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Transcript

0
The essays on this book are the notes from the e – learning courses that were given
by the thinker Alexis Karpouzos during the winter of 2014. Students studying in
London, Amsterdam, Berlin and Paris took part in the courses, which were held by
the educational and cultural center “Think Lab”, located in Athens.
Published by Think.Lab, Athens, Greece 2015
ergastirio-skepsis.tumblr.com
think-lab.tumblr.com
anoixti-skepsi.tumblr.com
open-thought-blog.tumblr.com
Translation: Georgia Pirounaki
THINK LAB
1
Contents
Chapter 1
The adventure of modern physics...........................................................................4
The united and timeless universe............................................................................6
The nature of light, uncertainty and teleportation....................................................7
Chapter 2
About the nature of subatomic physics...................................................................10
Vacuum and Material..............................................................................................12
Key elements and principles | Material = Energy....................................................13
Chapter 3
Quantum Vacuum or Zero Point Field and consciousness......................................16
Quantum Information...............................................................................................17
Quantum Logic........................................................................................................18
Imaginary Numbers and Quantum Information Theory...........................................18
Chapter 4
The String Theory (1)..............................................................................................21
The String Theory (2)..............................................................................................23
Chapter 5
The fate of the universe | The concept of matter in relation to the curved space-time
and its geometry......................................................................................................25
Chapter 6
The Geometry of the Universe.................................................................................27
The Dimensions.......................................................................................................27
The Non Perceptible Universe.................................................................................28
The space - time Continuum....................................................................................28
How can material be defined?.................................................................................29
The Elusive Concept of Time...................................................................................30
2
Time, Entropy, Brain..................................................................................................31
Mathematics of Imagination.......................................................................................33
Chapter 7
The End of Certainty - From Being To Becoming
complexity and self-organized systems.....................................................................36
Prigogine‟s first challenge concerns the phenomenon of irreversibility. The second
challenge has to do with the sense of simplicity........................................................37
The role of the dispersing structures and of the Bifurcations....................................39
Examples of dissipative structures............................................................................41
Bifurcation: Window of divided routes.......................................................................42
The role of the Bifurcations in the evolution of life....................................................44
Self - organising and life...........................................................................................45
Creative chaos..........................................................................................................46
Is time ahead of the being? The pre – universe.......................................................47
Chapter 8
The paths of knowledge - Ancient knowledge and contemporary physics | The
universal nature of soul.............................................................................................52
Chapter 9
The metaphysical and the epistemological question...............................................56
Basic scientific assumptions....................................................................................58
3
The Adventure Of Modern Physics
The indeterminacy of the quantum universe constituted a radical transformation of
the thought about the natural world. Before the formulation of the quantum theory,
the physicists believed in a universe that worked with the principle of causality.
Laplace, at the “Philosophical Essay on Probabilities” summed up his thesis: “we
owe to consider the present situation of the universe as the result of its former
situation and as a cause of the one which will follow. If only could we imagine a
genius that would understand all the forces of nature and the relative state of affairs
that constitute it, then for that genius nothing would be uncertain. The future, as well
as the past, would be present in our eyes.”
However, the particles of quanta present the principle of complementarity, since they
present the properties of a particle and of a wave at the same time. The physicist
Erwin Schrodinger developed a mathematical equation that describes the dual
behavior of particles. Yet a reason to justify the behavior of the particle can be found
neither in the formulas nor by observation. The consequences of the indeterminacy
are better depicted at the thought experiment designed by the physicist Erwin
Schrodinger, which was known by the name Schrodinger‟s cat. At the famous
Schrodinger‟s thought experiment we cannot determine with certainty whether the
cat inside the box is dead or alive before the observation. Before the observation the
cat is dead and alive in equal proportions (50% - 50%), as is a particle that performs
an infinite number of possible behaviors at the same time.
Which is, however, the point of Schrodinger‟s wave function ψ? The conventional
interpretation that is accepted by most quantum physicists about the thought
paradox of Schrodinger‟s cat is known as the “Copenhagen Interpretation”. M. Born
supported that the square of the wave function ψ2 gives the probability that the
electron is found in a particular position. This interpretation that relates the wave to
the material substance of a wave particle introduced a probabilistic state, displacing
the classical causality. According to the above, when the equation is divided into two,
then one of its representatives at the schematic area, just collapses. Instead of the
equation leading to a plethora of results, it is reduced to a single result. A schematic
4
space is a pictorial diagram in which an object is illustrated in the three dimensions
of space depending on the time.
At the “Copenhagen Interpretation” the equation does not depict reality; the equation
is simply an algorithm, a mathematical method for creating statistical forecasts. For
example, the result of the experiment with the cat will be a dead cat or a living cat.
John Wheeler, a physicist from Princeton University considered that the term
“observer” should be replaced by the term “participant”. A participant is someone
who does not only observe one event, but he transforms it by the simple act of his
observation. “Maybe the universe comes to a state of existence, in a weird manner,
by the participation of those who participate. The vital act is that of the participation.”
For Wheeler “subject” and “object” create one another. Sir James Jeans supported
that the creator of the matter is, probably, the mind. Jack Sarfatti expressed the
hypothesis that the “structure of matter, may not be independent of the
consciousness”. For Eugene Wigner, the paradox of Schrodinger‟s cat takes place
the very moment of the experiment when the human observation intervenes. He
supported that the consciousness is the hidden variable that decides on the outcome
of any event.
During the 1950s, Hugh Everett expressed the theory of multiple universes. His
interpretation supports that the universe is continuously divided into a surprising
number of parallel realities. In such a universe, not only do we exist in an
undetermined number of worlds, but also at the same universe all the possible
outcomes of any incident are inherent. According to the theory of multiple universes,
the universe is divided into an infinite number of universes, which come from the
interactions of the thousands of its components. In that universe every quantum
transformation that takes place in whichever star, of whichever galaxy or at
whichever position at the universe, divides our earthy world into a myriad of
imperfect copies of itself, which, however, ignore one another. In Schrodinger‟s
experiment, the moment of the selection, when the observer opens the box, the
universe is divided into two identical copies, identical in all details, apart from the fact
that at the one the cat is dead and at the other it is alive. Both probabilities (cat dead
and cat alive) are equally real but exist in different universes. Every cat that survives
in our universe dies in another universe or vice versa. Everett‟s interpretation about
5
a cat that is simultaneously dad and alive, in equal proportions, proves and
disproves itself at the same time. This way, the solution to the dilemma of the
indeterminacy is possibly at a universe in which all the probable results of the
experiment coexist. The theory of multiple universes supports that every time we
decide between two alternative solutions, the act of observing cuts the thread
connecting the two alternate realities and in that way, it leaves each one to follow its
own path through space and time. In other words, in space - time landscape all
events coexist. Our choices are those who define which events will become “real” for
us and which we are never going to learn about. The physicist John Gribin mentions:
“Everything is possible and we in our actions choose our paths through the worlds of
quantum”. In the language of the theory of multiple universes, the choices created by
ego, separate the quantum worlds, which increasingly go away. On the contrary, the
choices that restrict the ego, act as attractors that connect separate universes,
communicate
with
nodes,
which
get
information
from
multiple
sources
simultaneously. The emergence of the universal consciousness is the deep
knowledge that develops when the Ego of the consciousness collapses.
The United and Timeless Universe
The Ego of consciousness makes an incision at the architecture of the four
dimensional space – time universe and distinguishes the man from the world and the
beings. In that way, the conscious subject is created on one side, and the object is
created on the other one. According to the cosmologist Lide, the Universe and all the
physical laws appear as a quantum fluctuation and are represented by a wave
function which does not depend on time. The observers have a feeling that the
cosmic events evolve as a function of time. This happens due to the fact that the
consciousness of Ego separates the united universal world into two beings, the
“observer” and the “Universe”, the “Ego” and the “Nature”. The wave functions of the
two separate beings depend on time. If, however, these two entities are
amalgamated, time stops affecting their mutual function, and as a result their being.
In that sense the United Universe is Timeless.
6
The fact that the ego of the consciousness makes an incision at the united universal
world and separates the world into “ego” and “nature”, and introduces in that way the
“Arrow of time” (Arthur Eddington), namely, it produces entropy, does not mean that
the human is no more a being of the universal and timeless world. It is the ego of the
consciousness, according to the special theory of relativity, that always realizes the
time and the world compared to its reference frame. This way, the ego separates
itself from the other egos – selves, namely, it separates the time into past, present
and future. This, however, is a mythological construction of the world, an illusion.
The quantum space – time universe is united and timeless and its beings are four
dimensional and have got quantum properties, namely they are carriers of the
holistic information of the universe. The whole universal information that existed in
the past, exists in the present and will exist in the future, is in the man. Every being
of the four dimensional space – time is not simply a part of the universe, it is the
universe itself! The fact that the humans believe that they think individually
constitutes a self - illusion and leads humanity to suffering and disasters. The
thought is a process of the united and four dimensional universe. Its expression,
however, depends on the level of the cognitive and consciousness development of
every human being.
The Nature of Light, Uncertainty and Teleportation
In order to comprehend the science of teleportation, we have to study the nature of
light. Quantum physics opened new horizons in human perception and created a
series of new principles that assist the knowledge of the universe. In 1900, Max
Planck, in his attempt to explain the black body radiation based on the laws of
thermodynamics, was obliged to separate energy into tiny parts, the quanta, by
introducing a new principle, h=6,6/10-27 erg.second which is called Planck principle.
That is how the biggest crisis in the history of physics took place, since for the first
time after Newton‟s era it was supported that the energy is not continuous, but
divided into finite measurable parts. The above is considered as the principle of
quantum theory.
