insight - Hikmet Barutcugil, Ebruzen

Hikmet Barutcugil is Turkey’s foremost living ebruzen, or master of marbling, a traditional Turkish art form that’s been around for centuries

The technique of paper marbling – manipulating paint on water to create beautiful works of art on paper – is thought to have originated in Persia during the 15th century, though as early as the 10th century the Japanese had a form of marbling called suminagashi. Introduced to the West via the Ottoman Empire, the art of making ‘Turkish paper’ became tremendously popular in European bookbinding and stationery, especially in Victorian England where it was commonly used for endpapers in books.

When Hikmet Barutcugil enrolled at the Istanbul State Academy of Fine Arts in 1973 to study textiles, marbling was, like many time-honoured crafts, on the verge of dying out in Turkey. Inspired by a calligraphy professor to study traditional Turkish art forms, Barutcugil stumbled upon ebru.

“It was love at first sight; I can’t describe it any other way. It had a mysterious beauty,” Barutcugil recalls. Today he is Turkey’s most prominent ebruzen, recognised not only for helping to revive the tradition but also for developing his own school of marbling, known as Barut Ebru. His fame extends well beyond the borders of Turkey: he has travelled to more than 30 countries to lecture, teach, and show his work, taken part in close to 200 shows, and published almost a dozen books and exhibition catalogues.

Barutcugil largely taught himself – through his own research and ‘by trial and error’ – because the one genuine ebru master left in Istanbul in the early 1970s was not teaching the craft. “It’s better that I didn’t study with him; if I had, I would only have learned his style. The fact that I had to discover it on my own opened my horizons and gave me freedom; it was actually an advantage,” says Barutcugil.

Whereas Turkish marbling traditionally made use of a limited number of colours and patterns, the style developed by Barutcugil is much more fluid and abstract, allowing colours to blend together, resulting in subtle in-between hues. His most characteristic pieces feature a wide spectrum of colour tones that ripple across the page like images of rock strata or sound waves. The artist also pioneered the use of marbling techniques on materials other than paper, such as wood, fabric, and even ceramics, and he is likewise known for combining marbling with other art forms, including painting, miniatures, and calligraphy.

Barutcugil believes people find marbling so mesmerising because of the designs’ uncanny resemblance to the natural world. Different patterns may resemble veined stone or banded rock, living tissue magnified thousands of times, the swirls of natural whirlpools, or butterflies’ wings. “We can describe the technique in technical terms, but we can’t define the patterns themselves. The images are so similar to those found in nature – whether the colouration of the planet Venus or a microscopic view of a cell magnified 4,000 times – that one is astonished. Perhaps, through ebru, God is sharing secrets with us,” remarks Barutcugil.

Indeed, for some, ebru has a mystical significance, and in Ottoman times it was often the artisans of the Sufi dervish orders who practised the art. Marbling is mysterious, Barutcugil says, because the designs emerge naturally and the artistic process is one of on-the-spot improvisation. “Marbling is something that happens by itself. We can’t intervene very much; it is spontaneous. It’s a natural occurrence that can’t be predicted.” To emphasise his point, he cites a verse from the Quran on the divine properties of water (chapter 21, verse 30): “We have made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?”

The master at work

Almost every surface in Ebristan – Barutcugil’s workshop and studio, where he also teaches ebru – is decorated with marbling, from the ceramic floor tiles and wooden door panels to the walls lined with framed works by the artist. Located on Istanbul’s Asian side in the Uskudar district, the edifice was a mansion built for an Ottoman pasha in 1830 that Barutcugil and his wife spent a decade restoring before opening Ebristan in 1997.

On a weekday morning, a group of adult students crowd around a table as Barutcugil gives a marbling demonstration. With a brush, he sprinkles different colours of paint onto the water, then pulls a fine metal comb across the surface to create an intricate pattern. The background complete, he adds drops of green and purple, drawing out the pools of paint with a bradawl into the shape of a tulip (“The most famous Turkish flower,” Barutcugil notes) before laying a piece of paper over the water and expertly picking it up with the design intact.

In just minutes – and in a way that appears almost effortless – the piece is complete, needing only to dry and set. That one-of-a-kind works of art can be created with such apparent ease and speed is the magic of marbling, but the flip side is the relative difficulty of manipulating the materials. While some of Barutcugil’s students have become professional artists in their own right, many are content to practise marbling simply as a hobby.

In 2013, Barutcugil will be celebrating the 40th year since he embarked on what would become his lifelong passion, with a retrospective of his work that opens in February at the prestigious Çıragan Palace Kempinski, Istanbul. But even after all this time, his journey continues. With the humility of a Buddhist monk, he says, “It’s been 40 years and I still don’t know everything. The more I learn, the more I realise how little I know.”

The art of painting on water

Marbling requires an array of special materials and tools in order to produce stunning designs. The quality of the paint is of prime importance. Many artists use all-natural paints made from metal oxides such as cobalt, chromium, and nickel. These pigments are mixed with ox gall, used as a surfactant to keep the paint from sinking below the surface of the water and (unless desired) to prevent colours from mixing together. A thickening agent is dissolved in the water to create a ‘size’; in Turkey, this is generally gum tragacanth, obtained from the dried sap of a genus of plants common in Anatolia and Iran. Hikmet Barutcugil uses handmade, acid-free paper that is cotton based, allowing for high absorbency, and brushes made from rosebush branches and horsehair. Metal combs, bradawls, and thin pieces of wood or cardboard are among the artist’s other tools. The paper or fabric to be marbled must be the same size as the shallow basin used.

Marbling patterns

A classic pattern used by bookbinders, the marbling design perhaps best known in the West is the single or double ‘combed’ pattern, also called nonpareil, which is reminiscent of some butterfly wings. What is known in Turkish as battal and elsewhere as ‘Turkish pattern’ resembles a stone with circular veining. The fishbone-like feather pattern – called git-gel, or ‘back-and-forth’, in Turkish – is also popular. After creating a background or base pattern and letting it dry, an artist may later add a second layer of marbling, or incorporate other art forms like calligraphy or miniature painting.

The Turkish word ebru is thought to come from a Persian word meaning either ‘cloudlike’ or ‘water surface’. Marbled papers were used for some Ottoman documents because the unique designs could not be copied or forged.

Suminagashi, or ‘floating ink’, is a Japanese art form dating from the 10th century that may be related to ebru.