・・・the operation took place in Abbottabad, a city of about 100,000 in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, about 100 miles north of Islamabad. Named for a British military officer who founded it as a military cantonment and summer retreat, it is the headquarters of a brigade of the Pakistan Army’s 2nd Division.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-l...

ところが、イスラマバードから約40マイル説もある。
こういう場合は、WSJより上のワシントンポストの方が正しいのだろう。↓

・・・the news this morning that the mastermind of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks had been killed in an attack by U.S. forces in his home in a city about 40 miles from the Pakistani capital Islamabad・・・ ＜インド外相は、パキスタンがビンラディンを匿っていたことをほのめかした。↓＞ ・・・India’s Minister of External Affairs S.M. Krishna・・・＜stated、＞“The world must not let down its united effort to overcome terrorism and eliminate the safe havens and sanctuaries that have been provided to terrorists in our own neighborhood,”・・・http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/05/02/indi...

ビンラディン殺害作戦は、パキスタンに事前通知することなく、米国（CIAか特殊部隊かはまだ明らかにされていない）が単独で実行した。↓

・・・A senior U.S. official who briefed reporters at the White House late Sunday said no Pakistani forces were involved in the operation to kill Bin Laden and that Pakistan was not told of the mission beforehand.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

・・・the property was valued at $1 million with extraordinary security features, a senior intelligence official said. Its 12- and 18-foot walls were topped with barbed wire. Internal walls provided extra security. It had no Internet or telephone connection. And its resident burned trash rather than dumping it.・・・ ＜ビンラディンが潜んでいる可能性が高いと判明したのは２月（その可能性があると思われたのは昨年８月）。↓＞ When intelligence analysts concluded, in February, that Bin Laden was likely within the compound・・・ ＜米国時間の金曜8:20にオバマが作戦命令。↓＞ At 8:20 a.m. Friday EDT, Obama signed off on the operation before departing Washington to survey storm damage in Alabama.・・・ At 3:50 p.m. Saturday EDT, the president learned that Bin Laden had been tentatively identified within the compound. At about 7 p.m., he learned that the "high-value" target inside the compound had been Bin Laden.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-raid-bi...

・・・His mother, the last of his father’s four wives, was from Syria, the only one of the wives not from Saudi Arabia. The elder Bin Laden had met her on a vacation, and Osama was their only child. Within the family, she was said to be known as “the slave” and Osama “the slave child.”・・・ “It must have been difficult for him, Osama was almost a double outsider. His paternal roots are in Yemen, and within the family, his mother was a double outsider as well ― she was neither Saudi nor Yemeni but Syrian.” According to one of his brothers, Osama was the only one of the Bin Laden children who never traveled abroad to study. A biography of Bin Laden, provided to the PBS television program “Frontline” by an unidentified family friend, asserted that Bin Laden never traveled outside the Middle East. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/02osama-bi...

ビンラディン死亡に伴い、原油先物取引価格が下がった。↓

Crude oil futures tumbled in early Asian trade Monday following media reports that Osama Bin Laden has been confirmed dead, raising hopes that geopolitical risks in the oil-producing regions of the Middle East and Central Asia could be reduced.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487044...

・・・Abbottabad, about 30 miles from Islamabad・・・the presence of Bin Laden so close to the capital and just streets away from the principal training ground for the country's officer corps・・・ ＜ビンラディンは頭と胸に一発ずつ銃弾を浴びた。↓＞ Bin Laden was killed with a shot to the head, according to US officials, and was also shot once in the chest.・・・ ＜彼の息子も殺されたが、＜一部報道にあったところの＞彼の妻の一人も殺されたという事実はない。殺された女性が一人出たが他人だ。↓＞ One of his adult sons was also killed, as was a woman, who the White House claimed had been used by Bin Laden as a shield in the attack.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-... ・・・Abbottabad, 35 miles north of Islamabad・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/may/0...

