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The Cresset, a journal of commentary on literature, the arts, and public affairs, explores ideas and trends in contemporary culture from a perspective grounded in the Lutheran tradition of scholarship, freedom, and faith while informed by the wisdom of the broader Christian community.

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For a time, it
seemed that books that explored the relation of Christianity and higher education
were tinged with a sort of wistfulness. Though not necessarily nostalgic,
titles such as George M. Marsden’s The Soul of the American University (1994),
Mark Schwehn’s Exiles from Eden (1993), and James Burtchaell’s The
Dying of the Light (1998) were interested in measuring the distance between
a past integrity of faith and learning and their more recent fracture under the
stresses of specialization, corporatization, and, of course, secularization.

While backward glances
at “the dying of the light” punctuate several of the books reviewed here, in
general these authors are optimistic about church-related higher education.
Even when registering significant caveats about the scope of the work still to
be done, these titles emphasize constructive engagement. Several signal a turn
in the conversation about how the life of the mind and the life of the
practicing Christian can best be linked, and how institutions can best be
structured to nurture that conjunction. And while remaining skeptical
about the very notion of “the Christian University,” Stanley Hauerwas also
“assume[s] we are in an in-between time” that can refine Christian universities’
self-understanding and enable them “to produce knowledges that embody the
patience that is an alternative to the world’s impatience” (7–9). Jacobsen and
Hustedt Jacobsen capture the spirit of much contained in these books when they
identify an important distinction and its consequences: “The university is
indeed ‘resolutely secular’—it studies the world as it really exists,” they
note. “But it is not a place dedicated to secularism.… And we now live in a
postsecular world, or, perhaps more accurately, a postsecularist world”
(15). In various ways, the titles gathered for review here test the boundaries
and play with the possibilities of that premise.

The five main
books under discussion here were all nominees for the 2009 Lilly Fellows Program
book prize, which recognizes work that links the Christian intellectual tradition,
whether historical or contemporary, with the practice of teaching or the
context of higher education more broadly. Two are edited collections of essays:
Christianity and the Soul of the University (2006), edited by
Douglas V. Henry and Michael D. Beaty, grew out of a 2004 conference at Baylor
University that examined how faith can nourish “the church-related university’s
aspiration for intellectual community” (9). Half of the essays examine
issues central to such community, from its biblical roots to its necessarily
global character, while the other half elaborate on the specific practices that
can animate that community, ranging from delight to hospitality to the moral
imagination. The American University in a Postsecular Age (2008), the
winner of this year’s Lilly Fellow Program’s Book Prize, includes contributors
from a wide range of institutions and institutional roles. This book similarly
organizes itself along two axes, treating first religion’s place at the
institutional level and in the lives of the faculty and next religion’s role in
students’ experience and in the curriculum.

Two books feature work
previously circulated, partly or wholly, in other forms: The Future of
Christian Learning (2008), by Mark A. Noll and James Turner and
edited by Thomas Albert Howard, prints talks given by Noll and Turner at Gordon
College in 2006 on the potential for productive dialogue between Catholic and
evangelical Christians. While Noll sketches a history of “Christendom” so as to
explore the value of Catholic-evangelical alliances, Turner strikes a more
skeptical note, situating an account of differences between Catholic and evangelical
scholarship and pedagogy in the context of remarks about practical obstacles to
an alliance. The State of the University (2007), by Stanley Hauerwas,
gathers occasional pieces by Hauerwas that share a desire to investigate how a
distinctively Christian form of knowledge can disrupt what he casts as the
complicity of the university with modes of inquiry that serve powers
antithetical to the Gospel.

Catholic Higher Education
(2006),
by Melanie M. Morey and John J. Piderit, S. J., aims at nothing less than a
comprehensive analysis of how Catholic colleges and universities understand,
inadvertently undermine, and can ultimately uphold their mission: using
analyses of interviews with the leaders and administrators of thirty-three
institutions, the authors offer “policy packages” intended to allow schools to
revivify their distinctive Catholic emphasis on an intellectual tradition and
reposition themselves in a competitive “academic marketplace.”

Despite their diversity,
these books share a number of themes that pertain to how Christian institutions
of higher education understand themselves and how they can embody that
self-understanding in their organizational and pedagogical practices. They
share a sense that a “postmodern” and “postsecular” moment has arrived that
makes space at the table for religious accounts of truth that can serve as a
potent resource for colleges and universities to use in defining their mission
to form people in the pursuit of knowledge. The “sovereign[ty]” of unassisted
reason, Mark U. Edwards Jr. writes, “has given way to newer, more provisional
claims and greater awareness of the limits to human knowledge. In the present
context, it is hard to see how the kind of objectivity that once seemed to set
scholarship apart from the subjectivity of religion can be reconstructed” (American
University 89).

However gratifying it
may be for the faithful to reclaim this space at the table, Robert Wuthnow
cautions that doing so should not entail the reduction of religion to a form of
identity politics. If approached uncritically, avenues for religious commitment
on campuses today can offer a “devil’s bargain” in which faith is an aspect “of
personal biography… rather than anything resembling truth” (39). Wuthnow
instead proposes a strategy of “intentional reframing” that “recognizes that
the pursuit of knowledge is always flawed by self-interest, academic politics,
and other human limitations,” but nevertheless entails a faithful commitment to
serve the larger goods the university values (41). John J. DiIulio Jr. builds
on Wuthnow’s account of a potentially productive tension between secular and
religious constituencies in his defense of “nonsectarian principles” that can
structure genuine dialogue: “the right to dissent or debate on matters of
religion,” DiIulio writes, “entails the responsibility to converse in ways that
translate private religious convictions into publicly accessible reasons” (61).
A measured acceptance of the postmodern moment, then, involves not so much the
insistence on religious truth as a source of subjective meaning as the
cultivation of an audience who will be open to and a vocabulary that will
articulate the distinctive truth of religious belief.

One aspect of that distinctive truth to which authors in
these books return many times is the Christian vision of all knowledge as a
unified whole—a vision that can anchor both scholarship and institutional
integrity. Henry and Beaty highlight “the properly communitarian character of
the well-formed Christian college or university” (Soul of a Christian
University 11), and the extent to which that communitarianism derives from
a conviction that all academic work aims at the unfolding of a truth more than
the sum of its disciplinary parts. This conviction, several authors propose,
may counter the fragmentation of institutional identity—what Hauerwas describes
as “the incoherence of the university” (State of the University 15)—that
can develop out of disciplinary pressures to specialize. To make all academic
work a common project, John C. Polkinghorne proposes “a temperate recognition
that different forms of rational discussion are needed for different forms of encounter
with reality, but the nature of these forms is controlled by the nature of the
reality encountered” (Soul of a Christian University 51–2). Polkinghorne
proposes theology (as distinct, he notes, from “religious studies”) as a
discipline in its own right but also a meta-­discipline whose assumption of
God’s unity and goodness can integrate disciplinary insights and reveal their
underlying moral claims (61–4). While Hauerwas agrees that “the university… has
abandoned the theological task of studying that which is inimitably real” (23),
he uses John Henry Newman’s work to argue that philosophy, rather than
theology, is, in Newman’s own words “a science of sciences” (25). For Hauerwas,
theology’s job is to prod philosophy to offer a framework in which particular
disciplinary self-understandings can be knit into a comprehensive framework for
understanding how knowledge arises (29).

For Hauerwas and others,
insisting on the unity of knowledge matters because the disciplinary
reintegration it enables can in turn help colleges and universities to resist a
commercializing spirit that would appropriate and instrumentalize the pursuit
of knowledge. Hauerwas is perhaps the most stridently prophetic voice here,
though a number of authors pick up on what might be called an incarnational
emphasis that aims to check the dissociation of intellectual work from its
properly moral context. “The incoherence of university curriculums,” he argues,
“reflects the university’s commitment to legitimate the abstraction effected by
money” (98). Shaped by the conviction that rapprochement between the church and
institutions of the state is its own “devil’s bargain,” Hauerwas’s argument
against corporatization involves a call to counter the language of abstraction
that mystifies the operations of power with a modest and vulnerable mode of
“witness” that, in a formulation he borrows from Wendell Berry, involves
standing by one’s words. Such accountability “requires that ‘a system’ exist
that secures the conviction that the truth can be known, but never all truth”
(101). This then is a further argument for knowledge’s integration, and for an
epistemic humility inconsistent with the sweeping claims for knowledge fostered
by those whose instrumentalizing fantasies go so far, as Hauerwas notes, to
propose that knowledge will help us cheat death (101).

What about the
practical side of things? Richard B. Hays grounds the claim for community in a reading
of 1 John that emphasizes truth’s home in koinonia, in fellowship. The
modern university needs “an epistemology of love,” Hays suggests, if it is to
resist serving or even promoting a culture of competition and profit for its
own sake (Soul of a Christian University 30). Practical strategies for restoring
community emerge in Noll’s account of areas of potential rapprochement between
Catholics and evangelicals: evangelicals too ready to detach themselves from
the culture can learn from the sacramental perspective of Catholics, he
suggests, while Catholics too ready to let others lead can learn from the
evangelical emphasis on personal commitment and individual action (69). Joel A.
Carpenter gives a bracing overview of the necessarily global context in which
Christians must think about their educational mission, arguing that “Christian
scholars must reorient their course” according to the redistribution of vital
Christian communities in the global south and developing world—a reorientation
that is not just theoretical but might dictate the development of scholarship
in new directions and the funding of projects that take into account the world
church (Soul of a Christian University 66).

Several of these works,
then, call in different ways for a rethinking of the relation between Christian
colleges and universities and the broader culture in the name of goods that are
central to the life of the mind. The emphasis on productive engagement is a
useful counter to the intermittent tendency in discussions of Christian higher
education to set up a straw man argument that discredits amorphous “‘forces of
secularization” at work in college and university culture.

These authors, though,
face a further challenge, which is that the goods they uphold are not, of
course, necessarily the exclusive property of Christian institutions. In Universities
in the Marketplace (2003), for example, Derek Bok has lamented the extent
of commercial influence in higher education and described steps that colleges
and universities can take to resist that influence. While some of Bok’s
objections to commercialization are practical—he wonders if a reliance on
external funding might produce disputes over intellectual property between advisors
and their students (113)—others touch on the same moral concerns as the books
reviewed here. Bok worries about the role that athletic, distance learning, and
executive education programs play in diffusing and diluting the aims of
education. While Bok’s analysis is both detailed and comprehensive, it is also
marked by a curious reticence about the values on which commercialism impinges.
“However hard it is to explain these fears,” Bok writes, “they persist as a
mute reminder that something of irreplaceable value may get lost in the
relentless growth of commercialization” (17).

Many authors under
consideration here, by contrast, are specific about the moral grounds of
practices that are central to intellectual work and thus the values at stake in
pursuing those practices. Such specificity does not mean that these practices
are distinctively Christian but implies that Christianity offers a useful
vocabulary for their articulation. Susan Felch, for example, argues that a Christian
perspective permits scholars and students alike to take the familiar tool of
scholarly skepticism and link it firmly to subsequent action. By keeping in our
mind’s eye “the plenitude” of the creation, Felch suggests, we can preserve
skepticism from stasis (109). Aurelie Hagstrom offers hospitality as a
Christian virtue that can keep pluralism from shading into polite silence: if
mere tolerance is, Hagstrom notes, “a false sort of engagement,” hospitality
requires genuine openness to other perspectives but foregoes any assimilationist
impulse, allowing for epistemologically productive engagement not stalled by
false desires for consensus (121). Morey and Piderit, though they are frank
about needing to make a church-related education “attractive and affordable,”
make a strenuous case that the Christian intellectual tradition enunciates the
values that can ground a liberal education (53). The closing essay of The
American University in a Postsecular Age, though, seems usefully calculated
to disrupt the conclusion that dwelling on the connections between such
practices and their moral dimension is a distinctively Christian practice:
there, Lee S. Shulman uses midrashic interpretation, with its emphasis on
“nuances and complexities” (209) to illuminate the ethical dispositions that
good scholarly work requires, especially the kind of “commitment” that favors
one perspective while acknowledging that further dialogue may revise that commitment
(211). Turner, for his part, denies that anything more than the background
preparation of a Christian renders his or her scholarship distinctive: “in
matters of human reason,” he writes, “we all stand on the same ground” (105).

If the question of
distinctiveness lingers—as it tends to do in discussions like these—so too does the
related issue of formation, which serves as a backdrop for much of the moral energy
these books marshal. If the current educational context, with its predilection
for “values” and its attention to cocurricular engagement, seems to favor
formation, dissenting voices have pointed out that engaging in shaping people’s
characters is only attractive so long as the shaping is in one’s own image.
Stanley Fish’s gadfly-style essays on this topic, recently collected in Save
the World on Your Own Time (2008), make the point starkly: “Only bad
teaching,” he notes, “is a political act” (70). The emphasis on practice and on
community in the books reviewed here, and their attention to the moral dimension
of academic life for faculty and students alike, might seem from a perspective
like Fish’s to be only a more insidious form of politics. Though Hauerwas would
likely reject the notion that his work is political, he is the most explicit about
the need for the Christian church or churches to organize a response to state
power, and his assumption “that the most important lesson undergraduates should
be taught is that they are not well enough formed to know what they should and
should not want” indicates the power he sees vested in colleges and
universities, power that Fish would eschew (127).

It is in the several
data-driven chapters of Jacobsen and Hustedt Jacobsen’s collection, though,
where these books might find the start of an answer to Fish. In “The Religious
Convictions of College and University Professors,” Neil Gross and Solon Simmons
provide data to support the fairly wide distribution of believers in the
faculty; Jacobsen and Hustedt Jacobsen analyze the demographics of Christian higher
education to argue that the broad emphasis on “tradition” at
religiously-affiliated schools remains compelling; and in an essay on “The Religious
and Spiritual Journeys of College Students,” Larry A. Braskamp quantifies the
importance to students of conjoining the development of their intellect and
their faith. Pragmatically, then, the response to objections like Fish’s might
be that faith remains a topic of interest to faculty and students alike, and
the related notion of formation remains built into the expectations, stated or
unstated, that faculty and students bring to the classroom. If it seems odd to
end on such a pragmatic note, these books, as a group, insist on the
conjunction of theory and practice. Collectively, they reject the premise that the
development of one’s intellect can be segregated from the development of one’s
ethos, and they propose that from a Christian perspective, to attempt such
segregation is to vitiate the very pursuit of truth that animates all
intellectual endeavor. If knowing the truth is bound up with knowing and loving
others, then education, engagement, and formation will not be distinct
processes.

Joanne E.
Myers is Assistant Professor of English at Gettysburg College.