On Hunting, by Xenophon

III

There are two breeds of sporting dogs: the Castorian and the fox-like.1 The former get their name from Castor, in memory of the delight he took in the business of the
chase, for which he kept this breed by preference.2 The other breed is
literally foxy, being the progeny originally of the dog and the fox, whose natures have in the course of ages become
blent.3

Both species present a large proportion of defective animals4 which
fall short of the type, as being under-sized, or crook-nosed,5 or
gray-eyed,6 or near-sighted, or ungainly, or stiff-jointed, or deficient
in strength, thin-haired, lanky, disproportioned, devoid of pluck or of nose, or unsound of foot. To particularise: an
under-sized dog will, ten to one, break off from the chase7 faint and
flagging in the performance of his duty owing to mere diminutiveness. An aquiline nose means no mouth, and consequently
an inability to hold the hare fast.8 A blinking bluish eye implies defect
of vision;9 just as want of shape means ugliness.10 The stiff-limbed dog will come home limping from the hunting-field;11 just as want of strength and thinness of coat go hand in hand with incapacity
for toil.12 The lanky-legged, unsymmetrical dog, with his shambling gait
and ill-compacted frame, ranges heavily; while the spiritless animal will leave his work to skulk off out of the sun
into shade and lie down. Want of nose means scenting the hare with difficulty, or only once in a way; and however
courageous he may be, a hound with unsound feet cannot stand the work, but through foot-soreness will eventually give
in.13

Similarly many different modes of hunting a line of scent are to be seen in the same species of hound.14 One dog as soon as he has found the trail will go along without sign or
symptom to show that he is on the scent; another will vibrate his ears only and keep his tail15 perfectly still; while a third has just the opposite propensity: he will keep
his ears still and wag with the tip of his tail. Others draw their ears together, and assuming a solemn air,16 drop their tails, tuck them between their legs, and scour along the line.
Many do nothing of the sort.17 They tear madly about, babbling round the
line when they light upon it, and senselessly trampling out the scent. Others again will make wide circuits and
excursions; either forecasting the line,18 they overshoot it and leave
the hare itself behind, or every time they run against the line they fall to conjecture, and when they catch sight of
the quarry are all in a tremor,19 and will not advance a step till they
see the creature begin to stir.

A particular sort may be described as hounds which, when hunting or pursuing, run forward with a frequent eye to the
discoveries of the rest of the pack, because they have no confidence in themselves. Another sort is over-confident —
not letting the cleverer members of the pack go on ahead, but keeping them back with nonsensical clamour. Others will
wilfully hug every false scent,20 and with a tremendous display of
eagerness, whatever they chance upon, will take the lead, conscious all the while they are playing false;21 whilst another sort again will behave in a precisely similar style out of
sheer ignorance.22 It is a poor sort of hound which will not leave a
stale line23 for want of recognising the true trail. So, too, a hound
that cannot distinguish the trail leading to a hare’s form, and scampers over that of a running hare, hot haste, is no
thoroughbred.24

When it comes to the actual chase, some hounds will show great ardour at first starting, but presently give up from
weakness of spirit. Others will run in too hastily25 and then balk; and
go hopelessly astray, as if they had lost the sense of hearing altogether.

Many a hound will give up the chase and return from mere distaste for hunting,26 and not a few from pure affection for mankind. Others with their clamorous yelping on the line
do their best to deceive, as if true and false were all one to them.27
There are others that will not do that, but which in the middle of their running,28 should they catch the echo of a sound from some other quarter, will leave their own business and
incontinently tear off towards it.29 The fact is,30 they run on without clear motive, some of them; others taking too much for
granted; and a third set to suit their whims and fancies. Others simply play at hunting; or from pure jealousy, keep
questing about beside the line, continually rushing along and tumbling over one another.31

The majority of these defects are due to natural disposition, though some must be assigned no doubt to want of
scientific training. In either case such hounds are useless, and may well deter the keenest sportsman from the hunting
field.32

The characters, bodily and other, exhibited by the finer specimens of the same breed,33 I will now set forth.

2 Or, “get their appellation from the fact that Castor took delight in
the business of the chase, and kept this breed specially for the purpose.” Al. diephulaxen,
“propagated and preserved the breed which we now have.” See Darwin, “Animals and Plants under Domestication,” ii. 202,
209.

3 Or, “and through lapse of time the twofold characteristics of their
progenitors have become blent.” See Timoth. Gaz. ap. Schneid. ad loc. for an ancient superstition as to breeds.

4 Or, “defective specimens (that is to say, the majority) are to be
noted, as follows.”

13 Or, “Nor will courage compensate for unsound feet. The toil and
moil will be too great to endure, and owing to the pains in his feet he will in the end give in.”

14 Or, “Also the same dogs will exhibit many styles of coursing: one
set as soon as they have got the trail pursue it without a sign, so there is no means of finding out that the animal is
on the track.”

21 Or, “fully aware themselves that the whole thing is a
make-believe.”

22 Or, “do exactly the same thing because they do not know any
better.”

23ek ton trimmon. Lit. “keep away from
beaten paths,” and commonly of footpaths, but here apparently of the hare’s habitual “run,” not necessarily lately
traversed, still less the true line.

24 Lit. “A dog who on the one hand ignores the form track, and on the
other tears swiftly over a running track, is not a well-bred dog.” Al. ta eunaia, “traces of
the form”; ta dromaia, “tracks of a running hare.” See Sturz. s.v. dromaios.

25 So L. & S., upotheousin = “cut in
before” the rest of the pack and over-run the scent. Al. “flash in for a time, and then lose the scent.”

30 The fact is, there are as many different modes of following up the
chase almost as there are dogs. Some follow up the chase asaphos, indistinctly; some
polu upolambanousai, with a good deal of guess-work; others again doxazousai, without conviction, insincerely; others, peplasmenos, out of mere
pretence, pure humbug, make-believe, or phthoneros, in a fit of jealousy, ekkunousi, are skirters; al. ekkinousi, Sturz, quit the scent.