Introduction

Conversations around the funding of the judiciary in India have revolved around inadequate and delayed fund allocation and the problem of pendency of cases as a result. While this may be historically true, over the last decade, the Central Government has earmarked significant funds for the Indian judiciary – approximately Rs. 15,000 crores have been allocated through various schemes, Finance Commission grants, etc.

The Planning Commission also initiated central sector schemes and a centrally sponsored scheme to add to the resources of the judiciary. Vidhi’s earlier report ‘Budgeting Better for Courts’ evaluates the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Judicial Infrastructure that assists states in building judicial infrastructure.

Issues in the judiciary, however, go beyond just allocation of funds, and lie with the effective planning and management of these funds. Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy’s ‘JALDI or Justice, Access and Lowering Delays in India initiative’ has released a report ‘Back to Basics: A Call for Better Planning in the Judiciary’ that explores these issues and gives recommendations.

Source of information

1. Responses to applications filed before High Courts under the Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005

2. Official Documents such as High Court Rules, State Financial Rules, State Budget Manual, Circulars of High Courts

3. Secondary literature

Key issues

1. Poor planning of allocated funds: State Governments have paid little attention to expenses of the infrastructure of the judiciary citing reasons such as lack of enough resources. Yet, only 31.86% of the amount released under the 13th Finance Commission, which made the highest budgetary allocation for the judiciary out of all the Finance Commissions, had been utilised by the states within the defined period.

2. Confusion regarding the appropriate methodology for calculating judge strength: Funding for the lower judiciary is primarily dictated by the judge strength in the district and subordinate judiciary. However, there appears to be great disparity and confusion regarding the appropriate methodology for calculating the judge strength. Currently, the Supreme Court has endorsed the methodology of the interim report of the National Court Management Systems (NCMS) committee. However, RTI responses show that different High Courts follow different methodologies.

(Page 13: A timeline on the manner in which the discourse in calculation of judge strength has evolved over the years)

3. Lack of financial autonomy: Several Chief Justices have, in the past, made public statements demanding greater financial autonomy stating that it would lead to greater judicial autonomy. However, the nature of this autonomy and the manner in which this fits in the current framework of the Constitution has not been clarified. The report highlights three issues in this aspect:

• Lack of autonomy in deciding emoluments to judges:The judiciary lacks adequate financial autonomy since it is dependent on the executive and legislature. As per the Constitution, the power to determine salaries and allowances of the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts lies with Parliament, and that of the Court support staff lies with the Chief Justices of the respective High Courts. (Page 6)

• Delay in approval of capital expenditures: Currently, any expenditure to be undertaken by the judiciary requires prior permission of the respective State Governments. While the State Government is quick to approve proposed revenue expenditures, approval of proposed capital expenditures has not been easy.

• Delegation of financial power to states: Financial powers with regard to the judiciary are delegated differently in different States in accordance with the budget manuals and financial rules. There is, however, little transparency regarding how this delegation works. (Page 9)

In this regard, the report argues that if the judiciary’s demands related to financial autonomy are to be met, adequate measures for ensuring financial accountability will also have to be introduced.

4. Lack of transparency in judicial administration: Transparency in judicial administration is necessary to make people aware about the utilisation of public funds by the judiciary. It also incentivises the judiciary to ensure efficient planning and spending. However, little attention has been given to making judicial administration transparent. (Page 17)

Recommendations

The report suggests the way forward for better judicial planning through these recommendations:

• Localised data on the functioning of the judiciary should be analysed and should form the basis for reforms directed towards the judiciary.

• Necessary steps should be taken to build institutional capacity and utilise managerial talent from the government, and the private sector, if necessary.

• The judiciary should use consultative platforms such as the National Mission and Joint Conferences of Chief Justices and Chief Ministers to solve issues related to coordination.

• A standard method of calculating judge strength at the level of district and subordinate judiciary needs to be developed on the basis of empirical data. For this, granular data related to judicial hours spent on different case types needs to be collected.

• Both the judiciary and the executive need to assess whether the current structure for administration of justice in its constitutional scheme is meeting the demands of the system. This may be done by allowing the judiciary to send its proposals directly to the legislature or by increasing the expenditure authority of the High Courts so as to lessen the amount of coordination required with the executive.

Shreya is a Research Fellow with the Judicial Reforms team. At Vidhi, she researches on areas like gender representation and efficient budgeting in the judiciary. Her areas of interest include Human Rights & Judicial Reforms. She has publications in law & policy review journals and online platforms such as First Post.
She graduated with B.B.A.LL.B. from National Law University, Odisha in 2018. During her time there she worked as a member of various organizing committees including TEDxNLUO and also worked as the head of the cultural committee of the college. She has previously interned at organizations like Nyaaya, CHRI, SAHRDC and PLD.
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About Chitrakshi Jain:

Chitrakshi is a Research Fellow with the Judicial Reforms vertical. As member of the vertical she has worked on issues such as judicial funding, transparency in the judiciary and other aspects that affect the functioning of the institution. Her areas of interest include public institutions, urban governance and governance of Scheduled Areas.
A 2014 graduate of NALSAR, Hyderabad she was working as a research associate for Centre for Social Justice, Ahmedabad prior to joining Vidhi. Interested in pursuing research that lies at the intersection of law and social sciences, she completed her Masters in Politics from the University of Delhi and is currently also pursuing research at the Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, JNU on urbanisation and governance.

About Tarika Jain:

Tarika is a Research Fellow with the Judicial Reforms team. At Vidhi, she researches on gender representation, efficient budgeting and transparency in the judiciary with an empirical lens. Her areas of interest include law and economics, and governance.
Tarika graduated from Gujarat National Law University with B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) in 2017. She has publications in peer reviewed law and social sciences journals and online platforms like Firstpost and Oxford Human Rights Blog. Prior to joining Vidhi, she was working for Gujarat State Petronet Limited, a state Public Sector Undertaking in the oil and gas sector where she was involved in various litigation and arbitration matters. She has previously interned with the Law Commission of India and Hon’ble Justice N.V. Ramana at the Supreme Court. Tarika is a pop culture enthusiast and enjoys watching anime and rockumentaries in her free time.
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