Gold Mines in Hell

Whiteclay, Nebraska. Population 14, exists only to sell alcohol to Native Americans already reeling from its damage. / Photo by Stephanie Woodard

In Nebraska, some liquor stores sell booze to minors and manage to hang onto their licenses, according to Nebraska Liquor Control Commission data. That’s as long as the stores are doing business in Whiteclay, Nebraska, located about 250 feet south of the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

The reservation, almost all of which lies just over the border in South Dakota, is officially dry, with consumption, possession and sales of alcohol banned. Meanwhile, tribal members, including youngsters caught in a recent police sting, make up almost the entire customer base of Whiteclay’s four liquor stores, which sell the equivalent of 4.9 million cans of beer annually out of ramshackle buildings lining a two-lane prairie road. With no white settlements for miles around, and a population of 14, not counting the drunks passed out in the streets, the town appears to exist primarily to get liquor onto the dry reservation.

Business is brisk in Whiteclay. But some nights are special. “Every year on prom night, you can watch reservation high-school kids in tuxedos and prom dresses pulling up and buying cases of beer,” said a tribal member, who asked not to be identified for fear of retribution. “They’re obviously under 21. I did it myself when I was in high school.” He bought his first beer in Whiteclay at 14, he said.

Whiteclay’s beer stores also trade alcohol for sex and sell to bootleggers, intoxicated customers and people who have no legal place, such as a licensed bar or café, in which to consume their purchases. That’s according to the Oglala Sioux Tribe, which has filed a federal lawsuit against the stores and the breweries and distributors that supply them, for knowingly contributing to the epidemic of alcoholism on their impoverished reservation.

While plying their trade, the beer stores create wealth locally and throughout the state, taking in millions of dollars in revenue and generating income, business and sales taxes. In 2010, just the federal and state excise taxes (included in liquor’s sale price) amounted to $413,932, according to the state liquor commission.

More alcohol-derived dollars flow into and around the state, thanks to campaign contributions from local liquor distributors and trade groups and international manufacturers like Anheuser-Busch, maker of Budweiser and other brands: they gave candidates for in-state offices $135,000 in 2010, according to the Institute on Money in State Politics.

The beer storeowners in Whiteclay declined to comment for this article, but Vic Clark, manager of the Arrowhead Foods grocery and a town resident since 1993, called all of its businesses “gold mines in hell.”

“Hell” is a good description of what the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s lawsuit says liquor has done to its community. The complaint claims alcohol’s “devastating injuries” have overwhelmed the tribe’s health-care, social-services, education and justice systems for generations. According to the tribal government, alcoholism has a severe impact on 85 percent of reservation families. About 90 percent of crime on Pine Ridge is alcohol-related, says its police department–which has no jurisdiction over Whiteclay.

Policing comes from a town 20 miles away that relies on occasional patrols and a camera mounted in Whiteclay to see if anything’s going on. A year ago, store owners beat a Native American man in front of their establishment, landing him in the hospital, according to filmmaker Mark Vasina, director of the award-winning 2008 documentary, Battle for Whiteclay. The camera did not pick up the assault. “It doesn’t pick up bootleggers filling their trunks behind the stores either,” Vasina said.

“Whiteclay is a unique situation,” said the tribe’s attorney, Tom White, of White and Jorgenson, in Omaha. “When a liquor store elsewhere sells its goods, it can assume they will be used lawfully. In contrast, in Whiteclay, there’s no publicly accessible place to consume alcohol legally, so the stores sell it knowing that, without a doubt, it will be used unlawfully.” The beer must be either consumed in public in violation of Nebraska law or carried onto the dry reservation in violation of Oglala Sioux Tribe law, White said.

The tribe’s lawsuit also claims that years of media coverage of Whiteclay–from newspaper and magazine articles to a feature-length documentary movie and YouTube videos–means everyone in the supply chain, from the breweries to the retail stories, is well aware of problems associated with the town’s liquor trade.

It's all about the brew. / Photo by citizen journalist*

“They all know they’ve unleashed a flood of alcohol onto a vulnerable population,” said White.

“Supply and demand,” Clark said. “That’s why businesses pop up.” He scoffed at the idea of ongoing criminality in Whiteclay, as opposed to occasional mishaps–misreading the date on an ID and selling to a minor by mistake, for example. “These [beer-store owners] are family guys,” he said. “Why would they jeopardize their businesses for a few extra dollars?” He dismissed the Oglala lawsuit as “politics” and “blatant lies,” adding, “No one wants to make the tribe accountable. The beer stores are not the police of Native American people.”

Clark addressed the allegations of sex-for-beer exchanges. “There’s not sex happening. If it is, it’s no different than Scottsbluff, Omaha or Lincoln. Someone says, ‘I’ll flash you some boob if you buy me a beer’–that’s how society works,” he explained. “Whiteclay is no different from any town by any reservation in the United States.”

James (Toby) Big Boy, chairman of the Oglala Sioux Tribe Judiciary Committee, said that the tribe has been trying for years to shut down liquor sales over the border in Nebraska, to no avail. Tribal leaders have pleaded with Nebraska state officeholders to crack down on Whiteclay, set up tribal-police blockades of the road to the town and held annual protest marches focusing on unsolved murders and unexplained deaths of Native Americans in the Whiteclay area.

“Alcohol is depleting our people and our culture,” Big Boy said, adding that the tribe is turning to the courts out of desperation. “We’ve tried talking to Nebraska and gotten nowhere. The federal government doesn’t care either; it never even pushed for justice in the case of the murders.”

Where the money goes. / Photo by citizen journalist*

Of all the startling statistics associated with Pine Ridge–85% unemployment, an infant mortality rate 300% higher than the country as a whole, teen suicide 150% higher and life expectancy at least 25 years shorter–the one that most affected White, he said, was the proportion of Pine Ridge children diagnosed with fetal-alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

“One in four children on the reservation has fetal-alcohol effects,” the lawyer said. “That condemns a baby to a life of misery before it takes its first breath.”

The power of alcohol on the reservation may be hard for outsiders to understand, said the tribal member who bought his first Whiteclay beer at 14 and is now sober: “It affects us like crack cocaine affects other people. Our children are exposed to alcohol before they’re born. They’re born into damaged families. With no jobs to be found, there’s nothing to do when they grow up, and alcohol offers a way to blot out reality.”

Several major breweries supply the beer on Whiteclay shelves, including Miller, Molson Coors and Pabst, according to the state liquor commission. The bulk of Whiteclay sales, though–about 75%–comes from Anheuser-Busch. Leading up to the 2010 election, the giant firm donated to many Nebraska candidates, including the current governor, Republican Dave Heineman, who received $11,000. All told, beer, liquor and wine companies made up Heineman’s top-contributing industry sector, at more than $96,000. Candidates for other offices that year received amounts ranging from several hundred to several thousand dollars. Neither Anheuser Busch nor the governor’s office replied to requests for a comment.

Even impoverished reservations–including Pine Ridge, one of the poorest places in the nation, according to the U.S. Census–can be economic drivers in their regions. That’s because they have minimal economies of their own, with few stores or service businesses where people can spend their money. As a result, little money changes hands on the reservation itself. Funds that do arrive (generally federal dollars, including Social Security, welfare and veterans’ benefits) flow off the reservation almost immediately, typically landing in non-Indian enterprises.

“The federal government sends some $80 million annually to Pine Ridge, and that money is spent in Nebraska, including towns like Chadron, where Walmart built a superstore,” said Nebraska state senator LeRoy J. Louden, who represents the area around Whiteclay and is non-partisan (not affiliated with either major party). “That store was built because of the reservation.”

Whiteclay’s Arrowhead Foods did more than a million dollars in business last year, with an entirely Native American clientele, according to Clark. “I love what I do. It’s kind of a blessing,” he said.

This year, Louden has introduced a bill to create alcohol-impact zones. If it is enacted, local governments–such as Sheridan County, surrounding Whiteclay–would be able ask the state liquor commission to set up special controls in areas where public drunkenness and other alcohol-related problems occur. For example, liquor-store hours might be shortened. “Perhaps you couldn’t start selling till noon,” Loudon said, adding that Whiteclay stores are now open from 8 am until 11 pm.

“I testified in favor of the measure, though it does just a little in terms of solving the problem,” said Vasina. “What Whiteclay needs is 24-hour patrols and comprehensive police investigations of wrongdoing.”

What about personal responsibility, asked Nebraska state senator Tyson Larson, a Republican, who called the lawsuit a product of attorney White “chasing the big pay day.” White is a trial attorney, said Larson, “and they’re always looking for something.” In any case, Larson said, it’s not government’s responsibility to protect you from yourself: “Maybe from other people, such as in laws against drinking and driving. But if you want to drink, you have to live with the consequences.”

Vasina disagreed, calling alcoholism a public health issue. “It’s a disease,” he said. “If we have diseases in the mainstream community–whether infectious diseases like swine flu or drug addictions–we mobilize, producing vaccines, laws, police investigations or whatever is necessary. If we had meth labs in our neighborhoods, would we leave the problem up to individual addicts to resolve? That’s a fairy tale. We are applying rules to the reservation we don’t apply to ourselves.”

“Over the years, thousands have died, and thousands of children have been orphaned, thanks to Whiteclay,” said Winnebago activist Frank LaMere, who has fought for 15 years to close down the town’s liquor trade. “If something like this were to happen in Omaha, Lincoln or any other city or town not associated with a reservation, it would be fixed immediately.”

*Photo note: Photos by citizen journalist provided on condition of anonymity, for fear of retribution.

Stephanie Woodard

Stephanie Woodard, a member of 100Reporters, is an investigative journalist focusing on Native issues. She worked as an editor for over 20 years, and is currently a correspondent for Native-owned newsmagazine Indian Country Today. She has received Folio awards, as well as the Richard LaCourse Award for Investigative Reporting.

73 COMMENTS

[…] related to her alleged involvement in actions against liquor stores in the small settlement of White Clay, Nebraska, which lies just a few miles from Pine Ridge across the South Dakota-Nebraska border. By most […]

[…] related to her alleged involvement in actions against liquor stores in the small settlement of White Clay, Nebraska, which lies just a few miles from Pine Ridge across the South Dakota-Nebraska border. By most […]

Dear Ms. Jean Schemo – do you have any referrals for any tribal leaders on Pine Ridge, or any other kinds of non-profits working to combat alcoholism friends nationally could turn to and make a donation? I’ve personally decided to give up booze for the month of February as a matter of practice, and would love to donate what I would have spent on booze to a worthy cause such as bringing down the infant mortality rate, teen suicide rate, and help increase life expectancy on Pine Ridge. Please let me know!

Stephanie, we are currently organizing to find a policy solution to the Whiteclay illegal alcohol activity. Please communicate with me I would like to speak to you. I can be reached at: Jorgec@alcoholjustice.org

The alcohol problems facing native americans are tragic, however prohibition has never worked anywhere. If they can’t get alcohol just off the res, bootleggers will drive farther to Gordon or rushville to buy alcohol. Many will drink while driving back. Since alcohol is harder to get the price will go up on the res futher impoverishing the poor especially those with out cars. Crack cocaine and meth are illegal everywhere and abuse of those substances exist everywhere do you really think it will be any different on pine ridge? The only way to solve th is problem is by helping the diseased abuser

[…] back into a DRY reservation (dry as in prohibition – no alcohol allowed). This is what we call PREDATORY! Think about it: Our country went through similar issues in the 80s and 90s when health advocates […]

This is definitely a sad situation which has a focus on that greatly espoused American virtue:Â profits.Â Maybe there is really no one answer that will work.Â I have found that those Tribes which build strong institutions within their own sovereign structures are the ones who help their people in a most efficient and effective manner.Â Sadly, no Indian tribe has the law enforcement support mechanisms to curb most of the problems which are endemic on reservations.Â I have dealt with situations where an officer gets off his shift at 6 a.m., then he has to be back in Court for his cases at 9 a.m.Â Then, he has to be back on his shift as early as 2 p.m. that afternoon.Â This leads to huge physcial, mental and morale problems.Â Also, there is a matter of prioritizing problems with a limited funding source, and most Tribes face the same alcohol and drug problems as the rest of America.Â I commend the Tribe for its proactive stance on addressing the situation through the filing of its lawsuit; however my experience is that this will take years to resolve and the problems are more immediate.

If Whiteclay went away, would that solve the problem?Â My thoughts are that the root causes are much deeper than that, and the Tribe should be prepared to address those root causes.Â Whiteclay appears to be a manifestation of an opportunistic non-Indian population taking it to the limit.

