Louis Pasteur’s Views on Creation, Evolution, and the Genesis of Germs

Abstract

“There is no remembrance of men of old, and even those who are yet to
come will not be remembered by those who follow.” Ecclesiastes 1:11 (NIV)

In past years revisionist historians have been rewriting the worldview of Christians who have made
some of the major discoveries in biology and medicine. It appears that postmodern revisionists are
rewriting history to support their agenda of a more “secular” explanation to science. The Judeo-Christian worldview is not politically correct in most universities. This is true in regard to past scientists
such as Louis Pasteur who believed in creation. According to reliable, primary sources such as René
Vallery-Radot, Pasteur’s son-in-law, Pasteur’s unique view and application of operational science
gave him a significant advantage, benefiting mankind in a number of critical areas.

Shortly after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, Pasteur began to challenge the idea
of spontaneous generation—the foundation of the evolutionary view on the origin of life. Pasteur’s
simple, but elegant swan-necked flask experiments not only put to rest the organic life-from-non-life idea, but also set the foundation for the law of biogenesis: life only comes from life. The genesis
of germs in hospital patients were the result of microbes having parents, not a result of spontaneous
generation. This revolutionary idea would have application in many areas of medicine. It forms the
basis of sterilization, asepsis in surgery, and the germ theory of disease.

Pasteur had the uncanny ability to combine theoretical, operational, and applied science—the
mark of a truly gifted scientist. Pasteur understood the variability of microbes and how he could
apply this principle in vaccine preparation. For example, he noticed that Bacillus anthracis cultures
sometimes lose their pathogenic ability when heated, and then retain this modified, nonvirulent, or
“attenuated” trait through many generations. He applied this concept to vaccinate dozens of sheep
that would have otherwise died at a critical time in France. His understanding of this natural variation
was also successfully applied in developing vaccines for chicken cholera and rabies.

Although his scientific pronouncements were sometimes abrasive to his fellow scientists, he
remained firm in his convictions, borne from painstaking research. Pasteur had a strong religious and
humanitarian spirit. He firmly believed in God, as the Creator of all living things. From his knowledge of
the Gospels, he wanted to benefit mankind by having his ideas used to “heal the sick.”

Introduction

We are in danger of losing the remembrance of noble-minded biologists with
a creation worldview through whom God poured out scientific achievements. Indeed,
the memories of man’s past discoveries in all fields are soon forgotten unless
we are reminded. Many people are familiar with the name Louis Pasteur (fig.
1) and his amazing accomplishments in pasteurization, vaccination, and the germ
theory of disease. Yet, few know the details of his early life regarding the
spontaneous generation controversy, or his religious faith. In recent years,
Pasteur’s view on evolution and God’s creation have been openly challenged.
The movement to revise history in America is hardly surprising as Western civilization
has become increasingly hostile regarding its Judeo-Christian roots. In an alarming
trend, history continues to be altered by politically correct revisionist historians.
This article challenges the secular historian’s efforts to rewrite the life,
beliefs, and discoveries of Louis Pasteur, in particular, his views on origins,
the Christian faith, and his work on spontaneous generation as it relates to
the germ theory. Although we have consulted over twenty-five biographies, we
have focused on primary sources and quotes, with many references over eighty
years old.

Fig. 1. Portrait of Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). He is considered by many to be the Father of Microbiology and the one who developed the germ theory of disease.

The most extensive biography of Louis Pasteur was by his son-in-law, René Vallery-Radot.
The first biography of Pasteur was written by Vallery-Radot in 1883, under Pasteur’s
direct and close supervision. This first book was in effect Pasteur’s ghostwritten
autobiography. (At this point in his life, he was partially paralyzed and needed
assistance on many tasks.) The details of this book are believed to be the most
accurate of any book written about Pasteur. Vallery-Radot’s eyewitness account
of Pasteur offers rare glimpses of his motivations, family life, faith, and
compassion. René Vallery-Radot frequently mentions Pasteur’s love of science
and his desire to heal the sick, in addition to his genius in scientific matters.
This biography would later be expanded to a two-volume set—still the most extensive
biography ever written on Pasteur.

Later, Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Louis Pasteur’s grandson, wrote several books
that provide personal biographical information. These books include eyewitness
accounts by people who knew Pasteur when he was a child. René offers more details
and greater accuracy, but René’s son, Pasteur Vallery-Radot, writes in an easier,
more engaging style. Pasteur Vallery-Radot is easier reading, but he is less
familiar with eyewitness details of his grandfather’s life. In most details
of Louis Pasteur’s private and personal life, the books are in agreement. Since
both authors are family, they convey a personal touch in the scientific life
of Louis Pasteur. Each of their books is worth reading. However, by the 1950s
Pasteur Vallery-Radot’s books speculate that his grandfather’s view on the origin
of life would allow for the one-time “spontaneous generation” of life (like
Stanley Miller’s experiment).