・・・Abbotabad is today a medium-sized city of nearly one million people, but no urban enclave existed there at all until Abbott decided that it would be a strategic location for an administrative capital.・・・ ・・・less than 100 miles away from the seat of government in Islamabad. ・・・

・・・The SEAL team flew from Afghanistan into Abbottabad aboard two Black Hawk helicopters・・・ ＜うち１機が着陸時に少し墜落し、乗員に怪我はなかったが、このヘリは放棄することになり、予備機のチヌーク・ヘリコプターがかけつけた。↓＞ One of the helicopters had a mechanical failure and tumbled into a courtyard・・・A third helicopter, a Chinook, was sent to the scene for emergency support. ・・・ ＜１階、２階と銃撃戦を展開しながら上がって行ったシール隊員は、３階で女性を盾にしたビンラディンを発見し、この２名を射殺した。↓＞ ・・・the commandos burst into an upstairs room. Inside, an armed bin Laden took cover behind a woman, Brennan said. With a burst of gunfire, one of the longest and costliest manhunts in modern history was over.・・・ ＜全部で男性４人、女性１人が死んだ。（シール側に被害はなかった。）↓＞ All told, four men and one woman lay dead. ・・・ ・・・a woman who died in the assault was not one of bin Laden’s wives. ・・・ ＜急襲作戦に従事した全ヘリコプターがパキスタン領空を出た後、オバマがパキスタン大統領のザルダリに本件について電話で話をした。↓＞ Only after slipping out of Pakistani airspace did Obama call Pakistan’s president, Asif Ali Zardari, to inform him of the U.S. military raid 35 miles, as the crow flies, from the Pakistani capital.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-secur...

The first idea was to bomb the house using B2 stealth bombers dropping 2,000-pound JDAMs (joint direct attack munitions)・・・. But Barack Obama rejected it, saying he wanted definitive proof that the Saudi was inside.・・・ ＜パキスタンの空軍基地から（経由で？）これらのヘリコプターが飛び立ったとの情報もある。↓＞ ・・・some reports on the strike, sourced in Washington, suggest the Seals took off from Ghazi airforce base at nearby Tarbela Dam. If true, that suggests a convenient contrivance so that Pakistan could avoid ownership of an operation certain to rankle with the notoriously anti-American public. ＜作戦の指揮をとったのは、国防長官就任が決まっているがまだCIA長官であるパネッタだ。CIA長官が軍の部隊の指揮をとるという、通常ではないケースだった。↓＞ Obama handed control of the assault to Panetta – still CIA director until July – who transformed the conference room at its headquarters into a command centre from where he could be in constant contact with the Seal leaders – an unusual case of a civilian spy leading a military team.・・・ ・・・the Seals took off – probably from Jalalabad or Bagram airbases in Afghanistan,・・・ and entered Pakistani airspace.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-... ＜共同作戦でこそなかったけれど、ほぼ間違いなく米・パキスタンが協力した結果だ。↓＞ ・・・ This may not have been an official joint operation, but it was almost certainly a collective effort.・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/02/t...＜ガーディアンも（ワシントンポスト系の）フォーリンポリシー誌も、本急襲作戦にパキスタンが協力したというスタンス↑だが、私はそうは思わない。＞

・・・“I would assume that the enhanced interrogation program that we put in place produced some of the results that led to bin Laden’s ultimate capture,” said Cheney, ・・・ ＜ビンラディンは、9.11同時多発テロ決行以来、傍聴されることを恐れ、Eメールも電話も使わず、連絡員を使った通信だけを用いていた。↓＞ Bin Laden strictly avoided phone or e-mail communications for fear that they would be intercepted. Instead, he relied exclusively on couriers, a system that enabled him to avoid detection for nearly a decade after the Sept. 11 attacks・・・http://primary.washingtonpost.com/national/al-qaed...

