From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

The Ayenbite of Inwyt (also Template:Lang, literally Prick (or Remorse) of Conscience) is a confessional prose work written in a Kentish dialect of Middle English. As a literal rendition of a French original by a "very incompetent translator" (Thomson 1908), it is generally considered more valuable as a record of Kentish pronunciation in the mid-14th century than as a work of literature.

Contents

Origins and content

The Ayenbite is a translation of the French Somme le Roi (also known as the Book of Vices and Virtues), a late 13th century treatise on Christianmorality; the popularity of this latter text is demonstrated by the large number of surviving copies. The subject-matter is treated primarily allegorically; for example, the seven deadly sins are identified with the seven heads of the Beast of the Apocalypse.

The surviving copy of the work was completed on 27 October 1340, by a Benedictine monk, Michael of Northgate. This can be stated with rare certainty, for the author specifies all these details himself, writing in the preface,

þis boc is dan Michelis of Northgate / ywrite an englis of his oȝene hand. þet hatte: Ayenbyte of inwyt.

This book, called Remorse of Conscience, is the work of don Michael of Northgate, written in English in his own hand.

Language

Since the work was intended for the use of Kentish commoners, its language has a number of unusual features.

Firstly, the vocabulary shows a marked preference for translating technical terms into compounds of English words, rather than borrowing French or Latin terminology. The title itself is a common example: it uses ayenbite, "again-bite", for modern English "remorse", and inwyt, "inward-knowledge", for modern English "conscience", both terms being literal translations of the Latin words. Even "amen" is often translated, into the phrase zuo by hit ("so be it").

The spelling is unusually consistent for the time, which implies that it is an accurate representation of the author's speech: it has been described as "as close to a 'pure' dialect as we can get" (Freeborn 1992:172). As such, and particularly given our precise knowledge of its place and date of writing, it is an invaluable resource in reconstructing the linguistic history of southern England.

Reception

As Michael explains in his postscript, the Ayenbite was intended to provide a confessional treatise that would be accessible to "lewede men", those who could read neither French nor Latin, for the good of their souls. In this aim it can be compared to Robert Mannyng's contemporary Handlyng Synne, but unlike that work, the Ayenbite appears not to have gained any popularity; only one copy has survived, in the British Library manuscript Arundel 57, and that is almost certainly the original (Treharne 2000:526). No demonstrable influence on later works has been found; a 19th-century theory that Chaucer might have used the work as a source for his Parson's Tale has long been abandoned.

In the 20th century, the work gained some recognition when its title was adopted by James Joyce, who used it numerous times in his novel, Ulysses. In Joyce's spelling, agenbite of inwit, the title has gained a limited foothold in the English language.

Thomson, Clara L. (1908). 'Later Transition English: Legendaries and Chroniclers', in Ward, A.W., and Waller, A.R., eds. The Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. I From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance. Cambridge University Press.