Bering Sinkhole

Bering Sinkhole (41KR241) in northwestern Kerr County is a natural
sinkhole that was used as a cemetery by native peoples for over 5,500
years from the latter Early Archaic to the Late Archaic periods. Human
remains and burial offerings from the sinkhole provide a glimpse of
the health and beliefs of hunting and gathering peoples living in the
central Edwards Plateau.

The sinkhole was discovered by accident while brush was being cleared
along the property line between two ranches in the central portion of
the Edwards Plateau about 20 miles southeast from Junction. Sinkholes
are fairly common on the Plateau—they form as solution cavities
in porous limestone bedrock. In this case, the landowner found an oval-shaped
opening measuring some 7-x-12 feet from which a dead tree protruded.
Beneath this was a dark hole that proved to be a vertical shaft filled
to within about 10 feet from the surface. To satisfy his curiosity, the
landowner used a track hoe (Iarge backhoe) to probe into the
fill from the opening above. Animal and human bones and several Indian
artifacts were found in the soil removed from the sinkhole, prompting
the landowner to contact area universities to find someone who could
examine the finds.

As a result, archeologists from the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory
conducted hand excavations at Bering Sinkhole between 1987 and 1991.
The site materials were analyzed and reported by Leland C. Bement as
part of his Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Texas at Austin and
later published through the University of Texas Press. Bement undertook
a multi-disciplinary analysis of the sinkhole and the materials recovered
from within. The human remains from the sinkhole were studied to reconstruct
the diet and demographic patterns of the Archaic-era hunter-gatherers
who used the sinkhole as a cemetery.

Below its shaft entrance, Bering Sinkhole opens into a somewhat larger
chamber (12-x-40 feet) at least 25 feet deep that was two-thirds filled
with natural sediment. The sediment contained human remains, animal bones, and artifacts,
including apparent grave offerings and tool-making debris that
may have washed in from the surface around the sinkhole opening. The
human remains were found within various fill layers; most were scattered
and did not appear to have been placed within grave pits.

The uppermost fill layer containing human remains lay some 16 feet
below the surface. As access into the sinkhole is only possible with
the aid of ladders or ropes, it is believed that the deceased were probably
lowered or simply dropped into the sinkhole. In some cases, bodies were
apparently covered with limestone blocks intentionally dropped into the
sinkhole.

Based on the limited excavations, Bement estimated that at least 62
people and possibly upwards of twice that many may have been buried at
the site between about 5000 B.C. and A.D. 500 (Early to Late Archaic
periods). The deceased ranged in age from infants to adults at least
50 years old. The burials included at least six adult cremations and
one adult bundle burial. The gender of the interred individuals seems
to have been equally divided between both sexes, based on the remains
of 11 males and 11 females recovered from the site.

Most of the individuals buried at Bering Sinkhole were judged to have
lived healthy and disease-free lives. Special isotopic analysis of human
bone samples revealed that the native peoples represented by the cemetery
depended more heavily on carbohydrate-rich plant foods than meat. In
other words, gathering provided more of the diet than hunting.

Some of the interments in Bering Sinkhole were accompanied by offerings
of utilitarian or personal items such as stone tools as well as ornaments
and ritual items such as bone and shell beads, marine shell pendants,
bone hair pins, and a freshwater turtle shell possibly used as a hair
ornament. Deer antler fragments, some of which were burned, may represent
whole antler racks used as ritual offerings similar to those placed over
Late Archaic graves at the Olmos Dam site in Bexar County. A cache of
14 large bifaces and one stone drill recovered from the Bering Sinkhole
probably represents another type of special ritual offering, estimated
to date between 2250 and 650 B.C. Ten dart points found in the sinkhole
could represent offerings, but some may have been imbedded within the
interred bodies.

Prehistoric cemeteries are relatively rare on the Edwards Plateau in
contrast to the coastal plains of southern and southeastern Texas. Bering
Sinkhole probably helps us understand why large open cemeteries are not
found in the Plateaus and Canyonlands region. Native peoples appear to
have used natural sinkholes for burial locations. Based on what is known
about the beliefs of native peoples in the American Southwest and Northern
Mexico, such natural cavities were probably regarded as symbolic entrances
to the underworld. Thus, the bodies were not merely tossed into a convenient
hole in the ground; the deceased were ritually placed within a sacred
passage to the ancestral world and accompanied by offerings and blessings.

Reference

Archeologist emerges from the entrance to Bering Sinkhole. He is standing on a ladder; another ladder, stretched across the entrance, provided a convenient spot on which to set equipment on the way up or down. Photo courtesy Lee Bement.

Plan view and profile drawings of Bering Sinkhole. When work began in 1987, the sinkhole was filled to within about 10 feet from the surface. But the fill layers containing the human remains were deeper. The drop from the entrance to the sinkhole floor during its use as a cemetery would have been between 5 and 7 meters (approximately 16 to 23 ft.). From Bement 1994, Figure 2.

Solveig Turpin takes notes as Lee Bement takes measurements below.
Only two or three archeologists at a time could effectively work within the tight confines of the sinkhole. Ropes were used to haul out buckets of excavated soil for screening outside. Photo courtesy Lee Bement.

A large, thin biface made from local flint (Edwards chert) and two marine shell pendants made from Gulf coast conch (Lightning Whelk). All three artifacts were found within Early Archaic layers and are believed to represent grave offerings. The pendants were obtained by trade or social exchange from coastal groups living several hundred miles away. Photo courtesy Lee Bement.

These items are part of a cache of 14 large bifaces and one stone drill
thought to represent a ritual offering, estimated to date between 2250 and 650 B.C. Photo courtesy Lee Bement.

This carapace of a Texas slider turtle has been altered to form a hair ornament or possibly a bowl or scoop. It was found near a bone hair pin, and the two artifacts may have been used together as a hair ornament. Photo courtesy Lee Bement.

Leland Bementís study of the human and artifactual remains from Bering Sinkhole was published in 1994 by the University of Texas Press as Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Practices during the Central Texas Archaic.