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News Archive » Agriculture

Here you will find all Science for Environment Policy publications, organised by topic.

Browse archives by year and theme below.

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Italian cities make progress towards smart mobility

The move towards smart mobility systems in cities across Italy, specifically in relation to public transport systems (including cycle infrastructure, and cycle and car-sharing schemes) has been assessed in a new study. The researchers say significant progress has been made in light of new guidelines imposed by the European Union, which is often linked to financial investment, as well as the capacity of city planners to implement changes.

Water management on farms assessed by new tool, Flanders

Researchers have developed a new model that highlights how agricultural practices impact on water availability in the wider landscape. The model, AquaCrop-Hydro, could be used to inform agricultural management decisions and policy related to water and land use, to ensure best allocation of water resources. Such tools are not only useful currently, but will be especially important in future in areas where climate change impacts on water availability and affects crop productivity.

Effects of air pollution on Mediterranean plants could be studied with reflectance spectroscopy

A technique called reflectance spectroscopy is the subject of a new literature review focusing on the use of this tool to study the effects of air pollution on vegetation. In particular, the researchers suggest that the technique could be more widely applied in the Mediterranean region, to study the effects of climate change and air pollution, which will be detrimental to crop growth as well as other vegetation. It could also be used as a more general biomonitoring technique for assessing pollutant levels in the environment.

Taking stock: progress in natural capital accounting – November 2017

The growing human population and a shift to more resource-intensive habits and behaviours are increasing the demands on global ecosystems. Natural capital is a way to describe Earth’s natural assets, including soil, air, water, and living things, existing as complex ecosystems, which provide a range of services to humans. Depleting and degrading these reserves may irreversibly reduce the availability of benefits to future generations. This In-Depth Report presents an overview of ideas, debates and progress so far in natural capital accounting, in particular in accounting for ecosystems and their services.

A new review of the potential uses of visual soil evaluation (VSE) shows how this tool can be used to indicate risks of erosion, compaction, greenhouse gas emission or storage and surface-water run-off. Assessing soils in this way is not only useful for agriculture, but has implications for the wider environment, due to the vital role that soil plays in the provision of ecosystem services, for example as a habitat for biodiversity and as a carbon sink.

Natural enemies of crop pests will feature in the future of environmentally friendly farming

Biological control agents are an environmentally-friendly way of controlling pests and diseases on crops and are advocated in the EU’s Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive1. The authors of a new review of the current state of biological control refer to a recent UN report2 which states that it is possible to produce enough food to feed a world population of nine billion with substantially less chemical pesticides — and even without these pesticides if sufficient effort is made to develop biocontrol-based Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods. The study suggests that policy measures can speed up the development and use of environmentally-friendly crop protection.

The majority of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) identified until now are banned or restricted around the world owing to concerns about their harm to ecosystems and human health. However, this is not the end of the story; even long-banned POPs still linger in the environment; others are still in use and are being directly emitted; and new POPs may be identified for which we have limited information. This Future Brief from Science for Environment Policy presents recent research into POPs’ potential impacts, the levels and future outlook for POPs in the environment and humans, and how we can reduce our use of POPs.

A new study has assessed the value of ecosystem-based approaches to mitigating climate changes and conserving biodiversity in Germany. The researchers highlight the trade-offs and synergies between climate adaptation and nature conservation and suggest that effective ecosystem-based climate policy requires improved coordination between different sectors, such as agriculture, forestry and energy.

GM risk assessments: the importance of in planta studies in the sustainable management of GM plants

Assessments of the effects on organisms likely to come into contact with genetically modified (GM) plants have been reviewed in a recent study. The researchers say such assessments help to understand the potential ecological impacts within the environment and are an important part of the risk assessments for GM plants.

European policy permits the application of nutrient-rich sewage sludge on agricultural land as a means of recycling1. However, contamination of sludge with microplastics may pose a risk to ecosystems. This study looked at the characteristics of microplastics in sewage sludge after three types of waste-water treatment, finding that anaerobic digestion should be explored as a method of microplastic reduction.

Potentially toxic elements in European soils mapped by researchers

A new study has mapped levels of chemical elements found in European agricultural soils. In most places, unusually high concentrations are linked to geology, such as high levels of arsenic in the Massif Central in France. Human activity is to blame in some small areas, for example high concentrations of mercury were found near London and Paris. Abnormal concentrations, both too low and too high, could pose an environmental risk. This new data can be used in conjunction with the REACH Regulation1 and can help identify areas where action may be needed in relation to toxic elements in the environment.

Researchers have examined environmental and economic impacts of supermarket food waste in a new study. Bread and meat products made the largest contribution to the environmental footprint of the supermarket assessed. Alternative waste strategies, such as using bread waste as animal feed, have the potential to reduce these impacts.

There are several types of wildlife-friendly farming scheme, some of which are more prescriptive than others. A recent study compared the effects of different wildlife-friendly farming approaches, including organic farming, on pollination. The findings suggest that organic farming practices enhance pollination services but may compromise crop yield. ‘Conservation Grade’ farming schemes — biodiversity-focused practices funded by sales of labelled food products — can support both pollination and yield.

Training farmers in management for bird conservation could improve overall biodiversity on farms

Agri-environment schemes (AES) are a means by which farmers can ensure greener agriculture, but their success is based on many factors, including the effectiveness of the scheme and participation by farmers. In an effort to understand how different factors affect uptake of AES, this study assessed the attitudes and values of decision-making for a sample of UK farmers involved with bird conservation. The results indicate that effectiveness and participation rates could be improved by informing farmers about the state of bird populations in their region and highlighting the impacts of different management practices on bird conservation.

What encourages farmers to participate in EU agri-environment schemes?

Isolating specific reasons for involvement in agri-environment schemes (AES) is a key step in the formulation of schemes that are more appealing to Europe’s farming community. Through a comprehensive exploration of the literature on AES across the EU, this study contributes to a better understanding of what drives farmers’ participation in such initiatives, revealing important factors, such as previous experience with schemes and flexibility in management.

Getting value for money in agri-environment schemes: recommendations from the UK

Many would agree that the efficiency of agri-environment schemes (AES) could be improved, but how? A new study considers how AES could deliver ecosystem services better, using peatlands in the UK as a case study. The researchers suggest a number of approaches to improving the link between the payments given to farmers and the environmental benefits they deliver; these include methods of targeting payments to particular areas.

Agri-environment schemes (AES) are widely researched; some important issues, however, remain unstudied. Researchers have investigated some of these issues using a sample of olive growers in southern Spain. Their study reveals the level of monetary incentive needed for farmers to accept an ‘ecological focus area’, and a general unwillingness to participate collectively. These results could help policymakers design more cost-effective AES.

Tailoring agri-environment schemes to species and habitats could improve cost-effectiveness

The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes to conserve species and habitats under the Scottish Rural Development Programme (SRDP) has been assessed by a recent study. Cost-effectiveness was found to vary widely between schemes. Improvements in cost-effectiveness relative to specific conservation objectives might be achieved with increased geographical targeting, advice and monitoring of impacts.

Results-based agri-environment measures are an alternative to management-based measures that, in certain circumstances, could be both more effective and more cost-efficient, since their payment depends on the provision of the desired conservation outcome. This study reviews the success of a scheme, introduced in Germany in 2000, to preserve biodiversity in species-rich grassland.

This study assessed the implementation of the ‘Flowering Meadows’ agri-environment scheme in France, a results-based scheme which encourages farmers to conserve meadows in the Bauges, Haut Jura and Vercors natural parks. While there was limited change in agricultural practices, the scheme did help to maintain meadow habitats. Farmers also welcomed the results-based payments approach, which gave them greater responsibility for and flexibility in managing their farms.

Farmers with knowledge of environmental policy are more willing to create wetland habitats

The willingness of farmers to create wetlands within agri-environment schemes (AES) has been assessed as part of a new study in Sweden. Land-owning farmers and those with prior knowledge of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) were more likely to create wetlands than leasehold farmers or those with no prior knowledge of WFD. Common reasons for not wanting to take part in the scheme included the farmers’ senior age, that wetlands would not be suitable on the farm and high costs — leading the researchers to suggest that changes in subsidy payments may increase wetland creation.

An investigation into the receptivity of English farmers to collaborative agri-environment schemes

A team of UK researchers has analysed interviews with a selection of farmers from across England in an effort to determine the sociocultural factors influencing their decisions to cooperate with each other on collaborative agri-environment schemes (cAES). Results from this study have significance for the success of AES in the region, as it may be that only by collaborating on such schemes can farmers adequately conserve crucial landscape-scale ecological processes. The study finds that cAES which provide greater flexibility, with opportunities for farmer involvement in scheme design and locally targeted and clearly defined aims, are more likely to gain support from farmers. Farmers might also be more receptive to environmental interventions if they could be partially involved in cAES.

Managing landscapes effectively requires the involvement of a wide variety of stakeholders. The views and interests of these different groups can be effectively integrated by agri-environment 'collaboratives' — a type of bridging organisation which can be found in varying forms in Europe. Using data from Germany and the Netherlands, a study concludes that these groups make important contributions to landscape management, ranging from implementing policy to generating income.

Farmers with experience of agri-environment schemes develop more wildlife-friendly habitats

Researchers have found that farmer experience, concerns and motivation influence environmental outcomes for agri-environment schemes (AES), in a study in southern England. Farmers with more environmental-management experience and/or concern for wildlife created habitats that provided more pollen and nectar for bees and butterflies and winter seed for birds. The results suggest that supporting environmental learning among farmers may increase the success of AES.

Set-aside fields increase the diversity of decomposers in soil in Hungarian agricultural landscapes

A new study has investigated the effects of set-aside management —when fields are taken out of agricultural production — on common invertebrate decomposers in soil. The diversity of woodlice species was higher in set-aside fields compared to neighbouring wheat fields and this effect increased in older set-asides. This study highlights the importance of set-aside areas as habitats for soil invertebrates, which are important for soil health.

Habitat fragmentation is a threat to biodiversity, especially in agricultural land where there are also many endangered species. Corridors between habitats are one way to counteract its effects. A study suggests that grassy field margins — established throughout Europe to improve water quality — could act as corridors. The study, which measured the effects of field margins on butterflies, concludes that agricultural schemes should include this corridor function.

Agri-environment schemes should be diversified and customised to meet habitat preferences of different species

The Natura 2000 network is the backbone of nature conservation in the EU, and agri-environment schemes (AES) are an important tool to protect biodiversity on European farmland. A recent study, which investigated the effectiveness of AES in relation to grassland birds in Poland, found that AES were not associated with species richness of target species, and proposed a number of reasons for this. The researchers recommend that AES management regimes should be diversified and customised to provide optimal habitat for a wider range of bird species.

Wildflower planting supports a range of beneficial insects, not only bees

A study of wildflower planting within agri-environment schemes has demonstrated that the practice can support a diverse array of economically beneficial insect species, not just prominent pollinators such as wild bees and hoverflies. The study demonstrates the high conservation potential of wildflower planting within agricultural landscapes and the value of insects outside the traditional focus of conservation efforts.

Agri-environment schemes (AES) have been implemented throughout Europe to mitigate against the negative effects of agricultural intensification. Although these schemes have shown positive effects on the abundance and richness of certain species and taxa, the impact of AES on reproduction of target species at the local and landscape scale is poorly understood. This large-scale study looked for the effect of selected AE measures on bumblebee reproduction. Results indicate that bumblebee reproduction is significantly higher on sown flower patches when compared to conventional management. Although the increase is most pronounced at the plot scale, higher reproduction was found in landscapes surrounding larger sown plots (at least one hectare) compared to smaller sown plots.

How to model trade-offs between agricultural yield and biodiversity

New research has examined three different categories of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA), each with different goals. The researchers find that overlaps between the three assessments could be combined to create a more comprehensive form of ERA, usable by regulators and environmental decision makers. There is an inherent trade-off between increasing agricultural production and protection of biodiversity. This study models the effects of biodiversity conservation agri-environment schemes (AESs) and ecosystem service provider schemes, and shows that determining the aim of an agri-environment scheme is key to improving its efficiency. Such an optimisation could allow AES to be rolled out more generally to provide the backbone for both high yields and enhanced farmland biodiversity, say the researchers.

Agri-environment schemes: impacts on the agricultural environment June 2017

What has been the impact of Agricultural Environment Schemes (AES) on European farming? These schemes provide payments to farmers in return for the implementation of agri-environmental measures to encourage positive environmental outcomes and as a counterbalance to the profit incentive. The schemes might concentrate on low-intensity production, organic or integrated management or enhancement of biodiversity on farmland. This Thematic Issue presents recent peer-reviewed research examining the impacts AES have had on European farm ecosystems, biodiversity and farmers – and to what extent AES have benefited a range of animals and plants by increasing the number of individuals and species.

The economic impact of climate change on European agriculture

A new study has estimated how changes to climate might affect the value of European farmland. Based on data for over 41 000 farms, the results suggest that their economic value could drop by up to 32%, depending on the climate scenario considered. Farms in southern Europe are particularly sensitive to climate change and could suffer value losses of up to 9% per 1 °C rise. The researchers say policy, on water and land use, for example, will be crucial to help farmers adapt to climate change and mitigate economic losses.

Natural water-retention measures, which ‘keep the rain where it falls’, have great potential to be used as part of flood-risk management plans. But their benefits for downstream urban areas can bring costs to the upstream agricultural areas where they are installed, a recent analysis explains. The researchers behind this analysis suggest that we need new and/or improved policies and institutions to oversee the trade-offs and benefits for agriculture and flood management, and a better scientific understanding of the measures’ likely impact on urban flood risk.

Farmland abandonment risk highlighted in new UK study

Traditional, high-nature-value (HNV) grasslands are at risk of being abandoned by farmers in the future — in turn, risking the wildlife they support, warns a new UK study. Farmers interviewed by the researchers had weak motivations to protect grasslands, as they felt that financial incentives for conservation are low and that traditional management practices are inconvenient. More dialogue between farmers and conservationists could be part of the solution, the study suggests.

Livestock worming treatments can reduce seed germination of grassland species

A common anti-parasitic drug used to control gastrointestinal worms in livestock has been shown to inhibit seed germination of three common grassland species. This recent study is the first to show that anthelmintics may negatively affect plant regeneration. The researchers say that treatments should be carefully timed in order to avoid the strongest impact of the drugs on germination and the consequential negative affect on grassland regeneration.

Combinations of veterinary antibiotics may harm algae

Combinations of antibiotics used in veterinary medicine could harm the growth of algal communities when they pass into water bodies from treated livestock, according to recent European research. Algae play vital roles in ecosystems by cycling nutrients and producing energy from photosynthesis; veterinary use of antibiotics should, therefore, be monitored in the environment, including for any biological impacts on algal species, the study recommends.

This study is one of few to assess the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem over several years. Researchers analysed the genetic makeup of oilseed rape plants within and outside crop fields over four years. They found similarity between cultivars of field plants in one year and those of feral plants (unplanted) in the following year. They also found persistence of the cultivars within the feral plants, which suggests that feral populations with genetically modified (GM) traits might result from persistent GM traits within field seed banks. The researchers say their findings could aid impact assessments of GM crops.

Risk of silver nanoparticles to terrestrial plants is low, but increased by chlorine

Silver nanoparticles are used in a range of household products. This study investigated the risk to plants of these nanoparticles in soil, showing that risk was overall low but increased when soils contained high levels of chlorine. The researchers, therefore, suggest that the risk of silver nanoparticles to plants may increase in salty soils or those irrigated with poor-quality water. These findings could be important for future risk assessments.

Plant diversity improves soil stability, the results of a greenhouse experiment and a long-term field study show. This study, which covered a range of different soil types, is one of the first to investigate the effects of plant diversity on soil structure, which is important for provision of ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and the mitigation of excessive run-off. The findings could help tackle the problem of soil degradation, the researchers suggest.

Species diversity throughout the food chain maintains multiple ecosystem services more effectively

Biodiversity’s contribution to ecosystem services in grasslands — at different levels of the food chain (known as trophic levels1) — has been assessed in a new study. Higher species diversity across trophic levels — particularly for plants, insects and soil microbial decomposers — is important for the provision of multiple ecosystem services related to food production, recreational benefits, or climate regulation. Species diversity across different trophic groups was also found to be just as important in controlling ecosystem functioning as the management intensity of grasslands and environmental factors, such as climate or soil type.

Herbicide found in German estuaries, transported to the Baltic Sea

Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide, able to kill a broad range of plants
('weeds') that compete with crops. This study used a validated method to
assess its presence in 10 German estuaries that lead to the Baltic Sea. All but one
was contaminated with glyphosate, and all were contaminated with its metabolite
AMPA. The researchers recommend risk assessments for these chemicals in the
Baltic Sea and other marine environments.

Researchers have assessed how changes in production efficiency and
dietary patterns can combine to ensure food supply whilst minimising the
global environmental impact of food production. The gain in the production
efficiency of agriculture was found to be insufficient to meet future food demand
whilst preventing additional environmental burdens, if dietary trends continue to
grow based on GDP. Changing consumption patterns, including switching to less
resource-demanding diets, would contribute towards ensuring future food security
whilst preventing further increases in agriculture’s environmental burden. Reducing
terrestrial animal production offers significant advantages, but alternative diets can
also present environmental and production trade-offs.

Nitrification inhibitors — climate change mitigation tool recommended by the IPCC – may be less effective than previously thought

Nitrification inhibitors are thought to mitigate climate change by reducing
emissions of nitrous oxide — a potent greenhouse gas — from land.
However, they may not be as effective as once thought, a new study suggests. The
researchers found that, while inhibitors decrease emissions of nitrous oxide, they
can increase emissions of ammonia — which is later converted to nitrous oxide.
They recommend these effects are considered when evaluating inhibitors as a mitigation technology.

How to increase the uptake of environmentally friendly fertilisers in Germany

Fertilisers have boosted crop yields but at the same time can have
negative effects on the environment. This study investigates fertiliser ‘ecoinnovations’,
with reduced environmental impact, in Germany. By gathering the views of experts, producers, traders and farmers, the researchers make
recommendations for increasing uptake of environmentally friendly fertilisers,
including increasing knowledge and awareness among traders and farmers.

Pesticides used on agricultural land can leach into nearby surface water; this is called run-off and can harm aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluated the potential of ditches to reduce run-off, using Italy’s Po Valley as a case study. Grassy ditches were able to significantly reduce the concentration of herbicides, even during extreme flooding. The researchers therefore suggest that the promotion of vegetated ditches via agri-environment schemes would be beneficial for pesticide mitigation.

Bumblebees pollinate urban gardens better than agricultural land

A recent study has found that bumblebees in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany are more successful at pollinating urban areas than agricultural land. Urban areas also had higher flower diversity and more potential nesting areas for bees compared to agricultural areas. However, the abundance of bee parasites was also higher in urban areas, although this was not found to negatively impact on pollination. This demonstrates the value of urban green spaces as habitat for pollinators.

Analysis of farmers’ social networks identifies important stakeholders for biodiversity conservation

Stakeholder support is essential to the success of environmental policies. A recent study has identified stakeholders that can promote biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes. The researchers found farmers were the most influential group of stakeholders, as they make the final decisions on land use. In turn, farmers are influenced in their decisions by a number of actors whose influence is perceived differently on a local and regional level.

New method of developing agri-environment schemes proposes €3 million saving in Germany

A method for developing more cost-effective agri-environment schemes is outlined in a recent study. The procedure can be used over large areas, accounts for hundreds of management regimes and several different endangered species. The model is one of the first to account for the timing of measures and, when applied to Saxony in Germany, proposed savings of over €3 million, while also improving some conservation outcomes.

Pesticide risk assessments could be made more realistic with ecological scenarios

A method for developing ecological scenarios for assessing pesticides’ risks to aquatic wildlife has been developed. It is based on the selection of vulnerable taxa according to biological trait information, exposure conditions and environmental properties. The method should help decision makers define what to include in ecological models used for future pesticide risk assessments and is proposed as a way to increase the ecological realism of pesticide risk assessment.

Agroforestry delivers more ecosystem services than conventional land use

Agroforestry — managing trees alongside crop or animal-production systems — has been proposed as a means of protecting biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem service supply. A study bringing together evidence has confirmed that agroforestry does have an overall positive effect over conventional (separate) agriculture and forestry. Its environmental benefits, which should be considered in rural planning policy, include reduced nutrient run-off and soil erosion, and biodiversity protection.

Fungi may provide greener way of controlling oilseed rape diseases

A new study from Poland has confirmed the potential of fungal Trichoderma species to control diseases of oilseed rape crops. The use of Trichoderma can reduce the growth of disease-causing oilseed rape pathogens, which may allow a decrease in the use of harmful pesticides.

Applying sewage sludge to soil may spread antibiotic resistance

Sewage sludge and manure are sometimes added to soil to improve crop production. However, these ‘natural fertilisers’ may contain not only nutrients and organic matter but also antibacterial agents. This study investigated their impact on the microbes in soil, revealing an increase in antibiotic resistance genes. The researchers recommend greater efforts to remove antibiotic residues from wastewater and manure.

New method to prioritise pesticides based on their environmental and human health risks and on monitoring results at river-basin level

Researchers have developed a new approach to hierarchise pesticides based on their risk to or via the aquatic environment, which has been implemented in the Pinios River Basin of Central Greece. The analysis indicated that a number of pesticides were found in concentrations that could cause negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The results provide detailed information to inform decisions regarding the monitoring of pesticides in the Pinios River Basin and outline an approach that could be used in other watersheds.

Synthetic biology and biodiversity

Synthetic biology is an emerging field and industry, with a growing number of applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural and energy sectors. While it may propose solutions to some of the greatest challenges facing the environment, such as climate change and scarcity of clean water, the introduction of novel, synthetic organisms may also pose a high risk for natural ecosystems. This future brief outlines the benefits, risks and techniques of these new technologies, and examines some of the ethical and safety issues.

A global map of drought risk aids future local assessments

A new methodology for mapping the global distribution of drought risk has been proposed, which should provide guidance on which locations should be further assessed to improve drought preparedness and management policies.

Recycling waste from farming and mining could help improve the sustainable use of phosphorus, a recent study suggests. The study traced the stocks and flows of phosphorus over a 50 year period to reveal changing patterns of global phosphorus use. The results can be used to develop the sustainable management of phosphorus — a finite and critical resource — in the future.

One third of all reptile species in EU at high risk of pesticide exposure

Pesticide exposure can have negative impacts on many species and is a major threat to biodiversity. A new study is one of few to assess the risks specifically for European reptiles. The results suggest that at least one third of European reptile species are at high risk of exposure, with lizards showing the highest sensitivity to pesticides.

Top predators maintain regulating role in human- dominated landscapes – but human activity is greatest limiting factor on other species

Large carnivores play important roles in ecosystems by regulating populations of herbivores and other species. Understanding how human activities affect the role of predators, particularly within human-modified systems such as agricultural landscapes, is therefore important. This study investigated how predator and prey populations were distributed in Transylvania, Romania, and assessed them in relation to human activities. The research highlights how relationships between large carnivores and people need to be considered as part of biodiversity conservation efforts, especially considering the successful recovery of several large carnivore populations within the EU.

Crop wild relatives ‘critically under-represented’ in gene banks

Wild plants closely related to crops, or ‘crop wild relatives’, contain genes that could be useful for developing resilient crop varieties and are, therefore, important for food security. This global study quantified their conservation status and availability for breeding. The researchers found major gaps in gene-bank stocks, with over 70% of crop wild relative species identified as ‘high priority’ for conservation action. The researchers say systematic efforts are needed to protect crop wild relatives for future plant breeding, including both protection in gene banks and local conservation.

Fertiliser tax of €0.05–0.27 per kilogram calculated for France as incentive to limit its use

A tax of €0.05–0.27 per kilogram (kg) of fertiliser could help to limit French farmers’ use of fertiliser, which is driven by the high rapeseed prices resulting from biofuels policy, according to new economics research. This, in turn, may limit fertilisers’ environmental impacts, such as water pollution, the study’s authors suggest.

Urban agriculture: why ‘one size fits all’ approaches don't work

Global interest in urban agriculture is growing. However, the importance of local context is not reflected in current governance approaches, argues a new study which evaluated urban agriculture in Belgium and Poland. The authors say that considering city-specific factors can help urban agriculture achieve its full potential, and recommend a broader policymaking strategy that considers the benefits beyond food production.

EU pesticide-poisoning data could be harmonised between Member States

Pesticide-related poisonings in EU Member States must be reported to the European Commission under current legislation, but there is no standard information collection and reporting system. A new system has been proposed, which harmonises data collection, categorisation and reporting, enabling exposure data to be compared among Member States. The new system would improve the monitoring of pesticides in Europe and aid the identification of emerging problems.

Could freshwater crustaceans curb algal blooms?

Algal (cyanobacterial) blooms are a major threat to marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as to human health. This study investigated a way to reduce numbers of harmful cyanobacteria using freshwater crustaceans. Data from a large Swedish lake show that this approach can be effective but is best used alongside other methods, such as nutrient reduction.

Pollination and pest controls can work together to intensify agriculture ecologically

Pollination and pest control are essential to global food production. This study shows that — as well as their individual benefits — they have synergistic effects on yield. Their joint effect increased the yield of oilseed rape by 23%, and the economic benefit from their combined effects was almost twice that of their individual contributions. These findings have implications for sustainable agricultural policy.

Good water quality improvements in the River Seine – but more needs to be done to reduce nitrate pollution

Water policies at European and French national levels have led to a clear improvement in the water quality of the River Seine, a new study has found. A significant reduction in phosphate and ammonium pollution and increasing oxygen concentrations are evident. However, nitrate concentrations are still higher than the recommended level for good freshwater status, despite substantial reductions of surplus nitrogen in agricultural soils over the past few decades. The researchers recommend strengthening current agri-environmental management measures to help the river to return to a fully healthy status.

The hidden biodiversity impacts of global crop production and trade

The rise in intensive agriculture, and associated land-use change, is a major driver of biodiversity loss. This study evaluated these effects via international food trade, calculating estimates of species loss for 170 crops and 184 countries. The results show that the majority of biodiversity loss is due to growing crops for domestic consumption but that industrialised countries can ‘import’ negative impacts from tropical regions.

Huge amounts of soil carbon have been discovered up to 1 metre below grassland in a recent UK study. Yet most carbon inventories do not assess soil deeper than 30cm. Furthermore, this research suggests that intensive management of grassland, involving high rates of fertiliser use and livestock grazing, may deplete carbon at these depths.

Biodiversity scenarios should focus on land use as well as climate change

Biodiversity scenarios are a useful tool to help policymakers predict how flora and fauna will likely respond to future environmental conditions. Although changes to land use are a major driver of biodiversity loss, scenarios focus overwhelmingly on climate change, a new study shows. The researchers say this imbalance makes scenarios less credible, and make recommendations for developing more plausible projections.

Nudging may be better than shoving: voluntary non-monetary approaches to conservation

Voluntary non-monetary conservation — where citizens implement actions without a financial incentive — is an emerging approach to biodiversity protection that could be applied in many countries and environments, a new study shows. This study makes recommendations for actions, such as being simple and affordable, and calls for conservation scientists to recognise their value as a complementary tool alongside traditional market-based and coercive approaches, such as payment for ecosystem services and national parks.

Pesticide additives can weaken the predatory activity of spiders

Two chemicals used as co-formulants in pesticides have been found to reduce the predatory behaviour of the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis, an insect predator found within agricultural landscapes. A third co-formulant was found not to affect the predatory behaviour of females and increased the prey behaviour of male spiders. This is the first time that pesticide additives have been shown to alter the predatory activity of a potential biological control agent of crop pests.

Expansion of greenhouse horticulture in Spain seen to compromise conservation and the revitalisation of rural areas

Land-use changes in the arid south-eastern Iberian Peninsula impact on the supply of various ecosystem services that support human well-being. Research into perceptions of the rapid expansion of greenhouse horticulture and the abandonment of rural and mountainous areas has highlighted trade-offs between conservation efforts and economic development.

How to choose the most cost-effective methods for improving water quality

Agricultural run-off can contain pesticides, sediment particles and nitrates and is a major threat to the health of the sea. Although there are policy frameworks to reduce run-off water, they often don’t clearly explain how to maximise benefits. A new study provides an economic framework that prioritises methods based on their cost-effectiveness, which could help policymakers to reduce the pollution of marine ecosystems.

Climate change threatens early-flowering plants due to lack of snow

Among the ecological effects of climate change are changes to the timing of natural events, such as flowering. To understand why these phenological changes affect reproduction, this study manipulated conditions in a spring herb to prompt premature flowering. This exposed the flowers to frost, and resulting damage caused dramatic reductions in plant reproduction, suggesting that climate change may threaten plant survival.

How policies could help winegrowers adapt to climate change

Grapes are sensitive to small changes in temperature, rain and sunlight, meaning climate change will have implications for wine producers worldwide. This study assessed local vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies in two wine-producing areas in France. The findings may help growers to develop suitable methods of adapting to long-term climate change.

Is sustainable aquaculture possible?

Fish and shellfish farming are facing a new era of expansion in Europe. What are the environmental implications of this, and how can the sector expand sustainably? Watch the video produced by Science for Environment Policy about how aquaculture could develop in greater harmony with environmental goals.

Growing sugar beet varieties which are resistant to their pest, the cyst nematode, is the best way to achieve high sugar yields in northern Germany, recent research has concluded. The researchers say this method is better than growing trap crops or using pesticides to control the pests.

No Net Land Take by 2050? – April 2016

Land and soil are limited natural resources essential to all human life. One of the major environmental challenges facing Europe is an increasing demand for development, which threatens ecosystem services. This Future Brief focuses on how land and soil could be used efficiently to continue to provide these functions and services for generations to come.

Management of rice paddy fields affects greenhouse gas emissions

How rice paddy fields are managed significantly influences the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs), a recent study concludes. Permanently flooded soils release more methane than soils that are flooded and then dried between production periods, for example. In general, the researchers recommend growing other crops in dried soil between production cycles, as well as limiting nitrogen fertilisers, to minimise the release of methane and nitrous oxide.

Identifying emerging risks for environmental policies

How can we better anticipate environmental changes? In our rapidly changing world, risks occur from ongoing changes (such as those occurring in the climate), to more sudden-onset risks, such as mutating microbial pathogens. This Future Brief explores some of the tools and approaches that can be used to identify emerging risk, including strategic foresight tools, citizen science and state-of-the-art monitoring technologies.

Wastewaters from fruit-packaging plants may contain preservative chemicals. When spread onto fields, these wastewaters affect the way soil microbes cycle nitrogen, new research has found. Although this may impair crop growth, according to the authors, the results could also lead to the development of new substances that reduce nitrate run-off from agricultural land.

Climate-smart agri-technology innovations: how to increase uptake

‘Climate-smart agriculture’ aims to sustainably increase agricultural production and increase resilience to climate change. One aspect focuses on climate-smart technologies. This study interviewed users and producers of these technologies, highlighting barriers to adoption and possible means of overcoming them, including increasing awareness, user-focused design and changes to policy.

Increasing grassland species improves pollination and may impact on crop yields

Grasslands cover 30–40% of European agricultural areas. Agri-environmental schemes leading to even small changes in grassland biodiversity could elicit extensive benefits. A new study on working farms in southwest England highlights the contribution of the plant diversity of the grassland to the abundance and diversity of insect pollinators and their potential to increase crop yields. The researchers make recommendations for which species to include in seed mixes.

Very high CO2 levels decrease yield and antioxidant content of some green vegetables

Increases in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere can be beneficial to crops, by providing a source of carbon for growth. However, very high levels of CO2 have the reverse effect, decreasing the yield and quality of vegetable crops, a new study has shown. The researchers say atmospheric CO2 concentration should be kept below 5 000 ppm to enhance the yield of leafy vegetables such as cabbage and lettuce.

Egg consumers may be exposed to dioxins above EU limit due to farmyard PCP

Chickens foraging on soils containing environmental pollutants can accumulate these chemicals in their tissues and eggs. This study assessed levels of dioxins in eggs produced in Poland, in some cases finding concentrations several times above the safe EU limit. The researchers identified the source as preservative-treated wood in the chicken coop, which they say is a public health risk.

‘Ecological leftovers’: a route to a sustainable diet?

Producing and consuming food has a significant environmental impact. In the search for a sustainable diet, researchers in Sweden explored a method of food production that does not exceed the level of globally available arable land per capita, and involves raising livestock on pasture or by-products not suitable for humans (the ‘ecological leftovers’ principle). The researchers developed three diets based on this method and evaluated their environmental impact compared with current diets.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock: what are the costs?

The livestock sector is estimated to contribute 14.5% of all global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study estimated the costs of reducing emissions from ruminant livestock using five different practices. The findings will help policymakers to understand the cost effectiveness of different interventions in the sector, and the contribution that different policies could make to addressing climate change.

Soil erosion in Italy could be reduced by 43% if Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC) were fully adopted, a recent study has found. Reducing soil erosion would also increase soil organic carbon stocks, particularly on cultivated sloping land.

Greenhouse gas emissions and rural development in the EU

Climate change objectives are now featured in a wide range of policies, including the European Rural Development Programme, which promotes sustainable agricultural interventions. This study describes the net greenhouse gas emissions for these interventions across Europe. The findings could help policymakers to better meet multiple social, economic and environmental objectives, although the authors say a broader perspective may be needed to determine the overall benefit of interventions.

Artichoke fields as good as grassland habitats for lesser kestrels in Italy

Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) populations survive equally well in grassland and artichoke fields in Italy, a recent study has concluded. Overall, however, populations are declining and the researchers recommend reducing pesticide use, growing alternative crops such as artichokes, and maintaining grasslands as part of the farming landscape.

Factors for success in ‘Payment for Ecosystem Services’ schemes

New research aimed to identify the factors that lead to the success of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes. The study analysed 40 different schemes in Latin America to identify factors related to success. The researchers identified four such factors, which could inform policy and aid decision makers in designing PES initiatives with increased chances of success.

Conservation of wild plants related to important crops requires more concerted efforts, according to a new study conducted in Scotland. The study makes recommendations for improving conservation within Scotland, as well as outlining a process that could help other countries to prioritise their wild plants.

Wetland biodiversity is supported by temporary flooding and sustainable grazing

The preferred habitats of wetland bird species - including 12 that are endangered - have been identified by a new study. From conducting counts at 137 sites across Sweden, it was found that total species richness was highest in sites that had a tendency to flood; wet grassland areas that were grazed as opposed to mowed; and sites that were far from areas of woodland. The authors suggest this research could help determine the most suitable locations for future wetland conservation projects.

What do pollinator declines mean for human health?

Human activity is transforming natural systems and endangering the ecosystem services they provide, which has consequences for human health. This study quantified the human health impact of losses to pollination, providing the first global analysis of its kind. The researchers say pollinator declines could increase the global disease burden and recommend increased monitoring of pollinators in at-risk regions, including Eastern and Central Europe.

Revealing damages from droughts across Europe

Researchers have developed a new tool for assessing and predicting the damage caused by droughts to crop yields and hydroelectric energy production. The tool could provide useful information to policymakers, helping them develop drought management practices to improve food and energy security and adapt to climate change.

Herbicide reduction can preserve crop yields as well as biodiversity benefits of weeds

Pesticide-sparing approaches to farming do not have to compromise on crop yields, new research suggests. A study that explored the impact of reduced herbicide use across a variety of different farming contexts found that herbicide-efficient systems could be just as productive as conventional systems — and more so than organic systems — whilst having other important environmental benefits.

Ecological intensification, using land and resources in ways that minimises negative ecosystem impacts while maintaining agricultural productivity, has been proposed as a way to sustainably increase crop yields, but remains under debate due to a lack of evidence. This six-year study of a large commercial farm assessed how using land for wildlife habitat affected food crops. The study shows that it is possible to remove up to 8% of land from production and maintain (and in some cases increase) yield.

‘Network bridging organisations’, such as farmer unions, Regional Nature Parks and Local Action Groups, promote cooperation between farmers, non-state collective actors and state actors under the Common Agricultural Policy. This study finds that farmers who have regular contact with these organisations show a higher commitment to long-term practice change. This could represent an opportunity to improve the effectiveness of payments for environmental services in Europe.

Sustainable Aquaculture - May 2015

Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of worldwide food production and is facing a new era of expansion in Europe. What are the environmental implications of this, and can the sector expand sustainably? This Future Brief presents an overview of research into aquaculture’s impacts, and considers how it could develop in balance with environmental goals.

New map of soil loss by water erosion across Europe

Soil erosion is an important issue in Europe, with consequences for water quality, ecosystem services supply and crop production. In this study, researchers enhanced an existing model to estimate soil loss and create an updated map of soil erosion across the EU. The authors say the tool can simulate the effects of land use changes and management practices and will support effective policy decisions.

