In recent years, hydroponic, aquaponic, and aeroponic farms — which grow produce in nutrient-rich solution without soil, often indoors — have boomed. Some of these businesses have been granted the organic label for their products.

But that trend has dismayed some traditional farmers, who argue that allowing non-soil producers to label their food organic weakens the integrity of the program. True organic farming, they say, requires nurturing, natural soil.

But in a series of close votes on Wednesday night, the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), an advisory committee to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), voted to allow the majority of these high-tech operators to stay in the National Organic Program. The decision creates an organics standard for non-soil farming, which did not exist previously.

Dave Chapman, a longtime organic tomato farmer in Vermont, is not happy with the decision, which he calls a "tragic failure."

"The National Organic Program has failed at the very thing it was created to do: creating trust and transparency between organic farmers and eaters," he told Business Insider in a statement. "After a publicized series of failures in defending organic integrity, the Organic Program's Advisory Board decision to embrace hydroponic production as the 'new organic' is the final straw."

Chapman said he is considering leaving the program. He and other critics of the board's decision say that hydroponic farming does not meet the USDA's definition of organic due to its lack of soil.

Organic traditionalists point to the ideas of Albert Howard, an English botanist who inspired the organic farming movement. In 1940, Howard wrote that "the health of soil, plant, animal and man is one and indivisible."

Inside Plenty, a Silicon Valley-based urban farming startup that scored the largest ag-tech investment in history.
Plenty
Lisa Stokke, founder of farmer and food advocacy group Next 7, said in a statement that the USDA's definition "reflects the beliefs of the international organic movement."

"To suggest calling hydroponic 'organic' is to completely misunderstand the meaning of organic," she addd.

But hydroponig growers argue that they're growing what consumers expect from the organic label: crops produced without synthetic pesticides.

Plenty, a California-based hydroponic farming company, gained organic certification earlier this year. Matt Barnard, the company's CEO, told Business Insider that he was pleased with the NOSB's vote.

"We are growing fresh fruits and vegetables that are as organic as any other method," he said. "People have spent 35 years understanding what 'organic' is, which is a long time. We, as a business, did not feel it would've been fair or equitable to cause a just-as-organic farming operation to have to explain to people something as convoluted as 'Oh, it's just as organic as ... but not organic.' That would've cost us an amount of money and years that we don't have the budget for."

Organic farmers who grow their crops in soil participate in a protest in Stowe, Vermont, in 2015.
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The NOSB issued its recommendation in four parts. It voted to allow hydroponic systems, which grow plants in water-based nutrients, as well as aquaponics, which combine hydroponic systems with fish farms, to remain in the Organics Program.

The committee chose not to tighten its rules on container growing, a type of hydroponic agriculture that grows crops in a solution made of water, nutrients, and organic matter. Several large organic berry growers, including Driscoll's and Wholesum Harvest, have implemented container growing.

But aeroponic farming — which grows plants suspended in the air with exposed roots — will be kicked out.

Overall, the decision may signal a new direction for the organic industry, since it will include farmers who don't produce crops in fields.

But some pioneers of the sustainable farming movement believe the vote could splinter the organics industry.

"At the very time that we most need the leadership of the organic community, the corporations have completed a hostile takeover of the National Organic Program," Chapman said. "We will have to start again."