CHRIS POOLE was first duly sworn and testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. KROTOSKI: Q. Good morning. Can you please state and spell

your full name for the record. A. P-o-o-l-e. Q. And it's important that everyone hear you. If Christopher Poole, C-h-r-i-s-t-o-p-h-e-r

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you can move the microphone a little bit closer to you. A. Q. I am sorry. Are you associated with the Internet site

known as 4chan.org? A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. Yes. Who is the founder of that site? I am. Approximately when was it founded? October 1st, 2003. And what is your role with that site? I am the founder and administrator. Can you tell the jury, are you also known by

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other names on the site? A. Yes, my moniker is Moot, M-o-o-t. 2

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Q.

And if a user of your site wanted to contact

you by e-mail, what is one of the e-mails they might do that? A. Q. A. moot@4chan.org. Please tell the jury what is 4chan.org? 4chan is a forum. It's an image board, so

it's just kind of a forum that the primary focus is the posting of images. Q. So you say an image forum. Is there a

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requirement that participants, when they submit an original post, include an image? A. Yes, all threads, all new threads require an

image to be posted. THE COURT: Mr. Poole, you need to move a

little closer to the microphone so the jurors can hear your testimony. BY MR. KROTOSKI: Q. site? A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. No. Does 4chan have advertisements? Yes. And are they on nearly every page? Yes. Is 4chan considered a popular site? 3 Is there a fee charged for users of the 4chan

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A. Q.

Yes. And can you describe that briefly, please.

What sort of matrix or measurements suggest that it might be a popular site? A. As of now in the past 30 days the site

received approximately hits from nine and a half million unique visitors. Q. A. Q. And that is during a 30 day cycle? Yes. And for visitor users of the 4chan site, are

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there certain rules that must be followed? A. rule page. Q. And is there a page known as the /b/ board or Yes, there is a codified set of rules on the

Random /b/ board? A. Q. Yes. And sometimes it is said that there is very

little rules on the /b/ board? A. Q. A. Yes. However, do certain rules apply? Yes, there is a note that all /b/ global or a

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handful of /b/ global rules apply to the /b/ board. Q. And what is the first rule for the /b/ board

and all boards? A. Do not post any material that violates local 4

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11:13:44

or United States law. Q. Now, are there moderators that assist the

4chan site? A. Q. A. Yes. What is their role? Moderators are tasked with the deletion of

rule infringing content and banishment of users who break these rules. Q. And what ability do the moderators have to

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remove content from the site? A. They can delete it. They can delete offending

posts and they can block users from using the website. Q. In front of you in one of the books there, if

you can please turn to what has been marked as Government Exhibit 125. Do you recognize that exhibit

marked Government Exhibit 125? (Exhibit No. G-125 was marked for identification.) A. Q. Yes. Does it fairly and accurately show some of the

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pages of the 4chan site, as they were used in September of 2008? A. Yes. MR. KROTOSKI: The government moves into

evidence Government Exhibit 125. 5

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THE COURT: (Exhibit No.

It will be received. G-125 was received

in evidence.) BY MR. KROTOSKI: Q. I would like to see if we can display that on Now, this page that is

the terminal next to you.

depicted here, 4chan, is this the home page? A. Q. Yes. And can you describe the various sections of

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the page, and if you would like you can circle it on the screen or designate which portion you are talking about. A. The top of the page has an introduction that Under

displays the first time when you visit the page. that are the links to the individual boards. bottom area is all dynamic content. This

When you refresh

the page, it will show you recent images and recent posts that have been made. At the bottom there is

navigation for other pages contained on www.4chan.org. Q. Pretty good. You indicated this portion is Within that portion, where is the

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where the boards are. Random /b/ board? A. Q.

It's under the misc.(18+) right there. And so the portion that you have underlined

says "Random"? A. I believe so. It's kind of small. 6 It's where

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it should be. Q. Based on your familiarity with the site, is

that where it would be? A. Q. Yes. Thank you. Turning to the next slide. Can

you describe what that page is and what its purpose is? A. That is what the boards look like. The top

area is what you see, you know, in your browser when you load the page. new thread. This is the submission box to create a

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That's where you would input the fields and Below that is, this is where the, this This is

select a file.

is what a post looks like, or a thread, rather. a thread with two replies.

