During its existence a great number of soldiers, sailors and pilots of the Soviet Army were given orders to watch for UFOs and other unexplained events, without any further information. The orders could be handed out quite easily since the Ministry of Defense was involved - thus no questions could be asked.

Institute 22 have investigated around 3000 UFO reports. About 5-10% of all cases remained unexplained when the organization dissolved.

There is a conspiracy theory that Institute 22 was involved in a cover-up of a near-nuclear launch. In 1982, one of the Soviet Nuclear Bases was brought online, and for no apparent reason a nuclear missile was ready to launch. After 30 seconds of panic and chaos, the launch was aborted as mysteriously as it had appeared. Later, witnesses said that there had been some UFO activity near the area of the base - thus the reason for Institute 22's involvement and cover-up.

The UFOs were explained as flares, which the Army was testing from a higher altitude. The nuclear crisis was explained as a simple test.

1.
Ministry of Defence (Russia)
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The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation exercises administrative and operational leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In this capacity, the minister exercises day-to-day administrative and operational authority over the armed forces, the General Staff, the executive body of the Ministry of Defence, implements the defence ministers operational instructions and orders. The main ministry building, built in the 1980s, is located on Arbatskaya Square, other buildings of the ministry are located throughout the city of Moscow. The current Russian minister of Defence is Sergey Shoygu, the historical tradition of military command is considerably different in Russia. The tsars were educated as officers, and they wore military uniforms. Josef Stalin in his years in power frequently wore a military uniform. Likewise, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev was named Marshal of the Soviet Union, by tradition dating back to the tsars, the Minister of Defense was a uniformed officer, with military background or without. The State Duma also seats a large number of deputies who are active-duty military officers—another tradition that began in the Russian imperial era and these combinations of military and civilian authority ensure that military concerns are considered at the highest levels of the Russian government. In May 1992, President of Russia Boris Yeltsin appointed General of the Army Pavel Grachev to the post of Minister of Defence. At least partly for that reason, Yeltsin retained his defence minister despite intense criticism of Grachevs management of the First Chechen War, finally, Yeltsins victory in the first round of the 1996 Russian presidential election spurred Yeltsin to dismiss Grachev. Putin called the changes in Russias security structures coinciding with Ivanovs appointment as defence minister a step toward demilitarizing public life. Putin also stressed Ivanovs responsibility for overseeing military reform as defence minister, what Putin did not emphasise was Ivanovs long service within the KGB and FSB and his then rank of General-Lieutenant within the FSB. Such military and security agency associated men are known as siloviki, as of 2002 there were four living Marshals of the Soviet Union. Such men are automatically Advisors to the Defence Minister, the Marshals alive at that time were Viktor Kulikov, Vasily Petrov, Sergei Sokolov, a former Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union, and Dmitri Yazov. Serdyukov was a former Tax Minister with little siloviki or military associations beyond his two military service. The executive body of the Ministry of Defence is the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and it is commanded by the Chief of General Staff. U. S. expert William Odom said in 1998 that the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, Russian General Staff officers exercise command authority in their own right. In 1996 the General Staff included fifteen main directorates and an number of operating agencies

2.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states

3.
Unidentified flying object
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An unidentified flying object, or UFO, in its most general definition, is any apparent anomaly in the sky that is not identifiable as a known object or phenomenon. Culturally, UFOs are associated with claims of visitation by extraterrestrial life or government-related conspiracy theories, UFOs are often identified after their sighting. Sometimes, however, UFOs cannot be identified because of the low quality of evidence related to their sightings, during the late 1940s and through the 1950s, UFOs were often referred to popularly as flying saucers or flying discs. The term UFO became more widespread during the 1950s, at first in technical literature, UFOs garnered considerable interest during the Cold War, an era associated with a heightened concern for national security. Various studies have concluded that the phenomenon does not represent a threat to national security nor does it contain anything worthy of scientific pursuit, the Oxford English Dictionary defines a UFO as An unidentified flying object, a flying saucer. The first published book to use the word was authored by Donald E. Keyhoe, the acronym UFO was coined by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, who headed Project Blue Book, then the USAFs official investigation of UFOs. He wrote, Obviously the term flying saucer is misleading when applied to objects of every conceivable shape, for this reason the military prefers the more general, if less colorful, name, unidentified flying objects. Other phrases that were used officially and that predate the UFO acronym include flying flapjack, flying disc, unexplained flying discs, unidentifiable object, the phrase flying saucer had gained widespread attention after the summer of 1947. On June 24, a pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing nine objects flying in formation near Mount Rainier. Arnold timed the sighting and estimated the speed of discs to be over 1,200 mph, at the time, he claimed he described the objects flying in a saucer-like fashion, leading to newspaper accounts of flying saucers and flying discs. In popular usage, the term UFO came to be used to refer to claims of alien spacecraft, between 5% and 20% of reported sightings are not explained, and therefore can be classified as unidentified in the strictest sense. The term Ufology is used to describe the efforts of those who study reports. UFOs have become a prevalent theme in culture, and the social phenomena have been the subject of academic research in sociology and psychology. Unexplained aerial observations have been reported throughout history, an example is Halleys Comet, which was recorded first by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC and possibly as early as 467 BC. Such sightings throughout history often were treated as supernatural portents, angels, or other religious omens. On January 25,1878, the Denison Daily News printed an article in which John Martin, Martin, according to the newspaper account, said it appeared to be about the size of a saucer, the first known use of the word saucer in association with a UFO. In April 1897, thousands of people reported seeing airships in various parts of the United States, scores of people even reported talking to the pilots. Thomas Edison was asked his opinion, and said, You can take it from me that it is a pure fake, the largest had an apparent size of about six Suns, he said

