Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant (French for "The Castle of the Beauty in the Sleeping Wood", but official usage in English: The Castle of the Sleeping Beauty, more commonly known as Sleeping Beauty Castle) is the fairy tale castle at the centre of Disneyland Paris and is a continuation of Sleeping Beauty Castle first seen at Disneyland in California.

The Castle features two parts, a dungeon type area in the base featuring an Audio-Animatronicdragon, and above, a concrete balcony walkthrough area with Sleeping Beauty stained glass windows and tapestries. There are also several shops selling glass figures, ornaments and gifts.

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"Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland was inspired by the Neuschwanstein Castle in Southern Germany. This European influence was fine for building a castle in Anaheim, but the fact that castles exist just down the road from Disneyland Paris challenged us to think twice about our design." —Tony Baxter, executive designer Walt Disney Imagineering[1]

Since Europe is home to the castles that inspired the structures at Disney's first three parks, Imagineers reconsidered what kind of edifice would stand at the hub of its first European theme park. Many different concepts were then created and considered, ranging from slightly modified versions of Disney's existing castles to radically new structures to stand instead in the Castle's place (for example a Discoveryland-like tower).

The realisation of the stained glass windows in London, which are visible in Sleeping Beauty's Gallery, was overseen by Peter Chapman, who had previously worked on the restoration of Notre Dame de Paris.

The Castle is home to a dragon, which at 27 meters (89 ft) from head to tail was the largest Animatronic figure ever built when the park opened in April 1992. The walkthrough attraction consist of a dimly lit cavern with a large dragon sleeping silently, occasionally it will 'wake up' puffing smoke and growling. The building also contains La Galerie de la Belle au Bois Dormant, a gallery of displays which illustrate the story of Sleeping Beauty in tapestries, stained glass windows and figures. La Boutique du Château, a shop selling Christmas ornaments year-round, and Merlin l'Enchanteur, a shop specialising in handmade glass figures are located on ground floor.

The castle has received several overlays throughout the years. The first occurred during the park's 1st anniversary celebration in 1993, when the castle was dressed up as a cake complete with strawberries, icing and candles. This overlay was removed after the celebration ended. The cake overlay concept was later copied by Walt Disney World's Cinderella Castle in 1996 for the 25th Anniversary of the resort.

1997 marked the 5th Anniversary of Disneyland Paris; during this celebration, the castle was dressed up in carnival masks, jester hats, frills and bells to promote the animated film The Hunchback of Notre Dame. This overlay lasted until the beginning of 1998.

2002 marked the 10th Anniversary of Disneyland Paris; for this celebration, the overlay was quite basic compared to the previous ones. The front of the castle was fitted with a golden scroll displaying a large 10. Also, the celebration saw the opening of Walt Disney Studios next door. The scroll and other Anniversary material in the park was removed in 2003.

In 2007, the castle received another overlay, celebrating the park's 15th Anniversary which started in 2007. It featured golden Disney characters displayed on the turrets and spires, each holding a candle, and Tinkerbell on the highest spire—the candles were 'lit' each night during a special 'Candlebration' ceremony which took place on a raised temporary stage at Central Plaza, in front of the Castle. A huge illuminated gold plaque featuring a large '15' was hung on the front of the Castle. This echoed the overlay that was featured for the 10th Anniversary in 2002. The 15th Anniversary and the 'Candlebration' ceremony finally ended after an extended stay on March 7, 2009.

The 15th overlay was to be shortly followed on April 4, 2009 by Mickey's Magical Party, a "theme year" celebration held at the park. The castle was once again overlaid with a Mickey and Friends plaque over the main window, and the spire heads were changed from being characters to being 3 circles "of ribbon" representing Mickey Mouse. A more permanent Central Plaza stage was built outside the castle to host the "It's dance time... with Mickey and Friends" show, which also puts into doubt the future use of the Royal Castle Stage. Mickey's Magical Party is due to end on March 7 and be replaced by Disney's New Generation Festival (that starts on April 2), continuing the recent usage of "theme years" that the resort has begun to favour. Although the use of the Central Plaza stage has been extended for another year, no overlay has been announced for the castle.

The castle was repainted in a new color-scheme, restored and fitted with multicolored LED lighting during 2011. For the Disney Dreams nighttime spectacular show its moat was fitted with water fountains, the upper window was replaced by doors that open to reveal a LED lighted star and Central Plaza stage was removed in order to increase the viewing area.

In Epic Mickey the castle was adapted into the game's starting and finishing level, Dark Beauty Castle. This version contained elements of the various Disney castles and even had statues resembling Disney characters.

1.
Cinderella Castle
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Cinderella Castle is the fairy tale castle at the center of two Disney theme parks, the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort. Both serve as worldwide recognized icons and the attraction for their respective theme parks. Cinderella Castle was inspired by a variety of real and fictional palaces, Cinderella Castle was completed in July 1971, after about 18 months of construction. The castle is 183 feet tall, as measured from water-level, many sources quote the height as six feet taller, but that is measured from the concrete bottom of the moat, which itself is 6 feet deep at the bridge. Cinderella Castle is more than 100 feet taller than Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland in Anaheim, a set-building trick known as forced perspective makes the castle appear even larger than it actually is. At higher elevations, its proportions to full scale are reduced for elements such as stones, windows, the castle was the largest Disney theme park castle until the completion of the Enchanted Storybook Castle in Shanghai Disneyland Park. Cinderella Castle is designed to reflect the late-Gothic, flamboyant style of the 1400s, unlike Disneylands castle, no gold is used on the exterior, all gold colors are anodized aluminum. All of the steel and concrete works are supported on a concrete drilled caisson foundation, much less fiberglass is used than is popularly supposed. Rather, most of the exterior is a thick, very hard fiber-reinforced gypsum plaster that is supported by light-gauge metal studs, most fiberglass work is reserved for the exterior walls of more ornate upper towers. The roofs are not fiberglass, either and they are shingled in the same type of plastic that computer monitor shells are made from, attached to a cone of light gauge steel sheeting over the steel sub-frame. These towers were lifted by crane, then welded and bolted permanently to the main structure, contrary to a popular legend, the castle cannot be taken apart or moved in any way in the event of a hurricane. It would take months to disassemble, it would be too dangerous to operate the 300-foot crane required in windy conditions, as with every other building at Walt Disney World, it was simpler and safer to design it to handle a hurricane. It can easily withstand the 125 mph design wind speeds in Central Florida with a deal of strength in reserve. The tower with the clock in front is number 10, the tallest is number 20, number 23 is the other golden-roofed tower. There are three elevators inside the castle, one is for guest use and goes between the lobby of Cinderellas Royal Table, and the second floor where the restaurant is. The second is for restaurant staff use, and is located in tower 2 to the left of the drawbridge and it has landings in the Utilidors, the mezzanine level in a break room, and on the second floor in the kitchen. The third elevator is in tower 20, and services the Utilidors, the breezeway, the kitchen of Cinderellas Royal Table, the suite is about 30 feet below the level where the cable is attached to tower 20. Access to the cable is by ladder, from January 2007 to December 2009 the suite was used as a prize for the Disney Dreams Giveaway at the Walt Disney World Resort during the Year of a Million Dreams celebration

2.
Sleeping Beauty Castle
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Sleeping Beauty Castle is a fairy tale castle at the center of Disneyland and Hong Kong Disneyland. It is based on the late-19th century Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria, opened July 17,1955, the castle is the oldest of all Disney castles. Its primary inspiration was the Neuschwanstein Palace in Germany, beginning April 29,1957, visitors were able to walk through the castle and view several dioramas depicting the story of Sleeping Beauty. The voice of Cliff Edwards singing When You Wish Upon a Star is piped into the castle. S. A. The walkthrough was closed for unspecified reasons on October 7,2001, popular belief claims the September 11th attacks and the potential danger that ensued played a major factor in the closing. On July 17,2008, Disney announced that the Sleeping Beauty Castle walkthrough would reopen in the style of the original Earle dioramas, enhanced with new technology not available in 1957. The walkthrough reopened on November 27,2008 at 5,00 p. m. drawing long lines going as far back as the Hub at the center of the park and this room is lavishly themed, and presents the closed-captioned CGI walkthrough recreation on a high-definition TV. This same virtual recreation is included on the Sleeping Beauty 50th Anniversary Platinum Edition DVD, the Disney family coat of arms hangs above the archway to the castle. It is composed of three lions passant in pale and it is known that the coat of arms was not originally on the castle, but was placed there sometime between June 1965 and July 1965. In reality, the spike is a mark that was used to ensure that the castle bridge. The original geographical center of the Magic Kingdom was in the middle of the round park, the addition of Toontown moved the actual center of the park a few yards northward, but still on the hub side of the castle drawbridge. A World on the Move, otherwise known as the New Tomorrowland of 1967, is represented by rocket ships, the Blue Fairy represents the debut of the Main Street Electrical Parade. The Indiana Jones Adventure is represented by the evil Eye of Mara, the 50th Anniversary of Disneyland is represented by fireworks and Tinker Bell. For Disneylands 60th Anniversary, World of Color changed to the World of Color, the Wonderful World of Walt Disney. Disneyland Park introduced Paint The Night and a new fireworks show, a 24-hour kickoff event occurred May 22,2015. As part of the celebration, the castle was covered with diamonds and glitter, carthay Circle Restaurant at Disney California Adventure was also decorated for the Diamond Celebration. Hong Kongs Sleeping Beauty Castle is an identical copy of the original in California. However, the two castles can be differentiated through very subtle details, if one were to look closely enough, Hong Kong Disneyland castle is built with much more precision compared to Disneylands Sleeping Beauty Castle

