This book deals with Bible translation and its development from Antiquity to the Reformation. Taking the Hebrew Masoretic Text of Genesis as Old Testament Vorlage, it examines corresponding verses ...
More

This book deals with Bible translation and its development from Antiquity to the Reformation. Taking the Hebrew Masoretic Text of Genesis as Old Testament Vorlage, it examines corresponding verses from five translations: Septuagint, Vulgate, Luther's Bible, Tyndale and the Authorized Version, and the Dutch State Translation. The context is the challenge mounted by feminist scholarship, particularly those scholars of the ‘second wave’, who have tried and convicted Scripture of androcentricity and misogyny. Translated passages in Genesis 1–4 that deal with the male‐female dynamic are subjected to detailed analysis, tracing linguistic and ideological processes and seeking to determine the extent of interaction between contemporary culture and translation. The degree and development of androcentricity in these passages in both Hebrew and translated texts are likewise taken into account. Each chapter dealing with a specific translation consists of two parts: the historical/cultural background of period and translator(s), particularly with regard to women, and a close exegesis of the verses in question. Results point to the Hebrew text revealing significant androcentricity, with the Septuagint, possibly influenced by Greek philosophy, emphasizing the patriarchal elements. This trend persists through the Vulgate and even Luther's Bible — though less so in the English and Dutch versions — and suggests that the translators must be at least partly responsible for an androcentric text becoming the justification for the oppression of women. Each section dealing with textual analysis is sub‐divided into the same groups of verses: male and female (1:26–28), man (2:7,9,15–17), woman (2:18–25), seeing (3:1–13), consequences (3:14–24), generation (4:1–2,17,25).Less

Gender Issues in Ancient and Reformation Translations of Genesis 1-4

Helen Kraus

Published in print: 2011-10-01

This book deals with Bible translation and its development from Antiquity to the Reformation. Taking the Hebrew Masoretic Text of Genesis as Old Testament Vorlage, it examines corresponding verses from five translations: Septuagint, Vulgate, Luther's Bible, Tyndale and the Authorized Version, and the Dutch State Translation. The context is the challenge mounted by feminist scholarship, particularly those scholars of the ‘second wave’, who have tried and convicted Scripture of androcentricity and misogyny. Translated passages in Genesis 1–4 that deal with the male‐female dynamic are subjected to detailed analysis, tracing linguistic and ideological processes and seeking to determine the extent of interaction between contemporary culture and translation. The degree and development of androcentricity in these passages in both Hebrew and translated texts are likewise taken into account. Each chapter dealing with a specific translation consists of two parts: the historical/cultural background of period and translator(s), particularly with regard to women, and a close exegesis of the verses in question. Results point to the Hebrew text revealing significant androcentricity, with the Septuagint, possibly influenced by Greek philosophy, emphasizing the patriarchal elements. This trend persists through the Vulgate and even Luther's Bible — though less so in the English and Dutch versions — and suggests that the translators must be at least partly responsible for an androcentric text becoming the justification for the oppression of women. Each section dealing with textual analysis is sub‐divided into the same groups of verses: male and female (1:26–28), man (2:7,9,15–17), woman (2:18–25), seeing (3:1–13), consequences (3:14–24), generation (4:1–2,17,25).

This chapter on the Dutch permanent representation at Brussels sets out to test the claim that national idiosyncrasies are the key to understanding the functioning of the permanent representations of ...
More

This chapter on the Dutch permanent representation at Brussels sets out to test the claim that national idiosyncrasies are the key to understanding the functioning of the permanent representations of the European Union. The authors find, contrary to this contention, that the features of the Dutch political and administrative system—fragmentation, segmentation, and a lack of central authority—do not produce national arrangements at the European level that are similarly fractured. Indeed, in this important area of policy co-ordination, the machinery put in place by the Netherlands is considerably less idiosyncratic than might have been expected. The different sections of the chapter discuss the organization of the Dutch permanent representation, its personnel, its internal functioning and working methods, its role, its capacity to implement ambitions, and its effectiveness.Less

Dual Loyalties: The Boundary Role of the Dutch Permanent Representation to the EU

Ben SoetendorpRudy B. Andeweg

Published in print: 2001-11-29

This chapter on the Dutch permanent representation at Brussels sets out to test the claim that national idiosyncrasies are the key to understanding the functioning of the permanent representations of the European Union. The authors find, contrary to this contention, that the features of the Dutch political and administrative system—fragmentation, segmentation, and a lack of central authority—do not produce national arrangements at the European level that are similarly fractured. Indeed, in this important area of policy co-ordination, the machinery put in place by the Netherlands is considerably less idiosyncratic than might have been expected. The different sections of the chapter discuss the organization of the Dutch permanent representation, its personnel, its internal functioning and working methods, its role, its capacity to implement ambitions, and its effectiveness.

The momentum of the British industrial revolution arose mostly in regions that were poorly endowed by nature, badly located, and considered backward and poor by contemporaries. This book examines the ...
More

The momentum of the British industrial revolution arose mostly in regions that were poorly endowed by nature, badly located, and considered backward and poor by contemporaries. This book examines the initially surprising contribution made by the population of these and other ‘marginal areas’ (mountains, forests, and marshes) to the economic development of Europe since the Middle Ages. The author provides case studies of periods in which marginal areas took the lead in economic development, such as the Dutch economy in its Golden Age and the British industrial revolution. The traditional perception of the populations inhabiting these regions was that they were poor, backward, and intellectually inferior; but the author shows how they also had certain peculiar qualities which predisposed them to initiate progress. Healthy living, freedom, a martial spirit, and the hardiness to survive in harsh conditions enabled them to contribute a unique pioneering ability to pivotal economic periods, illustrating some of the effects of geography upon the development of societies.Less

Marginal Europe : The Contribution of Marginal Lands since the Middle Ages

Sidney Pollard

Published in print: 1997-05-15

The momentum of the British industrial revolution arose mostly in regions that were poorly endowed by nature, badly located, and considered backward and poor by contemporaries. This book examines the initially surprising contribution made by the population of these and other ‘marginal areas’ (mountains, forests, and marshes) to the economic development of Europe since the Middle Ages. The author provides case studies of periods in which marginal areas took the lead in economic development, such as the Dutch economy in its Golden Age and the British industrial revolution. The traditional perception of the populations inhabiting these regions was that they were poor, backward, and intellectually inferior; but the author shows how they also had certain peculiar qualities which predisposed them to initiate progress. Healthy living, freedom, a martial spirit, and the hardiness to survive in harsh conditions enabled them to contribute a unique pioneering ability to pivotal economic periods, illustrating some of the effects of geography upon the development of societies.

Although Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium are so seemingly alike in their tightly coupled, consociational, and corporatist democratic structures and in the “Bismarckian” origin of their welfare ...
More

Although Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium are so seemingly alike in their tightly coupled, consociational, and corporatist democratic structures and in the “Bismarckian” origin of their welfare states, they have had radically different experiences since the 1970s. While the Netherlands, which appeared in the 1970s and early 1980s to be afflicted with a terminal ‘Dutch disease’, has seemingly been cured, Belgium, with a similar initial profile, has been malingering and Austria has managed to avoid the crises from which the others are recovering. Since all three countries have internationally exposed and hence vulnerable economies as well as policymaking structures with plural veto positions, the success or failure of adjustment policies did depend on the ability of actors to adopt action orientations that emphasize common, rather than separate, interests. The Austrian social partners succeeded in maintaining this ‘encompassing’ perspective throughout the period under study; the Dutch had to relearn it after dismal failures; and in Belgium, the increasing salience of linguistic cleavages added to the difficulty of achieving, and acting on, convergent perceptions and interest definitions.Less

How Small Countries Negotiate Change Twenty‐Five Years of Policy Adjustment in Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium

Anton HemerijckBrigitte UngerJelle Visser

Published in print: 2000-09-07

Although Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium are so seemingly alike in their tightly coupled, consociational, and corporatist democratic structures and in the “Bismarckian” origin of their welfare states, they have had radically different experiences since the 1970s. While the Netherlands, which appeared in the 1970s and early 1980s to be afflicted with a terminal ‘Dutch disease’, has seemingly been cured, Belgium, with a similar initial profile, has been malingering and Austria has managed to avoid the crises from which the others are recovering. Since all three countries have internationally exposed and hence vulnerable economies as well as policymaking structures with plural veto positions, the success or failure of adjustment policies did depend on the ability of actors to adopt action orientations that emphasize common, rather than separate, interests. The Austrian social partners succeeded in maintaining this ‘encompassing’ perspective throughout the period under study; the Dutch had to relearn it after dismal failures; and in Belgium, the increasing salience of linguistic cleavages added to the difficulty of achieving, and acting on, convergent perceptions and interest definitions.

The decentralised nature of the Dutch political system meant not only that the central government of the Dutch Republic was very limited in its powers, but also that there was a certain weakness at ...
More

The decentralised nature of the Dutch political system meant not only that the central government of the Dutch Republic was very limited in its powers, but also that there was a certain weakness at the centre of provincial government. The most prominent organs of central control outside the States themselves were the provincial courts, and here there were some peculiar features, as both these courts served not just Holland but Zeeland as well, thus constituting a very unusual contravention of the normally watertight separation between the two provinces. These courts were partly the lineal descendants of the court of the counts of Holland and Zeeland, and partly a replacement for the Grote Raad (Great Council) at Mechelen as appeal court. The chapter further discusses the Hof van Holland and the Hoge Raad.Less

Provincial Administration and Courts

J. L. Price

Published in print: 1994-03-10

The decentralised nature of the Dutch political system meant not only that the central government of the Dutch Republic was very limited in its powers, but also that there was a certain weakness at the centre of provincial government. The most prominent organs of central control outside the States themselves were the provincial courts, and here there were some peculiar features, as both these courts served not just Holland but Zeeland as well, thus constituting a very unusual contravention of the normally watertight separation between the two provinces. These courts were partly the lineal descendants of the court of the counts of Holland and Zeeland, and partly a replacement for the Grote Raad (Great Council) at Mechelen as appeal court. The chapter further discusses the Hof van Holland and the Hoge Raad.

In 1572, towns in the province of Holland, led by William of Orange, rebelled against the government of the Habsburg Netherlands. The story of the Dutch Revolt is usually told in terms of fractious ...
More

In 1572, towns in the province of Holland, led by William of Orange, rebelled against the government of the Habsburg Netherlands. The story of the Dutch Revolt is usually told in terms of fractious provinces that frustrated Orange's efforts to formulate a coherent programme. In this book James D. Tracy argues that there was a coherent strategy for the war, but that it was set by the towns of Holland. Although the States of Holland was in theory subject to the States General, Holland provided over 60% of the taxes and an even larger share of war loans. Accordingly, funds were directed to securing Holland's borders, and subsequently to extending this protected frontier to neighboring provinces that, like Holland, lay north of the great rivers running east to west. Shielded from the war by its cordon sanitaire, Holland experienced an extraordinary economic boom, allowing taxes and loans to keep flowing. The goal—in sight if not achieved by 1588—was a United Provinces of the north, free and separate from provinces in the southern Netherlands that remained under Spanish rule. With Europe increasingly under the sway of strong hereditary princes, the new Dutch Republic was a beacon of promise for those who still believed that citizens ought to rule themselves.Less

The Founding of the Dutch Republic : War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572-1588

James Tracy

Published in print: 2008-01-24

In 1572, towns in the province of Holland, led by William of Orange, rebelled against the government of the Habsburg Netherlands. The story of the Dutch Revolt is usually told in terms of fractious provinces that frustrated Orange's efforts to formulate a coherent programme. In this book James D. Tracy argues that there was a coherent strategy for the war, but that it was set by the towns of Holland. Although the States of Holland was in theory subject to the States General, Holland provided over 60% of the taxes and an even larger share of war loans. Accordingly, funds were directed to securing Holland's borders, and subsequently to extending this protected frontier to neighboring provinces that, like Holland, lay north of the great rivers running east to west. Shielded from the war by its cordon sanitaire, Holland experienced an extraordinary economic boom, allowing taxes and loans to keep flowing. The goal—in sight if not achieved by 1588—was a United Provinces of the north, free and separate from provinces in the southern Netherlands that remained under Spanish rule. With Europe increasingly under the sway of strong hereditary princes, the new Dutch Republic was a beacon of promise for those who still believed that citizens ought to rule themselves.

The economic and political importance of the Dutch Republic in 17th-century Europe is evident, but while the Dutch economy has received considerable attention in recent years the same cannot be said ...
More

The economic and political importance of the Dutch Republic in 17th-century Europe is evident, but while the Dutch economy has received considerable attention in recent years the same cannot be said for its political system. This book approaches the task of re-interpreting the politics of the Republic in the years of its greatness in three main ways. The centre of attention is the province of Holland as by far the most important member of the Union, but its role in the government of the Republic and particularly the practical problems which arose in its relations with the other provinces are also seen as central issues. The political process is looked at from the ground up, which seems more appropriate to such a decentralized system than a conventional top-down approach. Attention is focused not on the formal and constitutional aspects of the system, but on how it worked in practice.Less

Introduction

J. L. Price

Published in print: 1994-03-10

The economic and political importance of the Dutch Republic in 17th-century Europe is evident, but while the Dutch economy has received considerable attention in recent years the same cannot be said for its political system. This book approaches the task of re-interpreting the politics of the Republic in the years of its greatness in three main ways. The centre of attention is the province of Holland as by far the most important member of the Union, but its role in the government of the Republic and particularly the practical problems which arose in its relations with the other provinces are also seen as central issues. The political process is looked at from the ground up, which seems more appropriate to such a decentralized system than a conventional top-down approach. Attention is focused not on the formal and constitutional aspects of the system, but on how it worked in practice.