In the footer area here

there are links to the other boards and a page switcher and a box where you can delete your posts. Q. Okay. And then the next slide is a portion of

the previous slide, is that correct? A. Q. Yes, correct. Is this where a poster on the 4chan site might

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submit their posts? A. Q. Yes. Can you explain how this submission box works

and how anyone may post an image and other material to the 4chan site? A. The first field that you can enter is the name 7

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field.

A name is not required to post.

The only field

that is actually required here to post is the file field. You have to select an image to upload.

Otherwise, you can just populate the fields you choose to. You can click "Submit" and that would then go on

the site. Q. If the user did not put in a name in the name

field, what is the default option? A. If you do not enter a name into the name

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field, it displays as anonymous. Q. Are many of the posts on the 4chan site using

that default option as anonymous? A. Q. Yes. Is there anything stopping any user from using

a nickname for their real name? A. box. Q. A. Q. Whose election is it? The user's. And since the image board requires an original No, you can enter anything you like into that

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post with an image, where would that image be uploaded in this diagram? A. Q. The file box right there (indicating). How does that work? Briefly explain, if a

user is at their laptop and they go to his file button, 8

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what is the mechanics and how do they get that image to the 4chan site. A. You would click the "Browse" button. That You

would bring up a file browser on your computer. would select the image file.

You would hit "Ok" and the

location of that file would be populated right here. Then you would go ahead and click the "Submit" button. Q. Now, as the user connects to their own

computer and selects an image that is going to be uploaded, what is the naming convention to enter this file field? Does it adopt the name from the computer or

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how does that work? A. The name that would be displayed in this field When it's uploaded to

would be the original file name.

the site, it's renamed and it's renamed using a Unix time stamp. Q. A. Q. Is that a sequence of numbers? Yes. Turning to the next page. This is from the Can you explain

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slide two slides ago, a larger example. what is depicted here? A.

This is what a thread would look like on the You have got, this line contains the name

boards page.

right here, the anonymous, the date and the time as well as the number of the post. 9 The numbers are all

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sequential. post is made. thread.

They auto increment plus one every time a These would be replies here to this This thing is,

This entire thing is a thread.

this is the first post and these are all replies. Q. What requirement is there for the replies to

have an image? A. Q. A. Q. A. An image is not required for replies. Only for the original post? Correct. And in this portion would be the image? That's the image for the original post. That

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is the thread's image. Q. A. Great. What is that number?

That is the Unix number assigned to every post Again it auto increments.

on the site. Q. A. Q.

Would that be the thread number? Yes. And so a particular thread can go on for how

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A.

It depends based on the popularity of the

board, but generally speaking, you know, from minutes to hours to a few days at maximum. Q. And if it went on for hours, all of those

replies and communications would be grouped under one umbrella, that one thread number? 10

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A.

Correct.

If these replies were made to that

thread, then, yes. Q. Now, you mentioned popularity. How popular is

the Random /b/ board? A. Q. It is the most popular board on the site. Now, is there a limit to the number of posts

that can be displayed under a particular thread for someone viewing 4chan? A. Q. No. Is there a limit in terms of -- what happens

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to the posts, if you have a hundred posts and then 160 posts and 161 posts. Do they remain viewable for

everyone who visits 4chan, or what happens to those posts? A. The posts are, you know, remain in the thread

until the thread is pruned. Q. A. Q. Pruned by whom? Automatically by the board software. And then how would the board automatically Does it have a capacity limit? Every board has a maximum number of Every time a new thread is Eventually all of

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prune the thread? A. Yeah.

threads, say a hundred.

posted, something has to be removed.

the threads are cycled off and then pruned that way. It's time based and on some of the boards it's 11

removed, does 4chan keep copies of these threads? A. Q. No, we do not. Is there a certain language that is commonly

used for users of 4chan? A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. In what sense? Certain terms, have a meaning unique to 4chan? Yes. Like "OP," what is "OP"? OP means original poster. Are you familiar these terms, having been the

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founder and administrator of the 4chan site? A. Q. A. Yes. What would "lurker" mean? Somebody who browses but does not post, does

not contribute. Q. A. Q. A. the site. Q. What about "b tard"? 12 What do the words "caps" mean? Screenshots. And is there any significance to "new fags"? That is the term used to describe new users to

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April 22, 2010/Poole/Direct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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A.

