The Inverted Compass traces the influence of geography on early American writing. Maps, quadrants, and compasses are at the heart of America’s most celebrated stories, and these geographic tools shaped how Americans understood themselves and their relationship to the landscape in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But the emerging discipline also provided writers a way to address the young Republic’s most pressing political and ethical problems. The word geography itself - from the Greek geo (earth) and graphia (writing) - articulates the central paradox. Mapping, even as it claims to represent the world, continuously produces it. Literary works follow a similar logic. The Inverted Compass argues that certain early American writers recognized the parallels between mapping and writing and confronted their political implications through narrative fiction. These writers imagined counter-spaces. They created alternate geographies. They inverted the compass. Their allegories, hoaxes, and satires sharpened readers’ awareness of the role of writing and rhetoric in law and government, directing attention to the often-obscured ethical responsibilities related to Westward expansion and the treatment of minority bodies in nineteenth-century America. The Inverted Compass examines the work of Jefferson, Poe, Melville, and Twain alongside exploration narratives, maps, journals, ship logs, field manuals, land surveys, city plans, political cartoons, spelling primers, court cases, land laws, and Congressional documents to uncover the patterns of reading that guide the spatial imagination and its material products.

The Target Empowerment Model (TEM; Stone, Whitehead, Schmader, & Focella, 2011) advocates that targets can be strong sources of prejudice reduction if they implement a combination of strategies designed to reduce threat and encourage the perceiver to more actively process information about the target and his or her group. Solely using blatant strategies (those that require the perceiver to explicitly process the target's persuasive message) can create backlash against the target (Czopp & Monteith, 2003). In contrast, subtle strategies, (strategies that do not call attention to the perceiver's bias), such as asking self-affirming questions (Steele, 1988), can be more effective in creating a smooth interaction but might only provide the target with a brief respite from bias. Following the logic of the TEM, humor may allow stigmatized targets to subtly address their group membership, put perceivers at ease, and reduce the bias that may be directed against them. This research examines how a target of prejudice can successfully reduce bias directed against him when he uses humor to acknowledge his, potentially threatening, group membership. Using a getting-acquainted task, three experiments tested the hypothesis that using humor that acknowledges the target's stigmatized group membership would put perceivers at ease, thereby increasing liking for the target. Experiment 1 showed that following a getting-acquainted exercise, highly prejudiced perceivers reported significantly greater liking for an Arab American target whose humor also acknowledged stereotypes of his group, compared to a target who told a joke that did not include his ethnic background, and compared to a target who did not use humor at all. Experiment 2 conceptually replicated Experiment 1 and revealed that the effectiveness of the ethnicity-related joke was mediated by how much the joke put highly prejudiced perceivers at ease. Experiment 3 conceptually replicated Experiments 1 and 2 and provided evidence that, unlike disparagement humor, which denigrates the outgroup, humor that acknowledges the target's outgroup membership increases liking toward the target without increasing prejudice toward the group. Taken together, these studies show that using humor that acknowledges the target's stigmatized group membership puts perceivers at ease, thereby increasing liking for the outgroup target.

