Randver (?) Ashley (p. 738) notes that Randver's reign was possibly during the 750's and that the relationship between Randver and Ivar Halfdansson is not clear. He calls Randver "son of a ruler of Russia". circa 750.1

Ivarr "the Boneless" (?) King of Dublin and York died in 873; Baldwin cites: AU = The Annals of Ulster to A.D. 1131, edited by S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1984), also available (without English translation) at the CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts) website (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/).1,2 Ivarr "the Boneless" (?) King of Dublin and York Per Baldwin: "Ímar (Old Norse Ivarr), king of Dublin (& York?), d. 873 [AU] [He was the historical prototype of the Ivar the Boneless of the Icelandic sagas, which, however, cannot be trusted to give any historical information about him. The only certain information about him is given in the Irish annals during the period 856-873, and his possible role as king of York, though reasonably likely, is disputed by some.]AU = The Annals of Ulster to A.D. 1131, edited by S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1984), also available (without English translation) at the CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts) website (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/)."2 GAV-31 EDV-34. Ivarr "the Boneless" (?) King of Dublin and York was also known as Ímar (?) King of Dublin and York.2

Ivarr "the Boneless" (?) King of Dublin and York and Ragnar Lodbrok "Hairy-Britches" (?) King of the Danes Per Baldwin: "Some would place the legendary Ragnarr Loðbrók (a figure of the Icelandic sagas and of the Danish pseudohistorian Saxo) in this position [father of Ivarr]. However, Ragnarr Loðbrók is a figure of legend, not history, and the historically documented genealogy ends with Ivarr (#1088)."2 Ivarr "the Boneless" (?) King of Dublin and York was King of Dublin: [Ashley, p. 459] IVARR the BONELESS Jorvik, 866-73; Dublin, 871-3. Ivarr was purportedly the son of the Danish hero Ragnar Lodbrok and brother of HALFDAN. The two brothers had allied with OLAF THE WHITE, the Norwegian king of Dublin as early as 857, using Dublin as a base for plundering the coasts of Ireland and Britain. From 864 Ivarr and Halfdan began campaigning across Britain. They had brought together what became known as the "Great Army" or "the Host", which was a formidable and almost invincible fighting machine. They invaded East Anglia in 865, and used it as their base. In 866, following the death of their father in a raid on York, Ivarr and Halfdan invaded Deira. Their victory was immediate and the last English kings of Deira were killed. Ivarr set up EGBERT (I) as his client king in Bernicia, but with his army now partly based in York, Ivarr was regarded as the power (if not the king) in that region. Over the next five years Ivarr and Halfdan continually harried the east coast of England. In the winter of 869 EDMUND of East Anglia attempted to stop them and was killed. In 871 Olaf the White returned to Norway and Ivarr took the opportunity to return to Dublin and claim the kingship. By the time he left Britain most of eastern England, from the Tees to the Thames was under Danish control. He left Halfdan in charge of the Great Army. On his death in 873 Ivarr was remembered as king of all the Scandinavians in Britain and Ireland. He also founded a dynasty that ruled Dublin (and for a period York) for the next two hundred years. between 871 and 873.1

Halfdan Ragnarson (?) King of Jorvik (York) died in 877.1 He was King of Jorvik: [Ashley, pp. 459-460] HALFDAN RAGNARSON Jorvik, 873-7. Halfdan, the brother of IVARR THE Boneless, took control of the "Great Army" in 871 and was effectively ruler of the Northumbrian Danes from that time. He returned to York in 872 to quell a revolt led by RICSIG, who had taken control in Bernicia. From that time the "Great Army" remained based in York. In 875, Halfdan combined his force with the "Summer Army" under GUTHRUM, and invaded Mercia, overthrowing king BURGRED at Repton and installing a client ruler CEOLWULF. Halfdan now controlled almost all the eastern half of England from the Tees to the Thames. However, in Halfdan's eyes the real jewel was the control of Dublin. Later in 875, he crossed Scotland, inflicting what damage he could upon the Picts, and upon reaching Dublin slew Eystein, the son of OLAF THE WHITE, who had been installed as king. Although Halfdan proclaimed himself king of Dublin, he was soon ejected by the Norse and he made his way back to York. It is at that time that the real kingdom of Jorvik may be said to commence, as Halfdan parcelled out land to his supporters who settled down to farm. Halfdan, however, was restless. He was a true warrior king. In 877 he sought to raise an army again to conquer Dublin. However this time many of his men were tired of battle and wished to settle and raise families. One record suggests that Halfdan was exiled from York. It was thus with a much smaller army that he ventured back across Scotland. He reached Ireland but was killed by the Norse at the battle of Strangford Lough. His dejected warband sought to return to York across Scotland where they were confronted by the army of CONSTANTINE (I), who was killed in the conflict. After Halfdan's death the Danes of Jorvik seemed content to be ruled by EGBERT (II) of Bernicia, and it was not until 883 that a new Danish king, GOTHFRITH, was elected. between 873 and 877.1

Olaf Gothfrithson (?) King of Dublin died in 941.1 He was King of York, Kind of Dublin: [Ashley, pp. 463-464] OLAF GOTHFRITHSON Dublin, 934-41; York and the Five Boroughs 939-41. This ruler should not be confused with another Olaf Gothfrithson, an earlier king of Dublin who was known as OLAF THE WHITE. Olaf was the son of Gothfrith, king of Dublin, and nephew of RAGNALL and SITRIC, kings of York. His father had tried unsuccessfully to gain York in 927 and had been expelled by ATHELSTAN. Olaf doubtless kept up the hope of recovering the kingdom. Generally he emerges as a better commander and tactician than his father, despite his youth. Within three years of succeeding him as king of Dublin, he had achieved what had always eluded his father - the conquest of the rival Viking settlements along the east coast of Ireland, so as to become the king of a confederacy of Norse towns centred on Dublin. He was probably little more than eighteen at this time. He now had a strong power base from which to launch his campaign on York. In the autumn of 937 his fleet sailed for Britain. He succeeded in raising support from his allies in Scotland (CONSTANTINE II) and Strathclyde (Owen III), and this vast army moved down the east coast of Britain to enter York. From there Olaf marched south into Mercia where he met the English army under Athelstan at Brunanburh, believed to be near Nottingham. This was one of the decisive battles of the Saxon period for had Olaf won, it would have shifted the Scandinavian-Saxon balance in England and Olaf would have had an opportunity to take overall command. As it was Athelstan's victory was complete; the Scandinavian, British and Scottish forces were devastated and Olaf only just escaped to his boat with his life. He sailed back to Scotland and eventually to Dublin to rethink his tactics. Within two years Athelstan was dead, and Olaf immediately embarked on another invasion, even though winter was approaching. In November 939 he again successfully took York. Here he readily received the support of the Northumbrian witan, including Wulfstan, the archbishop of York, who accompanied Olaf on his march south into Mercia. Athelstan's brother EDMUND was only eighteen and, though already a seasoned warrior, was not the equal of his predecessor. Edmund besieged Olaf at Leicester but the king escaped. Eventually a truce was agreed between the two young kings with the aid of Wulfstan and Oda, archbishop of Canterbury. As a result Olaf became king not only of York but also of the Five Boroughs of Danish Mercia - Leicester, Lincoln, Stamford, Nottingham and Derby. His kingdom stretched across middle and northern England and across the Irish sea, including Man, to the confederate Viking towns of eastern Ireland. For a king then scarcely twenty-one it was a remarkable achievement. Had he lived longer he might have established himself more in the folk-memory of Britain, but he was killed the following year during a raid on Bernicia and Lothian, seeking the submission of the Northumbrian church. Despite his youth Olaf had married twice, first to a daughter of Constantine II, and secondly the daughter of Ormr, an Anglo-Danish earl in York. He had two sons who survived into their twenties but who died in Ireland. He was succeeded by his cousin OLAF SITRICSON. between 934 and 941.1

