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In the last few weeks, UAE airplanes transported hundreds of Sudanese mercenaries to Libya through an air bridge over Asmara, the Eritrean capital city.

Thousands of Sudanese mercenaries are fighting alongside both the government forces and the forces of General Hafter, the two warring sides in the Libyan conflict

Eritrean sources informed Gedab News that “unbranded airplanes operated by the UAE have been flying out of Asmara carrying mercenaries who arrive overland from Sudan.” The plain white painted airplanes mostly arrive and fly out of Asmara at dawn.

The sleepy Asmara airport serves a negligible number of flights except Ethiopian Airlines, the main carrier that runs regular daily flights to and out of Asmara.

Isaias Afwerki has close diplomatic and military relations with the UAE which supports General Hafter in his fight to oust the internationally recognized Libyan Government. Also, Isaias’ relation with the transitional government of Sudan is cold, contrary to his close relations with General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (aka Hemdti), the = commander of the much-feared Sudanese Rapid Support Forces.

Italian colonialism could, in fact should be seen in a different light for a number of reasons. That said however, the reason is not so much if there was anything different about Eritrea or Eritreans as colonised people but it is because of the recent history of Italy which stood in a sharp contrast with respect to the other European powers who had a share during the Scramble for Africa in the late 1880s.

As you know, as a Nation-State, Italy was unified in the 1870s where the disparity between the North and the South was palpable which has become a stain to live with to this day. The disparity was not only cultural but also in economic and social structure as well. To be more precise, the North due to their proximity to Austria, Switzerland and France, had an influence of sorts where they were more “cultured”, educated, “sophisticated” and industrialists with perhaps a stereotypical physical appearance of being of a typical North European “stock.” On the other hand, the South were more into farming with a less exposure to education where they had an influence with the North African Magyars which lasted for generations.

The said disparity became a challenge for the nation to find a common goal and vision during what is known as “Risergimento.” And the leaders at that time entertained the idea of migrating the South “as a solution” into a new colony in East Africa. As such, the Italians [most of them from the South] viewed Eritrea not as a colony but as their own—organically if you will. And they were determined to see Italy replicated in Eritrea in every sense of the word.

Italian leaders were proud of their “Colonia Primogenita” and as we saw it on the above, they looked upon the new land as a region to be settled by Italian peasants, producing raw materials, and relieving the mother country of population pressure but mainly to ease up the historic tension between the North and the South as well. The plan however didn’t go smoothly as far the settlement was concerned. The settlers including the power be had to wake up into a harsh reality which had an impact on the social policy which had lasted till the end of colonial span.

In 1894, just two years before the Adwa war broke out, the settlers started to confiscate a big swath of land and in protest, the famed Dejatch Bahta Hagos of Segeneiti revolted against the land policy and as a result, the new Governor of Eritrea–Ferdinando Martini reversed not only the aggressive policy but put forward a new policy where he inaugurated a moderate approach designed to encourage a peaceful development with minimal disruption of the existing social structure. Thereafter, Italy relied on traditional Eritrean elites where the privileges of ruling castes were virtually left untouched.

Because of the peace and stability that colonial rule brought, the Eritrean rural elite probably had more power and influence than they had had under Ethiopian rule. That kind of leeway was compounded with the harsh experiences Eritreans had particularly the people from the Lowlands when they were frequently harassed by Ethiopian Warlords before the advent of the Italians. And it shouldn’t be too difficult to conceptualize to the very least why Eritreans did not resist the colonial reality in conjunction when the Italians introduced modernity to the colony.

Certainly, one can make the argument that, the social policy to a greater degree was a Fascist, that maybe true but again, the new roads, railroads, for instance, brought Eritreans together and closer and were exposed to new expertise as in plumbing, carpentry, construction and modern farm irrigation among other things. The new exposure can only be appreciated when it is seen in contrast to the social, economic including political reality of the rest of Ethiopia where to the very least, in Eritrea, one could not have written, “Things Fall Apart” for they never did but if they did it was due to the incompetency of latter day Ethiopian rulers.

Selam Paulos,
The economic aspect of Italian colonialism maybe taken as you said above, but what about its social aspect? There was an apartheid system that kept Italians and Eritrean separated. For example, Eritreans had to have a special permit to enter the Italian quarter. How did they feel about it? Did they accept it as they accepted the modernity?

