Let's start with your new book, "Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How
We Got to Be So Hated." One of the main themes in your work is the perniciousness
of what you call the American empire. And you argue that Osama bin Laden was
motivated in large part not because he was evil incarnate, as George W. Bush
claimed, but out of a very specific and historically based hatred for that empire.
So my first question is, what is it about America in particular, whether you
call it a superpower or an empire, that inspires hatred, not just with bin Laden,
but among others? Do you think that we're more hated than other empires in the
past have been?

Well, I don't know that we are unique in the fact that we do inspire a good
deal of hatred around the world because of the way we throw ourselves about.
But the whole story in Afghanistan is not about Osama and his religious views,
although they have some bearing, but is about a great coup on the part of the
United States to grab all of the oil and natural gas of central Asia. And that
is what we set out to do. Mr. Bush Sr. secured the Persian Gulf oil, which is
Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, the Emirates, and so on. But far larger than the Persian
Gulf is the Caspian Sea oil, and Uzbekistan, and all the other -stans that used
to be part of the Soviet Union. We have been deliberately encircling that section
of the world -- which is why we were in Vietnam.

We asked "Where's Osama?" because we always have to personalize everything.
Everything is always one evil man, and if we get him, we've ended the drug trade.
Remember Noriega? If we got him, that was the end of the drug trade. Well, we
got him, and it didn't end.

So with Osama, we say, we will get revenge for the horrible thing he did --
if he did it. Now there is considerable doubt -- he certainly was in on it,
and he helped finance what happened on 9/11, but it could well have been somebody
else. What we have been looking for is a trigger. We had already planned to
go into Afghanistan in October of '01. We have been desperately trying to put
in a pipeline that runs through Afghanistan, Pakistan, down to Karachi and the
Indian Ocean. The Taliban were just too scatterbrained and too crazy to deal
with any longer, although we dealt with them for a long time.

And so we went in there to try and stabilize the place in order for Unocal
to build a pipeline. So all of this is about oil. For once we really are doing
something practical and not trying to wipe out evil, a task too large even for
a Bush.

But, even assuming that the Bush administration was hungering for oil in
the region, wouldn't you agree that the U.S. military intervention in Afghanistan
was appropriate and necessary after the major attack we suffered on Sept. 11?
Are you saying that oil was more of a concern than terrorism?

Well, the giveaway was, when Tommy Franks, the commanding general of our forces
there, arrived in Afghanistan, people kept asking, "Where is Osama bin Laden?"
And he said, well, it would be nice if we found Osama bin Laden, but that's
not really why we're here. And suddenly, it was put on a back burner, and we've
sort of forgotten about it, because other things have taken its place. In other
words, that was never the simple motivation. However, for P.R. purposes, we
have always -- this is where I got off on Noriega -- we must always personify,
preferably as "evil," one single person.

We did that with Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh was part of a much larger plot which
the FBI refused to investigate, just as Congress has refused to find out. Ordinarily
we'd have hearings. You'd think that after being hit as we were in New York,
there would be hearings immediately, as there were after Pearl Harbor, an investigation
into why we spend $30 billion a year on intelligence and we didn't know about
what was obviously a plot that took about four years, they now estimate, to
get those planes on target to destroy our buildings and people. We would have
an investigation. There is none.

And Bush went to
Daschle and said, no, no, we can't have one now. I don't know what reasons
he gave, but they haven't had one. Well, any sane country is going to investigate,
particularly with such a vast and proud military as we've got, why it took 90
minutes before the planes were in the air, our fighters. An ordinary hijacking,
they would be up there in about five minutes, in any part of the U.S. But it
took 90 minutes before they were in the air. Something is going on.

Are you contending that it's possible that there was American foreknowledge
of the 9/11 attacks?

Of course there was. I love it that we like to pose as stupid and incompetent
rather than as perhaps canny and up to no good. Maybe it's easier to sell incompetence
out there to the people. But I don't think taxpayers who pay as much money as
we do are terribly pleased that the FBI and the CIA knew nothing at all of this,
and didn't get cracking on it, and that Congress then doesn't investigate why
they didn't. Any sane normal country, like the U.S. of 50 years ago, would investigate.
We would find out immediately what went wrong.

Everybody knew that Roosevelt had considerable foreknowledge of Pearl Harbor.
And they also knew, Washington knew, that a strike was coming, and [Gen. Walter
C.] Short and [Admiral Husband E.] Kimmel, the two commanders in Hawaii, were
not warned, but a lot of other people were. Same thing happened this time.

