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Economic analyses of environmental mitigation and other interdisciplinary public policy issues can be much more useful if they critically examine what other disciplines have to say, insist on using the most relevant observational data and the scientific method, and examine lower cost alternatives to the change proposed. much higher than usually estimated because of technological and implementation problems recently identified. Geoengineering such as solar radiation management is a controversial alternative to CO2 emissions reductions that offers opportunities to greatly decrease these large costs, change global temperatures with far greater assurance of success, and eliminate the possibility of low probability, high consequence risks of rising temperatures, but has been largely ignored by economists. CO2 emissions reductions are economically unattractive since the very modest benefits remaining after the corrections for the above effects are quite unlikely to economically justify the much higher costs unless much lower cost geoengineering is used. The risk of catastrophic anthropogenic global warming appears to be so low that it is not currently worth doing anything to try to control it, including geoengineering. natural fraction remaining from the pre-industrial atmosphere; cumulative fraction remaining from all annual fossil-fuel CO2 emissions; carbon isotope mass-balanced natural fraction. The masses of component and were computed for different atmospheric lifetimes of CO2. the cumulative expected CO2 level from Rabbit polyclonal to Complement C3 beta chain burning fossil fuels. Source: [8], Slide 14. Figure 2. Effective lifetime for CO2 in the atmosphere based on a variety of methods. 352290-60-9 IC50 Source: Sundquist [18] and Segalstad [10], as presented in [8], Slide 23. The significance of Segalstads findings cannot be overestimated assuming his 352290-60-9 IC50 data and analysis are correct. Four percent of atmospheric CO2 is in the noise level and contrasts sharply with the IPCCs 21 percent estimate. The 5+ years RT explains why four percent is reasonable and also contrasts greatly with the IPCCs apparent assumptions. Segalstads findings cast great doubt on some of the 352290-60-9 IC50 most important IPCC assumptions concerning CO2 (as noted by Segalstad [8]) as well as on the indirect assumptions made by most if not all economists who have attempted to value the economic benefits of CO2 emissions control. Among many other observations, Segalstad points out that a RT of 5 years implies that about 135 GT C is exchanged out of the atmosphere each year. This is than the 7 GT C annually released from fossil fuel burning [8]. Further, anthropogenic CO2 is less than ? W/m2, less than 0.1 percent, judged from C isotopes. Clouds are a real thermostat, with far more temperature regulating power than CO2 [8]. He does not mention it, but it appears widely agreed that the atmospheric models used by 352290-60-9 IC50 the IPCC do not handle clouds very well. An important point 352290-60-9 IC50 here is that water can absorb less CO2 as temperatures rise. So an alternative explanation to the IPCC hypothesis that the observed rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to anthropogenic emissions is that ocean temperatures have at some time in the past warmed enough so that some of its CO2 is now being out gassed. The issue of CO2 residence times in the atmosphere is of great importance to economic analyses of the benefits of climate mitigation since it determines the period of time during which the economic benefits of emissions reductions would take place. Short atmospheric residence times would mean that the economic benefits of emissions reductions would occur over a much shorter period than if residence times were very long. The greenhouse effect of added CO2 in the natural world is only effective when the CO2 is in the atmosphere, not when it is in plants or the oceans, or in ocean sediments. Added CO2 (or the carbon in it) in plants or oceans may have important effects, of course, but not for the greenhouse effect on global temperatures. The economic implications of this will be spelled out in more detail in Section 2.6.1 below. The observed increasing atmospheric CO2 levels may be primarily due to increasing ocean temperatures hundreds of years ago since water cannot absorb as much CO2 at higher temperatures. In other words, the CAGW supporters may have reversed cause and effect. Instead of increases in CO2 causing rising.