The publications in this collection do
not reflect current scientific knowledge
or recommendations. These texts
represent the historic publishing
record of the Institute for Food and
Agricultural Sciences and should be
used only to trace the historic work of
the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS
research may be found on the
Electronic Data Information Source
(EDIS)
site maintained by the Florida
Cooperative Extension Service.

Leo C. Polopolus is Professor, Sharon Moon is Assistant in, and Noy Chunkasut is
Visiting Assistant in, all in the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Institute of
Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.

ii

ABSTRACT

This report presents that portion of a broader study of horticultural industries in Florida
dealing with ornamental industries. The focus of the inquiry is upon wage rates paid to seasonal
workers, prospective labor supplies, likely impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act upon
the supply of seasonal workers, possible employer actions to deal with inadequate labor supplies,
and the ethnic and other demographic characteristics of seasonal workers in Florida's ornamental
industries.

The survey design involved questionnaires mailed to approximately 1,400 Florida farmers
during the late Spring and Summer of 1988. The overall response was 474 questionnaires or rate
of 34%. Of the total number of respondents, 158 were from ornamental growers or 33% of the
total of 474. More than one-half of the respondents completed the questionnaire. Most
respondents were located in Central and South Florida.

In contrast with employment practices of fruit and vegetable producers, ornamental
growers do not heavily utilize labor contractors or other middlemen for fulfilling seasonal labor
requirements. Also, year around employment is much more common in the ornamentals
industries, when compared with fruit and/or vegetable industries. In this survey, roughly one-half
of the ornamentals respondents did not report use of seasonal workers.

Variation in ethnic composition of the seasonal workforce in ornamentals occurs
depending upon commodity emphasis and region of the state. Over 80% of the seasonal
workers in ferns were Mexican compared with a 50% Mexican workers share in foliage. Black
(American and Haitian) accounted for 29% of seasonal workers in foliage, but only 8% in ferns.

Compared with other horticultural industries, a relatively high incidence of women are
employed in the Florida foliage industry. For the ornamentals industry as a whole, 32% of
seasonal workers were women in the 1987-88 season.

Two major types of hand skills were singled out for wage rate estimation: planting/potting
and hand harvesting. In contrast with fruit and vegetable industries, there is much less of a wage
rate differential between these two types of hand skills in ornamentals.

Full time nonseasonal employees received higher hourly rates when compared with part
time nonseasonal workers. For example, full time nonseasonal workers in foliage operations
received $4.92 per hour compared with $3.99 per hour for part time nonseasonal employees.

Seasonal tractor drivers averaged $5.44 per hour in the ornamentals industry for the
1986/87 season. Workers employed with other machine skills received slightly higher average
hourly rate.

Labor supplies were deemed adequate by 75% of foliage growers in the 1986-87 and
1987-88 seasons. However, 33% expected labor supplies to be inadequate for the 1988-89
season. For fern growers, the outlook for labor supplies was more pessimistic.

iii

In contrast with fruit and vegetable growers, ornamental growers perceived much less
impact on labor supplies because of the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act
(IRCA).

Approximately 70% of ornamentals respondents believed that there were at least some
"illegal" aliens employed in the industry at the time of the survey. Of the respondents indicating
that there were undocumented workers in the industry, one-third believed that "illegals"
represented over 60% of the seasonal labor workforce.

Of the ornamentals employers who expect to have future labor supply problems, the study
attempted to determine what actions employers would take to deal with the problem. The
possible actions evaluated included the following: increase in wage rates, increase in labor
recruitment efforts, housing for workers and their families, start or increase fringe benefits, shift
to registered labor contractor, hire H-2A temporary foreign workers, join a cooperative that
supplies harvest workers, adopt labor saving technology, change production to a crop requiring
less labor, and/or decrease production or quit farming altogether.

Passage of the United States Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986
changed many of the fundamentals of the domestic farm labor market. Unfortunately,
there has been an insufficient knowledge base on farm labor markets in Florida and
elsewhere to begin to analyze and/or predict future directions in farm labor supplies,
wage rates, and other relevant aspects of the farm labor market for seasonal and
perishable crops.

This study represents an attempt to fill some of the gaps in our current
understanding of Florida farm labor markets, particularly regarding the ornamental
industries. Special attention will be placed upon labor practices in the foliage and fern
sectors of the industry. Survey results are reported for such topics as wage rates for
seasonal workers, some sociodemographic characteristics of workers, prospective labor
supplies, the likely impact of IRCA, and possible actions to be taken by employers faced
with labor shortages.

