Privatization of public services to reduce cost and improve quality has a long history. Peter Drucker, the Austrian born management professor, was the first to suggest contracting out of local services to private companies. Indeed many municipal services were already contracted out by 1980 in Great Britain. But the most significant drive for privatization in Great Britain, which signaled the way to the rest of the world, came about with the election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979. In the following decade a host of state owned enterprises were privatized including British Petroleum, British Aerospace, Jaguar, Rolls Royce, National Freight Corp., Cable and Wireless, British Airways, British Gas, British Telecom, several water and electric utilities. In addition, public housing was sold to the residents and compulsory competitive bidding of local services was initiated.

By the late 1980’s, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina elected presidents who adopted privatization initiatives. But the trend toward privatization was not confined to western countries. The collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc prompted the sale of many state owned enterprises as well as other forms of privatization. Even earlier, China in 1978 allowed private farming and later private sector manufacturing and retail operations. And Vietnam allowed private businesses and Cuba allowed homes to be sold to their tenants.

Privatization of government activities in the world reached a record high of $89 billion by 1996. Within a year this mark was surpassed with an even more impressive record of $160 billion in 1997. A great deal of this recent activity was attributable to the sale of state…...

Similar Documents

...His young age does not matter in the fact that he may be inexperienced because he is not. His father worked him and his brother since an early age so they could learn their father’s insistence on complementing fresh, promptly-cooked food with great customer service. He knew what his father wanted out of the company and when he took over, he was more than capable of delivering just that. Over the 17 years after Rich took over, he expanded In-N-Out to new cities but still maintained exacting control over the quality of both ingredients and employees. He also opened In-N-Out University in 1984. Store associates had to please customers, show initiative, and exhibit strong decision-making skills for one year before being invited to attend the management training program. Rich videotaped trainees to watch their performance and then later used them to develop training videos.
2. For In-N-Out to only offer four simple food items on their menu is risky, unless you know the secrets. Loyal customers know of a secret menu that keeps the four simple offerings fun and new. In-N-Out does not abuse their customer’s loyalty by advertising this secret menu either. So, yes they do only serve four items, but if you are loyal to the burger joint then you know that’s not all it is.
3. Today, banks want strategic, well-thought out plans, and a history of good results in the industry the entrepreneur is trying to head into. That’s why In-N-Out came at a prime time. Families with a small......

...Management Planning Paper
La Trisha Bonner
330
November-20-2010
Joe Cheng
Management Planning Paper
Planning is a major function that has been put into place by companies large and small, when covering various steps in running their companies. Traditionally, however, large companies have been on the forefront of strategic planning performance. Such companies face several internal and external factors that have an impact on their organization, but more specifically, the planning function of management. These factors are often broad and can include issues such as ethics, legality, and social responsibility. The Altria Group, Inc. is a company that is often criticized for ethical and social issues, and these factors have a great deal impact on organizational planning. Previously known as The Phillip Morris Companies, Altria Group Inc. produces a wide variety of tobacco, beer, and food products. “Altria sells some of the world’s most successful and best-known packaged goods. Altria’s Philip Morris divisions make several leading cigarette brands and other tobacco products in the United States and internationally. The Philip Morris USA division is the nation’s leading cigarette manufacturer. Altria’s food division, Kraft Foods, Inc., produces a variety of popular cereals, prepared foods, and beverages. Altria is also the major shareholder in SABMiller plc, formerly known as the Miller Brewing Co., which makes some of the......

...Management History and Dimensions of Organization Culture
Grace Mejia
January 15, 2011
According to the tenth edition of the Publication Management, Smith (1776), p. 25, there are two significant events in the history of management which are the Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and the Industrial Revolution. They have played a very essential role of management in today’s work environment in the organizations.
The “Smith Wealth of Nation” method which is the division of labor has been a very essential role in today’s workplace. It is useful because almost every organization applies this method. Everyone is divided to a different task of the organization to accomplish only related task certain area. The big advantage is the individual becomes proficient in doing that job sometimes might receive training to become more up-to-date to serve the customer better or to learn new technology. The person becomes more productive and it brings satisfaction to his particular job. On the other hand, if there was no job specialization, the worker would become bored with the monotonous routine and would not recognized incentive for learning; there will be no results of innovation and production would probably decrease. There might not bring satisfaction from the job. Individuals become more innovative when they concentrate on specific task. Therefore being specialized in a task brings greater satisfaction to self and to the organization. The great advantage to the......

