2016-12-09T17:23:03ZRationale of the Spanish FRAX model in decision-making for predicting osteoporotic fractures: an update of FRIDEX cohort of Spanish womenhttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/27608
Rationale of the Spanish FRAX model in decision-making for predicting osteoporotic fractures: an update of FRIDEX cohort of Spanish women
Azagra, Rafael; Zwart, Marta; Encabo, Gloria; Aguyé, Amada; Martin-Sánchez, Juan Carlos; Puchol-Ruiz, Nuria; Gabriel-Escoda, Paula; Ortiz-Alinque, Sergio; Gené, Emilio; Iglesias, Milagros; Moriña, David; Diaz-Herrera, Miguel Angel; Utzet Sadurní, Mireia; Manresa, Josep Maria; GROIMAP study group
Background: The FRAX® tool estimates the risk of a fragility fracture among the population and many countries have been evaluating its performance among their populations since its creation in 2007. The purpose of this study is to update the first FRIDEX cohort analysis comparing FRAX with the bone mineral density (BMD) model, and its predictive abilities. Methods: The discriminatory ability of the FRAX was assessed using the ‘area under curve’ of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC). Predictive ability was assessed by comparing estimated risk fractures with incidence fractures after a 10-year follow up period. Results: One thousand three hundred eight women ≥ 40 and ≤ 90 years followed up during a 10-year period. The AUC for major osteoporotic fractures using FRAX without DXA was 0.686 (95 % CI 0.630–0.742) and using FN T-score of DXA 0.714 (95 % CI 0.661–0.767). Using only the traditional parameters of DXA (FN T-score), the AUC was 0.706 (95 % CI 0.652–0.760). The AUC for hip osteoporotic fracture was 0.883 (95 % CI 0.827–0.938), 0.857 (95 % CI 0.773–0.941), and 0.814 (95 % CI 0.712–0.916) respectively. For major osteoporotic fractures, the overall predictive value using the ratio Observed fractures/Expected fractures calculated with FRAX without T-score of DXA was 2.29 and for hip fractures 2.28 and with the inclusion of the T-score 2.01 and 1.83 respectively. However, for hip fracture in women < 65 years was 1.53 and 1.24 respectively. Conclusions: The FRAX tool has been found to show a good discriminatory capacity for detecting women at high risk of fragility fracture, and is better for hip fracture than major fracture. The test of sensibility shows that it is, at least, not inferior than when using BMD model alone. The predictive capacity of FRAX tool needs some adjustment. This capacity is better for hip fracture prediction and better for women < 65 years. Further studies in Catalonia and other regions of Spain are needed to fine tune the FRAX tool’s predictive capability.
2016-01-01T00:00:00ZEducational attainment, gender and health inequalities among older adults in Catalonia (Spain)http://hdl.handle.net/10230/27554
Educational attainment, gender and health inequalities among older adults in Catalonia (Spain)
Solé Auró, Aïda; Alcañiz, Manuela
Background: Health expectancies vary worldwide according to socioeconomic status (SES), with health disadvantages being evident among lower SES groups. Using educational attainment as a proxy of SES, we seek to identify trends in SES differentials in health by gender, with a particular focus on individuals with low educational attainment in the adult Catalan population (Spain) aged 55 or older. Methods: Using cross-sectional data for 1994 and 2010-2014 drawn from the Catalan Health Survey, we examined three health indicators to document social health inequalities: self-perceived health, functional limitations, and restrictions on activities of daily living (ADL). We applied logistic models for each indicator, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, health coverage and health behaviours.
Results: Among the less-educated, females presented a greater improvement in their self-perceived health over time than did their male counterparts, there being no significant variations among the medium/high educated. Regardless of education, males showed an increase in the prevalence of functional problems (as did the women, but the increase was not statistically significant). Both genders presented a higher prevalence of limitations when performing ADL in the second time period. The gender health gap was reduced slightly both for the low and the medium/high educated, expect in the case of ADL restrictions. Health and functioning differences by education level persisted, but showed significant signs of reduction.
Conclusions: Less-educated females constitute the most disadvantaged group in terms of health and personal autonomy, though there are encouraging signs that the gap is closing both in terms of gender and level of education. Health policymakers need to devote particular attention to the aging population with low SES, especially to women. Public programmes promoting greater protection and equity, while fostering preventive and healthy practices, need to target the most underprivileged.
2016-01-01T00:00:00ZContextualized measures of public service motivation: the case of Spainhttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/26282
Contextualized measures of public service motivation: the case of Spain
Riba i Romeva, Clara
Since the initial ‘public service motivation’ concept and measures were developed, various studies have raised concerns with regard to cultural differences. According to previous research trying to supplement the four original dimensions of the original construct with a fifth dimension, this study follows this same strategy, taking into account three aspects of the Napoleonic administrative tradition. The analysis captures one new dimension with political loyalty values, which slightly improves the measurement of public service motivation in that specific context.
2015-01-01T00:00:00ZEl comportament electoral dual a Catalunyahttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/26079
El comportament electoral dual a Catalunya
Riba i Romeva, Clara
Cada vegada que finalitza un cicle electoral afloren multitud d’interpretacions sobre el comportament electoral
dels catalans i catalanes. Observem els resultats dels diferents comicis i iniciem un joc de sumes i restes per intentar desxifrar qui ha robat vots a qui com si els guanys
i pèrdues de cada formació estiguessin determinats per
un traspàs automàtic de vots. Una lectura molt simple
i sovint tendenciosa dels cicles electorals que no sol
correspondre amb el comportament real de l’electorat.
I menys en el cas català, on fenòmens com el vot dual
o l’abstenció diferencial dificulten encara més aquesta
anàlisi.
2008-01-01T00:00:00ZLa 'motivación para el servicio público' de los altos funcionarios españoles: medida y efectoshttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/26078
La 'motivación para el servicio público' de los altos funcionarios españoles: medida y efectos
Riba i Romeva, Clara
Este artículo presenta el concepto de “motivación para el servicio público” (MSP) en el
contexto español y su posible utilidad como instrumento de gestión pública para evaluar
si los empleados de los servicios públicos están motivados por valores públicos.
En el
artículo se mide MSP de dos maneras (en un caso añadiendo algunos ítems a la escala
internacional original con el objeto de adaptarla al contexto institucional español) y se
analiza la relación entre MSP y dos de las principales actitudes, compromi
so
organizacional y satisfacción en el trabajo, que la literatura ha considerado
consecuencias posibles de tener un elevado nivel de MSP. Este tipo de investigación
tiene un elevado grado de aplicabilidad en gestión de personal.
2015-01-01T00:00:00ZCoyuntura económica y voto en España, 1985-1996http://hdl.handle.net/10230/26000
Coyuntura económica y voto en España, 1985-1996
Riba i Romeva, Clara
El artículo presenta un modelo de popularidad para el Gobierno español entre 1985 y
1996. El modelo se ha elaborado con datos trimestrales procedentes de encuestas del CIS
y de la UE y datos económicos procedentes de la OCDE y del INE. Los resultados enfatizan
la gran influencia que tuvieron algunas variables de la coyuntura macroeconómica
sobre la popularidad del Gobierno socialista, pero sobre todo la influencia que ejercieron
las percepciones sobre esta coyuntura macroeconómica. Además, también se revelan las
influencias de algunas variables políticas: el carisma del presidente, la adhesión a la CE, la
guerra de Kuwait y el escándalo Filesa.
2005-01-01T00:00:00ZSupervisión y control de calidad del trabajo de campo de la Encuesta Social Europea en España: evaluación y resultadoshttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/25999
Supervisión y control de calidad del trabajo de campo de la Encuesta Social Europea en España: evaluación y resultados
Riba i Romeva, Clara
Este artículo persigue dos objetivos fundamentales. En primer lugar, pretende aportar una visión general de los
procesos de supervisión y control de calidad del trabajo de campo que se realizan en el estudio
español de la Encuesta Social Europea (ESE). En segundo lugar, el artículo presenta un análisis preliminar de los datos
obtenidos con los formularios de contacto de la ESE, con el fin de proporcionar una idea clara sobre el potencial analítico que alberga este
instrumento de la ESE y conocer algunos resultados de las estrategias y diseño del trabajo de
campo.
2006-01-01T00:00:00ZVariables socioestructurales y comportamiento electoral en las elecciones generales españolas: una perspectiva evolutiva 1979-2000http://hdl.handle.net/10230/25998
Variables socioestructurales y comportamiento electoral en las elecciones generales españolas: una perspectiva evolutiva 1979-2000
Riba i Romeva, Clara
En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento electoral de los españoles en las
elecciones generales en función de sus características socioeconómicas: edad, género,
nivel de estudios, clase social y religión. Después de una descripción bivariada
sistemática de la relación de estas variables con el voto se realiza en un análisis multivariado
de los componentes de la decisión de voto en las elecciones del 2000. Los
resultados muestran la desaparición del componente de género y el papel importante
que siguen jugando la edad, la religiosidad, y la clase social. Las variables socioestructurales pierden significación cuando se introducen variables de identificación y
de coyuntura, debido principalmente a que están en la base de la formación de las
identidades y opiniones que quedan recogidas en estas últimas variables.
2007-01-01T00:00:00ZMejorando a partir de la experiencia: la implementación de la tercera ola de la ESE en Españahttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/25982
Mejorando a partir de la experiencia: la implementación de la tercera ola de la ESE en España
Riba i Romeva, Clara
La Encuesta Social Europea (ESE), creada con el
doble objetivo de estudiar el cambio social y de
aportar mejoras en la creación y diseño de instrumentos
de medida de esa realidad, ha finalizado ya
su tercera ola. La presente nota metodológica reflexiona
acerca de la utilidad de analizar los datos de
las olas precedentes en el proceso de mejora continua
de la encuesta. Así, en el caso español, la experiencia
acumulada en las primeras ediciones ha
permitido: 1) validar el cuestionario; 2) afinar el ajuste
del diseño muestral a las características del país,
y 3) mejorar sustancialmente la calidad de los datos
obtenidos. El trabajo muestra cómo el esfuerzo
coordinado del equipo español de la ESE y la empresa
encuestadora ha resultado en un incremento
notable en el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos
de la encuesta, hecho que da garantía a la representatividad
de la muestra finalmente obtenida.
2009-01-01T00:00:00ZEstrategias para aumentar la tasa de respuesta y sus resultados en la Encuesta Social Europea en Españahttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/25981
Estrategias para aumentar la tasa de respuesta y sus resultados en la Encuesta Social Europea en España
Riba i Romeva, Clara
El análisis de los datos de la tercera ola de la Encuesta Social Europea en España y su comparación con
los de las dos olas precedentes permiten descubrir los factores que más han incidido en la mejora de los
resultados y cuál es el perfil de las personas sobre las que es más rentable concentrar los esfuerzos de
localización y de conversión de negativas, siendo las localizaciones y las conversiones las que, en definitiva,
han constituido las principales claves del éxito. El trabajo muestra que el aumento de la tasa de respuesta de
la tercera ola con respecto de las dos olas precedentes fue debido esencialmente a un mayor y mejor control
de los procesos de campo, a un incremento de los incentivos a los entrevistadores y a un mayor esfuerzo de
localización y conversión de negativas en horarios fuera de la jornada laboral habitual.
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZMinimum income and labour market integration processes: individual and institutional determinantshttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/25980
Minimum income and labour market integration processes: individual and institutional determinants
Riba i Romeva, Clara
This article discusses whether activation policies have had a positive
effect on benefi ciaries of minimum income protection in Catalonia
(Spain). The article fi rst confi rms that social assistance benefi ciaries
with higher employability levels have greater chances of fi nding a job.
Second, the article identifi es different profi les of benefi ciaries and examines
the characteristics of those who did not fi nd jobs in a favourable
economic context. The results suggest that it is personal problems
that act as barriers. Third, the article also examines to what extent
public management is responsible for the results. For this purpose, it
compares the performance of administrative units, controlling for the
characteristics of their clients. Finally, the article discusses whether
making social assistance dependent on activation is a good strategy for
the majority of benefi ciaries with particularly diffi cult profi les, and what
administrations can do.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZEmployment precariousness and poor mental health: evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of healthhttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/25270
Employment precariousness and poor mental health: evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of health
Vives Vergara, Alejandra, 1971-; Amable, Marcelo; Ferrer, Montserrat; Moncada i Lluís, Salvador, 1957-; Llorens Serrano, Clara; Muntaner, Carles, 1957-; Benavides, Fernando G. (Fernando García); Benach, Joan
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the health-damaging effects of precarious employment is limited by the use of one-dimensional approaches focused on employment instability. This study assesses the association between precarious employment and poor mental health using the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 5679 temporary and permanent workers from the population-based Psychosocial Factors Survey was carried out in 2004-2005 in Spain. Poor mental health was defined as SF-36 mental health scores below the 25th percentile of the Spanish reference for each respondent's sex and age. Prevalence proportion ratios (PPRs) of poor mental health across quintiles of employment precariousness (reference: 1st quintile) were calculated with log-binomial regressions, separately for women and men. RESULTS: Crude PPRs showed a gradient association with poor mental health and remained generally unchanged after adjustments for age, immigrant status, socioeconomic position, and previous unemployment. Fully adjusted PPRs for the 5th quintile were 2.54 (95% CI: 1.95-3.31) for women and 2.23 (95% CI: 1.86-2.68) for men. CONCLUSION: The study finds a gradient association between employment precariousness and poor mental health, which was somewhat stronger among women, suggesting an interaction with gender-related power asymmetries. Further research is needed to strengthen the epidemiological evidence base and to inform labour market policy-making.
