Nancy Wilson (born February 20, 1937) is an American singer with more than seventy albums, and three Grammy Awards. She has been labeled a singer of blues, jazz, R&B, pop and soul, a "consummate actress", and "the complete entertainer". The title she prefers, however, is "song stylist",[1] she has received many nicknames including "Sweet Nancy", "The Baby", "Fancy Miss Nancy" and "The Girl With the Honey-Coated Voice".[2]

At the age of 15, while a student at West High School (Columbus, Ohio), she won a talent contest sponsored by local television station WTVN. The prize was an appearance on a twice-a-week television show, Skyline Melodies, which she ended up hosting,[6] she also worked clubs on the east side and north side of Columbus, Ohio, from the age of 15 until she graduated from West High School at age 17.

Unsure of her future as an entertainer, she entered college to pursue teaching, she spent one year at Ohio's Central State College (now Central State University) before dropping out and following her original ambitions. She auditioned and won a spot with Rusty Bryant's Carolyn Club Big Band in 1956, she toured with them throughout Canada and the Midwest in 1956 to 1958.[7] While in this group, Wilson made her first recording under Dot Records.[4]

When Wilson met Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, he suggested that she should move to New York City, believing that the big city would be the venue in which her career could bloom; in 1959, she relocated to New York with a goal of obtaining Cannonball’s manager John Levy as her manager and Capitol Records as her label.[8] Within four weeks of her arrival in New York she got her first big break, a call to fill in for Irene Reid at "The Blue Morocco", the club booked Wilson on a permanent basis; she was singing four nights a week and working as a secretary for the New York Institute of Technology during the day. John Levy sent demos of "Guess Who I Saw Today", "Sometimes I’m Happy", and two other songs to Capitol. Capitol Records signed her in 1960.

Wilson’s debut single, "Guess Who I Saw Today", was so successful that between April 1960 and July 1962 Capitol Records released five Nancy Wilson albums, her first album, Like in Love, displayed her talent in Rhythm and Blues. Adderley suggested that she should steer away from her original pop style and gear her music toward jazz and ballads;[4] in 1962, they collaborated, producing the album Nancy Wilson and Cannonball Adderley, which propelled her to national prominence with the hit R&B song, "Save Your Love For Me", and Wilson would later appear on Adderley's live album In Person (1968). Between March 1964 and June 1965, four of Wilson's albums hit the Top 10 on Billboard's Top LPs chart; in 1963 "Tell Me The Truth" became her first truly major hit, leading up to her performance at the Coconut Grove in 1964 – the turning point of her career, garnering critical acclaim from coast to coast.[8]TIME said of her, "She is, all at once, both cool and sweet, both singer and storyteller."[9] In 1964 Wilson released what became her most successful hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am", which peaked at No. 11. From 1963 to 1971 Wilson logged eleven songs on the Hot 100, including two Christmas singles. However, "Face It Girl, It's Over" was the only remaining non-Christmas song to crack the Top 40 for Wilson (#29, in 1968).

In the 1980s, she recorded five albums for Japanese labels because she preferred recording live, and American labels frequently did not give her that option, she gained such wide popularity that she was selected as the winner of the annual Tokyo Song Festivals.[4]

In 1982 she recorded with Hank Jones and the Great Jazz Trio; in that same year she recorded with Griffith Park Band whose members included Chick Corea and Joe Henderson. In 1987 she participated in a PBS show entitled Newport Jazz ‘87 as the singer of a jazz trio with John Williams and Roy McCurdy.[7]

In 1982 she also signed with CBS, her albums here including The Two of Us (1984), duets with Ramsey Lewis produced by Stanley Clarke; Forbidden Lover (1987), including the title-track duet with Carl Anderson; and A Lady with a Song, which became her 52nd album release in 1989. In 1989 Nancy Wilson in Concert played as a television special.[4]

In the early 1990s, Wilson recorded an album paying tribute to Johnny Mercer with co-producer Barry Manilow entitled With My Lover Beside Me; in this decade she also recorded two other albums, Love, Nancy and her sixtieth album If I Had it My Way.[4] In the late 1990s, she teamed up with MCG Jazz, a youth-education program of the Manchester Craftsmen's Guild,[12] nonprofit, minority-directed, arts and learning organization located in Pittsburgh, PA.

On September 10, 2011, she performed on a public stage for the last time at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. According to Wilson, "I'm not going to be doing it anymore, and what better place to end it than where I started – in Ohio."[16]

In 1964, Wilson won her first Grammy Award for the best rhythm and blues recording for the album How Glad I Am, she was featured as a "grand diva" of jazz in a 1992 edition of Essence.[17] In the same year, she also received the Whitney Young Jr. Award from the Urban League; in 1998, she was a recipient of the Playboy Reader Poll Award for best jazz vocalist.[4]

Times.com, August 20, 2006: "It's been a long career for the polished Wilson, whose first albums appeared in the 1960s, and she faces that truth head-on in such numbers as 'These Golden Years' and 'I Don't Remember Ever Growing Up'. Shorter breathed these days, she can still summon a warm, rich sound and vividly tell a song's story, with a big band behind her in 'Taking a Chance on Love', she also shows there's plenty of fire in her autumnal mood".[22]

Wilson married her first husband, drummer Kenny Dennis, in 1960; in 1963, their son, Kenneth (Kacy) Dennis Jr., was born, and by 1970, they divorced. On May 22, 1973, she married a Presbyterian minister, the Reverend Wiley Burton, she gave birth to Samantha Burton in 1975, and the couple adopted Sheryl Burton in 1976. As a result of her marriage, she abstained from performing in various venues, such as supper clubs.

For the following two decades, she successfully juggled her personal life and her career; in November 1998, both of her parents died: she calls this year the most difficult of her life.[4] In August 2006, Wilson was hospitalized with anemia and potassium deficiency, and was on I.V. sustenance while undergoing a complete battery of tests. She was unable to attend the UNCF Evening of Stars Tribute to Aretha Franklin and had to cancel the engagement. All of her other engagements were on hold, pending doctors’ reports for that month; in March 2008, she was hospitalized for lung complications, recovered and claimed to be doing well.[23][24] In the same year, her husband, Wiley Burton, died after suffering from renal cancer.[25]

1.
Heart (band)
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Heart is an American rock band that first found success in Canada and later in the United States and worldwide. Over the groups history, it has had three primary lineups, with the constant center of the group since 1973 being sisters Ann Wilson. Heart rose to fame in the mid-1970s with music influenced by rock and heavy metal. Their popularity declined in the early 1980s, but the band enjoyed a comeback starting in 1985 and experienced greater success with album-oriented rock hits. With Jupiters Darling, Red Velvet Car, Fanatic, and Beautiful Broken Heart made a return to its hard rock, to date, Heart has sold over 35 million records worldwide, including over 22.5 million in album sales in the U. S. The group was ranked number 57 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, with Top 10 albums on the Billboard Album Chart in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2010s, Heart is among the most commercially enduring hard rock bands in history. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013, since 2002, the band has had six members. In 1967, bassist Steve Fossen formed a band, The Army, along with Roger Fisher on guitar, Don Wilhelm on guitar, keyboards and lead vocals and they played for several years in and around the Bothell, Washington area. They frequently played Bothell High School, Inglemoor High School and Shorecrest High School, as well as many taverns, the name was a creation of Cooper Edens, a nationally known artist/illustrator in Seattle. It had been created for a band that included his brother in law, lead guitarist, Toby Cyr. Army asked and received permission from Toby Cyr to use the Cooper Edens created name, for a brief time in 1970 this line-up shortened its name to Heart and dropped White, however, the band went through more personnel changes. In 1971, Heart consisted of Steve Fossen, Roger Fisher, David Belzer, after Ann Wilson joined, the band was renamed Hocus Pocus. Mike Fisher, Rogers brother, was set to be drafted into the military, Nancy Wilson has stated that when he did not report for duty, his home was raided, but he slipped out a rear window, escaped to Canada and became a Vietnam War draft dodger. One day in 1972, Mike crossed the border to visit family and, by chance, according to Nancy, that meeting was when she and Michael fell in love and Ann decided to follow Mike back to Canada. Steve Fossen finished his education before he also decided to move to Canada in late 1972. Along with Mike and Ann, the band Heart was officially formed, the group played numerous shows around their new home in Vancouver, and they recorded a demo tape with the assistance of producer Mike Flicker and session-guitarist and keyboard player, Howard Leese. Hannah and Johnstone had left by this time, and soon after Leese became a full-time member, Flicker produced the bands first five albums. This team recorded the album, Dreamboat Annie, at Can-Base Studios in Vancouver

