Very Young Children with Special Needs: A Foundation for Educators, Families, and Service Provi...

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For courses in Early Childhood Special Education and Early Intervention. Through narrative, case studies, and unique "close ups," this introductory, inclusive text provides a foundation in working with very young children with exceptional needs. Written for professionals in education, social work, health care, and physical therapy, this interdisciplinary book offers a review of the history of early childhood special education, followed by detailed coverage of typical child development, the domains of early childhood education, and the causes of disabling conditions. In conclusion, the authors address how educators and others can best provide intervention and support to young children and their families.

Philosophy of Early Education

1

(50)

The Importance of an Attitude of Science

3

(4)

What Is an Attitude of Science?

4

(3)

Personalization

7

(1)

The History of Disability Rights

8

(8)

Individualization

10

(2)

Inclusion

12

(4)

Personalization, a Way to Move into the Next Century

16

(3)

What Is Meant by Personalization in Early Education and Intervention?

17

(1)

The Implications of Personalization

18

(1)

The Importance of Being Culturally Sensitive

19

(8)

Population Trends

21

(1)

Economics

22

(1)

Family Composition

23

(3)

Summary on Diversity

26

(1)

The Importance of Serving Children in the Context of a Family

27

(8)

What Is a Family?

30

(2)

Empowerment

32

(3)

The Importance of Working Collaboratively

35

(6)

Teaming Models

37

(1)

Collaboration in Early Intervention

38

(3)

The Importance of Ethical Conduct and Advocacy

41

(4)

Advocacy Issues

42

(1)

How to Get Involved in Advocacy

43

(2)

In Conclusion

45

(1)

Study Guide Questions

45

(1)

References

46

(5)

Early Childhood Services---Yesterday, Today, and Around the World

51

(52)

A Historical Perspective

52

(1)

The History of Childhood in Western Civilization

52

(24)

Stage 1: From Bad to Worse

54

(1)

Stage 2: Children Will Be Children

55

(1)

Stage 3: Church and State Mix

56

(4)

Stage 4: Parents Know Best

60

(9)

Stage 5: Children Know Best

69

(3)

The ``Trilemma'' of Child Care

72

(1)

The Future of Child Care

73

(3)

The History of Special Education

76

(8)

Families Bear All

76

(1)

The Asylum Movement

77

(1)

Social Darwinism

77

(1)

First Generation Modern Era

78

(1)

Second Generation of the Modern Era

79

(1)

Communal Perspective

79

(1)

Early Education for Children with Disabilities

80

(2)

IDEA of 1975 and Implications for Early Childhood

82

(2)

Current Philosophy of Early Intervention

84

(2)

Cross-Cultural History of Childhood Education

86

(8)

International Research on Early Childhood Programs

89

(1)

North America

89

(1)

Western Europe

89

(1)

The Pacific Rim

90

(1)

Developing Nations

90

(2)

Summary of World Cultures

92

(2)

Issues and Challenges in Early Intervention

94

(3)

In Conclusion

97

(1)

Study Guide Questions

98

(1)

References

98

(5)

Relationship-Based Teaming with Families

103

(52)

Relationship-Based Services to Families

106

(13)

Understanding Families

109

(3)

Parental Responses to the Diagnosis of a Disability

112

(4)

Family Hardiness

116

(1)

Barriers to Relationships

117

(2)

Communication Between Parents and Professionals

119

(7)

Active Listening

120

(3)

Communicating Well

123

(3)

Special Skills for Communicating with Parents at the Time of Diagnosis

126

(5)

Conferencing with Parents

130

(1)

Responding to Family Priorities

131

(8)

Constraints and Conflicts

131

(2)

Cultural Constraints

133

(6)

Forming Collaborative Teams

139

(9)

Teaming and IDEA

143

(1)

Responsibilities of Collaborative Teams

144

(4)

Summary of Building Collaborative Teams

148

(1)

Study Guide Questions

149

(1)

References

150

(5)

Human Development

155

(76)

Importance and Use of Knowledge of Human Development

156

(1)

Prenatal Growth and Development

156

(4)

Child Growth and Development

160

(13)

Patterns of Growth

162

(1)

Size

163

(1)

Developmental Patterns

163

(1)

Physical Growth

163

(6)

Theories of Development

169

(4)

Principles and Patterns of Development

173

(5)

Infants Are Highly Competent Organisms

174

(1)

Infants Are Socially Interactive

175

(1)

Infants Are Active Learners

175

(1)

Infant Development Is Multidimensional

175

(1)

