Today I'm going to modify the toggle switch prototype design to use 12 volt relays in place of mechanical switches. I'm talking about electromagnetic relays, not the solid state kind, which are ruled out of analog signal graft by their zero crossing distortion. The use of relays will have certain advantages, which I'll come to in a moment. First, for me personally, there's a significant down side to consider.

All the prototypes seen so far have been completely passive, in that the only electrical energy passing through the switch circuits has been the amplified audio signal, on its way to the speakers. This feature has had a certain attraction. At home, in our living room, the TV unit conceals under its skirt two six-way mains extension strips, both of which are fully populated and occupied feeding sundry gadgets. Four additional, adjacent wall sockets - each with an integrated USB charge port! - are similarly stuffed with kit that resists further fanout. Finding a power source for an active switch is going to be tricky, but it'll have to be done.

As to the advantages:

A single rotary control can be used to select any of the available speaker configurations.

That manual input itself can later be replaced with an Arduino-based remote control system.

When that great day dawns, I can retire the word "prototype" and take tequila shots.

Yes, this has been about the tequila all along. Let's get started!

45° clockwise twist from two 4PDT relays (2 ways).

45° Clockwise Rotator

Here on the right is the last of the necessary sub-assemblies, the 45° rotator stage, required to complete our 8-direction relay switch. As was the case with toggle switches, 4PDT is the largest generally available electromechanical relay size, before prices start to escalate, so once again we'll be using them in ganged pairs.

Two alternative realisations are shown. In the top version, the input signals are connected to the switch commons, while in the bottom version, the outputs are taken from the commons. Now notice the central thin black vertical line, cutting across red, brown, yellow and green wires. These horizontal links between toggles 4/5 and 1/8, in both cases, illustrate that for the first time, the two 4PDT switches (the left and the right halves of the module) are not entirely independent. Both must always be open, or closed, together.

Let's look at the possible fault conditions. In the top version, activation of the left hand side alone results in amplifier outputs 4/5 becoming shorted together; with the right hand side, it's outputs 1/8. But in the bottom version, left-only activation connects output 8 to speakers 1/8 simultaneously, leaving output 4 open; while right-only connects output 4 to speakers 4/5, leaving 8 open.

As mentioned previously, the second schema might be preferred when, under conditions of switch sync failure, the consequences of one amplifier being connected to two speakers in parallel are less serious than two amplifier outputs becoming shorted together. The lower of these two versions might appear the more complex, but that's just an artefact of the drawing convention. In reality, and under normal (non-fault) operating conditions, they are physically, electrically, and topologically equivalent.

8-Way Switch with Mode 5 support - full cascade diagram - version 1.

8 Way Switch with Mode 5 Support

And, semi-finally, here on the left is one complete cascade diagram for the full 8-way rotator, complete with unrestricted Mode 5 support. This version uses the first of the 45° stage implementations just described.

As before, reading the diagram from the top: four of the seven amplifier outputs (1/2/6/7, those carrying the surround sound information) first arrive at relay RL1, which supplies the option to switch out of 7.x and into Mode 5. The outputs of this stage, together with the three remaining (non-surround related) signals 3/4/5, then reach relays RL2/RL3, which as before, operate in tandem to allow an optional rotation of 180°. Subsequent relays RL4/RL5 again offer a 90° clockwise rotation, while the new, last stage, RL6/RL7, offers a further 45° clockwise twist.

Relays

Orientation

Signal Destinations

RL2+RL3

RL4+RL5

RL6+RL7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

-

-

-

-

N

1/-

2/1

3

4

5

6/7

7/-

8

-

-

ON

NE

2/-

3/2

4

5

6

7/8

8/-

1

-

ON

-

E

3/-

4/3

5

6

7

8/1

1/-

2

-

ON

ON

SE

4/-

5/4

6

7

8

1/2

2/-

3

ON

-

-

S

5/-

6/5

7

8

1

2/3

3/-

4

ON

-

ON

SW

6/-

7/6

8

1

2

3/4

4/-

5

ON

ON

-

W

7/-

8/7

1

2

3

4/5

5/-

6

ON

ON

ON

NW

8/-

1/8

2

3

4

5/6

6/-

7

Encoding & Decoding

The "truth table" above illustrates how the selective energisation of relay pairs 2/3, 4/5 and 6/7 is decoded by the clever wiring into one of eight possible sound stage orientations. The default starting position is labelled "North" by convention. A starter for ten might be in order...

