Apartheid-Laws in south Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.Balkanization-Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.Balkanized-A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.Blockbusting-A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhoods.Centripetal force-An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.Ethnic cleansing-Process in which more powerful ethic group forciblys removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.Ethnicity-Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.Multi-ethnic state-State that contains more than one ethnicity.Multinational state-state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.Nationalism- Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.Nationality-Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.Nation-state-A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.Race-Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.Racism-Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and copacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.Racist-a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.Self-determination- Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Sovereignty-Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Sharecropper-a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

Triangle Slave Trade- a practice,primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.