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Figures

Mantid attack behaviours on dry season (DS) and wet season (WS) forms of Bicyclus anynana, and survival outcome for arena experiments. (a) The ventral surface of the two seasonal forms of B. anynana. Note the differences in the ventral hindwing eyespot size. (b) Latency for the invertebrate predator, Tenodera sinensis, to orient on each form of B. anynana. Means±95% CI presented. The DS form took longer for mantids to detect. (c) Percentage of butterfly escape once attacked by a praying mantid. The DS form was much less likely to escape once an attack was initiated. (d) Percentage of mantid first strike on various body parts of B. anynana. The WS form was attacked more frequently on the hindwings than the DS form. (e) Percentage of damage observed per hindwing eyespot in the WS form only. Eyespots Cu1, Cu2 and Pc were the most damaged. (Online version in colour.)

Longevity, fecundity and incurred wing damage for the DS and WS forms of B. anynana in microcosm experiments in the presence or the absence of mantids. (a) Average longevity measured in days. Means ± 95% CI are reported. DS forms survived longer in the absence of mantids while WS forms survived longer in the presence of mantids. (b) Average number of eggs laid. Means ± 95% CI are reported. WS form females laid more eggs, and mantids negatively impacted oviposition in both forms. (c) Percentage hindwing eyespot damage. WS forms experienced greater amounts of damage on their ventral hindwing eyespots in the presence of a mantid. Asterisks indicate statistical significance between the treatments.