tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098Thu, 30 Jul 2015 11:36:57 +0000Barack Obamacivic mediaCnbcNouriel RoubiniLawrence SummersNew York TimesMike WhitneyPaul KrugmanBen BernankeMartin WolfMike HudsonRick SantelliTimothy Geithnerglobal reserve currencyAdam SmithCharles R MorrisCramerDaily ShowFinancial CrisisFloyd NorrisGeithner PlanGoldJim CramerJohn AuthersJohn McCainJon StewartLarry SummersSteve WaldmanTALFWall StreetYves Smithmichael hudsonoccupy wall street1968 Democratic National Convention riots200960 MinutesAIG BAILOUTSAdam DavidsonAhmed MaherAlan GreenspanArab SpringBank FraudBank of AmericaBank solvencyBill Moyer's JournalBloombergBrad de LongChicago WRKSChinaChuck MertzCiscoCitiCitizens UnitedClive CrookD. J. SmartDaily KosDaveInDenverDavid BrooksDavid Cay JohnstonDavid RicardoDean BakerDick ArmeyDowDr Cherif BossiouniDylan RatiganEconomic RecoveryEconomistElizabeth Kubler-RossErik StaffordFBIFelix SalmonForbesG20Gene SharpGeorge GilderGeorge OrwellGreeceHoward DeanHoward AtkinsHuffington PostHyman MinskyIMF London SummitInternational Monetary FundJack BeattyJack BogleJakub JurekJames K. GalbraithJohn CarneyJohn ChambersJohn HathawayJohn Maynard KeynesJoseph StiglitzJoshua CovalKen LewisKing assassinationMatt TaibbiMayor Richard M. DaleyMike MorganMindfulMoneyMohamed BouaziziMoveon.orgNaked CapitalismNasdaq Bailout indexNational Public RadioOld boys networkPaul FarrellPeter CoyPonzi schemePrecious LordPublic-Private PartnershipReality TVRichard ShelbyRita McgrathRobert LenznerRoubiniRussiaSamuel BrittanSandy WeilSaskia SassenSteve Randy WaldmanStewart CramerStewart Vs CramerStudentsThis is HellThomas A DorseyThomas FriedmanThomas JeffersonUmrai GillWells FargoWilliam D CohanWilliam GreiderWilliam K BlackWto protestsYale HarvardYale sucessionbank of englandbubblescivil disordercomedy centralcorporate personhoodcredit card debtcredit cardsdemocracyeconomyfinancial mediafinancial reformgilded ageglobal economyicelandincome disparityinvisible handmeltdownoligarchyrich/poor dividesocial compactsocial financetarptop 20 financial mediawall street protestwhistleblowerszombie banksWEATHERING THE STORMTHE WORLD SINCE THE GOBAL FINANCIAL MELTDOWN OF 2007-2008http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/noreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)Blogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-7369896473453942680Fri, 07 Sep 2012 15:28:00 +00002014-04-03T18:33:07.963-05:00It's Time to Move on. Closer to Home. To Gangs and Drugs in Chicago<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">21 September 2012<br /><br /><a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEO7OUmyEt4o4pZ1F3RiqRfP6hN22mB8Z6kUhB6ylAy1IeqMweSw" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="175" data-width="175" height="175" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEO7OUmyEt4o4pZ1F3RiqRfP6hN22mB8Z6kUhB6ylAy1IeqMweSw" style="height: 175px; width: 175px;" width="175" /></a>It's been about a year since my last post. Frankly, I've lost interest. Looks like the world has lost its only near-term chance for financial reform. The gap between rich and poor grows wider, and grows wider <i>faster</i>. <br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Burnham_1909_chicago_plan.jpg/275px-Burnham_1909_chicago_plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Burnham_1909_chicago_plan.jpg/275px-Burnham_1909_chicago_plan.jpg" height="241" width="275" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Daniel Burnham's 1906 Plan for Chicago</td></tr></tbody></table><br />I've not been idle. Spent much of the last six months lining up ducks for a Chicago-based project: a plan to free Chicago from gangs and drugs. See if you agree with the logic of <a href="http://www.chicagocivicmedia.com/">this article</a> I've written.<br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br />It will take time to for this plan to gain traction if ever it does gain traction. But in time it could transform Chicago's media landscape much as Daniel Burnham transformed Chicago's geographical landscape over a hundred years ago. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2012/09/wolrd-class-chicago.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-357116341325924506Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:32:00 +00002014-04-03T18:37:55.245-05:00Thanksgiving 2011<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Thanksgiving 2011</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; (sorry post in progress to be complete ASAP)</span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=936193158098732098&amp;postID=3308796554097701209&amp;from=pencil" name="1.2.210">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. . . &nbsp;and by my prescience</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=936193158098732098&amp;postID=3308796554097701209&amp;from=pencil" name="1.2.211">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I find my zenith doth depend upon</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=936193158098732098&amp;postID=3308796554097701209&amp;from=pencil" name="1.2.212">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A most auspicious star, whose influence</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=936193158098732098&amp;postID=3308796554097701209&amp;from=pencil" name="1.2.213">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; If now I court not but omit, my fortunes</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=936193158098732098&amp;postID=3308796554097701209&amp;from=pencil" name="1.2.214">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Will ever after droop.</a></i></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;- Shakespeare,&nbsp;<i>The Tempest</i></span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">America is not Prospero, the learned wizard who speaks these lines on the way to effecting a miracle of unification in Shakespeare's&nbsp;<i>Tempest</i>. In recent years America has been anything but prescient in shaping its best future - its zenith - and today America's fortunes will indeed&nbsp;<i>ever after droop</i>. The unravelling of American politics will continue unabated; the nation will drift towards anarchy and thence to the status of a police state. It's now or never.<br /><a name='more'></a></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BKSCLiLRgf0/Ts5ypDh2PlI/AAAAAAAAAkQ/YnYbdb7nMC8/s1600/turkey.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BKSCLiLRgf0/Ts5ypDh2PlI/AAAAAAAAAkQ/YnYbdb7nMC8/s200/turkey.png" height="200" style="cursor: move;" width="168" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b>Now thank we all this bird</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">So what is civic media? If you&nbsp;<a href="http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=civic+media&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8"><b>Google civic media</b></a>, you will see MIT's&nbsp;<a href="http://civic.mit.edu/" style="font-weight: bold;">Center for Civic Media</a>&nbsp;whose founder, Henry Jenkins, offers this definition:</div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Civic media . . . &nbsp;refers to any use of any medium which fosters or enhances civic engagement.</div></blockquote><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">This definition &nbsp;<i>Civic engagement,&nbsp;</i>Jenkins might object,&nbsp;<i>presupposes</i>&nbsp;interaction of citizens and government. Yet for decades, American governments at local, state and national levels have been remarkably impervious to citizen input. Hence the definition of civic media I developed in the early 1990's, when I founded the&nbsp;</span><b><a href="http://www.chicagocivicmedia.com/">Chicago Civic Media Project</a></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:&nbsp;</span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Civic media is the&nbsp;use of any medium or media network to make citizens and government&nbsp;<i>responsive</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>accountable</i>&nbsp;to each other.</div></blockquote><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">I like this this definition because it makes&nbsp;<i>mutual responsibility&nbsp;</i>implicit to civic media.&nbsp;This notion of civic media - a fancy definition is&nbsp;<b><a href="http://civicmediausa.wordpress.com/about/">here</a></b>&nbsp;- took shape in Chicago in the late 1980's. As an educator, I had developed the idea of media-based school reform: of ongoing media dialogues of parents, students, teachers and taxpayers working together to transform Chicago, the City That Works, into an information-age City That Educates. In the early 1990's, I expanded these dialogs to include politics and in the late 1990's settled on&nbsp;<b>gangs and drugs</b>&nbsp;as an ideal test issue for civic media precisely because this critically important life and death matter was taboo among Chicago politicians at election time. The pols were sweeping it under the carpet, and Chicagoans were helpless to get them to address the economic problems that underlie gangs and drugs wherever the problem exists.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">[add: Chicago Shutdown project.]</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">All this of course was long before the advent of social networking, when the best anyone could hope form civic media was ongoing, problem-solving dialogues occurring on jerry-rigged networks in which civic media would in effect piggy-back on Chicago community and mainstream media: print, radio, TV and websites.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">[transition]</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Well today this blog comes full circle. World events have brought it from its initial concern with the aftermath of the global financial meltdown to where the discourse of global finance stands today: in the streets of every major city in America and many worldwide. It began in March 2009&nbsp;with a&nbsp;<a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/03/obama-market-push-continues.html"><b>post</b></a>&nbsp;about Fed Chair Ben Bernanke's suave assurance on 60 Minutes that U.S. Banks are solvent. Since then, its 55 posts have traced the evolution of financial and political discourse in America from its coverage in specialized sources to where this discourse is occurring today: in the streets. The catalyst in this transformative&nbsp;<i>sea change</i>&nbsp;(also from Shakespeare's&nbsp;<i>Tempest</i>) was of course the&nbsp;<b>Arab Spring</b>, which I'm proud to say I discussed&nbsp;<b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/02/road-from-cairo-to-chicago-its-youth.html">here</a></b>&nbsp;(Feb 13: on&nbsp;<i>Bloomberg BusinesWeek's</i>&nbsp;Peter Coy's prescient prediction&nbsp;that what began in Tahrir Square would spread worldwide) and&nbsp;<b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/04/wall-street-mind.html">here</a></b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>Occupy Wall Street</b>&nbsp;<b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/occupy-wall-street.html">here</a></b>&nbsp;(Sep 17: Occupy Another Tahrir Square?),&nbsp;<b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/occupywallstreet-living-archive-of.html">here</a></b>&nbsp;(Sep 28:&nbsp;OWS trivialized in the&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>) and&nbsp;<b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post.html">here</a>&nbsp;</b>(corporate personhood).</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b></b></div></div><div><div><div><div style="text-align: left;"></div></div><div></div></div></div></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2014/04/thanksgiving-2011.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-7410101407543755050Mon, 17 Oct 2011 13:33:00 +00002014-04-03T17:45:01.563-05:00Citizens Unitedcorporate personhoodJack Beatty"I won't believe corporations are people until Texas executes one."<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sB_UlB1wiFc/Tpw8pXV6cLI/AAAAAAAAAeU/l7uCeP56-qg/s1600/220px-Day_7_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_23_2011_Shankbone.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sB_UlB1wiFc/Tpw8pXV6cLI/AAAAAAAAAeU/l7uCeP56-qg/s1600/220px-Day_7_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_23_2011_Shankbone.JPG" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Is she the OWS genius<br />who first&nbsp;had this insight?</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VoM-gwEE_58/Tpwubym5U3I/AAAAAAAAAd0/qgFH9wd5HTc/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VoM-gwEE_58/Tpwubym5U3I/AAAAAAAAAd0/qgFH9wd5HTc/s1600/images.jpeg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;The Dayton version</td></tr></tbody></table>This delectable slogan goes to the heart of the cocomanie notion that corporations are people.&nbsp;<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;">Corporate personhood</span> (and artificial personhood) is how lawyers refer to this idea. [<b><a href="http://movetoamend.org/">Move to Amend</a>&nbsp;</b>is looking to reverse the 2010 U. S. Supreme Court ruling that corporations are people, from the standpoint that corporations, like people, have a right to free speech.]<br /><br />The immortality of corporations - that fact that Texas will never execute one - has a lot to do with the gap&nbsp;between the 99% and the 1% that informs OWS. This <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Corporate.Personhood">Support Corporate Personhood</a> Facebook page supports C.P.P on the ground that "corporations are groups of people". In this Wall Street Journal <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303740704577524823306803692.html?mod=googlenews_wsj">op ed piece</a>, former General Electric Jack Welsh goes all out in support of this idea.<br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br />Moneywise, being immortal is a terrific thing. Whereas the much of the net worth of mortals is subject to estate taxes at death, corporate net worth goes untouched because <i>corporations never die</i> (though they're dissolved when they fail financially). So let's bounce around the Internet a bit to pick up a few things about corporate personhood.<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span">Wikipedia nicely covers the pros and cons of corporate personhood in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_personhood">this</a>&nbsp;useful entry.&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span">This <a href="http://money.howstuffworks.com/corporation-person1.htm">short piece</a>&nbsp;at How Stuff Works sums up the debate over corporate personhood that began at between Hamilton and Jefferson in the 1780's at the time of the framing of the Constitution.</span><br /><br />Opposing the business-friendly Hamilton,&nbsp;Jefferson predicted (foresaw?) that corporations, if granted the legal status of personhood as eventually did happen after the Civil War in 1868 with the passing of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">14th amendment</a>, would gain influence far surpassing that of mortal voters. OWS is reviving this debate today. So Is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Hartman">progressive activist</a> and radio talk show host <a href="http://www.thomhartmann.com/articles/2001/12/restore-democracy-first-abolish-corporate-personhood">Thom Hartman</a>.<br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gyLtb_fI1j0/Tpw2EzByKCI/AAAAAAAAAeM/ZREfDgtmdn4/s1600/corporation-person-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jefferson despised the very idea.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NEbqOonTY-Y/TpxLoGqsruI/AAAAAAAAAec/bXdPe83T1_Y/s1600/135px-STField-SCjustice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NEbqOonTY-Y/TpxLoGqsruI/AAAAAAAAAec/bXdPe83T1_Y/s1600/135px-STField-SCjustice.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Supreme Court Justice<br />Stephen Field: tool<br />of the railroads<br />in the 1870's?</td></tr></tbody></table>On the anti-corporation side of this debate,&nbsp;<a href="http://reclaimdemocracy.org/personhood/">Reclaim Democracy</a>&nbsp;has lots of information, including proposed amendments to the Constitution that would deny corporations the status of personhood. Here's <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Age-Betrayal-Triumph-America-1865-1900/dp/1400040280">Occupy Together's interactive map</a> listing dozens of OWS meetup groups that oppose corporate personhood.<br /><br />I stumbled on some interesting history. This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field">piece</a> by Ryan Grim and Mike Sachs at Huff Post describes the efforts of&nbsp;<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;">Supreme Court Justice Stephen Field</span></b>&nbsp;in the 1870's as instrumental to establishing in American law the notion of corporate personhood. &nbsp;They see Justice Field as a tool of the powerful railroad lobby. On the other hand, Wikipedia's entry on Justice Field makes little mention of Field's ties to the railroads. It sees him as a colorful if violent man who pioneered legislation strengthening the legal concept of due process. Wikipedia observes that "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">During his time on the Supreme Court of California, Field had a special coat made with pockets large enough to hold two pistols so that he could shoot at his various enemies through the pockets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span>&nbsp;" Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_v._Southern_Pacific_Railroad">entry</a> on the key Supreme Court ruling on corporate personhood - its 1886 railroad-friendly ruling re Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad - mentions Field only as a Associate Justice of the Court that made this ruling.<br /><br />In making the case for Field's contributions to the idea of corporate personhood, Grim and Sachs refer to Jack Beatty's <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Age-Betrayal-Triumph-America-1865-1900/dp/1400040280">The Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865-1900</a></i>. Looks like a great book.<br /><br />In January 2010, the Supreme Court issued a ruling on the status of corporate personhood that was its most important since its 1886 ruling. The <b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf">Court ruled</a>&nbsp;against Citizens United</span></b>, a (surprisingly) "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_United">conservative non-profit organization</a>"(Wikipedia) that opposes corporate personhood. The <a href="http://www.citizensunited.org/">Citizens United site</a> features five women, including Ann Coulter and Michele Bachmann. For more information on the Supreme Court ruling against Citizens United, see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2008/2008_08_205">this</a>&nbsp;site&nbsp;at the&nbsp;Chicago Kent College of Law.&nbsp;Wikipedia info is&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission">here</a>. At the conservative Heritage Foundation site, Hans von Spakovsky writes&nbsp;<a href="http://blog.heritage.org/2010/01/21/citizens-united-v-fec-a-landmark-decision-in-favor-of-free-speech/">here</a>&nbsp;that 2010&nbsp;Supreme Court &nbsp;ruling against Citizens United was a victory for free speech.<br /><br />I need time to get a handle on this Citizens United ruling. But I gotta run. This post was supposed to take 20 minutes, not three hours!<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-3921382757538316758Wed, 28 Sep 2011 14:23:00 +00002014-04-03T17:47:55.255-05:00New York Timesoccupy wall streetOccupyWallStreet: Why are the New York Times and Mayor Bloomberg Dissing OWS? In a Word: Fear.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zEQMIfTm93A/Toh_mmzjYQI/AAAAAAAAAcc/yYMPVrMncWw/s1600/wallstreet_arrest_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zEQMIfTm93A/Toh_mmzjYQI/AAAAAAAAAcc/yYMPVrMncWw/s640/wallstreet_arrest_02.jpg" height="448" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: small;">All we have to fear is fear itself (none visible here).</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">[Sep 28, updated through Oct 2.] Let's begin with a paragraph from the front page of today's&nbsp;<i>New York Times:</i>&nbsp;"<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/28/world/as-scorn-for-vote-grows-protests-surge-around-globe.html?_r=1&amp;hp">As Scorn for Vote Grows, Protests Surge around the Globe</a>":</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">MADRID — Hundreds of thousands of disillusioned Indians cheer a rural activist on a hunger strike. Israel&nbsp;reels before the largest street demonstrations in its history. Enraged young people in Spain&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">and Greece take over public squares across their countries.</span></i></ul><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o9YpLITssjY/ToMtm7leexI/AAAAAAAAAbs/qB5Kz2WvO3c/s1600/DEMOCRACY1-articleLarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o9YpLITssjY/ToMtm7leexI/AAAAAAAAAbs/qB5Kz2WvO3c/s320/DEMOCRACY1-articleLarge.jpg" height="168" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">It's gone global. New York Times front page .