7
From the new theory the following paradox emerged: the light behaved once as a
wave and the other as a particle. To be more precise, it was verified that when we
are looking for photons, the behavior of the light is clearly that of a wave. However,
when we want to observe a photon, its behavior is that of a particle. The first signs
that the material world is a lot different than the impression it leaves, were found
when the researchers Geiger and Marsden discovered that the a particles (helium
nuclei) present quantum properties. Some years later, Bohr discovered that the
electrons in the atoms of the matter can take only specific energy values, proving
that the matter is constituted of quanta. The next big step was made by Heisenberg,
with the new quantum theory, known as well as quantum mechanics, according to
which it is impossible to measure in absolute accuracy the position and the
momentum of a particle. According to the “uncertainty principle”, the more accurate
we are on one measurement, the less accurate we are on the other. This theory
proved determinism wrong. Since then, the “uncertainty principle” is being verified
continuously in physics laboratories, introducing that the behavior of the matter
depends on the measurement we make. In that way, a special relationship between
the observer and the object being observed is displayed. This relationship proves the
infinite possibilities of the quantum world that take place every single moment. The
“uncertainty principle” means that we cannot fully decipher the structure of an object,
so that we teleport it. This happens because it is impossible to measure its position
and its velocity or its momentum at the same time. That way, namely, the
measurement of the specific situation of an object is impossible. However, such a
measurement would be necessary in order to obtain all the information needed for
the creation of a similar object. The scientific solution was given in 1993, when
scientists discovered a way of using quantum mechanics for teleportation in which
Heisenberg‟s uncertainty principle is not abolished. This property is called
entanglement.
Common logic regards the objects as independent to one another. In the quantum
world, if a particle interacts with another body or particle, then these two are very
strongly connected. In a way, they stop acting independently of one another and can
be described only when they are associated to one another, as if they were
connected by a natural bond. The quantum correlation phenomenon (entanglement)
applies whether the distance between the particles is one millimeter or 10000000
8
years of light and seems to happen instantaneously, i. e. outside space and time.
This paradox is known as ΕPR paradox, named by the three scientists (Einstein,
Pontoski, Rozen) who analyzed the consequences of the entanglement on great
distances. ΕPR paradox as was proved experimentally as well, constitutes the base
of teleportation and of quantum computers as well. John Bell replied to this paradox.
Bell proved a theorem, according to which the correlation phenomenon can be
detected only if we do not know the characteristics of the objects we wish to
measure in advance. Otherwise the measurement results do not obey the laws of
quantum mechanics. Bell‟s observation introduces philosophical questions about the
objectivity of science, namely, what we observe is the result of the measurement. In
other words, the observer affects and alters the observed and vice versa. The
“subject” that observes and the “object” that is being observed form one another.
One of the most interesting conclusions that arise from the correlation phenomenon
(entanglement) is that the whole universe is connected in subatomic level since 14
billion years ago the whole matter in the universe was concentrated in a tiny spot.
This means that whichever transformation takes place in nature, it instantaneously
affects the whole universe.
9
About the nature of subatomic physics
1. Material and energy interchange one another. The material can become
energy and vice versa (nuclear energy) Ε=mc2 (A. Einstein).
2. The particles can manifest as material or / and as waves. Something may now
be acting as a particle and later on as a wave spread in space.
3. Heisenberg‟s Principle. We cannot define the position and the speed of a
particle at the same time. We can measure one or the other. Viger supports
that when we observe a particle, we affect its behavior. The observer affects
and thus influences the observed.
4. What we realize as dense and impervious material is actually vacuum – There
are large electron fields with minimal material / compact energy in the center.
We live in a universe that is created by “objects” that are actually 99%
vacuum.
5. Also, it has been observed that an object can appear from vacuum and
disappear in it. It is there, and then it is not, and then there it is again. It
seems that vacuum and material is the exact thing.
6. Even stranger is the fact that a particle can appear simultaneously at more
than one position. The existence of a particle at 3000 different spots at the
same time has been experimentally tested.
7. Non local affect. A particle can have an engagement with another, in such a
way that we can affect this particle, when we influence another particle with
which it is somehow connected, not physically though.
8. Quantum leaps. The Electrons can change positions spontaneously. They
suddenly appear in another orbit with higher energy or distance from the
nucleus.
10
9. Quantum fields. There is a probability field, an invisible order or quantum field,
according to Bohm (Einstein‟s student) where all the particles and the waves
interact with each other irrespectively of time and space. There is only one
undifferentiated field from unexpressed yet, chances. Some perceive this field
as the primary consciousness. This field is expressed as outdoor visible order
or world of beings, objects and facts when we start observing it and in fact
creating it by observing it through subconscious beliefs. That way, the
observed “object” emerges from the quantum field and gets a specific form
and measurable status only when it is observed.

Bohr: The internal order, the quantum field or the primary consciousness
a. All particles and waves are interconnected irrespectively of space and time.
b. There is no space because a particle can be located on more than one spots.
Simultaneously it is affected by the influences another particle gets, with
which it is not obviously connected.
c. There is no time, because time is not needed for a particle to appear at
another position and it can appear at more than one position at the same
time.
d. A result does not depend exclusively on a local cause, since everything is
connected in a cohesive space and time and conclusively everything affects
everything and all is affected by all – inside the cohesive space and time.
e. There are no separate beings, objects, facts or situations. When visible
beings and objects are manifested, they correspond to the particular observer
who happens to observe them.
11
Vacuum and Material
Democritus‟ as well as Newton‟s views on atoms were based on the fundamental
distinction between material and “vacuum” space. As far as general relativity is
concerned, this distinction is abolished. Where there is a body with great mass, there
will necessarily be a gravitational field. This gravitational field is expressed as the
courtesy of the space that encloses this body. However, we should not believe that
the field “fills” the space up and forces it to become curved. There is no distinction
between these two meanings: The field is the curved space. In general relativity, the
gravitational field and the structure or the geometry of the space are identified with
each other. They are expressed by the same mathematical quantity in Einstein‟s field
equations. Einstein says: “We are obliged to see the material as a synthesis of the
areas of the space, where the field displays a special intensity. In this new type of
physics there is no place for field and material. The mere reality is the field.” The
discovery that the mass is nothing more than a form of energy, made us radically
reform our views on particles. In contemporary physics, the mass is no longer
connected to the material substance, and, as a result, the particles are no longer
considered as fundamental components of material, but as concentrations of energy.
The particles should not be depicted as stable three dimensional objects, as
uncountable tiny balls or grains of sand, but as four dimensional beings of space time. From the aspect of space, they look as objects that have got some mass, while
from the aspect of time, they look more as evolutionary processes that request the
corresponding act for their realization. The theory of quanta proved that the particles
are not isolated grains of material, but models of possibilities, bonds of a non
separated cosmic grid. The field theory, which is proposed by the contemporary
physics, obliges us to abandon the classical distinction between space and material,
since it has been proved that the elementary particles can be born spontaneously
from vacuum, without the presence of nucleon or any other strong particle. The
vacuum is not a vacuum! On the contrary, it encloses an unlimited number of
particles that are created and then vanish constantly. In reality, vacuum is absolutely
alive! Most of the contemporary physists believe that the discovery of the dynamic
character of vacuum is the most important in the history of science. Vacuum was no
more a passive and neutral frame of the acting of the physical phenomena and was
12
recognized as a dynamic situation of great importance. “When we are healthy, we do
not understand the different parts of our body, but we realize our body as an
unseparated total. This understanding creates the feeling of healthiness and joy.”
Key Elements And Principles
Material = Energy
Material and Energy interchange with each other and we cannot separate them. The
energy can become material and vice versa. The energy becomes material only
when we observe it. The particles can be reported as material or waves. They can
behave as particles (they can be defined in space) at one time and as waves in
space at another, where it is impossible for them to be defined.
What we realize as dense and impervious material is actually vacuum. We are
talking about large electron fields with little material (compact energy) at their centre.
Basically, we live in a universe that is created by “objects” that are actually 99%
vacuum. The sense of material arises from the move of the electrons around the
atomic nucleus.
Accordingly the following applies: if the atomic nucleus has the size of a basketball,
then the space occupied by the atom (with the electrons roaming) has a diameter of
22 kilometers!! Namely, let‟s think that even a nut consists of atoms. Imagine how far
we are from its centre…
It is very important to understand that when we say “great density” we mean “less
distance of the electrons from their nucleus”. For example: One cubic centimeter of
material near a black hole weighs 10 million tons. The rarity of the material here on
Earth is immediately perceived…
13
Basic Theory:
A particle is located at the state of the probability field, it is spread at the space, it is
not found in a particular position, until it is observed by the observer and in that way
it “collapses” from the probability field at a particular position.
Namely, our way of thinking creates the reality (the material i.e. as we know it) as a
result of the act of observing. Every form of consciousness is defined as an observer
in quantum mechanics.
Explanation:
A “probability field” is a tendency to become something. It is located between an idea
(a possibility) of a fact and its material realization. Namely, once everything had been
ideas that were made true in such a material level that our sensory system can
perceive.
Non - Locality
It is possible for a particle to be located at more than one spots at the same time.
The existence of a particle at 3000 different spots at the same time has been
experimentally observed. The above principle applies 100% at quantum level.
Example of non – locality: Let‟s suppose that we are watching a football match.
When we are not looking at the football ground, the ball exists in every probable
position that it could be found (probability field). Only when we look at the ball, does
it collapse in one of these (positions).
The position in which the ball will collapse depends exclusively on our sensory
system. They define the unique position of the ball in the field. Certainly, whoever
watches the specific football match can see the ball at the same spot because all the
people have got the same sensory-input system.
“Photons in love”
14
Two electrons that at some point had contact or were created together are indivisibly
connected. Namely, if one electron undergoes a change (in whichever point), then
this change “is experienced” by the other electron at the same time and regardless of
the distance separating them.
This leads us to two conclusions:
1) The information that is transferred and connects the two particles is traveling
faster than the speed of light or
2) there is no space. Namely, the particles are always together even if, for us,
they are located in two different positions in space. This means that they are
in different time dimension but not in different space dimension.
Quantum Leap
The electrons are able to change position, defining in that way, other properties and
forms of the material that consist it, or they are able to change orbit towards a higher
or a lower energy layer, without the intervention of time. The form and the presence
of the material (as we know it in general) with its properties, are due to the two things
mentioned above, namely the change of the position and the orbit of the electrons.
15
Quantum Vacuum or Zero Point Field and consciousness
The distinction between material and vacuum space was abandoned the moment of
the discovery of the fact that the elementary particles can spontaneously arise from
the vacuum and afterwards be absorbed by it. According to field theory, phenomena
like this, take place all the time. According to quantum physics, there is no absolute
vacuum and every spot of the universe is pulsing by an invisible activity.
