My Original Idea

Minggu, 29 Januari 2017

We will explain
the stars in the universe before discussing extraterrestrials. How many stars
are there in the universe?

How Many Stars Are In The Universe?

By Elizabeth Howell

It's easier to
count stars when they are inside galaxies, since that's where they tend to
cluster. To even begin to estimate the number of stars, then you would need to
estimate the number of galaxies and come up with some sort of an average.

Some estimates
peg the Milky Way's star mass as having 100 billion "solar masses,"
or 100 billion times the mass of the sun. Averaging out the types of stars
within our galaxy, this would produce an answer of about 100 billion stars
in the galaxy. This is subject to change, however, depending on how many stars
are bigger and smaller than our own sun. Also, other estimates say the Milky
Way could have 200 billion stars or more.

The number of
galaxies is an astonishing number, however, as shown by some imaging
experiments performed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Several times over
the years, the telescope has pointed a detector at a tiny spot in the sky to
count galaxies, performing the work again after the telescope was upgraded by
astronauts during the shuttle era.

A 1995 exposure
of a small spot in Ursa Major revealed about 3,000 faint galaxies. In 2003-4,
using upgraded instruments, scientists looked at a smaller spot in the
constellation Fornax and found 10,000 galaxies. An even more detailed
investigation in Fornax in 2012, with even better instruments, showed about
5,500 galaxies.

Kornreich used a
very rough estimate of 10 trillion galaxies in the universe. Multiplying that
by the Milky Way's estimated 100 billion stars results in a large number
indeed: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars, or a "1" with 24
zeros after it. Kornreich emphasized that number is likely a gross
underestimation, as more detailed looks at the universe will show even more
galaxies.

When we look at
the night sky, filled with stars, it’s hard to resist counting. Just with the unaided
eye, in dark skies, you can see a few thousand.

How many stars
are there in the entire Universe? Before we get to that massive number, let’s
consider what you can count with the tools available to you.

Perfect vision in
dark skies allows us to see stars down to about magnitude 6. But to really make
an accurate census of the total number of stars, you’d need to travel to both
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, since only part of the sky is visible
from each portion of the Earth. Furthermore, you’d need to make your count over
several months, since a portion of the sky is obscured by the Sun. If you had
perfect eyesight and traveled to completely dark skies in both the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres, and there was no Moon, you might be able to get to count
up almost 9,000 stars.

With a good pair
of binoculars, that number jumps to about 200,000, since you can observe stars
down to magnitude 9. A small telescope, capable of resolving magnitude 13 stars
will let you count up to 15 million stars. Large observatories could resolve
billions of stars.

But how many
stars are out there? How many stars are there in the Milky Way?

According to
astronomers, our Milky Way is an average-sized barred spiral galaxy measuring
up to 120,000 light-years across. Our Sun is located about 27,000 light-years
from the galactic core in the Orion arm. Astronomers estimate that the Milky
Way contains up to 400 billion stars of various sizes and brightness.

A few are
supergiants, like Betelgeuse or Rigel. Many more are average-sized stars like
our Sun. The vast majority of stars in the Milky Way are red dwarf stars; dim,
low mass, with a fraction of the brightness of our Sun.

As we peer
through our telescopes, we can see fuzzy patches in the sky which astronomers
now know are other galaxies like our Milky Way. These massive structures can
contain more or less stars than our own Milky Way.

There are spiral
galaxies out there with more than a trillion stars, and giant elliptical
galaxies with 100 trillion stars.
And there are tiny dwarf galaxies with a fraction of our number of stars.

So how many
galaxies are there?

According to
astronomers, there are probably more than 170 billion galaxies in the
observable Universe, stretching out into a region of space 13.8 billion
light-years away from us in all directions.

And so, if you
multiply the number of stars in our galaxy by the number of galaxies in the Universe,
you get approximately 1024 stars. That’s a 1 followed by twenty-four
zeros.

Translated by Malik:“Among His signs is the creation of the
heavens and the earth, and the living creatures that He has spread in both of
them: and He is capable of gathering them all together whenever He wants.”

Translated by Pickthall: ”And of His portents
is the creation of the heaven and the earth, and of whatever beasts He hath
dispersed therein. And He is Able to gather them when He will.”

Translated by Yusuf Ali: “And among His Signs
is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the living creatures that He
has scattered through them: and He has power to gather them together when He
wills.”

Of the three translations can be taken
one opinion, man for the living on earth and alien beyond the earth (the
heaven). Since
1400 years ago, the Qur'an has explained the existence of aliens outside our
earth.

Some time ago
someone near to me made the bold statement, ‘bacteria can’t live in the
freezer!’ Or something to that effect anyway.

“Sorry, but yes
they can,” said I, as I took another bite of my ice cream.

In fact, many of
us assume this – that bacteria and other pathogenic microbes – indeed cannot
survive in freezing environments. We assume that bacteria cannot survive in
frozen food or freezers.

Extremophiles and psychrophiles

Not only are
there a whole host of bacteria that regularly dwell in unlikely places. Those
that live in very hot or high pressure climes are called extremophiles. And
those that live in freezing environments are called psychrophiles. But there
are also many species of rigorous pathogenic bacteria living around us in
normal climes that will also survive the freezer.

