Fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Amphotericin B (AMB), with broad-spectrum antifungal activity, has long been recognized as a powerful...

Mn3O4 aerogels and their graphene nanosheet (GN) composite aerogels were synthesized by a simple supercritical-ethanol process. In the process, supercritical ethanol acted as a reductant to reduce gra...

This paper reviews the research progress made in China regarding the microstructure of the forewing trabeculae, their anti-peeling and anti-collisional mechanical properties, the three-dimensional (3D...

Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) is a rigid semi-crystalline polymer with outstanding mechanical properties, bone-like stiffness and suitable biocompatibility that has attracted much interest as a biomat...

Metals and their alloys have been widely used in all aspects of science, engineering and medicine. Metals in biomedical devices are used due to their inertness and structural functions. They are gener...

IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan...

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), which are activated by mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, actively participate in mechanisms that affect the structure and function of blood vessels. Although e...

In the intestine, a single layer of epithelial cells sealed together at their apical surfaces by tight junctions helps to prevent the luminal commensal and pathogenic micro-organisms and their toxins ...

Romagnolo and colleagues report that Atg7 deficiency has a tumour-suppressive role in the intestinal epithelium, by inducing a microbiome-influenced immune response and inhibiting tumour growth throug...

The soil environment harbors a diverse range of bacteria, many of which could potentially be detrimental if they are able to gain entry to plant tissues. We are interested in determining how the host ...

To evaluate the clinical mechanisms of action in lung and extrapulmonary systems of VX-661
in combination with ivacaftor (IVA) (VX-661/IVA) in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) who
are ho...

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Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions

Cell-in-cell Formation

The mechanisms by which a cell becomes internalized in another. The host cell may engulf another as do PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, or the host cell may be invaded by another cell (ENTOSIS), or internalization processes may involve the cooperation of both the host cell and the cell being internalized. Viable cells may remain in non-phagocytic cells (EMPERIPOLESIS), undergo cell division, pass through and then out of the host cell (TRANSCELLULAR CELL MIGRATION), or trigger APOPTOSIS of the invaded cell.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal.

Bacterial Secretion Systems

Processes that translocate macromolecules across the cell envelope of gram negative bacteria, often directly into the host. These effectors modulate the defense response and thereby facilitate survival of the pathogen.

Chemokine Ccl2

A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.