School of Science and Art (1891)
Wycombe Technical Institute (1920)
High Wycombe College of Technology and Art (1961)
Buckinghamshire College of Higher Education (1975)
Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College (1999)

Buckinghamshire New University, styled bucks new university, is a public university with campuses in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, and Uxbridge, Middlesex. The Vice-Chancellor of the University is Rebecca Bunting,[3] the institution dates from 1891 when it was founded as the School of Science and Art, and has since that date been re-invented variously as the Wycombe Technical Institute, the High Wycombe College of Technology and Art, and the Buckinghamshire College of Higher Education. It was a university college from 1999 until 2007 when it announced that its application for university status had been accepted.

Founded in 1891 as the School of Science and Art,[4] it was initially established with public funds raised from a tax on beer and spirits and set about providing evening classes to residents of High Wycombe and the local area.[5]

After World War I, it was renamed the Wycombe Technical Institute, forging close links with local crafts such as furniture making and cabinetry and helping to provide skills to injured war veterans in order that they might find work in local industries.[5]

Further building took place after World War II, and on 6 May 1963 the new facilities were officially opened by the Minister of Education, Sir Edward Boyle.[5] A new change of name, the High Wycombe College of Technology and Art accompanied this expansion.[5]

Even as late as the 1960s, around 3,000 people worked in the manufacture of furniture in High Wycombe,[6] and 80% of the wooden chairs manufactured in Britain were made there.[7]

In 1975 High Wycombe College of Art and Technology merged with the Newland Park College of Education in Chalfont St Giles, and was renamed the Buckinghamshire College of Higher Education; in the same decade Missenden Abbey, a former Augustinian monastery founded in 1133, was acquired, and in May 1988 it was officially opened as a management centre by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester.[5]

In March 1999 it was awarded University College status by the Government, changing its name once again to Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, around this time the Which University guide described it as a "concrete labyrinth", which was unlikely to be "bringing home architectural awards".[8]

High Wycombe campus in 2004, before construction of the Gateway Building

In 2007 it changed its name again, this time from "Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College" to its current name of "Buckinghamshire New University" ("Bucks") when its application for university status was approved by the Privy Council.[9]

Alternative names such as 'University of Wycombe', 'Wycombe University', 'University of High Wycombe', 'High Wycombe University', 'University of Buckinghamshire' and 'Buckinghamshire Chilterns University' were rejected, the chosen name was swiftly attacked by the University of Buckingham for using the county name.[10] Critics have argued that the 'New' element of the university's name will look out of place in the long-term.

Bucks had ambitious plans to consolidate its divided campuses into a purpose-built site near to Hughenden Park in High Wycombe on land previously owned by CompAir.[citation needed] While these plans fell through, the University changed plans to renovate and enlarge the main campus as well as consolidate both the Wellesbourne and Chalfont campuses onto the High Wycombe site.[citation needed] Additionally new halls of residence have been built at the Hughenden Park site.

In February 2015, Professor Rebecca Bunting was appointed as the new Vice Chancellor and Chief Executive Officer of Buckinghamshire New University, taking over from Professor Ruth Farwell on her retirement.

The University currently consists of two campuses: High Wycombe Campus (previously belonging to the High Wycombe College of Art and Technology), and since 2009 a site in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon, a thriving base for nursing students and applied healthcare research.

In 2008, the University disposed of two existing campuses; the Chalfont Campus (near Little Chalfont) and the Wellesbourne Campus (near Hazlemere).

The University undertook a major development of the High Wycombe Campus with a large structure, known as the Gateway Building, being built onto the front of the existing building, it won a RIBA award in 2010.[11]

A state-of-the-art complex, the Gateway offers a rich mix of commercial-standard facilities, including a sports/events hall, fitness centre and performance lab, dance and drama studios, sound design labs, music recording studios and video production suites, a modern integrated learning resources centre and meeting and conference rooms, it also has green screen facilities and a motion capture system.[12]

Several courses run at the university are rarities in British universities.

The Air Transport with Commercial Pilot Training is a course offering students the opportunity to study for a professional pilot's licence whilst undertaking university studies in areas such as globalization of the air transport industry and health safety and security for airlines and airports.[13] Many former students (including Virgin Atlantic deputy chief pilot David Brooks) have gone on to attain jobs as pilots in flying schools, charter companies and airlines around the world including Susi Air, Cathay Pacific, Qatar, BMI and Ryanair.[14]

Although the Air Transport with Commercial Pilot Training course aims to provide guidance and support to students with the aim of becoming commercial pilots, many students are inspired by various modules of the course and pursue careers in other areas within the air transport industry; in 2009 graduate Antony Coe set up his own business DexFix computer repairs.[15] Following this and in conjunction with his studies in Health safety and security for airlines and airports Antony now provides contract services to the counter terrorism task forces worldwide.

The university offers several other innovative courses such as Music Management and Film and Television Production, the university also offers a course in Animation and Visual Effects, launched in September 2013.[16]

Bucks New University is one of very few universities that has created a degree in Policing; in partnership with territorial Police service Thames Valley Police, Bucks New University is one of only two UK Universities to offer the Foundation Degree in Policing as a pre-entry route into Police careers. The University also hosts a CKP course, which allows applicants into the majority of UK forces.

Bucks New University is one of the leading providers of nursing students in London. Students can choose to follow one of three routes: adult, child and mental health pre-qualifying nursing,[17] the University's Society and Health Faculty offers a range of courses in advanced healthcare; community care and public health; social work and integrated care; psychology; criminal justice and social studies; and applied education.

In November 2013 it was ranked 12th in the UK by the Huffington Post in a list of creative universities,[22] it was also included in a list of the top 14 creative universities in the UK by The Daily Telegraph in December 2013.[23]

Trevor Baylis is a frequent guest lecturer, and was present at a 2004 graduation ceremony and graduate degree show; he received an honorary degree from the University in 2007, and was present at the official opening of the Gateway building in 2010.

1.
University of Buckingham
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The University of Buckingham is a non-profit, private university in the UK and the oldest of the countrys five private universities. It is located in Buckingham, England, and was founded as the University College at Buckingham in 1973 and it was granted university status by royal charter in 1983. When she retired from politics in 1992, Margaret Thatcher became the second chancellor. The universitys finances for teaching operate entirely on student fees and endowments. It has formal charity status as an institution dedicated to the ends of research. Buckingham offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees and doctoral degrees through five schools of study, the university is a member of the Independent Universities Group, created in January 2015 by eight non-profit and for-profit institutions with degree-awarding powers and/or university title. The groups aim is to be “the Russell Group of the alternative sector”, the university is one of the twenty-six English universities with a School of Medicine, i. e. it trains doctors at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Some of the founding academics migrated from the University of Oxford, three London conferences followed which explored this idea. The university was incorporated as the University College of Buckingham in 1976, as of May 2016, it is the only private university in the UK with a royal charter. Its development was influenced by the libertarian Institute of Economic Affairs, in particular, Harry Ferns and Ralph Harris, heads of the Institute. In keeping with its adherence to a philosophy, the universitys foundation-stone was laid by Margaret Thatcher. Near the centre of the town of Buckingham is the riverside campus, prebend House, a recently restored Georgian house, contains parts of the department of Politics and also Economics. On the other side of Hunter Street, on the island, is the Tanlaw Mill, one of the universitys social centres—with the main refectory, the Fitness Centre. Overlooking this site, on the hill above, is the extensive Chandos Building and it also houses the Ian-Fairburn Lecture Theatre, the largest lecture theatre on the river-side site. Adjacent to the Chandos Building, is the Department of Education and this has both a research arm, and also a teacher training faculty. This is opposite the pool and leisure centre. The university has been expanding in recent years and it has acquired a new site on the west side of the river, which will increase the capacity of the river-side campus as a whole. Since 2014, the Chancellor of the University is the Hon. Tessa, the immediate past- Chancellor is Sir Martin Jacomb, Chairman of Canary Wharf Group PLC, and Share PLC, and the director of other companies including Oxford Playhouse Trust