Yes, it appears
rare that frozen food will be contaminated. Freezing temperatures certainly
dissuade bacterial contamination because these temperatures freeze water, and
hydrophilic (water loving) bacteria need water to be free-flowing to get their
hydration needed to form strong biofilms.

And they need to
eat too. Frozen environments often limit off available food sources.

But certainly, if
there is food available in the form of sugar or other food source, many
bacteria can not only survive the freezer, but may colonize within a frozen
food.

Now if the food
happens to be contaminated before freezing, and that food also supplies the
food for bacteria to grow – especially sugar but also dairy or other animal
product – that bacteria can live.

Russians call the
region the ‘land in the making’ because of the rate at which the volcanoes
churn out molten rock. That new ‘land’ of the Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the
most inhospitable regions on any of Earth’s continents.

But it is not
lifeless. In the hot, toxic water of those bubbling springs lurk all manner of
strange microbes – some even content to live in water just a shade below 100C.

More of these
“extremophiles” are coming to light every few years. This is good news, not
just for the scientists who study them, but also for a variety of industrial
processes.

Kamchatka is so
remote that it takes more than nine hours to fly there from Moscow. It is one
of the most volcanically active places on Earth and forms part of the Pacific
“Ring of Fire”.

In the hot, toxic
water of those bubbling springs lurk all manner of strange microbes

To truly experience
the beauty of the region – a UNESCO World Heritage site – you must travel by
helicopter. Few scientists have made the journey.

Elizaveta
Bonch-Osmolovskaya
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, has been visiting Kamchatka
regularly since 1982. Most of her expeditions have been to the Uzon Caldera, a
region in Kronotsky National Park that formed when a volcano collapsed 200,000
years ago.

The caldera is
now like a bowl ringed by mountains, and it is filled with hundreds of hot
springs, geysers and mud pots strewn across five thermal fields and heated by
tumultuous geothermal activity deep in the bowels of the Earth.

The rock is rich
in arsenic, phosphorus, copper, lead, antimony, and even gold. Geothermal
gases, including methane, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide leak
out to the Earth’s surface, or bubble up in hot springs.

The place is very
dangerous: you can easily fall into the boiling clay or inhale poisonous fumes.
But for many microbes this is home – and for biologists who study such
extremophiles, Uzon is a perfect place to work.

Most organisms
could not survive in the hot springs

The journey to
Uzon, by helicopter, takes two hours. “There are no roads,” says
Bonch-Osmolovskaya. “Each time we stayed there for one or two weeks, and of
course we had to bring everything with us – food, fuel for cooking, laboratory
equipment. At first there were two wooden houses for us to stay in, but then
they were destroyed and we all lived in tents. Now there is a house again where
people can live and work.”

In September
2005, 20 Russian and US scientists travelled together to the Uzon Caldera for a
five-year Joint Russian-American expedition headed by Juergen Wiegel from the
University of Georgia. Researchers constructed the Kamchatka Microbial
Observatory, a natural laboratory for studying extremophiles.

Most organisms
could not survive in the hot springs, says Frank Robb at the University of
Maryland in Baltimore. “Temperatures at or near boiling basically cook normal
biological material and destroy proteins, lipids and genetic material.”

But high
temperatures are not the only problem faced by organisms in the springs. Some
pools are very acidic, close to pH2, whilst others are very alkaline and go up
to pH10.5.

You can easily
fall into the boiling clay or inhale poisonous fumes

The waters can be
very salty, and many pools are rich in potassium, boric acid, silicic acid and
sulphate. There is little oxygen in the pools, as at high temperatures less
oxygen can dissolve in water.

Conditions are so
challenging that no complex organisms can survive them. Animals generally
struggle when they are exposed to temperatures much above 50C – true even of
the Pink Pompeii worms that live next to deep-sea hydrothermal vents spewing
out water at 400C onto the ocean floor.

Most living
creatures that thrive in extremely hot environments are single-celled bacteria
or archaea. These are the simplest life forms on Earth, and probably the
oldest. They consist of just one cell and lack the more sophisticated cell
machinery that more advanced organisms have.

Keen to learn
more about the types of creatures found in the boiling pools, and making sure
to keep a lookout for the occasional bear, the international team of scientists
has collected samples and analysed the DNA they contain for clues to the
microbes’ extreme resilience. When exploring the hydrothermal fields, the
scientists wore thick rubber boots up to the thigh, just in case they
accidentally broke through the crust to the boiling water below.

Many of them can
grow using carbon monoxide, which is normally an extremely toxic gas

They found a
whole host of microorganisms, including entirely new species never seen before.

Desulfurella acetivorans, for instance, is a bacterium that
thrives in pools at 58C. It feeds on organic acetate in the pool. Rather than
breathing oxygen, these microbes get their energy from volcanic sulphur through
a process known as sulphur reduction.

Then there is Thermoproteus uzoniensis. This new species of archaea was found
thriving in the hot springs, steam vents, mud holes and soils in the Uzon
Caldera and Geyser Valley.

The rod-shaped
microbes can survive in waters close to boiling point by feeding on the
fermented remains of organic molecules called peptides. They also use sulphur
reduction for energy. Scientists believe that strains of closely related T.
uzoniensis are so common across the region because they are being carried
between pools by wind, water, birds or even bears.

Acidilobus aceticus is so named because of the extreme
acidity – pH2 – of the hot spring in which it was found. The acidic water was
also very hot, at 92C. The microbe feeds on fermented starch and, again, uses
sulphur to power its metabolism.

It is not just
sulphur ‘breathing’ microbes that thrive in hot pools and geysers, though.
Bacteria growing on other volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and iron and nitrates were also found.

The scientists
wore thick rubber boots up to the thigh, just in case they accidentally broke
through the crust to the boiling water below

“We found a great
many different species of thermophilic [heat adapted] bacteria from Kamchatka,”
says Robb. “An unusual feature of the system is that many of them can grow
using carbon monoxide, which is normally an extremely toxic gas.”

The biggest and
hottest pool in the Uzon Caldera is the Bourlyashchy Pool. The name is Russian
for ‘bubbling’, and is so called because of the gases that are constantly being
released from it.

At 97C it is the
hottest thermal environment ever studied for signs of life on land. But in one
of the most recent expeditions to the site, researchers found a large number of
microbes living there.

Many of the
bacteria found in the pool were of the order Aquificales, which have also been
found in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park in the western US. The
microorganisms get their energy from hydrogen in the pool.

Not all of the
microbes in Kamchatka are new species. Some have been seen before, in hot
springs in Yellowstone, Iceland and New Zealand. These tiny life forms have
carved out a niche for themselves in Earth’s hottest and most inhospitable
environs, but what allows them to do so?

The bacteria and
archaea found in Kamchatka – and in other hot springs around the world – have
unique adaptations that allow them to thrive at high temperatures.

The world record
for surviving hot temperatures has been raised several times now

Normally the
lipid membranes which encase living cells fall apart above 50C, as the ester
bonds between the fats break down. Some hot spring microbes get around the
problem by using special ether bonds instead of esters, which are sturdier and
more robust.

That is just the
start, though. Proteins and enzymes that power all the chemical reactions
inside cells denature and unravel at high temperatures, as does DNA.

The microbes have
found ways to deal with the problem. Special sequences of amino acids appear to
reinforce the proteins and protect them, whilst charged particles called ions
buried inside the proteins may also make them more stable.

Another weapon in
the thermophilic bacteria’s arsenal is a special category of molecules called
heat shock proteins. These act as molecular chaperones and prevent proteins
that have unravelled from sticking together. They also actively refold proteins
that have collapsed from the heat, allowing the proteins to start functioning
again.

There is also
evidence that proteins in thermophilic microbes are more densely packed and
compact than normal, which protects them from unravelling. And there may be
extra bonds between different parts of each protein’s intricate 3D structure,
helping to make the molecule more stable.

The microbe
thrives at 121C and there are claims that it can even survive for two hours at
130C

Together, these
strategies allow some microbes to push against the boundaries we once thought
were vital for life to survive. The world record for surviving hot temperatures
has been raised several times now.

A few years ago
it was held by Pyrolobus fumarii, a species of archaea found in a black
smoker hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor in the middle of the Atlantic.
P. fumarii can live perfectly happily in 113C waters.

Since then,
another group of scientists has found a microbe from deep-sea vents that is
able to survive at 122C. And there are hints that even this is not the ultimate
limit for life.

A new microbe,
for now called “Strain 121”, has since been discovered in a thermal vent deep
in the Pacific Ocean. The microbe thrives at 121C and there are claims that it
can even survive for two hours at 130C. However the finding is still
contentious, as the strain has not been made publicly available to study.

“Thermophilic
microorganisms have special mechanisms that allow their biopolymers (proteins
and nucleic acids) to maintain their structure and functionality at high
temperatures,” explains Bonch-Osmolovskaya. “Membranes of thermophiles are also
different, those of bacteria contain more saturated fatty acids, while in
archaea the stability of membranes is caused by the presence of special lipids
called isoprenoid ethers.”

From the above information
shows that microorganisms that can live in frozen areas and also microorganisms
can live in hot areas. Frozen areas and very hot areas, humans can not live. Humans
can live in cool area or zone with 20 – 40 degree Celsius. This
is in accordance with the Qur'an, which reads:

وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاء كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا
يُؤْمِنُونَ

“And made from water
every living thing? Then will they not believe?”

The
Qur'an explains that humans and aliens live in water areas. Or an area with
temperature 20 to 40 degrees Celsius. It means alien can live on planets like
earth outside our solar system.This is the picture:

Photo

Conclusion:

Al-Qur'an explains that:

1.Human for the living on earth and
alien beyond the earth (the heaven).

2.Alienlive on water zone or planets like earth with temperature 20 – 40 degree Celsius and outside
our solar system.

Summary
The water zone of planet is key of alien.
What's the water zone of planet?
The water zone of planet is planet where organism or alien can live