Statements and interpretations in this report are the responsibility of the authors
and are not meant to reflect the official position or policy of the Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences of the University of Florida or any other agency or group, public or
private. It is hoped, however, that this report will shed some new knowledge on current
farm labor markets in Florida, the sociodemographics of farm workers, and the outlook
regarding future farm labor supplies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are indebted to many ornamental growers in Florida, particularly
foliage and fern growers who responded to our call for farm labor information. Those
who completed the lengthy questionnaire deserve special recognition.

Several industry organizations and individuals were highly supportive of this study
effort, particularly the following:

A special note of thanks is extended to Robert L. Freie, Ray Crickenberger, and
Aubrey Bordelon of the Florida Agricultural Statistics Service for their assistance with this
special project. Also, appreciation is given to Dr. Larry Libby, Chairman of the Food and
Resource Economics Department, IFAS, for his overall administrative support of the
project, as well as Alan Hodges and John J. Haydu for their constructive review of this
manuscript.

Given the growth in the size and economic importance of Florida's ornamental industries,
there has been a concomitant increase in the demand for labor. In contrast to the highly
seasonal labor demands for many of Florida's crops, the labor demand for Florida's ornamental
industries is less seasonal in nature.

There is a lack of regularly published data on the aggregate number of hired workers in
Florida's ornamental industries. Part of this problem is due to rapid growth in industry sales, but
part of the problem involves the lack of a consistent definition of the industry. A comprehensive
definition of ornamentals would include the following components:

Estimates of the volume of Florida farm level cash receipts range from $521 million for
foliage and floriculture in 1987 to $933 million for greenhouse and nursery the same year. This
$412 million difference in these two estimates reflects different sets of commodities. The lower
value of $521 million in cash marketing excludes woody ornamentals, tropical woody
ornamentals, citrus nurseries, and sod. The estimate of cash receipts for Florida foliage,
floriculture and cut greens decreased from $521 million in 1987 to $500.6 million in 1989. Cash
receipts in 1989 were distributed as shown in Table 1.

The more comprehensive "greenhouse and nursery" industry of Florida has grown
dramatically during the decade of the 1980s or from $339 million in cash farm receipts in 1980
to $933 million in 1987, a 175% increase. Greenhouse and nursery crops represented 8.9% of
Florida's total agricultural cash receipts in 1980, but 16.3% in 1988 (Table 2).

Total employment data for the Florida ornamentals industry is not accurately known by
any definition of the industry. The Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security,
however, does publish bi-weekly data on "seasonal" hired workers for the "flower/nursery"
industry. Peak employment for this category of workers was 3,675 for the two week period
ending February 15,1988. This estimate appears to seriously underestimate the total hired
workforce for the Florida ornamental industry.

THE SURVEY

Approximately 1,400 Florida farmers, all believed to be horticultural growers, were mailed
questionnaires in the Late Spring and Summer of 1988 regarding the employment of farm
workers. The questionnaire focused upon wage rates paid, demographics of workers employed,
and employer views of farm labor market problems. The sample of producers drawn was
believed to be representative, although not completely random. Nonrespondents to the first
mailing were sent a second request for returning the questionnaire. A copy of the questionnaire
is enclosed as Appendix A.

A total of 474 questionnaires were returned for an overall response rate of 34%. Of the
total number of respondents, 158 were from ornamental growers or 33% of the total of 474 (Table
3). Unfortunately, 37% of the ornamental respondents did not complete the questionnaire. Many
of the "incomplete" responses were from growers who did not employ farm workers directly, were
not presently involved with fruit, vegetable, or ornamental industries, did not employ seasonal
workers, or were no longer actively involved with farming operations.

Table 3. Number of Respondents by Type of Farm and Completeness of Response to
Questionnaire

Mixed farms are defined to include farms that have fruits and vegetables, fruits and
ornamentals, vegetables and ornamentals or all three commodity types.

The substantive results of this report are drawn from the 100 completed questionnaires
from ornamental growers, as well as from mixed growers producing foliage and ferns. The
respondents of these questionnaires are believed to fairly represent growers of ornamentals,
particularly foliage and ferns. There was no attempt to survey labor contractors involved in the
ornamentals industries; labor contracting is believed to be of minor importance in these industries.