Ragnall II Gothfrithson (?) King of York was born circa 920.1Ragnall II Gothfrithson (?) King of York died in 945.1 He was King of York, [Ashley, pp. 465-466] RAGNALL (II) GOTHFRITHSON York, 943-5. Ragnall was the son of Gothfrith, king of Dublin, and nephew of RAGNALL (I). He had probably been in York since his brother, OLAF, had regained Northumbria in 939. He is not likely to have been an older brother of Olaf's, which suggests that he was born around 920 or 921. In 943, after his cousin OLAF SITRICSON was expelled for refusing to accept Christianity, Ragnall was accepted as king. He was probably brought to power more by the authority of Wulfstan, archbishop of York, who had taken on the role of a northern king-maker, than necessarily by the general acceptance of the Scandinavians of York. There was a lapse of some months before Ragnall "made his peace" (as the chroniclers recorded) with EDMUND of Wessex, to whom he submitted late in that year, when he was also baptized. Olaf Sitricson retired to the hills of Strathclyde and during 944 and 945 no doubt plotted to recover the kingdom. Although there is no record, it is possible that some conflicts occurred between the two factions at this time, and it may have been this that prompted Edmund to bring his forces to bear upon the Norse kings. In 945 he attacked York and in the conflict that followed Ragnall was killed. between 943 and 945.1

Athelstan (?) King of Kent was born circa 800.1Athelstan (?) King of Kent died circa 852.1,2 Athelstan (?) King of Kent Athelstan, Subregulus of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey, +ca 851; m.NN.2 He was King of Kent: [Ashley, p. 226] ATHELSTAN ruled 839-c52. The ASC records that on the death of EGBERT, Wessex passed to his son ATHELWOLF, while Kent (which included Essex and Sussex) passed to his son Athelstan. The phrasing is ambiguous and some authorities regard this Athelstan as the eldest son of Athelwolf. That is possible, though as Athelwolf's marriage is usually dated to 830, Athelstan would have been nine years old, and it is very unlikely that a king would entrust the command of such vulnerable territories to an infant, even as a token of future inheritance. Athelwolf may have married earlier, but the more likely interpretation of the ASC is that Athelstan was a younger son of Egbert's, perhaps born around the year 800, and thus in his late thirties. There is a suggestion that this Athelstan may previously have reigned in East Anglia from 825 and, though this cannot be proved, it would make sense. In 851 Athelstan and his ealdorman Ealhere, met a Danish fleet off the coast of Sandwich in Kent, and won. The Danes were the masters of the sea, and to defeat them in a naval battle was a remarkable achievement. Athelstan is not mentioned again after this battle, though there is no suggestion that he died in the conflict. He probably died a year or two later. between 839 and 852.1

Athelwold (?) King of Kent/York was born in 868.1,2Athelwold (?) King of Kent/York died in 902; killed at the battle of the Holm.1,2 Athelwold (?) King of Kent/York Ethelwald, King of York (901-902), pretender to the throne of Wessex, *ca 868, +k.a.Battle of the Holm 902; m.NN, professed nun.2 He was King of Jorvik: [Ashley, p. 461] ATHELWOLD Jorvik, 899-902; East Angles, 902. Athelwold was the son of ATHELRED (I) of the West Saxons and believed himself the true heir to the throne of Wessex. He had been born in 868 and had been too young to succeed when his father died in 871. After the death of his uncle ALFRED in October 899, Athelwold made a bid for the throne. He seized the royal manor at Wimborne where he was besieged by the soldiers of the new king, EDWARD (THE ELDER), but Athelwold escaped under cover of darkness and outran the levies, escaping into Northumbria. He must have arrived soon after the death of SIGFRID and, somewhat surprisingly, he was accepted by the Northumbrians - Danes and Angles alike - as their king. Athelwold soon found his position challenged by a dispossessed Danish prince, CANUTE, who landed at Cleveland, but Athelwold drove him back. However Canute was more successful on his second attempt and was accepted by the Danes as their king. It is not clear whether Athelwold remained king of the Northumbrian Angles during this period, but he almost certainly remained in the area. Canute was assassinated within the year, and although the record is silent on the matter, it raises the question of Athelwold's involvement. Athelwold was intent upon raising an army to regain his kingdom. At some stage he left Northumbria - it is not clear when - for by 902 he was amongst the Danes of East Anglia. It is possible he brought with him an army of Northumbrian Danes and joined forces with ERIC of East Anglia. Athelwold succeeded in bending the East Saxons to his will. In 902 Athelwold and Eric led a confederate army across the Thames to raid and plunder Wessex. Edward's army pursued Athelwold back into East Anglia without success, but just as Edward disbanded his army Athelwold made a surprise attack. The battle of the Holm, as recorded in the ASC, was long and bloody, and though the Danes regarded it as their victory, both their king and Athelwold were killed. between 899 and 902.1

