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Contents:

Prepared Remarks:

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the iQiyi First Quarter 2020 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]

I would now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker today, Dahlia Wei. Thank you, and please go ahead.

Dahlia Wei -- Director, Investor Relations

Thank you, operator. Hello, everyone, and thank you all for joining iQIYI's first quarter 2020 earnings conference call. The company's results were released earlier today and are available on the company's Investor Relations website at ir.iqiyi.com. On the call today are Dr. Yu Gong, our Founder, Director and CEO; Mr. Xiaodong Wang, our CFO; and Mr. Xianghua Yang, SVP of our Membership Business. Dr. Gong will give a brief overview of the company's business operations and highlights, followed by Xiaodong, who will go through the financials and guidance. After their prepared remarks, Xianghua wil join Dr. Gong and Xiaodong in the Q&A session.

Before we proceed, please note that discussion today will contain forward-looking statements made under the safe harbor provisions of the US Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations. Potential risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those outlined in our public filings with the SEC. iQIYI does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required under applicable law.

With that, I will now turn the call over to Dr. Gong. Please go ahead.

Yu Gong -- Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Director

Hello, everyone, and thank you for joining us for our first quarter 2020 earnings call. We delivered solid results during the first quarter despite a very challenging and complicated environment amid the coronavirus outbreak. Q1 total revenues increased 9% year-over-year to RMB7.6 billion, while total user time spend and the numbers of subscribers achieved strong growth during the quarter. I would like to thank all of our employees for their dedication and tireless work throughout the difficult times as well as our business partners and the investors for their continuous support. As a leading entertainment company, we continue to execute our strategy that focus on original content production and technology innovation and in the meantime, perform social responsibility and contribute our piece of pandemic containing efforts by introducing numerous targeted entertainment content that cater to the needs of hundreds of millions of users staying at home.

I will start my Q1 review with our Membership Business. We are pleased to see robust growth in both the number of subscribers and membership revenues during the first quarter. Total subscribers reached 118.9 million as of March 31, 2020, an increase of 23% year-over-year and a net addition of 12 million from previous quarter. Subscription revenues grew 35% year-over-year to RMB4.6 billion. This was driven by our continued efforts to introduce more premium content as well as the surge in demand for digital entertainment during the Chinese New Year holiday and the coronavirus outbreak.

During the first quarter, our premium content continued to drive subscriber growth. Top rated dramas among subscribers included iPartment Season 5, Ai Qing Gong Yu; Under the Power, Jin Yi Zhi Xia; and Qing Yu Nian among others. We kicked off the year with iPartment Season 5, a hot drama watched by 38 million subscribers within the first week and over 74 million subscribers by the release of series finale. The popularity of the blockbuster drama once again demonstrated the strong appeal of our premium content to our audiences across all demographic groups. Subscriber growth was also driven by an increasing variety of content we offer, including relatively low budget yet exquisite dramas such as Classmate From Far Far Away, Tong Xue Liang Yi Sui; and the Tang Dynasty Tour, Tang Zhuan, as well as popular movies and animations.

Over the past year, our membership business has been primarily driven by growth in the number of subscribers. As our subscriber number reached critical mass, we are now approaching a new phase where both subscriber number and [Indecipherable] will serve as growth engines. We further optimized our membership business during the quarter, such as reducing membership discounts and eliminating less efficient bundled membership. In addition, we also continued to offer subscribers early access to additional episodes for a premium charge, which is becoming the new form for the industry. So far, early access option has been applied to over 10 major drama series, including iPartment Season 5; The Great Ruler, Da Zhu Zai; The Love Lasts Two Minds, Liang Shi Huan; and the Winter Begonia, Bin Bian Bu Shi Hai Tang Hong, which has been well received by our subscribers. Overall, the corona outbreak resulted in the wide adoption of shelter-in-place and accelerated the evolution of users' entertainment behavior and paying habit. We recorded better-than-expected subscriber growth as people were confined at home during the pandemic. Nevertheless, we hope the pandemic could end soon despite the fact that our membership growth may accelerate [Phonetic]. With the pandemic largely under control in China and more people coming back to work, the focus now turns to enhanced membership retention. However, due to delayed box-office window and online airing window for many theatrical films, which usually play an important role in membership business, our retention efforts may be adversely impacted. Meanwhile, many Japanese animated series have suspended releasing new episodes since late April, pending for notice of resuming air. As the coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented situation, we currently cannot gauge its overall impact, hence cannot provide future net additions outlook of subscribers.