3.
Disneyland Park (Paris)
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Disneyland Park, originally Euro Disneyland, is a theme park found at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France. The park opened on 12 April 1992 as the first of the two built at the resort. Designed and built by Walt Disney Imagineering, its layout and attractions are similar to Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California and Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, spanning 56.656 ha, it is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 10.43 million visitors, making it the theme park in Europe. The park is represented by Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant, in order to make things more distinct and not be a mere copy of the original, modifications were made to the parks concepts and designs. Among the changes was the change of Tomorrowland to Discoveryland, giving the area a retrofuturistic theme, other altered elements include the Haunted Mansion, which was redesigned as Phantom Manor and a retro, more intense version of Space Mountain. The parks location brought forth its own challenges, Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant is said by its designers to have been necessarily reevaluated for a continent on which authentic castles stand. Modifications to the park were made to protect against changes in weather in the Parisian climate, covered walkways referred to as arcades were added, and Michael Eisner ordered the installation of 35 fireplaces in hotels and restaurants. The park was known as Euro Disneyland until May 1994, Euro Disneyland Paris until September 1994, Disneyland Paris until February 2002, as Michael Eisner noted, As Americans, the word Euro is believed to mean glamorous or exciting. For Europeans it turned out to be a term associated with business, currency. Renaming the park Disneyland Paris was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic, Disneyland Park is divided into five themed lands, which house 49 attractions. Designed like a wheel with the hub on Central Plaza before Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant, pathways spoke out across the 140 acres of the park and lead to the lands. The 3 ft narrow gauge Disneyland Railroad runs along the perimeter of the park and stops in Main Street, from 1 April 2012, Disneyland Paris celebrates its 20th anniversary. Disneyland Park hosts a range of daytime and nighttime entertainment throughout the year, frozen, A Royal Welcome 2015–present Royal Christmas Wishes - 2015–present Mickeys Magical Christmas Lights - 2015–present Disney Dreams. Once Upon a Dream Parade 2007–2012, rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Official website

4.
Geographical coordinates
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

6.
Walt Disney Imagineering
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Imagineering is responsible for designing and building Disney theme parks, resorts, cruise ships, and other entertainment venues at all levels of project development. Imagineering also manages various properties held by units within the Walt Disney Company including Disneys Burbank Studios, New Amsterdam Theater, when Disney was in the sports team ownership that included Edison Field and the Mighty Ducks Disney Ice practice rink in Anaheim. Disney filed for a copyright for the term in 1967, claiming first use of the term in 1962, Walt Disney Inc. was formed by Walt Disney in 1953 with the Disneyland designing engineering division. In light of objections from Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, in 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park, the site of the former Grand Central Air Terminal, in 1961. The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering, in 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerates real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering. Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U. S. traveling attraction, with poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects Inc. a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, by 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings, the additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices. Imagineers are governed by a few key principles when developing new concepts, often, new concepts and improvements are created to fulfill specific needs. Many solutions to problems are designed in this way, such as the vehicle of the attraction Soarin Over California. An Imagineer found an Erector set in his attic, and was able to envision, Imagineers are also known for returning to ideas for attractions and shows that, for whatever reason, never came to fruition. These ideas are often reworked and appear in a different form – like the Museum of the Weird, finally, there is the principle of blue sky speculation, a process where Imagineers generate ideas with no limitations. The custom at Imagineering has been to start the process with what is referred to as eyewash--the boldest, wildest, best idea one can come up with. Many Imagineers consider this to be the beginning of the design process and operate under the notion that if it can be dreamt. Imagineers are always seeking to improve upon their work--what Walt Disney called plussing and he firmly believed that Disneyland will never be completed as long as theres imagination left in the world, meaning there is always room for innovation and improvement. During an Imagineering workshop in 1991, Marty Sklar presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg, WDI is responsible for technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system. The idea sprang from Disney’s fascination with a bird he purchased in New Orleans

7.
Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)
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Sleeping Beauty is an American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney based on The Sleeping Beauty by Charles Perrault. The 16th Disney animated feature film, it was released to theaters on January 29,1959 and it features the voices of Mary Costa, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Barbara Luddy, Barbara Jo Allen, Bill Shirley, Taylor Holmes, and Bill Thompson. Along with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Igor Stravinskys music composition was also popular in the film, however, unlike the previous feature-films, this was the first Disney feature-film that did not have the same background animation material, but instead with new background animation material. The film was presented in Super Technirama 70 and 6-channel stereophonic sound in first-run engagements, after many childless years, King Stefan and Queen Leah happily welcome the birth of their daughter, the Princess Aurora. Among the guests are three good fairies called Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather, who have come to bless the child with gifts, beauty, before Merryweather is able to give her blessing, the evil fairy Maleficent appears, only to be told she was unwanted. King Stefan and Queen Leah are horrified and beg the three good fairies to break the cure, King Stefan, still fearful for his daughters life, orders all spinning wheels in the kingdom to be burned. The fairies do not believe that will be enough to keep Aurora safe, years later, Aurora, renamed Briar Rose, has grown into a beautiful teenage girl. On the day of her birthday, the three fairies ask Rose to gather berries in the forest so they can prepare a surprise party for her. Rose is friends with the animals of the forest and sings them a song, while singing in the forest, Rose attracts the attention of Prince Phillip, now a handsome young man. He races to find the owner of the voice and is instantly struck by Roses grace. Rose at first is frightened at the appearance of the stranger. They instantly fall in love, unaware of being betrothed years ago, Rose asks Phillip to come to her cottage that evening. While she is out, Flora and Merryweather argue about the color of Auroras ballgown and they fight, attracting the attention of Maleficents raven and revealing the location of Aurora. Back at home, the fairies tell Aurora the truth about her heritage, meanwhile, Phillip tells his father of a peasant girl he met and wishes to marry in spite of his prearranged marriage to Princess Aurora. King Hubert fails to convince him otherwise, leaving Hubert in equal disappointment, the fairies take Aurora back to the castle. Maleficent then appears and magically lures Aurora away from the fairies, Aurora pricks her finger, completing the curse. From King Huberts conversation with King Stefan, the fairies realize that Prince Phillip is the man with whom Aurora has fallen in love, however, he is kidnapped by Maleficent. She shows Phillip the peasant girl he fell in love with is the now-sleeping princess

8.
Audio-Animatronics
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The robots move and make noise, but are usually fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand but usually cannot walk, an Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created a version of the technology called Autonomatronics. Animatronics has become a name for similar robots created by firms other than Disney. Audio-Animatronics were originally a creation of Walt Disney employee Lee Adams, one of the first Disney Audio-Animatrons was a toy bird Walt Disney got in New Orleans. It was a mechanical bird, and Walt decided to improve the device that moved it. Another was a man, created by Roger Broggie and Wathel Rogers. The dancing man was modeled after a tap dancing routine by actor Buddy Ebsen, the term Audio-Animatronics was first used commercially by Disney in 1961, was filed as a trademark in 1964, and was registered in 1967. Perhaps the most impressive of the early Audio-Animatronics efforts was The Enchanted Tiki Room and it was a room full of tropical creatures with eye and facial actions synchronized to a musical score entirely by electromechanical means. The movements of the birds, flowers, and tiki idols are triggered by sound. Figures movements have a natural resting position that the limb or part returns to when there is no electric pulse present. Other than this, the animation is a system, with only on/off moves. Other early Audio-Animatrons were at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, pneumatic actuators were not powerful enough to move heavier objects like simulated limbs, so hydraulics were used for large figures. On/off type movement would cause an arm to be lifted either up over a head or down next to its body. To create more movement in large figures, an analog system was used. This gave the body parts a full range of fluid motion. The digital system was used with small pneumatic moving limbs, to permit a high degree of freedom, the control cylinders resemble typical miniature pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, but mount the back of the cylinder on a ball joint and threaded rod. This ball joint permits the cylinders to float freely inside the frame, Disneys technology is not infallible however, the oil-filled cylinders do occasionally drip or leak

9.
Disneyland Paris
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It is owned and operated by Euro Disney S. C. A. A publicly traded company in which The Walt Disney Company owns a controlling stake, Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex, opening with the resort on 12 April 1992. A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened in 2002, the resort is the second Disney park to open outside of the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983. Following the success of Walt Disney World in Florida, plans to build a theme park in Europe emerged in 1972. Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker, Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success, in late 1984 the heads of Disneys theme park division, Dick Nunis and Jim Cora, presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park. By March 1985, the number of locations for the park had been reduced to four. Both nations saw the economic advantages of a Disney theme park. Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean Sea and offered a climate similar to Disneys parks in California. Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France, the pleasing landscape of that region, as well as its climate, made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland. However, shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site, which would have rendered construction too difficult, finally, a site in the rural town of Marne-la-Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe. This location was estimated to be no more than a drive for 68 million people. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company, construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named Espace Euro Disney was opened to show the public what was being constructed.3 billion. In order to provide lodging to patrons, it was decided that 5,200 Disney-owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex. In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects decided on an exclusively American theme in each hotel would depict a region of the United States. At the time of the opening in April 1992, seven hotels collectively housing 5,800 rooms had been built, an entertainment, shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney Worlds Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry. With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze-coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights, for a projected daily attendance of 55,000, Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park. In order to accomplish this,29 restaurants were built inside the park, menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disneys precedent of serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park. 2,300 patio seats were installed to satisfy Europeans expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather, in test kitchens at Walt Disney World, recipes were adapted for European tastes

10.
Disneyland
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim

11.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

12.
Dragon
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A dragon is a legendary creature, typically scaled or fire-spewing and with serpentine, reptilian or avian traits, that features in the myths of many cultures around world. The two most well-known cultural traditions of dragon are The European dragon, derived from European folk traditions and ultimately related to Balkans, most are depicted as reptilian creatures with animal-level intelligence, and are uniquely six-limbed. The Chinese dragon, with counterparts in Japan, Korea and other East Asian, most are depicted as serpentine creatures with above-average intelligence, and are quadrupeds. The two traditions may have evolved separately, but have influenced each other to a certain extent, the English word dragon and Latin word draco derives from Greek δράκων, dragon, serpent of huge size, water-snake. The Greek and Latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological, a dragon is a mythological representation of a reptile. In antiquity, dragons were mostly envisaged as serpents, but since the Middle Ages, it has become common to them with legs. Dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body like a huge lizard, the European dragon has bat-like wings growing from its back. A dragon-like creature with wings but only a pair of legs is known as a wyvern. The association of the serpent with a monstrous opponent overcome by a deity has its roots in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, including Canaanite, Hittite. Humbaba, the fire-breathing dragon-fanged beast first described in the Epic of Gilgamesh, is described as a dragon with Gilgamesh playing the part of dragon-slayer. The folk-lore motif of the dragon guarding gold may have come from earlier Bronze Age customs of introducing serpents to village granaries to deter rats or mice. Although dragons occur in many legends around the world, different cultures have varying stories about monsters that have been grouped together under the dragon label, some dragons are said to breathe fire or to be poisonous, such as in the Old English poem Beowulf. They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and they are sometimes portrayed as hoarding treasure. Some myths portray them with a row of dorsal spines, European dragons are more often winged, while Chinese dragons resemble large snakes. Dragons can have a number of legs, none, two, four, or more when it comes to early European literature. Dragons are often held to have spiritual significance in various religions. In many Asian cultures, dragons were, and in some still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature, religion. They are associated with wisdom—often said to be wiser than humans—and longevity and they are commonly said to possess some form of magic or other supernatural power, and are often associated with wells, rain, and rivers

13.
Stained glass
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The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches, mosques, although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture. Modern vernacular usage has extended the term stained glass to include domestic leadlight. As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together by strips of lead. Painted details and yellow stain are used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass. Stained glass, as an art and a craft, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the late Middle Ages. In Western Europe they constitute the form of pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as illuminated wall decorations, Stained glass is still popular today, but often referred to as art glass. It is prevalent in luxury homes, commercial buildings, and places of worship, artists and companies are contracted to create beautiful art glass ranging from domes, windows, backsplashes, etc. During the late Medieval period, glass factories were set up there was a ready supply of silica. Silica requires very high heat to become molten, something not all glass factories were able to achieve, such materials as potash, soda, and lead can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as lime, are added to rebuild the weakened network, Glass is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, much modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass

14.
Tapestry
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Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom. Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in all the warp threads are hidden in the completed work. In tapestry weaving, weft yarns are typically discontinuous, the artisan interlaces each coloured weft back and it is a plain weft-faced weave having weft threads of different colours worked over portions of the warp to form the design. Most weavers use a warp thread, such as linen or cotton. The weft threads are usually wool or cotton, but may include silk, gold, silver, the earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek

15.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa

16.
Book of hours
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The book of hours is a Christian devotional book popular in the Middle Ages. It is the most common type of surviving medieval illuminated manuscript, Books of hours were usually written in Latin, although there are many entirely or partially written in vernacular European languages, especially Dutch. The English term primer is usually now reserved for books written in English. Tens of thousands of books of hours have survived to the present day, in libraries, the typical book of hours is an abbreviated form of the breviary which contained the Divine Office recited in monasteries. It was developed for lay people who wished to incorporate elements of monasticism into their devotional life, reciting the hours typically centered upon the reading of a number of psalms and other prayers. The Marian prayers Obsecro te and O Intemerata were frequently added, as were devotions for use at Mass, the book of hours has its ultimate origin in the Psalter, which monks and nuns were required to recite. By the 12th century this had developed into the breviary, with cycles of psalms, prayers, hymns, antiphons. Eventually a selection of texts was produced in much shorter volumes, many books of hours were made for women. There is some evidence that they were given as a wedding present from a husband to his bride. Frequently they were passed down through the family, as recorded in wills, the earliest surviving English example was apparently written for a laywoman living in or near Oxford in about 1240. It is smaller than a modern paperback but heavily illuminated with major initials, by the 15th century, there are also examples of servants owning their own Books of Hours. In a court case from 1500, a woman is accused of stealing a domestic servants prayerbook. Very rarely the books included prayers specifically composed for their owners, some include images depicting their owners, and some their coats of arms. These, together with the choice of saints commemorated in the calendar, eamon Duffy explains how these books reflected the person who commissioned them. He claims that the character of these books was often signaled by the inclusion of prayers specially composed or adapted for their owners. Furthermore, he states that as many as half the surviving manuscript Books of Hours have annotations, such additions might amount to no more than the insertion of some regional or personal patron saint in the standardized calendar, but they often include devotional material added by the owner. By at least the 15th century, the Netherlands and Paris workshops were producing books of hours for stock or distribution and these were sometimes with spaces left for the addition of personalized elements such as local feasts or heraldry. The book’s goal was to help his devout patroness to structure her daily life in accordance with the eight canonical hours, Matins to Compline

