Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean on Earth, after the Pacific Ocean. However, the Atlantic drains more of the Earth’s land area than any other ocean. This means that much of the world’s river water flows into the Atlantic. The ancient Greeks named the ocean after Atlas, a character in Greek mythology. Atlas stood on pillars in the ocean to hold up the heavens.

The Atlantic Ocean is roughly half the size of the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic’s deepest point, at 27,493 feet (8,380 meters), is the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench, north of the island of Puerto Rico.

Beneath the middle of the Atlantic is a long, undersea mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Along the ridge, hot, liquid rock, called magma, rises from beneath Earth’s crust. The magma cools and hardens as it spreads out on both sides of the ridge. Volcanoes and earthquakes are common near the ridge.

Undersea volcanoes have formed some of the Atlantic’s islands. Examples include the Cabo Verde Islands, near Africa, and Bermuda, near North America. Iceland is a volcanic island that rises from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Other Atlantic islands are parts of the same land as nearby continents. Examples include the island of Great Britain, near Europe, and the Falkland Islands, near South America.

The waters of the ocean move in patterns called currents. Currents carry heat and affect climate. In general, the main currents of the Atlantic Ocean move in a clockwise direction in the northern part of the ocean. In the southern part they move in a counterclockwise direction. At the Equator, the currents move from east to west. There the water picks up heat. The water then slowly cools as the currents move away from the Equator.

Large, circular storms called hurricanes often develop in the warm parts of the Atlantic. Hurricanes usually hit coastal areas in the Caribbean Sea and southeastern North America.

The Atlantic produces much of the world’s fish. The ocean is also a source of many minerals. Large deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal are found in the Atlantic. In addition, many cargo ships use the ocean as a trade route.

The ancient Egyptians, Celts (Europeans), Phoenicians (Middle Easterners), and Romans sailed on the Atlantic. No one knows how far west they went, however. In about ad 1000 Vikings from Northern Europe crossed the Atlantic. They probably reached the island of Newfoundland, off the coast of North America.

In 1492 Christopher Columbus made his famous voyage across the Atlantic in search of a new trading route to Asia. In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around South America. He discovered the strait (passage), now named after him, that links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Humans have heavily polluted some areas of the Atlantic Ocean. This pollution includes sewage from cities, waste from factories, and fertilizers and pesticides from farms. Oil spills from ships or offshore oil wells are sources of pollution, too.

Overfishing is another important environmental issue in the Atlantic. Some countries have set limits on how many fish can be caught in certain areas. They have also set up programs to protect the fish that are left and to rebuild the fish populations.

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