The university is organized into six colleges offering 64 bachelor's and 32 master's degrees. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education with 20,425 undergraduate and 881 graduate students.[8][9] The university is located in San Luis Obispo, California, often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States,[10][11][12][13] with many alumni in Silicon Valley.[14] The university participates in the Big West Conference in athletics.

Cal Poly San Luis Obispo was established as the California Polytechnic School in 1901 when Governor Henry T. Gage signed the California Polytechnic School Bill after a campaign by journalist Myron Angel. The polytechnic school held its first classes on October 1, 1903 to 20 students, offering secondary level courses of study, which took three years to complete.[15] The school continued to grow steadily, except during a period from the mid 1910s to the early 1920s when World War I led to drops in enrollment and drastic budget cuts forced fewer class offerings.

In 1924, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo was placed under the control of the California State Board of Education. In 1933, the Board of Education changed Cal Poly San Luis Obispo into a two-year technical and vocational school. The institution began to offer Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1940, with the first baccalaureate exercises held in 1942. The school was renamed the California State Polytechnic College in 1947 to better reflect its higher education offerings, and in 1949, a Master of Arts degree in education was added. In 1960, control of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and all other state colleges was transferred from the State Board of Education to an independent Board of Trustees, which later became the California State University system.[16]

The college was authorized to offer Master of Science degrees in 1967, and from then to 1970, the school's curriculum was reorganized into different units, such as the School of Science and Math, the School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the School of Architecture. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's FM radio station, KCPR, began as a senior project in 1968. The state legislature changed the school's official name again in 1971 to California Polytechnic State University, and since the 1970s the university has seen steady enrollment growth and building construction. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo celebrated its centennial in 2001 and kicked off a $225 million fundraising campaign, the largest fund-raising effort undertaken in CSU history. The Centennial Campaign raised over $264 million from over 81,000 donors, more than tripling the university's endowment from $43 million to over $140 million. Cal Poly's $190.3 million endowment in 2016 was ranked 308th out of 815 colleges and universities in the United States and Canada.[17]

Cal Poly Pomona began as a satellite campus of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in 1938 when a completely equipped school and farm were donated by Charles Voorhis and his son Jerry Voorhis of Pasadena, California, and was initially called the Voorhis Unit. The W.K. Kellogg Foundation then donated an 812-acre (329 ha) horse ranch in Pomona, California to Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in 1949. Located about one mile (1.6 km) from the Voorhis campus, the two became known as Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis. Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis broke off from Cal Poly in 1966, becoming the fully independent university, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona). Since 1949, the two campuses have cooperated on creating a float for the Rose Parade. Today, the long-running float program still boasts floats designed and constructed entirely by students year-round on both campuses.

In 1903, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo opened as a coeducational school with 20 students enrolled, 16 new male students and 4 new female students.[19] In 1930, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo banned women from the entire school until 1956 when it once again began admitting female students. The university remains coeducational today, with women constituting 46.7% of the Fall 2015 total student population.[20]

The university's style guide indicates its official names are "California Polytechnic State University" and "Cal Poly."[21] When necessary to distinguish between Cal Poly and its former satellite campus, Cal Poly Pomona, the lengthier "Cal Poly at San Luis Obispo" is occasionally used. The California State University system's style guide identifies the university as "California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo" and the elided "Cal Poly San Luis Obispo."[22]

Cal Poly has one of the largest college campuses in the United States.[24] It owns 9,678 acres and is the second largest land-holding university in California.[25] The lands are used for student education and include the main campus, two nearby agricultural lands, and two properties in Santa Cruz County. Part of the Cal Poly property is the Swanton Pacific Ranch, a 3,200-acre (1,300 ha) ranch located in Santa Cruz County, California, outside the town of Davenport. The ranch provides educational and research opportunities, encompasses rangeland, livestock, and forestry operations for the College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental sciences, and fosters Cal Poly's Learn by Doing teaching philosophy of with emphasis on sustainable management of agricultural practices with a mix of laboratory experiments.

The Cal Poly Master Plan calls to increase student population from approximately 17,000 students to 20,900 students by the year 2020–2021.[26] To maintain the university's Learn by Doing philosophy and low class sizes, the master plan calls for an increase in classrooms, laboratories, and professors.

