Entrepreneurial motivation is one of the key elements in
entrepreneurial performance. Stuart & Abetti (1990) found a positive
correlation between objectives pursued by entrepreneurs and the
performance of their businesses. Kurtako et al. (1997) and Robichaud et
al. (2001) observed entrepreneurial motivation as goal statement that
entrepreneurs seek to achieve; they grouped various items measuring
entrepreneurial motivation into four motivational factors, viz.,
Extrinsic Rewards, Intrinsic Rewards, Independence/Autonomy, and Family
Security. Dubini and Aziendale (1988), on the basis of the findings of
their study of 163 Italy based entrepreneurs, grouped factors of
entrepreneurial motivation into seven sets, viz., (i) Achievement
(related to sense of individualism, accomplishment and development);
(ii) Philanthropy (related to welfare of the individual, family or
community); (iii) Status (related to recognition, prestige, respect);
(iv) Materialism (related to economic consideration); (v) Escape
(related to escape, an undesirable situation); (vi) Freedom (related to
flexibility of work, time, collaborations); and (vii) Role Model
(related to continuing family tradition). Rodrigo (1986), in his study
of Cali Columbia based 64 entrepreneurs, found out the following
motivating factors for entrepreneurship: independence, desire to make a
reality of their ideas, confidence in their capacities, desire to
develop their initiative and creativity, money, desire to be their own
boss, and desire to define their life path before getting old. Vidyu
Lata (1990) suggests that security, prestige, power and social service
are equally potential motives. Thus, various motives have been
identified as factors of entrepreneurial motivation.

Earlier Research

In a number of research studies, attempts have been made to rank
entrepreneurial motives as perceived by the entrepreneurs themselves.
McClelland (1961) identified 'need for achievement' as the
single most important factor of entrepreneurial motivation. Hornaday and
Bunker (1970) also supported the McClelland's view considering
achievement motive as an explanatory variable for entrepreneurial
behavior. Collins and Moore (1970) recognized independence as an
important entrepreneurial motive. Further, Hornaday and Aboud (1971)
reported that the need for achievement, support, independence, and
leadership are the most significant entrepreneurial characteristics.
Alange (1988), in his Swedish study (which was a part of an
international cross-cultural study of 15 countries), found that Swedish
entrepreneurs were motivated by need for independence. Bhattacharya
(1979) found that power, self-actualization and achievement motivation
are significantly higher in entrepreneurs compared to economic and
affiliation motivation. Respect for work was recognized as an important
motivating factor of entrepreneurship by Akhouri and Mishra (1990).
Vijaya and Kamalanabhan (1998) also found that economic factors and the
need for independence emerge as major reasons for the respondents wanting to go into business. In Mitchell's (2004) study of motive
profiles of 101 South African entrepreneurs, both men and women
entrepreneurs were found to be primarily motivated by the need for
independence, need for material incentives and the need for achievement;
the need to contribute to the community was not found to be an important
reason. Murugesan & Sankaran (2006), in their study of 153
entrepreneurs of Tamil Nadu (India), found that the majority of
entrepreneurs were motivated mainly by the urge to attain economic
independence such as the desire to earn money and to be self-employed.
Chowdhary & Monika Prakash (2007), in their exploratory study of
entrepreneurial motives of 179 young Indian entrepreneurs, found that
autonomy and freedom dominated the motives for entrepreneurship. The
results of the recent study of 243 Indian North Eastern (Assamese)
entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial motivation conducted by Khanka (2009)
showed that entrepreneurs were primarily motivated by the need for
economic achievement, personal growth, autonomy and recognition; the
desire to contribute to the community was not found to be an important
reason to become an entrepreneur. The above mentioned outcomes of
earlier research indicated that no single set of motives has been found
to be fully operational in the case of entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is
worthwhile to understand which motive / set of motives is more
fundamental in the case of existing entrepreneurs. In this direction, on
the basis of the extensive review of the earlier research on
entrepreneurship, Jain (2011) developed a simple framework of
entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competencies in which he
incorporated the entrepreneurial motives too as part of the
entrepreneurial competencies which include: achievement motivation (need
for achievement), need for such aspects as
independence/autonomy/personal control, personal growth and development,
social recognition and respect, social security & greater comfort
for self and family, money/wealth, and enjoying creative, innovative and
path-breaking work. Keeping in view the findings of the earlier research
in general and Jain's framework in particular, the authors have
taken up the present study in the Indian context.

Research Methodology

The present study was carried out with two objectives: first, to
rank the various entrepreneurial motives as perceived by the
entrepreneurs themselves, and second, to assess the level of achievement
motivation of Indian entrepreneurs as well as to make comparisons
between the achievement motivation levels of entrepreneurs and
intrapreneurs of Indian service provider enterprises.

