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(1847–1917). U.S. painter Albert Pinkham Ryder, noted for his highly personal and mystical allegorical scenes, worked in the late 19th-century visionary tradition. His compositions offered visual counterparts to Bible episodes and as well as scenes of works from authors William Shakespeare and Edgar Allan Poe and from composer Richard Wagner.

Albert Pinkham Ryder was born on March 19, 1847, in New Bedford, Massachusetts. There he studied at a public school until poor vision attributed to an illness from a faulty vaccination prevented his attendance. About 1870 Ryder settled in New York City, where he was admitted to the National Academy of Design to study under the portraitist and engraver William Marshall. Ryder’s formal training, however, little affected his early work, which consisted of largely naive and idyllic landscapes. He was an imaginative painter who quickly associated himself with the progressive Decorative movement and Symbolist painters. Daniel Cottier, owner of a fashionable English interior decorating firm, became Ryder’s dealer about 1875, and the two traveled throughout Europe and Africa promoting Ryder’s art. In 1877 Ryder helped found the Society of American Artists, a group with which he exhibited his pastoral compositions for the next three years.

In the early 1880s, Ryder’s style began to change. He chose dramatic subjects involving mystical or mythological themes or depicting biblical or literary episodes. He may have been influenced by his visits to Europe’s museums or by his experiences during his trips to Africa with Cottier. As his themes became more personal, Ryder became increasingly reclusive. Considered an isolated visionary, he omitted nonessential details from his paintings, concentrating instead on generalized forms and masses of color. He often applied multiple broad, thick layers of glazes and pigment with a palette knife.

Ryder’s works are pervaded by thick, yellow light (usually moonlight), which heightens the mood of such paintings as The Race Track, or Death on a Pale Horse. Works such as The Toilers of the Sea reflect his fascination with nature’s forces as well as with the helplessness of humanity in the face of those forces. Many of Ryder’s works, such as Jonah, were drawn from the Bible, while other paintings, such as Macbeth and the Witches, The Temple of the Mind, and Siegfried and the Rhine Maidens, were depictions of episodes from the works of Shakespeare, Poe, and Wagner.

By the 1890s Ryder had stopped creating new works and began reworking his earlier works; by the turn of the 20th century his artistic powers were impaired, and his misanthropy increased. He had injured some of his earlier paintings with misjudged reworkings, and—because of his eccentric technical methods—the surfaces of a number of his paintings cracked and darkened over time, suffering rapid deterioration. Ryder’s life’s compositions, about 150 paintings, were never dated and rarely signed, and his obsessive reworking made the dates even more uncertain. His health began to fail by 1915, and Ryder moved to Elmhurst, New York, where he died on March 28, 1917.

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