THE SIZE OF THE GAPS: From bottom to top!

Two weeks ago, Porter devoted his Economic Scene column to a somewhat formulaic treatment of our public schools. Porter isn’t an education specialist. After reading his column, we’d have to say it showed.

Still, Porter painted a very striking portrait at one point in his piece. We’ll return to the question we asked last week:

PORTER (5/16/14): Tracking also happens within schools, where students are often separated by ability. “Advanced children are all put together; they all know each other and learn from each other’s habits,” said Sal Khan, the founder of the Khan Academy of on-line education. “At the low end, it’s an educational wasteland.”

Addressing the vast disparities between students’ abilities will not be easy. In some public schools, children who are entering the sixth grade with the measured proficiency of first graders are mixed in with children who perform well above the sixth-grade standard.

Schools struggle to teach this mix. Teachers are frustrated: Almost half leave the profession within five years.

Can that possibly be correct? According to Porter, some middle schools struggle with an amazing range of achievement levels. Some sixth graders have “the measured proficiency of first graders,” he says. Other sixth graders in the same schools are performing above sixth grade level!

Almost anyone can see the challenge this wide range of achievement levels would likely present to a school. With even a small amount of imagination, a person might even ask an obvious question:

If sixth graders display this very wide range of achievement levels, what role can a set of grade-level “standards” possibly play in the life of a school? Forget about the Common Core, the current focus of widespread dispute. How can any set of grade level standards address the “vast disparities” described in Porter’s portrait?

We’ll leave that obvious question for another day. That said, we’ve never seen that question asked in our major newspapers, and there’s an obvious reason for that:

In the main, these newspapers exist to spread elite propaganda about the state of our schools. They exist to discuss the gaps, not the gains.

They exist to spread the idea that achievement levels in the schools are stagnant or declining. And, for the past several decades, they have happily talked up the role of grade level sets of standards.

Not for them, the basic facts about the large score gains our schools are recording! Not for them, the obvious question about the way grade level standards are supposed to work!

That said, large achievement gaps exist within our public schools. Today, we start to sketch the size of the gaps.

Is it even dimly possible that Porter’s portrait is accurate? Do our middle schools really “struggle” with such a remarkable “mix?”

Porter didn’t say how he knew that some schools contain the “vast disparities” he described. He didn’t say how many schools face such daunting gaps.

That said, data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (the NAEP) let us start to define the size of the gaps within our national student population. Returning to Grade 8 math as our basic field of study, here are some scores from the most recent administration of the so-called “Main NAEP:”

For all such NAEP data, click here. You can examine the range of scores in reading and math in Grade 4 and Grade 8.

Eighth-graders recorded a wide array of scores on last year’s NAEP math test. At the 90th percentile, students scored 331. Students at the 10th percentile scored almost 100 points lower!

On their face, those scores suggest a very wide range of achievement levels.

As we’ve often noted, a very rough rule of thumb is often applied to NAEP scores. According to this very rough rule of thumb, ten points on the NAEP scale is compared to one academic year.

In yesterday’s report, we saw Stanford professor Sean Reardon applying this very rough rule of thumb to some scores from the NAEP’s Long-Term Trend study. Applied to these Grade 8 math scores, that rule of thumb suggests an astonishing range of achievement levels.

Among eighth graders, could there really be a nine-year achievement gap between students at the 90th and 10th percentiles? For ourselves, we will assume the answer is no. Data like these help explain why we always describe the ten-point rule as a very rough rule of thumb.

How large is the achievement gap among our eighth grade students? Such questions are almost never explored in the national press, which mainly exists to publish propagandistic sound-bites about the public schools.

The nation’s “education reporters” will happily chatter about the role of the Common Core, or other grade level math standards, without presenting or confronting such confounding statistics. Most likely, our education reporters have never clicked through to the data which display this very wide range of scores. In our Propagandistic New World, it simply isn’t done!

Among the nation’s eighth graders, how large is the range of achievement? We’d love to see that question discussed! We were thrilled to see Porter introduce the topic, which is extremely important.

NAEP scores can only provide so much precision. But at least on face, Porter’s portrait isn’t challenged by these confounding NAEP statistics. These data seem to suggest that the achievement range among eighth graders is extremely large.

