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Bavaria
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Celts, which had been part of the Roman
provinces of Rhaetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, did not migrate
from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century
AD. These peoples may have included Marcomanni, Thuringians, Goths, Rugians, Heruli, and some remaining Romans. The
name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvari") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Marcomanni. They first
appear in written sources circa 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.
Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation, and even today, most of it is strongly Roman Catholic.
From about 550 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by
Charlemagne.
Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and
married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde,
became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars
around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.
After Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696
onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy (it is unclear what
Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time). His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death
the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hucbert.
At Hucbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern Southwest
Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian
Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.
Tassilo III (b. 741 - d. after 794) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He
initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onwards. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these
lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate; Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792,
led by his own son Pippin the Hunchback, and the king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and
titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources and he probably died a monk. As all
of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.
For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the
Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The last, and one of the most important, of these
dukes was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich. When Henry the Lion was deposed as duke of Saxony and
Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1180, Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, which
ruled from 1180 to 1918. Also the Electoral Palatinate was acquired by the Wittelsbach in 1214.
The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268 also
Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland
and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In 1506 with the
Landshut War of Succession the other parts of Bavaria were reunited and Munich became the sole capital.
In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative, the Count Palatine of the Rhine in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and
acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws. Also the Upper Palatinate was reunited with Bavaria. The ambitions of the Bavarian
prince electors led to several wars with Austria during the early 18th century. From 1777 onwards Bavaria and the Electoral
Palatinate were governed in personal union again.
When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, and its area reduplicated. Tyrol and
Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria. In return the Rhenish Palatinate and Franconia were
annexed to Bavaria in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817 the leading minister count Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today.
In 1818 a modern constitution (by the standards of the time) was passed, that established a bicameral Parliament with a House of
Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). The constitution was valid until the
collapse of the monarchy at the end of the First World War.
After the rise of Prussia to prominence Bavaria managed to preserve its independence by playing off the rivalries of Prussia and
Austria, but defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War led to its incorporation into the German Empire in 1871. In the early 20th century Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other notable artists were drawn to Bavaria, notably to the Schwabing district
of Munich, later devastated by World War II.
Due to their long independence (until 1871), Bavarians have always maintained a strong national identity. Some features of the
Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. A prevalent perception among other Germans is
that Bavarians see Bavaria as the most important part of Germany.[citation needed] A common play on words "It's nice to be a
Preiss, but it's higher to be a Bayer"[attribution needed] lambasts the Bavarian sense of superiority. Its name in German, "Freistaat
Bayern" means simply "the free state of Bavaria." However, many Germans sarcastically refer to Bavaria as "Frei statt Bayern"
which literally means "Free instead of Bavaria," implying that Bavarians view themselves as a separate country, or at least culturally superior to the rest of Germany.
Bavarian issues listed here are grouped by RULER - not by city, unless that city issued its own distinctive currency.
Issues for bishoprics minted by bishops are listed separately from issues of the temporal rulers.
Issues of Dukes and Kings
Bavaria’s history can be divided into the following groups:
United Bavaria 548-1253
Agilolfing Dynasty 548-788
Carolingian Dynasty 788-911
Luitpolding Dynasty, 911-947
Bavaria under the German Kings, 947-1070
Bavaria under the Welfs and Babenbergs 1070-1180
Wittelsbach Dynasty 1180-1253
Bavaria partitioned, 1253-1503
First partition, 1253-1340
On Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis of Upper
Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making
the Dukes difficult to list.
Dukes of Lower Bavaria
Dukes of Upper Bavaria
Henry XIII 1253–1290, son of Otto II
Co-rulers:
Louis III 1290–1296, son of Henry XIII
Stephen I 1290–1309, son of Henry XIII
Otto III 1290–1312 (King of Hungary 1305-7), son of Henry XIII
Otto IV 1309–1334, son of Stephen I
Henry XIV the Elder 1309–1339, son of Stephen I
Henry XV the Natterberger 1312–1333, son of Otto III
John I the Child 1339–1340, son of Henry XIV
Louis II 1253–1294, son of Otto II
Co-rulers, sons of Louis II:
Rudolf I 1294–1317
Louis IV 1294–1347 (alone from 1317)
Reunion, 1340-1349
Louis IV 1340-1347
Co-rulers 1347-1349, sons of Louis IV:
Louis V the Brandenburger (1315 - 1361)
Stephen II (1319 - 1375)
Louis VI the Roman (1328 - 1365)
William I (1330 - 1389)
Albert I (1336 - 1404)
Otto V (1346 - 1379)
Reunited Bavaria, 1505-1918
Heinrich I., 948-955
Henry I (919/921 – November 1, 955) was Duke of Bavaria.
He was the second son of the German King Henry the Fowler and his wife Matilda. He attempted a revolt against his older brother Otto I in 938 in alliance with Eberhard of Franconia and Giselbert of Lorraine, believing he had a claim on the throne. In 939 he
was defeated at Birten and forced to leave Germany. He fled to the court of Louis IV of France, but returned after he and Otto
were reconciled, and awarded the Duchy of Lorraine.
However, he could not assert his authority in Lorraine, and as a result he was stripped of his position. He plotted to assassinate
Otto in Easter 941 in Quedlinburg, but was discovered and put in captivity in Ingelheim, being released after doing penance at
Christmas of that year. In 948 he acquired the Dukedom of Bavaria through his marriage to the Bavarian noblewoman Judith. He
first defended, and then enlarged his Duchy in wars with Hungary, and through the acquisition of Friuli in Italy. As matchmaker for
his brother he brought Queen Adelaide to Pavia in 951. In 953–954 he put down a revolt by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia and Conrad
of Lorraine, and died in 955 in Pöhlde Abbey.
He was laid to rest in the Niedermünster in Regensburg, where his wife Judith is also buried.
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ELLIN. 1,40 g.
Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,76 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Point - Point - Empty - Point.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Point - Point - Empty - Point.
Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in middle; and 2 stages in roof.
Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in middle; and 2 stages in roof.
Reference: Hahn 10 d 1. Very nice!
Reference: Hahn 10 e3. Weak strike, but VF.
Estimate: 75 EUR. Price realized: 250 EUR (approx. 300 U.S. Dollars as of
the auction date)
Estimation: DM 150. Price realized: 175 DEM (approx. 76 U.S. Dollars as
of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster RAT. 1,65 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Point - Point - Empty - Point.
Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in middle; and 2
stages in roof.
Reference: Hahn 10 k 1. VF
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 180 EUR (approx. 254 U.S. Dollars as of the
auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,63 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Point - Point - Empty - Point.
Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in
middle; and 2 stages in roof.
Reference: Hahn 10 e3. VF
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 110 EUR (approx. 145 U.S. Dollars
as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster RAT. 1,28 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Point - Point - Empty - Point.
Rev. Letter church (church made of letters), with mintmaster name in
middle; and 2 stages in roof.
Reference: Hahn 10 k 1.VF.
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 95 EUR (approx. 126 U.S. Dollars
as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
Denar, Regensburg mint. Mintmaster VVO. 1,19 g.
Obv.: . +HIVIVCVSI (backwards), cross with point in 3 angles, 4th
angle empty.
Rev.: Letter church with VVO in center, roof in 2 stages.
Reference: Hahn 10m2.7. Rare! Light patina. Beautiful!
Estimation: 200,00.
BAVARIA
Heinrich I., 948-955.
Pfennig, Regensburg mint. 0,83 g.
Obv.: Lion left, to right: HDVX
Rev.: Undefined.
Reference: Wittelsbach 3112, Beierlein 20. VF+
Estimate: 30 EUR. Price realized: 55 EUR (approx. 70 U.S. Dollars
as of the auction date)
Heinrich II., the Quarrelsome, 955-976; 985–995
First Reign
Henry II (951–995), called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome, in German Heinrich der
Zänker, was the son of Henry I and Judith of Bavaria and a seventh generation
descendant of Charlemagne.
He succeed his father at the age of four, under the guardianship of his mother Judith.
Heinrich married Gisela of Burgundy, a niece of the empress Adelaide, and resolved in
974 to oust Otto II from the throne of Germany. However, he was taken captive in
Ingelheim - he escaped and instigated a revolt in Bavaria, but was defeated in 976 and
stripped of his Duchy, and, following the War of the Three Henries in 978, was placed
under the custody of the Bishop of Utrecht. As a consequence of his revolt Bavaria lost
her first southeastern marches including Austria.
After Otto's death he was released from captivity and tried once again to usurp the
German throne, abducting the infant Otto III. Although he failed in his attempt to gain
control of Germany, he did regain Bavaria.
His daughter Giselle of Bavaria married Saint Stephen I of Hungary, while his son
became the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Nabburg mint. 22 mm 1,39g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 1,00g.
Denar. Nabburg mint. 955-973 Mintmaster WI
1,14g.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in each angle.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials in
middle, and 2-staged roof.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials in
middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 68b1A/V. Somewhat curved,
weakly struck. Very nice!
Reference: Hahn 15 K 4. VF
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WI
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 68 A c 1. VF
Estimation: DM 600.
Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 350 EUR
(approx. 520 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 100.00 EUR. Price realized: 290 EUR
(approx. 352 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Nabburg mint. 955-973 - Type 1 Mintmaster WI 0,91 g.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WI in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 68 B c 1. Minor rim damage, somewhat curved, VF.
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 170 EUR (approx. 228 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Nabburg mint. 955-973 - Type 1
Mintmaster MO 0,92 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 955-973 - Type 1
Mintmaster WO 0,92 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 955-973 1,00 g.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials MO
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WO
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 68 B a 1. VF
Reference: Hahn 15 k 3. Minor rim damage, VF.
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 220 EUR
(approx. 295 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 200 EUR
(approx. 268 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 955-976 - Type 2
Mintmaster ECCHO 1,28 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 955-976 - Type 2
Mintmaster MAO 0,85 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 985-995 - Second Reign,
1,25 g.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ball - ring- ball- empty.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials
ECCHO in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials MAO
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reverse: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 15 c 2. Obverse slightly offcenter. Beautiful.
Reference: Hahn 16 f 1. Repaired edge-break, some
corrosion. F-VF.
Reference: Hahn 22c2.1, obverse similar to type
I, but writing is type 2.
Estimate: 150 EUR. Price realized: 270 EUR
(approx. 357 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 75 EUR. Price realized: 70 EUR (approx.
