Force

Force
Diatra Farasha
In physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change, either concerning its movement, direction, or geometrical construction.
It is measured with the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F. In other words, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate, or which can cause a flexible object to deform.
Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes. This law is further given to mean that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional the mass of the object. As a formula, this is expressed as:

Related concepts to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque which produces changes in rotational speed of an object.
Forces which do not act uniformly on all parts of a body will also cause mechanical stresses, a technical term for influences which cause deformation of matter. While mechanical stress can remain embedded in a solid object, gradually deforming it, mechanical stress in a fluid determines changes in its pressure and volume.

Frictional Force
Frictional resistance to the relative motion of two solid objects is usually proportional to the force which presses the surfaces together as well as the roughness of the surfaces. Since it is the force perpendicular or "normal" to the surfaces which affects the frictional resistance, this force is typically called the "normal…...

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...consultants occasionally use Porter's five forces framework when making a qualitative evaluation of a firm's strategic position. However, for most consultants, the framework is only a starting point or "checklist." They might use " Value Chain" afterward. Like all general frameworks, an analysis that uses it to the exclusion of specifics about a particular situation is considered naїve.
According to Porter, the five forces model should be used at the line-of-business industry level; it is not designed to be used at the industry group or industry sector level. An industry is defined at a lower, more basic level: a market in which similar or closely related products and/or services are sold to buyers. (See industry information.) A firm that competes in a single industry should develop, at a minimum, one five forces analysis for its industry. Porter makes clear that for diversified companies, the first fundamental issue in corporate strategy is the selection of industries (lines of business) in which the company should compete; and each line of business should develop its own, industry-specific, five forces analysis. The average Global 1,000 company competes in approximately 52 industries (lines of business).
[edit]Criticisms
Porter's framework has been challenged by other academics and strategists such as Stewart Neill. Similarly, the likes of ABC, Kevin P. Coyne [1] and Somu Subramaniam have stated that three dubious assumptions underlie the five forces:
That buyers,......

...Journal Article Analysis
Week eight: Chapters 26 - 29
Use of force
Article in text:
How Reasonable Is the Reasonable Man?: Police and Excessive Force Author(s): Geoffrey P. Alpert and William C. Smith. Source: The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973), Vol. 85, No. 2 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 481-501 Published by: Northwestern University
Notable Points I want to discuss / Point of View Observed from each reading:
1. What is excessive force is the main issue or topic being discussed in this article. The author clearly shares the same concern policemen and citizens have. There is really no clear set definition on how to describe when certain force is appropriate. The author takes a side in that officers and citizens need to educate themselves in knowing both roles of each other; so they can better understand the extremely different situations police officers are in. By understanding the civilian and the civilian understanding the role of an officer it helps with defining the reasonable person. It is a totality of situational circumstances and ethical acceptability which must be evaluated to determine if force used by a police officer is reasonable.
My assessment: For my personal opinion on this point I would agree with the author partially, being a police officer you do not know when a regular situation...

...www.hbr.org
Awareness of the five forces can help a company understand the structure of its industry and stake out a position that is more profitable and less vulnerable to attack.
The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy
by Michael E. Porter
Included with this full-text Harvard Business Review article: 24 Article Summary The Idea in Brief—the core idea The Idea in Practice—putting the idea to work 25 The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy 41 Further Reading A list of related materials, with annotations to guide further exploration of the article’s ideas and applications
Reprint R0801E
The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy
The Idea in Brief
You know that to sustain long-term profitability you must respond strategically to competition. And you naturally keep tabs on your established rivals. But as you scan the competitive arena, are you also looking beyond your direct competitors? As Porter explains in this update of his revolutionary 1979 HBR article, four additional competitive forces can hurt your prospective profits: • Savvy customers can force down prices by playing you and your rivals against one another. • Powerful suppliers may constrain your profits if they charge higher prices. • Aspiring entrants, armed with new capacity and hungry for market share, can ratchet up the investment required for you to stay in the game. • Substitute offerings can lure customers away. Consider commercial aviation: It’s one of the least......

...dynamics of competitors within an industry is critical for several reasons. First, it can help to assess the potential opportunities for your venture, particularly important if you are entering this industry as a new player. It can also be a critical step to better differentiate yourself from others that offer similar products and services.
One of the most respected models to assist with this analysis is Porter’s Five Forces Model. This model, created by Michael E. Porter and described in the book “Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors,” has proven to be a useful tool for both business and marketing-based planning.
Background
The pure competition model does not present a viable tool to assess an industry. Porter’s Five Forces attempts to realistically assess potential levels of profitability, opportunity and risk based on five key factors within an industry. This model may be used as a tool to better develop a strategic advantage over competing firms within an industry in a competitive and healthy environment. It identifies five forces that determine the long-run profitability of a market or market segment.
* Suppliers
* Buyers
* Entry/Exit Barriers
* Substitutes
* Rivalry
Supplier power
* Supplier concentration
* Importance of volume to supplier
* Differentiation of inputs
* Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation
* Switching costs of firms in the industry
* Presence of substitute......

...Being able to understand the underlying forces of competitors in an industry is an important factor for many different reasons. Primarily, it can help measure all the possibilities/opportunities for your firm, especially if you are going to compete as a new start-up firm. Also, it is a critical step because it helps you differentiate yourself better from others competing in the market with a similar set of products or services. Although the pure competition model is not a practical tool to assess an industry, Michael Porter’s Five Forces framework helps to truthfully measure all the potential profitability, risk and opportunity. With the help of these five forces, managers can develop and be in a strategic advantage compared to the other companies competing in the industry.
The five forces framework:
- Rivalry
- Threat of entry/ Barriers to entry
- Buyer Power
- Supplier Power
- Threat of substitutes
Companies strive for a competitive advantage over their competitors. The amount of rivalry differs within every industry and these differences can be critical for developing a strategy. Concentrated industries usually present high levels of rivalry. Many companies are conscious about industry concentration and in order to measure it, they use the “concentration ratio” (CR). The CR which has been reported by SIC (Standard Industrial Classification code) shows the percentage of the market share seized by the top 4 companies in the industry. If the industry has a high......

...industry
To begin with the purpose of the particular essay will intend to give an explanation about the Porter's five forces. However the discourse will focus on the sixth force and what affect has. The first part of the discussion will be analysed and supported by arguments about the meaning of Porter's five forces. Nevertheless examples for the five forces will mentioned in order to support and take thesis in the particular analysis. However examples about the sixth force will be mentioned in order to give the reader a satisfactory explanation and to make clear the effect that have in airline industry. Afterwards the essay will analyse the future of the airline industry. Finally a conclusion gives the reader a summarizing about the aspects discussed on the analysis.
The Airline Industry has changed the people’s life. In addition it has drop the travel time and decrease the distances making possible to visit lands that cannot be imagined in the past.
Michael Porter had created a model showing the influence on industry by five forces. This model help the managers to understand better the strategic forces that appear on industry and how they affect profitability. Five forces analyzing five key areas namely competitive rivalry, the threat of substitutes, the threat of entry, the power of buyers and the power of suppliers. Furthermore Porter referred to these forces as the micro-environment, to contrast it with the more general term macro-environment. Airline industry......

...click on Run Now.
I After the simulation loads click Start.
Describe what you see in this simple sun-planet system.
Specifically, what happens to the central object (the Sun)?
Can you explain why the central object moves?
HINT: Is gravitational attraction only the sun pulling on the planet?
Does the planet orbit in a perfect circle? Is the sun at the center?
In the simplest sun-planet system the Sun has a much larger mass (20X) than the planet. The planet is orbiting around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The reason for this elliptical orbit is because gravity force of the bodies is acting on each other. The Sun's gravity keeps the planet from traveling off into space, and the planet's gravity acts on the much more massive sun causing it to have its own circular path instead of being just a stationary point. Mathematically, the force of gravity can be expressed as Force= G*(ml*m2/rA2), where G is the gravitational constant, ml is the mass of one object, m2 is the mass of a second object, and r is the distant between the two objects.
II Click Stop and then select 3 bodies. Then Start
Sketch a complete cycle (orbit)
Watch the ‘funny’ object closely
What is it doing? Describe and explain.
Could this be the Earth/Moon/Sun system? (Try un-checking Show Traces.)
Is there anything you are uncomfortable with in the simulation? Explain.
Can you explain the difference in the moon’s path when it is on the right
...