In first orientation, N for North, all three relay pairs (RL2 through RL7 inclusive) are off. Audio signals #1 through #7 are sent by default to speakers #1 through #7, and the silent "null" signal ("-") arrives at speaker #8. The next row describes orientation NE (North East). Here the signal from amplifier #1 has been dispatched to speaker destination #2, signal 2 to speaker #3, and so on. Speaker #8 springs into life with the output from audio signal #7, while the null signal now goes to speaker #1. So it continues, rotationally, for the remaining six rows of the table.

It's worth making your default (or most popular) orientation correspond to the direction labelled "N" in this table, where all the relays are off. This should minimise the duty on both the relay coils and the power adapter, prolonging their lives. It also affords the option of powering down the unit under this default condition, and indeed under the majority of fault conditions, preserving a normal surround sound service when copper eventually fractures, or enamel cracks.

Hex thumbwheel switch.

Steering the Beast

One elegant way to drive these relay coils would be using a rotary switch with binary encoded outputs. The one on the left, an Apem SMFB16N1248 thumbwheel device (RS Components stock number 425-0142), has four hexadecimally coded outputs. The encoding disc tracks are visible through the translucent PCB. We can use the first three, least significant outputs to drive the relay pairs according to the above table, so the switch positions 0 through 7 give us the cycle of eight orientations N through NW listed there.

Meanwhile, we can craftily attach the fourth output to drive relay RL1 independently of the rest, so the remaining eight switch positions repeat the full cycle of 8 orientations, but this time with Mode 5 enabled. If it's all the same to you, I'll not bother adding these 8 extra rows to the table, they don't enhance the clarity one iota. Update: OK you win. To facilitate testing, rather than add another 8 full rows to the table, I've changed the content of the four affected Signal Destination columns to the format a/b, where a is the normal 7.x destination, and b is the destination when in Mode 5.

Control wiring alternatives.

Wiring the Coils

The two alternative PSU / relay coil / thumbwheel switch wiring diagrams on the right show the use of a negative (top) or a positive (bottom) common rail for the coils. The only logical difference between these diagrams is actually the swapping of the ± signs at the PSU, but notice the numbering of the relays, which changes to minimise wire crossovers in the diagram.

The first case, known as high side switching, might seem the obvious one to use. But if you plan eventually to dispense with or override the thumbwheel switch, in favour of operating the relays from a remote controlled Arduino or similar device with 5V switchable outputs, it's probably easier to adopt the second diagram. Then you can interface using single npn transistors with freewheeling protection diodes to drive the coils. In the common negative case, you'd need an extra transistor per relay to control the 12V supply using a 5V signal.

When looking for a suitable project box, keep in mind that this DIN rail assembly alone will measure 8" x 3" x 3" (200x75x75mm). The ADA MORB-1 that started me on this quest was itself 6.37" x 4.87" x 3" externally. We're going to be quite a bit bigger than that - particularly when we leave prototyping mode and the surrounding cable trunking has to be packed in! But for the extra inches, linear and volumetric, we'll be getting sixteen different sound stage orientations, compared to just two with the MORB-1.

A parallel pair of these relays will draw a current of

Ipair = 2 * Vdc / R = 2 * 12V / 160Ω = 150mA

from the 12Vdc supply (75mA might seem a lot for a single 12V relay, but remember it's a 4PDT type, so the mechanical bulk of switch that has to be moved is much greater than for a typical single pole unit). In the worst case (NW orientation, Mode 5 ON) all seven relays will be energised simultaneously, drawing a total current of

Imax = 7 * 75mA = 525mA

from the supply, and dissipating a total power of

Pmax = Imax * Vdc = 0.525A * 12V = 6.3W.

What an AC adapter looks like.

Component Selection Ruminations

A 12 volt, one amp wall wart should cover our power requirements comfortably. Possible candidates can be found in the Mascot 9881 (unregulated) and 9883 (regulated) series. Might as well use the 2.1mm plug with positive centre pin, just to maximise Arduino compatibility.

Regulated supplies are almost twice the price of unregulated, but will minimise the PSU ripple, avoiding any 50Hz inductive pickup between the coil drives and (the albeit low impedance) audio leads. Also, we are going to be operating well below the PSU's maximum load at all times, and an unregulated supply can rise well above its nominal voltage under such conditions. Update: bought one of each to test. The unregulated one reads almost 20V on my digital multimeter! No problem though, Arduino's on-board regulator can actually handle up to 20V in, and like I said, this voltage will plummet once it's asked to energise a relay coil or seven.

For this application, incidentally, the thumbwheel switch shown above is a far better choice than the most popular encoded rotary switch alternatives, which tend to be rated at 150mA on the nose. This one's gold plated contacts are rated for half an amp - at mains voltage! Sounds like a lot, until you realise that the full 525mA under those maximum load conditions will be travelling along its single common contact strip. If anything, that 500mA rating is too damn low. One way to tweak this might be to use a 9Vdc supply instead of a 12Vdc one; the selected 12Vdc Beta relays actually have a "must operate voltage" specification of 75%, or 9Vdc (pdf). The worst case total current then drops below 400mA, with a corresponding drop in power of almost half (down to 3.6W).

Also, moving from one configuration to another causes the selector switch to visit all positions between the two. This relay power cycling ("chattering") is further exacerbated by the switch's use of plain binary rather than Gray encoding. If that's a problem, the answer may be to power down, move the switch to the new target configuration, then power back up. But the thumbwheel design is less prone to this chatter vulnerability, simply because it is more difficult to "spin" rapidly between settings.

4PDT DIN rail relay base.

DIN Rail Constraints

To optimise the DIN rail component and wiring layout, all relays will be mounted in a single row, and physically oriented in the same direction.

However, with either of the switch interconnection conventions mentioned so far, that's a bit of a pest. Both involve a lot of wires from the commons of one relay to the non-common contacts of another. These wires generally cross over from the top side of the DIN rail to the bottom. Why? The relay commons on the DIN rail base, 9-12, are generally on the opposite side from the non-commons, viz. the normally closed 1-4 and the normally open 5-8 (although terminal number 4 seems to have been displaced from its logical position by a mounting hole).

In a way it would be preferable to mount the relay pairs side by side in separate ranks, or to rotate alternate pairs, so as to shorten the connecting wire runs. But there is a third alternative, which has already been alluded to. We can rotate alternate banks electrically, by feeding the output commons of one bank to the input commons of the next, and similarly for non-commons. Schematically, the result is that alternate banks are best drawn upside-down. And since we already know the final stage (the 45° rotator) wants its outputs to be on commons, we're led ultimately to a single unique design...

8-Way Switch with Mode 5 support - full cascade diagram - version 2.

Relay Final

... this one. Before we start the analysis, here's a quick reminder of the various functions of each of these relay banks:

Notice that all the wiring complexity has now migrated to the two places where exclusively non-common relay contacts interface, i.e. between RL1 and bank RL2/RL3, and also between banks RL4/RL5 and RL6/RL7. Meanwhile by contrast, the connections between banks RL2/RL3 and RL4/RL5 have become simple one-to-one links. This is achieved by swapping the internal channel pairs in both RL2 and RL3, so they correspond more closely with their RL4/RL5 counterparts. When wiring a DIN relay rail, especially one surrounded by slotted panel trunking, contact proximity matters less than with toggle switches.

I've also included input signal #8, the yellow wire in the top right corner, for the first time. Although it's unused in the case of my 7.2 receiver, there are other formats (e.g. 6.x) where its inclusion might be of benefit and/or design guidance value to certain users. However, this rewiring exercise has meant that the green/yellow circuit on RL3 is no longer redundant. Even if you don't have a channel 8 (SB) signal, RL3 can now no longer be demoted to a 3PDT device. And as for 9.x, 11.x and Dolby Atmos users - how do you even add symmetrical front width & height speakers to an octoroom? You're on your own!

Control wiring - reduced options.

Trimming Down

It might be worth repeating here that each "stage" in the design is optional. To omit Mode 5, just remove RL1 and connect its inputs and outputs using wire colours as a guide. Similarly you can omit the 45° orientations, if you have no need to centre the sound stage in a room corner. Just replace RL6/RL7 with eight links, and remember to shift the wiring of the thumbwheel switch by one position down towards the LSB end.

The alternative control switch wiring to accompany both of these changes is illustrated on the left, again for both negative and positive common rails. Here, the relay coils have not been renumbered, so those remaining still correspond to the relay numbers in the main audio signal wiring diagram above. And although I'm still showing a 4-bit hex switch for purposes of continuity of illustration, only the two least significant bits of the switch are actually needed now. This could be replaced with a SP4T rotary plus four diodes.

Building Up

There are 62 individual pieces of colour-coded wire in the audio diagram. I've added suggested relay pin numbers 1-12 to each of the seven relays, but the four circuits within each relay can of course be permuted quite arbitrarily. Using the numbers shown, the table below offers a handy wiring schedule for the audio signal paths. Inputs and outputs are labelled i1..i8 and o1..o8 respectively, and the notation n/p means relay n, pin p.

Colour

Inputs

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Outputs

Brown

i1, 1/9

1/1, 1/6, 2/1, 2/7

2/9, 4/9

4/1, 4/8, 6/1, 6/6

6/9, o1

Blue

i2, 1/10

1/2, 3/1, 3/7

3/9, 5/9

5/1, 5/8, 6/2, 6/7

6/10, o2

White

i3, 2/2, 2/8

2/10, 4/10

4/2, 4/5, 6/3, 6/8

6/11, o3

Green

i4, 3/2, 3/8

3/10, 5/10

5/2, 5/5, 6/4, 7/5

6/12, o4

Red

i5, 2/3, 2/5

2/11, 4/11

4/3, 4/6, 7/1, 7/6

7/9, o5

Grey

i6, 1/11

1/3, 3/3, 3/5

3/11, 5/11

5/3, 5/6, 7/2, 7/7

7/10, o6

Orange

i7, 1/12

1/4, 1/7, 2/4, 2/6

2/12, 4/12

4/4, 4/7, 7/3, 7/8

7/11, o7

Yellow

i8, 3/4, 3/6

3/12, 5/12

5/4, 5/7, 7/4, 6/5

7/12, o8

This is the schedule used to construct the spaghettified prototype shown in the photo at the head of this article. Yes, that really was a snapshot of this project, not some random Google image search of bad wiring practices. For reference, if you're playing along at home, the relay numbers are RL1 to RL7 left to right in that photo.

Testing

It's probably a good idea to test your wiring before interfacing it directly to your fragile amplifier outputs and sensitive loudspeaker inputs. Once you've added the relay coil control wiring to the above schedule, connect the power supply, thumbwheel switch and relay coils together and terminate the audio inputs and outputs in suitable blocks. Then, for each of the 16 positions of the thumbwheel switch, connect one probe of a continuity meter to input 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 in turn, and scan the other probe along all 8 outputs, checking that only the intended output rings. You can read these intended output index values from the Signal Destinations columns in the first table at the start of this article. Where there are two values, the first corresponds to thumbwheel settings 0-7, Mode 5 off, and the second to 8-15, Mode 5 on.

That's a total of 1,024 manual continuity checks. Alternatively, you could wait until we add the Arduino interface next time, and use a simple test utility routine to perform this entire sequence of checks automatically, 120 times per minute. Your call.

Simulation

Prior to building and testing this prototype, I did a little simulation to prove the wiring. Here's the thing. Can your browser accept a URL that's over 4KB long? If so, click on this link and you'll be taken to Paul Falstad's infeasibly brilliant website, and in particular, to one of the dozens of amazing projects there: the fully web-based Analog Circuit Simulator Applet. You'll see the above 8-Way Switch with Mode 5 support, version 2, fully realised.