John Conyers 3rd Lord Conyers was born in 1524.1 He married Lady Maud Clifford, daughter of Henry Clifford KG, 11th Lord Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland and Lady Margaret Percy, before 28 October 1539.1,3John Conyers 3rd Lord Conyers died on 30 June 1557; dspms.1,2 John Conyers 3rd Lord Conyers JOHN CONYERS, 3rd LORD (Baron) CONYERS; b c 1524; served Siege of Leith in war against Scots 1544, ktd there, Warden W Marches and Govr Carlisle temp EDWARD VI and Warden E Marches and Govr Berwick temp MARY; m by 28 Oct 1539 Maud, dau of 1st Earl of Cumberland (see DE CLIFFORD, B), and dspms 30 June 1557, having had, with two sons (dsp & vp, so that the Barony of Conyers fell into abeyance between the surv daus and subsequently their representatives): 1a Anne; m Anthony Kempe, of Slindon, Sussex, and had an only s: 1b Henry; dsp 2a Elizabeth; m Thomas Darcy (d 6 Nov 1605), Lt Tower of London, 2nd s of Sir Arthur Darcy (see DARCY DE KNAYTH, B), and d 6 June 1572, leaving: 1b Conyers Darcy (Sir), 4th LORD (Baron) CONYERS, for whom see further below3a Katherine; m John Atherton, of Atherton, Lancs; their issue became extinct on the death sp 13 July 1644 of their gdau Anne, w of Sir William Pennyman, 1st and last Bt4a Margaret; d unm, presumably vp.1

John Conyers 3rd Lord Conyers JOHN CONYERS, 3rd LORD (Baron) CONYERS; ktd 11 May 1544; m by 28 Oct 1539 Maud, dau of 1st Earl of Cumberland (see DE CLIFFORD, B), and d 30 June 1557, when the Barony of Conyers fell into abeyance between his surv daus and their descendants, having had issue (with three other daus who either dsp or had issue who themselves dsp within at most two generations.) He was 3rd Lord (Baron) Conyers.1

John Worc. = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 vols., (London, 1848-9). (The work formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester is now generally attributed to John of Worcester.) Also edited more recently in Darlington & McGurk, eds., The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1995-). I do not have easy access to the latter edition, and most of the citations are given from Thorpe's edition.

Kelley (1989) = David H. Kelley, "The House of Aethelred", in Lindsay L. Brook, ed., Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans On the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Occasional Publication No. 2, Salt Lake City, 1989), 63-93.

Rog. Hoveden = William Stubbs, ed., Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols. (Rolls Series 51, 1868-71). For an English translation, see Henry T. Riley, trans., The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, 2 vols. (London, 1853). Citations are from the edition of Stubbs.

Eadwine (?) Sub-king of Kent was born circa 902.1Eadwine (?) Sub-king of Kent died in 933; drowned while crossing to Flanders.1,2Eadwine (?) Sub-king of Kent was buried in 933 at St. Bertin's Abbey, Flanders, (Belgium (now).1,2

Eadwine (?) Sub-king of Kent per The Henry Project: "Eadwine, d. 933, under-king?The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that he died at sea in 933 ["Her adranc Ædwinw æðeling onsæ." ASC(E) s.a. 933]. Simeon of Durham states that this was at the order of Æthelstan ["Rex Ethelstanus jussit Eadwinum fratrem suum submergi in mare." Sim. Durh., Hist.Regum, c. 83, s.a. 933 (2: 93); similarly, c. 107 (2: 124)]. William of Malmesbury makes Æthelstan indirectly at fault in Eadwine's drowning [Wm. Malmes., Gesta Regum, c. 139 (1: 156)]. Folcwine, a near contemporary who has the most detailed account of Eadwine, confirms that Eadwine (whom he calls "rex") was a brother of Æthelstan, states that his body washed up in Flanders and was buried at Saint-Bertin [Folcwine, Gesta Abbatum S. Bertini Sithiensium, c. 107, MGH SS 13: 629]. John of Worcester makes Eadwine a son of Eadweard by Eadgifu [John Worc., 1: 117, 274]. Plummer explains Folcwine's description of Eadwine as "rex" by suggesting that he was under-king of Kent [Plummer, notes to ASC, 2: 137-8]."

John Worc. = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 vols., (London, 1848-9). (The work formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester is now generally attributed to John of Worcester.) Also edited more recently in Darlington & McGurk, eds., The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1995-). I do not have easy access to the latter edition, and most of the citations are given from Thorpe's edition.

Kelley (1989) = David H. Kelley, "The House of Aethelred", in Lindsay L. Brook, ed., Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans On the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Occasional Publication No. 2, Salt Lake City, 1989), 63-93.

Rog. Hoveden = William Stubbs, ed., Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols. (Rolls Series 51, 1868-71). For an English translation, see Henry T. Riley, trans., The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, 2 vols. (London, 1853). Citations are from the edition of Stubbs.

Wood (2004) = Michael Wood, "Anglo-Saxon Pedigrees Annotated", Foundations 1 (2004): 269-274, 375-385, 445-457. He was sub-king of Kent: [Ashley, p. 226] EDWIN sub-king of Kent, c920-33. There is a suggestion that Edwin was made the sub-king of Kent by his father EDWARD THE ELDER. He was his oldest surviving legitimate son (born about the year 902), if we accept the belief (not necessarily proven) that his half-brother ATHELSTAN was illegitimate. Granting him the kingship of Kent was recognizing him as the heir to the throne. Since he did not succeed, we may assume that Edwin was content in his own kingdom and did not wish to rule England. Nevertheless Athelstan may have regarded him as a potential problem or, perhaps in later years (if we assume the date of his death is properly recorded and not an error for 923) he became a threat. 'He drowned at sea while crossing to Flanders and there was a strong rumour that the boat had been made unseaworthy at Athelstan's orders. Edwin's body was recovered and buried at St Bertin's Abbey in Flanders. between 920 and 933.1

John Worc. = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 vols., (London, 1848-9). (The work formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester is now generally attributed to John of Worcester.) Also edited more recently in Darlington & McGurk, eds., The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1995-). I do not have easy access to the latter edition, and most of the citations are given from Thorpe's edition.

Kelley (1989) = David H. Kelley, "The House of Aethelred", in Lindsay L. Brook, ed., Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans On the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Occasional Publication No. 2, Salt Lake City, 1989), 63-93.

Rog. Hoveden = William Stubbs, ed., Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols. (Rolls Series 51, 1868-71). For an English translation, see Henry T. Riley, trans., The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, 2 vols. (London, 1853). Citations are from the edition of Stubbs.

Ethelhilda (?) per The Henry Project: "Æthelhild, a lay sister, bur. Wilton.[Wm. Malmes., Gesta Regum, c. 126 (1: 137) (see below); R. Diceto, Abbreviationes Chronicorum, s.a. 900 (1: 140-1, see below)] David Kelley has suggested that Æthelhild was married to a certain Ælfsige [Kelley (1989), 85; see also Wood (2004), 452]. A certain Ælfsige and Æthelhild appear as parents of an Ælfwine who received a grant from bishop Æthelwold of Winchester in 975×8 ["Ælfwinum filium Ælfsige et Æðelhildam matrem ipsius" Codex Dipl. Sax. 6: 206 (#1347); see also "Æþelhild coniunx Ælfsini comitis" Lib. Vit. Hyde, 58; Searle (1899), 395]. However, no convincing reason was offered why the Æthelhild who was wife of Ælfsige should be identified with the Æthelhild who was daughter of Eadweard the Elder."

John Worc. = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 vols., (London, 1848-9). (The work formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester is now generally attributed to John of Worcester.) Also edited more recently in Darlington & McGurk, eds., The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1995-). I do not have easy access to the latter edition, and most of the citations are given from Thorpe's edition.