So, as with your argument about FDR's alleged
foreknowledge of the Pearl Harbor attack, your argument would be that the
Bush administration knew in advance of the Sept. 11 attack and planned to use
it as a pretext to go into Afghanistan?

You have said it. I didn't say it. I think it's a possibility. I would rather
the Congress found out for me; that's what we pay them for.

But it sounds like you believe that to be the case.

I don't know that I believe it. It seems to be more likely than we were just
in a state of paralysis and knew nothing.

Although when one looks at the dubious recent history of the FBI and the
CIA, and their lamentable track record in all kinds of things, perhaps it isn't
that surprising that incompetence alone could be the answer for their failure
to detect this plot.

I like your optimism.

But in the case of a terrorist attack of this magnitude, to presume that
our ruling guardians would be prepared to write off hundreds if not thousands
of Americans for the purpose of a casus belli that they could probably
find another pretext for anyway, it doesn't seem to meet the Occam's razor conditions.
It seems like overkill for a casus belli.

Well, I am a devotee of Occam's razor, and use it daily. What is obviously
so is probably obviously so. But it is not obvious that the CIA and the FBI
didn't know. There's a guy called David Schippers,
a law professor who is in charge of a growth industry at the capital, which
is impeachment. He handled the Clinton impeachment.

A very conservative Democrat who served House Judiciary chairman Rep. Henry
Hyde during the impeachment hearings.

Yes, a very conservative Democrat. I do not know the man, but I've been reading
about him, because I've been studying a great deal about what happened on Sept.
11. According to Schippers, three men from the FBI came to him and
told him they had the names, and the time and the place that 9/11 was going
to happen. They could not get it through their superiors.

Now you would put that down to the incompetence of the superiors; so would
I generally. But there are too many things, in other words, there are other
Occam razors hanging on the wall here. They went to Schippers and said, we couldn't
get through. And they wanted to file a suit against their superiors at the FBI.
You really ought to get Schippers on this thing, if he will talk. But anyway
he now represents, so I read in the press, several other FBI guys who also had
stuff that they couldn't get through, warning that this was going to happen.
Now that seems to me to point in another direction from our old friend incompetence.
Why they would be dragging their feet, and why they would play so dangerous
a game, because it's going to be found out if somebody deliberately allowed
this to happen, it really would be the end of a government, so it is a very
dicey situation.

I am not going to make any accusations of any kind, because I don't know. But
I have suspicions, and I know where investigations should go. In the McVeigh
case, I wrote a letter to [FBI chief Robert] Mueller at the FBI listing -- it's
in the new book -- I list all of the leads they didn't follow up on, which I
happened to find out about, which were all parts of discovery in various trials
across the Middle West, and so are part of the public record. They didn't follow
up on one of them. I'm still waiting for an answer from Mr. Mueller.

There's too much of this going on, and there is a kind of general policy that
the people must know nothing about anything. All of the classification of documents,
as you know as well as I do, is not done so that wicked enemies of the United
States will find out our secrets; it's so that Americans will not find out what
their government is up to. And what are they up to? Well, the thing that makes
the most sense, we are now governed by a junta of oil-Pentagon men. They're
mostly from the oil business, both Bushes, Cheney, Rumsfeld and so on. They
are in charge, and this is the last great coup which will benefit them personally,
and it will also benefit, I'm sure they're sufficiently patriotic to believe,
the United States, to have this vast supply of oil, out of central Asia, through
various pipelines. We can't use Iran, because we've demonized them too much.
That would be simpler. Turkey has been dicey. But the Pakistan-Afghanistan route
was okay, and then the Taliban got too crazy for us and too unstable.

This seems to me to be what it's about. It's usually about something like this,
and here it is. They could probably sell that one to the American people. Do
you want cheap oil? Every other country has expensive gas for their cars, but
we have the cheapest. Well, it will be even cheaper once we get our hands not
only on this oil, but what we've done is, we've encircled this whole area of
Muslim republics, the old Soviet Union. We've got bases. We've got bases in
Uzbekistan. And Putin has gone along with it, because he sees us as a balance
to a native Muslim movement, which could be unpleasant for them.

So there's a whole new world in the making here, and no one is even bothering
to analyze it, we're just going on and on about whether Osama bin Laden uses
eyeliner.

So you see this as all part of a strategic --

A geopolitical plot of a major scale, and the empire is now spreading its wings
over a new area of the earth.

But again, is it plausible that a U.S. government would write off that many
of its citizens on Sept. 11?

I have never said they did. I said I'd like it investigated.

Assuming this were the case, another objection that presents itself is the
United States' failure to engage in what Bush once derisively called "nation-building"
in Afghanistan after the end of the major military hostilities. Many knowledgeable
observers, like Ahmed Rashid,
have said that that just as Bush's critics feared, he has not followed up by
preventing internecine strife, keeping warlords in check, and supporting sufficient
international peacekeeping forces. But if this was part of a geopolitical strategic
plot to gain control of the oil and to stabilize a nation which had been destabilized
by the Taliban, it wouldn't seem to make sense for the U.S. to be standing by
and allowing the country to teeter on the edge of anarchy. Wouldn't one expect
that if we were actually engaged in this as a kind of geopolitical move that
we would be moving very quickly to shore up the stability of that country?

Well, we have no idea whether we're moving quickly or not, nor have we any
idea what the successor government in Afghanistan is going to be. One interesting
dog that barked: For a long time Unocal, Union Oil of California, had plans
in the works with previous Afghan governments to build a pipeline. Finally they
gave up about three or four years ago and just stopped everything. Then, right
after 9/11, the go-ahead came to start building the pipeline. That sounds to
me like there's going to be some kind of nation-building going on, at least
pipe, oil-pipe building. That is a sign that something is being stabilized in
our favor.

All of this is incremental. I can't imagine Bush -- I use Bush as a generic
term -- would have any idea about how to build a nation. And they're not even
terribly good at tearing them down from 35,000 feet. You hit random buildings
rather than specific targets. I always like that precision bombing that we do
at 35,000 feet. Nobody has ever done that.

Well, they're certainly getting better at it with these guided weapons,
although they're obviously not 100 percent accurate.

Well, particularly if you aim it directly at the school while they're all in
there, I guess it does some damage.

In the new book, when you're talking about our attack on Afghanistan, you
write that the media omitted to point out that the Afghans were not our enemy.
And I think you compared our campaign against al-Qaida to trying to destroy
the Mafia by bombing Palermo.

Well, the way to have handled it is perfectly obvious. First of all, use the
U.N. Kofi Annan is generally trusted around the world and quite efficient. You
don't declare war -- first of all, there is no war. You can only do that on
a country. You practice war, I suppose, as we did finally against Afghanistan.
But this is a mob that struck us, like the Mafia. It may be a religiously inspired
mob, but no less a mob, and no less murderous, whoever it was. You use the police.
The CIA used to be terribly good at this sort of thing. We could overthrow whole
countries and governments, from Guatemala to Africa. We were very, very good
at that. You try and find out, where the origins of this were and you send them
in there. You do some police work -- you don't start bombing Afghanistan.

None of the terrorists was an Afghan. They were mostly Saudi Arabian. And the
embarrassment is that Saudi Arabia is the center of the plot, and Osama is in
with the royal family, his whole family is, and he's still in with his own family.
So the idea that he's some sort of renegade hiding in the hills, playing Lawrence
of Arabia in there, up there in Tora Bora is nonsense. The plot is elsewhere.
But we don't dare go into that, because the oil people who now govern us are
too closely allied with the royal family of Saudi Arabia. We haven't really
gone anywhere near where the trouble is.

Speaking of the Saudis, let me ask about the Middle East. Many observers
thought that the Bush administration, because of its oil background, would be
far less pro-Sharon than they have turned out to be. And certainly their actions
vis-a-vis the Saudis, so far, while they have tried to walk a delicate line
in trying to prop up the Saudi regime as much as possible, have been remarkably
unforthcoming on Israel to the Arab point of view. What do you attribute that
to? And what do you think the United States should be doing now to try to end
this terrible situation in the Middle East?

Well, it seems that the last chance anybody is going to have will be the Saudi
Arabian plan for Israel. And domestic politics makes it impossible even for
the Bushites, who owe very little to the Israel lobby. They could afford much
more than Democrats could to ignore them. But they have been blocked by Congress.
So they're not going to do much of anything, and the thing will just play its
bloody self out.

We have so many great lines going, and I chuckle ruefully every time one of
them comes back around again. My favorite one is the wonderful deal that Barak
offered Arafat, who turned it down because he just loves terrorism, and just
loves blowing up suicide bombers. That is now an article of faith all around
the world, but particularly in the United States.

In reality, Arafat was offered the most godawful deal. If you've seen the map
I have -- Europeans get to see things that Americans never see -- the proposal
that Barak made was, breaking up the Palestinians in the West Bank into three
clumps, each surrounded totally by Israeli settlements and troops. So you had
three cages, and that was the great deal that Arafat turned down. He wouldn't
have remained in office, if that's what you call it, another day had he accepted
that.

Since then the disinformation folks have been so busy working, we now think
that they had really offered him the Garden of Eden, with hot and cold running
water, and he turned it down because he prefers terrorism. He loves it, he loves
suicide bombers. Now to get that lie out, God, it takes such energy and such
passion and such ingenuity. But not one word of truth in it.

Another interesting thing is that although Arafat did not accept that particular
offer, he never actually withdrew from the entire negotiation process.

Quite the contrary. He was at the beginning of it.

And at the end he was still committed to continuing negotiations. And when
Sharon was elected, Sharon made it clear that --

He tore it all up.

-- that it was no longer operative.

Oslo was dead.

To return to the question of Bush and the political constraints imposed
by Congress' virtually monolithic and uncritical support of Israel, there's
a long history in the U.S. of the executive branch butting heads with Capitol
Hill and sometimes being able to get their way over the generally pro-Israeli
Congress. And Bush would seem to have enough political capital to do that, invoking
the strategic needs in the region. A lot of Congress' impassioned rhetoric about
Israel is a lot of hot air, they're answering to lobbyists and to important
constituencies, but when the chips are down, they will accept an American policy
that is more evenhanded than their rhetoric would seem to imply. Don't you think
that Bush would have enough political capital to push for a genuine Mideast
peace settlement if he wanted to?

Well, who knows what he wants. But no, he doesn't really. And I think the proof
of it was a few years ago when Arafat was supposed to come and speak at the
United Nations, and the Senate passed a sense of the Senate resolution that
he not be allowed in the United States. Well, the United Nations is not supposed
to be in the United States, though it physically is. It's a separate entity.
And they forbade it. And it was by a two-thirds vote. Well, you don't have to
be a great parliamentarian to know that two-thirds is all that's needed to override
a presidential veto. So Arafat didn't come. That's what Bush is up against.
And his handlers, as much as they might want to kick Sharon's ass, they can't
do it to the Congress. And I don't see how they would get around it if two-thirds
of the Senate -- and it's a reasonably good Senate, from my point of view --
are adamant on this because they've either been paid or intimidated or whatever,
on this issue.

So no, I don't see that he has any leeway at all there.

Well, what about the argument that even the most fervent pro-Sharon, pro-Likud
Zionists are now beginning to despair of his policies? I shouldn't say the most
ardent, because that would take us to Netanyahu and those who support "transfer"
for Palestinians --

That would take us to metaphysics.

Right. But let's say you're a mainstream blank-check backer of Israel --
at this point you're beginning to realize, as much of the Israeli press does,
that Sharon, like many generals, is a brilliant tactician but a terrible strategist;
that he has no endgame at all; that he has no vision beyond repeated military
assaults, which as everyone knowledgeable about the region predicts will only
breed more terrorist attacks, and that there is no ultimate military solution
that's palatable to the world. Because it's probably not possible to absolutely
wall off the two people from each other. So even the hawkish element in Israel
must be realizing that their policies have reached a dead end. Don't you think
that opens up some new possibilities? Or do you remain a pessimist?

Well, yes, I am. See, the longer this thing goes on -- it's a very small place,
Israel. And the hatred between the two sides is now beyond anything that has
been seen in the world for quite some time. Before, our enemies were thousands
of miles away, if you're an American, and you don't really get to see them.
But these people are on top of each other. Something must be done soon -- either
following the Saudi plan, or perhaps just cutting off all aid to the Middle
East from the United States -- that would shake things up. It might speed up
a solution, or an armistice anyway, while people try and put it back together
again.

But the longer it goes on, the more members of families that have lost people
will be seething and waiting to get revenge. That's how human beings respond
to this sort of thing. And it can't go on another day. And unfortunately, we
have no government in the U.S. We have no foreign policy. We have oil policy.
We have a lot of realpolitik stuff going on, which has to do with our national
wealth and private wealth as well.

Aside from that, there is no policy. The junta, the oil junta in charge of
us, regards all the world as its enemy. And its largest enemy are the American
people, and they know it. A majority of the American people voted against Bush.
We not only have a minority -- in my mind an illegitimate -- president, but
one who does not represent the people at large and does not like the
people at large.