One should not lose sight of the fact that Pasteur, though he demonstrated
that spontaneous generation never occurs in a culture medium, did not consider
it altogether impossible, and he often expressed this view. As we have seen
before, he himself had dreams about creating or modifying life; thus he sought,
by means of asymmetric forces, to break down the barrier that separates mineral
matter from the organic products of nature. In fact, only recently the argument
for the spontaneous generation of life has been revived, on the basis of laboratory
experiments. (Vallery-Radot 1959, p. 68)

This reflection differs from the eyewitness account of his father (René). Otherwise,
the accounts are parallel.

Louis Pasteur’s calling was to investigate God’s creation and to help mankind
through his discoveries. Let no one claim that faith in God is a detriment to
science! Pasteur said, “The more I study nature, the more I stand amazed at
the work of the Creator.” In his last famous speech, he says:

You young men—doctors and scientists of the future—do not let yourselves be
tainted by apparent skepticism; nor discouraged by the sadness of certain hours
that creep over nations. Do not become angry at your opponents, for no scientific
theory has ever been accepted without opposition. Live in the serene peace of
libraries and laboratories. Say to yourselves, first, “What have I done for
my instruction?” And as you gradually advance, “What am I accomplishing?” Until
the time comes when you may have the immense happiness of thinking that you
have contributed in some way to the welfare and progress of mankind. (Vallery-Radot
1901, vol. 2, pp. 297–298)

At first glance, Pasteur’s achievements seem to be a miscellaneous assortment
of discoveries (table 1). They in fact form a cohesive whole, in which one can
easily follow his unity of thought. We have tried to describe just a few of
his projects that led to his remarkable discoveries. You will see that, like
a brilliant detective, this great man of science conducted investigations using
his wealth of experience and scientific guidelines. It is this method of study
that held true for other men of God, each one of whom was called and was devoted
to a particular field dealing with a specific problem.

In each instance, once Pasteur had identified the cause of the problem, he
suggested a remedy for it. It is most remarkable that Pasteur managed to discover
the keys to all the enigmas with which he was confronted, be they rabies (fig.
2) or sour wine. One cannot help but be struck by Pasteur’s incredible ability
to reveal these scientific mysteries. He was truly a scientist who sought to
understand the truth of God’s living creation.

Now one could say, at the risk of some superficiality, that there exist principally
two types of scientists. The ones, and they are rare, wish to understand the
world, to know nature; the others, far more frequent, wish to explain it. The
first are searching for truth, often with knowledge that they will not attain
it; the second strive for plausibility, for the achievement of an intellectually
consistent, and hence successful, view of the world. (Chargaff 1971, pp. 637)

Fig. 2. Louis Pasteur’s in his laboratory performing an experiment with rabies (rabbit spinal cord in jar) in 1885.

Louis Pasteur began his scientific career by studying the forms of certain
crystals under a hand lens. This led to the study of the diseases of milk and
vinegar, and then to the diseases of people and animals. While wholly absorbed
in a task, he was nonetheless able to discover ideas regarding other matters
that incidentally were set before him. In this way he opened up a number of
paths allowing others to further the progress of science. In fact, it is generally
acknowledged that modem aseptic surgery is based on the results of Pasteur’s
pioneering work. Louis Pasteur never divorced theory from practice, and his investigations
often led to industrial plans of first-class importance (i.e., pasteurization).
Before he died Pasteur was to know the supreme satisfaction of saving many lives
of his fellow man.

Almost all historians recognize Pasteur’s great contributions to science, microbiology,
and medicine. He was an experimentalist and daily performed operational science.
Pasteur is a prime example of the principle that one does not have to be an
evolutionist to conduct good science. However, in recent years his Christian
and creation views are being challenged. His most straightforward, anti-evolution
remarks came from his studies on whether life can spontaneously arise. His case
for special creation is best seen in his experiments disproving spontaneous
generation. These experiments took place over a period of about five years.
It was during this time that Pasteur “converted” from being a chemist to a microbiologist.

Overview to the Theory of Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation

The discovery of microorganisms raised an intriguing question: “Where did these
microscopic forms originate ” For thousands of years, the idea of spontaneous
generation stated that organisms, such as tiny worms, can arise spontaneously
from non-living material. This idea began to fall into disfavor due to the work
of Francesco Redi. In a simple but significant experiment, he demonstrated that
worms found on rotting meat originated from the eggs of flies, not directly
from the decaying meat as advocates of spontaneous generation believed. To prove
this, he simply covered the container holding putrefying meat with gauze fine
enough to prevent flies from entering the container to deposit their eggs. Worms
appeared on the surface of the gauze—but not the meat. Perhaps Redi (1668, p.
26) put it best when he said:

I shall express my belief that the earth, after having brought forth the first
plants and animals at the beginning by order of the Supreme and Omnipotent Creator,
has never produced any kinds of plants or animals, either perfect or imperfect;
and everything which we know in past or present times that she has produced,
came solely from the true seeds of the plants and animals themselves, which
thus, through means of their own, preserve their species.

