John Brewster Jr. (May 30 or May 31, 1766 – August 13, 1854)[1] was a prolific, Deaf itinerant painter who produced many charming portraits of well-off New England families, especially their children. He lived much of the latter half of his life in Buxton, Maine, USA, recording the faces of much of Maine's elite society of his time.

According to the website of the Fenimore Art Museum in Cooperstown, New York, "Brewster was not an artist who incidentally was Deaf but rather a Deaf artist, one in a long tradition that owes many of its features and achievements to the fact that Deaf people are, as scholars have noted, visual people."[2]

Little is known about Brewster's childhood or youth. He was the third child born in Hampton, Connecticut, to Dr. John and Mary (Durkee) Brewster. His mother died when he was 17. His father remarried Ruth Avery of Brooklyn, Connecticut, and they went on to have four more children.[3]

One of the younger Brewster's "more touching and polished full-length portraits" is of his father and stepmother, according to Ben Genocchio, who wrote a review of an exhibition of Brewster's portraits in the New York Times. They are shown at home in conventional poses and wearing refined but not opulent dress in a modestly furnished room. His mother sits behind her husband, reading while he is writing. "She stares directly at the viewer, though softly, even submissively, while her husband stares off into the distance as if locked in some deep thought."[4]

As a Deaf from birth, and growing up in a time when no standardized sign language for the Deaf existed, the young Brewster probably interacted with few people outside of the circle of his family and friends, with whom he would have learned to communicate.[3] A kindly minister taught him to paint, and by the 1790s he was traveling through Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, and eastern New York State,[2] taking advantage of his family connections to offer his services to the wealthy merchant class.[4]

His younger brother, Dr. Royal Brewster, moved to Buxton, Maine in late 1795. The artist either moved up with him or followed shortly afterward and painted likenesses in and around Portland in between trips back to Connecticut.[3]

James Prince and Son, William Henry (1801) by John Brewster, Jr. Prince was a wealthy merchant from Newburyport, a shipping center in Massachusetts. The painter included numerous expensive luxuries to show Prince as wealthy and a gentleman: Curtains and a fine floor indicated wealth; the bookcase with books and the desk suggest learning. The boy is symbolized as entering world of adults by his holding a letter. (from the collection of the Historical Society of Old Newbury)

Brewster probably communicated with others using pantomime and a small amount of writing. In this way, Brewster managed the business of arranging poses along with negotiating prices and artistic ideas with his sitters. As an itinerant portraitist working in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the United States, he would travel great distances, often staying in unfamiliar places for months at a time.[3]

His Deafness may have given Brewster some advantages in portrait painting, according to the Florence Griswold Museum exhibit web page: "Unable to hear and speak, Brewster focused his energy and ability to capture minute differences in facial expression. He also greatly emphasized the gaze of his sitters, as eye contact was such a critical part of communication among the Deaf. Scientific studies have proven that since Deaf people rely on visual cues for communication [they] can differentiate subtle differences in facial expressions much better than hearing people."[3]

Brewster's early, large portraits show the influence of the work of Ralph Earl (1751–1801), another itinerant painter. Paintings by the two artists (especially in Brewster's early work) show similar scale, costumes, composition and settings, Paul D'Ambrosio has pointed out in a catalog (2005) for a traveling exhibition of Brewster's work,"A Deaf Artist in Early America: The Worlds of John Brewster Jr."[4]

Earl was influenced by the 18th century English "Grand Manner" style of painting, with its dramatic, grand, very rhetorical style (exemplified in many portraits by Thomas Gainsborough and Sir Joshua Reynolds. Earl and Brewster refashioned the style, changing it from lofty and grand to more humble and casual settings.[4]

In the early 19th century, Brewster habitually painted half-length portraits which saved him labor, saved his patrons money and "were better suited to his limited abilities," according to Genocchio. Some of the paintings are almost identical, down to the same clothes and furniture, with only the heads setting them apart.[4]

In 1805 his brother, Dr. Royal Brewster, finished construction of his Federal style house in Buxton, and John Brewster moved in. For the rest of his life, he lived in the home with his brother’s family.[3]

By about 1805, Brewster had his own style of portraying children in full length, with skimpy garments or nightclothes, soft, downy hair and big, cute eyes for a sweet, appealing affect. But the perspective problems remained, with the figures seeming out of scale with their environment.[4]

At about this time the artist also began to sign and date his paintings more frequently. He also moved away from the large-format Grand Manner-influenced style and turned to smaller, more intimate portraits in which he focused more attention on the faces of his subjects.[3]

In the years just before 1817, Brewster traveled farther for clients as his career flourished.[3]

Typical of Brewster's portraits is "Francis O. Watts with Bird" (1805), showing "an innocent looking boy with manly features" wearing a nightslip and holding a bird on his finger and with a string. The surrounding landscape is "strangely low and wildly out of scale—the young boy towers over trees and dwarfs distant mountains. He looks like a giant," Genocchio has written.[4] Or he looks as if the viewer must be lying down, looking up at the child from the ground. Brewster always struggled with the relationship of his figures to the background.[4]

A more positive view of the portrait comes from the Web page about the 2006 exhibit at the Florence Griswold Museum website: "Brewster’s serene and ethereal portrait of Francis O. Watts is one of his most compelling portraits of a child. In this work—particularly Francis’ white dress and the peaceful landscape he inhabits—modern viewers often feel a palpable sense of the silence that was Brewster’s world.

"The bird on the string symbolizes mortality because only after the child’s death could the bird go free, just like the child’s soul. Infant mortality was high during Brewster’s time and artists employed this image often in association with children."[3]

Brewster, at age 51, was by far the oldest in a class of seven students, the average age of which was 19. It was the first class that attended the school and witnessed the birth of American Sign Language (ASL).[3]

When Brewster returned to Buxton and to his portraits, "he seems to have taken more care when painting the faces of his subjects," Genocchio wrote," resulting in portraits that show an increased sensitivity to the characters of his subjects."[4]

After the 1830s, little is known of Brewster's work—or of Brewster. He died in Buxton on August 13, 1854.

Reverend Daniel Marrett (1831). An example of a Brewster portraits from his late career, many of which show great depth and strength of characterization. Marrett’s furrowed brow and chisled features convey the seriousness of his convictions. The paper he holds quotes Amos 4:12, "Prepare to meet thy God." (from the collection of Historic New England/SPNEA)

Brewster "created hauntingly beautiful images of American life during the formative period of the nation," according to a page at the Fenimore Art Museum website devoted to a 2005–2006 exhibition of the artist's work.[2] "Working in a style that emphasized simpler settings [than the "Grand Manner" style], along with broad, flat areas of color, and soft, expressive facial features, Brewster achieved a directness and intensity of vision rarely equaled."

The Fenimore website also says, "His extant portraits show his ability to produce delicate and sensitive likenesses in full-size or miniature, and in oil on canvas or ivory. He was especially successful in capturing childhood innocence in his signature full-length likenesses of young children.[2]

The website says Brewster left "an invaluable record of his era and a priceless artistic legacy."

According to the anonymous writer of the Florence Griswold Museum's web page about the same exhibit, "Brewster’s Deafness may also have shaped his mature portrait style, which centers on his emphasis on the face of his sitters, particularly the gaze. He managed to achieve a penetrating grasp of personality in likenesses that engage the viewer directly. Brewster combined a muted palette that highlights flesh tones with excellent draftsmanship to draw attention to the eyes of his sitters. The importance of direct eye contact to a Deaf person cannot be overstated."[3]

The same writer also says, "Brewster was one of the greatest folk painters in American history as one of the key figures in the Connecticut style of American Folk Portraiture. In addition, Brewster’s paintings serve as a key part of Maine history. Brewster was the most prolific painter of the Maine elite, documenting through the portraits details of the life of Maine’s federal elite."

Genocchio, reviewing the exhibit for the New York Times, took a dimmer view, noting Brewster's difficulty with painting backgrounds but admiring his "sweetly appealing" paintings of children.[4]

"A Deaf Artist in Early America: The Worlds of John Brewster Jr.," Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, New York, April 1 to December 31, 2005; Florence Griswold Museum, Old Lyme, Connecticut, June 3 through September 10, 2006 (Florence Griswold Museum exhibition sponsored in connection with The American School for the Deaf). The show, with some augmentation, was at the American Folk Art Museum, New York City, from October 2006 to January 7, 2007.

The Saco Museum [2] in Saco, Maine, is believed to hold the largest collection of John Brewster, Jr., paintings, including the only known full-length (74 5/8 inches long) adult portraits, Colonel Thomas Cutts and Mrs. Thomas Cutts.

1.
Hampton, Connecticut
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Hampton is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,758 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 25.5 square miles. Hampton is made up of lands originally shared by the towns of Pomfret and it was incorporated from the towns of Pomfret, Brooklyn, Canterbury, Mansfield, and Windham in 1786. The Congregational Church is the second oldest church in the still in use. Also preserved is The House the Women Built, a 2-story building built in 1776 by Sally Bowers, at Clarks Corner there is also a liberty pole dating from 1849. Erected by a resident named Jonathan Clark, it records the distance to Hartford, Hampton Hill Historic District - added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Hemlock Glen Industrial Archeological District - added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, william H. Barnes, jurist John Brewster Jr. deaf, itinerant, prolific painter, was born in town. Royal B. Edwin Way Teale, American naturalist and author and their time at the farm named Trail Wood is chronicled in Teales book A Naturalist Buys an Old Farm. The property is now managed as a nature preserve by the Connecticut Audubon Society, annie Withey, co-founder of Annies Homegrown as well as inventor of Smartfood while living in Hampton with her husband. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,758 people,674 households, the population density was 70.3 people per square mile. There were 695 housing units at a density of 27.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 64% White,0. 23% African American,0. 46% Native American,0. 85% Asian,0. 23% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 76% of the population. 19. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was out with 25. 8% under the age of 18,4. 9% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,28. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $54,464, and the median income for a family was $66,339. Males had an income of $44,688 versus $32,337 for females

2.
Buxton, Maine
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Buxton is a town in York County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 8,034 at the 2010 census. Buxton includes the villages of Salmon Falls/Tory Hill, Chicopee, Groveville, Bar Mills, West Buxton, and Buxton Center. The old town Common is east of Union Falls, which is the location of Skelton Dam, Operated by Central Maine Power, the township was granted by the Massachusetts General Court as Narragansett Number 1 in 1728. It was assigned to Philemon Dane of Ipswich, Massachusetts and 119 other veterans who had fought in King Philips War against the Narragansett Indians in 1675, settlement was attempted in the early 1740s but abandoned because of the ongoing French and Indian Wars. Amos Chase was one of the pioneers of the town, and he was a prominent figure in the area, one of the largest taxpayers, and was the first deacon of the Congregational Church in Pepperellborough. The first schoolhouse in Buxton was established in 1761 by Rev. Silas Moody, Narragansett Number 1 was incorporated in 1772 as Buxton. It was named by its minister, Rev. Paul Coffin for the spa town of Buxton in Derbyshire, England, Buxton, England is often incorrectly cited as the home of his ancestors, but that was Brixton as noted on page 7 of the cited source. Settlers found the land level and suited for farming. Chief crops were corn, potatoes and hay, Buxton also provided excellent water power sites. The first sawmill was on the Little River, a tributary of the Presumpscot River, a gristmill called Bog Mill was built at the outlet of Bonny Eagle Pond. The biggest mills, however, were located at the series of falls on the Saco River, Salmon Falls had sawmills capable of turning out four million feet of lumber annually. Bar Mills had gristmills and a box mill, moderation Falls in West Buxton had sawmills, heading mills and woolen textile mills which produced about 936,000 yards of cloth annually. Buxtons mill town prosperity left behind fine architecture, listed on the National Register of Historic Places are Eldens Store, the Buxton Powder House, the First Congregational Church, Royal Brewster House and Salmon Falls Historic District. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 41.23 square miles. Buxton is drained by Little River and the Saco River, Bonny Eagle Pond is a 211-acre body of water located in the northern part of the town. Buxton borders the towns of Gorham to the northeast, Scarborough and Saco to the southeast, Dayton to the south, Hollis to the west and Standish to the northwest. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,034 people,3,108 households, the population density was 198.3 inhabitants per square mile

3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

4.
Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music

5.
Fenimore Art Museum
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The Fenimore Art Museum is a museum located in Cooperstown, New York. It presents changing and permanent exhibitions of American Folk Art, North American Indian art and artifacts, Hudson River School and 19th-century genre paintings, and American photography. The Museum was moved to its present location — Cooperstown, New York overlooking Lake Otsego — in 1939 due to a gift from Stephen Carlton Clark, much of the American Fine Art Collection was donated by Clark, a generous art connoisseur. The museum also has a deal of material associated with James Fenimore Cooper, Cooperstowns most famous native son. This includes furniture, portraits and paintings, personal effects and books owned by Cooper, as well as manuscripts, the Fenimore Art Museum is closely associated with The Farmers Museum, also in Cooperstown. Fenimore Art Museum, then known as the New York State Historical Association, was founded in 1899 by five New Yorkers interested in promoting a knowledge of the early history of the state. From 1926 until 1939, the Association’s headquarters was in Ticonderoga, in 1939, Stephen Carlton Clark offered the Association a new home in the village of Cooperstown. Clark took an active interest in expanding the holdings and turned over Fenimore House, one of his family’s properties as a new headquarters, the collections and programs continued to expand and a separate library building was constructed in 1968. In 1995, an 18, 000-square-foot wing was added to Fenimore House to hold the Eugene and Clare Thaw Collection, the American paintings in the Fenimore Art Museums collection were largely assembled by Stephen Carlton Clark between 1938 and 1960. Artists represented in the Fenimore Art Museums fine art collection include William Sidney Mount, Thomas Cole, durand, Benjamin West, Gilbert Stuart, and Eastman Johnson. The museum also features a collection of life masks by John Henri Isaac Browere that were cast from the faces of famous Americans, the masks include Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, DeWitt Clinton, and Dolley Madison. The photography collection includes over 120,000 examples with holdings of both professional and amateur photographers from the 19th century, clarks major purchases of private collections such as those of modernist sculptor Elie Nadelman and the pioneering collector and author Jean Lipman form the collections core. Artists include Edward Hicks, William Matthew Prior, Ammi Phillips, Thomas Chambers, John Brewster, Jr. and Eunice Pinney. The museums 20th-century folk art holdings have grown gradually, spurred on by major gifts such as two Grandma Moses landscapes in 1967 and purchases like Ralph Fasanellas Dress Shop in 1983. In recent years, works by 20th-century folk artists Queena Stovall, the American Indian Art Collection contains many artistic objects from American Indian cultures before and after the substantial influx of Europeans to the North American continent. Eugene Thaw, together with his wife Clare, began collecting North American Indian art in 1987 after his retirement as a dealer in Old Master drawings and paintings. The Thaws’ collection initially began with their interest in American flag motifs in Indian art, the Thaws researched their new endeavor thoroughly with visits to American, Canadian, and European collections and built a personal library of books, periodicals, and auction catalogues. Inspired by their personal interest in art, they assembled their Indian Art collection as experienced connoisseurs, from their earliest purchases, the Thaws focused on collecting American Indian material as art, not as cultural, ethnographic, craft, or decorative objects

6.
Cooperstown, New York
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Cooperstown is a village in and county seat of Otsego County, New York, United States. Most of the lies within the town of Otsego. Cooperstown is best known as the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, opened in 1939, the Farmers Museum, the Fenimore Art Museum, Glimmerglass Opera, and the New York State Historical Association are also based here. The population of the village was 1,852 as of the 2010 census, the land amounted to 10,000 acres. William Cooper founded a village on Otsego Lake and his son James Fenimore Cooper grew up in the frontier town. He later became a noted American author with The Leatherstocking Tales, Cooper established the village of Cooperstown in 1786, laid out by surveyor William Ellison. At the time, the area was part of Montgomery County and it was incorporated as the Village of Otsego on April 3,1807. The name was changed to Village of Cooperstown in 1812 after the founder, Cooper was appointed as a county judge in the late 18th century, and was elected to the state assembly from Otsego County. Cooperstown is one of twelve villages in New York still incorporated under a charter. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.6 square miles. The source of the Susquehanna River is in Cooperstown at the outlet of Otsego Lake, blackbird Bay of Otsego Lake is north of the village. The junction of New York State Route 28 and New York State Route 80 was constructed at Cooperstown, the village is also served by County Routes 31 and 33. Climate Cooperstown has a continental climate, with cold, very snowy winters, warm summers. Freezing temperatures have been observed in every month of the year, the record low temperature is −34 °F, set on February 9,1934, and the record high temperature is 99 °F, set on July 9 and 10,1936. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,032 people,906 households, the population density was 1,317.5 people per square mile. There were 1,070 housing units at a density of 693.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 21% White,0. 94% African American,0. 10% Native American,1. 62% Asian,0. 34% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 31% of the population. 41. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.83

7.
Brooklyn, Connecticut
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Brooklyn is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 8,210 at the 2000 census, the town center village is listed by the U. S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The district of East Brooklyn is also listed as a separate census-designated place. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 29.1 square miles. Settled in the late 17th century and incorporated as its own town in 1786 and it is named for the Quinebaug River, or Brook Line, which forms its eastern boundary. Brooklyn held the 1833 trial of Prudence Crandall, a schoolteacher charged with the crime of educating black students, Brooklyn is the final resting place of Revolutionary War General Israel Putnam. Though he was buried in an above ground tomb in Brooklyns South Cemetery. In 1888, a statue of Putnam mounted on a horse was erected, the statue stands slightly south of the town green, in front of the post office. Brooklyn is also home of the Middle School Bobcats and Elementary School Bears, the town historical society operates the Brooklyn Historical Society Museum, which includes the Daniel Putnam Tyler Law Office. Allen Hill Barrett Hill Brooklyn Center Bush Hill East Brooklyn Stetsons Corners Tatnic Hill West Village West Wauregan Brooklyn Green Historic District — Bush Hill Historic District —, residents are served by the Brooklyn School Districts Brooklyn Elementary School and Brooklyn Middle School. Many Brooklyn high school students attend Woodstock Academy, Woodstock was designated as one of Brooklyns high schools since 1987, many Brooklyn high school students attend Killingly High School in Danielson. Some students attend H. H. Ellis Technical High School, as of the census of 2010, there were 8,244 people,3,001 households, and 2,105 families residing in the town. There were 3,247 housing units at a density of 92.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 7% White,2. 9% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 1% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander,1. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4% of the population. 24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 24% under the age of 20,5. 5% from 20 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,36. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40.9 years, the median income as of the 2000 Census for a household in the town was $49,756, and the median income for a family was $60,208. Males had an income of $39,246 versus $28,889 for females

8.
William Brewster (pilgrim)
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William Brewster was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, Brewster, a separatist, became a regular preacher, William Brewster was born in 1568, most probably in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England. He was the son of William Brewster and Mary and he had a number of half-siblings and his paternal grandparents were William Brewster, and Maud Mann. His maternal grandfather was William Smythe and he studied briefly at Peterhouse, Cambridge, before entering the service of William Davison in 1584. Brewster was the only Pilgrim with political and diplomatic experience, with his mentor in prison, Brewster had returned home to Scrooby for a time, where he took up his father’s former position as postmaster. While, earlier in the 16th century, reformers had hoped to amend the Anglican church, by the end of it, many were looking toward splitting from it. On its first attempt, in 1607, the group was arrested at Scotia Creek, in 1609, he was selected as ruling elder of the congregation. William lived near St. Peters church in Leiden with his wife and he taught English to Leiden University students and was also a printer of religious pamphlets. His son, Jonathan, was a ribbonweaver, William was chosen as assistant and later as an elder to Pastor John Robinson. He was still an elder when he travelled to Plymouth Colony in 1620, in Leiden, the group managed to make a living. Brewster taught English and later, in 1616–1619, as the partner of one Thomas Brewer, printed and published books for sale in England. In 1619 Brewster and Edward Winslow published a religious tract critical of the English king, the printing type was seized by the authorities from the English ambassador, Sir Dudley Carleton, and Brewsters partner was arrested. Brewster escaped and, with the help of Robert Cushman and Sir Edwin Sandys, obtained a patent from the London Virginia Company on behalf of himself. With Brewster in hiding, the Separatists looked to their deacon John Carver, in 1620 when it came time for the Mayflower departure, Elder Brewster returned to the Leiden congregation. He had been hiding out in Holland and perhaps even England for the last year, at the time of his return, Brewster was the highest-ranking layperson of the congregation and would be their designated spiritual leader in the New World. Brewster joined the first group of Separatists aboard the Mayflower on the voyage to North America, Brewster was accompanied by his wife, Mary Brewster, and his sons, Love Brewster and Wrestling Brewster. Among the people boarding the Mayflower were four unaccompanied children from Shipton and they were placed as indentured servants with senior Separatists William Brewster, John Carver and Robert Cushman, on behalf of Samuel More, husband of the children’s mother, Katherine More. Two children were placed with William and Mary Brewster, the Mayflower departed Plymouth in England in September 1620

9.
Connecticut General Assembly
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The Connecticut General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It is a body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives. It meets in the capital, Hartford. There are no limits for either chamber. During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May, in odd-numbered years, when the state budget is completed, session lasts from January to June. During the first half of session, the House and Senate typically meet on Wednesdays only, though by the end of the session, they meet daily due to increased workload and deadlines. The three settlements that would become Connecticut were established in 1633, and were governed by the Massachusetts Bay Company under terms of a commission for settlement. Although the magistrates and deputies sat together, they voted separately, the Charter of 1662 changed the name to the General Assembly, while replacing the six magistrates with twelve assistants and reducing the number of deputies per town to no more than two. In 1698, the General Assembly divided itself into its current bicameral form, with the assistants as the Council. The modern form of the General Assembly was incorporated in the 1818 constitution, members of the General Assembly, regardless of chamber, serve two-year terms, there are no term limits imposed on them. The 2017–18 House is made up of 72 Republicans and 79 Democrats, while the 2017–18 Senate has 17 Republicans and 17 Democrats, special elections are scheduled for February 28,2017, to fill the two vacant seats. Political scientists consider the General Assembly to be a part-time, professionally run state legislature, most legislators have jobs aside from their political positions, and aside from leadership, few are present at the Capitol Monday through Friday. All legislators are expected to be present for session, or days when their chambers are in session, the Speaker of the House is Democrat Rep. Brendan Sharkey of Hamden and the President Pro Tempore is Sen. Martin M. Looney of Hamden. The Speaker or one of his Deputies officiates over all House proceedings, while the Lieutenant Governor, legislation is introduced before each chamber by the majority or minority leader. Traditionally, the majority and minority leaders represent urban or large suburban areas, in the current House, the majority leader is Democrat Rep. Joe Aresimowicz of Berlin, the minority leader is Republican Themis Klarides of Derby. In the Senate, the majority leader is Democrat Bob Duff of Norwalk, most of the General Assemblys committee and caucus meetings are held in the modern Legislative Office Building, while the House and Senate sessions are held in the State Capitol. The two buildings are connected via a tunnel known as the Concourse, which stretches underneath an off-ramp of Interstate 84. Most offices for legislators and their aides are also housed in the LOB, each committee has its own office space, with most being located in the LOB

10.
Florence Griswold Museum
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The museum is noted for its collection of American Impressionist paintings. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993, the Museums Robert and Nancy Krible Gallery, featuring 9,500 square feet of exhibit space and sweeping views of the Lieutenant River opened in 2002. In 2001, the Museum acquired the collection of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. The collection included 157 oil paintings,31 works on paper and 2 works of sculpture, the building is now part of the campus of the Florence Griswold Museum. Leading artists of the Old Lyme Art Colony who stayed at the house were Henry Ward Ranger, Edward Charles Volkert, Childe Hassam. U. S. President Woodrow Wilson and his family dined with Miss Florence, I saw a charming house that appeared like a Roman temple among the trees. — Arthur Heming, artist of the Lyme Art Colony The entire first floor has been furnished to reflect its appearance in about 1910, visitors enter through a wide center hall, where an informal gallery displays paintings on grass cloth walls. The hall also contains Colonial and Empire furniture, two bedrooms are off the hallway — Miss Florences bedroom and a guest bedroom. A parlor on the first floor has artists brushes on the mantel, in that room the artist-boarders would present various types of entertainment for each other. The second floor is exhibition space, samuel Belcher, architect of the Old Lyme Congregational Church, designed the late Georgian-style house for William Noyes. The artists who painted on the doors and walls were probably following a tradition imported from hostelries in the French art colonies at Barbizon, Giverny. A total of 41 painted panels are in the downstairs rooms, the house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. In July 2007 the building reopened after a 14-month restoration project, list of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut Florence Griswold Museum Web page

11.
Old Lyme, Connecticut
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Old Lyme is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The Main Street of the town, Lyme Street, is a historic district, the town has long been a popular summer resort and artists colony. The town is named after Lyme Regis, England, the US headquarters of Sennheiser is located in Old Lyme, as is Callaway Cars, the Florence Griswold Museum, the Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts, and the Lyme Art Association. Old Lyme and its neighboring town Lyme are the namesake for Lyme disease, the town of Old Lyme contains several villages, including Black Hall, Laysville, Lyme, Soundview, and South Lyme. The total population of the town was 7,603 at the 2010 census, Old Lyme is a community of about 7,600 permanent residents, in addition to several thousand seasonal vacationers who occupy a seaside community of summer residences. It is located on the east bank of the Connecticut River at its confluence with the Long Island Sound, numerous examples of Colonial and Federal architecture can be found throughout the town. The town of Lyme was set off from Saybrook, which is on the west bank of the river mouth, South Lyme was later incorporated from Lyme in 1855, then renamed Old Lyme in 1857 because it contains the oldest-settled portion of the Lymes. Old Lyme occupies about 27 square miles of shoreline, tidal marsh, inland wetlands and its neighbor to the north is the town of Lyme, and to the east is East Lyme. Other placenames from the root are Hadlyme and South Lyme. The placename Lyme derives from Lyme Regis, a port on the coast of Dorset, England. The picturesque Old Lyme Cemetery contains the graves of the original settlers, the Duck River flows through the cemetery and into the Connecticut River at Watch Rock Park. The Lyme in Lyme disease was named after the town and it was discovered in 1975 after a mysterious outbreak of what appeared to be juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in children who lived in Lyme and Old Lyme. See main page Old Lyme Art Colony The Florence Griswold House in Old Lyme housed an art colony for years in the early 20th century to many prominent American Impressionist painters. The Lyme Art Colony included Childe Hassam, Edward Charles Volkert, Willard Metcalf, Wilson Irvine and these artists made Old Lyme a thriving art community, which still continues today. The Griswold House was transformed into an art museum, the Florence Griswold Museum, or affectionately called Flo Gris, the building of the Old Lyme Congregational Church is known for the many paintings that have been made of it, most notably by Childe Hassam. Bennett Rockshelter Florence Griswold House and Museum —96 Lyme St, Lieutenant River III Site Lieutenant River IV Site Lieutenant River No. served as a U. S. Representative, U. S. Senator, and the 85th Governor of Connecticut. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for President in 1980. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 28.8 square miles, of which 23.1 square miles is land and 5.7 square miles