Tomorrow, we’ll start to look at the way these gaps break down by income and race. For today, let’s add one point:

According to the NAEP data, students at the tenth percentile are doing substantially better than their counterparts did in years past. In 1990, the first year of the Main NAEP study, the tenth percentile score in Grade 8 math was 215. Last year, students at the tenth percentile scored 237.

A substantial score gain has occurred at the tenth percentile. That said, the gap in scores remains large; a slightly larger gain has been recorded at the 90th percentile.

Unless something is grossly wrong with this widely-praised “gold standard” testing program, substantial academic gains seem to have occurred in Grade 8 math. But the gaps seem to remain quite large—and, as Porter suggested, large gaps present very large challenges for our public schools.

Where do these large gaps come from? Tomorrow, we’ll look at the way the gaps in scores align with family income.

44 comments:

Is there a true, objective meaning to the "gap", which 10 points of NAEP measures so crudely? Suppose an 8th grade student is doing calculus. She's clearly 4 years (at least) above grade level..

Now, suppose an 8th grader hasn't been taught calculus, but her level of comfort and talent and understanding of mathematics is far beyond the average 8th grader. Her skills are such that she could easily learn calculus. Could it be correct to say that she's 4 years above her grade level?

My experience in math is that there's a huge difference in math talent and general skill level. The kind of range shown by the NAEP looks realistic to me.

Kids who are math-talented teach themselves calculus. They don't wait for their classes to teach them the things that interest them. You assess them by giving them the SAT in 8th grade, not NAEP (because it doesn't have sufficient ceiling, doesn't ask questions about content not part of standard curriculum). Both of those kids would likely get the same score.

Good point. And the potential big time job creators, like Francisco d’Anconia, are developing "the calculus of infinitesimals" on their own by age twelve, independently of any hints in the matter left by Newton or Leibnez.

...Francisco’s notes of calculations were still scattered about on the ground; her father picked them up, looked at them, then asked, “Francisco, how many years of algebra have you had?” “Two years.” “Who taught you to do this?” “Oh, that’s just something I figured out.” She did not know that what her father held on the crumpled sheets of paper was the crude version of a differential equation.

You can see the wide difference in talent a field like music. Some kids can learn music at least ten times as fast as other kids. I've seen this with my daughters and their friends. Suppose you were teaching a music class with a heterogeneous group of kids. Even if they all started at the same level, you'd have a devil of a time having a class that worked for all of them, given their widely divergent rates of progress.

Maybe that's why most successful musicians have learned through private lessons. Maybe kids who are particularly talented in math or creative writing or some other academic field would do a lot better with private tutors. Maybe someone can figure out how to use computers to create better individualized academic instruction, where each child progresses at his own rate.

Musicians learn through private lessons because our public schools have not funded music education in a very long time. Or art, or dance. History is fading away and so are languages like German and Latin.

Kids who are particularly talented in math or creative writing or some other academic field do need to have private tutors or attend private schools because gifted education has been long gone from many public schools, in any meaningful sense.

Our public schools have been so starved and so limited by NCLB back-to-basics approaches that there has not been any nurturing of the special talents or gifts of students in them in a very long time. The only talent nurtured by public schools is athletic ability.

If a child is unfortunate enough to be from a family that cannot afford to supplement public education with lessons, or from a family that does not recognize or value such ability, his or her talents will be lost to our society. People who cut public education budgets don't seem to worry about that much.

Have you figured out how to get a computer to teach a child how to produce a sound on a trumpet or how to throw a football? There is only so much computers can do. They are especially bad at creating the human bond that encourages and motivates students and provides them with role models. It will be sad if education is defined down to only that which can be successfully taught using a computer.

The top 10% averaging 4.5 grades above grade level, the bottom 90% averaging 4.5 grades below doesn't sound too extreme to me, especially since, because we are talking averages within those segments, it is basically the same as the 95th percentile vs. the 5th percentile.

Keep in mind that there's a bell curve here, and the bare minimum spread imaginable between the 90th and 10th percentiles, even without such dramatic income disparities as you see in the U.S., would seem to be four or five years (two+ years above, two+years below)..

