The Colt Model 1861 Navycap & ball .36-caliber revolver was a six-shot, single-action percussion weapon produced by Colt's Manufacturing Company from 1861 until 1873. It incorporated the "creeping" or ratchet loading lever and round barrel of the .44-caliber Army Model of 1860 but had a barrel one half inch shorter, at 7.5 inches. Total production was 38,000 revolvers.[1][2]

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Like its forerunner, the Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, it saw widespread use in the American Civil War and on the American Western frontier, though far fewer were produced, it has the same general specification as the earlier model, but with a rounded barrel and somewhat different rammer.[2] While similar in design to the Colt Army Model 1860, the lighter recoil of the 1861 Navy's .36 caliber was preferred by some cavalry soldiers.

During the Civil War its main competitor in England was the Adams self-cocking revolver, the Adams fired a .49 caliber bullet and did not require the shooter to pull the hammer back. Colt's revolver was more popular because Colt mass-produced his weapons while Adams' products were handmade by skilled artisans; in the United States, Colt's main rival was the Remington Model 1858 revolver.

There were few variations of the Model 1861 Navy Colt. Approximately 100 of the first guns made had fluted cylinders with no cylinder scene. Another 100, made between the serial ranges of 11,000 and 14,000 were cut for a shoulder stock – the lower portion of the recoil shield was milled away and a fourth screw for the stock was added to the frame, with the exception of the first fifty or so of this model, all guns had a capping groove. A brass trigger guard and back strap, silver-plated, were standard, the cylinders of the Navy 1851 and 1861 Navy Colt revolvers are engraved with a scene of the victory of the Second Texas Navy at the Battle of Campeche on May 16, 1843. The engraving was provided by Waterman Ormsby.

The Colt 1861 Navy typically was used with paper cartridges, that is, with a cartridge consisting of nitrated paper, a pre-measured black powder charge, and a bullet that was either a lead round ball or a lead conical bullet, the nitrated paper of the cartridge was completely consumed upon use, and the use of paper cartridges enabled faster re-loading. Alternatively, it was always possible to load with measured powder charges and lead round balls.

After the expiration of the Rollin White Patent (Apr. 3, 1869), a number of Navy 1861 and its forerunner, the Colt 1851 Navy Revolver were converted or newly made to fire .38 rimfire or centerfire cartridges, the Colt Model 1861 Richards- Mason Conversion by the Colt factory.

1.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder

2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

3.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure

4.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians

5.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864

6.
American Indian Wars
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These conflicts occurred in the current boundaries of the United States from the time of earliest colonial settlements until 1924. In many cases, wars resulted from competition for resources and land ownership as Europeans, Warfare and raiding also took place as a result of conflicts between European governments and later the United States. These governments enlisted Native Americans tribes to help them conduct warfare against each others settlements, after 1776, many conflicts were local, involving disputes over land use, and some entailed cycles of reprisal. In the 1800s, conflicts were spurred by ideologies such as Manifest Destiny, in the years leading up to the Indian Removal Act of 1830 there were many armed conflicts between settlers and Native Americans. Prior to the Act of 1830, some conflicts were resolved through sale or exchange of territory through treaties between the government and specific tribes. The 1830 act authorized the removal of indigenous peoples who lived East of the Mississippi River to the West. As United States citizens continued to settle areas towards the Pacific, the policy of removal was refined to move some indigenous peoples to very specific reservations. The 2010 census found 2,932,248 Americans who identified themselves as being Native American, no consensus exists on how many native people lived in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus, but extensive research has been and continues to be conducted. Estimates on the population of pre-Colombus North America range from a low of 2.1 million to 7 million people to 18 million, scholars believe that the overwhelming main causes were new infectious diseases carried by European explorers and traders. Native Americans had no acquired immunity to diseases, which had been chronic in Eurasian populations for over five centuries. For instance, some estimates indicate case fatality rates of 80–98% in Native American populations during smallpox epidemics. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, the actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the number given. Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate, from about 1600 onwards, the process of European colonization of North America by the English, French, Spanish, Dutch and Swedish was contested by various indigenous tribes. Similarly, in the American Revolution and the War of 1812, the British planned to set up an Indian nation in what is now the Ohio-Wisconsin area to block further American expansion. The U. S. protested and finally, in 1812, most Indian tribes, especially those allied with Tecumseh, supported the British and were ultimately defeated by General William Henry Harrison. The latter were defeated by General Andrew Jackson, during and after such warfare, many refugees from defeated tribes went over the border to Canada, those in the South went to Florida while it was under Spanish control. During the early 19th century, the government was under pressure by settlers in many regions to expel Native Americans from their areas. Some resisted fiercely, most notably the Seminoles in a series of wars in Florida and they were never finally defeated, although some Seminole did remove to Indian Territory

7.
Colt's Manufacturing Company
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Colts Manufacturing Company is an American firearms manufacturer, founded in 1855 by Samuel Colt. It is the corporation to Colts earlier firearms-making efforts, which started in 1836. Colts earliest designs played a role in the popularization of the revolver. Although Samuel Colt did not invent the concept, his designs resulted in the first very successful ones. The most famous Colt products include the Colt Walker, made 1847 in the facilities of Eli Whitney Jr. Though they did not develop it, for a long time Colt was also responsible for all AR-15 and M16 rifle production. The most successful and famous of these are numerous M16 carbines, including the Colt Commando family, in 2002, Colt Defense was split off from Colts Manufacturing Company. Colts Manufacturing Company now serves the market, while Colt Defense serves the law enforcement, military. The two companies remained in the same West Hartford, Connecticut location cross-licensing certain merchandise before reuniting in 2013, following the loss of its M4 contract in 2013, Colt was briefly in Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, starting in 2015. Samuel Colt received a British patent on his design for a revolver in 1835. That same year, he founded his first corporation for its manufacture, the first firearm manufactured at the new Paterson plant, however, was the Colt First Model Ring Lever rifle beginning in 1837. This was followed thereafter in late 1837 by the introduction of the Colt Paterson. This corporation suffered quality problems in production, making firearms with interchangeable parts was still rather new, and it was not yet easy to replicate across different factories. Interchangeability was not complete in the Paterson works, and traditional gunsmithing techniques did not fill the gap entirely there, the Colt Paterson revolver found patchy success and failure, some worked well, while others had problems. The United States Marine Corps and United States Army reported quality problems with these earliest Colt revolvers, production had ended at the New Jersey corporation by 1842. Colt made another attempt at revolver production in 1846 and submitted a prototype to the US government, during the Mexican–American War, this prototype was seen by Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker who made some suggestions to Colt about making it in a larger caliber. Having no factory or machinery to produce the pistols, Samuel Colt collaborated with the Whitney armory of Whitneyville and this armory was run by the family of Eli Whitney. Eli Whitney Jr, the son of the patriarch, was the head of the family armory

8.
Gun barrel
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A gun barrel is a part of firearms and artillery pieces. The hollow interior of the barrel is called the bore, a gun barrel must be able to hold in the expanding gas produced by the propellants to ensure that optimum muzzle velocity is attained by the projectile as it is being pushed out by the expanding gas. Modern small arms barrels are made of known and tested to withstand the pressures involved. Artillery pieces are made by various techniques providing reliably sufficient strength, early firearms were muzzle-loading, with powder, and then shot loaded from the muzzle, capable of only a low rate of fire. During the 19th century effective mechanical locks were invented that sealed a breech-loading weapon against the escape of propellant gases, the early Chinese, the inventors of gunpowder, used bamboo, a naturally tubular stalk, as the first barrels in gunpowder projectile weapons. Early European guns were made of iron, usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings. The Chinese were the first to master cast-iron cannon barrels, early cannon barrels were very thick for their caliber. Bore evacuator Bore snake Cannon Muzzle Polygonal rifling Rifling Slug barrel Smoothbore

9.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck

10.
.38 Short Colt
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The.38 Short Colt /.38 Short Center Fire was a heeled bullet cartridge intended for metallic cartridge conversions of the.36 cal cap & ball Colt 1851 Navy Revolver from the American Civil War era. Later, this cartridge was fitted with a 0.359 diameter inside-lubricated bullet in the 125–135 grain range, visually, it resembles a.38 S&W but the case dimensions are slightly different. The.38 Short Colt case is the parent to.38 Long Colt, the round was produced in two lengths. The classic.38 Short Colt M1874 is. mm and it is the original and standard.38 Short Colt cartridge and was designed for use in the Colt New Line revolver. The shorter.38 Short Colt M1919 was. mm, the.38 Short Colt M1919 was designed for the.38 Colt Police revolver, but was discontinued in the 1920s due to its unpopularity. Remington is one of the few producers of this cartridge today with a 125grs LRN bullet, magtech produces this grain weight and Ten-x manufactures a 95gr load, as well as blanks. There is no problem firing this cartridge in.38 Special or.357 Magnum revolvers, the bullet jump has not, however, been proven to have any effect on accuracy

11.
Caliber
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In guns, particularly firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the projectile it fires, in hundredths or sometimes thousandths of an inch. For example, a 45 caliber firearm has a diameter of.45 of an inch. Barrel diameters can also be expressed using metric dimensions, as in 9mm pistol, when the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation cal can be used. Good performance requires a bullet to closely match the diameter of a barrel to ensure a good seal. While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are referred to by the cartridge name. Firearm calibers outside the range of 17 to 50 exist, but are rarely encountered. Larger calibers, such as.577.585.600.700, the.950 JDJ is the only known cartridge beyond 79 caliber used in a rifle. Referring to artillery, caliber is used to describe the length as multiples of the bore diameter. A 5-inch 50 calibre gun has a diameter of 5 in. The main guns of the USS Missouri are 1650 caliber, makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming the cartridges, since no established convention existed then. One of the early established cartridge arms was the Spencer repeating rifle, later various derivatives were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller-diameter bullets, these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No.56 became the. 56-56, and the smaller versions. 56-52. 56-50, the. 56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a 50-cal bullet. Optionally, the weight in grains was designated, e. g. 45-70-405. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the.204 Ruger, metric diameters for small arms refer to cartridge dimensions and are expressed with an × between the bore diameter and the length of the cartridge case, for example,7. 62×51 NATO. This indicates that the diameter is 7. 62mm, loaded in a case 51mm long. Similarly, the 6. 5×55 Swedish cartridge has a diameter of 6.5 mm. An exception to rule is the proprietary cartridge used by U. S. maker Lazzeroni. The following table lists commonly used calibers where both metric and imperial are used as equivalents

12.
Action (firearms)
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In firearms terminology, an action is the mechanism that handles the ammunition or the method by which that mechanism works. Breech-loading weapons have actions, actions are not present on muzzleloaders. The mechanism that fires a muzzle-loader is called the lock, actions can be categorized in several ways, including single action versus double action, break action versus bolt action, and others. The term action can also short, long, and magnum if it is in reference to the length of the rifle’s receiver. The short action rifle usually can accommodate a cartridge length of 2.8 in or smaller, the long action rifle can accommodate a cartridge of 3.34 in, and the magnum action rifle can accommodate cartridges of 3.6 in, or longer in length. Manual operation is a term describing any type of firearm action that is loaded one shot at a time by the user rather than automatically. For example, break action is a form of operation using a simple hinge mechanism that is manually unlatched by the operator. These are actions wherein the breechblock lowers or drops into the receiver to open the breech, there are two principal types of dropping block, the tilting block and the falling block. In a tilting or pivoting block action, the breechblock is hinged on a pin mounted at the rear, when the lever is operated, the block tilts down and forward, exposing the chamber. The best-known pivoting block designs are the Peabody, the Peabody–Martini, the original Peabody rifles, manufactured by the Providence Tool Company, used a manually cocked side-hammer. The 1871 Martini–Henry which replaced the trapdoor Snider–Enfield was the standard British Army rifle of the later Victorian era, charles H. Ballards self-cocking tilting-block action was produced by the Marlin Firearms Company from 1875, and earned a superlative reputation among long-range Creedmoor target shooters. Surviving Marlin Ballards are today highly prized by collectors, especially those mounted in the elaborate Swiss-style Schützen stocks of the day. A falling-block action is a firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon. Examples of firearms using the falling block action are the Sharps rifle, in a rolling block action the breechblock takes the form of a part-cylinder, with a pivot pin through its axis. The operator rotates or rolls the block to open and close the breech, it is a simple, rugged, a break action is a type of firearm where the barrel are hinged and can be broken open to expose the breech. The earliest metallic-cartridge breechloaders designed for military issue began as conversions of muzzle-loading rifle-muskets. The upper rear portion of the barrel was filed or milled away, an internal angled firing pin allowed the re-use of the rifles existing side-hammer. The Allin action made by Springfield Arsenal in the US hinged forward, france countered in 1866 with its superior Chassepot rifle, also a paper-cartridge bolt action

13.
Trigger (firearms)
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A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the firing sequence of a firearm or crossbow, a trigger may also start another mechanism such as a trap or a quick release. A small amount of energy applied to the causes the release of much more energy. In double action firearm designs, the trigger is used to cock the firearm -. Firearms use triggers to initiate the firing of a cartridge in the chamber of the weapon. This is accomplished by actuating a striking device through a combination of spring and kinetic energy operating through a pin to strike. There are two types of striking mechanisms, hammers and strikers. Hammers are spring-tensioned masses of metal that pivot on a pin when released, strikers are, essentially, spring-loaded firing pins that travel on an axis in-line with the cartridge eliminating the need for a separate hammer. The connection between the trigger and the hammer is generally referred to as the sear surface, variable mechanisms will have this surface directly on the trigger and hammer or have separate sears or other connecting parts. There are numerous types of action, where action refers to the mechanism or to the logic of how it is built and they are categorized according to which functions the trigger is to perform. Most modern firearms use the trigger to deactivate passive safeties but this does not change how they are identified, a single-action trigger is the earliest and mechanically simplest of trigger types. Almost all rifles and shotguns use this type of trigger, the term single-action wasnt in use until weapons with double-action triggers were invented, which didnt occur until the mid-19th century, before that, all triggers were single-action. Although these weapons dont require the user to physically cock the hammer, manually cocked hammers lasted a while longer in some break-action shotguns, and in dangerous game rifles, where the hunter didnt want to rely on an unnecessarily complex or fragile weapon. In modern usage, the terms single-action and double-action almost always refer to handguns, while a single-action revolver or semi-automatic must always be cocked prior to firing, most double-action handguns are capable of firing in both single- and double-action modes. Only double-action only weapons are incapable of firing from a cocked hammer. Thereafter, every time a round is fired, the hammer is recocked by the cycling slide, after the first shot, they would fire as single-actions. These double action, or double action, pistols rapidly gained popularity. A double-action/single-action firearm combines the features of both mechanisms, and is called traditional double-action. In simple terms, double-action refers to a gun trigger mechanism that both cocks the hammer and then releases the sear, thus performing two actions, hence double action

14.
Caplock mechanism
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Forsyth patented his ignition system in 1807. However, it was not until after Forsyths patents expired that the percussion cap system was developed. The caplock offered many improvements over the flintlock, the caplock was easier to load, more resistant to weather, and was much more reliable than the flintlock. Many older flintlock weapons were converted into caplocks so that they could take advantage of this increased reliability. The caplock mechanism consists of a hammer, similar to the used in a flintlock, and a nipple. The nipple contains a tube which goes into the barrel, the percussion cap contains a chemical compound called mercuric fulminate or fulminate of mercury, whose chemical formula is Hg2. It is made from mercury, nitric acid and alcohol, when the trigger releases the hammer, it strikes the cap, causing the mercuric fulminate to explode. The flames from this explosion travel down the tube in the nipple and enter the barrel, where they ignite the main powder charge

15.
Colt Army Model 1860
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The Colt Army Model 1860 is a muzzle-loaded cap & ball. 44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colts Manufacturing Company. It was used as an arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops. The Colt 1860 Army uses the same frame as the.36 caliber 1851 Navy revolver. The frame is relieved to allow the use of a cylinder that enables the Army to be chambered in.44 caliber. The barrel on the 1860 Army has a cone that is visibly shorter than that of the 1851 Navy. Another distinguishing feature of the Colt 1860 Army, first introduced on the Colt 1855 Sidehammer Revolver, is the loading lever. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873, Colts biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot weapon accurate up to 75 to 100 yards, the rear sight was a notch in the hammer, only usable when the revolver was fully cocked. The Colt. 44-caliber “Army Model was the most widely used revolver of the Civil War and it had a six-shot, rotating cylinder, and fired a 0. The percussion cap, when struck by the hammer, ignited the powder charge, when fired, balls had a muzzle velocity of about 900 feet per second, although this depended on how much powder it was loaded with. The unfluted cylinder was rebated, meaning that the rear of the cylinder was turned to a smaller diameter than the front, the barrel was rounded and smoothed into the frame, as was the Navy Model. The frame, hammer, and rammer lever were case-hardened, the remainder blued, grips were of one-piece walnut, a distinguishing feature of the Model 1860 was that its frame had no top strap, or no component running above the cylinder. Instead, its strength came from the frame and the massive fixed cylinder pin. This made the gun slimmer and lighter than its competitor, the Remington Model 1858. The fixed cylinder pin also meant that the barrel had to be removed to remove the cylinder, unlike the Model 1858, according to importer Cimarron Arms Company, this was called the Texas Model because a number of them came into Texas shortly after secession. The goal was to use of silver spring steel of controlled carbon content and greater strength. Fluted cylinders had the patent date of Sept.10,1850 stamped in one of the flutes. Rebated cylinders above serial number 8000 were roller indented with a Texas Navy and Mexican battle scene, military 1860s had elongated screw lugs on the side of the frame to mount a detachable shoulder stock

16.
Colt 1851 Navy Revolver
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The Colt Revolving Belt Pistol of Naval Caliber, later known as the Colt 1851 Navy or Navy Revolver, is a cap and ball revolver that was designed by Samuel Colt between 1847 and 1850. Colt first called this Revolver Ranger model, but the designation Navy quickly took over, after the Civil War revolvers using fixed metallic cartridges came into widespread use. The Colt Navy remained in production until 1873, being replaced in the Colt line with what would become the manufacturers most famous handgun, as the factory designation implied, the Navy revolver was suitably sized for carrying in a belt holster. It became very popular in North America at the time of Western expansion, Colts aggressive promotions distributed the Navy and his other revolvers across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The cylinder of this revolver is engraved with a scene of the victory of the Second Texas Navy at the Battle of Campeche on May 16,1843, the engraving was provided by Waterman Ormsby. Despite the Navy designation, the revolver was purchased by civilians. The.36 caliber round ball weighs 80 grains and. A very small number of Navy revolvers were produced in.34 caliber, another rarity in the 1851 Navy production is the.40 caliber model, probably 5 were made 1858 for testing by the U. S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance. Sighting consists of a brass cone front sight pressed into the muzzle end of the top barrel flat with a notch in the top of the hammer. In spite of the crudity of the sighting arrangement, these revolvers. A small number of Model 1851 Navy revolvers was converted, using front-loaded, famous Navy users included Wild Bill Hickok, John Henry Doc Holliday, Richard Francis Burton, Ned Kelly, Bully Hayes, Richard H. Barter, Robert E. Lee, Nathan B. Use continued long after more modern cartridge revolvers were introduced, canadian issue 1851 Colts are stamped in the wooden grip upside down with letters U_C or L_C, a letter code for the unit, and the number of the weapon in that unit. E. g. U_C D21 This decodes as Upper Canada, D = Toronto Cavalry Troop, percussion Pistols and Revolvers, History, Performance and Practical Use. Famous Firearms of the Old West, From Wild Bill Hickoks Colt Revolvers to Geronimos Winchester, hounshell, David A. Sixguns, The Standard Reference Work. Roberts, Gary L. Doc Holliday, The Life and Legend, wilson, R. L. Colt, An American Legend. New York, London, Atabras, A Division of Abbeville Publishing Group