4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

5.
Ufology
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Ufology is the study of reports, visual records, physical evidence, and other phenomena related to unidentified flying objects. UFOs have been subject to investigations over the years by governments, independent groups. However, ufology, as a field, is rejected by modern academia and is considered a pseudoscience, the term derives from UFO, which is pronounced as an acronym, and the suffix -logy, which comes from the Ancient Greek λογία. This article was printed eight years after Edward J. Ruppelt of the United States Air Force coined the word UFO in 1951, rainier, Washington on June 24,1947. Media hype in the late 1940s and early 1950s following the Arnold sighting brought the concept of flying saucers to the public audience, as the publics preoccupation in UFOs grew, along with the number of reported sightings, the United States military began to take notice of the phenomenon. The UFO explosion of the early post-war era coincides with the escalation of the Cold War, the U. S. military feared that secret aircraft of the Soviet Union, possibly developed from captured German technology, were behind the reported sightings. If correct, the causing the sightings were thus of importance to national security. It also recommended the termination of the USAF special unit Project Blue Book, as the U. S. government ceased officially studying UFO sightings, the same became true for most governments of the world. A notable exception is France, which maintains the GEIPAN, formerly known as GEPAN and SEPRA. During the Cold War, British, Canadian, Danish, Italian, britains Ministry of Defence ceased accepting any new reports as of 2010. Ufology has generally not been embraced by academia as a field of study, even though UFOs were, during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Even among scientifically inclined UFO research efforts, data collecting is often done by amateur investigators, ufology is characterized as a partial or total pseudoscience, which many ufologists reject. Stanton Friedman considers the attitude of mainstream academics as arrogant and dismissive. Denzler states that the fear of ridicule and a loss of status has prevented scientists of pursuing a public interest in UFOs, J. Allen Hyneks also commented, Ridicule is not part of the scientific method and people should not be taught that it is. Hynek said of the frequent dismissal of UFO reports by astronomers that the critics knew little about the sightings, Peter A. Sturrock suggests that a lack of funding is a major factor in the institutional lack of interest in UFOs. Scientific UFO research suffers from the fact that the phenomena under observation do not usually make appearances at a time. Ufologist Diana Palmer Hoyt argues, The UFO problem seems to bear a resemblance to problems in meteorology than in physics. The phenomena are observed, occur episodically, are not reproducible and they are not experiments that can be replicated at will at the laboratory bench under controlled conditions

6.
Merkabah mysticism
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For the modern Israeli main battle tank see Merkava. Merkabah/Merkavah mysticism is a school of early Jewish mysticism, c, a major text in this tradition is the Maaseh Merkabah. The noun merkabah thing to ride in, cart is derived from the consonantal root r-k-b with the meaning to ride. However, when left untranslated, in English the Hebrew term merkabah relates to the throne-chariot of God in prophetic visions. It is most closely associated with the vision in Ezekiel chapter 1 of the vehicle driven by four hayyot, each of which has four wings and the four faces of a man, lion, ox. According to the verses in Ezekiel and its attendant commentaries, his vision consists of a made of many heavenly beings driven by the Likeness of a Man. The base structure of the chariot is composed of four beings and these beings are called the living creatures. The bodies of the creatures are like that of a human being, the faces are that of a man, a lion, an ox and an eagle. Since there are four angels and each has four faces, there are a total of sixteen faces, each Hayyot angel also has four wings. Two of these wings spread across the length of the chariot and this creates a sort of box of wings that forms the perimeter of the chariot. With the remaining two wings, each angel covers its own body, below, but not attached to, the feet of the Hayyot angels are other angels that are shaped like wheels. These wheel angels, which are described as a wheel inside of a wheel, are called Ophanim אופנים and these wheels are not directly under the chariot but are nearby and along its perimeter. The angel with the face of the man is always on the east side, the Likeness of a Man sits on a throne made of sapphire. The Bible later makes mention of a type of angel found in the Merkabah called Seraphim angels. These angels appear like flashes of fire continuously ascending and descending and these Seraphim angels power the movement of the chariot. In the hierarchy of angels, Seraphim are the highest, that is, closest to God, followed by the Hayyot. The chariot is in a constant state of motion, and the energy behind this movement runs according to this hierarchy, the movement of the Ophanim is controlled by the Living creatures, or Hayyot, while the movement of the Hayyot is controlled by the Seraphim. The movement of all the angels of the chariot is controlled by the Likeness of a Man on the Throne