2.
Nancy Wilson (rock musician)
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Nancy Lamoureaux Wilson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, actress, and producer. She and her sister, Ann, are the core of the rock band Heart. Nancy Lamoureaux Wilson was born in San Francisco, California and she is the youngest of three sisters, who grew up in southern California and Taiwan before their US Marine Corps father retired to the Seattle suburb of Bellevue. On February 9,1964, when Wilson and her sister Ann watched The Beatles perform on The Ed Sullivan Show, they both instantly wanted to be like the band. In an interview she said, The lightning bolt came out of the heavens and struck Ann and me the first time we saw the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. Thered been so much anticipation and hype about the Beatles that it was an event, like the lunar landing. I was seven or eight at the time, right away, we started doing air guitar shows in the living room, faking English accents, and studying all the fanzines. Two of Wilsons friends who could sing joined her and Ann to form their first music group, calling themselves the Viewpoints, they were a four-part harmony vocal group. Later that year, Ann bought her first guitar, a Kent acoustic, Wilsons parents soon bought Nancy a smaller guitar, but since it would not stay in tune, Anns guitar became hers as well. On August 25,1966, The Beatles played at the Seattle Center Coliseum, Wilsons mother had made matching outfits like the ones that The Beatles wore so that the girls would look professional. The girls wore these outfits to the concert, the Viewpoints first public show was a folk festival on Vashon Island in 1967. In Nancys words, We didnt get paid, but since there were people sitting in folding chairs, the band played at venues such as drive-ins, auto shows, and church socials. Nancys and Anns public debut as a duo took place on Mothers Day at their church. Later at a Youth Day event at their church, the duo chose to sing The Great Mandala, by Peter, Paul and Mary, Elvis Presleys Crying in the Chapel, and The Doors When the Musics Over. The anti-war sentiment, and the irreverence for the venue in some of the lyrics, by the time they finished, more than half had walked out. Nancy felt some guilt over the event, but it lit a bonfire under us because we saw for the first time that what we did on stage could have an impact on an audience, while a senior in high school, Ann joined a band. Their drummer knew a country songwriter who needed a band to play on his songwriting demos, during that session, the engineer allowed them to record the song Through Eyes and Glass, which Nancy and Ann had written. The engineer had his own label, and liked their songs enough that he offered to make up five hundred copies for a few bucks

3.
Chillicothe, Ohio
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Chillicothe is a city in and the county seat of Ross County, Ohio, United States. The population was 21,901 at the 2010 census and it is the only city in Ross County and the center of the Chillicothe Micropolitan Statistical Area. Chillicothe is a designated Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation, Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio and is located in southern Ohio along the Scioto River. The towns name comes from the Shawnee Chala·ka·tha, named one of the five major divisions of the Shawnee people. The Shawnee and their ancestors inhabited the territory for thousands of years prior to European contact, at the time of European-American settlement, the community was plotted by General Nathaniel Massie on his land grant. Modern Chillicothe was the center of the ancient Hopewell tradition, which flourished from 200 BC until 500 AD and this Amerindian culture had trade routes extending to the Rocky Mountains. They built earthen mounds for ceremonial and burial purposes throughout the Scioto, later Native Americans who inhabited the area through the time of European contact included Shawnees. Present-day Chillicothe is the most recent of seven locations in Ohio that bore the name, according to historian Charles Augustus Hanna, a Shawnee village was founded at the site of modern-day Chillicothe in late 1758, following the destruction of Lower Shawneetown by floods. It was after the American Revolution that most European settlement came to this area, migrants from Virginia and Kentucky moved west along the Ohio River in search of land. Chillicothe served as the capital of Ohio from the beginning of statehood in 1803 until 1810 when Zanesville became the capital for two years, the capital was moved to Zanesville as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. In 1812 the legislature moved the back to Chillicothe. In 1816 the state voted to move the capital again, to Columbus to have it near the geographic center of the state. Migrants to Chillicothe included free blacks, who came to a place with fewer restrictions than in the slave states and they created a vibrant community and aided runaway slaves coming north. As tensions increased prior to the breakout of the American Civil War, slaves escaping from the South traveled across the Ohio River to freedom, and then up the Scioto River to get more distance from their former homes and slave hunters. White abolitionists aided the Underground Railroad as well, Chillicothe is located at 39°20′11″N 82°59′2″W. It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau and it lies between the Scioto River and Paint Creek near their confluence. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.60 square miles. The city is surrounded by farming communities, and Chillicothe residents describe the area as the foothills of the Appalachians, as of the census of 2010, there were 21,901 people,9,420 households, and 5,559 families residing in the city

4.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round

5.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody

6.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements

7.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone

8.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions

9.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers

10.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds

11.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra

12.
Blue Note Records
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Blue Note Records is an American jazz record label, established in 1939 by Alfred Lion and Max Margulis. Francis Wolff became involved shortly afterwards and it derives its name from the characteristic blue notes of jazz and the blues. Originally dedicated to recording traditional jazz and small group swing, from 1947 the label began to switch its attention to modern jazz, while the original company did not itself record many of the pioneers of bebop, significant exceptions are Thelonious Monk, Fats Navarro and Bud Powell. Historically, Blue Note has principally been associated with the hard bop style of jazz, but also recorded essential albums in the avant-garde and free styles of jazz. Horace Silver, Jimmy Smith, Freddie Hubbard, Lee Morgan, Art Blakey, Grant Green, Hank Mobley, Wayne Shorter, Bobby Hutcherson, the label is currently owned by the Universal Music Group. Lion first heard jazz as a boy in Berlin. The Blue Note label initially consisted of Lion and Max Margulis, musicians were supplied with alcoholic refreshments, and recorded in the early hours of the morning after their evenings work in clubs and bars had finished. Francis Wolff, a photographer, emigrated to the USA at the end of 1939 and soon joined forces with Lion. In 1941, Lion was drafted into the army for two years, Milt Gabler at the Commodore Music Store offered storage facilities and helped keep the catalog in print, with Wolff working for him. By late 1943, the label was back in recording musicians. Johnson, who was returning to a degree of musical activity after having largely recovered from a stroke suffered in 1940. Towards the end of the war, saxophonist Ike Quebec was among those who recorded for the label, Quebec would act as a talent scout for the label until his death in 1963. Although stylistically belonging to a generation, he could appreciate the new bebop style of jazz. Lion recorded several Monk sessions before he began to release the resulting sides, monks recordings for Blue Note between 1947 and 1952 did not sell well for some years, but have since come to be regarded as the most important of his career. The sessions by Powell are commonly ranked among his best, J. J. Johnson and trumpeter Miles Davis both recorded several sessions for Blue Note between 1952 and 1954, but by then the musicians who had created bebop were starting to explore other styles. The recording of musicians performing in a jazz idiom, such as Sidney Bechet and clarinettist George Lewis. In 1951, Blue Note issued their first vinyl 10 releases, the label was soon recording emerging talent such as Horace Silver and Clifford Brown. Meanwhile, Milt Jackson and the Jazz Messengers recorded for Blue Note, the Milt Jackson Quartet session was a one-off, but Blakeys various groups recorded for the label extensively, if intermittently, for the next decade

13.
Ramsey Lewis
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Ramsey Emmanuel Lewis, Jr. is an American jazz composer, pianist and radio personality. Ramsey Lewis has recorded over 80 albums and has received seven gold records, Ramsey Lewis was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Ramsey Lewis, Sr. and Pauline Lewis. Lewis began taking lessons at the age of four. At 15 he joined his first jazz band, the Cleffs, the seven-piece group provided Lewis his first involvement with jazz, he would later join Cleffs drummer Isaac Red Holt and bassist Eldee Young to form the Ramsey Lewis Trio. The trio started as primarily a unit and released their first album, Ramsey Lewis. Following their 1965 hit The In Crowd they concentrated more on pop material, Young and Holt left in 1966 to form Young-Holt Unlimited and were replaced by Cleveland Eaton and Maurice White. White left to form Earth, Wind & Fire and was replaced by Morris Jennings in 1970, later, Frankie Donaldson and Bill Dickens replaced Jennings and Eaton, Felton Crews also appeared on many 1980s releases. By 1966, Lewis was one of the nation’s most successful jazz pianists, topping the charts with The In Crowd, Hang On Sloopy, all three singles each sold over one million copies, and were awarded gold discs. Many of his recordings attracted a large non-jazz audience, in the 1970s, Lewis often played electric piano, although by later in the decade he was sticking to acoustic and using an additional keyboardist in his groups. In 1994, Lewis appeared on the Red Hot Organizations compilation album, Stolen Moments, Red Hot + Cool, alongside other prominent jazz artists Herbie Hancock and Roy Ayers. The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African American community, was heralded as Album of the Year by TIME magazine. In addition to recording and performing, Lewis hosts the syndicated radio program Legends of Jazz. He also hosted the Ramsey Lewis Morning Show on Chicago smooth jazz radio station WNUA, lonnie Smith, Joey Defrancesco, Dave Brubeck, Chick Corea, Kurt Elling, Benny Golson, Pat Metheny and Tony Bennett. Lewis is artistic director of Jazz at Ravinia and helped organize Ravinias Jazz Mentor Program. Ramsey also serves on the Board of Trustees for the Merit School of Music, a Chicago inner-city music program and The Chicago High School for the Arts, early in 2005, the Ramsey Lewis Foundation was created to help connect at-risk children to the world of music. As an offshoot of that foundation, Lewis plans to form a Youth Choir, in January 2007, the Dave Brubeck Institute invited Lewis to join its Honorary Board of Friends at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. Lewis is an Honorary Board member of the Chicago Jazz Orchestra, Lewis is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. In May 2008, Lewis received a doctorate from Loyola University Chicago upon delivering the keynote address at the undergraduate commencement ceremony

14.
George Shearing
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Sir George Shearing, OBE was a British jazz pianist who for many years led a popular jazz group that recorded for Discovery Records, MGM Records and Capitol Records. The composer of over 300 titles, including the jazz standard Lullaby of Birdland, had multiple albums on the Billboard charts during the 1950s, 1960s, 1980s and 1990s and he died of heart failure in New York City, at the age of 91. Born in Battersea, London, Shearing was the youngest of nine children and he was born blind to working class parents, his father delivered coal and his mother cleaned trains in the evening. He started to learn piano at the age of three and began training at Linden Lodge School for the Blind, where he spent four years. Though he was offered scholarships, Shearing opted to perform at a local pub. He joined a band during that time and was influenced by the records of Teddy Wilson. Shearing made his first BBC radio broadcast during this time after befriending Leonard Feather, in 1940, Shearing joined Harry Parrys popular band and contributed to the comeback of Stéphane Grappelli. Shearing won seven consecutive Melody Maker polls during this time, around that time he was also a member of George Evanss Saxes n Sevens band. In 1947, Shearing emigrated to the United States, where his harmonically complex style mixing swing, bop, one of his first performances was at the Hickory House. He performed with the Oscar Pettiford Trio and led a quartet with Buddy DeFranco. Shearing said of this hit that it was as accidental as it could be and he became known for a piano technique known as Shearings voicing, a type of double melody block chord, with an additional fifth part that doubles the melody an octave lower. In 1956, Shearing became a citizen of the United States. He continued to play with his quintet, with augmented players through the years and he created his own label, Sheba, that lasted a few years. Along with dozens of stars of his day, Shearing appeared on ABCs The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. Earlier, he had appeared on the networks reality show, The Comeback Story. In 1970, he began to phase out his by-now-predictable quintet, later, Shearing played with a trio, as a soloist and increasingly in a duo. Among his collaborations were sets with the Montgomery Brothers, Marian McPartland, torff, Jim Hall, Hank Jones and Kenny Davern. In 1979, Shearing signed with Concord Records, and recorded for the label with Mel Tormé and this collaboration garnered Shearing and Tormé two Grammys, one in 1983 and another in 1984

15.
Cannonball Adderley
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Julian Edwin Cannonball Adderley was a jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s. Adderley is remembered for his 1966 single Mercy, Mercy, Mercy, a hit on the pop charts. He was the brother of jazz cornetist Nat Adderley, a member of his band. Originally from Tampa, Florida, Adderley moved to New York in 1955 and his nickname derived from cannibal, a title imposed on him by high school colleagues as a tribute to his voracious appetite. Cannonball moved to Tallahassee, when his parents obtained teaching positions at Florida A&M University, both Cannonball and brother Nat played with Ray Charles when Charles lived in Tallahassee during the early 1940s. Cannonball was a legend in Southeast Florida until he moved to New York City in 1955. One of his known addresses in New York was in the neighborhood of Corona and he left Florida originally to seek graduate studies at New York conservatories, but one night in 1955 he brought his saxophone with him to the Café Bohemia. Adderley formed his own group with his brother Nat after signing onto the Savoy jazz label in 1957 and he was noticed by Miles Davis, and it was because of his blues-rooted alto saxophone that Davis asked him to play with his group. He joined the Davis band in October 1957, three months prior to the return of John Coltrane to the group, some of Daviss finest trumpet work can be found on Adderleys first solo album Somethin Else, which was recorded shortly after the two giants met. Adderley then played on the seminal Davis records Milestones and Kind of Blue and this period also overlapped with pianist Bill Evans time with the sextet, an association that led to recording Portrait of Cannonball and Know What I Mean. His interest as an educator carried over to his recordings, in 1961, Cannonball narrated The Childs Introduction to Jazz, released on Riverside Records. The Cannonball Adderley Quintet featured Cannonball on alto sax and his brother Nat Adderley on cornet, Cannonballs first quintet was not very successful, however, after leaving Davis group, he formed another, again with his brother, which enjoyed more success. By the end of the 1960s, Adderleys playing began to reflect the influence of the jazz, avant-garde. On his albums from this period, such as Accent on Africa and The Price You Got to Pay to Be Free, he began doubling on soprano saxophone, showing the influence of Coltrane and Wayne Shorter. In 1975 he also appeared in a role alongside José Feliciano. Songs made famous by Adderley and his bands include This Here, The Jive Samba, Work Song, Mercy, Mercy, Mercy, a cover version of Pops Staples Why. also entered the charts. His instrumental Sack o Woe was covered by Manfred Mann on their debut album and he had a cerebral hemorrhage and four weeks later, on August 8,1975, he died at St. Mary Methodist Hospital in Gary, Indiana. He was buried in the Southside Cemetery, Tallahassee, later that year he was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame

16.
James Ingram
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James Edward Ingram is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and instrumentalist. He is a two-time Grammy Award-winner and a two-time Academy Award nominee for Best Original Song, in addition, he charted 20 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart. In between these hits he also recorded the song Somewhere Out There with fellow recording artist Linda Ronstadt for the animated film An American Tail, the song and the music video both became gigantic hits. Born in Akron, Ohio, Ingram lived with his mother and father until he was 10 years old and he later moved to Los Angeles and played with the band Revelation Funk, which made an appearance in the Rudy Ray Moore film Dolemite. He also later played keyboards for Ray Charles before becoming famous, meanwhile, his younger brother, Phillip Ingram, became prominent as a member of the Motown group, Switch. In 1981, Ingram provided the vocals to Just Once and One Hundred Ways on Quincy Joness album The Dude, One Hundred Ways won him the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his work. On December 11,1981, Ingram appeared as a guest on the Canadian comedy series SCTV, ingrams debut album, Its Your Night, appeared in 1983, including the ballad Theres No Easy Way. He also worked with notable artists such as Donna Summer, Ray Charles, Anita Baker, Viktor Lazlo, Nancy Wilson, Natalie Cole. In October 1990, he scored a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with the love ballad I Dont Have the Heart, Ingram is perhaps best known for his hit collaborations with other vocalists. He went to No.1 on the Hot 100 chart in February 1983 with Patti Austin on Baby, Come to Me, a second Austin–Ingram duet, How Do You Keep the Music Playing. was featured in the movie Best Friends and earned an Oscar nomination. A few years later, he won a 1985 Grammy Award for Yah Mo B There, and he teamed up with Kenny Rogers and Kim Carnes for the Top 40 ballad What About Me. in 1984. In 1985, he participated in the charity single We Are the World. Ingram teamed with American vocalist Linda Ronstadt and had a top ten hit in the U. S. and the U. K. in 1987 with Somewhere Out There, the song was awarded the 1987 Grammy Award for Song of the Year. It also received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations and it was one of the last million-selling Gold-certified 45 RPM singles to be issued by the RIAA. In the 1990s, his highest-profile team-up came again with Quincy Jones and this song also featured vocals by Barry White, El Debarge, and Al B. Soundtrack songs were popular for Ingram in the 1990s, came One More Time, and from City Slickers came Where Did My Heart Go. In 1991, he and Melissa Manchester did the song The Brightest Star on the cartoon Christmas movie Precious Moments Timmys Gift, in 1993, he and Melissa Manchester did the song The Brightest Star again another cartoon Christmas movie Precious Moments Timmys Special Delivery. His 1994 composition The Day I Fall in Love, a duet with Dolly Parton, was the song for the movie Beethovens 2nd and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song

17.
Hank Jones
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Henry Hank Jones Jr. was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer. Critics and musicians described Jones as eloquent, lyrical, and impeccable, in 1989, The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with the NEA Jazz Masters Award. He was also honored in 2003 with the American Society of Composers, Authors, in 2008, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. On April 13,2009, the University of Hartford presented Jones with a Doctorate Degree for his musical accomplishments, Jones recorded more than 60 albums under his own name, and countless others as a sideman, including Cannonball Adderleys celebrated album Somethin Else. On May 19,1962, he played piano as actress Marilyn Monroe sang her famous Happy Birthday, Mr. President song to then U. S. president John F. Kennedy. Born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, Henry Hank Jones moved to Pontiac, Michigan, one of seven children, Jones was raised in a musical family. His mother Olivia Jones sang, his two sisters studied piano, and his two younger brothers—Thad, a trumpeter, and Elvin, a drummer—also became prominent jazz musicians. He studied piano at an age and came under the influence of Earl Hines, Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson. By the age of 13 Jones was performing locally in Michigan, while playing with territory bands in Grand Rapids and Lansing in 1944 he met Lucky Thompson, who invited Jones to work in New York City at the Onyx Club with Hot Lips Page. In New York City, Jones regularly listened to leading bop musicians, while practicing and studying the music he worked with John Kirby, Howard McGhee, Coleman Hawkins, Andy Kirk, and Billy Eckstine. From 1959 through 1975 Jones was staff pianist for CBS studios and this included backing guests such as Frank Sinatra on The Ed Sullivan Show. He played the accompaniment to Marilyn Monroe as she sang Happy Birthday Mr. President to John F. Kennedy on May 19,1962. By the late 1970s, his involvement as pianist and conductor with the Broadway musical Aint Misbehavin had informed an audience of his unique qualities as a musician. The trio also recorded with other personnel, such as Art Farmer, Benny Golson. In the early 1980s Jones held a residency as a solo pianist at the Cafe Ziegfeld and made a tour of Japan, Jones versatility was more in evidence with the passage of time. He collaborated on recordings of Afro-pop with an ensemble from Mali and on an album of spirituals, hymns and folksongs with Charlie Haden called Steal Away. Jones made his debut on Lineage Records, recording with Frank Wess and with the guitarist Eddie Diehl and he also accompanied Diana Krall for Dream a Little Dream of Me on the album compilation, We all Love Ella. He is one of the musicians who test and talk about the piano in the documentary Note by Note, The Making of Steinway L1037, Hank Jones lived in Cresskill NJ, upstate New York and in Manhattan

