Return to home1860 Jan 10,
Ezequiel Zamora (1817-1860), leader of the Federalist Army in
Venezuela, was assassinated.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War)

1860 Jan 17, Anton Chekhov
(d.1904), Russian playwright and short story writer, was born. "Man
is what he believes." He was famous for "The Seagull" and "Three
Sisters. " Part of his letters were published in a 1955 edition
edited by Lillian Hellman. In 1997 his later letters from 1899 to
actress Olga Knipper were edited by Jean Benedetti and published as:
"Dear Writer, Dear Actress: The Love Letters of Anton Chekhov and
Olga Knipper."
(WUD, 1994, p.252)(WSJ, 12/5/97, p.A16)(HN,
1/17/99)(AP, 5/24/99)

1860 Feb 22, Shoe-making
workers of Lynn, Mass, struck successfully for higher wages. The
strike in Lynn and Natick, Massachusetts, spread throughout New
England and involved 20,000 workers. The strike was for higher wages
and included women. The workers won their major demands.
(HNQ, 8/3/98)(MC, 2/22/02)

1860 Feb 26, White settlers
massacred a band of Wiyot Indians at the village of Tuluwat on
Indian Island near Eureka, Ca. At least 60 women, children and
elders were killed. Bret Harte, newspaper reporter in Arcata, fed
the news to newspapers in San Francisco.
(SFC, 2/28/04, p.D1)

1860 Feb 29, Herman Hollerith,
inventor of a tabulation mechanism (1864) that was a forerunner to
the computer, was born.
(HN, 2/29/00)(WSJ, 3/21/00, p.A20)

1860 Apr 3, The US Pony Express
mail system began when one horse and rider carrying a bulging mail
pouch began the 10 1/2-day run from San Francisco, Calif., to St.
Joseph, Mo. Riders left St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, Ca., at
the same time. They averaged 12 mph over 75-100 mile segments
between 153 (190) change stations. The freight company of Russell,
Majors and Waddell began the service. The enterprise failed after
only 18 months, however, due to mounting financial losses and
competition from the ever-expanding telegraph network. Donald C.
Biggs (d.2000 at 72), prof. of history at SF State, later authored
"The Pony Express: Creation of the Legend."
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express)(SFC,
2/15/97, p.D4)(AP, 4/3/97)(SFC, 6/12/00, p.A24)

1860 Apr 7, William Keith
Kellogg, the brother of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943), was
born. Will later founded the W.K. Kellogg company in Battle Creek,
Mich., to market the cornflakes invented by his older brother. [see
1895]
(HN,
4/7/99)(http://www.ivu.org/history/adventists/kellogg.html)(WSJ,
9/29/00, p.W17)

1860 Apr 14, First Pony Express
rider arrived in San Francisco with mail originating in St. Joseph,
Missouri.
(HN, 4/14/98)

1860 Apr 23, Democratic
convention in Charleston, SC, divided over slavery.
(MC, 4/23/02)
1860 Apr 23, The Pony Express
rider missed the boat at Benicia, Ca. Thomas Bedford, a 34-year-old
stable keeper, was hired on the spot and boarded the ferry Carquinez
with his horse. His discovered that his horse had lost a shoe and
borrowed a horse from Martinez blacksmith Casemoro Briones and
delivered the mail to the ferry at Oakland. The mail reached SF 9
hours and 15 minutes from the time it left Sacramento.
(SFC, 4/28/97, p.A19)

1860 May 16, The Republican
convention operned in Chicago.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention)

1860 May 18, The Republican
Convention in Chicago nominated Abraham Lincoln for US president and
Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine as Vice President. Other
presidential candidates included William Seward and Salmon Chase.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention)(Econ,
12/1/12, p.75)

1860 May 21, Willem Einthoven,
Dutch physiologist, inventor of the electrocardiogram, was born.
(HN, 5/21/01)(MC, 5/21/02)
1860 May 21, Phinneas Gage died
in SF from a major seizure. Gage had survived an 1848 blasting
accident in Vermont when tamping iron blasted through his skull.
[see Sep 13, 1848]
(ON, 10/02, p.10)

1860 May 22, In Lebanon a small
group of Maronites fired on a group of Druzes at the entrance to
Beirut, killing one and wounding two. This sparked off a torrent of
violence which swept through Lebanon.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Lebanon_conflict)

1860
Jun 9, The first dime novel: "Malaeska: The Indian Wife of the White
Hunter," written by Ann Sophia Stephens (1813-1886), was published
by Beadle and Adams in NYC.
(AP, 6/9/02)(www.niulib.niu.edu/badndp/dn01.html)

1860 Jun 22, Nathan Maroney, a
Philadelphia station agent for Adams Express Co., pleaded guilty to
the theft of $40,000 after Pinkerton agents, who had secretly
befriended him, appeared in court to testify against him.
(ON, 7/06, p.12)

1860 Jun 23, The U.S. Secret
Service was created to arrest counterfeiters and protect the
president.
(HN, 6/23/98)

1860 Jul 1, Charles Goodyear
(b.1800), inventor or the vulcanization process for rubber, died. In
2002 Charles Slack authored "Noble Obsession" an account of his
quest to develop a form of rubber impervious to high temperatures.
(WSJ, 7/31/02,
p.D10)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyear)

1860 Jul 25, The 1st US
intercollegiate billiard match was between Harvard and Yale.
(SC, 7/25/02)

1860 Jul, Fighting in Lebanon
spilled over into Damascus. With the connivance of the military
authorities and Turkish soldiers, Muslim fanatics organized pogroms
which lasted three days (July 9-11). 25,000 Christians were killed
including the American and Dutch consuls. Churches and missionary
schools were set on fire. Many Christians were saved through the
intervention of the Muslim Algerian exile Abd al-Qadir and his
soldiers.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Lebanon_conflict)

1860 Aug 3, The American Canoe
Association was founded at Lake George, NY.
(SC, 8/3/02)

1860 Sep 6, Jane Addams
(d.1935) was born. She is known for her work as a social reformer,
pacifist, and founder of Hull House in Chicago in 1889, and as the
first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize (1931). “The
essence of immorality is the tendency to make an exception of one’s
self." “You do not know what life means when all the difficulties
are removed! I am simply smothered and sickened with advantages. It
is like eating a sweet dessert the first thing in the morning."
(AHD, 1971, p.15)(AP, 8/28/97)(HN, 9/6/98)(AP,
10/4/98)

1860 Sep 7, Anna Marie
Robertson (Grandma Moses, d.1953), American folk painter, best known
for her paintings of rural life, was born. Anna Mary Robertson began
painting at the age of 78. Her primitive and untrained art holds
great appeal in its simplicity. [see 1953]
(MC, 9/7/01)(HN, 9/7/02)
1860 Sep 7, Edith Sitwell,
poet, was born in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England.
(HN, 9/7/00)
1860 Sep 7, The Excursion
steamer "Lady Elgin" sank and drowned 340 people in Lake Michigan.
(MC, 9/7/01)

1860 Sep 12, William Walker
(b.1824), conqueror of Nicaragua, was convicted and executed by the
government of Honduras. The British had arrested him and turned him
over to the government. In 2008 Stephen Dando-Collins authored
“Tycoon’s War: How Cornelius Vanderbilt Invaded a Country to
Overthrow America's Most Famous Military Adventurer."
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walker_(soldier))(SSFC,
4/10/05, p.F4)

1860 Sep 13, John J. Pershing
(d.1948), aka "Black Jack," was born in Laclede, Missouri. He led
the campaign against Pancho Villa in Mexico and commanded the
American Expeditionary Force in France during World War I.
(HN, 9/13/98)

1860 Sep 14, Hamlin Garland,
author, was born. He wrote about the Midwest in novels such as "A
Son of the Middle Border" and "The Book of the American Indian."
(HN, 9/14/00)

1860 Sep 21, Arthur
Schopenhauer (b.1788), German philosopher known for his pessimism
and philosophical clarity, died. At age 25 he published his doctoral
dissertation," On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient
Reason," which examined the four separate manifestations of reason
in the phenomenal world.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer)

1860 Oct 7, During the 2nd
Opium War British troops on the outskirts of Beijing began to
plunder the gardens of Yuanmingyuan (the garden of perfection and
light), the imperial summer palace built by the Qing emperor
Qianlong in 1709. Lord Elgin’s cavalry soon set fire and let the
gardens burn for 3 days and nights.
(WSJ, 1/13/04,
p.A8)(www.china.org.cn/english/features/beijng/31186.htm)

1860 Oct 13, The 1st US aerial
photo was taken from a balloon over Boston.
(HFA, ‘96, p.40)(MC, 10/13/01)

1860 Oct 15, 11-year-old Grace
Bedell of Westfield, N.Y., wrote a letter to presidential candidate
Abraham Lincoln, suggesting he could improve his appearance by
growing a beard.
(AP, 10/15/01)

1860 Oct 17, The British Open
was 1st held at the Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland. The prize was a
red leather belt with a silver buckle. The belt was retired in 1872
and replaced with a silver claret jug.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship)(WSJ, 7/21/00,
p.W9)

1860 Nov 6, Former Illinois
congressman Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th US president. He
defeated three other candidates, John Breckinridge, John Bell and
Stephen Douglas. He won the US presidential elections with a
majority of the electoral votes in a 4-way race. Following his
election South Carolina seceded from the Union followed by
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.
Hannibal Hamlin was his vice-president.
(WSJ, 9/19/97, p.A13)(HN, 11/6/98)(SFC, 12/21/98,
p.A3)(AP, 11/6/08)

1860 Nov 13, South Carolina’s
legislature called a special convention to discuss secession from
the Union.
(HN, 11/13/98)

c1860 Golf balls began to be
made of guttal percha, a tree sap.
(SFEC, 6/14/98, p.A12)

1860 The Woodlawn Vase was
created by Tiffany & Co. as a trophy for the Woodlawn Racing
Assoc. in Louisville, Ky. It was buried during the Civil War and by
1917 was associated with the Preakness.
(WSJ, 11/21/00, p.A24)

1860 The 95,000 acre Baca
Ranch, NM, was founded under a land grant to a Spanish leader. The
property contained the Valles Caldera, the collapsed crater of an
ancient volcano. The property was sold to James P. Dunigan, an oil
man, in 1962 for $2.5 mil. It was sold to the US government in 1999
for $101 million.
(SFC, 9/9/99, p.A3)

1860 Pinos Altos, NM, was
founded when three 49ers stopped to take a drink in Bear Creek and
discovered gold.
(WSJ, 5/21/04, p.W2)

1860 In New York Bard College
began as a small school in Annandale-on-Hudson. It was next to
Montgomery Place, whose landscape was attributed to Andrew Jackson
Downing, America’s most famous 19th century landscape architect.
(WSJ, 11/24/98, p.A20)

1860 A US government expedition
explored the northwest border of the Wyoming territory. Ferdinand
Hayden (30) served as doctor and geologist.
(ON, 11/02, p.1)

1860 US sailors intercepted 3
American slave ships on their way to Cuba. The Wildfire, the William
and the Bogota carried some 1,432 African slaves from the area of
Benin and Congo to be sold in Cuba. The slaves were taken to Key
West for 3 months and then returned to Africa.
(SSFC, 2/8/04, p.C12)

1860 The total value of US
slaves was $3.5 billion, the equivalent of $68.4 billion in 2006.
The US gross national product was only about 20% above the value of
the nation’s slaves.
(WSJ, 3/24/06, p.W4)

1860 In South Carolina by the
time of the Civil War the Ball family owned some 4,000 slaves who
worked 25 plantations along the Cooper River. The family kept a
history and in 1998 descendant Edward Ball published "Slaves in the
Family."
(SFEC, 2/22/98, BR p.1,8)(SFEC, 4/19/98, p.A22)

1860 St. Teresa of Avila's
Catholic Church in Bodega Bay, Ca., was founded.
(SFEM, 6/13/99, p.27)
1860 More laws in California
were passed that allowed the enslavement of Indians.
(SFEC, 9/20/98, Z1 p.4)
1860 California began its
official mineral collection. It was later house in the California
State Mineral and Mining Museum in Mariposa County.
(SSFC, 7/1/07, p.W8)
1860 In California the 25-room
Burgess Mansion, later known as the Secret Garden Mansion, was built
in The Corners, renamed Walnut Creek in 1862. The Leech House was
built in The Corners. In 2006 it stood as a restaurant and offices
at 1533 N. Main St.
(SFC, 7/4/98, p.A17)(SFC, 7/17/06, p.B5)
1860 California pioneer John
Bidwell founded Chico, Ca. His Rancho Chico became a model for
agriculture across the state.
(SFC, 3/9/01, p.WBb 7)(SFC, 4/21/07, p.B5)
1860 Sam Brannan, California’s
first millionaire, bought the spring grounds at Indian Springs and
built a lavish resort. His name of Calistoga is the combination of
California and Saratoga, a famous New York spa.
(Flyer on Indian Springs, 7/95)(SFEC, 2/22/98,
p.T5)
1860 Miners numbered some 3,000
in the town of Volcano in California’s Amador county. John Doble, a
miner from Indiana, noted this in his diary.
(SSFC, 4/8/01, p.T4)

1860 A mattress on the floor of
the Tremont House Hotel in Chicago rented for $2.50 per night.
(Hem., 7/96, p.26)

1860 Milton Bradley started a
lithograph company in Springfield, Mass. In 1866 Bradley launched
the board-game industry in North America with “The Checkered Game of
Life," which innovated on earlier representations of life as a board
game. By 1880 he expanded into manufacturing jigsaw puzzles. Hasbro
bought Milton Bradley in 1992.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_of_Life)(SFC, 6/11/08, p.G3)

1860 John Wagner established
Nevada's longest-operating brewery in Carson City during the rush to
Virginia City. The Carson Brewing Co. built a new two-story brewery
in 1865 in the commercial form of Classical Revival, on the corner
of Division and King streets, where it was later turned into an arts
and performance center.
(www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/nevada/bre.htm)(SSFC,
11/19/06, p.F10)

1860 John and Frank Wyeth
established a drugstore in Philadelphia. It grew to become
Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories in 1926 and was later acquired by American
Home Products.
(SFC, 1/21/98, p.B2)

1860 Cinnabar or quicksilver
was discovered in the Mayacamas Range of Calistoga, Ca. The mercury
was used to recover gold and silver from ores by amalgamation, and
in the manufacture of explosives, drugs and paints.
(WCG, 7/95, p.22)

1860 The release of carbon into
the atmosphere was estimated to have been about 93 million tons.
(NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.40)

1860 Cornelius Felton
(1807-1862), professor of Greek literature, succeeded James Walker
as president of Harvard.
(www.nndb.com/people/711/000107390/)

1860 In Britain Queen Victoria
decreed that men who chose to remain unmarried would not be welcome
in Her Majesty’s Rifle Corp. She held that "normal married life
improves a man’s marksmanship."
(SFEC, 12/15/96, zone 1 p.5)
1860 Britain forswore most
import duties.
(Econ, 9/1/07, p.74)
1860 Thomas Huxley was asked by
Bishop Samuel ("Soapy Sam") Wilberforce whether his ape ancestry
resided on his father’s side or his mother’s side. Huxley responded
that he would prefer descent from an ape rather than from a man of
keen faculties and wide influence who employed his gifts to ridicule
science.
(WSJ, 10/10/97, p.A20)
1860 English inventor Frederick
Walton made "linoleum" out of linseed oil.
(SFC, 2/15/97, p.D4)
1860 Florence Nightingale
(1820-1910) founded the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses in
London, the first secular institution in the world to train nurses.
(ON, 12/11, p.6)

1860 In the Convention of
Peking China ceded the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain for all time.
(SFC, 3/11/97, p.A12)(SFEC, 6/22/97, p.A14)(SFC,
7/1/97, p.A8)

1860 In China the Taiping
Rising marked the first looting of Peking by the "big-nosed
barbarians."
(WSJ, 4/20/95, p. A-13)

1860 Signor Beato (d.1907),
photographer, shot views of the Dagu forts, guarding the approaches
to Beijing, with heaps of dead following their capture by an
Anglo-French expedition.
(WSJ, 11/27/00, p.A36)

1860 George Belden Crane
decided that German grapes were a better idea for the Napa Valley
than the native Missions.
(WCG, 7/95, p.21)

1860 The Parc Monceau in Paris
was taken over by the state to enable Baron Haussmann to complete
the Boulevard Malesherbes.
(SFEC, 3/26/00, p.T12)
1860 France sent 5,000 troops
to Syria to stop the massacre of Maronite Christians at the hands of
the Druze, which the Ottoman authorities were neither willing nor
able to stop.
(SFC, 9/7/08, Books p.5)
1860 The 1st French gendarmes
arrived in Vietnam.
(WSJ, 2/2/04, p.A12)
1860 Parisian inventor
Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville captured 10-second clip of a woman
singing "Au Clair de la Lune," using a phonautograph, a device that
created visual recordings of sound waves.
(AP, 3/28/08)
1860 In France the Yonne
Department had almost 99,000 acres of grapevines for wine. Diseases
such as oidium and phylloxera destroyed the Chablis vines in the
late 19th century and the Carmenére grape was wiped out in France.
In 1994 the Carmenére grape was found to be thriving in Chile.
(SFC, 7/16/97, Z1 p.4)(WSJ, 12/28/01, p.A17)

1860 Theodor Herzl, the founder
of Zionism, was born in Pest, Hungary.
(CNT, Nov., 1994, p.212)

1860 Indian law established use
of the death penalty.
(AP, 2/23/13)
1860 A British seaman proposed
digging a deeper, 19-mile shipping canal in the shallow Palk strait
between India and Sri Lanka. In 2004 India planned to go ahead with
the project.
(Econ, 11/6/04, p.44)

1860 During the excavation of
Pompeii, Italy, Giuseppe Fiorelli got the idea of pouring liquid
plaster into the spaces left by decomposed bodies in the beds of
ashes.
(SFEM, 10/11/98, p.14)

1860 In Mexico City the
Hosteria de Santo Domingo restaurant began serving Chile en Nogada,
a chili dish that displays the national colors (green, white &
red).
(WSJ, 9/5/96, p.B1)

1860s Brown’s Celebrated Indian Herb Bitters was a
bitters medicine made at this time. They used a painted amber bottle
shaped like an Indian woman holding a shield. An original sold for
$4,800 in 1987.
(SFC,12/17/97, Z1 p.16)

1860s In Britain palace garden parties were begun
to extend royal hospitality to Brits from all walks of life.
(WSJ, 8/9/96, p.A8)

1860s The last African slave ship landed in Cuba
in the late 1860s.
(WSJ, 12/1/97, p.A20)

1860s In Malaysia prospectors for tin founded the
city of Kuala Lumpur ("muddy confluence") at the confluence of the
Kelang and Gombak rivers.
(SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T3)