7.
Roswell UFO incident
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In mid-1947, a United States Air Force balloon crashed at a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico. Following wide initial interest in the flying disc, the US military stated that it was merely a conventional weather balloon. In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the nature of the crashed object, a nuclear test surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest in popular media, Roswell has been described as the worlds most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim. The sequence of events was triggered by the crash of a Project Mogul balloon near Roswell, the military decided to conceal the true purpose of the crashed device – nuclear test monitoring – and instead inform the public that the crash was of a weather balloon. Later that day, the press reported that Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force Roger Ramey had stated that a balloon was recovered by the RAAF personnel. A press conference was held, featuring debris said to be from the crashed object, historian Robert Goldberg wrote that the intended effect was achieved, the story died the next day. Subsequently, the incident faded from the attention of UFO enthusiasts for more than 30 years, on June 14,1947, William Brazel, a foreman working on the Foster homestead, noticed clusters of debris approximately 30 miles north of Roswell, New Mexico. Brazel told the Roswell Daily Record that he and his son saw an area of bright wreckage made up of rubber strips, tinfoil. He paid little attention to it but returned on July 4 with his son, wife, some accounts have described Brazel as having gathered some of the material earlier, rolling it together and stashing it under some brush. The next day, Brazel heard reports about flying discs and wondered if that was what he had picked up, on July 7, Brazel saw Sheriff Wilcox and whispered kinda confidential like that he may have found a flying disc. Another account quotes Wilcox as saying Brazel reported the object on July 6, Wilcox called RAAF Major Jesse Marcel and a man in plainclothes accompanied Brazel back to the ranch where more pieces were picked up. Spent a couple of hours Monday afternoon looking for any parts of the weather device. We found a few patches of tinfoil and rubber. The rubber was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards in diameter, in all, he estimated, the entire lot would have weighed maybe five pounds. There were no words to be anywhere on the instrument. Considerable Scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had used in the construction. No strings or wires were to be found but there were some eyelets in the paper to indicate some sort of attachment may have been used

8.
1976 Tehran UFO incident
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The 1976 Tehran UFO Incident was a radar and visual sighting of an unidentified flying object over Tehran, the capital of Iran, during the early morning hours of 19 September 1976. Journalist Philip J. Klass wrote that it was likely the witnesses saw an astronomical body, probably Jupiter. Klass wrote that pilot incompetence and equipment malfunction likely accounted for the equipment failures. Klass cites a McDonnell Douglas repair supervisors opinion that the F-4s radar could have been in track mode. At the site where the falling light supposedly crashed, a beeping transponder from a C-141 aircraft was found according to investigating Col. Mooy, there have been many cases where planes had equipment failures, and there have been many cases where planes misidentified celestial objects. Once in a while, both will happen on the same flight, the Sightings TV program covered the incident in 1994, interviewing many of the participants. The Telegraphs top 10 UFO sightings, the Guardians top 10 UFO sightings. NICAP. org, Iran F-4 Incident Archived 6 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine

9.
Petrozavodsk phenomenon
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The Petrozavodsk phenomenon was a series of celestial events of disputed nature on September 20,1977. The sightings were reported over a vast territory from Copenhagen and Helsinki on the west to Vladivostok on the east, the phenomenon is named after the city of Petrozavodsk in Russia, where a glowing object that showered the city with numerous rays was widely reported. Since 1977, the phenomenon has often, though not universally. The Petrozavodsk phenomenon contributed to the creation of Setka AN, a Soviet research program for anomalous atmospheric phenomena, in the early Soviet reports the Petrozavodsk phenomenon was referred to as the phenomenon of 20 September 1977. Later it became known as the Petrozavodsk phenomenon, sometimes it is also called the Petrozavodsk incident or the Petrozavodsk miracle. The phrase unidentified flying object in the Soviet Union was substituted by the term anomalous phenomenon for research purposes, most sightings occurred between 01,00 and 1,20 a. m. UTC, when at least 48 unidentified objects reportedly appeared in the atmosphere, several sightings occurred before, at 1 a. m. local time over Medvezhyegorsk, at 2,30 a. m. over Loukhi and at 3 a. m. over Kovdor and Palanga. From approximately 3 a. m. to 3,25 an unidentified luminous object has been observed by the personnel of the Leningrad maritime trade port. At 3,30 a flying object, surrounded by a coat, was reportedly seen by the crew of the Soviet fishing vessel Primorsk. The object appeared to move noiselessly from the east, and near Primorsk it abruptly changed its direction to north, in Helsinki, Finland, the sightings of a glowing ball were reported by newspapers Ilta-Sanomat on September 20 and Kansan Uutiset the next day. The ball was observed by residents, including taxi drivers, police functionaries. An unidentified object was observed near Turku by two men. At the distance of 300 m they spotted an object similar to a lifebuoy,10 m in diameter. This claim was contested by Pekka Teerikorpi from Tuorla Observatory, Ilta-Sanomat also reported a sighting of a glowing object in Denmark, over Copenhagen by the pilots of a Finnish airline aircraft flying from Rome. The glowing objects, that light rays, were also observed in various places of the Soviet Union. The appearance of an object over Helsinki reportedly caused heavy radiotraffic on Soviet territory. In the European part of the Soviet Union bright, luminous bodies surrounded by extended shells, the shells reportedly transformed and diffused within 10 to 15 minutes, while a more longlived, stable glow was observed, mostly in the northeastern part of the sky. The eyewitnesses included paramedics, on-duty militsiya functionaries, seamen and the longshoremen at Petrozavodsk’s port, military, local airport staff, the phenomenon was also observed by the members of the IZMIRAN geophysical expedition near Lekhta

10.
Rendlesham Forest incident
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In late December 1980, there were a series of reported sightings of unexplained lights near Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, England, which have become linked with claims of UFO landings. The events occurred just outside RAF Woodbridge, which was used at the time by the U. S. Air Force, USAF personnel including deputy base commander Lieutenant Colonel Charles I. Halt claimed to see things they described as a UFO sighting, the occurrence is the most famous of claimed UFO events to have happened in Britain, ranking among the best-known reported UFO events worldwide. It has been compared to the Roswell UFO incident in the United States and is referred to as Britains Roswell. The Ministry of Defence stated the event posed no threat to national security, the sightings have been explained as a misinterpretation of a series of nocturnal lights – a fireball, the Orford Ness lighthouse and bright stars. A comprehensive 2009 evaluation by scientific sceptic author Brian Dunning concluded there was nothing unusual about the incident, around 3,00 a. m. on 26 December 1980 a security patrol near the east gate of RAF Woodbridge saw lights apparently descending into nearby Rendlesham Forest. These lights have been attributed by astronomers to a piece of natural debris seen burning up as a fireball over southern England at that time. As they attempted to approach the object, it appeared to move through the trees, and the animals on a nearby farm went into a frenzy. Shortly after 4,00 a. m. local police were called to the scene but reported that the lights they could see were those from the Orford Ness lighthouse. At 10.30 a. m. the local police were called out again, this time to see the impressions on the ground, which they thought could have been made by an animal. Georgina Bruni, in her book You Cant Tell the People, the deputy base commander Lt Col Charles Halt visited the site with several servicemen in the early hours of 28 December 1980. They took radiation readings in the triangle of depressions and in the area using an AN/PDR-27. The significance of the readings they obtained is disputed, Halt recorded the events on a micro-cassette recorder. It was during this investigation that a light was seen across the field to the east, almost in line with a farmhouse. The Orford Ness lighthouse is visible further to the east in the line of sight. Later, according to Halts memo, three starlike lights were seen in the sky, two to the north and one to the south, about 10 degrees above the horizon. Halt said that the brightest of these hovered for two to three hours and seemed to beam down a stream of light from time to time, astronomers have explained these starlike lights as bright stars. Rendlesham Forest is owned by the Forestry Commission and consists of about 5.8 square miles of coniferous plantations, interspersed with broadleaved belts and it is located in the county of Suffolk, about 8 miles east of the town of Ipswich