18.
Billy Taylor
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William Billy Taylor was an American jazz pianist, composer, broadcaster and educator. Critic Leonard Feather once said, It is almost indisputable that Dr. Billy Taylor is the worlds foremost spokesman for jazz, Taylor was born in Greenville, North Carolina, but moved to Washington, D. C. when he was five years old. He grew up in a family and learned to play different instruments as a child, including guitar, drums. He was most successful at the piano, and had classical piano lessons with Henry Grant, Taylor made his first professional appearance playing keyboard at the age of 13 and was paid one dollar. Taylor attended Dunbar High School, the U. S. s first high school for African-American students and he went to Virginia State College and majored in sociology. Pianist Dr. Undine Smith Moore noticed young Taylors talent in piano and he changed his major to music, Taylor moved to New York City after graduation and started playing piano professionally from 1944, first with Ben Websters Quartet on New Yorks 52nd Street. The same night he joined Websters Quartet, he met Art Tatum, among the other musicians Taylor worked with was Machito and his mambo band, from whom he developed a love for Latin music. After an eight-month tour with the Don Redman Orchestra in Europe, Taylor stayed there with his wife Theodora and worked in Paris and the Netherlands. Taylor returned to New York later that year and cooperated with Bob Wyatt and Sylvia Syms at the Royal Roost jazz club and Billie Holiday in a successful show called Holiday on Broadway. A year later, he became the house pianist at Birdland and performed with Charlie Parker, J. J. Johnson, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Taylor played at Birdland longer than any other pianist in the history of the club. In 1949, Taylor published his first book, a textbook about bebop piano styles. In 1952 Taylor composed one of his most famous tunes, I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free, nina Simone covered the song in her 1967 album Silk & Soul. The tune is known in the UK as a piano instrumental version. In 1958, he became the Musical Director of NBCs The Subject Is Jazz, Taylor also worked as a DJ and program director on radio station WLIB in New York in the 1960s. During the 1960s, the Billy Taylor Trio was a feature of the Hickory House on West 55th Street in Manhattan. From 1969 to 1972, he served as the director for The David Frost Show and was the first African American to lead a talk-show band. Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Benny Goodman and Buddy Rich were just a few of the musicians who played on the show, in 1981, Jazzmobile produced a jazz special for National Public Radio, for which the program received the Peabody Award for Excellence in Broadcasting Programs. Jazzmobiles 1990 Tribute Concert to Dr. Taylor at Avery Fisher Hall, part of the JVC Jazz Festival, featured Nancy Wilson, Ahmad Jamal Trio and Terence Blanchard Quintet

19.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast

20.
Foundry
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A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal in a mold, the most common metals processed are aluminium and cast iron. However, other metals, such as bronze, brass, steel, magnesium, in this process, parts of desired shapes and sizes can be formed. In metalworking, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, the solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods, melting is performed in a furnace. Virgin material, external scrap, internal scrap, and alloying elements are used to charge the furnace, virgin material refers to commercially pure forms of the primary metal used to form a particular alloy. Alloying elements are either forms of an alloying element, like electrolytic nickel, or alloys of limited composition. External scrap is material from other forming processes such as punching, forging, internal scrap consists of gates, risers, defective castings, and other extraneous metal oddments produced within the facility. The process includes melting the charge, refining the melt, adjusting the melt chemistry, refining is done to remove deleterious gases and elements from the molten metal to avoid casting defects. Material is added during the process to bring the final chemistry within a specific range specified by industry and/or internal standards. Certain fluxes may be used to separate the metal from slag and/or dross, during the tap, final chemistry adjustments are made. Several specialised furnaces are used to heat the metal, furnaces are refractory-lined vessels that contain the material to be melted and provide the energy to melt it. Modern furnace types include electric arc furnaces, induction furnaces, cupolas, reverberatory, furnace choice is dependent on the alloy system quantities produced. For ferrous materials EAFs, cupolas, and induction furnaces are commonly used, reverberatory and crucible furnaces are common for producing aluminium, bronze, and brass castings. Furnace design is a process, and the design can be optimized based on multiple factors. Furnaces in foundries can be any size, ranging from ones used to melt precious metals to furnaces weighing several tons. They are designed according to the type of metals that are to be melted, furnaces must also be designed based on the fuel being used to produce the desired temperature. For low temperature melting point alloys, such as zinc or tin, electricity, propane, or natural gas are usually used to achieve these temperatures

21.
Billy Eckstine
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William Clarence Billy Eckstine was an American jazz and pop singer, and a bandleader of the swing era. He was noted for his rich, resonant, almost operatic bass-baritone voice, Eckstines recording of I Apologize was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999. Eckstines paternal grandparents were William F. Eckstein and Nannie Eckstein, William F. was born in Prussia and Nannie in Virginia. His parents were William Eckstein, a chauffeur, and Charlotte Eckstein, Eckstine was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a State Historical Marker is placed at 5913 Bryant St, Highland Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to mark the house where he grew up. Billys sister, Maxine, was a well-respected Spanish teacher at Taylor Allderdice High School in Pittsburgh and he attended Peabody High School before moving to Washington, DC. He attended Armstrong High School, St. Paul Normal and Industrial School and he left Howard in 1933, after winning first place in an amateur talent contest. He married his first wife, June, in 1942, after their divorce in 1952, he remarried shortly after to actress and model Carolle Drake in 1953, and they remained married until his death. Heading to Chicago, Eckstine joined Earl Hines Grand Terrace Orchestra in 1939, staying with the band as vocalist and trumpeter, by that time, Eckstine had begun to make a name for himself through the Hines bands juke-box hits as Stormy Monday Blues and his own Jelly Jelly. In 1944, Eckstine formed his own big band and it became the school for adventurous young musicians who would shape the future of jazz. Included in this group were Dizzy Gillespie, Dexter Gordon, Miles Davis, Art Blakey, Charlie Parker, tadd Dameron, Gil Fuller and Jerry Valentine were among the bands arrangers. The Billy Eckstine Orchestra is considered to be the first bop big-band, both were awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Dizzy Gillespie, in reflecting on the band in his 1979 autobiography To Be or Not to Bop, gives this perspective and our attack was strong, and we were playing bebop, the modern style. No other band like this one existed in the world, Eckstine became a solo performer in 1947, with records featuring lush sophisticated orchestrations. Even before folding his band, Eckstine had recorded solo to support it, far more successful than his band recordings, these prefigured Eckstine’s future career. Eckstine would go on to record over a dozen hits during the late 1940s and he signed with the newly established MGM Records, and had immediate hits with revivals of Everything I Have Is Yours, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart’s Blue Moon, and Juan Tizol’s Caravan. Eckstine had further success in 1950 with Victor Young’s theme song to My Foolish Heart, and his 1950 appearance at the Paramount Theatre in New York City drew a larger audience than Frank Sinatra at his Paramount performance. One photograph taken by Holmes and published in LIFE showed Eckstine with a group of female admirers, Eckstines biographer Cary Ginell, wrote of the image that Holmes. captured a moment of shared exuberance, joy, and affection, unblemished by racial tension. Holmes would later describe the photograph as the favorite of the many she had taken in her career as it. told just what the world should be like

22.
Nat King Cole
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Nathaniel Adams Coles, known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer who first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist. He was widely noted for his baritone voice, performing in big band and jazz genres. Cole was one of the first African Americans to host a television variety show. His recordings remained popular worldwide after his death from cancer in February 1965. Nathaniel Adams Coles was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17,1919 and he had three brothers—Eddie, Ike, and Freddy —and a half-sister, Joyce Coles. Each of his brothers pursued careers in music, when Nat was four years old, he and his family moved to North Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Edward Coles, became a Baptist minister. Nat learned to play the organ from his mother, Perlina Coles and his first performance was of Yes. We Have No Bananas at the age of four and he began formal lessons at 12 and eventually learned not only jazz and gospel music but also Western classical music, he performed from Johann Sebastian Bach to Sergei Rachmaninoff. The family again moved to the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, where he attended Wendel Phillips High School, Cole would sneak out of the house and hang around outside clubs, listening to artists such as Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines and Jimmie Noone. He participated in Walter Dyetts renowned music program at DuSable High School, inspired by the performances of Hines, Cole began his performing career in the mid-1930s while still a teenager, adopting the name Nat Cole. Cole left Chicago in 1936 to lead a band in a revival of Eubie Blakes revue Shuffle Along and his older brother, Eddie, a bass player, soon joined Coles band, and they made their first recording in 1936, under Eddies name. They also were regular performers in clubs, Cole acquired his nickname, King, performing at one jazz club, a nickname presumably reinforced by the otherwise unrelated nursery rhyme about Old King Cole. He was also a pianist in a tour of Shuffle Along. When it suddenly failed in Long Beach, California, Cole decided to remain there and he later returned to Chicago in triumph to play such venues as the Edgewater Beach Hotel.00 per week. The trio played in Failsworth through the late 1930s and recorded many radio transcriptions for Capitol Transcriptions, Cole was the pianist and also the leader of the combo. Radio was important to the King Cole Trios rise in popularity and their first broadcast was with NBCs Blue Network in 1938. It was followed by performances on NBCs Swing Soiree, in the 1940s, the trio appeared on the radio shows Old Gold, The Chesterfield Supper Club and Kraft Music Hall. The King Cole Trio performed twice on CBS Radios variety show The Orson Welles Almanac in 1944, according to legend, Coles singing career did not start until a drunken barroom patron demanded that he sing Sweet Lorraine

