15 U.S. Code § 78a - Short title

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “This Act” meaning the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, act June 6, 1934, ch. 404. The act was divided into two titles as follows: “Title I—Regulation of Securities Exchanges” and “Title II—Amendments to Securities Act of 1933.” This section was section 1 of title I of the Act, which title, as amended, is set out as sections
78a to
78d–5,
78e to
78l,
78m,
78m–1,
78n to
78o,
78o–3,
78o–4,
78o–5 to
78o–7,
78o–10 to
78u–6,
78v to
78dd–1,
78ee to
78hh,
78mm, and
78pp of this title. Sections
78kk,
78ll,
78nn, and
78oo of this title, which were directed to be added at the end of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, have been treated in the Code as added to title I of the Act to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See Codification notes set out under those sections. Title II of the act amended or repealed sections
77b to
77e,
77j,
77k,
77m,
77o, and
77s, and added former sections
78ii and
78jj of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Pub. L. 107–204, title XI, § 1101,July 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 807, provided that: “This title [amending sections
77h–1,
78u–3, and
78ff of this title and sections
1512 and
1513 of Title
18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section
994 of Title
28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Corporate Fraud Accountability Act of 2002’.”

Pub. L. 107–123, § 1,Jan. 16, 2002, 115 Stat. 2390, provided that: “This Act [enacting chapter
48 of Title
5, Government Organization and Employees, amending sections
77f,
77ggg,
78d,
78m,
78n, and
78ee of this title, sections
3132 and
5373 of Title
5, and section
1833b of Title
12, Banks and Banking, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section
78ee of this title and section
4802 of Title
5] may be cited as the ‘Investor and Capital Markets Fee Relief Act’.”

Short Title of 1998 Amendments

Pub. L. 105–366, § 1,Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3302, provided that: “This Act [enacting section
78dd–3 of this title, amending sections
78dd–1,
78dd–2, and
78ff of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section
78dd–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Anti-Bribery and Fair Competition Act of 1998’.”

Pub. L. 104–290, title IV, § 401,Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3441, provided that: “This title [amending sections
77f,
78d,
78ee, and
78kk of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section
78ee of this title] may be cited as the ‘Securities and Exchange Commission Authorization Act of 1996’.”

Pub. L. 103–325, title II, § 201,Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2198, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 201–210) of title II of Pub. L. 103–325enacting section
1835 of Title
12, Banks and Banking, amending sections
77r–1,
78c,
78g,
78h, and
78k of this title and sections
24,
1464, and
1757 of Title
12, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section
78b of this title and section
3305 of Title
12] may be cited as the ‘Small Business Loan Securitization and Secondary Market Enhancement Act of 1994’.”

Short Title of 1993 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–202, § 1(a),Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2344, provided that: “This Act [enacting section
3130 of Title
31, Money and Finance, amending sections
78c,
78f,
78n,
78o,
78o–3,
78o–5,
78s, and
78w of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections
78f,
78n, and
78o–5 of this title, and section
3121 of Title
31] may be cited as the ‘Government Securities Act Amendments of 1993’.”

Pub. L. 103–202, title III, § 301,Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2359, provided that: “This title [amending sections
78f,
78n, and
78o–3 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections
78f and
78n of this title] may be cited as the ‘Limited Partnership Rollup Reform Act of 1993’.”

Pub. L. 101–550, title III, § 301,Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2721, provided that: “This title [amending section
78n of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section
78n of this title] may be cited as the ‘Shareholder Communications Improvement Act of 1990’.”

Pub. L. 101–432, § 1,Oct. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 963, provided that: “This Act [enacting section
1831l of Title
12, Banks and Banking, amending sections
78i,
78l,
78m,
78o–5,
78q,
78q–1, and
78y of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections
78b and
78q–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Market Reform Act of 1990’.”

Pub. L. 101–429, title V, § 501,Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 951, provided that: “This title [enacting section
78q–2 of this title, amending sections
77g,
78c,
78o,
78o–3, and
78cc of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections
78o and
78s of this title] may be cited as the ‘Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990’.”

Short Title of 1988 Amendments

Pub. L. 100–704, § 1,Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4677, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections
78t–1,
78u–1, and
80b–4a of this title, amending sections
78c,
78o,
78u,
78ff, and
78kk of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections
78b,
78o, and
78u–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988’.”

Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5001,Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1415, provided that: “This part [part I (§§ 5001–5003) of subtitle A of title I of Pub. L. 100–418, amending sections
78m,
78dd–1,
78dd–2, and
78ff of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section
78dd–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1988’.”

Pub. L. 99–571, § 1(a),Oct. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 3208, provided that: “This Act [enacting section
78o–5 of this title and section
9110 of Title
31, Money and Finance, amending sections
78c,
78o,
78o–3,
78q,
78w,
78y,
80a–9, and
80b–3 of this title and section
3121 of Title
31, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section
78o–5 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Government Securities Act of 1986’.”

Short Title of 1985 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–222, § 1,Dec. 28, 1985, 99 Stat. 1737, provided that: “This Act [amending section
78n of this title and enacting a provision set out as a note under section
78n of this title] may be cited as the ‘Shareholder Communications Act of 1985’.”

Short Title of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–376, § 1,Aug. 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 1264, provided that: “This Act [amending sections
78c,
78o,
78t,
78u, and
78ff of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section
78c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984’.”

Short Title of 1977 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–213, title I, § 101,Dec. 19, 1977, 91 Stat. 1494, provided that: “This title [enacting sections
78dd–1 and
78dd–2 of this title and amending sections
78m and
78ff of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977’.”

Pub. L. 104–290, § 3,Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3417, provided: “If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note above], an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.”

“(2) since enactment of that legislation, considerable evidence has been presented to Congress that a number of securities class action lawsuits have shifted from Federal to State courts;

“(3) this shift has prevented that Act from fully achieving its objectives;

“(4) State securities regulation is of continuing importance, together with Federal regulation of securities, to protect investors and promote strong financial markets; and

“(5) in order to prevent certain State private securities class action lawsuits alleging fraud from being used to frustrate the objectives of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, it is appropriate to enact national standards for securities class action lawsuits involving nationally traded securities, while preserving the appropriate enforcement powers of State securities regulators and not changing the current treatment of individual lawsuits.”