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19 th century: Great Game British India vs Russia Badakhshan in between Explorers reconnoiter territory 1896: Wakhan Corridor created Badakhshan ‘panhandle’ Given to Afghanistan Buffer between Russia, British India

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Higher education: University of Badakhshan Faculty of Education Faculty of Medicine Total enrollment (2005): % of students were female in 2005 Badakhshan Teacher Training Institute Enrolled 357 students in 2005

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NeverRarely 1-3 times Sometimes 3-6 times Often Few times month Mostly Happens a lot Households10%27%48%9%6% Problems Satisfying Food Need of the Household During Last Year 40% get less than needed daily calories for good health 70% have little or no dietary diversity In % relied on food aid

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Kabul has the power – by design Intended to throttle back warlords As a consequence: Governor appointed by President Governor reports to President Ministries maintain local departments Departments report to Kabul not Governor Elected Provincial Council reports to President

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Dr. Shah Waliullah Adeeb Born: 1969 in Badakhshan Ethnicity: Tajik Education: High school in Peshawar Masters and PhD from Khartoum University Appointed: 31 October 2010 Escaped assassination June 2011

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Dr. Shah Waliullah Adeeb Member of Jamiat-e Islami Close to Burhanuddin Rabbani Former President of Afghanistan Assassinated 2011 Previous assignments: Ministry of Education World Bank, Kabul Professor, Kabul University

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Eldest son of Burhanuddin Third of ten children Education: King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran – Several years in Dubai in export business Spent many years in UK Wife is dental hygienist Returned to Afghanistan, 9/15/01

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“Each district of Badakhshan has its own distinctive character. Steep Shuhada was a spectacular canyon lined with golden wheat terraces, dark cherry orchards, and hot springs. The Jurm valley was broader and more barren, interrupted by deep green wedges of forest and field where nourishing streams broke out of the mountains. In the fertile highlands of Khash, the streams were densely lined with a reed used for classical Persian calligraphy pens, and the roads were brazenly lined with poppy fields.” Joel Hafvenstein, Opium Season

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Ownership largely involves animals, trees and a few household items. There are few household items of money value and the agriculture tools are simple and basic. - Oxfam study of Buzurg-i Shahri, 2007

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Location: NE Badakhshan Borders Tajikistan Includes part of Panj River Mountainous District center: Bashur

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: ‘Golden Age’ for Shighnan War did not affect this area much Residents promoted to key PDPA positions Four were provincial PDPA Governors Relative prosperity 1990s: Mujahedin period Tajikization of Shighnan Displacement of many Shighnan officials Drugs, contraband trade increased

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“Tagab was safe. Every Afghan I spoke to agreed that if I had wanted to walk from one end of the district to the other, I would be fine. Awrang’s deal with the people didn’t depend on force or threats, but on his continued supply of benefits and his own reputation for honesty. As far as I could see, he was trying to cast himself as the new Ahmad Shah Massoud, and wanted to keep his reputation untainted by corruption and poppy.” Joel Hafvenstein, Opium Season

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“The Wakhan Corridor is a heady ethnic and linguistic mix coupled with profound religious differences: Ismailis fervently loyal to the Aga Khan, the 49th Imam, who saved them from certain starvation during the civil war in Tajikistan; Shiites; covert Buddhists; remnants of pre-Islamic paganism reminiscent of that in Ladakh and Nepal; and even vestiges of Zoroastrianism.”Aga Khan, the 49th Imam -- Dr. Thomas Markey & Dr. Jean-Claude Muller

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“…there was a unanimous belief that the Afghan government is simply an outrageous band of crooks on the take and that Hamid Karzai is chief among them. This disgust cut across all linguistic, age and belief groups.” -- Dr. Thomas Markey and Dr. Jean-Claude Muller