The Weakening Gravity-Dominated
Cosmos Theory
Jul
23, 2009

Neutron
stars and their rapidly spinning
pulsar manifestations are among the
most outlandish creations bogging
down modern astrophysics.

Neutron stars were first proposed as
a theoretical possibility in 1933 by
Baade and Zwicky. In seeking an
explanation for the energy released
by supernovae (a term coined by
Zwicky), they proposed that a
supernova was the result of a normal
star transitioning to a neutron
star.

They calculated that the supernova
energy could be explained by the
equivalent transformation of a
stellar mass to energy following
Einstein’s E=mc^2 equation. Baade
and Zwicky's new theory was founded
on the assumption that the only
energy available to a star is in the
star itself. Unfortunately, at that
time, no one understood that a star
could be part of an immensely long
electrical transmission line storing
vast amounts of energy.

However, in the late 1930s,
Oppenheimer and Volkoff produced a
theoretical equation of state that
validated the neutron star concept.
Ironically, despite this early
theoretical work, even today there
is no acceptable equation describing
the state of neutron stars.
Regardless, in 1968, shortly after
the first pulsar was discovered,
Thomas Gold proposed spinning
neutron stars as a mechanical
explanation for the pulsed radio
emissions.

Over the forty years since the
spinning neutron star model has been
proposed for pulsars, the
astrophysics community has been
regularly forced to update the
rotational speed limit and has met
with a long list of “surprises” in
new observations. There have been a
number of issues:

* pulsars spinning faster than
theoretically believed
possible (XTE J1739-285 at 1122
Hz)
* pulsars spinning more slowly than
theoretically
predicted (PSR J2144-3933, once
every 8.5s)
* pulsars with too much mass, in the
wrong orbit, and with the wrong
binary
companion (J1903+0327)

All these observations were contrary
to predictions but have not been
credited as falsifying the accepted
theory of pulsars. However, some of
the most important predictions with
neutron stars and pulsars concern
their role as gravitational wave
generators (as predicted by the
General Theory of Relativity).

Indeed, millisecond pulsars (whose
theoretical upper speed limit of
~750Hz is supposedly throttled by
the gravitational waves they
generate) are significant
gravitational wave generators.
Luckily, the $400M LIGO installation
is built to measure just such
gravitational waves from pulsars and
neutron stars (not to mention black
hole collisions).

So if inspiralling neutron stars, or
millisecond neutron stars, do not
generate gravitational waves, either
Zwicky and Baade’s vision of neutron
stars is wrong or Einstein’s General
Theory of Relativity is incorrect,
or both are wrong.

LIGO has had some recent
opportunities to observe
gravitational waves. In
2007, the Konus-Wind Integral,
Messenger, and Swift gamma-ray
satellites observed a gamma-ray
burst (GRB) that originated in the
direction of M31, the Andromeda
galaxy, located 2.5 million
light-years away. GRBs are thought
to be the result of two
ultra-massive objects (like black
holes or neutron stars) coalescing.

Theory predicts that a GRB should
have a gravitational wave
counterpart. The GRB was within
LIGO's measurement range and should
have produced gravitational waves
within the instrument’s limit of
resolution. There were no
gravitational waves. This, of
course, was heralded as a success in
that the non-detection was itself
informative—although the fact that
the information falsified the theory
was disregarded.

A similar “non-detection is good”
argument was put forward when the
LIGO was brought to bear on the Crab
Nebula pulsar, PSR B0531+21. The
Crab Pulsar shows more
“deceleration” than other pulsars,
so energy release through gravity
waves was proposed as a dominant
mechanism for its “braking.” In an
excerpt from one
report:

“LIGO scientists monitored the
neutron star from November 2005 to
August 2006 and looked for a
synchronous gravitational-wave
signal using data from the three
LIGO interferometers, which were
combined to create a single, highly
sensitive detector.

"The analysis revealed no signs of
gravitational waves. But, say the
scientists, this result is itself
important because it provides
information about the pulsar and its
structure.”

And another surprisingly positive
view from the same report:

"This is an exciting result which
adds to LIGO's continuing success.
The project has allowed us to study
the Crab Pulsar in a new and unique
way and has provided us with some
fascinating information," says
Professor Keith Mason, Chief
Executive of the Science and
Technology Facilities Council, which
funds UK involvement in
gravitational waves.

In fact, LIGO, in its several years
of operation, has never registered a
single gravitational wave even when
theory predicted it should. So of
course plans are proposed to build a
more sensitive Advanced LIGO that
will be 10x more sensitive than the
original LIGO. In such an
instrument, theoreticians predict
gravitational waves will be detected
daily by the time it’s operational
in 2014.

The dogged adherence to
gravitational waves and neutron
stars in the face of falsifying data
has reached a point where one could
agree to fund such a device if the
failure in detecting gravitational
waves in 2014 would cause the
astrophysical community to consider
a Universe that includes the obvious
presence of electrical currents in
space.

Donald Scott, in his book “The
Electric Sky,” argues the
impossibility of neutron stars and
proposes an electrical alternative
to their periodic electromagnetic
pulses. He postulates that pulsars
are oscillator circuits. The regular
frequency is not mechanically
generated by spin rates but instead
is the product of the capacitive,
resistive and inductive attributes
of the star’s electrical
environment. Indeed, simple
relaxation oscillator circuits,
using resistor-capacitor (RC) or
inductor-capacitor (LC) pairings
have been used by electrical
engineers for decades. A regular,
periodic electrical oscillator is
very easy to construct from a simple
RC or LC circuit. Such oscillators
can be variable frequency
oscillators (VFOs) that are tuned by
the capacitive loading. An
electrical model for pulsars was
proposed in a seminal work by Peratt
and Healy (1995).

If one abstracts the electromagnetic
oscillation from the mechanical
system itself, one finds there is no
such thing as the “wrong” frequency,
or the “wrong” kind of radiation, or
the “wrong” binary companion, or the
“wrong” mass. Instead, the focus
becomes the electrical nature of the
entire system. One begins to study
instead the current density for the
pulsar or pulsar binary. Then the
problem may be broken down by
quantifying the absolute current
density, the capacitive and
resistive values in the system, the
magnetic fields generated by the
inductive interaction of a binary
pair.

Much as Hannes Alfvén has done for
the sun and the galaxy, circuit
diagrams may be drawn to describe
the oscillator circuit responsible
for single and binary pulsars. Just
as Wallace Thornhill has made
successful predictions about
electrical phenomena in our solar
system, a list of predictions for
pulsars based on an Electric
Universe model needs to be written.

LIGO will never detect gravitational
waves. Black holes and neutron stars
do not exist. There are no mass
densities great enough to test
General Relativity at that scale.
And what is to be gained from
testing General Relativity when it
merely describes gravity in
unphysical geometric terms and
doesn’t explain it?

LIGO II (or its equivalent) will
likely be built and it will not
detect gravitational waves. If the
gravity-dominated view of the
Universe collapses, it will be from
failures on many theoretical fronts.
One key theoretical front will be
the failure to detect gravitational
waves. Another will the failure of
General Relativity.

There is no cosmological
electromagnetic event hitherto
explained by black holes, neutron
stars, or their various collisions
that is accompanied by gravitational
waves. In addition, over the next
few years there will be increasing
evidence of electrical currents at
an immense scale in our own solar
system. Probes like Cassini and
others continue to amass large
quantities of data and images
substantiating the role of
electricity in space. Change is
coming.