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"Causal Argument" Essays and Research Papers

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Topic 3: Argumentation
•Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons.
• Arguments are composed of:
1. Premises
2. Conclusion
• Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false.
• 2 things about statements:
1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement.
2. Not all sentences are statements...

be looking at: (i) the nature of arguments (ii) how to recognise arguments
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teMlv3ripSM
Definition: ‘Argument’ …. a set of sentences such that… …. one of them is being said to be true… …. the other(s) are being offered as reasons for believing the truth of the one.
An argument:
It is Friday, Marianne always wears jeans on Friday so Marianne will be wearing jeans today.
Q1: List the sentences that make up this argument
It is Friday Marianne always...

6.1 COMPARISON OF A POSITION ARGUMENT AND A PROPOSAL ARGUMENT
|DISTINCTION |POSITION ARGUMENT |PROPOSAL ARGUMENT |
|Definition of each |Proposal arguments, however, are arguments in which you |Position arguments are arguments in which you state your |
| |request a change in policy or procedure of something that is|position on a certain issue and then proceed...

Obama. You have justified your points, providing supportive reasoning behind your thoughts. You were able to link theory with practical application and real-world settings. However, remember that in an inductive argument, you cannot guarantee the conclusion. A deductive argument follows the if “this” than “that” format, so it must be true. Please see my attached comments regarding 1 premise/conclusion issue, 1 strict/loose, and 3 in part IIa. I would suggest the following to improve the professional...

THE TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
Normally we classify all arguments into one of two types: deductive and inductive. Deductivearguments are those meant to work because of their pattern alone, so that if the premises are true the conclusion could not be false. All other arguments are considered to be inductive (or just non-deductive), and these are meant to work because of the actual information in the premises so that if the premises are true the conclusion is not likely to be false. The difference is...

Euthanasia: The Argument
Euthanasia is defined as; “the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependant human being for his or her alleged benefit. (The key word here is “intentional”. If death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia.)” Source: www.euthanasia.com/definition
The act of euthanasia is a very controversial issue which has many supporters, both for and against and has been a topic of the world’s media, time and time again. There are arguments both for and against...

﻿Crito Argument
“I do have these things in mind, Crito, and also many others.” (Crito 45a)
In the “Crito”, there are twoarguments, one of which Crito argues for why Socrates should escape the prison, and the second, for which Socrates argues for why he should remain in prison and accept his death sentence. I will assess both arguments and show the strengths and weaknesses that Crito and Socrates both presented in the dialogue. I argue for Socrates, for which his argument is based on the principle...

evaluate whether the Zombie argument against Cartesian Dualism is sound by: criticising the Zombie argument through analysing the validity of each premise of the Zombie argument, defending the Zombie argument against one of its objections and responses from the Cartesian Argument by analogy. This essay will offer reasons to believe the Zombie argument by contrasting it with the strengths and weaknesses of the Cartesian Dualist main argument and the Cartesian Dualist Argument by Analogy and then draw...

Tell me as much as you can about this passage as an argument (especially the parts).
p1. Sun will bring skin cancer.
p2. Rain will bring puddles that we can jump.
p3: Pain is bad, joy is good. If a thing causes more good things than bad things, then it is better.
p4: If A is better than B, then we should like A.
p5. Puddles are better than skin cancer because it creates more joy than pain.
Conclusion: I like rain better.
2. Find an argument from an external source (make sure to tell me where...

ENG122: Composition II
An Introduction to Argument
English 122: Composition II
An Introduction to ArgumentArgument and Rhetoric
An argument can take many forms. It is, at its root, a method for communicating a singular
position with evidence, logic, and persuasion. There are essential elements to all valid
arguments, though they may take different forms.
1. Claim
2. Evidence
3. Counterargument
4. Rebuttal
A successful argument depends upon the delicate balance
between these elements. Imagine a...

﻿Argument and Persuasion Unit Assignment: Rant
Now that we have studied and practiced making persuasive arguments, it is time to apply your knowledge by crafting an argument of your own. Your argument will take the form of a rant, and will be presented to the class.
Step One: Writing
rant (noun):
1. A loud, extravagant declamation (speech) expressed with strong emotion.
To make things even more interesting, use the RAFT “formula” for writing your rant:
Role: chosen by you
...

in the issue and not take responsibility for their lives. Labeling obesity as a disease gives people other factors to blame on being obese instead of blaming themselves.
The author then quotes another medical professional whose argument agrees with the author’s argument, that obesity is not a disease. The quote explains that throughout the years obesity has become more pandemic even though the way our bodies are made today are the same as centuries ago. What has changed between those times and now...

1. Fallacious Arguments
Considering the fallacies discussed in Chapter Four of An Introduction to Logic, construct three differentarguments that display distinct fallacies. Give an explanation of why each makes a mistake in drawing the conclusion it does. Review your classmates’ examples and see if they, in fact, commit the fallacy identified.
Before getting to examples of different arguments that display distinct fallacies I will define a fallacious argument. In our text fallacy is defined...

Possible Arguments
Christy Wernert
South University Online
Composition III Eng2001 S01
Possible Arguments
Human rights are always being challenged by society in one way or another, where some of these issues should be left to the individuals. The three topics looked at today for this essay is just a few issues that society needs to take a good hard look at. The first issue is challenging Women’s Rights and the fact that females should not be able to fly commercial flights. The second...

Analogical Argument
2. Analogue: doctors and lawyers
Primary Subject: travel agents
Similarity: jobs that give public service with years of training
Property: must also give the most safety and comfort in service
Although there are many relevant similarities between the analogue and the primary subject (e.g. jobs that give public service with years of training), they are outweighed by the relevant dissimilarities, most important of which is the difference in the level of training and...

Everyday we encounter arguments in many different places. It could be at work, home, at a gas station, while driving in the freeway, or even just by watching television. Most arguments we hear or take part in are "sound and convincing" but some arguments have logical fallacies or having mistakes in their reasoning. There are many types of logical fallacies that are common and frequently committed which sometimes are used to "psychologically" persuade the reader or viewer. Examples of these common...

The main argument in The Apology by famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato is whether, notorious speaker and philosopher Socrates is corrupting the youth by preaching ungodly theories and teaching them unlawful ideas that do harm to individuals and society. In his words Socrates quoted the prosecution's accusation against him: "Socrates is guilty of corrupting the minds of the young, and of believing in supernatural things of his own invention instead of the gods recognized by the state." 1 Further...

Rogerian Argument, 15% of final grade, 1300 words
Having analyzed a visual argument, a written argument, and your own writing processes, you will now be asked to present two opposing views on the same social justice issue, and, in whatever way possible, propose a solution that would please both parties.
Rough Draft (3 printed copies) Due: 3/18
Final Draft Due: 3/20 by the beginning of class via Turnitin
The Assignment: Using at least three sources, craft a Rogerian Argument focusing on...

argue that an approach to corporate social responsibility that achieves business benefits is nothing of that sort - THAT's just good business. So CSR must be only those things that are of no direct benefit to the business - ie. philanthropy. Cue the arguments about how CEOs should not be giving shareholders money away on their personal causes and projects.
This is just dumb. Nobody says that marketing is not marketing if it benefits the business, or HR is not 'pure' HR if its priorities align with...

Sample paper for propositional arguments
In this paper, I will analyze the following argument in terms of validity and soundness:
An argument is a syllogism only if it is valid. An argument
has a true conclusion, if it is valid. If an argument has consistent
premises, then it has a true conclusion. Thus, if an argument is a
syllogism, then it has a true conclusion.
As we shall soon learn, this argument is valid but unsound.
I...

Recognizing Arguments
In this assignment, you will apply key concepts covered in the module readings. You will identify the component parts of arguments and differentiate between various types of arguments such as strict, loose, inductive, and deductive. You will then construct specific, original arguments.
There are two parts to the assignment. Complete both parts.
Part 1
1a: Identify Components of Arguments
Identify the component parts of the argument, premises and conclusion, for...

Argument from authority
The basic structure of such arguments is as follows: Professor X believes A, Professor X speaks from authority, therefore A is true. Often this argument is implied by emphasizing the many years of experience, or the formal degrees held by the individual making a specific claim. The converse of this argument is sometimes used, that someone does not possess authority, and therefore their claims must be false. (This may also be considered an ad-hominen logical fallacy – see...

which proves that there is no God. This argument is better known as the Argument from Evil (Sober, 119). In this paper I will argue that the Argument from Evil is termed as bad and can not stand as justifiable due to non-conclusive reasoning for why evil cannot exist. I will provide specific evidence for why a particular premise pertaining to the Argument from Evil can be thrown out resulting in the absence of evidence that can rule out God's existence. The Argument from Evil does not incorporate the...

Metaphysics
The “Basic” Argument for Theological Fatalism
Fatalism
Fatalism is the view that everything that happens in entirely unavoidable. Since everything that happens is unavoidable, none of our actions are genuinely up to us and we powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Here is Richard Taylor on what the fatalist believes [“Fate” from Metaphysics, 4th Ed (Pearson, 1991)]:
“A fatalist is someone who believes that whatever happens is and always was unavoidable. ...

﻿
The Toulmin Model of Argument
(adapted from: http://schoolnet.org.za/twt/09/M9_argumentation.pdf)
In his work on logic andargument, The Uses of Argument, Stephen Toulmin indicates three major, necessary parts of an argument, along with three additional, optional parts. The three major parts are the claim, the support, and the warrants.
Claim: This is the disputable assertion for which a speaker argues. The claim may be directly stated or the claim may be implied. You can find the claim by asking...

would be good for local and state governments. “The Comptroller for New York City found that legalizing gay marriage would bring $142 million to the City’s economy and $184 million to the State’s economy over three years” (ProCon.org).
Another argument in same sex marriage is the issue of procreation. Many people who are against the issue believe that because a same sex couple cannot naturally conceive children that they should not be allowed to marry, however if this were the case, couples who...

Mapping an Argument
The first article chosen was Abortion Is a Form of Genocide by Meredith Eugene Hunt. The issue in this article is “abortion as a form of genocide is accurate by historical and accepted standards of the word’s definition” (Abortion, 2010). I highlighted this as the issue because it includes everything the author is trying to prove to the reader. Hunt wants to make it known that she believes abortion is a form of genocide even though the parameters fit loosely. She also points...

Argument Analysis Essay of Saint Joan
George Bernard’s play Saint Joan was written about the life of a French woman in the late 1420’s who was on trial for spreading heresy. The Inquisitor presented a case against Joan to the juries of the church court. His argument opened with an appeal to ethos. Throughout the rest of his speech he would keep up this type of appeal, preferring the approach of ethical appeals to that of logic. Due to his lack of logical appeals, he seemed to revert to logical...

*Metaphors or Arguments*
Metaphors are an important ingredient to speech and argument. It is used to show comparison between two things, a way to create new meaning. Niccolò Machiavelli in his book The Prince discuss of social and political along with his creative usage of metaphors. His ideas consist of Medicine, the Fox and the Lion, as well as The Archer. These are the metaphors that I will be discussing as we go in more debt about Machiavelli and James Kastely thoughts of argument. Machiavelli...