Even at the temperature of the absolute zero, the vacuum carries huge quantities of
energy which due to homogeneity is not directly perceived, but under certain
circumstances leads in observable and countable phenomena. A volume of vacuum
space, which is not bigger than our little finger, encloses so much energy as ten
billion, billion, billion, billion universes together!
The energy of space can explain the genesis of the universe. So, the vacuum is not
empty, but it encloses all potential forms of the world of particles. It seems, however
that these forms are in turn transitional and temporary manifestations of the eternal
and omnipresent Vacuum.
The ontological interpretation of quantum physics of Bohm supposes the real
presence of particles and fields. The particles have got a complex internal structure
and are always accompanied by a quantum wave field. They are affected not only by
the classical electromagnetic forces, but also by a thinner force, the quantum
potential, that is defined by their quantum field.
The quantum potential transfers information from the whole environment and
provides direct, non-local connections between quantum systems. They correspond
to what Bohm calls inherent class, which can be considered as a vast energy ocean
in which the physical or developing world is a simple ripple. A universal quantum
field, the Vacuum Quantum or Zero Point Field is the basis of the material world. Its
explanation opens the gates to a function of deeper and more cognitive levels of
reality. The catholic associations that were proved by the mildness of the radiation
depth are maybe an example of non – locality. Since the early universe presented
16
quantum correlations, when we conduct observations and find these correlations, we
find out the deep interconnection of the universe that is suggested by the quantum
theory.
A “non – locality” is a non – locality either it is focused on the relatively small
dimensions of the laboratory or on billions of light years. When we understand the
one, we understand the other as well. However, we cannot equalize the
understanding to the description of a non – locality in space and time, since a non –
locality goes beyond space and time limits. As a result, it denotes a single entity that
ceases to constitute a whole if it is subjected to space-time description.
Quantum Information
During the whole procedure of the appearance of the particles at the universe, we
have to identify the existence of a factor which is neither material nor energy. This
factor is already identified not only at humanities and social sciences, but also in the
physical and biological sciences.
This factor is information! This information configures the parameters of the universe
at its genesis. As a result, it governs the evolution of its basic elements in complex
systems. We are not talking about the type of information as it is considered to be
spread among people. The “formative information” exists in the world regardless of
the will of the people and their actions. The formative information of the world is
connected to the laws of interrelation and interaction of its elements, which are
created by the Unified Vacuum. It is referred to the consistency of the Universe
through which its recipient is formed. It can be the quantum, a galaxy, or a human
being. This mutual information relates everything to each other. It is the carrier of all
known information under the usual definition of the term “information”.
The mutual information is a refined, permanent connection among the elements that
are located in different positions in space and in different moments in time, as well as
the consciousness associated with these elements. The characteristic of the
coherent universe is the formative information that is created, preserved, transferred
17
and interconnects all its parts. In that way, a universe that searches the route from
one phase of evolution to the next one, can be transformed to a system with
extensive interfaces which builds over mutual information that is already created.
Quantum Logic
The fundamental law of logic is the principle of bivalence: the logic (typical or
symbolic) functions with an elementary binary code, for example: 'on = true' and 'off
= false', it responds that is to a Boolean algebra. According to the quantum logic
something can simultaneously be true and false without contradicting the natural
world. This requires the need for an intuitive logic according to which contradiction
and ambiguity are states of the natural world.
We could suggest that logic expresses the macroscopic world of the physicalsensible reality (visible world), while the intuitive logic expresses the tiny world of
energy of elementary particles (invisible world). At the visible world of material that is
perceived by our senses the binary Boolean logic functions, having as a fundamental
law the principle of consistency, while at the microscopic world that is captured by
the subtractive contemplation, a non Boolean logic, non-linear logical inconsistency
functions.
However, the above way in which the cosmic reality is approached in its wholeness
is metaphysical. Namely, it separates the world in macroscopic and microscopic
level. If we wish to think as a whole, we could say that every system functions in two
ways, both linear and nonlinear, i.e. both by necessity and by randomness. We could
say that time unites the contrasts.
Imaginary Numbers and Quantum Information Theory
Every piece of information when it is manifested at some point of the space – time
continuum is transformed into energy deducted from holistic information (absolute
18
symmetry). Every piece of information before it is manifested into energy is being
developed in imaginary and not real time. The imaginary time refers to holistic
information of spacetime that refers to the imaginary numbers and not the real ones.
The real numbers refer to the outcomes of the conversion of the information into
energy, a process which implies the emergence of forms and shapes in the spacetime continuum. Every “material point” in the visible universe has got form and
shape, even if we are talking about material objects (mass) or about non material
situations, facts, e.t.c.
The quantum theory is inherently probabilistic, and that happens because the
necessary incision in the quantum Whole means loss of information.
The quantum probability does not constitute an expression of incomplete knowledge,
but an expression of multiple realizations of microphysical capacities of a quantum
system, within given experimental conditions which are defined by the intersection of
the Whole at the measuring process.
Every piece of information – as “energy” that has not been manifested - is said to be
developing in the imaginary time - and not in the real one. When we are talking about
the imaginary time and its evolution, we propose neither a false nor a non-wise
affirmative statement. On the contrary, we express a true statement; we refer to the
holistic information, to a different time level from that of our own countable time. To
analyze it further, we refer to a (space -) time level that is connected to the imaginary
– and not the real – numbers.
Let‟s give an example. After we have read a novel, we close the book. When the
book is closed, the subject, the characters, the meanings, the action and the whole
plot of the novel in general stop existing? Of course not. We simply needed to read
it. Namely, the contribution of our time and our action was needed in order the for the
information contained in the book to turn into content (energy), so that we read it and
comprehend it. As a result, a closed book contains all the information encoded into
letters / symbols on the paper. Therefore, whatever exists there (subject, plot, action,
characters of the novel) are all instantaneously developed, irrespectively of whether
we have read it or not.
19
The notion of information is connected to the entropy and is considered as
equivalent to the "negative entropy". While on the contrary, the entropy is equivalent
to the absence of information. The connection that seems to exist between the
entropy (the degree of order in a system) and the information of that system is now
well – known. We can see that their connection is inversely proportional: the weaker
is the entropy (disorder) of a system, the higher is the information it contains.
20
The String Theory (1)
The theoretical physicist Gabriele Veneziano set the foundations of the Superstring
Theory at the end of the 1960s. His ideas formed the String Theory. Since then, the
theory was enriched, experimentally tested and presented as Superstring Theory.
The Superstring Theory at its most contemporary form composes an advanced
mathematical model which describes the function of the microcosm, of the
macrocosm, of space, of time, of all the elementary particles and of all the natural
forces. In other words, it makes an attempt to unify everything, which is the reason
why it is called Theory of Everything. However, apart from this, the theory gives a
new dimension to reality… or to be more specific, many more, as it ascribes 10
dimensions to the universe (while classical physics ascribes 4 – the three
dimensions of space plus time). So, we understand 4 dimensions, but there exist 6
more which have not been “unwrapped” for us!
At its evolution (Bert Ovrut, 2001), the theory presented a universe with 11
dimensions and was extrapolated to the theory of M – strings, where “M” is
translated as “mother” (“the mother of theories”) or as (“membrane”) as it supposes
that the strings with the appropriate vibration form membranes of dimensions
capable of forming a universe! As a matter of fact, our universe seems to be floating
over such a membrane of 11 dimensions, while there are more (parallel) universes.
The String Theory aims to reach the Theory of Everything. This theory aims to unite
gravity with quantum mechanics. The Theory of Everything, however, is striking to
Gödel‟s theorem of incompleteness. According to this theorem, no typical closed
system is consistent. Namely, no typical closed consistent system can prove its
consistency. In order for a system to be consistent, it has to be in – consistent, i.e. it
must have in its core the non – provability of its consistency. Only an open, i.e. non
consistent system can prove its consistency.
21
String theory and ancient knowledge
The ancient philosophy would agree with that theory while both in the East and the
West, for thousand of years, the ancient wise men have been teaching the Principle
of Unity which presents Nature as a whole, a unity in which nothing is separate and
everything depends on everything and is connected to everything! Material and
force, living and non living creatures, visible and invisible beings are nothing more
but the expression of a Nature, of a Force that could easily be the TAO of the
Chinese, or the BEING of Parmenides, or the Fire of Heraclitus or the ONE of
Pythagoras!
The fact that the material and the forces that manifest in the Universe are nothing
more than the result of vibrations, of a “cosmic music” or symphony is reported on an
ancient text called “Kybalion” as well. This text was considered to be Hellenistic and
mentions the 7 Principles (or Laws) that govern the universe. A more careful study
has shown that these Laws are more ancient since they were found in Egypt, carved
in the walls of the pyramid of Unas of the fifth dynasty (a not so famous and well
preserved pyramid). The third Law of this ancient text is reported as the “Principle of
Vibration” and mentions: “Nothing rests. Everything is moving, everything is
vibrating.”
This Principle reminds us of the words of Heraclitus “Everything flows” with which the
Greek philosopher meant that everything is continuously moving or vibrating and are
continuously being transformed. Birth, change, decay and death get involved in a
nonstop circle. Everything – people, plants, planets or galaxies – are born,
transformed and die contributing to that infinite vibration, to that “cosmic music”. This
infinite move, which is LIFE itself, is stated, among others, by the famous Chinese
symbol of YIN YANG that was chosen by Nils Bohr as his symbol.
22
The String Theory (2)
At school, we learned that the material is composed of molecules, which are
constituted by atoms. In turn, the atoms are composed of smaller particles: protons,
neutrons and electrons which as well arise from combinations of tiny “quarks”.
The General Theory of Relativity teaches us that every piece of material equals to an
amount of energy (Ε=mc2) and all these elementary particles are nothing more than
expressions of specific amounts of energy. In other words, what we understand as
material is nothing more than energy that is vibrating at a “slow pace”.
Here comes the Superstring theory to lead us a lot further, as it describes the
material, even its tiniest particles as the result of a vibration of infinitesimal cosmic
strings or “superstrings”! These strings may be closed, as loops, or open as hair. A
string is smaller than an electron as a mouse is smaller than the whole solar system!
Theoretically speaking, such a string has a length of 10-33 cm (!) and includes force
equal to 1039 tones (!). Something as tiny as it gets is capable of structuring the
universe!