17.
Ramrod
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A ramrod is a metal or wooden device used with early firearms to push the projectile up against the propellant. It is also referred to as a scouring stick. The ramrod was used with muzzle-loading weapons such as muskets and cannons, bullets that did not fit snugly in the barrel were often secured in place by a wad of paper, but either way, ramming was necessary to place the bullet securely at the rear of the barrel. Ramming was also needed to tamp the powder so that it would explode properly instead of fizzle, the ramrod could also be fitted with tools for various tasks such as cleaning the weapon, or retrieving a stuck bullet. Early handguns were loaded a bit like muskets - powder was poured into each chamber of the cylinder, such handguns usually had a ramming mechanism built into the frame. The user pulled a lever underneath the barrel of the pistol, naval artillery began as breech-loading cannon and these too required ramming. Large breech loading guns continued into the 1880s, using wooden staffs worked by several sailors as ramrods, manual ramming was replaced with hydraulic powered ramming with trials on HMS Thunderer from 1874

18.
Recoil
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Recoil is the backward movement of a gun when it is discharged. To apply this counter-recoiling force, modern mounted guns may employ recoil buffering comprising springs and hydraulic recoil mechanisms, early cannons used systems of ropes along with rolling or sliding friction to provide forces to slow the recoiling cannon to a stop. Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded, however, the same pressures acting on the base of the projectile are acting on the rear face of the gun chamber, accelerating the gun rearward during firing. This results in the required counter-recoiling force being proportionally lower, modern cannons also employ muzzle brakes very effectively to redirect some of the propellant gasses rearward after projectile exit. This provides a force to the barrel, allowing the buffering system. The same physics affecting recoil in mounted guns and cannons applies to hand-held guns, hands, arms and shoulders have considerable strength and elasticity for this purpose, up to certain practical limits. For this reason, establishing recoil safety standards for small arms remains challenging, a change in momentum of a mass requires a force, according to Newtons first law, known as the law of inertia, inertia simply being another term for mass. That force, applied to a mass, creates an acceleration, according to Newtons second law, the law of momentum -- changing the velocity of the mass changes its momentum. It is important to understand at this point that velocity is not simply speed, velocity is the speed of a mass in a particular direction. In a very technical sense, speed is a scalar, a magnitude, in summation, the total momentum of the system equals zero, surprisingly just as it did before the trigger was pulled. There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy. The nature of the process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in the barrel upon the gun. It is also determined by the force applied to the gun. The recoil force only acts during the time that the ejecta are still in the barrel of the gun, except for the case of zero-recoil, the counter-recoil force is smaller than the recoil force but lasts for a longer time. Since the recoil force and the force are not matched. In the zero-recoil case, the two forces are matched and the gun will not move when fired. In most cases, a gun is very close to a free-recoil condition, an example of near zero-recoil would be a gun securely clamped to a massive or well-anchored table, or supported from behind by a massive wall. For example, placing the butt of a large caliber gun directly against a wall, the recoil of a firearm, whether large or small, is a result of the law of conservation of momentum

19.
Cavalry
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Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms, an individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used animals, such as camels. Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height, speed, another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent. In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured, and eventually became known for the mounted knights, in the period between the World Wars, many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or reformed as tank troops. Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks or aircraft. The shock role, traditionally filled by heavy cavalry, is filled by units with the armored designation. Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light chariots, the chariot originated with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic or semi-nomadic Indo-Iranians. The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized early on, Cavalry techniques were an innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and Iranian steppe and pastoralist tribes such as the Persian Parthians and Sarmatians. The photograph above left shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 865–860 BC, at this time, the men had no spurs, saddles, saddle cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was more difficult than mere riding. The cavalry acted in pairs, the reins of the archer were controlled by his neighbours hand. Even at this time, cavalry used swords, shields. The sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a simplification by the artist, Later images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse. As early as 490 BC a breed of horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour. However, chariots remained in use for purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph. The southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 55 and 54 BC, the last mention of chariot use in battle was by the Caledonians at the Mons Graupius, in 84 AD. During the classical Greek period cavalry were usually limited to citizens who could afford expensive war-horses

20.
Robert Adams (handgun designer)
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Robert Adams was a 19th-century British gunsmith who patented the first successful double-action revolver in 1851. His revolvers were used during the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, the U. S. Civil War, Adams was the manager for the London arms manufacturers George & John Deane. On August 22,1851, he was granted a British patent for a new revolver design, the.436 Deane and Adams was a five-shot percussion revolver with a spurless hammer, and the first revolver with a solid frame. This made it possible to fire the gun more rapidly than contemporary single-action revolvers, such as the Colt. Orders for the revolver were great enough to prompt the Deane brothers to make Adams a partner in their firm, although highly regarded, the hand-crafted Adams revolver was more expensive than Colts mass-produced guns. It lacked a shield behind the cylinder, which left the shooters hand subject to powder burns resulting from blowback caused by the sometimes unpredictable black powder of the era. The lack of a spur was criticized since the longer trigger pull of the Adams made it less accurate than the Colt. Furthermore, the Adams nipples, upon which the percussion caps were set, were unhardened, an Improved Frame model was offered in 1854, presenting both a sleeker look and more comfortable grip. In that same year the British Board of Ordnance reviewed the Adams together with other percussion revolvers with a view to adopting one as an official service sidearm, concerns about the gas escape between the cylinder and barrel during discharge resulted in no decision being made. Nevertheless, British officers purchased the Adams privately and the gun proved its worth in battle during the Crimean War, in 1855 a veteran of the Crimean conflict, Lieutenant Frederick E. B. Beaumont, improved the gun by linking the trigger to a spurred hammer, a new version of the revolver, the Beaumont–Adams, was produced and became so popular that it is said Samuel Colt was forced to shut down his London manufactory as a result. Adams had an out with the Deane brothers the following year and founded a new arms concern. Another important stockholder was Adams cousin, James Kerr, who invented the Kerrs Patent Revolver. The factory was established on the site of the South-Eastern Railway Company in the Bermondsey section of London. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 established the Adams as the official revolver of the British Army, in the bitter fighting it was found that rapid fire was more important than accuracy, and the man-stopping power of the Adams large caliber bullet was also valued. Several variations and improvements were made upon the Adams, which was manufactured in Europe, the majority of British-made Adams guns seem to have been in 54 bore, but several smaller and at least one larger bore were also offered. In 1857 the U. S. government purchased 100 revolvers in.36 caliber and another 500 from the Adams-licensed Massachusetts Arms Company. The 100 British-made guns were issued to the U. S. Army with the rest held in storage until issued at the outbreak of the U. S. Civil War

21.
Remington Model 1858
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It is commonly, though inaccurately, referred to as the Model 1858 due to the patent markings on its cylinder, PATENTED SEPT. REMINGTON & SONS, ILION, NEW YORK, U. S. A. /NEW MODEL, although wide scale production did not start until 1861. The Remington revolver was a secondary, supplemental issue firearm for the Union Army until the Colt factory fire of 1864. Due to the fire the Colt 1860 Army was not available for some time and it was more expensive, by 50 cents, than the Colt, but those who could afford it remarked on its durability and ability to quickly reload by switching to another pre-loaded cylinder. It saw use in the American West, both in its original configuration and as a metallic cartridge conversion, as well as around the world. The Remington is a single-action, six-shot, percussion revolver produced by E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, the Remington Army revolver is large-framed, in.44 caliber, with an 8 inch barrel length. The Remington Navy revolver is slightly smaller framed than the Army, there were three progressive models made, the Remington-Beals Army & Navy, the 1861 Army & Navy, and the New Model Army & Navy. The three models are identical in size and appearance. Subtle but noticeable differences in hammers, loading levers, and cylinders help identify each model, the 1861 Remington actually transitioned into New Model appearance by late 1862, slowly transforming throughout 1862, due to continual improvement suggestions from the U. S. Ordnance Department. Combustible cartridge velocities averaged from 700 to 900 feet per second, depending on quality, charge. The special powder and minimal charge reduced black powder fouling, allowing revolvers to be fired as much as possible before cleaning was necessary, the Remington revolver owes its durability to the “topstrap”, solid-frame design. The design is stronger and less prone to stretching than the Colt revolvers of the same era. The internal lockwork of the Remington is somewhat simpler in construction, while the Colt employs separate screws for the hand and trigger, those components share the same through-frame screw in the Remington design. Another innovative feature was safety slots milled between chambers on the cylinder, the milled slot positively secured the hammer between chambers for safe carry by preventing accidental cylinder rotation. Most 19th-century revolver designs lacked such safety features, early Whitney revolvers, for example, were similar to the Remington but lacked the safety slots. The Remington revolver permitted easy cylinder removal, allowing a quick reload with a spare pre-loaded cylinder and it is, however, unlikely that this was common practice during the period. Spare cylinders were not provided by the Army, in 1868, Remington began offering five shot metallic cartridge conversions of the revolver in.46 rimfire. Remington paid a royalty fee to Smith & Wesson, owners of the Rollin White patent on bored-through revolver cylinders for metallic cartridge use, the Remington Army cartridge-conversions were the first large-caliber cartridge revolvers available, beating even Smith & Wessons.44 American to market by nearly two years

