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d , t 31 -. «L. I j 1...1 1 I '-f./1 1 .I.-I . ----.-...... I :,F- 1·": • '. 1 , 4. :. I .....1. 1 ... ' r- 1 · ... r G.1 ,·2 1 1,11 1-16 1 4. 1 1 ' i 2. -- lit' .•-,I ll--.....#./....•'#.-/d'.*&•44 f..'... .. *t11 - .-- .......:-........4' .--.-49f*44 : -Fig:-·9. . -· . 1. ... -'.*I #. I ./ i . 1 r / 1-= I , -Ir.a . 44 - ..1 P"."9:0/1•9'44. Y 37 t.. 1 1 . 1 . 3 .. -: .2 , ... 9...... F..* b zi 1 1 :.*':. .... .-. .-' '-5--/16==.3.is:. - .. : L. I:.---.--r-, L 1 --Tifirio«.L i. file to clean blackened rail so it can be sol- Ungar makes a fine line of irons with the dered. Only the bottom and sides of the rail handle, heating element, and tip sepabase need to be shiny. 042 Flux. For electrical and p.c. work, use element as needed. The modern iron- only rosin fluxes. Never use chloride paste coated tips are great; they are permanently or acid types; they ruin your work shortly tinned and never need anything more than after you finish by etching away the thin a wipe on a moist sponge to shine them up copper foil beneath the rail. Get some liq- when hot. One pass with a file will ruin uid rosin flux at an electronics supply them, however, by removing the protective store. Ask for Ersin Liquid Soldering Flux plating and exposing the copper to the disno. 4370 or Kester no. 44 Liquid Flux. solving action of the solder. Yes, copper These fluxes can be thinned with Sherwin alloys with solder: that's what pits an unWilliams no. 3661 lacquer thinner or their plated tip. own thinners. You will need to thin the flux Almost all soldering irons run at a free after leaving your bottle open for a few temperature (waiting to be used) several hours while working. Since the bottle must hundred degrees too hot for good flux conbe left open (unless you have three hands), you will spill it, and your workbench will be sticky from that day on. Chisel a hole in a 2" x 2" piece of 84" pine to hold a 46- or 1/4- iron is far too hot. The smoke (which is va- trol. These high temperatures destroy the flux. As a temperature test on your iron, let it heat for 15 minutes and touch some rosin-flux solder to its tip. If the flux ounce bottle tightly. Make it deep, with a flashes away as smoke in a second or so, the low center of gravity to avoid tipping it over. Put some flux in this bottle and keep porized flux) should last 5 to 7 seconds. No your main supply tightly capped. If you more smoke means no flux left on the solclean the threads of the bottle and its cap den and removal of the iron will result in a with lacquer thinner before putting on the point of solder where the iron tip leaves. To cap, you will be able to get the cap off later. 042 cool the iron, put a 100- to 200-watt house- tip based upon the rail size and metal you try again. Change bulbs to adjust the temare using. For nickel silver code 70, a 36" chisel-tip pencil iron of 40 to 50 watts is hotter iron. The foil glue on some p.c. fine. For code 100 brass, a 14" tip is mini- boards, while perfectly adequate for modelmum. You do not need more wattage for work, will not stand the high temperatures bigger rail -just more copper in the tip. of most soldering irons. You can use the . 1 4 9 4------ 9 .-:!irrr-"-Z==.• .L L 141 a *../.* 3 i Fig. 13 66 .tkL 1---0-.,. Fig. 12 4 4 9 1.' .94 94 -11'tu- 11 1111-11•141 9 It - - 1,1, . . '1 •1 9 n n ,· · • ' -.--, 11.:-,-r- J -1-.1.,--7-1.'1•.:.!-ilL--1-1-,i ..* M.----3. · 01 l. it. /:.-- - : 4-7---.. ,1 2-•- - 1 Soldering iron. Choose a soldering iron hold light bulb in series with the iron and perature: a higher-wattage bulb gives a rately replaceable so you can change tip or ...-.t , h : cheaper, and easier to work with, epoxyphenolic p.c. board if you keep the iron cool. The snapping sound you may hear when soldering p.c. is the glue bond breaking. Wear safety glasses or an eye shield when you're soldering. A speck of molten solder on the lens of your eye would cause permanent eye damage. It's much worse than a speck ofdirt because it scars an area of the optical surface. PRACTICE Okay, now try soldering a piece of rail to a few ties. Clean the rail and p.c. ties and apply a little flux with a toothpick. Apply the iron so it touches the p.c. tie and rail base edge at the same time. Apply a little solder (362" or smaller rosin-core Kester no. 44, for example) at the junction of rail, p.c., and iron tip. Rocking the iron helps get the solder to "wet" both rail and p.c. and thus transfer the heat quickly. The iron must touch the rail, not just the p.c. because the p.c. is too thin to conduct enough heat to the rail to raise it to soldering temperature. The solder should flow quickly under the rail to the other side. Press the rail down with a tool and remove the iron now while the flux is still smoking. This flow proves the entire contact surface is soldered: fig. 6. If you solder from both sides of the rail there is no way to tell if it's a solid joint. If the solder does not flow quickly under the rail, then the rail or p.c. is not clean, the iron is too cold, the flux is gone, or the rail is not pressed down on the tie. Now that you see how the solder flows easily and quickly, try with any one of the conditions not met. Use an uncleaned p.c. tie, no flux, or blackened rail. Note that if any one of these conditions is not met the solder will not flow quickly. This test should convince you that when the solder won't behave, it's due to one of these troubles. SOLDERING TIPS Ifyour iron leaves a point of solder when you take it off a joint, it's caused by the flux'S being vaporized before you remove the iron. To get rid of it, add a bit of liquid flux to the point, touch it with the iron, and get off while it's still smoking. The hotter the iron is, the faster you have to get off. If you have a lump of solder to remove, you will need a natural-bristle brush about MODEL RAILROADER 1 . I ......'ll-/I.-4.*.*1. .. -----... -- -. . .· 1 1 ,i. - i .· : - --/4 ·. i.' I : ... 036...1 .1.1 1 I -1 -,-2 kil' .,... r --· :79: ·11 i ' . Q * 1 ..3. 1- '1 : - ..