4) The ________ point is the juncture in a joint production process when two or more products become separately identifiable. A) splitoff B) joint product C) process D) end Answer: A Diff: 3 Terms: splitoff point, main products, joint products Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 5) The focus of joint costing is on allocating costs to individual products: A) before the splitoff point B) after the splitoff point C) at the splitoff point D) at the end of production Answer: C Diff: 3 Terms: joint costs, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 6) When a single manufacturing process yields two products, one of which has a relatively high sales value compared to the other, the two products are respectively known as: A) joint products and byproducts B) joint products and scrap C) main products and byproducts D) main products and joint products Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: main products, byproducts Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 7) When a joint production process yields two or more products with high total sales values, these products are called: A) main products B) joint products C) byproducts D) scrap Answer: B Diff: 2 Terms: joint products Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking

12) Which of the following statements is true regarding main products and byproducts? A) Product classifications do not change over the short run. B) Product classifications do not change over the long run. C) Product classifications may change over time. D) The cause-and-effect criterion determines the classification. Answer: C Diff: 3 Terms: main products, byproducts Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 13) Outputs with zero sales value are accounted for by: A) listing these various outputs in a footnote to the financial statements B) including the items as a relatively small portion of the value assigned to the products produced during the accounting period C) making journal entries to reflect an estimate of possible values D) None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Diff: 3 Terms: byproducts Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 14) Outputs with a negative sales value are: A) added to cost of goods sold B) added to joint production costs and allocated to joint or main products C) added to joint production costs and allocated to byproducts and scrap D) subtracted from product revenue Answer: B Diff: 3 Terms: main products, byproducts Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 15) Joint costs are incurred beyond the splitoff point and are assignable to individual products. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Joint costs are incurred prior to the splitoff. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 16) Separable costs are incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the specific products identified at the splitoff point. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Terms: separable costs, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking4 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

17) Separable costs include manufacturing costs only. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Separable costs include manufacturing, marketing, distribution, and other costs. Diff: 2 Terms: separable costs, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 18) The focus of joint costing is assigning costs to individual products as assembly occurs. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The focus is accumulating costs incurred on the joint products. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 19) Joint costs are the costs of a production process that yields multiple products simultaneously. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Terms: joint costs Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 20) The juncture in a joint production process when two products become separable is the byproduct point. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The juncture in a joint production process when two products become separable is the splitoff point. Diff: 1 Terms: byproducts, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 21) At or beyond the splitoff point, decisions relating to the sale or further processing of each identifiable product can be made independently of decisions about the other products. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Terms: splitoff point, main products, joint products Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 22) The products of a joint production process that have low total sales values compared with the total sales value of the main product are called joint products. Answer: FALSE Explanation: They are called byproducts. Diff: 1 Terms: byproducts, joint products Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking5 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer: Main product - When one product has a high total sales value compared with the total sales value of other products of the process. Ex. timber processed into lumber Joint product - When a joint production process yields two or more products with high total sales value compared with the total sales value of other products. Ex. crude oil processed into gasoline and kerosene Byproduct - Products of a joint production process that have low total sales value compared with the total sales value of the main product or joint products. Ex. woodchips created when timber processed into lumber Diff: 1 Terms: main products, byproducts Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 28) Silver Company uses one raw material, silver ore, for all of its products. It spends considerable time getting the silver from the ore before it starts the actual processing of the finished products, rings, lockets, etc. Traditionally, the company made one product at a time and charged the product with all costs of production, from ore to final inspection. However, in recent months, the cost accounting reports have been somewhat disturbing to management. It seems that some of the finished products are costing more than they should, even to the point of approaching their retail value. It has been noted by the accounting manager that this problem began when the company started buying ore from different parts of the world, some of which require difficult extraction methods. Required: Can you explain how the company might change its accounting system to reflect the reporting problems better? Are there other problems with the purchasing area? Answer: It appears that the company needs to start assigning all extraction costs to a joint-cost category. It is unfair that the finished products receive a high cost simply because a certain batch of ore was very expensive to run through the extraction process when the next finished products were produced from silver that was easy to extract. If all extraction costs are considered joint, then each finished product would share in the average cost of extraction, rather than being charged with the cost of a specific batch. This should result in costs that are more reflective of the product's actual cost. Additional problems may be with the purchasing department. The accounting department may help highlight the problem but it does not pinpoint the actual problem. Maybe the company should buy refined silver or else hire experts in the minerals area as part of the purchasing team. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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29) What are a joint cost and a splitoff point? Answer: A joint cost is the cost of a single production process that yields multiple products simultaneously. The splitoff point is the juncture in a joint production process when the products become separately identifiable. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 30) Explain the difference between a joint product and a byproduct. Can a byproduct ever become a joint product? Answer: The differentiating factor between a joint product and a byproduct is the sales value at the splitoff point. Joint products have high total sales value at the splitoff point. A byproduct has a low total sales value at the splitoff point. Products can change from byproducts to joint products when their total sales values increase significantly. Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts, joint products, splitoff point Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Objective 16.2 1) Which of the following is a reason to allocate joint costs? A) rate regulation requirements, if applicable B) cost of goods sold computations C) insurance settlement cost information requirements D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: D Diff: 1 Terms: joint costs Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking 2) A business which enters into a contract to purchase a product (or products) and will compensate the manufacturer under a cost reimbursement formula, should take an active part in the determination of how joint costs are allocated because: A) the manufacturer will attempt to allocate as large a portion of its costs to these products B) if the manufacturer successfully allocates a large portion of its costs to these products then it will be able to sell its other nonreimbursed products at lower prices C) the FASB requires the business to participate in the cost allocation process D) Both A and B are correct. Answer: D Diff: 3 Terms: joint costs Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking

7) List three reasons why we allocate joint costs to individual products or services. Give an example of when the particular cost allocation reason would come into use. Answer: a. For inventory costing, and cost of goods sold computations for financial accounting purposes. Example: Cost of goods sold and ending inventory valuation is necessary for reports to shareholders and for the inland revenue service. b. For internal costing and cost of goods sold computations for internal reporting purposes. Example: These computations are necessary for division profitability analysis. c. Reimbursement under contracts. Example: A firm produces multiple products or services-and uses the same resources and facilities to produce the products or services. But not all the firm's products are under the contract. The firm must allocate the cost of these shared facilities or resources to reflect the portion used by the product under the contract. d. Insurance settlement computations. Example: Where a business with multiple products or services claim losses under an insurance policy and wants to calculate the loss. The insurance company and the insured must agree on the value of the loss. e. Rate regulation. When companies are subject to rate regulation, the allocation of joint costs can be a significant factor in determining the regulated rates. Example: Crude oil and natural gas are produced out of a common well. Diff: 1 Terms: joint costs Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking 8) What are six reasons that joint costs should be allocated to individual products or services? Answer: The first reason joint costs should be allocated to compute inventoriable costs and cost of goods sold is for financial accounting purposes and for income tax reporting. The second reason the costs should be allocated to also allow for computing cost of goods sold and inventoriable costs for internal reporting purposes to compute division profits and to evaluate division managers. The third reason that joint costs need to be allocated is so that costs will be reimbursed under contracts using a cost plus system, often found in government contracts. A fourth reason for the cost allocation is to allow for proper valuation and settlement in insurance claims for damages. A fifth reason is that joint products may be regulated and proper costing is essential. The sixth reason for allocating joint costs is to support litigation where the joint product is a key input. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking

5) The physical-measure method: A) allocates joint costs to joint products in a way that each product has an identical gross-margin percentage B) allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of a comparable physical measure at the splitoff point C) allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative sales value at the splitoff point D) allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of relative NRV Answer: B Diff: 3 Terms: physical-measure method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 6) The net realizable value method: A) allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of a comparable physical measure at the splitoff point B) allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative sales value at the splitoff point C) allocates joint costs to joint products in a way that each product has an identical gross-margin percentage D) allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of relative NRV Answer: D Diff: 3 Terms: net-realizable value (NRV) method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 7) Which of the following statements is true in regard to the cause-and-effect relationship between allocated joint costs and individual products? A) A high individual product value results in a high level of joint costs. B) A low individual product value results in a low level of joint costs. C) A high individual product value results in a low level of joint costs. D) There is no cause-and-effect relationship. Answer: D Diff: 3 Terms: joint costs Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 8) The benefits-received criteria for allocating joint costs indicate market-based measures are preferred because: A) physical measures such as volume are a clearer basis for allocating cost than other measures B) other measures are more difficult to calculate C) revenues are usually the best indicator of the benefits received D) None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Diff: 1 Terms: joint costs Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Answer the following questions using the information below:12 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Yakima Manufacturing purchases trees from Cheney Lumber and processes them up to the splitoff point where two products (paper and pencil casings) are obtained. The products are then sold to an independent company that markets and distributes them to retail outlets. The following information was collected for the month of November: Trees processed: 100 trees (yield is 60,000 sheets of paper and 60,000 pencil casings and no scrap) Production: paper pencil casings paper pencil casings 60,000 sheets 60,000 58,000 at $0.04 per page 60,000 at $0.10 per casing

13) Yakima Manufacturing purchases trees from Cheney Lumber and processes them up to the splitoff point where two products (paper and pencil casings) are obtained. The products are then sold to an independent company that markets and distributes them to retail outlets. The following information was collected for the month of May: Trees processed: 100 trees (yield is 70,000 sheets of paper and 60,000 pencil casings and no scrap) Production: paper pencil casings paper pencil casings 70,000 sheets 60,000 68,000 at $0.04 per page 60,000 at $0.10 per casing

14) The Arvid Corporation manufactures widgets, gizmos, and turnbols from a joint process. May production is 2,000 widgets; 3,500 gizmos; and 4,000 turnbols. Respective per unit selling prices at splitoff are $30, $20, and $10. Joint costs up to the splitoff point are $75,000. If joint costs are allocated based upon the sales value at splitoff, what amount of joint costs will be allocated to the widgets? A) $30,882 B) $26,471 C) $17,647 D) $28,125 Answer: B Explanation: B) $30 × 2,000 = $60,000 $20 × 3,500 = $70,000 $10 × 4,000 = $40,000 Total = $170,000 $60,000/$170,000 × $75,000 = $26,471 Diff: 2 Terms: sales value at splitoff method, splitoff point Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills 15) Product X is sold for $32 a unit and Product Y is sold for $48 a unit. Each product can also be sold at the splitoff point. Product X can be sold for $10 and Product Y for $8. Joint costs for the two products totaled $2,000 for January for 300 units of X and 250 units of Y. What are the respective joint costs assigned each unit of products X and Y if the sales value at splitoff method is used? A) $2.96 and $4.44 B) $4.00 and $4.55 C) $4.00 and $3.20 D) $4.55 and $4.55 Answer: C Explanation: C) Total splitoff market value = (300 × $10) + (250 × $8) = $5,000 Product X = $3,000/$5,000 × $2,000 = $1,200/300 = $4.00 Product Y = $2,000/$5,000 × $2,000 = $800/250 = $3.20 Diff: 2 Terms: sales value at splitoff method, splitoff point Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills 16) A reason why a physical-measure to allocate joint costs is less preferred than the sales value at splitoff is: A) a physical measure such as volume is difficult to estimate because of shrinkage B) physical volume usually has little relationship to the revenue producing power of products C) a physical measure usually results in the costs being allocated to the product that weighs the most D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: D Diff: 2 Terms: physical-measure method, sales value at splitoff method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking16 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer the following questions using the information below: The Oxnard Corporation processes a liquid component up to the splitoff point where two products, Mr. DirtOut and Mr. SinkClean, are produced and sold. There was no beginning inventory. The following material was collected for the month of January: Direct materials processed: 250,000 gallons (242,500 gallons of good product) Production: Mr. DirtOut 147,500 gallons Mr. SinkClean 95,000 gallons Sales: Mr. DirtOut 140,500 at $110 per gallon Mr. SinkClean 91,000 at $ 100 per gallon