1860-1865 Anti-slavery, pro-Union guerrillas in
Kansas during the American Civil War were commonly known as
Jayhawkers. As a bird, the Jayhawk does not exist, but Jayhawkers
were very real. Jayhawkers coursed about Kansas and Missouri,
impelled by substantially more malice than charity as they fought
their Confederate counterparts, the Bushwhackers, who favored the
Confederacy. Some Bushwhackers were semi-legitimate soldiers, even
grudgingly acknowledged as such by the Confederate Army. Such men as
William Quantrill, "Bloody Bill" Anderson, John Thrailkill, David
Pool, Jo Shelby and Jeff Thompson were in this category. Others were
simply banditti with a quasi-military excuse for vengeful ambush,
robbery, murder, arson and plunder.
(HNQ, 5/24/01)(HN, 5/30/01)

1860-1870 Lewis Carroll took photographs of Alice
Lidell, his inspiration for Alice In Wonderland.
(WSJ, 9/29/95, p.A-10)
1860-1870 Erdmann and Reinhold Schlegelmilch,
apparently unrelated, began making dinnerware in the 1860s in
central Germany.
(SFC, 4/2/08, p.G2)
1860-1870 The Maoari Wars broke out in New Zealand
over issues of land ownership after colonists flooded the islands.
(NG, Aug., 1974, C. McCarry, p.197)

1860-1884 Maria Bashkirtsev, Russian born writer.
She studied art in Paris and wrote "The Journal of a Young Artist."
She died of tuberculosis.
(WP, 1951, p.23)

1860s-1890s The Saud family moved to exile in
Kuwait when the Ottoman Empire conquered much of Arabia.
(WSJ, 11/13/01, p.A14)

1860-1900 Baled cotton remained the number one
American export item from 1860 to 1900, rising from $192 million to
$243 million. During the period its proportion of total exports
dropped from approximately 60 percent to about 17 percent, as meat,
grain, petroleum products and machinery grew.
(HNPD, 6/13/99)

1860-1910 Auguste Moreau, a French bronze
sculptor, worked over this period. His art included the sculpture
"Eglantine" (wild rose), which depicted a woman draped in a vine of
roses. It was used as the design for a clock c1900. His bronzes were
copied in spelter, a soft white metal that’s mostly zinc.
(SFC, 2/18/98, Z1 p.3)(SFC, 3/11/98, Z1 p.5)

1860-1937 Sir James Matthew Barrie, Scottish
dramatist-author: "The life of every man is a diary in which he
means to write one story, and writes another; and his humblest hour
is when he compares the volume as it is with what he hoped to make
it."
(AP, 8/6/97)

1860-1947 Don Simon Iturbi Patino, part Indian
Bolivian miner, made a fortune in tin. While working as a clerk a
customer in debt offered him the deed to an old tin mine. It turned
out to be one of the richest deposits on earth. He served as an
ambassador to Spain and France but was shunned by Bolivian
aristocracy
(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)

1860-1949 James Ensor, Belgian painter. He was a
master at dredging disturbing, uncensored images from the depths of
the unconscious.
(WUD, 1994 p.475)(WSJ, 6/5/01, p.A23)

1860-1958 Industry burned fossil fuel at a rate
that doubled every two decades or so, injecting a total of more than
76 billion tons of carbon into the air.
(NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.5)

1861 Jan 6, Florida troops
seized the Federal arsenal at Apalachicola.
(MC, 1/6/02)
1861 Jan 6, Governor of
Maryland sent a message to the people of Maryland, strongly opposing
Maryland’s secession from the Union.
(HN, 1/6/99)
1861 Jan 6, NYC mayor proposed
that NY become a free city to continue trading with the North &
South.
(MC, 1/6/02)

1861 Jan 9, Mississippi
became the 2nd state to secede from the Union.
(HN, 1/9/98)(AP, 1/9/99)(MC, 1/9/02)
1861 Jan 9, The Star of the
West, a merchant vessel bringing reinforcements to Federal troops at
Fort Sumter, S.C., retreated after being fired on by a battery in
the harbor.
(AP, 1/9/04)
1861 Jan 10, Ft. Jackson and
Ft. Philip were taken over by LA state troops.
(MC, 1/10/02)
1861 Jan 10, US forts &
property were seized by Mississippi.
(MC, 1/10/02)

1861 Jan 10, Florida became the
3rd state to secede from the Union.
(AP, 1/10/98)(HN, 1/10/99)(MC, 1/10/02)

1861 Jan 11, Alabama became the
4th state to secede from the Union.
(AP, 1/11/98)(HN, 1/11/99)

1861 Jan 17, Lola Montez
(b.1821), dancer and actress, died in NYC. Born in Ireland as Eliza
Rosanna Gilbert she became famous as a "Spanish dancer," courtesan,
and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who made her Countess of
Landsfeld.
(SFC, 5/31/14, p.D1)

1861 Jan 19, Georgia became the
5th state to secede from the Union.
(AP, 1/19/98)(HN, 1/19/99)

1861 Jan 21, U.S. Senator
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and four (five) other Southern
senators made emotional farewell speeches. Just weeks after his home
state of Mississippi seceded from the Union, Davis prepared to leave
Washington, D.C., and the country he had served as a soldier,
cabinet member and member of Congress. One more time, Davis
enumerated the reasons why the South felt secession was its only
recourse: "...when you deny to us the right to withdraw from a
Government which...threatens to be destructive to our rights, we but
tread in the path of our fathers when we proclaim our
independence...." Davis then apologized to any senators he may have
offended, and finished his address by saying, "...it only remains
for me to bid you a final adieu."
(AP, 1/21/01)(HNPD, 1/21/99)

1861 Jan 26, Louisiana became
the 6th state to secede from the Union.
(AP,
1/26/98)(www.csawardept.com/documents/secession/LA/)

1861 Jan 29, Kansas became the
34th state of the Union and entered as a free state.
(HFA, ‘96, p.22)(AP, 1/29/98)(NH, 7/98, p.28)

1861 Feb 1, A furious Governor
Sam Houston stormed out of a legislative session upon learning that
Texas had voted 167-7 to secede from the Union. Texas became the 7th
state to secede.
(AP, 2/1/97)(HN, 2/1/99)(MC, 2/1/02)

1861 Feb 4, Delegates from six
southern states met in Montgomery, Ala., to form the Confederate
States of America. They included Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. They elected Jefferson Davis as
president of Confederacy.
(AP, 2/4/97)(ON, 11/00, p.1)
1861 Feb 4, Winfield Scott, US
general-in-chief, decided to relieve Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee as
commander of federal forces in Texas and bring him to Washington DC
where Lee could take command of forces guarding DC.
(ON, 12/05, p.11)
1861 Feb 4, The Apache Wars
began.
(HFA, ‘96, p.22)

1861 Feb 7, The general council
of the Choctaw Indian nation adopted a resolution declaring
allegiance with the South "in the event a permanent dissolution of
the American Union takes place."
(AP, 2/7/07)

1861 Feb 9, Confederate
Provisional Congress declared all laws under the US Constitution
were consistent with constitution of Confederate states. The
Congress elected Jefferson Davis president and Alexander H. Stephens
vice president. Jefferson Davis' Mexican War exploits led him to the
Confederate White House. In 2001 William C. Davis authored "The
Union That Shaped the Confederacy: Robert Toombs and Alexander H.
Stephens."
(HN, 2/9/97)(AP, 2/9/99)(WSJ, 6/13/01, p.A18)(MC,
2/9/02)
1861 Feb 9, Tennessee voted
against secession.
(HN, 2/9/97)

1861 Feb 11, President-elect
Lincoln departed Springfield, Ill., for Washington.
(AP, 2/11/97)
1861 Feb 11, The US House
unanimously passed a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with
slavery in any state.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1861 Feb 11, Australian
explorers Burke and Wills approached the coast of Carpetaria but
were forced to turn back when no path through the coastal marsh was
found.
(ON, 12/01, p.2,3)

1861 Feb 15, Alfred North
Whitehead (d.1947), English philosopher (Adv of Ideas) and
mathematician, was born. "We think in generalities, but we live in
detail." "I have always noticed that deeply and truly religious
persons are fond of a joke, and I am suspicious of those who
aren’t." "It is more important that a proposition be interesting
than that it be true."
(AP, 4/11/97)(AP, 10/5/97)(AP, 9/8/98)(MC,
2/15/02)
1861 Feb 15, Ft. Point was
completed & garrisoned. It never fired cannon in anger.
(440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1861 Feb 18, Jefferson F. Davis
was inaugurated as the Confederacy’s provisional president at a
ceremony held in Montgomery, Ala., where the Confederate
constitutional convention was held. Davis was sworn in on Feb 22 in
Virginia.
(AP, 2/18/98)(HN, 2/18/98)(AH, 10/04, p.60)
1861 Feb 18, At Fort Wise,
Kansas, Indian tribes ceded possessions, enough to constitute two
great States of the Union, retaining only a small district for
themselves on both sides of the Arkansas river, which included the
country around Fort Lyon.
(http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/peace.htm)
1861 Feb 18, Victor Emmanuel II
of Sardinia became the first King of Italy.
(HN, 2/18/98)(MC, 2/18/02)

1861 Feb 19, Pres.-elect
Lincoln traveled through NYC on his way to Washington.
(WSJ, 2/12/04, p.D12)

1861 Feb 22, Edward Weston left
Boston on a bet to walk to Lincoln's inauguration.
(MC, 2/22/02)
1861 Feb 22, Jefferson Davis
was sworn in as the permanent president of the Confederate States of
America in Richmond, Va., on Washington’s birthday.
(AH, 10/04, p.60)