There is only so much computers can do. They are especially bad at creating the human bond that encourages and motivates students and provides them with role models. It will be sad if education is defined down to only that which can be successfully taught using a computer.

Maybe your pessimism is correct 3:01. OTOH computers have done a great job of teaching kids to excel at complex computer games, even though computers lack the human bond and human role models. Maybe some clever educators can create computer-based learning of mathematics or science that's as much fun as playing computer games.

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We get it already. You find Bob's reflexive use of a questionable modernism, "that said," annoying. I do, too, partly because he does it just to piss off readers who have criticized him for doing it -- hence, it may be used three or more times in some posts -- and also because he seems to be clueless when he is using it in a nonsensical way -- i.e., when it is not establishing a contrast to the previous statement. Criticize Bob and you will get twenty-tuple-down no matter how weak his position is. He seems be incapable of meeting a rational argument with one of his own, but can only ignore the criticism and repeat what he said, only louder.

That said, how about some other form of snark? Deserved as it is, this one is getting old.

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Brandenburg offers a pretty superficial analysis because he does not take into account the shifting demographics (changes in the % of minority kids reflected in those stats over time, changes in dropout rates). Comparing 12th grade scores is tricky and none of that complexity is shown or discussed in this brief analysis.

To use an analogy, if someone were earning a particular percentage on their investments and that percentage stayed the same despite downturns in the economy, that would suggest excellent management because effort was being taken to offset the impact of the fluctuation in the economy. When our student population includes increasingly large %s of low income and minority children while our graduation rates increase (suggesting that more of those children are arriving in 12th grade instead of dropping out) yet our NAEP scores stay the same, it suggests there is improvement in the quality of teaching in order to keep those scores comparable -- not that nothing that has been done in education has made any difference, nor that school efforts have prevented an expected increase (as Brandenburg concludes).

This subject deserves a more thorough treatment than just presenting the timeline of 12th grade scores and using it to support one's preferred interpretation -- on which the scores seem kind of ambiguous to me.

You provide the common caveats used to discount presentations based on 12th grade NAEP scores, a growing minority population and increased student retention.I suppose Brandenburg's use of a single graphic in his piece allows you to do that, But I do believe he took those factors into account:

"The short answer is: those scores have essentially not changed since they began giving the tests! Not for the kids at the top of the testing heap, not for those at the bottom, not for blacks, not for whites, not for hispanics."

He simply graphed the flatness of the results based on the same basis the Howler presented them here, on the rank of percentile scored. He could have done so based on race and ethnicity but chose not to.

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I am just another person that as i would say, the ' GREAT SPELL CASTER OTIS DARKO ' has helped word can not describe all he did for me i would rather you all that would read this were all in my life when all what he did for me materialized because only then will you really believe what i am talking about. I was not born with a royal blood and i do not even come from a decent family by decent i mean a family with wealth and all that and it was more than normal that my relationship with a royal blood will cause a lot of feud in both my home and that of my fiance. Yes he from a royal family but i will not mentions anything else in other to avoid scandal. We meant on a faithful Sunday in church and just like that he swept me off my feet i knew he was the prince but that was not while i fell for him it was more like i fell for him because he seem calm and always at else with everything it was like he did not even see himself as a prince. May be you may think its because it was not next in line but when i got to really know him, i saw that he was just an unembellished person that wanted to live his life in peace. It all start with us being friend and then on every night of Christmas 2004 that he spent at my house he kissed me and believe me in my mind i was Cinderella. It was like my heart was going to burst in flame i never knew i had all those feelings locked away in my heart but he broke the chain that was holding it back with just one kiss. Even when he wanted to be with me he family was again it and it was always like i was the root of what ever problem he was going through with his family. I thought to myself, i can not be the one to take the peace he had i felt he was better and at else without me. We where always of and on and all the while he waited for me with the biggest of hope that i will come back. I knew he was madly in love with me as i was in love with him but being with him was a problem as much as not being with him. His family won't let him be with with me. They opposed our relationship for nine years we where in love but unhappy our relationship was going no where with all the feud. I could no longer be the one an entire family hate and the same time be in love with a guy that his family did not want me. I some how some way got to know about OTIS DARKO a spell cast a great one at that. All i want was to be with my now fiance forever and to be loved and cared for by his family just as it suppose to be. I asked him to help me make my heart desires materialize because i saw a lot of testimonies on the internet about him and the number of people he helped everybody and every blog and forum had his name and his work. I needed to be one of the people he helped. After a lot of conversation he agreed to help me and asked that i get some materials he listed for me. I could get them but i would have made too many people ask question and it needed to be done in a very low profile so i wired the total cost to him so that he can get the materials i needed for the spell and there by avoid exposing myself over what should have be done in secret until the spell process was completed. Yes OTIS DARKO helped me with he spell and he send me a package containing what i can not disclose all i can say is that it was the result of the spell he helped me cast and he gave instruction on how i would use it to make the spell effective. I did all he asked of me and just like he promise me at the beginning, the spell made my fiance entire family love respect and treat me like their own child. To me i would say that OTIS DARKO was my fairy godmother because maybe right now my life would have be miserable basically because i would have had to let go of the love of my life because no one or more like his family would not approve our union. Contact OTIS DARKO because you will only be helping yourself and yourself only use this email as contact otisdarko60@yahoo.com......YOU CAN ALSO ADD HIM UP ON WHATSAPP USING THIS MOBILE NUMBER:+2348077526136