...The importance of medical management
Records may be termed as any information and documents kept in a systematic, scientific and easy ways that help to receive the required data at the time of necessity.
Similarly, Medical record is also a systematized way of storing the required data, information and other relevant documents with the objective of making easy availability of necessary data at the time of its need.
Medical record consists of name of patient, address, age, sex, occupation, disease, modes of diagnosis and recommendations made the after by the concerned doctor in course of undergoing treatment. It helps patients to acquire the right and apt treatment. Moreover, it acts as a tool for the doctor who is looking into the patient.
When we talk of the development of medical record, we have to go back to the seventeenth century. In 1752 A.D. Benjamin Franklin set up a incorporated Hospital in Philadelphia in United State of America. This hospital is presently known as Pennsylvania Hospital. He introduced medical record by preparing file of special cases on which patients' name, admission date, discharge date etc. were written. In the same way, another hospital was opened in Boston in 1821 A.D. where a typical method of keeping relevant data was initiated. Separate files were opened for different individual patients in order to keep records. This process proved to be more helpful in finding the necessary data regarding the patients. Besides this, it helped in acquiring......

...Portfolio Management and Strategic Management Paper
xxxxxxxxxx
CPMGT 301
xxxxxxxxxx
Project Portfolio Management is more than just covering multiple projects. Each portfolio has value and benefit to the goals and mission of the business. The project portfolio should be defined to achieve the business objectives and financially benefit the business. Bob Buttrick (2010) stated; “Directing the individual project correctly will ensure it is done right. Directing 'all the projects' successfully will ensure we are doing the right projects.” The main purposes that drive Project Portfolio Management are to establish projects that complement the strategy of the company
Project portfolio management ensures that projects have a set of objectives, which when followed brings about the expected results. Furthermore, PPM can be used to bring out changes to the organization which will create a flexible structure within the organization in terms of project execution. In this manner, the change will not be a threat for the organization, but a benefit while helping the organization fulfill its mission and goals. An owner / manager will identify and develop a project that supports the organizations core mission based the organizations PPM. It is not enough to have a good idea or goal. Good planning is needed to ensure the project's success.
Brainstorming with the stakeholders and answering a few questions, for example.
A few questions that need to be answered when......

...should be, How does this position fit into your overall career goals? In asking this question right off the back, the interviewer will be able to analyze if the candidate is serious about this specific job, passionate about the industry we operate in, and if the prospect sees a future within this company. Also, this will tell us how much research they have done into World of Bikes and the role they are interested in. We strive to hire employees who have a clear idea of what the role encompasses and can express why they will be beneficial to our company. A contender with a respectable answer would highlight their desire and commitment to grow within World of Bikes, as well as explain their ambition in the bike industry or future goals in a management role. These responses will allow our representatives to choose a career-orientated applicant who expresses their want to grow with a high standard, high valued and high quality company.
Furthermore, another question we would ask would be, What is the biggest conflict you have ever been involved with at work? How did you handle that situation? This behavior interview question is designed to discover how they handle certain situations, especially conflict, because a good predictor of their actions in the future is shown from past behaviors. In asking this question, it gauges how a person will perform on assigned tasks and among colleagues in a problem-solution situation. The manner of telling the story itself also reveals how......

...Research and Reflection Paper
The most fundamentally important ideas in management are leadership, personality, motivation, decision-making and communication. In my experience, a good and effective manager or director is first and foremost a leader. A well-rounded manager or director has a personable personality and can engage and motivate a multitude of different personalities. In my experience, well-rounded managers and directors also have the ability to assess situations and people and make well-supported and smart decisions. Being a leader with a great personality who can motivate and make decisions goes hand in hand with great communication skills. Lastly, a great leader is not only well-rounded in communication, decision making, personality and motivation in the work place, but in every aspect of his or her life.
The definition of a leader is “someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority.” (Robbins, Decenzo, Coulter, 2001. P300) First, I feel that a manager must possess the ability to lead. From what I have learned in this class, and experience, the word manager and the word leader are two very different ideas and types of people. A manager is someone who directs people to complete tasks on a day-to-day basis. A leader is someone who not only does that of a manager, but also someone who leads their team to accomplish the larger goal or vision of the company. In my opinion, a manager can be a manager without possessing leadership......

...Management Planning Paper
Samuel K. Mims
MGT 330
Roxanne Bates
July 26th, 2011
Management planning is the most important function of management because it is the foundation for the organization. The planning function of management is the management function of systematically making decisions about the goals and activities than an individual, a group, a work unit, or the overall organization will pursue. Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals. Planning activities for the company include analyzing current situations, anticipating the future, determining objectives, deciding in what types of activities the company will engage, choosing corporate and business strategies and determining the resources needed to achieve the organization’s goals (Bateman & Snell, 2008). When it comes to a huge corporation such as Boeing, the planning function becomes even more important because there are so many different divisions within the corporation that must be accounted for. In Boeing’s case, they are a multinational corporation that provides their services all throughout the world so they have to plan on a worldwide scale which is a much more difficult task than planning as a domestic company. Boeing’s planning functions are well thought out and executed to the fullest of their ability as they are very focused on their stakeholders needs, motivating their workforce, enabling teams, requiring......

...meaning to all people as far as practicable it should be made standard. To make it a standard language certain accounting principles, concepts and standards have been developed over a period of time. This lesson dwells upon the different dimensions of accounting, accounting concepts, accounting principles and the accounting standards.
Accounting as an information system
DEFINITION of 'Accounting Information System - AIS'
The collection, storage and processing of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting statistical reports can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors, creditors and tax authorities.
An accounting information systems that combines traditional accounting practices such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) with modern information technology resources. Six elements compose the typical accounting information system:
• People - the system users.
• Procedure and Instructions - methods for retrieving and processing data.
• Data - information pertinent to the organization's business practices.
• Software - computer programs used to process data.
• Information Technology Infrastructure - hardware used to operate the system.
• Internal Controls - security measures to protect sensitive data.......

...ideology is true, but for people who also value possessing the free time to enjoy life while in pursuit of financial success this way of life is also very wearing. Investing is a fiscal tool people can use to send their money to work. True investors understand that making their money work presents some risks, but with guidance and thorough analysis they can maximize their earning potential whether or not they receive a raise, decide to work overtime or look for a higher paying job (Investopedia, 2011). With many investment vehicles to choose from such as bonds, mutual funds, and company stocks, the most important thing to remember before investing is to do research and only invest money when there is a realistic probability of revenue. In this paper a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis of Apple Inc. was performed to determine if this electronic computer corporation giant is a worthy investment.
SWOT Analysis
|Strengths |Weaknesses |Opportunities |Threats |
|Reputation |Product weaknesses |iPhones |Competing products |
|Leadership |Steve Jobs’s health issues |iPads |Open Market Platforms |
|Innovative |Closed platform markets |iPods ......

...Management: The final frontier. These are the stories of the company ACCO. Its lifelong mission (77 years and going): to explore new cities and states, to seek out new ways of cooling and heating the world, and to boldly become a billion dollar company before the year 2020.
To achieve these goals, ACCO will be required to have not only the best management personal in place, but the men and woman in these roles must be great leaders’ not just managers. It has been said that “The principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee,” (Taylor, 1911, p. 3). As Frederick Taylor (1911) also wrote, “Scientific management fundamentally consists of certain broad general principles, a certain philosophy, which can be applied in many ways.” (p. 13). It is my opinion that at least one of the executives that works for ACCO Engineered Systems (Bill), could greatly benefit from most if not all of the theories of scientific management. According to Henry Mintzberg (1975), “Managers are responsible for the work of the people of their unit. Their actions in this regard constitute the leader role.” (p. 15). Bill always seems far too involved in his own personal accomplishments to take the time to encourage someone or give credit for a job well done.
Warren Bennis's understanding into the characteristics that make great leaders has changed modern management processes and methods a great......