1861 Feb 23, President-elect
Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington to take office after an
assassination plot was foiled in Baltimore. Allan Pinkerton, founder
of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, may have saved Abraham Lincoln’s
life by uncovering a plot to assassinate the president-elect in
Baltimore, Md. At the detective’s suggestion, Lincoln avoided the
threat by secretly slipping through the city at night. A few months
later, Pinkerton joined Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan’s staff as
chief intelligence officer. Using the name "Major Allen," the
private detective remained with McClellan until late 1862, catching
southern spies and running an espionage network in Confederate
territory.
(AP, 2/23/98)(HNPD, 3/22/99)
1861 Feb 23, Texas by popular
referendum became the 7th state to secede from the Union.
(HN, 2/23/98)(MC, 2/23/02)

1861 Mar 2, The Territory of
Nevada was created by an act of Congress. The first elected governor
of the state was Henry G. Blasdel. US Congress created the Dakota
& Nevada Territories out of the Nebraska & Utah territories
(LVRJ, 11/1/97, p.1B)(SFEC, 7/9/00, DB p.67)(SC,
3/2/02)

1861 Mar 3, Russian Czar Alexander II
issued a manifest and statutes to end feudal control of serfs as
part of a program of westernization.
(HN, 3/3/99)(LHC,3/1/03)(WSJ, 12/6/07, p.D7)

1861 Mar 9, First hostile act
of the Civil War occurred when Star of the West fired on Sumter,
S.C.
(HN, 3/9/98)

1861 Mar 10, Taras Shevchenko
(b.1814), Ukraine poet and artist died. He was a member of the Sts
Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and an academician of the Imperial
Academy of Arts.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko)(AP, 3/9/14)

1861 Mar 11, The Confederate
convention in Montgomery, Ala., adopted a constitution.
Representatives from the 7 Confederate states ratified the
constitution of the Confederate states of America.
(AP, 3/11/98)(Econ, 12/1/12, p.34)

1861 Mar 13, Jefferson Davis
signed a bill authorizing slaves to be used as soldiers for the
Confederacy.
(HN, 3/13/98)

1861 Apr 6, Pres. Lincoln
dispatched 3 ships and 600 men to Fort Sumter as a relief expedition
carrying provisions. He followed this with a note to South Carolina
Gov. Francis W. Pickens that no arms were included.
(ON, 11/00, p.2)

1861 Apr 11, On April 11, 1861,
Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the Federals under the command
of Major Robert Anderson to surrender Fort Sumter, but Anderson
refused. Anticipating war between North and South, Confederate
President Jefferson Davis had ordered Beauregard to clear the harbor
forts in Charleston, South Carolina, of Union troops. For three long
months, Anderson and his besieged troops had waited for
reinforcements at Fort Sumter. Back in Washington, Union naval
officer Gustavus Fox raced against time to organize just such a
mission.
(HNPD, 4/12/99)

1861 Apr 12, The Confederates
sent a final ultimatum for the surrender of Fort Sumter, South
Carolina, at 12:45 a.m. Upon receiving Anderson's refusal, Gen'l.
Beauregard's artillery began to bombard Fort Sumter at 4:30 a.m. For
34 hours, the Confederates and Federals traded fire before Anderson
surrendered on April 13. The Civil War had begun.
(Hem. 1/95, p. 70)(AP, 4/12/97)(HN,
4/12/98)(HNPD, 4/12/99)

1861 Apr 13, After 34 hours of
bombardment, Union-held Fort Sumter surrendered at 2:30 pm to
Confederates under the command of Gen PGT Beauregard. No Union
defenders were killed in the 34-hour rebel assault on Charleston
Harbor‘s Fort Sumter led by Major Robert Anderson. Likewise, none of
the Confederate attackers were killed in this action. Union Pvt.
Daniel Hough became the war‘s first official casualty when he was
killed by a premature discharge of a cannon used as a salute in the
evacuation ceremonies after the surrender.
(HN, 4/13/98)(HNQ, 8/31/00)(MC, 4/13/02)

1861 Apr 14, Winfield Scott, US
general-in-chief, met with Pres. Lincoln and his cabinet to plan a
response to the surrender of Fort Sumter. They decided to
enlarge the 17,000 member US army and raise 75,000 new volunteers to
suppress the rebellion.
(ON, 12/05, p.11)

1861 Apr 15, Three days after
the attack on Fort Sumter, S.C., President Lincoln declared a state
of insurrection and called out for 75,000 Union volunteers.
(AP, 4/15/97)(HN, 4/15/98)
1861 Apr 15, Samuel (41) and
Florence Baker (20) left Cairo to search for explorers John Speke
and James Grant.
(ON, 10/01, p.9)

1861 Apr 16, US president
Lincoln outlawed business with confederate states.
(MC, 4/16/02)

1861 Apr 17, The Virginia State
Convention voted to secede from the Union. Virginia became the
eighth state to secede from the Union and moved troops to take over
National Capital. Federal troops were rushed down the
Chesapeake-Delaware Canal and arrived in time to stop Confederate
troops from taking Washington D.C. The Wheeling Conventions declared
Virginia’s secession from the Union unconstitutional and named
Francis H. Pierpont governor of the Reorganized Government of
Virginia, which was quickly recognized by the federal government. At
the outbreak of the Civil War, representatives of Virginia’s western
counties had gathered in the city of Wheeling (as the temporary
capital) to form the Reorganized Government of Virginia. In 1862 a
state constitution was adopted by the convention and on June 20,
1863, West Virginia was admitted as the 35th state in the Union.
(AP, 4/17/97)(HN, 4/17/98)(NG, Sept. 1939,
p.379)(HNQ, 6/16/99)
1861 Apr 17, In Australia
Charles Gray, the ex-sailor in the Burke party, was found dead in
his bed roll.
(ON, 12/01, p.2)

1861 Apr 18, Colonel Robert E.
Lee turned down an offer to command the Union armies.
(HN, 4/18/98)(www.us-civilwar.com/lee.htm)
1861 Apr 18, Battle of Harpers
Ferry, VA.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1861 Apr 18, The Kansas
Frontier Guards drilled and set up camp in the East Room of the
White House with the mission to protect President Lincoln from a
feared Rebel attack on Washington. The collection of Kansans in
Washington, many office seekers and politicians, were organized and
led by the state's first senator, James Henry Lane, a friend of the
president and former leader of the Free State movement in Kansas.
With Virginia's secession from the Union on April 17, rumors spread
of an impending rebel strike on Washington. Lane organized the force
of 50 men and offered their service to the War Department, arriving
in the White House in the evening of April 18. As additional Union
troops entered the city, the Frontier Guard was dismissed from the
White House on April 19. The unofficial unit was assigned various
positions in the city during the following week and, in a ceremony
attended by the president, was disbanded on April 25.
(HNQ, 1/7/99)

1861 Apr 19, President Lincoln
ordered the blockade of Confederate ports.
(HN, 4/19/97)
1861 Apr 19, Baltimore riots
resulted in four Union soldiers, 9 civilians killed. The 6th
Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment, the first Union troops to pass
through pro-secessionist Baltimore, Md., entered Baltimore expecting
trouble. As they marched through the streets on their way to the
defense of Washington, D.C., the troops were attacked by
rock-throwing rioters bearing Confederate flags. Four soldiers and
nine civilians were killed in the daylong melee.
(HN, 4/19/97)(HNPD, 4/23/99)

1861 Apr 20, Robert E. Lee
resigned from U.S. Army.
(HN, 4/20/98)
1861 Apr 20, Thaddeus Lowe
landed in South Carolina only to be surrounded by a group of
incredulous Carolinians who believed he was a spy. Lowe managed to
persuade the crowd that his 500-mile trip from Cincinnati, Ohio, was
merely an innocent aerial journey to test his strange craft. He
later tried to convince the Union to use his skill as a balloonist.
(HNQ, 4/5/01)(ON, 2/05, p.7)
1861 Apr 20, Battle of Norfolk,
VA. [see Apr 21]
(MC, 4/20/02)

1861 Apr 21, The Gosport Navy
Yard on the Elizabeth River near Norfolk, Va., was burned and U.S.
Navy ships destroyed by Federal troops carrying out the orders of
Commodore Hiram Paulding. With the Confederate noose tightening
around Gosport following Virginia‘s secession, and Union defenders
dispatched by Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles unable to reach
the yard, Paulding determined he must destroy and abandon the
installation. Considered the most extensive and valuable naval
shipyard in the Union, the loss of Gosport and 10 ships docked
there, including the Merrimack—later refitted by the rebels and
known as the CSS Virginia—was called by Horace Greeley as "The most
shameful, cowardly, disastrous performance that stains the annals of
the American Navy."
(HNQ, 2/16/01)
1861 Apr 21, In Australia the
Burke party of 3 reached Cooper’s Creek and found a message that the
4-man depot party under William Brahe had left earlier the same day
for Darling with 6 camels and 12 horses. The Burke party departed
Cooper’s Creek for the police station at Mount Hopeless, 150 miles
away.
(ON, 12/01, p.3)

1861 Apr 23, Robert E. Lee
assumed command of the military and naval forces of Virginia, which
he organized thoroughly before they were absorbed by the
Confederacy.
(www.us-civilwar.com/lee.htm)
1861 Apr 23, Arkansas troops
seized Fort Smith.
(AP, 4/23/98)
1861 Apr 23, Battle of San
Antonio, TX.
(MC, 4/23/02)

