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Is it possible for the gravitational potential energy of an object to be negative? 1) yes 2) no ConcepTest Sign of the Energy

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Is it possible for the gravitational potential energy of an object to be negative? 1) yes 2) no Gravitational PE is mghheight h is measured relative to some arbitrary reference level where PE = 0 ceiling is the zero levelbook has negative PE on the table differences Gravitational PE is mgh, where height h is measured relative to some arbitrary reference level where PE = 0. For example, a book on a table has positive PE if the zero reference level is chosen to be the floor. However, if the ceiling is the zero level, then the book has negative PE on the table. It is only differences (or changes) in PE that have any physical meaning. ConcepTest Sign of the Energy

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You and your friend both solve a problem involving a skier going down a slope, starting from rest. The two of you have chosen different levels for y = 0 in this problem. Which of the following quantities will you and your friend agree on? 1) only B 2) only C 3) A, B and C 4) only A and C 5) only B and C ConcepTest KE and PE A) skiers PE B) skiers change in PE C) skiers final KE

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You and your friend both solve a problem involving a skier going down a slope, starting from rest. The two of you have chosen different levels for y = 0 in this problem. Which of the following quantities will you and your friend agree on? 1) only B 2) only C 3) A, B and C 4) only A and C 5) only B and C gravitational PE depends upon the reference level difference PE does not PE and KE should be the same The gravitational PE depends upon the reference level, but the difference PE does not! The work done by gravity must be the same in the two solutions, so PE and KE should be the same. ConcepTest KE and PE A) skiers PE B) skiers change in PE C) skiers final KE

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ConcepTest Down the Hill Three balls of equal mass start from rest and roll down different ramps. All ramps have the same height. Which ball has the greater speed at the bottom of its ramp? 1 4) same speed for all balls 2 3

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ConcepTest Down the Hill same initial gravitational PE same height same final KEsame speed All of the balls have the same initial gravitational PE, since they are all at the same height (PE = mgh). Thus, when they get to the bottom, they all have the same final KE, and hence the same speed (KE = ½ mv 2 ). Three balls of equal mass start from rest and roll down different ramps. All ramps have the same height. Which ball has the greater speed at the bottom of its ramp? 1 4) same speed for all balls 2 3 Follow-up: Which ball takes longer to get down the ramp?

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ConcepTest Runaway Truck A truck, initially at rest, rolls down a frictionless hill and attains a speed of 20 m/s at the bottom. To achieve a speed of 40 m/s at the bottom, how many times higher must the hill be? 1) half the height 2) the same height 3) 2 times the height 4) twice the height 5) four times the height

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ConcepTest Water Slide I 1) Paul 2) Kathleen 3) both the same Paul and Kathleen start from rest at the same time on frictionless water slides with different shapes. At the bottom, whose velocity is greater?

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ConcepTest Water Slide I 1) Paul 2) Kathleen 3) both the same Paul and Kathleen start from rest at the same time on frictionless water slides with different shapes. At the bottom, whose velocity is greater? Conservation of Energy: E i = mgH = E f = 1/2 mv 2 E i = mgH = E f = 1/2 mv 2 gH = 1/2 v 2 therefore: gH = 1/2 v 2 same height same velocity Since they both start from the same height, they have the same velocity at the bottom.

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ConcepTest Water Slide II Paul and Kathleen start from rest at the same time on frictionless water slides with different shapes. Who makes it to the bottom first? 1) Paul 2) Kathleen 3) both the same

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ConcepTest Water Slide II Paul and Kathleen start from rest at the same time on frictionless water slides with different shapes. Who makes it to the bottom first? Kathleen is at a lower height than Paul for most of her ride larger velocity Even though they both have the same final velocity, Kathleen is at a lower height than Paul for most of her ride. Thus she always has a larger velocity during her ride and therefore arrives earlier! 1) Paul 2) Kathleen 3) both the same

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ConcepTest Cart on a Hill A cart starting from rest rolls down a hill and at the bottom has a speed of 4 m/s. If the cart were given an initial push, so its initial speed at the top of the hill was 3 m/s, what would be its speed at the bottom? 1) 4 m/s 2) 5 m/s 3) 6 m/s 4) 7 m/s 5) 25 m/s

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ConcepTest Cart on a Hill When starting from rest, the carts PE is changed into KE: KE1/2 m(4) 2 PE = KE = 1/2 m(4) 2 A cart starting from rest rolls down a hill and at the bottom has a speed of 4 m/s. If the cart were given an initial push, so its initial speed at the top of the hill was 3 m/s, what would be its speed at the bottom? 1) 4 m/s 2) 5 m/s 3) 6 m/s 4) 7 m/s 5) 25 m/s When starting from 3 m/s, the final KE is: KE f KE KE f = KE i + KE ½ m(4) 2 = ½ m(3) 2 + ½ m(4) 2 ½ m(25) = ½ m(25) ½ m(5) 2 = ½ m(5) 2 Speed is not the same as kinetic energy

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