From the ground up: local knowledge informing agri-environmental policy

Agricultural land use presents a number of environmental challenges, which the European Commission is committed to addressing through a range of agri-environmental policies. A new study points to the importance of aligning agri-environmental policies with farmers’ needs and operations. Using the case of land clearing in Finland, the research underlines the importance of incorporating input from grassroots stakeholders into policy design.

Ozone pollution reduces tomato fruit yield and viability

Ozone harms pollen viability of tomatoes, leading to reduced fruit weight, size and quality, a recent study has revealed. The researchers suggest the effect of ozone on pollen could be a useful way to rapidly test for pollution-induced stress on crop plants in risk assessments.

Insect-eating bats are estimated to be worth US$ 1 billion (€0.91 billion) a year to maize farmers around the world, a new study has revealed. Not only do bats reduce crop damage by eating adult corn earworm crop pests, they also suppress fungal infections in maize ears. Bats and their habitats need to be better protected for their ecological and economic contributions, say the study’s authors.

Orchard management practices may lead to changes in diversity of spiders

Different management practices using pesticides affect the diversity, number and ecological traits of ground spiders in apple orchards, a new study finds. Because spiders are viewed as good indicators of the quality of an entire ecosystem, the results reveal that organic orchard management may be better for local management and landscape characteristics when compared to those with pesticide use.

Land users are positive about long-term benefits of sustainable practices

The costs and benefits of sustainable land management have been collated in a new review. Data from a global archive was analysed for the costs of sustainable practices and technologies and for land users’ perceptions of cost–benefit ratios. Most respondents had a positive view of the short-term cost-benefit ratio, and a strongly positive view of the long term. Low upfront costs, long-term planning and security of land tenure were identified as important factors to facilitate these practices.

Straw covering on soil can increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water use

Straw from previous harvests can be used to help increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water use in arid regions, finds a new study from China. By testing different techniques to improve water efficiency, the researchers found that the most effective method involved using straw to cover the soil when growing maize and wheat together in the same growing season.

Non-conservative tillage techniques, such as milling and harrowing, are the most common way to manage soil in Mediterranean olive orchards. A new study confirms the value of alternative methods based on the use of spontaneous cover crops which can significantly improve soil structure and reduce erosion whilst maintaining yields.

Research into root systems: key for long-term crop management

Water scarcity is an important cause of low crop yields worldwide. Yields could be significantly improved by focusing attention on unproductive water losses and improving retention of plant-available water in soils, and particularly the largely unexplored interactions between soils and roots. A new review of scientific literature sets out key soil management measures for crops under drought conditions.

Integrating animal and crop production can reduce nutrient leaching from agricultural fields

Nutrient leaching, the movement of plant nutrients from soil to water, can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems due to eutrophication, which reduces the oxygen available in water, causing species and habitat loss. Ecological Recycling Agriculture (ERA), which is based on ecological principles and integrates crop production and animal husbandry, may limit this effect. This study investigated the impact of ERA on agricultural fields in Finland, showing that the practice can reduce nitrogen leaching and may help to achieve agricultural nitrogen-reduction targets.

Who should pay for best management practices to reduce soil erosion?

Worsening soil erosion in north-western Europe may be the result of a switch from traditional dairy farming to cash crops. However, even if all dairy farming ceased, reductions in runoff of up to 76% could be achieved if best agricultural practices are employed, at a cost of approximately €45 per hectare for the first three years, new research from the Austreberthe watershed in France suggests.

More than one third of soils studied in southwest England are highly degraded

An extensive field investigation discovered that 38% of soils in southwest England show signs of enhanced surface water runoff due to soil degradation. The study also revealed which types of fields and soils are linked to the most or least degradation.

Artificial wetlands on farmland help to prevent soil loss and recapture agricultural by-products

Small field wetlands are a simple and effective way to reduce soil erosion and nutrient pollution, recent research suggests. The authors adapted Norwegian designs for the UK environment and created a series of small rectangular lakes on the edges of agricultural fields. After three years, the wetlands had prevented tonnes of soil from leaving the land, and helped alleviate some of the nutrient run-off that would have affected neighbouring waterways.

Flood risk from modern agricultural practices can be mitigated with interventions

In the face of substantial evidence that modern land use management practices have increased runoff at the local scale, a new study reveals changes in local land use management practices can reduce the risk of local flooding. However, there is little evidence so far that these local increases in runoff culminate in large-scale flooding effects. To address this lack of evidence, the researchers present a model that maps the downstream rate of flow back to its source areas.

Soil and Water: a larger perspective - November 2015

Thematic Issue 52

Land use changes over time have altered relations between soils and water cycles throughout the world. Soils have been lost and degraded, and the closely interlinked processes of soils and water have become an urgent issue for European policymakers. This Thematic Issue aims to provide a review of new research into the links between soil and water issues in Europe, including a message that the soil-water links must be considered at their proper spatial scales.

Pesticides may harm wild bees but natural areas can mitigate effects

The use of pesticides in orchards may be threatening populations of wild bees, which are important pollinators that increase crop productivity, a new study concludes. However, the damage was mitigated in areas where the orchards were surrounded by natural landscapes, such as deciduous forests.

Techniques to reduce spray drift pollution from vineyards

Several mitigation techniques can greatly reduce spray drift pollution from pesticide spraying in agricultural systems, shows a new study. Researchers tested the effectiveness of several strategies; results ranged from a 38% reduction in spray drift using low-drift equipment to a 98% reduction when hedgerows are present alongside fields.

Multiple datasets combined to make first global cropland and field size maps

A global cropland percentage map and a global field size map have been created for the first time to guide scientists and policymakers interested in global agricultural modelling and assessment. Both maps are for the baseline year 2005 and combined multiple data sets from global, regional and national levels to achieve a high level of accuracy and 1 km2 resolution.

Loss of soil carbon linked to climate change in England and Wales

Soil and plants store around 5% of the world’s carbon, but carbon storage in some soils is in decline. Recent research has found that climate change accounted for 9–22% of carbon declines in organic soils in semi-natural habitats throughout England and Wales from 1978–2003. The researchers say monitoring soils rich in carbon should be a priority to ensure that more carbon is not released to reinforce climate change.

Some plants are more sensitive to herbicides during reproductive stages of life cycle

This study assessed the effects of herbicides on non-target plants in Denmark and Canada. The findings showed that some plants are more sensitive to herbicides in the reproductive stages of their life cycle and can experience delays in flowering and reduced seed production. The authors say future ecological assessments should consider reproductive outcomes.

Effects of extreme weather, climate and pesticides on farmland invertebrates

Cereal fields provide a staple food, but are also home to a wide array of invertebrates. This study analysed over 40 years of data to investigate the effects of extreme weather, climate and pesticide use on invertebrates in cereal fields in southern England. As pesticide use had a greater effect on abundance than temperature or rainfall, the authors also recommend reducing pesticide use.

The risk of drought in the Norrström drainage basin, Sweden, increased during the 20th century, a new study has found. As the frequency of the dry periods increased, less water was available in the landscape for agriculture and for the resupply of groundwater — despite an increase in precipitation in the area over the same period. The researchers reached this conclusion after screening soil moisture conditions in the basin over the course of the century.

Cloud-based flood risk learning tool engages multiple stakeholders

A pilot cloud-based learning platform that brings together multiple datasets, models and visualisation tools has been developed with the engagement of numerous stakeholders throughout the design process. This tool could lead to informed decisions about flood risk at the local level. These types of tools and frameworks are effective ways of facilitating better decision making.

Simple method to estimate soil carbon stocks in grassland

Storage of carbon in soil helps to keep land fertile and regulates the climate, and is therefore an important ecosystem service. However, mapping of soil carbon stocks currently uses unreliable measures. This study used data from a national survey of English grasslands to show that soil carbon stocks can be accurately predicted using simple measures of soil and climatic conditions.

Compost made by worms from livestock manure yields benefits when applied to maize

Vermicomposting livestock manure with maize can increase agricultural benefit by 304%, shows a new study. The combination of increased crop yield and the additional earthworms produced as a result of the process led to a substantial increase in output compared to a traditional composting system.

Framework shows potential for ‘rewilding’ abandoned European farmland

Rewilding, a process of passive management focused on restoring natural ecological processes and reducing human influence on landscapes, could be used to restore the increasing amounts of abandoned agricultural land in Europe to more biodiverse wilderness. A new study has designed a framework to measure potential for rewilding in areas across Europe, highlighting in particular the potential of Natura 2000 sites and suggesting specific aspects of wilderness that future policies could address.

Benefits of constructed wetland ecosystem services worth more than double the costs

The economic benefits of the ecosystem services provided by constructed wetlands far outweigh the costs of maintaining them, new research has confirmed. Analysis of a wetland that treats the third largest lake in Florida, US, shows that it provides ecosystem services worth &dollar;1.79 (€1.64) million per year, against costs of less than half that figure.

Indicators for more sustainable phosphorus management

Geodiversity describes the diversity of the non-biological parts of the natural world such as rocks, soils, landforms and the processes which shape them over time. New research on how geodiversity information has been used to examine or inform conservation policy has been explored through eight different case studies. The research shows the variety and utility of geodiversity information to support biodiversity protection, both now and in the future.

Large-scale early flood warning systems provide high returns on investment

Continental-scale early flood warning systems in Europe can provide significant monetary benefits by reducing flood damage and associated costs. Specifically, a new study found that the return from the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) and available flood damage data has the potential to be as high as approximately 400 euros for every one euro invested.

High-nature-value grasslands can be maintained by alternating between mowing and grazing

Scientists recommend policies that alternate between mowing and grazing to manage Europe’s high-nature-value grasslands. This comes after a new seven-year study found that a high plant-species diversity helps grasslands to maintain productivity and to resist depletion of phosphorus caused by livestock grazing and depletion of potassium caused by mowing.

Decline in bees and wasps linked to land-use changes

The declining number of bee and wasp species in England has been linked to historic changes in land-use in a recent study. Researchers say that policies which promote diverse landscapes offer more opportunities for bees and wasps to nest and forage and are best for conserving these insect pollinators.

Planting a variety of crop species in rotation in agricultural fields increases the diversity of soil microbes below ground, recent research has found. This in turn positively affects soil organic matter, soil structure and aids the healthy functioning of the soil. The researchers say that rotational diversity can help farmers to grow crops in a more sustainable way that promotes soil stability.

Honeybees and bumblebees prefer feeding on nectar laced with certain neonicotinoid pesticides to uncontaminated food, new research has shown. Far from the predictions of some, that bees would avoid food contaminated with neonicotinoid pesticides if given the choice, a new study has shown that bees did not avoid any of the three most common neonicotinoids: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam or clothianidin. Furthermore, they showed a preference for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam over uncontaminated sugar solutions.

Compost and climate change: a novel mitigation strategy?

Native soils are thought to take up more of the greenhouse gas methane than land used for farming. This study shows that, while agriculture can exert an adverse impact on soil methane uptake, the application of soil conditioners like compost may compensate for loss of the methane sink function. The researchers propose new land management strategies based on this finding.

Can the Dutch National Ecological Network meet its goals?

Ecological networks connect areas of habitat to prevent biodiversity loss and have been established across Europe. The ambitious Dutch National Ecological Network aims to span 728 500 hectares by 2025. In this study, researchers explored the feasibility of this goal in the context of climate and policy changes.

Silage harvesting partly responsible for decline in skylarks

Farmland birds like skylarks are attracted to nest in agricultural grassland, but repeated harvesting for silage causes most nests to fail. This study showed that skylark breeding success in silage was too low to sustain local populations. The researchers say that grass silage is a hostile environment for breeding skylarks and conservation efforts should focus on making other parts of the landscape more attractive and productive for nesting birds.

Biodiversity slows spread of pesticide resistance

The ability of organisms to adapt to toxic chemicals like pesticides is essential for their survival, but also an agricultural annoyance. This study shows that interactions between different species can delay the development of pesticide resistance and therefore suggests that biodiversity supports effective pest management.

Rooftop farming: The next steps for development

Urban agriculture is becoming increasingly popular. A recent assessment of rooftop farming in Barcelona shows differing attitudes towards the practice, and provides important recommendations for the development of agricultural policy for the 21st century, such as including food production as a potential use of rooftops in planning legislation.

Risks of biodiversity loss posed by nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in European freshwaters

The risk of eutrophication as a result of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Europe’s freshwaters fell by 22% in lakes and by 38% in rivers between 1985 and 2011, new research has shown. The researchers analysed data across 88 European river basins using a new statistical approach which could be used to help identify factors which increase eutrophication risks.

Life cycle study demonstrates the long-term costs of everyday crops

The environmental and economic costs of a selection of common crops have been determined by a new study, which hopes to improve agricultural sustainability assessments in Europe. The researchers used life cycle analysis on organically farmed tomatoes and pears, and intensively farmed wheat, apples, and lettuce to show the overall impact of agricultural methods.

Beyond bees, butterflies and hoverflies: the importance of non-hover flies to pollination

Pollination studies have, to date, focused almost entirely on bees , butterflies and hoverflies; however, other kinds of flies also have an important role to play in this vital ecosystem service, a new study suggests. Using data from 33 farms, the researchers found that non-hover flies were in fact responsible for carrying 84% of the pollen transferred by flies between flowers in farmland.

Severity of wheat diseases likely to increase as CO2 rises

Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 will increase the severity of wheat diseases, reducing yields and threatening food security, a new study suggests. Researchers found that levels of two common wheat diseases increased significantly when plants were grown with elevated CO2. Furthermore, disease levels were even worse when the plants and pathogens had been acclimatised to the higher concentrations of CO2 beforehand.

Beneficial soil fungi boosted by organic farming with reduced tillage

The biodiversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi — important soil organisms that can help plants to capture nutrients — is greater in organically managed soils with reduced tilling compared to conventional methods, a new Swiss study suggests. This illustrates the impacts that land management practices such as ploughing can have on soil biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides.

Ireland's national agri-environment scheme can reduce nitrate leaching from beef farming, shows a recent study. Nitrate leached at an average rate of 17.3 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) on studied plots which complied with the scheme. This compares with 63.1 kg/ha on intensively farmed plots. The programme can therefore help Ireland meet requirements of the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) and Nitrates Directive, the researchers suggest.

Agricultural ammonia emissions could be reduced without affecting crop yield

Ammonia released by nitrogen fertilisers in Spanish agriculture could be reduced by up to 82% with only a very minimal impact on crop yield, finds new research. This could be achieved by combining optimised management of manure with the use of non-urea synthetic fertilisers.

The effects of agricultural land use change on farmland birds in Sweden

The effects of changing agricultural practices on farmland birds are explored in a recently published study from Sweden. Overall abundance of 16 common species declined by 23% between 1994 and 2004, which may be partly caused by changes in land use, such as an increase in the amount of wheat cropland. However, effects vary between species, and some species increased or stayed stable in number.

Manure and sewage can provide crops with more phosphorus than chemical fertilisers

Phosphorus in sewage and manure could be more available to crops than previously thought, suggests new research. The study found that some forms of sewage and manure treatment provided plants with more phosphorus than conventional inorganic fertilisers.

Changes in agricultural policy and practice, such as increased intensification and fertiliser use, are responsible for many historical extinctions of pollinator populations in the UK, suggests new research. The study looked at bee and wasp extinction rates in relation to agricultural practices since the mid-19th century.

Rooftop gardens could grow three quarters of city’s vegetables

Rooftop gardens in cities could provide more than three quarters of the vegetables consumed in them, a case study from Bologna, Italy, suggests. If all suitable flat roof space was used for urban agriculture, rooftop gardens in the city could supply around 12 500 tons of vegetables a year whilst also providing a range of ecosystem services, the researchers say.

Baker’s yeast wastewater has limited effect on groundwater when used for irrigation

Untreated wastewater from the baker’s yeast industry can be used to irrigate crops without negatively affecting the chemical quality of the groundwater beneath, recently published research concludes. Although the wastewater increased concentrations of some groundwater contaminants in an area with a high water table, these levels would not pose a risk to human health even if this water was used for drinking.

Increased soil biodiversity can reduce nitrogen pollution, improve nutrient uptake by plants and even increase crop yields, new research suggests. The two-year study found that levels of nitrogen leaching from soil with an abundant soil life were nearly 25% lower than for soil with a reduced level of soil life. Practices which enhance soil biodiversity such as reduced tilling, crop rotation and organic farming may therefore help reduce the environmental impacts of fertilisers and improve agricultural sustainability, the researchers say.

Protected birds threatened by poisoned prey

Rodents poisoned by pest control substances may pose a threat to protected birds if the carcasses are not removed quickly enough. A new study found that dead water voles on farmland were scavenged rapidly by red kites and buzzards, suggesting that regular removal is needed to reduce poisoning risks.

Spanish farmers would pay more for guaranteed water supply

Farmers in one of Europe’s most water-stressed regions would be willing to pay double the current amount for irrigation water in order to ensure a reliable supply, new research from Spain suggests. The study also shows that they appear unsupportive of new policies proposed by the researchers, such as water markets and tighter controls on groundwater pumping, which could help enable a guaranteed supply of water.

Nutrient pollution in Dutch streams is falling, but further reductions needed

Nutrient pollution in The Netherlands is falling as a result of national and EU policies, new research has shown. However, many waters still routinely fail to meet environmental quality standards. The study, which focused on the headwaters of 167 rivers where agricultural fertilisers are the main cause of pollution, showed that up to 76% of these did not meet water quality standards.

Neonicotinoid and fipronil insecticides harm birds and fish and reduce their food supply

Neonicotinoid and fipronil insecticides have a range of impacts on birds, mammals and fish, a new review of scientific literature has found. A house sparrow would need to eat just one and a half beet seeds treated with a common neonicotinoid to receive a lethal dose, for instance. The insecticides may also have equally important effects on vertebrate wildlife, such as reducing insect prey and hence food supply.

Climate change to shift global spread and quality of agricultural land

New areas of land suitable for agriculture will open up under climate change’s effects, new research predicts, particularly in far northern regions of the world. However, the overall quality of land for farming will decline and many regions, including Europe, could lose large areas of suitable land.

Sudden changes in marine ecosystems should be addressed through multi-targeted approach

The world’s marine ecosystems are at risk of sudden and damaging changes. The authors of a recent study say that co-ordinated management of the many drivers of marine changes, such as overfishing and pollution, is needed across international, national and local scales to help avoid the ‘regime shifts’ that affect ecosystem services and human wellbeing.

