'''Shadwell''' was the birthplace of [[Thomas Jefferson]], and the main plantation of his father, [[Peter Jefferson]]. Located in Albemarle County, Virginia, it was named after the parish in London where [[Jane Randolph Jefferson]] was born. The land was purchased from William Randolph by [[Peter Jefferson]] in 1736 for "Henry Weatherborne’s biggest bowl of Arrack punch."<ref>Edward C. Mead, [http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=856 ''Historic Homes of the South-West Mountains: Virginia''] (Bridgewater, Virginia: C. J. Carrier Company, 1962), 55-56.</ref> A year later, in 1737, Peter Jefferson built the original house on the property and in 1739, following their marriage, his wife joined him there. Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell in 1743, but spent only a few years of his childhood there.

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'''Shadwell''' was the plantation of the Jefferson family. Located in Albemarle County, Virginia, it was named after the parish in London where Jane Randolph Jefferson was born. The land was purchased from William Randolph by Peter Jefferson in 1736 for "Henry Weatherbourn’s biggest bowl of Arrack punch."<ref>Edward C. Mead, [http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=856 ''Historic Homes of the South-West Mountains: Virginia''] (Bridgewater, Virginia: C. J. Carrier Company, 1962), 55-56.</ref> A year later, in 1737, Peter Jefferson built the original house on the property and in 1739, following their marriage, his wife Jane Randolph Jefferson joined him there. [[Thomas Jefferson]] was born at Shadwell in 1743, but spent only a few years of his childhood there.<ref>Kern.</ref>

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The original house built by the Jefferson family was a one-and-a-half story frame dwelling, which burned in February of 1770.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Archaeological work has been done on the property, and in 1991 two cellar foundations were uncovered, one of which is believed to be the site of the original main house built by Peter Jefferson.<ref>K. Edward Lay, [http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=5717 ''The Architecture of Jefferson County: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia''] (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 301 n. 19.</ref>

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The original house built by the Jefferson family was a one-and-a-half story frame dwelling, which burned in February of 1770. Archaeological work has been done on the property, and in 1991 two cellar foundations were uncovered, one of which is believed to be the site of the original main house built by Peter Jefferson.<ref>K. Edward Lay, [http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=5717 ''The Architecture of Jefferson County: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia''] (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 301 n. 19.</ref>

In 1841, Col. Frank Ruffin and his wife, Cary Anne Nicholas Randolph Ruffin, built the current main house. Although located on the original "punch-bowl tract" of land, the current Shadwell residence is not located near the site of the original Jefferson house.<ref>Mead, 63-64.</ref>

In 1841, Col. Frank Ruffin and his wife, Cary Anne Nicholas Randolph Ruffin, built the current main house. Although located on the original "punch-bowl tract" of land, the current Shadwell residence is not located near the site of the original Jefferson house.<ref>Mead, 63-64.</ref>

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'''c1757.''' Peter Jefferson built a flour mill at Shadwell on the Rivanna River.

'''c1757.''' Peter Jefferson built a flour mill at Shadwell on the Rivanna River.

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'''1764 April 13.''' Thomas Jefferson, at age twenty-one, came into the inheritance of his share of his father's lands, including Shadwell. Not that his mother, [[Jane Randolph Jefferson]], had a life estate in Shadwell, so that until her death in 1776 Jefferson leased it from her.

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'''1764 April 13.''' Thomas Jefferson, at age twenty-one, came into the inheritance of his share of his father's lands, including Shadwell. Not that his mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson, had a life estate in Shadwell, so that until her death in 1776 Jefferson leased it from her.

'''1765 to 1794.''' Jefferson operates the Shadwell plantation through overseers, producing tobacco as the main cash crop. In 1774, for instance, there were eighteen slaves at Shadwell, twelve of them children or too old to work.

'''1765 to 1794.''' Jefferson operates the Shadwell plantation through overseers, producing tobacco as the main cash crop. In 1774, for instance, there were eighteen slaves at Shadwell, twelve of them children or too old to work.

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'''1770 February 1.''' The Shadwell house was destroyed by fire. As Jefferson wrote to his friend John Page, he lamented the loss "of every paper I had in the world, and almost every book. On a reasonable estimate I calculate the cost of the books burned to have been £200. sterling."<ref>Jefferson to Page, Charlottesville, 21 February 1770, [[Short Title List|''PTJ'']] 1:34-37.</ref> The family story relates that Jefferson arriving at the smoking ruins of the house, asked a slave if his books had been saved. The reply was, "No master, all burnt, but we save your fiddle." Another house was built on the property, but Jefferson apparently never again lived at Shadwell after this fire.

'''1770 February 1.''' The Shadwell house was destroyed by fire. As Jefferson wrote to his friend John Page, he lamented the loss "of every paper I had in the world, and almost every book. On a reasonable estimate I calculate the cost of the books burned to have been £200. sterling."<ref>Jefferson to Page, Charlottesville, 21 February 1770, [[Short Title List|''PTJ'']] 1:34-37.</ref> The family story relates that Jefferson arriving at the smoking ruins of the house, asked a slave if his books had been saved. The reply was, "No master, all burnt, but we save your fiddle." Another house was built on the property, but Jefferson apparently never again lived at Shadwell after this fire.