2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

3.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities

4.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards

5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level

6.
High Wycombe
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High Wycombe, often referred to as Wycombe, is a large town in Buckinghamshire, England. It is 29 miles west north west of Charing Cross in London and it is also 17 miles south of the county town of Aylesbury,27 miles southeast of Oxford,23 miles north east of Reading and 9 miles north of Maidenhead. According to the ONS official estimates for 2015, High Wycombe has a population of 124,475, High Wycombe Urban Area, the conurbation of which the town is the largest component, has a population of 133,204. High Wycombe is mostly an area in the Wycombe district. Wycombe is a combination of industrial and market town, with a emphasis on furniture production. There has been a market held in the High Street since at least the Middle Ages, Wycombe appears in the Domesday Book and was noted for having six mills. The town once featured a Roman villa which was excavated three times, most recently in 1954, mosaics and a bathhouse were unearthed at the site on what is now the Rye parkland. High Wycombe was the home of 19th century Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, the existence of a settlement at High Wycombe was first documented as Wicumun in 970. The parish church was consecrated by Wulfstan, the visiting Bishop of Worcester, the town received market borough status in 1222, and built its first moot hall in 1226, with a market hall being built later in 1476. High Wycombe remained a town through Medieval and Tudor times, manufacturing lace. It was also a point on the way from Oxford to London. The paper industry was notable in 17th and 18th century High Wycombe, the Wyes waters were rich in chalk, and therefore ideal for bleaching pulp. The paper industry was soon overtaken by the cloth industry, Wycombes most famous industry, furniture took hold in the 19th century, with furniture factories setting up all over the town. Many terraced workers houses were built to the east and west of town to accommodate those working in the furniture factories, in 1875, it was estimated that there were 4,700 chairs made per day in High Wycombe. Wycombe Museum includes many examples of locally made chairs and information on the local furniture, the towns population grew from 13,000 residents in 1881 to 29,000 in 1928. By the 1920s, many of the areas of Wycombe had decayed into slums. However, some such as St. Marys Street contained beautiful old buildings with fine examples of 18th and 19th century architecture. From 1940 to 1968 High Wycombe was the seat of the RAF Bomber Command

7.
Buckinghamshire
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Development in this region is restricted by the Metropolitan Green Belt. Other large settlements include the county town of Aylesbury, Marlow in the south near the Thames and Princes Risborough in the west near Oxford. Some areas without rail links to London, such as around the old county town of Buckingham. The largest town is Milton Keynes in the northeast, which with the area is administered as a unitary authority separately to the rest of Buckinghamshire. The remainder of the county is administered by Buckinghamshire County Council as a non-metropolitan county, in national elections, Buckinghamshire is considered a reliable supporter of the Conservative Party. A large part of the Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, runs through the south of the county and attracts many walkers, in this area older buildings are often made from local flint and red brick. Chequers, an estate owned by the government, is the country retreat of the incumbent Prime Minister. To the north of the county lies rolling countryside in the Vale of Aylesbury, the Thames forms part of the county’s southwestern boundary. Notable service amenities in the county are Pinewood Film Studios, Dorney rowing lake, many national companies have offices in Milton Keynes. Heavy industry and quarrying is limited, with agriculture predominating after service industries, the name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district of Buccas home. Buccas home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, the county has been so named since about the 12th century, however, the county has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia. Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence, however, some pockets of relative deprivation remain. As a result, most county institutions are now based in the south of the county or Milton Keynes, the county can be split into two sections geographically. The county includes parts of two of the four longest rivers in England, the River Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough so that the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The River Great Ouse rises just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes, the main branch of the Grand Union Canal passes through the county as do its arms to Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover and Buckingham. The canal has been incorporated into the landscaping of Milton Keynes, the southern part of the county is dominated by the Chiltern Hills. The two highest points in Buckinghamshire are Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods at 267 metres above sea level, quarrying has taken place for chalk, clay for brickmaking and gravel and sand in the river valleys. Flint, also extracted from quarries, was used to build older local buildings

8.
Uxbridge
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Uxbridge is a town in west London, England, and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Hillingdon. Fifteen miles west-northwest of Charing Cross, it is one of the metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Uxbridge historically formed part of the parish of Hillingdon in the county of Middlesex, as part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century it expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1955, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It is a significant retail and commercial centre, and is the location of Brunel University, the town is close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire, which is locally the River Colne. Several historical events have taken place in and around the town, the public house at the centre of those events, since renamed the Crown & Treaty, still stands. Uxbridge also houses the Battle of Britain Bunker, from where the air defence of the south-east of England was coordinated during the Battle of Britain. Situated in RAF Uxbridge, the No.11 Group Operations Room within the bunker played a crucial rule during the battle and was used during the D-Day landings. The wards of Uxbridge North and Uxbridge South are used for the election of councillors to Hillingdon Council, the 2011 Census recorded population figures of 12,048 for Uxbridge North and 13,979 for Uxbridge South. The name of the town is derived from Wixans Bridge, which was sited near the bottom of Oxford Road where a road bridge now stands, beside the Swan. The Wixan were a 7th-century Saxon tribe from Lincolnshire who also began to settle in what became Middlesex, anglo-Saxons began to settle and farm in the area of Uxbridge in the 5th century, clearing the dense woodland and remaining there for around 500 years. Two other places in Middlesex bore the name of the Wixan, Uxendon, a now preserved only in the street names of Uxendon Hill and Crescent in Harrow. Archaeologists found Bronze Age remains and medieval remains during the construction of The Chimes shopping centre, Uxbridge is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of the 11th century, but a hundred years later the existing church, St Margarets, was built. The town appears in records from 1107 as Woxbrigge, and became part of the Elthorne Hundred with other settlements in the area. Charles I met with representatives of Parliament at the Crown Inn in Uxbridge in 1645, the town had been chosen as it was located between the Royal headquarters at Oxford and the Parliamentary stronghold of London. The covered market was built in 1788, replacing a building constructed in 1561, in the early 19th century, Uxbridge had an unsavoury reputation, the jurist William Arabin said of its residents They will steal the very teeth out of your mouth as you walk through the streets. For about 200 years most of Londons flour was produced in the Uxbridge area, the Grand Junction Canal opened in 1794, linking Uxbridge with Birmingham. By 1800 Uxbridge had become one of the most important market towns in Middlesex, the development of Uxbridge declined after the opening of the Great Western Railway in 1838, which passed through West Drayton. A branch line to Uxbridge was not built until 1904, harmans Brewery was established in Uxbridge by George Harman in 1763, and moved into its new headquarters in Uxbridge High Street in 1875

9.
Middlesex
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Middlesex is a historic county in south-east England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, the largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest county by area in 1831. The City of London was a county in its own right from the 12th century and was able to exert control over Middlesex. Westminster Abbey dominated most of the financial, judicial and ecclesiastical aspects of the county. As London grew into Middlesex, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the city boundaries into the county, in the 18th and 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End of London. From 1855 the southeast was administered, with sections of Kent and Surrey, the City of London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its own sheriff, lost in 1199. In the interwar years suburban London expanded further, with improvement and expansion of public transport, after the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with high population growth continuing in the outer parts. Since 1965 various areas called Middlesex have been used for cricket, Middlesex was the former postal county of 25 post towns. The name means territory of the middle Saxons and refers to the origin of its inhabitants. The word is formed from the Anglo-Saxon, i. e. Old English, middel, in an 8th-century charter the region is recorded as Middleseaxon and in 704 it is recorded as Middleseaxan. The Saxons derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known, the seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word Saxon, there were settlements in the area of Middlesex that can be traced back thousands of years before the creation of a county. Middlesex was formerly part of the Kingdom of Essex It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being divided into the six hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Hounslow, Ossulstone and Spelthorne. The City of London has been self-governing since the century and became a county in its own right. Middlesex also included Westminster, which also had a degree of autonomy. Of the six hundreds, Ossulstone contained the districts closest to the City of London, during the 17th century it was divided into four divisions, which, along with the Liberty of Westminster, largely took over the administrative functions of the hundred. The divisions were named Finsbury, Holborn, Kensington and Tower, the county had parliamentary representation from the 13th century

10.
Million+
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Million+ is funded by subscriptions from its members, currently 19 UK universities. While all of the institutions are new universities, many have long histories as colleges. Formed in 1997 as the Coalition of Modern Universities, the name was changed in 2004 to the Campaign for Mainstream Universities, in November 2007, the organisation was rebranded with the present name. This name was chosen to reflect the fact that the member institutions educate over a million students, million+ is involved in the political debate about the role and contribution of universities to the economy and society, where it is seen as representing the post-1992 new universities. The group is chaired by Professor David Phoenix, Vice-Chancellor of London South Bank University, the Chief Executive is Pam Tatlow

11.
GuildHE
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The chair is Professor Joy Carter, Vice Chancellor of The University of Winchester. GuildHE is one of the two representative bodies for higher education in the UK. It is a limited by guarantee and a charity. It was founded in the late 1970s as the Standing Conference of Principals, full Members Associate Members Official Website List of members from official website