Wild bees boost apple harvest

Orchards pollinated by a wide range of wild bee species grow more apples than those pollinated by fewer species, finds a new US study. Its authors suggest that farmers could consider investing in wild bee conservation to improve crop yield.

Beetles that are helpful to farmers can be poisoned if they feed on slugs that have eaten crops treated with neonicotinoids, a new study reports. The slugs themselves are not harmed by neonicotinoids. In American field trials, researchers found that plots planted with neonicotinoid-treated soybeans contained more slugs, fewer beetle predators and had 5% lower yields. The insecticide may be reducing the beetles’ effectiveness as a natural control of slug pests.

Levels of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere are linked to ammonia emissions. However, reducing ammonia emissions only as far as targets set out by the Gothenburg Protocol will not necessarily ensure compliance with EU PM limits, according to a new study. Greater reductions in ammonia emissions would reduce the number of days when PM limit values are exceeded, the researchers found.

Using vegetable waste to produce bioplastics can provide sustainable alternatives to non-biodegradable plastic, new research has found. The biodegradable plastic developed for this study, produced using parsley and spinach stems, cocoa pod husks and rice hulls, have a range of mechanical properties comparable to conventional plastics which are used for products from carrier bags to kitchenware and computer components.

Erratum
This article was amended 10.12.14 to give more information about the nature of trifluoroacetic acid.

How best to integrate the ecosystem services concept into regional planning? A recent study provides a practical example for an area in Germany that is faced with an increased risk of soil erosion under climate change. Researchers used a decision-support system incorporating ecosystem services to show that measures to reduce soil losses could also support a number of other services.

Global pollinator decline may lead to human malnutrition

The worldwide decline of pollinators could increase cases of vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies in humans, new research suggests. For instance, pollination is needed for the crops that produce half of all plant-derived vitamin A across much of south-east Asia. Furthermore, areas which depend most on pollination for micronutrient supply tend to be poorer and already at higher risk of deficiencies.

Factors affecting farmers’ adoption of Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to reduce pesticide use and risks of adverse effects on human health and the environment. However, its adoption by European farmers cannot be based only on mandatory regulation by the European Union, a new study suggests. The research identified four key factors driving IPM adoption; including market forces, policy instruments and farmers’ attitudes to the environment.

New framework aids identification and assessment of High Nature Value farmland

With over half of Europe’s species dependent on agricultural habitats, protecting ‘high nature value’ farmland is vital to biodiversity conservation. However, the identification and assessment of such farmland requires careful co-ordination, concludes a recent study. The researchers present a framework to help with this process and make a set of key recommendations.

Female fish swap sex in polluted, low-oxygen water

Hypoxia – low levels of dissolved oxygen – can cause genetically female fish to develop into males, new research has found. Hypoxia in aquatic environments is often the result of eutrophication, which is caused by pollution from human activities. The findings suggest that hypoxia could cause fish populations to collapse, with consequences for entire ecosystems.

Mediterranean land degradation threatens food security

Climate change, tourism and population growth are all accelerating land degradation in the Mediterranean region, according to recent research. This can have severe impacts: the amount of available agricultural land per capita in the region could have dropped by half by 2020, compared with 1961, the study estimates.
This article was updated 6.11.14 to correct an error in the valuation of ecosystem services provided by Mediterranean coastal wetlands.

River ecosystems damaged by agriculture and dams at local and basin scales

Human activities are threatening river ecosystems in the Mediterranean. Recent research in south-east Spain has highlighted the need to assess biodiversity and the ecological condition of river ecosystems at both basin-wide and local scales. The researchers say this will provide a better assessment of river ecosystems, aiding management decisions.

Communicating biodiversity to farmers: developing the right tools

Two metrics for informing farmers about the biodiversity on their land are presented in a recent Swiss study: average species richness and farm ‘uniqueness’. These are both easy to understand and comparable between farms, the researchers say.

Farmland biodiversity monitoring costs estimated

Monitoring biodiversity on farms is vital for conservation policies but how much does it cost? In a new pan-European study, researchers develop a standardised monitoring programme and estimate it will cost an average of €8 200 per farm to conduct. This cost could be dramatically cut if volunteer ‘citizen scientists’ or farmers help gather data for the programmes.

Constructed wetlands help keep farmland soil out of rivers

Small, artificial wetlands can reduce river pollution by trapping soil and nutrients swept off agricultural land by rainfall, a recent study finds. The researchers recommend that they are used as a back-up option to soil management measures also designed to reduce runoff into rivers.

Target the crop not the soil - to reduce fertiliser use

'Feed the crop not the soil' is the message of a new review into sustainable phosphorus use. Currently, phosphorus fertiliser is applied to the soil, and plants then take it up through the roots. However, more precise nutrient management is needed on farms, the researchers say, so that the phosphorus is targeted at the crop just as it needs it.

How vulnerable to climate change is agriculture in the Black Sea region?

The impacts of climate change in the Black Sea region are likely to affect agriculture in Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, new research suggests. The number of days of plant growth was reduced in these countries as a result of reduced precipitation, increased temperatures and low capacity for irrigation to supplement water needs. A strong legal framework is necessary to deal with conflicting future demands for water, say the researchers.

Small mammals flourish under UK agri-environment scheme

Small mammals clearly benefit from a UK agri-environment scheme (AES), a recent study concludes. Numbers and diversity of voles, shrews and mice were found to increase on and around farmland with 6 m wide field margins and patches of semi-natural habitat - features encouraged under the government-led AES.

Halving meat and dairy consumption in Europe could reduce agricultural greenhouse-gas emissions by up to 42% and nitrogen pollution by 40%, new research suggests. The amount of land needed to grow food for each EU citizen would fall from 0.23 to 0.17 hectares and the reduced intake of saturated fats and red meat could have substantial health benefits, the researchers conclude.

Sense of community aids establishment of renewable energy cooperatives

Establishment of cooperative biogas projects is aided by strong community spirit, regional traditions and farmers' sense of responsibility for their local area, finds a new Italian study. The findings suggest that renewable energy policy could benefit from taking account of community aspects at the local and regional levels.

Neutral organisations play a positive role in facilitating participatory water management

Public participation is an essential part of integrated water management. In a recent study, researchers following the development of a UK catchment management plan found greater cooperation between land managers and environmental regulatory bodies as a result of a participatory process.

Planting field margins with wildflowers give farmers a net profit

The pollination benefits of planting field margins with wildflowers can outweigh the costs of set-up and maintenance, a new study suggests. On US blueberry farms wildflower strips resulted in double the number of wild bees on adjacent crops and significantly increased yield, the researchers found.

Urban expansion can reduce food security

Urbanising arable land can have serious economic consequences as a result of the reduction in food production and loss of ecosystem services, according to recent research. The loss of 15 000 ha of productive soils during 2003-2008 on the Emilia-Romagna Plain in Italy cost approximately €19 million in carbon storage, €100 million in wheat production and €270 million in raw materials, the researchers estimate.

Which seeds to sow for bees?

Farmers could help to maintain populations of bees and other pollinators by sowing inexpensive seed mixes on their land, a new study suggests. Researchers surveyed pollinators visiting study plots in Berkshire, UK, and explored how sowing different seed mixes and using different management techniques affected the flowers produced and the pollinators visiting them.

Planting early-flowering crops, such as oilseed rape, boosts the numbers of bumblebees available to pollinate late-flowering crops, such as sunflowers, according to recent research. Carefully managing the timing and coverage of flowering crops in the landscape could therefore ensure pollination services and increase yields, say the researchers.

Agriculture changes improve lake water quality

Changing agricultural management practices can significantly improve water quality, according to a long-term study. The researchers found that in a US lake the total amount of suspended sediment fell, and water clarity increased as a result of multiple integrated practices implemented to reduce runoff in the surrounding area. These included introducing buffer strips of vegetation and planting trees.

New guide to help reduce pesticide pollution in aquatic ecosystems

Pollution from agricultural pesticides can present a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Researchers have now developed a guide to identify the most appropriate measures to reduce pesticides entering waterways. It focuses on reducing pesticide entry via spray drift or runoff.

A framework to combine economically viable agriculture with effective biodiversity conservation has been described in a recent study. According to the researchers, their approach provides a simple guide designed to help planners and farmers achieve sustainable agriculture.

Nitrogen pollution models reviewed

Computer models can be powerful tools when developing policies to address nitrogen pollution from agriculture. In a new study, researchers have made recommendations regarding the best design and use of these models to aid the effective implementation of European legislation on nitrogen.

Loss of wild pollinators could substantially reduce soybean yields

Pollination by wild insects and honey bees improves soybean yield by 18%, new research has indicated. This equates to an extra 331.6 kg of seeds per hectare, boosting the value of the global crop by €12.74 billion. Encouraging insect pollination could therefore reduce the destruction of natural ecosystems to make way for soybean cultivation, the researchers say.

Birds could provide a simple means of identifying high nature value farmland

New research from central Italy shows that high nature value farmland in the region can be accurately identified by the presence of just four bird species. Once such groups of species have been identified for different regions, they can provide a quick and inexpensive tool for assessing the ecological value of farmland, the researchers say.

Rising energy demands could see the energy sector's water footprint increase by 66%

Increases in global energy requirements could lead to a rise in the energy sector's water footprint of up to 66% in the next 20 years, new research suggests. As part of a sustainable future, any energy mix must enable a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, some renewable sources, such as biofuels and large-scale hydropower, have large water footprints, a factor which must also be considered in energy policies, the researchers say.

A change in diet and reduction in food waste can help achieve sustainable land use

The land use associated with food imports to Germany outweighs that of exported food, leaving the country with a 'land debt', new research suggests. However, reducing the amount of animal products in the diet and minimising food waste could enable the country to achieve a positive land balance, the researchers conclude.

Measuring the impacts of the Nitrates Directive on nitrogen emissions

The EU's Nitrates Directive has led to significant decreases in nitrogen pollution in Europe, a new study suggests. Modelled scenarios with and without implementation of the Directive showed that it had resulted in a 16% reduction of nitrate leaching by 2008. These improvements could be further increased as implementation becomes stricter, the researchers conclude.

Bee pollination improves crop quality as well as quantity

Bee pollination improves the shape, weight and shelf-life of strawberries, contributing a staggering €1.05 billion to the European strawberry market per year, new research suggests. By blocking bees from a set of plants, the researchers demonstrated the substantial effects of bee pollination on the quality of the fruit.

Bee-friendly agri-environmental schemes need diverse habitats

Diverse agri-environmental schemes which combine flowering crops with semi-natural habitats, such as grasslands and hedgerows, will be best for bees, new research suggests. The researchers examined the foraging behaviour of honey bees, bumblebees and other wild bees and found that all bees used semi-natural habitats, which were particularly important for wild bees, in addition to crops, such as sunflowers.

A technique that can detect the array of pesticides bees might be exposed to has been developed in Poland. The simplicity, speed and small sample sizes required for screening makes this technique an improvement over other methods, say the researchers behind its development.

Biodiversity protection in the Netherlands

Two thirds of natural areas in the Netherlands suffer from at least one of four key environmental pressures including nitrogen pollution, drying, acidification and habitat fragmentation, a new study suggests. Possible solutions to enable the country to meet its commitments under the EU's biodiversity targets include moves towards sustainable farming and reduction of nitrogen outputs, the researchers conclude.

The value of acknowledging societal costs of N2O emissions

Calculating the costs of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to society as well as business is vital to understand the true economic gains of reducing N2O emissions, new research suggests. Increasing nitrogen use efficiency by 20% by 2020 could bring global annual benefits to the climate, health and environment worth US $160 (€118) billion, the researchers conclude.

Comparing water pricing policies for a case study in Greece

A case study in Greece suggests that farmers growing low-value crops such as maize and cotton will suffer most from policies which introduce charges for water. However, this impact can be mitigated if groundwater is priced based on the energy needed for pumping, shifting some of the burden to higher value crops.

Abandoned farmland widespread in central and eastern Europe

A new study suggests that abandoned farmland is widespread in Europe and that not all land that has been abandoned is unsuitable for farming. Understanding how abandoned farmland is distributed may be important for making land management decisions – for instance, recultivation versus reversion to forest.

A global picture of Europe’s demand for biofuels

A recent report calls for improved protection of biodiversity in the production of biofuels. It highlights Europe’s current dependence on biofuels produced in other parts of the world, causing negative environmental impacts associated with biofuel crops to be transferred to other countries.

Sustainable Food – November 2013

In-depth Report Issue 8

The world is confronted by global food security and nutrition challenges on an unprecedented scale. While one in eight of the world's population is undernourished, paradoxically, an even higher number are classified as overweight. Yet it has been estimated that a third to a half of all food produced is thrown away and, furthermore, research has shown the negative effects that modern food production has on the environment, contributing to climate change, water pollution and biodiversity loss. This In-depth Report summarises the vast range of solutions that researchers and agricultural experts have suggested to ensure that the nutritional needs of the world's population are met, while reducing environmental damage.

Land uses of different intensities affect soils and the ecosystem services they provide

Agricultural intensification can significantly impact soil ecosystems and the services they provide, new research suggests. Examining soils across Europe, the study demonstrates that high intensity arable land uses have lower diversity and biomass of soil organisms than lower intensity arable or permanent grassland, affecting the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the environment.

The quality of sheep grazing is not reduced by upland bog restoration

Restoration of upland bog habitats by blocking drainage channels has caused concern among some sheep farmers that this will reduce the quality of grazing areas. However, UK researchers have shown that drainage does not encourage growth of plants favoured by sheep, nor do sheep use drained areas more. Therefore they conclude such restoration measures are unlikely to detrimentally affect sheep grazing.

Plastic mulching reduces farmland bird numbers and diversity

Using plastic sheeting to encourage early growth of crops reduces the number and diversity of farmland birds, new research from Poland suggests. The study shows that this effect continues even after plastic has been removed.

Abandoned wet grasslands can be rapidly restored

Wet grasslands abandoned less than 40 years ago can be successfully restored within a decade, a recent analysis suggests. By examining the findings of a range of studies, it identified the causes and consequences of abandonment and the key factors in successful restoration.

Mapping livestock water requirements to inform EU water policy

As part of the EU's Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Waters1, a new study from the Joint Research Centre has mapped the water requirements of livestock across Europe for 2005. The maps and data can help quantify total European water use but also inform sustainable management by making use of ecosystem services (ESSs).

Do agri-environmental schemes benefit insect pollinators?

Agri-environmental schemes (AES) do successfully enhance the number and variety of insect pollinators, research suggests. They are particularly effective when implemented in arable landscapes which also contain some semi-natural habitat.

The widespread use of higher-yielding improved varieties of crops as part of the 'Green Revolution' has averted the conversion of between 18 to 27 million hectares of forests, woodlands and pastures in the period 1965 to 2004, according to a recent study. However, its authors caution that the relationship between these crops and land use change is complex, and good governance is needed to protect biodiversity from future expansion of agricultural land.

Agriculture can be powered by renewable energy sources

Some agricultural activities, such as irrigation, could be powered by renewable sources, a new study indicates. Farm machinery could also be renewably-powered, but the machinery would need to be adapted to use renewable electricity, instead of liquid fuel.

Conservation efforts may be paying off for wild plants and insect pollinators

Since the 1990s, rates of biodiversity loss of wild plants and their insect pollinators have slowed down in north-west Europe, according to a recent study. It is likely that conservation activities, such as agri-environmental schemes, have contributed to this improving situation.

Reduced meat consumption in the EU would significantly lessen water usage

A study on how diet can affect water usage in the EU has concluded that a vegetarian diet is the most sustainable, but any reduction in meat consumption would be a move towards more sustainable water use.

Around 20% of all species found in a Spanish coastal wetland could be affected by increasingly salty water as seawater intrudes into the groundwater system as a result of groundwater being withdrawn to irrigate crops. This is the conclusion of a recent study which used a Life Cycle Impact Assessment approach to characterise the ecological damage in the wetland as a result of changes in groundwater consumption.

New insight into the complexities of natural pest control

Controlling pests using their natural enemies can be an environmentally sound alternative to pesticides. However, the complex interactions between different pest control species and the landscape itself can affect the efficiency of such biological pest control, research suggests.

Fewer indicators may be sufficient to assess soil quality

Although soil quality is best assessed using a wide range of indicators, a smaller set may be more practical and still provide the necessary information needed to choose between land management systems. This is the conclusion of a new study in Brazil that evaluated three different indexes of soil quality based on three sets of indicators.

Vegetables can absorb heavy metals from contaminated irrigation water

Certain vegetables take up heavy metals from contaminated water used for irrigation, a new study finds. The researchers grew vegetables in greenhouses similar to field conditions in Greece and found that concentrations of nickel and chromium increased in potatoes and onions, but not in carrots, when irrigated with water containing contaminant levels similar to those found in industrial wastewater.

Food security depends on sustainable nutrient management of soils

Food security is being threatened by soils that are stripped of nutrients that are essential for the high yield of crops. A recent study outlines strategies to ensure the sustainable production of food through a holistic approach to soil nutrient management.

A recent study has revealed that grassland plots planted with a mixture of several agricultural plant species produced a greater yield than plots planted with a single species. The findings provide valuable evidence for scientists, farmers and policymakers who strive to increase the productivity of grassland, while reducing input of nitrogen fertilisers.

Fertilising crops with cattle manure can lead to better soil quality than when synthetic fertiliser is used, recent research indicates. The use of cattle manure in the study led to greater soil fertility by encouraging higher microbial activity, and the researchers suggest that it could potentially improve soil's ability to cope with periods of difficult growing conditions.

Risk-averse behaviour may improve farmland biodiversity

‘Bet-hedging’ behaviour among farmers, who diversify land use to avoid investing in a single land use that might fail, can boost farmland biodiversity, a new study suggests. However, because historical data show this is not the most frequent strategy used by farmers, balancing environmental and economic concerns in agriculture may still require public policy instruments, such as subsidies or taxes.

Together, wild bees and honeybees improve crop pollination

The presence of wild bees alongside honeybees was found to increase almond orchard production in a recent study. The findings demonstrate how increased biodiversity enhances ecosystem services, such as pollination, and provide an opportunity to increase agricultural yields whilst also benefitting wildlife.

Limiting bioenergy crops to marginal land would not work, says study

Large-scale cultivation of bioenergy crops on marginal land is unfeasible, according to a recent study. While limiting bioenergy crops to less productive land could cut the sector's impact on food prices, the financial incentive to grow crops on more productive land may be too strong for landowners to ignore, the researchers suggest.

