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Ethnic nationalism: Zuma’s style of divisive politics

SA needs a national solidarity woven around the Constitution, democratic values, rules and institutions, writes William Gumede

19 October 2016 - 06:48
William Gumede

United in culture: IFP leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi (second from left), King Goodwill Zwelithini (centre) and President Jacob Zuma next to him Picture: SOWETAN

Most African countries were flung together by former colonial powers out of diverse ethnic, religious and regional communities, making them among the most diverse nations on earth.

The colonial powers exploited these differences to play off communities against each other and so reinforce their control over subject peoples.

Sadly, in the postcolonial period, many African leaders and governments have sought support from only their own ethnic communities, regions or religious groups, further entrenching divisions inherited from the colonial past.

Apparently President Jacob Zuma is no different. After his return from exile, Zuma, an isiZulu speaker, built his support base in the ANC in KwaZulu-Natal, the party’s region with the largest membership.

When he was fired in 2005 as deputy president by former president Thabo Mbeki for alleged corruption, he wooed isiZulu speakers to secure his reinstatement. In 2007, at the party’s Polokwane conference, he used his Zulu background to win the ANC presidency.

He did so again in Mangaung in 2012 in his bid for the country’s presidency.

At Polokwane, Zuma portrayed opposition to his bid for power as an "anti-Zulu" conspiracy and cast Mbeki as a member of an educated elite waging a "war" against African traditions, institutions and styles of leadership. During that campaign, some of his supporters wore "100% Zulu" T-shirts, adding to impressions that Zuma was pursuing the politics of ethnic patronage.

Since then, Zuma has claimed that critics of his poor policies and personal indiscretions are opposed to "Zulu" or African "traditions" or "culture".

In response, then City Press editor Mondli Makhanya warned ahead of the Mangaung elective conference that Zuma was unleashing the "spectre of tribalism, the demon that the anti-apartheid struggle successfully exorcised from the body politic".

Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi said an ethnic war could result if the ANC leader continued to claim an "anti-Zulu conspiracy" against him.

When a minister comes from a certain region, so will the officials in that department,

Thabo Mbeki

After the death of Zulu King Cetshwayo in 1883, politics in what became known as Zululand focused on maintaining the larger Zulu community as a recognisable unit, following repeated attempts by colonial and, later, apartheid governments to break it up through divide-and-rule tactics, as well as internal conflict.

During most of the ANC’s 100-year history, two distinct strands of Zulu nationalism competed for dominance in the party, especially in what is now KwaZulu-Natal: one conservative and closed off, the other progressive and inclusive of other communities. Conservatives emphasise Zuluness as the defining feature of one’s identity, and want the Zulu group to be dominant in the broader African and South African community. Progressives see Zuluness as part of a layered African and South African identity, with the wider Zulu community an equal among others. Zuma’s election as ANC president in 2007, and his re-election in 2012, signified the triumph of the conservative wing of Zulu nationalism, and the retreat of the progressives.

Many of Zuma’s appointments to senior positions, both in the government and his party — especially those in the security networks — are individuals from KwaZulu-Natal. Critics warn of the danger of the "Zulufication" of the ANC.

Anthony Butler of the University of Cape Town points to the "skewed composition of the Cabinet, the KwaZulu-Natal-dominated ANC parliamentary list, the growing nonrepresentativity of important directors-general and their deputies, and the composition of parastatal boards and managers" during Zuma’s presidency.

These appointments, he argues, indicate "a big shift in the control of resources and power towards people of amaZulu descent".

Under Zuma’s predecessor, Mbeki, the ANC came close to capturing the state. This phenomenon deepened under Zuma, who has turned the ANC into a "partyarchy" dominated by entrenched leadership factions and networks within regional, ethnic, generational or even class groups.

Betrayal

Now, some ANC members are turning purely political differences into "ethnic" differences. In Mangaung, some members said that failing to support Zuma’s re-election as party leader would be a "betrayal" of "their" community, apparently being a reference to isiZulu-speakers.

Since then, others have called on the rank and file to support his continued incumbency solely on the basis that he is "one of us", rather than on the merits of his performance as president.

Zuma’s "Zulufication" of the ANC could indeed unleash "the demon of tribalism", as the ANC’s first secretary-general, Sol Plaatje, put it.

People from other groups are likely to resent their exclusion and oppose government policies, decisions and actions, believing they are ethnicity-driven. This could paralyse the ANC and the government, and have a further effect on the governing party’s ability to deliver public services.

Traditionally, the ANC has sought to ensure a balanced representation of SA’s ethnic and cultural groups in its leadership. Zuma has eroded this tradition, drawing Mbeki to criticise the rise of tribalism under his successor’s government.

"When a minister comes from a certain region, so will the officials in that department," Mbeki said in 2014, calling it the "homeboy" phenomenon. Mbeki noted that tribalism was "raising its head again" in SA.

Ironically, however, Mbeki may have taken a similar approach during his presidency. An isiXhosa-speaker by background, he was accused of surrounding himself with a group of senior individuals from the Eastern Cape — the so-called "Xhosa-Nostra".

Zuma’s ethnic politics may shape the ANC’s future, with a national election approaching in 2019. He is known to favour the appointment of Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the chairwoman of the AU and a former wife, as the next ANC president, to position her for election as the country’s next president.

Political analyst Somadoda Fikeni says that KwaZulu-Natal ANC members who support her candidacy mainly because she is isiZulu-speaking will fuel perceptions of tribalism.

Cyril Ramaphosa, Zuma’s current deputy, is Tshivenda-speaking; he should, according to ANC tradition, succeed the president. The National Union of Mineworkers has also warned that attempts to push a candidate with a KwaZulu-Natal background to succeed Zuma would be seen as tribalism.

Fikeni notes that the influence of tribalism does not apply solely to Zuma’s ANC. In SA, it is a "societal challenge that manifests itself in different institutions", as well as in the Afrikaner and English communities.

Clearly, the best way forward for SA is not the nationalism of any one group, whether Afrikaner, African or Zulu, but what Michael Ignatieff describes as "civic nationalism" — where equal rights and shared democratic cultures, values and institutions are the glue that holds the country together, rather than any ethnic identity.

A common South Africanness must be woven around the country’s Constitution; its democratic values including its rules and institutions.

Colonialism and apartheid bequeathed an ethnically diverse society to SA. Wise leadership will be needed to forge an inclusive society.

The first requirement is that the rule of law should apply to everyone equally. Secondly, given the country’s history, the government’s main aim should be to lift everyone out of poverty, no matter what their ethnicity, region or language.

And thirdly, government appointments must balance the need to recognise individual merit with the need to redress racial injustice, and must also be seen to be fair.

Zuma’s narrow Zulu nationalism undermines efforts to establish a common South African identity. SA needs a national solidarity that cuts across ethnic, regional and political divides. Social justice in the country must underpin governance, not the advantage of one group over another.

Political parties and leaders that make themselves guilty of ethnic nationalism should not receive public funding. In Mauritius, political parties seeking public funding must show that they are ethnically representative in their structures and policies. SA would do well to adopt such a policy.

This is an edited version of an article that appears in Africa in Fact, the journal of Good Governance Africa.