Sampling Design: The study was carried out with a sample survey of
134 entrepreneurs (owner-managers) belonging to various service provider
enterprises of India. Purposive and convenient sampling was adopted to
select the enterprises/entrepreneurs. Out of the 134 entrepreneurs so
selected 109 were males and 25 were females. Such selected
enterprises/entrepreneurs represent different types of ownership, viz.,
sole-proprietary firms, partnership firms, private limited companies,
cooperative societies, and joint hindu families. Only tiny, small, and
medium sized service provider enterprises consisting of the following
segments were selected for the survey: IT & IT Enabled Services, KPO & BPO Services, Consultancy Services, Tourism, Travel &
Hospitaility Services, Health Care Services, Education & Training
Services, Advertising Services, and Other Misc. Services which include
event management services, entertainment & recreation services,
services regarding automobiles servicing, packaging services, courier services, transportation services, beauty parlors, retailers etc. The
respondent entrepreneurs have educational qualifications such as
non-graduates, graduates, and post-graduates. They also belong to
differing age range, family backgrounds such as farming, business, and
service as occupation of their father/parents. It is noteworthy that for
the purpose of making comparison, achievement motivation scale (AMS) was
administered to 116 intrapreneurs besides 134 entrepreneurs.

Data Collection: The following two scales have been administered
for the purpose of collecting primary data for the study: first,
Entrepreneurial Motivation Scale (a Likert Type five-point scale) which
contains eleven items out of which first five items were adapted from
the Entrepreneurial Motivation Scale developed by Kurtako et al. (1997),
the next five items were adapted from the Entrepreneurial Motivation
Scale developed by Vijaya & Kamalanabhan (1998) and the eleventh item was developed by the authors. Second, Achievement Motivation Scale
(a Likert Type five-point scale) which contains ten items out of which
first eight items were adapted from the Entrepreneurial Orientation
Scale developed by Robinson et al. (1991) and the remaining two items
were developed by the authors themselves. These scales are given in
Appendix I & II.

Reliability Test: The reliability of the above mentioned both the
scales have been tested and reliability coefficients, i.e.,
Cronbach's alpha (a) scores for such scales were obtained as .756
and .768 respectively which indicate the overall reliability of the
scales.

Analysis of Data: Statistical tools like mean, standard deviation,
t-test, ANOVA, etc. have been used for the purpose of analysis and
inference. Data analysis was done with the help of 'SPSS'
software package.

Key Variables Studied: Besides 'Achievement Motivation',
the following entrepreneurial motives have been selected for the present
study to: (i) set standards for achievement and then strive to achieve
them; (ii) utilize one's talent and capabilities; (iii) provide
more financial security and comfort to one's family; (iv) become
self-employed; (v) do something new and path breaking; (vi) make more
money and creating personal wealth; (vii) have personal freedom and
independence; (viii) fulfill one's temperament and receiving the
joy of engaging oneself in entrepreneurial activities; (ix) lead a more
comfortable life; (x) serve the society and; (xi) obtain more reputation
and status in the society. 'Achievement Motivation' has been
studied in more depth and for the purpose, a ten item five point Likert
type scale was administered.

Survey Results

1) As ranked on the basis of mean score (Table 1), "to utilize
one's talent and capabilities" has been found as the prime
entrepreneurial motive followed by the motive "to set standards for
achievement and then to strive to achieve them". Entrepreneurial
motives such as "to provide more financial security and comfort to
family", "to become self-employed", "to do something
new and path-breaking" and "to make money and personal
wealth" have also been found very important (in the rank order).
Other motives have been found less important in the rank order.

2) Entrepreneurial motives were found to be perceived almost
similar by both male and female entrepreneurs without significant
variation at 0. 05 level of significance (Table 2).

3) No significant variation between the motives of the
entrepreneurs belonging to different age ranges (viz., 25-30 years,
30-35 years, 35-40 years, and 40 and above years) (Table 3), (at 0.05
level of significance) was found as regards most of the motives except
in case of the following three:(i) "to have personal freedom and
independence", (ii) "to fulfill one's temperament and
receiving the joy of engaging oneself in entrepreneurial
activities", (iii) "to utilize one's talent and
capabilities". The first was found to be higher for entrepreneurs
in the age range of "40 years and above" as compared to all
those who are in other age ranges whereas the other two motives were
found to be higher in the age range of "30-35 years". This
indicates that: (i) Those below the age of 35 years intend to enjoy the
entrepreneurial activities more than the elder entrepreneurs, (ii) Those
below the age of 40 years intend to utilize their talent and
capabilities" more than the elder entrepreneurs; and (iii) elder
entrepreneurs (above the age of 40 years) intend "to have personal
freedom and independence" more than their younger counterparts.

4) No significant variation (at 0.05 level of significance) between
the motives of entrepreneurs belonging to different levels of
educational qualifications (viz., non-graduates, graduates, and
post-graduates) (Table 4), was found as regards most of the motives
except in the case of three: (i) "to make more money and personal
wealth"; (ii) "to do something new and path breaking";
and (iii) "to utilize their talent and capabilities". The
first was found to be significantly higher for non-graduate
entrepreneurs than the others whereas the other two motives were found
to be significantly higher for post-graduates than the others. This
indicates that the post-graduates intend to utilize their talent and
capabilities as well as to do something new and path breaking when
compared to graduates and non-graduates.