CO2 and ozone affect wheat's nutritional quality

Predicting the effects of changing levels of atmospheric gases on agricultural crops is vital to ensuring food security under global environmental change. As well as yield, impacts on the nutritional value of crops must be considered. A new study has now shown that increased ozone decreases yields and increases the proportion of protein in the grain. Conversly, elevated levels of CO2 boosts wheat yields, but it also reduces protein proportion in two different ways.

Biodiversity, Agriculture and Health

Thematic Issue 36

There may be no greater strategic investment in health than in the protection of biodiversity, or the variety of life on earth. This Thematic Issue addresses issues concerning the relationship between health, biodiversity and agriculture.

Harmful levels of fungal spores released by crop harvesting

Danish researchers have recently revealed that crop harvesting can release high levels of Alternaria fungal spores, affecting air quality locally and, occasionally, over long distances. The fungus is known to trigger human allergic reactions, and the study calls for improved monitoring and forecasting of airborne fungal spores.

Evidence for effects of chemical pollution on riverbed invertebrates

To date, it has been difficult to collect data that are robust enough to demonstrate specific effects of chemical pollution in rivers on aquatic wildlife. However, a recent study combining detailed chemical, toxicological and ecological data in three European river basins now provides evidence linking cause and effect by revealing significant differences in the effects of differently polluted sediments on the organisms living in the river basins and the riverbed biodiversity.

Citizen science fosters environmentally-friendly behaviour

Citizen science is not only a tool for collecting valuable scientific data, it can also enable participants to reconnect with nature and encourage pro-conservation behaviour, new research has shown. Participants in a French butterfly monitoring programme reported making wildlife-friendly changes to their gardens as a result of taking part in the initiative.

Patches of flowers boost pollinator diversity and lead to higher crop yields

Falling levels of insect pollination are causing declining yields of important agricultural crops. However, new research from South Africa now indicates that planting small patches of native flowers in agricultural fields can be a profitable and sustainable method of increasing pollination and yield.

The goals of providing sufficient quantities of food to support the world’s growing population, whilst simultaneously protecting its biodiversity, may seem incompatible. However, a recent review of the literature has highlighted how ‘alternative’ agricultural practices can offer a realistic solution to the problems of achieving both food security and biodiversity conservation.

Pollinator-dependence an underestimated risk?

Researchers have found that crops which rely heavily on pollinators have lower yields compared to less pollinator-dependent crops. They also have slower growth in yields and less stable yields from year to year. The results highlight the importance of managing biodiversity to support ecosystem services, such as pollination, on which much modern agriculture depends.

Insect diversity improves crop pollination

The decline in numbers of wild bees has caused concern regarding falling levels of pollination for important agricultural crops. Researchers have now demonstrated that the diversity of the pollinator community can significantly affect pollination.

Fine-tuned policies needed to limit phosphorus runoff

New research in Ireland has evaluated two policies designed to reduce phosphorus runoff from agricultural land into water. Data indicate that policies need to be better tailored to specific times and locations, in order to deal with, for example, the impact of seasonal changes and different soil types on phosphorus runoff.

Rewilding as an option for abandoned farmland

Leaving land to return to its wild state could be beneficial for abandoned farmland, according to a new study. The researchers argue that 'rewilding' provides valuable ecosystem benefits and in certain cases could be a more achievable goal than maintaining traditional agriculture in areas of Europe where rural populations are declining.

Balanced approach to restoring farmland biodiversity shares and separates land

It is possible to balance agricultural production with improved biodiversity on farmland, according to researchers. A new study suggests using a combination of land sharing techniques, which enhance biodiversity on existing farmland, with land separation techniques, which designate separate areas for conservation and farmland production.

Intensive agriculture is changing migratory route for birds

New research suggests that many Ruffs are changing their migratory route when flying north to their breeding grounds in northern Europe and to Asia from Africa. This is because their food supply has been reduced by the effects of intensive agriculture in the Netherlands, where they commonly stop off, causing them to shift eastwards to stopping-off points in Eastern Europe instead.

Refining risk assessment for GM crops and aquatic environments

Although methods to assess the impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on terrestrial ecosystems are well defined, impacts on aquatic ecosystems have received less attention. A recent study has shown how the first step of an Environmental Risk Assessment could be applied in an aquatic environment, to assess the exposure of aquatic organisms to proteins in GM crops, using Bt maize as a case study.

How does intensive agriculture threaten farmland bird populations?

Intensive agriculture is widely recognised as a major cause of declining farmland bird populations. New research has identified which aspects of agricultural intensification are most damaging to farmland bird numbers, examining bird populations at seven farmland sites across Europe. The researchers found that simplified landscapes created by intensive agriculture reduced bird numbers at the sites.

How much sewage sludge should be applied to agricultural soils?

New research has investigated the long-term effects of applying sewage sludge to Spanish soils. The results indicate that sludge enhances soil properties, but recommends a maximum dose of 40 tons per hectare, applied biannually. Above this level, it appears the soil properties will not improve and may even worsen.

Fungi show strong potential to control crane fly pests

Crane fly larvae cause considerable damage to agricultural crops and young trees throughout Europe. New research has demonstrated that certain strains of fungi have significant potential to control crane fly infestations, thus reducing the use of chemical insecticides and enabling more environmentally-friendly strategies for pest control.

Lower diversity of soil organisms in new farmland

Converting grassland to arable land can reduce the diversity of nematodes, predatory mites, earthworms and enchytraeid worms in the soil, according to a study by Dutch researchers. However, they found that restoring arable land to grassland did not fully restore the diversity of these four groups during the course of the four-year study.

Sustainable agriculture: wider debate of farming techniques needed

There is a need to broaden the debate on sustainable food security from a straight comparison between organic and conventional farming to a consideration of a variety of farming techniques. This is the conclusion of a new review of research that indicates, for some crop types, organic yields can nearly match conventional yields under good management practices and growing conditions.

Contaminated vegetables from polluted gardens may pose health risks

City dwellers who grow their own fruit and vegetables may be consuming high levels of pollutants. In a recent study, researchers found that vegetables grown on plots in Berlin, Germany, often contained higher concentrations of some heavy metals than shop-bought vegetables, with those grown close to busy roads containing the greatest quantities.

Intensive agriculture leaves lasting legacy on soil health

The long-lasting and negative effects of intensive farming on soils persist even where complex animal communities have been reintroduced to the soil in attempt to restore the natural balance, according to a recent study. The findings highlight the possible effects of historical land use on soils' ability to deliver ecosystem services.

'Pathway to efficiency' recommended for improving irrigation

Improving the efficiency of irrigation can help farmers increase profits, meet regulatory requirements for renewing licences, and demonstrate sustainable use of resources for supermarket grower standards. A recent study has assessed water irrigation efficiency in the UK and suggests that the 'pathway to efficiency' approach can help farmers and water regulators manage irrigation and water abstraction.

Recycled water from 'managed aquifer recharge' safe for irrigation

The health risks to humans of using recycled water to irrigate crops needs to be carefully managed. New research has demonstrated that 'managed aquifer recharge' can be just as effective as conventional water treatments in improving the quality of recycled water for use in irrigation.

Weeds important for restoring biodiversity in farmland environments

The way in which agricultural land is managed can cause environmental changes that affect biodiversity and the services provided by ecosystems. A new study suggests agri-environmental schemes that focus on restoring common weeds, such as thistles, buttercups and clover, could have wide-ranging benefits as these plants appear to help stabilise the supportive links between different species found in farmlands.

What factors affect runoff from agricultural land?

A review of research into surface water runoff from agricultural land has found that less intensive management leads to more predictable runoff generation over the course of a year. The review also identified several gaps in our understanding, which need to be better represented in hydrological models if the environmental impact of runoff is to be reduced.

Farmers evaluate measures to reduce soil erosion and water pollution

Farmers have collaborated with scientists in France to evaluate agri-environmental measures that reduce soil erosion and surface water pollution at a catchment level. The exercise helped the farmers understand the benefits of the measures and provides an example of how policymakers could engage with stakeholders under the Water Framework Directive (WFD).

Improved management of phosphorus needed to conserve resources

A recent study has found that improved management of phosphorus in the EU would reduce reliance on imported phosphorus, in addition to reducing damage from excess phosphorus in the environment. This could be achieved through the appropriate use of fertilisers and greater recovery and recycling of phosphorus from all waste sources.

Positive link between High Nature Value farmland and bird biodiversity

High Nature Value (HNV) farmland is agricultural land that supports biodiversity and can be identified by its environmentally sound farming practices. New research on bird biodiversity on French HNV farmland has concluded that conservation of HNV farmland is important as well as conserving areas that were previously HNV and have undergone recent agricultural intensification.

Reindeer herding: adapting to global change in the Arctic

Reindeer herding has a long history in the Arctic, but climate change and industrial activity are bringing this important economic and cultural tradition to breaking point. In a unique initiative, reindeer herders across the Arctic are leading an international team of scientists in using modern technology to adapt to global change and empower indigenous communities.

Crop yields largely unharmed in geoengineered climate

Concerns about the negative impacts of 'sunshade' geoengineering on global food security are not supported by a recent modelling study, the first to simulate yield changes in a geoengineered climate. However, to mitigate climate change, the researchers suggest actions to reduce CO2 emissions are safer than introducing geoengineering projects, partly because some regions may actually suffer reduced crop yield in a geoengineered climate.

Antibiotic contamination of soils mapped across Europe

A new study provides an approach for estimating the risk of antibiotic contamination associated with different soils and different antimicrobial products. The researchers estimated and mapped soil contamination risk across Europe and suggest that their methods could be used to inform antibiotic resistance monitoring or policies designed to reduce contamination.

Agri-environmental schemes need co-ordinating across landscapes

According to a recent viewpoint article, future agri-environmental schemes (AES) can more effectively pay for the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape level if they are prepared, designed and implemented in a collaborative and coordinated manner.

Neighbours can influence farmer participation in PES schemes

Understanding the role of neighbourhood networks in encouraging farmers to participate in Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes is important as this can help to create local patterns of high and coordinated uptake of PES schemes, and thus an impact on ecosystem protection at a wider, landscape level. This is the outcome of a recent UK study, which found that neighbourhood networks were particularly important for small, remote communities.

Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella: animals may not be major source

Contrary to some established views, the local animal population is unlikely to be the major source of resistance diversity for Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in humans in Scotland, according to a study. The researchers suggest that a broader approach to fighting antibiotic resistance is needed, which goes beyond focusing solely on curbing the use of antibiotics in domestic animal populations.

Despite the contribution that large-scale, intensive agriculture has made to global food production, food shortages still occur with particularly severe consequences for the poor. More investment in locally-led, small-scale farming would help ensure longer-term food security for the world's most vulnerable under a changing climate and bring environmental benefits, according to a recent analysis of adaptation work in Uganda.

Europeans exceed 'fair share' of global cropland use by 30%

Each person in the EU consumes the equivalent of 30% more global arable land than can be considered sustainable, according to a new study. As well as providing food for a growing population, the land is also increasingly used to grow biofuel crops.

Intensive farming methods affect birds and plants in Europe

Intensive farming methods have simplified landscapes across Europe, leading to a loss of biodiversity. A recent study has investigated the effects of intensive farming on plants, beetles and birds in Western European regions and found that plants and birds are particularly affected.

Seeded ryegrass feeds farmland birds throughout winter

A recent study has found one means of complementing agricultural production with biodiversity protection by growing seeded ryegrass for silage. The seeds effectively feed many birds, such as the yellowhammer and reed bunting, throughout the winter, and the grass can still be cost-effectively used for silage if it is harvested at the right time.

Greater recognition of ecosystem services needed for food security

Global food security under a changing climate is possible if the vital role of healthy ecosystems is recognised, according to a recent study. The researchers suggest that an ecosystem-based approach must be integrated with other measures to tackle food security under climate change, to protect ecosystems and supply the essential services on which humanity depends.

Animal-pollinated crops provide essential nutrients for humans

Crop pollination is a vital ecosystem service, yet the numbers of animal pollinator species, such as bees, are in decline. Now, a team of German and American researchers have demonstrated how crops that provide the highest levels of vitamins and minerals essential to our diet globally depend heavily on animals for pollination.

Five pressing issues to be addressed by agricultural development

International agricultural development must broaden its scope to address food security issues, according to a new study. The research recommends removing boundaries between sectors to allow agricultural policy to account for impacts of macroeconomic trends, climate change and links between malnutrition and infectious disease.

Set-aside land improves farmland biodiversity in Hungary

Setting aside agricultural land remains an important method of promoting biodiversity in Central Europe, according to new Hungarian research. Results have indicated that, compared to winter cereal fields, set-aside land has greater plant and insect diversity. This supports the continuing use of set-aside policy in Central and Eastern Europe.

Is climate change increasing viral disease in farm animals?

Since 1998, there have been increasing outbreaks of the viral disease Bluetongue among European livestock. Using a newly developed climate-based model that accurately predicts past outbreaks, researchers have provided evidence that climate change is a major driver of these outbreaks.

Assessing the fit of environmental policy to institutional context

A new tool has been developed to predict the effectiveness of a policy on the basis of its compatibility with the institutional context in place. It is the first of its kind and a recent study has evaluated its ability to identify factors that might affect the successful implementation of policies.

The impacts of global crop production on water and land use

A new study has estimated the water consumption and land use for the production of 160 crops that constitute most of the world's cropland. The results suggest that, collectively, wheat, rice, cotton, maize and sugar cane account for 49% of water scarcity and 42% of land resource stress caused by worldwide crop production.

'Agroecology' could be the key to food security

Sustainable food production in developing countries can be achieved through 'agroecology' – where farming practices mimic nature rather than relying on external products, such as fertilisers and pesticides. This is according to a recent report, which claims that conventional farming does little to alleviate rural poverty and ecosystem degradation.

Simple re-seeding projects can triple grassland biodiversity

Researchers have recommended new, improved ways of increasing the ecological value of European grasslands. Plant diversity – or species richness – can be increased by a factor of three through sowing grass and wildflower seed mixtures, together with a carefully controlled plan for animal grazing.

Efficient dairy farming: good for the environment and profits

Improving the efficiency of milk production could produce significant annual savings and potentially cut the environmental impacts of the industry by up to a third, according to new research from Northwest Spain.

Recent evidence on climate change risks for African agriculture

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that African agriculture and food security would face major risks under the influence of climate change. With an analysis of more recent assessments, scientists have confirmed this projection and indicated that agriculture everywhere in Africa runs some risk of negative impacts from climate change.

Success for potatoes under EU law

A new study has described how agricultural management of the British potato crop has changed over time to reduce several serious threats to food security. It is crucial that an EU plant health policy framework continues to build on these successes to protect against new diseases emerging from expanding global trade and a changing climate.

Little Bustard: case study for modelling conservation costs

A new model, named OUTOPIE, could help design more effective agri-environmental schemes. The model links the farm, field and landscape levels to allow a more accurate assessment of the costs of enrolling specific fields in conservation schemes. Using the model, the researchers were able to assess the cost-effectiveness of different policies for the conservation of the Little Bustard bird (Tetrax tetrax) in France.

Careful guidance needed for farmers using biochar with pesticides

Biochar is increasingly mixed into farm soils to improve crop productivity and maintain carbon stocks. However, it can change the way that pesticides applied to the same soil behave, according to a new study. The researchers suggest that farmers may also need to follow new guidelines on pesticide application if they add biochar to their soil.

More efficient use of phosphorus needed

Phosphorus resources are not threatened in the short-term, but could decline by up to 50 per cent by 2100, according to researchers. Although the predictions are uncertain, they support the need to reduce phosphorus fertiliser use through greater material efficiency measures, such as recycling and better agricultural management.

Agricultural diversity boosts food security

Diverse agricultural systems can sustainably improve food security and supply a varied, healthy diet for people, according to a recent analysis of the benefits of agricultural biodiversity. The food-based approach, when integrated with other strategies, can be used to tackle malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and the impact of climate change on farming.

Feral GM oilseed rape a potential source of herbicide resistant genes

New research suggests that feral oilseed rape poses little risk of contaminating crops, but if the oilseed is genetically modified (GM), it could be a minor source of GM traits in weeds. Throughout Europe, feral oilseed rape is now widespread on waysides and wasteland, making it potentially more problematic than some other crops, such as maize, which do not easily establish feral populations.

Soil quality and crop yield decline under plastic tunnels

Recent research in Italy has suggested that soil quality deteriorates over time when intensively farmed under plastic tunnels. The tunnels are an obstacle to natural rainfall and artificial irrigation increases soil salinity and, as a consequence, agricultural yields can be significantly reduced.

New framework for estimating agricultural emissions

Agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Researchers have developed a framework for estimating emissions of methane and nitrous oxides from agriculture, by updating the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approach, which captures more detail about differences between locations.

Fertiliser resource limitations: recycling for food security

Global population growth since 1850 has been largely enabled by commercial phosphorus and nitrogen fertilisers. The availability of these nutrients for food production relies upon steadily diminishing resources of natural gas and phosphorus rock. A recent study suggests that to secure a long-term affordable food supply, policy intervention is needed to conserve these essential resources.

Land management changes required to tackle nitrate pollution

Researchers have identified a range of effective measures for livestock farmers to tackle nitrate pollution and bring water quality in line with European standards. Reducing grazing time was found to be the most effective measure, but also the most costly. However, other compromise solutions, such as applying fertiliser more efficiently and correcting soil deficiencies, would also be effective and could save farmers money overall.

Possible changes in EU livestock density over next 20 years

A new combination of three models has explored the future dynamics of European livestock distribution. The results indicate that, without environmental policy, livestock density will increase both inside and outside current livestock hotspots. This will also occur to a certain degree with regulation, but the risk of negative impacts will be less likely.

Organic farming can benefit birds in agricultural landscapes

A recent study has examined the effects of different farming practices on bird numbers and species found on farmland during the winter in six European countries. Overall, the greatest number of birds and species were on organic farms, especially when the farms were in landscapes where 80-99 per cent of the land was used for agriculture.

Little difference between organic and non-organic tomatoes

Little difference was found between organically grown tomatoes and tomatoes grown conventionally in greenhouses over a three year period, in terms of taste and nutritional value, according to a recent study in the Netherlands. Taste and nutrition were more dependent on the breed of tomato.

Fungus could help control bluetongue disease

New research suggests that fungi could be used to control insect-borne diseases common in livestock. The study shows for the first time that a fungus can effectively kill adult midges in the family of insects that carry bluetongue virus (BTV). Bluetongue outbreaks have caused significant losses on European farms in recent years, and the study indicates that using the fungus as a means of biological control could help reduce reliance on chemical insecticides, in the absence of effective vaccines.

Calculating carbon budgets for agricultural crops

A new study has combined measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes with estimates of other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from farming operations for 15 European crop sites over several years. It estimated that the sites lost on average 138g of carbon per m2 per year. The total GHG balance (including non-CO2 emissions) was equivalent to an average carbon loss of 203g of carbon per m2 per year.

Comparing the environmental impact of herbicides

A recent study has compared the chemical environmental impacts of using the weed controller glyphosate on glyphosate-tolerant (GT) crops, with the use of other herbicides on non-GT crops. Glyphosate used on GT crops had lower environmental impacts than herbicides used on non-GT crops, but the persistence of AMPA (a break-down product of glyphosate) in soils could be a problem in the future.

Tropical land use change: more carbon lost for lower crop yield

Land cleared in the tropics loses nearly twice as much carbon and produces less than half the annual crop yield as land in temperate zones, according to researchers. Their analysis of the trade-off between crop production and the loss of carbon stored in vegetation highlights the need to target reforestation in the tropics.

Evidence for negative carbon budgets for European croplands

Scientists have calculated carbon budgets for croplands in Europe, based on field measurements from nine sites across Europe. They found that significant soil carbon losses occurred from cropping even though some farmers used measures to enhance carbon-sequestration. These results may challenge findings from some other modelling studies if they turn out to be typical for all EU croplands.

Causes of the 2007-2008 global food crisis identified

A recent report has examined the causes of the 2007/2008 global food crisis. A number of interacting factors, including increasing oil prices, greater demand for biofuels and trade decisions, such as export restrictions, all affected world cereal prices. The report makes suggestions for strengthening the world's food system to avoid a similar crisis in future.

Pest reduction in landscape containing GM maize

Populations of the European corn borer, a major pest of maize plants, fell significantly in areas where Bt maize (genetically modified maize) was planted alongside non-Bt maize, in a recent US study. This means that farmers who plant conventional maize crops could reap this benefit from farmers who plant Bt maize in the same landscape.

Effective guidelines needed for GM crops in developing countries

A new analysis calls for clear policy guidelines to be adopted in developing countries to direct the development of genetically modified crops which could help contribute to greater food security in developing countries.

Cost of damage to crops from ozone pollution

The policy implications of agricultural losses caused by high concentrations of ground level ozone have been highlighted by a recent study. The study modelled ozone impacts on 14 of the most important crops grown in the Greater Thessaloniki area of Greece. The results provide information about differences in scale of losses and economic impacts across the region which may be useful in designing agricultural subsidy schemes.

Influences on uptake of agri-environmental schemes in Spain

New research in southern Spain has studied what influences participation in agri-environmental schemes (AES). It indicated that the uptake of schemes that involve a major change in farm practices depends on the farm structure, whereas for schemes with minor changes, individual farmer characteristics play a greater role.

Greater focus needed on carbon sequestration in the world's soil

The world's soils have the potential to store about 3000 megatonnes of carbon per year by the end of the 21st century, according to a new study. It suggests that restoring carbon to cropland and peat soils through practices such as afforestation and no-till farming could help solve global problems of food insecurity and climate change.

Biodiversity benefits of organic farming could depend on context

Organic farming has often been found to have benefits for biodiversity, but the benefits can depend on the individual species and landscape in question. Research on vine farming in Italy suggests that the impact of organic methods on the number or diversity of pollinating insects may depend on local context. For example, the lack of connectivity between organic vine farms may limit benefits in some circumstances.

Policies to encourage green industry

New research has outlined three instruments to encourage green industry: adequate governmental resources, co-operation between interest groups and effective negotiation between state and interest groups. Taking the example of the organic food sector, it explored why Denmark has met these conditions whereas Australia has not.

Organic pesticides may not always be the best choice

Organic pesticides may not always be the most environmentally-friendly choice of pest control, according to recent research. Two new synthetic pesticides for controlling aphids were found to be less harmful to other species and more efficient than the two new organic pesticides tested in the study.

Target degraded and agricultural land for palm oil production

Indonesia's plans to double palm oil production by 2020 have obvious financial benefits, but implications for food, biodiversity and carbon stocks are not so clear. A new model predicts the impacts of five possible palm oil production strategies and indicates the best approach is to target degraded and agricultural land that is most productive for palm oil.

Tailor agricultural policies to meet local conservation concerns

Grassland bird species of European conservation concern are potentially threatened by changes in land use in the Iberian cereal-steppes. However, a recent study suggests not all bird species respond in the same way to similar management guidelines and agri-environmental schemes need to be adjusted to local conditions.

Fungus could help increase crop yields

A new study by Swiss researchers suggests that certain types of fungi could be bred that increase the growth of the crops. Rice plants injected with a specially bred mycorrhizal fungus grew two to five times larger than normal in the study's experiments, which may have important implications in the future for food security.

Eutrophication: small-scale, targeted approach the way forwarde

A series of national Action Plans has dramatically reduced water pollution from the agricultural sector in Denmark, although significant improvements in aquatic ecosystems are yet to be seen. A shift towards small-scale environmental management in sensitive areas is now needed to ensure further improvements to water quality, according to researchers.

Estimating agriculture's phosphorus footprint

Researchers have calculated how much phosphorus is taken from the land by major crops around the world and how much is applied as fertiliser, to help estimate agriculture's phosphorus footprint. Among their conclusions, they argue that phosphorus fertiliser needs to be used more sustainably to address global imbalances in its use.

GM cotton increases mirid bug outbreaks in China

New pest management strategies may be needed in landscapes where certain types of GM crop are grown, according to recent research. The study found that GM cotton grown in China, designed to resist insect attack, has had an unintended consequence: reduced insecticide use has allowed outbreaks of non-target organisms to infest crops across the agricultural landscape and emerge as new pests.

Is greywater safe for irrigation?e

'Greywater' that is recycled from household washing can be used to irrigate home gardens, according to a new study by Jordanian researchers. The researchers found that treatment units supplied by the Jordanian government produced small quantities of recycled water that could be used to irrigate gardens, whilst meeting national standards for irrigation of trees and many home-grown crops.

The environmental impact of beef production

A new study highlights the environmental impact of beef produced from specialist meat production based on suckler herds, as opposed to that based on the calves of dairy cows. According to the study, beef produced in this way has a greater impact in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, acidification and eutrophication potential, and on land use.

Miscanthus grass provides GHG sink during cultivation

Miscanthus grass could have greater potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during cultivation than some other biofuel crops, such as switchgrass and corn, according to researchers. The study modelled how carbon and nitrogen circulate through ecosystems on a bioenergy farm, and estimated that miscanthus could provide a net sink of up to 350-428g of CO2 per m2 per year during this stage of biofuel production.

What's missing from biofuel production standards?

A number of standards and initiatives exist to minimise the negative environmental impacts of growing crops for biofuels. New research has reviewed these standards and recommended minimally acceptable criteria in the areas of biodiversity, agricultural practices, and mitigation of indirect land-use change.

New tool estimates economic feasibility of biogas production

Researchers have developed a new tool to evaluate the economic viability of biogas production from agricultural waste, such as manure and straw. It focused on a co-digestion method where farmers treat several types of waste together, including industrial by-products, such as glycero.

Agri-environment schemes are based more on 'common sense'

New research has indicated that the design of a high proportion of agri-environmental policy measures in seven EU countries was based on common sense judgments about their possible impact. Only a sixth of the measures studied were based on well-tested quantitative models of their relationship to the environment.

Solar-powered irrigation improves food security in West Africa

Solar-powered irrigation that delivers water directly to plant roots could help ensure food security in Africa, say researchers. Their study in the Sudano-Sahel region of West Africa indicated that this irrigation method could increase both household income and nutritional intake, particularly during the dry season.

Mixed crop-livestock farming could help adaptation in Africa

According to new research, African farms with both crops and livestock could be more resilient to climate change than farms that only grow crops. The research suggests that policy makers should support farmers in making the switch to integrated farming.

Sustainably managed drylands can help address climate change

Maintaining and restoring the world's drylands or arid zones could provide a win-win option for addressing climate change, according to new research. Drylands not only store large amounts of carbon, but improving how they are managed could reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and humans.

Unintended energy impact from bioethanol production

Increasing crop production to meet demand for biofuels potentially increases the use of nitrogen fertilisers, which can lead to nitrate pollution in surface and groundwater. A new study is the first to consider the unintended extra energy needed to treat water to remove nitrate contamination in drinking water supplies.

Less agricultural phosphorus could be key to cleaner Baltic Sea

Reducing the amount of phosphorus used in agriculture could go a long way in meeting the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets. A Swedish evaluation of measures for reducing agricultural phosphorus suggest phosphorus inputs to the sea could be cut by 180 tonnes per year, or about two-thirds of Sweden's target.

Irrigation threatening steppe birds in Mediterranean wetlands

Intensive irrigation of agricultural land in a Mediterranean water basin is altering the habitats of associated wetlands and changing the balance of the bird population living there, according to a recent study.

Promoting biodiversity through agricultural field boundaries

New research in Estonia indicates that plant biodiversity in field boundaries varies with features, such as ditches, trees and nearby roads. It suggests that, in addition to common non-weedy plants, more consideration should be given to rare weeds by broadening of field boundaries and reducing the use of agrochemicals and fertilisers near these boundaries.

Crop residues provide valuable protection for soil

Removing wheat and sorghum crop residue after harvest, such as stalks, stubble and leaves, may cause more harm than good according to new research. Results indicate that removing residue can increase nutrient and sediment levels in water runoff, and decrease organic carbon stored in the soil.

New crop sprayer is kinder on the environment

An EU project has developed a new crop spray system for orchards that is precise, efficient and safer for the environment. It sprays pesticides according to the needs of the crop and local environment, and can reduce spray drift by up to 80 per cent. Preliminary field tests conducted in Poland have demonstrated its effectiveness.

Pesticides

Thematic Issue 13

As part of the European Commission's strategy to ensure safer use of pesticides, a new legislative framework has recently been adopted that includes a regulation specifying stricter criteria for approval of pesticides and a directive on the sustainable use of pesticides. This Thematic Issue intends to examine current research that could influence future policy in this important area.

Flexible management better for coexistence of GM and non-GM crops

Flexible measures, such as pollen barriers, for regulating the cultivation of GM and non-GM crops in the same landscape are more likely to encourage the adoption of GM technology by farmers than rigid measures, such as isolation distances, according to a recent study.

Better water management could improve global crop production

A new global study is the first to quantify the potential of water management strategies to increase crop production. It indicates that a combination of harvesting run-off water and reducing evaporation from soil could increase global crop production by 20 per cent.

Wild insects could take over the pollinating role of honeybees

Scientists have identified several wild insects that could undertake the crop pollination function of honeybees. By comparing a range of pollinating insects they found three wild species that appear to be as efficient as the honeybee in pollination but may need management to increase their numbers.

Modern agriculture and land use behind the decline in bees

Estonian research has identified land use practices and agrochemical use as the main pressures that are causing a decline in pollinating insects in Europe, such as bees and butterflies. It calls for increased funds for agri-environment measures from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to help tackle pollinator loss.

Climate change to reduce crop yields and increase child malnutrition

Adverse effects of climate change on agriculture will counteract any improvements in reducing levels of child malnutrition in the developing world, according to a new report, which calculates that twenty-five million more children will face malnutrition by 2050.

Management practices to reduce phosphorus pollution in water

Phosphorus is a major pollutant of surface waters, contributing to poor water quality. A recent study investigated best management practices to reduce the over-application of phosphorus and minimise phosphorus losses from agriculture in four regions across Europe and North America.

Social and economic influences on the adoption of organic farming

A recent study investigates the factors that affect a farmer's decision to convert to organic farming in Latvia and Estonia. A combination of social factors, such as peer pressure, and economic influences, such as subsidies, were found to be more important than either factor individually.

International crop breeding programme needed for African farming

Climate change poses a large threat to African agriculture, but there is little research on how to respond. A recent study indicates that traditional adaptation methods are not enough and international collaboration is needed in 'planned adaptation' by collecting and conserving certain crops for the future.

How much water is used for irrigation in European agriculture?

Agriculture plays a large role in the management of water in the EU. However, there is little consistent information on water use in irrigation. New EU supported research has estimated how much water is used for irrigation in European countries, providing a framework to analyse agricultural pressures on water quantity.

Impact of volunteer GM maize on conventional crops is low

A recent EU-supported study has analysed the development of volunteer or 'rogue' GM (genetically modified) maize plants in a conventional crop field. It finds that their numbers are low and do not exceed the EU's threshold of 0.9 per cent for incidental GM content.

Using nature's resources to store carbon

The ability of the Earth's living systems to store carbon could play a vital role in the mitigation of climate change. A new report suggests that, in coming decades, safeguarding and restoring carbon in ecosystems has the potential to prevent well over 50 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon entering the atmosphere.

Crossbreeding GM crops may increase fitness of wild relatives

A new study has investigated the effects of interbreeding a genetically modified squash crop with its wild relative. The findings demonstrate that it could cause wild or weedy relatives to become more resistant to disease.

How much water is needed to grow bioenergy crops?

Reducing GHG emissions from livestock

Reducing meat and dairy consumption would help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from farming. A recent study describes the 'ecological leftovers' approach to reducing livestock-related GHGs, which assumes that a sustainable number of livestock can be calculated on the basis of available marginal land, unsuitable for other purposes, and available agricultural by-products, which could be used as feed.

Roadmap builds consensus for sustainable rural development

Where agricultural policies are in conflict with environmental and social issues, a 'roadmap' can provide a way forward as part of a sustainable rural development planning process. New research describes an approach used in the Netherlands, which brings together stakeholders to create a mutually desirable vision of the future.

The future of subsidy payments for organic farming

Despite the current economic situation, organic farming is a growth sector in the EU. A recent EU-funded study suggests support payments from the amended 2003 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for organic farming will continue to play an important role in Western European countries and will become increasingly significant in new Member States.

Integrated weed management can reduce need for herbicides

The use of herbicides on crops causes environmental concerns. A new French study assesses the performance of cropping systems to manage weeds and finds that these techniques could control arable weeds in the long-term and reduce reliance on herbicides.

Do agri-environmental policies support mixed farming systems?

The Large Scale Grazing Systems (LSGS) of the EU are governed by legislation at regional, national and European levels. New research investigates an LSGS in Spain and suggests that the area's traditional mix of sheep and cereal farming needs improved, better co-ordinated regulatory support to survive.

Pesticide pollution slow to reach groundwater

Underground water aquifers are a significant source of drinking water. In a recent study, French researchers found that pesticides applied to crops can take many years to sink down through the ground and reach groundwater. This means that they may still be entering aquifers, even after agricultural application has stopped.

Bioenergy crops likely to be more invasive

Whilst there is interest in bioenergy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, there is also concern about its environmental impact. A recent study demonstrates that potential bioenergy crops in Hawaii are 2 to 4 times more likely to be invasive than other plants.

Cleaning up the Baltic Sea with mussel power

Excess nutrients in sea water can cause eutrophication, a major environmental concern. Shellfish species such as mussels can 'soak up' some of these nutrients. A recent Swedish study examines the cost-effectiveness of mussel farming in the Baltic Sea as a method of reducing nutrient concentration and compares its potential with other methods of combating eutrophication.

Comparing N2O emissions from organic and mineral fertilisers

A recent study compares the effects of organic, 'natural' fertilisers, such as compost, with mineral, synthetic fertilisers, such as urea, on N2O emissions from Mediterranean soil. It suggests that there is little difference between the fertilisers, but that pig slurry offers the best overall balance in terms of emissions and crop yield.

Reducing the environmental footprint of food production

Climate change and population growth are putting pressures on our food production systems and the environment. A recent study presents a new method of calculating the environmental footprint of food production, which can be used to help identify pathways to sustainability.

Embedding environmental practices into farming behaviour

A Dutch study has investigated the process by which farmers incorporate environmental policy into their thinking and behaviour, a process known as 'internalisation'. It indicates that internalisation is helpful for successful policy.

Harmonising evaluation of agri-environment schemes

A recent study describes the Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI), which harmonises assessment of the performance of agri-environment schemes in Europe. This flexible method evaluates the impact of environmental policies at farm level, and is applicable to all landscape types and farming practices found throughout Europe.

New solar-powered tractor to reduce agricultural emissions

Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. A recent study suggests a solar-powered, agricultural electric vehicle, the 'Multi-purpose Solar Tractor', could avert 23.3 tonnes of greenhouse gases every year, compared to a conventional vehicle. The vehicles will be particularly suitable for Mediterranean countries where sunlight is plentiful.

Comparing farmland changes in China, the Netherlands and Germany

Converting agricultural land for non-agricultural use has implications for food security and environmental degradation, and concerns many countries across the world. How different nations address these issues has been examined in a recent study which compares the governance structures for farmland conversion in the Netherlands, Germany and China.

Measuring conservation: comparing valuation methods

Measuring the nature conservation value of any given site is inherently difficult, but the most objective way to assess it to use independently defined criteria. Recent research in the UK found that common methods of valuing sites each emphasise a different aspect of conservation, resulting in slightly different outcomes but with potentially strong implications for policy.

The effects of future land use change on EU soil carbon stocks

Policy, demographics and globalisation are expected to cause large changes in EU land use in coming decades. A new study models four scenarios of future land use change (LUC) to estimate the effects on carbon stored in soil and vegetation.

Soil management: longer crop rotations reduce carbon emissions

Changing the way farmland is used could help increase the amount of organic carbon retained in soils. According to recent research, studies of different crop rotation patterns will help decision makers design policies which help reduce carbon emissions.

Deep ploughing reduces diversity and number of earthwormsg

Less invasive soil preparation methods in farming, such as harrowing, have a positive impact on the numbers, biomass, and species richness of earthworms, unlike conventional ploughing, according to new research. The long-term study compared the results of five different methods of soil preparation on agricultural land in Germany over a ten-year period.

Grassy field margins enhance soil biodiversity

Grass strips at field margins are almost as valuable as hedgerows in encouraging diversity of soil creatures, according to new research. Six metre wide margin strips increase the number and variety of species such as earthworms, woodlice and beetles, and may act as corridors between isolated habitats.

Can herbicides increase pancreatic cancer risk?