93 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Price: 75,00. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 88
U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Obv.: Cross, with 3 points in 3 of the angles.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WO
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 15 K 4. VF.
Estimation: EUR 200.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 985-995 - Second Reign, 1,08 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ball - ring- ball- empty.
Reverse: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 22d1.1, obverse similar to type I, but writing is type 2.
Price: 75,00. Price realized: 85 EUR (approx. 83 U.S. Dollars as of the auction
date)
Otto I 976-982
Henry II made war upon his cousin, Emperor Otto II, and was deprived of his duchy in 976 in favor of his cousin Otto,
Duke of Swabia (who now acquired two dukedoms).
Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria (955–982), was the son of Liodolf of Swabia
and his wife Ida, and thus a grandson of the Emperor Otto I and his anglo-saxon
wife Eadgyth. His sister Mathilde was abess of a canoness monastery in Essen.
He was Duke of Swabia from 973 to 982 and was made Duke of Bavaria in 976,
after Henry the Wrangler lost his Bavarian possessions rebelling against the
emperor Otto II. He was a confidant of Otto II in the War of the Three Henries,
and in 982 accompanied him on his Italian campaign against the Arabs. He survived the defeat of the Imperial army near Crotone on July 13, 982 and a subsequent ambush by an Arab force. Otto assigned him to take the news of the campaign back to Germany, but he died en route on November 1, 982 in Lucca. He
was buried in Aschaffenburg.
His sister Mathild endowed a precious jewelled cross which is still kept in the
treasury of Essen cathedral for his remembrance, the siblings are pictured on it.
BAVARIA
Otto, 976-982.
BAVARIA
Otto, 976-982.
BAVARIA
Otto, 976-982.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster WO 1.18 g.
Denar. Nabbburg mint. Mintmaster ANA 0,93 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster SIGI 1.41 g.
Obv.: Cross, in each of the the angles a ball.
Obv.: Cross, in each of the the angles a ball.
Obv.: Cross, in each of the the angles a ball.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WO
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials ANA
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials SIGI
in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 17 i 1. Very scarce! F.
Reference: Hahn 70 a 3. VF
Reference: Hahn 17 h 1. Slightly curved, VF &
beautiful!
Estimation: 450 EUR.
Estimate: 150 EUR. Price realized: 260 EUR
(approx. 344 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 135 EUR
(approx. 179 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Otto, 976-982.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster WO 1.41 g.
Obv.: Cross, in each of the the angles a ball.
Rev.: Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials WO in middle, and 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 17 i 1. VF.
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 110 EUR (approx. 145 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Henry III the Younger 983-985
The death of Otto saw a shuffling of crowns. First Bavaria was given to Berthold's son Henry (III), briefly restoring
the Luitpolding dynasty.
Henry III (940–5 October 989), called the Younger, of the Luitpolding dynasty, son of Berthold, Duke of Bavaria, was the duke of
Carinthia (976–978, 985–989) and Bavaria (983–985).
On the death of Berthold in 947, Bavaria was given to the brother of King Otto I, Henry, who had married Judith, daughter of the
old duke Arnulf the Bad.
In 976, Henry received some compensation by receiving the ancient duchy of Carinthia, severed as it was from Bavaria. In 978,
he was one of the Henries in rebellion against Otto II in the War of the Three Henries. The others were the son of Henry of
Bavaria, the deposed Henry the Wrangler, and Henry I, Bishop of Augsburg. He was deposed and both he and the Wrangler
were banished. In 983, he was recalled from banishment to be instated in Bavaria, but upon Otto III's reconciliation with the
Wrangler, Henry was given Carinthia again and deprived of Bavaria. When he died in 989, he was the last male Luitpoldinger.
Heinrich II., the Quarrelsome, 955-976; 985–995
Second Reign
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ELLN.
985-995 - Second Reign, 1,83 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ELLN.
985-995 - Second Reign, 23 mm 1,59 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO.
985-995 - Second Reign, 1,66 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: empty, ball, ball, ring.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: empty, ball, ball, ring.
.HENRICVS VX
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: empty, ball, ball, ring.
.HENRICVS VX
Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials
ELLN in center; 2-staged roof. REGINA CIVITAS
Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials
ECCO in center; 2-staged roof. REGINA CIVITAS
Reference: Hahn 22c2. Good VF.
Reference: Hahn 22 b2. VF.
Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 150 EUR
(approx. 193 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimation DM 200. Price realized: 280 DEM
(approx. 127 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II. the Quarrelsome, 955-976.
Denar. Regensburg mint. 985-995 - Second
Reign, 1,28 g.
Denar. Mintmaster SIC. 985-995 - Second Reign,
1,63 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO.
985-995 - Second Reign, 1,69 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: empty, ball, ball, ring.
Writing retrograde and unclear; some letters are
mirror-imaged.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: empty, ball, ball, ring.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ball, empty, ring, ball.
.HENRICVS VX .
Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials in
center; 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 22 c 2. VF
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 170 EUR
(approx. 204 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials in
center; 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 22h1.2 var., Good VF.
Price: 75,00. Price realized: 85 EUR (approx.
83 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials SIC
in center; 2-staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 22 g 1, Dannenberg 1068. VF.
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 80 EUR
(approx. 113 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Rev.: Letter church with mintmaster’s initials
ECCO in center; 2-staged roof. REGINA CIVITAS
Reference: Hahn 22 b 2. VF
Estimate: 60 EUR. Price realized: 120 EUR
(approx. 144 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Henry IV (II) 995-1004 ; 1009-1017
King Henry II gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry (V), Count of Luxemburg in 1004. The King reasserted direct control over the duchy 1009-1017.
Saint Henry II (German : Heinrich II., Latin : Henricus II,
Italian : Enrico II del Sacro Romano Impero) (6 May 973[1]
– 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth
and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon (or Ottonian)
dynasty from his coronation in Rome in 1014 until his death
a decade later. He was crowned King of Germany in 1002
and King of Italy in 1004. He was the only German king to
be canonised.
He was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria. As his father
had rebelled against two previous emperors, he was often in
exile. This led the younger Henry to turn to the Church at an
early age, first finding refuge with Abraham, Bishop of
Freising, and later being educated at the cathedral school of
Hildesheim. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in
995 as Henry IV.
Henry was on his way to Rome to save his besieged cousin
the Emperor Otto III when the emperor died in January
1002. Knowing that opposition to his succession was strong,
Henry quickly seized the royal insignia from his dead
cousin's companions. Rival candidates for the throne —
such as Ezzo of Lotharingia, Eckard I of Meissen, and
Herman II of Swabia — strongly contested Henry's succession, but with the aid of Willigis, Archbishop of
Mainz, he was able to secure his royal election and coronation on 7 June 1002 in Mainz, though it would
be a year before he was universally recognized.
Henry spent the next several years consolidating his political power on his German borders. He waged a
successful campaign against Boleslaus I of Poland and then moved into the Kingdom of Italy to confront
Arduin of Ivrea, who had been elected King of Italy by a faction opposed to Henry. Arduin had previously
defeated a German army sent against him by Henry and commanded by Otto I of Carinthia. Now he tried
to block the German king in the Adige valley, as he had previously done with Otto, but Henry entered Italy
at the Valsugana. Arduin's vassals fled in disarray at Henry's approach and their king was forced to return
to the March of Ivrea. Henry occupied Verona and was crowned rex Italiae (King of Italy) at Pavia on 15
May 1004 by the Archbishop of Milan, Arnulf II, with the famous Iron Crown.
After bloodily suppressing a revolt of the citizens of Pavia, Henry remained there until 25 May, when, feeling that Italy could be considered settled, he decided to return to Germany through the Saint Gotthard
Pass. From Germany he launched a second campaign against Boleslaus, allying with the pagan Liutitians
against the Christian Poles and waged successful campaigns that culminated in a lasting compromise
peace with the Poles in 1018: Boleslaus was allowed to retain Lusatia and Meissen, but had to give up
Bohemia.
Henry was called to Italy by the clergy for another campaign in 1013. Arduin had risen in revolt again. At
first he tried to resist Henry from his palace in Ivrea, but then resigned to become a monk. Subsequently
Henry went straight to Rome, where Pope Benedict VIII crowned him Holy Roman Emperor on 14 February
1014. He took his duties in Italy seriously and appointed German officials to administer the country. He
returned in Germany in May.
In 1020, the pope visited him at Bamberg and consecrated his new cathedral there. After settling some
controversies with the bishops of Mainz and Würzburg, Benedict VIII convinced him to return to Italy for a
third (and final) campaign to counter the growing power of the Byzantine Empire in the south, where the
Lombard princes had made submission to the Greeks. In 1022, he set out down the Adriatic coast for
southern Italy commanding a large force. He sent Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne, ahead with a slightly
smaller army along the Tyrrhenian littoral with the objective of subjugating the Principality of Capua. A third
army, smaller still, under the command of Poppo, Patriarch of Aquileia, went through the Apennines to join
Henry in besieging the Byzantine fortress of Troia. Pilgrim did capture Pandulf IV of Capua and extract
oaths of allegiance from both Capua and Salerno, but all three divisions failed to take Troia. Henry almost
executed the treacherous prince of Capua, but relented at the last moment at Pilgrim's pleading and
instead sent him off to Germany in chains and appointed Pandulf of Teano to replace him as prince.
Though his main objective had been missed, Henry left the south in the knowledge that western imperial
authority still extended that far. On his return journey, he attended a synod at Pavia where he advocated
Church reform.
Henry's most significant contributions as emperor came in the realm of church-state relations and ecclesiastic administration within the Empire. He supported the bishops against the monastic clergy and aided
them in establishing their temporal rule over broad territories. He strongly enforced clerical celibacy in
order that the public land and offices he granted the chuch would not be passed on to heirs. This ensured
that the bishops remained loyal to him, from whom they received their power, and provided a powerful bulwark against rebellious nobles and ambitious family members. Henry founded the Diocese of Bamberg,
which quickly became a center of scholarship and art, in 1007.
Henry had been working with the pope to call a church council to confirm his new system of politico-ecclesiastical control when he died suddenly in 1024, leaving this work unfinished. Henry and his wife,
Cunigunde of Luxemburg, had no children, reportedly because they had taken a mutual vow of chastity.
The Church canonised Henry (1146) and Cunigunde (1200) after their deaths.
Henry is buried in Bamberg Cathedral, which also has the tomb of Pope Clement II. He is the patron saint
of the city of Basel, Switzerland, and of St Henry's Marist Brothers' College in Durban, South Africa.
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-1002-1024
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ring, wedge, 3 points, wedge.
Rev.: Letter-church, with mintmaster’s initials ECCO in the middle; roof in 2
stages.
Estimate: EUR 60. Price realized: 200 EUR (approx. 241 U.S. Dollars as of
the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,04 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ENC. 1,29 g
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster VVIC. 20 mm
1,21 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials ENC
(mirror writing) in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials ENC
in the middle.
Reference: Hahn 25 c 4. Beautiful!
Reference: Hahn 25 c 1. VF.
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 300 EUR
(approx. 423 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 120 EUR
(approx. 144 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster VOCH. 21
mm 1,04 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint. Mintmaster ECCO 1,03 g. Denar. Regensburg. Mintmaster VVICI. 20 mm 1,29 g.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials VVIC
in the middle.
Reference: Hahn 25 e 3. F.
Estimation DM 200. Price realized: 200 DEM
(approx. 93 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
Obv.: Cross, in angles: wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: Ring, ball, wedge, ball.
Cross, in the angles: Ring, wedge, 3 points, wedge. HENDICVS DVX
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials VVIC
(retrograde) in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials
ECCO in the middle.
Rev. Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials VVICI in
middle; DICIINA CIVITAS
Reference: Hahn 27 i 1. VF
Reference: Hahn 27 c2. Beautiful!
Reference: Hahn 25e1.Good VF.
Estimation DM 300. Price realized: 280 DEM
(approx. 130 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Price realized: 390 DEM (approx. 170 U.S. Dollars Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 150 EUR (approx.
193 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Regensburg Mintmaster ECCO. 22 mm
1,55 g.
Denar. Regensburg. Mintmaster VVICI. 1,37 g.
Denar. Regensburg Mintmaster OVVI. 1,35 g.
1. Period (1002-1009)
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball.
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: 3 points, wedge, ring,
wedge. +HCINRTICVS REX
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials
ECCO in the middle; PC..NA CIVITIAS
Reference: Hahn 27c1.Good VF.
Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 140 EUR
(approx. 180 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Obv.: Cross, in angles: wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points.
Rev. Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials
VVICI in middle.
Rev. Letter-church with mintmaster’s initials OVVI in
middle.
Reference: Dannenberg 1071f. Fine patina, beautiful!
Reference: Hahn II B 27j1.Rare! Nice patina.
Estimation CHF 250. Price realized: 225 CHF
(approx. 171 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimation: 200,00. Price realized: 210 EUR (approx.
244 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ECCO. 1,11 g.
(1024).
Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ICNE. 1,59 g.
(1002/1009).
Denar. Mintmaster HECIL. 1,55 g. (1002/1009).
Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points.
Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points.
Rev.: Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials
ECCO in the middle.
Rev.: Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials
ICNE in the middle (Mirror writing).
Reference: Hahn 27c2.3 var. Rare, dark patina. Nice!
Reference: Hahn 27 d 4. Nice patina. Beautiful!
Price: 200,00. Price realized: 240 EUR (approx.
236 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 150 EUR. Price realized: 220 EUR
(approx. 310 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, 3 points, wedge, ring.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials
HECIL in the middle (Mirror writing).
Reference: Hahn 80 a 1. Very rare! Beautiful!
Estimate: 500 EUR. Price realized: 1,200 EUR
(approx. 1,691 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ANZO. 1,48 g.
(1002/1009).
Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster OWy. 1,55 g.
(1002/1009).
Denar. Regensburg. Mintmaster VVI. 1,24 g.
Obv.: Cross, in angles: Wedge, 3 points, wedge, ring. Obv.: Cross, in angles: ring, wedge, 3 points, wedge.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials
ANZO in the middle (Z is backwards).
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials OWy
in the middle.
Reference: Hahn 27 a 1. Nice patina, VF.
Reference: Hahn 27 j 1. Curved, VF.
Estimate: 100,00 EUR. Price realized: 150 EUR
(approx. 166 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 150.00 EUR. Price realized: 160 EUR
(approx. 214 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Obv.: Cross, in angles: ring, ball, wedge, ball.
Rev.: Letter-church with m intmaster’s initials VVI in
the middle.
Reference: Hahn 25e2.2, Vs. ähnlich V-VI. ssvz
Estimate: 100,00. Price realized: 160 EUR (approx.
157 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as Duke 995-1002
Denar. Regensburg, Mintmaster ICCI. 1,62 g. (1002/1009).
Denar. Regensburg. 1,35 g.
Obv.: Cross, in angles: wedge, ring, wedge, 3 points.
Obv.: Cross, in angles: Ball, wedge, ball, ring.
Rev.: Letter-church, mintmaster’s initials ECCI (backwards,
C’s mirror writing) in middle.
Rev.: Letterchurch with mintmaster’s initials in middle, 2
staged roof.
Reference: Hahn 27 h 2. VF.
Reference: Hahn 25c6.2, Beautiful!
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 190 EUR (approx. 242
U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 100,00. Price realized: 150 EUR (approx. 147
U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Augsburg mint,
1,22 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 balls.
Reference: Dannenberg 1032; Hahn 145 VII/6. 1.22 g. Beautiful!
Estimation: 500 EUR. Price realized: 500 EUR (approx. 635 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: OA 1,23 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: ring, 3 points, wedge, 3 points. Mintmaster’s initials in legend.
Reference: Hahn 29 a 3. Beautiful patina, slightly curved. VF & Beautiful!
Estimate: 250 EUR. Price realized: 420 EUR (approx. 535 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: ONNA 1,23 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. MIntmaster’s initials ONNA (retrograde).
Reference: Hahn 29 a 7. Rare! Beautiful.
Estimate: 600 EUR. Price realized: 875 EUR (approx. 1,157 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: OHCC ] 1,51 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: ECCHO 1,54 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Obv.: Crowned bust right. E/X - HE/NI/RI/C
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. Mintmaster’s
name: OHCC ] (]=unidentified character!!!!!); mirrored “E” without middle
stroke.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: Wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. +RN CI.SV
ECCHO (backwards).
Reference: Hahn 29b3,6. Beautiful!
Reference: Hahn 29 b 3. Fine patina, VF & Beautiful!
Estimate: 300.00 EUR. Price realized: 650 EUR (approx. 780 U.S. Dollars as
of the auction date)
Estimate: EUR 500. Price realized: 725 EUR (approx. 974 U.S. Dollars
as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
BAVARIA
Heinrich II.-as King, 1002 - 1024
Denar. Augsburg mint, (1009/1024) 1,27 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, (1009/1024) Mintmaster: ENIRIC 1,45 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: 3 points, ring, 3 points, wedge.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: wedge, 3 points, ring, 3 points. Mintmaster’s
initials in legend.
Reference: Hahn 145; Steinhilber 27. Somewhat curved, VF+
Reference: Hahn 29 c 4. Exceptional portrait, beautiful specimen!
Estimate: 400 EUR. Price realized: 320 EUR (approx. 451 U.S. Dollars as of
the auction date)
Estimate: 600 EUR. Price realized: 950 EUR (approx. 1,338 U.S. Dollars
as of the auction date)
Henry V 1004-1009, 1017-1026
King Henry II gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry (V), Count of Luxemburg in 1004. The King reasserted
direct control over the duchy 1009-1017.
Henry (d.1026), of the House of Luxembourg, was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry I) from 998 and the duke of Bavaria (as
Henry V) from 1004. He was the son of Siegfried I of Luxembourg and Hedwige of Nordgau.
He was the advocate of the abbeys of Sain-Maximin of Trier and Saint-Willibrord of Echternach, hereditary titles within his family.
In 1004, at the Diet of Ratisbon, he received Bavaria from his brother-in-law, the Emperor Henry II, who was also the duke of
Bavaria. In a quarrel with the emperor in 1009, he withdrew him from the duchy but reinstated him in 1017. He never married and
his county passed to his nephew Henry and Bavaria returned to the emperor, then Conrad II, who bestowed it on his son, the
later Emperor Henry III.
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCH. 1,40 g. Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCII. 21 mm
1,36 g.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross: HCINI / XDRev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5 AX
points, mintmaster’s initials OCH in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5
Reference: Hahn 31 f 5. Kl. VF.
points, mintmaster’s initials OCII in the middle.
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster AZO. 21 mm
1,46 g.
Estimate: 30 EUR. Price realized: 200 EUR
(approx. 240 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Reference: Hahn 31b1.VF
Reference: Hahn 31f2. VF.
Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 280 EUR
(approx. 416 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross: HCINR +DVX
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5
points, mintmaster’s initials AZO in the middle.
Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 150 EUR
(approx. 193 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCII. 20 mm
1,35 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster HCO. 1,28 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OHCCC. 1,40 g.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each angle.
Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 7
points, mintmaster’s initials HCO in the middle. (C
backwards).
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 7
points, mintmaster’s initials OHCCC in the middle.
(C’s are backwards).
Reference: Hahn 31 f 3. Beautiful example with
splendid patina!
Reference: Hahn 31 d 8. VF.
Obv.: Outline cross, 4 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 6
points; mintmaster’s initials in the middle.
Reference: Hahn 31e1.1 Scarce! Beautiful!
Estimation: EUR 400. Price realized: 320 EUR
(approx. 417 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 150 EUR. Price realized: 300 EUR
(approx. 423 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 150 EUR. Price realized: 150 EUR (approx.
190 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster AZO. 1,25 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster HCC[. 0,90 g. Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster AZO. 1,25 g.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross: HCINR +DVX
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 6
points, mintmaster’s initials AZO in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 6
points, mintmaster’s initials HCC[ ([=indeterminate
letter) in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 7
points, mintmaster’s initials in the middle. (mirrored
writing).
Reference: Hahn 31b1. VF.
Reference: Hahn 31d6. VF.
Reference: Hahn 31 e var.. Beautiful patina!
Estimation DM 200. Price realized: 300 DEM
(approx. 136 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimation DM 200. Price realized: 240 DEM
(approx. 109 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 175 EUR. Price realized: 230 EUR
(approx. 324 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster AZO. 1,35 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster CNC. 1,38 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, Mintmaster OCH. 1,49 g.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each
angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5
points, mintmaster’s initials AZO in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5
points, mintmaster’s initials CNC (C’s are mirror
writing) in the middle.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5
points, mintmaster’s initials OCH in the middle.
