The results conclusively demonstrate that Vallonnet Cave is one of the oldest European prehistoric sites in France with early hominin occupations associated with an Epivillafranchian fauna.Combined with data from other archaeological sites, the new precise chronology suggests a widespread occupation the Northern Mediterranean to Southwestern Europe at ~1.2 Ma.The method was pioneered in the study of Quaternary speleothems from Winnat’s Head Cave Large mammal fauna from Vallonnet Cave.(A) Pachycrocuta brevirostris, left mandible with dp2, dp3, P4, M1 in lateral view (Val-C4-CE8–149).Due to relatively low uranium contents of 100 s ppb (Supplementary Table 2), these are challenging materials for U-Pb geochronology. Correspondence to Véronique Michel or Chuan-Chou Shen or Marie-Hélène Moncel.Fortunately, low Pb contents of generally a few ppb reflect a relatively small contribution from non-radiogenic (‘common’) Pb.

Vallonnet Cave (France) is a Lower Paleolithic prehistoric site with traces of hominin activities including lithic remains and cut-marks on mammal bones.

Symbols with yellow borders are the sites where multiple dating methods, including radiometric techniques, were applied.

Symbols with white borders are the sites dated using biostratigraphy and/or palaeomagnetism without radiometric dating.

Our understanding of hominin evolution, hominin migration and cultural change relies fundamentally on the establishment of accurate chronological frameworks. From a cultural viewpoint, the earliest evidence of hominin occupation in Europe corresponding to the “Oldowayen” is contemporaneous with the earliest bifaces in East Africa around 1.8–1.7 Ma (refs 11 and 12).

The earliest evidence of hominin tool manufacture is dated from Kenya and in Ethiopia (Africa) via precise . At ~1 Ma, Mode 1 (core-and-flake) industries continued, both in the south and north of Europe (i.e.

But it's important to me, for Aeryn, that the audience see how high the stakes are, how fantastic it was between Crichton and Aeryn, so that the other Crichton has missed that dance. I think it's understood how much this impacts on the Crichton that survives.

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