Glossary

Glossary of the Principal Scientific Terms Used In the Present Volume

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. W. S. Dallas for this Glossary,
which has been given because several readers have complained to me
that some of the terms used were unintelligible to them. Mr. Dallas
has endeavoured to give the explanations of the terms in as popular
a form as possible.

ABERRANT

Forms or groups of animals or plants which deviate in
important characters from their nearest allies, so as not to be easily
included in the same group with them, are said to be aberrant.

ABERRATION (in Optics)

In the refraction of light by a convex
lens the rays passing through different parts of the lens are
brought to a focus at slightly different distances,- this is called
spherical aberration; at the same time the coloured rays are separated
by the prismatic action of the lens and likewise brought to a focus at
different distances, this is chromatic aberration.

ABNORMAL

Contrary to the general rule.

ABORTED

An organ is said to be aborted, when its development has
been arrested at a very early stage.

ALBINISM

Albinos are animals in which the usual colouring matters
characteristic of the species have not been produced in the skin and
its appendages. Albinism is the state of being an albino.

ALGAE

A class of plants including the ordinary seaweeds and the
filamentous fresh-water weeds.

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

This term is applied to a peculiar
mode of reproduction which prevails among many of the lower animals,
in which the egg produces a living form quite different from its
parent, but from which the parent-form is reproduced by a process of
budding, or by the division of the substance of the first product of
the egg.

AMMONITES

A group of fossil, spiral, chambered shells, allied to
the existing pearly nautilus, but having the partitions between the
chambers waved in complicated patterns at their junction with the
outer wall of the shell.

ANALOGY

That resemblance of structures which depends upon
similarity of function, as in the wings of insects and birds. Such
structures are said to be analogous, and to be analogues of each
other.

ANIMALCULE

A minute animal: generally applied to those visible only
by the microscope.

ANNELIDS

A class of worms in which the surface of the body exhibits
a more or less distinct division into rings or segments, generally
provided with appendages for locomotion and with gills. It includes
the ordinary marine worms, the earthworms, and the leeches.

ANTENNAE

Jointed organs appended to the head in insects,
Crustacea and centipedes, and not belonging to the mouth.

ANTHERS

The summits of the stamens of flowers, in which the
pollen or fertilising dust is produced.

Of or belonging to the Archetype, or ideal primitive
form upon which all the beings of a group seem to be organised.

ARTICULATA

A great division of the animal kingdom characterised
generally by having the surface of the body divided into rings
called segments, a greater or less number of which are furnished
with jointed legs (such as insects, crustaceans and centipedes).

ASYMMETRICAL

Having the two sides unlike.

ATROPHIED

Arrested in development at a very early age.

BALANUS

The genus including the common acorn shells which live in
abundance on the rocks of the sea-coast.

BATRACRIANS

A class of animals allied to the reptiles, but
undergoing a peculiar metamorphosis, in which the young animal is
generally aquatic and breathes by gills. (Examples, frogs, toads,
and newts.)

BOULDERS

Large transported blocks of stone generally imbedded in
clays or gravel.

BRACHIOPODA

A class of marine Mollusca, or softbodied animals,
furnished with a bivalve shell, attached to submarine objects by a
stalk which passes through an aperture in one of the valves, and
furnished with fringed arms, by the action of which food is carried to
the mouth.

BRANCHIAE

Gills or organs for respiration in water.

BRANCHIAL

Pertaining to gills or branchiae.

CAMBRIAN SYSTEM

A series of very ancient Palaeozoic rocks, between
the Laurentian and the Silurian. Until recently these were regarded as
the oldest fossiliferous rocks.

CANIDAE

The dog-family, including the dog, wolf, fox, jackal, etc.

CARAPACE

The shell enveloping the anterior part of the body in
crustaceans generally; applied also to the hard shelly pieces of the
cirripedes.

CARBONIFEROUS

This term is applied to the great formation which
includes among other rocks, the coal-measures. It belongs to the
oldest, or Palaeozoic , system of formations.

CAUDAL

Of or belonging to the tail.

CEPHALOPODS

The highest class of the Molluscs or soft-bodied
animals, characterised by having the mouth surrounded by a greater
or less number of fleshy arms or tentacles, which, in most living
species, are furnished with sucking-cups. (Examples, cuttle-fish,
nautilus.)

CETACEA

An order of Mammalia, including the whales, dolphins,
etc., having the form of the body fish-like, the skin naked, and only
the forelimbs developed.

CHELONIA

An order of reptiles including the turtles, tortoises,
etc.,

CIRRIPEDES

An order of crustaceans including the barnacles and
acorn-shells. Their young resemble those of many other crustaceans
in form; but when mature they are always attached to other objects,
either directly or by means of a stalk, and their bodies are
enclosed by a calcareous shell composed of several pieces, two of
which can open to give issue to a bunch of curled, jointed
tentacles, which represent the limbs.

COCCUS

The genus of insects including the cochineal. In these the
male is a minute, winged fly, and the female generally a motionless,
berry-like mass.

COCOON

A case usually of silky material, in which insects are
frequently enveloped during the second or resting-stage (pupa) of
their existence. The term "cocoon-stage" is here used as equivalent to
"pupa-stage."

COELOSPERMOUS

A term applied to those fruits of the Umbelliferae
which have the seed hollowed on the inner face.

COLEOPTERA

Beetles, an order of insects, having a biting mouth and
the first pair of wings more or less horny, forming sheaths for the
second pair, and usually meeting in a straight line down the middle of
the back.

COLUMN

A peculiar organ in the flowers of orchids, in which the
stamens, style and stigma (or the reproductive parts) are united.

COMPOSITAE, or COMPOSITOUS PLANTS

Plants in which the inflorescence
consists of numerous small flowers (florets) brought together into a
dense head, the base of which is enclosed by a common envelope.
(Examples, the daisy, dandelion, etc.)

CONFERVAE

The filamentous weeds of fresh water.

CONGLOMERATE

A rock made up of fragments of rock or pebbles,
cemented together by some other material.

COROLLA

The second envelope of a flower usually composed of
coloured, leaf-like organs (petals), which may be united by their
edges either in the basal part or throughout.

CORRELATION

The normal coincidence of one phenomenon, character,
etc., with another.

CORYMB

A bunch of flowers in which those springing from the lower
part of the flower stalk are supported on long stalks so as to be
nearly on a level with the upper ones.

COTYLEDONS

The first or seed-leaves of plants.

CRUSTACEANS

A class of articulated animals, having the skin of
the body generally more or less hardened by the deposition of
calcareous matter, breathing by means of gills. (examples, crab,
lobster, shrimp, etc.)

CURCULIO

The old generic term for the beetles known as weevils,
characterised by their four-jointed feet, and by the head being
produced into a sort of beak, upon the sides of which the antennae are
inserted.

CUTANEOUS

Of or belonging to the skin.

DEGRADATION

The wearing down of land by the action of the sea or of
meteoric agencies.

DENUDATION

The wearing away of the surface of the land by water.

DEVONIAN SYSTEM or formation

A series of Palaeozoic rocks,
including the Old Red Sandstone.

DICOTYLEDONS, or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

A class of plants
characterised by having two seed-leaves, by the formation of new
wood between the bark and the old wood (exogenous growth) and by the
reticulation of the veins of the leaves. The parts of the flowers
are generally in multiples of five.

DIFFERENTATION

The separation or discrimination of parts or
organs which in simpler forms of life are more or less united.

DIMORPHIC

Having two distinct forms.- Dimorphism is the condition
of the appearance of the same species under two dissimilar forms.

DIOECIOUS

Having the organs of the sexes upon distinct individuals.

DIORITE

A peculiar form of greenstone.

DORSAL

Of or belonging to the back.

EDENTATA

A peculiar order of quadrupeds, characterised by the
absence of at least the middle incisor (front) teeth in both jaws.
(Examples, the sloths and armadillos.)

ELYTRA

The hardened fore-wings of beetles, serving as sheaths for
the membranous hind-wings, which constitute the true organs of flight.

