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Summary

In the second edition of this classic work, Ira Lapidus explores the origins and evolution of Muslim societies. The book, now revised and updated, is divided into three parts. The first covers the formative era of Islamic civilization. The second traces the diffusion of worldwide Islamic societies, while the third explores their reaction to European imperialism, and emergence as independent states. The concluding chapters consider Islam's recent history, the formation of Islamic revival movements and global Islamic identities. The book is essential reading for students and for those seeking to understand the Muslim peoples.

Author Biography

Ira M. Lapidus is Professor Emeritus of History, University of California at Berkeley

Table of Contents

List of illustrations

xiii

List of maps

xv

Lists of tables and figures

xvii

Preface and acknowledgments to the first edition

xviii

Preface and acknowledgments to the second edition

xxvii

Publisher's preface

xxx

PART I THE ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION: THE MIDDLE EAST FROM c. 600 TO c. 1200

Introduction: Middle Eastern societies before the advent of Islam

3

(1)

Ancient empires

4

(2)

Religion and society before Islam

6

(4)

THE PREACHING OF ISLAM

Arabia

10

(8)

Clans and kingdoms

12

(3)

Poetry and the gods

15

(3)

The life of the Prophet

18

(13)

Muhammad in Mecca

20

(3)

The Medina years

23

(4)

Triumph and the return to Mecca

27

(1)

The old world and the new religion

28

(3)

THE ARAB-MUSLIM IMPERIUM (632--945)

The Arab conquests and the socio-economic bases of empire

31

(14)

The Arab conquests

31

(3)

The administration of the new empire

34

(4)

Economic change and the new urban societies

38

(2)

Clients, converts, and communities

40

(5)

The Caliphate

45

(22)

From nomadic kingdom to syrian monarchy

45

(11)

The `Abbasid empire: social revolution and political reaction

56

(11)

Cosmopolitan Islam: the Islam of the imperial elite

67

(14)

Art, architecture, and the concept of the Caliphate

68

(6)

The Arabic humanities

74

(2)

Persian literature

76

(1)

Hellenism

77

(4)

Urban Islam: The Islam of the religious elites

81

(18)

Sunni scripturalism

82

(5)

Theology

87

(3)

Mystics and Sufism

90

(4)

Shi'i Islam

94

(5)

Islamic culture and the separation of state and religion

99

(4)

The fall of the `Abbasid empire

103

(9)

The decline of the central government

103

(3)

Provincial autonomy and disintegration

106

(6)

FROM ISLAMIC CULTURE TO ISLAMIC SOCIETY: IRAN AND IRAQ, 945--c. 1200

The post-`Abbasid Middle Eastern state system

112

(21)

Iraq, Iran, and the eastern provinces

112

(5)

The Saljuq empire

117

(3)

The slave states and administration

120

(2)

The iqta' system and Middle Eastern feudalism

122

(3)

Local courts and regional cultures: Islam in Persian garb

125

(8)

Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies

133

(14)

The Shi'i communities

133

(1)

The schools of law and Sunni sectarianism

134

(3)

Sufi brotherhoods

137

(4)

Muslim religious movements and the state

141

(1)

Islamic institutions and a mass Islamic society

142

(5)

The collective ideal

147

(9)

The juristic theory

147

(2)

Mirrors for princes

149

(3)

The philosopher-king

152

(4)

The Personal Ethic

156

(70)

Normative Islam: scripture, Sufism, and theology

156

(2)

Sufism in the post-`Abbasid era

158

(2)

Al-Ghazzali: his life

160

(2)

Al-Ghazzali: his vision

162

(4)

Rationality and theology

166

(3)

Alternative Islam: philosophy, gnostic and popular Sufism

169

(8)

The dialogues within Islam

177

(7)

Conclusion: The Middle Eastern Islamic Paradigm

183

(1)

The formation of imperial Islamic society

184

(3)

States and communities in a fragmented Middle East

187

(2)

Coping with the limits of worldly life

189

(3)

State and religion in the Islamic paradigm

192

(5)

PART II THE WORLDWIDE DIFFUSION OF ISLAMIC SOCIETIES FROM THE TENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES

Introduction: the Islamic world and the rise of Europe

197

(1)

Conversion to Islam

197

(9)

Muslim elites and Islamic communities

206

(5)

The social structure of Islam

211

(4)

Muslim states

215

(3)

Confrontation with Europe

218

(8)

THE MIDDLE EASTERN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES

Iran: the Mongol, Timurid, and Safavid empires

226

(22)

The Mongols

226

(3)

The Timurids

229

(2)

Iranian society and Sufi movements

231

(3)

Safavid Iran

234

(7)

The conversion of Iran to Shi'ism

241

(3)

The dissolution of the Safavid empire

244

(4)

The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman empire

248

(35)

The migrations and Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia (1071--1243)

248

(2)

The rise of the Ottomans (c. 1280--1453)

250

(3)

The Ottoman world empire

253

(5)

The Ottoman state

258

(5)

Rulers and subjects

263

(5)

The Ottoman economy

268

(5)

Provincial administration

273

(2)

The Ottoman empire in disarray

275

(8)

The Arab Middle East

283

(16)

Egypt and Syria in the ``Caliphal'' age

283

(7)

