Transcription

2 AREA CLASSIFICATION Why? A brief history of accidents Severe accidents in coal mines occurred through the world in the 19 th and 20 th century (thousands of casualties). Causes : result of ignition of Fire damp by sparks (often generated by electrical apparatus) leading to those catastrophic accidents. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 2

3 AREA CLASSIFICATION Why? A brief history of accidents Oil & gas and chemical industries also generated many accidents (fire,explosion). Safety problems related to the design and use of electrical apparatus in hazardous areas have led the Authorities, at a very early stage to impose very strict rules. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 3

4 AREA CLASSIFICATION FIRE TRIANGLE Why? Fire, Explosion origin HEXAGON EXPLOSION Source of ignition (heat) Gas or Dust in suspension Explosivity limits Fuel Oxygen in air -If any side of the triangle is missing, a fire cannot exist -If any side of the triangle is removed, the fire will extinguish Concentration Protection methods are based on the removal of one summit of the triangle/hexagon. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 4

5 AREA CLASSIFICATION Why? Area classification objectives In a situation in which there may be an explosive (flammable) atmosphere, the following steps should be taken: a) eliminate the likelihood of an explosive gas atmosphere occurring around the source of ignition, or b) eliminate the source of ignition. Where this is not possible, protective ti measures, process equipment, systems and procedures should be selected and prepared so the likelihood of the coincidence of a) and b) is so small as to be acceptable. Area classification : method of analysing and classifying the environment where explosive gas atmospheres may occur so as to facilitate the proper selection and installation of equipment to be used safely in that environment. Allows preparation of safety procedures for plant operation and maintenance. The area classification process reduces the overall installation risk level through h design improvements. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 5

7 AREA CLASSIFICATION Where? Excluded as per IEC IEC Classification of areas - Explosive gas atmospheres Standard intended to be applied where there may be an ignition hazard due to the presence of flammable gas or vapour, mixed with air under normal atmospheric conditions but does not apply to : mines susceptible to firedamp, but IEC series apply to mines (gas group I) processing and manufacture of explosives. areas where a hazard may arise due to the presence of combustible dusts or fibers (refer to IEC / IEC ). catastrophic failures which are beyond the concept of abnormality dealt with in this standard. rooms used for medical purposes. domestic premises. This standard does not take into account the effects of consequential damage. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 7

8 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Rules Rules to be applied for area classification are divided into 2 categories : REGULATIONS STANDARDS - Published by the national legal Authorities. - Application is mandatory. (Law) -They vary from country to country. Published by a standardization committee (international/national/regional). Application is not mandatory but only if it has been enforced by law. Standardization committees generally include representatives from : * manufacturers, * end users, * safety agencies, certifying agencies * utilities, etc. They publish a document (the «STANDARD») which represents a consensus between all the parties and reflects the state of the art at a given time Consensus does not imply unanimity! IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 8

9 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Reference documents o Generally regulations give few details about on «How to achieve safety» but only aims are defined. REGULATIONS International level nothing so far.but.! Regional level (eg Europe). 2 ATEX directives (1 for products, 1 for workers) National level l (eg USA).. OSHA,MOSHA, US Coast Guards o Details are most of time found in Standards which can be of different types : STANDARDS International IEC series European CENELEC series National USA : ANSI/API RP 505 (zone system) Russia : Gost R X-99 series 9 IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux

10 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Available IEC standards IEC Explosive atmospheres standard Part 10-1: Classification of areas Explosive gas atmospheres Part 10-2: Classification of areas Combustible dust atmospheres Part 10-1 Introduction stipulates In areas where dangerous quantities and concentrations of flammable gas, vapour or mist under normal atmospheric conditions may arise, protective measures are to be applied in order to reduce the risk of fire and/or explosion. Part 10-1 scope stipulates : For detailed recommendations regarding the extent of the hazardous areas in specific industries or applications, reference may be made to national or industry codes relating to those applications. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 10

11 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Codes CODE Example 1 Model CODE of safe practice Part IP 15 (UK) published by the Energy Institute (formerly Institute of Petroleum ) Title : «Area Classification code for installations handling flammable fluids» The 3rd edition ( 2005 ) -143 pages- was prepared by about 15 major oil companies It is considered as a well established, internationally accepted code for classification of hazardous areas In the foreword, it is written: The information contained in this publication is provided for information only and while every reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of its contents, the EI cannot accept any responsibility for any actions taken, or not taken, on the basis of this information The EI shall not be liable.. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 11

