.9
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, ChEMISTRY AND MANIJFACTIJRES.
(NEW sERIES.)
Improved Evaporating Pan.
The interests of a large portion of the community
are at present turned toward manufacturing sugar
from sorghum or northern cane. The article thus
far produced has not been brought to market in
sufficient quantities to be ranked as a staple, but it is
increasing in importance every year, and after the
growing crop is reaped it will be manufactured ex-
tensively. We illustrate this week an improved
apparatus for boiling the juice, which presents some
novel features. The ~an is set in the furnace, A, and
has a metallic bottom which is divided by a number
of wooden partitions into
several compartments. In
the partitions devoted to
boiling the juice, there is
a skimmer, B, fitted. This
skimmer consists of two
long boards fastened to
projecting arms, C. These
arms proceed from a cen-
tral shaft, ID, on which is
keyed two toothed quad-
rants, B, working in racks
placed on one of the parti-
tions. There are a number
of perforated plates placed
over the apertures, F, in
in the ~partitions, which,
through the medium of a
gate,regulate the quantity
of juice admitted from one
compartment to the other.
The inclined sides of the
pan form an important
part of the, invention, as
it is asserted that the nat-
ural tendency of the boil-
ing liquid is to deposit the
scum and sediment on
these, from whence it is
easily removed in an ob-
vious manner by the skim-
mer. The operator takes
hold of one side of this
appliance, and inserting
the board in the scum,
draws it toward him and
throws it into the trough,
G, on the side, from
whence it flows into a
proper receptacle. The
same process can be re-
peated as to the other side of the pan without leaving
the spot, so that by the addition of this skimmer
the condition of the liquid is at all times under con-
trol. The sugaring-off is completed in the pans over
the furnaces, and the height of the chimney can be
increased if required. These features are novel and
practical, and facilitate very much the operation of
boiling down.
The patent for this invention was procured through
the Scientific American Patent Agency, on April 28,
1868, by J. A. Bowlus, of Fremont, Ohio. Further
jaformation can be obtained by addressing him as
above.
WITH DISPATcH !Quite recently the steamer Scotia
was captured while endeavoring to run the blockade;
she was condemned at a prize court and sold by the
Government. Mr. Ben. Wier, of Halifax, purchased
her and she is now ready to run the blockade again.
We hope a similar fate to her previous one awaits her.
NEW YORK, JULY 4, 1863.
SCIENCE IN SHIPEUIL1HNG.
It has hitherto been the common theory respecting
naval architecture, that the speed of a vessel under
a given power is mainly dependent upon what are
known as her c~water~lines, or shape from stem to
stern. The main study of shipbuilders has, there-
fore, been to perfect these lines so as to diminish re-
sistance and avoid the formation of eddies while the
vessel is in motion. Probably they have reached.
perfection of model in this respect; but much room
was still left for improvement in another important
particular. The weight and inertia of the water to
be displaced by the vessel, does not constitute the
whole of the resistance to be overcome. A large
additional amount arises from the friction between
the water and the entire submerged surface of the
vessel. This is due to the viscidity which water pos-
sesses in common with all fluids. A film of water
adheres to the entire submerged surface, and when
the vessel is moved there is a resistance to be over-
come, arising from the cohesion of the particles con-
stituting the film with the particles lying next to
them. Of course, this resistance will be overcome in
proportion as the submerged surface is diminished.
It thus seems highly important to form such trans-
verse sections of a vessel as shall, with the maximum
area or contents below the water-line, afford the
minimum extent of boundary line or wetted surface.
This problem forms the subject of a paper lately read
before the Glasgow Philosophical Society by James
11. Napier. In the construction of vessels whose
I SINGLE COPIES SIX CENTS.
$3 PER ANNUMIN ADVANCE
breadth and depth of water are not limited, the
question reduces itself to the common mathematical
problem of passing a curve of given length through
two points, so as to enclose the greatest area between
the curve and the straight line joining the points.
But when the breadth and draft of water are limited,
as by the width of dock entrances and the depth of
rivers, the problem is far mpre complicated. The
given dimensions of breadth and depth afford a rec-
tangular space within which it is required to enclose
the greatest area ~vith the least extent of boundary
wetted surfaco of the vessel; A transverse section
of a vessel thus con.
structed will afford the
greatest displacement or
capacity below the wat-
er-line, with the least
surface for friction. The
breadth and draft being.
thus given, the problem
is to find the radius of
curvature, or radius of
bilge, which will afford
the shortest boundary
enclosing the greatest
areathe line which
will secure thegreatest
carrying capacity with
the least frictiqral ~u~-
face. As this radius is
formed in terms of the
breadth and depth, it
can be applied to the
construction of all the
transverse sections from
the stem to the stern of
a vessel. It does not
interfere with the water-
lines, and thus these
sections of least re-
istance~ may be intro-
duced into a vessel hav-
ing water-lines of any
desired mod~I. We can
scarcely do more in this
article than indicate the
general process by which
this radius of bilges
is found. Such a curve
is to be found as will
enclose the greatest
area with the least
boundary. Of course
this area, divided by the proposed boundary,
must be a maximum. By the methods of analyt-
ical geometry we first find this proposed area in
terms of the proposed breadth and depth and radius
(the latter as yet being an unknown quantity). In
the same manner we find the proposed boundary in
the same terms, the unknown radius beteg likewise
involved. Placing the value of the area as a nume-
rator, and the value of the boundary as denomi-
nator, we have a fraction of which we have now to
find the maximum value- This is readily done by
the methods of the differQntial calculus. A quadratic
equation appears in which the radius is the unknown
quantity. Solving this equation, we find the value
of the radius in the known terms of breadth and draft.
This is the radius of curvature which will afford a
maximum area below the water-line of a vessel with a
minimum amount of surface. The following are some
values of this radius, for given breadths and depths
1. When ID (depth)=4 B (breadth), then r (radius)
BOWLUSS PATENT EVAPORATING PAN.~J~Ixe ~ienU& ~nxev~n.
~=~114 D. 2. When D=2 B, then 7 =28 D. 8. When
D=B, then r =.31i D. 4. When D=~ B, then s- =
.54 D. 6. When D=~ B, then i- =63 D. 6. When
D==4B, then r =-70D.
Taking the fourth of these propositions where the
depth is one-half of the breadth, and constructing a
section with the ascertained radius, the area divided
by the boundary gives a result expressed by .531 D.
When we make the section a simple semicircle, the
area divided by the boundary gives only .5 D, show-
ing that in the proportion of surface to area, there
is a gain of about six per cent in the section above
described over a semi-circular section. The gain is
still greater over sections formed by ogee curves of
great concavity, such as are sometimes employed on
vessels. That cross section which gives the greatest
ratio of its area to its. boundary is entitled to be
called the section of least resistance. It follows
from this also that of two steamers, equal in displace-
ment and capacity, with engines of the same power,
and equally well modeled as to water-lines, the
one will excel in speed whose sections are constructed
with the radius of bilge as found according to the
method set forth in the paper of Mr. Napier. These
results of pure mathematical science are not chimeras,
for they have been applied with unprecedented suc-
cess in the construction of several steamers in Glas-
gow, and they must ere long come into general ap-
plication. They furnish another illustration of the
value of pure science in promoting .the progress of
the useful arts. Mechanical ingenuity, however
great it may be, cannot dispense with the deductions
of science, but must employ them in attaining the
highest results.
LITERARY NOTICES.
Tun AannucAN ANNUAL CYcLOP DIA. D. Applet6n &
Co., 443 Broadway, New York.
would be as flat and unprofitable as soda-water with-
out carbonic acid gas. The American Annual
Cyclopndia is a book that cannot be dispensed
with; and we welcome it as a valuable addition to
our library.
Taix ATLANTIc MONTHLY. Ticknor & Fields, Boston,
Mass.
Almost with the regularity which attends the issue
of a daily newspaper, this standard magazine appears
monthly upon our table, and the volume for July is
replete with interest. The leading article, The Do-
ings of the Sunbeam, is a careful review of the
photographic establishment of Messrs. E. H. and T.
Anthony, the widely-known artists of this city, and
gives the reader a very clear insight into the details
of the several processes there carried on. The
Wraith of Odin, a poem; Gala Days, by Gail
Hamilton; Paul Blecker, (concluded) ; The
Growth of Continents, a continuation of Professor
Agassizs interesting series on subjects of a kindred
nature; English Naval Power and English Colo-
nies; and many other articles in prose and verse
which we are unable to specify for want of space.
The story of Paul Blecker is written with such
strength and intensity of purpose and feeling, that
the reader is impressed with the idea that it must be
a life-history; and the interest in the narrativeso
we may call it not inaptlyceases only with the
closing line. Out of all the fire and trial that hedges
Ibout the principal characters of the taleoat of
the heat of passion there springs a lesson of purity
which is an earnest and vital aid to those who
lean to virtues side but are tempted from it by cir-
cumstances, that is as refreshing as it is sound and
healthy. Onereads Miss Dodges Gala Days with
a feeling very much akin to that curtly expressed by
Sir Charles Grandison in reference to bores : I
never know what they are going to say next.
Gala Days is a dashing, rattling, voluble narra-
tive of events, and the charm of recounting them
seems never to weary or pall upon the writer. Sev-
eral glaring inconsistencies were noticed by us, as in
that line where the authoress apologizes for using the
barbarism lets up and then confesses to kick
ir~g her husb~nd, and defiantly defends the phrase
and the act as though she were conscious of its in-
elegance but would have her own. wilful way. Out
General is a record of General Butler s career in
tions relating to sheep; such as descriptions of the
various breeds, their management, breeding, dis-
eases and remedies, & c. The information obtained
by its author has been derived from thirty-five years
personal experience with large flocks, together with
a knowledge of different systems, received from a
very extensive correspondence with leading flock-
masters in every part of the world. The book will
be a manual to which every farmer can refer when he
wishes to ascertain any fact connected with the man-
agement of sheep.
Composition and Properties of Coal Gas.
Gas made from cannel coal consists of olefiant gas,
associated rich hydro-carbons, and. light carbureted
hydrogen. These give to gas its illuminating pro-
perties, especially the two first;, the latter giving
but little light. It also contains hydrogen, carbonic
oxide and nitrogen. The first two burn with a
strong white light, and constitute the light-giving
constituents of gas. Although this is the case,
this is but a small proportion of the complex mix-
ture of coal gas. The light carbureted hydrogen
forms from thirty to forty per cent. of coal gas ; it
burns with a yellowish flame and gives but little
libht. The hydrogen and carbonic oxide compose
the remaining gas: They give no lighton combus-
tion but a faint blue flame. The light carbureted
hydrogen and carbonic oxide may be regarded as
mere diluents of the two first. Dry gas made from
cannel coal and freed from carbonic acid contains
the following proportions
Per OenV.
Olefiant gas and associated hydro-carbons 9-21
Oxygen 0-16
Nitrogen 5.37
Light carbureted hydrogen 3808
Hydrogen 42~l3
Carbonic oxide 4-84
9999
Gas from Anthracite Coal.
The value of a volume which includes all the
prominent events of the day, and which sums up in At a recent meeting of the Board of Councilmen of
a compendious form the principle occurrences of the this city, the following resolution was offered by the
year, is almost incalculable. Such a work is the president
American Annual Cyclopaidia, and the utility of Resolved, That there be and is hereby granted to the
for ready reference for all classes in Anthracite Gas-Lighting aud Heating Company, of New
the publication
York, permission to lay pipes and mains for conducting
the commnnity, whether lay or professional, cannot gas, for illuminating and heating, and for other purposes,
be overestimated. Under their appropriate head- through the streets, avenues, lanes, and other puhilo
ings, political civil military and social affairs re- places in the city of New York, for a period of fifty
years, as provided by the general manutheturing laws of
ceive attention; and t~ae amount of information con- New Orleans, and is an interesting review of events the State of New York; the
same conductors to be laid
biographies and obituaries, i~otices of occurring during that period. No one who wishes under the supervision of the Street
Commissi~ner, the
veyed in the said company being required to restore the streets opened
distinguished men, in commercial and scientific sta- to keep pace with .the current literature of the day by them for laying such
pipes to the same condition as
tistics, is such as to render the Cyclopaidia an abso should fail to read the Atlantic. before the said pipes or mains were laid.
Which was referred to the Committee on Finance.
lute necessity to every one who desires to keep pace THE SCALPEL. Edward H. Dixon, editor. Published This is a singular, resolution
relating to a prepos
with the spirit of the age. The individual who by Everardus Warner, No. 1 Astor House, New terous project, judging from the name of
the corn-
could carry even a brief synopsis of the events de. York.
scribed in the book would unquestionably be con- pany. Illuminating gas cannot be produced from
sidered a well-read man. The article entitled Army Although this publication is professedly a periodi- anthracite coal.
Operations contains full and copious notes on the cal devoted to the elucidation of knotty theoretical
physical aspect of the war, the attitudes of the two points in medical science and practice, yet there are A GREAT SALT DEPosIT.It
appears from scientific
sections of the country, and the causes which led to many pages on which popular subjects are treated in investigation that the salt
deposit at New Iberia,
a terse, vigorous and to-the-point style that claims Louisiana, is of the most extensive and wonderful
the disagreement still, unhappily, existing. This the attention of the reader and invites his criticism, description. For vastness
and purity it is unequaled
of the Cyclopiedia occupies no less than one The present issue (No. 8 of Vol. XII) contains, among on the globe. One account says
:
portion Imagine~ if
hundred and forty-eight of its pages, and its im other articles, one upon the evils of diploma-shops you can, the granite quarry
of Massachusetts or the
portance justifies the space bestowed upon it. Many or doctor-factories as they are sometimes called, marble quarry of Vermont to
be solid deposits of
a lavishly-praised history of the war is ushered into This article has too much truth in it to be slighted pure rock salt, clean
and transparent as so much
existence without possessing a tithe of the merit of , d, inexhaustible mass, un-
excellent digest. Mr. Samuel Colts invention, by the general reader, and we think that, in connec- clear white ice in one soli
this tion with the theme, a little attention might be derlying the earth, and you then acquire an hoper-
the revolving pistol, which made his name so famous,
noticed; and the narration of the early strug~ profitably bestowed on. some unworthy representa- feet idea of the viistness of this
salt formation.
is also tives of the surgical art who follow the army and
gles of the inventor and his subsequent success forms IRONCLAD LAnIzs.The last new thing in the way
saw off the legs and arms of soldiers. The operations of dress ornamentation is leather. The Princess Met-
one of the most interesting pages in the work. in many cases ought ~ot to be performed, and when
Under the caption Confederate States we notice a done is oftentimes mere brutal butchery. Charles ternich made her appearance
lately ih a dress of
thorough investigation into and register of the im-
portant events which transpired in that section of Reade, the celebrated English author, in his new Havana-colored silk, ornamented
with leather trim-
a
the country during 1862, and the financial and ex- ovel, is engaged in a scathing raid upon pretenders mings, studded with
steel-headed nails. The bonnet
of the pseudo-government, ~ to medical science in London, and will doubtless suc- was of the same material, ornamented in a like
man-
ecutive departments ceed in opening the eyes of the doctor-i-idden public ner, and, strange to say, so was the parasol. Simi-
far as known from published accounts, are detailed to the enormity of their sufferings. The Scalpel lar ornaments are the rage
among ladies in this city.
at length. The British Industrial Exhibition has
also a large space allotted to it, and the wonders of s the pioneer in this much-needed reform at home. They make the fair wearers
look as if they were iron-
clad.
the mechanical, artistic, and scientific world claim THE PHAcTICAL SHEPHERD. Published by J. B. Lip-
the readers attention andJnterest. We consider the pincott & Co., Philadelphia, and D. D. T. Moore, ARRiVAL OP COTTON AT NEw
ORLEANS.Dnring the
Cyclopiedia one of the most valuable books is- Rochester, N. Y. week ending May 22; there were received at New Or-
sued from the press this year, and shall have fre- A new work on sheep-husbandry entitled The leans 2,492 bales of cotton,
principally from the
quent occasion to refer to its columns. It. is pleasant Practical Shepherd, is about to be issued; it is country which has just
been opened by General
to notice the fidelity with which the minute incidents edited bythe Hon. Henry S. Randall, LL.D., author Banks. In the four days
followingthat is to say
and every-day occurrences connected with the part of Sheep-Husbandry in the South, & c. Mr. Ran- ~o May 261,340 more bales came
to hand. This
ticular subject in the Cycloptedia are reproduced dali is well known to be the most reliable writer - on made altogether a stock
on hand and on ship-board
and retained. They serve to add a zest and flavor of j sheep-husbandry in the country; and the new work of 7,150bales, with a
prospecit of much more to come
energy and spirit to the volume, without which it is intended to be standard authority upon all ques- at once.
2
I~ri~ ~i~nU& nex~uz.
Income Tax Law.---Important Decisions.
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue has made
~the following decisions in relation to the Income
Tax
The Incoi~e Tax must be assessed and paid in the
district in which the assessed person resides. Th~
place where a person votes, or is entitled to vote, is
deemed his residence. When not a voter, the place
where. tax on personal property is paid is held to be
the place of residence.
In cases of limited partnerships, formed with the
condition that no dividend or division of profits
shall be made until the expiration of the partnership,
each member of such firm will be required to return
his share of the profits arising from such business,
for the year 1862, as, had they so desired, a division
of the profits could have been made.
Gains or profits realized from the sale of property
during the year 1862, which property was purchased
before the Excise Lawwent into effect, should be re-
turned as income for the year 1862.
The executors or administrators of the estates of
persons who died in the year 1862, should make re-
turn of the income thereof for the year 1862.
A merchants return of income should cover the
business of the year 1862, excluding previous years.
Uncollected accounts must be estimated.
Physicians and lawyers should include, actual re-
ceipts forservices rendered in 1862, together with an
estimate of unrealized or contingent income due to
that year.
Dividends and interests payable in 1862 should be
returned as income for that year, no matter when
declared.
Dividends derived from gas stock are taxable as
income.
Income derived from coal mines must be returned,
although a tax has been previously paid on the coal
produced. No deduction can be made because of the
diminished value, actual or sapposed, of the coal
vein or bed, by the process of mining. Rent derived
from coal mines is income.
Premiums paid for life insurance shall not be al-
lowed as a deduction in statement of income.
Pensions received from the United States Govern-
ment must be returned with other income subject to
taxation.
Old debts formerly considered hopelessly lost, but
paid within the time covered by the return of in-
come, should be included in this statement.
Debts considered hopelessly lost, but paid on the
81st of December, 1862, and due to the business of
the year 1862, may be deducted from the business;
if subsequently paid, they must be included in the
return for the year in which paid.
In order to give full effect to the proviso to the
91st section of the Act of July 1, 1862, respecting
the tax on that portion of income derived from
United States Securities, it is directed that when in-
come is derived partly from these and partly from
other sources, the $600 allowance made by law shall
be deducted, as far as possible, from that portion of
income derived from other sources, and subject to
three per cent tax.
No deduction can be allowed from the taxable in-
come of a merchant for compensation paid for the
services of a minor son.
A farmer, when making return of the total amount
of his farm produce, shall be allowed to deduct
therefrom the subsistence of horses, mules, oxen, and
cattle used exclusively in the Carrying-on of said
4rm. The term farm produce is construed to in-
clude all. productions of a farm, of what nature or
kind soever.
The accogat of stocks sold, by a farmer since Dec.
31,1862, should not be included in the present assess-
ment, but the profit realized thereby must be ac-
counted for in his next yeaf s return. Where he
has included in his return produce raised.by him, and
fed in whole. or part to. stock subsequently sold, he
m.ust account for the gain realized by feeding ~and
selling of said stock. Where he has not included
the produce so fed, he must return, as profits, the
difference between the value of saidstock on the 21st
of December, 1861, and the amount realized for
them.
Fertilizers purchased by farmers, to maintain
theif land in present productive condition, will be
considered as repairs in estimating income-
Interest should be considered as income only when
paid, unless it is collectable and remains unpaid by
the consent or agreement of the creditor.
Losses incurred in the prosecution of business are a
fair offset to gains derived from business, but not
from those portions of iacome derived from fixed in-
vestments, such as bonds, mortgages; rents, and the
like.
Property used in business, and furnishing profits,
when destroyed by fire may be restored at the ~ex-.
pense of those profits, to the condition when de-
stroyed; if insured, the difference between insurance
received and amount expended in restoration will be
allowed.
The increased value given a . new building by, per-
manent improvements will be charged to capitalnot
income.
The contingent fund of manufacturing corporations,
made up during the year 1862, and not distributed,
should not be returned as part of the income of the
stockholders.
The undistributed earnings of a corporation,made
previous to Sept. 1, 1862, whether the corporation is
required to pay tax on dividends or not, should not
be considered as the income of .the stockholders, nor
should the corporation be required to make return of
saidreserved earnings as trustees, under section 93 of
the Excise Law.
The income of literary, scientific, or other chari-
table institutions, in the hands of trustees or others,
is not subject to income tax.
Curious Assertions for Historical Societies and Finan-
ciers to prove or disprove.
There are in the United States more men and
estates that can be assessed for one million dollars
each than there were at the close of the Revolution
that could be assessed for ten thousand dollars each.
The cash value of the property of the United
States (excluding the States in rebellion), is one hun-
dred times what it was in all the States at the close
of the Revolution.
The gold and silver in the United States is one
hundred to one at the close of the Revolution.
Joint stock companiesbank, insurance, rail-
road, steamboat, manufacturing, & c.are as one
thousand to one at the close of the Revolution.
The annual product of gold and silver that enters
into and braces our currencyand credit is as five
hundred to one at the close of the Revolution.
Our commerce, inland and foreign, is as five hun-
dred to one at the close of the Revolution~
A Spanish quarter-dollar was of more~ importance
in the eyes of. the people then than a double eagle
is now.
The country, as the. basis for. borrowing and pay
lug, is more than one hundred. times greater than at
the close of the Revolution. Where, then, is the
point in likening our Government currency and se-
curities to Continental money?
Old and first-class nations are able to sustain im-
mense debtssee England and Francewhile new
and minor nations are classed as of doubtful future,
and shunned by money-lenders.
We are now a first-class ~nation. At the close of
the Revolution we were the youngest and smallest of
all nations.
The power to sustain a debt is as the cube of the
base on which the debt rests. This holds good with
national, corporate, and individual payers.
A trader with a thousand dollars capital is hardly
considered trustwortjiy for: any balance on account.
A merchant with a million capital is trusted with any
number of other millions..
A bank of ~malI capital is hardly considered safe
to send a moderate collection to ; whereas a two-
million bank is considered a, safe depository for
twelve or fifteen millions, all payable on demand.
With nations the same parallel holds good. This
country can better sustain a debt of two thousand
millions now, than it could one of a hundred thou-
sand at the time of Continental money.Thompsons
Bank Note Reporter.
3
A New Solvent for Silk.
The London Photographic News states that M. J.
Persoz, the distinguished Parisian chemist, has dis-
covered a new solvent for silk, and it is believed that
a solution of silk will prove to be useful in photo-
graphy as a substitute for collodion. This agent
is also valuable to distinguish the nature of tis-
sues, such as fabrics mixed with silk, cotton and
wool. While it dissolves silk it does not act thus
upon woolen and vegetable fiber. To different learned
bodies samples of wool and silk tissues have been ex-
hibited, a portion of which has been dipped in cloride
of zinc. The silk was all dissolved out whilst the
wool was left intact. The solvent .employed by M.
Persoz is chloride of zinc concentrated to about 600
of the areometer. This is to be boiled with excess of
oxide of zinc until it becomes sensibly neutral to lit-
inns paper. It is in this state a basic chloride;
when distilled water is added to it, it does indeed be-
come slightly turbid, but the solution has the advan-
tage of causing no alteration in vegetable tissues
which may have to be isolated in the course of the
experiment. If excess of free hydrochloric acid be
present it might dissolve cellulose, as this acid has
been found to exercise a strong solvent power on
vegetable fiber. On contact with the cbloride of
zinc, prepared as ahove described, the silk is converted
into a gummy mass, preserving at first the form of
the threads of the tissue, but changing gradually to
transparent clots, and finally becoming completely
dissolved. In fact the process of solution is very
similar to that of dissolving gun-cotton in alcohol-
ized ether. Chloride of zinc of the above strength
gradually dissolves a considerable quantity of silk at
the ordinary temperature; but under the influence
of heat the solution is effected in a few instants, be-
coming viscous and capable of being drawn into
threads like a thick sirup. It then resembles a strong
solution of gum arabic. Ammonia produces in this
solution, after dilution with water, a white precipi-
tate which dissolves completely in an excess of. re-
agent. Many chemical means have been tried to
separate the silk from the chloride zinc used as a sol-
vent; but after once being obtained in solution It
resisted all attempts to separate it until the beautiful
dialytic method of Professor Graham was tried. The
silk solution was first diluted by pouring It into
water accidulated with hydro-chloric acid. In a for-
mer experiment the solution, having been twice fil-
tered without getting rid of its slightly opalescent
appearance, was placed on the dialyser. A large
quantity of chloride of zinc passed directly, and after
a few hours the liquid became much more viscid. It
then increased in volume and became an opaline,
jelly-like starch. This jelly contained yet a little
chloride cf zinc which could not be separated. In
succeeding experiments by diluting the solution with
more water before submitting it to the action ~f the
dialyser, and especially by heating it for a few min~
utes, all the chloride of zinc was separated and a lim~
pid, colorless and tasteless liquid obtained, being a
pure, aqueous solution of silk. This by evaporation
gives a gold-colored friable varnish.
Death of a Distinguished Citiz~n~
The Hon. Ezra Lincoln died at Boston, on the 16th
of June, of an apopletic fit. Mr. Lincoln had en-
joyed the confidence of his - fellow-citizens for many
years, having filled several high offices within the
gift of the people. He was at one time postmaster
of Boston, and at the time of his death was assistant
United States Treasurer. He was also widely known
as a succcessful patent solicitor and attorney. He
was also intimately connected with the late Hon.
Benjamin Lincoln, also of Boston, and descended
from a family widely known for their talent. Mr.
Lincolns death was very sudden, and is deplored by
a large number of his fellow-citizens.
Tnz IDLER-Everything within us and about us
shows that, it never was intended that man should
be idle. Our own health and comfort and the wel-
fare and happiness of those around us, all require
Pnorzssou WHITNEY, the State Geologist of Call- that man should labor. Mind, body, soul, all alike
fornia, found among the Sierra Nevadas, about 200 suffer and rust out by idleness; the idler is a source
feet aliove the level of the ocean, an almost perfect of mental-and moral offense to everybody around.
jaw of a rhinoceros. Huge ~petrified, oyster-shells He is a nuisance in the world and needs abatement
were also found among the mountains of the interior for the public good, like any other source of pesti
aud at a great elevation. V lence.~Jxe ~Aienti& ~nzevi~tn.
OBSCURE SOURCES OF DISEASE.
Under the above heading, Dr. James IR. Nichols has
communicated a very important article to the Boston
Medical and Surgical ,Tourncd, extracts of which we
give as follows
There are many instances of disease, brought to
the notice of physicians, which are exceedingly per-
plexing in their character, and the sources of which
are very imperfectly understood. I am led to be-
lieve that a considerable number arise from some
disturbance in the sanitary conditions of dwellings
or their surroundings, and that however improbable
this may seem from a superficial or even careful ex-
amination of suspected premises, a still more thor-
ough and extended search will often result in the
discovery of some agent or agents capable of pro-
ducing disease.
The chemical and physical condition of water
used for culinary purposes has much to do with
health, and is perhaps the oftenest overlooked by the
physician In searching for the cause of sickness.
We must not suppose that water is only hurtful
when impregnated with the salts of lead or other
metals; there are different sources of contamina-
tion, which produce the most serious disturbance
up9n the system. Some of these are very obscure and
difficult of detection. Thesenses of taste and smell
are not to be relied upon in examinations, as it often
happens that water entirely unfit for use is devoid of
all physical appearances calculated to awaken sus-
picion. It is clear, inodorous, palatable, and there
is no apparent source from whence impurity may
arise.
During the past summer, the writer was consulted
by a gentleman residing in Roxbury, respecting the
water used in his family. It was taken into the
dwelling through tin pipe from a well in the imme-
diate vicinity, and appeared to be perfectly pure and
healthful. Analysis disclosed no salts of lead or
copper, as indeed none could be expected from the
unusual precautions taken to prevent contact of the
water with these metals. Abundant evidence was,
however, afforded that, through some avenue, or-
ganic matters in unusual quantities were findIng
access to the water. Careful examination of the
premises disclosed the fact that an outhouse on the
grounds of a neighbor was so si~tuated as to act as a
receptacle for house drainings, and from thence by
subterranean passages the liquids flowed into the
well. Some cases of illness, of long standing in the
family, disappeared upon abandoning the use of the
water.
A few months since a specimen of water was
brought to me for chemical examination, by a gen-
tleman of Charlestown, who stated that his wife was
afflicted with protracted illness of a somewhat un-
usual character. It was found to be largely impreg-
nated with potash and the salts resulting from the
decomposition of animal and vegetable debris; and
~l~e opinion was expressed that a connection existed
between the well and the waste fluids of the dwell-
ing. This seemed improbable, as they were all
securely carried away in a brick-cemented drain, and
in a direction opposite the water.supply. The use
of the spade, however, revealed a break in the drain
at a point favorable for an inflowing into the well,
and hence the source of the contamination. Eapid
convalescence followed on the part of the sick wife
upon obtaining water from another source.
Analysis was recently made of water from a well
in Middlesex county, which disclosed conditions
quite similar to these. The owner was certain that
no impurity could arise from sources suggested, but
rigid and persistent investigation disclosed the fact
that~the servant girl had long been in the habit of
emptying the slops into a cavity by the kitchen
door (formed by the displacement of several bricks
in the pavement), where they were readily absorbed.
Although the well was quite remote, the intervening
space was filled with coarse sand and rubble stones,
and hence the unclean liquids found an easy passage
to the water. This proved to be the cause of illness
in the family.
In cities and large towns, where excrementious
matters accumulate rapidly around dwe.llings com-
pacted together, it is difficult to locate wells remote
from danger, and hence it might seem that suspicion
should be confined to those localities. This, how-
ever, is not a safe conclusion. How often do we see,
upon isolated farms in the country, the well located
within or upon the margin of the barnyard, near
huge manure heaps, reeking with ammoniacal and
other gases, the prolific sources of soluble salts,
which find access to the water and render it unfit as
a beverage for man and beast. It may no doubt be
a convenience to the farmer to have his water.supply
so situated as to meet the wants of the occupants of
his barn and dwelling, but it is full of danger.
Whilst admitting that such may be the condition
of the water of many wells, doubts may arise with
some, whether substances not decidedly poisonous,
and received in such quantities, can, after all, be
productive of much harm, or the real source of ill-
ness. To the great majority of people they are cer-
tainly harmless, but it must be admitted that there
is a class, and one or more are found in almost every
family, whose peculiarly sensitive organization does
not admit of the presence of any extraneous agent
in food or drink, or in what they inhale. The func-
tions of life and health are disturbed by the slightest
deviation from the usual or normal condition of
things around them.
It seems incredible that the thousandth part of
a grain of one of the salts of lead, dissolved in water
and taken daily, will disturb the system of any one;
and yet such is the case. We can see no reason why
a very little nitrate of potassa, or soda, or lime,
taken in the same way, should produce any effects;
still stranger is it that the infinitesimal amount of
dust dislodged from painted wall-papers, received
into the lungs, should make inroads upon health.
Several instances of this latter result have re-
cently come to my knowledge. In two families of
the highest respectability in this city, illness of an
unusual and protracted character existed, and at the
suggestion of the physician, portions of the green
wall-paper of the dwellings were submitted to me
for analysis. The pigments were found to culi~.i~t
mainly of arseniate of copper, and upon the removal
of the papers the illness disappeared. In experi-
menting with apparently the most suitable appara-
tus, and employing delicate chemical tests, in rooms
the walls of which were covered with those arsenical
papers, no evidence of the presence of the poison in
the atmosphere has been afforded; and this corre-
sponds with the results of all similar experiments
made in this country and in Europe, so far as my
knowledge extends. We must conclude that agents
not recognizable by chemical tests are capable of dis-
turbing vital processes. The evidence is very clear
that in instances of illness confined to one or two
members of a household, the cause may be due to
some accidental disturbance with which all are
equally brought in contact, but which has the
power of injuriously injuring only a part. It is also
clear that these sources of disease are of such a
character as easily to escape detection, and therefore
any facts or experience which may serve as guides to
their discovery are worthy of record.
Shoemaking by Machinery.
The employment of m~ichinery in the manufacture
of boots and shoes is of but recent date, but it has
effected a wotiderful revolution in this important in-
dustrial art. On this subject the Lynn (Mass.) Re~
porter says
Comparatively few people are aware of the quiet
but steady revolution that Lu going on in the busi-
ness of shoemaking, and particularly as that business
is conducted in Lynn. Previous to the introduction
of the original sewing machines, which are now uni-
versally used for the binding and stitching of the
uppers, but little or no improvement or even change
had been made in the manufacture of shoes. The
awl, the bristle and thread, the lapstone and ham-
mer, with plenty of elbow-grease, were, as they
had been for years, the main appliance of the shoe-
makers, and little was known or thought of labor-
saving machinery. After a time, womens nimble
fingers were found inadequate to the demand, and
sewing machines soon transformed the old-fashioned
shoe-binders into a new and more expansive clas~
of machine girls whose capacity for labor was
only limited by the capabilities of the machines over
which they presided. Iron and steel came to the aid
of wearied fingers and weakened eyes. This was the
beginning of the new era, which is destined to pro-
duce results big with lasting benefit to our flourish-
ing city.
It is scarcely ten years since the first introduc-
tion of machinery of any kind into the manufacturd
of shoes in this city. Everything was done by hand,
even to the cutting-out of the soles, which was a
slow process and required the expenditure of a large
amount of physical force. The introduction of sole-
cutting and stripping machines, although sparingly,
was the first indication that a change was to take
place in the business of shoemaking; but no one,
even ten years ago, would dare to have prophesied
that the change was to be so immediate and so great.
The rapid progress that has been made during that
time, and especially within the past year or two, in
the introduction of machinery in shoemaking has
been beyond all previous calculation. It may al-
most be said that hand-work has already become the
exception, and machinery the rule. The little shoe-
makers shop and the shoemakers bench are pass-
ing rapidly away, soon to be known no more among
us; and the immense factory, with its laboring
steam-engine and its busy hum Qf whirling wheels,
is rising up in their place, to change the whole face of
things in this ancient and honored metropolis of the
workers in the gentle craft of leather.
The problem as to how best to bring in and con
centrate the vast army of men and women employed
in the shoe manufacture of Lynn is one that has
attracted the attention of many thinking minds
among our business men, but it has never been satis-
factorily solved until now. Machinery, and partic-
ularly the sewing machine, has done in a few short
months what years of theorizing and speculation
could not do. It has demonstrated that the factory
system can be successfully and profittibly introduced
into the shoe business; in fact, that, with the rapid
strides which the business has made within a few
years, it is the only system that can be made avail-
able for its successful application in future. Of
course, the new system is yet in its infancythe
business is yet in a transition state; but the wheels
of revolution are moving rapidly, and they never
move backward. Operatives are pouring in as fast as
room can be made for them; buildings for shoe
factories are going up in every direction; the hum
of machinery is heard on every hand; old things are
passing away, and all things are becoming new.
Could the disembodied spirits of some of our old-
time inhabitants visit the scenes of earth once more,
how great would be their astonishment at the change
which has taken and is taking place in this once
quiet town which claimed them as citizens 1
Attempt to sound the River Niagara.
The gentleman who has been trying the experi-
ment of sounding the river Niagara below the Falls
writes as follows :Another attemptwas made with
a similar iron of about 10 pounds weight, attached
to a No. 11 wire, all freely suspended, so as not to
impede the fall of the weight. I then let the weight
fall from the bridge, at the height of 225 feet. It
struck the surface fairly, with the point down, must
have sunk to some depth, but was not longer out of
sight than one second, when it made its appearance
again on the surface, about one hundred feet down
the stream, and skipped along like a chip until it
was checked by the wire. We then commenced haul-
ing in slowly, which made the iron bounce like a
ball, when a cake of ice struck It and ended the
sport. I am satisfied that no metal has sufficient
specific gravity to pierce that current, even with a
momentum of 225 feet. The velocity of the iron
when striking must have been equal to 124 feet per
second, and consequently its momentum was 5,000
pounds. Its surface exposed to the current was
about 50 superficial inches. This will give an idea
of the strength of that current, and at the same
time a hint at the Titan forces that have been at
work to scoop out the bed of the Niagara river.
IT is stated that the British Government have
finally determined to purchase the International Ex-
hibition building for national uses, connected with
the extension of artistic and scientific knowledge.
Tnu~ Journal de Bruxelles publishes a letter describing
the discovery, at Blankenberghe, of a fossil man
eight feet in length, found in a layer of antediluivian
peat, and supposed to be 6,000 years old.
4c~~1tZ& ~mev~rn
LIQUID CARBURETING OF COAL GAS.
When coal gas or air is passed through a volatile
liquid hydro-carbon, such as naphtha or beazole, it
absorbs some of the liquid which passes off as vapor,
and it then burns with a more brilliant flame. What
was called Paines water gas consisted in passing the
hydrogen of decomposed water through naphtha, a
mixture of alcohol and turpentine, or beuzole.
Maces benzole lightconsisted of air passed through
benzole. That coal gas or air would take up a por-
tion of naphtha, when passed through it, was well
known thirty years ago, as at that period Charles
Mansfield, of Manchester, England,the discoverer
and first patentee of various coal-tar oilsproposed
to naphthalize common air and employ it for illumi-
nation. Since then it has been proposed several
times by persons in various parts of the world, and
within the past year the subject of naphthalizing the
coal gas used in London has been revived, and an ap-
paratus for carrying out the system has been applied
to several of the street lamps. A large number of
patents have also been taken out in England lately
for modifications of the apparatus in applying the
naphtha to coal gas. One granted to II. A. Brooman,
of London, is described as follows ;- This appara-
tus for carbureting gas consists of a vessel for con-
taining the carbureting liquid, and of a carburator
fitted to the first-named vessel. The reservoir is
placed above the carburator, and is independent of
it, so that it can be removed for the supply of fresh
liquid. It consists of a vessel with an aperture at
the top for the introduction of the liquid, and which
aperture is hermetically sealed by a stopper. The
reservoir communicates at bottom with the carbura-
tor by means of a tube, the mouth of which is cov-
ered with metallic cloth to filter the liquid as it
flows out. The carburator, which is supplied from
the reservoir, is divided into three compartments,
each of which forms a small vessel. These vessels
are fitted with cotton wicks extending vertically the
whole depth, or nearly so, of the apparatus. The
gas, after having passed through a tap of peculiar
construction, reaches the carburator through a pipe,
and descends by another pipe to the lower part,
where, after having traversed the three compart-
ments fitted with wicks, it becomes enriched, and
issues from the apparatus by another pipe to the
burner. In this case cold naphtha is distributed
over an extensive surface, and the gas thus vapor-
izes it more freely. Another patent granted recently
to W. B. l3owdich, of Wakefield, Yorkshire, Eng-
land, embraces the feature of heating the naphtha to
vaporize it, after which it passes through a pipe in
the apparatus and mixes with the coal gas. The
nature of the invention is described in the patent to
consist in applying heat to vaporize and keep va-
porous the hydro-carbons employed for carbureting
or naphthalizing gas for illumination, and in passing
gas, before it is burned, through or over the heated
hydro-carbons; also in heating the hydro-carbons,
and keeping the volatile products hot by the gas
flame itself, and in improved apparatus.
All these attempts to improve the system of gas-
lighting appear to be unscientific and objectionable.
In every case where heat Is applied to vaporize the
naphtha for mixing with the gas, the vaporizing
vessel must be placed near the burner, as heavy
hydro-carbons condense easily and will obstruct the
flow of gas ; in such an instance it is essentially
the combination of a small retort with every gas-
burner. And in the case of using the naphtha cold
to enrich the gas, this is essentially the combination
of a liquid naphtha lamp with a gas-burner. Such
devices and apparatus are complicated, troublesome,
and expensive; the employment of refined petro-
leum alone in street lamps would be less objection-
able. The cleanliness and convenience of coal gas
constitute its leading merits, and it appears to be
absurd to seek to improve its illuminating qualities
by liquid hydro-carbons, through the agencies of
lamp arrangements. Common coal gas may be en-
riched by employing superior material for the manu-
facture. The agent in the gas which produces illu-
minating results is olefiant gas, which abounds in
greater abundance in oil, resin, and some cannel
coals than in common Liverpool coal. The gas
made from the Scotch Torbane-hill coal, for example,
possesses double the illuminating powers of that
made from English coal; and there is about as great
a difference in the ~uality of some American gas
coals. The best and most simple method of enrich-
ing coal gas is to employ that material for manufac-
turing it which yields the greatest amount of olefi-
ant gas.
Curious Customs of some Barbarians respecting Diet.
If we turn to the natives of Greenland, we shall
find their carnivorous habits tending almost exclu
sively to animal substances. Their dishes are, how-
ever, generally such as are not likely to be excessive-
ly provocative to any but Northern palates; their
greatest delicacy being, in many cases, part of a
whales tail, rendered soft and easy of digestion by
being half putrid, or perhaps a seals carcass in the
same delicious state. Among other delectable dain-
ties, they sometimes present the flesh of bears,
sharks, gulls, & c. The poorer class subsist on even
a coarser bill of fare, they being compelled to satisfy
the cravings of their omnivorous stomachs with
whatever kind of food they can find; even from the
flesh of their foes down to those delicate zoological
specimens which they may discover on each others
heads. In times of scarcity they wander to the
coast and avail themselves of sea-weed, which, of
course, they find sufficiently saline without the ad-
dition of salt. The Laplanders live upon the rein-
deer and bear, their ordinary libation being whale-
oil, or water in which juniper berries have been in-
fused. It is a well-known peculiarity of countries
which lie within or near the Arctic circle, that the
inhabitants require four or five times as much food
as those of temperate climates. At Nova Zembla,
from the greater activity and vigor of the digestive
organs, Europeans are obliged to follow the example
of the natives by drinking the blood of the reindeer
and eating raw flesh the intense cold removing that
disgust which such doses among other people would
naturally inspire among other people. To inhabit-
ants of warm countries, temperance, or even occa-
sional abstinence, is therefore no very difficult virtue;
Northern nations, on the conVrary, being voracious
from instinct and necessity, to keep the requisite
quantum of caloric. The wandering Calmuc Tartars
also eat the flesh of horses, wild asses, and other
animals, often in a raw state. The Chinese, on the
other hand, are famous for the richness and variety
of their entertainments, although some of their
viands are somewhat novel and curious. An account
of one of these is thus given by Captain Laplace, who
attended one of their feasts : The first course was
laid out in a great number of saucers, and consisted
of various relishes in a cold state, among which were
salted earthworms, prepared and dried, but so cut up
that I fortunately did not know what they were un-
til I had swallowed them; smoked fish and ham,
both of them cut up~ into extremely small slices;
besides which, there was what they call Japan leather,
a sort of darkish skin, hard and tough, with a strong
and far from agreeable taste, and which seemed to
have been macerated for some time in water. All these
dishes, without exception, swam in soup. On one
side figured pigeons eggs cooked in gravy, together
with duck and fowl cut very small, and immersed in
a dark-colored sauce; on the other, little balls made
of sharks fins, pounded shrimps, and maggots of an
immense size. Among the subordinate classes of
the Celestials the feeding is almost as indiscriminate
as among Northeria savages; cats, dogs, and such
like delicacies being regarded as first-rate; a drowned
rat is also deemed a dainty dish. The Siamese are
still less scrupulous in their tastes; they devour,
without distinction, rats, mice, serpents, putrified
fish, and all sorts of garbage. It is said those re-
fined gourmands, the Parisians, also indulge strange
fancies for dogs meat, delicately fricasseed ; and,
according to a celebrated satirist, we are informed
that when cats is in, the street pieman drives~
great trade. The most disgusting of all recitals yet
remains; it is too horrible, however, to dilate upon
in this placewe refer to the practice of cannibal-
ism. In the island of Sumatra, for instance, as well
as among other savages, the prisoner of war is doomed
to become the living repast of his wretched captors,
and is literally eaten piecemeal. As an extreme con-
trast to the carnivorous tribes, we may mention the
Brahmins of India, who religiously abstain from
every kind of animal food, and even think it a crime
to destroy gnats or other vermin by which they are
annoyed. In Persia very little animal food is eaten,
vegetable diet being almost universally preferred.
The inhabitant of Australia, again, is characterized
by his carnivorous propensity for kangaroos, opos-
sums, various sorts of insects, eggs of a large species
of snake, and wild honey. The Cafffes, in common
with those savages already referred to, are in the
habit of devouring various kinds of reptiles, such as
large caterpillars, from which butterflies and moths
are produced, also white ants, grasshoppers, snakes,
and spiders; they also indulge In more substantial
meals of buffalo beef, and the flesh of even the lion.
Our neighbors of Mexico are said to be~ like~ the
French, very partial to frogs; the banana, however,
forms a principal article of food with them, also the
cassava, which is extremely nutritive; but the flesh
of monkeys is with the Mexicans, as well as the in-
habitants of some of the West India islands, very
generally used, since they have a good supply of that
genus in their forests. This penchant seems but one
remove from absolute cannabalism, since, when this
animal Is divested of his skin, it precisely resembles
a human being. There are some of the tribes of our
Indians who are fond of rattlesnakes, which they
boil or stew. The anaconda and other boas afford a
wholesome diet to the natives of the countries they
inhabit. Crocodiles and lizards are eaten in South
America and the Bahama isles. The sloth is also a
common article of diet there, which is said to re-
semble in flavor that of boiled mutton. The tapir
and the armadillo are eaten by the Brazilians and
West Indians. Even in some parts of civilized Europe
the inhabitants use as food many substances, the very
mention of w1~ich would cause disgust and abhor-
rence to our more refined palates. In Denmark and
Sweden horse-flesh is publicly exposed for sale in the
markets. In early times there seems to have been less
scrupulous nicety In the choice of dishes in France,
Italy and Rome, when the inhabitants had stomachs
so brave as to digest even vipers, snails, toads, frogs;
the latter, indeed, are not even excluded from the
culinary preparations of the n~pder~ Parisians. We
have not yet finished our catalogue of the rarer deli-
cacies of mankind. There are the geophagists, or
earth-eaters, and such as subsist on the bark of
trees. Incredible as it may seem, the digestive
functions of man, in his rudest state, are even capa-
ble of deriving nutriment from the mineral kingdom.
In .New Guinea, and elsewhere, these abominable
earth-eaters are to be found. We learn from Hum-
boldt that the Ottomaques, on the banks of the Meta
and the Orinoco, feed on a fat, unctuous earth, or a
species of pipeclay, tinged with a little oxide of iron.
They collect this clay very carefully, distinguishing
it by the taste; they knead it into balls of four or
five inches in diameter, which they bake slightly be-
fore a slow fire. Whole stacks of such provisions
are seen piled up in their huts. These balls are
soaked in water when about to be used, and each in-
dividual eats about a pound of the material every
day. The only addition which they make to this
unnatural fare consists of small fish, lizards, and
fern roots. In Java, Russia, and Germany, this pro-
duct of mountain meal is also resorted to as an
element of food.
To prevent Pitting~ in Small-pox.
The application consists of a solution of India-rub-
ber in chloroform, which is painted over the face
and neck when the eruption has become fully de-
veloped. When the chloroform has evaporated,
which it very readily does, there is left a thin elas-
tic film of india-rubber over the face. This the pa-
tient feels to be rather comfortable than otherwise,
inasmuch as the disagreeable itchiness, so generally
complained of, is almost entirely removed, and,
what is more important, pitting, once so eommon,
and even now far from rare, is thoroughly prevented
wherever the solution has been applied. It may be
as well to state that india-rubber is far from being
very soluble in chloroform; so that, in making the
solution, the india-rubber must be cut into small
pieces, and chloroform added till it is dissolved.
[The above is from the Edinburgh Scotsman, and the
efficacy of the application is said to be of no doubtful
character.Ens.
IT is said that our postal currency is circulating
freely as change its the rebel capital.
56
The Cincinnati .Water-Works---The Engineers Report.
MEssRs. EDIToRs :Permit me to suggest that the
conclusion arrived at by the chief engineer of the
Cincinnati Water-Works, as to the policy of using
large ste-am pipes for pumping engines (as stated in
an extract from his report in a recent number of
your paper), is scarcely warranted by the facts in-
stanced. It is doubtless true, that with an excess of
thirty pounds pressure in the boilers over that used
in the cylinder, the necessary supply of steam for
even a higher rate of motion than is used in some
pumping engines may be forced through a smaller
pipe than is sometimes used. The question arises
whether a greater loss of heat would not occur
by radiation from the use of pipes of the ordinary
size, or from the increased temperatur~ of the boilers
due to so great an excess of pressure over that re-
quired to drive the engine? If it is claimed that the
boilers are so covered as in a great measure to pre-
vent the evil referred to, it is true on the other hand
that the pipes may be covered with equally good
effect, without reference to their size. I submit that
a true solution of the question lies in the employ-
ment of a variable cut-off, by which the large steam
passages are useful in maintaining a pressure in the
cylinder as nearly as possible equal to that in the
boilers, thus gaining a higher rate of expansion and
a proportional economy. I am aware that the util-
ity of a high rate of expansion is questioned, but I
have seen pumping engines cutting off at one-third
of the stroke, but running at so low a rate of speed
as to lose the benefit of it; the whole moving weight
being lifted against the force of gravity; it required
7.3 lbs. of coal per horse-power per hour. I have
also seen apparently reliable accounts of Cornish
engines in which a rate of expansion as high as
one-twelfth is used (and the essential condition of
speed attended to) that gave a horse-power for 1.8
lbs. of coal per hour. I am not informed as to the
consumption of coal by pumping engines in this
country, but my impression is that few of them ap-
proach the figures of the best English engines.
Some I know do not, and I attribute the fact to a
want of faith in the principles of arithmetic.
S. H. WILDER.
Central City, Colorado Territory, May 28, 1863.
[The utility of a cut-off depends very materially
upon the circumstances under which it is applied.
If the cylinder is too small the cut-off is only a -ose-
less incumbrance, and if the boiler is also deficient
the cut-off is equally unnecessary. A great many
errors have been made in this respect, and have
caused the principle of working steam expansively
to fall into disrepute, simply because the most obvi-
ous precautions to insure success were neglected. It
is impossible to get something out of nothing, and
we think our correspondent places the figures re-
lating to the consumption of coal per horse-power
per hour very wide apart. The first amount is too
great and the second too small. If he had said that
the consumption of coal in our best engines
amounted to between 3.76 pounds and four pounds
an hour per horse-power, he would have been nearer
the mean. Our correspondent is doubtless aware
that we print many communications that we do not
indorse. Every person is entitled to a fair expression
of his views when they are based on common sense,
and we endeavor to follow this principle in conduct-
ing our paperEDs.
Power Machines for Domestic Uses,
Mzssns. EDIToRs :I beg leave to fully endorse the
sentiments of F. N. Blackman, published on page
390, Vol. VIII (new series) of the ScIENTIFIc AMERI-
CAN. The assertions of John Smith are all rub-
bish, as every mechanic must know; and I was a
little surprised at their finding place in the ScIENTIFIc
AMERICAN, as the conclusions of its editors are gen-
erally sound. I hardly think with Mr. Blackman,
however, that a small, cheap steam-engine is the
desideratum to be sought as a domestic power. I
have at different times thought much on this matter
when I have seen the women worn down and ex
hausted by a hard days washing, and the conclusion
I have come to is that a horse-pswei- is the best power
domestic purposes. I believe the thing to be
Lt after is a cheap, simple horse-power, and I
think inventors of such machinery would dowell to
it in the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN. There is one
point of the question I c~ nnot omit, and that is that
I have discovered by experience that the more ma-
chinery there is about a house, the more plague
there is to the men. All machinery requires more
or less attention, and occasional C~ fixing; and the
women are not good at such work. Every now and
then it is: John, I wish you would look at that
sewing machine; or John, that wringer has some-
thing wrong about it ; and so on. Well, the only
way to meet that is to buy the very best machinery;
you will then have little trouble. Some churls may
say: I wont buy so-and-so; what else have the
women got to do? Let them work ! All I have to
say to such is that I have no sympathy with them.
I hate to see the women of the family borne down
with the fatigue of severe labor; and if it is a little
troublesome to fix machinery for them, I for one
am content to endure that trouble.
JOHN GRAY.
Dundas, C. W., June 18, 1868.
[Our correspondents views are sensible on this
point, and we think that the overtaxed farmers
wives and country women generally will feel obliged
to him for espousing their cause. The communica-
tion from John Smith which has excited so much
comment was inserted by us as a simple act of justice
to an inventor, and for no other reason. We are not
responsible for his opinions, and we wish it to be
understood by all interested that we cannot defend
mistakes or want of judgment on the part of our
correspondents. We give all of them a chance to be
heard, but our duty ends with that privilege.Ens.
The Scientific American as a Life-Preserver.
Mzssa5. EDIToRs :On Saturday, June 6th, at the
depot in this place, while the regulai~ noon train
was standing in readiness to depart for Covington,
the Kentbn, a beautiful locomotive engine, ex-
ploded her boiler with terrific violence, killing some
eight or ten United States troops and wounding
fifteen or twenty others. The engine was almost a
total wreck, the report was loud and the concussion
very great. Some of the fragments were picked up
a mile distant from the scene of the disaster. At
the time of the explosion there were two trains
standing side by side, the opposite train was loaded
with troops and was partlydemolished. The fireman,
seeing the engineer standing on the opposite side of
the track, stepped off the engine to speak to him,
but just at that moment the Kenton exploded.
Scarcely half a minute after the fireman left his en-
gine, he stated that he just tried the water and had
two cocks and 116 pounds of steam; 130 pounds
being the regular pressure. In consequence of this
disaster the engineer was terribly censured and as-
sailed by the excited crowd; to save his person from
violence he was placed in close confinement. At
this critical juncture I had with me two numbers of
the ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN, that I had borrowed from
one of your subscribers, containing some very useful
and important information upon the subject of boiler
explosions, the theory of boiling water, & c. I intro-
duced the numbers to the notice of the mob, and
they had a good effect, and were instrumental in de-
livering the engineer from his bondage. The num-
bers were dated March 28, and April 18, 1863.
D. C. SHELY.
Nicholasville, Ky., June 9, 1863.
[We think that engineer should thank his lucky
stars that he got off so easily. Explosions will oc-
cur in the best regulated engines; but it is rather
unfortunate for those in charge of the engine at the
tiane, that a mob of illiterate men should undertake
to decide questions which puzzle the scientific world.
Ens.
RUTTAN5 VENTILATED CARs.One of Ruttans ven~
tilating cars has been placed on the Philadelphia,
Wilmington, and Delaware Railroad. We under
stand that thirty new cars, ventilated upon the Rut-
tan principle, have been ordered for through trains
to run between New York and Washington when the
junction railroad is completed.
Capture of a Rebel Iron-clad.
he Atlanta, formerly the Fingal, a rebel iron-clad,
was recently captured by the W~ehawJeen while trying
to run out to sea from Savannah. A short action
of thirty minutes sufficed to put an end to her fight-
ing, and she was then surrendered by her crew. Prob-
ably those on boardhave a very different idea of the
powers and prowess of our iron-dads from that
which they entertained previous to the engagement.
The following are the dimensions, & c., of the At-
lanta:Her length over all is 180 feet; breadth, 40
feet; draft of vessel, 16 feet; height of smokepipe,
12 feet; she has engines of of 800 horse power; her
pilot-house is five feet square, with six inches of
wood-backing, and five iachea of iron plate; her
deck, forward and aft, is p1 ted with iron two and
a-half inches thick; her arrna~uent consists of four
of the Brooke rifles; her ram is 6 feet long by 3 feet
wide; her roof, which slopes at an angle of 30 degrees,
is 20 inches thickifi inches wood covered with two
layers of 2~- inch plates; her plating is all 4inches
thick by 6 inches wide; the holes in her pilot-house
are 1 inch in diameter; she has four water-tight
compartments : her pilot-house and smokepipe are
square; her forward and after guns train to star-
board and port; in the lower layer of her plating is
an alternate layer of pine wood.
The Weehawken fired but five shots at the Atlanta
when she succumbed. The first shot from the Wee-
hawllens fifteen-inch gun, fired by Captain Rogers
himself, took off the top of the pilot-house and
wounded all the persons therein. The Atlanta was
converted into an iron-clad by the rebels, and hal
sloping sides at an angle of 30 degrees similar to the
Merrimacs; they were fifteen inches thick, plated
with five-inch iron. There was also a saw and a tor-
pedo attached to the ram at the bow which was in-
tended for blowing up the illonitors. The armament
of the 4tlanta consisted of four guns, two seven-inch
rifles, and two six-inch of the same class; there were
a large quantity of stores on board, showing that
the Atlanta had prepared herself for a long cruise.
Her career was brought to an untimely end. The
fifteen-inch guns, in this case at least, have done
some service to the country, and shown that jthe
powers attributed to them by the inventor were not
over-estimated. We have it from indisputable au-
thority that at a recent trial in Washington the fif-
teen-inch shot penetrated a wooden target four feet
thick, faced with six inches of iron, with a charge of
forty pounds. Recent experiments with this formid-
able gun shows that their qualities have been under-
rated, and that the charges can be increased very
materially. This discovery will be hailed with grati-
fication by the people, but we think that it should
have been made long ago.
Naval Triumphs.
After a long period of apparent ill luck our ~aval
commanders have recently obtained signal advan
tages over the enemy. The iron steamer Calypso, a
notorious anglo-rebel blockade-runner, was captured
by the United States steamer Florida after an-exciting
chase of four hours and a half. The Calypso is 260
feet long and 30 feet beam, and is a steamer of great
speed; she is fore-and-aft rigged; her cargo con-
sisted of dry goods and liquors; no arms were found
on board of her. The vessel was owned by a club of
24 Charlestonians; her cost is stated to be only
$26,000, a very low figure, probably intended for
$260,000; she has given the blockading fleet a great
deal of trouble hitherto. She will probably be
turned into a blockader herself, to assist in capturing
some of her coadjutors, after being condemned in a
prize court. Captain Black, who commanded her,
is a desperate character; while being chased by the
Florida he endeavored to destroy the ship when he
found that he had no chance of escape. He cut the
feed-pipe and let water into the ship until there was
four feet of it in the hold ; he also endeavored to
burst the boiler but without success. During the
chase the engine of the Calypso was disabled by the
breaking of the connecting rod.
Another blockade-runner was sunk on the 6th ult.
by the fleet off Charleston; she is supposed to have
been the isaac Smith. Still another rebel craft, said
to be the much vaunted blockade-runner Beauregard,
was run ashore and set on fire off Folly Island, in
Charleston harbor, on the night of the 10th ult.HONDURAS AND ITS RESOURCES.
The we I th of Central America and the States ad-
jacent to it seems to be but limitedly appreciated by
the world at large. The popular idea respecting that
region is that the inhabitants are negroes or Spanish
Indians; that reptiles of all kinds abound; that filth
and fever are ubiquitous; and that plantaIns, oranges,
and other tropical fruits may be had for the picking.
That the foregoing features have some existence is
not to be denied; but the other and more valuable
onesthe soil, the climate, and the mineral wealth
of Hondurasare persistently lost sight of. Few of
the Anglo-Saxon race have settled there, and yet, if
we may believe modern travelers, Meagher, Squiers,
and others, there is no more delightful country on
the globe than that lying between the Tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn, in the longitude 100 20 west
from Washington. A recent letter from San Pedro,
Honduras, thus speaks of the inexhaustible wealth
of that region, vegetable and mineral
A few days ago there passed, on their way to
Minas de Oro, in the department of Comazagua, six
Americans, three of whom are from the town of
Binghamton, N. Y. These men are going to prospect
those mines and the countryfrom there to the river
Sulaco, and thence to the department of Olancho, to
try their luck in the celebrated gold-bearing rivers
of that department. The mines known by the name
of Minas de Oro are old abandoned mines, having
been worked extensively by the Spaniards previous
to the independence of the Central American States,
which will be in September coming forty-two years.
The traditions of the natives concerning them are
that they are very rich, and that several en~presarios
left them for Old Spain very rich; but be this as it
may, they are situated in the heart of a rich mineral
country, containing mines of gold in quartz and sur-
face-diggings, silver mines in profusion, copper and
iron, with an abundance of medicinal minerals.
Having been in Oregon and Washington Terri-
tories, and in the northern and southern mines of
California, also having seen the greater portion of
the State of Honduras, I have been able to compare
the superficial appearance of those different States
satisfactorily to myself, prospecting the earth and
some of the rivers, and seeing the prospects taken
out by the natives while at work, and the gold offered.
by them for sale. The gold and silver mines of this
State are upon the coast range of mountains, and
their extending spurs, covering a base of a hundred
and thirty to a hundred and fifty milesthat is to
say, from Minas de Oro in the south, to gold-bearing
quartz in .the vicinity of San Pedro, upon the Atlan-
tic side of the state, north.
The gold diggings of Olancho connect on the east
with the extensive silver mines of Santa Maria, in
this State, and the mines of Depilto, in the depart-
ment of Segovia, in Nicaragua. I have been over
the mines of Santa Maria. They are of quartz, sul-
phurets of silver, and rich lead ores; some of the
lead ores yielding, from a rough assay, from four to
five ounces to the arroba of twenty-five pounds.
There is in a river near to Santa Maria rich lead ore,
detached by time and the action of the atmosphere,
sufficient for a thousand men to wbrk for one year.
Again, south and west, comes the gold-bearing
earth of the river Sulaco. Further on, in the same
direction, are the mines of Minas de Oro; and away in
the extreme south, within half a days travel of the
Pacific Ocean, are the rich mines of Guasucaran and
the Tabanca mines, in the State of San Salvador,
now extensively worked by a French company. Still
further west comes the gold-bearing earth of Santa
Cruz, in the department of Santa Barbara. Next is
Quimistan, near to which is the celebrated gold-bear-
ing gulch called Quebrada Guayaba, containing coarse
gold. A little south of this is the river Tiquitapa,
from which the natives are constantly washing gold;
also the river Chiquila, which, in my opinion, con-
tains more gold than any in Honduras.
Honduras contains many other things besides
mines, and some that would perhaps pay as well, if
not better. Among those are cotton, tobacco, sugar,
rice, cacao and coffee. The natives only plant cotton
sufficient to make pillows for their beds and candle-
wick. They simply cut off the brush and burnit,
plant and clean it once, and it yields abundantly,
not only for one year, but for three and four years
~33he ~~enhfi ~nt~kan.
in succession. The people of the United States will
soon have an opportunity of judging as to the qual-
ity of the cotton, as there is a small quantity in
Omoa at the present time ready for shipment, the
natives having been induced, from the high price of
the article, to bring some from the interior. Tobacco
grows well, very large and fine in the leaf, yielding a
second crop, which is used here to make cigarettes.
Sugar grows as it does in no other part of the
world, bearing successively for fifteen years Without
replanting. Rice grows luxurir~ntly all over the
State; it never requires irrigation, growing equally
well upon hill-sides and mountains as it does in the
valleys. Cacao and coffee grow all over the State,
the cacao growing better in the valleys, and the cof-
fee upon the high ground. God in his bountiful
goodness has done everything for the country, so
that it requires but little or no labor to live, and the
negro race, having but very little ambition, raise no
more than is sufficient to live upon and to clothe
them; therefore those in this country of the Spanish
race wish for a white population. Here we have per-
petual summer. It is very easy to raise two crops
of corn, and you can raise three crops in thirteen
months upon the Atlantic side, this being the side
of the State nearest to New York; two crops of beans,
and sweet potatoes all the year. Plantains and
bananas grow all over. So does yuca, from which
arrowroot is made; and the cassava, a fine vegetable
bulbous root. The country abounds in wild fruit of
many kinds. Deer and wild hogs are plenty in the
woods, and it is the greatest country in the world for
raising chickens, the hens laying all the year round.
The climate is good.
I have just remembered that one of the persons
who have gone to Minas de Oro told me that it was
generally believed in the United States that this
country was and is very unhealthy. I cannot under-
stand how such an impression has gone abroad; for
it is not so. I have lived in this country for three
years, and during that time I have traveled over a
thousand leagues in the interior, riding all day in
the hot sun, and perhaps sleeping at night outon
the savannah or mountain, as the case may be, and
the natives do the same generally during the sum-
mer months, preferring to sleep out of doors when it
is very warm. The manner of living of the people
brings on fever in nine cases out of ten. Only im-
agine they eat large quantities of meat, which is
always cooked in hogs fat. Beans are a common
dish. They first boil them and then fry them in fat;
the beans must swim in lard to be good; with the
beans they eat cheesecheese of the countrythat
is made in the following manner :The milk is taken
from the cows and poured into a large wooden vessel.
They use rennet in abundance, putting in an im-
mense quantity of salt, so much so that you can
taste nothing but salt. I have often thought if I
was President for one week, I would put such a duty
on salt as would stop this practice. Now, as the
milk is warm from the cow, the rennet is not suffi-
cient to make it thick, so they always have a large
quantity of lemons on hand, the juice of which they
use, to make it turn sour, I suppose. Well, this
makes the cheese. Now, such cheese as this, t~s hard
ss a brick, but mixed with beans, cooked as I have
stated, the natives eat liberallyfor they have good
appetitesperhaps three times a day. Would men
in any temperate part of the world eat such a mess
as this and not have fever? All that is necessary to
do here, to have good health and retain it, is, to
be temperate in all things, keep the system free from
bile, and bathe often.
EXTRAORDINARY EanunANcz.Paul Bartlett is em-
ployed as a laborer at Tyndall Iron Works, Durham,
England, and has been a teetotaler fourteen years.
His employment consists in wheeling iron to the
furnaces. He works 9 hours per day, and 5 days
per week. He wheels twenty-four tune of iron each
day, four hundred weight at a time. The distance
traversed is neatly nine miles per day. He thus
walks 45 miles per week of five days, wheeling at the
same time 120 tune of iron. During the fourteen
years Paul has driven his barrow, with its four hun-
dred weight of iron, not less than 630 miles, and has
wheeled in the same time 87,360 tune. He can, on a
pinch, place one tun weight on his barrow7 and
wheel it several yards.
7
American Goods in Australia.
The following extract is from a letter of a corre-
spondent of the Boston EveningTrave?er,in Melbourne,
Australia. He says: Still the starry banner floats
over the nations representative here; still the beau-
tiful ships of our republic enter these waters laden
with the products of American skill. In direct com-
petition with the boasted tools and implements of
England many articles of iron and wood, supersede
here the use of English-made. The American cook-
stove is a miracle of convenience; the American axe
and shovel, the American carriage, the Amer-
ican miners boots, and many other articles carry
away the palm. An American with his machine
shows how best to crush the rock, and how best (be-
fore slates arrived) to cover the roofs, and how best
to open up a stage-coach communication with the
vast interior. The men of the starry flag are here,
active, intelligent, bold, liberal. They are not nu-
merous, but they know how to be respected. This
is no doubt the oldest of the continents. Its living
forms seem yet in~ transition to the types elsewhere
it~ flora more allied to that of the ancient coal for-
mations. There is here no horse, no deer, no cat,
no dog (unless one or two of doubtful kind), nor
any of the great n~ammalia. Marsupials, mostly of
the strange, kangaroo type among animals, and
curious evergreens and fern and palm-like trees
among the flora, with no native berries and fruits (or
very nearly none)such are some of the obvious ap-
pearances in living forms; while scarcely any great
rivers or lakes penetrating and beautifying the coun-
try are to be found.
What Desecration!
Messrs. Ayer & Co. have received from Alexandria
a cargo of rags to pay for their medicines. They are
evidently gathered from all classes and quarters of
the Pacha s dominionsthe cast-off garments of
Hadjis and Howadjiswhite linen turbans, loose
breeches, and flowing robes. Not the least part of
their bulk is cloth in which bodies were embalmed
and wound for preservation three thousand years
ago! They are now to be made into paper for Ayers
almanacs; and thus, after having wrapped the dead
for thirty centuries, are used to warn the living from
the narrow house which they have so long inhabited.
Exchange.
[Shades of Isis and Osiris to the rescue ! Will you
suffer the despoiler to disturb your subjects manes
without in some way visiting him with your dis-
pleasure? And you, oh, Sphinx! and Memnon, and
the sacred bull Apisopen your lips of stone and
hurl fierce wrath and denunciation at those who un
roll the bandages from your kings and who, perhaps,
remove the swaddling garment from Cleopatra her-
self, to furnish material for a Yankee pill-venders
almanac.ED5.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
We learn from the report of the master of ma-
chineryThatcher Perkinsof the above-named
railroad, that the number of locomotives employed
upon it during the month of April last, was 172, the
average number of miles run by each engine 2,282,
miles run to one cord of wood 1,211, miles run to
one quart of oil 229, pounds of coal consumed per
mile run 61.8, cost of. repairs per mile run Sc., cost
of fuel per mile run 4c., cost of stores per mile run
1.2c., total cost 10.2 cents per mile. The total num-
ber of miles run by the passenger engines was 392,-
659, and by freight engines 807,117 miles.
Tire CULTIvATIoN or Roszs.Tbe rose requires
abundance of air and light, and judicious grouping
is indispensable. This may be accomplished by form-
ing a rose pyramid, rising gradually in, hight from
the minutest dwarf at the base to the tallest stand-
ard at the apex. As the varieties are almost endless
it would be impossible to enumerate them. Every
florists catalogue will supply the list; and the taste of
the operator direct the arrangement. A proper dls-
orimination should of course b6 manifested with re-
gard to the time and continuance of blooming, so as
to secure the finest possiole effect.
Tirs lighting of Paris by electricity, it is stated, is
to be entrusted to M. J. Van Malderan, who has in-
vented an electric light, one jet of which is equal to
2,200 jets of gas.~ent~& ne~u~.
Improved Spring Bed.
The above engraving represents an improved
mode of constructing spring beds, for which Letters
Patent were granted to Warren P. Miller, of Marys-
yule, Cal., on June 9, 1863.
These beds are composed of conical spiral springs
placed between longitudinal slats, and attached to
vertical bars traversing through holes in the slats.
On the top of each bar is a
cap or button, upon which the
mattress rests. The springs
are but four inches apart from
centers; there being about five
times the number usually em-
ployed. They are comparatively
light, interpose but slight re-
sistance to pressure, and, as
their action is Independent one
of the other, they readily adopt
a position corresponding to the
person. Two persons of un-
equal weight may occupy these
beds without inconvenience to
either, nor do they sink away
In the center and form the
sleeper Into a segment of a
circle.
In point of economy, ease,
and durability these beds are
unsurpassed. One ordinary
mattress is sufficient to make
a superior bed. They are so
constructed as to preclude the
possibility of getting out of
order, and it is confidently as-
serted that they will last fifty
years. All that is claimed for MILLERS PATENT SPRING BED.
these beds will be readily con-
ceded by an observer, and they need only to be used and invisible ghosts, trooping down from the world
to be appreciated. Patented through the Scientific of day, cross a Styx of dissolved sulphate of iron,
American Patent Agency. For further information and appear before the Rhadamanthus of that lurid
address G. & E. H. Parish, Hinsdale, Mass. Hades.
The English oMhis is that the photographer brings
NORTHERN COTTON; CULTIVATION. out the features printed on the plate by washing it
with sulphate of iron and hyposulphite of soda.
Although cotton has become scarce and high in SCOTTS PATENT STAMP-CANCELER.
price, from circumstances well known to all, and al-
though flax and wool have taken its place, and per- The creation of an internal revenue tax, and the
haps will maintain their position in many classes of adoption of stamps by which to legalize the various
goods for which cotton was formerly used, still it is
of such a peculiar character, that no other known
fiber can supplant it for many purposes. The opera-
tions Involved in its preparation for spinning are all
of a mechanical nature and are executed with ma-
chinery. It has not to be retted and treated chemi-
cally like flax, and it does not require to be soaped
and oiled like wool. Its preparation is therefore
more simple and economical. Taken from the field,
It but requires to be run through the gin and the
picker, and is then fit for the carder. And it is so
soft and pliable that it niny be made into fabrics that
have surfaces soft as the down of the swan, and also
into lace thread, attenuated as the spiders web. Its
cultivation, we understand, Is becoming extended in
localities where It was not formerly thought of, as a
crop, and no doubt it may be cultivated in districts
where it has been supposed it would never reach ma-
turity. The very finest qualities of cotton are un-
doubtedly raised in warm latitudes near the tropics,
but in China and Japan very good short staple
is raised in latitudes as far north as Long Island,
and these oriental varieties in all likelihood could
be acclimated here. Our consuls in China and Japan
should be Instructed to forward seeds from their re-
spective localities, with descriptions of the modes
pursued in their cultivation. The greater number
of fibrous m:aterials which can be raised at home
render us more independent of foreign supplies,
and tend to increase our industrial resources.
Highfalutin. time to any other paper. The press herewith illus
A writer in the Atlantic, in the course of an trated accomplishes this object by the following ar-
interesting article on the photographic art, delivers rangement. The light cast-iron frame is supported
himself of the following astounding paragraph by the bed-plate, A, and has on its upper end a pol-
Then we replace the slide in the shield, draw this ished table, B; this table has a raised boss under the
out of the camera, and carry it back into the shadowy knives, C, four in number, and is covered with
realm where Cocytus flows in black nitrate of silver leather to prevent them from being dulled. The
and Acheron stagnates in the pool of hyposuiphite, knives are set in the shoulder of the rod, D, which
works through the cylinder,
E, of the arm, F. There is
a spiral spring in this cylinder,
so that by placing a document
on the raised boss, and striking
or pressing forcibly down on
the button-head, the stamp is
separated into four pieces and
cannot be removed whole. This
attachment of the press is in-
tended for single stamps, but
when necessary to cancel a
large number at once, it can
be done by turning the handle
~ seen at one side; this is keyed
on a shaft which carries a
pinion working in the large
spur wheel, G. The cam, H,
i~uns on the friction roller, I,
in the knife-head, and forces
the latter down. When the
cam has passed, the spindle
carrying the knives flies up
again and allows the papers to
be1withdrawn. This constitutes
a power press, and is capable
of exerting a great strain. The
leather-covered portion may
be seen very clearly on the
lower part of the machine
under the knives. This machine is very strongly
made, and will very fully accomplish the object for
which it was designed. It was patented on April 1,
1862, by Edwin M. Scott, of Auburn, N. Y.; further
particulars can be had by addressing Swasey, Fos-
gate & Co., at that place.
Fast Running.
The Hudson river steamer gary Powell, Captain A.
L. Anderson, made the run between this city and
Poughkeepsie lately, in three hours and forty4wo
minutes. Leaving here at half-past three oclock,
P. M - sherea ched the latter city at twelve minutes
past seven oclock. Deducting thirty-five minutes
consumed at landings and five minutes lost on get.
ting into the stream on starting, and the actual run-
ning time for the seventy-five miles is three hours
and two minutesa feat unprecedented in the annals
of Hudson-river steamboating.
[The steamer City of Buffalo, formerly running upon
Lake Erie, has run 76 miles in three hours and six
minutes frequently. The distance from Toledo to
Buffalo is said to be 800 miles by the course run; the
time between these two ports, of the boat above-men-
tioned, was equal to a speed of 22 miles an hour for
fourteen consecutive hours. We think that is pretty
fast steamboating.EDs.
Lumber shipped from Philadelphia to Maine, & c.
The Philadelphia Press says that one firm in that
city has furnished to various ports in the State of
Maine the lumber necessary to complete, within the
past two years, at least forty ships, of which four
were United States gunboats. During the past year
the following amounts of oak and pine timber were
furnished by one house to the ports named :To
Bath, Maine, 523,640 feet; to Thomaston, Maine,
825,000 feet; to Searsport and Freeport, Maine,
827,099 feet; to Richmond, Maine, 278,188 feet; to
Yarmouth, Maine, 241,899 feet; to other Maine
__________________________ ports, 600,774; to ports of Massachusetts, 67,200
feet. Total, 2,263,750 feet.
LARGE Powuxu MILLsThe Union Powder Works
In New Durham, N. H., turns out two tuna of pow- Tux prospects of the peach crop in New Jersey are
der per day for the Government. These works, with said to be uncommonly promising. The backward
three other larger establishments, furnish a large spring delayed somewhat the budding of the trees
portion of the powder used in this war. The Du- documents in ua~ uI uu~ness aransacrions, nas ae- and thus prevented the liability
to blight.
pont Works, Wilmington, Del.; Hazard, in Connec- manded the introduction of machinery; in order
ticut; Oriental, in Maine; and the Union, in New j to guard against fraud each stamp must be effectn- Au anvil block, weighing 100
tuna, was cast at
Hampshire, have turned out at the rate of 400 bar- ally canceled after it has been used, so that there Sheffield recently. This is
by far the largest cast~
rels per day. J can be no possibility of its being affixed a second ing ever made in England.
89
~4~e ~ciewti~c ~ncticari+
MUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietors.
.7---
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
& t No.37 Park Row (Park Building), New York.
0. D. MUNN, S. H. WALES, A. H. BEACH.
TERMSThree Dollars per annumOne Dollar in advance, for
four months.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of pubilcation, and
at all periodical stores in the United States and Canada.
- Sampson Low, Son & Co., the American Booksellers, No. 47 Ludgate
HAll, London, England, are the British Agents to receive subscriptions
tor the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
~ See Prospectus on last page. No traveling agents employed.
VOL. IX, NO. 1... [NEW SERIES.] Nineteenth Year.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 4, 1868.
OUR NEW VOLUME.
Eighteen years a7go the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN was
commenced under the belief that such a publication
was desirable and would be beneficial to our me-
chanics and artisans. Since then twenty-two vol-
umes of it have been issued, and this number is the
first of the twenty-third, or the ninth volume of the
new series. It Was commenced under many adverse
circumstances, but it has been successful beyond an-
ticipation, and has advanced from a Weekly journal
of four pages to one of sixteen. In a very enlarged
sense it has been educational in its influence. The
notices, descriptions and illustrations of new inven-
tions and discoveries Which have been presented
through its columns have stimulated the inventive
genius of our country, resulting in an increas& of
improvements in mechanism and manufactures with-
out a parallel in history.
Although the past two years have been checkered
with scenes of violence, excitement and change, the
circulation of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has continued
large, and the last volume has never been surpassed
for beauty and amplitude of illustrations. We com-
mence this volume with the continued determination
to keep our readers fully advised of all that is oc-
curring in science, invention and the practical arts.
Critical discussions, timely suggestions, useful re-
ceipts and notices of discoveries at home and abroad,
will be furnished as usual, and every effort will be
made to render our new volume superior, if possible,
to any of its predecessors.
The publication of such a journal involves a great
expense, and demands severe labor, extended In-
formation and careful research ; therefore, to enable
us to conduct it, we require the generous support of
a large number of subscribers. Hitherto this has
been given with a heartiness which has rendered our
labors and efforts pleasant and encouraging. We rely
upon our readers for a continuance of their patron-
age, and an exercise of their influence among friends
to extend its circulation. No inventor, mechanic or
manufacturer-can keep pace with the improvements
of the day unless he consults its columns. The sub-
scription for it has been usually held by its readers
to be among their most profitable and satisfactory
investments.
AGRICULTURAL MACHINES.
The benefits which have been conferred upon our far-
mers and our whole people by improved agricultural
machines cannot be computed by mere dollars and
cents. In conversation, a few days since, with a
most Intelligent Western farmer he told us that man-
ual labor was so scarce in the country last autumn,
that but for horse-rakes, mowers and reaping ma-
chines, one half of the crops would have been left
standing on the fields~ This year the demand for
reapers has been so great that manufacturers will not
be able to fill all their orders. Farming is compara-
tively childs play ~ to what it was twenty years
ago, before mowing, reaping and other agricultural
machines were employed. The severe manual toil of
mowing, raking, pitching and cradling is now per-
formed by machinery operated by horse-power, and
man simply oversees the operations and conducts
them with intelligence.
STEAM FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
The application of steam to the business of farm-
ing has-not been as general in this country as we
could wish. Neither, from present appearances, are
we very sanguine that it will become popular. We
are at a loss to account for this very general indiffer-
ence of our farmers on what would seem a matter of
vital importan~e. In soi~e of the rocky and sterile
regions of the Northern States there are doubtless
good reasons against the adoption of steam plows
and cultivators of all kinds, yet in the Western
States, and on the fertile prairies, and rich alluvial
bottoms of the Mississippi valley, where the undula-
tions of the surface are slight, it is a matter of aston-
ishment that the advantages of steam are so persist-
~ sight of.
In England this subject has received more consid-
for, as a foreign journal justly remarks,
steam cultivation means good wages and cheap,
because abundant, food. It-is a question of putting
more into the earth and taking more out of it. It
is a question of greatly increasing the corn-producing
power of the land ; of more live stock and cheaper
meat. Yet it is calculated-that, up to the present
time, the steam- power applied to agriculture does
not exceed 50,000 horse-power. That is in the
United Kingdom, as we understand it, and in relation.
to the last assertion we venture to remark that not
the fiftieth part of that power is in use in this coun-
try for the purpose alluded to. We cannot point to
a single part of the Northern States where land is
cultivated or worked by steam. What is the reason
therefor? Are steam plows required? Agricultur-
ists have only to mention such a- want to have it
supplied by the ready wits and talent of our inven-
tors. We fear that our farmers are not sufficiently
enterprising and alive to the advantages likely to
accrue from a substitution of the all-powerful steam
for the laborious and tedious process of breaking
land by the old methods; and it is a matter for no
little regret that there should be 50,000 horse-power
at work on farms in Great Britain, ~Vhlle we have
not a tithe of that amount. It is estimated that one
horse will devour daily the rood of seven men; we
have, therefore, only to calculate the number of
horses employed in farm work to ascet.tain the
amount of grain that might be turned into the mar-
kets of the world instead of into horse-flesh. All
the steam plows that could stand between here and
the Rocky Mountains would not- consume the suste-
nance of a babe, and the land now devoted to oats
might be given to wheat, to the general and indeed
certain advancement of the interests of the com-
munity.
It may be urged against the adoption of steam
power that it is costly, and beyond the reach of men
of ordinary fortune. We think this objection can
be fully met and overcome by the organiNation of
local interests, so that a ina.chine wouldbe~the joint
stock property of farmers in the vicinity. The same
plan is now pursued very generally in, ~the case of
mowers, reapers, and other costly tools, and the
principle could well be adopted in this case. A com-
pany~ has been formed for this purpose in Great
Britain, and it, now lets - out steam~ cultivators to
farmers at a nominal sum, allowing the user to pay
a certain amount annually until he has purchased it.
In this way the farmer becomes the owner of a valu-
able apparatus which he may be said to hav,e~bought
out of itself, or rather with the profits he gained in
its use.
.We cannot say how such a plan would work inthis
country, but it would be for, the interest of those
manufacturing such machinery to try and introduce
the system. - Induce farmers to use portable engines
for hauling gang-plows, or for elevating hay with the
power-forks now so generally in use. The engines
could stand in one corner of a field and bymeans of
a long rope and pulleys add materially to the effec:
tiveness of the apparatus. So also, with stump-pull-
ing; a small portable steam engine would be just as
manageable and formore ~effective than alithe tug-.
ging, and straining at levers, winches, or whatever
the mechanical power through which force is trans-
mitted to the obstinate roots or to the unwieldy hay.
Steam cultivation offers a profitable field for research
to inventors and manufacturers. Sooner or later
all the work of the world must be done by steam7 as
much of it already is; -and it isno argument to say
that the means to apply it are not at hand. Agri-
culturists have only to make their wants know-n,
and, our word for it, there will be enough steam plows
produced to till the whole surface of the globe every
hour in th~ day.
AMERICAN SILK MANUFACTURES.
Next to food, the clothing of a people is the most
important physical consideration, especially in
changeable climates subject to severe cold. Hitherto
fabrics composed of cotton, wool, silk and flax
pure and mixedhave formed the staple of our
clothing, and for these the annual expense incurred
has been prodigious. Woolen and cotton cloths~
have been manufactured upon an extensive scale at
home for many years, but thus far the silk and lin-
hen cloth used have been imported from abroad.
The ~alue~of imported silk goods has ranged from
twenty to twenty-five millions of dollars annually
~oi ~ev~ir~tl ~ears past; that of flax from five to
seven millions. The present civil war, though an
undesirable evil, appears to evolve some good results
in the establishment of new manufactures among us.
