Swedish relay

Swedish relay is an athletics track event in which teams comprise four runners. The first runner runs 100 meters, the second one 200 m, the third one 300 m and the fourth runner 400 m, so the total length of the race is one kilometer.

Usually Swedish relay is run in the competitions of children and youth, but it has also been run in the DN-Galan, Super Grand Prix competition in Stockholm, it is also contested at Norwegian Championships; the most successful clubs historically being IK Tjalve, IL i BUL and IL Gular.[1][2]

1.
Sport of athletics
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Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display

2.
Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics
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Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics, formerly known as DN-Galan is an annual, international athletics meeting that takes place at the Olympic Stadium in Stockholm. Previously one of the five IAAF Super Grand Prix events, it is now part of the IAAF Diamond League and it was first organized in 1967. Over the course of its history, numerous world records have been set at Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics, Diamond League - Stockholm Official Web Site DN Galan Records The event at SVTs open archive

3.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time

4.
IL Gular
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Idrottslaget Gular is a Norwegian athletics club from Bergen, founded in 1946. In the past it has had sections for handball, skiing, gymnastics, the athletics section cooperates on youth level with local clubs Bergens TF and TIL Hovding, which act as feeder teams. Its most prominent members are long-distance runners Arne Risa, Arne Hamarsland, Arne Risa has worked as a coach after retiring, so has Diane Modahl. Official site - brief history of the club

5.
Christopher Williams (sprinter)
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Christopher Williams is a Jamaican track and field sprinter. Williams is best known for winning the medal in the 200 metres at the 2001 World Championships. In 2001 he was named Jamaica Sportsman of the Year, Williams has competed in the Olympic Games three times, in 2000,2004 and 2008, reaching the semi-finals of the 200m on all occasions. He was on the bronze medal-winning 4 x 400 metre relay team at the 2000 Olympics and he finished seventh in the 200m final at the 2007 World Championships. Williams represented Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and he competed at the 200 metres and placed third in his first round heat after Brian Dzingai and Christian Malcolm in a time of 20.53 seconds. He improved his time in the round to 20.28 seconds and placed third again. He ran his final race in 20.45 seconds and placed sixth. He received a ban for failing a drugs test in August 2009 in Salamanca. I was retired after I came back from Europe, he remarked, Why would I be using performance enhancing drugs, list of doping cases in athletics Christopher Williams profile at IAAF

6.
Usain Bolt
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Usain St Leo Bolt, OJ, CD is a Jamaican sprinter. He is the first person to both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory. He also holds the record as a part of the 4 ×100 metres relay. He is the world and Olympic champion in these three events. Due to his dominance and achievements in sprint competition, he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time. He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times, Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics, a feat referred to as the triple double. An eleven-time World Champion, he won consecutive World Championship 100 m,200 m and 4 ×100 metres relay medals from 2009 to 2015. He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition. Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 and he has helped Jamaica to three 4 ×100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolts most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles, the 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m, he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event. Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships. Bolt was born on 21 August 1986 in Sherwood Content, a town in Trelawny, Jamaica, and grew up with parents Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt, his brother Sadiki. As a child, Bolt attended Waldensia Primary, where he first began to show his sprinting potential, by the age of twelve, Bolt had become the schools fastest runner over the 100 metres distance. Upon his entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, Bolt continued to focus on other sports, pablo McNeil, a former Olympic sprint athlete, and Dwayne Jarrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus his energy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of success in athletics with past students, Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds. Performing for Jamaica in his first Caribbean regional event, Bolt clocked a personal best of 48.28 s in the 400 metres in the 2001 CARIFTA Games, the 200 m also yielded a silver, as Bolt finished in 21.81 s. He made his first appearance on the stage at the 2001 IAAF World Youth Championships in Debrecen

7.
Jermaine Gonzales
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Jermaine Gonzales is a Jamaican 400 metres runner. He is currently being coached by Glen Mills and Bertland Cameron and he missed large parts of the 2003 and 2004 seasons due to injury. He competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics with the Jamaican 4x400 metre relay team and he won his first senior medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games with a new personal best time of 45.16 seconds. He improved his personal best to 44.79 seconds with a win at a meeting in June in Sotteville-lès-Rouen – the first time he had run under 45 seconds since 2006. The following month he broke Roxbert Martins Jamaican record to win the Herculis Diamond League meeting with a time of 44.40 seconds—setting a world-leading mark

8.
World Youth Championships in Athletics
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The IAAF World U18 Championships is a global athletics event comprising track and field events for competitors who are 17 or younger. The event is organized by International Association of Athletics Federations and it was first held in 1999. The World U18 Championships are not to be confused with the World U20 Championships, in the 206th IAAF Council Meeting, held after the 2016 Summer Olympics, the council decided to conclude the world championship for under-18 athletes after the 2017 event. The decision was made with the intention of improving under-18 competitions at continental level instead, youth Official IAAF WU18Ch site Past results from GBR Athletics

9.
2010 Summer Youth Olympics
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The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics were the first edition of the Youth Olympic Games, an international multi-sport and cultural event for youths based on the tradition of the Olympic Games. Held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, the Games featured about 3,600 athletes aged 14–18 from 204 nations, no official medal tables were published, but the most successful nation was China, followed by Russia, hosts Singapore did not win any gold medals. Most unique features of the YOG, such as mixed-NOCs teams, although the concept dates back to 1998, formal plans for the YOG were only announced at the 119th IOC session on 6 July 2007. On 21 February 2008, Singapore was selected as the host city after defeating Moscow 53-44 in a vote by 105 International Olympic Committee members. The Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee prepared eighteen competition venues, the Float@Marina Bay hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and the Youth Olympic Village was located at Nanyang Technological University. The committee also selected Games mascots Lyo and Merly, the Spirit of Youth emblem, online media, Asian newspapers and 166 television broadcasters provided extensive coverage of the Games. The torch relay, which began on 23 July 2010, comprised a thirteen-day world tour of five cities, each representing a continent, and a six-day domestic leg. The Games were marred by discrepancies in the budget and attendance figures, the concept of the YOG was developed in 1998 by Johann Rosenzopf in response to concerns over childhood obesity and declining youth participation in sports. IOC President Jacques Rogge formally announced plans for the YOG at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City on 6 July 2007, Singapore, which had hosted the 117th session, made its first formal bid to host a multi-disciplinary sporting event of this magnitude. Positive factors in its bid included its high connectivity with the world, its youthfulness as an independent country, and its positive reputation for excellence and multiracial harmony. The city-state rolled out a high-publicity campaign which included being amongst the first to launch its website, bid logo. It also got the population to support its bid, including an effort by students to collect 1 million signatures. Eleven cities expressed interest in hosting the Games, nine of which ultimately applied, five cities amongst the nine were selected for the shortlist, Athens, Bangkok, Moscow, Singapore, and Turin. The list was shortened to two finalists, Singapore and Moscow. On 21 February 2008, Rogge announced that Singapore had won the postal vote 53-44 and was selected as the host for the Games. There were concerns over two new venues that had been planned – a Youth Olympic Village and an equestrian complex – would be ready in time for the Games. A construction expert believed the US$423 million plan for an Olympic Village at the National University of Singapore was feasible, in spite of the experts findings, the Youth Olympic Village at the NUSs University Town did run into difficulties owing to increasing construction costs. It was subsequently decided that existing student halls of residence at Nanyang Technological University in Jurong West would be used for the Olympic Village, the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee was tasked with organising the inaugural Games

10.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC

11.
Cross country running
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Cross country running is a sport in which teams and individuals run a race on open-air courses over natural terrain such as dirt or grass. Sometimes the runners are referred to as harriers, the course, typically 4–12 kilometres long, may include surfaces of grass, and earth, pass through woodlands and open country, and include hills, flat ground and sometimes gravel road. It is both an individual and a sport, runners are judged on individual times and teams by a points-scoring method. Cross country running is one of the disciplines under the sport of athletics. Although open-air running competitions are pre-historic, the rules and traditions of cross country racing emerged in Britain, the English championship became the first national competition in 1876 and the International Cross Country Championships was held for the first time in 1903. Since 1973 the foremost elite competition has been the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Cross country courses are laid out on an open or woodland area. The IAAF recommends that courses be grass-covered, and have rolling terrain with frequent, courses consist of one or more loops, with a long straight at the start and another leading to the finish line. Because of variations in conditions, international standardization of cross country courses is impossible, part of cross country runnings appeal is the natural and distinct characteristics of each venues terrain and weather. Terrain can vary from open fields to forest hills and even across rivers and it also includes running down and up hills. According to the IAAF, a cross country course has a loop of 1,750 to 2,000 metres laid out on an open or wooded land. It should be covered by grass, as much as possible, while it is perfectly acceptable for local conditions to make dirt or snow the primary surface, courses should minimize running on roads or other macadamized paths. Parks and golf courses often provide suitable locations, a course at least 5 metres full allows competitors to pass others during the race. Clear markings keep competitors from making wrong turns, and spectators from interfering with the competition, markings may include tape or ribbon on both sides of the course, chalk or paint on the ground, or cones. Some classes use colored flags to indicate directions, red flags for left turns, yellow flags for right turns, courses also commonly include distance markings, usually at each kilometer or each mile. The course should have 400 to 1,200 m of level terrain before the first turn, to reduce contact, however, many courses at smaller competitions have their first turn after a much shorter distance. Courses for international competitions consist of a loop between 1750 and 2000 meters, athletes complete three to six loops, depending on the race. Senior men compete on a 12-kilometre course, senior women and junior men compete on an 8-kilometre course. Junior women compete on a 6-kilometre course, in the United States, college men typically compete on 8 km or 10 km courses, while college women race for 5 km or 6 km