</td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">OK, so it's happening, all of it&nbsp;</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">triggered by the immolation last December of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi">Mohammed Bouazizi</a>,&nbsp;the Tunisian street fruit vendor whom history will one day remember as the Rosa Parks of the Arab Spring of 2011. As a fine&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7357188n&amp;tag=related;photovideo">CBS 60 Minutes segment</a>&nbsp;showed last February, it was Bouazizi's death (and life) that triggered the Arab Spring. And now, the Arab Spring is a Global Spring, as Peter Coy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;foresaw in his BloombergBusinessweek <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_07/b4215058743638.htm?chan=magazine+channel_top+stories">cover story</a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;of last February.&nbsp;</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><br /></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">But. Wonder of wonders. Even as the <i>Times&nbsp;</i>covers the Arab Spring in its global aspect, it belittles the occurrence of this phenomenon in its own back yard.&nbsp;<i>Times</i>&nbsp;coverage to date has consisted of dismissive stories like <i><a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/wall-street-protest-begins-with-demonstrators-blocked/">this</a></i>&nbsp;and this, "</span><a href="http://xn--bookmarks folder oak-yz2lza">Gunning for Wall Street with Faulty Aim</a>"&nbsp;(9/23), by Gina Bellafonte, whose&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">interviews with a few occupiers convince her that the "</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">cause [of the occupation] . . . in specific terms, was virtually impossible to decipher."</span></span><br /><a name='more'></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F7i02hs0tK4/TocbxfTCV5I/AAAAAAAAAb8/0vux0OM2sCY/s1600/PROTEST1-articleLarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F7i02hs0tK4/TocbxfTCV5I/AAAAAAAAAb8/0vux0OM2sCY/s320/PROTEST1-articleLarge.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo accompanying the 9/27 <i>Times </i>OWS&nbsp;story</td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ms. Bellafonte might have chosen her interview subjects with more care. Or she might have Googled OccupyWallStreet, which would have led her to the OWS motto: "<a href="http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=One+citizen+one+dollar+one+vote&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8">One Citizen. One dollar. One Vote</a>." And this motto, when you think of it, is actually a constructive version of the negative "Scorn for the Vote" that the <i>Times</i>&nbsp;chose for its headline&nbsp;today</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">. So what's going on here? Why would the <i>Times, </i>as&nbsp;</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">America's newspaper of record downplay and even disparage&nbsp;the local instance of the global story it frontpages as a pure news story? Is the paper beholden to Wall Street? Is it trying to protect New York from riots like those that hit London last August? The latter possibility certainly concerns New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg:&nbsp;</span></span><br /><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; border-collapse: collapse; color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">"You have a lot of kids graduating college, can't find jobs. That's what happened in Cairo. That's what happened in Madrid. You don't want those kinds of riots here."</span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Hosni Mubarak didn't want riots either. But he got them, as Peter Coy's story makes clear, because Egypt's ruling classes had created a nation where young people had no future. Mayor Bloomberg's riot-averse assertion is clearly informed by Coy's BloombergBusinessWeek story of last February, and Bloomberg, as founder of the Bloomberg financial news <a href="http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=5023">juggernaut</a>&nbsp;that owns the magazine for which Coy writes, had certainly read it. Yet Bloomberg's assertion is problematic because it prohibits public protest while acknowledging the underlying fact of youth joblessness. Bloomberg concedes that young people <i>have cause</i> to be demonstrating. And he sees that OWS is part of a global phenomenon. The man is both defiant and afraid. Just so, the <i>New York Times.&nbsp;</i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Example: this 9/29 <i>Times&nbsp;</i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/nyregion/wall-street-demonstrations-test-police-trained-for-bigger-threats.html?scp=3&amp;sq=protests%20wall%20street&amp;st=cse">OWS story</a>&nbsp;is told not from the perspective of occupiers, but from that of police. See the (bored) cop in the photo above. This <i>Times </i>bias can verified in the paper itself. Visit the <i>Times'&nbsp;</i><a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/">City Room section</a> and, as of 10/1, you'll see far more OWS coverage in its&nbsp;<a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/category/crime-public-safety/">Crime and Public Safety</a>&nbsp;category than its&nbsp;<a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/category/government-politics/">Government and Politics</a>&nbsp;category.&nbsp;</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The paper, like the Mayor, is afraid.&nbsp;</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><i><br /></i></span><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AgsB8b2XShw/ToeLMLxhhLI/AAAAAAAAAcA/rOJkYjUnzv8/s1600/video-wallstreet-voices-articleLarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AgsB8b2XShw/ToeLMLxhhLI/AAAAAAAAAcA/rOJkYjUnzv8/s320/video-wallstreet-voices-articleLarge.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">9/30: OSJ in the NYT: the hippie image</td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">Not surprisingly, as the OWS gains credibility and force, the <i>Times</i>' negative attitude towards OWS shows signs of shifting. Granted, its front-page&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/nyregion/wall-street-occupiers-protesting-till-whenever.html?scp=3&amp;sq=protest%20wall%20street&amp;st=cse">Sep 30 story</a>&nbsp;foregrounds OWS'&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">"hippie" aspect. Yet it also shows a little respect to the&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">OWS "demonstrators". Here's a quote: "Not all of them can articulate exactly why they are here or what they want. Yet there is a conviction rippling through them that however the global economy works, it does not work for them." What's more, the <i>Times'</i> online edition has&nbsp;<a href="http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/10/01/nyregion/100000001084915/wall-street-protesters-speak.html">this video</a>&nbsp;of occupiers: more articulate by far than those quoted by Ms Bellafonte.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">That said, t</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">he </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Old+Gray+Lady">Old Gray Lady</a>&nbsp;is still covering OWS, old-media style, as a local physical demonstration [not an occupation]&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">in Zucotti Park in lower Manhattan. But we live in a new media age. Public space is virtual, not just physical. Designed to use both kinds of space, OWS is getting major media coverage, national news coverage and global news coverage (Google News counts some 200 new stories daily). OWS is also generating hundreds of social networking sites and is triggering support demonstrations in 30 American cities alone.&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">Time is running out on the&nbsp;<i>Times</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">' head-in-the-sand approach. Here's a sample of who's leaving the Time's in the dust:</span><br /><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">10/2 Time Magazine "<a href="http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/02/occupy-wall-street-a-larger-march-and-standoff-on-the-brooklyn-bridge/">Occupy Wall Street: 700 arrested on the Brooklyn Bridge</a>" As of 10:00am, the Times gives only a <a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/police-arresting-protesters-on-brooklyn-bridge/?scp=1&amp;sq=700%20brooklyn%20bridge&amp;st=cse">CityRoom account</a> of this major development. As 10:30am it's the <a href="http://www.drudgereport.com/">lead story at Drudge</a>, which links to this <i><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/02/us-wallstreet-protests-idUSTRE7900BL20111002">Reuters</a></i> account. Brilliant sign held by a demonstrator: "I won't believe a corporation is a person until Texas hangs one." Photo on the right is the photo of the year.&nbsp;</span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">10/1 ABC News: "<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/10/occupy-wall-street-protests-spread-across-the-country-bloomberg-calls-them-misguided/">Occupy Wall Street" Protests Spread Across Country</a>". How true is this? Just Google your own city. Every place I Googled comes up with something:</span></li><ul><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gL1rXgoTmDo/ToeNqt5bTlI/AAAAAAAAAcE/RocnC7-FbnQ/s1600/03-facesofchicago_thumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gL1rXgoTmDo/ToeNqt5bTlI/AAAAAAAAAcE/RocnC7-FbnQ/s1600/03-facesofchicago_thumb.jpg" /></a><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://occupydc.org/">OccupyWashington</a></b></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black; font-weight: normal;"><b><a href="http://occupychi.org/">OccupyChicago</a></b></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black; font-weight: normal;"><b>&nbsp;</b></span></b></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://occupylosangeles.org/">OccupyLosAngeles</a></b></span></li><li><a href="http://www.occupyseattle.org/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Occuply Seattle</b></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/OccupyMiami"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Occupy Miami</b></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/OccupyDallas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Occupy Dallas</b></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.occupytogether.org/events/midwest/occupy-st-louis/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Occupy St. Louis</b></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/occupynewhaven"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Occupy New Haven</b></span></a></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.facebook.com/OccupyMadison">Occupy Madison</a> (WI)</b></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://occupyboston.com/"><b>OccupyBoston</b></a></span></li></ul><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/30 "<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/post/occupy-wall-street-only-growing-stronger/2011/09/30/gIQATepeAL_blog.html">OccupationWallStreet only growing stronger</a>", James Downie, <i>Washington Post</i>,&nbsp;</span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>9/30&nbsp;<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/29/nyc-transit-union-joins-o_n_987156.html">NYC Transit Union joins OccupyWallStreet</a>, </i>Matt Sledge<i>, Huff Post NewYork. The Times</i> appears not even to have mentioned this fact as of 10/1.</span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/26 Thoughtful coverage in Richard Adams's "<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/richard-adams-blog/2011/sep/26/occupy-wall-street-congress-live">US Politics Live blog</a>" in the <i>Guardian </i>(England).&nbsp;</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/26 Reuters. More thoughtful commentary. This time by Anthony DeRosa: "<a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/anthony-derosa/2011/09/26/dont-dismiss-the-wall-street-occupation/">Don't dismiss the Wall Street Occupation</a>"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/25 long&nbsp;<a href="http://www.rawstory.com/rawreplay/2011/09/chris-hedges-occupy-wall-street-is-where-the-hope-of-america-lies/">video of interview with Chris Hedges</a>, sees OWS as "where the hope of America lies." Hedges is wordy here (he writes better than he speaks) and I have to roll somewhat with his flat-out rejection of our consumerist society, but he sure makes me think.</span></span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ongoing&nbsp;coverage in the local New York&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.indypendent.org/">Indypendent</a></span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Shout out to #occupywallstreet from Inagist (GreenPeace) with useful <a href="http://inagist.com/greenpeaceusa/116322030546206720/Shout_out_to_occupywallstreet_for_keeping_the_struggle_alive!_Corporate_polluter">Twitter Updates</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/22. Background story&nbsp;<i>Fiscal Times</i> "<a href="http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2011/09/22/Has-America-Lost-the-Future-Ask-a-College-Grad.aspx#page1">Has America Lost the Future? Ask a College Grad</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">"&nbsp;</span></li></ul><blockquote class=""><i>figures show that employment among young adults is now at a dismal 55.3 percent, down from 67.3 percent in 2000 and the lowest since World War II. Nearly 1 in 5 of these young adults is at risk of living in poverty.</i></blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/ 21. Amy Goodman (Democracy Now) in the <i>Manchester Guardian</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> on <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/sep/21/occupy-wall-street-amy-goodman">"Why Occupy Wall Street Makes Sense"</a>". &nbsp;</span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9/16.&nbsp;<i>Free Republic</i> "<a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2779247/posts">Radical Rage: Marxist Mob Plans to Occupy Wall Street</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">"</span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">8/21. Good background story: Joel Bakan, "</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/22/opinion/corporate-interests-threaten-childrens-welfare.html?_r=1&amp;ref=opinion">The Kids are Not Alright</a></span></li><li style="font-family: Times;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3/11. Time Magazine "<a href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1971133_1971110_1971117,00.html">Twilight of the Elites</a>" &nbsp;Pretty perceptive. How online social networking is forcing society to rebuild itself from the bottom up.</span></li></ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">More to come. I think the <i>Times</i>&nbsp;will now start shifting to catch-up mode. With dispatch.</span></div></div></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/occupywallstreet-living-archive-of.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-8565151186497482530Sat, 17 Sep 2011 17:34:00 +00002014-04-03T17:46:37.109-05:00occupy wall streetwall street protestOccupyWallStreet: American Tahrir Square?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b>September 17. &nbsp;</b>The&nbsp;<i>New York Times </i><b><a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/wall-street-protest-begins-with-demonstrators-blocked/">writes</a>&nbsp;</b>that 1,000 people today converged on Wall Street. [9/19 <b><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/09/wall-st-protesters-say-theyre-settled-in/">ABC News</a></b> and <b><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/sep/19/occupy-wall-street-financial-system"><i>The Guardian</i> </a></b>of England <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/sep/19/occupy-wall-street-financial-system"><b>put the number</b></a> at 5,000.] The corporate-critical publication <a href="http://www.adbusters.org/" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Adbusters</a><b style="font-style: italic;">, </b>which spearheaded this action,&nbsp;had called for 20,000 people to occupy&nbsp;Wall Street not for a day but for a period of months, emulating the occupation of Cairo's Tahrir Square that forced the ouster last February of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.<br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dOICcotiW_c/TnVJKFnbyII/AAAAAAAAAa4/kGERXcMkdFM/s1600/wallstreet6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dOICcotiW_c/TnVJKFnbyII/AAAAAAAAAa4/kGERXcMkdFM/s1600/wallstreet6.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>"Ragingly ignorant anti-capitalists"?</b></td></tr></tbody></table><br />How credible is <a href="https://occupywallst.org/"><b>OccupyWallStreet</b></a>? What do occupiers want? What impact might they have if they follow through on their pledge of a two-month occupation? And who are they: "ragingly ignorant anti-capitalists", as a <a href="http://townhall.com/tipsheet/erikajohnsen/2011/09/17/anti-capitalist_day_of_rage_protesters_unwittingly_echo_the_tea_party"><b>TownHall commentator</b></a>&nbsp;Erika Johnsen writes, or angry youth "united in the spirit of the Tahrir Square revolutionaries", as MarketWatch's&nbsp;<b><a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/occupy-wall-street-will-lay-siege-to-us-greed-2011-09-06?link=MW_story_popular">Paul Farrell</a>&nbsp;</b>asserts?<br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span">Since last February I've&nbsp;been <b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/02/road-from-cairo-to-chicago-its-youth.html">following worldwide explosion of youth unrest</a></b>&nbsp;that began with the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt. I took my cue from Peter Coy's prescient <b><a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_07/b4215058743638.htm?chan=magazine+channel_top+stories">Youth Unemployment Time Bomb</a>&nbsp;</b>cover story in&nbsp;</span><i>BloombergBusinessweek</i> (2/2/11). Coy&nbsp;<span class="Apple-style-span">documents the spread of youth joblessness and disaffection "from &nbsp;Cairo to London to Brooklyn" and attributes it to "failure—not just of young people to find a place in society, but of society itself to harness the energy, intelligence, and enthusiasm of the next generation." Coy's piece is proof positive that a corporate publication can give eloquent voice to the concerns of young people. A must-read.</span><br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BeAass10F34/TnVH3FO3neI/AAAAAAAAAa0/BHtqWmnT3-Q/s1600/wallstreet5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BeAass10F34/TnVH3FO3neI/AAAAAAAAAa0/BHtqWmnT3-Q/s320/wallstreet5.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>9/17 - New York's finest protect Wall Street's Bull </b></td></tr></tbody></table>In today's post I do two things. I review initial media coverage of OccupyWallStreet as a gauge of the movement's credibility as reflected in mainstream media. This credibility was minimal at the outset, at least by comparison with media coverage previous major demonstrations like the 1963 civic rights demonstration or the 1995 million man march. Until its dismissive&nbsp;<a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/wall-street-protest-begins-with-demonstrators-blocked/"><b>account</b></a>&nbsp;late today, even the local the <i>New York Times</i> had been silent on this protest. So had the local <i>Wall Street Journal</i>.<br /><br />The story so far, as the&nbsp;<i>Times</i>&nbsp;tells it, is that police succeeded in blocking "protesters" (not occupiers) from access to Wall Street. End of story. Occupiers &nbsp;marginalized. No interest in who they are, where they come from, what they want or whether other Americans might want what they want. The <i>Times</i> is keeping the lid on.<br /><br />After reviewing media coverage, I look into what occupiers want. A quick preview: on September 6, Paul Farrell said occupiers "want their democracy back: <i>One citizen. One dollar. One vote.</i> Get the corrupting influence of money out of elections." Here's the<b><a href="http://usdayofrage.org/our-principles.html">&nbsp;USDayOfRage Principles Page</a>.</b><br /><br />OK. Back to media coverage. Check out these&nbsp;searches for "Occupy Wall Street"at&nbsp;<b><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=occupy+wall+street&amp;num=10&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;biw=1452&amp;bih=878&amp;tbm=nws&amp;source=lnms&amp;ei=nkZ1TrC6BamusQLhtKWMBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=mode_link&amp;ct=mode&amp;cd=5&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CDIQ_AUoBA#q=occupy+wall+street&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;source=lnms&amp;ei=Jkd1Tt2rLobh0QHcyPHrAQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=mode_link&amp;ct=mode&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBsQ_AUoAA&amp;bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&amp;fp=8912edf18c811c90&amp;biw=1452&amp;bih=878">Google</a></b>&nbsp;(which gives a count of stories) <b><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=occupy+wall+street&amp;num=10&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;biw=1452&amp;bih=878&amp;tbm=nws&amp;source=lnms&amp;ei=nkZ1TrC6BamusQLhtKWMBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=mode_link&amp;ct=mode&amp;cd=5&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CDIQ_AUoBA">Google News</a></b>&nbsp;--&nbsp;<a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=occupy+wall+street&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;biw=1452&amp;bih=878&amp;tbm=vid&amp;source=lnms&amp;ei=TWt1Tu7LIMahtweDzenIDA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=mode_link&amp;ct=mode&amp;cd=4&amp;ved=0CDEQ_AUoAw"><b>Google Video</b></a>&nbsp;--&nbsp;<a href="http://www.google.com/search?tbm=blg&amp;hl=en&amp;source=hp&amp;biw=1452&amp;bih=851&amp;q=%22occupy+wall+street%22&amp;btnG=Search"><b>Google Blogs</b></a>&nbsp;--&nbsp;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=occupy+wall+street&amp;aq=0z&amp;oq=occupy+wall+"><b>You Tube</b></a>&nbsp; -- and you may see something brewing. Ninety news stories as of the night of September 17, but four times that number four days later. Here is&nbsp;<b><a href="http://www.google.com/trends?q=occupy+wall+street&amp;ctab=0&amp;geo=all&amp;date=mtd&amp;sort=0">Google Trends</a></b>. Initial coverage is at <b><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/09/protesters-begin-effort-to-occupy-wall-street/">ABC News</a></b>, <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/17/national/main20107772.shtml"><b>CBS News</b></a>, <b><a href="http://nation.foxnews.com/protestors/2011/09/17/liberal-protesters-prepare-occupy-wall-street">Fox News</a>. <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/17/technology/occupy_wall_street/">CNNMoney</a>&nbsp;</b>and <a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jwB_zy0tcSXCUegKjGvlfkRmt7UA?docId=CNG.77b84336cea698f00a40b5ac55207970.de1"><b>Agencefrancepresse</b></a>, <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-17/protesters-converge-on-lower-manhattan-plan-occupation-.html"><b>BloombergBusinessweek </b></a>and a blog: <a href="http://www.thenextgreatgeneration.com/2011/09/occupying-wall-street-stateside-protests-begin-in-nyc/"><b>TNGG</b></a> <b>(The Next Great Generation)</b>. [Reminder: results of these searches are current to moment of your search.]