2013-01-01T00:00:00ZContemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in men and women across Europe: a cross-sectional studyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/23270
Contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in men and women across Europe: a cross-sectional study
Moortel, Deborah De; Vandenheede, Hadewijch; Vanroelen, Christophe
Introduction: There is the tendency in occupational health research of approximating the 'changed world of work' with a sole focus on the intrinsic characteristics of the work task, encompassing the job content and working conditions. This is insufficient to explain the mental health risks associated with contemporary paid work as not only the nature of work tasks have changed but also the terms and conditions of employment. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether a set of indicators referring to quality of the employment arrangement is associated with the well-being of people in salaried employment. Associations between the quality of contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in salaried workers are investigated through a multidimensional set of indicators for employment quality (contract type; income; irregular and/or unsocial working hours; employment status; training; participation; and representation). The second and third aim are to investigate whether the relation between employment quality and mental well-being is different for employed men and women and across different welfare regimes. Methods: Cross-sectional data of salaried workers aged 15¿65 from 21 EU-member states (n =11,940) were obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: For both men and women, and irrespective of welfare regime, several sub-dimensions of low employment quality are significantly related with poor mental well-being. Most of the significant relations persist after controlling for intrinsic job characteristics. An insufficient household income and irregular and/or unsocial working hours are the strongest predictors of poor mental well-being. A differential vulnerability of employed men and women to the sub-dimensions of employment quality is found in Traditional family and Southern European welfare regimes. Conclusions: There are significant relations between indicators of low employment quality and poor mental well-being, also when intrinsic characteristics of the work task are controlled. Gender differences are least pronounced in Earner-carer countries.
2014-01-01T00:00:00ZEconomic crisis and recovery: changes in second birth rates within occupational classes and educational groupshttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/16338
Economic crisis and recovery: changes in second birth rates within occupational classes and educational groups
Billingsley, Sunnee
This study assesses the decline in second birth rates for men and women across different skill levels in transitional Russia. Changes within educational groups and occupational classes are observed over three distinct time periods: the Soviet era, economic crisis, and economic recovery. The most remarkable finding is the similarity in the extent second birth rates declined within educational groups and occupational classes during the economic crisis. Although further decline occurred in the recovery period, more variation emerged across groups.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZGender inequality in health among elderly people in a combined framework of socioeconomic position, family characteristics and social supporthttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/16215
Gender inequality in health among elderly people in a combined framework of socioeconomic position, family characteristics and social support
Rueda Pozo, Silvia; Artazcoz Lazcano, Lucía, 1963-
This study analyses gender inequalities in health among elderly people in Catalonia (Spain) by adopting a conceptual framework that globally considers three dimensions of health determinants : socio-economic position, family characteristics and social support. Data came from the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. For the purposes of this study a sub-sample of people aged 65–85 years with no paid job was selected (1,113 men and 1,484 women). The health outcomes analysed were self-perceived health status, poor mental health status and long-standing limiting illness. Multiple logistic regression models separated by sex were fitted and a hierarchical model was fitted in three steps. Health status among elderly women was poorer than among the men for the three outcomes analysed. Whereas living with disabled people was positively related to the three health outcomes and confidant social support was negatively associated with all of them in both sexes, there were gender differences in other social determinants of health. Our results emphasise the importance of using an integrated approach for the analysis of health inequalities among elderly people, simultaneously considering socio-economic position, family characteristics and social support, as well as different health indicators, in order fully to understand the social determinants of the health status of older men and women.