Diff: 3 Terms: sales value at splitoff method, splitoff point Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills 28) Chem Manufacturing Company processes direct materials up to the splitoff point where two products (X and Y) are obtained and sold. The following information was collected for the month of November: Direct materials processed: 10,000 gallons (10,000 gallons yield 9,500 gallons of good product and 500 gallons of shrinkage) Production: X Y X Y 5,000 gallons 4,500 gallons 4,750 at $150 per gallon 4,000 at $100 per gallon

Sales:

The cost of purchasing 10,000 gallons of direct materials and processing it up to the splitoff point to yield a total of 9,500 gallons of good products was $975,000. The beginning inventories totaled 50 gallons for X and 25 gallons for Y. Ending inventory amounts reflected 300 gallons of Product X and 525 gallons of Product Y. October costs per unit were the same as November. Using the physical-volume method, what is Product X's approximate gross-margin percentage? A) 32% B) 33% C) 35% D) 38% Answer: A Explanation: A) Sales (4,750 × $150) Cost of Goods Sold 4,750 × $*513,142/5,000 Gross Margin

29) Beverage Drink Company processes direct materials up to the splitoff point where two products, A and B, are obtained. The following information was collected for the month of July: Direct materials processed: 2,500 liters (with 20% shrinkage) Production: A B A B 1,500 liters 500 liters $15.00 per liter $10.00 per liter

Sales:

The cost of purchasing 2,500 liters of direct materials and processing it up to the splitoff point to yield a total of 2,000 liters of good products was $4,500. There were no inventory balances of A and B. Product A may be processed further to yield 1,375 liters of Product Z5 for an additional processing cost of $150. Product Z5 is sold for $25.00 per liter. There was no beginning inventory and ending inventory was 125 liters. Product B may be processed further to yield 375 liters of Product W3 for an additional processing cost of $275. Product W3 is sold for $30.00 per liter. There was no beginning inventory and ending inventory was 25 liters. If Product Z5 and Product W3 are produced, what are the expected sales values of production, respectively? A) $11,250 and $34,375 B) $22,500 and $ 5,000 C) $31,250 and $10,500 D) $34,375 and $11,250 Answer: D Explanation: D) Z5 = 1,375 liters × $25 = $34,375 W3 = 375 liters × $30 = $11,250 Diff: 2 Terms: sales value at splitoff method Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills

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30) Cola Drink Company processes direct materials up to the splitoff point where two products, A and B, are obtained. The following information was collected for the month of July: Direct materials processed: 2,500 liters (with 20% shrinkage) Production: A B A B 1,500 liters 500 liters $15.00 per liter $10.00 per liter

Sales:

The cost of purchasing 2,500 liters of direct materials and processing it up to the splitoff point to yield a total of 2,000 liters of good products was $4,500. There were no inventory balances of A and B. Product A may be processed further to yield 1,375 liters of Product Z5 for an additional processing cost of $150. Product Z5 is sold for $25.00 per liter. There was no beginning inventory and ending inventory was 125 liters. Product B may be processed further to yield 375 liters of Product W3 for an additional processing cost of $275. Product W3 is sold for $30.00 per liter. There was no beginning inventory and ending inventory was 25 liters. What is Product Z5's estimated net realizable value at the splitoff point? A) $11,100 B) $22,350 C) $34,225 D) $34,375 Answer: C Explanation: C) 1,375 × $25 = $34,375; $34,375 - $150 = $34,225 Diff: 3 Terms: net-realizable value (NRV) method Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills 31) Which of the following is a DISADVANTAGE of the physical-measure method of allocating joint costs? A) The measurement basis for each product may be different. B) The need for a common denominator. C) The physical measure may not reflect the product's ability to generate revenues. D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: D Diff: 2 Terms: physical-measure method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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32) Which of the methods of allocating joint costs usually is considered the simplest to implement? A) estimated net realizable value B) constant gross-margin percentage NRV C) sales value at splitoff D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs, sales value at splitoff method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 33) Industries that recognize income on each product when production is completed include: A) mining B) toy manufacturers C) canning D) Both A and C are correct. Answer: D Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 34) Why do accountants criticize the practice of carrying inventories at estimated net realizable values? A) The costs of producing the products are usually estimates. B) There is usually no clearly defined realizable value for these inventories. C) The effect of this practice is to recognize income before sales are made. D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: net-realizable value (NRV) method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 35) The constant gross-margin percentage NRV method of joint cost allocation: A) involves allocating costs in such a way that maintaining the same gross margin percentage for each product that was obtained in prior years B) involves allocating costs in such a way that the overall gross margin percentage is identical for the individual products C) is the same as the estimated NRV method D) is the same as the sales-value at splitoff method Answer: B Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking

46) A criticism of the practice of carrying inventories at estimated net realizable values is that this practice recognizes income before sales are made. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Terms: net-realizable value (NRV) method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 47) The only allowable method of joint cost allocation is specified by FASB. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The FASB does not specify a single allowable method of joint cost allocation. Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts, joint products Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 48) The constant gross-margin percentage NRV method is the only method of allocating joint costs under which products may receive negative allocations. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Terms: constant gross-margin percent NRV, joint costs, splitoff point NRV method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 49) The sales-value at splitoff method of joint cost allocation involves computation of the relative amounts of the sales value of the amount of each joint product sold during the period. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Terms: sales value at splitoff method, joint costs Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking 50) The constant gross-margin percentage NRV method allocates joint costs to joint products in such a way that the gross margin on each joint product is the same as it was in the previous year. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The constant gross-margin percentage NRV method allocates joint costs to joint products in such a way that the overall gross margin percentage is identical for the individual products. Diff: 2 Terms: constant gross-margin percentage NRV method, joint products Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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51) For each of the following methods of allocating joint costs, give a positive or a negative aspect of selecting each one to allocate joint costs. a. sales value at splitoff b. estimated net realizable value method c. the constant gross margin method d. a physical measure such as volume Answer: a. Positive: Costs are allocated to products in proportion to their potential revenues. This is a fairly simple method to implement. Negative: We use the sales value of the entire production of the accounting period. b. Positive: It can be used when the market prices of the products are not known or available. Negative: It can be very complex in operations with multiple products and multiple splitoff points. c. Positive: Account is taken of the profits earned either before or after the splitoff point when allocating the joint costs. Negative: The assumption is made that all have the same ratio of cost to sales value. This is likely not true. d. Positive: It is fairly simple to use. Negative: It has no relationship to the revenue-producing power of individual products. Diff: 2 Terms: sales value at splitoff, NRV, const gross-margin % NRV, phys-measure method Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills 52) Sugar Cane Company processes sugar cane into three products. During May, the joint costs of processing were $240,000. Production and sales value information for the month were as follows: Product Sugar Sugar Syrup Fructose Syrup Units Sales Value at Produced Splitoff Point 6,000 $80,000 4,000 70,000 2,000 50,000 Separable costs $24,000 64,000 32,000

54) Oregon Lumber processes timber into four products. During January, the joint costs of processing were $280,000. There was no inventory at the beginning of the month. Production and sales value information for the month is as follows: Sales Value at Splitoff Point Ending Inventory $0.30 per board foot 500,000 bdft. 0.40 per board foot 250,000 bdft. 0.45 per board foot 100,000 bdft. 0.10 per board foot 50,000 bdft.

56) Red Sauce Canning Company processes tomatoes into catsup, tomato juice, and canned tomatoes. During the summer of 20X5, the joint costs of processing the tomatoes were $420,000. There was no beginning or ending inventories for the summer. Production and sales value information for the summer is as follows: Product Catsup Juice Canned Cases Sales Value at Separable Costs Selling Price Splitoff Point 100,000 $6 per case $3.00 per case $28 per case 150,000 8 per case 5.00 per case 25 per case 200,000 5 per case 2.50 per case 10 per case