1861 Apr 25, The Richmond
Fayette Light Artillery was mustered into state service and first
stationed at the Baptist College artillery barracks. The unit fought
under General Magruder through the battles at Wynns Mill, Yorktown
and Williamsburg. It fought the Maryland campaign with major General
McLaw’s Division and was transferred to Major Pickett’s Division and
fought at Fredericksburg.
(RC handout, 5/27/96)
1861 Apr 25, Women in New York
held a meeting out of which plans were made for the formation of the
Civil War related Women's Central Association of Relief. This led to
the formation of the Civil War Sanitary Commission, a forerunner of
the Red Cross.
(www.civilwarhome.com)

1861 Apr 27, West Virginia
seceded from Virginia after Virginia seceded from the Union.
(HN, 4/27/98)

1861 Apr 29, The Maryland House
of Delegates voted against seceding from the Union.
(AP, 4/29/98)(HN, 4/29/98)
1861 Apr 29, In Australia the
Burke party shot one of their last 2 camels after it got stuck in
mud. Supplies were divided between the 3 men and one camel.
(ON, 12/01, p.4)

1861 Apr, William Woods
Averell, recently convalesced Union officer, was sent out west in
civilian garb from Washington, D.C., carrying orders to a fort
commander in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). Averell was to
proceed through secessionist lands to Fort Arbuckle in Indian
Territory. Ordinarily, orders to frontier posts were telegraphed to
Fort Smith, Arkansas--some 180 miles east of Fort Arbuckle--and a
courier dispatched from there. But with Arkansas likely to secede at
any time, such orders might be intercepted by secessionists.
(HNQ, 5/27/01)

1861 May 13, Britain declared
its neutrality in the American Civil War.
(HN, 5/13/98)

1861 May 16, Pres. Lincoln
commissioned Benjamin F. Butler, a Massachusetts politician, as a
major general of volunteers in the US Army.
(ON, 2/12, p.1)
1861 May 16, Confederate
government offered war volunteers a $10 premium.
(MC, 5/16/02)
1861 May 16, Kentucky
proclaimed its neutrality. [see May 20]
(MC, 5/16/02)

1861 May 20, Kentucky
proclaimed its neutrality in Civil War. [see May 16]
(MC, 5/20/02)
1861 May 20, North Carolina
voted to secede from the Union and became the 11th and last state to
do so.
(AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/98)
1861 May 20, US marshals
appropriated the previous year's telegraph dispatches, to reveal
pro-secessionist evidence.
(MC, 5/20/02)

1861 May 21, The Confederate
Congress, meeting in Montgomery, Ala., voted to move the capital of
the Confederacy from Montgomery to Richmond, Va.
(AP, 5/21/07)

1861 May 22, Union Major
General Benjamin F. Butler took command of Fort Monroe on the
southern tip of the Virginia peninsula.
(ON, 2/12, p.1)

1861 May 24, General Benjamin
Butler, Union commander of Fort Monroe, Va., declared slaves to be
the contraband of war in order to avoid returning them to their
owners under the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act.
(ON, 2/12,
p.1)(www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Butler_Benjamin_F_1818-1893)
1861 May 24, Shortly after
Union troops quietly occupied Alexandria, Va., 24-year-old Colonel
Elmer E. Ellsworth and a handful of friends from the 11th New York
Regiment impulsively entered the Marshall Hotel to forcibly remove a
Confederate flag from the roof. Hotel proprietor James W. Jackson
shot and mortally wounded Ellsworth as he descended the stairs, flag
in hand. Jackson himself was then shot by a Union soldier. Only
weeks after the outbreak of the Civil War, both the North and the
South had received the first martyrs to their respective causes.
(HN, 5/24/99)

1861 May 25, John Merryman was
arrested under suspension of writ of habeas corpus. This later
sparked a supreme court decision protecting the writ.
(SC, 5/25/02)

1861 May 26, Postmaster General
Blair announced the end of postal connection with South.
(MC, 5/26/02)
1861 May 26, Union blockaded
New Orleans, LA., and Mobile, AL.
(MC, 5/26/02)

1861 May 29, Dorothea Dix
offered to help set up hospitals for Union Army.
(SC, 5/29/02)

1861 May 30, In Australia
William Wills returned to the Cooper’s Creek depot and left an
updated message as to the Burke party’s plight.
(ON, 12/01, p.5)

1861 May, Battery "D" Fifth US
Light Artillery had been stationed at West Point but was moved to
Washington, D.C. and assigned to the Army of the Potomac.
(RC handout, 5/27/96)

1861 May, The 79th Highlander
Regiment was mustered into Federal service with 795 men. It suffered
over 558 casualties during the war. After the regiment fought at the
battle of First Bull Run, it adopted standard Federal uniforms.
(RC handout, 5/27/96)

1861 May, The 7th Regiment of
Virginia Volunteers was mustered into the young Confederacy under
the command of Col. James Kemper. It was part of Pickett’s All
Virginia Division. The regiment fought in 45 battles, from First
Manassas until Clover Hill, Appomattox Court House in April, 1865.
(RC handout, 5/27/96)

1861 May, The 33rd Virginia
Volunteer Infantry Regiment formed at Harper’s Ferry as part of the
Stonewall Brigade under Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. It was nicknamed
"Jackson’s Foot Cavalry" for it’s long marches of 25-30 miles a day.
(RC Handout, 5/27/96)

1861 Jun 6, Lincoln's cabinet
declared Union government will pay for expenses once states have
mobilized volunteers.
(MC, 6/6/02)

1861 Jun 8, Tennessee voted to
secede from the Union and joined the Confederacy. [see May 6]
(AP, 6/8/97)(HN, 6/8/98)

1861 Jun 9, Mary Ann "Mother"
Bickerdyke, Civil War hospital worker, began working in Union
hospitals. "The midwife must give way to the physician. Woman,
therefore, must become physician."
(HN 6/9/98)

1861 Jun 10, Thaddeus Lowe
demonstrated his balloon, the Enterprise, along with its telegraphy
capabilities for Pres. Lincoln at the White House lawn.
(ON, 2/05, p.8)
1861 Jun 10, The Virginia
village of Big Bethel became the site of the 1st major land battle
of the Civil War. Private Henry L. Wyatt was the 1st Confederate
soldier killed in a Civil War battle. 18 Union soldiers were killed.
(AH, 10/01, p.50)
1861 Jun 10, Dorthea Dix, known
for her work with the mentally ill, was appointed superintendent of
women nurses for the Union Army.
(HN, 6/10/98)

1861 Jun 11, Union forces under
General George B. McClellen repulsed a Confederate force at Rich
Mountain in Western Virginia.
(HN, 6/11/98)

1861 Jun 13, Pres. Lincoln
approved a plan for the formation of the Civil War Sanitary
Commission

1861 Jun, James D. Bulloch
arrived in London to procure ships and arms for the Southern
Confederacy.
(ON, 7/01, p.6)

1861 Jul 1, The US War
Department decreed that Kansas and Tennessee were to be canvassed
for volunteers.
(MC, 7/1/02)

1861 Jul 2, Australian explorer
Robert O’Hara Burke died near Cooper’s Creek and John King pressed
on to look for native Aborigines. King later returned to William
Wills but found him dead. King continued to survive with the local
Aborigines until he was rescued. In 1991 Tom Bonyhady authored
"Burke and Wills: From Melbourne to Myth."
(ON, 12/01, p.5)

1861 Jul 17, At Manassas, VA,
Gen Beauregard requested reinforcements for his 22,000 men and Gen
Johnston was ordered to Manassas.
(MC, 7/17/02)

1861 Jul 18, Union and
Confederate troops skirmished at Blackburn’s Ford, Virginia, in a
prelude to the Battle of Bull Run.
(HN, 7/18/98)

1861 Jul 20, The Congress of
the Confederate States began holding sessions in Richmond, Va.
(AP, 7/20/97)
1861 Jul 20, The New York
Tribune compared Peace Democrats to the venomous Copperhead snake,
which strikes without warning. During the American Civil War,
Northerners who advocated restoration of the Union through a
negotiated settlement with the South was referred to as Peace
Democrats.
(HNQ, 10/9/99)
1861 Jul 20, In the first major
battle of the Civil War [see June 10], Confederate forces repelled
an attempt by the Union Army to turn their flank in Virginia. The
battle becomes known by the Confederates as Manassas, while the
Union called it Bull Run. It was fought on Judith Carter Henry’s
farm.
(HN, 7/20/98)(HNQ, 5/10/02)

1861 Jul 21, In the first major
battle of the Civil War, Confederate forces repelled an attempt by
the Union Army to turn their flank in Virginia. The battle became
known by the Confederates as Manassas, while the Union called it
Bull Run. The 33rd Virginia Infantry held Henry House Hill at the
first Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Virginia, resulting in a
Confederate victory. This was the spot from which Jackson took on
the title of "Stonewall" and his brigade the "Stonewall Brigade."
Union forces had 3,000 men killed, wounded, or missing in action
while the Confederates suffered 2,000 casualties. Bernard Bee
coined the nickname associated with Confederate General Thomas J.
"Stonewall" Jackson. At the Battle of First Manassas, it is General
Bee who supposedly rallied his troops by calling out, "Look! There
is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Rally to the Virginians!"
Though there is some controversy about exactly what was said, when
Bee said it, and what exactly he meant by it, the words helped
create a legend. Bee couldn‘t explain further; he was mortally
wounded during the battle and died the next day. Brig. Gen. Irvin
McDowell was in command of the Union forces at the First Battle of
Bull Run (First Manassas).
(HT, 3/97, p.48)(AP, 7/21/97)(HN, 7/21/99)(HN,
1/18/00)(HNQ, 7/30/01)(MC, 7/21/02)

