RAFAH, Gaza Strip (AP) -- The youngest to die was a 4-day-old
girl, the oldest a 92-year-old man.

They were among at least 844 Palestinians killed as a result
of airstrikes on homes during Israel's summer war with the Islamic militant
group, Hamas.

Under the rules of war, homes are considered protected
civilian sites unless used for military purposes. Israel says it attacked
only legitimate targets, alleging militants used the houses to hide weapons,
fighters and command centers. Palestinians say Israel's warplanes often
struck without regard for civilians.

The Associated Press examined 247 airstrikes on homes,
interviewing witnesses, visiting attack sites and compiling a detailed
casualty count. The review found that 508 of the dead - just over 60 percent
- were children, women and older men, all presumed to be civilians. Hamas
says it did not use women as fighters in the war, and an Israel-based research
group tracking militants among the dead said it has no evidence women
participated in combat.

The AP count also showed that:

- Children younger than 16 made up one-third of the total: 280
killed, including 19 babies and 108 preschoolers between the ages of 1 and 5.

- In 83 strikes, three or more members of one family died.

- Among those killed were 96 confirmed or suspected militants
- or just over 11 percent of the total - though the actual number could be
higher since armed groups have not released detailed casualty lists.

- The remainder of the 240 dead were males between the ages of
16 and 59 whose names did not appear in connection with militant groups on
searches of websites or on street posters honoring fighters.

The review was the most painstaking attempt to date to
determine who was killed in strikes on homes in the Gaza war even as Israel's
army and Gaza militants have refused to release information about targets and
casualties. The count tracked all known airstrikes, but not all strikes had witnesses
and damage at sites inspected by the AP wasn't always conclusive.

The number of civilian deaths has been a key issue in the
highly charged battle over the dominant narrative of the 50-day war, the
third and most destructive confrontation between Israel and Hamas since 2008.

The war erupted in July, after a month of escalating tensions
triggered by the abduction and killing of three Israeli teens by Hamas in the
West Bank, and an Israeli arrest sweep of Hamas supporters that led to
renewed Gaza rocket fire on Israel.

Israel says it tried to avoid harming civilians, even as Hamas
embedded weapons and fighters in residential areas in what Israel calls a
cynical attempt to drive up the civilian death toll for propaganda purposes.

"Our position is very clear. Israel did not commit war
crimes," said Foreign Ministry spokesman Emmanuel Nahshon.

"Either they have the worst army in the world that
constantly misses targets and hits civilians, or they are deliberately
killing civilians," said Hanan Ashrawi, a Palestinian spokeswoman. If
most of those killed are civilians, "you cannot call them collateral
damage," she said.

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, though a political rival
of Hamas, has asked the International Criminal Court to investigate the war,
a move that could pave the way for a possible prosecution of both Israel and
Hamas.

International law experts note that on its own, a high
civilian death toll does not constitute evidence of war crimes, and that each
strike has to be investigated separately.

But a high civilian toll "certainly raises a red flag and
suggests that further investigation is warranted," said Alex Whiting, a
Harvard law professor and former top official at the ICC in The Hague,
Netherlands.

Israel would not say how many of the 5,000 air attacks it
carried out during the war were directed at homes. However, it said it only
aimed at legitimate military targets.

Asked for comment on the AP's findings, an Israeli army
spokesman, Lt. Peter Lerner, said that "one cannot draw broad
conclusions" by examining only a small percentage of Israel's
airstrikes.

"While loss of civilian life is regrettable, combatting a
terrorist organization with semi-state military capabilities that
intentionally conceals those capabilities within and beneath homes, schools,
hospitals and mosques is the reality of urban warfare," Lerner said.

According to preliminary U.N. figures, at least 1,483
Palestinian civilians were killed in the war - 66 percent of the overall
death toll of 2,205.

