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The Ecology of Industry Sectors and Linkages Edited by Deanna J. Richards and Greg Pearson NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1998

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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, DC 20418
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
This volume has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. The interpretations and conclusions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and are not presented as the views of the council, officers, or staff of the National Academy of Engineering.
Funding for the activity that led to this publication was provided by the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation, the AT&T Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the National Academy of Engineering Technology Agenda Program.
Library of Congress Cataloging Card Number: 98-84941 International Standard Book Number: 0-309-06355-8
Cover art: Distorted Eye. courtesy of the artist, Grace Selvanayagam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America

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Preface Technology has played and will continue to play an important role in economic development and environmental protection. The industries featured in this volume have been critical to economic development and, together with other industries, represent a mosaic of economic activity that defines the ecology of industry. As humanity works toward sustainable developmentand addresses economic, environmental, and social concerns in an integrated mannersolutions will be increasingly dependent on technological advances made possible by engineering. The application of technology in the service of environmental goals by the industries featured in this volume attests to that fact.
Deanna J. Richards and Robert A. Frosch, in the Overview and Perspectives chapter, provide an even broader view of the role of technological innovation in environmental protection, and they speculate on the role the information revolution will have in shaping the ecology of industry well into the future. Technological advances, however, do not occur in a vacuum. The application of technology to specific situations in industry and the development of technologies that from time to time alter the technological and societial landscape result from long-term investments by industry, government, and the public. As long as that support continues, technological advances will provide the backbone for a sustainable future.
The papers in this report were developed in several sectoral working sessions organized as part of an international conference on industrial ecology convened by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in May 1994. Collectively, they provide industrial perspectives on the state of practice and opportunities for improvement in designing and managing for the environment. The overview was developed based on those papers and subsequent workshops held by NAE in

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1995 on the impact of services industries and the environment, in 1996 on polymers and the environment, and in 1997 on information technology and the environment.
Many individuals were involved in the preparation of this volume. On behalf of NAE, I want to thank particularly the authors for their thoughtful contributions and the members of the conference steering committeePeter R. Bridenbaugh, Robert Forney, Robert A. Frosch (chairman), Frank Joklik, Robert Laudise, Lee Thomas, and Kurt Yeagerfor their help in organizing the conference.
I would also like to thank the NAE staff who worked on this project. Deanna J. Richards, associate director of the NAE Program Office, heads NAE's Technology and Environment effort and was primarily responsible for sheparding the project through its various stages. Thanks also go to the editorial team that worked on this volume: Greg Pearson, the Academy's editor, contributed invaluable and steadfast editing and publishing oversight with the able assitance of Marion Ramsey, senior program assistant, who provided both editorial support and critical logistical and administrative support, and Long Nguyen, project assistant, who finalized the document for publication. Thanks also go to Bruce Guile, former director of the NAE Program Office, for his contribution to the genesis and oversight of this project during his tenure.
Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to the AT&T Foundation and the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation for their partial support of this project and to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for its partial support of related elements of the Academy's Technology and Environment Program.
WM. A. WULF President National Academy of Engineering

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