You, I know, have had your ears flapping over the years as have I at Republican
rhetoric when they think they're not being overheard. Their loathing of the
people. I remember Barry Goldwater saying to Mr. [F. Clinton] White, in my presence
and Norman Mailer's, this was in '64 at the [GOP convention in San Francisco's]
Cow Palace, "Well," he says to White, "you know, you can't say that. Because
the whiny American people will get upset." I love that image. I took that away
with me: "the whiny American people."

Well, the American people may not have much feeling for the actual power
brokers around him, but in the case of George W. Bush, while he may be a figurehead,
he does seem to be widely regarded as a hapless Everyman who really does have
the common touch.

You are plainly a misanthropist.

Well, it's remarkable how many journalists who have covered him, including
ones that don't like him politically, report that he actually does seem to have
a kind of frat-boy geniality and ability to connect with ordinary Americans,
that his problem isn't the elitism or the Machiavellian detachment of the oil
cabal. His problem would be that he's not actually the guy in charge.

No, he's not. Cheney is running the place, from an undisclosed cave somewhere.
To the extent the United States is being run at all. Corporate America is in
charge, and these people are sort of decorations.

To return again to the Middle East, your position then is that they've opted
for a traditional "Fortress Israel" position in which we prop up the Saudis,
who we deem will probably have to deal with us in any case. We shove Riyadh's
fundamentalist problems under the rug as best we can, and we allow Israel to
be our regional Sparta, taking care of our business in the area. And we're prepared
to take the P.R. hit and the demonstrations and the anger of the Arab street,
because the Bush guys don't believe that ultimately it will ever come to anything.
Do you think that about sums up their strategic thinking on the Mideast?

Well, we've inherited a situation, and they, the government, the administration
has inherited it. In a sense, cynical Europeans have always taken it for granted
-- in '48 and '49 when we were setting up Israel, with the most wonderful humanitarian
gestures on earth, [the West] was also securing its oil by having a friend and
a military force in the long run in that region, just to make sure that no revolution
in Saudi Arabia, say, would deny us oil. That's what Europeans feel.

I always thought that that was perhaps too cynical. But I suspect that it's
beginning to seem more correct to me as time goes by. Israel is our Sparta,
set in the way of the "Muslim horde" -- I put that in quotation marks, because
we have so demonized the Islamic world that we can't think straight about them.
Nor do we seem to realize how non-monolithic they are. Had they been monolithic,
there would be no Israel, and there would be no oil for the United States either.
They would switch off the plug, pull the plug.

But they are not monolithic, and they can't get together, and that has been
the salvation of Israel, and the salvation of our oil supply.

It does seem, though, looking at it strategically, that it's a double-edged
sword for the United States to embrace Israel as our enforcer against Arab destabilization
and rage, because that very embrace is the leading cause of rage at the United
States.

I think once again you have seized Occam's razor, and shaved. But don't shave
too close.

Let's return to McVeigh and Waco. The debacle at Waco was his driving motivation
and force, as you point out. And you express considerable and justified outrage
at the Waco atrocity. By so doing, though, you've ended up taking the same anti-government
side as a lot of rabid right-wingers.

I get a lot of mail from people about McVeigh and Waco, and a lot of them are
not right-wing cranks. They're not all crazy. McVeigh told me that what led
him to do what he did was when he went to Waco and saw tanks used against American
civilians. This was something you didn't hear about -- his actual reason. This
doesn't mean we approve of what he did, but we have to understand why he did
it.

Why do you think the left, in general, seems to see Waco more as an anomaly
than the right?

Because they're the people who were in favor of Social Security! You know,
at the time that Social Security was proposed, a lot of people on the right
said, "You won't have a name, only a number." [Laughs] Now I've come around
to the other side. The Social Security number is being used by every government
agency to keep track of us because we don't have a national identity number.
I thought, "How ironic it is -- those awful right-wingers were right!" Now,
I would not want Social Security to go away -- but I'm not a broker and I don't
want to invest that money in the stock market.

Let me ask you a more general question pertaining to your views about the
legitimate uses of American power. Your general ideological affiliation is clearly
a Jeffersonian one. You're wary of entangling alliances and you believe that
projections of American power tend to be driven by less than lofty motivations,
and tend to often end badly. And I'm wondering if there are cases when American
intervention is justified, in your mind. Let's take the example of Rwanda. Would
an American military intervention into that horrific situation have been justified?