12.
New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

13.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront

14.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade

15.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days

16.
New York State
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

17.
Newburyport
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Newburyport is a small coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States,35 miles northeast of Boston. The population was 17,416 at the 2010 census, a historic seaport with a vibrant tourism industry, Newburyport includes part of Plum Island. The mooring, winter storage and maintenance of boats, motor and sail. A Coast Guard station oversees boating activity, especially in the tidal currents of the Merrimack River. At the edge of the Newbury Marshes, delineating Newburyport to the south, Newburyport is on a major north-south highway, Interstate 95. The outer circumferential highway of Boston, Interstate 495, passes nearby in Amesbury, the Newburyport Turnpike still traverses Newburyport on its way north. The commuter rail line to Boston ends in a new station at Newburyport, the earlier Boston and Maine Railroad leading further north was discontinued, but a portion of it has been converted into a recreation trail. Newburyport was settled in 1635 as part of Newberry Plantation, now Newbury, on January 28,1764, the General Court of Massachusetts passed An act for erecting part of the town of Newbury into a new town by the name of Newburyport. That that part of the town of Newbury. Be and hereby are constituted and made a separate and distinct town, the act was approved by Governor Francis Bernard on February 4,1764. The new town was the smallest in Massachusetts, covering an area of 647 acres, the town prospered and became a city in 1851. Situated near the mouth of the Merrimack River, it was once a fishing, shipbuilding and shipping center, Merrimack Arms and Brown Manufacturing Company made Southerner Derringer pistols in their Newburyport factory from 1867 to 1873. The captains of old Newburyport had participated vigorously in the trade, importing West Indian molasses. The distilleries were located around Market Square near the waterfront, caldwells Old Newburyport rum was manufactured locally until well into the 19th century. Newburyport had never been comfortable with slavery and it had been a frequent topic of pulpit rhetoric. After the Revolutionary War, abolitionism took a firm hold, several citizens are recognized by the National Park Service for their contributions to the Underground Railroad. The abolitionist movement reached a peak with the activities of William Lloyd Garrison and his statue stands in Brown Square, which was the scene of abolitionist meetings. Newburyport once had a fleet that operated from Georges Bank to the mouth of the Merrimack River

18.
Ralph Earl
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Ralph Earl was an American painter known for his portraits, of which at least 183 can be documented. He also painted six landscapes, including a display of Niagara Falls. Ralph Earl was born in either Shrewsbury or Leicester, Massachusetts, by 1774, he was working in New Haven, Connecticut as a portrait painter. In the autumn of 1774, Earl returned to Leicester, Massachusetts to marry his cousin, a few months later, their daughter was born, however, Earl left them both with Sarahs parents and returned to New Haven. Like so many of the craftsmen, Earl was self-taught. In 1775, Earl visited Lexington and Concord, which were the sites of recent battles in the American Revolution, although his father was a colonel in the Revolutionary army, Earl himself was a Loyalist. Working in collaboration with the engraver Amos Doolittle, Earl drew four battle scenes that were made into pro-Revolutionary propaganda prints, in 1778, he left behind his wife and daughter and escaped to England by disguising himself as the servant of British army captain John Money. In London, he entered the studio of Benjamin West, and painted the king, Earl continued painting portraits in the town of Norwich. He later married Ann Whiteside, an English woman, despite the fact that he had never ended his marriage with Sarah Gates, in 1785 or 1786, Earl returned to the United States with his new wife. After his return to America, he made portraits of Timothy Dwight, Governor Caleb Strong, Roger Sherman and he also painted a large picture of Niagara Falls. In September 1786, while living in New York City, Earl was imprisoned for failing to pay his personal debts, even while in jail, he drew portraits of his visitors, friends, and family of the Society for the Relief of Distressed Debtors. He was released in January 1788, ralphs brother James Earl also was a portrait painter. He died in Bolton, Connecticut, on August 16,1801, alcoholism is believed to be the main cause of death. Earl was also an influence on John Brewster, Jr. Ralph Earl at Find a Grave Portrait of Roger Sherman, circa 1775, early American Paintings, Worcester Art,2005, webpage, WorcArt-EarlR. Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies, ULAN Full Record Display for Ralph Earl. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute, early American Paintings, Worcester Art,2005, webpage, WorcArt-EarlR

19.
Thomas Gainsborough
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Thomas Gainsborough FRSA was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. He surpassed his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds to become the dominant British portraitist of the half of the 18th century. He painted quickly, and the works of his maturity are characterised by a light palette and he preferred landscapes to portraits, and is credited as the originator of the 18th-century British landscape school. Gainsborough was a member of the Royal Academy. He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver and maker of woollen goods, and his wife, the artist spent his childhood at what is now Gainsboroughs House, on Gainsborough Street. The original building survives and is now a dedicated House to his life. Gainsborough was allowed to leave home in 1740 to study art in London and he assisted Francis Hayman in the decoration of the supper boxes at Vauxhall Gardens, and contributed to the decoration of what is now the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. In 1746, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr, a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. The artists work, then consisting of landscape paintings, was not selling well. He returned to Sudbury in 1748–1749 and concentrated on painting portraits, in 1752, he and his family, now including two daughters, moved to Ipswich. Commissions for personal portraits increased, but his clientele included mainly local merchants and he had to borrow against his wifes annuity. The Artists family and Self-Portrait In 1759, Gainsborough and his moved to Bath. There, he studied portraits by van Dyck and was able to attract a fashionable clientele. In 1761, he began to work to the Society of Arts exhibition in London. He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention, the exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy was not a one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings in 1773. In 1774, Gainsborough and his moved to London to live in Schomberg House. A commemorative blue plaque was put on the house in 1951, in 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland

20.
Sir Joshua Reynolds
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Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA was an influential eighteenth-century English painter, specialising in portraits. He promoted the Grand Style in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect and he was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and was knighted by George III in 1769. Reynolds was born in Plympton, Devon, on 16 July 1723 the third son of the Rev. Samuel Reynolds and his father had been a fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, but did not send any of his sons to the university. One of his sisters was Mary Palmer, seven years his senior, author of Devonshire Dialogue, in 1740 she provided £60, half of the premium paid to Thomas Hudson the portrait-painter, for Joshuas pupilage, and nine years later advanced money for his expenses in Italy. His other siblings included Frances Reynolds and Elizabeth Johnson, as a boy, he came under the influence of Zachariah Mudge, whose Platonistic philosophy stayed with him all his life. The work that came to have the most influential impact on Reynolds was Jonathan Richardsons An Essay on the Theory of Painting, having shown an early interest in art, Reynolds was apprenticed in 1740 to the fashionable London portrait painter Thomas Hudson, who had been born in Devon. Hudson had a collection of old master drawings, including some by Guercino, although apprenticed to Hudson for four years, Reynolds only remained with him until summer 1743. Having left Hudson, Reynolds worked for some time as a portrait-painter in Plymouth Dock and he returned to London before the end of 1744, but following his fathers death in late 1745 he shared a house in Plymouth Dock with his sisters. In 1749, Reynolds met Commodore Augustus Keppel, who invited him to join HMS Centurion, of which he had command, while with the ship he visited Lisbon, Cadiz, Algiers, and Minorca. From Minorca he travelled to Livorno in Italy, and then to Rome, while in Rome he suffered a severe cold, which left him partially deaf, and, as a result, he began to carry a small ear trumpet with which he is often pictured. Reynolds travelled homeward overland via Florence, Bologna, Venice, and he was accompanied by Giuseppe Marchi, then aged about 17. Apart from a brief interlude in 1770, Marchi remained in Reynolds employment as an assistant for the rest of the artists career. Following his arrival in England in October 1752, Reynolds spent three months in Devon, before establishing himself in London, where he remained for the rest of his life. He took rooms in St Martins Lane, before moving to Great Newport Street and he achieved success rapidly, and was extremely prolific. In 1760 Reynolds moved into a house, with space to show his works and accommodate his assistants. Alongside ambitious full-length portraits, Reynolds painted large numbers of smaller works, in the late 1750s, at the height of the social season, he received five or six sitters a day, each for an hour. By 1761 Reynolds could command a fee of 80 guineas for a full-length portrait, the clothing of Reynolds sitters was usually painted either by one of his pupils, his studio assistant Giuseppe Marchi, or the specialist drapery painter Peter Toms. Lay figures were used to model the clothes and he had an excellent vantage from his house, Wick House, on Richmond Hill, and painted the view in about 1780

21.
Danbury, Connecticut
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Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, approximately 70 miles from New York City. Danburys population at the 2010 census was 80,893, Danbury is the fourth most populous city in Fairfield County, and seventh among Connecticut cities. The city is within the New York metropolitan area, the city is named for Danbury, England, the place of origin of many of its early settlers. It is nicknamed the Hat City because of its prominent history in the hat industry, the mineral danburite is named for Danbury. Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury Fair Mall, Danbury was settled by colonists in 1685, when eight families moved from what are now Norwalk and Stamford, Connecticut. The Danbury area was then called Pahquioque by its namesake, the Pahquioque Native Americans, one of the original settlers was Samuel Benedict, who bought land from the Paquioques in 1685, along with his brother James Benedict, James Beebe, and Judah Gregory. Also called Paquiack by local Native Americans, the settlers chose the name Swampfield for their town, but in October 1687, the general court appointed a committee to lay out the new towns boundaries. A survey was made in 1693, and a formal patent was granted in 1702. During the American Revolution, Danbury was an important military depot for the Continental Army. On April 26,1777, the British, under Major General William Tryon, the central motto on the seal of the City of Danbury is Restituimus, a reference to the destruction caused by the Loyalist army troops. The American General David Wooster was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ridgefield by the same British forces which had attacked Danbury and he is buried in Danburys Wooster Cemetery, the private Wooster School in Danbury also was named in his honor. It is the first known instance of the expression in American legal or political writing, the letter is on display at the Unitarian-Universalist Congregation of Danbury. The first Danbury Fair was held in 1821, in 1869, it became a yearly event, the last edition was in 1981. The fairgrounds were cleared to make room for the Danbury Fair Mall, in 1835, the Connecticut Legislature granted a rail charter to the Fairfield County Railroad, which saw no construction as investment was slow. In 1850, the plans were scaled back, and renamed the Danbury. Work moved quickly on the 23 mi railroad line, in 1852, it, the first railroad line in Danbury, opened, with two trains making the 75-minute trip to Norwalk. The central part of Danbury was incorporated as a borough in 1822, the borough was reincorporated as the city of Danbury on April 19,1889. The city and town were consolidated on January 1,1965, the dam impounding the Kohanza Reservoir, one of many reservoirs built to provide water to the hat factories, broke on January 31,1869

22.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State

23.
American School for the Deaf
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The American School for the Deaf is the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States. It was founded April 15,1817, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Dr. Mason Cogswell, and Laurent Clerc and became a state-supported school later that year. During the winter of 1818–1819, the American School for the Deaf became the first school of primary and secondary education to receive aid from the government when it was granted $300,000. As a result of its role in American deaf history, it also hosts a museum containing numerous rare. While it is situated on a 54-acre campus, the ASD has a small enrollment — in its history, Dr. Cogswell prevailed upon the young Gallaudet. Gallaudet met young Alice in Hartford, where he was recovering from a chronic illness, Cogswell and nine other citizens decided that the known 84 deaf children in New England needed appropriate facilities. However, competent teachers could not be found, so they sent Gallaudet in 1815 on a tour of Europe, after being rebuffed by the Braidwoods, Gallaudet turned to the Parisian French schoolteachers of the famous school for the Deaf in Paris, where he successfully recruited Laurent Clerc. On the strength of Clercs reputation, the ASD was incorporated as the American Asylum for the Education of Deaf and Dumb Persons, as it was originally known, in May 1816. When it opened in 1817, there were seven students enrolled, Alice Cogswell, George Loring, Wilson Whiton, Abigail Dillingham, Otis Waters, John Brewster, the original name of the school was, The Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons. John Brewster Jr. was a 51-year-old itinerant portrait painter and his son followed in his legacy, establishing Gallaudet University, which followed the ASDs lead and taught students primarily in American Sign Language. It was established in 1964, after a will of the island from ASD trustees Ferrari, there are two sessions, session 1 for ages 8–12 and session 2 for 13-18. In 2004, Americas National Theatre of the Deaf moved its headquarters to the campus of the American School for the Deaf. Edmund Booth helped establish the Iowa School for the Deaf, John Flournoy helped establish the Georgia School for the Deaf

24.
Portraits
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A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person, for this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, nonetheless, many subjects, such as Akhenaten and some other Egyptian pharaohs, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small statues of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in Sumeria between c.2144 -2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality. Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypts Fayum district. These are almost the only paintings from the world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, the art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of a symbol of what that person looked like. In the Europe of the Early Middle Ages representations of individuals are mostly generalized, true portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late Middle Ages, in tomb monuments, donor portraits, miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and then panel paintings. Moche culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits and these works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the elite, priests, warriors. They were represented during several stages of their lives, the faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found, there is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting. One of the portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vincis painting titled Mona Lisa. What has been claimed as the worlds oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the Vilhonneur grotto near Angoulême and is thought to be 27,000 years old. Profile view, full view, and three-quarter view, are three common designations for portraits, each referring to a particular orientation of the head of the individual depicted. Such terms would tend to have greater applicability to two-dimensional artwork such as photography, in the case of three-dimensional artwork, the viewer can usually alter their orientation to the artwork by moving around it

25.
Historic New England
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It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage, by 1920, Director of Museums Harry Vinton Long wrote in his report that the museum’s purpose is to preserve and illustrate the life of New Englanders. Accession records for 1910 list 19 items, the organizations mission statement outlines its goals, We serve the public by preserving and presenting New England heritage. The organization focuses on New England domestic architecture, collections, nylander and now Carl R. Nold serving in that capacity. Phillips is credited with coining the term architectural conservation, Historic New England currently owns and operates 36 house museums and landscapes across five New England states, representing nearly 400 years of architecture. It also owns a collection of more than 100,000 objects of historical and aesthetic significance. The Collections Access Project, which provides Internet-based access to data about many of the collections. A Collections and Conservation Center is located in Haverhill, Massachusetts, while not open to the public, this facility provides for the proper care of collections and access to collections and collections information for curators, students and scholars. Other museums also rent space for storage in this facility. Historic New England also owns the Plum Island Airport, a public general aviation airport located in Newburyport. The airport is located on the property of the historic Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm, donated to the organization in 1971, a traveling exhibition program presents collections and research to the general public, in cooperation with other museums throughout the region. C. During 2010, and an exhibition entitled The Preservation Movement Then and Now. Through a conservation easement program established in the early 1980s, Historic New England holds easements on 97 privately owned New England properties and it works with the owners of these properties to ensure preservation of their character-defining historic features. The balance of the properties were enrolled by current or former owners, endowment funds provide for the monitoring and enforcement of the easements, carried out by a full-time staff dedicated to that purpose. A Historic Homeowner program, available to all for a membership fee, provides information to those who own historic houses of any age, up to. Historic New England is a 501 tax-exempt non-profit organization operating under the direction of a 15-member board of trustees, the following properties are open to the public. Most are open only during the months, and many are open only for limited days on selected weekends. Particularly fragile properties are only a few days each year

26.
Old Sturbridge Village
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Old Sturbridge Village is a living museum located in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, which re-creates life in rural New England during the 1790s through 1830s. It is the largest living museum in New England, covering more than 200 acres, the Village includes 59 antique buildings, three water-powered mills, and a working farm. The museum is a popular tourist and educational field trip destination, costumed interpreters speaking in modern language help visitors understand 19th-century life. Prior to European colonization, the Nipmuck people inhabited the Quinebaug region of which OSV is a part, in the early 19th century, the land on which Old Sturbridge Village now stands was a farm owned by David Wight. The farm included a sawmill, gristmill and a millpond which survives to this day, the millpond, which still powers the mills, was dug in 1795. In 1795, David Wights son went to Boston to conduct business on behalf of his father. While in Boston he bought tickets to the Harvard Lottery, which was set up as a technique for then Harvard College He won $5000. He gave his money to pay off the mortgage on his farm. After the logging was complete, they dug the pond with a team of oxen and this entire process took two and a half years. George Washington Wells started a small shop in Southbridge, Massachusetts. His three sons—Channing M, Albert B, and J Cheney Wells—followed him into the business, which continued to expand, in 1926, AB began to shop for antiques. This influenced Cheney to collect early American timepieces and Channing to collect fine furniture, by the early 1930s AB had more than 45 rooms full of antiques in his Southbridge home. In 1935 AB, along with his brothers, family members and associates, the Museum was given title to the various collections and charged with the care and exhibition of the artifacts. In July 1936 the Museums trustees met to determine how the collections would best be presented to the public, AB wanted to create a small cluster of buildings in a horseshoe around a common. His son George B proposed a revolutionary idea, AB later said of George, He pointed out that the historical value of the things Id been collecting was tremendous, provided that it could be put to proper usage. He suggested that to make this material valuable it would be necessary to have a village and it was essential to have water power. J. Cheney Wells pledged his clocks and other items and to help in every way I can to develop a village along the lines that George suggests. It is believed that members of the family had visited European folk museums, including Skansen in Stockholm, Sweden

27.
Palmer Museum of Art
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The Palmer Museum of Art is the art museum of Pennsylvania State University, located on the University Park campus in State College, Pennsylvania. It has a permanent collection of more than 6,000 works and it also has significant holdings of American prints, photographs, and contemporary art. The European collection features Old Master paintings, 19th-century paintings, prints and drawings and its non-Western holdings include collections of Japanese woodcuts, Asian sculpture and ceramics, African sculpture, and Peruvian ceramics. There is also a sculpture garden. One of the museums most popular works is a pair of bronze lions paws that flank the buildings front steps. The University Art Museums original building was a Brutalist box, containing three galleries, that opened in 1972, post-modernist architect Charles Willard Moore greatly expanded the building in 1993, converting the box into a 150-seat auditorium, and wrapping eleven new galleries around it. He created an entrance plaza, reminiscent of his Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, Louisiana, adding multiple levels. The museum was renamed to honor James and Barbara Palmer, who initiated the campaign to expand the building in 1986 with a $2 million gift, the museums founding director was William Hull, for whom one of the galleries is named. The current director is Jan Muhlert, the Friends of the Palmer Museum of Art was founded in 1974 to aid in fund-raising and public outreach. The museum is open Tuesdays through Sundays, Palmer Museum of Art website 40. 8005°N77. 8657°W﻿ /40.8005, -77.8657

28.
Bowdoin College
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Bowdoin College is a private liberal arts college located in Brunswick, Maine. At the time Bowdoin was chartered in 1794, Maine was still a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the college currently enrolls 1,839 students, and has a student–faculty ratio of 9,1. Bowdoin offers 33 majors and four additional minors, and offers joint engineering programs with Columbia University, Dartmouth College, the college was a Founding Member of its athletic conference, the New England Small College Athletic Conference and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium. Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams and the mascot was selected as a Polar Bear in 1913 to honor a Bowdoin alumnus who led the first successful expedition to the north pole. For 2017 the college has been ranked as sixth-best liberal arts college in the U. S. by U. S. News & World Report, Bowdoin College was chartered in 1794 by the Massachusetts State Legislature and was later redirected under the jurisdiction of the Maine Legislature. It was named for former Massachusetts governor James Bowdoin, whose son James Bowdoin III was an early benefactor, at the time of its founding, it was the easternmost college in the United States, as it was located in Maine. The college also graduated two literary philosophers, the writers Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, both of whom graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1825, franklin and Hawthorne began an official militia company called the Bowdoin Cadets. From its founding, Bowdoin was known to educate the sons of the politically elite, fessenden and Hugh McCulloch both served as Secretary of the Treasury during the Lincoln Administration. However, the involvement in the Civil War was mixed as Bowdoin had many ties to slave labor. The Jefferson Davis Award was given to a student who excelled in legal studies after a donation was given to the college by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, President Ulysses S. Grant, too, was given an honorary degree from the college in 1865. Another alumnus in the sciences is the controversial entomologist-turned-sexologist Alfred Kinsey, the college went on to educate and eventually graduate Arctic explorers Robert E. Peary, class of 1877, and Donald B. Bowdoin began competing in the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, with Bates and Colby in 1970, the consortium became an athletic rivalry, and academic exchange program. The three schools produce numerous contentions in athletics, most notably a football game and the Chase Regatta. In 2001, Barry Mills, class of 1972, was appointed as the fifth president of the college. President Mills stated, Some see a calling in such vital, as an institution devoted to the common good, Bowdoin must consider the fairness of such a result. In February 2009, following a $10 million donation by Subway Sandwiches co-founder and alumnus Peter Buck, class of 1952, the college completed a $250-million capital campaign. Additionally, the college has recently completed major construction projects on the campus, including a renovation of the colleges art museum. She insisted that distribution requirements would ensure students a more well-rounded education in a diversity of fields, current requirements require one course each in, Natural Sciences, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual and Performing Arts, International Perspectives and Exploring Social Differences

29.
Brick Store Museum
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The Brick Store Museum, located at 117 Main Street in the town of Kennebunk, Maine, is one of only a few museums that opened during the Great Depression in the United States. It focuses on preserving the heritage of the Kennebunks through its collections, preservation, interpretation, as a history and art center in Southern Maine, the Museum’s collections include objects ranging from 19th-century paintings to shipbuilding tools, from 18th-century clothing to contemporary art. It is located in the heart of the Kennebunk Historic District, the Brick Store Museum’s buildings comprise the oldest commercial block in Kennebunk, with structures dating from 1810 to 1860. In 1825, wealthy merchant and shipowner William Lord constructed a store out of bricks. There were few structures in Kennebunk, therefore it was nicknamed “Lord’s Brick Store. ”The nine-foot windlass used for conveying goods between floors can still be seen through the museum’s second-floor ceiling. In 1936, William Lord’s great-granddaughter, Edith Cleaves Barry, inherited the Brick Store building and it remains to be one of a few American museums opened between the Great Depression and World War II. Immediately to the right of the Brick Store is a constructed in 1810 by Enoch Hardy. He maintained his own shop on the floor, and the first floor was used as a grocery store. Kennebunk’s post office and telegraph office were once in this building as well, the Kennebunk Free Library Association also used the space as a library. The next building on the block was built at the corner of Water and it was later moved to its current location, to the right of the Hardy building, in 1870. It operated as a shop and restaurant until 1906, when it became an auto supply store. The corner structure, currently painted a color, was built in 1814 by Moses Savary. It was originally painted white, and because most buildings in Kennebunk were then yellow, the building was used almost continuously as a market until becoming part of the museum. Its last occupant was an antique shop, the three buildings on the block were purchased by Barry as they became available, the last in 1958, eventually, all four structures were connected on the interiors to form one cohesive block. The fifth building in the complex was given by the Barry family, originally as the New Art Center Workshop. The house at 4 Dane Street, was built in the 19th century and it is currently used by the museum as a programming space and collections storage facility, as well as rental office space. The museums collections represent various aspects of the history from its earliest settlements to the present day. The decorative and fine arts collections include examples by some of northern New Englands finest artists, regionally significant textiles, clothing, household goods, and maritime artifacts are distinguishing features of the permanent collections

30.
American Folk Art Museum
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The American Folk Art Museum is an art museum in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, at 2, Lincoln Square, Columbus Avenue at 66th Street. It is the premier institution devoted to the appreciation of folk art and creative expressions of contemporary self-taught artists from the United States. Its collection holds over 7,000 objects from the 18th century to the present and these works span both traditional folk arts and the work of contemporary self-taught artists and European Art Brut. In its ongoing exhibitions, educational programming, and outreach, the museum showcases the creative expressions of individuals whose talents developed without formal artistic training, in 2013, the museum had record attendance with over 100,000 visitors. Since receiving a charter in 1961, the American Folk Art Museum has continually expanded its mission. At its inception, the museum lacked a permanent collection, an endowment, despite lacking these institutional fixtures, founding Trustees Joseph B. Martinson and Adele Earnest had a vision, the advancement of the understanding, in the museum’s fifty-year history, this dedication has held true. The museum’s evolving mission reflects the understanding of American folk art in the contemporary American society. The Museum of Early American Folk Arts, as it was known initially, the museum’s collection was launched in 1962 with the gift of a gate in the form of an American flag, celebrating the nation’s centennial. The gift reflected the early focus on eighteenth and nineteenth-century vernacular arts from the northeast America. In 1966, after receiving a permanent charter, the museum expanded its name, as the Museum of American Folk Arts, it looked beyond the traditional definitions of American folk art. Its exhibitions and collection began to reflect “every aspect of the arts in America – north, south, east, and west. ”Founding curator, Herbert W. Hemphill Jr. “expanded the notion of folk art beyond traditional, utilitarian, and communal expressions. ”Under his direction. In doing so, the museum ushered in a new era in the field of folk art. The 1990s brought new focus to the diversity and multiculturalism of American folk art, offering a more inclusive vision, the museum began to present African American and Latino artworks in their exhibitions and permanent collections. Wertkin announced American folk art’s common heritage as “promoting an appreciation of diversity in a way that does not foster ethnic chauvinism or racial division. In 2001, the museum opened the Henry Darger Study Center to house 24 of the self-taught artist’s works, as well as a collection of his books, tracings, drawings, in 2001, the museum chose its current name, American Folk Art Museum. The museum’s current programming reflects this shift in focus, past exhibits have included folk arts of Latin America, England, Norway, among other countries and continents. As the museums mission developed, so did its effort to establish a permanent home, in 1979, the Museums Board of Trustees purchased two townhouses on West 53rd Street, adjacent to Museum’s rented quarters at 49 West 53rd Street

31.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

32.
Saco, Maine
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Saco /ˈsɑːkoʊ/ is a city in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 18,482 at the 2010 census and it is home to Ferry Beach State Park, Funtown Splashtown USA, Thornton Academy, as well as General Dynamics Armament Systems, a subsidiary of the defense contractor General Dynamics. Saco sees much tourism during summer months, due to its amusement parks, Ferry Beach State Park, Saco is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area. The group raided on the Armouchiquois town, Chouacoet, present-day Saco, killing 20 of their braves, the township was granted in 1630 by the Plymouth Company to Thomas Lewis and Richard Bonython, and extended 4 miles along the sea, by 8 miles inland. Settled in 1631 as part of Winter Harbor, it then included Biddeford and it would be reorganized in 1653 by the Massachusetts General Court as Saco. The settlement was attacked by Indians in 1675 during King Philips War, settlers moved to the mouth of the river, and the houses and mills they left behind were burned. Saco lay in contested territory between New England and New France, which recruited the Indians as allies, in 1689 during King Williams War, it was again attacked, with some residents taken captive. Hostilities intensified from 1702 until 1709, then ceased in 1713 with the Treaty of Portsmouth, the community was rebuilt and in 1718 incorporated as Biddeford. Peace would not last, however, and the town was attacked in 1723 during Dummers War. In August and September 1723, there were Indian raids on Saco, Maine and Dover, but in 1724, a Massachusetts militia destroyed Norridgewock, an Abenaki stronghold on the Kennebec River organizing raids on English settlements. The region became dangerous, especially after the French defeat in 1745 at the Battle of Louisburg. The French and Indian Wars finally ended with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, in 1762, the northeastern bank of Biddeford separated as Pepperrellborough, named for Sir William Pepperrell, hero of the Battle of Louisburg and late proprietor of the town. Amos Chase was one of the pioneers of Pepperrellborough and he was chosen as a selectman at the first town meeting, and served as the first deacon of the Congregational Church. Chase was one of the areas largest taxpayers, and was prominent in affairs during the American Revolution, serving on the towns Committee of Correspondence. Inhabitants found the name Pepperrellborough to be cumbersome, so in 1805 it was renamed Saco and it would be incorporated as a city in 1867. Saco became a center for lumbering, with log drives down the river from Little Falls Plantation, at Saco Falls, the timber was cut by 17 sawmills. In 1827, the community produced 21,000,000 feet of sawn lumber, on Factory Island, the Saco Iron Works began operation in 1811. The Saco Manufacturing Company established a mill in 1826