Developmental Sequencing Is Universal

176

(1)

Skills Become More Specialized

176

(1)

Plasticity

177

(1)

Critical Learning Periods

177

(1)

Infant Relationships Are the Key to Cognitive Development

177

(1)

Children Undergo Several Transitions

177

(1)

Individual Differences Among Children

178

(1)

Factors Influencing Development

178

(7)

Family Structure

179

(1)

Child Care

180

(1)

Psychological Factors

180

(4)

Education

184

(1)

Culture

184

(1)

Technology

185

(1)

Milestones of Development

185

(1)

Motor Development

186

(6)

Gross Motor Development

186

(2)

Fine Motor Skills

188

(4)

Language Development

192

(14)

Language Form

194

(4)

Morphological Development

198

(1)

Language Content

199

(3)

Language Use

202

(1)

Factors Affecting Language Development

203

(3)

Cognition

206

(7)

Theories of Cognition

208

(5)

Social Development

213

(7)

Social Play

215

(5)

Self-Help Skills

220

(4)

Independent Eating and Drinking Skills

222

(1)

Dressing Skills

223

(1)

Toileting Skills

223

(1)

Personal Responsibility

223

(1)

The Future of Human Development

224

(1)

Study Guide Questions

225

(2)

References

227

(4)

Development and Risk During Prenatal, Natal, and Postnatal Stages

231

(44)

Prenatal Growth and Development

232

(3)

Effects of Prematurity on Body Systems

232

(3)

Maternal Conditions Affecting Pregnancy Outcomes

235

(7)

Preconceptual Maternal Conditions

235

(1)

Prenatal Maternal Conditions

235

(2)

Common Conditions of Gestation

237

(5)

Maternal/Infant Natal Complications

242

(2)

Prolapsed Cord/Entangled Cord

243

(1)

Neonatal Conditions

244

(3)

Hypoxic--Ischemic Perinatal Brain Injury

244

(1)

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

245

(2)

Postnatal Conditions

247

(12)

Prematurity

247

(3)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

250

(1)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

251

(1)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

252

(1)

Hyperbilirubinemia

252

(1)

Neutral Thermoregulation

253

(1)

Intraventricular Hemmorhage (IVH)

253

(1)

Apnea of Prematurity

254

(1)

Infections

255

(1)

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

255

(1)

Anemia

256

(1)

Nutrition

257

(1)

Failure to Thrive

258

(1)

Intervention for Infants and Children Born Prematurely

259

(1)

Substance Abuse and Pregnancy Outcomes

260

(9)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

260

(2)

Prenatal Exposure to Drugs

262

(5)

Implications for Infants and Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs

267

(2)

In Conclusion

269

(1)

Study Guide Questions

270

(1)

References

270

(5)

Conditions Affecting the Neurological Function

275

(54)

Diagnostic Tools

276

(4)

X rays

276

(1)

Computerized Axial Tomography

277

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

277

(1)

Functional Imaging

278

(1)

Ultrasonography

279

(1)

Electroencephalography

279

(1)

Neurological Disabilities

280

(30)

Cerebral Palsy

280

(16)

Seizures

296

(7)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

303

(4)

Traumatic Brain Injury

307

(3)

Congenital Physical Malformations

310

(12)

Neural Tube Defects

310

(6)

Microcephaly

316

(1)

Hydrocephalus

317

(5)

In Conclusion

322

(1)

Study Guide Questions

322

(1)

References

323

(6)

Inborn Variations of Development

329

(60)

Genetics

330

(11)

Cellular Activity of Genetics

332

(1)

Single Gene Disorders

333

(5)

Chromosome Disorders

338

(1)

Multifactorial Disorders

338

(2)

Genetic Testing

340

(1)

Gene Therapy

341

(1)

Genetic Variations in Development

341

(23)

Cystic Fibrosis

341

(4)

Down Syndrome

345

(4)

Other Trisomy Disorders

349

(1)

Fragile X Syndrome

350

(3)

Muscular Dystrophy

353

(4)

Phenylketonuria

357

(2)

Sickle Cell Disease

359

(3)

Turner Syndrome

362

(2)

Syndromes with Unknown Causes

364

(11)

Autism

364

(7)

Tourette Syndrome

371

(4)

Physical Anomalies

375

(6)

Congenital Heart Defects

375

(3)

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

378

(3)

In Conclusion

381

(1)

Study Guide Questions

382

(1)

References

383

(6)

Sensory Impairments and Infections

389

(52)

Hearing Impairments

390

(9)

Hearing Process

390

(1)

Hearing Loss

391

(2)

Identification of Hearing Loss

393

(2)

Developmental Implications and Resolutions

395

(3)

Informing and Working with Parents

398

(1)

Visual Impairments

399

(13)

Visual Process

400

(2)

Causes of Visual Impairment

402

(3)

Developmental Implications and Resolutions

405

(1)

Informing and Working with Parents

405

(7)

Infections in Early Childhood

412

(23)

Bacterial Infections

413

(2)

Viral Infections

415

(14)

Meningitis/Encephalitis

429

(6)

In Conclusion

435

(1)

Study Guide Questions

436

(2)

References

438

(3)

Discretionary Programs for Infants and Toddlers with Special Needs

441

(42)

IDEA, Part C Regulations

445

(3)

Family-Centered Early Intervention

448

(8)

Service Coordination

449

(2)

Interagency Services

451

(1)

Eligible Children

452

(1)

Procedural Safeguards

453

(3)

Assessment

456

(20)

IDEA Guidelines for Assessment

456

(2)

Eligibility Determination

458

(2)

Program Planning

460

(1)

Family Assessment

461

(3)

IFSP Development

464

(3)

Services Delivered

467

(3)

A Sample IFSP

470

(6)

Effective Family-Centered Early Intervention

476

(1)

Evidence-Based Practice

477

(1)

In Conclusion

478

(1)

Study Guide Questions

479

(1)

References

479

(4)

Mandated Services for Young Children

483

(39)

A Change of Perspective

486

(1)

Parent Rights and Responsibilities

487

(2)

The Individualized Education Program

489

(21)

Present Levels of Performance

490

(4)

Instructional Objectives

494

(2)

Guidelines for Developing Good Objectives

496

(1)

Special Education and Related Services

497

(1)

Least Restrictive Environment

498

(5)

Instructional Methods

503

(3)

Experiences and Activities

506

(1)

Generalization

506

(1)

The Physical Environment

506

(1)

Material Adaptations

507

(1)

Data Collection and Evaluation

507

(1)

Assistive Technology

508

(1)

Supplementary Aids and Services

508

(1)

Challenging Behavior

509

(1)

Creating Quality IEPs

510

(1)

Best Practices in Preschool Intervention

511

(4)

Successful Inclusion

514

(1)

In Conclusion

515

(1)

Reauthorization of IDEA

516

(3)

The President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education

516

(2)

Other Input

518

(1)

Public Debate

518

(1)

Summary

519

(1)

Study Guide Questions

519

(1)

References

520

(2)

Glossary

522

(12)

Author Index

534

(10)

Subject Index

544

This text is a collaborative effort, not only on the part of the authors, but also because of the contributions of the many parents, professionals, researchers, and students who have added to the growing body of knowledge about how to best serve Ay young children with disabilities and their families. It was our intention to synthesize perspectives and information from the fields of medicine, education, intervention, psychology, law, sociology, and family life for use by those who will work with infants, toddlers, and preschoolers with special needs. It was also our goal to challenge our readers to consider the future of early intervention and their role in shaping the field of early childhood special education. We hope this -text is a relevant and long-lasting resource.The purpose of this text is to provide an introduction to early childhood professionals who plan to engage in providing services and intervention to very young children with disabilities. It is not intended as a methods text, but rather as a foundation regarding the philosophy, history, family impact, legal issues, and medical concerns that are most relevant to early services to children with exceptional needs. Though early childhood special education teachers may make up the majority of readers who use this text, the termearly childhood professionalis also used to address individuals in many disciplines, including health care, social work, physical and occupational therapy, child care, and those who are involved in interagency services to young children and their families.Chapter 1 presents an overview of the guiding philosophies of the text, which will be applied and reiterated throughout the chapters. Chapter 2 reviews the history of the care of young children, and Chapter 3 focuses on the growth of special services for those with disabilities and their families. Chapters 4 to 8 provide detail on typical child development and the etiology of disabling conditions that affect the very young child with exceptional needs. Chapters 9 and 10 address how intervention and support are provided to young children and their families.Very young children with special needs are the focus of this text, but to thoroughly understand and serve a child with disabilities, one must be knowledgeable about typical development, understand how health and genetics affect potential, and recognize the influence of the child's family and environment on realizing that potential. Throughout the book, the stories of families will be provided through case studies, and special issues will be identified through close-ups, in order to provide real-life examples. The text is interdisciplinary, inclusive, and family-focused.