An ExtensiveTraditional and Folk Music Encyclopedic Dictionary

(Section C2)

CBC Canadas national public TV and radio network, the Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. Partly commercial and partly government funded, it
presents a wide variety of artists who might not have an opportunity to be on
purely commercial networks. Its detractors occasionally refer to it as "The
Corpse", but its a national treasure.

ceilidh (pron. "kaylee") a Gaelic word meaning an informal
gathering, usually for the purpose of music and song. It could also be extended
to mean a special night of both dance and music at the local folk club, featuring
Scottish and/or Irish traditions.

celesta (also "celeste") a type of xylophone using tuned
steel plates, but with wooden resonators, somewhat like the vibraphone. 2.A
small keyboard instrument developed in the later 19th century and using hammers
that strike metal bars to give a ringing sound. Tchaikovsky used the celesta,
then a new instrument, in his Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy in his Nutcracker
ballet.

cell. (set-theory) a small set used as a structural building block.
e.g. a,c,c# in Scriabin's op. 74, no.4. Most often this is a pc-set used vertically
(harmonically) or horizontally (melodically).

cello the second-largest member of the violin family, well-suited to
song accompaniment because of its warm tones. Its tuned C G D A, one octave
below the viola. Because of its size, its always played in an upright
position. Its usually bowed, but can be played pizzicato. 2.The word cello
is now in very general use instead of the longer word violoncello, a diminutive
of the word violone, indicating the big viol, the double bass of the bowed viol
family. The cello normally plays the bass line of the string section in an orchestra,
its register the approximate equivalent of the lowest male voice.

Celtic (pron. "Keltik") in pre-Roman times, the Celtic people
had a empire that went from the British Isles to the Middle East. Eventually
they were driven apart by various conquerors, leaving the Scots, Irish, and
Welsh. Some Celtic influence remains in Brittany on the west coast of France,
and on the Isle of Man. The common language is Gaelic, although each branch
has its own dialect. In general, Celtic music refers to music from these areas,
whether or not the words (if any) are in Gaelic. If a fiddler is said to have
Celtic influences, it usually means that the music contains Irish and/or Scottish
tunes. People who play up-tempo versions might refer to it as "Celtic Boogie".

Cembalo-The word 'cembalo' is usually used to indicate the harpsichord.

cent in our equal-tempered scale, each semitone is subdivided into
100 cents, with 1200 cents being an octave. The unit is rarely used by anyone
but researchers into scales, although it does turn up on the displays of electronic
tuners. The advantage to the cent is that it gives a standard pitch-change value
thats independent of the numbers used to do the calculation (i.e., 256/243
doesnt mean much in terms of pitch, but its 90.2 cents, nearly a
semitone). Most people cant hear pitch differences less than about 5-10
cents (see pitch discrimination. Some numbers: The cent is the 1200th root of
2, or about 1.0005778. The difference in cents between two notes can be calculated
by 3986.3 times log(f1/f2), where f1 is the higher frequency.

For references to the tuning of scales, see temperament. See also twelfth
root of two.

Chaconne-A chaconne (= Italian: ciaconna; earlier English: chacony)
is in origin a dance popular in Spain in the early 17th century. It came to
signify a form in which there are a series of variations over a short repeated
bass or chordal pattern. Famous examples of the form are found in Bach's Chaconne
for unaccompanied violin in his D minor Partita or the earlier Chacony in G
minor by Henry Purcell.

Chad Mitchell Trio formed in 1958, they were popular until disbanding
in 1967. The original members were Mike Kobluk, Chad Mitchell, and Mike Pugh,
with Jim (Roger) McGuinn on guitar and banjo. Mitchell left in 1965 for a solo
career and was replaced by Denver, John. They recorded many albums, and appeared
with Belafonte, Harry at Carnegie Hall.

chain (UK measure) 22 yards, or four rods.

Chamber music-Chamber music is music for a small ensemble of instruments,
intended for performance in a room or chamber, as opposed to a church or larger
building.

Chamber orchestra-A chamber orchestra has come to indicate an orchestra
smaller in size than the usual symphony orchestra.

chance-music. music composition in which chance or random operations
play some role (through composition or performance). Chance is sometimes confused
with aleatory, a European term that uses controls. It is also often confused
with indeterminacy, which refers to a performance practice, rather than to composition.

