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Dyspraxia Dyspraxia = difficulty with actions Dyspraxia is a motor learning difficulty that can affect planning of movements and co- ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body (NHS Direct, 2008). Complex neurological condition Difficulties vary between individuals

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Co-morbidity Dyspraxia is often found in students who also have: Dyslexia ADHD Specific Language Disorders – receptive or expressive Aspergers syndrome

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Case Study- Joe Joe -22 year old 3 rd year student of Politics History of underachievement at school Extra help with handwriting in Junior school 1 st time assessment Arrived an hour early so as not to be late

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Joe -Academic difficulties Difficulties with time management All coursework late Spends more time working than friends Difficulties with taking lecture notes Planning essays v. difficult Fails to answer the Q Tutors comment on poor explanations in essays, rambling sentences & lack of clarity of arguments

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Joe- is this Dyspraxia? Or….. Is he just a poor student with …… Inappropriate strategies for his academic work A tendency to procrastinate Studying the wrong subject Not very able etc.

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Joe- Fine Motor Coordination Difficulties with learning to tie shoelaces & catch and throw Help with handwriting at school School reports – frequent comments on poor presentation of work Very slow at practical work and poor final products The last to get dressed after PE Poor performance on the Morrisby (1%)

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Joe- Spatial and temporal difficulties Can not judge how long things will take Difficult to get timing right when driving Gets lost easily and confuses left and right Time flows unevenly Speech and Language Word finding difficulties

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Case study- Liz Liz – 31 year old 1st year undergraduate Came for pre-exam support Punctual for appointment History of being best student in class Always failed exams Competent mother of two sons Thinking A to E

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Definition? NB: Not everyone with dyspraxia has all these difficulties Existing definitions are often too unspecific or too precise We need something that is helpful with a student population. One way to achieve this is to work backwards from the known difficulties

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Difficulties associated with Dyspraxia In addition to fine motor control and gross motor control Automatisation Sequencing movements and information Sense of time Additional concomitant difficulties Self confidence and self esteem

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