The Ertsberg Intrusion (EI) is located approximately 1.5 km southeast of the Grasberg super-porphyry Cu-Au deposit (GIC), in the Gunung Bijih (Ertsberg) Mining District, West Papua, Indonesia. Intrusion- and carbonate-hosted mineralization is associated with the 3.28-2.97±0.54 Ma multi-phase intrusive complex. The orientation of the intrusion-hosted mineralized zone is parallel to the direction of porphyry dike emplacement in the intrusive complex and to regional structures. Potassic, phyllic, propylitic and endoskarn alteration types are recognized in the EI, distributed over 7 vein types. Three vein stages initiate pre-porphyry dike emplacement, and mineralization occurs pre- and post-dike emplacement. Cu-Au mineralization is associated with pre-dike biotite-bornite-anhydrite veinlets (Stage III), and post-dike quartz-anhydrite-bornite+chalcopyrite//green sericite veins (Stage V), and quartz-anhydrite-chalcopyrite-pyrite//white sericite veins (Stage VI). Sulfides associated with each alteration type in the EI have d³⁴S values that range between -3.0 to 3.6‰. Sulfate d³⁴S between alteration types are variable: potassic (9.6- 11.1‰) and hydrolytic (10.2-16.6 ‰). The bulk isotopic sulfur (d³⁴S(SS)) composition for fluid in equilibrium Stage III veins is 7.5‰, which is higher than would expected for an oxidized calc-alkaline fluid, thus I invoke the addition of heavy sulfur from the sedimentary anhydrite nodules in adjacent carbonate host rocks. There is an overall decrease in bulk isotopic sulfur (d³⁴S(SS)) composition for hydrothermal fluid throughout the span of hydrothermal activity. A degassing mafic magma chamber at depth, and/or the leaching of previously deposited sulfides are likely responsible for this decrease. Sulfide-sulfate equilibrium temperatures for potassic alteration in the EI average 574°C, approximately 125°C cooler than sulfide-sulfate equilibrium temperatures in the GIC. Calculated oxygen isotopic compositions for water in equilibrium with anhydrite from early potassic veins in both the Ertsberg Stockwork Zone and GIC suggest this component was derived from a non-magmatic source; the sedimentary anhydrite nodules are a probable source. The calculated oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions for water in equilibrium sericite from intermediate veins in the ESZ and GIC show the fluid was derived from a magmatic water and/or magmatic vapor; however, the water responsible for late hydrolytic alteration in both intrusive centers provides evidence for mixing of magmatic water (vapor) with meteoric water. Mass balance calculations using the EI volume estimate, and the known mineralization associated with the EI show that the EI has an insufficient volume of H₂O to account for the known volume of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Coupled with sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen isotope data, and Re-Os isotope source data, this suggests additional input of hydrothermal fluids from deeper magmatic and sedimentary sources, with moderate addition of meteoric water into the hydrothermal system during Stage VI vein formation.

This dissertation, "Intellectual Cartographic Spaces: Alfonso X, the Wise and the Foundations of the Studium Generale of Seville," I reevaluate Spain's medieval history, specifically focusing on the role of Alfonso X and his court in the development of institutions of higher education in thirteenth-century Andalusia. In the past, Spain has been analyzed through a limited, usually western, lens. Incorporating historiography from both eastern and western sources, my investigation traces Semitic intellectual traditions and their subsequent transmission to the Iberian Peninsula during the Umayyad dynasty with the establishment of katātib (schools), maktabāt (libraries), and awāqf (pious endowments). With the identification and classification of these scholarly nuclei, my research maps the chronological diffusion of knowledge and intellectual practices adopted by the Wise King on a tangible level. At the same time, I have developed a theoretical framework that includes the concepts of Henri Lefebvre, Pierre Bourdieu, and Itamar Even-Zohar, all of whom provide a rich, synthetic canvas for social and economic analysis of the medieval period. This investigation has led to a fresh approach that demonstrates how Muslim Spain, though separated from the great intellectual metropolises of Dar al-Islam--Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, and Kairouan-- experienced nonetheless the very same development of academic centers and institutions, or jām'āt, that were emerging at that time in the rest of the Muslim world long before a similar Christian movement that would later establish the universities of western Europe. Moreover, Alfonso's subsequent adoption and maintenance of these Islamic cultural initiatives, including the designation of space for intellectual activities, is not exclusively of western or of eastern origin but rather a combination of both these established traditions which would ultimately shape the intellectual foundations of the Iberian Peninsula.