A couple of things are different. Six of the 4PDT relays have been replaced by three 8PDT devices, these virtual ones being quite a bit cheaper than similar physical relays. And instead of a thumbwheel switch there's a 4-bit binary counter driving the coils. The audio signals entering at the top are represented by a range of DC voltage levels, which appear in the simulation as a colour gradient between red and green. The idea is to click the clock pushbutton on the top left once, wait for things to settle down, then inspect the sequence of colours along the bottom. Obviously these should shift or rotate one place to the right per click, at least for the first seven clicks. Verifying the correct operation of clicks 8 through 15 is a little trickier, these being the Mode 5 orientations.

Actually you'll have to hold the clock pushbutton down for a good second, until the coil energising pattern changes, then let it go. The simulation is a lot slower than real time, with a circuit of this complexity. About 40x slower by my reckoning - the 2½ minutes it takes to cycle through all 16 orientations represent just 60ms of real time. Still, it certainly did the job of verification I wanted of it, rapidly enough. Paul's little applet is a fantastic achievement.

To avoid excess mechanical wear caused by sliding contacts, we can switch our switch variety, from rotary to toggle. But then we hit another problem. Ever tried to source an affordable, five amp, 7 or 8 pole toggle switch with good contact resistance linearity?

Let's just see if we really need all those ganged circuits. When switching the sound stage orientation through 45°, say clockwise from North to North East, each pole has to hand off its input signal to the next sequential output contact along the wall. All eight outputs have to work together in harmony to achieve this. But when switching through 90°, say from North to East, the 8-way permutation can be decomposed into two independent 4-way ones. Think of it this way: when rotating through 90°, every corner signal goes to the next corner along, and similarly for every wall-centred signal. Beginning to sense some wiggle room here?

Here Comes The Science

Mathematically, we can represent the original 45° turn by the permutation

1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6 → 7 → 8 → 1

where the numbers 1 through 8 represent the speaker signals, numbered as usual starting from "1" behind your left ear, then counting round from left to right in front of you, and ending with "8" directly behind your head. The permutation moves each signal to the next position along in the list, while 8 completes the circular trip by moving into position 1. This is conventionally expressed in a more succinct "cycle" notation:

(12345678)

The cycle can't be broken down into two or more shorter sub-cycles, which is why a full 8 pole switch (well okay, 7 pole with an additional "null" signal) is required to implement it. Yeah, we could use two 4-pole switches, but there'd be potential for a transient error, when one switch is temporarily up while the other is down; then one of two bad things can happen. Either (a) an amplifier output signal connects simultaneously to two separate speakers; suddenly, that one particular 8Ω amplifier output is staring down a 4Ω load, and likely none too pleased about it. Or (b) two separate amplifier outputs get shorted together. That can be still worse news.

I'll talk about wiring layouts later. For now, I'll just note that the convention I follow in these prototypes (basically, inputs go to switch commons) leads to the more dangerous of these two possibilities, if we use a 45° turn. Also remember that in this context, common refers to the pole of a switch or relay, and not to the common negatives on the amplifier output or loudspeaker connecting wires - all of which are assumed to be permanently connected together, and otherwise go unmentioned in this series.

90° clockwise twist from two 4PDT switches

Now contrast the 45° case with the permutation for a 90° turn,

1 → 3 → 5 → 7 → 1
2 → 4 → 6 → 8 → 2

or again in the more succinct conventional notation of mathematical permutations,

(1357) (2468)

Here, the corner speakers - the odd numbered ones - are permuted among themselves, and similarly for the even numbered, wall-centred ones. The two groups don't interact. This means the two-switch solution described above can work safely here, if we're willing to sacrifice 45° rotations and use only multiples of 90°. And to be honest, the steadily increasing size of display surfaces these days, both monitors and projector screens, has pushed the milieu of the corner TV unit firmly into the past. I'm fine with 90° increments for now (though I will be returning to 45° before the end of this series).

On the subject of having to flick two independent toggle switches to achieve a particular rotation, and the fact that intermediate, one-up-one-down configurations have no useful purpose, I say meh. We've all seen cases in the field where toggle switches have been physically ganged together with mechanical clamps; go ahead and do that, if the two-switch-operation thing bugs you. I'll be happy with a line joining the two switches notionally, engraved on top of the grey ABS box lid, filled in with my favourite black crayon.

Are You Cereal?(a short diversion)

Shut up.
I did not design and build a binary clock in the 1970s.You designed and built a binary clock in the 1970s.

Hey, if it's good enough for Wil Wheaton... listen, having to set up your sound stage rotator by encoding binary numbers into toggle switches is a perfectly respectable thing for any nerd to do. In fact imma aggravate your disapproval, by labelling the switches with abstract symbols. Let's see, we'll use a square for the one that cycles the four corner speakers through 90°, and a diamond for the four wall-centric ones. Also, that was a BCD clock, not a binary one. Sheesh.

And, we're back in the room. Two of those 4-pole switch pairs wired in cascade give us a 180° rotation, and three pairs 270°. But we can be more economical. Consider implementing the 180° case on its own. We can rotate the room through 180° by four independent but simultaneous pairwise swaps. The associated permutation can be written as:

(15) (37) (26) (48)

180° twist from two 4PDT switches (or four DPDTs)

These 2-cycles could be implemented with just four DPDT toggles. But since we already assume the availability of 4PDT switches, we might be better off with another couple of those instead. So now we have one pair of switches capable of providing a 90° rotation, and another pair providing 180°. We need new symbols for the two new switches. How about a big plus sign for the one that swaps North with South and East with West, and an X to swap NE with SW and NW with SE.

Now for The Big Reveal: we can cascade these two solutions. When both switch pairs are operated, the 90° and the 180°, then voila, hey presto and alta vista, the composite permutation yields the missing 270° rotation!

A reminder of Mode 5

About Compositions

So far we have been splicing together our emerging 4- and 2-cycles in arbitrary order, without a care in the world. That's okay, because these permutations represent rotations in a 2D plane, and such transformations are commutative (the same can't be said about 3D rotations - try rotating your teacup 90º about a horizontal and then a vertical axis (careful!), noting its final orientation; then, return to the starting position and apply the two rotations in the opposite order - the results are different).

Taking this idea further, suppose we decide to ignore the crossed-signals danger, and implement a 45° turn using two 4PDT toggle switches after all. This is something I'll actually be doing in a later prototype, but using 4PDT electromechanical relays instead of manual toggle switches, so the danger of damage can mitigated (for example by wiring the two ganged relay coils in series, so if either one fails open-circuit, neither will operate on its own). With this new stage in place, we now have three switch pairs, implementing their respective 180°, 90° and 45° rotations, which can be cascaded in any order to provide all eight compass points.

Mode 5 switch

A Prepended Bend

There's one last twist I'd like to add to this prototype, and this one's not a 2D rotation. It's the "Pure 5.x" mod mentioned at the end of the previous article, whereby the (in this case silent) SBL/SBR signals are dropped, and replaced by the SL/SR signals, in order to stretch the five channel mix across the whole available room space. We can see this isn't a rotation, because signal #2 moves counterclockwise by 45°, while signal #6 moves clockwise by the same angle. In fact, it's not even a permutation; the dropped SBL/SBR signals aren't rerouted to anywhere (though since they're presumed silent, it could in fact be implemented using two partially redundant swaps).

The effect can be achieved with the help of just one more 4PDT switch, but to get the desired results, this new circuit must be the first transformation applied to the amplifier outputs (it doesn't commute with the 2D rotations). After that, we're free once more to apply the rotation stages in any order, and the net room rotation will be applied correctly to the new 5.x configuration. Can't think of a suitable abstract symbol for this operation, so I'll maybe just label the two switch positions 5 (normally open) and 7 (normally closed).

Another example of a non-commutative transformation is the permutation that swaps left and right:

(35) (26) (17)

Harder to make a case for this one, as any permutation that swaps your left and right ears, while leaving you facing the same direction, also has the unfortunate side effect of turning you upside down. But if your particular school of yoga demands it, you may note that this swap does commute with the 5.x, so these two can be performed in either order, prior to the rotations.

So here's the full cascade in a single composite circuit diagram. Seven correctly colour coded amplifier signals come in along the top row. These are fed successively through (1) a Mode 5 switch; (2) a 180° rotator (notice the optimization of the + branch, which has freed one whole SPDT stage); and finally (3) a 90° clockwise rotator. Eight speaker driver signals emerge at the bottom, where the illustrated colour coding assumes that all switches are left in their default positions.

