If what you seek is, for example, as an application of the Semantic Web, do a search on Google, and to get instead of the several Ambiguous million results, only a few and accurate results, we have to start from other Tools more appropriate to the Natural Language, who is of MeaningfulAmbiguous, and therefore we must build new tools in place of the existing ones that take into account this difference.

All this makes Sense if we analyze the Framework within HumanKnowledge has been developed, including the prehistoric times. A fundamental features of it, and also in a very simplified form, the only thing that truly differentiates us from Animals is that we are “speaking beings“, that is, we make use of Language, and it is very important because we use Language as a medium of Communication, which has served for the Transmission of Knowledge throughout the entire history of mankind.

The only thing that really changed the way of purely oral Transmission (speech), has been the invention of Writing, which allowed the survival and subsequent accumulation of Knowledge, from the papyrus paper and the tables of clay through the books manuscripts and reaching the invention of Printing by Gutenberg. With this last discovery and cheaper cost of TransmittingKnowledge, and subsequently with the invention of the Internet (and Computers), it has decreased the cost of KnowledgeTransmission to almost zero (at least in developed countries), and Knowledge for the first time in Human history, is now available to almost all the entire world and not for only a privileged few Humans beings as in the Middle Ages.

But now if we could also built a Semantic Web on Internet, savings would not only be an economic question and monetary issues, the economy would be further savings of Time of Thinking, or what is the same, spending less Time to seek and find Knowledge.

Now we can take a step further and beyond, incorporating the Metaphor of our Logical System of Thought in Science and Technology, where the incorporation of the Metaphor, could mean the loss of the principle of generality, but although it would still be incomplete, you have a closer and more accurate representation of reality than with the Traditional System. This is what I intend to do and try to build from now on…

I do not propose to make a perfect demonstration, complete and rigorous in the classical and orthodox sense of science, if we take the concept of formal logic and the thinking of orthodox science and technology, this does not mean giving up the coherence or internal consistency, but my system is not complete by definition, and therefore not closed, I only require for it, if I can do that, the non-contradiction principle, and it is from the experimental and theoretical framework that I have defined, to look for, identify, and/or invent if it is necessary, the tools that allow me to analyze and examine the knowledge not only of a metonymic form of formal logic and/or symbolic, as has happened so far in Computing and Internet, but also I can built a semantic Web, with the addition of a tool that represents the metaphor, and the principle of condensation of language and human thought, which is what brings us closer to reality through the passage of time and the conclusion.

This logical system as I have explained on our perception of reality, by definition will not be complete, and would be consistent, but it will be a useful tool to manage knowledge online. I do not intend that computers could speak, because my theorem “The limit of The Semantic Web“, says that this is impossible, but all that you can research in that way would be a breakthrough for the handling and transmission of knowledge via the Internet.

This logical system means that it is not closed, so it is open, although it seems impossible to build something “scientific” in this way, but all science and technology and their findings are largely embedded in this framework, because although we tried to formalize science and technology with formal logic, the relationship of science and technology with the reality goes through our mind and its mechanisms sometimes inconsistent, but directly related to the real thing, where nobody is, from there is that I intend to seek and find this new order of thought, where everything is not completely closed and completed, but if you were there, everything is connected to reality through the language computer and the Internet.

This is my project, and it is perhaps nonsensical great and impossible, but as Lacan said “the impossible is the only reality”, and so I am researching on it!

Knowledge is, first, the state which knows or knows something, and secondly, the content known or known as part of the cultural heritage of mankind. By extension, also often called “knowledge” of everything an individual or a society deemed given or known acquaintance.

There is no doubt, science is one of the main types of knowledge. The sciences are the result of efforts and research methods in search for answers to specific problems, and the elucidation of which seeks to provide an adequate representation of the world. There are, however, many types of knowledge, not being scientists, they are perfectly suited to its purpose: the know-how in the crafts, learn to swim, etc.. And knowing the language, the traditions, legends, customs and ideas of a particular culture, the knowledge that individuals have their own history (they know their name, they know their parents and their past), or even the common knowledge to a given society, including the humanity (to know what is a hammer, knowing that water extinguishes fire).