According to Superstring Theory, the matter at its whole and the forces of nature are
nothing more than results of the vibrations of these infinitesimal strings! It is
something similar to a guitar string which depending on its voltage and the frequency
with which it vibrates, it produces specific musical notes.
In that way, the Superstring Theory brings us at the threshold of the music of the
World about which Pythagoras, who believed in the mathematical harmony of the
universe, talked about thousands of years ago. According to Pythagoras, the
Numbers, as cosmic archetypes, keep the secret of the creation of the universe and
all contribute to a cosmic harmony.
Heraclitus prevails
Finally, the findings of Einstein may also have put an end to classical controversy
between the Greek schools of Heraclitus and Parmenides. The latter philosopher
held that all is One and that motion is an illusion, while Heraclitus stated just the
23
opposite, namely that motionlessness is an illusion and that everything is always in a
permanent state of motion and change. While the Parmenidean argument may be
given some credit for using clever metaphors (from an arrow‟s perspective the archer
is moving away), it is now firmly established that the physical world looks much more
Heraclitean than Parmenidean. Even if an object appears to be at rest in a
designated reference frame, it still travels through time.
24
The Fate Of The Universe
The concept of matter in relation to the curved space-time
and its geometry
Einstein‟s general theory of relativity supports that gravity is not a force, but a
curvature of space-time. The matter deforms (curves) the structure of space – time
and the bigger the quantity of the matter is, the bigger is the curvature caused.
According to Einstein‟s special theory of relativity, the light has got mass (Ε=mc2). If
we combine these two theories we approach the answer to the question about the
fate of the universe. The total amount of matter influences the geometry of the
universal space-time and gives the universe a specific “shape”. The fate of the
universe depends on its “shape”.
Let‟s examine the above in detail:
At the equations that describe the Universe, as the Belgian astrophysicist Αbbé
Lemaitre proved, there is a factor symbolised with an (ε). This factor is called
curvature factor and describes the type of the geometry of the Universe and its
properties. Based on this factor:
A Euclidian space has got curvature ε = 0 and then the Universe is called flat.
A Lobatschewsky space has got constant negative curvature and then the Universe
(for ε = -1) is hyperbolic (non Euclidian).
A Riemann space presents positive curvature (ε>0) and the Universe is spherical
(non Euclidian).
It is interesting to point out that according to the theory of Relativity, the curvature of
space and its formation into Lobatschewsky or Riemann space depends on the
density of matter that is formed in its frames.
For different values of the curvature factor (ε), the Universe is reported as flat (ε=0),
spherical (ε>0) or hyperbolic (ε<0). As understood, for (ε>0) or (ε<0), the spaces are
not Euclidian, nor are the according shapes, irrespectively of the dimensions, sensed
by us humans.
25
Well, which will be the fate of the universe? The total amount of matter is very close
to the “borderline” that separates a closed (spherical) world from a flat or an open
one. If the universe is closed, it is only closed. If the structure of space-time is either
open, or closed, this means that there is a different fate for the universe.
If the universal space-time is “shaped” as a sphere, then the universe will begin to
shrink gradually and it will reach a “point” of zero radius and infinite density: a black
hole. A black hole is a part of space where the matter shrinks, due to the effect of
gravity and becomes so dense that the space – time wraps in a “bottomless well”. In
this situation not even the light can get away. The borderline, from which neither the
light can get out, constitutes an absolute barrier for any information and is called
event horizon. Through the event horizon of a black hole, any communication with
the known world is excluded by the rules of physics themselves, since no signal sent
from
inside
a
black
hole
can
escape
the
trap
of
gravity.
If the universal space – time continues to expand to the infinite, then the world will
experience the consequences of the second thermodynamic law: the entropy. The
whole cosmic order will gradually degenerate and will reach the state of the final
balance (thermical death).
The question about the fate of the universe is a mystery.
26
The Geometry Of The Universe
When we refer to geometry, it goes without saying that there also exists a space
where it develops and the properties that this geometry describes.
In maths, in the world of mathematics, the meaning of space is ideal – notional and
has nothing at all in common with the material reality. Respectively, the geometric
shapes that are formed inside the world of mathematics are ideal – notional and
dematerialized and are not at all related to the material reality that our senses
perceive. The shapes and the forms that are designed inside these mathematical
spaces are identical to the 4 Platonic solids: the regular octahedron, the regular
icosahedron, the regular tetrahedron and the regular cube or hexahedron.
The Dimensions
The physical man has got even a poor sense of these non material spaces and of
the forms that are created inside him. He identified these non material spaces to the
material shapes that were perceivable by the human senses. He named “three
dimensional space” the material space that the human senses can perceive. Inside
this three dimensional material space he identified the two dimensional space with
every material level, for example, the surface of a table.
Likewise, he identified the single dimensional space with the section of two material
levels, for example, the edge of a cube. In that way, the false impression that one
three dimensional material space includes in itself infinite spaces of one or two
dimensions was created. In the same way, a two dimensional space includes infinite
spaces of a single dimension and a space of a single dimension includes infinite
spaces of zero dimensions.
This identification, however, is false! Every spot around us, inside the material World,
is described by three coordinates. This means that, according to the definition we
gave above, the spot is not a space of zero dimension, since it can be described by
three coordinates. However, as it is known, every material level or straight line, is a
27
set of three dimensional spots and therefore they are described by three dimensions
as well. Namely, they are three dimensional shapes that have nothing in common
with the respective spaces of two and single dimensions. Inside a three dimensional
material space we can distinguish curved surfaces as well, like the spherical, the
parabolic or the hyperbolic one. So, these surfaces are three dimensional since they
are consisted of three dimensional material spots.
The Non Perceptible Universe
If the dimensions of the universe are more than three, even if the geometry of the
universe is Euclidean, humans cannot perceive the real nature of the four
dimensional universe, nor the forms and shapes that are created inside it. Namely,
everything that he perceives as real, even the whole universe, is nothing more than
projections (depictions) of parts of the non Euclidean real and non perceivable
universe, on a three dimensional Euclidean world which is constructed by the biology
of the human senses. We scientifically name the World constructed by the biology of
the brain pseudo – Eucledean Minkowski space.
As we mentioned above, the purely mathematical spaces, and the geometric shapes
that are formed inside them, are ideal and non material and have nothing to do with
the material reality. Mathematics study ideal spaces, “unreal” and non perceivable
ones, while Physics studies the material, perceivable and measurable World. The
connection was made by the well known Theory of Relativity by Einstein, who
conceived the idea that the main composite of classic Physics, the material, is
nothing more than curving of the main component of the World of Mathematics, the
space that is.
The Space - Time Continuum
The only real thing inside the universe is the space - time continuum, which cannot
be cut or divided. Namely, if we make a section on the space - time continuum, we
28
have space and time, but neither the time, nor the space that is counted by the
human describe the universal reality. Briefly, time as described and counted by
clocks and space as described and measured by the units of measurement have
nothing in common with the reality of the universal creation, nor do they describe it.
How Can Material Be Defined?
According to the Theory of Relativity, the material is a curved three dimensional
space. However, the three dimensional space is a delusion; the material is the curve
of a delusion.
When we talk about the curving of the Euclidian three dimensional universal space
that is perceived by our senses, we simply mean a curvature of space in relation to
the third dimension, the dimension of time. In fact, the perceivable material is a
curved three dimensional space towards the dimension of time. That means that the
material is perceivable if the value of the dimension of time is located between a
minimum and a maximum.
The variation of the curvature of a region of a three dimensional space marks the
birth, the evolution and the death of a material existence. If we consider stable the
extent of a region of space, the amount of the curvature of space in relation to the
dimension of time is the basic parameter that characterizes the evolution of a
material existence. The Curvature of a region is equal to the density of the energy.
This means that instead of saying that the material is the curving of space, we can
say that the material is a region with a great density of energy. Namely, it is equally
right to say that the evolution of a material existence depends on the changes in the
density of its energy.
29
The Elusive Concept of Time
Time, before the advent of thetheory of relativity, had in fact a meaning. Now on, in
the period after the theory of relativity, time has not got a single meaning any more,
but a logical coupling of two meanings – these of space and of time as space - time.
Namely, when we want to refer to the meaning of time, we say that time is
inextricably connected with space, and vice versa, space is inextricably connected
with time. The result of this forced coupling is catalytic because basically the
meaning of time (and the meaning of space of course) is from now on defined by
another meaning – that is, it is like understanding time through space (and vice
versa).
In that way, however, both those two meanings, space and time, seem to be
disembodied. As far as space is concerned, it can easily be understood, since its
three dimensions have always been visible. But, what happens with time, whose
indirect perception has always been problematic? Now, the only traces of time that
are left are two: an outer (the fingers of the clock) and an inner one (the persistent
feeling that we have concerning time). In other words, back in time there used to be
a universal clock, which was perfectly tuned by God. But now on, time is tuned
universally, but conventionally by Greenwich.
We have now reached the point where time has been transformed into a “ghost”. On
the contrary, due to the degradation of time which we are talking about, space gains
accretion, resulting in it being more flexible both in its meaning and in its content. For
example, the scientists who study the above theory are talking about a
transformation of space into something geometrical – curvature of space -. That is
how the meaning of gravity has occurred. But, the phenomenological concept of
space - time as a single entity gives accretion to the meaning of space against the
meaning of time. We can show, for instance, in what way a clock located on the
highest floor of a building is accelerating, while on the contrary a clock located on the
lowest floor has got a lower speed. Another example can be a withe which seems to
be smaller in length when its speed goes up concerning the observer.
We are showing, in fact, time as an elastic figure and a reality non stable and rigid. It
seems, namely, that space and time are quantities that are being affected by bodies
30
and forces. A body on the move and a force empowered have an effect in space and
time and this transforms their curvature. This works vice versa as well, the curvature
of space and time affects the way in which the bodies move and the way in which the
forces act. Space and time not only affect, but are also affected by whatever takes
place in the universe. The curvature of space - time leads to the perception of a
universe finite and infinite at the same time.
