Step 8: Heat exahgner.

Step 9: Measure performance

The whole project is now complete. You can now use the device for anything you please. You can measure the performance of the device by putting wate...

I live in Phoenix, Arizona. Phoenix is among the areas in the US that gets the most insolation (incident sunlight) each year. This is partly due to the latitude and party due to the dry climate and therefore low humidity and low rainfall. These led me to think about building a solar water boiler. I've always been interested in old style steam piston engines and thought it would be fun to build a solar concentrator to boil water and run an engine. This project gets as far as building the solar concentrator. The engine and other aspects of steam piston engines operation are yet to come.

For now, let's content ourselves with just a parabolic solar concentrator.

Before we begin, it is important to know that concentrated solar energy is very dangerous. Reasonable precautions should be taken. I cannot take responsibility for individual choices you make in the design, construction, modification, or use of this project. Have fun and be safe.

Step 1: Obtain parts

You will need several parts for this project. The cost ranges from $300-$500, so this is not a poor man's hobby. What you will need is:

1) About 17 aluminum angle stock rods 5/8 inches (or thereabouts). An aluminum siding store will probably have this much cheaper than your corner hardware store. They're friendly folks, usually.
3) Some chrome-plated aluminum sheeting. Again, an aluminum siding store will usually provide this. You may have to special-order it. I ordered it under the name "light sheet". I am not sure if it was a brand name or a description. You will need approximately 40 square feet of it and ask them to cut it into 6 inch square mirrors. They will try to talk you out of it and think you're crazy for asking them to. They will also charge you for the cutting service. Let them. They deserve to make an honest living, but ask them to be careful in cutting it into _exactly_ 6 inch squares.
4) About 300 machine screws, 500 machine nuts and about 500 large washers. I used 3 inch screws in a 10-32 pitch. 10-24 is sometimes cheaper. It doesn't really matter, but be consistent. 10-32 and 10-24 look just alike and with so many of them, you won't want to waste time sorting them.
5) A screwdriver, drill, wrench, and ruler that will measure inches and millimeters.
6) Various other common household tools.
7) Some creativity and basic high-school level geometry.
For the heat-exchanger (if you choose to build it)
8) A length of 1/2 inch copper pipe and about 20 "T" junctions, some end caps, solder, propane torch, gloves, a little soldering know-how.

I love the mechanism for holding the corners of the mirrors. Sheer genius.

I was thinking of making something similar, but using the long full length mirrors that you can get for mounting on doors. I have seen them for around $8 for a 5' long one. The advantage of using the long mirrors would be that fewer adjustment points would be required, and that the curvature would let you do a tighter focus, at least in one dimension.

Using ordinary mirrors has the problem of excess weight. Aluminium sheets are light and cheap (you can even use the inner surface of coke cans) which is best for the tracking system. Using long reflectors is suitable for cylinder-parabolic concentrator.

I think it is too big for a sun tracking system. There's no need for such a complex structure and focus doesn't need to be that far. Just adjust the reflectors to converge closer. http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-build-a-strikeheliostatstrike-paraboli/

I really like this solar boiler project. I especially like your method of adjusting the mirrors to focus them. I've wanted to build one of these for a long time now. Unfortunately I live in an apartment and don't have anywhere to build it. I was wondering what your cost was for the aluminum angle pieces. Although it might make it slightly more difficult in drilling the holes, I was wondering if steel conduit might work better for providing strength and be cheaper as well (as little as $1.96 per 10ft). Also painting the heat exchanger flat black would help it's efficiency.

I'm most gratified that you liked the project. Thank you. It was a most interesting and rewarding project. I don't have much room myself. That's why I built it so that it can be disassembled and stored when not in use. My wife is particularly happy that it's not taking up permanent room in the back yard. I don't recall exactly how much the aluminum angle braces cost. The most significant cost was the chrome plated mirror pieces. All in all, I believe I recall that I spent some $300 on the project. More accurately than that, I simply don't recall and didn't keep very good records. As far as painting the heat exchanger, I recall doing some experiments with that. It is a common misconception that simply painting something like this black will make it more efficient. It does indeed help for low temperature devices but works not at all for higher temperatures. It turns out that ordinary paint from the hardware store will burn readily under the power of a solar concentrator. Basically, it just burns up in the first 10 minutes or so leaving the copper bare again anyway. It seems that a better way to improve efficiency is to add an insulator to the back side. Something like fiberglass works well. Of course, the paper backing of the fiberglass should be removed to avoid fire. What you're aiming for is not allowing the excess heat to radiate from the back side.