5) No significant variation was found (at 0.05 level of
significance) between the motives of entrepreneurs belonging to
different family backgrounds (viz. farming, business, private sector
service, and public / government sector service) (Table 5), as regards
most of the motives except in the case of: (i) "to make more money
and personal wealth"; (ii) " to lead a more comfortable
life"; and (iii) "to obtain more reputation and status in the
society". The first and the third were found to be higher for those
who belong to farming or private sector service whereas the second was
found to be higher for those who belong to business background. This
indicates that more entrepreneurs belonging to farming or private
service background intend to obtain more reputation and status in the
society from their entrepreneurial activities than those who belong to
business family background.

6) No significant variation was found (Table 6) between seven
motives of the entrepreneurs belonging to different segments of services
(viz., IT & ITES, Consultancy, Tourism, Travel & Hospitality,
Medical & Healthcare, Education & Training, and Advertising
& Marketing), but the following four items were found with
significant variation (at 0.05 level of significance): (i) "To make
more money and personal wealth"; (ii) "To do something new and
path breaking"; (iii) "To set standards for achievement and
then to strive to achieve them"; and (iv) "To fulfill
one's temperament and receiving the joy of engaging oneself in
entrepreneurial activities". On further analysis, the first three
such motives were found with significant variation particularly between
the two segments, viz., 'IT & ITES' and 'Medical
& Healthcare'.

7. No significant variation (at 0.05 level of significance) between
motives of the entrepreneurs belonging to different types of firm
ownerships (viz., Single Owner Firms, Private Limited Company, and
Public Limited Company) (Table 7) was found as regards most of the
motives except in case of the following two: "to lead a more
comfortable life", and "to fulfill one's temperament and
receiving the joy of engaging oneself in entrepreneurial
activities". The former was found to be important more for
entrepreneurs belonging to private sector than those belonging to the
public sector, whereas the later was found to be important more for
entrepreneurs belonging to private sector than those belonging to single
owner firms.

8. Most of the entrepreneurs were perceived to have
'Achievement Motive (AM)' as moderately positive. Such a
perception was found common among both male and female entrepreneurs as
well as among the entrepreneurs of different age ranges without
significant variation (at 0.05 level of significance). However, more
post-graduate entrepreneurs were perceived to have such a motive (AM)
than the graduate or non-graduate entrepreneurs. Similarly, more
entrepreneurs with business family background have such a motive (AM)
than those who with of service family background (either private sector
or public / government sector service). Achievement Motivation of
entrepreneurs having single ownership has been found at significantly
higher level than those belonging to private sector companies. So far as
Achievement Motivation of entrepreneurs belonging to different segments
of services is concerned, it varied significantly (Table 8).

Most of the intrapreneurs also perceived to have their
'Achievement Motive (AM)' as moderately positive. Such a
perception was found common between both male and female intrapreneurs;
among intrapreneurs belonging to different family backgrounds as well as
those belonging to various segments of services. The same is the case
with intrapreneurs belonging to various types of firm ownership.
However, the Achievement Motive (AM) score was found with significant
variation (at 0.05 level of significance) among the intrapreneurs of
different age ranges as well as among the intrapreneurs having different
levels of educational qualifications (Table 9)

It is worth noting that both entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs were
found to have Achievement Motivation (AM) as moderately positive
(Entrepreneurs: Mean = 36.49, S.D. = 2.73; Intrapreneurs: Mean = 31.33,
S.D. = 3.91) but with significant variation (t-value = 3.779) at 0.05
level of significance; such motivation (AM) was found to be
significantly higher among entrepreneurs than among the intrapreneurs.

Discussion & Implications

In the earlier research including Indian studies (e.g. Khanka,
2009; Murugesan & Sankaran, 2006; Mitchell, 2004; Das, 1999), it was
found that entrepreneurs were primarily motivated by economic
achievement, whereas in the present study such a motive was found at the
sixth rank. The following three, viz., "to utilize one's
talent and capabilities", "to set standards for achievement
and then to strive to achieve them" and "to provide more
financial security & comfort to family" emerged as the most
important motives. "To become self-employed", "to do
something new and path-breaking", and "to make money and
personal wealth" have also been ranked in higher order. Such
fundamental motives of entrepreneurs are changing gradually. However,
more cross-cultural and cross-sector studies should be carried out by
the future researchers to understand the changing profile of
entrepreneurial motives across the cultures and across the sectors.

The findings of the study indicate that younger entrepreneurs
intend "to enjoy the entrepreneurial activities" and "to
utilize their talent and capabilities" than the elder
entrepreneurs; but the elder entrepreneurs intend "to have personal
freedom and independence" than the younger entrepreneurs. The
findings also indicate that the post-graduates intend "to utilize
their talent and capabilities" as well as "to do something new
and path breaking" through their entrepreneurship as compared to
graduates and non-graduates. Further, more entrepreneurs belonging to
farm family background or private service intend "to obtain better
reputation and status in the society from their entrepreneurial
activities than all those who belong to background of business family.
In the matter of such findings, rare research studies have been carried
out so far. Before making broad generalization, more research studies
across the cultures and across the sectors within the same culture need
to be carried out.