Well, since time is relative and depends equally on the gravity field where the
observation is taking place and on the speed of the body being observed, the only
stable meaning that we can attribute to it, is its flexibility. But, in fact this flexibility is
nothing else than the strain of space. Besides, when one part of a double (and
reversible) being becomes relative as a size, the same thing happens directly versa
to the size of the other part. Namely, as one part, time, becomes relative, the other
one, space, becomes absolute. This is the condition or requirement in order the
space - time can be a piece of information. Space is the piece of information, while
time is its entropy when the symmetry of information is broken. We, as human
creatures, move in its space - time.
Time, Entropy, Brain
In the frame of the universalspace-time continuum, time is relative and as a
consequence space is absolute. How does this reverse ratio lie in the eyes of an
observer? The answer can be divided into two parts:
a) The reverse ratio, in the eyes of an outer observer would seem like an expansion
of space. b) On the other hand, a participatory observer would experience this
expansion of space through the growing of his own age. Consequently, a conscious
and self-aware observer would observe the expansion of the universe on the one
hand, and on the other he would measure the decrease of his own time.
These parallel processes, if examined on the basis of their phenomenological
intuition, are presented as relational: increase of the disorder (or uncertainty) degree,
which is an entropy increase, both as a behavior of the universe (expansion) and as
31
a behavior of the biological body towards its growing up. But, by eidetic reductions,
we can draw other conclusions.
1)
The expansion of the universe, namely the increase of its entropy, is not
connected with the increase of the entropy of the material factor of human existence.
This happens because growing up takes place due to a decrease in space - time –
and consequently in the entropy of the material body, while in the case of the
universe, the expansion takes place due to an increase of its space. So, poetically
speaking, while in the sky there is an increase of the entropy, on Earth we can see a
decrease of it, at least on the part in which the living bodies are concerned. As a
matter of fact, the increase of the entropy in the expansion of the cosmic space time is inversely proportional to the entropy on the earthly scale of space - time.
2)
This consequents directly (and indirectly) to the independent behavior of the
human brain, which –always in an earthly scale of space - time –slightly increases its
entropy, even though the whole material body tends towards disorder. So, the brain
is driven, through the increase of the energy of the rest of the biological body, to the
creation of more and more information. It has to be seen that the entropy, namely the
consumption of energy is itself inversely proportional to the information inside the
earthly space - time: higher entropy, lower information and vice versa.
3) Well, it seems, that the brain, as a piece of information, is a part of the cosmic
space, while as energy, it takes part in the increase of the entropy that is taking
place in the earthly space - time. Maybe, in this way, harmonizing the earthy with the
heavenly, the phenomenon of life is adjusted catalytically.
4) Finally, if the above indeed takes place, the participation of consciousness (in its
broad meaning) in the expansion of the cosmic space, which as analyzed here is
nothing else than the fluctuation of space - time from the illusion of time, i.e. the
visible universe, towards the truth of timeless time, namely the invisible universe
32
Mathematics Of Imagination
“Logic will get you fromA to B imagination will take you everywhere” Einstein.
The genuine mathematics –as Kurt Gödel showed - can be classified in absolutely
no Formal Axiomatic System, no matter how advanced that system is. They cannot
be formal; they are by default informal (non typical). The logical assumption is then,
that there cannot be a (formal) mathematical theory. Therefore, the nature of
genuine mathematics is not objectively “mathematical”. Namely, it is not governed by
the logic of set theory.
The logic of the set theory is governed by the principle of identity, the principle of
non-contradiction, while the choice of their axioms is strictly poetical, that is
“creative”. The choice of the axioms is not empirical, nor are they produced logically,
because if it were so, they would not be axioms, they would be theorems of logic.
So,
mathematics
is
not
a
simple
acceptance
of
logical
principles
and
metamathematic rules. If there is no creation of new axioms, where there is a need
of them, then mathematics stop developing. There is no restriction on the choice of
the axioms, except for the non-contradiction and their sufficiency. However, those
two principles are not enough for the creation of axioms. They are the negative terms
that have to be abided for the axioms to be valid and acceptable. The mathematics
of thought exceed the totals and deal with magmas. For example, all the pictures
that we keep in our minds when we are thinking or dreaming do not form a set in
mathematical terms. That is because a set consists of elements defined and
distinguished from each other, which come either from the real world or from the
notional imaginary world. Our pictures, however, do not consist of elements
distinguished and defined. We cannot separate them; all elements are connected to
each other and are defined mutually.
Only the linguistic expression of genuine mathematics is typical, since, as being a
language, it is a human construction of symbolic/point patterns which express the
earthly dimensional (Euclidean) space-time environment. These extreme spot
symbols of mathematical expression are nothing else but the extreme sections of the
net (intangible) mathematical universe. Namely, they are material thickenings that
take place due to the function of the human brain (1). An example may analyze the
33
above: as electromagnetism is material (electricity) and “power” (“something else”)
altogether, the mathematical universe is language (material) and thought
(“something else” – “energy”) together. The language should not be coincided with
thought (2).
On the other hand, neither the thought should be coincided with the written
language. Both the oral and the written language are nothing more than a form of the
net structure of thought – logic. Logic in turn, should not be coincided with
mathematics (neither as being a mathematical logic), because mathematics are an
immaterial – invisible “language” which is expressed as a visible material through
mathematical symbols – spots. Ultimately, Mathematics themselves cannot be
categorized, as we showed, in rationalism or in empiricism (“sensualism”), or in
intuitionism (“intuitive mathematics”) either. They refer directly to the queen of human
capabilities in Communication, i.e. imagination (and the Imaginary).
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we
now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all
there ever will be to know and understand.” Einstein. As Hegel said, desire is the
matrix of Thought. Man desires what he lacks and what he lacks is the “other”, the
unseen and invisible world. Man imagines what he lacks and he creates it with
imagination. “Nothing exists in thought if man has not imagined it” (Aristotle).
Creativity, creative imagination (Kant) is the ability to create new ideas, forms and
situations from void and nothing.
„‟Imagination is the queen of truth, and possibility is one of the regions of truth. She is
positively akin to infinity‟‟. Charles Baudelaire
As Baudelaire said, imagination is the queen of the human capacities. Indeed, reality
is unified with the imaginary and the image we create for something is more
important than that thing itself. However, imagination does not only create images. It
also creates wishes and provocative excesses. Unquestionably, both the greatest
and the most awesome human accomplishments were born in his imagination in the
first place. We need imagination in order to “touch” others and spread ideas strange
or even annoying to them. Imagination is required in order to surprise, to satisfy and
to move them. Imagination means communication and creation after all.
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Furthermore, communication is the creation of the imaginary; it is an address to the
imagination. This explains why communication is creative in more than one ways.
Imagination, then, is necessary to Communication, because beside the creation of
images, words, meanings, universe, wishes and dreams, it also results in offering the
pleasure of knowledge or the knowledge of pleasure to the world… It offers that is,
mathematical imagination itself!
1.
According to the special Theory of Relativity, the material universal reality is
nothing more than the projection, the image, the reflection of everything enclosed in
the four dimensional non Euclidian and invisible universe. The fourth dimension is
the projection to the four dimensional and Euclidian space that is created by the
physiology of our senses.
2.
The language must not be identified with the Thought nor must it be
distinguished from it, as the visible world of the perceptible material is not identified
nor is it distinguished from the invisible world of the super noticeable energy. Time is
the rhythm that combines the opposites without identifying them.
35
The End of Certainty - From Being To Becoming
Complexity And Self-Organized Systems
The Newtonian mechanics was the model of classical science. In the classical
science all the natural laws had an absolutely deterministic and descriptive character
and defined the course and development of every phenomenon. The knowledge of
these laws assured the human – observer the ability to understand not only the
present but also the past and the future. In a deterministic and timeless universe, the
arrow of time is nothing but a human illusion. Only the vision of the universe from the
perspective of eternity ensures the truth of physical theories.
In the deterministic universe of the classical science, the order always creates
disorder and never vice versa! The scientific dream of a united (applying on the
microcosm as well as on the macrocosm) and objective (i.e. independent of the
observer) description of the natural world, would become the nightmare of the
contemporary physics in the beginning of the 20th century. The quantum description
and interpretation of the microcosm, which is regarded as the fundamental level in
which all the natural phenomena are raised and explained, requires a radical review
of not only the classical description but also of the metaphysical preconditions of
classical science.
The classical ideal in physics was to be able to predict with certainty the future
development of a physical system. Newton‟s mechanics led to the triumph of the
deterministic vision of the natural processes: if we know the initial conditions of a
dynamical system, then the solution of the differential motion equations would allow
us to know in certainty not only the past but also the future of that system.
This, however, is not feasible for two reasons: a) it is not possible to have the initial
conditions of the system in absolute accuracy and b) the analytical solution is not
feasible for the great majority of the systems. As far as the first reason is concerned,
we have to mention that after the discovery of the unstable systems, it became clear
that very neighboring orbits (which, namely correspond to initial conditions and
whose values may differ slightly) after a certain period of time are removed
36
exponentially. In this notion, the orbit is actually an idealization, since it is never
possible to know the initial conditions in “infinite” accuracy. According to
Heisenberg‟s uncertainty principle and Bohr‟s principle of correspondence, the
neutral and deterministic description of the microcosm is impossible: discontinuity
and indeterminacy are inherent characteristics of microphysical phenomena and in
order to describe them we have to integrate the observer within his own
observations!
Ρrigozine believed that the laws of nature and those of physics are not given apriori,
nor are they entailed logically. They evolve in the same way the various species
evolve. Since things are becoming more multiple, bifurcations and aids occur and
new laws appear. “How can you be talking about the laws of biology if there are no
living systems?”
This proves the creativity of life. Each level of organization produces something
fundamentally new, something that is not found in the constituents or the "parts" of
the previous level. For example, in a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen there is no
water. The mixture gets a new identity, which, in practice, sacrifices the "parts",
hydrogen and oxygen. The only way to get the parts back is to ruin the water.
In other words, it was not obvious in the equations of quantum mechanics that a
“quantum arrow of time” emerges. Prigogine notes that in the theory of relativity as
well, time is irreversible and space and time are alternating mutually. This theory led
to the formulation of the theory of Big-Bang, which in practice gives an irreversible
sense to the history of the universe.
Prigogine’s first challenge concerns the phenomenon of
irreversibility. The second challenge has to do with the
sense of simplicity.
Since Democritus and Aristotle‟s era, scientists believed that beneath the complexity
of our world there should be simple objects and simple forces. Initially, scientists
37
thought that the atoms are the simple structural stones. Later on, when it was
discovered that the atoms consist of smaller parts, simple particles such as the
proton and the electron became the structural stones. After that, when the quantum
mechanics led to the unexpected discovery of an impressive world of particles at the
subatomic level, the physicists invented the grand unified theory and began to look
for the unique, simple power - the "superpower" which is supposed to have given
birth to that number of interactions of elementary particles. Prigοgine points out that:
“the idea of simplicity dissolves. Whichever direction we chose, there is complexity.”
Complexity is the key idea for the understanding of his theory. According to him, an
organism is born, grows to its maturity and passes away, namely, it has a history…
Both the classical Newtonian physics and the physics of the 20th century with
quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, are expressed by equations, which
are symmetrical with respect to time, i.e. they are reversible and deterministic. In
those theories there is no discrimination between the past and the future.
Thermodynamics, from approximately the half of the 19 th century had posed the
problem of the irreversible processes and the arrow of time. But the fundamentally
nonlinear character of natural processes and the different behavior of natural
systems, when they are away from the equilibrium state, were not yet recognized.
The discovery, in the 19th century, of the non reversible time – in evolution and
entropy - did not change the belief of the physicists that in the most basic levels of
matter, time is reversible, while the irreversibility we can see around us is a kind of
an illusion, as Einstein once pointed out.
As Prigogine mentions, “the study of systems away from the equilibrium state led me
to the belief that this cannot be the right view. Irreversibility plays a constructive role.
It creates a form. It creates human beings. How could our simple ignorance of the
initial conditions be the reason for this? Our ignorance cannot be the reason we
exist."
Prigogine goes on: “If we could raise the knowledge, i.e. create a computer powerful
enough, in order to write equations for the motion of all reversible and probabilistic
individual molecules that compose a system, then would our ignorance disappear,
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would the illusion of irreversibility remain vague, and would life, evolution, death and
time itself disappear? This is weird.”
This time paradox resulted in the development of physical theories during Newton‟s
era and thereafter. Particularly the time paradox refers to the fact that while the
classical equations are reversible with respect to time, from numerous physical data
the arrow of time seems to exist.
So, the question raised by Prigogine is the following: Does the arrow of time arise
simply as a result of a phenomenological approach to the natural processes or does
it represent a fundamental element which we must incorporate in the descriptions of
these processes?
The claim of Prigogine is summarized: “All laws of physics must be compatible to the
existence of the arrow of time”. This means that the laws have to be redrafted in
order firstly to contain the arrow of time (i.e. not to be symmetrical with respect to
time) and secondly, the various levels of description can lead to the same future
state.
The Role Of The Dispersing Structures And Of The
Bifurcations.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, in an isolated system (i.e. which
does not exchange matter and energy with its environment), the total entropy
increases progressively, while the free energy decreases until the system reaches
the equilibrium state, when its entropy acquires its maximum value. In
thermodynamic equilibrium state, the system is homogeneous and idle. If we also
suppose, as Clausius did, that the whole universe is an isolated system of gigantic
dimensions, then, according to the second law, the progressive degradation of the
energy, i.e. the maximization of entropy inevitably leads to the "heat death" of the
universe.
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In classical thermodynamics the arrow of time, i.e. the decay, the disorder and the
death, is introduced. Classical thermodynamics referred to isolated and closed-linear
systems.
However, how can we explain the “weird” behavior of the open systems? These
systems are located far from the equilibrium state and continuously exchange matter
and energy with their environment. They do not tend to a state of minimum free
energy and maximum entropy, but, on the contrary, they use some energy inputs
and fluctuations not only in order to maintain their structural stability but also in order
to evolve towards new dynamical states.
The open thermodynamic systems are the rules, not the exception. Those systems
contain not only the living organisms and the human societies, but also the greatest
part of the “simpler” physicochemical systems. Prigogine proved that on conditions
away from thermodynamic equilibrium state, the matter acquires new unexpected
properties, organizes itself and produces complex structures from random
fluctuations.
He will name these structures dissipative structures. Basically, we are talking about
systems which consume energy. The dissipative structures are states which reflect
their interaction with the environment, with which they interchange energy, sustained
through an endless dynamic flow.
The simplest forms of dissipative structures are some rather simple physicochemical
systems in which minimum disturbances and fluctuations in microscopic scale lead
to the emergence of new unexpected macroscopic structures. The living systems are
open systems, organization complexes that are far from the equilibrium state and
Prigozine, as it is said, classifies them in the “dissipative structures.”
Prigozine mentions that these random (unpredictable) processes show that the open
systems and therefore the greatest part of our universe are not mechanistic but
random. He uses the idea of randomness in a more different manner than the other
scientists do. For example, for Jacques Monod, author of the book “Chance and
Necessity”, chance means a world governed blindly and implies a universe, which
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according to human terms, is meaningless, namely it is very close to the illogical
world of existential philosophy.
However, for Prigozine, chance is a synonym for non-determinism, for spontaneity,
for innovation and creativity. Prigozine‟s universe is not far from being a living
organism, just because it has got space for the random behavior. This allows the
dissipative structures – which can be anything – from a chemical solution to a cloud,
a brain or a human – to recreate themselves according to unpredictable models.
These new models are usually caused by small changes or disturbances. These
small changes or disturbances create an unpredictable type of behavior which
challenges a mechanical interpretation of entropy, as well as a conventional
interpretation of the arrow of time.
This way, the dissipative structures introduce continuous creativity in nature. This
means that nature is not something stable, inert molecules that are governed only by
impulses and attractions, but something energetic and alive. In those open systems,
the matter is not isolated, but on the contrary it is rewarding, and correlative self changing, with respect to the activities of the rest matter. In those “out of balance”
systems, the minimum change can "destabilize" the system and bring about a result
that has not been foreseen by the logic of linear equations.
Examples of dissipative structures
The key to the answer to the time paradox is located in the study of systems that are
far from the equilibrium state. In systems like that self - organizing processes as well
as dissipative structures are possible to come out.
In order to understand this meaning, at first we shall refer to a system which is
located close to the equilibrium state, e.g. a pendulum with frictions. If we remove it
from the equilibrium state, after a certain period of time it will return to the above
state. However, in systems which are not far from the equilibrium state, there are
bonds which do not allow them to return to the equilibrium state. Prigοgine mentions
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the ecosystem on the surface of the earth as an example of the above phenomenon.
As the ecosystem gets the influence of the solar radiation, it is removed from the
equilibrium state and it is lead to the creation of complex structures. “The important
thing”, Prigοgine mentions, “has to do with the fact that away from the equilibrium
state, when the system is disturbed, there is no guarantee that it will return again in
its former condition. On the contrary, the system starts exploring new structures, new
types of organization in space - time, which I named dispersing structures.”
Bifurcation: Window of divided routes
An important factor in the emergence of new structures is the contribution of
fluctuations or disruptions, namely of sudden illusions that allow something new to
appear, even there where the existence of entropy would exclude it. This happens
because the dispersion structures are non linear systems, the order of which
emerges from chaos. If we add only one fluctuation to other fluctuations, then this
fluctuation will become so strong that it will manage to organize the whole system
under a new model. These points are called by Prigogine Bifurcation points and they
are points at which the deterministic description collapses and then the system
follows one of the several possible Bifurcations of the road.
As an instant window into the whole, the strengthening of the bifurcations leads to
order or chaos. In Prigogine's perception of things, the bifurcation – a word meaning
Point of disunity or division – is a basic notion. The bifurcation in a system is a
moment of critical importance when something as small as a single photon, a slight
variation of the external temperature, a change in the density, or the fluttering of a
butterfly in Hong Kong expands so much by repetition that a fork is created – and the
system gets a new direction. As time goes by, the torrents of Bifurcation points
makes the system either get fragmented resulting in chaos or stabilize a new
behavior through a series of feedback loops (like self – abolition, cross catalysis and
self – interception).
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If a system that has gone through a Bifurcation gets stabilized by its feedback, it can
resist to other changes for millions of years, until some new critical disorder
enhances the feedback and creates a new Bifurcation point.
At its Bifurcation points, the option to “choose” between different types of order is
actually offered to the system. The inner feedback of some choices is so complicated
that there is basically an infinite amount of degrees of freedom. In other words, the
order of the choice is so high that we are talking about chaos. Other Bifurcation
points offer options where the coupling feedback creates a lower degree of freedom.
These choices can make the system seem simple and normal.
This, however, is a fraud because the feedback in obviously simple orders, such as a
solitonic wave, is also very complicated.
The pure effect of the Bifurcations in the evolution of the living cells was the creation
of organic chemical reactions that have been created in a complex and stable
manner in the cell environment. Prigogine by the notion “communication” means this
exact creation of feedback loops. Towards such communication the system remains
unharmed.
The Bifurcation points are landmarks in the evolution of the system and imprint its
history. The historical record of the human Bifurcations is engraved on human
fetuses. These undergo stages on which initially they look like fish, later like
amphibians and finally like reptiles.
Thousands upon thousands of Bifurcation points that compose a vivid recounting of
options, through which we evolved as a system from the initiative cell to our current
being, can be found imprinted in all forms and processes – in our cell chemical
reactions and in the form of our neural networks - that make us unique. In every
Bifurcation point during the past of our system, there was a course in which there
were several futures. By the repetition and the support that the system got, one
future was chosen while the other possibilities disappeared forever. This way our
Bifurcation points compose a map of non reversibility of time. The dynamic of the
Bifurcation points reveals that the time is irreversible but it is able to make
summaries. It also reveals that the movement of time is not measurable. Every
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decision made in a Bifurcation point contains a support to something small. Although
causality works every time, the Bifurcation occurs unpredictably.
Prigogine points out that: “This mixture of necessity and chance composes the
history of the universe.” It also composes the creativity of the universe. The
capability of a system to reinforce a small change constitutes a creative lever. Only
one bee which enters a beehive and interacts with thousand other bees can pull the
beehive across the air by making small movements that indicate the location rich in
pollen. The systems are also very sensitive near those parts which consist the
crystallized "memory" of Bifurcations of the past. The nations evolved mainly due to
Bifurcations which included heavy conflicts. As a result, they are very sensitive
towards several types of information which reproduce those Bifurcations. A mere
newspaper title can motivate a whole nation to go to war.