Gaza militants fired about 4,300 rockets and mortar rounds at
Israel during the war, driving tens of thousands of Israelis from their homes
to seek cover, according to the Israeli military. Five civilians were killed
in Israel, among them a 4-year-old boy, along with 67 soldiers.

Gaza militant groups have not released complete lists of
fighters killed in the war. Israel says about 890 militants were killed in
Gaza, including 590 from Hamas, 200 from Islamic Jihad and 100 from other
armed factions. It did not say how many were killed in airstrikes on homes.

A Hamas official said the group lost about 400 fighters,
including many killed in battles with Israeli soldiers and a smaller number
who died in house strikes, though he gave no precise figure. The smaller
Islamic Jihad group said 135 of its armed men were killed overall.

In the initial stages, the AP's reporting was guided by Al
Mezan, a Gaza human rights group, and the Israeli rights group, B'Tselem,
which published partial findings on house strikes or provided names of
families.

The count included 247 airstrikes in which people were killed
in homes or adjacent yards, including those hit by flying shrapnel or debris
from attacks on neighboring buildings. The AP looked only at cases where
homes were hit from the air, excluding artillery strikes, which are
inherently inaccurate.

Starting in November, three reporters visited the vast
majority of attack sites, interviewed survivors and collected hundreds of
death certificates - documents recognized by Israel as proof of mortality.
The certificates, which also contain birth dates, allowed a breakdown of the
dead by age.

Reuven Erlich, who heads the Meir Amit Intelligence and
Terrorism Information Center, an Israel-based research group that is tracking
militants among the Gaza dead, said the group has found no evidence that
women participated in combat.

Commenting on the AP count, the retired intelligence officer
questioned the reliability of Gaza witnesses and said only military experts
on the ground would be able to determine what happened in each strike.

The deadliest attack occurred at 7:30 a.m. on July 29, a
Muslim holiday, flattening an apartment building in the town of Khan Younis.
It killed 33 people from four families and a young girl in a neighboring
home.

A possible target was Ahmed Moammar, 32, who died in the
attack. A poster next to the debris praised him as a "prominent
leader" of the local military wing of Islamic Jihad.

His widow, Tahrir, said her husband had been on the move since
the start of the war, but had slept at home the night before the strike,
which also killed her 2-year-old daughter, Hala, and 3-year-old son, Yazan.

The youngest victim, Shayma Sheik Ali, died four days after
her mother was killed in an airstrike on July 25.

The infant was delivered by emergency cesarean section after
the body of her mother, who was nine months pregnant, was pulled from the
rubble of their home in the Deir el-Balah refugee camp. The newborn was
placed in an incubator and died July 29, according to her death certificate.

The oldest victim, 92-year-old Abdel Karim Abu Nijem, was
killed along with a son, three grandsons and three other relatives, in an
airstrike on his home in the Jebaliya refugee camp. Islamic Jihad later
confirmed that two fighters, including a senior commander, were also killed
in that strike.

A nephew, Mohammed Abu Nijem, said he heard later that
"two Islamic Jihad fighters were passing by the house and that both were
killed." He said the family received no warning of an impending strike.

"Otherwise we would have fled," said Abu Nijem,
whose 29-year-old wife, Soha, and 3-year-old daughter, Ragheb, were among the
dead.

The military said it warned civilians when possible, including
through phone calls or "knocks on the roof" with non-explosive
missiles, and it aborted some strikes due to civilians in the vicinity.
However, citing the Geneva Conventions, it said "advance warning is not
always feasible," including when the element of surprise is needed to
attack an enemy fighter.

Among the militants targeted by the strikes was Mohammed Deif,
a shadowy leader of the Hamas military wing. Under Deif's guidance, the
Izzedine al-Qassam Brigades built rockets and dug dozens of attack tunnels
into Israel.

On Aug. 19, Israeli aircraft dropped several bombs on an
apartment building owned by Rabah al-Dalo in Gaza City. "It was like
judgment day," al-Dalo, 49, said of the strike that killed his wife and
two sons, 19 and 13, along with one of Deif's wives and two of the couple's
young children. Deif's fate remains unclear.

