Transcription

1 Weigend, Rodríguez y Arana (Comps.) Rev. peru. biol. 12(2): 275 Bomarea (2005) in the relict forests Versión of Online northwestern ISSN Peru Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas UNMSM Distribution and phenology of Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) in the relict forests of northwestern Peru Distribución y fenología de Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) en los bosques relictos de la vertientes noroccidentales del Perú Anton Hofreiter 1 y Eric F. Rodríguez 2 Abstract The distribution, phenology and diversity of Bomarea in the relict forests of northwestern Peru is discussed and compared to the cloud forests of the eastern slope of the Andes. Most species of subgenus Bomarea and all species of subgenus Sphaerine have southernmost distribution limit in the Cordillera Occidental in the relict forests of NW Peru. The phenology of some species of Bomarea species differs between the relict forests and the eastern slopes of the Andes, whereas no differences are observed in Sphaerine. Keywords: Bomarea, phenology, Peru, relict forests, Amotape-Huancabamba Zone. Resumen Se discute la distribución, fenología y diversidad de Bomarea en los bosques relictos de las vertientes occidentales del norte del Perú, y compara con las especies presentes en los bosques nublados de las vertientes orientales. Se considera que los bosques relictos son el límite de distribución meridional en la Cordillera Occidental para el subgénero Bomarea s.str., con pocas excepciones y para el subgénero Sphaerine. La fenología de una parte de las especies de Bomarea s. str., es diferente en las vertientes occidentales y orientales; sin embargo, para las especies de Sphaerine, no se encontraron tales diferencias. Palabras clave: Bomarea, fenología, Perú, bosques relictos, región Amotape-Huancabamba. Introduction The genus Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) is largely restricted to the American Cordillera. Its representatives are found from near sealevel to 5200 m in most vegetation types ranging from rain forests to semidesert and from open habitats to the deep shadow of the cloud forests understorey. The genus Bomarea is subdivided into four subgenera and various informal «species groups» (Hofreiter & Tillich, 2002): subg. 1 Fakultät für Biologie, Systematische Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzingerstr. 67, D München, Germany 2 Herbarium Truxillense (HUT), Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Jr. San Martín 392, Trujillo, Perú. Baccata (3 spp.), subg. Bomarea (ca. 70 spp.), subg. Sphaerine (12 spp.) and subg. Wichuraea (18 spp.). Subgenera Bomarea, Sphaerine and Wichuraea have their centres of diversity in Peru, only subgenus Baccata, a group of large lowland lianas, is absent from the country. Species of subgen. Wichuraea grow mostly in open habitats in puna and jalca and their distribution patterns are essentially identical on the western and the eastern Cordillera (Hofreiter & Tillich, 2003). Species of subgen. Sphaerine are found both in páramo and cloud forest habitats, but are restricted to the understorey of cloud forests in northern Peru. Species of subg. Bomarea are mostly climbers from the edges of cloud forests. Whereas many species of Bomarea flower more or less throughout the year, there are other taxa which have a certain flowering period, 275

2 Hofreiter & Rodriguez which is usually dictated by the rainy season. In the northwestern Peru most precipitation falls between December and April, but the rainy season can extend into May, especially in the wetter relict forests (e.g., Monte Seco). There are several species of this genus in the relict forests of northwestern Peru and the present article deals with their distribution, affinities and phenology. Material and methods For this study several hundred herbarium specimen of more than 20 herbaria have been studied. (Appendix 1; the acronyms of the herbaria follow Holmgren et al. 1990). Additional the plant were studied in the field, between October 2004 and June 2005 various relict forests were examined (see Table 1). Additional, material was conserved in alcohol or FAA to study the flower and trichome structure in detail. The distribution and phenology of 10 Bomarea species who are restricted to the relict forest of the Amotape- Huancabamba-region according to Weigend (2002, 2004) is presented and discussed. Distribution Patterns In northwestern Peru both subgenera (Bomarea and Sphaerine) are restricted to relict forests with one exception in Bomarea s.str. (B. ovata). Both subgenera reach their southern distribution limit in the western Cordillera in northwestern Peru, with some exceptions in Bomarea s.str. (B. ovata in the western Cordillera of central and southern Peru and B. ovallei and B. salsilla in Chile). In the relict forests occur 10 Bomarea s.str. species (Table 1). They are members of 3 different groups: Edulis group (B. campanularia, B. cf. cornuta and B. tribrachiata), Goniocaulon group (B. angulata, B. goniocaulon and B. multipes) and Multiflora group (B. densiflora, B. dissitifolia, B. setacea and B. superba). The Multiflora group is distributed from Mexico to Bolivia and all species are restricted to cloud forests. In northwestern Peru the species of this group occur reach south to San Miguel (Province San Miguel, Department Cajamarca). In the Bosque de Cutervo there are five typical cloud forest species, all four species of the Multiflora group and B. distichifolia of subg. Sphaerine, all these species are absent from the Bosque de Cachil (Province Contumazá, Department Cajamarca) and further south. Some species of the Multiflora group are restricted to the eastern slopes of the western Amotape- Huancabamba Zone (west of the Marañon valley): Thus one species of the B. setacea complex is very abundant in Cutervo, but no species of this group is found in the Bosque de Monte Seco. B. distichifolia (Sphaerine) occurs on the eastern side of the Andes from southern Ecuador to central Bolivia and on the western slopes finds its southern limit in the Bosque de Monte Seco (Department Cajamarca). Both B. distichifolia and the species of the Multiflora group have their centres of diversity in the cloud forests of the Cordillera Oriental: In the eastern cloud forests at least 4 Multiflora species and 5 Sphaerine species occur which are found not in the relict forests. In the relict forests these groups appear to have relict populations and are there restricted to the wettest forests. Many typical cloud forest species and species groups of Bomarea are completely absent from the northwest Peruvian relict forests: B. pardina is distributed in lower cloud forests from southern Colombia to southern Peru. Its westernmost known population is in the cloud forests of Tabaconas (Province Jaén, Department Cajamarca). There is also a group of undescribed species with pendent red or orange flowers, aberrantly actinomorphic flowers and an umbel as inflorescence which are restricted to the cloud forests of the eastern Amotape-Huancabamba Zone. B. tribrachiata is endemic in the western relict forests. The closest relatives of this species are the widely distributed species of the Edulis group. B. cf. cornuta is very similar to the wide distributed B. ovata. 276

3 Bomarea in the relict forests of northwestern Peru Table 1. Characteristics of the species of Bomarea of the relict forest of northwestern Peru. Subgenus Species Group Species Distribution Relict Forests General Distribution Flowering Time Relict Forests Elsewhere Bomarea Goniocaulon angulata San Andrés (Cutervo) Amotape-Huancabamba June-July all year, peak at the Tongod (San Miguel) Zone (Ecuador, Peru) end of the dry season Bomarea Goniocaulon goniocaulon Agua Blanca (San Miguel) N Peru, Ecuador End of the rainy End of the dry Cachil (Contumazá) season season Bomarea Goniocaulon multipes Cachil (Contumazá) N Peru Ecuador End of the rainy End of the dry season season Bomarea Edulis campanularia Chorro Blanco (Huancabamba) NW Peru, W Ecuador April-June April-June Bomarea Edulis cf. cornuta Cachil (Contumazá) NW Peru (Cajamarca, April-May September La Libertad) Bomarea Edulis ovata Cachil (Contumaza) Peru, Boliva, northern End of the rainy all year, peak at the Argentina season end of the rainy season, in the lomas: September-December Bomarea Edulis tribrachiata Cachil (Contumazá) End of the rainy End of the rainy Huranchal (Otuzco) NW Peru, SW Ecuador season season Cuyas (Ayabaca) Bomarea Multiflora densiflora El Pargo (Chota) N Peru, Ecuador All year, less in All year, less in Monteseco (Santa Cruz) May-July May-July Tongod (San Miguel) Chinama (Ferreñafe) Cuyas (Ayabaca) Bomarea Multiflora dissitifolia San Andrés (Cutervo) N Peru, Ecuador September- September- Tongod (San Miguel) December December Bomarea Multiflora setacea San Andrés (Cutervo) Peru, Colombia, Ecuador All year, less in All year, less May-July May-July Bomarea Multiflora superba Agua Blanca (San Miguel) Amotape-Huancabamba All year All year San Andrés (Cutervo) Zone (N Peru) Bomarea Pardina pardina Tabaconas (San Ignacio) Peru, Colombia, Ecuador All year All year Sphaerine Distichifolia distichifolia San Andrés (Cutervo) Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia All year All year Monteseco (Santa Cruz) 277

4 Hofreiter & Rodriguez Figure 1. Comparison of the phenology in the time between the species of Bomarea of the relict forests of northwestern (e.g. Bosque de Cachil, Prov. Contumazá, Depto. Cajamarca) and eastern slopes of Peru. Weigend (2004) roughly groups the plant species of the relict forests into four distributional types: 1. Species typical for the forest of western Ecuador, 2. species typical for the eastern cloud forests, 3. species which its next relatives occur in open habitats and 4. old groups which occur only in the relict cloud forests. B. campanularia is a member of the first group, B. distichifolia and the Multiflora group are members of the second group and B. cf. cornuta and B. tribrachiata are members of the third group. The species of the Goniocaulon group fit best in the third group, but they are not different enough to be classified as different species. Phenology The ecology of some of the species of the subg. Bomarea on the western and eastern side of the Andes is very different. The twining species on the eastern slopes are evergreen and they have their peak in flowering at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season (September October, December), but individual flowering plants can be found nearly the all around the year, with little flowering in May July (Table 1). In the relict forest of Contumazá the plants of subg. Bomarea are completely dry at the end of the dry season and their peak flowering period is at the end of the rainy season in May June (Fig. 1). The species of the Multiflora group have also in the relict forest their peak in flowering at the end of the dry season or are flowering the whole year around, but they only occur in the wetter northern part. Other species like B. tribrachiata (Edulis group) flower at the end of the rainy season in the whole area. So we can distinguish 3 different forests in northern Peru according to the phenology of Bomarea. The wet cloud forests were all species have their peak in flowering at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season, the relict forests in Piura and the northern half of Cajamarca, where the Multiflora group has its peak at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season and the other species of Bomarea flower at the end of the rainy season, and the relict forest in southern Cajamarca and La Libertad were all species flower at the end of the wet season. B. distichifolia (Sphaerine) flowers in the eastern and the western cordi- 278

Guidelines for Rare Plant Surveys Edited by Diana Bizecki Robson INTRODUCTION With the recent protection of some of Saskatchewan s rare plants under The Wildlife Act, industry will be required to conduct

ERASMUS MUNDUS PUEDES THIRD CALL RESULTS LIST OF SCHOLARSHIPS AND WAITING LIST All scholarship holders must be in possesion of all the required documents before starting the mobility period and meet all

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PARASITE AND HOST IN TWO GELIDIOCOLAX (GEUDIACEAE1, RHODOPHYTA)/GEUDIUM (GELIDIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) ALGAL PARASITIC SYSTEMS by JUAN ANTONIO SEOANE

ERASMUS MUNDUS PUEDES SECOND CALL RESULTS LIST OF SCHOLARSHIPS AND WAITING LIST All scholarship holders must be in possesion of all the required documents before starting the mobility period and meet all

Countries South America is comprised of thirteen countries. These countries include: Colombia. Colombia is located in the northern portion of South America. Its borders are the Pacific Ocean to the west

Investment Opportunities in Chile Touristic Concessions in Wildlife Protected Areas Chile: Good for doing business 2 Chile: Good for doing business Chile has signed 20 comercial agreements with 56 countries.

travel guide peru and bolivia AN INTRODUCTORY GUIDE For additional course product tips go to us, leave a remark about any travel guide peru and bolivia you've used and inform us relating to your favorite

International Competition "Víctor Carlos García Moreno International Criminal Court Proceedings" 9 th Edition, 2010 CALL FOR REGISTRATION The Latin American Council of Scholars of International and Comparative

HIGHER EDUCATION IN PERU THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE RAFAEL YAYA QUIJANDRÍA HIGHER EDUCATION IN PERU ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE 1 Higher Education in Peru 2 Main Problems and

COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON RAIN FOREST OF PERU CHANCHAMAYO VALLEY By David Aquino Where is located Peru? Peru is located in Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between

PERU-QATAR January 2013 Investment opportunities in Andean Region of Peru Sierra Exportadora 1 Peru s investment climate has been changing in a very positive way Greater social inclusion and poverty reduction.

DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM WITH MOBILE DEVICES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION PROJECTS EVALUATION Ing. M.Sc. Vladimir Cáceres Salazar 1 Agronomist, M.Sc. Computer Science. M.Sc Sustainable

Andes The Andes is the longest continental mountain range in the world. 7,000 km long, ~ 200 km to 700 km wide, average height of ~ 4,000 m. The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American

Peru s REDD+ Towards a Readiness Preparation Proposal FCPF Participants Committee June 28-July 1, 2010 National and forestry Context Economic National circumstances Good Economic Performance. In the long

MESA HISPANA The Development of Social Network Analysis in Latin America 1st European Social Networks Conference (EUSN) http://jornades.uab.cat/eusn/ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1 de julio de 2014

PERU: A country of opportunities for Clinical Research Why perform clinical trials in Peru? In the last few years, Peru has become a very attractive market for foreign and domestic investment because of

Experiments on the nature of how multiple images form in a plane mirror Kemal Yurumezoglu 1, Ayse Oguz-Unver 2 1 Secondary Science and Mathematics Education Department, Mugla University College of Education,

References to Chile Part 1 RECENT STATISTICS AND TREND ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUG MARKETS A. EXTENT OF ILLICIT DRUG USE AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES El panorama mundial Cocaína In 2010, the regions with a high

Cambridge IGCSE About University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Acerca de la Universidad de Cambridge Exámenes Internacionales. CIE examinations are taken in over 150 different countries

The peruvian mining sector an overview Pedro Martinez Carlevarino President January 19th, 2012 National Society of Mining, Oil and Energy (SNMPE) Our institution represents the main mining, hydrocarbons

Land-Use Change in the Cajamarca Catchment, Peru, 1975 1996 C.B. Bussink and R.J. Hijmans We used land-use maps for different years and areas in the Cajamarca catchment in the northern Peruvian Andes to

Barrio Norte PDF ==>Download: Barrio Norte PDF ebook Barrio Norte PDF - Are you searching for Barrio Norte Books? Now, you will be happy that at this time Barrio Norte PDF is available at our online library.

USAID Peru 21 Years Supporting Efforts to Improve the Quality of Healthcare Delivery In Peru, USAID has supported efforts to improve the quality of healthcare through a strategy focused on closing gaps

GEO-7699-P Exploring the role of UAS in cadastral mapping and land titling in rural Peru Kevin Barthel The Land Alliance Ruddy Rezza Geo Systems (Consultant) November 4 th, 2014 Las Vegas Objectives of

Digitization of the Albion College Herbarium Matthew Kleinow What is a Herbarium? Reference collection of dried or liquidpreserved plant specimens World s largest herbarium is at National Museum of Natural

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile IU Goes to South America The first visit by an IU president to South America was made by Herman B Wells in 1941. It marked a turning for Indiana University towards

Organización de de los los Estados Americanos Organização dos dos Estados Americanos Organization des États Américains Organization of of American States First Inter-American Meeting of Ministers and High

Cotton top Tamarins and Conservation What is a Cotton-top Tamarin? The Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a small species of monkey, recognisable by the white punk hairdo from which it gets its name.

Welcome to the Public Scoping Meeting! Bienvenidos a la Reunión de Alcance para el Público! We welcome you to the public scoping meeting for the ACEforward program This is an Open House with topic stations

Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2012. 40(1):81-86 81 CHANGES IN THE MAIN VEGETATION TYPES OF CHILE PREDICTED UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE BASED ON A PRELIMARY STUDY: MODELS, UNCERTAINTIES AND ADAPTING RESEARCH

Colombia in the world Proexport around the world Process of attracting Foreign Direct Investment Proexport offers detailed and professional assistance for investors that find interesting business opportunities

BAYGAP TOOL An Innovative Service Program for Export Growers EUREPGAP Leadership Latin America. 20 April 2007 Initial Situation Fresh Vegetable and Fruit exports to Europe have grown fast since year 2000.

To ensure the functioning of the site, we use cookies. We share information about your activities on the site with our partners and Google partners: social networks and companies engaged in advertising and web analytics. For more information, see the Privacy Policy and Google Privacy &amp Terms.
Your consent to our cookies if you continue to use this website.