Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

73

Economics and Accounting — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

72

English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.

Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.

59

Law and Government — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.

57

Clerical — Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology.

56

Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

42

Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.

Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

25

Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.

25

Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.

20

Foreign Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.

Building and Construction — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.

15

Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

15

Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins.

14

Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

11

Therapy and Counseling — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.

9

History and Archeology — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

9

Transportation — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.

8

Design — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

8

Philosophy and Theology — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.

6

Engineering and Technology — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

5

Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.

2

Fine Arts — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.

1

Chemistry — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.

1

Food Production — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

1

Medicine and Dentistry — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

1

Physics — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub- atomic structures and processes.

0

Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.

Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.

75

Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.

72

Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

69

Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.

69

Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

69

Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.

69

Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

69

Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.

66

Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.

63

Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

56

Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

56

Mathematical Reasoning — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.

56

Number Facility — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.

47

Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.

47

Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

44

Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.

38

Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.

31

Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.

31

Memorization — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.

31

Speed of Closure — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.

31

Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).

28

Auditory Attention — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.

28

Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.

28

Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.

22

Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.

19

Hearing Sensitivity — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.

16

Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.

16

Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.

16

Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.

16

Visual Color Discrimination — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.

13

Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.

13

Visualization — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.

3

Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without 'giving out' or fatiguing.

Glare Sensitivity — The ability to see objects in the presence of glare or bright lighting.

0

Gross Body Coordination — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.

0

Gross Body Equilibrium — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.

0

Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.

0

Night Vision — The ability to see under low light conditions.

0

Peripheral Vision — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.

0

Rate Control — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.

0

Reaction Time — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.

0

Response Orientation — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.

0

Sound Localization — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

0

Spatial Orientation — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.

0

Speed of Limb Movement — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.

0

Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.

Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

Correspond with customers to answer questions or resolve complaints.

76

Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.

Update professional knowledge.

73

Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

72

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.

Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.

46

Coaching and Developing Others — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.

46

Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

44

Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.

44

Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.

Compute debt repayment schedules.

44

Monitoring and Controlling Resources — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.

Telephone — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?

100

Every day

Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?

78

Constant contact with others

19

Contact with others most of the time

Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?

64

A lot of freedom

36

Some freedom

Frequency of Decision Making — How frequently is the worker required to make decisions that affect other people, the financial resources, and/or the image and reputation of the organization?

71

Every day

17

Once a week or more but not every day

11

Once a month or more but not every week

Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job?

66

Extremely important

28

Very important

Spend Time Sitting — How much does this job require sitting?

63

Continually or almost continually

35

More than half the time

Electronic Mail — How often do you use electronic mail in this job?

88

Every day

Face-to-Face Discussions — How often do you have to have face-to-face discussions with individuals or teams in this job?

62

Every day

32

Once a week or more but not every day

Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — How do the decisions an employee makes impact the results of co-workers, clients or the company?

45

Very important results

49

Important results

Letters and Memos — How often does the job require written letters and memos?

53

Every day

29

Once a week or more but not every day

18

Once a month or more but not every week

Structured versus Unstructured Work — To what extent is this job structured for the worker, rather than allowing the worker to determine tasks, priorities, and goals?

59

A lot of freedom

19

Some freedom

16

Limited freedom

Work With Work Group or Team — How important is it to work with others in a group or team in this job?

49

Extremely important

24

Very important

25

Important

Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in environmentally controlled conditions?

78

Every day

21

Never

Deal With External Customers — How important is it to work with external customers or the public in this job?

43

Extremely important

44

Very important

Importance of Repeating Same Tasks — How important is repeating the same physical activities (e.g., key entry) or mental activities (e.g., checking entries in a ledger) over and over, without stopping, to performing this job?

56

Extremely important

18

Very important

14

Important

Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?

32

Extremely competitive

42

Highly competitive

19

Moderately competitive

Time Pressure — How often does this job require the worker to meet strict deadlines?

45

Every day

24

Once a week or more but not every day

19

Once a month or more but not every week

12

Once a year or more but not every month

Duration of Typical Work Week — Number of hours typically worked in one week.

61

More than 40 hours

24

40 hours

15

Less than 40 hours

Coordinate or Lead Others — How important is it to coordinate or lead others in accomplishing work activities in this job?

41

Very important

30

Important

16

Fairly important

Consequence of Error — How serious would the result usually be if the worker made a mistake that was not readily correctable?

17

Extremely serious

32

Very serious

12

Serious

29

Fairly serious

Degree of Automation — How automated is the job?