...Experiment 31: Magnetism
Purpose
To study the relationship between magnetic force and the magnitude of the current, length of the wire, strength of the magnetic field, and the angle between the field and the wire.
Apparatus
SF-8607 Basic Current Balance (Main Unit, 6 Current loop PC boards, Magnet Assembly with 6 magnets), DC power supply, DC ammeter, Balance, Lab Stand, hook-up wires with banana plug connectors
Theory
A current-carrying wire generates a magnetic field surrounding the wire. When this wire is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a force due to the poles of the two magnetic fields interacting. The magnitude and direction of this force depends upon four variables: the magnitude of the current (I) in the wire; the length of the wire (L) that is placed in the external magnetic field; the strength of the external magnetic field (B); and the angle between the direction of the wire and the direction of the magnetic field (().
This magnetic force can be described mathematically by the vector cross product:
Fm = I L X B, (1)
for which the magnitude is:
Fm = I L B sin (θ). (2)
With the SF-8607 Basic Current Balance, you can vary the three quantities in (2), namely: I, L, and B. The resulting magnetic force between wire and field can then be determined through the simple calculation. By adding the SF-8608 Current Balance Accessory, you can also vary the angle between the...

...Five Forces Analysis on Competitive Forces Confronting Under Armour, Nike and Addidas
Student Name
University Affiliation
Date
Five Forces Analysis on Competitive Forces Confronting Under Armour, Nike and Addidas
Under Armour, Nike and Addidas are leading manufacturer of footwear and sports accessories for children, men and women. This products are worn by athletes and persons with active lifestyles. Moreover, their products are sold in nearly all parts of the world with majority sales coming from North America. This paper Analysis five forces confronting Under Armour Nike and Addidas: superior supplier bargaining power, substitutes, new entrants, competition from existing producers and customer bargaining power.
Superior supplier bargaining power is a common competitive force among the three companies. Though it is presumed that the three companies get their raw materials from several suppliers, and that supplier power is low. Suppliers form cartels and groups that help them negotiate higher prices for their supplies (Porter, 1979). Companies lack strength, to negotiate back, limiting their options and buy supplies at high prices which is common with Under Armor, Addidas and Nike.
Substitutes are products that can be used in place of another product, they offer customers a wide variety of choices and can switch from one product to another with ease. This force offers a challenge among the three companies as customers......

...www.hbrreprints.org
Awareness of the five forces can help a company understand the structure of its industry and stake out a position that is more profitable and less vulnerable to attack.
The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy
by Michael E. Porter
Included with this full-text Harvard Business Review article: 1 Article Summary The Idea in Brief—the core idea The Idea in Practice—putting the idea to work 2 The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy 18 Further Reading A list of related materials, with annotations to guide further exploration of the article’s ideas and applications
Reprint R0801E
The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy
The Idea in Brief
You know that to sustain long-term profitability you must respond strategically to competition. And you naturally keep tabs on your established rivals. But as you scan the competitive arena, are you also looking beyond your direct competitors? As Porter explains in this update of his revolutionary 1979 HBR article, four additional competitive forces can hurt your prospective profits: • Savvy customers can force down prices by playing you and your rivals against one another. • Powerful suppliers may constrain your profits if they charge higher prices. • Aspiring entrants, armed with new capacity and hungry for market share, can ratchet up the investment required for you to stay in the game. • Substitute offerings can lure customers away. Consider commercial aviation: It’s one of the least......

...Force & Motion
The First Law: Force and Inertia
Object remains at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by unbalanced force.
Object in motion will continue at constant speed and motion unless acted upon by unbalanced force.
Force is an action that can change motion.
A force is what we call a push or a pull, or any action that has the ability to change an object’s motion.
Forces can be used to increase the speed of an object, decrease the speed of an object, or change the direction in which an object is moving.
Classification of Forces
1. Effects on motion- Balanced forces produce no motion or motion with constant velocity, while unbalanced force produce accelerated motion.
2. Line of Action- Parallel forces may go in the same direction or in opposite directions while Concurrent forces are those that meet at a point.
3. Relations to Work- Conservative forces are those that can do work and can stores energy. Non conservative are forces that can do work but cannot store energy.
4. Interaction of Bodies- Contact force when object is push by another & Distant force no contact between objects.
Equilibrium
1. Stable- line passed through its center of gravity falls within the base.
2. Unstable- line dropped through the center of gravity does not fall with in the base.
3. Neutral- Does not change the center of gravity with slight tipping.
Inertia is a term used to measure the ability of an object to resist a change in its state......

