Abstract

Additive manufacturing is becoming a focus of attention owing to its unique abilities to fabricate different objects using various materials. Perhaps printing technologies are the most popular type of additive manufacturing that is gaining ground in a wide range of industrial and academic utilization. Three- and two-dimensional printing of different materials such as ceramics, plastics, and metals as well as electronic functional materials is considered as the next revolution in science and technology. Importantly, these technologies are being used extensively in medical applications. Tissue engineering, which aims to fabricate human tissues and organs, is benefiting from the reproducible, computer-controlled, and precise procedure that can be obtained by printers. Three-dimensional printings of scaffolds, cell-laden biomaterials, and cellular (scaffold-free) materials hold a great promise to advance the tissue engineering field toward the fabrication of functional tissues and organs. Here, we review the utilization of different printing technologies for various tissue engineering applications. The application of printers in tissue engineering of bones, cartilages, and tendons and ligaments is di. Moreover, an overview of the advancements in printing skeletal muscles as well as the cardiovascular system is given. Finally, future directions and challenges will be described.