This chapter introduces an information-based view of organizations — a model of how people and groups in organizations work with information to accomplish three outcomes: (1) create an identity and a ...
More

This chapter introduces an information-based view of organizations — a model of how people and groups in organizations work with information to accomplish three outcomes: (1) create an identity and a shared context for action and reflection (sense-making), (2) develop new knowledge and new capabilities (knowledge creation), and (3) make decisions that commit resources and capabilities to purposeful action (decision making). The chapter illustrates the dynamic of the organizational knowledge cycle with a discussion of scenario planning at Royal Dutch Shell.Less

THE KNOWING ORGANIZATION

Chun Wei Choo

Published in print: 2005-10-27

This chapter introduces an information-based view of organizations — a model of how people and groups in organizations work with information to accomplish three outcomes: (1) create an identity and a shared context for action and reflection (sense-making), (2) develop new knowledge and new capabilities (knowledge creation), and (3) make decisions that commit resources and capabilities to purposeful action (decision making). The chapter illustrates the dynamic of the organizational knowledge cycle with a discussion of scenario planning at Royal Dutch Shell.

The Dutch system of corporate governance exhibits an interesting combination of the Anglo-Saxon market-outsider system and the German relational-insider system. Various phenomena suggest that the ...
More

The Dutch system of corporate governance exhibits an interesting combination of the Anglo-Saxon market-outsider system and the German relational-insider system. Various phenomena suggest that the degree and locus of power and decision-making is changing within this hybrid Dutch system. Traditional systems of governance are being destabilized and new arrangements are emerging. A ‘western wind’ is blowing, that is, that an ‘Anglo-Saxonization’ of corporate governance and labour management is taking place. This chapter assesses the extent and importance of these changes in the Netherlands. Firstly it describes the framework of the research and the historical background and business structure there. The chapter then outlines the changes in financial structure and corporate governance that are taking place and shows how labour management changes are linked to these shifts. The next section assesses the proposition that ‘Anglo-Saxonization’ of corporate governance is affecting labour management.Less

Corporate Governance and Labour Management in the Netherlands: Getting the Best of Both Worlds?

Erik PoutsmaGeert Braam

Published in print: 2004-10-07

The Dutch system of corporate governance exhibits an interesting combination of the Anglo-Saxon market-outsider system and the German relational-insider system. Various phenomena suggest that the degree and locus of power and decision-making is changing within this hybrid Dutch system. Traditional systems of governance are being destabilized and new arrangements are emerging. A ‘western wind’ is blowing, that is, that an ‘Anglo-Saxonization’ of corporate governance and labour management is taking place. This chapter assesses the extent and importance of these changes in the Netherlands. Firstly it describes the framework of the research and the historical background and business structure there. The chapter then outlines the changes in financial structure and corporate governance that are taking place and shows how labour management changes are linked to these shifts. The next section assesses the proposition that ‘Anglo-Saxonization’ of corporate governance is affecting labour management.

If William of Orange's grand strategy for the Revolt was, as has been argued, frustrated by fractious provinces, wealthy Holland should get the blame. Yet Holland had a rival strategy, more workable ...
More

If William of Orange's grand strategy for the Revolt was, as has been argued, frustrated by fractious provinces, wealthy Holland should get the blame. Yet Holland had a rival strategy, more workable than Orange's. Militarily, the priority was to defend Holland's borders first, and only then extend protection to neighboring towns. The States of Holland kept control of the purse strings (limiting the authority of the States General), and the eighteen towns represented in the provincial parliament managed to preserve consensus on the aims of the war. It was thus a province that gave birth to a nation, the United Provinces; this is why foreigners (not Dutch people) commonly refer to the whole country as “Holland”.Less

Introduction

James D. Tracy

Published in print: 2008-01-24

If William of Orange's grand strategy for the Revolt was, as has been argued, frustrated by fractious provinces, wealthy Holland should get the blame. Yet Holland had a rival strategy, more workable than Orange's. Militarily, the priority was to defend Holland's borders first, and only then extend protection to neighboring towns. The States of Holland kept control of the purse strings (limiting the authority of the States General), and the eighteen towns represented in the provincial parliament managed to preserve consensus on the aims of the war. It was thus a province that gave birth to a nation, the United Provinces; this is why foreigners (not Dutch people) commonly refer to the whole country as “Holland”.