William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon

Arms of de Clinton: Argent, six crosses crosslet fitchée sable three two and one on a chief azure two mullets or pierced gules

SIGILLUM W(I)LLELMI DE CLINTUN ("seal of William de Clinton"). Drawing of seal appended to charter recording award dated 19 July 1347 of a court of honour, of which Clinton was a juror, convened before the Siege of Calais in the matter of Warbelton v. Gorges. MS Ashmole 1137, f.144, Bodleian Library, Oxford

William de Clinton was a boyhood companion of Edward III of England, and one of the king's followers who secretly entered Nottingham Castle and captured Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March. The arrest and subsequent execution of Mortimer cleared the way for the adolescent Edward III to assume power. William de Clinton married Julian de Leybourne, widow of John, Lord Hastings of Bergavenny.[2] From 6 September 1330 to 14 January 1337 he served in Parliament. In 1333 he was constituted Lord Admiral of the Seas. On 16 March 1337, Edward III created William de Clinton Earl of Huntingdon. William de Clinton died in 1354, leaving an only daughter, Elizabeth, whose legitimacy is doubtful.[3]

1.
Siege of Calais (1346)
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The Siege of Calais began in 1346, early in the Hundred Years War. Edward III of England asserted dominion over France, and defeated the French navy in the Battle of Sluys in 1340 and he would go on to make raids throughout Normandy, the last of which led to the Battle of Crécy in 1346. By then, Edwards army in France required supplies and reinforcements from Flanders, English ships had already left Normandy for England. Edward needed a port where his army could regroup and be resupplied. The English Channel port of Calais suited Edwards purposes and it boasted a double moat and substantial city walls built a hundred years earlier. The citadel in the northwest corner of Calais had its own moat, once taken, Calais could be resupplied and defended easily by sea. But the defences which made Calais attractive to Edward also made it difficult to seize, Philip VI of France failed to deliver relief, and the starving city surrendered after almost a year. The Kingdom of England held Calais until 1558 and it was her last possession in mainland France. Edwards men approached Calais in September 1346, the citys substantial walls and moats could not be easily breached or crossed. Edward received aid from England and Flanders, King Philip of France failed to interfere with the English army and their supply lines. Edward likewise failed to interfere with aid to the people of Calais by sailors loyal to France, the English accomplished little for over two months. In November the English were supplied with cannon, catapults, and long ladders, Edward broke off the attack by February and initiated a siege. One more French supply convoy succeeded in reaching the city, still, King Philip continued his assault. Both armies received additional reinforcements that spring, philips French forces still could not displace the English, who benefited from a position surrounded by marshland. By June, the supplies of food and fresh water were nearly depleted. Another French supply convoy was blocked by the English fleet two months later, five hundred children and elderly were expelled from the city so that the remaining healthy adult men and women might survive. One version of events holds that the English refused to allow exiles to approach. On August 1, the city lit fires signalling they were ready to surrender, reportedly, Edward had offered to end the siege if citizens of Calais would surrender the keys to the city gates – and would sacrifice their lives

2.
Warbelton v. Gorges
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Warbelton v. Gorges was one of the earliest heraldic law cases brought concerning English armory, in 1347. It concerned the coat of arms blazoned Lozengy or and azure, a 6-man court of honour was convened and the pair were cross-examined, with evidence being sought from knights of their own localities also serving at the siege. The case was won by Warbelton, who proved a better title to the arms, at the time of the drawing it still had appended to it 5 of the original 6 seals, which provide valuable heraldic information. ou …. Come Johan fiz et heir monseigneur Johan de Warbelton se plaint devant nous / Tibaud fiz monseigneur Tibaud Russel se appela …, nom de Gorges porta ses armes cestassavoir lozenge dor et daszeur. Les ditz Johan et Tibaud jurres et examinez personalement devant nous et … … … et evidences … … … come dautre … fust, par sang come par tesmoignance daunciens chivalers de leurs pays / les auncestres le dit Johan dauncestre en auncestre du temps. It has been adjudged by good deliberation and counsel by us that the arms the said John hereditably. Given at the siege on the eve of St Margaret the year of grace one thousand three hundred and forty seven. At the same time the arms had also adopted by the de Morville family of Knighton, Isle of Wight, Bradpole, Dorset and Wraxall. A cadet branch of the Gorges family had married the heiress of the last de Morville early in the 13th century, that is to say very shortly after the Morvilles had adopted these arms. Yet the Gorges had by then chosen their own canting arms of a Whirlpool depicted by a whorl on a white field, blazoned Argent. It was perhaps to themselves from the Tamerton Foliot line that they relinquished the paternal arms of the gurges. Frederick Brown, FSA, from whose notes Raymond Gorges produced his History of the Family of Gorges,1944, op. cit. Yet the matter is more complex by the fact that the cadet branch of the Gorges family had died out in the male line on the death of Ralph IV, 2nd Baron Gorges. The latter, seemingly in an effort to preserve his name and arms, had made one of his younger nephews his heir, apparently on condition that he should adopt the name. This nephew was William Russell, the son of his second sister Eleanor de Gorges who had married Sir Theobald Russell of Yaverland, Isle of Wight. Yet on Williams early death in 1342 the Gorges inheritance passed to his younger brother Theobald Russell de Gorges, the defendant in the Calais court of honour. Theobald lost no time in having a cut into his existing seal-die, as the existence of a charter dated 1347 bearing his new arms proves. The arms of Gorges Modern are displayed in the position on the tomb at Wraxall, of Sir Edmund Gorges, K. B. and his wife Ann Howard, daughter of John Howard

