Criminalistics : An Introduction to Forensic Science

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For Introduction to Forensic Science courses offered by Forensic Science or Criminal Justice programs.Written by a renowned authority on forensic science, this text introduces the non-scientific student to the field of forensic science through an exploration of its applications to criminal investigations, and clear explanations of the techniques, abilities and limitations of the modern crime laboratory.

Preface

xi

About the Author

xv

Introduction

1

(32)

Definition and Scope of Forensic Science

1

(1)

History and Development of Forensic Science

2

(4)

The Organization of a Crime Laboratory

6

(3)

Services of the Crime Laboratory

9

(3)

The Functions of the Forensic Scientist

12

(5)

Other Forensic Science Services

17

(16)

Review Questions

22

(2)

Further References

24

(1)

Case Reading

25

(8)

The Crime Scene

33

(28)

Processing the Crime Scene

33

(15)

Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene

48

(13)

Review Questions

51

(1)

Further References

52

(1)

Case Reading

52

(9)

Physical Evidence

61

(26)

Common Types of Physical Evidence

61

(1)

The Significance of Physical Evidence

62

(25)

Review Questions

73

(1)

Further References

74

(1)

Case Reading

74

(13)

Physical Properties: Glass and Soil

87

(29)

The Metric System

87

(2)

Physical Properties

89

(8)

Comparing Glass Fragments

97

(6)

Glass Fractures

103

(4)

Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence

107

(1)

Forensic Characteristics of Soil

108

(3)

Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence

111

(5)

Review Questions

113

(2)

Further References

115

(1)

Organic Analysis

116

(30)

Elements and Compounds

116

(4)

Selecting an Analytical Technique

120

(1)

Chromatography

121

(11)

Spectrophotometry

132

(8)

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

140

(6)

Review Questions

143

(2)

Further References

145

(1)

Inorganic Analysis

146

(18)

Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy

148

(2)

The Emission Spectrum of Elements

150

(3)

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

153

(2)

The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra

155

(2)

Neutron Activation Analysis

157

(3)

X-Ray Diffraction

160

(4)

Review Questions

162

(1)

Further References

163

(1)

The Microscope

164

(25)

The Compound Microscope

165

(3)

The Comparison Microscope

168

(1)

The Stereoscopic Microscope

169

(1)

The Polarizing Microscope

170

(3)

The Microspectrophotometer

173

(1)

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

174

(15)

Review Questions

179

(1)

Further References

180

(1)

Case Reading

181

(8)

Hairs, Fibers, and Paint

189

(39)

Morphology of Hair

189

(5)

Identification and Comparison of Hair

194

(4)

Collection of Hair Evidence

198

(1)

Types of Fibers

199

(6)

Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers

205

(8)

Collection of Fiber Evidence

213

(1)

Forensic Examination of Paint

213

Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence

222

(206)

Review Questions

224

(2)

Further References

226

(2)

Drugs

228

(30)

Drug Dependence

228

(4)

Narcotic Drugs

232

(2)

Hallucinogens

234

(5)

Depressants

239

(2)

Stimulants

241

(3)

Anabolic Steroids

244

(1)

Drug-Control Laws

245

(3)

Drug Identification

248

(6)

Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence

254

(4)

Review Questions

255

(2)

Further References

257

(1)

Forensic Toxicology

258

(32)

Toxicology of Alcohol

259

(18)

The Role of the Toxicologist

277

(1)

Techniques Used in Toxicology

278

(4)

The Significance of Toxicological Findings

282

(1)

The Drug Recognition Expert

283

(7)

Review Questions

287

(2)

Further References

289

(1)

Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations

290

(30)

The Chemistry of Fire

290

(7)

Searching the Fire Scene

297

(2)

Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence

299

(2)

Analysis of Flammable Residues

301

(3)

Types of Explosives

304

(5)

Collection and Analysis of Explosives

309

(11)

Review Question

317

(1)

Further References

318

(2)

Forensic Serology

320

(33)

The Nature of Blood

321

(6)

Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains

327

(8)

Stain Patterns of Blood

335

(3)

Principles of Heredity

338

(4)

Forensic Characterization of Semen

342

(3)

Collection of Rape Evidence

345

(8)

Review Questions

350

(2)

Further References

352

(1)

DNA: A New Forensic Science Tool

353

(42)

What Is DNA?

353

(3)

DNA at Work

356

(2)

Replication of DNA

358

(1)

Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA

359

(2)

DNA Typing

361

(14)

Mitochondria DNA

375

(6)

The Combined DNA Index System

381

(1)

The Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis

382

(13)

Review Questions

389

(2)

Further References

391

(1)

Case Readings

391

(4)

Fingerprints

395

(26)

History of Fingerprinting

395

(2)

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints

397

(5)

Classification of Fingerprints

402

(2)

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems

404

(1)

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints

405

(8)

Preservation of Developed Prints

413

(1)

Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement

414

(7)

Review Questions

418

(2)

Further References

420

(1)

Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions

421

(32)

Bullet Comparisons

421

(7)

Cartridge Cases

428

(1)

Automated Firearm Search Systems

429

(2)

Gunpowder Residues

431

(4)

Primer Residues on the Hands

435

(3)

Serial Number Restoration

438

(1)

Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence

438

(3)

Tool Marks

441

(2)

Other Impressions

443

(10)

Review Questions

450

(1)

Further References

451

(2)

Document and Voice Examination

453

(24)

Handwriting Comparisons

453

(2)

Collection of Handwriting Exemplars

455

(3)

Typewriting Comparisons

458

(1)

Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination

459

(2)

Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations

461

(5)

Other Document Problems

466

(2)

Voice Examination

468

(9)

Review Questions

475

(1)

Further References

476

(1)

Forensic Science on the Internet

477

(15)

What Is the Internet?

477

(1)

Where to Go on the Internet

478

(6)

Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW

484

(4)

Web Sites You May Wish to Explore

488

(4)

Review Questions

491

(1)

Further References

491

(1)

The Future

492

(7)

Further References

497

(2)

Case Readings

499

(65)

Appendices

I Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence---FBI

531

(15)

II Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR)

546

(2)

III FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence

548

(3)

IV Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained Within the Text