Shaver and Scott (1991), in their review of literature, indicate
that overall, achievement motivation is a valid predictor of
entrepreneurial behavior. Johnson (1990), in his analysis of the results
of twenty-three earlier studies, found a positive relationship between
achievement motivation and entrepreneurship. In a study of entrepreneurs
in New England and rural Florida, need for achievement was found as a
personality trait that differentiated founders and non-founders of
entrepreneurial firms (Babb & Babb, 1992). Such a result was found
in contrast to those of Low & Macmillan (1988) which found that need
for achievement was not a differentiating factor between entrepreneurs
and non-entrepreneurs. However, the results of the present study
revealed that both entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs were found to have
achievement motivation (AM) as moderately positive but with significant
variation. Such a trend indicates that in service sector firms in India,
'achievement motivation' will no longer be a differentiating
factor between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. The same trend may be
observed in other countries too is yet to be tested. Some cross cultural
studies on the issue (e,g. Hisrich, 1986; Emmeline, 1998) have also been
carried out in the past. Emmeline (1998) found that "Achievement
Motivation Levels" did not differ significantly between Irish and
American subjects, nor did they differ significantly between men and
women. However, the results of such a study indicated that there is a
significant national difference in entrepreneurial intention, but not in
levels of Achievement Motivation which implies that the same may not be
a simple predictor of entrepreneurial intention. Taormina and Lao
(2007), in their study of 337 Chinese respondents, found that
'Achievement Striving' which is similar to McClelland's
(1961) "Need for Achievement" was positively and significantly
correlated with motivation to start a business. Such a finding largely
paralleled outcomes of earlier research indicating that
'achievement motivation' continues to be an important factor
in influencing people to engage themselves in entrepreneurial
endeavours.

Concluding Remarks

Entrepreneurial motivation and sustained entrepreneurship are
viewed as much broader concepts. However, more agreement is with the
proposition that entrepreneurs will be motivated to continue to behave
entrepreneurially as long as they see entrepreneurship as an alternative
with the highest expected outcome as proposed by Naffziger et al.
(1994). A number of factors stimulate entrepreneurial behavior and the
significance of specific factors changes with the change in situational
and cultural contexts. More often, overlapping of various factors has
combined effect in the process of influencing entrepreneurial
motivation. However, Achievement Motivation continues to be the prime
mover across the situational and cultural contexts. It is suggested that
a country's level of entrepreneurial activities and consequent growth of the economy can be enhanced by raising the level of
achievement motivation of increasing number of people, particularly the
youngsters. It is expected from the government as well as from business
giants including the activists of business networks that they will do
their best to create hospitable climate towards entrepreneurship so as
to convince people to perceive the entrepreneurship as a noble or highly
esteemed activity. The founding of a venture should be perceived as a
valued achievement. This is a presumption that pervades much of the
earlier research including cross cultural research in the area of
entrepreneurship.

Appendix I

Entrepreneurial Motives Scale *

Instructions: Ten Statements pertaining to entrepreneurial motives
are given below. Please describe your entrepreneurial motive by the way
of rating on each statement using the following five point scale:
Strongly Agree (5), Agree (4), Neither Agree Nor-Disagree (3), Disagree
(2), Strongly Disagree (1).

1. I started my business and remain in the business because I
wanted to make money and personal wealth.

2. I ventured into my business because I wanted to be
self-employed.

3. I started my own firm in order to maintain my personal freedom /
independence.

4. I started my business in order to lead a comfortable life.

5. I started my business because of my temperament for business and
the joy which I receive by engaging myself in business activities.

6. I started my business and continue to do the same because I want
to do something new and path breaking.

7. I started my business because I wanted to make best utilization
of my talent and capabilities.

8. I ventured into business in order to serve the society through
business.

9. I ventured into my business to provide more financial security
and greater comfort to my family.

10. I started my own business venture for obtaining more reputation
and status in the society/ community I live in.

11. I myself set standards as regards to my venture and then strive
to achieve them.

[* Source: First five items of the above mentioned Entrepreneurial
Motives Scale (EMS) were adapted from the Entrepreneurial Motivation
Scale developed by Kurtako et al. (1997) ; the next five items of the
scale were adapted from the Entrepreneurial Motivation Scale developed
by Vijaya & Kamalanabhan (1998) and the eleventh item was developed
by the authors of this paper.. It is also to be noted that the five
items of the scale of Kurtako et al. (1997) was extracted from research
paper authored by Robinchud et al. (2001) as the same was cited
therein.]

Appendix II

Achievement Motivation Scale **

Instructions: Ten Statements pertaining to entrepreneurial /
intrapreneurial motives are given below. Please describe your motive by
the way of rating on each statement using the following five point
scale: Strongly Agree (5), Agree (4), Neither Agree Nor Disagree (3),
Disagree (2), Strongly Disagree (1).

1. When my performance excels, I get excited.

2. I invest enough time and other resources in making my
organization to perform better.

3. I often sacrifice personal comforts in order to take advantage
of business opportunities.

4. I make serious efforts to get the best out of my business
resources.

5. I feel proud in achieving good results in my business.

6. I spend a considerable amount of time analyzing my future
business needs before I allocate my resources.

7. I make it a point to do something significant and meaningful at
work every day.

8. I feel depressed when I do not accomplish any meaningful work.

9. I set standards for myself and then strive to achieve them.

10. I work hard for hours together to be successful in whatever I
undertake.

[** Source: First eight items of the above mentioned Achievement
Motivation Scale (AMS) were adapted from the Entrepreneurial Attitude
Scale developed by Robinson et al. (1997) and the remaining two items of
the AMS were developed by the authors of this paper.]