3

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDING EMPLOYERS

Including ornamentals as well as mixed horticultural farms, there were 107 different
respondents that produced ornamentals during the 1986/87 and/or 1987/88 seasons. Two thirds
of these respondents produced foliage, while 28% produced woody ornamentals. Ferns and cut
greens were produced by 16% of the respondents (Table 4).

Of the 107 respondents producing ornamental crops, 80 produced only one commodity
group, while another 20 produced two commodity groups. Only 7 respondents produced 3 or
more ornamental commodity groups, such as foliage, woody ornamentals, and cut flowers within
the same firm (Table 5).

Table 5. Number of Different Ornamental Commodity Groups
Produced By Respondents

Number of Different Ornamental Respondents
Commodity Groups Produced% of Total
Number % of Total

One 80 74
Two 20 19
Three 5 5
Four 1 1
Five 1 1

Total 107 100

4

For the ornamentals respondents overall, most producers were located in the Central and
South regions. Similarly, foliage producers were concentrated in Central and South Florida.
There were respondents from North Florida for foliage, ferns, and ornamentals. However, there
were no producers of ferns reporting from South Florida (Table 6).

The average size of the ornamentals respondent was quite large in term of farm sales, yet
considerably smaller than the average size of fruit and vegetable firms responding to this survey.
Of the 95 respondents who provided sales data, the estimated total value of ornamentals
marketed in the 1987-88 season was $70 million. This translates to average sales of $735
thousand per farm.

Table 6. Distribution of Respondents By Regions Where Production Occurred,
Ornamental Producers

Year around employment is much more common in the ornamentals industries, when
compared with fruit and/or vegetable industries. In this survey, roughly one-half of the
ornamentals respondents did not report employment of seasonal workers. Total employment of
seasonal workers in the peak week was estimated to be 720, while the number of permanent
employees hired by ornamentals respondents in the 1987-88 season was 2,200. Employment
per average firm reporting was 23 permanent workers and 16 seasonal workers (Table 8).

Seasonal Workers In Peak Week
Number Workers 720
Number Respondents 46
Average Per Firm 16

Permanent Workers
Number Workers 2,220
Number Respondents 97
Average Per Firm 23

6

The total number of man hours worked by seasonal employees in the peak week in the
ornamentals industries increased from 47,393 in 1986/87 to 54,873 in 1987/88, a 16% increase.
For foliage respondents (which includes some mixed horticultural farms), total man hours in the
peak week increased from 34,566 in 1986/87 to 41,460 in 1987/88, a 20% increase. Total man
hours in ferns also increased modestly from 15,945 in 1986/87 to 16,770 in 1987/88, or 5%
increase (Table 9).

Seasonal man hour requirements per average respondent are provided in Table 9. The
average fern growers requires a larger number of seasonal man hours in the peak week, when
compared with foliage growers or the overall ornamentals growers (Table 9).

Variation in ethnic composition of the seasonal workforce in ornamentals depends upon
commodity emphasis and region of the state. Compared with seasonal workers in vegetable and
fruit crops, there is a relatively larger proportion of non-Hispanic Caucasian workers in the
ornamentals industries. For example, 16% of the seasonal workforce in ornamentals was
Caucasian, compared with 6% Caucasian in fruits and nuts and 5% in vegetables and melons.

Over 80% of the seasonal workers in ferns were Mexican compared with a 50% Mexican
worker share in foliage. Thus, Blacks (American and Haitian) accounted for 29% of seasonal
workers in foliage but only 8% in ferns (Table 10).

Sex of Seasonal Workers

Compared with other horticultural industries, relatively high incidence of women were
employed in the Florida foliage industry. In the 1987-88 season, respondents reported that 34%
of seasonal foliage workers were women, with 66% of the workers being men (Table 11). In
contrast, only 19% of fern industry workers were women. For the ornamentals industries as a
whole, 32% of seasonal workers were women in the 1987-88 season (Table 11).

Seasonal workers in the ornamentals industries tended to be quite young. The average
age for the ornamentals industries was 23.2 years of age. For seasonal fern workers, the average
age dropped to 20.0 years. These average ages were considerably below the average age of
31.8 for all seasonal horticultural workers (Table 12).

In terms of age distribution, over 80% of all ornamentals workers were under 36 years of
age. For the fern industry, over 90% of seasonal workers were under 36 years of age, Very few
seasonal workers in the ornamentals industries were 65 years of age or older (Table 13).

