The International Berkeley Society

BERKELEY LINKS

These are links to external pages that have relevance to study of George Berkeley and his works. If you have any additions, corrections, or suggestions for this list, they would be received gratefully by the webmaster, whose e-mail address is given below. The inclusion of a web site in this list does not express any judgement of the site's merits or importance, but merely reflects the fact that it happens to be online on the internet, and has some substance. (There are a number of very brief web pages on the internet that have just a few paragraphs on Berkeley. These have not been included here, although Peter Lloyd has a list that is more inclusive.) See also the Web Rings page.

1. INTRODUCTIONS

These are sites that provide an introduction to Berkeley and his writings for people who are not already familiar with him.

1.1 Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy

www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berkeley.htm
James Fieser is general editor for The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which gives quality coverage of a wide range of philosophers and philosophical topics. As one small part of this huge undertaking, he has prepared a general article on Berkeley and his works, together with online texts of both the
"Treatise" and the
"Dialogues", both prepared in 1996. [At the time of writing this entry, the biography page of the main article links only to the online text of the "Treatise", not the "Dialogues", which Fieser describes as a 'working draft'.]
The article (dated 1997) provides a comprehensive overview of Berkeley's life and philosophy. Unlike many other introductions to Berkeley, it includes a discussion of, and quotes from, Berkeley's later speculations in "Siris", in which Berkeley expands upon the distinction between 'ideas' and 'notions'. This distinction first appeared in the Treatise in order to account for our concept of the self, and it provides a starting-point for the later development of Berkeley's thought in neoplatonic directions.

1.2 Kemerling's Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names

people.delphi.com/gkemerling/dy/index.htm
Garth Kemerling is building up an extensive dictionary of short, descriptive entries on both terms and names of people in all fields of philosophy. Those entries in his dictionary that may be of interest to Berkeley students include the following:
George Berkeley
and
idealism,
and for contrast
Nicolas Malebranche
and
occasionalism,
as well as
phenomenalism,
and a short entry on
Arthur Schopenhauer,
who was an important early admirer of Berkeley. The entry on Berkeley and his philosophy is quite brief, however, and is unsympathetic to Berkeley's later move toward neoplatonism. (Kemerling refers to "the interminable Siris (1744), a lengthy disquisition on the presumed benefits to health of 'tar-water'".)

1.3 Eliasmith's Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind

www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict
Chris Eliasmith is the editor of this structured dictionary, sponsored by the Philosophy - Neuroscience - Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis. There is no entry for Berkeley himself, but several entries on Berkeleian themes. Entries are of various length.

1.4 Trinity College, Dublin

www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/
This is a site at Berkeley's alma mater,and leads the reader through Berkeley's contributions to mathematics, especially the conroversy over 'fluxions', which later evolved into the differential calculus. It has been set up by David Wilkins, lecturer in mathematics in the School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin. Although there is inevitably an emphasis on Berkeley's contribution to mathematics, but it also has a lot of useful general material on Berkeley.

Online texts of "The Analyst" (1734) and the two related pamphlets, "A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics" (1735) and "Reasons for not replying to Mr. Walton's Full Answer" (1735).

Online text of "Geometry no Friend to Infidelity; or a Defence of Sir Isaac Newton and the British Mathematicians" (1734), by `Philalethes Cantabrigiensis' (Dr. James Jurin, a noted Cambridge scientist and physician), which was written in reply to George Berkeley's "The Analyst". Berkeley responded to Jurin with "A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics".

Online text of "An Account of the Life of George Berkeley, D.D. Late Bishop of Cloyne in Ireland" (1776) by Joseph Stock.

Links to various short biographies of Berkeley.

1.5 Encyclopaedia Britannica

2. PAPERS

These included both are scholarly papers reporting research on Berkeley, as well as other items that express particular points of view about Berkeley and his work. They do not include general introductions, which have been listed above. Nor do they include lecture notes for courses in philosophy, which are listed below. They are ordered chronologically, with the most recent first.