There is only a small chance of recovering from pancreatic cancer. This type of cancer has been linked to a number of risk factors, including smoking, but a new study suggests that pancreatic cancer may also be associated with exposure to certain herbicides.

Greek olive oils contain no harmful levels of pesticides

There are concerns that pesticides which make their way into food products can have harmful effects on health. However, Greek researchers have tested a range of olive oils for pesticide residues and concluded that levels were sufficiently low in these samples and do not pose a health risk.

Soil microorganisms help prevent non-target effects of pesticides

A new study has investigated the properties of different types of soils which can cause pesticides to cling on to soil and prevent them from affecting non-target species. It demonstrates that microorganisms can play an important role in binding pesticides to soil. Microbial levels can therefore help indicate how much pesticide is freely available in soil.

How much are consumers willing to pay to reduce pesticide use?

Many countries would like to decrease their pesticide use but are concerned about the accompanying cost. A recent study reveals that consumers are willing to pay more for food produced with fewer or no pesticides.

Eucalyptus essential oil as an alternative to chemical pesticides

Controlling pests with natural products can have greater environmental benefits than using chemical pesticides. A recent study reviews the use of eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide and offers recommendations for its future application.

Poor soil quality may reduce farmland bird population

Researchers have investigated the relationship between soil quality and the decline of yellow wagtail birds on arable farmland in the UK. The results suggest that reduced soil penetrability in particular affects the numbers and distribution of the species.

Agri-environment schemes: call for more landscape connectivity

A popular way to improve biodiversity is to provide financial rewards for environmentally friendly methods of managing farmland. A recent study investigates how the benefits of these schemes can be optimised and made more cost-effective. The findings highlight the importance of hedgerow trees in the survival of farmland wildlife.

A new tool to assess nitrogen and phosphorus flow in agriculture

>MITERRA-EUROPE is a new tool that models the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, among other key pollutants, used in agriculture across all 27 Member States at regional, country and EU-27 levels. It can be used to calculate the effects of different strategies to minimise excess pollution.

Could sun-reflecting crops help keep us cool?

Temperatures in central Europe, central Asia and North America could be reduced by 1°C in the summer, if crops with extra-reflective foliage were chosen, according to a new study. Such crops could reflect sunlight back into space and reduce regional warming by one fifth of projected temperature rises.

Farmers: strategies for adapting to climate change

Climate change could have a significant influence on agriculture. However, the impacts will largely depend on how farms are managed to adapt to change. A recent study considers interactions between climate variability, farm management and the combined impact on productivity. It discusses how farms in different regions of Europe will have to change their farm management practices, such as fertiliser use and irrigation.

Crop management to reduce biofuels' carbon debt

It is widely considered that using biofuels produces less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than using fossil fuels. However, there are concerns that the possible effects of land use change (LUC) may outweigh these benefits. New research looks at the effects of sustainable crop management as a means of reducing the negative impacts of LUC.

Warnings from the past: climate change could cause food crisis

Large investments in adaptation to climate change are required if we are to avoid a global food crisis caused by heat stress and crop failure. Researchers say historical examples of heat waves prove that rising temperatures will compromise food security.

New software to standardise risk assessment of pesticide pollution

Researchers have developed a computer tool to help standardise risk assessment procedures for pesticides across Europe. The software combines climate, soil and crops data specific to each location to help understand the potential impact of each pesticide used.

The impact of pesticides on freshwater creatures

A recent study has concluded that, although spray drift of pesticides can have short-term effects on individual stream-dwelling invertebrates, there is no evidence to suggest that there is an impact on populations as a whole. However, to reduce the impact of the pesticides on these organisms, a no-spray buffer zone is shown to be a simple and effective measure.

Engineering rice that needs less fertiliser

Genetic modification (GM) of crops is one of the more recent technological advances in agriculture designed to meet increasing demand for food. New research reveals that rice can be modified to use nitrogen more efficiently, thus reducing the need for nitrogen fertilisers while increasing yields.

From forest waste to biochar

Farming and forestry offer a unique and valuable opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, according to a new study. Agricultural and forest waste can be turned into the carbon-rich biochar, or charcoal, and used to sequester carbon, increase soil productivity or even as an alternative source of energy.

Counting the cost of ozone pollution on crops

A recent study has calculated crop losses as a result of surface ozone pollution. The study suggests that future earnings will be significantly reduced by ozone damage to crops, especially for some developing and agriculture-dependent countries.

Traditional farming methods in India protect birds

Under the right conditions, traditional agricultural practices can support significant biodiversity in farmed areas over the long term. A new study shows that arecanut plantations combined with forest areas support bird life.

Tackling world hunger - the Global Hunger Index 2008

The 2008 Global Hunger Index (GHI) reports an overall global improvement in world hunger levels since 1990. However, progress is slow and many regions continue to face an alarming food situation. Rising food prices as a result of severe weather causing poor harvests, rising fuel prices and displacement of food crops by biofuel crops, among other key economic reasons, are seen as a major obstacle to resolving hunger problems.

Pest control can happen naturally

Pesticides commonly used to control root-feeding nematodes are harmful to the environment and reduce soil biodiversity. By studying natural plant populations, researchers have observed that soil microorganisms and other naturally occurring predators, can effectively control nematode species. These natural forms of control could be adapted as biocides and potentially play a major role in sustainable agriculture.

Protecting farmland biodiversity

A new study describes the rate of loss in plant diversity in intensively farmed fields. The authors recommend that measures to protect biodiversity should focus on low-intensity farmland, due to difficulties associated with rebuilding lost biodiversity in intensively farmed land.

GMOs

Thematic Issue 10

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) affect the broader social, economic and ethical aspects of life. Honest, open public debate, which involves a wide range of people is necessary to build confidence in policy decisions made on behalf of all citizens.

Encouraging innovation in biopesticide development

Biopesticides can control crop pests effectively with minimal environmental impact when used as part of an Integrated Pest Management programme. However, their regulation is governed by a system originally designed for chemical pesticides and this can act as a barrier to investment in biopesticide research and development (R&D). A recent study investigated two innovative biopesticide regulatory schemes in the UK and The Netherlands which could help overcome this barrier.

GM crops could reduce need for herbicides

Analysis of large-scale European field trial data reveals that lower quantities of herbicides are applied to crops genetically modified for herbicide-resistance compared with conventionally grown crops. However, the data also suggest that biodiversity may be reduced if genetically modified (GM) crops are grown widely.

Earthworms decompose GM maize

Pest-resistant genetically modified (GM) maize makes up an increasing proportion of maize grown commercially in the EU. A new study shows that earthworms may help break down the toxins produced by GM maize.

GM rapeseed can mix with weeds

AA recent study examined the fate of a herbicide (glyphosate) resistance transgene from genetically modified (GM) rapeseed in a wild relative. The study found that the gene could persist in the wild relatives for several generations, persisting in the population for up to six years in a small number of plants.

The bigger picture: GM contamination across the landscape

Ensuring the purity of conventional crops grown in the vicinity of genetically modified (GM) crops depends on understanding both short and long distance pollen flows. New research shows that current guidelines on the safe isolation distances for GM maize may not adequately prevent cross pollination of conventional crops.

Bee behaviour helps us understand transgene escape

Bees could potentially spread pollen from genetically modified (GM) crops to wild plants within a ten kilometre radius of the GM crop, according to recent research conducted in Kenya. Pollen movement is the main route for transferring genes between insect-pollinated plants and this research provides key insight into bee behaviour which can help us understand the ecological impact of GM crops on their wild relatives.

Public participation in the GM debate: the case for sustainability reporting

Use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture remains controversial, particularly in the European Union. Researchers suggest that all members of society need to be engaged in the debate on GMOs to achieve agreement on policy decisions. They propose voluntary sustainability reporting as a suitable method for conducting public dialogue.

Action needed on ground-level ozone

Air pollution caused by ground-level ozone will become a serious threat to human health and food security within the next century unless action is taken on a global scale, according to a recent report.

European farmers - adapting to climate change

A changing climate will significantly affect the future of the agricultural sector in Europe. A new report shows that management practices are important factors in reducing the impacts of a changing climate.

Anticipating outbreaks of 'bird flu'

Avian influenza, also known as 'bird flu', is carried by waterfowl and causes significant mortality in poultry. On rare occasions, it has caused human fatalities. Based on the complex interactions between waterfowl, poultry and humans, researchers have developed a model to investigate potential outbreaks and the impacts caused by the spread of the disease.

BSE: protection measures need greater consideration

It is extremely rare, but possible for humans to contract variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) by eating some food products derived from cows that were infected with classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (cBSE). However, a new form of prion disease in cattle, called BASE, could pose a greater risk to humans. As the susceptibility of humans to BASE is still unknown, very careful consideration must be given when deciding how to relax control measures for protecting the public, argues a recent study.

Developing effective local food networks

Effective networks are required for consumers to buy food that has been produced locally between participants, including consumers, producers and retailers. New research into local food schemes in Europe demonstrates how different forms of knowledge, such as scientific and lay knowledge, need to be managed to enable participants to be actively involved in the process.

Water footprints for food

Carbon footprints are now familiar to most people, but food production and trade
leaves yet another important mark on the environment - a water footprint. Research
has led to a novel strategy for calculating the impact of international food trade
on water supplies and the implications for various water users.

Cropland management techniques for carbon storage

The Kyoto protocol of 1997 recognises cropland management as a carbon sequestration
strategy which may help to mitigate climate change. Under the protocol, ratified
by the EU in 2002, member states are obliged to reduce the sum of their emissions
of greenhouse gases to 5 per cent below their 1990 levels. Appropriate cropland
management may help member countries meet the overall EU emissions targets.

Puzzle remains over source of Amazonian methane

Remote sensing observations have shown high methane concentrations in the troposphere
above tropical forests in Venezuela and Brazil and scientists claim to have measured
significant amounts of methane being emitted aerobically from the leaves of plants
during photosynthesis. Recent experiments have been unable to reproduce these controversial
results.

Fertilisers linked to contaminated drinking water in Evros,
Greecee

In a new study, samples of drinking water from the north-east of Greece have been
found to exceed European limits for nitrates, sulphates and phosphates - chemicals
that are linked to health problems such as reproductive disorders and cancer. The
research has produced a map of the Evros area showing the location of 64 water sampling
sites and found that pollution levels are highest in areas with the most intensive
agriculture. Furthermore, water can remain chronically contaminated long after fertiliser
use has been reduced.

The hidden environmental costs of meat production

The meat industry involves global trading of feed, live animals and processed meat.
A new study suggests that environmental costs are not necessarily expressed in the
price paid by the consumers benefiting from cheap meat, but as environmental damage
further back up the supply chain.

The sustainability of livestock grazing land

European biodiversity significantly depends on the availability of habitat that
is not intensely farmed. It is therefore important to identify grazing systems for
livestock that require relatively little land management. Sheep grazing and reindeer
herding are examples of such 'large-scale low-input grazing systems' (LSGS). However,
they must be economically viable as well as environmentally beneficial to be sustainable.
A new study has assessed the sustainability of LSGS across a wide range of European
settings.

Is farming becoming more environmentally sustainable?

The environmental track-record of agriculture has come under scrutiny in a new report
which details the environmental performance of farming in OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development) member countries since 1990. Its findings
demonstrate that progress has been made, but there are still areas for improvement
which policy measures could help overcome.

GM rapeseed could reduce fertiliser usage

Nitrogen fertiliser used in crop production is a substantial source of environmental
pollution, contributing to around one third of the total greenhouse gas emissions
from the world's agricultural sector. Recent research on a genetically modified
(GM) variety of rapeseed, which has been made more nitrogen-efficient, suggests
that yields comparable with conventional varieties can be obtained using significantly
less fertiliser.

Integrated water management helps control agricultural
pollution

By 2015, all surface waters and groundwaters in the European Union should aim to
achieve 'good status', with healthy ecosystems and low levels of pollution. The
goals for the management of these bodies of water are set out under the Water Framework
Directive. Recent research suggests that integrated management of water catchment
areas could be used to control sources of pollution within river basins and lakes.
In particular, a reduction in harmful levels of phosphorus and fine sediment entering
water from agricultural land could be achieved.

Challenges in agricultural pollution policy

Concerns about the impact of agricultural pollution on the environment have led
to national and international efforts to limit water pollution, such as the EU Water
Framework Directive (WFD). New UK research highlights a number of key issues for
policy makers in this area relating to monitoring and modelling pollution levels.

Action plans for reducing nitrogen pollution

European policy directives set ambitious targets for controlling nitrogen pollution.
Effects of policy measures implemented in Denmark suggest that substantial improvements
to water quality are possible through changes in farm management practices, without
negative impacts on agricultural performance.

Plant diversity: the secret to more nitrogen and carbon
in soil

Plants play a key role in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulation. New research
suggests that plant diversity may have an important role to play in stimulating
C and N storage in some soils. The findings suggest ways to improve carbon sequestration
in grasslands and increase biomass production, for example for biofuel crops on
nitrogen limited soils.

Comparing EU and US agri-environmental policies

Both Europe and the United States have programmes to pay farmers for providing environmental
services, including reducing soil erosion, and preserving heritage and attractive
landscapes. New research shows that the two regions take different approaches to
paying farmers for these services, and do not necessarily share the same objectives
or implementation strategies.

Household compost as good for soil as conventional fertilisers

Since 2005, conventional disposal of organic waste has been prohibited in Sweden.
Instead, this waste is incinerated or separated at source, processed (composted
or anaerobically digested) and recycled as fertiliser on crop land. A new study
has investigated the use of organic waste from different sources as a fertiliser
and found that residue from biogas production is an effective fertiliser.

Environmental impacts of dairy farming in the Czech Republic

New research suggests that dairy farming may have an important impact on the environment
and human health. Although differences in the impact of farming practices across
countries have been known for some time, this is the first study to explore the
impact of the dairy industry in different regions in the Czech Republic.

Researchers study how soil breathes to understand carbon-cycling

Soil respiration (SR) plays a major role in moving carbon from the ecosystem to
the atmosphere. Converting land for agricultural use accelerates CO2
emissions via SR. Planting trees (afforestation) has been heralded as a potential
climate change mitigation approach. However, new research suggests that the effects
of agricultural practices on peatland remains for decades and can continue to influence
CO2 emissions even 30 years after afforestation.

GM seeds can remain in fields longer than previously thought

Despite management practices designed to reduce the risk of genetically modified
(GM) volunteer plants setting seed, new research shows that rogue GM plants occur
in fields which were planted with GM oil seed rape 10 years earlier.

Planning for sustainable global biomass use

Projected future population growth, dietary changes and a growing need to use biomass
for energy and fibre will increase the global use of biomass over the coming decades.
Livestock are a major contributor to human biomass consumption, using from 30-75
per cent of all biomass harvested by humans, new research shows. The research suggests
that integrated assessments of land and biomass use are needed to enable development
of strategies for sustainable biomass use.

How many fish is it safe to catch?

Predicting how many fish it is safe to catch without damaging fish stocks is essential
for commercial fisheries to be run sustainably. However, new research has found
that it is much more difficult to predict fish numbers than previously thought,
as figures can vary greatly from year to year

Marine
reserves increase fishery profits

Reducing
the negative impacts of pesticides

Ensuring that pesticides
do not endanger public health or the environment is a key objective of the European
Commission. Due to spray-drift, the effects of pesticides are often observed outside
of crop fields, where they affect non-target plants, fungi and insects as well as
humans. New research discusses the effects of pesticides on non-target species and
demonstrates that employment of 'best practice techniques' could completely avoid
non-target effects by 2010.

Call for regulation of wood ash fertilisers

Wood ash may not be an ideal fertiliser for the forest after all, according to new
research, which found high natural levels of toxic trace elements in wood ash. In
addition, the study showed that adding wood ash could affect the forest soils in
such a way that toxic elements are more rapidly released into the receiving waters.

Rising CO2 robs crops of protein

New analysis suggests that rising CO2 levels will affect the protein content of
major food crops, and indeed this may already be taking place. Experts suggest this
change in the composition of the foods we eat could have consequences for human
nutrition. Farmers can limit these effects by using more nitrogen-based fertilisers,
but these in turn have a high environmental cost.

Controversy over biofuels grows

New research suggests that nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions associated with growing
some biofuel crops may be much greater than previously thought and could be high
enough to outweigh the potential CO2 savings associated with biofuels.

Agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in many
EU countries and there is a need to identify strategies to reduce these emissions.
Research suggests that a mix of taxation and emissions capping policies could lead
to significant reductions in GHGs from this sector.

Bioenergy crops: balancing the environmental impacts

While biofuels reduce our
reliance on fossil fuels and some biofuel crops can be carbon neutral (i.e. they
absorb as much CO2 during growth as is generated during processing and use), the
environmental impacts of biofuels are still debated. Environmental issues, such
as the availability of land to grow the crops, their impact on the appearance of
the landscape and soil and water supplies, must be considered before they are grown
on a large scale. A new study has concluded that, with the right planning measures,
their use could provide a number of environmental benefits.

Negative impact of biodiesel greater than gains?

A new study suggests that
it may not be worth investing in biodiesel. Using Italy as a case-study, the author
argues that in terms of cutting CO2 emissions, energy dependency and urban pollution,
the gains would be small, and the impacts on the land and soil would be of concern.

Emissions
'payback' time too long for biofuel crops

Most lifecycle studies suggest
that replacing fossil fuels with biofuels can substantially reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions if sugarcane or cellulose are used as a fuel source, but these studies
don't adequately account for the effect of land use change. New research has taken
account of the carbon emissions that occur when farmers world wide respond to higher
crop prices by converting forest and grassland to new cropland.

Fishing for nitrogen: the role of fisheries in understanding
marine pollution

Substantial increases in the flow of nitrogen into the sea have raised concerns
about marine pollution. New research shows that commercial fishing is playing an
important, but now declining, role in transferring this nitrogen back onto land.

Farming practices have large scale impacts

A recent study using 100 years of archive data on the Mississippi river from water
treatment plants found startling results: both the hydrology and chemistry of the
river have changed and the most likely cause is changes in farming practices. Most
worryingly, the data show an increase in the volume of water discharged into the
Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi river basin, one of the largest in the world.
This has increased by 50 KM3 - equivalent to the total annual discharge from the
River Rhône.

Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change, and in order to protect food security,
food production will have to adapt to rising temperatures and unpredictable changes
in rainfall. Agriculture in poorer countries with harsh climate conditions is likely
to be most affected. New research predicts how these vulnerable areas are likely
to be affected by climate change in the next 20 years. The research could help governments
and aid agencies identify where to invest in crop protection, and can be used to
build a comprehensive approach to securing food supplies.