<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span">[update 9/18] I am fascinated by lead story in the <i>New York Times</i>: "<b><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/world/middleeast/tumult-of-arab-spring-prompts-worries-in-washington.html?_r=1&amp;ref=global-home">Tumult of Arab Spring Prompts Worries in Washington</a>."</b> Wow. Almost as if by magic, the <i>Times</i> in the space of 24 hours has managed to leapfrog over the mini Arab Spring in its own back yard and hop to Washington's global (not local, heaven forfend!) concern with a development whose significance, as I noted&nbsp;</span><b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/02/road-from-cairo-to-chicago-its-youth.html">here</a>&nbsp;</b>last February,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-style-span">rivals that of the fall of the Berlin Wall or the collapse of communism in 1989.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oBtSmrQUc98/TnYPjaiNL-I/AAAAAAAAAbA/da9lvGBuP-4/s1600/wallstreet7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oBtSmrQUc98/TnYPjaiNL-I/AAAAAAAAAbA/da9lvGBuP-4/s400/wallstreet7.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>That said, the <i>Times </i>story confirms&nbsp; that Washington - the White House - is responding, with a touch of panic, to a degree of popular unrest not seen since the Vietnam and civil rights era of the late 1960's. One senses desperation in Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton's patently disingenuous plea that things are happening that "nobody could have imagined and few predicted just a few years ago”.<br /><br />Nonsense. Journalists and academics, including <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/"><b>Robert Fisk</b></a> of <i>The Independent</i> in England, have for decades been warning about the inevitability of popular uprisings in the Middle East. Clinton's plea recalls <b><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/04/you-call-this-civic-media-yes-i-do.html">President Obama's disingenuous plea</a></b> that he didn't foresee - couldn't have foreseen - the financial meltdown of 2007-'08. And it recalls that utter failure of American intelligence services to detect either the rise of the Berlin Wall or the collapse of Soviet Communism.<br /><br />Here's a <a href="http://www.livestream.com/globalrevolution"><b>live feed</b></a> of the Occupation, taken from the OccupyWallStreet site, will all kinds of corporate sponsors, including Jack Daniel's Kentucky bourbon.<br /><br />In a subsequent post, I'll give my own two cents on what it will take for the Wall Street Occupation to have constructive impact. For starters, here are six desiderata, most of them fairly obvious. I think.<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Leave the repair of our broken financial system to the next generation of leaders elected by a repaired electoral system. All of this, of course, will take years. But radical changes can occur in a matter of months if most Americans are behind them.</li><li>Depolarize political discourse. Win equal support from left, center and right. Not necessarily <i>broad</i> popular support initially - that comes with time - but balanced support from left, center and right.&nbsp;</li><li>Win support from credible financial insiders. There are many! One is Yves Smith of <a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/"><b>Naked Capitalism</b></a>, which linked me the 9/06 Paul Farrell story quoted above. A good number of financial insiders will support the Wall Street Occupation if its focus is on credible change. (I'd mention politicians as well but name one that will sign on to the Occupation without looking for safety in numbers from their constituents.) Here, from Naked capitalism, are just two of many informed comments that point to what actually links the Occupiers, financial insiders and probably most Americans:</li><ol><li><i>The common thread of this week’s events is that national depositors and taxpayers are revolting against the idea that they should bear the risks of international finance and permit an elite class of global bankers such as Mr Adoboli – or the feckless citizens of other countries – to take the rewards.&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></li><ol><li>John Gapper<i>, from a column in the Financial Times on which <b><a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/09/sanity-check-revolt-over-risks-of-elite-class-of-bankers.html">Yves Smith comments</a></b> and then invites reader comments, of which the comment below is a sample.&nbsp; </i></li></ol><li><i>I think the US is absolutely ripe for forcing government action. The inchoate rage is palpable outside of elite circles. All that’s needed is to tap into it and channel it into something effective, garnering as much media attention as possible all the way. And if we don’t tap it and channel it, violent civil disorder is surely not far away. </i></li></ol><li>In orientation, be democratic capitalist, not anti-capitalist. Focus on electoral change that makes the system work for the many, not the few: "<i>One citizen. One dollar. One vote."&nbsp;</i></li><li>Get on message and either stay on message or use online communications to generate an evolving messages that people really respond to. "<i>One citizen. One dollar. One vote". </i>Interesting to me, but is this message that Occupiers want? So far I don't see it in media accounts of the Occupation. What's more, this post at the <a href="https://occupywallst.org/article/September_Revolution/"><b>OccupyWallStreet</b></a> site seems to have backed off from it to embrace larger and as yet undefined messages: messages that are planned to take shape via online crowdsourcing: the use of online media to facilitate large-audience decision-making processes.&nbsp; &nbsp; </li><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rviRk7R1jYI/TnYip2nI29I/AAAAAAAAAbM/wffvBiMcHIQ/s1600/gene%2Bsharp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rviRk7R1jYI/TnYip2nI29I/AAAAAAAAAbM/wffvBiMcHIQ/s320/gene%2Bsharp.jpg" height="176" width="287" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gene Sharp</td></tr></tbody></table><li>Remain steadfastly non-violent<i>. </i>In the tradition of Gandhi, King and of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Sharp"><b>Gene Sharp</b></a>, whose <a href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sharp%2C%20Gene"><b>writings online here</b></a> have <b><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/middleeast/17sharp.html?_r=1&amp;ref=global-home">informed Arab Spring occupiers</a></b> in Egypt and elsewhere. Amazing guy.&nbsp;</li></ol>It will be interesting to see what happens when Wall Street comes to work tomorrow. What Joe Kernan or &nbsp;Becky Quick or Jim Cramer or Art Cashin be saying on CNBC. And how Bloomberg Financial will be covering it. Also be interesting to see if the old gray lady at the <i>New York Times</i> wakes up and changes her tune.<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"></ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/occupy-wall-street.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-997392304650665854Mon, 11 Apr 2011 12:07:00 +00002011-04-11T07:36:32.422-05:00Wall Street since the Credit Crisis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">In a word, they got away with it. How the other half, or the other one per cent, is living now. In <i>New York Magazine</i>, a provocative <a href="http://nymag.com/news/business/wallstreet/">series of articles</a> by John Hellemen (Wall Street "<a href="http://nymag.com/news/business/wallstreet/john-heilemann-2011-4/">Triumphant</a>"), John Gapper (Wall Street "<a href="http://nymag.com/news/business/wallstreet/john-gapper-2011-4/">Anxious</a>") and Felix Salmon ("<a href="http://nymag.com/news/business/wallstreet/felix-salmon-2011-4/">Oblivious</a>" at Davos). </div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/04/wall-street-mind.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-5751015961014893516Mon, 21 Feb 2011 14:19:00 +00002014-04-03T17:47:28.120-05:00Arab World since the Feb 11 Departure of Mubarak<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div>Good stuff about the Arab Spring: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><a 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" 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" /></a><li><i>The Guardian </i>5/21/11, <span style="font-size: small;">Ahdaf Soueif, </span>"<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/may/21/revolt-barack-obama-arab-world">Our Revolt is not Obama's</a>: Barack Obama says he wants change in the Arab world yet insults us with the same old bad policies". A short piece, yet surpassingly powerful, about Obama's subversion of the Arab world's quest for economic opportunity even as he professes support for it. U.S. It has wonderful paragraphs like this one:&nbsp; &nbsp; </li></ul><blockquote><blockquote><i>The blame is not all with America. We had a regime that was susceptible, that became actively complicit; assiduously finding ways to serve US and Israeli interests – and ruin us. But: we got rid of it. Peaceably, with grace and within the law. We Got Rid of It.</i></blockquote></blockquote></div><blockquote><div></div></blockquote><div><blockquote>Ahdaf Soueif (pictured right) is an Egyptian short story writer, novelist and political and cultural commentator. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/ahdafsoueif">More Soueif pieces</a> at the <i>Guardian. </i><br /><a name='more'></a></blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>New York Times</i> 2/17/11 <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/world/middleeast/18military.html?_r=2&amp;hp"><span style="font-size: small;">Egyptians Say Military Discourages an Open Economy</span></a></li><li><i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i>: transcript of the Feb 17 <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_09/b4217018115375.htm?campaign_id=rss_null">Charlie Rose Talks to Shady El Ghazaly Harb</a></li><li><a href="http://www.myspace.com/video/contributor/shady-el-ghazaly-harb/107503877">Video</a> of the Feb 17 Charlie Rose interview with El Ghazaly Harb</li><li>Terrific and frequently updated Wikipedia page on <span style="font-size: small;">the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Arab_world_protests"><b>2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests</b>.</a></span> </li><li>Look for and listen to superb information about the Arab Awakening on <b><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview">Worldview</a></b>, hosted by Jerome McDonnell on Chicago Public Radio. This foreign affairs program for my money is the best foreign affairs program anywhere, in any medium. Here are links to a few recent Worldview interviews on the Arab World, spiced with a few articles, with attribution, from other solid sources:</li><ul><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview/2011-02-17">Algeria</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview/2011-03-04">Egypt</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview">Iran</a></li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/episode-segments/2011-03-09/israelis-have-mixed-view-unrest-arab-world-83461">Israel</a></li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview/2011-02-28">Libya</a>&nbsp;</li><li>Libya "<a href="http://www.merip.org/mero/mero031511">Libya in the Balance</a>', Nicolas Pelham, Middle East Report, 3/15/2011.</li><li>Morocco <a href="http://www.merip.org/search/node/morocco">Links to articles on Morocco</a> at <a href="http://www.merip.org/">MIddle East Report</a></li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview/2011-03-02">Oman</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/episode-segments/2011-02-15/wake-egypt-palestinian-authority-reshuffles-its-leadership-82369">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview/2011-01-06">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/assad1/English">Syria</a> "Is Syria the Next Domino?" Ribal Al-Assad, Director of the Organization for Democracy and Freedom in Syria. (<a href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/">Project Syndicate</a>)</li><li><a href="http://www.wbez.org/worldview/2011-01-18">Tunesia</a></li><li>Yemen <a href="http://www.merip.org/search/node/yemen">Links to articles on Yemen</a> at <a href="http://www.merip.org/">MIddle East Report</a></li></ul></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"></ul>Here is some background material on the changing situation in the Middle East (I completely overlook Libya; haven't had time to select good links): <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Dr. Avigdor Haselkorn 2/21, <a href="http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.8780/pub_detail.asp">The Middle East's False Dawn of Democracy</a></li><li><i>New York Times </i>2/21, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/19/world/middleeast/19nations.html?src=me&amp;ref=world">U.S. Blocks Security Censure of Israeli Settlements </a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">Robert Fisk in <i>The independent, </i>3/5/11<i>,&nbsp;</i> <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-tunisian-whose-ijihadi-was-for-the-people-not-god-2232981.html">The Tunisian whose <i>jihad</i> was for the people, not God</a></span></li><li><i>The Independent</i> 3/7/11 <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html">Saudis Mobilise Thousands of Troops to Quell Growing Revolt</a></li><li>3/11 <i>Foreign Affairs</i> <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/features/collections/foreign-affairs-coverage-of-the-crisis-in-the-middle-east?cid=emc-mar11promoa-content-030811">Links</a> to "Articles on the Middle East Crisis". </li><li>Nouriel Roubini, <a href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/roubini36/English">The Economic Consequences of of the Arab Revolt</a>," Project Syndicate, 3/14/11</li><li>Thoimas Friedman, "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/opinion/27friedman.html?_r=1&amp;hp">Hoping for Arab Mandelas</a>", New York Times, 3/27/11 </li></ul></div><div><h2 class="publication"></h2></div><div>And here some stories about the impact of Egypt on the USA<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Matt Stoller in "<a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/02/matt-stoller-the-liquidation-of-society-versus-the-global-labor-revival.html">The Liquidation of Society Versus the Global Labor Revival</a>" (posted at Naked Capitalism) sees the Arab world protests as doing what labor strikes used to do in the U.S. - and as inspiring (state employees at least) in Madison, WI and Providence, RI. He uses this striking Doug Henwood graph to account for why U.S. wages have kept "getting cut" since 1947:&nbsp; </li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K4ly_rkoT4k/TWaLiPxeg4I/AAAAAAAAAXo/v6Qi6q9P9NI/s1600/Strikes.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K4ly_rkoT4k/TWaLiPxeg4I/AAAAAAAAAXo/v6Qi6q9P9NI/s320/Strikes.gif" height="213" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>More to come! </div></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/02/egyptian-aftermath.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-8004844497916665204Sun, 13 Feb 2011 21:00:00 +00002014-04-03T17:49:20.713-05:00Ahmed MaherArab SpringD. J. SmartDr Cherif BossiouniGene SharpMayor Richard M. DaleyMohamed BouaziziPaul FarrellPeter CoyRide the Youth Unemployment Highway from Cairo to Wall Street and Chicago.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[</i><i>Note: This long, meandering post, last updated 9/7/11, is a running history of historic events that began in December 2010 in the Middle East - in Tunisia - and are spreading to Europe and the United States. The author teaches writing courses at a community college in the north suburbs of Chicago. This post takes the form of a letter to two students of his who last spring wrote papers about Egypt's Arab Spring. One of them, Ossama, is Egyptian, but, like the author of this piece, he knew next to nothing about the extraordinarily powerful youth-centered forces that appear to have transformed the Middle East and are now impacting the rest of the world.]</i></span><br /><br />Hi Taniya and Ossama,<br /><br />I just stumbled on a trove of information about Egypt that I want to share with you. My discoveries began with <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/world/middleeast/13wealth.html?_r=1&amp;ref=global-home">this story</a> in today's <i>New York Times</i> about ousted Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak's wealth. It's interesting: Swiss banks have frozen Mubarak's accounts. But I wanted to know more about the youth organizers of the Egyptian revolution. Midway through the <i>Times</i> story I saw <a href="http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/22/national-assocation-for-change">this link</a> to the National Association for Change in Egypt at the <a href="http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/">Carnegie Guide to Egypt's elections</a>. Here I found <a href="http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/11/08/interview-with-ahmed-maher-co-founder-of-the-april-6-youth-movement">this</a> fascinating 15 minute interview with youth activist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Maher_%28youth_leader%29">Ahmed Maher</a>, a civil engineer and co-founder of the <a href="http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/22/the-april-6-youth-movement">April 6 movement</a>. I had struck gold.<br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><center><object height="363" width="440"><param name="movie" value="http://www.newmediamanager2.net/sites/all/modules/newmediamill/flashclip/player_4_6/player-licensed.swf"> </param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"> </param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"> </param><param name="FlashVars" value="dock=true&autostart=false&repeat=list&image=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fimg%2Fvideocvr_20101025-Maher.jpg&file=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmediamanager2.net%2Fnode%2F1151%2Fplaylist&backcolor=edf2f8&lightcolor=cccccc&provider=rtmp&frontcolor=4072b7&plugins=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmediamanager2.net%2Fplugins%2Fsharing.swf%2Cgapro-1%2Csubply-1&sharing.code=true&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmediamanager2.net%2Fskins%2Fcarnegie%2Fceipskinintv.swf&subply-1.defaultsublang=eng&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Ffl.newmediamill.net%2Fcarnegie&playlistsize=90&gapro.accountid=UA-31877-1&playlist=bottom"> </param><embed src="http://www.newmediamanager2.net/sites/all/modules/newmediamill/flashclip/player_4_6/player-licensed.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="440" height="363" flashvars="dock=true&autostart=false&repeat=list&image=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fimg%2Fvideocvr_20101025-Maher.jpg&file=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmediamanager2.net%2Fnode%2F1151%2Fplaylist&backcolor=edf2f8&lightcolor=cccccc&provider=rtmp&frontcolor=4072b7&plugins=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmediamanager2.net%2Fplugins%2Fsharing.swf%2Cgapro-1%2Csubply-1&sharing.code=true&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmediamanager2.net%2Fskins%2Fcarnegie%2Fceipskinintv.swf&subply-1.defaultsublang=eng&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Ffl.newmediamill.net%2Fcarnegie&playlistsize=90&gapro.accountid=UA-31877-1&playlist=bottom"></embed></object></center><br /><br />Maher speaks of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_6_Movement">April 6 Movement</a> (website <a href="http://6april.org/english/">here</a>) as a group of "young people with an abundance of energy and awareness and self-discipline" (3:33 of the clip).