Further, to define the mechanism of action that explains the differential ability of C57BL/6 Treg versus dnTGF-βRII Treg on the ability to down-regulate autoimmune cholangitis, we noted significant differential expression of glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), CD73, CD101 and CD103 and a functionally significant increase in interleukin (IL)-10 in Treg from C57BL/6 compared to dnTGF-βRII mice.

A gene region (Idd10) previously shown to influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse also influences an autoimmune disease involving a different tissue, the liver, which follows an infection with Novosphingobium aromaticivorans.

Further support is provided for the hypothesis that Cd101 is insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility region 10 (Idd10); haplotype and expression analyses of novel Idd10 congenic strains are coupled to the development of a CD101 knockout mouse.

Simultaneous detection of up to eight colors is enabled by careful selection and testing of cell-subset-defining monoclonal antibodies (anchor markers) in the appropriate fluorochrome combinations, in order to show the quantification of surface expression levels of molecules involved in chemotaxis (e.g., CX(3)CR1 and CCR2), adhesion (e.g., CD11b and CD62L), antigen presentation (e.g., CD83, CD86 and CD209) and immune regulation (e.g., CD101) on circulating APCs.