On the other hand, the ARPU increased during the quarter. This was mainly driven by the aforementioned efforts in offering early access to advanced episodes at a premium charge and cutting promotion activities as well as the fact that our net adds number peaked in the middle of the first quarter. Meanwhile, we plan to launch a more privileged package called S-diamond Membership soon. The S-diamond Membership will entitle members of wide range of privileges and premium services including, one, early access to advanced drama episodes as we offer an applicable video-on-demand privilege without additional charges; two, accessibility through multiple terminals, including PC, mobile devices, tablets, Internet TV sets and other smart displays; and three, an integrated content offering of the existing Gold membership, FUN membership, literature membership, VR membership and Sports membership.

Moving on to our advertising business. The advertising industry faced [Indecipherable] as the pandemic caused setbacks in many industries, which, in turn, adversely impacted our advertising business. As a result, our overall advertising revenues softened during the first quarter. Looking ahead, given the challenging macro economy and the ongoing coronavirus impact, we expect that Q2 and the full year will still be under pressure. Q2 ad revenues could see slightly sequential recovery but will be down year-over-year, especially now that some of our variety shows will likely be pushed out to Q3 or even Q4 as their production process was delayed due to the pandemic. Nevertheless, we remain cautiously optimistic for advertising business as we saw advertisers gradually restore their confidence and resuming ad spending. We will continue to strengthen our advertising products with diversified content offerings in innovative advertising solutions and optimized algorithms in preparation for a potential recovery down the road.

Now let's turn to the content. During the first quarter, we continued to focus on distinctive and original content by enhancing our innovative production capability. We launched a series of popular content titles to capture the surge in entertainment demand during the outbreak, which allows us to maintain our leading market position and begin 2020 on a strong footing. According to Enlighten [Phonetic], [Foreign Speech], our drama series and variety shows both dominated the marketing during the first quarter in terms of video views by exceeding peers. For drama series, we launched several blockbuster titles that were either original product -- produced and aired exclusively on our platform. We kicked off Q1 with the exclusive release of the fifth and the final season of iPartment, which was a tremendous success. This highly popular comedy series perceived as Friends of China was built by over 160 [Phonetic] million users by the time its finale was aired, among which over 74 million were subscribers.

We also launched a number of original drama series during the quarter, including Detective Chinatown, Tang Ren Jie Tan An, a suspense series; The Great Ruler, a young costume series; The Love Lasts Two Minds, a romance-themed series; and Winter Begonia, a legend series, which are all quite popular among audiences. For variety show, we continued to lead the industry with our highly innovative self-produced content. Launched in mid-March, our highly anticipated original goal [Phonetic] group talent show, Idol Producer 3, Qingchun you ni, turns out to be another multi-season hit. It broke the 9,000 mark in our continent popularity index and set a new record high for variety shows. Also, for the first time, we added international flavor to our show by inviting Lisa, a membership of the global sensation pop group Blackpink, to be one of the mentors. The show was simultaneously released in China and overseas, where it instantly become a hot topic on various social media. FOURTRY, our fashion-themed reality show, concluded its first season during the quarter where it ranked among the top variety shows throughout its broadcast window.

In addition to professionally produced content, we are also leveraging our strong platform and collaborative resources to enhance our content ecosystem. Our content library continues to grow as we empower our content creators and integrated them into our ecosystem. Driven by the holiday season and the widespread shelter-in-place policy in Q1, a number of Internet dramas performed quite well under our revenue sharing program. For example, I've Fallen For You, Shao Zhu Qieman Xing, Internet drama adapted from an iQIYI literature novel, become very popular and broke the 6,000 mark in the popularity index the day after its launch, a historical high in its category. Another Internet drama, The Sweet Girl, Xiao Nu Shang Fa Jie Wa, also adapted from hot iQIYI literature novel, quickly generated over RMB2,000 million in revenues under the revenue -- RMB20 million in revenues under the revenue sharing scheme. The parallel success of blockbuster and long-tail content demonstrates our strong capabilities of content distribution and monetization that enable all kinds of content to reach targeted audience and generate good return on our platform. Also, our subscription model is having an increasingly positive impact on upstream content creators and is helping form a virtuous cycle that incentivize better content production.

