The A5X SoC

The ridiculousness of the new iPad begins at its heart: the A5X SoC.

The A5X breaks Apple's longstanding tradition of debuting its next smartphone SoC in the iPad first. I say this with such certainty because the A5X is an absolute beast of an SoC. As it's implemented in the new iPad, the A5X under load consumes more power than an entire iPhone 4S.

In many ways in the A5X is a very conservative design, while in others it's absolutely pushing the limits of what had been previously done in a tablet. Similar to the A5 and A4 before it, the A5X is still built on Samsung's 45nm LP process. Speculation about a shift to 32nm or even a move TSMC was rampant this go around. I'll admit I even expected to see a move to 32nm for this chip, but Apple decided that 45nm was the way to go.

Why choose 45nm over smaller, cooler running options that are on the table today? Process maturity could be one reason. Samsung has yet to ship even its own SoC at 32nm, much less one for Apple. It's quite possible that Samsung's 32nm LP simply wasn't ready/mature enough for the sort of volumes Apple needed for an early 2012 iPad launch. The fact that there was no perceivable slip in the launch timeframe of the new iPad (roughly 12 months after its predecessor) does say something about how early 32nm readiness was communicated to Apple. Although speculation is quite rampant about Apple being upset enough with Samsung to want to leave for TSMC, the relationship on the foundry side appears to be good from a product delivery standpoint.

Another option would be that 32nm was ready but Apple simply opted against using it. Companies arrive at different conclusions as to how aggressive they need to be on the process technology side. For example, ATI/AMD was typically more aggressive on adopting new process technologies while NVIDIA preferred to make the transition once all of the kinks were worked out. It could be that Apple is taking a similar approach. Wafer costs generally go up at the start of a new process node, combine that with lower yields and strict design rules and it's not a guarantee that you'd actually save any money from moving to a new process technology—at least not easily or initially. The associated risk of something going wrong might have been one that Apple wasn't willing to accept.

CPU Specification Comparison

CPU

Manufacturing Process

Cores

Transistor Count

Die Size

Apple A5X

45nm

2

?

163mm2

Apple A5

45nm

2

?

122mm2

Intel Sandy Bridge 4C

32nm

4

995M

216mm2

Intel Sandy Bridge 2C (GT1)

32nm

2

504M

131mm2

Intel Sandy Bridge 2C (GT2)

32nm

2

624M

149mm2

NVIDIA Tegra 3

40nm

4+1

?

~80mm2

NVIDIA Tegra 2

40nm

2

?

49mm2

Whatever the reasoning, the outcome is significant: the A5X is approximately 2x the size of NVIDIA's Tegra 3, and even larger than a dual-core Sandy Bridge desktop CPU. Its floorplan is below:

From the perspective of the CPU, not much has changed with the A5X. Apple continues to use a pair of ARM Cortex A9 cores running at up to 1.0GHz, each with MPE/NEON support and a shared 1MB L2 cache. While it's technically possible for Apple to have ramped up CPU clocks in pursuit of higher performance (A9 designs have scaled up to 1.6GHz on 4x-nm processes), Apple has traditionally been very conservative on CPU clock frequency. Higher clocks require higher voltages (especially on the same process node), which result in an exponential increase in power consumption.

ARM Cortex A9 Based SoC Comparison

Apple A5X

Apple A5

TI OMAP 4

NVIDIA Tegra 3

Manufacturing Process

45nm LP

45nm LP

45nm LP

40nm LPG

Clock Speed

Up to 1GHz

Up to 1GHz

Up to 1GHz

Up to 1.5GHz

Core Count

2

2

2

4+1

L1 Cache Size

32KB/32KB

32KB/32KB

32KB/32KB

32KB/32KB

L2 Cache Size

1MB

1MB

1MB

1MB

Memory Interface to the CPU

Dual Channel LP-DDR2

Dual Channel LP-DDR2

Dual Channel LP-DDR2

Single Channel LP-DDR2

NEON Support

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

With no change on the CPU side, CPU performance remains identical to the iPad 2. This means everything from web page loading to non-gaming app interactions are no faster than they were last year:

JavaScript performance remains unchanged, as you can see from both the BrowserMark and SunSpider results above. Despite the CPU clock disadvantage compared to the Tegra 3, Apple does have the advantage of an extremely efficient and optimized software stack in iOS. Safari just went through an update in improving its Javascript engine, which is why we see competitive performance here.

