Schadeberg 1994: 22. Singulative meaning; the plural form is ffɛ̀-k. According to Schadeberg, this word has the meaning of 'inner bark'; for 'outer bark', the word kɔ́là, sg. t̪ìŋ-gɔ́là is used instead.

Kanga:tùfù 1

Schadeberg 1994: 22. Singulative meaning. According to Schadeberg, there is a difference between "plural" ɒ́=tùfù and "collective" nɛ́ː=túfù.

Reh 1985: 443. Masculine gender. Plural meaning; singulative form is tù=k=wáːy. Quoted as pl. wáːí, sg. nd̪ʋ̀g=áːí in [Schadeberg 1994: 23]. In both sources, the meaning is quoted as 'small bird'. For 'large bird', a different equivalent is adduced: kòlòŋ, pl. ní=kòlòŋ ~ né=kòlòŋ [Reh 1985: 420] = kɔ̀lɔ̀, pl. nú=gɔ̀lɔ̀ [Schadeberg 1994: 23]. In the light of external data, it seems reasonable to regard this form as less basic and not include it in the main slot.

Not attested in Schadeberg's wordlists, where only the equivalent for 'female breast' is listed: sg. t̪=ɔ̀nɔ̀gʋ̀, pl. ɔ̀nɔ̀gʋ̀ [Schadeberg 1994: 24].

Number: 12

Word:burn tr.

Katcha:k=ìfí-nnɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 24. 3rd p. sg. Quoted as ifi-nɛ in [Stevenson 2005: 9]. Used both in the transitive and intransitive meanings.

Kadugli:à=fáː-nà 1

Schadeberg 1994: 24. 3rd p. sg.

Miri:à=fá-nnɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 24. 3rd p. sg.

Tulishi:gà=hí-nnɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 24. 3rd p. sg.

Kanga:yì=fá-nɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 24. 3rd p. sg.

Tumma:kà=fɛ̀-ánnà 1

Schadeberg 1994: 24. 3rd p. sg.

Krongo:t=áddʋ̀rʋ̀ 2

Reh 1985: 412. Used both in the transitive and intransitive meanings. Additional synonym: àkʋ̀dà-ànà 'to burn (tr.)' [Reh 1985: 422]. In [Schadeberg 1994: 24], the 3rd p. sg. form màːd̪à is listed as the default equivalent for 'burn'; it is not quite clear how it is related to the forms attested by M. Reh (could m= be a prefix here?).

Reh 1985: 444. Feminine gender. Plural: kò=yóːyò. Quoted as mùdúː=yúːyù, pl. kù=yúːyù in [Schadeberg 1994: 35]. The same source additionally lists the form mɔ̀ʓɔ́ː=ɗɔ́llɔ̀ as a synonym, but the form is not attested in [Reh 1985].

Schadeberg 1994: 33. Attested only in the meaning 'leg', so the entry is slightly dubious; however, the slot for 'foot' is left empty by the author, so there are no reasons to think that 'foot' in Kanga is expressed by a different lexical root.

Schadeberg 1994: 31. Plural form: níŋg=èːd̪u. In both forms, the root vowel is transcribed as ë, without a precise explanation of what sound is being thus rendered (other than "an unrounded back vowel"). Quoted as ɔ̀ːd̪ù, pl. náng=àːd̪ù in [Matsushita 1984: 54].

Schadeberg 1994: 32. Formally a plural form, but it is stated in the source that the singular form in this case is the same as the plural form. However, quoted as sg. gùːgɛ̀ ~ gùːgù, pl. nù=gùːgì in [Matsushita 1984: 56].

Miri:kùːgì 1

Schadeberg 1994: 32. Plural form: nù=gúːgì.

Tulishi:mí 2

Schadeberg 1994: 32. Plural form: nɛ́ː=mí.

Kanga:m̀=mí 2

Schadeberg 1994: 32. Plural form: nʋ́ŋg=ì.

Tumma:m=mí 2

Schadeberg 1994: 32. Plural form: náː=mí.