Two days later, warplanes leveled a four-story home before
dawn in the southern town of Rafah, killing three senior commanders of the
al-Qassam brigades, along with eight civilians.

Rami Younis, who lives next to the targeted building, said the
blast destroyed the outer wall of a bedroom, killing his father, stepmother
and 4-year-old daughter, Seba. Younis said he didn't know the militant
commanders were present. Asked if he felt the men endangered the
neighborhood, he said: "There is no point in talking now."

Until recently, the debate about a possible war crimes inquiry
into the Israel-Hamas fighting in Gaza appeared largely theoretical.

However, in January, the Palestinians joined the International
Criminal Court, opening the way for possible investigations of both Israel
and Hamas. In response, the ICC prosecutor launched a preliminary review of
whether a full probe is warranted.

Advocacy groups and U.N. investigators have said that Hamas'
battle tactics over the years, including indiscriminate rocket fire at
Israel, amount to war crimes.

Israel alleges that militants used Gaza civilians as human
shields more than in previous wars, turning homes into command centers and
weapons storehouses or firing rockets from nearby. At the same time, Israel's
military says it is conducting a transparent investigation of any wrongdoing
by its forces.

Rights groups in Israel and abroad demand an independent
investigation, including of the strikes on houses, arguing these were a
policy approved at the highest levels and the Israeli military cannot
investigate itself in this case.

B'Tselem, the Israeli rights group, rejected Israel's claim
that the policy of house bombings is lawful.

"This argument ignores the spirit and purpose of
international humanitarian law, which primarily aims at reducing as much as
possible the harm caused to the civilian population," the group wrote in
a report on house strikes last month.

This policy is "unlawful through and through," it
said.

Whiting, the former ICC official, noted that the court would
only open a formal war crimes probe if it determines that the relevant
authorities - in this case Israel and Hamas - did not conduct proper
investigations.

The rules of war are often vague and open to interpretation.

They allow for attacking a home if it is used for military
purposes, such as storing weapons. If a home is deemed a legitimate target,
harm to civilians must be proportionate to the military advantage created by
an attack. Proportionality is judged by anticipated, not actual civilian
deaths, and there is no formula for what is deemed excessive harm to
civilians, international law experts said.

In the Gaza strikes, a key piece of information has been
missing: What exactly was targeted? Both Israel and Gaza militant groups have
withheld such information.

Israel says revealing targets could harm
intelligence-gathering, and legal experts say armies are not required to give
such information.

Human rights groups said Israel must be more transparent.

"In these specific attacks, the onus is on the Israeli
authorities to come clean and say what it was they were targeting, and how it
was they could justify targeting a house full of children and other
civilians," said Philip Luther of Amnesty International, which has
looked into eight house attacks and alleged some amounted to war crimes.

The legal aftermath of the war is bound to be complicated.

In addition to the preliminary examination by the ICC
prosecutor, the U.N. Human Rights Council formed a commission of inquiry, but
Israel has said it won't cooperate with the team, alleging anti-Israel bias.
Israel is cooperating with a second U.N. investigation into deaths, injuries
and damage to U.N. premises, as well as the discovery of militant weapons in
some vacant U.N. schools.

The Israeli military said it has bolstered its system of
internal investigations, adding teams of senior officers outside the chain of
command. It has launched 13 criminal investigations and closed nine cases
after finding no wrongdoing, while 85 other complaints about what it calls
"exceptional incidents" are still under review.

One criminal probe involves a strike that apparently targeted
a commander in the Hamas military wing but also killed 24 members of the Abu
Jamea family, including 18 children between 6 months and 9 years old,
according to death certificates.

The military said it found "reasonable suspicion" of
a deviation from approved procedure, but did not name the target.

In two other attacks on homes, an initial review found no
fault, the military said.

Fair Use NoticeThis site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml . If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.