17.
Mont Saint-Michel
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Le Mont-Saint-Michel is an island commune in Normandy, France. It is located one kilometre off the countrys northwestern coast. As of 2009, the island has a population of 44, the island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. The Mont remained unconquered during the Hundred Years War, a small garrison fended off an attack by the English in 1433. The reverse benefits of its defence were not lost on Louis XI. Thereafter the abbey began to be used regularly as a jail during the Ancien Régime. One of Frances most recognizable landmarks, visited by more than 3 million people each year, Mont Saint-Michel, over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as monuments historiques. Now a rocky island, the Mont occupied dry land in prehistoric times. As sea levels rose, erosion reshaped the landscape, and several outcrops of granite emerged in the bay. These included Lillemer, the Mont-Dol, Tombelaine, and Mont Tombe, the Mont has a circumference of about 960 metres and its highest point is 92 metres above sea level. The tides can vary greatly, at roughly 14 metres between high and low water marks, popularly nicknamed St. Polderisation and occasional flooding have created salt marsh meadows that were found to be ideally suited to grazing sheep. The connection between Mont Saint-Michel and the mainland has changed over the centuries, previously connected by a tidal causeway, this was converted into a raised causeway in 1879, preventing the tide from scouring the silt around the mount. These factors all encouraged silting-up of the bay, the construction of the dam began in 2009. The project also includes the removal of the causeway and its car park. Since 28 April 2012 the new car park on the mainland has been located 2.5 kilometres from the island, visitors can walk or use shuttles to cross the causeway. On 22 July 2014 the new bridge by architect Dietmar Feichtinger was opened to the public, the light bridge allows the waters to flow freely around the island and improves the efficiency of the now operational dam. The project which cost €209 million was opened by President François Hollande. On rare occasions tidal circumstances produce an extremely high supertide, the new bridge was completely submerged on 21 March 2015, by the highest sea level for at least 18 years, as crowds gathered to snap photos

18.
Normandy
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Normandy is one of the regions of France, roughly corresponding to the historical Duchy of Normandy. Administratively, Normandy is divided into five departments, Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne and it covers 30,627 km², forming roughly 5% of the territory of France. Its population of 3.37 million accounts for around 5% of the population of France, Normans is the name given to the inhabitants of Normandy, and the region is the homeland of the Norman language. The historical region of Normandy comprised the region of Normandy, as well as small areas now part of the départements, or departments of Mayenne. For a century and a following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Normandy and England were linked by Norman. Archaeological finds, such as paintings, prove that humans were present in the region in prehistoric times. Celts invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th to the 3rd century BC, when Julius Caesar invaded Gaul, there were nine different Celtic tribes living in Normandy. The Romanisation of Normandy was achieved by the methods, Roman roads. Classicists have knowledge of many Gallo-Roman villas in Normandy, in the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated Normandy. Coastal settlements were raided by Saxon pirates, Christianity also began to enter the area during this period. In 406, Germanic tribes began invading from the east, while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast, the Roman Emperor withdrew from most of Normandy. As early as 487, the area between the River Somme and the River Loire came under the control of the Frankish lord Clovis, the Vikings started to raid the Seine Valley during the middle of the 9th century. As early as 841, a Viking fleet appeared at the mouth of the Seine, after attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at Jumièges, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagnes empire to take northern France. The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Norwegian Viking leader Hrólfr Ragnvaldsson, Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple, through the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he, the name Normandy reflects Rollos Viking origins. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and they became the Normans – a Norman-speaking mixture of Saxons and indigenous Franks and Celts. Besides the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent conquests of Wales and Ireland, Norman families, such as that of Tancred of Hauteville, Rainulf Drengot and Guimond de Moulins played important parts in the Norman conquest of southern Italy and Crusades. They also carved out a place for themselves and their descendants in the Crusader states of Asia Minor, the 14th century Norman explorer Jean de Béthencourt established a kingdom in the Canary Islands

19.
Charles Perrault
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Charles Perrault was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new genre, the fairy tale. The best known of his tales include Le Petit Chaperon Rouge, Cendrillon, Le Chat Botté, La Belle au bois Dormant, some of Perraults versions of old stories have influenced the German versions published by the Brothers Grimm more than 100 years later. The stories continue to be printed and have adapted to opera, ballet, theatre. Perrault was a figure in the 17th-century French literary scene, and was the leader of the Modern faction during the Quarrel of the Ancients. Perrault was born in Paris to a bourgeois family, the seventh child of Pierre Perrault. He attended very good schools and studied law before embarking on a career in government service and he took part in the creation of the Academy of Sciences as well as the restoration of the Academy of Painting. In 1654, he moved in with his brother Pierre, who had purchased a post as the tax collector of the city of Paris. When the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres was founded in 1663, Perrault was appointed its secretary and served under Jean Baptiste Colbert, Jean Chapelain, Amable de Bourzeys, and Jacques Cassagne were also appointed. His design was chosen over designs by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and François Mansart, in 1668, Perrault wrote La Peinture to honor the kings first painter, Charles Le Brun. He also wrote Courses de tetes et de bague, written to commemorate the 1662 celebrations staged by Louis for his mistress, Louise-Françoise de La Baume le Blanc, Perrault was elected to the Académie française in 1671. He married Marie Guichon, age 19, in 1672, she died in 1678, in 1669 Perrault advised Louis XIV to include thirty-nine fountains each representing one of the fables of Aesop in the labyrinth of Versailles in the gardens of Versailles. The work was carried out between 1672 and 1677, water jets spurting from the animals mouths were conceived to give the impression of speech between the creatures. There was a plaque with a caption and a written by the poet Isaac de Benserade next to each fountain. Perrault produced the guidebook for the labyrinth, Labyrinte de Versailles, printed at the press, Paris, in 1677. Philippe Quinault, a family friend of the Perraults, quickly gained a reputation as the librettist for the new musical genre known as opera. He was on the side of the Moderns and wrote Le Siècle de Louis le Grand, Le Siècle de Louis le Grand was written in celebration of Louis XIVs recovery from a life-threatening operation. Perrault argued that because of Louiss enlightened rule, the present age was superior in respect to ancient times

20.
Sleeping Beauty
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Sleeping Beauty by Charles Perrault, or Little Briar Rose by the Brothers Grimm, is a classic fairy tale which involves a beautiful princess, a sleeping enchantment, and a handsome prince. The version collected by the Brothers Grimm was an orally transmitted version of the originally literary tale published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697. This in turn was based on Sun, Moon, and Talia by Italian poet Giambattista Basile, the earliest known version of the story is found in the narrative Perceforest, composed between 1330 and 1344 and first printed in 1528. At the christening of a king and queens long-wished-for child, seven good fairies are invited to be godmothers to the infant princess, the fairies attend the banquet at the palace. Each fairy is presented with a plate and drinking cups adorned with jewels. Soon after, an old fairy enters the palace and is seated with a plate of fine china and this old fairy is overlooked because she has been within a tower for many years and everyone had believed her to be deceased. Six of the seven fairies then offer their gifts of beauty, wit, grace, dance, song. The evil fairy is very angry about having been forgotten, and as her gift, enchants the infant princess so that she one day prick her finger on a spindle of a spinning wheel. The seventh fairy, who hasnt yet given her gift, attempts to reverse the evil fairys curse, however, she can only do so partially. Instead of dying, the Princess will fall into a deep sleep for 100 years, the King orders that every spindle and spinning wheel in the kingdom to be destroyed, to try to save his daughter from the terrible curse. Fifteen or sixteen years pass and one day, when the king and queen are away, the princess, who has never seen anyone spin before, asks the old woman if she can try the spinning wheel. The curse is fulfilled as the princess pricks her finger on the spindle, the old woman cries for help and attempts are made to revive the princess. The king attributes this to fate and has the Princess carried to the finest room in the palace and placed upon a bed of gold, the king and queen kiss their daughter goodbye and depart, proclaiming the entrance to be forbidden. The good fairy who altered the evil prophecy is summoned, having great powers of foresight, the fairy sees that the Princess will awaken to distress when she finds herself alone, so the fairy puts everyone in the castle to sleep. The fairy also summons a forest of trees, brambles and thorns that spring up around the castle, shielding it from the outside world, a hundred years pass and a prince from another family spies the hidden castle during a hunting expedition. The prince then braves the tall trees, brambles and thorns which part at his approach and he passes the sleeping castle folk and comes across the chamber where the Princess lies asleep on the bed. Struck by the radiant beauty before him, he falls on his knees before her, the enchantment comes to an end by a kiss and the princess awakens and converses with the prince for a long time. Meanwhile, the rest of the castle awakens and go about their business, the prince and princess are later married by the chaplain in the castle chapel