Reference: Hahn 31b2 (reverse only.)..Rare!
Beautiful patina.
Estimation: 200,00. Price realized: 210 EUR
(approx. 244 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Reference: Hahn 31e3.4 var. Rare! Dark patina.
Beautiful coin!
Estimation: 200,00. Price realized: 220 EUR
(approx. 216 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
Reference: Hahn 31f1. Rare! Dark patina, exceptional coin!
Price: 150,00. Price realized: 140 EUR (approx.
137 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich V., 1018-1026 (2nd Reign).
Denar. Regensburg mint, 1,47 g.
Obv.: Outline cross, 3 points and wedge in each angle. Heinrich’s name inside cross.
Rev.: Letter-church with 2-staged roof containing 5 points, mintmaster’s initials ICO in
the middle. (C backwards).
Reference: Hahn 31f6. Rare! Dark patina. Beautiful coin!
Price: 200,00. Price realized: 200 EUR (approx. 196 U.S. Dollars as of the auction
date)
Henry VI (III) the Black 1026-1042
Henry III (29 October 1017 – 5 October 1056), called the Black or the Pious,
was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the
eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia and his father made
him duke of Bavaria (as Henry VI) in 1026, after the death of Duke Henry V.
Then, on Easter Day 1028, his father having been crowned Holy Roman
Emperor, Henry was elected and crowned King of Germany in the cathedral of
Aachen by Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne. After the death of Herman IV,
Duke of Swabia in 1038, his father gave him that duchy (as Henry I) as well
as the kingdom of Burgundy, which Conrad had inherited in 1033. Upon the
death of his father on June 4, 1039, he became sole ruler of the kingdom and
was crowned emperor by Pope Clement II in Rome (1046).
Henry's first tutor was Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg. On Bruno's death in 1029,
Egilbert, Bishop of Freising, was appointed to take his place. In 1033, at the
age of sixteen, Henry came of age and Egilbert was compensated for his
services. In 1035, Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia, was deposed by Conrad, but
Egilbert convinced Henry to refuse this injustice and the princes of Germany,
having legally elected Henry, would not recognise the deposition unless their
king did also. Henry, in accordance with his promise to Egilbert, did not consent to his father's act and Conrad, stupefied, fell unconscious after many
attempts to turn Henry. Upon recovering, Conrad knelt before his son and
exacted the desired consent. Egilbert was penalised dearly by the emperor.
In 1036, Henry was married to Gunhilda of Denmark. She was a daughter of
Canute the Great, King of Denmark, England, and Norway, by his wife Emma
of Normandy. Early on, Henry's father had arranged with Canute to have him
rule over some parts of northern Germany (the Kiel) and in turn to have their
children married. The marriage took place in Nijmegen at the earliest legal
age.
In 1038, Henry was called to aid his father in Italy (1038) and Gunhilda died on the Adriatic Coast, during the return
trip (during the same epidemic in which Herman IV of Swabia died). In 1039, his father, too, died and Henry became
sole ruler and imperator in spe. pcnr
Henry spent his first year on a tour of his domains. He visited the Low Countries to receive the homage of Gothelo I,
Duke of Upper and Lower Lorraine. In Cologne, he was joined by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne, who accompanied him and his mother to Saxony, where he was to build the town of Goslar up from obscurity to stately, imperial
grandeur. He had an armed force when he entered Thuringia to meet with Eckard II, Margrave of Meissen, whose
advice and counsel he desired on the recent successes of Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia in Poland. Only a Bohemian
embassy bearing hostages appeased Henry and he disbanded his army and continued his tour. He passed through
Bavaria where, upon his departure, King Peter Urseolo of Hungary sent raiding parties and into Swabia. There, at
Ulm, he convened a Fürstentag at which he received his first recognition from Italy. He returned to Ingelheim after
that and there was recognised by a Burgundian embassy and Aribert, Archbishop of Milan, whom he had supported
against his father. This peace with Aribert healed the only open wound in the Empire. Meanwhile, in 1039, while he
was touring his dominions, Conrad, Adalbero's successor in Carinthia and Henry's cousin, died childless. Henry being
his nearest kin automatically inherited that duchy as well. He was now a triple-duke (Bavaria, Swabia, Carinthia) and
triple-king (Germany, Burgundy, Italy).
Henry's first military campaign as sole ruler took place then (1040). He turned to Bohemia, where Bretislaus was still
a threat, especially through his Hungarian ally's raiding. At Stablo, after attending to the reform of some monasteries,
Henry summoned his army. In July, he met with Eckhard at Goslar and joined together his whole force at
Regensburg. On 13 August, he set out. He was ambushed and the expedition ended in disaster. Only by releasing
many Bohemian hostages, including Bretislaus's son, did the Germans procure the release of many of their comrades
and the establishment of a peace. Henry retreated hastily and with little fanfare, preferring to ignore his first great
defeat. On his return to Germany, Henry appointed Suidger bishop of Bamberg. He would later be Pope Clement II.
In 1040, Peter of Hungary was overthrown by Samuel Aba and fled to
Germany, where Henry received him well despite the enmity formerly
between them. Bretislaus was thus deprived of an ally and Henry renewed
preparations for a campaign in Bohemia. On 15 August, he and Eckard set
out once more, almost exactly a year after his last expedition. This time he
was victorious and Bretislaus signed a peace treaty at Regensburg.
He spent Christmas 1041 at Strasbourg, where he received emissaries from
Burgundy. He travelled to that kingdom in the new year and dispensed justice as needed. On his return, he heard, at Basel, of the raids into Bavaria
being made by the king of Hungary. He thus granted his own duchy of
Bavaria to one Henry, a relative of the last independent duke. At Cologne, he
called together all his great princes, including Eckard, and they unanimously
declared war on Hungary. It wasn't until September 1042 that he set out,
after having dispatched men to seek out Agnes de Poitou to be his new
bride. The expedition into Hungary successfully subdued the west of that
nation, but Aba fled to eastern fortresses and Henry's installed candidate, an
unknown cousin of his, was quickly removed when the emperor turned his
back.
After Christmas at Goslar, his intended capital, he entertained several embassies: Bretislaus came in person, a
Kievan embassy was rejected because Henry was not seeking a Russian bride, and the ambassadors of Casimir I
of Poland were likewise rejected because the duke came not in person. Gisela, Henry's mother, died at this juncture
and Henry went to the French borders, probably near Ivois to meet King Henry I of France, probably over the
impending marriage to the princess of Aquitaine. Henry next turned to Hungary again, where he forced Aba to
recognise the Danubian territory donated to Germany by Stephen I of Hungary pro causa amiticiae (for friendship's
sake). These territories were ceded to Hungary after the defeat of Conrad II in 1030. This border remained the border between Hungary and Austria until 1920.
After this victory, Henry, a pious man, who dreamed of a Peace and Truce of God being respected over all his
realms, declared from the pulpit in Konstanz in October 1043 a general indulgence or pardon whereby he promised
to forgive all injuries to himself and to forgo vengeance. He encouraged all his vassals to do likewise. This is known
as the "Day of Indulgence" or "Day of Pardon".
Henry was finally remarried at Ingelheim in 1043 to Agnes, daughter of duke William V of Aquitaine and Agnes of
Burgundy. Agnes was then living at the court of her stepfather, Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou. This connection to
the obstreperous vassal of the French king as well as her consanguinity—she and Henry being both descended
from Henry the Fowler—caused some churchmen to oppose their union, but the marriage went as planned. Agnes
was crowned at Mainz.
After the coronation and the wedding, Henry wintered at Utrecht, where he proclaimed the same indulgence he had
proclaimed the year prior in Burgundy. Then, in April 1044, Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine, that is of both Lower and
Upper Lorraine, died. Henry did not wish to solidify the ducal power in any duchy and so, instead of appointing
Godfrey, Gothelo's eldest son and already acting duke in Upper Lorraine, duke in the Lower duchy, he appointed
Gothelo II, Godfrey's younger brother, duke there, thus raising the eldest son's ire. Henry claimed that Gothelo's
dying wish was to see the duchy split between the brothers, but Godfrey, having faithfully served Henry thus far,
rebelled. Henry called the two brothers together at Nijmegen, but failed to reconcile them. Nevertheless, he set out
on the warpath against Hungary, then experiencing internal duress.
Henry entered Hungary on July 6 and met a large army with his small host. Disaffection rent the Magyar forces,
however, and they crumbled at the German onslaught in the Battle of Ménfo. Peter was reinstalled as king at
Székesfehérvár, a vassal of the Empire, and Henry could return home triumphant, the Hungarian people having
readily submitted to his rule.[1] Tribute was to be paid and Aba, while fleeing, was captured by Peter and beheaded.
Hungary appeared to have entered the German fold fully and with ease.
Upon his return from the Hungarian expedition, Godfrey of Lorraine began seeking out allies, among them Henry of
France, to support him in any possible act of overt insurrection. Seeing this, the emperor summoned Henry to a trial
by his peers of Lower Lorraine at Aachen where he was condemned and his duchy and county of Verdun (a royal
fief) seized. He immediately fled the scene and began arming for revolt. Henry wintered at Speyer, with the civil war
clearly in view on the horizon.
In early 1045, Henry entered Lorraine with a local army and besieged Godfrey's castle of Bockelheim (near
Kreuznach) and took it. He took a few other castles, but famine drove him out. Leaving behind enough men to guard
the countryside against Godfrey's raids, he turned to Burgundy. Godfrey had done his best to foment rebellion in that
kingdom by playing of the imperialist, which supported union with the empire, and nationalist, which supported an
independent Burgundy, factions against each other. However, Louis, Count of Montbéliard, defeated Reginald I,
Count of Burgundy (what was to become the Free County), and when Henry arrived, the latter was ready with
Gerald, Count of Geneva, to do homage. Burgundy was thereafter happily united to Henry's crown.
Then, Henry discussed the Italian political scene with some Lombard magnates at Augsburg and then went on to
Goslar, where he gave the duchy of Swabia to Otto, Count Palatine of Lorraine. Henry also gave the march of
Antwerp to Baldwin, the son of Baldwin V of Flanders. On his way to Hungary, to spend Pentecost with King Peter, a
floor collapsed in one of his halls and Bruno, Bishop of Würzburg, was killed. In Hungary, Peter gave over the golden
lance, symbol of sovereignty in Hungary, to Henry and pledged an oath of fealty along with his nobles. Hungary was
now pledged to Peter for life and peace was fully restored between the two kingdoms of Germany and Hungary. In
July, even Godfrey submitted and was imprisoned in Gibichenstein, the German Tower.
Henry fell ill at Tribur in October and Henry of Bavaria and Otto of Swabia chose as his successor Otto's nephew and
successor in the palatinate, Henry I. Henry III, however, recovered, still heirless. At the beginning of the next year,
now at the height of his power, but having divested himself of two of the great stem duchies, Henry's old advisor,
Eckard of Meissen, died, leaving Meissen to Henry. Henry bestowed it on William, count of Orlamünde. He then
moved to Lower Lorraine, where Gothelo II had just died and Dirk IV of Holland had seized Flushing. Henry personally led a river campaign against Count Dirk. Both count and Flushing fell to him. He gave the latter to Bernold, Bishop
of Utrecht, and returned to Aachen to celebrate Pentecost and decide on the fate of Lorraine. Henry pitied and
restored Godfrey, but gave the county of Verdun to the bishop of the city. This did not conciliate the duke. Henry gave
the lower duchy to Frederick. He then appointed Adalbert archbishop of Bremen and summoned Widger, Archbishop
of Ravenna, to a trial. The right of a German court to try an Italian bishop was very controversial and presaged the
Investiture Controversy that characterised the reigns of Henry's son and grandson. Henry continued from there on to
Saxony and held imperial courts at Quedlinburg, Merseburg (June), and Meissen. At the first, he made his daughter
Beatrice from his first marriage abbess and at the second, he ended the strife between the dux Bomeraniorum and
Casimir of Poland. This is one of the earliest, or perhaps the earliest, recording of the name of Pomerania, whose
duke, Zemuzil, brought gifts.
It was after the these events in northern Germany and a brief visit to Augsburg, where he summoned the greatest
magnates, clerical and lay, of the realm to meet him and accompany him, that he crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy,
one of the most important of his many travels. His old ally, Aribert of Milan, had recently died and the Milanese had
chosen as candidate for his successor one Guido, in opposition to the nobles' candidate. Meanwhile, in Rome, three
popes—Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory VI—contested the pontifical honours. Benedict was a Tusculan who
had previously renounced the throne, Sylvester was a Crescentian, and Gregory was a reformer, but a simoniac.
Henry marched first to Verona, thence to Pavia in October. He held a court and dispensed justice as he had in
Burgundy years earlier. He moved on to Sutri and held the a second court on 20 December whereat he deposed all
the candidates for the Saint Peter's throne and left it temporarily vacant. He headed towards Rome and held a synod
wherein he declared no Roman priest fit. Adalbert of Bremen refused the honour and Henry appointed Suidger of
Bamberg, who was acclaimed duly by the people and clergy, we are told. He took the name Clement II.
Imperial palace at Goslar, largely
the work of Henry.
On 25 December, Christmas Day, Clement was consecrated and Henry and Agnes were crowned Holy Roman
Emperor and Empress. The populace gave him the golden chain of the patriciate and made him patricius, giving the
powers, seemingly, of the Crescentii family during the tenth century: the power to nominate popes. Henry's first acts
were to visit Frascati, capital of the counts of Tusculum, and seize all the castles of the Crescentii. He and the pope
then moved south, where his father had created the situation as it was then in his visit of 1038. Henry reversed
many of Conrad's acts. At Capua, he was received by Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno, also Prince of Capua since
1038. However, Henry gave Capua back to the twice-deprived Prince Pandulf IV, a highly unpopular choice. Guaimar
had been acclaimed as Duke of Apulia and Calabria by the Norman mercenaries under William Iron Arm and his
brother Drogo of Hauteville. In return, Guaimar had recognised the conquests of the Normans and invested William
as his vassal with the comital title. Henry made Drogo, William's successor in Apulia, a direct vassal of the imperial
crown. He did likewise to Ranulf Drengot, the count of Aversa, who had been a vassal of Guaimar as Prince of
Capua. Thus, Guaimar was deprived of his greatest vassals, his principality split in two, and his greatest enemy reinstated. Henry lost popularity amongst the Lombards with these decisions and Benevento, though a papal vassal,
would not admit him. He authorised Drogo to conquer it and headed north to reunion with Agnes at Ravenna. He
arrived at Verona in May and the Italian circuit was completed.
On Henry's return to Germany, many offices which had fallen vacant were filled. First, Henry gave away his last personal duchy: he made Welf duke of Carinthia. He made his Italian chancellor, Humphrey, archbishop of Ravenna. He
filled several other sees: he installed Guido in Piacenza, his chaplain Theodoric in Verdun, the provost Herman of
Speyer in Strasbourg, and his German chancellor Theodoric in Constance. The important Lorrainer bishoprics of
Metz and Trier received respecively Adalberon and Eberhard, a chaplain.
The many vacancies of the Imperial episcopate now filled, Henry was at Metz (July 1047) when the rebellion then
stewing broke out seriously. Godfrey was now allied with Baldwin of Flanders, his son (the margrave of Antwerp),
Dirk of Holland, and Herman, Count of Mons. Henry gathered an army and went north, where he gave Adalbert of
Bremen lands once Godfrey's and oversaw the trial by combat of Thietmar, the brother of Bernard II, Duke of
Saxony, accused of plotting to kill the king. Bernard, an enemy of Adalbert's, was now clearly on Henry's bad side.
Henry made peace with the new king of Hungary, Andrew I and moved his campaign into the Netherlands. At
Flushing, he was defeated by Dirk. The Hollanders sacked Charlemagne's palace at Nijmegen and burnt Verdun.
Godfrey then made public penance and assisted in rebuilding Verdun. The rebels besieged Liège, defended stoutly
by Bishop Wazo. Henry slowed his campaigning after the death of Henry of Bavaria and gave Upper Lorraine to one
Adalbert and left. The pope had died in the meantime and Henry chose Poppo of Brixen, who took the name
Damasus II. Henry gave Bavaria to one Cuno and, at Ulm in January 1048, Swabia to Otto of Schweinfurt, called the
White. Henry met Henry of France, probably at Ivois again, in October and at Christmas, envoys from Rome came to
seek a new pope, Damasus having died. Henry's most enduring papal selection was Bruno of Toul, who took office
as Leo IX, and under whom the Church would be divided between East and West. Henry's final appointment of this
long spate was a successor to Adalber in Lorraine. For this, he appointed Gerard of Chatenoy, a relative of Adalbert
and Henry himself.
The year of 1049 was a series of successes. Dirk of Holland was defeated and killed. Adalbert of Bremen managed
a peace with Bernard of Saxony and negotiated a treaty with the missionary monarch Sweyn II of Denmark. With the
assistance of Sweyn and Edward the Confessor of England, whose enemies Baldwin had harboured, Baldwin of
Flanders was unable to harassed by sea and unable to escape the onslaught of the imperial army. At Cologne, the
pope excommunicated Godfrey, in revolt again, and Baldwin. The former abandoned his allies and was imprisoned
by the emperor yet again. Baldwin too gave in under the pressure of Henry's ravages. Finally, war had ceased in the
Low Countries and the Lorraines and peace seemed to have taken hold.
In 1051, Henry undertook a third Hungarian campaign, but failed to achieve anything lasting. Lower Lorraine gave
trouble again, Lambert, Count of Louvain, and Richildis, widow Herman of Mons, and new bride of Baldwin of
Antwerp, were causing strife. Godfrey was released and to him was it given to safeguard the unstable peace
attained two years before.
In 1052, a fourth campaign was undertaken against Hungary and Pressburg (modern Bratislava) was besieged.
Andrew of Hungary called in the pope's mediation, but upon Henry's lifting of the siege, Andrew withdrew all offers of
tribute and Leo IX excommunicated him at Regensburg. Henry was unable immediately to continue his campaign,
however. In fact, he never renewed it in all his life. Henry did send a Swabian army to assist Leo in Italy, but he
recalled it quickly. In Christmas of that year, Cuno of Bavaria was summoned to Merseburg and deposed by a small
council of princes for his conflicting with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Cuno revolted.
In 1053, at Tribur, the young Henry, born 11 November 1050, was elected king of Germany. Andrew of Hungary
almost made peace, but Cuno convinced him otherwise. Henry appointed his young son duke of Bavaria and went
thence to deal with the ongoing insurrection. Henry sent another army to assist Leo in the Mezzogiorno against the
Normans he himself had confirmed in their conquests as his vassal. Leo, sans assistance from Guaimar (distanced
from Henry since 1047), was defeated at the Battle of Civitate on 18 June 1053 by Humphrey, Count of Apulia;
Robert Guiscard, his younger brother; and Prince Richard I of Capua. The Swabians were cut to pieces.
In 1054, Henry went north to deal with Casimir of Poland, now on the warpath. He transferred Silesia from Bretislaus
to Casimir. Bretislaus nevertheless remained loyal to the end. Henry turned westwards and crowned his young son at
Aachen on July 17 and then marched into Flanders, for the two Baldwins were in arms again. John of Arras, who had
seized Cambrai before, had been forced out by Baldwin of Flanders and so turned to the Emperor. In return for
inducing Liutpert, Bishop of Cambrai, to give John the castle, John would lead Henry through Flanders. The Flemish
campaign was a success, but Liutpert could not be convinced.
Bretislaus, who had regained Silesia in a short war, died that year. The margrave Adalbert of Austria, however, successfully resisted the depredations of Cuno and the raids of the king of Hungary. Henry could thus direct his attention
elsewhere than rebellions for once. He returned to Goslar, the city where his son had been born and which he had
raised to imperial and ecclesiastic grandeur with his palace and church reforms. He passed Christmas there and
appointed Gebhard of Eichstedt as the next holder of the Petrine see, with the name Victor II. He was the last of
Henry's four German popes.
In 1055, Henry soon turned south, to Italy again, for Boniface III of Tuscany, ever an imperial ally, had died and his
widow, Beatrice of Bar had married Godfrey of Lorraine (1054). Firstly, however, he gave his old hostage, Spitignev,
the son of Bretislaus to the Bohemians as duke. Spitignev did homage and Bohemia remained securely, loyally, and
happily within the Imperial fold. By Easter, Henry had arrived in Mantua. He held several courts, one at Roncaglia,
where, a century later (1158), Frederick Barbarossa held a far more important diet, sent out his missi dominici to
establish order. Godfrey, ostensibly the reason for the visit, was not well received by the people and returned to
Flanders. Henry met the pope at Florence and arrested Beatrice, for marrying a traitor, and her daughter Matilda,
later to be such an enemy of Henry's son. The young Frederick of Tuscany, Beatrice' son, refused to come to
Florence and died within days. Henry returned via Zürich and there betrothed his young son to Bertha, daughter of
Count Otto of Savoy.