EMBRYO

The young animal undergoing development within the egg or
womb.

EMBRYOLOGY

The study of the development of the embryo.

ENDEMIC

Peculiar to a given locality.

ENTOMOSTRACA

A division of the class Crustacea, having all the
segments of the body usually distinct, gills attached to the feet or
organs of the mouth, and the feet fringed with fine hairs. They are
generally of small size.

EOCENE

The earliest of the three divisions of the Tertiary epoch of
geologists. Rocks of this age contain a small proportion of shells
identical with species now living.

EPHEMEROUS INSECTS

Insects allied to the May-fly.

FAUNA

The totality of the animals naturally inhabiting a certain
country or region, or which have lived during a given geological
period.

FELIDAE

The cat-family.

FERAL

Having become wild from a state of cultivation or
domestication.

FLORA

The totality of the plants growing naturally in a country, or
during a given geological period.

FLORETS

Flowers imperfectly developed in some respects, and
collected into a dense spike or head, as in the grasses, the
dandelion, etc.

FOETAL

Of or belonging to the foetus, or embryo in course of
development.

FORAMINIFERA

A class of animals of very low organisation, and
generally of small size, having a jellylike body, from the surface
of which delicate filaments can be given off and retracted for the
prehension of external objects, and having a calcareous or sandy
shell, usually divided into chambers, and perforated with small
apertures.

FOSSILIFEROUS

Containing fossils.

FOSSORIAL

Having a faculty of digging. The Fossorial Hymenoptera
are a group of wasp-like insects, which burrow in sandy soil to make
nests for their young.

FRENUM (pl. FRENA)

A small band or fold of skin.

FUNGI (sing. FUNGUS)

A class of cellular plants, of which
mushrooms, toadstools, and moulds, are familiar examples.

FURCULA

The forked bone formed by the union of the collar-bones
in many birds, such as the common fowl.

GALLINACEOUS BIRDS

An order of birds of which the common fowl,
turkey, and pheasant, are well-known examples.

GALLUS

The genus of birds which includes the common fowl.

GANGLION

A swelling or knot from which nerves are given off as from
a centre.

GANOID FISHES

Fishes covered with peculiar enamelled bony scales.
Most of them are extinct.

GERMINAL VESICLE

A minute vesicle in the eggs of animals, from
which development of the embryo proceeds.

GLACIAL PERIOD

A period of great cold and of enormous extension
of ice upon the surface of the earth. It is believed that glacial
periods have occurred repeatedly during the geological history of
the earth, but the term is generally applied to the close of the
Tertiary epoch, when nearly the whole of Europe was subjected to an
arctic climate.

GLAND

An organ which secretes or separates some peculiar product
from the blood or sap of animals or plants.

GLOTTIS

The opening of the windpipe into the oesophagus or gullet.

GNEISS

A rock approaching granite in composition, but more or
less laminated, and really produced by the alteration of a sedimentary
deposit after its consolidation.

GRALLATORES

The so-called wading-birds (storks, cranes, snipes,
etc.), which are generally furnished with long legs, bare of feathers
above the heel, and have no membranes between the toes.

GRANITE

A rock consisting essentially of crystals of felspar and
mica in a mass of quartz.

HABITAT

The locality in which a plant or animal naturally lives.

HEMIPTERA

An order or sub-order of insects, characterised by the
possession of a jointed beak or rostrum, and by having the
fore-wings horny in the basal portion and membranous at the extremity,
where they cross each other. This group includes the various species
of bugs.

HERMAPHRODITE

Possessing the organs of both sexes.

HOMOLOGY

That relation between parts which results from their
development from corresponding embryonic parts, either in different
animals, as in the case of the arm of man, the fore-leg of a
quadruped, and the wing of a bird; or in the same individual, as in
the case of the fore and hind legs in quadrupeds, and the segments
or rings and their appendages of which the body of a worm, a
centipede, etc., is composed. The latter is called serial homology. The
parts which stand in such a relation to each other are said to be
homologous, and one such part or organ is called the homologue of
the other. In different plants the parts of the flower are homologous,
and in general these parts are regarded as homologous with leaves.

HOMOPTERA

An order or sub-order of insects having (like the
Hemiptera) a jointed beak, but in which the fore-wings are either
wholly membranous or wholly leathery, The Cicadae, frog-hoppers, and
Aphides, are well-known examples.

HYBRID

The offspring of the union of two distinct species.

HYMENOPTERA

An order of insects possessing biting jaws and
usually four membranous wings in which there are a few veins. Bees and
wasps are familiar examples of this group.

HYPERTROPHIED

Excessively developed.

ICHNEUMONIDAE

A family of hymenopterous insects, the members of
which lay their eggs in the bodies or eggs of other insects.

IMAGO

The perfect (generally winged) reproductive state of an
insect.

INDIGENES

The aboriginal animal or vegetable inhabitants of a
country or region.

INFLORESCENCE

The mode of arrangement of the flowers of plants.

INFUSORIA

A class of microscopic animalcules, so called from
their having originally been observed in infusions of vegetable
matters. They consist of a gelatinous material enclosed in a
delicate membrane, the whole or part of which is furnished with
short vibrating hairs (called cilia), by means of which the
animalcules swim through the water or convey the minute particles of
their food to the orifice of the mouth.

INSECTIVOROUS

Feeding on insects.

INVERTEBRATA, or INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS

Those animals which do not
possess a backbone or spinal column.

LACUNAE

Spaces left among the tissues in some of the lower
animals and serving in place of vessels for the circulation of the
fluids of the body.

LAMELLATED

Furnished with lamellae or little plates.

LARVA (pl. LARVAE)

The first condition of an insect at its
issuing from the egg, when it is usually in the form of a grub,
caterpillar, or maggot.

LARYNX

The upper part of the windpipe opening into the gullet.

LAURENTIAN

A group of greatly altered and very ancient rocks, which
is greatly developed along the course of the St. Laurence, whence
the name. It is in these that the earliest known traces of organic
bodies have been found.

LEGUMINOSAE

An order of plants represented by the common peas and
beans, having an irregular flower in which one petal stands up like
a wing, and the stamens and pistil are enclosed in a sheath formed
by two other petals. The fruit is a pod (or legume).

LEMURIDAE

A group of four-handed animals, distinct from the monkeys
and approaching the insectivorous quadrupeds in some of their
characters and habits. Its members have the nostrils curved or
twisted, and a claw instead of a nail upon the first finger of the
hind hands.

LEPIDOPTERA

An order of insects, characterised by the possession of
a spiral proboscis, and of four large more or less scaly wings. It
includes the well-known butterflies and moths.

LITTORAL

Inhabiting the seashore.

LOESS

A marly deposit of recent (Post-Tertiary) date, which
occupies a great part of the valley of the Rhine.

MALACOSTRACA

The higher division of the Crustacea, including the
ordinary crabs, lobsters, shrimps, etc., together with the woodlice and
sand-hoppers.

MAMMALIA

The highest class of animals, including the ordinary hairy
quadrupeds, the whales and man, and characterised by the production of
living young which are nourished after birth by milk from the teats
(Mammae, Mammary glands) of the mother. A striking difference in
embryonic development has led to the division of this class into two
great groups; in one of these, when the embryo has attained a
certain stage, a vascular connection, called the placenta, is formed
between the embryo and the mother; in the other this is wanting, and
the young are produced in a very incomplete state. The former,
including the greater part of the class, are called Placental mammals;
the latter, or Aplacental mammals, include the marsupials and
monotremes (Ornithorhynchus).

in insects, the first or uppermost pair of jaws, which
are generally solid, horny, biting organs. In birds the term is
applied to both jaws with their horny coverings. In quadrupeds the
mandible is properly the lower jaw.

MARSUPIALS

An order of Mammalia in which the young are born in a
very incomplete state of development, and carried by the mother, while
sucking, in a ventral pouch (marsupium), such as the kangaroos,
opossums, etc. (see MAMMALIA).