Perennial grass crops - a carbon neutral biofuel?

Perennial crops, such as grasses, are attracting increasing interest as potential
biofuel crops. Perennial crops have significant advantages over many annual crops
because they require less energy input during growth than annual crops which not
only need to be planted each year, but typically require more fertiliser, herbicide
and pesticide input. Research on farm-scale cultivation of the perennial grass,
switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), has shown that it can produce five times more
energy per hectare than is needed to grow, harvest and process it into ethanol.

A model for policy change - from the farm to the global
market

Researchers from 15 European countries have come together to build a computer model
that can evaluate the effects of policy changes on agriculture. This new model allows
policy makers to investigate the likely effects of policy change on agriculture.
Importantly, the model will allow the effects of policy to be examined at all scales,
from farming in a single region to the whole European and global food market.

Modern
farming practices: a short term solution to soil erosion

New research shows that
the damaging effects of soil erosion can be partly avoided by using modern farming
methods, such as the use of fertilisers, but at a cost. An increase in the use of
chemical fertilisers and pesticides, for example, is likely to have an impact on
local ecosystems.

Forests benefit biodiversity in adjacent grasslands

Commercial forestry, often
slated as monoculture, may have an important role to play in maintaining biodiversity.
This beneficial effect occurs in nearby fields grazed by livestock, rather than
the forest itself. This finding could be important for the conservation
of grassland species, which have declined dramatically over the past 100 years as
agriculture has intensified in Europe.

Chemical pesticides on their way out?

Consumer concern about chemical
pesticide residues on food is driving the search for alternatives. New research
suggests that biocontrol, using beneficial bacteria or fungi to control plant disease
and pests, could be developed as an effective alternative. The research focused
on developing a way of applying biocontrol agents to seeds before they are planted.
This offers an early non-chemical means of reducing or preventing the devastating
effects of disease or pest attack on crop production.

Managing pesticide use for a safer environment

Spanish researchers have reviewed what is currently known about the environmental impact of pesticides to help develop risk assessment models and new policies for safer pesticide use. They call for an interdisciplinary approach to pesticide risk-assessment and improved collation of pesticide data.

Biofuels: Bad news for water quality?

Demand for ethanol-based biofuels in the US has led to a boom in
corn crops which could have detrimental effects on water quality
and supply, warns a new report by the US National Research Council
(NRC).

Informed farmers keep the healthiest streams

Information campaigns highlighting simple water management practices to farmers could provide a cost-effective way to restore natural water sources, a recent study concludes. Researchers in New Zealand found that deer farmers who received information packs voluntarily adopted simple practices, such as fencing off livestock from streams, which restored stream health on their farms.

Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity

European researchers have recently assessed the effects of soil erosion on agricultural
productivity. They found that soil erosion has little impact on crop productivity. Nevertheless,
they highlight that other parameters such as ecological and social impacts should be taken
into account when assessing soil erosion impacts.

Taxes or Quotas: what is more Efficient to mitigate GHG Emissions?

Italian researchers have recently evaluated the cost-effectiveness of measures to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions in the European agro-forestry sector. From a technical
viewpoint, the abatement of methane emissions appeared more cost efficient than carbon
sequestration or biofuel production. As for policy measures, taxes seem to lead to cheaper
solutions than quotas.

Soil fulfils numerous functions and provides several services for humans. Research has shown that sustainable management of this resource is a necessity for preserving food security and water resources, producing biofuels and disposing of waste. This reinforces the need for sustainable agriculture in order to optimise the use of natural resources.

Factors influencing Adaptive Capacity of European Farmers to Climate Change

Dutch researchers have recently analysed farm performance in Europe under different climatic and management conditions in order to improve understanding of the adaptive capacity of farms. Farm characteristics such as farm size, intensity and land use are found to be good indicators of adaptive capacity as they influence climate impacts on crop yields and farmers? income.

Organic Farming restores Biodiversity

A Finnish researcher has investigated to what extent organic farming can restore
biodiversity losses caused by intensive land uses in the past. The results of his study of 131
fields in Finland show that, even for short periods, organic cropping allows some restoration
of weed populations, which are found in some cases at a higher frequency and density than
before the intensive use of these lands. Overall, this practice could be useful for sustainable
agriculture.

Transportation of Pesticides from Rural to Urban Areas

French researchers have recently investigated to what extent pesticides are detected in the
atmosphere and their capacity to be transported over long distances. Their experiments
show that pesticides can enter the atmosphere and thus be transported over more than 10
km and can thus be found in urban areas. This could, in turn, damage human health.

The Environmental Risks of GMOs

By including herbicides and pest-resistant genes in the gene pool of crops, biotechnology can be a powerful method of significantly increasing the production yield of crops. While transgenic crops such as maize and soybean are already authorised in Europe, genetically modified sunflowers are not. Researchers have recently reviewed the existing literature regarding the potential benefits and environmental damages that such transgenic sunflowers could generate. They show that the pollination of wild sunflowers could be the major impact of the release of transgenic plants and that appropriate control should be involved to prevent it.

How assessing Farm Sustainability could help Decision-Making

Belgian researchers have recently developed a methodology to measure the sustainable efficiency of small farms in the Flemish dairy sector. The results show that laggards in sustainability efficiency can be identified. The authors suggest that they could be the target of policies to improve sustainability in the farming sector. Overall, this tool could serve as a useful basis in decision-making.

Investigating Soil Loss due to Crop Harvesting

Most soil erosion research focuses on soil loss caused by water, wind or tillage. However,
significant amounts of soil could be lost from arable land during the harvesting of crops such
as potatoes, sugar beet and chicory roots. In a recent study, a Belgian team of scientists
investigated the variability of soil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH) with various
parameters such as harvesting techniques, soil and crop characteristics and agro-ecological
environment. Although there are no systematic differences in SLCH between crop types, the
results suggest that soil moisture content at harvesting time is, besides harvesting
technique, a key parameter affecting SLCH.

Assessing the Benefits of Risk-Reduction Measures

A team of researchers has recently surveyed Italian urban dwellers to assess how much
they are willing to pay to reduce the risk of dying from air pollution associated diseases.
They also assessed how respondents monetise the loss of a life within society. In Italy, the
survey reveals that the benefits associated with reducing the level of particulate matter in
the air by near 60% could represent between 2,600 and 5,500 million Euros per year.

In vegetable production, it is common practice to cover soils with plastic mulch. With this
practice, up to 75% of soils become impervious. This increases the magnitude of water
runoff during storms and associated impacts such as erosion or the off-site transport of
pesticides. In a recent American study, researchers investigated the benefits of planting
rye in the furrows between the beds covered by plastic mulch. Their results show that
vegetative furrows dramatically reduce the negative aspects of the conventional
management practice.

The Environmental Balance Sheet of Bioenergy Systems

In response to the increased need for renewable energies, growing biomass to serve as
input into energy generating processes is of significant interest. However, these so called
bioenergy systems are believed to deplete soil carbon stocks. An international team of
scientists have recently proven that even if carbon loss is observed, it only occurs under
specific conditions and is negligible compared to the benefits accrued from mitigating
greenhouse gases by avoiding fossil fuel emissions. This confirms the environmental
benefits of alternative energy producing systems based on biomass.

British researchers have recently investigated the correlations between abundance of
farmland birds and key landscape attributes (hedge heights, trees) which are commonly
used in the design of biodiversity conservation plans such as European agri-environment
schemes. As these correlations tend to vary on a regional basis, the authors suggest that
conservation programmes could protect widespread species more efficiently if they were
designed and applied on a regional scale rather than uniformly on a national scale.

Spatial Fertiliser Management enhances the Efficiency of Policies

An international team of researchers has investigated the potential benefits of taking
spatial considerations into account when designing policies to manage the use of
fertilisers containing nitrogen. They have shown that nitrogen management based on the
spatial variation of soil characteristics can reduce the use of nitrogen fertilisers by up to
25% without decreasing production yields, in comparison with uniform management.
These findings highlight the importance of considering geographic specificities in the
design of policies intended to control nitrate concentration in soils and groundwater.

How Agricultural Practices influence Plant Distribution

An European team of researchers has recently analysed the effects of agricultural practices
on the abundance and diversity of various species of weeds. The results of their
investigation on German wheat fields show that there are 1.5 more weed species and 1.1
more insect pollinated plants in organic farming than in conventional farming. These
findings highlight the influence of land-use patterns on the structure of fauna and flora
communities in cultivated areas.

Water Savings and Agricultural Sustainability - are they compatible?

Italian researchers have recently studied the effects of different agricultural and water
pricing scenarios on the sustainability of irrigated farming systems. They have shown that
there is a trade-off between reducing environmental impacts and maintaining agricultural
sustainability. This highlights the difficulty of regulating both environmental and
economical sides simultaneously and suggests policies should be coordinated better.

Organic Farming: Good Practice for Soil Quality Preservation

Swiss researchers have recently published a 21-year study of the effects of farming on
soil quality. Focussing on the level of farmyard manure and chemical use, they have
shown that organic farming is the best agricultural practice for sustainable land
management, in particular through the enhancement of the microbial activity in the soil
leading to increased mineral exchange between plants and soil.

The 2003 CAP Reform - eliminating Environmentally Harmful Subsidies

Austrian researchers have recently estimated the environmental consequences of the
2003 Common Agricultural Policy reform. The results suggest that the reform is likely to
make production less intensive and reduce the use of potentially harmful agricultural
inputs. Major environmental benefits are primarily the consequence of the expected
changes in land-uses as well as in management and livestock intensities.

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in European Dairy Farming

Recently, European researchers have analysed the potential of different options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production in Europe. The most cost-efficient measures are those that simultaneously reduce emissions of several greenhouse gases from the whole production chain, such as biogas production. The researchers identified considerable possibilities for emissions reduction in the dairy farming industry.

Current and Former Agricultural Uses influence Natural Land Restoration

Austrian and Italian scientists have recently investigated the natural reforestation mechanisms in four regions of the Eastern Alps, where agricultural land-use has declined by up to 67% in the past 150 years. They have shown that the previous and current uses of these formerly cultivated lands are major factors influencing natural reforestation. The results of the study could be useful when assessing possible environmental impacts of agricultural policies.

New insights into the Adaptation of Ecosystems to Toxic Substances

American scientists have observed that some plants are able to accumulate the toxic element selenium at unusually high levels. They have shown that this accumulation ability, and the associated selenium tolerance, can enable selenium to move up the food chain. The results provide new insights into biological adaptation to toxic substances that may have interesting agricultural and medical applications.

How to reduce the Impact of Ammonia Pollution?

British researchers have recently assessed the efficiency of different land use planning methods in protecting sensitive areas and species from atmospheric ammonia pollution. Measures such as the establishment of tree belts around nature reserves are shown to be a complementary approach to technical abatement measures. The authors conclude that considering the potential nitrogen pollution effects should be part of the planning process for new intensive agricultural developments.

Bioenergy: an Essential Resource in Future Energy Portfolios

A recent review of bioenergy highlights the role of energy produced from wood, crops and biomass residues in contributing to future reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Results suggest that bioenergy could make significant contributions to world energy consumption in 2050, with an increasing share of bioenergy coming from energy crops. Energy use from biomass could also fill up to 20% of the gap between projected greenhouse gas emissions and those required for a stabilisation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at a targeted 550 parts per million, the threshold above which global warming may have serious consequences.

The Role of Policy in Facilitating Adaptation to Climate Change

European researchers have recently analysed the vulnerability of agricultural land use and species to climate change. The results suggest that the impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector and the consequent adaptation could have significant effects on the ability of species to adapt to climate change. It is therefore important to assess the vulnerability of both agriculture and species if appropriate policy measures are to be implemented in response to climate change.

Potential Environmental Benefits of Novel Agroforestry Systems

European researchers have recently examined the potential environmental benefits of integrating trees and arable crops on the same land in different climatic conditions in Europe. The results show that the adoption of agroforestry systems can potentially lead to reduced soil erosion and nitrogen leaching, and increased carbon sequestration and landscape biodiversity.

Modern Land Terracing Results in Highly Negative Landscape Impacts

Spanish researchers have recently analysed the environmental and landscape impacts of new terracing systems, which strongly rely on heavy earth moving machinery. The results suggest that this land transformation produces huge material displacements, thus resulting in the loss of the original soil profiles and in a rapid reshaping of the terrain. Modern land terracing methods, usually undertaken with minimal landscape planning, have been encouraged since 2000 by the introduction of the EU Council Regulation policy for restructuring vineyards.

Does Transgenic Maize affect Soil Bacteria?

European scientists have recently studied the possible effects of genetically modified plants on soil microbial communities. The results suggest that the presence of transgenic maize influences the abundance and diversity of the soil bacteria and also the way their ecosystems behave. This may have relevant implications due to the highly critical role that soil micro-organisms play in agro-ecosystems.

Changes in Agricultural Policy Needed to Halt Loss of Farmland Birds

A recent study provides further evidence that confirms the negative impact of agricultural intensification on European farmland birds. The authors highlight the importance of agri-environmental schemes as the best available mechanism to reduce the decline in farmland biodiversity over large areas. Furthermore, they suggest that substantial changes to the European agricultural policy are needed if the 2010 targets to reduce or halt biodiversity loss are to be met.

Wild Bees and the Flowers They Pollinate Are Declining in Europe

European researchers have recently provided, for the first time, evidence of a significant decline in wild bee diversity in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands over the past 25 years. The scientists also observed that the loss of this pollinator?s diversity is consistent with the loss of bee-pollinated plants. As many crops are directly dependant on insects for their pollination, the reported decline in the bee population may have severe implications for farming.

New Insights about Future Crop Production under Climate Change

A new study concludes that the substantial increase in future crop productivity under rising carbon dioxide levels, predicted by earlier greenhouse and other enclosed test condition studies, may be much smaller in open-air fields. This positive effect was expected to offset the detrimental effects of rising temperatures and falling soil moisture under climate change. This work now suggests that this is unlikely. Scientists warn that global food supplies could be seriously affected without changes in production strategies.

New Discovery May Help to Reduce the Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers

Recently, researchers have made a scientific discovery that could revolutionise world farming and food production. This discovery represents an important step towards transferring legume capacity to produce their own nitrogen to non-legume crops, which could reduce the global need for inorganic fertilizers.

How to Achieve Efficient Conservation of Traditional Landscape

A recent German study has addressed current conservation problems in Europe?s agricultural countryside in terms of modern economics. The author concludes that in the long run subsidies would be untenable, and therefore, they should progressively be transformed into remunerations for ecological services including conservation. To this end, it will be necessary to change society?s perception of ecological products and conservation services.

A New Policy Framework to Ensure Sustainable Biomass Production

A recent report by the European Environment Agency has assessed how much biomass could technically be available for energy production in Europe without increasing pressures on the environment. It concluded that Europe could produce sufficient biomass to meet its renewable energy target without harming the environment. However, this would require an appropriate policy framework.

Integrating Environmental Concerns into EU Agricultural Policy

Environmental efforts pursued through the Common Agriculture Policy need to be better targeted geographically to maximise their effectiveness, according to a new report from the European Environment Agency.

Cropland Management Changes Affect Climate Change

The sign and magnitude of possible impacts of past and future crop management practices on climate change have been recently analysed by a group of American scientists. Current trends in crop management such as increased irrigation and crop productivity and less tillage of the land may have a profound effect on climate at the local and global scale.

New Approach to Solve
Agri-environmental Problems in Europe

A new
approach for the development of agri-environmental measures is
presented and exemplified by three study areas in Germany. This
approach, denoted AEMBAC, takes into account both the ecological and
socio-economic sustainability of the local agri-environmental
situation. The study shows that it can be an important tool for
analysing and solving the agri-environmental problems in
Europe.

Soil Erosion Mechanisms
and Threats

An American scientist has
recently reviewed the different drivers and the effects of soil
erosion. This literature survey highlights that soil erosion exerts
detrimental effects on food production as well as on the natural
environment, and calls for the development of effective conservation
methods.

Effects of Farm Size and
Organic Farming on Biodiversity

A team of
Swedish researchers has investigated how different field-size
depending management practices affect biodiversity, ecosystem
structure, and landscape diversity in agricultural ecosystems. More
than twice as many bird species and number of habitats were found on
the small farms compared to the large farms.

Organic Farming
Practices Reduce Nitrogen Pollution

A recent
study has compared the levels of water pollution due to nitrogen
resulting from organic, integrated, and conventional farming
practices. The results indicate that organic and integrated
fertilisation practices reduce nitrate pollution.

Future Projections of
Land Use in Europe

A European research team
has recently compared several possible climate and socio-economic
scenarios for the prediction of the evolution of land use in Europe.
Despite great variations according to the scenarios used, this study
predicts an increase in the level of European production and a
northward march of arable farming in Europe.

Brighter Side of
Genetically Modified Crops?

The debate about
the environmental impacts of genetically modified crops continues to
be highly controversial. While growing evidence highlight that
introduction of genetically modified crops could have negative
impact on the wildlife, a recent literature review suggests that
such crops could improve soil management techniques without
threatening biodiversity.

Phosphorus - Scarce
Resource and Pollutant

Australian researchers
have shown the usefulness of substance flux analysis as a tool for
supporting policy planning for conserving phosphorus reserves and,
at the same time, preventing it from being a pollutant.

Future of Bioenergy
Crops in Europe

European researchers have
assessed the potential distribution of bioenergy crops in Europe
under present and future climate. All models and scenarios suggest
that meeting the demand for bioenergy crop production in southern
Europe will be severely impaired by climate change and that efforts
must be made to adapt bioenergy crop production to the challenges of
climate change.

Sustainable
Agriculture Increases Crop Yields

In
one of the largest analysis of sustainable agricultural practices in
developing countries, scientists found that resource-conserving
technologies and practices can improve crops production and also
preserve the environment.

Main Sources of
Eutrophication in Europe

Aquatic
ecosystems in Europe suffer from eutrophication caused by excessive
input of nutriments, namely nitrogen and phosphorous, from various
anthropogenic sources. The most recently updated information shows
that agriculture is the leading source of nitrogen pollution and
that in some EU countries it is becoming the main source of
phosphorous too.

Better Risk Monitoring of GMP

Uncertainties
related to adverse environmental and health effects of the
cultivation of genetically modified plants could be managed on the
bases of post-market monitoring programme. A recently developed
conceptual framework for the design of such programme could be used
as bases for a wide EU consensus on this subject.