The progress of human civilization is closely linked to the developments in materials. Science and Technologies have made amazing developments in the design of electronics and machinery using standards.

For the first year students of B.E./B.Tech/B.Arch. and also useful for competitive Examinations. A number of problems are solved. New problems are included in order to expedite the learning process of students of all hues and to improve their academic performance. Each chapter divided into smaller parts and subheading are provided to make the reading a pleasant journey from one interesting topic ......

• Though this book is intended primarily for undergraduate students, it is hoped to be useful for a wide variety of readers such as those appearing for competitive examinations and those aiming at obtaining a fair knowledge of the nature and behaviour of light, which gives us the direct intimation of God's subtle splendour.