For the 1st infection, can B-cells be stimulated by pathogen and turn to plasma cells directly? Or it have to be stimulated by the T-helper cells? If pathogen can stimulate B-cell directly, what is the process? thanks~

... questions. I have some further questions if you don't mind: 1. Does B cell process the endocyted molecules in similar way as phagocytes do, so ... 5. (unrelated to the above) I was given the impression that a T helpercell gets activated when its receptors recognize antigens presented ...

... they produce and they do not exclusively help just one certain cell type. Th1 cells produce cytokines (such as IFN-g) that generally promote ... division is simplified since many more cytokines are produced by both helper T cell subsets, and there is overlap in cytokine production and function ...

Briefly, B-cells have B-cell receptors on their surface that are essentially membrane-bound antibodies. ... reality the whole process is very compelx requiring the antigen-specific activation of helper T-cells and a cytokine environment that promotes B-cell activation and antibody production. ...