﻿Among Immanuel Kant's (1724–1804) most influential contributions to philosophy is his development of the transcendental argument. In Kant's conception, an argument of this kind begins with a compelling premise about our thought, experience, or knowledge, and then reasons to a conclusion that is a substantive and unobvious presupposition and necessary condition of this premise. The crucial steps in this reasoning are claims to the effect that a subconclusion or conclusion is a presupposition and...

are having, or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument, he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument, he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience, nor, is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake. I think his point is we cannot be for sure what we experience as...

to have many books on the “Best-Selling” List. In her book, “The Argument Culture”, Deborah Tannen takes a closer look at how we as a society have come to view arguing/debating as a normal form of communication. Our inability to look at more than two views at a time, has led us to limit the potential conversations that could easily take place. In this essay, Professor Tannen takes a shot at making us believe that being in an “Argument-culture” is not the best thing for us as a whole. She wants us to...

This revision looks more closely at the second purpose of writing which is examined in Standard Grade English - to deploy ideas and argue.
This means that you are expected to discuss a given topic and to present an argument related to it.
Organising a discursive essay
There are three basic structures (ways of organising) for the discursive essay -
* you argue strongly for a given discussion topic
* you argue strongly against a given discussion topic
* you argue about a given discussion...

﻿
Argument for Paying College Athletes
Stephen Elting
Mercy College
Have you ever heard of a business that made billions of dollars, yet did not pay their employees? Seems pretty remarkable doesn’t it? Well this business is known as the NCAA. According to an article in the New York Times, the NCAA made $770 million from just the three-week Men’s Basketball Tournament, but how much did the athletes who participated in said...

wju.edu/arc/
How Do I Write a Position/Argument Essay?
Having a strong thesis has been important all along in your writing. Having a
coherent form to individual sentences, paragraphs, and the essay as a whole
has been important all along in your writing. Yet here is where everything
comes together, where the various compositional forms (cause/effect,
classification/division, comparison/contrast, example/illustration etc.) may
serve your argument. The good news is that, unless you’ve been...

Course
Date
Determination of a Cogent Argument
Cogency is a term that is used to show coherency of the various premise that contributes to a conclusion that is derived from the individual statements (Audi 235). Cogency thus depends on the premises, if all the premises are true, then the conclusion will be probably construed to be true, the use of the word probably makes it open for any argument to be considered. Cogency is used in inductive argument where observations are used as an inference...

Assignment: Mapping an Argument
January 11, 2013
CRT/205
The article, “Social Networking Sites Can Be Forums for Cyberbullying,” (Foxman, et.al, 2009), deals with the issue of cyberbullying online as becoming a real threat, and parents and educators of middle and high school children must work together to combat antisocial and harmful harassment to make these crimes punishable by law.
In its’ premise, or reason, the article indicates that cyberbullying is more prevalent in middle...

Outline of Rowe's Chapter on the Argument from Contingency in His Philosophy of Religion, Part II
Notes on Rowe on the CosmologicalArgument, Part Two: Four Criticisms of the Argument
0. Review
0.1 Dependent beings: a being whose existence is accounted for by the causal activity of other beings
0.2 Self-existent beings: beings whose existence is self-explanatory, or accounted for by their own inner nature
0.3 The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR): There must be an explanation for (a) the...

addressing our argument to a group of representatives from corporate companies in the country. In 2011 we successfully held a fundraising event which helped us raise enough funding to support the activities of our organization. We used the funding to buy the healthiest vegetables from local farmers and purchase only the naturally raised meat. While our goal is to fight hunger in the country, we also maintain an eco-friendly outlook.
A clear statement of purpose for the argument
After the financial...

The argument from evil
In this paper I am going to use the very popular argument from evil, which was
made popular and originated from the Greek philosopher Epicurus, to argue that
existence of god is highly improbable. I’ll put this argument in the simplest of terms. For
my first premise I am stating that if an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent god
exists than evil does not exist. For my second premise I am stating that evil exists in this
world. When you put these two together...

valid conclusion, I have to collect some data and evidence from other news sources and compare with my findings
2b) it would be wrong to persecute allied for age discrimination, allied has always been a great corporate neighbor.
Logical flaw: argument against speaker.
Comment: this conclusion is very bias because it is accusing the person because of his age, not because of his work.
2c) the decrease in smoking can be attributed to increase restrictions on smoking in public.
Logical...