12.
Road running
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Road running is the sport of running on a measured course over an established road. These events are classified as long-distance according to athletics terminology. They may involve large numbers of runners or wheelchair entrants, the three most common IAAF recognized distances for road running events are 10K runs, half marathons and marathons. Despite this, there are far more 5K road race events, due to their popularity for charity races and similar, less competitive reasons to hold an event. Road running may offer those involved a range of challenges and interests such as dealing with hills, sharp bends, varied surfaces, inclement weather, aerobic fitness, or the ability of the body to use oxygen, is the biggest factor contributing to success. The impact of running on roads puts more stress on the feet, knees and it can compensate by providing a consistent, level surface. It may put less strain on the Achilles tendon, before engaging in road running, one should choose a shoe that best suits ones foot type and running style. Road running is one of forms of road racing, which also include road bicycle racing. Race courses are held on the streets of major cities and towns. Other common distances include 5 kilometres,8 kilometres,12 kilometres, some major events have unique distances. Most road race courses are certified to be accurate to within 0. 1%, certified courses are often intentionally lengthened by one metre per km to ensure that they are not short of the stated distance. A Jones Counter attached to a bicycle is used to course length. Remeasurement to verify the length is undertaken when a record is set on a course. Running that covers a distance farther than a marathon is called ultrarunning, such events can be measured in distance or by time. Beyond the ultramarathon lie the multiday and stage races, Road running is unique among athletic events because in many cases first time amateurs are welcome to participate in the same event as members of running clubs and even current world-class champions. Sometimes race times are recorded manually by race organizers, most road races feature electronic timing using transponders, Road races are often community-wide events that highlight or raise money for an issue or project. In the USA, Susan G. Komens Race for the Cure is held nationwide to raise breast cancer awareness and this race is also run in Germany, Italy and Puerto Rico. Similarly, Race for Life holds races throughout the UK to raise money for Cancer Research UK, first person race reports frequently appear on the Dead Runners Society electronic mailing list

13.
Racewalking
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Racewalking, or race walking, is a long-distance discipline within the sport of athletics. Although it is a race, it is different from running in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. This is assessed by race judges, typically held on either roads or on running tracks, common distances vary from 3000 metres up to 100 kilometres. There are two racewalking distances contested at the Summer Olympics, the 20 kilometres race walk and 50 kilometres race walk, both are held as road events. The biennial IAAF World Championships in Athletics also features the three events. The IAAF World Indoor Championships featured 5000 m and 3000 m race walk variations, top level athletics championships and games typically feature 20 km racewalking events. Compared to other forms of racing, stride length is reduced. There are two rules that govern racewalking, the first dictates that the athletes back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact, the second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, athletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips. If one sees a racewalkers shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground, what appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the forward, and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion. Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover and this minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, world-class racewalkers can average under four and five minutes per kilometre in a 20-km racewalk. Races have been walked at distances as short as 3 kilometres —at the 1920 Summer Olympics—and as long as 100 km. The mens world record for the 50-mile race walk is held by Israeli Shaul Ladany, the modern Olympic events are the 20 km race walk and 50 km race walk. There are judges on the course to monitor form, three judges submitting red cards for violations results in disqualification

14.
Sprint (running)
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Sprinting is running over a short distance in a limited period of time. It is used in sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal. In athletics and track and field, sprints are races over short distances and they are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, there are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships, the 100 metres,200 metres, and 400 metres. The set position differs depending on the start, body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and push off using both legs for maximum force production, athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to a maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance, the 60 metres is a khaled and Rion indoor event and it is an indoor world championship event. Less common events include the 50 metres,55 metres,300 metres, biological factors that determine a sprinters potential include, The 60 metres is normally run indoors, on a straight section of an indoor athletic track. Since races at this distance can last around six or seven seconds, having good reflexes and this is roughly the distance required for a human to reach maximum speed and can be run with one breath. It is popular for training and testing in other sports, the world record in this event is held by American sprinter Maurice Greene with a time of 6.39 seconds. 60-metres is used as a distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing. Note, Indoor distances are less standardized as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space, the 100 metres sprint takes place on one length of the home straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track. Often, the holder in this race is considered the worlds fastest man/woman. The current world record of 9.58 seconds is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica and was set on 16 August 2009, the womens world record is 10.49 seconds and was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner. World class male sprinters need 41 to 50 strides to cover the whole 100 metres distances, the 200 metres begins on the curve of a standard track, and ends on the home straight. The ability to run a good bend is key at the distance, as a well conditioned runner will typically be able to run 200 m in an average speed higher than their 100 m speed. Usain Bolt, however, ran 200 m in the time of 19.19 sec, an average speed of 10.422 m/s, whereas he ran 100 m in the world-record time of 9.58 sec

15.
60 metres
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60 metres is a sprint event in track and field athletics. It is an event for indoor championships, normally dominated by the best outdoor 100 metres runners. At outdoor venues it is a distance, at least for senior athletes. The 60 metres was an Olympic event in the 1900 and 1904 Summer Games but was removed from the schedule thereafter. American Maurice Greene currently holds the world record in the 60 metres with a time of 6.39. In the past, it was common for athletes to compete in the 60 yards race and this is not part of the lineage of the 60 metres, but is the predecessor of the 55 metres race. Indoor results only A = affected by altitude Correct as of March 2017, andre Cason also ran 6.45,6.46. Ronnie Baker also ran 6.46,6.47, + = en route to 100m mark Correct as of February 2017. Merlene Ottey also ran 6.97,6.99, gail Devers also ran 6.98,6.99. + = en route to 100m mark Note, The original winner in 1987 was Ben Johnson, notes, A Known as the World Indoor Games The original silver medal winner in 1987 was Angella Issajenko, who was disqualified in 1989 after admitting long term drug use. The original winner in 2003 was Zhanna Block, who was stripped of the title in 2011, All-time mens best 60 metres from alltime-athletics. com All-time womens best 60 metres from alltime-athletics. com

