An advertisement for a cruise around the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island is placed at the entrance to Castle Clinton, Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, in New York. The National Park Service announced that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island would be closed Saturday “due to a lapse in appropriations.” Late Friday, the Senate failed to approve legislation to keep the government from shutting down after the midnight deadline. (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)

Visitors to the Statue of Liberty stand in line to board a ferry that will cruise the bay around the statue and Ellis Island, Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, in New York. The National Park Service announced that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island would be closed Saturday "due to a lapse in appropriations." Late Friday, the Senate failed to approve legislation to keep the government from shutting down after the midnight deadline. (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)

An advertisement for a cruise around the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island is placed at the entrance to Castle Clinton, Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, in New York. The National Park Service announced that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island would be closed Saturday "due to a lapse in appropriations." Late Friday, the Senate failed to approve legislation to keep the government from shutting down after the midnight deadline. (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)

Library of Congress post a sign letting people know is closed due the shut down of the government on Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, at the Capitol in Washington. The federal government shut down at the stroke of midnight Friday, halting all but the most essential operations. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

Library of Congress post a sign letting people know is closed due the shut down of the government on Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, at the Capitol in Washington. The federal government shut down at the stroke of midnight Friday, halting all but the most essential operations. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

Visitors to the Statue of Liberty take in the sight from battery park, Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, in New York. The National Park Service announced that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island would be closed Saturday "due to a lapse in appropriations." Late Friday, the Senate failed to approve legislation to keep the government from shutting down after the midnight deadline. (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)

People who work at the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island disembark from a ferry at Battery Park, Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018, in New York. The National Park Service announced that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island would be closed Saturday "due to a lapse in appropriations." Late Friday, the Senate failed to approve legislation to keep the government from shutting down after the midnight deadline. (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)

An ornate corridor in the Senate is empty on the first day of a government shutdown after a divided Senate rejected a funding measure, at the Capitol in Washington, Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

A sign is posted at the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park in Fredericksburg, Va. on Saturday, Jan. 20, 2018 advising visitors that some services would be unavailable due to a government shutdown. Reflected in the window is the Sunken Road, the site of fierce fighting during the Battle of Fredericskburg in 1862. (Mike Morones/The Free Lance-Star via AP)

The federal government may have shut down, but the country isn’t out of business.

Most key functions will go on as usual:

Social Security and Medicare payments continue.

Food stamps will be distributed.

Your mail will be delivered.

National-security activities, such as the military, air traffic control and air passenger screening, will be business as usual.

And in California, state officials don’t anticipate disruption of any state programs, even those tied to federal support such as social programs.

You can, however, expect these immediate, short-term impacts:

Members of the military are compelled to work, but their pay could be on hold. Congress would have to approve paying them retroactively, as it has during past shutdowns.

National parks will close, as will national museums such as the Smithsonian.

Passport offices will close, and processing will go on hiatus.

The federal government is actually pretty good at handling such impasses — it has shut down more than a dozen times in the past 40 years.

But it’s by no means a business-as-usual scenario — partial shutdowns can be cumbersome and expensive. Five years ago, when swaths of the federal government were shuttered for just over two weeks, 850,000 employees were furloughed, which cost the government 6.6 million days of work and more than $2.5 billion in lost productivity and pay and benefits for employees.

And there are significant aftershocks looming, most of them things you won’t notice in the early days of a shutdown. They may not impact the average citizen’s life right away, but the impact could deepen as the standoff grew into days or weeks:

Thousands of intelligence-agency employees would be furloughed, even as tension over North Korea’s nuclear program remains high.

Important biomedical and public health research would be interrupted and possibly damaged.

Military veterans would watch helplessly as the processing of their disability claims came to a halt.

Although the government won’t completely close, shutdowns can have dramatic impacts as jobs are left unattended, according to J. David Cox, national president of the American Federation of Government Employees. And the longer a shutdown lasts, he said, the worse it gets.

“Day One, the world doesn’t fall apart,” Cox said. But “things start to crumble” over time, he said, as Americans begin to realize how reliant they are on the government.

In the case of a shutdown, just under half of the 2 million civilian federal workers would be forced off the job if the Trump administration sticks to the rules followed by previous Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. But U.S. troops will stay at their posts, and mail will get delivered as about 500,000 U.S. Postal Service employees, and 1.3 million uniformed military personnel are exempt from being furloughed.

