Is there any modern research on this subject?--------------------------------------

"In ancient India fermented cow’s urine (pūtimutta) was regarded as a remedy of great curative andinvigorating efficacy. For such use, a vessel with cow’s urine and myrobalan fruits is kept buried in theground for some length of time."

---The trouble is that you think you have time------Worry is the Interest, paid in advance, on a debt you may never owe------It's not what happens to you in life that is important ~ it's what you do with it ---

Perhaps a Pali expert may comment, but I seem to have read that it isn't necessarily cow urine, but perhaps fermented-in-cow-urine medicines, which may have been any number of concoctions. It seems indicated by the use of fruit, above.

It may have been based on proto-Ayurvedic principles (which may themselves hail from Greater Magadha).

"And how is it, bhikkhus, that by protecting oneself one protects others? By the pursuit, development, and cultivation of the four establishments of mindfulness. It is in such a way that by protecting oneself one protects others.

"And how is it, bhikkhus, that by protecting others one protects oneself? By patience, harmlessness, goodwill, and sympathy. It is in such a way that by protecting others one protects oneself.- Sedaka Sutta [SN 47.19]

Can this life be so simple? I don't know any one live like this!PS:Considering the fact, now people are talking about third world war, it is not a bad way to start organising our lives. =====================This was said by the Blessed One, said by the Arahant, so I have heard: "These four things are next to nothing, both easy to gain & blameless. Which four? Cast-off cloth is next to nothing, both easy to gain & blameless. Alms food is next to nothing, both easy to gain & blameless. The root of a tree as a dwelling place is next to nothing, both easy to gain & blameless. Medicine made of smelly urine[1] is next to nothing, both easy to gain & blameless. These are the four things that are next to nothing, both easy to gain & blameless. When a monk is content with what is next to nothing, easy to gain & blameless, then I say that he has one of the component factors of the contemplative life."

I've no recollection of any leper's finger ever falling into my almsbowl, nor of any other comparably disagreeable experience. But I don't imagine this was a terribly common experience even in pre-modern times:

Q: Do fingers and toes fall off when someone gets leprosy?

A: No. The bacteria attack nerve endings and destroy the body’s ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people injure themselves and the injuries can become infected, resulting in tissue loss. Fingers and toes become shortened and deformed as the cartilage is absorbed into the body. Repeated injury and infection of numb areas in the fingers or toes can cause the bones to shorten. The tissues around them shrink, making them short.

==========“I would go on all fours to the cow-pens when the cattle had gone out and the cowherd had left them, and I would feed on the dung of the young suckling calves. As long as my own excrement and urine lasted, I fed on my own excrement and urine. Such was my great practice of feeding on filth.