MAXILLAE

in insects, the second or lower pair of jaws, which are
composed of several joints and furnished with peculiar jointed
appendages called palpi, or feelers.

MELANISM

The opposite of albinism; an undue development of
colouring material in the skin and its appendages.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks which have undergone
alteration, generally by the action of heat, subsequently to their
deposition and consolidation.

MOLLUSCA

One of the great divisions of the animal kingdom,
including those animals which have a soft body, usually furnished with
a shell, and in which the nervous ganglia, or centres, present no
definite general arrangement. They are generally known under the
denomination of "shellfish"; the cuttle-fish, and the common snails,
whelks, oysters, mussels, and cockles, may serve as examples of them.

MONOCOTYLEDONS, or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

Plants in which the seed
sends up only a single seed-leaf (or cotyledon); characterised by
the absence of consecutive layers of wood in the stem (endogenous
growth), by the veins of the leaves being generally straight, and by
the parts of the flowers being generally in multiples of three.
(Examples, grasses, lilies, orchids, palms, etc.)

MORAINES

The accumulations of fragments of rock brought down by
glaciers.

MORPHOLOGY

The law of form or structure independent of function.

MYSIS-STAGE

A stage in the development of certain crustaceans
(prawns), in which they closely resemble the adults of a genus (Mysis)
belonging to a slightly lower group.

NASCENT

Commencing development.

NATATORY

Adapted for the purpose of swimming.

NAUPLIUS-FORM

The earliest stage in the development of many
Crustacea, especially belonging to the lower groups. In this stage the
animal has a short body, with indistinct indications of a division
into segments, and three pairs of fringed limbs. This form of the
common fresh-water cyclops was described as a distinct genus under the
name of Nauplius.

NEURATION

The arrangement of the veins or nervures in the wings
of insects.

NEUTERS

Imperfectly developed females of certain social insects
(such as ants and bees), which perform all the labours of the
community. Hence, they are also called workers.

NICTITATING MEMBRANE

A semi-transparent membrane, which can be
drawn across the eye in birds and reptiles, either to moderate the
effects of a strong light or to sweep particles of dust, etc., from the
surface of the eye.

OCELLI

The simple eyes or stemmata of insects, usually situated
on the crown of the head between the great compound eyes.

OESOPHAGUS

The gullet.

OOLITIC

A great series of secondary rocks, so called from the
texture of some of its members, which appear to be made up of a mass
of small egg-like calcareous bodies.

OPERCULUM

A calcareous plate employed by many Molluscae to close
the aperture of their shell. The opercular valves of cirripedes are
those which close the aperture of the shell.

ORBIT

The bony cavity for the reception of the eye.

ORGANISM

An organised being, whether plant or animal.

ORTHOSPERMOUS

A term applied to those fruits of the Umbelliferae
which have the seed straight.

OSCULANT

Forms or groups apparently intermediate between and
connecting other groups are said to be osculant.

OVA

Eggs.

OVARIUM or OVARY (in plants)

The lower part of the pistil or female
organ of the flower, containing the ovules or incipient seeds; by
growth after the other organs of the flower have fallen, it usually
becomes converted into the fruit.

OVIGEROUS

Egg-bearing.

OVULES (of plants)

The seeds in the earliest condition.

PACHYDERMS

A group of Mammalia, so called from their thick skins,
and including the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, etc.

PALAEOZOIC

The oldest system of fossiliferous rocks.

PALPI

Jointed appendages to some of the organs of the mouth in
insects and Crustacea.

PAPILIONACEAE

An order of plants (see LEGUMINOSAE), The flowers
of these plants are called papilionaceous, or butterfly-like, from the
fancied resemblance of the expanded superior petals to the wings of
a butterfly.

PARASITE

An animal or plant living upon or in, and at the expense
of, another organism.

PARTHENOGENESIS

The production of living organisms from
unimpregnated eggs or seeds.

PEDUNCULATED

Supported upon a stem or stalk. The pedunculated oak
has its acorns borne upon a footstool.

PELORIA or PELORISM

The appearance of regularity of structure in
the flowers of plants which normally bear irregular flowers.