The4 high tariff and advanced rate of exchange have
been opeiu~tThg~to ~i7oduce such results. Some quali-
ties of silk cl& th are now being manufactured, for
the first time, competing successfully with similar
styles imported - from France. We lately examined
several Pieces of silk manufactured by Cheney &
Brothers, at Hartford, Conn., and usedby Walker &
Penman, Leonard street, this city, for making trim-
mings of ladies dresses, and we consider these ~ew
products valuable acquisitions to our textile manu-
factures. They are woven in power looms, and the
day is not far distant, we think, when we shall be
manufacturing various qualities of silks equal in
every respect to those produced in the looms of
Lyons. We thus judge because in the same factory
at Hartford, pongee handkerchiefs and sewing silk
have been manufactured for several years, and the
latter surpasses in quality the best thatis made in
-Europe. It is preferred for use on sewing machines
on account of -its strength, uniformity of twist, and
beauty of finish. Printed as well as plain dyed silk
pieces are made at the above establishment, and the
demand for these fabrics Is fully greater than can be
conveniently supplied at present. Great convenience
has been experienced by several of our merchants in
obtaining desirable colors of this class of goods to
meet immediate deman ds, instead of having to for-
ward orders to France. We conclude that silk cloth
has now become one of -our home staple manufac-
tures.
Several years ago, the cultivation of the mulberry
tree, for the purpose of raising silk, was entered
upon by thousands -of our people under a feverish
excitement which raged for one- or two seasons. It
was one of those speculative manias which occasion-
ally inflict communities with day-dreams of prospec-
tive wealth, ending with gloomy disappointment.
This was not because silk cannot be raised in almost
every section of our country, but because it could
not be raised as a raw material to be sent to France,
and compete successfully with the cheap raw silk of
China and Southern Europe. But as we have now
the prospect of a home market for raw silk, this
beautiful product may yet be cultivated in our coun-
try with fairer hopes of profitable success. The sub-
ject is at least worthy of renewed consideration and
further experiment.
PECULIARITIES OF PETROLEUM BENZINE.
When petroleum is distilled at a low temperature
a light limpid liquid is obtained which has received
the name of benEine. It is different in its chemical
properties from the benEole of distilled coal-tar
naphtha, and is about as volatile as an etherits
density being 0.715. It boils at a terriperature be-
tween 1400 and 1500 Fah., and it has now become
- a valuable article in the arts, being used extensively
as a substitute for turpentine in mixing paints, and
4 is also employed for the removal of grease, & c., -
iftom light kid gloves, silks and woolen fabrics. It
dissoves india-rubber, asphaltum, some resins, tallow,
fatty oils, paraffine, stearic acid and wax, but it is
not a powerful solvent of amber, copal or shellac.
Iodine dissolves in it, producing a red color ; bro-
mine is dissolved in It with a slight explosion, and10
a gas is disengaged which burns with a beautiful
green color. Nitric oxide gas passed into the ben-
zIne gives it a fine green color; when ugh ted the
flame of the gas has a broad green coat and a purple
center. Hydrogen gas passed over the surface of
benzine burns with a flame emitting considerable
light. The petrol-benzine cannot be mixed with
water nor with wood naphtha, but readily and to
any extent with absolute alcohol, oil of turpentine
and bisulphide of carbon. In common ether it pro.
duces a turbidity, caused probably by a per-centage
of water. Sulphur and phosphorus dissolve only in
small quantities in it.
FLAX DRESSING.
The attention of a large portion of the agricultural
and manufacturing community is at this time turned
towards the production and treatment of flax; the
former endeavoring to produce it in sufficient quan-
tities to answer the demand, and the latter, in con-
nection with the inventor, seeking to put it in the
market at such prices that it can at once be obtained
by all classes. Very little difficulty has been ex-
perienced in. growing flax, but insurmountable ob-
stacles have attended the dressing of the straw as
economically as is demanded. Many flax-breaking
machines have been invented, but few of them, how-
ever, have been found desirable in all respects. We
are gratified to observe that onethe Mallory & San-
ford machineperforms its work with a thorough-
ness that augurs well for its popularity and adapta-
bility to the end desired.
Most persons are aware that flax is nothing but a
series of fibers concealed in a wooden case or stem,
and that, in order to liberate the flax, the shoo~-e or
wooden part must be removed, and this without in-
juring the quality or character of the staple. Al-
though an apparent simple and easy duty, to the su-
perficial observer,, it is in reality a very serious task
and has had an amount of ingenuity expended upon
it that seems surprising, unless .the character of the
work be considered. Th~ machine that we have al-
luded to performed its work very handsomely, and
makes not a particle of tow.. We were informed, and
can readily believe, that the proprietors cannot keep
pace with the demand for their machine.
We allude to this machine in the belief that it is
destined to work a revolution in the art of dressing
flax; and that in view of the manifold interests
springing from the successful treatment of flax fiber,
it behooves all interested in its manufacture to
adopt every means which promise a successful prose-
cution of their labors. For printers and publishers
generally the benefits likely to ensue from a supply
of flax stock to the paper-maker, in lieu of cotton,
are not to be over-estimated, both as regards the
better quality of. the paper and the .reduced cost at
which it is believed it can be afforded. Also, for
belting, warp for carpets, felting, calicoes, & c., the
adoption of flax for cotton, which is now rendered
feasible, promises to inaugurate a new era which will
be hailed by all who desire to be independent of a
stringency of cotton occasioned by any cause what-
ever. The whole Western country teems with flax
straw which has hitherto been burned or thrown
into rivers, after being deprived of its seed, for want
of flax machinery to reduce it to a condition fit to be
worked, the seed alone paying for the cost of raising.
This machine (an engraving of which and testimonials
from those who have used it are presented on another
page of the present number) is not exclusively a
power machine; but is made of a suitable size to work
by hand, so that any farmer owning but an acre or
two of land can dress his little crop with the utmost
celerity. Hand machinesare provided, which accom-
pliek in a proportionate degree all that the more
ponderous power machines can. The actual value of
such a machine to the growing demands of society,
for linen clothing, housekeeping and the arts in gen-
eral, is very great, and we expect to see linen in our
markets rivaling in quality that of Ireland and at
much lower prices.
WhEAT FOIL A BARREL OF FLOURThe question is
often asked, how much wheat does, it take to make
a barrel of fiVur? At the annual fair of the Dubuque
County Agricultural Society, in 1860, James Pratt &
Co., of the Rockdale Mills, entered one barrel of
winter and one of spring wheat, accompanied with
the statement that sixteen bushels of winter wheat
yielded three barrels and 103 pounds of flourat the
rate of four bushels and fifteen of wheat to the bar-
rel.. Of epring wheat, fifty bushels yielded eleven
barrels of flour, being four b,~shels and thirty-two
pounds. per barrel. The wheat used was of .a fair
quality, and no more.
THE MECHANIC ARTS AND THE~ FINE ART~
Shortly after the death of President Taylor we
spent an evening with the celebrated painter, Van-
derlyn, and the Commissioner of Patents at the house
of a mutual friend in Washington. A portrait of the
deceased President, by Vanderlyn, had just been dis-
posed of, by raffle. After expatiating awhile on art
and high art and giving incidents connected with
the production of Vanderlyns famous pictures of
Marius, Ariadne, the landing of Columbus, & c.,the
conversation slid into an amusing debate On, the rel-
ative importance of the mechanic arts and fine arts,
and the social standard of their professors. Vander-
lyn was insulted at the comparison and poured forth
scathing remarks on the ignorance and presumption
that would raise the anvil and forge to a level with
the easel and palette. The Commissioner laughingly
replied that his position justified, if it did not require,
him to uphold the dignity of mechanical professions.
Mechanicians and artists he observed, are both
children of inspiration, differing only in the medium
of their manifestationsone portrays his thoughts on
canvas, the other casts them in workshops, and places
the things themselves, instead of their pictures, be
fore you. There is some difference between a steam-
ship and the finest painting of one. Had the Greeks
(whom you, Mr. Vanderlyn, worship) honored the
mechanic arts more, and those which ministered to
the vanity of their leaders less, they had left a
brighter history. Some of their great thinkers were
sensible of the error and .have left a memorable proof
of their conviction.
What in the devils name is that ? exclaimed
Vanderlyn.
Why, thfsinstead of awarding the goddess of
beauty to the patron of the fine arts, they gave her
to a blacksmith ; and, as if to mark the moral with
the keenest emphasis, that blacksmith was a homely,
awkward and limping one! Such a decision may ex-
cite disgust in painters and sculptors, proud of their
profession; but there is no getting rid of the fact
that, on the sole ground of mechanical talent, an ar-
tisandeformed, halting on a broken leg, his face
and breast blackened with smoke and his hands
hardening into hornis represented as bearing off the
great prize of beauty in the face of the handsome and
all-accomplished Apollo himself 1
There was no reviving Vanderlyns good humor
after this; nor would he offer any other reading of
the riddle.
VALUABLE RECEIPTS.
DYEING Mixz~ Goons BLAcK.Cloth made of a
mixture of cotton and wool or flax and wool has be-
come very common, and in order to obtain black
goods of this composition, the practice formerly pur-
sued was to dye the cotton warp first, then the wool
of the filling or weft afterwards. It is very difficult
to dye fabrics composed of mixed vegetable and ani-
mal fibers. They are so different in their nature that
different processes are generally required to dye them
the same color. Difficulties having been experienced
in dyeing mixed cloth black by the old mode of col-
oring the cotton first, and a superior and more con-
venient mode has been desired. This is secured by
coloring the wool in the piece of cloth first, and the
cotton afterwards. The wool is prepared by boiling
it first in a mordant of the bichromate of potash,
then in a bath of a decoction of logwood, in the
usual way now practiced of dyeing black on wool.
After the cloth is washed it is steeped for about six
hours in a weak deQoction of sumacone pound of
sumac being sufficient for ten pounds of cloth. The
umac liquor must be cold or it wlll tend to make
the wool brown in color. After this the piece of
cloth is run through some weak lime-water, then
through a weak solution of the sulphate of iron,
aired and washed. After thia it is again run through
a weak liquor of logwood, washed, dried and the pro-
cesses are complete. The acetate of iron is superior
to the sulphate of iron for treating the cloth in the
second process, and is to bewpreferred when it can be
obtained. Black on cotton soon fades, and becomes
a slate color when exposed to sunlight and rain.
This is one reason why some mixed woolen and cot-
ton goods soon become faded in appearance. The
sulph~ te of copper is sometimes used for dyeing black
on wool; especially for homespun cloth. It is an ob-
jectionable substance to use for this purpose, as the
light acts upon black thus dyed, and it soon fades
into a dirty drab shade. The same process that is
pursued to color cotton will also color flax. Fast
blacks are dyed on cotton for the cloth of Scotch
gingham designed for umbrella oovers, by dyeing it
first a dark indigo blue, then a black on the top of
this with sumac, copperas and logwood. A fast black
can also be dyed upon cotton and flax with madder as
a substitute for logwood, but these fast blacks are
very expensive. It is not generally known that the
dyeing of vegetable fibers, such as cotton and flax, in-
volves far more intricate processes, more skill and
expense than the coloring of wool and silk. Aniline
colors have not yet been applied to d.ye cotton except
for very light shades, they being too expensive for
cheap fabrics. -
CLEANING Kin GLovEs.When kid gloves are
stained with grease and dirt they may be cleaned
with a composition of benzole containing a few drops
of ether. The glooves are to be laid upon a board,
then rubbed with a sponge containing the fluid, after
which they are dipped in the fluid, squeezed, rubbed
with the sponge dry upon the board, then expanded
by blowing into the opening for the hand, and when
all the fingers are opened full they are hung. up to
dry. This cleaning operation will not restore faded
colors. Common burning fluid, composed of four
parts of alcohol and one part of turpentine, will an-
swer for cleaning kid glooves nearly as well as the
benzole fluid. In using such fluids care must be ex-
ercised to conduct the operation at a distance from
fire, as the vapor which is generatad is very com-
bustible, and will explode if ignited.
THE ABUSE OF FILES.
There are by far too many files wasted and mis-
used in ordinary work, and the abuse is one that
should be checked at once. To judge from the
treatment some persons bestow on these costly tools,
they are as common as pins and about as valuable
A new file is used for fitting a Babbitt metal box to
a shaft, or a file for brass-work is used alike on iron
and brass; and then another must be procured when
the workman desires tofinish brass again. And so
the interchange goes on, until the consequence is
that the workman guilty of such carelessness has no
file of any kind, fit for any purpose in his drawer.
Hard steel makes no difference to a file-abuser either.
Apparently there are some ludviduals who think
that because a diamond will cut another diamond,
so a file must bite another file; they pursue this
theory and rasp away on the scale of cast-iron, or
over the black places in forgings, with an utter dis-
regard of their employers time and money. A fifteen-
inch flat bastard file costs from a dollar to a dollar
and a half, but we have seen one of these tools
placed hors du combat in five minutes by the blun-
dering stupidity, not to say criminality, of. the per-
son using iL If the individual had been obliged to
buy it himself, it is hardly to be supposed that he
would have treated it in such a manner. It con-
tributes in no wise to the reputation of any work-
man to be careless of tools that he uses but is not
obliged to purchase, and it would be much better for
all parties if a little more consideration was given
to this matter.
Vessels on the Lakes.
The immense amount of capital invested in the
commerce of our great lakes, is hardly realized by
the public outside of business circles immediately in-
terested in the trade.
The following statement of sail and steam vessels
now engaged in this business is compiled from the
Marine Register for 1868, just issued by the Board
of Lake Underwriters :Steainers, 134; propellers
and tugs, 253; barks and barkantines, 191.; brigs
and brigantines, 79; schooners, 1,030; sloops, 14;
barges, 60. Total, 1,761,11
RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.
The following are some of the most important im-
provements for which Letters Patent were issued from
the United States Patent Office last week. The claims
may be found in the official list
Device for molding Pottery-ware. This invention
relates to a new and improved machine for molding
elliptical dishes of pottery-ware, and consists in the
employment of an upright eccentric lathe in con-
nection with a yielding former and also with a cam
to operate said former when required. The object
of the invention is to attain a device which will
supersede the ordinary exclusive manual process of
forming pottery-ware vessels of this kind, by admit-
ting of the desired work being performed more ex-
peditiously and in a more perfect manner. 111. J.
Marcher, of New York city, is the inventor of this
device.
Sewing Mac/sineThis invention relates to sewing
machines for making a running stitch with a needle
of the kind used for hand-sewing, such needle being
placed between feed rollers which gather up the cloth
and feed it along in such a manner that the said
needle passes through and through it, first from one
side and then from the other. Its object is to avoid
the necessity of stopping the machine and taking
out the work when a certain length has been per-
performed, which is so great an objection to other
machines of thisclass, and to render continuous the
stitching of a piece of cloth of any length, It con-
sists, principally, in the arrangement of the rollers
which hold the needle and feed the cloth, in a vi-
brating frame, and in the employment, in combina-
tion with such frame, of a stationary throat by which
the cloth is conducted to the feed rollers and needle
in such manner that the point of the needle will be
caused by the vibrating moyement of the frame to
enter the cloth from opposite sides alternately ; also
in the employment of a reciprocating thimble which
serves as a bearing for the head of the needle at the
time of the operation of the feed rolls, but which,
by its reciprocating movement, allows the cloth to
pass over and off the head of the needle; also in the
employment, in combination with such reciprocating
thimble, of a tooth or catch, which takes hold of the
cloth and pulls it over the head of the needle as the
said thimble moves back therefrom. This invention
has been assigned to Madame Demorest, of 473 Broad-
way, New York, by the patentee, William G. Cook,
also of this city.
Safety Valve for Steam Boilers.This invention,
which is applicable to steam boilers, digesters, rubber
vulcanizing vessels, and all other vessels in which
steam may be generated, partakes partly of the char-
acters of what is known as a safety valve and of what
is known as a fusible safety-plug, and is intended to
combine the advantages of both these devices, and
to insure the letting-off the steam when it arrives at
a higher pressure or temperature than is safe or de-
sirable. Hitherto fusible plugs have generally been
secured by riveting or by screwing the alloy into a
hole in the boiler or by fusing the alloy~into the hole,
letting a portion flow through and form a head on
the inside. In all of these modes, steam begins to
escape the moment the most fusible portion of the
mold begins to liquify and long before the plug has
so far lost its tenacity as to be dislodged ; the time
of dislodgment varying just in proportion to the
mechanical force exerted by that portion which forms
the head inside or the screw-thread within the hole;
the same composition in the same size hole blowing
out at temperatures varying from 3400 to 4000 Fah.,
and in some instances not till the vessel explodes.
A fusible plug has also been inserted or formed within
a conical seat provided in the top of an inverted cup
arranged in the part of the boiler above the firebox,
but this position of the plug, for some reasons, is
objectionable. The object of this invention is to
obviate these difficulties, and to this end it consists
in drilling a taper hole from the outside of the boiler
or other vessel into the steam space, leaving the hole
very small on the inside of the vessel, and fitting to
this hole a valve or valve-like plug of brass or other
metal or alloy, which is infusible atany temperature
to which it can possibly be subjected by the steam,
and soldering this plug into the hole or seat with a
fusible alloy. G. B. Hayes, of Buffalo, N. Y., is the
inventor of this improvement.
~, Pamphlets containing the Patent Laws and full par
ticalars of the mode of applying for Letters Patent, speci-
fying size of model required, and much other information
useful to inventors, may be had gratis by addressing
MUNN & CO., Publishers of the ScczNrcvlc AMERIcAN,
NewYork.
38,875.School Globe.J. P. Agnew, Mercersburgh, Pa.:
I claim thearrangement of the case, B, in combination with a cc-
lestial or with a terrestrial globe, constructe& andarranged substantial-
lyas and for the purpose herein shown and described.
And I also claim the arrangement of the folds or ribs, d, in the
flexible case, B, in combinalion with the horizon, C, and globe, A,
constructed and operating substantially as and for lbs purpose speci-
fied.
[An engraving and full description of this invention, together with
other valuable improvements in school globes, patented by the same
inventor, will be published shortly in the 5t1ENTIFIO AasaascAst.1
38,876.Hinge for BlindsWin. L. Btrncs, Kingston,
N.Y.:
I claim the swinging blocking pieces, g, hinged to - the leaf, a, of
the hinge, in combination with tise projection, f, on theleaf, d, for the
purposes and as specified.
38,877.Machine for Hound Tenons.Ira L. Beckwith,
Providence, TI. I.:
I claim the improved spoke-tenoninglool or machine, as provided,
not only with the separale guide tube, B, and its socket, g, but as
having one or more adjustable cutler carriers, k k, made and applied
to its stock, A, substantially as hereinbefore specified.
I also claim the guide tube, B, us made with a recess, i, for the re-
ception of the cutter and its carrier, such recess bein~ arranged in
the said guide tube, as and for the purpose specified
I also claim the arrangement of the cutter rest, f, the adjustable
slitter carrier, k; and the clamping and adjustable screw or devices,
n n, of the latter.
38,878.Apparatus for dipping Lucifer MatchesS. A.
Bell, Epping Yillas, Stratford, England, and Thomas
Higgins, Carrico Terrace, Middlesex County, En-
gland. Patented in England Aug. 16, 1862:
we claim submitting splints or matches to the dipping operation
by presenting their ends to a continuous supply of the phosphorus or
other like ignitible compound, in the manner & bove described.
[This invention relates to means tsr effecting the coating of the ends
of splints or matched with the compound that ignites by applying fric
thin thereto its chief object is to present the splints, while con
tamed in a traversing clamp or frame, endwise, to a continuous sup-
ply of phosphorus or other like ignitible compound evenly covering a
conlaining surface, and thereby enable the matches to take up a suit-
able supply of the compound on their ends as they pass through the
machine this arrangement not only facilitates the dipping opera-
tion but also removes the liability of the workman contracting the dis-
ease now common among those who have to hendie the iphosphorus
compounds.]
38,879.Coal-Oil Lamp.W. B. Billings, New York City.
Ante-dated June 10, 1863
I claim, first, The impelled current of air when carried into the
self.generating burner for the purpose and in the manner substantial-
ly as set lorth.
Second, The mixing or mingling of the self-generated vapor with
the impelled current of air in the buruer, near the point 01 combus-
tion.
38,880.~Bellows.-TI. Boekien, Brooklyn, N. Y., and L.
Planer, New York City. Ante-dated Sept. 1, 1862:
we claim the employment or use of the ball valves, f f, placed in a
box, C, provided with a central partition, g, and applied to the double.
acting bellows, asand for the purpose herein set forth.
38,881.Lamp Chimney.Henry Booth, Jr., New York
City:
I claim the combination of the lower glass portion, 0, of the chim-
ney, with the metal tube portion, E, when the latter has pendent
rode, c c, attached to it, which are fitted in tubes, C C, conneztedto a
ring or band, A, placed on Ike burner, B, and all arranged substan-
tially as and for the purpose herein set forth.
[This invention relates to an improvement in that class of lamp
chimneys which are composed of melaland glass, that is to say, of a
glass bulb, cone or cylinder, and a metal tube, the former being at
the upper end of the latter.]
l8,882.~1Iarvester.John Butter, Buffalo, N. Y. Ante-
dated May 5, 1863
I claim, first, changing the gearing In a combined reaping and mow-
ing machine, in the manner and for the purposes set lorth.
Second, I also claim the combination of the shoe which supports
the heel of the finger beam when the machine is used for a mower
with the yielding supports of the finger beam with the main frame,
in such a manner as that, by simply turning said shoe, one quarter
over, the finger beam can be attached to the same shoe piece forreap-
in~ and the same connecting rod used, ~hile the finger beam is left
free to rise and fall, substantially as described.
Third, I ale9 claim the tubular part, H, in combination with the
finger beam supports, J and K, arranged in relation to each other for
the purposes stated.
Fourth, I also claim the combination of the finger beam, I, and
brace, L, with the tubular part, H, and its luge, 0 and p substantial.
ly as and for the purposes set forth.
Fifth, I also claim ihe frame, G, as a support for shafts, f and e,
substantially as set iorth.
Sixth, I also claim the frame, G, in combination with the supporting
p1 tes, F F, substantially as set lorth.
Seventh, I also claim the so ubinalion of the yielding slotted brace,
N, with frame, G, sibstantially as set forth.
38 ,883.~Tobacco Pipe.Charles Chinnock, Brooklyn,
N.Y.:
I claim the pointed and punctured tube, d, the movable cap, cigar
and 5pipe.holder, b, for the purposes set forth.
38,884..~Cultivator.PhlliP Coonrad, Keithesburgh, Iii.
Ante-dated June 2, 166~l
I claim the combination of the stationary frame, D, and the rising
and falling frame, E, when the latter is provided with the laterally
adjustable plows, F, and guards, B, arranged with the bars or levers,
j, opdrated through the medium of the foot lever, 0, or hand lever,
I, as berets set forth.
I lurther claim the lever, u, connected with the frame, E, through
the medium ofthe shaft, L, crank, s, and link, s, but this I onlyclaiin
when used in connection with the laterally-adjustable plows, F, and
the means employed for operating asberein ddscribed.
[Thisinvention relates to an improved cultivator of that class de-
signed for plowing corn and other crops which are grown in hills or
drills its object is to obtain a simplemachine for the purpose speci-
fled and one which will, by an extremely simple arrangement of
parts, admit of the plows, which adjoin the rows ef plants, being ad-
justed laterally so as to conform to the sinuosities of the latter]
38,885.Furnace.N. F. B. de Chodzko, Paris, France.
- Patented in England June 27, 1862:
I claim, first, The improvement in dividing the furnace into upper
and lower fire grates or compartments.
Second, The lugs, projections or hooks at one end of the fire-bars to
keep them in their proper position
Third, The deflector over the lower fire grate to deflect the gases cr
smoke on to the surface of the heated coke. The combination of a
furnace divided into upper and lower fire grates with the deflector
over the lower fire grate, substantially as above set forth.
38,886.Hulling and dressing Rice.Sllas Dodson, of
Bloomsbfirg, Pa.:
I claim the combination of the bevel-faced stones, C 0, and the
straight-faced stone, C, with the central shaft, D, screen, B, stone,
E, straight-faced upon one side and beveled upon the other, and the
double-beveled stone, E, as herein shown and described.
Having the stone, E, made adjustable upon the shaft, D, indepen-
dently of the stone, H, in the manner and for the purpose herein
ahuwn and described.
The arrangement of the screw, H, with the shaft, D, in the manner
herein shown and described, whereby -the speed and direction of
motion of said screw ma y be changed and governed without altering
the velocity of the shaft, B, or that of the stones, all as set forth.
[This Invention relates to a new and improved maflhine for hulling
and dressing rise, that is to say, for removing Ihe hulls from the rice
and divesting it of the inner coating or pellicle of the grain, the whole
work being done simultaneously and in a perfect manner.]
38,887.Water Wheel.Daniel Doncaster, Punxutawney,
Pa.:
I claim, first, The combination of a turbine, A, with a guide wheel,
C, and an adjustable suspension frame, H. when arranged and oper-
ating substantiallylO the manner described, for the purposes set
forth.
Second, the combins..ion of the turbine, A, and adjustable gale, II,
when constructed, arranged, and operated, substantially in the man-
ner, and for the purposes set forth.
Third, the combination of an adjustable guIde frame, a guide wheel,
and a turbine, with a gate arranged below the same; the whole
operating substantially in the manner described and for the purposes
specified.
38 888.Machine for cleaning Animals Intestines-C. F-
Dortenbach, Cleveland, Ohio:
I claim, in combination with the rotary scrapers, K, the Inclined
adiusiable table, C, for cleanieg the intestines of animals, substan-
tially in the manner herein described.
I m~leo claim in combination with the adjustable table, C, the springs,
B, for the purpose of causing the table to yieldto the pressure of the
sor pers tum pru)test tIme intestines from being injured by the scrapers,
substantially in the manner herein described.
I also claim, in combination with the rotary scraping cylinder and
adjustable table, the rod, F, and the convex scrapers, p for the pur.
p6se of turning the intestines inside out, substantially in the masner
herein set forth.
38,889.Horse Collar.Cubitt Durrant, Lyndonville,N.Y.:
I claim, as a new article of manufacture, the improved horse collar,
herein desertimed, the skeleton or foundation being composed ef braids
of flags or rusebes, and the stuffing composed of rushes or other stalks,
retained in place by the transverse fringe or covering, g, to give ad-
ditional strength and covered by the sloth lining, k, the whole con-
structed and arranged substantially asherein set forth.
38,890.Piston for Steam-Engines.H. D. Dunbar; Hart
land, Vt.:
I claim, first, Covering the cuts of packing rings by fiat plates fast- -
ened at one side of the cut, and fitting said plates into recesses in the
uncut ring for the puirpose of preventing the passage of steam through
the joints, substantially as described.
And I claim, in combination with plates for covering the cuts
packing rings, the pivoting of said plates to one side of the out, and
so that when in their recesses they will allow the rings to move upon
upon thefts as they expand or contract, sebstantially as described.
38,891.Churn.S. F. Emerson, Seville, Ohio:
I claim the combination of the tubes, H H, with the dasher, ID, In
the manner and for the purpose herein shown and described.
[This invention relates to an improvement in that class of churns in
which rolary dashers are used, and consists in using with a dasher
of peculiar construction two or more tubes connected with the dasher
shaft and arranged in such a manner as to conduct, by their rotation,
air down into the cream, and also to serve as beaters, whereby but-
ter of asuperior quality is obtained in a short time.]
38,892.Pencil-eraser and Stamp.Eberhard Faber, New
York City:
I claim as an improved article ~,f manufacture a lead pencil pro-
vided with an augulated rubber-seal head, as herein shown and de-
scribed, which serves as a seal, a preventer against rolling and as an
eraser, all as set iorth.
[This invention consists in placing and securing on one end of an
ordinary wooden-cased lead pencil a knob or piece of india-rubber,
the latter being of such dimensions that it will serve as an eraser of
the pencil marks and of such a form that it will also serve as asealor
stamp, and at the same time prevent the pencil fromrolling off a
table or desk.]
38 893.Apparatus for the Manufacture of Salt.C. S.
Farrar, Romeo, Mich. Ante-dated Feb. 27, 1863:
I claim, first, the improved arrangement of the vats, A B and C,
constructed and opei-ated substantially in the manner ahd for the pur-
pose set forth and described.
Seesud, I claim the grates, B B, in conneclion with the steam pipes,
m m, as set forth and described.
38,894.Liquid for Galvanic Batteries.D. H. Fitch, Jr.,
Litchfield, Ill.
I claim the use of chlorate of potassa in combination with sul-
phuric acid and watef for the purpose speciSed.
I also claim the use of the salts of ebloric acid in combination with
sulphuric acid and w.ater, for the purpose specified, thehi- action being
substantially the same as chlorate of potassa.
38,895.HBt.F. P. Flanagan, Newark, N. J.:
I claim, first, The employment, in combination with a coatIng of
hatters varnish to secure a covering of felt, cloth, plush or other ivo-
yen fabric, to a. hat body made of palm leaf or other material of sim-
ilar character, of a coating ot india-rubber solution applied to the
body preparatory to the application of the hatters varnish, substan-
tially as and for the purpose herein specified.
Second, The binding strip, a, pasted over the edge of the brim pre-
paratoryto the apPlication of and in combinatious with the covering,
b, substantially as and for the purpose herein specified.
38,896.Sheep Rack.J. B. Freeman, Lebanon, N. Y.:
I claim the combination of the hay rack, C, and troughs, B B,
placed within a frame. A, provided with lids, B B, and allarranged
as and for the purpose herein set forth.
[This invention consists In combining a hay rack and feed troughs
in such a manner that a very convenient and economical feeding
device is obtained and one which will prevent the waste of fodder by
the sheep.]
38,897.India-rubber Whip Socket.Chas. Goodyear, Jr.,
New York City:
I claim the manufacture oh soft vulcanized India-rubber whip
sockets, substantially as hereinbefore described.
38,898.Power Mortising Machine.G. W. Gould, Nor-
wich, Conn.:
I claim, flint, The Iron frame, 0, east wholetop, bottom and aides
b~
ISSUED FROM TUE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
FOR THE wzzz ENDING JUNE 16, 1863.
ReporterdO - lly forihed Ii A12
and the arrangement of the four guides, one on each corner of the
same, D D D D, Fig. 3.
Second, The arrangement of the iron rods and screws, E E, con-
necting with the sleeves, F F, forth e support of the rest, B.
Third, The rack, G, and lever, Ii, by which the rent is raised or low-
eredwith cane and accuracy.
Fourth, The auxiliary boring attachment by which it in moved and
held, in position without stopping the machine, and itn connection
with the expanding attachment of the bit shaft, and the pulley, frame,
card and weight.
38,899.Safety Valve.G. E. Hayes, Buffalo, N. Y.:
I claim the conical valve or plug, b, of infusible metal or alloy sol-
dered into the hole or seat, a, provided for tin reception in the boiler
or other vennel, by means of a fusible alloy, nubstantially as and for
the purpose herein specified.
38,900.Washing Machine.J. M. Homer, San Jose Mis-
sion, Cal.
I claim, first, The bottom of the reservoir or wanhing chamberhav-
log the plain central and the curved and corrugated portions as re-
cited, in combination with and in relation to the mauls, as set forth.
Second, The arrangement of thevertical weighted lever, u, the
horizontal rod, t, the horizontal lever, p, and rods, r, for operating the
uprights and unauls, as herein described.
38,901.Boiler for making Paper Pulp.M. L. Keen,
Royers Ford, Pa.:
I claim, first, a boiler provided with a perforated diaphragm and
well or their substantial equivalents, arranged in the manner and for
the purpose described.
I also claim, in combination with the boiler, the arrangement of
the discharge pipe and valve for the purpose of blowing out or dis-
charging the contents of the boiler under pressure, snbntantially as
and nor the purpose set forth.
38,9Q2.AsliPan.J. A. Lawson, Troy, N.Y. Ante-dated
April 17, 1863
I claim the bail, C, in combination with the ash pan drawer, A, and
with the stops, a a, and handle, B, substantially as and for the pur-
poses as herein described and set forth.
38,903.Breech-loading Fire-arm.O. ID. Lull, Watkins,
N.Y.:
I claim, first, The cartridge, L M, constructed substantially as set
forth in Ithe described combination with the longitudinally sliding
hammer, e, open barrel, B, longitudinal slot, a, and lateral cavity, a,
arranged to operate as explained.
Second, The combination of the sliding hammer, C, spring, D, rods,
E E, and lever, C, constructed, arranged and 9perating as dencribed,
in connection with the cylindrical metallic cartridge, L N, and ion-
gituditnal nipple, N.
Third, The specific arrangement of the dog, H, spring, I, trigger, J,
and set screw, K, in combination with the sliding hammer, C.
[This isa simple. safe and effective form of breech-loading gun
The invention is valuable in permitting rapid firing and preventing
danger of fouling or derangement of parts.]
38,904. Draughting Scale. Josiah Lyman, Lenox,
Mass.: , -
I claim, first, The combination and arrangement, in the manner
described and for the purpose set forth, of a triangular and quad-
rangular scale with a screw micrometer, by which distances on pa-
per or otherwise may be measured, read, or laid down with mathe-
matical precision.
Second, I claim the arrangement as set forth for exchanging one
micrometer circle for another suited to any one of the several
scales.
Third, I claim - the peculiar arrangement of the screw.tube, by
which a smooth, uniform friction is given to its action, and all per-
ceptible error from play or other causes is excluded from the readings
of the micrometer circle.
Fourth, I also claim the arrangement an set forth of the spring at-
tachment, by which this draughting scale maybe brought into con-
nection with, and become a part of the protracting trignometer.
38,905.Molding Pottery-ware.Robert 5. Marcher, New
York City:
I claim, first, The combination:of an eccentric chuck or lathe and a
- mold, arranged substantially as hereinshown and described. -
Second, Thebar, H, with a pendent plate or former, k, attached, in
combination with the mold and eccentric chuck or lathe, for the pur-
pose specified.
Third, The cam, 0, and spring. N, or its equivalent arranged to
operate in connection with the plate or former, k, mold, L, and ec-
centric chuck or lathe, for the purpose set forth.
38;9Q6.Furnace for reducing and smelting Ores.
Loomis G. Marshall (assignor to himself and Andrew
Cochran), Philadelphia, Pa.:
I claim the arrangement of the reservoir of water at top of slack
in combination with a reservoir at side of stack (containing the re-
fining flux) with their connecting pipes that conduct the heated water
and flux to the side wings below.
I also claim the four side wings with theii connecting pipes, mova-
ble top, and perforated incline bed, as arranged in combination with
the smelting furnace, for the purpose of. smelting and refining the
ores, and drawing ofi the fluid continually while the fluxing is going
on in the bosh.
38,907.Skate.J. J. McCormick, Brooklyn, N. Y.:
I claim a foot-stand, A, for a skate, struck up with the socket,, a,
for the heel out of one piece of sheet metal, in the manner shown
and described:
I also claim as a new article of manufacture a skate having a foot-
stand with socket for the heel struck up out of one piece of sheet
metal, and provided with a-set screw, b, and spring clamps, c, as and
fer the purpose. specified.
[This invention consists In a skate having the foot-stand with a
socket for the heel struck up of one piece of metal, and provided
with spring clamps in front. and. with a set screw behind in such a
manner that a firm, cheap and durable support for the foot is pro-
vided, and that by drawing the springelamp over the edge of the sole
of the boot or shoe to which the skate is to be secured, and screwing
up the set screw against the heel the skate is firmly i-etained in its
placel
38,908.Boring Machine.John Meyer, Brooklyn, N. Y.
I claim the arrangement of the adjustable disk, -D, on the shaft, B,
In combination-with the bevel gear. B F, extension shalt, C, bevel
gear, I J, curved rotary arm, h, and bore spindle, H, all constructed
and operating substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and
deawibed.
38,909Shirt Collars.Julius A. Pease, New York City:
I claim a shirt-collar made by covering a metal frame with water-
proof enameled cloth, or other material, substantially as before de-
scribed. -
38,910.Iron BridgeSimeon S. Post, of Jersey City,
N. J.:
I claim, first, The joint box-connecting segments of the top chord or
plate, and also receiving the heads of the posts or struts and braces,
with the loose-pin, k, passing through the whole.
Second, A cylindrical joint in the construction of a bridge, as shown
at B, irrespective of its location, when used for the purpose of ob-
viating the dangers of expansion and contraction.
Third, Theslotted chord, when used in connection with the cylin-
drical joint and for the same p,srpose. -
Fourth, The construction of the chord when used in combination
with the cylindrical joint, substantially as described and shown.
38,91L-Machine for splitting Match Blocks.Yan }~enssej
- laer Powell, Troy, N. Y.:. -
I claim, first, The combination of a suitable bed or support, A, for
the match blocks, a splitting knife, B, having an edgewise recipro-
eating movement toward and from, but not to or past the said bed, a
set ot feed rolls, C C, and a presser, US, whereby each succeeding
match block is moved along on the bed, and pressed against, and
thereby made to support and feed to and past the knife the rear por-
tion of the next preceding block, substantially as herein described.
Second, I also claim the combination of a match-block support, A,
presser, D, feed rolls, C C, and asplitting knife, B, having an edge-
wise reciprocating movement toward and from but not to or past the
said match-block support, and also a movement sideways, so that the
knife will fellow the inclination of the grain ot the wood In splittiog
into the block, and return to the proper place br starting a new split
on withdrawing from the block, substantially as herein described.
Third, I also claim a match-block splitter having devices for holding
match blocks and successively feeding them with an uninterrupted or
continuous movement to a splitting knile mounted- so as-lu strike
into but not through the match block, and be moved sideways with
and by the moving block while in the latter, and be returned to the
proper place to make a new cut upon -being drawn-out of--the moving
block, substantially as herein set forth.
Fourth, I also claim the Ipurs or projections, B, when arranged in
combination with a-bed, A, splitting knife, B, presser, D, and- feed
rolls, C C, -or their-equivalent for pushing the match block along on
on the bed and past the splitting knife by means Of a succeeding
match block, suhstantiahljas hereln described.
Fifth, I also claim the yieldin~~laolder, C, when arranged in com-
bination with a splitting-knife, B, presser, D, feed rolls, C C, and
bed, A, with or without the spurs,E, as herein described.
Sixth, I alsoclaim the supplemental piesser, I, when arranged in
combinationwith the shedding presser, D, bed, A, knife, B, and feed
rolls, C C, substantially as herein described.
38,912.Mold for casting Sheaves.Samual Ray, Alliance,
Ohio:
I claim the employment or use of the plate or lifter, B, in com-
bination with the follow board, A, and flasks, C II, all constructed
and operating in the manner and for the purpose substantially as
shown and described.
[This invention consists in the employment of a plate or lifter,
with one or more holes, which, in addition to its use of ifting the
sand or main body of mold, also serves as a support to the mold and
- prevents At from being crushed by the upper part of the flank being
closed on it after the patterns are withdrawn.) -
38,913.Fastening for ~Blind Slats.Wm. F. Redding,
Utica, N. Y.:
I claim the rod, D, secured to the lower slat rod, b, and provided
with an eye, d, at its lower end; in combination with the spring or
elastic plate, H, provided with i-ecesses, t; and secured to the lower
cross-piece, e, of the blind, either with or without the plate, D5, as
and for the purpose herein set forth.
[This Invention relates to a stew and improved catch or fastening
applied to window-blinds and arranged in such a mannerthat the
slats of the blind may be secured in an open or closed state and at
different points between those two positions as may be desired; the
slats at the same time being prevented from being moved from the
outer side of the blind.] -
38,914.Wrench.J. 5. Richardson, Woodstock, Vt.:
I claim the ratchet, C, provided with two bosses, d d, which are
fitted loosely -in eyes at the ends of the pai-ts, a a, of the shank, B,
in combination with the pawla, B B, spring, F, and removable
sOcket, D, all arranged to operate as and for the purpose set forth.
[This invention consists in the employment or use ofla ratchet, two
pawla, a spring, and a removable socket arranged and combined in
such a manner that a nut may be turned by an oscillating movement
without taking the wrench from it, and ,the same wrench rendesed
capable of-being applied to different sized nuts.]
38,915.Rice-cleanerCharles E. Rowan, Brooklyn,
N. Y.:
I claim the movable perforated metallic plates, receiving the
headed pins as aforesaid, and applied to the surfaces of rice-cleaning
machines, for the purposes and as specified. -
38,916.Machine for breaking and cleaning Flax, Hemp,
& c.Gelston Sanford& Jamesj~l. Mallory, New York
City:
We claim the combination of the large fluted roller, having a con-
tinuous and regular rotary motion as described, in combination with
one or more small fluted rollers having a reciprocating rolar motion
impat-led substantially as herein described, the flutes of tl~e small
roller or rollers meshing into the flutes of the large s-oiler, atid roll-
ing alt rnately.in opposite directions on the periphery thereof, sub-
stanti~ly as and for ttntPurpose~pecified. -
38,917.Frog for Railroad Switches.Thomas Sharp,
- - Chicago, Ilk: - - -
I claim,-first, Providing the frog of a-railroad switch, with an ad-
ditional groove, substantially as and for the purposes herein specified
and shown.
Second, I claim the combination of the wrought iron or malleable
iron track, with the cast iron bed or base, substantially in the man-
ner and for the purpose herein delineated and set forth.
38,918.Cooking Stove.Jacob Shavor & Albert C. Corse,
Troy, N. Y.:
We claim the combination of the-damper, d, with the front plate, t,
and with the fire-box or chanohe,-, a, substantially as herein de-
scribed and set forth.
We also claim the combination of. the air tube, o, with the curved
or inclined plate, iv, and with the air-chamber, j, substantially as
herein described and set forth.
38,919.Means of setting up Ships Bigging.Samnel
~mlth & Win. H. Fludder, Newport, B. I.: -
We claim, first, The lanyard composed of a metal tube, A, and rod
B, combined with each other, and with the shroud, stay or other por-
tion of the standing rigging substantially as herein specified.
Second, The employment in combination with such lanyard of a
strap, 1; or its equivalent, screw blocks, F F, and a screw or screws,
C, substantially as and for the purpose herein described.
IThis invention consists in an improvedconstruction of an iron or
other metal lanyard audmode of combining the same with the shroud
or stay, also inamode of combining cerew blocks and screws with
such a lanyard for thepurpose of shortening it to set up the shroud
erstay.]
38,920.Spring Hook Fastening for GarmentsDavid M.
Smith, Springfield, Vt.:
I claim extending the free or disengaged end, a1, of the spring or
elastic hook, B, through an oblong slot, b, In the back plate, c, of the
button or knob, A, substantially as and for the purpose herein set
forth.
[This invention relates to an improvement on a hook or fastening
designed more especially for soldiers india-rubber wrappers or blan-
kets to secure the same on the wearer and also to fasten the wrap-
pers or blankets together to form tents or coverings for a plurality of
men.]
38,921.Revolving Fire-arm.Horace Smith & Daniel B.
Wesson, Springfield, Mass.:
We claim ibe movable breech-pin, C, applied in ,omblnatlon with
the revolving cylinder having its chambers extended through its rear,
to operate substantially as and for the purpose herein specified.
[This invention relates to that class of revolving firearms which
have the chambers extended right through the cylinder for loading
from the rear. The metallic shells or cases of the cartridges com-
monly used In such arms are made to protrude a short distance from
the rear end of the cylinder, and thefianged parts so protruding are
frequently so expanded by the explosion of the charge as to cause
them to bind between the cylinder and the recoil shield and make
the cylinder revolve very hard. The obiect of the improvement is to
prevent this binding: of the cartridge shell and so insure the easy
revolution of the cylinders; and to this end it consists in fitting the
recoil shield with a sliding breech-pin arranged opposite to and in
line with the barrel and so operated by the lock as jo move forward
as the hammer falls to strike, for the purpose of supporting the
cartridge which is brought in line with the barrel and of holdIng the
said cartridge in place at the time of firing,. and to move back again
and leave the shell of the said cartridge free as the hammer is re
cocked.] -
38,9~2.Centering Device for Lathes.Joseph A. Talpey,
Somerville, Mass.: - - -
I claim the tube, A, punch, B, arms, B, and conical slide, F, all
combined and arranged to operate substanlially as and for- the pur
pose herein set forth. -
[The object of this invention is to obtalna simple and eflicient de
vice for expeditiously centering the ends of shafts and other articles
which are to be turnedin lathes. The invention consists in the em
ployment or use of a tube provided externally with three or more
pivoted cams and a conical slide, and having fitted within it a punch
wills a spring applied to it, the whole being so arranged and organized
thatby simplyapplying the end of the tube to the end of the article
to be centered and shoving the conical slide on the tube the arms will
grasp the article to be turned and adjust the tube to the centers of the
article, which is centered by driving the punch into the end of the
shaft]
38,923.Friction Match .Stand.Nathaniel Waterman,
Boston, Mass.:
I claim the above-described improved match stand and rubber made
with the receiving or intercepting channel applied to or about its
base, as specified.
And I claim the match st.nd as made with the intercepting chan-
nel, and with the flutings or grooves arranged with respect to the
said channel as specified.
38,924,Machine for nailing BoxesGeorge Wicke, New
York City:
I claim, first, The employment of the grooved spring jaws, H, sub-
stantially as described, for the purpose of recetring the nails, and to
guide them to their proper places.
Second, The combination - with the spring jaws, H, of the rising
and falling plungei-, B, constructed and operating substantially as
and for the purpose described.
Third, Arranging the plunger, B, with a disk-shaped collar, I, or
its equivalent to operate in combination with the spring jan-n, H, sub-
stantially as aind for the purpose specified.
Fourth, Tine arrangement of the circular portion, e f, on the cam,
C, to operate in combination with the gate, B, and treadle, d, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Fifth, The arraugemeut and combination of one or more adjustable
carriages, F, table, J, and slide, L, constructed and operating in the
manner and for the purpose substantially as specified.
38,925.Bee-hive..~A. T. Wright, Oskaloosa, Iowa:
I claim, first;- The employment or use of a sertes of frames, f,
placed upon a suitable trestle or support, A, and secured in proper
contact with each other by means of a clamping device formedof the
longitudinal bars, C C, cross-bars, B, springs, I, bars, H, and with Or
without the wedges, J, all arrang d and combined
andfor the purpose herein net forth. - - substantially as
Second, The roof or cover, k, applied to the frames, f, and secured
thereto and to the trestle A, by means of the hook, 1, flu med at the
ends of rods, L, provided with springs, ltl, substantially as set forth.
Third, The trestle,- A, constructed substantially as shown and pro-
vided ovith an alighting board, d, when sand in connection with the
hive formed of the frames, f, clamped together substanthilly as
herein described.
[The object of this invention into obtains bee-hire which will be
better adapted than usual to the habits and instinctive requirements
of the bee and which will afford a conveniencein the management of
both the bees and the hive with regard to every department of bee
culture.]
38,926.Lamp Bnrner.P. 5. Clark (assignor to S. S.
Clark), West Meriden, Conn.:
I claim the tivo inclined wick-tubes, d d, when closed by plates, 1,.
at their edges or narrow tides to form a draught-space, g, and pro-
vided with elevated outer sides, 2, and inner sides 1, on a level with
the upper edges of the plate, f, and Stied at their lower ends in a box,
a, into which air Is adnaitted into the space, g, formed by the wick
tubes and plates,- f, the wick tubes being curved in their horizontal
section and all arranged as and for the purpose herein net forth.
[This invention relates to an improved lamp burner of that class
designed for burning coal oil withount the aid of a draught chimney
and is more especially designed forthe lamps of lanterns, although I
may be advantageously used for ordinary hand-lamps.]
38,927.Sewing Machine.William G, Cook (assignor-to
Ellen L. I)emorest), New York City:
I claim, first, The arrangement -of thel feeding and needle-holding
rollers, a a b .b, in a vibrating frame, C D, substantially as and for
the purpose herein specified.
Second, The reciprocating thimble, C, applied in corpbinatipn with
the feeding and needle-holdihg rollers, a a, b b, to operate substan-
tially as and for the purpose herein described.
Third, The tooth, T, applied to operate in combination with there-
ciprecating thimble, C, and feeding and needle-holding rollers1 a a
b b, to operate substantially as and br the purpose herein specified.
38,928.Mode of fastening Doors of Hay and Cotton
Presses.Platt C. Ingersoll (assignor to himself and
H. F. Dongherty), Greenpoint, N.Y.:
I claim, first, The levers, C, attached to the doors of a press with
their fastenings,- B and F, as and for the purpose described.
Second, The levers, I, and their mode of hanging, fastening and
operating as and for the purpose specified. -
Third, The projections, C, for the purpose described. -
38,929.Jacquard Loom.H. W. Hensel & L. ID. Valetton
(assignors to the said H. W. Hensel), Philadelphia,
- Pa.:
We claim the sliding bar, H. and the horizontal projection, I, ar-
range-fl on the lathe of a Jacquard loom in respect to the warp threads
substantially as setforth, for operating on the said warp thresds in
the manner and for the purpose specified. --
38,930.Annealing Glass Ware.Edward Dithridge (as-
signor to Edward ID. Dithridge), Pittsburgh, Pa.:
I claim the annealing of glass ware by enclosing it immediately
after it is made, and while yet hot in close compartments or boxes of
such size as that the airgeonfined therein will be readily heated by the
glass article or articles placed therein; and keeping the 8lass ware
thus confined and exciunded from the external air until it becomes
cold or nearly so; thereby securing the gradual cooling of glass ware
without the use of leers or the application of artificial heat other
than that which is contained in the articles themnelvts when placed
in the annealing boxes.
Also the use of annealing apparatus for glass ware, consisting of a
series of compartments, capable of being readily closed as the glans
articles are placed therein, and constructed of-wood, fire-brick or
other suitable subsiance, substantially in the manner and for the pur-
poses herein-before set forth.
38,931.Sewing Machine.JamesS. McCurdy (assignor
to Elias Howe, Jr.), Brooklyn, N. Y.:
I claim, first, The spring, m, applied to the detached or independent
revolving looper, substantiallyas and for the purpose hereifispecified. -
Second, The plate, h, applied in combination with the revolving
looper-land the looper-driving disk, C, substantially as and for the
purpose herein specified.
[This invention relates to single-thread sewing machines making
chain stitqh, particularly to thosewhieh use a revolving detached or
independent looper operating iu connection with a revolving needle
in such manner as to effect the enchatningof the loops -of its thread
by passing entirely through them. It consists in the arrangement of
such looper to revolve within and around a cylindrical support for
the cloth or other material to be sewed. Alsolin a certain device for
confining such looper in its cirenslar vacancy.]
38,932.Machine for Sawing Shingles and Staves.Geo,
H. Parsons, East Eddington, Maine, administrator of
Harvey M. Parsons, deceased, and Thomas I~I. Egery,
Bangor, Maine: - -
We claim, first, The swinging bolt frame, N, arranged to operate in -
connection with the circular saW, B, through themedium Of the seg~
ment rack, Q, pulley, P, on shaft, He arm, I, lever, J, and the ser-
rated arm, D, or their equivaleOts, substanhially as and for- the pur-
pose herein set forth. - -
Second, The manner of feeding the bolt, I-I, forward in the bolt-
frame as herein described; to-n-it, by means of the raichets, It W13
pawis, e f, bent levers, S X, connected by the bar, g, and the bar m,
all arranged substantially as set forth.
Third, The toothed cylinder placed in the bolt frame, N, and ar-
ranged to operate as and for the pnrpoae herein set forth.
[This invention consists in the employment or nse of a swinging or
vibrating bolt-frame provided with snitable clogs and a feed-mechan-
ism, all arranged in snch a manner asiL~ feed the bolt automatically
to the saw which cnts the shingles or other article from the bolt.]
38,933.Lamp Wick Regulator.John Pomeroy (assignor
to Henry A. Shipman & Robert badly), Derby,
Conn.:
I claim the combination 01 one or more spur wheels with the center
pin or axis fastened together by npsetting the center pin so as to fill a
polygonal hole in each spur-wheel and form a collar on each side of it,
substantially in the manner and for the pnrposes setforth.
38,934.Revolving Fire-arm.LnciusW. Pond
to himself and John H. Tickers), Worcester, Mass.:
I claim the connection of the several liningthimbles or tnbes, C C,
at their front ends by means of a ring or flange, D, substantially as
and for the pnrpose herein specified
[This invention relates to the employment in the chambers of re-
volving fire-arms of the lining thimbles or tubes to enable fixed am-
munition to be need withont extending the chambers through the rear
of the cylinder, and it consists in so connecting such thimbles or
tubes together at their front ends by means of a ring or flange fitting
to or against.the front of the cylinder that they can all be withdrawn
from or inserted Into their respective chambers at once thereby
greatly expediting the operation of loading.]
RE-ISSUES.
1,496.-Raking Attachment to Harvesters.O. H. Bur-
dick, Auburn, N. Y., assignee of Hugh Foresman,
Enon, Ohio. Patented May 13, 1856:
Iclaim, first, In combination with a rake receiving its sweeping
motion from a revolving wheel and pin, a raising and lowering me-
chanism, that brings the rake into position, to clear the platform of
the cut grain, and retnrns it out of reach of the platform for the next
sweeping operation substantially as described.
Second, In combination with a sweeping rake, an adjustable crank-
pin, forvarying the sweep thereof, in the manner and for the pur.
pose described.
Third, The combination of a revolving wheel and pin, with a slotted
rake stale, to give the rake us sweeping motion to clear the platform,
and to return for the next sweeping motion, substantially as de-
scribed.
1,497.Making Illuminating Gas.Levi L. Hill,~ Hudson,
N. Y. Patented June 17, 1862:
I elaine, first, Generating gas for illuminating and other purposes
by bringing water and a hydro-carbon fluid simultaneously in contact
with freshly formed incandescent charcoal substantially as set forth.
Second, Generating gas for illuminating and other purposes by
bringing water and a hydro-carbon fluid simultaneously in contact
with freshly formed, incandescent coke, substantially as set forth.
Third, The use of freshly formed, incandescent chat-coal or coke
for the decomposition of water or a hydro-carbon fluid, or of both
combined, when applied simultaneously to the charcoal or coke, for
the production of gas for illumination and other purposes, substan-
tially as described
Fourth, The combination of the gas from the distillation of wood,
with that produced from the action of water and a hydro-carbon
fluid, simultaneously applied to the freshly formed, incandescent
charcoal from the wood in the manner substantially as set forth for
the production of gas for illuminating and other purposes.
Fifth, The combination of the gas Irom the distillation of bitumin-
ous coal or its equivalent, with that produced from the action of water
and a hydrfl-carbon floid, simultaneously ~applied to the freshly
formed, incandescent coke from the coal, in the manner substantially
as set forth, for the production of gas for illuminating and other pur-
posen.
1,498.Filter.John Kedzie, Rochester,~N. Y.~Patented
July 11, 1854:
I claim a crock, B, provided with perforations, a a, and the educ-
tion pipe, c, at its bottom; and communicating with the outer air at
the top, by means of the pipe, f, or in an equivalent manner, said
crock being used in combination with the surrounding packing, C,
and receptacle, A, substantially as herein set forth.
1,499.Reaping and Mowing Machine.David M. Osborne
& Win. A. Kirby, Auburn,N. Y., assignees by mesne-
assignments, of Jeremiah W. Mulley, Amsterdam,
N. Y. Patented Feb. 10, 1857. Re-issued Nov. 29,
.1859:
We claim in combination with a rest supported on a single reel
post, an adjusting mechanism by which the reel may be raised up or
let down upon the post; and the reel and post leaned more towards or
from the standing grain or grass, as the condition of the crop may re-
quire, and substantially as herein described..
1,500.Machine for swaging Sho.e-tips.American Shoe
Tip~ Company (assignees by mesne-assiguments of
George A. Mitchell), New Haven, Conn. Patented
June 26, 1860:
We claim the die block formed to give tha required shape to the out-
side of a shoe or boot tip, and with its outer face fiat to receive and
hold the sheet metal blank substantially as described, in combination
with a swage of the form of the inside of the tip to be produced, and
so operated as to act on the sheet metal blank at an angle, substan-
tially as and for the purpose specified.
And also in combination with a die block and swage having a mode
of operation, substantially as herein described, a guide or gage to
hold the convex edge of the blank in required position relatively to
the die, and to resist the force of the swage when it first acts oblique.
ly on the sheet metal blank, substantially as described.
DESIGNS.
1,763.Clock Case.S. B. Jerome, New Haven, Conn.
1,764.Tea and Coffee Service.AloysjMeisel, New Yorl~
City.
1,765 to 1,774.Carpet Patterns, (10 cases).Elmer J.
Ney, (assignor to the Lowell Manuf
pany), Lowell, Mass. acturing Coin-
1,775-Chromatic Diagram.S. R.Scofielcl, Lisle, N. Y.
1,776.Cooking Stove.Garrettson Smith & Henry
Brown, Philadelphia, Pa., assignors to David Hetrick,
Mexico, Pa.
1,777 to 1,788.Carpet Patterns (12 c.ases).Henry G.
Thompson, New York City, assignor to the Hartford
Carpet Company.
EXTENSION.
Barrel Machinery.]~leuben Murdock, Rochester, N. Y.
Patented June 12, 1849:
I claim, first, The combileation of the revolving dogs, m, the pawls,
n, the disengagiog levers, U, the vibrating feed lever, It, and the stops,
q q, whereby the slab is secured on tb.e carriage and snccess,ive
staves from the sameslab.
Second, I claim disconnecting the carriage, N, from the feed gear
during its retrogrademotion while the slab is being fed towards the
saw, J, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein set
forth. ..
Third, I likewise claim the combination of the oscillating saw, J.
with the curved gatett case, T~ whereby the stave is securely held
during the action of the saw in the manner and for the purpose here-
in set forth.
Fourth~ I likewise claim thecombination of the stave carriage, Y,
with the spring dogs, and spring hold-fast, t, and stop, v, whereby
the stave Is- securely held down during the action of the saws, and
then thrown from the machine~
Fifth, I also claim the combination of the concave and convex
pressure feed rollers, C C, and the self-adjusting spring clamps or
rests, K K, with the concave and convex cutters, A A, when the
several members are arranged in the curve of the longitudinal sec-
tion of the stave as herein det fot~th.
M. R., of Md.We do not recollect having seen any state-
ment to the effect that the Warriors plating was kept free from bar.
usd55 ny the application of a new copper, paint. We have looked
at our foreign files and cannot discover anything distinctly relating
to the subject. So many conflicting accounts have appeared re-
specting the value of this or that paint for ships bottoms, that we
have been obliged to receive thsm with a great fisal of caution.
Our iron-dads have been painted with white zinc paint, held to be
infallible; and also with red lead but both have proved useless
We cannot, on the authority of a mere paragraph, undertake to de-
cide between the patut spoken ci by you and that described in
Wetheratefits patent.
E. F. J., of Ohio.Your question is rather paradoxical
What pressureis sufficient to prevent the ebuuition df water at
99O~ Fabrenheiti No direct answer can he given, as the vapor
evolved from water at the temperature named would have to be in.
creased very greatly in density, while the heat of the water remained
unaltered--a mechanical impossibility in practice.
R. P., of Pa.The engines of which you speak are not
made in this country. They are impracticable and have never
done anything.
P. J. S., of Mo.We have considered the singular case
mentioned by you as occurring In your teed-pump, but cannot ac--
count for it on any known scienitlic theory or principle. If we
were on the premises we might account for it, but cannot give any
opfnion as to the remarkable occurrence spoken of by-you, with the
limited knowledge of the case in our possession.
H. T., of N. Y.Platinuin is soluble in a mixture of hot
nitro-muriatic acid (aqua regis). It can be welilestat a white heat,
and it does not oxidize in the air. When reduced to a spongy por-
ous mass, it becomes red hot when Introduced into a mixture of
oxygen and hydrogen gas, and the gas is then Inflamed. The cause
of this action isnot understood by chemists or others, as the metal
itself does not undergo any change in its character.
W. R. V., of Pa.Fulminating silver is prepared by dis-
solving silver in nitric acid, then peecipttating it by adding caustic
- potash or lime-water. The precipitatated oxide of silver thus ob-
tained is next washed -with water, then drained and digested for
twelve hours in cold, strong ammonia. The liquor is next poured
off and the powder washed with fresh - ammonia and drained on
blotting paper. When dry it forms one of the most dangerous of
fulminating powders; it cnn scarcely be touched,without exploding.
R. F., of Ind.We have answered ~e question y*su pro-
pound once beforefor another person however. The pressure on
a slide valve is wholly due to the area exposed to the steam and is
utterly independent of the openings.- The valve may be partially
relieved, in theory, by back pressure or an imperfect action of the
exhaust steam, but st ted broadly, the pressure on- a slide valve is
wholly due to the steam area of the back.
C. E. M., of N. Y.Prescotts work on -telegraphy, pub-
liohed by Ticknor & Fields, Boston, is the best that has appeared.
G. B., of Pa.Have you demonstrated that the penetra~
lion of a rifle bullet is greater at a distance of teventy feet from the
muzzle than atone foot laWe have not received any reliable account
of experiments to ocinfirm the views which you have presented.
Itt. A. R., of N. Y.All the milk should certainlybe re-
moved from butter that is intended- to be - laid down in salt for fu
turs use, and water appears to be the best agent for washing it. -
C. W. C., of Pa.The question of the pressure on the
slide valve, which you advert to, does not admit of any argument
whatever, to our thinking. We cannot conceive how any one could
fall into such an error, and did not misapprehend you in the prem-
ises in the least. We must assume that the slide valve rio fit per-
fectly when we theorize on its properties. Questions of a want of
mechanical skill cannot affect the philosophical principles govern-
ing its action. We have seen plenty of face-plates of 75 pounds
weight each that lift each other when applied face to face. There
are two straightedges in this city, 6 feet long and 2 - inches wide,
that readily lift each other when applied face to face. -
F. E. B,, of Cal.Besseiners process for manufacturing
malleable iron and steel from melted pig iron is illustrated and de-
scribed on page 373, Vol. III. and pages 148 and 164, Vol. V. (new
series) of the ScIeNTiFic AssesudAne. Christian Shunk, of Youngs-
town, Ohio, has obtained an American patent as the first inventor
of the same process.
- Xoney Received
At the Scientific American Office, on account of Patent
Office husiness, from Wednesday, June 17, to Wednesday, June 24~
1863 : - - - - -
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ENROLLMENT. - -
OFFicE-oF THE A. A. Paovosv.ItAasaAL-GISNERAL,)
SouTusane Ptvsssoze OF Maw Voica,
- Ni. -Yoax, June 23, 1863.
Notice is hereby given to all persons whose names have been EN.
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enrollment in such Pistrict, which, upon presentation~ will entitle
them-to have thefr names taken from the lists, where they may have
beenenrolled elsewhere. -
-By adopting this course the Provost-Marshals will be enabled to
perfect their lists and prevent the possibility of names appearing
more than once in the enrollment.
Application should be made to the Pi-ovost-Marshals, as follows;
1st Congressional District, Jamaica, Ia. I.
2d Congressional District, No. 26 Grand street, Williamsburgh.
3d Congressional District, No. 259 Washington street, Brooklyn,
4th Congressional District, No. 271 Broadway. -
5th Congressional District, No.428 Grand street.
6th Congressional District, No. 185 Sixth avenue.
7th Congressional District, No. 63 Third avenue.
8th Congressional District,No. l,184X Broadway.
9th Congressional District, No. 677 Third avenue.
Col. ROBERT NUGENT, A. A. Provost-Marshal-GeneraL-
1 2~
mo MANUFACTURERS AND MACHINE BUILDERS.
The undersigned being engaged In the purchaseand sale of ma-
chinery, such as steam engines, mill and factory machinery lathes,
tools, and all kinds of manufactured machines and implements, and
assisting commission merchants and others in their purchases; solicits
from enanufacturers their - circulars, price lists, terms, & c., also any
Illustrations of their machinery or works they may have. Parties in-
troducing new inventions or~improvements will find it to their inter-
est to communicate with him, giving such information in regard to
their improvements as they deem necessary, which will receive the
attention due to their merits. J. It. STEVENSON, Machinery Broker,
200 Broadway, New York. Iteferences:-,--The Novelty Iron Works,
New York; Franklin Townsend, Albany NY ; Lowell Machine Shop,
Lowell, Mass.; Hunsworth, -Eakins & 1~ay1or, Peoples Works, Phil.
adeiphia, Pa. - 1 35
FOR HUB-MORTISING MACHINES, SPOKE PLAIN.
ERS, Blanchard Lathes and Wheel Machinery, address J. A.
FAY & CO., or E. C. TAINTEH, succeeding partner, Worcester,
Mass. 241 & 4 Vol. 95
W OODWORTH PLANERSIRON FRAMES TO PLANE
18 to 24 inches wide, at $90 to $110. For sale by S. CHILLS,
No. 12 PlaIt-street, New York. Sla
p LATINA! ALL SHANIIS! FOR ALL PURPOSES.
Imported by SUTTON & RAYNOR, 748 Broadway, N. V. leod5
Y OUCAN GET MACHINERY MADE BY CONTRACT
or Pays Work, better and cheaper at 107 East 22d street, New
York, than at any other place in this country. - - 1~
GASOMETER OF 3,000 FEET CAPACITY AND IRON
nk complete with frame, chains and counterweights, in or4ei~
for shipment, or sale low. - AddresS Bex 2,876, Philadelphia P. 0. -
1 3*
A VALUABLE ENGLISH PATFNT
~1o,o
~.JkJ, for sale, the American patent in successful
operation, to a person in the business or going to Europe a rare
chance ~s offered to make money. Address or appl
121 Nassau street, New York. - ~ to Harvey Brown,
1~ - -
FAN BLOWERSDIMPFELS, ALDENS, McKENZIES
- and others, for Steamboats, Iron Works, Founderies, Smith
Shops, Jewelers, & c., on hand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 86
Liberty street, New York. 2 13~
SOMETHING NEW! AGENTS WANTED !OUR NEW
~ fancy Card Thermometer, Hemn~er & Shield for hand -
sewing, Improved Indelible Pencil for marking linen, and 10 more
novel, useful and indispensable articleS selling-rapidly. New inven-
tions sold on commission. For circulars andterms~address RICE &
CO., 37 Park-row, New York, Inventors and Agents Deopt. ...22tf~
TRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, DRILLS AND
other machinists tools, also three and four spindle Drills of supe-
rior quality, on hand and finishing, for sale low. For desCri~tlon and
price address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING COMPA Y, New
Haven, Coun. - hf
THE KING MICROSCOPE DOUBLE LENS.
Prof. - llorsford, of Harvard University, says: It works very
well, aied you have got it up very neatly.65 cents. The SWOOP-
WARD, 88 cents; and the BOWEN microscopes, 28 cents. One
each of the three kinds for $1. All free of postage. T. EDWIN
KING, Evans Hall, No. 3 Tremont Row, Boston, Mass. 23 4*
$4O PER MONTH AND EXPENSES. FOR PAR-
- TICULARS address (with stamp) HARRIS BROTHERS,
I Boston, Mass. - 23 If~I~e ~~den~& ~meviuu
SANFORD & NALLORYS ing you of the results of their operatien. Each machine will break
easily twenty hundred weight of straw in ten hours. Our taste,
which have been very thorough, show twenty.five hundred. The
PORTABLE saving of fiber is from ~ix tu ten pounds on every hundred of straw.
The following statement of experimeuts made in my mill will show
F L A X A N ID II E. NI P 13 R E S S E li more clearly what your machine accomplishes.
On the 29th ci October we rau 100 lbs. straw with the following re-
sults
Date of Patents, Sept. 16, 1862, and April 28, 1863. Time occupied in breakiug, 22 minutes4
______ Scutched (by one man) in 46 minutes.
Gave of dressed flax. 233 lbs.
Over fifty of these machines have been In practical use during the Gave of coarse and fine tow, 13 lbs.
past sesson, and so great is the demand for the coming fall that, we On the same day we broke 50 lbs. straw in 11 minutes.
Scutched (by one man) in 23 minutes.
have edopted the following plan, viz: That we will only make tQ Gave of dressed flax, 11 lbs.
order. Many have already sent in their orders for machines to be de- Gave of coarse and fine tow, 1 lb.
livered next falL Those who desire to use our machine in dressing OctoberlfiWe broke 500 lbs. straw in 2 hours 2 mInutes.
the crop of the present season would do well to send their orders Scutched (by three men) in 2 hours 69 minutes.
Yield of dressed flax, 106lbs.
without delay, as all machines are delivered according to dale of Yield of coarse tow, 163 lbs.
order. Yield of fine tow, 53 lbs.
November 6.We broke 500 lbs. same quality of straw in the brake
heretofore used by us (being one of the best old-fashionedbrakss),
two.men working it, in 1 hour 58 minutes.
Scutched (by three med in 2 hours.
Yield of dressed flax, 923 lbs.
Yield of coarse tow, 43 lbs.
Yield of fine tow, 9 lbs.
We then broke 500 lbs. same quality of straw In your machine, two
men Working it, in 2 hours 10 minutes.
Scutched (by three men) in 2 hours 10 minutes.
Yieldof dressed flax, 1103 lbs.
Yield of coarse tow, 16 lbs.
Yield of fine tow, 3 lbs.
You will see from the above that there was apparently more flax in
the straw broken on the old machine than in that broken in your new
machine. This is owing to the fact that the coarse and fine tow from
your machine has less shooves than that from the old machine.
Your tow is finer and freer from shoove, and is worth at least a cent
per pound more.
MADE AND SOLD BY
SANFORD & MALLORY,
Harlem Railroad Building, Room No. 26, in Wliite street,
near Center street.
Our terms are cash on delivery of shippers receipt or bill of lading;
and persons ordering can send draft on New Yorkor Treasury notes
to some person here whom they know, or by express, to be delivered
to us ne our delivery of bill ol lading for shipment of machine.
Price at our factory, at Paterson, Bew Jersey
For No. 1 Machine (capable of dressing 2500 lbs. of flax straw in
ten hours) $155
For No. 2 Machine $255
For No.3, Hand Machine $155
This engraving represents Sanford & Mal.
boys Flax-dressing Machine, which is, as will
he seen, compactly and strongly built. The
cut represents the machine denominated No. 1
by the builders, and is capable of dressing two
tons of straw, flax, or hemp per day of ten
hours. There is a size before this, No. 0, which
is run by power, and is quite similar in all re-
spects except dimensions. Size No. 2 will break
from 1500101800 pounds of straw per day, and
No. 3, the smallest size, the hand machine,
suitable for small growers, from 600 to 800
pounds per day. This latter machine can also
be run by power, andisthen capable of break-
ing about l000pounds per day.
Many scientific men and men of experience in
flax-dressing have examined the Sanford & Mal-
lory machine, have tested its practical opera-
tion, and the character of the product yielded
by it. They are convinced that the following
facts are fully established
FirstA machine capable of dressing 2500
pounds of flax straw in ten hours, can be sold at
the factory, ready for shipment, at $355 ; and
the second size, capable of dressing 1500 pounds
of straw, at $255. A third size, capable of dress-
ing from 600 to 800 pounds of straw per day, at
$155. The smallest size weighs ahout 300 pounds,
and can he run by hand.
Se edThe yield of flax fiber by Ihe use of
this machine, in proportion to the weight of flax
straw dressed, excOeds by at least one-fourth
that obtained by any other machine or process.
ThirdThe fiber dressed by this machine is
much more valuable than that dressed in any
othev way, on account of Ihe greate
the hackle. r yield over
FourthThis machine is so simple in. its con.
structionand operation that the liability to do.
rangement is very slight.
FifthThis machine does not require in its use
anypecuhiar skilL It can be operated by boys or
girls, and does not involve any risk to the hasids
or arms of the operatives, while the ordinary
machines require the use of skilledlabor, and, as
experience has proved, are always attended
with risk to the operatives.
Si hThis machine can be driven by any of
the horse-powers in use, and as it can be oper-
ated by ordinary farm labor it enables the
farmer to dress and prepare for market, at little
expense, the flax raised by himself, thus open.
tug to him a new and profitable occupation
SeceethThis machine is small, the largest size occupying only
about four feet square, and weighing not over 1100 pounds.
As there is a demand for larger machines for hemp the proprietors
are building such, capableof dressing two and a half tuns of hemp
straw per day.
1~he amount of flax fiber produced in the United States in the year
1850 was 7,806,500. Had the straw from which this amount 01 fiber
was taken been dressed by the Sanford & Mallory machine, the
yield would have been not less than 10,409,018 pounds. The in-
creased product or the flax saved, at present prices, would be worth
$624,542.
Wuen itis remembered that in many of the Western States an im-
mense quantity of flax is raised for the Seed alone, the straw being
destroyed or wasted as of no value, it will readily be seen that the in-
troduction amongfarmers and manufacturers of a cheap and effectIve
machine, capable of converting what would otherwise go to waste,
into an article of great value, cannot fail to produce the most im-
portant results.
It is wellknown that flax can be successfully cultivated in all the
Northern States. if, Inaddition to the value of the seed tsufficient of
itself to pay the entire cost of cultivation), the straw can be made a
source of large profit, a wide field of successful industry will be
opened.
That the statements here put forward as to the efficiency and value
of the Sanford & Mallory machine, and especially as to the great
saving effected by it over any other machine or process known, are
rather below than beyond the fact, will abundantly appear from the
subjoined reports and letters from practical flax-workers and dealers.
Nothing need be added to their direct and positive testimony.
Qver fifty of these machines for flax and hemp have been in suc-
cessful use, during the past season, sudiffereutparts of the country,
and the demand f6r them is now large; conseqdently orders for them
should be made early, as the coming crop of flax and hemp will soon
be ready for dressing.
The demand for flax during the past year and a half has quite
doubled its price, and it is now used for many purposes to which it
was never before applied, and in which il is found to be superior to
cotton and other materials before in use. Whatever, therefore, may
be the future product of cotton, the demand for flax will not diminish;
but, on the contrary, Increase with its new and useful applications.
It is now largely mixed with woolen goods of almost every descrip-
tion; is used for paper, wadding, batting,~ belting, druggets, do-
lames, calicoes, stockings, felt hats, and carpeting. Should the ex-
periments for entice in,q flax for wliicl5 Congress has made a large
appropriation suceded, the already large demand for it would not
only be enormously enhanced butmadepractlcally unlimited.
The following testimonials from well-known manufacturers and
others aresubmitted as evidence of the tonic Ads character of the
machine, and that It is a practical straight up-and-down affair
Gassiewiod, N. V., April dl, 1868.
Msssas. Siseroan & MALLORY:
Genttess You ask our opinion in regard 16 yourfiax machine.
We mustsaywe are well pleased with it. The machine has been in
almosteonstant use sincewe received it from yousomething like
six mouths sInce; and it,. we think, works-better now-than when we
first started it We advise all our customers to buy your brake in
preference to those we formerly n(ado at our machine-shop~ ~Wish.
ing you sficcess in this great Invention, we are truly yours,
EDDY1 DYER & CO.
SAnrOan & UNION VILLAGE, New York, Nov. 6, 1862.
MESSRS. MALLORY:
G Ilemee :l h ye used two of your patent brakes In myflax-mlll
since about the middle of October, and take great pleasure in inform.
The straw used in these tests was of average quality; and in the
I tests of November 6th of the old and new brakes, the straw was taken
from the bulk without sorting. One thousand pounds weight was
weighed-off in small lots, and divided equally, by weight, between the
two machines, the bundles to be broken in eithermachine were drawn
by lot, so that neither machine en
other. uld have any advantage over the
The flax dressed by the use of your machine is left in perfect rib-
bons, and entirely free from shooves. The fiber is much longer, and
the ends left full. There is no risk whatever to life or limb in using
your machine, Yours, respectfully,
HARVY WILCOX.
I was present and assisted at all the experiments above set forth,
and know the above statements to be correct.
CHARLES BRADLEY.
SAN~oit~ & STITTSvILLE, N. Y., April 18, 1863.
Msssns. MALLORY:
Gentlemen :I have used one of your patent brakes for the past
four months. I am highly pleased with it; so much so that I would
not be willing to part with It on any conditions, provided I could not
obtain afiother in its place. I feel that it is a very safe machine for
the person who operates it; whereas the old brake is not safe, as
many persons will testify who have iost an arm-by them. lam satis-
fied that I get more flax and less tow by using the new brake, while
both flax and tow are worth more in market than that broken in the
old brakes, andeartainly the new brake does not require near as
much power to run it as the old one. Which with many would be
qnite anobject.- My brother tells me that he has ordered anothesi
brake through your agent, to be used by us, as we are about to unite
oufselves in the flax husinoss the coining season. We will want it by
the first of August next. Yours, truly,
WM. B. LINK.
JORNsONYILLE, N. F., April 27, 1863.
MEssRs. SANFORD & MALLORY:
G Item :I have bean using two of your patent flax machines
since the 1st of-January last. I have given them a thorough test with
theold brake. They will save from three to six pounds of dressed
flax to the hundred pounds of flax straw (according to the quality of
straw used) more than the old brake, and will break from one and
one-fourth to one and one-half tons- of straw per day of ten hours
do the work better than any other machine I ever saw. It takes out
nine tenths of the shiveor woody matter in passing through the ma-
chine once; consequently it requires less scutching than if broken
with the old brake, which does its work very imperfectlybreaking
some of the fibers and taking out no shive. My men tell me they
woulfi rather rough-dress two handfuls afteryo7ur brake than one
after the old The fiber from your brake Is left perfectly whole and
straight, which is better for the manufacturers, as it will hatchel
more to the hundredpoundsch-an after the old-mode of breaking. I
have had a quantity hatched that was dressed after each brake,-
taken from the same lot of flax, and the yield was five pounds per
hundred more after-your brake than after the old. The fine tow is
equally good with that after the old brake, while the coarse is worth
one-third more per ton. I think that if the machine is properly used
it is notliable to breakage,
- Yours, truly, WM. H. BUCKLEY.
Massas SANFORD & MALLORY UNION VILLAOS, N.- Y., May 15, 1863.
- Genii ~I have used two of your patent flax brakes for the past
eight months, and take this- opportunity of saying that they exceed
any brake I oversaw. They take out froin sixty to seventy per cent
of the shive or woody matter, leaving the - fiber whole and-in perfect
ribbons. They will save from five to eight pounds of dressed flax to
every hundred pounds of flax straw over any brake I ever used. We
can break from one to one and one-half tons per day often hours with
each brake, and there is no danger of life or limb. Yours with
respect, HARVY WILCOX.
NORTH RoosccE, May16, 1863.
M SSR5. SANFORD & MALLORY:
Gentieme :We take pleasure in St hug that after having used your
brake for some time in the mill of Dr. Fowlor, we consider it far su-
perior to the old brake, from the fact that it takes ont nearly all of
the shive or woody partwe would think at least nine-tenthsleaving
the fiber in perfect ribbons and unbroken. It is much easier to scotch
alter your brake than the old one. -We would rather scotch twice the
quantity after your brake. Another great and favorable feature of
your brake is that it can be operated without risk of life or limb;
whereas the old brake frequently takes off an arm - There can be no
doubt but your machine will save much more fiber than the old brake.
JAMES HARMON,
THOMAS HARMON.
BLooteIN TON, MOLEAN ICo., ILLINOIs,!May 2, 1863.
MESSRS. SANFORD & MALLORY:
Genttcmen:Tlsis is to certify that I have run your Patent Flax and
Hemp Brake more or less since the 1st of December, 1862; have broke
western tangled straw, and I find that it works complete as it re-
moves at least sixty-five per cent of the shive, and so loosens the rest
that they can very readoy be shook out, and the stock has a soft oily
feel which is worth more than when it has a harsh wiry feel. whidh
is Invariably the case with the old machine. I do not hesitate to re-
commend it to any one as the best machine ever used for breal-ing
flax straw, whether straight or langled, rotted or onrotted, as my ex-
perience has proved it so to my perfect salisfaction. Yours truly, -
- F. A. HAVENS.
BELFAST, Ireland, May 1, 1863.
MESSRS. SANFORD & MALLORY:
G tiemen :It gives me much pleasure to report that the five San-
ford & Mallory Flax Ecakes which I have been operating in the dif-
ferent flax districts of Ireland have given entire satisfaction to all who
have seen and used them. The saving over all other machines in use
is large on some kinds of straw being as great as one-third. This
taken with the saving in labor will give an advanisge in favor of the
brake of from 3 to 5, or $15 to $25 per day, be-
side increasing the value-of the fiber by soltening
and giving it better spinning quality. In conchs-
stun, I would say that the machine has been ap-
- proved of and recommended by the leading mann-
- facturers of Ireland, and also by the Chemico-
Agricultural Society of Ulster. -
Yours, respectfully,
EDGAR FOWKS.
SPRINGFIELD, Clark Co., Ohio,
May 5, 1863. 1 -
MESsRs. SANFORD & MALLORY:
G tem :t have tried one of your brakes, and
I have run through thirty-one hundred pounds in
ten and one-fourth hours, which was well broken,
and every way satisfactory. -
- I am, gentlemen, yours, respectfully,
- E. MEEK.
NEW YORK, Sept. 19, 1862.
MESSRs. SANFORD & MALLORY:
Gentteinen:In regard to your new brake I would
say that it far exceeds my expectations, both in -
facilitating the operation of scutching and saving
of fiber. I have scetched flax for the last twelve
years, and am familiar with the various modes of
working flax, but never saw anything that conid
begin to compare with this, I only regret that the
sti-aw was not of a better quality ; it is what I call
poor straw, and if worked with the machinery now
iu use would not yield more than 12 to 13 lbs. of
fiber per 100 lbs. of straw; and on account of the
irregular motion of your scutcher and want of
power (as it was a temporary aft ir), it took much
lou,,er to scotch it than it otherwise would. I am
confident that with ordinary straw and a good
scutching mill I could scutch alone from 170 to 180
lbs. dressed flax, if broken -on your machine, in -
ten hours.
I would also state that on account of so many
shooves being takesi out by your brake, and those
remaining in so loose, that it does not require near
- so much motion of the scutch, which is a great
saving of power and fiber, and what little tow is
made is flue, and worth three cents per pound
whereas two-1hirds of that made by ordinary ma-
chines is worth but half a cent per pound, and no
sale at that. I cheerfully recommend this brake
to all who have flaxto dress, as being the machine
long sought for. Respectiully yours,
JAMES CLEARY.
- NEW YORE, Jutne 1, 1863.
Msssns - SANFORD & MALLORY:
Deer Sirs :Having been in the flax and linen trade for Ibe -last
fifleen years, and taking a deep interest in everything tending-to pro-
mote and develope that trade in this country, possessing as it does
such immense resources as to enable it, at some future time, to be-
came its own producer of linen fabrics, now so extensively imported
from other countries, I have long perceived the want of a machine
that would enable every farmer and mill owner, at a small expense,
to turn to account the flax straw which ii now-literally thrown away,
and derive from it, as well as from the seed, a legitimate use and
profit.
It is estimated that the incredible quantity of three hundred thous-
and tons of flax straw, capable of yielding sixty thousand tuns of clear
flax, worth 09w $500per ton, making the sum of $30,000,090, has
been annually thrown away from the want of some cheap and ready
process of converting it to use.
This large sum represents hut a small proportion of the amount this
country coold produce, to supply the wants of its own markets as well
as those of other countries,were the requisite means afforded. -
Looking, therefisre, at the great importance ot this subject, I am
pleased to be enabled to state, that from a close inspection of yosir
flax and hemp machine, and from a careful comparison of it with all -
those I have ever seen in this and other countries for the purpose of
extracting the fiberifrom the straw,I can give my cordial testimony
as to its perfect adaptation to the purposes required.
It has the great advantage of being portable, simple and easy to
work,taking hot littlespace, and, above all, of producing more flax
from the straw than any other, as from actual test the flax produced
by your machine yielded from the straw and hackle, ready to spin
into yarn, more line than by any other means now used. -
I have also to inform you that, having sent eleven of Ihese machines
to England, my reports on their working are highly satisfactory, and
that-they will be used largely there and in Ireland this year. -
Besides extracting more flax-from the straw-than any other machine,
it gives it also more value from the softening quality- of the operation
on the fiber, said to be not less than $20 to $25-per ton. Some Egyp-
tian flax, as imported, was run through the machine, and was con-
sidered to be improved in value full $25 per ton.
I earnestly hope, and you have my best wishes, that your invention
will prove as valuable and important to this country as the cotton
gin has proved. I remain yours, respectfully,
J. HAWKINS BLACK.
ROUORFORT, Ireland, April 9, 1863.
Deer Sir:1 have to report to you on the merits of Sanford & Mal-
lorys American brake, which has been at my scotch mill-for the last
three weeks. 1 have tried it on various kinds of straw and find the re-
sults as follows:Onvery poor and hard straw I found a gain of one
pound per hundred weight over the same broken by ordinary rollers;
-on medium quality of straw a gasn of two pounds four ounces pl-
hundred weight, the yield by your brake being -eighteen pounds four
ounces against sixteen pounds on same straw broken by ordinary
ulethod; on very tender straw over-watered the gain was three and a
halt pounds per hundred weight, the yieldby your-brake being four-
leon and a half pounds agaifist eleven pounds by ordinary method. 1
find the flax from your rollers easier scutched, andihe yield softer to
feel and quality improved than that rolled in the ordinary way.
