From the Heart (Feb. 7 - 13)

PrayerDivine Gardener, you give growth to our seeds and to the towering forest trees; you raise to abundant life that which seems dead. Teach us to choose blessing and life rather than death, so that we may walk blamelessly, seeking you through reconciliation with all of your children. Amen.

Focus ScriptureMatthew 5:21-37

[Jesus said:] "You have heard that it was said to those of ancient times, 'You shall not murder'; and 'whoever murders shall be liable to judgment.' But I say to you that if you are angry with a brother or sister, you will be liable to judgment; and if you insult a brother or sister, you will be liable to the council; and if you say, 'You fool,' you will be liable to the hell of fire. So when you are offering your gift at the altar, if you remember that your brother or sister has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother or sister, and then come and offer your gift. Come to terms quickly with your accuser while you are on the way to court with him, or your accuser may hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the guard, and you will be thrown into prison. Truly I tell you, you will never get out until you have paid the last penny.

"You have heard that it was said, 'You shall not commit adultery.' But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lust has already committed adultery with her in his heart. If your right eye causes you to sin, tear it out and throw it away; it is better for you to lose one of your members than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away; it is better for you to lose one of your members than for your whole body to go into hell.

"It was also said, 'Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.' But I say to you that anyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of unchastity, causes her to commit adultery; and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery.

"Again, you have heard that it was said to those of ancient times, 'You shall not swear falsely, but carry out the vows you have made to the Lord.' But I say to you, Do not swear at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God, or by the earth, for it is his footstool, or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. And do not swear by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black. Let your word be 'Yes, Yes' or 'No, No'; anything more than this comes from the evil one."

All readings for this weekDeuteronomy 30:15-20Psalm 119:1-81 Corinthians 3:1-9Matthew 5:21-37

Focus Questions

1. How do you contemporary Christians "deal" with this text?

2. What is your view of humanity? Where is hope for its reconciliation?

3. Why do you think Jesus took anger so seriously?

4. Who are the people without "agency" in our society today?

5. How would the world look and feel if more Christians took these teachings seriously?

Reflectionby Karen Georgia Thompson

These teachings have challenged not only congregations and preachers but scholars who seek to examine these teachings of Jesus in the context of Hebrew Law. Fred Craddock points to the antithetical nature of the text as Jesus names and reinterprets the law. They name these teachings as "antitheses," stating that each one is followed by "one or more elaborations on Jesus' teachings representing Matthew's or the early church's attempts to apply Jesus' teachings to new and very real situations. This means that the teaching on each of the six subjects will consist of the work of the law, the word of Jesus, and the interpretation and application of the teaching to a particular circumstance." This pattern is consistent. The teachings taken in their first-century setting point to challenges in the church that were being addressed by the author.

Other scholars disagree with naming the teachings as antitheses, citing that there is no opposition in the text between the Hebrew Scriptures and Jesus' teachings. In addressing the issues and reinterpreting the law, Ronald Allen says Jesus is not declaring Hebrew tradition to be dead, but is operating with the pluralism of first-century Judaism: "Jesus interprets Torah much like a rabbi with an apocalyptic world view. First-century Judaism was not a monolith but was pluralistic. Different schools of Judaism interpreted Jewish tradition in different ways." This leaves room for understanding and owning sacred text in new ways based on contemporary issues.

The discourse on anger begins with the condemnation of murder in the law. It seems extreme to provide teaching on anger from that place in the Torah. The people know the law, and what the law has to say about murder, but there is no specific teaching in the law about anger. The comparison is clear. Murder is serious and so is anger. There is a need in this first-century church to look at relationships and how individuals treat each other. There is a value to life and how we value the lives of others. This perhaps is the heart of the matter in the text. Thomas Long expounds on the issue of relationships and how they are being redefined in the text: "The Old Testament Law condemned murder (Exod. 20:13; Deut. 5:18), but at the heart of this law lies a respect for the life of another, regard for the right of another to be, reverence for another as the creation of God." The text goes as far as encouraging those who are not treated well to reach out and foster places of reconciliation.

If relationship - and more specifically right relationship - is the issue being addressed, then what follows in the other three is perhaps more of the same. The problems cited are divisive and destructive for the life of the church. The issues themselves are not the problem; instead it is how members of the church are engaged with each other and allowing for unity to be present among them.

