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March 10, 2020 — Living on an island forces one to be an innovator in ways large and small. For the 50 or so year-round residents of Isle au Haut, an island off the coast of Maine, innovation can look like using PVC pipe as a curtain rod because there are no real curtain rods at hand — or it can look like the future of the nation’s electrical grid.

The 6-mile-long by 2-mile-wide (10-kilometer-long by 3-kilometer-wide) island has been facing disruption of its electricity supply. So the islanders, as they do every day, got creative — and in the process integrated technology that’s been available for decades with emerging innovations to create what could be a renewable energy model for the rest of the U.S. and perhaps the world.

Half the Cost

Isle au Haut gets electricity via underwater cable from the mainland, about 7 miles (11 kilometers) away. But that cable, painstakingly installed along the ocean floor by a local lobsterman in 1983, has surpassed its estimated lifespan by almost double and could fail at any time.

Located off the rugged coast of Maine in the northeastern U.S., Isle au Haut faces unique challenges in providing electricity to year-round residents and summer visitors.

If the cable fails, the island can run its backup diesel generator, but that would triple the cost of electricity for residents, says Jim Wilson, the president of Isle au Haut Electric Power Company. “It would be an economic disaster,” he says.

What’s more, using the diesel generator as the island’s main electricity source would also require more maintenance and is not climate-friendly.

Five years ago, knowing the islanders were living on borrowed time, the electricity company board began researching options. Among them: creating a microgrid for the island, which would be independent from the mainland power utility company.

To go the microgrid route, they would have to be able to generate power on the island. For that, they considered microturbines, refrigerator-sized devices that burn fuel to generate electricity. They also looked at wind turbines and solar. A solar microgrid, says Wilson, penciled out at a fraction of the cost of all the other options, including replacing the cable.

So solar it was. With the support of islanders, the power company is getting ready to install a renewable microgrid energy system this summer, which includes a 300-kilowatt solar array of 900 panels.

Super Storage

Getting this project to the launch-point has been “an adventure,” Wilson says. When one tricky situation was solved, another one popped up.

Among the many challenges they faced was one everyone interested in converting to more renewable energy such as solar or wind has to tackle: storing intermittently produced energy for later use. One of the most common storage solutions are lithium-ion batteries, but they were not well suited for the island’s project for a number of reasons, including cost and anticipated lifetime.

After examining several other storage options, the power company settled on supercapacitors built by New York–based Kilowatt Labs, a power management company. Supercapacitors are electronic devices that store and release energy at a rapid rate without degrading the way typical batteries do, says Kilowatt Labs’ chairman, co-founder and managing director, Chip Seibert.

The island’s solar-powered electrical microgrid will have one megawatt-hour of storage in supercapacitors housed in two, 20-foot (6-meter) containers resembling trailers. Kilowatt Labs is also providing a power management system housed in a 10-foot (3-meter) container that channels the power to and from the microgrid.

Reducing Waste

With storage figured out, the island’s electricity company then faced the issue of a huge seasonal discrepancy in the amount of electricity needed. The island’s population increases from around 50 to between 250 and 300 people in the summer. To meet the electricity demand of the summer months, the island needs a larger energy system. In the non-summer months, this larger system produces more electricity than is used.

While the cable is still functioning, the island’s electricity company can sell that excess power to the utility company on the mainland. But once the cable fails, any electricity produced beyond what can be stored in the supercapacitors will be essentially wasted.

Jim Wilson, president of the Isle au Haut Electric Power Company, shows off the island’s new solar panels. Photo courtesy of Maine Public

The solution? Installing air-to-water heat pump heating systems in residential, municipal and commercial properties on the island to transform the excess electricity into hot water that can then be used to heat buildings, which are currently heated with a variety of sources ranging from wood to oil to kerosene.

No one expects that every property owner on the island will convert their heating systems to the heat pump/hot water tank system, says Molly Siegel, an on-island fellow of the Island Institute, a Maine-based nonprofit that advocates for and works with the state’s island and coastal communities. The systems, Siegel says, are expected to cost around US$9,000 installed, which is a steep outlay for most year-round islanders. But those who do can expect substantial savings in heating costs.

Accounting for the size of the building and how well it’s insulated, the heating pump/hot water system could cut a property owner’s heating costs by half, says Wilson. That puts the payback time on the upfront costs of the heat pump system between four and seven years.

The “Next, Next” Grid

How the microgrid is controlled is what makes Isle au Haut’s energy system the “next, next grid”: an algorithm-based computer program complemented by machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Created by Portland, Maine–based Introspective Systems, the software — which is also being considered for use in Europe and Africa — calculates the cost of electricity in real time so consumers can manage their energy choices.

“We’re doing optimal resource allocation,” explained Kay Aikin, Introspective Systems’ cofounder and CEO, during a webinar about the island’s project presented last summer to the Smart Electric Power Alliance, a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C.

That means, for example, the software figures out when it’s most cost-effective to heat a building using the air-to-water heat pump/hot water tank system or to use a building’s backup heat source, such as a kerosene-fueled monitor heater, then individual consumers, using a dashboard interface resembling a tablet computer, can select the option that makes the most sense for them. And they can do so knowing that their privacy is protected: The consumer’s energy management choices are not shared with the power company.

It’s pretty exciting stuff, Wilson says. “When this whole thing goes together, it’s going to be a very different system than we thought we would have when we started.”

Money Matters

How to pay for this new energy system and make it as affordable as possible for the electricity company and the islanders has been another nut to crack, says Nicholas Filler, the power company’s vice president.