1861 Jul 25, The Crittenden
Resolution, calling for the American Civil War to be fought to
preserve the Union and not for slavery, was passed by Congress.
(HN, 7/25/98)

1861 Jul 27, President Abraham
Lincoln replaced General Irwin McDowell with General George B.
McClellen, a pro-slavery Democrat, as head of the Army of the
Potomac.
(AP, 7/27/97)(HN, 7/27/98)(ON, 12/03, p.1)
1861 Jul 27, Battle of Mathias
Point, VA. Rebel forces repelled a Federal landing.
(MC, 7/27/02)

1861 Aug 5, The US federal
government levied an income tax for the first time to finance the
Civil War. It was 3% of incomes over $800 effective from Jan 1. This
was superseded by the Tax Act of July 14, 1862, which took effect as
of January 1, 1862.
(AP, 8/5/97)(http://tinyurl.com/brzpcg3)
1861 Aug 5, US Army abolished
flogging.
(MC, 8/5/02)

1861 Aug 10, General Nathaniel
Lyon died at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri. He was the 1st
Union general to die in the Civil War. The 2nd land battle of the
Civil War was fought along Wilson’s Creek in southwest Missouri. The
fight was considered a Confederate victory. This 1st major battle
west of the Mississippi was pivotal in determining the fate of the
most populous state west of the Mississippi River in the early
months of the Civil War."
(HNQ,
6/5/02)(www.civilwarhome.com/wilsonscreek.htm)(AM, 11/04, p.28)
1861 Aug 10, Friedrich Julius
Stahl (b.1802), conservative German jurist and publicist, died in
Bruckenau. He developed the idea that Germans are a people based on
descent.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl)(Econ, 2/11/06,
Survey p.13)

1861 Aug 11, James Bryan
Herrick, physician who first described sickle-cell anemia, was born.
(AP, 8/11/00)

1861 Aug 12, Texas rebels were
attacked by Apaches.
(MC, 8/12/02)

1861 Aug 14, Martial Law was
declared at St. Louis, Missouri.
(MC, 8/14/02)

1861 Aug 15, Lincoln directed
reinforcements to be sent to Missouri.
(MC, 8/15/02)

1861 Aug 16, President Lincoln
prohibited the states of the Union from trading with the seceding
states of the Confederacy.
(AP, 8/16/97)
1861 Aug 16, Union and
Confederate forces clashed near Fredericktown and Kirkville,
Missouri.
(HN, 8/16/98)

1861 Aug 23, Rose O’Neal
Greenhow was arrested by Union secret service operative Allan
Pinkerton and held under house arrest for five months. She had
supplied Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard with a warning that Union General
Irvin McDowell was planning an attack on Manassas in July 1861.
Greenhow, a 44-year-old widow with four daughters, was recruited in
1861 to be the operating head of the Confederacy’s first spy ring. A
Washington socialite with many friends in high government circles,
Rose was perfectly placed to gather intelligence about Federal troop
strengths and movements. Rose Greenhow was finally released and sent
South on June 2, 1862. She drowned in a shipwreck on September 30,
1864.
(HNQ, 6/9/98)

1861 Aug 30, Union General John
Fremont declared martial law throughout Missouri and made his own
emancipation proclamation to free slaves in the state. However,
Fremont’s order was countermanded days later by President Lincoln.
(HN, 8/30/98)(AP, 8/30/06)

1861 Sep 6, Union General
Ulysses S. Grant’s forces captured Paducah, Kentucky from
Confederate forces. A lifelong friend and trusted aide of Ulysses S.
Grant, Ely Parker rose to the top in two worlds, that of his native
Seneca Indian tribe and the white man’s world at large.
(HN, 9/6/98)

1861 Sep 9, Sally Louisa
Tompkins (b.1833) was commissioned as a Confederate captain of
cavalry. Born into a wealthy and altruistic family in coastal
Mathews County, Virginia, Tompkins was destined for a life of
philanthropy. After moving to Richmond, she spent much of her time
and a considerable portion of her fortune assisting causes she
considered worthy. With the onset of civil war, she labored on the
behalf of the South's wounded soldiers, and for this she became the
first and only woman to receive an officer's commission in the
Confederate army.
(HNQ, 5/17/01)

1861 Sep 10, Confederates at
Carnifex Ferry, Virginia, fell back after being attacked by Union
troops. There were 170 casualties. The action was instrumental in
helping preserve western Virginia for the Union.
(HN, 9/10/98)(MC, 9/10/01)

1861 Sep 17, Mary Smith Peake,
the daughter of a white Englishman and a free woman of color, began
teaching the runaway slaves under an oak tree near Fort Monroe, Va.,
thus founding the first American school for freed slaves. The tree
became known as the Emancipation Oak after Pres. Lincoln’s
Emancipation Proclamation was read there in 1863.
(ON, 2/12, p.2)

1861 Sep 18, Australian
explorer John King (d.1872) was found by a rescue party. A land
prospector or "squatter" touring the area in 1875 met an Aboriginal
woman who claimed to have witnessed Robert O’Hara Burke being shot
by John King, and he detailed her story in his journal. Historian
Darrell Lewis unearthed the story around 1990.
(ON, 12/01, p.5)(AFP, 7/23/11)

1861 Sep, Harry Macarthy
delivered a stirring performance of "The Bonnie Blue Flag" on a New
Orleans stage, causing a near riot. Born an Englishman, he became
famous throughout the Confederacy as an entertainer. Macarthy was a
hit, and for the rest of the war, he would do his best to keep his
song and himself popular, taking his show on the road all over the
South and providing diversion for thousands of civilians and
soldiers. He lifted the morale of war-weary Southerners and became
the most popular performer in his adopted country, the Confederate
States of America.
(HNQ, 6/14/01)

1861 Oct 12, The Confederate
ironclad Manassas attacked the northern ship Richmond on the
Mississippi River. The Manassas was the Confederacy‘s first
operational ironclad. Originally a New England tugboat called the
Enoch Train, the ship was refit with iron sheathing and an iron prow
for ramming. The underpowered ship was used in defense of New
Orleans, finally being dispatched by the Union warship Mississippi.
(AP, 10/12/97)(HNQ, 7/12/00)

1861 Oct 15, The British
steamship Fingal, purchased by James D. Bulloch for the US Southern
Confederacy, ran into the Austrian brig Siccardi, which sank with
her load of coal in England’s Holyhead harbor. The Fingal quickly
sailed for Savannah. The Fingal was later converted to an ironclad
and renamed Atlanta.
(ON, 7/01, p.6)

1861 Oct 24, West Virginia
seceded from Virginia.
(MC, 10/24/01)
1861 Oct 24, Western Union
completed the first transcontinental telegraph line. The first
transcontinental telegraph message was sent as Justice Stephen J.
Field of California transmitted a telegram to President Lincoln.
Telegraph lines linked the West Coast to the rest of the country and
made the Pony Express obsolete late in the year.
(SFC, 4/28/97, p.A19)(AP, 10/24/97)(HN, 10/24/98)

1861 Nov 1, Lieutenant General
Winfield Scott, 50 year veteran and leader of the U.S. Army at the
onset of the Civil War, retired. Gen. George B. McClellan was made
General-in-Chief of the Union armies.
(AP, 11/1/97)(HN, 11/1/98)

1861 Nov 6, Dr. James Naismith
(d. Nov 28, 1939), Canadian physical education instructor, was born.
He invented the game of basketball in 1891.
(DTnet, 11/28/97)(HN, 11/6/99)
1861 Nov 6, Jefferson Davis was
elected to a six-year term as president of the Confederacy.
(AP, 11/6/97)(HN, 11/6/98)

1861 Nov 8, Union Captain
Charles Wilkes of the sloop San Jacinto seized Confederate
commissioners John Slidell and James M. Mason from the British mail
ship Trent. Lincoln's response to uproar: "One war at a time." The
Confederates were released. In 1977 Norman F. Ferris authored "The
Trent Affair: A Diplomatic Crisis."
(HN, 11/6/98)(ON, 1/01, p.7)(MC, 11/8/01)

1861 Nov 9, During the Civil
War, soldiers of the Illinois 11th, 18th, and 29th Regiments, after
forcing the Confederates south, set up camp in Bloomfield, Missouri.
Upon finding the newspaper office empty, they decided to print a
newspaper for their expedition, relating the troop's activities.
They called it the Stars and Stripes.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper))

1861 Nov 11, In China the Qing
Dynasty established a new ministry of foreign affairs. It was housed
in a building that had housed the Department of Iron Coins and was
considered as a temporary institution.
(WSJ, 5/16/97, p.A16)

1861 Nov 16, Vaclav Suk,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/16/01)

1861 Nov 18, The first
provisional meeting of the Confederate Congress was held in
Richmond.
(HN, 11/18/98)
1861 Nov 18, Poet and
abolitionist Julia Ward Howe (inset) accompanied her husband, Dr.
Samuel Howe, to Fort Griffin, Virginia, to review Union troops
defending the capital. The ceremony was cut short when the Federals
were forced to give chase to a nearby party of Confederates. Dr. and
Mrs. Howe returned to their Washington hotel, but Mrs. Howe awoke in
the early morning hours with "long lines" of a poem in her mind. She
rose in darkness and wrote six stanzas of The Battle Hymn of the
Republic on her husband's stationery based on chapter 63 of the Old
Testament’s Book of Isaiah. In February 1862, The Atlantic Monthly
printed the poem for a $5 payment. Soon troops all over the North
were singing the stirring words to the popular tune of John Brown's
Body, which had been composed in 1852.
(HNPD, 11/20/98)(HNQ, 5/21/02)

