Summary Analog and Digital Systems Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification. CD drive

Summary Binary Digits and Logic Levels Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system. VH(max)

In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH or LOW.

Summary Digital Waveforms Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses. HIGH

Summary Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked. Serial bits on input line

0101 010 01 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid data or all zeros as shown here. First bit (1) is shifted serially into the register. Second bit (0) is shifted serially into register and first bit is shifted right. Third bit (1) is shifted into register and the first and second bits are shifted right. Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and the first, second, and third bits are shifted right. The register now stores all four bits and is full.

Summary Integrated Circuits An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested. DIP chips In this case, testing can be done by a computer connected to the system.

Summary Programmable Logic Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less board space that fixed function devices. A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a programmable AND array and a fixed OR array: Programmable AND array

Selected Key Terms Analog Being continuous or having continuous values.

Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set of discrete values. Binary Having two values or states; describes a number system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0 as its digits. Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0. Pulse A sudden change from one level to another, followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a sudden change back to the original level. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Selected Key Terms Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to synchronize actions. Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operations such as AND or OR. NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion. AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all input conditions are true (HIGH).

OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when when one or more of the input conditions are true (HIGH). Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed