the secondary damage that can occur due to stroke or brain injury may be due to

glutamate induce excitotoxicity due to excess glutamate in extracellular fluid form the dying neurons

the movie that we saw in class documented the story of a little girl with rasmussen's syndrome. what was the outcome for the girl

she showed amazing improvement with no signs of seizures although there were clearly still motor issues remaining

people with retrograde amnesia cannot

recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury

in our discussion of a model for memory, consolidation refers to

the formation of long term memories

short term memory may be characterized as

having a limited capacity

after his surgery, HM had the most difficulty with

remembering events before surgery

bilateral hippocampal damage produces which of the following deficits

explicit memory deficits

clive, the british conductor that survived viral encephalitis, experienced which type of amnesia

both retrograde and anterograde

cerebellar damage could result in which type of memory deficits

motor memory

what is the only real effective treatment for rasmussen's syndrome

a hemispherectomy (removing one side of the hippocampus)

why can clive wearing remember this wife and how to play the piano

the amygdala is thought to play a role in emotional memories (his wife) and the cerebellum is thought to play a role in motor memory (playing the piano) his hippocampus was damaged

which of the following is a reason why stage 4 is considered the deepest stage of sleep

a person who awakes from stage 4 is groggy and confused

if a person was awakened every time he or she entered REM sleep for a few days and then was allowed to sleep uninterrupted, he or she would

experience an increase in REM sleep

your best guess as to the state on consciousness of a person whose brain waves are combination of high-amplitude delta waves would be that they are

in either stage 3 or 4 of slow wave sleep

one of the treatments that can help reduce cataplexy is

GHB (gamma hydroxy butyrate)

what is the first step for a doctor to treat someone who complains of insomnia

refer them for evaluation to a sleep laboratory where their sleep can be monitored

there is good evidence that the internal circadian clock is located in the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

we saw a video if a british man with one particular characteristic of narcolepsy

repeated sleep attacks (sudden naps) during the day

suppose the EEG shows a pattern of high frequency, irregular waves of low amplitude. what must be going on in the cortical neurons

neurons are active and firing independently

sleep apnea means

an inability to breathe while sleeping

one problem with taking benzodiazepenes to treat insomnia is that

the suppress REM sleep

K complex waves are typically seen in stage ____ and may serve the purpose of ____

stage 2; blocking external stimuli from waking us

why is it likely that crack cocaine can cause such rapid addiction

smoking the drug gets it to the brain extremely quickly

which of the following illustrates the concept of negative reinforcement

a man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a headache

if an animal presses a bar to deliver rewarding stimulation to certain areas of the brain, they are usually stimulating neurons that release which NT

dopamine

when there is little NT released at a synapse chronically, there is often a compensatory ______ of the receptors

up regulation or increase in the number

rats are more likely to die by self injecting ____ than _____

cocaine than heroine

which of the following is a common explanation for tolerance in heroin addiction

the body's attempt to compensate for the effects of the drug

a person who is admitted to a hospital with symptoms of paranoid psychosis may actually suffer from

excessive use of amphetamine or cocaine

withdrawal from alcohol can produce dangerous seizures. this may be due to:

too much activity glutamate (NMDA) receptors during withdrawal

the conversion of drugs to nonactive chemicals is called

metabolism

conditioned place preference indirectly tells us

whether a drug is rewarding

withdrawal symptoms produced by abstaining from a drug are:

often opposite to the effects of the drug itself

lateralization of function in the human cortex refers to

particular functions found in only one hemisphere rather than the usual bilateral symmetry

the left hemisphere is dominant for speech in

nearly all right handers and the majority of left handers

following a stroke, a patient has a decrease in facial expressions of emotion and decreased understanding of emotional content. where is the damage possibly located?

right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

which of the following would be the least likely to show aggression

a male mouse castrated during prenatal development and given T as an adult

what does a lie detector assess

activity of the sympathetic nervous system

a patient comes to you who has some type of brain injury. you ask them to explain what they think is wrong and they answer you rapidly "but the dog left fargly skipping paws...." they are suffering from

wernicke's aphasia

broca's area is typically found

in the left frontal lobe

nonfluent aphasia is due to damage that includes

broca'a area

in the short term, most stressors produce physiological changes that are

helpful by increasing the ability to effectively deal with a stressor

stress induced brain damage has been reported in the

hippocampus

which of the following is taken as evidence that schizophrenia might have a developmental cause

women in their 2nd trimester of pregnancy during pandemic flu epidemics have kids that are at increased risk for schizophrenia

The concordance rate of schizophrenia for monozygotic twins is

much higher than that for dizygotic twins

If schizophrenics are injected with a drug that increases dopamine (DA) activity

their positive symptoms get worse

One of the major reasons that compliance is so bad with antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia is

the drugs have significant side effects, particularly motor side effects

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reversed by drugs that are

antagonists at dopamine receptors

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia argues that schizophrenia is caused by

overactivity of dopaminergic synapses

The fact that monozygotic twins only have approximately a 48% chance that both will develop schizophrenia suggests

genetics are important but apparently environment is as well

Symptoms of schizophrenia that include flat affect, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure) poverty of speech are

negative symptoms and improved only by atypical antipsychotics.

All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia except

social withdrawal

If you were to develop a new drug to treat schizophrenia, it would optimally be a drug that had no effect on which of the following....