The US$1.8 million project is being financed through a variety of sources including private investment, donations of materials, grants and loans. But the islanders will still feel quite a bite. The usage rate for electricity will remain the same at 32 cents a kilowatt-hour, Filler says, but each property owner will have to pay an assessment fee of up to US$6,800 to help cover the costs of the project. Property owners will be given the option of paying the assessment all at once or through a 20-year payment plan.

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Despite the additional costs to their household budgets, islanders have been supportive of the project, Wilson says. They recognize the need, for one thing, but also there are factors that take some of the sting out of the additional cost.

If property owners make the switch to the air-to-water heat pump/hot water storage system, the savings on their heating costs will soften the pinch of the increase to their electric bills, he says, And by going with solar panels and heat pumps, the island overall will greatly reduce its use of fossil fuels.

Catching Attention

The innovative project has caught the attention of a number of industry-related organizations, including Efficiency Maine, an independent administrator of energy efficiency programs. Ian Burnes, director of strategic initiatives for Efficiency Maine, says the organization has agreed to provide more than US$65,000 in grants to help support the project with the expectation that the data collected from the island will inform the organization’s future efforts.

“We are cautiously optimistic about this,” says Ian Burnes, Efficiency Maine’s director of strategic initiatives. While he is not sure this type of project is right for every community in the state, it could be a strong piece of the puzzle of how to integrate renewables into the electric system mix. “This has the potential of offering a lot of benefit.”

From Wilson’s perspective, there’s no doubt that what they’re doing on Isle au Haut has the potential to make a huge difference to communities on the mainland in Maine, and for the country as a whole.

“The implication is much, much broader than just for Isle au Haut,” he says. While it’s not a perfect solution, he acknowledges, it has “tremendous” applicability and “could be a very signification economic factor” for any place that heavily relies on fossil fuels.

Chip Seibert of Kilowatt Labs agrees. The energy industry tends to predict that solutions like Isle au Haut’s will only take shape in a decade or two, he says, leaving all of us, in the meantime, still reliant on fossil fuel-powered electricity generation.

“We have to have a plan that takes one baby step at time,” he says. “When you look at what the Isle au Haut is doing, that’s a really interesting baby step that actually is a pretty big leap in the scheme of things.”

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I really hope there is something I am missing here or something else we are not being told. 1 Megawatt hour is not enough storage for 250 people to function after the sun goes down... especially in the winter, which I assume is much longer this far north. To break it down... 1 MWh means that all total, they can only be using at most 1 MW of power for a time of 1 hour. Lets assume that the entire place is only functioning on non-solar for 4 hours daily. 1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) divided by 4 hours means now we only get to have a peak of 250 kW. Since there are 250 houses, each house only gets 1 kW. So, that means no stove or microwave while the TV, dryer, or anything else is on. The math doesn't add up. Please show me where I am wrong. (suspecting natural gas might be used to fill in all the gaps here...meaning the future of electricity means using fossil fuel instead).

Roberta MurphyMar. 10th, 2020

There are underwater turbines that could very easily supply the island. Check MIT.

Mark ParkerMar. 11th, 2020

Will, you're math is wrong mate. Population 71, household 42, so the numbers add up. The 250 - 300 mentioned included summer visitors and I imagine quite a few of those are staying at the campsite, so minimal electricity required for them. So no fossil fuels required. Hooray!!!!

To Will: I think what you missed is that the winter population is closer to 50 than 250. In the summer the island population climbs to about 250 (but that is a rough estimate since there is no summer census). What we do know with a lot of accuracy is the electrical load for every hour for the last ten years. It is measured by the meter on the cable. We also have very good solar records for every hour for more than a decade from the nearby Owl's Head airport in Rockland. These two data sets give us the ability to match the size of the solar array and the super capacitors to the needs of the island.

Geoff MarshallMar. 12th, 2020

It should only cost $400,000 for battery storage and should only cost $600,000 for 300 kW of panels where is the other $800,000 going?

Rick CoughlinMar. 13th, 2020

This seems like a wise project to become energy independent. Solar panels are a smart choice as they require little or no maintenance unlike wind power or microturbines. Just a few suggestions. Mount the solar panels high enough off the ground so in winter there's room for the snow falling off all the panels to pile up underneath and not block the lower panels. Also I'd suggest as long as the undersea cable survives to sell power back to the utility company and collect data on the performance of the solar system before people invest in costly heat pump systems. One last suggestion, I have a solar system that generates surplus power. I researched air-to-water heat pump systems for domestic hot water. They were expensive, not very reliable and repairs were costly so I did not install one. I have a house on an island in Maine with a split system air-to-air heat pump that's never failed in 25 years. These are another choice for using excess power for heating in winter. Good luck with this project!

AlexMar. 18th, 2020

Very interesting project, but with an average wind speed of almost 8m/s, the cost of electricity would go down signficantly if wind would be added to the generation mix. XANT and EOCYCLE build performant, reliable turbines that are perfectly suited to install on such isolated locations. See also: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wind-and-solar-are-better-together/

Kay AikinMar. 20th, 2020

I am the CEO of the systems optimization and controls company. I will put all of my comments in one spot.

Wind was looked at, and it did make the system better but was rejected because of view concerns and complications with Acadia National Park.

Comment about Floating wind turbines They are about 1000 times to big for this application.

We will be selling power back to the mainland as long as the cable lasts. However the system was designed for operation without it because we expect that to happen in the near future. We couldn't afford both the cable and the solar long term.

Today air to water are very reliable. Actually there are three technologies being deployed. Two storage type heat pumps and typical air to air.

MichaelMar. 22nd, 2020

Keep the wind turbines at least 2 miles from any occupied residence. Infrasound and low frequency noise have been proven to harm people. WHO has some great information on setbacks.

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