And a lengthy shutdown could cause lingering problems for the Internal Revenue Service, which is preparing for the start of the tax filing season while also still ingesting the sweeping changes made by the new GOP tax law.

Some other key questions to consider:

Would a shutdown would affect the government’s implementation of the massive new tax law enacted last month?

It’s “too early to tell,” White House Budget Director Mick Mulvaney said this week. He said his agency hasn’t yet determined whether the IRS employees developing new tax forms to conform with the law are deemed essential, a designation that would require them to report to work during a shutdown.

But Marcus Owens, who for 10 years headed the IRS division dealing with charities and political organizations, said those employees traditionally are considered non-essential. In fact, “Nobody in the (IRS) Washington office is going to be at work if there’s a shutdown,” he said.

The Republican architects of the tax law have promised that millions of working Americans will see heftier paychecks next month, with less money withheld by employers in anticipation of lower income taxes. The IRS recently issued new withholding tables for employers.

“I would say it’s a virtual certainty” that the larger paychecks will be delayed if there’s a lengthy shutdown, Owens said.

Will U.S. embassies stay open? Will American diplomats be protected?

At the State Department, spokeswoman Heather Nauert said that Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and individual U.S. embassies have some discretion over how to handle a shutdown but that the department was taking direction from the White House’s Office of Management and Budget.

“We will be prepared for all contingencies, including a lapse” in funding, Nauert said.

She said that while security for American diplomats overseas wouldn’t be affected, no decisions had yet been made about what services, like visa processing and passports, the State Department would be able to provide during a shutdown. Nor has there been a decision about whether Tillerson can go ahead with a planned trip to Europe next week if the government shuts down, she said.

“We’re not going to make any decisions until we need to,” Nauert said about the trip.

Will American intelligence agencies send agents home?

The workforce at the 17 U.S. intelligence agencies would be pared way down, according to a person familiar with contingency procedures.

The official, who was not authorized to publicly discuss the matter and spoke on condition of anonymity, said employees that are considered essential and have to work will do so with no expectation of a regular paycheck. It will be up to Congress to approve retroactive pay later.

Will national parks and other public lands close?

Interior Department spokeswoman Heather Swift said national parks and other public lands “will remain as accessible as possible while still following all applicable laws and procedures.”

But she said services at parks that require staffing and maintenance, such as campgrounds, full service restrooms and concessions won’t be operating if there’s a shutdown.

Will federal workers stay on the job?

Yes, many of them – but they might not get paid for a while. While they can be kept at their workstations, federal workers can’t get paid for days worked during a shutdown. In the past, however, they have been repaid retroactively, even if they were ordered to stay home.

Will our safety while traveling be at risk?

Likely not. The Federal Aviation Administration represents the majority — 45,000 — of the Department of Transportation’s more than 58,000 employees. FAA employees in “safety critical” positions would continue to work. Those positions include air traffic controllers and most aviation and railroad safety inspectors.

But certification of new aircraft, processing of airport construction grants, registration of planes and issuance of new pilot licenses and medical certificates would stop.

The Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, whose operations are mostly paid for out of the Federal Highway Trust Fund, would continue most of their functions. The fund’s revenue comes from federal gas and diesel taxes, which would continue to be collected. But work on issuing new regulations would stop throughout the department and its nine agencies. Federal contractors with money still in the pipeline would also continue to work as long as they don’t require access to federal facilities.

What happens to health research?

A government shutdown would be disruptive to research and morale at the National Institutes of Health but would not adversely affect patients already in medical studies, according to Dr. Anthony Fauci, the agency’s infectious disease chief.

“We still take care of them,” he said of current NIH patients. But other types of research would be seriously harmed, Fauci said Thursday.

“It’s a scramble to address the possibility,” Fauci said.

A shutdown could mean interrupting research that’s been going on for years, Fauci said. The NIH is the government’s primary agency responsible for biomedical and public health research across 27 institutes and centers. Its research ranges from cancer studies to the testing and creation of vaccines.

“You can’t push the pause button on an experiment,” he said.

Compiled from reports from Bay Area News Group, the Associated Press and staff reports.

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