Henry entered a Germany in turmoil. A staunch ally against Cuno in Bavaria, Gebhard of Regensburg, was implicated
in a plot against the king along with Cuno and Welf of Carinthia. Sources diverge here: some claim only that these
princes' retainers plotted the king's undoing. Whatever the case, it all came to naught and Cuno died of plague, Welf
soon following him to the grave. Baldwin of Flanders and Godfrey were at it again, besieging Antwerp. They were
defeated, again. Henry's reign was clearly changing in character: old foes were dead or dying and old friends as well.
Herman of Cologne died. Henry appointed his confessor, Anno, as Herman's successor. Henry of France, so long
eyeing Lorraine greedily, met for a third time with the emperor at Ivois in May 1056. The French king, not renowned
for his tactical or strategic prowess, but admirable for his personal valour on the field, had a heated debate with the
German king and challenged him to single combat. Henry fled at night from this meeting. Once in Germany again,
Godfrey made his final peace and Henry went to the northeast to deal with a Slav uprising after the death of William
of Meissen. He fell ill on the way and took to bed. He freed Beatrice and Matilda and had those with him swear allegiance to the young Henry, whom he commended the pope, present. On 5 October, not yet forty, Henry died. His
heart went to Goslar, his body to Speyer, to lie next to his father's in the family vault in the cathedral of Speyer. He
had been one of the most powerful of the Holy Roman Emperors: his authority as king in Burgundy, Germany, and
Italy only rarely questioned, his power over the church was at the root of what the reformers he sponsored later
fought against in his son, and his achievement in binding to the empire her tributaries was clear. Nevertheless, his
reign is often pronounced a failure in that he apparently left problems far beyond the capacities of his successors to
handle. The Investiture Controversy was largely the result of his church politics, though his popemaking gave the
Roman diocese to the reform party. He united all the great duchies save Saxonoy to himself at one point or another,
but gave them all away. His most enduring and concrete monument may be the impressive palace (kaiserpfalz) at
Goslar.
BAVARIA
Heinrich III. (2. Period) 1039-1041
BAVARIA
Heinrich III. (2. Period) 1039-1041
BAVARIA
Heinrich III. (2. Period) 1039-1041
Denar. Regensburg mint, 18 mm 1,02 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, minted 1039. 1,45 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, 18 mm 1,34 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Obv.: Cross with ball at ends; in the angles C R V X
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles wedge, 3 balls, wedge, 3
balls.
Rev.: Five-columned church with ointed roof and 3
stages.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: 3 balls, ring, 3 balls,
wedge.
Reference: Hahn 43 A. Scarce, slightly curved, VF. Reference: Hahn 37. Scarce, VF.
Estimate EUR 300. Price realized: 340 EUR
(approx. 475 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimation: 250 EUR. Price realized: 200 EUR
(approx. 249 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich III. (2. Period) 1039-1041
BAVARIA
Heinrich III. (3. Period) 1042-1047
Denar. Regensburg mint, 1,34 g.
Denar. Regensburg mint, 1,08 g.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Obv.: Crowned bust right.
Rev.: Cross, in the angles: C R V X.
Rev.: Columned temple.
Reference: Hahn 38 var.. Minimally curved, VF &
Beautiful!
Reference: Hahn 44, Dannenberg 1098.F/VF.
Reference: Hahn 40. Beautiful patina. Exceptional!
Schätzpreis: 300,00 EUR. Price realized: 550 EUR
(approx. 676 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich III. (1. Period) 1027-1039 and Emperor
Conrad II.
Denar. Regensburg mint, 20 mm 1,39 g.
Estimate: 175 EUR. Price realized: 395 EUR
(approx. 557 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Obv.: Cross, in the angles: RE-X / HE-IN. Edge
inscription: +CHVONRADV IM (backwards and
badly done)
Rev.: Temple with 5 columns; RADASPONA
Estimate: 75 EUR. Price realized: 140 EUR
(approx. 184 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Reference: Hahn 35.2.VF.
Estimate: EUR 150. Price realized: 160 EUR
(approx. 206 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Henry VII 1042-1047
Henry VII (died 16 October 1047) was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry II) from 1026 and duke
of Bavaria from 1042 until his death. He was the son of Frederick, count of Moselgau, and possibly Ermentrude of Gleiberg.
In 1026, he inherited Luxembourg from his uncle Henry I. This included charge of the abbeys of
Saint-Maximin in Trier and Saint-Willibrord in Echternach. In 1042, he was given Bavaria by the
Emperor Henry III, who had hitherto held it, but who needed a resident duke to deal with the raids
of Samuel Aba, king of Hungary.
He never married. His uncle Giselbert succeeded him in Luxembourg, while Bavaria escheated to
the emperor, who gave it to Cuno.
BAVARIA
Heinrich VII., 1042-1047
Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 0.82 g.
Obv.: Head right.
Rev.: Temple facade with 2-staged pointed roof.
Reference: Dannenberg 1102a; Hahn 47/2. Very scarce. Nice1
Estimate: 300 EUR.
BAVARIA
Heinrich VII., 1042-1047
Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 1,06 g.
Obv.: Bearded head right.
Rev.: Temple facade with 2-staged pointed roof.
Reference: Hahn 47 var., Dannenberg 1102 var.. Small rim break. Weakly
struck, but very nice!
Estimate: 100 EUR. Price realized: 90 EUR (approx. 127 U.S. Dollars as of
the auction date)
Conrad I (Kuno) 1049-1053
After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Emperor Henry III then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of
Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno was deposed in 1053.
Conrad I, also known as Cuno or Kuno (c.1020 – 5 December 1055), was the duke of Bavaria from 1049 to 1053. He was of the
Ezzonen family, his parents being Liudolf, Count of Zütphen and eldest son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lorraine, and Matilda. For
this, he is sometimes called Conrad of Zutphen.
After eighteen months of vacancy since the death of Henry VII, the duchy of Bavaria was filled on 2 February 1049 by the
Emperor Henry III with Cuno. Cuno was the possible successor of childless emperor. He was not the choice of the Bavarian
nobility, but was intended to draw the duchy closer to the crown. This failed, for Cuno married against the will of the emperor
when he wed Judith of Schweinfurt, daughter of Otto III, Duke of Swabia. He tried to increase his power in Bavaria and was in
conflict with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Finally, he was summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg in 1052-1053 and
there deposed. He was replaced early the next year by Henry's unexpectedly new-born son, later the Emperor Henry IV. Cuno,
who had not come to blows with the bishop, returned to Bavaria and rebelled. He was in league with the rebellious Welf of
Carinthia and Andrew I of Hungary. He died in exile after trying to assassinate the Emperor and seize the throne, having been
abandoned by Welf, in 1055. He was buried in St Mariengraden in Cologne in 1063.
Henry VIII 1053-1054; 1055-1061; 1077-1096
Emperor Henry III now gave the duchy first to his young son Henry (VIII), then to an even younger son, Conrad, and upon
the latter's death gave it back to Henry VIII again. Henry VIII became King of Germany (as Henry IV) in 1056.
Henry IV (November 11, 1050–August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and
Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third
emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of
the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the
Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany.
Goslar. His christening was delayed until the following Easter so that Abbot Hugh of
Cluny could be one of his godparents. But even before that, at his Christmas court
Henry III induced the attending nobles to promise fidelity to his son. Three years later,
still anxious to ensure the succession, Henry III had a larger assembly of nobles elect
the young Henry as his successor, and then, on July 17, 1054, had him elected as
king by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne at Trebur. The coronation was held in
Aachen in 1054. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the accession of the sixyear-old Henry IV was not opposed by his vassals. The dowager Empress Agnes
acted as regent, and, according to the will of the dead emperor, the German pope
Victor II was named as her counsellor. The latter's death in 1057 soon showed the
political ineptitude of Agnes, and the powerful influence held over her by German
magnates and Imperial functionaries.
Agnes assigned the Duchy of Bavaria, given by her husband to Henry IV, to Otto of
Nordheim. This deprived the young king of a solid base of power. Likewise, her decision to assign the Duchies of Swabia and Carinthia to Rudolf of Rheinfelden (who
married her daughter) and Berthold of Zähringen, respectively, would prove mistakes,
as both later rebelled against the king. Unlike Henry III, Agnes proved incapable of
influencing the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. The Papal
alliance with the Normans of southern Italy, formed to counter the communal resistance in Rome, resulted in the deterioration of relations with the German King, as well
as Nicholas' interference in the election of German bishops. Agnes also granted local magnates extensive territorial privileges that
eroded the King's material power.
In 1062 the young king was kidnapped during a conspiracy of German nobles led by archbishop Anno II of Cologne. Henry, who
was at Kaiserwerth, was persuaded to board a boat lying in the Rhine; it was immediately unmoored and the king sprang into the
stream, but was rescued by one of the conspirators and carried to Cologne. Agnes retired to a convent, the government subsequently placed in the hands of Anno. His first move was to recognize the Pope Alexander II in his conflict with the antipope
Honorius II, who had been initially recognized by Agnes but was subsequently left without support.
Anno's rule proved unpopular. The education and training of Henry were supervised by Anno, who was called his magister, while
Adalbert of Hamburg, archbishop of Bremen, was styled Henry's patronus. Henry's education seems to have been neglected, and
his willful and headstrong nature developed under the conditions of these early years. The malleable Adalbert of Hamburg soon
became the confidant of the ruthless Henry. Eventually, during an absence of Anno from Germany, Henry managed to obtain the
control of his civil duties, leaving Anno only with the ecclesiastical ones.
In March 1065 Henry was declared of age. The whole of his future reign was apparently marked by efforts to consolidate Imperial
power. In reality, however, it was a careful balancing act between maintaining the loyalty of the nobility and the support of the pope.
In 1066, one year after his enthroning at the age of fifteen, he expelled Adalbert of Hamburg, who had profited off his position for
personal enrichment, from the Crown Council. Henry also adopted urgent military measures against the Slav pagans, who had
recently invaded Germany and besieged Hamburg.
