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Travelers must declare upon entry or departure at Customs if they are traveling with more than Algerian dinar or foreign currency that exceeds euros or the equivalent. The official exchange rate may vary considerably from the actual exchange rate on the street. It is illegal to change money on the black market, and you should only exchange foreign currency at banks or authorized currency exchange locations, such as major hotels.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Every summer, public health authorities report limited occurrences of water-borne diseases, such as typhoid. There have been a few recent reported cases of H1N1. The flu vaccine is available in Algeria. More information is available via the U. Travel and Transportation Road Conditions and Safety: According to local media, Algeria has the fourth highest vehicular accident rate in the world.

Problems include poorly maintained roads, a lack of roadway signage, insufficient vehicle maintenance, defective, pirated auto parts, driver fatigue, and reckless and unskilled drivers. Lack of enforcement continues to be a major problem. While emergency response resources are adequate in Algiers and other populated cities, this is not the case in rural areas. Travel overland, particularly in the southern regions, may require a permit issued by the Algerian government.

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As there is no direct commercial air service to the United States by carriers registered in Algeria, the U. Mariners planning travel to Algeria should check for U. Fact Sheet Last Updated: May 9, Travel Advisory Levels.Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements The Government of Belarus offers a limited visa free entry program for some travelers.

Visitors who enter through the international airport in Minsk and stay for five days or less including the days of arrival and departuredo not need a visa — unless they are arriving from the Russian Federation or will depart to the Russian Federation. Furthermore, this five day visa-free option is not available to travelers who enter Belarus by car or train. Travelers using diplomatic, official or service, and other special passports still require a visa.

More detailed information about five day visa free travel can be found at Belarus Ministry of Foreign Affairs webpage.

Registration must be completed within five business days of arrival. A passport is required to enter and transit Belarus. If you are staying more than five calendar days, you will also require a visa. If you are staying fewer than five calendar days, you may be eligible for visa free entry see above.

Foreign citizens entering on a tourist or business visa may not stay in Belarus for more than 90 days total during any calendar year, including dates of entry and departure. You must show proof of valid health insurance when applying for a visa. A copy of the policy must be submitted to the consular officer at the time of visa application as proof of purchase.

You should carry a copy of the policy with you at all times. Travelers may purchase the required health insurance upon arrival at Minsk National Airport. The fee for a five day policy is six Euros. Please note that fees may change. Travelers should visit the Embassy of Belarus website for the most current information.

Visit the Belarusian Embassy web site for the latest visa information.

Your passport should be valid for at least three months beyond the period of stay if you plan on transiting a Schengen country. You will need sufficient proof of funds and a return airline ticket.

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For additional details about travel into and within Schengen countries, please see our Traveling In Europe page. We recommend you verify this information with the Embassy of Belarus before you travel. Safety and Security Credible information indicates terrorist groups continue plotting possible attacks in Europe. European governments are taking action to guard against terrorist attacks.

All European countries remain potentially vulnerable to attacks from transnational terrorist organizations. Demonstrations intended to be peaceful can sometimes become confrontational. For this reason, it is recommended that U. Demonstrations, both organized and spontaneous, are infrequent in Belarus. Localized street disturbances relating to political events are more likely in Minsk or larger cities than in smaller towns and villages.

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Authorities have used force to disperse demonstrators, including those who are peacefully demonstrating. Bystanders, including foreign nationals, may face the possibility of arrest or detention. Foreigners may be placed under surveillance.

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Hotel rooms, telephones, and fax machines may be monitored, and personal possessions in hotel rooms may be searched. Taking photographs of anything that could be perceived as being of military or security interest may result in problems with authorities; these sites are not always clearly marked and application of these restrictions is subject to interpretation.

Belarus has a low rate of street crime. Violent crime against foreigners is rare; criminals have been known to use force if met with resistance from victims. Exercise caution when visiting bars, casinos and night clubs, and do not leave your drink unattended; there have been reports of travelers being drugged and subsequently robbed or assaulted while visiting night clubs.

Prostitutes at hotels may attempt to open hotel room doors in search of customers. Local and transnational organized criminal activity exists in Belarus. Most casinos and adult clubs are operated by criminal elements and should be avoided.

Theft of vehicle parts and car vandalism is common. Sport-utility and luxury vehicles tend to be the most sought-after. Parking in a secure area overnight is highly recommended. Internet-Dating Schemes and Cyber-Crime: Often, potential suitors in the United States lose thousands of dollars sending money to people they have never met and will never hear from again. Cyber-crime is well developed in Belarus.

If doing business electronically with persons or firms in Belarus, proceed with extreme caution. Use only ATMs located inside major banks. Use of credit and debit cards is not recommended; there have been reports of U. Be aware that due to a lack of tourism infrastructure in Belarus, transferring funds from abroad, replacing stolen traveler's checks or airline tickets, or canceling credit cards can be difficult in Belarus. Counterfeit and pirated goods are widely available. Transactions involving such products may be illegal under local law.

We recommend that you report any crimes immediately to the local police and to the U. Report crimes to the local police by dialing and contact the U.

Remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crime that occurs in Belarus.The poor, so this logic goes, need government assistance if they are to get a good education, which helps explain why, in the United States, many school choice enthusiasts believe that the only way the poor can get the education they deserve is through vouchers or charter schools, proxies for those better private or independent schools, paid for with public funds.

But if we reflect on these beliefs in a foreign context and observe low-income families in underprivileged and developing countries, we find these assumptions lacking: For the past two years I have overseen research on such schools in India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa. The project, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, was inspired by a serendipitous discovery of mine while I was engaged in some consulting work for the International Finance Corporation, the private finance arm of the World Bank.

Taking time off from evaluating an elite private school in Hyderabad, India, I stumbled on a crowd of private schools in slums behind the Charminar, the 16th-century tourist attraction in the central city. It was something that I had never imagined, and I immediately began to wonder whether private schools serving the poor could be found in other countries.

That question eventually took me to five countries—Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, India, and China—and to dozens of different rural and urban locales, all incredibly poor.

These are in vastly different settings, but my research teams and I found large numbers of private schools for low-income families, many of which showed measurable achievement advantage over government schools serving equally disadvantaged students.

In each country I visited, officials from national governments and international agencies that donate funds for the expansion of state-run education denied that private education for the poor even existed. In the slums of Hyderabad, India, a typical private school would be in a converted house, in a small alleyway behind bustling and noisy streets, or above a shop.

Classrooms are dark, by Western standards, with no doors hung in the doorways, and noise from the streets outside easily entering through the barred but unglazed windows. Walls are painted white, but discolored by pollution, heat, and the general wear-and-tear of the children; no pictures or work is hung on them.

Children will usually be in a school uniform and sitting at rough wooden desks. Generally, there are about 25 students in a class, a decent teacher-to-student ratio, but the tiny rooms always seem crowded. Often the top floor of the building will have various construction work going on to extend the number of classrooms. The school proprietor will usually live in a couple of rooms at the back of the building.

In rural Ghana, a typical private school might consist of an open-air structure, often no more than a tin roof supported by wooden poles, on a small plot of land. In the slums of Nairobi, Kenya, private schools are made from the same materials as every other building: Floors are usually mud, roofs sometimes thatched.

Children will not be in uniform and will usually be sitting on homemade wooden benches. In the dry season, the wind will blow dust through the cracks in the walls; in the rainy season, the playground will become a pond, and the classroom floors mud baths. Teaching continues, however, through most of these intemperate interruptions. In order to conduct research in five countries from my base in Newcastle, England, I recruited teams of researchers from reputable local universities and nongovernmental organizations NGOs.

While fielding the research crews, I visited dozens of likely study sites, always in low-income areas, and always found private schools for the poor. I also visited government offices to gain permission to conduct the research. In the end, all of the chosen countries, apart from China, were rated by the Oxfam Education Report as countries where education needs were not being met by government systems.

Though China is ranked relatively high on the Oxfam index, we wanted to include it in our study because of the dramatic political and economic changes there in the past several decades. Because of the threat of SARS, however, our first research team spent a long period in quarantine and thus our research there is not yet complete.

Other countries were chosen for a mixture of practical and substantive reasons. I was particularly interested in Kenya, where free elementary education had just been introduced to much acclaim. How would this affect private schools for the poor, should they exist? I had conducted research earlier in Hyderabad, India, was familiar with the terrain, and had many contacts in government and the private sector, so it seemed sensible to continue the project there.

And because of a chance meeting with the Ghanaian minister of education at a conference in Italy, we were invited to that western African nation. Many difficulties emerged that I had not taken account of as the project progressed. Heavy rains prevented the research teams from moving around in both Ghana and Nigeria for weeks at a time; intense heat delayed work for days in Hyderabad; early snowfalls hampered movement in the mountains of China.

But above all, a major difficulty was getting the extended research teams to take seriously the notion that we really were interested in the low-key, unobtrusive private schools that apparently were easily dismissed. In each of the settings, on unannounced quality control visits, I found unrecognized private schools that had not been reported by the teams.

For our survey, we canvassed three zones in the Old City Bandlaguda, Bhadurpura, and Charminarwith a population of aboutabout 22 percent of all of Hyderabadcovering an area of some 19 square miles.

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In these areas alone our team found schools: The last group is, in effect, a black market in education, operating entirely without both state funding and regulation. In terms of total student enrollment in the slum areas of the three zones, with schools, 76 percent of all schoolchildren attended either recognized or unrecognized private schools, with roughly the same percentage of children in the unrecognized private schools as in government schools see Figure 1.

What is clear from our research is that these private schools are not mom-and-pop day-care centers or living-room home schools. The average unrecognized school had about 8 teachers and children, two-thirds in rented buildings of the type described above.

The average recognized school was larger and usually situated in a more comfortable building, with 18 teachers and about children.

Another key difference between the recognized and unrecognized schools is that the former have stood the test of time in the education market: Fees amount to about 7 percent of average monthly earnings in a typical household using a private unrecognized school. For the poorest children, the schools provide scholarships or subsidized places: In effect, the poor are subsidizing the poorest.

With a population of aboutGa includes poor fishing villages along the coast, subsistence farms inland, and large dormitory towns for workers serving the industries and businesses of Accra itself. Most of the district lacks basic social amenities such as potable water, sewage systems, electricity, and paved roads.

In total, 33, children were found in unrecognized private schools, or about 15 percent of children enrolled in school see Figure 2. However, many of the poorest schools allow a daily fee to be paid so that, for instance, a poor fisherman could send his daughter to school on the days he had funds and allow her to make up for the days she missed.

Thus the cost of private schools, we found, can sometimes be less than that of government ones. Unlike India, where there are restrictions on private-school ownership private schools must be owned by a society or trustin Ga the vast majority of private schools 82 percent of recognized and 93 percent of unrecognized are run by individual proprietors; most of the rest are owned and managed by charitable organizations. Sometimes, as is common in other African countries, such schools rent church buildings or use Christian-related names, but only in a few cases are the schools run by churches.

Often it is the school that subsidizes the church rather than the other way around! Gansu, China With It has an average elevation of over 3, feet and 75 percent of its population is rural, with illiteracy rates among people aged 15 or older at nearly 20 percent for men and 40 percent for women.

Given the paucity of information on private schools, I asked my research teams to survey each major town in each of the counties designated as impoverished more than 40 of them and to visit as many of the outlying villages accessible to them as they could. In the major towns and the larger villages, all of them crowded and bustling, there is always a public school, usually a fine two-story building that sports a plaque marking it as a recipient of some kind of foreign aid.

But researchers had to abandon their cars and either walk or hitch a ride on one of the ubiquitous and noisy three-wheeled farm vehicles to travel up the steeper mountain paths to clusters of houses in smaller villages to find the private schools.

And there, nestled on mountain ridges, were stone or brick houses converted to schools, with the proprietor or headmaster living with his family in one or two of its rooms. Occasionally, the school had been built, by the villagers, to be used as a school. Over and over again, researchers followed these trails high into the arid mountains and, in the end, discovered a total of private schools, of them serving some 61, children in the most remote villages. These private schools are serving some of the poorest people on the planet.

But surprisingly, the schools, which depend on tuition, are also cheaper than government schools. Kibera, Kenya In Kenya we conducted our censuses in three urban slums of Nairobi Kibera, Mukuru, and Kawangwarewhere, according to Kenyan government officials, there were no private schools. The picture in each was similar; here I describe the findings for Kibera only. Mud-walled, corrugated iron-roofed settlements huddle along the old Uganda Railway for several miles and crowd along steep narrow mud tracks until Kibera reaches the posh suburbs.

In this setting, we found 76 private elementary and high schools, enrolling more than 12, students. The schools are typically run by local entrepreneurs, a third ofwhom are women who have seen the possibility of making a living from running a school. Again, many of the schools offered free places to the poorest, including orphans. The reality may be very different. Private-school owners in Kibera alone reported a total enrollment decline of some 6, after Free Primary Education was initiated; some schools closed altogether.

We estimated that about 4, children had been enrolled in 25 schools that we confirmed had closed as a result of FPE. At the same time five government primary schools on the periphery of Kibera that served the slums reported a total increase of only about 3, children during this period. That is, since the introduction of free elementary education, there appeared to have been a net decline in attendance of nearly 8, children from one slum alone!

Clearly, these figures are based on the reported decline by school owners and may be exaggerated. But they also suggest the possibility that government and international intervention had the effect of crowding out private enterprise. Private Education for the Poor Is Low Quality It is a common assumption among development experts that private schools for the poor are worse than public schools.

This is not to say that they have a particularly high view of public education. The Oxfam Education Report published in is typical.

While the author acknowledges the existence of high-quality private providers, he contends that these are elite, well-resourced schools that are inaccessible to the poor. They instead point out that private schools employ untrainedteachers who are paid much less than their government counterparts and that buildings and facilities are grossly inadequate. Both of these observations are largely true. But does that mean that private schools are inferior, particularly against the weight of parental preferences to the contrary?

One Ghanaian school owner challenged me when I observed that her school building was little more than a corrugated iron roof on rickety poles and that the government school, just a few hundred yards away, was a smart new school building. In our hearts, we love the children and do our best for them. Facilities and Resources The issue of the relative quality of private and public schools was at the core of our research, and we relied on both data on school resources and day-to-day operations and on student achievement scores.

Our researchers first called unannounced at schools and asked for a tour, noted what teachers were doing, made an inventory of facilities, and administered detailed questionnaires. Certainly, in some countries the facilities in the private schools were markedly inferior to those in the public schools.

In China, where the researchers were asked to locate a public school in the village nearest to where they had found a private school, often many miles away, private-school facilities were generally worse than in those publicly provided. This was predictable, given that the private schools undercut the public ones in fees and served the poorest villages, where there were no public schools.

In Gansu province, desks were available in classrooms in 88 percent of private schools, compared with 97 percent of public schools; 66 percent of private schools had chairs or benches in classrooms, compared with 76 percent of public schools. In Kenya, parallel results would be expected, given that the private schools surveyed were located in the slums, while the public schools were on the periphery, accommodating both poor and middle-class children.

However, given that there were only 5 government schools on the periphery of Kibera, but 76 private schools within the slum, statistical comparisons would make little sense. In Hyderabad, however, on every input, including the provision of blackboards, playgrounds, desks, drinking water, toilets, and separate toilets for boys and girls, both types of private schools, recognized and unrecognized, were superior to the government schools.

While only 78 percent of the government schools had blackboards in every classroom, the figures were 96 percent and 94 percent for private recognized and unrecognized schools, respectively.

In only half the government schools were toilets provided for children, compared with percent and 96 percent of the recognized and unrecognized private schools.