Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

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Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 8/e,provides a complete, practical, and student-friendly introduction to the principles and techniques of modern chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. The authors introduce efficient and consistent methods for solving problems, analyzing data, and conceptually understanding a wide variety of processes. This edition has been revised to reflect growing interest in the life sciences, adding biotechnology and bioengineering problems and examples throughout. It also adds many new examples and homework assignments on nanotechnology, environmental, and green engineering, plus many updates to existing examples. A new chapter presents multiple student projects, and several chapters from the previous edition have been condensed for greater focus. This text's features include: * Thorough introductory coverage, including unit conversions, basis selection, and process measurements * Short chapters supporting flexible, modular learning * Consistent, sound strategies for solving material and energy balance problems * Key concepts ranging from stoichiometry to enthalpy * Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids * Many tables, charts, and reference appendices * Self-assessment tests, thought/discussion problems, homework problems, and glossaries in each chapter

David M. Himmelblau was (until his death in April) the American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, Austin. The author of sixteen books, his areas of research included the use of artificial neural networks for fault diagnosis and data rectification. James B. Riggs is Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at Texas Tech University, where he directs the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. His books include Chemical Process Control, Second Edition and An Introduction to Numerical Methods for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition.

Preface xiii

Read Me xv

Acknowledgements xix

About the Authors xx

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1: What are Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering? 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering 4

1.3 Where Do Chemical and Bioengineers Work? 6

1.4 Future Contributions of Chemical and Bioengineering 7

1.5 Conclusion 10

Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts 11

2.1 Systems of Units 12

2.2 Conversion of Units 17

2.3 Dimensional Consistency 25

2.4 Significant Figures 29

2.5 Validation of Results 36

2.6 The Mole and Molecular Weight 37

2.7 Choosing a Basis 44

2.8 Density and Specific Gravity 49

2.9 Concentration 55

2.10 Temperature 59

2.11 Pressure and Hydrostatic Head 65

2.12 Flow Rate 78

Part II: Material Balances 99

Chapter 3: Material Balances 101

3.1 Introduction to Material Balances 102

3.2 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 123

Chapter 4: Material Balances without Reaction 159

Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Reactions 189

5.1 Stoichiometry 190

5.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems 198

5.3 Species Mole Balances 210

5.4 Element Material Balances 226

5.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems 233

Chapter 6: Material Balances for Multi-Unit Systems 267

6.1 Primary Concepts 268

6.2 Sequential Multi-Unit Systems 271

6.3 Recycle Systems 290

6.4 Bypass and Purge 306

6.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances 314

Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids 347

Chapter 7: Ideal and Real Gases 349

7.1 Ideal Gases 350

7.2 Real Gases: Equations of State 366

7.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts 377

7.4 Real Gas Mixtures 384

Chapter 8: Multiphase Equilibrium 411

8.1 Introduction 411

8.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule 413

8.3 Single Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) 425

8.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems 436

8.5 Two Component Gas/Two Component Liquid Systems 455

8.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 466

Part IV: Energy 487

Chapter 9: Energy Balances 489

9.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances 491

9.2 Types of Energy to Be Included in Energy Balances 496

9.3 Energy Balances without Reaction 530

Chapter 10: Energy Balances: How to Account for Chemical Reaction 597

10.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 598

10.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 603

10.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 614

10.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 635

CHAPTER 11: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts and Their Use 653

11.1 Terminology 654

11.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 657

11.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 666

Part V: Supplementary Material 681

Chapter 12: Analysis Of The Degrees Of Freedom in a Steady-State Process 683