In June 1066 Henry married Bertha of Maurienne, daughter of Count Otto of Savoy, to whom he had been betrothed in 1055. In the
same year he assembled an army to fight, at the request of the Pope, the Italo-Normans of southern Italy. Henry's troops had
reached Augsburg when he received news that Godfrey of Tuscany, husband of the powerful Matilda of Canossa, marchioness of
Tuscany, had already attacked the Normans. Therefore the expedition was halted.
In 1068, driven by his impetuous character and his infidelities, Henry attempted to divorce Bertha[1]. His peroration at a council in
Mainz was however rejected by the Papal legate Pier Damiani, who hinted that any further insistence towards divorce would lead
the new pope, Alexander II, to deny his coronation. Henry obeyed and his wife returned to Court, but he was convinced that the
Papal opposition aimed only at overthrowing lay power within the Empire, in favour of an ecclesiastical hierarchy.
In the late 1060s Henry set up with strong determination to reduce any opposition and to enlarge the national boundaries. He led
expeditions against the Liutici and the margrave of a district east of Saxony; and soon afterwards he had to quench the rebellions of
with Rudolf of Swabia and Berthold of Carinthia. Much more serious was Henry's struggle with Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria.
This prince, who occupied an influential position in Germany and was one of the protagonists of Henry's early kidnapping, was
accused in 1070 by a certain Egino of being privy to a plot to murder the king. It was decided that a trial by battle should take place
at Goslar, but when the demand of Otto for a safe conduct for himself and his followers, to and from the place of meeting, was
refused, he declined to appear. He was thereupon declared deposed in Bavaria, and his Saxon estates were plundered. He obtained
sufficient support, however, to carry on a struggle with the king in Saxony and Thuringia until 1071, when he submitted at
Halberstadt. Henry aroused the hostility of the Thuringians by supporting Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz, in his efforts to exact tithes
from them; but still more formidable was the enmity of the Saxons, who had several causes of complaint against the king. He was
the son of one enemy, Henry III, and the friend of another, Adalbert of Bremen. He had ordered a restoration of all crown lands in
Saxony and had built forts among this people, while the country was ravaged to supply the needs of his courtiers, and its duke
Magnus was a prisoner in his hands. All classes were united against him, and when the struggle broke out in 1073 the Thuringians
joined the Saxons. The war, which lasted with slight intermissions until 1088, exercised a most potent influence upon Henry's fortunes elsewhere.
Initially in need of support for his expeditions in Saxony and Thuringia, Henry adhered to the Papal decrees in religious matters. His
apparent weakness, however, had the side effect of spurring the ambitions of Gregory VII, a reformist monk elected as pontiff in
1073, for Papal hegemony.
The tension between Empire and Church culminated in the councils of 1074–1075, which constituted a substantial attempt to delegitimate Henry III's policy. Among other measures, they denied to secular rulers the right to place members of the clergy in office;
this had dramatic effects in Germany, where bishops were often powerful feudatories who, in this way, were able to free themselves
from imperial authority. Aside from the reacquisition of all lost privileges by the ecclesiasticals, the council's decision deprived the
imperial crown of rights to almost half its lands, with grievous consequences for national unity, especially in peripheral areas like the
Kingdom of Italy.
Suddenly hostile to Gregory, Henry did not relent from his positions: after his defeat of Otto of Nordheim, he continued to interfere in
Italian and German episcopal life, naming bishops at his will and declaring papal provisions illegitimate. In 1075 Gregory excommunicated some members of the Imperial Court, and threatened to do the same with Henry himself. Further, in a synod held in
February of that year, Gregory clearly established the supreme power of the Catholic Church, with the Empire subjected to it. Henry
replied with a counter-synod of his own.
The beginning of the conflict known as the Investiture Controversy can be assigned to Christmas night of 1075: Gregory was kidnapped and imprisoned by Cencio I Frangipane, a Roman noble, while officiating at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Later freed by
Roman people, Gregory accused Henry of having been behind the attempt. In the same year, the emperor had defeated a rebellion
of Saxons in the First Battle of Langensalza, and was therefore free to accept the challenge.
At Worms, on January 24, 1076, a synod of bishops and princes summoned by Henry declared Gregory VII deposed. Hildebrand
replied by excommunicating the emperor and all the bishops named by him on February 22, 1076. In October of that year a diet of
the German princes in Tribur attempted to find a settlement for the conflict, conceding Henry a year to repent from his actions,
before the ratification of the excommunication that the pope was to sign in Swabia some months later. Henry did not repent, and,
counting on the hostility showed by the Lombard clergy against Gregory, decided to move to Italy. He spent Christmas of that year in
Besançon and, together with his wife and his son, he crossed the Alps with help of the Bishop of Turin and reached Pavia.
Gregory, on his way to the diet of Augsburg, and hearing that Henry was approaching, took refuge in the castle of Canossa (near
Reggio Emilia), belonging to Matilda. Henry's troops were nearby.
Henry's intent, however, was apparently to perform the penance required
to lift his excommunication and ensure his continued rule. The choice of
an Italian location for the act of repentance, instead of Augsburg, was not
accidental: it aimed to consolidate the Imperial power in an area partly
hostile to the Pope; to lead in person the prosecution of events; and to
oppose the pact signed by German feudataries and the Pope in Tribur
with the strong German party that had deposed Gregory at Worms,
through the concrete presence of his army.
He stood in the snow outside the gates of the castle of Canossa for three
days, from January 25 to January 27, 1077, begging the pope to rescind
the sentence (popularly portrayed as without shoes, taking no food or
shelter, and wearing a hairshirt - see Walk of Canossa). The Pope lifted
the excommunication, imposing a vow to comply with certain conditions,
which Henry soon violated.
Rudolf of Rheinfeld, a two-time brother-in-law of Henry, took advantage of
the momentary weakness of the Emperor by having himself declared
antiking by a council of Saxon, Bavarian, and Carinthian princes in March
of 1077 in Forchheim. Rudolf promised to respect the electoral concept of
the monarchy and declared his willingness to be subservient to the pope.
Despite these difficulties, Henry's situation in Germany improved in the
following years. When Rudolf was crowned at Mainz in May 1077, the
population revolted and forced him to flee to Saxony, where he was
Henry IV begging Matilda of Canossa.
deprived of his territories (later he was also stripped of Swabia). After the
inconclusive battle of Mellrichstadt (August 7, 1077) and the defeat of
Flarchheim (27 January 1080) Gregory instead launched a second anathema against Henry in March 1080. However, the evidence that Gregory's hate had such a personal connotation led much of Germany to re-embrace Henry's cause.
On October 14, 1080 the armies of the two rival kings met at the Elster River, in the plain of Leipzig. Rudolf was mortally wounded
and died soon afterwards, and the rebellion against Henry lost momentum. Another antiking, Henry of Luxembourg, was fought
successfully by Frederick of Swabia, Rudolf's successor in Swabia who had married Henry's daughter Agnes. Henry convoked a
synod of the highest German clergy in Bamberg and Brixen (June, 1080). Here Henry had Gregory (dubbed "The False Monk")
again deposed and replaced by the primate of Ravenna, Guibert (the antipope Clement III).
Henry entered in Pavia and was crowned here as King of Italy, receiving the Iron Crown. He also assigned a series of privileges to
the Italian cities who had supported him, and marched against the hated Matilda, declaring her deposed for lese majesty and confiscating her possessions. Then he moved to Rome, which he besieged first in 1081: he was however compelled to retire to
Tuscany, where he granted privileges to various cities, and obtained monetary assistance (360,000 gold pieces)[2] from a new ally,
the eastern emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, who aimed to thwart the Norman's aims against his empire. A second and equally
unsuccessful attack on Rome was followed by a war of devastation in northern Italy with the adherents of Matilda; and towards the
end of 1082 the king made a third attack on Rome. After a siege of seven months the Leonine city fell into his hands. A treaty was
concluded with the Romans, who agreed that the quarrel between king and pope should be decided by a synod, and secretly
bound themselves to induce Gregory to crown Henry as emperor, or to choose another pope. Gregory, however, shut up in Castel
Sant'Angelo, would hear of no compromise; the synod was a failure, as Henry prevented the attendance of many of the pope's
supporters; and the king, in pursuance of his treaty with Alexios, marched against the Normans. The Romans soon fell away from
their allegiance to the pope; and, recalled to the city, Henry entered Rome in March 1084, after which Gregory was declared
deposed and Clement was recognized by the Romans. On 31 March 1084 Henry was crowned emperor by Clement, and received
the patrician authority. His next step was to attack the fortresses still in the hands of Gregory. The pope was saved by the advance
of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, who left the siege of Durazzo and marched towards Rome: Henry left the city and Gregory
could be freed. The latter however died soon later at Salerno (1085), not before a last letter in which he exhorted the whole
Christianity to a crusade against the emperor.
Feeling secure of his success in Italy, Henry returned to Germany.
The Emperor spent 1084 in a show of power in Germany, where the reforming instances had still ground due to the predication of
Otto of Ostia, advancing up to Magdeburg in Saxony. He also declared the Peace of God in all the Imperial territories to quench
any sedition. On March 8, 1088 Otto of Ostia was elected pope as Victor III: with the Norman support, he excommunicated Henry
and Clement III, who was defined "a beast sprung out from the earth to wage war against the Saints of God". He also formed a
large coalition against the Holy Roman Empire, including, aside from the Normans, the Rus of Kiev, the Lombard communes of
Milan, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza and Matilda of Canossa, who had she remarried to Welf II of Bavaria, therefore creating a
concentration of power too formidable to be neglected by the emperor.
In 1088 Henry of Luxembourg died and Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen, a
longtime enemy of the emperor's, proclaimed himself the antiking's successor. Henry had him condemned by a Saxon diet and then a national one at
Quedlinburg and Regensburg respectively, but was defeated by Egbert
when a relief army came to the margrave's rescue during the siege of
Gleichen. Egbert was murdered two years later (1090) and his ineffectual
insurrection and royal pretensions fell apart.
Henry then launched his third punitive expedition in Italy. After some initial
success against the lands of Canossa, his defeat in 1092 caused the
rebellion of the Lombard communes. The insurrection extended when
Matilda managed to turn against him his elder son, Conrad, who was
crowned King of Italy at Monza in 1093. The Emperor therefore found himself cut off from Germany. He could return there only in 1097: in Germany
his power wall still at its height, as Welf V of Bavaria separated from
Matilda and Bavaria gave back to Welf IV.