Spontaneous generation devotees stated that life could appear without the hand
of God, prompting skeptical scientists to study this tenuous doctrine. Despite
Redi’s compelling findings, the idea of spontaneous generation was still difficult
to totally disprove, and it took about 200 more years to refute this idea. One
reason for this was that the gauze used by Redi could not prevent the development
of microorganisms (bacteria and mold) on the meat’s surface, giving comfort
to Pasteur’s opponents. New experiments were needed to reveal the unscientific
nature of spontaneous generation.

Fig. 3. Spontaneous generation and the swan-necked flask, 1861. Pasteur’s experiment demonstrated that sterile infusions would remain sterile in specially constructed swan-necked flasks even when they were left open to the air.

The traditional experiment designed to determine whether microbes could arise
and thrive from non-living material consisted of vigorously boiling a soup of
organic material in a vessel to sterilize it (fig. 3). The vessel was then quickly
sealed to prevent any outside air from entering. If the solution became cloudy
after several days, one could then conclude that microbes must have arisen from
the organic material in the vessel, thus supporting the theory of spontaneous
generation. Unfortunately, this experiment did not consider several alternative
possibilities that would cause the cloudy condition: the flask could have been
improperly sealed, microorganisms might be present in the air, or boiling might
not have killed all forms of life (i.e., spores). Therefore, it was not surprising
that when this experiment was performed, different investigators obtained different
results. A unique and common-sense experiment was needed that would address
and explain these possibilities.

Experiments of Pasteur and Biogenesis

In 1861, Pasteur published a refutation of spontaneous generation that was
a masterpiece of experimental science and logic. First, he demonstrated that
air is alive with microorganisms. This was done by filtering air through a cotton
plug, trapping microorganisms and examining them under a microscope (see below photo). Many of
these trapped organisms looked identical to those that had previously been observed
by others in many infusions. Infusions are liquids containing nutrients in which
microorganisms can proliferate. Pasteur showed that if the cotton plug was then
dropped into a sterilized infusion, it became cloudy because the organisms quickly
multiplied. Most notably, Pasteur’s experiment demonstrated that sterile infusions
would remain sterile in specially constructed swan-necked flasks even when they
were left open to the air. Gravity caused the airborne organisms to settle in
the bends and sides of these unique flasks. The fluid in the flask remained
sterile. Only when the flasks were tipped could bacteria enter the broth and
grow, as evidenced by forming a cloudy solution. These simple and elegant experiments
finally ended the arguments that unheated air or the infusions themselves contained
a “vital force” necessary for spontaneous generation.

Biogenesis

A Hartnack microscope similar to the type used by Louis Pasteur. Microscope picture from Alan Gillen’s personal collection.

The theory of biogenesis states that life can only come from other life. This
idea mirrors the principles of Genesis 1: life begets life and like begets like.
Yet evolutionists imagine that at one time several billion years ago, life did
spontaneously appear. For example, German organic chemist Dr. Günther Wächtershäuser
and his colleague Dr. Claudia Huber of the Munich Technical University have
suggested that the first polypeptide chains necessary for life formed at the
bottom of a primal ocean, in the heated environment of undersea volcanoes. But
science continues to show a total lack of evidence that would suggest any living
cell (even the smallest) could originate spontaneously through time and chance. Recently the evolutionist Franklin Harold (2001, p. 218) said, “The crux of the matter is that living organisms cannot be rationally and systematically deduced from
the principles that generally do account for the properties of inanimate matter.”
It has always been known that Louis Pasteur opposed the doctrine of spontaneous
generation, and he presented compelling empirical evidence against it. He believed
that the idea of spontaneous generation did not fit with the view of God as
the Creator of life.

This is why the problem of spontaneous generation is all absorbing, and all-important.
It is the very problem of life and of its origin. To bring about spontaneous
generation would be to create a germ. It would be creating life; it would be
to solve the problem of its origin. It would mean to go from matter to life
through conditions of environment and of matter. God as Author of life would
then no longer be needed. Matter would replace Him. God would need to be invoked
only as Author of the motions of the universe. (Dubos 1950, pp. 395–396)