12.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany

13.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan

14.
Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth
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Edward Charles Gurney Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth Bt CH PC was a British Conservative Party politician and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds. Boyle was born in Kensington, London, the eldest son of Sir Edward Boyle, 2nd Baronet and he was educated at Eton College and graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, in 1949 with a third-class BA in history. From 1942 to 1945, he was a temporary junior administration officer at the Foreign Office and he worked at Bletchley Park in intelligence. Boyle entered Parliament in 1950 as MP for Birmingham Handsworth, a seat he would hold until his retirement in 1970, Boyle was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds in 1970. He was a Trustee of the British Museum from 1970 to 1981 and Chairman of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors, in 1977 he had been due to deliver the Reith Lectures for the BBC. Despite 2 years preparation time, he withdrew with 3 months notice, Boyle died from cancer in Leeds on 28 September 1981, aged 58. He was unmarried and childless and whilst his life became extinct at his death, his baronetcy passed to his brother. On his retirement from parliament in 1970, Boyle was awarded a peerage as Baron Boyle of Handsworth. Boyle was appointed a Companion of Honour on 13 June 1981, flanders and Swann satirically cited Edward Boyles Law, The greater the external pressure, the greater the volume of hot air. The politics of education, Edward Boyle and Anthony Crosland in conversation with Maurice Kogan, ed. M. Kogan, Harmondsworth, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir Edward Boyle

15.
Chalfont St Giles
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Chalfont means chalk spring, in reference to the water carrying capacities of the local terrain. The village has a pond that is fed by the River Misbourne. The Church of England parish church of Saint Giles is of Norman architecture, the Bishop Francis Hare is buried there. In the Domesday Book in 1086 Chalfont St Giles and Chalfont St Peter are listed as separate Manors with different owners and they were separate holdings before the Norman Conquest. During the Great Plague of London in 1665, John Milton retired to Chalfont St Giles, Miltons Cottage still stands in the village, and is open to the public. The inspiration for Paradise Regained is said to have found in this parish from a conversation with a former pupil. In 1887, after an attempt was made to relocate the house to America and rebuild it there, queen Victoria headed the list with a gift of £20, a considerable amount at the time - approximately £2360 as of 2016. The birthplace of J. T. Hearne, one of the greatest bowlers of the 1890s and 1900s, who died there in 1944, the village has also given its name to Chalfont, Pennsylvania, which is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The Chiltern Open Air Museum, located immediately outside the Parish boundary, rescues and re-erects historic buildings which face demolition and its collection includes a cottage from around 1600, and a variety of 19th century buildings, within 45 acres of parkland. In 2009 the village was awarded the European Diploma of the Council of Europe, the village is the closest to Hodgemoor Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The village is twinned with Graft-De Rijp, Netherlands, the local football club is Chalfont Wasps, which was promoted to the Hellenic Football League Premier Division for the 2008–09 season. They play their games at The Nest. Chalfont St Giles has a club, affiliated to the Lawn Tennis Association. The village is home to Oakland Park Golf Club, and nearby to Harewood Downs Golf Club, Chalfont St Giles has been the location of several film and television programmes. It doubled as Walmington-on-Sea in the 1971 film version of Dads Army, John Laurie, one of the main actors, lived in Chalfont St Peter. The Millers Tale episode of the BBC Television drama The Canterbury Tales was filmed in and it was the location for the filming of Episode 6 of Series 3 of Peep Show. The village is mentioned in the series 3 episode of Jeeves and Wooster entitled Bertie Sets Sail. Other films and TV shows filmed in Chalfont St Giles include Hammer House of Horror, The Sweeney, the village is ideal for film production due to its close proximity to Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, and London

16.
Missenden Abbey
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Missenden Abbey was a former Arrouasian monastery, founded in 1133 in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. The abbey was dissolved in 1538, and the church demolished. In 1574 a house, also known as Missenden Abbey, was constructed on the site of the monastic cloisters, the house was altered several times, gaining its current Regency Gothic style at the beginning of the 19th-century. The house was gutted by fire in 1985 and subsequently rebuilt, the abbey of Missenden was founded c.1133, by William de Missenden, the lord of Missenden manor. Two of the foundation charters state there were originally seven canons. This church - thought to have been in Ruisseauville, France - was a house of Arrouaise Abbey. Missenden thus became the home of the first abbey in Buckinghamshire, the Arrouasian canons differed very little from other Augustinians, and sometimes abandoned at an early date the slight distinctions they originally had. The Arrouasian Order never seem to have really a independent order with special privileges. A visit in 1518 by William Atwater, Bishop of Lincoln, found the discipline at the abbey was lax, in 1521, a canon at the abbey was forced to do penance for heresy. In 1530 and 1531 the abbey was visited by John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, who found the abbey in debt, while all of the buildings were in need of repair. The bishop found the abbot, John Fox, to be wholly under the influence of a secular, John Compton, Bishop Longland suspended Abbot Fox, placing the abbey under the control of John Otwell, who would later become abbot himself. The abbey was surrendered for dissolution in 1538, and the church was demolished the same year. The last abbot, John Otwell, subsequently married before dying in 1552, there is no extant plan of the medieval monastery, but a partial reconstruction is possible based on documentary evidence, excavation work and comparisons with other religious houses of the period. The Abbey Church, which was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, was located on the North side of the cloister, running from west to east, excavated stonework suggests that the church was highly decorated, in a romanesque style. The church housed the largest bell in Buckinghamshire, which weighed more than 2.5 tons, the abbey church, of which nothing remains, was located 300yds east of the present building. This building incorporates stonework from the east range of the cloister buildings, excavations conducted in 1983 showed that the abbey church was built in two or three phases, the earliest of which dated from the mid-12th-century. A list of the abbots of Missenden, John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel Like many other former monasteries. Also known as Missenden Abbey, the house was constructed in 1574, on the site of the former cloisters, the house was altered and remodeled in both the 17th and 18th centuries

17.
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
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Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, KG, GCVO, SSI, GCStJ is the youngest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He trained and practiced as an architect until the death of his brother placed him in direct line to inherit his fathers dukedom of Gloucester. He is currently 24th in the line of succession to the British throne, and he is also the senior male line descendant of three British monarchs, Victoria, Edward VII and George V. Prince Richard was born on 26 August 1944 and his father was Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third son of King George V and Queen Mary. His mother was Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, a daughter of the 7th Duke of Buccleuch and he was baptised at the Royal Chapel of All Saints in Windsor Great Park on 20 October 1944 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Gordon Lang. When Richard was four months old, he accompanied his parents to Australia, the family returned to Barnwell Manor in 1947, where Richard was largely raised. At the time of his birth, he was fifth in the line of succession to the throne and second in line to his fathers dukedom, behind his brother, William died in 1972 when the plane he was piloting crashed at Halfpenny Green near Wolverhampton. Richard then became apparent to his fathers dukedom and inherited it two years later upon the death of the first duke. Prince Richards early education took place at home, later, he attended Wellesley House School at Broadstairs and Eton College. In 1963, he matriculated at Magdalene College, Cambridge where he studied Architecture, graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in June 1966, he proceeded as MA in 1971. Later in 1966, straight after university, Prince Richard joined the Offices Development Group in the Ministry of Public Building and he returned to Cambridge in 1967, completing both parts of the Diploma in Architecture degree in June 1969. Upon passing his exams, he became a partner in Hunt Thompson Associates in London. Richard became first in line to his fathers dukedom and had to take on additional family obligations and he resigned his partnership and began representing his cousin, Queen Elizabeth II on royal duties. On 10 June 1974, Prince Richard succeeded to his fathers titles as Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster, the Duke remains particularly interested in architecture and conservation. He was elected as a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1972. He is President of the Society of Architect Artists and he serves as a Commissioner of the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England. The Duke has been Patron of construction charity Construction Youth Trust for many years and has a set of charitable interests. He is Royal Patron of the UK branch of the charity Habitat for Humanity, Royal Patron of the St. Georges Society of New York, and President of The London Society

18.
Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé

19.
CompAir
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CompAir is an engineering and manufacturing company specialising in compressed air and gas systems. It is a division of NYSE-listed Gardner Denver, CompAir was formed when Holman merged with BroomWade to produce an organisation with the resources to compete effectively in world markets. The name of the group was the International Compressed Air Corporation, four years later the name was changed to CompAir. for £1. Alchemy invested £41.4 million to fund a complete restructuring of the loss-making CompAir business, october 2008 Alchemy sold Compair to Gardner Denver for a total of £200.6 million Camborne Holman Projector Holman Climax Male Voice Choir Official website