For the second quarter, we have a very strong content pipeline, including major drama series Happiness Within Our Touch, [Foreign Speech] and The Winner is Love, Yueshang Chonghuo; The Eight [Phonetic], [Foreign Speech]; and The Love a Lifetime, Mu Bai Shou, as well as our multi-generational variety show, I'm CZR Season 2, Wo Shi Chang Zuo Ren, that debuted on April 16 and a new trendy lifestyle reality show Summer Surf Shop, Xiari Chonglang Dian among others. With content production back-up and running since late March, we are gradually recovering toward the normal level, and the short-term uncertainty on future pipeline caused by the pandemic is fading away.

On April 5, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association and the Capital Radio & TV program Producers Association jointly issued a statement urging drama and movie content producers to carefully control production costs under the challenging environment caused by the coronavirus pandemic. This follows NRTA's notice for regulating irrational salary level for actors and actress issued in 2018. We believe this regulatory enforcement by government authorities as well as industry association will help facilitate orderly practice of content production industry and further reduce content production costs.

Moving on to technology. As a technology-based entertainment company, we are committed to providing users with enriched content and premium viewing experience through new technologies. Advanced technologies such as AI is a driving force behind our user-centric entertainment service platform, enabling us to explore innovative forms for content creation, distribution and monetization. We recently introduced a multi-prospective watching mode in our self-produced variety show, Idol Producer 3. This new feature empowered by iQIYI's AI angle-switching technology allow users to simultaneously watch the performance of the over 100 trainees from view of the whole stage and a separate view that focuses on their favorite trainee. It creates a more personalized and immersive viewing experience and can deliver a smooth streaming performance on all high, mid to low end devices as we optimize the comparabilities of iQIYI video player for better adaption.

Leveraging our long-term exploration and leading expertise in interactive video technology, we also released a various branching plot content for our hit drama iPartment Season 5 based on the interactive video guidance we introduced last year. With 16 branch storylines that leads to numerous different endings, the interactive portion of this comedy series has been welcomed by audiences. During its run, over 28 million viewers watched the interactive content with over 140 million times of interactions taking place in total. The interactive video content was a strong addition to our innovative original content offerings and a greatly enhanced user engagement and stickiness.

In conclusion, I'm pleased with the solid progress we made during the first quarter despite the challenging environment. On April 22, we celebrated the 10th anniversary of our founding. In the first decade of our history, we have proved ourselves as we started from scratch and grew into a leading entertainment platform among a fierce competition. As we unfold our second decade, we will continue to solidify our leadership position in the online entertainment industry by leveraging unparalleled original content production and technology innovation. With our expanding subscriber base, diversified monetization, better controlled content cost and a more rationalized competitive environment, we believe we are well positioned to capture the future growth opportunities and continue to build our entertainment and universe for users.

With that, I will now pass the call to Xiaodong to go over our financials.

Xiaodong Wang -- Chief Financial Officer

Good morning, everyone. Let me go through our financial highlights. For the first quarter of 2020 iQIYI total revenue were RMB7.6 billion, up 9% year-over-year. Membership service revenue for the first quarter was RMB4.6 billion, up 35% year-over-year. The increase was primarily attributed to the growth of -- in the number of subscribing members, driven by our premium content and increased entertainment demand during the Chinese New Year and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Online advertising service revenue for the first quarter was RMB1.5 billion, down 27% year-over-year, primarily due to the challenging macroeconomic environment in China related to the virus situation. Content distribution revenue for the first quarter was RMB602.8 million, up 29% year-over-year, driven by the increase of high-quality content, which fulfilled distribution to several platforms during the quarter. Other revenues for the first quarter were RMB875.9 million, down 9% year-over-year, primarily due to the soft performance of certain business lines partially offset by the growth in game business. Moving on to the cost of revenue. Our cost of revenue for the first quarter was RMB7.9 billion, up 9% year-over-year, primarily due to the increased content costs this quarter. Content cost for the first quarter were RMB5.9 billion, up 11% year-over-year.