3.
Admiralty
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The new Admiralty Board meets only twice a year, and the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy is controlled by a Navy Board. It is common for the authorities now in charge of the Royal Navy to be referred to as simply The Admiralty. The title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom was vested in the monarch from 1964 to 2011, the title was awarded to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh by Queen Elizabeth II on his 90th birthday. There also continues to be a Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom, the office of Admiral of England was created around 1400 although there had already been Admirals of the Northern and Western Seas. In 1546, King Henry VIII established the Council of the Marine, later to become the Navy Board, operational control of the Royal Navy remained the responsibility of the Lord High Admiral, who was one of the nine Great Officers of State. In 1628, Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission, the office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709 after which the office was almost permanently in commission. In 1831, the first Navy Board was abolished as a separate entity, in 1964, the Admiralty along with the War Office and the Air Ministry as separate departments of state were abolished, and re-emerged under one single new Ministry of Defence. Within the expanded Ministry of Defence are the new Admiralty Board which has a separate Navy Board responsible for the running of the Royal Navy. The Army Board and the Air Force Board, each headed by the Secretary of State for Defence, the Board of Admiralty consisted of a number of Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. The Lords Commissioners were always a mixture of admirals, known as Naval Lords or Sea Lords and Civil Lords, the quorum of the Board was two commissioners and a secretary. The president of the Board was known as the First Lord of the Admiralty, after 1806, the First Lord of the Admiralty was always a civilian while the professional head of the navy came to be known as the First Sea Lord. The first real concerted effort to organise the Admiralty was started by Henry VIII. Between 1860 and 1908 there was no study of strategy and of staff work conducted within the naval service. All the navys talent flowed to the great technical universitys and it was perceived by officials within the Admiralty at this time that the running of war was quite a simple matter for any flag officer who required no formal training. The new War Staff had hardly found its feet and it struggled with the opposition to its existence by senior officers they were categorically opposed to a staff. The deficiencies of the system within this department of state could be seen in the conduct of the Dardanelles campaign, there was no mechanisms in place to answer the big strategic questions in 1914 a Trade Division was created. In 1916, Sir John Jellicoe came to the Admiralty, he organized the staff as following, Chief of War Staff, Operations, Intelligence, Signal Section, Mobilization, Trade. This for the first time gave the naval staff direct representation on the Board, the would direct all operations and movements of the fleet, while the would be responsible for mercantile movements and anti-submarine operations

4.
John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton
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John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton was an English peer. Clinton was a knight who had served in the Scottish and French wars and he was summoned to Parliament as Lord Clinton in February 1299. Clinton was Knight of the Shire for Warwickshire between 1300 and 1301 and Constable of Wallingford Castle in 1308 and he died in 1315 and was succeeded by his grandson John. His descendants include the Earls of Lincoln and Dukes of Newcastle, including the first Duke, new York, St Martins Press,1990

5.
Maxstoke Castle
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Maxstoke Castle is a privately owned moated castle dating from medieval times situated to the north of Maxstoke, Warwickshire. Additions were made by Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham who acquired it in 1437 by exchanging it for other manors in Northamptonshire, the castle is unusual in that it has survived largely intact. The present family, the Fetherston-Dilkes, first came into possession in the 17th century, during the Civil War Maxstoke was garrisoned for Parliament. The first known Governor of Maxstoke Castle in 1642/43 was a Captain Layfield. The garrison musters reveal that between March 1644 to October 1645, the Captain of the garrison was Mr Henry Kendall Sen. lord of the manor of Austrey and his son Henry Kendall Jun. was his lieutenant. The garrison included several of their Austrey tenants, William Smart, Henry Orton, Henry Spencer, in the 18th century William Dilke of Maxstoke married Mary Fetherstone-Leigh of Packwood House near Knowle. Since then the two families and houses have been closely linked, Maxstoke Castle is opened to the public annually, in aid of local charities. Also, you can book tours for interested historical groups any time and it is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building. The parkland of Maxstoke has been a golf course since 1898, at one time the land was listed as a deer park, deer can still be seen there. Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England

6.
Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury
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Ela held the post of High Sheriff of Wiltshire for two years after Williams death, then became a nun, and eventually Abbess of Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire, which she had founded in 1229. Ela was born in Amesbury, Wiltshire in 1187, the child and heiress of William FitzPatrick, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. In 1196, she succeeded her father as suo jure 3rd Countess of Salisbury, there is a story that immediately following her fathers death she was imprisoned in a castle in Normandy by one of her paternal uncles who wished to take her title and enormous wealth for himself. In 1198, Elas mother married her husband, Gilbert de Malesmains. Longespee became 3rd Earl of Salisbury by right of his wife, the Continuator of Florence recorded that their marriage had been arranged by King Richard I of England, who was Williams legitimate half-brother. William was killed while on crusade at the Battle of Mansurah, Richard Longespée, clerk and canon of Salisbury. Nicholas Longespée, Bishop of Salisbury Isabella Longespée, married as his first wife shortly after 16 May 1226, William de Vescy, Lord of Alnwick, by whom she had issue. Petronilla Longespée, died unmarried Ela Longespée, who first married Thomas de Beaumont, 6th Earl of Warwick, ida II de Longespée, married Sir Walter FitzRobert, son of Robert Fitzwalter, by whom she had issue including Ela FitzWalter, wife of William de Odyngsells. Elas and Williamss grandsons include William de Clinton and John de Grey, in 1225, Elas husband William was shipwrecked off the coast of Brittany, upon returning from Gascony. He spent months recovering at a monastery on the Island of Ré in France and he died at Salisbury Castle on 7 March 1226 just several days after arriving in England. Ela held the post of Sheriff of Wiltshire for two following her husbands death. Three years later in 1229, Ela founded Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire as a nunnery of the Augustinian order, in 1238, she entered the abbey as a nun, she was made Abbess of Lacock in 1240, and held the post until 1257. The Book of Lacock recorded that Ela founded the monasteries at Lacock, during her tenure as abbess, Ela obtained many rights for the abbey and village of Lacock. Ela, Countess of Salisbury died on 24 August 1261 and was buried in Lacock Abbey, the inscription on her tombstone, originally written in Latin, reads, Below lie buried the bones of the venerable Ela, who gave this sacred house as a home for the nuns. Ela has been described as having one of the two towering female figures of the mid-13th century, the other one being Margaret de Quincy

