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SUMMARY
I
ntroduction
:
The number of patients with prostate cancer is increasing. A connection between
the cancer and the environme
ntal factors has been found; tw
o out of three deaths caused by
prostate cancer can be prevented if one abandoned the exposur
e to risk factors.
G
oals
:
To
determine:
o
ccupational ris
ks connected to prostate cancer;
c
arcinogenic risks of professional
exposure to risk factors in connection to intensity and the lenght of exposure period; the
connection between the exposure to risk
factors at work place and the age of the patient
diagnosed with prostate cancer.
S
ubjects and methods
:
We have conducted a prospective
control study through questionnaires and analysis about potential
occupational
risk factors at
workplace to define the d
evelopment of prostate cancer in Zenica
-
Doboj canton. We have
analysed subjects
′ exposure to carcinogens (frequency, intensity, lenght or exposure measured in
years), their mutual connection to beginnings of prostate cancer and also the combination of
confusing deteriorating habit factors such as smoking and alcohol abuse. One thousa
nd (1 000)
subjects participated in the survey: 250 subjects (subject
’s
group) who have been diagnosed with
cancer histopathologically and clinically, 250 subjects ( the first control group) diagnosed with
other types of carcinoma and 500 subjects (the se
cond control group)
who haven
′
t been
diagnosed with any type
of malignant diseases.
The subjets in the second control group have had
screenings for suspected cancer by testing PSA in blood. The subjects whose PSA values haven
′
t
been refe
rential were a part of the second subj
ect sub
-
group. All the subjects were males, about
45 years of age, who have been treated by their family medicine teams. This clinical r
esearch
was conducted through su
rveys and blood screening tests; and the instrument used was the
questionnaire especiall
y designed for this research.
R
esults
:
We have found some differences in
the frequency of exposure to carcinogens connected to work place between the subjects
diagnosed with prostate cancer and the subjects without the carcinome. The difference lies in the
exposure to following carcinogens:
r
adioactive matter (P <0.001),
l
ead and mercury (P = 0.009),
a
rsenic ( P<0.001),
w
ood dust ( P=0.001),
o
ther heavy metals ( P=0.046),
p
etrol and oil
(P<
0.002),
o
rganic solvents (P=0.040),
o
ther oils (P=0.040)
.
There are
n
′t any statistically
significant differences between carcinogens connected to work place, except for petrol and oil
(P=0.011) betwe
en the subjects of both groups w
ith carcinome. The prevalance rate is very high
in exposure to benzene.
However, there are s
tatistically significant differences in the frequency
of exposure for both carcinogens, which are characteristic to agriculture, between the subjects
diagnosed with prostate cancer and the ones without the carcinoma: pesticides ( P<0.001) and
compost ( P<
0.001).
There aren
′t any statistically significant differences in the frequency of
exposure to pesticides and compost between the subjests with prostate cancer and subjects with
other types of carcinoma.
Living
in the country, being retired and employment status,
dwelling
and higher property status can all be considerd as risk factors for prostate cancer in relation to
other types of carcinoma. Other significant risk factors for prostate cancer are:
b
rother being
diagnosed with prostate cancer (OR=1.26)
,
e
xposure t
o difficult life situations (OR=1.7)
,
s
tress
(OR=1.10)
.
It has been established that the following factors are very significant for the
development of prostate cancer in relation to carcinoma absence:
t
he period of smoking
(OR=1.15)
,
s
moking at work place
(OR=1.16)
,
d
aily alcohol consummation (OR=1.24)
,
Significant risk factors for prostate cancer in relation to other types of carcinoma are:
t
he period
of smoking (OR=1.53)
,
s
moking at work place (OR=1.27)
.
The obtained values OR (odds ratio),
which have be
en marked, as well as their statistical level significance (P<0.05) show that the
following can be considerd as predictors for prostate cancer in relation to healthy subjects:
pesticides, wood dust, oil and oil products,
other
oils and compost.
All the p
erimeters of working
period in time are statistically significant risk factors in cancer development:
w
orking in shifts
(OR=1.128)
,
in
crease in weekly number of working hours (OR=2.075)
,
o
vertime (OR=1.088)
.
Professional carcinogenic risk shortens the late
nt period of prostate carcinoma and mostly occurs
at the age of <55 or between the ages of 55
-
60, and not the age of >70 (it shortens the latent
perion from
-
15
-
10 years)
.
C
onclusion
:
Focusing on
the preventin of risk factors
, regular visits
to urologist
and PSA test screening in blood with male population at the age of
≤45 can reduce
th
e illness rate and generally
help to increase the level of health and life quality.