a: please see Additional file 1 for the interpretations of parameters; for the observation model with sensitivity and specificity (models 9 and 10), μTF is the sensitivity of TF, σTF is the specificity of TF, μTI is the sensitivity of TI, σTI is the specificity of TI, μPCR is the sensitivity of PCR, and σPCR is the specificity of PCR

b: 95 % CI was obtained from MCMC with 16384 steps after a burn-in including 8192 steps