7.
Lord Chamberlain
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The Lord Chamberlain is always sworn of the Privy Council, is usually a peer and before 1782 the post was of Cabinet rank. The position was a political one until 1924, the office dates from the Middle Ages when the Kings Chamberlain often acted as the Kings spokesman in Council and Parliament. The current Lord Chamberlain is The Earl Peel, who has been in office since 16 October 2006. During the early period, the Lord Chamberlain was one of the three principal officers of the Royal Household, the others being the Lord Steward and the Master of the Horse. His department not only furnished the servants and other personnel in attendance on the Sovereign but arranged and staffed ceremonies. As other responsibilities of government were devolved to ministers, the ordering of the Royal Household was largely left to the taste of the Sovereign. To ensure that the reflected the royal tastes, the Lord Chamberlain received commands directly from the sovereign to be transmitted to the heads of subordinate departments. This duty was abolished under the Theatres Act 1968, the first London performance of the musical Hair was delayed until the act was passed after a licence had been refused. The Lord Chamberlain also undertakes ceremonial duties and serves as the channel of communication between the Sovereign and the House of Lords, the Lord Chamberlains Office is a department of the Royal Household and is headed by the Comptroller. It is responsible for organising ceremonial activities including state visits, investitures, garden parties and he also regulates the design and the wearing of court uniform and dress and how insignia are worn. Lords Chamberlain since 1399 to the present, List of Lords Chamberlain to British royal consorts Stephens, the Censorship of English Drama 1824–1901. Shellard, Dominic, Nicholson, Steve, Handley, Miriam, a History of British Theatre Censorship. The Lord Chamberlain - Royal Household official website Chamber Administration, Lord Chamberlain, 1660–1837 The Lord Chamberlain and censorship at The Theatre Archive Project

8.
Henry I of England
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Henry I, also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death. Henry was the son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin. On Williams death in 1087, Henrys elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but William and Robert deposed him in 1091. Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William against Robert, Henry was present when William died in a hunting accident in 1100, and he seized the English throne, promising at his coronation to correct many of Williams less popular policies. Henry married Matilda of Scotland but continued to have a number of mistresses. Robert, who invaded in 1101, disputed Henrys control of England, the peace was short-lived, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray. Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life, following Henrys victory at the Battle of Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120. Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England, Normandy was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henrys system were new men of obscure backgrounds rather than families of high status. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but became embroiled in a dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury. He supported the Cluniac order and played a role in the selection of the senior clergy in England. Henrys only legitimate son and heir, William Adelin, drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, Henry took a second wife, Adeliza, in the hope of having another son, but their marriage was childless. In response to this, Henry declared his daughter, Matilda, his heir, the relationship between Henry and the couple became strained, and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou. Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness, despite his plans for Matilda, the King was succeeded by his nephew, Stephen of Blois, resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy. Henry was probably born in England in 1068, in either the summer or the last weeks of the year, possibly in the town of Selby in Yorkshire. His father was William the Conqueror, who had originally been the Duke of Normandy and then, following the invasion of 1066, became the King of England, the invasion had created an Anglo-Norman elite, many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel. These Anglo-Norman barons typically had close links to the kingdom of France, Henrys mother, Matilda of Flanders, was the granddaughter of Robert II of France, and she probably named Henry after her uncle, King Henry I of France. Henry was the youngest of William and Matildas four sons, physically he resembled his older brothers Robert Curthose, Richard and William Rufus, being, as historian David Carpenter describes, short, stocky and barrel-chested, with black hair

9.
Bishop of Coventry
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The Bishop of Coventry is the Ordinary of the England Diocese of Coventry in the Province of Canterbury. In the Middle Ages, the Bishop of Coventry was a used by the bishops known today as the Bishop of Lichfield. The present diocese covers most of the County of Warwickshire, the see is in the City of Coventry where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Michael. The Bishops residence is The Bishops House, Coventry, from 1102 to 1238, the former Benedictine Priory and Cathedral of St Mary in the city was the seat of the early Bishops of Coventry. The diocese was revived in 1918 under King George V when the church of Saint Michael was elevated to cathedral status. The cathedral suffered under fire-bombing by the Luftwaffe on the night of 14 November 1940, the 8th Bishop of Coventry was Colin Bennetts, who retired on 31 January 2008. Christopher Cocksworth was ordained and consecrated as the 9th Bishop of Coventry on 3 July 2008 at Southwark Cathedral and he was enthroned and received into the diocese during a service at Coventry Cathedral on 1 November 2008. Cocksworth was previously Principal of Ridley Hall, part of the Cambridge Federation of Theological Colleges

10.
Edward III of England
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Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. Edward was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France, at age seventeen he led a successful coup against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. After a successful campaign in Scotland he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337. This started what would become known as the Hundred Years War, following some initial setbacks the war went exceptionally well for England, victories at Crécy and Poitiers led to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny. Edwards later years, however, were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity, Edward III was a temperamental man but capable of unusual clemency. He was in ways a conventional king whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, Edward was denounced as an adventurer by later Whig historians such as William Stubbs. This view has been challenged recently and modern historians credit him with some significant achievements, Edward was born at Windsor Castle on 13 November 1312, and was often referred to as Edward of Windsor in his early years. The reign of his father, Edward II, was a problematic period of English history. One source of contention was the inactivity, and repeated failure. Another controversial issue was the kings patronage of a small group of royal favourites. The birth of an heir in 1312 temporarily improved Edward IIs position in relation to the baronial opposition. To bolster further the independent prestige of the prince, the king had him created Earl of Chester at only twelve days of age. In 1325, Edward II was faced with a demand from his brother-in-law, Charles IV of France, Edward was reluctant to leave the country, as discontent was once again brewing domestically, particularly over his relationship with the favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger. Instead, he had his son Edward created Duke of Aquitaine in his place, the young Edward was accompanied by his mother Isabella, who was the sister of King Charles, and was meant to negotiate a peace treaty with the French. While in France, however, Isabella conspired with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward deposed, to build up diplomatic and military support for the venture, Isabella had Prince Edward engaged to the twelve-year-old Philippa of Hainault. An invasion of England was launched and Edward IIs forces deserted him completely, the king was forced to relinquish the throne to his son on 25 January 1327. The new king was crowned as Edward III on 1 February 1327 and it was not long before the new reign also met with other problems caused by the central position at court of Roger Mortimer, who was now the de facto ruler of England

11.
Nottingham Castle
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Nottingham Castle is a castle in Nottingham, England. It is located in a position on a natural promontory known as Castle Rock, with cliffs 130 feet high to the south. In the Middle Ages it was a royal fortress and occasional royal residence. In decline by the 16th century, it was demolished in 1649. The Duke of Newcastle later built a mansion on the site and it was later rebuilt to house an art gallery and museum, which remain in use. Little of the castle survives, but sufficient portions remain to give an impression of the layout of the site. There is some uncertainty whether a castle existed on the site before the Norman Conquest, if there was it would have been smaller and far less elaborate in design than the one that stood there afterwards, keeping in line with Anglo-Saxon architectural tradition. The first Norman castle was a structure and of a motte-and-bailey design, and was built in 1067. For centuries the castle served as one of the most important in England for nobles, the castle also had its own deer park in the area immediately to the west, which is still known as The Park. In the legends of Robin Hood, Nottingham Castle is the scene of the showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw. In March 1194, a battle took place at Nottingham castle. The castle was the site of an attack when King Richard besieged the castle. Richard was aided by Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester, the castle surrendered after just a few days. Both were acting as Regents during Edwards minority following their murder of his father Edward II at Berkeley Castle, mortimer was bound and gagged, led out of the tunnel and arrested, along with Queen Mother Isabella. Mortimer was sent to the Tower of London, and hanged a month later, Isabella of France was forced into retirement at Castle Rising Castle. With this dramatic event, the reign of Edward began. Edward III used the castle as a residence and held Parliaments, in 1346 King David II of Scotland was held prisoner. In 1365 Edward III improved the castle with a new tower on the west side of the Middle Bailey and a new prison under the High Tower

12.
Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
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In November 1316, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1322 for having led the Marcher lords in a revolt against King Edward II in what known as the Despenser War. He later escaped to France, where he was joined by Edwards queen consort Isabella, after he and Isabella led a successful invasion and rebellion, Edward was subsequently deposed, Mortimer allegedly arranged his murder at Berkeley Castle. For three years, Mortimer was de facto ruler of England before being overthrown by Edwards eldest son. Accused of assuming power and other crimes, Mortimer was executed by hanging at Tyburn. He was born on April 25,1287, the Feast of Saint Mark and he shared this birthday with King Edward II, which would be relevant later in life. According to his biographer Ian Mortimer, Roger was possibly sent as a boy away from home to be fostered in the household of his formidable uncle and it was this uncle who had carried the severed head of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales to King Edward I in 1282. Roger attended the Coronation of Edward II on 25th February 1308, like many noble children of his time, Roger was betrothed at a young age, to Joan de Geneville, the daughter of Sir Piers de Geneville, of Trim Castle and Ludlow. They were married on 20 September 1301 when he was aged fourteen and their first child was born in 1302. However, Joan de Geneville was not an heiress at the time of her marriage, Roger Mortimer therefore succeeded to the eastern part of the Lordship of Meath, centred on Trim and its stronghold of Trim Castle. He did not succeed, however, to the Lordship of Fingal, Roger Mortimers childhood came to an abrupt end when his father was mortally wounded in a skirmish near Builth in July 1304. Since Roger was underage at the death of his father, he was placed by King Edward I under the guardianship of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall. However, on 22 May 1306, in a ceremony in Westminster Abbey with two hundred and fifty-nine others, he was knighted by Edward and granted livery of his full inheritance. His adult life began in earnest in 1308, when he went to Ireland in person to enforce his authority and this brought him into conflict with the de Lacys, who turned for support to Edward Bruce, brother of Robert Bruce, King of Scots. Mortimer was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Edward II on 23 November 1316, shortly afterwards, at the head of a large army, he drove Bruce to Carrickfergus and the de Lacys into Connaught, wreaking vengeance on their adherents whenever they were to be found. He returned to England and Wales in 1318 and was occupied for some years with baronial disputes on the Welsh border. Mortimer became disaffected with his king and joined the opposition to Edward II. After the younger Despenser was granted lands belonging to him, he and he supported Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, in refusing to obey the kings summons to appear before him in 1321 as long as the younger Despencer was in the Kings train

