With an overabundance of nutrients in the ocean, the fastest reproducers such as plankton and algae gobbled up everything, starving other species and leading to ecosystem collapse.42 Once this was completed, carbon started to reaccumulate, paving the way for a new ecosystem with new species to develop.

Foya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis identify several ways in which "women have tended to participate in ethnic and national processes and in relation to state practices," in particular, as "transmitters of culture," "biological reproducers of members of ethnic collectivities," and "reproducers of the boundaries of ethnic/national groups" (7).

An aspect of reproducers that has fascinated thinkers is that it does not imply a particular level of reproduction or progeneration, and indeed SzathmÃ¡ry and Maynard Smith consider that the major transitions of evolution each involve an evolved mode of progeneration that is more inclusive or novel than what it evolved from