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(430?–355? bc). The Greek historian Xenophon wrote of the military campaigns in which he served as a young officer. His best-known book, Anabasis (Upcountry March), tells of the march and retreat of the Greek auxiliary army in the service of the Persian prince Cyrus, who was trying to overthrow his brother, King Artaxerxes II. Xenophon also wrote a memorial to the life of Socrates.

Xenophon was born in Athens in about 430 bc. He was the son of a wealthy family and was inclined to stay out of politics. He joined the army as a junior officer, but after Cyrus was killed he was given command of the retreat. He led 13,000 Greek soldiers through 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) of mountainous country. His retreat tactics are still recognized as useful.

After months of overland marching the Greeks set sail for home. Xenophon had captured a rich Persian, and the ransom the Persian paid for his release made Xenophon wealthy. Back in Greece, he served with the Spartan army for a time, then retired.

Xenophon’s works include Memorabilia, or Recollections of Socrates. This was written to defend the memory of Socrates against the charges of irreligion and corruption of youth. As a student Xenophon knew Socrates well. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia tells of the boyhood and training of Cyrus the Great, king of Persia.

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