Paulos

Selam Horizon,

As you know, Mussolini came to power brandishing his Fascist party in the early 1920s but the policy of segregation didn’t come into effect in Eritrea until the 1930s where the colony had been 40 years old at that time which is practically a generation. As such, the policy was not only unpopular amongst Eritreans for obvious reasons but among Italians as well who had lived there as long as the establishment of the colony.

One might say, the reception was mixed and yet Eritreans did not revolt except the two notable Eritreans who tried to assassinate Graziani in Addis in the late 30s after Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. One can appreciate the change in perception amongst Eritreans before and after the coming to power of Mussolini including his segregating or apartheid system if you want to label it as such.

Abi

Paul
The two brave people who tried to assassinate Graziani were Ethiopians. Never heard of a single Eritrean revolted against the Italian rulers. I like to hear stories about any kind of organized movements against the Italians.

David Samson

Hi Paulos,

To a large extent, I agree with your depiction of the Italian
period. However, I feel you have omitted some important historical facts. You
seem to imply that people who lived in that period had to make a hard choice: compare
between two opposing regimes.

First, there is a subtle difference between the people
who lived in that part of the world and those who had fallen under the Italian colonisation. People who had lived on the coastal line
had at no point in their history— from the Axum empire to Ottomans— had seen themselves as Ethiopians or for that matter as Eritreans until the Italians established their colony.

I suspect your view is driven from the belief in the myth and legend of 3000 years of history. This is your choice, but I beg to differ.

My reading of history is different. As far as I know, Alexander the Great, never reached the Red Sea coast. He labelled people who came to praise him as “Ethiopians”. That was in present-day Egypt. You know the word itself is a Greek word. These Ethiopic people were highly likely believed to have lived along the Nile river. I tend to incline more towards the “Nubians “.

The question is then how these genius people who never had a name
for a nation had come up with the very notion of a nation? It is indeed mind-boggling.
I do not know If you could remember we discussed this issue in
the past. Haile made a point on the grandson of Yohannes begging the Italians
for help. Why did this proud royal who had hailed from the great notion had fallen
on a hard time to extent of asking the white man?

My answer is simple. The land of Abyssinian was and is still
the land of Warlords, treason, and banditry. For most of its history, this
region was littered with constant famine, civil war, and locust. Even in this
day and age, we can’t even control locust without the help of white man. So, the
arrival of Italians should be seen within these contexts.

The region, for the first time in its history, had experienced
some form of stability. There were no more wars, Eritrea had became the land of plenty and even attacked thousands of people across the Mereb river. The Italians to a large extent left the locals to keep their customs and tradition intact.

Had the Italians stayed post the second world war? Eritreans would have avoided:

The catastrophe of Gedli and Pol Pot’s ideology.

Two or three famine.

How many and which languages should use? It would be as
simple as the ex- Anglo-Franco nations.

Depopulation.

Yes, I know all the negative sides of colonisation and apartheid.
But It would not have been as costly as Gedli and its destruction to get rid of
apartheid Italians. You and I would be throwing stones and held a daily Shepiro
in Cambo di Stato.

Abi

Hello David Samson
Welcome back.
How boring is London without soccer?

David Samson

Hi Abi,
We have been on lockdown since 21st March. It took me a while to adjust to the new normal. In the first two weeks, I spent lots of time visiting supermarkets to buy some basic foodstuff. These food hoarders seem to come down to earth. I now can find most basics, but not boozing.

If you listen to so-called “experts”, they are predicting doomsday scenario. The social distancing— in some form— will be in place for the next 12 months.

Even if when things go back to normal, restaurants, leisure and entertainment are at the bottom on the unlock list. So, your beloved soccer needs to find a vaccine for Corona as soon as possible to unlock itself. The ball is in Man U court.

We have some nuts on this planet. The Brazilian nuts tops the charts. The Belarus chap loves football so much, while the world terrified of death, he enjoyed his footie with a brand of Gin.

So, if you miss soccer so much, you can watch and join the Belarus chap, but in the comfort of your sofa, and of course with a brandy.

Abi

Hi David
I miss soccer a lot but not to that extent. I watched almost every highlight available. I was watching a documentary on the rivalry between Patrick Viera the Arsonist and Roy Kean the bulldog.
እግር ኳስ ድሮ ቀረ!
I hope things will get better soon. The brandy is getting on my nerves:)
Stay safe .