Certainly not. Minding one's own business is a virtue, and particularly if
your business has traditionally been business, at which we were once very good.
It is best that we keep our own house in proper order, and put our money into
what Henry Clay called internal improvements. We haven't internally improved
the United States plant in 50 years, and the place is falling apart.

Did you know that they don't teach geography any more in the public schools?
They asked a cross-section of Americans, they showed them a globe of the world
with all the continents and islands and oceans, and asked them to identify the
United States. Nothing was labeled. And something like 80 percent couldn't find
it. And a great many of them had a sense of humor, they picked Panama, because
it's a nice little thing with two big globes, one above it, one below it.

Now if you haven't taught the people geography and history, and you're in the
global empire business, you are preparing for catastrophe. People don't know
where things are. They don't want to go off -- we have never wanted to go off
and fight in foreign wars. The foreign wars have always been arranged for us
-- now I reveal my populist roots -- but have always been the work of Eastern
banks, by and large, or a governing class, which likes the idea of adventure.
I specifically refer to Henry Cabot Lodge, to Brooks Adams, Theodore Roosevelt,
Captain Mahon -- these are the four horsemen who gave us our first international
empire, which was the Spanish-American War, which got us into the Philippines,
which got us into Asia.

It was just a small group. The American people had to be dragged into World
War I, and they had to be really tricked into World War II. Now, I think it
was a good idea to defeat Hitler. I would have said eventually we would have
gone in on England's side. But what Roosevelt faced was the fact that 80 percent
of the people then, at the time of Pearl Harbor, refused to go to war. It was
as flat as that. And the America First movement was huge, and everybody was
in it from right wing to left wing, and so on.

So we are a pacific people, and we have plenty of territory. And yet our bankers
and internationalists were very interested in foreign adventures. J.P. Morgan
was largely responsible for World War I, when the Brits ran out of money in
1914, and Morgan single-handedly upheld the pound, until finally he said, well,
this is absurd, and he persuaded Wilson, he said, you've got to do something.
And I'm afraid we must be at war, because only a nation can uphold another nation's
currency. Hence that came to pass. That is the background to our adventure.

So should we be in Rwanda, for God's sake? Yes, as a humanitarian, if we can
be useful to help keep the peace, yes. But I thought the United Nations was
for that.

Yes, but unfortunately the U.N. has proved ineffectual. They generally don't
have the will or the muscle.

Well, it might help if we paid our dues.

You know, that piece of rhetoric -- about the U.S. being the only superpower
capable of improving the world -- is beginning to sound like an absurdist joke.
We have one of the most ill-run countries on earth, from having no educational
system for the general public to no national healthcare. We are so far behind
the other First World countries, and Americans don't even know it.

I have been reading the American press for 60 or 70 years. I have never read
a story favorable to another society. Yes, we are told, Sweden has wonderful
healthcare, education, daycare centers for working mothers -- but they're all
alcoholics and commit suicide. Do you want to commit suicide because you have
healthcare? No, you don't. It's against God's law.

I get the feeling that you would find it difficult to ever accept any American
intervention, no matter how clear-cut its morality was. I understand your point
that we too often fail to take care of our own business at home, but isn't reaching
out to help others a sign of some kind of national maturity, and kind of moving
away from a national selfishness?

Well, you describe a world that does not exist. I recommend to you a book by
Smedley Butler,
a major general in the Marine Corps, a commanding general of the Marine Corps
at the first part of the 20th century. Smedley Butler did a memoir. And he said,
basically, I was an enforcer for the Chase Manhattan Bank, for Standard Oil.
He said Al Capone only operated in four city districts. I operated in four continents.

Then he goes into detail. He was in Shanghai, securing the bank's interests.
He was down in Venezuela securing oil interests for Standard Oil. He was a tool
of our great capitalist system, which we are told daily is the envy of the earth.
The general at the end of his career blew up at the way he felt that he and
the Marines had been misused in order to secure profits for these corporations.
I've got some footage, I did a documentary on him. And I've got some wonderful
footage of American Marines on the Great Wall of China. Americans couldn't believe
that we'd ever been there, and there we were, before Nixon. It might have been
nice to superimpose Nixon over the Marines, but that would have been cheating.

So if General Butler, who was an old-fashioned American, thought that about
our adventures, and in retrospect, when it came time to write his memoir, was
ashamed of having taken part in them, I would think that he is a knowledgeable
witness, better than you and better than I.

