Australia s Trade in Services with Singapore

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1 - 1 - Australia s Trade in Services with Singapore Singapore was Australia s fourth largest two-way trade in services partner in 212. Australia s two-way trade in services with Singapore was valued at $7.5 billion and accounted for one quarter of Australia s total trade in goods and services with Singapore. Two-way trade in services has grown by an average 8.4 per cent per annum over the past 2 years, above the average for Australia s total services trade with the world of 6. per cent per annum. Singapore was Australia s fifth largest services exports market (second largest market in Asia after China) in 212 and Australia s third largest source of services imports (largest source from Asia). Long terms trends in Australia s services trade with Singapore Australia s exports of services to Singapore increased on average 7.5 per cent per annum over the past 2 years to be valued at $3.2 billion in 212 (Chart 1), compared to growth of 6. per cent per annum for Australia s total services exports to the world. of services grew strongly from 1992 to 28, with exports growing from $657 million in 1992 to a peak of $3.8 billion in 28, with growth averaging 9.6 per cent per annum. The Singapore Australian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) came into force during this period (July 23), which provided enhanced access to Singapore services markets for Australian companies, particularly for financial, legal and other business services. declined rapidly in 29 (down 23.4 per cent) and again in 21 (down a further 11.4 per cent) to $2.6 billion due to the impact of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), with Singapore s real GDP declining by.8 per cent in 29, well below its 2 yearly average growth rate of 6.2 per cent (Chart 2). The fall in exports was mainly due to large falls in Transport services. Service exports to Singapore have partly recovered with rises in 211 and 212 to $3.2 billion, though they are still below their pre-gfc peak. $ billion Based on ABS catalogue Chart 1: Australia s trade in services with Singapore Singapore Australia free trade agreement enters into force Global Financial Crisis $ billion 5. Australia s imports of services from Singapore increased on average 9.1 per cent per annum over the past 2 years to be valued at $4.3 billion in 212. As with exports, imports of services grew strongly from 1992 to 28 growing from $866 million to $4.9 billion in 28, an average annual increase of 11.2 per cent. The impact of the GFC had a significant impact on imports, with services falling 28.8 per cent to $3.5 billion in 29. However imports of services started recovering earlier than exports, with imports growing in all years since 29 to $4.3 billion, though this is still below their pre-gfc peak

3 Major services sectors - Overview Australia s services export profile with Singapore is dominated by Business services 1, which accounted for 42.9 per cent of total services exports in 212. Travel services accounted for 34.1 per cent and Transport services accounted for 2.2 per cent. The remaining services trade (mainly Personal, cultural & recreational services, Government services and Maintenance & repair services) accounted for 2.8 per cent of services exports to Singapore. Australia s services profile with Singapore has changed considerably since the entry into force of SAFTA in 23, when Travel services and Transport services were the dominant exports (accounting for 38.9 per cent and 37.3 per cent of total services exports respectively) and Business services accounted for only 2.4 per cent (Chart 3). Australia s services imports profile with Singapore is dominated by Transport services, which accounted for 62.5 per cent of total services imports in 212 (down from 78.9 per cent in 22). Business services accounted for 16.4 per cent (up from 5.8 per cent in 22), Travel services accounted for 16.2 per cent and Personal, cultural and recreational services accounted for 1. per cent. The remaining services trade (mainly Government and Maintenance & repair services) accounted for 3.8 per cent of services imports. Transport services Australia s exports of Transport services to Singapore decreased on average 2.8 per cent per annum over the past 1 years (Chart 4). However, exports of these services grew strongly between 22 and 28, up 14.2 per cent per annum to 28 to be valued at $1.8 billion. fell sharply during the GFC to $61 million in 21. Since then exports of these services have slowly started to recover to be valued at $64 million in 212, but are still well below their pre-gfc peak. Chart 4: Australia trade in transport services with Singapore $b Based on ABS catalogue Chart 5: International passengers carried on Singapore carriers 's 1,8 1,5 1, Australian resident passengers (imports) Non-resident passengers Source: DIAC overseas arrivals and departure statistics. The major component of Transport services exports to Singapore was Other transport services, which includes services that are auxiliary to transport such as baggage handling, navigation charges, cargo handling services and port and air traffic control. of Other Transport services to Singapore grew by 29.8 per cent between 22 and 212, from $255 million to $331 million and accounted for just over half of total Transport services in 212. Passenger services exports to Singapore accounted for 27.2 per cent of total Transport services in 212. of Passenger services have declined significantly over the past 1 years from $538 million in 22 to just $174 million in 212, with most of this fall happening between 29 and 212. Postal and courier services accounted for 19.8 per cent of total Transport services exports to Singapore and were valued at $127 million in 212. These services have grown by per cent from $44 million in 22. Freight services exports to Singapore accounted for the remaining share of Transport services in 212. Freight services exports have declined over the past 1 years from $25 million in 22 to just $9 million in Business services includes: Construction services; Financial & insurance services; Charges for the use of intellectual property nie; Telecommunication, computer & information services; and Other business services.

