GEOPRIV WG J. Peterson
Internet-Draft NeuStar
Expires: March 10, 2005 September 9, 2004
A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format
draft-ietf-geopriv-pidf-lo-03
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes an object format for carrying geographical
information on the Internet. This location object extends the
Presence Information Data Format (PIDF), which was designed for
communicating privacy-sensitive presence information and which has
similar properties.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Location Object Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Baseline PIDF Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Extensions to PIDF for Location and Usage Rules . . . . . 5
2.2.1 'location-info' element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2 'usage-rules' element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.3 'method' element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.4 'provided-by' element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.5 Schema definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Example Location Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3. Carrying PIDF in a Using Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4. Securing PIDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1 'method' tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 'provided-by' elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3 URN Sub-Namespace Registration for
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10 . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. NENA Provided-By Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A.1 dataProvider XML Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 24
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1. Introduction
Geographical location information describes a physical position in
the world that may correspond to the past, present or future location
of a person, event or device. Numerous applications used in the
Internet today benefit from sharing location information (including
mapping/navigation applications, 'friend finders' on cell phones, and
so on). However, such applications may disclose the whereabouts of a
person in a manner contrary to the user's preferences. Privacy
lapses may result from poor protocol security (which permits
eavesdroppers to capture location information), inability to
articulate or accommodate user preferences, or similar defects common
in existing systems. The privacy concerns surrounding the unwanted
disclosure of a person's physical location are among the more serious
that confront users on the Internet.
Consequently, a need has been identified to convey geographical
location information within an object that includes a user's privacy
and disclosure preferences and which is protected by strong
cryptographic security. Previous work [13] has observed that this
problem bears some resemblance to the general problem of
communicating and securing presence information on the Internet.
Presence (which is defined in [12]) provides a real-time
communications disposition for a user, and thus has similar
requirements for selective distribution and security.
Therefore, this document extends the XML-based Presence Information
Data Format (PIDF [2]) to allow the encapsulation of location
information within a presence document.
This document does not invent any format for location information
itself. Numerous existing formats based on civil location,
geographic coordinates, and the like have been developed in other
standards fora. Instead, this document defines an object that is
suitable for both identifying and encapsulating pre-existing location
information formats, and for providing adequate security and policy
controls to regulate the distribution of location information over
the Internet.
The location object described in this document can be used
independently of any 'using protocol', as the term is defined in the
GEOPRIV requirements [10]. It is considered an advantage of this
proposal that existing presence protocols (such as [15]) would
natively accommodate the location object format defined in this
document, and be capable of composing location information with other
presence information, since this location object is an extension of
PIDF. However, the usage of this location object format is not
limited to presence using protocols - any protocol that can carry XML
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or MIME types can carry PIDF.
Some of the requirements in [10] and [11] concern data collection and
usage policies associated with location objects. This document
provides only the minimum markup necessary for a user to express the
necessary privacy preferences as specified by the GEOPRIV
requirements (the three basic elements in [11]). However, this
document does not demonstrate how a full XML-based ruleset
accommodating the needs of Location Servers could be embedded in PIDF
- it is assumed that other protocols (such as HTTP) will be used to
move rules between Rule Holders and Location Servers, and that full
rulesets will be defined in a separate document.
2. Location Object Format
2.1 Baseline PIDF Usage
The GEOPRIV requirements [10] (or REQ for short) specify the need for
a name for the person, place or thing that location information
describes (REQ 2.1). PIDF has such an identifier already, since
every PIDF document has an "entity" attribute of the 'presence'
element that signifies the URI of the entity whose presence the
document describes. Consequently, if location information is
contained in a PIDF document, the URI in the "entity" attribute of
the 'presence' element indicates the target of that location
information (the 'presentity'). The URI in the "entity" attribute
generally uses the "pres" URI scheme defined in [3]. Such URIs can
serve as unlinkable pseudonyms (per REQ 12).
PIDF optionally contains a 'contact' element that provides a URI
where the presentity can be reached by some means of communication
(usually, the URI scheme in the value of the 'contact' element gives
some sense of how the presentity can be reached: if it uses the SIP
URI scheme, for example, SIP can be used, and so on). Location
information can be provided without any associated means of
communication - thus, the 'contact' element may or may not be
present, as desired by the creator of the PIDF document.
PIDF optionally contains a 'timestamp' element that designates the
time at which the PIDF document was created. This element
corresponds to REQ 2.7a.
PIDF contains a 'status' element, which is mandatory. 'status'
contains an optional child element 'basic' that describes the
presentity's communications disposition (in very broad terms: either
OPEN or CLOSED). For the purposes of this document, it is not
necessary for 'basic' status to be included. If, however,
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communications disposition is included in a PIDF document above and
beyond geolocation, then 'basic' status may appear in a PIDF document
that uses these extensions.
PIDF also contains a 'tuple' umbrella element, which holds an "id"
element used to uniquely identify a segment of presence information
so that changes to this information can be tracked over time (as
multiple notifications of presence are received). 'timestamp',
'status', and 'contact' are composed under 'tuple'.
2.2 Extensions to PIDF for Location and Usage Rules
This XML Schema extends the 'status' element of PIDF with a complex
element called 'geopriv'. There are two major subelements that are
encapsulated within geopriv: one for location information, and one
for usage rules. Both of these subelements are mandatory, and are
described in subsequent sections. By composing these two subelements
under 'geopriv', the usage rules are clearly and explicitly
associated with the location information.
For extensibility (see REQ 1.4), the schema allows any other
subelements to appear under the 'geopriv' element. Two other
optional subelements are included in this document: one that
indicates the method by which geographical location was determined,
and one that allows an explicit designation of the entity that
provided the information.
2.2.1 'location-info' element
Each 'geopriv' element MUST contain one 'location-info' element. A
'location-info' element consists of one or more chunks of location
information (per REQ 2.5). The format of the location information
(REQ 2.6) is identified by the imported XML Schema describing the
namespace in question. All PIDF documents that contain a 'geopriv'
element MUST contain one or more import directives indicating the XML
Schema(s) that are used for geographic location formats.
In order to ensure interoperability of GEOPRIV implementations, it is
necessary to select a baseline location format that all compliant
implementations support (see REQ 3.1). Since it satisfies REQ 2.5.1,
this document works from the assumption that GML 3.0 [16] shall be
this mandatory format (a MUST implement for all PIDF implementations
supporting the 'geopriv' element).
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an extraordinarily thorough
and versatile system for modeling all manner of geographic object
types, topologies, metadata, coordinate reference systems and units
of measurement. The simplest package for GML supporting location
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information is the 'feature.xsd' schema. Although 'feature.xsd' can
express complicated geographical concepts, it requires very little
markup to provide basic coordinates points for the most common use
cases. Various format descriptions (including latitude/longitude
based location information) are supported by Feature (see section
7.4.1.4 of [16] for examples), which resides here:
urn:opengis:specification:gml:schema-xsd:feature:v3.0
Note that by importing the Feature schema, necessary GML baseline
schemas are transitively imported.
Complex features (such as modeling topologies and polygons,
directions and vectors, temporal indications of the time for which a
particular location is valid for a target) are also available in GML,
but require importing additional schemas. For the purposes of
baseline interoperability as defined by this document, only support
for the 'feature.xsd' GML schema is REQUIRED.
Implementations MAY support the civil location format (civilLoc)
defined in Section 2.2.5. civilLoc provides the following elements:
+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| Label | Description | Example |
+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| country | The country is | US |
| | identified by the | |
| | two-letter ISO 3166 | |
| | code. | |
| | | |
| A1 | national | New York |
| | subdivisions (state, | |
| | region, province, | |
| | prefecture) | |
| | | |
| A2 | county, parish, gun | King's County |
| | (JP), district (IN) | |
| | | |
| A3 | city, township, shi | New York |
| | (JP) | |
| | | |
| A4 | city division, | Manhattan |
| | borough, city | |
| | district, ward, chou | |
| | (JP) | |
| | | |
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| A5 | neighborhood, block | Morningside Heights |
| | | |
| A6 | street | Broadway |
| | | |
| PRD | Leading street | N, W |
| | direction | |
| | | |
| POD | Trailing street | SW |
| | suffix | |
| | | |
| STS | Street suffix | Avenue, Platz, |
| | | Street |
| | | |
| HNO | House number, | 123 |
| | numeric part only. | |
| | | |
| HNS | House number suffix | A, 1/2 |
| | | |
| LMK | Landmark or vanity | Low Library |
| | address | |
| | | |
| LOC | Additional location | Room 543 |
| | information | |
| | | |
| FLR | Floor | 5 |
| | | |
| NAM | Name (residence, | Joe's Barbershop |
| | business or office | |
| | occupant) | |
| | | |
| PC | Postal code | 10027-0401 |
+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
Either the GML 3.0 geographical information format element, or the
location format element ('civilLoc') defined in this document, MAY
appear in in a 'location-info' element. Both MAY also be used in the
same 'location-info' element. In summary, the feature.xsd schema of
GML 3.0 MUST be supported by implementations compliant with this
specification, and the civilLoc format MAY be supported by
implementations compliant with this specification.
2.2.2 'usage-rules' element
At the time this document was written, the policy requirements for
GEOPRIV objects were not definitively completed. However, the
'usage-rules' element exists to satisfy REQ 2.8, and the requirements
of the GEOPRIV policy requirements [11] document. Each 'geopriv'
element MUST contain one 'usage-rules' element, even if the Rule
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Maker has requested that all subelements be given their default
values.
Following the policy requirements document (Section 3.1), there are
three fields that need to be expressible in Location Objects
throughout their lifecycle (from Generator to Recipient): one field
that limits retransmission, one that limits retention, and one that
contains a reference to external rulesets. Those three fields are
instantiated here by the first three elements. The fourth element
provides a generic space for human-readable policy directives. Any
of these fields MAY be present in a Location Object 'usage-rules'
element; none are required to be.
'retransmission-allowed': When the value of this element is 'no',
the Recipient of this Location Object is not permitted to share
the enclosed Location Information, or the object as a whole, with
other parties. When the value of this element is 'yes',
distributing this Location is permitted (barring an existing
out-of-band agreement or obligation to the contrary). By default,
the value MUST be assumed to be 'no'. Implementations MUST
include this field, with a value of 'no', if the Rule Maker
specifies no preference.
'retention-expires': This field specifies an absolute date at
which time the Recipient is no longer permitted to possess the
location information and its encapsulating Location Object - both
may be retained only up until the time specified by this field.
By default, the value MUST be assumed to be twenty-four hours from
the 'timestamp' element in the PIDF document, if present; if the
'timestamp' element is also not present, then twenty-four hours
from the time at which the Location Object is received by the
Location Recipient. If the value in the 'retention-expires'
element has already passed when the Location Recipient receives
the Location Object, the Recipient MUST discard the Location
Object immediately.
'ruleset-reference': This field contains a URI that indicates
where a fuller ruleset of policies related to this object can be
found. This URI SHOULD use the HTTPS URI scheme, and if it does,
the server that holds these rules MUST authenticate any attempt to
access these rules - usage rules themselves may divulge private
information about a Target or Rule Maker. The URI MAY
alternatively use the CID URI scheme [7], in which case it MUST
denote a MIME body carried with the Location Object by the using
protocol. Rulesets carried as MIME bodies SHOULD be encrypted and
signed by the Rule Maker; unsigned rulesets SHOULD NOT be honored
by Location Servers or Location Recipients. Note that in order to
avoid network lookups that result in an authorization failure,
creators of Location Objects MAY put HTTPS-based
ruleset-references into an encrypted external MIME body referenced
by a CID; in this way, recipients of the Location Object that are
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unable to decrypt the external MIME body will not learn the HTTPS
URI unless they are able to decrypt the MIME body.
'note-well': This field contains a block of text containing
further generic privacy directives. These directives are intended
to be human-readable only, not to be processed by any automaton.
2.2.3 'method' element
The optional 'method' element describes the way that the location
information was derived or discovered. An example of this element
(for a geographical position system) is:
gps
The possible values of the 'method' element are enumerated within an
IANA registry. Implementations MUST limit the use of this method to
the values shepherded by IANA. This document prepopulates the IANA
registry with seven possible values; see Section 6.1 for more
information.
The 'method' element is useful, for example, when multiple sources
are reporting location information for a given user, and some means
of determining location might be considered more authoritative than
others (i.e. a dynamic, real-time position system versus static
provisioning associated with a target device). However, note that
inclusion of 'method' might reveal sensitive information when the
generator is providing intentionally coarsened location information.
For example, when a LO is transmitted with 'DHCP' as the 'method',
but the location information indicates only the city in which the
generator is located, the sender has good justification to suspect
that some location information is being withheld.
2.2.4 'provided-by' element
The optional 'provided-by' element describes the entity or
organization that supplied this location information (beyond the
domain information that can be inferred from a signing certificate).
An example of this element (for a made-up game system) might be:
West5
Values for the 'provided-by' element MUST be IANA-registered XML
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namespaces; see Section 6.2 for more information.
The 'provided-by' element is not intended for use by most entities,
but rather to meet special requirements for which overhead (IANA
registration, location object size) and potential location
information leakage are acceptable choices.
In general cases, the entity that supplied location information is
communicated by the subjectAltName of the certificate with which the
location object is signed, and thus this element is unnecessary.
'Provided-by' is meaningful in particular cases when the creator of a
location object wants to designate a particular system or party
within a complex administrative domain, including situations
envisioned for providing emergency services in a diverse national
context. It might assist, for example, the recipient of a malformed
or misleading location object in identifying the particular system
that malfunctioned.
Users should be aware that this information can inadvertently provide
additional information to the receiver, increasing the effective
resolution of the geospatial or civil information, or even revealing
some location information, when it was meant to be entirely
protected. Consider if there were circumstances that influenced
Columbia University to elect to register and use the provided-by
element. If an example LO includes only state-level information,
then including the fact that the location information was provided by
Columbia University provides a strong indication that the Target is
actually located in a four-block area in Manhattan. Accordingly,
this element should be used only when organizational functions
strongly would depend on it - in all but such usages, the
subjectAltName of the certificate suffices, and 'provided-by' SHOULD
NOT be used.
2.2.5 Schema definitions
Note that the XML namespace [4] for this extension to PIDF contains a
version number 1.0 (as per REQ 2.10).
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The 'geopriv10' schema imports, for the 'usage-rules' element, the
following policy schema. This schema has been broken out from the
basic geolocation object in order to allow for its reuse. The
semantics associated with these elements described in Section 2.2.2
apply only to the use of these elements to define policy for
geolocation objects; any other use of 'usage-rules' must characterize
its own semantics for all 'usage-rules' subelements.
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The following schema is a trivial representation of civil location
that MAY be implemented by entities compliant with this
specification.
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2.3 Example Location Objects
Note that these examples show PIDF documents without any MIME headers
or security applied to them (see Section 4 below).
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The following XML instance document is an example of the use of a
simple GML 3.0 markup with a few of the policy directives specified
above within a PIDF document. The GPS coordinates given in the 'gml'
element are for San Francisco, CA.
37:46:30N 122:25:10Wno2003-06-23T04:57:29Z2003-06-22T20:57:29Z
The following XML instance document is an example of the use of the
civilLoc object with a few of the policy directives specified above
within a PIDF document.
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USNew YorkNew YorkBroadway123Suite 7510027-0401yes2003-06-23T04:57:29Z2003-06-22T20:57:29Z
3. Carrying PIDF in a Using Protocol
A PIDF document is an XML document, and therefore PIDF might be
carried in any protocol that is capable of carrying XML. A MIME type
has also been registered for PIDF: 'application/cpim-pidf+xml'. PIDF
may therefore be carried as a MIME body in protocols that use MIME
(such as SMTP, HTTP, or SIP) with an encapsulating set of MIME
headers, including a Content-Type of 'application/cpim-pidf+xml".
Further specification of the behavior of using protocols (including
subscribing to or requesting presence information) is outside the
scope of this document.
4. Securing PIDF
There are a number of ways in which XML documents can be secured.
XML itself supports several ways of partially securing documents,
including element-level encryption and digital signature properties.
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For the purposes of this document, only the securing of a PIDF
document as a whole, rather than element-by-element security, is
considered. None of the requirements [10] suggest that only part of
the information in a location object might need to be protected while
other parts are unprotected - virtually any such configuration would
introduce potentials for privacy leakage. Consequently, the use of
MIME-level security is appropriate.
S/MIME [5] allows security properties (including confidentiality,
integrity and authentication properties) to be applied to the
contents of a MIME body. Therefore, all PIDF implementations that
support the XML Schema extensions for location information described
in this document MUST support S/MIME, and in particular must support
the CMS [6] EnvelopedData and SignedData content types, which are
used for encryption and digital signatures respectively. It is
believed that this mechanism meets REQs 2.10, 13, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3,
14.4.
Additionally, all compliant applications MUST implement the AES
encryption algorithm for S/MIME, as specified in [8] (and per REQ
15.1). Of course, implementations MUST also support the baseline
encryption and digital signature algorithms described in the S/MIME
specification.
S/MIME generally entails the use of X.509 [18] certificates. In
order to encrypt a request for a particular destination end-to-end
(i.e. to a Location Recipient), the Location Generator must possess
credentials (typically an X.509 certificate) that have been issued to
the Location Recipient. Implementations of this specification SHOULD
support X.509 certificates for S/MIME, and MUST support
password-based CMS encryption (see [9]). Any symmetric keying
systems SHOULD derive high-entropy content encoding keys (CEKs).
When X.509 certificates are used to sign PIDF Location Objects, the
subjectAltName of the certificate SHOULD use the "pres" URI scheme.
One envisioned deployment model for S/MIME in PIDF documents is the
following. Location Servers hold X.509 certificates and share
secrets with Location Generators and Location Recipients. When a
Generator sends location information to a Server, it can be encrypted
with S/MIME (or any lower-layer encryption specific to the using
protocol). When a Server forwards location information to a
Recipient, location information can be encrypted with password-based
CMS encryption. This allows the use of encryption when the Location
Recipient does not possess its own X.509 certificate.
S/MIME was designed for end-to-end security between email peers that
communicate through multiple servers (i.e mail transfer agents) that
do not modify message bodies. There is, however, at least one
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instance in which Location Servers modify Location Objects - namely
when Location Servers enforce policies on behalf of the Rule Maker.
For example, a Rule Maker may specify that Location Information
should be coarsened (made less specific) before it is transmitted to
particular recipients. If the Location Server were unable to modify
a Location Object, because it was encrypted, signed, or both, it
would be unable to accomplish this function. Consequently, when a
Location Generator wants to allow a Location Server to modify such
messages, they MAY encrypt such messages with a key that can be
decrypted by the Location Server (the digital signature, of course,
can still be created with keying material from the Location
Generator's certificate). After modifying the Location Object, the
Location Server can re-sign the Object with its own credentials
(encrypting it with any keys issued to the Location Recipient, if
they are known to the Server).
Note that policies for data collection and usage of location
information, in so far as they are carried within a location object,
are discussed in Section 2.2.2.
5. Security Considerations
The threats to which an Internet service carrying geolocation might
be subjected are detailed in [17]. The requirements that were
identified in that analysis of the threat model were incorporated
into [10], in particular within Section 7.4. This document aims to
be compliant with the security requirements derived from those two
undertakings in so far as they apply to the location object itself
(as opposed to the using protocol).
Security of the location object defined in this document, including
normative requirements for implementations, is discussed in Section
4. This security focuses on end-to-end integrity and confidentiality
properties that are applied to a location object for its lifetime via
S/MIME.
Security requirements associated with using protocols (including
authentication of subscribers to geographical information, and so on)
are outside the scope of this document.
6. IANA Considerations
6.1 'method' tokens
This document requests that the IANA create a new registry for
'method' tokens associated with the PIDF-LO object. 'method' tokens
are text strings designating the manner in which location information
in a PIDF-LO object has been derived or discovered. Any party may
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register new 'method' tokens with the IANA as needed on a
first-come-first-serve basis.
This section pre-registers 7 new 'method' tokens associated with the
'method' element described above in Section 2.2.3:
GPS: Global Positioning System
A-GPS: GPS with assistance
Manual: entered manually by an operator or user, e.g., based on
subscriber billing or service location information
DHCP: provided by DHCP (used for wireline access networks, see
802.11 below)
Triangulation: triangulated from time-of-arrival, signal strength
or similar measurements
Cell: location of the cellular radio antenna
802.11: 802.11 access point (used for DHCP-based provisioning over
wireless access networks)
6.2 'provided-by' elements
This document requests that IANA create a new registry of XML
namespaces for 'provided-by' elements for use with PIDF-LO objects.
Registrations of new XML namespaces that are used for 'provided-by'
MUST be reviewed by an Expert Reviewer designated by the IESG.
This document pre-registers a single XML namespace for 'provided-by'
which is given in Appendix A.
6.3 URN Sub-Namespace Registration for
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10
This section registers a new XML namespace, as per the guidelines in
[4].
URI: The URI for this namespace is
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10.
Registrant Contact: IETF, GEOPRIV working group,
(geopriv@ietf.org), Jon Peterson (jon.peterson@neustar.biz).
XML:
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BEGIN

NENA dataProvider Schema for 'provided-by' in PIDF-LO

urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:dataProvider

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END
A.1 dataProvider XML Schema
NENA registered Company ID for
Service Provider supplying location informationNENA registered Company
ID.24x7 Tel URI for the caller's
[location data] service provider. To be used for contacting service
provider to resolve problems with location data. Possible values TN number,
enumerated values when not available.
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Appendix B. Acknowledgments
This document was produced with the assistance of many members of the
GEOPRIV IETF working group. Special thanks to Carl Reed of OpenGIS
for a close read of the document.
The civil location format described in this document was proposed by
Henning Schulzrinne for communicating location information in DHCP,
and has been appropriated in its entirety for this document.
James M. Polk provided the text related to the 'method' element, and
much of the text for the 'provided-by' element. The text of Appendix
A was written by Nadine Abbott.
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