22.
Texas Navy
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The Texas Navy was the official navy of the Republic of Texas. It was created to protect and defend the coastline of Texas and offer protection for the shipping, during the Texas Revolution, the provisional government in San Felipe de Austin issued an ordinance in November 1835 to establish an official navy. In January 1836, agents purchased four schooners, Invincible, Brutus, Independence, according to Teddy Roosevelt, the Texas Navy succeeded in preventing reinforcements and provisions at their naval base at Matamoros from reaching General Santa Annas forces then occupying Texas. This forced Santa Anna to disperse his army, to forage for food. This in turn is what led to his defeat at San Jacinto by General Sam Houston, by October 1837, all of the ships had been lost at sea, sunk by the Mexican Navy, run aground, captured, or sold, and replacements were being procured. The six vessels were known as the second Texas Navy, for three years the Texas Navy raided the Mexican coast and kept the Mexican fleet focused on defending its own coastline. This battle is believed to be unique, marking the occasion in which a sailing warship engaged. When Texas joined the United States in 1846, the Texas Navy was merged into the United States Navy, the founders of the Republic of Texas attempted to bolster recruitment into the armed forces through the generous inducement of land for military service. The policy in Texas was inconsistent, as not all Texas veterans were treated equally, Texas passed its first bounty act on November 24,1835, when the general council created a regular army and promised those who served in it for two years 640 acres of land. After the revolution, the Texas government distributed the public lands, in all,9,874,262 acres was granted to veterans of the Texas army, or to Confederate soldiers in Texas. Not one of those nearly 10 million acres was granted for naval service, “The fact remains that Texas could not have won her independence and maintained it as she did, without the navy, ” said Texas Navy historian Alex Dienst. It has been said that if the United States was Texas’s biological parent, historians point out that the Texas Navy was of vital importance to the war effort with approximately three-fourths of all troops, supplies and cash originating from the ports of New Orleans. Navy vessels protected against marauding Mexican warships looking to cut the cord that flowed to Texas through Galveston, keeping the war effort. Additionally, military leaders knew the importance of the Texas coast to winning a revolution, or quashing a rebellion. In fact, Mexican General Vicente Filisola remarked, “. the posts of Texas are not sustainable, whilst a maritime force does not co-operate with the operations of the land service. ”On the other side, Commander James Fannin, in an August 1835 letter, wrote that provisions were scarce for the Mexican army on dry land. He requested naval assistance to the army, asking, “Where is your navy. ”He pointed out that if Texas ships could block access to ports, “they are ruined. The battle for bounty lands was a struggle that culminated six years after the revolution. Naval policy was another in a line of differing views between Sam Houston and Mirabeau Lamar

23.
Naval Battle of Campeche
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The Naval Battle of Campeche took place on April 30,1843, and May 16,1843. Texas had declared its independence in 1836 but by 1843 Mexico had refused to recognize it, in Yucatán, a similar rebellion had begun and was fought off-and-on from 1836 to 1846. The battle ended in a combined Yucatecan and Texan victory, a scene from this battle is engraved on the cylinder of every Colt 1851 Navy and 1861 Navy revolver. Moore could only fully refit and rearm his ships by expending his own funds when he put in at New Orleans, the government of Texas refused him more funds and Sam Houston ordered him back to Texas so the fleet could be sold. The fleet, upon being put up for auction in Galveston, was not sold at that time because the citizens of Galveston rioted, thereby preventing the auction. Moore disregarded Houstons orders, and allied himself with the government of the Republic of Yucatan, Yucatan paid Texas $8,000 a month for the services of the Texas Navy. Moore, now fully funded, sailed to lift the Mexican naval blockade of the port of Campeche, the initial battle lasted a few hours and was a draw, as both sides retired. After three hours of broadsides, the battle was essentially a draw, with both sides again withdrawing after sustaining damage and casualties. The Texas ships suffered some damage, but the Mexican. They were acclaimed as heroes on their return, even though Texas President Sam Houston had declared Commodore Moore, however, after a court martial, Commodore Moore was acquitted of all piracy charges

24.
Waterman Ormsby
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Ormsby was born in Hampton, Connecticut and became an apprentice in an engraving shop at a young age. In 1829, he attended the National Academy of Design in New York City. Upon graduating he moved to Albany, New York where he engraved over his own name for a few years then to Lancaster, Massachusetts, where he worked for the firm of Carter, Andrews & Co. Eventually, he settled in New York City where he founded the New York Bank Note Company and he married Julia Ann Brainard in 1830 and they divorced in 1846. Ormsby was an excellent line engraver and was called upon for a deal of work for bank notes were in wide use by the Government at the time of the Civil War. He purchased controlling interest in the magazine in 1847, but readership declined, dedicated to stopping counterfeiters, Ormsby invented the “grammagraph, a machine used to copy medals and medallions onto bank note dies in order to give the illusion of a bas-relief. The device was used as a pantographic engraving machine to produce roll-die engraving on metal. The machine automated an existing engraving technique that varied spaces between parallel lines to give the impression of depth to a print. In Ormsbys case this was most famously used on the cylinders of revolvers made by Samuel Colt of Colt Firearms, other inventions by Ormsby included a refined transfer press, medal-ruling machines and geometric lathes that took engraving from human hands to machinery. This was because for the majority of his career he worked alone or with one assistant, Ormsby is said to have helped Samuel Morse in the creation of the Morse alphabet. Ormsby died in Brooklyn, New York, on December 8,1883 and he was the father of Waterman L. Ormsby a reporter for the New York Herald

25.
Paper cartridge
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This article addresses older paper small-arms cartridges, for modern metallic small arms cartridges see Cartridge. A paper cartridge is one of various types of small arms used before the advent of the metallic cartridge. These cartridges consisted of a cylinder or cone containing the bullet, gunpowder, and, in some cases. Combustible cartridges are paper cartridges that use paper treated with oxidizers to allow them to burn completely upon ignition, paper cartridges have been in use for nearly as long as hand-held firearms, with a number of sources dating their use back to the late 14th century. Their use became widespread by the 17th century, the first army to officially use paper cartridges is presumed to be piechota wybraniecka of Poland under the rule of Stephen Batory. Paper cartridges were often coated in beeswax, lard, or tallow, since the standard procedure for loading a musket or rifled musket involved biting open the cartridge, this caused problems for those with strict dietary restrictions. The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include tallow derived from beef, which would be offensive to Hindus, and pork, which would be offensive to Muslims. The Sepoy soldiers in the employ of the British in India, for example, were largely Hindu, who were forbidden to eat beef, or Muslim, who were forbidden to eat pork. Rumors of the use of lard and tallow in the lubrication of the cartridges they were using were part of the cause of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the most common applications of paper cartridges were in muzzleloading firearms. While these may be loaded with powder and balls or bullets. This eliminated the operation of measuring the powder during loading, in the case where multiple projectiles were used, such as buck and ball loads, the cartridge also served to package up the projectiles, so they did not have to be measured or counted out. The paper also served as a patch in smoothbore firearms, which fired balls that were smaller than the diameter of the bore, the paper used in cartridges varied considerably. The instructions for making Enfield paper cartridges, published in 1859, some cartridges, such as those for percussion revolvers, used nitrated paper. Treated by soaking in a potassium nitrate solution and then drying, the two guns were similar enough, that both sides could make use of ammunition captured from the enemy without any problems. Indeed, the nature of musket balls in smoothbore weapons meant that undersized ammunition could be used in a pinch. There are a number of features which are not specific to the firearm, for example, the cartridge must be sturdy enough to withstand the handling it can be expected to receive. This means either a sturdy paper must be used, or the cartridge must be reinforced for strength, the importance of paper cartridges can be seen by the existence of cartridge paper, a paper specially produced for the production of paper cartridges. In some cases the cartridges were produced directly from paper pulp and it also helped the ball to not bounce around inside of the barrel as it was fired

26.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

27.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

28.
Colt Dragoon Revolver
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The Colt Model 1848 Percussion Army Revolver is a.44 caliber revolver designed by Samuel Colt for the U. S. Armys Regiment of Mounted Rifles. The revolver was issued to the Armys Dragoon Regiments. This revolver was designed as a solution to problems encountered with the Walker Colt. Although it was introduced after the Mexican-American War, it became popular among civilians during the 1850s and 1860s, the Colt Dragoon Revolver was produced with several variations between 1848 and 1860, when the Colt Model 1860 revolver replaced it. All the improvements in design of Colt revolvers were applied to the Dragoons as well to the models of Colt revolvers. Total production of Colt Dragoons including the 1,100 Walkers, from 1847 to 1860,19,800, for collectors, there are three different types. Between the Walker and the First model Dragoon, around 240 improved models were produced, barrel length 7 1/2 inch and their general appearance was to that of the production Dragoon models. These were produced late in 1847 and 1848, serial number range approximately 1100 through about 1340. Another distinctive detail were the very slender Slim Jim grips, Colt produced about 7,000 first models between 1848 and 1850. The Second Model has rectangular cylinder notches, until the no.10,000 the V-shaped mainspring was standard and then replaced with a flat leaf mainspring and a wheel on the hammer at its bearing on the mainspring. All the Second Model Dragoons have the squareback trigger guard, the company made about 2,550 Second Models in 1850 and 51. The Third Model Dragoon numbers stand at ten-thousand from 1851 through 1860 and this design had more variations as compared to its earlier counterparts. Some of the third model Colt Dragoon Revolvers had frame cuts for detachable shoulder stocks, horizontal loading lever latches, Third Colt Dragoon Revolvers had a round trigger guard. Government records showed an order for 8,390 Dragoons, other variants included the Colt 1848 Pocket Pistol now known as the Baby Dragoon, marketed in California with success during the Gold Rush days. With the addition of a loading lever this evolved into the 1849 pocket revolver, the Colt Dragoon Revolver had a comparatively shorter cylinder and held up to 50 grains of powder, whereas the Walker had used up to 60 grains of powder. The Dragoon Revolver had a barrel at 7.5 inches as compared to the 9 inches barrel on the Walker. A loading lever latch in front of the replaced the spring to keep the lever from dropping during recoil. These variations made the Colt Dragoon Revolver 4 pounds two ounces and these changes also reduced the risks of the Colt Dragoon Revolver from exploding when fired, unlike the risk that had been demonstrated with the Walker revolvers

