The uncertainties related to activity measurement and time pattern of intake in routine monitoring of internal exposure are considered through the example of tritiated water intakes. For this purpose, a combination of intake-to-bioassay and bioassay-to-intake calculations with Monte Carlo integration technique is introduced as a method of investigation. The time ...

A number of inflammatory cytokines are synthesized and released after activation of the immune system. In addition to other biological effects, these cytokines can potently inhibit food intake. Cytokine-mediated inhibition of food intake is of particular importance because excessive production of peripheral inflammatory cytokines is often associated with the cachexia-anorexia ...

During the decommissioning of a large glove box facility at Dounreay, in addition to engineering and administration controls, workers wore pressurised suits to minimise their intake of radionuclides. The workers provided nose blows after each suited operation to provide an indication of the effectiveness of protective measures. The nose blows ...

The functional role of corticosterone (CORT) in regulating migratory hyperphagia and lipogenesis was investigated in an annual migrant, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). Intraperitoneal injections of either dexamethasone (9 microg DXM/500 microL of 5% EtOH in saline, n=10) to inhibit an increase in baseline CORT or saline (5% EtOH, n=9) ...

In this small pilot study, the authors examined the use of a personal digital assistant (PDA) to electronically self-monitor the dietary and fluid intake of individuals receiving hemodialysis. The purpose of this study was to describe intake patterns of fluid, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, protein, and calories over a 3-month period ...

Studies on the intakes of intense sweeteners in different countries published since the author's previous review in 1999 indicate that the average and 95th percentile intakes of acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin by adults are below the relevant acceptable daily intake (ADI) values. Fewer data are available for the newer ...

OBJECTIVE: High altitude and exposure to cold are associated with significant levels of dehydration because of cold-altitude urine output, high energy expenditures, and poor access to water. The aims of the present study were to measure the fluid intake and urine output among military mountaineers during their stay at high ...

Food intake is regulated in both the short- and long-term by a complex physiological system that involves neuroendocrine pathways that are both distinct and overlapping. The underlying causes and mechanisms of the dysregulation of food intake in obesity is poorly understood; however, it is clear that dietary components interact with ...

In stall-feeding conditions, food diversity has been shown to increase an animal's motivation to eat and its level of food intake. This effect has also been suggested, but not demonstrated, for free-grazing animals. In free-grazing conditions, however, animals may have to search for the preferred plant species and this may ...

The Neuregulins (NRGs) are members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors. EGF family members regulate the signaling of ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), ErbB2/HER2/Neu, ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4. We have previously demonstrated that the EGF family hormone NRG2beta is a ...

It has been known for over a century that the dose-response curve for many micronutrients is non-monotonic, having an initial stage of increasing benefits with increased intake, followed by increasing costs as excesses become toxic. This phenomenon, termed Bertrand's rule, is widely assumed not to apply to caloric macronutrients. To ...

This article describes the prevalence, assessment, and treatment of, as well as characteristics associated with, the food and fluid intake of 407 residents with dementia in 45 assisted living facilities and nursing homes. Overall, 54% of observed residents had low food intake, and 51% had low fluid intake. Staff monitoring ...

We investigated the intake response of the nectarivorous Pallas's long-tongued bat Glossophaga soricina to different nectar concentrations to test the hypothesis that bats show compensatory feeding. Bats were offered sucrose solutions between 146 and 1,168 mmol L(-1). Contrary to our expectations, long-tongued bats did not show compensatory feeding, suggesting that ...

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is known to be an important regulator for feeding and energy balance. MCH was recently reported to stimulate water intake independent of food intake. The purpose of the present study is to examine the dipsogenic response of MCH with special emphasis on sweetened beverages, the preference for ...

Many dietary recommendations for the prevention of heart disease and hyperlipidemia include restriction of cholesterol intake. However, limiting cholesterol intake might also affect the intake of other nutrients. The daily intakes of cholesterol, lecithin, total fatty acids, and SFAs by 388 Japanese subjects (ages 6-59 y) were analyzed directly using ...

