Die 10 zuletzt veröffentlichten Dokumente

Graphs and flow networks are important mathematical concepts that enable the modeling and analysis of a large variety of real world problems in different domains such as engineering, medicine or computer science. The number, sizes and complexities of those problems permanently increased during the last decades. This led to an increased demand of techniques that help domain experts in understanding their data and its underlying structure to enable an efficient analysis and decision making process.
To tackle this challenge, this work presents several new techniques that utilize concepts of visual analysis to provide domain scientists with new visualization methodologies and tools. Therefore, this work provides novel concepts and approaches for diverse aspects of the visual analysis such as data transformation, visual mapping, parameter refinement and analysis, model building and visualization as well as user interaction.
The presented techniques form a framework that enriches domain scientists with new visual analysis tools and help them analyze their data and gain insight from the underlying structures. To show the applicability and effectiveness of the presented approaches, this work tackles different applications such as networking, product flow management and vascular systems, while preserving the generality to be applicable to further domains.

The tape placement technique is of particular importance for the production of large
and weight optimized structural components especially in the aeronautic industry.
The components are produced independently of size and load directions by placing
single unidirectional fiber reinforced tapes automatically. Moreover, very large component
dimensions enable a reduction of joining processes.
In comparison to the thermoset tape placement, additional potentials can be set up
through the usage of thermoplastic semi-finished materials, as beside the high degree
of integration und the defined laminate construction less material specific problems
and a non-autoclave production can be realized. This thesis follows an allembracing
analyses and development of the thermoplastic tape placement process
to provide knowledge to overcome the deficits concerning semi-finished materials,
systems engineering and available models for the process description.
First, the process is described and differentiated. Within the scope of a strategic
process analyses, the potentials and strength of this process are worked out.
Through a succeeding operational process analyses, the process is pictured in detail
and further developments of the process and the control are made possible.
All aspects of the process in terms of quality of the semi-finished material, systems
engineering, process control, and quality assurance are considered for the process
development. Innovative concepts to solve the first layer problem and a new tape
placement head are worked out.
A new model is developed to support strategic decisions on basis of component specific
cycle times. A measure for the component shape complexity is derived and integrated
into a continuous approach. The model is based on the process physics and
can be applied to any component without a need for empiric data.
Finally, new process potentials are presented through a combination of thermoforming
and thermoplastic tape placement.

Styrene is most commonly used in Vinylester resins (VERs) and is the co-monomer
best described regarding VERs. However, there is little knowledge about the
influence of other co-monomers on properties of resins and castings. Because of
some unfavorable properties styrene provides in resins, e. g. the relatively low flash
point, public interest in the usage of styrene-free resins in chemically bonded anchors
has increased in the last couple of years.
To develop styrene-free VERs and to examine their qualifications when used in
chemically bonded anchors was one of the main purposes of this thesis. Properties
of several castings were examined and described and correlations between these
properties and those of co-monomers were investigated to find a pattern that would
allow facilitation for further examinations. One styrenated and seven styrene-free
resins were synthezised and compared to each other in several investigations.
Using these different co-monomers a great variety of fracture-mechanical and
mechanical properties of the castings can be achieved. Compared to the styrenecontaining
resin it is possible to get either higher, lower or equal strength, stiffness
and elongation. Castings containing HPMA and PEG200DMA proved to be of special
interest. VER/HPMA achieved highest results regarding modulus and strength.
Elongation was equal to that of the resin containing styrene. VER/PEG200DMA
showed the best results regarding elongation and had the lowest tensile modulus.
Tensile and flexural elongations were as high as those of the styrene reference
sytem.
Styrenefree systems showed a lower thermal resistance compared to the styrenated
resin and absorbed more water. There were significant differences in alkali
resistance as well. Only THFMA and PEG200DMA could deliver values similar to the
styrene system. The different amount of ester groups in the networks could not
explain these results but a correlation was found between residual strength and the
sum of hydroxy- and ester group concentrations.A method was deduced from these test results to allow assumptions on hydrophilicity
properties of castings by considering the molecular structure and the amount of comonomer
used.
Chemical bonding anchors containing the synthesised styrene-free resins were
produced. These showed high pull-out loads and little displacements under
permanent loading. Adhesive properties of the resins showed no direct correlation to
the bond strength of anchors. A tendency was found that resins with high stiffness
provide anchors with higher bond strength. Alkali resistance of the bonding material
was examined in slice tests. Even bonding materials containing resins that were
almost completely destroyed during a boiling test with NaOH showed good residual
strength here.
DSC-analysis of anchor grout samples collected from pulled out anchors showed low
glass transition temperature and locally inconsistent cure degrees. The possibility of
thermal postcure of anchor grouts after setting was examined to be able to better
compare the different systems when almost completely cured. Two methods were
considered: heating of the anchor rod using hot air and electromagnetic induction.
Based on a thermodynamical calculation model the heat loss proved to be high when
using hot air. Results of the induction method were promising, however. The degree
of cure and the glass transition temperature could be improved almost over the
complete embedment depth. A more homogenous network was achieved with a
reduced content of residuals and better chemical resistance.

Die effektive Nutzung der attraktiven Materialeigenschaften von Verbundwerkstoffen,
insbesondere die der langfaserverstärkten Polymere in Großserienbauteilen, macht
nicht nur die Entwicklung entsprechender Fertigungsverfahren sondern einhergehend
prognosefähige Berechnungsmethoden für Werkstoff und Bauweise notwendig.
Praxistaugliche Berechnungsmodelle beschränken sich in der Regel auf bewusst einfach
gehaltene analytische Modelle zur Grobdimensionierung oder auf Finite-Elemente-
Analysen. Letztere erlauben, lokale Konstruktionsaspekte darzustellen und
detaillierte Einsicht in das Strukturverhalten zu nehmen.
Am Beispiel von mit der Wickeltechnik hergestellter zylindrischer Vollkunststoff-
Druckbehälter wurden Auslegungsmethoden für unidirektional verstärkte FKV-Strukturen
erörtert, experimentell validiert und zusammen mit analytisch formulierten
Randbedingungen bzw. Modellen zu Geometrie, Werkstoff und Fertigung in ein vollparamtrisches,
dreidimensionales FE-Auslegungsmodul implementiert. Durch die
Auflösung der tragenden Tankstruktur in die einzelnen Wickellagen und der parametrischen
Variation von Lagenaufbau und Domgeometrie gestattet dieses eine effektive
Bauweisenoptimierung hinsichtlich Gewicht und Werkstoffausnutzung. Insbesondere
die neuartige, experimentell verifizierte Beschreibung der einzelnen Wickellagendicken
im Behälterdom erlaubt eine der Fertigung entsprechende, im jeweiligen
Wicklungslagenende wulstfreie Behältermodellgenerierung.
Gewebeverstärkte thermoplastische Halbzeuge können oberhalb ihrer Verformungstemperatur
wiederholt mittels Stempelumformprozess in aufeinander abgestimmten
Werkzeughälften umgeformt werden. Für eine effektivere Auslegung solcher Bauweisen
durch Verbesserung der Werkstoffmodellierung wird erstmalig die Prozesssimulation
mit der Strukturanalyse gekoppelt. Die hierfür entwickelte Schnittstelle vollzieht neben der Datenübersetzung die automatisierte Aufbereitung des Simulationsschalennetzes
zum voluminösen Strukturmodell nebst Modellbeschneidung und beinhaltet
erste Ansätze zur Abschätzung der Werkstoffkennwerte des infolge der Drapierung
nicht mehr orthogonal gewebeverstärkten FKV. Die Berücksichtigung von
Fadenorientierung, Dickenverteilung und auftretenden Falten durch Übertragung des
Simulationsnetzes erlaubt eine im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik realitätsnähere,
durch Bauteilprüfungen validierte Abbildung des mechanischen Strukturverhaltens.
The effective use of the attractive material properties of fiber reinforced plastics
(FRP), especially of long fiber reinforced polymers in mass production, requires an
advanced development of suitable manufacturing processes and prognostic design
and analysis methods for the material and structural behavior. This paper resulted
out of two research projects, accompanied by industrial, close to series development
tasks. The objective was to increase the efficiency of the material, structure and
manufacturing aspects of the prototype development through improved modeling
methods in analysis and simulation in close relationship with the design, material
development and testing facilities.
Mass production capability of thermoforming processing in combination with weight
saving potentials on the one hand and thermal and electrical insulation advantages of
thermoplastics in comparison to steel on the other hand was the motivation for the
development of a safety toe cap for safety shoes made of canvas reinforced thermoplastics.