29.
Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver
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In the revolver configuration of the patented revolving mechanism, only one model of revolver was produced. The only two available calibers for the revolver were.28 and.31, the production of the revolver started in 1855 and lasted until 1870. In spite of the complexity and ambition of its patented design, production began in 1855 with the Model 1 followed by the Model 1A and then the Model 2 beginning with serial number 1 and ending in 1860 at about 25,000. These models had a roller-die engraved scene referred to as the Cabin, production continued with the Model 3 which has a fluted cylinder The standard barrel length was 3 1/2 inch. The cylinder scene engraved on the first 25,000 pistols was created by banknote engraver Waterman Ormsby, the image was his fourth and last to be featured on Colt revolvers. The overall scene is 1 1/16 inch wide by 3 1/4 inch long, at one end of the scene is the text, COLTS PATENT No.14705. The image contains a pioneer defending himself against an attack by six Indians in Seminole-style attire using a pair of revolver pistols while his wife, along the top of the scene is a finely detailed wavy line and dot border. The Model 3,4 and 5 had a fluted cylinder, the Model 6 and 7 had a round cylinder, with the rolled on Stagecoach Holdup scene by W. L. Ormsby. In 1855 the Sidehammer was the first Colts revolver to use the creeping loading lever and this loading mechanism was used again in 1860 in the design of the Colt Army Model 1860, the Colt Navy Model 1861 and the Colt Police Model 1862. In 1855 the Sidehammer was the first Colts solid-frame spur-trigger gun and this anatomical characteristic was taken again when the three models of the Colt Derringer started production in 1870. For the two first models production lasted in 1890, and the model ended in 1912. But in the Colt Deringers the solid-frame spur-triger design was present in the patent when Colts purchased the National Arms Company in 1870. Actual original Colt models subsequent to the Sidehammer and inheriting a solid frame and a spur trigger were the Colt House and the Colt New Line

30.
Colt Paterson
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The Colt Paterson is a revolver. It was the first commercial repeating firearm employing a revolving cylinder with multiple chambers aligned with a single, stationary barrel. Its design was patented by Samuel Colt on February 25,1836, in the United States, France, and England, initially this 5-shot revolver was produced in.28 caliber, with a.36 caliber model following a year later. As originally designed and produced, no loading lever was included with the revolver, starting in 1839, however, a reloading lever and a capping window were incorporated into the design, allowing reloading without requiring partial disassembly of the revolver. This loading lever and capping window design change was incorporated after the fact into most Colt Paterson revolvers that had been produced from 1836 until 1839. Unlike later revolvers, a trigger was incorporated into the Colt Paterson. The trigger only became visible upon cocking the hammer, a subsequent patent renewal in 1849, and aggressive litigation against infringements, gave Colt a domestic monopoly on revolver development until the middle 1850s. Early Colt literature and later publications insist that Colt was inspired to design the revolver in 1830 by viewing the steering mechanisms aboard the brig Corvo while bound from Boston to Calcutta. However, some believe he saw examples of the Collier Flintlock Revolver while touring the Tower after the Corvo docked on the River Thames, in any event, sometime while aboard the Corvo he produced a wooden model and further developed the concept during the early 1830s. A creditor and business associate, John Ehlers, continued manufacture, revolving pistols held five shots and varied from pocket to belt and holster designations based upon size and intended mode of carry. Calibers ranged from 28/100s through 36/100s-inch, the model most identified with the Paterson Colt designation is the Number 5 Holster or Texas Paterson, which was manufactured in.36 caliber. The early Colt revolvers were of single-action design, meaning that the trigger functioned only to discharge the weapon and it was necessary to manually cock the hammer prior to firing. The first Paterson Models required partial disassembly for loading and had no provision for safely carrying the revolver with all chambers loaded. Replace the cylinder, barrel, and wedge and with the hammer at half cock, the revolvers came with spare cylinders, and the practice of the day was to carry spare cylinders loaded and capped for fast reloading. Period users had few qualms about this even though it presented a real hazard of accidental discharge if the caps were struck or the cylinder dropped. The first two options were extremely dangerous, in 1839, a hinged loading lever and capping window became standard for new revolvers and was retrofitted to the older designs. So modified, the revolvers could be loaded without disassembly, when the Paterson revolvers with loading levers finally reached Texas in 1842, Texas Ranger Captain John Coffee Hays was very pleased that his ranging companies could now reload from horseback. To fire the Paterson, the shooter thumbed the hammer back and this also caused the folding trigger to drop down from the frame into firing position

31.
Colt Pocket Percussion Revolvers
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The family of Colt Pocket Percussion Revolvers evolved from the earlier commercial revolvers marketed by the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Paterson, NJ. The.31 caliber carried over into Samuel Colts second venture in the trade in the form of the Baby Dragoon-a small revolver developed in 1847–48. The Baby Dragoon was in development with Colts other revolvers and, by 1850. It is a brother of the more famous Colts Revolving Belt Pistol of Naval Caliber introduced the same year. In 1855 Colt introduced another pocket percussion revolver, the Colt 1855 Sidehammer, the Pocket Model revolvers all have a traditional Colt-style frame, generally with brass grip straps and trigger guard, and a case-hardened steel frame. In appearance, the frames are almost identical to the larger 1851 Navy and.44 caliber 1860 Army Models, with the exception of being smaller, and so having a proportionately larger trigger guard. The most obvious difference is that the Pocket Police had a fluted 5-shot cylinder, while most Army Models were unfluted, later, the Navy Model was increased in bore size by rebating the frame and enlarging the cylinder, and became the 1860 Army Model. With the success of project, the.31 caliber of the 1849 Model was similarly increased to.36, using the same method, creating the Pocket Police. Those without loading levers are called the Wells Fargo Model although Wells Fargo records show no.31 caliber revolvers ever purchased by that company. Previously, it wasnt thought that the frame could handle the power of the.44 round. The stronger steels made this sacrifice unnecessary, the Pocket Navy was a version similarly up-sized to.36 caliber, but which retained the octagonal barrel and traditional loading lever of the earlier pocket mode. Between 1862 and 1873, Colt records document production of 19,000 of the Pocket Navies, relative to the.31 Pocket Revolvers, the period of manufacture was short and overall numbers were further limited by a fire at the Colt Factory in 1862 and War production concerns. Richard Francis Burton was a devotee of Colt Revolvers and carried a selection of them on his mid-eastern journeys including the trip to Somalia and Ethiopia in 1855. A Pocket model receives prominent mention, Other anecdotal accounts indicate that Bloody Bill Anderson, the Pocket Revolvers, both original and Replica are somewhat more challenging to shoot at moderate range than the larger Colt-type revolvers. The small size makes for a small and slender grip, the thinness and round cross-section of the grip make it easy for the gun to shift in the shooters grasp, and the sights are very small and difficult to see, compared to modern weapons. Point of impact is generally a foot or more above point of aim at 25 yards, in the guns intended purpose this creates little problem. A shooter need only point the weapon at the center of the torso, and fire, and the ball will hit somewhere in the chest region, all in all, for a weapon designed mostly as a relatively close-range defensive weapon, it was quite suitable for its era. HTML formatting by Steve Thomas,2003 Shumaker, P. L, variations of the Old Model Pocket Pistol 1849 to 1872 Alhambra California, Borden Publishing Company,1966 Wilson, R. L

32.
Colt Walker
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The Colt Walker, sometimes known as the Walker Colt, was a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six charges of black powder behind six bullets. It was designed in 1846 as a collaboration between Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker and American firearms inventor Samuel Colt, the 1847 Colt Walker was the largest and most powerful black powder repeating handgun ever made. It was created in the mid-1840s in a collaboration between Texas Ranger Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker and American firearms inventor Samuel Colt, building upon the earlier Colt Paterson design, Walker wanted a handgun that was extremely powerful at close range. Samuel Walker carried two of his revolvers in the Mexican–American War. He was killed in battle the same year his famous handgun was invented,1847, on October 9,2008, one specimen that had been handed down from a Mexican War veteran was sold at auction for US$920,000. The Republic of Texas had been the purchaser of the early Paterson Holster Pistol, a five shot cal.36 revolver. In 1847, Walker was engaged in the Mexican-American War as a captain in the United States Mounted Rifles and he approached Colt, requesting a large revolver to replace the single-shot Aston Johnson holster pistols then in use. The desired. 44-.45 caliber revolver would be carried in saddle mounted holsters, the Colt Walker was used in the Mexican-American War and on the Texas frontier. Medical officer John Rip Ford took a special interest in the Walkers when they arrived at Veracruz and he obtained two examples for himself and is the primary source for information about their performance during the war and afterward. The Walker, unlike most succeeding martial pistols and revolvers, was a weapon out to about 100 yards. The Colt Walker holds a charge of 60 grains in each chamber. It weighs 4 1⁄2 pounds unloaded, has a 9-inch barrel, the initial contract called for 1,000 of the revolvers and accoutrements. Colt commissioned Eli Whitney Junior to fill the contract and produced an extra 100 revolvers for private sales, notable recipients include John Coffee Hays. Colt commissioned New York engraver Waterman Ormsby to etch a scene on the cylinder that was based on Walkers description of the 1844 battle, in addition to its large size and weight, problems with the Walker included ruptured cylinders after firing. This has been attributed to primitive metallurgy, soldiers allowing powder to spill across the mouths of the chambers, under 300 of the original 1,000 were returned for repair due to a ruptured cylinder. The Walker had a loading lever catch that often allowed the loading lever to drop during recoil. Period-correct fixes for this often included placing a loop around both the barrel and loading lever, to prevent the loading lever from dropping under recoil. The Whitneyville-Hartford Dragoon is known as the first transitional model from the Walker to the Dragoon series, the Colt Walker has long maintained a unique position and mystique among handgun users, and its name is often used as a common expression of any overly large generic handgun example