＜NYタイムスは、この町がイスラマバードから35マイルであるとしている。また、急襲に用いられたヘリコプターは攻撃機２機と予備が２機の計４機であったとしている。＞ ・・・35 miles from the Pakistani capital. ・・・ ・・・with two helicopters following the two main assault copters as backup in case of trouble. ・・・ ＜ビンラディン以外で殺害された男は、その息子のほか、二人の連絡員だった。↓＞ ・・・one of the slain men was Bin Laden’s son, Hamza, and the other two were the courier and his brother. ・・・ ＜ビンラディンの本人確認は、彼の妻の一人、写真＋本人確認ソフト、そしてやや時間をおいてDNA検査によった。↓＞ One of Bin Laden’s wives identified his body, American officials said. A picture taken by a Seals commando and processed through facial recognition software suggested a 95 percent certainty that it was Bin Laden. Later, DNA tests comparing samples with relatives found a 99.9 percent match. ・・・ ＜その頃やっとパキスタンの部隊が駆け付けてきた。↓＞ By that point, though, the Pakistani military was scrambling forces in response to the incursion into Pakistani territory. “They had no idea about who might have been on there,” Mr. Brennan said. “Thankfully, there was no engagement with Pakistani forces.” ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03int...

＜ただし、衛星電話が一台あった。昨年、ビンラディンのボディーガードがこの電話を使ったことも、この隠れ家発見・確認につながった。↓＞ ・・・he did have at least one satellite phone. Further backing their story, a Reuters reporter visiting the scene reportedly saw a satellite dish in the compound.・・・ Satellite phone calls that Osama bin Laden’s bodyguard made from July to August last year are believed to have helped US forces hunt down the Al Qaeda leader・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/...

・・・As the operational leader of Al Qaeda in an ongoing conflict with the United States, Mr. bin Laden was a legitimate military target to be captured or killed at any time under the law of war・・・ In 1996, bin Laden himself declared war on the US, issuing a religious decree authorizing the murder of American citizens wherever they might be found.Congress responded after the 9/11 attacks with passage of the 2001 Authorization to use Military Force. The measure empowers the president to “use all necessary and appropriate force” against nations, organizations, or individuals who played a role in the 9/11 attacks. The law was written specifically with bin Laden in mind. In addition, Presidents Bush and Obama signed secret executive orders authorizing kill-or-capture missions by the Central Intelligence Agency and the military’s special forces.・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2011/0502/Was...

・・・Prof Nick Grief, an international lawyer at Kent University, said the attack had the appearance of an "extrajudicial killing without due process of the law".・・・ Harold Hongju Koh, legal adviser at the US state department・・・＜said that＞ a state that is engaged in an armed conflict or in legitimate self-defence is not required to provide targets with legal process before the state may use lethal force.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/03/osama-...

なお、ビンラディンが射殺されなかった（彼がすっぽんぽんでいたというレアケースを除き、）可能性はほとんどゼロだった。↓

・・・The assault force was told to accept a surrender only if it could be sure he didn't have a bomb hidden under his clothing and posed no other danger.・・・ Added a senior congressional aide briefed on the rules of engagement: "He would have had to have been naked for them to allow him to surrender."・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜太田＞

それでは、その他の記事の紹介です。
まずはビンラディン死亡関係の残りの記事から。

あの隠れ家、パキスタン軍の諜報機関（ISI）の監視対象に2003年からなってたんだとよ。ISIの一員がそう言ったそうだが、眉唾ー。↓

・・・The house, it turned out, had been on the radar of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) for more than eight years. Construction started around 2001. Two years later, when it was still unfinished, ISI agents raided it in search of Abu Faraj al-Libbi, a senior Bin Laden lieutenant, but left empty-handed, an ISI official said.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/03/osama-...

・・・the CIA ruled out participating with its nominal South Asian ally early on because “it was decided that any effort to work with the Pakistanis could jeopardize the mission. They might alert the targets,” Panetta says.・・・http://swampland.time.com/2011/05/03/cia-chief-bre...

・・・The 19th-century U.S. Army campaign to apprehend Geronimo and stop his raids on settlers did become famous, particularly in military circles, because he eluded capture for more than a decade. By the time of his surrender in Arizona in 1886, more than 5,000 troops had participated in the hunt to track him down. ・・・ “No one would find acceptable calling this arch-terrorist by code name Man��ela, Revere or Ben-Gurion,” Harper wrote. “An extraordinary Native leader and American hero deserves no less.”http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/amer...