With all the switch contacts in their default positions, note that no two wires of different colours ever touch. This is electrically obvious; it's only when one or more switches get operated, that the interchanging of signal paths can begin. For example, there is a complete, isolated path of brown wire running all the way from input 1 to output 1, blue wire from 2 to 2, and so on. But when the 7/5 switch is operated, input 1 gets disconnected, and input 2 (blue) joins the remainder of input 1's previous path (brown).

I mentioned wiring layout practices earlier. This diagram follows the convention, started with the 7P8T rotary switch built last time, that incoming signals go to switch commons, and outputs are taken from other contacts. Note however that all three component diagrams above have the same colour sequence top and bottom. Any/all of these could be rewired to move the switch commons from top to bottom, obtaining an alternative convention, such as external wiring, whether carrying inputs or outputs, always connects to switch commons. This might be done to tidy up the cable harnessing, or as mentioned above, to mitigate the consequences of certain failure modes.

Elephant Number One

At this point, let's try to look ahead a wee bit, and address that fat elephant standing over there between the coffee table and the lava lamp. Yes, our "final" prototype might squeeze every amplifier output signal through two or more series pairs of switch contacts - losing a bit of power and linearity at every junction, on its way to its designated speaker. Worse still, it might use crimp (cold weld) spade contacts for tidiness and maintainability, so right there we'll have another four dry metal connections per contact pair.

Update: Every prototype switch construction in this series is undertaken as a learning experience. What this one taught me is that crimping is an underrated skill. It's also exactly like riding a bike, in the sense that I can't do it.

Should excess contact impedance stop us? No! Our switch / relay contacts will always be beefy enough (5A minimum, remember?) to withstand a little local heating, and there will always be more juice in the tank without tilting the volume control to anything within sight of 11.

As for linearity: any decent AV receiver has an automatic setup procedure using audio frequency sweeps and blasts of pink noise to analyse the acoustic properties of a room. This process will interpret any switch contact non-linearity that it finds as being just another boring old acoustic imperfection in the architecture, and will make the necessary adjustments to the sound processing profile. Of course, this means repeating that setup procedure once for every available sound stage orientation. If we're lucky, our receiver will have enough memory slots to store eight (or however many we need) such independent profiles.

Elephant Number Two

In the prototype version using those quite large screw-terminal toggle switches, there was just enough room in my 185x115mm project box to fit the four main switches in one horizontal row, with the Mode 5 switch offset vertically at one end. This meant some of the contacts from adjacent switches were quite close together, and could conceivably cause a short circuit, were the switch fitting nuts to work loose and allow rotation.

The solution I chose was a bit of elephant hide, cut to the pattern shown, then folded to form insulating fins when mounted between the switches and the back of the box lid. If you want to use this approach, but find your elephant hide supplied in smaller sheets, by all means use two pieces, but do ensure that each piece incorporates at least two switch mounting holes, again to prevent rotation.

Nothing to see here.
Seriously, go back and have another look at the circuit diagram.
It's a lot nicer.

Lessons Learned

Maybe I should have learned to crimp. Then there'd have been an incentive to harness up all these wires properly, all neat and tidy. But hey, it's just a prototype. And anyway, isn't tidy wire harnessing bad for crosstalk?

Toggle switch prototypes 2a & 2b.

I don't think I'd use Daier 4PDT screw terminal toggle switches again - or any of their switches actually, When I tried tightening these on the project box lid, even quite gently, about half of the fixing nuts would jump threads. That's some poor mechanical construction, and there's no reason to think it won't be the same with any other design of theirs.

The second toggle-based prototype "2b" (b for blue) worked out a lot better, using the smaller but sturdier Maplin 4PDT switch with solder terminals. These have a chrome plated brass dolly, and silver plated contacts rated 6A at 125Vac. Had to change back from multi strand to the more brittle single core wire, due to terminal space restriction and the danger of loose strand shorts (which are so last season), but it's all good.

Get an octoroom.

Finishing Off

Here's prototype 2a, in a rather romantic pose, ready for installation. The in/out connections are fed through rubber grommets and terminated in a cable mounted plug/socket pair, as befits a prototype (production units by contrast would use panel mounted connectors, which are fussier to drill and fit).

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