Spontaneous Generation Controversy and Early Evolutionary Ideas

Protestant François Guizot, a historian and politician, came to the defense
of the Catholic Church against the materialist attack, which he saw as an assault
upon the Christian faith. In an 1862 book, he insisted that “under the blows
that [the materialists] bring against Christian dogma, the entire religious
edifice collapses and the entire social edifice shakes; the Empire, the essence
of religion itself, vanishes” (Geison 1995, p. 124). Flames were fanned by the
appearance of Clemence Royer’s French translation of Darwin’s On the Origin
of Species in 1862. Darwin’s book was even more explosive since Royer advocated
every doctrine conservative forces hated: atheism, materialism, and republicanism.
Her preface to the Origin was an extended attack against the Catholic Church,
which she described as a “religion spread by an ignorant, domineering, and corrupt
priesthood” and which she identified as the major cause of all social ills.
It is hardly surprising, then, that Darwinian evolution was regarded in France
as a political and religious doctrine allied with the forces that threatened
church and state. Nor is it surprising that so many French critics of Darwinian
evolution focused on the issue of spontaneous generation. Beside its historical
association in France with evolutionary theories, spontaneous generation was
seen as a threat to the doctrine of a providential Creator.

Against this background, a great debate arose between Louis Pasteur and Félix-Archimède
Pouchet. Pouchet was a leading French biologist of the nineteenth century who
was openly advocating the idea of spontaneous generation. He asserted that new
life could arise from primordial raw elements that had no parents. Pouchet had
a new twist to the old spontaneous generation argument. He said that living
things could arise as “plastic manifestations” that tend to group molecules
together and to impose on them a specific mode of vitality leading to life (Debre
1998, p. 157). The debate between these two men carried implications of enormous
importance to the political culture of the French Empire, as had the Cuvier-Geoffroy
debate in earlier years. The great British anatomist Richard Owen, who lived
through both debates, emphasized their similarity in 1868, the analogy of the
discussion between Pasteur and Pouchet, and that between Cuvier and Geoffroy,
is very close. In part, this analogy rested on the circumstance that Pasteur,
like Cuvier, had the advantage of being consistent with the culture’s biblical
worldview. Pouchet was also attempting to convince others of his positions on
the “origin of monads” (i.e., bacteria) and on the origin of species. He was
attempting to provide arguments for evolution. Even Richard Owen, a foreign
outsider, could clearly see, in nineteenth century France, the debate over spontaneous
generation had found implications over how to interpret Genesis, bringing the
French Academy of Sciences into the “battle” over origins (Geison 1995).

During this time Pasteur conducted milk and butter experiments—showing microbes
as being the source of spoilage, not spontaneous generation. Previously, Roman
Catholic priest Father Lazzaro Spallanzi had shown similar findings in 1765.
His heretical ideas of biogenesis were finally vindicated—all microbes indeed
have parents. On March 11, 1857, Pasteur initiated his experiments on milk spoilage,
called lactic fermentation. He took careful notes day after day. Pasteur observed
the appearance of some well-characterized lactic ferment. “Milk diseases,” he
concluded, were caused by bacteria (Vallery-Radot 1901). Pasteur’s brilliant
germ theory has withstood the test of time. Essentially this theory exposed
microorganisms as the source of infectious diseases. Using his chemistry background,
Pasteur postulated that the milk souring was caused by microbes which convert
milk sugar into lactic acid. Today, we know this change is caused by streptococci
and lactobacilli, bacteria that are used in the dairy industry to produce yogurt.

Pasteur hypothesized that microbes in fermentation perhaps had a parallel mechanism
with regard to infectious disease. The expression “diseases of wine” was first
used in 1857 to designate the souring of fermented grape juice by microbes.
From 1867 to 1870, Pasteur studied two important silkworm diseases and identified
the responsible agents as protozoa and bacteria. He provided a brilliant scheme
describing each of these cause and effect relationships. By 1877, the germ theory
of disease was so firmly established that even Pasteur’s critics could not counter
the evidence (Dubos 1962).

Pasteur vs. Pouchet

Despite the growing trend elsewhere in Europe, Pasteur came to oppose evolution.
His opposition was also against Lamarckism and Pouchet’s naturalistic ideas.
At the same time the French scientific elite campaigned vigorously against Darwinism
based on Pasteur’s experiments exposing spontaneous generation. In fact, Mrs.
Flourens, who succeeded George Cuvier as secretary for the French Academy of
Sciences, opposed Darwinism. The French Academy of Sciences published Flourens’
Examining the Book Written by Mr. Darwin Concerning the Origin of Species (Examen
du livre de M. Darwin sur l’origine des especes) in 1864. The theme of the book
was that Darwinian evolution depended on the occurrence of spontaneous generation
and therefore could not be considered because spontaneous generation was false
(Farley 1974). Pasteur not only gave light to the question of origins, but he
also resolved it. Other leading French scientists rallied to the cause because
of political and religious implications of evolutionary ideas. In this politically
charged climate, many members of the French scientific elite preferred Pasteur
over Pouchet on political and scientific grounds. Many of these scientists joined
the two-pronged attack against Darwinism and spontaneous generation.