Even when information is generated each time, however, the amount of human knowledge is necessarily finite, as well as the difficulty of solving such problems as the origin of life and the universe, death, among many others.

The knowledge acquired through a variety of cognitive processes: perception, memory, experience (attempts followed by success or failure), reasoning, learning and teaching, testimony of third parties … Controlled observation, experimentation, modelling, criticism of sources (in history), surveys, and other procedures that are specifically employed by the sciences, can be viewed as a refinement or an implementation of the above. These are the subject of study of epistemology.

The importance attached to knowledge distinguishes humanity from other animal species. All human societies acquire, preserve and transmit a substantial amount of knowledge, mainly, through language. With the rise of civilizations, the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge are multiplied by the writing. Throughout history, mankind has developed a variety of techniques to preserve, transmit and develop knowledge, such as school, encyclopaedias, newspapers, and computers.

This importance goes hand in hand with a questioning of the value of knowledge. Many societies and religious movements, political philosophers have considered the accretion of knowledge, or its dissemination, is not appropriate and should be limited. Conversely, other groups and societies have created institutions to ensure their preservation, development and dissemination. Also, debate about the respective values of different domains and types of knowledge.

In contemporary societies, the diffusion of knowledge, or the contrary, retention of knowledge, has an important political and economic role, including military, so does the spread of pseudo-knowledge (or disinformation). Knowledge contributes as a power source. This role explains much of the dissemination of propaganda and pseudo-science, which attempts to present as knowledge, things that are not. This gives a particular importance to the sources of knowledge assumptions, such as mass media and their tools, such as the Internet.

And just as the invention of writing and printing brought about a revolution and the explosion of knowledge, now the invention of the Internet and the attempt to build a Semantic Web on it, would mean a revolution and the exponential explosion in the transmission of knowledge, on a scale without precedent for the entire history of civilization, not only because all knowledge would be accessible to a very small cost as the Internet has given rise, but also the cost of search time of the knowledge, through the filter of the Semantic Web on the Internet, would be reduced to almost zero.

To achieve the goal of building the Semantic Web, we need to “teach” the language to computers, and we need to know:

What is the nature of knowledge?

How to represent knowledge?

And these questions and their answers are not frivolous, because we must be aware that this is the crucial step that represents the Semantic Web: The incorporation of the “Language” in computers! And although my theorem “The limit of The Semantic Web” said that this is an impossible goal, everything that we discover researching in this way, would give us new tools for knowledge transfer. Obviously, if we were able to reach this goal we’d be very close to implant a “human thought” into machines but although having such skill they’d never be equivalent to human beings because of their different connections to the real world. If it would be very close to machines that have “human thought” that even though taking such a skill? they would never be the same or equivalent to human beings by their distinct relations with reality.

The classical theory of transmitting knowledge (Communication Theory), which is communication theory, tells us that there is a transmitter (sender) and a receiver, which is what also uses psychology as a science, but the novelty of the discovery of psychoanalysis, is that in addition to the aforementioned receiver there is a second receiver that is also the same issuer (sender). And Psychoanalysis reveals the human being as a subject split, and thus reveals the ambivalence of language and the absence of an unequivocal sense of it, that is, without a sense of the meaning of language, as Wittgenstein said.

Psychoanalysis tells us that the constitution of the human being involved a symbolic world, which is the language ( The Symbolic Order ), an imaginary world ( The Imaginary Order ), which is the share that each has in the language, and the existence in The Real world, which is only accessible through the representation of it that gives us the combination of symbolic and the imaginary.