Geekbench has been updated with Android support, so we're able to do some cross platform comparisons here. Geekbench is a suite composed of completely synthetic, low-level tests—many of which can execute entirely out of the CPU's L1/L2 caches.

Geekbench 2

Apple iPad (3rd gen)

ASUS TF Prime

Apple iPad 2

Motorola Xyboard 10.1

Integer Score

688

1231

684

883

Blowfish ST

13.2 MB/s

23.3 MB/s

13.2 MB/s

17.6 MB/s

Blowfish MT

26.3 MB/s

60.4 MB/s

26.0 MB/s

-

Text Compress ST

1.52 MB/s

1.58 MB/s

1.51 MB/s

1.63 MB/s

Text Compress MT

2.85 MB/s

3.30 MB/s

2.83 MB/s

2.93 MB/s

Text Decompress ST

2.08 MB/s

2.00 MB/s

2.09 MB/s

2.11MB/s

Text Decompress MT

3.20 MB/s

3.09 MB/s

3.27 MB/s

2.78 MB/s

Image Compress ST

4.09 Mpixels/s

5.56 Mpixels/s

4.08 Mpixels/s

5.42 Mpixels/s

Image Compress MT

8.12 Mpixels/s

21.4 Mpixels/s

7.98 Mpixels/s

10.5 Mpixels/s

Image Decompress ST

6.70 Mpixels/s

9.37 Mpixels/s

6.67 Mpixels/s

9.18 Mpixels/s

Image Decompress MT

13.2 Mpixels/s

20.3 Mpixels/s

13.0 Mpixels/s

17.9 Mpixels/s

Lua ST

257.2 Knodes/s

417.9 Knodes/s

257.0 Knodes/s

406.9 Knodes/s

Lua MT

512.3 Knodes/s

1500 Knodes/s

505.6 Knodes/s

810.0 Knodes/s

FP Score

920

2223

915

1514

Mandelbrot ST

279.5 MFLOPS

334.8 MFLOPS

279.0 MFLOPS

328.9 MFLOPS

Mandelbrot MT

557.0 MFLOPS

1290 MFLOPS

550.3 MFLOPS

648.0 MFLOPS

Dot Product ST

221.9 MFLOPS

477.5 MFLOPS

221.5 MFLOPS

455.2 MFLOPS

Dot Product MT

438.9 MFLOPS

1850 MFLOPS

439.4 MFLOPS

907.4 MFLOPS

LU Decomposition ST

217.5 MFLOPS

171.4 MFLOPS

214.6 MFLOPS

177.9 MFLOPS

LU Decomposition MT

434.2 MFLOPS

333.9 MFLOPS

437.4 MFLOPS

354.1 MFLOPS

Primality ST

177.3 MFLOPS

175.6 MFLOPS

178.0 MFLOPS

172.9 MFLOPS

Primality MT

321.5 MFLOPS

273.2 MFLOPS

316.9 MFLOPS

220.7 MFLOPS

Sharpen Image ST

1.68 Mpixels/s

3.87 Mpixels/s

1.68 Mpixels/s

3.86 Mpixels/s

Sharpen Image MT

3.35 Mpixels/s

9.85 Mpixels/s

3.32 Mpixels/s

7.52 Mpixels/s

Blur Image ST

666.0 Kpixels/s

1.62 Kpixels/s

664.8 Kpixels/s

1.58 Kpixels/s

Blur Image MT

1.32 Mpixels/s

6.25 Mpixels/s

1.31 Mpixels/s

3.06 Mpixels/s

Memory Score

821

1079

829

1122

Read Sequential ST

312.0 MB/s

249.0 MB/s

347.1 MB/s

364.1 MB/s

Write Sequential ST

988.6 MB/s

1.33 GB/s

989.6 MB/s

1.32 GB/s

Stdlib Allocate ST

1.95 Mallocs/sec

2.25 Mallocs/sec

1.95 Mallocs/sec

2.2 Mallocs/sec

Stdlib Write

2.90 GB/s

1.82 GB/s

2.90 GB/s

1.97 GB/s

Stdlib Copy

554.6 MB/s

1.82 GB/s

564.5 MB/s

1.91 GB/s

Stream Score

331

288

335

318

Stream Copy

456.4 MB/s

386.1 MB/s

466.6 MB/s

504 MB/s

Stream Scale

380.2 MB/s

351.9 MB/s

371.1 MB/s

478.5 MB/s

Stream Add

608.8 MB/s

446.8 MB/s

654.0 MB/s

420.1 MB/s

Stream Triad

457.7 MB/s

463.7 MB/s

437.1 MB/s

402.8 MB/s