In "The Last Empire" you denounce the rise of what you call "the national
security state," and Truman's arrogation of an enormous amount of power to fight
the Communist menace. But while there were clearly excesses in the fight against
Communism, particularly on the Cold War domestic front, the evils of the Soviet
empire, detailed for instance in the horrible revelations of the "Black Book
of Communism," clearly demonstrate that our own empire was far more benign
in comparison, don't you agree?

But it was also far less aggressive than we were. Stalin only made trouble
on his borders, with border states. Because after all, the Russians do have
a memory of being constantly invaded. We have never been invaded. Well, once
we were, by the Brits. But in general, he was paranoid about that, and he was
paranoid about the bad faith of the United States. Roosevelt agreed to a number
of things at Yalta which really were against Stalin's interests. But he went
along with it because he trusted him. Truman comes along, goes to Potsdam, discovers
through a telegram from New Mexico that the atom bomb works, and he doesn't
need Stalin for the final war against Japan. So he starts to break every agreement
that he had made with Stalin, who then gets not only paranoid, but gets hysterical.

Then when we unite the French, the British and the American regions of Germany,
leaving Stalin with Prussia, which was the lousiest part, we form another country
with a new currency, which is far better than anything the Russians have got.
We pretend that Stalin divided Germany. He didn't; we did.

We have absolutely rewritten all of history. It's like the famous Barak plan
that Arafat turned down. This is constant rewriting. To make ourselves look
quite different from what we really were. The Cold War was on Truman's head,
because he thought he didn't need Stalin, he didn't like Stalin. He saw no use
for us to even bother in that part of the world, but if we did, we would have
the best part of Germany, which he then started to rearm, which put Stalin into
great hysterics. And that's when he sealed off Berlin, and we had to do the
airlift and so on, and the Cold War really got going.

That's on our head, but you're not going to hear that in the schools, and nobody
will write that in the press, or if they do, it'll be in a scholarly paper,
unread.

But don't you believe that Stalin would have carried out his ruthless expansionism
in Eastern Europe without much provocation?

No. He'd taken just about everything he needed. Poland has always been something
that the Russians have grabbed from time to time. And Czechoslovakia, they didn't
seem to really want it when they started in, but they just kept on.

Where was he going to go? Some time ago, I had a conversation with a big fat
man called General Vernon Walters, remember him? Just died. A great geopolitician.
And he was moaning away, we were at the American Embassy in Rome, moaning away
about how they're winning, they're winning everywhere. All over the world are
communists, the world is going communist, and we do nothing. He said, just look
at the map, you'll see what's happened. The Russians are everywhere. Communism
is spreading. And we are shrinking.

I said, well, we haven't done too badly since the second war. Well, he said,
look at Romania, for instance. Romania -- he started a speech. I said, oh, come
off it. Stalin got Romania, and my God, every night I wake up shivering at the
thought of those poor Romanians in his clutches. But we got Germany.

Well, he said, that's different. And what about his attempt in Greece? I said,
he didn't attempt anything. He let the Greek Communists die. He was not going
to interfere in that one.

Well, in Asia, he started. I said, yeah, yeah, he got North Korea, by God.
That was shrewd of him, wasn't it. We got Japan, General. And that was the end
of him. I could hear him mutter.

Is it really legitimate to compare the hegemonic control of the Soviet Union
over the Warsaw Pact countries with the control that the United States had over
its NATO allies?

Well, we have a lighter hand. All NATO was was a means of keeping control over
Western Europe. We were not there to save the French from the marching Russians.
The Russians weren't marching anywhere. We were there to make sure that Western
Europe didn't have Communist governments, that we could control them.

The CIA was formed in order to control public opinion. Its first great coup,
and I was in Italy in 1948 at the time of the April elections when it looked
like the Communists might well win it, the CIA spent a fortune. They bought
newspapers, they bought magazines, they bought politicians, they bought political
parties, anything to keep [Palmiro] Togliatti [the founder of the Communist
Party of Italy] out of the government. And they kept him out, which I think
in the long run was a mistake, as the Italian Communists were somewhat to the
right of Senator Taft, a Republican figure of those days.

But just to press the point one more time, there were no tanks in the streets
of Paris sent there by the United States. You say we had a lighter hand, implying
that it's a matter of degree. But I would say it's a distinction in kind. I'm
not arguing with your observations about the American perfidy in many ways in
trying to affect the course of post-World War II Europe and suppressing political
movements there that were not to our ideological liking, but nonetheless, it
seems to me we should draw a shining line between that type of behavior and,
you know, jackboots and tanks. It seems to me that's a distinction that we don't
want to blur.