4 - 4 - Australia s imports of Transport services from Singapore (Chart 4) rose 4.2 per cent per annum on average over the past 1 years. of these services were valued at $2.7 billion in 212 and accounted for 62.5 per cent of Australia s total imports of services. Like exports, imports of Transport services grew strongly between 22 and 28, growing on average by 15.3 per cent per annum to a record $3.7 billion, before falling in 29 and 21 to $2.3 billion during the GFC. have since rebounded strongly in 211 and 212 but still remain under the pre-gfc peak. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) does not publish a full breakdown of Transport services imports from Singapore, however Passenger services and Freight services would be the major components (combined valued at $2.7 billion, or 98.7 per cent of total Transport services). The Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) overseas arrivals and departure statistics can provide more information on the trends in Australia s Passenger services imports from Singapore, however there is no alternative source of data available to analyse Freight services imports. Before analysing the DIAC data it is necessary to understand what the ABS defines as an import of Passenger services in Australia s Balance of Payments statistics. are defined as Australian residents flying internationally on Singapore carriers (planes and vessels) to and from Australia (e.g. an Australian flying on Singapore Airlines from the United States to Australia) while non-residents flying internationally on Singapore carriers are not an Australian import (rest of the world transaction). Chart 5 shows the number of travellers flying on Singapore carriers between Australia and the rest of the world between 22 and 212. In 22, 879,814 Australians travelled on Singapore carriers, i.e. imports of passenger services. By 212 the number of Australian travellers on Singapore carriers had increased to 1.7 million (average annual growth of 7.4 per cent). The strong increase in Australians travelling on Singapore carriers would indicate a rise in Passenger services imports over the period. The boom in Australians travelling internationally over this period can be attributed to a number of factors, including the strength of the Australian economy and the strong Australian dollar, which has made overseas trips increasingly more affordable 2. The ABS does publish data for Postal and courier services and Other transport services which, combined, accounted for just 1.3 per cent of total Transport services imports from Singapore valued at $2 million and $33 million respectively in 212. These services have remained fairly constant over the past 1 years. Travel services Australia s exports of Travel services to Singapore were valued at $1.1 billion in 212 and have increased on average 2.9 per cent per annum over the past 1 years (Chart 6). Travel services exports accounted for 34.1 per cent of total services exports to Singapore in 212. Over this period the number of short-term visitor arrivals from Singapore increased from 286,9 in 22 to 343,6 in 212 (Chart 7). Chart 6: Australia's trade in travel services with Singapore Chart 7: Short-term Singapore visitors and Australian resident departures 1,2 1, 8 6 's Based on ABS catalogue Based on ABS catalogue Singapore visitor arrivals in Australia Australian resident departures to Singapore 2 The cost of international holiday travel and accommodation component of the ABS Consumer Price Index (CPI) has risen at around a quarter of the rate (7. per cent) of the rise in the overall CPI (31.4 per cent) over the period Dec 22 to Dec 212 (ABS catalogue 641.).

