This chapter investigates France's conception of, and contribution to, human protection from 1987 to 1993. This period is particularly interesting because on the one hand, it corresponds to the emergence of France's domestic norm of human protection during François Mitterrand's presidency (1981–95), and on the other, it witnessed the emergence of the international principle that was humanitarian intervention.
1
Consequently, it allows the analysis of both processes and their interplay in order

The period 1994–99 constituted a challenging time for humanitarian intervention, as it faced strong international criticism before being contested by the end of the decade. In France, François Mitterrand completed his presidency and was replaced by President Jacques Chirac, whose first mandate lasted from 1995 to 2002. Both Mitterrand and Chirac had to work with governments from the opposite end of the political spectrum: the first cohabitation took place from 1993 to 1995 and forced left-wing President Mitterrand to work with a right

series, also titled ‘Interventions: Rethinking the Nineteenth Century’, published
by Manchester University Press. This series (also edited by us) aims to provide a space in
which scholars can reflect on the nature, scope, and direction of nineteenth-century studies.
Whilst wishing to support ongoing research into the period it also aims to foster unorthodox
approaches to the nineteenth century which challenge and problematise conventional models of
the Victorians and to that end it engages with a notion of the long nineteenth century

The material production of American literature in nineteenth-century Britain

Katie McGettigan

‘domestic’ by echoing the symbolic domestic spaces in The Guardian
Angel itself, within discussions of American literature being circulated abroad.
Holmes’s letter suggests that a British edition of an American book might construct an
American space outside of the nation itself, and that these American books could create
transatlantic communication.
Holmes perceives the interventions of British publishers as antithetical
to this aim; this chapter, however, argues the opposite. It suggests the material interventions of

’s subtle contemporaneousness , helping to
explain the Victorians’ conversion into such hypocritical embodiments of all-consuming
western cultural imperialism and dreams of world domination run amok. Wanting was
written at a time of high profile public debates about the legitimacy and efficacy of the
US-led NATO military intervention in Afghanistan combatting what might be termed the
‘terrorist desires’ of armed non-state organisations such as the Taliban and
al-Qaeda to contest western ideology and geopolitical spheres

because it might contribute to a reassessment of the
relationship between Romanticism and Victorianism, but also because of its implications for
methodological divisions between (new) historicist and (new) formalist approaches to the
poetry of both periods. This division is described by Marjorie Levinson as the ‘dual
commitment of materialist
critique’, taking ‘materialist’ to mean both ‘an intervention
practice taking the general form of ideology critique’ and ‘an attachment to
effects that resist re

Liberalism and liberalisation in the niche of nature, culture, and technology

Regenia Gagnier

limits and contingency of one’s own perspective.
This chapter will consider some implications for Victorian Studies
suggested by recent developments in the fields of world literatures and globalisation
studies. It will draw attention to the global scope of Victorian literature as an actant in
world affairs, as in processes of liberalisation, democratisation, and trade, but also to
the specificity of each local environment and moment of transculturation. It hopes to make a
methodological intervention on behalf of

fairy tales. Despite her literary intervention Steel styles herself as a
collector rather than translator of the tales:
That is neither a transliteration–which would have needed a
whole dictionary to be intelligible–nor a version orientalised to suit English
tastes. It is an attempt to translate one colloquialism by another, and thus to preserve
the aroma of rough ready wit existing side by side with that perfume of pure poesy which
every now and again contrasts so strangely with the other

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Humanitarian intervention
We have seen in the preceding chapters that the concept of
crimes against humanity implies a limit to state sovereignty. It
is natural, therefore, that discussion of the concept, and
especially of its beginnings, should make reference to
an earlier tradition within international law to which that
same limit is germane – I mean the tradition of humanitarian
intervention. In fact, the principle of humanitarian
intervention stands not only at the origin of the offence of

External interventions in local society took place in very different ways in early medieval Europe. Their intensity depended, to a large degree, on the extent of claims made by central authorities and other powers, such as lay aristocrats or heads of religious institutions. In the early ninth century, for example, Frankish rulers of the Carolingian family attempted to control everyday life even within local society – a remarkable and far-reaching intention. The new norms written down for this purpose in capitularies, conciliar records and episcopal statutes are