2.1 Berkeley and Liber Mundi

www.ul.ie/~philos/vol3/liber.html
By Costica Bradatan, published in Volume 3 (November 1999) issue of
Minerva (an internet journal of philosophy edited by Dr Stephen Thornton at the University of Limerick, Ireland). Abstract:

The paradoxical (and also ambitious) aim of this paper consists in attempting to point out the vigorous presence of such a specifically 'mediaeval' topic as liber mundi in the works of such a conventionally 'modern' philosopher as George Berkeley (1685-1753). The solution of this 'paradox' lies, as I shall try to show, in considering Berkeley as a kind of liminal philosopher between the mediaeval and the modern, as a surprising intellectual bridge between these two worlds, or even as a mediaeval latecomer on the stage of modernity. Methodologically, in doing it I have preferred that my historical approach to liber mundi be retrospectively pre-determined and confined only to some of its aspects by the particular way in which this topic appears in Berkeley; so that many other important cultural implications of liber mundi have only been mentioned in footnotes. As a matter of fact, my paper consists of two parts: 1) a brief history of the development of the liber mundi topic (St. Paul to modern times); and 2) a 'case study': the presence of the topic in Berkeley's philosophy itself.

Costica Bradatan, M.A., teaches Philosophy (mainly philosophy of religion and history of European philosophy) at the University of Bucharest, Romania.

2.2 Berkeley's Metaphysics and the Paranormal
easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~ursa/philos/berkmeta.htm
An essay by Peter B. Lloyd, presenting a sympathetic defence of Berkeley's subjective idealism, and suggesting that it may provided a conceptual framework for understanding some of the phenomena reported in parapsychological laboratories. (Lloyd also has online his two undergraduate essays in the form of continued dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, from
1994 and
1995.)

In Nueva refutación del tiempo, Borges explicitly interprets both Berkeley and Hume as genuine exponents and "apologists" of idealism. We may not owe Berkeley the discovery of a doctrine which according to Borges is practically as "ancient" and "popular" as metaphysics itself. However, his arguments connote a unique philosophical achievement. Borges himself adheres to these arguments and goes beyond them. He makes Berkeley's doctrine flow into Hume's which in turn flows into the uniform ocean of pantheistic idealism as envisioned by Schopenhauer and by Oriental philosophy. A close reading of the story "Tl÷n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" shows how the epistemology inherent in the language descriptions of this planet leads its metaphysicians to move from the underlying Berkeleian-Humean principles to the acceptance of pantheistic idealism. This story is not only a subtle, imaginative fantasy; it is also a work of intellectual elegance reading deep into the problem of knowledge of the external world. Berkeley and Hume devoted their whole attention to this issue and developed views that could adequately address the problem. Borges avoids arguing whether their doctrine falls under the denomination of "immaterialism", "phenomenalism" or "idealism." He seems either to deliberately ignore this scholarly dispute or to go beyond it in an effort to let the texts speak for themselves. Thus, Berkeley's Principles, and Hume's Treatise and first Enquiry show a common fact: the world is mind-dependent.

Marina Martin is at St John's University, Minnesota, USA.

2.4 Berkeley in Flatland: Sight and Geometry in Two Dimensions

www.abdn.ac.uk/~src068/artikel.html/cont.htm
This paper by Alasdair Richmond, at the University of Aberdeen, was published in October 1996 in Cathexis, an online journal edited by Richmond. It contains an analysis of a thought experiment in an article entitled "Berkeley in Flatland", alluding to a hypothetical counterpart to George Berkeley living in flatland, a hypothetical world that exists in only two dimensions. The author uses this thought experiment to examine critically Berkeley's theory of "New Theory of Vision". This is a quote from his abstract:

Trying to refute Berkeley is often the philosophical equivalent of trying to squash a bowl of porridge with your fist; press down as hard as you like on one area, the stuff will merely spring up undamaged elsewhere. Berkeley's arguments are elusive because he accepts without qualms epistemological doctrines that would rate as a reductio ad absurdum of anybody else. A man who would reject Pythagoras' Theorem is a hard man to pin down. Accordingly, this paper aims to attack two areas of Berkeley's philosophy at the same time and to show that as usually interpreted, they cannot be made consistent with each other without a new solution based on forces.

2.5 Medieval Aristotelianism and the Case Against Secondary Causation in Nature

www.nd.edu/~afreddos/papers/macasin.htm
A scholarly but easily readable research paper by Alfred J. Freddoso, Professor of Philosophy and Director of Undergraduate Studies at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Freddoso throws light on the historical precedents, and perhaps origins of Berkeley's thought, in the writings of Berkeley's contemporary, Father Nicholas Malebranche, and in the earlier writings of al-Ghazali and Gabriel Biel. Freddoso writes from within a theological background, which has a different intellectual texture from that of empiricism and philosophy of mind, where Berkeley is more commonly approached. Nonetheless he helps the reader to understand where Berkeley was coming from, and throws up some challenges against Berkeleianism as a metaphysical theory. (The paper is undated, but is based on versions presented in 1983 and 1987.)

2.6 Materialism and Empirio-Criticism
gate.cruzio.com/~marx2mao/Lenin/MEC08.html
The above reference is to an online copy of Lenin's Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1908), prepared by David J. Romagnolo in August 1997. At the time
that Lenin wrote the original text, Russian followers of the phenomenalist Ernst Mach were trying to create a break-away movement that formulated Marxist around 'scientific positivism' instead of Lenin's 'scientific materialism'. Part of Lenin's defence against the Machists is to show that they are merely restating the 200-year-old subjective idealism of Berkeley. Apart from Lenin's critique of Berkeley, it is very interesting to see how Berkeley's insights were independently advanced,
and then attacked, in an intellectual culture quite different from the tradition of British empiricism. See also the following pages at the www.marxists.org site:

The Value of Knowledge
A good catalogue of online extracts of texts by major philosophers of mind, assembled by Andy Blunden. Although the selection is biased toward a focus on Marxism, some of the papers have a broader interest. The fact that they are extracts is not indicated on the web pages themselves, however. For instance, their copy of Berkeley's
Treatise
ends after paragraph 81 without any sign that the original text carries on. You would glean this only if you happen to have looked at the sources page, which states "Source: scanned from very old edition. Extent: first 20 or so pages". Unfortunately, the sources page seems to have been dropped from the site in the latest reorganisation. Online texts that are pertinent to Lenin's discussion of Berkeley include:

Analysis of Sensations
Chapter 1 of Ernst Mach's book The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical (first published 1886, revised to 1905, this edition dated 1897).

3. HISTORY

These are sites that are chiefly of relevance to the historical study of Berkeley, and his life and times.

3.1 Redwood Library & AthenŠum, Rhode Island

www.redwood1747.org/berk_soc.htm
This is a short site set up by the museum in Rhode Island where Berkeley lived for a while. The museum is situated in the so-called White House which Berkeley built while he was waiting to set up his proposed college in Bermuda. While there, he created a library and encouraged a philosophical discussion group. This web site also contains details of the International Berkeley Society, which held a conference in Rhode Island in 1999.
(The Library is shown on the right. Click on this picture for enlargement.
Photo by P.B. Lloyd.)

3.2 University of Notre Dame, Indiana

www.nd.edu
The University of Notre Dame, in Indiana in the USA, houses the 240 volumes contained in the library of Arthur Aston Luce, the man who compiled the standard edition of the complete works of George Berkeley. A.A. Luce also wrote an authoritative biography of Berkeley. The University has a large web site, but fortunately has a good search engine. Among the pages at this web site you will find:

A.A. Luce's Philosophical Library
A short article about Luce's interest in Berkeley, his library, and its acquisition by the University of Notre Dame, by Ross A. Shanley-Roberts.

Berkeley's publications
An annotated list of early editions of the works of George Berkeley in the Department of Special Collections at the University of Notre Dame.

A.A. Luce collection
A brief note about Luce's collection of early editions of works by Berkeley, now in the University's library.

3.3 MacMaster University, Canada

www.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/berkeley/
This site has a useful
bibliography
of publications of Berkeley's writings. This was compiled by Rod Hay as part of the McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, which is described thus: "The History of Thought Archive represents an attempt to gather all material for the study of the history of economics at one site. This includes both primary texts, studies of those texts and of their authors." The site also has a copy of
"The Querist". [There is a copy of the
bibliography
and "The Querist"
files in the Bristol Resources for the History of Economics, at the University of Bristol, in England, at:
www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/het/berkeley/index.htm.]

4. ONLINE PRIMARY TEXTS

Some of Berkeley's writings are available on the internet. There are several online copies of the "Treatise" but a dearth of the 'grey' literature, such as his notebooks and correspondence, and the recondite material in "Siris". The online material is, of course, derived from the printed material, so a brief explanatory note on the editions of Berkeley's works is in order

4.0 Editions of Berkeley

In printed form, biographers of Berkeley and compilers of Berkeley's writings include the following:

Joseph Stock: published Berkeley's biography (1776) and collected works in 2 volumes (1784), which included the biography as an appendix; publisher John Exshaw, Dublin. This was the first published collection of Berkeley's writings, which had previously been available only as separate books.

Rev. G. N. Wright: collected works in 2 volumes; published by Thomas Tegg, London (1843). Available on CD-ROM from Intelex Corporation (see below).

Alexander Campbell Fraser (1819-1914): published a commentary (1879), and Berkeley's collected works in 4 volumes (1871, revised 1901), and biography (1908); publisher Clarendon Press, Oxford. Fraser's edition of the collected works was the first to include Berkeley's notebooks, which Fraser entitled The Commonplace Book (later retitled Philosophical Commentary by Luce & Jessop). Fraser was Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh (1894-1896).

George Sampson: published Berkeley's collected works (1897/8) in three volumes, with a biographical introduction by The Rt. Hon A. J. Balfour, M.P. Issued as part of Bohn's Philosophical Library, and expressly intended as an inexpensive alternative to Fraser's edition. It included the first modern reprint of The Querist and several minor pieces, such as Sampson's own English translation from Latin of De Motu. The works are arranged in the order of their first appearance, the texts containing Berkeley's final revisions with earlier readings indicated in the notes.

Arthur Aston Luce (1882-1977): published a commentary (1945), and Berkeley's biography (1949) and the collected works in 9 volumes with T.E. Jessop (Volume 1 by Luce, 1948; volumes 2 & 3 by Jessop, 1949/50; other volumes up to 1957); publisher Nelson, London.

By the EU rule that a work passes out of copyright seventy years after the authors death, Fraser's edition is eligible for free transcription into electronic form. Needless to say, earlier editions will also be out of copyright, but they are correspondingly hard to get hold of because they are out of print. Fraser's complete works of Berkeley (1901) and biography (1908) are still in print, although they are very expensive. It was, however, Sampson's edition of the Treatise and the Dialogues (1897/8) that the Virginia Tech's ERIS project put into electronic form, and those texts seem to have formed the basis of the various copies available on the web. (I have been unable to find any information about Eris, except that she was also the Greek goddess of strife. The Eris electronic books were formerly available on Virginia Tech's gopher site, but VT say they have now been moved to Project Gutenberg, although Gutenberg deny all knowledge of this.) David Wilkins at Trinity College, Dublin, has also prepared HTML copies of The Analyst and other mathematical works by Berkeley from the Sampson publication.

4.1 A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Part I (1710)

Subtitled:
Wherein the chief causes of error and difficulty in the sciences, with the grounds of scepticism, atheism, and irreligion, are inquir'd into.

Published:
J. Pepyat, Dublin (1710), revised and published with Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous by J. Tonson, London (1734).

