The trials are the first such in probiotics conducted since
2008 in villages of the eastern state of Odisha by a team of Indian and US
scientists.

'Probiotics' are supposedly useful bacteria which, when administered
in adequate amounts, can beneficially tune the body's immune system and offer protection from
diseases. The leading probiotics commercially available are generally drawn from
a narrow range of organisms that may not work for all diseases. The trick is to
find the right strains, and help them establish themselves in the gut.

For the Odisha baby trial, researchers led by Pinaki
Panigrahi at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in the US used a strain of
Lactobacillus plantarum they isolated from the stool collected from healthy
volunteers. The preventive therapy tested on the babies, called "synbiotic
treatment", is a combination of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus
plantarum) — which had earlier been found to have good gut-colonizing
properties in newborns — and "fructooligosaccharide", a
plant-derived sugar chosen to nourish the probiotic bacteria. The
"synbiotic cocktail" was given to the newborns two days after birth
for a week in addition to breast milk which is known to contain prebiotics as
well as other molecules that provide immunity to babies.

The team followed the infants by tracking whether or not
they were admitted to local hospitals for bacterial infections or other
illnesses over a 60-day period. Follow-up showed that the therapy reduced the
risk of sepsis or death by 40 percent in babies who took this concoction for a
week compared to those who were on placebo. It even reduced the risk of
pneumonia and other infections of the airways by 34 percent, says their report,
suggesting that the "synbiotic cocktail" may be altering the nature
of the systemic immune response, bolstering immunity against infections other
than those arising from the gut.

"Apart from saving babies from sepsis and respiratory tract infection, this type of intervention has much bigger and wider ramification," Panigrahi told Nature India. "The most relevant is its impact on stunting. Stunted children are destined to have low cognition and chronic disease such as hypertention and diabetes in young adulthood."

Early infections and continued exposure to a large bacterial load during the first two years of life results in tropical enteropathy in India and 40% of under-two are stunted, he said. "Early and continued therapy such as ours and other non-antibiotic modalities will help this population immensley," he said.

The affordable intervention — a week-long course costs just
one U.S. dollar — would also reduce the use of antibiotics, and slow the
spread of drug-resistant infections, the authors say. The team would now like
to test it in other parts of the world.

The Odisha trial had some limitations
however. It only included healthy full-term babies and not weaker or pre-term
babies, who are more prone to sepsis. Panigrahi says this needs to be tested in
different settings.