Materi Bahasa Inggris

Minggu, 11 Desember 2011

first of all written climb to praise and thank the presence of Allah SWT of blessing and blessing, so that report entitling " Material English Language " have been finished better without there is any resistance. writer realize that making of this report possible there is still insuffiency, by that because of writer conveniently accept suggestion and criticism which good for the shake perfection of making of writer report expectation hopefully this report good for side reading it.

The ABSTRACT is not a part of the body of the report itself. Rather, the
abstract is a brief summary of the report contents that is often
separately circulated so potential readers can decide whether to read
the report. The abstract should very concisely summarize the whole
report: why it was written, what was discovered or developed, and what
is claimed to be the significance of the effort. The abstract does not
include figures or tables, and only the most significant numerical
values or results should be given.Introduction:

The INTRODUCTION should provide a clear statement of the problem posed
by the project, and why the problem is of interest. It should reflect
the scenario, if available. If needed, the introduction also needs to
present background information so that the reader can understand the
significance of the problem. A brief summary of the unique
approach your group used to solve the problem should be given, possibly
also including a concise introduction to theory or concepts used later
to analyze and to discuss the results.Materials and Methods:

The purpose of the MATERIALS AND METHODS section is to describe the
materials, apparatus, and procedures used to carry out the measurements.
Most importantly, the section needs to provide a clear presentation of
how key measurements were obtained and how the measurements were
analyzed. This is where the particular approach followed to reach the
project's objectives should be described. The detail should be
sufficient so that the reader can easily understand what was done. An
accurate, schematic diagram depicting the apparatus should be included
and referred to in the text as needed (if a diagram has been already
provided it can be used in the report, provided that the source is
properly referenced). To improve clarity of presentation, this section
may be further divided into subsections (ex. a Materials subsection, an
Apparatus subsection, a Methods or Procedures subsection, etc.).Results:

The RESULTS section is dedicated to presenting the actual results (i.e. measured and calculated quantities), not
to discussing their meaning or intepretation. The results should be
summarized using appropriate Tables and Figures (graphs or schematics).
Every Figure and Table should have a legend that describes concisely
what is contained or shown. Figure legends go below the figure, table
legends above the table. Throughout the report, but especially in this
section, pay attention to reporting numbers with an appropriate number
of significant figures. A formal error analysis (such as, perhaps, was
done in Physics lab) is not necessary. Still, features of the
data-taking and processing that may have especially contributed to
errors should be pointed out. One classical example is the taking of
small differences between large numbers; for instance, 11.5+0.2 - 10.8+ 0.3 yields a very large fractional error (about 70 %) on the resulting difference, 0.7+0.5. Another procedure that usually increases error is numerical differentiation. Discussion:

The DISCUSSION interprets the results in light of the project's
objectives. The most important goal of the DISCUSSION section is to
interpret the results so that the reader is informed of the insight or
answers that the results provide. The DISCUSSION should also present an
evaluation of the particular approach taken by the group. For example:
Based on the results, how could the experimental procedure be improved?
What additional, future work may be warranted? What recommendations can
be drawn? Conclusions:

The CONCLUSIONS should summarize the central points made in the
Discussion section, reinforcing for the reader the value and
implications of the work. If the results were not definitive, specific
future work that may be needed can be (briefly) described. The
conclusions should never contain "surprises". Therefore, any
conclusions should be based on observations and data already discussed.
It is considered extremely bad form to introduce new data in the
conclusions.References:

The REFERENCES section should contain complete citations following
standard form. The form of the citation depends on the type of source
being referenced, and is different for whole books, chapters in books,
and articles published in a journal. One good format to follow is that
used in the Chemical Engineering Progress journal, published by
AIChE. The references should be numbered and listed in the order they
were cited in the body of the report. In the text of the report, a
particular reference can be cited by using a numerical superscript that
corresponds to its number in the reference list. If a reference has not
been actually consulted, it should be listed "as discussed in [name of
the work that discussed the reference]".Additional Remarks:

Writing Style

Reports should be as long as they need to be -- no longer. Brevity
is desirable, provided the necessary information is properly
communicated. Some suggestions: Avoid reproducing standard information,
for example, calibration curves. Avoid appendices unless there is a
specific reason for them. Consider each sentence - does it meaningfully
contribute to the report?

The reports should consider the background of the fictitious
person described in the project scenario. The quality of the report can
suffer both from overly detailed as well as too incomplete descriptions.

Only the title page, the abstract, the introduction, and the
references should start on a separate page; the other sections should
not. However, a heading needs to indicate the beginning of each section.
Sub-headings within sections can be an excellent way to further
organize the report.

While scientific writing does not have to be elegant, it must
be precise. To state "The data were plotted and seemed to agree with the
theory." is not precise. To state that "The pressure drop across the
column in inches of water was plotted on log-log coordinates as a
function of air flow rate in cubic feet per minute. The plot, shown in
Figure 3, was close to linear and the slope of the best straight line,
1.92, was close to 2, as predicted by theory." is precise. Also,
whenever possible, phrases such as "small", "large", "greater than",
should be used in conjuction with the actual numbers.

A table or figure should never be inserted into the report without first
referring to that table or figure in the text. Reference to a figure
should include a brief description of what it contains and what it
contributes to the point under consideration. Figures and tables should
be merged into the text or placed on a separate page immediately
following the first page on which they are mentioned; they should not be
collected at the end of the report.

References must be numbered in the order that they are cited.
It is good practice to attribute and acknowledge. The first of these
protects against charges of plagiarism. The second gains friends and
shows a generous nature.

A suitable font is Times Roman, 12 pt.

A uniform verb tense should be used throughout the report, preferably past tense.

The imperative mood, i.e. as if giving directions or orders, should not be used. The purpose is to state what was done, not to tell other people what to do.

Since the reports are formal, the first person (singular "I" or plural "We") should not be used.

Sentences should not start with "It" unless the object that "It" refers to is absolutely clear from the context.

All text should be double-spaced to allow room for comments.

All pages, including figure pages, should be numbered consecutively.

Overly long sentences should be avoided. Two or more short sentences should be used instead.

An excellent way to improve style and grammar is to have others proofread the report.

Needlessly fancy presentation (bold, italic, or underlined
fonts; color in text or figures) should be avoided unless it truly
enhances the clarity of the report.

Figures
Figures are categorized as either graphs or drawings. Graphs should follow engineering standards, not
Excel defaults. Backgrounds should be white, not shaded. Style should
be similar to that found in standard engineering textbooks. Grids should
be appropriate to what the reader is likely to extract from the figure.
Type sizes for coordinates and legends should be appropriate: not too
small, not too large. A sans-serif (e.g. Arial) font works well for
figure legends and coordinate labels. All legends should be within
the graph area, not beside it. Line thickness should be sufficient to
provide for good visibility, but not heavier than necessary.

Figures (drawings, schematics) should be kept simple. Fancy art work and
three-dimensional renditions can be distracting if used
indiscriminately. Below every figure or graph should be a caption that
concisely describes what is shown. Figures and graphs should be numbered
consecutively.

Tables
Tables should be well organized, with unshaded backgrounds. A table
should not include columns that have all entries identical. As with
Figures, a standard engineering textbook can be used as a guide to good
table composition. Tables should be numbered consecutively, and above
each table should be a caption describing the table contents.