Almost entirely across the board NVIDIA delivers better CPU performance, either as a result of having more cores, having higher clocked cores or due to an inherent low-level Android advantage. Prioritizing GPU performance over a CPU upgrade is nothing new for Apple, and in the case of the A5X Apple could really only have one or the other—the new iPad gets hot enough and draws enough power as it is; Apple didn't need an even more power hungry set of CPU cores to make matters worse.

Despite the stagnation on the CPU side, most users would be hard pressed to call the iPad slow. Apple does a great job of prioritizing responsiveness of the UI thread, and all the entire iOS UI is GPU accelerated, resulting in a very smooth overall experience. There's definitely a need for faster CPUs to enable some more interesting applications and usage models. I suspect Apple will fulfill that need with the A6 in the 4th generation iPad next year. That being said, in most applications I don't believe the iPad feels slow today.

I mention most applications because there are some iOS apps that are already pushing the limits of what's possible today.

iPhoto: A Case Study in Why More CPU Performance is Important

In our section on iPhoto we mentioned just how frustratingly slow the app can be when attempting to use many of its editing tools. In profiling the app it becomes abundantly clear why it's slow. Despite iPhoto being largely visual, it's extremely CPU bound. For whatever reason, simply having iPhoto open is enough to eat up an entire CPU core.

Use virtually any of the editing tools and you'll see 50—95% utilization of the remaining, unused core. The screenshot below is what I saw during use of the saturation brush:

The problem is not only are the two A9s not fast enough to deal with the needs of iPhoto, but anything that needs to get done in the background while you're using iPhoto is going to suffer as well. This is most obvious when you look at how long it takes for UI elements within iPhoto to respond when you're editing. It's very rare that we see an application behave like this on iOS, even Infinity Blade only uses a single core most of the time, but iPhoto is a real exception.

I have to admit, I owe NVIDIA an apology here. While I still believe that quad-cores are mostly unnecessary for current smartphone/tablet workloads, iPhoto is a very tangible example of where Apple could have benefitted from having four CPU cores on A5X. Even an increase in CPU frequency would have helped. In this case, Apple had much bigger fish to fry: figuring out how to drive all 3.1M pixels on the Retina Display.

Hey Anand, I always wanted to say how much I admire your reviews, and how unbiased and untouched by corporate dollars they are. Keep up the great work! Also, it's very nice to see you responding to replies in the comments!Reply

Well most people adept in technology or use tech in their buisness use apple products: djs programmers, and others, and frankly I see more iPhones being used than androids. So apparently most of the world is pussies by your definition. Please do research before you bash a company's productsReply