Berkeley lost the manuscript for Part II of the Treatise whilst travelling in Europe, so only Part I was ever published. We can, however, get some idea of what Part II would have covered, from his notebooks, which contain many entries on God and spirits which never made their way into Part I. The online texts of the Treatise listed below all seem to be taken from Sampson's edition of 1897/8.

www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/HumanKnowledge/
Prepared by Dr David R. Wilkins, lecturer in mathematics in the School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin. Based on an electronic text at Virginia Tech (the Eris Project). It has been italicised to match the text of an 1897 edition of the works of George Berkeley, edited by George Sampson. As far as I am aware, this is the only online text of the Treatise that has hypertext tags for the paragraphs, so that you can make hypertext links directly into the text.

www.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Philosophy/Berkeley/tcphk/
Tze-wan Kwan and Chong-fuk Lau of the Chinese University of Hong Kong have taken an electronic copy of the Treatise, and incorporated it into a search engine. You can type in any character string, and it will give you list of all the lines where that line occurs in the Treatise, quoting the text of the line on which it occurs, and giving a hypertext link to that position in the Treatise. This is done with some package called Glimpse 3.0. Kwan and Lau say that "The e-text version of Berkeley's Treatise has been around in the public domain for quite a while", but they do not attribute it: I assume it is the Virginia Tech transcription of George Sampson's edition. It's a useful tool, although nowadays you can do the same thing with a standard text-editing tool.

www.library.adelaide.edu.au/etext/b/b51tr/
Prepared by Steve Thomas, the University of Adelaide Library's Senior Systems Analyst, for the Library's Electronic Texts Collection, in April 1998. The Electronic Texts Collection is a pilot project of The University of Adelaide Library. All of the works are in the public domain.

4.2 Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (1713)

Subtitled:
The design of which is plainly to demonstrate the reality and perfection of humane knowledge, the incorporeal nature of the soul, and the immediate providence of a deity; in opposition to sceptics and atheists. Also, to open a method for rendering the sciences more easy, useful, and compendious.

Published:
Henry Clements, London (1713), revised and published with the Treatise in 2 volumes by J. Tonson, London (1734).

www.utm.edu/research/iep/text/berkeley/berkdial.htm
Prepared by James Fieser, 1996, for the Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Based on an electronic text at Virginia Tech. The text is based on the 1910 Harvard Classics edition of Berkeley's Three Dialogues, pagination following T.E. Jessop's 1949 edition of Three Dialogues, in The Works of George Berkeley, Vol. 2. (An identical copy is maintained by Carl Mickelson at the University of Idaho.)

4.3 The Analyst, Or a Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician (1734)

Subtitled:
Wherein it is examined whether the object, principles, and inferences of the modern analysis are more distinctly conceived, or more evidently deduced, than religious mysteries and points of faith.

Published:
J. Tonson, London (1734).

www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/Analyst/
Prepared by David R. Wilkins, of the School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin. The text is based on the 1898 edition of the works of George Berkeley, edited by George Sampson, but incorporates a small number of changes. This is an excellent text, including a hypertext table of contents, a hypertext anchor for each section, and equations loaded as small graphics files.

4.4 A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics (1735)

Subtitled:
In answer to a pamphlet of Philalethes Cantabrigiensis, intituled, Geometry no friend to infidelity, or a defence of Sir Isaac Newton, and the British Mathematicians. Also, an appendix concerning Mr Walton's Vindication of the Principle of fluxions against objections contained in the Analyst. Wherein it is attempted to put this controversy in such light as that every reader maybe able to judge thereof. By the author of the Minute Philosopher.

4.5 Reasons for not replying to Mr. Walton's Full Answer (1735)

Published:
R.Gunne, Dublin (1735).

www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/Reasons/
Prepared by David R. Wilkins, lecturer in mathematics at the School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin. The text is based on the 1898 edition of the works of George Berkeley, edited by George Sampson. Has a hypertext anchor on each section. This work is a sequel to "The Analyst" and "A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics", by Berkeley. It is a response to "Catechism of the Author of the Minute Philosopher fully considered", by J. Walton.

4.6 The Querist (1735-1737)

Subtitled:
Containing several queries, proposed to the consideration of the public.