Henry reacted by deposing Conrad at the diet of Mainz in April 1098, and
designating his younger son Henry (future Henry V) as successor, under
the oath sworn that he would never follow his brother's example.
The situation in the Empire remained chaotic, worsened by the further
excommunication against Henry launched by the new pope Paschal II, a
follower of Gregory VII's reformation ideals elected in the August of 1099.
But this time the emperor, meeting with some success in his efforts to
restore order, could afford to ignore the papal bana. A successful campaign
in Flanders was followed in 1103 by a diet at Mainz, where serious efforts
were made to restore peace, and Henry IV himself promised to go on crusade. But this plan was shattered by the revolt of his son Henry in 1104,
who, encouraged by the adherents of the pope, declared he owed no allegiance to an excommunicated father. Saxony and Thuringia were soon in
arms, the bishops held mainly to the younger Henry, while the emperor
was supported by the towns. A desultory warfare was unfavourable, howev- The abdication of Henry IV in favour of Henry
er, to the emperor, who was taken as prisoner at an alleged reconciliation
V from the Cronichle of Ekkehard von Aura.
meeting at Koblenz. At a diet held in Mainz in December, Henry IV was
forced to resign to his crown, being subsequently imprisoned in the castle
of Böckelheim. Here he was also obliged that he had unjustly persecuted Gregory VII and to have illegally named Clement III.
When these conditions became known in Germany, a vivid movement of dissension spread. In 1106 the loyal party set up a large
army to fight Henry V and Paschal. Henry IV managed to escape to Cologne from his jail, finding a considerable support in the
lower Rhineland. He also entered into negotiations with England, France and Denmark.
Henry was also able to defeat his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine, on March 2, 1106. He however died soon afterwards after
nine days of illness, while he was guest of his friend Othbert, Bishop of Liège. He was 56.
His body was buried by the bishop of Liege with suitable ceremony, but by command of the papal legate it was unearthed, taken
to Speyer and placed in the at that time unconsecrated chapel of Saint Afra that was build on the side of the Imperial Cathedral.
After being released from the sentence of excommunication, the remains were buried in the Speyer cathedral in August 1111.
Henry IV was known for licentious behaviour in his early years, being described as careless and self-willed. In his later life, he displayed much diplomatic ability. His abasement at Canossa can be regarded as a move of policy to weaken the pope's position at
the cost of a personal humiliation to himself. He was always regarded as a friend of the lower orders, was capable of generosity
and gratitude, and showed considerable military skill.
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser
Heinrich IV).
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser
Heinrich IV).
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser
Heinrich IV).
Pfennig. Nürnberg mint, c. 1090. 0.72 g.
Pfennig. Nürnberg mint, c. 1090. 0.88 g.
Pfennig. Nürnberg mint, c. 1090. 0.94 g.
Obv.: Bust of king facing.
Obv: Bust of king with large moustache facing.
Obv.: Bust of king facing.
Rev.: Wall-ring.
Rev.: Dome tower in the central elbow of a building with 3 dome towers.
Rev. Building.
Reference: Dannenberg -; Erlanger -. Greatest rarity, very nice!
Reference: Dannenberg -; Erlanger -, Greatest rarity! VF.
Estimate: 500 EUR.
Estimate: 500 EUR. Price realized: 850 EUR
(approx. 993 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Reference: Dannenberg 1940 stark var.; Erlanger 1
stark var. Greatest rarity! VF.
Estimate: 500 EUR. Price realized: 850 EUR
(approx. 993 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser
Heinrich IV).
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser
Heinrich IV).
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser Heinrich
IV).
Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 1056-1084. 1,13 g.
Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 1084-1106. 1,24 g.
Pfennig, Type 3. Regensburg mint, ca. 1058 0,99 g.
Obv.: Bust facing, H////CVSREX
Obv.: Crowned Bust facing, . +//////IMP
Heinrich IV., as KIng, with Bishop Gebhard III (10561060).
Rev.: Cathedral facade between 2 towers.
Rev.: Building (wooden church?)
Obv.: EINRI-VS REX , crowned bust facing.
Reference: Hahn 53, Dannenberg 1099. Very scarce, Reference: Hahn - obv. like . 53,54, Dannenberg -, Rev.: REGNES PVRC Lateral view of the cathedral.
Extremely rare, weakly struck, but VF.
weak strike. Very nice!
Estimate: 175 EUR. Price realized: 210 EUR
(approx. 296 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Estimate: 250 EUR.
Reference: Hahn 55 var. Greatest rarity, VF.
This Koenigsdenar, which shows only the side view of the
Regensburg cathedral as well as the city name in the
German form, ranks among the large rare pieces of the
medieval Regensburger and Bavarian numismatic history,
and was missing in most important collections of medieval
coinages.
Estimate: 2.750 EUR. Price realized: 2,600 EUR (approx.
3,313 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
BAVARIA
Heinrich VIII., 1056-1106 (From 1084 Kaiser Heinrich IV).
Pfennig. Regensburg mint, 1084-1106. 0,90 g.
Obv.: Bust of Kaiser facing, with orb and lily-scepter.
Rev.: Church building.
Reference: Hahn 61. Weakly struck, but very nice coin!
Estimate: 250 EUR. Price realized: 240 EUR (approx. 338 U.S. Dollars as of the auction date)
Conrad II 1054-1055
Conrad II (September or October 1052, Regensburg – 10 April 1055, Regensburg), called the Child, was the duke
of Bavaria from 1054 to 1055. He was the second son of the Emperor Henry III and his second wife, Agnes of
Poitou. He was briefly appointed duke of Bavaria, which had been held by his elder brother Henry. He died soon
after and was replaced by Henry.
If Conrad I is not numbered (because of his alternative name Cuno), Conrad the Child is sometimes numbered
Conrad I.
Otto II 1061-1070
Otto of Northeim (German: Otto von Northeim), Duke of Bavaria (born about 1020, died 11 January 1083), belonged
to the rich and influential Saxon family of the counts of Northeim, and having distinguished himself in war and peace
alike, received the Duchy of Bavaria from the Dowager Empress Agnes, widow of Emperor Henry III, Holy Roman
Emperor and mother of the child Emperor Henry IV, in 1061. He conspired with Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, to
seize Henry IV in 1062, led a successful expedition into Hungary in 1063, and took a prominent part in the Empire's
government during the king's minority. In 1064 he went to Italy to settle a papal schism, was largely instrumental in
securing the banishment from court of Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen, and crossed the Alps in the royal interests on
two other occasions. He neglected his duchy, but added to his personal possessions, and in 1069 shared in two
expeditions in the east of Germany.
In 1070 Otto was accused by a certain Egino of being privy to a plot to murder the king, and it was decided he
should submit to the ordeal of battle with his accuser. The duke asked for a safe-conduct to and from the place of
meeting, and when this was refused he declined to appear and was consequently deprived of Bavaria, while his
Saxon estates were plundered. He obtained no support in Bavaria, but raised an army among the Saxons and carried on a campaign of plunder against Henry until 1071, when he submitted. In the following year he received back
his private estates.
When the Saxon revolt broke out in 1073 Otto is represented by Bruno, the author of De bello Saxonico, as delivering an inspiring speech to the assembled Saxons at Wormsleben, after which he took command of the insurgents.
By the peace of Gerstungen in 1074 Bavaria was restored to him. He participated in the Saxon rising of 1075, after
which he was again pardoned and made administrator of Saxony.
After the excommunication of Henry IV in 1076 Otto attempted to mediate between Henry and the Saxons, but when
these efforts failed he again placed himself at their head. He assented to the election of Rudolph, Count of
Rheinfelden, as German king, when his restoration to Bavaria was assured, and by his skill and bravery inflicted
defeats on Henry's forces at Mellrichstadt, Flarchheim and Hohenmolsen. He remained in arms against the king until
his death on 11 January 1083.
Otto is described as a noble, prudent and warlike man, and he possessed great abilities. His repeated pardons
showed that Henry could not afford to neglect such a powerful personality, and his military talents were repeatedly
displayed. By his wife Richenza of Swabia, widow of Hermann, Count of Werla, he left four sons and three daughters. Otto is buried in the Nicolai Chapel in Northeim.
In 1070, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy instead to Count Welf, a member of the Italo-Bavarian family of Este. Welf subsequently quarreled with King Henry and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which
it was directly administered by the German crown. Welf recovered the duchy in 1096, and was succeeded by his sons
Welf (II) and Henry (IX); the latter was succeeded by his son, Henry (X), who also became Duke of Saxony.
Welf I 1070-1077, 1096-1101
Welf was the son of Azzo II of Este and his wife Chuniza of Altdorf. When Welf's maternal uncle, Welf, Duke of Carinthia (also
known as Welf III), died childless, Welf inherited his property. Welf married Ethelinde, daughter of Otto II, Duke of Bavaria.
Although the Marquis of Este, guided by his cousin Matilda, continued firm in the Pope's interests, his son Welf, who had succeeded to the Bavarian states, and whose views were more immediately directed to Germany, supported the emperor. For his fidelity
he was rewarded with the duchy of Bavaria, which had been forfeited by Otto, his father-in-law. When Duke Otto had become an
enemy of King Henry IV, Welf divorced Ethelinde, and soon thereafter (in 1070) was appointed duke of Bavaria in Otto's stead.
This event took place at Goslar in 1070, when the states of Bavaria submitted quietly to the new made duke, who was the representative of one of the most ancient families in the province; and although, in compliance with the commands of the emperor, he
afterwards repudiated his duchess, the daughter of Otho, we do toot find that his influence was at all affected by such an act,
which savored somewhat of injustice.
During the Investiture Controversy, Welf sided with Pope Gregory VII, and in March 1077 supported the election of Rudolf of
Rheinfelden as anti-king. They were reconciled in 1076, but the following year saw them again engaged in active hostilities. Henry,
in consequence of these repeated acts of rebellion, deprived him of his newly-acquired sovereignty; but, supported by his faithful
Bavarians, and aided by his father in Italy, he was able to maintain his place, and to set the ban of the empire at defiance in May
1077.
Welf joined the discontented princes who supported the standard of Rudolph, when all were put without the pale of the church who
refused to obey the mandate of that Pope; and in that age of ignorance and superstition, many were obliged to comply with a
Pope's mandate, who otherwise would have supported the sovereign of their own choice. Fortunately for the peace of Germany,
Gregory died in 1085, and Welf , though he still ad