1861 Nov 26, West Virginia was
created as a result of dispute over slavery with Virginia.
(MC, 11/26/01)

1861 Nov 28, The Confederate
Congress admitted Missouri to the Confederacy, although Missouri had
not yet seceded from the Union.
(DTnet, 11/28/97)(HN, 11/28/98)

1861 Nov 30, Harper's Weekly
publishes E.E. Beers' "All quiet along the Potomac."
(MC, 11/30/01)
1861 Nov 30, The British
Parliament sent to Queen Elizabeth an ultimatum for the United
States, demanding the release of two Confederate diplomats who were
seized on the British ship Trent.
(HN, 11/30/98)

1861 Dec 3, In his first annual
message Pres. Lincoln argued that "labor is prior to, and
independent of capital. Capital is the fruit of labor, and could
never have existed if labor had not first existed..."
(WSJ, 2/10/95,
p.A8)(http://caps.fool.com/blogs/quotes-by-lincoln/548670)

1861 Dec 4, Lillian Russell,
singer and actress, was born Helen Louise Leonard in Clinton, Iowa.
She performed in burlesque and light opera, debuting in Gilbert and
Sullivan's HMS Pinafore in 1879. Russell was praised for her
voluptuous beauty and was frequently photographed. Women everywhere
tried to emulate her plump physique by buying potions and corsets to
accentuate their curves. Although Russell was the ideal beauty of
her time, her 186-pound figure--which she kept by eating without
restraint--would be quite a departure from today's standard of
beauty. Russell later wrote a newspaper column on health, beauty and
love, and she died in 1922.
(HNPD, 12/3/98)
1861 Dec 4, The Federal Senate,
voting 36 to 0, expelled Senator John C. Brekenridge of Kentucky
because he joined the Confederate Army.
(HN, 12/4/98)

1861 Dec 5, In the U.S.
Congress petitions and bills calling for the abolition of slavery
were introduced.
(HN, 12/5/98)
1861 Dec 6, Union General
George G. Meade led a foraging expedition to Gunnell’s farm near
Dranesville, Va.
(HN, 12/6/98)

1861 Dec 8, Aristide Maillol,
French painter and sculptor (Seated Woman), was born.
(MC, 12/8/01)
1861 Dec 8, The American Bible
Society announced that it would distribute 7,000 Bibles a day to
Union soldiers.
(HN, 12/8/98)
1861 Dec 8, CSS Sumter captured
the whaler Eben Dodge in the Atlantic. The war began affecting the
Northern whaling industry.
(HN, 12/8/98)

1861 Dec 9, U.S. Senate
approved the establishment of a committee that would become the
Joint Committee on the Conduct of War.
(HN, 12/9/98)

1861 Dec 10, Kentucky was
admitted to the Confederate States of America.
(HN, 12/10/98)

1861 Dec 11, A raging fire
swept the business district of Charleston, South Carolina, adding to
an already depressed economic state.
(HN, 12/11/98)

1861 Dec 13, Battle of
Alleghany Summit, WV.
(MC, 12/13/01)

1861 Dec 14, Prince Albert of
England, husband of Queen Victoria and one of the Union’s strongest
advocates, died in London. The book "Uncrowned King: The Life of
Prince Albert" was later written by Stanley Weintraub.
(WUD, 1994, p.34)(WSJ, 1/26/98, p.A16)(AP,
12/14/98)(HN, 12/14/98)

1861 Dec 20, Transports were
loaded with 8,000 troops in England. They were setting sail for
Canada so that troops would be available if the "Trent Affair" was
not settled without war.
(HN, 12/20/98)

1861 Dec 21, Pres. Lincoln
signed legislation establishing the Medal of Honor. The medal was
first authorized for Sailors and Marines, and the following year for
Soldiers as well.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor)

1861 Dec 23, Lord Lyons, The
British minister to America presented a formal complaint to
secretary of state, William Seward, regarding the Trent affair.
(HN, 12/23/98)

1861 Dec 24, The USS Gem of the
Sea destroyed the British blockade runner Prince of Wales off the
coast at Georgetown, S.C.
(HN, 12/24/98)

1861 Matthew Brady, born in
upstate NY around 1823, determined to make a complete photographic
record of the Civil War.
(V.D.-H.K.p.275)

1861 William Wrigley, Jr., was
born in Philadelphia. He began his business career by selling soap
manufactured by his father. In 1891, Wrigley moved to Chicago where
he founded and became president of Wm. Wrigley, Jr. Company,
manufacturers of chewing gum, earning him the money to acquire the
Chicago Cubs and to build Wrigley‘s Stadium. Wrigley is especially
noted for his effective advertising techniques.
(AP, 4/9/00)

1861 Sam Beeton and his wife
Isabella Mayson (1840-1868) published “Beeton’s Book of Household
Management." Mayson was a columnist for the Englishwoman’s Domestic
Magazine." Beeton had made his fortune publishing the British
edition of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin." In 2005 Kathryn Hughes authored “The
Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton."
(Econ, 11/5/05, p.93)
1861 Rebecca Harding Davis
authored “Life in the Iron Mills."
(SFC, 1/10/08, p.E1)
1861 The book "Great
Expectations" by Charles Dickens was published.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, DB p.43)
1861 Harriet Jacobs (1813-1897)
authored “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" under the pseudonym
Linda Brent. In 2004 Jean Fagan Yellin (73) authored “Harriet
Jacobs: A Life."
(SFC, 6/23/04, p.E1)
1861 Samuel F.B. Morse,
inventor of the telegraph, authored a pamphlet titled: "An Argument
on the Ethical Position of Slavery in the Social System."
(WSJ, 10/28/03, p.D10)
1861 Sir Francis Turner
Palgrave (1824-1897) edited “The Golden Treasury," a 4-volume
anthology of the best songs and lyrical poems in the English
language.
(WSJ, 1/20/07, p.P11)(WSJ, 11/15/08, p.W10)
1861 Anthony Trollope
(1815-1882), British novelist, authored his novel “Orley Farm,"
which told the story of an unjust will.
(WSJ, 2/24/07, p.P10)

1861 Young’s "Scientific
Secrets" was published. It is a book of recipes and formulas for
furniture polish, beers, wines, and directions on interpreting
flowers’ "language."
(CM, 12/94, p.59)

1861 The US Army’s red brick
bastion at Fort Point, San Francisco, was built.
(HT, 5/97, p.63)
1861 An Octagon House was built
in San Francisco at Gough and Union by William C. McElroy, a miller
and his wife Harriet. In 1953 the Colonial Dames persuaded PG&E
to sell it for $1 on the condition that they move it across the
street to 2645 Gough.
(SFEC, 11/3/96, DB p.33)(SFEC,11/2/97, DB
p.31)(SSFC, 7/24/11, p.A2)
1861 In San Francisco the
Oakdale Bar and Clam House opened at the corner of Oakland and
Bayshore. It later came to be known as the Old Clam House.
(SSFC, 2/19/12, p.A2)
1861 The Donohue House in Elk,
California, was built by an Irish immigrant.
(SFC, 9/1/96, T3)
1861 The California state
Legislature gave the Sisters of Mercy $5,000 to help build an asylum
for women in SF. Magdalene Asylum was built on Potrero St. and by
1874 housed 150 women and girls. In 1904 it was renamed to St.
Catherine's Home and Industrial School.
(SSFC, 8/24/03, p.A27)
1861 Alcatraz Island became an
official US military prison.
(OAH, 2/05, p.A1)

1861 In his first annual
message Lincoln argued that "labor is prior to, and independent of
capital. Capital is the fruit of labor, and could never have existed
if labor had not first existed..."
(WSJ, 2/10/95), p.A-8)

1861 General Winfield Scott
offered Robert E. Lee, "the very best soldier I ever saw in the
field," command of the Union army, but Lee declined, deciding to
support the Confederacy.
(HNPD, 8/15/99)

1861 The first Confederate flag
had three stripes and a circle of 7 stars in the upper left corner.
The commonly seen battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia had
an 13 stars on an "X" field with 7 stars along each line of the x.
(WSJ, 2/4/97, p.A20)

1861 Virginia seceded from the
Union and moved troops to take over National Capital. Federal troops
were rushed down the Chesapeake-Delaware Canal and arrived in time
to stop Confederate troops from taking Washington D.C. The Wheeling
Conventions declared Virginia’s secession from the Union
unconstitutional and named Francis H. Pierpont governor of the
Reorganized Government of Virginia, which was quickly recognized by
the federal government. At the outbreak of the Civil War,
representatives of Virginia’s western counties had gathered in the
city of Wheeling (as the temporary capital) to form the Reorganized
Government of Virginia. In 1862 a state constitution was adopted by
the convention and on June 20, 1863, West Virginia was admitted as
the 35th state in the Union.
(NG, Sept. 1939, p.379)(HNQ, 6/16/99)

1861 According to Hardee’s
Tactics, used extensively to instruct infantrymen in the Civil War,
every officer "should, by practice, be enabled, if necessary," to
perform the important function of sounding bugle calls. This
knowledge, so necessary in general instruction, becomes of vital
importance on actual service in the field." Lieutenant Colonel
William J. Hardee published this admonition for career officers of
the U.S. Army in 1861. That very year, the Civil War erupted, and
huge numbers of civilians were hastily made officers. As Hardee (who
ultimately became a Confederate lieutenant general) would have
admitted, most of these volunteer officers knew very few of the
dozens of bugle calls, and could not sound any of them. According to
section 55 under "Instruction of the Battalion" in Hardee’s Rifle
and Light Infantry Tactics (1862, J.O. Kane edition), "Every officer
will make himself perfectly acquainted with the bugle signals; and
should, by practice, be enabled, if necessary, to sound them.
(HNQ, 9/28/01)

