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Convergent evolution would give you an opportunity to present many examples that your audience is familiar with, and connect them to how evolution is not completely random but constrained by the restrictions of a niche or lifestyle.

They don't change, the POPULATION changes - changes in the environment sort through the living populations, and individuals who "fit" better, with features (adaptations) well-suited to the new conditions, tend to survive, and those adaptations become more common in the next-generation popu...

Viruses have casings that vary in "toughness" from one type to another - HIV doesn't do well dry, but influenza actually does better in warm, dry conditions. It will last on indoor surfaces. This is why flu season corresponds to winter-indoor season.

It depends on how you define "respond." Our ability to see edges depends upon motion. Other aspects of an object - colors and general reflectivity - shouldn't change. But we often supply the motion with tiny movements of the eyes. Focus on a printed word and really, really work at holding ...

As variations are "selected," what changes over time is the predominant combinations of traits - with a large enough shift in conditions, and/or a decent amount of drift, your eventual "typical" individual in the population (which is, after all, what we call a "species"...

So as agriculture adjusted nutrients levels in food (not always in a predictable or single-nutrient way, there would be selection for those best able to mobilize and use those nutrients. As our diets have changed, it's likely that our abilities to best use those diets has changed as well.

DO dogs have proportionately bigger brains? Maybe... There are a couple of possible explanations, including the semi-literate one in your link. Sociality does seem to require some extra brain power. Another possibility may be linked to smaller dogs being bred from originally larger dogs - every aspe...

As you've already noted, the jobs often depend upon the specialty - virology might lead to jobs in pharmaceuticals or government bureaus. Academic careers aren't quite as limited by specialty, but they can be hard to find.