Emmeline G. de Pillis (1998), "What's Achievement
Motivation Got to Do With It? The Role of National Culture in the
Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Achievement Motivation",
Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Proceedings of the Eighteenth
Annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Babson
College, Wellesley, MA.:73-87.

Table 1 Rank Order of Entrepreneurial Motive
Motives Mean S.D. Rank
(N = 134) Order
To Utilize One's Talent and Capabilities 4.59 .640 1
To Set Standards for Achievement and 4.30 .977 2
Then to Strive to Achieve Them
To Provide More Financial Security and 4.28 .837 3
Comfort to One's Family
To Become Self Employed 4.25 .888 4
To Do Something New and Path Breaking 4.24 .877 5
To Make More Money and Personal Wealth 4.19 .977 6
To Have Personal Freedom and Independence 4.08 .989 7
To Fulfill One's Temperament and
Receiving the Joy of Engaging Oneself
in Entrepreneurial Activities 4.04 .913 8
To Lead a More Comfortable Life 3.83 1.147 9
To Serve the Society 3.78 .994 10
To Obtain More Reputation and Status in 3.73 1.164 11
the Society
Table 2 Comparison Between Motives of Male and Female Entrepreneurs
(t-test Results)
Entrepreneurial Motives Males Females
(N = 109) (N = 25)
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
To Utilize One's Talent and
Capabilities 4.61 .592 4.48 .823
To set standards for Achievement 4.28 .734 4.36 .569
and then to Strive to achieve
them
To Provide More Financial 4.28 .851 4.28 .792
and Comfort to One's Family
Security
To Become Self Employed 4.25 .914 4.24 .779
To Do Something New and Path 4.28 .851 4.04 .978
Breaking
To Make More Money and 4.22 .956 4.08 1.077
Personal Wealth
To Have Personal Freedom and 4.07 .988 4.12 1.013
Independence
To Fulfill One's Temperament and 4.08 .840 3.84 1.179
Receiving the Joy of Engaging
Oneself in Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Lead a More Comfortable Life 3.83 1.183 3.80 1.000
To Serve the Society 3.80 .931 3.68 1.249
To Obtain More Reputation and 3.79 1.131 3.48 1.295
Status in the Society
Entrepreneurial Motives
t-Value Sig.
To Utilize One's Talent and
Capabilities .949 .344
To set standards for Achievement -.482 .630
and then to Strive to achieve
them
To Provide More Financial .024 .981
and Comfort to One's Family
Security
To Become Self Employed .039 .969
To Do Something New and Path 1.259 .210
Breaking
To Make More Money and .646 .520
Personal Wealth
To Have Personal Freedom and -.212 .833
Independence
To Fulfill One's Temperament and 1.20 .232
Receiving the Joy of Engaging
Oneself in Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Lead a More Comfortable Life .137 .892
To Serve the Society .535 .594
To Obtain More Reputation and 1.199 .233
Status in the Society
* Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(table value = 1.96). On applying t Test, none of
the values was found significant.
Table 3 Comparison between Motives of Entrepreneurs Belonging
to Different Age Ranges (Results of ANOVA)
Motives 25-30 Years 30-35 Years
(N=4) (N=19)
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Value Value
To Make More 4.25 .500 4.32 .582
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.25 .500 4.47 .697
Employed
To Have Personal 4.50 .577 4.21 1.032
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 3.75 1.258 3.58 1.346
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 4.50 .577 4.53 .697
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 4.75 .500 4.32 .749
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.50 .577 4.87 .895
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 4.00 .816 3.58 1.121
Society
To Provide More 4.25 .957 4.21 .855
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 3.75 1.258 3.95 .911
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.50 1.000 4.42 .607
for Achievement
and then to
strive
Motives 35-40 Years 40 Years & F P
(N = 54) above (N = 57) (Sig.)
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Value Value
To Make More 4.07 1.211 4.26 .856 .464 .708
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.33 .890 4.09 .950 1.200 .313
Employed
To Have Personal 4.17 .906 5.93 1.067 3.121 .043 *
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 3.91 .996 3.84 1.222 .388 .762
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 3.81 .953 4.05 .895 3.411 .020 *
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 4.11 .883 4.30 .925 .969 .409
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.65 .520 4.41 .648 3.276 .041 *
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.78 1.093 3.82 .869 .357 .784
Society
To Provide More 4.24 .950 4.35 .719 .216 .885
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 3.63 1.293 3.75 1.123 .358 .784
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.30 .690 4.25 .739 .402 .752
for Achievement
and then to
strive
*. Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F = 2.6049).
Table 4 Comparison between Motives of Entrepreneurs having
Different Levels of Educational Qualifications.
(Results of ANOVA)
Entrepreneurial Motives Non-Graduates
(N = 14)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and Personal Wealth 4.71 .469
To Become Self Employed 4.36 .842
To Have Personal Freedom and 4.29 .726
Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable Life 4.36 .929
To Fulfill One's Temperament and 4.00 .784
Receiving the Joy of Engaging
Oneself in Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something New and Path Breaking 4.21 .699
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.50 .519
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.71 .726
To Provide More Financial Security 4.43 .646
and Comfort to One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation and Status 4.07 .997
in the Society
To set standards for Achievement and 4.36 .497
then to Strive to achieve them
Entrepreneurial Motives Graduates
(N = 51)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and Personal Wealth 4.24 .862
To Become Self Employed 4.25 .868
To Have Personal Freedom and 4.08 1.111
Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable Life 3.75 1.129
To Fulfill One's Temperament and 4.12 1.032
Receiving the Joy of Engaging
Oneself in Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something New and Path Breaking 4.35 .890
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.51 .723
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.76 .929
To Provide More Financial Security 4.35 .688
and Comfort to One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation and Status 3.82 1.090
in the Society
To set standards for Achievement and 4.25 .627