5 - 5 - Australia s Travel services exports to Singapore in 212 comprised Business travel services valued at $277 million, Education-related travel services valued at $283 million and Other personal travel services (mainly recreational travel) valued at $522 million. Business travel has increased per cent since 22, while Education-related travel and Other personal travel have both fallen, by 2.4 and.6 per cent respectively. The fall in Education-related travel services exports is mainly due to a fall in higher education enrolments, from 12,32 in 22 to 9,81 in 212. The fall in these enrolments can be partly attributed to the growth in the number of Australian universities setting up offshore campuses to provide higher education services directly to Singapore residents, with just under 2, Singapore-born students studying in Australian offshore campuses in Australia s imports of Travel services from Singapore increased by an average of 4.2 per cent per annum over the past 1 years to be valued at $74 million in 212 (Chart 6). Travel services imports accounted for 16.2 per cent of Australia s imports of services from Singapore. Over this period the number of short-term Australian resident departures to Singapore increased from 148,9 to 36,5 in 212 (Chart 7). The ABS data only includes Australian s travelling to Singapore as their final destination. According to Singapore tourism statistics this number is much larger when including Australians who stay in Singapore for a few days on route to another country, with a total of 956,39 visitors coming from Australia in 211 (212 data is not yet available) up from 538,48 in 22. Australia s Travel services imports from Singapore in 212 comprised Business travel services valued at $192 million, Education-related travel services valued at $34 million and Other personal travel services (mainly recreational travel) valued at $479 million. All categories recorded growth since 22, with Business travel up 66.9 per cent, Education-related travel up 3.8 per cent and Other personal travel services up 17.6 per cent. Business services 4 In 212, Singapore was both Australia s largest market and source of Business services in Asia. Australia s exports of Business services to Singapore was valued at $1.4 billion in 212 (Chart 8) and accounted for 42.9 per cent of total services exports to Singapore, more than double the share of 2.4 per cent in 22. of Business services rose by an average of 12.8 per cent per annum over the past 1 years. of Business services from Singapore were valued at $713 million and accounted for 16.4 per cent of total service imports from Singapore in 212. of Business services have increased by an average of 15.9 per cent per annum over the past 1 years. Within Business services the major services were: Chart 8: Australia s trade in business services with Singapore 1,6 1, Chart 9: Australia s trade in financial & insurance services with Singapore Based on ABS catalogue Financial and Insurance services of Financial and Insurance services to Singapore increased by an average of 24.5 per cent per annum over the past 1 years to be valued at $79 million in 212. Chart 9 shows that these services rose strongly from 22 to 29, up from $12 million to $123 million, before falling 35.8 per cent between 21 and 212. Financial services were valued at $73 million in 212 and Insurance services were valued at $6 million. of Financial 3 Source: Australian Education International research snapshot Transnational education in the higher education sector, August Business services includes: Construction services; Financial & insurance services; Charges for the use of intellectual property nie; Telecommunication, computer & information services; and Other business services.

6 - 6 - and Insurance services from Singapore have grown at a slower pace than exports, up from $22 million to $38 million in 212, with Financial services valued at $31 million and Insurance services valued at $7 million. Exporting Financial and Insurance services is not the dominant means by which Australia provides these services to Singapore. A one-off survey by the ABS found that 87.3 per cent of these services were provided by Australia s foreign financial and insurance affiliates abroad in 29-1 (refer to the section below on Australia s foreign affiliates services trade with Singapore for more information). Charges for the use of intellectual property (or royalties) Australia s exports of Intellectual property to Singapore have grown by an average 29.7 per cent per annum from $6 million in 22 to $67 million in 212 (Chart 1). Australia s imports of Intellectual property from Singapore have grown by an average of 25.2 per cent per annum over the past 1 years from $5 million in 22 to $49 million in 212. Telecommunication, computer & information services Australia s exports of Telecommunication, computer & information services to Singapore were valued at $97 million in both 22 and 212 (Chart 11). However, Telecommunication services have fallen from $87 million in 22 to just $5 million in 22 (mainly due to a fall in Telephone services). Computer & information services however increased from $9 million in 22 to $93 million in 212. The major export within Computer & information services was exports of Hardware & software consultancy services. Chart 1: Australia s trade in intellectual property with Singapore Chart 11: Australia s trade in telecommunication, computer & information services with Singapore Based on ABS catalogue Australia s imports of Telecommunication, computer & information services from Singapore have risen by an average 6. per cent over the past 1 years from $32 million in 22 to $64 million in 212. As with exports, imports of Telecommunication services have fallen from $22 million in 22 to just $9 million in 212 (mainly due to a fall in Telephone services). Computer & information services imports however increased from $1 million in 22 to $55 million in 212. The major import within Computer & information services was imports of Hardware & software consultancy services valued at $34 million in 212. Research & development services Australia exported around $2 million 5 worth of Research & development services to Singapore (Chart 12) while imports were valued at just $3 million. of these services have grown from $7 million in 22. Professional & management consulting services Australia s exports of Professional services to Singapore have grown by an average of 14.6 per cent per annum over the past 1 years (Chart 13). Growth was recorded between 22 and 28 with exports increasing from $128 million to $459 million. During the GFC, exports fell back to $331 million in 21, before recovering to $458 million in 212. The major Professional services exports to Singapore in 212 were Management fees valued 5 of Research & development services to Singapore in 212 were not published by the ABS however Australia exported around $2 million per year in these services over the period 28 to 211.

7 - 7 - at $214 million, Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping & tax consulting services valued at $53 million, Other professional services valued at $41 million and Legal services valued at $31 million. Chart 12: Australia s trade in research & development services with Singapore Chart 13: Australia s trade in professional services with Singapore ('np' for 212) Based on ABS catalogue (unpublished data). np not published by ABS of Professional services from Singapore have grown on average by 14.5 per cent per annum over the past 1 years from $49 million in 22 to $297 million in 212. The major Professional services imports from Singapore in 212 were Management fees valued at $217 million, and Other professional services valued at $17 million. The strong growth in both exports and imports of Management fees over the period has been driven by the increase in the two-way direct investment relationship between Australian and Singapore which has risen from levels of investment of just $6. billion in 22 to $34.7 billion in 212. Technical, trade-related & other business services Australia s exports of Technical & other business services to Singapore (Chart 14) have increased from $219 million in 22 to over $6 million in The ABS does not publish any further breakdown of this component for recent years. In the past years the major components were Trade-related commission services, On-site processing services and Engineering services. Chart 14: Australia s trade in technical & other business services with Singapore Chart 15: Australia s trade in personal, cultural & recreation services with Singapore ('np' for 212) Based on ABS catalogue (unpublished data). np not published by ABS. 6 of Technical & other business services were not published by the ABS in 212. The value of the not published items for the Other business services category was around $662 million in 212 and included Research & development services and Technical & other business services. In recent years Research & development services were valued at around $2 million and Technical & other business services between $45 million to $65 million. This indicates that exports for this item were most likely in the order of $6+ million for 212.

8 - 8 - of Technical & other business services from Singapore have increased from $32 million in 22 to $262 million in 212, an average growth rate of 27.4 per cent per annum. The largest component was Engineering services valued at $129 million in 212, up from just $1 million in 22. Personal, cultural & recreation services of Personal, cultural & recreation services to Singapore (Chart 15) was valued at $73 million in 212, and have been increasing at an average of 4.7 per cent per annum since 22. Film, TV & related royalties were valued at $5 million in 212 while Other personal, cultural & recreation services (mainly Education services provided through educational institutions) were valued at $68 million. of Personal, cultural & recreation services from Singapore were valued at $45 million in 212, up from $28 million in 22. Film TV & related royalties were valued at $29 million in 212 (mainly TV royalties). Other major imports of Personal, cultural & recreation services from Singapore included Education services provided through educational institutions valued at $15 million. Foreign affiliates trade in services with Singapore The World Trade Organization (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) identifies four modes of supply (including trade in services by foreign affiliates) for determining a country s delivery of services to the world to facilitate classification and analysis of barriers to services trade. The modes of supply framework was developed as barriers to services trade typically arise as regulatory barriers within the host economy and not as traditional tariff barriers as for merchandise goods. The four modes of service supply are defined as: Mode 1 Cross border supply occurs when a service is delivered from a supplier in their country of residence to a consumer in another country, without either supplier or consumer moving into the country of the other. Mode 2 Consumption abroad occurs when consumers resident in their country move outside their home territory and consume services in another country, such as tourist activities. Mode 3 Commercial presence (i.e. foreign affiliates trade) occurs when a commercial presence abroad is established as a result of direct investment in the host country (i.e. a foreign affiliate is established) to supply services to consumers in their country of residence (i.e. local sales and purchases only) 7. For example if an Australian university sets up an offshore campus in Singapore to provide education services to Singapore residents, or an Australian bank sets up a branch office in Singapore to provide financial services. Mode 4 Presence of natural persons occurs when an individual has moved into the territory of the consumer to provide a service without becoming a resident of that country 8. GATS Modes 1, 2 and 4 are recorded as exports and imports in Australia s balance of payments and national accounts statistics. Mode 3, however is not currently measured by the ABS. Available information about this mode of supply indicates it has a key role in Australia s international provision and purchases of services. Outwards foreign affiliates trade A one-off study of Australia s outward foreign affiliates trade conducted by the ABS estimated that in 22-3, 64.6 per cent of Australia s services provided abroad were delivered by commercial presence or GATS Mode 3 9. The study found that Australia s proportion of services provided by its affiliates (Mode 3) to Singapore was valued at $2.5 billion and accounted for 53.1 per cent of all Australian services provided to Singapore in Commercial presence was the dominant means of supply for the sale of Australian services to Singapore. Though the ABS has not updated its 22-3 study on Australia s outward foreign affiliates trade, the latest ABS data on Australian investment in Singapore shows that this activity is still extremely significant, with the stock of Australian direct investment in Singapore abroad valued at $1.8 billion at the end of December 212, up from $2.3 billion in and imports of Australian foreign affiliates to another country are not included as they would be picked up in the trade account of that country s balance of payments statistics. 8 Mode 4 should include wages and salaries of employees of Australian businesses who provide the service abroad. However, wages and salaries of employees are not included in services trade in balance of payments statistics but are recorded in the income account of the balance of payments under the item compensation of employees. 9 ABS catalogue 5495., Australia s Outwards Foreign Affiliates Trade, 22-3 and DFAT s Trade in Services, Australia, 23-4 feature article Australia s Outwards Foreign Affiliates Trade, 22-3.

9 - 9 - Two more recent studies show that the level of Australian foreign affiliate activity with Singapore can vary significantly between service sectors. Legal services The latest study on Australia s legal services markets conducted by the International Legal Services Advisory Council (ILSAC) for found that Australia s provision of legal services to Singapore was valued at $41. million in 28-9 (Table A). Services exported directly from Australia (Mode 1 cross border supply) accounted for 39.8 per cent ($16.3 million) of the total provision of Legal services to Singapore, while 32.9 per cent ($13.5 million) were provided by Australians temporarily travelling to Singapore to provide legal services (Mode 4 - presence of natural persons). The provision of legal services to Singapore persons in Australia (Mode 2 consumption abroad) accounted for 7.3 per cent ($3. million). Legal services provided to Singapore via an Australian foreign affiliate based in Singapore (Mode 3 or commercial presence) was valued at $8.2 million in 28-9 and accounted for only 2. per cent of the total provision of Legal services to Singapore in For more information on the ILSAC survey please refer to their website. Table A: Australia's total export income for legal services from Singapore GATS modes of supply Total Year Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode (a)(b) (a)(b) (a) For 24-5 & 26-7 Mode 1 also includes Mode 2. (b) For 24-5 & 26-7 Mode 1 also includes some legal services provided by Australian resident legal practice to an Australian company (with the work originating from an overseas based project). These transactions are not exports in ABS trade in services statistics. Source: ILSAC Survey of Australian Export Market for Legal Services. Financial and Insurance services The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) commissioned the ABS to conduct a new survey of outward foreign affiliates trade in services for the reference period The survey covered the finance and insurance sector only, having been identified in the previous survey as one of the key sectors for Australia s outwards foreign affiliates trade in services. The survey found that Australia s 57 finance and insurance affiliates located in Singapore had total sales of Financial and insurance services valued at $1. billion 11, of which GATS Mode 3 commercial presence (or local sales in Singapore) were valued at $658 million and sales to third party countries were valued at $377 million. The survey found that commercial presence was critical in the provision of Australian Financial and insurance services in Singapore with 87.3 per cent of all these services provided to Singapore being delivered by Australian foreign affiliates, comprising $356 million in sales of Financial services and $32 million in Insurance services. For more information on this survey please refer to DFAT s article Australia s Outward Finance and Insurance Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services Inwards foreign affiliates trade No recent studies have been conducted for Australian inward foreign affiliates trade from Singapore. However given the significant value of Singapore direct investment in Australia, valued at $23.8 billion at the end of 1 International Legal Services Advisory Council - Survey of Australian Export Market for Legal Services, Includes explicit financial fees only. The ABS did not calculate a regional split of implicit financial services.

10 - 1 - December 212, inwards foreign affiliates trade would also be significant for the provision of Singapore services to Australia. Conclusion Singapore is Australia s fourth most important trade in services partner (and second largest in Asia after China). Two-way trade in services grew steadily from $1.5 billion in 1992 to $8.7 billion in 28. Trade declined during the GFC, but has since recovered to $7.5 billion in 212 (up 22.7 per cent from its low in 21 of $6.1 billion). Australia s services exports profile has evolved over this period, with Business services now accounting for over 4 per cent of Australia s total services exports to Singapore. In terms of imports, Transport services remained the most important sector. The full extent of Australia s trade in services relationship with Singapore is currently not measured in official ABS trade in services statistics. Studies have found that services delivered by Australian affiliates in Singapore and Singapore affiliates in Australia are a key mode for the provision and purchases of services between Australia and Singapore. Author: Frank Bingham Trade Advocacy and Statistics Section Resources, Competitiveness & Trade Analysis Branch Published July 213

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