One of the best selective absorbers is oxidized nickel. Since stainless steel contains a good bit of nickel, it turns out that it does a fine job itself. You simply make the absorber out of stainless steel, heat it until it turns a dark purple, and you are done: a selective absorber that has an absorption/emission ratio of about 11 - excellent! And, of course, it does not blister or peel. Bare copper has an absorption/emission ratio of 3. There are oxidizing chemical treatments that will turn copper black - and they are not paints. They do not have good abrasion resistance, but that is not an issue here, yes?

If the absorber surface temperature stays low - like at or below the boiling point of water - it does not need to be a selective absorber as boiling hot objects do not radiate much infrared energy. On the other hand, selective absorbers do not absorb infrared energy as well as non-selective absorbers do. Since sunlight at the surface of the earth has about 40%-45% of the thermal energy in the infrared range, you typically want a normal absorber like carbon black.

If you are dealing with temperatures close to the boiling point of water you have many choices for paint, but if you need really high temperature paint, try Pyromark High Temperature Paint. It is available in 800, 1200 and 2000 degree F ratings.

One of the inefficiencies of heat transfer is the temperature drop across the thickness of the metal barrier; another is mixing the fluid enough to bring all of it in contact with the hot media. I feel that the best, most efficient way to solar heat water, especially with concentrator mirrors, is to place the absorber in the water. That is, pump the water in transparent tubes into the absorber surface at the focal point. One excellent media is an open-cell black ceramic sponge (looks like an aquarium aerator stone); another is to put a very concentrated (stable) black dye in the water. (maybe use both techniques?)

Great point about placing the absorber in the water. That is definitely the way to go.

I would add to the absorber discussion that the emissivity values are for thermal radiation and emissivity varies with both frequency and temperature. For solar power from most reflective concentrators, the majority of radiation is visible, not thermal. So glass is a great transmitter of visible radiation but very poor for thermal radiation. A glass mirror that looks shiny bright in the visible range looks almost completely black when viewed (with a thermal imager) in the thermal range. For concentrators that use glass mirror reflectors, nearly 99% of the reflected power is in the visible frequency range because the mirrors absorb most of the thermal radiation. However, this design uses metal reflectors and these are efficient in both visible and thermal bands. Ideally, the translucent material should transmit both visible and thermal frequencies. In addition, the receiving face of the translucent material should be flat and normal to the incoming beam. One possible solution would be to use a multichannel polycarbonate panel used for greenhouse walls. The polycarbonate has excellent visible and thermal transmission. Its important to get the window-grade polycarbonate.

The material they use in big sized solar concentrators is carbon. although will probably not be able to get your hands on big carbon tubes etc, you could try coating the copper in carbon by putting the copper tubes under and oxygen deficient flame. I have seen that acetylene produces a lot of black deposit on things when no oxygen is mixed with it, maybe you could just use a candle to coat it? The only thing i suspect may happen with this is that once the carbon gets hot enough, it will combine with the oxygen in the surrounding air and simply float of in the form of co2. still, worth a try?

Another focus method :Cover all facets with pieces of paper. Suspend a fixed target at the intended focus point. Uncover one facet at a time and adjust until reflected light is cast onto target. when finished, turn assembly away from sun and remove all the paper sheets. No math, no spreadsheet and very accurate. Not my idea (found it on the web) , but simple and effective.

I think that you would have to be very quick to set each panel and maybe reference to the first panels focus (by moving your hole frame) every five or so minutes to allow for the suns movement in the sky @ 15 degrees per hour. If you were taking 3 hours to set up, the last panel would have a very different focal point.

1 Select one panel as a reference panel (ideally one centered on the desired focus point with the selected light source.) Use a large flat target to see the beam cast by the reference panel.2. Cover up all the reflectors EXCEPT the reference panel and the adjustment panel.3. Adjust the screws on the adjustment panel so that the light of its beam center coincides with the beam center cast by the reference panel.4. Once both beams are aligned, cover the panel adjusted and move on to the next panel, removing its cover.5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until all panels are aligned.Reasoning: since the light of the reference panel moves as the sun tracks across the sky, adjusting all the other panels to it create a focus that is referenced to both reference panel focus and sun angle. Since the reference panel points to target, the entire frame can be moved to track sun. All other panels will always point to reference panel beam focus. Use of reference panel allows alignment procedure to no longer require an adjustment for sun movement.