&nbsp; If you scroll down to the "Use of Technology" segment of the above video, you'll see that the April 6 movement made heavy use of Facebook and cell phones. But Maher hastens to say that the April 6 movement was equally concerned to reach people <i>without</i> Internet access: old, young and "people in the street." And, he says, it has did so, often face-to-face. <a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/16-11/ff_facebookegypt">Here's</a> a useful piece about him from <i>Wired Magazine</i> going back to his activities in 2008.&nbsp; <br /><br />Maher says that his April 6 movement feeds into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei's</a> larger National Association for Change, described as we've seen at the Carnegie Egypt site, and which Wikipedia describes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Change">here</a>. Then, at Wikipedia, I linked to its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011">coverage</a> of the <b>Egyptian revolution of 2011</b>. This page is an impressive piece of work. And from it I linked to the mind-boggling and frequently updated Wikipeida page on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Arab_world_protests">2010-2011 Arab World Protests</a>, which begins with this simple declarative sentence: <br /><blockquote style="color: yellow;">The 2010-2011 Arab world protests are an unprecedented series of major uprisings, demonstrations and protests in the Arab countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Yemen and Jordan, with minor incidents occurring in Mauritania Saudi Arabia, Oman Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Morocco.</blockquote>and features a terrific color-coded map the likes of which I've seen nowhere else:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tdDaJAl7i8U/Tk6MzGZPhuI/AAAAAAAAAZE/TTC4GVpkJYo/s1600/Arab_Spring_newmap_reframed.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tdDaJAl7i8U/Tk6MzGZPhuI/AAAAAAAAAZE/TTC4GVpkJYo/s400/Arab_Spring_newmap_reframed.svg.png" height="182" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: maroon; border-color: black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Revolution <br /><span style="background-color: red; border-color: black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Governmental changes <br /><span style="background-color: #ff6600; border-color: black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Major protests <br /><span style="background-color: #ffd42a; border-color: black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Minor protests <br /><span style="background-color: #346733; border-color: black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Other Arab League nations </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />Wow. I hate to say so, but these developments were news to me until I say this page. And to think that the Arab World protests have been mostly non-violent in the face of all kinds of government harrassment, provocation and repression. Incredible discipline. Where is it coming from?<br /><br />Yesterday, in our Saturday class, I noted that several Buddhist priests had <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-immolation">immolated themselves</a> in the late 1960's in order to arouse the world to the horrors of the Vietnam War. Read down the Wikipedia Arab Wold page, and you will see that the December 2010 revolution in Tunisia was in fact sparked by the self-immolation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a>, "a Tunisian street vendor who [Wikipedia says] set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, in protest of the confiscation of his wares and the humiliation that was inflicted on him by a female municipal official." [update 9/18: in <a href="http://4closurefraud.org/2011/09/16/greece-fire-man-enters-bank-asks-for-loan-mod-gets-denied-douses-self-with-gasoline-ignites-pics/">this video</a> a man from Greece sets himself afire after being denied a loan modification.]<br /><br />Bouazizi strikes me as the Rosa Parks of Tunisia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_parks">Rosa Parks</a>, the 48 year-old African American riding a Montgomery, Alabama bus who sparked the entire U. S. civil rights movement when she refused the order of a white busdriver to surrender her seat to a white passenger. On Feb 20 CBS' 60 Minutes ran this <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7357188n&amp;tag=related;photovideo">fine 13-minute segment</a> on Bouazizi.<br /><br />But wheras the American civil rights movement enjoyed the non-violent leadership of Dr. King, young Tunisians and Egyptians had&nbsp; . . . what or whom? Maher makes clear that the Egyptian police had long jailed and tortured student leaders but did not respond with violence. Why not? At one point in the video above, Maher refers to "principles of non-violence" that guided the Egyptian revolution. So had his April 6 colleagues read Dr. King or Gandhi? Probably not. Interviewed by the <i>New York Times</i>, Maher says he <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/middleeast/17sharp.html?_r=1&amp;ref=global-home">"stumbled upon</a>" a writing by the little-known American activist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Sharp"><b>Gene Sharp</b></a>, whose humane, no-nonsense 90-page manual for nonviolent liberation, <a href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sharp%2C%20Gene">From Dictatorship to Democracy</a>, has been translated into two dozen languages. Videos of Sharp are <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjbsnEPczV0">here</a> (13 min) and <a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8846033863393220807#">here</a> (1990, 90 min).<br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_g2_B2Ca5GQ/TWHTaAq6k3I/AAAAAAAAAXA/oXz1FuipkuM/s1600/Sharp-articleInline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_g2_B2Ca5GQ/TWHTaAq6k3I/AAAAAAAAAXA/oXz1FuipkuM/s1600/Sharp-articleInline.jpg" /></a><br />Stepping back a back to look at the larger picture, it seems certain that what's happening in Egypt is part of something larger than what young people are now risking their lives to achieve throughout the Arab World. As I said in class yesterday, historians fifty years from now may well look back on the Arab world revolutions of 2011 as the most important development in world affairs since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1980.&nbsp; <br /><blockquote style="color: yellow;"><b>And to think it's all been done so far without tanks, bullets or bodybags. Gandhi, King, Tutu, Mandela and old Gene Sharp must be happy. </b></blockquote>OK, OK, you say, but Mr. Sewall what about the <b>youth unemployment highway</b> running from Cairo to Chicago? That's easy. Tunisia and Egypt are waking up the planet - our entire global village - to the alarming fact of youth unemployment worldwide, not just in the Middle East. You want proof? Check out this Feb 7 Bloomberg BusinessWeek <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_07/b4215058743638.htm?chan=magazine+channel_top+stories">cover story</a> for 2/07 by the magazine's Economics Editor, Peter Coy. It has this photo: <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OV8eyp_ZTok/TWKsYJaXVtI/AAAAAAAAAXk/ga3137ICK_A/s1600/BloombergEgypt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OV8eyp_ZTok/TWKsYJaXVtI/AAAAAAAAAXk/ga3137ICK_A/s640/BloombergEgypt.jpg" height="320" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y1y1a8Cykuc/TV1k0qIcrNI/AAAAAAAAAWs/4D8AUpaZEXI/s1600/BloombergEgypt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a> </div></div>The story's headline asserts that: <br /><blockquote style="color: yellow;"><b><i>From Cairo to London to Brooklyn, too many young people are jobless and disaffected.</i></b></blockquote>So there you have it: a respected mainstream media source is saying outright that the <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2010/05/26/news/economy/young_workers_record_unemployment/index.htm">youth unemployment</a> highway runs from Cairo to Brooklyn - and from there of course it's only a short hop to Chitown. The headline of the <i>magazine</i> text is even sharper and more to the point:<br /><blockquote style="color: yellow;"><b><i>Youth unemployment is driving unrest in the Middle East and hollowing out societies from Europe to the U.S.</i></b></blockquote>So what about Chicago? The Windy City is a tale of two cities: affluent Loop/Lakefront and gang/drug dominated South and West sides. Doubt this assertion? It's substantially verified in "Walk With Me," a&nbsp; brilliant and comprehensive mapping of Chicagoland gangs by Chicago rapper D.J. Smart:<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/I-I1Ygl1Uy4" title="YouTube video player" width="480"></iframe> </div><br />In 1992, <a href="http://www.chicagocivicmedia.com/">I heard Mayor Richard M. Daley</a> himself tell 50 Chicago high school students straight out that "Chicago has lost two generations of young people to gangs and drugs." I could not believe what I was hearing, but in fact Mayor Daley often talks like this in his fairly frequent visits to the South and West sides. (Chicago's mainstream media don't follow him there.)&nbsp; And of course he was not exaggerating Chicago's loss, not one bit. In Chicago, chronic youth unemployment - almost five decades of it - wears the mask of gangs and drugs, as in virtually every American city. The Obama administration knows all this too. In his autobiographical <i>Dreams of My Father</i>, President Obama devotes almost 170 pages to his three years as a community organizer in the early 1980's in Chicago's gang-infested Altgeld Gardens projects. So what is his administration doing about gangs and drugs? Nothing, when it comes down to it. Nothing substantial.<br /><br />But I'll bet you that Homeland Security is working overtime to see how Americans will react to the Arab Spring revolutions against oligarchy and plutocracy.* In my wildest dreams I'd never have guessed, not even a month ago, that a global sea-change would first occur in <i>Tunisia</i>, of all places, and flower in Egypt, a country where<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>50% of the total population of 84 million is under 30.</li><li>Among Egypt's approx. 40 million citizens under 30, unemployment and illiteracy rates are 60%.</li><li>90% of all wealth in Egypt is own by only 200 families.</li></ul>These figures come from Dr. M. Cherif Bossiouni of the Egyptian American Society and DePaul University at 1:20 of this informative Jan 31 interview on WTTW public TV in Chicago:<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><embed allowfullscreen="true" bgcolor="#131313" height="319" src="http://player.theplatform.com/ps/player/pds/7_24j0G0_-&amp;pid=FdVdpWFJw2mwGZ9s33XojZdyxb__ZCEE" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="402"></embed></div><ul style="text-align: left;"></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"></ul></div>Dr. Bossiouni's account forces an astonishing conclusion: that the <i>non-violent </i>revolutions of Tunisia and Egypt sprouted and matured from the <i>precisely</i> the groups deemed by the U.S. State Department and America's intelligence services to be the recruiting grounds for terrorists and suicide bombers that have waged the so-called War on Terror: the impoverished, uneducated, unemployed Muslim youth from whose ranks the likes of Al Qaeda, Taliban and Hamas draw their followers. Tunisia and Egypt are proof positive, it seems to me, that of a miscalculation - a misjudgement of human nature - of historic proportions.<br /><br />Another argument for the idea that the winds of the Arab world will blow in the United States comes from Economist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>, who in this <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCPz2SzROFQ">video</a> asks, "<a href="http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/02/15/944951/-Jeffrey-Sachs:-Do-we-have-to-have-our-own-Egypt-here-in-the-United-States">Do we have to have our own Egypt here in the United States?</a>"<br /><br />[March 29] <b><a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/tax-the-super-rich-now-or-face-a-revolution-2011-03-29?link=home_carousel">Here</a></b> Paul Farrell of MarketWatch warns against an Egypt-style revolution against plutocracy in the United States.<br /><br />[Sep 7] And <b><a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/occupy-wall-street-will-lay-siege-to-us-greed-2011-09-06?link=MW_story_popular">here</a></b> Paul Farrell writes about the impending Sept. 17 "invasion of Wall Street": <br /><blockquote><i>The start of WWIV? Too strong? Maybe just the “Second American Revolution?” Too dramatic? Either way, this is a new D-Day, the invasion of Wall Street. And a global game-changer. </i></blockquote><blockquote><div class="" id=""><i> On Sept. 17, the Arab Spring becomes the new American Fall, with 20,000 revolutionaries in a tent city. Plus “solidarity” occupations in major financial centers worldwide, all ready for a long siege, vowing not to leave till they get their “one simple demand.”</i> . . . <i>They want their democracy back: “One citizen. One dollar. One vote.” Get the corrupting influence of money out of elections.</i></div></blockquote><blockquote><div class="" id=""><i>Occupy Wall Street is a “leaderless resistance movement” spearheaded by the edgy <a href="http://www.adbusters.org/">Adbusters</a> magazine, which in July issued a call for the Sept. 17 occupation of Wall Street.</i> </div></blockquote>So: from Cairo to our own Chicago the youth unemployment highway runs, via London and (as of 9/19/11) <a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/occupy-wall-street.html">Wall Street</a>. Going back in time to last March, here's what happened London: <span style="font-size: small;">"<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/26/london-protests-gather-st_n_841009.html">London Protests Gather Strength After Massive Budget Cuts Announced.</a>"&nbsp;</span><br /><blockquote>More than 250,000 people took to London's streets to protest the toughest spending cuts since World War II – one of the largest demonstrations since the Iraq war – as riot police clashed with a small groups. More than 200 people were arrested<span style="font-size: small;">.] </span></blockquote>[June 7] Here is an <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,767032,00.html">account</a> from the German paper <i>Der Spiegel</i> of youth protests in Europe.<br /><br />[August 19] Here is <i>Time</i> magazine's (subscriber only) "Decline and Fall of Europe (and Maybe the West)" <a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2088040,00.html">cover story</a> focused on youth riots and high unemployment in England:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dIt_6GfmlN8/Tk58aseFM4I/AAAAAAAAAZA/gRZ_q9QOE_4/s1600/TIMEeuropecover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dIt_6GfmlN8/Tk58aseFM4I/AAAAAAAAAZA/gRZ_q9QOE_4/s320/TIMEeuropecover.jpg" height="320" width="241" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>[March 29] Hey, my job as your English teacher is not to tell you <i>what</i> to write or think but <i>how</i> to do so. So me point out that for every argument, including all of the above, there are counterarguments. Count on that! For instance, a thoughtful counterargument to much of what I say here is found in <b><a href="https://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp?year=2010&amp;month=07">this short history</a></b> on the origins of the Tea Party by Fox News contributer Stephen F. Hayes. It closes as follows:<br /><blockquote>When President Obama spoke before the United Nations General Assembly in September 2009, he declared that a world order that elevates one country or group of countries over others is bound to fail. So he’s changing that order. <i>If his domestic policy priority is the redistribution of wealth, his foreign policy priority seems to be the redistribution of power.</i> [italics mine]<i><br /></i></blockquote><blockquote>Most Americans don’t agree with the president’s priorities. And many of these Americans are now active in the Tea Party movement, a movement that has succeeded in starting a serious national conversation about a return to limited government.</blockquote>The operative sentence here is the assertion that "Most Americans don't agree with the president's priorities." If this is so, and for all I know it could be so, then the best alternative to violence in America may be new dialogic public forums that enable all Americans to deal rationally and non-violently with the extraordinary winds of change that began in Tunisia and Egypt. (But note that Hayes made this speech "during a Hillsdale College cruise running from Rome to Dover." Sounds pretty upperclass to me. Context, people, Context!)<br /><br />So - Taniya and Ossama - Good luck with your Egypt papers - but are they really only about Egypt?! <br /><br /><i></i><br />Mr. Sewall<br /><br />* Plutocracy and oligarchy are terms that most observers agree accurately describe Egypt, and since they are being increasingly applied to the United States, here are some links : [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy">plutocracy - Wikipedia definition</a>] [<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/6674234/Citigroup-Oct-16-2005-Plutonomy-Report-Part-1">plutocracy - 2005 Citigroup Memo to investor clients]</a> <a href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2010/10/18/the_perfect_storm">[plutocracy - Robert Reich]</a> [<a href="http://www.truth-out.org/bill-moyers-money-fights-hard-and-it-fights-dirty64766">plutocracy - Matthew Skomarovsky</a>] [<a href="http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=906">plutocracy - Francis Fukuyama</a>] [<a href="http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_phillips.html">plutocracy - Bill Moyers and Kevin Phillips]</a> [<a href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/american-oligarchy">oligarchy - Weekly Standard</a>] </div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/02/road-from-cairo-to-chicago-its-youth.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-3995798465434634835Fri, 14 Jan 2011 21:14:00 +00002011-02-21T12:48:17.601-06:00financial mediaMindfulMoneyNaked Capitalismsocial financetop 20 financial mediaWhere the Action is in Financial News Reporting . . .<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">It's <b><span style="font-size: large;">NOT</span> </b>in mainstream media (though the <i>Financial Times</i> has my respect). Two days ago Yves Smith posted <a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/01/the-20-most-influential-blogs-in-financial-media.html">this story</a>, and for good reason: her <a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/">Naked Capitalism</a> finance blog finished #1 in London-based <a href="http://www.mindfulmoney.co.uk/">MindfulMoney's</a> recent survey of the <b>"Twenty Most Influential Blogs in Financial Media."</b> These blogs, the survey concludes, are running rings around mainstream financial media:<br /><blockquote>The research confirms the existence of a network of investment super-connectors with extraordinary media influence and reach. These super-connected new influentials are, for the most part, not well established voices in the media but <b>individual bloggers </b>who fiercely champion their independence….In the US, the network functions as the unofficial voice of Wall Street &amp; the US federal bank <b>with no mainstream media players at the centre of the network</b>.</blockquote>MindfulMoney bills itself as "<i>The </i>social news and knowledge network for the investment community."&nbsp; Their 54 page report describes not 20 but 50 finance blogs. Sadly a few first rate writers are missing: I especially miss <a href="http://www.interfluidity.com/">Steve Randy Waldman's Interfluidity</a>, <a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=listByAuthor&amp;authorFirst=Mike&amp;authorName=Whitney">Michael Whitney</a> (not a blogger, and political, but very sharp) and <a href="http://michael-hudson.com/">Michael Hudson's Website</a> (again not a blog, but profoundly sharp). On the whole, the survey seems thoughtfully done. You can access it, full screen size, via the graphic below. In two steps. First, click the lower left orange/blue icon. On the screen that appears, click the lower left "Full" to get a full screen. Use arrows to scroll through pages.<br /><div id="__ss_6503515" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;"><b style="display: block; margin: 12px 0pt 4px;"><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/MarcoNappolini1/social-finance-the-new-influentials" title="Social Finance: The New influentials">Social Finance:&nbsp; The New influentials</a></b><object height="355" id="__sse6503515" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=socialfinance-thenewinfluentials-110110053440-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=social-finance-the-new-influentials&amp;userName=MarcoNappolini1" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed name="__sse6503515" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=socialfinance-thenewinfluentials-110110053440-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=social-finance-the-new-influentials&amp;userName=MarcoNappolini1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><br /><div style="padding: 5px 0pt 12px;"></div></div>Thank goodness for these expert, independent-minded finance bloggers. In a world of government by Wall Street, they alone may be separating us from <i>complete</i> financial mismanagement.</div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2011/01/where-action-is-in-financial-news.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-5340921631363316160Sun, 07 Nov 2010 17:06:00 +00002014-04-03T17:50:56.014-05:00gilded ageincome disparityoligarchyrich/poor divideRich and Poor in America: a Second Gilded Age?