12 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Codes CODE Example 2 The European Commission (publisher of the 2 ATEX directives ) has also published a document titled : Non binding guide of good practice for implementing Directive n 1999/92/EC (User directive ) which addresses area classification The ATEX User directive is an 8 pages document (the law ) but the non binding guide is a 65 pages document! CODE Example 3 API RP 505 «Recommended Practice for classification of locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum facilities classified as Class I, zone 0, zone1, zone2» Foreword states : «API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them ; however the Institute makes no warranty or guarantee in connection with this publication and expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use. This standard is not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgement...» IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 12

13 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Which code to select? Selection of a code to be applied (API,IP15,etc ) for a project depends on a Company decision. The codes applied may depend onthetypeoffacilities type of facilities ( offshore, refinery,.). No code can be considered as the best one! As an example consider flanges/ valves Do they generate a zone or not? API RP 505 IP 15 UNCLASSIFIED * 1st Edition= generates a zone 2 * 3rd Edition =unclassified except if there is a number of possible leak sources close. together (typic>10),in this case.zone 2 IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 13

14 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Company specifications Many oil companies have prepared their own documents sometimes called : Company specifications These company specifications generally include : references to specific regulations, standards and codes to be applied requirements not included in regulations, standards and codes (coming from feedback and experience of the Operator) and topics/situations not covered by standards/codes. Caution! Above company requirements must not be in contradiction with regulations, standards and also preferably with codes!! TOTAL, as many other Operators, has a set of Company Specifications named GS (general specifications) : «Area Classification» is covered by the specifications published by the «Safety department» «Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres» is covered by the specification published by the «Electrical department» (GS ELE 079) IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 14

15 AREA CLASSIFICATION How? Which code to select? Other Operator s practices? Most of European companies uses IP15 Code + amendments/supplements. American companies refer to API RP 505 (zone system), RP 500 (division system). In conclusion, each Company has its own rules (Company specifications) but they are based on common documents (codes) which have been amended/supplemented in a different manner. This means that it is unlikely that two individuals classifying the same location would arrive at the same or perhaps even similar area classification with only the general guidance of a code. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 15

16 Hazardous area Zone (as per IEC ) Hazardous area (on account of explosive gas atmospheres) called hazardous locations in the US An area (3-dimensional region or space) in which an explosive gas atmosphere is or may be expected to be present, in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of equipment. Hazardous areas are classified into 3 zones based upon the frequency of the occurrence and duration of an explosive gas atmosphere, as follows: Zone 0 Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods or frequently. Zone 1 Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. Zone 2 Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only. Non hazardous area (safe area ) A non hazardous area is an area in which an explosive atmosphere is not expected to be present. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 16

17 Lower, Upper Explosive (Flammable) limits Combustion will only occur if the flammable mixture comprising i fuel, in the form of a gas or vapour and air, is within certain limits. These limits are: The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) sometimes es called Lower Flammability ab Limits (LFL)( ) The Upper Explosive Limit (UEL).. Upper Flammability Limits (UFL) Vol % in air LEL UEL Between these limits is known as the FLAMMABLE RANGE methane 5 15 hydrogen 4 75 FLAMMABLE RANGE 100% concentration of fuel in air 0 LEL UEL No combustion (lack of ffuel) EXPLOSION No combustion (lack of oxygen) IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 17

18 Flash point Lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off a liquid, to form a flammable mixture with air that can be ignited by an arc, spark, naked flame, etc FLASH POINT of amaterial gives an indication of how readily thatt material will igniteit in normal ambient temperature. Gasoline = - 45 C Kerosene = + 38 C Diesel fuel = + 55 C Explosion of gas or vapour is possible when the ambient temperature becomes greater than the flash point of the flammable material. High flash point liquids are less hazardous than low flash point liquids. Practically liquids with flash point above 55 C are not liable to generate a hazardous area, unless they are likely to be submitted to a temperature above this flash point. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 18