1861 Ardent Confederate
Isabelle (Belle) Boyd became one of the Civil War's most notorious
spies. When only 16, she fatally wounded a Union soldier who entered
her family's home in Martinsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia).
During the next year, she regularly provided intelligence to Rebel
commanders. She was arrested several times and twice served
sentences in Washington, D.C., prisons. When captured aboard a
Confederate blockade-runner in 1864, Belle was banished to Canada.
While traveling in England to further the Southern cause, she
created a sensation by marrying Sam Hardinge, a Union officer. A
widow with one child by war's end, Boyd published her memoirs,
returned to America and later earned a living by acting and
lecturing on her wartime experiences.
(HNPD, 1/16/99)

1861 Orion Clemens was
appointed Secretary of the Territory of Nevada. He took along his
young brother, Sam Clemens (Mark Twain).
(SFEC, 9/17/00, Z1 p.2)

1861 Union Major General
William T. Sherman battled bitterly with the press throughout the
Civil War, after 1861 news reports called the nervous,
quick-tempered general "insane." Once, when told about reporters
killed by shells, he exclaimed, "Good! Now we’ll have news from hell
before breakfast!"
(HNQ, 1/18/02)

1861 Chicago Mayor John
Wentworth fired all the 60 policemen, 3 sergeants and 1 captain as
his last official act. For 12 hours the city was without police as
the Board of Commissioners worked to replace them.
(SFC, 3/20/99, p.B4)

1861 James Buchanan, 15th
President of the United States, retired to Wheatland, his
Pennsylvania home.
(HNQ, 4/15/01)

1861 Col. Agoston Haraszthy, a
Hungarian immigrant to the US who settled in Sonoma, California, was
asked by Calif. Governor John Downey to go to Europe and to find
sample cuttings of the best European varieties of grapes.
Haraszthy’s methodology, personality and perseverance earned him the
name of Father of California Wines.
(WCG, p.58)

1861 At the outbreak of
the American Civil War, the Northern population was approximately 22
million, while the total Southern population was about 9 million. Of
the total population of 9 million in the 11 seceded states, 3.5
million were black slaves. The 22 million in the 23 Northern and
border states were augmented during the war by heavy foreign
immigration.
(HNQ, 8/8/98)

1861 In Albania the first
school known to use Albanian language in modern times was opened in
Shkodra.
(www, Albania, 1998)

1861 The British firm
Butterfield & Swire began trading in Hong Kong and China.
(Econ, 6/30/07, SR p.13)
1861 Henry Gray (b.1827),
English anatomist and surgeon, died of smallpox. He had authored the
textbook “Gray’s Anatomy" (1858).
(Econ, 11/15/08,
p.100)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gray)

1861 Shanghai came under attack
from the Taiping rebellion (1851-1864, led by the self-proclaimed
younger brother of Jesus Christ. To help pay for their defense,
China’s provincial governments borrowed money from foreign
investors. As collateral they offered claims on Shanghai’s customs
revenues.
(Econ, 11/19/11, p.78)
1861 Ch'ing Emperor Hsien Feng
died in exile and his widow Orchid (26) became China's Empress
Dowager.
(SSFC, 2/1/04, p.M6)

1861 The first Archaeopteryx
fossil was found in Germany in mid-Jurassic rocks dating to about
155-150 million BC. The very rare remains of the first bird,
Archaeopteryx, was about the size of a dove, had a long,
reptile-like tail but with real feathers, not scales, and it
possessed teeth in its beak.
(Econ, 11/10/07, p.101)(SFC, 7/28/11, p.A8)

1861 In Bombay, India, the
Magen David synagogue was erected at the sole expense of David
Sasson Esq.
(WSJ, 9/17/98, p.A20)
1861 British colonial rulers
framed an anti-homosexuality law for India.
(Reuters, 7/7/06)
1861 In India the Murree
Brewery Co. Ltd. was founded by British colonialists. It became a
listed company in 1902. In 1947 it came under the control of
Pakistan.
(SFC, 7/10/00, p.A8)(Econ, 4/21/12, p.58)

1861 The Risorgimento movement
resulted in Italian unification. The Carbonari was a secret society
in early 19th century Italy who advocated liberal and patriotic
ideas and opposed the conservative regimes imposed on Italy by the
Allies who had defeated Napoleon in 1815. As with other secret
societies of the age, the Carbonari had an initiation ceremony,
complex symbols and a hierarchical organization though its exact
origins are left to conjecture. They recruited primarily among
nobility, small landowners and officeholders and may have been an
offshoot of the Freemasons. Their influence is credited with
preparing the way for the Risorgimento movement.
(HNQ, 8/21/00)

1861 Radama II (1829-1863), the
son of Queen Ranavalona I, succeeded her to rule Madagascar.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radama_II_of_Madagascar)

1861 Benito Juarez became the
president of Mexico. Napoleon III persuaded Archduke Maximilian of
Austria to take the throne of Mexico.
(SCal, May 1995)

1861 In Russia Dmitri Ivanovich
Mendelyev, chemist, determined that the maximum solubility of
alcohol in water occurs at a ratio of 40% to 60%. This became the
ideal mixture for sipping vodka for Russians.
(WSJ, 2/2/98, p.A23)

1861 The L’Osservatore Romano
newspaper was founded as the mouthpiece for the Vatican.
(WSJ, 10/13/08, p.A16)

1861-1865 In 1860, Lincoln became the first
president elected from the new Republican Party. Abraham Lincoln was
fatally shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington,
D.C., on April 14, 1865. In 1996 a new biography of Abraham Lincoln
by David Donald was published.
(HN, 2/12/98)(AP, 2/12/98)(AHD, 1971, p.759)(WSJ,
2/10/95, p.A-8)(SFC, 9/1/96, Par. p.12)(HNPD, 2/12/99)(SFC, 4/30/99,
p.E9)
1861-1865 The American Civil War. In 1996 "A Short
History of the Civil War" by James L. Stokesbury, Canadian
professor, was published. 185,000 black soldiers served in the
Colored Troops. In 1997 James M. McPherson published "For Cause and
Comrades," a collection of letters by the men who fought in the war.
(SFC, 9/1/96, Par. p.12)(SFC, 9/11/96, p.C1)
1861-1865 During the American Civil War,
Confederate prisoners who were pressed into service by the Union to
fight against Indians on the Western frontier were referred to as
"Galvanized Yankees.
(HNQ, 8/11/98)
1861-1865 The U.S. Military Railroads`
Construction Corps under Herman Haupt performed spectacular
engineering feats during the American Civil War.
(HNQ, 8/30/01)
1861-1865 The American Civil War left over 600,000
people dead.
(WSJ, 5/7/99, p.A1)
c1861-1865 Walt Whitman went to Virginia during
the Civil War to nurse his brother George, who had been wounded in
battle. Afterward, Whitman volunteered in army hospitals in
Washington.
(HN, 9/5/00)
1861-1865 The Napoleon 12-pounder gun howitzer was
the most popular smoothbore artillery piece employed in the American
Civil War (there was also a 6-pounder Napoleon that was less widely
used). The muzzle-loaded artillery piece—named for French emperor
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)--was adopted by the U.S. Army shortly
before the Civil War. Confederates captured a great many Federal
pieces, but also copied the design to manufacture themselves. The
cannon fired a variety of ammunition and had a maximum effective
range of between 800 and 1,000 yards.
(HNQ, 12/15/00)

1861-1865 The National Museum of Health and
Medicine (NHMH) was founded in Washington DC to advance medical care
during the Civil War.
(SFEC, 6/29/97, p.T10)
1861-1865 In 2001 Russell F. Weigley won the
Lincoln Prize for his book: "A Great Civil War: A Military and
Political History."
(WSJ, 2/15/00, p.A16)
1861-1865 Major Gen’l. Dan Butterfield wrote
"Taps" during the Civil War and created the first military shoulder
patches.
(SFC,12/27/97, p.C3)

1861-1865 The mid-downtown park, donated to San
Francisco by Mayor John Geary, became the site of rallies on behalf
of the Union that gave the park its name. Many of the rallies were
led by Unitarian minister Thomas Starr King. The block was renamed
Union Square to commemorate the rallies.
(SFEC, 3/15/98, p.W27)(SSFC, 7/21/02, p.F2)

1861-1865 Turin was the capital of Italy.
(WSJ, 8/18/99, p.A17)

1861-1869 William Henry Seward was the American
Sec. of State during these years
(HFA, ‘96, p.30)(AHD, p.1187)

1861-1871 In 2007 Michael Knox Beran authored
“Forge of Empires: 1861-1871: Three Revolutionary Statesmen and the
World They Made," a work of comparative history in which he focuses
on the US, Russia and the unifying German states during the 1860s.
(WSJ, 12/6/07, p.D7)

1861-1880 Rob Cox tells the story of William
Mumler and other photographers of the dead and living dead in his
article The Transportation of American Spirits: Gender, Spirit
Photography and American Culture, 1861-1880 in Ephemera Journal 7,
1995.
(MT, 10/95, p.10-11)

1861-1920 Louise Imogen Guiney, American poet and
essayist: "Quotations (such as have point and lack triteness) from
the great old authors are an act of filial reverence on the part of
the quoter, and a blessing to a public grown superficial and
external."
(AP, 7/9/98)

1861-1925 Rudolf Steiner was a theosophist who saw
himself as a bridge between the scientific and spiritual traditions.
(SFC,12/18/97, p.E1)