then to Strive to achieve them
Entrepreneurial Motives Post Graduates
(N = 69)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and Personal Wealth 4.06 1.097
To Become Self Employed 4.22 .921
To Have Personal Freedom and 4.04 .946
Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable Life 3.78 1.187
To Fulfill One's Temperament and 3.99 .849
Receiving the Joy of Engaging
Oneself in Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something New and Path Breaking 4.46 .901
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.59 .602
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.80 1.092
To Provide More Financial Security 4.20 .964
and Comfort to One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation and Status 3.59 1.240
in the Society
To set standards for Achievement and 4.32 .795
then to Strive to achieve them
Entrepreneurial Motives
F P (Sig.)
To Make More Money and Personal Wealth 4.861 .039 *
To Become Self Employed .146 .864
To Have Personal Freedom and .346 .708
Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable Life 2.852 .066
To Fulfill One's Temperament and .317 .729
Receiving the Joy of Engaging
Oneself in Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something New and Path Breaking 4.316 .049 *
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.220 .028 *
Capabilities
To Serve the Society .045 .956
To Provide More Financial Security .702 .497
and Comfort to One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation and Status 1.240 .293
in the Society
To set standards for Achievement and .173 .842
then to Strive to achieve them
*. Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F=2.6049).
Table 5 Comparison between Motives of Entrepreneurs having
Different Family Backgrounds (Results of ANOVA)
Entrepreneurial Farming Service in
Motives (N = 29) Private
Company/
Firm (N = 20)
Mean Value S.D. Mean Value S.D.
To Make More 4.38 .979 4.30 .470
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.17 .928 4.40 .754
Employed
To Have Personal 4.21 .861 4.25 .716
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 4.97 1.295 4.35 .933
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 3.86 .990 4.00 .795
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 4.34 .769 4.35 .988
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.62 .561 4.70 .470
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.90 .772 4.05 .759
Society
To Provide More 4.28 .996 4.80 .410
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 4.03 1.017 4.00 1.03
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.51 .771 4.30 .503
for Achievement
and then to Strive
Entrepreneurial Service in Business
Motives Public (N = 52)
Sector/Govt.
Organisation
(N = 33)
Mean Value S.D. Mean Value S.D.
To Make More 3.94 1.059 4.21 1.054
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.21 .960 4.25 .883
Employed
To Have Personal 4.06 1.197 3.96 1.009
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 4.00 1.090 3.44 1.074
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 4.03 .984 4.15 .872
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 4.27 .944 4.12 .855
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.48 .755 4.60 .664
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.82 1.158 3.58 1.054
Society
To Provide More 4.27 .839 4.10 .799
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 3.73 1.257 3.46 1.196
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.21 .781 4.69 .667
for Achievement
and then to Strive
Entrepreneurial F P
Motives (Sig.)
To Make More 3.254 .031 *
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self .279 .841
Employed
To Have Personal .603 .614
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 3.975 .010 *
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's .645 .587
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something .602 .615
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's .512 .674
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 2.492 .072
Society
To Provide More 1.608 .115
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 4.238 .012 *
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 3.040 .039 *
for Achievement
and then to Strive
*. Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F = 2.6049).
Table 6 Comparison Between Motives of Entrepreneurs
Belonging to Different Segments of Services.
(Results of Anova)
Entrepreneurial IT& ITES
Attitudes (N = 11)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and 3.82 1.079
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed 4.27 .786
To Have Personal Freedom 4.18 .982
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable 4.00 1.095
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 4.09 .701
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 4.64 .505
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.73 .467
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 4.09 .701
To Provide More Financial 4.45 .688
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation 4.00 1.000
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 4.55 .688
Entrepreneurial Consultancy
Attitudes (N = 23)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and 4.00 1.348
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed 4.13 .815
To Have Personal Freedom 4.26 .752
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable 3.78 1.126
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 3.78 .998
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 4.22 .951
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.61 .583
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.83 1.029
To Provide More Financial 4.17 1.193
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation 3.43 1.273
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 4.30 .765
Entrepreneurial Tourism,
Attitudes Travel &
Hospitality
(N = 41)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and 4.20 .901
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed 4.39 .802
To Have Personal Freedom 4.10 .970
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable 3.80 1.077
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 4.15 .882
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 4.27 .742
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.61 .586
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.78 1.037
To Provide More Financial 4.27 .708
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation 3.78 1.235
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 4.32 .687
Entrepreneurial Medical &
Attitudes Health
(N = 11)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and 4.45 .522
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed 4.27 .905
To Have Personal Freedom 3.73 1.348
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable 4.09 1.136
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 3.55 1.128
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 3.91 1.375
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.36 1.027
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.91 .944
To Provide More Financial 4.55 .688
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation 3.55 .934
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 4.82 .405
Entrepreneurial Education &
Attitudes Trg. (N = 12)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and 4.45 .522
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed 4.08 .996
To Have Personal Freedom 3.83 1.115
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable 3.83 .937
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 4.07 .835
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 4.00 .853
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.75 .452
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.33 1.371
To Provide More Financial 4.17 1.030
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation 3.50 1.382
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 4.33 .651
Entrepreneurial Adv. & Mkg.
Attitudes (N = 15)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More Money and 4.15 4.23
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed 4.07 1.223
To Have Personal Freedom 4.00 1.069
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable 3.47 1.407
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 4.00 .926
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 4.13 .915
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and 4.40 .910
Capabilities
To Serve the Society 3.47 1.060
To Provide More Financial 4.07 .961
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation 3.87 1.060
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 3.87 .915
Entrepreneurial F P
Attitudes (Sig.)
To Make More Money and 2.735 .041 *
Personal Wealth
To Become Self Employed .413 .869
To Have Personal Freedom .556 .765
and Independence
To Lead a More Comfortable .424 .862
Life
To Receiving the Joy of in 3.252 .028 *
Entrepreneurial Activities
To Do Something New and 3.918 .020 *
Path Breaking
To Utilize One's Talent and .666 .677
Capabilities
To Serve the Society .976 .445
To Provide More Financial .625 .710
Security and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More Reputation .633 .703
and Status in the Society
To Set Standards for
Achievement and then to
Strive to Achieve them 3.017 .026 *
*. Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F = 2.6049).
Table 7 Comparison Between Motives of Entrepreneurs
Belonging to Different Type of Firms
(Results of ANOVA)
Entrepreneurial Single Owner
Motives Firm (N = 80)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More 4.19 .956
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.21 .867
Employed
To Have Personal 4.06 .972
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 3.78 1.169
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 3.92 .965
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 4.25 .864
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.60 .648
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.80 .986
Society
To Provide More 4.19 .887
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 3.75 1.131
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.06 .919
for Achievement
and then to Strive
to Achieve them
Entrepreneurial Private
Motives Ltd. Company/
(N = 28)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More 4.25 .967
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.36 .989
Employed
To Have Personal 4.14 1.079
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 3.96 1.170
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 4.29 .854
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 4.43 .790
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.43 .690
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.86 .803
Society
To Provide More 4.32 .723
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 3.64 1.367
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.36 .559
for Achievement
and then to Strive
to Achieve them
Entrepreneurial Public
Motives Ltd. Company/
(N = 3)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More 4.33 .577
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.33 .577
Employed
To Have Personal 3.67 1.528
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 2.67 1.528
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 4.17 .577
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 5.00 .000
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 5.00 .000
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.33 1.155
Society
To Provide More 4.67 .577
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 4.00 1.000
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.33 .577
for Achievement
and then to Strive
to Achieve them
Entrepreneurial Any Other
Motives Type
(N = 52)
Mean Value S.D.
To Make More 4.13 1.140
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self 4.22 .902
Employed
To Have Personal 4.13 .920
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 4.00 .953
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 4.04 .767
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 3.87 .968
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 4.70 .559
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the 3.65 1.229
Society
To Provide More 4.52 .790
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More 3.74 1.096
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 4.17 .576
for Achievement
and then to Strive
to Achieve them
Entrepreneurial F P
Motives (Sig.)
To Make More .083 .969
Money and
Personal Wealth
To Become Self .198 .897
Employed
To Have Personal .236 .871
Freedom and
Independence
To Lead a More 4.398 .024 *
Comfortable Life
To Fulfill One's 4.892 .019 *
Temperament and
Receiving the Joy
of Engaging
Oneself in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
To Do Something 2.647 .052
New and Path
Breaking
To Utilize One's 1.227 .303
Talent and
Capabilities
To Serve the .390 .760
Society
To Provide More 1.206 .310
Financial Security
and Comfort to
One's Family
To Obtain More .112 .953
Reputation and
Status in the
Society
To Set Standards 1.005 .393
for Achievement
and then to Strive
to Achieve them
*. Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F = 2.6049).
Table 8 Achievement Motivation of the Entrepreneurs:
Comparison Between Various Segments of Entrepreneurs