Chandler, Dillard a North Carolina singer in the a cappella traditional
style. He performed old-timey songs and ballads at various festivals in the
60s and has recorded for Folkways.

Chandler, Len (1935- ) popular as a solo performer (guitar and vocals)
in the NYC area in the 60s, Len performed widely at clubs and festivals, and
recorded for a number of labels, such as Folkways and Columbia. He is the author
of (among many other songs) "Rattlin Rumblin Train" and
"Beans in My Ears", and arranged one of many skipping songs into "Green
Rocky Road", which has been recorded by several others.

change ringing a sort of folk music - its obscure and performed
by a minority of dedicated people; the difference is that lots of people get
to hear it. It consists of a group of practitioners ringing church bells - the
"changes" (which are notated) are passed along through the sub-subculture
just like folk songs. Also called "ringing the changes".

changing-tones. see cambiata.

channerin (UK) fretting, petulant, overly active.

Chanson-A chanson is a French song. The word is used to indicate songs
from the troubadour compositions of the Middle Ages to the art-songs of the
19th and 20th centuries.

chant 1. (v.) To sing a simple melody in a repetitious way. 2. (n.)
A simple, rhythmic song used to set the pace of work. See also shanties, hollers,
worksongs, lining track. 3. See Gregorian chant, plainsong.

chanter see bagpipes.

chanterelle (archaic, also "cantino") the highest-pitched
string on a stringed instrument.

chantey see shanties.

chapbook a small book of tales, ballads, fables, etc., sold by hawkers
known as "chapmen". See also balladmonger.

Chapel-The word chapel (= Latin: cappella, capella; French: chapelle;
German: Kapelle) signifies, in the ordinary sense, a place of worship. In music
it may be used to indicate a group of musicians employed by the church or by
the court, as in the English Chapel Royal, the group of musicians employed by
the English monarch, or, in later continental terminology, any musical establishment.

Chapin, Harry (1942-1981) a singer/songwriter with great appeal to
folkies because of his clever lyrics and singable tunes. His best songs are
of the narrative type: "Cats in the Cradle", "W.O.L.D.",
and "Taxi". He was killed in a car accident while travelling to a
benefit concert.

chart music notation - see lead sheet.

Charters, Sam American folklorist and collector specialising in the
blues, especially country blues. Through his efforts, many of the blues performers
who had recorded race records in the 1920s to the 1950s were rediscovered in
the folk revival of the 60s, such as Lewis, Furry. He has published his work
in books such as "The Country Blues" (Rinehart & Co., 1959). Pickers
and singers who are into the blues owe him an enormous debt.

cheat sheet 1. (also "idiot list") A list of songs that a
performer tapes to an instrument, usually a guitar, for reference when the pressures
of the stage cause those blank moments. 2. A lead sheet.

cheater see capo.

cheironomy see chironomy.

chemical toilets (also "johns", "Johnny On The Spot
&trade;") as much a part of festivals as mud. Some are vile, some are
tolerable. Everyone likes a festival held on a site where these arent
necessary.

Chenier, Clifton (1925-1987) dominated zydeco music and was greatly
responsible for its popularity. There are at least a dozen of his albums on
Arhoolie. He played festivals throughout North America and was popular in Europe.

Chieftains an Irish traditional group playing together since the 50s;
it was not until the 70s that the Chieftains achieved fame in North America,
starting an awareness of the richness of instrumental Irish music. Some of this
fame was due to the soundtrack of Kubricks film "Barry Lyndon".
The Chieftains play Irish bagpipes, whistles, flutes, bodhran, concertina, harp
and other instruments. They have a large number of albums.

chiels (Scot.) clothes.

Child ballad see Child, F.J..

Child see Child, F.J.

Child, F.J. Francis James Child (1825-1896) was a Harvard professor
who collected by correspondence a vast number of ancient British ballads, many
of them in five or more versions. He began work on the enormous 10-part, five-volume
"English and Scottish Popular Ballads" in 1882 (although his collecting
and publishing began much earlier). The last volume was published posthumously
in 1898, and a condensed version was published by his editor and his daughter
in the early 1900s. The Child collections contain 305 titles and are an invaluable
source to singers and researchers alike. His influence on traditional balladry
was so strong that some singers have recorded songs titled only with the Child
number (this is seen as a bit pretentious by most folkies). Childs great
gift to the traditional world, and no small part of the gift was his sorting
through the bowdlerised versions to get at the original, was not without its
down side; for instance, the songs he chose to immortalise tended to be powerful
epics only, and it was left up to other collectors to sanctify the simpler,
yet equally valid songs. Some see the 305 ballads as a sort of best-of traditional
hit parade, which is certainly unfair to the songs Child chose to ignore (he
felt folksong had to be rural in origin, and passed over the many city ballads).
See also Bronson, Bertrand for comments on the lack of tunes in the Child books,
and the latter part of collectors for comments on songs missed or ignored by
Child.

childrens folk since the 70s, a large number of performers have
specialised in bringing folk music of all types to young people through school
appearances, recordings, TV and festival childrens areas. Theyve
done a wonderful job of ending the poor presentation of folk music by schoolteachers
who didnt understand it. Many people came away from school thinking that
folk songs were simplistic and stupid, but as performer Michael Cooney observed,
it was the schools that were dumb. Some famous members of the Ontario branch
of childrens folk: Raffi, Sharon, Lois and Bram, and Eric Nagler. (If
you want the best in childrens folk, who ya gonna call? Ontario. Good
on them.)

chironomy (also "cheironomy") indicating the pitch of notes
to singers by means of hand motions. This was used in the days before notation,
and applies particularly to Gregorian chant. One system used the elevation of
the hand, and another using points on the left hand was developed by Guido dArezzo
(our do-re-mi note syllables are attributed to him). Interestingly, "chiromancy"
is a word meaning "palmistry".

chitarrone see theorbo.

Choir-A choir is a group of singers. The word is generally used to
indicate such a group in a church, or the part of the church in which such a
group is normally placed.

chops synonymous with licks. Rarely used. Interestingly, it can have
the opposite meaning to virtuoso playing: "chopping" or "chopping
fours" means playing a safe, dull rhythm.

Chorale prelude-The chorale prelude, an introduction to a chorale,
was developed in 17th century Germany as an organ composition based on a chorale
melody. The form is found in the later 17th century in the work of Buxtehude
and in the early 18th century most notably in the 45 chorale preludes of Johann
Sebastian Bach.

chorale. a German hymn.-A chorale is a German Lutheran hymn-tune, a
number of which were composed or arranged by Luther himself and adapted in later
centuries to various harmonies, the most famous of all by Johann Sebastian Bach.
The word is also used in America to signify a choir or chorus.

chord inversion the order of the notes of the chord from lowest to
highest determines the inversion. For instance, with C major:

C-E-G root E-G-C first inversion G-C-E second inversion

The octave note(s) can be added without changing anything, as in the multiple
notes in a guitar or piano chord; see octave equivalence. See also inversion
for the way this is applied to intervals.

chord numbering see progression.

chord progression see progression.

chord shape an informal term (generally used by guitarists) to indicate
what chords theyre using. The chords in use may not give the actual key
due to the use of a capo. For instance, a guitarist using the chords C, F, and
G might say, "Its in the C-shape," although a capo on the third
fret would make the key Eb.

chord three or more notes sounded simultaneously. Two notes together
form an interval. See also major chord, progression, triad.

chord. three or more pitch-classes considered simultaneously. A chord
must have at least three pcs in it, but these may or may not sound simultaneously;
e.g., in a "broken chord" or arpeggio. A broken-chord is, nonetheless,
a chord because its content is considered together as a group.

chord. suffix used with an appropriate prefix to designate a specific
number of pitch classes considered to be a structural unit, e.g. dichord, trichord,
tetrachord, hexachord, etc. 2.A chord is the simultaneous sounding of two or
more notes. The adjective is chordal. The study of harmony involves the correct
placing of chords with relation to each other.

chordal style characterising a tune with simple rhythms throughout.
Also called isometric and homorhythmic. Most folksongs have simple rhythm (but
see rubato).

chordophone an instrument whose sound comes from one or more tensioned
strings, such as a guitar. Its one of the four types of instruments; the
others are aerophone, idiophone, and membranophone.

chord-progression. a series of chords that strengthens a key. The opposite
is called a retrogression.

chord-tone. see: harmonic-tone.

chorus lines that are repeated after every verse of a chorus song.
They may have a melody of their own, or may repeat the verses melody.
The words may be taken from a verse, or unique, or they may be nonsense syllables
(to me whack fol diddle all day). Also called refrain. Sometimes there is no
separate chorus, but internal lines are repeated in every verse - see burden
for an example of this. The singer might get an audience singing an unfamiliar
song by calling out each line rapidly in a monotone - the audience then sings
it. This is called "lining out". Audiences in folk clubs and at festivals
will jump right into singing along on the chorus. First-timers sometimes find
this unusual. See also madrigal, glee, harmony singing. 2. A chorus is a group
of singers. The word is also used to indicate a refrain in a song.

