Algiers is built on the slopes of the Sahel Hills, which parallel the Mediterranean Sea coast, and it extends for some 10 miles (16 km) along the Bay of Algiers. The city faces east and north and forms a large amphitheatre of dazzling white buildings that dominate the harbour and the bay. The city takes its name (Arabic: “The Islands”) from several small islands that formerly......

...genera of brown algae that grow as large coastal seaweeds in colder seas. Until early in the 19th century, the ash of such seaweeds was an important source of potash and iodine. Many kelps produce algin, a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) useful in various industrial processes, including tire manufacture. Algin is added to ice cream before freezing to prevent ice crystallization and is......

The cell walls of many seaweeds contain phycocolloids (algal colloids) that can be extracted by hot water. The three major phycocolloids are alginates, agars, and carrageenans. Alginates are extracted primarily from brown seaweeds, and agar and carrageenan are extracted from red seaweeds. These phycocolloids are polymers of chemically modified sugar molecules, such as galactose in agars and......

...blackened and wind-scoured, with magnificent buttes, mesas, and other isolated mountain remnants rising high above the flat landscape. Stretches of shifting sands known as ergs—the extensive Algodones Dunes of the Colorado-Yuma desert are a notable example—are found at lower elevations, with the shallow troughs of arroyos carrying intermittent streams from surrounding uplands to be......

a copper arsenide mineral (formulated Cu3As) that is often intergrown with algodonite, another copper arsenide. Both are classified among the sulfide minerals, although they contain no sulfur. They occur in Chile, in Keweenaw County, Mich., and in other localities. Domeykite crystallizes in the isometric system. For detailed physical properties, see sulfide mineral (table)....

computer programming language designed by an international committee of the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), led by Alan J. Perlis of Carnegie Mellon University, during 1958–60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing computations. Like LISP, ALGOL had recursive subprograms—procedures that could invoke themselves to solve a p...

prototype of a class of variable stars called eclipsing binaries, the second brightest star in the northern constellation Perseus. Its apparent visual magnitude changes over the range of 2.1 to 3.4 with a period of 2.87 days. Even at its dimmest it remains readily visible to the unaided eye. The name pro...

...Backus Normal, or Backus-Naur, Form for defining the syntax of a programmable language was developed by Backus (1959) and later Peter Naur, both of whom in 1960 contributed to the development of ALGOL 60, an international scientific programming language....

the study of algae, a large heterogeneous group of chiefly aquatic plants ranging in size from microscopic forms to species as large as shrubs or trees. The discipline is of immediate interest to humans because of algae’s importance in ecology. Certain algae, especially planktonic (i.e., floating or drifting) forms, constitute a vital segment of food chains. In coastal regions m...

...among the majestic Rocky Mountains. From Winnipeg a railway passes through rugged lake and forest country to reach the ocean port of Churchill on Hudson Bay. Ontario’s two northern lines are the Algoma Central, which runs from Sault Ste. Marie through the Agawa Canyon, resplendent with hardwoods in the fall, and the Northland, which cuts through the mineral-rich Canadian Shield to Moosonee,......

A second kind of BIF, known as an Algoma type, formed over a much wider time range than the Lake Superior type (from 3.8 billion to a few hundred million years ago). Algoma-type BIFs are also finely layered intercalations of silica and an iron mineral, generally hematite or magnetite, but the individual layers lack the lateral continuity of Lake Superior-type BIFs. Algoma-type BIFs are found......

A second kind of BIF, known as an Algoma type, formed over a much wider time range than the Lake Superior type (from 3.8 billion to a few hundred million years ago). Algoma-type BIFs are also finely layered intercalations of silica and an iron mineral, generally hematite or magnetite, but the individual layers lack the lateral continuity of Lake Superior-type BIFs. Algoma-type BIFs are found......

North American Indian tribe of closely related Algonquian-speaking bands originally living in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The tribe should be differentiated from the Algonquian language family, as the latter term refers to a much larger entity composed of at least 24 tribes of ...

