Tuesday, February 19, 2013

The flap in the last couple of weeks over Jared Diamond’s
publicity for his book, The World Until
Yesterday, and Napoleon Chagnon’s publicity for his book, Noble Savages needs a little context,
which happens to be a specialty of anthropology.

Anthropology is coming off of a year that was described in the leading science journal in these here United States as an annus horribilis. And
you know damn well, that when Americans resort to Latin to describe something,
it’s got to be pretty bad. Of course in
the background we have the perpetual war against the creationists and the
racists, both of whom see anthropology as their enemy.

So we elect a President whose mother was an anthropologist,
and you think that might bode well for the public appreciation of our
field. But we get Florida governor Rick Scott, upset by his daughter’s choice of a major, declaring it to be not the
kind of major we want in Florida. And
shortly thereafter, the big business publications – Kiplinger and Forbes –
publicly branded it as the worst major.
It seems almost as if the Republicans had declared war on anthropology,
along with the creationists and the racists.

Then we have the one-two punch from the guys claiming to be
Joe Science. Jared Diamond pretends to
be an anthropologist, but does things that no competent anthropologist would
do, and interprets other peoples as no competent anthropologist does. That is to say, he soft-pedals the historical context of
other cultures, and imagines them to be stand-ins for his own ancestors. He tells Stephen Colbert that we don’t call
New Guineans “primitive” because it’s politically incorrect, apparently unaware
that we don’t call them “primitive” because the term connotes a false,
ancestral relationship between “them” and “us”.

Napoleon Chagnon is a sadder story, because he is not a
pseudo-anthropologist, but an incompetent anthropologist. Let me be clear about my use of the word
“incompetent”. His methods for
collecting, analyzing and interpreting his data are outside the range of acceptable
anthropological practices. Yes, he saw
the Yanomamo doing nasty things. But
when he concluded from his observations that the Yanomamo are innately and primordially “fierce” he lost
his anthropological credibility, because he had not demonstrated any such thing. He has a right to his views, as creationists
and racists have a right to theirs, but the evidence does not support the
conclusion, which makes it scientifically incompetent.

WTF? His work isn’t
that important to anthropology, except as a methodological counter-example. Why is
it so important to the Times?

Again, some context,
Nicholas Wade once co-wrote a good book on scientific fraud. Judging from his work since then, I am
inclined to attribute its meritorious aspects to his co-author. More recently, Wade has been pushing genetic
determinism as hard as he can from his pulpit at the Times. And you know who his antagonists are going to
be.

Wade’s 2007 book, Before the Dawn, was marketed as a celebration of anthropological genetics. Except that anthropological genetics means something
different to anthropological geneticists than it does to Wade. To anthropological geneticists, it means the
mutual illumination of genetics and anthropology, often using the technology of
the former to study questions framed by the latter. To Nicholas Wade, however, it means that the
Chinese excel at ping-pong because of their genes for it (p. 197).

As a graduate student … I often wished
that there were science writers energized to follow the new insights from
geneticists as closely and rapidly as others reported interpretations of
fragmentary fossils. Well, be careful what you wish for.

And
she continued,

The book also reveals some unpleasant
truths about science writing that currently passes for objective and informed.
Only smugness that one’s sources must be correct because they represent a
scientific elite group having new and exclusive truths about human evolution
makes it possible to write, in 2006, sentences such as “The Australian and New
Guinean branch [of our phylogenetic tree] soon settled into a time warp of
perpetual stagnation."

In other words, the 19th
century idea that in looking at other people we are seeing our ancestors,
against the modern anthropological view that we are seeing people with other histories, is what unites Chagnon’s, Diamond’s, and Wade’s books. It is a false and
outmoded ideology, one that knowledgeable scholars – or, for the sake of
argument, “scientists” - have rejected.

Nicholas Wade,
however, is undeterred. In an interview with the Anthropology News in 2007, he told them , "Anyone who’s
interested in cultural anthropology should escape as quickly as they can from
their cultural anthropology department and go and learn some genetics, which
will be the foundation of cultural anthropology in the future." In other words, he wants to return to the pre-modern era of
anthropology, before E. B. Tylor separated “culture” from “race” or “nature” –
because what we think is cultural is really better studied by geneticists. That was actually a “pro-science” stance a
century ago, but it is by no stretch of the imagination “pro-science”
today. It is decidedly anti-science. It fact it sounds almost as if he is beginning
to believe his own bullshit.

So, let’s see what he
has to say about Napoleon Chagnon this week, throwing the weight of his
reputation in the New York Times around, to balance their recent Chagnon pieces
as 2-1 against anthropology.

He starts off, “What
were our early ancestors really like…?” – a good question, but one to which Napoleon
Chagnon’s work is irrelevant. Bad
start, though, because it means that even now, neither Chagnon nor Wade apparently
understands what the Yanomamo actually tell us about anything.