23.
Jimmy Scott
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James Victor Jimmy Scott, often credited as Little Jimmy Scott, was an American jazz vocalist famous for his high countertenor voice and his sensitivity on ballads and love songs. After success in the 1940s and 1950s, Scotts career faltered in the early 1960s and he slid into obscurity before launching a comeback in the 1990s. His unusual singing voice was due to Kallmann syndrome, a genetic disorder that limited his height to 4 feet 11 inches until the age of 37. The syndrome prevented him from reaching puberty and left him with a high voice, Scott was born in Cleveland, Ohio. The son of Arthur and Justine Stanard Scott, he was the child in a family of ten. As a child he got his first singing experience by his mothers side at the family piano, at 13, he was orphaned when his mother was killed by a drunk driver. Lionel Hampton gave him the nickname Little Jimmy Scott because he looked young and was short and his phrasing made him a favorite of artists such as Billie Holiday, Ray Charles, Frankie Valli, Dinah Washington, and Nancy Wilson. He first rose to prominence as Little Jimmy Scott in the Lionel Hampton Band as lead singer on Everybodys Somebodys Fool and it became a top ten R&B hit in 1950. Credit on the label went to Lionel Hampton and vocalists, Scott received no credit on any of the songs. A similar event occurred several years later when his vocal on Embraceable You with Charlie Parker, in 1963 his girlfriend Mary Ann Fisher, who sang with Ray Charles, helped him sign with Tangerine Records, Charless label, and record the album Falling in Love is Wonderful. The album was withdrawn while Scott was on his honeymoon because he had signed a contract with Herman Lubinsky. Scott disputed the contract he had with Lubinsky, who had loaned him to Syd Nathan at King Records for 45 recordings in 1957–58, Another album, The Source, was not released until 2001. Scotts career faded by the late 1960s, and he returned to his native Cleveland to work as an orderly, shipping clerk. Scott resurfaced in 1991 when he sang at the funeral of his longtime friend, afterwards Lou Reed recruited him to sing backup on the song Power and Glory on Reeds 1992 album Magic and Loss. Scott appeared on the finale of David Lynchs television series Twin Peaks. He sang Sycamore Trees, a song with lyrics by Lynch and he was also featured on the soundtrack to the movie Twin Peaks, Fire Walk with Me. Scott was nominated for a Grammy Award for the album, Scott released Dream in 1994 and the jazz-gospel album Heaven in 1996. His next work, an album of pop and rock interpretations entitled Holding Back the Years, was produced by Gerry McCarthy, released in the US on Artists Only Records in October 1998, it peaked at No.14 on the Billboard Jazz Albums chart

24.
Lionel Hampton
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Lionel Leo Hampton was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, bandleader and actor. Hampton worked with musicians from Teddy Wilson, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, Lionel Hampton was born in 1908 in Louisville, Kentucky, and was raised by his mother. Shortly after he was born, he and his moved to her hometown Birmingham. He spent his childhood in Kenosha, Wisconsin, before he and his family moved to Chicago, Illinois. As a youth, Hampton was a member of the Bud Billiken Club, an alternative to the Boy Scouts of America, during the 1920s—while still a teenager—Hampton took xylophone lessons from Jimmy Bertrand and started playing drums. Hampton was raised Roman Catholic, and started out playing fife, Lionel Hampton began his career playing drums for the Chicago Defender Newsboys Band while still a teenager in Chicago. He moved to California in 1927 or 1928, playing drums for the Dixieland Blues-Blowers and he made his recording debut with The Quality Serenaders led by Paul Howard, then left for Culver City and drummed for the Les Hite band at Sebastians Cotton Club. One of his trademarks as a drummer was his ability to do stunts with multiple pairs of such as twirling and juggling without missing a beat. During this period he began practicing on the vibraphone, in 1930 Louis Armstrong came to California and hired the Les Hite band, asking Hampton if he would play vibes on two songs. So began his career as a vibraphonist, popularizing the use of the instrument in the process, invented ten years earlier, the vibraphone is essentially a xylophone with metal bars, a sustain pedal, and resonators equipped with electric-powered fans that add vibrato. While working with the Les Hite band, Hampton also occasionally did some performing with Nat Shilkret, during the early 1930s, he studied music at the University of Southern California. In 1934 he led his own orchestra, and then appeared in the Bing Crosby film Pennies From Heaven alongside Louis Armstrong, also in November 1936, the Benny Goodman Orchestra came to Los Angeles to play the Palomar Ballroom. The Trio and Quartet were among the first racially integrated jazz groups to perform before audiences, while Hampton worked for Goodman in New York, he recorded with several different small groups known as the Lionel Hampton Orchestra, as well as assorted small groups within the Goodman band. In 1940 Hampton left the Goodman organization under amicable circumstances to form his own big band, Hamptons orchestra became popular during the 1940s and early 1950s. His third recording with them in 1942 produced a version of Flying Home. The selection became popular, and so in 1944 Hampton recorded Flyin Home #2 featuring Arnett Cobb, the song went on to become the theme song for all three men. Guitarist Billy Mackel first joined Hampton in 1944, and would perform, in 1947, Hamp performed Stardust at a Just Jazz concert for producer Gene Norman, also featuring Charlie Shavers and Slam Stewart, the recording was issued by Decca

25.
Juke joint
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Juke joint is the vernacular term for an informal establishment featuring music, dancing, gambling, and drinking, primarily operated by African American people in the southeastern United States. The term juke is believed to derive from the Gullah word joog or jug, a juke joint may also be called a barrelhouse. Classic juke joints found, for example, at rural crossroads, plantation workers and sharecroppers needed a place to relax and socialize following a hard week, particularly since they were barred from most white establishments by Jim Crow laws. Set up on the outskirts of town, often in buildings or private houses, juke joints offered food, drink. Owners made extra money selling groceries or moonshine to patrons, or providing cheap room, the origins of juke joints may be the community rooms that were occasionally built on plantations to provide a place for blacks to socialize during slavery. Although uncommon in populated areas, such places were often seen as necessary to attract workers to sparsely populated areas lacking bars and other social outlets. As well, much like on-base Officers Clubs, such Company-owned joints allowed managers to keep an eye on their underlings, constructed simply like a field hands shotgun-style dwelling, these may have been the first juke joints. During the prohibition in the United States it became common to see squalid independent juke joints at highway crossings and these were almost never called juke joint, but rather were named such as Lone Star or Colored Cafe. They were often only on weekends. Juke joints may represent the first private space for blacks, paul Oliver writes that juke joints were the last retreat, the final bastion for black people who want to get away from whites, and the pressures of the day. Jooks occurred on plantations, and classic juke joints found, for example, dancing was done to so-called jigs and reels, to music now thought of as old-timey or hillbilly. Through the first years of the century, the fiddle was by far the most popular instrument among both white and black Southern musicians. The banjo was popular before guitars became widely available in the 1890s, dance forms evolved from ring dances to solo and couples dancing. Some blacks opposed the amorality of the raucous jook crowd, until the advent of the Victrola, and juke boxes, at least one musician was required to provide music for dancing, but as many as three musicians would play in jooks. In larger cities like New Orleans, string trios or quartets were hired. Mance Lipscomb, Texas guitarist and singer, So far as what was called blues, that didnt come till round 1917. What we had in my coming up days was music for dancing, and it was of all different sorts. Musicians of that time had a degree of versatility that is now extremely rare, the outside yard was filled with trash. Inside they are dusty and squalid with the walls stained to shoulder height, jukes figure prominently in her studies of African American folklore

26.
Dinah Washington
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Dinah Washington was an American singer and pianist, who has been cited as the most popular black female recording artist of the 50s. Primarily a jazz vocalist, she performed and recorded in a variety of styles including blues, R&B, and traditional pop music. She was a 1986 inductee of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, Ruth Lee Jones was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama to Alice Jones, and moved to Chicago as a child. She became deeply involved in gospel and played piano for the choir in St. Lukes Baptist Church while still in elementary school and she sang gospel music in church and played piano, directing her church choir in her teens and being a member of the Sallie Martin Gospel Singers. She sang lead with the first female gospel singers formed by Ms. Martin and her involvement with the gospel choir occurred after she won an amateur contest at Chicagos Regal Theater where she sang I Cant Face the Music. After winning a talent contest at the age of 15, she began performing in clubs, by 1941–42 she was performing in such Chicago clubs as Daves Rhumboogie and the Downbeat Room of the Sherman Hotel. She was playing at the Three Deuces, a jazz club, club owner Joe Sherman was so impressed with her singing of I Understand, backed by the Cats and the Fiddle, who were appearing in the Garricks upstairs room, that he hired her. During her year at the Garrick – she sang upstairs while Holiday performed in the downstairs room – she acquired the name by which she became known and she credited Joe Sherman with suggesting the change from Ruth Jones, made before Lionel Hampton came to hear Dinah at the Garrick. Hamptons visit brought an offer, and Washington worked as his female band vocalist after she had sung with the band for its opening at the Chicago Regal Theatre, both that record and its follow-up, Salty Papa Blues, made Billboards Harlem Hit Parade in 1944. She stayed with Hamptons band until 1946, after the Keynote label folded, signed for Mercury Records as a solo singer and her first record for Mercury, a version of Fats Wallers Aint Misbehavin, was another hit, starting a long string of success. Between 1948 and 1955, she had 27 R&B top ten hits, making her one of the most popular and successful singers of the period. Both Am I Asking Too Much and Baby Get Lost reached Number 1 on the R&B chart and her hit recordings included blues, standards, novelties, pop covers, and even a version of Hank Williams Cold, Cold Heart. In 1959, she had her first top ten pop hit, with a version of What a Diffrence a Day Made and her band at that time included arranger Belford Hendricks, with Kenny Burrell, Joe Zawinul, and Panama Francis. She followed it up with a version of Irving Gordons Unforgettable and her last big hit was September in the Rain in 1961. She also notably performed two numbers in the dirty blues genre, the songs were Long John Blues about her dentist, with lyrics like He took out his trusty drill. He said he wouldnt hurt me, but he filled my whole inside and she also recorded a song called Big Long Sliding Thing, supposedly about a trombonist. In the 1950s and early 1960s before her death, Washington occasionally performed on the Las Vegas Strip, tony Bennett said of Washington during a recording session with Amy Winehouse, She was a good friend of mine, you know. She used to just come in two suitcases in Vegas without being booked

