Saturday, July 16, 2011

The last post in this series, on South Carolina, brought up an unexpected temperature variation that, coincidentally, was being discussed both at Real Climate and at Climate Audit. The controversy at those two sites relates to the dip in sea surface temperatures (SST's) prior to 1970, and how accurately these were measured with the controversy relating to how many ships used a thermometer stuck into a bucket to measure the temperature, and how many used a measure of the temperature made at the inlet for the engine cooling water. Not wishing to step into that argument at the moment, what is interesting to me is that while the temperatures in Georgia and South Carolina showed a drop in temperatures over the same period and a quick check shows some drop in Maine, and Vermont, but looking at Massachusetts it seems more that the higher temperatures of around 1950 are the aberrant ones. But these are land-based and therefore not subject to the variations based on how the water was collected and held. So we will see how this pans out for North Carolina.

Location of the USHCN stations in North Carolina

North Carolina has the same number of USHCN stations as South Carolina (29) but it also has four GISS stations (whereas SC had none). The four stations are at Asheville (with data from 1903, a complete set from Charlotte, Greensboro has only data from 1948 on, and Raleigh. The average of the GISS stations shows the same drop that occurred in the states further South. Average temperature in the state of North Carolina as a function of time, using the GISS station average.

Comparing this to the homogenized data from the stations in the USHCN, the drop is found, using the larger number of stations in that set of stations.

Average temperature in the state of North Carolina as a function of time, using the USHCN homogenized temperature average.

Average temperature in the state of North Carolina as a function of time, using the Time of Observation (TOBS) adjusted raw temperature average.

North Carolina is some 500 miles long and 130 miles wide. It runs from 75.5 deg W to 84.25 deg W, and from 34 deg N to 36.35 deg N. The central latitude is at 35.60 deg N. That of the GISS stations is at 35.65 deg N, while the USHCN is at 35.6 deg N. The state rises from sea level to 2,037 m, with a mean elevation of 213.4 m. The average GISS location is at 312.7 m, while that of the USHCN stations is at 260 m.

Looking to find the population around the different stations, Cape Hatteras is more the name of the barrier island than the community, so I checked with Google Earth:

Location of the USHCN station on Cape Hatteras near Frisco.

Frisco, checking with U.S. Beacon has a population of 401, though that was in 2000 and seems, from the photo, to be low.

And Transou does not appear in citi-data, so I also went to Google Earth for it. Looking around I decided it should have a population of about 50, although it turns out to be relatively close to Laurel Springs (population 1,400).

Location of Transou station in North Carolina – while there are lots of plots ready for housing development there are not a lot of houses yet.

The population around the GISS stations averages 361,732, while that of the USHCN stations is 61,431. That population difference might have caused a 0.47 deg difference making the GISS temperatures higher, while the difference is actually 0.22 degrees. That would be more than explained (about 0.5 deg) by the difference in elevation between the two averages.

Looking at the changes in temperature with location, North Carolina has the usual relationship with latitude:

Effect of latitude on average annual temperature in North Carolina

The state rises fairly significantly to the west:

Effect of longitude on average annual temperature in North Carolina

However the temperature fall is more likely correlated with elevation (since it goes down on the other side of the mountains).

Effect of elevation on average annual temperature in North Carolina

Looking at the population effect, and considering the average temperature over the past 5 years as the dependent variable:

Effect of local population on average temperature in North Carolina

Well it seems clear that the steep drop in temperatures around 1950 occurred in North Carolina also, so does it still hold true further north?

Oh, and that drop does not show up when one subtracts the TOBS data from the homogenized USHCN values, that adjustment is more linear.

Waterjetting Index

After writing about Waterjet Technology for a couple of years at this site I have created an index, hopefully this will be updated monthly and can be found at: Waterjet Index .

The Archive of Oil and Gas and Coal Posts

About ten years ago I began to write a blog, and after a time that transformed into co-founding The Oil Drum. Move on a few years, and at the end of 2008 I turned from being an editor there to this blog, although the OGPSS series continued to be posted, on Sundays, at TOD as their weekly Tech Talk. Some of the industrial technical descriptions of oilwell formation and coal mining are relatively timeless and useful, and so are listed below.

Along the way I became similarly cynical about some of the facts being bruited about Climate Change, and did a little study, which is documented here as the State Temperature Analysis Series. It showed that the UHI is real and that there is a log:normal relationship between population and temperature (which is also related to altitude and latitude). You can read the individual state studies, which are listed below. There will still be the occasional post on this topic.

Just this last year I was asked to write a weekly blog on the application of High-Pressure waterjetting – which is the subject that I specialized in for four decades.That too is now, therefore, a part of the contribution.

And, in my retirement, I have become curious about Native Americans and what they looked like.And so I am now learning Poser and related programs, and may inject both posts and the odd illustration – helped by the many real artists who work in that medium, as I read and try and comprehend what went on in the depths of The Little Ice Age (around 1600 – 1700).

Because I am a Celt, there will also be the odd post on my lineage and some of the DNA studies that relate to history.

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Units and Conversions

One of the problems in following stories in different countries is that they use different units and symbols. This can be a bit confusing, and so, where I can, I will try and standardize on the unit of barrel/day, or bd for oil. I will also use a thousand cubic ft kcf for natural gas. Prices will also be standardized, when I can, in $/kcf for natural gas, $/barrel for oil, and $/gallon for gasoline.

In larger units volumes a thousand barrels a day becomes 1 kbd and a million barrels a day becomes 1 mbd. For natural gas a million cu ft per day will be 1 mcf. (In many quotes this has appeared as 1 MMcf).

A billion cu. ft. is 1,000 mcf. Note that a cubic foot of gas produces 1,030 Btus - so to simplify 1 million Btu's is approximately 1 kcf, or 28.3 cu.m. of natural gas equivalent.

A ton of oil is 7.33 barrels. (Mainly used in Eastern Europe).

Since not all posts before this show these units - note that this change happened on March 3, 2009.