An innovative analysis method for structures made of canvas reinforced
plastics which was initiated by this development program focus on a realistic
reproduction of the non-orthogonal fiber reinforcement of the woven fabric after the
thermoforming process. Canvas reinforced thermoplastics can be simplified as an
alignment of small unidirectional fiber reinforced sections in weft and warp direction.
The underlying design theories for unidirectional FRP were rehashed and advanced
in the framework of a full plastic high pressure vessel development program. To
improve the effectiveness of the pressure vessel design work, the mentioned design
theories and further specific manufacturing models were implemented in an innovative,
full-parametric design module validated by burst pressure vessel tests.
Of importance for the dimensioning and wide application of FRP-structures is the
ability to forecast the material behavior, particularly with regard to the frequent lack of measured material properties in practical design work. The conceptual formulation
was augmented for the quality assessment of the accomplished design work with a
systematic evaluation of the most well known estimations in regards to stiffness and
strength properties of unidirectional and canvas reinforced plastics. For non-orthogonal
canvas reinforced FRP, as in case of thermoformed components, no appropriate material model is available. A relative easy handling material model for orthogonal
canvas reinforced FRP known in literature was augmented to non-orthogonal.
This paper is not dealing with lightweight construction methods but in fact with the
objective to improve the praxis relevant design methods of unidirectional and bidirectional
fiber reinforced plastics; i.e. including estimations for material properties
and manufacturing influences.
The fundamentals of the presented analyses are the consideration of fiber orientation
and ply thickness close to reality by analytical models implemented in the FEA like
the description of the fiber deposition in a filament winding process.
A significant improvement of the design and analyses methods for unidirectional FRP
exemplarity in the case of high pressure vessels made of full plastic has been done
by the comprehension of relevant manufacturing parameters, especially through the
improved description of the ply thickness in the vessel domes. This was achieved by
combining two models, each separately known in literature, to level the bulges at the
end of each ply due to increasing fiber coverage and their mathematical description.
This leveling meets the practical corrections that also have to be done in a filament
winding program in the manufacturing process. Validating measurements on pressure
vessel prototypes were performed and showed excellent accordance.
Beyond it, the developed parametric FE analysis tool for cylindrical pressure vessels
produced with the filament winding technique enables a time efficient design optimization vessels in the analysis tool were set back to future work due to the unsufficient amount of vessel tests and for the benefit of a challenging design
analysis concept for canvas reinforced FRP.
For thermoformed canvas reinforced FRP the fiber orientation and play thickness can
be determined by process simulation. Interfaces to the structural analysis that particularly
include the theoretical estimation of material properties and the material
modeling are not available in the commercial market. Hence, even the structural
analysis of such constructions can not be assumed to be state of the art. Previous
analyses of thermoformed constructions depend on material isotropy or neglect the
canvas shearing during draping; i.e. the thermoformed woven fabric material is
modeled with orthogonal fiber orientation and constant ply thickness. The objective of
this paper is to combine forming simulation and structural analysis in a way, that
beside the pure data translation, the interface performs an automated transformation
of the shell based process simulation FE net to a volumetric structure model including
the model trimming and the estimation of the non-orthogonal material properties.
The consideration of fiber orientation, thickness distribution and eventually occurring
crinkles transferred with the FE net of the process simulation into the structural
analysis allows a much more reliable reproduction of the mechanical structure behavior
as in comparison to the traditional state of the art analysis which has been
validated by extensive prototype tests.
The static, non-linear analysis of the toe cap made of canvas reinforced thermoplastic
is accompanied by very successful prototype tests, which in turn pushed this
toe cap design ahead. This series are closely linked to material development, as well
as new manufacturing technology.
and analysis because of it's automated model generation. The analysis or
evaluation of variants of the load bearing FRP lay-up, the influence of different valve
geometry and dome contours necessitates now solely the modification of the input
parameters.