・・・Early this year, for example, Bin Laden dispatched written messages by courier to Al Qaeda franchises in Iraq, Yemen and Algeria・・・ 'Remember, Americans are the primary enemy now. Don't get bogged down in local fights,' ・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

・・・ In all, 79 commandos and a dog were involved. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/osama... ＜軍用犬達の雄姿をご覧あれ。↓＞http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/04/w... ＜軍用犬が何のために必要かが説明されている。↓＞ ・・・the military’s growing dependence on dogs in wars in which improvised explosive devices have caused two-thirds of all casualties. Dogs have proved far better than people or machines at quickly finding bombs. ・・・ And given that Saddam Hussein was found hiding in a narrow, dark hole beneath a mud shack in Iraq, the Seal team might have brought the dog in case Bin Laden had built a secret room into his compound. ・・・ Another use may have been to catch anyone escaping the compound in the first moments of the raid. A shepherd or a Malinois runs twice as fast as a human. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/science/05dog.ht... ＜同じNYタイムスで、襲撃要員が今度は20名を超えるってのはどうなってんじゃ。79名ちゅうのは、後方要員を含めての数か？↓＞ ・・・ with a force of more than 20 Navy Seal members・・・ ＜「敵」側から銃撃されたのは、最初の頃の１人からだけだったってさ。後は一方的殺傷が行われたわけだ。↓＞ ・・・the only shots fired by those in the compound came at the beginning of the operation, when Bin Laden’s trusted courier, Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, opened fire from behind the door of the guesthouse adjacent to the house where Bin Laden was hiding. After the Seal members shot and killed Mr. Kuwaiti and a woman in the guesthouse, the Americans were never fired upon again. ・・・ When the commandos moved into the main house, they saw the courier’s brother, who they believed was preparing to fire a weapon. They shot and killed him. Then, as they made their way up the stairs of the house, officials said they killed Bin Laden’s son Khalid as he lunged toward the Seal team. ＜ビンラディンの手が届くところに小銃と拳銃があったとさ。↓＞ When the commandos reached the top floor, they entered a room and saw Osama bin Laden with an AK-47 and a Makarov pistol in arm’s reach. They shot and killed him, as well as wounding a woman with him. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/us/politics/05bi...

・・・You’ve seen the photographs of the African embassy bombings. Bin Laden was responsible for – pieces of bodies, innocent, bloodied victims wandering about. This to Bin Laden was a cause for rejoicing, a taste of what could be accomplished. So after the World Trade Center attacks he experienced joy at the images of mothers and fathers jumping to their deaths to avoid waiting for the flames to immolate them.・・・http://www.doublex.com/blog

パキスタン国内で、米襲撃部隊を探知できず、やりたいように襲撃をやらせてしまったパキスタン軍が非難され始めている。↓

・・・“Pakistan is spending billions of dollars on the military and the defense budget, and yet they are incapable of intercepting incursions into Pakistan?” asked Javed Hussain, a retired army brigadier and security analyst. “The authorities will have to do something about it, and soon, before they lose total credibility.”・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/p... ＜こんな体たらくじゃ、パキスタンの領域の防衛も、インドや米国から核兵器倉庫を守ることもできないじゃないかというわけ。↓＞ ・・・There is no doubt that the raid has provoked a crisis of confidence for what was long seen as the one institution that held together a nation dangerously beset by militancy and chronically weak civilian governments. The aftermath has left Pakistanis to challenge their leadership, and the United States to further question an already frequently distrusted partner. ・・・ Some were calling for an independent inquiry, focused less on the fact that the world’s most wanted terrorist was discovered in their midst than on whether the military could defend Pakistan’s borders and its nuclear arsenal from being snatched or attacked by the United States or India. ・・・ ＜他方、米議会からは、パキスタンへのこれ以上の軍事援助は中止すべきだという声があがり始めている。↓＞ ・・・the United States. In Congress, powerful lawmakers in charge of foreign military assistance delivered scathing assessments of the Pakistani Army as either incompetent or duplicitous, saying that renewed financial support was hardly guaranteed. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/asia/05pak... ＜１月にラホールに駐在していた米CIA要員が武装した２名の怪しい男を撃ったところ、彼には外交特権があったのにパキスタン当局が彼を逮捕して米国との間で軋轢が生じたが、これは、パキスタン軍の諜報機関のISIとして、パキスタン領内のイスラム過激派を米国が諜報するのを妨げるためだったが、今後パキスタンは、その路線を推し進めるのか、心を入れ替えて対テロ戦争で米国等に全面協力するかのどちらかを選ぶことを強いられることになった。↓＞ ・・・Pakistan realized all this after Raymond Davis, an alleged CIA contractor, shot two armed men who were trailing him in January. The diplomatic crisis that followed his arrest seriously damaged U.S.-Pakistan relations. The Pakistani press reported that Davis was operating in Lahore unbeknownst to the ISI and was gathering information on the terrorist group Lashkar-i-Taiba. The ISI worried about the specter of CIA agents running operations in Pakistani cities and against a terrorist group that most perceive to be a pawn of the Pakistani government. The ISI used the Davis imbroglio to reduce the CIA’s footprint in Pakistan. It did not want more Davises poking around every nook and cranny ― exactly the kind of legwork that led the CIA to bin Laden. Pakistan now has two options. It can become less cooperative with the U.S. counterterrorism campaign and in Afghanistan, and try to weaken the CIA in Pakistan. ・・・ ・・・it should reassess its strategic calculus and abandon a foreign policy that relies on jihadist adventurism. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/in-pakistan...

・・・the al-Qaeda leader was first spotted by U.S. forces in the doorway of his room on the compound’s third floor. Bin Laden then turned and retreated into the room before being shot twice ― in the head and in the chest. U.S. commandos later found an AK-47 and a pistol in the room. “He was retreating,” a move that was regarded as resistance, a U.S. official briefed on the operation said. “You don’t know why he’s retreating, what he’s doing when he goes back in there. Is he getting a weapon? Does he have a [suicide] vest?”・・・ ＜ビンラディンがパキスタン当局の庇護のもとにあった証拠は今のところあがっていない。↓＞ The discovery of bin Laden in Abbottabad has raised suspicion that he was placed there and being protected by elements of the Pakistani military and intelligence service, but U.S. officials said they have seen no conclusive evidence that was the case.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-b...

Pakistan's foreign minister said on Thursday that US forces may have breached his country's sovereignty・・・ the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, said American confirmation that the al-Qaida leader was not holding a weapon when he died was disturbing. "The killing of an unarmed man is always going to leave a very uncomfortable feeling because it doesn't look as if justice is seen to be done," he said. "When we are faced with someone who was manifestly a war criminal in terms of the atrocities inflicted it is important that justice is seen to be served."・・・ Fidel Castro, was among those who exploited those doubts. The US president, he wrote, "has no way to hide that Osama was executed in the presence of his children and wives".http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/05/osama-... Pakistan’s army chief warned Thursday that any repeat of the type of U.S. commando operation that killed Osama bin Laden would be viewed as a violation of Pakistani sovereignty and would imperil military and intelligence cooperation between the two countries.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-quest...

しかし、ドイツ国内での執拗な批判は聞き捨てならない。
とりわけ、元首相のシュミットが批判したのは非難されるべきだろう。↓

・・・former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, a Social Democrat, has pronounced the action “clearly a violation of international law.”・・・ ＜ドイツがオバマの大統領当選をもろ手をあげて祝ったのに、当時からこの形での襲撃をやると宣言していたオバマを今になって批判するのはどういうわけだってさ。↓＞ ・・・＜in＞ the part of the 2008 campaign・・・Obama quite clearly promised that "We will kill bin Laden. We will crush al Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority.” He also said that “if Pakistan cannot or will not act, we will take out high-level terrorist targets like bin Laden if we have them in our sights." It was Republican John McCain who questioned the wisdom of Obama’s plan in part because it would violate Pakistan’s sovereignty.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/...