33.
Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
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Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, and the enterprise is a subsidiary of the French publisher La Martinière Groupe. Run by President and CEO Michael Jacobs, Abrams publishes and distributes approximately 250 titles annually and has more than 2,000 titles in print. Abrams also distributes publications for the Victoria and Albert Museum, Tate, Royal Academy, Vendome Press, Booth Clibborn Editions, Other Criteria, times Mirror acquired the company in 1966 and Harry Abrams retired in 1977. For many years, the company was under the direction of Paul Gottlieb until January 2001, Abrams had been acquired by La Martinière Groupe in 1997. Abrams Books publishes illustrated books on the subjects of art, architecture, photography, graphic design, interior and garden design, fashion, music, comic arts and graphic novels, and sports. The Abrams imprint is under the direction of Vice President and Editor-in-Chief Eric Himmel and Senior Vice President, crumbs Heroes of Blues, Jazz & Country, Art Deco Architecture, Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties, as well the bestselling 365 and Discoveries series. In Spring 2009, Abrams launched a sub-imprint devoted to comics and graphic novels, in addition to its own titles, Abrams distributes books for the Victoria and Albert Museum, Tate, Royal Academy, Vendome Press, Booth Clibborn Editions, Other Criteria, and 5 Continents. Stewart, Tabori & Chang was founded in 1981 by Andrew Stewart, Lena Tabori, STC was purchased by Éditions de La Martinière in 2000 and is now an imprint of ABRAMS under the direction of Senior Vice President and Publisher Leslie Stoker. STC is a publisher of illustrated inspirational and practical titles, the house specializes in the categories of cooking, crafts, interior design, sports, green living, sports, pets, and popular culture. Some of STCs bestselling titles are Alton Browns Im Just Here for the Food, Last-Minute Knitted Gifts, Bunny Williamss Affair with a House, and Grandmother Remembers, which has sold 2 million copies. Abrams Books for Young Readers was launched in 1999, under the direction of Senior Vice President, the books range from story books to poetry to the fine arts and other nonfiction. Highlights of the list include the national bestsellers Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar and Tim Gunn, A Guide to Quality, 1976—1980, Office Mayhem, A Handbook to Practical Anarchy

34.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies

35.
Beacon Press
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Beacon Press is an American non-profit book publisher. Founded in 1854 by the American Unitarian Association, it is currently a department of the Unitarian Universalist Association. Under director Gobin Stair, new authors included James Baldwin, Kenneth Clark, André Gorz, Herbert Marcuse, Jürgen Habermas, Howard Zinn, Ben Bagdikian, Mary Daly, and Jean Baker Miller. Wendy Strothman became Beacons director in 1983, she set up the organizations first advisory board and she turned a budget deficit into a surplus. They are books we believe in, Strothman was replaced by Helene Atwan in 1995. In 1971, it published the Senator Gravel edition of The Pentagon Papers for the first time in book form, when no other publisher was willing to risk publishing such controversial material. In Gravel v. United States, the Supreme Court decided that the Constitutions Speech or Debate Clause protected Gravel and some acts of his aide, Beacon Press is a member of the Association of American University Presses. Beacon Press publishes non-fiction, fiction, and poetry titles, some of Beacons most well-known titles are listed below. In 2009, Beacon Press announced a new partnership with the Estate of Martin Luther King Jr. for a new publishing program, Beacon Press launched its blog, Beacon Broadside, in late September 2007. In 1992, Beacon won a New England Book Award for publishing, in 1993, Beacon was voted Trade Publisher of the Year by the Literary Market Place. Skinner House Books, another publisher of the UUA, specializing in books for Unitarian Universalists Wilson. Beacons Modern Era, 1945-2003, Journal of Scholarly Publishing 35#4 pp. 200–209 online Beacon Presss Home Page Democracy Now, special, How the Pentagon Papers Came to Be Published by the Beacon Press, Mike Gravel, Daniel Ellsberg, and Robert West

36.
Benjamin Genocchio
–
Benjamin Genocchio is an art critic and non-fiction writer from Australia. He is currently director of the Armory Show, a New York-based art fair, previously, he was editor-in-chief of Artnet News, an art news website. He also worked as an art critic for The New York Times, and then as the editor-in-chief of Art+Auction magazine, Modern Painters magazine, and the website artinfo. com. Genocchio was born in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1969, the second of four sons of an Italian father, Giorgio, who worked on a ship. Genocchio grew up in Lane Cove and attended Newington College from 1981 to 1986, as a youth he had a short attention span and a low boredom threshold, traits he says led him to become an art critic. Genocchio completed a PhD in history of art at the University of Sydney in 1996 and he is a citizen of Australia and Italy. In late December 2002 Genocchio moved to New York to begin writing for The New York Times, in 2008 Genocchio published Dollar Dreaming, an exposé of corruption and double-dealing in the $500-million trade in Aboriginal art in Australia and abroad. In early 2010 he became director at Louise Blouin Media. He left the post at Modern Painters in 2011, Genocchio left Blouin Media in January 2015 and joined Artnet, where he was made editor-in-chief of Artnet News, a 24-hour art news website. In December 2015 he was appointed director of the Armory Show, Genocchio is married to curator Melissa Chiu and lives in New York state. The two co-authored Asian Art Now, Dollar Dreaming, The Rise of the Aboriginal Art Market Fiona Foley, Solitaire The Art of Persuasion, Australian Art Criticism Simeon Nelson, Passages What is Installation. Asian Contemporary Art Contemporary Asian Art, A Critical Reader

37.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

38.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format

39.
Union List of Artist Names
–
The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN, in the database, each artist record is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, the temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. The ULAN includes proper names and associated information about artists, artists may be either individuals or groups of individuals working together. Artists in the ULAN generally represent creators involved in the conception or production of visual arts, repositories and some donors are included as well. Work on the ULAN began in 1984, when the Getty decided to merge, in 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community, although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as firms and repositories of art. The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink, the ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy and machine-readable files, given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing, final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees, there may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent. Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well

40.
Netherlands Institute for Art History
–
The Netherlands Institute for Art History or RKD is located in The Hague and is home to the largest art history center in the world. The center specializes in documentation, archives, and books on Western art from the late Middle Ages until modern times, all of this is open to the public, and much of it has been digitized and is available on their website. The main goal of the bureau is to collect, categorize, via the available databases, the visitor can gain insight into archival evidence on the lives of many artists of past centuries. The library owns approximately 450,000 titles, of which ca.150,000 are auction catalogs, there are ca.3,000 magazines, of which 600 are currently running subscriptions. Though most of the text is in Dutch, the record format includes a link to library entries and images of known works. The RKD also manages the Dutch version of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus, the original version is an initiative of the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, California. Their bequest formed the basis for both the art collection and the library, which is now housed in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Though not all of the holdings have been digitised, much of its metadata is accessible online. The website itself is available in both a Dutch and an English user interface, in the artist database RKDartists, each artist is assigned a record number. To reference an artist page directly, use the code listed at the bottom of the record, usually of the form, https, for example, the artist record number for Salvador Dalí is 19752, so his RKD artist page can be referenced. In the images database RKDimages, each artwork is assigned a record number, to reference an artwork page directly, use the code listed at the bottom of the record, usually of the form, https, //rkd. nl/en/explore/images/ followed by the artworks record number. For example, the record number for The Night Watch is 3063. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus also assigns a record for each term, rather, they are used in the databases and the databases can be searched for terms. For example, the painting called The Night Watch is a militia painting, the thesaurus is a set of general terms, but the RKD also contains a database for an alternate form of describing artworks, that today is mostly filled with biblical references. To see all images that depict Miriams dance, the associated iconclass code 71E1232 can be used as a search term. Official website Direct link to the databases The Dutch version of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus

Hampton, Connecticut
–
Hampton is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,758 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 25.5 square miles. Hampton is made up of lands originally shared by the towns of Pomfret and it was incorporated from the towns of Pomfret, Brooklyn, Canterbury, Mansfiel

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A painting (ca. 1795-1800) by John Brewster Jr. of his stepmother and his father, a leader in the Hampton church and member of the Connecticut General Assembly.

2.
Location in Windham County and the state of Connecticut.

Buxton, Maine
–
Buxton is a town in York County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 8,034 at the 2010 census. Buxton includes the villages of Salmon Falls/Tory Hill, Chicopee, Groveville, Bar Mills, West Buxton, and Buxton Center. The old town Common is east of Union Fa

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Falls on Saco River c. 1908

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Moderation Falls in 1907

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West Buxton lumber mills in 1919

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Centennial celebration, Buxton, Maine, Aug. 14, 1872

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

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Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Painting
–
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic

1.
The Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.

Fenimore Art Museum
–
The Fenimore Art Museum is a museum located in Cooperstown, New York. It presents changing and permanent exhibitions of American Folk Art, North American Indian art and artifacts, Hudson River School and 19th-century genre paintings, and American photography. The Museum was moved to its present location — Cooperstown, New York overlooking Lake Otse

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The Fenimore Art Museum building, seen in July, 2014

Cooperstown, New York
–
Cooperstown is a village in and county seat of Otsego County, New York, United States. Most of the lies within the town of Otsego. Cooperstown is best known as the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, opened in 1939, the Farmers Museum, the Fenimore Art Museum, Glimmerglass Opera, and the New York State Historical Association are

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Main Street, part of the Cooperstown Historic District

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Cooperstown depicted on an 1890 panoramic map

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Main Street

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The Clark Estates building, originally the Otsego County Bank, was built in 1831 in the Greek Revival style

Brooklyn, Connecticut
–
Brooklyn is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 8,210 at the 2000 census, the town center village is listed by the U. S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The district of East Brooklyn is also listed as a separate census-designated place. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an ar

1.
Seal

2.
Location in Windham County and the state of Connecticut.

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Brooklyn town hall

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Old Trinity Church (postcard from 1907)

William Brewster (pilgrim)
–
William Brewster was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, Brewster, a separatist, became a regular preacher, William Brewster was born in 1568, most probably in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England. He was the son of William

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A rare 17th-century " Brewster Chair," named after William Brewster

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An imagined image of William Brewster. There is no known image of him from life.

Connecticut General Assembly
–
The Connecticut General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It is a body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives. It meets in the capital, Hartford. There are no limits for either chamber. During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May, in odd-numbered years, when the

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Connecticut General Assembly

Florence Griswold Museum
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The museum is noted for its collection of American Impressionist paintings. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993, the Museums Robert and Nancy Krible Gallery, featuring 9,500 square feet of exhibit space and sweeping views of the Lieutenant River opened in 2002. In 2001, the Museum acquired the collection of the Hartford St

Old Lyme, Connecticut
–
Old Lyme is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The Main Street of the town, Lyme Street, is a historic district, the town has long been a popular summer resort and artists colony. The town is named after Lyme Regis, England, the US headquarters of Sennheiser is located in Old Lyme, as is Callaway Cars, the Florence Griswold Mu

1.
Seal

2.
Location within New London County, Connecticut

3.
View of the Connecticut River in Old Lyme near its mouth at Long Island Sound

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Church at Old Lyme, oil on canvas, Childe Hassam, 1905

New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the lar

1.
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.

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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ‍ '​ publishing headquarters, 1913–2007

3.
The New York Times newsroom, 1942

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A speech in the newsroom after announcement of Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009

Connecticut
–
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartfo

Maine
–
Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is th

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The coast of Maine near Acadia National Park

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Flag

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Boothbay Harbor

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Autumn in Stratton

Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachuse

1.
A portion of the north-central Pioneer Valley in Sunderland

2.
Flag

3.
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the piping plover

4.
The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882). The Pilgrims were a group of Puritans who founded Plymouth in 1620.

New York State
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

1.
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

2.
Flag

3.
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

4.
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Newburyport
–
Newburyport is a small coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States,35 miles northeast of Boston. The population was 17,416 at the 2010 census, a historic seaport with a vibrant tourism industry, Newburyport includes part of Plum Island. The mooring, winter storage and maintenance of boats, motor and sail. A Coast Guard station overse

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State Street

2.
Captain Patrick Tracy, an original incorporator of Newburyport, was born in Ireland and was a vestryman at St. Paul's Church

3.
The Custom House Maritime Museum

4.
Barque Mary L. Cushing, last merchant ship built on the Merrimack, docked at the Cushing family pier in Newburyport

Ralph Earl
–
Ralph Earl was an American painter known for his portraits, of which at least 183 can be documented. He also painted six landscapes, including a display of Niagara Falls. Ralph Earl was born in either Shrewsbury or Leicester, Massachusetts, by 1774, he was working in New Haven, Connecticut as a portrait painter. In the autumn of 1774, Earl returned

Thomas Gainsborough
–
Thomas Gainsborough FRSA was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. He surpassed his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds to become the dominant British portraitist of the half of the 18th century. He painted quickly, and the works of his maturity are characterised by a light palette and he preferred landscapes to portraits, a

1.
Self-portrait (1759)

2.
Lady Lloyd and Her Son, Richard Savage Lloyd, of Hintlesham Hall, Suffolk (1745–46). At the time, his clientele included mainly local merchants and squires.

3.
Margaret Burr (1728–1797), the artist's wife, c. early 1770s

4.
Self-Portrait (1754)

Sir Joshua Reynolds
–
Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA was an influential eighteenth-century English painter, specialising in portraits. He promoted the Grand Style in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect and he was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and was knighted by George III in 1769. Reynolds was born in Plympton, Devon,

1.
Self-portrait

2.
Joshua Reynolds, self-portrait, aged around 24

3.
Self-portrait, aged 17, entitled, Uffizi Self-portrait

4.
Self-portrait

Danbury, Connecticut
–
Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, approximately 70 miles from New York City. Danburys population at the 2010 census was 80,893, Danbury is the fourth most populous city in Fairfield County, and seventh among Connecticut cities. The city is within the New York metropolitan area, the city is named for Danbury

1.
Flag

3.
Kohanza Reservoir disaster, January 31, 1869

4.
"Scene of the Disaster at Danbury", January 31, 1869

Hartford, Connecticut
–
Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicate

American School for the Deaf
–
The American School for the Deaf is the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States. It was founded April 15,1817, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Dr. Mason Cogswell, and Laurent Clerc and became a state-supported school later that year. During the winter of 1818–1819, the American School for the Deaf became the

1.
American School for the Deaf

Portraits
–
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person, for this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still p

Historic New England
–
It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage, by 1920, Director of Museums Harry Vinton Long wrote in his report that the museum’s purpose is to preserve and illustrate the lif

1.
Harrison Gray Otis House is a historic house in Boston that serves as the headquarters of Historic New England

2.
Historic New England's brand and descriptor line. The organization was formerly known as the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities.

3.
The Phillips House is located at 34 Chestnut Street, Salem, MA. It is owned and operated as a historic house museum by Historic New England and is open for public tours.

Old Sturbridge Village
–
Old Sturbridge Village is a living museum located in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, which re-creates life in rural New England during the 1790s through 1830s. It is the largest living museum in New England, covering more than 200 acres, the Village includes 59 antique buildings, three water-powered mills, and a working farm. The m

1.
View of the Center Village section of Old Sturbridge Village

2.
The Small House.

3.
The stagecoach that makes trips around Center Village.

4.
A loom found in the Fenno House.

Palmer Museum of Art
–
The Palmer Museum of Art is the art museum of Pennsylvania State University, located on the University Park campus in State College, Pennsylvania. It has a permanent collection of more than 6,000 works and it also has significant holdings of American prints, photographs, and contemporary art. The European collection features Old Master paintings, 1

1.
Palmer Museum of Art

2.
Mother and Son (1799) by John Brewster, Jr.

Bowdoin College
–
Bowdoin College is a private liberal arts college located in Brunswick, Maine. At the time Bowdoin was chartered in 1794, Maine was still a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the college currently enrolls 1,839 students, and has a student–faculty ratio of 9,1. Bowdoin offers 33 majors and four additional minors, and offers joint engineering

1.
Bowdoin College

2.
Bowdoin College Seal

3.
Bowdoin College, circa 1845. Lithograph by Fitz Hugh Lane

4.
Bowdoin was also the Medical School of Maine from 1821 to 1921

Brick Store Museum
–
The Brick Store Museum, located at 117 Main Street in the town of Kennebunk, Maine, is one of only a few museums that opened during the Great Depression in the United States. It focuses on preserving the heritage of the Kennebunks through its collections, preservation, interpretation, as a history and art center in Southern Maine, the Museum’s coll

1.
Brick Store Museum

American Folk Art Museum
–
The American Folk Art Museum is an art museum in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, at 2, Lincoln Square, Columbus Avenue at 66th Street. It is the premier institution devoted to the appreciation of folk art and creative expressions of contemporary self-taught artists from the United States. Its collection holds over 7,000 objects from the 18th cent

1.
American Folk Art Museum

3.
Edward Hicks, Peaceable Kingdom, 1829–1831

4.
Artist unidentified, Flag Gate, 1876

New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

1.
Clockwise, from top: Midtown Manhattan, Times Square, the Unisphere in Queens, the Brooklyn Bridge, Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center, Central Park, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Statue of Liberty

2.
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York".

3.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Saco, Maine
–
Saco /ˈsɑːkoʊ/ is a city in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 18,482 at the 2010 census and it is home to Ferry Beach State Park, Funtown Splashtown USA, Thornton Academy, as well as General Dynamics Armament Systems, a subsidiary of the defense contractor General Dynamics. Saco sees much tourism during summer months, due to its

1.
View of Main Street

2.
Amos Chase house on Ferry Road, Saco. Built ca. 1743.

3.
B&MRR train passing through Saco c. 1879

4.
Main Street c. 1912

Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
–
Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, and the enterprise is a subsidiary of the French publisher La Martinière Groupe. Run by President and CEO Michael Jacobs, Abrams publishes and distributes approximately 250 titles annually and has more than 2,000 titles in print. Abrams also distributes pu

1.
Abrams Books

Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Comb

1.
From top to bottom, left to right: the Boston skyline viewed from the Bunker Hill Monument; the Museum of Fine Arts; Faneuil Hall; Massachusetts State House; The First Church of Christ, Scientist; Boston Public Library; the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum; South Station; Boston University and the Charles River; Arnold Arboretum; Fenway Park; and the Boston Common

2.
State Street, 1801

3.
View of Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841

4.
Scollay Square in the 1880s

Beacon Press
–
Beacon Press is an American non-profit book publisher. Founded in 1854 by the American Unitarian Association, it is currently a department of the Unitarian Universalist Association. Under director Gobin Stair, new authors included James Baldwin, Kenneth Clark, André Gorz, Herbert Marcuse, Jürgen Habermas, Howard Zinn, Ben Bagdikian, Mary Daly, and

1.
Beacon Press building, Beacon Hill, Boston, 2010

Benjamin Genocchio
–
Benjamin Genocchio is an art critic and non-fiction writer from Australia. He is currently director of the Armory Show, a New York-based art fair, previously, he was editor-in-chief of Artnet News, an art news website. He also worked as an art critic for The New York Times, and then as the editor-in-chief of Art+Auction magazine, Modern Painters ma

1.
Benjamin Genocchio

Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transition

1.
Screenshot 2012

Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library netw

1.
GND screenshot

Union List of Artist Names
–
The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an ar

1.
Contents

Netherlands Institute for Art History
–
The Netherlands Institute for Art History or RKD is located in The Hague and is home to the largest art history center in the world. The center specializes in documentation, archives, and books on Western art from the late Middle Ages until modern times, all of this is open to the public, and much of it has been digitized and is available on their

1.
As the logos on the window show, the RKD shares the same building located at Den Haag Centraal with the National Archives, the Nederlands Letterkundig Museum (nl) (LM), the Huygens ING, the Netherlands Music Institute (NMI) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek.