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Before replication there were 23 pairs of molecules, 23 of maternal origin and 23 of paternal origin, plus the maternally-contributed mitochondrial chromosome (which I'll ignore for the rest of this post). Counting chromosomal centromeres, there are 46 centromeres total. After replication there are ...

If DNA residing in the cell is loosly packed DNA called chromatin, and if in the Interphase the chromatin replicates to prepare for mitosis, then it must be that when the chromatin replicated there were only 23 modules of DNA in the cell for it to replicate. ...

... chromosome inactivation is happening through transcriptional repression of the X chromosome. The X chromosome of male germ cells is in a condensed chromatin state and is transcriptionally repressed during early spermatogenesis but to my knowledge this is not considered as "X chromosome inactivation". ...

... nigra in four normal aged subjects. Morphological characteristics of apoptosis, such as contact loss with surrounding tissues, cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation, were found in 2% of the total number of melanized neurons analyzed. Although endoplasmic reticulum appeared normal, mitochrondria ...