The Saljuq model: state and religion

290

(4)

The Ottoman era

294

(5)

Islamic North Africa and Spain to the nineteenth century

299

(38)

State formation in the ``Caliphal'' phase

299

(10)

Spanish-Islamic civilization

309

(10)

The tripartite regime: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries

319

(14)

States and Islam: North African variations

333

(4)

ISLAM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ASIA

Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century

337

(19)

The western and northern steppes

338

(7)

Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and Farghana)

345

(6)

Eastern Turkestan and China

351

(5)

The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal empire

356

(26)

The Muslim conquests and the Delhi Sultanates

356

(5)

Conversion and the Muslim communities

361

(3)

The varieties of Indian Islam

364

(3)

Muslim holy men and political authority

367

(1)

The Mughal empire

368

(10)

The decline of the Mughal empire

378

(4)

The formation of Islamic societies in Southeast Asia

382

(18)

The diffusion of Islam

382

(2)

The Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Muslim states

384

(3)

Islamic societies in Southeast Asia

387

(10)

The new imperialism

397

(3)

ISLAM IN AFRICA

Islam in Sudanic, Savannah, and forest West Africa

400

(29)

The kingdoms of western and central Sudan

400

(9)

Merchants and missionaries in the desert, forest, and coastal regions

409

(7)

The West African jihads

416

(13)

Islam in East Africa and the rise of European colonial empires

429

(40)

Sudan

429

(3)

The coastal cities and the Swahili Islam

432

(3)

Ethiopia and Somalia

435

(3)

Colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion

438

(19)

Conclusion: the varieties of Islamic society

443

(10)

PART III THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION: MUSLIM PEOPLES IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES

Introduction: modernity and the transformation of Muslim societies

453

(4)

Islamic modernism

457

(4)

Islamic reformism

461

(8)

NATIONALISM AND ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Iran: state and religion in the modern era

469

(20)

Qajar Iran: the long nineteenth century

469

(4)

The constitutional crisis

473

(3)

Twentieth-century Iran: the Pahlavi era

476

(6)

The `ulama' and the revolution

482

(3)

The Islamic Republic

485

(4)

The dissolution of the Ottoman empire and the modernization of Turkey

489

(23)

The partition of the Ottoman empire

489

(4)

Ottoman reform

493

(8)

Republican Turkey

501

(11)

Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity

512

(23)

The nineteenth-century reforming state

512

(3)

British colonial rule

515

(1)

The Egyptian awakening: from Islamic modernism to nationalism

516

(3)

The liberal republic

519

(4)

The Nasser era

523

(3)

Sadat and Mubarak

526

(9)

The Arab Middle East: Arabism, military states, and Islam

535

(51)

Notables and the rise of Arab nationalism

535

(5)

Arabism in the colonial period

540

(6)

The struggle for Arab unity and the contemporary fertile crescent states

546

(11)

The Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine

557

(9)

The Arabian peninsula

566

(14)

Arab states, nationalism, and Islam

580

(6)

North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

586

(34)

Algeria

586

(15)

Tunisia

601

(5)

Morocco

606

(6)

Libya

612

(3)

Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements

615

(5)

SECULARISM AND ISLAM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ASIA

The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

620

(32)

Muslim militancy from Plassey to 1857

622

(1)

From the Mutiny to World War I

623

(6)

From cultural to political action

629

(3)

From elite to mass politics

632

(3)

The Pakistan movement

635

(5)

The Muslims of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

640

(10)

Conclusion

650

(2)

Islam in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines

652

(32)

Dutch rule and the capitalist system in the Indies

652

(6)

Indonesian traditionalism, nationalism, and Islamic reform

658

(8)

Compromise and competition: 1900--1955

666

(4)

Indonesia from 1955 to the present

670

(5)

British Malaya and independent Malaysia

675

(6)

The Philippines

681

(2)

Conclusion

683

(1)

Inner Asia under Russian and Chinese rule; the Caucasus and Afghanistan

684

(48)

Tsarist rule and Jadid

684

(9)

The revolutionary era

693

(7)

Soviet modernization

700

(9)

Newly independent states in formerly Soviet Inner Asia

709

(5)

The Caucasus

714

(4)

Afghanistan

718

(7)

The Muslims of China

725

(6)

Conclusion

731

(1)

ISLAM IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICA

Islam in West Africa

732

(29)

Colonialism and independence: African states and Islam

732

(6)

Mauritania

738

(3)

Senegal

741

(4)

Nigeria

745

(9)

The Wahhabis and reformist movements

754

(7)

Islam in East Africa

761

(24)

Sudan

761

(7)

Somalia

768

(2)

Ethiopia and Eritrea

770

(2)

Swahili East Africa

772

(8)

Universal Islam and African diversity

780

(5)

ISLAM IN THE WEST

Muslims in Europe and America

785

(88)

Eastern Europe

785

(4)

Western Europe

789

(14)

Immigrant identities in Europe: a broad spectrum of responses

803

(2)

Muslims in America

805

(10)

Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival

814

(1)

The institutional and cultural features of pre-modern Islamic societies

815

(2)

The nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation of Muslim societies

817

(5)

The Islamic revival

822

(13)

Contemporary patterns in the relations between states and Islamic societies