20.
University technical college
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A university technical college is a type of secondary school in England that is led by a sponsor university. The university supports the development of the UTC, provides professional development opportunities for teachers. The sponsor university appoints the majority of the UTCs governors and key members of staff, UTCs are a type of free school, and they were introduced as part of the Academies Programme. They are funded by the taxpayer, non-selective, free to attend, while this is also true of most academies and free schools, UTCs are collectively distinctive in a number of ways. UTCs all have a university as a lead sponsor, further education colleges, charitable organisations and the private sector may co-sponsor a UTC, however they must also be led by a university. Like studio schools, University Technical Colleges are specifically designed to enroll students aged 14–19, whereas free schools, existing schools cannot convert to become a UTC - all UTCs have to be newly founded schools with no direct transfer intake of pupils. However, the most distinctive element of UTCs is that they have to offer technically oriented courses of study, UTCs must specialise in subjects that require technical and modern equipment, but they also all teach business skills and the use of information and communications technology. UTCs are also supposed to clear routes into higher education or further learning in work. The university technical college programme as a whole is sponsored by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust, Baker Dearings promotion of UTCs is supported by the City and Guilds of London Institute, Edge Foundation, the Gatsby Charitable Foundation and Pearson PLC. There are currently 17 UTCs operating, and more have been approved by the Department for Education and are due to open over the two years. Others have argued that because they offer similar programmes of study, the age intake range of UTCs have also been criticised, with unions arguing that 14 is too early an age for most children to receive such a specialised education. It has also suggested that the technical and vocational aspects of UTCs will create a two-tier education system. Several of the UTCs have closed or converted to other school due to low pupil numbers

21.
Aylesbury
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Aylesbury /ˈeɪəlzbri/ is the county town of Buckinghamshire, England. In 2011, it had a population of 71,977, the town name is of Old English origin. Its first recorded name Æglesburgh is thought to mean Fort of Ægel, since earliest records there have been 57 variations of the name. Excavations in the centre in 1985 found an Iron Age hill fort dating from the early 4th century BC. Aylesbury was a market town in Anglo-Saxon times, the burial place of Saint Osgyth. The Early English parish church of St. Mary has a crypt beneath, once thought to be Anglo-Saxon, it is now recognised as being of the same period as the medieval chapel above. At the Norman conquest, the king took the manor of Aylesbury for himself, in 1450, a religious institution called the Guild of St Mary was founded in Aylesbury by John Kemp, Archbishop of York. Known popularly as the Guild of Our Lady it became a place for local dignitaries. The guild was influential in the outcome of the Wars of the Roses. Its premises at the Chantry in Church Street, Aylesbury, are still there, the plague decimated the population in 1603/4. Aylesbury-born composer, Rutland Boughton, possibly inspired by the statue of John Hampden, bourbon Street in Aylesbury is named after the king. Louiss wife, Marie Josephine of Savoy died at Hartwell in 1810 and is the only French queen to have died on English soil, the town also received international publicity in the 1963 when the culprits responsible for the ] were tried at Aylesbury Crown Court. The robbery took place at Bridego Bridge, a bridge at Ledburn. A notable institution is Aylesbury Grammar School which was founded in 1598, according to the 2011 Census, the religious groupings in Aylesbury were, Christianity, No religion, Islam, Hinduism, Other. 7% of respondents did not state their religion, Aylesbury falls into a notional geographical region known as the South Midlands. In the 2001 census the Aylesbury Urban Area had 69,021 inhabitants by the 2011 census the urban population had grown to 74,748. Distinct whole areas that have a high property price in the town are Bedgrove. Anticipated developments are expected to raise the population of Aylesbury from its current approximation of 75,000 to 100,000 between 2018 and 2023

22.
London Borough of Hillingdon
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The London Borough of Hillingdon is the westernmost borough in Greater London, England which had a population of 273,936 according to the 2011 Census. It was formed from the districts of Hayes and Harlington, Ruislip-Northwood, Uxbridge, today, Hillingdon is home to Heathrow Airport and Brunel University, and is the second largest of the 32 London boroughs by area. Hillingdon Council governs the borough, with its headquarters in the Civic Centre in Uxbridge, for administrative purposes, the borough is split into North and South Hillingdon. The councils involved were unable to decide upon a name, with Keith Joseph suggesting Uxbridge in October 1963. The coat of arms for the London Borough of Hillingdon was granted on 22 March 1965, between 1973 and 1978, the boroughs civic centre was built in Uxbridge. The borough has been twinned with the French town of Mantes-la-Jolie, the twinning programme was reviewed in 2011 and it was suggested that the link with Schleswig be ended owing to a lack of contact between the towns. In December 2011, the borough decided instead to end the link with a second German town, Emden, citing administrative problems. Population grew from 2001–2011 by 11. 5% -4. 4% above the England and Wales mean of 7. 1% - as part of the fastest population-growth area, by comparison Merton and Bromley had growth of 4. 5% and Tower Hamlets had growth of 26. 4%. Households increased from 2001–2011 by 3. 3%, and the number of people per household was 2.7. The borough is governed by a council, known interchangeably by the full name. It is split into wards represented by 65 Conservative and Labour councillors, a cabinet and leader are elected annually. The present leader of the council is Cllr, ray Puddifoot MBE of the Conservative Party. Elections for councillors are held four years. A Mayor is chosen yearly by councillors, the role is largely ceremonial, the present mayor is Councillor George Cooper, who was elected in May 2015. In the London assembly elections, Ealing and Hillingdon Borough form a constituency with one member as there are eleven London-wide members. At the same election in 2012 Conservative mayoral candidate Boris Johnson won the largest share of Hillingdons votes in becoming elected Mayor of London for a second term. The British Governments UK Visas and Immigration has two immigration removal centres, Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre and Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre in Harmondsworth. The borough also includes RAF Northolt and the sites of RAF Eastcote, RAF South Ruislip, RAF West Drayton, RAF Ruislip 4MU, RAF West Ruislip

23.
Little Chalfont
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Little Chalfont is a village and civil parish in Chiltern district in south east Buckinghamshire, England. It is one of a group of villages known collectively as The Chalfonts which also comprises Chalfont St Giles, Little Chalfont is located 15 miles southeast of Aylesbury and 6 miles northwest of Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire. Little Chalfont is a 20th-century creation triggered by the coming of the Metropolitan Railway, a station called Chalfont Road was opened in 1889 at the northernmost point of Chalfont St Giles Parish where the parishes of Amersham, Chenies, and Chalfont St Giles met. At that time, the area was remote from the centres of the villages and towns, and consisted of isolated farms and cottages, for many years, Little Chalfont was split mainly in the Amersham Town Council area, and partly in Chalfont St Giles parish. Following a period of campaigning by residents, the village was awarded separate Parish status in 2007. Most of the new Parish came from Amersham, but a part of Chalfont St Giles was also included. Chalfont & Latimer station in Little Chalfont provides rail access to Central London via the Metropolitan line, there are also many buses to take from various points around the town. These will take you to Amersham, Chesham and many surrounding towns. There are three schools in Little Chalfont, two primary schools (Little Chalfont Primary School, and Chalfont Valley E-ACT Primary Academy, and Dr Challoners High School - a girls grammar school. Little Chalfont Community Library was originally part of the Buckinghamshire County Library Service but is now run as a community library by local volunteers since 2007 and it is one of the most successful community libraries in England. Little Chalfont Farmers Market was launched in September 2009 with the support of the Parish Council, the Farmers Market takes place in the Village Hall car park on the second Saturday of each month. Little Chalfont Nature Park is a 4.6 acre Nature Park with rare MG5 grassland / wildflower meadow and it was purchased for and by the community and opened on 1st June 2016. It is freely open to all year round from dawn until dusk. Little Chalfont Community Association is active and organises the Annual Village Day, Beel House is a 10,194 square feet Grade II listed 16th-century house on the edge of Little Chalfont. Originally owned by the Duke of Buckingham and it was the home of Mary Pennington whose daughter Gulielma Springett married William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania. Later residents include Dirk Bogarde, Ozzy Osbourne Robert Kilroy-Silk, Little Chalfont is part of the Church of England parish of Chenies and Little Chalfont. In 1987, it joined with the parishes of Latimer. The parish church of St Georges is on White Lion Road, St Aidans Roman Catholic church is on Finch Lane

24.
Hazlemere
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Hazlemere is a village and civil parish within Wycombe district in Buckinghamshire, England. It is approximately 2½ miles to the northeast of High Wycombe on the A404 leading to Amersham, the A404 intersects with the B474 at whats known as Hazlemere Crossroads to Penn and Beaconsfield. Hazlemere was at one time a hamlet in the ancient Desborough Hundred. The crossroads at the centre of the village was originally the point of three different parishes, Penn, Hughenden, and Chepping Wycombe. However, in 1987, due to the increase in population. Since then, Hazlemere Parish Council can be credited with many achievements, at the beginning of the 20th Century farming was still the main industry and in Edwardian times a large proportion of the area was devoted to cherry orchards. Brickmaking was carried out at the Old Kiln and at Oakengrove, the First World war depleted Hazlemere of its young men, but in 1919 those returning formed the Workers Social League to improve the neglected village. A prisoner-of-war camp was constructed in the grounds of Hazlemere Park, the village had its own Home Guard platoon and contributed in no small measure to the Spitfire and other funds. After the war, the camp was used as accommodation for up to 94 homeless families who had been victims of the Nazi. The camp was closed by 1956. Hazlemere was faced with many problems after the war ended, not least the pressure to more houses. The largely uncontrolled development exacerbated the already complex local government boundaries and in 1952 a Residents Association was formed to tackle this, the 1960s and 1970s saw a relentless increase in housing. Huge developments took place on the Park, and Brackley, Hill, no provision was made for leisure and it was through the efforts of the Residents and the Community Associations that Hazlemere eventually got its own library and Community Centre in 1976. This was met with huge resistance for many years and was finally abandoned following pressure from The Grange Action Group. In 2012 the majority of the old H7 land known as Widmer Fields was finally purchased by the Grange Area Trust with the help of an interest-free loan

25.
Eden, High Wycombe
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Eden, known more popularly as the Eden Centre, is a shopping and entertainment complex in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire in the south east of England. With a floor area of 850,000 square feet, it is the 32nd largest shopping centre in the United Kingdom and the largest in the surrounding area. The centre has 107 shops, an alley, a cinema, a library, parking for 1,600 cars on site. The complex is part of a regeneration of High Wycombe in a bid to transform the town into a regional shopping destination. The complex includes a new bus station and 48 residential flats, the shopping centre opened on 13 March 2008, the bus station opening earlier in July 2006. Eden attracted one million visitors within two weeks of opening and regularly attracts over 350,000 visitors per week, Eden formed part of a multi-million programme of investment to transform the town. In 1991, the area occupied by Eden was known as the western desert. Before the construction of Eden, the centre of High Wycombe contained two shopping centres, the Octagon Centre and the Chilterns Shopping Centre. The Octagon which opened in the 1970s was dated and was incorporated into the redevelopment, High Wycombe has a population of 120,000 people and the town centre was not much of an attraction, with shops spread out over a large area. A new shopping centre was agreed to rejuvenate the town, the development was known as Western Sector, Project Phoenix and TCR, until the name Eden was announced at the annual meeting of Wycombe District Council on 9 May 2005. This name was recommended by marketing consultants DS Emotion, who had appointed to choose an appropriate name for the development. The new shopping centre would include a new bus station, library, cinema,48 new flats would also be built. The bid for the contract was won by Stannifer, the arm of Multiplex UK. Despite some initial uncertainty when it emerged that Multiplex UK was in financial difficulties related to its project at Wembley Stadium. Construction was scheduled to begin on 5 September, but there was a due to incomplete paperwork. Demolition work started in August, beginning with Iceland, while Eden was being built, the fencing around the site contained vision holes so that visitors could see the progress being made. During construction work for the new shopping centre, car parking in the town was affected, some roads were also closed or partly closed. Eden officially opened on 13 March 2008, free rides on a large ferris wheel named the Wycombe Eye and carnival style celebrations were major parts of the opening ceremony

26.
Pilot licensing and certification
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This includes taking a flying test. The certified pilot can then exercise a specific set of privileges in that nations airspace, in addition, U. S. pilots are certified, not licensed, although the word license is still commonly used informally. Legally, pilot certificates can be revoked by administrative action, whereas licensing requires intervention by the judiciary system, in the United States, pilot certification is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration, a branch of the Department of Transportation. A pilot is certified under the authority of Parts 61 and 141 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, in Canada, licensing is issued by Transport Canada. Pilot licensing began soon after the invention of powered aircraft in 1903, the Aéro-Club de France was founded in 1898 to encourage aerial locomotion. The Royal Aero Club followed in 1901 and the Aero Club of America was established in 1905, however, certificates or ratings from them were not initially mandatory. The Aéro-Club de France began issuing certificates in 1910, although these were awarded retroactively to 7 January 1909, the first certificates were to established pioneers, among them Frenchman Louis Bleriot, Henry and Maurice Farman and the Wright Brothers. The Royal Aero Club in the UK also began the issue of its first certificates in 1910, among the earliest recipients of the first aviation certificates were, J. T. C. British and French certificates were recognized internationally by the FAI, the Aero Club of America began issuing licenses in 1911, although these were not mandatory, and were more for prestige and show. The first recipients were Glenn Curtiss, Frank Purdy Lahm, Louis Paulhan, the requirement for an Aero Club ticket was to ascend in the machine and fly a course of a figure-eight at a given height. Individual states sometimes posed a mandate for a license but it wasnt a Federal cause until 1917, pilots are certificated to fly aircraft at one or more named privilege levels and, at each privilege level, are rated to fly aircraft of specific categories. In the US, privilege levels of pilot certificates are, Student, Sport, Cannot carry more than one passenger, authorized to fly only light-sport aircraft and are limited to daytime flying only. If an individual elects to receive instruction, some of the limitations may be removed. Recreational, May fly aircraft of up to 180 horsepower and 4 seats in the daytime for pleasure only, private, May fly for pleasure or personal business. Private pilots cannot be paid, compensated to fly, or hired by any operator, commercial, Can be paid, compensated to fly, or hired by operators and are required to have higher training standards than private or sport pilots. Flight instructor, Flight instructors are commercial pilots who have trained and can demonstrate various teaching techniques, skills. Airline Transport Pilot, ATPs, as they are called, typically qualify to fly the major airliners of the US transit system, ATPs must qualify with a range of experience and training to be considered for this certificate. Pilot privileges are further broken down into category, class, further endorsements are required for high-performance, complex, or tailwheel-equipped aircraft, as well as for high-altitude operations

27.
Virgin Atlantic
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Virgin Atlantic, a trade name of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited and Virgin Atlantic International Limited, is a British airline with its head office in Crawley, United Kingdom. The airline was established in 1984 as British Atlantic Airways, and was planned by its co-founders Randolph Fields. Soon after changing the name to Virgin Atlantic Airways, Fields sold his shares in the company after disagreements with Sir Richard Branson over the management of the company, the maiden flight from London Gatwick to Newark Liberty International Airport took place on 22 June 1984. The airline along with Virgin Holidays is controlled by a company, Virgin Atlantic Limited. It is administratively separate from other Virgin-branded airlines, the airline also operates flights from Glasgow and seasonal flights from Belfast. Virgin Atlantic aircrafts consist of 3 cabins, Economy, Premium Economy, in 2012, Virgin Atlantic carried 5.4 million passengers, making it the seventh-largest UK airline in terms of passenger volume. In the year to 31 December 2013, it reported a £51 million group pre-tax loss, however, Randolph Fields, an American-born lawyer, and Alan Hellary, a former chief pilot for Laker Airways, set up British Atlantic Airways as a successor to Laker Airways. Fields had the idea for an airline operates between London and the Falkland Islands in June 1982, when the Falklands War had just finished. Fields needed expertise, and contacted Alan Hellary, who had also been thinking about establishing a commercial service to the Falklands. Hellary was in contact with colleagues out of following the collapse of Laker Airways. However, the runway at Port Stanley Airport and the time it would take to improve it made the scheme unviable. Instead, Hellary and Fields tried to secure a licence from Gatwick Airport to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, a three-day inquiry in May 1983 rejected the application after British Airways, British Caledonian, and BAA objected. Hellary and Fields then applied for a licence between Gatwick and Newark, using a 380-seat McDonnell Douglas DC-10, however, faced with the prospect of direct competition from People Express, a post-deregulation no frills discount airline at Newark, they decided to secure more funding before proceeding. Fields met Richard Branson at a party in London during which he proposed a business partnership, after protracted and testy negotiations, Fields agreed to a reduced stake of 25% in the airline and became its first chairman. Following disagreements over operations, Fields agreed to be out for an initial sum of £1 million with further payment on Virgins first dividend. As a result of a High Court action, this payment was received shortly before Fields death in 1997. Part of Richard Bransons approach to business is to succeed within the first year or exit the market and this includes a one-year limit on everything associated with starting up. Virgin Atlantic became profitable within the first 12 months, aided by sister company Virgin Records ability to finance the lease of a secondhand Boeing 747, the firm timed operations to take advantage of a full summer, from June to September, the most profitable period of the year