Turning to the operating expenses. SG&A expenses in the first quarter was RMB1.3 billion, up 15% year-over-year. This was primarily due to the high marketing spending for certain iQIYI apps and increased allowance for doubtful accounts due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our R&D expenses in the first quarter were RMB678.1 million, up 13% year-over-year. The increase were primarily due to our continued investment in R&D staff. Operating loss in the first quarter was RMB2.2 billion compared with an operating loss of RMB2 billion in the same period of 2019. The operating loss margin for the first quarter was 29% compared to an operating loss margin of 29% in the same period last year.

Total other expenses in the first quarter was RMB628.5 million compared with total other income of RMB211.1 million during the same period last year. The year-over-year variance was a combined result of exchange rate fluctuation between RMB and the US dollar and an increased interest expense associated with our financing activities. Loss before income taxes for the first quarter was RMB2.9 billion compared with a loss of RMB1.8 billion during the same period last year. Income tax expenses before the first quarter was RMB4.8 million compared to income tax expenses of RMB7.4 million in the same period of last year. Net loss attributed to iQIYI for the first quarter was RMB2.9 billion compared with a loss of RMB1.8 billion during the same period of 2019. Diluted net loss attributed to iQIYI per ADS for the first quarter was RMB3.92 compared to a diluted net loss attributed to iQIYI per ADS of RMB2.52 in the same period last year. As of March 31, 2020, the company had cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investment of RMB9.9 billion.

Turning to the second quarter 2020 guidance, we expect total revenue to be between RMB7.25 billion and RMB7.67 billion, representing an increase of 2% to 8% year-over-year. This forecast reflects iQIYI's current and preliminary view subject to changes.

This concludes our prepared remarks. I will now turn the call to the operator, to open to Q&A. Thanks.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, we will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Wendy Chen from Goldman Sachs. Please ask your question.

Wendy Chen -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

[Foreign Speech] Thank you for taking my questions and congratulation on the solid results. So my question is about the content cost moderation. As we have seen several rounds of regulation and -- from both the national level and the industry level this year on the moderating for the content cost as well as the compensation for actor/actresses, can management share some color on whether we have seen the per episode price of content decreasing this year so far and in particular, which drama we have launched or about to launch have already benefited from such cost moderation? Thanks very much.

Yu Gong -- Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Director

[Foreign Speech] Hi, Wendy, thank you for your question. Let me first review the historical development of regulatory changes. Back in late 2018, three platforms including us and six major production companies have issued a joint statement, and we have limited the top actor/actress salary to maximum RMB5 million -- RMB50 million per title. Previously, that could go as high as to RMB150 million per title. So that has helped the per episode costs to go down. But because of the production cycle, those impact will gradually be seen in late 2019 and also now is already taking place in our content cost. And most recently, the new regulatory involvement is kind of regulating the further involvement details not only to the first tier actor/actress but also to the second tier, third tier actor/actress as well as those production companies and all kinds of vendors to ask them to control the cost. We believe this will further help to reduce the content costs. But again, because of the production cycle, this new round of regulation may have impact -- the impact will be seen maybe next year or even the year after next year.

But I also want to highlight another factor is -- before -- previously, the major mix of content is licensed copyright. But now more and more content, especially for the top-rated content, around half or even more than half of the content, comes from our self-produced or originally produced variety shows and drama series. So the license price has played a little, flat role in our content costs. More and more, the content costs will be impacted by the salary levels of actor/actress which, as we discussed, will gradually reduce going forward. Thank you.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Eddie Leung from Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Please ask your question.

Eddie Leung -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

[Foreign Speech] Good morning. So my question is about the user time spent as well as the subscriber retention rate trend when we get into the second quarter in April and May? Thank you.