Regardless of all the complex details in psychoanalytic theory, you should take a look at this subject on Freud and Lacan, the important thing is that humans do not perceive the real world or reality as it is, but they perceive it under the prism of their own original constitution as human being. Thus the apprehension of knowledge is not unlimited, but it is limited to the ambivalent nature of human language, which sets the limits of knowledge of reality, and a good example of it is the unsuccessful attempt of the great mathematician Hilbert and others, to construct a mathematical system axiomatically complete and not contradictory in itself, but as Gödel proved with his theorems, if a system of knowledge is complete, then it is contradictory, and the opposite, if a system is incomplete then it is not contradictory, we also have other many examples as the Turing machine and “the halting problem” or stop of calculation. Eventually what all this tells us, is that language is dragging us to their own limits, and if we do not have this in mind to build the Semantic Web, we are doomed to failure from the outset.

Then the nature of knowledge is limited both, by the language as a transmitter of knowledge, and the Psychoanalytic structure of humans beings. And what represents knowledge among humans, it is not the thought, but it is the transmitter, or language. So the important thing is not so much the nature of knowledge, it is the nature of language and the means to transfer the language, and natural language is ambivalent and ambiguous, and this is what we have to take into account building Semantic Web.

One more point, the myths that we often disregard as being outdated and not modern, precisely the myths tell us what are the limits of our perception of reality, the limits of our thinking, and they all have in common besides the use of metaphor, which we mark the passage of reality as time goes on, the conclusion, and is because of that, human beings dont have the problem of stopping as in the Turing machine. Going further and more abundant, both Hegel and Kant considered time not categorized, and this is the same thing for Psychoanalysis, time is an illusion of our perception, and time is a way of representing reality as a course of events. And the Description Logic, which is the basis now used to build the Semantic Web, cannot give account of language, because you start building Description Logic (it has been built from Knowledge Representation who has been built from Formal Logic) missing the metaphor, since it is a symbolic logic, and the axiomatic system is complete, and lacking the metaphor, and of course as well as Gödel has shown us, ultimately leads to a contradiction, which is what happens all the time when trying to build the Semantic Web from this base: They have been a complete failure despite the multimillion-dollar investment! The basis for transferring knowledge, as I said earlier is natural language, and language has two fundamental structures:

Metonymy and metaphor.

With the metonymy we already have built the mathematical language, everything in it is a metonymic process, and if time take part of it, it is only a fiction, f(t) or time-dependent, but there is no use of metaphor, which could realize us of the senseless of the metonymy, metaphor would take us to reality and lead to solve the problem of finding the stop of the Turing machine.

Then we have to introduce the metaphor in the foundations of mathematics, which would allow us to build a logically consistent, but with no means contradictory, similar to the logic of human unconscious as understood by Psychoanalysis. If you achieve that goal, we would have the right tools to implement the Semantic Web on computers, and operate.

And this is my challenge: Find that logic consistent has metonymy in mathematical logic consistent, and has also incorporated the metaphor.

When I was studying science, throughout my university’s years, a very experienced teacher of physics and mathematics, gave to me the following two advices:

The first advise, when one is faced with a problem to solve, the problem does not ask you how much know about it, to accommodate itself to your knowledge and be able to resolve it, this seems a truism and the truth of pure common sense, but in this case is truest than ever.

The second advise was that “usually” all problems have a solution that is “implicit” if the question of the problem is well posed, in other words if the reference frame of the problem is well built.

Both these comments made me totally change my point of view and I started to address the problem of building the “Semantic Web”, instead of putting my efforts directly in their resolution, with the deep and dense training on Mathematics and Physics that I acquired in my training as a scientist, and I realize that it has been the usual attitude of all those who have worked so far in this field trying to solve this problem, and so far with little success, I preferred to leave the particular and specific problem, and take a more comprehensive and broad in the same (which means leave the forest to see a whole and not a single tree), and therefore as I said, instead of attempt directly and rapidly his solution, I am taking a long detour, and not absurd or meaningless, according to the two “recommendations” above, and I am building a framework to provide a place to build “the Semantic Web”.

To do this I started looking for where to build the “Semantic Web” in computing, and now it is a part of the logic description, which in turn is based on Symbolic Logic and Mathematical Logic.

