This paper presents a method for analysis of underwater tunnels in axisymmetric plain strain conditions. The newly developed technique in this paper proposes a finite difference numerical method for calculating distribution of pore water pressure as a consideration for stress and strain around a circular tunnel excavated in a rock mass. The behavior of the rock mass around the tunnel is considered elasto-plastic in a strain-softening model. The model also takes into account the effects of increment in elastic strain within the plastic zone as well as the dilatancy angle. Seepage flow and secondary permeability due to hydraulic-mechanical coupling have also been considered in the plastic zone. Modification of previously tested models is used to determine a more accurate model for calculating distribution of pore pressure in the elastic zone. As governing equations do not have a closed form solution, a computer program has been prepared that is based on the proposed model. Accuracy and applicability of this method have been investigated with an example. View Article

The Role of Religious Communities on Informing To the Public Spaces of Traditional CitiesElham MehrdoustABSTRACT
The custom of ta’zye and mourning has an old basis in Iran. In Qajar period, more attention to this custom by the rulers and people has been caused to build the public spaces for carrying out this custom in fabric of many cities in Iran; as there were these areas in most of neighborhoods. In this research, we deal with to the study of history of this custom and the way of effect of this custom and culture on forming the spaces and fabric of squares, Hosseinieh and Takya of traditional cities. The aim of this research is the study of role and the way of effect of carrying out these communities and religious ceremonies on shape and frame of city forms and fabrics. The hypothesis of this research is based on the influence of the kind of customs and its special feature on architecture of these areas. Gathering information is library based. The research methodology is historical and the way of analyzing is qualitative. From the findings of this research can indicate to the situation of public spaces of neighborhoods in traditional cities, their relation with together and with local path, the kind of architectural organizing and their preparation of spaces and the ability of these areas in preparing for observation customs in certain days. View Article

Leaky Mode Analysis of Non-Homogeneous Asymmetric Slab WaveguidesFarzin Emami, Farzane Hoseini
ABSTRACT
Re-reading of archetypes is not only the way to percept its concepts and elements but also to recognize the Iranian architecture. Architecture archetypes are the structural experiences of space that originated from dynamic thoughts and collective unconscious, consequently they emerged in architecture over the years. Apadana is one of these archetypes that its signs can be found in palaces and ceremonial buildings up to the contemporary period. Forming of this archetype in the Iranian architecture is a successful experience outcome of composition the hypostyle hall and iwan (Porch) that each one was created individually in historical architecture’s spaces. Also, its continuation states the existence of governments with stable cultural foundation that it has still remained in spite of their political collapse. This research has been executed using theoretical and visual studies and also historical, descriptive and comparative methods. The main purpose is to survey the influence and effectiveness of ceremonial-governmental architecture’s pattern from historical to contemporary period. Findings have indicated that hypostyle halls were appeared in the Iranian architecture from the Urartian era and hypostyle iwans from the Median era. In addition, the combination of these spaces was manifested in the Pasargadae Palace for the first time. Later, this archetype with the same proportions repeated in the Susa and Persepolis palaces evolutionally than the Pasargadae Palace. The Apadana archetype in the Islamic period, especially in the Safavid era when building palaces were prevalent, manifested in royal palaces like the Chehel Sotoun. Attention to these archetypes in various historical periods is important, because spatial patterns can respond to designers’ mental concern for creating appropriate architectural spaces. View Article

Study of the Formation Process & Continuity of the Apadana Archetype in the Iranian ArchitectureKhatereh Moravej Torbaty, Arezoo HoseiniABSTRACT

Muslim countries have been famed due to their Islamic great markets since far past tense and have exchanged their goods and services with each other as well as non-Muslim countries which these exchanges have Purposely or non-Purposely resulted in exchanging cultures, arts, sciences and other social, political relations. Also, these markets were extended in Iran and other neighbor countries to china and Europe, which the silk road apparently documents it now it seems necessary that Islamic countries need to have a common market to Exchange goods and a common currency, although international sanctions against our state as well as presence of Europe common currency and U.S.A dollar prevalence in the countries particularly some Islamic ones, occurring this results in Unbalancing the world economic global transactions and social policies. This paper has analytical-descriptively dealt with considering role, position and all types of Islamic countries and will take into account how to achieve this social-economic-political end.View Article

Scour around hydraulic structures is an inevitable phenomenon. Recognizing this phenomenon and dealing with it is an issue upon which the plan’s success is warranted. Local scour at the abutments is reported as the most significant cause of bridge failures. Utilizing submerged and non-submerged piles are one of the scour countermeasure methods. Non-submerged piles are rarely used in investigating the amount of scour. In the present study, the results obtained from a series of tests performed with diverse flow rates and different number of piles (6 and 7 numbers), (non-submerged ones) with different locating distance (5 types), at the bridge lateral abutment, is presented. The tests have been carried out in clear water conditions and in a flume with 14 meters length, 60 centimetres wide, and 60 centimetres height. The findings show that the number of piles and their locating distance from the wall have great influence on the reduction of abutment scour.View Article

Impact of the Number of Non-Submerged Piles and Their Distance from the Edge of Flow Path in Reducing the Scour at Bridge AbutmentPeyman Modaber Dabbagh, Mojtaba Saneie, Mohammad Rostami ABSTRACT
The importance of access network in the city life has caused their inefficiency to be regarded as one of the indices of weariness in textures. In economic and activity scopes, the emphasis on sidewalks can convert the old and historical textures into new poles for urban development and also in social scopes, it will make their position in urban territories and centers secure, meaningful and exuberant, in Ardabil, there are a substantial historical potential. Our aims in carrying out this project are as follows: creating vitality and prosperity in old and valuable textures of Ardabil, determining criteria in order to construct the tourist sidewalk in the old and valuable texture of Ardabil, provide strategies to improve the undesirable situation , promote the social interactions and improve the economic efficiency and activity, provide the necessary potentials for increasing the attendance of tourists and update historical usages and make use of them for cultural and tourist usages and finally the elimination of wheeled traffic from a part of historical and central texture of the city. The priority of Ardabil citizens over choosing one path for walking, based on the results of questionnaire is making proper nodes for pausing, sitting and watching, the establishment of service usages, the existence of greenbelt in sidewalk areas, the proper quality of materials used for the floor of sidewalks and solving the problems of parking in the central texture, respectively. The majority of people also agree with the prohibition of the entrance of cars to this path. Thus, the strategies should focus on solving the problems in this area. View Article

The confluence of open channels is a common occurrence in many hydraulic structures; including water supply systems and wastewater treatment facilities. In this research, three-dimensional numerical model of flow field in the confluence of two rectangular open channels with 90-degree angle and sharp edges is investigated. Accordingly, the Navier-Stokes equations and the turbulence model were employed as preferable governing equations and turbulence model, respectively. The equations were solved by the Finite-Volume method. Moreover, the VOF scheme is applied for multiphase modeling. The numerical results were validated against available experimental data, and reasonable agreement was observed. As extend of work, the effect of side channel width increment on the dimensions of the separation zone and bed shear stress was evaluated. Numerical results show that by increasing the side channel width, the length and width of the separation zone and bed shear stress are reduced.View Article