Yu Gong -- Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Director

[Foreign Speech] Eddie, thank you for your question. Yes, you are correct that entering into April and May, we have seen the time spent for both free users and membership have been on a declining trend, although on average per capita level, the time spent doesn't decline that much, but total time spent is declining. Also for our membership, the retention rate has some impact as well. And as a result, the net number or the number is -- also have some negative impact. Thank you.

[Foreign Speech] Hi. Thank you. My question is given the delay and the shortened school summer holiday this year and overall travel sentiment also negatively impacted by the COVID-19. So how has that changed our overall variety shows and the TV drama launch timing plans? Any difference this year versus previous summer? Any tractions for the advertiser sponsorship on this show? Thank you.

Yu Gong -- Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Director

[Foreign Speech] Hi, Alicia, thank you for your question. As far as we understand, this year's university entrance exam was delayed for a month, delayed to the beginning of July. And the practice in China is the other school students, the summer holiday will come after that and -- but the next term -- next semester will still begin at September 1. So that -- we think the summer holiday will be somewhat stronger than previous year's summer vacations. But as you said, due to the pandemic impact, we estimate that people will spend less time traveling and more time for online entertainment. As a result, we think this year, the summer vacation performance for online entertainment industry will be stronger than previous years, but the impact will be short-term. Thank you.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Ella Ji from China Renaissance. Please ask your question.

Ella Ji -- China Renaissance -- Analyst

[Foreign Speech] Thank you. So my first question is relating to the membership growth spike during the virus and then dropped afterwards. Just wonder what lesson the company has learned through this opportunity. And going forward, in order to retain more users and increase more members, what are the main strategies or directions that the company would like to follow? And secondly, relating to your ad revenue. Since other company mentioned that for multinational brands, there's some weakness in sponsorship ads as global pandemic increases, I just wonder if you are seeing the same situation here? Thank you.

Yu Gong -- Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Director

[Foreign Speech] Hi, Ella. Thank you for your question. I will answer the question for the user time spent and advertising first. And I will defer your question for membership to our SVP of Membership Business, Xianghua, who'll discuss later. For all the users, including free users and the member -- paid members, we have observed that in the past, around two years, those user time spent has stabilized, entered into a very stable development stage. So their behavior is quite -- it's quite stable. So then usually, the consumption, their time spent will increase during the Chinese New Year holidays or winter vacation especially when this pandemic outbreak, that increased as well. But because this user time spent has been quite steady, so we think and we predict those user time spent will gradually come back to normal after the pandemic was contained.

Regarding your second question for advertising, we have observed that recently, the domestic clients, the sales for -- ad sales for domestic clients have quickly been recovering. The sales for advertising, especially sponsorship advertising, has -- quickly coming back to a level that's close to the pre-pandemic level. But for some international clients, because of their decision making process is longer than domestic clients, we think, we actually -- their pattern will come back to normal maybe two to three months later than domestic clients. Thank you.

Xianghua Yang -- Senior Vice President, Membership Business

[Foreign Speech] We also observed that some of the members, they are transferring their offline entertainment transaction, such as their -- they usually go to movies to watch a theatrical film. But during the pandemic outbreak, they switched to online to watch this content, especially during this outbreak period, we launched actually a lot of online movies on a very good online content. I think some of those portion of users, they may say -- they might be switching more to online consumption for this type of entertainment content.

Ella Ji -- China Renaissance -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

The next question comes from the line of Binnie Wong from HSBC. Please ask your question.

Binnie Wong -- HSBC -- Analyst

[Foreign Speech] Sorry, let me translate my question. In terms of the monetization here, we saw that in terms of the total revenue growth, it's still a little bit soft. And then is that related to mainly because of the advertising growth slowdown due to the COVID-19? Or is there eventually some structural reasons that we should be aware of? And then I think in the press release, you also mentioned about your next decade about the diversification of monetization streams. I just wanted understand more in terms of how it's positioning that and in terms of -- given that the subscriber number has also been growing nicely but advertising growth is still a little bit soft. And also, would there be any color in terms of our subscriber target as well? Thank you.