28.
Susi Air
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PT ASI Pujiastuti Aviation, operating as Susi Air, is a scheduled and charter airline based in Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia. Sixty percent of the airlines operation serves commercial regular routes and pioneer routes while the rest is charter flights, the company currently operates from several main bases across the Indonesian archipelago. Susi Air is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered devastating tsunamis along the Western coast of Sumatra. The two new Cessna Grand Caravans that had just been ordered by Susi Air were very quickly pressed into service transporting equipment, a Susi Air aircraft was the first plane to land in Aceh after the tsunami. During 2005 Susis planes were chartered by NGOs in Aceh, and this third Grand Caravan enabled the company to begin scheduled services out of Medan, capital of North Sumatra. In late 2006 this aircraft was moved to Jayapura, Papua, by the end of 2007 another four Grand Caravans had been added to the fleet along with the addition of two of a further type for the company, the Pilatus Turbo Porter. The ninth Grand Caravan arrived in May continuing the growth of the company. September 2008 saw the arrival of the tenth Grand Caravan, in October the Diamond Star aircraft suffered an engine failure and successfully made a forced landing near Bandung. The first Garmin G1000 cockpit Grand Caravan arrived in April 2009, july 2009 saw the arrival of the first Piaggio Avanti. Susi Air is known within Indonesia for hiring its pilots from overseas, the country has strict rules regarding the amount of foreign professionals any one company can employ. In a news article in 2011 Susi Pujiastuti stated that out of her 179 pilots,175 were from overseas, Susi Air operates charter flights from its 4 main bases in Medan, East Jakarta, Balikpapan and Jayapura. The pilot was forced to make a landing because of a fuel pump failure. The aircrafts propeller gear was damaged after hitting the ground on the grass field. Besides the Pilot, the airplane was carrying two mechanics to fix another Susi Air airplane that had broken down at Nusawiru airport. The committee said that Susi Air should ensure all pilots have sufficient licenses, on 9 September 2011 a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan was destroyed when it crashed in the Pasema District, Indonesia. The airplane was carrying four drums of fuel and some goods from Wamena to a remote airstrip. It failed to arrive at the destination, the wreckage was found in mountainous terrain in the Yahukimo District. The name of the airstrip has been named as Kenyem and Kenyam in Indonesian media and this is the same airstrip which is named Keneyan in the Australian Defence Forces Tactical Airfield Guide of the region

29.
Cathay Pacific
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Cathay Pacific, is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport. The airlines operations and subsidiaries have scheduled passenger and cargo services to 180 destinations in 44 countries worldwide including codeshares, served with a fleet of wide-body aircraft, consisting of Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A350, and Boeing 777 equipment. Its wholly owned subsidiary, Cathay Dragon, operates to 44 destinations in the Asia-Pacific region from its Hong Kong base, in 2010, Cathay Pacific, together with Dragonair, carried nearly 27 million passengers and over 1.8 million tons of cargo and mail. The airline was founded on 24 September 1946 by Australian Sydney H. de Kantzow, Farrell, with each man putting up HK$1 to register the airline. The airline made the worlds first non-stop transpolar flight flying over the North Pole in July 1998, the airline celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006, and as of October 2009, its major shareholders are Swire Pacific and Air China. It is reciprocally one of the shareholders of Air China. Cathay Pacific is the tenth largest airline measured in terms of sales. In 2010, Cathay Pacific became the worlds largest international cargo airline, Cathay Pacific is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance. Cathay Pacifics subsidiary Cathay Dragon is a member of Oneworld. Cathay Pacific was awarded Skytraxs 2014 Airline of the Year, Cathay Pacific has won the Worlds Best Airline award four times. Cathay Pacific was founded as Roy Farrell Export-Import Co, Ltd in Shanghai in January 1946 by Australian Sydney de Kantzow and American Roy Farrell. Both men were ex-air force pilots who had flown the Hump, Farrell purchased the airlines first aircraft, a Douglas DC-3, nicknamed Betsy, in New York on 6 October 1945. The company began freight services in January 1946 with two DC-3s between Australia and China, but the business soon attracted attention from Republic of China government officials. After several instances where the planes were detained by authorities in Shanghai, on 11 May 1946 the company relocated. Farrell and de Kantzow re-registered their business in Hong Kong on 24 September 1946 as Cathay Pacific, each man put up HK$1 to register the airline. They named it Cathay, the ancient name given to China, the Chinese name for the company was not settled on until the 1950s. It comes from a Chinese idiom meaning grand and peaceful state, according to legend, the airlines unique name was conceived by Farrell and some foreign correspondents at the bar of the Manila Hotel. On Cathay Pacifics maiden voyage, Farrell and de Kantzow flew from Hong Kong to Manila, the airline initially flew routes between Hong Kong, Sydney, Manila, Singapore, Shanghai, and Canton, while scheduled service was limited to Bangkok, Manila, and Singapore only

30.
Qatar Airways
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Operating as Qatar Airways, is the state-owned flag carrier of Qatar. Qatar Airways Group employs more than 40,000 people, of whom 24,000 work directly for Qatar Airways, the carrier has been a member of the Oneworld alliance since October 2013, the first Gulf carrier to sign with one of the three airline alliances. Qatar Airways was established on November 22,1993, operations started on January 20,1994, amman was first served in May 1994. In April 1995, the airlines CEO was the Sheikh Hamad Bin Ali Bin Jabor Al Thani who employed a staff of 75, during 1995, two ex-All Nippon Airways Boeing 747s were bought from Boeing. The airline acquired a second-hand Boeing 747SP from Air Mauritius in 1996, Services to Athens, Istanbul, Madras and Tunis were suspended in late 1996, whereas Calcutta and Muscat were removed from the route network in January and September 1997, respectively. Flights to London were launched during 1997, the airline also took delivery of two second-hand 231-seater Airbus A300-600R aircraft on lease from Ansett Worldwide Aviation Services during the year, they replaced two Boeing 747s. The entering of these two A300s into the fleet also marked the introduction of a new logo, a third A300-600R joined the fleet shortly afterwards, also on lease from AWAS. In July 1998 the carrier placed an order with Airbus for six Airbus A320s. The airline took delivery of the first A320 powered by Aero Engines V2500 on lease from SALE in February 1999, a fourth A300-600R on lease from AWAS joined the fleet in April 2000. In October 2000, Qatar Airways ordered an International Aero Engines V2500-powered Airbus A319CJ, the airline became the Airbus A380s ninth customer in 2001 when two aircraft of the type were ordered, plus two options. Also that year, the airline resumed services to Jakarta, in 2002, the government of Qatar withdrew from Gulf Air. In June 2003, a Qatar Airways Airbus A320 was the first aircraft that resumed the services to Iraq when it flew the Doha–Basra route. Also that month, Qatar Airways incorporated its first dedicated aircraft to the fleet. It was an Airbus A300-600R that was converted to freighter in Germany for US$10 million. Also in June 2003, at the Paris Air Show, the placed a order with Airbus valued at US$5.1 billion for two Airbus A321s,14 Airbus A330s and two Airbus A340-600s. The deal included eight A330-200s and six -300s, it also included options for further six A330-300s, the first aircraft were scheduled to enter the fleet in 2004, with the A340-600 slated for delivery in 2006. During the year the airline started serving the Chinese market with the introduction of flights to Shanghai, also in 2003, the carrier expanded its portfolio of destinations with the commencement of services to Manchester in April, Tripoli in November, and Cebu and Singapore in December. During the 2003 Dubai Air Show the airline firmed up a commitment for two Airbus A380s and took options for another two of these aircraft