27.
Ruth Brown
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Ruth Alston Brown was an American singer-songwriter and actress, sometimes known as the Queen of R&B. She was noted for bringing a pop style to R&B music in a series of hit songs for Atlantic Records in the 1950s, such as So Long, Teardrops from My Eyes. For these contributions, Atlantic became known as the house that Ruth built and her performances in the Broadway musical Black and Blue earned Brown a Tony Award, and the original cast recording won a Grammy Award. Born in Portsmouth, Virginia, Brown was the eldest of seven siblings, norcom High School, which was then legally segregated. He also directed the church choir, but the young Ruth showed more interest in singing at USO shows. She was inspired by Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday, and Dinah Washington, in 1945, aged 17, Brown ran away from her home in Portsmouth along with the trumpeter Jimmy Brown, whom she soon married, to sing in bars and clubs. She then spent a month with Lucky Millinders orchestra, blanche Calloway, Cab Calloways sister, also a bandleader, arranged a gig for Brown at the Crystal Caverns, a nightclub in Washington, D. C. and soon became her manager. Willis Conover, the future Voice of America disc jockey, caught her act with Duke Ellington and recommended her to Atlantic Records bosses Ahmet Ertegün, Brown was unable to audition as planned because of a car crash, which resulted in a nine-month stay in the hospital. She signed with Atlantic Records from her hospital bed, in 1948, Ertegün and Abramson drove from New York City to Washington, D. C. to hear Brown sing. Her repertoire was mostly popular ballads, but Ertegün convinced her to switch to rhythm, in her first audition, in 1949, she sang So Long, which became a hit. This was followed by Teardrops from My Eyes in 1950, written by Rudy Toombs, it was the first upbeat major hit for Brown. Recorded for Atlantic Records in New York City in September 1950 and released in October, the hit earned her the nickname Miss Rhythm, and within a few months she became the acknowledged queen of R&B. Between 1949 and 1955, her records stayed on the R&B chart for a total of 149 weeks, with sixteen in the Top 10, Brown played many racially segregated dances in the southern states, where she toured extensively and was immensely popular. She claimed that a writer had once summed up her popularity by saying and her first pop hit came with Lucky Lips, a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller and recorded in 1957. The single reached number 6 on the R&B chart and number 25 on the U. S. pop chart, the 1958 follow-up was This Little Girls Gone Rockin, written by Bobby Darin and Mann Curtis. It reached number 7 on the R&B chart and number 24 on the pop chart and she had further hits with I Dont Know in 1959 and Dont Deceive Me in 1960, which were more successful on the R&B chart than on the pop chart. During the 1960s, Brown faded from view and lived as a housewife. She returned to music in 1975 at the urging of the comedian Redd Foxx and these included roles in the sitcom Hello, Larry, the John Waters film Hairspray, and the Broadway productions of Amen Corner and Black and Blue

28.
LaVern Baker
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Delores LaVern Baker was an American rhythm-and-blues singer who had several hit records on the pop chart in the 1950s and early 1960s. Her most successful records were Tweedle Dee, Jim Dandy, and I Cried a Tear, Baker was born Delores Evans in Chicago. Some sources refer to her as Delores Williams, the name by which she was known during her marriage to Eugene Williams. Baker began singing in Chicago clubs such as the Club DeLisa around 1946, often billed as Little Miss Sharecropper, and first recorded under that name in 1949. She changed her name briefly to Bea Baker when recording for Okeh Records in 1951 and then was billed as LaVern Baker when she sang with Todd Rhodes, in 1953 she signed with Atlantic Records as a solo artist, her first release being Soul on Fire. Her first hit came in early 1955, with the Latin-tempo Tweedle Dee, Baker had a succession of hits on the R&B charts over the next couple of years with her backing group, the Gliders, including Bop-Ting-a-Ling, Play It Fair, and Still. At the end of 1956 she had hit with Jim Dandy. Further hits followed for Atlantic, including the follow-up Jim Dandy Got Married, I Cried a Tear, I Waited Too Long, Saved, and See See Rider. In addition to singing, she did work with Ed Sullivan and Alan Freed on TV and in films, including Rock, Rock, Rock. In 1964, she recorded a Bessie Smith tribute album and she then left Atlantic for Brunswick Records, for which she recorded the album Let Me Belong to You. In 1966, Baker recorded a single with Jackie Wilson. The controversial song, Think Twice, featured raunchy lyrics considered inappropriate for airplay at that time or even today, three versions were recorded, one of which is the version with the raunchy lyrics. Baker and the comedian Slappy White were married in 1959, after the couple was divorced in 1969, Baker signed on for a USO tour. She became seriously ill with pneumonia after a trip to Vietnam. While recovering at the U. S. naval base at Subic Bay, in the Philippines and she remained there for 22 years, returning to the United States after the base was closed in 1988. In 1988 she performed at Madison Square Garden for Atlantic Records 40th anniversary and she then worked on the soundtracks of the films Shag, Dick Tracy and A Rage in Harlem, all of which were issued on CD. She performed a song for Alan Parkers film Angel Heart, which appeared on the vinyl soundtrack album but was not included on the later CD issue for contractual reasons. In 1990, she made her Broadway debut, replacing Ruth Brown as the star of the hit musical Black and Blue

29.
Esther Phillips
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Esther Phillips was an American singer, best known for her R&B vocals. She was a singer and also performed pop, country, jazz, blues. She was born Esther Mae Jones in Galveston, Texas and her parents divorced when she was an adolescent, and she divided her time between her father, in Houston, and her mother, in the Watts section of Los Angeles. She was brought up singing in church and was reluctant to enter a talent contest at a blues club. A mature singer at the age of 14, she won the talent contest in 1949 at the Barrelhouse Club. Otis was so impressed that he recorded her for Modern Records and added her to his traveling revue and she later took the surname Phillips, reportedly inspired by a sign at a gas station. Her first hit record was Double Crossing Blues, with the Johnny Otis Quintette and the Robins, released in 1950 by Savoy Records, which reached number 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. She made several hit records for Savoy with the Johnny Otis Orchestra, including Mistrusting Blues and Cupids Boogie, four more of her records made the Top 10 in the same year, Misery, Deceivin Blues, Wedding Boogie, and Far Away Blues. Few female artists performing in any genre had such success in their debut year, Phillips left Otis and the Savoy label at the end of 1950 and signed with Federal Records. But just as quickly as the hits had started, they stopped and she recorded more than thirty sides for Federal, but only one, Ring-a-Ding-Doo, made the charts, reaching number 8 in 1952. Not working with Otis was part of her problem, the part was her deepening dependence on heroin. Being in the room when Johnny Ace shot himself on Christmas Day,1954, while in-between shows in Houston. In 1954, she returned to Houston to live with her father, short on money, she worked in small nightclubs around the South, punctuated by periodic hospital stays in Lexington, Kentucky, to treat her addiction. In 1962, Kenny Rogers discovered her singing at a Houston club and helped her get a contract with Lenox Records, Phillips eventually recovered enough to launch a comeback in 1962. Now billed as Esther Phillips instead of Little Esther, she recorded a tune, Release Me. This went to number 1 on the R&B chart and number 8 on the pop chart, after several other minor R&B hits for Lenox, she was signed by Atlantic Records. Her cover of the Beatles song And I Love Him nearly made the R&B Top 10 in 1965, the Beatles flew her to the UK for her first overseas performances. She had other hits in the 1960s for Atlantic, such as the critically acclaimed Jimmy Radcliffe song Try Me, which featured a part by King Curtis