Student Housing South: Cal Poly Student Housing South project is a dormitory style student community located at the corner of Slack Street and Grand Avenue. The project will consist of seven 3- to 5-story concrete framed freshman residence hall buildings with 1,475 beds and an adjacent four-level parking structure. Additional community space for the housing complex and the campus will wrap the parking structure on three sides. These spaces will include a small café, community room, game room, mail room, welcome center, offices, and maintenance shop. Site improvements will include a large open space in the center of the project for activities and group events, volleyball and basketball courts, and outdoor gathering spaces at each building. Webcor Builders and Valerio Dewalt Train Associates is the Design Build Team. Projected construction completion is Summer 2018.[27]

The Warren J. Baker Center for Science and Mathematics was dedicated November 1, 2013.[28] It replaced the aging "spider" Science Building 52, built in the 1950s, with a new 189,000-square-foot (17,600 m2) structure. The $119 million, six-story building was made possible by voter-approved state education bonds and $18 million in private donations.[29] The Center adds new laboratories, classrooms, and offices for the physics, chemistry and soil science programs, as well as an open area and terraces for student study and meeting places. The top floor of the Center houses labs and offices for the school's Western Coatings Technologies Center and the Environmental Biotechnology Institute. It is the second largest and most technologically advanced structure on campus. In the space between the remaining wings of the old "Spider Building" and the new Center is Centennial Park, a landscaped central green.

The Academic Center and Library Building Project: A program planning for an expanded Library and Academic Center began in 2007. Current plans call for a design phase to begin in 2013, with a two-year construction phase projected to begin in 2015 or earlier. The new Academic Center will be a LEED-certified building of nearly 113,000 gsf, connected with the original Kennedy Library by a broad, above ground concourse. Formal and informal meeting spaces, including ample collaborative spaces, will encourage interactions among students, faculty, and staff from across the entire campus and community.[30]

The J.G. Boswell Agricultural Research Center: The Agricultural Research Center was announced in May 2014 with a $8 million gift from the James G. Boswell Foundation. The research center will include laboratories to support sensory, food safety, plant pathology, enology and genomics. The Boswell Center will be built on the current site of the remaining portion of the "spider" science building.[31]

Campus parking is limited. In its most recent survey of available parking spaces on campus, the Cal Poly University Police reported 2,892 general purpose parking spaces, 3,492 dorm resident spaces, and 8,648 total spaces.[32] In its facilities Master Plan, the university admits that while more parking spots will be added, the actual ratio of parking to students will decrease since enrollment is expected to increase sharply.[33] To resolve the disparity, the Master Plan calls on the university to reduce the demand for individual vehicle parking. As part of that plan, the university has constructed additional dorms and has tried to make campus life more desirable. In addition, Cal Poly Commuter and Access Services has successfully promoted alternatives to commuting in single occupancy vehicles: in the past 10 years, bus use has more than doubled and the use of bicycles has close to quadrupled.[34]

Currently, there are over 6,500 bike rack spaces and 224 secure bike lockers available on campus; 57% of students and 33% of faculty/staff live within 5 miles of the Cal Poly campus, an easy bike commute.[35] The city's SLO Transit bus system provides service to and from campus. Cal Poly financially supports SLO Transit with funding from parking citation revenue (not from state general funds nor from student tuition), so faculty, staff, and students ride for free.[35] Bus service throughout the county is provided by SLO Regional Transit Authority. Discounted passes are available to the Cal Poly community.

360° panorama from the top of Poly Canyon; the main Cal Poly campus and agricultural area can be seen below.

All undergraduate students at Cal Poly are required to complete a senior project. The senior project is intended to be a capstone experience for students receiving a baccalaureate degree by integrating theory and application from across a student's undergraduate educational experiences.[36][dead link] The senior project consists of one or more of the following: a design or construction experience, an experiment, a self-guided study or research project, a presentation, a report based on internship, co-op, or service learning experience, and/or a public portfolio display or performance.[37] Senior projects have often led to students obtaining jobs or recognition for their work. In July 2011, a company created from a Senior Project, Punchd, was acquired by Google.[38]Jamba Juice, founded as "Juice Club", was inspired by the Senior Project idea, but was founded after the founders had graduated.[39]

Cal Poly's admissions process is "more selective" according to U.S. News & World Report.[43]

For students admitted Fall 2017, 16,695 freshmen were accepted out of 48,571 applicants, a 34.4% acceptance rate. Fall 2017 admitted students have an average GPA of 4.04, average ACT score of 30, and average SAT score of 1391.