It's a term that users of the /b/- Random

board use for themselves. Q. A. Q. A. What about "troll"? Troublemaker. "404"? 404 is the status code for not found. It

means essentially gone or not found. Q. A. Not found on where, the 4chan site? 404 is the http status code for not found, a

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page not found by the Web server. Q. A. Q. A. In what about "peeps"? People. "Rickroll"? Rickroll is a mean or Internet kind of trend

that started on 4chan where users -- it basically a bait and switch. Users link you to a video of Rick Astley

performing Never Gonna Give You Up. Q. What about "white night"? Does that have a

unique meaning on 4chan? A. On 4chan I am not sure. White night in

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general, I guess, would mean a do gooder. Q. boards? A. Q. Yes. Now, you said that 4chan does not keep the 13 Have you seen that word used on the 4chan

April 22, 2010/Poole/Direct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11:25:50

contents of these posts.

Does 4chan maintain business

records of web logs, also audit logs and sometimes banned entries as well, if a particular user has been banned? A. Q. Yes. Before you is a copy of Government Exhibits

129, 130, 131 -A. I don't have anything under 131. MR. KROTOSKI: THE COURT: BY MR. KROTOSKI: Q. -- 132 and 133. Do you recognize each of May I approach, Your Honor?

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You may.

those exhibits? THE WITNESS: I do.

(Exhibit Nos. G-129, 130, 131, 132, 133 were marked for identification.) BY MR. KROTOSKI: Q. A. Government Exhibit 129, what is that, please? An e-mail I sent to Special Agent Scott Wenger

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and I think it is the CD that he burned of the records I sent him. Q. And the e-mail, does it include the

attachments for 130, 131, 132 and 133? A. Yes. 14

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Q. A. Q.

That is FBI Agent Scott Wenger? Yes, sir. You were responding to a law enforcement

request for records concerning this case? A. Q. Yes. And with regard to Government Exhibit 130,

what is that, please? A. These are the deletion records by moderators

for the request that was made. Q. And then what about 131 and 133, what are

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those, please? A. 131 are the Web server logs and what was And 132 --

requested in the search warrant. Q. A. Or 133. I am sorry.

133 are also the Web server logs

that were requested. Q. A. Q. And finally 132, please. 132 are records from the banned log. And those records, are they created at or near

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the time of the event that is being recorded? A. Q. Yes. And is it the regular practice of 4chan to

make those records? A. Q. Yes. And is it the regular practice of 4chan to 15

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11:28:42

keep and also maintain those records? A. yes. Certain records, the bans and the deletions,

The access logs are pruned regularly. Q. And when you say pruned, are you saying that

they are retained for a limited period? A. Q. Yes. And so after that passage of time they may no

longer be available? A. Q. Yes. In this instance in response to a law

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enforcement request were they available? A. The records that are provided here, yes. MR. KROTOSKI: The government moves into

evidence Government Exhibit 126. THE COURT: (Exhibit No. in evidence.) MR. KROTOSKI: Your Honor, it's a little I would like to It will be received. G-126 was received

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hard to read on the PowerPoint version. switch to view, please. THE COURT: BY MR. KROTOSKI: Q. All right. You may.

Now, these records, does it show

that this user IP address 66.253.190.21 when did this user first connect to the 4chan site on September 16, 2008? A. Well, these records don't show when they

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connected, but they do show when posts were made. Q. Thank you. When did this user first make a

post on that date, according to these records, on the 17

April 22, 2010/Poole/Direct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11:31:32

4chan site? A. Q. 1:00:53 on September 16th. If you can explain the first entry. What

activity is recorded in the 4chan records there? A. The first column is the time. The second

column is the request that is made.

When it says "POST"

that is the, you know, the user submitted something and that is the file that they submitted it through. this case it's the /b/- Random board. The "Referrer" shows the page they were submitting from. In this case when it says In

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"imgboard.html" it means they were posting a new thread. When it has a series of numbers before the .html, it's because they were replying to a thread. The last column is a user agent string which identifies the user's Web browser and operating system version. Q. The last column, the user agent string, does

that show which browser operating system and other information that this particular user at that date and time had on their computer? A. Q. Yes. Now, you mentioned that this user was On the next line do you see this

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initiating a post.

thread number you referenced earlier? 18

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11:33:02

A. Q. post? A. Q.

Yes. What is the thread number for this initiated

85525276. Now, do these records on this page and

continuing to the next page show that this user was on the site through 2:01:03 on September 16th, 2008? A. Q. I am sorry, can you repeat the question. Absolutely. Do the 4chan records show that

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this particular user at that IP address was on the 4chan site starting with this post at 1:00:53 and then continuing through to about 2:01:03 on the second page? A. Q. Yes. There is an entry below that. During

Yes, there is another entry as well.

that continuous period of time this user was making posts and engaging in activity with 4chan? A. Q. Yes. Turning back, please, to the first page. You

mentioned 1:04.

Does this user, as reflected in these

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records, continue on with this particular thread? A. Q. Yes. If you can briefly explain what is the Just walk us

activity that is going on with this user. down through some of these entries, please. A.

The entries -- the user is responding to the 19

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11:34:58

thread 85525276 from, you know, 1:04 to all of the way down the page. Q. Now, going down the page to 1:21:47 and

1:21:51, what do the 4chan records show was going on at that time? A. Q. I'm sorry. Certainly. Can you repeat that again. Directing your attention to

1:21:47 and 1:21:51, what do the 4chan records show this user was doing on the 4chan site at this time? A. Q. A new post was made. Do the records show whether an image was being

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submitted with this new post? A. Well, the line after the post, the request

shows that the user's browser downloaded that thumbnail, the 122154 number right there ending in .jpg. That 12

number is the timestamp, the Unix timestamp where the files are renamed to that number. Accordingly, it's

with the 1:21:43 which correlates with the post, the entry proceeding it with the arrow pointing to it. Q. So an image is referenced in this post. It

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has an original name and 4chan renames that image, is that correct? A. Q. Yes. And what image name did 4chan assign to that

image reflected in this record? 20

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11:37:06

A. Q. A. Q.

1221542503664s.jpg. What is the significance to .jpg? .jpg is the file format for the image file. Turning to the second page at 1:30 and 1:31,

is there another image that is being posted at that time? A. Q. Yes. Is the file name that 4chan assigned to that

12215543021404s.jpg? A. Q. Yes. Similarly, at 1:34:20 and 1:34:11 do the 4chan

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records show that an image was posted and it was assigned the name 1221543251305s? A. Yes. One thing, the "s" that trails the

number, but prior to the file name, see the thumb, the proceeding thumb. That's the thumb file name. The file

itself would be renamed that number, but without the "s." Only the thumbnails get the "s" in the file path. The thumbnails, the images are served out of a different directory from the thumbnails. same. It wouldn't have the "s." Q. Thank you. That number, again, is assigned by The number would be the

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the 4chan site? A. Q. Yes. And then the same thing, another image at 1:48 21

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11:38:52

and 1:47 and 1:53 and at 1:54 and 1:53 further images were being uploaded and assigned those 4chan names, as reflected in the records? A. Q. Yes. Turn to the last page, please. What do the

4chan records show that this user at this IP address was engaged in on September 17th, 2008, at approximately 12:57 Eastern time? A. The user posted a new thread and then

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responded twice to a thread. Q. Now, in this exhibit in the Referrer area,

what is the significance of the number 85782652? A. Q. That's the thread number. And how come there is one at 12:58 and another

one at 13:00 or one o'clock? A. Q. There were two separate posts made. All right. Showing you what has previously

been admitted as Government Exhibit 1, were you able to make a comparison of this exhibit with those entries that you just referenced? A. Q. Yes. So for the first time and thread number in

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Government Exhibit 1 starting with "hello, /b/, as many of you might already know" and continuing, is that reflected on the 12:57:23 entry and the next one on the 22

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11:40:50

summary chart? A. Q. Yes. Now, there is a slight couple of seconds Can you explain that? The server that has this image board,

variance in time. A. Yeah.

the .php file, that is the application, that server has a time that is different from the database server. So

there is -- these logs came from the Apache Web server vis-à-vis the logs from the web server. the time of the application server. That was using

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What you see

printed on I believe it's Exhibit 1, that timestamp is set by the database server. So there is a slight

variance of a few seconds because the server times were a few seconds out of sync. Q. Notwithstanding that discrepancy just by a

couple of seconds they are the same thread numbers? A. Q. Correct. Showing you the bottom portion of Government

Exhibit 1, were you able to make a comparison of this submission on the 4chan post with the last entry on the summary exhibit? A. Q. I am sorry. Sure. Can you show me exhibit 1 again?