PELVIS

The bony arch to which the hind limbs of vertebrate
animals are articulated.

PETALS

The leaves of the corolla, or second circle of organs in a
flower. They are usually of delicate texture and brightly coloured.

PHYLLODINEOUS

Having flattened, leaf-like twigs or leafstalks
instead of true leaves.

PIGMENT

The colouring material produced generally in the
superficial parts of animals. The cells secreting it are called
pigment-cells.

PINNATE

Bearing leaflets on each side of a central stalk.

PISTILS

The female organs of a flower, which occupy a position in
the centre of the other floral organs. The pistil is generally
divisible into the ovary or germen, the style and the stigma.

Quadrupeds which walk upon the whole sole of the foot,
like the bears.

PLASTIC

Readily capable of change.

PLEISTOCENE PERIOD

The latest portion of the Tertiary epoch.

PLUMULE (in plants)

The minute bud between the seed-leaves of
newly-germinated plants.

PLUTONIC ROCKS

Rocks supposed to have been produced by igneous
action in the depths of the earth.

POLLEN

The male element in flowering plants; usually a fine dust
produced by the anthers, which, by contact with the stigma effects the
fecundation of the seeds. This impregnation is brought about by
means of tubes (pollen-tubes) which issue from the pollen-grains
adhering to the stigma, and penetrate through the tissues until they
reach the ovary.

POLYANDROUS (flowers)

Flowers having many stamens.

POLYGAMOUS PLANTS

Plants in which some flowers are unisexual and
others hermaphrodite. The unisexual (male and female) flowers, may
be on the same or on different plants.

POLYMORPHIC

Presenting many forms.

POLYZOARY

The common structure formed by the cells of the
Polyzoa, such as the well-known seamats.

PREHENSILE

Capable of grasping.

PREPOTENT

Having a superiority of power.

PRIMARIES

The feathers forming the tip of the wing of a bird, and
inserted upon that part which represents the hand of man.

PROCESSES

Projecting portions of bones, usually for the
attachment of muscles, ligaments, etc.

PROPOLIS

A resinous material collected by the hivebees from the
opening buds of various trees.

PROTEAN

Exceedingly variable.

PROTOZOA

The lowest great division of the animal kingdom. These
animals are composed of a gelatinous material, and show scarcely any
trace of distinct organs. The Infusoria, Foraminifera, and sponges,
with some other forms, belong to this division.

PUPA (pl. Pupae)

The second stage in the development of an
insect, from which it emerges in the perfect (winged) reproductive
form. In most insects the pupal stage is passed in perfect repose. The
chrysalis is the pupal state of butterflies.

RADICLE

The minute root of an embryo plant.

RAMUS

One half of the lower jaw in the Mammalia. The portion
which rises to articulate with the skull is called the ascending
ramus.

RANGE

The extent of country over which a plant or animal is
naturally spread. Range in time expresses the distribution of a
species or group through the fossiliferous beds of the earth's crust.

RETINA

The delicate inner coat of the eye, formed by nervous
filaments spreading from the optic nerve, and serving for the
perception of the impressions produced by light.

RETROGRESSION

Backward development. When an animal, as it
approaches maturity, becomes less perfectly organised than might be
expected from its early stages and known relationships, it is said
to undergo a retrograde development or metamorphosis.

RHIZOPODS

A class of lowly organised animals (Protozoa), having a
gelatinous body, the surface of which can be protruded in the form
of root-like processes or filaments, which serve for locomotion and
the prehension of food. The most important order is that of the
Foraminifera.

RODENTS

The gnawing Mammalia, such as the rats, rabbits, and
squirrels. They are especially characterised by the possession of a
single pair of chisel-like cutting teeth in each jaw, between which
and the grinding teeth there is a great gap.

RUBUS

The bramble genus.

RUDIMENTARY

Very imperfectly developed.

RUMINANTS

The group of quadrupeds which ruminate or chew the cud,
such as oxen, sheep, and deer. They have divided hoofs, and are
destitute of front teeth in the upper jaw.

SACRAL

Belonging to the sacrum, or the bone composed usually of two
or more united vertebrae to which the sides of the pelvis in
vertebrate animals are attached.

SARCODE

The gelatinous material of which the bodies of the lowest
animals (Protozoa) are composed.

SCUTELLAE

The horny plates with which the feet of birds are
generally more or less covered, especially in front.

SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS

Rocks deposited as sediments from water.

SEGMENTS

The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate
animal or annelid is composed.

SEPALS

The leaves or segments of the calyx, or outermost envelope
of an ordinary flower. They are usually green, but sometimes
brightly coloured.

SERRATURES

Teeth like those of a saw.

SESSILE

Not supported on a stem or footstalk.

SILURIAN SYSTEM

A very ancient system of fossiliferous rocks
belonging to the earlier part of the Palaeozoic series.

SPECIALISATION

The setting apart of a particular organ for the
performance of a particular function.

SPINAL CORD

The central portion of the nervous system in the
Vertebrata, which descends from the brain through the arches of the
vertebrae, and gives off nearly all the nerves to the various organs
of the body.

STAMENS

The male organs of flowering plants, standing in a circle
within the petals. They usually consist of a filament and an anther,
the anther being the essential part in which the pollen, or
fecundating dust, is formed.

STERNUM

The breast-bone.

STIGMA

The apical portion of the pistil in flowering plants.

STIPULES

Small leafy organs placed at the base of the footstalks of
the leaves in many plants.

STYLE

The middle portion of the perfect pistil, which rises like
a column from the ovary and supports the stigma at its summit.

SUBCUTANEOUS

Situated beneath the skin.

SUCTORIAL

Adapted for sucking.

SUTURES (in the skull)

The lines of junction of the bones of
which the skull is composed.

TARSUS (pl. TARSI)

The jointed feet of articulate animals, such
as insects.

TELEOSTEAN FISHES

Fishes of the kind familiar to us in the
present day, having the skeleton usually completely ossified and the
scales horny.

TENTACULA or TENTACLES

Delicate fleshy organs of prehension or
touch possessed by many of the lower animals.

TERTIARY

The latest geological epoch, immediately preceding the
establishment of the present order of things.

TRACHEA

The windpipe or passage for the admission of air to the
lungs.

TRIDACTYLE

Three-fingered, or composed of three movable parts
attached to a common base.

TRILOBITES

A peculiar group of extinct crustaceans, somewhat
resembling the woodlice in external form, and, like some of them,
capable of rolling themselves up into a ball. Their remains are
found only in the Palaeozoic rocks, and most abundantly in those of
Silurian age.

TRIMORPHIC

Presenting three distinct forms.

UMBELLIFERAE

An order of plants in which the flowers, which
contain five stamens and a pistil with two styles, are supported
upon footstalks which spring from the top of the flower stem and
spread out like the wires of an umbrella, so as to bring all the
flowers in the same head (umbel) nearly to the same level.
(Examples, parsley and carrot.)

UNGULATA

Hoofed quadrupeds.

UNICELLULAR

Consisting of a single cell.

VASCULAR

Containing blood-vessels.

VERMIFORM

Like a worm.

VERTEBRATA: or VERTEBRATE ANIMALS

The highest division of the
animal kingdom, so called from the presence in most cases of a
backbone composed of numerous joints or vertebrae, which constitutes
the centre of the skeleton and at the same time supports and
protects the central parts of the nervous system.

WHORLS

The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are
arranged upon the axis of growth.

WORKERS

See neuters.

ZOEA-STAGE

The earliest stage in the development of many of the
higher Crustacea, so called from the name of Zoea applied to these
young animals when they were supposed to constitute a peculiar genus.

ZOOIDS

In many of the lower animals (such as the corals, Medusae,
etc.) reproduction takes place in two ways, namely, by means of eggs
and by a process of budding with or without separation from the parent
of the product of the latter, which is often very different from
that of the egg. The individuality of the species is represented by
the whole of the form produced between two sexual reproductions; and
these forms, which are apparently individual animals, have been called
zooide.