Table 12. Average Age of Seasonal
Ornamentals Workers, 1987-88 Seasons

The peak week normally represents the peak of farm sales or harvest activity for the entire
season. In ornamentals, there is much less seasonality to sales and employment, as compared
with fruit and vegetable industries. Nevertheless, ornamentals employers reported over 5.58 work
days in the peak week, with 6.21 work days reported by fern growers in the peak week (Table
14).

Seasonal workers in Florida ornamentals industries were employed 45 hours per week
in the peak week of the two seasons surveyed. For fern workers, the average work week at the
peak of the season increased to 53 hours for both seasons (Table 15).

Table 14. Average Number of Days Worked in Peak Week, Ornamentals
Industries, 1987-88 Season

One important aspect of this survey dealt with the estimation of hourly wage rates paid
by employers to seasonal field workers and non-seasonal employees in Florida's ornamentals
industries. A limited amount of piece rate information was also estimated.

Selected Hand Skills

Two major types of hand skills were singled out for wage rate estimation: planting/potting
and hand harvesting. In contrast with fruit and vegetable industries, there is much less of a wage
rate differential between these types of hand skills in ornamentals. For example, foliage and fern
workers receive slightly less per hour for planting and/or potting when compared with hand
harvesting. For seasonal ornamental workers as a whole, the wage rates are almost identical for
the two seasons surveyed (Table 16).

For each type of hand skill, there were modest wage rate increases in the 1986/87 and
1987/88 seasons. For foliage workers, wage rates for planting/potting activities increased from
an average of $4.13 per hour in 1986/87 to $4.29 per hour in 1987/88. For fern workers involved
with harvest operations, average wage rates increased from $5.32 per hour in 1986/87 to $5,50
per hour in 1987/88 (Table 16).

A limited amount of piece rate data was obtained from the survey. In the fern industry,
the average piece rate for cutting fern was estimated to be 18 cents per bunch for seasonal
workers and 19 cents per bunch for full time workers in the 1986/87 industry. For the 1987/88

12

season, both seasonal and year around workers received 19 cents per bunch for cutting ferns
(Table 17).

A limited amount of data was obtained from respondents in ornamentals industries
regarding wage rates paid to both seasonal and permanent tractor drivers, as well as workers
performing other machine skills.

For the 1986/87 season, seasonal tractor drivers averaged $5.44 per hour in the overall
ornamentals industry, but a higher average of $5.98 per hour in the fern industry. Workers
employed with other machine skills received slightly higher average hourly rates (when compared
with tractor drivers). In general seasonal tractor drivers and seasonal workers with other machine
skills earned more per hour than their counterparts in other horticultural industries (Table 18).

As one would expect, full time nonseasonal employees received higher hourly rates when
compared with part time nonseasonal workers. The difference in average hourly rates was the
greatest for fern workers, where full time nonseasonal employees received $5.16 per hour
compared with $4.03 per hour for part time nonseasonal workers in the 1987/88 season. In the
foliage industry, full time nonseasonal workers received $4.92 per hour compared with $3.99 per
hour for part time nonseasonal employees, or difference of 93 cents per hour (Table 20).

During the Spring and Summer of 1988, respondents were asked to evaluate the question
of likely wage rate changes for seasonal workers for the following 1988-89 season. Approximately
60% of the ornamental respondents did not expect any change, while 40% felt that hourly wage
rates would change between the 1987/88 and 1988/89 seasons. For foliage respondents, the
percentage expecting a year to year change in wage rates was 45%, while for fern growers only
35% expected a change in hourly rates (Table 21).

Of those ornamentals respondents expecting wage rates to change, including foliage and
fern growers, all 100% felt that wage rates would increase in the subsequent season. Thus, none
expected wage rates to decrease (Table 21).

For foliage respondents, the supply of seasonal workers was deemed adequate by 75%
in the two seasons, 1986/87 and 1987/88. However, for the 1988-89 season 20 of the 60 foliage
respondents, or 33%, expected labor supplies to be inadequate. Four foliage respondents, or
less than 7%, expected seasonal labor supplies to be "abundant" throughout the three year period
evaluated (Table 22).

For fern growers, the outlook was more pessimistic regarding seasonal labor supplies.
While 65% of fern respondents thought that labor supplies were adequate for the 1986-87 and
1987-88 seasons, 7 of the 17 respondents or 41% felt that labor supplies would be inadequate
for the 1988/89 seasons (Table 22).