For a specific forecast of the achievable burst pressure of a pressure vessel design
additional work has to be done. A degradation model has to be implemented in the
analysis tool to evaluate the increasing local ply failures until the vessel burst. The
main objective for the unidirectional FRP essay of the paper was to improve the
model generation and to increase the time effectiveness of the design analysis,
which has been achieved. The originally planed implementation of a strength evaluation
of pressure

The simulation of physical phenomena involving the dynamic behavior of fluids and gases
has numerous applications in various fields of science and engineering. Of particular interest
is the material transport behavior, the tendency of a flow field to displace parts of the
medium. Therefore, many visualization techniques rely on particle trajectories.
Lagrangian Flow Field Representation. In typical Eulerian settings, trajectories are
computed from the simulation output using numerical integration schemes. Accuracy concerns
arise because, due to limitations of storage space and bandwidth, often only a fraction
of the computed simulation time steps are available. Prior work has shown empirically that
a Lagrangian, trajectory-based representation can improve accuracy [Agr+14]. Determining
the parameters of such a representation in advance is difficult; a relationship between the
temporal and spatial resolution and the accuracy of resulting trajectories needs to be established.
We provide an error measure for upper bounds of the error of individual trajectories.
We show how areas at risk for high errors can be identified, thereby making it possible to
prioritize areas in time and space to allocate scarce storage resources.
Comparative Visual Analysis of Flow Field Ensembles. Independent of the representation,
errors of the simulation itself are often caused by inaccurate initial conditions,
limitations of the chosen simulation model, and numerical errors. To gain a better understanding
of the possible outcomes, multiple simulation runs can be calculated, resulting in
sets of simulation output referred to as ensembles. Of particular interest when studying the
material transport behavior of ensembles is the identification of areas where the simulation
runs agree or disagree. We introduce and evaluate an interactive method that enables application
scientists to reliably identify and examine regions of agreement and disagreement,
while taking into account the local transport behavior within individual simulation runs.
Particle-Based Representation and Visualization of Uncertain Flow Data Sets. Unlike
simulation ensembles, where uncertainty of the solution appears in the form of different
simulation runs, moment-based Eulerian multi-phase fluid simulations are probabilistic in
nature. These simulations, used in process engineering to simulate the behavior of bubbles in
liquid media, are aimed toward reducing the need for real-world experiments. The locations
of individual bubbles are not modeled explicitly, but stochastically through the properties of
locally defined bubble populations. Comparisons between simulation results and physical
experiments are difficult. We describe and analyze an approach that generates representative
sets of bubbles for moment-based simulation data. Using our approach, application scientists
can directly, visually compare simulation results and physical experiments.

Ever since establishment of portfolio selection theory by Markowitz (1952), the use of Standard deviation as a measure of risk has heavily been criticized. The aim of this thesis is to refine classical portfolio selection and asset pricing theory by using a downside deviation risk measure. It is defined as below-target semideviation and referred to as downside risk.
Downside efficient portfolios maximize expected payoff given a prescribed upper bound for downside risk and, thus, are analogs to mean-variance efficient portfolios in the sense of Markowitz. The present thesis provides an alternative proof of existence of downside efficient portfolios and identifies a sufficient criterion for their uniqueness. A specific representation of their form brings structural similarity to mean-variance efficient portfolios to light. Eventually, a separation theorem for the existence and uniqueness of portfolios that maximize the trade-off between downside risk and return is established.
The notion of a downside risk asset market equilibrium (DRAME) in an asset market with finitely many investors is introduced. This thesis addresses the existence and uniqueness Problem of such equilibria and specifies a DRAME pricing formula. In contrast to prices obtained from the mean-variance CAPM pricing formula, DRAME prices are arbitrage-free and strictly positive.
The final part of this thesis addresses practical issues. An algorithm that allows for an effective computation of downside efficient portfolios from simulated or historical financial data is outlined. In a simulation study, it is revealed in which scenarios downside efficient portfolios
outperform mean-variance efficient portfolios.

Continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics are a high competitive material class for
diversified applications because of their inherent properties like light-weight construction
potential, integral design, corrosion resistance and high energy absorption level.
Using these materials, one approach towards a large volume scaled part production
rate is covered by an automated process line, consisting of a pressing process for
semi-finised sheet material production, a thermoforming step and some additional
joining technologies. To allow short cycle times in the thermoforming step, the utilised
semi-finished sheet materials, which are often referred to as “organic sheets”, have
to be fully impregnated and consolidated.