As I know the limitations of symbolic or formal logic, reflected in the theorems of Gödel and many paradoxes in mathematics and physics, I have expanded my field of knowledge from Fundamental Science to Humanities (Social Sciences), and if so then it is to teach to talk to a computer (or what is equivalent teach a computer to understand what we say), we are asking for the language, and therefore I joined the language in the framework of the problem.

It could have gone to philosophy, but the problem that I found is that their development uses formal logic as a unique system of thought (as in pure mathematics).

The need to answer the question what is intelligence? And what is thought? Both answer are necessary to try to teach a machine, and the answers of this questions could be found on Psychoanalysis combined with linguistics, not on psychology or biology or genetics, as they used only an approximation to reality which is quantitative, statistical, and formal logic, and although the method is very orthodox on science, formal logic has serious limitations, because if our hypotheses are complete then the system is in contradiction, and if our assumptions are incomplete then the system is consistent. The orthodox approach of science has serious limitations, in addition to the above, by requiring experimental verification, since not everything that exists or is part of reality is experimentally verifiable, in a quantitative and statistical way, and if we do not accept this limitation to access absolutely to reality, at least it should be taken as a working hypothesis, because what I am saying is that our approach of the orthodox scientific method is incomplete and does not allow us to solve the problem that we are dealing with.

And more, Quantum Mechanics on Physical Science, says us that if we make any experiment, we are changing the isolated conditions of it when we show it, and then we change the results of it by our interaction with it. All of this means that if we want to assure all the scientific knowledge on experimentation, we change the results of our own real experiments; then it is a illusion and a big mistake to built a perfect formal logical system on Science which only reference are the experiments, and a example of it is the paradox of Schrödinger’s Cat.

According to psychoanalysis, the human being is a reality that goes beyond the merely biological, because human beings are not regulated exclusively by its own instincts (as animals in the field of biology). According to Psychoanalysis humans beings are regulated by their relationship with the “Goce”: Jouissance–Enjoyment (drives: Libido/Eros & Thanatos) in the technical sense of that term in Psychoanalysis and they are not regulated by the Instincts; from the Freud’s age English people has translated the German Trieb as Instincts, and it is a great mistake! And it is one of the main reasons because for English scientists Brain is the same as Mind. The importance of this term “unknown” for the rest of science is that it is accurate and marks the exact difference between humans and all other living beings. This difference is that we are “speaking beings”, and this has enabled us to build our civilization, culture and technology. Therefore, as far as possible we could make a machine to reach thought or talk, it will never be equivalent to a human being, because their relation with reality is different: the human being feels (and thinks) for the “Goce” and the machine could think or speak but could not feel because it has no relation to the “lack” and “Goce”. And the sense of the term feel, I mean it technically in Psychoanalysis, the lack of not being complete, the pain being experienced by every human being or for each individual, and not generalizable in the experimental, sense, statistical and quantitative science, but if I cannot prove it scientifically, it does not mean that it does not exist, and this particular and specific link with the human existence, modify profoundly its relationship with reality, so that is not reproducible, and not outside of each experimental human being, and also we cannot build a machine with this faculties. This is because I say that even if we could talk to a machine, and by extension it has a dimension of our thinking, it would never be complete in the sense of the lack experience, the real experience of every human being. The only hard evidence in this regard can be drawn from the clinic and/or psychopathology of psychoanalysis, and try to get to understand some of it is necessary to be a scholar of psychoanalysis, but we can take it at least as a hypothesis and or a working premise: If all the assumptions are set up correctly, I should be able to find the solution to our problem.

Now I am trying to answer the question: What is intelligence? To define what is Intelligence, from Psychoanalysis, and as I understand it, Intelligence is the conjunction of the three orders of the psychic structure of Human beings:

First, The Symbolic Order (the language), Second, The Imaginary Order (it is the partial access to the language of each human being), Third, the existence of the person in the reality (The Real), all this terms contained in the strict technical sense of psychoanalysis. Because of this we could realize that language is not the same as thought, but thought and intelligence are the same or equivalents, and now I am trying to answer the question: What is thought? And again Though is the conjunction of the three orders of the psychic structure of Human beings: First, The Symbolic Order (the language), Second, The Imaginary Order (it is the partial access to the language of each human being), Third, the existence of the person in the reality (The Real).