21.
Notre-Dame de Paris
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Notre-Dame de Paris, also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France. The cathedral is considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture, as the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame contains the cathedra of the Archbishop of Paris, currently Cardinal André Vingt-Trois. The cathedral treasury contains a reliquary, which some of Catholicisms most important relics, including the purported Crown of Thorns, a fragment of the True Cross. In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration in the phase of the French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. An extensive restoration supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began in 1845, a project of further restoration and maintenance began in 1991. The Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress, in response, the cathedrals architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern. The total surface area is 5,500 m², many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts. Among these are the famous gargoyles, designed for water run-off, the statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior. The cathedral was complete by 1345. It is possible therefore that the faults with the structure were exaggerated by the Bishop to help justify the rebuilding in a newer style. According to legend, Sully had a vision of a new cathedral for Paris. To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built to transport materials for the rest of the cathedral. Construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, however, both were at the ceremony. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life, construction of the choir took from 1163 until around 1177 and the new High Altar was consecrated in 1182. By this stage, the facade had also been laid out. Numerous architects worked on the site over the period of construction, between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers. Shortly afterwards Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept,1160 Maurice de Sully orders the original cathedral demolished

22.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day

23.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties

24.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)
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The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 34th Disney animated feature film, the film is based on Victor Hugos novel of the same name, the plot centers on Quasimodo, the deformed bell-ringer of Notre Dame, and his struggle to gain acceptance into society. The musical score was written by Alan Menken, with songs written by Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz, the film received Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for Menkens musical score. A direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II, was released in 2002, in 1482 Paris, Clopin, a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo, the Minister of Justice of Paris, a gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo chases and kills her outside Notre Dame. He tries to kill the baby as well, but the cathedrals archdeacon intervenes and accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman, to atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo. Twenty years later, Quasimodo develops into a kind yet isolated young man who has lived inside the cathedral his entire life, a trio of living stone gargoyles—Victor, Hugo, and Laverne—serve as Quasimodos only company, and encourage him to attend the annually-held Festival of Fools. Frollo refuses to help Quasimodo, but Esmeralda, a gypsy, intervenes by freeing the hunchback. Frollo confronts Quasimodo and sends him back inside the cathedral, Esmeralda follows Quasimodo inside, only to be followed herself by Captain Phoebus of Frollos guard. Phoebus refuses to arrest her for alleged witchcraft inside Notre Dame, Esmeralda finds and befriends Quasimodo, who helps her escape Notre Dame out of gratitude for defending him. She entrusts Quasimodo a pendant containing a map to the gypsies hideout, Frollo soon develops lustful feelings for Esmeralda and, upon realizing them, begs the Virgin Mary to save him from her spell to avoid eternal damnation. When Frollo discovers that she escaped, he instigates a citywide manhunt for her which involves setting fire to houses in his way. Phoebus is appalled by Frollos evil reputation and defies him, Frollo then sentences Phoebus to death. Phoebus is struck by an arrow and falls into the River Seine, the gargoyles encourage Quasimodo to confess his feelings for Esmeralda, but he is heartbroken to discover she and Phoebus have fallen in love. Frollo returns to Notre Dame later that night and discovers that Quasimodo helped Esmeralda escape and he bluffs to Quasimodo saying that he knows about the Court of Miracles and that he intends to attack at dawn. Using the map Esmeralda gave him, Quasimodo and Phoebus find the court to warn the gypsies, only for Frollo to follow them, Frollo prepares to burn Esmeralda at the stake after she rejects his advances, but Quasimodo rescues her and brings her to the cathedral. Phoebus releases the gypsies and rallies the citizens of Paris against Frollo and his men, Quasimodo and the gargoyles pour molten lead onto the streets to ensure no one enters, but Frollo successfully manages to enter. He pursues Quasimodo and Esmeralda to the balcony where he and Quasimodo both fall over the edge, Frollo falls to his death in the molten lead, while Quasimodo is caught by Phoebus on a lower floor

25.
Epic Mickey
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Epic Mickey is a platform video game designed by Warren Spector and developed by Junction Point Studios for the Wii console. The character was regained by The Walt Disney Company in 2006 under the guidance of Bob Iger, the game also marks the first time that Oswald and Mickey ever appeared together. The game is darker and more complex than previous Mickey Mouse games. Spector collaborated with both Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios in conjunction with the project, the game was officially announced on October 28,2009 in London and released in November 2010 in both Europe and North America. Epic Mickey is primarily a game and allows players to use their own solutions for getting through the levels. Epic Mickey features a morality system similar to games like Infamous, Spider-Man, Web of Shadows, different alliances, side-quests and power-ups are made available depending on the choices of the player. It is also possible to avoid mini-bosses if specific actions are taken, the games key feature is the paint brush, which Mickey wields, that has the ability to draw or erase objects using paint and paint thinner. Mickey is also able to materialize objects from sketches, which have various effects, Two of the three sketches, the watch and the television, slow down time and distract enemies, respectively. Both fluids have limited reserves, adding an element to gameplay. However, the fluids automatically but slowly refill and power-ups that quickly replenish the fluids are available in certain areas, Mickey can also find pins in Wasteland. Most are bronze, silver, or gold pins, but some are special, for example, the Art Appreciator or Mean Street pin. Another thing that is useful in the game is a type of currency called E-tickets and these can be given or discovered. They are used to buy art, pins, health refills. To travel between sections of the Wasteland, Mickey traverses 2D side-scrolling levels based on his cartoon shorts, such as Steamboat Willie. The game is set in a stylized world called the Cartoon Wasteland. It was created by the sorcerer Yen Sid for forgotten Toons, heavily based on the Disneyland theme parks, this world is home to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Gremlin Gus, and other obscure or scrapped Disney characters, Disneyland rides, or areas. Fiddling with the brush and some paint to make a self-portrait, panicking, Mickey quickly tries to erase the Blot by throwing paint thinner onto it, but spills more paint on the model in the process. During his journey through the Wasteland, Mickey is guided by Gremlin Gus, Mickey uses the brush to restore the Wasteland in order to atone for his destruction and win Oswalds trust

26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

27.
Brothers Grimm
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Their first collection of folk tales, Childrens and Household Tales, was published in 1812. The brothers spent their formative years in the German town of Hanau and their fathers death in 1796 caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They both attended the University of Marburg where they developed a curiosity about German folklore, which grew into a dedication to collecting German folk tales. The rise of romanticism during the 19th century revived interest in folk stories. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, between 1812 and 1857, their first collection was revised and republished many times, growing from 86 stories to more than 200. The popularity of the Grimms best folk tales has endured well, Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm was born on 4 January 1785 and his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm on 24 February 1786. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, in 1791, the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau, when Philipp was employed there as district magistrate. The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau, the children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. In 1796, Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, plunging his family into poverty, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, and he was forced at age 11 to assume adult responsibilities for the two years. The two boys adhered to the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious, the brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then, they were without a provider, forcing them to rely entirely on each other. The two brothers differed in temperament, Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing, sharing a strong work ethic, they excelled in their studies. In Kassel, they became aware of their inferior social status relative to high-born students who received more attention. Still, each brother graduated at the head of his class, Jacob in 1803, after graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students and there they became aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their standing and had to request dispensation to study law

28.
The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)
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The Sleeping Beauty is a ballet in a prologue and three acts, first performed in 1890. The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, the score was completed in 1889, and is the second of his three ballets. The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, and is based on Charles Perraults La Belle au bois dormant, the choreographer of the original production was Marius Petipa. The premiere performance took place at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg on January 15,1890, the work has become one of the classical repertoires most famous ballets. Tchaikovsky was approached by the Director of the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg and it was later decided that Charles Perraults La Belle au bois dormant would be the story for which Tchaikovsky would compose the music for the ballet. Tchaikovsky did not hesitate to accept the commission, although he was aware that his only previous ballet, Swan Lake, the ballet scenario that Tchaikovsky worked on was based on the Brothers Grimms version of Perraults work entitled Dornröschen. In that version, the Princesss parents survived the 100-year sleep to celebrate the Princesss wedding to the Prince, other French fairy tale characters to be featured are Beauty and the Beast, Pretty Goldilocks and The White Cat. Regardless, Tchaikovsky was happy to inform the Director of the Imperial Theatre that he had great pleasure studying the work and had come away with adequate inspiration to do it justice. The choreographer was Marius Petipa, ballet master of the Imperial Ballet, Tchaikovsky worked quickly on the new work at Frolovskoye, he began initial sketches in the winter of 1888 and began orchestration on the work on 30 May 1889. Act III of the work, however, takes a break from the two motifs and instead places focus on the individual characters of the various court dances. St. Petersburg premiere Date,15 January 1890 Place, Imperial Mariinsky Theatre and this version has been performed by a number of central European ballet companies over the past two decades. By 1903, The Sleeping Beauty was the second most popular ballet in the repertory of the Imperial Ballet, in 1999, the Mariinsky Ballet reconstructed the original 1899 production, including reproductions of the original sets and costumes. Although the 1951 Kirov production by Konstantin Sergeyev is available on DVD/Video, the Sleeping Beauty is Tchaikovskys longest ballet, lasting nearly four hours at full length - counting the intermissions. Without intermissions, it lasts three hours. At the premiere Tsar Alexander III summoned Tchaikovsky to the imperial box, the Tsar made the simple remark Very nice, which seemed to have irritated Tchaikovsky, who had likely expected a more favorable response. Six fairies are invited to the ceremony to bestow gifts on the child, each fairy represents a virtue or positive trait, such as beauty, courage, sweetness, musical talent, and mischief. The most powerful fairy, the Lilac Fairy, arrives with her entourage, but before she can bestow her gift, with a clap of thunder, the evil fairy Carabosse arrives with her minions. Carabosse furiously asks the King and Queen why she had not received an invitation to the christening, the blame falls to Catallabutte, the Master of Ceremonies who was in charge of the guest list

