what are erikson's stages of early psychosocial development?

basic trust vs mistrust age and characteristics?

-infancy-infants are dependant on caregiver to meet their needs and provide comfort-when caregiver meets needs, infant develops trust-otherwise, child develops wariness and a lack of comfort

3

what is hope in terms of basic trust vs mistrust?

a balance of openness to new experience and wariness that discomfort or danger may arise

4

autonomy vs shame and doubt age and characteristics?

-1-3 yrs-children develop a sense of control over their own actions-if autonomy is not achieved children are shameful and doubt their own capabilities

5

what is will in terms of autonomy vs shame and doubt?

can act intentionally but within limits

6

initiative vs guilt age and characteristics?

-3-5 yrs-children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves-play becomes purposeful and includes paying the roles of mother, father, teacher or athlete-with proper encouragement and balance, initiative cooperation are developed

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what is theory of mind?

a coherent understanding of mental states including thoughts, beliefs, desires and intentions

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what are the different ages and stages in theory of mind?

-2 years = children understand desires and their relationship with actions-3 years = children able to distinguish between mental and physical worlds-4 years = children have a firm grasp of the nature of how thoughts and beliefs explain behaviour

9

what is autism spectrum disorder?

-condition consisting of a set of developmental and behavioural features

-warmth-sensitivity-responsiveness-dependability

other factors related to quality of attachment?

consequences of attachment?

-children with secure attachments are more confident and successful with peers-securely attached children have fewer conflicts with friendships with peers

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internal working model?

-expectations derived from early caregiving experiences concerning the availability of attachment figures and one's interactions with those figures

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ages and levels of playing?

-around 1 year child engages in parallel play, playing alongside with minimal interaction-15-18 months, children do similar activities and smile at each other in simple social play-about 2 years, children engage in cooperative play. play roles and interact

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what do girls do when they play?

tend to support girl peers in enabling

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what do boys do when they play?

tend to contradict, threaten and compete with boy peers inactivity known as constricting

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parental influence on play and consequences?

-parents help and play along-parents mediate-parents play caching role in diffusing aggression and competition-children whose parents engage in these activities are often more socially skillful

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cooperation and children?

-older children are more likely to cooperate-children who observe peers cooperating are more likely to imitate them-children are more likely to cooperate when peers are responsive to their attempts

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what is prosocial behaviour?

any behaviour that benefits others

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what is altruism?

behaviour that does not benefit oneself but does benefit others, such as helping and sharing

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when is empathy more likely?

when a child reaches school age

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role of parents in the process of attachment?

-parents must be available to form an attachment to-parents must respond to a babies' behaviour e.g. crying, smiling, gazing-parents are needed by child to perform reassurance and comfort-mothers are main caregivers and primary attachment-fathers spend time in play