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Fiscal Policy:

What is Fiscal Policy?:

What is Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy is the deliberate manipulation of government purchases, transfer payments, taxes, and borrowing in order to influence macroeconomic variables such as employment, the price level, and the level of GDP. It refers to the Revenue and Expenditure policy of the Govt. which is generally used to cure recession and maintain economic stability in the country.

Government in the Economy:

Government in the Economy Nothing arouses as much controversy as the role of government in the economy. Government can affect the macroeconomy in three ways: Fiscal policy Monetary policy Discretionary fiscal policy

Government in the Economy:

Government in the Economy The government can not control certain aspects of the economy related to fiscal policy. For example: The government can control tax rates but not tax revenue. Tax revenue depends on household income and the size of corporate profits. Government spending depends on government decisions and the state of the economy.

Adding Net Taxes (T) and Government Purchases (G) to the Circular Flow of Income:

Adding Net Taxes ( T ) and Government Purchases ( G ) to the Circular Flow of Income

PowerPoint Presentation:

Adding Net Taxes ( T ) and Government Purchases ( G ) to the Circular Flow of Income When government enters the picture, the aggregate income identity gets cut into three pieces: And aggregate expenditure ( AE ) equals:

The Budget Deficit:

The Budget Deficit A government ’ s budget deficit is the difference between what it spends ( G ) and what it collects in taxes ( T ) in a given period: If G exceeds T , the government must borrow from the public to finance the deficit. It does so by selling Treasury bonds and bills. In this case, a part of household saving ( S ) goes to the government.

The Great Depression and World War II:

The Great Depression and World War II Three developments bolstered the use of fiscal policy The publication of Keynes ’ General Theory War-time demand on production helped pull the U.S. out of the Great Depression The Full Employment Act of 1946, which gave the federal government responsibility for promoting full employment and price stability

The Economy’s Influence on the Government Budget:

The Economy ’ s Influence on the Government Budget Fiscal drag is the negative effect on the economy that occurs when average tax rates increase because taxpayers have moved into higher income brackets during an expansion.

The Federal Budget:

The Federal Budget The federal budget is the budget of the federal government. The difference between the federal government ’ s receipts and its expenditures is the federal surplus (+) or deficit ( - ).

Deficits and Interest Rates:

The Federal Deficit Versus the National Debt:

The Federal Deficit Versus the National Debt The federal deficit is a flow variable measuring the amount by which expenditures exceed revenues in a particular year The national debt is a stock variable measuring the accumulation of past deficits In the U.S., it took 200 years for the national debt to reach $1 trillion After the debt reached this level, it took only 15 years for the debt to reach the $5 trillion level

Reducing the Deficit:

Reducing the Deficit Line-item veto (signed into law in April 1996 struck by the Supreme Court in 1998) A provision to allow the president to reject particular portions of the budget rather than simply accept or reject the entire budget Balanced budget amendment Proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution requiring a balanced federal budget

The Economy’s Influence on the Government Budget:

The Economy ’ s Influence on the Government Budget Automatic stabilizers are revenue and expenditure items in the federal budget that automatically change with the state of the economy in such a way as to stabilize GDP .

The Budget Deficits of the 1980s and 1990s:

The Budget Deficits of the 1980s and 1990s The tax cuts of the early 1980s together with large increases government spending caused the annual government deficit and the national debt to grow significantly Although both fiscal policy measures stimulated the economy, the resulting tax revenues were not sufficient to manage the large government deficits

Fiscal Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment:

Fiscal Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment If there is a natural rate of unemployment, fiscal policy that increases aggregate demand will appear to succeed in the short run because output and employment will both expand But stimulating aggregate demand will, in the long run, result only in a higher price level, while the level of output will fall back to the economy ’ s potential

Feedback Effects of Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Supply:

Feedback Effects of Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Supply Both automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policy may affect individual incentives to work spend, save, and invest, though these effects are usually unintended

Fiscal Consolidation:

Fiscal Consolidation Kishor ’ s part

Challenges and Issues:

Challenges and Issues How to garner political will for enhanced resource mobilisation? Surge in Commodity Prices – Challenge and an opportunity How to build national consensus on pro-poor spending? How to increase efficiency of expenditure? Fiscal Decentralisation – can it be a solution? – Evidence is mixed