4.9 New Theory of Vision

4.10 Past Masters Series

www.nlx.com/titles/titlberk.htm
Intelex Corporation offer a CD-ROM entitled "The Works of George Berkeley", a database containing all texts of Berkeley from the 9-volume edition of Arthur Aston Luce and T.E. Jessop. It does not include variants, or the introductions or notes by Jessop and Luce. At US$125 for the CD-ROM for individual use, this seems remarkably good value.

www.nlx.com/titles/titllbh.htm
Intelex Corporation also offer a CD-ROM entitled "Locke-Berkeley-Hume", comprising many of the works of John Locke and David Hume, plus: four of Berkeley's works:

An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (including diagrams as graphics images)

Treatise on The Principles of Human Knowledge

Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

Alciphron

These texts are taken from the edition by the Rev. G. N. Wright edition. His edition "is closer in orthography and punctuation to Berkeley than the Jessop and Luce texts (the standard edition)." They have, however, deleted all of Wright's footnotes except for variant readings. The only major deviation from Wright's edition concerns Alciphron. Wright published the 1st edition of this text, even though Berkeley himself had published 2nd and 3rd editions of it in his lifetime. Intelex state:

Because the Third Edition (the last published in Berkeley's lifetime) contained substantial additions and alterations, we checked all of Jessop's (1950) variant readings against the 1752 Third Edition, and altered the text to agree with Berkeley's Third Edition. What resulted was an edition much closer to Berkeley than that of Jessop, since Jessop took far greater liberties with punctuation than did Wright. In the area we checked, i.e. all Third Edition alterations relative to the First Edition, we noted over 150 discrepancies between Berkeley's Third Edition, and Jessop's representation of it. Jessop made at least one error in speaker assignment in the dialogue, as well as three minor word errors in the sections we checked (i.e. the Third Edition changes).

A bargain at US$105 for the CD-ROM for individual users.

5. OTHER

5.1 University of Rhode Island: 1999 IBS Conference

www.uri.edu/artsci/phl/Berkeley.htm
This site was set up by Dr. André Ariew specifically for the 1999 conference of the International Berkeley Society: "The Legacy of George Berkeley from the 18th to the 21st Century", April 21-24 1999, Newport, Rhode Island.

5.2 UC Davis, California: lecture notes by G. J. Mattey

www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/kant/berkeley.htm
Lecture notes by G. J. Mattey: an introduction to the philosophy of George Berkeley, with links to other lecture notes on eighteenth-century European philosophy.
(For the course 'Philosophy 23' at UC Davis, California.)

5.5 Noesis search

5.6 Hippias limited-area search

hippias.evansville.edu
Hippias is a peer-reviewed search engine that provides access to philosophy-related resources on the World-Wide Web. Quality is controlled by a system of hyperlinked internet sites which are managed by qualified professionals who serve as the associate editors of the project. The same procedures that govern quality also serve to limit the scope of Hippias to resources of interest to philosophers. The general editor of Hippias is Peter Suber, Professor of Philosophy at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana. (He is also co-editor of Noesis: see previous entry.)

5.8 University of St Andrews: bibliography

5.9 Berkeley College, Yale University

www.yale.edu/berkeley/
Berkeley College, built in 1934 by the gift of Edward S. Harkness, was the eighth of the Residential College to be built at Yale. It is named in honor of George Berkeley, in regonition of the assistance in land and books which he gave to Yale in the 18th century.

5.10 Berkeley Carroll School, New York City

www.berkeleycarroll.org
The Berkeley Carroll School was founded in 1886 -- as the Berkeley Institute for "young ladies" -- by David A. Boody, a future mayor of the City of Brooklyn. It was named after George Berkeley. In 1982 the Berkeley Institute merged with the Carroll Street School, a rapidly growing school using the learning theories of Maria Montessori. The merger created The Berkeley Carroll School. Past pupils have included the authors Erica Jong, Anna Quindlen, Robert MacNeil, Terry Anderson, and Jonathan Kozol.

5.12 Studies in Comparative Philosophy

www.geocities.com/~sriswamiji/com_berk.html.
A short article by Swami Krishnananda, General Secretary of The Divine Life Society, Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India. This piece compares Berkeley's philosophy with that found in Vedanta, which the is metaphysical arm of Hindu philosophy. It is part of a series of comparative articles relating the Vedanta to a range of Western philosphers, including Plotinus, Locke, Kant, and Schopenhauer.