33.
Colt Model 1871-72 Open Top
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The Colt Model 1871-72 Open Top is a metallic cartridge rear-loading. 44-caliber revolver introduced in 1872 by the Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company. This handgun was developed following two patents, the first one in 1871 and the one in 1872, it is estimated that the production span lies primarily between February 1872 and June 1873. There is therefore still some confusion when naming it and it is sometimes named Colt Model 1871 or Colt Model 1872 but at this time the most common accepted names are Colt Model 1871-72 Open Top, Colt Model 1871-72 or simply Colt Open Top. Up until then, it had been practicing the so-called Richards-Mason conversions. The trigger and revolving mechanism were based on the design as previous Colt revolvers. Chambered in.44 caliber, the gun was submitted to the US Army for testing in 1872, the Army rejected the pistol and asked for a more powerful caliber with a stronger frame. Mason redesigned the frame to incorporate a topstrap, similar to the Remington revolvers, the first prototype of the new gun was still chambered in.44 rimfire, but this new gun was chambered for the newest caliber known as the.45 Colt. This new design started production in 1873, giving birth to a new model, the Colt Single Action Army, the Two July patents were also found on very early Colt Single Action Army revolvers. Cimarron Firearms of Fredericksburg, Texas, imports a replica of the Open-Top revolver that is based on an antique Open Top that the company sent to Uberti to reverse-engineer, the replica revolver differs in one aspect, a safety has been placed on the hammer. Colt House Revolver Colt Single Action Army

34.
Colt Open Top Pocket Model Revolver
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The Colt Open Top Pocket Model Revolver was a single action pocket revolver introduced by the Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in 1871. It also was one of the first pocket metallic cartridge revolvers made by the company, when the Rollin White patent for metallic cartridges firearms manufacture expired the Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company started working on its own metallic cartridge revolvers. Thus, Colt introduced its first rear-loaders in 1871, the Colt House/Cloverleaf, in the 1870s the firearms market was awash with cheaply made knockoffs of the.22 caliber Smith & Wesson Model One which sold for about $2. Colts president Richard Jarvis decided it would not compete directly with the knockoffs, the Open Top Pocket was priced at $8. The frame was brass and sometimes silver or nickel plated, the barrel and cylinder were either blue or nickel plated. Rosewood or walnut grips on a birds head style frame made for a pistol to shoot. Loading was accomplished via a groove in the rearward of the cylinder. After that, a shooter would need to remove the cylinder to empty the brass casings, cheap copies imported from Spain and Belgium drove down the demand for these revolvers and Colt stopped manufacturing them by 1877. The Open Top Pocket Model was chambered in.22 Short and.22 Long and it was equipped with a 7-shot non-fluted cylinder and two different barrel lengths, 2-3/8″ and 2-7/8″. NOTE, It is highly questionable that modern.22 ammunition would be safe to use in antique firearms, Colt New Line Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver Colt Pocket Percussion Revolvers Colt Open Top Pocket Model revolver as described in the National Firearms Museum

35.
Colt House Revolver
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The Colt House Revolver was one of the first metallic cartridge rear-loading revolvers to be produced by the Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company, back in 1871. The Colt House Revolver was manufactured from 1871 to 1876 in two different models, the Colt House Model itself and the Colt Cloverleaf Model, the latter being the most produced of both. The House Model is also known among collectors as the Jim Fisk model or the Jim Fisk pistol, both models, House and Cloverleaf, were built around a solid hidden spur-trigger frame, a weapon architecture also used by another Colt gun, the Colt Sidehammer. The Sidehammer had a grip, while the House and Cloverleaf models had all of them a recognizable birds-head grip. These features were common on many small pistols and revolvers during that era, finally, both models, House and Cloverleaf, were chambered with.41 caliber rimfire cartridges, available in both long and short sizes. The main differences between the two models were the following, The House Model, also called the Jim Fisk Model, had a five rounds straight non-fluted cylinder, the Cloverleaf Model had a four rounds fluted cylinder. When viewed from front or rear the cylinder seemed to resemble a four-leaf clover, the House Model was less produced of the two and had no variant development. It was produced in a single item product with a 2-5/8 barrel, the Cloverleaf Model was more produced by far, and had two different variants, depending on the barrel length, 1-1/2 and 3. The 1-1/2 barrel length variant had an ejector rod contained within the center pin of the cylinder, allowing to reload while keeping the cylinder in the gun. The 3 barrel length variant of the Cloverleaf had the ejector in the axis of the cylinder center pin and, thus. The Colt New Line inherited the general shape of the Colt House, a birds head grip, Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver

36.
Colt New Line
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The Colt New Line was a single action pocket revolver introduced by the Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in 1873. It was, alongside the Colt Open Top Pocket Model Revolver, when the Rollin White patent for metallic cartridges firearms manufacture expired the Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company started working on its own metallic cartridge revolvers. Thus, after having introduced its first rear-loaders in 1871 and 1872, in 1873 Colt launched the Colt Peacemaker along with a new line of pocket revolvers, since it was an entirely new line of revolvers this model was called the Colt New Line. Circa 1884-1886, submerged by the competitors cheaper imitations and refusing to introduce a lower quality among its own firearms, the Colt New Line was chambered and produced as follows. All other four versions of the gun had 5-round cylinders

37.
Colt Single Action Army
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The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873, Colt has discontinued its production twice, but brought it back due to popular demand. The revolver was popular with ranchers, lawmen, and outlaws alike and its design has influenced the production of numerous other models from other companies. The Colt SAA revolver is a piece of Americana, known as The Gun That Won the West. For the design, Colt turned to two of its best engineers, William Mason and Charles Brinckerhoff Richards who had developed a number of revolvers and black powder conversions for the company. Their effort was designed for the United States government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colts Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, production began in 1873 with the Single Action Army model 1873, also referred to as the New Model Army Metallic Cartridge Revolving Pistol. The very first production Single Action Army, serial number 1, thought lost for years after its production, was found in a barn in Nashua. It was chambered in.45 Colt, a centerfire design containing charges of up to 40 grains of fine-grained black powder, relative to period cartridges and most later handgun rounds, it was quite powerful in its full loading. The Colt Single Action Army revolver, along with the 1870 and 1875 Smith & Wesson Model 3 Schofield revolver, the Colt.45 is a famous piece of American history, known as The Gun That Won the West. The Single Action Army became available in barrel lengths of 4¾, 5½ as well as the Cavalry standard. The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the Civilian or Gunfighter model, there was also a variant with a sub 4 barrel, without an ejector rod unofficially referred to as the Sheriffs Model, Bankers Special, or Storekeeper. From 1875 until 1880 Colt marketed a single-action revolver in.44 rimfire Henry caliber in a number range from no.1 to 1,863. A Flattop Target Model was listed in Colts catalogs from 1890 to 1898, Colt manufactured 914 of these revolvers with a frame which was flat on top and fitted with an adjustable leaf rear sight. The front sight consisted of a base with an interchangeable blade, in 1920, larger, highly visible sights replaced the original thin blade and notch. The revolvers remained essentially unchanged from that point until cessation of manufacture at the beginning of World War II, from 1873 through 1940, production of the Colt Single Action Army reached 357,859. This is identified as the Pre War or First Generation of the model, calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from.22 rimfire through.476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884, chambered for.45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the. 44-40 Winchester Center fire at 71,392, 38-40 at 50,520, 32-20 Winchester at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. All original, good condition, U. S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies are among the most valuable to collectors, especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA and the rare Henry Nettleton inspected Single Action Army Colts

38.
Colt Buntline
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The Colt Buntline Special is a long-barreled variant of the Colt Single Action Army revolver, which Stuart N. Lake described in his best-selling but largely fictionalized 1931 biography, Wyatt Earp, according to Lake, the dime novelist Ned Buntline commissioned the production of five Buntline Specials. After its publication, various Colt revolvers with long barrels were referred to as Colt Buntlines or Buntline Specials, Colt manufactured the pistol among its second-generation revolvers produced after 1956. A number of manufacturers, such as Uberti, Navy Arms. The revolver was first described by Stuart Lake in his highly fictionalized 1931 biography Wyatt Earp, the extremely popular book turned Wyatt Earp into a Western superman. Lakes creative biography and later Hollywood portrayals exaggerated Wyatts profile as a western lawman, Lake wrote that dime novelist Edward Zane Carroll Judson, Sr. writing under the pseudonym of Ned Buntline, commissioned the guns in repayment for material for hundreds of frontier yarns. Yet Buntline, in fact, only four western yarns, all about Buffalo Bill. According to descendants of Wyatt Earps cousins, he owned a Colt. 45-caliber, Earp had received the revolver as a gift from Tombstone mayor and Tombstone Epitaph newspaper editor John Clum. Lake later admitted that he had put words into Wyatts mouth because of the inarticulateness, Lake conceived the idea of a revolver that would be more precise and could be easily modified to work similarly to a rifle. According to Lake, the Colt Buntline was a revolver chambered for.45 Long Colt cartridge. However, it had a 12-inch-long barrel, in comparison to the Colt Peacemakers 7. 5-inch barrel, a 16-inch barrel was available, as well. According to Lake, it had a stock that could be easily affixed through a combination of screws. This accessory gave the revolver better precision and range, Lake claimed, the Colt Buntline was further popularized by The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp television series. However, neither Tilghman nor Brown were lawmen at that time, according to Lake, Earp kept his pistol at the original 12-inch length, but the four other recipients of the Specials cut their barrels down to the standard 7 1⁄2 inches or shorter. Lake spent much effort trying to track down the Buntline Special through the Colt company, Masterson, Lake described it as a Colt Single Action Army model with a long,12 inches barrel, standard sights, and wooden grips into which the name “Ned” was ornately carved. Researchers have never found any record of a received by the Colt company. The revolver could have been ordered from the Colt factory in Hartford, Connecticut. Several such revolvers with 16-inch barrels and detachable stocks were displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition, there are no company records for the Buntline Special, nor a record of any orders from or sent to Ned Buntline

39.
Colt M1877
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The Colt M1877 was a double-action revolver manufactured by Colts Patent Fire Arms from January 1877 to 1909 for a total of 166,849 revolvers. The Model 1877 was offered in three calibers, which lent them three unofficial names, the Lightning, the Thunderer, and the Rainmaker. The principal difference between the models was the cartridge in which they were chambered, the Lightning being chambered in.38 Long Colt, both models had a six-round ammunition capacity. An earlier model in.32 Colt known as the Rainmaker was offered in 1877, the M1877 was designed by one of the inventors of the M1873 Colt Single Action Army, William Mason, as Colts first attempt at manufacturing a double-action revolver. The M1877 was the first successful US-made double-action cartridge revolver, the M1877 was offered from the factory in two basic finishes, nickel-plated or a case-hardened frame with a blue barrel and cylinder. The revolver was available in lengths from 2.5 to 7.5 and was available with or without the ejector rod. The shorter barreled versions without the ejector rod were marketed as shopkeepers specials, neither Lightning nor Thunderer were Colt designations, nor used by the factory in any reference materials. Both terms were coined by Benjamin Kittredge, one of Colts major distributors, Kittredge was responsible for the terms Peacemaker for the Single Action Army, Omnipotent for the Colt M1878 double-action, and nicknames for the various chamberings of the New Line models. The M1877s early double-action mechanism proved to be intricate and delicate, and thus prone to breakage. The design had a reputation for failure and earned the nickname the gunsmiths favorite, because of the intricate design and difficulty of repair, gunsmiths to this day dislike working on them. Gun Digest referred to it as the worst double-action trigger mechanism ever made, typically, the trigger spring would fail and this would reduce the revolver to single-action fire only. Outwardly, the Model 1877 shows a resemblance to the Colt Single Action Army revolver, however it is scaled down slightly. The standard finishes were blued, with a frame or nickel plating. The birds head grips were of checkered rosewood on the early guns, the Lightning was the favored personal weapon of famous Manchester Victorian detective and then head of CID, Jerome Caminada. Old West outlaw John Wesley Hardin frequently used both Lightning and Thunderer versions of the Colt 1877 revolver, likewise the 1877 Thunderer in.41 caliber was the preferred weapon of Billy the Kid and was his weapon of choice when he was killed by Pat Garrett in 1881. The Colt Revolver in the American West—Model 1877 Lightning

40.
Colt M1878
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The Colt M1878 is a double-action revolver that was manufactured by Colts Manufacturing Company from 1878 to 1907. It is often referred to as the Frontier or the Double Action Army revolver, a total of 51,210 Model 1878 revolvers were manufactured from 1878 to 1907, including 4,600 for the US Ordnance Department. These are known as the Philippine or Alaskan models, samuel Colt experimented with double-action revolver systems, but he considered them to be unreliable. The M1878 was designed by William Mason, Colts factory manager and Charles Brinckerhoff Richards and it was similar in design to the Colt Model 1877. The Model 1878 was considered a more robust and reliable design than the Model 1877, the design of the Model 1878 was based on the Model 1877, which in turn was based heavily on the design of the earlier Colt Single Action Army revolver. The double-action revolver is not dramatically different in design than the single-action revolver, a strut is added to connect the trigger movement to the hammer. The top of the trigger slips beyond the strut so that the hammer will stay in full if it is pulled back manually. At one time, the factory modified Model 1878 cylinders for use in single-action revolvers in an attempt to use up spare parts. The Model 1878 was available in.45 Colt. 32-20.38 Colt. 38-40.41 Colt. 44-40.455 Webley, the most popular calibers were.45 and. 44-40. Standard grips were black checkered hard rubber but some early revolvers were produced with checkered walnut grips, barrel lengths available were 3, 3-1/2,4, 4-3/4, 5-1/2, and 7-1/2 inches. Revolvers with 4-inch and shorter barrels did not have an ejector, in 1902,4,600 Model 1878 revolvers were produced for a U. S. Army contract. They were intended to equip the Philippine Constabulary under Brigadier General Henry T. Allen in the Philippine Insurrection and these revolvers had a 6-inch barrel, a hard rubber grip, and were chambered for the.45 Colt round. They had a main spring and a longer trigger to give the user more leverage. The strengthened main spring was necessary to fire the.45 Government rounds with a less sensitive compared to the civil.45 LC ammunition. Many people have assumed that this was to allow the revolver to be operated while wearing gloves. The Colt Revolver in the American West—Double Action Frontier

41.
Colt M1889
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The Colt Model 1889 was a revolver produced by the Colt Manufacturing Company in the late 19th century. In the mid 19th century, Colt manufactured revolvers for the Army and Navy that were based on a design by William Mason and Carl J. Ehbets. William Mason left Colt in 1882 to work for Winchester, but Ehbets remained at Colt and these refinements led to the Model 1889. Colt was the first manufacturer to produce a revolver with a swing-out cylinder, smith & Wesson followed 7 years later with the Hand Ejector, Model 1896 in.32 S&W Long caliber. This was an improvement over the Colt 1889 design since it used a combined center-pin, the 1889 did not use a center pin and the cylinder was prone to move out of alignment. The Colt Model 1889 was the first double-action revolver with a swing-out cylinder and this design had two advantages over previous designs, since it enabled fast loading but also maintained the strength of a solid frame. The Model 1889 was chambered for the.41 Long Colt.38 Long Colt, the Navy version was blued, and had a six inch barrel. It was manufactured with hard rubber grips, civilian versions had either a blue or nickel finish, and had walnut grips. Sometimes it can have ivory grips, the Model 1889 differed from earlier Colt revolvers since its cylinder rotated counterclockwise instead of clockwise. This seems to have originated with U. S. Navy requirements and this weakness allowed the cylinder to rotate while holstered or even while the shooter was pulling the trigger. The Model 1889 and variants were adopted by the United States Military, the Model 1889 was also sold commercially as the Colt New Army and Navy. Approximately 5,000 Colt Model 1889 revolvers were produced, Colt M1892 Colt M1905 New Marine Colt New Service Colt Official Police

42.
Colt M1892
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The M1892 Colt Army & Navy was the first general issue double-action with a swing-out cylinder revolver used by the U. S. military. In 1892 the gun was adopted by the Army in.38 Long Colt caliber, initial experience with the gun caused officials to request some improvements. This would be a condition, resulting in Models 1892,1894,1895,1896,1901 and 1903. It was easily manipulated by the thumb of the right hand, empty cases were removed by simply pushing back on an ejector rod to activate a star extractor. The six-shooter could then be reloaded and the cylinder clicked back into place. Sights were the rounded front blade and topstrap notch. The finish on all military revolvers was blue, though civilian guns could be had nickeled or with special finishes. In 1908, Colt improved and strengthened the lockwork, and changed the cylinder rotation to a clockwise movement, a Model 1892 revolver was recovered from the USS Maine after it exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898. It was presented to then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Roosevelt brandished this pistol to rally his Rough Riders during the famed charge up San Juan Hill on July 1,1898. This revolver was on display at Sagamore Hill and was stolen there in 1963, recovered. It was recovered in 2006 and returned to Sagamore Hill on June 14,2006 and this revolver was thought of as a decent handgun for its time, but complaints arose from the military concerning the revolvers cartridge chambering. Beginning in 1899, combat reports arose from the Philippines campaign regarding the performance of the M1892s. 38-caliber ammunition. Specifically, users complained that the.38 bullet repeatedly failed to stop charging enemy tribesmen at close ranges, both.38 Special and.357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers, due to the straight walled chambers in later models, built primarily after 1903. Colt removed the shoulders that previously prevented.38 Special from being loaded into the cylinder, guns bearing serial numbers 225, xxx and higher were equipped with a smaller diameter bore and could chamber.38 Special and fire it safely. High pressure loads in.38 Special, such as +P or +P+ loads, caution must be exercised in the use of these older guns as higher operating pressures will cause damage to the gun and could injure the shooter. The only rounds that may be used in guns manufactured before 1903, are.38 Short. The Colt Revolver in the American West—Model 1903 New Army and Navy

43.
Colt Model 1905 Marine Corps
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The Colt Model 1905 Marine Corps was a.38 revolver issued by the United States Marine Corps during the period from 1905 to 1909. It is a variation of the Colt M1892 with a grip frame. A small number are known to have been issued under military contract and these revolvers are marked on the butt with the appropriate USMC markings and are serial numbered 001 through at least 812. A further 926 copies were made between 1905 and 1909 for the market, and these revolvers are serial numbered on the butt from 10001 through 10926. A Study of Colts New Army and Navy Pattern Double Action Revolvers,1889 to 1908, list of individual weapons of the U. S

44.
Colt New Police Revolver
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The Colt New Police is a double-action, six-shot revolver. This gun was chambered in the.32 New Police, which is identical to a flat-nose version of the.32 S&W Long. In addition to the.32 New Police cartridge, the revolver was available in 32 Colt, the diameters of the two cartridges are not the same, with the 32 Colt being approximately 0.020 inches smaller in diameter than the New Police. Although the 32 Colt can be loaded and fired in the New Police chamber and it is impossible to load the.32 New Police in a 32 Colt chamber. The later.32 New Police chambering was more popular than the 32 Colt chambering, the Colt New Police was manufactured from 1896 to 1907 by Colts Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut. The sights on the revolver were fixed with a blade in front. The revolver was available with a 2 1⁄2-inch, four-inch, or six-inch barrel in a blued or nickel finish, the Colt New Police was selected by New York City Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt in 1896 to be the first standard-issue revolver for NYPD officers. A target version was made until 1905 with a 6-inch barrel, the New Police Revolver was replaced in the Colt catalog in 1907 by the improved Colt Police Positive, which featured an internal hammer block safety and better lock work