＜ビンラディンは彼の妻３人及び合計９人の子供達と一緒に住んでた。↓＞ ・・・ Three of his wives and as many as nine of his children – the youngest still a toddler – were living in the small compound in Pakistan where he was killed last weekend・・・ ＜エアコンなしだがセントラルヒーティングと古いTV数台があった。↓＞ ・・・modest furnishings, cheap foam mattresses, no air conditioning (but central heating) and old televisions.・・・ ＜小農園があり、家畜類がいて自給自足に近い生活を送っていた。↓＞ There was a large, seemingly well-tended, vegetable garden at the back of the house. Shamraiz, a neighbour who is a farmer, would occasionally be called over to plant vegetables, perhaps twice a year・・・ The house also had at least one cow, some rabbits and about 100 chickens in the yard. ・・・ ＜一階が「学校」になっていた。↓＞ The children from the house never went to school. Instead, they were tutored at home, in Arabic, in one of the first floor rooms that served as a classroom, judging by the whiteboard, markers and textbooks found there.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/06/osama-...

ステルスヘリについても追加情報がかなり出てきた。↓

＜ヘリが小墜落を起こしたのは、高い塀で囲まれていたところに着陸しようとしたために浮力を十分確保できなかったから、という要素もあったのではないか。↓＞http://www.slate.com/id/2293385/ ＜このヘリ、電波に関してだけじゃなく、音、熱に関してもステルスだった。↓＞ ・・・The two choppers evidently used radar-evading technologies, plus noise and heat suppression devices・・・ ・・・the SEAL team did not arrive at the Abbottabad compound in complete silence, since a resident in the same town was writing on Twitter during the raid that he could hear one or more helicopters and wondered what was happening. But the modifications that suppressed noise from the helicopters — including the use of extra blades in the tail rotor and placement of a hubcap-like cover on the rotor — may have been sufficient to allow the assault teams to get on the ground before bin Laden and his security guards could mount enough of a defense to slow the SEALS・・・ ＜なお、ステルス仕様にしたことが、ヘリの制御を困難にした面もあったのではないか。↓＞ ・・・ it might be explained by the unusual aerodynamics resulting from the aircraft’s modifications. “It could be much more difficult to fly, particularly at slow speed and landing than you would expect from a typical Black Hawk・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/stealth-cho... ＜ヘリ２機のうちの１機がオシャカになったことで、半数のSEALSがロープで屋上から襲撃する予定であったところ、これを諦め、全員が地上から襲撃した。↓＞ ・・・During the assault, one of the Blackhawk helicopters stalled, but the pilot was able to land safely. The hard landing, which disabled the helicopter, forced the SEALs to abandon a plan to have one team rope down from a Blackhawk and come into the main building from the roof. Instead, both teams assaulted the compound from the ground.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-secur...

ビンラディンとその家族は、2005年にこの隠れ家に移る前、２年半近く、そんなに離れていない別の所に潜んでいた。↓

・・・Bin Laden’s Yemeni wife, one of three wives now in Pakistani custody since the raid on Monday, told investigators that before moving in 2005 to the mansion in Abbottabad where he was eventually killed, Bin Laden had lived with his family for nearly two and a half years in a small village, Chak Shah Mohammad, a little more than a mile southeast of the town of Haripur, on the main Abbottabad highway. In retrospect, one of the officials said, this means that Bin Laden left Pakistan’s rugged tribal region sometime in 2003 and had been living in northern urban regions since then.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/07/world/asia/07pol...

・・・Bin Laden appealed to Muslims with a message that said, essentially: The way to assert your dignity and regain your rights is to attack the United States, as violently as possible. The lesson of the Arab Spring has been the opposite: Young Tunisians and Egyptians found their dignity and won their rights by going into the streets with as little violence as possible.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-...

President Obama insisted that the assault force hunting down Osama bin Laden last week be large enough to fight its way out of Pakistan if confronted by hostile local police officers and troops, senior administration and military officials said Monday. ＜なお、ビンラディン死亡の場合と生きて捕獲された場合とそれぞれに対処する２つのチームも用意されていた。↓＞ In revealing additional details about planning for the mission, senior officials also said that two teams of specialists were on standby: One to bury Bin Laden if he was killed, and a second composed of lawyers, interrogators and translators in case he was captured alive. That team was set to meet aboard a Navy ship, mostly likely the aircraft carrier Carl Vinson in the North Arabian Sea. ・・・ About 10 days before the raid, Mr. Obama reviewed the plans and pressed his commanders as to whether they were bringing along enough forces to fight their way out if the Pakistanis arrived on the scene and attempted to interfere with the operation. That resulted in the decision to send two more helicopters carrying additional troops. These followed the two lead Black Hawk helicopters that carried the actual assault team. While there was no confrontation with the Pakistanis, one of those backup helicopters was ultimately brought in to the scene of the raid when a Black Hawk was damaged while making a hard landing・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/world/asia/10int...

The US and Pakistan struck a secret deal almost a decade ago permitting a US operation against Osama bin Laden on Pakistani soil similar to last week's raid that killed the al-Qaida leader, the Guardian has learned.The deal was struck between the military leader General Pervez Musharraf and President George Bush after Bin Laden escaped US forces in the mountains of Tora Bora in late 2001, according to serving and retired Pakistani and US officials.Under its terms, Pakistan would allow US forces to conduct a unilateral raid inside Pakistan in search of Bin Laden, his deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and the al-Qaida No3. Afterwards, both sides agreed, Pakistan would vociferously protest the incursion.・・・ ＜これは、CIAによるドローンを使ったタリバン等殲滅作戦に係る米パ政府間の密約と類似のものだってわけ。↓＞ The agreement is consistent with Pakistan's unspoken policy towards CIA drone strikes in the tribal belt, which was revealed by the WikiLeaks US embassy cables last November. In August 2008, Gilani reportedly told a US official: "I don't care if they do it, as long as they get the right people. We'll protest in the National Assembly and then ignore it."・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/09/osama-...

・・・Indian peoples have long played an odd role in American popular culture, seen at once as primitives who are dangerously savage but also authentic, brave and connected to nature. In U.S. military culture, this view has led to Indians being seen as the embodiment of warrior culture.・・・ The military has often used Indian names for its helicopters (Kiowa, Cheyenne, Comanche, Blackhawk and, yes, Apache). And now, there is this latest use of Geronimo.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-...

＜イスラム世界では、一般住民に対するテロも許されると考える者がかなりいる。↓＞ ・・・Two years ago, Gallup released a study of public opinion in Western Europe. It reviewed surveys, taken in 2006 and 2007, in which people were asked whether "attacks in which civilians are the target" could be justified. Three percent of French respondents, 1 percent of Germans, and 6 percent of Brits said yes. In Berlin, Muslims hardly differed from their countrymen on this question. But in Paris and London, 11 percent of Muslims indicated that such attacks could be justified. (See Figure 51 of the report.) Surveys in 2008 found higher numbers. Six percent of German Muslims, 11 percent of British Muslims, and 17 percent of French Muslims said deliberate attacks on civilians could be justified. (See Figure 50.) ＜イスラム世界のポルノに対する姿勢もさることながら、独仏英のポルノに対する姿勢も、日本人の感覚からすると、信じがたいほど偽善的だ。↓＞ On pornography, the pattern was reversed. In France, 43 percent of the general public said viewing pornography was morally acceptable, but only 16 percent of Muslims agreed. In Germany, 58 percent of the general public, but only 18 percent of Muslims, said it was acceptable. And while 35 percent of Brits said it was acceptable, only 1 percent of British Muslims shared that view.・・・ This is why the leaks about Bin Laden's "porn stash" are more than a joke. His sympathizers and potential followers are, by several measures, more categorically averse to pornography・・・ The porn story, like the human shields and the million-dollar mansion, is probably bogus. The 54-year-old zealot with three wives was the least likely guy in the compound to be watching erotic videos. Logically, the story makes no sense. But politically, it's perfect.・・・http://www.slate.com/id/2294804/