11.
Soviet Army
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It had 2.4 million men under its service during the Cold War. At the end of World War II the Red Army had over 500 rifle divisions and their experience of war gave the Soviets such faith in tank forces that the infantry force was cut by two-thirds. The Tank Corps of the war period were converted to tank divisions. MRDs had three motorized rifle regiments and a regiment, for a total of ten motor rifle battalions and six tank battalions. The Land Forces Chief Command was created for the first time in March 1946, four years later it was disbanded, only to be formed again in 1955. In March 1964 the Chief Command was again disbanded but recreated in November 1967, the personnel strength of the Ground Forces was reduced from 9.8 million to 2.4 million. Elsewhere, they may have assisted the NKVD in suppressing resistance in Western Ukraine. Soviet troops, including the 39th Army, remained at Port Arthur, control was then handed over to the new Chinese communist government. Soviet Army forces on USSR territory were apportioned among military districts, there were 32 of them in 1945. Sixteen districts remained from the mid-1970s to the end of the USSR, yet, the greatest Soviet Army concentration was in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, which suppressed the anti-Soviet Uprising of 1953 in East Germany. East European Groups of Forces were the Northern Group of Forces in Poland, and the Southern Group of Forces in Hungary, in 1958, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Romania. The Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia was established after Warsaw Pact intervention against the Prague Spring of 1968. In 1969, at the east end of the Soviet Union, the Sino-Soviet border conflict, prompted establishment of a 16th military district, in 1979, the Soviet Union entered Afghanistan, to support its Communist government, provoking a 10-year Afghan mujahideen guerrilla resistance. Throughout the Cold War, Western intelligence estimates calculated that the Soviet strength remained ca.2.8 million to ca.5.3 million men, by the middle of the 1980s the Ground Forces contained about 210 divisions. About three-quarters were motor rifle divisions and the tank divisions. There were also a number of artillery divisions, separate artillery brigades, engineer formations. However, only relatively few formations were fully war ready, three readiness categories, A, B, and V, after the first three letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, were in force. The Category A divisions were certified combat-ready and were fully equipped, B and V divisions were lower-readiness, 50–75% and 10–33% respectively

12.
Aurora, Texas, UFO incident
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The Aurora, Texas, UFO incident reportedly occurred on April 17,1897 when, according to locals, a UFO crashed on a farm near Aurora, Texas. The incident is claimed to have resulted in a fatality from the crash, during the 1896–1897 timeframe, numerous sightings of a cigar-shaped mystery airship were reported across the United States. One of these appeared in the April 19,1897. Haydon, the alleged UFO is said to have hit a windmill on the property of a Judge J. S, Proctor two days earlier at around 6am local time, resulting in its crash. The pilot did not survive the crash, and was buried with Christian rites at the nearby Aurora Cemetery, reportedly, wreckage from the crash site was dumped into a nearby well located under the damaged windmill, while some ended up with the alien in the grave. Adding to the mystery was the story of Mr. Brawley Oates, as a result, Oates sealed up the well with a concrete slab and placed an outbuilding atop the slab. The hoax theory is based on historical research performed by Barbara Brammer. Her research revealed that, in the prior to the alleged crash, Aurora had been beset by a series of tragic incidents, First. Second, a fire on the towns west side claimed several buildings, shortly after the fire, a spotted fever epidemic hit the town, nearly wiping out the remaining citizens and placing the town under quarantine. Finally, a planned railroad got within 27 miles of Aurora, further, in 1979, Time magazine interviewed Etta Pegues who claimed that Haydon had fabricated the entire story, stating that Haydon wrote it as a joke and to bring interest to Aurora. The railroad bypassed us, and the town was dying, the famous Jim Marrs interviewed an eye witness who allegedly saw the UFO crash, also, the Judge’s windmill technically was not a windmill but a three-story wooden water pump tower. The incident has been investigated on numerous occasions, one was broadcast by local television station KDFW FOX4 and two were aired on cable television. In 1998, Dallas-based TV station KDFW aired a report about the Aurora incident. Reporter Richard Ray interviewed former Fort Worth Star Telegram reporter Jim Marrs and other locals, however, Rays report was unable to find conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life or technology. Ray reported that the State of Texas erected a plaque in town that outlines the tale. On December 2,2005, UFO Files first aired an episode related to this incident, the episode featured a 1973 investigation led by Bill Case, an aviation writer for the Dallas Times Herald and the Texas state director of Mutual UFO Network. MUFON uncovered two new eyewitnesses to the crash, mary Evans, who was 15 at the time, told of how her parents went to the crash site and the discovery of the alien body. Charlie Stephens, who was age 10, told how he saw the airship trailing smoke as it headed north toward Aurora