57) Pilgrim Corporation processes frozen turkeys. The company has not been pleased with its profit margin per product because it appears that the high value items have too few costs assigned to them, while the low value items have too many costs assigned to them. The processing results in several products, the primary one of which is frozen small turkeys. Other products include frozen parts such as wings and legs, byproducts such as skin and bones, and unused scrap items. Required: What may be the cost assignment problem if a key consideration is the value of the products being sold? Answer: First, the company needs to consider whether the byproducts are being treated as products, rather than byproducts. For the most part, byproducts should not be assigned costs. The revenue from the byproducts should be used as either minor sale categories or else as offsets to processing costs. A second consideration is the method used to assign the costs. It is possible that some physical measure (weight) is being used, in which case the parts items and the byproducts may weigh as much as the primary product. It may be necessary to evaluate the various methods of allocation and select the one which management feels is best for decision making. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs, sales value at splitoff method, physical-measure method Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills 58) Wharf Fisheries processes many of its seafood items to the demands of its largest customers, most of which are large retail distributors. To keep the accounting system simple, it has always assigned cost by the weight of the finished product. However, with increased competition, it has had to watch its prices closely and, in recent years, several items have incurred zero profit margins. After several weeks of investigation, your consulting firm has found that, while weight is important in processing of seafood, numerous items have very distinct processing steps and some items are processed through more steps than others. Required: Based on the findings of your consulting firm, what changes might you recommend to the company in the way of cost allocation among its products? Answer: Recommendations might include, among others, some of the following: a. Categorize the fishing expeditions as joint costs, especially if multiple items are caught. b. Categorize all processing activities where multiple items are processed as joint costs. c. For those processes that are unique to only one product or a set of products, use separable cost categories. d. Choose something other than weight for allocating joint costs. Select one of the value methods of assigning the costs. e. Carefully separate main products from byproducts in the costing system. f. Do not allocate the joint costs for internal decisions. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs, physical-measure method, sales value at splitoff method Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytical skills

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59) Paragon University operates an extensive and an expensive registration, testing, and counseling center, through which all students are required to pass through when they enter the university. The registration effort's costs (for the most part) are almost impossible to allocate based upon which students require time, effort, etc. The cost of this center is approximately 15% of the total costs of Paragon. This department engages in no other activities than the registration of students. Paragon is interested in determining the profitability of the three technical departments it operates. Paragon has the perception that some departments are more profitable than others, and it would like to determine an appropriate method of allocating the costs of this registration center. Required: Recommend to Paragon University a method (or methods) of allocating the costs of registration to the three departments. Answer: The joint costs of the registration effort could be allocated based on physical volume or the sales (tuition) dollars of each department. Volume. Allocating on volume would be based not upon physical measures, but upon the number of credit hours each of the three departments offer each semester. If the ratio of credit hours for the three departments were 25%, 45%, and 30% then the costs would be allocated based upon these ratios. Sales Dollars. It is possible that some departments charge more per credit hour than others. In this case it might be appropriate to allocate the costs based upon the total tuition revenues of each department. Diff: 3 Terms: joint costs, physical-measure method, sales value at splitoff method Objective: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Objective 16.4 1) Which of the following is NOT a reason to use the sales value at splitoff method: A) simplicity B) no anticipation of subsequent management decisions C) measurement of the value of the joint products at the splitoff point D) All of the above are reasons to use the sales value at splitoff method. Answer: D Diff: 2 Terms: sales value at splitoff method Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking 2) Which method of allocating costs would be used if the selling prices of all products at the splitoff point are UNAVAILABLE? A) sales value at splitoff method B) NRV method C) physical measures method D) constant gross-margin percentage method Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: net-realizable value (NRV) method Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking36 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3) What is the reason that accountants do NOT like to carry inventory at net realizable value? A) NRV is the most difficult costing method B) NRV recognizes income after the sale is complete C) NRV recognizes income before sales are made D) NRV is acceptable to the taxing authorities Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: net-realizable value (NRV) method Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking 4) The sales value at splitoff method is preferable when selling-price data exists at splitoff. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Terms: sales value at splitoff method Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking 5) Physical measures such as weight or volume are the best indicator of the benefits received for allocating joint costs. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Revenues are a better indicator of the benefits received than are physical measures. Diff: 2 Terms: physical-measure method Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking 6) The constant gross-margin percentage NRV method makes the simplifying assumption of treating the joint products as though they comprise a single product. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Terms: constant gross-margin percentage NRV method, joint products Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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7) List the reasons that the sales value at splitoff method of joint cost allocation should be used. Answer: 1. Measurement of the value of the joint products at splitoff - Sales value at splitoff is the best measure of the benefits received as a result of joint processing. 2. No anticipation of subsequent management decisions - This method does not require information on processing steps after splitoff. 3. Availability of a common basis to allocate joint costs to products - Revenue is the common basis to allocate costs. 4. Simplicity - It is the simplest method compared to the NRV and constant gross-margin percentage NRV methods. Diff: 3 Terms: sales value at splitoff method Objective: 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking 8) What are the four methods of allocating joint costs to individual products? Which of these methods is preferred, and what are two advantages of this method? Answer: The four methods of allocating joint costs to individual products are: the sales-value at splitoff method, estimated net-realizable value (NRV) method, the constant gross margin percentage NRV, and physical measures methods. Of these methods, the sales-value at splitoff method is preferred when market prices are available, because it is consistent with the benefits-received criterion, it does not depend or anticipate further managerial decisions on further processing, and it is relatively simple. Diff: 2 Terms: joint costs, sales-val at splitoff, est NRV, const gross margin % NRV, phys meas method Objective: 3, 4 AACSB: Reflective thinking Objective 16.5 1) When a product is the result of a joint process, the decision to process the product past the splitoff point further should be influenced by the: A) total amount of the joint costs B) portion of the joint costs allocated to the individual products C) extra revenue earned past the splitoff point D) extra operating income earned past the splitoff point Answer: D Diff: 1 Terms: joint products Objective: 5 AACSB: Reflective thinking