30.
WTVN
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WTVN is a commercial AM radio station located in Columbus, Ohio. WTVN is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and airs a radio format. The station shares studios and offices with sister stations WXZX, WCOL-FM, WNCI, WODC, wTVNs transmitter site is located in Obetz, Ohio near Interstate 270. WTVN began broadcasting in HD-Radio in June 2005, the stations programming is also heard on the HD-2 channel of co-owned WODC93.3 FM. WTVN utilizes two local radio hosts, Joel Riley in morning drive time and John Corby in afternoon drive. The format of the shows usually consists of simple day-to-day topics in which listeners are encouraged to call to discuss their viewpoints or experiences. Sunday mornings feature public affairs programming and two local shows, one hosted by Joe Cornely and another a sports-themed show hosted by Dave Maetzold. The station also airs syndicated programming, including The Mark Levin Show, The Kim Komando Show, In the Garden with Ron Wilson, Joe Pags. Some weekend hours are paid brokered programming, world and national news is supplied by ABC News Radio. WTVN originally started as WBAV, operating as a station at 640 kHz on April 29,1922. The call sign was changed to WAIU, which stood for the stations parent company. WAIU was a member of the CBS Radio Network, being one of the 16 stations that aired the first CBS network program on September 18,1927. The call letters were changed in the late 1930s, this time to WHKC. In the middle-1940s, WHKC obtained the frequency of WCLE,610 kHz in Cleveland, a directional antenna system was installed near Columbus. This allowed WHKC to go to an operation which occurred in February 1945 with an effective radiated power of 1,000 watts. The stations power later was upgraded to 5,000 watts day, the 640 frequency was then assigned to new arrival WHKK in Akron. Operation on 640 kHz was limited to Los Angeles sunset because of the superior propagation at low AM frequencies, the station adopted its current WTVN call letters in 1954 when it was acquired by Radio Cincinnati Inc. a firm that would later become Taft Broadcasting. The sale to the Taft family made 610 AM a sister station to WTVN-TV, in 1960 Taft launched an FM station in Columbus, in 1987 Taft was reorganized as Great American Broadcasting after financier Carl Lindner, Jr. succeeded in a hostile takeover of the company

31.
Columbus, Ohio
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Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River

32.
Central State University
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Central State University is a historically black university located in Wilberforce, Ohio, United States. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, in 1941 the college gained a four-year curriculum, independent status in 1947, and was renamed as Central State College in 1951. With further development, it gained university status in 1965, in 2014, Central State University received designation as a land-grant university. Central State University started in 1887 as a normal and industrial department funded by the state. It was first located at Wilberforce University, a black college in southern Ohio that was owned and operated by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1941, its curriculum was expanded to a four-year program emphasizing teacher education, in 1947, it was separated from the university, and in 1951 renamed as Central State College. In 1965, with development, it achieved university status. Payne and Salmon Chase, then governor of Ohio, by 1860 the college, based on a classical education, had 200 students, mostly the mixed-race children of wealthy Southern planters. With the advance of the Civil War, most of the southerners were pulled out of the school, the Methodist Church felt it could not support it financially given the demands of the war. The African Methodist Episcopal Church purchased the facility and reopened the college in 1863 and this department operated as part of Wilberforce University, but a separately appointed board of trustees governed the state-financed operations. This arrangement allowed state legislators to sponsor scholarship students at the university, the administration struggled to maintain its initial emphasis on classical education as well, and allowed students to take classes in both sections. In 1941 the Normal and Industrial Department expanded from a two- to a four-year program, in 1947, it was legally split from Wilberforce University and was renamed as the College of Education and Industrial Arts at Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1951, it was renamed Central State College, with further development, in 1965 the institution achieved university status. In 1974 half the campus was destroyed in a severe tornado, the university has struggled to rebuild since then. Since the late 20th century, it has begun to serve another minority by recruiting Hispanic students, in 2011, the annual cost of all fees and tuition at Central State University was about $11,500. The college has on-campus housing for about 1400 students, at $4,000 annually, a branch campus is located in Dayton. Adjacent to the campus is an outdoor education area, a natural reserve. Within a hundred yards of the Robeson Center is the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, Benjamin Banneker Science Hall Originally constructed in 1950 with an addition completed in 1967, Banneker Hall housed science laboratories and a botanical laboratory and greenhouse

33.
Dot Records
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Dot Records is an American record label founded by Randy Wood that was active between 1950 and 1979. The label was reactivated in 2014 through a joint venture between Big Machine Label Group and the Republic Records unit of Universal Music Group and it is based in Nashville, Tennessee. The original headquarters of Dot Records was in Gallatin, Tennessee, many of the earliest recordings were in the on-air production studios of WHIN, which Wood owned. Since WHIN was a radio station, recording sessions were at night when the station was off the air. In 1956, the moved to Hollywood, California. In its early years, Dot specialized in artists from Tennessee, then it branched out to include musicians from across the U. S. It recorded country music, rhythm & blues, polkas, waltzes, gospel, rockabilly, pop, after moving to Hollywood, Dot Records bought many recordings by small local independent labels and issued them nationally. In 1957, Wood sold the label to Paramount Pictures, Dot then moved to Hollywood, where the label began to release soundtrack albums, including Elmer Bernsteins score for The Ten Commandments, a 2-LP set that played longer than the usual record album. Hamilton Records, a subsidiary, was founded in 1958 for rockabilly and it distributed Steed Records and the only two records from Carnival, owned by Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss. Two other subsidiary labels were created, Crystalette Records and Acta Records, in 1967, Dot picked up distribution of DynoVoice, owned by Bob Crewe, from Bell Records. Later that year, Randy Wood left to found Ranwood Records with Lawrence Welk, pat Boone and Eddie Fisher recorded successful singles and albums for Dot. Of these, Eddie Fisher Today was the most popular and included popular standards of the day and this included Paramount Records, Stax and Blue Thumb, with distribution of Sire and Neighborhood, originally owned by Melanie Safka. By 1968, Lawrence Welk had acquired his Dot back catalogue, with the rest of the Famous Music Group, Dot was bought by ABC in 1974, which had tried to purchase the label years before, and discontinued the label at the start of 1978. The ABC/Dot headquarters became the Nashville office of ABC Records, a division of the American Broadcasting Company, ABC Records was then sold to MCA Records in 1979. MCA Records became the foundation for Universal Music Group in the 1990s, currently, the Dot pop music catalogue is managed by Universal Musics Geffen Records. The country back catalogue is managed by the former Decca and Coral unit, Randy Wood died at age 94 in his La Jolla, California home on April 9,2011 from complications after a fall. Big Machine Records revived the Dot Records name for a new label in March 2014, the labels first signees include Maddie and Tae, Drake White, and Steven Tyler. List of record labels Dot Records artists Official site The Dot Records Story Singles discography Billy Vaughn & Dot recording stars on the Pop Chronicles

34.
Lloyd Haynes
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Samuel Lloyd Haynes was an actor and television writer, best known for his starring role in the Emmy Award-winning series Room 222. Haynes served in the Marines from 1952–1964 and during the Korean War and he was a public-affairs officer for the Naval reserve with the rank of Commander. Following his military career, Haynes studied acting at the Film Industries Workshop and his film career included roles in Madigan, Ice Station Zebra, Assault on the Wayne, Look Whats Happened to Rosemarys Baby, The Greatest and Good Guys Wear Black. Haynes also appeared in a number of series, such as Batman, the second Star Trek pilot episode Where No Man Has Gone Before. Haynes was dropped from Star Trek because series producer Gene Roddenberry preferred actress Nichelle Nichols over him, Haynes also appeared on television shows such as Hotel, The Green Hornet, The FBI, Marcus Welby MD. and as Station 8s Captain Stone on Emergency. Haynes received the most recognition for his role as schoolteacher Pete Dixon in the ABC situation comedy series Room 222, with Michael Constantine, Haynes and Valentine were both nominated for an Emmy and Golden Globe Award for their roles. Haynes died of cancer at the age of 52. Haynes was a light airplane pilot, and developed a program to encourage. After one year on Room 222, Haynes divorced his wife Elizabeth in 1970, the following year, in 1971, he married his second wife Saundra Burge but divorced her in 1973 during the fourth season on Room 222. After ten years as a bachelor, Haynes married a third time in March 1983 to Carolyn Inglis, with whom he had a daughter, Jessica Haynes. Haynes was a native of Coronado, California and his tombstone reads the date of death as January 1,1987. His Room 222 on-screen romance, actress Denise Nicholas, was in attendance at Haynes small private funeral in San Diego County, Madigan - Sam Woodley Ice Station Zebra - Webson The Mad Room - Dr

35.
Room 222
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Room 222 is an American comedy-drama television series produced by 20th Century Fox Television that aired on ABC for 112 episodes from September 17,1969, until January 11,1974. The series focused on an American history class in Room 222 of the fictional Walt Whitman High School in Los Angeles, California, the class is taught by Pete Dixon, an idealistic African-American schoolteacher. Patsy Garrett played Mr. Kaufmans secretary, Miss Hogarth, in addition, many recurring students were featured from episode to episode. Pete Dixon delivers gentle lessons in tolerance and understanding to his students and they admire his wisdom, insight, and easygoing manner. However, most plots were timeless and featured themes still common to modern-day teenagers, for example, the 1971 episode What Is a Man. Deals with a student who is the victim of anti-gay harassment, lloyd Haynes as Mr. Pete Dixon Denise Nicholas as Miss Liz McIntyre Michael Constantine as Mr. Seymour Kaufman Karen Valentine as Miss Alice Johnson Ramon Bieri as Mr. In addition, former child stars David Bailey, Angela Cartwright, Ricky Kelman, Flip Mark, the program was filmed at 20th Century Fox studios. Exterior shots of Los Angeles High School were shown behind the opening credits, Room 222s initial episodes garnered weak ratings, and ABC was poised to cancel the program after one season. However, the show earned several nominations at the 1970 Emmy Awards, in the spring of 1970, Room 222 won Emmy Awards for Best New Series, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. The following year, Constantine and Valentine were again nominated in the acting awards category. After the shaky first season, Room 222 nevertheless managed to receive respectable ratings during its three years. Ratings peaked during the 1971–72 season, during which it held a #28 viewership ranking, by the start of the 1973–74 season, ratings had fallen drastically, and ABC canceled the show at midseason. After the series ended, the program entered syndication and was rerun on television stations throughout the United States. Room 222 was originally based on Chicagos Kenwood High School in Chicagos University of Chicago community, many of the stories used in the show were lifted right out of actual classroom situations at the school. The theme song was written by film composer Jerry Goldsmith, written in a 7/4 time signature and his theme and two episode scores for the series were later issued by Film Score Monthly on an album with his score for the film Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies. A series of novels based on characters and dialog of the series was written by William Johnston, dell Comics published a comic book for four issues during 1970 and 1971. Factory has released the first two seasons of Room 222 on DVD in Region 1, season 2 was released as a Shout. Factory select title, available exclusively through their online store

