Kinetic Study of Acetic Acid Synthesis by Methanol Carbonylation Processtextarticle2013perThe aim of this paper is to study the kinetic study carbonylation of methanol using of the homogeneous rhodium catalyst and CH3I as the promoter in acid media based on Monsanto Process. The reaction was carried out in liquid media in the constant pressures 20,28 and 40 atm. and temperatures 170 to185oC, espect to the initial reactant concentrations and CO pressure. It was identified that the reaction rate would be nearly first order dependence with respect to catalyst and promoter concentrations. The activation energy and frequency factor were calculated using of the Arrhenius formula and then the results are compared with those obtained from the literature.
Journal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015

20131325http://pr.ripi.ir/article_267_44027aa8fb17b9f111853d4e3e2f732c.pdfHydrocarbon Source Rock Evaluation by Using the Rock-Eval: Evaluation of the Garu and Gadvan Formations in the High Zagros Area in the North of Dezful Embaymenttextarticle2013perRock-Eval pyrolysis and oxidation are the most widely used methods by exploration companies for identifying and evaluating potential source rocks in sedimentary basins.
In this article, these methods and the parameters resulted from their application are first explained. Then, based on screened data resulted from analyzing 499 outcrop samples by using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and oxidation methods, the hydrocarbon source potentiality of Garau and Gadvan Formations in the high Zagros area in the North Dezful Embayment is discussed and presented as charts.The resulted parameters show that the Garau Formation in the Ghalikuh, Chamsangar and Galeh Tak Sections is a good to excellent source rock. The Hydrogen Index of the samples indicate that Garau Formation is capable of generating primarily oil and less gas in the Ghalikouh Section, oil and Gas in the Ghaleh Tak Section and primarily gas in the Chamsangar Section. “Tmax” values obtained for the samples from the three aforesaid sections indicate organic matter maturity levels in the range of oil generating zone.
Only a 30 meter interval of the 170 meter thick Kuh-e-Fahliyan geologic section from the Gadvan Formation is indicative of a good hydrocarbon source rock.
Journal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015

v.

51

no.

20132637http://pr.ripi.ir/article_268_ddc43fe9ce1c785cf989a0e773a13473.pdfAnalysis of Human Errors Caused by Noise Interference Effect in Isomax Unit of an Oil Refinerytextarticle2013perNoise interference with employee’s speech communication is considered as one of the noise pollution effect in any workplace. These interferences can disrupt communication of necessary and vital data between individuals. And as a result can cause anything from a slight irritant to a serious safety hazard involving accident or even fatality. This study was focused on the analysis of the human errors, which occurred as a consequences of noise interference with personnel’s speech communication Isomax Unit of an oil refinery. The personnel’s speech communications was classified in 3 categories : face-to-face communication of Outside Operator (OO) with Head Operator (HO) , communication of Control Room Operator (CRO) with OO by aid of loudspeakers and telecommunication of OO with CRO through the telephones which have been installed in the site.Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA) technique was used for identification and analysis of communication errors in the above mentioned communication categories.The most important identified communication according to PHEA sheet , was related to the unintelligible and unclear transmission of message which can be judged mistakenly by the receiving person .
By considering the actual sound pressure level in under study Isomax unit (SPL= 92.7db) and comparing it with the graph of weighted sound level versus distance it was shown that face to face communication error is inevitable . PHEA worksheet results showed that the possibility of speech communication errors in all 3 identified categories is very high .
Therefore it is necessary , apart from considering the noise control measure in the Isomax unit , try to fined some proper solution for improving speech communication by using body language an lip-reading , installation of site telephone in on acoustic booth , use of most sophisticated proper loud speaker , and training of personals on how to be confident about transmission of message and warning statements.Journal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015

v.

51

no.

20133845http://pr.ripi.ir/article_269_c44fe5f918859a4cca694f315bef72eb.pdfCauses of Gas Migration Through Cement Slurries and Curring Methodstextarticle2013perIt has been proven through laboratory experiments that the three types of gas migration through a cemented annulus can be eliminated by designing the correct cement mixture. The first type of void and, therefore, gas migration can occur between the casing and the cement. By adding the correct amount of magnetite to the cement, this void, and therefore the possible cause of gas migration, can be eliminated. The second possible type of void generation is between the cement and the borehole wall where the filter cake forms at the borehole wall adversely affects the bonding process. By using a special material, Anchorage Clay, this bonding can be improved to the extent that the gas migration between the borehole and the cement can be eliminated. The third and most complicated process is the pressure changes appearing in the cement during the setting phase.
The correct amount of water as well as retarders is crucial for the best results during the dehydration process of the cement. By adding the correct type of elastomers, this pressure variation during the setting of the cement can be eliminated. Elastomers are known to counter- react the pressure behavior during the setting process.
This eliminates the pressure variations and, therefore, the micro cracks. The three above mentioned effects are strong functions of temperature and pressure, and the cement design for a well would have to be carefully planned since a well has both temperature and pressure gradients with depth. This paper discusses the individual components necessary for gas-leak elimination. The paper gives a clear guideline for designing the total elimination of gas migration during a cement job. In addition, this paper clearly addresses the gas migration problems related to cementing operationsJournal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015