Nitricc

Hey Abiy; I am just worried about NFL season. America with out Sunday and Monday night football? wow, scary thoughts. It should have been the time baseball was warming up but nothing. Do you see NFL in 2020 season?

Abi

Hello General
Sunday afternoon without football is a wasted Sunday. I’m not into baseball. It is very slow for my test. I like a continuous action.
Even my dog knows when there is football. Hot grill, cold beer, exciting game… I just hope things will get better. People are hurting. We should not be talking sports at this time. It scary and sad situation.
Be safe.

መሃንድስ-ምዕባለ

Hi David,
However, you would still be a slave. Is that what you want?

David Samson

Selam Mahandis,

This is my description of slavery:

Spending over 30 years of my life working for slave masters. In doing so, I witness the rape of my sisters and all atrocities one could only imagine. Of course, all on the name of this imaginary country called Eritrea. But when I realised, I have been conned my productive and youth years, it is too late to change the course of my my life. What worse is not only my life has been wasted, but I wake to find out so-called Eritrea turns to be an imaginary country. I called it a double whammy!

Worse yet to come. When I eventually flee this hell country on earth and feel some kind of relieve, but to only find myself in another modern-day slavery. Slavery has been fading away from the memory of humanity since the end of the 18th century. What makes my predicament painfully though is I must pay ransom money to my masters to free up myself.

At last, I arrived in Shangri la. Despite all the skills I acquired during my captivity, I find hard to secure a job. The white men must be racist. I feel God-given right to be employed by a white man. I get some odds job now and then. on my spare time, I curse the white men for not giving me a job. The British robbed my country for 10 years after all, so they have the moral duty to support me.

I am inspired when I watched Eri-TV the other day. The mother to the heir to the throne has contributed to speeding up the treatment for COVID-19. I did my bit from my meager resources. I think I need to seek medical assistance, but I am not sure if I am suffering from Stockholm syndrome or mental slavery.

Nitricc

David; I am glad you found your freedom. I am sure London is the heaven on the Eritrea so, congrats. Say hi for me the white man who can’t say Dawit and he named his slave David. you go figure.

Brhan

Thank you Gedab News for the news,
1. What do UAE, Eritrea, Haftar and Mercenaries ( including Sudanese) have in common:
a. They are all not elected by their people.
b. They all anti-governments elected by people
c. They are all against democracy, free election , free speech.

2. What is their relationship to Libya
a. Libya and Sudan are neighbours and the Sudanese mercenaries who are against their own government which came by a popular revolution, do not want to see a Libyan government came by election. So the failure of this government is an asset to them for the Sudan they want to rule. And there a domino effect to the regime of in Eritrea. The regime in Eritrea is not comfortable to a democracy born west of Eritrea as he has not been comfortable to the one born south of Eritrea.
b UAE is an Arab country like Libya. This autocratic country has not only opposed a government that came by people choice to power in Egypt but played a role in overthrowing it. It sees Arab spring, outcome infectious that won’t spare it.
c. The Eritrean regime has its share in this cake. Money poured by UAE comes first but other kind of assistance from this rich country called UAE such as assistance in diplomacy, public relationship and media also it significant tips.
3. What is ካብ ጉይይ ምውዓል ክሳድ ሓዝ ከይትብሉኒ
You can say as the UN says , the Libyan war must be ended thought peaceful talks, and I agree but in the ground, now, the government elected by people and international recognized Libyan government is wining the war. And as Eritreans , we know that it is the people’s will that wins in war not money and arms. Vietnam but let not go very far what about in Yemen.
The regime loves to gamble even at the expense of its beliefs which make me say these beliefs were fake.

Thank you
Ramadan Kerim!

Sultan M.G.

Ahlen Ya Brhan:
Well articulated.
Am hoping that Eritrea will not end up being a victim of another sanction!
Just few things:
-You are giving an undeserved credit to the so called International Community and the UN, the very same “ Community”, which led to the demise of Libya!
-It is the same UN and Community and their puppets and mercenaries , which unfairly sanctioned Eritrea and Eritreans simply coz the PFDJ messed up some how!

Brhan

Merhaba Sultan,
Thanks for your mark to my humble comment. But if you read the part that I am talking about UN, you may understand I am not giving ” undeserved credit” . My credit is to the Libyan people , who, the majority of them elected the Libyan gov’t (حكومة الوفاق). My sentence in the part starts by “You can say” meaning if I don’t say it ( because I do not give it a credit ) some might say look the UN is doing so and so. So in this we are in the same line.
I hope you got my point.
Ramadan Kerim Bro

Sultan M.G.

Mehaba Ustaz Brhan:
Got you Bro!
Apologies for “ misreading” you.
The same to you and to your beloved ones!
Stay safe!

Paulos

Selam Simon and Horizon,

Horizon: Happy belated Easter. Been busy and my apologies for not responding to the issue on Italian colonialism with respect to modernity and will try to comment on it later on, God willing that is. But first, Simon’s unwarranted bashing of the East.

Simon,

Let me try to put it in a context where the cutting edge technology of the 21st century is squarely credited to the innovation and invention of the West. Take GPS [Global Positioning System], for instance. As you know, GPS has become part of our lives where practically we can not function without as we need it for our smart phones and cars as well. Moreover, GPS in phones works when the phones receive wireless signals from at least four of the twenty four satellites in the Global Positioning System that are orbiting about twelve thousand miles above Earth. Each satellite carries four atomic clocks that are synchronized to within a billionth of a second of one another.

The various satellites visible to your receiver send it continuous stream of signals, each of which is approximated to the nanosecond. The tremendous temporal precision of the atomic clocks in each satellite gets converted into the tremendous spatial precision we get from using the GPS in our phones and cars. Historically, GPS was developed by the US military during the Cold War. The original purpose was to keep track of US submarines carrying nuclear missiles and give them precise estimates of their current locations so that if they needed to launch a nuclear strike, they could target their intercontinental ballistic missiles very accurately.

Here, you’re probably wondering why I am delving to certain extent into the origins and utility of GPS. Well, certainly, the engineering behind it is brilliant but what is more imaginative and genius is the Math behind it and the question is, where did the Math come from? Calculus! With out Calculus, there would not be GPS.

As you know, Calculus can be divided into two: Differential and Integral Calculus where the former cuts complicated problems into infinitely many simpler pieces and the latter puts the pieces back together again to solve the original problem [As a side note: from a philosophical point of view, you can see them as a Yin and Yang—Reductionism and Holism approach to nature.]

Here is the interesting part: the invention or discovery of Calculus is maybe credited to Newton or Leibniz but it traces its roots to Algebra. To be more precise, Calculus grew out of Algebra. In its original form, Algebra migrated to Europe in the 13th Century from China, India and the Islamic world. The name Algebra was derived from the Arabic word, “Al-Jabr”, meaning “Restoration” or “The reunion of broken parts.” The reason is that, you would need Algebra to balance equations and solve them, such as canceling a number being subtracted from one side of an equation by adding it to both sides, in effect restoring what was broken.

Moreover, it was not only Algebra that gave rise to Calculus but Geometry as well where the synthesis of both [Algebra and Geometry—which was popularized by Rene Descartes and we know it from middle school as Cartesian Coordinates] gave rise to Analytical Geometry. But again, Geometry was born in ancient Egypt where the founding father of Geometry Thales is said to have learned it Egypt. And the most popular of them all—the Pythagorean theorem did not originate with Pythagoras either but was known to the Babylonians for at least a millennia before him.

Around 250 CE, a Chinese geometer named Liu Hui improved on calculating Pi, for instance. And two centuries later another Chinese named Zu Chongzhi applied Liu Hui method to and proved the value of Pi to eight digits—-Pi is central to Geometry as it is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. In the next five centuries, more progress came from Al-Hassan Ibn Al-Haytham who is known as Alhazen in the West. He was born in Basra, Iraq around 965 CE, he worked in Cairo during the Islamic golden age on everything from theology and philosophy to astronomy and medicine. He for instance, calculated the volumes of solids which were considered impossible to solve by Archimedes where his contribution to Geometry is huge to this day.

With in the same centuries, more advanced were made in Algebra and Geometry particularly when Hindu mathematicians invented the concept of Zero and the decimal place-value system for numbers. Algebraic techniques for solving equations that arose in Egypt, Iraq, Persia and China, much of it was driven by practical problems involving inheritance law, tax assessment, commerce, and interest calculations. Later on, particularly Algebra was refined when it was elucidated in the famous text book by Muhammad Ibn Mussa Al-Khwarizimi whose last name contributed to the step by step procedure, otherwise known as “Algorithms” which is central not only in Mathematics but in computing or programming as well. This is to say that, as Newton, put it, “If I have seen further than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Perhaps, Newton had Galileo, Kepler and Copernicus in mind but in general, the East contributed to the foundations of technology as we know them today.

Paul
You forgot the most important thing invented by the Arab world, Alcohol.

Paulos

Abination,

You’re right but would have brought it up if the issue under discussion was, say about chemical synthesis.

Abi

Paul
My barber has closed his business because he is considered nonessential. The liquor store across the street has remained opened since it is essential.
Now tell me which issues should be discussed currently?
Algebra?

Paulos

Abination,

You got a point. I agree.

Saleh Johar

Haha, Paulos,

Once I had an argument with an uptight Arab who wouldn’t stop talking how bad liquor is. I told him you ancestors invented alcohol.

He snapped, they invented it for medical purposes.

I gave him the age Aba GumbaH and zagra story. He never talked to me after that.

NB: you forgot they invented BinTaal which became pantalone.

Abi

Selam Ato Saleh
Now you put yourself in trouble. I demand the story:)
The Arabs were the leading astronomers, physicians, and all the good things Paul mentioned.
The guy who snapped at you must have been drunk.
Now back to the story…

Saleh Johar

You must have all day free if you want me to continue with such anecdotes. Twenty years worth.
Paulos,
Such memories are invoked occasionally and they trigger my memory. You have to provoke my memory and I am not boasting when I say I have a complimentary story for anything you say. It’s back to our. Try me. 😉

Paulos

Selam Ayay,

On a separate note, my apologies for posting the comment under your article which is obviously not related. I was under the impression that, the other thread may soon be closed.

መሃንድስ-ምዕባለ

Doterre,
Speaking of not related comment, I have one that I have asked SK but that could be below his pay grade 🙂
Do you know the relationship between Amazon river & Eritreans?

Paulos

ኢንጂኔረ,

I am not sure to be honest. Aya Saleh might know.

Abi

Hello MM
I definitely know the difference between Amazon River and Eritreans.
አንደኛው ሆደሰፊ ነው 🙂

መሃንድስ-ምዕባለ

Selam Abi,
I was careful this time I was not drinking. Very funny!
Think again.

Abi

MM
If I guess the relationship between the two is the amount of water they both contain without overflowing.
ሁለቱም ሆደሰፊ ናቸው:)

መሃንድስ-ምዕባለ

Hi Abi/Doterre,
Amazon river has >1K tributaries and Eritreans have that many (if not more) inputs and it took us this long to calculate and reach into a solution. We are still recalculating!
Maybe we need to buy super machine?

Abi

MM
I don’t think you need a super machine. You need to recalibrate the one you already have.
Rekindle, recalibrate, …
revolt?

መሃንድስ-ምዕባለ

Abi,
Rekindle, recalibrate, …revolt?
Without that super machine, I can’t calculate too many Rs. You are adding more to the already too many inputs we have.

Abi

MM
Is this super machine Nakfa designed, Chinese made and Eritrea approved?

Saleh Johar

Abi,
I yield. The note reminded me of a funny story in Jeddah related to a shipment of whiskey and I was caught in the middle of it. I promise to dedicate an episode about it so that we can discuss it to death.

Abi

Ato Saleh
የቀንየለይ

Sultan M.G.

Selamat SGJ:
Was that same story I heard about sealed huge shipments of Scotch Whisky and Johnny Walker to Saudi Arabia?

Paulos

Selam Ayay,

I actually didn’t know about Pantalone. Thanks for the info.

Sultan M.G.

Dottore:
My hat off!
You are but an Original Eritrean Genius!
A well earned and deserved PHD in Biochemistry!
Hope you are in the Field of Advanced Research and Teaching.Am not sure what would make one a Better Scientist!

A minimum honor for you as a Visiting Professor and Scientist @ the Awate Univ.
Where the heck are Professors Haile S and Hashela??

Hope they are safe and healthy.

I know where Prof Hidrat has been /
is .
Stay safe Prof Paulos and keep staying home as long as it takes,please .And please, don’t listen to Trump and to the likes of Governor Brian Kemp .
Keep your promise to build the first of its nature “Bio-Engineering College” in Eritrea!