Then I do not need to reach deeper into the thought and intelligence, I can not build a machine that would feel the “failure” and/or “pain” of the existence like human beings (it is what creates metaphor), so I could only take the language, and it will bring a dimension of thought, not exactly like that of humans, but at least more powerful than mere formal logic, and then the two mechanisms to built our machine are metonymy and metaphor, I understand that these are the two basic mechanisms of human language (and thought & intelligence).

One more comment about the nature of thought and the rest of living beings or animals: animals have access only to the imagination (the Mirror Stage), which is not the language (the symbolic order), and animals can not access to language, I mean, that language is not only the ability to speak and/or transmitting knowledge, the symbolic language is the ability to grasp the reality (the real world), and because of this they are not related to the “Goce”, and their behaviours are governed only by the “Instincts“, which are biological and genetic mechanisms, and inherited behaviour for survival, and are feasible for experiments, with quantitative and statistics measures, while access to language (the symbolic order) of humans beings, makes on them a transformation from their purely biological nature of the brain, and it creates the “mind”, which is related to the “Goce” and “lack”. I say more times in accurate way for being well understood: if there is no access to the language there is no access to the “Goce” and “lack”, and neither thought and intelligence, but I wonder: could there be some kind of access to language without access to the “Goce”?, and the answer that we have from computers is that they have partly access to language, through symbolic logic, but have no access to pain or the “Goce” as humans beings. Thus incorporating the other mechanism of language, metaphor, to a machine is very complicated, because we would build a logical structure with metaphor, then if I can not add “Goce” and “lack” into a machine, I can not incorporate the metaphor, and therefore a machine can not talk, can not think, and can not have intelligence.

After all this, my program is unsuccessful and it is not possible to teach the language to a machine, because it lacks any relationship with the “Goce” and then is not possible to introduce another mechanism of language and thought, the metaphor. The latter arises from the processes of elaboration of the unconscious and is the conclusion of them. We can not build machines with access to the “Goce”, so it is impossible to give them intelligence as do humans. And with regard to animals, but would have to say that all animals have access to the “lack” of existence, but they are unable to symbolize it, they lack the mechanisms of human thought, which are metaphor and metonymy, and they can not construct a language, which would allows them to build a symbolic system that could create culture, civilization and technology, which is the case in humans. The animals are only in the stage mirror, and they are only a biological body, because there is no separation of the biological body as in the case of human beings (because of the symbolic order humans beings could do that), then the animals do have “brains” but not have “mind”.

The claim that a central property of human beings, Intelligence —the Sapience of Homo sapiens— can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine is a false statement!

The claim that a central property of human beings, Languagecan be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine with the Semantic Web is a false statement!

The final question for me comes across this preparation and it is:

Why do human beings (we are animals too) have been able to speak to build a symbolic world apprehends reality in a symbolic order and yet the rest of living beings (animals) have not been able to do this?

Or in another way:

Why, if both animals and humans are associated with a real biological difference (albeit with very small differences in genetic differences between all species living) the human being has agreed to the relationship with the “Goce” (which has allowed him to speak) while the animals are left in the stadium or imaginary mirror and have no connection with the “Goce”? And I’m almost absolutely sure that the answers to them do not come from biology, genetics, or any other neuroscience…

The limit of the Artificial Intelligence is not set by the use of machines themselves, and biological systems could be used to reach this goal, but as the Logic that is being used to construct it does not contemplate the concept of time, since it is purely formal logic and metonymic lacks the metaphor, and this is what Gödel’s theorems remark, the final tautology of each construction or metonymic mathematical language, which leads to inconsistencies. The construction of the Artificial Intelligence is an Undecidible Problem .

This consistent logic is completely opposite to the logic that makes inconsistent use of time, inherent of human unconscious, but the use of time is built on the lack, not on positive things, it is based on denials and absences, and this is impossible to reflect on a machine because of the perceived lack of the required self-awareness is acquired with the absence.

The problem of Artificial Intelligence is that we are trying to build an Intelligence system to replace our way of thinking, at least in the information search, but the special nature of human mind is the use of metaphor which lets human beings reach a conclusion, therefore does not exist in the human mind the Halting Problem or stop of calculation.

So all efforts faced toward Artificial Intelligence are doomed to failure a priori if the aim is to extend our human way of thinking into machines, they lack the metaphorical speech, because only a mathematical construction, which will always be tautological and metonymic, and lacks the use of metaphor that is what leads to the conclusion or “stop”.

14.- Theorem: From Logic to Ontology: The limit of “The Semantic Web”.

The limit of the Semantic Web is not set by the use of machines themselves, and biological systems could be used to reach this goal, but as the Logic that is being used to construct it does not contemplate the concept of time, since it is purely formal logic and metonymic lacks the metaphor, and this is what Gödel’s theorems remark, the final tautology of each construction or metonymic Mathematical Language , which leads to inconsistencies. The construction of the Semantic Web is an Undecidible Problem .

This consistent logic is completely opposite to the logic that makes inconsistent use of time, inherent in human unconscious, but the use of time is built on the lack, not on positive things, it is based on denials and absences, and this is impossible to reflect on a machine because of the perceived lack of the required self-awareness is acquired with the absence.

The problem is we are trying to build an intelligent system to replace our way of thinking, at least in the information search, but the special nature of human mind is the use of time which lets human beings reach a conclusion, therefore does not exist in the human mind the Halting Problem or stop of calculation.

So all efforts faced toward semantic web are doomed to failure a priori if the aim is to extend our human way of thinking into machines, they lack the metaphorical speech, because only a mathematical construction, which will always be tautological and metonymic, and lacks the use of the time that is what leads to the conclusion or “stop”.

As a demonstration of that, if you suppose it is possible to construct the semantic web, as a language with capabilities similar to human language, which has the use of time, should we face it as a theorem, we can prove it to be false with a Counter Example, and it is given in the particular case of the Turing machine and “the halting problem”.

15.- Bibliography and Index of Useful Concepts

If you take a look at the Ninety-two posts below down, or in Last Post Index & View of Meta Internet Blog (you can look for each of them in the search of the blog or in Wikipedia -and if you speak Spanish language you should change from English to Spanish language-), then you could realize that you understand all of the entire frame and the background that is needed to.

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Francisco Antonio Cerón García

The main question: What would be your next strategy step to continue developing Internet in a new radical way?
It is a way in the sense of “meta”, like Google is a “meta internet”. Do we know how to do it?
A silicon valley is essentially 90% about the people and 10% about the place. Places close to financial centres and developed cities are more likely to host the next silicon valley, but smart people can turn any place into a silicon valley if that’s what they want, even if it’s in the middle of nowhere. However, now with the Internet I believe less in silicon valleys. I mean, what’s the point of having silicon valleys when entrepreneurs and techies can network through the Net and telecommute? As everyday real life contact becomes less necessary to conduct business, we will soon start seeing the genesis of ‘virtual’ silicon valleys leveraging the power of the Internet. If Ihad to build the next silicon valley, I would start by recruiting smart people on the Internet and creating incentives for like-minded individuals and companies to participate in some sort of hub website virtual marketplace

It makes me think carefully about the next big revolutionary step on internet development. Eventually, I think that the issue that is being treated here is a key issue and it deserves a new blog to be opened for it.
Generally speaking, this is the great step that could completely change our world as far as we know it now, like when computers were created and developed or just like Google, and it is all this tiny but huge things that have been changing our way of living and the way we understand life.
This is an open question, and I want that it would be the spirit of this simple blog!
You are all invited to build the meta internet!
Then you could start thinking a lot about this issue!

Meta

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