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor under President Clinton, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-reich/the-perfect-storm_1_b_767387.html">writes</a> that "The top <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TNlTeHGcVTI/AAAAAAAAATQ/AFwWRDzcYo4/s1600/Thomas%2BNast.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TNlTeHGcVTI/AAAAAAAAATQ/AFwWRDzcYo4/s320/Thomas%2BNast.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5537548993595987250" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 235px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 320px;" /></a>one-tenth of one percent of Americans now earn as much as the bottom 120 million of us." Wow. Here are some takes on this topic. Most are liberal and alarmist in outlook. They make a strong case. But the long list below - it's almost an archive - also has opposing viewpoints, conservative and libertarian. Plus one by a sociologist who maintains that rich people are more stressed and overworked than other people.<br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br />• Riobert Lieberman, <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67046/robert-c-lieberman/why-the-rich-are-getting-richer?page=show">Why the Rich Are Getting Richer: American Politics and the Second Gilded Age</a>, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2011 "The dramatic growth of inequality, then, is the result not of the "natural" workings of the market but of four decades' worth of deliberate political choices."<br />• Brian Domitrovic, <a href="http://blogs.forbes.com/briandomitrovic/2010/12/28/the-bitter-fruits-of-equality/?boxes=opinionschannellatest">The Bitter Fruits of Equality</a>, Forbes, 12/28/10. ". . . in reality, what happens given high taxes is that the rich see themselves through very well . . . , while good livelihoods for the rank-and-file become ever more elusive."<br />• Chris Hedges <a href="http://www.opednews.com/a/122351?show=votes#allcomments">"Power and the Tiny Acts of Rebellion</a>" OpEdNews, 11/10.&nbsp; Tiny acts or large?&nbsp; <br />• Charles Blow, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/opinion/06blow.html?ref=charles_m_blow">The Great American Cleaving</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times</span> 11/5/10 "That ripping sound you hear [after the 2010 Congressional midterm elections] is the fabric of a nation."<br />• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reich">Robert Reich</a>, <style>@font-face { font-family: "Times"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }h1 { margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }span.Heading1Char { font-family: Times; font-weight: bold; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; </style><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-reich/the-perfect-storm_1_b_767387.html"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Perfect Storm That Threatens American Democracy</span></a>, </span> Huffington Post, 10/20/10. "The perfect storm: An unprecedented concentration of income and wealth at the top; a record amount of secret money flooding our democracy; and a public becoming increasingly angry and cynical about a government that's raising its taxes, reducing its services, and unable to get it back to work. We're losing our democracy to a different system. It's called plutocracy."<br />• Robert Reich, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/opinion/03reich.html">How to End the Great Recession</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times</span>, 9/2/10. Labor day. "Policies that generate more widely shared prosperity lead to stronger and more sustainable economic growth — and that’s good for everyone. The rich are better off with a smaller percentage of a fast-growing economy than a larger share of an economy that’s barely moving. That’s the Labor Day lesson we learned decades ago; until we remember it again, we’ll be stuck in the Great Recession."<br />• James Kwak, <a href="http://www.thestraddler.com/20106/piece2.php">Advancing Oligarchy</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">The Stradler</span>, Fall 2010. A deliberative piece, not as strong as its title suggests. Kwak and Simon Johnson of MIT wrote <a href="http://www.amazon.com/13-Bankers-Takeover-Financial-Meltdown/dp/030747660X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1293812717&amp;sr=8-1">13 bankers</a>, which takes "a highly critical stance toward recent palliative measures, arguing that nationalization of the banks would have been preferable to the bailouts, which have allowed the banks to further consolidate power and resources. Given the swelling size of the six megabanks, the authors make a persuasive case that the financial system cannot be secure until those banks that are too big to fail are somehow broken up." (Publishers Weekly)<br />• Bill Moyers, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSoglDcRbAg">Plutocracy and Democracy Don't Mix,</a> 4 minute YouTube video, 5/2/10. Moyers quotes from the 2005 Citigroup "Plutonomy" client memo to argue that America, thanks to "market-friendly governments," is now a plutocracy. "Democracy," he concludes, "only works when we claim it as our own."<br />• Gus Lubin, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/15-charts-about-wealth-and-inequality-in-america-2010-4">15 Mind-Blowing Facts about Wealth and Inequality in America</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Business Insider</span>, 4/9/10 Amazing charts &amp; graphs.<br />• Christopher Caldwell, <a href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/american-oligarchy">American Oligarchy</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">The Weekly Standard</span>, 5/1/10. Thoughtful response to Johanson and Kwak. "But are the banks in fact too big to fail? Not necessarily. The banks are certainly too big to fail without destroying the economy. But that is not the same as saying they are too big to fail. The first duty of a sovereign public is to defend its sovereignty, not to prop up its banking system. The public is in a mood to risk cutting off its nose to spite its face. If voters are again offered a choice between bailouts and a likely second Great Depression, it is by no means certain they will choose the bailouts. "<br />• Associated Press, <span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span><a href="http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nearly-half-of-US-households-apf-1105567323.html?x=0&amp;.v=1">Nearly Half of U.S. Households Escape Fed Income Tax</a>, 4/7/10<br />• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Johnson_%28economist%29">Simon Johnson</a>, <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/05/the-quiet-coup/7364/">The Quiet Coup</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">The Atlantic</span> 5/2009<br />• Dalton Conley, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/opinion/02conley.html?em">Rich Man's Burden</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times,</span> 9/2/08<br />• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Moyers">Bill Moyers</a> and Steve Fraser on the Second Gilded Age on <a href="http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/06132008/watch3.html">Bill Moyers Journal</a>, 6/13/2008<br />• Elizabeth Gudrais, <a href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2008/07/unequal-america-html">Unequal America</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Harvard Magazine</span>, 7/2008<br />• Steve Fraser, <a href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2008/04/28/gilded_age">The Gilded Age, Past and Present</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">Salon.com</span>, 5/28/08<br /><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118556827166980631.html">Rich Man, Boor Man</a> Wall Street Journal, /28/07<br />• Thomas Sowell, <a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219581/dangerous-obsession/thomas-sowell#">A Dangerous Obsession</a>, <span style="font-style: italic;">National Review</span>, 12/26/06<br />• <style>@font-face { font-family: "Times"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; } </style> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cay_Johnston">David Cay Johnston</a>, <span style="font-family: Times;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/28/business/28tax.html">'04 Income In U.S. Was Below 2000 Level,</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times, </span>11/28/06</span><br />• Stephen Fleischman, <a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/fleischman09022006.html">The Great American Oligarchy</a>, Counterpunch, 9/2/06<br />• Citigroup, <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/6674234/Citigroup-Oct-16-2005-Plutonomy-Report-Part-1">Equity Strategy</a> memo to clients ("Plutonomy" memo) 11/16/05 (noted in Michael Moore's 2009 film "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism:_A_Love_Story">Capitalism: a Love Affair</a>."Relevant <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCYdS1tb0X8&amp;NR=1">excerpt</a> from the film on YouTube.<br />• Paul Krugman "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/magazine/for-richer.html">For Richer</a>" <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times Magazine,</span> 10/20/02<br />• P. J. O'Rourke, "<a href="http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6845">Closing the Wealth Gap</a>," Cato Institute 6/97<br />• The controversial 2005 Citigroup "Plutonomy" <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/6674234/Citigroup-Oct-16-2005-Plutonomy-Report-Part-1">client memo</a> arguing that "The World is dividing into two blocs - the Plutonomy and the rest." Attached by journalist Bill Moyers and filmmaker Michael Moore (see above) 10/05</div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2010/11/rich-and-poor-in-america-second-gilded.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-8323922772112916842Fri, 29 Oct 2010 12:51:00 +00002014-04-03T17:53:16.295-05:00global reserve currencyGoldJohn AuthersJohn Hathawaymeltdownmichael hudsonJohn Hathaway: Meltdown for the World's Monetary System?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">John Hathaway, <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-29/gold-will-outlive-dollar-once-slaughter-comes-commentary-by-john-hathaway.html">writing</a> today for Bloomberg, asserts boldly that <br /><blockquote><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TMrdKmptkwI/AAAAAAAAATA/oojt3K72Hto/s1600/Hathaway.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TMrdKmptkwI/AAAAAAAAATA/oojt3K72Hto/s320/Hathaway.gif" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533478266422006530" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 156px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 156px;" /></a>The world’s monetary system is in the process of melting down. We have entered the endgame for the dollar as the dominant reserve currency, but most investors and policy makers are unaware of the implications.</blockquote><br /><a name='more'></a>This caught my attention. It's the lead piece at <a href="http://www.realclearmarkets.com/">Real Clear Markets</a>, my favorite daily finance resource along with Yves Smith's <a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/">Naked Capitalism</a>. Hathaway's assertion was a shocker for me; it's far and away the boldest statement I've seen in a year about the dollar's status as global reserve currency. And it will shock others, as Hathaway notes: <br /><blockquote>It’s amazing that there is no intelligent discourse among policy leaders on the subject of monetary rot and its implications for the future economic and political landscape. Until there is fundamental monetary reform on an international scale, most economic forecasts aren’t worth the paper on which they are written. </blockquote>This man is no optimist. And he goes on to assert that<br /><blockquote>The prospects for an orderly unwinding of the extreme posture of global monetary policy are zero. Bernanke, <a href="http://search.bloomberg.com/search?q=Jean-%20Claude%20Trichet&amp;site=wnews&amp;client=wnews&amp;proxystylesheet=en10_wnews&amp;output=xml_no_dtd&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8&amp;filter=p&amp;getfields=wnnis&amp;sort=date:D:S:d1&amp;partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&amp;lr=-lang_ja" title="Search News">Jean- Claude Trichet</a> and <a href="http://search.bloomberg.com/search?q=Mervyn%20King&amp;site=wnews&amp;client=wnews&amp;proxystylesheet=wnews&amp;output=xml_no_dtd&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8&amp;filter=p&amp;getfields=wnnis&amp;sort=date:D:S:d1&amp;partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&amp;lr=-lang_ja" title="Search News">Mervyn King</a>, his counterparts in Europe and the U.K. respectively, are huddling en masse upon the most precarious perch in the history of monetary affairs. These alleged guardians of monetary stability, in their attempts to shore up the system, have simply created the incinerator for paper money. We are past the point of no return. Quantitative easing may well become a way of life. </blockquote>Wow. But even as I write this post, I hear market-watcher Art Cashin of CNBC quipping at 1:40 of this clip that "The fear is that QEII, which originally looked like the Loveboat, may turn out to be the Titanic."<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,0,0" height="380" id="cnbcplayer" width="400"><param name="bgcolor" value="#000000"><param name="movie" value="http://plus.cnbc.com/rssvideosearch/action/player/id/1628213854/code/cnbcplayershare"><embed name="cnbcplayer" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#000000" quality="best" wmode="transparent" scale="noscale" salign="lt" src="http://plus.cnbc.com/rssvideosearch/action/player/id/1628213854/code/cnbcplayershare" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" height="380" width="400"></embed></object></div><br />So wow again. A month ago, John Authers of the<span style="font-style: italic;"> F</span><span style="font-style: italic;">inancial Times</span> sounded a <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5db36668-c2a4-11df-956e-00144feab49a.html">note of alarm</a> about the failure of central bankers to reform the world's financial markets since the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008:<br /><blockquote>Two years on, then, the world’s financial regulation has changed less than I predicted. Regulators can argue, with some justice, that they had no choice but to be lenient when banks’ very survival seemed in doubt. Now, they can get tough. But it looks alarmingly as though an unrepeatable opportunity to make the world’s financial system safer has been missed.</blockquote>Auther's alarm sounds like a modulated version of Hathaway's message. More recently, in the October 18 <span style="font-style: italic;">Financial Times</span>, economist Michael Hudson, writing from a global perspective, <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fe549632-db04-11df-a870-00144feabdc0.html">came out strongly against</a> QEII, warning that it will short-sightedly create a world of competing blocs of developed and developing countries:<br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TMrhElO26JI/AAAAAAAAATI/FeF-6Ii9Z38/s1600/mike+hudson.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TMrhElO26JI/AAAAAAAAATI/FeF-6Ii9Z38/s320/mike+hudson.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533482561008232594" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 145px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 119px;" /></a><br /><blockquote>The real threat is a world broken into two competing financial blocs, one centred on the dollar, the other on the Bric nations of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Tentative steps in this direction occurred last year when China, India and Russia, along with Iran and members of the Shanghai Co-operation Organization took early steps to use their own currencies for trade, rather than the dollar. China took a simpler path last month when it supported a Russian proposal to start direct trading using the renminbi and the rouble. It negotiated similar deals with Brazil and Turkey.</blockquote>And Hudson had two recommendations:<br /><blockquote>To deter this the US and Japan should refrain from QE2, even at the cost of lower US growth. An even better response, however, would be new regulations stopping western banks from speculating in foreign currencies, by using heavier reserve requirements or a short-term tax on foreign currency trades and options. Without such steps other countries will soon move to protect their currencies. If they do it will have been US policy short-sightedness, conducted without concern for its effect on developing economies, that will ultimately have isolated the dollar and its users.</blockquote>So what chance is there for the regulations that Hudson calls for? Probably nil, says my cynical self. The banks run the show. I hasten to add that I'm uninformed on this point.<br /><br />Hudson, who sees the 2007-08 meltdown as a "once-in-a-century transfer of wealth" (from the not-so-rich to the super-rich), is himself quite modulated in this column. It's Hathaway who minces no words. So who is he? I guess he's a goldbug. But Harvard-educated. From his bio:<br /><b></b><b></b><br /><blockquote>JOHN C. HATHAWAY, CFA, Senior Managing Director, is a Portfolio Manager and a member of the Investment Committee at Tocqueville Asset Management L.P. Mr. Hathaway, who has 39 years of investment experience, manages the Tocqueville Gold Fund, Tocqueville Gold Partners and separate accounts for individual and institutional clients following a gold strategy. Mr. Hathaway has a B.A. degree from Harvard College, an M.B.A. from the University of Virginia and is a CFA charter holder.</blockquote>In closing, by way of attempting to give balance to the above dismaying thoughts, I offer <a href="http://www.economist.com/node/17361374?story_id=17361374">this piece</a> from the latest <span style="font-style: italic;">Economist</span> about America and Obama doing better than Americans think. The piece concludes:<br /><blockquote>Despite its problems, America has far more going for it than its current mood suggests. It is still the most innovative economy on earth, the place where the world’s greatest universities meet the world’s deepest pockets. Its demography is favourable, with a high birth rate and limitless space into which to expand. It has a flexible and hard-working labour force. Its ultra-low bond yields are a sign that the world’s investors still think it a good long-term bet. The most enterprising individuals on earth still clamour to come to America. And it still has a talented president who can surely do better than he has thus far.</blockquote>Those ultra-low bond yields: do they reflect safe-haven confidence, as the Economist would have it, or any-port-in-a-storm fear?</div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2010/10/john-hathaway-meltdown-for-worlds.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-7915664978235568924Fri, 17 Sep 2010 11:57:00 +00002010-09-17T07:04:14.435-05:00Michael Hirsch of Newsweek Nails It<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TJNZHgvzMTI/AAAAAAAAASE/xuNnGBAhV8k/s1600/michael_hirsh.png"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 128px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/TJNZHgvzMTI/AAAAAAAAASE/xuNnGBAhV8k/s320/michael_hirsh.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5517851954043367730" border="0" /></a><br />September 17 2010<br /><br />Michael Hirsch writes for <span style="font-style: italic;">Newsweek</span>. Here is his Sept 16 <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/16/our-best-economic-minds-are-failing-us.html">article</a> on the failure of modern economics. Important piece!http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2010/09/michael-hirsch-of-newsweek-nails-it.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-2382285071643286788Tue, 18 May 2010 19:38:00 +00002010-05-20T20:10:34.044-05:00Greeceicelandmichael hudsonwhistleblowersThree Cheers for Economist Michael Hudson!!!<span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hudson_%28economist%29">Michael Hudson </a>writes in latest <span style="font-style: italic;">Counterpunch </span>that the "<a href="http://michael-hudson.com/2010/05/euro-bankers-to-greecethe-wealthy-won%E2%80%99t-pay-their-taxes-so-labor-must-do-so/">wealthy in Greece won’t pay their taxes, so labor must do so".</a></span> First time I've heard anyone say anything like <span style="font-style: italic;">that</span>. (I checked and the tax rate in Greece for incomes over Euros 75,000 is 40%. So wealthy Greeks are paying <span style="font-style: italic;">something</span>. But the superrich are probably sliding through relatively untaxed one way or the other.)<br /><br />I respect Hudson and find his article fascinating. People are listening to him in some high quarters these days and I am glad of it.<br /><br />On <a href="http://www.realclearmarkets.com/2010/05/10/">May 10</a>, <a href="http://www.realclearmarkets.com/">Real Clear Markets</a> - a hot source for up-to-the-minute financial opinion - picked up his <a href="http://www.thebigmoney.com/articles/judgments/2010/05/07/silencing-whistleblowers">piece on the need to protect whistleblowers</a> from <a href="http://www.thebigmoney.com/">The Big Money</a>. And <a href="http://search.ft.com/search?queryText=%22michael+hudson%22&amp;ftsearchType=type_news">here</a> the <span style="font-style: italic;">Financial Times</span> gives 15 references to Hudson that have appeared in that paper, including two op ed pieces this year about <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d4c1202c-42a4-11df-91d6-00144feabdc0.html">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dd0831a4-fafa-11de-94d8-00144feab49a.html">Iceland.