Kelley (1989) = David H. Kelley, "The House of Aethelred", in Lindsay L. Brook, ed., Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans On the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Occasional Publication No. 2, Salt Lake City, 1989), 63-93.

Rog. Hoveden = William Stubbs, ed., Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols. (Rolls Series 51, 1868-71). For an English translation, see Henry T. Riley, trans., The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, 2 vols. (London, 1853). Citations are from the edition of Stubbs.

Adiiva (?) married Boleslaw II "the Pious" (?) Duke of Bohemia, son of Boleslav I "the Cruel" (?) Duke of Bohemia and Biogata (?) von Stockow.1,3,2Adiiva (?) died in 1005.2 Adiiva (?) was a witness to the Per The Henry Project: "Conjectured son-in-law (long chronology, unconvincing): Boleslav II, d. 7 February 999, duke of Bohemia. "The theory that Adiva married Boleslav II of Bohemia was reported in a 1965 article by Bernard Orna [Orna (1965); thanks are due to Peter Stewart for sending a copy of the article, and to Todd Farmerie, for earlier giving an outline], who attributed the hypothesis to Dr. Pavel Radom?rský of the National Museum in Prague. The author describes and gives an illustration of a Bohemian coin having a figure of a woman and an inscription which reads "+V+DIV?+V" around the circumference of the coin. Since letters on coins were frequently upside-down or backwards during that period, Orna states that Radom?rský would see the inscription as reading "ADIVEA", with the first and last "V" representing an "A". Thus, the coins would supposedly name Eadweard's daughter Adiva, further identified with Boleslav's queen Emma/Hemma (d. 1006), who is known from the chronicler Cosmas [Cosmas, Chron. Boemorum, i, 33, MGH SS 9: 55; obit. at ibid., i, 39, s.a. 1006, p. 62] and from coins [Fiala (1889), 16]. This last identification is made on the strength of the supposition that Elfgifa (i.e., Ælfgifu) was the English form of Emma (Elfgifa having previously been given as the English form of Adiva's name). However, even though there was a queen who was known as both Ælfgifu and Emma (Emma of Normandy, wife successively of Æthelred II and Cnut), the names Emma and Ælfgifu are not interchangeable in general. Also, as noted above, identifying Ælfgifu as the English form of Adiva's name requires an emendation of William of Malmesbury. The known Anglo-Saxon features of some of the coinage of Boleslav II suggests some sort of connection between England and Bohemia during the late tenth century [see Fiala (1889), 13-15, showing a number of coins of Boleslav II in the type of Æthelred II], but even if that connection was a royal marriage, there seems to be no convincing reason to place it in the generation of Eadweard's children. Indeed, the chronology of this theory seems rather long, especially if Boleslav is being suggested as the husband of Adiva, who, as noted above, almost certainly married before 940. Boleslav II succeeded his father Boleslav I as duke on 15 July 967 [Cosmas, Chron. Boemorum, i, 21, MGH SS 9: 48], and did not die until 7 February 999 [ibid., i, 33, MGH SS 9: 56]. Thus, his floruit seems rather late for a supposed husband of Adiva, although too little is known about his birthdate to rule out the relationship on this basis alone. Thus, the evidence for this relationship seems very weak."

Adiiva (?) Per Med Lands: "Duke Boleslav has been suggested as the possible husband of Ælfgifu of Wessex, daughter of Edward "the Elder" King of Wessex & his second wife Ælfleda ---. Hroswitha of Gandersheim describes her as "Adiva … younger in years and likewise inferior in merit" [to her older sister Eadgyth, whom she accompanied to Germany to provide an alternative choice of bride for Otto of Germany[42]. According to William of Malmesbury, she married "a certain Duke near the Alps"[43], who has not been identified. It seems improbable chronologically that her husband could have been Duke Boleslav. Although the duke's birth date is not known, his younger brother Strakhvas was born 28 Sep 929[44]. It therefore seems unlikely that Boleslaw could have been born much earlier than 925 at the earliest, whereas Ælfgifu was probably born in the range [910/15] assuming that she was of marriageable age when she went to Germany with her sister.] "Med Lands cites: