In 2014, they said she was the next Steve Jobs with her business secrets and innovation, but Elizabeth Holmes’ hot start-up Theranos didn’t last very long. USA TODAY

Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes holds one of her bloodwork company’s FDA-approved Nanotainers, where mere drops of blood are stored for complex tests.(Photo: Martin E. Klimek, Special for USA TODAY)

SAN FRANCISCO — Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes was charged with “massive fraud” by the Securities and Exchange Commission Wednesday, a downbeat coda to a once high-flying Silicon Valley start-up that promised to revolutionize the blood analysis process.

The SEC complaint charged that Theranos raised more than $700 million from late 2013 to 2015 while “deceiving investors by making it appear as if Theranos had successfully developed a commercially-ready portable blood analyzer” that could perform a full range of laboratory tests from a small sample of blood.

“But in reality, we allege that after years of development, Theranos was able to process just a small number of blood tests upon its proprietary analyzer, and instead conducted the vast majority of its patients’ tests on modified commercial analyzers that were manufactured by others,” Steven Peikin, the SEC’s co-director of enforcement, told reporters.

Holmes, 34, who once graced the cover of countless magazines and was worth billions on paper, has already settled the charges against her.

She will pay a $500,000 penalty, be barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years, and return 18.9 million shares she amassed during the alleged fraud.

Holmes also cedes her voting control of the company she founded in 2003 at the age of 19 after dropping out of Stanford University in order to pursue her start-up.

Theranos and Holmes neither admitted nor denied the allegations in the SEC’s complaint and the settlements are subject to court approval.

CEO Elizabeth Holmes holds a “nanotainer” of blood at Theranos headquarters in Palo Alto, CA on Monday, June 30, 2014. Theranos has twice run afoul of federal lab regulators, and has voluntarily halted the use of the nanotainers pending FDA approval. (Photo: Martin E. Klimek, USA TODAY)

Also charged was former Theranos president Ramesh “Sunny” Balwani. Among a variety of charges, the SEC complaint said Holmes and Balwani lied about the technology being used by the Department of Defense in battlefield situations.

Gen. James N. Mattis, who then led the U.S. Central Command, personally pushed Holmes’ tech to be used although military regulators flagged issues with Theranos before the notion took wing. Mattis later joined Theranos’ board, but resigned from that position when he become U.S. defense secretary in 2016.

Theranos board a Who’s Who

Mattis was one of many famous names wooed by Holmes. The Theranos board often seemed like a Who’s Who of historical figures, including former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger and George Shultz, former senators Sam Nunn and Bill Frist and former secretary of defense William Perry.

But regardless of such boardroom firepower, the company — which Holmes pitched as a salvation to those fearful of needles like herself — never delivered on its grand vision.

The fact that a tech company managed to rake in close to a billion dollars to fund a project that seemed revolutionary but also challenging speaks to the often unchallenged nature of some Silicon Valley ventures.

Part of that comes down to the stardust often sprinkled on tech founders — the media ate up the story of Holmes and her disruptive idea — and part stems from the fact that, in many instances, tech entrepreneurs do deliver on the implausible.

Consider Elon Musk as a case in point. He’s gone from helping start a payment company (PayPal) to launching rockets to Mars and building the nation’s first all-electric car company, both against considerable odds.

But what stood out in the case of Theranos was how the company and its founder rose to great heights while keeping its vital details cloaked in secrecy. Dressed all in black like her idol, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, Holmes typically spoke in broad terms and of grand visions rather that blood analysis specifics.

“We are patient and we’re building this company for the very long term,” she told USA TODAY in a 2014 interview after bringing Theranos out of stealth mode. “We’re looking to reshape the system.”

But while Holmes sat for many interviews, she never shared her the secret sauce: how Theranos was managing to do complex blood analysis with a mere drop of blood sourced from a finger prick and stored in its patented Nanotainers. Typically blood tests require vials of blood extracted with needles.

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But despite the lack of technological transparency, investors and partners signed on, pushing Theranos’ value to $9 billion, with Holmes worth roughly half of that.

The company forged deals with national chains such as Walgreens, promising to eventually put Theranos Wellness Centers in all of the pharmacy’s national locations after first piloting a program in Arizona.

But a comprehensive investigation of Theranos launched in 2015 by The Wall Street Journal steadily chipped away at the company’s reputation as regulators started to circle, notably the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Among the findings that came out were the fact that in some cases, Theranos had to send the blood it had collected from patients out to traditional labs in order to conduct the required analysis of the samples.

Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes told Pepperdine University graduates that their lives should be focused on doing good for others. (Photo: Pepperdine University)

In one case in 2015, examiners from Medicare inspected the company’s lab, in Newark, Calif., and found deficiencies around Theranos’ test for the clotting ability of blood, which is critical when determining the correct dose of blood thinners. Prescribing too much can result in internal bleeding, while too little can lead to a stroke.

Holmes said she would have the offending lab rebuilt. But Holmes’ problems only grew. Lawsuits flew and regulators pressed on. Holmes stuck by her story, but gradually refocused her efforts on perfecting the device that she claimed was capable of doing complex bloodwork from just a drop of blood.

Last spring, Theranos agreed to pay Arizona consumers $4.65 million under a consumer-fraud settlement brought by more than 175,000 consumers who purchased Theranos tests at Arizona retail locations since 2013.

Elizabeth Holmes, founder and CEO of Theranos, which just announced it would expand its blood testing services to central Pennsylvania. (Photo: Martin E. Klimek, Special for USA TODAY)

The Arizona agreement came a day after Theranos announced a settlement with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, resolving federal regulators’ efforts to revoke that company’s laboratory certificate.

Under both the Arizona and federal settlements, Theranos agreed to a two-year ban from the blood-testing business, and paid a $30,000 civil penalty as part of the federal settlement.

SEC official Peikin said the agency’s ruling represents a cautionary note for investors who consider putting their money into potentially promising business start-ups that are long on promises and short on specifics.

“Investors should ask questions,” he said. “Private companies and particular early stage private companies carry additional risks, they’re not subject to the same kinds of oversight and disclosures that public companies are and investors in these companies need to be wary.”

A few fundamental Theranos questions remain: Did Holmes simply promise too much too soon? Did she underestimate her team’s ability to develop a revolutionary new blood analysis system that only required a drop of the liquid?

Or was there never any such intention and Theranos was an elaborate fraud from the beginning?

Back in 2014, Holmes spoke convincingly about how her company was going to succeed by dint of hard scientific work alone.

“We had to redevelop that analytical system to handle small volumes,” she said proudly. “We had to build the infrastructure around it all through software and automation to minimize the involvement of humans, where manual error could be great. It’s software, hardware and chemistry.