RULE 132
Presentation of Evidence
Section 1. Examination to be done in open court
Section 2. Proceedings to be recorded
Section 3. Rights and obligations of a witness
Section 4. Order in the examination of an individual witness
Section 5. Direct examination
Section 6. Cross-examination; its purpose and extent
Section 7. Re-direct examination; its purpose and extent
Section 8. Re-cross-examination
Section 9. Recalling witness
Section 10. Leading and misleading questions
Section 11. Impeachment of adverse party's witness
Section 12. Party may not impeach his own witness
Section 13. How witness impeached by evidence of inconsistent
statements
Section 14. Evidence of good character of witness
Section 15. Exclusion and separation of witnesses
Section 16. When witness may refer to memorandum
Section 17. When part of transaction, writing or record given
in evidence, the remainder, the remainder admissible
Section 18. Right to respect writing shown to witness
Section 19. Classes of Documents
Section 20. Proof of private document
Section 21. When evidence of authenticity of private document
not necessary
Section 22. How genuineness of handwriting proved
Section 23. Public documents as evidence
Section 24. Proof of official record
Section 25. What attestation of copy must state
Section 26. Irremovability of public record
Section 27. Public record of a private document
Section 28. Proof of lack of record
Section 29. How judicial record impeached
Section 30. Proof of notarial documents
Section 31. Alteration in document, how to explain
Section 32. Seal
Section 33. Documentary evidence in an unofficial language
Section 34. Offer of evidence
Section 35. When to make offer
Section 36. Objection
Section 37. When repetition of objection unnecessary
Section 38. Ruling
Section 39. Striking out answer
Section 40. Tender of excluded evidence

3) TESTIMONIAL - Submitted to the court through the testimony
or deposition of a witness.

OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS [Regalado]
1) DIRECT – Proves the fact in dispute without aid of any
inference or presumption.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL – Proof of fact/s from which, taken
singly/collectively, the existence of the particular
fact in dispute may be inferred as a necessary/
probable consequence. It is evidence of relevant
collateral facts.

2) CUMULATIVE – Evidence of the same kind and to the same state
of facts.

CORROBORATIVE – Additional evidence of a different
character to the same point.

CONCLUSIVE – That class of evidence which
the law does not allow to be contradicted.

4) PRIMARY – (Best evidence) The law regards these as affording
the greatest certainty of the fact in question.

SECONDARY – (Substitutionary evidence) Permitted by
law only when the best evidence is unavailable.

5) POSITIVE – When a witness affirms that a fact did or did not
occur (there is personal knowledge).

NEGATIVE – When witness states that he did not
see or know of the occurrence of a fact (total
disclaimer of personal knowledge).

EVIDENCE COMPARED TO PROOF
- It is the result or effect of evidence; when the requisite
quantum of evidence of a particular fact has been duly
admitted and given weight, the result is called the proof
of such fact.

TO FACTUM PROBANDUM
- The ultimate fact or the fact sought to be established. It
refers to the proposition (e.g. victim was stabbed).

TO FACTUM PROBANS
- The evidentiary fact or the fact by which the factum
probandum is to be established; refers to the materials
that establish the proposition (e.g. bloody knife).