Christmastide the week following Christmas.

Christofori, Bartolomeo see Cristofori, Bartolomeo.

Christys Minstrels a group founded in 1843 by Edwin Christy (1815-?)
and popular in the NY area as well as the south. They were an important part
of the minstrel show tradition that led to vaudeville. The name was the inspiration
for the New Christy Minstrels.

chromatic an instrument that has all the sharps and flats of the chromatic
scale, allowing it to play in any key. Guitars, pianos, mandolins, fiddles,
banjos and accordions are all chromatic. Its opposite is diatonic. Diatonic
instruments such as the harmonica, melodeon and dulcimer lack sharps and flats,
and so can only play in one key (although the harmonica and melodeon might have
buttons for extra notes, allowing another key or two, and the dulcimer can be
retuned).

chromatic scale a scale made up entirely of semitones. The notes in
the ascending chromatic scale would be:

C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C

and in the descending chromatic scale would be:

C B Bb A Ab G Gb F E Eb D Db C

Note the lack of a semitone between E and F, and B and C. See also enharmonic.

chromatic scale. a scale containing twelve equal divisions of the octave.
Such a scale must contain notes of the same letter name, and, thus is chromatic.

chromatic. 1. pitches outside the prevailing key. 2. different notes
with the same letter names, e.g. F and F#. Most scales contain all seven different
letter names; thus, chromatic-notes are those outside of the key. 3. Chromatic
notes are those that do not belong to the diatonic scale. If an ascending scale
is taken from the note C, in the form C, D, E, F, etc., chromatic notes would
be C# (C sharp), D# (DChromatic-sharp), etc., notes not found in the
diatonic scale of C major, which has no sharps or flats. See also: chromatic-semitone
and chromatic-scale.

chromatic-chord. a chord whose notes have been changed from diatonic
to chromatic, i.e., chords containing notes outside of the key. E.g., a iv6
can be altered to an "Italian" augmented-sixth chord by raising the
root. Chromatic chords usually evolve from the contrapuntal, linear structure
of music.

chromatic-semitone. a half-step notated with the same letter name;
e.g. C, C#.

chuffed (British slang) quite pleased.

church music had a tremendous influence on almost every type of folk
music. The sacred harp style of singing originated in 18th century New England
hymns and is the basis for many quasi-religious or secular contemporary songs.
The southern white gospel style turns up in bluegrass all the time, and the
black gospel style greatly influenced pop music. The style of church music and
hymns is often reflected in the carol, and a cappella (unaccompanied by instruments)
means literally "in the church style". See also Gregorian chant.

cimbalom (also "cimbal", "cimbalon") a hammered
dulcimer.

circle of fifths (less often "cycle of fifths") if you start
with C and jump ahead in fifths, you get:

C G D A E B F# C# G# D# A# F C

or in its more common form:

C G D A E B F# C# Ab Eb Bb F C

All the notes of the chromatic scale have been generated. You can buy linear
or circular slide rules based on the circle of fifths; they give you the key
signatures, the principal chords and so on. The entry for key signature shows
how the number of sharps and flats relate to the circle of fifths. Note that
if youre working out the tuning of the notes, and you do this jumping-ahead
using natural fifths of 3/2, youll never get to a proper octave because
its too sharp, and some other notes will be askew - see comma of Pythagoras,
Pythagorean scale, temperament.

circulating temperament see Pythagorean scale.

cittern (usually pron. "chittern"; often spelled this way)
an instrument similar to a lute, but with a flat back. Generally strung with
four courses of steel strings. Popular in Celtic music and related to the mandolin,
although the richer sound is closer to the bouzouki.

claes (UK) clothes.

clam a wrong note or chord, or just about any really noticeable musical
goof. In general, the mistake has to be a good one. Small clams that pass quickly
by are "fluffs", "flubs", "clinkers", etc.

Clancy Brothers Irish folk group consisting of brothers Paddy, Tom
and Liam, plus (usually) Makem, Tommy. They have been playing together since
the 50s, doing traditional Irish songs, and have recorded many albums. Tommy
Makem went on to a successful solo career. Along with the Chieftains, they have
been widely influential in popularising Irish folk music.

Clarinet-A clarinet is a woodwind instrument with a single reed, as
opposed to the oboe, which has a double reed. The clarinet was developed from
the year 1800 onwards from the earlier chalumeau, which played notes only in
the lower register. The new instrument added notes in the higher register. Clarinets
are built in different keys, most commonly in B flat and in A.

Clarino-Clarino was the word often used in the 17th and 18th centuries
for trumpet. Now the word describes the upper register of the trumpet, much
used in the baroque period, when the trumpet, lacking valves, could only produce
successive notes in the highest register, an art that later fell into temporary
disuse.

Clark, Guy a Texas singer/songwriter who began in the folk revival,
was influenced by his friends Walker, Jerry Jeff and Van Zandt, Townes, and
whose music appeals to folk, country, and rock audiences. Songs of his include
"Desperadoes Waiting for a Train", "LA Freeway", and "Last
Gunfighter Ballad". Other of his songs have been performed by artists such
as Ricky Scaggs and Emmylou Harris.

clashpans an archaic word for the cymbals, and one that should be brought
back.

classical guitar a guitar with nylon strings and a fairly wide neck
that joins the body at the 12th fret. The folk guitar generally has steel strings
and a narrow neck that joins at the 14th fret.

classical this is mentioned because the word is used so often in this
lexicon, particularly when it comes to the borrowing of folk tunes by composers.
In the strictest sense, the term refers to the music of the mid-18th to the
early 19th centuries - thus Mozart (1756-1791) was classical, but Bach (1685-1750)
and Wagner (1813-1883) were not. In the general sense, it refers to the formal
orchestral music of past composers, or present composers in the same vein, and
that is the meaning whenever the term is used here. (A folkie arrangement of
Bach is mentioned in the entry Jesu Joy of Mans Desiring). For reference,
the periods are shown below. Theyre meant only as a rough guide, since
there would have been many overlaps of musical styles. Sometimes a classification
is called on to do extra duty: "ancient" is often used to mean anything
from prehistory to 100 years ago., ancient pre-1000 , medieval 1000-1450 (aka
"Gothic") ,Renaissance 1450-1600, baroque 1600-1750, classical 1750-1820,
romantic 1820-1900, modern 1900-

clavichord along with the hammered dulcimer, the clavichord is considered
the forerunner of the piano, and is much like a piano in appearance. Instead
of a hammer, the key pressed a metal edge against the string, thereby sounding
and stopping the string at the same time. The sound was soft and the loudness
hard to vary, and if you played forcefully enough, the pressure of the metal
edge threw the tuning off. 2. The clavichord is a small early keyboard instrument
with a hammer-action. The strings are struck by a tangent, a small oblong strip
of metal, eliciting a soft sound. The limited dynamic range of the clavichord
make it unsuitable for public performance, but it was historically much favoured
by composers such as Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, second son of Johann Sebastian
Bach and a leading keyboard-player in the middle of the 18th century.

clavier (also "klavier") any keyboard instrument. The meaning
depended on the period of use - sometimes it meant harpsichord or clavichord,
sometimes piano. It never seemed to mean an organ.

clawhammer a style of fingerpicking for the banjo and guitar. The name
seems to derive from the use of the righthand thumb and first two fingers.

Clayton, Paul (1933-67) singer-guitarist-collector. After collecting
songs in the eastern and southern US in the 50s, Paul became known as a performer
in the Greenwich Village folk revival, and was an influence on Van Ronk, Dave.
He was an expert on folklore (with 20 albums), and toured with Bob Dylan in
1964. See also borrowing.

Clearwater Project the Clearwater is a replica Hudson River sloop,
built in 1965 through the efforts of Pete Seeger and Victor Schwartz. It sails
the Hudson, stopping at various ports to provide seminars on the environment
by its passengers and crew (including Tony Barrand, Gordon Bok, Don McLean,
and many others). The goal is to raise awareness of the ecology of the Hudson
while providing folk music concerts; PBS has filmed a documentary about the
efforts. Several albums of the music have been recorded.