2009-01-01T00:00:00ZHealth inequalities among the elderly in western Europehttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/16214
Health inequalities among the elderly in western Europe
Rueda Pozo, Silvia; Artazcoz Lazcano, Lucía, 1963-; Navarro, Vicenç, 1937-
Background: This paper analyses gender inequalities in health status and in social determinants of health among the elderly in Western Europe. Methods: Data came from the first wave of the “Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe” (SHARE, 2004). For the purposes of this study a subsample of community-residing people aged 65-85 years with no paid work was selected (4218 men and 5007 women). Multiple logistic regression models separated by sex and adjusted for age and country were fitted. Results: Women were more likely to report poor health status, limitations in mobility and poor mental health. Whereas in both sexes educational attainment was associated with the three health indicators, household income was only related to poor self-rated health among women. The relationship between living arrangements and health differed by gender and was primarily associated with poor mental health. In both sexes, not living with the partner but living with other people and being the household head was related to poor mental health status (aOR=2.14; 95% CI=1.11-4.14 for men and aOR=1.75; 95% CI=1.12-2.72 for women). Additionally, women living with their partner and other(s) and those living alone were more likely to report poor mental health status (aOR=1.67; 95% CI=1.17-2.41 and aOR=1.58; 95% CI=1.26-1.97, respectively). Conclusions: Health inequalities persist among the elderly. Women have poorer health status than men and in both sexes the risk of poor health status increases among those with low educational attainment. Living arrangements are primarily associated with poor mental health status with patterns that differ by gender.
2008-01-01T00:00:00ZExploring the conditions for a mortality crisis: bringing context back into the debatehttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/16210
Exploring the conditions for a mortality crisis: bringing context back into the debate
Billingsley, Sunnee
This study engages with the debate over the mortality crises in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe by 1) considering at length and as complementary to each other the two most prominent explanations for the post-communist mortality crisis, stress and alcohol consumption; 2) emphasizing the importance of context by exploiting systematic similarities and differences across the region. Differential mortality trajectories reveal three country groups that cluster both spatially and in terms of economic transition experiences. The first group are the countries furthest west in which mortality rates increased minimally after the transition began. The second group experienced a severe increase in mortality rates in the early 1990s, but recovered previous levels within a few years. These countries are located peripherally to Russia and its nearest neighbours. The final group consists of countries that experienced two mortality increases or in which mortality levels had not recovered to pre-transition levels well into the 21st century. Cross-sectional time-series data analyses of men’s and women’s age and cause-specific death rates reveal that the clustering of these countries and their mortality trajectories can be partially explained by the economic context, which is argued to be linked to stress and alcohol consumption. Above and beyond many basic differences in the country groups that are held constant—including geographically and historically shared cultural, lifestyle and social characteristics—poor economic conditions account for a remarkably consistent share of excess age-specific and cause-specific deaths.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZThe post-communist fertility puzzlehttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/16209
The post-communist fertility puzzle
Billingsley, Sunnee
Fertility has unanimously declined across the entire post-communist
region. This study explores the variation in fertility trends over time among these countries and assesses to what degree three explanations are applicable: second demographic transition (SDT), postponement transition (PPT) or reaction to the economic crisis. Moreover, on the basis of SDT and PPT theoretical tenets, as well as descriptive evidence, the economic context is hypothesized to be linked to two processes of fertility decline conversely. The results show that no one theoretical explanation is sufficient to explain the complex fertility declines across the entire post-communist region from 1990 to 2003. In some countries, a great part of the decline in fertility occurred before significant postponement of childbearing began, which indicates that the dramatic decline was due to stopping behavior or postponement of higher order births. Postponement of first births, either through PPT or SDT processes, greatly contributed to fertility decline in a small number of countries. Pooled cross-sectional time-series analyses of age-specific birthrates confirm that these two distinct processes are present and show that the economic crisis
explanation has explanatory power for declining birth rates. In contrast, logistic regressions show that the likelihood of postponing childbirth increases with improved economic conditions. These results confirm the importance of taking the economic context into account when discussing explanations for fertility decline. More specifically, the results indicate that the severity and duration of economic crisis, or absence thereof, influenced the extent and manner in which fertility declined.
2010-01-01T00:00:00Z