14

Completely automated

16

Highly automated

48

Moderately automated

19

Slightly automated

Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?

13

Very high responsibility

22

High responsibility

33

Moderate responsibility

24

Limited responsibility

Frequency of Conflict Situations — How often are there conflict situations the employee has to face in this job?

14

Once a week or more but not every day

37

Once a month or more but not every week

24

Once a year or more but not every month

15

Never

Physical Proximity — To what extent does this job require the worker to perform job tasks in close physical proximity to other people?

16

Moderately close (at arm's length)

27

Slightly close (e.g., shared office)

54

I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)

Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements?

15

Once a week or more but not every day

23

Once a month or more but not every week

53

Once a year or more but not every month

In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in a closed vehicle or equipment (e.g., car)?

26

Once a week or more but not every day

13

Once a month or more but not every week

53

Never

Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — How much does this job require making repetitive motions?

16

Continually or almost continually

19

About half the time

58

Never

Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — How much does this job require using your hands to handle, control, or feel objects, tools or controls?

21

Continually or almost continually

67

Never

Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — How much responsibility is there for the health and safety of others in this job?

19

Moderate responsibility

28

Limited responsibility

47

No responsibility

Spend Time Standing — How much does this job require standing?

72

Less than half the time

23

Never

Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — How often does this job require working exposed to sounds and noise levels that are distracting or uncomfortable?

14

Once a week or more but not every day

71

Never

Public Speaking — How often do you have to perform public speaking in this job?

11

Once a month or more but not every week

38

Once a year or more but not every month

47

Never

Outdoors, Exposed to Weather — How often does this job require working outdoors, exposed to all weather conditions?

79

Never

Spend Time Walking and Running — How much does this job require walking and running?

54

Less than half the time

46

Never

Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — How often does this job require working in very hot (above 90 F degrees) or very cold (below 32 F degrees) temperatures?

81

Never

Work Schedules — How regular are the work schedules for this job?

15

Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)

85

Regular (established routine, set schedule)

Exposed to Contaminants — How often does this job require working exposed to contaminants (such as pollutants, gases, dust or odors)?

84

Never

Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting — How often does this job require working in extremely bright or inadequate lighting conditions?

93

Never

Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in non-controlled environmental conditions (e.g., warehouse without heat)?

83

Never

Deal With Physically Aggressive People — How frequently does this job require the worker to deal with physical aggression of violent individuals?

21

Once a year or more but not every month

78

Never

Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment — How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.)

88

Not important at all

Spend Time Bending or Twisting the Body — How much does this job require bending or twisting your body?

87

Never

Exposed to Disease or Infections — How often does this job require exposure to disease/infections?

91

Never

In an Open Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in an open vehicle or equipment (e.g., tractor)?

93

Never

Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance — How much does this job require keeping or regaining your balance?

94

Never

Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling — How much does this job require kneeling, crouching, stooping or crawling?

94

Never

Outdoors, Under Cover — How often does this job require working outdoors, under cover (e.g., structure with roof but no walls)?

93

Never

Exposed to High Places — How often does this job require exposure to high places?

96

Never

Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions — How often does this job require working in cramped work spaces that requires getting into awkward positions?

100

Never

Exposed to Hazardous Conditions — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?

100

Never

Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous equipment?

100

Never

Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings — How often does this job require exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites, or stings?

100

Never

Exposed to Radiation — How often does this job require exposure to radiation?

100

Never

Exposed to Whole Body Vibration — How often does this job require exposure to whole body vibration (e.g., operate a jackhammer)?

100

Never

Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles — How much does this job require climbing ladders, scaffolds, or poles?

100

Never

Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — How much does this job require wearing common protective or safety equipment such as safety shoes, glasses, gloves, hard hats or life jackets?

100

Never

Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection — How much does this job require wearing specialized protective or safety equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness, full protection suits, or radiation protection?

Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Related Experience

Previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is required for these occupations. For example, an electrician must have completed three or four years of apprenticeship or several years of vocational training, and often must have passed a licensing exam, in order to perform the job.

Job Training

Employees in these occupations usually need one or two years of training involving both on-the-job experience and informal training with experienced workers. A recognized apprenticeship program may be associated with these occupations.

Credentials

Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.

83

Enterprising — Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.

50

Social — Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others.

28

Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.

0

Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.

0

Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.

Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.

72

Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.

67

Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.

61

Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.

61

Recognition — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status.

56

Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.

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