North American Indian language family whose member languages are or were spoken in Canada, New England, the Atlantic coastal region southward to North Carolina, and the Great Lakes region and surrounding areas westward to the Rocky Mountains. Among the numerous Algonquian languages are Cree, Ojibwa, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Mi’kmaq (Micmac), Arapaho, and Fox-Sauk-Kickapoo. The term Algonquin (often sp...

North American Indian tribe of closely related Algonquian-speaking bands originally living in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The tribe should be differentiated from the Algonquian language family, as the latter term refers to a much larger entity composed of at least 24 tribes of ...

North American Indian tribe of closely related Algonquian-speaking bands originally living in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The tribe should be differentiated from the Algonquian language family, as the latter term refers to a much larger entity composed of at least 24 tribes of ...

North American Indian language family whose member languages are or were spoken in Canada, New England, the Atlantic coastal region southward to North Carolina, and the Great Lakes region and surrounding areas westward to the Rocky Mountains. Among the numerous Algonquian languages are Cree, Ojibwa, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Mi’kmaq (Micmac), Arapaho, and Fox-Sauk-Kickapoo. The term Algonquin (often sp...

North American Indian tribe of closely related Algonquian-speaking bands originally living in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The tribe should be differentiated from the Algonquian language family, as the latter term refers to a much larger entity composed of at least 24 tribes of ...

large glacial lake that once existed in North America and covered most of the area now occupied by three Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, and Huron). Lake Algonquin was present in the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), a geologic glacial period when the ...

...and surrounding areas westward to the Rocky Mountains. Among the numerous Algonquian languages are Cree, Ojibwa, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Mi’kmaq (Micmac), Arapaho, and Fox-Sauk-Kickapoo. The term Algonquin (often spelled this way to differentiate it from the family) refers to a dialect of Ojibwa. Algonquian languages have been classified by some scholars as belonging to a larger language......

wilderness area, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies about 140 miles (225 km) northeast of Toronto and covers an area of 2,955 square miles (7,653 square km). Established in 1893, the park, once a lumbering area, is a hilly wildlife refuge for bears, beaver, deer, moose, and smaller game. It straddles the drainage divide between the Ottawa River and Georgian Bay, and its numerous lakes and stre...

informal group of American literary men and women who met daily for lunch on weekdays at a large round table in the Algonquin Hotel in New York City during the 1920s and ’30s. The Algonquin Round Table began meeting in 1919, and within a few years its participants included many of the best-known writers, journalists, and artists in New York City. Among them were Dorothy Parker, Alexander Woollcott...

...in the West. Particularly important were Euclid’s Elements, the works of Archimedes, and al-Khwārizmī’s treatises on arithmetic and algebra. Western texts called algorismus (a Latin form of the name al-Khwārizmī) introduced the Hindu-Arabic numerals and applied them in calculations. Thus, modern numerals first came into use in universities......

systematic procedure that produces—in a finite number of steps—the answer to a question or the solution of a problem. The name derives from the Latin translation, Algoritmi de numero Indorum, of the 9th-century Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi’s arithmetic treatise “Al-Khwarizmi Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning.”...

In the 1960s the American mathematician Gregory Chaitin, the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov, and the American engineer Raymond Solomonoff began to formulate and publish an objective measure of the intrinsic complexity of a message. Chaitin, a research scientist at IBM, developed the largest body of work and polished the ideas into a formal theory known as algorithmic information theory......

computer programming language designed by an international committee of the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), led by Alan J. Perlis of Carnegie Mellon University, during 1958–60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing computations. Like LISP, ALGOL had recursive subprograms—procedures that could invoke themselves to solve a p...

Basic computer-science discipline that aids in the development of effective programs. Analysis of algorithms provides proof of the correctness of algorithms, allows for the accurate prediction of program performance, and can be used as a measure of computational complexity. See also Donald Knuth....

In addition to proof theory and model theory, a third main area of contemporary logic is the theory of recursive functions and computability. Much of the specialized work belongs as much to computer science as to logic. The origins of recursion theory nevertheless lie squarely in logic....

...Mūsā al-Khwārizmī. Working in the House of Wisdom, he introduced Indian material in his astronomical works and also wrote an early book explaining Hindu arithmetic, the Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation. In another work, the Book of Restoring and Balancing, he provided a systematic introduction to algebra,......

writer whose novels of the poor are lifted from routine naturalism by his vision of their pride, humour, and unquenchable yearnings. He also catches with poetic skill the mood of the city’s underside: its jukebox pounding, stench, and neon glare....

...named after famous matadors. The spectacle begins with a trumpeter blowing a fanfare and the opening of a large gate at one end of the arena. One or two mounted bailiffs (alguaciles) in 16th-century costume (sometimes cowboy costume in Mexico) with plumed hats ride across the ring to the box of the president (often a local dignitary) and doff their hats.......

...and unconventional syntax in their free-verse forms. He helped to found the literary magazine A revista (“Review”) in 1925. The first of his numerous collections of poetry, Alguma poesia (1930; “Some Poetry”), demonstrates both his affinity with the Modernist movement and his own strong poetic personality....

...Works of Garcilaso de la Vega”), which praised the Italianate innovations of the poet Garcilaso de la Vega and several other poets of Sevilla. In his own poetry, published as Algunas obras de Fernando de Herrera (1582; “Some Works of Fernando de Herrera”), he elaborated on the style of Garcilaso and began to move toward ......

meteorite determined to have come from Mars and the subject of a contentious scientific claim that it contains the remains of ancient life indigenous to the planet. Recovered from the Allan Hills ice field of Antarctica in 1984, the 1.9-kg (4.2-pound) igneous rock is thought to have crystallized from magma on Mars 4.5 billion years ago and l...

any of a variety of plants and plant products known for their sweet taste. Certain resins produced by the camel’s thorn plant (Alhagi maurorum) are known as manna; it is a spiny-branched shrub less than 1 metre (about 3 feet) tall and is native to Turkey. An edible white honeylike substance known as manna forms drops on the stem of salt cedars, or French tamarisk trees (Tamarix......

city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. Alhambra lies in the San Gabriel Valley, south of Pasadena. Laid out in 1874 by Benjamin D. Wilson on land once part of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, it developed as an agricultural community with a unique irrigation system using the first piped water in southern California. Named for one of Wilson’s favourite books—...

palace and fortress of the Moorish monarchs of Granada, Spain. The name Alhambra, signifying in Arabic “the red,” is probably derived from the colour of the sun-dried tapia, bricks made of fine gravel and clay, of which the outer walls are built....

...as an agricultural community with a unique irrigation system using the first piped water in southern California. Named for one of Wilson’s favourite books—Washington Irving’s The Alhambra (1832), which popularized the Moorish palace of the same name in Granada, Spain (see Alhambra)—the city grew as a residential base for nearby......

city, northern Morocco. The city, founded by Spaniards in 1926 as Villa Sanjurjo, still has a large Spanish population. Situated on Al-Hoceïma Bay, it is a small fishing port, food-processing centre, and beach resort just northwest of the islets of the Spanish plaza (enclave) of Alhucemas. It is connected by road with ...

Spanish exclave on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, comprising a bay, three islets, and a small port. The bay, a semicircular inlet (9 miles [14 km] wide and 5 miles [8 km] long), is protected by Cap Nuevo; its sandy bottom is an extension of the Nekor River alluvial plain. The islets, administered by Spain since 1673, are uninhabited, although Peñón de Alhucemas was garrisoned until 1961. The ...

After 1450 Ottoman-Mamlūk rivalry intensified, resulting in dynastic struggles and frequent changes in Dulkadir leadership. When Ali, the last Dulkadir prince, was overthrown by his grand vizier in 1522, the principality was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, the Dulkadir family was accorded vassal status, and its members were appointed to high offices....

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shīʿism in all its forms. The question of...

The American Law Institute (ALI), a private association of lawyers, judges, and law professors, drafts so-called “restatements” of specific areas of the law. Bearing some resemblance to European codes in their form and structure, the ALI’s restatements synthesize all U.S. state case laws on a particular subject, such as tort, agency, or contracts. As the laws change, the ALI......

...whistleblower, which picked up seven Academy Award nominations, including best picture and best director. It was followed by another narrative lifted from real life, Ali (2001), with Will Smith as the boxer Muhammad Ali....

...France attacked and captured Sousse in July 1881, took Kairouan in October, and seized Gafsa and Gabès in November. After the death of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, his successor, ʿAlī, was forced to introduce administrative, judicial, and financial reforms that the French government considered useful. This agreement, known as the Convention of Al-Marsa, was signed......

...affiliations, these Sudanese turned for encouragement to Egyptian nationalists, and from that association 20th-century Sudanese nationalism was born. Its first manifestations occurred in 1921, when ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Laṭīf founded the United Tribes Society and was arrested for nationalist agitation. In 1924 he formed the White Flag League, dedicated to driving the British......

Pakistani author whose novels and short stories examine Islamic culture and tradition in Hindu-dominated India. Proficient in both English and Urdu, he was also an accomplished translator and literary critic....

In 1013 the Umayyad caliph Sulaymān al-Mustaʿīn awarded Sabtah to ʿAlī ibn Ḥammūd and Algeciras, Tangier, and Asilah to ʿAlī’s brother al-Qāsim in payment for their help in returning him to the throne. ʿAlī, however, claiming to be the rightful heir to Hishām II, al-Mustaʿīn’s predecessor, marched into......

eighth imam of the Twelver Shīʿites, noted for his piety and learning until 817, when the caliph al-Maʾmūn, in an attempt to heal the division between the majority Sunnites and the Shīʿites, appointed him his successor. The appointment aroused varying reactions—few of them, even among the Shīʿites, wholly favourable—and Iraq, already irritated by al-Maʾmūn’s transfer of the capi...

He was the son of ʿAlī Asghar of Kashān, who painted at the court of Prince Ibrāhīm Mīrzā, the Ṣafavid viceroy at Meshhed, which was then (1556–77) the leading Iranian centre of the cultivation of the arts. While Rezā was still young, his virtuosity brought him to the attention of Shah ʿAbbās at Eṣfahān, and by......

fictional character, the hero of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights. Ali Baba is a poor woodcutter who secretly watches as 40 thieves hide their booty in a cave, the door to which can be opened only by the verbal command of “Open, Sesame!” He later uses this magic phrase, steals ric...

fictional character, the hero of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights. Ali Baba is a poor woodcutter who secretly watches as 40 thieves hide their booty in a cave, the door to which can be opened only by the verbal command of “Open, Sesame!” He later uses this magic phrase, steals ric...

fictional character, the hero of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights. Ali Baba is a poor woodcutter who secretly watches as 40 thieves hide their booty in a cave, the door to which can be opened only by the verbal command of “Open, Sesame!” He later uses this magic phrase, steals riches......

The party, headed by Ali Bash Hamba and Bashir Sfar, demanded complete Tunisian control of the government and administration of the country and full citizenship rights for both Tunisians and Frenchmen. The party attracted a following among the young, educated, professional Muslims, but the liberal attitudes and European ways of its members alienated the common people....

Dec. 8, 1929Bangalore, British IndiaMarch 8, 2009London, Eng.British magician who delighted audiences of all ages with his tricks and illusions, as well as with the garish costumes and zany stage business that earned him the nickname “the Shriek of Araby.” He discovered a passion for magic ...

In 1933 a group of Muslim students at Cambridge, led by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, proposed that the only acceptable solution to Muslim India’s internal conflicts and problems would be the birth of a Muslim “fatherland,” to be called Pakistan (Persian: “Land of the Pure”), out of the Muslim-majority northwestern and northeastern provinces. The Muslim League and its president,......

...of al-Mahdī’s successor, the khalīfah (caliph) ʿAbd Allāh, in 1898, the new (Anglo-Egyptian) government of the Sudan recognized ʿAli Dīnār as sultan of Darfur (1899). A rebellion led by ʿAli Dīnār in 1915 provoked the British to launch a punitive expedition, in which he was killed (November 1916).......

...(1972; The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant), an account of power struggles in human relationships; Angst essen Seele auf (1973; Ali: Fear Eats the Soul), a tale of doomed romance between a German cleaning woman and a much younger Moroccan mechanic; and In einem Jahr mit 13 Monden (1979; ......