Yours truly, JOHN WILLIAMSON
- BELFAST, Ireland, April 18, 1863. -
- It will be seen from the foregoing that the saving in over-watered
and tender straw is very great. In America even better results-have
been obtained, and I have several certificates to that effect,- but-I
prefer that the machine should ~make its way here on -its merits, as
tested her& -WM. CIIA.RLEY.
1415
A. DOUBLE NUMBER, FULL OF ENGRAiVINCS, THE
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S OMNAMBULISNISECOND SIGHTSEEING FROM
the StomachPsychic PhenomsnaSomnoliquenceThe Senses
he Soul nut denendent on the BodyA. Perilous Night WalkOn
a Liberty PoleWriting Sermons in SleepClairvovancein the
July PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL. 15 cents, or $1 50 a year.
FOWLER & WELLn, New York.
4NDREWS PATENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSARE
.LL economical, simple. and duirable ; pass coal, corn, sand, gravel.
Ac., without injury. Size from 20 gallons to 40 1150 gallons per mm-
ute. Manufactured by WM. D. ANDREWS A BRO -, 414 Water si.,
New York. Pumps to hire for wrecking, coffer.dams, sand pumping,
Ac. . l4~
BARON LIEBIGS GREAT WORK ON AGRICUL-
ture. The rekult of sixteen years observation.
D. APPLETON & CO., 443 and 445 Broadway, New York,
Publish this day
THE NATURAL LAWS OF HUSBANDRY,
My Jusxus VON LuEsso,
Edited by John Blyth, hI. D., Professor of Chemistry in Queens Col-
lege, Cork. -
1 vol., lar0e l2mo., cloth, 387 pages, $1.50.
In this work Baron Liehig has given to the public his mature views
on agriculture after sixteen years of experiment and. reflection. Sent
free by mail on receipt of price.
1~ OYAI COURTSHIPHOW CONDUCTED. THE
lAs Women of TurkeyManners snd CustomsDressesVeiled
LadiesLove,--CourtshipMoneyHow they Manage us England
Femule Life in LondonSewing WomenTheir ConditionClean
TeethPure BreathAc. In July PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL,
5 cents, or $1 50 a year. POWLEE A WELLS, New YoPk.
1
P AYES PATENT FORGE HAMMERADAPTED TO,
both heavy and light forgings, with an adiustable stroke of from
one inch to three fee, on hand for saleby LMACH BROTIIER~. 85
Libesty street, New York. . .1:13
LANES PATENT LiFTING JACKVERY EASILY
operated. compact, simple cheap. description
see page 405, Vol. VIII. mew series), ScssuexsFso AMERICAN. State
rights for sale. Communications in relation to rights or orders for
Ja~ka may he addressed to J. G. LANE, Washington, N. V. 1 8
THE FOSSIL MANETHNOLOGYHUMAN ORIGIN.
The Pre-Adamite Man. Races of the Old World. Destiny of
Man~ AlsoLady Physicians. Phonography to the ArmyToe Corns
and Root HeelsTo CorrespondentsHigh assd Low ForeheadsEnd-
less PuuishmentWell-halanced HeadsTeaching NegroesTo Make
the Hair Growin the PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL, for July,
15 cents, or $1 50 a year. FOWLEE A WELLS, New York.
MACHINERY MADE IN THE BEST MANNER AT
the lowest price, jobbing, Ac., 107 East 22d street, New York. l~
F OR SALE. 3,000 WILL BUY A VERY IMPORT-
ant Patent. Address F. W. GROTE, care of W. W. Bosch, No.
20 Gausevoort street, New York. 1 2~
1~ ATENT GRINDSTONE TURNING MACHINES FOR
L machine shops. For rights and fusll-size drawings address the
inventor, JAMES THIERItY, Detroit, Rich. 1 35
NEW FACIAL ANGLE, AND MODE OF MEASURE.
ment, with Illustrations, Human Skull. Outlines of four Skulls,
Outlines of three HeadsShape of HeadsCaucasian Brain, Indian
BrainBlack Hawk, Ac.
Observation and Reflection, Instinct and Reason, Detected by the
TeethThe Lost Camelin July PHRENOLOGICAL JOUNAL, 15
cents, or $1 50 a year. . . FOWLEE A WELLS, New York.
1
SCIENTIFIC BOOKS AND PERIODICALS IMPORTED
to order, by the singlevolume or in quantityorders forwarded
as often as once a weekbyJOEN WILEY, 535 Broadway,New York.
~ Architects, engineers and others desiring catalogues can have
them forwarded gratis by sending their addresses as above. 24 4*
RARE RECEIPTSONE HUNDRED OF THESE
~ ~.PSJ receipts cost over a thousand dollars. The book sent by
mail for fifteen cents. HUTCHINSON & CO., Publishers, 442Broad-
way, New York. . 24 6~
THE GREAT AMERICAN PUMP! FIVE YEARS
successin all parts of the world I Prices unchanged. The best
pump for cisterns, wells, machinery, & c raises from all depths
forces to alt distancesthrows 75 feet by hosesimple, cheap and du-
rable. Drawings and prices sent free. JAMES M. EDNEY, 474
Broadway, New York. .. 24 4*
F ANCYPIGEONS AND POULTRYALL KINDS
for sale. Address Box 2,600 Post-office, Boston, mass. 24 4*
B. T. BABBITT ON MAKING BREAD, WITH FULL
directions on each package of Salaratus, showing how to make
the best of bread from materials that farmers always have on hand.
Bread made in this manner contains nothing but flour and common
salt and waler; it has an agreeable taste; keeps much longer than
common bread; is more digestible and much less disposed to tssrn to
acid. Common bread, like every thing that has been fermented, fer-
ments again to the great discomfort of many stomachs, and not only
so, but acttng as a ferment, it communicates to all food in contact
as-ith it. The bread being free from all yeasty particles, is more diges-
tible and not so likely to create flatulence or turn acid on weak stom-
achs as fesmented bread is apt to do, and, when of the finest quality,
it is beneficial to those who suffer from headache, acidity, flatulence,
eructatuons, a sense of sinking at the pit of the stomach, distension
or pains after meals, and to all who are sssbject to gout or gravel; it
is also useful in many affections of the skin~ a saving of25 posunds or
flour per barrel is effected by this process. Be sure and get that with
B. T. BABBITTS name on, or you will not get the recipe with sour
milk, nor the qusality. For sale by store-keepers generally or at the
manufactory, Nos. 114 to 74 Washington street, New York. 25 tf
Go A MONTH! WE WANT AGENTS AT $60 A
month, expenses paid, to sell our Everlasting Pencils,
Orienta.l Busruers, and thirteen other new, useful and curious articles.
Fifteen utreulars sent free. Address SHAW A CLARK, Biddeford,
Maine. - 21 11~
1j~ECKS PATENT DROP PRESSALL THE SIZES
L used in the manufacture of silver, brass or tinware, lamps,
spoons, jewelry, Ac.; also for forging purposes, on hand or made to
order, by MILO; PECK A CO. New.Haven, Coun. 22 l3~
FOR SALE.TH~E ENTIRE PAi~INT RIGHT FOR A
valuable Agricultural Machine. The above machine is operated
by hand, steam or horse-power, and will husk 50 bushels of ears of
corn per hour. It separates the butts or stalks and husks the ear with
once handling the corn. A full.size machine can be seen in operation
at the office of the patentees, No. 189 Thames street, Newport, R. I.
Address P. 0. Box 600, Newport, R. I. 25 3*
ITOMANS EXCELSIOR HORSE HAY RAKE.
IL Those wishisig rights in TEE BEST, either for manufacture or
speculation, should apply immediately. New England States already
disposed of. Described in Nos. 22 andIS, VoL VIII. (new series), of
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICA . Circulars sent free. C. B. HOLMES,
Dowagiac, Rich. 25 6
~TANTEDA CLAY-PIPE-MAKING MACHINE FOR
TV making pipe of froota 2 inches to 12 or 15 inches diameter ip-
side, for sewerage purposes, with socket joints on. Manufacturers of
such will please correspond, .slating .~rice, Ac., with P. BANNON,
Terra Cotta Works, Louisville, Ky. 25 2
SAW-MAKERS.WANTED, A FOREMAN FULLY
qualified to take the entire management of a saw factory. One
who has occupied a similar position in some prominent manufactory
preferred; or a half-interest in the factory: would be sold to suds a
party. on advantageous terms. The works ~save been long established
and have a good rePutation. Address Box~2,26l, St. Louis, Mo.
25 2
D UDGEONS PATENT HYDRAULIC PRESSES AND
Boiler Punches. ENEAS DUDGEON, Eighth street, near
blission street, San Francisco, Cal. 24 4*,
THE CELEBRAT$~D CRAIG MICROSCOPE WILL BE
mailed, prepaid, for$2 .25; with 6 beautiful mounted objects for
$3; with 24 objects for $5, by HENRY CRAIG, 180 Center street (3d
floori. New York. Liberal discount to de lers.
The Craig Microscopes are just what they claimto be, and those
who wish for such an article will not be disappointed if they shossid
obtain ono of these..N. V. JIeSls6dioS. 19 13
VERVOUS DISEASES AND ~YSICAL DEBILITY,
..L~- arising from Specific causes, in both sexesn~w and reliable
treatment, in Reports of the Howard Associationsent in sealed let-
ter enveiopes,.free ofeharge. .Addrdss. Dr. J. SHILLIN IIOUGH-
TON, Howard Association, No. 2 South Ninth street, Philadeiphis,
Pa. .
BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS OF ALL SIZES CON-
stantly on hand. for ss.le by LEACH BROTHERS, 86 Liberty
street New York, 1 11*
COTTON GINS! COTTON GINS!! THE NEW YORK
Cotton Gin Companlrmanufactssre and offer for sale the Excel-
sior Roller. Gin for Sea Island or long staple cotton; also Browns cele-
brated Double-cylinder Saw Gin for upland or short staple. The above
Gins are acknowledged to be without their equal; they do more work
and produce a better sample than any offered in the market. We
also manufacture a large varietyof hand Gins, both for long and short
staples. Persons intending to order for the coming crop of cotton
will do well to do so soon, in order to secure their Gins in season.
FRANKLIN H. LUMMUS, General Agent, No. 82 John street, New
25 13*
AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY PART OF THE
country to sell rights of the best paying patent in the market.
For sample, & c., address B. F. NORTON, Manchester, N. H. 25 3*
F LAGS! FLAGS!! FLAGS!!! FLAGS!!!!
JAMES H. SEBRING (agent), Flag-maker, No. 27 Courtland
street, New York. All sizes and descriptions made to order at she.
hort eeC notice. 25 4*
GUILD & GARRISONS CELEBRATED STEAM
PumpsAdapted Ce every variety of pumping. The psincipal
styles are the Direct Action Excelsior Steam Pump, the improved
Balance Wheel Pump, Duplex Vacuum and Steam Pumps, and the
Water Propeller, an entirely new invention for pumping large quan-
tities at a light lift. For sale at Nos. 65 and 67 First street, Wil-
liamshurgh, and No. 74 Beekman street, New York.
1 tf GUILD. GARRISON & CO
I~I ACIJINE BELTING, STEAM PACKING, ENGINE
HOSEThe superiority of these articles, manufactured of vasl.
canized rubber, I. established. Every belt will he warranted superior
to leather, at one-third less price. The Steam Packing is made in every
variety, and.warranted to stand 300 degs. of heat. The Hosenever needu
oiling, and Is warranted to stand any fequtred pressure; together wit
aitvarletlesofrnbberadaptedtomechanlcalpurposes. Dlrections,prlcea
& c., can be obtained by mall or otherwise at our warehouse. NEW
YORK BELTING AND PACKING COMPANY.
JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treasurer,
14 13 Nos. 37 and 68 Park-row New York
J~LACK DIAMOND STEEL WORKS, PITTSBURGH,
Pa. PARK, BROTHER ACO., manufacturers of best quality
Refined Cast Steel, square, fiat and octagon, of all sizes. Warranted
eq nat to any imported or manufactured in this country. Offlee and
Warehouse, Nos. 149 and 151 First street, and 120 and 122 Second
street, Pittsburgh, Pa. vol. 8 11 1y5
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINESCOMBINING THE
maximum of efficiency, durability and sconomywith the minimum
of weight and price. They are widely and favorabty known, more
than 200 being in use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. A large
stock on hand ready forimmediate application. Descriptive circularo
Address J. C. HOADLEY, Lawrence, Mass.
14 15
O IL!OIL!OIL
For Railroads, Steamers, and for Machinery and Burning.
PEASES Improved Engine and Signal Oil, indorsed and recom-
mended by the highest authority in the United States. This Oil
possesses qualities vitally essential for lubricating and burning, ane
found in no other oiL It is offered to the public upon the most reli-
able, thorough and practical test. Our most skillful engineers and
machinists pronounce it superior to and cheaper than any other, ahd
the only oil that is in all cases reliable and will not gum. The
ScsENTsrsc AMERICAN; after several tests, pronounces it superior to
any other they have ever used for machinery. For sale only by the
Inventor and Manufacturer, F. S. PEASE, No. 61 Main street,
Buffalo, N. V.
NIBReliable orders filled for any part.of the United States and
24l3~
SOLID EMERY VULCANITE.WE ARE NOW MANU-
facturing wheels of this remarkable substance for cutting, grind.
Ingand polishiugmetals, that will outwear hundreds of the kind corn.
monly used, and wilt do a much greater amount of work In the same
,...~..o,and more efficiently. All interestedean see them in operation at
our warehouse, or circsslars describing them will be furnished bymall
NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,
14 13 Nos. 37 and 118 Park-row, NewYork.
VALUABLE DOCK PROPERTY FOR SALE.THE
subscriber offers for sale a valuable plot of ground on Newlown
Creek, near Penny Bridge, in the city of Brooklyn. .The property is
very desirably situated in the Seventeenth Ward, Meeker avenue, a
great thoroughfare, forming the southerly boundary of the premises.
A valuable dock privilege of over 400 feet on Newtown Creek, renders
the property very detirable for large manufacturing or storage pur-
poses. Vessels of six or eight feet draft can navigate the creek at low
tide, and of much greater capacity at high water. The upland and
water privilege comprise aboat nineteen acres, and will be sold very
cheap, and the terms of payment made liberaL For further particu-
lars, address J. B. BULLOCK, attorney for the owners, No. 39 Nassau
street, New York. 22tf
TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.IMPROVED PHOTOGRAHIC
Camera, Patented March 25, 1562, by A. B. WILSON (Patentee of
the Wheeser and Wilson Sewing Machine), adapted to all photographic
work; such as Landscapes, Stereoscopic Views, Carte Visites, Am-
brotypes, Ac. Can be used by amateurs and, others from printed
directions. Send for a circular. Address A. B. WILSON, Waterbury,
Coun. lStf
IMPORTANT TO THOSE USING STEAM BOILERS.
J,. Blakels Patent Self-regulatingApparatus for supplying boilers
with water. It keeps the water at a uniforrh bight against any pres-
sure. Verysimple and sure - Alt. interested can see them in opera-
tion at our works, or circulars describing them will be sent by mail.
BLAKE & WHEELOCK, 71 Gold street, New York. State rfghts
sale. . . . 23 5
.~LAX, HEMP, JUTE AND MANILLA.RICHARD
.LKITSO N, Lowell,. Mass., manufacturer (of needle-pointed card
clothing for carding flax, hemp, isIte and manilla. 21 11
COMBINED HAND-TRUCK AND BAG-HOLDER.IT
should be in every mill, warehouse and barn. Price only $5.
One truck, and patent for a county, $fiO. A township and a truck, $10.
Patent for all the States except Pennsylvania for sale. Circulars free..
J, R. Hoffer, Mount Joy, Pa. 23 4
A MONTH! I WANT TO HIRE AGENTS iN
ejJ~ 5~J every county at $75 a month, expenses paid, to sell my new
cheap Family Sewing Machines. Address S. MADISON, Alfred,
Maine. 2113*
(71 ILLESPIES GOVERNOR AND REGULATOR.~THE
attention of mill-owners and others is invited to this valuable
improvements for regulating the speed of water wheels and steam
engines, for which purpose it has never been equaled. Unlike other
regulators of water wheels, it is quick and very sensitive. I~,will
move the heaviest gate from one extreme to the other in four or five
seconds, if required, always stopping it exactly at the point that the
labor requires. It is very simple in sis construction, as can he seen
by reference to page 328 current volume of the SCIENTiFIC AMERICAN
(May23). All who re trosibled with unsteady power can he relieved
from all trossble and anxiety, whether ussug steam engsne er water
wheeL This Governor, from its peculiar naturewill produce the same
speedlo a hair, whether the engine be laboring to its full capacity or
ranning entirely free, and we guarrantee the Governor to act quicker
than the labor can possibly be changed. For furthur particulars send
for descriptive circular to J. E - GILLESPIE A CO., Trenton, JI. J.
Messrs. Manson A Allen, Amsthrdam, N. V., are agents for Central
and Western New York. 24 4*
Pnovoax MARsHAL GENERALS OawICM.
WASHINOTON, May 22, 1863. S
OTICETHE ATTENTION OF ALL OFFICERS,
N who have been honorably discharged on account of wounds or
disability, and who desire re-enter the service in the Invalid Corps, is
called to the provssihns of General Orders, No. 105, of 1863, from the
War Department, published in the papers throughout the bountry.
Such officers are requested to comply promplly with the provisions of
that order, and to send their written applications, as therein provided,
for positions in the Invalid Corps (stating the character of their disabil-
,,), with as little delay as possible, to the Acting Assistant Provost
Marshal General of the State in which Iheymay he. Such Acting As-
ssstant Provost Marshal General will at onte forward the applications,
withhis indorsement, to. the Provost Marshal General at Washington.
Officers for the Invalid Corps will be appointed immediately upon
furnishing the papers required b~ Genet-al Orders, No. 105, ofAf63,
from the War DepartmenL Their pay and emoluments will commence
from date of accepance of susch appointments, and not from date of
organization of the respective commands to which they may be as-
signed. . J.B. FRY,
24 4 Provost Itlarshat General,
Pnovosi MARSHAL GENERALS OFFICE, -
WASH OTON, D. C., May 22, 1863. 5
LL MEN WHO DESIRE TO JOIN ANY PARTICU-
A LAR Rsgsment of Cavalry now in the field, are hereby author.
ized to present themselves at any time dfsring the next thirty daysto
the Board of Enrolment in their respective Disfriets. .The Board shall
examine them, and dotdrmine upon sheir fitness for the Service, and
if found to befit, the Provost Marskal of the District shail giye them
transportation tickets to the general Rendezvous, at the Headquar-
ters of the A. A. Provost Marshal General of the State.. As soon: as
they present themselves at this general Rendezvous they shall be duly
mustered by a mustering and disbursing officer, and paid by him the
bounty allowed by law. JAMES B. FRY,
23 4 . Provost Marshal GeneraL
fl AMPER REGULATORS.GUARANTEED TO EF.
fed a great savingin fuel, and give the most perfect regularity
of power. For sale by the subscribers, who have established their ex-
clusive right to manufacture damper rflgulators, using diaphragms
or flexible vessels of any kind. Orders promptly atiguded to,or4n.
formation given, by addressing CLARKS PATENT STEAM AND FlEE
REOUCATOR COMPANY, No. 5 Park Place, New York.
Responsible agents wanted. 16 26*
IATORTHY THE NOTICE OF LARGE MANUFAC-
TURERS, either in America or Eisrope. I Ca uproduce a cheep,
permanent and beautiful bl ckdye that answers for cotton, silk and
woolen goods, simple and easy. It is patentable, and to besold. Ap.
~ly (if by letter, enclose stamp) to 151. A. BERK, 17 State street, New-
ark,N.J.
TEY7ENSONS JONVAL TURBINE WATERWHEELS,
kjwhlch gave the greatest useful effect over all others, at the trials
at Philadelphia, re manufactured at the Novelty Iron Works. Ad-
dress J. H. ~TEVENSON, 100 Broadway, NewYork. 24 4*
DOWER LOOM WIRE CLOTHS AND NETTINGS,
.1. superior in quality and at low prices, by the CLINTON WIRE
CLOTH COMPANY, Clinton, Mass. vol 824 51 T0 PERSONS ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURING AR.
__________________________________________________________ TICLES used in Woolen MillsI desire to obtain the address of
all persons engaged in manufacturing articles used in Woolen Mtlls,
T~OR SALE.A PATENT GRANTED ON MARCH 17, such as Reed-makers, Shuttle-makers, Bobbin-makers, Picker-mak- ~7ATER WHEELS.WARRENS
TURBINE WATER
.IJ 1863. Described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VoL VII., No. 20. ers,Comh-makers, Ac.; also manufacturers of Pletent
Oil-canS,Patent TV Wheel and Turbine Regulator are used successfully in over 100
A spring skate which is light and durable, with an improved revolv- Temples,Patent Ileddles and all other patented articles used or
con- extensive cotton and woolen mills, where the greatest economy in
ing heel screw. Samples can be seen at Waltons Skate Emporium nected.with.Woolen Mills. Parties interested please take notice
and water isatstake. Send fOr iliustrated pam~hl~t. Address ALONHO
No. 67 Warre.u street, oral the owners, 178 Water street, New York. .send their business card to THOMAS STIBBI, Dealer in
Manufac- WARREN, Agent for American Water Wheel Company, No. SLEx-
25 l0~ JOSEPH M. YATES. turers Supplies1 Wooster, Ohio. . 17 Il changestreet Boston, Mass. . 24 ~ THE PAIR OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. SHAWS PATENT_STEAM GAGE. aetly balances the pressure in the boiler without the
This institution intends holding its annual fair The importance of correctly registering the actual intervention of any other
medium or agent. The
in the Academy of Music, on Irving Place, New York pressure of st6?atti In boilers is of the utmost conse. movement of the plunger
is not more than the one-
commencing Sept. .2. Exhibitors can present their quence, pecuniarily and physically. By keeping the hundredth part of an inch, and
this is sufficient to
goods for admission at any time previous to the 1st steam at a stated pressure fnel is saved, and the wear force the mercury up to
the top of the tube so that
thefriction of the rubber diaphragm is not of any
of September. We have seen a statement to the and tear of the boiler is much less where the work is moment. Another favorable
feature of this gage is
effect that the committee had decided not to exhibit regular and even than where rapid firing takes place that the glass tube is
open above to atmospheric
any of the machinery in motion this year. The as- to run the steam up, or when cold air is thrown into
sertion may not be correct, but if it is, such a policy the furnace by leaving the doors open to check too pressure, thus avoiding
the evil of compressed air
allowance for which has always to be made in gradu-
as the one indicated does not augur very much for rapid ebullition. Steam gages are too often wanting
the enterprise of the Institute and its interest in the in correctness, and do not indicate the same pressure ating gages with
glass tubes. A sufficient space is
allowed in the mercury reservoir so that the registry
welfare of the manufacturing portion of the commu- is not affected by any change of temperature. This
nity. The mere external inspection of a machine gage is of compact form and is sold at a low price.
affords a very slight insight into its capacity, and the The invention was patented on Feb. 24, 1868, by
fair will lose half of its attractiveness if the ingenious . Thomas Shaw and assigned to Shaw & Justice, manu-
tools and engines are inert and silent. People go to facturers, of whom further information can be had by
a fair to see what machinery can accomplish, not to addressing them at 42 Cliff street, New York, or at
look at the paint and varnish on it; a view of the 14 North Fifth street, Philadelphia.
latter can be had at any time in the manufacturers
warerooms. We do not know what obstacle there is
in the way to prevent the committee from exhibiting
machines in motion, unless it may be the difficulty of
employing steam as a motive power in a convenient
part of the city, and we earnestly hope that, before
the fall arrives, they will reverse their decision and
have machinery exhibited in operation. The long
machinery hail has heretofore been one of the most OF TEE
attractive features of the fair, and ro see all the en SCIENTIFIC AT~JUERICAN
gines busy in their revolutions, the tools performing
their functions, the saws buzzing and pumps work- THE BEST MECHANICAL PAPER IN THE WORLD.
ing, gives an air of earnestness and vitality to what NINETEENTH YEAR I
would etherwise be a very tame and spiritless exhi-
bition. Let us have the machinery in motion, by all ~ VOLUME IX.---NEW SERIES.
means.
_____________________________ The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN beg to announce
EcHoING FLooRs.As houses are now built, floors that Ofl the fourth day of July, 1865, a new volume commenced, and
it will continue to be the aim of the publishers to render the contents
are apt to be very noisy annoyances. The timbers of each successive number more attractive and useful than any of us
are so strained up that the floors become resonant predecessors.
like a drum. Now this can be easily remedied at a The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is devoted to the interests of Popu
trifling expense. After laying the under floor, nail lar Science, the Mechanic Arts, Manufactures~ Inventions, Agricul.
down some sawed laths, directly over and across the ture, Commerce, and the Industrial pursuits generally, and is valuabi
and instructiVe not only in the Workshop and Manufactor;, but also
sleepers. These will show where to lay the upper in the Household, the Library and the Reading Room.
floor. Now make a mortar of lime and sand, in which The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has the reputation, at home and
the latter ingredient may be in excess. It may be abroad, of being the best weekly journal devoted to mechanical and
industrial pursuits now published; and the proprietors are determined
made thin. Pour it on to the floor and spread it just
thick as the laths, and let dry before laying the lo keep up the reputation ihey have earned during the eighteen
as it years they have been connected with its publication.
second floor. Nail down the upper floor through the To the Mechanic and Manufacturer!
laths, and it will seem to you like walking on a brick No person engaged in any of the mechanical pursuits should think
of doing without the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. It costs but six cents
pavement. per week; every number contains from six to ten engravings of new
machines and inventions which cannot be found in any other publica-
HINTs TO OARPENTER5.When start in business,
you tion. It is an established rule of the publishers to insert none bul
make up your mind not to chisel or be chiseled. Be oriqinul engravings, and those of the first class in the art, drawn and
liberal to those you employ; it will be plain to all engraved by experienced artists, under their own supervision, cx.
that you are no screw-driver, and as each day comes pressly for this paper.
Chemists, Architects, Millwrights and Farmers!
around, you will find yourself all sgusre with every- The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be found a most useful journal
body. Make it a rule that any man going into the to them. All the new discoveries in the science of chemistry are given
workshop should scrape his boots. Should the rule in its columns, and the interests of the architect and carpenter are not
be broken, impose a fine of sixpence, which may be at all times under similar circumstances, and are, overlocked; all the new
inventions and discoveries appertaining 10
those pursuits being published from week to week. Useful and prac-
called a tin tax. Try all in your power to get your therefore, unreliable for any practical purpose. We tical information
pertaining to the interests of millwrights and mill-
men out of any vice they may get into; for instance, illustrate herewith a steam gage on an improved plan, owuer~ will be found
published. In the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN, which
if you saw them screwed, you, of course, would con- which possesses decided advantages over many in use; information they cannot
possibly obtain from any other source. Sub.
dude they had been to an ale-heuse, and warn them the lower part of the gage is cut away to show its jects in which planters and
farmers are interested will be found dis.
cussed in the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN; most of the improvements in
that drinking porter to excess in the morning will internal construction :The brass cup, A, containing agricultural implements
being illustrated in its columns.
surely bring them to an early bier, an iron disk, B, is recessed out to form a mercury . To the InvdntOr!
AMERICAN, is in4ispensable to every inventor,
WHISTLING DXCII. -A correspondent, writing from chamber, a. There is also a plunger, C, and the gum asit not only contains
illustrated descriptions of nearly all the best in.
Yicksburgh, says the rebels have a gun which domi- diaphragm, b and c. The cap, ID, is screwed into the ventions as they come, but
each number contains an Official List of
cup, A, and causes the iron disk to impinge on the . the Claims of all the Patents issued from the United Siates Patent
neers the river, and is a pestilent bother to us. They diaphragms, b, making air-tight joints at the point Office during the week
previous; thus giving a correct history of the
progress of inventions in this country. We are also receiving, every
call him Whistling Dick. No gunboat has any of contact, d. The plunger is a little smaller on its week, the best scientific
journals of Great Britain, France and Ger.
business where this terrible gun can get a shot at it.
It shoots a ball two and one-half feet long, steel upper surface, e, than the mercury chamber, while many; thus placing in our
possession all that is transpiring in me-
pointed, weighing two hundred and fifty pounds, can its lower face, f, is of still le~s area. The plug, E, is chanical science and
art in those old couatries. We shall continue to
tear through our best iron-caus, anti is triought to screwed into the cup, A, and has an orifice for the transfer to our columns
copious extrasts from those journals of what.
- ever we may deem of interest to our readers.
be the best gun of the war. The writer says it will insertion of the steam pipe; it presses against the TEUlUS.
be some time before Vicksburgh is taken. brass ring, g, which in turn makes a tight joint To mall subscribers :Three Dollars a
Year, or One Dollar for six
through the diaphragm, e, on the bottom of the months. One Dollar and FiftyCents pay for one complete volume of
Where is Mr. Lyman and his long accelerating ais pages; two volumes comprise one year. A new volume cow-
[ plunger. The brass case, F, incloses the mercury menced on the fourth of July, 1863. RATES.
rifle ?EDs.
tube, G, whose orifice is directly over that in the
A late Liverpool paper says that, however lucra- disk, thus opening communication with the mercury Five Copies, for51x Months $6
tive the fitting-out of blockade-runners was in the chamber below. The gum ring, h, is placed in a re Ten Copies, forSix Months
-
of the rebellion, it has now become not only cess in the iron disk and also makes an air-tight Ten Copies, for Twelve Months 23
early part Fiasen Copies, for Twelve Months 34
hazardous but really dangerous to capital as well joint against the bottom of the tube. These consti- Twenty Copies, for Twelve
Months 40
as to reputation. Bankruptcy is already making sad tute the most noticeable details of this invention. For all clubs of Twenty and
over the yearly subscription is only
inroads into the financial affairs of English merchants The principle of its operation, says the inventor, is $2 es. Names can be
sent in at different times and from different
who have invested in this species of speculation. the admission of pressure upon pistons of a different Posi-offices. Specimen
copies will be sent gratis to any part of the
country.
area, giving the mercurial column the advantage of Western acid Canadian money or Post-office stamps taken at psr
AMONG a recent lot ot mail matter for the Army of the largest, and by this means employing short col- for subscriptions. Canadian
subscribers will please to remit 25 cede
the Potomac was a roll of sole leather weighing prob- umns of quicksilver to balance high pressures of extra en each years
subscription to pre-pay pdstage.
MUNN & CO., Publishers,
ably 40 pounds, for a private in one of the batteries, steam. It measures the pressure of steam upon the 37 Park Row, New YorL
for his own use, with a one-cent stamp only upon it. theory that the column of mercury in the gage ox ses 151 STIAS P5155 OP ~ A
55T~

NEW YORK, JULY 11, 1863.
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES.
VOL. IX.IiO. 2.
(NEW SERIES
Composite Ships. ing now, nationally, vast sums for the attainment of
In view ot the future for our country, a most im- effectivenesS in less important particulars, this all-
portant problem is that which has to be solved in important one has not received due attention, either
the matter of shipefficiency. It has long been ap in our navy or our mercantile marine. The iron
parent to earnest students that this whole question screw-steamship of the present day is not perfection
of ship.efficieflcy must resolve itself finally into one for our purpose. Steam as a motor for ships and iron
of speedhighest possible speed at any cost for pur- as the material for steamships, we fully accept ; but
poses of war, and the highest speed that will pay, here we stop; contending that in the adaptation of
for commercial use. The people, Government or cap. form and size to the hull, and especially in the ap-
italist, having at command this element, speed, in plication of motive power to the ship, very much yet
its two phases, absolute and economical, will bid do- remains to be done. Large ocean-going ships, for
exhibit only the external appearance, with the intent
of showing the connection between the two improve-
mentS. Our object is to give a full general idea of
the improved rigging and sails. The inventor is
George T. May, of Tompkinsville, Richmond County,
N. Y., and the invention is secured to him by Letters
Patent dated respectively April 28, 1857, July 15,
1862, and July 22, 1862. He is the author, also, of
the projected mode of propulsion by steam. Mr.
May contendsand this view he has repeatedly ex-
pressed during the last six yearsthat the true prin
fiance to all comers upon the seas. Excelling speed of almost all purposes, must very soon be propelled
ship, in fact, is to be maritime supremacy. Battery, either fully or in part by steam. On all long voy-
armor, complement of men for war-ships, capacity of ages and in cruising, economy will be greatly served
hold for merchantmen, subsidies for mail vessels by the use on steamships of a full sail-power. Then,
these are but elements of secondary consideration- to as a general rule, where absolute high speed under
successful maritime adventure in the future. Speed steam has to be attained, ships must have very great
will make its commercial voyage unscathed by the length upon a minimum mid-section. This they
enemys cruisers and running his blockades with may have and yet retain sufficient stability for sails,
impunity, Speed will fight just where, when and if applied immediately above the hull, of a sufficient
how it pleases, or at its own option will decline fight- power to afford highs speed under canvas alone. An
ing. Speed will destroy, in quick time, the whole inevitable weakness in the consequent form of hull
mercantile marine of any enemy that has it not; must have its compensation supplied in the strength
and speed will transport past, around or through the and disposition of the material used. The model
ocean, lines-of-battle of such an enemy, armies that must be of the finest, and the immersed dimensions
may seize his dep6ts and desolate his home ports. should coincide closely with those natural to a wave
The sine qua non of prosperity to a maritime commu- of the velocity required from the ship.
nity must be speed in its ships. Wanting speed we It is not our purpose however, just now, to des-
am helpless against every foe, false friend and com- cant upon themerits of materials or of related form
petitor at sea. By what combination of mechanical and size in ships. We herewith present illustrations
means, then, shall this supreme efficiency be reached? of a ship in which are embodied two remarkable
This -is the practical question. And it will be the innovationsone in the rig and sails, the other in
part of wisdom to bear in mind that whilst expend- the means of propulsion by steam. Of the latter we
ciple of naval propulsion resides in a harmonized
combination of the two motors, steam and the wind;
so that both may be applied on the ship to the extent
each of a full power, and either be used, as conditions
favor or require, independently of the other, and
unimpeded by the presence of the others machinery:
the mechanical requisites for the accomplishment
of the object, being, first, a rig that would afford an
effective sail-power when required, and be easily dis-
posed of when not needed; and, secondly, a pro-
pelter that would be wholly featherable or, remov-
able from the water quickly, when not wanted, and
be again available for use witheut loss of time when
required.
The accompanying illustrations will enable our
readers to understand the distinctive characteristics
of the improved rig. Some description of the lead-
ing points only will be necessary here. In the first
illustration a ship is shown as steaming against a
head wind and sea, under steadying storm sails and
divested of all other canvas and top-hamper. In the
second engraving the same ship is shown, with a
I SINGLE COPIES SIX CENTS.
$3 PER ANNUMIN ADVANCE
MAYS PATENT RIGGING AND SAILS.sketch of all the spars and sails in place that can be
advantageously set above such a hull. The hull is rep-
resented long and sharp, as adapted for highest speed,
and fitted ~with the intermittent propelling device
designed for composite ships. The masts are
placed in three pairs or sets, as the~r are named in
the specification; each composed of Its two lower
spars or masts and a single upper spar as topmast.
The lower masts may be of iron or of wood. Each
set is independent of the others and wholly self-
sustained. The intermediate, spaces between the
By means of this arrangement of masts, the un~b-
structed full sweep of 1800 of a circle for each whole
wing of canvas is seePred ; that is, from the right
angle on one side of the keel line to fully the right
angle on the other side of the keel line. Thus the
fore-and-aft sail can he laid right square with a fair
wind, and both the risk of gibing - as well as the
danger from gibing are thereby greatly diminished.
The sails shown in the sketch are twenty in num-
ber; each set foje, - main and mizzenbeing
similarly furnished ; with some slight difference in
would not exceed what pertains t& a- like number of
studding sails inn square rigged ship. No yaris ire
needed with this rig.
Fig. 3 is an elevation of the improved gaff-sail. It
is -a trapezium, whose two-halves, when formed by a
diagonal line drawn fr om the conjugate angles, are
trianglesthe exact duplicates of- each otherso
that when the upper half is doubled down on either
side, the two halves exactly coincide, forming- a
reefed sail of just half the size and just double the
textile strength of the sail when full -set. This mode
sets are entirely unobstructed by standing rig- the head sails only; and with the infroductioa of of recang and furling the ssll
is probably the most
ging; the flying stays, on which the intermediate a jib, which, together with the light sails above it, simple and effective ever
devised, and obviates one
sails are set, being removed along with those sails sets to ajib boom fitted to run in-board ; also, of a of the greatest
objections found to the use of large
when they are-taken in. These sails are of course to wring-tail to the mizzen. The sails, therefore, - ap- fore-and-aft sails. A
represents the upper half, B,
he used only when wind and weather favor ; but they propriateto every set, are six ~n number, namely the lower half, c, the
strain-rope, which becomes a
will add greatly to the sail-power when conditions the storm sail, gaff sail, gaff topsail, stay sail., leech-rope to the reefed
sail; d, the head, and e, the
are most favorable to-sailing, the steamship. mid sail, and- fly sail. The first is a rcserve sail for - luff of the full-set stil,
of equal length with each
Fjg. 4 ~page 19) is an eleva- - - FIG. 8. other; the extreme angle of the
tloi~ of the set, a represents - - sail ~in - the throat being slightly
the proper lower mast ; b, the pivot - - oared off, to admit of more smooth-
mast; s~, the bridge; d and e, the - - - - ly folding down; the after-leech,
lower rigging; -f, the topmast ; ~j ------ - - f, and foot, g, are also of equal
and 11, the outriggers; 1, a tray- a,- ~- -- length with each other. Thus the
eler to which the rigging of the peak of the gaff, when lowered, is
topmast is attached ; r is a step brought by the down-haul, i, to
for the heel of the topmast; s is - coincide with the tack of the sail,
the gaff topsail jackstay; x js the and being secured there, the sail
stormsail, bent to hoops on the I - is reefed. The boom topping lift,
proper lower mast; v is the gaff- / A h, ma be overhauled on either
sail bent to hoops on the pivot / - - side, by an overhauling line, Ic;
~mast; t, the gaff topsail,, arranged - / - - ttndthefurling wilithen be effected
to be set and taken in from the /7 - - (so far as reducing~the sail is con-
deck, and w is the boom topping / - - - cerned), by letting go the out-haul
lift. - and brailing into the mast; j j,
It -will be seen that the two / - are the brails. This gaff sail may
lower masts are fitted with a brace / be set either to a boom in the usual
- - 5\\ ~1~5\ -
l//\X/~W\
or bridge just below the eyes --- -- - - - - ~X~-~ii\ way, or as a spencer, or with a
77 ~ -~-~ -
of the rigging, which keeps the - - - \A e~\\\i -- shortened boom, as may be best
mastheads at the proper distance - - - practicable~for the circumstances of
apart; the shrouds of the proper - / - - ~\\ \ any particular sail. For scudding
- lower mast being spread aftward -- - in a gale, provision is made for
and those of the pivot mast for- - - reelIng the sail in a different way.
- ward. Thus the structure has a This improved gaff-sail, though
much greater rigidity than pertains - designed especially for steamship
to the ordinary single mast. One, ~ - -- use, is applicable to any vessel.
two or three of these sets may - The improved rig and sails may
be placed upon a hull, according - be applied to any long sharp vessel
to the length of the vessel. The with advantage; but it is in com-
topmast is of -just~the length to be - bination with a steam power,
lowered into the step on deck - - either auxiliary or full, that the
without starting the rigging from the uppermost the purpose implied in its - name; the - second and development of its advantages
will best appear.
hounds; thus affording the utmost available hight third constitute the plain sail of the set; Now in the composite ship, each
power is so
for the spread of light- canvas -with the greatest and under the plain sail of the three sets, to- placed that it may be employed,
either separately
facility -for immediate disposal of the lofty part gether with the fore-stay sail, which has a foot boom, and distinctly by itself;
or both or all the powers
of the rig; the traveler, with the topmast rig- and the jib, the ship would be worked to windward on board may be used together,
as required. A near
ging attached, sliding up and down along the top- with the ease of a sloop-rigged yacht. The fourth, approach to the composite
character may be had,
allant-magst, as required. Four out from fifth and sixth sails comprise the intermedi~te can- by the employment of this rig in
connection with a
the trestle-trees in place of a top, afford the vas, for use in part or wholly as opportunity may lifting screw; and where - a
light auxiliary steam
necessary spread to the rigging of the upper masts. offer. The labor of operating these last-named sails power only is required and
for long voyages, this1:9
combination might be a good one; obviating as it viting attention to those features in the composite
would, do, those contradictory mechanics which ship, as projected by him, which he unegotistically
caused square-rigged auxiliary steamships with un- thinks ought to have at this time, a .fair considera-
coupling screws to prove a failure. But for the per- tion from the American people. If, in combination
fecting of the composite character with a full with the improved rig, a steam power can be applied
steam power, for an excelling speed, a new instru- up to the full power (as the term is now under-
meat of propulsion is demanded. Neither side-wheel stood), using the intermittent mode of propulsion,
nor screw, in any of their variant forms, are adapt- then there is no impediment to placing on our ships
able to this use. double, or approximately double the steam power
The designed instrument of propulsion by steam they now have, by duplicating the boilers, engines
is a pair of rotating oars with several floats (on the and oars, and nothing more; because the three pow-
one radius), feathering somewhat after the manner ers in the ship would be wholly non-interfering, and
of the buckets of the Morgan wheel, but differently the fuel that was saved, by the use of the unaided
effect d. A series of experiments has proven to the
inventor that this primitive device of intermittent
rotating oars is the preferable one for producing
speed-effect; besides the advantage of clearance from
the water, simply by stopping the engine at a par-
ticular point of any revolution. Each oar is de-
signed to be driven by an independent engine; the
two engines of the pair being coupled, for uniformity
FIG. 4.
of effect, by a cam- clutch or its equivalent. Thus
any measure of power, from the lightest auxiliary
up to the ordinary, power of a full-powered
steamer, may be applied to the one pair of oars.
But the known types of the marine engine would be
useless for such a purpose. The revolution must be
controlled to time throughout that portion of its cir-
cuit in which there is no resistance from the water.
This is to be effected by cushioning in a separate
cylinder against either steam or air, the re-expansion
of which will operate under modulation, in aid of the
following stroke; steam flowing from the boiler only
at that portion of the stroke where the resistance
has to be encountered. The general plan of the in-
ventor for the accomplishment of this improvement
is matured; and applications for patents to cover
some of the devices are now pending in the Patent
Office.
Mr. May thus offers through the columns of the
Scizztrsric AsnuucAN, a broad idea to the public;
feeling deeply the importance of that problem in
ship-efficiency which has now to be solved; and in-
sail-power in many days, would go to supply the
second set of engines during the hours of emerghncy
when only it would be necessary to use the second
power of steam. Thus in a ship-of-war, when ne-
cessary to press speed, a velocity of about one-fourth
more (if the power be fully doubled) than she
could attain by any other means might be had. The
results to accrue commercially from the use of an
economical speed, derivable through the compos-
ite system,aro as marked as what thus appears to
be derivable absolutely.
For further information on the subject of the liii-
proved rig and gaff-sail, and on the general subject~
of composite ships, address George T. May,
Tompkinsville (Staten Island), N. Y.
The ~auaf Convention.~
The Chicago CanalConventiofl, grandiloquantly
so called, turned out to be a miserable fizzle. The
delegates met in Chicago, made some ~ointle~s
spread-eagle speeches arid forthwith dep~srted on
their way without coming-to any decisionwhatever,
except to adjourn immediate1~, which was acted on
without hesitation. The Merchants Sh~pping List
says
To say that we were disappointed in our expec-
tations, in regard to the result of this convention,
would scarcely convey an idea of our feelings; and,
so far as our observations extend, the sameis true of
the mercantile public generally. Of course, we can-
not say positively, but it is nevertheless fair to pre-
sume that it was the object of the convention to in-
duce the Government to father the entire cost ofthe
work on the score of military necessity, and to agi-
tate the subject with a view to preclude the possi-
bility of a second failure in Congress, when it shall
come up again next winter. But in whatever man-
ner the project is destined to be engineered or car-
ried out, we shall advocatethe project itself on the
broad ground of political economy. There can be no
doubt that the material prosperity of the coitatry
will be greatly enhanced while in the development
of its resources during the succeeding few years, it
wonidhe amply compensated for any outlay which.
the work would involve, apart from any military ad-
vantages. Despite the evident short-comings of the
Chicago conventionists, we trust the day is not far
remote when the Atlantic and great North-west will
be bound together still more closely than at present;
and we hope, ubsantime, that the fruits of American
enterprise will be retained to American control.
THE CAPTURE OF TH~ ATLANTA.
The, remark of Captain Webb, of the rebel steamer
Atlanta, when captured, that the contest would have
turned out differently had he not unfortunately run
his vessel aground, has much mQre significance than
would at first~ appear. His words were not mere idle
boasting, but were prophetic, or would. have been,
but for the fifteen-inch shot of the TVeehawlcen and the
accident previously referred to. The key to the re-
mark is found in the superior speed of the Atlanta.
Had not this vessel grounded she could have run the
Monitors down, or have escaped past them with ease,
and there are ten chances to one but that she would
have been unharmed. Then the career marked out
for her by the rebels would have been carried out to
the letter. We have no doubt that the blockading
squadron off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia
would have suffered greatdamagemuch greater than
was experienced at the famous raid of the Merrimac
in Ilampton Roads.
We may well thank Commodore Rodgers for his
successful shot, and,. without cant, attribute our suc-
cess in, destroying this rebel craft to favor from a
higher source. The greatest defect of the Monitors
is that they are to& sloW. .The Attanta came into
Port Royal making 8 miles per hour, and could have
achieved ten~ miles, so we are assured, had it been
required. The Moisitbi~s~ can scarcely stem the tide
after they have been at sen six months. No com-
meat. is necessary, but we must say in justice that
their .bottoms are so foul with weeds~and bainacles
that they are materially in~umbered and retarded in
their movements. We haVe been shown aquatic
plants oVer fou~ hohes in length taken from these
vessels, and we: can readily iiife~r that with such a
drag upon them, their speed, which is only about 7
miles pest hour at the best, is n~t at allbei~efited.
Is it an utter impossibility to destroy these parasites?
We think not.. There must be, and there are, re-
sources to draw upon in the arts and sciences which
will provide a paint sufficiently noxious to prevent
marine plants from clinging to the plating. Why
does not some one set to workin earnest to prevetit
this great evil? Copper paints have been tried
abroad but we have never seen any accounts of their
indisputable superiority; so have compounds of
zinc, but the Monitors are now painted with this tam-
eral and the result can be noted above.
The new light-craft Monitors now building hate
much, finer lines than the old ones, and give promise
of a fair rate of speed; we hope that they will soon
he ready to launch, and that meanwhile some person
will have discovered and applied a protective coating
alike preservative of the iron and the sailing quali-
ties of the vessel which is covered with it.
THE SEVENTEEN- YEAR Locusra are up and singing,
all the way from Cleveland to the Ohio river at Pome-
roy, in a direct South line, 175 miles, extending east
into Pennsylvania and westwardto the Scioto Valley.
The entire region within this limit is not visited,
but they appear in spots over that whole breadth of
territory.
FLAX-DRESSING MAcHINESPersons desiring fur-
ther information respecting the improved flax-dress-
ing machines described in our last issue, will be fur-
nished with a circular by addressing Mallory & Sand-
ford, No. 26 White street, New York.
Green Fruit.
A very unnecessary and foolish practice is observed
by market-gardeners and farmers in bringing green
fruit and berries to market in advance of the season.
Gooseberries and currants as hard as bullets and A LETTER from West Point states, as an example of
without any more taste or flavor are retailed at the efficiency of the graduating class of cadets, that
prices far beyond their real value. Fruits in the rim- they dismount a cannon and separate the parts of
ripe state are worthless for all culinary and sanitary the~carriage and re-unite them and fire the gun in
purposes; they are full of a crude and viscid juice, twenty-Six seconds!
which is acrid and unpleasant to the last degree, and Ar the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Med-
in a majority of cases is absolutely injuriousto per- ical Society at Pittsfield, it was stated that of the
song of weak stomachs. It is only a waste of sugar, twenty-three members who had died during the year,
time, fuel and money, to use them, and it would be one- quarter had given up their lives in the service of
just as sensible to dig up green potatoes of the size their country.
of hickory nuts and boil them, or pick peaches when
they are j ust formed, as to eat these currants, grapes THE largest raft of sawed lumber ever run on the
and other fruits that are thrown into market to the Penobscot river recently arrived at Bangor, Maine;
great damage of the fruit crop and the absolute in- it contained 122,862 feet.
jury of health and purse. If every one would desist THE wheat
harvest has begun in Illinois. The
from buying such rubbish the gardeners would cease
to send them in, and when the proper time arrived crop is. very heavy and the quality good. Labor is~
we should have twice as much fruit of a delicious very scarce, and workmen obtain $2 and $3 per day.
flavor, which would benefit mankind insteadof hgrt- OvEn ten thousand person~ have taken the oath of
lug them~ allegiance at Memphis within the last three months.
/
/
1
4;
/
I-
4
/ ~)~e ientific ~nzevkan.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF EUROPEAN BANKING.
In these days when the finances of the country are
in such a peculiar condition, and when there are so
many opinions expressed respecting currency, legal
tender and exchange, a brief history of European
banking will be of interest to all.
From the New Testament we learn that the Jews
were adepts in the art of money-exchanging during
the sojourn of the Messiah on earth, just as they are
everywhere at the present day. The ancient Greeks
being a very active commercial people, Athens be-
came the center of a great maritime trade, and in the
time of Solon that city had its money-brokers and a
system of marine insurance. The early bankers of
Athens were probably Jews, because the primitive
Greeks had a strong aversion to money-getting occu-
pations; they looked upon them as beneath the at-
tention of a people who claimed their descent direct
from the gods. It is related that these Athenian
bankers were of obscure origin, but they gradually
attained to a position of great influence in the corn-
munity, from the wealth which they acquired, as
Greece advanced in commercial greatness. With
them the practice of taking interest at the time of
making a loan originated; this-has now become uni-
versal in banking transactions under the name of
discount. From Greece the art of banking was
carried to Rome, where promissory notes and checks
were common in the days of Augustus Ca~sar. The
first bank, as a special institution, however, is said
to have had its origin in Venice, when the citizens
of that republic were invited to contribute in support
of a war by a loan, each citizen being obliged to ad-
vance a portion of his property, for which he was al-
lowed five per cent interest. The revenues of the
State were pledged as security, commissioners were
appointed to manage the business, and the institu-
tion was called the Chamber of Loans. This
chamber became, in 1171, the Bank of Venice, and
it continued in existence as a bank of deposit until
1797, when the republic was overthrown by the
revolutionary army of France. In 1401, the Bank
of Barcelona was instituted and in 1407, the Bank
of Genoa. The former loaned as well as borrowed
money and was also a bank of deposit, hence it has
been considered the parent of modern banks. The
republics of Italy were the fountains of modern civil-
ization. Commerce and the fine arts flourished there
as they did in the ancient republics of Greece.
In 1609, the Bank of Amsterdam was founded in
Holland. It was at first one of deposit only. The
Bank of Hamburgh was established in 1619, and its
circulation was based upon fine silver in bars. It
differs from every other banking institution in the
world by receiving and paying out silver and charg-
ing a small per-centage for the funds entrusted to it.
At the present day it is still in successful operation,
enjoying a high reputation.
The next great banking institution was the Bank
of England, which was projected and the plan of it
laid before the Lord Chancellor of the kingdom by
William Paterson, a Scottish merchant. An act
of Parliament was passed to legalize it on April 26,
1694, and commissioners were appointed to receive
subscriptions to a loan of 1,200,000 to the Govern-
ment ~at S per cent, the subscribers being incorporated
as the Company of the Bank of England. The career
of this bank has been very checkered; it has
wielded immense power and has been on the whole
of vast advantage to England. Its history has been
published in a volume of considerable size and it
reads like a romance. It enjoys certain privileges,
manages the public debt and pays Government an-
nuities. By affording loans to the Government at
moderate rates of interest It has saved the nation
immense sums, and it has been the means of rescu-
ing it from pecuniary difficulties on several trying
occasions. It has had itstrials, as during the terrific
struggles with Napoleon in 1797 it suspended specie
payments by an order of the Privy Council; but in
doing so, notice was given that all the notes issued
were secure. This suspension, it is said, prevented
the ruin of the bank, and it continued until the peace
in iSiSa period of eighteen years, and was not fully
resumed until 1823. During the wars with Napoleon
the Government borrowed 600,000,000, and with
only a population of fourteen millions in the two
kingdoms and four millions in Ireland, the annual
revenue reached the enormous sum of 72,000,000
(about $360,000,000). At the conclusion of those
long wars the value of bank paper was i6~ per cent
below that of gold; in two years afterwards it was
only 4 per cent.
In 1844, the charter of the Bank of England was
renewed through an act passed under the premier-
ship of Sir Robert Peel, limiting the circulation of
its notes to the amount of coin and bullion in its
vaults and the amount of its national securities.
Every note issued beyond the sum of national secur-
ities must have its representative in an equal amount
of bullion. The object of this act was to prevent the
ever-varying expansion and contraction of issues,
but it has failed to effect this object. This bank con-
trols all the others in England, and its notes are le-
gal tender, except to itself. It has a distinct issue
department for its notes, kept separate from its
banking business; the issues here being equal in
amount to the Government debt owned by the bank
and the gold and silver in its possession. Its cir-
culation is, therefore, always contracted in propor-
tion as its bullion diminishes ; and although this
was held by Sir Robert Peel to be a perfect security
against financial troubles, it was found to be the re-
verse in the crisis of 1857, when, during the month
of October, the Privy Council permitted the act of
1844 to be suspended and an increase of issues were
advantageously allowed.
The Bank of England is the greatest institution of
the kind in the world. The whole revenue of the
Government soon finds its way into it and is instantly
rendered available for the demands of the State. In
all these transactions scarcely any metallic currency
is used ; the whole is effected by purely banking ar-
rangements. The Government collector at Liver-
pool may r~quire to transmit fifty thousand pounds
to London, and some private individual may want to
transmit a like amount to Liverpool from London on
the same day through the Bank of England or some
other bank. Both transactions are carried out by
the mere entry in books and the instructions sent by
telegraph or post. The revenue is paid into the Bank
of England at the rate of over one million pounds
weekly; and for all the trouble of managing this
business the bank receives no other remuneration
than the use of the Government balances, which vary
from nil, the day after the payment of the dividends,
until they accumulate for another payment; when
there is not sufficient to pay the Government divi-
dend, the bank is expected to advance the difference,
which is paid out of the next accruing revenue. This
bank is one of the most convenient, simple and splen-
did institutions ever devised for managing the
finances of a greatnation; its affairs have usually been
conducted by meA of probity and honor. The bank
circulation of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1860
amounted to about forty million pounds sterling;
the bulliqn amounted to a little over twenty-two
million pounds. It has lately been charged against
the management of this bank that it frequently pro-
duces great and abrupt changes in the rate of inter-
est, thereby producing extreme fluctuations in mer-
cantile transactions.
The Bank of France was founded in 1716, and it
passed through a series of sunshine and reverses un-
til 1808, when it was organized with a capital of
70,000,000 francs. It is a public institution, the
chief officers of which are appointed by Govern-
ment. No bills which have more than three months
to run are discounted by it, and all are required to be
endorsed by three approved signatures. Its capital is
now much greater than when first established, and
it occupies nearly the same place in France that the
Bank of England does in Great Britain. There are
also national banks in Austria, Prussia, Belgium, In
several of the German States, Russia, Sweden, Den-
mark and Turkey.
AMONG the recent scientific agricultural suggestions
is one for improving chalky soils by using sulphate
of iron as a manure. It is stated that just as a pre-
paration of iron is prescribed to the human subject
when the blood is poor, so poor and barren soils may
be greatly improved by sulphate of iron.
Tun tops of pine-apples that are to be kept any
length of time should be twisted out, as they destroy
the flavor of the fruit by feeding on its juice.
VALUABLE RECEIPTS.
CASz-HARDENING.A thin skin of steel is given to
forged artic~les of wrought iron by the process called
case-hardening. The old method of case-hardening
portions of gun-locks and other articles forged of
wrought iron consisted in placing them in a sheet-
iron box and surrounding them with a stratum of
old shoes, hoofs of animals and bone-dust, and some-
tirnes bone-dust was used alone. The lid of the box
was tied down with a wire, luted with clay, then
placed in a clear fire and heated to redness as soon as
possible, at which temperature it was kept for
about an hour. The box was then lifted from the
fire and its contents immersed in cold water or oil.
The new method of case-hardening consists in using
the prussiate of potasha salt composed of carbon
and nitrogen (C2 N). It is employed in a different
manner from the old method. The article to be
case-hardened is heated in an open fire to a dull red
heat, then rubbed upon the prussiate of potash, re-
duced to powder and placed on the hearth of the fur-
nace, then returned to the fire heated for a few mo-
ments and plunged into cold water or oil. Another
method, said to be superior to this, consists in apply-
ing the prussiate of potash, made into paste with a
little starch and water, to the article that is to be
case-hardened, then allowing the paste to dry, heat-
ing the article to a dull red heat in the fire, then
plunging it into oil or cold water. The skin of steel
produced upon iron by case-hardening is about .115.th
of an inch in depth. As nitrogen forms part of all
the substances that are employed in case-hardening,
it is believed by many persons that its presence is
not only required to form steel, but that a small
portion of it enters into the composition of steel.
SonA-wArza.This is a name given to water
charged with carbonic acid gasthe soda having for-
merly been used in water to enable it to absorb a
greater quantity of this gas at ordinary pressures.
If a current of carbonic acid gas is passed slowly
through soft water, a volume of gas equal to that of
the water will be absorbed at the common tempera-
turs of the atmosphere. But by means of a force
pump the water can be charged with three measures
of gas, and this is the way common soda-water, sold as
a beverage is charged. It is this gas which gives to
champagne wine, ale and soda-water their sparkling
property. It is usually obtained by pouring suL
phuric acid upon marble dust, which is a carbonate
of lime; the sulphuric acid unites with the lime of
the marble, forming plaster-of-paris and the carbonic
acid gas is set free.
SonA-wArzn PowDzns.Put 80 grains of finely-
powdered bicarbonate of soda into a blue paper and
25 grains of pulverized tartaric acid into a white
paper. This quantity is sufficient for half a pint of
water. Dissolve the acid in one tumbler with the
least quantity of water and the carbonate of soda in
another, add the two together, effervescence imme-
diately ensues, then drink. A pleasant flavor may
be communicated to this beverage by adding a small
quantity of lemon or other palatable sirup.
GrNazx-nzmr PowDzRs.These are made exactly
like those of soda-water, with the addition of 6
grainy of ginger and 60 grains of white sugar to the
bicarbonate of soda.
SzrDLIrz Pownzns are made like those of soda, with
the addition of 100 grains of Rochelle salts to each.
Theory of the Cause of Boiler Explosions.
An examination of considerable interest into the
cause of boiler explosions has been made by Mr.
Robert Rigby, jr., of Audley, Staffordshire. As the
results of his investigations and experience he enun-
ciates the theory that the cause of boilers exploding
is the sudden ignition of gases within the boiler. He
considers that the manner in which the gases are
produced is, that when the water falls below the
highest point in the boiler which is acted on by the
fire, the plates of the boiler above the water-line be-
come heated, and decompose the steam, in contact
with them into its component gases, oxygen and hy-
drogen. These gases, in consequence of their great
affinity, being in the exact proportions or quantities
to form water, are of a most explosive character, and
only require a plate to become red hot, or a commu-
nication by a flaw in the boiler with the fire, to ig-
nite them, when a violent explosion takes place by
their uniting again to form water. This theory has
2021
the advantage over the others for two reasons
first, because the only condition requisite to produce
these gases is the water getting low in the boiler,
which has been invariably the case in all the boiler
explosions that have come under hIs notice; and
secondly, because the uniting of these gases in a con-
fined vessel like a boiler will produce results corre-
sponding with those accompanying what are very
correctly called boiler explosions. He observes that
boilers bursting from an over-pressure and expansion
of steam, and boilers exploding, ave as distinct as
they are different in the effects produced by them
the one merely gives an outlet for the steam and
water, the other blows the boiler to pieces and scat-
ters it in all directions.
rThe above is from one of our recent exchanges.
The theor.y propounded as to the cause of boiler ex-
plosions is not new, and it is not scientific. It is a
fact that water, when1 it comes in contact with red-
hot iron, is decomposed, but its two elementary gases
(oxygen and hydrogen) do not escape in a state of
gas into the boiler. The oxygen unites with the
iron which becomes a solid oxide; the hydrogen
alone is set free, and it is not explosive. Were the
two gases of water set free, and were they mixed to-
gether in the boiler, they would cause a terrific ex-
plosion when ignited, but since this is not effected by
the plates becoming red hot, the above theory is not
reliable.Ens.
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES ABROAD.
Non-conducting Compo8itions.For preventing the
radiation of heat from steam boilers, cylinders, & c.,
felting is very generally used, it being a good non-
conducting agent. We have also known of plaster
mixed with hair, covered with sheet metal,,being em-
ployed for boilers. A cheap and convenient good
non-conductor for such purposes is very desirable;
and J. Spence, of the naval dockyard at Portsmouth,
England, has lately taken out a patent for such. It
consists of 1,000 lbs. by weight of clay made into a
pasty consistency with water, 24 lbs. of oil cake, 3
gallons of fish oil, 24 lbs. of cow hair, 24 lbs. of soot
and 3 lbs. of bone-dust. These are made into a plas-
tic condition and applied like plaster to walls. This
is used for covering boilers. For covering cylinders
of engines a few more pounds of oil cake are added
and six times the quantity of bone-dust. A primary
coating is first put on with a trowel to the depth of
three-fourths of aninch; when dry, another coat of
the same thickness is laid on and when this dry, it
receives a third coat of a composition consisting of
1,000 lbs. of clay, 2 gallons of fish oil, 32 pounds
of cow hair, half a gallon of linseed oil, 24 lbs. of
ground charcoal, 8 lbs. of melted glue, and 8 lbs. of
any desirable paint. This non-conducting cement
may be bonded and covered with wood laths, on
boilers and cylinders, whilelsteam pipes may be cov-
ered with bands of straw saturated in the composi-
lion.
Indian Shawls.A patent has been taken out by P.
F. C. Cheverton & E. C. Echenberg, in England, for
manufacturing India shawls and carpets and other
descriptions of figured fabrics in looms, producing
the crochetage by machinery, which has hither-
to been executed by hand in India. In accomplish-
ing this object, they dispense with the shuttle,, and
substitute for it needles and hooks. This hint may
be useful to some of our manufacturers of carpets
and fancy kerseymeres. The manufacture of fine
harness shawls, like those made in France and Scot-
land, so far as we know, has not yet been entered
upon in our country.
Deodorizing Petroleum and Mineral Oils.A patent
has been taken out by J. ivioule, chemist, London,
for the employment of deutoxide or nitrous gas in
removing the offensive odor of petroleum and other
mineral oils. One mode of procuring this gas is by
using nitric or fuming nitrous acid in combination
with shreds of iron, copper or other metal. The
nitrous gas thus formed is conducted from the out-
let, by means of a pipe or tube, into a vessel charged
with petroleum to be deodorized, in such a way that
this pipe & r tube reaches to the bottom of the vessel,
thus allowing the nitrous gas to force its way
through the whole of the contents. The gas is con-
tinued to be generated and forced therein, until
fumes of nitrous gas begin freely to escape from the
petroleum or oil, thereby indicating its compicte
saturation. As soon as this has taken place, the
whole is to be well roused by forcing air through the
liquid, or by a suitable agitation, after which the
vessel containing the liquid petroleum or oil is to be
closed until, by testing, the petroleum or products
thereof are found free from any disagreeable odor,
the time for which will be in proportion to the
amount of gas generated and forced therein. Should
the temperature be so low as to render the petroleum
thick, it should be heated to a temperature of 100~
Fah., and by thus liquefying it the deodorization will
be more quickly and easily effected. Another modi-
fication of this deodorizing process is to pass the
nitrous gas during the distillation of petroleum into
the upper part of the still, so as to bring the nitrous
gas into contact with the vapors arising therefrom.
The gas for this purpose is collected in a suitable
gasholder, and by pressure forced into contact with
the petroleum vapors, the proportion of gas being
regulated by a suitable stop-cock. The nitrous gas
in this process may also be used in combination with
ordinary or superheated steam, if thought more de-
sirable. As it may be found convenient to effect the
deodorization of the crude petroleum in the casks,
other me~sns are made use of as follows :Into a
cask, the contents of which are about 40 gallons,
there are poured three or four pounds of nitric or
fuming nitrous acid, and the contents thoroughly
roused by means of a suitable agitation, or by forc-
ing air through a pipe to the bottom of the cask.
After rousing the contents for about five minutes,
there is thrust into the cask containing the petroleum
and acid about two pounds of scraps or filings of iron,
which should be previously moistened with water.
The iron coming in contact with the acid, nitrous
gas is generated and, by saturating the petroleum,
deodorization is effected. Should ~he deodorization
be not thoroughly complete, the contents are again
roused, more acid and iron being added until the ob-
ject is accomplished. The petroleum or other pro-
ducts, while being subjected to the above treatment,
and previous to distillation, should have the acid
wholly removcd or neutralized by decantation and
washing with suitable alkaline substances, or by the
addition and subsequent agitation of fresh slacked
lime, in the proportion of 6 lbs. of lime to 40 gallons
of petroleum. After distillation, the oil is some-
times again submitted to the action of nitrons gas.
Testing the Explosibitity of Petroleum.E. A. L. Neg-
retti & J. Warren, makers of meteorological in-
struments, London, have obtained a patent for an
apparatus to ascertain the temperature at which
liquid hydro.carbons produce~an explosive mixture or
gases, and also the temperature at which such liquid
hydro-carbons will be~ignited bythe contact of flame.
The apparatus consists of a thermometer, the bulb
of which is made to dip into a cup or vessel in which
the hydro-carbon to be tested isplaced, and is heated
by a spirit-lamp or water-bath beneath. Upon the
hydro-carbon~being heated, it will give off vapor in
proportion to its volatility and the amount of heat
employed, and this vapor, upon being allowed to
mix with a certain proportion of air in a suitable
chamber or vessel, will form an explosive compound.
Upon introducing a flame into the chamber or vessel
where the mixed gases are, a slight explosion will
take place if the proper proportions of gases are
present. After the first explosion, the exact time
required for evolving a sufficient quantity of vapor
to produce a second explosion must be noted. The
temperature of the hydro-carbon must also be ascer-
tained by referring to the thermometer. By this
means the lowest temperature at which the hydro-
carbons will form an explosive compound will be in-
dicated by the thermometer. In order to ascertain
the temperature at which the liquid will ignite by
contact with the flame, it will only be necessary to
remove the cover from the vessel containing the oil
and then applying a lighted paper from time to time
while the temperature of the oil is being gradually
raised. This is similar to Giuseppe Tagliabues ap-
paratus, illustrated on page 184, Vol. YII. (new series)
of the Scrzsrmc AssznrcAN, and patented Oct. 28,
1862.
Polishing Sheet iron.B. Lauth, of Reisohoffen,
France, has taken out a patent for polishing sheet
iron with rollers. Three rollers are mounted in a
fram6 and placedabove one another, their axes being
horizontal and paralell. The upper and lower rollers
are ~of equal diameter; but the intermediate roller,
which works in contact with the other two, is of
smaller diameter. The sheet of iron passed between
any two of these rollers under pressure, receives a
beautiful lustre. As one of the rollers is of less
diameter than the others, the sheet of metal is sub-
jected to a drawing and pressing action, and thus ac-
quires a superior polished surface.
Night SignalsA lecture was lately delivered by
Lieutenant Colomb, at the Royal United Service In-
stitution, London, on a new apparatus and mode of
signalling by light. The signals are transmitted by
flashes of white light of short and long duration,
the tables of flashes corresponding with the numerals
1 to 10, 1 being represented by a short flash of light,
and each number up to 6 by a similar number of
short flashes. Six is indicated by one long flash, 7
by one long and one short, and by further combina-
tions each letter of the alphabet is represented.
The apparatus by which these signals are produced,
consists of a shaded lamp and the signal-box, the
latter being fitted with a drum and table. The
drum, the surface of which is mounted with a series
of pins and bars, on being turned by a handle, raises
the shade by means of connecting line and lever, so
as to produce the required flashes indicated on the
table. The process is-very simple, but very perfect.
Another important feature-connected with the inven-
tion is, that it can, in the event of a fog, be attached
to a steamships whistle, and worked with the same
result by sounds of greater or longer duration.
Dangerous Coin in Circulation.
In consequence of the absence of gold, opportunity
has been afforded experts to manufacture large quan-
tities of filled coin, which is said to be pretty well
circulated in this and other cities. The resumption
of payment of custom duties in gold, in consequence
of the scarcity of the demand notes, has brought out
the false coin in company with the genuine; and the
counterfeits are so well made that none but experts
can detect them. We are informed that many of the
banks have received and paid this false issue; brokers
take and sell it, and it is sent to the Custom-house to
pay duties, without criminal knowledge or intent.
The proportion of the filled coin now in use is not
large, as compared with the genuine currency, but it
is nevertheless true that few of the men handling i~
know whether the coin is genuine or not, and the un-
initiated cannot possibly detect the work of the tam-
perers.
At the Custom-house, the filled pieces are sent in
for payment of duties, while the rejection of a num-
ber of them in one day is not uncommon. The dis-
covery of these pieces is followed immediately by
cutting them in halves with a chisel, when they are
returned to their owners, who, of course, replace
them with good coin.
The system of filling, as now practiced, is said to
have originated some years ago in California, and
was first detected in England in the process of melt-
ing the coin. The business is now, if possible, mere
carefully, and also more extensively conducted. The
process is to split the coin, to take from the center
one-third to one-half, and, in some cases, a larger
proportion of the gold, which is carefully weighed,
and an equal amount of platina, or alloy of platina,
of an inferior quality, put in its placein what man-
ner is not precisely understood. The sides of the
coin are then closed, the edge is remilled, and the
whole of the work is so accurately done that not
only the weight of the piece remains unchanged, but
the size remains the same or so nearly the same that
the difference is not perceptible; and what is most
singular, the ring is perfectly clear. This test,
therefore, which is generally employed to detect
spurious coin is quite useless, although some experts
think they can by this means observe and detect the
filled pieces. The milling of the coin most frequent-
ly reveals its character.
At the present rate of premium, six to seven dol-
lars worth of gold can be taken from a ten-dollar
piece, while the filling is estimated to be worth four
dollars per ounceone-fifth, perhaps, of the metal
abstracted.
The skill with which the fraud is committed con-
stitutes its chief danger; but it is by no means likely
that any large -proportion of our gold coin will be
thus debased.Philadelphia P5555.enI~k ~n*eth~,
Xodes of rifling Fire-arms.
MEssRs. Enirous :Among the various notices of
improved fire-arms which have appeared in your
paper, I have not seen any mention made of At-
watess new system of rifling as applied either to
muskets or cannon. The theory of this method of
rifling is that you get in the ordinary rifle or musket
the full explosive power of the powdei- at a distance
of 8 or 10 inches from the breech, and that if you
can at that point relieve the ball or projectile from
a portion of the pressure of the atmosphere in the
barrel, you can attain a much higher velocity. To
attain this result Mr. Atwater commences with six
,grooves at the breech, discontinuing three of them
at a distance of 8 or 10 inches, from which point but
three grooves are carried out to the muzzle, and
those three grooves are cut much deeper than the
six, affording an opportunity for a pQrtion of the, air
to escape around and behind the projectile, and
thereby relieving it from the ptessure or via-inertia of
the column in front, which at its greatest point is
estimated at 80,000 lbs. to the square inch. In a
trial of a; rifle of this kind made in Chicago last
October, at which I was presentand to the result
of which I can testifyat 100 feet distance a conical
bali (weighing about 60 to the pound) penetrated
26 inches of pine, passing entirely through, and
buried itself to half its depth in the fence behind.
It also penetrated ~ of an inch of boiler iron of good
quality. I think such results have not before been
obtained, ezcopt perhaps by the accelerating rifle
which is somewhat contphcated as well as dangerous.
In a conversation with Mr. Horace Cleveland (who
wrote severalarticles onthe rifle, which appeared in
the Atlaitid Alonildy last fall, and who also delivered
a course of lectures in Boston on the same subject),
he informed me that the greatest penetration ob
tamed by any of therifles in rise in the pAlitary ser-
vice of this or amy other country) whie.h haA come to his
knowledge, was 13 inches. -The Atwater patent rifle
gives 26 inches,, as herefore stated doribling~the pene-
tration of any other. This method of rifling would
apply to all the guns in the army now in use, the ex-
pense of alteration being Jut trifling. The same
system of rifling is applicable to ordnance, and a
large cannon made by Alger~ of Boston, is now on
trial in Washington,and has thus far eclips~d in its
results any other cannon known, at least so far as
its range is concerned, and that of course includes
its crushing or penetrating power.~ G. M. H.
Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1, 1868.
Olfactory Organs ofBuzzards---Carnivorous Bull-frogs.
Mxssns. Enirons :On page 891, Vol. VIII. (new
series) of the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN, I find an article
condensed from the American Journal of Science and
Arts, ascribing to the buzzard the ability of detecting
the location of yellow fever through the keenness of
itssmell. Nothing ~an be more erroneous the buz-
zard has comparativelyin sportsmans phraseno
nose, and it cannot detect carrion in any stage of
putrescence four rods off. The bird relies solely on
its,sightwhich is wonderfully far-reachingto find
its game.. The. late Mr. Audribon has, hQwever, so
well refuted this theory of the birds smelling Pow-
ers in his nri~nero,us experiments with the caresses
of dead horses and bovines, that I refer you to his
small voluriaes accompanying his fine work, The
Birds of America, as being more conclusive than
anything I can say upon the subject, and there leave
Mijor Hunt and his theory.
Yo~ir Missouri correspondents assertion that the
bull-frog of our Western waters is carnivorons you
seem todoubt. This class of frog iS hardly an~thing
else than what your St. Joseph correspondent de-
scribes. In their seasbn he feeds mostly on the young
bf the wild duck,taking them from under while alive
and swallowing them at a gulp. It is wonderfully
voracious, and someti~es seizes a full grown live
duck, and fights most lustily to destroy it; I have
often found full-grown young blackbirds with all the
feathers on in its stomach, as welkas~.water-snakes of
good size, and, the young of the wild duck. The
powers of. its stomach to expand are enormous. It
will ulmost swallow whole a full grown mallard
duck, and does with ease take in a teal. I have lain
hid for hours in the cine-brakes lining our stagnant
streams and ponds, and watched this gentlemans
mode of procuring his tupplies, and have opened the
stomachs of many of them, hut never found any-
thing of a vegetable nature therein.
Hazux CHITTENDEN.
Chittendens Bridge (Calumet)~ Ill.,. June 80, 1863.
SHIP-BUILDING IN PHILPiDEL?HIA.
There is great activity manifested in the ship-yards
and machine-shops of Philadelphia. It is true that
the prominent features of the work in progress com-
prise the construction, refitting, and repairing of
vessels-of-war for our Government, demanded by the
exigencies of the times; but they do not monopolize
the whole of it, as within a few weeks past the fol-
lowing first-class steamers for private parties have
been finished and are now in operation on their re-
spective routes ; others are now on the stocks or
undergoing the process of completion
THE STEAMER THOMAS A. SCOTT.
Hull built by Messrs. Win. Cramp & Son; machin-
ery constructed by Messrs. Neafie & Levy; owners,
Henry Simond & Co.
Length of hull on deck, 216 feet 10 inches ; breadth
of beam, 81 feet 9 inches; depth of hold, 10 feet;
depth to spar deck, 18 feet; draft of water at
load line, 12 feet; tunnage, 1,056 tuns. The
frames are of white oak, chestnut, & c., and
square fastened in the most approved manner with
copper and treenails; they are filled in solid under
engine and boiler, and have iron straps 4~ by ~ inches
extending around them. The floors are molded 14
inches, sided 5 inches, and the frames are 25 inches
apart at centers. Her rig is that of a schooner. The
engines are vettical direct-acting; one cylinder 42
inches in diameter, having a stroke of piston of 3
feet. There is one tubular boiler located in the hold.
Diameter of propeller, 10 feet 6 inches; material,
cast-iron.
TIlE STEAMER JOHN RICE.
Hull: built by Messrs. Win. Cramp & Son; machin-
ery constructed by Messrs. Neafle & Levy; owners,
Henry Simond & Co.
Length of hull on deck, 175 feet; breadth of beam,
80 feet; depth of hold, 11 feet; depth to spar deck,:19
feet; draft of water at load line, 8 feet; tunnage,
785 tuns. Frames of white oak, hacmetac, & c., and
sq.uar,e fastened with copper and treenails; they are
filled in solid under engine, and have iron straps
double and diagonally laid, 8~ by ~ inches, running
around them. Floors molded 18 inches, sided 7
inches, and the frames are 24 inches apart at centers.
Her rig is that of a schooner. The engines are ver-
tical direct-acting; one cylinder 40 inches in diarne-
ter, and 8 feet stroke of piston. There are two tubu-
lar boilers located in the hold. Diameter of propel-
ler, 10 feet; material, cast-iron.
THE STEAMER ~~NORMAN.
Hull built by Mr. John W. Lynn; machinery con-
structed by Messrs Neafie & Levy; owners, H. Win-
sor and others.
Length of hull on deck, 286 feet; breadth of beam,
84 feat; depth of hold, 18 feet 6 inches; depth to
spar deck, 26 feet 6 inches; draft of water at load
line, 16 feet 6 inches; tunnage, 1,812 tuna. Frames
of white oak and chestnut, square fastened with cop-
per and treenails in tha most approved manner;
they are filled in solid under engine and boilers, and
have iron straps double and diagonally laid, 8j~ by ~
inches, extending around them, making them very
staunch. Floors molded 14 inches, sided 9 and 12
inches, and the frames are 28 inches apart at centers.
Her rig is that of a brigantine. The engines are
vertical direct-acting ; one cylinder 58 inches in di-
ameter, and 4 feet stroke of piston. There are two
tubular boilers located in the hold. Diameter cf
propeller, 14 feet; material, cast-iron.
THE STEAMER TONAwANDA.
Hull built by Messrs. Win. Cramp & Son; machin-
ery constructed by Messrs. Reany, Son & Archbold;
owners, S ~F1anaganand others.
Length of hull on deck, 175 feet; breadth of
beam, 80 feet; depth of hold, 11 feet; depth to spar
deck, 19 feet; draft of water at load line, 8 feet;
tunnage, 785 tuns. Frames of white oak, hacinetac,
& c., and square fastened with copper and treenails;
they are filled, in solid under engine, and have iron
straps 8~ by ~ inches, running around them. F1~ors
molded, 18 inches, sided 7 inches, and the frames are
24 inahes apart at centers. Her rig is that of a~three-
masted schooner. ~The enginea are yertical direct-
acting; one cylinder 40 inches in diameter, and
a st~okeof pistoxi of 2 feet 6 inches, There are two
tubular boilers located, in the hold. Diameter of
propeller, 10 feet 6 inches; material, cast-iron.,
The above described vessels are constructec~ of the
best materials, possess extraordinary strength, and
are of handsome models.
A Dangerous ?reeedent. -
It is but a short time since we warned the naval
authorities that after the safe was stolen from the
Brooklyn Navy-yard, it behooved them to keep a
sharp look out on the gunboats, or else some thief
would steal into the docks some nigfit and appro-
priate them also. Our predictions have been verified,
and the recent attempt of the rebel~ to steal the
revenue cutter, Galeb Gushing, off Portland, though
only a partial success, was one of the boldest feats of
the war. We heard that an individual (who had
rather confused ideas aboht the rights of other ~r-
sons) once stole a s~w-m1ll and would have escaped
with it, but for his desire to carry the mill dam away
also; the seizure of the revenue cutter is analogous,
and was rather too large an undertaking for the
number of rebel pirates engaged in the tra~siction.
The plan was audacious, and was only frustrated by
the prompt action of the Portland people with an
energy that stands out in strong relief against the
npathymanifested by another State when her borders
were invaded, the Portland authorities armed and
manned two steamers with a crowd of eager volun-
teers and boldly engaged the captured cutter where
they found her, and brought all the crew ashore,
sinking the cutter in the attack. The audacity of
the enemy was fully met by that of the people of
Maine, and they have shown the pirates that they
are likely to receive a little more than tit for tat,
when they encroach too far. Mr. Lieut. Reeds am-
bition to enact the part of Paul Jones was suddenly
nipped in the bud by the prompt action of those in
charge of the steamers; but for them the Caleb Gush-
ing would now b~ on the high sea, plundering and
burning all vessels in her path. .We hope a good
watch is kept over Forts Lafayette and Hamilton;
the aspect matters are assuming, at present, renders
it not at all improbable that the rebels will bring up
a tug-boat and attempt to tow them out of the, har-
bor, and thus liberate all the prisoners confined in
the former. Are the sentries vigilant and trust-
worthy?
A Great Water Tunnel.
The Board of Public Works of the city of Chic~go
have taken the first steps towards the construction
of atunneltwo miles out into Lake Michigan;to
supply the city with pure water. The proposed tun-
nel will be five feet in diameter on the inside of the
wall, and will require two years in construction.
Four hollow cylinders will be sunk in the lake at a
distance of half a mile apart, the lower end penetrat-
ing the bed of the lake to the level of the proposed
tunnel, and from these shafts the tunnel will be dug
in two directions, and also pushed as rapidly aspos-
sible from the shore. All these cylinders will be
closed after the completion of the tunnel and wilibe
removed to such a depth~ as not to interfere with
navigation, with the exception of th& outside one,
which will be constructed with reference to its be-
coming the inlet for the water or gate dhamber, and
perhaps be surmounted with a small light-house;
and so arranged that the water can be shut oft fr~m
the tunnel. The cost of the tunnel will only be
$807,552, and it is supposed by the Board that, if the
tunnel is constructed, there will be no necessity for
building new pumping works, as it will be con-
structed opposite the old works.
Titz commerce of the world requires 8,600,000 of
able-bodied men to be constantly traversing the sea;
of this number, probably 7,500 die every year. -The
amount of property annually moved on the water is
from fifteen hundred to two thousand millions of
dollars; and the amount lost by the casualties of
the sea averages twenty-five millions of dollars.
22~*ntifi~
How to make Medicine pa~atab1e to Children.
~The Philadelphia ~ Medical and Surgical Reporter
says : The rod is now but seldom resorted to as a
means of family discipline among the intelligent and
refined; hapily it is fast giving way to a mild and
more effectual government by reason and the affec-
tions. With this relic of barbarism should we not
associate that method of punishment practiced on
the children of former generations, and many in our
own, compelling them to atone for the crime of be-
ing sick by thn involuntary penance of taking dis-
gusting physic? I thinkthat life has so many neces-
sary pains and penalties, that a sound philosophy
looks to removing all avoidable ones, especially
during that period in which life is normally joyous,
and in which perfect development is so dependent on
this very condition of the mind. He who would
purposely cloud the sunshine of youth must be not.
only a cynical philosopher, but a poor physiologist.
Who has not met with instances of intelligent
people, as the world goes, who, while they resort to
a skilled physician to i~elieve their own ailments,
take into their confidence some skillful homce~path
every time one of the children needs medical treat-
ment? And these unsophisticated parents will tell
you that they prefer their old family physician,
whole judgment they have long tested, and whose
experience fits him tobe aivise counselor, but they
c~nt get the children to take his medicines. It
may do very well to sneer at this sort of argument,
but whoever has seen the p pular illustration (per-
haps origi~nally from Punch) of that very impassioned
representative of free institutions, Young America,
will understand the trouble he makes when his nurse
comes about with the castor-oil bottie, or tries the
persuasive argument of turpentine or worm tea.
Then, again, the deception practiced, almost necessar-
ily, upon children, to inveigle them into taking the
nauseous doses prescribed for them, is deplorable to
contemplate in view of the aptness of human nature
to follow the example of the Arch deceiver or of
those who lend themselves to his arts. It is well
the physician does not always bear a share in the
accountability which must attach to this moral aspect
of the subject.
In the choice of remedies bitterness is a great objec-
tion to a medicine for children; yet, unfortunately,
the most important of tonic remedies, sulphate of
quidia, is remarkable for its intense bitter taste.
S.dine and alkaline tastes are offensive to children,
and hence for antacid pu~poseswe may make choice
~f chalk or magnesia; the former checking and the
latter promoting the action of the bowels, both be-
ing insoluble and tasteless; the chief point to be
attained, especially in the case of magnesia, is to
select a perfectly smooth,. not gritty preparation,
such as Husbands or Henrys; given in milk, these
are scarcely obserVed by children. For infants, whose
sense of taste is but little developed, bicarbonate of
soda may be given in solution in mint-watei~, the
proportion being usually half a drachm to four fluid
ounces; dose, a teaspoonfula very simple substi-
tute for the numerous so-called carmin~tives, con-
taining opium, peppermint, camphor, and other
powerful medicines. For adults I should make
choice of bicarbonate of potassa in place of the cor-
responding soda salt, and I know of no objection to
this substitution, for children; it certainly secures
greater efficiency, uniformity, and without much in-
crease of taste. Saline cathartics are not generally
relished by children, Epsom salts especially. We
have an agreeable substitute for this in solution of
citrate of magnesia. Creaffi of tartar is a rather
pleasant cathartic, which, made into a kind of lemon-
ade, will generally be taken without any difficulty.