16.
100 metres
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The 100 metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and it has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is named the fastest runner in the world. The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983, jamaicans Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are the reigning world champions, Bolt and Elaine Thompson are the Olympic champions in the mens and womens 100 metres, respectively. On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starters pistol. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50–60 m and their speed then slows towards the finish line. The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast mens performances, the current mens world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaicas Usain Bolt in 2009, while the womens world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken. The 100 m emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards, the event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight. US athletes have won the mens Olympic 100 metres title more times than any country,16 out of the 28 times that it has been run. US women have dominated the event winning 9 out of 21 times. At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks, at high level meets, the time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start, the 0. 2-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starters pistol to reach the runners ears, and the time they take to react to it. For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually, however, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification. This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, justin Gatlin commented, Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a years worth of work. The rule had an impact at the 2011 World Championships. Runners normally reach their top speed just past the point of the race

17.
150 metres
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150 metres is a sprint event in track and field. It is a very rarely contested non-championship and not an IAAF-recognised event, the event was given a high-profile outing in 1997 as an intermediate contest between two 1996 Olympic champions, Donovan Bailey and Michael Johnson. Johnson pulled up mid-race, allowing Bailey to win the $1 million prize.35 seconds, Allyson Felix ran the fastest ever 150 m race by a woman in 2013, although faster times have been recorded at intermediate stages of the 200 m event. The Great North City Games features a similar setup to the Manchester event and has provided several of the best mens and womens times. The British events typically attracted American, British and Caribbean competitors, a one-off 150 m race on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro was held in 2013 and Bolt finished in a time close to his own world record. The 150 m had some significance as an indoor event in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of indoor tracks matching that distance. Wales held a championship over the distance up to 1972. A relay version of the distance was contested at the 1967 European Athletics Indoor Championships and was won by the Soviet Unions womens team. Italy also provided a womens 150 m best that same decade, marlon Devonish also ran 14.88 straight. Any performance with a wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times, only times that are superior to legal bests are shown. Linford Christie ran 14.74 s on 23 July 1995 in Sheffield Donovan Bailey ran 14.92 s on 23 July 1995 in Sheffield, below is a list of other times equal or superior to 16.94, Allyson Felix also ran 16.36 straight. Merlene Ottey also ran 16.46 bend

18.
200 metres
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The 200 metres is a sprint running event. On an outdoor 400 m track, the race begins on the curve and ends on the home straight, a slightly shorter race, called the stadion and run on a straight track, was the first recorded event at the ancient Olympic Games. The 200 m places more emphasis on speed endurance than shorter sprint distances as athletes rely on different energy systems during the longer sprint, in the United States and elsewhere, athletes previously ran the 220-yard dash instead of the 200 m, though the distance is now obsolete. The standard adjustment used for the conversion from times recorded over 220 yards to 200 m times is to subtract 0.1 seconds, another obsolete version of this race is the 200 metres straight, which was run on tracks that contained such a straight. Initially, when the International Amateur Athletic Association started to ratify world records in 1912, in 1951, the IAAF started to recognise records set on a curved track. In 1976, the record was discarded. The race attracts runners from other events, primarily the 100 metres, wishing to double up, marion Jones finished first in both races in 2000 but was later disqualified and stripped of her medals after admitting to taking performance-enhancing drugs. An Olympic double of 200 m and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, Usain Bolt is the only man to repeat as Olympic champion, Bärbel Wöckel and Veronica Campbell-Brown are the two women who have repeated as Olympic champion. The mens world record holder is Usain Bolt of Jamaica, who ran 19. 19s at the 2009 World Championships, the womens world record holder is Florence Griffith-Joyner of the United States, who ran 21. 34s at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The reigning Olympic champions are Usain Bolt and Elaine Thompson, the reigning World Champions are Bolt and Dafne Schippers. Races run with an aiding wind measured over 2.0 metres per second are not acceptable for record purposes, only the fastest time for each athlete is listed. A = Altitude Correct as of January 2017. Below is a list of all other legal times inside 19.60, yohan Blake also ran 19.44,19.54. Below is a list of all other legal times inside 21.80, merlene Ottey also ran 21.66,21.77. Marita Koch also ran 21.76,21.78. Below is a list of all other legal times inside 22.45, merlene Ottey also ran 22.24,22.34,22.37. A Known as the World Indoor Games IAAF list of 200-metres records in XML All time 200m men records

19.
300 metres
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The 300 metres is a rarely run uncommon sprinting event in track and field competitions. + = en route to 400 m performance i = indoor performance A = affected by altitude Correct as of March 2017. Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 31.92, michael Johnson also ran 31. 55+,31.56,31. 64+,31. 66+,31.72. Wayde Van Niekerk also ran 31.63, below is a list of other times equal or superior to 35.93, Marita Koch also ran 34. 66+. Kathy Cook also ran 35.51,35. 8+

20.
400 metres
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The 400 metres, or 400 metre dash, is a common sprinting event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men. On a standard running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many countries, athletes competed in the 440 yard dash —which is a quarter of a mile and was referred to as the quarter-mile—instead of the 400 m. An athlete who competes in the 400 m may still be referred to as quarter-miler, while considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400 metre athletes is open to debate. The current mens record is held by Wayde van Niekerk, with a time of 43.03 seconds, van Niekerk is also the reigning world. The world indoor record holder is Kerron Clement, in 44.57 seconds, the current womens world record is held by Marita Koch, with a time of 47.60 seconds. Allyson Felix is the womens world champion, while Shaunae Miller holds the womens Olympic title. The mens T43 Paralympic world record of 45.07 seconds is held by Oscar Pistorius. An Olympic double of 200 metres and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, alberto Juantorena of Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first and so far the only athlete to win both the 400 m and 800 m Olympic titles. The Olympic champion has won a second gold medal in the 4 ×400 metres relay. From 31 appearances in the Olympic Games, the gold medallist came from the USA19 times. A = affected by altitude Correct as of January 2017. Below is a list of all other times equal or superior to 43.80, Wayde van Niekerk also ran 43.48. Jeremy Wariner also ran 43.50,43.62, LaShawn Merritt also ran 43.74,43.75. Below is a list of all other times superior to 48.80, jarmila Kratochvílová also ran 48.45,48.61. Olga Vladykina / Bryzgina also ran 48.60,48.65, multiple 400 metres victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships,6 wins, Michael Johnson - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993,1995,1997 and 1999

21.
Hurdling
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Hurdling is the act of running and jumping over an obstacle at speed. In the early 19th century, hurdlers ran at and jumped over each hurdle, after experimenting with different step patterns the 3-step for high hurdles, 7-step for low hurdles, and 15-step for intermediate hurdles was decided on. In the sport of athletics, hurdling forms the basis of a number track, in these events, a series of barriers known as hurdles are set at precisely measured heights and distances which each athlete must pass by running over. Failure to pass over, by passing under, or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification, accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous. Hurdle design improvements were made in 1935, when they developed the L-shaped hurdle, with this shape, the athlete could hit the hurdle and it will tip down, clearing the athletes path. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a track, while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are commonly held at indoor track and field events. Women historically competed in the 80 meters hurdles at the Olympics in the mid-20th century, hurdles race are also part of combined events contests, including the decathlon and heptathlon. In track races, hurdles are normally between 68–107 cm in height, and vary depending on the age and gender of the hurdler, events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are low hurdles races. The track hurdles events are forms of sprinting competitions, although the 400 m version is less anaerobic in nature, a hurdling technique can also be found in the steeplechase, although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it. Similarly, in cross country running athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth, horse racing has its own variant of hurdle racing, with similar principles. The standard sprint or short hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women, the standard amount of steps to the first hurdle should be 8. The standard long hurdle race is 400 meters for men and women. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events, the mens 200 meters low hurdles event was on the Olympic athletics programme for the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics. These low hurdles events were widely participated in the part of the 20th century. However, beyond these two Olympic outings, they never gained a consistent place at international competitions and became increasing rare after the 1960s and this 10-hurdle race continues to be run in places such as Norway. Other distances are run, particularly indoors but occasionally outdoors, the sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run, especially in the United States. A60 meter indoor race is run over 5 hurdles, a shorter race may occasionally have only 4 hurdles

22.
60 metres hurdles
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60 metres hurdles is a distance in hurdling which is generally run in indoor competitions. It is equivalent with the first 60 metres including the first 5 hurdles of a standard outdoor hurdle race, the current womens and mens world records are 7.68 seconds and 7.30 seconds, respectively. A = affected by altitude Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 7.38, colin Jackson also ran 7.36,7.38. Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 7.76, susanna Kallur also ran 7.72,7.74,7.75. A Known as the World Indoor Games IAAF all-time best, mens IAAF all-time best, womens IAAF list of 60-metres-hurdles records in XML IAAF record holders

23.
100 metres hurdles
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The 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field event run mainly by women. For the race, ten hurdles of a height of 83.8 centimetres are placed along a course of 100 metres. The first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line. The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other, the hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner, but weighted so this is disadvantageous. Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run them on purpose. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks, the fastest 100 m hurdlers run the distance in a time of around 12.5 seconds. The world record set by Kendra Harrison stands at 12.20 seconds, the Olympic Games had included the 80 m hurdles in the program from 1932 to 1968. Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics the womens race was lengthened to 100 m hurdles, the hurdles sprint race has been run by women since the beginning of womens athletics, just after the end of World War I. The distances and hurdle heights varied widely in the beginning, while the men had zeroed in on the 110 m hurdles, the International Womens Sport Federation had registered records for eight different disciplines by 1926. At the first Womens World Games in 1922 a 100 m hurdles race was run, from 1926 until 1968 on only the 80 m distance was run. For the 80 m race women had to clear eight hurdles placed at a distance of 8 metres from each other and a height of 76.2 cm. Just like with the races, until 1935 no more than three hurdles could be knocked over and records were only officially registered if the runner had cleared all her hurdles clean. In 1935, this rule was abandoned, and L-shaped hurdles were introduced that fell over forward easily and greatly reduced the risk of injury to the runner. Hurdles are weighted, so when properly set for the height, the 80 m hurdles was on the list of womens sports demanded by the International Womens Sport Federation for the Olympic Summer Games in 1928, but wasnt included as an Olympic discipline until 1932. Starting with 1949 the 80 m hurdles was one of the disciplines included in the womens pentathlon, during the 1960s some experimental races were run over a distance of 100 metres using hurdles with a height of 76.2 cm. The modern 100 m race has an extra 2 hurdles compared to the 80 m race, the home stretch is shorter by 1.5 m. A version of the 100 metres hurdles is also used for 50- to 59-year-old men in Masters athletics and they run the same spacing as women, which coordinates with existing markings on most tracks, but run over 36-inch hurdles. In the 60-69 age range, the spacings are changed, women over age 40, men over age 70 run 80 metre versions with different heights and spacings