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It's in the book there as well, if you

prefer to see it in that format. A. You are referring the post made at -- that 23

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11:42:36

one, yeah, the second line on exhibit 126, the last page. Q. So the summary chart on September 17th, 2008,

at 12:58 and 13:00 Eastern time, what does the 4chan record show that IP user, 66.253.190.21, was doing? A. He responded to the thread you are showing

right now twice. Q. And at 12:58:06 and 12:57, does it show who

initiated that thread? A. Q. I am sorry, I don't understand the question. Certainly. Do the records show who initiated

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that thread starting at about 12:57? A. Yes, the IP printed at the top of the page. MR. KROTOSKI: questions. THE COURT: Cross-examination, Mr. Davies? Thank you. No further

CROSS EXAMINATION BY MR. DAVIES: Q. 2003? A. Q. Yes. So you have been doing it for about not quite Mr. Poole, you founded this 4chan site back in

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seven years? A. Q. Yes. How old are you? 24

April 22, 2010/Poole/Cross 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11:44:14

A. Q.

I am 22. We have seen some of the information that the Since people post anonymously there is

site collects.

really, you don't really have any data on the ages of the users of 4chan, do you? A. Q. No. I am going to ask you a couple of questions At

about Government Exhibit 125 that you were shown.

the beginning when you sign on to 4chan it gives you a choice of a bunch of different kinds of boards to go to, is that right? A. Q. Yes. Those are boards that reflect different types

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of interests? A. Q. Yes. People have like just, for example, the first

one is "Japanese culture." A. Q. A. Q. Yes. And the second one is "Anime." What is that?

11:44:36

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Anime is a Japanese animation, cartoons. Is that what some of the examples in this

exhibit represent? A. Q. A. Yes, this was taken from the Anime board. It is called Animu & Mango? That is a misspelling, actually. 25 It's Anime &

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11:45:32

Mango. there. Q.

That's an intentional misspelling on the board

And you went over this, but when you sign in

to post something it has the name and on /b/ most people just leave that blank, right? A. Q. A. Q. Correct. So it just pops up as anonymous? Correct. Right. Isn't that one of the main I guess

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characteristics of that /b/ Board is that most people post as anonymous? A. Q. Yes. I want to ask you just a little bit of a

follow-up on that term that you were asked about, "lurker." A. Q. Yes. Now, a lurker is somebody who just kind of

just looks at the site and doesn't actively participate? A. Q. Yes. Is that right? So there are a bunch of people

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I guess you can tell who view entries on 4chan, but are not making posts? A. Q. Yes. So and that is what a lurker is, somebody who

just checks out what is going on, but isn't one of the 26

April 22, 2010/Poole/Cross 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11:47:00

people real active in putting things up on the board? A. Q. Yes. And the term "rickroll" you said it tries to

make people go to a site where they think it is going to be one thing, but it is a video of Rick Astley, is that right? A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. Yes. He was some kind of singer? Yes. It's a joke? Yes. Now, the documents that you have provided in

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response to law enforcement requests, I think I believe the date, one of the dates of the response was February 13th, 2009. A. Q. That is exhibit 129.

Yes. And at that time you were able to provide a

good deal of information with regard to what happened on your site September 16th, 17th, 2008, right? A. Q. Yes. As reflected in these, for example, these IP

11:48:00

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addresses and Vtunnel proxy addresses, Exhibit 131? A. I didn't provide that IP address. That was

given to me in the search warrant.

The records were,

you know, pulled based on that IP address. 27

April 22, 2010/Poole/Cross 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11:49:08

Q.

Once you were given the IP address, you were

able to do a search of your files and provide the government with the information that is in this exhibit? A. Q. Yes. And so when the postings that were obviously

to go through this -- to summarize, the postings that were made on 4chan, you were able to provide IP addresses on activity from that certain IP address, right? A. logs. Yes. I mean, these records are the web server

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They are not all postings, but they are just

activity from the IP address that was provided. Q. Okay. And then in the government 26, if you

were given someone else's IP address and asked to figure out what postings they made on 4chan either in this thread or another at the same time, you could have gone through that same exercise, right? A. Q. Yes, correct. One of the reasons then that I guess that

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4chan collects IP addresses and the user activity is because you do ban people from the site for violating your terms, right? A. Q. Yes. And that way you can tell from the IP

(End of witness) I CERTIFY THAT THE FOREGOING IS AN ACCURATE TRANSCRIPT OF THE RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS IN THE ABOVE-ENTITLED MATTER, THIS THE 6th DAY OF August, 2010. S/ J . O en w JOLENE OWEN. Registered Professional Reporter