Unit 4 Review - Unit 4 Review Guide 1. The spoils systemthe...

Unit 4 Review Guide 1. The spoils system—the supporters and allies of the winning presidential candidate would get prominent positions. Party loyalty/connections 2. The Pendleton Act initiated a change that eliminated the spoils system—created the Civil Service Commission in 1883 and thus the appointments to civil service were no longer just based on connections but rather on merit. 3. The manner in which they are recruited/rewarded, their personal attributes such as socioeconomic backgrounds and political attitudes, nature of their jobs, constraint that outside forces such as political superiors, legislators, interest groups, journalists - impose on their agencies 4. The iron triangle is too simple for today’s politics as there are so much more complex relationships and much more than just three sides. 5. provide specialized expertise/information 6. Lobbying groups raise money from direct mail solicitations, government and foundation grants, and also membership dues. 7. Four best strategies are lobbying, electioneering, litigation, and appealing to the public 8. agency turns to congress -> split loyalties -> have own agenda; not necessarily what the pres wants; Congressional supervision of agencies; congress can ensure the freedom of certain agencies from effective control, especially by the president; in dozens of cases, congress has authorized department heads and bureau chiefs to operate independent of presidential preferences There are way too many cabinet level agencies for him to oversee one by one; he has better things to do, and other people to help him oversee it. There’s a hierarchy that allows him to have time for other things. Competition with Congress, who has oversight and the purse string 9. Whereas the president is only in power for 4 years, a bureaucrat serves for way more time. They are able to wield a stronger influence amongst the lower level decisions 10. Independent regulatory commissions are like bureaucracies, except they don’t report to the executive branch and president cannot fire them; they are boards and commissions that are independent of special interests, and regulate the conduct of industries; they can also investigate the businesses they regulate

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