19 Normal Operation? Situation ti when the equipment is operating within its designed d parameters, t Normal operation includes start-up and shut-down conditions. Minor releases of flammable material may be part of normal operation. For example, releases from seals which rely on wetting by the fluid which is being pumped are considered to be minor releases. Failures (such as the breakdown of pump seals, flange gaskets or spillages caused by accidents) which require urgent repair or shut-down are not considered to be part of normal operation nor are they considered to be catastrophic. Catastrophic failures which are beyond the concept of abnormality are excluded (such as rupture of a process vessel or pipeline and events that are not predictable). In case of activities other than those of normal operation, e.g. commissioning or maintenance, the area classification drawing may not be valid! It is expected that this would be dealt with by a safe system of work (work permit ). IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 19

20 Method for classification of hazardous areas The basic elements for establishing the hazardous zone types are : * Identification of the sources of release * Determination of the grade of release * Determination of the release rate, velocity, etc * Determination of the type of area (openness) * Degree and availability of ventilation * Use of an appropriate code or calculations to determine the extent of zone Extent of zone : Distance in any direction from the source of release to the point where the gas/air mixture has been diluted by air to a value below the LEL. The extent of the zone depends on the estimated or calculated distance over which an explosive atmosphere exists before it disperses to a concentration in air below its lower explosive limit with an appropriate safety factor. Penetration of flammable gas into an area can be prevented by: Physical barriers Sufficient overpressure in the area relative to the adjacent hazardous areas Purging the area with sufficient flow of fresh air IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 20

21 Sources and grades of release Source of release A point or location from which a gas, vapour, mist or liquid may be released into the atmosphere so that an explosive gas atmosphere could be formed. A source of release may give rise to any one of these grades of release, or to a combination of more than one. Grades of release 3 basic grades of release in order of decreasing frequency and likelihood of the explosive gas atmosphere being present may occur. Continuous grade of release Release which is continuous or is expected to occur frequently or for long periods. Primary grade of release Release which can be expected to occur periodically or occasionally during normal operation. Secondary grade of release Release which is not expected to occur in normal operation and, if it does occur, is likely to do so only infrequently and for short periods. GRADE OF RELEASE (+ VENTILATION) = ZONE 0, 1, 2 IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 21

22 Relationship between grade of release and zone Indications i of the frequency of the occurrence and duration may be taken from codes relating to specific industries or applications. Continuous grade release > h Primary grade of release h This rule of thumb is derived from Secondary grade of release 1-10 h API RP 505 & IP 15 Grade of release is dependent solely on the frequency and duration of the release Grade of release is independent of the rate and quantity of the release,the degree of ventilation or characteristics of the fluid (although h these factors determine the hazardous area dimensions) i ) In open air conditions there is a relationship between grade of release and zone to which it gives rise: A continuous grade of release normally leads to a zone 0 A primary grade to zone 1 A secondary grade to zone 2 However grade of release and zone are not synonymous! Poor ventilation may result in a more stringent zone while with high ventilation the converse is true. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 22

23 Release rate IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 23

24 Extent of zone Ventilation IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 24

25 Extent of zone Ventilation IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 25

26 Zone in relationship with grade of release & ventilation Extract of IEC Annex B (informative) allows the determination of the type of zone from the degree and availability of ventilation and the grade of release. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 26

27 Ventilation as per IP 15 CODE Openness An area can be classified in three categories with respect to confinement: An open area (basically no roof/ceiling, no walls and floor made of grating). A sheltered, ed, partially a enclosed, partially a confined area (various combinations o of solid floor, ceiling and walls or equivalent obstructions to natural draft). An enclosed area(building rooms ). The extent of confinement governs the determination of the level of ventilation. Adequate/Inadequate ventilation Adequate ventilation is defined as ventilation sufficient enough to prevent the accumulation of concentrations of flammable gas-air. This will normally be achieved by a uniform ventilation rate of at least 12 volumetric air changes per hour with no stagnant areas. Dilution ventilation Dilution ventilation shall be sufficient to immediately bring the flammable gas concentration below 20% of the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) and keep it so all the time. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 27

28 Ventilation as per IP 15 CODE Ventilation assessment A method allows to assess the type and degree of ventilation for each type of area (open, sheltered or enclosed). The level of ventilation available in a location shall be established in order ode toa allow Zone ecass classification. cato Pressurization Pressurization shall be provided to ensure the protection of a room or building: Containing electrical equipment or other potential sources of ignition and located in a hazardous area where flammable gases or vapours may enter (over pressurisation). Containing sources of release and surrounding by a safe area containing electrical equipment or other potential sources of ignition (under pressurisation). The difference in pressure to be maintained shall be greater or equal to 25 Pa (0.25 mbar). IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 28

29 Determination of the hazard radius 3 methods can be used : o Direct examples limited to common facilities o A point source approach for all situations o A risk based approach for secondary grade release ease equipment e or when the release ease rate is unknown ( hole size and pressure ) Hazard radius depend on : Grade of release - Fluid category- Release pressure- Hole release size The hazard radius is not the result of a fully deterministic approach. It should be regarded as a standard to be used when no better method is available. It is not a substitute for good engineering judgment. The hazard radius does not take into consideration all the actual physical properties of the gas characteristics and conditions of release. Gas dispersion calculations using computer programs can be used (CFD, PHAST.) IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 29

30 Classification of petroleum (based on Flash Points FP) acc IP 15 CLASS = relates to FP & handling temperature For flammable liquids, volatility determines the extent of rapid formation of any release This classification is applicable for the Direct Examples method CATEGORY= indicates to which extent a fluid on release can form a flammable mixture with air. This is a determining factor in the calculation of the hazard radius This classification is required for the Point Source approach method IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 30

31 Determination of the hazard radius Direct examples Many facilities of standard layout & design can be classified directly from typical examples. Codes include typical diagrams such as drilling, workover & wellhead sites, tank storage, road & rail car loading & unloading etc However this approach should only be applied when the facility does not differ significantly from the direct examples in terms of layout, pressure, class of fluids, etc All the individual ancillary items (vents, drainage & sampling points, etc.. ) associated with generic facilities but not shown on the diagrammatic examples should be assessed according to the point source approach. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 31

32 Determination of the hazard radius Point source approach Factors determining the extent of the hazardous area include the vaporising potential of the fluid release, the degree of ventilation and the rate or volume of the release. IP15 code provides typical hazard radii (R1) for standard equipment in relationship with : o Fluid category pressure (100 bar) and diameter for drains & liquid sample points o Vent diameter & vent rate from tank vent for category C fluid o Etc. All the hazard radii given in the tables are provided using the dispersion modelling published in IP calculations in support of IP 15. For process conditions which are different from the ones defined in the tables or for a more accurate value of hazard radius, then specific dispersion calculations using specific characteristics of the fluid and release rate (hole size and pressure) must be carried out. Risk based approach When release rate is unknown, this method proposes to determine an appropriate leak rate size to be used for a secondary release. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 32

37 AREA CLASSIFICATION Who? By those who understand the relevance and significance of properties of flammable materials and who are familiar with the process and the equipment. Preferably there should be a multidisciplinary team (process, safety,operation ) At Total,area classification is under the responsibility of the Safety department. In many companies area classification is carried out by the sole electrical engineer, but normally the latter has not the required competence to identify the sources and grade of release, to know the properties of flammable materials, etc..which are far from the electrotechnical knowledge! The electrical engineer should not be the area classification designer! The electrical engineer is the first user of the hazardous area classification drawings with his colleague the Instrumentation engineer. Soon the mechanical (rotating equipment ) engineer shall be also an user (this is already the case in Europe where the ATEX directive has included in its scope non electrical equipment ). IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 37

38 AREA CLASSIFICATION When? Schedule When the initial i i process and instrumentation i PID and initial i i layout plans are available. Must be revised during the project phase and confirmed before plant start-up. The drawings should be kept up-to-date during the life of the plant to take into account: * New or modified equipment ( frequent in offshore ) * Changes in method or frequency of operations * Changes in installation protection * Experience in operation of the installation * Reclassification as a result of measurements in and around hazardous areas Yet experience has shown that updating of hazard. area classification drawings is an issue! A survey was made in the US in the 90 s with the American O&G and Petrochemical industries and revealed that relatively to area classification documents 20% of designers used just a text description! 20% failed to mention the gas group! 25% (only ) included the recommended T rating (temperature class) for electrical equipment to be installed in the area! The reliability of these documents was assigned a rating of 6 (10 being the highest rating) IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 38

39 CONCLUSION Area classification is a complex exercise requiring an in depth knowledge of: Regulations (Law) which are mandatory and vary from country to country. Applicable standards ( choice to be made ). Codes which shall be applied (choice to be made). Company Specifications which give the Company practices based on experience in addition to standards/codes. Benchmarking with other Operator s practices. Updating of Company specifications ( new regulations, standards/codes d d revision, i feedback, etc ). IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 39

40 CONCLUSION IEC is a standard in its evolutionary stage : As an example IEC is going to be revised in The current draft anticipates to delete all the drawings showing the extent of zone! Considering that area classification is closely related to thermodynamics and fluid dynamics, the ISO may be a more appropriate environment for it to grow as opposed to IEC because electrical engineers have not usually the technical background (gas & physical properties,ventilation til calculations, l etc ). Area classification is definitively not the duty of a single person, just applying equations and finding typical diagrams as found in codes, but a multi-disciplinary job with people familiar with the processes & equipment and operation of the plant. Although many codes have typical figures to orient the shape of the foreseen explosive atmosphere, such figures are not universally applicable because for each facility there are many factors that affect the extent of zone. IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 40

41 CONCLUSION Preparation of hazardous area classification drawings may have an impact on the plot plan involving sometimes modifications of the general arrangement drawings (eg relocation of a substation to avoid to be located in a hazardous area)during the design phase. Careful checking of Ex equipment installed in hazardous areas must be done all along the project phase from Basic Engineering to commissionning (due to modifications) and an ultimate t check during the pre-commissionning i i. Updating of hazardous area drawings must be carried out every time modifications or expansion are brought to the plant (frequent in offshore) with relevant modifications of Ex equipment. Experience has shown that often these updating are not properly done! Training of Operators :safety, electrical, instrumentation, telecom, and rotating equipment engineers/technicians (today for ATEX in Europe, tomorrow for IECEx ) is a MUST IECEx Dubai 20 21/03/2012 P.Leroux 41

GUIDELINE FOR SAFETY IN THE HANDLING OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS September 2007 Replaces the July 2004 edition 1. Purpose Purpose of present Guideline is to specify conditions for the safe handling of flammable

Electrical Classification Using NFPA 70 and NFPA 499 to Classify Hazardous Locations Electrical classifications are established in accordance with the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70, also referred to

Guide to Intrinsically Safe Portable Radios An overview of common IS standards GUIDE TO INTRINSICALLY SAFE PORTABLE RADIOS SUMMARY The development of equipment for explosive atmospheres has evolved over

Making sense of Intrinsic Safety and Intrinsically Safe Tools What is Intrinsically Safe? Intrinsic safety is a protection standard employed in potentially explosive atmospheres. Devices that are certified

JOINT CBA AND SIA GUIDANCE FOR THE STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS IN SEALED PACKAGES IN SPECIFIED EXTERNAL STORAGE AREAS 1 JOINT CBA AND SIA GUIDANCE FOR THE STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS IN SEALED PACKAGES

COMBUSTIBLE DUST EXPLOSIONS Most people would not think that dust made up of ordinary materials such as food could explode, but under certain circumstances it can. On 7 February 2008, a violent explosion

Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detection What is it and How Does it Work? Because every life has a purpose... Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detection Introduction Ultrasonic gas leak detection (UGLD) is a comparatively recent

Confined Spaces General Confined Space Awareness Confined spaces can be found in many industrial settings, from steel mills to paper mills, from shipyards to farms, and from public utilities to the construction

ATEX DIRECTIVE 99/92/EC (ATEX 137) USE The last few years have seen many changes to the regulations that apply to industry: Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX 95): Products. Directive 98/24/EC: Chemical Agents. Directive

Two Documents are used for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and Hazardous Locations: NFPA 499-Recommended Practices for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and Hazardous Locations for Electrical

R.D. 379/2001 Regulations regarding the storage of chemical products and the additional technical instructions for specific products and their categories. This section looks at the main characteristics

BCFC Part 4 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Application: BCFC Part 4 Part 4 provides for the storage, handling, use and processing of flammable liquids and combustible liquids in buildings,, structures

Explosion Prevention Question: Many food and industrial products produced by member companies are dry powders or crystals. If mishandled, some of these products may form an explosive mixture of air and

Description Air Eliminators and Combination Air Eliminator Strainers are designed to provide separation, elimination and prevention of air in piping systems for a variety of installations and conditions.

Hazardous Locations Training If you are involved with projects associated with hazardous locations, which involves the installation or inspection and maintenance of electrical or non-electrical e.g. mechanical;

IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTICE To: Our Valued Customers User safety is a major focus in the design of our products. Following the precautions outlined in this manual will minimize your risk of injury. ITT Goulds

Health & Safety Training Safe work in confined spaces Agenda Introduction What is a confined space? What are the hazards? Safe system of work Emergency arrangements Summary of pre-entry checks Questions

Introduction In general, over 70% of organic dusts are explosible if given an adequate ignition source and appropriate dust/air concentration. Unless the material is combustible and finely divided (generally

Flammable Liquids 29 CFR 1910.106 OSHA s Directorate of Training and Education These materials were developed by OSHA s Directorate of Training and Education and are intended to assist employers, workers,

Ethanol Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Citations This document lists codes and standards typically used for U.S. ethanol vehicle and infrastructure projects. To determine which codes and

Industrial Process Pump Safety Manual IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTICE To: Our Valued Customers User safety is a major focus in the design of our products. Following the precautions outlined in this manual will

Code of Practice for coal seam gas well head emissions detection and reporting Version 2 June 2011 Development of this Code This document has been developed at the request of the Petroleum and Gas Inspectorate

Controlling fire and explosion risks in the workplace A brief guide to the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations Introduction to DSEAR This leaflet provides a brief introduction to

Petroleum (Consolidation) Regulations 2014 Introduction of new Petroleum Regulations On 1 October 2014 the Petroleum (Consolidation) Regulations 2014 are scheduled to come into force. Who do the Regulations

Communication 1756 Design for Natural Gas installations on industrial and commercial premises with respect to hazardous area classification and preparation of risk assessments Founded 1863 Royal Charter

H & S Guidance - Flammable Liquids See also: other pages INTRODUCTION Flammable liquids are liquids with a flashpoint of 55ºC or below and hence includes all liquids that are classified as flammable, highly

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OSHA Changes Introduction This module covers the two primary hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids: explosion and fire. In order to prevent these hazards,

Natural Gas Information Contents What is natural gas Natural Gas Components Physical Properties of Natural Gas Different Forms of Natural Gas The Use of Natural Gas Co-generation System Natural Gas and

Chapter 24 PRECAUTIONS ON TANKER AND TERMINAL DURING CARGO HANDLING This Chapter provides guidance on precautions to be observed by both tanker and shore when cargo handling, ballasting, bunkering, tank

A Code Review for Emergency Generators and Indoor Use of Portable Generators By: the Fire and Life-Safety Group (FLS) Fire Code requires that emergency generators be stationary generators. Therefore, a

A Health and Safety Guideline for Your Workplace What is static electricity? What causes it? How is it hazardous? And, most importantly, how can it be controlled? All of these questions will be answered

Heat Treating Heat Treating is a process that involves heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a controlled manner in order to change the physical properties of the material being heated or cooled.

The Storage of Flammable Liquids in School Laboratories From June 1993 issue of Crucible Volume 24.3 INTRODUCTION This article provides some recommendations for: storing flammable liquids; the quantities

FIRE SAFETY Mr. S. T. Ho Health, Safety and Environment Office This subject is designed to provide basic concepts and knowledge of Fire Safety to course participants. At the end of the course, course participants

STRATEGIC OUTCOMES PRACTICE TECHNICAL ADVISORY BULLETIN January 2010 MOTOR FUEL DISPENSING SAFETY Fire! Not an alarm anyone wants to hear, especially not when the fire is burning at a major fuel source.

Best Practice Hydrogen compression H Safety, explosion protection, systems engineering What you need to know Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless and flavourless gas and therefore cannot be detected with

2016/13 Workplace Management) Regulations 2016 Jerry Mateparae, Governor-General Order in Council At Wellington this 15th day of February 2016 Present: His Excellency the Governor-General in Council These