...Functions of Management
“Being an effective manager is no easy task by any means, and no matter what field you are operating in, basic management principles remain the same for business administration and management” Thadani (2010).
In every aspect of our lives, we see the four functions of management interrelated. Just like any organization, in order for our life to run smoothly, we may use the four functions of management without even realizing it. The same techniques of planning, organizing, controlling or leading are used whether you are planning, school, work, volunteering, a birthday party, or vacation.
Over the last 23 years, I have interacted with various businesses, and nonprofit agencies. I have learned that the four functions of management and three levels apply to everything in life, including small nonprofits.
I am the founding executive director at the agency I work for. I have a deputy director, two program managers, and 10 line staff. As the Executive Director, I am ultimately responsible for the agency operation. I work closely with our deputy director who is primarily responsible for the financial integrity of the agency. In partnership, we both work on planning, organizing, leading, and coordinating.
Planning
As the ED, It is my responsibility to make sure we are meeting the needs of our clients and achieving out goals. I need to make sure we keep on the latest trends, new techniques, trends, trainings, products,......

...expected of them will assure the long-term success of the company.
Planning of Management
Planning of management include many steps that must be followed so that any business can maintain efficiency and accomplish their goals. Planning means looking ahead and scoping out the future of the business; it determines the; who, how, and when of the company and who will perform such operation within the business. The steps in the planning functions include; establishments of the objectives, establishment of planning premises, alternate course of action, formulation of plans, and a follow up plan.
Tyco’s management has an effect on every part of the organization from staff members to the general public. Tyco’s management planning allows the company to identify what goals the company needs in order to accomplish its goals. As with any other company there are legal and ethic issues that may affect how Tyco does business, including internal and external factors as well. Tyco’s implemented tactical, strategic, operational contingency plans will help to alleviate these outside interferences. Today Tyco’s wealth depends upon on what policies will be put in place to accomplish its goals. Tyco’s sights now are based on strategies that will help organize growth and contribute revenue where improvements are needed. While evaluating current working conditions, this will give Tyco’s members of management a chance to see where future growth advancement is needed. For Tyco......

...Power-Aware Linear Programming Based Scheduling
For Heterogeneous Computer Clusters
This paper presents power aware scheduling policy for Heterogeneous Clusters. In general, in performance optimization of computer clusters, energy consumption has been mostly neglected, which is an important factor. Reduction of energy consumption in computer cluster is a necessity because cooling equipment is not a good idea as electricity costs are growing at a faster rate. This policy provides significant energy savings. In this paper, it is also suggested that a power-aware policy for structured systems only requires knowledge of the ranking of machines with respect to their power efficiencies and structured systems are a special kind of heterogeneous systems that are common for cluster environments.
II. WORKLOAD MODEL
In this model a dedicated front end scheduler is used to assign incoming tasks to back end machine. If the number of machines be J and tasks are classified into i classes. Let α be the arrival matrix rate and the ith element of α isαi. Assuming tasks of class i reaches front end at αi. In this model, the expected task execution time is estimated by classifying the groups or classes with identical distribution. The policy considered here is an estimate on mean execution time rather than exact execution time. Let μi,jbe the execution rate for tasks of class i at machine j, hence 1/μi,jis the mean execution time for class i tasks at machine j.
III. CURRENT......

...Management Paper
Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Keller Graduate School of Management
DeVry University
Abstract
The importance of building high performance public and private originations is stressed. Human capital and the development of organizational capabilities and core competencies are fundamental to creating high performance organization in today’s highly competitive environment. In order to develop high performance organizations many of the traditional bureaucratic approaches to management need to be discarded and replace by approaches which move information, knowledge, power, and rewards to employees.
DeVry University
Management Problem
If organizations need evidence that it is time for them to create a new approach to organizing and managing their businesses, they need only look around them to see how the business environment has changed and how many previously successful organizations are failing. Simply stated, the level of competition today requires high levels and continuous improvement of organizational performance in four critical areas:
− The quality of goods and services
− The cost of producing goods and services
− The speed with which products and services are brought to market
− Innovation in the development of new products and services
In the past, companies had some slack in one or more of these four performance areas. If an organization could get a product out quickly, customers would pay more for it......