In contrast with fruit and vegetable respondents, ornamentals growers perceive much less
impact on labor supplies because of the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act
(IRCA). For all ornamentals respondents, 42 of 88 or 48% expected "No" effect from IRCA. Of
the 46 respondents who expected IRCA to have an effect in labor supplies, 42 ornamentals
growers or 91% expected IRCA to decreased labor supplies (Table 23).

Foliage growers were equally divided over the expected effect of IRCA. One half of the
respondents expecting "No" effect, while the other one-half expected IRCA to have an effect. Of
those foliage respondents indicated some effect, 29 of 32 expected IRCA to decrease labor
supplies (Table 23).

Table 23. Expected Effect of New Immigration Law on Supply of Seasonal Workers,
Ornamentals

Fern growers were much more concerned about the likely impact of IRCA. Twelve of 17
respondents or 71% expected IRCA to affect labor supplies. Of those expecting IRCA to affect
labor supplies, all but one expected IRCA to decrease labor supplies (Table 23).

17

Illegal Immigrants

At the time this survey was conducted, qualified undocumented workers still had an
opportunity to apply to become temporary resident aliens of the United States under the Special
Agricultural Worker (SAWs) program of IRCA. Employers were asked the question: 'What
percentage of seasonal field workers employed do you think are illegal immigrants?"

For the ornamentals industry respondents, approximately 70% believed that there were
at least some illegal aliens employed in the industry. Conversely, 30% of the respondents thought
that "no" undocumented worker were employed in the industry (Table 24).

Of the ornamentals respondents indicating thatthese were "some" illegal, roughly one-third
believed that illegal represented over 60% of the seasonal labor workforce. This suggests that
the use of illegal aliens by the industry was a fairly pervasive practice.

Only one-third of ornamentals respondents expect to have problems securing an adequate
supply of seasonal farm labor in the future. The responses from foliage growers were quite
similar to the overall ornamentals industry. However, 50% of fern growers expect to have
problems with future supplies of seasonal labor (Table 25). Overall, employers of seasonal labor
in the ornamentals industry expect fewer problems with future labor supplies when compared with
Florida's horticultural industries as a whole. This result occurs in part because year around
employment is relatively more important in the ornamentals industry; year around workers are
easier to attract into employment when compared with seasonal workers.

Of those employers who expect to have future labor supply problems, the study attempted
to determine what actions employers would take to deal with the problem, including the following
actions:

Increase Wage Rates
Increase Labor Recruitment Efforts
Provide Housing for Workers and Family
Start or Increase Benefits to Workers
Shift to Registered Labor Contractor
Hire H-2A Temporary Foreign Agricultural Workers
Join A Cooperative that Supplies Harvest Season Workers
Decrease the Need for Field Labor by Increasing Labor-
Saving Devices
Change Production to a Crop Requiring Less Labor
Decrease Production or Quit Farming

Increase Wage Rate

Sixty percent of the ornamentals respondents agreed with the proposition that increasing
wage rates would solve the problem of future labor supplies. The response from foliage growers
was quite similar, while fern growers were less sympathetic toward the notion of increased wage
rates for solving labor supply problems (Table 26).

Provision of housing for workers and their families was supported by only 28% of the
foliage respondents. In sharp contrast, 71% of fern respondents said "Yes" to provision of
housing for insuring adequate seasonal labor supplies (Table 26).

Increase Benefits

Starting or increasing fringe benefits were not regarded as an important method of
insuring adequate labor supplies in the ornamentals industries. In the fern industry, 88% of the
respondents said "No" to this provision, while 77% of foliage respondents indicated a negative
response (Table 26).

There was only minor positive response to shifting to registered labor contractors for insuring
labor supplies in the ornamentals industries. For both foliage and fern industries, there were only
12% of the respondents in each industry that felt that this action would adequately deal with labor
supply problems (Table 26).

Hire H-2A Workers

There was considerably more interest expressed for H-2A workers in the Florida fern industry
when compared with interest toward H-2A workers for the Florida foliage industry. Thirty-one
percent of fern respondents favored the H-2A option compared with only 13% of foliage
respondents (Table 26).