The teaching on lust starts with the law on adultery. The teaching on adultery is clear. A man should not desire the wife of another. The woman here has no agency, but is an object to be taken, possessed and fought over. Like the first section which moves into drastic consequences (hell of fire), so does this portion which prescribes self-mutilation for lusting after a woman. Here too, the text is reinterpreted around what relationship should be like based on the law, but redefined for the contemporary setting. In its newness the words of Jesus value the role and person of women, according to Craddock: "The point is, a woman is not a thing, a property to be coveted so as to possess, but a person to whom one relates with care and respect."

Looking at the treatment of the law throughout and then at the interpretation of the law based on the challenges of the first-century church, says there is room for us to look at the challenges facing our twenty-first century locations in a similar light. Regardless of how the content of the text is interpreted based on the issues, Craddock says that the common thread persists: "all four can be embraced in one message if one remembers that not only these four but all six antitheses focus on a common theme - the primary importance of personal relationships." Right relationship is still a major goal for the church and one that is still struggling against the veiled injustice of our day.

Teaching straight from the heart

The teachings come from the heart in that they are a cry for this "higher righteousness" and better way of living in community stated in Matthew 5:19-20 and translated by Eugene Peterson: "Trivialize even the smallest item in God's Law and you will only have trivialized yourself. But take it seriously, show the way for others, and you will find honor in the kingdom. Unless you do far better than the Pharisees in the matters of right living, you won't know the first thing about entering the kingdom" (The Message). Relationships are not to be taken lightly. The command to love God and to love others as self is unstated but is also central to reading the text. Mutuality and respect come when individuals honor neighbor as self. It is only then that right relationship is realized. Right relationship comes from the heart!

The writer of Matthew's Gospel starts with the known - the law. From there what is known is reframed in what is less known and is not addressed explicitly in the sacred text. The known for us lies perhaps in our understanding of the love of God freely given to all and the knowledge that all are created equally in the image of the Divine. Yet, there is much that divides our worship communities, the church, and our world. What are the 21st-century manifestations of the anger, lust, divorce, and swearing that plagued the first-century church and motivated the writer to name and address these problems? What is our response to the inequities present in our society which are fueled by lack of caring for each other?

The need for critical self-examination

There is a laundry list of justice issues that demand our energies and time to addressing, but they require that we engage in critical self-examination before we can lend ourselves to the task of bringing about equality. It is hard to overlook the many who have no place to sleep or food to eat and are left begging in the streets. Our nightly newscasts are filled with story after story of individuals who are dehumanized and rendered victims of a society that no longer values relationships and has ceased loving neighbor as self.

The primary importance of human relationships seems to be lost as individuals are rendered less-than because of race, gender, and sexual orientation. In the first-century church, would anyone dare admit that they were contributing to the problems Matthew wrote to address? It is easy to look at the problems and name them as the fault of others but the bigger challenge comes when we dare to find ourselves in the midst and ask how am I contributing to the problem? Or, how can I bring difference to what I observe around me?

Seeing the world in a new way

The text challenges us to see the world in a new way. "In each of the scenarios Jesus is calling for an entirely new way of viewing human relationships," Charles Cousar writes. "Behind the prohibitions lies the vision of a restored humanity." What is our view of humanity? Do we have a vision for justice that will bring about racial healing and equality? Do we have a vision for reconciliation that will provide a hope and a future for those who are marginalized and ostracized by society? The text takes us to hard places which involve looking at our hearts and creating newness within.

The Rev. Karen Georgia Thompson serves as Minister for Racial Justice with Justice and Witness Ministries of the United Church of Christ.

For further reflection

Leo Tolstoy, 19th centuryEveryone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself.

William James, 19th centuryWhenever you're in conflict with someone, there is one factor that can make the difference between damaging your relationship and deepening it. That factor is attitude.

Will Smith, 21st centuryThroughout life people will make you mad, disrespect you and treat you bad. Let God deal with the things they do, cause hate in your heart will consume you too.

Steve Bruce, 20th centuryWhen people get to invent their own gods, they invent easy gods that demand very little.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 20th centuryThere can be no deep disappointment where there is not deep love.

Michael Novak, 20th centuryThe more common vices today are likely to be spiritual: preoccupation, hyperactivity, a failure even to heed the natural rhythms of the body and the senses, distractedness, an instrumentalizing of people and time and activity.

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