..Limitations of the study include a small and relatively high functioning sample. We conclude that contextual factors are important in determining how confrontation is experienced. Larger studies with more diverse samples are warranted...

..Although SLHs can be used as housing referrals after inpatient treatment, while clients attend outpatient treatment, after incarceration, or as an alternative to treatment, they have been understudied and underutilized...

..Particular attention is paid to the structure and philosophy of SLHs and purported therapeutic factors. It ends with the presentation of baseline data describing the residents who enter SLHs and six-month outcomes on 130 residents...

..g., criminal justice or welfare) or relationships (e.g., family or friends). Research has also shown that pressure can facilitate treatment entry. However, few studies have assessed how pressure from different sources varies...

..Helping others is evident in the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous, and is emphasized in formal treatment. However, helping among recovering alcoholics has not been studied, in part because of a lack of helping measures...

..The findings suggest that individuals with higher psychiatric severity may need assistance from their peers or professional service providers to develop a spiritual life, serve as a sponsor for others, or complete the steps of AA...

..Confrontation from multiple sources requires more focus, including confrontation from treatment peers, family members, the workplace, the legal system, social welfare workers, and medical professionals...

..g., criminal justice and mental health). Findings will help clarify the types of confrontations that facilitate recovery from addiction and those that are counterproductive. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]..