45.
Colt New Service
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The Colt New Service is a double-action revolver made by Colt from 1898 until 1941. It was adopted by the U. S. Armed Forces in caliber 45 Revolver Model of 1909 as the Model 1909 U. S. Army, Marine Corps Model 1909, Model 1909 U. S. Navy, the Model 1917 was created to supplement insufficient stocks of M1911 pistols during World War I. The Colt New Service was the largest revolver ever manufactured by Colt, there are several generational variants including the Old Model, Transitional Model, Improved Model and Late Model. A Target Model, Shooting Master and Deluxe Target Model were offered as well, the Colt M1917 Revolver was a New Service with a cylinder bored to take the.45 ACP cartridge and the half-moon clips to hold the rimless cartridges in position. Later production Colt M1917 revolvers had headspacing machined into the cylinder chambers, during its lifetime, the Colt New Service was the most popular revolver made by Colt, surpassing 150,000 units. After World War I, the revolver gained a following among civilian shooters. John Henry Fitzgerald was an employee of Colt prior to World War II and was known to carry of a pair of New Service Fitz Specials in his front pockets. These revolvers had bobbed hammers,2 barrels, shortened and rounded grip frames, although less than 30 left the factory, it became an after-market conversion for many gunsmiths. Colonels Rex Applegate and Charles Askins were proponents of this model, in 1899 Canada acquired a number of New Service revolvers for Boer War service, to supplement its existing Model 1878 Colt Double Action revolvers in the same caliber. In 1904/5 the North-West Mounted Police in Canada also adopted the Colt New Service to replace the less-than satisfactory Enfield Mk II revolver in service since 1882, New Service revolvers, designated as Pistol, Colt. 455-inch 5. 5-inch barrel Mk. I, chambered for the.455 Webley cartridge were acquired for issue as substitute standard by the British War Department during World War I. British Empire Colt New Service Revolvers were stamped NEW SERVICE.455 ELEY on the barrel, British Empire and Canadian forces received 60,000 Colt New Service revolvers during World War I and they continued to see official service with US until the end of World War II. Antique Guns Chamberlain & Taylerson, W. H. J, Revolvers of the British Services, 1854-1954. Bloomfield, ON and Alexandria Bay, NY, Museum Restoration Service, bloomfield, ON and Alexandria Bay, NY, Museum Restoration Service. Maze, Robert J. Howdah to High Power, A Century of Breechloading Service Pistols, aledo, Illinois, World-Wide Gun Report, Inc. Phillips & Klancher, Roger F. & Donald J. Arms & Accoutrements of the Mounted Police, 1873-1973. Bloomfield, ON and Alexandria Bay, NY, Museum Restoration Service, the Colt Revolver in the American West—New Service Guns and Ammo Magazine article on Colt New Service Revolver Colt New Service Revolver

46.
Colt Official Police
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The Official Police was also used by various U. S. and allied military forces during World War II. As the 20th Century began, the older.32 caliber revolvers which had been standard-issue for the majority of American police departments began to be phased out in favor of the larger-bore.38 caliber. In 1908 Colt introduced a sleek and modernized revolver they dubbed the Army Special, during the same period, revolvers began to fall out of favor with the U. S. Military, especially after the adoption on the U. S. Model of 1911 semi-automatic pistol. By 1927 the overwhelming sales of two models, the Army Special and Colt Police Positive, had assured Colt’s dominance of the law enforcement firearms market. Colt’s marketing strategy was further fine-tuned by making a few alterations to the Army Special revolver. The changes included adding checkering to the trigger, matting the topstrap of the frame, Colt also upgraded the quality of the gun’s finish from a dull blued finish to a highly polished blued surface. By 1933 the Colt sales catalog listed many law enforcement agencies as having adopted the OP as a sidearm, including the New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, in addition many state police organizations and even the Federal Bureau of Investigation chose the OP as their issue revolver. Many Official Police revolvers were also bought by the forces and militaries of various South American countries. These revolvers bore British military acceptance markings and had a 5 barrel, most of these OP revolvers were assembled from commercial-grade parts made before 1942. Commencing in 1941, small quantities of the.38 Colt Official Police were procured directly from the Defense Supplies Corporation, when government purchasing officials objected to production delays of the OP, as well as the unit cost, Colt responded by simplifying the gun. Instead of the bluing, the revolver was given a dull parkerized finish. In mid-1942 the Springfield Ordnance District was given control over procurement and distribution of the Commando, a few Commandos were shipped to the U. S. Maritime Commission and used as small arms equipment on U. S. merchant ships and ships provided to the Allies under Lend-Lease. Most Commando wartime production went to the Defense Supplies Corporation, for use by security and police forces, while approximately 1,800 Commandos were used by the U. S. Navy, with another 12,800 revolvers distributed to various military intelligence agencies. During the postwar period, Colt fell on difficult financial times, at Smith & Wesson, both output and new model civilian and police sales improved, and the sales margin gap between the two corporations progressively tightened. Finally in the 1960s S&W took over the lead, Colt announced the discontinuation of the Official Police in 1969, stating that competitive production of the design was no longer economically feasible. With a total production of over 400,000 pistols, the Official Police ranks as one of the most successful ever made. The Official Police was machined of fine carbon steel, with bright royal Colt blued as well as nickel-plated finishes, and was offered in 4,5 and 6 inches barrels. Built on Colt’s.41 or “I” frame, it was manufactured in a variety of chamberings including.22 LR. 32-20.41 Long Colt, and the most common and popular, the.38 Special

47.
Colt Police Positive
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The Colt Police Positive is a small-frame, double-action revolver featuring a six-round cylinder, chambered for either.32 or.38 caliber cartridges. Designed primarily for sale to federal, state, or local law enforcement agencies, the Colt Police Positive was an improvement of Colt’s earlier “New Police” revolver, upgraded with an internal hammer block safety. Colt named this new security device the “Positive Lock”, and its ended up being incorporated as a partial namesake for the new revolver. The cylinder of the Police Positive rotated in the clockwise direction, ever a canny competitor in the firearms milieu, Colt missed no opportunity to score a coup déclat over its arch rival, and began a marketing campaign which accentuated this detail. The Police Positive was very successful, along with the Colt Official Police it dominated the law enforcement firearms market in the early 1900s, the Positive was itself incrementally modified in 1908, forming the basis for Colt’s Police Positive Special model. A nickel Police Positive with pearl grips &.32 calibre was used by Charles Bronson as Paul Kersey in Death Wish. The notorious American gangster Al Capone also used a Police Positive, a nickel.38 Police Positive with walnut grips, in June 2011 a private collector sold it at Christies for the sum of £67, 250/$109, 080/€75,656. The Police Positive was made of steel, and was finished with either a polished blued finish or nickel-plated. The First issue of the Police Positive ran from the introduction in 1907 until 1927. Sporting Colt’s standard hard rubber grips, it was offered with barrel lengths of 2.5,4,5, and 6 inches, and was chambered for the.32 Long Colt.32 Colt New Police, checkered Walnut grips became standard after 1923. The Second issue began in 1928 and ran until 1947, adding a heavier frame as well as a serrated topstrap to reduce sight glare. The revolver’s sights consisted of a blade front with a fixed iron open rear sight. Weighing 22 ounces and available with a finish and black hard rubber grips in.22 Long Rifle.22 WRF.32 Long Colt. A Second issue was sold from 1926 to 1941 and differed from the First in that it had a slightly heftier frame which upped the weight to 26 ounces, also Colt’s nickel finish was offered as an option. In todays collectable market, the.32 New Police version appears to be the most sought after and valuable. 32-20 Winchester and.38 Special cartridges

48.
Colt Police Positive Special
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In the early 20th century the Colt Positive and Positive Special teamed with Colts other admired model, the Official Police, to capture the lions share of the law enforcement firearms market. Very popular with law enforcement officers due to its light weight, the first issue ran from introduction to 1927 and had the early 1900-era distinctive Colt black hard rubber grips. The second issue introduced wooden grips which were smooth in the years, later giving way to a checkered style. The Third issue began in 1947, and the Fourth issue in 1977 introduced a Colt Python-style shrouded ejector-rod housing, production of the Police Positive Special ended in 1995. Built on Colt’s “D” frame, it was offered in four, five, the Positive Special also incorporated Colt’s “Positive Lock” safety which preventing the firing pin from hitting the primer unless the trigger was deliberately pulled. The pistol’s sights consisted of a front with a fixed iron open rear sight

49.
Colt Anaconda
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Chambered for the powerful.44 Magnum and.45 Colt centerfire ammunition cartridges, the Anaconda marked the Hartford, Connecticut firm’s first foray into the popular large-bore Magnum pistol market. Built on a new and heavier frame, the Anaconda was brought out to compete with.44 Magnum contemporaries such as the Smith & Wesson Model 29. Redhawk and Blackhawk, and the Dan Wesson Firearms Model 44, considering that many of these models had been marketed and sold for fully 35 years upon its introduction, the Anaconda was a very late entry into the large-bore handgun market. Originally chambered for the.44 Magnum cartridge, in 1993 the Anaconda began to be offered in.45 Colt cartridge as well and its fit and finish resembled an upsized King Cobra married to a ventilated-rib barrel reminiscent of the Pythons. Initially marketed with a brushed stainless finish, a highly polished mirror-like option known as Ultimate Stainless was cataloged for a time through the Colt Custom Shop. Some models were factory drilled and tapped for telescopic sight mounting, there were 2000 Kodiaks made as a special run of Anacondas, breaking away from their long history of naming revolvers after snakes. A special run of 1000 King Cobras was made about the time, having the same Magna-Ported barrel. There was an uncataloged 5 barrel version of the Anaconda, with less than 150 made. These 5 versions command very high prices when they are encountered, additionally, Colt made an extremely low number of 4 barrel Anacondas chambered in.45 Colt. This ultra-rare variation commands a premium price when encountered as well, Colt Diamondback Colt Python Safety and instruction manual Video of operation on YouTube

A cartridge is a type of firearm ammunition packaging a projectile (bullet, shots or slug), a propellant substance …

A modern cartridge consists of the following: 1. the bullet, as the projectile; 2. the case, which holds all parts together; 3. the propellant, for example gunpowder or cordite; 4. the rim, which provides the extractor on the firearm a place to grip the casing to remove it from the chamber once fired; 5. the primer, which ignites the propellant.

The double-crescent trigger on the MG 34, which enabled select fire capability without using a selector switch. Pressing the upper segment of the trigger produced semi-automatic fire, while holding the lower segment of the trigger produced fully automatic fire.