＜パキスタンという発想の原点はムハマッド・イクバルだ。↓＞ ・・・The idea of Pakistan was first seriously formulated by neither a cleric nor a politician but by a poet. In 1930, Muhammad Iqbal＜（1877〜1938年。詩人・哲学者）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal（コラム#673）＞, addressing the All-India Muslim league, made the case for a state in which India's Muslims would realize their "political and ethical essence." Though he was always vague about what the new state would be, he was quite clear about what it would not be: the old pluralistic society of India, with its composite culture. ・・・ ＜パキスタンのアイデンティティは反インドのみ。↓＞ In the absence of a true national identity, Pakistan defined itself by its opposition to India. It turned its back on all that had been common between Muslims and non-Muslims in the era before partition. Everything came under suspicion, from dress to customs to festivals, marriage rituals and literature. The new country set itself the task of erasing its association with the subcontinent, an association that many came to view as a contamination. ＜これは、自分自身の相当部分を否定する、ということを意味した。↓＞ Had this assertion of national identity meant the casting out of something alien or foreign in favor of an organic or homegrown identity, it might have had an empowering effect. What made it self-wounding, even nihilistic, was that Pakistan, by asserting a new Arabized Islamic identity, rejected its own local and regional culture. In trying to turn its back on its shared past with India, Pakistan turned its back on itself. But there was one problem: India was just across the border, and it was still its composite, pluralistic self, a place where nearly as many Muslims lived as in Pakistan. It was a daily reminder of the past that Pakistan had tried to erase. ・・・ ＜最初のうちは、インドの経済がパキスタンの経済よりもうまくいかなったことでパキスタンは自己満足ができた。↓＞ India, for all its democracy and pluralism, was an economic disaster. Pakistan had better roads, better cars; Pakistani businesses were thriving; its citizens could take foreign currency abroad. Compared with starving, socialist India, they were on much surer ground. So what if India had democracy? It had brought nothing but drought and famine. ＜ところが、1990年代初期から、（インドが経済自由化政策へと切り替えたこともあって、）印パの経済状況が逆転し、かつ、イスラム原理主義が興隆したことで、パキスタン情勢は暗転した。↓＞ But in the early 1990s, a reversal began to occur in the fortunes of the two countries. The advantage that Pakistan had seemed to enjoy in the years after independence evaporated, as it became clear that the quest to rid itself of its Indian identity had come at a price: the emergence of a new and dangerous brand of Islam. As India rose, thanks to economic liberalization, Pakistan withered. The country that had begun as a poet's utopia was reduced to ruin and insolvency. ＜パキスタンの苦境の最大の原因は軍部にある。軍部は、対テロ戦争下の米国から巨額の援助をもらって、自分も対テロ戦争に従事するフリをしつつ、インド向けの軍備を固め、同時にイスラム原理主義勢力を支援してきた。↓＞ The primary agent of this decline has been the Pakistani army. The beneficiary of vast amounts of American assistance and money―$11 billion since 9/11―the military has diverted a significant amount of these resources to arming itself against India. In Afghanistan, it has sought neither security nor stability but rather a backyard, which―once the Americans leave―might provide Pakistan with "strategic depth" against India. In order to realize these objectives, the Pakistani army has led the U.S. in a dance, in which it had to be seen to be fighting the war on terror, but never so much as to actually win it, for its extension meant the continuing flow of American money. All this time the army kept alive a double game, in which some terror was fought and some―such as Laskhar-e-Tayyba's 2008 attack on Mumbai―actively supported. ・・・ ＜パキスタンの軍事費はGDPの４分の１、また、文民政府を次々に転覆してきた。そして、軍部が取り仕切る産業は広範。↓＞ This army, whose might has always been justified by the imaginary threat from India, has been more harmful to Pakistan than to anybody else. It has consumed annually a quarter of the country's wealth, undermined one civilian government after another and enriched itself through a range of economic interests, from bakeries and shopping malls to huge property holdings. ・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023049...