The complex network between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system plays a pivotal role in preparing the digestive tract to receive food, process it to activate digestion and control food intake itself. This field has always stimulated researchers and is now receiving notable impetus by the availability ...

Aedes albopictus has replaced Aedes aegypti in much of the latter species' historic range within the United States. The leading hypothesis for this displacement is exclusion via resource competition; however, the proximate mechanism producing a competitive advantage for A. albopictus over A. aegypti has not been identified. We performed laboratory ...

It has been suggested that the influence of caloric intake on aging rate is not due to the absolute number of calories ingested. Instead, aging rate is altered only when there is a disparity between the actual caloric intake and that which would be ingested if the food supply were ...

In this experiment, intake of DK265 3-way corn hybrid by dairy cattle was compared specifically with intake 1) of its bm3 isogenic form, 2) of its 2 related single-way hybrids, and 3) of 2 controls that were registered hybrids of similar earliness. Both dry matter (DM) and lignin contents were ...

Circadian and diurnal rhythms affect food intake, and earlier research has suggested that meal sizes increase, whereas the after-meal intervals and satiety ratios decrease over the day. We hypothesized that the time of day of food intake would be related to total intake such that intake early in the day ...

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare fluid intake of people with and without chronic back pain (BP). The research hypothesis was that fluid intake is lower in people with chronic BP. METHOD: A diary to record fluid intake in the general public was piloted. Seventy-seven ...

We examined the diurnal rhythms of food and water intake, spontaneous wheel running (SWR), and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) in the SAMP1 strain, a mouse model of accelerated senescence. Without SWR exercise, food, and water intake in the SAMP1 mice was significantly higher during the light (L)-phase of the light-darkness ...

The ultimate goal of an organism is to maximise its inclusive fitness, and an important sub-goal must be the optimisation of the lifetime pattern of food intake, in order to meet the nutrient demands of survival, growth and reproduction. The conventional assumption that fitness is maximised by maximising daily food ...

Since the discovery of the protein product of the ob/ob gene, leptin, knowledge of the neurochemical pathways involved in the regulation of feeding has increased enormously. Our understanding of the mechanisms regulating food intake in man has also progressed greatly over a similar time span. Previous research into the regulation ...

Aging is often accompanied by anorexia of aging, described as a decline in appetite resulting in a lower dietary intake, followed by unexplained weight loss and adverse effects on health. This article discusses the main causes of a lack of appetite in frail elderly people. It is clear that appreciation ...

The present study examined intestinal dopaminergic activity and its response to high salt (HS, 1% NaCl over a period of 24 hours) intake in obese (OZR) and lean Zucker rats (LZR). The basal Na+,K+-ATPase activity (nmol Pi/mg protein/min) in the jejunum of OZR was higher than in LZR on normal ...

I deficiency diseases remain a health problem even in some developed countries. Therefore, measurement of I intake and knowledge about food choice related to I intake is important. We examined I intake in 4649 randomly selected participants from two cities in Denmark (Copenhagen and Aalborg) with an expected difference in ...

We explored energy and macronutrient intake in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. We specifically hypothesized that hyperthyroidism is associated with increased appetite for carbohydrates, because of enhanced sympathetic tone and diminished serotonin mediated neurotransmission in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we measured food intake by dietary history and food selected ...

Uricotely (uric acid >50% of urinary nitrogen) in birds was once considered ubiquitous. However, Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) have been shown to be an exception to this rule; under conditions of low ambient temperature (T(a)) and on a nitrogen-free diet, they increased their water intake and often became ammonotelic (ammonia ...

This case study, in a Veterans Affairs Alzheimer's unit, was conducted to evaluate noise and lighting conditions at mealtimes and to assess the food intake of ambulatory dementia residents. The case study compared the noise, lighting, and nutritional intake of 16 Alzheimer's residents eating the same cycle menu in the ...

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in ruminant foods has potential health benefits. CLA content in dairy and meat products is known. However, CLA intake has not been documented from records of food intake in free-living Canadian subjects. Intake of the cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (c9,t11 CLA) isomer was estimated for 22 ...

BACKGROUND: Anorexia is a frequent finding in patients with biliary obstruction (BO). This study investigates the role of biochemical and hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of reduced food intake in BO and the effects of internal biliary drainage. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-two patients with BO were prospectively investigated. Transaminases, amylase, cholecystokinin, ...

Assessments of hunger and/or appetite are common methods of screening for development of illness-related anorexia. There are limited data to determine whether these methods predict actual food intake in persons with HIV disease. Therefore, the authors examined the relationship between self-reported food intake and subjective ratings of hunger and appetite ...

The purpose of the present paper is to review recent theoretical developments in food intake modelling applied to animal science and ecology. The models are divided into those that have been developed for intensive agricultural systems, and those which consider more extensive systems and natural systems. For the most part ...

Selection in commercial populations on aspects of output, such as for growth rate in poultry. against fatness and for growth rate in pigs, and for milk yield in cows, has had very barge effects on such outputs over the past 50 years. Partly because of the cost of recording intake, ...

We evaluated the role of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC-4R) in the control of metabolic rate and food intake in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the non-selective MC-R agonist melanotan II (MT-II; a cyclic heptapeptide) increases metabolic rate in wildtype mice, while MC-4R knockout mice are insensitive to the effects of MT-II ...

A method is described, based on the simultaneous turnover of both stable (18O) and radioactive isotopes (3H and 22Na), whereby the daily nectar and pollen intake of free-ranging marsupial honey possums (Tarsipes rostratus) may be estimated. The field metabolic rate is measured using doubly labelled water and nectar intake is ...

Carcinogenicity and aging are characterized by a set of complex endpoints, which appear as a series of molecular events. Many of these events can be modified by caloric intake. Since most of these processes determine an organism's ability to cope with various environmental stressors, it is not surprising that a ...

Acceptable daily intake (ADI) of food constituents refers to "daily ingestion over a lifetime." There is a need to determine mean and extreme daily intakes of defined constituents, in order to compare them with their ADI. The significance of overstepping the ADI during long periods must be discussed in relation ...

The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for humans was originally developed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and defined as "an estimate of the amount of a food additive, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk." ...

Human obesity is associated with greater-than-average energy intake, although relatively few studies have tested the heritability of food intake. The present study examined the genetic architecture of measured caloric intake during laboratory test meals in 36 monozygotic and 18 dizygotic twin pairs. A series of analyses tested the hypotheses that ...

This study describes the adequacy of water intake among nursing home residents and identifies variables associated with the adequacy of water intake. Ninety-nine nursing home residents were observed for two 24-hour periods to record food and fluid ingested, ingestion behaviors, and function. Mean water intake (based on food and fluid) ...

Oral intake of freshly voided morning urine has been recommended for many diseases such as viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms reported during the first days of oral intake of urine include nausea, vomiting, headache, palpitations, diarrhea or fever. Several substances in the urine are believed to be important for oral ...

Males and females differ in the amounts of food and fluids they ingest. Previous studies suggest that this may be due to differences in genetic influences on intake. Gender differences in the heritability of food and fluid intake were investigated with 110 identical and 102 fraternal same-sex and 53 fraternal ...

The marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata increases food intake following a fast. However, the role of metabolic fuel availability, in particular glucose, in the regulation of food intake in this animal is unknown. In this study, we have demonstrated that neither insulin-induced hypoglycaemia nor metabolic blockade of glucose utilisation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose effects ...

Anorexia and weight loss are major problems in the care of cancer patients. Data from laboratory studies using an animal model of tumor-induced anorexia suggest that energy intake may be regulated in the tumor-bearing host as it is in healthy animals. The purpose of the present study was to determine ...