[Results of t test and ANOVA]
Mean S.D.
Value
Over all (N = 134) 31.46 2.73
Male Entrepreneurs (N = 109) 31.25 2.77
Female Entrepreneurs (N = 25) 31.67 2.60
Entrepreneurs in the Age (N = 04) 31.53 1.96
Range of 25-30 Years
Entrepreneurs in the Age (N = 19) 31.66 2.99
Range of 30-35 Years
Entrepreneurs in the Age (N = 54) 31.29 2.94
Range of 35-40 Years
Entrepreneurs in the Age (N = 57) 31.24 2.54
Range of 40 Years & Above (N = 14) 30.39 2.72
Non-graduate Entrepreneurs
Graduate Entrepreneurs (N = 51) 30.86 2.55
Post-graduate Entrepreneurs (N = 69) 32.65 2.86
Entrepreneurs having Family (N = 29) 30.91 3.02
Background of Farming
Entrepreneurs having Family (N = 20) 28.79 2.54
Background of Private Service
Entrepreneurs having Family (N = 33) 28.86 2.25
Background of Govt. /
Public Sector Service
Entrepreneurs having Family (N = 52) 31.04 2.91
Background of Business
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 80) 33.21 2.64
Single Ownership Firm
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 28) 30.94 2.97
Private Limited Companies
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 26) 32.06 2.73
Other Type of Ownership
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 11) 32.16 2.74
IT & ITES
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 23) 30.17 3.23
Consultancy Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 41) 32.18 2.22
Tourism, Travel and
Hospitality Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 11) 31.96 2.60
Health Care Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 12) 32.08 2.43
Education & Training Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 15) 30.33 2.91
Adverting Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to (N = 21) 30.85 2.87
other segments
t Value F Value P
(t Test (ANOVA) (Sig.)
Result) Result)
Over all - -
Male Entrepreneurs -.698 .486
Female Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs in the Age .948
Range of 25-30 Years
Entrepreneurs in the Age
Range of 30-35 Years
Entrepreneurs in the Age .121
Range of 35-40 Years
Entrepreneurs in the Age
Range of 40 Years & Above 5.612 028 *
Non-graduate Entrepreneurs
Graduate Entrepreneurs
Post-graduate Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs having Family 4.419 .038 *
Background of Farming
Entrepreneurs having Family
Background of Private Service
Entrepreneurs having Family
Background of Govt. /
Public Sector Service
Entrepreneurs having Family
Background of Business
Entrepreneurs belonging to 5.896 0.043 *
Single Ownership Firm
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Private Limited Companies
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Other Type of Ownership
Entrepreneurs belonging to 5.412 0.012 *
IT & ITES
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Consultancy Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Tourism, Travel and
Hospitality Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Health Care Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Education & Training Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to
Adverting Services
Entrepreneurs belonging to
other segments
*. Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F = 2.6049, Table Value t = 1.96).
Table 9 Achievement Motivation of the Intrapreneurs:
Comparison Between Various Segments of Intrapreneurs
(Results of t Test and ANOVA)
Mean S.D.
Value
Overall (N = 116)
Male Intrapreneurs (N = 83) 34.42 4.28
Female Intrapreneurs (N = 33) 34.69 2.83
Intrapreneurs in the Age (N = 05) 31.21 3.13
Range of 25-30 Years
Intrapreneurs in the Age (N = 14) 35.41 3.23
Range of 30-35 Years
Intrapreneurs in the (N = 63) 34.51 3.56
Age Range of 35-40 Years
Intrapreneurs in the Age Range (N = 34) 34.58 4.69
of 40 Years & Above
Non-graduate Intrapreneurs (N = 02) 32.18 4.27
Graduate Intrapreneurs (N = 34) 34.33 4.52
Post-graduate Intrapreneurs (N = 80) 34.60 3.66
Intrapreneurs having Family (N = 26) 33.85 4.78
Background of Farming
Intrapreneurs having Family (N = 34) 34.86 2.57
Background of Private Service
Intrapreneurs having Family (N = 25) 34.34 3.72
Background of Govt./
Public Sector Service
Intrapreneurs having Family (N = 31) 34.76 4.54
Background of Business
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 25) 35.10 4.06
Single Ownership Firm
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 60) 34.43 4.15
Private Limited Companies
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 12) 33.33 2.19
Public Limited Companies
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 19) 34.66 3.85
Other Type of Ownership
Intrapreneurs belonging to IT (N = 22) 35.15 3.16
& ITES
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 21) 34.36 4.17
Consultancy Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 25) 33.97 4.41
Tourism, Travel and
Hospitality Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 15) 35.34 3.63
Health Care Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 12) 33.26 3.48
Education & Training Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 04) 35.34 3.38
Adverting Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to (N = 17) 34.53 4.56
other segments
t Value F Value P
(t Test (ANOVA) (Sig.)
Result) Result)
Overall
Male Intrapreneurs -.336 - .737
Female Intrapreneurs
Intrapreneurs in the Age - 3.865 .023 *
Range of 25-30 Years
Intrapreneurs in the Age
Range of 30-35 Years
Intrapreneurs in the
Age Range of 35-40 Years
Intrapreneurs in the Age Range
of 40 Years & Above
Non-graduate Intrapreneurs - 3.890 .042 *
Graduate Intrapreneurs
Post-graduate Intrapreneurs
Intrapreneurs having Family - .388 .762
Background of Farming
Intrapreneurs having Family
Background of Private Service
Intrapreneurs having Family
Background of Govt./
Public Sector Service
Intrapreneurs having Family
Background of Business
Intrapreneurs belonging to - .567 .638
Single Ownership Firm
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Private Limited Companies
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Public Limited Companies
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Other Type of Ownership
Intrapreneurs belonging to IT - .519 .793
& ITES
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Consultancy Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Tourism, Travel and
Hospitality Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Health Care Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Education & Training Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to
Adverting Services
Intrapreneurs belonging to
other segments
* Significant at 0.05 level of significance
(Table Value of F = 2.6049, Table Value t = 1.96).

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