Krongo:mí 2

Reh 1985: 426. Feminine gender. Plural form: nóː=mí. Quoted as mí, pl. nɔ́ː=mí in [Schadeberg 1994: 32]. Additionally, a suppletive plural form is also attested as nʋ́kʋ́kkʋ̀-ɕí in [Reh 1985: 430], but not in Schadeberg's lists.

Schadeberg 1994: 33. Imperative form. Quoted as i=yu in [Stevenson 2005: 27]. Cf. also ɔ̀fúŋŋɔ̀ id. (3rd p. sg.), quoted as ofuŋu in [Stevenson 2005]. Semantic difference between these two stems is unclear; both are glossed in all sources with the meaning 'to lie down'.

Schadeberg 1994: 34. Plural meaning; singulative form is t̪ìŋ=gìd̪íŋŋɛ́. Somewhat different form quoted in [Stevenson 2005: 28]: liŋɛ, pl. naga=liŋɛ (not entirely clear if this is a completely different root, or if, perhaps, word-initial l in this entry is a typographic error).

Kadugli:kìɗí-kìɗì-k 1

Schadeberg 1994: 34. Singular form said to be the same as plural. Entirely different equivalent (apparently, an Arabic borrowing) is listed in [Matsushita 1984: 57]: pl. gámùl, sg. dīn=gámùl ~ dīn=gā=gámùl.

Reh 1985: 417. Masculine gender. Plural form: nà=kámàlù. Borrowed from Arabic. Meaning glossed as '(Körper-)Laus', i.e. '(body) louse', in the source; however, no separate word for 'head louse' is attested, and it is also explicitly stated in [Schadeberg 1994: 34] that the equivalent for 'louse' (gen.) in Krongo is borrowed from Arabic, although the actual form is not quoted.

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Plural form: n=íːŋgírì. Different word listed in [Matsushita 1984: 60]: àyyì, pl. nàg=àyyí. Since this is the standard "etymological" 'neck', the Schadeberg list form is dubious.

Miri:àyì 1

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Plural form: náŋg=áyí.

Tulishi:àí 1

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Plural form: nìŋg=áì.

Kanga:ìː 1

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Plural form: níŋg=íː.

Tumma:áyyí 1

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Plural form: náŋg=áyyí.

Krongo:áːy 1

Reh 1985: 405. Masculine gender. Said to be plural meaning; singulative form is nı̀k=áy (this is possibly an error, since normally the reverse would be expected, cf. the alternate source and all the external data). Quoted as áːí, pl. nìg=áì in [Schadeberg 1994: 36].

Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994], where it is only indicated that the Katcha equivalent for 'new' is borrowed from Arabic. In [Stevenson 2005: 31], the meaning 'new' is rendered as the complex expression -o bitiŋɔ 'of now'; this does not look like the proper default equivalent, so we prefer to leave the slot empty.

Kadugli:

Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994], where it is only indicated that the Katcha equivalent for 'new' is borrowed from Arabic. This is confirmed in [Matsushita 1984: 69], where the equivalent for 'new' is listed as ʓàdíd (= Arabic ǯadid-).

Miri:

Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994], where it is only indicated that the Katcha equivalent for 'new' is borrowed from Arabic.

Tulishi:ɛ́ːsì 1

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Plural form: k=ɛ́ːsì.

Kanga:

Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994], where it is only indicated that the Kanga equivalent for 'new' is borrowed from Arabic.

Tumma:ɓàttínì # 2

Schadeberg 1994: 36. Marked with a question sign in the original source, thus, not altogether reliable.

Reh 1985: 370. More precisely, this is the first part of the "circumfix" áŋ ... é, in which é is defined by M. Reh as an emphatic particle. A more rare case of negation marking in indicative sentences is with the help of the negative auxiliary verb t=ı̀ttà [ibid.], but this construction seems to be more specialized and reserved for complex syntactic contexts (such as conditional clauses, etc.).

Keiga:tà 1

Reh 1994: 216. Auxiliary negative verb.

Tumtum:

Not attested.

Number: 63

Word:one

Katcha:ú=ŋgɔ́ʈʈɔ́ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 47. Quoted as ŋgɔtɔ in [Stevenson 2005: 32]. Initial u= seems to be prefixal, based on external data.

