instruct client to avoid intake of large meals, gas-forming foods (e.g. beans, cauliflower, cabbage, onions), and carbonated beverages in order to prevent gastric distention and increased pressure on the diaphragm

discourage smoking (the irritants in smoke increase mucus production, impair ciliary function, and can cause inflammation and damage to the bronchial and alveolar walls; the carbon monoxide decreases oxygen availability)