Well, I think it's a matter of degree. You have to remember how poor Russia
was, and how essentially primitive their system was. When it came time to retreat
from Central Europe, they didn't have enough tanks or trucks to drag their artillery
out. They used horses.

So they lost, I don't know, 20 million people in the war. They were owed $20
billion in reparations, which they never got, because it was to have come from
Germany, and we of course had taken Germany back, away from them. So they surround
themselves with states that they don't want any trouble from, and they don't
want any foreign armies crossing Poland, Czechoslovakia, whatever.

So I'm not arguing that they were a kindly, well-disposed empire. They were
not. They were very clumsy and very crude in the way they did things, which
was based largely on terror, what had happened to them because of terror, because
of Hitler.

We were not terrified. We were dealing with old allies. We had fought for the
French and the Brits before, and we were back in harness. We pretend the Marshall
Plan was out of the goodness of our heart. It was to create markets for ourselves.
Because the Depression had not ended at the time of Pearl Harbor. It was only
when we were fully armed that we had full employment. We were terrified of going
back into the Depression. So we had to get markets. And Europe was the richest
place on earth, potentially, once it was rebuilt.

We rebuilt it. We can take some credit for that, for intelligence if nothing
else.

Let me ask a concluding question that's a little bit more general and forward-looking.
Certainly your recent work has had a Jeremiah-like tone about what you see as
the collapse of American culture --

I never go on about that.

Well, you have made caustic comments about literature being in decline,
being eclipsed by television --

No, readership is in decline. I've always said, we have more good writers than
we have good readers.

Well, leaving aside the question of the actual cultural production, to use
a Stalinist phrase, do you see any reason for hope in terms of Americans reclaiming
the republican spirit that you decry having essentially been taken away from
them over the last 50-odd years? Do you see any signs of stirrings against the
corporate security state that you've crusaded against?

Well, if you've read my new book, you've read me on Vico. [In "Perpetual War
for Perpetual Peace," Vidal cites the 17th- and 18th-century Italian philosopher
Giambattista Vico, who posited that human societies go through various organic
phases or life cycles: chaos leads to theocracy, which becomes aristocracy,
which turns into democracy, which devolves into chaos, which becomes theocracy
and so on.]

Well, the theocratic comes next, which may not be much more to your liking.

Yes, brace yourself, that's what I see coming.

Which in this country would mean the ascension of Pat Robertson or John
Ashcroft?

Yes, I think the greatest danger would come from the Protestant evangelicals.
But there are plenty of other nuts around, as well as brand new religions. I
think that the whole world is going to have to face up to the fact that we are
in for a kind of religious fundamentalism, whether it's (radical Islam) in the
Middle East or Christian fundamentalism in our hemisphere -- for instance, there
is a Protestant evangelical movement in Brazil, where my books are quite popular.
I have not contributed to the rise.

But I think that probably the next thing we're going to have to face is that
religion is not a good thing. Essentially Americans are hypocrites in these
matters, and we ought to be -- hypocrisy is nothing but good manners, when dealing
with the pretensions of others. But I suspect we're going to have to face head
on that the great disaster that befell the West was monotheism -- Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.

I think you call them the Sky God religions?

The Sky God, yeah, the children of the book, not a good book. And out of that
has come more bloodshed and more terror. And I thought when I was young that
we were coming to an end of it. The churches were empty. There was not much
going on. And then, who would have dreamed it, out of the blue comes the most
brazen calf of them all, the golden calf, television. And overnight, the evangelicals
found a pulpit, and they have taken off. And because of a misreading of the
First Amendment, they're tax exempt. And the only way we can put them back in
a box is to tax all religions. Originally they didn't want to tax the little
white church at Elm Street, because religion was a good thing. They didn't mean
the portfolio of the Catholic Church or the Protestants or the Jews, or whatever.

So they are exempt from taxation. This is why every old city in the United
States is falling down, because there is no money from real estate, because
it's all tax exempt, to repair the cities.

So we are in an awful mess, because of monotheism. That's shorthand for the
whole caboodle. So we must do something about that, and the practical thing
immediately is to tax them all. That will at least raise revenues for the cities,
and raise revenues for the treasury, so that we can save Rwanda yet again, because
we are good people.