24.
110 metres hurdles
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The 110 metres hurdles, or 110-meter hurdles, is a hurdling track and field event for men. It is included in the programme at the Summer Olympic Games. The female counterpart is the 100 metres hurdles, as part of a racing event, ten hurdles of 1.067 metres in height are evenly spaced along a straight course of 110 metres. They are positioned so that they fall over if bumped into by the runner. Fallen hurdles do not carry a time penalty for the runners. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 110 metres hurdles begins in the starting blocks and it is occasionally referred to as the 110 meter high hurdles, to distinguish it from events at other distances that use lower hurdles. For the 110 m hurdles, the first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13.72 metres from the starting line. The next nine hurdles are set at a distance of 9.14 metres from each other, the Olympic Games have included the 110 metre hurdles in their program since 1896. The equivalent hurdles race for women was run over a course of 80 metres from 1932 to 1968, starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics, the womens race was set at 100 metres. In the early 20th century, the race was contested as 120 yard hurdles. The fastest 110 metre hurdlers run the distance in around 13 seconds, Aries Merritt of the United States holds the current world record of 12.80 seconds, set at the Memorial Van Damme meet on 7 September 2012 in Belgium. For the first hurdles races in England around 1830, wooden barriers were placed along a stretch of 100 yards. The first standards were attempted in 1864 in Oxford and Cambridge, The length of the course was set to 120 yards and over its course, the height and spacing of the hurdles have been related to Imperial units ever since. After the length of the course was rounded up to 110 metres in France in 1888, the massively constructed hurdles of the early days were first replaced in 1895 with somewhat lighter T-shaped hurdles that runners were able to knock over. However, until 1935 runners were disqualified if they knocked down more than three hurdles, and records were only recognized if the runner had left all hurdles standing. In 1935 the T-shaped hurdles were replaced by L-shaped ones that easily fall forward if bumped into, however those hurdles are weighted so it is disadvantageous to hit them. The 110 metre hurdles have been an Olympic discipline since 1896, women ran it occasionally in the 1920s but it never became generally accepted. From 1926 on, women have only run the 80 metre hurdles which was increased to 100 metres starting in 1961 on a trial basis and in 1969 in official competition

25.
400 metres hurdles
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The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event. The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men, on a standard outdoor track,400 metres is the length of the inside lane, once around the stadium. Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks, the hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force, to prevent injury to the runners. Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over, runners prefer to clear them cleanly, the best male athletes can run the 400 m hurdles in a time of around 47 seconds, while the best female athletes achieve a time of around 53 seconds. The current mens and womens world record holders are Kevin Young with 46.78 seconds, compared to the 400 metres run, the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer. The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics, the first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics – being held as a one-off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics. The first awards in a 400 m hurdles race were given in 1860 when a race was held in Oxford, England, while running the course, participants had to clear twelve wooden hurdles, over 100 centimetres tall, that had been spaced in even intervals. To reduce the risk of injury, somewhat more lightweight constructions were introduced in 1895 that runners could push over, the 400 m hurdles became an Olympic event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. At the same time, the race was standardized so that virtually identical races could be held, as a result, the official distance was fixed to 400 metres, or one lap of the stadium, and the number of hurdles was reduced to ten. The official height of the hurdles was set to 91.4 cm for men and 76.20 cm for women, the first documented 400 m hurdles race for women took place in 1971. Many athletic commentators and officials have often brought up the idea of lifting the height of the womens 400 m hurdles to incorporate a greater requirement of hurdling skill. This was the case at the World Championships in Seville and the problem can often be seen at international and national meetings. The 400m hurdle race one of the most demanding of all events in the sprint-hurdle group and it requires speed, endurance, and hurdling technique all along with unique awareness and special concentration throughout the race. When preparing to hurdle, the blocks should be set so that the athlete arrives at the first hurdle leading on the desired leg without inserting a stutter step. A stutter step is when the runner has to chop his or her stride down to arrive on the leg for take off. At the beginning of the take-off, the knee must be driven toward the hurdle, the knee should be slightly bent when crossing the hurdle. Unless an athlete’s body has great flexibility, the knee must be bent to allow a forward body lean. Unlike the 110m hurdles, a significant forward body lean is not that necessary due to the hurdles being lower, however, the trail leg must be kept bent and short to provide a quick lever action allowing a fast hurdle clearance