</a><br /><br />And here is Hudson's <a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/hudson03182009.html">March 2009 piece on the AIG bailout</a> from Counterpunch.<br /><br />Below is a ten minute interview taped in London in 2009 wherein Hudson compares the absurdity of modern debt-creation finance with the common sense of debt-limiting traditions of (get ready) ancient Babylonia. Sound crazy? It's not. Read and think. Impracticable under present circumstances, I suppose, but definitely not crazy.<br /><br /><object width="580" height="360"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/3pwAFohWBL4&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0xcc2550&amp;color2=0xe87a9f&amp;border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/3pwAFohWBL4&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0xcc2550&amp;color2=0xe87a9f&amp;border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="580" height="360"></embed></object><br /><br />Hudson describes the 2007-2008 global meltdown and <span style="font-style: italic;">its bailout aftermath managed by the Obama administration</span> as a "once-in-a-century transfer of wealth". From whom to whom? Basically, so far as I can see, from those who can afford to invest (speculate) to those who can't.<br /><br />You may not feel the alternatives he proposes to the modern system are practicable - writing down home mortgages in the midst of a housing crises to pennies on the dollar, with lenders taking catastrophic losses - but it's hard to dismiss the force of Hudson's reasoning behind them.<br /><br />His May 2006 <a href="http://www.itulip.com/forums/showthread.php?966-New-Road-to-Serfdom">Cover Story for Harpers Magazine</a> - "The New Road to Serfdom: an Illustrated Guide to the Coming Real Estate Collapse" - <span style="font-style: italic;">scroll down a bit to find it</span> - is the most comprehensive description I've seen of the debt-building economic system that for decades has been relocating the cash and savings of most Americans into the pockets of the big money lenders who now manage America's so-called FIRE economy driven by intertwined Finance, Real Estate and Insurance interests. And, I might add, driven by the federal government as well, which borrows from taxpayers to lend to these big lenders. (Thought it's good to the likes of Citigroup and GM paying back their loans ahead of schedule.)<br /><br />All told, I think Michael Hudson, sees it and tells it it pretty much like is.http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2010/05/three-cheers-for-hudson.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-880199738735309553Tue, 18 May 2010 14:15:00 +00002010-05-18T10:17:00.411-05:00bubblesFinancial Crisisglobal economyA New Battle Plan for the Global Economy: Steven Roach to the world's Central BankersIn <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9f165de0-61bf-11df-aa80-00144feab49a.html">today's Financial Times</a>, Stephen Roach says it's high time for central banks to create a "new battle plan" for the global economy. He begins: <blockquote><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/S_KiYycD9iI/AAAAAAAAARU/C0435FYfpYU/s1600/stephen+roach.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 140px; height: 93px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/S_KiYycD9iI/AAAAAAAAARU/C0435FYfpYU/s200/stephen+roach.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5472615043948607010" border="0" /></a>The pace and severity of financial crises has taken an ominous turn for the worse. Over the past 30 years, a crisis has occurred, on average, every three years. Yet, now, only 18 months after the meltdown of late 2008, Europe’s sovereign debt crisis has hit with full force. With one crisis seemingly begetting another, and the fuse between crises now getting shorter and shorter, the world economy is on a very treacherous course.</blockquote> Around 1990, several years after the Japanese central bank in effect bailed out the United States after the stock market crash of 1987, economist David Hale wrote that the global economy, managed now by enlightened (as he saw them) central banks, had entered a phase in which economic progress <span style="font-style: italic;">and</span> regress would take the form of a (manageable) succession of financial bubbles moving from one country or region to another with boom growth and burst bubbles driving movement from one area to the next.<br /><br />But Hale did not anticipate what Stephen Roach, in retrospect, sees as the Achilles heal of the Hale's prediction of a succession of bubbles: the alarming fact of the <span style="font-style: italic;">acceleration</span> of bubbles: the alarming frequency of their occurrence <span style="font-style: italic;">because</span> central banks, in managing one bubble, are unwisely sowing the seeds for the next.<br /><br />Breaking the "daisy chain" of accelerating bubbles "won't be easy," Roach says. But history will help us, he says, and he looks back to the late 1970's and suggests that a second "Volcker moment" is what the world needs now. He sets guidelines for a new approach and illustrates it:<br /><p></p><p></p><blockquote><p>As an example of how this approach might work, consider the task of the Federal Reserve. </p><p>Step One: Announce a target of restoring the real federal funds rate back to its long-term average of 2 per cent. </p><p>Step Two: Lay out a three-year macro forecast of the US economy. For the sake of argument, plug in average real GDP growth and inflation of 2.5 per cent and an unemployment rate that falls back to 6 per cent by the end of 2013. </p><p>Step Three: Conditional on that forecast coming to pass, announce a normalisation plan of nine moves of 50 basis points in the federal funds rate – spread out over 18 months and commencing as soon as the dust settles on the euro crisis.</p></blockquote><p></p><p>I'd love to hear David Hale's take on them. </p><p></p>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2010/05/in-todays-financial-times-stephen-roach.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-2558983279753424591Fri, 19 Mar 2010 14:51:00 +00002010-03-20T07:46:53.262-05:00Wall StreetWilliam D Cohan"The Rot At the Heart of Wall Street"<a href="http://www.realclearmarkets.com/">Real Clear Markets</a> today gave this apt moniker to a fine <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/lehmans-demise-dissected/?ref=opinion">piece</a> by finance writer William D. Cohan, whose remedy for the rot is <span style="font-style: italic;">soooo</span> simple:<br /><blockquote style="font-style: italic;">What if every senior Wall Street executive had to worry that he could lose his entire net worth at any moment — including his mansions in Greenwich, Conn., and Palm Beach to say nothing of his job — if the revenue he was generating turned out to be unprofitable or excessively risky?</blockquote>Does this loser-lose-all system sound impracticable today? Of course it does, given Wall Street's refusal to abandon the winner-take-all system that gave us the financial meltdown of 2007-2008. But as Cohan notes, Wall Street wasn't always addicted to risk: the Great Depression triggered a loser-lose-all system that worked just fine until 1970:<br /><blockquote style="font-style: italic;">As with so many simple and obvious solutions, this one has the benefit of having a long track record of success. Once upon a time — not so long ago — this was how investment banking compensation worked. During the Golden Era of Wall Street, the years between the reforms of 1933 and, say, 1970, Wall Street was a series of small, private partnerships. If a firm made money in a given year, a partner would receive his share of the pre-tax profits. If the firm lost money, a partner was liable for his share of those losses up to and including his entire net worth. In those days, Wall Street stuck to prudent risk-taking.</blockquote>Cohan's <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/lehmans-demise-dissected/?ref=opinion">column</a> then gives a nice overview of the risk-friendly corruptions than <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/S6Oc21XVhPI/AAAAAAAAARM/K06cSgpGzU8/s1600-h/fuld.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 128px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/S6Oc21XVhPI/AAAAAAAAARM/K06cSgpGzU8/s200/fuld.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5450372439900259570" border="0" /></a>began in 1970 "when a small Wall Street partnership — Donaldson, Lufkin &amp; Jenrette — decided to go public." His piece, modestly titled<span style="font-size:100%;"> "Lehman’s Demise, Dissected</span>" actually focuses on Anton Valukas' recent <a href="http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/report-details-how-lehman-hid-its-woes-as-it-collapsed/">2,200 page report</a> documenting the off-balance sheet machinations of Dick Fuld (cropped to look evil, at right) and his crew at Lehman Brothers. Cohan's commentary on key passages of the report is <a href="http://documents.nytimes.com/lehman-brothers-repo-105-valukas-report#p=1">here</a>.http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2010/03/rot-at-heart-of-wall-street.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-8494074523457977147Sun, 25 Oct 2009 13:27:00 +00002009-10-28T06:28:57.208-05:00financial reformForbesLarry SummersRobert Lenznersocial compactWall StreetRobert Lenzner Critiques Larry Summers' new Social Compact between Wall Street and Main StreetRobert Lenzner at <span style="font-style: italic;">Forbes </span><a href="http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/22/sec-derivatives-goldman-personal-finance-investing-ideas-lawrence-summers.html">writes</a> that Larry Summers "has a dream of a new social compact between Main Street and Wall Street - but no details." Summers, Lenzner notes, sounds serious:<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SuRl027jYFI/AAAAAAAAAPU/y9C-IaDRLkU/s1600-h/boblenzner.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 118px; height: 122px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SuRl027jYFI/AAAAAAAAAPU/y9C-IaDRLkU/s200/boblenzner.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5396550212269596754" border="0" /></a><blockquote>In a sober warning, Summers noted that "roughly every three years for the last generation, a financial system that was intended to manage, distribute and control risk has, in fact, been the source of risk--with devastating consequences for workers, consumers and taxpayers."</blockquote><span style="font-style: italic;">Forbes</span> describes Summers' social compact in a separate <a href="http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2009/10/16/afx7011630.html">article</a><span style="font-style: italic;">. </span>Lenzner continues:<blockquote>So, what's Summers' prescription to deal with the crises to come? He is borrowing former Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan's solution for automobile safety proposed in the late 1950s when Moynihan was working for Averill Harriman in New York. The financial equivalent of "guardrails, shatterproof glass and speed limits," for Wall Street is Summers' clever model.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SuRljwwkKnI/AAAAAAAAAPM/rqxOn68nSpo/s1600-h/Larry+summers.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 97px; height: 111px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SuRljwwkKnI/AAAAAAAAAPM/rqxOn68nSpo/s200/Larry+summers.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5396549918555122290" border="0" /></a></blockquote>So where, Lenzner asks, are the details? There are none, he says. And in conclusion he offers this pessimistic and sweeping generalization about human nature: <blockquote>Summers' idea to create a "social compact" between the financial community and the rest of the nation is pie in the sky. It has never existed and never will, I'd venture, because you can't regulate human nature.</blockquote>Ugh - so is Wall Street exempt from the powerful government regulators of human nature in America that include schools, jails and police departments? Is Lenzner is granting exemption from regulation of human nature only in its <span style="font-style: italic;">intelligent free market aspect</span>? Actually, I find myself thinking that Summers' idea of a <span style="font-style: italic;">social compact</span> between Wall Street and Main Street may not be a idea. But if so, I suspect this social compact may be better realized voluntary communication between these two streets than government regulation of one of them.<br /><br />In closing: today the <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times</span> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/opinion/25sun1.html">editorializes</a> on the much ballyhooed <span style="font-weight: bold;">90% pay cuts [and 50% compensation package cuts]</span> to be imposed by pay czar Kenneth Feinberg on top executives at Citigroup, Bank of America and five other big banks that owe their survival to the U.S. taxpayer. Here's one observation: <blockquote>If you read the fine print you will discover that these reductions apply only to the remaining two months of 2009. </blockquote>Over and out.http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/10/in-lukewarm-defense-of-larry-summers.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-6409165605715427157Fri, 14 Aug 2009 13:42:00 +00002009-08-14T09:36:58.539-05:00Chicago WRKScivic mediaCaution! This is not a civic media site . . .<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SoVyJhjWUvI/AAAAAAAAAO0/AW83FvkmxQY/s1600-h/eagles.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 175px; height: 105px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SoVyJhjWUvI/AAAAAAAAAO0/AW83FvkmxQY/s200/eagles.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5369823638660207346" border="0" /></a>Even though it tried to be one. But it didn't work out. Its few readers had few comments on the site's 39 posts going back to May of '08. So the site lacked the dynamic give-and-take energy that sustains a civic media. And recently, in calling for President Obama to replace Larry Summers, it took a partisan and personal turn that - oops - disqualifies it from civic media's non-partisan and solution-oriented character. (One solves a problem not by replacing an employee but by finding the right solution, right?)<br /><br />So I'll not likely be adding more posts now that I'm working to create <a href="http://civicmediausa.wordpress.com/2009/08/11/663/">Chicago WRKS</a>, Chicago's first-ever problem-solving media platform. But I'll leave this blog online because it gathers together a good number of finance writers and economists from<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SoV1jZgK-nI/AAAAAAAAAO8/kX5d6GZOqVQ/s1600-h/wrks-logo-11.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 68px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SoV1jZgK-nI/AAAAAAAAAO8/kX5d6GZOqVQ/s200/wrks-logo-11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5369827381710879346" border="0" /></a> whom I've learned a great deal. They are mostly leftists and listed in the left hand column. I would welcome (and in the future will happily respond to) ideas from the center and right. But if you want to know what's going on in the world, it helps to read folks like these. So for now, thanks for reading - and see you at Chicago WRKS or our <a href="http://www.chicagocivicmedia.com/">other sites</a>.http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/08/caution-this-is-not-civic-media-site.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-4266160428743775246Fri, 17 Jul 2009 14:09:00 +00002009-08-02T07:58:22.565-05:00David Cay JohnstonLarry SummersLawrence SummersMatt TaibbiMike MorganPaul KrugmanKrugman, Taibbi, Johnston and Morgan nail Goldman; Commmenter nails SummersPaul <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0">Krugman</span> may not yet be awake to civic media as the only democratic remedy for America's economic (and soon to be political) crisis, but in <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/17/opinion/17krugman.html">today's column</a> he d<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SmCQeZHPn9I/AAAAAAAAAOk/D5LNsXBxnzg/s1600-h/Goldman_Sachs.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 167px; height: 160px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SmCQeZHPn9I/AAAAAAAAAOk/D5LNsXBxnzg/s200/Goldman_Sachs.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5359442408382635986" border="0" /></a>oes pillory Goldman Sachs as the driver of the financial oligarchy that has <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/200905/imf-advice">usurped control</a> of American government and its <a href="http://www.alternet.org/story/111376/?page=entire">elite universities</a> as well. <a href="http://community.nytimes.com/comments/www.nytimes.com/2009/07/17/opinion/17krugman.html">Comment after comment</a> on Krugman's column is sharp; enough so perhaps to put some pressure on President Obama to recast his economic bailout program and change its leadership. References by commenters to GS critics like <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/matt-taibbis-vampire-squid-take-down-of-goldman-sachs-is-finally-online-2009-7">Matt Taibi</a>, <a href="http://podcast.cbc.ca/mp3/current_20090518_15742.mp3">David Cay Johnston</a> (audio clip from CBC Canada) and <a href="http://www.goldmansachs666.com/">Mike Morgan</a> are must reading.<span style="font-size:100%;"> Morgan himself writes that<br /></span><blockquote style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sadly, <span style="font-size:100%;">what people don’t realize . . . is this time Goldman Sachs and other Banksters have raided our future, as they have control over many of our pensions, endowments and other fiduciary assets. Over the next few years, as people start to realize their pensions are gone, that is when the masses may finally rise up and crush Goldman Sachs and other greedy bastards that have destroyed so much. Unfortunately, it will be too late.</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SmDE5_9toDI/AAAAAAAAAOs/fH0Vic3Sdjg/s1600-h/Harvard.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 96px; height: 107px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SmDE5_9toDI/AAAAAAAAAOs/fH0Vic3Sdjg/s200/Harvard.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5359500057272754226" border="0" /></a></blockquote>At Harvard in the 1960's, my professors would have dismissed language like this as "generating more heat than light." What would their counterparts at Harvard say about it today?<br /><br />One comment to the Krugman column, #5 from Ruskin of Buffalo, NY, was recommended by more readers than any other - about 500 so far. It calls on <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">President Obama to replac</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">e Larry Summers</span>:<a name="comment5" href="http://community.nytimes.com/comments/www.nytimes.com/2009/07/17/opinion/17krugman.html?permid=5#comment5"></a><blockquote>There are clearly MANY people in the Obama administration who have had a han<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SmCQWI7DlkI/AAAAAAAAAOc/9dhN-oEdKzM/s1600-h/Larry+summers.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 125px; height: 137px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SmCQWI7DlkI/AAAAAAAAAOc/9dhN-oEdKzM/s200/Larry+summers.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5359442266597594690" border="0" /></a>d in the extraordinary betrayal of ordinary Americans represented by the policies formulated by Treasury Secretary <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1">Geithner</span>, but the one person I would beg the President to get rid of is the second-in-command, Lawrence Henry Summers, head of the National Economic Council. I can think of nothing the President could do that would more clearly signal to the American people that he understands how angry tens of millions of us are, over the policies which have lavishly rewarded the banks at the expense of the taxpayers, than terminating Larry <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2">Summers's</span> tenure in the Obama White House.<br /><br />Why single out Summers? Because he is so obviously the big enchilada in the economic team; because his insensitivity to common sense behavior for someone in his position led to his "earning" millions and millions of dollars by <a href="http://econospeak.blogspot.com/2009/04/genius-of-larry-summers.html">giving talks</a> [my link] to bankers and consulting for other players in financial services; because he was singularly unsuccessful in the most important job he ever took on (the presidency of Harvard) where his tin ear and lack of empathy left him isolated and rejected by the central faculty of the university. For God's Sake, Mr President, this MAN HAS HAD HIS TURN in the corridors of power - replace him with someone who has a heart as well as a brain, someone who has not lived his whole life surrounded by moneyed people, someone who CARES about the "little people" of this country (to reference Leona <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3">Helmsley</span>.)</blockquote><div class="commentText"><span class="link"></span><span></span></div><blockquote> </blockquote><div class="commentText">As a Harvard Alum, I can say that Ruskin says what I've been thinking for months. Summers really should go, and Ruskin's case for the man's quick departure is just plain eloquent. And <a href="http://www.thestar.com/comment/columnists/article/649540">David Olive</a> at the <span style="font-style: italic;">Toronto Star </span>says it's time for Summers to go, with Laura Tyson a a competent and ready-made "plug and play" replacement.<br /></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/07/krugman-nails-goldman-commmenter-nails.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-7085410458090208732Mon, 13 Jul 2009 22:00:00 +00002014-04-03T17:55:25.129-05:00Barack Obamacivic mediaNew York TimesPaul KrugmanWake Up, Paul Krugman!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SluuxJ4goKI/AAAAAAAAAOU/2I5j81IEuqg/s1600-h/ts-krugman-190.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SluuxJ4goKI/AAAAAAAAAOU/2I5j81IEuqg/s200/ts-krugman-190.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5358068341177098402" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 200px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 189px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">In "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/13/opinion/13krugman.html?em" mce_href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/13/opinion/13krugman.html?em">Boiling the Frog,</a>" New York Times Nobel prize winning economist Paul Krugman today compares America to the proverbial frog that lacks the ability to hop out of a slowly heating pot. So what's making life hot for the American frog? Krugman says it's government gridlock on two critical issues: inaction on a second stimulus plan to prevent potentially crippling unemployment and inaction on climate change. This gridlock scares Mr. Krugman, who concludes:</span> <br /><blockquote><span style="font-size: 100%;">So if we can’t get action to head off disaster now, what would it take? I don’t know the answer. And that’s why I keep thinking about boiling frogs.</span></blockquote><span style="font-size: 100%;">Of course, many Americans vehemently disagree with the liberal Mr. Krugman on these vexed issues. Yet the solution to polarized disagreement and government gridlock obvious: it's a national decision-making process on these issues, available to all Americans.&nbsp;</span><br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">So why are smart liberals like Mr. Krugman so blind to it? To open his eyes, I cranked out and submitted the following to the comments section of his column. (oddly, it never appeared). </span><br /><blockquote><span style="font-size: 100%;">Mr. Krugman, with all respect, the answer to your dilemma has been staring all Americans in the face for years: it has to do with the television and computer screens that mirror the nation to itself. The obvious solution to your problem - which is rooted in the nation's polarizing, ideologically divisive political media - is a non-partisan, issue centered, problem-solving CIVIC MEDIA whose ongoing interactive public forums give ALL Americans an informed voice in the government decisions that affect their lives. This media exists to make citizens and government <i>responsive </i>and <i>accountable </i>to each other in shaping the nation's future: solving its problems, resolving its conflicts and maximizing its opportunities. It creates political discourse at local state and national levels that bring out the best in us, not the worst.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">For years all of the interactive communications technologies needed to create a true dialogic civic media have abundantly been in place in America. One format - the game show format of voter-driven reality TV - is particularly appealing in a civic media context. Why? Because its weekly votes mimic and, in their sequence, actually refine and articulate the great voter-driven game of democracy.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">Just think of what a vital civic media, produced with integrity, could do for the nation. Imagine an ongoing three month contest of ideas starring 16 four-member teams of well-informed, telegenic ordinary Americans who have been charged to compete AND co-operate with each other in an intensive search, broadcast each Sunday night on network TV and 25/7 on the Internet, for the best solution to your problem of climate change. Imagine these 16 teams being able to interview anyone, anywhere with a view to creating "60 Minutes"-style segments that advance their findings on this issue. Now imagine millions of Americans linking up with these teams and then voting their preferences each week, as on American Idol. And finally, imagine the excitement and media buzz as millions of Americans, in schools, colleges, business, homes and government offices nationwide cast their votes for a single winning team.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">Interactive public forums like this would at long last give America the democracy it needs in order to function in an age of information. The winning solutions of these forums would of course be advisory to government and not binding. Market (citizen) demand for interactive media experiences they provide is enormous. So what's keeping mainstream media like the <span style="font-style: italic;">New York Times </span>and CBS TV from creating them? Do these managers and conduits of public opinion fear that ordinary Americans lack the interest, capacity or desire to participate in an intelligent decision making process? Are they afraid that American people, given all the information needed to make sensible decisions on the economic and environmental issues you speak of, will make stupid choices, or choices that do not serve the interests of the powers that be?</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">The implementation of a civic media is critical to America's future. At issue is the Jeffersonian principle of government "of, by, and for the people." Should you, your paper and your readers therefore not give it careful thought?</span><br /><span mce_="" style="font-size: 100%;">When it comes to frogs, I submit that the heat that's about to boil the American frog comes less from the economic and environmental dangers you speak of and more from the reluctance of the powers that be to give all Americans an informed voice in the decisions that effect their lives. The real danger, as you say, is the nation's inability to make decisions, and in our democracy, civic media is the appropriate response to this danger.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></blockquote></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/07/wake-up-paul-krugman.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-45105405280208902Sun, 05 Jul 2009 14:20:00 +00002014-04-03T17:57:15.220-05:00Chuck MertzSaskia SassenThis is Hell"10,000 Home Foreclosures Daily" prompt Saskia Sassen to call for a new economic model.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SlNQxhzyhFI/AAAAAAAAANs/ZlAC4cTKsxs/s1600-h/A09-sassen-saskia_10032009zrh001w.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SlNQxhzyhFI/AAAAAAAAANs/ZlAC4cTKsxs/s200/A09-sassen-saskia_10032009zrh001w.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355713193693054034" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 151px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 357px;" /></a>At this site, we've been mulling over the idea of <span style="font-style: italic;">economic models</span> <a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-economy.html">since last Februar</a><a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-economy.html">y</a> and pondering the possibile need for a new one here in the USA. I just found what could be a seminal article on this topic, "<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/too-big-to-save-the-end-of-financial-capitalism-0">Too big to save: the end of </a></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/too-big-to-save-the-end-of-financial-capitalism-0">fina</a></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/too-big-to-save-the-end-of-financial-capitalism-0">ncial capitalism</a>," by <a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/Saskia_Sassen.jsp">Saskia Sassen</a></span><a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/Saskia_Sassen.jsp"><b></b></a>, a professor of sociology at Columbia University, New York, and at the London School of Economics. It appeared last April at Opendemocracy.com. It begins as follows: <br /><blockquote>The misnamed "Group of Twenty" (<a href="http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx">G20</a>) meets in London on 2 April 2009 to discuss how to save the global financial system. It is too late. The evidence is in: we don't have the resources to save this system - even if we wanted to. It has become too big to save: the value of global financial assets is several times the size of global gross national product (GDP). The real challenge is not to save this system but to definancialise our economies, as a prelude to move beyond the current model of capitalism. Why should the value of financial assets stay at almost four times the overall GDP of the European Union, and even more of the United States. What do everyday citizens - or the planet - gain from such excess?</blockquote>Sassen has a strong term to describe the predatory practices of the existing model of capitalism: <br /><blockquote>A defining feature of the period that begins in the 1980s is the use of extremely complex instruments to engage in new forms of <i>primitive accumulation</i>, with taxpayers' money the last frontier for extraction.</blockquote>And here, says Sassen, is what primitive accumulation has been designed to do: <br /><a name='more'></a><br /><blockquote>Finance has created some of the most complicated financial instruments in order to extract the meagre savings of modest households: by offering credit for goods they may not need and (even more seriously) promising the possibility of owning a house.</blockquote>The outcomes of primitive accumulation, in Sassen's account, recall those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goose_That_Laid_the_Golden_Eggs">Aesop's story</a> of the man who killed the goose that laid the golden eggs: <br /><blockquote>Thus in the United States - ground zero for these forms of primitive accumulation - <span style="color: #ffff33;">an average of 10,000 homeowners have been losing their home to </span><a href="http://www.nhi.org/resources/foreclosure/" style="color: #ffff33;">foreclosures</a><span style="color: #ffff33;"> </span><i style="color: #ffff33;">every day</i><span style="color: #ffff33;">.</span> An estimated 10-to-12 million households in the US will not be able to pay their mortgages over the next four years; under current conditions they would lose their home. This is a brutal form of primitive accumulation: presented with the possibility (which is mostly a fantasy, a lie) of owning a house, many people of modest income will put whatever few savings or future earnings they have into a down-payment.</blockquote>This, it would seem, is not how democracy should work. Let me interject a question. How would the Amerian people react today if President Obama were use language like this? Would citizens support him? Would he alienate the financial community and the U. S Chamber of Commerce? Getting back to Sassen, how true this observation of hers? <br /><blockquote>The difference of the current crisis [and prior ones] is precisely that financialised capitalism has <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521457385">reached</a> the limits of its own logic. It has been extremely successful at extracting value from all economic sectors through their financialising. It has penetrated such a large part of each national economy (in the highly developed world especially) that the parts of the economy where it can go to extract non-financial capital for its own rescue have become too small to provide the amount of capital needed to rescue the financial system as a whole.</blockquote>Score one scarcity, zero for abundance. But how does Sassen think this crisis can be solved? <br /><blockquote>The implication of the foregoing is that two major challenges need to be faced: <br />▪ the need to definancialise the major economies <br />▪ the need to move out of the current model of capitalism. </blockquote>She calls for a transition, or bridge, to a new model: <br /><blockquote>If seen in this light, the financial "crisis" could serve as one of the bridges into a new type of social order. It could help all involved - citizens and activists, NGOs and researchers, local communities and networks, democratic governments - to refocus on the work that needs to be done to house all people, clean our water, <a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/beyond-the-triple-crisis-a-green-new-deal">green</a> our buildings and cities, develop sustainable agriculture (including urban agriculture), and provide healthcare for all. This innovative order would employ all those interested in working. When all the work that needs to be done is listed, the notion of mass unemployment makes little sense.</blockquote>This is not socialism. It's capitalism renewed and designed to meet the needs of all citizens, not just those dedicated to <span style="font-style: italic;">wealth generation</span>.<br /><br />Sassen was recently interviewed by Chuck Mertz on <a href="http://www.thisishell.net/">This Is Hell</a>. Here's Chuck's hellish <a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SlNR0foQ7bI/AAAAAAAAAN0/XtPPtT_8TGE/s1600-h/bigface.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SlNR0foQ7bI/AAAAAAAAAN0/XtPPtT_8TGE/s200/bigface.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355714344159079858" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 158px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 160px;" /></a>image. Don't be fooled. Despite the show's sometimes sophomoric format (e.g., a weekly hangover cure), this is the finest political talk show in America. Very left wing, but still by far the best: 30-minute interviews of splendid guests all the over the world for four hours every Saturday AM. Broadcast on WNUR, Northwestern University Radio, 89.3 on your radio dial <span style="font-style: italic;">and </span>streaming live. Great program, great interview. And a great website with complete archives going back to 2001! Look for the Sassen interview in the <a href="http://www.thisishell.net/archives.html">Archives for July 4</a>.</div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/07/needed-new-economic-model-old-one-is.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-1041989236136744200Thu, 02 Jul 2009 12:19:00 +00002014-04-03T18:01:31.447-05:00Financial CrisisLawrence SummersMartin WolfMike WhitneyThe Danger of Incentives for Bankers to Take Risks with Taxpayer Dollers: Martin Wolf Gets It, Larry Summers Doesn't.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sky_lyG4nUI/AAAAAAAAANg/7Fqk2z6F81Y/s1600-h/too+big+to+fail.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sky_lyG4nUI/AAAAAAAAANg/7Fqk2z6F81Y/s200/too+big+to+fail.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353864712863391042" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 195px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 428px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> Martin Wolf of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Financial Times</span> said flat out yesterday that the inadequate reforms of the U. S. financial system coming from Summers &amp; Co are certain to lead to a second financial crisis. </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">His main concern? Incentives: the incentives that Summer &amp; Co. have given America's "too-big-to-fail" bankers to take risks with taxpayer dollars. Links to three recent Martin Wolf columns are <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eed3ba7c-659d-11de-8e34-00144feabdc0.html">here</a>, <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/095722f6-6028-11de-a09b-00144feabdc0.html">here</a> and <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5e7dd89c-3f1c-11de-ae4f-00144feabdc0,dwp_uuid=653c5c4a-0ca3-11de-a555-0000779fd2ac.html">here</a>. The first </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">is the most outspoken and urgent. It opens with a warning. </span><br /><blockquote><span style="font-size: 100%;">With one bound the banks are free, or so it seems. Already, the panic of the autumn of 2008 is fading. The period within which lessons can be learnt and changes made is closing. Yet without radical changes, another crisis is certain. It may not even be that long delayed.</span></blockquote><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><br /><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">He goes on to </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">say of the Summers reforms that</span><br /><blockquote><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%;">what has emerged after the crisis is . . . an even worse financial system than the one with which we began. The survivors are an oligopoly of “too-big-and-interconnected-to-fail” financial behemoths. They are the winners not because they are necessarily the best businesses, but because they are the best supported. It takes no imagination to realize what these institutions might now do, given the incentives for risk-taking. </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></blockquote><span style="font-size: 100%;">Wolf has three remedies for this state of affairs: capitialization, liquidity and incentives. He deserves close attention. He is the most widely respected financial writer in the world. And it's amazing how no one of our side of the pond seems to be listening to him. One exception is finance blogger <a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2009/07/even-worse-financial-system-than-one.html">Yves Smith</a> at Naked Capitalism who says that </span><br /><blockquote>Wolf understands the problem, but only alludes to the implications. It is now abundantly clear, to use that Richard Nixon turn of phrase, that the big banks not only have a license to steal, but the goverment now undermines its risks. That plus the failure to try to engineer controlled deleverging (high leverage is systemically destablizing) guarantees that if we do not sink into Japan-style maliase, we will have an even bigger crisis in pretty short order, five years at the very outside. The failure to implement real reforms will cost us dearly, and sooner than anyone wants to believe.</blockquote>If you can stomach this, take a look at the latest column from <a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=13863">Mike Whitney.</a></div>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/07/danger-of-incentives-martin-wolf-gets.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-1199908165097676165Sat, 20 Jun 2009 00:31:00 +00002009-06-20T08:32:03.533-05:00Gone Fishin'<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SjwuLXClpWI/AAAAAAAAAMo/F7I5Xt1rT2w/s1600-h/gone+fishin.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 225px; height: 280px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SjwuLXClpWI/AAAAAAAAAMo/F7I5Xt1rT2w/s200/gone+fishin.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349201230107616610" border="0" /></a><b> </b>I'm taking a break from this site for awhile. For just how long, I don't know. I've decided to put all my energies into creating a civic media platform tapping the "market of the whole" 9.5 million residents of the Chicago area, where I live. <p>Looking back on these posts, I've learned something useful about the economic crisis. I did so by making little jumps. I'd put up a post and then wait to see if stimulus (hah!) for the next post would pop up. It always did. Yet without feedback from readers, these posts came to reflect only my personal outlook, namely that the U.S. (and the world) was blowing its best chance to rebuild its economy on a firmer foundation than that of replacing one house of cards with another - a house of structured private debt with one of government debt. My first thoughts on what constitutes a firmer economic foundation are <a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-economy.html">here</a>.<br /></p><p>The absence of feedback to my posts was a disappointment, but not too much of one given my rank amateur status and the abundance of expert and gifted finance writers online. I did, however, receive emails from people I respect in response to information I'd sent: Northern Trust economist<b> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Paul Kasriel</span></b>, finance blogger <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Yves Smith</b>, Carnegie Mellon economist <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Allen Meltzer</b> and from<b> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Clive Crook</span></b> and (my hero)<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"> </span><b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">John Authers</b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"> </span>of the <i>Financial Times</i>. Now for an old English major, that's good company!!</p> <p>I'm grateful to these folks and to everyone listed on my Finance Links, to the left. <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Nouriel Roubini</b>, you the man, and <b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Meredith Whitney</span>, </b>you the woman. But thanks also to Lifters of the Veil like <b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Charles R Morris</span> </b>(sadly overlooked, a brilliant explicator), Pulitzer Prize-winning tax expert <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">David Cay Johnston</b> (fearless in describing rottenness when he sees it), economist <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Simon Johnson</b> of MIT (whose <a href="http://baselinescenario.com/">Baseline Scenario</a> site is the place to be for finance crisis activists), and so many other others. The individual I most want to tip my hat to, however, is economist <b><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Mike Hudson</span> </b>of the University of St Louis at Missouri, whose <a href="http://www.insurgentamerican.net/download/MichaelHudson/Hudson_RoadToSerfdom.pdf">New Road to Serfdom: An Illustrated Guide to the Coming Real Estate Collapse</a> struck me as overly radical two years but makes more sense to me as time goes by.<br /></p><p>Chiao for now!</p>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/06/june-19-im-taking-break-from-this-site.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-4543786135565446280Fri, 12 Jun 2009 13:15:00 +00002009-06-19T19:37:55.950-05:00Mid-Course Correction<a style="font-weight: bold;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SjJhZQTu7ZI/AAAAAAAAAMA/lGNZqvjIyco/s1600-h/6a00d83451b88369e200e54f13bad18833-800wi.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 285px; height: 421px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SjJhZQTu7ZI/AAAAAAAAAMA/lGNZqvjIyco/s200/6a00d83451b88369e200e54f13bad18833-800wi.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346442794144558482" border="0" /></a> I haven't posted since May 15, when the Dow, at 8268, was 500 points lower than it is today. I've been busy talking about the future of journalism at <a href="http://civicmediausa.wordpress.com/">Seeding Civic Media</a>. Also began <a href="http://www.dailykos.com/user/SteveSewall">a diary</a> about President Obama's $75 billion <span style="font-weight: bold;">Making Home Affordable </span>plan at Daily Kos. But there's another reason. This site, while fascinating to me, has not interested others. Something needs to change. It's mid-course correction time.<br /><br />Posts, my buddy Arturo tells me, need to be shorter. Make one point at a time, let people respond. Makes sense. I'll also look into promoting the site.<br /><br />Meanwhile, the Green Shoots are looking strong in the battle for the World Cup. To me, though, their recent strength is dubious. I can't help thinking that Summers and Co. are building a house of cards - a house of government debt - modeled on the house of leveraged debt from whose collapse the global economy is struggling to emerge. William Buiter of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Financial Times</span> says it all in his June 12 <a href="http://blogs.ft.com/maverecon/2009/06/the-fiscal-black-hole-in-the-us/">piece</a><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>, "The Fiscal Black Hole in the U.S."<br /><br />So where does civic media fit into all this? At the risk of sounding like a scratchy record, let me repeat one simple axiom: neither the U.S. or the global economy will be on a sound footing until citiznes everywhere have a genuine voice in the economic decisions that affect their lives.http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/06/dow-8869-green-shoots-winning-game.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-215063264800769752Fri, 15 May 2009 20:45:00 +00002009-05-27T09:15:56.097-05:00David BrooksEconomic Recoveryglobal reserve currencyNouriel RoubiniSamuel BrittanWorld Cup Final: Green Shoots vs. Yellow Weeds<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sh1Kmh5nFNI/AAAAAAAAAI8/w7jVC3UqJ_A/s1600-h/green+shoots.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 156px; height: 107px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sh1Kmh5nFNI/AAAAAAAAAI8/w7jVC3UqJ_A/s200/green+shoots.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5340506758926767314" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sh1KwhZoApI/AAAAAAAAAJE/vAZZZSLFOOY/s1600-h/yellow+weed.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 157px; height: 119px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sh1KwhZoApI/AAAAAAAAAJE/vAZZZSLFOOY/s200/yellow+weed.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5340506930591302290" border="0" /></a>The match was on when President Obama spoke of "green shoots" as signs of economic recovery. Nouriel Roubini quickly countered by pointing to "yellow weeds" signaling possible continued recession. In recent days the ball has been more on the Green Shoot's half of the field, with the Yellow Weeds getting somewhat the better of the play in a midfield game. No big scoring opportunities for either team over the past week.<br /><br />Notably (at least for this observer) the Weeds have been unable to get their game-changing player onto the field: he's Dollar Crisis, the story of the <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">dollar's beleagured status as the world's global reserve currency</span>. In London he appeared for a moment with the May 12 <span style="font-style: italic;">FT </span>story on "<a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5534bd04-3f27-11de-ae4f-00144feabdc0.html">America's Triple A rating is at risk</a>". But not in the U.S., where American financial media ignored (suppressed?) his brief appearance. CNBC Europe mentioned him <a href="http://www.cnbc.com/id/30716955">here</a> - but <span style="font-style: italic;">not</span> CNBC U.S., so far as could find at the CNBC <a href="http://www.cnbc.com/">site</a>. We've been tracking the <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">fate of the dollar</span> <a href="http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/03/china-and-russia-replace-dollar-as.html">here</a> since March 23. I'm amazed at paucity of coverage of this story in the U.S. Mainstream financial media reject it as mere chatter of the Goldbugs who yearn for a dollar bust and a gold boom. Goldbug are <span style="font-style: italic;">always </span>talking up the immanent collapse of the dollar, yet goldbugs like <a href="http://news.goldseek.com/GoldenJackass/">Jim Willie</a> are well worth following - just take a look at <a href="http://news.goldseek.com/GoldenJackass/1199461473.php">what he said</a> in January of 2008:<br /><blockquote>The year 2008 will be the year that THINGS JUST PLAIN BREAK. It will be a truly deadly year, unavoidably lethal to the US Economy and especially to the banking sector. Nothing has been repaired. Some tangible solutions will be offered in the next section [of his post], all legitimate in a real world. However, we do NOT live in a real world, but rather in a Fairy Tale world of US Hegemony and Wall Street with a choke hold around the entire system.</blockquote>Willie is a libertarian investor with a strong populist streak. He is not alone in his thinking and I suspect central bankers keep a close eye on folks like him. If and when the Weeds finally get their man Dollar Crisis onto the field - watch out. Meanwhile, or failing that, here are some notable Shoots vs. Weeds takes on the topic of economic recovery. <ul><li><a href="http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/13/recession-global-economy-china-green-shoots-opinions-columnists-nouriel-roubini.html">Nouriel Roubini</a> and his team dig deep and offer a region-by-region global survey in "Green Shoots or Yellow Weeds?" (Forbes 5/14)</li><li>Maria Bartiromo interviews <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Nouriel Roubini</span> and Harvard Economist <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Ken Rogoff</span> in this <a href="http://www.cnbc.com/id/30768521">CNBC video</a>. Roubini sees more Weeds than Shoots; Rogoff too. At 5 min 20 sec note their responses to Maria's question about the possibility of the Obama administration's growth forecast of 4% in 2011. (5/15)<br /></li><li><a href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13604663">The Economist's</a> Special Report on the fat green shoots for international banking looks like yellow weeds in <a href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13604663&amp;mode=comment&amp;intent=readBottom">reader comments</a>. (5/14)</li><li><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/Sg3ij9mDTvI/AAAAAAAAAIk/WWG7gK-aCTg/s1600-h/yellow+weed.jpg"><br /></a></li><li><a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ca6a394-40c8-11de-8f18-00144feabdc0.html">Samuel Brittan</a> at FT weighs "Green Shoots and Dud Forecasts." (5/15)</li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/opinion/15brooks.html?_r=1&amp;ref=opinion">David Brooks</a> discusses neither Shoots or Weeds but the health care dilemma confronting President Obama: "If you . . . talk to enough experts, you come away with a stark conclusion: There are deep <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">structural forces</span>, both in Medicare and the private insurance market, that have driven the explosion in health costs. It is nearly impossible to put together a majority coalition for a bill that challenges those essential structures. (<span style="font-style: italic;">"</span>Fiscal Suicide Ahead", <span style="font-style: italic;">NYT</span> 5/14)</li><li>In this entertaining 7-minute <a href="http://finance.yahoo.com/tech-ticker/article/248398/%22The-Worst-Is-Yet-to-Come%22-If-You%27re-Not-Petrified-You%27re-Not-Paying-Attention?tickers=%5EDJI,%5EGSPC,DDR,XLF,GM,RWR?sec=topStories&amp;pos=9&amp;asset=&amp;ccode">video</a>, New York financial consultant <a href="http://davidowitzassociates.com/Biography2.html">Howard Davidowitz</a> demolishes the Shoots story (rhetorically at least - and at least somewhat substantially - listen to his comments on commercial real estate). (Yahoo Finance Tech Ticker 5/15) (Thanks, Yves)</li><li>Big one for the Green Shoots? <a href="http://www.smartmoney.com/investing/economy/acclaimed-economist-says-the-recession-is-over/">Donald Luskin </a>writes that Northwestern University economist <a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3524">Robert J. Gordon</a>, pointing to reduced numbers of "jobless claims" - claims from the unemployed for jobless benefits - says the recession is over. (Smart Money 5/15)</li><li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/business/economy/17view.html?_r=1">Alan Blinder</a>, Princeton economist and former Federal Reserve chairman, likes the Green Shoots but warns against premature tightening of the economy like that of Roosevelt in 1936 that plunged a recovering America back into recession. (<span style="font-style: italic;">NYT </span>5/16)</li><li><a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/beb9b7e8-449f-11de-82d6-00144feabdc0.html">Martin Wolf</a> of FT casts an influential if cautious vote for Green Shoots and for the future of capitalism (5/19)<br /></li></ul>World Cup Final? Let's go it one better. Imagine a <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">global civic media contest </span>with an audience of billions participating in a contest of contests to find best solutions to the world's economic plight. This contest could happen today except for resistance from the world's governments and financial elite, who seem to want it <span style="font-style: italic;">not</span> to happen. The technology for it exists: the contest would integrate the resources of <span style="font-style: italic;">American Idol</span>, telephony, a TV channel like Discovery or CNBC and social networks like Facebook, MySpace and Twitter.http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/05/green-shoots-or-yellow-weeds.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-936193158098732098.post-3401090529902663822Wed, 06 May 2009 11:24:00 +00002009-05-15T17:49:26.344-05:00Bank of AmericaCiticredit card debtcredit cardsKen LewisSandy WeilStudentsAmerica's Big Banks: STILL Crazy to Get College Students into Debt After All These Years?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SgbIKm2_ImI/AAAAAAAAAIU/EYnWDJ-sdcQ/s1600-h/card.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 126px; height: 183px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bEj5L6-r9Rk/SgbIKm2_ImI/AAAAAAAAAIU/EYnWDJ-sdcQ/s200/card.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334170893222355554" border="0" /></a><br />In 1985, American college students graduated with a credit card balance of zero. They didn't have credit cards then. Today, <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">college </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">seniors are graduating with an </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">"</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">average credit card debt of more than $4,100, up from $2,900 almost four years ago</span></span>," according to <a href="http://www.salliemae.com/NR/rdonlyres/0BD600F1-9377-46EA-AB1F-6061FC763246/10744/SLMCreditCardUsageStudy41309FINAL2.pdf">Sallie Mae</a>. The origins of this growing mountain of debt go back to the early 1990's and to a single bank, Citibank, which then was on the verge of bankruptcy. As <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Credit-Card-Nation-Consequences-Addiction/dp/0465043674/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1241610582&amp;sr=8-1">Robert Manning</a> writes, CEO <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Weill">Sandy Weill</a> saved CITI by flooding American college campuses with free frisbees and credit card applications. Given the disastrous outcomes of fast money schemes like this and given also the present life-support status of dinosaur banks like Citi, you'd think they'd no longer be<span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">getting </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">people into debt while they're too young to know any better and <a href="http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/advice/college/20060228a1.asp">keeping them there</a></span>. </span><br /><br />Not so. Although the government has forced big banks to give up most of their failed "debt peonage" home mortgage models, as Mike Hudson intriguingly calls them, the government has done nothing to stop these banks from getting college students into debt and keeping them there. Last week I saw for myself that Bank of America CEO Ken Lewis, for one, is playing Weil's "enthrall the students" game aggressively.<br /><br />It hit me as I entered the lobby of the north suburban Chicago community college where I teach. There it was: two gaily festooned tables chock full of free goodies - frisbees, coffee mugs, key chains - all decked out in banners and streamers in bright Bank-of-America red and white. Two non-white salesmen (matching the non-white majority of the college student body) manned the tables. Me being me, I walked up and jovially asked if I could get a credit card. One of the BofA guys sidled up and in a sugary voice whispered in my ear, "And how would you like<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>a<span style="font-style: italic;"> mortgage</span>?"<br /><br />I laughed and asked if BofA prepares students to be financially responsible. Soon my hands were full of booklets and brochures, one quite helpful on this point. Yet in my very next class, a student turned in an eye-opening paper on student credit card use. It drew from a <span style="font-style: italic;">Chicago Tribune</span> <a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-tc-biz-wed-student-credit-04apr15,0,5842177.story">article</a> based on a recent Sallie Mae <a href="http://www.salliemae.com/NR/rdonlyres/0BD600F1-9377-46EA-AB1F-6061FC763246/10744/SLMCreditCardUsageStudy41309FINAL2.pdf">study</a> of student credit card use. Key findings of the study? Here they are, verbatim. Read 'em and weep. Sallie Mae says that<br /><blockquote>In this time of credit crunch and economic downturn, college students are relying on credit cards more than ever before. Nearly every indicator measured in spring 2008 showed an increase in credit card usage since the last study was conducted in fall 2004. <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Eighty-four percent of undergraduates had at least one credit card, up from 76 percent in 2004</span>,<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"> the last time the study was conducted. The average number of cards has grown to 4.6, and half of college students had four or more cards.</span></blockquote><blockquote><ul><li>Undergraduates are carrying record-high credit card balances. <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">The average (mean) balance grew to $3,173</span>, the highest in the years the study has been conducted. Median debt grew from 2004’s $946 to $1,645. Twenty-one percent of undergraduates had balances of between $3,000 and $7,000, also up from the last study.</li></ul>By year in college, credit card usage and debt also is increasing across all categories—credit card ownership, average balance, median balance, those carrying any balance, and those carrying high balances.<br /><ul><li>Since 2004, students who arrived on campus as freshmen with a credit card already in-hand have increased from 23 percent to 39 percent.</li><li>In spring of 2008, only 15 percent of freshmen had a zero balance, down dramatically from 69 percent in the fall of 2004. The median debt freshmen carried was $939, nearly triple the $373 in 2004.</li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Seniors graduated with an average credit card debt of more than $4,100, up from $2,900 almost four years ago</span>. Close to one-fifth of seniors carried balances greater than $7,000.<br /></li></ul>Nine in 10 undergraduates reported paying for direct education expenses with credit cards—and the average amount they charged more than doubled since the last study.<br /><ul><li>Ninety-two percent of undergraduate credit cardholders charged textbooks, school supplies, or other direct education expenses, up from 85 percent when the study was last conducted, in 2004.</li><li style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Nearly one-third (30%) put tuition on their credit card, an increase from 24 percent in the previous study.</li><li>Students who used credit cards to pay for direct education expenses estimated charging $2,200, more than double 2004’s average of $942.</li><li>The most common education expenses charged were textbooks (76%), school supplies (75%), and commuter costs (54%).</li><li>Food (84%), clothing (70%), and cosmetics (69%) ranked at the top of other expenses charged.<br /></li></ul>Many college students seem to use credit cards to live beyond their means—not just for convenience—and more than three-quarters incurred finance charges by carrying a monthly balance.<br /><ul><li>Sixty percent experienced surprise at how high their balance had reached, and 40 percent said they have charged items knowing they didn’t have the money to pay the bill.</li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Only 17 percent said they regularly paid off all cards each month</span>, and another 1 percent had parents, a spouse, or other family members paying the bill. The remaining 82 percent carried balances and thus incurred finance charges each month.<br /></li></ul>One-third of students rarely or never discussed credit card use with parents, and nearly all undergraduates would like more information on financial management topics.<br /><ul><li>Two-thirds of survey respondents said they had frequently or sometimes discussed credit card use with their parents. The remaining one-third who had never or only rarely discussed credit cards with parents were more likely to pay for tuition with a credit card and were more likely to be surprised at their credit card balancewhen they received the invoice.</li><li><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Eighty-four percent of undergraduates indicated they needed more education on financial management topics</span>. In fact, 64 percent would have liked to receive information in high school and 40 percent as college freshmen.<br /></li></ul></blockquote>Question for President Obama: in light of these findings, what is your administration doing to keep American college students from being further exploited by the very banks whose business models crippled the global economy and whose non-exploitative conduct your administration insists is critical to recovery? And more important, what is your administration doing to make college more affordable for all qualified American students? (<a href="http://civicmediausa.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/using-civic-media-reality-tv-to-solve-the-student-loan-mess/">Here's how civic media</a> can empower college students and others to address and help solve the problem.)<br /><br />This morning I see that BofA stock is <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090506/ap_on_bi_ge/us_bank_of_america_capital_8">rising in early trading</a>"amid reports that it needs $34 billion in new capital." Who's got the barf bag? For students, the <span style="font-style: italic;">Tribune </span><a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-tc-biz-wed-student-credit-04apr15,0,5842177.story">article</a> has these tips:<br /><blockquote>Several student credit cards have interest rates of <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">14.99 percent for those with good credit</span>, according to the Web site <a href="http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/cc/Jan08_credit_card_college_video_a1.asp">Bankrate.com</a>. Federal Stafford loans have interest rates of 6.8 percent. Private-school loan rates average about 8 percent, according to Bankrate.com.<br /></blockquote>http://chicagocivicmedia.blogspot.com/2009/05/bank-of-america-new-citi.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Steve Sewall, Ph.D.)0