21

Join a Cooperative That Supplies Field Workers

Over 90% of ornamentals respondents did not support the notion of joining a cooperative for
supply of seasonal workers. However, in the fern industry considerably more interest was
expressed toward labor cooperatives as a vehicle for solving labor supply problem (Table 26).

Increase Use of Labor Saving Technolog

Roughly one-half of ornamentals, fern, and foliage respondents agree that increased use of
labor-saving technology could lessen the problem of future labor supplies (Table 26).

Change To Crop Requiring Less Labor

Approximately one-third of foliage respondents agree that changing production to a crop
requiring less labor could solve labor supply problems. However, only 13% of the fern
respondents agree with this proposition (Table 26).

Decrease Production Or Quit Farming

There is a reluctance by ornamentals growers to decrease production or quit production
altogether in the face of problems with seasonal labor supplies. Only 18% of fern growers and
28% of foliage growers indicated willingness to decrease production or quit farming altogether
when seasonal labor supplies become inadequate (Table 26). Part of this result can be explained
by the fact that seasonal labor is of lesser importance to ornamental production compared with
year around labor. Also, ornamentals employers believe that year around workers can be more
readily attracted to employment in the ornamentals industry.

22

CONCLUDING REMARKS

It is concluded that employers in Florida's ornamental industries are likely to increase wage
rates and/or adopt labor saving technology when faced with serious labor supply problems. Two-
thirds or more of the respondents to this survey indicated that they would NOT increase labor
recruitment efforts, change to other crops, provide worker housing, decrease or quit production,
start or increase worker benefits, shift to a labor contractor, or join a labor supply cooperative to
insure adequate seasonal labor requirements.

A summary profile of seasonal workers in Florida's ornamentals industries reveals the
following findings (when ornamentals workers are compared with workers in Florida's fruit and
vegetable industries):

-- A relatively higher proportion of Caucasian-non Hispanic workers;

A higher incidence of women workers; and

-A relatively younger worker force.

Additional research is needed to determine why these conditions exist in the Florida
ornamentals industry. Our hypotheses are that:

(1) The higher proportion of Caucasian workers is due to availability of workers from the
local labor pool, as opposed to securing migrant workers;

(2) The physical requirements of most jobs in ornamentals are suitable for either gender; and

(3) Ornamentals jobs are appropriate for young people entering the job market.

1. How many seasonal faI field workers were employed during your Rtak week for the
following seasons?
Last Sena m (19186-. Present Suesn (1987-tgI
S1-7 1-7
8-20 8-20
21 49 21 -49
50 99 0 99
100 499 100 499
Over 500 Over 500
If available, please provide exact If available, please provide exat
number of field workers in eak week: number of field workers i #k wetk:

2. How many people are employed by your firm (far) as permanent employees for this year,
1987-88 (exclude all temporary or seasonal employees)?
1-7 50- 99
8 20 100 499
21 49 Over 500
If available, please provide the exact number of employees .

3. What was the approximate percentage of male and female seasonal field workers employed
during your Meak week of employment?

Male _%
Female %

Total 100 %

4. What was the relative age distribution percentages for seasonal field workers employed
during your peak week of employment for 1987-88 season?

S% Less then 20 years of age
% 21 35 years of age
S% 36 64 years of age
S% 65 years of age or older

100 % Totl

If this information is not available, please live the approximate average age of all Masonal
farm field workers employee

5. During your eik week of employment of seasonal field workers in 1987-.t, what percentage
were Non-migrant, Inrsuate, or Intersate migrants?

% Non-migrant or local residence
% Intrasate migrants (within the tate of
Florida across country lines)
S% Interstate migrants (across state lines)

100 % Total

6. During your Mak week of employment 19817-8, what were the ethnic backgrounds of the
seasonal field workers employed?

7. What was the number of tatal an hoors worked in the saL wz by asonal field workers
for the following seasons?
Last Season (1986-3l' Present Season (1981-t8I
Peak Week Tota Man Hours Peak Week Total Ma Hours

Estimate the asmbtr of hours worked during the waLk ..wk for a single sesonal field
worker for the following seasons?
Last Season (1986-8'7 Present Sesson (19f-IS.)
Peak Week Hours Worked hrs/wk Peak Week Hours Worked _hrs wk

8. What was the number of days worked in the seak weel by seasotal field workers for
1987-88? days

9. Duritn your weak week of employment of tsional field workers, what was the average
hourly wage or piece rate paid for various skill levels for the following seasons?