chiasm, producing bitemporal inferior quadrantanopia

what fissure of the cerebral cortex runs perpendicular to the lateral fissure and separates the fronatal and parietal lobes

central sulcus
(sulcus of Rolando)

what is the name of violent projectile movements of a limb resulting from a lesion in the subthalamic nuceli of the basal ganglia

hemiballismus

what is the term for the type of pupil seen in neurosyphilis and what ocular reflexes are lost

what aphasia produces a nonfluent pattern of speech with the ability to understand written and spoken langulate

expressive aphasia

in a topographical arrangement of the cerebellar homunculus map, what area or lobe...
1. controls the axial and proximal musclulature of limbs
2. involved in motor planning
3. controls balance and eye mov't
4. controls distal musculature

1. vermis
2. lateral part of hemispheres
3. flocculonodular lobe
4. intermediate part of the hemispheres

what glial cell is derived from mesoderm and acts as a scavenger, cleaning up cellular debris after injury

planning and fine-tuning of voluntary skeletal msucle contractions (coordination)
the function of the basal glanglia is to initiate gross voluntary skeletal muscle control

what is the name for inability to stop a mov't at the intended target

dysmetria (finger-to-nose)

if a lesion occurs before the onset of puberty and arrests sexual development, what area of hypothalamus occurs)

preoptic area of the hypothalamus; if the lesion occurs after puberty, amenorrhea or impotence will be seen

what sulcus divides the occipital lobe horizontally into a superior cuneus and inferior lingual gurys

calcarine sulcus

do alpha- or gamma- motor neurons innervate extrafusal mm fibers

alpha
gamma do intrafusal

contracting both medial rectus mm simultanesous makes the images of near objects remain on the same part of the retinal. What term describes this...

convergence

will a unilateral lesion in the STT result in a contralateral or ipsi loss of pain and tem

contro
(it enters the spinal cord and immediately synapses in dorsal horn, crosses over and ascends contralateral in the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and postcentral gyrus)

what ganglion supplies the postganglionic parasympathetics to the ciliary mm of the eye

ciliary ganglion

in what tract does pain, temp, and crude touc sensory info ascend to the postcentral gyrus

STT

what CN nu receives auditory info from both ears via the cochlear nu

superior olivary nucleus

what parasympathetic nu is found on the floor of the fourth ventricle and supplies preganglionic fibers innervating the terminal ganglias of the thorax, foregut and midgut

dorsal motor nu of X

what sensory system is affected in the late spinal cord manifestations of syphilis

bilateral degeneration of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord secondary to syphilis = tabes dorsalis
a high-step gait is seen in patients with tabes dorsalis because of the inability to feel the ground beneath their feet

what do LMNs innervate

innervate sk mm

what tract carries the ipsi dorsal column fibers from the lower limbs in the spinal cord

fasciculus gracilis (Graceful), which lies closest to the midline of the spinal cord

T or F
CSF is a clear, isotonic solution w/ lower conc of K and HCO3 and higher conc of Cl and Mg

what aphasia is seen as an inability to comprehend spoken language and speaking in a word salad

receptove aphasia

what is the function of the basal ganglia

initiate and manage gross sk mm mov't control

what art is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries

the basilar artery is formed at the pontomedullary junction

what disease is described by bilateral flaccid weakness of the upper limbs (LMN) and bilateral spastic weakness of the lower limbs (UMN) beginning at the cervical level of the spinal cord and progressing up or down the cord

ALS
(LMN lesion AT the level of lesion
UMN lesion Below the level)

which DA receptor excites the direct pathway of the basal ganglia

D1
inhibition of the direct pathway occurs through the D2 receptors

does the direct or indirect pathway result in a dec level of cortical excitation

although body pathways are associated with disinhibition
the indirect basal ganglia pathway is associated with a dec level of cortical excitiation

what fissure of the cerebral cortex separates the frontal and temporal lobes rostrally and partially separates the parietal and temporal lobes

lateral fissure of Sylvius

what area of the brain acts as the center for contralateral horizontal gaze

frontal eye field

in an adult where does the spinal cord terminate and what is it called

conus medullaris terminates at L2

if a patient with a cerebellar lesion has nystagmus, which way is the fast component directed, toward or away

toward

what area of the limbic system is responsible for attaching emotional significance to a stimulus

amygdala

what is the name of the tremor that occurs during mov't and is absent while the person is at rest

intention tremor; a sign of cerebellar lesions
a tremor at rest (pill rolling) is seen in basal ganglia lesions

what is the term for making up stories regarding past experiences because of an inability to retrieve them

confabulatino
- Korsakoff's

what forntal lobe cortex is associated with organizing and planning the intellectual and emotional aspect of behavior

preforntal cortex

what is the largest nucleus in the midbrain

substantia nigra is the largest nucleus in the midbrain
it contains melanin and uses GABA and DA as its neurotransmitters

where is the lesion that produces these sx when a petient is asked to loop left?
1. left eye cen't look left
2. right eye can't look left, left eye nystagmus, and convergence intact
3. neither eye can look left with a slow drift to the right

1. left abducens
2. right MLF
3. left abducens nucleus or right cerebral cortex

what area of the hypothalamus is the feeding center

lateral hypothalamic zone
lesion results in Aphasia

in what pathway of the basal ganglia do lesions result in hyperactive cortex with hyperkinetic, chorea, athetosis, tics, and dystonia

indirect pathway (Tourette's)

what happens to mm tone and stretch reflexes when there is a LMN lesion

what part of the ANS controls the constriction of the pupil in response to light

Parasymp

with which CN are preganglionic parasympathetics arising from the Edinger-Westphal nu

CN III

ophthalmic art is a branch of what artery

ICA

what thalamic relay nu do the mammillary bodies project to

anterior nu

what cells contribut to the bbb and proliferate in response to CNS injury

astrocytes

what causes slow writhing mov'ts (athetosis)

hypermyelination of corpus striatum and the thalamus (as in CP)

what area of the brain is responsible for emotion, feeding, mating, attention, and mating

limbic system

what is the name of the postganglionic parasympathetic ganglion that innervates...
1. papillary sphincter and ciliary mm of eye
2. parotid gland
3. submandibular gland and sublingual glands
4. lacrimal gland and oral and nasal mucosa