No one seemed to pay attention to Pouchet’s insistence, like others before
him, regarding spontaneous generation. Pouchet was associated with the forces
of materialism, transformism, and atheism. But whatever the title, the doctrine
of spontaneous generation was too dangerous to tolerate. A majority of the French
scientific community was allied against spontaneous generation. Pasteur, in
spite of the entreaties of friends and colleagues who said he was wasting precious
time, could not resist returning to the battleground. He felt a sense of patriotic
duty and religious conviction to confront Pouchet and the dangerous new liberalism
of Europe. In 1864 Pasteur gave his famous speech that provided his final “proof”
that dismissed spontaneous generation (see summary box below).

Summary of Spontaneous Generation at the Sorbonne, Paris (1864)

Pasteur’s work not only disproved abiogenesis but also offered guidance and support to other
researchers attempting to show that some diseases were caused by microscopic life forms. Thus, in a
simple but elegant set of experiments, Pasteur not only struck the doctrine of spontaneous generation
a “mortal blow” but also helped to establish the germ theory of disease. This was a milestone in
creation microbiology. Pathogens are real. Pasteur said,

It is dumb, dumb since these experiments were begun several years ago; it is dumb because I have kept
it sheltered from the only thing man does not know how to produce, from the germs which float in the
air, from Life, for Life is a germ and a germ is Life. Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation
recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment! “No, there is now no circumstances known in
which it could be affirmed that microscopic beings come into the world without germs, without parents,
similar to themselves.

(Vallery-Radot 1901, vol. 1, p. 142).

Fig. 4. Joseph Lister (1827–1912). The Father of Modern Surgery, about 1865, when he was in his thirties.

Pasteur not only refuted the strange idea that one can get something from nothing,
but he maintained life must come from other life or the Author of Life. This
soon led to an understanding of both disease prevention (via aseptic techniques)
and the germ theory of disease. He clearly demonstrated that infectious disease
does not spontaneously appear as “miasmas” (a poisonous gas formerly thought
to arise from swamps and cause disease) but was the outcome of disease-causing
germs. Later, Joseph Lister (fig. 4), Christian physician and creationist, developed
the idea of using aseptic techniques (fig. 5) in surgery (Brock 1961, pp. 58–65).
The idea of biogenesis was antecedent to the concepts of both asepsis and the
germ theory of disease. Because creation thinking embraces truth, real science,
and God’s blessing, it frequently leads to life-saving practical applications,
especially in the world of medicine. Pasteur was the first to successfully explain
the genesis of germs and their implications.

Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease

A foundation in biology is the germ theory of disease. Although some may argue
that this theory has its origin with Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546, the name most
closely associated with the idea that germs cause disease is Louis Pasteur (Brock
1961, pp. 69–75). It was Pasteur who developed his ideas of fermentation and
experiments on milk and wine spoilage indicating disease by microorganisms.
Prior to Pasteur, the connection between microorganisms and disease was not
apparent since many microbes were known to be beneficial for humans (yeasts
added to bread, or starter cultures for yogurt and cheese) and evidently did
not cause disease. (The Jews, however, did seem to understand the idea of contagion—Moses
had given them instructions for those with infectious skin diseases in the book
of Leviticus.)

Fig. 5. Antiseptic Surgery photograph: Victory over Infection. Thanks to the work of Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister, a newly discovered antiseptic is being used by these doctors who are performing an 1871 surgery in Edinburgh, Scotland. A carbolic acid (phenol) aerosol is sprayed with this instrument. It showers an antiseptic mist over the patient to kill pathogens that cause infection, providing a “clean” surgery.

The Battle over the Anthrax Vaccine

In Europe during the 1800s, anthrax ravaged livestock, especially sheep. In
some fields of France more than 10% of the sheep were dying. Robert Koch and
Louis Pasteur had both reached the conclusion its cause was the bacterium Bacillus
anthracis. Since sheep were vital to France’s economy, anthrax was devastating
thousands of herds. In 1878, Louis Pasteur was summoned by concerned stock handlers
to possibly produce a vaccine against anthrax. It was an uphill battle; many
doubted and were skeptical of this strange science called vaccination. Ever
the humanitarian Pasteur went to work, and after several weeks of vaccination,
the sheep with vaccination survived and those without the vaccine died. Once
again, Pasteur’s tireless work paid off. His vaccine not only saved millions
of animals, but also led to a human vaccine as well (Gillen 2007).

During Pasteur’s initial anthrax investigation a wager had been made at Pouilly-le-Fort
over whether the vaccine would work. Most veterinarians, French scientists,
and doctors had still not embraced the germ theory of disease. They believed
anthrax was somehow caused by an imbalance in the sheep’s body, or some deleterious
chemical. A public wager was announced. But soon it was obvious that Pasteur
had gained another victory, further substantiating the germ theory. It was recorded
that Pasteur stood in his carriage and addressed his opponents through the crowd.
He was thrilled and triumphant by the recent victory and biblical in his enthusiasm,
declaring: “Here it is! Oh ye of little faith!” (Debre 1998, p. 400). Pasteur,
the Father of Microbiology, quoted Jesus in Matthew 6:30. Does this sound like
an agnostic, Darwinist, or deist as some revisionist historians have declared?