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'''1771 May 26.''' Shadwell mill destroyed by "the greatest flood ever known in Virginia."<ref>[[Short Title List|Betts, ''Garden Book'']], 22. Document also available at [http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/cfm/doc.cfm?id=garden_6&mode=sm http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/cfm/doc.cfm?id=garden_6&mode=sm]</ref>

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'''1771 May 26.''' Shadwell mill destroyed by "the greatest flood ever known in Virginia."<ref>[[Short Title List|Betts, ''Garden Book'']], 22. [http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/cfm/doc.cfm?id=garden_6&mode=sm Manuscript] at the Massachusetts Historical Society.</ref>

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'''1794 to 1799.''' Shadwell was one of four farms (Monticello, [[Tufton]], and [[Lego]] were the others) that were part of Jefferson's new agricultural schemes. Wheat replaced tobacco as the cash crop, and a seven-year rotation of principally wheat, corn, and clover was adopted. At Shadwell there were seven forty-acre fields (Upper, Mountain, Middle, and Chapel Ridge on the north side of present-day Route 250, and West, South, and East fields to the south). The overseer at Shadwell (and Lego) in 1794 and 1795 was Eli Alexander, brought by Jefferson from Maryland in the hop that, because labor there was a mixture of free and slave, a Maryland farmer would "understand the management of negroes on a rational and humane plan."<ref>For a brief identification of Alexander, see [[Short Title List|''PTJ'']] 28:235n.</ref>

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'''1794 to 1799.''' Shadwell was one of four farms (Monticello, [[Tufton]], and [[Lego]] were the others) that were part of Jefferson's new agricultural schemes. Wheat replaced tobacco as the cash crop, and a seven-year rotation of principally wheat, corn, and clover was adopted. At Shadwell there were seven forty-acre fields (Upper, Mountain, Middle, and Chapel Ridge on the north side of present-day Route 250, and West, South, and East fields to the south). The overseer at Shadwell (and Lego) in 1794 and 1795 was Eli Alexander, brought by Jefferson from Maryland in the hope that, because labor there was a mixture of free and slave, a Maryland farmer would "understand the management of negroes on a rational and humane plan."<ref>For a brief identification of Alexander, see [[Short Title List|''PTJ'']] 28:235n.</ref>

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'''1799-1813.''' Because of his return to public service Jefferson leased Shadwell in 1799 to William Page, its overseer since the tenure of Eli Alexander. He continued to lease it until 1813. The longest lease, to former overseer Alexander in 1805, was for eight fields of forty acres each, at $1 per acre.<ref>[[Short Title List|Betts, ''Farm Book'']] 171-172. Original lease document is at Massachusetts Historical Society.</ref>

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'''1799-1813.''' Because of his return to public service Jefferson leased Shadwell in 1799 to William Page, its overseer since the tenure of Eli Alexander. He continued to lease it until 1813. The longest lease, to former overseer Alexander in 1805, was for eight fields of forty acres each, at $1 per acre.<ref>[[Short Title List|Betts, ''Farm Book'']] 171-172. Original lease document is at [http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/farm/ Massachusetts Historical Society].</ref>

'''1803 December.''' 1,200-foot canal and toll mill completed on the Rivanna River. This small mill ground grain (mainly corn) for Jefferson's household use, and, for a toll, that of his neighbors.

'''1803 December.''' 1,200-foot canal and toll mill completed on the Rivanna River. This small mill ground grain (mainly corn) for Jefferson's household use, and, for a toll, that of his neighbors.

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'''1807.''' A large manufacturing mill adjacent to the toll mill was completed and leased by Jefferson for $1,200 a year or its equivalent in flour. This mill, which had two pairs of stones, ground the market wheat of Jefferson and his neighbors, and used the patent laborsavings machinery invented by Oliver Evans. Jefferson's slave coopers probably had their shop for making wheat barrels somewhere in the mill's vicinity.

'''1807.''' A large manufacturing mill adjacent to the toll mill was completed and leased by Jefferson for $1,200 a year or its equivalent in flour. This mill, which had two pairs of stones, ground the market wheat of Jefferson and his neighbors, and used the patent laborsavings machinery invented by Oliver Evans. Jefferson's slave coopers probably had their shop for making wheat barrels somewhere in the mill's vicinity.

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'''1813 March 13.''' Jefferson deeded Shadwell as a gift to his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph.<ref>[http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=16416 Albemarle County Deed Book], XIX:154-155.</ref>

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'''1813 March 13.''' Jefferson deeded Shadwell as a gift to his grandson [[Thomas Jefferson Randolph]].<ref>[http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=16416 Albemarle County Deed Book], XIX:154-155.</ref>

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== Footnotes==

== Footnotes==

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==Further Sources==

==Further Sources==

*Kern, Susan A. [http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=17256 "The Jeffersons at Shadwell: The Social and Material World of a Virginia Family."] PhD diss., College of William and Mary, 2005.

*Kern, Susan A. [http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=17256 "The Jeffersons at Shadwell: The Social and Material World of a Virginia Family."] PhD diss., College of William and Mary, 2005.

[http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&SL=none&SAB1=shadwell&BOOL1=all+of+these&FLD1=Title%2C+Author+%26+Subject+%28TASS%29&GRP1=AND+with+next+set&SAB2=&BOOL2=all+of+these&FLD2=Keyword+Anywhere+%28GKEY%29&CNT=50 Look for more sources in the Thomas Jefferson Portal]

*[http://tjportal.monticello.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&SL=none&SAB1=shadwell&BOOL1=all+of+these&FLD1=Title%2C+Author+%26+Subject+%28TASS%29&GRP1=AND+with+next+set&SAB2=&BOOL2=all+of+these&FLD2=Keyword+Anywhere+%28GKEY%29&CNT=50 Look for more sources in the Thomas Jefferson Portal]

[[Category:Architecture]]

[[Category:Architecture]]

[[Category:Places]]

[[Category:Places]]

Current revision

Shadwell was the birthplace of Thomas Jefferson, and the main plantation of his father, Peter Jefferson. Located in Albemarle County, Virginia, it was named after the parish in London where Jane Randolph Jefferson was born. The land was purchased from William Randolph by Peter Jefferson in 1736 for "Henry Weatherborne’s biggest bowl of Arrack punch."[1] A year later, in 1737, Peter Jefferson built the original house on the property and in 1739, following their marriage, his wife joined him there. Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell in 1743, but spent only a few years of his childhood there.

The original house built by the Jefferson family was a one-and-a-half story frame dwelling, which burned in February of 1770. Archaeological work has been done on the property, and in 1991 two cellar foundations were uncovered, one of which is believed to be the site of the original main house built by Peter Jefferson.[2]

In 1841, Col. Frank Ruffin and his wife, Cary Anne Nicholas Randolph Ruffin, built the current main house. Although located on the original "punch-bowl tract" of land, the current Shadwell residence is not located near the site of the original Jefferson house.[3]

1736 May 18. Peter Jefferson received a deed - actually more of
an option to buy than a real deed - for 200 acres of
land from his friend William Randolph, in exchange for "Henry
Weatherborne's biggest bowl of Arrack punch."[5]

1741 May 16. A confirming deed, adding 200 acres and noting the payment of £50, was recorded.

c1741. Peter Jefferson erected a house and moved his family to Shadwell.

1743 April 2/13. Thomas Jefferson born at Shadwell.

c1757. Peter Jefferson built a flour mill at Shadwell on the Rivanna River.

1764 April 13. Thomas Jefferson, at age twenty-one, came into the inheritance of his share of his father's lands, including Shadwell. Not that his mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson, had a life estate in Shadwell, so that until her death in 1776 Jefferson leased it from her.

1765 to 1794. Jefferson operates the Shadwell plantation through overseers, producing tobacco as the main cash crop. In 1774, for instance, there were eighteen slaves at Shadwell, twelve of them children or too old to work.

1770 February 1. The Shadwell house was destroyed by fire. As Jefferson wrote to his friend John Page, he lamented the loss "of every paper I had in the world, and almost every book. On a reasonable estimate I calculate the cost of the books burned to have been £200. sterling."[6] The family story relates that Jefferson arriving at the smoking ruins of the house, asked a slave if his books had been saved. The reply was, "No master, all burnt, but we save your fiddle." Another house was built on the property, but Jefferson apparently never again lived at Shadwell after this fire.

1771 May 26. Shadwell mill destroyed by "the greatest flood ever known in Virginia."[7]

1794 to 1799. Shadwell was one of four farms (Monticello, Tufton, and Lego were the others) that were part of Jefferson's new agricultural schemes. Wheat replaced tobacco as the cash crop, and a seven-year rotation of principally wheat, corn, and clover was adopted. At Shadwell there were seven forty-acre fields (Upper, Mountain, Middle, and Chapel Ridge on the north side of present-day Route 250, and West, South, and East fields to the south). The overseer at Shadwell (and Lego) in 1794 and 1795 was Eli Alexander, brought by Jefferson from Maryland in the hope that, because labor there was a mixture of free and slave, a Maryland farmer would "understand the management of negroes on a rational and humane plan."[8]

1799-1813. Because of his return to public service Jefferson leased Shadwell in 1799 to William Page, its overseer since the tenure of Eli Alexander. He continued to lease it until 1813. The longest lease, to former overseer Alexander in 1805, was for eight fields of forty acres each, at $1 per acre.[9]

1803 December. 1,200-foot canal and toll mill completed on the Rivanna River. This small mill ground grain (mainly corn) for Jefferson's household use, and, for a toll, that of his neighbors.

1807. A large manufacturing mill adjacent to the toll mill was completed and leased by Jefferson for $1,200 a year or its equivalent in flour. This mill, which had two pairs of stones, ground the market wheat of Jefferson and his neighbors, and used the patent laborsavings machinery invented by Oliver Evans. Jefferson's slave coopers probably had their shop for making wheat barrels somewhere in the mill's vicinity.