“One of Dr. Chagnon’s discoveries was that
warriors who had killed a man in battle sired three times more children than
men who had not killed.” Not exactly a
discovery, though; more of an assertion, which was published in Science, and
shown convincingly to be based on a misinterpretation of the data. Chagnon’s
interpretation is that his data have no historical context, and are simply the
Yanomamo doing what is natural – not only for them, but for us as well. Brian Ferguson’s interpretation is universally
taken to be more insightful then Chagnon’s, because it incorporates politics and history.
But neither of the pieces puffing up Chagnon, and publicizing his hatred
of his colleagues, even acknowledges the existence of alternative
interpretations of Chagnon’s work. The problem, simply put, is that Chagnon's statistics were rubbish, because he neglected to include the children of killers who had themselves been killed.

Chagnon's figures on reproductive success did not include dead unokai. The obvious question, in Ferguson's view, was whether the greater reproductive success of unokai was offset by higher mortality. Responding in American Ethnologist, Chagnon calculated the same figures without the headmen and came up with a correlation similar to, although smaller than, his previous figure. But, Chagnon told Science, he “didn't record at the time the status of unokai men who were killed,” which is necessary to respond to Ferguson's second objection. “But from what I know,” he says, “it looks as though [Ferguson's] hypothesis doesn't hold up.”

Here is a translation into scientific terms. Chagnon's apparent statistical conclusion linking killers and babies is bogus because of a flaw in the data, which means that it is invalid to derive the conclusion that Chagnon derived. The best he can do is claim impressionistically that he hopes Ferguson is wrong.

But that defeats the purpose of pretending to be a scientist and doing statistics in the first place.

So now, the best Wade can come
up with is to repeat Chagnon’s claim that he represents science against “the
ideology of his fellow anthropologists.
The general bias in anthropological theory draws heavily from Marxism,
Dr. Chagnon writes.” Kind of makes it
sound as if he’s got a list of names that he wants to give to Senator
McCarthy. Damn commies. (See my previous post for the commies.) The point is that if the ostensible statistical relationships are mirages, then the only people they are going to be able to convince are other cult members. But science is supposed to be able to convince skeptics, not other cult members.

And finally, explains
Wade, the entire field of anthropology is like, totally anti-science, even the
American Anthropological Association. “In
2010 the A.A.A. voted to strip the word 'science' from its long-range mission
plan and focus instead on ‘public understanding.’ Its distaste for science and
its attack on Dr. Chagnon are now an indelible part of its record.”

Sure sounds like the
American Anthropological Association is indelibly anti-science. Actually, though, that "distaste for science" is very delible. How delible is it? Well actually,
that change (to remove the word “science” as a way to emphasize that anthropology
incorporates both scientific and humanistic study, and thus is not limited by
the scope of science) was suggested by a committee, and was rejected by the
membership of the AAA. Wade is wrong,
wrong, wrong. Instrumentally, perniciously, and anti-intellectually.

So on one side you’ve
got the creationists, racists, genetic determinists, the Republican governor of
Florida, Jared Diamond, and Napoleon Chagnon – and on the other side, you’ve
got normative anthropology, and the mother of the President. Which side are you on?

Diamond’s problem is not that he is a dummy, which he manifestly is not. It’s that he has realized that the things he is an expert in are boring, and so he writes about interesting things that he is not an expert in. That can sometimes work. It certainly has worked for his bank account. But he can’t figure out why he hasn’t been acclaimed King of Anthropology by the people doing the work that interests him, and everybody else in the field of anthropology.

The reason is a simple one. With depth of knowledge comes the ability to read critically. My first run-in with him was about 20 years ago, when he was hawking some research that I happened to know far too much about, in particular that it wasn’t so much wrong as fraudulent. We exchanged letters in Nature as the data falsification came to be exposed, but he nevertheless made the fraudulent work the centerpiece of his science bestseller, The Third Chimpanzee.

That convinced me that Diamond is an anti-intellectual, that he thinks he knows more than the experts. Where have we heard that before? Well, from the creationists. From the climate-change deniers. In fact, back in the early 1960s, segregationists were saying in the pages of Science that blacks had not produced any good culture or civilization, in spite of what cultural anthropologists were saying, and various psychologists and biologists added their sober opinions on both sides of the issue. It took the New School anthropologist Stanley Diamond (presumably no relation) to make what should have been an obvious point. Why should anybody give a shit what psychologists or geneticists think about culture or civilization? They are dilettantes in that area.

The expert most qualified to speak in this matter is the competent cultural anthropologist, precisely because [they deal] with the origin and growth of cultural behavior and with the cultural interaction of human groups. Once this plain fact is accepted in the scientific community at large – and it is high time that it was – geneticists and other biological specialists will no longer have to waste their time on this unrewarding problem ...

But anthropology holds a special place among anti-intellectuals, because it has been from its very inception, “a reformer’s science”. That is the concluding thought of effectively the first book on the subject, E. B. Tylor’s Primitive Culture. Nevertheless, a century or so later, the segregationists had developed a unique anti-intellectual slander against anthropology, which they inherited in some measure from the eugenicists decades earlier.

I suspect the eugenicists picked it up from an ever earlier source, the neuroanatomist Grafton Elliot Smith, whose politics weren’t all that bad, but who had an axe to grind against cultural anthropology. You see, Smith believed that “civilization” began in one place, Egypt, and was borrowed or stolen or otherwise adopted elsewhere by imitators and derivatives. Because he was a respected biologist, his ideas got aired, and because they were false and stupid, they were rejected. That didn’t stop him, though, because he knew that, as a real scientist, he was smarter than the so-called experts, who had a different view, “put forth ex cathedra by the majority of modern anthropologists”.

Somehow, there is just something wrong with them dang anthropology perfessers.

The eugenicists picked up this thread, and wove it into the beginnings of a conspiracy theory – Franz Boas had come out against their applied genetics program, and it must have been because of his closed-mindedness, those Hebrews being a stiff-necked race, by their own admission.

But it was the segregationists who took that thread and spun it into a suit – a white one, with a matching hood. The psychologist Henry Garrett, geneticist Ruggles Gates, and their mouthpiece, writer/businessman Carleton Putnam revealed that anthropology had come under the influence of a cabal of Jews and communists, all dovetailing in the person of Franz Boas. It was the commie-Jew-anthropologists who had made the discourse of human diversity political, when it should be dispassionate and apolitical. The scientific segregationists were well financed, from the same funding source as Arthur Jensen, Philippe Rushton, and Thomas Bouchard – the Pioneer Fund. And if you could be objective and scientific about human diversity, you would see the world as they do, ... and reject the civil rights movement.

The idea that anthropology is hidebound in a leftist anti-science conspiracy resurfaced in 2000 in a book called “Taboo” by a writer named Jon Entine. I crossed swords with him after he asked for my comments on his book manuscript and didn’t like the comments I gave him.

And that brings us to this Sunday’s New York Times.

A journalist named Emily Eakin writes a puff piece on Napoleon Chagnon, whose memoir is being published soon. Chagnon is renowned in anthropology as the counter-example of good fieldwork. This is the anthropologist who worked with the Yanomamo, got them angry at one another (by broadly violating their taboos about names of dead relatives in order to collect his genealogical information), armed them (with machetes), and then reified the ensuing violence in his monograph “The Fierce People” – removing history, politics, and his own field methods from his analysis of their violence. It was a great undergraduate read, but it isn’t taken very seriously as scholarship. Why? Because he removed history, politics, and his own field methods from his analysis of their violence.

Like some other fuzzy thinkers in the late 1970s, Chagnon believed the voice of Darwin had spoken to him, and adopted the tenet that only by studying ants could we become better ant-hropologists , and followed E. O. Wilson in trying to reinvent anthropology based on the idea that to do human science properly, you must begin by pretending we aren’t human.

Well, that was a long time ago, and since then, the worst elements of sociobiology have metastasized into evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology is a brilliant coinage, because you don’t need to know much about either psychology or evolution to practice it, which makes evolutionary psychology particularly attractive to morons. But in order to do evolutionary psychology, which has no discernible scholarly standards, you have to begin first by dismissing the field that studies the actual evolution and diversity of humans and their lifeways, namely anthropology. And you do that by the exceedingly judicious citation of things that you agree with, and consequently wish were true.

Second, Margaret Mead was bamboozled, and everything she ever said and did is wrong, as that fine objective scholar Derek Freeman showed. Not true either. The remaining tatters of that argument are disproved by Paul Shankman in the latest issue of Current Anthropology.

And third, anthropologists think there are no human races, because they are fluffy liberals, led by the geneticist Richard Lewontin (and don’t ask about his politics or ancestry)! Actually, Lewontin’s famous 1972 paper on “the apportionment of human diversity” came after well over two decades of biological anthropologists (i.e., from the sciencey end of anthropology) coming to empirically reject the idea that race is a basic biological structure of the human species, while nevertheless studying the actual patterns of human biological diversity. As far as I can tell, the idea that anthropologists believe everyone is the same goes back to a throwaway line in Kurt Vonnegut’s classic 1969 novel “Slaughterhouse-Five”:

I was a student in the Department of Anthropology. At that time, they were teaching that there was absolutely no difference between anybody. They may be teaching that still.
Another thing they taught was that nobody was ridiculous or bad or disgusting.

Probably not a good idea to take that passage at face value. Vonnegut did do graduate work at the University of Chicago in anthropology, but most of the book takes place on the planet Tralfamadore. It’s not really an autobiography.

And as you can tell if you’ve read this far, anthropologists do think some people are ridiculous, bad and disgusting. Top of the list: people who degrade science by using it rhetorically to naturalize social inequality.

Some respectable scholars, like Johan Bolhuis and Kate Clancy, have recently tried to talk some sense into evolutionary psychologists, by suggesting ways to make the field more rigorous. But I don’t think the evolutionary psychologists are listening. The New York Times sought a soundbite from that great anthropologist Steven Pinker, who obliged: “Pinker said that he was troubled by the notion that social scientists should suppress unflattering information about their subjects because it could be exploited by others.”

So here is my point to the evolutionary psychologists and race reifiers. This is bio-politics. What is “sociobiology” for ants is “sociopoliticobiology” for people. And you had better smarten up, because if you are repeating anthropological arguments made first by Nazis and segregationists, then you are indeed political, and you are politically bad - in addition to being anti-science.