The focal point is set by the parabola formula. It does not have to be pointed at the sun for an accurate focus to be achieved. The system was designed to be mounted on a tracking device that moves the entire assembly to track the sun. I agree that if I was aligning the focus by moving the mirrors and aligning them to the sun, that would be highly impractical. This is why I decided to calculate the height of each corner based on a parabola and aligned it in my workshop in the shade. Only when it was complete, did I take it into the sunlight to test the quality of the focus and make minor adjustments.

hey guys am eston,currently a final year engineering student in jomo kenyatta university in kenya.I wish to develop a project on a solar powered steam soil sterilizer to assist in control of micro-organisms in seedbeds.However am not sure whether to use parabolic dish concentrators or trough concentrators.i wanted to try the latter but am not sure how to go about it and what materials 4 the troughs would be best suitable.any ideas pls? your assistance will be greatly appreciated.u can reach me on stnmacharia@gmail.com

I did something by accident one time that you could probably use .I laid a sheet of black rubber roofing membrane that was about 1.15mm or .045inches thick on a bright sunny day .It got soooo hot beneath the rubber sheet that it literally killed everything that was growing in the soil at that time even the weeds and thistles.I had to reseed my grass lawn to get it green again .Depending on how long it is left on the soil and how hot it got ,it might make a very worthwhile weed control system.I should do another experiment like this again and this time install some temperature probes at different depths in the soil beneath the black rubber sheet like right on the surface and then every 1mm or so and record the results.I believe to be effective ,the heat needs to get down to about 3 inches or 7-8mm in depth to kill all spores ,roots ,nodes etc.Again you would have to rely on the sun for the heat but it would be very clean as there would not be any chemicals involved .The rubber sheet could be moved in the mornings or evenings to a new location once it cools enough to hold onto .

Nice idea to use solar concentrators for soil sterilization. Did you proceed with the project. That said, with the solar potential in Kenya, Just using plastic for a month or two on a seed bed would probably be better. Building a solar system to create steam to use on a seed bed only every so often would be expensive.

Sorry Jarney1 I was directing my thoughts to Burnerjack01 and his method, I forgot to address it properly. I fully agree with the 'measure first' then if thats not quite good enough correct it practically way.

You could place the concentrator on a flat surface (like a garage floor) and hang a laser pointer on a plumb-line from the ceiling. Then you could adjust the mirrors by sliding the concentrator around. The direction of the incoming laser beam would remain constant so the focus would be accurate, no matter how long it took to set it up. This way you could also do it when it's cloudy or dark.

Ha , I had the same idea using the garage floor to level the mirrored reflector so it is pointing exactly strait up.I wanted to use pulleys , small steel cables and electrical metallic conduit for the frame.Think etcha-sketch toy for kids.I could then move the laser pointer around via 2 knobs in an Y and X coordinate type of arrangement.You could then aim each of the small mirrors individually on the face of the dish at the exact focus point.I even bought one of those party fog machine kits which will help find the laser light beam when I can't see it.I have a project in the works that uses 7 of the old C-band satellite TVRO dishes.I want to recycle the dishes and heat my house with the collected heat .4 of them are 8 feet in diameter and 3 of them are 10 feet in diameter.That is why I need a more rigid system to aim them with before I install them.The nice thing is that I can do this inside the garage where the weather or sun is not a factor.

I installed the basic Passive Solar Heater on the south-east side of my house (glass in front, black metal in back, vents in top & bottom) (completely south facing wall not available) I then realized the wall I installed it on faces more east than I initially thought and is not heating enough to be of use. Could I just put 2 long mirrors on the north side of the heater to curve around and reflect the light in? How do I figure out what angles to put them? I appreciate your help.