...of Cambridge. After deciding to pursue a career in entertainment, in 1998 he joined the television comedy series The 11 O’Clock Show, for which he created the character Ali G, a “hip-hop journalist” who was aggressively stupid. With his over-the-top attire—a brightly coloured tracksuit, tinted sunglasses, and designer skullcap—mangled......

...Asad, had settled along the Euphrates River, between Hīt and Kūfah, in the middle of the 10th century; soon afterward the Būyid Sulṭān ad-Dawlah in Baghdad recognized ʿAlī I ibn Mazyad as emir of the area. ʿAlī died in 1018, leaving behind three sons, each of whom was eager to assume power, although Dubays I (reigned 1018–81) officially......

Astrology was popular in Muslim Spain, and after 788 the Umayyad rulers retained an official astrologer in their courts. The most widely used astrological treatises were those of the Tunisian ʿAlī ibn Abi al-Rijāl and another, anonymous scientist, who made a translation from Vulgar Latin into Arabic in the 8th century. This book was translated from Arabic into Spanish during the......

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shīʿism in all its forms. The question of...

one of the founders of the Būyid dynasty of Iran. ʿAlī and his brothers Aḥmad and Ḥasan were followers of Mardāvīz ebn Zeyār of northern Iran. In 934 ʿAlī revolted against local Zeyārid rulers and conquered Fārs province in southern Iran. He made Shīrāz his capital, ruling there until his death. After Aḥmad established control over the ʿAbbāsid caliphate in Ba...

In 1013 the Umayyad caliph Sulaymān al-Mustaʿīn awarded Sabtah to ʿAlī ibn Ḥammūd and Algeciras, Tangier, and Asilah to ʿAlī’s brother al-Qāsim in payment for their help in returning him to the throne. ʿAlī, however, claiming to be the rightful heir to Hishām II, al-Mustaʿīn’s predecessor, marched into......

...to drain the salt marshes east of Basra. The landowners subjected the Zanj, who generally spoke no Arabic, to heavy slave labour and provided them with only minimal subsistence. In September 869, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad, a Persian claiming descent from ʿAlī, the fourth caliph, and Fāṭimah, Muḥammad’s daughter, gained the support of several......

...though the highlands, a stronghold of tribal chieftains, remained recalcitrant. Najāḥ’s murder c. 1060 threw the kingdom into chaos, allowing the Ṣulayḥid ruler ʿAlī to take Zabīd, and reduced Najāḥid history to a series of intrigues....

Although the family claimed descent from Qaḥṭān, the legendary patriarch of the southern Arabs, the Rasūlids were of Oğuz (Turkmen) origin, Rasūl having been a messenger (Arabic rasūl) for an ʿAbbāsid caliph. His son ʿAlī was governor of Mecca under the last Ayyūbid ruler of Yemen and succeeded him in the government......

...ability to hold the balance between the rival factions in the Swahili population and also to their ability peacefully to overcome all but one of their dynastic successions. In 1746 a Mazrui notable, ʿAlī ibn Uthman al-Mazrui, overthrew an Omani force that had murdered his brother. Soon after he seized Pemba and, but for a family quarrel, might have won Zanzibar; his successor,......

The whole of Muslim Spain, however, except Valencia, independent under El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), eventually came under Almoravid rule. In the reign (1106–42) of ʿAli ibn Yūsuf the union between Spain and Africa was consolidated, and Andalusian civilization took root: administrative machinery was Spanish in pattern, writers and artists crossed the straits, and the......

first prime minister of Pakistan (1947–51). Born the son of a landowner, Liaquat was educated at Aligarh, Allahabad, and Exeter College, Oxford. A barrister by profession, like his leader, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, he entered politics in 1923, being elected first to the provincial legislature of the United Pr...

...bodyguard. But the rebels lacked leadership and coordination, and their revolt was brutally suppressed. A sullen hostility in the Sudanese was met by continued repression until the appointment of ʿAlī Khūrshīd Āghā as governor-general in 1826. His administration marked a new era in Egyptian-Sudanese relations. He reduced taxes and consulted the Sudanese......