31.
British Midland International
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British Midland Airways Limited was an airline with its head office in Donington Hall in Castle Donington, close to East Midlands Airport, in the United Kingdom. BMI was a member of Star Alliance from 1 July 2000 until 20 April 2012, BMI was acquired from Lufthansa by International Airlines Group on 20 April 2012, and was integrated into British Airways by 27 October 2012. BMIs subsidiaries Bmibaby and BMI Regional were also purchased, although IAG did not wish to retain either, BMI Regional was sold to Sector Aviation Holdings in May 2012 and continues to operate, whereas Bmibaby closed down in September 2012. British Midland Airways Limited held a Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to passengers, cargo. The airline dates back to 1938, when Captain Roy Harben established Air Schools Limited as a school for training pilots of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Captain Harben had been approached by the Derby Corporation to run a new aerodrome under construction near Burnaston, Sir Kingsley Wood, the Secretary of State for Air, officially opened the aerodrome as Derby Municipal Airport on 17 June 1939. Military flying training continued at the airport throughout the war, Air Schools Limited formed a parent company, Derby Aviation Limited, in 1946, and Harben died the following year of a heart attack. His wife remained the controlling shareholder of the business and asked E. W. Phillips, in 1953, Derby Aviation ceased flying training, following the award of a licence to operate scheduled flights from Burnaston and Wolverhampton to Jersey. Flights in each direction were required to land at Elmdon Airport in Birmingham to allow passengers to clear customs, the first flight was made on 18 July 1953, using a Dragon Rapide. The following year, Wolverhampton Aviation was merged into Derby Aviation, and, in 1955, the company purchased its first Douglas DC-3, International services to Ostend commenced in 1956, and flights carrying holidaymakers from the UK to mainland Europe began as well. The company was contracted by Rolls-Royce to transport aero engines to customers all over the world. In 1959, Derby Aviation formed Derby Airways as its airline business, domestic scheduled flights within the United Kingdom began the same year. The corporate colours of blue and white were adopted at that time, along with the first turboprop aircraft, from this point, Bishop drove the company forward, with domestic and European expansion continuing apace. As a first step, in November 1969, BMA took over Autairs Heathrow–Teesside route, in 1970, BMA entered the jet age with the introduction of three new BAC One-Eleven 500s, followed by an ex-Pan Am Boeing 707–321 in 1971. The former had been intended to be used on European inclusive tour charters while the latter was to be mainly used on transatlantic affinity group charters. All of these were leased to other operators, with none operating for BMA on scheduled or charter services until 1981, on 1 November 1974, BMA began operating between London Gatwick and Belfast, where it replaced the service previously operated by British Caledonian. London–Belfast was BMAs first UK domestic trunk route and the first all-year round route it served in competition with British Airways. BMAs Gatwick debut also made it the only airline at the time to operate scheduled services from all five contemporary London airports – Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Southend and Stansted

32.
Ryanair
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Ryanair Ltd. is an Irish low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted Airports. In 2016, Ryanair was both the largest European airline by scheduled passengers carried, and the busiest international airline by passenger numbers. Ryanair operates over 370 Boeing 737-800 aircraft, with a single 737-700 used primarily as a charter aircraft, the airline has been characterised by its rapid expansion, a result of the deregulation of the aviation industry in Europe in 1997 and the success of its low-cost business model. Ryanairs route network serves 34 countries in Europe, Africa, since its establishment in 1984, Ryanair has grown from a small airline flying the short journey from Waterford to London into Europes largest carrier. As of 2013 including over 1,200 pilots, after the rapidly growing airline went public in 1997, the money raised was used to expand the airline into a pan-European carrier. Revenues have risen from €231 million in 1998, to €1,843 million in 2003, similarly net profits have increased from €48 million to €339 million over the same period. Ryanair was founded in 1984 as Danren Enterprises by Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan and Irish businessman Tony Ryan, in 1986, the company added a second route – flying Dublin–Luton in direct competition with the Aer Lingus / British Airways duopoly for the first time. Under partial EU deregulation, airlines could begin new international intra-EU services, the Irish government at the time refused its approval, to protect Aer Lingus, but Britain, under Margaret Thatchers deregulating Conservative government, approved the service. With two routes and two planes, the airline carried 82,000 passengers in one year. In 1986 the directors of Ryanair took an 85% stake in London European Airways, from 1987 this provided a connection with the Luton Ryanair service onward to Amsterdam, in 1988 London European operated as Ryanair Europe and later began to operate charter services. Ryanair passenger numbers continued to increase, but the airline generally ran at a loss and, Michael OLeary was charged with the task of making the airline profitable. OLeary quickly decided that the key to profitability was low fares, quick turn-around times for aircraft, no frills and no business class, in 1989, a Short Sandringham was operated with Ryanair sponsorship titles but never flew revenue-generating services for the airline. He competed with the airlines by providing a no-frills, low-cost service. Flights were scheduled into regional airports, which offered lower landing and handling charges than larger established international airports, OLeary as Chief Executive took part in a publicity stunt, where he helped out with baggage handling on Ryanair flights at Dublin Airport. By 1995, after the consistent pursuit of its low-cost business model, in 1998, flush with new capital, the airline placed a massive US$2 billion order for 45 new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft. The airline launched its website in 2000, with online booking initially said to be a small, increasingly the online booking contributed to the aim of cutting flight prices by selling directly to passengers and excluding the costs imposed by travel agents. Within a year, the website was handling three-quarters of all bookings, Ryanair launched a new base of operation in Charleroi Airport in 2001. Later that year, the airline ordered 155 new 737-800 aircraft from Boeing at what was believed to be a substantial discount, to be delivered over eight years from 2002 to 2010

33.
Video production
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Video production is the process of creating video by capturing moving images, and creating combinations and reductions of parts of this video in live production and post-production. In most cases the captured video will be recorded on the most current electronic media such as SD cards, in the past footage was captured on video tape, hard disk, or solid state storage. Video tape capture is now obsolete and solid state storage is reserved for just that and it is now distributed digitally in formats such as the Moving Picture Experts Group format, QuickTime, Audio Video Interleave, Windows Media Video, and DivX. It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with images recorded digitally instead of on film stock, practically, video production is the art and service of creating content and delivering a finished video product. This can include production of programs, television commercials, corporate videos, event videos, wedding videos. A video production can range in size, corporate video production covers a wide range of purposes from corporate Communication, Training and Education, videotaping conferences and conventions, products and services, and sales. An on-site editor then creates a video presentation that is shown before the close of the convention. Many associations take advantage of the venue to gather interviews of their principals. Video productions video tape or memory-based recording device or a version from a website video, optical disc, magnetic tape. Two styles of producing video are ENG - Electronic news-gathering and EFP - Electronic field production, Television broadcast productions include television commercials, infomercials, newscasts, entertainment shows, documentaries, news magazines, sitcom and reality shows. They may be distributed by broadcast syndication, Video production can be used at sporting, school, stage, wedding, church, and similar events to provide recordings of the events. Event video production can also be used to broadcast events live to viewers at home such as a conference or concert. Video of live events can be sent by microwave or a truck from the event location to a television studio in order to be broadcast. It differs from types of video production in three ways,1. It augments traditional teaching tools used in educational programs. It may incorporate motion video with sound, computer animations, stills, capture of content may include use of cell phone integrated cameras and extend to commercial high-definition Broadcast quality cameras. The primary purpose of using video in distance education is to improve understanding, webcasting is also being used in education for distance learning projects, one innovative use was the DiveLive programs. For the first time ever, live video and audio was broadcast from an archaeological site to the World Wide Web

34.
Thames Valley Police
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It is one of the largest territorial police forces in England covering 2,200 square miles and a population of over 2.1 million people. The police force consists of 4,244 constables,506 special constables,466 Police Community Support Officers and 2,576 police staff, the force was one of around twenty borough forces that amalgamated with their county police force. These were Buckinghamshire Constabulary, Oxfordshire Constabulary, Berkshire Constabulary, Reading Borough Police, under the Police Act 1964 these five forces were amalgamated on 1 April 1968 to form Thames Valley Constabulary. The incumbent commissioner is Anthony Stansfeld, a Conservative Party candidate elected with 34. 7% of the votes in the first round of voting and 57. 2% of the votes after the second round. The police and crime commissioner is scrutinised by the Thames Valley Police, Thames Valley was previously overseen by a police authority consisting of 19 members, made up of councillors, members from unitary authorities, independents and a magistrate. Following the implementation of the Local Policing Model in April 2011 and these are coterminous with local authority boundaries. These in turn are split into a number of neighbourhoods which are coterminous with parish boundaries and this alignment is to ensure that local policing services are delivered in an accountable manner. Other functions that used to be held at Basic Command Unit level are now delivered at Force Headquarters level using a service approach. These teams consist of officers, community support, special constables and police staff who work to patrol and they use marked vans which read neighbourhood policing on the side rear panel under the Thames Valley police corporate logo. These officers will typically be unarmed and rarely carry taser weapons, the neighbourhood police vans double up as prisoner transport vans when the larger detention van is off-area or busy. However most LPA police vehicles are available to this unit, LPA Response units work out of most major stations in the force area. These officer are often issued with Taser weapons. These officers may be tasked to high crime areas for an increased police presence or to conduct follow up investigations. Both the Neighbourhood Policing Group and Incident Response Unit units all share the LPA standard Vauxhall Astra police car, some rural police offices make use of Vauxhall Antaras as a more effective vehicle. However most divisions with the exception of the Slough, South Oxfordshire and Vale, Thames Valley Police have approximately 52 operational police dogs. The dogs are donated from the RSPCA or public, and are trained at the force headquarters. They usually serve until they are 8 years old, receiving refresher training every year, Thames Valley Police patrols 196 miles of motorways including the M1, M4, M40, A329, A404 and M25, as well as many other A route roads including the busy A43. Thames Valleys Roads Policing Team typically operate a diverse array of vehicles and these may include the Volvo S70 marked vehicles, S80 unmarked and marked Mitsubishi Shogun 4x4

