Opioid abuse drops when doctors check patients' drug history

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Joe Schwartz

There’s a simple way to reduce the opioid epidemic gripping the country, according to new Cornell research: Make doctors check their patients’ previous prescriptions.

The most significant response to the opioid epidemic has come from state governments. Nearly every state now has a database that tracks every prescription for opioids like OxyContin, Percocet and Vicodin. Using these databases, doctors and pharmacists can retrieve a patient’s history to decide whether they are an opioid abuser before prescribing them drugs.

These databases reduce opioid abuse among Medicare recipients – but only when laws require doctors to consult them, according to a Cornell health care economist and her colleague. Their study refutes previous research suggesting the databases have no effect on opioid abuse.

The paper is forthcoming in the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy.

“The main issue is getting providers to change their prescribing behavior. The majority of opioids that people abuse start in the medical system as a legitimate prescription,” said co-author Colleen Carey, assistant professor of policy analysis and management in the College of Human Ecology. Her co-author is Thomas Buchmueller of the University of Michigan.

The team crunched numbers from 10 states that mandated doctors access the databases under certain circumstances prior to prescribing. States that implemented a “must access” database saw a decline in the number of Medicare recipients who got more than a seven-months’ supply in a six-month period. And there was a decrease in those who filled a prescription before the previous prescription’s supply had been used.

“Doctor shopping” also dropped. Medicare opioid users who got prescriptions from five or more doctors – a common marker for “doctor shopping” – fell by 8 percent; the number of those who got opioids from five or more pharmacies declined by more than 15 percent.

On the flip side, Medicare patients appeared to evade the new regulations by traveling to a less-regulated state; residents of states that passed a “must access” provision began to obtain more opioid prescriptions from out-of-state prescribers, the study said.

The researchers also looked at whether a Medicare beneficiary had an unusually high number of “new patient” procedure codes, which suggests the person is shopping around for doctors willing to provide new prescriptions. The study showed a “must access” database reduces by 15 percent the number of people with four or more new patient visits in a half-year. “Given Medicare outlays for these visits, a ‘must access’ database in every state would avert $174 million in expenditures each half-year,” the authors wrote.

Although the study looked only at Medicare recipients, the findings are likely to translate to the general population, the researchers said.

The effects were especially large for low-income disabled users and for those who obtain opioid prescriptions from a high number of doctors; both groups have the highest rates of misuse and abuse, Carey said.

The researchers also analyzed data from 17 states that implemented databases between 2007 and 2013 but did not require providers to access them. In these states, only a small share of providers registered with or queried the database, and there was no effect on patterns of opioid abuse in Medicare.

The strongest effects were in states with the strictest laws, which require doctors to check the opioid history of “every patient, every time.” But even states with laws requiring access only under certain circumstances reduced doctor shopping.

Until recently Medicare has had very few legislative tools to curtail the epidemic.

And insurance companies have little incentive, because opioids are relatively cheap, costing about $1.60 per day in the study’s sample. And opioids don’t hit Medicare insurers in the bottom line, making up only 3 percent of their total drug costs, Carey said.

“If people had been abusing hepatitis C drugs that cost $84,000 for a course of treatment,” she said, “there would have been some action.”

The research was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Scholars in Health Policy Research Program.