Outline

Historically, the LLQ represents the earliest as well as the
most recent experience of federal unions, ranging from
the Hanseatic League and the Zollverein to the
European Economic Community, based on the contractual
regulation of custom and market relations.
The ULQ refers to the political alliances among regional
communities during the process of state-building, from
medieval parliamentary assemblies to the confederal
agreement in the first American constitution. The pioneer
example of the URQ as a genuine federal system is
the Swiss constitution in which the local units yielded a
more substantial part of their powers to the central government.
This model became established and popularized
with the founding of the United States of America
as the prototypical federal system. The LRQ is a unitary
yet unstable assembling of different nations, brought
together by a charismatic figure through a process of centralization
to compensate for a weaker political structure,
as with Tito’s Yugoslavia.