More than 1,000 years later, the Ali Kosh site (also in Iran) was settled. This site is located in a lower elevation zone than Ganj Dareh, outside the natural range of goats. Goat remains at Ali Kosh show clear signs of domestication—the females have no horns. Sheep and goats were herded at Abū Hureyra by 8000 bp. Cattle were not of immediate importance to the people of ancient......

The kings of Bono are said to have played a major role in the gold-mining industry; both Obunumankoma (flourished c. 1450–75) and ʿAlī Kwame (flourished c. 1550–60) are thought to have introduced new mining techniques from the western Sudan to the Akan fields, and Owusu Aduam (flourished c. 1650) is reported to have completely reorganized the industry. From......

Ali married his fourth wife, Lonnie (née Yolanda Williams), in 1986. He had nine children, most of whom avoided the spotlight of which Ali was so fond. One of his daughters, however, Laila Ali, pursued a career as a professional boxer. While her skills were limited, she benefited from the fact that the Ali name was still financially viable....

Muḥammad Karīm Khan Zand entered into an alliance with the Bakhtyārī chief ʿAlī Mardān Khan in an effort to seize Eṣfahān—then the political centre of Iran—from Shah Rokh’s vassal, Abū al-Fatḥ Bakhtyārī. Once this goal was achieved, Karīm Khan and ʿAlī Mardān agreed that Shah......

merchant’s son whose claim to be the Bāb (Gateway) to the hidden imām (the perfect embodiment of Islamic faith) gave rise to the Bābī religion and made him one of the three central figures of the Bahāʾī Faith....

...to appoint the Maratha chief minister (peshwa), Balaji Baji Rao, as governor of Malwa. The province of Katehar (Rohilkhand) was seized by an adventurer, ʿAlī Muḥammad Khan Ruhela, who could not be suppressed by the feeble government of Delhi. The loss of Kabul opened the empire to the threat of invasions from the northwest; a vital......

...was blended with novelistic techniques learned from Sir Walter Scott. Two writers in the front rank of Arab intellectuals were Amīr Shakīb Arslān (died 1946), of Druze origin, and Muḥammad Kurd ʿAlī (died 1953), the founder of the Arab Academy of Damascus, each of whom, by encouraging a new degree of awareness, made an important contribution to the education......

Ottoman grand vizier (chief minister) distinguished for his westernizing reform policies. Together with Mustafa Reşid Paşa and Fuad Paşa, he was a main figure of the Tanzimat (Reorganization) period (1839–c. 1870) in Ottoman history....

Albanian brigand who, by murder and intrigue, became pasha, or provincial governor, of Janina from 1788. He extended his capricious rule within the Ottoman Empire over much of Albania and Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, and the Morea....

...Doria, the right; and the Spaniard Álvaro de Bazán, marqués de Santa Cruz, the reserve. The Turkish fleet, initially in a crescent across the bay, adopted a similar formation: Ali Pasha, the commander, in the centre; Mohammed Saulak, governor of Alexandria, the right; and Uluch Ali, pasha of Algiers, the left....

...Shaykh Luṭf Allāh (“Sheikh Loṭfollāh Mosque”), the mosque used by ʿAbbās for his private devotions. On the western side of the square is the ʿAlī Qāpū (“Lofty Gate”), a high building in the form of an archway that is crowned in the forepart by an immense ......

July 1, 1935Philadelphia, Pa. Aug. 12, 2009New York, N.Y.American musician who was among the first to depart from the drummer’s traditional role in jazz by playing pure interplay with soloists rather than “keeping time”—indicating tempo and metre. His 1965–67 work in tenor saxophonist John ...

eldest son of the Aga Khan I. In 1881 he succeeded his father as imam, or spiritual leader, of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīte sect of Shīʿite Muslims, and, during his short imamate, sought to improve the conditions of the......

...large blue-tiled dome, and an interior measuring 80 feet (25 metres), it is clear that the building was intended to be imposing. Il-Khanid attention to impressiveness of scale also accounted for the ʿAlī Shāh mosque in Tabrīz, whose eyvān measuring 150 by 80 by 100 feet (45 by 25 by 30 metres) was meant to be the largest ever......