Fossil Fuel Traps measure the rate of natural biodegradation of LNAPL pollutants (such as petroleum) by capturing CO₂ emitted from contaminated soil and groundwater. The fossil fuel CO₂ flux is measured over time, providing a time-averaged estimate that accounts for temporal variability at sites.

Web-based NSZD monitoring

Bio-Therm is a web-based model that accounts for NSZD and local soil temperature interactions. Bio-Therm integrates heat transfer processes and the temperature dependence of petroleum biodegradation kinetics (available from microcosm studies) into a quantitative tool.