clef (from the French for "key") a symbol placed at the beginning
of a staff to indicate the range of pitch. The most familiar is the treble clef,
which looks like " & " and denotes that the second line of the
staff (counting from the bottom line) is G above middle C (also called "G
clef"). Wide-range or bass instruments may also use the bass clef. This
is placed on the staff below the treble staff, and is also called the "F
clef". Its symbol looks like " ): " (said to have been derived
from the old script "F"). There are two other clefs, used for vocal
and wide-range instrument works, but rarely seen in folk music. These are the
alto and tenor clefs, and both are called "C clefs", although they
are placed on different lines to indicate the C note. The symbol looks a bit
like a "3".

clef. a sign that normally occurs at the beginning of each staff to
refer a particular staff line to a specific pitch; e.g. a G clef, or treble
clef, indicates middle G (G4) as the second line. A bass clef, or F clef, indicates
F-below-middle-C (F3) as the fourth line. See also International Pitch Notation.
2. The five lines generally used in musical notation have no precise meaning
without the addition at the left-hand side of a clef, a sign that specifies
the note to be indicated by one of the lines, from which other notes may be
gauged. The so-called treble clef, familiar to pianists and violinists, otherwise
known as a G clef, is used to show that the second line from the bottom is G.
The so-called bass clef, otherwise known as an F clef, shows that the second
line from the top is the F below middle C. C clefs are used on any line to show
the position of the note known as middle C. Most frequently found are the alto
clef, a C clef on the middle line of the stave (the group of five lines) and
the tenor clef, a C clef on the second line from the top. The alto clef is the
principal clef used for the viola, the tenor of the string family, while the
tenor clef is used for the upper register of instruments like the cello and
the bassoon. In plainchant, with its four-line stave, there are C clefs and
F clefs which may appear on any line.

clem (UK) starve.

Clements, Vassar (1928- ) superb fiddler player and studio multi-instrumentalist
from South Carolina who played fiddle with Monroe, Bill and Scruggs, Earl; he
first came to the public notice through his work on the album "Will the
Circle Be Unbroken" by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band in 1972. He has recorded
with over 70 famous performers, from Acuff, Roy to Linda Ronstadt. He also has
a number of solo albums on the Rounder and Flying Fish labels.

Click Song a South African folk song popularised by singer Miriam Makeba,
who owes her introduction to the general public to Belafonte, Harry. The "click"
referred to is a sound in the language of the Xhosa people, a tribe of the Zulus,
and done by snapping the tongue away from the roof of the mouth. Its represented
in English by "xh" or "!x", so the the tribal name, for
instance, would be pronounced, more or less, <click"ossa". Perhaps
the most famous appearance of the clicking sound in language is in the films
"The Gods Must be Crazy" and its sequel "The Gods Must Be Crazy
II" - most of the dialogue of the bushman (who was really the star) featured
this charming sound. For another example of African folksong (under-represented
in this lexicon - to be fixed), see also Guabi, Guabi, Wimoweh.

Clifton, Bill (1931- ) in the late 50s, Bill Clifton made a number
of recordings of updated country and bluegrass songs, taking as his sources
groups like the Carter Family. In 1963, he headed the country music section
of the Newport Folk Festival. He has lived in England since the mid-60s, and
is credited with widely influencing many of the folk performers created by the
folk revival, demonstrating the place of country and old-timey songs and picking
styles in folk music.

clinker a wrong note, a clam.

clogging step-dancing, very popular everywhere in the UK and North
America. Generally done to fiddle tunes, and usually in groups of three or four
or more, the steps are energetic and rhythmic, although less flamboyant than
tap. Most folk festivals will feature a clogging team. The name is said to originate
from the English custom of step-dancing in clogs (wooden-soled shoes). Clogging
is divided into various styles: Appalachian, English, French-Canadian, and others.
The Irish and Scottish step-dances (Highland Fling, etc.) are generally not
considered clogging, since theyre much lighter in the steps and dont
produce the rhythmic clatter associated with clogging. There are further sub-categories,
such as the shuffle, the flatfoot, freestyle, buckdancing, etc.

clogs shoes made with a leather upper and a wooden sole. They were
popular with workers in past times, and probably resulted in the distinctive
style and sound of clogging. Todays reproductions often have leather soles
and metal tap plates to provide the clattery sound.

Clootie (Scot.) Satan.

close harmony harmony notes within the space of an octave.

close position. voicing of a chord where there is less than an octave
between the soprano and tenor voices in a four-part setting.

closure-property. (Forte) (set-theory, nonlinear) a property in which
every member of a complex is a subset or a superset of every other member.