APRS

For tracking the balloon, I decided to use APRS. In a nutshell, my tracker learns its position from GPS, and broadcasts it on 144.39MHz (APRS) frequency. There are many APRS stations, maintained by radio amateurs and universities, which receive APRS position reports and publish them on the Internet. All I have to do is relax and watch balloon’s path on aprs.fi or spacenear.us website.

While balloon is in-flight, signal from its APRS tracker propagates for hundreds of miles – there is line-of-sight visibility between the tracker and ground stations. However, as the balloon descends to a low altitude, hills, buildings and trees interfere with signal propagation, reducing its travel distance from hundreds of miles to a just a mile or two. As a result, after landing, signal from HAB-1 tracker may not be heard by APRS stations. Locating payload after landing becomes a two-step process:

For last step, I used Yaesu radio to receive transmissions and iPhone with PocketPacket app to decode the data:

Similarly, my backup plan was to use Baofeng radio with Android phone and APRSDroid app.

If you don’t care about APRS troubleshooting, skip right to the Next >> page.

APRS troubleshooting

APRS transmits data at 1200bps, using 2200Hz frequency for binary “0” and 1200Hz for binary “1”. When I tune my Yaesu radio to 144.39MHz, and plug oscilloscope into its speaker output, waveforms of zeros and ones look like this:

APRS waveform for 1200Hz and 2200Hz

If I wait a minute for my APRS tracker to transmit a packet, then radio will output a waveform where “zeros” and “ones” are clearly distinguishable:

Waveform of APRS transmission

If waveform looks like this, you know there is a problem!

Waveform of bad APRS transmission

In absence of oscilloscope, one can simply record the signal on iPhone or Android and analyze it in poor man’s oscilloscope – Audacity:

Audio cables

Connecting a HAM radio to iPhone or Android phone is not as simple as it might sound at first. Here are audio cables that I built for Yaesu VX-3R and Baofeng UV-5R transceivers connecting to iPhone 4S or Android Nexus 5:

Audio Cable Yaesu to Android

Audio Cable Baofeng to Android

Audio Cable Yaesu to iPhone

Audio Cable Baofeng to iPhone

Transceiver settings

If iPhone or Android receives APRS transmissions, but still is not able to decode them, the problem could lie in radio settings.

Modern radios implement power-saving feature: its receiver wakes up just a few times per second, checks for signal, and and keeps receiving if signal is present, otherwise it goes back to sleep. Since wake-up rate is low, receiver is likely to wake up half way through APRS transmission: first part of the packet gets lost, and PocketPacket/APRSDroid can not decode it. Solution – disable power-saving features (and bring more batteries).