This study examined the work experiences of individuals who perform recruitment activities for the California State University. Based at four campus settings, the objectives were to: 1) analyze the ways in which professionals regard and enact system-wide and institutional enrollment management policies; 2) explore their professional orientations in regards to college access; and 3) examine the congruence of system-wide and institutional formal policy and the perspectives of different groups of professionals.The analysis centered on two levels, the institutional and the ground level perspective. The principal data sources that informed the study were interviews and campus level and system-wide documents. To frame the data gathering and analysis, two theories were used to understand the perspectives of the set of professionals; the study modified the classic conceptualization of `street-level bureaucrats' (Lipsky, 1969) and latent social roles of professionals (Gouldner, 1954). For the broader organizational perspective, the study relied on institutional theory and academic capitalism in the new economy to offer context to the university's move to enrollment management. Findings indicate that professionals varied in how they enacted recruitment practices depending on the institutional context. So, while enrollment management practices are being implemented at the Cal State system, the extent to which the actions were strategic was dependent on the campus environment and the priorities of that university.

In this dissertation I explore the relationship between women, the state, and religious institutions in western Austria--the most conservative part of the country. The fall of the Iron Curtain triggered widespread fears of massive migration flows from Eastern Europe, and created strong sentiments against migrants, especially those from the East and South and led to a rise in ethnocentrism and xenophobia. Turks, who comprise the largest migrant population, are especially vulnerable to the resulting discriminatory practices and attitudes.The questions I posed focused on how Turkish women who have arrived since the economic boom of the 1980s, their children born in Austria, and women of pre-WWII Austrian ancestry deal with the challenges integration brings. Further, I examine the effect patriarchal, elitist discourse has on both Austrian and Turkish migrant women's self-perception, sociopolitical status and their worldviews.

Over the past several years, experiments in adaptive optics involving multiple natural and laser guide stars have been carried out at the 1.55 m Kuiper telescope and the 6.5 m MMT telescope. The astronomical imaging improvement anticipated from both ground-layer and tomographic adaptive optics has been calculated. Ground-layer adaptive optics will reduce the effects of atmospheric seeing, increasing the resolution and sensitivity of astronomical observations over wide fields. Tomographic adaptive optics will provide diffraction-limited imaging along a single line of sight, increasing the amount of sky coverage available to adaptive optics correction.A new facility class wavefront sensor has been deployed at the MMT which will support closed-loop adaptive optics correction using a constellation of five Rayleigh laser guide stars and the deformable F/15 secondary mirror. The adaptive optics control loop was closed for the first time around the focus signal from all five laser signals in July of 2007, demonstrating that the system is working properly. It is anticipated that the full high-order ground-layer adaptive optics loop, controlled by the laser signals in conjunction with a tip/tilt natural guide star, will be closed in September 2007, with the imaging performance delivered by the system optimized and evaluated.The work here is intended to be both its own productive scientific endeavor for the MMT, but also as a proof of concept for the advanced adaptive optics systems designed to support observing at the Large Binocular Telescope and future extremely large telescopes such as the Giant Magellan Telescope.

Biometals such as copper, cobalt and zinc are essential to life. These transition metals are used as cofactors in many enzymes. Nonetheless, these metals cause deleterious effects if their intracellular concentration exceeds the cells' requirement. Prokaryotic organisms usually employ efflux systems to maintain metals in appropriate intracellular concentrations.The Cus system of Escherichia coli plays a crucial part in the copper homeostasis of the organism. This system is a tetrapartite efflux system, which includes an additional component compared to similar efflux systems. This fourth component is a small periplasmic protein, CusF. CusF is essential for full copper resistance, yet its role within the Cus system has not been characterized. It could potentially serve in the role of a metallochaperone or as a regulator to the Cus system.To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of resistance of this system, I have structurally and biochemically characterized CusF. Using X-ray crystallography I determined the CusF structure. CusF displays a novel fold for a copper binding protein. Through multiple sequence alignment and NMR chemical shift experiments, I proposed a metal binding site in CusF, which I confirmed through determination of the structure of CusF-Ag(I). CusF displays a novel coordination of Ag(I) and Cu(I) through a Met2His motif and a cation-pi interaction between the metal ion and a tryptophan sidechain. Furthermore, I have shown that CusF binds Cu(I) and Ag(I) specifically and tightly.I investigated the role of the tryptophan at the binding site to establish its effect on metal binding and function of CusF. I have shown through competitive binding assays, NMR studies and through collaborative EXAFS studies that the tryptophan plays an essential role in CusF metal handling. The affinity of CusF for Cu(I) is influenced by this residue. Moreover, the tryptophan also caps the binding site such that oxidation of the bound metal as well access to adventitious ligands is prevented. In summary, these findings show that the structure and metal site of CusF are unique and are specifically designed to perform the function of CusF as a metallochaperone to the Cus system.

During their production and normal use, electronic packages experience large temperature excursions, leading to high thermo-mechanical stress gradients that cause fatigue failure of the solder joints. In order to prevent premature failure and prolong the fatigue life of solder joints, there is a pressing need for the characterization of the solder, especially lead-free solder, at the micro-level (joint size). The characterization and modeling of solder behavior at the appropriate scale is a major issue. However, direct measurement techniques are not applicable to characterize the deformation response of solder joints because of their micro scale dimensions. Therefore, a non-contact measurement technique utilizing a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in conjunction with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) has been developed. Validation was achieved by performing a four-point bending test in both an in-house optical system with DIC and inside the SEM. This non-contact measurement technique was then used to extract the stress-strain response of the solder. Mechanical tests were performed on solder joints that were created using the same type of solder balls used in the electronic industry and were representative of normal joint scales. The SEM-DIC technique has been proven to be applicable for the determining the stress-strain response of solder material at the micro-scale.This study resulted in a validated material characterization technique specifically designed for micro-scale material response. One of the main contributions of this study is that the method is a lot simpler and cheaper, yet highly effective, compared to the previous methods. This technique is also readily applicable to the measurement of the stress-strain response of any micro-scale specimen, such as other metals, polymers, etc. Also, the measured displacement field by obtained by DIC can be used as the base for calculating the strain field on the surface of a specimen.

Microvascular transport is strongly influenced by the nonuniform partitioning of red blood cells at diverging microvessel bifurcations, where blood flows from one mother vessel into two daughter vessels. In such bifurcations, the volume fractions of red blood cells in the blood entering each daughter vessel typically differ significantly from the volume fraction in the mother vessel. This phenomenon is caused, to a first approximation, by nonuniform distribution of red blood cells in the cross-section of the mother vessel and the tendency of red blood cells to follow background fluid streamlines. In smaller vessels, however, red blood cell trajectories can deviate significantly from fluid streamlines. In this dissertation, the mechanical reasons for these deviations and their contributions to nonuniform partitioning are analyzed.A two-dimensional model is used to simulate the motion and deformation of flexible particles as they travel alone through a diverging microvessel bifurcation. Deviations of particle trajectories from background fluid streamlines result from migration towards the mother vessel centerline upstream of the bifurcation and flow perturbations caused by cell obstruction in the bifurcation region. Cell migration, which arises because of flexibility, causes more nonuniform partitioning while cell obstruction causes more uniform partitioning. Bifurcations with differently sized daughter vessels experience, on average, a higher red blood cell flux into the smaller branch. Partitioning is unaffected by daughter branching angles.The motion of two interacting cells is also considered. In diverging bifurcations several types of interactions were found, in which the presence of a nearby cell causes a cell to enter a different branch than it would have otherwise. The net effect of these interactions is to cause more uniform partitioning. In wall-bounded linear shear flow, a two-dimensional swapping interaction was identified, in which two cells on different background fluid streamlines approach each other, slowly move onto their partner's streamline, and then move away from each other.The simulations produced by this two-dimensional model provide insight into the effects of red blood cell deformability, bifurcation geometry and volume fraction of red blood cells on red blood cell partitioning and on the resultant distribution and transport of materials in the microvasculature.

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