...1
How are forces described ?
In sciece the word push or a pull when one object pushes or pulls another object the first object exerts a force on the second object you exert a force on a computer key when you push it you exert a force on a chair when you pull it away from a table like velocity and acceleration a force is described by its strength and by the direction in which it acts pushing to the left is a different force from pushing to the right the direction and strength of the force can be represented by an arrow the arrow points in the direction of the force as shown in figure 1 length of the arrow tells you strength of the force the longer the arrow the greater the force the strength of a force is measured in the si unit called newton after sir isac newton
How do forces affect newton often more than one force acts on an object at the same time the combination of all forces on an object is called net force the net force determines if and how an object accelerates you can find the net force by finding the sum of all the strengths of individual forces acting on the object look at figure 2a the big dog pushes on the box with a force of 16n to the tight the small with a force of 10 n to the right the net force on the box is the sum of these forces the box will accelerate to the right in the situation there is a non zero net force a non zero netforce causes a change in the objects motion
What if the forces on an......

...turbine efficiency when the brake force is increase
Theoretical Background:
Radial flow
When a fluid flows radially inwards or outwards from a centre, between two parallel planes as in Fig. 6.21, the streamlines will be radial straight lines and the streamtubes will be in forms of sectors. The area of flow will therefore increase as the radius increases, causing the velocity to decrease. Since the flow pattern is symmetrical, the total energy per unit weight H will be the same for all streamlines and for all points along each streamlines if we assume that there is no loss of energy.
[pic]
Figure 6.21
If v is the radial velocity and p is the pressure at any radius r,
H = p/ρg + v²/2g = constant …………………………(6.31)
Applying the continuity of flow equation flow and assuming that the density of the fluid remains constant, as would be the case for the fluid,
Volume rate of flow, Q = area x velocity
= 2πrb x v
where b is the distance between the planes. Thus,
v = Q/2πrb
and substituting in equation………(6.31)
p/ρg + Q²/ 8π²r²b² = H
p = ρg [ H – ( Q²/ 8π²b² ) x ( 1/r² )] …………………..(6.32)
If the pressure p at any radius r is plotted in Fig. 6.21(c), the curve will be parabolic and is sometimes referred to as Barlow’s curve.
If the flow discharges to the atmosphere at the periphery, the pressure at any points between the plates will be below atmospheric; there will be a force tending to bring the two plates......

...than 25 years. As a result, this force is typically weak in the fast food industry.
Bargaining Power of Customers—low
Although customer switching costs to regular restaurants are almost zero, the fast food industry in the U.S.A. does not worry too much about its customer volume, frequency and loyalty. First, the nature of the fast food industry attracts customers for its fast service, standardized taste and quality of food and low price. Second, the United States has the largest fast food industry in the world. Over 25 percent of Americans consume fast food every day. This volume of customers keeps customer bargaining power low.
Threat of Substitutes—high
Consumers are almost free to choose where to eat, so switching costs are nearly zero when they choose either to dine in some substitutes or even eat at home. In the quick service food industry, there are so many firms and restaurants with similar products, more options and reasonable price. Customers think of some fast casual restaurants as being comparable or better in terms of the quality of fast-food products, such as Panera Bread, Jason’s Deli and Noodles & Company. Moreover, fast-food industry is facing a major issue in front of people’s obesity concern and health-conscious lifestyle. These substitutes have strong competitive power by serving healthier food with quick service as well.
Threat of New Entrants—moderate
The threat of new entrants is not a significant competitive force in the fast food......

...Abstract
Law enforcement officers are authorized to use force in specified circumstances, are trained in the use of force, and typically face numerous circumstances during their careers when use of force is appropriate, for example, in making some arrests, restraining unruly combatants, or controlling a disruptive demonstration. When the level of force exceeds the level considered justifiable under the circumstances, however, the activities of the police come under public scrutiny. This article deals with police and the use of excessive force. This article discus the police use of excessive force. This is a research agenda on police use of force, giving special attention to problems of excessive force. A variety of questions are raised, both reflecting the complexity of use-of-force issues and the relative scarcity of our knowledge about use-of-force transgressions.
Introduction
Police use of force became a very hot topic during the beginning of the 1990’s. It became a very controversial issue due to the fact that police officers most of the time they justify their abuse of use force. Since there job is to secure the city streets and to protect the citizens, they usually say that they were just doing their job. This created fear in many people because they witness most of the abuse on television or heard it directly from the victim. The Rodney King case and the Amadu Diallo had a deep impact on......