We included patient's age and gender, fracture location, fracture cause, presence of nail removal, post-operative period and comorbidity or associated disease as independent variables. Fracture location was either humeral neck or humeral shaft. Humeral neck fractures were defined as fractures above surgical neck of the humerus. Meanwhile, humeral shaft fractures were defined as fractures below surgical neck of the humerus and 5 cm above the olecarnon fossa. Humeral shaft fractures were separated into three groups: proximal third shaft fractures, middle third shaft fractures and distal third shaft fractures. Fracture causes included simple falls and traffic accidents.

postoperative time was at least 12 months subjects were operated between 2003 and 2006.

Exclusion Criteria:

subjects refusing to take the examinations

subjects lost to follow up

subjected with pre-existing shoulder problems.

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Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00772850