Children do not generally enjoy Seidlitz powders as
some adults do.
C stor oil is a remedy of such rare good quali-
ties that it leems difficult to substitute an~tbing for
it; but some adults would rather t~lie the risk of a
fatal termination of their sickness than resort to this
nauseous~medic~ne. Some littl~ patients eaily learn
to swallow a pill, and when this is the case we have
a chance to avoid the difficulty in question, but mar~y
children do not acquire this art, and we may then
choose between powders and liquid forms; powders
arc only allowable when the ingredients are nearly
tasteless, or may be disguised by sugar.
Oils, from their power of resisting admixture
with water, can be floated down the throatwith very
little contact ; but mixed with gum, the emulsion is
readily miscible with the saliva, and -its taste is re-
alized.to the full. Few children, however, are affected
by theunplcasant taste of an oil if snfficieni sugar
is mixe4 with it. In emulsionin fact the key to
the preparation of medicines for children is found
in the fre~p use of sugara candy can be made with
castor oil instead of butter, which will be acceptable
to children generally. Lozenges of any tasteless or
insoluble substances will be taken with avidity.
This is an especially good way of giving precipitated
carbonate of iron, a good common chalybeate for
children. I have dispensed thousands of boxes of
iron lozenges, conaposed of 5 grains of,precipitated
carbonate with 16 grains of sugar, flavored with
vanilla. For adults I have used Quevennes metal-
lic iron, which is not so tasteless, and to be agree-
able requires disguising with chocolate. The ferru-
ginous chocolate drops contain one grain each of the
offici~aalferripulvis.
Astringency, which is akin to bitterness, may be
overcome pretty well by combining with plenty of
sugar and suitable flavors. The astringent roseleaf,
tablets and pastilles of chlorate of potassa, though
less adapted to children than adults, are sometimes
used instead of liquid forms. Citrate of pota~sa may
be nicely given in lozenges.
Laxative lozenges may be easily naade by the use
of a little podophyllin, combiped with cream of tar-
tar and a suitable flavoring ingredient; or confection
of senna, if a good article is within reach, will fur-
nish an agreeable laxative.
The Value of Confederate MOney.
When the rebel steamer Calypso was captured by
the United States steamer Florida, while on her way
from Nassau to a port in North Carolina, a mail-hag
was found on board from which the following letter
was taken. It was written by J. B. Jaques to his
firm in Columbus, Georgia. He says among other
things
If I am not mistaken some of faa blockade-runners will
lose a pile of money, as Confederate money is becoming
at suck a discount they cannot get price enough on the
goods to pay the difference of exchange, as all goods
have to be paid for in gold or sterling exchange, and all
freights prepaid, and then take all chances of getting them
through, besides paying duties on them at Charleston.
Seine of the blockade men here think the next steamer
from Dixie will bring bad news, and there will be a much
greater discount on Confederate moneysay seven or
eight hundred dollars for one hundred in gold; and my
opinion is it will soon be worthless. Yesterday I bought
here (Nassau) five hundred dollars in Confederate money
at four cents on the dollar, and some was sold here for
even a greater discount. SO you can see what the people
here think of Dixie money, and in fact no one here will
take it at any price for goods or for freight money; and
if I had a million of gold dollars I would not invest one
dollar here and take the chances of getting through and
take Confederate money. If you have any Confederate
money on hand when you receive this, get clear of it on
the best terms you possibly can, and in future do not take
any more Confederate money only at what you can sell it
for gold, and turn it into gold as soon as you receive it.
The best investment of Confederate money is good ster-
ling exchange, the next is gold or silver and the next is
cotton, for sooner or later, I am confident, Confederate
money will not be worth the paper it is made on, although
I may be mistaken.
This is the testimony of a rebel merchant, whose
exodus from the South seems to have opened his eyes
to the hopelessness of the rebellion. According to
his statements, Confederate money is already at such
a fearful discount that the English merchants of
Nassau, favorable as they are to the rebels, refuse to
have anything to do with it. One of the strong
hopes we have of the success of the Federal cause is
that our financial strength is far greater than that of
the Confederates. In fact they virtually admit that
their debt is now larger than ours, and it is certain
that our ability to pay is more than treble theirs.
Transplanting Large Trees.
The system of transplanting large trees has been
practiced in Paris during the past few years to an ex-
tent unknown elsewhere. In spring and autumn the
transplanting trucks, orwheeled frames are to be seen
in all directions, and the Champs Elys$es, the Boule-
vards and the various squares recently laid out in
many parts of the town, have been adorned with
thousands of noble trees by these means. A report
has been made on the subject to the Central Society
of Horticulture, by which we are informed that,
horse-chestnut trees, more than 89 inches in diameter,
I and a catalpa tree, 160 years old and 23 inches In
diameter, have been transplanted with success.
23
Another and very remarkable case is mentioned,
namely, that of three good s zed trees growing in such
a manner thgmt they could nof be separated, having
been~ reinoyed~ together fiom ~ private garden about
to bedestroyed th~ mace of roots and earth measur-
ing about 16 feet in length It has been discovered
that the bleeding of taees and the attacks of insects,
after the cutting off of branches, may be stopped by
th~ simple method of brushing the part exp6sed with
a paste made of woodashes and water; the ashes en-
ter between f he fibers of the wood and prevent ex-
udation, while the alkaline property of the mixture
keeps off insects.
Manufacturing Items.
Sharps rifle factory,. Hartford, Conn., is to be en-
larged again by the building of a wing i-unning west
from the main building, 216 feet long and 45 feet
wide, and three stories high, exclusive of attic and
basementequal to five stories in alf. The building
is to be filled with machinery for manufacturing
Sharps rifles and carbines, driven by a new beam
engine of 150-horse power. About 450 men are now
employed at the rifle factory, besides 10 men and 50
girls at the cartridge works. The company is exclu-
sively engaged in the manufacture of Sharps car-
bines, and the work,s are run night and day, turning
out about i160 weapons per week.
The Lewiston (Maine) Manufacturing Co. have
worked up, during the, past year, about 190,000 ~s.
of wool; they have made ]81,000 yards of fine indi-
go blue blouse flannels, also 74,597 yards of sky-blue
kerseys, and nearly all are sold. They use fine wool
for flannels and good strong wool for kerseys. The
company paid out, during the past year, about $16,000
for indigo, using only the best Be,ngal.
During the past six months a larger business was
done at the Pembroke (Maine) Iron Works than for
any previous half year since they were in operation.
They now employ 425 men, and are kept going during
night and day. The proprietors are making sundry
improvements which will afford opportunity for car-
rying on the woi~ks on a larger scale.
The large quantity of 4,466 feet of inch-lumber
has been sawed by one saw in 57 minutes, atijerome
& Taylors mill in Saginaw, Michigan. The lumber
was edged and ready for market at the end of that
time. The logs were not peeled but taken diiectly
from the boom.
A flax mill will soon be erected in Hillsdale,Mich.,.
or at least in some place in that region, and some
of the machinery put in operation in time to dress
the flax that shall be raised this season in that vicin-
ity.
A flax-cotton manufacturing company has been
organized in Gawego, N. Y. It occupies a stone buIld-
lug 140 feet long, five stories high. Fifty looms for
flour-sack sheetings are ready for operation..
In Allegheny, Pa , the extensive steel works of
Messrs. Ilartman & Reiter are now almost ready for
operation.
The Rensselaer Iron-works Company, of Troy, ~N.
Y - one of the largest establishments in the country
for rolling railway iron, are soon to enlarge and im-
prove their present works.
In Woonsocket, R. I., the woolen mills continue
to run full time, and the cotton mills half time.
Considerable building is going on and the price of
real estate has recently greatly advanced.
The Bigelow Carpet ComPany are eredttng at Clin-
ton, Mass., a large dye and dry house, and the Wire
Cloth Company, in the same place, are building an
addition to their works, 160 feet in length.
SAPIENT CoNcLusrox.The following~ sentence is
taken from a letter in one of the daily papers com-
menting upon the loss, of the gunboat Sumter, The
captains principal fear was that the water might
carry some of the hot coals from the boiler into com-
munication with the magazine, & c. Between the
water, the hot coals and the
powder, dreadful conse-
quences would doubtless have ensued.
A PIECE of bread soaked in vinegar and applied to
a corn on the foot, going to bed at night, and bound
with a piece of oil~cloth, will remove the corn in two
or three applications. The Buckeye Hay-rake and Cocker. made underneath the disc. When the gas is ignited place where this little instrument may
beobtained~
Herewith we illustrate a very complete and thor- it plays in jets, as shown, upon the under surface of we refer our readers to the
advertisement of James
oughly made machine for the purpose of raking hay. the disc, and when the metal is heated to about 300Q D. Hall on another page.
We have so often dilated upon the monotony and Fah., a large drop of water is placed upon it, which
hard labor attending this portion of the duties of the soon assumes the spheroidal form and begins to ro- Gas from Anthracite Coal.
farmer that we shall omit further comment upon the tate. And as the disc is more highly heated imme- In our last number we noticed
ihat a resolution
subject; the disagreeable features of it are apparent diately above the gas jets, the heat passes directly had been offered at
arneetin g of I he CommQn Council
to all who have ever worked on a farm. The prin- through the metal to the water in straight lines, and in this city, to permit the
Anthracite Gas-lighting
cipal features of this machine are its adaptability to the spheroid assumes the frilled form as shown by and Heating Company to lay
down pipes, & c., to
land of all kinds, whether supply the city with gas;
rolling or level, and the and we stated That illumi-
ease and quickness with nating gas could not be
which it may be applied to made from anthracite
any pair of wheels about a coal. Mr. Gwynne, the
farm. The platform, A, patentee of the new pro-
to which the thills are at- cess, informs us that he
tached, is fastened to the uses anthracite as the car-
axle by clamps; the dri- - bonizing agent, and water
vers seat is also upon this as the agent from which
platform, supported on he obtains the hydrogen
easy springs. From the to manufacture his gas.
side of the thills,B,proceed He states that a beautiful
the parallel bars, B, to and much cheaper light
which is secured the rake- -- can be manufactured by
head or shaft, C. This ~ - - his process, from such
shaft works easily in the materials, than that pro-
bearings, D. The rake- duced in the common
teeth are secured to small way from bituminous
rods working in the tubes, coal.
B, and shaft, C, is provided
with an arm, F, which con- Plan for a New Gunboat.
nects by a link with the Mr. C. Leavitt, of
vertical lever, G, on the Windsorville, Cona., has
platform. This lever and forwarded to us plans of
the arm on the shaft be- a new iron-clad gunboat,
low the platform adjusts for which he claims a
the hight to which the power of resisting attack
teeth work, and is retained hitherto unattained. The
by the notched plate at invention consists in hay-
the side; it allows the lug the armor suspended
teeth to be lifted entirely from the overhanging
clear of the load when it guards of a vessel by
is -desired to form a wind- strong joints or hinges,
row. The rake-head can and further arranged so
be further raised or low- that the plates can be
ered and permanently se- triced up under the guards
cured by means of the when not in action. LThis
links, H, one on each side; - HORSE HAY-RAKE. system of defending yes-
these pass through clamps HUSSEYS PATENT sels has never yet been
on the side of the thills, and have pins which retain the spheroid in tlfe figure. The number of these tried, and should be
experimented with, upon a lim-
them in place. The drivers feet are seen pressing frills are generally multiples of the gas jets, and the ited scale, before
steps, are taken to build a vessel.
upon a treadle frame, I; this frame connects with a spheroid resembles a transparent cut diamond rotat-
parallel rod, J, extending over the teeth of the ma- ing on the disc. Another phenomena connected with BACK SPRINGS FOR BOOTS AND
SHOES.
chine between the thills, so that by bearing upon the heat and the ebullition of water can be exhibited by - ______
shaft the teeth are retained in contact with the load this device. When the spheroid is rotating rapidly The peculiarity of this
article is a fiat steel spring,
as -long as desired. When the treadle is not in use it and vaporizing very slowly, if the gas is shut off and a, inserted in the
back seam of boots or shoes, and
can be hooked up out of the way on the projection, the disc allowed to cool several degrees below 28O~, running parallel with it.
The spring is covered with
K, under the drivers seat. The teeth readily ac- leather, neatly stitched in on each side, as shown in
commodate themselves to the surface of the ground, Fig. 1. In each end of the spring are two slits,
and the facilities afforded for raising or lowering the
rake-head render the employment of any pair of
wheels of ordinary size feasible. These features are ~ 1.
very excellent, and we think this machine is destined
to become highly popular; we hear it very highly
spoken of in our exchanges.
The patent for this invention was procured through
the Scientific American Patent Agency, on June 23,
1863, by ID. G. Hussey, and further information can
be had by addressing him at Nantucket, Mass.
PHENOMENA OF HEAT AND WATER.
Every person has witnessed the phenomena of through which is passed a metallic clasp, 6 6, the
water assuming the form of small globules when Fah.,the water will explode. This phenomena may ends of which are turned into the
lining on the in-
placed upon a heated plate of iron, such as the top have a bearing upon Professor Donneys experiments, side of the, shoe, as shown
by e c, in the horizontal
of a stove. It has also been noticed that these which have been described in a previous number of section, Fig. 8, thus holding the
spring firmly in its
globules do not vaporize so rapidly as water placed the ScraNrarIc AMERIcAN, and it may account for soy- position. The advantage of
this improvement is ob-
upon surfaces of a lower temperature; and besides eral boiler explosions, from their plates becoming vious at first sight. In
putting the shoe or gaiter on
this they usually roll about in violent agitation, overheated for want of water, then cooled down by the foot, the spring acts as a
horn, not only prevent-
Such phenomena connected with fluids and heat pumping in a cold supply. ing the counter or stiffening from breaking, but also
have been subjects of interest to men of science There is much connected with the phenomena of all settling and wrinkling about the
ankle when once
and caused much~ discussion. The accompanying water and heat that is still a mystery. For example, on. It thus secures both
neatness and comfort to
ftgure represents a very convenient little device de- different fluids, such as alcohol and water, assume the wearer, and is of
especial advantage when the
vised by Mr. John Johnson, for exhibiting the phe- yery different appearances as spheroids, and when ankles are weak. The springs
can be placed in after
nomena of the spheroidal condition of water; and it the hand is moistened with water it may be plunged the shoe is made, and can be
furnished to manufac-
also shows that heat passes in atraiqht lines through uninjured into molten iron or lead for a brief period. turers, with the right
to use them, at a trifling ex-
the netal. The device consists of a socket and tip It is assumed that the moisture on the hand becomes pense. The patent for this
invention is ordered to
capable of-being secured on the top of a common gas- spheroidal and repels the action of heat upon the issue, and the claim will be
published in our next
burner. The tip has a small dish-shaped copper disc skin. These phenomena deserve further investiga- number. For further
particulars address George W~
soldered on its apex, and a series of gas openings are tion. For more information respeoti,pg the price and Ludlow, Elizabeth, N.
J.MUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietors.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
& t No.37 Park Row (Park Building), New York.
0. D. MUNN. 5. H. WALES. A. E BEACH.
TERMSThree Dollars per annumOne Dollar In advance, for
four months.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of publication, and
at all periodical stores in the United States and Canada
Sampsnn Low, Son & Co., the American Boolcseuers, No. 47 Ludgate
Hill, London, England, are the British Agents to receive subsuriplions
br Lhe SCIENTIFIc AMERICA-Ic.
~- See Prospectus on last page. No traveling agents employed.
VOL. IX, NO. 2.. .[Nzw SERIES.] Kineteenth Year.
25
~LAAA,A45/A#Ad44A/ ered trifles. We doubt very much the wisdom of
A a course; a newspaper is printed and sold to
~uch
~ e read, and it must be a poor sheet indeed which
does not contain some subject of interest or of inform-
ation to its subscribers. The individual who should
bring provisions to his house and allow them to
spoil for want of use would seem lacking in common
sense. What then shall we think of those who,
while they feed the body, suffer the mind to perish
and permit the whole intellectual machinery to get
rusty for want of use? These remarks are stimulated
by some experiences we have had with the ScIENTIFIc
AMERICAN. In our column of Useful Receipts,
which by the way, have proved of incalculable value
to countless persons, we give information weekly
concerning various matters pertaining to the arts.
_________________________________________________ These receipts, carefully read, will prove reliable on
trial, but it will seem strange when we say that we
__________________________________________________ have received letters at times from different persons
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 11, 1868. inquiring for the very information which was lucidly
___________________________________________ written and plainly printed in their own copy of the
ScIENTIFIc AMERICAN. We would say to all, read your
paper carefully and you will derive much more bene-
fit from it than by a cursory glance at its contents.
HOT AND COLD BL& ST IN IRON-SMELTING.
On page 67, Vol. VIII. (new series) of the ScIEN-
TIFIC AMERICAN we presented a considerable amount
of useful information relating to the influence of the
blast in the smelting of iron ores. The London Me-
chanics Magazine, of the 5th ult., contains a very in-
teresting article on the same subject. We stated
that there were still several unresolved questions
connected with the manufacture of iron, which in.
vited further experiments to obtain new improve-
inents; thus, it is well known that iron produced
by the cold blast is generally superior to that ob-
tained by the hot blast, while theoretically this
should not be the case. Our London cotemporary
alludes to this fact and says : The value of rais-
ing the temperature of the blast is another point
upon which much difference of opinion exists. S6me
say that hot-blast metal is greatly inferior to cold-
blast, in contradiction to others who assert the con-
trary opinion. The exact amount of economy of
fuel effected by the use of this process is another sub-
ject of dispute. No definite data exist that would
warrant our drawing conclusions as to its precise in-
fluence on the molecular structure and chemical con-
stituents of iron. We considei that this great un-
certainty is a disgrace to the iron manufacturers as a
body. We consider it very extraordinary that the
exact value of a process employed for the last thirty-
five years is still involved in obscurity. The fact
seems to be that the manufacturers on one side ignore
the deductions of theoretical science, while, on the
other, the laboratory chemists refuse to consider the
practical requirements of manufacturing on a large
scale.
So far as it relates to the quality of iron produced
by the use of the hot and cold blast in smelting the
ore, those remarks are undoubtedly applicable, but
there can be no question of the fact, that a larger
amount of ironabout one-thirdis produced by the
hot blast with the same quantity of fuel. Yet it is
very generally believed that this economy of fuel is
obtained at the expense of the quality of the iron.
A larger yield of crude metal is obtained from the
ore with the sairte quantity of fuel, but the increased
yield is due to impurities fused under the higher
heat of the hot blast, and these impurities simply go
to add to the quantity. As the hot blast is in very
general use in this country, if it is a fact that it pro-
duces an inferior quality of iron, it should be aban-
doned, for quality is of far more importance than
quantity to those who use the metal. But as it is
believed that as good metal can be made by the hot
as by the cc~ld blastand theory supports such a con-
clusionattention should be devoted to investigating
the causes which lead to the production of inferior
iron with the use of the hot blast, so as to obtain a
remedy for the evil. In these days, when so much
plate, beam and bar - wrought iron is employed for
ship-building and other purposes, the quality of the
metal should be the first subject of consideration.
READ YOUR PAPER!
Singular as the statement may appear it is not more
strange than true that many persons subscribe for a
paper and either hastily glance over it or else lay
it aside unread, where it soon falls a prey to the
builder of fires or the snapper-up of unconsider
thousand0, there would seem to be a remarkable
unanimity in asking fabulous prices for goods. If here
and there we did not find an honest tradesman who
sold his goods at a fair advance to cover the increased
cost of living, we should lose faith in mankind, and
begin to think, with the deser1~ing soldier, that the war
had fearfully demorallEed all classes. The Ages of
Gold and Silver have indeed passed away, for scarcely
a vestige of them are to be seen either in trade or
elsewhere; certainly one cannot trace the influence
of them on mankind. The Age of Brass reigns, and
yet another must be added to these twothe Age of
Extortion.
THE LONDON PATENT OFFICE AND MUSEUM.
Although the system of granting patents exclu-
sively to inventors and introducers of new and use-
ful improvements originated in England, from whence
we derived the basis of our system, still America has
taken the lead in the perfection of that system. The
credit of establishing a special department for the
examination of applications and the granting of
patents, embracing a museum of models for reference,
belongs to the United States, aud England has lately
copied much that is good 4from us. The organiEation
THE AGE OF EXTORTION. and management of our Patent Office is so well known
When this globe was first peopled, when all things to our readers that_we_do not require to occupy any
bore the stamp and impress of innocence, and man space in alluding to it here; but the recent changes
neither molested nor was molested by his neighbor; in the English Patent Office system, and some im-
when lawyers were unknown, and the forests stood portant features connected with it, are not very gen-
up in their primeval grandeur and mourned not the erally known. A description of these, we believe,
loss of a single trunk; when the waters of the ocean will be of general interest.
were unvexed - by a single keel, then, according to A patent for an invention is a privilege granted by
the ancients, existed the Golden Age. After this a Government to an inventor; it embraces his
came the Silver Age, inferior, of course, to the pre- exclusive property in it, and forbids all other persons
ceding one, but still better than the Age of Brass. making, using, or selling it without his consent for
The world moves, and in due course of time the Age a certain number of years. It is a national recogni-
of Brass has returned again accompanied by another tion of the fact that an inventor has the exclusive
called the Age of Extortion. Stimulated by a uni- right to the produce of his mind embodied in a tafl-
versal consent, so it would appear, all classes of gible form. In America the mode of - obtaining
tradesmen hasten to advance the price of their wares, patents, compared with that which long existed in
not in a pro-rata degree according with the decline England, is cheap and simple. In 1851, during the
of value in our currency, but reckless alike of com- period preparatory to the first International Exhibi-
mercial usage, of established custom and principle, tion of Industry, movements were made to reform
two, three, and four prices are unblushingly de- the British system, and in the subsequent year a
manded for goods that formerly sold for a tithe of -radical change was effected. The whole of the
the sum asked. Take the item of ice, for example; operations were placed under the control of a Board
the public were gravely informed at the beginning of Commissioners of Patents, consisting, ex-offlcio, of
of the season that, owing to various causes, among the Lord Chancellor, the Master of the Rolls, the
which was classed the scarcity of the article from Attorney-general, the Solicitor-general, the Lord Ad-
the mildness of the winter, ice could not be afforded vocate and the Solicitor-general for Scotland, and
at previous rates, so that to indemnify themselves the Lord Advocate and Solicitor-general for Ireland.
against loss, the suffering ice companies must double Formerly separate patents had to be taken out for
the rates and charge fifty cents where they were for- the three kingdoms, but one patent embraces them
merly glad to obtain twenty-five. Will any one say all now.
that this is a fair business transaction? Ice was not The most wonderful result of the reform in the
so scarce as the combination would have us believe. British patent system is the publication of old and
The cry was put forth early in the spring that such new patents. All the old patents written on parch-
would be the case, probably to prepare the public ment, which had existed in the Office of Records for
for the little advance, but a response came from over two hundred years prior to 1852, have been ex-
that great depot of iceBostonthat the deficiency humed and printed, with lithographic illustrations,
was exaggerated, and that no inconvenience would forming the most complete published record of in-
result. We believe to-day that the stock of ice is ventions extant. They are contained in large splen-
amply sufficient to materially moderate the prices didly-bound volumes, copies of which have been sent
charged for the necessity, and while we do not for free to all the important free libraries in the world.
an instant object to a fair advance on previous rates Every patent issued in England for the last eleven
to cover the tax, & c. ,we condemn utterly the oem- years has also been printed with illustrations, and
bination to keep up prices which we believe exists the number of such has been about two thousand
and is apparently sustained by the ice companies of per annum. The whole of the specifications pub-
this city. Coal is another instance of the avarice lished number about85,OOO (about four thousand less
and greed for gain that has infected all classes. At than the number issued in the United States), and
this season of the year it generally declines in value these are contained in 1,600 volumes. The specifica-
fully one dollar per tun. As it would tend very tion of any of the new patents can be purchased for
materially to lessen public confidence in the ability the cost of printing and paper, the price ranging
of the coal-mining interest to exceed all others in from fourpence to as many shillings, according to
extortionate prices, if an advance was not made, they size. They are printed in quarto, with lithographic
have accordingly added one dollar per tun to their illustrations. The Superintendent of Specifications
selling price; and even this rate we are told will soon is Mr. Bennett Woodcroft, under whose able manage-
be enhanced. Of course, the usual excuses are prof. ment all the different subjects have been classified
fered, concerning the strikes of the miners and the and several complete indexes made of the whole col-
scarcity of labor, but such assertioas are soon silenced lection. One index is chronological, giving the order
by the naked fact that there has been nearly one of patents issued according to dates; another is al-
million tuns more coal mined this year than that phabetical, giving the names of patentees; and an-
during a similar period in the past twelve months. other index relates to the subject-matter. The dif-
The retail dealers cannot make much, and the gross ferent subjects are grouped under 150 headings, with
receipts must swell the profits of those wh6 rule the four sub-headings, making 600 in all. The patents
market. issued for improvements on steam engines, pumps,
From the dealer whose sales amount to but a few presses, printing, spinning, weaving, & c., can easily
dollars a day, up to him who reckons his receipts by be found under their respective headings. And be-26
sides the large volumes containing the printed sped
fications in full there-is a reference index containing
notices of book~ and papers which have reported
legal proceedings ~oncernrn~ patent tiials Besides
the~e there is ~ published a series of useful ab
sti-acts of the pitents granted, each giving a very
intelligent idea of the ~vention contained in the
specification to ~ hih it refers Each series of these
abstracts forms..a convenient- octave. volume. Down
to the last year, tho number of abstracts of ~at~nts
published occupied twenty-three volumes, but the
whole will not be complqted for four or five years to
come, when the number of abridgements will amount
to about 60,000.~ The publication department of the
British Patent Office, it will- thus be- observed, is one
of the most remarkable institutions in London, and
the ekpelise of maintainii~git does not come from the
nati6nale~chequer, but rem the shrplus funds de-
rived from patent fees. -
Copying the example of our American Patent
Office, a muse-urn has also been created under the
management of the new Board of Commissioners.
It was first fairly commenced in 1858, in a room
hired from the Department of Science, and it soon
became an interesting place, asit has been ~isitedby
no less than 700,000 persons in five years. lt is open
all day. and part -of the eveni5~ ail the week, Sun-
days excepted. It contains Sir Samuel Morelands
calculating ma~hine, invented tn 1666; also ~James
Watts model of his steam engine, patented 1769, and
a large number of the models of very old as well as
new inventions.. This room has also been decorated
with the portraits of many great inventors and me-
chanics, such as -those of Brindsley, Smeaton, Ark-
wright, Newcommefl, Crompton; Watt, Trevethick,
the Brunels, Rennie, the~ Stephensons, and other
great men whose le-ventiofis and engineering achieve-
ments have enriched their country. This is one of
the most pleasing features connected-with the Eng-
lish Patent Office museum. Inventors may be ranked
among the noblest benef~ctors of ii nation; and their
memory cannpt bet9o~i~h1y reycred. This museum
h~s~ bec6me ~oo si~a~l; and it is now proposed to
erect a new and spacions building devoted to the
same purposes as our Patent Qifice in Washington,
bnt embiacing a very important improvement as one
of its objects It m Intended to make the s~e,w mu-
seum an educational establishment for- mechanics,
artisans, & c, by having constructed for it working
models of michines showing the~ progressive -steps
of improvement in machinery applied to -various
branches of manufactures; and from these ~raetical
mechanics may derive most profitable instruction.
The surplus fund of the English Patent Office amounts
now to more than six hundred thc$usand dollarsa
sum sufficiently ample, if economically-applied, to
erect a splendid structure. This fund3 however, is
undet the -charge of the Treasury Department; and
is controlledhy a body which h~s not yet taken such
a deep interest in the affairs of-inventors- as- - they
deserve, or an appropriation-would have been ordered
prior to this time to carry out the project. The -
Commissioners of Patents, however, are - earnestly -
got for the Sam9~ si~m a pint of broth, ap~at~qf 0014.
beef, a plate- o1~ potatoes, and a slice. of pliim purl-
ding.. Afterwe had thus dined we calledin passing
through the lower roomfor, - a cup of coffee and a
slice of bread-and-l~u~ter, and were supplied, on pay-
ing. twopence, with a large cup of coffee and milk,
and four oun~es of bread, butter, & c. The remark-
able feature of this entertainment was that every
article was of the best quality. Better broth, soup,
potatoes, and meat are not to be had in any club in
London than in these Glasgow dining-rooms. At no
railway station that I have ever -stopped at in Great
Britain are such coffee, milk, bread, amid butter ever-
sold at all.
These cheap dining-rooms, of which3there are sev-
eral in Glasgow, have been undertaken by a com-
pany, and the cooking is all performed In a special
central department unconnected with the dining-
rooms, where the food is kept warm for the custom-
ers. The dining-rooms are spacious, very clean and
neat, and each presided over by a matron who super-
intends the serving out of the rations. The waiters
are all girls, dressed in short white linen sacks, dark
~kirts, and their hair confined in nets. Everything
around the tablesknives, forks, spoons, plates, and
waitersTare kept scrupulously clean. No beer, wine,
or spirits of any kind can be had, but good coffee,
soup, tea, and refreshingly cool water. The prices of
provisions, coffee, sugar, & c. ,- in Glasgow are about
the same as those in New York, but house-rent and
city taxes are much lower.
impurities in it work out to the surface; a certain
portion of the exterior, a very - thin - skin ~f it, is
burnt this makes a hard, vitreous -
the -, - scal~ that ruins
edge of a tool in a short time. Every blacksmith -
knows very well how to knock it off and improve
not only the loqks of their own work but lessen ma-
terially the time demanded by subsequent operations.
These matters are worthy of attention. They are
those little details of -machine-work that are too
often lost sight of, but which exercise a very mate-
rial influence over the pr9fit an~l loss account. A min-
ute in a factory represents some portion of a dollar,
whatever the same may be; it d~es not require any
very brilliant effort of logic to see thai many minutes
make many fractions of a dollar. The waste oftimne
in doing useless work has a pecuniary value, and it
is just as foolish to cut an inch or half an inch off of a
shaft, when it could be avoided, as it would be folly
to throw money into the sea. Let us have no more
such waste, but turn out blacksmith- work in some
degree approximating to the mechanical advance-
ment of the age. We have seen shafts forged (aye,
and tunned - them too) that required to have two
inches cut off the ends before they were of the right
length. Such carelessness, for it is nothing el~,
shows a want of consideration for the employers In-
terest that shou1d~ be seen, to at once by those cdh
cemned. -
RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.
The following are some of- the most important im
ROUGH FORGINGS. provements for which Letters Patent-were issued from
the United States Patent Office last :week. The claims
We have often remarked, in the course of our pro- may be found in the official list
fessional experience, upon the indifference displayed Fuse for Projecfiles.This invention consists pnin-
in some of our large machine-shops toward obtaining cipally in the construction of-n percussion fuse-tube
good iron forgings. In certain intilcate shapes, or plug with two separate chambers, one to contain
where the safety of the work would be imperilled by fulminate of silver or mercury or other fulminat~ng
too much elaboration, when often heated, where -powder, and another to contain sand, emery, broken
-some heavy parts are in close proximity to some very glass, or any other hard granular subatance, the timid
-light portions, it is perhaps advisable to bring the chambers being arranged and combined by means- of
work something near the finished size and leave the - a lock of simple construction as to be perfectly closed
-rest to be removed by machines intended for such and locked to prevent communication between -them
business. Instead, however, -of workitig as closely until the firing of the charge of the - piece of, ord-
to the drawing as they might, a great many nance from which the projectile is to be thrown, and
-blacksmiths leave altogether too munch iron for the then to be unlocked by the impact produced by t~e
turner and planer to cut off. This- practice is to be explosion of -the said charge, - and ~thereby- - pe~mn~t
reprehended, as in addition to the increased cost of communicatien between them -for the admixtureof
- the job, the value of it as material is very much re- their contents ; so that on the projectile striking, the
ducecl. If a blacksmith leaves from three-fourths to concussion and friction - produced between the - fob
an inch and a quarter of sound iron for the turner inmate and the said hard substance mayigniite -the
to remove -from -a shaft 6 inches in diameter, he is former and so fire the bursting charge of the~ - projec-
guilty of a very great waste of time, labor and ma~ tile. It also consists in the construction-and arrwnge-
tonaL We do not allude to shafts turned up from ment of th~ parts of such a lock in such a manner
rblIed ir6n; any person who had to make a 5-inch that, though it he unlocked at or near the bottom of
shaft and should deliberately select a 6-inch bar of the bore of the gun, it will be prevented- from-open-
iron to turn it 6ut of, Would be regarded as demented lug the- -communication between -the two champers
by aif sensible persons. If the practice is not to b~ until after the projectile has left-the bore of thegna.-
tolerated in the case of rolled iron, how shall we me- - It fur-ther consists in the employment, in- copa~j~a-
concile the fact of forging a piece of shafting very tion with fuIi~inates in percussion fuses, of cotton,
much larger than there is any occasion for, with me- gun-cotton, wool, hair, cloth or other soft matem-lal,
chanical common sense? - either mixed with the fulminate or as a lining to the
urging the subject up-on- their attention, arid ~it is to Trip h miners are very -useful tools in a black-- chamber which contains
it or in- the form -of a
be hoped they will soon hav~ their laudable desires smiths shop, f~or-they condense m~ietal into ltseifand cushion-, for the
purpose of preventing premature
gratified. - - compact the fibers of it firhnly together. What shall explosions by accidental concussions. And-it further
- DINING-HOUSES FOR THE MILLION. be said of those persons who leave such an excess of cons-i~ts in the employment, in the
percus~io-n fuse
metal that the best of it is all turned off by the ma- of an explosive projectile, of two fulminates, one of
- In the city of Glasgow -an example worthy of very chinist at a dead loss to the proprietors? Compara- which-is more sensitive or
mome easily ignited, as
general imitation has been set, in providing new tivelyablacksrnith can work faster than a machinist ; fulminate of silver, and the
other of which burns
eating-houses where cheap meals of excellent food he can heat his iron and dress off a piece ofhnetal more slowly or with a slower
flame, as fulminate of
can be obtained by inechailics - and labom-ers and that would require four times the labor on the part- mercury, the latter being
mixed with the fsrmer or
others. These have been called Kitchens -for the of- the mechanician. So also with heavy hammers, interposed between it and the
bursting charge of the
Million. They are ~iniply public dining-rooms they can draw down an inch and a quarter of iron projectile to insure the
ignition-of the said charge.
like our restaurants, where a wholesome and sub- much sooner than a lathe can turn it off, and the I. P. Tice, of New York city, is
the inventor of this
stantial meal can be obtained for fourpence sterling shaft so hammered will be a - far better one than- improvement. -
about eight cents. These are not charity institu- another roughly forged. Evaporator for Saccharine Liquids.This Invention
tions nor common soup-kitchens, but healthy com~- In- locomotive-shops there are better forgings made consists in the arrangement
of an endless oblong,
muercial enterprisesa great improvement upon old- than there are in the marine engine-~hops in this circular or elliptical track-
in combination-- with
fashioned dining-houses in supplying mechanics with city. There is more - die-work and a greater atten~ wheeled pans and suitable
fireplacee and flues,-in such
palintable i~nd cheap-meals, and yielding the propni- tion given to prc~ducing smooth, sound, even and a manner that, when the
juice or other liquid in one
etors a handsome profit. - The fame of these cheap -good- forgings than in the large works above men-- pan has been boiled down to
the desired degree, said
eatinge4ablishmnents ~aviag reacfhed London, a cor- tiomied. - It seems to us that this-subject ought to me- pan can conveniently
be removed to the opposite side
respondent of the London Times paid them a visit, ceive some attention. - It is as easy to make a forging of the track for the -
purpose of emptying and- me-
and writes in high terms of their management. lie somewhere within rifle cannon range of the finished charging it arid, at -the
same time, another pan can
says : For fourppnc,e-halfpenny I got a pint of pea dimensions as it is to produce a lump of iron with be wheeled over- the -
arch so that the operation of
soup, a plate of hot maincedeollops (minced beefsteak scarcely the most remote resemblance to the final boiling is not interrupted
and no heat is lost; it con-
stewed), a plate of potatqes, and half, a pound of outline. The scale ought to be removed much- sists, further, in the arrangement
- of a stationary
bread. ?dr. Stirling, a wealthy gentleman of Keir, oftener than it is. When iron is over-heated the pan he~ween the fireplaces and
the movable pane and~e ~nt~h -
the chinmney, and Qv9r a double flue p rovidefi with
dampers in such a mrnner that the Wa3t~ heat escap-
ing from the flues under the movable pans can be
carried under the statiouar~y pan and used to heat the
contents of the same or carried straight through to
the chimney without being permitted to c~me in c3n
tact with ~aid st~ti6nary pan, if it is desired to empty
the contents of the same or to exchmge it.
Bucknell, of D~corTh, Iowa, is the inventor of this
improvement.
Apparatus for draining ~Sugar.The principal object
of this invention is to save the very heavy labor of
csrrying the sugar in ladles from the cooler to the
molds In which the draining and crystallization is
effected, and pouring it into the molds by hand as
hitherto universally practiced in sugar refineries, and
to enable the molds to be filled directly from the
cooler; and to this. end it consists in the employment,
for the reception, of the molds, of wheel carriages so
constructed as to hold several molds in upright posi-
tions and to be capable of being run under the cooler
for the purpose of filling the molds directly there~
from, and of being run away to a convenient place
for the drsining to be performed. It also consists in
furnishing such a carriage with a number of movable
stoppers corresponding with the number of molds it
is to contain, and so arranged and applicd as to be
capable of being operated by one or more levers or
their equivalent, outside of the carriage, for the pur-
pose of closing up the bottoms of the molds at the
time of filling and of opening them for draining. It
furthet censists in providing, in such a carriage, be-
low the-seats which receive the bottoms of the molds,
a vacuum chamber in which a vacuum is to be ob-
tained by any suitable means for the purpose of ex-
hibiting the process of draining by the aid of the
pressure of the atmosphere on the upper susfaco of
the sugar in the mold. Gustavus Fineken, of New
York city, is the inventor of this improvement.
Sheet metal VesselsThis invention relates to cans,
pails and-other vessels made of sheet-metal with sol-
dered joints. Its object is two-fold, namely, first, to
obtain such- strength and stiffness at the junction of
the sides with the top and bottom that they will not
be easily bruised; secondly, to provide for the~so1-
dering on of the top and bottom by dipping the joint
into a vessel containing melted solder, whereby the
operation of soldering is not only enabled to be per-
formed more quickly than in the usual way by a sol-
dering iron, but witja a much~ smaller- quantity of
solder; and it consists -in forming the junction be-
tween the sides and the top and bottom of the vessel
by means of a peculiar lap-joint by which the above
desirable results are obtained. Hermaun Miller, of
New York city, is the inventor of this improvement-.
Mode of applying Safe LocksSafe locks of the ex-
pensive burglar-proof kind are quite complicated; as
is well known, and liable to get out of repair, so as
not to be capable of being opened in a legitimate
manner by the proper key, and this contingency
almost invariably happens if the lock has been tam-
pered with by a burglar. When this occurs the door
has to be cut open at considerable expense and
trouble in order to reach the lock so that 4t may be
detached for repairs. The object of this invention is
to obviate this difficulty, and to this end two locks
are applied to the door, arranged or connected in
such a manner with the bolt frame that in case of
one -lock getting out of repair, so that it cannot be
opened by its key, the door may be unlocked by the
other lock. J. J. Burnet and William Bellamy, of
NeW York, are the inventors of this- improvement.
Setting BoilersThis invention relates to an im-
provement in the bridge walls under a boiler and in
the disposition of the flues which pass through the.
boiler. By the ordinary mode the bridge walls are
built up to within six or eight inches of the boiler,
for the purpose of forcing the draught up to it. In-
stead of that plan, one or more arches are built up
in direct contact with the boiler, leaving the opening
of each arch some two feet below the surface. - The
effect produced by this arrangement is to cut off the
- open and direct current of air niader ,the boiler and
create several chambers or pits in which the heated
air is detained and is consequently applied more
effectually in the generationof steam. This improve-
ment also relates to the mode of. passing the draught
- through the flues. With a boiler with two flues it
has heretofore been usual to pass the draught under -
the boiler to the back end, and forward through the
two flues to thechimney or stack in front. By our
arrangement the heated air l)assos underthe boiler
to the rear and forward through one flue, and then
back ag~i~ths~os~h the Other to the stack in the rear,
th~is using theheated current three times instead of
twice, as h~retofore. Henry France and Chos. L
Knowles, of Sacramento, Cal., are the inventors of
this improvement.
Tuhular BoilerIn the present mode of generating~
steam in locomotive tubular boilers, the heat rises
frbmthe grate bars and passes directly through the
tubes into and out of the smoke-stack. In this
steam boiler the heat, after passing through the tubes
to the rear end of the boiler, is caused to deflect by
means of a plate secured on a level with the water
line, or just above the tubes in the false breeching,
into pits and under the boiler to the extreme front,
passing up the sides into the flues on both sides of
the boiler, arranged on a level with the water-line,
and thence into the smoke-stack, in such a manner
that a large amount of heating surface is gained and
a proportionate saving iii fuel is effected. Henry
France and C. L Knowles, of Sacramento, Cal., are
the inventors of this improvement.
Manufacture of Hats. This invention relates to the
manufacture of hats with bodies of palm-leaf or
other material Of similar character, covered with
felt, bloth, plush, or other woven fabrics. Its prin-
cipal object is to produce a more perfect union of the
covering with the body; and to this end it consists
in coating the body with a solution of india-rubbe.r
preparatory to the application of the coating of var-
nish commonly known as hatters varnish, by
which the covering is made to adhere. This coating
of india-rubber~ solution wakes ~a more perfect ad-
hesion of the varnish to the body and prevents it
from cracking off by the application to the hat of any
pressure which indents and temporarily alters its
shape. It also consists in pasting a binding of mus-
lin or other suitable woven fabric around and over
the edge of the brim, for the purpose of confining
the ends of the strips of palm leaf, or similar mate-
rial, of which the body is composed, and thereby
insuring a smooth edge and giving greater firmness
to -the brim. F. -P. Flanagan, of Newark, N. J., is
the. inventor of ~this improvement, and his claim may
be found on page 11 of the current volume.
Machine for nailing BoxesThe object of this in
-vention is to drive the nails which hold together the
several boards constituting a box for segars or for
other articles. The nails are generally driven by a
hammer, -each nail by itself, which obviously is a
very tedious operation. This. invention consists in
the employment of grooved spring jaws for the pur-
pose of holding the nails and to guide them to the
proper place, and it consists, further in -combining
with said spring jaws a corresponding number of
rising and falling plungers, for the purpose of driv-
ing each nail singly and all at the same time; also
in arranging said plungers with globe -or disk-shaped
collars, in such a manner that they spread the
grooved spring jaws at the proper moment and allow
the heads of the nails to pass; also in arranging the
cam that serves to depress the plungers with a cir-
cular portion in such-a manner that the plungers
cannot be depressed any further than necessary to
drive the nails. Finally, in the general arrangement
and combination of all the parts so that the plung-.
ers and jaws, as well as the table which supports the
boards, can be adj usted - according to the different
sizes of boxes to be made. George Wicke, of No.
26 Willet street, New York city, is the inventor of
this machine, and his claim may be found on page 12
of the current volume.
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FOR THE WEEK ENOING JUNE 23, 1863.
Re~orted Qfficiofly for the Jcieeftj5s dojerieen. -
*~5 Pamphlets containing the Patent Laws and full par
tienlars of the mode of applying for Letterg Patent, speci-
fying size of model required, and much other information
useful to inventors, may be had gratis by addressing
MUNN & CO., Publishers of the ScIENTIFIc AarsnccAis,
New York. -
38,915.Self-loading Fire-arm.Albert Ball, Worcester,
Mass.: - combination ofIl,and the charging carrlage, as
I claim, first, The
above set forth and described. - -
Second, I claim the combination of the locking piece, P chargiog
carriage, 0. and tumbler, I, When -constrocled and operating in the
cianner and for the purposes above set forth and described. -
38,936.Lever Jack.Natlaaii Badgisy; New York City:
I flaim the shape-and construction-of the rSciprocatingi~yer, 14,
operating as herein described~ - -
I also filaisa the curved Slot with its bearings on each- side-of the
frame, B. -
I also claim the arrumgemefit and cohabisation of thedevices of the
plate, H, lever, L, with B, arranged and combined as herein de
scribed. -
38,937.Grain Separator.Myron J. Barcalo, Mount
Morris, N. Y.:
I claim the application of the plate, f, to the upper endof the
screen, B, covering not only the joint of the screed-and-the chute
but the rough edge of the wire gage and several rows of the meshes
nearest to the upper end of the frame ci the screen, subslantidllyas
herein set forth.
I also claim the eepai~ator plale, ID, in combination with the plate, f,
and operating substantially as herein described and set forth.
38,938.Skating BootGardner T. Barker, Pittsfield,
Mass: - - - - -
I claim the fmprnved construction of the runner, e, and its, appli-
cation to shoot or sloe subslantifliy as dbscrihed.
38,939.llailroad Car Coupling.ll omer J. Blakeslee,
Concord, Pa.: - - - -
I claim the sliding belt, E E, the collar, H, Ihe falling bolt, F, the
link, N, w-henthe same are conetfected as described, and In the
aloresiti combination for the purposes set forth.
38,940.Preparatipus to serve a~ Hemostatic and Aitis~p-
tic Agents.Pierre A. F. Bobocuf, Paris, -France:
I claim the manufactore and application as hemostatic and antisep-
tic agents of alkaline phenates and Salts bbtaioedb~ useans if
mineral and vegetable essentialols soluble in eanstig soda or potash,
in manner and for the purposes hereinbefhre described.
38,941.Vault Cover.E. S. Boynton, AlOxandria, Pa.
Ante-dated Jan. 3, 1862: - - - - -- - - -
I claim lighting and ventilating subterranean or lower spart~enls,
by means of a metallic frame-in combination with Sash, with glass
fitted audaliding herein,. the glase,bein~ protected by an open iron
grating, or pefforated cover, constructed substantially as~descrlbed~
38,942.Stove.N. A Boynton, New.York City :- -
I elaine making the magazine, cylinder, fire-cbamber4 fire-flues, gas
chamber, and window protections, all in one piece, as herein shown -
and -deseribed. -
[rhie invention coosists inanovel application of mica to the fire,
chamber of thc~stove or furnace, wherebythS light from the b1tfrning
fuel may be exposed and the mica at Ihi same time fully protected
from the fuel, the latter beingefiectually prevented from coming in
contact with-the formeri -
38;943.Breech-loading Fire-arm.Christopher C. Brand,
Nofwich, Conn.: - - - -
I claim, first, The combination of a sliding breech-blockuith a
hammer and pendent hook to seize and hold the cartridge by its
flanged butt, the arrangement being such that the hook is actuated
by the hammer to operate in connectioti- therewith substantially as
herein set forib.
Second, I claim the combination of a breech-pin sliding to and
from the barrelhut out of line of its axiswith a hook and hammflr
to seize and hold the cartridge by Ste flanged butt,-the arrangement
being such as to allow the cartridge to move on the hook as fulc on-i,
as the breech-pin recedes fronle or approaches to thSbntt- of the- bar.
rel. substantially as herein set forth. - - -
ohird, In combination with a sliding breech-plO provided with
hooks or their equivalent to receive and hold the cartridge and mov-
leg together with the lockin a recesi in the etock, I claim a-Bigger
directly connected with the stock and operating the lock only when
the breech is closed substantially as herein set forth. - - -
38,944.Railroad Chair.Sylvester Brisack-, Walton,
N. Y. Ante-dated-Oct. 21, 1862:
I claim the constrciclion of a railroad chair in such a manner that
it maybe used for couPling the-rails OFf~fltdnidg Ibem on the ties,
and utay be placed on the rails without displacing them; and also ihd
entireinner construction as shown in the drawings and description,
and also the entire form of the wedge. as so sh~Wn,-which together
ala so constructed as to securely fasten the rails in the chair and also
act 55 a bracket to support the head of the rail-and prevent lie sPring-
log or turning and so constructed also that the pressure of the
a~edge acts as a cramp or spring on the rail so as-tohold the railand
wedge firmly when contracted by cold and allow the parts ~9give
when expanded by heat so as tb avoid breaking and also so -as- is me-
ceive all pressure on the rail to act directly on the center of the web
and foot of the rail andon the center of the chair. -
-38,945.~Apparatns for-evaporating Saccharine Liquids.
James Bucknell, Decorah, Iowa: -
I claim, first, rh~ arrangement of two endless tracks, B 0, in com-
bination with wheeled- pans, A, and fire-place, B. construct~dand
operating in the manner and for the purpose sub-lantially as shown
and described.
Second, The arrangement of the double flues, c fi and stationary
p~n, 0, in combination with the fire-plach, E, -flues ID and movable
pans, -A, constructed and operating substantially as and for the pur
pose Specified. --
38,946.~~z.Yentilator.~FrederickD. Chase Boston, Mass.:
I claim lathe above-described deck.guard and ventilator, the com-
bination of the annular rain cap, F, and - Oir opening b with the
smoke pipe, B, the ventilating passage, a, and its air receiver, (5,
provided with inlets anti a register as isecified.
And I also claim the combination-of the cap plate, A, with the air-
receiver, 0, its smoke-pipe, B, and fastening pihte, ID, by ibfeans of
the adjustable pipe, II, applied to and so as to be- capable ~f sliding
into the frustum, B, and made to circumscribe the smoke.pipe, Sub-
stantially as afld for the purposes heretubefore specified.
38,947.Glass Chimney for Lamps.G. 5F.LJ. Colburn,
Newark, N. J.. Ante-dated Oct. 5, 1862 : - -
I claim a glass lamp chimney, A, with one or more glass handles
or projections, B, substantially as described. - -
[This Invention consists to providing an ordinary glass lamp chim~
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE~e ~denU& n~tn.
ney with a glass handle or projection, one or more, in such a manner
that the chimney may be handled and removed from the lamp white
in a heated state without burning,the fingers.]
38,948.Cleaning, hulling and grinding Grain.Emanuel
Cole, Dryden, N. Y.:
I claim, first, The means substantially as herein described by
which the stone, D, is secured in the removeable frame, B, for the
purpose set forth..
Second, The means substantially as herein described1 by which
the top stone, D, and its connections are supported in a fixed plane
and removed, and replaced for the purposes, and with the adv ntages
specified.
Third, Th& construction and arrangement of thecorb,~N, substan-
tially as and for the purpose herein described.
38,949.Manure Distributor.Jacob B. Croweil,, Green-
castle, Pa.:
I claim the rocking shaft provided with the stirrers, H and G, and
the wipers, D, in the manner and for the purposes set forth.
Second, In combination with the rocking shaft as described, I
claim the clutch, F, crank, 0, aisd pitman, N, all constructed and
operating In the manner and for the purposes specified.
38,9.50.Hay and CQtton Press.George N. Doolittle,
Louisville, Ky.:
I claim the shaft, D, passing through the press-box, A, and provided
at its topper end with a sweep. B, and at its lower end with a crank,
F, in combination with a pitman, G, plunger, B, and plunger-rod, C,
and rope, J, all arranged in relation with the press-box, A, to operate
as and for the purpose specified.
[This Invention consists In the employment of a windlass in
connection with a crank and pitman, all being arranged with a
plunger and plunger-rod in such a manner that the press-box may
he fihled with the substance to be baled and properly compacted
therein previous to the pressing operation.]
38,951.Chnrn.--Harrison lIlloolittle, Alton, Ill. Ante-
dated Nov. 3, 1862:
I claim the lining figure 2, made of tin or zinc, when made with the
slats, B, and the holes, F, and the holes, T, in the manner described,
and br the purpose specified. -
38,952.Double-tree.W. Dowell, Hicksville, Ohio:
I claim the tubes, B B, attached to the ends of the double-tree, A,
as shown, provided with the springs, D, and rods, E, and connected
by the rod, C, all airanged substantially as and for the purpose
specified.
[This invention consists in having a tube attached to each end of
the double-tree by pivots and having said tithes connected by a rod.
the tubes being provided with springs and rods, and all so arranged
that an elastic connection is obtained between the draught animals
and the vehicle, and the team much relieved and thevehicle saved
from wear and tear.]
38,953.Boxed Sieve.James 0.. Durgin & Jeremiah
Walker, ~Yarmouth, Maine. Ante-dated Jan. 11,
1862:
We claim in combination with the sieve its case, and the machinery
for imparting to the sieve vertical and reciprocating rotai-v move-
ments as described, the supporting bar, D, and the guide cross, E,
the whole being applied together and to the case substantially~in
manner and so as to operate as hereinbefore specified.
38,954.Sleigh.Dailiel P. Fales, Poultucy, Vt.:
I claim the combination of the continuous brace, c, with the run-
ner, A, with the knee or post, B, and beam, D, as hereindescribed
and set forth.
38,955.Type-setting Machine.Charles W.Felt, Salem,
Mass.:
I claim justifying lines of type, by means of mechanism which
operates wholly or partially In the manner substantially as described.
38,956.Setting Steam Boilers.Henry France & Charles
L. Knowles, Sacramento, Cal.:
We claim, first, The arrangementof two ormorepits, II H, formed
below a boilerA. by means of one or more bridge walls, F, with an
arched opening, G, at a certaindistance below the surface as and for
the purposP described.
Second, The horizontal plate, d, under the flue or flues, B, of a
steam boiler, A, in combination wib the side flue, I, constructed and
operating substantially as and for the purpose specified.
Third, The arrangement and combination of the pits, H H, side
flue, I~ flue or flues. B, in the boiler, A, rear connecting flue, L, and
flue or flues, B, in the boiler, A, all constructed and operating sub-
stantially as and for the purpose set forth.
38,957.Setting Tubular Steam BoilersHenry France &
Charles L. Knowles, Sacramento, Cal.:
We claim, first, Thepits,IJ C, and arched bridge wall, B, in com-
bination with a tubular or flue boiler and with the side flues, F, con-
structed and applied substantially as and for the purpose shown and
escribed.
Second, The deflecting plate, a, over the ends of the tubes, T, in
combination with the pits, C C, bridge wall, B, vertical flues, B,
and side flues, F, all constructed and operating subsiantially as and
br the purpose shown and described.
Third, The application of the side-flues, F, in combination with a
steam boiler, A, constructed and operating substantially as and for
the purpose specified.
38,958.Manufacture of Sugar from~Sorghum.Joel C.
Garretson, Pilot Grove, Iowa:
I claim the arrangement and combination of the grading pans, B,
~vith shutters, D at the end of each partition, A, with skimmer, F,
extending over all the apartments, B, arranged and combined for the
purpose of grading and granulating sugar in the mode and manner
escribed.
38, 959.Straw-cutter.C. G. Grabo, Greenfield, Mich.:
I claim interposing an elastic material, x, between the stationary
cutter bar, u, and the frame of the straw-cutter substantially in the
mannTer herein described.
I also claim the combination of the rotary cutter wheel, G, with
the stationary tapering cutter bar, n, and interposed elastic material,
x, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein described.
I also claim in combination with the rotary cutting wheel the ad-
justable journal box, K, for the purpose of adjusting the cutter
wheel towards the stationary cutting edge, u, substantially In the
manner herein desc~bed;
I also claim in combination with the yielding and:tapering station-
ary bar, u, the adjustable cutting blades, d, substantially in th ci man-
ner and for the purpose set iorth.
38,960.Lamp Bnrner.James B. Gray, Hudson, Wis.:
I cleim, first, The combination of the divided lamp cap with a ver-
tically adjustable wick-tube, substantially as and for~the purposes
herein described.
Second, The hooked friction spring, d, or its equivalent in combina-
tion with the adjustable wick-tube and the divided lamp-cap, substan-
tially as described.
38,961.Shirt Collar.Solomon S. Gray, Boston, Mass.:
I claim a shirt collar in which the part, B, is turned over on to the
part, A, In the curved or angular line, x, instead of a straight line, In
order to prevent the part, A, from wrinkling, substantially~as de-
ribed.
38,962.Lubricator for Locomotive Engines.E. C~Ham-
lin, Pavilion, N. Y. Ante-dated Dec. 27, 18i32
I claim the arrangement of the oil pipe, C (on locomotives), with
the branches, B and F, the cocks, f g and h, and their connecting
rods, a b, Ate., in the manner and for the purposes specified.
Also combining the branch oil pipes, B and F, and the branch
steam-pipe, G, the cocks, f g and h, and their connecting rods, a b and
c, with the main oil pipe, C, and the steam pipe, B,jin the manner
and for the purpose specified.
38,963.Press for Baling.John K. Harris, Allenville,
md.:
I claim the wheel, F, provided with the ledge, H, the rope orchain,
B, and follower or plunger, C, all arranged and combined to operate
as and for the purpose herein set berth.
[This Invention relates to an improvement in that class of baling
presses in which the press-box is filled by a beating operation of the
plunger or follower, preparatory to the pressing operation of I lat
tsr; the invention consists in the means employed Efor operating the
plunger or follower, so that it may be elevated to the desired height,
and then released so as to fall and give the desired blow, and then be
elevated all by a continuous movement of the driving shaft.]
38,964.Washing Machine.Jonathan F. Horn, Boston,
Mass.:
I cla n he improved macbins, made substantially a described,
that is I say, with a vibratory dasher, a bottom rack and two mov-
able sidi racks, constructed, arranged and applied together in man-
ner and so as to operate snbstan~tially as described.
And in combination therewith. I claim the loaded momentum lever,
or lever and n-eight arI-anged and applied to the dasher so as to oper-
ate the same as described.
38,965.Horse Rake.David G. Hussey, Nantucket,
Mass.:
I claim the attaching of the teeth, I, to the shaft or rake-head, J,
by means of the rods, r, fitted loosely in tubes, q, which are secured
to the shaft or rake-head, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth. -
[This invention consists in a novel construction ol the rake and the
manner of applying the same to the frame of the machine, whereby
the device may be used with and readily applied to any pair of wheels
used on other vehicles, and the teeth of the rake also allowed to rise
and fall freely and independently of each other, so that they may
conform to the inequalities of the ground over which they may pass;
the rake-head being also so arranged that it will be under the com-
plete control of the operator, and adapted to~perform its work ml a
thorough or efficient manner.]
38,966.Turn BridgeJames Ingersoll, Grafton, Ohio:
I claim the bridge, D, in connection with the tower, C, and turn.
tables, B and F, all arranged to operate substantially as set forth.
[This invention consists in having the bridge attached to a turn-
table which Is placed on a suitable foundation, the turn-table encom-
passing the base of atower on the top of which there is fitted another
turn-table to which rods are attached, said rods being connected to
and supporting the outer part of the bridge; all being arranged in
such a manner as to form a simple, economical asid durable turn-
bridge.]
38,967.Cooking Stove.James A. Lawson, Troy, N. Y.:
I claim the employment of the ash-pan drawer, D. in combination
with the hopper, C C, in the manner substantially as herein de-
scribed and set forth.
I also claim the adjustable end, B. arranged and combined with the
ash-pan drawer, D, substantially as and for the purposes herein de-
scribed and set forth.
38,968.Sash Stop or FasteningS. P. Loomis & ~T.
Hawk, Mauchchuuk, Pa.:
I claim the roller, D, placed in the c~se, C, which Is provIded Iwith
an inclined back, a, and fitted in one side of the window-frame; in
combination with the lever, F, and the slide bolt, 11, all arranged sub-
stantially as and for the purpose herein set forth.
[This invention consists in having a roller fitted in!a beveled or in-
clined recess in one side of the window frame, and using in connec-
tion therewith a lever and slide bolt, all arranged in such a manner
that the sash may be retained at any desired height and also securely
locked when in a closed state.]
38,969.Harvester.Frederick H. Manny, Rockford, Ill.:
What I claim in that class of harvesting machines having the
finger beams forward of the driving wheel, is the combination of the
hinged platform with the divided frame when made adjustable sub-
stantially In the macsuer and for the purpose described.
38.970.Harvester.Frederick H. Manny, Rockford, Ill.:
I claim the shield-board, constituting both a separator and track-
clearer, substantially as herein described, for the purposes set forth.
I also claim the combination of an adjustable shield-board, which
acts both as a separator and track-clearer, with a supplementary di-
vider, substantially in the manner and for the purpose described.
38,971.Mill-stone Bush.J. F. McKray, Harmonsburg,
Pa.:
I claim, first, The application of the cap, D, with oblique notches,
e, in combination with the tapering collar, d, of the spindle, and with
the main cap, B, of the bush, constructed and operating iii the man-
ner and for the purpose substantially as specified.
Second, The partition plate, g, In combination with the annular
lip, h, projecting from the inner surface of the cap, B, as and cur the
purpose shown and described.
Third, The tapering oil-cups, m, in the Interior of the bush, A, in
combination with the packing and with the follower, B, constructed
and operating substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
[The object ob this invention is to obtain a durable bush for the
spindle of the bed-stone ; one that will admit of a certain degree of
adjustability, so as to conform in itself to the position of the spin-
dles ; one that will also insure a perfect lubrication of the spindle,
and also protect the spindle fiom foreign substances that mIght
otherwise worl~between the collar and caps, and produce unneces- -
sary friction and wear.]
38,972.Tea Kettle.Barney H. [Menke, Cincinnati,
Ohio:
I claim as an improved manufacture of bailed and covered hollow-
ware, the provision of the thimble, F f f, adapted 10 fit over the bail
ear, and to confine the lid while permitting its free horizontal vibra-
tion, the whole being secured by the insertion of the bail, in the man-
ner set forth.
38,973. Railroad Car Truck. Silas Merrick, New
Brighton, Pa.:
I claim the combination of the guides,J L, curved in the arc of a
circle, of which the king-bolt forms the center, with the conical fric-
tion wheels, K, rolling upon a flat surface, and having end-play In
their bearings, when constructed, arranged, and operating substan-
tially in the manner described, br the purposes set forth.
38,974. Sheet-metal Can.Hermann Miller, New York
City:
I claim forming the junction or union between the sides and the
top or bottom ol a can or other vessel made of sheet-metal by means
of the double recessed clamping lap-joint herein described.
38,975.Stump Extractor.W. K. Moody, Hartford,
Wis.:
I claim, first, The combination of the lever, 0, provided with pawl,
h, ratchet, I, with chain, H, attached, and the windlass, F, all ar-
ranged and placed on a suitnabie framing to operate as and for the
pnrpose herein shown and described.
Second. The vertically sliding or adjustable bars, D D, having
wheels, H, at their lower ends, in combination with the cams, I, said
parts being applied to the framing of the matihine in the manner as
and for the purpose set forth.
[This invention consists in the employment of a windlass,
lever, pawl and ratchet, and a chain and hook arranged in such a
manner that a good and efficient leverage power is obtained within a
limited space. The invention further consists in a novel application
of wheels to the framing of the machine, whereby said framing may
be readily lowered and adjusted in a working position, and also
readily raised seas to be supported by the wheels when the machine
is to be moved or transported from place to place.
38,976.Valve for Steam Hammer.Robert Morrison,
Newoastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain. Patented in
Eugland Dec. 16, 1859:
I claim the use of a valve in steam hammers when so arranged
with refeacuce to the parts that both ends of the steam cylinder can
be placed in communication with each other at the same time, com-
munication with the boiler being then cut off, the same valve being
also so arranged that whenever steam shall be admitted to one end of
the cylinder, communication between that end and the ether shall be
cut off, substantially as described and for the purpose specified.
38,977. Coffee-roasting Apparatus. Samuel Nowlan,
New York City. Ante-dated Nov. 12, 1862
I claim, first, The method herein described of collecting the volatile
products of coffee and condensing the same, substantially in the
manner and br the purpose herein set forth.
Second, Combining with a revolving coffee-roaster of otherwise or-
dinary construction and operation a serpentine or other suitable con-
denser, in the manner herein described, so that the vapors or vola-
tilized essential oils shall pass into said condenser, to be collected, as
set forth.
38,978.~ofa Bedstead.F. C. Payne, New York City:
I claim a sofa bedstead having a fixed or permanent seat, a, and a
bed or mattress, C, formed of two parts, f f, attached to frames, B
D, connected to each other by hinges, d, and to the sofa by hinges, e,
and arranged to fold within a case or box, d, within the sofa under-
neath the seat, a, substantially as herein shown and described.
[This invention consists in having the bed or mattress of the sofa
distinct or separate from the seat portion, so that the upholstery of
the latter will not be injured by the use of the device as a bed, as is
the case with the ordinary sofa bedsteads, In which the bed or mat.
tress is connected with and forms a part of the seat. Besides the ad-
vantage above mentioned this invention admits of a wider bed or mat.
tress being used than can be obtained with an ordinary sofa bedstead
of the same size, and greater facilities are afforded for cleansing the
mattress and freeing it from insects when necessary ; and the inven-
tion further admits of the sofa being constructed in any desired form,
as fashion may dictatean advantage not possessed by the ordinary
sofa bedsteads, which require to have flat seats and vertical ends in
order to admit of the seat being turned over to form the bed, or a
portion of the same.]
38,979.Corn Planter.Ezra Peck, Middleport, Ill.:.
I claim the arrangement of the working-beam, B, levers, 1 and
tappets, g, in combination with rods, e, bell-crank levers, d. and seg-
mental seed-slides, B, all constructed and operating substantIally as
and for the purpose specified.
[This invention Consistti is the arrangement of a working-beam
actuated by mesios ob tappets projecting from the axle of the di-iving
wheels and acting on oscillating levers, in combination with seg-
mental seed-slides connecting with the working-beam by bell-crank
levers and suitable rods, and operating in the hopper in such a man-
ner that by the action of the tappets on the hinged levers and rock-
shafts the seed slides are alternately forced up through the seed, act
lug as stirrers and filling their coils, andthen drawn out to discharge
the contents of their cells into a furrow drawn by a steel coulter at
the bottom of a sled-form standard supporting the front of the frame
of the planter.]
38,980.Connection of Car Trucks.William Pettit,
Philadelphia, Pa.:
I claim arranging the center-pin which connects a car or locomo-
tive to the truck, and on which the truck turns, in a position to the
rear of the center of the truck and between the live axles of the same,
as set forth for the purpose specified.
38,981.Drilling Machine.Charles P. Philippi, Crown
Point, Ind.:
I claim the arrangement and combination of the adjustable square
screw, Q, with cylinder, N, and drill, H, arranged and operating cii
the table, A, with the adjustable bed-plate, B, as herein described,
for drilling holes in plates of metal.
38,982.Range.Samuel Pierce, Troy, N. Y. Ante-
dated April 29, 1863:
I claim the supplying of the fire-chamber, d, at the rear end there-
of by means of the reservoir and feeder, a, in combination with the
triangle concave fire-brick back, b, sad the fire chamber, din the
manner substantially as herein described and set forth.
38,953.Skates and their Fastenings.Charles V. Rams-
dell, Bangor, Maine:
Iclaim the combination of the devices, A B D B F and G, as ar-
ranged with the wooden sole of the skate as herein described and for
the purposes set forth.
38,984.Construction of Metallic Boats.Lewis Ray-
mond, New York City:
I claim a removable skeleton brame for the purpose of building
metallic boats, consisting of a combination of ribs, B, clamps, B,
stringers, F, and aprons, I, or their equivalents, and constructed
substantially as described in such manner that it can be secured to
the keel, the stem and stern-post of the boat by screw-bolts or other
fastenings, and can be removed therefrom after the removal of hess
fastenings, substantially as herein set forth.
38,985.Grain-dryer.Ransom S. Reynolds, New Haven,
Coun.:
I claim the arrangement of the endless moving aprons in their re-
spective chambers, with their inlet and exi~ passages for the teans-
mission of the grain through them, when said chambers are furnished
with heatedand coot air, substantially in the manner and for the
purposes herein described.
I also claim in combination with the traveling endless belt, W, thu
series of stirrers hung upon hInged arms, for the purposes ot tallow-
bog them to yield to the depth of grain on said belt, and to continue
their rotation at whatever position they may assume, substantially as
described.
38,986. Boot-tree. A. P. Richardson, Worcester,
Mass.:
I claim, first, the combination 01 the hooked cam, m, with rod, B,
and the movable part, D, substantially asset forth.
Second, The combination of catch lever, n, with the foot-piece and
rod, B, and movable part, D, substantially as set forth.
38,987.Making Knitting Needles-Thomas Sands, Gil-
ford, N. H. Ante-dated June 10, 1863:
First, 1 claim the combination in their relative order of the straight-
ener, the eve-punch, the traversing platform, the cutting-off appara-
tus, and the rotary burr for slabbing down the needle.
Second, I claim holding the wire by means of the punch, which re-
mains in the eye, and the simultaneous movement of the traversing
platform which carries the wire forward fur the subsequent opera-
tions.
Third, I claim the concave or grooved burr when used for forming
needles in the manner described.
Fourth, I claim the combination of the eccentric, 16, and revolving
burr, 30, when so set with reference to each other as to give the re-
quired taper to the needle.
Fifih, I claim the combination of the traversing platform 3, the
eye-punch, 45, and cutter, 39, operating in conjunction with each
other, as described.
Sixth, I claim the combination of the cam, D, and the eye-punch.
48, when by reason of the breadth of this cam the eye-punch is caused
to retain its hold of the wire during its traverse towards the cutter, a
flistance equal to the length of a needle, substantially as herein de-
scribed.
38,988.Machine Knitting Needles.Tbomas Sands, Gil-
ford, N. H, Ante-dated Feb. 23, 1863:
I claim a machine knitting needle that is rigid or inflexible at the
bend, and flexible either upon the barb or upon the shank; or upon
both barb and shank, substantially as herein described.
38,986.Stove.Jacob Shavor, Troy, N. Y.:
I claim the combination of the air-tube, B, the chamber, B, in the
conical ring or grate, A, communicating with the fire-chamber by
means of the apertures, i, and the triangular flues, the whole being
arranged and combined in the manner substantially as herein de-
scribed and set forth.
I also claim the method of securing the said upper and lower sec-
tions by means of the rods, D D D D, with the nuts, e e e e, and up-
per nuts, f I f f, thereon arranged substantially as herein described
and set forth.
38,990.Washing Machine.Peter Shoudy, Canajoharie,
N. Y.:
I claim in combination with the concave circular-shaped wash-box
28 29
~defltif~( ~nxevkun.
t he oscillating and perforated dasherB, b, the incitned boards, d, havingj necks thereon, and which must he properly arranged by a
key and a segmental planer, fitted between end plates on a suitable man-
substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein described. before either the escutcheon or cam can be~ turned to operate th
main bolt of the lock, substantially as described. drel or shaft, and so constructed and arranged that the grooves may
88,991 .Fire-plaee.Edwin A. Skecle, St. Louis, Mo.: I also claim, in combination with a cam or its equivalent to operate be
cut in a strip or slat of wood to receive the leads, and she surface
I claim the arrangement of the inclined adjustable damper, C, a lock bolt, a spring bolt, m, arranged inside of and operated
inside of said strip or slab planedin a propermanner to receive the covering
with reference to the bar, f, plate, fi, screw; h, fire-back, A, and of the lock, for locking back the main bolt, substantiallyin
the man
frame, B, all being constructed and arranged substantially as herein ner and for the purpose described. which is glued to the strip
or slabover the lead.]
described for the purposes set forth. 39,004.Lock.R. S. Fogter, Sing Sing, N. Y. , aesignor
39,020.Composition for Paint.Paul Canbet, Paris,
35,992.Smoke-stack for Locomotives.Allen S. Sweet, to~himself, Cornelius Waisli, Newark,N. J., and John France :
Jr. , Detroit, Mich.: . C. Nobles, Rusliford, N. Y. : I claim the improved composition for painting composed of two
I claim in the stacks of locomoti
yes the employment of the con- ~ claim the combined use, and in the mode described, of a slide compounds orpreparations, one a
liquid, and the other siccative com-
centric deflector, E, or equivalent contracted casing, arranged over and key, with a pile or series of tumblers, for the purpose of
arrang- pound, to be combined in the proportion and the nianner substantial-
the exhaust nozzle or nozzles, and within any suitable casing or ing said tumblers to lock or unlock the hasp, substantially in
the ly as hereinbe fore described.
casings of perforated material, so as to operate substantially in the manner and for the purpose set
forth. 39,021.Bran-dnster.Matthias Smith, Rochester, N. Y.
manner and for.the purpose herein set forth. i also claim the notched hasp as fitted to and used with a multiple ~ claim producing
a downward current and centrifugal atmospheric
I also claim in the stacks of locomotives the combination and ar. bolt, for greater security, as set forth. pressure within the
gauze cylinder, I), of bran-dusters, by means of
rangement of an inner perforated stack or strainer with a construct- i also claim, in combination with the hasp, the b adings, h i,
for spiral wings, W, in combination with a ventilator, o, the parts being
fog ring orrings, a narrow annular space, a, and an externalatack of protecting or burying the hasp, substantially as descri
ed. arranged and operating substantially in the manner and for the pur-
the form end character substantially as described ; that is to say, I
claim the inner stack, D G I, or its equivalent, the contracting ring, 39,005.Lock.R. S. Foster, Sing Sing, N~ Y., assignor poses
set forth.
E, and the outer chamber, I K L, arranged substantially as de- to himself, Cornelius Walsh, Newark, N. J., and
John 3l~,O22.Oooking Stove.P. P. Stewart, Troy, N. Y.:
scribed, so as to present a narrower space, a, arounit the ring, E, c. Nobles, Rushford, N. Y. : First, I claim the separate and
independent air chamber, W X 0 &
than is afforded above, substantially as and for the purpose herein ~ claim, first, The combination of the sliding escutcheon and
the ~ each separately communicating with the ash chamber, Q, and
set forth. bolt, with the shank, I, constructed and operating substantially in having perforated sides, I E G and II, communipating
with the fire
chamber, M, in combination with the ash chamber, Q, the whole
38,993.Paper-drying Machine.N. W. Taylor and J. W. the manner and for the purposeset forth.
Brightman, Cleveland, Ohio I also claim connecting the escutcheon and the bolt to the shank being arranged and combined in the
manner substantially as herein
First, we claim the combination ef partitions, ~ the openings, d, by means of the slotted arms, g h, so that the escutcheon shall
lead described and set forth.
and the adjustable parallels, h, arranged and operating ~ herein set the bolt at the first movement of the shank, substantially as
and for Second, I also claim the ribs or upward projections, B B, having
forth. the purpose described. apertures at or near the top thereof; in combination with the oven,
Second, we claim in connection with a paper-drying machine the I also claim the combination of the box pins and bolt, operating ~
with the apertures, T, in the front doors, Y, and ith the fire
together and supporting each other, substantially in the manner chamber, lii, in the manner substantially herein described and set
adjustable platform, ]~, rack and pinion, r, shaft, p, crank, P. herein described, forth.
when combined and operating as and for the purpose set forth and Third, I also claim the hollow walls or chambers, h h,
extending
described. 39,006.Lock.-R. S. Foster, Sing Sing, N. assignor the entire length of the oven and just below the bottom plate
thereof
Third, We claim therotating fan, N, in combinationwithihecham- to himself, Cornelius Walsh, Newark, N. J., and John and
at the outer edge ofasid oven, in combination with the broad and
her, H, perforated partition, H, and eqamber, L, and~steam-pipe5, inclined sheet flue, A, in the manner substantially
herein described
C. Nobles, Rushford, N. Y..:
all arranged and operated substantially as and for the purpose ape- and set forth .
cified. I claim the combination and arrangement of the key, hub, bit- Fourth I also claim the corrugated oven plate, A, in
combInation
38,994.Concnssioia Fuse for Shells.Isaao ~ Tice, New plate, and hasp-catch, so as to operate with each, in the mannerand with
the ribs or upward projections, B B, with apertures therein, and
for the purpose set forth . . with the oven, R, in the manner substantially herein described and
York City:
claim, first, The construction of the tube or plug of a ~ 39,007.Lock.Il. S. Foster, Sing Sing, N. Y., assignor set forth.
percussiOn
Newark, N. J,, and John 39,023.Churu.Andrew Walker, Claremont, N. II.
fuse with two separate chambers or compartments, one for contain, to himse Cornelius
ins a fulminate, and the other for containing sand, or other hard C. Nobles, Rushford, M. Y. : . I claim, first, Placin,. the disks in
the churn, as described, for the
granular substance, so arranged and combined by means of a lock I claim, in combination with the two bolts and double-bitted
key purpose of providinga receptacle for the cream above them and in.
that by the impact which is given to the projectile by the firing of the the huh and bit-plates, arranged, constructed and operating
together side of the churn, thereby dispensing with the receptacle usually em-
charge of the gun, the saidlock may be unlocked to permiteommuni- substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein described.
ployed outside of the churn for feeding the cream co the disks.
cation between the said chambers to permit the admixture of their Second, The disk, -h-, as constructed, when arranged to rest on
the
contents siabslantially as and for the purpose herein specified. 39,008.Lock.R. S. Foster, Sing Sing, N. Y., assignor shouldersiij~
the churn, as and for the purpose set forth.
Second, So constructing and arranging the parts of the above-men. to himself, Coruelius Walsh, Newark, N. J., and John Third,
Thee et screw, a, in combination with the stationary disk,
tionedlock that, though it shall be unlocked by the concussion pro C. Nobles, Rushford, N. ~ : h, all arranged and operating in
the manner and for the purpose set
duced by firing ~ the charge of the gun, the chambers containing forth.
the fulminate and hard granular substance shall not be allowed to ~ claim combining with two bolts in one and the same lock case
communicate until after the projectile has left the gun, substantially each bolt operated upon by its own keythe bit-plates, F,
common RE-ISSUES.
as and for the purpose herein set forth. to both bOlts and both keys, in the manner and for the purpose here-
Third, The admixture of fulminates used in a percussion fuse with tO described. 1,501.Sugar-draining Apparatns.Gustavns Finken,
cotton, gun-cotton, wool, sawdust, or oilier soft material, substan- 39,009.Lock.R. S. Foster, Sing Sin , N. Y., assignor New
York City. Patented Nov. 11, 1866
tially as add for the purpose herein described. to claim,first, The employmentfor the purposes of carrying sugar
Fourth, The lining of the sides of the chamber provided in a per- namsesz, ~ornesaus Walsh, Newar N. ~ and John molds to the
cooler or cistern from which they are filled, of contain-
cussion fuse tube or plug for containing fulminate, with flannel, C. Nobles, Rushford, N. Y. : lug them while being filled, and of
transporting the filled molds in a
cloth, or other soft material, and the placing of cushions of soft ma- I claim the combination of the key, turning hub, bit-plates,
with a convenient place for drainingof a wheel carriage constructed with
terial at the ends of the said chamber, substantially as and for the shooting bolt, the whole constructed and co-uk crating together
sub- suitable seats and means of holding several molds in an upright posi-
purpose herein specified. stantially in the manner and for thepurpose erein described. tion, substantially as herein described,
whereby I effect the saving of
Fifth, The employment in the percussion fuse of an explosive pro. labor herein explained.
jectile of two fulminates, one of which is more sensitive and easily 39,O1O.Lock.-R. S. Foster, Sing Sing, N. Y., assignor Second,
Furnishing such a carriage as is hereinabove specifiedwith
ignited, and the other of which burns more slowly or with a stronger to himself, Cornelius Walsh, Newark, N. J., and John movable
mold-stoppers apPlied to be operated by means ofone er
flame as fulminate of mercury, substantially as and for the purpose C. Nobles, Rushford, N. Y. : more levers, or their equivalent,
outside ofihe carriage, substantially
herein specified. i claim the combination of the key hub, bit-plates and their open ~ and for the purpose herein specified.
38,995.Stirrups.Wm. U. Towers, New York City. ings, with a hinged hasp, and the cheek plates, the whole constructed Third,
Providing in such a carriage as is hereinbefore specified, a
Ante-dated June 18, 1562 : and operating substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein vacuum chamber for ihe connection
of an air pump or its equivalent,
I claim forming the outer side bars, A, of stirrups shorter than the set forth and described. substantially as and for the purpose
herein specified.
Inner ones. B, for the purpose of giving the foot-rests or plates, C, a 39,011.Safety-guard for Railroad Cars.Thomas
Gillen, 1,502.Grain Separator.C. B. Hutchings, Rochester,
corresponding inclination downward toward the horses side, substan- assignor to himself, T. If. Coleman and William Wil- N. Y.
Patented November 20, 1860
tiallyin the manner and for the purpose herein set forth. son, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. : I claim the tubes, T, and T, screens,
5I~, and division, D, or their
35,996.Snow Plow and Scraper for Railroads.Edward ~ claim the arm, F, and shield, G, censtructed and arranged on the mechanical
equivalents, when constructed, arranged and operated
substantially in the manner and for the purposes specified.
Trenholm, Washington, D. C.: car in respect to the wheel, substantially as and for the purpose set ~ Second, The relative
arrangement of the screens, 5, the blank
i claim the helical springs, G, constructed and employed in the forth, surface of one being opposite the prforated section of the
one next
m ner described, foi the attachment of scrapers 01 any suitable 39,012.Combined Spade, Fork, Hoe and Rake.Thomas above it, as
specified, so as to catch the kernels of oats or other aim-
form to ~ framing by which they are carried, liar grain, which may pass through the upper screen and strike the
35,997.Knitting Machine Burrs.Tefiner . Goodrem, Providence, R. I., assignor to John Barnes, blank surface of the next, eudwise,
and cause them to fail to a hon-
Auken, North Pi-ovidence, R. I. : zontal positionand thereby pass over the perforated section of this :
Amsterdam, N. Y. Ante-dated Feb. V , 1863 : i claim, substantially, the within-described combined spade, fork, screen, and be
discharged at the side ofthemachine, while the wheat
I claim the combination in a knitting burr of the follow stock, A, hoe and rake, as a new article of manufacture. kernels, being
short, pass through the perforations, as and for the
and stud box, B, with one or more passages through its side, sub- 39,013.Skate.Martin ilnyzel and Martin Nadig (as- purpose
described.
stantiatly in the manner and for the purpose described.
38,998.Sugar Pan.A. T. Wilder, Laporte, Ind.: si nors to D. R. Barton) , Rochester, N. Y. : 1,503.Apparatus for teaching the Art
of Swimming.
claim the construction of the sections of the pan with lips, e, e c aim the combination of the removable heel-spur, clamping
Socrates Scholfield, Norwich, Conn. Patented May
screw, 5, with the collar, 0, and thp double posts, ~p p, the former be- 12, 1863
ed t th
thereupon, combined and operating together in the manner and for ingeast to the latter, and they being rigidly altec o e runner I
claim the combination of a float with a suitable apparatus to pre-
the purpose herein shown and described. by brazing, orother equivalent means, all in the manner and for the vent the entrance of
water while breathing, the whole being con-
[This invention consists in a pan with a cast-iron bottom made in purposes specified. structed to operate substantially in the
manner described.
three parts with off-sets or tips to facilitate the operation of casting 39,014.Harvester.S. T. Holly (assignor to F. B. Man- to
~ also claim a mouth-piece, D, arranged with the pipes, a and b h,
be applied directly to the mouth and nostrils, substantially as
and fittlngthe bottom to the sides, said pan being divided into three ny), Rockford, Ill. : specified.
compartments, which communicate with each other by means ~ I claim, first, Hinging the tongue of a~ harvesting machine to the
reach by trunnions attached to a hub that carries a caster spindle so
faucets inserted into the partitions. The invention consists also in constructed that the caster is caused to turn with its
spindle, substan- DESIGNS.
the ari-angement of ratchet wheels and pawis in combination with tially IO the manner and for the purpose set forth
s! Second, The attachment of the reach of the harvesting machine to 1i789 to 1,791 .Plates for Cooking Stoves (three cases).
two dampers under the pan insuch a manner that each damper can the ton ne by means of a hinged hub and caster spindle when the J.
F. Rathbone, Albany, N. Y.
be set and retainedin any desired position, and that the amount o f pidlen ~ a p ositive axial rotation imparted to it from the
right or
left movement ofthe tongue, and turns more rapidly than the tongue,
heat thrown towards the bottom of each compartment of the pan can substantially an the manner and for the purpose set
forth. EXTENSION.
be regulated at pleasurp.j e, Third, The combination of the segment ring, M, the eccentric rin Pressure G age.Eugene Bourdon, Paris,
France. Pat-
and the pinion, g, or their mechanical equivalents, substantial ented June 18, 1849
35,999.Lamp Burner.Moses B. Wright, West Meriden it~ the manner and for the purpose described.
Conn.: 39,016.Belt Tightener.J. A. and H. A. House (assign - I claim the application of curved or twisted tubes whose traverse
section differs from a circular form, for the construction of instru~
I claim, first, Having the wick wheel-shaft, D, made to vibrate ors to themselves and A. G. Seaman) , Brooklyn~ ments for
measuring, indicating and regulating the pressure and tem-
substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described. N. i~. : ~ perature of fluids substantially as above described.
Second, The combination of the wick tubes, B, and wicks, c C, We claim the iever, F, constructed substantially as described, for
with the plate, b, and the upper part of the jacket, A, substantiall y the purpose se ~ forth.
in the manner and for the purpose herein shown and described. We also claim the combination of the lever, F, with the creak, 0, IMPO
___
[This invention relates to an improved coal-oil burner of that class substantially in the manner described, for the purpose of
stopping th RT.AiNT TO INVEINTORS
which are designed to be used without a draft chimney. The Inven- belt when its motion is reversed.
tion consists in constructing the burner with two wick-tubes, ai~- 39,016.Telegraphic Signal.Pierre Henri Stanislas, PATENTS FOR
SEVENTEEN YEARS.
ranged within a jacket or case in a novel way, and in such relation Count dEscayrac de Lanture, Paris, France
with a center-piece that a good illuminating flame is obtained with- ~ claim the within-described universal analytic grammar of
signals
based on the substitution for the alphabetic transcription of words of ESSRS. MUNN & CO., PROPRIETORS OF THE
out a chimney, and one that will not heat the burner to such a de
. certain appropriate conventional signals in combination with the SCsasrTsFsO Axaciciw, continue to solicit patents in the United
gree as to cause an undue evaporation ofthe oil in the lamp.] separation of the lexical element from the grammatical elems
States and all foreign countries, on
~ siantially as herein specified.
39,000.Paint Composition.E. F. Barnes, New York [This invention consists, principally, in substituting for the the most reasonable
terms. They
City, assignor to S. D. Law and E. P. Curtis, Brook- belie transcription of words, cerlain signals, and separating the also attend
to various other dep& rt-
lyn, N. Y. t cal element, or the words, from the grammatical elemeni ments ofbusiness pertaininglo pat-
claim the article of manufacture or composition of matter, here ants, anch as Extensions, Appeals
inbefore deseribed, composed of crystalline carbonate of lime, car: prepositions, adverbs, & c.of speech.] before the United Slates
Court.
bonate of lead, carbonate of zinc, and oil, mixed or compounded an
cording to the principle and anbatanlially in the proportions sped: 39,017-Mode of oiling Car-axles and Bearings.B. Interferences,
OpInions relMive to
fled. Stevens, Lawrence, Mass., assignor to himself, S.
39,001.Applying Locks to Safe-doors.J. J. Burnet and Crombie, Nashua, N. H., and G. S. Appleton, Bi Infringements, & e. The longex-
William Bellamy (assignors to G. R. Jackson), New lingtoil, Vt. : perience Messrs. MuseN & Co. have
York City : I cisim the peculiar caraxle oiling device, A B and 0, applied had in preparing Specifications
and Drawings, has rendered them
We claim the employment or use, on a safe or other door, of two and for the purposes stated.
or an equivalent device, so arranged that the bolt frame, B, may b 39,018 Sel perfectly conversant with the
- or more locks, G G, in connection with clamps, H H, and an arm __ f-oiling Journal Boxes and Bearings. ~ mode of doing
business at the
. actuated or shoved back in order to unlock the door, by unlocking one Stevens, Lawrence, Mass., assignor to himself,
lock only, as set forth. Crombie, Nashua, N. H., and G. S. Appleton, Bur- States Patent Office, with the greater part
39,002.Lock.R. S. Fos r, Sing Sing, N. Y., assignor lington, Vt. : , which have been patented. Information concerning the
patentability
to himself, Cornelius alsh,N ewark, N. J., and John I claim, first, The combination of the ring, a, with the opening, f of
Inventions is freely given, without charge, on sending a model or
C. Nobles, Rushford, N. Y. : and chamber, E, substantially as and for the purposes stated.
I claim, first, The combination and arrangement of the piles of Second, The combination with the parts, B C and D, of a ring,
a, drawing and description to this office.
slides or bits with the bolt and with a brace in or on the lock case, or its equivalent, upon the journal, substantially as and for
the pur- THE ExAMINA~ION OF INvENTIONS.
for locking or unlocking the bolt, substantially as herein described poses stated.
and represented. Persons having conceived an Idea which they think may be patent-
I also claim, in combination with the pins that hold and release th ~ 019 Machinery for making Wooden Cases for Lead
slides or bits, and with the key-pins, the pins, o, in the door to which Pencils.Auguste Weiller (assignor to Eberhard able, are
advised to make a sketch or mo~lei of their invention, and
submit it to us, with a full description, for advice. The points of any-
1he lock is attached, so that the lock can be conveniently attached to Faber) , New York City : .
the door, and the bits made accessible from the outside, substantial- I claim, first, The combination of the semicircular cutter,
D, and elty are carefully examined, and a written reply, corresponding with
1y as described.
, semicircular planer, E, as and for the purpose specified. the facts, is promptly sent free of charge. Address MUNN & CO.,
39,003.Lock.R. 5 Foster, Sing Sing, N. y,, assignor fitting of the semicircular cutter; D, and semicircular ~ ~ Park Row. New York.
the two plates, C C, placed on a mandrel or
to himself, Cornelius Walsh, Newark, N. J., and John shaft, A, and provided with semicircular grooves, a a, at their inner
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS AT THE PATENT OFFICE.
C. Nobles; Rushford, N. Y. : sides to receive the sides of the cutter and planer, as herein set The service we render gratuitously
upon examining an InventIon
I claim first, The combination of the escutcheon and camworked forth.
by sibe hank of the knob or lever, with an interposed series, of pins, [This inventioa consists in the employment of a segmental
cutter does not extend to a search at the Patent Office, to see ifs ilke inven-30
lion has been presented there, butjs an opinion based ispon what
knowledge we may acquire of a similar invention from the records is
onr HomeOffice. Bot for a fee of $5, accompanied with a model or
drawing and description, we have a special search made at the United
States Patent Qffice, an4s~eport setting fOrth the prospects of ob
taming a patent, & c., made np and mailed to the inventor, with a
,amphlet, giving instructiune for further pruceedinge. These prelim-
inary examinations are made through our Branch Office, corner of F
and Sevent~i streets, Washington, by experienced and competPnt per-
sons. Many thousands such examinations have been made through
this office. Address MUNN & CO., No. 37 Park Row, New York.
IIQW TO MAKE AN APPLICATION FOR A PATEET.
Every applicant for a patent must furnish a model of his invention
if Eusc,ept!ble of one; or, if the invention is a chemical production,
he must furnish samples of the ingredie~ts of which his composition
consists, fqr the Patent Office. These sholild be securely packed, the
inventors name marked on them and sent, with the Governmentfees,
by express. The, express charge should be pre-paid. Small models
from a distance can often be sent cheaper by mail The. safest way
to remit money is.by draft on New York, payable to the order of
MUNN 5 QQ. Tereons who live in remote parts of the country can
osuallypurchase drafts from their merchants on their New York cor-
respondents; but, if not convenient to do so, there is but little risk
in sendioghank-bills by mail, having the letter registered by the post.
master. Address MUNN & CO., No. 37 Park Row, New York.
The revised Patent Laws, enacted by Congress on the 2d of March,
1861, are now in full force, and prove to be of great benefit to all par-
ties who are concerned in new inventions.
The duration of patents granted under the new act Is prolonged to
sEVENTEEN years, and the Government fee required on filing an appli-
cation for a patent is reduced from 830 down to 515; Other changes
In the fees are also made as follows
On filing each Caveat $10
On filing each application for a Patent, except fora design. $15
On issuing each original Patent $20
Oh appeal to Commissioner uS Patents $20
On applicatioWfor Re-issue $30
On application fos Extension of Patent $50
On granting the Extension $50
On filing a Disclaimer $30
On filing application for Design, three and a half years.. - $10
On filing application for Design, seven years $15
On filing applicatiOn for design, fourteen years $30
The law abolishes discrimination in fees required of foreigners, ex-
cepting natives of such countries as discriminate against citizens of
the United Statesthus allowing Austrian, French, Belgian, English,
Russian, Spanish and all other lhreigners except the Canadians to
enjoy all the privileges of our patent system Ibut in cases o de.
signs). on the abuye terms; Foreigners cannot secure their inven-
tions by filing a caveat; to citizens only is this privilege accorded.
- During the last seventeen years, the business of procuring Patents
for ~i~w inventions In the LTnited States and all foreign countries has
been conducted by Messrs. MUNN & CO., in connection with the
publlcati~5i1 of the SCIENTIFICAMERICAN and as an evidence of
Ihe confidence reposed in our Agency by the inventors throughout
the country, we would state that we have acted as agents for at least
TWENTY THOUSAND Inventors 1 In fact, the publishers of this
paper hate become Identified with the whOle brotherhood of inven-
tors and patentees at home and abroad. Thousands of inventorafor
whom we have taken out patents have addressed to us most flatter-
ing testimonials for the services we have rendered them, and the
wealth Which has inured to the Inventors whose patents were se-
cured through this office, and afterward illustrated in the SCIEN.
TIFIC AMERICAN, would amount to many millions of dollars I We
would state that we never had a more efficient corps of Draughts-
men and Specification Writers than are employed at present in our
extensIve offices, and we are prepared to attend to patent business of
all kinds In the quickest time and on the most liberal terms.
REJECTED APPLICATIONS.
We are prepared to undertake the investigation and prosecution of
rejected cases on reasonable terms.. The close proximity of our
Washington Agency to th~ Patent Office affords us rare opportunities
for the examination and comparison of references, models, drawings,
documents, & c. Our success in the prosecution of rejected cases has
been very great. The principal portion of our charge is generally left
dependent upon the final result.
All persons having rejected cases which they desire to have pros-
ecuted are invited to correspond with us on the subjeci, giving a brief
story of the case, Inclosing the official letters, & c.
CAVEATS.
Persons desiring to file a caveat can have the papers prepared in the
shortest time by sending a sketch and, description of the Invention.
The Government fee for a caveat, upder the new law, is $10. A pam-
phlet of advice regarding applications for patents and caveats,
printed In English and German, is furnished gratis on applica-
tion by mail. Address MUNN & CO., No. 57 Park Row, New York.
FOREIGN PATENTS.
We are very extensively engaged in the prellalation and securing
of patents in the various European countries. For the Iransaction
of this business we have offices St Nos. 66 Chancery lane, London
20.Boulevard St. Martin, Parss; and 20 Rue des Eperonuiers, Brus-
sels., We think we can safely say that THRE5-5OUItTH5 of all the
European Patents secured to American citizens are procured tLrough
the Scientific American Patent Agency, No. 37 Park Row, New York.
Inventors will do well to bear in mind that the English law does not
limit the issue of patents to inventors. Any one can take out a pat-
ent there,
Cli-culars of information concerning the proper course to be pur-
sued In obtaining patents in foreign countries through our Agency,
the,requir~ments of, different Government Patent Offices, & c., may
be ,had gratis upon, application at our principal office, No.37 Park
Row, New York, or any of our branch offices.
ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS.
Assignments of patents, and agreements between patentees and
manufacturers are carefully prepared and placed i~ on the records a
the Patent Office. Address MUNN & CO., at the Scientific American
Patent Agency, No. 37 Park Row New York.
It would require manycolumus to detail all the ways in which
Inventors fir.p~tepte,es, rosy be served atour office~. We cordially in-
vite all who have anything to do with Patent, property or inventions
to callatour extensive offices, No.37 Park Row, New York, where any
questions regarding the rights of patentees. will be cheerfully an-
swered.. , , -
Communications and remittances by mail, and,models by express
(prepaid), should be addr5seed to MUNN & CO., No. 37 Pare Row,
New York.
J. W. S., of VtThe number of signals made by the tele-
graph iu a given time does not depend upon the poner of the bat-
tory, as the velocity of the current is ala-aye much greater than the
action of tl~e key. The increase of battery power is employed to
send messages to greater distances by overcoming the resistances.
The cause of yotsr siphon becoming iuoperative in conveying
water from your well to the barn-yard must be owing to air ge~usis
into the tubo. If it has run well for three hours, as you say it has, it
should run fs-eely for a week, if kept in proper order.
W. B. G., of N. Y.As you suggest, the efficacy of a rifle
does not depend upon its length of barrel. You will find this sub-
ject discussed on page 50 of Chapmans American Rifle. lie as-
serts that wills one of Weseons 12inch pistols Iso can heat at any
distance any 4-lest barelled WestOrn hunting rifle ever made and
used on the old system -
G. E. S., of Pa.You should be very careful not to permit
any of the tanning liquor from your vats to enter the steam boiler
of your engine, as the gallic acid in the tanning liquor has a strong
affinity for iron, and will injure your boiler. Some of this acid may
be vaporized with the steam, and this may account for the rapid
wearing of your throttle and slide valves. But it is a common thing
for the seats of the slide-Valves of engines devoted to any kind of
work to cut and wear in grooves. If the valve is kept in proper
orderrunning true upon its seat and well lubricatedit wilt not
cut in the manner that yours has been affected.
T. Ii., of Coun.Goods composed, of cotton warp and
woolen filling can be colored by one continuous operation, but not
with one, dip. The wool is dyed first, then the cotton. The cotton
of warp rags intended for shoddy may be destroyed by boiling them
in, strong spur sulphuric acid and water. The acid attacks the vege-
table fiber with avidity, but its action is moderate upon wool. Wash
the rags well afterwards.
A. B. C., of Iowa.-Youstate that there is a wheel under
a 4-fOot head and 100 iccl,es of inlet n-alec which drives a 4-foot
circular saw. We ibjuk you utnet be mistaken, as theactual power
of the fall and the quantity of water is only abo~st three and a
quarter hot-se-power. A 4-foot saw should have a water-power of
four horses, and we would prefer one of greater poesy. Any pf
the turbine wheels illusti-ated in recent volumes of tite Scsxaxia-ie
AsessascAse will answer your purpose, if you have a steady supply of
waler.
M. A. S., of Towa.What, do you mean by a small gal-
vanic battery 1 You can obtain bateries in this city ranging from
one dollar up to forty dollars in price.
H. H., Of Ohio.A good stiff paste of wheat flour is em-
ployed for putting maps upon cloth backing. The varnish used by
map-mounters in this city is all purchased from manufacturers of
varnish.
0. V. F., of Ohlo.If you have had the saw-frame im-
provement in use six years you could not now come forward and
claim a patent for it. The Commissioner of Patents would decide
that you had abandoned your invention to the public. It is unfor-
tunate thatyon cannot raise lAss means to patent your useful inven
tions.
M. C., of Maine.When a patent is owned jointly by two
persons, one of the owners can manufacipre and sell the article
without obtaining the consent of the other. Both parties are at
liberty to d the same. In thiS respect a patent right is the same as
any other property.
H. S.,of C. W~We cannot now give you the names of
porcelain manufacturers fO this country. The business is cars-ted
on to a himitOd extent only; all fine articles of. porcelain are im-
ported. Pearl-gliss,s and -porcelain have been used for piano keys,
but are inferior to ivory, we believe.
J. R., of Minn.-lf yen make an improvement upon a pat-
ented invention ydu would have to take out a separate patent for it.
Under the patent law amendment of 18111 the granting of patents
for additional improvements was abolished. All such improvements
are now treated tlse same as original inventions.
Money -~ eceived
At the Scientific American Office,, on liCcotint of Patent
Office business, -from Wednesday, June 24, to Wednesday. July 1,
1563
T. and W., of N. Y., $19; 0. B. F., of Ill $20; J, W. C., of Ity.,
$45; S. L. F., of Mass., $20; E. 0. B., of N. Y., $16; J. and S., of
Wis., $20; K. and S., of N. Y., $16; S. F., of N. Y., $16; T. B., of
N. V., $16; H. xv. C., of Vt., $22; B. F., of lii., $28: R. F., of Ind.,
$7; E. E., of N. Y., $28; H. F. C., of Nebrarka, $25; D. R. PT., of
lows, $25; F. J. U., of Vt., $25; S. L. 0., of N. Y., $16; J. PT.,
of Rich.. $45; J. H., of Iii,, $16; II. F. B., of Ill., $16; G. C.,
ofN.J., $25; G. F.J., of Ion-a, $20; F.J. Z,ofN.Y.,$25; O.A,of
N. Y., $16; W. 31., of Mass.~ $16; OW. C., of Ill., $20; J. It., of Pa.,
$20~ M. B. D., of Pa , $41; J. H. L., of N. Y., $20; W. H. F., of Cal.,
$75; B. 0. itt., of N.Y., $22; J. II. B., of N. V., $16; J. S., of N. Y.,
$44; E. PT., Jr., ofYt., $25; A. J. A, of Ill., $16; P. L., of Cal., $25;
C,.B., of Iowa, $16; PT. B. H., of,La., $16; F. F., of N. Y., $25: S. T.
S., of Mass., $50; J. T., of Wis., $16; S. J. A., of Cat, $15; T. J. W.;
ofN.H,,$16;E.D,B.,ofN.Y,$l6;TFB,ofNY,$2~WH
H., of N. Y., $25; T. J. B,, of Ohio, $25; J. L., of N.Y., $28; 0. C.,
ufN.Y.,$20;A.F,,ofN,Y.,22;HG.R,ofInd,~5;JP,ofN
Y.,$2o;J,A.A.,ofConn.,$20;GCE,ofNY,$20;G.D.C,of
N. Y., $41; H. B., of Cal., 211; H. 11., of N. V., $10; J. H, ReM., Of
Ind., $15; J. V. B. and Son, of Vs., $15; P. PT. F., of Vt. $25; A. H.
A., of Intl., $10; J. H. C., ofVa., $20; H. 11W., of Wis., $25; J. H.,
of N. Y., $10; C. PT. T., of Rich., $25; 51. F. PT., of Iii., $15; l.A. P.,
of Ill. $25.
.Pereons having remitted money to Ibis office will please to examine
Iheabove list to edethat 8heirlfiitiahs appear in It, and If they have
not received am acknowledgment by maih,~nnd their initials are notto
be found ha ~ns5 list, they will please, notify us Immediately, and in.
furm us the amOunt, and how it was sent whether by mall or ex-
piece.
Specifications ~nd draw~n~s and models belonging to
parties with the following Initials have been forwarded to the Patent
Office from Wednesday, June 24, to Wednesday, July 1, 1863:
D. G.M., ofN.Y.;G.DeC.,ofN.V.;J.S.,ofN.Y,.;J.A., of
N.Y.; W. H. Hof N.Y.; F.J.Z., of N.Y.; J. Lof N.Y.; T.&
xv., uf N. Y.; W. M., of SInes.; A. ,F., of N; V.; J. VI?. C., of Ky.;
31. B~ B., of Pa.; R, F, of Intl.; B. F., of IlL; E. W. Jr., of Vt.;
P. PT. T., of Vt.; P. VII. & Son, of Vs.; E. F.C., pf Nebraska; H,
E., of N. V.; B. H. PT., of Iowa; A. P. A., of Ill.: F. J. U., of Vt.:
HR. PT., of Wis.; T.F.; of N:v.; P. HO., of Va.; F. FB., of
NV.; T.J.B.,of Ohin;J.E,of NV.; G;C.~ofN.J.; S.T,S.,of
Slass. (2 cases); I. N. P., of Intl.; P. H., of,5{ass.,l PT. F-, of Ipwa;
C. PT. T., of Rich.; I. A. P., of Ill. ;T. R.C., of Iowa; J. N. PT., of
Ill.; P. F. II., of Paris, France.
RATES OP AD~XRTISING.
Twentyfive Vents per line for each and everylnsertlon,paya
blein advance. To enable all to understand howiocompute the amount
they must send In when they wish advertisements Inserted, we wIll
explain that ten words average one lIne. EngravIngs will not lie ad.
sallied Into our advertising columns; and, as heretofore, the publIsh-
ers reserve to themselves the right to reject any advertlse~ent they
may deem objectionable.
AIR OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE, 1863.
~ of Managers of the American Institute hereby give
they have rented
THE ACABEMY OF MUSIC,
In Fourteenib street and Irving place, for the thouth of September, in
n-hieh to hold this
GREAT NATIONAL EXHIBITION.
The exhibition will be general, embracing MANUFACTURES of all
kinds, NEW INVENTIONS, IMPROVRMENTfi lN AGRICULTU-
RAL IMPLEMENTS and Ilse MECHANIC ARTS generally, except-
log only machinery propelled by steam-power. Premiums, consist-
ing of Gold, Silver, and Bronze Sledals, and Diplomas, will he
ac-arded on the deetsionof competent and impat-tialiudges. Arti~les
for competition for tlse prensiums will be received commencing
August 28, 1863, and the Fair will be opened to Ihe publicon
WEBNESBAY, SEPTEMBER 2.
Circulars giving full particulate can be had at the rooms of the Insti-
tute in the Cooper Uniots Building.
By order of sIte Managers,
WM. H. BUTLER, Chairman.
WM - S. CARPENTER, Vice-Chairman.
Jonse PT. Cnnesxns, Secretary. 2 3eow
MOSES! NOSES!! NOSES! ! I yHY~3JOGNOMY-
IhluattatedNosee of the RacesCauCtelan, Anglo-Saxon
Ethiopian, ArabJesvGreekRocnast, Celestial, etc., ineltidrog
Noses of every size, shap~ and Character. What is the si~oiiicanTce
of eaeh? Tho Straigltt, Aqutline, Fiat, Snub, and Turn-up Noses.
The Executive, Irritable, Befensive, and Aggressive Nose. The
Stupid, Tasteful, add Intellectual Nose, with portraits of Proc MOr-
ton, Julius Otflsat, Vit-gil, Luicretius, BantesBeatrice, Theodflsius the
Great, the Emperor Paul, Oliver Cromwell, Gardner, Alex. Wilson,
Blucher, Otho the Greal, Jean Paul Richter, and Otltets. The mOst
complete treatise on the Nose yetpubhished. See PHRENOLOGI-
CAL JOURNAL for July, 15 cents. , ~owaxa & WELLS -
(~ AS FROM KEROSENE TAR AND HARD WOOD.
Sittaasts. Siutese ,& Co.: ALOANY, N. V., June 26, 1863.
Gentietiacs : The foihon-ing extract is from a report of the Super-
intendent of the Gas-tight Company at Whitehall, N. V., using Ihe
Autbin Gas-works: By the new nasthod we obtain 1,000 feet of gas
from 140 pounds of maple wood and 2K gallons of tar, andthe char~
coal left is excellent, and actually words what the wood cost. The
gas is rich, and is made much faster and with less heat than before,
thus saving both retorts and fuel. We find also that with wood we
can use the thick tar formerly thrown away. - - -
Premising that the new method consists in cutting hard wood into
small pieces, drying and saturating them with kerosene tar, and
then distilling them by the Aubin process, which compels all the va-
por to pass rapidly over the red-hot bottom and sides of the retori, I
invite the attentiOn of partiesneeding gas-works - to the abo4e-Eate-,
ment, -adding that the experience of many years is now embodied in
the conslructionand op& ration of the Aubin. works, and the gas made
at lees cost than by any other system - Many village, works in suc-
cessful operation can be referred to.
1 , . . Very truly yours, , H. F. HAWLEY.
SOUL AND BODY.MANS RELIGIOUS NATURE
How God acts on the SoulDegrees of TalentReligious Facul-
liesDormant PowersChildren not Alike: Why I Hpw far are we
Accountable? Fatalism ExaminedHow to Serve GodOratory,
Poetry, GeniusA Scientific Analysis of Mans Religious Duties, by a
Bistinguished Clergyman, in July~ number J?IIHENOL,OGVG.& L
JOURNAL, 15 cents, or$1 Seayear.
1 . FOwrEu & Watats, -New York.
A VALUABLE. PATENT RIGHT OF A SELF-REGU-
.L1.. lator for controlling the supply of water to steam-boilers for
sale by GEORGE L. CANNON, 27 Nassau street; New York.- - 3*
EVERAL NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.
kJ Two-thirds inter~at given foy the expense of patents. Address
BYRON RUGGLESIlarthand Four Corners, VI. -
IATANTEDA SITUATION AS A DIIAUGHTSMAN
TV by a German, who has experience in mill-work and inthe ar-
chitecural line. He has been employed for. several years. by good
fit-ms in England atid Scotland. Address P. DAVIS, No. 407 West.
Twenty-fifth street; Nea York. -
T ORD BROUGHAM, DR. E. H DIXON, ST
Jackson, andAnna H. Dickinson, with Portraits, Biographies,
and Phrenological Developments, given in July numher PER PING-
LOGICAL JOURNAL. 15 cents a number. 1
IBER-CLEANING MACHINE.THIS VALUABLE
F machine, the invention of Eduardo P. y Patrullo, and illustrated
on page 168, last volume, SonsecctviC AEERsOAN, is no~.on exhibition,
where lbs public are invited to examine it, at the estabhishmentrof
TODD & RAFFERTV, No. 11 Dey street, New York. 21
HELP YOUR COUNTRY I-WANTED, A CAPITAL-
Ist to patent arE introduce into service a sehf,hoadingcannon.
Loads itself; can be fired tiventy times a minnie; will not heat; can
be worked with a less number of men; it is simple; can hle used in
the field, on ships, & c. Address C. C. ALDRICH, Morristown,
Miun. 1*
mo ENGINEERS AND STUDENTS IN THE PHYSI-
cal SciencesSpheroidal mailer made to assume new phases
and to illustrate in a most beautiful manner the laws of heat an~
light. The Spheroidal Heater, uvith engraved circular, sent per post
on recetpt of filly cents. Address JAS. B. HALL, P. 0. Box 2,406,
Now York. See page 24, Vol. IX, ScsEsevnrsc AEERtOAN. 1*
UNIAN TENIPERAMENT. HISTORY, DEFINI-
tions, and TeottmoniesSsnguiite, Phlegmatic, Choleric
Stelancholic. Bilious, Nervous, Vital, Motive, and MentaL The Phy-
siology of Man Digestion, BreathingThe EyeVoice. Of what
SIan is Stade. Bow to Take his Meanureand Matss Destiny. Mar-
riages. Births, and Deaths. Interesting facts in July PHRENOLO-
GICAL JOURNAL, 15 cents, or $1 50 a year.
1 FOWLER & Wttrt~s, New York.
~ATANTED~SCRAP IRON, OLD BOILERS, AND OLD
TV Iron Slachinery The subscribers will pay cash for any quan-
tity of Wrought or Cast Scrap Iron, Old Boilers, andOldIron Ma-
chinery, delivered at their warehouse, 28. 30,. and 112 Terrase street
Buffalo, or atiheir Rolling.Still and Nail Factory, Black ROck N V
Buffalo, July, 1861, PRATT ~ CO ~
-~ ie5A VALUAEL~ WORK FOR INVENTORS,
PATENTE~S AND MANUFACTURERS..
The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN have jcst prepared,
with much care, a pamphlet of information about Patents and the
Patent Laws, which ought to be in the hands of every inventor and
patentee, and also of maisfacturers who use patented inventions.
The character of this useful work xviii be better understood after read-
in~ the following synopsis of its contents:
~lie complete Patent Law Amendment Act of 1861Practical In-
structions to Inventors, how to obtain Letters Patent, also about
Eodels~.Designs.~Caveats.~Trademarks..Ai5ignments~Revenue Tax
~ of
Defective PatentsValidity of PatentsAbandonment of Inventions
Best Mode of IntrodueingthemImpOrtaIIce of the Specification
Who are entitled to PatentsWhat will prevent the Granting of a
PatentPatentein Canada and European PatentsS~hedule of Pat-
ent Fees; also a variety of miscellaneous items on patent law ques-
tions.
]~t has l~een the design of the publ~lter~ to notonly furnish, in con-
venimil loi~m Ilir preservation, a synopsis of the PA~ENT LAW and
PRACTICE, but also to answer a greatvariety of questions which have
been put to them from lime to time during their practice of upwards
01 seseiifeeui years, which replies are not accessible in any other form.
The publishers will promptly forward the pampjslet by mail, on ye-
ceipl of six cents in postage stamps.
Address EUNN & CO., Publilbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
No.31 Park.Row, New York. 9
ENROLLMENT.
OFFICE OF THE A. A. PROVOST-MARSHAL-GENERAL,
SOIXTRERN DIVISION OF NEW Yoaa,
JNNW Yoaa, June 23, 1863.
Notice is hereby given to all persons whose names have been EN-
ROLLED in DIstricts other than these in which they reside, that by
c~llingupoo the Provost-Marshal In the District in which they have
their residence, they can obtain a CERTIFICATE of the fact of their
enrollment in such District, which, upon presentation, will entitle
them to havetheir iiames taken from the lists, where they may have
been enrolled elsewhere.
By adopting thiscourse the Provost-Marshals will be enabled to
perfect their lists and prevent the possibility of namesappsaring
mere than once in ihe enrollment.
Application should be madd to the Pi-ovost-Marshals, as follows:
1.1 Congressional District, Jamaica, L. I
2 1 Congressional District, No. 25Graodstreet, Williamsburgb.
3d Congressional District, No. 253 Washiisgton street, Brooklyn.
4th Congressional District, No~ 271 Broadway.
8th Congressional Disirici, No428Grand street.
6th Congressional District, Ne. 185 Sixth avenue.
7th Congressional District, No. 63 Third avenue.
8~h Congressional District, No l,lg4~~ Broadway.
OLls Congressional District, No. 677 third avenue.
CoL ROBERT NUGENT, A. A. Provost-Marshal-GeneraL
1 2~
TO MANUFACTURERS AND MACHINE BUILDERS.
Theundersigned being engaged.in the purchase and sale of ma-
chii~ery, such as steam engines, mitt and factory machinery, lathes,
tools, amid all kinds of manufactured machines and implements, and
assisting commission merchants and others in their purchases, solicits
from manutocusrers their circulars, price lists, terms, & c., also any
illustrations of theirmachinery or works they may have: Parties in-
irmudmicing new isremitions mir improvements will find it to their iisier-
eat to commuminicate uvith him, giving such information in regard to
their tmnprorenoenme as they deem necessary, which will receive the
attention disc to their inherits. J. E. STE YE ~4SON, Machinery Bi-oker,
200 Emadway, New York. References:The Novelty Iron Wmmrks,
New York; Franklin Townsend, Albany, N.Y.; Lowell Machine Shop,
Loavell, Mass.; lion smv.inrth, Eakins & Naylor, Peoples Works, Phil.
adelphia, Pa. 1 5~
WOOD WORTH PLANERSIRON FRAMES TO PLANE
IS to 24 inches wide, at $911 to $110. For sale by S. C. HILLS,
No. 12 Plaut-street. New York. tla
T~ LATINA! ALL SHAPES! FOR ALL PURPOSES.
.1. tmported by SUTTON & RAYNOR, 748 Broadway, N. V. leoi5
(I~.kSOMETER OF, 3,000 FEET CAPACITY AND IRON
~ tank completewith frame, chaine and counterweights, in order
for shipment, for sale low. Address Box 2,876, Philadelphia P. 0.
13~
TANBLOWERSDIMPFELS, ALDENS, MCKENZIES
12 and others, for Steamboats, Iron Works, Founderies, Smith
Sbops, Jewelers, & c., onhand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 86
Liberty street, New York. 2 13~
~OMETHINO~ NEW! AGENTS WANTED !OUR NEW
~J fancy Card Thermometer,! Hemmer & Shields for hand
sewing, Inoproved Indelible Pencil for marking linen, and 10 more
novel, useful and indispensable articles selling rapidly. New inven-
tions soldon commission. For circulars and terms address RICE &
CO., 37 Park-row, New York, Inventors and Agents ISeopt. 221f5
TRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, DRILLS AND
.L other machinists tools, of superior quality, on hand and finishing,
for sale low. For description and price address NEW HAVEN MAN-
UFACTURING COMPANY, New Haven, Cqnn. lIf
$ 4O PER MONTH AND EXPENSES. FOR PAR-
TICULARS address (with stamp) HARRIS BROTHERS,
Boston, Mass. 23 tf
P AYES PATENT FORGE HAMMERADAPTED TO
both heavy and light forgings, wills an adjustable stroke of from
one inch to three feelon hand for sale by LEACH BROTIIERS, 86
Liberty street, New York. . 1 13.
LANES PATENT LIFTING JACKVERY EASILY
operated, compact, simple and cheap. For cut and description
see page 405, Vol. VIII. (new series), SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. State
rights for sale. Communications in relation to rights .om- orders for
Jacks may be addressed to J. G. LANE, Washington, N. V. 1 8
17OR SALE.~:$3,O0O WILL BUY IA VERY 1MPORT-
ant Patent. Address F. W. GROTE, care of W. W. Bosch, No.
20 Gansevoorl street, New York. 1 2~
T~ ATENT GRINDSTONE TURNING MACHINES FOR
I. machine shops. For ri ghis and full-size drawings address the
inventor, JAMBO THIERRY, Detroit, Rich. 1 3*
SCIENTIFIC BOOKS AND PERIODICALS IMPORTED
to order, by the singlevolume or in quantityorders forwarded
as often as once a weekbyJORN WILEY, 535Eroadway, New York.
*** Architects, epgineers and others desiring catalogues can have
them forwarded gratis by sending their addresses as above. 24 45
.250RARERECEIPTS~ONEHUNDRED OF THESE
receipts cost over a thousand dollars. The book sent by
mail for fifteen cents. HUTCHINSON & CO., Publishers, 442 Broad-
way, New York. 24 6~
THE GREAT AMERICAN PUMP! FIVE YEARS
success in all parts of the world I Prices unchanged. The best
pump for cisterns, wells, machinery, & c raises from all depths
forces to all distancesthrows 75 feet by hosesimple, cheap and du-
rable. Ds~awings and prices sent free. JAMES H. EDNEY, 474
Broadway, New York. 24 4*
F~O~. PIGEONS AND POULTRYALL KINDS
Address Box 2,600 Post-office, Boston, mass. 24 4*
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINESCOMBINING THE
maximum of efficiency, durability and economywith the minimum
of weight and price. They are widely and favorably known, more
than 200 being inuse. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. A large
stock on hand ready for-immediate application. Descriptive circulars
sent on application. Address J. C. HOADLEY, Lawrence, Mass. -
2 13
3i-
T. BABBITT ON MAKING BREAD, WITH FULL
B. directions on each package of Salaratue-showing how to make
the best of bread from materials that farmers slwaye have onhiand.
Bread made in thismanner contains nothing but flour and common
salt and water; it has an agreeable taste; keeps -much longer -than
common bread; is more digestible and much Less disposed to turn to
acid. Common bread, like everything that has beenfer~eOted, fer-
ments again-to the gres~t dlscomfdrtof many stomachs, and not only
so, but acting as a ferment, it communicates to all food in contact
wills it. The bread being free from all yeasty particles, is morediges-
tible and not so likely to create flatulence or turn acid on weak stoun-
ache as fermented bread is apt to do, and, when of the finest quality,
it is beneficial to thoSe who suffer from headache, acidity, flatulence,
eructatmons, a sense of sinking at tIme pit of the stomach, distension
or pains after meals, and to all who are iuubject to gout or gravel; it
is also useful In many affections of the skin~ a saving of 25 pounds of
flour per barrel is effected by this process. Be sure and get ihat with
B. T. BABBITTS name on, or you will notget the recipe with sour
milk, nor the quality. For sale by store-keepers generally or at the
manufaclory,- Nos. 64 to 74 Washington street, New York. 25 if
$ A MONTH! WE WANT AGENTS AT $60 A
~JX~ month, expenses paid, to sell our Everlasting Pencils,
Oriental Burners, and thirteen other new, useful and curious articles.
Fifteen lirculars sent free. Address SHAW & CLARK, Biddeford,
Maine. 21 11*
PECKS PATENT DROP PRESSALL THE SIZES
used in the manufacture of silver, brass or tinware, lamps,
spoons, jewelry, & c.; also for forging purposes, on hand or made to
order, by MILO, PECK & CO. New Haven, Coon. 22 13*
FOR SALE.THE ENTIRE PATENT RIGHT FOR A.
valuable Agricultural Machine. The above machine is operated
by hand, steam or horsepower, and will husk 50 bushels of ears of
corn per hour. It separates the butts or stalks and husks the ear with
once handling the corn - A full-size machine can be seen in operation
at the office of the paiqntees, No. 119 Thames street, Newport. R. I.
Address P. 0. Box 600, Newport, R. I. 25 3*
H OMANS EXCELSIOR HORSE HAY RAKE.
Those wishing rights in THE SEST, either for manufacture or
speculation, should apply immediately. New England States already
disposed of. Described in Nos. 22 and 25, VoL VIII. (new series), of
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Circulars sent free. C. B. HOLMES,
Dowagiac, Rich. 25 6*
J) UDGEONS PATENT HYDRAULIC PRESSES AND
Boiler Punches. ENEAS DUDGEON, Eighth street, near
Mission street, San Francisco, CaL 24 4
THE CELEBRATED CRAIG MICROSCOPE WILL P~
niatled, prepaid, for $2 25: with 6 beaftiful mounted objects for
$3; with 24 objects mr $5, by HENRY CRAIG, 180 Center street 133
floor), New York. Liberal discount to dealers.
The Craig Microscopes are just what they claim to be, and those
who wish for such an article will not be disappointed if they shomsld
obtain one of theseN. V. Methodist. 19 13*
NERVOUS DISEASES AND PHYSICAL DEBILITY,
arising from Specific - causes, in both sexesnew and reliable
treatment, in Reports of the Howard Associationsent in sealed let-
ter envelopes, free of charge. Address Dr. J. SKILLIN BOUGH-
TON, Howard Association, No. 2 South Ninth street, Philadelphia,
Pa. 25 4*
OLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS OF ALL SIZES CON-.
B stantly on hand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 36 Liberty
street New York. 1 33*
COTTON GINS! COTTON GINS! I-THE NEW YORK
Cotton Gin Company manufactusre and offer for sale the Excel-
sior Roller Gin for Sea Island or long staple cotton; also Browns cele-
brated Double-cylinder Saw Gin for upland orshort staple. The above
Gins are acknowledged to be without their equal; they do osore woink
and produce a better sample than any offered in the market. We
also manufacture a large variety of hand Gins, both for long and short
staples. Persons intending to order for the coming crop of cotton
will do well to do so soon, in order to - secure their Gins in season.
FRANKLIN H. LUMMUS, General Agent, No. 82 John street, New
York. - - 25 13~
A- GENTS WANTED IN EVERY PART - OF THE
country to sell rights of the best paying patent in the market.
For sample, & c -, addreSs B. F. NORTON, Manchester, N. H 255*
FLAGS! FLAGS!! FLAGS!!! FLAGS!-!!!
JAMES E. SEBRING (agent), Flag-maker, No.27Courtiand
street, New York. All sizes and descriptions made to order at the
hort est notice. 254~
GUILD & GARRISONS CELEBRATED STEAM
PumpsAdapted is every variety of pumping. The principal
styles are the Direct Action Excelsior Steam Pump, the improved
Balance Wheel Pump, Duplex Vacuum and Steam Pumps, and the
Water Propeller, an entirely new invention for pumping large quan-
tities at a light lift. For sale at Nos. 55 and 67 First street, Wil-
llamsburgh, and No. 74 Beekman street, New York.
1 if - GUILD. GARRISON & CO
1~UACHINE BELTING, STEAM PACKING, ENGINE
IVI. HOSE.Tbe superiority of these articles, manutaciured of vol.
eanized rubber, -Is establish~~. Every belt will be we~anted superior
to leather, at one-third less price. The-Steam Packing is made isa every
variety, and warranted to stand 300 degs. of-heat. The Hoseneverneedu
oiling, and is warranted to stand any required pressure; together wit
allvarletiesofrubberadaptedto meehanicalpurposes. Directions,prlces
ic., can he obtained by mail or otherwise at our warehouse. NEW
YORK BELTING AND PACKING CQ MPAN~.
JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treasurer,
14 13 Nos. Bland 38 Park-row New York
BLACK DIAMOND. STEEL WORKS, PITTSBURGH,
Pa PARK, BROTHER -& CO., manufacturers of best quality
Refined Cast Steel, square, fiat and octagon, of all sizes. Warranted
equal to any imported or manufactured in this country. Office and
Warehouse, Nos. 149 and 151 First street, and 120 and 122 Second
street, Pittsburgh, Pa. - voL 8 11 1y5
TO PERSONS ENGAGED I-N MANUFACTURING AR-
TICLES used in Woolen Iitllls.,-I desire to obtain the address of
all persons engaged in manufacturing articles used in Woolen y.Tnu~
such as Reed-makers, Shuttle-makers, Bobbin-makers, rscaer-maa-
ers,Comb-makers, & c.; also manufacturers of Patent Oil-cans Patent
Temples, Patent Meddles and all other patented articles used or con-
nected with Woolen Mills. Parties interested please take notice and
send their business card to THOMAS STIEBS, Dealer in Manufac-
turers Supplies, Wooster, Ohio. - 17 11*
ANDREWS PATENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSARE
economical, simple and durable ; pass coal, corn, sand, gravel,
& c., without injury. Size from 20 gallons to 40.060 gallons per min-
ute. Maqufactured by WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St.,
New York. Pumps to hire for wrecking, coffer-dams, sand pumping,
& c. 14*
FOR SALE.,-A PATENT GRANTED ON MARCH 17,
1863. Described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VoL VII.; No. 20.
A spring skate which is light and durable, with an improved revolv-
ing heel screw. Samples can be seen at Waltons Skate Emporium
No. 67 Warren sti~eef, or at the owners, 178 Water street, New York.
25 10~ JOSEPH M YATES.-
A- MESSIEURS LES-INYENTEURSAVIS IMPORT-
ant, Les Inventeursoon familiers ayes ha langue Anglalse et
Sni prdfdreraientnouscomn uniquerleurs Inventions enFrangaispen-
vent nous-addresser dans leur-langue nataile. --Envoycanous un-dessin
ci une d~scrlption concise pour notre examen. Toutes-communica-
lions seron tregues 3fi confidesnee. - - MUNN & 00
- SOIENFIFW AxsaIcAN Office, No. 87 Park-row, Newlork
(~IL! OIL! OIL - - - - - - -
J~ For Railr d~, Stedmers, and for Machinery and Burning.
PEASES Improved Mogine and Signal Oil,. indorsed and recom-
mended by the higheit authority in the United Stales. This Oil
possesSes quialities vitally essential for lubricating and burning, and
found in no other oiL - It is offered to the public upon the ff051 reli-
able, thorough and p~actic8l tegt. Our most ~killful engineers and
machinists prduounce it sfl~erior 16 and cheaper than any other, afld
the only oil that is in sill- cases reliable and will not gum.- The
9cINNTIFIC AMERICAN, after several tests, pronounces it superior to
any other they have ever used for machinery. For sale only by-the
Inventor and Manufacturer, F. S. PEASE, No.- 61 Rain street,
Buffmulmu,N.Y.. orders filled for any part of the - United States and
-- - 24-l3~ -
SOLID EMERY YULCANITE.WE ARE NOW MANU-
facturung x-heelsof this remarkable substanctme for cutting, grind.
Ingand polishing metals, that will outwear hundreds of the kind com-
monly used, and will do a much greater amount of work in the same
time, and more efficiently. All interestedean see them in operation at
our warehouse, or circulars describing them will be furnished bymall
NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,
14 13 Nos. 87 and 38 Park-row, NewYork.
ITALUABLE DOCK PROPERTY FOR SALE.THW -
V subscriber offers for sale a valuable plot of ground on Newto8v~i
Creek, near Penny Bridge, in the city of Brooklyn. The property is --
very desim-ably situated in the Seventeenth Ward, Reeker avenue, a
great thoroughfare, forming the southerly boundary of the premises. -
A valuable dock privilege of over 400 feet on Newiown Creek, renders
the property verydesirable for large manufacturing or storage pur-
poSes. Vessels of six or eight feet draft can navigate the creek at low
tide, and of much greater capacity at. high water. The upland and
water privilege comprise about nineteen acres, and will be sold very
cheap, and the terms of payment made liberaL. For further particu-
lars, address J. B. BULLOCK, attorney for the owners, No.39 Nassau
street, New York. - - 221f
TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.IMPROVED PI~OTOGRAHIC
Camera, Patented March 23, 1862, by A. B. WILSON (Patentee of
the Wheeser and Wilson Sewing Machine), adapted to all photographic
work; such as Landscapes, Stereoscopic Viesvs, Carte Visites, Am.
brotypes, & c. Can be used by amateurs and others from printed
directions. Send for a circular. AddrcssA. B. WILSON, Waterbury,
Coon. - - - - - - 161f
TMPORTANT TO THOSE USING ~TEAM BOILERS;
Blakes Patent Self-regulating Apparatus for -supplying: boilers
with waler. It keeps the water at auniform bight against any pres-
sure. Very simple and sore. All interested- can see them In opeis.
tion-at our works, or circulars describing them will be sent by mail.
BLAKE & WHEELOCK, 71 Gold street, New York. diate rights
sale. - 23 li~
T~LAX, HEMP, JUTE AND MANILLAR~ICHARD
I. KITSON, Lowell, Mass, manufacturer tof needle-pointed card
clothing for carding flax, hemp, juite and manilla. - - - 2113
A MONTH! I WANT TO .jII~IE AGENTS IN
i,,~) every county at $75 a month, expeufiespaid, to sell my new
cheap Family Sewing Machines. Addr~ss ~S: MADISOK,- A~lfred,
Maine. - - - - 21 33*
(I~ILLESPIES GOVERNOR AND REGULATORTHE
~A attention of mill-owners and others ii invited to this valuable
improvements for regulating the~speed of water wheels and steam
engines, for which purpose it has never been equaled. Unlike other
regulators of water wheels, it is quick and very sensitive. Itwill
move the heaviest gate from one extreme to the other in four or five
seconds, if required, aluuay~s ~topping it ex~ctly at the point that the
labor requires. It ssvery simple in iii eduiStruction, ac can be seen
by reference to page 328 current vohtumeof the SCIENTiFIC AMERICAN
(May 25). A)l who are trqubled with unsteady power can be relieved
from all trouble and anxiety, whether using steam engine er water
wheeL This Governor; IronS its peculiar naturesi-ill produce the same
speed to ahair, Whether, the engine be laboring to its full capacity or
ranning entirely free, and He guarrantee the Governor to act qumeker
than the labor can possibly be changed. For furthur perticulars send
for descripityc circular to .l~. E. GILLESPIE & CO., Trenton, N. J.
Messrs. Hanson & Allen, Amsterdxm, N. V., are agents for uenlral
and Western New York. - - - 244*
PROVOST MARSHAL GENERALS OFFICE,
WAsnusovow, May 22, 1863. 8
OTICETHE ATTENTION OF ALL OFFICERS,
N who havebeen honorably discharged on acodunt ofwounds or
disability, and who desire re-enter the service-in the Invalid Corps, is
called to the jiroviSiosas of GhneraI Orders, No. 105, of 1863, from the
War Department, published-in the papers -throughout the country.
Such officers are requested to comply promptly with the provisidus of
that order,- and to send their nritten applications, as therein provided,
for positions in the Invalid CorPs (stating the character of their disabil-
ity), with as~ little delay as possible, tothe Acting Assistant Provost
Marshal Geqeral of the State in which they may be. - Such AelingAs-
sistant Provost Marshal General a-ill at once forward the applications,
with his indorsement, to the Provost Marshal General at Washington.
Officers for theInvalid Corps will be aPpointed immediately upon
furnishing the papers required by General Orders, No. 105, of 1863,
-from the War Department. Their pay and emoluments will commence
from date of accepance of suich appointments, and not from date of
organization of- the respective commands to which they may be as~
signed. J. B. FRY,
24 4 - Provost Marshal ileneraL
Tb AMPER REGULATORS.GUARANTEED TO EF-
.1) feet agreat saving in fuel, andgive the most perfect regularity
of power. F or sale by the subscribers, whohave established their ex-
clusive - right to manufacture damper regulators, using diaphragms
or flexible vessels of any kifld. Orders promptly attended -to, or in-
formation given, Isy addressing CLAMES PATENT STEAM AND - FlEE
REOULATOR COMPANY, -No. 3 Park Place, N~tv York.
- Responsible agents wanted. , 16 26~
i~ TEVENSONS JONVAL !TURBINE WATER WHEELS,
which gave the greatest useful effect over all others at the trials
at Philadelphia, are manufactured at- the Novelty Iron Works. Ad-
- dress J. E. STEVENSON, 200 Broadway, NewYork. - 24 4*
MTAT]~R WHEELS.WARRENS TURBINE WATER
VT Wheel and Turbine Regulator are used successfully ia over 800
extensive cotion and woolen mills, where the greatest economy in
water is at stake. Send for illustrated pamphlet. Address ALONZO
WARREN, Agent for AmSrican Water Wheel Company, N6. 31-Mi.
chance street Boston, Mass. - 24 8~
POWER LOOM WIRE CLOTHS AND NETTINGS,
superior in quality and at how prices, by the CLINTON WIRE
CLOTH COMPANY, Clinton, Mass. vol 8 24 51*
- ~3ut ~23cadjtung ~ii~ beutfdje i~fiu~er. -
lile 1Ioterjgid~nctrn Fallen cifie Fillfijpng, lull (irfislfrn bad i3erFeI~
len 133 ill, om fid~ 3l~re 13)ullente 30 fl8)ern, I)eraltd~e9eben, unlu oera(ife(~
I~11 fc1d~e 913 lid 1111 biefelluell. - -
llrfiober, fsefd~e 1118)1 11111 ber ell9llfdjen UfflI8le luelasel finS, fusses
1(~re l01itll~eijungen In ber-belulf8)eu UjllulId)e 5tuid~elI. Ulij3re 11511 ~Ir~
flnluoogeIl-inil 3or~en, beIhlI-id) 9efd)rlebenell 3)efdlreiboluifn- bellelue mae
311 elubrefflren 1111 - I~Muttx & (~0., -
3~ ~)3y3 5jefi, 5(e~m~3~pf
~hIf luer tifffe IllIb bentf~ defIlri4lcll, - -
l3afeIbIl l# 411 f~ilbeil I - --
- ~) ie ~kdeui4epe~e be~ ~ereiuigfeu *taafet~.. -
Ileliji Sen ii1e3fjlllIul~ icr t3ief8)ilfldsl-Snoc3 ber jiXltfIl~Z~jirc oilS Enlel~
lun~en fur Sen ErfIllier, uim lid, 3)aleiuie 10 ~ Lu irs 23cr. Ut. fe-
1551 aid in Gcre~a. i~ereer iludjit g e sod be II ~slff11 -l3iClellClI freniber
83115cr onb tarcuif FePl~li8)c SImllbfdlIlge; eienfaltd ciigiic~ 911iuf~ fm-i
~rflnber lInt fel8).e, iscjd~e-~maocnliren 5giidn. : -- - - -
$)rcld 20 $t~., ilil i~eij 25 $ijg -32
Improved Potato-digger.
The machine herewith illustrated is remarkably
ingenious in the arrangement of its parts,~ and would
seem well adapted to the uses for which it is de-
signed. It is one of a class we hjive long desired to
see introduced to, and operated by, the agricultural
community, not alone for the relief it promises from
a duty which is arduous and disagreeable, but by the
obvious advantages it possesses over the old-fashioned
way of grabbing up potatoes with a hoe. It ought
certainly to be carefully examined by every person
frame. The space between the frame is occupied by
a vibrating sifter, C. In this sifter a shaft revolves
having a scroll or screw-blade, D, winding around
its axis. This blade is supported at proper intervals
by arms on the shaft. These are the main features
of the machine. The operation of it is as follows:
When the team is started, the pointed shovel or
double mold-board plow, E, at the forward part of
the machine, enters the rows of potatoes and scoops
them up, dirt and all. The potatoes are then car-
ried up into the sifter by the forward motion of the
CONOVERS POTATO-DIGGER.
whose interests are connected with farming, and if team; the screw-blade then acts upon them an&
found practical, as we are confident it will be in most thoroughly screens or sifts them, so that none of the
situations, adopted without further delay. The in- soil adheres. The same device also carries the pota-
ventor has not so designed the machine, but we do toes back Into the separators, through which the
not see why it could not be well adapted to clearing smaller potatoes fall, while the larger ones are car-
fields of small loose stones which are an intolerable ned on and deposited in another box, from which
nuisance, especially in lands devoted to grass. If they can be discharged as required without stopping
it can be adapted to this use, and we think It can, the horses. Weeds, grass and stones, are ejected at
the machine has a wide range of usefulness, and will the extreme end of the machine. The boxes, B, into
go far toward reducingthe toil of the farmer. Ltsbor
is scarce and costly at the present time, and those
who have large crops of potatoes to harvest would
do well to give this machine careful consideration.
Subjoined is a brief description of the working parts
of this potatodigger.
Fig. 1 is a perspective view and Fig 2 is a section
through the length of the machine. The frame, A,
of the machine is mounted on the axle-tree, as
usual, and has two short arms, B, with castor
rollers upon them, so that thelwhole apparatus can
be readily turned in any direction. The axles of tors, J, any desired depth can be obtained and the
each wheel are independent, being bolted to the main shovel raised or lowered as deemed necessary to clear
which the potatoes fall, have loose bottoms which
are regulated by the lever, F, on the side of the
frame. The vibrating motion of the sifter is ob-
tained from the large wheel, on the arms of which is
secured a bevel gear, G. This wheel has a pinion
gearing into it, which is fastened on a shaft; this
drives the sifter through the agency of a connecting
rod, a, and the rag wheel and chain, II (see Fig. 2).
The depth at which the shovel enters the potato-hills
can be regulated by the handle, I, near the driver.
In connection with the rack and the chains and sec
obstructlorfs. This machine is the result of much
thought and experiment by the inventor. Two
patents have already been issued on this machine,
and another, embodying important improvements,
is now pending through the Scientific American
Patent Agency ; further information respecting it can
be had by addressing the patentee, Mr. S. B. Cono-
ver, at 260 Washington Market, foot of Fulton
street, New York.
The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN beg to announce
that on the fourth day of July, 1863, a new volume commenced, and
it will continue to be the aim of the publishers to render the contents
of each successive number more attractive and useful than any of its
predecessors.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Is devoted to the interests of Popu-
lar Science, the Mechanic Arts, Manufactures, Inventions, Agricul-
tore, Commerce, and the Industrial pursuits generally, and is valuable
and instructive not only in the workshop and Manufactory, but also
in the Household, the Library and the Reading Room.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has the reputation, at home an
abroad, of being the best weekly journal devoted to mechanical and
industrial pursuits now published; and the proprietors are determined
to keep up the reputation they have earned during the eighteen
years they have been connected with its publication.
To the Mechanic and Manufacturer!
Noperson engaged in any of the mechanical pursuits should think
of doing wi~toout the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Itcosts but six cents
per week ; eve~ number contains from six to ten engravings of new
machines and inventions which cannot be found in any other publica-
tiott. It is an established rule of the publishers to Insert none bitt
iqi 1 engravings, and those of the first class in the art, drawn and
engraved by experienced artists, under their own supervision, ex-
pressly for this paper.
Chemists, Architects, 7ififlwrights and Farmers!
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be found a most useful journal
to them. All the new discoveries in thescience of chemistry are given
in its columns, and the interests of the architect and carpenter are not
overlooked; all the new inventions and discoveries appertaining to
those pursuits being published from week to week. Useful and prac-
tical information pertaining to the interests of millwrights and mill-
owners Will be found published in the SciENTIFic AMNSucAN, which
information they cannot possibly obtainfrom any other source. Sub-
jects in which planters and farmers are Interested will be found dis-
cussed in the ScrsraTssoO AnixarcAN ; most of the improvements in
agricultural implements being illustrated in its columns.
To the Inventor!
The SCiENTIFIC AMERICAN is indispensable to every Inventor,
as it not only contains illustrated descriptions of nearly all the best in-
ventions asthey come, but each number contains an Official List of
the Claims of all the Patents Issued from the United Slates Patent
Office during the week previous; thus giving a correct history of the
progress of inventions in this country. we are also receiving, every
week, the best scientific journals of Great Britain, France and Ger-
many; thus placing in our possession all that is transpiring In me-
chanical science and art in those old countries, we shall continue to
transfer to our columns copiousextrairta from those journals of what-
ever we may deem of interest to our readers.
TER1~IS.
To mail subscribers :Three Dollars a Year, or One Dollar for six
months. One Dollar and Fifty Cents pay for one complete volume of
416 pages; two volumes comprise one year. A new volume com-
menced on the fourth of July, 1863.
CLUB RATES.
Five Copies, for Sli Months
Ten Copies, for Six Months
Ten Copies, for Twelvs Monhs 813
Fifteen Copies, for Tweve Months 34
Twenty Copies, for Twelve Months 40
For all clubs of Twenty and over the yearly subscription is only
$2 50. Names can he sent in at different times and from different
Post-offices. Specimen copies wilt be sent gratis to any part of the
country.
western and Canadian money or Post-office stamps taken at par
for subscriptions. Canadian subscribers will please to remit 23 cents
extra on each years subscriptiin to pre-pay postage.
MUNN & 00., Publishers,
37 Park Row, New York,
5505 000 STOOS p5555 Of 5555 A OKAY
TEE simplest and best way of preserving woolens
through the summer from the destruction of moths,
is to wrap them well up, after brushing and beating
them, in cotton or linen cloths. The moth can pass
neither. Two covers well wrapped around and se-
cured from the air will be effectual.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
THE BEST MECHANICAL PAPER IN THE WORLD,

&
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN ART, SCIENCE, MECHMIICS, ChEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES.
(NEW SERIES.)
Improved Dovetailing Machine.
The machine herewith illustrated is one of a very
useful and highly desirable class, as the quality of
joiner-work done by it Is very much better and
can be afforded at lower rates than that executed
by hand. This machine is simple and strong; it is
easily operated, and has no gim-cracks about it
to get out of order. All the movements are positive
or straight up and down, and do not require an enor-
mous expenditure of power to move a quantity of
machinery that might have
been dispensed with. Our
engraving represents a ma-
chine with a wooden frame,
but those now made by the
Inventors have cast-iron
frames and are of a more
elegant appearance; the
~haracter of the machine
and tbe disposition of the
several parts remains the
same. A short inspection
of the machine is sufficient
to enable any one to com-
prebend its workings, and
we append a brief descrip-
tion which will aid the
reader in his examination
of the same
The dovetail made by
this machine is peculiar in
that it is round ; both tenon
and mortise are made on
one machine and at the
same time. The cutters
and bits, A B (Figs. 1 and
2), run in the bearings, 0,
and are driven by belts
passing over the pulleys,
D. On the end of the
machine, towards the read-
er, there is fitted a table,
B, working in guides, F.
The stuff to be dovetailed
is placed on this table and
secured by the clamps, F,
and the clamping screws,
G; the table has a hori-
zontal motion to and from
the bits. The treadle frame,
H, works in the guides
I, and has a series of chise,l5 or cutting tools, 3, affixed
to it, which can be seen in an enlarged form in Fig:
8. The table is also provided with a scale of inches
and a sliding plate, E. The treadle is hinged at a,
so that it can be removed when not in use. There
are, further, adjustable stop pieces at L, which are
also furnished with a scale of inches and can be ad-
lusted as desired; so also can the stop, b. On the ex-
treme end of the machine are the cutters working in
the guides, N, and the table for sustaining the work
operated on. The plan of the machine in Fig. 2
shows the bits more clearly than the perspective
view. The table has also a vertical movement, but
is operated by the screw, lii, instead of a treadle as
on the further end. These are the principal details
of thu machine; the operation of it is as follows
When the machine is started, the bits and cutters
revolve rapidly; the table is drawu out as far as
possible from the cutters, and the gage set to corre-
spond with the desired depth of the mortise. The
beard to be dovetailed is laid ~n the table and firmly
NEW YORK, JULY 18, 1863.
secured there; it is then slid up to the revolving
bits which rapidly cut out a cylindrical hole. The
table is then drawn out and the workman, by press-
ing his foot on the treadle, brings the chisels up
against the planks and cuts out the neck left by the
bits. The gage on the other end of the machine has
been set to correspond with the first one, and the
male dovetail is produced by the rapidly-revolving
cuttersthe table being elevated or depressed as re-
quired by the screw, M; these boards now only re
I SINGLE 00P1E5 SIX CENTS.
$3 PER ANNUEIN ADVANCEI
craftsman. Even then, while these children of the
forest were painfully laboring on their clumsy boats,
the white man navigated the sea with ships which,
although not by any means clippers, could not have
performed their voyages with safety unless they had
been wrought into shape by the aid of wood-working
machinery of some sort or other.
The earliest mention of any tool for working is
not easily decided, but the tool itself was probably
an ax, as being the most direct and positive in its
- operation and result. It is
a most efficient implement
in the hands of those ac
fly/I
customed to Its use; with
it the Russian workman
makes chairs, tables and
all aorta of domestic furni
- ture, and it supplies the
place of a workshop to the
inhabitants of that coun-
try. The ax, however
adapted to those primitive
days, Is far from desirable
in these, when elegant,
rapid and perfect wood-
working tools are in de-
mand.
In combining several
pieces of wood for carpen-
try, as in dovetailing, the
different circumstances of
the plank, as respects its
length and width, should
always be borne In mind.
Provision must be made so
that the shrinking and
swelling are as little re-
strained as possible, other-
wise changes in the atmo-
sphere will warp them with
an irresistible force. The
principal reliance for
strength must be placed
on wood cut with the
grain so far as possible, as
it is of course much less
liable to break than a
cross-section. When the
grain of the four sides of
KING AND NORRISS DOVETAILING MACHINE. a box run~ in the same
direction, they will expand
quire to be fitted together and glued to form a strong and contract equally and do no mischief to the work,
and substantial joint. The advantages claimed f6r and it is in all cases more advisable to prepare boxes
this machine are greater rapidity of execution, corn- in this manner than in the way pointed out pre-
bined with accuracy of workmanship, which points viously, which is likely to result injuriously ; these
matters are well understood by all who have, given
will, we think, be conceded by all.
Among the minor evidences of the progres8 of any the subject attention. The ordinary methods of dove-
nation toward a high degree of civilization and social tailing consist in providing the edge of a board with
cultivation1 there are none more prominent than the a series of projections, not unlike in shape the tail of
uses to which the various woods known to commerce the bird from which the work is supposed to receive
are applied and made subservient either for decora- its name. These projections fit into recesses of a
tion or more substantial benefits. The first attempts corresponding shape and size in another board, and
at wood-working were rude and awkward enough, the whole, when firmly glued together, forms a strong
and we can recall to mind how the aborigines, un- substantial joint without the aid of nails. We are
acquainted with any better method, yet impressed unable to trace the origin of this invention, but it
with the necessity for using some means, felled trees has been universally adopted at the present day, and
by theaid of fire and the rude stone hatchets they until quite recently (comparatively speaking) was
found in the mountains. The canoes by which they always performed by hand. It was once thought to
navigated the waters of the ocean were also hollowed be great evidence of fine w& rkmanship when a you~g
out by the agency of fire and ~sharp shells, and.the man. could produce a perfect dovetail without botch-
workmanship, as may be supposed, was in keeping ing it, and have all the joints come tight, fair aA
with the skill and appliances within reach of the even. ThiS of course involved great expenditure oftime and labor, and did not pay for the outlay except
in cases where high prices were obtained for work.
All this has been changed by the introduction of
doverailing machinery, and the toot herewith illus-
trated is a very excellent one of its class. The ordi-
nary dovetail is very apt to break off at the necks
and split in the recesses, and is objectionable on this
account, unless great care be obeerved in its manu-
facture. This feature is avoided in the work pro-
duced by Norris & Kings im~chine, which is, so far
as mere technicality is concerned, not a dovetailing
the different 1ron-r~cMing~mills of the country turned
their attention to roiling gun-barrels out of Ameri-
can iron, and had no doubt of their success. It is
said that Washburn, the celebrated car-wheel manu-
facturer of Worcester, has expended $100 000 in ex-
perimenting on them, but no one has been very for-
tunate. At first the Amoskeag Company supposed
they could purchase the barrels ready rolled, but
found they could not rely upon getting perfect bar-
rels, so they bought English iron, forged their bar-
rels for their first lots, and have now nearly com
a guage, and its strength, and puts his mkik ~n each
piece. Mr. Jacobs is the chief iuspect~or, and he has
two assistants to see that everything is perfect.
gach part of a gun will fit every other gun, every
piece being fitted to a guage, so that if on trial a
barhiner, screw, trigger, ramrod, or any other part
should fall, another one is ready. The tests applied
ai-e severe, especially to the barrels, ramrods, bay-
onets, locks and tubes. The barrels, before being
completed, are tested in a room made for the trials,
with five times as much powder as one would dare
DOVETAILTh~G AND ~?kTISING
machine, for no one ever saw a dove with a tail re- pleted machinery for rolling their own as fast as they
sembling the work turned out by them. The patent wish. This is the last piece of machinery necessary
p& ~pers before us describe the work as a pedirncu- to enttble them to make every part of a rifle from
lated disk, as this term is rather incomprehensible the ~crude material, and there are only some three
to most persons, we may say that the portions of gun-shops in the country that can say as much;
the wood (left b.y the tools) which fit into each other they are apt to get their locks at one place, their
are round and connected by short square necks to barrels at another, and so on with the different parts.
the board; the recesses are of course similar and the ~The Amoskeag Company have very efficient machin-
two fit together perfectly when completed. This ery, the patterns of which they bought, and dupli-
invention was patented on January 22, 1861, by D cates of which they made at their machine-shop
A. King and T. Norris, of Lexington, Ky. For fur- When it is known that the crude materials have to
ther information address them at that place. go through about 600 different operations before they
come out a gun, it becomes evident that it was a
The Amoskeag Gun Factory. long operation to make so much machinery, and the
The Amoskeag Gun Manufactory is an important wonder is that they are now in perfect running order.
addition to the works in this city. The Amoskeag Coin- It is wonderful to what perfection inventors have
pany got a contract from Government for making brought machinery, so that a slab of black walnut
Springfield rifled muskets one year ago this month, is rounded, grooved, perforated, dished out and dove-
though they had promise of it earlier, so that they tailed till it becomes a perfect stock, ready for the
commenced putting in machinery some two months lock, barrel, ramrod, butts, rings, trigger and guards,
previous. In their regular machine-shop they had needing no other finishing than sand-papering and
worked on guns the previous year, but arrangements oiling! This walnut slab goes through eighteen
for carrying on the gun business permanently was operations with machinery before it is finally com-
not started till about fourteen months ago. We do pleted.
not speak now of the nice, varied~ and complicated However much contractors may have cheated the
machinery necessary for forging, forming and finish GQvernment in other departments, they have a
ing the stocks, locks,. bayonets, barrels, ramrods, and poor chance for doing so with guns. The Govern-
trimmings, but of the materials and making of the ment keeps an inspector here who examines every
barrels. As soon as the war became a settled thing, part of the gun before it is put together, tries it by
MACHINE.
to use if he held the gun in his hands. Slugs and
an immense amount of wadding are put on top of the
charge with an apparent design of bursting the bar-
rels if possible. Very few burst. The bayonets and
ramrods are bent, struck upon timber, and their
quality is otherwise roughly tried. Alter a gun has
stood the inspectors trial it is good for a campaign.
~The Amoskeag Works sent off the first lot of the
Springfield rifled muskets last week. They are now
making them at about the rate of 2,000 a month.
At the end of two mouths they will be able to make
a hundred a day. They now employ on this work
about 250 men, and will increase the number to
about 850. All this work will be permanent for
years. In addition to those of the Springfield pat-
tern of 1861, they have a contract for making Lind-
ners breech-loading carbines, and with both this and
other contracts in prospect they will find work
enough. This carbine is a most serviceable weapon
as good a one as there is in the service.
Some might suppose that the gun business would
be overdone, but it is said that the guns average
only two years of service, and if that is the case, for
many years there will be no danger of a surplus.
The gunmakers receive good pay, and the business
keeps among us an excellent class of citizens. For
this business we are indebted to the enterprise,
far-sightedness and perseverance of Ii. A. htra w,
the agent of the Company.Dollai- W~e1cZy Msrro,-~THE HOUR OF TRIUMPH!
The cheering progress of our armies for the past
two weeks has revived the drooping ~pirits of those
who faltered. It has refreshed the energies of even
the staunchest patriots, who could not but look with
concern upon the ominous appearance of the future
of our country. Dislo~ al sentiments prevailed to
some extent at the North; and among the loyal
ulasses a tone of despondency was apparent, while
the disaffected rejoiced correspondingly. Appearancls
are often deceitful. The exultation of the traitors
was short-lived; their hopes perished as quickly as
they were born. Gen. Lee entered Pennsylvania with
a legion of rebels ready to fall upon the teeming
coffers of the North. Our continued prosperity
aggravated them; their privations and sufferings
maddened them. Some slight successes at the outset
filled them with delusive hopes that their march
northward would be triumphant. In one fell hour,
for them, the scene was wholly changed The sun-
shine of promise that opened before them turned to
the lurid glare of disappointment, and crushed,
beaten back, disorganized by the bravery of our
troops and the skill- of our generals, the shattered
forces of the traitors are sent whining to their holes.
Following swiftly on the heels of this triumph at
the North, comes the news of the reduction of Vicks-
burgh, and the loss to the rebels of the stronghold
of their territory. The endurance of the soldiers of
the army of the West, their valor and discipline, are
the fullest proofs of efficiency on the part of the
generals, and no man need claim a higher honor than
tosay he belonged to the army of the Potomac or
to that in the South-west.
Awakened as from a nightmare of despondency
into which it had been plunged through incompe-
tency, high and low, the nation breathes freer; it
stretches out its strong arms and prepares to gather
in the fruits of its victories. The political advan-
tages likely to spring from these important victories
lately achieved by us are incalculable, and will, we
hope, forever silence the sneers, caviling and threats
of disaffected persons at home and unfriendly Gov-
ernments abroad. Let every loyal person rejoice
that at last, in its hour of peril, the mighty strength
of this people has been made manifest. The strug-
gles that seemed to presage dissolution were only
the throes of awakening life ; and, renewed in
stiength and purpqse, the Government of these
United States of free America will go forward to the
completion of the glorious destiny open before it.
We wish success to our arms as our only hope. It
any of our readers should chance to differ from us on
this most vital point, we wish them to read What
the Rebels propose to do with our Coal Mines,~ pub
lished in another column and taken from the Rich-
mond Whig.
35
trouble being more with the commanding officers
than with the troops. We rejoice, in common with
all loyal hearts, in the apparent fact that, after a
series of bloody reverses and few successos, this Po~
tomac army has at last found a true military leader
one who seems to understand his business.
Our readers will be interested in the following
brief sketch of General Meades life and career. He
was born in Spain in the year 1815, of American
parents. His father was, at the time of his birth,
residing in Barcelona, Spain, where Captain Meade,
now commanding the North Carolina, and General
Meade, the subject of our sketch, were born. The
two boys were brought to this country; one was
educated for the navy, which he entered in 1826;
and the other for the army. George G. Meade en-
tered West Point Military Academy, as an appointee
from the State of Pennsylvania, during September,
1831, and graduated on the 80th of June, 1885,
standing number nineteen in his class, which has
produced such men as Generals Morell, Naglee,
Haupt, Patrick, Martiudale, Roberts, and others.
He wasappointed in the army from the District of
Columbia, and entered the service as brevet second
lieutenant of the Third Artillery on the first of
July, 1885.
His conduct in Mexico was marked by determina-
tion and bravery, and at the battle of Palo Alto he
was particularly distinguished, and so mentioned in
the official reports. During the several conflicts of
Monterey, 21st, 22d and 23d days of September, 1846,
he again became distinguished, and for his bravery
was brevetted a first lieutenant, to date from Sept.
28, 1846. This brevet was awarded in May, 1847.
During the month of August, 1851, he was promoted
to a first lieutenancy of his corps, and on the 19th
of May, 1856, was further promoted to a captaincy,
which rank he held at the breaking out of the rebel-
lion. When the rebellion broke out, and President
Lincoln called for three hundred thousand volun-
teers, the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was raised,
and placed under the charge of General McCall, as,
division-commander, and Generals Reynolds, Meade
and Ord, as brigade commanders. - All of these
brigade commanders have nobly distitzguished them-
selves during the present war, havingeach risen to
a rank equal to a marshal of France. General Meade
was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers,
with a commission to date from Aug. 81, 1861.
On the 26th of June, 1862, he took part in the fa-
mous battle of Mechanicaville, where General Stone-
wall Jackson made such a terrific dash upon General
McClellans right wing, and Generals McCall, Rey-
nolds and others were taken prisoners. His noble
conduct and bravery on this occasion were particu-
larly noticed. The next day he was engaged in the
battle of Gaines Mills and also took a conspicuous
part in the seven days battles before Richmond.
XA3OR-OENERAL GEORGE GORDON KEADE. At the battle of New Market Cross-roads he was
On the 28th day of June, Major-General George severely wounded, but under skillful treatment he
Gordon Meade was ordered by the President to take recovered, and almost immediately returned to the
army, where he took command of the Pennsylvania
command of the army of the Potomac. He at once Reserves, and led those troops during the eventful
issued a modest yet soldierly order to his army, and battles of South Mountain andAntietam; and when
put it in rapid motion towards Gettysburgh, Pennsyl- at the latter battle, General Hooker was wounded
vania, at which place the rebels under General Lee and had to leave the field, General Meade for a short
were in large force, flushed with the pride of sue
cesaful invasion. In a series of brilliant and time had charge of the Ninth Army Corps.
At the battle of Fredericksburgh, Dec, 18, 1862, he
sanguinary battles fought under the eye of the greatly distinguished himself; the whole loss of the
Commanding General, and continuing three days, division was one thousand six hundred and forty-
desperate charges were repeatedly made by the four, being the greatest division loss during the
enemy; but as often as they were made, so often whole of the disastrous fight.
did the brave army of the Potomac withstand In March, 1868, the Senate confirmed the appoint-
the shock, until the rebels were everywhere repulsed ment of General Meado as major-general of volun-
and commenced a rapid retreat towards the Potomac. teers, to date from Nov. 29,1862. -
General Meade was not unprepared at any point During the fearful contests of May 2d, 3d, and 4th
where his lines were attacked ; he always had a at Chancellorsville, Gener4 Meades corps played its
supporting force to assist in every emergency. All part in the same noble manner that had character-
the accounts which we have read satisfy us that for ized the troops under his special command since the
skillful generalship and dauntless bravery, no other commencement of the war. It bore -its part man-
battles since the war bcgan can com pare with these.
Under the most trying and extraordinary circum~ fully, and in the end covered the retreat of the
whole of Hookers army.
stances, General Meade has exhibited the highest General Meade is a thorough soldier without po-
strategic and tactical skill, and has risen to the rank litical aspiration. He has a well poised mind; and
of a great military captain. Without detracting above all he is a high-toned Christian gentleman,
at all from the merits of other generals, anextin- well worthy of the confidence and support of every
guisher is effectually put upon that miserable parti lover of his country.
san cry thati;he army of the Potomac would only
ft~ht under a certain leader, when the truth Is that Tmi great Exhibition building in London has beesi
this army has always fought with great valor; the purchased by Governmeut to use for siatlotial purpOseS~
What the Rebels propose to do with our Coal Mines.
If it be true that the Confederate forces occupy
Harrisburgh, the attention of the commanding general
will no doubt be directed to the coal-fields, which lie
within forty or fifty miles of that city. His first
aim will be to cut all the railroad connections, and
thus put a stop to the transportation of fuel. His
next will be to destroy the most costly and not easily
replaced machinery of the pits. Whether he would
stop at this is questionable. He might set fire to
the pits, withdraw the forces sent out on this special
duty, and leave the heart of Pennsylvania on fire,
never to be quenched until a river is turned into the
pits, or the vast supply of coal is reduced to ashes.
The anthracite coal is found in large quantities in no
other part of the world but Pennsylvania. Enor-
mous quantities are used in the United States Navy,
the, countless workshops and manufactories of the
North, in the river boats, and even upon locomo-
tives. It cannot well be replaced b~r any other fuel.
The bituminous coal which is found near Pittsburgh
would not answer the purpose, even if it would bear
the cost of transportation. Our troop~ already hold
the railroads and canals leading from the Cumber-
land coal-fields. All that is needed is to seize the
anthracite fields, destroy the roads and the machin-
ery of the pits, set fire to the mines and leave them.
Northern industry will thus be paralyzed at a single
blow.
These views may - have induced General Lee to
move upon H~srrisburgh. We doubt whether he would
fire the mines, but the destruction of the Mauch
Chunk - railroads and pit implements would be as
legitimate as blowing up tunnels and aqueducts or
burning bridges. Of one thing we may be sure, that
whatever is best to be done will be done by General
Lee, and if he thinks fit to destroy the Pennsylvania
mines they will certainly be destroyed. Should he
leave them untouched it will be for the best of rea-
sons. Bet it is impossible not to indulge the hope
that he will avail himself of the tremendous power
which- the possession of the coal-fields,, even tem-
porartly would confer.Richmoed Whg.Tuly 2d.
DARKNEss FROM A VOLCANIC ERUPTION- After the
reading of a paper oh Borneo, at a late meeting of
the Royal Geographical Society, London, Mr. Craw-
ford related some particulars respecrihg the volcanic
eruption of the Timboro Mountain in 1814, of which
he witne5sed some 6f the effebta. At a distance of
300 miles it was pitch dark for three days; the ashes
were carried by the monsoon to a distance of 1,200
miles from the mountain, and for ten days he was
obliged to write by candle-light.
THE bark Western Metropolis, formerly a large pas-
senger steamer upon L ke Erie, is of 1,850 tuns bur-
then, and can carry about 65,000 bushels of grain,
or twice as much as any other vessel on the lake
trade: Her length is 280 feet; breadth .of beam 40
feet, and depth of hold 14 feet. She carries about
5,000 yards of canvas. She sailed recently on her
first trip from Chicago to Buffalo, carrying 72,000
bushels of oats, and 1,000 barrels of porkthe largest
cargo ever moved on the lakes.
MORE factories are being erected and will soon go
into operation at various points in Wisconsin. The
wool interest of that State is destined to be a great
and important one in the future. The immense prai-
ries produce, spontaneously, nourishment for thou-
sands of flocks of sheep.
Tnz first wool sale of the season has been made in
Michigan at fifty cents. The wool crop of the State
last year was 6500,000 pounds, and it is estimated
that it will be increased the present year by 2,000000
pounds- The whole wool clip of the country this
year will reach 100 000 000 pounds.
PERTINEIST.An exchange says that when the con-
vict DUtassy arrived at Sing Sing, he incidentally
mentioned that he had a University education, and
was master of eleven different languages- Tthi keeper
replied: One language is all we have here, and we
want very little of that. -
TEE Tredegar Iron Works, recently burned at
Richmond, have been rebuilt, and are now in full
I blast.36
PREVENTION OF DECAY IN TIMBER.
The treatment of timber to secure it from rapid do.
cay Is a subject of great importance to shiphuilders,
railway engineers, bridge-builders and all others who
are interested in the preservation of wooden struc-
tures intended to be exposed to the winds, the waters
and the weather. Iron is undoubtedly taking the
place of timber with advantage for many purposes,
but the latter material is so convenient and so capa-
ble of being shaped and combined in suitable forms,
that it will always be used to a great extent. One of
its chief defects is liability to rapid decay, depending
upon its cbndition and the circumstances connected
with its application. Every item of information,
therefore, which will tend to promote its durability is
of great value. Onx former occasionon page ~90,
Vol. VII. (new series) of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN..
we briefly noticed some experiments which had been
made in France in treating ship timber by N. Lappa-
rent, director of the dockyard and inspector of tim-
ber for the navy. His printed report to the Govern-
ment has lately been forwarded to us, and it con-
tains a considerable amount of valuable information,
some of which we shall present in a condensed form.
The sap of timber is composed of nitrogenous ele-
ments which are called unstable, because under certain
circumstances they are so liable to changeproduc-
ing rot. When timber is treated so as to alter the
nature of the sap or to dry it completely by what is
called seasoning, it resists decay more effectually than
If used without being dried. Moisture and confined
air tend to produce decay in timber, and on the
other hand timber exposed to a free circulation of
air and shielded from moisture will retain its strength
almost unimpaired for centuries. The oak beams,
rafters and other timbers of old churches and houses
which were built before the plastering of walls was
Introduced, have remained sound for six and seven
hundred years. Of course, ships cannot be kept dry,
but if their timbers are well seasoned before they are
exposed to the elements, it has been found by expe-
rience at the French naval dockyards that they will
endure five times longer than timbers not thoroughly
seasoned. -
It is well known that when timber is steeped for a
certain period in water, then exposed to the air to
dry, it seasons more rapidly. It has been customary,
therefore, to immerse ship timber in water prior to
drying it. On this head N. Lapparent states that
the practice of those shipbuillers who steep their
timber in sea water is wrong, and that fresh water is
the most suitable for this purpose. For oak plank-
ing, he states, it should be steeped one year in river
water, two years in fresh water not so frequently
changed; while in brackish water, continually
changing, it requires three years immersion.
In drying timber to season it, exposure to the air
is the most simple method, but this requires a very
long period of time for large ship-timber. Another
method consists in drying it in large rooms exposed
to currents of hot air driven in by fans. By this
system the surface of the timber is liable to become
dry and crack before the Interior is seasoned, and for
planking it is, therefore, objectionable. Another
method has lately been tried near Cherbourgh,
France, which consists in exposing it to the smoke,
steam and gas of wood and coal under combustion.
The small amount of moisture in the smoke pre-
vents the timber from cracking, and N. Lapparent
looks upon this mode with favor. But his favorite
method in treating timber to prevent its decay is the
charring of its surface. He states that this plan was
once tried during the last century in the British
royal dockyards; that the frigate Royal William was
built of carbonized timber, and that It was one of the
most remarkable cases of durability on record. This
system has been revived In France with improved
apparatus, and it Is about to be extended to all the
dockyards in the empire. The timber to be operated
upon is secured upon an adjustable table and its sur-
face is slightly charred by a flame of gas mingled
with a jet of air. The consumption of gas is 200
gallons for 10 square feet of carbonized surface, and
one man can carbonize 440 square feet in ten hours.
Some timber is improved by giving its surface a very
thin coat of tar before it Is charred. It is stated
that the whole surface of timber is carbonized with
great uniformity by this method, and N. Lupparent
says : It ought to be applied to every surface in
contact with, or in general intended to be surrounded
by, moist and stagnant air. It is also recommended
for treating the beams and joints of house timber,
intended to be embedded in the walls or surrounded
with plaster. By carbonization a practical and eco-
nomical means is also offered to railway companies
of preserving, almost for ever, their sleepers, particu-
larly those of oak. In France the annual cost for
vine props amounts to no less than $24,000,000. By
charring these this cost will be reduced two-thirds,
and a relative saving will also be effected in thus
treating hop poles. As the vine and the hop are
extensively cultivated in America, this system also
deserves the attention of our people who raise these
agricultural products.
In building ships N. Lapparent suggests that hor-
izontal holes should be bored through the ribs, at cer-
tain distances apart, and there should be spaces be-
tween the outer and inner planking to permit cur-
rents of air to be driven between the ribs, also that
portions of the ribs should be smeared with a paint
composed of flowers of sulphur, 200 parts; linseed
oil, 186 parts; and manganese, 30 parts, to prevent
the development of fungi. In conclusion N. Lappa-
rent says : I have pointed out the means for pre-
venting the rapid decay of timber; they are simple,
logical, economical, easy of adoption and perfectly
innocuous. By employing them we shall save that
timber for building ships which is, in my opinion,
far superior to iron for the same purpose.
A correspondent of the London Builder states that
the Belgian Government now require all the wood
sleepers used on the state railways to be creosoted,
and the Government of Holland has adopted a simi-
lar resolution. The creosote used is simply what is
called the dead oil of coal tar. N. Crepin, a Bel-
gian engineer, has also made a series of experiments
with creosoted timber in harbors and docks, and in
his report, lately published, he states that timber so
treated was found huccessful in resisting the attacks
of marine worms. Timber is used to a greater ex-
tent in America than in any country of an equal
population in the world. If by any mode of treat-
ment our ship, bridge, railway, house, fence and
other timber can be rendered twice or three times
more durable, a saving to that extent may not only
be effected in material but in the labor required for
preparing and applying it. All the processes, there-
fore, which have been set forth for preventing the
rapid decay of timber deserve careful and general
attention, because they relate to interests which
affect every class in the community.
SCREW-PROPELLERS--.TECHNICAL TERMS.
The following definitions of the principal technical
terms used in connection with screw-propellers may
be found useful to some young engineers in enabling
them to understand conversations or printed articles
on that subject
The axis of the screw Is the imaginary line
drawn through its center in a fore and aft direction.
The radius of the screw is the imaginary line
drawn at right angles to the axis and extending to
the most remote part of the blade, and it is techni-
cally called the directrix ; twice this radius is the
diameter of the screw.
