Professor Chang-Soo Han of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, under the College of Engineering, developed a self-powered, ultra-high precision artificial skin sensor that closely mimics the function of human skin.

High-sensitivity sensors have been in the spotlight as a result of the widespread use of pressure and touch sensors in various fields such as healthcare, automobiles, aircrafts, household appliances, and the environment. However, currently available sensors have low sensitivity and high power consumption. The self-powered skin sensor developed by Professor Han operates based on signals delivered with the transport of ions under external stimuli. By measuring both fast- adapting and slow-adapting signals, the device offers high precision in detecting blood pressure, ballistocardiogram, and surface characteristics of an object, as well as braille. * Fast-adapting: Response signals generated immediately at the start and end of stimuli * Slow-adapting: Response signals generated continuously from the start to end of stimuli

Professor Han said, “The device relies on ion channels instead of silicon, creating a new paradigm for artificial sensors. The results are expected to enhance biosignal measurement and robot skin function, and the establishment of a self-powered high-sensitivity monitoring system will have diverse industrial applications.”

The study was conducted under the Basic Science Research Program (individual/group research) and the Global Frontier Project supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT.

[Terminology]

1. Advanced Materials Advanced Materials is a leading scientific journal that has been published since 1989. Thomson JCR rated it as belonging to the top 1.37% (impact factor 19.79) of journals in the field of chemistry and physics.

2. Ion channelIon channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that transport ions or water molecules across the cell membrane. The human sensory system is comprised of receptors for stimuli detection and ion channels. The transport of ions in ion channels produces signals, which are transmitted to the brain through the axon.

4. Fast-adapting, slow-adaptingFast-adapting is when response signals are generated immediately at the start and end of stimuli, while slow-adapting is when response signals are generated continuously from the start to end of stimuli.

5. Receptor Receptors are structures that react to external stimuli and trigger ion channels by physical or chemical means. The body contains various types (chemical, physical, mechanical) of receptors for different stimuli.

6. Electrolyte Electrolytes are a substance that separates into ions when dissolved in a solvent in order to facilitate current flow. In this study, three types of electrolytes were used to demonstrate the diverse characteristics of the pressure sensor.

7. Skin pressure sensor A sensor that measures pressure generated from external physical contact in the unit of Pa (Pascal). In this study, pressure was measured at low power for a small applied-pressure range (<1 kPa), and without power for a general range (100–10,000 Pa).

(A) Four mechanoreceptors in the human skin and two types of receptor signals produced through ion channels (Slow-adaption: Merkel disk, MD and Ruffini cylinder, RC. Fast-adaption: Meissner corpuscle, MC and Pacinian corpuscle, PC) (B) Cross-section and structure of the artificial cutaneous sensor. Slow-adaption: Signal generated within ion channels. Fast-adaption: Signal generated at the piezoelectric film. Operates as a single system when pressure is applied. (Scale bar: 100 micrometer

Figure 2: Pressure sensation characteristics of artificial skin sensors(A) Pressure change and sensitivity measured using an oscilloscope while applying pressure(B) Slow-adaption curve under various applied pressures(C) Fast-adaption curve under various applied pressures(D) Mechanical Q factor of the two response signals and bandwidth graph of fast-adaption obtained from vibration response(E) Artificial skin pressure sensor attached to the wrist in order to measure blood pressure signals(F) Typical radial artery measurements (G) Changes in fast-adaption and slow-adaption signals when resting after exercise (H) Analysis of pulse wave signals for slow-adaption(I) Ballistocardiogram curve for fast-adaption(J) Radial artery augmentation index and radial diastolic augmentation index obtained from pulse signals produced at the wrist(K) Round-trip time of slow-adaption measured from the wrist(L) Comparison of ballistocardiogram values of IJK width and IJ interval

Figure 3: Texture and grasping sensation of artificial skin sensors

(A) Schematic of fingerprint-shaped sensor structure (B) Measurement using the fingerprint-shaped sensor. Scale bar: 5 mm. Line pattern width: 2 mm.(C) Optical image of glass surface (D) Optical image of Whatman paper (E) Optical image of abrasive paper (F) Simultaneous measurement of fast-adaption and slow-adaption on each surface (G) Photographs of a fingerprint-type sensor when a tumbler is dropped by the hand and then caught again (H) Fast-adaption and slow-adaption signals generated from the tumbler grabbing state to the release state (I) Frequency-voltage conversion signal for slow-adaption (J) Frequency-voltage conversion signal for fast-adaption