For Fall 2017 admitted transfer students, Cal Poly accepted 1,758 of 8,348 applicants, a 21.0% acceptance rate. Fall 2017 admitted transfer students have an average college GPA of 3.41.[44]

For Fall 2016 students, the average high school GPA was 3.92. The middle 50% range of SAT scores for the Fall 2016 enrolled freshmen was 560–660 for critical reading and 590–700 for math, while the ACT Composite range was 26–31.[41] Men constituted 50.3% of the incoming class of 2020, women 49.7%.[41]

Cal Poly requires students to declare a major when applying for admission, and the university then admits the most competitive applicants within each major based on GPA and SAT or ACT scores. As a result, changing majors at the university is not guaranteed. Each major has a specific change of major plan which includes required classes to be taken while maintaining a certain GPA (usually between 2.5–2.75) in order to be considered as a candidate. In some cases students wishing to change majors transfer to other universities.

Cal Poly ranked 32nd in the nation on PayScale 's 2016 "College ROI Report," which ranked 1,343 colleges and universities. According to PayScale's projections, Cal Poly has a 20-year net return on investment of $698,000. This ROI is the highest in the California State University system and is higher than all of the University of California schools except UC Berkeley.[48]

Washington Monthly ranked Cal Poly 40th in the "National Universities - Masters" category in 2016 based on its contribution to the public good in three broad categories: social mobility, research, and service.

Cal Poly is ranked 83rd in the nation in The Daily Beast's 2014 "Guide to the Best Colleges", which evaluated nearly 2,000 colleges and universities.[49]

In 2016, Forbes magazine rated Cal Poly No. 167 out of the 660 best private and public colleges and universities in America. In 2008, the first year of the list, Cal Poly was ranked No. 369 out of 569.[50]

Money magazine ranked Cal Poly 131st in the country out of 705 schools evaluated for its 2016 "Best Value College Rankings."[51]

For 2017, Kiplinger ranked Cal Poly 21st out of the top 100 best-value public colleges and universities in the nation, and 5th in California.[52]

The Wall Street Journal's rankings by major placed Cal Poly 18th for engineering majors and 22nd for business or economics majors in 2010.[53]

In the 2016 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools" published by the architecture and design journal DesignIntelligence, Cal Poly was ranked the No. 2 undergraduate architecture program in the nation. The landscape architecture program was ranked 6th in the country and 1st in the Western region.[54]

Cal Poly's Orfalea College of Business was named to BusinessWeek magazine's list of the nation's top undergraduate business colleges, ranked No. 70 on the 2014 list.[55]

Cal Poly's graduate program in City and Regional Planning ranked No. 1 in the Planetizen 2011 Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Programs in the U.S. for programs whose highest degree is a Master's.[56]

In 2009, the magazine Diverse Issues in Higher Education placed Cal Poly among the top 10 of its “Top 100 Degree Producers 2009” ranking. This places the university in the top 10 schools in the nation in granting degrees to Hispanic, Asian and other minority students in agriculture, architecture and engineering.[57]

Cal Poly was ranked the 37th top college in the United States by the Social Mobility Index college rankings.[58]

According to U.S. News & World Report's 2017 "America's Best Colleges" report, Cal Poly is ranked 1st in the Western United States for regional public schools whose highest degree is a Master's, and tied for 9th overall (including private schools).[59] The same report ranked the College of Engineering tied for 5th of undergraduate engineering schools in the U.S. whose highest degree is a Master's,[59] with national program rankings of:[59]

Due to continued reductions in state funding, Fall 2011 fees for the average student reached approximately $2,600 per quarter.[60] For comparison, the Spring 2002 fees for the average student were $760 per quarter. While total yearly fees for an in-state student were just $2,976 in 2002, students entering in fall 2011 faced an annual fee of over $7,900.[61]

Of the students enrolled in fall 2014, 61.6% of undergraduates and 70.0% of first-time freshmen received some form of financial aid in 2014–15.[8] The amount of financial aid awarded in 2014–15 totaled $151.5 million, of which 64.3% came from federal funds, 11.9% came from state funds and 17.5% came from institutional funds.[8] Loans comprised 55.6% of the financial aid, 31.2% came in the form of grants, and 10.2% in scholarships.[8]

Cal Poly's endowment more than tripled during its Centennial Campaign from $43.1 million to $140.1 million. Growth is attributed to gifts and prudent stewardship. However, since 2007, the university's endowment has fluctuated dramatically, going from $181.7 million in 2007[62] to $130.9 million in 2009,[63] before rebounding to $190.3 million in 2016.[17]
On May 3, 2017, Cal Poly received one of the largest endowment towards public education to be received in California from Cal Poly alumnus William L. and Linda Frost in the amount of $110 million.[64]

Cal Poly's on-campus student housing of 6,239 spaces[65] is the largest student housing program in the California State University system.[66] Cal Poly housed 35.9% of fall 2015 undergraduates in 28 dorms on campus, and 98.7% of first-time freshmen lived on campus. In addition, 28.7% of Cal Poly sophomores lived on campus in fall 2015.[8]

There are five distinct groups of residence halls on the Cal Poly campus. The five North Mountain halls, constructed in the 1950s, are the oldest on campus still used for residential purposes. The six "red-brick" halls were completed shortly afterward in 1959.[67] The Sierra Madre and Yosemite halls were finished by 1968, and the Cerro Vista Apartments were completed in 2003. The Poly Canyon Village housing complex, with a similar style as the Cerro Vista apartments, was completed in 2009 at a cost of $300 million, making it the California State University system's largest construction project to date.[68]

Each of the residence halls represent a different living community on campus. The six red-brick halls are the Living-Learning Program halls for the different colleges of Cal Poly. The five North Mountain halls are organizationally a part of the engineering Living-Learning Program. The Sierra Madre and Yosemite halls are the First-Year Connection Program halls and focus on freshman-oriented transition programs. All buildings house students of all majors. The Cerro Vista Apartments is the Transitions community for first-year and second-year students. Poly Canyon Village is the Sophomore Success Program community, which is open to primarily to sophomores, but also juniors and seniors, and helps students transition into independent living.

Greek organizations have been at Cal Poly since 1949. The Greek community consists of three governing councils at Cal Poly: United Sorority and Fraternity Council (USFC), Interfraternity Council (IFC), and Panhellenic Association (PHA). Cal Poly also offers Greek organizations based on academic fields of study.[71]

As of April 17, 2018[update], Greek Life has been suspended indefinitely by the university following a number of racial controversies, the most recent of which being the 2018 Cal Poly Blackface Incident.[72]

The Week of Welcome program, more commonly known as "WOW", serves as a volunteer-based orientation program for new students during the first week after move-in during the beginning of the school year in September. Its purpose is to introduce students to the campus and the community and prepare them for a successful college career. Freshmen are placed in a group with 10–12 other new students while transfer students are in groups of 40-60; each group is led by two current Cal Poly student orientation leaders. The "WOW" groups participate in an array of orientation events in addition to activities both on- and off-campus. In 2010, the awareness section of the program won the 2010 National Orientation Directors Association (NODAC) Media & Publications Showcase Award in the Emerging Technologies. The awareness section was entirely developed by student volunteers. The program started in 1956 and is now the largest volunteer orientation program in the nation.[73]

Cal Poly has many recognized clubs and independent student organizations operating on campus. Included (a full list available on the Associated Students, Incorporated website) are over 150 groups, including, among many others, cultural clubs and exchanges, mathematics and science clubs, religious and atheistic groups, service organizations, engineering research and development clubs, professional development organizations, a perennial Rose Parade Float design program, LGBTQ+ and Multicultural groups, competitive and social athletic teams, and academic honors clubs. Especially impressive are the engineering clubs and independent student organizations on campus such as Prove Lab, PolySat, CubeSat, and QL+.[74]

As of 2018[update], Cal Poly San Luis Obispo has the least racially diverse student population of all California State University and University of California campuses, though it is still far more diverse than the surrounding community it serves.[75] President Armstrong has been working to increase the percentage of non-white students on campus, boasting a drop of white students as a share of the university student body from 63% to 55%.[76] The city of San Luis Obispo is 84.5% white.[77] About 84.2% of the students attending California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo come from within California.[78]

The Los Angeles Times reported that the university "was ranked one of the nation’s worst seven institutions for Latino student success."[79][80]

The Education Trust lists the university as an "Engine of Inequality" because "very few students come from working-class and low-income families." It's one among 20 public institutions in the U.S. with this negative distinction.[81]

Though generally regarded as a positive for the area due to the economic impact, Cal Poly has received criticism for both the behavior of students upsetting the community, and the effects on local housing market. Parties and gatherings have gotten wilder due to an increased student body size and social media presence, leading to the university being named the #9 party school in California by Niche.[82] In 2017, the median home price in San Luis Obispo was $530,000.[83] In May 2018, Zillow estimated that the median home value has increased to $694,027.[84] While the city has been building hundreds of single family housing on the south end of town, large areas of the north end in older neighborhoods have been converted to rental student housing because of a major increase in the number of students admitted to and attending the university and the lack of university supplied housing. The university is currently building housing on campus to attempt to house up to 65% of students and plans to cap enrollment at 25,000, meaning that 11,250 students must find off-campus housing.[85] This has created an affordability crisis for the city itself, as most apartments that would generally be occupied by lower income families and individuals are now occupied solely by Cal Poly students, reducing supply and pushing low-income residents outside of the city. Approximately 27% of the residents live below the poverty line, a similar percentage to Cleveland, Ohio.

Cal Poly fields 21 varsity sports (10 for men and 11 for women)[86] and participates in the NCAA's Division I.

Cal Poly competes in the Big West Conference, except for football and wrestling (neither of which are sponsored by the Big West). Cal Poly's football team competes in the Big Sky Conference; the wrestling team is a member of the Pac-12 Conference. Prior to joining Division I in 1994, the school won 35 NCAA Division II national team championships[87] and competed in the NCAA Division II California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Cal Poly has two mascots. The character represented in costume or cartoon is named Musty the Mustang. The live mascot, a living mustang, is named Chase, after Margaret Chase, the university's second president.[88]

On April 29, 1990, San Luis Obispo police responded to a call of a bicyclist down at around 11pm. The activity drew heavily intoxicated crowds that began to get unruly. After unsuccessfully attempting to disperse the crowd, a mob began looting the nearby Campus Bottle Shoppe. The next day, dumpsters were set on fire during more rioting and 127 people were arrested.[92]

On May 25, 1996, Cal Poly student Kristin Smart disappeared without a trace after a birthday party. The university and sheriff's department have been investigating leads, including excavating the land around the Cal Poly "P" on an adjoining hill. As of 2017[update], the excavation of the area surrounding has been completed with articles found, however the sheriff's department has not yet released what the findings are.[93]

In 2008, a university-owned house (known as Crops House) where agriculture students were given subsidized lodging in exchange for work on the school's farms displayed a racist sign posted during a party which read: “No niggers,” along with a similar slur against gays. At a later date, the house displayed a confederate flag tacked above the entrance to the house, draped near a hangman's noose while a large Confederate flag laid painted on a table in front of the house.[94]

In 2015, the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity was suspended for six years following a report of sexual assault, unsafe alcohol consumption and other conduct policy violations at a party in October, 2014.[95] In December, 2017, the chapter voted to surrender its national charter, officially dissolving the chapter.[96]

In 2018, the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity was suspended following a photo surfacing that showed a student wearing blackface.[97] In response to further protests, President Armstrong suspended all Greek Life on campus indefinitely.[76] This was followed with protests during Open House events for incoming freshmen. On May 4, 2018, President Armstrong announced yet another blackface incident that was mocking the prior incident. The incident is being investigated by the state.[98]

The university is organized administratively into four divisions: Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Administration and Finance, and University Advancement. The academic division is organized into six colleges, each with its own dean. Academic Affairs also includes the Library, Research and Graduate Programs, and Information Technology Services.

The Cal Poly Corporation is a public-benefit, nonprofit corporation and university auxiliary. It provides commercial services, fiscal services, and key support services to assist and promote the educational mission of Cal Poly and the California State University System (CSU).[99] The Corporation engages only in those activities ancillary to state operation that are requested by Cal Poly's President and approved by the CSU. The corporation was founded in 1940 and was known as the Cal Poly Foundation until February 1, 2006.

The Cal Poly Foundation is an auxiliary organization and IRC501(c)(3) public charity that accepts and administers tax deductible gifts to the university. The Cal Poly Foundation leads campus philanthropic activity by supporting fundraising activities and investing and managing the campus endowments.[100]

The Cal Poly Extended Education provides access to degree, certificate, and professional development programs and services of the university to the citizens of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Monterey Counties and through distance learning technologies to students across the country.[101]

The Cal Poly Alumni Association seeks to engage and serve alumni; to foster a lifelong connection between the University and its alumni; and to foster goodwill and support for the University. The association includes 15 regional and special interest chapters.[103]

1.
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
–
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona is a public polytechnic university located in Pomona, California, United States. It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system, in Fall 2013, it had 1,059 faculty, of which 442 were tenure track. The university is designated a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Cal Poly is one of three CSUs, and one of only five California institutions, with this distinction. The university has the oldest and largest Hospitality Management College in California, additionally, Cal Poly has the largest civil engineering student population in the nation. It is the university in Southern California to grant bachelors and masters degrees in agriculture. Cal Poly Pomona currently offers degrees in 94 majors,39 masters degrees,13 teaching credentials. The university is one among a group of polytechnic universities in the United States which tend to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts. The satellite campus grew further in 1949 when a horse ranch in the city of Pomona. Its sports teams are known as the Cal Poly Pomona Broncos, the Broncos sponsor 10 varsity sports and have won 14 NCAA national championships. Current and former Cal Poly athletes have won 7 Olympic medals, hence, Voorhis School became the Cal Poly-Voorhis Unit and its educational offerings were raised to the same level as Cal Poly San Luis Obispo’s, then a two-year college. The horticulture program was moved to the new campus and the two units operated as one institution spanning two locations under the leadership of president Julian McPhee. During World War II most of the student body was called to military duty, enrollment declined. Reopening after the war, Cal Poly-Voorhis Unit operated in San Dimas until 1956 when it moved to Will Keith Kellogg’s former horse ranch in the city of Pomona. Acknowledging its Kellogg legacy, Cal Poly-Voorhis Unit changed its name to Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis Unit, also in 1957, Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis introduced the College of Engineering, the second academic unit after the College of Agriculture. President McPhee retired in 1966, and Cal Poly split into two different and independent universities, the partnership between the two campuses remains with their involvement in the annual Cal Poly Universities Rose Float. In 1998, Cal Poly Pomona received criticism when it planned to grant a degree to Robert Mugabe. Mugabe’s negative humanitarian record as president of Zimbabwe lead to protests from staff, faculty and students, under then-president J. Michael Ortiz, Cal Poly Pomona launched its first comprehensive capital campaign in fall of 2008 to increase its permanent endowment. The campus office of public affairs recognizes two names for the university, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona and Cal Poly Pomona

2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities

3.
San Luis Obispo, California
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San Luis Obispo, or SLO /ˈsloʊ/ for short, is a city in the U. S. state of California, located roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the Central Coast. The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census, the population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010. Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra, San Luis Obispo is one of Californias oldest communities, serras original mission was named for the 13th Century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse. The city, locally referred to as San Luis, SLO, the earliest human inhabitants of the local area were the Chumash people. One of the earliest villages lies south of San Luis Obispo, the Chumash people used marine resources of the inlets and bays along the Central Coast and inhabited a network of villages, including sites at Los Osos and Morro Creek. Mission San Diego was the first Spanish mission founded in Alta California that same year, on September 7–8,1769, an expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá entered the San Luis Obispo area from coastal areas around todays Pismo Beach. One of the expeditions three diarists, padre Juan Crespí, recorded the name given to area by the soldiers as Cañada de Los Osos. The party traveled north along San Luis Obispo Creek, turned west through Los Osos valley, in 1770, Portola established the Presidio of Monterey and Junípero Serra founded the second mission, San Carlos Borromeo, in Monterey. The mission was moved to Carmel the following year, as supplies dwindled in 1772 at the mission and presidio, the people faced starvation. Remembering the Valley of the Bears, Presidio of Monterey commander Pedro Fages led an expedition to bring back food. Over twenty-five mule loads of dried meat and seed were sent north to relieve the missionaries, soldiers. The natives were impressed at the ease by which the Spaniards could take down the huge grizzlies with their weapons, some of the bear meat was traded with the local people in exchange for edible seed. It was after this that Junípero Serra decided that La Cañada de Los Osos would be a place for the fifth mission. The area had abundant supplies of food and water, the climate was very mild. With soldiers, muleteers, and pack animals carrying mission supplies, on September 1,1772, Junípero Serra celebrated the first Mass with a cross erected near San Luis Creek. The very next day, he departed for San Diego leaving Fr, josé Cavaller, with the difficult task of building the mission. José Cavaller, five soldiers and two began building Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, which would later become the town of San Luis Obispo. The first mission structures were built with whatever materials could be found nearby, later, more permanent buildings were constructed with adobe walls, wood timber roof beams and tile roofs

4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

5.
California State University
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The California State University is a public university system in California. Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff, CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States. It is one of three higher education systems in the state, with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System. The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University, the California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach, California. The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, with nearly 100,000 graduates annually, the CSU is the countrys greatest producer of bachelors degrees. The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state, altogether, about half of the bachelors degrees, one-third of the masters degrees, and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU. Furthermore, the CSU is one of the top U. S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph. D. degrees in a related field. The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is twice as many as any other collegiate system. Since 1961, nearly three million alumni have received their bachelors, masters, or doctoral degrees from the CSU system, CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas. In Fall of 2015,9,282 of CSUs 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track. The school was taken over by the state in 1862 and moved to San Jose and renamed the California State Normal School, a southern branch of the California State Normal School was created in Los Angeles in 1882. In 1887, the California State Legislature dropped the word California from the name of the San Jose and Los Angeles schools, later Chico, San Diego, and other schools became part of the State Normal School system. In 1919, the State Normal School at Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California, in 1927, in May 1921, the legislature enacted a comprehensive reform package for the states educational system, which went into effect that July. This meant that they were to be managed from Sacramento by the deputy director of the division, who in turn was under the state Superintendent of Education, by this time it was already commonplace to refer to most of the campuses with their city names plus the word state. The resulting administrative situation from 1921 to 1960 was quite complicated, at least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue. During the 1920s and 1930s, the State Teachers Colleges started to transition from normal schools into teachers colleges whose graduates would be qualified to teach all K–12 grades. A leading proponent of this idea was Charles McLane, the first president of Fresno State, in 1932, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was asked by the state legislature and governor to perform a study of California higher education. This recommendation spectacularly backfired when the faculties and administrations of the State Teachers Colleges rallied to protect their independence from the Regents

6.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany

7.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue

8.
Pomona, California
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Pomona is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley, between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley, as of the 2010 United States Census, the citys population was 149,058. The area was occupied by the Tongva or Gabrielino Native Americans. The city is named for Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruit, the first Anglo-Americans arrived in prior to 1848 when the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in California becoming part of the United States. By the 1880s, the arrival of railroads and Coachella Valley water had made it the anchor of the citrus-growing region. Pomona was officially incorporated on January 6,1888, in the 1920s Pomona was known as the Queen of the Citrus Belt, with one of the highest per-capita levels of income in the United States. In the 1940s it was used as a location for major motion picture studios to see how their films would play to modally middle class audiences around the country. Religious institutions are deeply embedded in the history of Pomona, there are now more than 120 churches, representing most religions in todays society. The historical architecture of these churches provide glimpses of the European church design, in 2005, Pomona citizens elected Norma Torres, the first woman of Guatemalan heritage to be elected to a mayoral post outside of Guatemala. Pomona is an area of Los Angeles County in the Pomona Valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.964 square miles. Pomona is approximately 27 miles east of downtown Los Angeles,25 miles north of Santa Ana,31 miles west of Riverside, the Los Angeles/San Bernardino county line forms most of the citys southern and eastern boundaries. Pomona has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters, august is the warmest month with an average daytime high temperature of 92 °F. Summers are characterized by days and very little rainfall during the months of June through September. Fall brings cooler temperatures and occasional showers, as well as seasonal Santa Ana winds originating from the northeast, december is the coolest month with an average high temperature of 68 °F. Winter also brings the majority of annual precipitation, snowfall is virtually unheard of, but frost can occur once or twice a year. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pomona had a population of 149,058, the population density was 6,491.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pomona was 71,564 White,10,924 African American,1,763 Native American,12,688 Asian,282 Pacific Islander,45,171 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 105,135 persons

9.
Cal Poly Universities Rose Float
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Every year Cal Poly Pomona and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo jointly build and enter a floral entry into the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association Rose Parade. These two institutions have participated in the parade since 1949, winning the Award of Merit in their first year. As of January 2,2017, the floats have won 57 awards and this program is one of the longest consecutive running self-built entries in the parade, as well as the only self built float designed and constructed entirely by students year-round on two campuses. They compete against professional float builders who manufacture entries for sponsors and this tradition continues today and marks the partnership between the two campuses. Road & Track magazine did a road test of the Cal Poly Universities Rose Float as part of their annual April issue of unusual vehicles, information on how the Cal Poly Universities were first invited to the parade can be found on the Special Collections History page. Stories and pictures of the Cal Poly student adventures can be found on our unofficial documentary site, since 1949 the floats have won 57 trophies. Tournament of Roses Parade themes Tournament of Roses floats Cal Poly Pomona Rose Float Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Rose Float Special Collections History page Unofficial Documentary YouTube Site

10.
Rose Parade
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The Rose Parade, also known as the Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Parade presented by Honda, is part of Americas New Year Celebration held in Pasadena, California each year on New Years Day. The parade includes flower-covered floats, marching bands, and equestrian units and is followed by the Rose Bowl college football game and it is produced by the nonprofit Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association. It is seen by millions more on television worldwide in more than 100 international territories and countries, the Rose Bowl is a college football game that was added in 1902 to help fund the cost of staging the parade. Since 2011, the parade has been sponsored by Honda, accordingly, the company has the parades first float, which like all floats, follows the parades theme. The 2017 parade featured 44 floats,19 equestrian units with approximately 400 horses, the Grand Marshals of the parade were Greg Louganis, Janet Evans and Allyson Felix. Members of Pasadenas Valley Hunt Club first staged the parade in 1890, since then the parade has been held in Pasadena every New Years Day, except when January 1 falls on a Sunday. In that case, it is held on the subsequent Monday and this exception was instituted in 1893, as organizers did not wish to disturb horses hitched outside Sunday church services. Many of the members of the Valley Hunt Club were former residents of the American East and Midwest and they wished to showcase their new California homes mild winter weather. At a club meeting, Professor Charles F, holder announced, In New York, people are buried in the snow. Here our flowers are blooming and our oranges are about to bear, lets hold a festival to tell the world about our paradise. So the club organized horse-drawn carriages covered in flowers, followed by foot races, polo matches, upon seeing the scores of flowers on display, the professor decided to suggest the name Tournament of Roses. Over the next few founding years, marching bands and motorized floats were added, by 1895, the event was too large for the Valley Hunt Club to handle, hence the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association was formed. Activities soon included ostrich races, bronco busting demonstrations, and an odd novelty race between a camel and an elephant, soon reviewing stands were built along the parade route and newspapers in Eastern Seaboard cities started to take notice of the event. Tournament House is the given the former home where the organization is headquartered. The first associated football game was played on January 1,1902, originally titled the Tournament East-West football game, it is considered to be the first Rose Bowl. The next game was not played until New Years Day 1916, the game derives its modern name from Rose Bowl Stadium, which was built for the 1923 game. In 2002 and 2006, the Granddaddy of em all was not held the day as the parade. Not all fans were pleased with the change, some thought the atmosphere, once the BCS title game was separated from the host bowl, it no longer affected the date of the Rose Bowl Game

11.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie

12.
Bowling Green State University
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Bowling Green State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university located in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. The 1, 338-acre main academic and residential campus is located 15 miles south of Toledo, over the universitys history, it developed from a small rural normal school into a comprehensive public university. As of 2012 Bowling Green offered over 200 undergraduate programs, as well as masters and its academic programs have been nationally ranked by Forbes magazine, U. S. News & World Report, and Washington Monthly. The 2011 Carnegie Foundation classified BGSU as having high research activity, Research projects in the areas of psychology, sociology, education and human development, energy and sustainability are among the most prominent. BGSU had a residential student population of 6,500 students. The university also maintains a campus, known as BGSU Firelands, in Huron. Although the majority of students attend classes on BGSUs main campus, about 2,500 students attend classes at Firelands, about 85% of Bowling Greens students are from Ohio. The university hosts a student life program, with over 300 student organizations. The campus is home to events including the Dance Marathon, Winterfest. During the period, people of northwestern Ohio campaigned for a school in their region to better quality education. Bowling Green offered four possible sites and became one of four finalists including Fremont, Napoleon, despite the town being the home of John Lowry, Napoleon was ruled out because the commission found it had numerous saloons. Fremont was eliminated due to the specific stipulations imposed by the President Rutherford B. Hayes Memorial Commission. Bowling Green was chosen on November 10,1910 over Van Wert in a 3–2 vote by the commission, at the same time, the commission chose Kent for a school in Northeastern Ohio. Over the years 1911 and 1912, the Board of Trustees was appointed by the Governor, a campus plan was created and $150,000 was appropriated to develop the campus and construct the first buildings. The school opened on September 15,1914 as Bowling Green State Normal School in two locations at the Bowling Green Armory and at a branch school in Toledo for the 1914–1915 academic year. It initially enrolled 304 students from Ohio, Michigan, and New York who were taught by 21 faculty members, the school graduated its first class in 1915, consisting of 35 certified teachers. University Hall and Williams Hall opened that year, the schools first two permanent buildings, two years later the first baccalaureate degrees for teacher education were awarded. On March 28,1920 a tornado, part of the 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, the tornado touched down near Bowling Green and strengthened as it moved into Ottawa County where it killed two people in Genoa

San Luis Obispo (Spanish for St. Louis, the Bishop [of Toulouse]), or SLO for short, is a city in the U.S. state of …

Image: Sanluisobispo

The Dallidet Adobe, built in 1856, is one of SLO's oldest standing buildings

The city in 1876

Cerro San Luis as seen from Bishop Peak. A montage of two photos taken in September 2006 and March 2007. (The differences between plant cover in the hot and the cold season are typical for the city's Mediterranean climate.)