26.
500 metres
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The 500 metres is a rarely run uncommon sprinting event in track and field competitions. I = indoor performance A = affected by altitude OT = oversized track Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 1,00.86, Colin Campbell ran a hand-timed 59.7. Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 1,09.35, Lynsey Sharp also ran 1,08.05

27.
600 metres
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The 600 metres is a rarely run sprinting event in track and field competitions. I = indoor performance A = affected by altitude ht = hand timing Correct as of December 2016, below is a list of other times equal or superior to 1,14.69, John Kipkurgat also ran 1,13. 2+. David Rudisha also ran 1,13.71,1,14. 4+, joseph Mutua Mwengi also ran 1,13.72. Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 1,25.23, ajee Wilson also ran 1,24. 48i,1,25. 23i

28.
800 metres
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The 800 metres, or 800 meters, is a common track running event. It is the shortest common middle-distance running event, the 800 metres is run over two laps of the track and has been an Olympic event since the first games in 1896. During indoor track season the event is run on a 200-metre track. The event was derived from the measurement of a half a mile. Imperial racing distances were common in the United States, american high schools were the last to convert to metric distances in 1980, following the NCAAs conversion in 1976. Countries associated to the English system converted to metric distances after the 1966 Commonwealth Games,800 m is 4.67 m less than half a mile. The event combines aerobic endurance with anaerobic conditioning and sprint speed, both the aerobic and anaerobic systems are being taxed to a high extent, thus the 800 metre athlete is required to combine training between both systems. If they are so inclined,400 m runners are encouraged to run the 200 metres while 800 m runners are encouraged to run the 1500 metres. The 800 m event is known for its tactical racing techniques. Because the 800 m event is the shortest event that has all the runners converge on lane one and it is commonly believed that getting the first or second position early in the race is advantageous as these positions are not usually caught up in the pack. Olympic champions Dave Wottle, Yuriy Borzakovskiy and others have defied that logic by running a more evenly paced race, lagging behind the pack and kicking past the slowing early leaders. Often the winner of 800 m races at high levels are not determined by the strongest runner and this can lead to the most exciting aspect of the 800 m which is its high probability of an upset. Two common tactics for the 800 meters are running a split or a positive split between laps. The positive split is widely considered to be the more effective strategy, a positive split is achieved by running the first lap faster than the second lap, and a negative split is achieved by the opposite, running the second lap faster than the first. The current world record holder, David Rudisha, runs using a positive split strategy, in his 2012 Olympic race, he ran his first lap in 49.28 seconds and his second lap in 51.63 seconds. Theoretically, a split is the most effective strategy. As of August 2016 As of August 2016, World junior records are held by Nijel Amos and Pamela Jelimo. Both marks coincidentally rank them as the third fastest ever, a Known as the World Indoor Games IAAF list of 800-metres records in XML

29.
1500 metres
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The 1500 metres or 1, 500-metre run is the foremost middle distance track event in athletics. The distance has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896, the demands of the race are similar to that of the 800 metres, but with a slightly higher emphasis on aerobic endurance and a slightly lower sprint speed requirement. The 1500 metre race is predominantly aerobic, but anaerobic conditioning is also required, each lap run during the world-record race run by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1998 in Rome, Italy averaged just under 55 seconds. 1,500 metres is three and three-quarter laps around a 400-metre track, in the Modern Olympic Games, the mens 1, 500-metre race has been contested from the beginning, and at every Olympic Games since. The first winner, in 1896, was Edwin Flack of Australia, the womens 1, 500-metre race was first added to the Summer Olympics in 1972, and the winner of the first gold medal was Lyudmila Bragina of the Soviet Union. During the Olympic Games of 1972 through 2008, the womens 1, 500-metre race has won by three Soviets plus one Russian, one Italian, one Romanian, one Briton, one Kenyan. The 2012 Olympic results are still undecided as a result of doping cases. The best womens times for the race were set by Chinese runners. At least one of those top Chinese athletes has admitted to being part of a doping program, the womens record was finally surpassed by Genzebe Dibaba of Ethiopia in 2015. Which distance is used depends on which state the school is in. The person who wins the race is behind watching Correct as of November 2016. The world records for the distance in swimming for men are 14,31.02 by Sun Yang,14,08.06 by Gregorio Paltrinieri, and by women 15,25.48 by Katie Ledecky, and 15,19.71 by Mireia Belmonte García. The world records for the distance in speed skating are 1,41.04 by Shani Davis and 1,50.85 by Heather Richardson-Bergsma, IAAF list of 1500-metres records in XML Statistics

