A combination photo shows Ph.D. James P. Allison of MD Anderson Cancer Center at The University of Texas in this picture obtained from MD Anderson Cancer Center at The University of Texas on October 1, 2018 (R) and Kyoto University Professor Tasuku Honjo in Kyoto, Japan in this photo taken by Kyodo September 17, 2018. Picture taken September 17, 2018. Mandatory credit Kyodo/MD Anderson Cancer Center at The University of Texas/Handout via REUTERS

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By Simon Johnson and Kate KellandSTOCKHOLM/LONDON (Reuters)

American James Allison and Japanese Tasuku Honjo won the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine on Monday for game-changing discoveries about how to harness and manipulate the immune system to fight cancer

The scientists’ work in the 1990s has since swiftly led to new and dramatically improved therapies for cancers such as melanoma and lung cancer, which had previously been extremely difficult to treat.

“The seminal discoveries by the two Laureates constitute a landmark in our fight against cancer,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said as it awarded the prize of nine million Swedish crowns (776,207 pounds).

Ph.D. James P. Allison of MD Anderson Cancer Center at The University of Texas is seen in this picture obtained from MD Anderson Cancer Center at The University of Texas on October 1, 2018. MD Anderson Cancer Center at The University of Texas/Handout via REUTERS

Allison and Honjo “showed how different strategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immune system can be used in the treatment of cancer,” it said, adding that resulting treatments, known as immune checkpoint blockade, have “fundamentally changed the outcome” for some advanced cancer patients.

Medicine is the first of theNobel Prizes awarded each year. The prizes for achievements in science, literature and peace were created in accordance with the will of dynamite inventor and businessman Alfred Nobel and have been awarded since 1901.

Kyoto University Professor Tasuku Honjo attends a news conference after winning the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine at Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan in this photo taken by Kyodo October 1, 2018. Mandatory credit Kyodo/via REUTERS

The literature prize will not be handed out this year after the awarding body was hit by a sexual misconduct scandal. A Swedish court on Monday found a man at the centre of the scandal guilty of rape and sentenced him to two years in jail.

“LIVING PROOF”

Allison’s and Honjo’s work focussed on proteins that act as brakes on the immune system – preventing the body’s main immune cells, known as T-cells, from attacking tumours effectively.

Allison, professor at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, worked on a protein known as CTLA-4 and realised that if this could be blocked, a brake would be released, unleashing immune cells to attack tumours.

Honjo, professor at Kyoto University since 1984, separately discovered a second protein called PD-1 and found that it too acted as an immune system brake, but with a different mechanism.

The discoveries led to the creation of a multibillion-dollar market for new cancer medicines. In particular, drugs targeting PD-1 blockade have proved a big commercial hit, offering new options for patients with melanoma, lung and bladder cancers.

The Nobel Prize laureates for Medicine or Physiology 2018 are James P. Allison, U.S. and Tasuku Honjo, Japan presented at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden October 1, 2018. TT News Agency/Fredrik Sandberg via REUTERS

U.S. drugmakers Merck & Co and Bristol-Myers Squibb currently lead the field after winning drug approvals in 2014, but Roche, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Sanofi are also fielding rivals. Sales of such medicines, which are given as infusions, are expected to reach some $15 billion this year, according to Thomson Reuters’ consensus forecasts. Some analysts see eventual revenues of $50 billion.

Honjo, who is now 76, told a news conference in Tokyo he was honoured to get the Nobel, but that his work was not yet done.

“I would like to keep on doing my research …so that this immune treatment could save more cancer patients,” he said.

Allison also said he was “honoured and humbled” by the award.

“I never dreamed my research would take the direction it has,” he said in a statement on his university’s website.

Kyoto University Professor Tasuku Honjo is pictured in Kyoto, Japan in this photo taken by Kyodo September 17, 2018. Picture taken September 17, 2018. Mandatory credit Kyodo/via REUTERS

“It’s a great, emotional privilege to meet cancer patients who’ve been successfully treated with immune checkpoint blockade. They are living proof of the power of basic science.”

Commenting on Monday’s award, Dan Davis, an immunologist at Britain’s University of Manchester, said “this game-changing cancer therapy” has “sparked a revolution in thinking about the many other ways in which the immune system can be harnessed or unleashed to fight cancer and other illnesses.”

Charles Swanton, chief clinician at the charity Cancer Research UK, said the scientists’ work had revolutionised cancer and immunotherapy.

“The booming field of immunotherapy that these discoveries have precipitated is still relatively in its infancy, so it’s exciting to consider how this research will progress in the future and what new opportunities will arise,” he said.