This is my testimony on how I won $3,471,009 million William Deluca, from USA I want to use this opportunity to thank Great DR OTIS DARKO for helping me to win the lottery of $66 million lottery ticket.I have been playing the lottery for the past 5 years now and I have never won. Ever since then I have not been able to win and I was so upset and I need help to win the lottery so I decided to go online and search for help, there I saw so many good testimony about this man called Great DR OTIS DARKO of how he have cast lucky spell lotto for people to win the lottery. I contacted him also and told him I want to win a lottery, he cast a spell for me which I used and I played and won $3,471,009 million dollars. I am so grateful to this man, just in-case you also need him to help you win, you can contact him through his email: otisdarko60@yahoo.com and he will surely help you......This is my testimony page as you can go through this it now on how I was given the check OK: http://www.megamillions.com/winners-gallery/man-finds-out-he%E2%80%99s-a-millionaire-while-buying-valentine%E2%80%99s-surprise-for-wife . ... HIS EMAIL ADDRESS IS: otisdarko60@yahoo.com as he is so powerful and also he has solution to other problems you must have been facing in life also.....

We all have different reasons why those of us who contacted Otis Darko to help us make our faithful to us some of us did it for lover, because of their children or health condition or even because they wanted not to be alone. For me it was non of those though i love my husband and don’t want to raise our teens alone . The reason why i contacted Otis Darko to help me with a spell truly was because my husband was running for one of the seats in the Riksdag,the national legislative body of Sweden. Now i am not going to say if he won or under what party for security reasons i did not ask for a spell to make him win or something NO i just asked for a spell to make him stop being a chronic Womanizer it was going to affect his campaign. I have lived with him for 20 years and after countless occasions of catching him cheating on me i have come to live with him like that though it hurts to death. I wish i knew all along all those years about Otis the Great spell caster maybe my life would not have been this way. Like i was saying, His womanizing behavior got him into a lot of trouble and if any of those stories where to hit the press it would have destroyed his life and this political career and probably landed him in jail. With all the advise from me and his advisories of his campaigning team it was still not enough to bring him to caution. I went to the extreme to make sure he stops willingly or unwillingly that is i meant with some of his lover and asked to pay them off but they were not ready to let go it. I think he offered them something more that money that even with the amount i offered them, they all refused and believe me it was very surprising and they will turn down a large amount of money. We my husband got to know about it he mad mad at me and gave all sort of threats. I was confused and his opposition were digging to find dirt on him and still was so convinced that they will not find anything but they did only with no evidence that was how lucky we were. Right then i took matters in my hand and contacted Otis Darko with the email address i saw on the internet i contacted him and told him what i want him to do for me to make my husband be faithful to me till our dying day and make all those people looking for how to bring down my husband stop. OK note my husband is a very honest man who would not hurt a fly he was just careless and always picked the wrong kinds of woman that get him in trouble. Otis Darko asked that i provide 4 kind of item me being so careful employed expert to help me get those materials mailed them over to him. I sent a total some of 3000 dollars when converting from Swedish Krona to American dollars. And it much much cheaper if i had asked him to get them for me. But whats done is done. Just after four day sent me a package, not telling its content but is totally harmless and told me how to make the spell effective. I did as he told me and in two my husband somehow magically broke tires with all the women he was involved with i don’t know how it happen and those people trying to kill his political ambition stopped immediately. I wish i knew this Great man all along my life would have been perfect. His campaign team did not understand how i did it and what i did they were just happy all the worse is past. What wow me the most about Otis Darko was that the told me the out come of the election before the election date last years because all this happened last year and just what he said will happen really came to pass. And again i can’t give full info because of security reasons. I little advise for those that are going to contact him via this email: otisdarko60@yahoo.com if you are asked for material to do the spell don’t go about it yourself Because you will waste a lot time and money on it and get to see asking him to get them for you with the total cost you wire to him will save you a lot. You have nothing be be afraid you can trust him with anything Because all he does is help people no matter how hard it may be.

My name is Midred Jackson from Michigan I never believed in love spells or magic until i met this spell caster once. when i went to Africa in June 28th 2015 this year on a business summit. i ment a man called DR OTIS DARKO. He is powerful he could help you cast a spells to bring back my love’s gone,misbehaving lover looking for some one to love you, bring back lost money and magic money spell or spell for a good job.i’m now happy & a living testimony cos the man i had wanted to marry left me 3 weeks before our wedding and my life was upside down cos our relationship has been on for 2 years… i really loved him, but his mother was against me and he had no good paying job. so when i met this spell caster, i told him what happened and explained the situation of things to him..at first i was undecided,skeptical and doubtful, but i just gave it a try. and in 6 days when i returned to taxes, my boyfriend (is now my husband ) he called me by himself and came to me apologizing that everything had been settled with his mom and family and he got a new job interview so we should get married..i didn’t believe it cos the spell caster only asked for my name and my boyfriends name and all i wanted him to do… well we are happily married now and we are expecting our little kid,and my husband also got a new job and our lives became much better. in case anyone needs the spell caster for some help, email address: otisdarko60@yahoo.com

GREAT OTIS DARKO I thank you very much thank you in 1000000 times.. if not you I would have been losted and wasted thank you. Email Him Through his email address... otisdarko60@yahoo.com

please make sure you contact him for any financial difficulties okay..

What a powerful man such as DR OTIS DARKO.. he is so much powerful..\\ email him for any difficulties.. otisdarko60@yahoo.com................... YOU CAN ALSO ADD US UP ON WHATSAPP USING THIS MOBILE NUMBER:+2348077526136

My wife has been suffering from thyroid cancer which was confirmed to be stage four, the doctor told me there was little he could do since she wasn’t responding to treatment but a friend of mine came to our rescue by ordering this cannabis oil from Shakes Spear which he said has been helping some patient fight against cancer of various types so we decided to give it a chance, so far my wife is improving perfectly very well and presently she can walk around the house all by herself. I felt its necessary i let others who are suffering from this acute disease that once you have a good cannabis oil it can really give one a sound second chance of living by chance if you happen to be in need of this cannabis oil you can contact Dr Otis Darko who supplied I and my wife with this email: otisdarko60@yahoo.com

HE FIX THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS TO ALL

ACROSS THE GLOBE ON:

1. Getting your lover or husband back

2. Spiritual bulletproof

3. Training

4. Money spell

5. Long life spell

6. Prosperity spell

7. Protection spell

8. Get a job spell

9. Becoming a manager spell

10. Get a huge loan without paying any fee spell

11. Getting your scam money back

12. Child spell

13. Pregnancy spell

14. Freedom spell

15. Love spell

16, vanishing spell

17. Invisible human spell

18. Success or pass spell

19. Marriage spell

20. Avenging spell

21. Popularity spell

22. Killing spell

23. Cancer spell

24. Supernatural power spell

25. Madness spell

26. Free house loan spell

27. Production spell of films and movie

28. Hiv/aids spell

29. Tuberculosis spell

30. Loose weight and body spell

contact me of any of these problem as I got solution to all... MY EMAIL ADDRESS IS: otisdarko60@yahoo.com

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