36.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

37.
Irene Reid
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Irene Reid was an American jazz singer. Reid was born and raised in Savannah, Georgia and she sang in church and in high school in Georgia, and moved to New York City in 1947 after her mother died. Toward the end of 1947, she tried out for an amateur contest at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, soon after she was offered a slot as the featured vocalist with Dick Vance at the Savoy Ballroom, which she held from 1948 to 1950. In 1961–62, Reid sang with Count Basies orchestra, and recorded for Verve Records. J, Johnson, Kenny Burrell, Bob Cranshaw, Roger Kellaway and Grady Tate. Two Buddy Johnson classics are featured among a memorable program and she later performed in a Broadway production of the musical The Wiz. Additionally, she sang with Carmen McRae, Sarah Vaughan, Aretha Franklin, Reid receded from fame in the 1970s and 1980s, but launched a comeback near the end of that decade. She appeared at the Savannah Jazz Festival in 1991,1994, and 1996, in 2002, one of Reids songs I Must Be Doing Something Right was sampled in the song Reckless Girl by The Beginerz. The song can be found on the compilation album Hits 53

38.
New York Institute of Technology
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New York Institute of Technology is a private, independent, nonprofit, non-sectarian, coeducational research university founded in 1910. The university has three New York campuses, one in Old Westbury, Nassau County, Long Island, one in Central Islip, Suffolk County, Long Island, as well, it has a cybersecurity research center in Port Washington, New York. NYIT also has campuses in Arkansas, United Arab Emirates, China, NYIT has five schools and two colleges, all with an emphasis on technology and applied scientific research. NYIT is the birthplace of entirely 3D CGI films, NYIT enrolls 9,500 students across its campuses in New York State. U. S. News & World Report lists NYIT as a selective university, in 1910, NYIT’s predecessor, New York Technical Institute, was licensed by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1955, NYIT opened under a charter granted by the New York State Board of Regents to NYIT. Its first campus opened at 500 Pacific Street in the Borough of Brooklyn, in the higher education community at the time, a debate arose around the concern that humanities studies would be overshadowed by too much emphasis on science and engineering. NYITs goal was to create a balance between science/engineering and an arts education, and ever since, it has been focusing on this model to prepare students for current. By the 1958–1959 academic year, the university had 300 students, in April 1958, the college purchased the Pythian Temple at 135–145 W. 70th St. in Manhattan for its main center. The building, adjacent to the planned Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, was an ornate 12-story structure with a columned entranceway, built in 1929 at a cost of $2 million, it included among its features a 1, 200-seat auditorium. The awards, held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, were attended by several hundred guests, 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson was the keynote speaker. His speech was broadcast nationally by the ABC Radio Network, among the honorees were Dr. Wernher von Braun and Major General Bernard Schriever, Commanding General of the Ballistic Air Command. Photos, press clippings, and audio tapes of the event are on view at the Lyndon Johnson Library at Austin, in 1959, NYIT introduced “teaching machines” for student instruction in physics, electronics, and mathematics. NYIT also pioneered the use of mainframes as a tool, having received its first, donated by the CIT Financial Corporation. NYIT was a pioneer in 3-D computer animation, before Pixar and Lucasfilm, there was New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab. Clark. Researchers at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab created the tools that made entirely 3D CGI films possible, NYIT CG Lab was regarded as the top computer animation research and development group in the world during the late 70s and early 80s. In 1995, the NYIT School of Engineering took first place in the U. S. Department of Energy’s Clean Air Road Rally, the student engineering team spent three years designing and building the high-performance hybrid electric car that beat 43 other vehicles. In 1998, NYIT opened its first international program in China, in 1999, Bill Gates spoke at NYIT and received NYITs Presidential Medal

39.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste

40.
Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)
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The Ambassador Hotel was a hotel in Los Angeles, California, and location of the Cocoanut Grove nightclub until it was demolished in 2005. S. It was designed by Pasadena architect Myron Hunt in an eclectic Mediterranean Revival style with Art Deco elements, the Ambassador Hotel was frequented by celebrities, some of whom, such as Pola Negri, resided there. From 1930 to 1943, six Academy Awards ceremonies were performed at the hotel, perhaps as many as seven U. S. presidents stayed at the Ambassador, from Hoover to Nixon, along with chiefs of state from around the world. Little Richard, Liberace, Natalie Cole, and Richard Pryor, the hotel served alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition. During the 1920s, the Ambassador Hotels nightclub Cocoanut Grove was frequented by celebrities like Louis B, mayer, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford, Howard Hughes, Clara Bow, Rudolph Valentino, Gloria Swanson, Anna May Wong, Norma Talmadge and others. According to Photoplay, Joan Crawford and Carole Lombard were frequent competitors in the Charleston contests held on Friday nights, starting in 1928, Gus Arnheim led the Cocoanut Grove Orchestra. Six to seven songs were sung a night, there was a two-hour broadcast of the orchestra on the radio. The names of the hotel and its nightclub quickly became synonymous with glamour, Cocoanut Grove would become a name for bars. On February 29,1940, the 1939 Academy Awards Ceremony was held in the Cocoanut Grove, with Bob Hope hosting. Loyce Whiteman, singer for the Cocoanut Grove Orchestra, recalled, Joan Crawford would stand at the stand and sing a couple of choruses with the band. It was a full of stars. The Ambassador Los Angeles was built as part of the Ambassador Hotels System, the Santa Barbara property burned down soon after on April 13,1921, and the Alexandria left the chain in 1925, while the Ambassador Palm Beach joined in 1929. The chain was dissolved in the 1930s. The Ambassador Los Angeles was sold to Schine Hotels, the Ambassador New York was sold and operated independently until 1958, when it was sold to Sheraton Hotels and renamed the Sheraton-East. It was demolished in 1966 for the construction of 345 Park Avenue, the Ambassador Atlantic City was gutted in the late 1970s and converted to the Tropicana Casino & Resort. The Ambassador Palm Beach was sold in 1933 and became the Palm Beach Biltmore, before being converted to condos, Kennedy, was shot along with five other people. Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan was arrested at the scene and later convicted of the murder, Kennedy died one day later from his injuries, while the other victims survived their wounds. During the demolition of the Ambassador Hotel during late 2005 and early 2006, the portion of Wilshire Boulevard in front of the hotel has been signed the Robert F. Kennedy Parkway

41.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931

42.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette

43.
I Spy (1965 TV series)
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I Spy is an American television secret-agent buddy adventure series. It ran for three seasons on NBC from 1965 to 1968 and teamed US intelligence agents Kelly Robinson and Alexander Scotty Scott, Robinson poses as an amateur with Scott as his trainer, playing against wealthy opponents in return for food and lodging. Their work involved chasing villains, spies, and beautiful women, the creative forces behind the show were writers David Friedkin and Morton Fine and cinematographer Fouad Said. Together they formed Triple F Productions under the aegis of Desilu Productions where the show was produced, Fine and Friedkin were co-producers and head writers, and wrote the scripts for 16 episodes, one of which Friedkin directed. Friedkin also dabbled in acting and appeared in two episodes in the first season, actor-producer Sheldon Leonard, known for playing gangster roles in the 1940s and 1950s, was the executive producer. He also played a role in two episodes and appeared in a third show as himself in a humorous cameo. In addition, he directed one episode and served as occasional second-unit director throughout the series, I Spy broke ground in that it was the first American television drama to feature a black actor in a lead role. Originally an older actor was slated to play a fatherly mentor to Culps character, after seeing Cosby performing stand-up comedy on a talk-show, Sheldon Leonard decided to take a chance on hiring him to play opposite Culp. The concept was changed from a relationship to same-age partners who were equals. It was also notable that Cosbys race was never an issue in any of the stories, nor was his character in any way subservient to Culps, with the exception that Culps Kelly Robinson was a more experienced agent. As a strait-laced Rhodes Scholar fluent in languages, Cosbys Scotty was really the brains of the team. His partner was the athlete and playboy who lived by his wits, I Spy was a trailblazer in its use of exotic international locations in an attempt to emulate the James Bond film series. This was unique for a show, especially since the series actually filmed its lead actors at locations ranging from Spain to Japan. Each season the producers would select four or five scenic locations around the world, episodes were filmed in Athens, Rome, Florence, Madrid, Venice, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Acapulco, San Francisco, Las Vegas, and Morocco. The success of the show is attributed to the chemistry between Culp and Cosby, fans tuned in more for their hip banter than for the espionage stories, making I Spy a leader in the buddy genre. The two actors developed a close friendship that mirrored their on-screen characters, a friendship that would last until Culps death in 2010. The show also coined unique phrases that, briefly, became catchphrases, wonderfulness was used as the title of one of Cosbys albums of stand-up comedy released concurrently with the series. Cosby also occasionally slipped in bits of his comic routines during his improvised badinage with Culp, many details of Cosbys life were also written into his character