Nowadays even this combination of outstanding physical and chemical material
properties combined with the economic processing technology are no guarantee for
the break-through of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics, mainly because of
the high material costs for the semi-finished sheet materials. These costs can be attributed
to a non adapted material selection or choice of process parameters, as well
as by unfavourable pressing process type itself.
Therefore the aim of the present investigations was to generate some alternatives
regarding the choice of raw materials, the set-up or the selection of the pressing
process line and to provide some theoretical tools for the determination of process
parameters and dimensions.
Concerning raw material aspects, the use of the blending technology is one promising
approach towards cost reduction for the matrix component. Novel characteristics
related to the fibre structure are CF-yarns with high filament numbers (e.g. 6K or 12K instead of 3K) or multiaxial fibre orientations. These two approaches were both conducted
for sheet materials with carbon fibre reinforcement and high temperature
thermoplastics.
Two new developed ternary blend matrices consisting of PEEK and PEI as the main
ingredients were tested in comparison with neat PEEK. PES and PSU were used as
the third blend component, which provides a cost reduction potential of approximately
30 % compared to the basis PEEK polymer. The results of the static pressing experiments
pointed out that the processing behaviour of the new blends is similar to
the neat PEEK matrix. A maximum process temperature of 410 °C should not be surpassed, otherwise thermal degradation will occur and will have a negative influence
on mechanical laminat properties. To accelerate the impregnation progress a
process pressure of 25 bar in combination with a sidewise opened tooling concept is
helpful. No differences were identified if film-stacking technique was substituted by
powder-prepreg-technology or vice versa. By increasing the yarn filament number
from 3K over 6K to 12K, which is equal to an increase in bundle diameter and therefore
transverse flow distance, the impregnation time has to be extended. If unspread
yarns are used, the risk of void entrapment rises tremendously, especially with 12K
and UD-structures. To reach full impregnation with a woven 6K-fabric, an increase of
process time of 20 to 30 % compared to a 3K textile structure is required. Furthermore,
it was shown that if only transverse flow is used for the impregnation of a UDstructure,
a maximum area weight of 300-400 g/m² should not be exceeded. Additionally,
the transport of air is strictly affected by the fibre orientation, because the
main amount of displaced air runs in longitudinal fibre direction. These facts play an
important role in the design of a multaxial laminat or an impregnation process for
such a structure and have to be taken into account.
Apart from these static pressing experiments the semi-continuous (stepwise compression
moulding) and continuous (double belt press processing) processing technology
were investigated and compared to each other. The first basic processing
trails on the stepwise compression moulding equipment were carried out with the material
system GF/PA66. Whereas the processing behaviour of this material combination
in a double belt press is known quite well, there is only little information about
semi-continuous processing. The performed trials pointed out that the resulting laminate
quality for both technologies only differs in the achievable local surface quality.
Mechanical laminate properties like three point bending stiffness and strength are
directly comparable. Due to the fact that there is only small experience with the stepwise
compression moulding process, potential improvements regarding surface Quality are feasible by adapting the step procedure and the temperature distribution within
the tooling concept. If laminates, produced by semi-continuous processing, are deployed
in a thermoforming process or in a non visible structural application, the surface
appearance only plays an inferior role.
The present results with high temperature thermoplastic matrices and CF do confirm
the positive assessment for the stepwise compression moulding technology, even though the mechanical laminate values have only reached 90 % of the data received
by static press processing. In comparison to the data from literature, 90 % is already
a high mechanical performance level. The results are quite promising for the use of
the semi-continuous technology, despite the process set-up and processing parameters
not being optimised. Furthermore there are tremendous advantages in processing
equipment costs.
Finally a process model was developed based on the experimental data pool. This
model can be characterised as a tool, which provides useful boundary conditions and
dimension values for the selection of a certain pressing process depending on the
desired material combination, laminate thickness and production output. The applicability
and accuracy of the model was proofed by a direct comparison between experimental
and calculated data.
First of all the temperature profile of the pressing process was generalised by a very
common structure. This profile reflects the main characteristics for the processing of
a thermoplastic composite material. Depending on the material combination, the
laminate thickness and the occurring heat transfers, several process- and processing-
portfolios were calculated. For a defined combination of the aforementioned parameters,
these portfolios directly provide the periods of time for heating and cooling
of the laminate structure. The last step is to convert these information into an equipment
dimension and to decide which machinery configuration fulfils these requirements.