their language proficiency. After it was proved that the two groups were at the same level of language proficiency before the treatment, the time had come to see whether any change had occurred in the proficiency of the experimental group after the treatment. In order to arrive at a conclusion, the mean scores of the... متن کامل

was highest among learners reading the simplified version, but not significantly different from those reading the elaborated version where redundancy and explicitness compensate for unknown linguistic items.” This finding is in contrast with the results of an experiment by Ulijn and Strother (1990) who found that... متن کامل

in the supposed inter language of the learner (Widdowson, 1979). Simplification can be seen as a process in which the teacher or his agent consciously adjusts the language presented to the learner (Davis and Widdowson, 1974). A useful distinction is made by Widdowson (1978) in discussing simplification between what the calls... متن کامل

(4) above should be easier that (2) and (3). 1 Beaumont (1982) suggests that children of 7 would find at least some types of 2 relative clauses difficult to read. She tested children’s ability to understand both subject relative and object relative clauses with and without a relative pronoun, that. Interestingly and contrary... متن کامل

to be incorporated into reading materials.
2.6) Some Sources of Syntactic Complexity Linguistics has had, as one of its goals, describing linguistic complexity that is determining which structures are complex. To achieve this objective, linguists tried to develop scientific criteria to measure linguistic complexity, and later,... متن کامل

f reading material. Although previous studies have generally found that textual Modification improves L2 comprehension, there is still a need of further research in order to confirm their relative effectiveness.
1.7) Definition of key terms1.7.1) Textual modification Is the process of reducing the grammatical complexity of a... متن کامل

attended and the students’ scores obtained on tests were the only representation of comprehension. Problems of reading comprehension were viewed as being essentially decoding problems, deriving meaning from print. This approach, however, could tell little to the researcher about how reading is successfully accomplished.... متن کامل