29.
Sun, Moon, and Talia
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Sun, Moon, and Talia is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. Charles Perrault retold this fairy tale in 1697 as The Sleeping Beauty and it is Aarne-Thompson type 410, other tales of this type include The Glass Coffin and The Young Slave. After the birth of a lords daughter named Talia, wise men and astrologers cast the childs horoscope. To protect his daughter, the commands that no flax would ever be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks the woman if she can stretch the flax herself, but as soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail, and she drops to the ground, apparently dead. Unable to stand the thought of burying his child, Talias father, some time later, a king, hunting in nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia, overcome by her beauty, he tries unsuccessfully to wake her and he lifted her in his arms, and carried her to a bed, where he gathered the first fruits of love. Afterwards, he leaves the girl on the bed and returns to his own city, still deep in sleep, she gives birth to twins. One day, the girl find her mothers breast, and instead she begins to suck on Talias finger. She names them Sun and Moon and lives with them in the house, the king returns and finds Talia is awake – and a mother of twins. He calls out the names of Talia, Sun and Moon in his sleep, and his wife and she forces the kings secretary to tell her everything, and then, using a forged message, has Talias children brought to court. She orders the cook to kill the children and serve them to the king, but the cook hides them, and cooks two lambs instead. The queen taunts the king while he eats, then the queen has Talia brought to court. She commands that a fire be lit in the courtyard. Talia asks to take off her fine garments first, Talia undresses and utters screams of grief with each piece of clothing. His wife tells him that Talia would be burned and that he had eaten his own children. The king commands that his wife, his secretary, and the cook be thrown into the fire instead, the cook explains how he had saved Sun and Moon

30.
The Young Slave
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The Young Slave is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. It is Aarne-Thompson type 410, Sleeping Beauty, other variants include The Glass Coffin and Sun, Moon, girls competed to jump over a rose bush, at last Cilia, the barons sister, did so, but she knocked off a rose petal. To pretend she had cleared it entirely, she swallowed the petal and she bore a daughter, named her Lisa, and gave her to fairies to raise. The fairies gave her gifts, but one twisted her ankle and cursed Lisa to die when she was seven, because her mother, combing her hair and this happened, and the lamenting mother put her in seven crystal coffins and put them in a room. Before she died, she gave her brother the key to the room and he obeyed, but he married, and one day while he hunted, his wife opened the door. Jealous of the beauty, she pulled her out by her hair. The woman beat her and made her a slave, telling her husband that her aunt had sent her a slave, the baron went to the fair and asked everyone for what they wanted. Lisa asked for a doll, a knife, and some pumice-stone and he forgot them, but the river swelled, reminding him. Lisa took them to the kitchen and told her story to the doll, after several days of this, the baron heard this and eavesdropped. When the girl began to whet the knife, he broke into the kitchen, then he put Lisa in the care of a relative, where she regained her health and beauty. The baron brought her to his own home, dismissed his wife back to her relatives, the Sleeping Prince The Maiden with the Rose on her Forehead The Bay-Tree Maiden

31.
The Glass Coffin
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The Glass Coffin is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 163. Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book as The Crystal Coffin and it is Aarne-Thompson type 410, Sleeping Beauty. Another variant is The Young Slave, a tailors apprentice became lost in a forest. When night came, he saw a shining and followed it to a hut. An old man lived there and, after the tailor begged, allowed him to stay for the night, in the morning, the tailor awoke to witness a fight between a great stag and a bull. After the stag won, it bounded up to him and carried him off in its antlers and it set him down before a wall of stone and pushed him against a door in it, which then opened. Inside the door, he was told to stand on a stone and he did so, and it sank down into a great hall, where the voice directed him to look into a glass chest. The chest contained a beautiful maiden, who asked him to open the chest and free her, the maiden told him her story, She was the daughter of a rich count, and after the death of her parents, she had been raised by her brother. One day, a traveler stayed the night and used magic to get to her in the night and she found the use of magic repellent and rejected his proposal. In revenge the magician then turned her brother into the stag, imprisoned her in the glass chest, the tailor and the maiden emerged from the enchanted hall and found that the stag had been transformed back into her brother. The bull he had killed had been the magician, the tailor and the maiden then married. The Queen Bee The Golden Stag

32.
Alinda of the Loch
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Alinda of the Loch is a childrens fantasy novel written by Oonagh Jane Pope and Julie Ann Brown. The story is a tale about the daughter of Sleeping Beauty. The result of a collaboration between a British primary school teacher and an American college professor, the novel was published by Across the Pond Publishing in 2009. Alinda experiences a similar curse to the one cast on her mother, However, in this tale, the story takes an unsuspecting turn when Alinda wakes up staring out of her glass topped bed to a young man named Grant. From this point, Alinda is introduced to a modern world with airplanes, cars, rock music. Alinda of the Loch offers an approach to the story of Sleeping Beauty. Brown, Julie Ann, Oonagh, Jane Pope, across the Pond Publishing, Santa Barbara, CA2009. Alinda of the Loch Homepage Did Sleeping Beauty Have A Child, blog Twitter page by Alinda of the Loch fans

33.
Briar Rose (novel)
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Briar Rose is a young adult novel written by American author Jane Yolen, published in 1992. The book was published as part of the Fairy Tale Series Sleeping Beauty of novels compiled by Terri Windling, the book won the annual Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature in 1993. It was also nominated for the Nebula Award, the book is divided into two parts, the home, and the castle. The ending is part of the section, returning after the castle. The story is based around the German fairy tale of Briar Rose which is told by Gemma and she tells this to the children almost all the time and it is the only bedtime story she ever tells. The times when Gemma tells the story are flashbacks and alternate between the present-day story, in the present day, Gemmas Jewish family is living somewhere outside a city in Massachusetts. She consults Stan, a friend and journalist who works for an alternative newspaper. She discovers that her grandmother was actually a survivor of the Holocaust who was persecuted for her Jewish origins and she decides to visit Chełmno and discovers a link with a man by the name of Josef Potocki in Poland. Becca sets off for Poland to find the identity and the life of her grandmother, in Poland, Josef tells his life story and his meeting with Gemma. In the book, his story is told in the castle section and he was a target of the Holocaust due to his homosexuality, and became a fugitive, during which time he met many different people, mainly partisans, mainly in Germany. He had heard stories of torture and extermination camps and joined a group set out to rescue victims. This leads him to Chełmno, where he witnesses the gassing to death of numerous people, the people are brought to the camp and then packed into trucks. The trucks drive away, with their exhaust funnelled into the passenger hold, by the time the trucks arrive at their destination, a mass grave, all of the people it was carrying have been gassed to death by the truck exhaust. The people are then dumped into the grave, when the bodies are dumped one of the partisans, named The Avenger notices that a woman with red hair is still alive and faintly breathing. Josef revives her through mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which the woman, refers to in her tale as the kiss of life. In reality, during period of time,320,000 were killed in Chelmno via the method of gassing them in trucks. Later, she hid in the forest with Polish partisans, fighting the Nazis, and married The Avenger and she became pregnant by him shortly after their marriage. Then he, along with almost all of the partisans, were killed by the Nazis