6) Joint processing costs are always relevant for pricing decisions of the final product. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Joint processing costs that do not differ between alternatives are not relevant for pricing decisions of the final product. Diff: 2 Terms: joint products Objective: 5 AACSB: Reflective thinking 7) All separable costs in joint-cost allocations are always incremental costs. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Some of the separable costs may be fixed and therefore not incremental. Diff: 2 Terms: joint products Objective: 5 AACSB: Reflective thinking 8) New York Liberty Corporation makes miniature statues of the Empire State Building from cast iron. Sales total 50,000 units a year. The statues are finished either rough or polished, with an average demand of 60% rough and 40% polished. Iron ingots, the direct material, costs $6 per pound. Processing costs are $300 to convert 30 pounds into 60 statues. Rough statues are sold for $15 each, and polished statues can be sold for $18 or engraved for an additional cost of $5. Polished statues can then be sold for $30. Required: Determine whether New York Liberty Company should sell the engraved statutes. Why? Answer: New York Liberty should engrave the statutes because they increase profits by $7 per statute. Rough Sales Cost of Sales: Materials ($6 × 30)/60 Conversion $300/60 Operating Income (loss) $15.00 $3.00 5.00 $3.00 5.00 Polishe d $18.00

9) What revenue or expense amounts are necessary to make a sell-or-process-further decision and why?40 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

What items are irrelevant to the decision and why? Answer: The revenues and expenses that occur after splitoff are the necessary items to make a sell-or-process-further decision. If incremental revenues are higher than incremental costs, processing further is the correct decision. Expenses that occur before the splitoff point, called joint processing costs, are irrelevant to the decision. These expenses have occurred and have no effect on the decision to sell-or-process-further. Diff: 2 Terms: sell or process further Objective: 5 AACSB: Reflective thinking Objective 16.6 1) Which method of accounting recognizes byproducts in the financial statements at the time their production is completed? A) production allocation method B) sale method C) production method D) None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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Answer the following questions using the information below: Athens Company processes 15,000 gallons of direct materials to produce two products, Product X and Product Y. Product X sells for $8 per gallon and Product Y, the main product, sells for $100 per gallon. The following information is for August: Beginning Inventory 0 125 Ending Inventory 375 500