A skeptic of Pasteur made the following questionable assertion regarding the
evolution of the anthrax bacillus:

Later in his career, after he had developed the germ theory of disease and
was working to understand the concept of virulence, Pasteur was more definite;
“Virulence appears in a new light which cannot but be alarming to humanity;
unless nature, in her evolution down the ages (an evolution which as now we
know, has been going on for millions, nay hundreds of millions of years), has
finally exhausted all the possibilities of producing virulent or contagious
diseases—which does not seem very likely.” Pasteur’s understanding that virulence
could evolve was, in fact, the intuitive basis for his work on vaccines. His
skepticism towards Darwin’s theory focused on asking for experimental confirmation
for Darwin’s evolutionary mechanism, natural selection. Pasteur was above all
an experimentalist, so it is not surprising that he wanted to see more experimental
proof (Cross 2006, p. 13).

The quote from Pasteur given above, without the parenthetical statement, appeared
in an article co-authored by Pasteur (Pasteur, Chamberland, and Roux 1881, p.
203). The parenthetical statement was added at a later time by an unknown author.
Neither Vallery-Radot nor any of the early documents state Pasteur believed
that evolutionary theory was related to the virulence of anthrax. Pasteur used
the word evolution to refer to change within a species, or the variability of
bacterial strains. Pasteur understood the variability of microbes and how he
could apply this principle in vaccine preparation. He applied this concept to
vaccinate dozens of sheep that would have otherwise died at a critical time
in France. His understanding of this natural variation was also successfully
applied in developing vaccines for chicken cholera and rabies.

In addition, the concept of changing the virulence from a pathogen to an attenuated
(weakened) microbe has nothing to do with neo-Darwinism (descent with modification).
In the case of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), it was heated to
a temperature of 43 ºC. This destroyed the plasmid-encoding toxin gene but kept
the bacterium alive. In fact, it loses information—in this case the pathogenicity
gene (that Pasteur was unaware of). This weakened bacterium was injected by
Pasteur into sheep to generate enormous antibody production against pathogenic
B. anthracis (the real germ) when it would later be encountered. Clearly, Pasteur
understood the basic dynamics of virulence, even though he did not know about
antibody production. Was it a horizontal change within a created kind? Yes! Was
it vertical change between created kinds? No!

Pasteur’s Last Days

Skeptics, eager to downplay or denigrate creation scientists of the past, have
rewritten the history of Pasteur and changed him into a skeptic embracing evolution
and Darwin’s ideas. Yet his son-in-law, an eyewitness, writes in The Life of
Pasteur, the most extensive biography yet written about Pasteur, regarding his
last days of faith in Christ:

Absolute faith in God and in Eternity, and a conviction that the power for
good given to us in this world will be continued beyond it, were feelings which
pervaded his whole life; the virtues of the gospel had ever been present to
him. Full of respect for the form of religion which had been that of his forefathers,
he came simply to it and naturally for spiritual help in these last weeks of
his life (Vallery-Radot 1911, vol. 2, p. 240).

On January 1, 1895 (nine months before his death), his colleague and friend
Dr. Emily Roux brought him the flasks that Pasteur had used to disprove spontaneous
generation (Vallery-Radot 1911, vol. 2, pp. 238–239), the mythical idea that
life can “pop” into existence by time and chance. Pasteur seemed to reaffirm
his belief in the Creator with no hint that Darwinism had replaced his belief.
Then, for those who are skeptical about his belief in Christ, we go to the last
day of his life, September 28, 1895 (4:40 p.m.), Louis Pasteur was found holding
his wife’s hand with one hand and a crucifix with the other. He tightly gripped
both for twenty-four hours. Does this sound like a man who had lost his faith
in the Creator and in Christ?

Pasteur and Providence

Pasteur’s abundant life and series of remarkable discoveries can only be attributed
to genius and tenacity in the face of numerous skeptics. Indeed, he was a genius
and was very resolute in all his efforts. Today, like Thomas Edison, he would
be described as a workaholic. Yet his was a labor of love, and he had a genuine
desire to help mankind. No doubt these attributes can be said of many other
scientists. But few can claim the lifetime achievements that Pasteur earned.
The hand of God seemed to be behind him. Like the providential scripting of
the book of Esther in the Bible (where God is not mentioned explicitly), we
see a series of remarkable accomplishments.

Pasteur had been trained not in biology or pathology but in physics and organic
chemistry. He first achieved international fame at the age of twenty-seven by
his crystallographic studies and his discovery of isomerism. It was through
measurements of optical rotation of organic acids that he was led, by many indirect
steps, to recognize that the conversion of sugar into alcohol (in wine) or lactic
acid (in milk) is caused by microbes. In his first biological paper, published
in 1857 at age thirty-five, he boldly formulated what he called the germ theory
of fermentation. This theory proposed that each type of fermentation is caused
by a specific kind of microbe. He suggested that this theory could be generalized,
and even suggested a specific microbial etiology of disease. Eventually the
hypothesis of specific etiology led him to specific vaccinations and the germ
theory of infectious diseases.

Throughout his life, Pasteur stated that he had been “led” by an inescapable
logic. He proceeded from designed crystals and optical rotation to fermentation
studies and microbial control, and eventually to microbial diseases and specific
vaccinations. One can recognize majestic and perhaps Divine ordonnance (Fr.
architecture) in Pasteur’s scientific achievements. Although he started as a
chemist and tried to solve the enigma of life’s origins, it was later in his
career that he focused on solving infectious diseases that threatened animal
and human life. Through it all, he never lost his early interest in crystalline
asymmetry and biogenesis. Pasteur began in 1844, by sorting out right- and left-handed
crystals, and spent the rest of his life just as patiently (and fruitfully)
sorting right-and left-handed facts until the Creator revealed the secrets of
microbes and germs.

Given the state of biology in the nineteenth century, Pasteur certainly took
the right path in his pursuit of chemistry and what would later be called microbiology.
Certainly the Hand of the Creator was guiding him. He discovered the particular
causes of fermentation and later the specific origins of infectious diseases
that led to lifesaving vaccinations. Pasteur’s writing regarding fermentation,
putrefaction, and germ theory soon reached Christian surgeon Joseph Lister (1827–1912).
Under Pasteur’s influence, Lister postulated that microbes cause wound suppuration
(noxious pus in wounds). Lister suggested that microbes be controlled or eradicated
in medical work. He developed the first antiseptics and later aseptic surgery
that would protect millions from fatal and nonfatal infections that occurred
during surgery. In addition, Pasteur was the first to notice the antimicrobial
effects that some bacteria have on pathogenic bacteria. He noticed that some
bacteria produced antibiotics against other competing bacteria. He noticed this
in his milk studies in 1857 and then more graphically in this anthrax studies
in 1878. Many historians of science recognize the significance of his observation
that when Pasteur placed pathogenic bacillus in contact with soil microorganisms,
they lost their virulence. He had a vision of an antimicrobial effect (through
antibiotics) that Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) and others would
realize and exploit a half century later.

The biological sciences and medicine could not have proceeded without the precise
knowledge provided by the concepts of biogenesis (life comes from life) and
the germ theory of disease. Microbiologists and medical scientists profit from
the pioneering work of Pasteur’s creation thinking, especially Joseph Lister
and those who pioneered aseptic surgery. Untold numbers of lives have been saved.
It is clear that the Hand of Providence was moving as Pasteur was conducting
his experiments. Perhaps, R. C. Sproul (1996, book cover) summarized it best,
“The invisible hand that governs the universe with ‘perfect intentionality’
has worked for the good of those who love him.”

Pasteur Recognized

In 1888, a grateful France founded the Pasteur Institute. In the closing paragraphs
of his inaugural speech,

Pasteur said: Two opposing laws seem to me now to be in contest. The one, a
law of blood and death opening out each day new modes of destruction, forces
nations always to be ready for the battle. The other, a law of peace, work and
health, whose only aim is to deliver man from the calamities which beset him.
The one seeks violent conquests, the other, the relief of mankind. The one places
a single life above all victories, the other sacrifices hundreds of thousands
of lives to the ambition of a single individual. The law of which we are the
instruments strives even through the carnage to cure the wounds due to the law
of war. Treatment by our antiseptic methods may preserve the lives of thousands
of soldiers. Which of these two laws will prevail, God only knows. But of this
we may be sure, science, in obeying the law of humanity, will always labor to
enlarge the frontiers of life. (Vallery-Radot 1901, 2, p. 289)

Conclusion

The biography of Louis Pasteur is fascinating and complex. Granted, some of
his beliefs and statements are not considered biblically orthodox. For example,
he said the Rosary and was involved in other Roman Catholic rituals. However,
he clearly had a strong belief in God and held to most Roman Catholic doctrines.
Although he was not a young-earth creationist (YEC or biblical creationist)
in the modern sense (he lived in a different time, continent, and culture),
Pasteur was clearly skeptical of Darwin’s idea of evolution. Little is said
about his beliefs on the age of the earth. But from a few anecdotal remarks,
there is reason to believe that he believed in a recent creation, not one evolving
over millions of years.

He also had a high view of human life and dignity, loved the compassionate
virtues and ideals of the gospel, and held a high view of Jesus as the Son of
God. In his address Pasteur said, “These are the living springs of great thoughts
and great actions. Everything grows clear in the reflections from the Infinite.”
Some of the letters to his children breathe a profound and simple piety. He
declared, “The more I know, the more nearly is my faith that of the Breton peasant.
Could I but know all I would have the faith of a Breton peasant woman.” Above
all, what he could not understand is the failure of scientists to recognize
the clear evidence of the Creator’s hand in the world around us. Pasteur was
a traditional Catholic. His life was focused on experimental science as it related
to infectious disease and the germ theory. In all our primary readings, the
worldview of Pasteur is consistent with historic and traditional Catholic teachings,
including those about Creation and Christ. Pasteur and the Catholics of his
era believed that the creation is good, that God uses it for His purposes, but
that it is marred by original sin. Catholics believe that Christ is the Creator
and that Jesus is fully God and fully man. He is the King of the Cosmos, the
Word of God, and the awaited Messiah of Israel.

Louis Pasteur was also an experimentalist, daily performing operational science.
He, like so many other creation scientists, is a prime example that you do not
have to be an evolutionist to do good science. Let no one claim that faith in
God is detrimental to this burgeoning field. Pasteur, France’s number one scientist,
said, “The more I study nature, the more I stand amazed at the work of the Creator.”
We have seen Pasteur’s faith was as genuine and logical as his science. In his
panegyric of Littré (i.e., elaborate praise in formal slogan), whose fauteuil
(armchair) he took, he said, “Happy the man who bears within him a divinity,
an ideal of beauty and obeys it; an ideal of art, an ideal of science, an ideal
of country, and ideal of the virtues of the gospel” (Vallery-Radot 1959, p.
197). Pasteur was a man of progress. He relieved the sufferings of others, gave
them the means of a better life, and never spurned the mundane but practical
applications of his work. He taught that the strictest care must be exercised
in experiment and that through careful reasoning nothing should be assumed without
compelling proof. He was, without doubt, one of the greatest benefactors of
humanity, and he belongs to that heritage of France that it is our bound duty
to honor and to proclaim.

We have given a brief history of the spontaneous generation controversy, of
experiments proving biogenesis, and of the development of the germ theory of
disease, including the conflicting beliefs of Pasteur and Pouchet. Louis Pasteur
is known as the Father of Microbiology, mainly because of his work on the germ
theory. Many contemporary medical scientists and physicians have been inspired
by the ideas and efforts of these microbe hunters (Dekruif 1926; Gillen 2007).
We would like to challenge those who study modern medical issues to take notes
from these giants in microbiology and believers in the God of the Bible.

These are the translated words engraved above Pasteur’s tomb in the Pasteur
Institute:

Blessed is the man who carries in his soul, God, a beautiful ideal that he
obeys himself—ideal of art, ideal of science, ideal of the fatherland, and ideal
of gospel virtues. Therein lie the springs of great thoughts and great actions.
(Vallery-Radot 1958, p. 197)

Pasteur was truly a man of Christian character and action. Louis embraced the
values of the Gospels throughout his life. His faith came simply and naturally
for spiritual help and was most evident in the later stages of this life. Pasteur
believed in prayer, the Bible, and the truths of the gospel as his goal. He
encouraged others to do the same (Vallery-Radot 1911, vol. 2. p. 240).

The more we know of minute organisms the more propagation is found to resemble
higher plants and animals. Their species breed true as those of sheep or cattle.
Their form may vary in different parts of their life cycle, but we often meet
with profound changes of form in life history of highly organized creatures.
So far as our experience goes it corroborates the truth of the dictum, Omne
vivum e vivo—all life from antecedent life. And not only this, but it may be
said all life comes from antecedent life of approximately the same kind. The
establishment of this doctrine for minute forms of life in the sense that it
holds true for higher forms is an achievement of far reaching importance in
many relations. Pasteur was early convinced of this truth. He did more than
anyone else to establish it. And this principle served him as a valuable guide
in grappling with the problems with which he was destined to be occupied during
the remainder of his life.

In conclusion, Pasteur began in 1844, by sorting out right- and left-handed
crystals, and spent the rest of his life, patiently and fruitfully, sorting
right- and left-handed facts. The Creator blessed these efforts by revealing
His truth (as He faithfully reveals operational science) to those who diligently
seek Him (Hebrews 11:6). By God’s grace, Pasteur received the answers to these
challenging questions.

Pasteur, L., aided by Messrs. Chamberland and Roux. 1881. On the attenuation
of virus and on its return to virulence. In Ninth annual report of the secretary
of the State Board of Health of the State of Michigan. 1882. Lansing, Michigan:
W.S. George & Co.

Answers Research Journal

2008 Volume 1

Cutting-edge creation research. Free. Answers Research Journal (ARJ) is a professional, peer-reviewed technical journal for the publication of interdisciplinary scientific and other relevant research from the perspective of the recent Creation and the global Flood within a biblical framework.