Charonlargest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It was discovered telescopically in 1978 by James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington at the U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its radius—about 625 km (388 miles)—is a little more than half that of Pluto, and its mass is more than one-tenth of Pluto’s mass. These proportions make Charon the largest, most massive moon with respect to its primary planet in the solar system. (This distinction was formerly held by the Moon and Earth, with a radius ratio of about 1:4 and a mass ratio of about 1:80.) Some scientists thus prefer to think of Pluto and Charon as a double planetary Charon is so large and massive with respect to Pluto that some scientists prefer to think of the two bodies as a double system. The moon was named for Charon, the ferryman of dead souls to the realm of Hades (the Greek counterpart of the Roman god Pluto) in Greek mythology.

Charon orbits Pluto in 6.3873 Earth days, following a circular path with a radius of 19,640 km (12,200 miles). Because gravitational (tidal) interactions between the two bodies have synchronized Charon’s orbital period with the rotation period of Pluto, Charon always faces the same hemisphere of its planet, the only moon in the solar system to do soPluto. In addition, Charon always shows the same hemisphere to Pluto, because (like many other moons) its rotation period is identical to its orbital period. (For additional data about Charon, see table.)

No spacecraft has yet visited Pluto and Charon; all information about this distant system has come from observations made from the vicinity of Earth. Spectral analysis of light reflected from Charon reveals that its surface is covered primarily by water ice, a sharp contrast to the frozen methane that is so prevalent on Pluto. The relatively low reflectivity of Charon (average albedo about 0.35) suggests that other, darker materials such as cometary dust must be present. Since the 1990s Pluto and Charon have come to be regarded as giant members of the Kuiper belt, a ring of icy, cometary objects that lies beyond Neptune’s orbit.

Charon was the only known moon of Pluto until 2005, when astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope discovered two comparatively tiny objects revolving around Pluto outside Charon’s orbit.