Yes, sort of. My father and I worked on a design project for the fellow from Vashon Island, WA who built a parabolic dish solar furnace about 24' in diameter. I think this is the one you might be thinking of on the cover of Popular Science magazine. Unfortunately, the fellow was very difficult to work with and in my opinion had just two good ideas to his credit; Idea #1 - thin mirrors are actually flexible enough that you can epoxy to a spot on the back of them and pull the mirror section into a slight compound curve. Try it yourself, it does work. Think how flexible an inexpensive glass mirror designed to hang on the back of a door is, glass actually flexes reasonably well. Once you have a way to curve an inexpensive mirror in two axis then dish concentrator arrays are quite a lot easier. The multi-mirror array structure is still a difficult manufacturing/engineering challenge as the good designer of this "Multifacet parabolic solar concentrator" instructable has mentioned already. Idea #2 - His deep dish focal point (below the dish rim - more on why this was necessary later) heated the outside of a spiral wound tube structure (if I remember it correctly?) which contained water flowing in good contact with the tubing walls due to centrifugal force. As the water flowed in a tight series of tube circles, it presses against the outside wall of the tubes. Think of a coil of garden hose. As the water is pushed along inside it presses against the outer portion of the inside wall of the hose due to centrifugal force. That's it. Although he liked to think his other great idea was to use a geodesic dome for the solar concentrator dish backstructure, that is why he needed to keep the focal point below the dish rim horizon. A geodesic dome must have it's flat side either tied firmly to the ground or use some kind of tensile/compression structure in that plane to hold the bottom ring of the geodesic in a rigid geometry. He never got it threw his head that this geodesic structure was completely mis-applied to the task he needed. It was overly complex and a real pain. My father and I designed a much better structure, but he wasn't interested. We had done work for Boeing Solar Energy to build doubly curved, high accuracy sheet metal mirror substrates for one of their projects using our special metal forming process. Later we developed a proprietary inexpensive process to manufacture sheet steel or aluminum compound curved dish gore sections for 12' and 4m diameter microwave antennas complete with backstructures. Our process had a "floor to floor" time of 70 seconds per concentrating dish gore section including forming the side flanges. With 12 sections per dish in about 15 minutes we were producing the entire skin surface for each microwave dish. Our favorite material was 22 gauge galv-annealed mild steel, but 0.050" thick aluminum was great too. We produced (700)+ 12' diameter microwave antennas for two companies in California, until the bottom fell out of the large dish antenna market in the mid-1980's. My dad developed a very special type of metal forming technology called "axial load bulge forming" and started an aerospace company (Exotic Metals Forming Inc.) here in my home town - Seattle. Parabolic concentrating dishes are actually inexpensive with the right manufacturing technology, though R&D companies working on $multi-million dollar DOE contracts have a vested interest in convincing the government and the rest of us that they are...really expensive instead. Polar mounts require only one actuator and track nicely too. I must agree with jarney1 though; parabolic troughs are even better for solar concentrating systems from a cost to heat output basis. In my opinion Ausra Inc. with their multi-trough segment (linear fresnel lenses?) concept is going to do very well in the parabolic trough solar energy marketplace, though I think I have a design which might give them some competition....we will see.

You are welcome. Sometimes I'm a bit too chatty, however my long reply was admittedly a cheap way to provide some solar design info to this good online community here without doing the work of writing a real instructable. I think many would agree, jarney1, the author of "Multifacet Parabolic Solar Concentrator" has done some good work. I hope more people get a chance to see it.

Thank you for your kind words. I did work hard on the design. The construction was simple and can be carried out in any manufacturing facility with off-the-shelf components and requires very little time or skill once designed. I moved on to the question of energy transduction once I established that the concentrator array could be built simply and cheaply. The two most difficult components to build simply and cheaply are the tracking frame and the engine. I've been experimenting with thermoacoustics and the so-called "lamina flow" or "thermal lag" engine because of its potential to reach the Stirling cycle for efficiency and the simplicity of the design and construction. Unfortunately, my efforts there have been less than spectacular and so I have not posted anything about them specifically.

Hello All I'm not sure what is ment by "solder" these joints. If this "boiler" gets to the temp. as implied, I'm not sure this will whole together. Could blow apart. Instead of solder I would suggest using "silfas" ( not sure of spelling). This is what A/C repair men use to connect copper tubing in A/C work. The pipe might burst, but the joint want.. Just a though. As for as an engine goes: use a 5hp. B&S eng. Remove the head- discard. Make another head from a block of alum. Bore a hole paralell with the crankshaft, make a rotary valves & turn it 1 to 1 with crankshaft. You can find rotary valve set up on the net. This enging will have untold HP. according to steam pressure your using.. catch you later: STC

I wounder how to avoid letting the shade from the heat exchanger block the sun shinning on the reflectors. i.e. the focal point needs to be located where it will not obstruct the sun rays arriving on to any part of the reflector(s).

It really is not necessary to build parabolic dish reflectors that are fully symmetric. For example, the new satellite receivers are not fully symmetric, so the single arm and receiver do not cast a "shadow" on the dish. Speaking of shadows, that is how you pick where to omit the mirrors.

It works by first calculating the position of the sun and then sending signals out through the parallel port for controlling stepper motors.

I wrote the program for controlling my heliostats, so there are some features that you won't need. Otherwise though, it should work fine for something like this. Just choose "Point at Sun," and the program will track the sun instead of reflecting it to a single target like with a heliostat.

I added the sun tracking feature to this program because I noticed that there are a lot of people who were building solar concentrators and getting stuck on the tracking.

I would really like to build one of these myself someday, but I don't have the time right now. Hopefully, my program will be of use to somebody so that they can more easily build their own. That way, I can live precariously through them. :)

Awesome instructable by the way. I'll have to keep that chrome-plated aluminum sheeting in mind for my future projects.