The role of the Bifurcations in the evolution of life.
The belief that the secret of the creativity of nature hides in the laws of
unpredictability, chaos and time and not in the mechanistic laws of classical
dynamics lies beneath Prigogine‟s claims. He mentions as an example of the
creativity of the chaos and of the non reversibility, their role in the emergence of life.
The dissipative structures arise as a result of processes in systems which are
characterized as releasing systems, i.e. systems that show energy losses. In such
systems, when they are away of the equilibrium state, interactions (long-range
cοrrelatiοns), which have a long range and play a crucial role in creating new
structures, take place. The appearance of life in our planet became possible through
such natural processes.
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Self – Organising And life
An example of self - organising is the appearance of currents and eddies in fluids
where we can see billions of particles “cooperate.”
The matter is blind near the equilibrium state. However, far from the equilibrium state
we have correlations of great range that are basic for the creation of new structures.
Self organizing takes place because when we are far from the equilibrium state, the
system has got lots of choices, of which, anthropomorphically talking, it selects one.
Self – organizing is closely connected to the phenomenon of life. The creation of
complexity, which is necessary for the creation of life, is connected to the process of
storing information in molecules of which the living cell is constituted. All living
systems, either unicellular or multicellular organisms, are extremely complex
systems compared to all the other species of the non living matter that exist in the
Universe. Complexity is the result of effect processes, leading to systems with great
organization, containing large information stocks. This organization of the molecules
of a living organism, a result of accumulation of information, is what makes them
able to produce useful work. The useful work involves both the fulfillment of basic
biological processes, such as metabolism and reproduction, and the further increase
in the information content that builds up in living systems. This last process is subject
to the great chain of evolution of biological systems, this development is governed by
the law of natural selection. The capability of reproduction, mutation and metabolism
are necessary conditions for the latter.
A system which has got these properties automatically is able to take part in the
“game” of natural selection and evolution. The natural selection leads in forms of
organizing, which are more effective, leaving the less effective ones at the process of
disappearing. This way, a form of organizing which is stabilized dynamically in a
system out of the equilibrium state, will disappear, if a an improved form of
organizing appears. In this sense, progress means constant amelioration of the
operational efficiency of the biological systems.
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A yet unsolved problem, associated to biological order is the way in which the
transition from the molecular activity to the supermolecular order of the cell takes
place. The biological order was usually considered as a natural condition which was
created by enzymes playing a similar to the demon of Maxwell role, maintaining
chemical differences in the system. However, today, it becomes understood that this
role is ensured by the genetic information contained in the nucleic acids and is
expressed by the creation of enzymes which ensure the perpetuation of life. The
enzymes thus contribute to the prolongation of life and postpone death. Namely, life
is not located out of the natural order, but appears as the ultimate form and
expression of the self organizing processes.
Creative Chaos
By focusing on the role of chance and chaos at the creation of structure, Prigogine
pictures a universe in which the objects are not defined as well as they are defined in
classical or quantum physics.
In Prigogine‟s universe the future cannot be defined because it is subject to chance,
fluctuation, and support. This is characterized by Prigogine as the new “uncertainty
principle”.
According to the famous uncertainty principle, which was expressed by Heisenberg,
it is impossible to know in absolute accuracy the position and the momentum of any
subatomic particle. Prigogine‟s new uncertainty principle teaches us that beyond a
boundary point of complexity, the systems are directed to unpredictable directions.
The systems lose their initial conditions and cannot obtain them again or reverse
their course. Their inability to look back in time is an “entropy barrier”. The discovery
of the entropy barrier is similar to Einstein‟s discovery that the human beings and the
messages cannot travel faster than light, namely, beyond the “light barrier”.
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Prigogine‟s uncertainty principle, just like Heisenberg‟s uncertainty principle, is a
damage against reductionism (raising all phenomena to simpler ones). But for
Prigogine, this way of viewing nature does not reduce its capabilities, but it
recognizes its creative possibilities.
Even when we see a system moving to chaos, points – situations,
in which order
emerges, appear in that system.
Similarly, inside chaos there are traces of a peculiar order. It is also possible that
where the system has the shape of a stable system areas called “windows” or “islets”
appear. These areas oscillate around a certain number of values. These islets of
order, which are interposed into the areas of chaos, are called intennittencies. The
importance of these “islets of order” is great because it indicates that there is a close
relationship between order and chaos. The relationship between order and chaos
must be due to a single process which is subject to the dynamics of nonlinear
systems. Namely, there has to be a global chaotic attractor. Generally, the
correlation between order and chaos is taken for granted and reflects a holistic
concept for the operation of Nature.
Is Time Ahead Of The Being? The Pre – Universe
Two of the biggest questions that preoccupied philosophers and scientists of all time,
are the following: a) does the world (the universe) have a beginning or is it infinite?
b) does time have a beginning? It is proved that these questions are not independent
of one another. The second one refers to the topological characteristics of time. The
problem of the nature of time is connected to the above.
For Newton, time is absolute and independent of the history of the Universe. This
abstention has now been rejected. Today we accept that the Universe was somehow
created, namely it has got a starting point.
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In this point Prigogine wonders: “However, how can we realize this starting point (of
the time)? It seems more logical to me to suppose that the birth of our Universe is an
event in the history of the world and as a result we owe to attribute to it (to the world)
a time which comes before the birth of the Universe.”
But how does he mean this birth of the world? “This birth could have been similar to
a change of phase which leads from a pre – Universe (that is also called “quantum
gap” or “next universe”) to the Universe that is being observed and surrounds us.”
Prigogine goes further explaining the known theory of Big Bang: the Universe begun
from a singularity, a point which enclosed all the mass and the energy of the current
Universe. But we do not have a theory able to describe this point abnormality.
However, many scientists consider the beginning of the history of the Universe, as
the beginning of time.
Subsequently, Prigogine poses the question: “Does actually time have a defined
beginning or is it infinite?” and he goes on: “We cannot support that we hold the
definite answer, but our phrasing of the laws of Nature, through probabilities and not
certainties, can contribute towards this direction. Our research will follow a different
way of the one followed by other scientists. We suppose that the Big Bang is an
eminently irreversible process. This irreversibility would occur as a result of the
instability of the pre – Universe, an instability which is caused by the interactions
between gravity and matter. Inside this perspective, the universe would have been
created with the characteristic of instability. Meanings, which we have mentioned, as
self – organizing, would likewise be applied in the early stages of the Universe”.
It is known that Einstein believed that the discrimination between the past and the
future is an illusion because the equations of the, until then, known theories were
symmetrical according to time. Κ.Godel extended this idea to the end, suggesting a
cosmological model in which it was possible for someone to travel into his own past.
Einstein, who was concerned a lot by this, eventually ended up in expressing his
ideas on such an extreme thesis, supporting that it would oblige physicists
reconsider their beliefs on the problem of non reversibility.
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Hawking, on the other side, introducing the notion of the imaginary time, reached the
point of expressing the belief that at the first stages of Big Bang, space and time
could not be discriminated from one another and time obtained the characteristics of
space. Prigogine, however supports that “time is eternal. We all have an age, our
culture has an age, the Universe has an age, time, however, has neither a beginning
nor an end.”
Namely, since the Being, the Existence is meaningful only from the moment the
Universe started existing and since, according to Prigogine, time is eternal, then time
came before the Being.
Einstein, by the General Theory of Relativity and the field equations, linked the
measuring of space-time to the total amount of matter -energy of the universe,
namely he showed that the geometry of space – time is affected by the matter –
energy, and the moving of the material objects are defined by this geometry. The
solution of the field equations, which was suggested by Einstein, matched to a static
Universe, thus a universe without a history, according to the classical ideal, which
contained the reversibility of the processes, and therefore, the symmetry towards the
time of the past and the future. Later on, Friedmann and Lemaitre showed that such
a universe is exceptionally unstable and it may be damaged by the slightest
disturbance. Eventually, we have reached the acceptable standard model of the Big
Bang, which is firmly supported by critical experimental data, such as the
experimental verification of the law of Hubble and the background radiation of 2.7 K.
According to this model, as it is reported, the Big Bang began from a point defect,
wherein the density and the curvature of space-time are infinite. The size scales
involved in this history of the Universe, are measured according to the fundamental
physical constants, i.e. the world gravitational constant G, the speed of light c, and
Planck's constant h.
The elementary aggregates calculated by those constants are the following:
(1) Planck's length, which is 10 -33 cm.
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(2) Planck's time, which is 10 -43 sec.
(3) Planck's energy, which corresponds to a temperature of 1 ~ 2 Kelvin grades.
(4) Planck's mass which is 10 -5 gr. It is huge compared to the mass of the
elementary particles. (e.g. proton mass is 10 -23 gr)
During the first moments of the Universe‟s life, what is called Planck epoch (or era),
these orders of magnitude dominated. Ρrigοgine, considering that in that epoch the
quantum processes, along with gravity, should play an important role, introduces, in
that point, the necessity of quantization of gravity, and consequently of space – time.
This attempt has not yet delivered the expected results.
Concerning the model of the inflationary universe, Prigogine underlines that “the
results are very interesting. They show a possibility of an irreversible process that
transforms gravity into matter. They also focus our attention on the pre – Universe,
which would here be Minkowski‟s vacuum, a starting point of irreversible
transformations. We shall stress that this model does not describe a process of
creation from the beginning. The quantum gap is already characterized by the
universal constants, and hypothetically, we can attribute to these constants the
values they have today.”
In an other point of his work, he writes: “the substantial point here is the fact that the
birth of our Universe is not yet connected to an abnormality, but to an instability,
similar to a change of phase or a bificuration.” And by stressing on the ratio between
geometry and matter, on the one side, and on the equivalence of the mechanical
work and the heat on the other, he proves the importance of the second
thermodynamic law, which “breaks” this notion of equality: the mechanical work can
always be transformed into energy, but not vice versa. The case of space – time and
matter is equivalent: the transformation of space – time into matter correlates to an
irreversible release process, which produces entropy. The reverse process, which
would transform matter into space – time is excluded. Namely, the birth of our
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universe happened due to the transformation of space – time into matter and is
interpreted in an explosion of entropy.
