bahan pelajaran PARTICIPLE AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

CHAPTER 9

PARTICIPLE AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Specific instructional aims

Students
understand and are able to describe the use of verbs in participle forms and in
participial phrases.

Sub topics

·present
participle (-ing form)

·past
participle (-ed form)

·participial phrases

As we have learned in previous
chapters, there are two types of participles: present participle and past
participle.The present participle is
indicated by “ing” attached to a verb (“ing” form), and the past participle is
generally indicated by “ed” attached to a verb (except for irregular verbs that
have special form of past participle).These participial forms can function as adjectives (called verbal
adjectives), such as: hard working farmer, increasing price, cultivated
land, broken tree, etc.Like
adjectives, they qualify nouns or pronouns, and like verbs, they may take
objects and may be described by adverbial qualifiers.Therefore, a participle with qualifiers or
objects is called participial phases.However, participles are commonly used as qualifiers of the nouns that
follow them.In the following examples,
observe several positions of the participles and participial phases, and the
nouns and pronouns they qualify.

Present and past participles

The following are some examples of
sentences employing present and past participles.

1.Increasing
price of fertilizers and pesticides will impose high production cost on
agricultural products.

(“increasing”
is a present participle qualifying the noun “price of fertilizers and pesticides”).

2.The
government introduces the biological controlas a part of integrated pest managementprogram.

Participial phrases

In the following examples you will
see that the participial phrases may come before of after the noun or pronoun
they qualify.However, the participial
word in the phrase should clearly indicate the noun or pronoun it qualifies.

1.The
“ani-ani” is a traditional tool used by farmers in harvesting local rice
variety.

(“used
by farmers” is a participial phrase qualifying the noun “traditional tool”).

2.Most
farmers living in transmigration area came from Java.

(“living
in transmigration area” is a participial phrase qualifying the noun “farmers”).

3.Plants
grown in a glasshouse are normally free from pest and disease problems.

(“grown
in a glasshouse” is a participial phrase qualifying the noun “plants”).

4.Plants
showing the symptoms of virus disease should be eradicated as soon as
possible.

(“showing
the symptom of virus disease” is a participial phrase qualifying the noun
“plants”).

5.The
microscope used by the scientists in identifying the pathogens is called
electron microscope.

(“used
by the scientists in identifying the pathogens” is a participial phrase qualifying the noun “microscope”)

Students’ activity

Assignment 1

Assignment 2

In the following passage, the
participles and participial phrases are not identified.Pick them out!

Tissue Culture of Guichenotia macrantha

A study on
the tissue culture of Guichenotia macrantha has been conducted at the
Tissue Culture Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Forestry, the University
of Melbourne, from January through to September 1995.The results showed that the application of
plant growth regulators, particularly auxin and cytokinin, significantly
enhanced plant regeneration from single nodeexplantsusing similar protocol applied to other
ornamental species, such as
roseand carnation.It was estimated 15 to 25 millions plants can
be raised within a year from a single stock plant via this method.This promising results will, of course, boost
the application of plant tissue culture technique on the propagation of
ornamental plants.

However,
there are some other problems associated with this technique that should be
overcome in order to obtain success.These include the physiological status of stock plants from where the
culture materials are obtained, environmental condition where the donor plants
are maintained, and environmental condition where the explants were
incubated.Plant materials obtained from
a healthy and actively growing stock plants will produce explants that are
highly responsive to culture.In
addition, plants grown in glasshouse with adequate nutrientand water supply, as well as strict pest
controlmay also provide explants with high
regenerative ability.Finally, the
growing condition in culture roomsuch as temperature, light intensity,
photoperiod, and
medium compositionwill also greatly affect the rate of success
of tissue culture technique.

The result
of our study presented here revealed only one of such factors, i.e. the use of
plant growth regulators.Therefore,
further investigation is required in order to obtain a complete picture of
factors affecting the success of G. macrantha propagation using tissue
culture technique.

(Source
(with some alterations):Zulkarnain.1995.The application of plant tissue culture in
the propagation of Guichenotia
macrantha Turcz.Master Thesis.School of Agriculture and Forestry, The
University of Melbourne, Australia).