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Prophylactic treatment of double-transgenic rats with a weight-adapted pediatric dosing regimen for either enfuvirtide (s.c., twice-daily) or efavirenz (oral, once-daily) achieved a 92.5% or 98.8% reduction, respectively, of the HIV-1 cDNA load in the spleen 4 days after i.v. HIV-1 challenge [3].

Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections [4].

Using 800 mg/day of efavirenz, high levels and toxicity were detected in seven out of nine patients, necessitating reduction or discontinuation [5].

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacokinetic interactions between rifampicin and antiretroviral therapy (ART), including efavirenz, are problematic and need to be better defined to determine proper dose and to be correlated with short-term and long-term clinical outcomes [8].

Updates on the risk of neuropsychiatric manifestations with efavirenz use in patients with a history of psychiatric disorders or substance abuse are reviewed [9].

The concentrations of the peptidic fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide or the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz required to inhibit HIV-1 infection of cultured primary CD4T cells and macrophages from human CD4 and CCR5-transgenic rats differed by no more than 3-fold from those required for human reference cultures [3].

Patients and methods: A prospective, multicentre, open, comparative study in which HIV-1-infected patients on HAART and with plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml for longer than 6 months were switched to tenofovir, didanosine and efavirenz (QD arm) or remained on the same treatment regimen (control arm) [14].

A series of targeted molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out in an attempt to assess the effect that the common Lys103Asn mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) has on the binding of three representative non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI), nevirapine, efavirenz, and etravirine[17].

Better adherence was found in NNRTI-treated patients, especially when efavirenz was included in the regimen, compared with single PI-treated patients and in those with CD4 cell counts less than 200 x 10(6)/l. By contrast, younger age, self-report of active drug use, fatigue or vomiting negatively affected adherence [22].

A constellation of factors could be correlated with early failure events in patients receiving this combination such as resistance mutations or polymorphisms present at baseline, low CD4+ T-cell count or advanced disease and unexpectedly low efavirenz plasma levels [25].

The aim of this work was to examine the effects of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) efavirenz on adipocyte differentiation and metabolism [21].

When considered together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the NNRTI efavirenz induces a strong inhibition of the SREBP-1c-dependent lipogenic pathway that might contribute to adipose tissue atrophy [21].

OBJECTIVE: The capacity of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz to induce either liver CYP3A4 or intestinal CYP3A4, or both, as well as intestinal P-glycoprotein, was evaluated in healthy volunteers during and after a 10-day treatment course with two different daily doses [32].

Among efavirenz recipients, the MDR1 position 3435 TT genotype was associated with decreased likelihood of virologic failure and decreased emergence of efavirenz-resistant virus but not with plasma efavirenz exposure [33].