Reh 1985: 438. Quoted as t̪ìsìŋɛ́ːŋɛ́ in [Schadeberg 1994: 38]. Additional synonym: àréːrá [Reh 1985: 406]. The difference between the two words is explained as 'fine-grained sand' vs. 'coarse-grained sand' in [Reh 1985: 471], but this probably would have to be double-checked; for the moment, we list as primary the form supported by both sources.

Stevenson 2005: 38. In [Schadeberg 1994: 39], the imperative form from an entirely different root is listed: ìː=rɔ́ːnɔ́ 'see!'. However, in [Stevenson 2005: 38] this stem (irono) is explicitly translated as 'look, look about', and there are reasons to believe that this is more accurate (such as external data, and the fact that Schadeberg, in his search for imperative forms, could have easily been fed the form 'look!' rather than 'see!' by informants).

Reh 1985: 434. Meaning glossed as 'to notice (smth.)' ('etw. erblicken'); the meaning 'to see' ('sehen') as such is not listed in [Reh 1985]. However, the same word is quoted as ássàlà 'see!' (imperative form) in [Schadeberg 1994: 39].

Schadeberg 1994: 39. The complete attested form is állı̀ːlà màː náːfá, literally 'children of trees'. Somewhat dubious, since no other Krongo-Kadugli language uses this kind of metaphor in the basic function.

Tulishi:màlóà 3

Schadeberg 1994: 39. Plural meaning; the singulative form is t̪ì=màlóà.

Kanga:mɔ̀ːlà 3

Schadeberg 1994: 39. Plural meaning; the singulative form is t̪ì=mɔ̀ːlà.

Tumma:mʋ̀gɔ̀là 3

Schadeberg 1994: 39. Plural meaning; the singulative form is ɕà=mʋ̀gɔ̀là.

Reh 1985: 426. Listed both in the static meaning ('to be sitting') and in the dynamic meaning ('to sit down'). Quoted as ɔ́=mì 'sit!' (imperative form) in [Schadeberg 1994: 40]. The latter source also lists ánná... kúɓú as a synonym; this is probably the same as t=ànná-àní 'to stay (behind)' in [Reh 1985: 429] and not properly eligible for inclusion.

Schadeberg 1994: 40. 3rd p. sg. Quoted as ɛrɛ-gid̪ɛ, 1st p. sg. n=ɛrɛ-gid̪aː in [Stevenson 2005: 40]. The second morpheme in this complex verb seems to be a predicate of existence ('to be /in the state of/').

Kadugli:írìː-d̪ɛ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 40. 3rd p. sg.

Miri:íːrí-d̪ɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 40. 3rd p. sg.

Tulishi:áːrí-d̪ɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 40. 3rd p. sg.

Kanga:yàːr-d̪ɛ̀ 1

Schadeberg 1994: 40. 3rd p. sg.

Tumma:áːrí-gíd̪à 1

Schadeberg 1994: 40. 3rd p. sg.

Krongo:t=èːrı̀-kkı́tı̀ 1

Reh 1985: 433. Formally, a frequentative formation from à=rı̀kkı́tı̀ 'to go to sleep' [ibid.]. Quoted as ı́rı̀-ʓí 'he is asleep' in [Schadeberg 1994: 40]. Additional synonyms: (a) t=óːbíːyʋ̀ 'to sleep' [Reh 1985: 408]; (b) ò=fùŋò 'to sleep' [Reh 1985: 416]. Semantic difference between all these synonyms is unclear; as the primary entry, we list the equivalent that is supported in both sources (and has the best external parallels as well).

Reh 1985: 441. Verbal stem: 'to be small'. Quoted as à=ttállì in [Schadeberg 1994: 40]. Also t=á=ttéɲà id. [Reh 1985: 439], with a suppletive plural: t=ìyéllí (the latter is also attested in [Schadeberg 1994: 40] as ŋg=íːyɛ̀llì, with a different prefix). Since both =(ʈ)ʈéllé and =ttéɲà may ultimately represent etymologically related stems, we do not separate them for now. Finally, cf. also t=ó=ʈʈyó 'to be small' [Reh 1985: 442], also possibly containing the same root (*=ʈi=).

Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994]. Information in [Stevenson 2005: 45] is not quite clear: the source lists -inni, -annɛ in the meaning 'that' (it is not clear whether these are two allomorphs of the same stem or two different stems) and igi, fem. ogu in the meaning 'that (not far away)'.

Kadugli:anne # 1

Abdalla 1969. Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994]; dubious due to the inadequate quality of the only source in which it is attested.

Miri:

Not attested.

Tulishi:

Not attested.

Kanga:

Not attested.

Tumma:

Not attested.

Krongo:=íkkì 2

Reh 1985: 416. Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994].

Keiga:gì-ná 2

Reh 1994: 231. Plural form: gì-ní. These forms are translated as 'this, these' in the source. However, the forms for 'that, those' are formally derived from them with the addition of another particle: gìná nʋ́ 'that', gìní nʋ́ 'those'. Furthermore, the existence of yet another deictic form to denote proximity (ŋgɛ̀ 'this' q.v.) makes it plausible to suggest that gì-ná is actually the "intermediate" pronoun ('that one, nearer to the addressee') in a tripartite system.

Tumtum:

Not attested.

Number: 86

Word:this

Katcha:

Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994]. Information in [Stevenson 2005: 45] is not quite clear: the source lists the forms ya, mɔ, nɔ in the meaning 'this (and these)', but the difference in meaning and function between these words is not specified. We prefer to leave the slot empty.

Kadugli:ya 1

Abdalla 1969. Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994]; dubious due to the inadequate quality of the only source in which it is attested.

Miri:

Not attested.

Tulishi:

Not attested.

Kanga:

Not attested.

Tumma:

Not attested.

Krongo:=óʔóŋ 2

Reh 1985: 431. Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994].

Keiga:gɛ́ ~ ŋgɛ̀ 3

Reh 1994: 200, 218. Plural forms: gí ~ ŋgí 'these'. Forms without the initial nasal are used as copula complements (e.g. 'this is a tree'); forms with the nasal are used as adjectives (e.g. 'this tree is big'). Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994].

Stevenson 2005: 21. Imperative form. The indicative paradigm seems to be suppletive and also shows variation between several synonyms: cf. 1st p. sg. n=araː or n=aʓɔaː, without further semantic specification. Not attested in [Schadeberg 1994].

Kadugli:

Not attested.

Miri:à=ttɔ̀ 2

Schadeberg 1994: 30. 3rd p. sg. form.

Tulishi:yɔ̀gɔ́ 3

Schadeberg 1994: 30. Imperative form.

Kanga:

Not attested.

Tumma:ɲúŋŋɔ́ 4

Schadeberg 1994: 30. Imperative form.

Krongo:ɕ=àáw 3

Reh 1985: 410. Contracted from *t=yàáw. Analysis of textual information in [Reh 1985] shows that this is the most frequent equivalent for 'to go' in Krongo. However, several additional synonyms are available in the dictionary: (a) t=ànkwà-ànì 'to go, to fare' [Reh 1985: 429]; (b) t=ákká 'to go' [Reh 1985: 419].

Schadeberg 1994: 44. Meaning glossed as 'warm', but the same word is listed as agu=ɗaːna 'warm; hot' in [Stevenson 2005: 24, 49].

Kadugli:íːyùyyù-k # 2

Schadeberg 1994: 44. Meaning glossed as 'warm'. In [Matsushita 1984: 71], only the equivalent for 'hot' is listed: àgɔ́=dàːnà 'hot (as fire)'. This is the same word as Schadeberg's 'warm' in Katcha, Miri, etc. In this situation, there is some danger of semantic inaccuracy in Schadeberg's lists.

Schadeberg 1994: 35. Not attested as such in [Reh 1985], although the two parts of this compound are available there separately: àfì 'to find oneself' (verbal stem) [Reh 1985: 415] + kàttı̀ 'next to (smth.)' [Reh 1985: 418].