The writer shows inconsistencies by stating something then states the opposite in it’s reasoning |
7 | State one argument made by the author. | Animal experimentation has changed the world and developed many drugs for diseases. This is one of the arguments the author stated in paragraph two of the article |
8 | Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. | The argument consists of unstated premises and conclusion shown in the 2nd paragraph.Premise: 1. Animal experimentation has developed...

Lorena Burgess
RHE 309S
October 28th, 2011
Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for Legalizing Marijuana
The legalization of marijuana has become a mainstream issue that the nation has become
highly concerned about in recent years. Lately more and more conservative opposers have begun
to change their minds, realizing the benefits of marijuana. Debate followers go as far as saying
that it is no longer a question of if marijuana will be legalized, but when. The shift in viewpoints
...

awareness about the damaging effects of smoking, it unfairly targets women creating an inaccurate stereotype about those who smoke and raises a logical fallacy in implying that smoking will make one less attractive, in order to convey the intended argument against smoking.
The advertisement is successful in demonstrating the harmful ways in which smoking can physically affect people. The black and red colors on the ad symbolize black scarred innards, or even lungs, that are charred due to smoking;...

Right vs. Wrong
In Plato’s Republic, Book 1, various interlocutors make arguments on the definition of justice. Cephalus proposes the definition of justice as “speaking the truth and paying whatever debts one has incurred” (Plato, 331c). I will prove Cephalus’ argument true by analyzing the structure and his use of examples, discussing possible errors in his reasoning and finally rebutting those who disagree. Justice is knowing right versus wrong and acting on that understanding.
Cephalus begins...

Preparing and Writing an Argument
What is a controversial issue?
* We should work hard for more money. / We should work less, make less money and take time off to enjoy life. Which point do you agree with and why?
* In time of economic recession, universities are/are not justified in raising tuition.
* Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to class should be optional for students. Which point do you agree with and...

Arguments against testing
The critics of animal testing base their argument on the grounds of morality, the necessity or the validity of this procedure, whether proper authority to perform such tests is granted, whether such tests are actually needed and whether such tests practically provide us with any useful information. The supporters of animal rights say that animals have the right to live their own life peacefully; and we are not allowed to meddle with them just because we can. (Alternatives...

point these days. In “The Argument Culture,” Deborah Tannen discusses how today’s society no longer honors the noble American tradition of debate. She explains how we no longer want to take the time to listen to both sides and definitely not all sides of an issue. We have become a society that would rather fight and argue, often to the point of violence.
“The war on drugs, the war on cancer, the battle of the sexes, politicians’ turf battles- in the argument culture war metaphors pervade...

﻿Composition II
Eric Sack
Fall 2014
Essay 1 - Narrative Argument
Write an essay that implies a clear claim and uses your own first-hand experience for support/evidence. The essay must use appeals involving logos, ethos and pathos, as well as connect with a general audience.
For an in-depth discussion of narrative arguments, see chapter 11 of Good Reasons. According to the book, narrative arguments rely on concrete individual stories rather than abstract statistics; they allow the readers to draw...

Tammy Chang
Instructor: S. Joseph
English 103
February 25, 2013
Logical Fallacies
Do you want to have a great argument? Then you need to use excellent rhetoric technique and think carefully about what you want to say to persuade others to be on your side. You have to consider the opposition and make sure to address counterargument so that the listener can understand well what you have thought about the whole thing. Especially in modern society, we have more information and comments that can...

Solving
Spring 2013
Assignment 1
Short Argument
(10%=Constructing A Short Argument)
Purpose of Assignment
• This is an individual assignment.
• This assignment will help students understand the argumentation process involved in critical thinking. This assignment will also help students recognize key features and concepts in particular aspects of argumentation.
Objectives
• To help students articulate a short argument.
• To help students understand key terms and...

Vaughn W. Walker
Wilsey-Cleveland
Eng. 100
2 November 2012
Evaluating and Engaging Wal-Mart Argument
Wal-Mart has made American living more affordable. The company provides more jobs and supplies consumers with cheap merchandise. Over the years Wal-Mart has become a big topic of discussion. Author Steve Malanga exonerates the benefits of Wal-Mart. In Steve Malanga’s essay, “The War on Wal-Mart,” Malanga discusses how Wal-Mart has produced many jobs, made shopping equitable for low income families...

Collaboration and Argument
Carmetta C Jackson and Waltresa Mayho
ENG/215 EFFECTIVE ACADEMIC WRITING
JULY 9, 2011
DR Tracy A Boothe
Collaboration and Argument
Collaboration is defined as working collectively with others or concurrently to achieve a
goal especially in a creative attempt to put together the right elements of success implemented to
accomplish something.
Argument is defined as controversy or the implication of expression through opinions for an effort to persuade;...

The Motionless Arrow: Aristotle's Thoughts on Zeno's Arror Argument
Aristotle's thoughts on Zeno's Arrow Argument as represented in Chapter
9 of Aristotle's Physics: A Guided Study can be understood in such a way that it
might not be "next door to madness". In this chapter, Aristotle interprets
Zeno's argument of the Flying Arrow as "missing the mark". There are four
premises for this argument, and in Aristotle's opinion, premise three can be
rejected. He does not believe that time is composed...

Title Examining Different Arguments Related to the Choice of a Career
Assessment Part A: Critically Evaluating an Argument
Build your mindmap.
Arts and Sciences (Advantage): Lots of flexibility in career choices: Overgeneralization
Arts and Sciences (Disadvantage): Leads to a career in food service - 'Do you want fries with that?': Irrational Appeal
Education (Advantage): The best way to make a difference in the world: Overgeneralization
Education (Disadvantage): Guaranteed low paying...

with You”. It was written by ‘Comrades from Cairo’, whom mainly claimed in their article that the Arab spring roots from all the demonstrations happening at the moment. By coming across all points and claims mentioned in the article, I find that the argument of ‘Comrades from Cairo’ is in a weak form as they use unsubstantial support for their claims, logical fallacies and are biased as they deny people’s own voice and experiences.
The ‘Comrades from Cairo’ use unsubstantial support for their own...

Aquinas’s cosmological argument is a posteriori argument that Aquinas uses to prove the existence of God. Aquinas argues that, “Nothing can move itself, so whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another, and that by another again. But this causal loop cannot go on to infinity, so if every object in motion had a mover, there must be a first mover which is the unmoved mover, called God.” (Aquinas, Question 2, Article 3). I do agree with Aquinas’s cosmological argument in proving the existence...

Critically Evaluate the Deductive Argument from Evil
Logically, can Evil and the “three-O” God co-exist in this universe? The deductiveargument from evil says they cannot. In this essay I will explain the argument and analyze why it is valid but unsound. I will do this by discussing fallacious nature of the premise that if God were omnipotent and knew he could prevent the existence of evil without sacrificing some greater good he would then necessarily prevent it. The essay will propose...

Judith Thomson: A Defense of Abortion
Judith Thomson article simply outlines the right of abortion with women. Judith presents the argument that everyone has a right to life. However, throughout the article she underlines key arguments and give multiple examples and analogies to further prove her point. Thomson began by saying that because everyone has a right to life, it is automatically assumed that the fetus is a person, and therefore has a right to life. Furthermore, the mother does have...

﻿English 122: Composition II An Intro to ArgumentArgument and Rhetoric
An argument's a method for communicating a singular position w/evidence, logic, & persuasion. There are essential elements to all valid arguments, though they may take different forms.
1. Claim 3. Counterargument
2. Evidence 4. Rebuttal
A successful argument depends upon the balance between these elements. The claim is the basis of the argument. A big opposing viewpoint, called the counterargument, is constantly pushing...