34.
Enchantment (novel)
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Enchantment is an English language fantasy novel written by Orson Scott Card. First published in 1999, the novel is based on the Russian version of Sleeping Beauty, various forms of magic, potions, and immortal deities also play an important role in the story. The protagonist and narrator is Ivan Smetski, a young Ukrainian-American linguist who specializes in Old Church Slavonic, in 1992, Ivan returns to his native town of Kiev to pursue additional graduate studies. While there he re-discovers the body of a woman that he had seen as a child and he awakens her with a kiss, and she tells him, in Old Church Slavonic, that she is Katerina, a princess of the kingdom of Taina. Transported back to the 10th century, Ivan follows Katerina back to Taina where he finds the Christian kingdom terrorized by the traditional Russian arch-villainess Baba Yaga, Baba Yagas magical powers, however, allow her to follow Ivan and Katerina to modern times. Back in the Ukraine, Ivan discovers that his cousin is in reality the immortal god Mikola Mozhaiski, returning to the United States, Ivan further discovers that his mother is a magic user, with the same powers as Katerina. After Katerina discovers Dimitris plot through scrying, Ivan and Katerina return to Taina, returning to Taina, Ivan and Katerina confront Dimitri, the enslaved god, and Baba Yaga. Though the Castle of Taina is destroyed, the two emerge victorious and they and their children split the rest of their days between the modern world and Taina. In a 1998 interview given during work on the novel, Card stated that he had realized he knew little about Slavic history, in 2008, Card also credited singer/songwriter Bruce Cockburns album The Charity of Night as an influence on his writing of the book. In the same article, he stated that he believed Enchantment might be his best novel, about the novel Enchantment from Cards website Enchantment on Google Books

35.
The Light Princess
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The Light Princess is a Scottish fairy tale by George MacDonald. An animated version was released in 1978, in 2013, a musical version by Tori Amos and Samuel Adamson inspired by the original story was premiered for the Royal National Theatre in London. The stage production featured actress Rosalie Craig as the title character, the musical was generally well-received, enjoyed an extended run in the theatre, and had its cast recording released in 2015. A king and queen, after time, have a daughter. The king invites everyone to the christening, except his sister Princess Makemnoit and she arrives without an invitation and curses the princess to have no gravity. Whenever the princess accidentally moves up in the air, she has to be brought down, as she grows, she never cries, and never can be brought to see the serious side of anything. The court philosophers, when consulted, are unable to propose any cure that the king and she passionately loves swimming, and when she swims, she regains her gravity. This leads to the proposal if she could be brought to cry. But nothing can induce her to cry, a prince from another country sets out to find a wife, but finds fault in every princess he finds. He had not intended to seek out the princess, but, upon becoming lost in a forest. Thinking she is drowning, he rescues her, ending up with her in the air and he falls instantly in love and, upon her demand, puts her back in the water, and goes swimming with her. Days pass, and the prince learns that her manner is changed between the water and the land, and he can not marry her as she is on land, Princess Makemnoit, meanwhile, discovers that the princess loves the lake and sets out to dry it up. The water is drained from the lake, the springs are stopped up, even babies no longer cry water. The prince volunteers, on the condition that the princess keep him company while the lake fills, when the prince has almost drowned, the princess frantically drags his body from the lake to take it to her old nurse, who is a wise woman. They tend him through the night, and he wakes at dawn, the princess falls to the floor and cries. The prince desired to travel over land with the princess so she could find her feet, after the princess masters the art of walking, she marries the prince. Princess Makemnoits house is undermined by the waters and falls in, the light princess and her prince have many children, none of whom ever lose their gravity. In 2013, the National Theatre produced a staging of the story

36.
Little Daylight
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Little Daylight is a fairy tale written by George MacDonald and included as a story within a story in At the Back of the North Wind, published in 1871. It has subsequently published as an independent tale, and in collections of his other fairy tales. A king and queen gain a daughter, who they name Daylight and they invite all the fairies who live in the woods by their palace, except one, newly arrived, who lives in the swamp and has everyone convinced she is a witch. The fairy arrives anyway, and demands the babys name, on hearing it is Little Daylight she says it shall be little daylight, as the princess would sleep all day. Another fairy gives her the gift of waking all night, but the swamp fairy insists that she was not done with the curse, and that Daylight shall wax and wane with the moon. A second fairy says that the curse shall be broken when a prince kisses her without knowing it, and the swamp fairy can not pretend again that she was not done. As the princess grows up, she is beautiful and full of spirits at the full moon. The older she grows the more extreme the contrast becomes, a nearby prince has to flee a revolt in his country and comes to the woods. He meets a fairy who is very cryptic with him, and he sees her three nights in a row, as the moon is waxing to full, and falls in love. The third night, they have a conversation in which the princess tells him she has never seen the sun and he meets the fairy again and talks with her, but the fairy can not tell him the full curse. The prince finds Daylight again when the moon is new, and she is so withered and feeble that he spends the night trying to minister to her, dawn arrives, Daylight is restored to her full beauty, and she asks the prince whether the sun is coming. Chapter 28 of At the Back of the North Wind, Little Daylight

37.
The Ordinary Princess
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The Ordinary Princess is a childrens novel written and illustrated by M. M. Kaye. It concerns Princess Amethyst Alexandra Augusta Araminta Adelaide Aurelia Anne of Phantasmorania—Amy for short—who has been given the gift of ordinariness, the fairy godmother Crustacea, however, tells her, You shall be Ordinary. Unlike her six sisters, Amy grows up with mousy hair, freckled. They become friends, he finds out that she is a princess, and she finds out that he is King Algernon of Ambergeldar, who, like her, hates his given name. The folk song Lavenders Blue—particularly the first two lines, Lavenders blue, rosemarys green, When I am king, you shall be queen—is a motif throughout the book. Kaye has stated that The Birches, the house Amy and Peregrine build together in the book, was based on a house that she and her sister Bets built in the Wilmcote Hill woods

38.
The Sleeping Beauty Quartet
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The Sleeping Beauty Quartet is a series of four novels written by American author Anne Rice under the pseudonym of A. N. Roquelaure. The quartet comprises The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty, Beautys Punishment, Beautys Release, and Beautys Kingdom, first published individually in 1983,1984,1985 and they are erotic BDSM novels set in a medieval fantasy world, loosely based on the fairy tale of Sleeping Beauty. In 1994, the audio versions of the first three books were published in cassette form. The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty was read by actress Amy Brenneman, Beautys Punishment was read by Elizabeth Montgomery as Beauty with Michael Diamond as Tristan, and Beautys Release was by Montgomery with actor Christian Keiber reading as Laurent. A compact disc version of the audiobooks was read by Genviere Bevier, after the success of Interview with the Vampire, Anne Rice wrote two extensively researched historical novels, The Feast of All Saints and Cry to Heaven. She had been thinking about a set during the time of Oscar Wilde for the next novel. Her idea was to create a book where you didnt have to mark the hot pages and to take away everything extraneous, to gain a creative freedom for the new work, Rice adopted the nom de plume A. N. Roquelaure from the French word Roquelaure, referring to a worn by men in the 18th-century Europe. Rice came out as the author of the trilogy only sometime during the 1990s, a fourth book in the series, Beautys Kingdom, was published in April 2015. After stripping her naked he takes her to his kingdom, ruled by his mother Queen Eleanor, where Beauty is trained as a slave and a plaything. The rest of the slaves, dozens of them, in the Queens castle are princes and princesses sent by their royal parents from the surrounding kingdoms as tributes. In the castle Beauty meets another slave, Prince Alexi, with whom she copulates passionately, after that he tells her about the long adventurous journey he had in the castle. Alexi previously had been a prince who fought back all the attempts to break him. The moral of Alexis story notwithstanding, Beauty willfully disobeys, the second book starts as Beauty and another naked slave from the castle, Prince Tristan, are sold at auction in the village square. Beauty is purchased by the inn keeper Mistress Lockely while Tristan is bought by Nicholas, at Lockelys inn Beauty meets the Captain of the Guard, who forces her to pleasure him and then takes her to a drunken orgy with his soldiers. Tristan is bound and harnessed as a pony with a tail plugged in his rear, when the cart arrives at an orchard, he is ordered to collect apples with his mouth, and trained to satisfy other human ponies in the stable. Afterward, Nicholas has Tristan paddled at the Public Turntable, which devastates the prince, Nicholas is moved by the answer and, after a frantic intercourse, confesses to him that he is in love with Tristan. Tristan begs Nicholas to be allowed to meet Beauty and they reunite in Nicholas house, Beauty and Tristan copulate as Nicholas watches behind a one-way mirror

39.
Spindle's End
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Spindles End is a retelling of Sleeping Beauty by author Robin McKinley, published in 2000. There Katriona and her aunt raise the princess as an ordinary village maiden, throughout the book, Rosie grows from a headstrong, stubborn child into an intelligent and courageous young woman. Peony, Rosies best friend, has a deep need to be loved and accepted by a family, animals also play a central role in the book. Animals of various kinds help Katriona get Rosie to The Gig, the events of McKinleys Deerskin are also referenced obliquely, as the Queen, Rosies mother, is said to come from a country best known for the fleethounds bred by its king and queen. That there is a strong storyline only adds to the books unequivocal success,8 no.3, September 2004 Review of Spindles End from School Library Journal,2004

40.
Elemental Masters
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Elemental Masters is a fantasy series written by Mercedes Lackey, taking place on an alternate earth where magic exists. The series largely focuses on Elemental Masters, people who have control over air, water, fire. Each elemental master has power over elementals, as well, each book in the series is loosely based on a fairy tale. DAW Books published the titles, inaugurating the Elemental Masters moniker. Hence Serpents Shadow is the first numbered title in the series, in addition to the main books, two anthologies have been published, containing works by various fantasy and science fiction authors set in the Elemental Masters universe. The setting of the Elemental Masters is an alternative Earth during the early 1900s, the main and perhaps sole difference between this world and our reality is that magic exists, controlled by those who have mastery over the four classical elements. The majority of the tales take place in England, with The Fire Rose taking place in North America, also the 1918 flu pandemic is hinted in Phoenix and Ashes to be due to the machinations of a malevolent Master. The world of the Elemental Masters is home to two types of magic, the elemental magic that plays an important part in the series. There have been mentions of different types and degrees of ability in the series. Elemental magic is the most commonly seen form of magic in the series, with every book having at least a couple of elemental masters as major characters, the masters abilities are tied with their ability to see and control spirits of a particular elemental affinity. Different regions of the world have different Elementals, Elemental magicians are classed by their affinity and by their mastery of their magic, one can be an Elemental Magician or an Elemental Master. This is later proven to not be the case in A Study In Sable, the power of Ice can be the seen as a partial exception of the normal abilities of an Elemental mage. Ice can be controlled by a master of Fire, with cold being the inverse of heat. As seen in The Wizard of London, the power of ice is seen as a perversion and innately destructive, similarly, Necromancy, the power of death, in Unnatural Issue is a destructive perversion of the power of Earth. If Water and Air have similar perversions, we have not yet seen them, most of the details given about the talented are seen in The Wizard of London. While the talented in most part fit the descriptions and abilities given psychics in the modern world, first, certain psychics are able to gain familiars, the second difference is that powerful talents or the talented have psychic Avatars that represent their duties as champions of the light. These avatars tend to draw imagery from fiction and the past, details are given in Reserved for the Cat. Sensitives are those who do not have direct magical talents but are able to see and feel to a degree, some are capable of seeing and sometimes communicating with elemental spirits

41.
Some Call It Loving
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Some Call It Loving, also known as Sleeping Beauty is a 1973 drama film written, produced, and directed by James B. Harris, based on a story by John Collier. The film opens on a balcony overlooking the sea. A young man, Robert Troy, approaches a woman, Scarlett and they discuss the young man that they are mourning. Troy asks Scarlett if she loved him, and she answers that she did, Troy visits a carnival where he pays $1 to enter a Sleeping Beauty attraction. Inside the tent, a carny is dressed up as a doctor, the doctor makes a show of examining the Sleeping Beauty to demonstrate that she is healthy. He then announces that red-blooded men can pay another $1 to kiss the Sleeping Beauty, after the show, Troy presses the carny for details about the woman, finding out that she has been asleep for eight years. The doctor offers to leave Troy alone with her for $50, instead, Troy asks how much it would cost to buy her. The carny suggests $20,000, and Troy agrees, the carny gives Troy a bottle and explains that its contents will keep the woman asleep. Troy takes the back to the mansion. Troy announces to Scarlett, who is in bed with a female lover. Troy then goes to his gig at a nightclub, where he plays baritone sax. After his set, he checks in with a junkie named Jeff to make sure he is taking the pills that Troy bought for him, Scarlett and Troy live a cloistered life of privilege in their mansion. They play elaborate games with other and a string of women. Currently, Scarlett is pretending to run a finishing school and her newest student is a young woman named Angelica, who dresses as a French maid and waits on Scarlett and Troy. Scarlett gently corrects mistakes in Angelicas service, meanwhile, the Sleeping Beauty awakes, and Troy discovers that her name is Jennifer. He gradually shows her around the house, as she acclimates to being awake for the first time in years, together, they watch Scarlett and Angelica do a dance routine while dressed as nuns. When the jukebox switches to a tango, Troy hastily shuts it off, Jennifer thanks him for waking her, quoting Alfred Tennysons Sleeping Beauty, I ’d sleep another hundred years, O love, for such another kiss

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Sleeping Beauty (1987 film)
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Sleeping Beauty is a 1987 American/Israeli musical film, part of the 1980 film series Cannon Movie Tales. It is directed by David Irving and stars Tahnee Welch, Morgan Fairchild, Nicholas Clay and it is a contemporary version of the classic tale of Sleeping Beauty of the Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault. Like the other Cannon Movie Tales, the movie was filmed entirely in Israel, a childless Queen and her King, are given a magical potion by a kindly elf. When the beautiful Princess Rosebud is born, all the fairies in the land are invited to a christening to bestow their gifts upon the child. However, the evil Red Fairy is left off the guest list because there are only eight golden dinner plates, enraged, she crashes the christening ceremony and curses the Princess on her sixteenth birthday to prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die. Many years later, all the people in the kingdom are upset because their clothes have dissolved to rags due to the absence of spindles, the King and Queen travel to the far reaches and bring back reams of fabrics. During their absence, the Red Fairy, disguised as an old woman, lures Princess Rosebud into an old tower room. The evil curse is complete, and Rosebud falls into a deep sleep, the White Fairy uses her magic to put everyone in the castle to sleep and cover the castle in thick vines. One hundred years pass, and a handsome Prince comes to the castle and wakes Rosebud with a kiss, the entire kingdom celebrates their awakening, and Princess Rosebud and her Prince are married and live happily ever after. com

The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it. Throughout its …

The north transept rose of Chartres Cathedral donated by Blanche of Castile. It represents the Virgin Mary as Queen of Heaven, surrounded by Biblical kings and prophets. Below is St Anne, mother of the Virgin, with four righteous leaders. The window includes the arms of France and Castile.

The book of hours is a Christian devotional book popular in the Middle Ages. It is the most common type of surviving …

Book of hours, Paris c. 1410. Miniature of the Annunciation, with the start of Matins in the Little Office, the beginning of the texts after the calendar in the usual arrangement.

Even this level of decoration was more rich than that of most books, though less than the lavish amounts of illumination in luxury books, which are those most often seen reproduced.

A full-page miniature of May, from a calendar cycle by Simon Bening, early 16th century.

The lavish illusionistic borders of this Flemish book of hours from the late 1470s are typical of luxury books of this period, which were now often decorated on every page. The butterfly wing cutting into the text area is an example of playing with visual conventions, typical of the period. (Among the plants are the ''Veronica'', Vinca, Viola tricolor, Bellis perennis, and Chelidonium majus. The butterfly is Aglais urticae. The Latin text is a devotion to Saint Christopher).

The Sleeping Beauty (Russian: Спящая красавица / Spyashchaya krasavitsa) is a ballet in a prologue and three acts, …

Original cast members costumed for Act I. At center is Carlotta Brianza as Aurora. (Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 1890)

The bad fairy Carabosse by Léon Bakst, who created the décor and about 300 costume designs in 2 months for Diaghilev's lavish 1921 production of The Sleeping Beauty in London.

Carlotta Brianza as Princess Aurora and Pavel Gerdt as Prince Désiré, costumed for the Grand Procession of Act III in Petipa's original production of The Sleeping Beauty. (Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 1890)

The Light Princess is a Scottish fairy tale by George MacDonald. It was published in 1864. Drawing on inspiration from …

Cover of 1962 edition.

The National Theatre's poster for The Light Princess musical featuring Rosalie Craig as the weightless princess "Althea".

American singer/songwriter and classically trained pianist Tori Amos wrote music and lyrics for the musical stage production.

Rosalie Craig as "Althea" and Nick Hendrix as "Digby". Wires, acrobatics and optical illusions were used to give The Light Princess the appearance of always floating in air. Craig's performance and the production design were universally applauded by critics.