provides Catholic institutions with three choices: isolate themselves in a Catholic ghetto, serving and interacting only with fellow Catholics; live as non-Christians, with no regard for the moral dictates of the faith they profess; or pay stiff fines in exchange for a very limited ability to live as they please.

Non-Muslim Dhimmi citizens who paid the tax were
permitted to practice their faith and to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy as well as being entitled to Muslim
protection from outside aggression and being exempted from military service amongst numerous other exemptions to levies
upon Muslim citizens, but Dhimmi constituted a second class status.