Yu Gong -- Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Director

[Foreing Speech] Hi, Binnie, thank you for your question. I will comment on the price [Indecipherable] and membership first and also the advertising. And then Xiaodong will add some -- his comments. I think it's a normal pattern that during the pandemic outbreak, people watch too much entertainment. So I observed there are some fatigue, in fact, that people were -- had -- somewhat tired of this too much online entertainment. We observed this also in previous years when there is Olympic Games. And after the Games was over, people will -- the time spent and the watching consumption will decline. So that's the first thing I want to mention. It's a normal pattern. It's actually when people gradually coming back to work and coming back to school, I think, is really very natural for people to reduce their online time. So that -- as a result, as I said, our membership have seen some fluctuation in terms of the retention.

And secondly, on advertising especially for brand advertising, our revenues in Q1 has declined. The major reason is because the advertisers' willingness to -- for understanding as well as their budget for advertising allocation has been -- have some impact because of the macro economy, because of the pandemic impact. And another reason is some of our major content place -- major content pipeline have been pushed out to Q3 to Q4 from Q2. That's understandable because of the pandemic impact. So because of the content delay, that will also have some negative impact on our advertising business. Thank you. Xiaodong?

Xiaodong Wang -- Chief Financial Officer

Good morning. I'll try to answer the question through a different angle. I'm always talking about the supply/demand is a key to understand the business trend. For the second quarter, definitely because of this, like, say, COVID-19 situation, you will see change or like decreasing demand in the second quarter. And also, I think if you're talking about like structure issues we are facing in the next few quarters, besides this like, say, onetime COVID situation, there will still be some factors we have been talking about for a very long time in the past few quarters, which is the content itself, which actually determine the supply of our platform.

Actually, I think even in the previous question, Ella asked about like, say, the profile of the paying subscribers during the -- at least like -- we would call like the decrease in pay rate. And I think more even important is not the profile of those subscribers. It's because most of the case, the frequency of the payment decide the balance of subscribers. So same situation here. I think if we continue to invest in our original content, continue to improve the quality of our original content, definitely, you will change the pattern here. So let's back to the normal -- that's back to the basis of our business. We will see a focus on the strategy we have been focusing in the past few years. We will continue in -- investing in technology and the original content, like my view for this, like, say, what do you call, like structure or one-time case factors. Thank you.

Binnie Wong -- HSBC -- Analyst

Thank you. Thank you. It's very helpful.

Operator

The final question comes from the line of Thomas Chong from Jefferies. Please ask your question.

Thomas Chong -- Jefferies -- Analyst

[Foreign Speech] Hi. Good morning. Thanks management for taking my question. I have a question regarding the timing on profitability. Given that the content cost, we are seeing the benefits coming from the cap on the artist compensation, and in Q1, we have seen that the gross loss is actually less than RMB300 million, given the fact that more and more benefits on the content cost will come in 2021 and 2022, can management give us some color about -- in terms of the gross profit trend or the timing of profitability?

Xiaodong Wang -- Chief Financial Officer

Okay. This is Xiaodong. I think this is not like a new question. It's a very frequently asked question. I think the answer will be exactly the same as we provided before, because nothing actually changed for the foundation of this business. If we can -- as I just mentioned, we can still improve the quality of our original content. We can still increase the volume of our original content; improve the mix of original content. By doing that, definitely, we will attract more paying subscriber on our platform, increasing the margin, increasing the revenue and not even mentioning the diversified monetization model. So basically, what we should focus on is not a timetable, but again, we should focus on the quality of our original content.

But as I mentioned before, by decreasing the content cost as a percentage of revenue to about like 50% to 55%, you will see definitely an acceptable profit margin in the next few years. So if you still want to know exact timetable, what I can tell you is I would still maintain the original expectation of this year's margin level or the operating loss level. So to give you some sense, even with this, like, say, we call, COVID-19 situation, the management are still -- keep the original outlook of the long-term development of the business. We are still confident on our path to profitability. Thank you.

Thomas Chong -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

There are no further questions at this time. I would now like to hand the conference back to today's presenters. You may continue.

Dahlia Wei -- Director, Investor Relations

Thank you all again for joining today's call. If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact us later. Thank you.