v.

51

no.

20134553http://pr.ripi.ir/article_270_a9a78aa957257f793035b9ddcd084666.pdfPetroleum Source Rock Potential of Ordovician-Silurian Sediments in N-E Bandar Abbas, SW Irantextarticle2013perThe petroleum potential of the Seyahou (Ordovician) and Sarchahan (Lower Silurian) formations in northern Bandar Abbas has not been investigated sufficiently. These sediments crop out as thinly laminated shales and are about 100 meters thick. A number of thirty-five selected samples were subjected to Rock-Eval pyrolysis followed by transmitted, reflected and UV light microscopy together with clay mineralogical studies. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates that the samples from Seyahou Formation are poor in organic matter ( TOC <0.30% ) and are thermally over mature (Tmax>470; TAI>4) and microscopically have no fluorescing liptinite macerals. In comparison, the Sarchahan Formation is evaluated as a good and effective hydrocarbon source rock (TOC>1%; Ro%=1.15-1.20; TAI=3+). The organic matter is chiefly composed of liptinite group of macerals including lamalginite and telalginite (type II kerogen) which are brown under white light and weakly fluoresces under UV excitation. In addition, the other maturity indicators such as clay minerals and crystallinity of illite are in agreement with organic petrography suggesting that Sarchahan Formationn is thermally mature and is at catagenetic stage of hydrcarbon generation (end of oil generation window and the beginning of gas generation zone). The Seyahou and Sarchahan formations formerly referred as Gahkum Fm. by previous workers (1978) were reported to be overmature and have reached graphitic stage. The lower Silurian shales (Sarchahan Fm.) is correlated stratigraphically with Silurian hot shales from Saudi Arabia, where their petroleum source potential have already been approved. This paper supported by new experimental data elucidates and emphasis the importance of petroleum potential of Paleozoic strata for future hydrocarbon exploration in Iran.
Journal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015

v.

51

no.

20135462http://pr.ripi.ir/article_271_ca2192f3b850815737af777581d46adf.pdfHydrogen Embrittlement on 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel With Ferritic-Bainitic & Martensitic Microstructurestextarticle2013perIn this paper, effect of hydrogen diffusion on 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with ferritic-bainitic and martensitic microstructure has been investigated. Hydrogen embrittlement of this steel was investigated by doing experimental such as delayed fracture and slow strain rate tests. Result of this research was showed that the steel with martensitic microstructure strongly affected by hydrogen diffusion and was embrittled. But same steel with ferritic-bainitic microstructure, even at high level of hydrogen diffusion , has not show any embrittlement. Other experiments showed that , if martensitic microstructure steel will be remained on ambient temperature for above one week, effect of hydrogen diffusion will be disappear. In this paper hydrogen embrittlement of 2.25 Cr-1Mo steel will be discussionJournal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015

v.

51

no.

20136371http://pr.ripi.ir/article_272_1269bf8a611db32e34f356b92e2daf21.pdfA Preliminary Evaluation of Petroleum Systems of Lurestan Areatextarticle2013perLurestan Province is petroliferous area. The reserved oil are in Ilam and Sarvak (Cretaceous ) and Kangan ( Lower Triassic ) and Dalan (Permian) Formations. The Lurestan Area had high exploration activity but contribution of source rocks in hydrocarbon accumulations isn’t clear. In this paper essential elements and process of hydrocarbon accumulation are introduced. Candidate source rocks are Garau, Sargelu and Silurian Shale.In this study thermal modeling and burial history methods were used to investigate hydrocarbon generation in Samand-1 well. This study shows that Garau formation is in the oil window, The Sargelu and Silurian shales are in the gas window. Most hydrocarbon generation generally occur in the Cretaceous or Upper Jurassic.
Journal of Petroleum Researchپژوهشگاه صنعت نفت2345-290015