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Closest Genetic Relatives

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Genetic Novelty Score

Genetic Novelty Score is an indicator of how many other varieties in our database have genotypes similar to Lambsbread. Rare genotypes have very few genetically similar neighbors in the Phylos Galaxy, whereas common genotypes have many genetically similar neighbors.

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Population Profile

The bar to the right shows population heritage for Lambsbread. The Phylos Galaxy features 6 distinct genetic subgroups, and every sample in the database is represented as a vertical stacked bar in the plot above and on the left. Population structure will continue to evolve as more samples are added to the Phylos Galaxy.

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Genetic Variation

A low level of genetic variation indicates a stabilized or true breeding line that will produce seeds (offspring) with consistent physical characteristics (phenotypes); varieties with higher levels of genetic variation are not true-breeding, and will produce seeds with very different physical characteristics.

The Genotype Seal

Colors - the colors used on the seal are the same as those used to define different population profiles in the report—e.g, green for Landrace and red for Skunk.

Data - the data represent a set of genetic variants that are most predictive of each population—varieties that are predominantly skunk will have mostly dark red because they match the profile of that population and they will have a mixture of light and dark colors for the other populations.

Comparison - the more genetically similar two varieties are, the more similar their seals will look.

URL - the URL takes you to the genetic report for the variety

Closest Relatives

The focal sample is labeled at the center of the image. Any genetically identical samples, or clones, of the focal sample can be viewed by clicking on the center of the image. The next circle shows immediate family members and the outer circle indicates relatives that are on the order of cousins or grandparents. Family relationships are determined from a metric called identity by descent (IBD) (plink v1.9; Purcell et al. 2007). Specifically, the proportion IBD between two samples is the sum of probability of sharing both alleles at a locus (e.g., AA, AA) and 1/2 of the probability of sharing a single allele at a locus (e.g., AA, Aa). We use a second metric called genetic similarity, to identify putative family members as well as to identify clones. Genetic similarity is simply the number of shared alleles divided by the total number of alleles compared between two samples. Clones are designated as those samples that have extremely high genetic similarity. We set the threshold to be slightly higher than the average technical error rate of genotyping. Based on analysis of known pedigrees, we have set thresholds for likely immediate family relationships. Familial relationships are useful for several reasons. Many varieties within the Galaxy have the same name, yet are genetically distinct. Familial relationships may help determine whether a variety has been mislabeled. They may also help validate pedigrees of varieties.

Genetic Novelty Score

Genetic Novelty Score indicates how many other varieties are nearby on the Phylos Galaxy. The density of surrounding varieties is a proxy for the commonality of a genetic background; rare genotypes have very few neighbors on the Phylos Galaxy. Neighborhood scores are based on a radial density metric which is the density of varieties on the Phylos Galaxy within cubes of increasing volume (much like layers of an onion). The proportion of Phylos Galaxy samples in each of the three radial density score categories is shown along the horizontal bar. Samples considered rare are in the 90th percentile of lowest radial density scores, uncommon samples are 70th-90th percentile. Locations of varieties on the Phylos Galaxy are based on a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) (plink v1.9; Purcell et al. 2007). PCA is a dimension reduction technique for analyzing multivariate data sets, like this genetic variant data set. PCA finds linear combinations of variables that maximize the variance explained by the data; each linear combination is one PC and is orthogonal to other PCs.

Population Profile

Population Structure is estimated using the program Admixture (Alexander et al. 2009), which is a model-based method that uses genotype data to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. Population structure will evolve as more samples are added to the Phylos Galaxy.

Genetic Variation

The Genetic Variation plot shows the distribution of heterozygosity levels for varieties in the Phylos Galaxy. Most samples that are drug varieties have high levels of genetic variation, which is possibly as a result of hybridization between divergent parents. A breeder of cannabis may use multiple rounds of inbreeding to select for and stabilize the phenotype of a variety in order to sell seeds or grow from seeds instead of clones. Each generation could be genotyped to measure the progress of inbreeding, which helps estimate the expected phenotypic variation of progeny. Genetic Variation is estimated by the inbreeding coefficient (F) using VCFtools (Danecek P, et al. 2011).

Genetically Distant Varieties

Genetically Distant varieties are genetically divergent from the node (sample) of interest. In order to select a diversity of distant neighbors, we implemented an algorithm that maximizes the sum of the distance between the node of interest as well as chosen distant neighbors; this is similar to the heuristic Furthest Point First algorithm (Gonzalez 1985). The distances used are from a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) (plink v1.9; Purcell et al. 2007). PCA is a dimension reduction technique for analyzing multivariate data sets, like this genetic variant data set. PCA finds linear combinations of variables that maximize the variance explained by the data; each linear combination is one PC and is orthogonal to other PCs. This widget plots genetically distant varieties along the top two principal components.

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