13.
Earl of Huntingdon
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Earl of Huntingdon is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. The medieval title was associated with the house of Scotland. The seventh and most recent creation dates to 1529, in this lineage, the current holder of the title is William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon. In English folklore, the title has been associated with Robin Hood, huntingdonshire was part of East Anglia, inhabited by a group known as the Gyrwas from about the 6th century. It fell to the Danes in the 9th century, but was re-conquered under Edward the Elder in 915, an earldom of Huntingdon was established shortly after, and it was one of the seven earldoms of Saxon England during the reign of king Edward the Confessor. It was created for Bjorn Eastrithson, cousin to Harold Godwinson, the earldom at that time carried extensive powers and covered a wide area of East Midlands, covering the counties of Northampton and Bedford as well as Huntingdon. In 1065 the earldom passed to Waltheof, son of Siward, Waltheof kept his title following the Conquest in 1066, and even after his rebellion in 1067, and married Judith, King Williams niece. However, after a rebellion in 1076 he was executed. The earldom was inherited by Waltheofs daughter Maud, countess of Huntingdon, in the reign of Henry II, following the death of Simon II, it was settled on the Scottish house, and the sons of Prince Henry, first Malcolm, then William, then David. With the death of Davids childless son John in 1237, the title was not passed on, Waltheof Judith of Lens, Countess of Huntingdon Maud, Countess of Huntingdon m. Simon I de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton m. The title was re-created for George Hastings, 3rd Baron Hastings, 5th Baron Hungerford, 6th Baron Botreaux and he fought in the French Wars of Henry VIII. In 1529 the King created him Earl of Huntingdon in the Peerage of England and his eldest son, the second Earl, was a lieutenant-general and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Army. On his death the titles passed to his son, the third Earl and he was a possible heir presumptive to the crown through his mother, though Elizabeth I never acknowledged his claim officially. Lord Huntingdon was one of the custodians of Mary, Queen of Scots and he was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. He represented Derbyshire and Leicestershire in the House of Commons and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Rutland, when he died the titles passed to his grandson, the fifth Earl. He was the son of Francis Hastings, Lord Hastings, Lord Huntingdon was also Lord-Lieutenant of Leicestershire and Rutland. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the sixth Earl and he sat as Member of Parliament for Leicestershire. His son, the seventh Earl, served as Lord-Lieutenant of Leicestershire and Derbyshire and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the eighth Earl

14.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

15.
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
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He was the second son of Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh, and succeeded to his fathers title and estates on the death of his elder brother Stephen. He was the nephew on his mother’s side and namesake of Bartholomew, lord Badlesmere and he married Elizabeth, one of the three coheiresses of Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdon and his first wife Maud Mortimer, an alliance by which Burghersh increased his wealth and power. This imprisonment was probably the means of saving him from the fate of his uncle after the battle of Boroughbridge. He was spared to aid in the overthrow of his unfortunate sovereign, the commission, even originally in the name of Edward II, out really proceeding from the party conspiring only too successfully against him, was renewed by his son in the first year of his reign. This is followed by an order to use his authority to put a stop to predatory incursions on the French coast, Burghersh evidently very speedily obtained the complete confidence of the young king, which he retained uninterruptedly to the end of his life. His services were rewarded by grants of land and manorial privileges, escheated to the crown. The King despatched him repeatedly on diplomatic errands and he was entrusted with other offices calling for vigour of action and practical wisdom. In 1337, on the assumption by Edward of the title of king of France and he was also appointed Seneschal of Ponthieu, Constable of the Tower of London, and Lord Chamberlain of the Household, in which capacity his presence is often recorded at delivery the great seal. In one of Edwards grievous straits for money, he was entrusted with the pawning of the crown, as a good and experienced soldier he was continually in attendance on the king in his Scotch and French wars, taking part in the Battle of Crécy,26 August 1346. The confidence reposed in Burghersh as an agent was equally great. Edward, unable to dispense with the services of so valuable a helper, two years after Crecy we find him again taking part in the French wars, and despatched to Avignon to treat with the pope for a firm and lasting peace between the two countries. The next year he accompanied the earl of Lancaster to Gascony, in 1355, when Edward was leaving England for a fresh invasion of France, Burghersh was appointed one of the guardians of the realm, but died at the beginning of August of that year. He was buried in the chantry of St. Catherine, which he had founded in Lincoln minster for the soul of his brother Henry, bishop of Lincoln, monuments to all three, with effigies of the two brothers, are still to be seen. But according to a later usually reference source, the fourth Earl of Kildare was present with Edward III in 1347 at the siege and he was then knighted by the king, and married to a daughter of Sir Bartholemew Burghersh. She next is identified as Elizabeth Burghersh, the mother of his four sons, including Gerald, the 5th Earl, and John, the 6th Earl. So it could be Margarets niece Elizabeth, daughter of Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh and he was succeeded as Baron Burghersh by his son Bartholomew. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Venables. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 333–334, ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines, 70-32, 70-33

16.
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
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The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The post dates from at least the 12th century, when the title was Keeper of the Coast, the Lord Warden was originally in charge of the Cinque Ports, a group of five port towns on the southeast coast of England. Today the role is a sinecure and a title, and 14 towns belong to the Cinque Ports confederation. The Lord Warden was solely responsible for the return of all writs to the Crown, along with the collection of taxes and his court was held in St Jamess church, near Dover Castle, and there he exercised jurisdiction broadly equivalent to that of Chancery. The coat of arms of the Cinque Ports first appeared in 1305, second amongst the earliest English known heraldic emblems, the coat of arms of the Cinque Ports displays three ships hulls and three lions passant guardant conjoined to these hulls, all in gold. These may originally have been Gules three lions passant gardant in pale Or dimidiating Gules three ships hulks in pale Or, the coat of arms of the Confederation of the Cinque Ports is set out on a red and blue background and traditionally represents the 14 Corporate Members. It was combined from 1267 with the office of Constable of Dover Castle, however, from 1708 Walmer Castle at Deal was to be preferred as the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In earlier centuries the northern limit was taken as the Shoe Beacon in Essex, the courts of Brodhull and Guestling were established to protect the privileges of the Cinque Ports by the portsmen themselves. From the 15th century these courts had been replaced by the Lord Wardens Court at Dover. From the 16th century the business of the courts was the installation of the Lord Warden. The office continued to be a powerful one, in 1550 the Mayor and Jurats of Dover refused to accept a Royal Writ because it was not accompanied by a letter of attendance from the Lord Warden. The member ports parliamentary representatives were appointed by the Lord Warden at first, the office of Speaker has traditionally rotated between the affiliate townships every year dating from at least 1550. Inaugurations are begun on 21 May, and membership is ordained through a maritime tradition of a principle of the prevailing winds coming from west to east. A unique uniform is specified for the Lord Warden, the uniform is very similar to a pre-1956-pattern Admirals uniform trimmed in red and with Cinque Ports insignia. Sir Robert Menziess uniform, which he wore as Lord Warden from 1966 to 1978, is preserved at the National Library of Australia. All Freemen of the Ports, termed Portsmen, were deemed in the age of Feudalism to be barons, termed Barons of the Cinque Ports, they reflected an early concept that military service at sea constituted land tenure per baroniam making them quasi feudal barons. Writs of summons to parliament were sent to the following which representative barons of the Cinque Ports were selected to attend parliament. Thus the wardens duty in this respect was similar to that of the sheriff who received the writs for distribution to the barons in the shires, the warden and barons often experienced clashes of jurisdiction

17.
Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley
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Thomas de Berkeley, The Rich, feudal baron of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, England, was a peer. He was the eldest son and heir of Maurice de Berkeley, in 1327 he was made joint custodian of the deposed King Edward II, whom he received at Berkeley Castle. He was later commanded to deliver custody of the king to his fellow custodians, namely John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers and he left the king at Barkeley Castle and with heavy cheere perceiving what violence was intended he journeyed to Bradley. The king was murdered at Berkeley Castle during his absence, as an accessory to the murder of the deposed king, he was tried by a jury of 12 knights in 1330 and was honourably acquitted. Thomas de Berkeley Roger de Berkeley Alphonsus de Berkeley Joan de Berkeley, wife of Reginald de Cobham, courteney Cox, the actress best known for her role as Monica in the television show Friends, is the 18x great-granddaughter of Thomas de Berkeley. This genealogy was discussed in a 2017 episode of Who Do You Think You Are on the TLC network and he died on 27 October 1361 in Gloucestershire and was succeeded by Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley, eldest son and heir from his first marriage. Ancestral roots of certain American colonists who came to America before 1700, Frederick Lewis Weis,1992, ancestral roots of sixty colonists who came to New England 1623–1650. Frederick Lewis Weis, Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr. William R. Beall,1999, magna Charta Sureties,1215, Frederick Lewis Weis, 4th Ed. Plantagenet Ancestry of Seventeenth-Century Colonists, David Faris, Genealogical Publishing Co. Inc.1996, royal Genealogy information held at University of Hull

18.
Baron Clinton
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Baron Clinton is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1298 for John de Clinton, the peerage of Baron Clinton was created in 1298 for Sir John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton, a knight who had served in the Scottish and French wars. The peerage was created by writ, which means that it can descend through both male and female lines and it is thus one of the most ancient English titles still in existence. The first Barons great-great-great-grandson, the fifth Baron, fought on the Yorkist side in the Wars of the Roses and he was attainted in 1461 but late restored to his title. His great-great-grandson, the ninth Baron, was created Earl of Lincoln in 1572, the titles remained united until 1692 upon the death of his great-great-great-grandson, Edward de Clinton, fifth Earl of Lincoln and 13th Baron Clinton. Lady Margaret had married Hugh Boscawen, MP, of Tregothnan in Cornwall, in 1746 he was created Baron Fortescue, of Castle Hill in the County of Devon and Earl Clinton, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. The Earl was childless and on his death the earldom of Clinton became extinct and he was succeeded in the barony of Fortescue by his half-brother, the second Baron Fortescue. Margaret Rolle was the widow of Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford and the daughter of Samuel Rolle and she was succeeded by her son, George Walpole, third Earl of Orford and sixteenth Baron Clinton. He was childless and on his death in 1791 the earldom passed to his uncle, the barony which had been dormant since 1791 was successfully claimed in 1794 by the late Earl of Orfords cousin Robert George William Trefusis, who became the seventeenth Baron Clinton. He was fourth in descent from Bridget Rolle, the sister of Samuel Rolle and daughter of Robert Rolle by Lady Arabella Clinton, Bridget Rolle had married Francis Trefusis of Trefusis in Cornwall, and had issue Samuel Trefusis, whose great-grandson was the 17th Baron Clinton. The latters younger son, the nineteenth Baron, represented Callington in the House of Commons and he was succeeded by his son, Charles Henry Rolle Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton. He served as Under-Secretary of State for India from 1867 to 1868 in the Conservative administrations of the Earl of Derby, in 1867 Baron Clinton assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes, which were those of his father-in-law. His son, the twenty-second Baron, held office in the coalition government of David Lloyd George. On his death in 1957 the barony fell into abeyance between his two daughters Hon. Harriet Trefusis and Hon. Fenella Trefusis, the abeyance of 1957 was terminated in 1965 in favour of Gerald Neville Mark Fane Trefusis, the twenty-third Baron Clinton and present holder of the title. He is the son of Captain Charles Nevile Fane, eldest son of the aforementioned Hon. Harriet Trefusis and her husband Major Henry Neville Fane. Baron Clinton had already in 1958 assumed by deed poll the surname of Trefusis. The Duke and Duchess of York spent part of their honeymoon there, the 1st Baron resided at Maxstoke Castle, Warwickshire, the inheritance of his wife. The 5th Baron exchanged it for lands in Northamptonshire, the 9th Barons chief seat was in Lincolnshire on an estate which was the inheritance of his wife Elizabeth Blount

19.
Earl
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An earl /ɜːrl/ is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon in origin, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, in Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke. In later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count, however, earlier in Scandinavia, jarl could also mean a sovereign prince. For example, the rulers of several of the petty kingdoms of Norway had the title of jarl, alternative names for the rank equivalent to Earl/Count in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as the hakushaku of the post-restoration Japanese Imperial era. In modern Britain, an earl is a member of the peerage, ranking below a marquess, a feminine form of earl never developed, instead, countess is used. The term earl has been compared to the name of the Heruli, proto-Norse eril, or the later Old Norse jarl, came to signify the rank of a leader. The Norman-derived equivalent count was not introduced following the Norman conquest of England though countess was and is used for the female title. In the other languages of Britain and Ireland, the term is translated as, Welsh iarll, Irish and Scottish Gaelic iarla, Scots yarl or yerl, Cornish yurl. An earl has the title Earl of when the title originates from a placename, in either case, he is referred to as Lord, and his wife as Lady. A countess who holds an earldom in her own right also uses Lady, younger sons are styled The Honourable, and daughters, The Lady. In the peerage of Scotland, when there are no courtesy titles involved, the heir to an earldom, and indeed any level of peerage, is styled Master of, and successive sons as younger of. In Anglo-Saxon England, earls had authority over their own regions and right of judgment in provincial courts and they collected fines and taxes and in return received a third penny, one-third of the money they collected. In wartime they led the kings armies, some shires were grouped together into larger units known as earldoms, headed by an ealdorman or earl. Under Edward the Confessor earldoms like Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia, Earls originally functioned essentially as royal governors. Though the title of Earl was nominally equal to the duke, unlike them. After the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror tried to rule England using the traditional system, shires became the largest secular subdivision in England and earldoms disappeared. The Normans did create new earls like those of Herefordshire, Shropshire and their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman counts. There was no longer any administrative layer larger than the shire, Earls no longer aided in tax collection or made decisions in country courts and their numbers were small

Siege of Calais (1346)
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The Siege of Calais began in 1346, early in the Hundred Years War. Edward III of England asserted dominion over France, and defeated the French navy in the Battle of Sluys in 1340 and he would go on to make raids throughout Normandy, the last of which led to the Battle of Crécy in 1346. By then, Edwards army in France required supplies and reinforc

Warbelton v. Gorges
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Warbelton v. Gorges was one of the earliest heraldic law cases brought concerning English armory, in 1347. It concerned the coat of arms blazoned Lozengy or and azure, a 6-man court of honour was convened and the pair were cross-examined, with evidence being sought from knights of their own localities also serving at the siege. The case was won by

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Lozengy or and azure, the arms subject of the 1347 dispute between Warbelton & Gorges. As depicted on the Dering Roll (1270/80) for Thomas de Warbotone

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New arms of Theobald Russell "de Gorges" adopted following the judgement of 1347, known as "Gorges Modern": Lozengy or and azure, a chevron gules

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Tomb at Wraxall, of Sir Edmund Gorges (d.1512), showing on base in dexter "Gorges Modern", in sinister arms of Russell. A drawing of this tomb was made by Samuel Hieronymus Grimm

Admiralty
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The new Admiralty Board meets only twice a year, and the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy is controlled by a Navy Board. It is common for the authorities now in charge of the Royal Navy to be referred to as simply The Admiralty. The title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom was vested in the monarch from 1964 to 2011, the title was award

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Board of admiralty about 1810.

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The Admiralty complex in 1794. The colours indicate departments or residences for the several Lords of the Admiralty. The pale coloured extension behind the small courtyard on the left is Admiralty House.

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Old Admiralty (Ripley Building) in 1760 before addition of the Adam screen

John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton
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John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton was an English peer. Clinton was a knight who had served in the Scottish and French wars and he was summoned to Parliament as Lord Clinton in February 1299. Clinton was Knight of the Shire for Warwickshire between 1300 and 1301 and Constable of Wallingford Castle in 1308 and he died in 1315 and was succeeded by hi

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Arms of de Clinton, Barons Clinton: Argent, six crosses crosslet fitchée sable three two and one on a chief azure two mullets or pierced gules

Maxstoke Castle
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Maxstoke Castle is a privately owned moated castle dating from medieval times situated to the north of Maxstoke, Warwickshire. Additions were made by Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham who acquired it in 1437 by exchanging it for other manors in Northamptonshire, the castle is unusual in that it has survived largely intact. The present famil

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Maxstoke Gardens

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The castle gardens

Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury
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Ela held the post of High Sheriff of Wiltshire for two years after Williams death, then became a nun, and eventually Abbess of Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire, which she had founded in 1229. Ela was born in Amesbury, Wiltshire in 1187, the child and heiress of William FitzPatrick, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. In 1196, she succeeded her father as suo jure 3rd C

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Lacock Abbey, founded in 1229 by Ela, Countess of Salisbury

Lord Chamberlain
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The Lord Chamberlain is always sworn of the Privy Council, is usually a peer and before 1782 the post was of Cabinet rank. The position was a political one until 1924, the office dates from the Middle Ages when the Kings Chamberlain often acted as the Kings spokesman in Council and Parliament. The current Lord Chamberlain is The Earl Peel, who has

Henry I of England
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Henry I, also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death. Henry was the son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin. On Williams death in 1087, Henrys elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Rob

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Miniature from Matthew Paris 's Historia Anglorum

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13th-century depiction of Henry

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Mont St Michel, site of the 1091 siege

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Henry's first wife, Matilda of Scotland

Bishop of Coventry
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The Bishop of Coventry is the Ordinary of the England Diocese of Coventry in the Province of Canterbury. In the Middle Ages, the Bishop of Coventry was a used by the bishops known today as the Bishop of Lichfield. The present diocese covers most of the County of Warwickshire, the see is in the City of Coventry where the seat is located at the Cathe

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"The Bishop's House", Coventry.

Edward III of England
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Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. Edward was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France, at age seventeen he led a successful coup against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. After a successful ca

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Edward III, detail from his bronze effigy in Westminster Abbey

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Drawing of effigy of King Edward III in Westminster Abbey

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To mark his claim to the French crown, Edward's coat of arms showed the three lions of England quartered with the fleurs-de-lys of France. English stained glass, c. 1350–1377

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Groat featuring Edward III

Nottingham Castle
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Nottingham Castle is a castle in Nottingham, England. It is located in a position on a natural promontory known as Castle Rock, with cliffs 130 feet high to the south. In the Middle Ages it was a royal fortress and occasional royal residence. In decline by the 16th century, it was demolished in 1649. The Duke of Newcastle later built a mansion on t

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Nottingham Castle – The Castle Gate House – Showing the medieval architecture of the bridge and lower towers with the Victorian renovation of the upper towers and gate house.

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Victorian reconstruction of the likely appearance of the castle in the late medieval period

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The castle from The History and Antiquities of Nottingham by James Orange, 1840

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Entrance to the Ducal Mansion (2012)

Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
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In November 1316, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1322 for having led the Marcher lords in a revolt against King Edward II in what known as the Despenser War. He later escaped to France, where he was joined by Edwards queen consort Isabella, after he and Isabella led a successful invasion and

Earl of Huntingdon
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Earl of Huntingdon is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. The medieval title was associated with the house of Scotland. The seventh and most recent creation dates to 1529, in this lineage, the current holder of the title is William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon. In English folklore, the title has been as

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Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon

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Arms of the Hastings family, Earls of Huntingdon as recorded in the Gelre Armorial: Argent, a maunch sable

International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
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He was the second son of Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh, and succeeded to his fathers title and estates on the death of his elder brother Stephen. He was the nephew on his mother’s side and namesake of Bartholomew, lord Badlesmere and he married Elizabeth, one of the three coheiresses of Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdon and his first

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Arms of Burghersh: Gules, a lion rampant double queued or

Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
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The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The post dates from at least the 12th century, when the title was Keeper of the Coast, the Lord Warden was originally in charge of the Cinque Ports, a group of five port towns on the southeast coast of England. Today the role is a sinecure and a title, and 14 towns

Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley
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Thomas de Berkeley, The Rich, feudal baron of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, England, was a peer. He was the eldest son and heir of Maurice de Berkeley, in 1327 he was made joint custodian of the deposed King Edward II, whom he received at Berkeley Castle. He was later commanded to deliver custody of the king to his fellow custodi

1.
Armorial of Berkeley: Gules, a chevron between 10 crosses pattée 6 in chief and 4 in base argent

Baron Clinton
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Baron Clinton is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1298 for John de Clinton, the peerage of Baron Clinton was created in 1298 for Sir John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton, a knight who had served in the Scottish and French wars. The peerage was created by writ, which means that it can descend through both male and female lines and

1.
Arms of de Clinton, Barons Clinton: Argent, six crosses crosslet fitchée sable three two and one on a chief azure two mullets or pierced gules

Earl
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An earl /ɜːrl/ is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon in origin, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, in Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke. In later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count, however, earlier in Scandinavia, jarl could also mean a sovereign prince. Fo

1.
The royal procession to Parliament at Westminster, 4 February 1512. Left to right: The Marquess of Dorset, Earl of Northumberland, Earl of Surrey, Earl of Shrewsbury, Earl of Essex, Earl of Kent, Earl of Derby, Earl of Wiltshire. From: Parliament Procession Roll of 1512.