Tupolev Tu-144
The
TupolevTupolev Tu-144 (Russian: Tyполев Ту-144; NATO reporting
name: Charger) is a retired jet airliner and commercial supersonic
transport aircraft (SST). It is one of only two SSTs to enter
commercial service, the other being the Anglo-French Concorde. The
design was a product of the
TupolevTupolev design bureau, headed by Alexei
Tupolev, of the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union and manufactured by the
VoronezhVoronezh Aircraft
Production Association in Voronezh, Russia.[1] It conducted 55
passenger service flights, at an average service altitude of 16,000
metres (52,000 ft) and cruised at a speed of around 2,000
kilometres per hour (1,200 mph) (Mach 1.6).[2]
The prototype first flew on 31 December 1968 near Moscow,[1] two
months before the first flight of the Concorde
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USSR
The
Soviet UnionSoviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr.
Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj
sɐˈjus] ( listen)), officially the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских
Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus
sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx
rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)), abbreviated as the USSR
(Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in
EurasiaEurasia that
existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national
Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly
centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with
MoscowMoscow as its capital in its largest republic,
the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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Government Of The Soviet Union
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian:
Правительство СССР, Pravitel'stvo SSSR) was the main
body of the executive branch of government in the Soviet Union. Its
head of government was the officeholder generally known in the West as
the Premier of the Soviet Union. However,
Soviet UnionSoviet Union was an
one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU), which had its power entrenched in the Constitution of the
Soviet Union. The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
was de facto the highest policy-making organ in the country and
drafted government policy, with the Government being subordinate to
the Party.[1]
The members of the Soviet Government—people's commissars, ministers,
and heads of state committees—were recommended by the Premier and
appointed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
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Buran (spacecraft)
Buran (Russian: Бура́н, IPA: [bʊˈran], meaning
"Snowstorm" or "Blizzard";
GRAUGRAU index serial number: "11F35 K1") was
the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian
Buran programme. It is – depending on the source – also known as
"OK-1K1", "Orbiter K1", "OK 1.01" or "Shuttle 1.01". Besides
describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter,
"Buran" was also the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian
spaceplane project and its orbiters, which were known as "Buran-class
spaceplanes".
OK-1K1 completed one unmanned spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed
in 2002 when the hangar it was stored in collapsed.[3] It remains the
only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space
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Turbofan
The turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is
widely used in aircraft propulsion. The word "turbofan" is a
portmanteau of "turbine" and "fan": the turbo portion refers to a gas
turbine engine which achieves mechanical energy from combustion,[1]
and the fan, a ducted fan that uses the mechanical energy from the gas
turbine to accelerate air rearwards. Thus, whereas all the air taken
in by a turbojet passes through the turbine (through the combustion
chamber), in a turbofan some of that air bypasses the turbine. A
turbofan thus can be thought of as a turbojet being used to drive a
ducted fan, with both of those contributing to the thrust. The ratio
of the mass-flow of air bypassing the engine core compared to the
mass-flow of air passing through the core is referred to as the bypass
ratio
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Soviet Union
The
Soviet UnionSoviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr.
Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj
sɐˈjus] ( listen)), officially the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских
Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus
sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx
rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)), abbreviated as the USSR
(Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in
EurasiaEurasia that
existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national
Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly
centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with
MoscowMoscow as its capital in its largest republic,
the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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Council Of Ministers Of The USSR
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Russian: Сове́т мини́стров СССР, tr. Sovet
Ministrov SSSR, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt mʲɪˈnʲistrəf
ɛsɛsɛˈsɛr]; sometimes abbreviated to Sovmin or referred to as the
Soviet of Ministers), was the de jure government comprising the
highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union from
1946 until 1991.
In 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the
Council of Ministers, with People's Commissariats turned into
Ministries. The council issued declarations and instructions based on
and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory
jurisdictional power over the territories of all republics within the
Union. However, the most important state issues were handled through
joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the
Council of Ministers
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Braking Parachute
A drogue parachute is a parachute designed to be deployed from a
rapidly moving object in order to slow the object, to provide control
and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute.
It was invented in Russia by
Gleb KotelnikovGleb Kotelnikov in 1912.Contents1 Design and operational characteristics
2 History
3 Use3.1 Parachuting
3.2 Deceleration
3.3 Stability4 See also
5 References
6 External linksDesign and operational characteristics[edit]
A drogue parachute is more elongated and has a far smaller area than a
conventional parachute and therefore provides less drag
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Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption
Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) is the fuel efficiency of an
engine design with respect to thrust output. TSFC may also be thought
of as fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust (kilonewtons,
or kN). It is thus thrust-specific, meaning that the fuel consumption
is divided by the thrust.
TSFC or SFC for thrust engines (e.g. turbojets, turbofans, ramjets,
rocket engines, etc.) is the mass of fuel needed to provide the net
thrust for a given period e.g. lb/(h·lbf) (pounds of fuel per
hour-pound of thrust) or g/(s·kN) (grams of fuel per
second-kilonewton)
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Elevon
Elevons are aircraft control surfaces that combine the functions of
the elevator (used for pitch control) and the aileron (used for roll
control), hence the name. They are frequently used on tailless
aircraft such as flying wings. An elevon that is not part of the main
wing, but instead is a separate tail surface, is a stabilator (but
stabilators are also used for pitch control only, with no roll
function, as on the Piper Cherokee series of aircraft). The word
"elevon" is a portmanteau of elevator and aileron.
Elevons are installed on each side of the aircraft at the trailing
edge of the wing. When moved in the same direction (up or down) they
will cause a pitching force (nose up or nose down) to be applied to
the airframe. When moved differentially, (one up, one down) they will
cause a rolling force to be applied. These forces may be applied
simultaneously by appropriate positioning of the elevons e.g
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Lift (force)
A fluid flowing past the surface of a body exerts a force on it. Lift
is the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming
flow direction.[1] It contrasts with the drag force, which is the
component of the force parallel to the flow direction. Lift
conventionally acts in an upward direction in order to counter the
force of gravity, but it can act in any direction at right angles to
the flow.
If the surrounding fluid is air, the force is called an aerodynamic
force. In water or any other liquid, it is called a hydrodynamic
force.
Dynamic lift is distinguished from other kinds of lift in fluids.
Aerostatic lift or buoyancy, in which an internal fluid is lighter
than the surrounding fluid, does not require movement and is used by
balloons, blimps, dirigibles, boats, and submarines
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Moment (physics)
In physics, a moment is an expression involving the product of a
distance and a physical quantity, and in this way it accounts for how
the physical quantity is located or arranged. Moments are usually
defined with respect to a fixed reference point; they deal with
physical quantities as measured at some distance from that reference
point. For example, the moment of force acting on an object, often
called torque, is the product of the force and the distance from a
reference point. In principle, any physical quantity can be multiplied
by distance to produce a moment; commonly used quantities include
forces, masses, and electric charge distributions.Contents1 History
2 Elaboration2.1 Examples3 Multipole moments
4 Applications of multipole moments
5 See also
6 References
7 External linksHistory[edit]
The concept of moment in physics is derived from the mathematical
concept of moments.[1] [clarification needed]
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