Diagramming using a fishbone diagram, flowchart or value stream map to show the flow from raw material to finished product and to determine the change or transformation. Verbs that describe the change (e.g., pick or grip) are used to identify similar functions in nature (e.g., a hawk's talons) to suggest methods of accomplishing the task.

Prototype the best three processes using models (e.g., full-scale mockups using cardboard boxes for machines) and evaluate to select the best design. In full-scale mockups, people actually work the process and measure takt times. The goal is to simulate the working arrangement to surface problems and prevent them.