Production Product X: 4,375 Product Y: 10,000

Sales 4,000 9,625

The manufacturing costs totaled $30,000. 2) What is the byproduct's net revenue reduction if byproducts are recognized in the general ledger during production and their revenues are a reduction of cost? A) $0 B) $3,000 C) $32,000 D) $35,000 Answer: C Explanation: C) 4,000 gallons × $8 = $32,000 Diff: 3 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Analytical skills 3) How much is the ending inventory reduction for the byproduct if byproducts are recognized in the general ledger at the point of sale? A) $0 B) $563 C) $1,500 D) $17,500 Answer: A Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Analytical skills 4) A negative consequence of recording byproducts in the accounting records when the sale occurs is that: A) the revenue from the byproducts is usually fairly large, and the accounting records will be distorted B) managers can time earnings by their decision when to sell byproducts C) managers have an incentive to stockpile byproducts D) Both B and C are correct. Answer: D Diff: 1 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking 5) Which statement is NOT true regarding the sales method of accounting for byproducts.42 Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) the method makes no journal entries until the byproduct is sold B) this method is the preferred method because of the matching principle C) revenues of the byproduct can be recorded in the income statement as revenue D) revenues of the byproduct can be recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold in the income statement Answer: B Diff: 1 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking 6) Byproducts are recognized in the general ledger either at the time production is completed or at the time of sale. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking 7) The production method for recognizing byproducts is conceptually correct in that it is consistent with the matching principle. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The production method for recognizing byproducts is conceptually correct in that it is consistent with the matching principle. Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking 8) A sound reason for reporting revenue from byproducts as an income statement item at the time of sale is to lessen the chance of managers managing reported earnings. Answer: FALSE Explanation: This method makes it easier for managers to time earnings since they can time the sale of products and give earnings a boost. Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking 9) A byproduct is one or more products of a joint production process that have low total sales value compared to the total sales value of the main product or joint products. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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10) The Carolina Company prepares lumber for companies who manufacture furniture. The main product is finished lumber with a byproduct of wood shavings. The byproduct is sold to plywood manufacturers. For July, the manufacturing process incurred $332,000 in total costs. Eighty thousand board feet of lumber were produced and sold along with 6,800 pounds of shavings. The finished lumber sold for $6.00 per board foot and the shavings sold for $0.60 a pound. There were no beginning or ending inventories. Required: Prepare an income statement showing the byproduct (1) as a cost reduction during production, and (2) as a revenue item when sold. Cost reduction when Revenue when sold Answer: produced Sales: Lumber $480,000 $480,000 Shavings 4,080 Total Sales: $480,000 484,080 Cost of Good Sold: Total manufacturing costs $332,000 $332,000 Byproduct 4,080 0 Total COGS 327,920 332,000 Gross Margin $152,080 $152,080 Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Analytical skills 11) Distinguish between the two principal methods of accounting for byproducts, the production byproduct method and the sale byproduct method. Briefly discuss the relative merits (or lack thereof) of each. Answer: a. Production byproduct method. This method recognizes byproducts in the financial statements at the time their production is completed. The estimated net realizable value from the byproduct produced is offset against the costs of the main (or joint) products, and it is reported in the balance sheet as inventory. Accounting entries are made and the byproducts are reported in the balance sheet at their selling price. b. Sale byproduct method. This method delays recognition of the byproducts until the time of their sale. Revenues could be recorded in one accounting period, while the expense in an earlier period. Companies may find it necessary to keep an inventory of the byproduct processing costs in a separate account until the byproducts are sold. This practice can be rationalized on the grounds that the dollar amounts of byproducts are immaterial. But managers can use this method to manage reported earnings by timing when they sell byproducts. Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking

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12) What are the two methods to account for byproducts. Which is the more appropriate method to use and why? Answer: The two methods are the production method and the sales method. The production method recognizes byproducts in the financial statements at the time production is completed. The sales method delays recognition of byproducts until the time of sale. The production method is the appropriate method to use because it is consistent with the matching principle. If the sales method were used, the byproduct cost recognition could be delayed for several periods until the inventory is sold. Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 6 AACSB: Reflective thinking Objective 16.7 1) The production method of accounting for byproducts recognizes byproducts in the financial statements at the time when production is completed. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Terms: byproducts Objective: 7 AACSB: Reflective thinking