Filing Â a federal lawsuit against the stores and the breweries and distributors that supply said alcohol is not a new story:nor is it the solution. The lawsuit states that they Â are knowingly contributing to the epidemic of alcoholism on the impoverished Sioux reservation. It is hard to believe the basis of the lawsuit and the last sentence of their lawsuit.The liquor story is such an old one, that not only applies to the Sioux but to most Reservations in America. It is true that many reservations have impoverished Natives, by white standards in the USA. Â The question that comes to my mind is: Where do they get the money to buy the liquor if they are so impoverished? If the Sioux feel that strongly about keeping their reservation DRY, One solution would be for the reservation to put up entry borders, similar to borders between Canada or Mexico and the US where reservation patrol officials would check every vehicle coming back from these near-by towns where the liquor is sold. And smash or empty the bottles & beer cans in front of the Native perpetrators, to get them to stop. A more practical solution however, would be to start teaching Native children in school, about the harm brought on by the abuse of Alcohol, Drug use and over-eating as obesity numbers in the high percentage too. Â These three trigger other major problems like suicide in most reservations. Â Suicide runs high, because of inactivity, boredom & lack of pride and dignity.Â And by the way, not all Sioux or other Original Natives of the 575 Nations are poor or suffer from these addictions.Â I believe that only extensive and well organized educational programs will bring the desperately needed change, not only for the Sioux, but for all Original Natives of America.Â

The politicians are too worried about birth control to do anything about this.Â I have adopted a child who’s family is from this tribe and he was also born with substance and alcohol in his body. He suffers daily from memory loss and learning disablities. I am thankful everyday that he is in our life and away from the sadness that affects his people. Something needs to be doneÂ but more than just take the booze away. Â Programs are needed to help fight the disease and help those affected. Hopefully, we can raise our son to become a leader and be able to help later in his life.

Alcohol is a major medical and social problem on many, if not all, Native American reservations, not just at Pine Ridge.Â Another prevalent problem is diabetes.Â Both are brought about because of poorÂ dietary decision-making.
There is some speculation that Native American genetics actually makes them more vunerable to these problems than caucasions.Â But the lack of available work and a centuries-long effort to derstroy their culture also contributes to a mind set that is ripe for alcohol abuse.
By the way, I have witnessed some of the most blatent racism in Nebraska and Wyoming, so it’s no surprise the local politicians don’t give a damn.Â Anything that weakens or kills Indians seems okay by their view.Â The Siouz still haven’t, apparently, been punished enough for General Custer.
The store-keeper mentioned in this article might consider himself a “good Christian.”Â But for any business in a town of barely a dozen people to achieve a million dollars in sales has to indicate some kind of questionable, and perhaps criminal, dealings.
Isn’t it too bad that some of the FederalÂ Government’s 80-million-dollars in aid to the Pine Ridge Sioux couldn’t be used to attack this criminal activity?
Maybe a few churches who send missionaries to the Sioux should try sending them to Whiteclay instead.Â It appears they, and must of the area’s politicians, need to have their consciences reinforced.

People are responsible for THEMSELVES.
However, the disgustting actions of selling alcohol to minors assists in the propogation of alcoholism for those minors as time and readily available liquor is sold to them.Also the fact that
they trade alcohol for sexÂ adds to that downfall.
The Govenor of nebraska needs to light a fire under law enforcement and theÂ local judicial systemÂ and build cases against the whiteclay distributors and stores

True, it does come down to supply and demand. But, what can be done to lessen the demand? There clearly are dollars floating around to encourage those businesses to continue. How can the Native Americans who are frequenting the liquor stores come to want to spend their money on their own home towns. Investing in themselves for the sake of their own families? Those of you who have been working on the reservations are the people to ask. You see first hand what is needed. How can those of us who are of moderate means but still managing, help our fellow Americans who are trapped is such a deep myre?

This problem was being addressedÂ by AIM in the 70s. The US government stopped it with the unlawful imprisonment of Leonard Peltier. (Incident at Oglala). Leonard Peltier along with John Trudell and many others made great sacrifices trying to better the lives of the people on reservations.
Â As for advice to the Native Americans all I can say is What Would Crazy Horse Do? I have my own ideas on the answer and I don’t think any of it involves the US Government.
Â The reservations are self governing their ways work easier and sometimes even better than the US’s. My own opinion WhiteClay should in the near future become the Wounded Knee of the new Millenium. Just my humble opinion.

what about having a indian casino near you that caters too people with gambling addictions? How many lifes have they destroyed trying to make a buck? How many marriages have their gambling casinos runied? The should look at educating their own people and stop blaming everyone for their problems. Nothing is their own fault. If Whiteclay was closed those folks would find some other place to get beer or make it themselves. It works both ways gambling addiction is just as bad and alcholism would they shut down their business so people would’nt gamble?

Why aren’t the Indian police enforcing the “no alcohol” law on their property?
The store owners are sellingÂ alcoholÂ legally. The Indians are breaking the law by taking it onto their land and drinking. The is another case of people who won’t take responsibility for their own actions and simply want to blame others. This court case is going nowhere.

I believe that the main problem in Â many reservations is the lack of economic development which is needed. Without the ability to create and pursue a life with standards people tend to fall victim of abuses. Without a dream the people perish. All of America has had economic stimulus, and the vast majority of Americans have had more then their fair share. I have heard and watched articles and news on the reservations and have had first hand experience with some of the people from reservations and will say that without creating a economic base and industry the problem will only get worse no matter what you do. I am a religious man and believe that faith in God is something society needs, and believe that investment in these communities is something that will deter much of the abuses which these men and women do, and they will control their addicitions because of choice. Â

I think the AIM should be down there, raising hell, and bringing National attention to this issue! I grew up on various reservations, and this exists on the bordors of every reservation. Non Natives never believe me when I tell them how it is. It’s about time they sue, and do whatever else they have to do to turn this culture of greed and continued moral bankruptcy around…..

It’s a tough one, but I think if a large group of people went down there with signs, bullhorns, and lots of media attention, so much attention would be called to this situation, that they would have to ACT! Kind of like “Occupy Whiteclay!” I think the Oglala SiouxÂ Tribal leadershipÂ would welcome this and support it. I think AIM, (American Indian Movement)Â would also. We are so busy protesting, and bringing NationalÂ attentionÂ to attroceties in other Nations, but what about the Indiginous people in or own country? Reservations areÂ Internment camps for Native Americans, and the average American does not even seem to care what has been done to these people……

boohoo… poor indians. Here is an idea… get some jobs for your people so they are not so depressed they drink all day long. The whole nation has a choice of what to drink, eat, smoke or worship. As long as selling beer and booze is legal in the state it should be legal everywhere in the state. What YOU DO WITH IT IS YOUR responsibility. Black people worked as slaves in the past and had it worse than you and they realize the obvious issues… EACH PERSON IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEMSELVES. They died in chains and working a field for generations. They have the same privledges as everyone else now same as you. You have free land to live and worship on and your still not happy. Stop wastingÂ everyone’sÂ time and educate your own people… You wouldn’t have as far to walk. So stop crying and looking for a free hand out. And yes before everyone starts flaming me what we did to the indians and black people was horrible… there is also nothing I can do about that either. Take responsibility for yourselves right now and realize the fault is your own. If we show you how to make a fire and you keep sticking your hand in it … its not our fault you are retarded.Â

This is the continued holicost of our people. We are certainly defeated by alcohol and drugs. Should this be in any other part of this land it would have been stopped years ago. Good for those who are standing up against the murder that continues. We should all stand up with them. I know I do in every way I can- how about you ??

Trucker Mark, you are a very observant, solution oriented individual who can see the whole picture.Â If the rest of America thought the way you did, we would have never been in this situation in the first place.Â You bring some excellent resolve to this situation and your insight could help America in many other ways, also.Â It’s unfortunate the majority did not think like you.Â
I believe that due to our declining economy, we are going to have to all think like that in the near future or we will not survive.Â We are all human beings and we should startÂ behaving like a Â human. Thank you for your comments.

Would it not be a shame to see a great tornado wipe out the
small burg of Whiteclay, Ne.This would be a god send.A
lightening strike during the next thunder storm would do
wonders for the landscape!
Mother God we need some help here!

everone needs to read this, and know how the native american people are treated.they have more right to be treated well, than everone who lives in the united states.and it is a shame the way they are exploded.

The plight of the native american people on the reservation is sad. There are many young people victims of poverty and poor parenting. The only way to end the alcoholism and poverty on reservations is to educate all the students past high school and then the smart ones would leave. The reservations are run to keep a few people in power. No housing gets done without the reservation corporation building the houses, and they build them as cheap as they can and pocket the extra. If your cousin is in charge of something on the reservation then you can get a job or a handout when they dole out the money. The smart Indians leave to have a better life. The reservation is full of drunks, welfare moms and death, and the sad thing is the people don’t care. They don’t care if their children are taken care of, or go to school or hang themselves. They get attention at funerals and for many kids that is their only way out..

The white man has been drinking alcoholÂ for 1000’s of years and the indian a 100 or so. It is not in our blood like the white man. Then they put us on dryed up lands thatÂ you cant do anything with.Â Indians do not think the same as white men. Years ago the white man would not let the indian talk their language and tryed to make them into white people.Â Â Before you talk you need to see for your self why don’t you go live on the reservation for awhile and see. I don’t care what you say you can not change the indian over night like this. The state of Nebraska needs to close up the alcohol in Whiteclay and make everyone around the area follow the law. They need to stop being money hungry.

Hey ass hole if you don’t like the res….. move.Stop blaming everyone else for things that individuals need to be responsible for. Got a drinking problem and you know it …don’t drink. Life on the res sucks…move somewhere else. stop being a fucking victim

LOL its called stop drinking…. make some friends… get a job elsewhere. Orrrrrrrrrrrr maybe take some of those fancy govt. loans and get an ejumica’chun. Maybe like the guy above said…stop being a victim.. its your own freaking body … you have control of it. If your letting your wife drink your while pregnant what do you think the result is gonna be? I mean come on. Help yourself or seek help. Perhaps you should sue the white man for introducing you to flavored tabacco too!! Or maybe even because they bring a wallmart too close by! If you do nothing but stay on the Rez and drink and make no money you cant blame anyone for poverty but yourself.Â

Â You are really making some massive assumptions here, and showing some incredible ignorance.Â
Â I hope you feel better by venting, because that is the only good that will come out of your rants.Â
Â No one asked you to take personal responsibility for the incidents, only your own education on the issues.
Â Do yourself (and all of society) a favor and take off your blinders.
Â If we do not require our local (tribal included), state and federal governments to take responsibility for public safety, then who will.
Â This is not just a matter of personal choice.Â
Â Children cannot be fixed once the damage is done.Â
Â A combined effort is needed here, and it should start with a critical analysis of why this happened, and what the root causes are, and then a plan and follow up.Â
Â We cannot take our eyes away from this issue, it is imperative that if you know about it, you act in a responsible manner.
Â Please ask yourself, “What can I do?”

I’m a ‘right-winger’ … but believe you , me, ..Â IF I had power to shut down this continued ‘assault’ on my Native Brother …Without a doubt I’d use IT. What with Andrew Jackson (mass-murderer) and these other Hypocrites .. (Left or Right) …. It’s Time NOW, to Give Our Native Brothers & Sisters a ‘Hand-Up’ from the ruthless tyranny of ‘men’ who have for so long, Exploited this ‘once-great land’ … Yeah !! ..Â I’ll Dance with Wolves … better Believe It !! …. Us People Ain’t Worth Nuthin’ If We Can’t Do Right by Our Brother ….. Damn You Federal Government !!! Damn You Political ‘Leaders’ of the State !! … What You got ‘Coming’, You richly Deserve … !!!

hey,asshole-u werent born on reservation !! u don, know what its like!! these people are gov-dependent!!because of assholes like U. WHY don’t U go out ther and help,instead of fucking running your mouth!!!! Now for a well balanced,educated answer, they had a life of luxury before whiteman screwed them, like they are doing now! Go stay for awhile and see if your mentality changes!

This is so sad.Â Just move?Â To where?Â With what?Â First the white man (and I am white) tried to kill all the Indians.Â Then they rounded them up and took their homeland and MADE them move to these God forsaken lands with nothing.Â They then came into the reservations and took their children away and gave them to the superior “White Man” to tame the savages.Â Took away their rights to hunt and live as they had since way before the White Man arrived and took over.Â The Indian IS the victim.Â When will people see that this earth was ruled by the Indian and was perfect.Â Then we came along and look at it now.Â Pollution andÂ global warming.Â Water polluted.Â What a good job we did of taking over America and desacrating it.

Â I hate to say it, but this whole country was nothing but “god forsaken” land until the white man came in and built an empire. I am not saying that was right, but come on, how long does it take to adapt and improve your lot? Funny thing though, I see nothing in this article about the Indian casino’s popping up across the US and how they destroy thousands of lives for their greed. Same thing really. You would probably say something to the effect of “well don’t go to the casino then” and you would be correct in saying so. When you have a problem, you either fight it or let it consume you. Yes, alcoholism is a horrible addiction to kick, but unless the liquor store owner is holding people down and forcing booze down their throat, it is not their fault. Sure they are greedy and it is wrong to profit off of misery, but come on, take responsibility for your lives people!!

We have been so mean and horribly cruel to the American Indian, who just wanted
Â to hunt, on their own lands, we came and put them behind a cage, with hardly any
Â resources, and we took away their freedom, their way of Life and the Dignity that
Â the American Indian deserves…today, we the American PeopleÂ were wrong to hate
Â the Red man, we were scared of their power, and the Peace they proclaimed as a
Â Nation…I am ashamed of what the White man did….CJ

The only real solution is to– not drink, how? By becoming strong in your culture and faith and saying no to the white man’s poison, spirits open doors for destruction, alcoholism is everybodies problem but some are more prone than others to the effects.Â I had to completely stop drinking and have not had a drop for years now I feel strong and most of all free! Once you triumph over alcohol you can build a future for you, yourÂ children, based on dignity, education, and jobs. Look at what you have a huge land base, amazing people, and so much more make a change, give your people a reason NOT TO DRINK! Build a happy hut and put them boosers in there, detox is awful, give them some smoke instead, much better for you and natural. Being your true self is what it’s all about!

This is actually the most resonable response I have read.Â Most go off blaming one side or the other.Â Would anyone be up in arms about a beer store that opened up just beside a trailer park?Â Those who have the ability to get out, WILL.Â “Downtrodden” people are afforded a much greater ability to achieve in the United States.Â The First Nation Peoples who have steered away from the fire-water and who are proud of their true heritage are nothing like thoseÂ injuns on the Rez.Â
I have great pride in my own true heritage. I have deep shame for the evils which have touched my close family.Â I have no expectation of The Government to fix these evils on a macroscopic nor microscopic scale.Â I personally hope to be a Good Person, who contributes to society, who messes up occasionally, who wants to learn, and who has a love of all that is good about my many-times-great-grandparents.
And all of us have something good in our many-times-whatever ancenstry… and any of us with a brain would escape from a society of wrong.

I think you’re missing the point here. If you’re exposed to alcohol in utero ( in your mother’s uterus) and when you’re born, everyone around you is drinking, and alcohol is a main source of entertainment, really what chance do you have? Try honestly putting yourself in someone else’s shoes for a minute rather than spouting platitudes.

I don’t believe you haveÂ any idea the power that alcoholism has to steal one’s dignity, self respect,Â values, morals, hopes and future! This disease has affectedÂ an entire culture of people on the reservations….where there is no money, no hope, no prospect of a better life which is quintesential toÂ a healthy lifestyle. If you look back in history it was never any better for the Native Americans. These reservations were created as a way that the ‘white man’ could ease what little of a conscience they had and just hope that no one would state the obvious; that this country was stolen right from under the Native Americans! This is the legacy of America and it is about time for light to be shed on the opression and injustice that continues throughout our fine country on many of the reservations! The only crock would be to continue to live in ignorance and ignore their plight.

I live in South Dakota and this article is much more indepth than any I have seen locally. I have also done a lot of work on the reservations and the problems are so deep and sad. Hopefully Whiteclay is shut down soon.

It is always about the money! What happened to the value of human life?
Our native brothers/sisters are entitled to so much more than they have been given.
More prenatel care, education and proper housing can be attained if businesses were
permitted Â Â on the reservation run by tribal government and co-Â sponsored by theÂ Federal and State. Limit and control liquor sales near reservations, police patrol and severe fines to those who disregard the law,especially those who are benefitting from the alcohol sales.

enjoyed ur comment.Â still after sooo many years people don’t get what was taken from the native people of this “great” country how mistreated they were. how would people feel if there mothers sisters daughters were raped beaten to death given only rotten food to eat, they would want justice thats all theÂ native americans r looking forÂ

use some of that federal money to build your own stores, casinos, recreation areas, and tourist traps. that way your people will have something else to do. jobs, increased self-esteem, and justÂ being plain ol’ tuckered out. if that does not work try what the military does, erect a 10 foot high fence and place a gate on the roads leading in/out of the res, with guards.

You truely don’t understand. The Sioux Nation was once an independant & self reliant group of people. The hunted game & gathered wild herbs & fruits. Everyone ate and had shelter. They were doing just fine until white people coveted their land. The whites slaughtered the buffalo. Often taking only the hide & tonuges or just leaving the entire buffalo to rot .Buffalo was a staple of the Sioux diet.Â Â Finally, moving to a reservation was the only option the Sioux had left if they wanted to survive.

Due to this article, I’ve written letters to Annheuser, Coors, and the Governor of Nebraska.Â I am mortifies at the statistics here.Â While I can understand that people should be responsible for themselves, it is difficult to do when the alcohol is being forced on you.Â How is it okay for a person to walk into a liquor store, (or anywhere), and offer themselves in exchange for a beer?Â Where is the responsible party here?Â Why isn’t SOMEONE saying No?Â Why are babies allowed to die?Â or live with the results of fetal alcohol syndrome?Â It is an abomination.Â And the fact that the politicians – not just the Governor – have all received money from the alcohol companies and still let this go on is beyond me.Â

Why dont you write a letter to god while your at it and ask him why all this bad stuff happens. Its called free will. The bottom line is… you are responsible for yourselfÂ whetherÂ its booze, drugs or just being a freaking moron. People like you make me laugh. You want to outlaw everything. Its just like the gun issue… if you outlaw guns only criminals will have them. Thanks for spending more of my money for someone having to read your idiotic letters of concern.