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The Paths Of Knowledge - Ancient Knowledge And
Contemporary Physics
The Universal Nature Of Soul
Pythagora‟s cosmotheory supported that spirit is the matter of the world and it is
subject to a mental set that expresses the Universal Divinity.
The “Universal Mind” (or the global consciousness as it is differently called
nowadays), namely the totality of all the actions and thoughts, is what creates reality
around us in the same way quantum physics teaches us that the observer chooses
his reality among an ocean of probabilities the moment of the observation, i. e. at the
act of thought.
If we examine the beliefs of the ancient Greek philosophers and we compare them to
the contemporary scientific thought, we will find that the “kinetic principle” never
appeared; it is a law that has always existed and its substance is plain energy. This
transcendent “principle” is completely immaterial; it is the absolute Spirit that defines
the quality of God.
What is, however this eternal energy of the “kinetic principle”? According to Aristotle,
it is the plain cognition of itself. The Universal “Mind” understands itself, when the
Divinity “meditates herself”. We are talking about “cognition of cognition”. And since
the human, according to Aristotle, is the only Being that takes part in the spirit of
creation, we are able to support that when he realizes the united existence of the
universal mind, only then will he have conceived the notion of God.
Anaxagoras is the first thinker in the history of world that separated matter from
spirit, the souled from the soulless and supported that the cosmic “Mind” includes all
the laws that express the activity of God.
For Anaxagoras the word Cosmos means “order in the cosmic system”. The spirit of
God is the creator of the order. The above applies to the entire Universe.
The “deamon” of Socrates is the voice of God that works inside us, it is an echo of
the voice that governs the Universe and defines the operation of everything in the
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world. This way, Socrates unites in a mutual substance the man, the Universe and
the God! Socrates cogitates the sky, detects the stars, envisions the entire world and
within him there is the profound conviction that through the “cosmic creation” and the
“human fate”, a superior Intellect, which is an imprint of our own Intellect, dominates.
Democritus and Lefkipos supported that the atoms are the last molecules of matter
which are not susceptible to incisions (they cannot be divided) or fluctuations, are
unborn, indestructible, unchangeable and indivisible, complete and perfect, compact,
united and simple, while they are numerically infinite, vastly varied in shape and
move continuously in space. Namely, using contemporary terminology, Lefkipos and
Democritus introduced an energy “conservation principle” of the atom.
Plato believed that every phenomenon of the world is deceptive and everything
perceived by the human senses is an illusion. Through Virtue, Plato discovers the
immaterial world, which he calls an Idea, and he becomes the founder of Ideocracy.
The interpretation of the matter of the visible world is a fraud, for Plato.
The soul has a divine origin, it is related to the Ideas, but it is the only thing in the
world that is similar to the Ideas. By knowing, the soul of the divine becomes divine
itself and equal to God Himself. Dialectics is the queen of the sciences and the only
path to true knowledge.
The eastern and Asian philosophies and religions were led through introspection,
meditation, intuition, insight and mystical experience to the understanding of the
deep structure of the natural world. We could say that they do not constitute
philosophies, with the west notion of the term, since they are not expressed by the
rational intellect, the logical argument and the declarative language of science, but
by parables, allegories, images and poetic language.
The eastern philosophy points a path to the revelation of truth, namely the living
experience that humans, plants, animals, the planet, the stars, everybody and
everything is One. Everything is made of the same “universal matter”. The
separations are metaphysical abstractions and mental constructions. The difference
between the western and the eastern and Asian thought is the way that we will reach
the ultimate knowledge, the knowledge of wholeness.
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There is no methodology on the western sense, a system of predefined rules that
aim on a purpose. There is the path of the personal search. That is why we support
that the “knowledge” is not mental, namely impersonal, but it is experiential, i.e.,
personal. The “knowledge” is ineffable and inexpressible, for it is not expressed in
words, but shown with attitude, manner and style.
The eastern and Asian thought is poetical thought and wisdom of life. The western
philosophy is a rational thought seeking for the truth by the abstract mind and the
natural or artificial symbolism of language and mathematics.
The eastern philosophy denied the division into matter and spirit, on which the
western philosophy and science was founded. It is talking about the unbreakable
One. Namely, it is neither idealism, nor materialism. It does not accept this
theoretical division on knowledge.
The western thought founded its building on the division of matter and spirit and from
this division emerged the two philosophical currents of materialism and idealism. The
western science today ends up on the same conclusion with the eastern philosophy.
We surpass this division between matter and spirit. The nature is united. We go over
matter and spirit.
Besides, at the contemporary physics, matter and energy is the same. The Universe
is energy. The matter is nothing more than concentrated energy. What is more, the
division into spirit that observes and matter that is being observed has been refuted
by the double slit experiment of quantum physics. In this experiment the observer
and the object being observed are one since they affect one another. The science of
Chaos teaches us that everything is interconnected, but the contemporary
developments in neuroscience, getting started with the brain neurons and their
multiple connections, reveal the topology of the brain, a miniature of the universal
geometry of everything.
For example, the Hindu tradition of the Upanishads faces the personal ego as an
illusion (Maya). Maya separates the personal Ego from the transcendent Being
(Brahman). When the illusion of the personal Ego is spoiled, then the compound with
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the Transcendent Being is achieved. The Transcendent Being is located deep inside
the human‟s soul (Αtman). The human‟s soul (Αtman) and the Transcendent Being
(Brahman) are the Same, boundlessly and timelessly. You are this one (tat tvam asi)
“The one who lives inside all beings, but is something else compared to them. He,
who is being ignored by the beings, but his body is all the beings. He, who controls
all the beings from inside. He is your Soul, the internal Auditor, the Immortal”. A
Buddhist text gives us a vision of the time: “Buddha taught the past, the future, the
natural world and each one of us is nothing but names, forms of thought, public
words, simply superficial realities.” A Buddhist sutra says: “the form is the vacuum,
the vacuum is the form”. For the Japanese Buddhist zen there is no other space,
there is no other time. This moment is everything. In this moment the whole being is
being summarized. In this moment everything is available, into this moment eternity
penetrates the existence and existence penetrates eternity.
Bohr‟s quantum principle of complementarity supports that everything in the
Universe consists of opposed sections. The Chinese Tao is the symbol that
characterizes the dialectic unity of opposites. The Tao is the rhythm which connects
the opposites.
The wisdom of the ancient knowledge and the philosophy of the contemporary
scientific knowledge converge and create open thought, the thought of open
Wholeness. The core of the open thought is the cosmic consciousness. In every
particle, atom, molecule, cell of matter the energy and the information of the cosmic
spirit is concentrated. The history of the universal spirit and the spirit of the universal
history of spirit unfold through time and in different places. They are history of
transformation of our relationship with the world. The knowledge of the cosmic spirit
is an unchanged structure, which is expressed in multiple forms in the evolutionary
history of the universe.
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The metaphysical and the epistemological question
Leibniz in his work “Principles de la nature et de la grace‟‟ formulates the most
primordial question of metaphysics: “Why does there exist something but not
nothing?” This question is connected to the “principle of sufficient reason” and urges
to the search for a cause or a foundation that affirms the existence of beings. This
search ends to the highest being: God. Heidegger separates nothing / zero from
beings, the Being emerges from this difference between zero and beings. This
difference reminds to the man his mortality and because of that it constitutes the
cause of the existential angst. In that sense, the question “Why does there exist
something but not nothing” cannot be answered, it remains in air and reminds the
man that he lives permanently on the brink of the abyss (zero).
Let‟s move from the metaphysical question to the epistemological question that
interests cosmology. Why does there exist the universe and not the chaos? The
question seems unanswered. However, the answer may be simple: there exists
“something” but not nothing, because “something” is simpler than nothing. If there
did not exist anything, then nothing would be something that would be nothing.
However, since nothing is not anything, this is the reason why something that is
nothing is definitely something undefined, that is nothing.
As a consequence the universe has to be something; the infinite chaos that has
been zeroed and the product is 1. Namely: ∞ Χ 0 = 1 [“time”], which means that we
count number one from the moment that the multiplication of the chaos with the zero
produces basically the detachment of the infinite from the zero and equals 2
(duplication: chaos - zero). Each time the distance between chaos and zero is
duplicated, we add one more “time” and we have 2. Namely, we are talking
technically about a logarithmic scale instead of a “Linear” traditional scale.
Finally, the universe is nothing more but a continuous and uninterrupted logarithmic
multiplier of the first two factors, chaos and zero. The appearance of the universe
marks the onset of light which results from the operative Darkness – the Dark
Energy. Light and darkness are nothing more than the two sides of the same coin:
the Primary Unit (1), which has no beginning, since it arises as a product of infinity
and zero (=chaos).
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It has to be reminded that in Cosmogony of Hesiod it is mentioned that the world as
formatted matter, was created from Chaos (abyss), from nothing, blank, zero. The
world, that is, was created from the undefined, the unformed, that which can
transform into anything.
Basic scientific assumptions
The first scientific assumptionof the contemporary scientific thought, which is
confirmed by the experimental procedure, is that the perceivable material reality is a
fallacy of the human physiology, which is created inside specific brain regions with
the aid of our sense organs. The material reality is no more than a matrix.
According to the Special Theory of Relativity, the material universal reality is nothing
more than a “projection (an image, a mirroring) of whatever exists on the real four
dimensional non Euclidean and invisible Universe on a false three dimensional and
Euclidean space that is created by our senses.” This space is called, by the Special
Theory of Relativity, Minkowski space.
The second scientific assumption is the concept of Wholeness. The Universe of the
contemporary science is a single system that cannot be divided into parts. The
sense of individual objects and forms is nothing more than a fallacy which is based
on a peculiarity, basically, of our vision and our cerebral constitution in general. The
Universe is united and indivisible, but it can be expressed in multiple forms.
Inside the united and indivisible universal Wholeness, every thought and action we
make concerning the part, creates the reaction of the whole towards us. In short,
whatever we are doing and in whichever way we are doing it, has a multiple effect on
us, from every “corner” of the universal unity. The meaning of universal, indivisible
unity creates a new social and ecological awareness, since the social and the nature
are structural parts of the whole and every action we take against it, results in a
reaction of the whole cosmic creation against us.
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Document related concepts

Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation
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