Many authors, publishers, and readers of underground papers understood these periodicals as alternatives to what they considered mainstream news sources (what they eventually came to call the “aboveground press”: network television news, daily newspapers, national magazines). The dailies covered the war in Vietnam, racism, and

By most accounts, the first-generation of underground papers were overwhelmingly misogynistic. These papers began publication between 1964 and 1967, just before the second-wave of feminism had fully taken hold. Even though most papers were socially progressive with regard to the war in Vietnam