Are you truely responsible for yourself?Â When exactly did that happen? At birth? No human has ever lived more than a few hours without someone else taking responibility forÂ nurturing and careing for them. Even now how long would you survive without the help of others. Even your food was grown by someone else. Did you make your ownÂ gun? could you? Likely your car, gas, shoes, shirt and most everything else,including your talk, was provided by someone else. Yet you feel superior.Â Whats wrong with that picture?Â Â Â

Alcohol policy all across America is kind of curious, not
just adjacent to reservations.Â Just about every rehab place in America
has a bar within walking distance too.Â In fact, there has been more than
one bar where AA medals can be traded for a first drink.Â Our inner cities
also support an above-average number of liquor stores that serve a population
which all too often also suffers the unfortunate side-effects of high
unemployment, discrimination, desperation, and intoxication too.

There are numerous liquor stores which will sell to minors too.Â America
is not alone in that respect either, after all, when was the last time that you
saw anyone get carded in Mexico?Â And in most of the world, the legal
drinking age is less than 21 too.Â In most of Canada the legal age is 18,
and in Germany it is 16, where the average German adult drinks 4-5 times what
his American counterpart does.Â At least Germany has a strong economy, so
the average German is drinking in celebration rather than out of self-hatred.

Even if the lawsuit was successful in shutting-down Whiteclay, it will not
shut-down many other towns and cities near the reservation which sell alcohol
to native Americans too.Â I am afraid that the profit motive is too
great.Â Even if alcohol sales were banned within 25 miles of every
reservation in America that action would not stop reservation alcoholism
either, as the demand is far too high to let a little distance separate the
customers from their drug of choice.Â

No, the only way to gradually lessen the reason for reservation, and indeed
inner-city alcoholism too, would be Federal and State policies that target the
reasons behind the low self-esteem and the need to abuse alcohol or other drugs
to salve a lifetime of getting walked all over just because of race or national
origin.Â There needs to be increased funding for higher education, and
there needs to be targeted investment in business and industrial opportunity,
as well as in bringing the condition of reservation housing stock up to a
more-modern standard too.

Instead of forcing reservation residents to drive to Chadron where the local
Walmart provides little or no reservation employment, perhaps Walmart might
consider a reservation store?Â I’ll agree that such a venture wouldn’t be
profitable more than a few days per month at first, and it might be that such a
store would have to be partially subsidized, at least until progress is made on
other fronts.Â But if we don’t take a chance and start somewhere in trying
to build communities that their residents can be proud of, nothing short of
outright prohibition will ever put a stop to the desire to drown lives that
hardly seem worth living, no matter where the situation arises.

I have always thought that central South Dakota would make an excellent meeting
spot for western coal and Minnesota iron ore, and while any such venture might
have to run their own in-house alcohol treatment at first, over time that issue
would become less of a problem too.Â Central South Dakota would also make
a good place for a wind power investment too.Â The issues faced by the
Sioux are not insurmountable, especially if responsible corporations and
average Americans alike are willing to take the necessary chances and provide
opportunities to end oppression, help build self-esteem, and instill the pride in
community necessary to greatly reduce the need to repeatedly bludgeon oneself
into a drunken stupor to kill the pain of a lifetime of misery.

No, the overabundance of abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs on our reservations
and in many of our inner cities is really just a symptom of a greater problem,
a problem which we as Americans need to take the necessary steps to put behind
us.Â At one time this country rose up to defeat both Nazi Germany and the
Japanese empire simultaneously, and more-recently we built over 40,000 miles of
Interstate highway and even put a man on the Moon too, so we certainly have the
ability to end the despair, desperation, and injustice faced everyday on our
reservations and within our inner-cities.Â We don’t need a bunch of
unfortunate people at the bottom just to prove how great some of us are.Â
A little bit of humility and a little bit of empathy would go a long way to
resolving these issues.

Even though I am someone of middle-income means, I feel that helping to provide
access to higher education is one of the best ways that my limited
contributions can have the greatest long-term positive effect.Â Even
today, living semi-retired on a limited income, I have continued to provide
what I can to the Oglala Lakota College with the hope that my contributions
will in some small way build enough self-esteem and confidence to lead even one
life to a brighter and more-hopeful future, and thereby lead to lasting improvement
in the greater community too.Â I would also recommend the Thurgood
Marshall College Fund to anyone hoping to improve the lives of our inner-city
residents too.Â

Sometimes it takes a village to raise a child.Â Working together we can
easily end these issues in our lifetimes.Â To not be willing to take a
chance and try to do so would indeed be a tragedy for all of us. Â

TruckerMark, Very eloquently stated.
To my Oglala brothers and sisters, the Great Spirit gave you what you need to survive.Â Use it wisely.Â Stand with your head held high.Â Let the world see your strength and pride.Â You were once a great nation.Â You can be again.Â The Ancestors will assist if you ask.Â You can take back what is and has been yours all along.Â Take back your strength and pride.Â Do not give it over to anyone or anythingÂ else.Â Teach your children the old ways.Â Give them the language and the skills that the Ancestors’ possessed.Â They came through many hard times.Â You can too.Â Stand up for yourselves and your children.Â Turn your lives around.

CORRECTION!!!Unsolicited advice to the OGLALA. Get your SHAMAN to send up a prayer that ‘GOD’ WILL, very soon,Â IN THE DEAD OF NIGHT, STRIKE the liquor stores, all four of them, with FIRE and BOLTS OF LIGHTNING.Â Â TOSSED from on high- to BURN the dammned liquor stores.After GOD has BURNT the stores three or four times the insurance companies will get tired of the payouts and stop offering coverage.I hope you have a very active season of NIGHT LIGHTNING in the not too distant future.Â Security guards Â with shot guns and dogs cant shoot GOD.Clive Ocnacuwenga

unsolicited advice to the OGLALA. Get you HSAMAN to send up a prayer that ‘GOD’ WILL, very soon,Â IN THE DEAD OF NIGHT, STRIKE the liquor stores, all four of them, with FIRE and BOLTS OF LIGHTNING.Â Â TOSSED from on high- toBURN the dammned liquor stores.

After GOD has BURNT the stores three or four times the insurance companies will get tired of the payouts and stop offering coverage.

I hope you have a vbery active season of NIGH LIGHTNINg in the not too distant future.Â Security guards Â with shot guns and dogs cant shoo GOD.

More From the Series

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Afonso, 28, CongoUpstairs in one of the big bedrooms of the Scalabrinian Mission Afonso, a 28-year-old migrant from Congo, explained how he came from Kinshasa in 2015 by boat, escaping from the violent conflicts raging in his own country. He hired the service of smugglers and came on a cargo ship with a number of others. He paid for part of the trip by working on the ship. He was left in the coast of Santos, a city 55km away from Sao Paulo. He is now searching for a job.

“K.”, 39, Sierra LeoneAt Caritas, a non-profit providing support to refugees and migrants, we met “K” (who asked not to reveal his full name), who had left Sierra Leone three months ago. His grandfather was a chief priest of a secret society for whom it is a tradition to initiate the oldest son of the family when the former elder dies. A Christian and a graduate in Information Technology, “K” refused to take part in the ritual and says he was then targeted. He fled to stay with family in the interior of the country, but was kidnapped and held captive in the forest. One night he managed to escape to the city and met a woman from a Christian organization which provided airplane tickets so he could leave immediately for Brazil.

Jorge, 25, Guinea-BissauJorge is a trained engineer who came to Brazil two years ago, who is now selling counterfeit and smuggled clothes in a local market. His Brazilian girlfriend is now pregnant and he is waiting for a work permit in order to get a job as mason. He said that when Federal Police went to his home address to confirm he was living there - an essential step in the process of issuing a work visa to a migrant - his house mates thought they wanted to arrest him and denied he lived there. It delayed his chance of getting a permit that would allow him a legal and better-remunerated job. The lack of trust in Brazilian law enforcement is a huge issue among refugees and migrants, many say that they rarely provide help or support, but instead only make their lives more difficult.

Abu, 37, SenegalIn República Square in the downtown Centro neighbourhood, African migrants sell clothes - some of them counterfeit designer wear,, some not - and handicrafts. Abu, 37, from Thiès in western Senegal, came to Brazil in 2010 with the hope that World Cup would make Brazil a prosperous country and offer him a new life. He says migrants should be respected for having the courage to leave everything behind and restart from nothing. Discrimination and lack of jobs are an issue for Abu, so he says his plan now is to save money and go to Europe as soon as possible. When he first arrived, he had money to stay in a hotel for seven days. After that, he met people who got him a job as a street vendor for contraband and traditional Senegalese clothes sewn in Brazil with African fabrics. Every time the police come and seize the goods he sells, it can take up to five months to recover the money lost.

Ibrahim, 41, SenegalMembers of the Senegalese community gather in República Square every week for a party, mounting up their own sound system, bringing drums and singing. On the night we visit around 50 people were dancing and chanting traditional Senegalese songs. Later they take a seat and discuss issues important to the community. Ibrahim, one of the group, has a talent for sewing fake Nike and Adidas logos to clothing in an improvised atelier nearby. Although he is a professional tailor and prefers to dedicate his time to his own original work, he says financial pressures meant he was forced to join the market of counterfeit designer-label clothing.

Guaianazes street, downtown Sao Paulo

On Rua Guaianazes there is a run-down mosque on the second floor of an old and degraded building, which is frequented by many African migrants. Outside, the smell of marijuana and cheap crack is inebriating. Crowds gather on the streets in front of the packed bars, while different people ask us if we want cheap marihuana. We enter one bar that has literally no chairs or tables: there is a poster of Cameroon’s most famous footballer Samuel Eto’o on the wall, and a big snooker table in the centre while all around customers gamble, argue and smoke. The bar tender tells us it is a Nigerian bar, but that it is frequented by Africans of all nationalities. Among the offers of cheap marijuana, crack and cocaine, laughs, music and loud chat, you can barely hear to the imam's call. Rua Guaianazes is considered to be the heart of Cracolandia, a territory controlled by organized crime for more than a decade and now reportedly home to some African-led drug trafficking gangs.

Santa Efigenia neighbourhood Santa Efigenia is an area of around ten street blocks in the heart of the Centro area where locals says you “won't find anything original product or any product that entered the country legally”. There are dozens of galleries with local merchants, migrants and hawkers selling their wares, and crowds shouting and grabbing to sell counterfeit and contraband electronics late in the night. When we visited, a homeless old man was setting a campfire out of trash to heat himself on the corner, the people passing by aggressively yelling at him due to the black smoke his improvised urban survival mechanism was generating.

“H”, 42, Angola“H” is an Angolan woman now living in a house rented from the Baptist church. The area outside the house is a “boca de fumo” - an open drug dealing spot managed by armed guards. “H’s” house is annexed to the church building itself, and is very rustic and simple. She arrived a year ago with two of her children, and also pregnant. She says that after the family of the Angolan president took over the market of smuggled goods in her country, her small import business started to crumble. Her husband and two more daughters are still there. She is currently unemployed, but happy that her young son is studying, although often he comes home complaining about racism at school. “H” does not want him to play with the neighbourhood children, she is afraid he will be drawn to narco-trafficking if he gets in with the wrong crowd. In the long run, she wants to go back to Angola, but only under “a different political situation.”

Lalingé restaurant, Sao PauloArami, the owner of the bustling restaurant Lalingé – which means “The Princess” in her language – has been in Brazil for seven years. She opened the restaurant a year ago so that the African community in the Centro neighbourhood has a place to gather and eat food from their continent. It’s the kind of place people arrive at any time of the night or day, order their food and chat.

Scalabrinian Mission, Canindé neighbourhoodThe Scalabrinian Mission in the neighborhood of Canindé provides philanthropic aid to migrants. Soror Eva Souza, the director, says they have helped people from Africa (Angola, Congo, Guinea, Togo, Nigeria, South Africa, Mali, British Guyana, Somalia, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Cameroon and Uganda), North Africa and the Middle East (Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt), Asia (Cambodia, South Korea, the Philippines, Bangladesh), Europe (The Netherlands, Russia, France) and Latin America and the Caribbean (Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Haiti, Cuba). The Mission provides housing, food, clothing, medication and facilities for migrants. They only receive a small amount of financial support from local government, but work to help migrants find a job so they can live independently. Souza says many of those who arrive at the house are ill: some are seriously injured, others sick from the journey or the conditions they were living in before arriving in Sao Paulo. Since 2015, she says she has seen human trafficking and slavery victims, drug mules, political refugees, and people who have lost their families en route. When we visit 40-year-old Mohamed Ali, from Morocco, was trying to find a job with the support of the Mission.

Clement Kamano, 24, Guinea-ConakryKamano was studying Social Sciences at Université Général Lansana Conté when he took part in the protests of September 28th, 2009, which ended up in a massacre with more than 150 people killed. Afterwards, he was repeatedly harassed because of his involvement in social movements. Fearing he might be killed, his father bought him a ticket to Brazil. Now he is a political refugee, who is almost fluent in Portuguese, and who enjoys talking about the sociologist-philosophers Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, even Leibniz and Nietzsche. He is currently applying to join a federal university in Sao Paulo.

What’s “cereza” in Arabic?In a bright classroom in the centre of Quito, a group of students sit around a whiteboard. “Yo veo la televisión con mis amigos en la tarde,” they repeat after the teacher, “I watch television with my friends in the afternoon.” “Yo tomo el bus par ir al trabajo,” “I take the bus to go to work.”

Around the table are two Syrians who fled the war, one Cameroonian who says he wanted to escape the Anglo-French conflict in his homeland, two Afghans, one a former top-ranking police officer, an Egyptian and a Sri Lankan who wanted to go anywhere where he could make enough money to help his family. Migrants who arrive in Ecuador from Africa, Asia and the Middle East face a steep learning curve: it might be relatively easy to enter the country, thanks to Ecuador’s liberal open-border policy, but finding work here and learning Spanish can be difficult. Today their teacher is translating between Arabic, Spanish and English. “Market”? asks one. “Souk” replies another member of the group, while a fellow student does a quick translation into Pashtu.

Experts say some of those who come through language centres like these are planning on continuing their journey north, others on staying in Ecuador.

A little piece of Nigeria, in QuitoAs the night closes in, Grace, a 25-year-old law graduate from Cameroon, dashes between a barbeque out on the street and the kitchen in the small Nigerian restaurant where she is working the night shift, as a television showing an African football league plays in the background. She wears a dark top, and her hair pulled back, as she fans the tilapia grilling on the coals. When she was denied a Canadian visa, despite having a scholarship, she decided she still wanted to leave Cameroon, where she complains of a lack of jobs and opportunities for the country’s English-speaking minority. With three friends, she bought a ticket heading west for Ecuador where she heard she could enter with her invitation to study at a language school. She soon converted to a missionary visa, and now works here and sings in the choir at a church up the hill, teaching Sunday school at the weekends. Like many of her customers, she also wants to travel north to the US or Canada, but only with the correct papers. “If you go without papers and through the jungle, you might be lost. Then my family is lost as well.”

The Afghan police officerAsadullah, a former police officer, spent 31 years training new recruits and fighting terrorist groups in his country. Among the documents he smuggled out with him is a photograph of him with Robert Gates, the former US Secretary of Defence, paperwork from a training programme at the National Defence University in Washington DC, and training certificate from the George C Marshall centre in Europe, signed by the German defence minister.

His career had been high-profile and illustrious, but while that brought recognition from the Americans and their allies, it also brought him the unwelcome attention of the Taliban and other extremist groups.

For three years before he fled, he says terrorists were calling him saying he needed to end his work with the police. “Come and work with us,” they’d coax. When he refused, someone tried to throw acid on his child at school – that was when he decided to leave.

Today the family are renting a spacious flat in central Quito, with a big beige sofa and swept wood floors. A big TV is mounted on the wall behind him, and one of his children brings in sweet tea and fruits. His wife and six of his children are with him, awaiting a decision from the migration authorities on their asylum case. For the sake of his children – who all speak English – Asadullah wants to go to the US.

“I want to go to America, but it’s a process: it will take a lot of time,” he says. “We have been waiting to get an answer. I only came here because the bad people wanted to kill us. I’m just here so I’m safe.” He considered going to Europe, but considered the route there more dangerous. “Many Afghan people wanted to go to Europe, to Turkey, but many people died in the sea.”

The ArtistMughni Sief’s paintings once made him a well-known artist in his native Syria: he taught fine art in a top university, and was invited to Lebanon to show his work. But since the war, and his decision to flee, his paintings have taken on a darker tone. One , “Even The Sea Had A Share Of Our Lives, It Was Tough” touches on the horrors so many Syrians have seen as they try to flee to safety.

“This painting is about Syrians crossing the sea to go to Europe from Turkey. I put this fish head and cut the head off to show the culture of ISIS. This here is the boat people,” he explains in his spartan apartment in Ecuador’s capital, Quito. “Syria was empty of people, and there are so many people dying in the sea.”

From the windows of his bedroom-come-studio, you can see the mountains, washing hanging in the sunshine on a neighbours balcony, beige tiles. Behind him the bed sheets – which came with the house – are adorned with images of teddy bears and the phrase “happy day.”

In the corner is a small, rolling suitcase in which he brought his wood carving tools, crayons, and charcoals from Syria: everything from his old life that he dared bring without alerting attention that he was leaving the country. In a small backpack he bought a Frederick Nietshce paperback, a birthday present from a friend, and a book he bought in Syria: “Learn Spanish in 5 days”. He didn’t bring any photos, in case his bag was searched.

Frustrated by restrictions he faced as a Syrian in Lebanon, he started to research other places where he might make a new start. He read that Ecuador was “one of the few countries that don't ask for a visa from Syrians. I had problems leaving Lebanon, and in El Dorado in Colombia but at Quito I came in no problem. The only question was: why are you coming to Ecuador, do you have money? I said nothing about asking for asylum so they just gave me a tourist visa.”

Soon after he made his asylum application, and today, he paints while he waits for a decision. “Before the war I was focused just on humans, on women, but when the war started that changed, and I began focusing on the miserable life that we live in Syria,” he says as he arranges three paintings on the bed. In one, he explains, is a woman who can’ face something in her life, so prefers to stop speaking.

TrickedAlthough many of the migrants that make their way to Ecuador are able to travel more independently than those making the journey across the Mediterranean, examples abound of exploitation of some who arrive here. Mohammad, for example. He’sa 24-year-old from Sri Lanka who first tried his luck in Malaysia, but was cheated by a travel fixer who took his money while promising him a work visa that never materialized. When he was arrested for working without the proper documents, a friend had to come and pay the police to get him out. Travelling west, to Ecuador, after religious violence broke out in his hometown, he says he paid someone he knows to help sort out his travel, unsure of how much he took as a cut. When he flew in, alongside a Sri Lankan family, the agent arranged for him to be picked up by an unknown woman who charged each of them again to take them to a hostel. He is now renting a room from a man he met at the mosque. Every day continues to be a struggle, he said.

“At home, I saw so many troubles each day. I decided to come here thinking maybe things will be good. But I did one week working in a restaurant, they treated me like a slave. For three months I was searching for work. They are good people here but I have no opportunities here. Seven months I have nothing, I’m wasting my time.”