Paulos

Capo,

Not sure how long the complement is going to last ክሳብ ካድር ወያነ ኢልካ ትጸርፈኒ? But thank you really, I might as well enjoy it till it lasts.

ሓንሳብ ሓንሳብ ንጻራረፍ ሓንሳብ ሓንሳብ ንናኣኣድ but that is the beauty of this Forum. And stay safe because one day Eritrea will need your needed clinical expertise.

Sultan M.G.

Hahaha Doc:
Apology on board for the past “misunderstandings and miscommunications”!
Either way, no one can and should take away what belongs to you and what you deserve!
FYI and for the Record:
If u have (not)noticed, I only bite or hit back when I am only bitten or hit!
Not shy to admit my poor communication skills!
Learning….

Paulos

Capo,

It is all good. No worries. Was just messin with you.

Simon Kaleab

Selam Paulos,

True, there are contributions to Mathematics by people from different cultures. They are too many to list.

In terms of depth and breadth and game changing contributions, the all time top 3 are: Archimedes, Newton, and Gauss.

It is reported that Gauss was asked to name his top 3. He replied with: Archimedes, Newton, and Gotthold Eisenstein.

In the top 4, Brahmagupta should be included.

Abrehet Yosief

Selam Gedab News,
This is really bad. According to my Sudanese friends, Sudanese fighters (besides the regular Army) were being transported directly from El Fashir to Yemen, their families were receiving $1,000 a month. I guess with the change of government they couldn’t continue to fly out of Sudan. There were two documents circulating on twitter media, one from UAE requesting flight clearance to land and transport Eritrean Army to Libya. The second was a list of Eritrean army members, including officers, signed by Abrham Isayas Afwerki, from Office of the President. I don’t know if these documents were discussed in Awate.

Saleh Johar

Hi Abrehet,
Your points are all correct except the list of “Eritrean soldiers” which was proved fake—the origin, white background and font consistency. A simple “forensics” of graphic images betrays it’s originality. It was a screen shot and clean copy as opposed to second or third generation copies like any leaked document. It has no creases or slanting paper edges. The signature was also a clumsy attempt and a give away.

Abrehet Yosief

Selam Ustaaz,
Glad to hear that the documents were fake. It would have been unforgivable if Eritrean soldiers would officially be fighting in Libya.

Saleh Johar

Hi Abrehet,
So far it’s okay, but in the future, no one knows where Isaias’ gambling will lead to.

Sultan M.G.

Selam Ms Abrehe:
Do not forgot that the PFDJ Gang is a crookedly smart and well experienced gang in organizational security.
They would not sign even any basic communication and circulate it let alone highly classified risky security documents.
An old friend of mine,who used to work as an Immigration Officer in Eritrea jokingly told me that Highi Higdef b’risas eyyu zitsehaf!
They pass on serious decisions by picking up secured phone lines or by circulating unsigned papers and documents as guidelines and memoranda!
The likes of Amanuel of hassina.com and the JStudio are quite known for their fake and forged documents,news , propaganda and hoax!

Sultan M.G.

Correction:
Read as”Ms. Abrehet”!

Nitricc

Hi All; I don’t know who the audience is the above article intended to but I could careless as long us the Eritreans are not involved. Anyway; I just the bad news, really bad. I have always thought one day the Ethiopians will wake up and realize their god given natural resource and to do something with. When you got the fertile land Ethiopia has; when you have abundance of water; when you blessed with millions of population at that young population. You will think someone out of the 100 million people will have enough sense and urgency to do something. Noooooooo. Who do you think just got permission from PMAA to do kill Ethiopia? You guessed it, Monsanto!!!!! this is truly the saddest day for Ethiopia and Ethiopians. Monsanto chased out from every where and sued right and left, now they ventured to poison Africa. I hope all Ethiopians will stand and voice their opposition to this evil Monsanto. Genetically modified corps are the most toxic and poisonous there is to be. Why do Ethiopia need this garbage? Ethiopia have everything and it could have been the mother of organic food to the middle east and the rest of Africa. I am truly sad. there no benefit to it but damages. Ethiopians you have been warned; stand up and voice your opposition. if not, you will live to rerate for the rest of your life. PMAA shame on you.

What are the new “unexpected effects” and health risks posed
by genetic engineering?