30.
Mile run
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The mile run is a middle-distance foot race. The history of the mile run event began in England, where it was used as a distance for gambling races. It survived track and fields switch to metric distances in the 1900s and retained its popularity, with the chase for the four-minute mile in the 1950s a high point for the race. In spite of the roughly equivalent 1500 metres race, the run is present in all fields of athletics. The current mile world record holders are Moroccos Hicham El Guerrouj with 3,43.13, the distance of the English mile gained its current definition of 1,760 yards through a statute of the Parliament of England in 1593. Thus, the history of the run began in England. Such contests would attract large numbers of spectators and gamblers – so many that the activity became a one for its more-established participants. The mile run was at the heart of the divide between professional and amateur sports in the late 19th century, separate world record categories were kept for amateurs and professionals, with professional runners providing the faster times. High-profile contests between Britons William Cummings and Walter George brought much publicity to the sport, as did Georges races against the American Lon Myers, the mile run was also one of the foremost events at the amateur AAA Championships. The categories remained distinct but the rise in amateurism and decline of the professional sector saw the division become irrelevant in the 20th century. The mile run continued to be a distance in spite of the metrication of track and field. It was the 1500 metres – sometimes referred to as the metric mile – which was featured on the Olympic athletics programme, the International Amateur Athletics Federation formed in 1912 and ratified the first officially recognised world record in the mile the following year. The fact that the run was the only imperial distance to retain its official world record status after 1970 reflects its continued popularity in the international era. In the 1940s, Swedish runners Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson pushed times into a new territory, the act of completing a sub-four-minute mile sparked further interest in the distance in the 1950s. The 1960s saw American Jim Ryun set world records near the 3, 50-minute mark, from this period onwards, African runners began to emerge, breaking the largely white, Western dominance of the distance. Kenyas Kip Keino won the mile at the 1966 British Empire, the 1980s was highlighted by the rivalry between British runners Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett, who improved the record five times between them, including two records at the Oslo Dream Mile race. Noureddine Morceli brought the record back into African hands in 1993 and Moroccos Hicham El Guerrouj set the current record of 3,43.13. Aside from track races, mile races are also contested in cross country running

31.
2000 metres steeplechase
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The steeplechase is an obstacle race in athletics, which derives its name from the steeplechase in horse racing. The foremost version of the event is the 3000 metres steeplechase, the 2000 metres steeplechase is the next most common distance. Horses and riders raced from one towns steeple to the next, the steeples were used as markers due to their visibility over long distances. Along the way runners inevitably had to jump streams and low stone walls separating estates, the modern athletics event originates from a two-mile cross country steeplechase that formed part of the University of Oxford sports in 1860. It was replaced in 1865 by an event over barriers on a flat field and it has been an Olympic event since the inception of the modern Olympics, though with varying lengths. The steeplechase for women is 3,000 metres long, a distance of 2,000 metres, with a shorter water jump, was experimented with before the current race format was established. It made its first major appearance at the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki. In 2008, womens 3,000 metres steeplechase appeared for the first time on the Olympic tracks in Beijing, other divisions including masters athletics and youth athletics run 2,000 metres distances. The format for a 2,000 metre steeplechase removes the first two barriers of the first lap, the steeplechase at the 1932 Olympics was run over approximately 3460 metres due to a lap scoring error. A3,000 metres steeplechase is defined in the rulebook as having 28 barriers and 7 water jumps, a 2,000 meters steeplechase has 18 barriers and 5 water jumps. Since the water jump is never on the oval, a steeplechase course is never a perfect 400 metres lap. Instead the water jump is placed inside the turn, shortening the lap, or outside the turn, the start line moves from conventional starting areas in order to compensate for the different length of lap. When the water jump is inside, the 3,000 start line is on the backstretch, when the water jump is outside, the 3,000 start line is on the home stretch. The 2,000 start line reverses that pattern and uses 5/7 the amount of compensation, IAAF list of steeplechase records in XML Womens Steeplechase

32.
3000 metres
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The 3000 metres or 3000-meter run is a track running event, also commonly known as the 3K or 3K run, where 7.5 laps are completed around an outdoor 400 m track or 15 laps around a 200 m indoor track. It is debated whether the 3000m should be classified as a distance or long distance event. In elite level competition,3000 m pace is more comparable to the found in the longer 5000 metres event. The world record performance for 3000 m equates to a pace of 58.76 seconds per 400 m, however, the 3000 m does require some anaerobic conditioning and an elite athlete needs to develop a high tolerance to lactic acid, as does the Mile runner. Thus, the 3000 m demands a balance of aerobic endurance needed for the 5000 m, in mens athletics,3000 metres has been an Olympic discipline only as a team race at the 1912,1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. It has not been contested at any of the IAAF outdoor championships and it is often featured in indoor track and field programmes and is the longest distance event present at the IAAF World Indoor Championships. In womens athletics,3000 metres was an event in the Olympic Games. The event was discontinued at World Championship and Olympic level after the 1993 World Championships in Athletics - Qu Yunxia being the gold medal winner at the event. Starting with the 1995 World Championships in Athletics and the 1996 Olympic Games, it was replaced by 5000 metres, skilled runners in this event reach speeds near vVO2max, for which the oxygen requirements of the body cannot continuously be satisfied, requiring some anaerobic effort. The mens world record is 7,20.67 set by Daniel Komen of Kenya in 1996, Komen also holds the world indoor mark with 7,24.90 minutes set in 1998. The womens world record is 8,06.11 set by Wang Junxia of China in 1993, the world indoor womens record is 8,16.60 minutes, set by Ethiopian Genzebe Dibaba in 2014. Statistics accurate as of 4 February 2017, a Known as the World Indoor Games IAAF list of 3000-metres records in XML Statistics