Chief Minister
A chief minister is the elected head of government of a sub-national
entity, for instance a administrative subdivision or federal
constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union
territory) in India; a territory of Australia;[1] a province of Sri
Lanka or Pakistan; a federal state in Nepal; a autonomous region of
Philippines;[2] or a
British Overseas TerritoryBritish Overseas Territory that has attained
self-governance
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Executive (government)
The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding
responsibility for the governance of a state. The executive executes
and enforces law.
In political systems based on the principle of separation of powers,
authority is distributed among several branches (executive,
legislative, judicial) — an attempt to prevent the concentration of
power in the hands of a small group of people. In such a system, the
executive does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or
interpret them (the role of the judiciary). Instead, the executive
enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the
judiciary. The executive can be the source of certain types of law,
such as a decree or executive order. Executive bureaucracies are
commonly the source of regulations.
In the Westminster political system, the principle of separation of
powers is not as entrenched
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Aut Simul Stabunt Aut Simul Cadent
The Latin brocard aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent (or simul simul
for short), meaning they will either stand together, or fall together,
is used in law to express those cases in which the end of a certain
situation automatically brings upon the end of another one, and vice
versa.
The first use of this expression in the mass media, which made it
known to the non-specialists, was in occasion of one of the first
crises between fascist Italy and the Vatican concerning the Concordat.
Pope Pius XIPope Pius XI is believed to have pronounced the sentence to express
the fact that challenging the
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Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign
exercise authority in accordance with a written or unwritten
constitution.[1]
Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy differs from absolute
monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power), in that
constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and
authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal
framework
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Republic
A republic (Latin: res publica) is a form of government in which the
country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or
property of the rulers. The primary positions of power within a
republic are not inherited. It is a form of government under which the
head of state is not a monarch.[1][2][3]
In American English, the definition of a republic refers specifically
to a form of government in which elected individuals represent the
citizen body[2] and exercise power according to the rule of law under
a constitution, including separation of powers with an elected head of
state, referred to as a constitutional republic[4][5][6][7] or
representative democracy. [8]
As of 2017[update], 159 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the
word "republic" as part of their official names – not all of these
are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor is the
word "republic" used in the names of all nations with elected
governments
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Head Of State
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that
officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign
state.[1] Depending on the country's form of government and separation
of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or
concurrently the head of government.
In countries with parliamentary systems, the head of state is
typically a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide
day-to-day government activities or is not empowered to exercise any
kind of secular political authority (e.g., Queen
Elizabeth IIElizabeth II of the
Commonwealth Realms).[2] In countries where the head of state is also
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Directorial System
A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several
people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state or a head of
government.
In political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is
applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members
styled director. The most important of these by far was the Directory
of 1795–1799 in France.[1] The system was inspired by the
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a
collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with a primus inter
pares President. Variants of this form of government, based on the
French model, were also established in the European regions conquered
by
FranceFrance during the French Revolutionary Wars.
In the past, Uruguay,
YugoslaviaYugoslavia (after Tito's death), Ukraine,[2] and
other countries were ruled by directories
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Parliamentary System
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state
where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its
ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically
a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. In a
parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person
from the head of government
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Semi-parliamentary System
A semi-parliamentary system (also described as a neo-parliamentary or
prime-ministerial system) is a classification of systems of government
proposed by Maurice Duverger, in which citizens directly elect at the
same time the legislature and the prime minister, possibly with an
electoral law ensuring the existence of a parliamentary majority for
the prime minister-elect.[1] As in a parliamentary system, the prime
minister is responsible to the legislature and can be dismissed by it:
this however effectively causes a snap election for both the prime
minister and the legislature (a rule commonly expressed by the brocard
aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent, Latin for "they will either stand
together, or fall together").
Like semi-presidential systems, semi-parliamentary systems are a
strongly rationalized form of parliamentary systems
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Semi-presidential System
A semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a
president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the
latter two being responsible to the legislature of a state
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Systems Of Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized
community, often a state.[1]
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally
consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary.
GovernmentGovernment is a
means by which state policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for
determining the policy. Each government has a kind of constitution, a
statement of its governing principles and philosophy. Typically the
philosophy chosen is some balance between the principle of individual
freedom and the idea of absolute state authority (tyranny).
While all types of organizations have governance, the word government
is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200
independent national governments on Earth, as well as subsidiary
organizations.[2]
Historically prevalent forms of government include aristocracy,
timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy and tyranny
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Cohabitation (government)
Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in
semi-presidential systems, such as France, when the President is from
a different political party than the majority of the members of
parliament. It occurs because such a system forces the president to
name a premier (prime minister) that will be acceptable to the
majority party within parliament
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Presidential System
A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of
government where a head of government leads an executive branch that
is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in
most cases also the head of state, which is called president.
In presidential countries, the executive is elected and is not
responsible to the legislature, which cannot in normal circumstances
dismiss it. Such dismissal is possible, however, in uncommon cases,
often through impeachment.
The title "president" has persisted from a time when such person
personally presided over the governing body, as with the
PresidentPresident of
the Continental Congress in the early United States, prior to the
executive function being split into a separate branch of government.
A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system, where the
head of government is elected to power through the legislative
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Sub-national Entity
An administrative division, unit, entity, area or region, also
referred to as a subnational entity, constituent unit, or country
subdivision, is a portion of a country or other region delineated for
the purpose of administration. Administrative divisions are granted a
certain degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage
themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided
up into these smaller units to make managing their land and the
affairs of their people easier. A country may be divided into
provinces, which, in turn, are divided into counties, which, in turn,
may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities.
Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent
territories, with the former being an integral part of the state and
the other being only under some lesser form of control
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