Do you only have this problem on sites from Google and Microsoft - does it work on other sites? Or is the problem for example that all https sites don't work? If you go to https://www.nytimes.com , does it work?

The only thing I can think of is that you have some other software installed on your system that is breaking these connections. Do you have a third-party firewall installed, or some other security software? Do you use another VPN in the system? Do you use a proxy?