2 30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939HOME30CHAPTERRevolution andNationalism, 1900–1939Chapter OverviewSocial unrest in Russia erupts in revolution. Under Stalin, the U.S.S.R. becomes a totalitarian state. After the Qing dynasty falls, Chinese Nationalists and Communists clash. World War I fuels nationalism in India and Southwest Asia.

4 Revolutions in Russia Key Idea 1HOME1Revolutions in RussiaKey IdeaThe Russian Revolutions of 1917 end czarist rule and usher in the first communist government. Lenin seizes power and launches major economic and political reforms.OverviewAssessment

6 HOME1Revolutions in RussiaSection1Assessment1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List significant events during the last phases of czarist rule and the beginning of Communist rule.18911894191719211922Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad begins.Russian Revolution ends czarist rule.Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed.Nicholas II becomes the last Russian czar.Lenin launches New Economic Policy.continued . . .

7 HOME1Revolutions in RussiaSection1Assessment2. What do you think were Czar Nicholas II’s worst errors in judgment during his rule? Why? THINK ABOUT• the czar’s military decisions• the political outcome of “Bloody Sunday”ANSWERPossible Responses:Involvement in the Russo-Japanese War, the czar’s refusal to share power with the Duma, Russia’s entry into World War I, and the czar’s change of headquarters to the war front all paved the way to revolution and the end of czarist rule.continued . . .

8 HOME1Revolutions in RussiaSection1Assessment3. Why was Lenin’s leadership crucial to the success of the Russian Revolution? THINK ABOUT• Lenin’s personal traits• his slogan—“Peace, Land, and Bread”• his role in organizing the Bolsheviks• his role after the RevolutionANSWERPossible Responses:Lenin was able to win and maintain power because of his energetic, disciplined leadership; his awareness of the demands of various groups in Russian society; his careful planning; and his ability to tackle difficult problems and crises.End of Section 1

12 Totalitarianism 2 CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2HOME2TotalitarianismPATTERNSOF CHANGECASE STUDY: Stalinist RussiaMAPSection2Assessment2. How do totalitarian states and constitutional governments differ? THINK ABOUT• the chart explaining the key traits of totalitarianism• what you have learned about constitutional government in the United States• what you learned about the Soviet ConstitutionANSWERPossible Responses:Totalitarian: centralized under one leader, control all sectors of society and people’s lives, rely on force and propagandaDemocratic: separation of powers, run by elected leaders, allow private ownership and freedom, maintain military for defenseEnd of Section 2

13 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Key Idea 3HOME3Collapse of ChineseImperial RuleKey IdeaIn 1912, Chinese nationalists overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a new republic. Civil war erupts as Nationalists and Communists vie for control of China.OverviewAssessment

16 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3HOME3Collapse of ChineseImperial RuleSection3Assessment2. What influence did foreign nations have on China from 1912 to 1938? THINK ABOUT• the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles• the role of the Soviet Union• the temporary truce during the Chinese civil warANSWERPossible Responses:• The Treaty of Versailles triggered the May Fourth Movement.• Western democracies refused to support Sun’s government, but the Soviet Union did.• Great Britain and United States recognized the Nationalist Republic of China.• Japan’s invasion of China united Jiang’s and Mao’s forces.continued . . .

20 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4 4HOME4Nationalism in Indiaand Southwest AsiaGRAPHSection4Assessment1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the different forms of nationalism that developed in the Asian countries listed below.Forms of NationalismIndiaTurkeyPersiaSaudi ArabiaNationalists use nonviolent methods to work for independence from British rule.Nationalists free Persia from British and Russian rule.Reza Shah changes country’s name to Iran.Nationalists overthrow last Ottoman sultan.Ibn Saud unifies the nation and creates a state based on Islamic law.Kemal seeks Western-style modernization.continued . . .

21 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4 4HOME4Nationalism in Indiaand Southwest AsiaGRAPHSection4Assessment2. What do you think a nation might gain and lose by modernizing? THINK ABOUT• what positive changes occurred in Turkey and Iran• why modernization was limited in Saudi Arabia• why Kemal set rules for clothing• why Gandhi wore only homespun clothANSWERPossible Responses:Gains—increased economic and political power; greater acceptance and respect from Western nations; equal rights for womenLosses—a unique sense of cultural identity; traditional values and ways of lifeEnd of Section 4