35.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally

36.
HuffPost
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On February 7,2011, AOL acquired the mass market Huffington Post for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. In July 2012, The Huffington Post was ranked #1 on the 15 Most Popular Political Sites list by eBizMBA Rank, Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast. In 2012, The Huffington Post became the first commercially run United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize, the Huffington Post was founded by Arianna Huffington on May 9,2005. It has a community, with over one million comments made on the site each month. Prior to The Huffington Post, Huffington hosted a website called Ariannaonline. com and her first foray into the Internet was a website called Resignation. com, which called for the resignation of President Bill Clinton and was a rallying place for conservatives opposing Clinton. In August 2013, the website banned anonymous comments, in approximately June 2007, the site launched its first local version, HuffPost Chicago. In June 2009, HuffPost New York was launched, followed shortly by HuffPost Denver which launched on September 15,2009, and HuffPost Los Angeles which launched on December 2,2009. In 2011, three new editions were launched, HuffPost San Francisco on July 12, HuffPost Detroit, on November 17. HuffPost Hawaii was launched in collaboration with the investigative reporting. The Huffington Post launched its first international edition, HuffPost Canada, on July 6 of the same year, the Huffington Post UK launched its UK edition. On February 8, another French language edition was launched in the Canadian province of Quebec, on May Day, a U. S. -based Spanish-language edition was launched under the name HuffPost Voces, replacing AOLs Hispanic news platform, AOL Latino. The following month an edition for Spain was announced, as was one for Germany, on September 24, an Italian edition, LHuffington Post, was launched, directed by journalist Lucia Annunziata in collaboration with the media company Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso. On May 6,2013, an edition for Japan was launched with the collaboration of The Asahi Shimbun, with the launch of Al Huffington Post, there is a third francophone edition, this time for the Maghreb area. On October 10, Munich-based Huffington Post Deutschland has been put online in cooperation with the liberal-conservative magazine Focus, in January 2014, Arianna Huffington and Nicolas Berggruen announced the launch of the WorldPost, created in partnership with the Berggruen Institute. Its contributors have included former British prime minister Tony Blair, Google CEO Eric Schmidt, novelist Jonathan Franzen, on January 29,2014, the Brazilian version was launched as Brasil Post, in partnership with Abril Group, the first in Latin America. In September 2014, Huffington Post announced they will launch in Greece, India, and introduce HuffPost Arabi, on August 18,2015, HuffPost Australia was launched. The Huffington Post planned to launch a Chinese version in 2015, due to strict media controls, the content of Chinese version would not include serious news report, only entertainment and lifestyle. In 2011, after its purchase by AOL, The Huffington Post subsumed many of AOLs Voices properties, the Voices brand was expanded in September 2011 with the launch of Gay Voices, a vertical dedicated to LGBT-relevant articles

37.
Trevor Baylis
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Trevor Graham Baylis CBE is an English inventor. He is best known for inventing the wind-up radio, rather than using batteries or external electrical source, the radio is powered by the user winding a crank for several seconds. This stores energy in a spring then drives an electrical generator to operate the radio receiver. He invented it in response to the need to communicate information about AIDS to the people of Africa and he runs Trevor Baylis Brands plc, a company dedicated to helping inventors to develop and protect their ideas and to find a route to market. Trevor Baylis was born on 13 May 1937 to Cecil Archibald Walter Baylis and Gladys Jane Brown in Kilburn and he grew up in Southall, Middlesex, and attended North Primary School and Dormers Wells Secondary Modern School. His first job was in a Soil Mechanics Laboratory in Southall where a day-release arrangement enabled him to study mechanical and structural engineering at a technical college. A keen swimmer, he swam for Great Britain at the age of 15, when he was 20 he started his National Service as a physical training instructor and swam for the Army and Imperial Services during this time. When he left the army he took a job with Purley Pools, initially he worked in a sales role but later in research and development. With money earned from performing as an escape artiste in the Berlin Circus he set up Shotline Steel Swimming Pools. Baylis work as a stunt man made him feel kinship with disabled people through friends whose injuries had ended their performing careers, in 1985 this involvement led him to invent and develop a range of products for the disabled called Orange Aids. In 1991, he saw a programme about the spread of AIDS in Africa. Before the programme had finished he had adjourned to his workshop and assembled the first prototype of his most well-known invention, the original prototype included a small transistor radio, an electric motor from a toy car, and the clockwork mechanism from a music box. He patented the idea and then tried to get it into production, the turning point came when his prototype was featured on the BBC TV programme Tomorrows World in April 1994. With money from investors he formed a company Freeplay Energy and in 1996 the Freeplay radio was awarded the BBC Design Award for Best Product and Best Design. In the same year Baylis met Queen Elizabeth II and Nelson Mandela at a state banquet and he was awarded the 1996 World Vision Award for Development Initiative that year. Baylis filed his first patent in 1992, the original Baygen radios used the windup mainspring design which is no longer in production. In 1999 he received the Pipe Smoker of the Year Award for his invention of the Freeplay radio from the British Pipesmokers Council, which honoured famous pipesmokers. He continues to invent, and in 2001 he completed a 100-mile walk across the Namib Desert demonstrating his electric shoes and their primary goal is to secure licence agreements for inventors, but they also consider starting up new companies around good ideas

38.
Noel Fielding
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Noel Fielding is an English comedian, writer, actor, artist, and musician. Fielding is best known for playing Vince Noir and numerous characters, such as Old Gregg, in The Mighty Boosh. From 2009, he was a captain on BBC Two music/comedy panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks until it was cancelled in 2015. He also writes and appears as the character in Noel Fieldings Luxury Comedy. Fielding portrayed Richmond Avenal in The IT Crowd and he is the founder of the band Loose Tapestries, formed with Kasabians Sergio Pizzorno. Fielding performed regularly as a comedian during the late 1990s. His highly animated stand-up routine included surreal stories, physical comedy, characters, in 2010, Fielding was to perform a solo tour across the country. It was cancelled, however, so he could concentrate on writing The Mighty Boosh film with Julian Barratt, Fielding announced via Twitter that he was too busy to do the tour. In 2015, Fielding told the Guardian that the film was something he talked about writing with Barratt, the album was released in June 2016. In 2010, Fielding took part in Channel 4s Comedy Gala, Fielding is best known for playing the role of Vince Noir, a childlike eccentric, opposite Julian Barratt in the cult comedy series The Mighty Boosh. Fielding met Barratt when he was performing a gig, impressed by Fieldings skill, Barratt offered him a place to perform, and the two went on to form a partnership. Vince can talk to animals, earning him the nickname Mowgli in Flares, Vince is vibrant and flamboyant, contrasting with his friend Howard, who is more like a geography teacher from Leeds. The Mighty Boosh has won the Shockwaves NME Best TV Award three times, in 2007,2008, and 2010 and he also appeared in 1998 sketch show Unnatural Acts. In February 2007, Fielding appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks as a panellist, Fielding also made a short appearance in the film Plunkett & Macleane as a bystander to Robert Carlyles scuffle in a brothel. Fielding appeared on The Charlotte Church Show as a special guest, at Bill Baileys request, Fielding stood in as a team captain for three episodes during Season 21 of Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He also achieved a record for the highest team score ever on the show, when Bailey returned, presenter Simon Amstell made various jokes about Fieldings departure. In 2009, Bailey left the show and Fielding became one of the team captains. According to Neil Gaimans blog, Fielding was scheduled to appear in the film Stardust and he also participated twice with Russell Brand in 2006 and 2007 on the annual quiz show The Big Fat Quiz of the Year

39.
Veronica Carlson
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Veronica Carlson is an English model and actress, famous for her roles in Hammer horror films. Born as Veronica Mary Glazer, Veronica Carlson spent most of her childhood in Germany where her father was stationed and she attended the Thetford Girls School and later, High Wycombe College of Art and Technology, where she studied art and participated in college amateur productions. In her mid-twenties, Veronica played a few parts in films. James Carreras, the boss of Hammer Films, saw one of her photographs in a newspaper and she went on to star in two further Hammer Horror films, Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed and The Horror of Frankenstein. Veronica Carlson went into semi-retirement after marrying and moving to the United States and she now lives in South Carolina with her husband and three children and is a professional painter