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In the five hundred years covered by this volume there was scarcely a year which passed without either war or some open demonstration of hostility between the many sovereign powers which governed Europe. States and peoples lived under the shadow of war, were ceaselessly prompted to considerthe possibility of war, had to find ways of dealing with the consequences of war. This volume in the Origins of the Modern State in Europe series focuses on the crucial role of war in the formation of state systems. It starts from the assumption that interstate rivalries and conflicts were at the heart not only of the demarcation of territories, but also of the ever-growing needto mobilize resources for warfare. Institutionalization was consequently highly dependent on such competition. It was for military reasons, and with military aims, that the state secured control of time and space, both at sea and on land.The Origins of the Modern State in Europe series arises from an important international research programme sponsored by the European Science Foundation. The aim of the series, which comprises seven volumes, is to bring together specialists from different countries, who reinterpret from a comparativeEuropean perspective different aspects of the formation of the state over the long period from the beginning of the thirteenth to the end of the eighteenth century. One of the main achievements of the research programme has been to overcome the long-established historiographical tendency to regardstates mainly from the viewpoint of their twentieth-century borders.

List of Tables

xii

List of Figures

xii

Introduction

1

(8)

Philippe Contamine

Political and Military Bonds in the Italian State System, Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries

9

(28)

Maria Nadia Covini

The Military Organization of the City-States and the Urban signorie

10

(9)

The Free Companies: A Troubled Intermezzo

19

(5)

War and the Formation of the Regional States

24

(3)

The System of the Italian States

27

(6)

The Italian System and the System of the European States

33

(4)

Types of Armies: Early Modern Spain

37

(32)

Luis Ribot Garcia

Introduction

37

(10)

The End of Noble Wars

47

(2)

The Century of the Mercenaries

49

(3)

Military Entrepreneurs and Intermediaries

52

(3)

Compulsory Service: Prisoners, Quotas, Militias

55

(6)

The Origins of Conscription

61

(1)

The Bureaucratic Revolution

62

(1)

The Rise of State Armies

63

(4)

The Nation in Arms

67

(2)

States and Their Navies from the Late Sixteenth to the End of the Eighteenth Centuries

69

(30)

Jaap R. Bruijn

Navies and Their Size

69

(4)

Formal and Informal Navies, c.1585-c.1650

73

(10)

A Race for Permanent Navies, c.1650-1713

83

(7)

Continuity and Free Play versus Overall State Interference, 1713-c.1780

90

(6)

The Belated Dutch Reaction and the Human Factor, c.1780-90

96

(2)

Conclusion

98

(1)

States, Roads, Armies, and the Organization of Space

99

(30)

Jean Meyer

Introduction

99

(5)

Communication and Transmission

104

(4)

Fortifications and Frontiers

108

(8)

Roads and Control of the State Interior

116

(3)

The Role of the State in the Intellectual Mastery of `Space'

119

(5)

Conclusion

124

(5)

Men, Money, and Means

129

(34)

Jan Lindergren

Introduction

129

(1)

The Problem

129

(2)

People

131

(13)

Money

144

(6)

Means

150

(5)

War and Resources

155

(8)

The Growth of State Control, Practices of War, 1300-1800: Ransom and Booty

163

(32)

Philippe Contamine

The End of the Middle Ages: The Golden Age of Private Ransom

164

(9)

The End of the Middle Ages: Regulation of Capture and Division of Spoils

173

(2)

The End of the Middle Ages: Comparative Elements

175

(4)

The Modern Period: Persistence of the Private Appropriation of Booty

179

(5)

Ransoms in the Modern Period: Gains Diminishing with State Control

184

(11)

The Modern State and Military Society in the Eighteenth Century

195

(26)

Bernhard R. Kroener

Social Stratification in Military Society: The Officers

198

(3)

Institutes of Military Education as a Measure of Military Professionalism

201

(3)

In the Shadow of the King's Mercy: The Social and Economic Foundations of the Officer's Existence

204

(2)

Non-Commissioned Officers and Tension between Officers and the Rank and File

206

(2)

The canaille: The Lower Military Classes

208

(6)

The Reality of the Soldier's Life: Marriage and Secondary Occupations

214

(3)

The Army and the Enlightenment: The Role of the Army in the Political Calculations of the European Powers on the Eve of the French Revolution

217

(4)

Pro deo et patria mori: Sanctified Patriotism in Europe, 1400-1600

221

(28)

Norman Housley

The Peacemakers and the State: Pontifical Diplomacy and the Anglo-French Conflict in the Fourteenth Century

249

(30)

Francoise Autrand

Towards a History of Peace

251

(9)

Papal Diplomacy at Avignon vis-a-vis European States

260

(8)

Peace and Sovereignty

268

(11)

War and International Law in Europe, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries