Anatomy• Congenital aortic stenosis may be because of annular hypoplasia, abnormalities in cusp and commissural number, cusp mobility or attachment. Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common abnormalityAssociated anomalies• Other left-sided obstructive lesions• Aortic dilation• Coarctation of the aorta

Primary intervention(s)• Relief of coarctation• Surgical options include end-to-end anastomosis, subclavian flap aortoplasty, bypass conduit or patch plasty at the site of coarctation• Balloon angioplasty and stent implant may be used in older children/adults as the primary intervention or for the treatment of recurrent coarctationAdditional procedures• Aortic valve intervention• VSD closure

Anatomy• Heterogeneous group of congenital heart defects that share the common feature of having only one ventricle capable of supporting the pulmonary and systemic circulation.• Examples of predisposing anatomic defects include tricuspid atresia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), double-inlet LV, heterotaxy, and some forms of double-outlet RV