Mauritius Sovereignty and the Endless Struggle Over the Chagos Archipelago

With a landslide victory of 94-15 (94 yes, 15 no) and 65 abstentions, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) recently passed a resolution strongly backed by members of the Non-Aligned Movement and the African Union to seek the opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in regards to the contentious issue of sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago between the Republic of Mauritius and Britain. Surprisingly, members of the EU have expressed a lack of support towards British sovereignty over the archipelago, with 22 EU nations including Germany and France abstaining from the decision, leaving support from only three countries: Lithuania, Croatia and Hungary. It is only a matter of time before Britain loses its grip over the archipelago, as it is evident that Mauritius sovereignty will emerge victorious. However, it is still a long road for this vision to truly become realized.

Defence Minister Anerood Jugnauth has criticized Britain for its unlawful transgression over territorial control of the Chagos islands; the area has always been under Mauritius authority according to the Constitution of Mauritius. Since 1810, after France capitulated to Britain, Mauritius has been under British colonial rule. It was not until 1968 that Mauritius became independent. However, three years prior to independence Britain had leased Diego Garcia, the largest of 60 smaller islands which comprise the Chagos Archipelago, to the United States for 50 years for the construction of a military base. In doing so, it is estimated more than 2,000 native inhabitants were expelled from their homes. Today, those expelled continue to fight for resettlement and remain cast away from their rightful homes. Furthermore, in an effort to consolidate British control over the area, the British government established the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), a formal and political recognition of the military base.

Landing of a KC-135R at US military base Diego Garcia, https://www.flickr.com/photos/boryanphotography/831167373

Mauritius has argued that the construction of the military base over the area is a clear violation of international law. In particular, Britain has infringed upon the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which forbids any dismemberment of colonial territories prior to independence. In addition, it is evident that the military base is illegitimate and Britain has no inherent right to exercise control over the Chagos islands. This infringement is reflected through the 1956-1966 memos of the British Foreign Office, which revealed “shocking truths” about the preservation of British influence and control over the islands even after independence.

Britain has stated it unreservedly recognizes that Mauritius does have absolute sovereignty over the islands, while ironically pointing out that they will remain in the area for defensive purposes until it is no longer necessary. Furthermore, to preserve US and UK influence over the islands, the US had issued a request to all members of the UNGA to vote against any related resolution which proposes the involvement of the ICJ in the dispute between Mauritius and the UK. Despite relentless political manoeuvres and strategies to help consolidate British authority over the islands, in 2015 the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) mandated that the MPA utilized by the British government to justify their infringement was an absolute violation of international law.

Ultimately, the real issue with the military base is that it prevents the decolonization process. The military base in Diego Garcia is a political barrier that preserves the colonial heritage and legacy in the Chagos Archipelago. As long as full sovereignty over the islands is not fully under the Mauritius authority, the colonial conundrums and legacy will continue to exist. As ICJ involvement in the dispute becomes inevitable, the obstacles that the ICJ shall face will be monumental. They will have to examine whether or not the decolonization process was fully implemented, as well as the consequences of authority over the Chagos Archipelago remaining under British rule. Despite an early victory for the Mauritius Republic with unanimous support from the African Union and the Non-Aligned Movement to request for ICJ intervention, whether or not they will actually intervene is still shrouded in uncertainty. Even if they do, the battle has only just started.

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But the only indigenous population The Chagos, which lies in the southern part of the Lakshadvipa Archipelago in the Sub-Continent of India, had was the Indian population hailing from the rest of the Lakshadvipa archipelago which also includes the Maladvipas, Sri Lanka and the mainland part of India. The earliest settlement was only established in The Chagos Archipelago in 1793, until when the Island was mostly unpopulated but for the Indians residing there and the islands were predominantly uninhabited when first visited by European explorers, and remained that way until the French successfully established a small colony on the island of Diego Garcia, composed of 50–60 men and “a complement of slaves”. The slaves came from what are now Mozambique and Madagascar via Mauritius. Thus, the original Chagossian colony established since 1793 comprised a mixture of the indigenous Indian people and the Bantu and Austronesian peoples! In addition, from 1820–1840, the atoll of Diego Garcia in the Chagos became the staging post for slave ships trading between Sumatra, the Seychelles, and the French island of Bourbon, adding a population of Malay slaves into the Chagos gene pool. Other than the Indian people, none of the peoples who were settled in the Chagos, be they from Mozambique, Madagascar, Sumatra, the Seychelles, or the island of Bourbon can claim the status to be indigenous or aboriginals in The Chagos archipelago. The Chagos archipelago is historically part of the Lakshadvipa archipelago in India and is historically an inalienable part of India and thus the People of the Chagos archipelago are thus ipso facto citizens of the Republic of India and the Government of India should demand the return of the archipelago back to India. The Chagos archipelago has nothing to do whatsoever neither with Mauritius nor the Seychelles and islands are geographically, historically and culturally part of the Lakshadvipa archipelago in India. The façade about the sovereignty of Mauritius over the Chagos Archipelago was deliberately concocted in order to undermine and subvert the fact that the Chagos Archipelago is historically an inalienable part of India. The islands were called by their various names in Indian languages viz. Foalhavahi(ފޯޅަވަހި) and Feyhandheebu in Dhivehi, as Phehandweep (फेहंद्वीप) in Hindi and other northern Indian languages, and as Paeikaana Theevukal பேகான தீவுகள் in Tamil and were historically part of Indian kingdoms. It is inevitable that the sovereignty of the Chagos archipelago will be restored to India and the people of the Chagos archipelago whose ancestry substantially also goes back to the mainland part of India are, were and will be citizens of the Republic of India.