The length of the screw is its length on a line
parallel with its axis; the length of the hub and
the length of the blades are measured on the
same parallel line.
The outer edge of a blade is called the pen-
phery ; the forward edge is called the leading
edge ; the after edge is called the following edge.
The radial length of a blade is its length meas-
ured from the outside of the hub to the periphery in
the direction of the radius.
The pitch of a screw is the distance (measured
in a line parallel with the axis) which a screw would
move in one revolution if revolved in a solid nut.
A true screw has the pitch uniform for every
part of it. When the forward part of the screw has
less pitch than the after-part, the screw is said to
have a varying or expanding pitch longitudinally ;
and when the outer part of the blade has a different
pitch from the inner part, the screw is said to have
a varying pitch radially. The fraction of the
pitch used is the comparison of the aggregate
lengths of the blades with the entire pitch.
The after-face of the blades is called the driving
surface, and the forward face the drag surface.
The angle of a screw is the acute angle included
by a plane at right angles to the axis and the driv-
ing surface of the plane. This angle varies at each
point of the radius.
The effective area of a screw is the projection
of the screw-blades drawn on a plane at right angles
to the axis. The oblique area is the actual area
of the driving surface measured obliquely. The
disk area is the area of the circle described by the
radius of the screw.
The center of pressure is that position on the
blade around which the forces exerted by the blade
will counterbalance each other.
A screw is said to be righthanded when the
upper blade turns from port to starboard, while pro-
pelling the vessel ahead; the reverse of this describes
a left-handed screw.
The cohesive attraction of the water is the re-
sistance which the water offers to the blade passing
through it, in contradistinction to the direct resist-
ance which the water presents to the screw, when be-
ing driven away from it.
The spiral line described by any one part of a screw,
as it progresses through space, is called the helix.
The difference between the speed of the vessel and
the speed of the screw, in a line parallel with its axis
if it were screwing into a solid nut, is called the
slip. This difference is generally expressed as the
per-centage of the speed of the vessel. When the
speed of the vessel exceeds the speed of the screw (as
it sometimes does when the vessel is being propelled
principally by sails), this excess is called the nega-
tive slip.
VALUABLE RECEIPTS.
NEw Cssnoasz GEEEN.The London Chemical News
gives the following receipt for manufacturing a beau-
tiful new chrome green color adapted for painting
and topical printing :Take 10 ounces of boiling
water and dissolve in it one ounce of the bichromate
of potash, and to this add 6 pints of the biphosphate
of lime and 3 ounces of brown sugar. When these
substances are mixed a disengagement of gas takes
place and the liquid fumes. It is allowed to stand
until this action ceases, then it is decanted and left
to stand for about ten hours when a beautiful green
color is deposited. It is washed with cold water and
dried in a warm room. The~ green color thus ob-
tained is stated to be fixed on cloth in printing by
mixing it with albumen. It may be used both as a
water color and as an oil paint.
To CLEAN BRAss.Rub the surface of the metal
with rottenstone and sweet oil, then rub off with a
piece of cotton flannel and polish with soft leather.
A solution of oxalic acid rubbed over tarnished brass
with a cotton rag soon removes the tarnish, render-
ing the metal bright. The acid must be washed off
with water and the brass rubbed with whitening in
powder and soft leather. When acids are employed
for removing the oxide from brass, the metal must
be thoroughly washed afterwards or it will tarnish
in a few minutes after being exposed to the air. A
mixture of muriatic acid and alum dissolved in water
imparts a golden color to brass articles that are
steeped in It for a few seconds.
CLEANING TINwAEEAcids should never be em~
ployed to clean tinware, because they attack the
metal and remove it from the iron of which it forms
a thin coat. We refer to articles made of tin plate,
which consists of iron covered with tin. Rub the
article first with rotten-stone and sweet oil, the same
as recommended for brass, then finish with whitening
and a piece of soft leather. Articles made wholly of
tin should be cleaned in the same manner. In a dry
atmosphere planished tinware will remain bright for
a long period, but they soon become tarnished In
moist air.
CLEANING SILVER PLATED ARTIcLEs.White metal
articles electro-plated with silver are now very com-
mon and great care is required in cleaning them
when tarnished. No powder must be used for this
purpose which has the least grit in it, or the silver
will be scratched and soon worn off. The finest im-
palpable whitening should be employed with a little
soft water in removing the tarnish. They are next
washed with rain water, dried and polished with a
piece of soft leather, some rouge powder or fine37
whitening, then finally rubbed down with the hand,
which forms a most excellent polisher.
Construction of Piers in Deep Water without Coffer-
dams.
The construction of common coffer-dams in deep
water, for the purpose of building piers and sea walls,
is a very tedious and expensive undertaking. Tho
London Artisan contains an article on this subject, in
which a method is described of constructing sea walls
in deep water without coffer-dams or diving-bells.
This system has been carried out at the new har-
bor at Greenock (Scotland), by D. Miller and H.
Bell, engineers.in-chief of the harbor works. These
works had been projected almost entirely beyond the
high water line into the sea. The outer pier would
ultimately be upwards of 3,000 feet in length and
about 60 feet wide at the top, with quays on both
sides. Within this there would be space for two
harbors, each 1,000 feet in length, 15 feet deep at low
water, and 25 feet at high water, with entrances 100
feet wide, and ample room for the construction of
graving docks, for the storage of timber, and for the
erection of sheds. At present it was only proposed
to erect about one-half of the sea pier, and to form
one harbor or tidal dock. In the design of these
works it was suggested that the walls under low
water should consist of a combination of cast-iron
guide piles in the front, with a continuous stone
facing, slid down over and enclosing these piles;
timber bearing piles being used in the body of the
walls where required, and concrete backing being de-
posited in a soft state; and that the upper part of
the walls should be built of masonry in the usual
manner. The first operation, when the water was
not sufficiently deep, was to dredge two parallel
trenches to the required depth, 17 feet below low
water, for the foundations. A staging of timber
piles was afterwards erected in the line of the pier
over its whole breadth, for carrying the tramways,
traveling cranes, and piling engines. The cast-iron
guide piles were then driven from the staging with
great precision, 7 feet apart in the line of the face of
each quay wall. These piles were driven until their
heads were near to the low water line, by pile en-
gines, furnished with long arms projecting down-
wards, strongly stayed by diagonals, and forming a
trough, into which the pile was placed, and from
which it was shot, like an arrow from a cross-bow.
The piles were connected at the top transversely by
wrought-iron tie-rods stretching through the pier.
When the piling was driven, a bed of hydraulic con-
crete, 8 feet thick and 20 feet wide, was deposited in
the trenches to form a base for the wall, and to give
a large bearing surface. Into the grooves formed by
the fianches of the iron piles, large granite slabs,
from 18 inches to 2 feet thick, were slipped, the bot-
tom one resting on the concrete base and on a project-
ing web cast on the piles. This constituted the face
of the wall, and in each compartment between the
piles, 16 feet in height and 7 feet in width, there
.were only three stones. Behind this facing, hydraulic
concrete was lowered, under low water, in large
boxes having movable bottoms, and was discharged
in mass to form the body of the wall. To confine
this at the back before it had set, loose rubble stones
were deposited. The hearting of the pier consisted
of hard till stones and granite up to the level of low
water. When the whole of this mass was consoli-
dated, the heads of the iron piles and the granite
facing blocks were capped by a granite blocking or
string-course, and the upper portion of the walls was
built in freestone, ashlar, and rubble. The remain-
der of the hearting between the walls was then
filled in, and the whole finished with a granite cop-
ing and causeway. The walls were 33 feet in height
from the foundations, 11~ feet thick at the concrete
base, diminished by 5 feet at the top. In the part of
the work already executed, the outer fianch of the
iron piles was exposed to the action of the salt water.
In future it was intended to reverse this plan, and to
make grooves in the stone facing, so that it should
overlap the iron piles, filling in the grooves from the
top with cement. When the whole extent of the
seaward pier was completed, the interior operations
for the harbor would be proceeded with; this pier
serving as the principal coffer-dam, and a short dam,
about 100 feet in length, closing the entrance. It
was stated that this method of constructing walls in
deep water, without coffer-dams, had been most suc-
cessful, and that a sea-pier of great solidity and dur-
ability had been formed in deep water at a compara-
tively moderate cost.
The Proper Form for an Ax.
Almost every article, from a steam engine to a
penny whistle, has been improved and patented so
that it requires an inventive mind to suggest any
want in that direction unsupplied. The plow has
been subjected to change, till scarce a spot is left to
attach an improvement; the stove has a multitude
of forms, more numerous than the thousand and one
kinds of fuel; the shovel retains nearly its ancient
form, though made of a better material; hay and
manure forks will pay the inventive expenditure
lavished upon them, and so on through a long list
too numerous to mention. But who ever saw a good
ax? Who ever applied for a patent on the ax?
Who suspects, even at this late day, that any im-
provement can be made in its formation? Where is
the man, or association of men, that dare offer a
premium for the best ax? The cutting quality of
the ax is right, but the form is objectionable. The
writer, after using the ax nearly fifty years, has
found but one that is right. That one was made to
order. The ax maker should advise with the wood-
chopper as to the form and size. But the wood-
cutters, like doctors, may disagree. What shall be
done? Let premiums be offered for the best axalso
for the best specimens of wood-cutting, and in two
years it will be known what is the best form for an
ax.Atassachusetts Plowman.
[We think our contemporary has omitted the real
cause of the difficulty some individuals have in suit-
ing themselves with an ax, and that is the hang
of it. It is a remarkable fact that a mechanic can-
not use hi~ comrades hammer with any degree of
ease, because the handle does not suit his hand;
either it s too long or too short, or something of
this kind juLerferes with a skillful use of the tool.
So it is with the ax; a man may not use his neigh-
bors as easily as his own, because he does not get
the hang of the handle, and not for any radical fault
in the form, weight, or shape of the head. These
features have of course some bearing but not so much
as the other cause we have mentioned, which is so
notorious as to have passed into a bye-word.Ens.
Railways.
An elaborate statistical article on railways appears
in a late number of the London Engineer, from which
we select a few results~ The actual extent of railway
now open throughout the world is probably about
70,000 miles, and the capital expenditure nearly one
billion one hundred and seventy millions sterling.This
vast sum has almost wholly been raised and expended
within twenty~five years~ The share of this im-
mense capital which Great Britain and its colonies
have expended appears to be upwards of four hundred
and seventeen millions sterling, and the miles of
open railway on which it has been expended amount
to 14,277. On the continental railways, four hun-
dred and seventy-six millions and a half sterling
have been expended on 22,692 miles of open railway.
On the North and South American continents, exclu-
sive of British possessions, about two hundred and
fifty-seven millions and a quarter sterling have been
laid out on 32,102 miles of open railway. India is in-
cluded, of course, with the British possessions. Thirty-
four millions and nearly a half sterling have been
expended in India on 1,408 miles of open railway,
and upwards of twenty millions and a half in Can-
ada, on 1,826 miles of open railway. Nearly ten
millions have been already expended in Victoria on
183 miles of open railway; but in such cases as those
of Victoria and India, works in progress ~re included
in the expenditure named. France has expended up-
wards of one hundred and eighty-four millions and a
half on 6,147 miles of open railway; Prussia, forty-
four millions and upwards on 9,162 miles of open
railway; Austria, forty-five millions and a quarter
on 9,165 miles; Spain, twenty-six millions on 1,460
miles; Italy, twenty-five millions on 1,360 miles;
1~ussia, forty-three millions and upwards on 1,289
miles; Belgium, eighteen millions on 956 miles
Switzerland, ten millions on 600 miles; Egypt, four
millions on 204 miles; the United States, one hun-
dred and ninety-three millions and a half on 22,384
miles; the Confederate States, nearly forty-nine mil-
lions on 8,784 miles; Brazil, five millions on 111
miles and others in progress.
The 1*utta-percha Tree.
The tree called the Isonandra Gutta, which fur-
nishes the gutta-percha,~ is a native of the Indian
Archipelago and the adjacent lands. A few years
since this substance, now of such widely extended
use, was totally unknown in Europe, for though from
time immemorial the Malays employed it for making
the handles of their hatchets and creeses, It was only
in the year 1843 that Mr. Montgomery, an English
surgeon, having casually become acquainted with its
valuable properties, sent an account of it, with sam-
ples, to the Royal Society, for which he received its
gold medal. The fame of the new article spread
rapidly throughout the world; science and specula-
tion seized upon it with equal eagerness; it was im-
mediately analyzed, studied, and tried in every pos-
sible way, so that it is now as well known and as ex-
tensively used as if it had been in our possession for
centuries. The Isonandra Giitta is a large high tree,
with a dense crown of rather small dark green leaves,
and a round smooth trunk. The white blossoms
change into a sweet fruit, containing an oily sub-
stance fit for culinary use. The woQd is soft, spongy,
and contains longitudinal cavities filled with brown
stripes of gutta-percha. The original method of the
Malays, for collecting the resin, consisted in felling
the tree, which was then placed in a slanting posi-
tion, so as to enable the exuding fluid to be collected
in banana leaves. This barbarous proceeding, which,
from the enormous demand which suddenly arose for
the gutta, would soon have brought the rapidly-rising
trade to a suicidal end, fortunately became known
before it was too late, and the resin is now gathered
in the same manner as caoutchouc, by making inci-
sions in the bark with a chopping-knife, collecting
the thin white milky fluid which exudes in large ves-
sels, and allowing it to evaporate in the sun, or over
the fire. The solid residuum, which is the gutta-
percha of commerce, is finally softened in hot water,
and pressed into the form of slabs or flat pieces, gen-
3rally a foot broad, a foot and a-half long, and three
inches thick. Gutta-percha has many prop3rties in
common with caoutchouc, being completely insoluble
in water, tenacious but not elastic, and an extremely
bad conductor of caloric and electricity. The uses of
gutta.percha are manifold. It serves for water-pipes,
for vessels fit for the reception of alkaline or acid
liquids which would corrode metal or wood, for sur-
gical implements, for boxes, baskets, combs, and a
variety of other articles.Hartwigs Tropical World.
Btatistics of Agriculture.
The Commissioner of th Agricultural Bureau, at
Washington, has furnished a table regarding the
growing crops, which has been made up from reports
furnished to the department from all the counties in
all the States not under Confederate rule, from which
it appears that there is an increase of one-tenth in
the area of winter wheat sown, as compared with
last yearthough the general appearance of the
crops was not so favorable. In spring wheat the
area sown and the appearance of the crop is about
the same as last year. In rye there is an increase of
the area sown of one-twentieth, while the appear-
ance is equally favorable. In corn there is also an
increase in the area sown, but the appearance of the
growing crop was not so good. Sorghum has been
cultivated on a vastly larger scale, there being an in-
crease in area of more than one-half the total area
last year, while the appearance of the crop is more
favorable. It is expected that this article will make
its appearance in the market in large quantities nex
fall. In cotton, which has been put under cultiva-
tion in Delawaref Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Ken-
tucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Ohio and Pennsylvania, there is a vast increase in
the land put under cultivation.
Tnz Nzw PosrAL LAw.On page 38 will be found
an abstract of the new postal law, and we believe
that all our readers will be interested and benefited
by a perusal of it. All California letters are now
carried for three cents (formerly ten cents), and
there ~are other privileges which will be of interest
to every one.~ke ~#entffk ~neti~zn.
,-.
k~?~ ~
Balloon Controversy.
MESSRS EDITORS :On page 246, Vol. VIII. (new
series) of the SCIIINTIFIC AMERICAN I find a communi-
cation relating to my bslloon andwritten by an nero-
nant, Mr. John La Mountain, who states as fol-
lows
lIr. Shaw claims that he can trim and tack
ship, in his air-vessel, as he would with a pleasure
yacht, so that with a wind traveling in one direction
he can haul close to it and move in another.
I make no such claim, and therefore what Mr. La
Mountain has to say about lifting oneself from the
floor by the rounds of an arm-chair, while sitting in
it, is wholly uncalled-for and gratuitous. What I
do claim is this :That my balloon has a flattened
surface on two sides, so constructed and stayed by
cords that it will retain its shape ; I connect the
car and the balloon with a spur-wheel and pinion,
so that the balloon can be revolved independent of
the car; the latter being formed of two cylinders
with~a pumping apparatus, so that small quantities
of the gas may be compressed so as to allow the aero-
naut to elevate or depress his balloon at pleasure,
without tbe use of ballast. With the wheel in one
end of the car, like the wheel of a wind-mill, I claim
that, by revolving it, I will be enabled to check the
headway of the balloon and cause a circulation on
the flattened surface, thereby enabling me to turn it
in any desired direction and move with or out of the
current. It is not my purpose to make head against
the current, but to so control the direction of the
balloon as to go with it or diagonally across It; so
that when the balloon strikes a current blowing due
east, I may so control its direction (by the use of the
wheel) as to travtl to the south. east or the south-
- west; and to accomplish a similar result when a cur-
rent is encountered which moves to any of the cardi-
nal points of the compass. In a word, I claim that,
by means of the controlling power afforded by this
wheel, I can travel west, south-west or north-west in
a current blowing directly west; also east, south-east
or north. east in a current blowing due east; and the
same as to the currents blowing to the north or to
the south. I do not propose to make head against a
hurricane, as Mr. La Mountain intimates, but merely
to so far control the direction of my course as to
reach any desired point by the aid of the currents,
and not in spite of them.
The balloon employed by Mr. La Mountain is iden-
tical with the original which was sent up from Paris
in 1782nothing more, nothing less. By means of
hydrogen and sand-bags he raises and controls his
air-ship, and notwithstanding all the patient and
elabornte study which he has bestowed upon the
subject, wo find that he has thus far made not the
slightest improvement upon the first paper balloon
with which Montgolfier astonished the Parisians
nearly a century ago. It is not strange that, under
such circumstances, Mr. La, Mountain should be
somewhat jealous of innovations, especially when
they emanate from a humble mechanic in an un-
pretending territory west of the Missouri. But time
will vindicate or explode my theory, and I dismiss
the subject for the present; promising that, so soon
as a balloon of the proper dimensions can be pre-
pared, with the apparatus for compressing the gas
and governing the direction,. & c., a test will be made
of the practical working of my theory. If it meets
.my expectations and is found to work well, I trust
the aeronaut of Lansingburgh will come down.
from the high position he has assumed, with less dis-
aster than has sometimes resulted from rapid de-~
scents from his aeriel flights.
THoMAs L. SHAw.
Omaha, Nebraska, June 26, 1863.
[We have now permitted each of our aeronautk
friends to have a fair hearing through our columns,
which must terminate the controversy so far as we
are concerned. Let them now turn their attention
to the real practical question and see which will be
the first to make aerial navigation of some value to
the world. These ricketty discussions on the snb-
ject amount to nothing.EDs.
The Scientific American in the Navy.
MESSRS. EDITORS :It is nearly eight years since I
first noticed your widely-known publication, under
the title of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and I state with
pleasure that I have always been much pleased with
it, and I cannot do otherwise than recommend it to
every working man for perusal. It brings light to
the minds of those who are seeking after scientific
truth, and it seems nearly impossible for me to do
without it. During my two years experience with
the navy in the South, I made it a part of my busi-
ness to notice how many of the vessels had the SCIEN-
TIFIC AMERICAN O~ board,and I am happy to say that
I found them on nearly all of them, and in every in-
stance it was spoken of in the highest terms. It is
the duty of every earnest reader of the SCIENTIFIC
AMERICAN to encourage all within his reach to read it.
PETER SMITH, First-class Fireman, TI. S. N.
New York, July 7, 1863.
Will Vulcanized Rubber corrode Iron I
Mzssns. EnIToRs:--Tn reply to the letter of Civil
Engineer, on page 404,-Vol. VIII, of the ScIENTIFIc
AMERICAN, I would say that vulcanized rubber should
never be used when the temperature exceeds that of
boiling water. The leakage your correspondent re-
fers to, as having taken place, appears to me to have
been caused by the india-rubber packing having been
destroyed (or partially destroyed) by the action of
the heat; and the water that was forced through
the then-imperfect joint, combining with the fire,
caused the destruction of the plate around the joint.
Cement should be used to make such joints.
W. T.
Schenectady, N. Y., June 30, 1868.
[Vulcanized rubber may be successfully used at
temperatures not exceeding 230~ Fah.; at. that point
sulphur fuses and destroys the union between the
rubber and itself.Ens.
Novel Steamship Maehinery.
By referring to the subjoined letter (addressed to
the editor of the London Engineer) it will be seen that
some reporters in this country, who try their pren-
tice hand at reports of steamship trials, and who
frequently astound the mechanical community with
cylinders of 40 inches bore and 40 feet stroke
or similar inaccuracies, have their counterparts in
England
SIR :In an account given in the Times to-day, of
the launch of the London and South-western Rail-
way Companys steamship Normandy, I find the fol-
lowing
The engines will be supplied with improved surface
condensers, arranged with separate cylinders, so that a
vacuum can be maintained without the assistance of the
main engines.
This I attempt to smooth over by imagining the
air and circulating pumps worked by an auxiliary
engine. But how am I to explain the following ?
The boilers are of a large size, fitted with brass tubes,
the whole of which are of the feathering description,
fitted with wood bushes, and also with the peculiar link
motion applied to work the slide valves, so as to ehable
one man to start and stop the engines without difficulty.
I wish Mr. Punch was an engineer; perhaps he is
But, laying aside jokes, can any one conceive the
limes, with its staff of clever reporters, sending a
man (if it did send one) to report on the trial of a
steamship, when it is evident he does not know a
boiler from a paddle-wheel, and yet it is so, and not
only so, but the report is published, and no doubt
credited by many as a wonder! If these engineering
descriptions are so faulty, is it likely that any other
scientific reports given in that paper can be trusted?
I know some of them are excellent, especiall.y those
connected with the navy. M. 0. A. H.
London, June 18, 1863.
WHY COAL 15 DEAnThe suffering coal-miners who
indulge in strikes so often, instigated doubtless by
the bulls and bears of the stock market, now earn
in La Salle, Ill., the modest amount of from $3 60
to $6 per day of seven hours; or $1 26 -for every
Sun mined. The president of the coal company
states that they have been obliged to pay $1 60 per
tun during someparts of the season. The exaction
is owing to a-combination amcng the miners in that
section of the country, by which they have bound
themselves not to work at lower rates. The coal
fromLa Salle is exclusively bituminous we believe.
The New Postal Law.
A new postal law, making a number of important
changes in the old system, was passed at the last ses-
sion of Congress, and went into effect on July 1st.
Subjoined is an abstract of the law:
No mail matter is to be delivered until the post-
age is paid. Box rent is to be paid one quarter in
advance. Letters uncalled-for are to be published in
papers having the largest circulation. Letters for
foreign citizens are to be published in papers of same
language. Letters of value sent to Dead Letter
Office are to be kept for four years if the writer can-
not be found.
Carriers are to receive salaries from $800 to $1,000
per annum, provided the local letters be sufficient to
pay the same.
All domestic letters or transient printed matter,
whether passing through the mails or otherwise,
must be prep-aid by stamps.
The maximum standard weight for single rate
postage, is one-half ounce avoirdupois. The uniform
rate of postage is three cents per half-ounce, to be
paid by stamps. For all drop letters, two cents pre-
paid for each half ounce or frictional part, but no
extra postage or carriers fee is required.
Where letters are sent without prepayment, double
rates will be required before delivery.
Soldiars and sailors may send duly certified letters
without prepayment.
When any writer shall endorse upon a prepaid let-
ter his name and address, and a request for its re-
turn if not called-for within thirty days or less, such
letter shall not be advertised nor treated as a dead
letter, but returned, charged with postage at pre-
paid rates.
Upon regular weekly, tn-weekly, serrti-weekly
and daily publications and all other regular publica-
tions, issued from a known office of publication at
stated -periods and sent to regular subscribers, post-
age is required to be paid quarterly in advance.
The maximum standard weight for single postage
on printed matter, will be four ounces avoirdupois,
the postage on which will be two cents, prepaid by
stamps. Rates to regilar suhsc,ibers payable quarter-
ly in advance for weekly papers, five cents; semi-
weekly, ten cents; tn-weekly, fifteen cents; daily,
thirty five cents.
Postmasters employing carriers may contract
with publishers of newspapers for delivery of same,
subject to the approval of the Pcstmaster General.
No package weighing over 4 pounds can be con-
veyed by mail, except public documents.
Publishers may enclose in their publications sent
to regular subscribers, the bills for subscription
thereto without any additional charge for postage,
and may write or print upon their publications, or
upon the wrappers thereof, the name and address of
the subscribers thereto, and the date when the sub-
scription will expire; but any other enclosure or ad-
dition, in writing or in print, shall subject the same
to letter postage, which shall be collected before de-
livery thereof.
AN OSCILLATING CYLINDER LOCOMOTIVE. The London
Engineer contains an engraving of a locomotive fitted
wiNth oscillating engines, which is entirely novel as
regards its actual projection, although the idea has
been suggested to us many times. The cylinders are
four in number, two in one, on each side; they are
outside connected and supported by the main fram-
ing. The motion of the cylinder causes the ports to
open for the supply of steam. The principal object,
says the inventor, Mr. Joseph Faulding, is to ob-
viate the inertia and momentum of the working
parts. We do not learn that any steps have been
taken towards building a large engine on this prin-
ciple.
GUNS FOR CHARLESTON. Orders have been received
from the Navy Department directing the shipment
to Port Royal of a large number of heavy rifle runs,
for our Monitors. Several of these immense pieces
of ordnance have already been put on board a ves,-el
at the navy yard. They are to replace the lfiAnch
guns now on board the Weehawlceis, Nahant and other
armed ships.
IN New South Wales there is a population of 848,000,
and 800 public schools, in which 36,OUO childien are
receiving instruction.
3839
Photography among the Turks.
The following humorous and yet truthful remarks
are from the Daily Telegraph, London
When mankind has grown wiser, our descendants
will smile at the folly which distinguished and deco-
rated the so-called reformers who make a noise in
in the worldand not much moreand will transfer
their admiration and their honors together to the
true revolutioniststhe men of science. It is from
the closet and cabinet that the movements originate
which shake the earth. The chemist, compelling
some new element to the service of man, or explain-
ing for him the occult operations of nature; the
mechanician, reinforcing his weak muscles with arms
of Iron and sinews of steel; the geologist, anticipat-
ing over his map storehouses of glittering gold, des-
tined to become the origin of empires ; the aeronaut,
launching his silent bark upon a sea to which the
unvoyaged Atlantic of Columbus was a mill-pond;
the anatomist, questioning the mind of the Creator
himself by comparison of all his works together;
the antiquarian, making the dead eloquent, and
eliciting from jaw-bones that died in company with
mastadon and mammoth, the story of the primeval
earththese, and not the jaunty gentlemen in stars
and ribbons, are the men whom history will take
note of.
Photography~--almOst the latest born of scientific
inventionsis a proof of what we mean. At first
only the experiment of the savant in h~s ~tud~, it
has become in turn an elegant amusement, a trade,
and a necessity, until we almost wonder how our
forefathers managed to be satisfied with silhouettes
and miniatures. It would take all the cohrnns that
lie before the reader even to touch upon the thou-
sand and one ramifications of the simple discovery
which lies at the base of the art now so widely prac-
ticed. Photography has lately assumed a most
curious function, namely, that of a religious reformer.
If any idea could be pronounced bizarre beforehand,
it would have been, we should think, that the inven-
tion of IVI. Daguerre could have any possible connec-
tion with the decline of Mohammedism, much less
conduce to it. There is a well-known song, the wit
,of which lies in bringing together the most unex-
pected people, making A~1ueas play whist with the
King of the Cannibal Islands, and Charlemagne
dance a polka with Mrs. Fry. Hardly less grotesque
must it seem to those who know the habits of the
East to read that photography is just now the rage at
the Sweet Waters, and that all Constantinople is
agog for a portrait of the Sultan. A sharp witted
Turk named Abdullah, who has imported the art Into
the East, has persuaded the faithful to petition his
Majesty en mazze for cartes- de-visite all around; and
the Sultan, no ways loath, has consented, it would
seem, to be made immortal in this style. Consid-
ering that the windows of the infidels are full of
the portraits of their charming princesses,, and that
everybody knows the blood royal by sight as well as
his own sisters, it might seem unnecessary for us to
criticize the desire of Stamboul. But when it is re-
collected what Mohammed would have to say about
such a thing, and how energeticallythe Koran, in its
heat against idolatry, denounces the picture of any
created being, it must be decidedly a sensation to an
orthodox Moslem to hear that the Vicegerent of God,
the Padishah of all believers, has given a sitting.
We get our word Arabesques from the geometrical
or running adornment with which old Saracenic and
Mussulman art, jealous of any imitative outline,
ornamented its books and houses. Now, if the
iJiemas dont quickly call the convocation of Islam
together and write a number of pastoral letters in
the papers, the awful heresy of Abdullah will prevail,
and a good Turk will boggle no longer at having his
picture taken. Mohammed foresawa good deal, but
not the photographic camera, or there would have
been a special chapter in the Koran against that de-
WHERE oux BUTTER coxas racerOn Tuesday of
last week there were shipped from St. Albans (Vt.)
depot 1,565 tubs of butter, and on Tuesday of the
present week, 1468 tuba. The amount of money
paid for butter in one week, up to June 20th, has
been $14000. On Tuesdaywe coux~ted 224 wagons,
double and single, on Main and Lake streets, at one
tlme..Ezehange.
& c. Yet dyspepsia is always brought on by over and
irregular eating; it could be banished from the
world in a generation, if the children were educated
to eat moderately, regularly and slowly ; the pa-
rents who do this will do their offspring a higher
good than by leaving them large fortunes, which, in
three cases out of four, foster idleness, gluttony and
every evil thing. As the rich can get any thing to
eat or drink when they want it, they, with indulged
children, bring on dyspepsia by eating irregularly
and without an appetite- The poorthose who have
to work for a livinginduce the horrible disease by
eating too rapidly and at unseasonalle hours;
mainly by eating heartily at supper and going to bed
within an hour or two afterward. In the heyday of
youth and manly vigor there may not for a while be
noticed any special ill effect from sucu a practicein
truth, it is at first inappreciable, but it is cumulative
and impossible not to manifest itself in due time.
Infinite Benevolence forgives a moral delinquency;
but omnipotent as he is and loving towards all, it is
not in the nature of his government of created things
to work a miracle, to suspend a natural law, in order
to shield one of his creatures from the legitimate
effects of a violence offered the physical system by
excesses in eating~ drinking or exercise.
Perhaps hearty eii~pers make more dyspeptics than
any or all other causes combined. If dinner is at
noon, nothing should be taken for supper but a single
cup of weak tea or other hot drink and a piece of
stale l3read and butter. After forty years of age,
those who live in-doors, sedentary personsthat is,
all who do not work with their hands as laborers
would do better not to take any supper at all. Half
the time the sedentary, who eat at noon, do not feel
hungry at supper; especially if they see nothing on
the table but bread and butter and tea. But nature
is goaded on to act. against her instincts in almost
every family in the nation by relishes being placed
on the supper-table, in the shape of chipped beef,
salt fish, cake, preserves or other kinds of sweetmeat,
and before the person is aware, a hearty meal has
been taken, resulting in present uncomfortableness,
in disturbed sleep, in a weary waking in the morn-
ing, bad taste in the mouth and little or no appetite
for breakfast, all of which can be avoided by begin-
ning early to eat habitually, according to the sug.
gestions above made.Halls ,Tournal of Health.
Utility of Divers in Overflowed Shafts of Collieries.
A correspondent of the Colliery Guardian (England)
says that an interesting and successful experiment
was recently made at the Dearuley CollIery, near
Rochdale, under the following circumstances
About a month ago, owing to the breaking of the
bucket-dagger, the cylinder cover and the engine
beams were broken, and during the time required to
repair the engine, the water had risen to a consider-
able height in the shaft. When repaired, the en-
gine worked well till Sunday, the 17th, when it was
observed that there was not quite so much water de-
livered by the pump. This deficiency was more ob-
servable on Monday, and on Tuesday it was seenthat
the pump delivered no water at the down-stroke.
It was supposed the bottom valve or clack did
not close, and other suppositions were made, but
they were mere guesses, seeing that some twenty
yards of water were in the pit shaft. The engineer
remarked that if a diving-bell could be sent down, it
wonidhe discovered what was the cause of the pump
not lifting. The proprietors of the colliery immedi-
ately acted on the idea, and, believing that a diver
might be found who would go down and possibly
not only discover but remedy the defectin the pump,
went immediately to Liverpool and cajled on Mr.~
Rodrigues, an employer of divers. After a little ex-
planation, Ellis Javons, the diver who was so suc-
cesaful ut tl1~e Royal Charter wreck, agree~I to go over
to Dear~r4~y t~4~d attempt the repair. jie went over
with another diver, Thomas Allen ; but, after inspect~
lug the pit, they telegraphed for John Bulmer to
assist them. A platform was constructed about sixty
yards down the shaft, for the air-pump to be worked
upon, near to the water. On Thursday morning
Javons, being equipped in divers dress r~n~d helmet,
was lowered into the water, the pumping engine
working very slowly. He had previously very care-
fully studied the plan of the pump, and had had
the possible causes of the defect fully explained to
him. Besides the pipe which conveyed the air to
the diver, he had a line tied round his body for safety
and for signals. After he had been in the water
about twenty minutes, a signal was given for the
engine to work quick. The diver ascended in half
an hour, and brought up with him four or five broken
screw bolts which had fastened the flange of the
pump-tree above the bucket door, and~he said that _________________________
when the engine worked quickly the water at the
down-stroke caijue ~mit at the joint with such violence Strength of Character.
that he was hurled to the side of the pit, and at the Strength- of character consists of two things
up-stroke his w~aole body was drawn with great force power of will and power of self-restraint. It requires
two things, therefore, for its existencestrong feel-
against the opening ; and it was observed at the top ings and strong command over them. Now we all
of the pit thali the pump worked well at that time,
and it was believed for a moment that he had suc- very often mistake strong feelings for strong charac-
ceeded in mei~tding the pump. In the afternoon he ter. A man who bears all before him, before whose
frown domestics tremble and whose bursts of fury
again went down, taking with him new bolts and a make the children of the household quakebecause
powerful key. He was this time under water an
hour aa~d three- quarters, and when he came up said he has his will obeyed and his own way in all things
we call him a strong man. The truth is, that he
that he had put all the bolts in and was ~crewing the ~ the weak man ; It is his passions that are strong;
last bolt when he broke It, and cracked the flange,
alid this ~ecessitatQd his again going down on the he, mastered by them, is weak. You must measure
following~morning,which he did, and ~lnished re the strength of a man by the power of the feelings
pairing tl~e jo~ and made a ~areful examination of he subdues, not by the power of those that subdue
him. And hence composure is very often the high-
the rope, the bucket-door, and the joii4s of the eat result of strength. Did we ever see a man re-
pump-t1Ce5, ttn4 s41 hodeclared to be ing9od work- ceive a flagrant injury, and then reply quietly ? That
ing order. ~ie~mgine was set to work, and the
is a man spiritually strong. Or did we ever see a
pump has yj~rmd .y~y well. The diver, ttm~ propri man in anguish, stand, as if caryodout 6f solid rock
etors, and l~q ~94~en were all well pleas~l at the mastering himself ? Or one bearing a hopeless daily
suc-ess of tlie ~~19r~1pt, believing, too, that.in~similar
doubtful c~hitI~le~service5 of the diver rnay4~e most trial, remain silent and neVer tell the world what
~ to, and a very co~i~erable cankered his home peace ? That is strength. He
who, with strong passions, remains chaste ; he who,
saving of ~ be effected. keenly sensitive, with manly powers of indignation
- Dieting. in him, can be provoked and yet restrain himself and
Dieting is ps3laUy considered to mean tulai same forgive, these are the strong men, the spiritual heroes.
thing as a l~id of ~tarvation. The idea m~4ch the CAsron-olL ADMINI5TItATION.The medical men of
educated phy~4qit~Wlttt5Ohe5 to the term is a~j~icious Paris recommend the following way of administering
ofj~the food
regulation o~ ~tkme 4~uantity and quality w~ castor oil to children :The quantity of oil prescribed
according to the circumstances of ,h~qp~se. A is poured into a small earthen pan over a moderate
ke~p well
healthy man may diet hImself in order to ; fire, an egg broken into it, and stirred up so as to
an inyalid may diet with a view to the reqhvery of form something like what cooks call buttered eggs;
two will
his health yet the things eaten ~ ~ when it is done a little salt or sugar or a few drops of
widely differin their nature, bulk ~n4~u~4e of pre- orange water, or some currant jelly should be added.
paration. A vastmultitude are suffering hourly by The siok child will eat-it eagerly and never discover
the horrors of dyspepsia ; no two are precisely alike the fraud.
in all points, since there is an endless variety of .
combinations as to age, sex, occup~tiQn, air, exercise, THE saving banks~ of ~ New York i~tate now hold on
mode of eating, sleeping, constitution, temperament, deposit upwards of eighty millions of dollars. -4j
Improved Self-regulating Wind-power, presence in the manufactured article induces a chem- The operation of this apparatus is as
follows :When
We published, quite recently, a letter from a ical change which is highly injurious to the quality the cream is poured in, It is
drawn down into the
correspondent at the West, calling for the introduc- and to the market value. The cream pump herewith tube by the action of the
bucket, and forced through
tion of a windmill, or a power of any kind receiving illustrated is intended to prevent this difficulty, and the strainer at the
bottom into the churn below. In
its motion from or through the sgency of the wind, the object of it is to break up the hardened or dried the passage all the curds
are completely separated,
We respond to this request by placing before the cream-curds so that they may be easily separated in and the whole fluid is
homogeneous or of the same
public the accompanying engraving, which illustrates the churn by the dasher. The machine is very aim- consistence throughout, thus
preventing any of the
a very neatly-constructed evils mentioned previously
and well-designed porta- In this article. Farmers
ble windmill, which will will find this a useful addL
be found extremely useful tion to their dairies, as it
in many places. It csn is recommended by a large
be adapted to plowing, number of butter-makers
thrashing grain, grinding, in this State who have
or driving any kind of used it and know whereof
machinery whatsoever. they affirm.
Annexed is the invent~ This cream pump was
ors description of his ma- patented on Sept. 23, 1862,
chine : by M. A. Richardson, of
The hub, C, is keyed on Sherman, N. Y. For fur-
the shaft, D, and has eight ther information apply to
arms which carry a sim- Richardson & Keeler, Sher-
ilar number of fans; these man, N. Y.
fans are loose on the arms,
and have a small rod on CITY RAILS AND CARS.
their inner ends running
through slots in the hub, Under this title a small
C. The hub, C, is keyed treatise has been sent to
on a small shaft running us by the author, who signs
through shaft D, with a himself Onward, and
friction pulley, E, on the who advocates the laying.
other end. The fans, B, out of New York city
on the regulator hub, C, with improved rail-tracks,
always stand edgeways to and the entire abolition of
the wind and facing the horse-omnibuses from the
way the wheel revolves; streets. For Broadway,
between the hub K and the most central street,
the hub C is a spring he proposes a railway on
which holds the hub, C, in which tho cars shall be
the right position; said driven by steam power, but
hub, by its connection not with dummies or high
with the rods to the TROOPS SELF-REGULATING WIND POWER. pressure locomotives. On
fans, A, hold them in the right position to takeple; it consists of a tin case, A, fitted with a tube, B, this head he says : The
dummy has its thoughtless
the wind. If the spring holds the hub, C, to run and strainer, C, one side of the case being removed advocates; steam directly
applied to each car has and
50 or more revolutions, and yields at that rate by in oi der to show the interior. There is a bucket, D,in is receiving much
attention; reserved spring-power
the air reacting on the fans, B, the check-hub, c, has been much talked about; reserved compressed
and the spring turn the fans, A, edgewise to the - atmospheric air has been named, and lastly manual
wind, more or less, according to the speed at which power has been attempted. My plan is to have any
it revolves. In order to stop the wheel it is necessary desired number of single cars pass at a suitable speed
to draw on the lever, F; this act raises the brake, G, up and down Broadway without the use of visible
against the pulley, E; this pulley being on the same power or machinery, and without the clatter of horse
shaft with the hub, C, checks the hub and turns the or hoof. The arrangement contemplated is nothing
fans, A, edgewise to the wind. When the whole is else than stationary engines about half a mile dis-
to be started, release the lever, F, and the spring tant from each other, located in the basements of
compels the hub, C, to take the proper position; the houses by the roadside, with vaults extending to the
wheel will then begin to work. Power can be taken centre of the street, where all the appliances of the
from the wheel by the shaft running down through steam power can be located and will give constant
the column, H; this shaft is connected by gearing motion without interruption. This is the plan
at the top in such a manner that it is always in gear, proposed to operate a street railway in Broadway,
and allows the wheel to turn facing to the wind in with steam power. The details of the method are
the column, H. On. the loose end of the said shaft not given, but it is not an impracticable project. One
there is a pinipn meshing into the bevel wheels, I I. of the old methods proposed of operating railroad
This pinion is shifted from one wheel to the other cars with steam was by stationary engines, and for
by a lever, J, which enables the motion of the wheel city railways, in some cases, It may be the best mode.
to be changed ahead or back. Application for a patent It commends itself for one important feature, name-
is now pending. For further information address ly, the free use of the track for passenger cars only.
Jonathan Troop, at Erie, Pa.
MODELS or IRor-cnAns.Harrison & Loring, of Bos-
ton, Harlan & Hallingsworth, of Wilmington, Del.,
Chas. Secor, of Jersey, Thos. F. Rowland, of Green-
point, L. I., Geo. Quintard, of New York and other
armored ship-builders, have sent to Washington,
within the past few days, models of new ocean iron-
clad vessels-of-war, plans for which were invited
some time since by Secretary Welles. Almost every
theory advocated by newspaper-writers is representeL
in the huge pile of diminutive craft; but the differ-
ence of opinion among builders, which deserves most
notice, is that relative to broadsides and turrets.
The majority are for turrets, yet some able con-
structors prefer the old-fashioned broadside. The
generality of the vessels are from 3,000 to 4,000
tuns burden.
RICHARDSONS CE~AX PUMP.
Butter-making has almost attained to the dignity
of a fine .art, so many and so varied are the churns,
workers, presses, and other tools and utensils em-
ployed In its manufacture. Certainly the public
cannot complain of any extra care that is bestowed
- upon the process of butter-making, for too often
much of it comes to market in an unsaleable condition.
-It is often composed of too much hairs and dirt to
be desirable, and, either half-worked or over-worked,
is not by any means what butter should be. One
great cause of its becoming unpalatable, when kept
for a short time, is the pieces of unchurned, hardened
cream that are worked up In it. These substances
escape the-general separating that takes place among
the fresher quantities of the fluid and pass over into
the butter when it is gathered and made ready for
the market. It is very difficult, and indeed impos-
sible, to remove thesecurds at this stage of butter-
making, as they cannot be detected by the eye; their
all respects like that of an erdinary pump, in the tube,
and operated by the handle, E, one end of which
iS fitted with a spur entering one side of the case.
MICHIGAN TAra.The manufacture of tar from the
pines of Michigan was begun last fall by a party of
Norwegians, who have settled at Grand Traverse,
and propose to enter extensively into the business.
Another party have since then entered into the same
business at Sauble River. -
proposed line between Ireland and America, which
will require a cable of only 666 miles greater length,
but the distance between the two shores is not quite
seventeen hundred miles.
ARE SCRAPED SURFACES INDISPENSABLE I
PU3LISUED WEEKLY In stating this question as broadly as we have
LA No.37 Park Row (Park Building), New York. done, we disclaim at the outset any intention of dis-
pensing utterly with scraped surfaces, or of erasing
0. D. EUNE, s. H. WALES. A. B. BEACH. from the vocabulary of mechanical technicalities this
detail of the workshop. The doubt has arisen in our
TEit~lSThree Dollars per annumOne Dollar In advance, for mind whether much of the time and elaboration ex-
four months.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of puhllcatlon, and pended on scraping iron surfaces might not, with-
at all periodical stores to the United States and Canada.
Sampeon Low, Son & Co., the American Booksellers, No. 47 Ludgate out injury to the work itself, be omitted. The value
Hill, London, England, are the British Agents to receive subscriptions of a positively correct face on a valve seat or on the
br the SOIENTIFIO AMERIcAN.
~ See Prospectus on last page. No traveling agents employed. V-shaped ribs of a slide lathe or planer, is undoubt-
edly great when it is welJ done, but when poorly ex-
VOL. IX, NO. 3... [NEW SERIES.] 2Vineteenth Year. ecuted the utility of it is, to say the least, question-
able. We make the unqualified assertion that not
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 18, 1863. one man in twenty Is competent to finish a truly:
scraped surface. Scraping iron down to a perfect
OCEAN TELEGRAPH LINES. face is an art by itself, and. comparatively little at-
tention, so to speak, has been given to the subject
An international conference has lately been held in this country. The common method in use is to
in Paris, which was attended by representatives from take an old file of any kind (except round or square),
several Governments, for the purpose of examining flatten its end out like a chisel, grind it up square on
into the project of a new telegraphic line between the stone, and then II grub away on the iron wher-
Europe and America, by Arturo De Marcoartu, chief ever the workman sees fit. The chances are that pre-
engineer of the Spanish corps, who has forwarded to vious experience has not fitted the operative for this
us a short treatise on the subject. In this produc- branch of his business, and he mistakes a shade on
tion its author discusses the merits of the several the iron for a bearing and makes a depression still
projected lines for establishing Atlantic ocean tele- deeper by misapprehending the situation. Of
graphy. The new line is set forth as a universal course the fallacy of attempting to make a true face
telegraphic enterprise, not to be under the control of in this way is manifest to every one familiar with
any particular Government, but to be cosmopolitan in the subject. It would have, been rar better to have
its character, open to the people of all nations. It saved the time wasted in such attempts and trust to
is proposed to commence the line at Cape St. Vincent good planing and attendance in future to rectify in-
in Spain and to reach America at Cape San Roque, accuracies.
Brazil, touching at several islands in ~the Atlantic, The better way to make a scraper is to form it like
which are to form stations, and the whole oceanic a Venetian stiletto, or, more familiarly, after the
line to consist of seven submarine cables of different model of the section of a beech nut; that is, to have
lengths. It will start from Cadiz, run to the island the blade triangular in section, and approaching
of Madeira, 616 miles, next to the Canaries, by a concavity. With such an instrument, properly tem-
section of cable 318 miles; thence to Cape Blanco, pered, ground, and sharpened, the finest work can
633 miles; then to Cape Verde islands, 652 miles; be produced. A fiat-faced scraper is an abomination,
next to Penedo de San Pedro, 1,009 miles, thence and only fi~ to di~holes or to rough out the work for
to Fernando Norona, 392 miles; and from that the triangular scraper; it is apt to make chatters
point to Cape San Roque, Brazil, 226 miles. The in the surface, and when these occur we may bid a
total length of line by this route will be 3,746 long farewell to any fine work without filing them
miles divided into seven sections of submarine outa very pretty task to~undeitake after something
cable. From Brazil it is proposed to extend the line like accuracy has been attained. Most scraped sur-
to New Yoik, by way of the West India islands and faces are nothing but a combination of scratches,
Cuba, with a line of six cables having a total length shining blotches, and untruth; and while they are a
of 4,594 miles, thus making the entire line to New waste of time to execute, they add nothing to the
York from Europe 8,340 miles long, mechanical value of the work. We may fairly ques-
It is undoubtedly much easier to work short than tion whether valve-seats up to 150 square inches of
long submarine lines, and some of the intermediate area, say 16 inches by 12 inches, are benefited by
stations on the proposed line are important positions, scraping. In some locomotive-shops in this country
but compared with the line between Ireland and New- it is the practice to plane the valve-seat so that the
foundland thence to New York, the expense of con- tool-markB on it run In one direction, and place the
structing it must be prodigious. The longest section valve so that similar marks in it cross the seat at
of a cable required on this old route is 2,200 miles, right angles, and to set the valves running in this
while there are three sections of cable required by way without further adjustment. The results ob-
the new route, each of which exceeds 1,000 miles In served are that in a few days the valve has made a
length. If a cable can be laid and worked success seat for iVself that is far more durable than if it had
fully between Ireland and Newfoundland, this will been badly scraped. We do not go so far as some
form the cheapest and most advantageous route. It persons and assert that a scraped valve-seat is a pos-
is now known that the old Atlantic cable was defec- itive injury, insomuch that the pores of the iron are
tively constructed, and it is asserted that, by recent filled with an impalpable dust that works out to the
improvements in the construction of cables and in detriment of the engine in future; this theory is
apparatus for working them, no difficulty will be ex- very finely drawn, although it may be partly sus-
perienced in laying and operating the long line of tamed by facts. A finely-finished mirror-like sur-
2,200 miles; therefore we hope it may soon be com- face on a valve-seat or lathe shears is indubitably of
menced and carried out with vigor and success. No great value, and we must, in common j ustice, give
person, however, can object to the objects endeav- credit to English workmen for great skill in this
ored to be secured by the newly-proposed line of M. particular; in general they far excel our own work-
De Marcoartu, namely, a universal enterprise of a men.
cosmopolitan interest. We would like to see several There is no reason whatever to interfere with the
ocean-telegraph lines established, if there were suffi- execution of a finely-elaborated scraped surface in
dent business to render them necessary and remuner- our own shops; but Our observation cortvinces us
ative. Every commercial tie of this character which that time spent in doing such work as we have seen,
binds nations together exerts a beneficial influence, might be better employed in some other way.
There are forty-five submarine telegraph cables in RIFLE CLUBS.
operation. The first was laid between England and ______
France, a distance of 26 miles, in 1851, and has thus If the present war l~as demonstrated anything it is
been twelve years in operation. The longest, be- the want of independent military organizationsin-
tween Malta and Alexandria, is 1,636 miles long and dependent, yet so far subordinate to the State Gov-
has been in operation about one and a half years. eminent that they can be mustered into service when
The success of this line affords a gu~trantee for the the public weal demands it. The particular kindo
organization that we have in view in making this
suggestion is a rifle club. If we required precedent,
as a nation, for taking such a step, or at least making
the proposal, the example of the English, Swiss, and
German nations may be cited in evidence of the pop-
ularity with which such a system is regarded abroad.
Similar bodies of militia, so to speak, are also re-
cruited in France, but they are by no means popular
convocations, and are under the surveillance of the
authorities. With a profound sense of the necessity
which exists among ourselves for the recruiting and
forming of such companies, we unite an earnest de-
sire to see our suggestion acted upon without delay.
Any person at all conversant with the history of the
hour can readily perceive the inestimable value of
such bodies of men and the practical use to which
they could be put. Riflemen in particular are the
most efficient infantry in the world when properly
handled, and all generals take special care to guard
against exposing their troops to their galling fire.
Mechanics make the best riflemen in the world, as
they do also the most versatile soldiers. The record
of the war is full of instances wher~in tradesmen
have thrown down the musket, turned sappers and
miners, completed their labors in this line, and then
resumed their guns and fallen into the ranks again.
They have been ready to attack the enemy either
with spade or musket, and have skilfully and cheer-
fully performed labors, against time, that were not
within the legitimate range of the particular corps
to which they belonged. If these glorious achieve-
ments can be cited of those artisans now in the ranks,
why can we not, in perfect confidence that our voice
will be heeded, call upon other workmen still at
home to organize bodies of riflemen, to form them-
selves into clubs of home-guards, and be willing to
defend that home, either on its doorstep or 6,000
miles from it? Steady of hand, keen of vision, and
stout of heart, no better materials than our mechan-
ics can be found for the formation of a band of de-
fenders, that shall be such in reality. In some in-
stances military organizations have contented them-
selves with parades, holiday affairs, suppers, camp-
ing out in the woods of some watering-place in close
proximity to a fine hotel, in short, doing everything
except face the foe. We are confident that no such
short.comings as these could be recorded against regi-
ments of hard-fisted, stout-hearted workmen, and
we urge them, in whatever State of the Union they
may be, to take steps to form companies without de-
lay, for at the present writing there is no prophecy-
ing when they may not be needed.
A CAVALRY HELMET WANTED.
Any person who reads the reports of cavalry skir-
mishes and pitched battles, and knows the havoc
created on both sides by the skillful use of the sabre,
cannot but wonder that some light and efficient pro-
tection for the dragoons head has not beei~, proposed
to the Government. We have had bullet-proof vests,
which, in more than one instance, have saved the
lives of the wearers. The principles involved in
their construction should be carried out still further,
and the head, as much the seat of vitality and energy
as the heart, protected from assault, covert or open.
Of course, we do not allude to any such ponderous
affairs as Sir Brian Du Bois Guilbert wore in his tilts
and tournaments, which weighed twenty pounds,
more or less; but the sort of protective headgear we
have in mind is a light steel plate set on an elastic
skull-cap. Let the plate be conical in shape, hard
enough to resist indentation, and then, armed and
equipped with this, the enemy who should be rash
enough to smite the wearer would be doubly foiled;
his own arm would be lamed by the glancing and
wasted force of his blow, and the helmeted trdoper
would also be unharmed. Such a helmet would be
attacked instantly by the enemy until they found
aggression useless; for the temptation to knock off
a mans hat is always irresistible, especially if he
has on one of a singular appearance. It would also
add to the tout ensembk of a squadron if it was made
bright and neat in appearance, and in many ways
would be highly desirable. The helmet need not
weigh as much as a firemans hat and would be a
most efficient protection. It would not only save
the head, but in most cases would protect the shoul-
ders from injury, as it would be difficult to deliver
an undercut in a general ni~lee that would disable a
XUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietori.
41~%e ~nt~&
horseman. The head is the first point, however ; let
us have that protected a~nd the ernciency of the cav-
alry will be doubled. Who will introdtice a cavalry
helmet?
GRXATER ECONOMY Il~ COAL CO~SUMPTION
DE1W~ wIVED.
The exorbitant demands of the coal-dealers are
causing a universal inquiry into the justice or neces-
sity of such prices as are exacted. We have seen no
evidence adduced that is worthy of a moments atten-
tion, which could justify the enormous advance of
this article of prime necessity, although it has been
urged that the strikes of the miners and inadequate
facilities for transportation are insuperable obstacles
to a reduction of the price. If the public cannot
succeed in inducing the coalitionfor there evidently
is one somewhere in the coal interestto abate one
jot of their exactions, they may at least coilperate
with us in calling forth, and employing when brought
to light, improvements in furnaces of all descrip-
tions, whether for steam purposes, culinary use, or
warming apartments. It is a notorious fact that a
large part of the fuel, whether wood or coal, daily
used, is not economized as it should be, either in
burning it or in using it after it has passed through
the fire. Although American stoves and furnaces
rank deservedly high for apparatuses of their class,
yet we think the most sanguine inventor who has
ever investigated the subject will admit that there is
room for improvement, and that too many of the
stoves and ranges now in use devour fuel as greedily
as if their proprietors held the fee-simple of a coal
mine. The actual value of a stove, furnace, or steam
boiler depends upon the arrangement and amount of
surface exposed to the action of heat, and so con-
trived that the greatest possible amount of caloric
will be extracted from the ignited gases before they
pass up the chimney. The heat, at a reasonable dis-
tance from the stove, which passes off into the air
through the pipe unused, is a proof that more fuel
is burned than the stove can work to advantage, and
also that money is expended for which ther,t is no
return. The same is the case with steam boilers;
although we do not anticipate that the currents pass-
ing through the chimneythat gases liberated by
combustion will be so cooled that the smoke-pipe
will answer the purpose of a refrigeratoryet we do
expect that vital improvements will be made so that
the heat which issues from the smoke-pipe will not be
so great as to burn out the top of the same in a
short time, sixty feet or more from the furnace.
We remarked at the commencement of this article,
that fuel, more particularly coal, was not generally
used after it had once passed through the fire. Such
is the fact. All of the coalsare not subjected to the
sai~e heat alike, and some are reduced to cinders and
ashes while others are only roasted or calcined and
turned into coke. This refuse, so-called, properly
screened and picked out, makes an excellent summer
fuel, easily ignited, and gives heat enough for ordi-
nary purposes, and it is inconceivable why so many
persons throw away their ashes, and with it certainly
a tenth of their coal account. Such waste is repre-
hensible and ought to be checked, and we hope ere
long to chronicle a great addition to the list of im-
proved coal burning apparatuses.
THE ENGLISH STEAM FIRE-ENGINE TRIAL.
In a conversation we had recently with a celebrated
builder of steam fire-engines in this city, he expressed
the opinion that, in the forthcoming trial to be had
in London, our engines would prove victorious in
point of distance to which water could be thrown
The English are very partial to the quantity of water
projected in a given time, as a favorable quality of a
steam engine, and all their machines have a much
less proportion of steam area in the pistons than
have ours when the relative size of the pumps is
taken into account. The ManhaUan steamer, of this
city, is considered a favorable exponent of the Ameri-
can steam fire-engine, but it is said that the English
engineering community do not look upon the rotary
pump with much favor. We think this rather
anomalous, considering the merits accorded to the
Gwynne centrifugal pump, and the changes rung
upon it by all English journals, from those compe-
tent to criticize its qualities down to others who do
npt know the difference between a rotary pump ,and
a penny whistle. We have expected to see some
English fire-engine fitted with this pump, and a trial
had of its virtues or advantages over the Carey
pump, such as is the Manhattans; there may be
some cngine~of this kind entered for exhibition, but
we have been given to understand that the English
machines are all fitted with reciprocating pumps. A
large proportion of our m~chanlcs are away at the
war, fighting for their country, but those who remain
will look eagerly for the result of the trial, as they
expect to see the confidence they have placed in their
machines fully sustained.
THE DISCOVERERS OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE.
Captains Speke and Grant, whose discovery of the
true source of the Nile was formerly noticed in our
columns, have arrived in London, and were publicly
received by the Royal Geographical Society on the
evening of the 23d ult. Sir Roderick Murchison in-
troduced the two travelers, who addressed the meet-
ing and gave an interesting account of their discov-
eries and adventures. They were attended by two
boys, aged about 16 years, natives of the country,
who were brought to England with the consent of
their parents to receive a good education and then
be sent back to their native clime. Their skin is black
and their heads covered with the usual coat of wool,
but their features are regular, their noses being
straight and foreheads as high as those of Europeans.
The races in the region of Lake Nyanza (Captain
Speke believes) are descended from the Abyssinians
and Hindoos. The men are tall and well made, and
they are honest and friendly.
When Captain Speke visited the king of Uganda,
his sable majesty said he must sit on the ground and
wait until he was given an audience. The captain
answered that he was a prince and was not accustomed
to wait; and he terrified the king and his whole court
into submission by opening his umbrella, which they
took to be a deadly weapon employed for hilling by
magic.
Lake Nyanza, the source of the Nile, is situated at
an elevation of 3 6f10 feet above the level of the sea.
in latitude three degrees south, and from where the
Nile leaves this lake until it reaches the Mediterra-
nean Sea it traverses a distance of 8,000 geographical
miles. The lake is in the region of the Mountains
of the Moon, in the middle of the rainy zone where,
in 1862, Captain Speke noticed that rain fell, more or
less, during 283 days of the year. This accounts for
the perpetual supply of waters to the Nile. At the
center of the northern coast of the lake the parent
stream of the Nile issues over a precipice twelve feet
in hight. The travelers proceeded down this branch
from Lake Nyanza, and after many delays and inci-
dents reached Rhartown last spring; the time of their
travel having occupied two years and a half, and the
distance explored being 3,000 miles.
OUR BRANCH OFFICE AND THE WAR.
At the beginning of the invasion of Pennsylvania
the necessity of uncovering Washington became
a fixed fact ;. but to leave it unprotected, while the
army of Gen. Meade went forth to drive back the
forces of Gen. Lee, might result in its possible cap-
ture by Gen. Beauregards forces which were under-
stood to be on the move from Richmond to aid
the rebel army of invasion. To provide against this
exigency the President called into the~ service for
sixty daysunless sooner dischargedevery able.
bodied man between 18 and 46, within the limits of
the District of Columbia. The entire force employed
in the Washington Branch Office of the Scxzzriric
AMEnIcAN was called out, and, we are happy to know,
went cheetfully to meet the summons. At one time
it seemed to us that we should be compelledfor a
short time, at leastto close our efficient Branch
Office. We are much pleased to learn, however, that
the President considers that the exigency no longer
exists, and all our Washington employ4s are now fol-
lowing their accustomed duties in our service.
Tnz ram Atlanta has been pronounced unseaworthy
by an examining board from our navy at Port Royal.
She has six inches of -water in her hold, and a steady
leak is observable in the pisee where the iron-work
is fastened to the hull. Her guns are all marked
Tredegar Iron~works, Richmond, and one of them
is of this years casting.
KRUPPS PRUSSIAN STEEL-WORKS.
At the recent great International Exhibition in
London, the products of the immense steel-works of
Frederick Krupp, at Essen, Prussia, attracted great
attention from scientific and practical men of all
countries, by reason of the character and class of art-
ides made at that establishment. Steel crank-shafts
forged solid, double throw, are produced weighing
12 tuna and over; cast-steel guns of the largest bores
and the finest possible texture are turned out accord-
ing to contract in large numbers. The Russian
Government are now having 100 steel breech-loading
guns made, of ll~ inches bore, and weighing approx-
imately 16,666 pounds. at an aggregate cost of 600,000
thalers. (A thaler is 70 cents) Our own Government
has also ordered a 7~ inch steel gun, Dahlgren pat-
tern, to experiment with. Every kind of steel forg-
ing that can be named is made by Krupp; and his
steel tires for locomotives are especially commended
by all who have used them. The tires for locomo-
tives are made without a weld, and are calculated to
run from 80,000 to 100000 miles without turning;
and when turned up they lose but ~ of an inch of
metal. The life of a 2-inch tire is usually com-
puted at about 260000 miir-s on an average. Cast-
steel ingotsare produced weighing 40 tuns, whieh are
forged und~er a steam hammer of 60 tuna weight,
having a fall of 10 feet. The cannon have undergone
trials at Woolwlch (England) which have proved
that they cannot be bursted, so exceedingly tough
and well wrought is the nature of the metal. Nearly
all the Governments in the world have ordered some
cannons from Krupps works. A bolt, 8 feet 9.6
inches long and weighing 1.000 pounds, was fired from
one of Krupps patent breech-loaders, without injury
to the gun or breech- loading apparatus.
The works are located near tbe Rhine, about 60
miles below Cologne, on the opposite bank of the
river; they cover nearly 200 acres, about one-tenth
of which are under roofs. The consumption of coal
is about 260 tuna per day; the coaf is obtained in the
immediate neighborhood.
Mr. Krupps New York agentMr. Thomas Prosser,
of 28 Platt street, this cityhas large lithographs
representing Krupps works and other matters con-
nected with that establishment, all of which are
very interesting. -
TzsTrxu ORnxAxcz.For several weeks past; a
thirteen-inch gun, of Rodmans model, cast at For-
tress Monroe, has undergone a series of experi-
ments. Its weight is 83.616 pounds, and it is
fourteen feet long. A two-hundred-and-seventy-five-
pound shot has been fired, with a charge of thirty
pounds of powder, and, as yet, there is no percepti-
ble enlargement of the bore, though the piece has
been discharged nearly three hundred times Thus
far the experiments have been confined to trying the
guns durability; but, in a few days, the test will be
made as to the distance and penetrability of the pro-
jectiles thrownPittshurgh Dispatch.
Tnz ship Resolution, in which Captain Cook left
England on his second voyage round the world In
1772ninety years sinceis now at Demerara wait-
ing a cargo of sugar. -
Thz amount of money found in letters at the
Dead Letter Office, during the last year, was over $80,-
000, being an excess of $80,000 over the previous
twelve months.
DrvzRs have already succeeded in securing $40,000
worth of goods, and raised one box containing
$32,000 in specie, from the wreck of the Anglo-Saxon,
off tlre coast of Nova Scotia.,
Ir is estimated that the aggregate yield of the Cali-
fornia gold mines, since the discovery of gold in 1846,
is twelve hundred and fifty millions of dollars.
AssIsTANT- SIuCRETARY or THE NAvy, Fox, states that
the whole number of vessels captured or destroyed
by the blockading fleet up to June 1, is 866.
UFwARDs of 800000 have been subscribed in
England to the Atlantic telegraph, and itls said that
the work is to be prosecuted immediately.
IT is said that a bank-note printed in blue on a
yellow ground is the only one whltrh cannot be se-
I produced by photography.
42RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.
The following are some of the most important im-
provements for which Letters Patent were issued from
the United States Patent Office last week. The claims
may be found in the official list
Bricic Machine This invention consists in the use
of a cylindrical mold provided with sliding plung-
ers and fitted in a mounted frame on which a mixing
or tempering device, scraper, sand-box and frame-
elevating device are placed; the several parts being
arranged in such a manner that the machine may
be used either stationary for mixing or tempering
and pulverizing the clay and molding the same into
bricks, or be drawn along and operated by traction
so that the work referred to may be performed and
the molded bricks also properly, distributed or laid
upon the yard. J. N. Newell, of St. Louis,. Mo., is
the Inventor of this brick machine.
Shingle Machine This invention relates to an im-
proved shIngle machine of that class in which a cir-
cular saw is employed for cutting the shingles from
the bolt; and it consists in the employment of a
horizontal circular saw in connection with a sliding
frame provided with clamps or dogs, arranged in
such a manner that the latter may be conveniently
manipulated in connection with the frame and the
bolt from which the shingles are cut, and fed with
the greatest facility to the saw and withdrawn there-
from. The invention also consists in the employment
of supporting bars so arranged relatively with the
saw and the bed on which the bolt is moved and ad-
3usted, that the shingle, while being cut from the
bolt, will be fastened or held in proper position and
a clean smooth cut obtained the whole width of the
bolt. The invention further consists in using, in
connection with the saw, supporting bars, and the
clamps or dogs, a bed arranged in such a manner as
to admit of the bolt being very readily adj usted to
have the saw cut the shingle in proper taper form
Simeon Eleywood, of Claremont, N. H~,is the in-
ventor of this improvement.
Weapon of W~ir.Thls invention consists, first, in
the combination with a lance of a revolving many
chambered cylinder of similar character to that com-
monly used in revolving fire-arms arranged to rotate
upon the pole or shaft of the lance, by having the
said pole or shaft p issed directly through it. It also
consi4sin furnishing the so-applied many-chambered
cylinder at its rear end, with a circular series of
ratchet-like teeth, corresponding in number with its
chambers, and in fitting the lance pole or stock with
a sliding hammer so formed and arranged that by
turning the cylinder upon the said pole or shaft, the
mid teeth may be made to force back the said ham-
mer in such a manner as to permit it to be driven
forward again by a suitably applied spring, and
thereby caused to strike upon percussion caps or their
equivalents applied in rear of the several chambers,
for the purpose of firing the charges of the said
chambers one at a time and in regular succession all:
round the cylinder. It also c~nsists in fitting the
butt of the pole or shaft with a spike which can be
sheathed by being packed into the pole or shaft when
the weapon is to be carried or used, and protruded
from the butt to enable it to be driven into the
ground to hold the weapon in an upright position
ready to be quickly laid hold of when required for:
use. This weapon is suitable for arming either
infantry or cavalry but especially for infantry. J
C. Campbell, of New York, is the inventor of this
weapon.
Reclaimsng Fixha t SteamThis invention consists
in a certain arrangement of a rotary fan in combina-
tion with a box or chamber containing a series of
parallel radiators into which the exhaust steam from
an engine is delivered, whereby air is drawn copiously
and directly through the intervening spaces between
the said radiators for the purpose of carrying off
the heat from and effecting the condensation of the
steam, and the said air heated by the heat abstracted
from the steam is conveyed to the boiler furnace or
ether apparatus where such heat may. be utilized. A.
C. Fletcher, of New York, is the inventor of this
improvement.
Calting out Bayonet Scabbards.The object of this
invention is to cut up a piece of leather or other
mateilal In pieces suitable to make scabbards for
bayonets. The invention consists in the arrange-
43
ment of two sets of knives secured in oblique direc-
ions in the surfaces of two rotary cylinders, at such
distances apart that the spaces between the knives
on each cylinder correspond in shape and size to
the blank required for a. scabbard, the two sets of
knives being inclined in .opposite directions, those in
one cylinder toward one and those in the other
toward the opposite direction, in such a manner arid
Ia such relation toward each other that by the action
of the two sets of knives, the blanks are cut out
out with both edges beveled off toward the same.
say the flesh side of the skin, where leather is used
and that the same can be bent up and the edges
secured together, ~producing a fiat seam. Henry D.
Smith, of New York, is the inventor of this improve-
ment.
S~phon Pilter.The usual mode of emptying a
blow-up pan is to melt the sugar in the pan and
draw the sirup or liquor at. or near the bottom
through a strainer, thus first drawing off the dirt.
[he object of this invention is to draw off the sirup
from the surface where it is clear, and allow the dirt
to settle at the bottom of the pan, to be shoveled
out after the sirup has been all discharged, and to
this end it consists in a flexible pipe or a pipe with
flexible or folding joints, with an outlet thioagh the
bottom of the pan and with a float and strsiner at
the top, the float remaining at the top of the sirup
or liquor and keeping the strainer just below the
surface thereof and the pipe connecting with the
strainer in such a manner that the sirup or liquor
passes through the strainer before entering the pipe.
0. N. Brook, of Philadelphia, Pa., is the inventor of
this improvement.
Nail Plate feeder.J. S. Fisk, of Youngstown, Ma
honing county, Ohio, has recently invented an auto
matic nail plate-feeder, whicW is highly spoken of
by those who have witnessed its operations as a
machine of great merit. The mechanical construc-
tion of the machine is of the first class and gives
evidence of inventive talent of a high order. Letters
Patent for this invention were granted through the
Scientific American Patent Agency on June 30, 1868,
nd an engraving will appear in this paper so soon as
it can be prepared.
An Immense Breech-loading Gun.
Our readers will recollect that some months ago
we noticed the construction here of a steel breech-
loading gun, the invention of Mr. Mann, capable of
neing discharged with the most extraordinary rapidi-
ty. The gun was taken to Washington and gave
such satisfaction in its trial there, that Mr. Mann
was commissioned to make one of the largest size on
the same principle. He has been at work on the new
piece for several weeks, and it is now so near
pletion that in a veryshort time it will he ready for~
service. The new gun will throw a ball of. the elon-.
gated pattern, weighing one hundred and fifty pounds,.
end will, it is stated, have a range of some four
miles! It can be fired with ease, and without the
slightest danger, one hundred times in as many mm-.
utes1 and is so simple in all its parts that it will be.
almost impossible for it to get out of order. It is
the largeat breech loading gun ever made in America,
and its trial will be looked for with more than or-
dinary interestPittsburgh Chronicle.
Chemical Dangers.
M. Ronelle, an eminent chemist, was not the most
cautious of operators. One day, while performing
some expedments, he observed to his auditors,
Gentlemen, you see this cauldron upon the brasier;
well, if I were to cease stirring a single moment, an
explosion would ensue which would blow us all in
the air. The company had scarcely time to reflect
upon this comfortable piece of intelligence before he
did forget to stir it, and his prediction was accom-
plished. The explosion took place with a horrible
crash; all the windows of the laboratory were
smashed to pieces, and two hundred auditors whirled
away into the garden. Fortunately none received
any very serious inj ury, the greatest violence of the
explosion having been in the direction of the chim-
ney. The demonstrator escaped without further in-
jury than the loss of his wig.
THz continent of Africa contains over 11,000,000
square milesbeing three millions more than the
1whole of North America.
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
FOR THE wzzx ENDING JUNE 30, 1863.
Reported Ojlcfellp for flue Scleusfuilo American.
Pamphlets containing the Patent Laws and full par
ticalars of the mode of applying for Letters Patent, speci-
fying size of model required, and much other information
useful to inventors, may be had gratis by addressing
MUNN & CO., Publishers of the ScIzmrIFIc AsiznIcAN,
New York.
39,024.Rifling Fire-arms.-----E. G. Allen, Boston, Mass.:
I claim the method of rifling or.grooving the barrels of Srs-arms
by combining the irregular gain twist, as hereinberore deserbed,
with the shallow curved depression, substantially as herein shown
and set forth.
39,025.Machine for breaking and dressing Flax, & o.
S. M. Allen. Woburn, Mass.:
I clam, first. In comhinatton with a series of fluted rollers geared
by a revolving fluted drum, two fluted rollers so arranged as to en-
sage with and he geared by respectively the first and las drum-geared
roller, substantially as and for the p,irpose herein set forth -
5econd, The conhuslation nra series or. flitted rollers arranged about
a central fluted drum with one or more pairs of clusters of revoivin5
stripping or scutching blades, arranged for operation substantially as
herein described.
Third. The c-tmbination of two or more pairs of revolving scuish-
log blades, with intermediate check rollers, arranged and operating
substantially as herein described.
39,026.Nursery Chair.A. B. Anderson, Jr., Brooklyn,
N.Y.:
I claim, first, The use or employment of the secondary frame-
work, B, in combination with the frame-work, Awben arranged and
operated as herein shown, for the purpose speciSed.
Second, Holding the frame-work, B, in position, when the same
shall be elevated In the manner and by the means herein fully de-
scribed
Third, In combination with the cam-shaped pieces provided with
the pins. I claim th~ sockets provided with the openings, fur the pur.
piise fully set forth.
Fourth, In combination with the fra~e-work. Q I claIm the use
or employment of the slotted center pieces, K, anfi side arms, N, for
the purpose shown.
Fifth, In combination with the same, I claim the frame-wont, Q,
operated as shuwn br the purpose Specified.
39,027.Fruit or Preserve Jar..--J. S. & T. B. Atterbury,
Pittsburgh. Pa.:
We claim, Srst, The combination metallic and rubber annular band,
d e. constructed In the matmner and for the :PtlrP ice described.
Second, Tee combination metaliic and rubber band. fi e, in con-
nection with the beveled-edgejar cover, B fi, and jar, A, in the man-
ner and for the purpose described.
39,02g.Drag Saw.James Bailey, Prairie Township,
Jnd.:
I claim, first, The arrangement of. the inclined frame pieces, .A A,
in combination with the upright stand, B. front and back sills, C and
D, and braces, F F, in the manner described and for the purpose
herein speciled.
Second, T claim the truck wheels, 5 5, and handles, T T. in combi-
nation with the arrangement of the geide, F, and braces, G and H,
and saw-blade attachment, substantially In the manner and for the
purpttse herein specified..
Third, I claim the connecting link. C, Figs. 2 and 3, in comitinatlon
with the piiman strap, A,and saw-blade strap, B, in the manner and
for the purpose herein specified.
39029.Washing Machine.S. M. Barnett, New York
City:
.1 claim, first, The arrangement of the reciprocating cross-head, H,
provided with inching rollers, fi, and swinging soap-box. G, and mv.
tug in the slotted hinged frame, c, which is adiustahie by a treadle,
ri, in the manner and for the purpose substantially as shown and de-
scribed
Second, The adjustable spring. f. in combination with the soap-box,.
G, as and for the purpose set forth.
rhird, The fesd arms, II, in combination with the reciprocating
rubber head, H, and soap-box, G, substantially as and for the pur-
pose specified.
Fourth The arrangement of the swivel arm, H, with the furnace,
r. in combination with the irame, A, which carries the wash-board,
B, as and for the puipose described.
Irhe object of this invention is to inhale by machinery the action
of hand-washing, spreading the clothes to be washed, one after the
other, on a corrugated or fluted wash-board on which the soap is ap-
plied and the rubbing performed, while, at the same lime, the pIece
to be washed Is fed along, causing the soap and rubbers to pass grad
nally over Its entire surface.]
39,030.Granary.A. C. L. Devaux, King William-street,
London, England:
I claim the grain receptable, A, when made with perforated walls
and an airspace between, the receptacles, in combination with the
central perfiirated air tubes, B. as herein shown and describ,-d.
The lateral air-pipes, C, in combinauion with the central tubes, B,
and receptacles, A, as herein shown and described.
TIrhis Invention relates to a novel construction of granaries by
which perfect preservation of the grain placed therein may be in
stired by means of natural aeration combined with artificialvensila-
lion. The operations of natural aeration and artificial ventilation
may be employed, either separately or in combination, according to
the requirements of the case.]
39,031.Siphon Filter for drawing Sirups, & c.C. N.
Brock, Philadeiphiar Pa.:
I claim having the filter or filterlngdrawer, C, constructedwith the
float, D, immediately above it, in combination, with the fuinted pipe,
B, all In the manner herein shown and described.
39,032~Cornbined Pike and Revolving Fire-arm.----J. C.
Cam p bell. New York City:
I claim, first, The combination with a lance of a many-chambered
cyliuder of similar character to that of a revolving fire-arm, fitted to
rotate upon the pole or shaft of the lance, substantially as bet-sin
described.
Second. The combination of e ser$es of ratchet-like teeth on the
rear of the so-a~~iied~any c~a~bered cylinder, the sliding hemmer
and the spring, suhstSn0ally 55 and for the purpose herein speciSefi.
Third, The movable spike fitted and secured in the butt of the
lance, pole or shaft, substantially as and for the purpose herein sped.
fled.
39,033.Tape Fuse.J. H. Chase anti Joseph Toy, Sims-
bury, Coun.:
We clattatheemptoyment, as a covering forfuse, of tape composedof two warps and an Interposed lap of cotton or other fibrous mate-
rial, substantially as herein specified.
F [This Invention consists in the employment, in the manufaoture of
tape fuse, of a new kind of tape composed of two warps or series of
parallel yarns and an interposed thin lap of cotton or other fibrous
material united by sizing.]
39,034.Boot-tree.W. C. Clark, Baltimore, Md.:
First, I claim the construction and employment of a lever staff or
calf-stretcher piece, fi, formed with the double incline surfaces.
g g h h I, and provided with the elongated slot, j, by which said lever
staff is adjustable up and down, in and out, and whereby the leg, heel,
instep or toe of the boot may be acted on separately, by one single
horizontal hand, n o, substantially in the manner as set forth and de-
scribed.
Second, I also claim the employment of an adjustable sliding stop
piece, d d, attached to the tibia or shin block, a a a a, together and in
combination with the horizontal tightening screw, n o, and lever staff
piece, if g g h h ij, for the purpose as herein set forth and described.
Third, I also claim the construction of the attachable, angular or
wedge-shape last, s 55 s, together with the attachablel side-stretcher
blocks,.qqqq, when combined, employed and operated in connec
tion with the lever staff, f fg g h hi j, substantially in the manner and
for the urpose set forth and described.
Fourt~Illm the employment of adjustable collars, p p p p when
combined and used with the adiustable lever staff or call~stretcher
piece, f g hi j, for the purpose and in the manner substantially as set
forth and described.
39,035.Churn.L. S. Colburn, Oberlin, Ohio:
I claim the above-described dasher, having the fiat oblique beater
and the broad horizontal shalt, constructed and operated substantial-
ly in the manner and for the purposes set forth
39,036.Water Elevator.James E.Cronk, Pouglikeepsie,
N.Y. Ante-dated Jan. 10, 1863:
1 claim the combination and arrangement of the shaft, J, loose
roller, G, ratchet, N, or its equivalent, and sliding tube, lit, substan-
tially as.~described.
39,037.Planing Machine.Lafayette Doolittle, Bush-
yule, N. Y.:
I claim the stationary knives or planes, D D, and pressure rollers,
H B, In combination with the reciprocating plate or head, G, and the
stops or gates, J J, all arranged for joint operation as and for the
purpose specified.
I also claim the curved bar, K, when applied to the platform, B,
and in such relation with the planing mechanism as to discharge the
shingles or other articles planed, laterally from the machine, as set
forth.
[This invention consists in the employment of two stationary cut-
ters or planers, a reciprocating head or plunger, pressure rollers, and
vertical stops or gates, all arranged in such a manner that shingles,
pickets and like articles may be planed in a perfect and expeditious
manner.]
39,038.Steam Engine.N. T. Edeon, New Orleans, La.:
I claim, first, The using of a steam-chest for a slide valve, in com-
binatlon~ with the roller, g, plate, h, and stay, J, substantially as set
forth.
Second, The joint, Fig. 3, in combination with the plate, 4, by which
the gland. 2, is held against the packing.
Third, The combination of the eccentric frame, m, and block, o, for
th;t~esI~~ifib~%ttion of the eccentric rod, p. governor rod, u,
angle lever, v, and lever, r, when acted upon by the governor to regu-
late the speed of the engine.
39,039.Wringing Machine.Lucitls Evans, Fayetteville,
N.Y.:
I cialm the arrangement and combination of the cross band and
pulleys with clastle rollers, when arranged and combined with the
elliptic springs, K, and the sliding boxes, I, as herein described and
for the purposes set forth.
39,040.Condenser for Steam Engines.A. C. Fletcher,
New York City:
I claim the arrangement of the rotary fan to draw the air directly
through the box or chamber, B, and between the radiators, A A,
without the intervention of pipes or passages, substantially as and
for the purpose herein set forth.
39,041.Heating Apparatus.E. C. Gillette, San Fran-
cisco, Cal. Ante-dated Feb. 21, 1863:
I claim, first, The urn-shaped vessel, I, annular perforated ring, d,
concave sprinkler, n, and water vessel, J, arranged in combination
with the air chamber and operating in the manner and for the pur-
pose described.
~Second, The arrangement of the upper and lower compartments,
B D, having ingress and egress openings, K L, communicating with
each other through the fiues,b, in combination with the cold air pipe,
G, air chamber, C, and exit tube, H, when used with the vaporizing
apparatus set forth in the preceding claim, substantially as de-
scriherL
[This invention relates to a stove attachment for warming and vent.
ilating buildings and consists in the peculiar construction and ar-
rangement of parts, whereby the smoke and gases escaping into the
chimney are made to heat fresh air and the same is introduced into
the apartment in a suitable state for healthy respiratloo.1
39,042.Oven.P. J, Gindre and John Doerler, Cincin-
nati, Oliio:
We claim, first, The arrangement of the oven, A, plated concentri-
cally within and entirely enveloped by the portable furnace, B, in
combination with a cart or wagon, substantially as set forth.
Second, A portable oven circular in its horizontal section and hav-
ing an elevated and revolving floor, H, capeble of discretionary ven-
tilation on its under side, as and for the purposes set forth.
Third We claim, in the described adaptation to a poftable oven, the
ventilating chamber, a, interposed between the floor, H, and but-
tom,a, of the oven proper, and having registered communications, F
f, with ~the external air, substantially as and for the purposes set
forth.
39,043.Fire Grate.W. D. Gusernan, Morgantown, Va.:
I claim the damper, G, when arranged as shown and used in con-
nection with the flue, F, the sliding blower or screen, D, and the front
and bottom grates, B C, as and for the purpose herein set forth.
[Theobject of this invention Is to construct a fire grate in such a
manner that a greater heat-radiating surface than usual will be ex-
posed, and consequently a saving in fuel Is efiected.]
39,044.Farm Gate.W.C. Herider, Miami Town, Ham-
ilton county, Ohio:
I claim the combination of the bars, B B, one or more, and the
adjusting chord-rods, D G, one or more, with the connecting rod, E, in
the manner herein shown and described.
[This invention consists In a novel and improved manner of bracing
the gate, whereby the same is rendered less liable to sag than usual,
and incase it does sag is rendered capable of being restored or brought
back to Its original position,]
39,045.Folding and ruling Paper.J. P. Herron, Wash-
ington, D. C.:
I claim, first, The ruling and folding, Figs. 1 and 2, substantially as
set forth. -
Second, The rolling or packing, as described and shown in Fig. 5.
Third, The cutting of the paper into the form shown in Figs. 1 and
2, in combination with the ruling and folding shown in said Figs. 1
and 2, substantially as described.
39,046.Shingle Machine.Simeon Heywood, Claremont,
N.H.:
I claim the combination 01 the beveled tilting bed, G, shaft, 1, and
supporting bars, p, with the adjustable bars, H, reciprocating frame,
D, levers, H F, dogs, G, and saw, C, in the manner and for the pur-
pose herein shown and described.
44
39,048.Bog-cutting Machine.Chester Hoisington, Sew-
ard, Ill.:
I claim the sled provided with the knife, A, and seat, F, as and for
the purposes set forth.
Second, In combination with the sled I claim the adjustable scra-
per B, constructed and operating as and for the purposes set forth.
Third, I claim the combination of the roller, G, provided with the
box, E, with the sled and scraper, B, in the manner and for the pur-
ooses set forth.
39,049.Thrasher.J. P. Jager, Eureka, Wis.:
I claim the combination of the rocking beater frame with a fan
and screen, substantially in the manner and forthe purposes setforth
39,050.Churn Dasher.Melvin Jincks, Steuben County,
N.Y.:
I claim the arrangement of the arms, b, in the shaft, A, as and for
the purpose herein described.
39,051.Machine for hulling Barley, & c.J. J. Johnston,
Allegheny, Pa., and J. E. Weaver, Temperanceville,
Pa. Ante-dated March 6, 1863:
We claim the use of the wooden drum, h, with bevel or coniformed
sides, in combination with the beveled or coniformed sides, d, of the
case, and elevating bar, o, said drum and sides being coated with
emery or its equivalent, as herein described and for the purpose set
forth.
39,052.Sash-fastener.Morton Judd, New Britain,Conn.:
I claim, first, The lever, c, with the flange, 3, around the hub, 2,
setting over the flange b, on the plate, a, as specified.
Second, I claim the hoilow hub, 2, and spring, 4, to retain the lever,
c, in position, as specified.
39,053.Envelope Machine.J. M. D. Keatiug, New York
City:
I claim, first, The adjustable bed In combination with the folding
mechanism, substantially as described, whereby the machine can be
readily adjusted to fold the enveb)pe loose or tight and for varying
thicknesses of paper, substantially as described and set forth.
Second, in combination with the folding mechanism, the plate, H,
covering the aperture in the form, thereby preventing the blanks
from catching or displacement as they are seized, and carried under
the plunger, substantially as described and set forth
Third, In combination with a movable form for car~ylug the blanks
and a folding mechanism, substantially as described, the sleeve shai~,
4, to work the form, substantially as described.
39,054.Holder of Tools for Grinding.George Lissen-
den and John Lacy, Chicago, fli. Ante-dated March
1, 1863
We claim, first, The movable bed pieces, C C, posts, D D, audguide,
H, constructed, combined, arranged and operating substantially as
set forth.
Second, The clamp, H, constructed substantially as described, turn.
ing on journals, 22, and suspended from the guide, E, by means of
the pendent slides, F F, as aad for the purpose set forth.
Third, The stone, A, frame, B, adjustable bed pieces, C, posts, D,
with their adjusting screws, e, the guide, H. clamp, H, and pendent
slides, F, constructed, combined and arranged substantially a~ de-
scribed.
39,055.-- Churn.J. A. Lloyd, St. Paul, Miun.:
1 claim the wooden slat dashers, C C, in combination with the wire
dashers, A A, lever bracket, gear and tub, all operating in the manner
and for the purposes set forth.
39,056.Lock.S. N. Long, Chatham, Mass., and M. E.
Hathaway, Wareham, Mass. Ante-dated June 9,
1863
We claim, first, The guard wheels, A, constructed with annular
flanges, f, slotted at a, and serrated on their inner and outer surfaces,
all as herein shown and described and for the purposes set forth.
Second, The described combination of the guard wheels, A, and In-
dex wheels, D, with clamp nuts, d, for connecting or disconnecting
them, as explained.
Third, The combination of the bolt, B, latch, H, and cam, C, all
constructed and arranged as herein shown and described, so that the
bolt and latch may be operated either simultaneously or separately,
as explained.
[The objectof this invention is to obtain a lock which can be locked
andunlocked only by the person having charge of the same or by in-
formation from that person, and which is also proof sgainst destru&
lion by the introduction of gunpowder or other explosives.]
39,057.Furnace for burning Tar, Oil, & c., as Fuel.J.
C. Love, Pittsbur~h, Pa..
I claim the use andcom ination of a series of long shallowtroughs
or trays with a box or heater used for supplying tar or oil to said
troughs, through a series of pipes leading to the troughs or trays
aforesaid, and placing said box or heater insuch close proximity to
the furnace as that the tar or oil shall become heated so as to gener-
ate gas before passing into the troughs or trays, for the purposes
herein shown and set forth.
I also claim constructing the grate-bars and trays so that they may
be reversed, br the purposes herein shown and set forth.
39,058.Drum.J. Mason, Louisville, Ky.:
I claim the employment or use of the plates, D, provided each with
two hooks, a a, or pulleys, and attached to the body or cylinderof the
drum, as described, in connection with the straining cords. H H,
hoops, B B, and with or without the hooks, C, all arranged as and
for the purpose set forth.
[This inveiltion relates to an improvement in straining the heads of
the drum, whereby the heads may not onlybe strained separately, but
with equally as great facility as in the old mode of construction and
without rendering the drum any more cumbersome.]
39,059.Lubricating Axle Boxes.C. Mezeix, New York
City. Ante-dated Nov. 9, 1861:
I claim the arrangement of the reciprocating piston, f, pump barrel,
F, and ascension tube, g, in combination with the reservoir, A, sur-
rounding the axie box, B, the whole being constructed and operating
substantially In the manner and for the purpose shown and described.
[This invention consists in arranging in the interior of the reservoir
which surrounds the axle box and which contains the nil or grease, a
reciprocating piston operating in a suitable cylinder and operated by
an eccentric or any other suitable means, In combination with a
curved ascension tube or spout, in such a manner that, by the action
of the pliton, the grease is forced up and discharged throughthe spool
on thejournal, and that the surplus grease, which drips down from
the journal, is sucked up by the pump and used over and over again,
as long as the axle is in motion.]
39,060.Running Gear of Locomotives.Thos. H. Neal,
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
First, I claim transmitting motion from the crank shafts to the
wheels bearing on the rails, by means of the friction rollers operating
in the manner, and by the means described and for the purpose set
forth.
Second, I claim securing the bearings of the crank shafts in the
same pedestals wherein the bearings of the axles rest, and so arrang.
lug the clank shafts with relation to the wheels bearing on the rails,
as that said wheels and crank shafts shall take the entire weight of
the locomotive, as herein described and for the purpose set forth.
39,061.Brick Machine.--J. N. Newell, Des Moines, Iowa:
I claim, first, The rotating mold cylinder, I, provided with sliding
plungers, f f, when usedin connection with the traction wheels, L L,
and fitted in a mounted frame, A, provided wilh a frame-elevating or
adjusting mechanism, and all arranged in such a manner as to admit
of the mold cylinder being rotated eitherby traction or any extraneous
power, as herein set forth.
Second, The combination of the mold cylinder, I, hopper, B, pro-
vided with rotating rods, c, sand box, H, and scraper, 5, all fitted or
placed in a mounted frame, A, and arranged for joint operation, as
and for the purpose specified.
Third, The rod, 0, provided with the cam, Q, in combination with
the fixed cam, R, and the adjustable plate, N, to which the axles, u u,
of the wheels, B, are attached, all being arranged as shown to admit
39,047.Steam Boiler.Alonzo Hitchcock, New York of the adjustment of the frame, A. as and for the purpose sp~cifi~d.
Fourth, The rotating oblique rods, c, when used in coulbination
City with a rotating mold cylinderI, for the purpose set forth.
Securing the flues of steam boilers to heads which. may be re-
moved from the shell, substantially in the manner described and for 39,062.Straw-cutter.D. J. Owen, Springville, Pa.:
the purpose set forth. I clatm connecting or attachin4 the tubular feed roller; 31, with its
shaft, L, by means of the coil springs, N N, and disks or heads, d d,
and arranged specifically as herein shown and described, in combina-
tion with the feed rpller, E, cam, ,J, pawi, F, and ratchet, d, all com-
bined and arranged to operate conjointly as andfor the purpese herein
set forth.
[This invention relates to an improved feed mechanism of that class
in which fluted pressure rollers are employed. The object of the in-
vention is to obtain a means for rendering the upper adjustable feed
roller more perfect In its operation than heretofore, so that it will
conform better to the varying thickness of the layer of straw which
passes underneath it and at the same time insure a regular or uni-
form feed of the straw to the cutters.]
39,063.Grain Separator.J. J. Palmer and A. Plamon-
don, Chicago, Ill.:
We claim the board, F, attached to the shoe or box, C, and ar-
ranged relatively with or applied to the hopper, G, so as to form a
continuation of the inner side, b, thereof, to operate as and for the
purpose herein specified.
[This Invention consists in a novel and improved arrangement of a
blast fan and blast spout, whereby the grain, before passing on the
screens is subjected to a blast, and all light foreign substances are
separated from it, so that the screens will be enabled to operate much
more efficiently than hitherto In separating oats and heavy substances
from the wheat. The invention also consists in the employment of a
vibrating throat placed in the hopper but connected to the shoe and
arranged in such a manner as to effectuali$ prevent the hopper from
becoming choked or clogged.]
39,064.Slide Valve for Steam Engines.William Porter,
Mystic River, Conn.:
I claim, first. The arrangement of the surface. M, main slide faces,
B B B, cut-off slides, X K, and ports, b b, all substantially in Ijie
manner and for the purpose herein set forth.
Second, The construcilon and arrangement of the back plate, H,
steam-chest, A, wedge faces, mm, and single set of adjusting means,
lit, or their equivalents, substantially as and for the purpose herein
set forth.
Third, The arrangement of the draining passages or pipes, N N,
th sliding adjustable back plate, N, and to the balance
retatlvel~yto e
the main slide, substantially as and for the purpose here-
in set forth.
39,065.Pump-Washburn Race, Lockport, N. Y.:
I claim the combination of the grooved metallic, water-packing pis-
ton, B, and leather packing, a, or its equivalent, arranged in such a
manner that the metallic portion slides easily in thecylinderand forms
the guide, while the leather portion produces a more perfect packing
without being subject to great wear, substantially as herein set forth.
1 also claim the groove or enlargement, I, in the pump, with the
contracted opening, m, above, by which means the water is prevented
from overflowing and a greater pressure is produced in the spout,
substantially as described.
39,066.Watch.J. A. J. Redier, Paris, France:
I claim, first, The combination of the shaft, T, pinion, F, and
wheels, H R, arranged and employed as described, to wind the watch.
Second, The combination with the above parts or their equivalents
of the knob, lit, lever, K L, and pinions, I n , for setting the hands.
39,067.Means for Speed in the Propulsion of Vessels.
J. F. Reigart, Washington, D. C.:
I claim a self-acting wave-propeller and breaker revolving and op-
erating in advance of the vessel for the purpose of accelerating its
speed, by dividing the waves and opening a way to relieve the vessel.
from the resistance of the water.
39,068.Power Windlass.E. B. Requa, Jersey City,
N.J.:
I claim, first, The combination of fixed and movable centers or
center bearings, with a drum and the friction surfaces of fast and loose
disks or their equivalent, substantially as described~
Second, The construction and use of the sleeve or cap as arranged
on the shaft and intervened between the center-bearing and drum,
for the purposes set forih.
Third, I also claim imparting the end thrust required to effect and
maintain the contact of the friction or clutching surbaces, by means
of a screw fixed in the lever or its equivalent, in combination with
the sleeve or other competent device, arranged and used substantially
in the manner and for the purposes specified.
39,069.Hanging Venetian Blinds.H. W. Safford, Phila-
I deiphia, Pa.:
claim the combined arrangement described of the open pulleys, C~
C C, with the suspending cords, D D, and the single set of hoisting
cords, H E, the whole operating together substantially in the manner
described and for the purposes specified, whether the said pulleys be
attached directly to the window brame or to a separate supporting
board attached thereto and forming part of the blind, as dcscribcd.
39,070.Composition for Casts, Fancy Articles, Toys,
& c.Michael Schall, New York City:
I claim the application of terra-alba for rendering stearine matter
to produce casts of fancy articles, toys and confectioners ornaments
of every variety, substantially as herein described.
39,071.Case or Box for holding Oil, & c.Samuel Selden,
Erie, Pa.:
I claim an oil package consisting of a box, A, made of four boards.
a, rabbeted together and to heads, b, and of a casing, B, surrounding
the box, A, in the manner and for the pnrpose substantially as shown
and described.
[This invention consists in an cit package having two boxes, one
fitting closely~lnto the other, the inner box to be made of four sides
rabbeted together and provided with heads, one at each end, which
are rabbeted to the sides and the outer box consisting of four sides
only, which are dovetailed or otherwise securedlogether and strength-
cit by transverse strips in such a manner that oil or other liquid, filled
in the inner box, can be safely kept and forwarded to any distance
without danger of leakage.]
39,072.Spout for conveying Sap.MosesShelden and
W. A. Chase, Calais, Vt.:
We claim the within-described spout as a new article of manufac-
ture, the same being formed in lengths having an angular exterior, E
F, and a corresponding interior, B C, at one end, and being rounded
and chambered substantially as represented by lii lit, for the purpose
herein set forth.
39,073.Grain Separator.Henry Siddall, ~an Francisco,
Cal.:
I claim, first, The conveyer, C, when used as and for the purpose
set forth.
Second, I claim the trough or gutter, D, or an equivalent thereto,
for the purpose described.
Third, I cisim the cut-off or dividing pieces, H and I, when made
as described and used for the purpose set forth.
Fourth, I claim the pieces, N and 0, in combination with pieces, lit,
for the purpose set forth.
Fifth, I claim the unoerforated surfaces, L, and screens, K, in com-
bination with screens, J, for the purpose set forth and described.
Siyth, I claim the return chambers, T, spouts, 3, conveyer, V, spout,
7, and elevator, A B, for the purpose of returning a part of the grain,
as set forth and described.
Seventh, I claim the process of returning a part of the grain to pass
through the screening apparatus again at the same time, and with the
regular supply of grain, as herein set forth.
39,074.Machine for cutting-out Bayonet Scabbards.I1.
D. Smith, New York City. Ante-dated June 16,
1863
I claim, first, Having the inclined oblique knives of one cylinder
arranged in reverse position to those of the opposite cylinder, so that
each edge of each scabbard and blankwill be cut with an inward bevel,
substantIally as herein shown and described.
Second, The combination with the knives, arranged as above de-
scribed, of the feeding device, C, as herein shown and set forth.
39,075.Cnt.off Valve Gear, Robert Stewart, Elmira,
N.Y.:
I claim, first, The cylinder, C, and piston, D, in combination with45
the vertical platform and braces, G, when constructed and operating
substantially as described and for the pnrposes set forth.
Second, The combination of a cross-he d, II, and connecting rods
I, with a cut-off valve, substantially as and for the purpose described.
39,076.Combined Collar and Hames for HorsesS. B.
Stewart, Center Township, Pa.:
I claim, first, The combination of the collar, A, and hames, B, sub-
stantially as described, so that they shall form but one piece, as set
forth.
Second, The combination of the tenon, C, ferrule, D, strap, d, staple,
c, and hooks, c, as described, for she purpose of uniting Ibe two sides
of the collar, as set forth.
39,077.Boiler for Culinary Purposes.P. L. Suine, of
Shirleysburgit, Pa.:
I claim a boiler for culinary purposes constructed with an internal
tube or pipe communicating at Its upper end with the interior of the
boiler and provided at its lower end with a hole or opening, so that
said tube or pipe, when the boiler Is fitted in a hole in the top plate
of the stove, will be below the stove p late, and form a communica-
tion between the tube or pipe and she flue of the stove, substantially
as and for the purpose herein set forth.
[This Invention relates to a new and improved boiler for cooking
and consists in having a tube or steam pipe secured within the boiler
the upper end of the former being about on a level with the top oj
the latter, and the lower end extending In the bottom of the boiler and
communicating with the external air. By this arrangement the steam
from the boiler, instead of escaping into the apartment as hitherlo, Is
made, when the boiler is fitted on the stove and the cooking process
going on, to escape down the steam pipe into the flue of the stove.]
39,078.Pnrifyiflg Iron and Steel by means of Blasts of
Air.G. W. Swett. Troy, N. Y.:
I claim the use of the apparatus above 4gscribed, In the manner
and-for the purpose above specified-
39,079.Water Elevator.D. E. Teale, Norwich, N. Y.:
I claim, first, the catch or click, k, placed upon the pawl, F, and
operated by the hook, e, and by the projection, p, placed upon the
outer edge of the rim, G, as set forth.
Second, In combination with the cylinder, B, and cord or its equiv-
alent, I claim the stops, 5 5, moving in the slots, r r, of the arms, A
A, as and forthe purposes set forth.
39,O80.~Pnttiflg up Caustic Alkalies.E. A. Thomas,
Phuladelphaa, Pa.:
I claim a package of caustic alkali inclosed in a glass, stone or
earthenware jar, sealed with a non-corrosive cement, as and for the
purpose specified.
[The object of this invention is to cuable ths manufacturer of cans
tic alkalies to put them upln original packages of such convenient
size that when a package is opened, the ~whole of it may be used at
once in a family without loss.]
39,081.Joint for Pipes.H. E. Towle, New York City:
I claim the combination of the flexible flange or flanges with an
Internal sleeve, substantially in the manner described and for the
purpose specified.
39,082.Refrigerator for Soda-water and Sirups.J. W.
Tufts, of Medford, Mass.:
I claim the new or improved sirup refrigerator or cooler, consisting
of the series of main sirup-holders or chambers, a, the series of aux-
ill~ary lateral chambers, c, and the ice chamber, b, the whole being
arranged and soas to operate together substantially as explained.
A-nd I also claim the arrangement of sirup and scda vessels or
holders, a a and c c, and the ice or refrigerating vessels or chambers,
b, the whole being substantiallyiss specified.
39,O83.~Submerged Propeller.Robert Vaile, Cromwell
Terrace, Weetbourne Green, London, England. Pat-
ented in England, April 28, 1862
I claim driving endless-chain propellers bymeans of drums with a
collar or collars on shafisand chains to which floats are attached, the
collars and chains being constructed and the attachment effected in
the manner hereinbefore described.
Also connecting the floats to the endless chains by means of spindles
working in lines formed in a piece with links in the endless chains, as
hereinbefore described.
Also, the means of causing the floats to assume and retain their
respective positions for entering the water, for priducieg their great-
est propelling effect in the water, for feathering on leaving the water
and for returning to again enter the water, coosisting of guides and
grooves, and of appliances on the floats, all acting substantially in the
manner hereinbefore described.
39,084.Pfln.A. F. Warren, Brooklyn, N. Y.:
I claim the flexible and elastic band of clasp, B, applied to a pen,
substantially as and for the purpose herein specified.
[The object of this invention is to convert an ordinary gold or other
pen into a fountain pen, and to this end it consists in the application
to and around the nibs of such pen of a band or clasp of vulcanized
India-rubber or other flexible and elastic substance, such band or
clasp retainingabove It in the pen a considerable quantity of Ink, and
so forming a fountain hut not interfering with the elasticity of the pen
or with the flow of Ink down the-slip of lbs point thereof.]
39 085.~Watch.AleXander Watkins, London, England:
Iclaim having the axis of the escapement lever placed equs-distant
between the pallet faces and the notch of the fork, w, in combina-
tion with the arrangement of the three axes, h i ~ on the same
plane, as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
[ThisinventiOn consists In so arranging the escapement wheel with
Its axis in the same plane with the staff of the balance and pivot of
the escapemeni lever that the leverage exerted by the escapement
wheel on the two pallets is equal and the distance from the pivot of
the escapement lever to the notch of the fork is equal or nearly so to
the distance from the faces of the pallets.)
39,086.~Soda-water Fountain.D. & T. Williams, San
Jose. Cal.:
we claim as an Improved article of manufacture a soda-water
fountain constructed of sheet-metal with its heads, B B, fitted and
secured in it substantially as shown and provided with a tube, C.
eductiosi pipe, D, and discharge pipe, H, the eduction pipe, D, hav-
ing two passages, d d, within it, and provided with a valve, f, fitted In
a chamber, e, as herein described.
[This invention relates to a new and improved portable soda-water
fountain designed; to he placed on counters, the soda-water being
drawn directly from the fountain. The invention consists in con-
structing the fountain in a novel way and providing It with an educ-
lion pipe and cock, all arranged in such a manner as to form an im-
proved article of manufacture for the purpose specified.]
39,087.Car Conpling.C. C. Wilson, Kewannee, Ill.:
I claim the plate, I), of circular or approximate form and provided
with a shoulder, e, In combination with the stop or bar, F, and loop,
H, or its equivalent, all arranged relatively with each other and in
connection with the draw-head, A, to operate as and for the purpose
specified.
I further claim the jog, d, in the back part of the recess, a, for the
purpose of holding the link in a horizontal position as specified.
[This invention consists in the employment or use of a circular
hook-plate placed eccentrically on a shaft in the draw-head and ar-
ranged with a stop in such a manner that the hook will serve as a
fastening for-the links, so that thelatter wherein thusfitted in two ad
- joining draw-heaOs will form a connection between the cars thereof.
The hook-plate is so arranged that it will, whdn not In use, remain
In a position to admit of the link when it enters the draw-head to
connect itself and the hook-plate is so formed that it will hold or re-
tain the link in a horizontal position when fitted in one draw-head
only so that the outer or disengagedend of the link may enter the
draw-head of an adjoining carl
cylinder and the eduction valves; and it consists in a certain arrange-
ment of the valve chambers, valves, nozzles and exhaust pipes for
this purpose,] -
39,088.Stove.Franklin Woods, Chicago, Ill.:.
I claim the pipes and flues, B B II G F F, and-B H, and openings,
a a, in combination with the fire-chamber, A, the several parts being
arranged and operating as and for the purpose specified.
39,089.Method of operating Cut-off Valves of Steam 39,101.Lamp.Jacob Miller(assignor to himself and
Engines.William Wright, Hartford, Conn.: Ernest Prussing), Chicago, Ill. Ante-dated Feb. 14,
I claim the combination of the pin, e, held lulls relation to the face 1863:
of the cam by the collar, d, and the slotted plate, b, with the toe of the I claim, flu-at, In combination with a wick-tube of any
suitable
lift-rod, in the manner and for the purpose substantially as set forth. form, a conical deflector with straight sides, of equal
vertical length
Tuscarora, conveuging at an angle of about forty-five degrees to the -,erpendlcu-
39,090.Grain Separator.Elijah Young, lar sudan aperture at top formed with sides parallel with the top of
N. Y.: - the wick-tube, all substantially as herein set forth.
I claim, first, A sieve constructed partlyof wire gauze and partly of Second, Supporting the said deflector adjusfably upon the
wick-
a perforated plate, substantially as described, tube by means of rods, j, projecting from a flanged and slotted tube,
Second, A sieve constructed as shove described, in combination G, fitting upon the said wiek-tube with a yielding pressure -
with a separator, F, attached to theunder side of the rear end of the Third, The collar, I, jointed rod, J j, and clamp screws, j,
em-
sieve, said plate, F, to be either plain or perforated, fixed or adjust- ployed in the manner described, to support a reflector,
shade, or
able. other article in any desired position. -
Third, The adjustable strips, H, or their equivalents for the pur-
pose set forth and substautisily as described. 39,102.Lamp Burner.William Painter, Faliston, Md.,
Fourth, The combination of the sieve, E, and the adjustable din- assignor to Charles Painter, Owings Mills, Md.:
charging screen, K, for the purpose set forth, when constructed and I claim, first, Having the side pieces, h h, and the ends, g g,
con-
arranged substantially as described. structed and arranged in reverse inclined positions, in the manner
39,091.Mode of stopping and starting CarsThomas herein shown and described.
Luther E. Porter & Second, The combination of the attachment above specified with
i3. Bigelow (assignor to himself, the tubes, F A, the latter being screwed into the fountainor body, B,
Samuel M. Rowe), Lake Mills, Wis,: of the lamp, and enclosing the wick-adjusting wheels, b, as set lorth.
I claim, first, The combination of the clutches, d d, the miter [This invention relates to a new and improved lamp burner for
wheels, F F and E, the revolving shaft, A, and the spring, 5, -con-
structed, arranged and operating substantially as and for the pur. horning coal oil, without the aid of the usual draught chimney.
The
pose herein delineated and set forth.
Second, I claim the combinalion and arrangement of the miter - inventiofl consists in having the wick-tube of the burner fitted in a
wheels, M I, the drums, N F, chains, p p, and ratchet wheel, R, con- tube which is screwed into the fountain or body of the lamp,
said tube
structed and operating as and for the puroose specified and shown. having the wIck-adjusting mechanism within it, and a tubular
slide
Third, I claim the arrangement of the miter wheel, B, with the
adjustable sleeve, b, and the spring, 5, for the purpose herein fitted upon and extending above it, said slide having its upper end
of
specified.
Fourth, I claim the arrangement of the lever, L, and the rods, 1 flaring form, perforated and provided with a flame spreader and
regu-
k and h, with the levers, m n, substantially as shown for the purpose lator, all being constructed and arranged In such a manner as
to
of operating the clutches, d fi, as specified and described, cause a clear, white and persistent flame void of smoke or odor.]
Fifth, I claim the combination of the lever, D, the revolving rod
-C, and the movable support, a, for Ihe purposes herein specified and
shown. 39,103.Ruffie.Abby H. Price (assignor to the Magic
- Ruffle Company), New York City:
39,092.Sewing Machine.Reuhen W. brew, Abington, I claim the within-described corded ruffle as a new article of mann-
Mass., assignor to Alfred B. Ely, Newton, Mass.: facture, the same being formed of a gathered strip, A, attached to a
I claim the application of heat by or through the flame of a lamp, folded binding, B,--~r- Its- equivalent by a single series of
machine
gas burner, or their equivalents to waxed thread sewing machines in stitches, D, with a corA. C, enclosed substantially in the
manner and
she manner substantially as described for the pqrpose of warming for the purpose herein set iturts -
the thread, and rendering it pliable. 39,104.Boot and Shoe Last.Benjamin L. White (as-
39,093.Grain Separator.James Fargusson, Dubuque, 1 signor to himself and A. Nutting), Westford, Mass.:
claim the employment of the india-rubber or elastiC peg-strips, H,
Iowa, and Charles S. Burt, Dunleith, Ill., assignors to in combination with the Inclined grooves, a, plates, D, furmeil as
the said James Fargusson- shown, and the last, A, all In the manner and for the purpose herein
We claim,- first, The application of a rigid or flexible support, b2, shown and described. - -
to grain riddles so that a connecting rod, J, and an eccentric, G, with- [This invention consIsts in having the body of the last
constructed
in a closely fitting strap, f, may be arranged and employed for oper-
ating the riddles, substantially as and for the purpose described, of wood and provided at its sides adjoining Its bottom with
metal
Second, The arrangement of the spring screw rods, a1 a, made ad- plates, metal plates being also secured on the bottom of the last
at
justable, in combination with a rigid or flexible support. b2, an eccen-
tric, G, and a connecting rod, J, all in the manner anbstantially as de- the toe and heel, and strips of India-rubber or other
suitable or simi-
scribed, and so that the riddles may be adjusted without affecting the lar material inserted in the bottom of the last.]
eccentric as set forth. -
Third, The arrangement of the hinged devices, F F, in combins--
lion with a riddle which parts the grain at the center and with a but- 39,105.Nail Plate-feeder.John S. Fisk, Youngstown,
tomless hopper placed over the ridge of the riddle; all ils the manner - Ohio
substantially as described. I claim, first, Retracting the nail plate preparatory to tul-ning the
Fourth, The combination of the many-armed bracket, L, and a fan same, by means of one or more cams, ol od, and a lever, V, and af-
box made with a horizontal joint and adapted so form a vertical june- terward restoring it by means of a spring, p, all
subst~ntially as de-
tion with the blast spout, C, substantially as described. scribed.
Second, The combination of one or more cams, o2 nfl, lever, 5,
39,094.Crank-wrist.C. B. Garlinghonse ,(assignor to and rod, H, for raising the plate substantially as described.
himself, George B. Garliughouse & J. Dickason), Third, The rocking box, R, employed In the described combination
Allensville, Ind.: - with the plate rod, I, and elevating rod, H.
construction of crank-wrists the cones, h and c, adapt- Fourth, The combination of the lever, T, rack, u, and pinion, u~, or
I claim in the their described equivalents, for inverting the plate.
ed to the pitman, E, and arranged in reference thereto, substantially Fifth, The hinged nut, F, employed in the described
combination
in the manner and for the ourcose herein shown and described, with the endless screw, Dand carriage, C, to advance the latter -and
39095.Water-proof Varnish for Paper, Cloth, & c. permit its retraction. -
Sixth, The combination of the levers, H G, rod, J, spring catch, I,
Jonathan H. Greene, Christiansburg, Iowa, assignor stationary cam, X, and spring, j, operating substantially as and for
to James B. Hodgskin, -New York City: the purpose set forth.
I claim the combination of. linseed oil, india-rubber, and beuzine, 39,106.Riding Spurs.A. H. Langholz, Chicago, Ill.:
or some equivalent solvent, substantially as and for the purpose set I claim the curved plate, A, arranged with its spring, C, pin.
D, and
forth. - - slot. E, in combination with the forked and notched ends of the stay,
39,096.Binding Attachment for Reapers.W. D. Harrah H, forming a movable spur.
& H. P. Jones (assignors to themselves and Ira M.
Gifford), Davenport, Iowa.: RE-ISSUES. -
We claim, first, The two arms, C D, arranged and connected to-
gether as shown, in connection with the bars or gatherers, H H, for 1,504.~Apparatusformaking Water Gas.W~ H. Gwynne,
she purpose of gathering the grain in compact form for binding as White Plains, N. Y. Patented March 11, 1862:
herein set forth.
Second, The clamp, E, formed of the fixed bar, c, pivoted bar, d. I claim the distributing box, B, with its circulating and heating
and catch, G, In connection with the rotary twisting arm, H, and passage, D, and its perforated cover or top, C, the whole operating
knife, 0, as and for the pur1uose described, substantially as herein described and shown for the purpose set forth.
Third, The combination 01 the gearing, Q K-li M, cam, 1, and lever, 1,505.Process of making Water Gas.W. H. Gwynne,
N, arranged as shown for rotating the twisting arm, It, and operating
the knife, 0, as one operation or manipulation as set forth. White Plains, N. Y. Patented March 11, 1862:
Fourth, The pressure arm or lever, U, arranged as shown and in I claim tke within described mode of obtaining a more uniform
connection with the reel, Sin operate as and for the purpose herein mixtusre of gases eliminated from coal and water, or their
equiva-
set forth. lents, in separate retorts, by supplying the hydrocarbon gas retnrt
with gaseg eliminated from vapor of water in a separate retort by
[The object of this Invention is to obtala a grain-binding device passing sleam super-heated to about the temperature of theincan-
which maybe attached to a reaper and operated by an attendant with descent decomposing material In a finely divided state through the
mass of said decomposing material, substantially as and for the pur-
the greatest facility, soas to firmly bind the sheaves with wire. Each poses set forth.
sheaf being bound at one nperation orjwith a single manipulation.] 1,506.Stove.Joseph C. Henderson, Albany, N. Y.
39,097.Signal Bell and Brake Attachment for Railroad Patented May 29, 1860:
Cars.Dennis Harrigan, Winchester, Mdss~, assignor I claim, first, A reservnir or hopper constructed at its lower-end to
contain and supply fuel, in combination with a fire-pot, separate
to Alfred B. Ely, Newton, Mass.: from said reservoir, sad to which the coal Is supplied at or near the
I claim in combination with the jointed arms, 0 F, placed on or center, so that the products of combustion pass away from site sur-
under the roof of the car and working horizontally, the moveable face of the fire around the contracted base of the said hopper sub-
bunter, T, and rigid bunter, Y, for the purpose of making a compen- stantially as specified.
sating attachment for a car, brake or bell rope, substantially as de- Second, I claim a chamber or horizontal flue around the base
of the
scribed. - reservoir or hopper, supplying coal, and over she surface ef the. fire,
for ~cooling Coffee.Daniel G. Harri- to receive and detain the products of combustion in contact with the
39,098.Apparatus fire heat until perfectly consumed as set forth. -
son & Jabez Reynolds (assignors~to Harrison & Wil Third, I claim a contracted outlet or opening from -the said chain-
son), Cincinnati, Ohio: her or horizontal flue, formed as aforesaid, to prevent a too rapid es-
We claim the rotating cylinder, A, with or without the Internal cape of the products of combustion as specified. -
spiral plates, h, in combination with the elevator, F, and chutes, I Fourth, I claim the surrounding case, b, in cnmhlnation with
the
one or more, all arranged for joint operation as and for she purpos~ said hopper, fire-pot, and chamber above the fire, for
receiving the
herein set forth, products of combustion from the said chamber and radiating heat
substantially as set forth.
[This invention relates to an apparatus or device for cooling coffee Fifth, I claim in combination with shopper over the fire, a
circulat
aft er the same has been roasted by means of furnaces or the usual lug current of air surrounding sueb hopper to aid in cooling the
fuel
substantially as specified.
coffee-roasting devices, The invention consists in she employment Sixth, Iclaim the supply door, f, and register, I, In combination
of a hosizontal or a slightly Inclined rotating cylinder arranged with the hopper, e, and draft space, g, as set forth.
Seventh, I claim a circulating current of air passing through the
in connection with an elevator and chutes described, whereby the hollowlower end of the supply hopper and entering the combustion
desired end Is attained.] - chamber over the fire for promoting combustion and keeping the hop
per from injury by heat as set forth. -
39,099.Table for Reciprocating Saws.C. C. Hinchman 1,507.Whip-aocket.Willialfl H. Lyman, Newark, N. J.
(assignor to himself, J. M. Hinchman & J. H. Hindli- Patented April 15, 1856:
- man), Clarksboro, N. J.: I claim the application to a whip-socket A, of an elastic disk, B,
I claim, first, The table composed of the top, A, and base, B, the provided with a hole, a, substantially in tile manner and for
the pur-
former having segmental plates, D, adapted to rollers on the base, pose herein shown and described.
and the whole being arranged and operating, and being combined [This invention consists In theapplication to the upper part or
with a reciprocating saw substantially as specified.
Second, In combination with the tnp, A, of the table and Its seg- mouth of a whip-socket, of a disk of India-rubber or other elastic
mental plates, D, I claim the pinion, F. gearing in teeth formed on flexible material, said disk being strefehed across the mouth or
open-
one of the said plates, the said pinion being operated by the gearin
herein described or any equivalent to the same for the purpos~ ug of the whip-socket and provided with sit opening smaller than
specified.
Third, In combination with the adjustable top, A, of the table, I the diameter of the whip-handle in such a manner that when said
claim the graduated quadrant, Ii, for the purpose set forth, whip-handle is placed into the secket the opening in the elastic disk
39,100.Arrangement of Valves for Steam Engines. closes up firmly all round and- prevents dirt, dust, or other foreign
Green B. McDonald (assignor to himself and Dennis substances from entering into the whip-socket and soiling the
Long), Louisville, Ky.- - handle]
I claim the arrangement relatively to each other of the valve cbs
her, C, nozzle, E, valve seat, a, valve, D, and exhaust pipe, F, sub: 1,508.Construction - of Wheeled Vehicles.Oren E.
stantially as herein described with reference to Fig. ~- Miles, Aurora, Ill. Patented Feb. 5, 1862:
- [This Invention relates to engines with horizontal cylinders and Iclaim, first, In wheel vehicles the arrangement of the rotating
is to reduce the dead the eduction arm, C, and the wheel, hub or cenler, B, the latter being fitted wilbin
puppelvaves. - Its object space in the other and confined and released by the bolt, c, or its equivalent,
valve chambers, sod thereby reduce the waste of steam between the substantially In the manner and for the purpose herein set forth.46
~ ~ieuttfk ~ued~n.
Second, I claim in wheel vehicles the arrangement of the bolster, TIPIC AMERICAN, would amount to many millions of dollars! We
A, truss rods, f, center frame or part, G, outer bearing frames, B, or
Its equivalent and a rotating arm, C, carrying a wheel rigidly con- would state that we never had a more efficient corps of Draughts~
nected, suhstantisll3 as and for the purpose herein set forth. men and Specification Writers than are employed at present In ou~
ci)JLL.
Third, I clatm in wheel vehicles having a rutating arm, C, ricidl 1FF
connected with the wheel. B, the within described and represented ar exteusave offices, and we are prepared to attend to patent
business of
rangement of the springs, s and h, and gutding pin, i, relatively to all kinds In the quickest time and on the most liberal terms. -
~..444.
the bolster, A, hole,j, and box, D, or their equivalents for the pur. REJECTED APPLICATIONS.
pose set forth.
Fourth; I claim in wheel vehicles the within-described arrangement We are prepared to undertake the investigatIon and prosecution
of
of therotating arm, C, parts, k k, and trunnions, II, relatively to the
levers, r r, frame, m and block, G, or their respective equivalents rejected cases on reasonable terms. The close proximity of our
for she purpose aboVe set forth. Washington Agency to the Patent Office affords us rare opportunities
L. H. H., of Vt.----Jt is quite a common thing to make ice
DESIGNS. for the examination and comparison of references, models, drawings,
documents, & c. Our success In the prosecution of rejected cases has artificially, and several machines have been constructed to
mann-
1,792.Plate of a Stove.4ohn D. Flansburgh (assignor been very great. The principal portion of our charge Is generally left facture
it upon a large scale. You wilt find one designed for this
to North, Chase & North), Philadelphia, Pa. dependent upon the final result. purpose illustrated on page 72, Vol. V. (us series)
of the fiCt aTIrto
1,793, 1,794, 1,795.Cooks Stove (3 cases.)Gari-ettson All persons having rejected cases which they desire to have pros-
AlitatucAN, and another on page 256 of the same volume.
Smith & Henry Brown (assignors to North, Chase ~ ecuted are invited to correspond with us on the subject, giving a brief D. D. G.,
of Wis.Ztchariah Baker, of Erie, Ill., obtained
North), Philadelphia, Pa. stbryof the case, Inclosing the official letters, & ~ a patent on Oct. 14, 1862, for the use of oats and
bailey with salt In
- . CAVEATS, a bath combined with smart weed, oxalic acid, kino, catechu, red
Persons destring to file a caveat can have the papers prepared In the sanders, & c., for tanning leather. We have never seen any
leather
IMPORTANT TO
that ivan made by this process and cannot, therefore, pass an opin.
1INV11iINiOt~~ shortest time by sending a sketch and description of the Invention. ion upon its merits.
________ Lhe Government fee for a caveat, under the new law, Is $10. A pam. A.. P., of N. Y.Alfred Smee is chemist to the Bank Qf
phiet of advice regarding appilcations for patents and caveats,
PATENTS FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS. printed In English and German, is furnished gratis on applica- England and resides in London.
Electro-plating batteries are
lion by mail. Address MUNN & CO.. No. 117 Park Row, New York. manufactured by Chester Brothers, Center street, in this city. You
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without charge, en sending a model or Assignments of plants Change the water frequently and you may occasionally
of Invenitons Is freely given, patents, and agreements between patentees and
feed the fish with ujiuced trorms and water~flies. -
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THE EXAMINAIlON OP INVENTIONS. - the Patent Office. Address MUNN & CO., at the Scientific American S. B. W., of Ohio.Yon will find
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Persons having conceived an idea which they toink maybe patent. eatent Agency, No. 37 Park Row New York. Ing cone pulleys
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- - HOW. TO MAKE AN APPLICATION FOR A PATENTS tion which has been patented within thirty years, can obtain a It., of Mass., $18; I.
P. T. , of N Y. , $325; H. A. W., of Cal , $11 ; H
Every applicant for a patent must furnish a model of his invention enpy by addressing 5. note to this office, stating the
- name of the pat. W~ C.. of Vt. , $12; H. W. nod D. D., of N. Y., $25; H. and W., of
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oventors name markedon them and sent, with the Goveromeotfees ~ CO., Patent Solicitors, No. 37 Park Row, New York Ill., $25; It. and
H.. of H. I., $25; N J , of N. V., $25; If. 5, H., of
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when twogood drawings are all that Is required to accompany the ?ersons having remitted money tothis office will please to examine
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or ex
The revised Patent Laws, enacted by Congress on the 2d of March, & EW PAMPHLETS IN GERMAN.W0 have just issued ~ re press.
1861, are now- In full force, and prove to be of great benefit to all par.
ties who are concerned In new-Inventions. - vised edition of our pamphlet of Insts-ecti.ons to Inventors, containln~ Specifications
and drawings and models belongng ~ to
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Thelaw- abolishes discrimination cloth is not serviceable, and a wish has been expressed that we would Twcntyfivc Cents per line
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enable all to understand how Ineompute the amount
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edited Into our advertising columns ; add, as heretofore, the publish.
ers reserve to themselves the right to reject any advertisement they
signs) on the above terms. ForeIgners cannot seen
- - Volume VII. to hind the sheets sent to us for the purpose In heavy may deem obiectlonable. - - -
- - - re their inven.
lions by filiog a caveat; to citizens only is (his privilege accorded. - board sIdes, covered with marble paper and leather backs
and corners. __________________________________________________________
During the last seventeen years, the business of. procuring Patents The price of binding in the above style Is 73 cents. We shall
be RON ROOFJNGL1GHT, CHEAP, ~ DURABLE AND
11w new inventions n the United States and all foreign Countries has -
unable hereafter to furnish covers to the trade, but will be happy to - perfectly fire and water-proof, constructed and put up by
W11
been conducted Messrs. - - - - receive orders for binding. at the publication office, 37 Park Row, G. RuED, Chelsea, Hans. P tent
rights for sale. 8 l~
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publication ofthe SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ; and as an evIdence of IIAUGHTING.-A SITUATION WANTE~D UNDER
thecoofidence reposed In our Agency by the inventors throughout a first-class mechanical draughtaman, by one who hsshad atme
the councry, we would state that we have acted as agents for at least Back Numbers and Volumes ofthe Scientific American,
empem-leoce and who has ap-actical -knowledge of macbloery. Ad-
TWENTY TEOIPSAND Inventore! In fact, the publishers of this VOLUMES I., II., 111., IV.,. V., VIL AND VIII. (NEW dress W. W. S .
D,rcheater, Mass. ~ 55
paper have become Identified with the whole brotherhood of Inven- - SERIES) complete (bound)- may Ile had at thisoffice and from
periodi- R IGEJf Fo it TIlE SIATIf OF NEW YORK FO [~ SALE.--.
tore and patentees at home and abroad. Thousands of inventors for cal dealers Price, bound,$225 per volumeby mail, -$3which in-
Improved Automatic Weighing Scale. rhis smile operates wi-bout
whom wekave taken out- patents have addresked- to us most flatter.
- -- ~ - an~ In tim Unitee ~ the use ,,f weights or springs. is comoact, simple a
od cheat, always
- -- - - - - nude. posta~. ~ E~erymechdnlc, ~nTentor or artfz reliable, never gets out of order, has every advantage of t e spring
8ng testimonials for the services we - have rendered there, and the Stales should have a complete set
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CROWELL, 187 Salem
eu~d through this office, and ,afterwar4 Ilhustraled in the SCIEN, VOL. VI. is oui~ol print and cannot he supplied, street, Boston,
Mass.
---- - - -5~1 ~hc dent rerk~.
A VALUABLE WORK FOR INVENTORS,
PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS.
The publishers of the ScIENTIFIc ASiERICAN have just prepared.
with nuch care, a painphet of intirmanon about Patents and the
Patent Laws, which ought to be in the hands of every inventor and
patentee, and also of ulairtacturers who use patented inventiona
The character of this useful work will be better understood after read
ing the following synopsis of its contcnts:~
The compete Patent Law Amendment Act of 1861Practical In.
struettins to Inventors, how to obtain Letters Patent, also aboot
Models~.Designs.~lavcats.~Trade.niark5-.Assignments-.ltevenue Tax
Extensionstn erferenccsintringementsAppealslte-issnes o
Decective PatentsValidity of PatentsAbandonment 01 [uventlom
Best Mode of Introducing themImp Jrtauce of the Specification
Who are entitled to PatentsWuat will prevent the Granting of a
PateotPatents in Canada and European PatentsSchedule of Pat
ent Pees; aiso a variety ni miscellaneous Items on patent law ques.
lions.
It has been the design of the publishers to not only furnish, in con-
venient torm for preservation, a synopsis of the PATENT LAW and
PRAOTWE~ nut also to answer a great vai ety of questions which have
been put to them 1mm time to time during their practice of npwarde
01 seventeen yanG, which replies are not accessible In any other form.
The pubnshers will promptly forward the pamphlet by mail, on re
ceipa of six cents In postage stamps.
Address & IUNN a CO., Publishers of lbs ScIENTIFIc AxENicAse,
No.87 Park fLOW, Sew York. S
WAR DEPARTMENT.
PRovosT .OAIIIHXL GEIfER~LS OSNICIE,
WAIHINOTON, J n,e ~O, 1883 8
I. .fiectlon 13 of the act, approveu ifs cn 3, 1868, for enrolling and
calling cent the national furccs and for 010Cr purposba, is as fol-
lowat
OEOTtON 13. And be it mi-they enudted, That any person drafted
and notitied to appear as aforeisid, may, on or beforc the day fixed br
his a pearance, furoisn an acceptible sunstitute to take his place in
the draft; or he may pay to mcli person en the Secretary of War may
auLnorlze to receive it, such sum, not exceeding three hundred dol-
lars, as the Hecretary 1usd determine, for the procuration of sub sub.
stitute, which sum Snail be Oxed at a uniform rate by a General Ord.
made at toe time of ordering a dralt br any State or Territory; ace
thereup.m suen person so turnishiog the substitute or paying the
ox eey shah be discuarged from former liability under mat drait
And any person tailing tO report alter one service of notice as hereiii
preicrined, without lurnisning a substitute or payiog the required
sum tueretor, snail ne deemed a deserter and snail be arrested ny thc
Provost Marshal and sent to th& fibarest military post br trial by
Court-martial, unless, upon proper shewing that he is not liable to do
mtei.arv duty, the Board, of Enrolment shitli relieve him froni the
draft.
a. is hereby announced that the amount to ho paid, in accordance
with tue foregoing section of the Enrolment net, by aly person who
may be drafted, in order tO secure exemption from service, has been
fixed by the Secretary of War at dirts hundred debtors.
11. foe Go,nnoiooioner ofInterueot Recceise to each Congressional
DIstrict has been autO rized oy tOe Secretary of War and oirected by
the Sec[emary of the lreasnry, to receive from diaited persons, whe..
desire to pay it for tue purpose 01 exemption, toe money above aped-
fled. On receipt of this sum the Collector ci internal Eceenue snail
glee the dratted person paying it duplicate receipts. One copy of these
receipts shail cc delivered to tOe Beard oh Enrolment on or oclore the
day the drafted person is required to report br duty; and wheo 5-
denvered to toe noard tne miratted person shall be lurnished ny the
Board with a certideate ol exemption (Corm. 01, Hegnlatons of Pro
yost Marsoat Ganerais Bureau), statIng that the person is diachaiged
from ILurtoer liability under that draft, by reasoti of having paid the
sum of three hundred dollars.
If I, Toe Provost vtarehai soall make out, within the first~Monday
of every wee~, an aust act 01 persons to whom exemption Irom miii
tary service shall have leeli granted by the Board during the week
pievioiis (Porm 51.) Au receipts or certlocames of tieposim delivered
to the Board by persons claiming exemption on account of having
pald the required sum of money, shall accompany toe anstract.
JAMES B. SHY.
1 Provost Marshal General.
WATER WH~RLS..RF1YNOLDS PATENT.THE
best turbine in n.e powerini ano economical in use of water
Cati upon or address us at our oltice. W rks at Oswego.
34. TALIOCOTT ia UNDEttdILJo, 582 Broad-say, New York.
W dOD-WORKING MAtJHINES.A FULL SRI1
br car and sash and door work. Two Woodworth planeis C
rolls, 14 inches. One titay & Wood planer 15 ny :11), one I)auteie
pianere one planer and matefler, two molding, two tenenitig, ann
two mortising machines, two act-till saws, one boring mnchioe, two
saw tables, one circularsaw mill, one Wicks ie-sllttiilg mill, one
cut-tiff saw, one tiuind slat machine, beltieg, & C., ail In good ordet
and eneab for cash. Address CILARIiES H. SMITH, 135 horth Thiro
Street, Phiiadeiphia, Pa. 1 4
~I ACHINERY.SLLDE LATHES, IRON PLANERS,
upright drills, bolt-cutting machines, mililug macnines, gese
cutting eligines, pn0chisg machiucs, nilive sal coucas, Mc., at iOn
North Third street, Philadelphia, Pa., CHARLES H. SBrtH.
14
(~ASOMETER OF 3,000 PEET CAPACITY AND IRON
~.A tank complete with ft-sine, chains and counterweights, in order
for shipment, heir sale low. Address Box 2516, Philadelphia P. 0.
13~
FAN BLQWERSDIMPFELS, ALDENS, MCKENZIEh
and others, tor Steamboats, iron Works, Founderies, Smith
Shops, Jeweters, Mc., on hand for sale by LEACH BEOTHEES, di
Ltberty street, New York. 2 j35
TRO$ PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, DRILLS AND
j.other machinists tools, of superior quality, on haun and finishing
forsale lw. For description sos price address NEW HAVEN MAh-
UFACTURING COMPANY, new Raven, Coun.
D AYES PATENI~ FORGE HAMMERADAPTED TO
.L beth heavy and light forgings, with an adeustanib stroke of from
one Inch to three fee, -in hand for sale by LEACH BROVHERS, SC
Liberty street, New York. l3-~
ANES PATENT LIFTING JACKVERY EASiLY
L operated, c-impact, simpie and cheap. For cut atid description
see page 405, Vol. 1101 (uew series), SCtEETtSIO AiIIIRICAN. State
rights sor sale. Communications in relation to rights or orders for
Jacks may us addressed to J. G. LANE, Washington, N. Y. 1 8
PATENT GRINDSTONE TURNING MACHINES FOb
machuts ships. Fir rights and full-size drawings address the
inventor, JAMES TIIIEHiLY, Detroit, Mich. 1 3*
CIENTIFIC BOOKS AND PERIODICALS IMPORTED
K) to order, by the slisgle volume or in quantityorders forwarded
as often as once a weekbyJO tIN WILEY, 535 Broadway, New York
*** Architects, engineers and others desiriug catal igues can have
them forwarded gratis tiy sending their addresses as above. 24-4w
2 5O RARE RECEIPTSONE HUNDRED OF THESE
receipts cost over a thousand dollars. The book sent by
mall for fifteen cents. HIJfCIILNSON & CO., Publishers, 442 Broad
way, New York. 24 6~
1)ORTABLE STEAM ENGINESCOMBINING TH~
3. maximum of efficiency, durability and economy with the minimun
of weight and price. They are widely and faveirably known, mors
than lilt) being in use. All warranted satisfactory or nosale. A iarg~
stuck on hand ready forimmediate application. Descriptive circular
ent on application. Address J. C. ROADLET, Lawrence, Mass.
2 13
1? T. BABBITT ON MAKING BREAD, WITH FULL
Li. directitins on each packsge of Salaratus, showing how to meke
the best of bread from materials ihat farmers slwavs have on hand
tiread mide in this manner contitins nothing but flour sod common
salt and water; it has so sgreeable taste; keeps much letuter than
common bread; is mitre digestible and mitch less dispeesed to turn tie
scid. Common breod, hikeevbrv thing that has been fermented, fer-
ments again to the great discomlort ~if, many stomachs, and not Only
so, but acting as a ferment, it communicates to all food in enlace
with it. The bresd being free from sit yeasty particles, is mitre diges-
tible amtd nit so likely to create flatulence or turn acid on weak stom-
achs as fermented bread is apt to do, and, when of the finest quality.
et is beneficial to those who suffer from headache, anidity, flatulence
eructations, a sense of sinking at the pit of the stomach, distsiisliin
cv pains after meals, and to all who are subtect to gust or gravel; ii
is also useful in many affections of the skin~ a saving of 25 pi~iods of
dour per barrel is effected by this process. Be sure and est that with
S T. BABBITTS name on, or you will not get the recipe with sour
nilk, nor the quality. Fur sale by store-keepers generally or at the
manufactory, Ntis. 64 to 74 Washington street, New York. 25 tf
TO MANUFACTURERS AND MACHINE BUILDERS,
The undersigited being engaged in the purchase ahd s-the of ma-
chinery, such as steam engines, mill and factetry machinery, lathes.
tools, and all kinds of manufactured machines and implements, and
assisting commission merchants and others in their purchases, solicits
from manufacturers their circulars. price lists, terms, Mc., also any
illustratieens of their machinery or works they may have Parties In-
troducing new inventions or improvements will find ills their inter-
act to ceemmunicate with him, giving such information in regard ti
their improvements as they deem uses-s-try, which will receive the
attention due to their merits. J E. STEVE -ISON, Machinery Breeker,
200 Broadway, New York Refsreeices:Tbe Novelty Iron Weurks.
New York; Franklin Townsend, Albany N Y - Lowell ~tachine Shop
Leewell, lhess ; Hunsweirth, Eakins & I~ay1or, Peoples Works, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. 1 55
FIBER-CLEANING MACHINE.THIS VALUABLE
machine, the invention of Edeise dii J. y Patrullo, and illustrated
to psge 168, last volume, SOtENTIFIc AMERICAN, is nei~.on exhibition.
where the public are invited is examine it, at the Sstablishment of
TODD & RAFFERTY, No. 13 Dey street, New York. 2 13
WANTEDSCRAP IRON, OLD BOILERS. AND OIl
Iron MachineryThe subscribers will pay cash tier any quan-
tity of Wrought oe- Cast Scrap Iron, Old Boilers, and Old trio Sta-
ehinery. delivered at their warehouse, 28 30, and 112 Terrace street
Bitffelo. or at their Rolling Mill and Nail Factory, Black Rock N Y
Boffolo, July, 1863. PRATT ~ Co -
2 1t?~
OMETHING NEW! AGENTS WANTED !OUR NEW
) fauicy -i Card Thermometer, Remmer & Shield for band
sewing, Improved Indelible Pencil f(er marking linen, and 10 more
novel, usetul and indispensable articles selling rapidly. Nesv inven-
tions seild en commission For circulars and terms address RICE &
CO.. 37 Park-row, New York, Inventors and Agents Deept. 22tb
A MONTUL~ W4 WANT AGENTS AT $60 A
miofith, ~ L-aust117,Ao & eIl our Everlasting. Pencils,
Orients Burder-s~afad ~Ifsi~lWdn~sytlaSr new, Useful and envious artibles.
Fifteen tirculars sent tr& s. Address~StIAW & CLARK, Biddefierd,
~Ialne. 21 hl~
PECKS PATENT DROP PRESS.ALL THE SiZES
used in the manufacture of silver, brass or tinware, lamps,
spoons, jewelry. & c.; also for forging purposes, on hand or made to
order, by MILO, PECK & CO. New Raven, Coon. 22 l3~
IJ OMANS ii EXCELSIOR HORSE HAY RAKE.
Those wishiiig rights in THE BEST, either for manufacture use
speculation, should apply immediately. New England States already
duspeesed of. Described in Nos 22 and 25, Vol. VIII. (new series), cit
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Circulars sent free. C. B. HOLMES,
Dowagiac, Rich. 25 6* -
XT ERVOUS DISEASES AND PHYSICAL DEBILITY,
arising Irom Specific causes, in bolh settesnew and reliable
creatment, in Reports itt the Howard Associationsent in sealed lee
er envelopes, free of charge. Address Dr. J. SKILLIN HOUGH-
rON, Howard Association, No. 2 South Ninth street, Philadelphia,
Pa. 25 4*
B OLUS, NUTS AND WASHERS OF ALL SIZES CON~
stantly on hand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 86 Liberty
street New York. -
COTTON GINS I COTTON GINS!! THE NEW YORE
Cotton Gin Company manufacture and offer for sale the Excel-
sior Reller Gin for Sea Island or tong staple ceetmon; also Browns eels
brated De,uble-cyhinder Saw Gin for uplaud orshort staple. The abeive
Gins are acknowledged to be without their equal; they do more weirhi
and produce abetter sample than any offered in the market. Vie
also manufacture a large variety of hand Gins, both for long and shun
cetaphits. Perseins intending to order fur the coming crop iifeeittoui
will do well to do so soon, in order to secure their Gins in season
FRANKLIN H. LUMMUS, General Agent, No. 82 John street, New
York. 25 l3~
FLAGS! FLAGS!! FLAGS!!! FLAGS!!!!
JAMES E. SEBRING (agent), Flag-maker, No. 27 Courtlsiud
street, New York. All sizes and descriptions made to order at the
hurt eat notice. 25 4~
f~UILD & GARRISONS CELEBRATED STE A fri
\,A PumpsAdapted Is every variety of pumping. The princlps
styles are the Direct Action Excelsior Steam urn , the improvef
Balance Wheel Pump, Duplex Vacuum and Steam Pumps, and the
~ater Propeller, an entirely new invention for pumping large quan-
tities at a light lift. For sale at Nos. 55 and 57 First street, WiI-
liamsburgh, and No. 74 Beekman street, New York.
1 if GUILD. GARRISON A CO
~rACHINE BELTING, STEAM PACKING, BNGIN~
LVJ.. ROSEThe superiority of these articles manutactured of nil-
sanized rubber, is established. Every hell will warranted miperioz
-o leather, atone-third less price. The Steam Packin is made in everj
variety, and warranted to stand400 degs. of heat. The~osenevernee~
diling, and is warranted to stand any requfred pressure; together wiu
allvarietiesofrubberadaptedtomechanicalpurPoses. Directions, prices
ke. can be obtained by mail or otherwise at our warehouse. NEW
YOIIK BELTING AND PACKING COMPANY
JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treasurer,
I lt~ Nos. 87 and 88 Park-row New York
B LACKDIAMOND STEEL WORKS, PITTSBURGH
Pa PARK, BROTHER & CO., manufacturers of best quality
Refined Cast Steel, square, fiat and nets on, of all shies. Warranted
squat to any imported or manufacture his country. Office and
Warehouse, Neis. 149 and 151 First street, and 120 and 122 Seconul
Oreet, Pittsburgh, Pa. vol. 8 11 1v5
ANDREWS PATENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSARE
LI... sesteonsical, simple and durable ; passs sal, corn, sand, gravel
Mc., without injury. Size from 20 gallons uo 40 lutlO gallons per min-
ute. Manulectured by WE. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Wauer st..
New York. Pumps to hire for wrecking, coffer-dams, sand pumping.
Mc. i4~
tOR SALE.A PATENT GRANTED ON MARCH 17,
.1 1863. Described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. -VII., No. 20.
A sp rug skate which is light and durable, with an improved revolv-
ung heel ecrew. Samples tan be seen at Waltons Skate Emneurium
Ne 67 Warren street, or at the owners, 178 Water street, New Yeerk.
25 l0~ - JOSEPH M. YATES.
A MESSIEURS lIES- INVENTEURSAVIS IMPORT
ant. Les Inventeurs con famihiers ayes ha langue Anglaise e
eni prhfbreraient nouscommuniquerleiirs inventions en Fraeeais.pei.
vent nuns addresser dane leur langue natalie. Movesysi nousubdesshe
e une description concise pour notre examen. loutes communica
lions seron tregues en confidence. MUNN A CO
SOigETiriO AMURIQAN GRas, No. 57 Park-row, Ncw~ork.
T HE CHEAPEST MODE OF 1NTRODLTCIN
INVENTIONS.
INVENTORS AND CONSTRUCTORS OF NEW AND
aseful Contrivances or Machines, of whatever kind, can have their
Inventions Illustrated and described in the columns of the SCUtNYl.
FIC AMERICAN on payment ot a reasonable charge for the engrav
ing. -
No charge is made for the publication, and the cuts are furnished to
the party for whom they are executed as soon as they have been used.
ifs wish it understocid, howeYer, that no secondhand or poor engrav-
Ings, such as patentees often get executed by- inexperienced artists for
irinting shreulars ann h~ndblUs from, can beadmitteid intothese pages.
ifs also reserve the mgns to accept or reject such subjects as are pre-
sented for publication. And ills not our dese to receiveorilers for
engraving and publishing any but good Inventions or Macboise, and
inch as do not meet our apprbhation In thus respect, we shall decline
to publish.
For further particulars address
flIVRN & CO..
Publishers o the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
New York City.
(~IL! OIL! OIL
S.f For Railroads, Steamers, and for Machinery and Burning.
PEASES Improved Engine sod Signal Oil, indorsed ~od recom-
mended by the highest authority in the United States. This Oil
piisssssea qualities vitally essential for lubricating stud burning, anfi
found in no other oil. It is offered to the public upon the most reli-
able, thorough and practical test. Our most skillful eligineers sod
esasehunists pronuunnee It superior to and cheaper than any other, sod
the only oil that is in all cases reiiablc sod will not gum. The
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, after several tests, pronounces it superior to
any other they have ever used for machinery. For sale only by the
inventor and Manufacturer, F. S. PEASE, No. 61 Main street,
Sufialo, N. Y.
N.,B.Reliable orders filled for any part of the United Stales and
_____________________ 24 13*-
C~OLID EMERY VULCANITE.WE ARK NOWMANU
it) facturing wheels of this remarkable substance-for cutting, grind.
ingand polishiugmenats, that will outwear hundreds of the kind com-
unonly used, and will do a much greater amount of work in the same
time, and more efficiently. All unterestedean see them in operation at
our warehouse or circulars describing them will be furnished b~mail
I~IEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,
1 lhi~ - Nos; 37 and 3& Park-rew, New York.
V ALUAB-LE DOCK PROPERTY FOR SALE.T~E
subscmber offers for eats a valuable plot of ground on Newtown
ereek, osar Peony Bridge,iux the city of- Brooklyn, Tbep7roperty is
eery desirably situated in the Seventecoth Ward, Meeker avenue, a
reat thoroughfare, forming the southerly boundary of the premises.
& valuable deck privilege of over 400 feet on Newtown Creek, renders
he property very desirable for large manufacturing or steurage pur-
poses.- Vessels of six or eight feet draft cao-oavigate the creek at low
side, and of much greater capacity at high water. The upland and
water privilege comprise about nineteen aerCe, and Will be scild very
uheap, sod the terms of payment made liberal. For further particu-
lars, addreSs J. B. BULLOCK, attorney fur theownbrs, No.59 Nasifan
street, New York. 22tf
THE CELEBRATED CRAIG MICROSCOPE WILL BE
3..- mailed, prepaid, for $2 25; with 6 beautiful mounted objects for
~3; wuth2l objects br $5, by HENRY CRAIG, 180 Center street (3d
door), New York. Liberal discount to dealers. - -
The Craig Microscopes are just what they claim to be, and those
who wish toy such anarticle will not he disappointed if they shuuld
obtain one of these..lV. 1. Method t. 19 13*
po PHOTOGRAPHERS.IMPROVED PHOTOGRAR-IC
.L Camera, Patented March 25, i562, by A. B. WILSON (Patentee of
he Whester sod Wilson Sewiog Machine), adapted to ltlu photographic s~
aork; such as Landscapes, Stereoscopic Vi5ews, Carte Visites, Apt-
orotypes, - ~c. Can be used by amateurS and otheis from printed
directions. Bend for a circular. Address A. B~ WILSON5 Waterbury,
Coon. - 161f
IMPORTANT TO THOSE USING STEAM BOILERS;
Blakes Patent Self-regulating Apparatus for supplying boilers
sith water. It keeps the water at a uniform bight against any pres-
sure. Very simple and sure. All interested can see them In opera.
tlOO at our works, or circulars describing them will be sent by mail,
oLAKE M WHEELOCK, 71 Gold street, New York. State rights
sale. 23 $~
FL~, - HEMP, JUTE AND MANILLA.RICHARD
KiTBON, Lowell, Mass., manufacurer of needle-ptilnted card
ciombung for carding flax, hemp, jute and manilla. 21 hue
A MONTH! I WANT TO HIRE AGENTS IN
e4PStJ every county at $75 a month, expenses paid to sell my new
cap Family Sewing Machines. Address S. MAbISON, Alfred,
etaine. 21 15*
AMPER REGULATORS,GUARANTEED TG EF-
.hJ lest agreat saving in fuel, and give the most perfect regularity
- -t power. For sale by the subscribers, who have established their ex-
lusuve right to manufacture damper regutators, using duaphragms
r flexible vessels of any kind. Orders promptly attended Is, or in-
ormatitin given, by addressing CIAstES PATENT STEAM AND FIRE
tEsni.APoE COMPANV, No. 5 Park Place, New York,
- Responsible agents wanted. 16 26~
WATER WHEELS.WARRENS TURBINE WATER
Wheel and Turbitue Regulator are used successluhly Is over 500
eEiensivb-CotuOo and wecolen mills, where the greatest econuumy
irater is at stake. Send for illustrated psmphlet. Address ALONRO
WARREN, Agent leir American Water Wheel Company, No. 31 Ex-
~haune stre-eb.- Boston, Mass. 24 8~
POWER LOOM WIRE CLOTHS AND NETTINGS,
superior in quality and at low prices, by the CLINTON WIRE
IJLOTH IOIIPANY, Clinton, Mass. N. BOur trade-mark i, Pow-
er Loom Wire Cloth . vol 8 24 81*
~3ut ~eaettung fih bcutfelw (5-ffilai-f.
TIle i.Inleniefd)nettti ilItueul due ItcletInnq, bit Rfftetrc~tu bus Iteritul-
tell ilugibi Ort ff4) ibre j)ntCnle in- fidICro, l)enlludfefCben, Hill lerilhivi -
;en feldie 3 null nut hiefelbeu.
(Irfiuler, e,eId~e ui4)t mit tIer en3IIf4)frl lThsnsdte iul!annt finit, fruso,
tbre i.flittl~eIiun3eu. in len leulidlen l~prsdte nuodelt., - efi~fn nyu (In-
finbon3en mit tuniell, beniIi4) gef4)rleiueiten Defdlrfibnht5fn lelielse RSI
ilt sllneffIneit 511 lOIBIIR & (By., -
- 37 ~flilnt Belt), i)ICttI-iO[t. -
Euflen ~lf~ce itsinb beutfdi aefu,ne~en,
~aleibit iS en tjiibcn I - - -
~te ~atent-0eIe~e bet ~eeiut~teu ~9taa1e1l.
tNt ben Sir3ein nob ben fliefdt& fiosnbntunq ben, ~inent;Zffice tune hutch.
.~ro fur ten (Irfililen, nun fid~ PsIeutle in fI4)enn Is fri lIrt. is-
cit 110 in (Itunepa. .~Cnseni4.us~e3ecsus -leuu -itaretut f51r0l,,t - riemfes
otef bull lersuf betnyhidie RarbidlIqe; ebeu~uhts ne~iiS Bhlisbe fly
Sc thiibe~ EIlI itilSig, itteitije p(itliidlngfl uceilCit.
%retS 20 ~4$e. #1? (151128 Iti
47
ALCOTTS CONCENTRIC LATHES FOR BROOI%1,
~1. ~eee and Rake Ilandles, Chair Rounds, & c.Prlee, $25; and all
otherkinds of ~ood.wtirking Machinery for sate by
S.C. HILLS, No. 12 PlaIt-street, New York.48
Patent Seif-actiEg Gate.
It happens not unfrequently that farmers or others
find themselves suddenly opposed in their progress
over their premises by a heavy wooden gate, to open
which they must get out of their vehicles before
they can go further. This is not easily accomplished
sometimes, as in the case of a restive horse ; or when
a young gentleman finds himself so completely en-
gaged in conversation with his cousin, that to
descend and do so unromantic a thing as to open a
gate would entirely destroy the thread of his dis-
course. To avoid this and similar inconveniences,
the self-acting gate herewith Illustrated, has been in-
vented, and we can certify that it is a very conve
The reverse of this operation is performed when the.
gate is to be closed; the rail is lowered from the
shoulder on which it rests by the opposite cord, and
the gate then descends by its gravity and completely
stops the way. Fig. 8 shows the way in which the
shoulder that the rail rests upon when the gate is
open, is made, and Fig A, shows the manner in which
the rail latches on the shoulder of the front post,
and also on the pin, thereby gaining the full strength
of all the parts All the parts are easily operated
by a child twelve years old~ and the perishable ma-
terials, such as the cords (or chains when required),
are sheltered from the weather and will last a long
time. The cost of such a gate is, we are assured,
PIERCES PATENT AUTOMATIC GATE.
nient arrangement, and will we think be generally not above that of an ordinary one, and the advant
appreciated by the public. Fig. 1, is an elevation of ages it presents over those not so constructed, it will
the gate, A; this is suspended on rollers, B, which be apparent to every one, make it actually cheaper
run upon the upper rail, C. This rail is jointed at than a cumbersome, slamming affair, that takes two
D, and moves freely at the further extremity be- men and a boy to swing on its hinges. This gate is
tween the uprights, B. These upright timbers have the invention of James M. Pierce, of Mokena, 111.,
a plank, F, common to both, crossing their tops, on and was patented through the Scientific American
the underside of which the cords, G, running in roll- Patent Agency on April 28, 1863; further informa-
ers, are carried, and connected with the loose end of tion can be had by addressing him at that place.
the rs~il. There are also two uprights under each RED LEAD FOR PROTECTING IRON.
end of the cross timber which brace the main up.
rights that can be used for a hitching post. The At a recent meeting of the Society of Arts, ton-
cords have weights depending from them which bal- don, the question of preserving iron from rusting
ance the rail, C, and there are also two shoulders, formed a subject of conversation, and important
G, in Fig. 2, on which the free end of the rail rests remarks were made by members, who stated that gal-
I ~f
when the gate is opened or closed. The apilugs, H,
mitigate the shock of the gate when it closes, and
the guide, I, is provided to insure the proper posi~
tion of the gate at all times, and prevent it from
being blown open by the wind. The lower side of
the bottom rail is faced with a board, 5, three inches
wide, so that the gate will work freely between the
posts when running back and forth. It will be seen
that when the cords are pulled, the free end of the
rail, C, will rise through the uprights and carry with
it the gate; the latter will then be upon a plane In-
clining from the upright E to D, and will run down
the same p:lst the fence, and leave the passage clear.
vAnized iron wire for telegraphs was not affected with
rust in passing through rural districts, but the coat-
ing of zinc on the iron afforded no protection to
wires in cities. The acid gas generated by the com-
bustion of fuel attacked the gas and decomposed it.
A new substitute for covering telegraphic wire was
desirable.
With respect to paints for coating iron, such as the
plates of iron vessels, machinery, & c., Mr. John
Braithwaite stated that pure red lead was the best.
His experience dated as far back as 1806, with the
use of red lead, and for fifty years he h~td used it
with success. White lead Was more injurious than
beneficial as a paint for iron. In the month of April
last he inspected a well, 200 feet deep, a short dis-
tance out of London, where he had put up an engine
forty-five years ago; the long iron rods which
had been pla ced in it had been painted with red lead,
and the metal had remained unchanged in all that
period. The same preservative effects of red lead
paint on iron ho had witnessed upon other iron-work
which had been many years in use.
TEE pay of the engineers on the blockade-runners
is said to be $1500 per month. It is not stated
whether the sum is paid in gold or Confederate money
if in the latter, their services are cheap enough!
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
THE BEST MECHANICAL PAPER IN THE WORLD.
NINETEENTII YEAR!
VOLUME IX.---NEW SERIES.
The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN beg toknnound5
that on the fourth day of July, 1863, a uew volume commenced, aud
it will continue to be the aim of the publIshers to reuder the coutents
of each Buccessive number more attractiveand useful than any of its
predecessors.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is devoted to the iuterests of Popu-
lar Science, the Mechanic Arts, Mauufactures, Inventions, Agricul-
ture, Commerce, and the Industrial pursuits geusrally, aud is valuable
aud instructive uot ouly iu the Workshop and Manufactory, but also
in the Household, the Library and the Reading Room.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has the reputation, at home and
abroad, of being the best weekly journal devoted to mechanical and
industrial pursuits now published; and the proprietors are determined
to keep up the reputation they have earned during the eighteen
years they have been connected with its publication.
2b the Mechanic and Manufacturer!
No person engaged in any of the mechanical pursuits should think
of doing without the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. It costs but six cents
per week; every number contains from six to ten engravings of new
machines and inventions which cannot be found in any ether publica -
tion. It is an established rule of the publishers to insert none but
oriqissol engravings, and those of the llrst class in tha art, drawn and
engraved by experienced artists, under their own supervision, ex-
pressly for this paper.
Chemists, Architects, Millwrights and Farmers! -
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be found a most useful journal
to them. All the new discoveries in the science of chemistry are given
in its columns, and the interests of the architect and carpenter are not
overlooked; all the new inventions and discoveries appertaining to
those pursuits being published from week to week. Useful and prac
tical information pertaining to the interests of millwrights and mill-
owners will be found published in the SOJENTIFIC AMENIOAN, which
information they cannot possibly obtain from any other source. Sub-
jects in which planters and farmers are interested wIll be found dis-
cussed in the ScssszoTsrsO AxEasctN; most of the improvements in
agricultural implements being illustrated in its columns.
7b the Inventor!
The SCiENTIFIC AMERICAN is indispensable to every inventor,
as it not only contains illustraled descriptions of nearly all the best in-
ventions as they come, but each number contains an Official List of
the Claims of all the Patents issued from the United Slates Patent
Office during the week previous; thus giving a correct history of the
progress of inventions in this country. We are also receiving, every
week, the best scientiSc journals of Great Britain, France and Ger-
many; thus placing in our possession all that is transpiring in me.
chanical science and art in those old countries. We shall continue to
transfer to our columns copious extrasts from those journals of what
ever we may deem of interest to our readers.
TERMS.
To mall subscribers :Three Dollars a Year, or One Dollar for six
months. One Dollar and Fifty Cents pay for one complete volume of
416 pages; two volumes comprise one year. A new volume eons.
menced on the fourth of July, 1863.
CLUB RATES.
Five Copies, for Six Months ....
Ten Copies, br Six Months
Ten Coptes, for Twelve Months 143
Fifteen Copies, for Twese Months 34
Twenty Copies, for Twelve Months 40
For all clubs of Twenty and over the yearly subscription is only
$2 SO. Names can he sentinet-stifferent times and from different
Poet-offices. Specimen copies will be sent gratis to any part of the
couniry.
Western and Canadian money or Post-office stamps taken at per
for subscriptions. Canadian subscribers will please to remit 23 cents
extra en each years subscription to pre-pay postage.
MUNN & CO., Publishers,
~ Toe STeAM 37 Park Row, New York
50155 OF .5555 A ossP
Ir~jj.l.
OF THE
3.

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, ChEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES
NEW YORK, JULY 25, 1863.
(NEW SERIES.)
Improved Cotton-opener and Cleaner.
The accompanying engraving is a representation of
a new and improved cotton-oPener and~ cleaner,
which has been recently introduced in various parts
of the country. There are no feed rollers to it, and
the general arrangement of the several parts will be
fully understood by referring to the subjoined de-
scription and illustration. Alt parts of the machine
are not visible in the position it stood at the time it
was photograt~hed, but the explanation will supply
what is lacking.
The oblong casing, A,
is covered with a hood,
B, and constructed with
suitable bearings for the
two horizontal shafts, C
C, which nin length-
wise through it. The
shafts are patallel with
each other, and have
beaters, D, secured upon
them spirally about
their axis in such rela-
tions to each other that,
those upon the shaft, C,
revolve between the
spaces of those on the
shaft, C; the shafts
themselves revolving in
opposite directions. The
grating under the shafts
(not seen in the engrav-
ing) is accommodated
to the circle described
by the ends of the beat-
ers. On the top of the
machine is a hopper, B,
in which the cotton to
be fed is placed, and
near the other end of
the hood there is a
box containing a rota-
tating screen, F, placed on one side of the machine,
which has a free communication with the box, A;
the shaft of the screen is parallel with the beater
shafts. The beaters are arranged along the whole
length of the shaft, as may be seen through the hood,
a portion of which is broken away to show the in-
tetior. An endless apron, G, is provided, which runs
on two rollers arranged parallel with the beater
shafts, and extending from the end of the grating
within the box, A, to the box, F, and out through
an opening in the back of the same; this apron
worlis close under the rotating screen. The roller,
H, is capable of being revolved by the endless apron,
or by the friction of the cotton upon it. In the end
of the box next to the hopper, there are openings,
I, above the grating, and also one below for the ad-
mission of air ; the latter is fitted with a slide to
regulate the force of the draft. The driving shaft,
C, transmits motion to the screen through the me-
dium of a shaft, J, arranged at the back of the box,
A, which shaft is driven by a belt or gearing, as de-
sired, and so connected with the rotating screen that
it revolves very slowly. The apron is driven by
suitable gearing, and the fan runs at a high velocity,
through a belt, from a pulley on shafts, C and C.
There are also two shafts, K, fitted with pawis and
ratchet wheels below the grating, D, which carry
two cams, quickly operated by wrenches, for the pur-
pose of raising or lowering the grating as may be re-
quired, according to the length or condition of the
fiber to be cleaned. These are the principal details.
Respecting the operation of them the inventor says
The cotton is fed in at the cud opposite the blower
where it undergoes a semi-scutching operation; this
is afterwards repeated by the second cylinder return-
ing it again to the firstthe cotton being drawn
along lineally through the shafts by the draft of the
blower. The lighter portions of the fiber are drawn
through quickly with very little Working, while the
heavy or more compact portions remain in the ma-
chine until they become as light also, they having
received much more beating in consequence of their
VAN WINKLES PATENT WILLOWER.
remaining longer in contact with the revolving
beaters, while dust and all fine particles of foreign
matter are most effectually separated and blown
away.
It will be seen that the cotton receives no violent
tearing operation, as is the case in most willows
when it is held by feed-xollers, and chopped off and
thrown out at a single blow, but is acted on as if a
piece was loosely beaten about by the hand operation
until it is perfectly softened and cleaned. All roll-
ing is prevented by placing the draft apertures below
the grate; the air passing up through keeps the cot-
ton suspended among the beaters in a lively manner.
In offering this machine to cotton manufacturers
the patentee would say that manufacturers in and
about Paterson have already adopted them,also others
in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut; some are running in each of those States,
and orders have been received for more. The first
machine that was made, as an experiment, was sold
to a manufacturer in Connecticut. All of those per-
sons who have used them give the highest testimo-
nials in their favor over their own signatures, while
not the first word of fault has ever been found with
them. To the operatives in factories they are a
great benefit, by ridding the picking room instantly
of the dust which is so oppressive and detrimental to
their health. One machine is able to run through
about four thousand pounds of cotton per day, of any
quality suitable for twist, or by setting it close and
feeding slower it will clean and open frcm ten to
fifteen cwt. of the worst refusehard, moldy cakes,
or any other damaged or dirty stuff.
The price of this improved willower is $250. It
is manufactured exclusively at the Machine Works
of J. E. Van Winkle & Co., of Paterson, N. J.
The patent for this invention was procured through
the Scientific American Patent Agency, on June 2,
1868, by J. E. Van Winkle, of Paterson, N. J., of
whom further information can be obtained.
THE Enucruic LIGIIP rou LIGHTHOUSESA parlia-
mentary paper, re-
cently issued, con-
tains further reports
of Professor Faraday
on the employment
of the Electric Light
at Dungeness, on the
English coast. It h~s
been on trial for nine
months failed only
once,for two minutes,
another time for thir-
ty seconds, and, on a
few other occasions,
for shorter intervals.
Professor Faraday es-
timates the light to
be eight times as in-
tense as that of the
Grisnel lighthouse,
which is one of the
most brilliant in
sight of Dungeness.
No reliable experi-
ments have yet been
made to ascertain the
superior degree of
power of the electric
rays in penetrating a
foggy atmosphere
which is a point of
great importance. Regarding the question of cost,
it appears from the parliamentary return, that the
expenses incurred for the establishment of the appa-
ratus at Dungeness, amounted to 6870; and that
the estimated annual charge for maintaining the elec-
tric light is 724, or $3620 per annum. Its great
cost has caused it to be rejected by those who have
charge of the lighthouse system.
A CUPOLA iron-clad has lately been built for the
Royal Danish navy, at Glasgow, Scotland, by Robert
Napier & Sons. She is called the Roif Krake, and has
two revolving cupolas 4~ feet above deck and 21 feet
in diameter. Her length Is 185 feet; breadth, 33
feet; depth, l6~ feet, and she is 1,246 tuns burden.
She is armed with 4~--inch plates from stem to stern,
increasing to 7~ inches at the port hole lined with
teak 9 inches in thickness. The engines are 240
nominal horse-power; the decks are 5 feet out of
water, with folding bulwarks. She is intended for a
good sea-going vessel, and her speed, upon trial,
slightly exceeded ten knots per hour.
THE Corinth (Vt.) copper mines are being worked
under the direction of a New York company. A
number of English miners have already gone to
work, and more are expected.
A MIXTURE in equal proportions of flour and salt
will have the desired effect in stopping bleeding
grape viwies, when grafting wax and burning have
failed,
C
SINGLE COPIES SIX CENTS.
~$3 PER ANNUMIN ADVANCEj~J~xe ~denU& ~inevi~an.
Testing Gilded and Silver Articles.
The following methods are employed in the Ger-
man revenue-offices, for testing the value of articles
that are gilded and silvered, as described in the Zeit-
schr. Deulsek. lngenieure
TESTING OF GOLD. The ordinary method of. testing
gold is founded upon the insolubility of this metal
in nitric acid. If a mark be made on the touch-
stone with the article under examination, the gold
is not dissolved by this acid, whereas golden-colored
alloys of inferior value are dissolved and disappear
immediately. When articles are very thinly gilded,
the detection of the gold in this manner is uncer-
tain, in which case the following method may be
used with advantage. This process depends upon the
fact that an aqueous solution of chloride of copper
is without action on gold, whereas on golden-colored
alloys, as brass, pinchbeck, & c.,it produces a black
spot.
A little carbonate of copper is put into a test-tube,
and to this is added, drop by drop, pure hydrochloric
.acid till the blue powder has dissolved to a clear
green fluid, occasion~iiy warming it over a spirit
lamp. This concei trated solution of chloride of
copper is diluted for use with from ten to eleven
times its volume of distilled water. Before testing,
the metallid surface must be well cleaned. This can
be done effectually, by brushing it for a minute or
two with a little spirits of wine; or better, withab-
solute alcohol.
The surface having dried, a little of the testing
fluid is dropped on, and allowed to remain in con-
tact for about a minute. The fluid is then removed
by means of a small pipette, and the surface of the
metal completely dried with bibulous paper; if no
dark spot be then visible, the article is coated with
pure gold. If the metallic surface is but lightly
gilded, a very slight blackening is sometimes re-
marked, which may throw a doubt upon the result.
In such a case, to make quite certain, a little of the
surface may be scraped off, and then the testing fluid~
again applied. If a dark spot is then perceived, the
article may be considered as very thinly gilded.
if a further and more direct proof of the presence
of gold is required, the article to be examined, or a
piece of it., may be put into a porcelain cup, and as
much pure nitric acid poured over:as will half cover
it. The thin layer of gold covering the surface does
not prevent the metal from being attacked by the
acid, and the gold becoming separated, floats in thin
films on the top of the liquid. The green metallic
solution is now removed, and more nitric acid poured
over the gold spangles it is then somewhat warmed,
and water finally added. The gold has now been
fully tested by its insolubility in nitric acid, and it
only remains to ascertain that it dissolves to a yellow
solution in warm aqua regia.
Thin gilding of this description is often met with
in the French mock jewelry; the coating is some-
times so thin that it not only deceives the eye, but it
is difficult to test by the ordinary methods. Instead
of putting the entire article into the acid, and thus
risking its demolition, a portion of the surface may
be scraped off with a knife, and tested with the nitric
acid. When an article appears to be made of massive
gold, the testing by means of the touchstone
should be first resorted to.
TESTING OF SILvER.The ordinary and very accu-
rate method of testing of silver is founded upon the
insolubility of chloride of silver in dilute acids and
in water. This otherwise satisfactory test is, how-
ever, difficult to carry out when an article is very
thinly plated with silver; but in all these cases a
simple and very accurate test can be used, which is
based upon the reaction of chromic acid upon metal-
lic silver. For this purpose testing fluid is prepared
by adding pure nitric acid to powdered red chromate
of potash, and mixing them in such a manner that a
part of the latter remains in suspension, the whole
being kept well stirred during the mixing. Equal
parts by weight of each may be taken. The nitric
must be quite free from hydrochloric acid, and have
the proper degree of concentration, being neither too
fuming nor too dilute; it should have a specific
gravity between 1.20 and 1.26. When the mixture
has been prepared for a few hours, and then stirred
several times, the reddish-colored liquid is poured
off from the residue and kept; in a stoppered bottle.
A drop of this liquid is then brought in contact with
the metal to be tested, and immediately washed off
again with water. If a visible blood-red spot re-
mains, silver is present.
This method requires only~ the following precau-
tions :Firstly, the metallic surface must have been
quite cleansed from grease, & c., with spirits of wine;
secondly, water must be poured over the treated sur-
face before judging of the color., as that of the test-
ing fluid is altered by the metal and the red precipi-
tate is not distinctly visible until the colored liquid
has been washed off. The red spot can after ward be
very easily removed with the finger.
By this method the slightest trace of silver in an
alloy may be ascertained. When an article is sus-
pected to be only thinly plated, a very minute drop
of the testing fluid should be used. With no other
metal or alloy does this red spot, so characteristic
of silver, appear. In some cases the testing fluid only
corrodes the surface of the metal, while in others
colored precipitates are formed ; which, however,
cannot be confounded with those of silver. German
silver, brought into contact with the testing fluid,
affords no red spot after being washed. The spot
will, however, have been strongly corroded.
Britannia mutal yields a black spot; zinc is strong-
ly corroded; platinum is not attacked; lead gives a
yellow precipitate ; tin is strongly affected by the
fluid; when the brownish-colored testing fluid is
washed off, a yellow precipitate is perceived, which
adheres tightly to the metal; copper is strongly
attacked; a tarnished surface of this metal is bright-
ened by the action of the acid. Bismuth yields a
yellow precipitate; antimony does not; by this
means, therefore, these two metals, somewhat sim-
ilar in many respects, can easily be distinguished.
Mercury, or an amalgamated surface, yields a red-~
dish-brown participate, which, however, is entirely
washed away by the water, and is not likely to be
confounded with the silver reaction.
Who makes the Bad Shells?
A rebel 13-inch mortar, and, I believe, the only
one that they have in the West, is located in a case-
mate, about a mile from our lines, in a frescade of
trees and vines. It has done some splendid execu-
tion.. Four out of five of their shells Btrike within
a radius of three hundred feet, and ninety out of a
hundred explode. You will naturally ask why ours
do not do as well? We have eight of just the same
size in the Mississippi river, within two miles of the
city. The answer is a humiliating one. The ord-
nance that is made by contract for our army is nearly
all deficient. I have seen ten shells fired but only
two exploded. The rebels collect our shells, and get
the powder out of themgiving six dollars a
pound to their men for it. This is blameworthy be-
yond denunciation. The blame is with contractors
and inspectors. We pay for good ammunition, and
receive what is worthless.
Our artillerists are as good as any in the world.
I have seen a cotton bale pointed out at 1,600 yards,
struck with a Hotchkiss shell; and a bush that
concealed a rebel sharpshooter a thousand yards off,
torn up by the roots with the same, and it was be-
cause they could calculate on two of them being
alike. I dont know where they are made, but they
are the only water-tight contract shells that I have
seen. In most of them the lead plug is not tight,
and there are sand holes in the shell. In some of
them, by actual timing, a fuse cut the same length
and fired at the same elevation, will explode a hun-
dred feet further off than another of the same length
and same charge from. the same gun. This should
not be. Under the old regular army, when ammu-
nition was inspected, and all other things, they could
fire a ho witzer with such precision as to strike a
summer house, or any small object, say a tent or
wagon, at a th& usand yards, nine times in ten. This
is a thing that can and should be remedied immedi-
ately. It is enough to risk the fire of the foe, with-
out having to fear an enemy in friends at the rear.
Exchange.
Tliz Italian frigate, Re dIfalia, is rapidly receiving
her plating at the Novelty Iron-works. A number
of streaks are already in place. The plates are
inches thick, about 20 inches wide, and 10 feet long,
rough computation. They are all planed on the edges,
and the work is being thoroughly executed.
Incidents before Vicksburgh.
The Western papers are full of interesting, occur-
rences constantly transpiring before Yicksburgh. A
correspondent of the Louisville .JournaZ, writing from
the beleagured place, on June 3d, says
The enemy having put some 64s in position in
our front yesterday, thought it would be a fine
thing to try their range to-day, so boom! crr---rer
errr---pop! went a shell, loftily, over our promis-
cuous heads. Next came a solid, conical shot, sing-
ing whizzzzendonechuck! Full three miles
this traveled, and anchored in our cattle-yard, but
did no damage. Another shell burst over some of
our troops, but did no harm more than to frighten
them; they having just arrived, and never having
been shelled before. The next salute was with can-
ister, which did us no injury. By this time our war-
dogs commenced barking. The first was a 10-pound
Parrott, called our Fist; the second a 20-pound
Parrott, called our Pointer and Setter; the third
class30-pounderthe Lion, whose roar is terrific,
and whose~effect is terrible.
One of them first tried a shell, with such good.
success that the officer in charge thought it would be
a fine thing to try the. efficacy of a solid shot on one
of the enemys 64s. The Lion took the dose
the medicine soon worked (worse than lobelia)then,
flashchitchithititttcrash! and up goes
Mr. Reb. s 64, end over end, to trouble us no more
that day.
Cannonading soon ceased, but the eternal din of
musketry kept. up its warring poppoppopall
along our lines. It may be goQd policy to shoot mus-
ket-balls at twelve-feet walls, but I cant see it.
if a rebels head sticks up, why, of course, pop! but
if nothing can be seen of an animated rebel, hold
your fire. Bullets do not grow on bushes, any more
than soldiers do on pumpkin-vines; therefore, a
little moderation, and a long pull at this horn of the
dilemma, I think, would accrue to our advantage.
Exchange.
Slaughter in War.
The Revue Confempos-aine publishes an article by
Count de Latour, on the important part which cav-
alry is likely to play in future wars. The Count,
among other things, says that the opinions now gen-
erally held regarding the power of fire-arms are
greatly exaggerated, and shows that many more men
were lost in the great battles of the Empire, than
in the last Italian campaign. At Austerlitz, the Rus-
sians lost 80 per cent, and the Austrians 44 per cent of
their army. The French lost 14 per cent. At Wa-
gram, the loss of the Austrians was 14, that of the
French 13, per cent. At La Moskowa, the Russians
lost 44 per cent. At Waterloo, the Allies lost 31 per
cent, the French, 36 per cent. At Magenta, on the
contrary, the Austrian loss was not more than 8 per
cent, that of the French only 7. At Solferino the
Austrians sustained a similar loss, and the Franco-
Sardinians only lost one-tenth. This may be ex-
plained by the fact that a long range obliges the pro-
jectile to describe a large curve. Thus, according to
M. dAzemar, if the column of the Place Vendome
was placed between the gun and the mark, the latter
being at a distance of twenty-five hundred yards, the
projectile would pass over it without touching.
Iv is thought that one of the large screw propel-
lers cast for the Italian frigates, will be lost to thu
manufacturers. The screw is of brass, and is an en
ormously heavy and complicated piece of work~
weighing no less than 30,000 pounds. Some defect
in the mold when it was cast, caused a portion of it
to give way, whereby a large quantity of metal was
diverted from its proper place, thus destroying one
of the large bearings Efforts have been made to
remedy this disaster, by burning on a quantity of
metal to supply that lost; but so far the operation
has not been successful.
Two out of the six new steam revenue-cutters or-
dered by Government, have been launched. They
will have direct-acting oscillating engines, with cylin-.
ders of 36 inches bore and 30 inches stroke. Th&
models are very handsome, and give promise of speed.,
THE wool crop for Somerset county (Maine), the.
present year, will not be far from. 200,000 pounds.~
At 60 cents a pound, it will airtount to $120,000.
5051
An Iron-clad Vessel for California.
An armor-clad vessel for the defense of San Fran-
cisco harbor, was recently constructed by Messrs.
Secor, of Jersey City,Mr. Birbeck Superintendant
in sections, which were put together at the works,
then taken npart, and shipped for their ultimate des-
tination, there to be again fitted together, completed,
and equipped. This vessel, which is of the Monitor
class, is called the (amanche. Her dimensions are as
follows
Extreme length over armor, 300 feet; extreme
length of boat proper on water line, 190 feet; length
outside of stem and stem posts, 159 feet; extreme
beam over armor, 46 feet; breadth of beam of boat
proper (mold) 37 feet 6 inches; depth of hold amid-
ships, from top beams to skin, 11 feet 10 inches;
crown of deck amidships, 5 inches; shear of deck
me sured on gunwale, 12 inches; distance from stem
to extreme end of armor forward, 16 feet; distance
from stern-post to extreme~ end of boat aft, 20 feet
3 inches ; distance from stern-post to extreme end of
armor aft, 25 feet.
The keel is of the best quality of flange iron, ~ of
an inch thick; butted and strapped every six feet,
hollowed out 4 inches deep, and 18 inches wide,
forming a water-limber. The fore. and-aft vesscl
straps are ~ of an inch thick, 8 inches wide, and
thoroughly fastened with four rows of ~ inch rivets.
The fore-and-aft center keelson is formed of plates
32 inches wide, ~ inch thick, and 7l~ inches long,
well bound with angle iron. Around the outside of
the vessel, and in plane with the hip portion of the
hull, there is a horizontal armor shelf 46 inches
amidships, diminishing by a fair line, to 62 inches
wide near the ends. The side armor, which is fas-
tened to the wooden bulwarks, is composed of five
courses of plates, measuring 5 inches in thickness.
The armor extends 3~ feet below the water line, all
round the vessel; projecting 3 feet 8 inches beyond
the hull.
The turret is 21 feet internal diameter, 9 feet high,
and composed of 11 plates in thickness, which meas-
ure together 11 inches through. These plates are
applied in twenty sections, and join vertically, break-
ing joints. The top of the turret is formed of
wrought-iron plates, ~ inch thick, resting on forged
beams and railway bars, placed 3 inches apart inside
the turret. In the center of the plating is a circular
aperture six feet in diameter, over which the pilot-
house of equal diameter is placed.
The engines consist of two cylin~ers,~40 inches in
diameter, and 21 inches stroke; combined in one
piece, and supported by a strong frame, cast in one
piece, firmly secured to the wrought-iron keelson.
The blower-engines and blowers are of greater size
than those of the illonitor; and, instead of being
placed in the engine room, are applied under the
turret, for the purpose of drawing down the cold air
through the turret roof, and forcing it into the boiler
room and other parts of the vessel.
Two boilers are attached, on Martins plan, of 10
feet face, 9 feet 3 inches high, and 12 feet 6 inches
long, with 8 furnaces in each. The propeller is made
of cast-iron, 12 feet in diameter and 15 feet pitch.
The Siege of Port Hudson.
bales, sand b~gs, and earth. The rebels did not
attempt by firing to interfere with the construction
of this fort, but when it was finished, a fierce. artill-
ery fight occurred and the rebel citadel was knocked
to peces. The diary of an officer, captured ~ipon
his person, states that the Union artillery was tear
ing their camps to pieces, that the men were getting
sick, and food was very scarce. This is further con-
firmed by the great number of desertions which oc-
cured daily. The rebels had suffered very severely
from the fire of our artillery, several hundred had
been killed and wounded. The soldiers were very
much disheartened, and were ready to yield if their
leaders would consent. They all admit that the
Confederacy is gone so soon as Port Hudson and
Yicksburg have fallen, and the glorious intelligence
from Port Hudson is, that it has passed in under the
Union flag, never to go out again.
Coolness of our Soldiers under Fire.
History is full of anecdotes of the remarkable
nerve and indifference displayed by soldiers of differ-
ent nations when under fire. It is to be hoped that
the future historian of the present war will not omit
to chronicle, among other incidents, the following
paragraph illustrative of the qualities rcferred to
We asked an officer if the loss of life had been
great from rebel shell. No, said he, we take them
as a joke; there will be one along diiectly and you
can see. What time is it, Ben? Just fifteen min-
utes since the lasttime is uphere she comes-
hello, old fellow! Plash! and the shell buried it-
self, exploding in the ground, throwing the dirt over
the tent, and some of the pieces falling within reach
of usthe hole only twenty feet from the door.
They laughed heartily, why, we could not tell; it
was anything but amusing to us. We were about to
bid them good day, when they kindly invited us to
stay and see another. It will not be long, gentle-
men, there will be another in fifteen minutes; dont
hurry. We did not see it in that light, and sped on
our adventurous way. Had the ground been hard or
rocky, the shell would in all probability have ex-
ploded on the surface, and then there would have
been two enlighteners shot.
Government Laboratory.
A laboratory for the preparation of medicines for
the army, has been established in Philadelphia. It
is designed to manufacture in this laboratory all the
quinine for the Government. A building in New
York is used in bottling liquors and putting up pre-
pared medicines, but not in their manufacture.
The employes, including laborers, number fifty-
one. Of the e, twenty-eight are girls, occupied in
the sewing-room, and bottling and labelling depart-
ment. As far as practicable, the male employes
have been selected from discharged soldiers, and the
females from those who have parents or relatives in
the army on whom they are more or less dependent
for support.
The establishment is an experiment of Surgeon
General Hammond, the object being the production
of a superior quality of drugs at less cost than the
contract prices. From the laboratory there are now
being furnished to the army, drugs and liquors of
every sort. Fourteen sewing machines are also em-
ployed, in making sheets, pillow cases, and other ar-
ticles of a like character, for the hospitals.
The public suspense in reference to Yicksburg be-
ing ended by its surrender, general attention is now
concentrated on the progress of the other siege at
Port Hudson. Though the fall of Vicksburg en-
sures the fall of Port Hudson, yet the conduct of The Cumberland Valley,
the siege by Banks is a subject of interest. That There is no richer, better cultivated or more pros-
skillful commander appears to be pushing forward perous agricultural region in the whole North than
his work successfully in every movement. The an- that which has recently been overrun and plundered
noyances upon his rear from the rebels do not seem by the rebels. The Cumberland Valley extends from
to disturb or make him apprehensive~ He has a the Susquehanna to the Potomac, a distance of about
splendid corps of engineers, and under their direD- eighty miles. It comprises the counties of Cumber-
tion his works have advanced in one place to within land and Franklin, in Pennsylvania, and the county
fifty feet of the rebel breastworks. Major Bailey of Washington, in Maryland, containing an aggregate
has thrown up a battery to confront the rebel cita- population of nearly one hundred thousand souls.
del, which is armed with two 9-inch navy guns, From two and a half to three millions of bushels of
three 24-pounders, two 30-pound Parrotts, three wheat are annually produced in the valley, together
20-pound Parrotts, two S-inch howitzers, and six Na- with vast quantities of rye, oats, corn, hay, potatoes
poleon guns. There are besides, three mortars, and all manner of produce. The soil is a rich lime-
one 8-inch howitzer, and a separate battery along stone, not easily affected by drought, and admirably
side. The breastworks are laid out in two straight adapted for grazing, as well as grain-growing. The
lines, meeting almost at an angle of forty-five de- number of horses and cattle in the valley was very
grees, and cover an extent of little over four hun- large, and the southern end has been quite~stripped
dred feet, the whole being constructed of cotton by the invaders.
The ancient Indian name of this valley was the
Kittatinny, and the mountain range that forms its
north-western boundary, from the Susquehanna to
Chambersburgh, still bears that name. At the latter
place this range ceases abruptly, and thence to the
Potomac the valley widens and is bounded by the
Tuscarora.
Manufactures in the Vermont State Prison.
The State Prison contains seventy-nine convicts,
about two-thirds of whom are French and Irish, and
of this number six are females. The male convicts
are occupied chiefly in the manufacture of scythea.
Thirty dozen are made d ily; the concern being run
by Goodnow & Lamson, 53 Beckman street, New
York. The company furnishes all the machinery
and some workmen, and pays the State thirty-five
cents per day for each man. The State has about a
dozen men as a police, supplied with loaded muskets.
The income during the last ten years has paid the
expenses, to wit, about $8,000. The Episcopal rec-
tor, the 11ev. Malcolm Douglas, preaches to the con-
victs at 1 oclock P. M. every Sabbath, many of them
taking part in the exercises. The solitary cells, tier
above tier, with their iron bedsteads, some of them
decorated with crosses and pictures, the convicts
with their endlesi industry, their dress one side grey
and the other almost -black, the huge style of cook-
ing,, the high walls with the bastion-like houses
thereon, the neatness and good order prevailing over
the whole, and the kindness and skill of the super-
intendent, Mr. Harlow, all combined, compose a pic-
ture infinitely less repulsive than is presented by
some of our county jails.
The rifle factory located on Mill Brook, contains a
steam engine, and has about 275 employes, who have
been engaged for nearly two years on a contract to
supply the United States Government with 50,000
rifles at $20 each. It now daily turns out about 100
rifles, and is owned and managed by Gooduow, Lam~
son & Gale. The stocks are made of black walnut,
obtained chiefly from Pennsylvania, sometimes from
Indiana.
Paris Manufactures.
It is stated that the Paris manufacturers of bronze
ornaments returned from the International Exhibi-
tion with orders so numerous for the products of
their skill, that, after having engaged all the unem-
ployed artists and mechanics, they found it necessary
to prolong the ordinary period of work by three
hours a-day. The Exhibition has also conferred im-
mense benefit, not only on the manufacturers of
bronze articles, but likewise on the French gun-
makers, who at present export immense quantities of
arms. The Parisian shoe-makers allow that the
English beat them in the manufacture of mens
boots and shoes; indeed, there are several shops
in Paris established expressly for the sale of mens
boots and shoes of English manufacture. On the
other hand, none can compete with the Parisians in
the manufacture of ladies boots and shoes, of which
they export immense quantities to England, to Rus-
sia, and the far East; they export also a second
quality to the French West Indies, Brazil, and Chili.
The twenty-five thousand cabinet-makers in the Fan-
bourg St. Antoine claim that no coux~try can com-
pete with them in the form or delicacy of the arti-
cles manufactured by them, the suitableness of each
for its intended purpose, the excellence of the sculp-
ture, and the care exercised in avoiding every useless
ornament of great expense but of doubtful taste,
with which, the produce of other countries is over-
loaded. French artisans and French tools are em-
ployed in the most celebrated English cabinet manu-
factories.
BOTTLING Cnzzuuzs.In answer to 11 Country
Curates inquiry, I can assure him, if he try the
following recipe, he cannot fail to have delicious
fruit for tarts through the winter :To every pound
of fruit add six ounces of powdered lump sugar.
Fill the jars with fruit; shake in the sugar over;
and tie each jar down with two bladders, as there is
danger of one bursting, during the boiling. Place
the jars in a boiler of cold water, and after the water
has boiled, let them remain three hours; take them
out, and when cool, put them in a dry place, where
they will keep over a year. We have tried this
recipe for several years and never found it fail.Lon-
don lucid.52
THE CHEMISTRY OF ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.
Every person possesses an interest in knowing
something about the chemistry of his own body.
We have condensed the following from a chapter of
Professors Brande & Taylors Chemistry, a most clear
and comprehensive work, recently published by
Blanchard & Lea, Philadelphia.
The human body is partly composed of mineral
substances, which are called inorganic; and are
chiefly found in the bones. It is mostly built up
however of organic substances which are the product
of growth, and dependant upon life for their develop-
ment. They are very peculiar in their character,
and have received the name of nitrogenous sub-
stances, and nitrogenous principles, because nitrogen
is one of their principal elements. Neutral nitro-
genous substances are found in the vegetable and
animal kingdoms; in the former they are repre-
sented by gluten, albumen, casein or legumin; and
in the latter by fibrin, albumen, casein, and gelatin.
In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, they
all contain nitrogen, and the greater number contain
variable quantities of sulphur and phosphorus: but
animal gelatine contains neither of these two ele-
ments. These nitrogenous principles are ~important
as articles of food to animals, and are frequent-
ly described as flesh-forming substances, in order to
distinguish them from the neutral compounds of the
three elementscarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, - of
which starch, gum, and sugar are composed, and
which according to modern theory are only heat-pro-
ducing. There is no material difference in the com-
position of these substances, whether they are direct
from the animal or the vegetable kingdom. Albu-
men is composed of 0 54.8: H 7.1: 0 21.2: N 16.9
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen). Casein is
composed of C 54.9: H 7.1: 0 222: N 15.8. Gluten
O 55.2: H 7.5: 0 21.4: N 15 9. Fibrin C 54 6: H
6.9: 0 22.8: N 15 7. There is also about one per
cent of sulphur and phosphorus in the above sub-
stances. All of these when out of the living body
undergo spontaneous changes when exposed to mois-
ture in the atmosphere. In a state of transition, of-
fensive effiuvias are evolved from them, and this
change is called putrefaction.
PUTILEFAcFION OF ANIMAL CONSTITUENTS.The con-
ditions of putrefaction should be generally under-
stood. At very low temperatures animal substances
do not putrefy, and it is the same with them at ele-
vated temperatures. An elephant was found in a
good state of preservation in Siberia, among ice,
where it had remained perhaps for thousands
of years. In the warm dry climate of South
America, cattle are killed in the open air, and in a
very short period the flesh dries, and may be kept in
that state for months without becoming decomposed.
A condition essential to putrefaction is moisture.
Wheu flesh is carefully dried by a current of warm
dry air, it resists decay, and retains its nutritive
powers. The various forms of gelatin and albumen
when desiccated are imperishable, but in a solution
of water, or in a moist state they are the most per-
ishable of all animal proximate principles. Air pro-
motes putrefactive changes, but flesh may be pre-
served fresh in some gases, such as the deutoxide of
nitrogen for mQnths. When meat is immersed in
water that has been boiled to expel all the air from
it, and is then covered with a layer of sweet oil, it
may be kept fresh for a long time. In warm weather
therefore meat should be kept in a dry cool place.
The most favorable temperature for putrefaction
ranges from700 to 1000 Fah.
PuEsEnvINa MEATs AND VEGETABLE5.Partially
boiled or roasted meat, free from all taint, and half
dressed vegetables, are introduced into a tin canister,
which is then soldered up, with the exception of a
small hole in the lid. The canister Is then placed in
a bath of boiling salt brine, which is heated a few
degrees above the boiling point of water, and when
it is noticed that steam issues copiously from the
aperture, the canister is lifted, and the hole in the
lid instantly filled with a drop of solder, thus her-
metically sealing the vessel. The success of this
operation is indicated by the end of the canister be-
coming slightly concave by the pressure of the at-
mosphere upon it. Meat thus preserved has kept
fresh for twenty years. Pure butter melted and
brushed over the surface of fresh meat preserves it
from contact with the air, and it will remain un-
changed for a much longer period than when ex-
posed to the air. Vinegar containing a few drops of
creosote brushed over fresh meat, will also preserve
it from decomposition for several days during warm
weather.
Animal substances, such as birds, & c., may be pre-
served for scientific purposes for years in a solution
composed of 4 ounces pure salt, 2 ounces alum, 2
grains corrosive sublimate, 1 quart water. This so-
lution is poisonous. It is useful to taxidermists,
and for those who wish to prepare skins without re-
moving the fur.
ALBUMEN.Thi5 term is applied to an organic prin-
ciple,which is most widely diffused in the animal body.
It exists as a liquid in lymph, chyle, milk, and in
the blood (of which it forms 7 per cent); in the
salivary, and pancreatic fluids; the humors of the
eye, and in the brain. As a solid, it is a constituent
of the skin, brain, nerves, glands, and cellular
membrane; and is the chief component of horn, the
nails, hair, feathers, wool, and silk. Albumen also
occurs in the juices of various vegetables, such as
the potato, carrot, turnip, cabbage, & c. It is a con-
stituent of seeds, grasses, almonds, and most of the
oily nuts. It generally abounds in the shoots of
young plants. The white of eggs is composed of
albumen and water, contained in a very delicate
membrane. It may be separated from the cellular
membrane, by agitation, in 4 parts of cold water,
and when filtered it becomes very clear. When
heated to 160~ Fah., it coagulates, and becomes
white and hard. When 100 parts of egg-albumen
are evaporated in vacuo, a residue of from 10 to 15
parts solid albumen remains. The white of egg is
called globulin; the yelk vitellin. The latter con
tains 37.1 per cent of albumen; the former 12 per
cent. A yellow oil, containing a little phosphorus,
gives the yelk its yellow color.
SEILALBUMEN.TIli5 exists in the serum of the blood.
It resembles the white of the egg in all its chemical
properties. When heated to 170~ Fah., it coagu-
lates, forming a white substance, like that of a hard
boiled egg. The cause of its coagulation by heat is
not well understood. Before coagulation, it is solu-
ble in cold water; but heat renders it insoluble. It
is a remarkable substance, changing in an egg dur-
ing incubation, from a soluble to an insoluble state;
afterwards to be converted into feathers, beak, claws,
and cellular membrane, in the chicken. Chemistry
cannot account for this metamorphosis. Lime com-.
bines with albumen, forming a plastic cement, which
is employed for luting the glass retorts of chemists,
as it resists the action of acid fumes.
Serum, and the white of egg, are coagulated by a
large number of metallic salts, such as those of iron,
copper, lead, mercury, silver, and antimony. Hence,
albumen is a valuable antidote in cases of poisoning
by these substancesespecially to corrosive subli-
mate.
Under the name of globulin, albumen constitutes
the transparent humors of the eye, including the
crystalline lens. It is also associated with the color-
ing matter of the blood. The substance called
ptyatin, is a modification of albumen existing in
saliva. It possesses the property of transforming
starch, and dextrine, into grape sugar, when heated
for a short period of time to 1000 Fab. Pyin is an
albuminous principle, found in pus. It is a formid-
able poison, as also is echidninethe poison of
snakeswhich is similar in Its chemical constitu-
tion. Albumen is a most remarkable organic sub-
stance. No other we believe, assumes so many
forms and states. In the white of the egg, and in
the human eye, it Is transparent as the diamond;
while in the hoof and horn of the animal, and the
shell of the tortoise, it becomes harder than timber.
In wool it forms the fiber which makes our broad-
cloth, and in feathers, the soft down that clothes
the neck of the swan.
Vegetable albumen is generally associated with
gum, sugar, starch, or oil, in the vegetable king-
dom. It may be procured by macerating the succu-
lent shoots of young plants, such as turnips, & c., in
cold water; allowing the liquid to become clear, by
subsidence; then filtering. It has all the properties
of a weak solution of egg-albumen.
CAsEIN.This term is applied to the coagulable
principle of milk; and forms cheese. A similar sub-
stance is occasionally found in the blood, and in the
pancreatic liquids of the ox and sheep; it also oc-
curs in vegetables. It can be procured from skim-
med milk by heating it to 1500 Fah., and adding a
few drops of acetic acid. It is then thoroughly
washed, and digested in boiling alcohol, to deprive
it of oil. Thus obtained, it is white, and opaque;
resembling coagulated albumen, but less firm. It is
without odor or taste; and is insoluble in water or
alcohol; but soluble in solutions of the alkalies,
and common salt. Its compounds with the metal-
lic bases are insoluble in water. Hence, milk is an
antidote for poisoning by the salts of copper and
lead; and it has been used successfully in some cases
of poisoning with arsenic. Casein called legumin,
is abundant in peas, beans, and the seeds of legu-
minous plants, being associated with starch, albu-
men and oil. It may be obtained from peas, by
digesting these in a mealy state in tepid water, for
two hours; then allowing the starch to subside, and
filtering the liquid. It does not coagulate by heat;
but forms a clear viscid solution. It usually con-
tains about 0.36 per cent of sulphur. In making
cheese, the milk should be heated to disseminate the
oil through the mass, prior to curdling it; as cheese
is tasteless and poor in quality, when the oil of the
milk is separated from it. The deep, reddish color
of some cheese, is no sign of richness; this being an
artificial color imparted to it by annotto.
GLuTEN.This is a term applied to the opaque,
white, tenacious, and slightly elastic substance ob-
tained from wheat flour, by washing and kneading it
with cold water in a bag of cotton cloth. The starch
in the flour is washed out with the water, leaving the
gluten in the bag. It is capable of being drawn into
long fibers, and when dry it becomes horny, forming
the well known maccaroni. It is insoluble in water;
in a partially decomposed state it forms yeast, and
it induces alcoholic fermentation in saccharine
liquids. The tenacious properties of dough and the
paste of flour are due to it. It is more abundant in
wheat and rye than other cereals, hence the flour of
these grains is best suited for making raised or leav-
ened bread. The quantity in wheat. flour ranges
from 7 to 14 per cent.
PERFUMES AND PERFUMERY.
Mr. Septimus Piesse, who has contributed many
very interesting articles to the columns of the ScIEN-
TIFIC AMERICAN, is one of the largest manufacturers
of perfumery in England, in company with Mr.
Lubin. Their establishment is in Bond street, Lon-
don, and is a large and beautiful architectural struc-
ture, called the Laboratory of Flowers. It has
been lately visited by Charles W. Quin, F. C. S., who
has given a description of his observations in the
last issue of the Chemist and Druggist.
He states that the science of perfumery has greatly
progressed of late years. Messrs. Please & Lubin
have extensive flower farms near Nice, In the south
of France, where they grow large quantities of roses,
violets, and other odoriferous flowers, which are
manufactured on the spot into greases, oils, ottos,
and extracts. At Mitcham, in Surrey, England, they
have large lavender gardens, besides an extensive
bonded warehouse at the London Docks, where they
make their perfumed spirits for foreign and colonial
consumption. Their flower-gardens at Nice produce
violets, roses, jasmine, tuberoses, jonquils, orange-
blossoms, acacia, and numberless other fragrant
flowers, from which scents are extracted principally
by four processesexpression, distillation, macora-
tion, and absorption or enfleurage.
The first process is used in the case of plants whose
parts contain large quantities of odoriferous essen-
tial oil, such as lemon, oriuige, and citron peels.
These portions of the plant are put Into a press, con-
sisting of an iron vessel of immense strength, fitted
with a perforated false bottom, on which is placed
the material from which the oil is to be expressed.
A powerful screw, connected with a piston fitting
into the vessel, and worked by a lever, squeezes out
the liquid portions. The oil obtained is of course
largely contaminated with watery extracts, from
which It is separated by decantation. Distillation is
adopted when the amount of essential oil is less than
in the last instance. The distillation of oil of lav-
ender may be taken as an example. The leaves are
thrown into a still either heated by steam or by the53
naked fire, and containing a large quantity of water.
As the heat rises, the steam passes into the refriger-
ator, carrying with it the essential oil of the plant.
By an Ingenious contrivance, the condensed steam is
made to re& ster the head of the still, leaving behind
it the essential oil in the refrigerator, thus allowing
the same water to be used over and over again. In
the stills employed by Messrs Piesse & Lubin, steam
at from ten to fifteen pounds pressure is used as the
source of heat, it having been found that the French
method of working by the direct action of the fire
is liable to give the distillate a peculiar empyreumatic
or burnt odor. The third method is used for finer
odors, such as the rose or violet. A certain quantity
of purified beef or deer suet is mixed with purified
lard, and put into a clean porcelain or metal pan.
Steam heat is applied, and the flowers from which
the odor is to be extracted are carefully picked and
thrown into the melted fat, wherein they remain for
one or two days. The fat dissolves the essential oil
or other odoriferous principle contained in the flow-
ers, and of course becomes thereby highly perfumed.
The process is continued with fresh portions of
flowers until the grease is of the desired strength,
the different strengths being indicated by the French
manufacturers in numerals. Where perfumed oil is
required, fine olive oil is substituted for fat. The
oils thus prepared are known as the huile antique of
such and such a flower.
The fourth process of absorption or enfleurage is
the most important of them all. This process is used
for those fiowe~s whose delicate odors would be de-
stroyed or changed by heat, and yields all those fine
toilet articles known as French pomades and
oils. The whole operation is conducted in the
cold. Square frames, three inches deep, two feet
wide, and three feet long, are provided with glass bot-
toms, upon which is spread a layer of fine grease
about a quarter of an inch thick; on this the flowers
are sprinkled from which the scent is to be ex-
tracted. Another frame similarly charged is placed
on this, and so on until a large pile is made. The
flowers are changed from time to time during the
whole of the blooming season. The pomades made
by enfleurage are much stronger than common poma-
turn, as a small piece of the size of a walnut contains
sufficient essential oil to perfume a large quantity of
grease. To obtain this fragrant essential oil the
pomade is taken out of its case, and placed in an iron
cylinder perforated with slits at the bottom. In
this it is subjected to pressure by a piston, which
forces the grease through the slits in the form of
long ribbons. These ribbons of scented grease are
then macerated in alcohol for several days, and the
essential oil is thus extracted. The solution of essen-
tial oil in alcohol is used to make the variows bou-
quets of the perfumer in which the skill of the ol-
factory artist is highly exerted. The injudicious
mingling of odors is like the inharmonious blending
of notes, or colors. Thus a mixture of the extracts
of orange peel, lemon peel, and lemon-grass, gives
the imitation of the simple extract of verbena. Be-
sides the extracts obtained from the enfleurage pom-
ades, ottose and the essential oils obtained by distil-
ation are also used for making the variegated bou-
quets. On one of the floors of Messrs. Piesse &
Lubins establishment, a boy is constantly employed
in making the ribbon of Bruges, which is now
largely used as a fumigatory. It consists of tape
soaked first in a solution of nitre, to give it smol-
dering properties, and afterwards drawn through
benzoin, myrrh, and other odoriferous substances.
The ribbon is cut into yard lengths, and put into
boxes provided with a slit in the upper cover. The
ribbon is drawn out to the length of an inch or so;
lighted and blown out, it smolders down to the slit
in the box, gradually diffusing a pleasant odor
throughout the room.
Alum in Bread.
Alum has long been employed by bakers, and it
certainly has the effect of rendering available, for
bread-making, many qualities of flour, which must
otherwise be wasted. Dr. Odling says If we mix
a solution of starch with infusion of malt, in the
course of a few minutes only, the starch can no longer
be detected, being completely converted into dextrin
and sugar; but the addition of a very small quantity
of alum altogether prevents or greatly retards the
transformation. The action of diastase on undis-
solved starch is very gradual; but here also the in-
terference of the alum is easily recognizable. Bread
made with infusion of bran or infusion of malt, is
very sweet, sodden, brown-colored, and so sticky as
almost to bind the jaws together during mastication.
But the addition of alum to the dough causes the
loaves to be white, dry, elastic, crumbly and unob-
jectionable both as to taste and appearance. I have
found that flour which is of itself so glucogenic as to
yield bread undistinguishable from that made with
infusion of malt, could, by the addition of alum, be
made to furnish a white, dry, eatable loaf.
Alum is also said to prevent bread from turning
sour and moldy. The sourness often observed in
bread of inferior quality, arises from the conversion
of part of the starch into lactic acid. Now, as alum
prevents the transformation of starch, it may be ex-
pected also to interfere with the production of lactic
acid.
Considerable discussion has taken place as to the
probable effects of the habitual use of alumed bread
on the digestive functions some medical men as-
serting that alum, unless taken in much larger
quantity than is likely to occur in bread, is quite
harmless, while others attribute to it the most in-
jurious effects. Here, as in other cases, the truth
probably lies lathe middle. Many of the statements
which have been put forth on this, as on other ques-
tions relating to the adulteration of food, are doubt-
less grossly exaggerated; nevertheless it would be
unsafe to assert that the use of alumed bread is quite
free from objection. Dr. Dauglish says : Its effect
on the system is that of a topical astringent on the
~surface of the alimentary canal, producing constipa-
tion, and deranging the process of absorption. But
its action in neutralizing the efficacy of the digestive
solvents is by far the most important and unques-
tionable. The very purpose for which it is used by
the baker, is the prevention of those early stages of
solution which spoil the color and the lightness of
the bread whilst it is being prepared, and which
it does most effectually. But it does more than
is needed; for whilst it prevents solution at a time
that is not desirable, it also continues its effects
when taken into the stomach ; and the consequence
is, that a large portion of the gluten and other valu-
able constituents of flour are never properly dissolved,
but pass through the alimentary canal without afford-
ing any nourishment whatever.
Another objection made against the use of alum
viz., that it has the power of causing the bread to re-
tain a larger proportion of water than it otherwise
would, so that bakers who use alum defraud their
customers by selling water instead of breaddoes not
appear to rest on satisfactory evidence. Dr. Odling
examined eighteen alumed, and seven non-alumed,
loaves, and found that the former contained on the
average 43.68 per cent, and the latter 42.78 per cent
of water, the difference being quite insignificant as
compared with the difference between the individual
loaves, whether alumed or not.
Anti-fouling Compositions for Iron Ships.
The difficult problem of discovering a mode by
which the bottoms of iron ships shall be entirely pre-
served from fouling, has been but little advanced by
the experiment lately completed at Devonport,
England. The premium offered by the Lords of the
Admiralty for producing the long-desired preven-
tives, continues, therefore, open to competition. The
iron-screw steam tender Atinx, of 808 tuns, which has
engines of 100-horse power, commanded by Mr.James
Pook, does harbor service for the Channel fleet and
supplies the ships with water. She received, last
September, on her port side, amidships, three samples
of different compositions, each 10 feet wide, and ex-
tending down to the bottom of the keel. The sam-
ple forward was that manufactured by Mr. Fidemore,
the next was that supplied by Mr. Elsworth, and the
third was a preparation recommended by Mr. Ed-
wards, assistant-master shipwright in Devonport
dockyard. The remainder of the port side, forward
and aft, and all the starboard side, received the com-
position of Mr. Hay, chemist, of Portsmouth. So
prepared, the Minx was floated on the 10th of Octo-
ber, 1862, since which time she has been constantly
occupied on harbor duty. Ships so employed foul
much more speedily than those making long voyages.
After three or four months experience, it was found
that sea-weed and grass had grown considerably on
the port side of the Minx, which made her very un-
handy with her helm. Recently she was placed
high and dry in dock, and an opportunity was given
for examining her bottom minutely. There is con-
siderable difference between her draught when laden
with water, provisions, & c., as a tender, and when
in ballast; and as she had been mostly in one or
other of these conditions during the last seven
months, the load line, and the ballast or light line,
are most distinctly marked all round. Between the
two there is not much vegetation, but on the lower
line, where the compositions of Messrs. Finemore,
and Elsworth, are laid on, there Is a distinct fringe
of weed, two feet long. Below the fringe, in the for-
mer, light sea-grass, small barnacles, and much rust,
prevail. On Elsworths composition, there are bar-
nacles and thick grass, but very little rust. On
Hays composition, there are some weeds, and many
small barnacles, but very little rust. Before this
preparation was laid on, a coat of bitumen was ap-
plied to the iron. The test applied to the Minx, ac-
cording to the present trial, places Mr. Hays com-
position first, Mr. Elsworths second, and Mr. Fine-
mores third, in order of success.
Gardening in Japan.
Mr. Robert Fortune, in his book on Japan, says
It is of all countries the most beautiful in spring.
The trees were now clothed with leaves of the fresh-
est green, and many of the early kinds were in full
blossom. On every hillside and in every cottage gar-
den there were some objects of attraction. The
double-blossomed cherry-tree and flowering peaches,
were most beautiful objects, loaded as they now were
with flowers as large as little roses. Camellias, form-
ing goodly-sized trees, were common in the woods,
and azaleas adorned the hillsides with flowers of
many hues. Here the A obtusa, with flowers of the
most dazzling red, was peculiarly at home. Cydonia
japonica was seen in a wild state creeping amongst
the grass, and covered with red blossoms; and sev-
eral varieties of primrose were met with under trees
in the shady woods. On the outskirts of Yeddo,
park-like scenery, trees and gardens, and neatly-
clipped hedges succeed each other. The whole coun.
try here (the village of Su-mae-yah) is covered with
nursery gardens. One straight road, more than a
mile in length, is lined with them. I have never
seen, in any part of the world, such a large number
of plants cultivated for sale. Each nursery covers
three or four acres of land, is nicely kept, and con-
tains thousands of plants, both in pots and in the
open ground.
Cotton in Southern Illinois.
A correspondent of the Prairie Farmer states that
in Southern Illinois cotton looks well. Respecting
his own crop he says : During the dry month of
May it did not grow at all, and that which was not
planted till late did not come up till June. It is now
growing at a iapid rate. At one time I thought of
plowing mine np and planting in late potato~s, but
now I would not thank a man should he offer me
$100 for what I expect to raise from each acre. I am
thinning out the plants, so that they should not be
nearer than six inches from each other; I would not
care if they were a foot apart. The common plan
here is to have the plants sown as thick as hair on
a dog; but I take old planters from the South as my
guide, a~d the distance they decide upon is a foot.
Coal Mine Explosion.
At a coal mine explosion near Hyde Park, Pa., the
other day, eight persons were killed and three
wounded. Several horses and mules were also de-
stroyed. The cause of the accident is unknown. It
occurred in the morning, soon after the men had en-
tered the drifts to commence their usual labors.
Efforts were immediately made to recover the bodies
of the dead and wounded, and among those rescued
were three who were apparently lifeless, but they
were restored by a remedy which is said to be com-
monly used in such cases, viz :4heir heads were im-
mediately buried in fresh-dug earth. This is cer-
tainly a very whimsical and foolish process. Com-
mon sense would indicate that fresh air was of the
first importance as a remedy in such cases.54
The Value of Practical Knowledge.
Of the uses of practical knowledge we yesterday
saw an illustration. A mammoth sexagonal crystal
was shown to us by its owner, Mr. Mitchell. It is
nearly a foot in diameter, and about eighteen inches
long. Next to a specimen ln Barnums Museum, it
is the largest we have ever seen. The base of the
specimen is opaque quartz rock; the other portion
is as clear as crystal. It was found by the Rev. Ed-
mund Craig Mitchell; on the farm of Dr. Johnson,
near Ellicotts Mills, Md. The young divine was on
a visit to Dr. Johnson. From the house a path leads
to a spring that supplies the family with water. Mr.
Mitchell, walking with Dr. Johnson in the path, ob-
served a stone about an inch above the ground.
Theres a splendid specimen, said he. Of
what ? asked the Doctor. Why, of crystal
quartz, was the reply. The Doctor said he had
passed that stone every day for thirty years, and
knew it to be nothing more than a common paving
stone. Mr. Mitchell asked leave to wrench it up.
A pick was procured, and, to the surprise of Dr.
Johnson, the stone was buried about eighteen
inches deep, and beneath the ground was a perfect
six-sided prism of crystal, almost as pellucid as
French cut glass. The young man knew enough of
geology to recognize it by the butt end, above the
ground, though none but an expert would have seen
in it anything but an ordinary boulder, on a small
scale. A little learning may be a dangerous thing;
but somehow or other knowledge is quite as produc-
tive as ignorance.
Benefits of Harvesting Ilachines.
A correspondent of the Prairie Farmer, says in ref-
erence to reaping machines, that it has long since
become an acknowledged fact that no nation has
made such rapid progress in improvements in labor-
saving machines as our own; and more especially is
this true of agricultural implements. The fame of
our reapers, threshers, & c., has become world wide;
and the value of these and similar inventions to our
own people is beyond the power of any man to esti-
mate. It is only when we consider the immense
grain crop of our countrythe eight Northwestern
States alone furnishing 620,000,000 bushels per an-
numand realize the utter impossibility of gather-
ing it without the aid of these machines, that we can
begin to appreciate their value to us as a people.
The most of these improvements have been made
within the last quarter of a century, and their
progress has been constantly accelerated, increasing
annually in arithmetical ratio. As we are mainly an
agricultural peoplethat being the great interest of
the nation, upon which all other. interests are based
it becomes highly important that our agricultur-
ists keep themselves fully posted as to all improve-
ments which may aid or cheapen their labors, or
increase their products. Ne ny or quite all these
improvements or inventions are connected more or
less directly with patents.
Extraordinary Endurance of a 13-inch Cast-iron Gun.
The first 18-inch Dahigren gun made by the Build-
ers Iron Foundry, Providence, R. I., was subjected,
during last week, by agents of the Government, to the
most severe powder test ever applied to any gun in
this country, if not in any country. It burst on the
26th nIt., at the 178th round. The gun in its fin
ished state weighed 36,000 pounds ; and the test ap-
plied was 30 pounds of powder for the first 10 rounds,
40 pounds for the second lOrounds, and 50 pounds for
the remaining 168 rounds. The powder employed was
much finer than is used in service, and of course its
explosive power was proportion~ tely greater. The
15-inch guns on board the Monilor8, were tested with
30 pounds of powdey, and have never been used with
a larger charge than that; but deeming it necessary
to use heavier charges behind solid shot of the great
weight used in these guns, this gun was made of
greatdr proportional weight of metal than the 15-inch
gun. The ball used at each charge weighs about 350
pounds, and exactly fits the bore.
This gun was tested at the risk of the Government,
and the company which made it have orders to pro-
ceed with the manufacture. They have already cast
two others of the same size. No one was injuAtd by
the immense fiagments which blew off when the gun
burst.
~t~e ~IdentWig ~rned~zn.
XISCELLANEOUS SUMMARY.
TIN-LINED LEAD CISTERNS AND PIPESAt a late
meeting of the Liverpool Chemists Association,
specimens of lead pipe and sheet lead, electro-plated
with tin, were exhibited by Mr. Holt; and some dis-
cussion ensued respecting the use of lead coated in
this manner for water cisterns and pipes. It appeared
to be the opinion of the meeting that a coating of
tin, instead of preserving the lead, was far more
likely to ensure its more rapid corrosion; for if the
coating of tin by any means happened to be scratched
off, even to the slightest extent, galvanic action
would take place, and the lead would be destroyed
very quickly. Dr. Nevius and Dr. Edwards stated
that their experiments had proved that such would
undoubtedly be the case: Dr. Edwards remarking
that in one case which he had examined, a cistern
made of lead, in which was an accidental admixture
of tin, was eaten out by well-water in six months,
the lead being rapidly precipitated in the form of sul-
phate, & c.
REMAINS OF GIGANTIc ANIMALsRussian geologists
are making preparations to promote the discovery of
congealed remains of mammoth animals in Siberia.
It is stated that during the last two centurieS, at least
20,000 mammoths, and probably twice or thrice that
number, have been washed out of the ice and soil in
which they were imbedded, by the action of the
spring floods. The tusks only have been preserved
for their commercial value in ivory. An effort is
now to be made for the discovery and preservation of
one of these carcases as perfect and entire as possible,
as it is considered that microscopic investigation of
the contents of its stomach might throw a powerful
light on a host of geological and physiological prob-
lems.
RASPBERRY WINEBruise the finest ripe raspber-
ries with the back of a spoon; strain them through
a flannel bag into a stone jar; allow one pound of
fine powdered loaf sugar to one quart of juice : .stir
these well together, and cover the jar closely. Let
it stand three days, stirring up the mixture every
day; then pour off the clear liquid, and put two
quarts of sherry to each quart of juice OF liquid.
Bottle it off, and it will be fit for use in a fortnight.
By adding Cognac brandy, instead of sherry, the
mixture will be raspberry brandy.
A DIscovERY, it is said, has been made in Russia,
whereby the mercury used in the manufacture of
looking-glasses may be so hardened as to bid defiance
to humidity, friction, or blows. The plate-glass
thus prepared may be transported without fear of
damage; and, the silvering being accomplished by a
cheaper process than any yet known, the glass is ten
or twenty per cent cheaper than at present.
ONE WORD MORE. A clerk in the Dead Letter
Offico, of an inquiring mind, was curious to find out
how many letters were written without a postscript.
One tlay last week he found that out of six thousand
eight hundred and fifty letters written by females,
only three hundred and seventy-five were without
postscripts. Some of the other letters contained
three.
A WOODEN LIBRARY.An odd work is being car-
.ried out for exhibition at the Permanent Industrial
Exposition in Vienna. It is a wooden librarythat
is, a hundred octavo volumes, the covers of which
are formed of wood; the backs of bark, inscribed
with the names of the trees they are made from
and the interiors of specimens of the leaves, flowers,
fruits, & c., of the trees.
AUGUSTA, Maine, is one of the largest (not most
populous) cities in the world. According to the Ken-
nebec Journal it contains sixty square miles. In
some of the wards they kill wild bears.
ON the 4th inst. a mason fell from the top of the
chimney of the Morgan Iron-works, in this city, and
was instantly killed; the chimney is upwards of 160
feet high.
A MEMBER of the Connecticut legislature, who pos-
sesses the Yankee passion for whittling, and indulges
extensively in that amusement, received one day last
week a bundle of shingles by express.
SEVEN first-class locomotives were turned out from
Rogers Locomotive Works at Paterson, N. J., during
the month of June.
THE Philadelphia Ledger states that up to July ~th
there have been 1,683,333 tuna of coal transported
this year upon the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad,
against 1,124,941 for the same period last year. By
the Schuylkill Navigation Company there has been
transported in the same time 333,885 tuna against
377,937 for the same period last year. The coal pro-
duced thus far exceeds that of last year for the same
time by 513,840 tuna.
THE French preserve grapes the year round by
coating the clusters with lime. The bunches are
picked just before they are thoroughly ripe, and
dipped in lime-water of the consistency of thin cream.
They are then hung on wires, and when dry are
dipped the second time, and then hung up to remain.
The lime coating keeps out air and checks any ten
dency to decay. When wanted for the table, dip t
clusters in warm water to remove the lime.
WROUGHT-IRON CANNON.A firm in Bridgewater,
Mass., are making a gun from wrought iron, which
will weigh, when completed, about seventeen tuna.
It is forged solid, in an octagonal form, with the
cavity bored out thirteen inches in diameter, and
will be hooped with strong bands of iron put on by
hydraulic pressure. The lathe on which the metal
is being turned is one of the largest in the world.
LABQRWould you be an honest man and enjoy
competency with pYeasTire, unknown to hasty wealth
or sly roguery? Work! Let your sweat- drops wash
your gains from all dishonesty. You shall live to
tell your children that you have observed and felt
the wisdom of the royal preacher : Wealth gath-
ered by vanity shall be diminished, but wealth gath-
ered by labor will increase.
THE PEARL-BEARING OYSTER.The great pearl-fish-
ery of Aripo, in Ceylon, which has been in abeyance
for some years, is about to be renewed under very
promising auspices. The bank producing the pearl-
bearing oysters is seven miles long, and two and a-
half broad, and is calculated to contain between two
and three million oysters.
REMEDY AGAINST MoTHSOne ounce of gum cam-
phor, and one ounce of powdered red pepper,
macerated in eight ounces of strong alcohol for sev-
eral days, then strained. With this tincture, the
furs or cloths are sprinkled over, and then rolled up
in sheets. This remedy is used in Russia under the
name of the Chinese Tincture for Moths.
NEW INvENTIONA genius down East intends ap-
plying for a patent for a machine which, he says,
when wound up and set in motion, will chase a hog
over a ten acre lot, catch, yoke, and ring him; or
by a slight change of gearing, it will chop him into
sausages, work his bristles into shoe-brushe , am
manufacture his tail into a cork-screw.
THE project of establishing telegraphic communi
cation between the West India colonies, is being agi-
tated in London. A deputation from the West India
Committee, lately had an interview with the Duke
of Newcastle, at the Colonial Office, when the subject
was discussed.
OLD ST. PAuLs.The ball on top of the dome of
St. Pauls, London, weighs 5,000 pounds and is 6 feet
in diameter. Workmen are engaged in re-gilding it,
and they are watched by crowds of people through
telescopes as they work at the giddy hight.
THE largest mass of rolled iron exhibited in the
London Exhibition of 1851, weighed one tun and a
half, and this was considered extraordinary. In the
Exhibition of 1862, the heaviest specimen weighed
no less than thirteen tuna.
INDIAN SEAS AND BIRDSThe absence of sea-birds
forms a singular trait in the character of the Indian
seas; scarcely a single living thing appears in the
sky above, or the sea below, betwixt Bombay and the
Indus.
OMNIBUS STEAMBoATsSome won4erfully fast little
omnibus steamboats have just been put on the Seine
to run between Paris and St. Cloud. It is impossible
to keep pace on horseback with one of them.
A LARGE TAx.A. T. Stewart, the dry-goods prince
of New York, recently paid the snug little sum of
$60,000, as his income-tax for the past year.
THE coal-traders of Philadelphia have decided to
ship no more coal for the present. This will tend to
increase the price.~flxe ~denti& ~me~i~ux.
Importance of our Sheep Husbandry.
The United States Economist contains an elaborate
and well-written article on the importance of sheep
husbandry to the loyal States, from which we con-
dense some interesting ideas which are worthy of the
attention of all our farmers
For years past the quantity of wool manufactured
in the United States has averaged full 125 millions
pf pounds. Of this quantity not more than one half
has been grown here. While we have been export-
ing grain and provisions to an immense amount, we
have imported wool from Australia, the Cape of
Good Hope, South America, China, Russia, India,
and in short from every other quarter of the globe,
and are doing so to-day, though it is an indisputable
fact that no country on earth is better adapted to
sheep husbandry than the North-west. Should the
agriculturist neglect to grow a suffidient quantity of
wheat and corn to supply our home demand, it
would be regarded as a most surprising evidence of
lack of enterprise, and yet facilities of soil and cli-
mate are no better for producing corn and wheat
than they are for the growing of sheep. In Australia
and the Cape of Good Hope, where sheep husbandry
is carried on extensively and at a large profit, the
climate is not so favorable, the soil is barren, and
there is no market for mutton; while in the West the
soil is rich, the climate dry and cool, and our large
cities furnish a ready market for mutton, at higher
prices than in London and Paris. For years past the
people of the West have seen the wool-buyer run-
ning through the country esger to contract for wool
on the sheeps back. How much more will they
be in the future, wben the consumption of wool has
increased fifty per cent, as it is likely to be! Al-
though the clip of wool will be larger this year than
upon any former occasion, still our Western farmers
do not realize the immense increase of the demand
which will be created fot this great staple by the
cutting-short of the cotton supply. We have at
present in the loyal States twenty-five millions of
sheep, and we believe that, this number could be
doubled without producing a sufficient quantity of
wool or mutton to supply the demand for the next
five years. There is no mystery about sheep hus-
bandry. All that is required to conduct the busi-
ness successfully is the exercise of plain common
sense, which dictates that all domestic animals (and
sheep in particular), to thrive well, require to be
well fed, to have plenty of room and to be protected
from storms. The soil and climate of the North-
western States are admirably adapted to sheep hus-
bandry, and the farmers of that section could not
possibly turn their attention to a more profitable
branch of agriculture. The sheep best adapted to the
production of worsted are the Leicester and Cotawold
breeds, and can be obtained in Canada to any extent
and at reasonable prices. The carcasses are large
and the fleeces of long staple, which makes these
breeds more valuable both for the clip and mutton.
The Culture of Water-cress.
The water-cress is cultivated upon an extensive
scale in the adjacent districts of country for the
London market. The following description of its
cultivation is from the Cottage Gardeners Dic-
tionary :The trenches in which water-cresses
are grown are so prepared that, as nearly as possible,
a regular depth of 3 or 4 inches can be kept up.
These trenches are 3 yards broad, and 87 yards
long, and whenever one is to be planted the bottom
is made quite firm and slightly sloping, so that the
water which flows in at one end may run out at
the other. If the bottom of the trench is not suffi-
ciently moist, a small body of water is allowed to
enter to soften it~ The cresses are then divided into
small sets or cuttings, with roots attached to them,
and these are placed at a distance of 3 or 4 inches
from each other. At the end of five or six days a
sliglxt dressing of well-decomposed cowdung is spread
over all the plants, and this is pressed down by
means of a heavy board, to which a long handle is
obliquely fixed. The water is then raised to the
depth of 2 or 3 inches, but never higher. Each
trench is thus planted annually, and furnishes twelve
crops during the season. In the summer the cresses
are gathered every fifteen or twenty days, but less
frequently during winter; care is taken that at each
gathering at least a third part of the bed is left un
touched, so that neither the roots may be exhausted
nor the succeeding gathering delayed. After every
cutting, a little decayed cowdung, in the proportion
of two large barrowfuls to each trench, is spread over
the naked plants, and this is beaten down by means
of the rammer above-mentioned. After the cresses
have been thus treated for a twelvemonth, the man-
ure forms a tolerably thick layer at the bottom of
the trench, and tends to raise its level. To restore
it to its original level, all the refuse should be thrown
out upon the borders which separate the trenches
from each other. These borders may be planted with
artichokes, cabbages, or cauliflowers.
The Effects of Congelation upon Water.
Dr. Robinet, a member of the Academy of Medi-
cine, Paris, has published an account of experiments
conducted by him to test the effects of congelation
upon drinking-water. It is well known that the ice
which is formed in the sea yields nothing but fresh
water, all the salt having been eliminated by con-
gelation. In the Northern parts of Europe this
propertyis turned to account for the extraction of
salt from sea water; for a large sheet of the latter
having been left to freeze, the ice is afterwards cut
away, and the unfrozen water left below is so rich in
salt as to require very little evaporation to yield it
in a solid state. This property will also serve to
analyze wine. Suppose it was required to determine
the quantity of water fraudulently added to a certain
wine; by exposing it to the action of artificial refrig-
eration, all the water Would he alone, and the wine
left in its purity. By a similar process, ships at sea,
being short of water, might be supplied with thIs
necessary article. We will suppose the temperature
of sea water under the tropics to be 30~ centigrade.
If a quantity be exposed in a vessel to the action of
a mixture of sulphate of soda and hydrochloric acid,
two very cheap commodities, the temperature of
the water will fall to 100 below freezing point.
Let it then be exposed to a second mixture of the
same kind, generally eight parts of sulphate to five
of the acid, and the temperature may he lowered
to l7~ below freezing point. Congealed water is
then obtained free from salt, and may be used with
impunity. Dr. Robinet has added a new fact to
this theory by showing that the water of springs
and rivers loses all its salts by congelation. These
salts are chiefly those of lime and magnesia. The
water subjected to experiment was that of the lakes
of the Bois de Boulogne, the ice of which was
found to be entirely free from the above-mentioned
salts. Such, indeed, is the chemical purity of the
water thus obtained, that it may in most instances
be substituted for distilled water.
Punctuality.
Among mechanics, punctuality is a great desider-
atum. Show us a mechapic who will get our work
done by the time specified, and we will cherish him
as the apple of our eye. But to the mechanic who
makes us call twice (fire and sickness excepted), we
bid farewell a long farewell he is not the man
for our money. The mechanic gains nothing by false
promises except a bad name. In order to grasp at all
the work in the neighborhood many a mechanic will
promise, when he knows it is not in his power to
perform. What is such a man but a liar? To say
nothing of the vice of lying, than which there is
nothing more low and contemptible, the mechanic,
in the end, gets far less work by false promises than
he would by a strict adherence to the truth. Punc-
tualify in a mechanic is the soul of business, the foun-
dation of prosperity, and the security of a good repu-
tation.-Llcchange.
Tssz CoNsuMPTIoN or WooLThe consumption of
wool in the United States during the past year has
been unusually large, amounting in the aggregate to
some 126,000,000 pounds. The quantity of raw
material required for army supplies alone, during
the past year, is estimated at 50,000,000, for the
navy 1,000,000, for civilians wear 65000,000, and
the amount required to replace cotton, formerly in-
corporated to a much greater extent in mixed fabrics,
10,000,000 pounds.
A WESTzRN editor says of a hail storm on the lakes
in his vicinity, that it came so suddenly that the
pilot looked round to see which one of the passen-
I gers was throwing stones at him.
Dialysis.
The term dialysis is applied to a method of separ-
ating different substances in solution by membran-
eons tissues, and was discovered a few years ago by
Professor Graham of the British Mint. He noticed
that certain substances possess the power of diffus-
ing themselves with great facility through water in
comparison with others, and that they could be sep-
arated mechanically in solutions by proper appli-
ances. Take four deep glass vessels, such as long
phials, and place in the one a few grains of common
salt ; in the second an equal quantity of sugar; in
the third some gum; in the fourth dried albumen.
Let each of the glasses now be filled up cautiously
with water, and their contents allowed to stand un-
til they are dissolved by the water. These sub-
stances gradually diffuse themselves through the
water, but not all in the same period of time. The
salt diffuses most quickly, then the sugar in about
twice the length of time; the gum takes four times
longer, while the albumen takes about twenty times
longer. So different is the diffusive power of com-
mon salt and albumen in water that, if the two sub-
stances in equal quantities are mixed together in
water, the salt will completely diffuse itself through
the water before the other is dissolved. Substances
which are crystaijine are the most diffusible ; those
least so which resemble gum, glue and albumen.
The names crystalloid and colloid have been given to
these two classes of substances. The crystalloids
also possess the remarkable property of diffusing
themselves through solutions of the colloids almost
as rapidly as through pure water; while the latter
do not possess this property.
A colloid and crystalloid in solution may be sep-
arated as follows :-Take a hoop, like that of a com-
mon wire sieve, and cover its bottom with parch-
ment paper, and float this vessel on clean water con-
taihed in another vessel, then pour into it a solution
of common salt and albumen. In a short period
afterward, the salt will diffuse itself through the
parchment, and leave the colloid or albumen behind.
In this way compound crystalloid and colloid solu-
tions may be separated. The parchment vessel is
called a dializer. Dialysis may be usefully em-
ployed in a great number of cases of chemical analy-
sis to facilitate operations. Flint, which is one of
the most insoluble of substances, has been obtained
dissolved in pure water by the aid of the dializer.
It cannot be dissolved in its natural state, but is first
rendered soluble by a chemical process, then boiled
in water, and afterward separated by the dializer.
Thus the flint is first fused with an excess of soda
(or potash) which converts it into soluble water
glass, or silicate of soda. It is now treated with
hydrochloric acid, which unites with the soda and
forms common salt. The latter is a crystalloid, the
former a colloid. When placed in a dializer the salt
solution passes through, while the silica is left be-
hind, and when it is allowed to stand for some days
it solidifies.
A SUBsTITUTE ron LEATHER Leather, to a great
degree, is to be superseded. The London Times en-
dorses the claims of an invention, owned by -a Mr.
Szerelmy, of England, which, according to the de-
scril)tion of the article, possesses every quality of the
real leather, and is vastly superior to it on many ac-
counts. It will not crack, is tougher, will wear
longer and will resist water as effectually as rubber.
The leather-cloth can be of any color, and a pair of
boot tops which cost of calf skin, $1 50, will cost, of
this material, only 25 cents. The invention is of
immense valueExchange.
[A very full and complete account of this inven-
tion can be found on page 354, Vol. VIII. (new
series) of the Scizzrrrrc AMERIcANEns.
THE ram Dunderberg is well under way, and hopes
are entertained that she will be launched on or about
the middle of September. The plan of the ship, ex-
ternally, is very well outlined in her present condi-
tion, and she is certainly the largest mass of solid
wood, in ship form, that we have ever seen.
A rzw nights since, a large section of the rock on
the north or Canada side of Niagara Falls fell into
the yawning abyss below, giving the Falls on that
side a more decided horseshoe appearance-~than they
had before.
55
the reV- i e quantities measured by the instru-
ments, and Fig. 2 is a sectional plan of the con-
necting machinery. A A, are meters of the class
termed wet meters, of the ordinary construc-
tion; they are placed back to back with sufficient
space between them for the introduction and man-
agement of the connecting machinery. The axles or
shafts, b 6, of the inside drums of the meters, pass
through the outer casings, a a, of the meters, and
are provided with spur wheels, c c. In order to
avoid the friction of stuffing-box journals, both
meters have cases, d d, attached to them, surround-
ing the said wheels, and extending above the water
level of the meters. The wheels are thus made to re
Improvement in Gas made from Petroleum or other
Hydro-carbons.
Since the blockade of the Southern ports has been
enforced, the use of rosin for gas-making purposes
has been necessarily dispensed with, and most of
the small private works, through the country, that
depended on it, now use petroleum-tar or other
hydro-carbon oils as a substitute. One of the prin-
cipal difficulties experienced in the use of petroleum
has been that the gas made has such an excess of
carbon that it will not burn through an ordinary
coal-gas burner without smoke, thus rendering its
use offensive and deleterious to health and furniture.
By reducing the burner to a very small size, this has
been partially overcome,
but other practical diffi-
culties have arisen; the
flame is very weak, liable
to be affected by draughts
of air, and is not of a
clear white color. To ob-
viate this many attempts
have been made to de-
compose water, and mix
its hydrogen with the
rich hydro-carbon petro-
leum gas; thus forming
what has been known as
water gas. These ex-
peiiments have been un-
successful in most in-
stances, owing to practi-
cal difficulties; one of
which has been the want
of uniformity in the qual-
ity and quantity of the
hydrogen gas, thus pro-
ducing a variable and
inconstant light. The
device herewith illustra-
ted (the inventor claims)
has entirely overcome
these difficulties, as PARRISHS PATENT GAS-MIXER.
proved after the experience of many months practical volve in the water contained in these casings, which
working under the most severe tests, in several communicates and remains on a common level with
places. It is now in successful operation at the St. the water in the interior of the meters, preventing
Nicholas hotel, in the city of New York, supplying any leakage of gas through the bearings of the
about 3,000 burners, shafts. A spur wheel, e, gearing with the wheel, c,
The object accomplished by this invention is to revolves a shaft, ,f, and has at the outer end of its
reduce the heavy rich gas obtained from the tar of long sleeve bearing a disk, g, attached: (see Fig. 2),
petroleum with atmospheric air, after it passes from the intervening space being occupied by three wheels,
the gas-holder, and before it reaches the burners. p q r, of various diameters; these wheels are so fitted
The air is mixed in variable proportions to suit the that each is independent of the others in its move-
quality of the gas made, giving the light the great. ments, and that either one may be attached to the
est illuminating power. It burns with a white flame, disk, ,q, by means of apin, h, while the others re-
free from smoke, through any ordinary burner.
Gas mixed with air is not explosive, until the pro-
portion of air is from SO to 90 per cent., so that this
process is entirely free from danger, 60 per cent. of
air being the maximum. Although air is about uni-
f9rm in quality, the gas made from petroleum is
uniform, varying with the quality of the oil,
temperature of the retorts, and the manner in which
the oil is supplied to them. Consequently the same
per-cenPge of air will not always produce the
economical result in lighting, or prevent the gas
from smoking. These difficulties have been re-
moved by this simple contrivance, which may be at-
tached to the delivery pipe of any oil gas-works, be-
tween the gas-holder and the burners, without other
alteration of the works. The nature of the inven-
tion consists in combining two ordinary gas meters,
or other apparatus for measuring gas, insuch a man-
ner that the operation of one, by the pressure of gas,
will transmit a positive motion to the other, which
acts as an air meter; the devices employed for trans-
mitting this motion being so arranged that the rela-
tive speeds of the two instruments, and the quantity main idle; i, is a shaft extending across the whole
of gas and air measured by either of them, may be space between the meters, and having its bearings at-
instantly varied and adjusted to the desired propor- tached to the water boxes, d, or the exterior of the
tion, making the mixture required to give the most meter. This shaft is at one end provided with the
perfect light through an ordinary gas-burner; the wheel, Ic, gearing with the wheel, c, and has upon
relative proportions used are recorded on the index its other end the wheels, a t and u, of such relative
of each meter. In order that the invention may be diameters as to bring them in gear with the wheels,
fully understood a reference to the accompanying p q r. It will at once be evident that with the above
engraving will show the arrangement of the ma- combination of wheels the proportion of speed of
chine. the two meters may be subjected to three variations,
Fig. 1 is an elevation of the two meters, with the by simply changing the position of the pin, Ic, so as
mechanisgt for the improved mode of adjusting to throw either one of the wheels, p q r, into action,
and by the introduction of more wheels, the num-
ber of ~hiriations in th~e relative capacities of the
two meters may be Increased to any desired extent.
1, is the ordinary delivery pipe from the gas
holder, connected with the inlet pipe of the mixer
for conveying the pure gas ; and 1 is the outlet pipe
for the mixed gases. The register indices, m m, show
the amount of air and gas, separately, that passes
through the Instrument. The pipe, a, connects the
two meters through which the air passes to the out-
let pipe for the mixed gases. The pipe, o, admits
the atmospheric air into the meter.
This invention was patented on May 12, 1863,
by William ID. Parrish, of Philadelphia, Pa.; for
further information ap-
ply at the Gas-works of
the St. Nicholas Hotel,
No. 63 Mercer street,
New York, where the
machine can be seen in
operation ; or address
ID. Parrish, Jr., Gas
Engineer, St. Nicholas
Hotel, New York; or
Win. ID. Parrish, 1,416
Arch street, Philadel-
phia.
fhe Monitor Torpedo.
It has been claimed
for the rebels that they
set us a lesson in the use
of torpedoes attached to
irOn-clad vessels to blow
up any vessel with which
they may come in con-
tact. This is a mistake.
The JJfonztors were the
first to have these tor-
pedoes attached, though
our naval officers s6emed
- afraid to use them. The
New York Herald says:
The Monitor torpedo consists of a monster shell,
thirty feet long, weighing upwards of 6,000 pounds,
with a charge of 700 pounds of powder. By means
of a raftthe devil these shells are pushed some
fifty feet ahead of the monitor, suspended at any de-
sirable depth. We shall know in good time how the
rebels succeed in obstructing the passage of the
Monitors when armed with these terrible shells, the
explosion of which will resemble an earthquake
under water. It appears that the naval officers were
afraid of employing the potent means placed at their
disposal for clearing Charleston harbor of obstruc-
tions, for fear the explosion of the shells would act
backwards on their vessels. As might be supposed,
the constructor has guarded against such an occur-
rence. The Secretary of the Navy, with a view of
removing all doubts on this point, ordered a trial to
be made last winter with one of the rafts, the very
devil afterwards towed to Port Royal. The trial
proved eminently satisfactory; for, although the
shell pushed up a mountain of water fifty feet high
above the surhce of the Hudson, near the head of
the raft, not t he slightest injury was sustained by
the latter. The perfect preservation of slender pieces
of wood attacl ed under the raft, proved beyond a
doubt that the effect of the explosion was, as had
been designed, in the forward direction only. This
singular feature of the Monitor torpedo we are not
at liberty to deecribe. What we have stated on the
subject can do no harm, as it is known at Richmond
well as at Washington. So also is the fact that a
Douple of shiploads of these under-water pioneers
are now at hand where their good services are most
needed. We therefore acquit Mr. Welles on the
charge of want of enterprise as regards the torpedoes.
But is it not time to order Admiral Dahlgren to put
steam on the Monitors and push the torpedoes past
Sumter up against those rebel obstructions ?
THE large coffee speculators have not all made a
good thing out of their little enterprises. The price
has become so enormous since last year, that thou-
sands of families have entirely discontinued the use
of coffee, and immense lots of the article remain on
the speculators hands in New York and elsewhere
they losing the interest.
5657
~e ~citidi~c ~mc6can.
MUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietors.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
LA No.37 Park Row (Park Building), New York.
0. D. MUNN, S. H. WALES, A. E. BEACH.
TERMSThree Dollars per annumOne Dollar in advanee, for
four months.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of publication, and
at all periodical stores in the United States and Canada
Sampson Low, Son & Co., the American Booksellers, No. 47 Ludgate
Hill, London, England, are the British Agents to receive subscriptions
for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
See Prospectus on last page. No traveling agents employed.
VOL. IX, ~lO. 4... [NEW Szaizs.] Nineteenth Year.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 25, 1868.
ARMY flEAD...HEALTH OF SOLDIERS.
Our soldiers, when in active field-service, we have
been informed, are subject to dyspepsia and dysentery.
When affected with either of these diseases, even for
a limited time, a soldier becomes feeble and unfit for
duty. The causes and prevention of these maladies
should form a subject of earnest inquiry. A person
with whom we recently conversed, who has had two
years experience in the army of the Potomac, and
who had been a prisoner for some time in Richmond,
stated that when our soldiers were fed for sevdral
weeks on hard tack (the name for army biscuit)
and pork, their stomachs became disordered and dys-
entery followed. He stated that although food was
less abundant in the secession army, the men were
very healthy, and he attributed this condition to the
use of fresh flour as part of the rations of the seces-
sion soldiers. For want of bakeries in the South to
manufacture biscuit, flour and corn meal were served
out to the soldiers, and they were accustomed to
make cakes in camp and bake them on griddles
sometimes formed of flat stones. Another person of
considerable experience in the army, with whom we
have conversed, confirmed the statement as to the
frequency of dyspepsia and dysentery in the army,
stating his belief that these diseases were due, in a
great measure, to inferior bread. He asserted also
that the contract taken for this month to provide
this bread was as low as 3.94 cents per pound, including
boxing, & c., all ready for deliverj. Thus the con
tract calls for bread to be made of extra State flour,
which, at the rate of $5 80 per bafrel, will yield
180 pounds of bread if thoroughly baked, for which
$7 10 is the sum that will be received from the Gov-
ernment. Our informant states that it will cost for
the flour, packing, and boxing, not including the ex-
penses of baking, $7 77. He therefore concludes
that an inferior quality of flour must be used in
making the army bread, and that it is not suffi-
ciently bakeda considerable amount of moisture
being left in it. He also states that this bread is
baked in ovens heated with the products of combus-
tion wliich pass from the furnaces through perfor-
ated flues direct into the ovens. In other words,
the bread is baked in a heated atmosphere of carbonic
oxide and acid gases. The opinion was given that
the bread thus baked absorbed carbonic acid gas, and
was thus rendered injurious to the stomachs of the
soldiers, tending to poison their systems. We
are also told that it is very difficult to heal the wounds
of our soldiers in hospitals, which fact is attributed
to the use of unwholesome bread.
We are aware that while carbonic acid gas is poison
to the lungs, it is not injurious to the system when
taken into the stomach in moderate quantities. It
does not, therefore, seem to us probable that the gas
in the bread baked as stated can be the cause of the
diseases in our army. That the evils stated do exist
in our army to some extent there can be no doubt,
but we believe that they have been greatly exagger-
ated. We have directed attention to the hard army
bread as the possible cause of such diseases; this is
the opinion of persons who have had opportunities
for extended observation in the army. They may be
mistaken in their conclusions, but whatever may be
the caussa of these maladies they deserve investiga
tion, and they should be removed if it is in the power
of man to do It. Our soldiers who have gone forth
to peril their lives for the support and perpetuation
of the Government, deserve to receive the best food
that can be provided.
CONSERVATISM AMONG MECHANICS.
Tradition is a good thing in its way, but mere
blind reliance upon it sometimes leads men astray.
The teachings of the past, applied to the arts, form
what is termed experience, and by recalling to mind
exigencies where extraordinary means have been em-
ployed to overcome difficulties, men perform duties
with more ease and certainty than if they had not
such memory at their service. The reader may ask,
Suppose a man has not had extensive experience in
some branches of his business, how shall he thus
familiarize himself with them ? We answer, in-
form himself by taking advantage of every means
within reach that lead to the desired end. Conver-
sations with practical men; consultations with books
or papers devoted to the specialty he wishes to be-
come acquainted with; these have an important in-
fluence which cannot fail to be an advantage to the
student.
The mechanical ideas of this age of the world lead
men ever onward; that is to say, that every hour
discloses some vital question on which the masses of
mechanics are ignorant because they have never
given attention to the subject; as, for instance, the
most impenetrable armor; the most deadly gun,
rifled or smooth bore; the best forms for the hulls
of batteries and iron-clad ships; and countless other
points which will suggest themselves to all. This is
why we say the spirit of the age leads ever onward,
and hence the necessity which exists for investigating
the labors of those who have precedcd us. Is it not
palpable to every one that the individual who has a
knowledge of three or four different processes of
doing the same thing, is a far more valuable member
of society than he who adheres obstinately to his
old-time method in the firm conviction that it alone
is worthy of attention? Most undoubtedly. Yet
we go over workshops and see men at work with
tools that the best authorities have discarded long
ago as useless, and have superseded them by more
efficient ones; we see lathes in use with narrow
shears, small spindles, light screws; planers with
chains instead of screws or racks, and pinions, chain-
feed on the lathes aforesaid, and other exploded and
thrown-aside devices that time has outstripped and
supplanted by more efficient ones. These are the
old-school men, and they would succeed much better
in business if they took advantage of the discoveries
and theories reduced to practice by other men.
Pull out the old-fashioned machines and replace them
with others better capable of doing the work! They
occupy room and waste time every day that ought to
have been economized.
GENIUS.
It is a somewhat remarkable fact that the children
of celebrated men by no means inherit the peculiar
talent of their parents or parent. History, past and
present, is full of instances which might be quoted
to prove the truth of this assertion; and the reader
has only to reflect to call to mind, among those of his
own day, statesmen, who, dying, left behind them an
enviable fame, yet transmitted no portion of the ge-
nius which acquired it to their progeny. So all expe-
rience in the Old World goes to sustain the fact that
genius is by no means hereditary, but latent. A wise
father may have a fool for a son, and vice versa. May we
not fairly question whether mere genius is of any par-
ticular value to its possessor? We say genius alone;
a mere faculty for constructing, an aptitude for
mechanical pursuits, or a love for the fine arts; all
these, uncultivated and misdirected, are rather an in-
cumbrance, and a disqualification for sterner work
than any direct advantage to individuals. We have
often heard, and not without regret, of certain young
men, distinguished by their admirers as geniuses,
(to coin a word for the occasion) and upon investiga-
tion have found such claims based upon a sort of
sleight-of-hand, which enabled them to whittle very
bad imitations of boats, out of blocks of wood that
might be made serviceable for some better purpose
boats that neither swim nor sail, but topple over like
nut-shells and have an obstinate desire to move side-
ways. These productions are viewed by fond parents
and relatives, as the first efforts of a remarkable
geniusone who shall put George Steers fame far in
the shade, and outstrip all previous efforts in ship-
building. The same facts may be noticed in the case
of painting, a talent for modeling in clay, and kin-
dred branches of art.
Far be it from us to disparage the first efforts of
self-taught, persevering men. These remarks by
no means apply to them; but are directed toward
that class of idle, whining, shiftless young men who
lounge in the house, wear out their clothes and the
patience of their families by homilies on fate,
destiny, the coldness of the world, and simi-
lar phrasesthe stock in trade of geniuses all
over the world. To such young men we would say
your talent lies in handling an ax; your genius is
concealed in the handle of a blacksmiths hammer;
get up and learn a trade; get out of the rocking
chair and go to the forge, and if you have any genius
inert and dormant in you, it will soon work its way
to the surface and shine among men. We have ob-
served a great many so-called geniuses in this
world, and seen some of them grow to manhood.
They generally have some remarkable model of a
steamship that will sail 40 miles an hour on about
a pound of coal. ~They_are out at the elbows, and of
a generally dispirited cast of countenance; they are
sanguine on perpetual motion, and, much more
modest than Archimedes, only require a peculiar
spring or a screw to move the world ; and it is with no
little regret that we have seen their feeble efforts
baffled and set aside because they were not thor-
oughly and earnestly prosecuted. There is nothing
more certain in the world than that real talent and
genuine genius is certain of its reward, if it only
manifests itself in a proper way. Men are not
generous enough to each other to go searching about
the world for the light that is hidden under a bushel,
and if any individual thinks to attract the notice of
his fellows by the dismal glimmer of a penny dip,
set in a candlestick of surpassing beauty, he may
abate his pretensions at once and for ever. Set to
work in earnest, oh, young men of the nation !turn
in and fall to, on the work of the world! War leaves
the fields desolate, the loom idle, the workshop ha
silent as the cemetery. Bestir yourselves ! and if you
have genius, make it evident by producing something
to set in motion the forces that falter. Make the
wilderness blossom as the rose, cause the shuttles
to fly more swiftly to make up for lost time, and
make the ponderous hammers to rise and fall with
increasing velocity. If you have genius, let it shine!
bring it out, and bestow it upon mankind, and in re-
turn, your~fellows of the present day, and posterity
also, will concede all that your vanity now prema
turely claims.
REPORTED FAILURE OF THE STAFFORD PRO.
3ECTILE.
Commodore Turner on board of the iron-clad New
ironsides, in obedience to official instructions, has
lately experimented with the Stafford projectiles.
He states that every precaution was taken to give
them a fair trial, the instructions for their use being
carefully observed. They were fired with 16 pounds
No. 7 powder, from the 150 pound Parrott guns of
the N~w Ironsides. In every instance, says the
Commodore, they failed, and in the four first
discharges, the easing of wood in which they are im-
bedded was shivered to pieces immediately, and so
near the ship as to make it perilous to use them. I
am convinced that with this class of gun they are
utterly useless; I should not think of using them in
action, after the experience I have had. I desire to
make a very emphatic report to the Bureau on this
subject, for either these projectiles are a great impo-
sition, or the instructions accompanying them have
been misinterpreted as to the manner of using
them.
It is stated that each of these projectiles cost $46,
and that a charge of $60,000 has been made against
the Government for a quantity furnished.
The Stafford projectile has heretofore been regarded
as one of the most wonderful and valuable auxiliaries
of war. Repeated experiments had demonstrated
its marvellous success ; reports of various tests to
which it has been subjected have appeared in the col58
urnns of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Many of these
trials were made under the direction of experienced
Government officers, specially appointed for the pur-
pose, and they appeared to establish the fact that
the invention was one of a remarkable character.
Some of the targets were clad with 6 inches of iron,
with a strong wood backing; but the projectiles
passed through the mass without the least difficulty.
In other instances the projectile has been thrown a
distance of 4~ and 5~ miles. Of course no such re-
sults could have been obtained had there been any
tumbling or other defective operation of the shot.
We are constrained to believe that in Commodore
Turners trial there was either some mismanagement
in the handling of the shot, or some defect in their
construction. We must have further evidence of
failure before we give up our faith in what has here-
tofore been demonstrated to be a good invention.
One of the peculiarities of Staffords projectile is
that it is generally made smaller than the bore of
the gun, the intervening space being filled up by
wood or other casing, attached to the shot. This
casing flies from the shot when the latter leaves the
gun, giving the projectile a free flight. It is alleged
that by this method a large area of explosive force is
made to act effectively upon a projectile of small
diameter. Immense velocity and great penetrative
power. are thus obtained. Engravings of the Stafford
projectile will be found in No. 14, Vol. VIII (new
series) of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
DISTILLATION AND EFFECTS OF HEAT.
There are two kinds of distillation, which are en-
tirely distinct in their nature and results, and by
which the effects of heat in changing the character of
substances are exemplified in a most remarkable
manner. These processes are called common, and des-
tructive distillation. The former consists in applying
a moderate degree of heat to a substance, such as
water by which it is converted into vapor, and after
this it is again converted into water by refrigeration.
Or it is peahaps more clearly explained by the treat-
ment of a liquid, such as a mash of malt, which con-
tains ardent spirits combined with water. By the
application of a lower temperature than that of boil-
ing water, to the mash in a still, the spirits
pass over in the condition of vapor, are condensed
in a refrigerator, and thus they are separated or
distilled from the mash. This is common distillation
by which no chemical change is effected in the na-
ture of the substances treated. The water is first
converted into vapor by he. t, then converted into
water again by cold; and as the spirits boil at a
lower degree of temperature than watery they are
separated from. the water by distilling at a low tem-
perature, and then are converted into a liquid state
again by cooling.
Destructive distillation consists in applying a high
degree of heat to substances in retorts, by which pro-
ducts of an entirely different chemical character from
the substances treated are obtained. Some of the
most astonishing results connected with modern
chemistr.y and the practical arts are due to destruc-
tive distillation. For example, when a charge of
bituminous coal is placed in a retort raised to red
heat, a great portion of this solid is cOnverted into
the gas whichis used for illumination, and it will
flow unchanged for miles through tubes exposed to
the lowest atmospheric temperature. Common oil
subjected to the same treatment will also produce
gas, but it is not converted by refrigeration into oil
again. Many liquids and several solids subjected to
such a degree of heat, produce similar results ; hence
cal characteristics. A full cherry red heat is that at
which coal in a retort is treated to obtain the best
illuminating gas. If the heat is .raised much above
this, a greater quantity but an inferior quality of gas
results. The manufacture of a heavy oil and tar
from distilled-coal, was conducted-by Lord Dundonald,
in Scotland, about 1768, long before gas was made for
public illumination. The tar was employed for coat-
ing.the bottoms of ships, to preventthe attacks of the
ship worm, before copper sheathing was generally ap-
plied. In the spirit with which the manufacture of
tar was pursued, Lord Dundonald narrowly missed
producing coal oil for commercial purposes, although
he used a retort similar to some that were employed
within the last four years for distilling coal in mak-
ing kerosene.
One of the most remarkable products of distilled
coal, peat, & c., is parafine, which was discovered by
the German chemist Reichenbach, about 1833, as one
of the products of tar. It is a white substance, re-
sembling wax in some of its features. This chemist
also obtained oil, which he called eupion, from tar.
About the same time that parafine was thus obtained
from coal tar, Dr. Christison, of Edinburgh, also
produced it from Rangoon petroleum, and called it
petroline. From this petroleum he also distilled
several oils, such as those which are now in common
use for illumination. Prior to 1860, the distillation
of coal had been carried on - for several years upon a
very expeAsive scale in Europe and America for ob-
taining illuminating oil; but the great supplies dis-
tilled in natures extensive laboratory, situated in
the valley of the Alleghany, have supplanted all the
similar products of coal distillation, and the amount
exported this year, up to the present time, exceeds
fifteen millions of dollars.
A good idea of the varied and remarkable effects of
heat upon coal in distillation may be communicated
by stating that forty-two different substances have
been separated from coal and classified, and the pro-
duction of some of these engages important branches
of industry. Among them are illuminating gas,
coke, ammonia, naptha, benzole, heavy oil, parafine,
tar, aniline and all those beautiful colors derived
from it which are now so common on silk and woolen
fabrics. Distillation, and the effects of heat upon
various substances, form most interesting and instruc-
tive studies to inquirers after scientific knowledge.
the trooper can rely upon his weapon, with perfect
confidence that it will not be found unmanageable in
the hour of peril. Let moisture have a fair chance at
the rifle also, so that the public may know how the
parts interchange and play in this condition. Let the
gun be thrown rudely to the ground, so that all in-
terested may know to a certainty just how much
rough usage a breech-loader can stand ;whether it is
a bona-fide weapon, or merely a delicate combination
of machinery liable to become deranged at the slight-
est irregular proceeding. Let us know whether it is,
in gunnery, what the spy-glass is in optics; or whether
it be like the wicroscope, which requires previous
education to manipulate and understand. These are
vital points in the utility of breech-loaders, which we
should like to have proved or disproved beyond cavil.
The greatest value of a muEEle-loading gun is that
it is, under all reasonable circumstances, wholly reli-
able; and it is of very little importance to a .trooper
or sharpshooter, when his weapon fails him at a crit-
ical time, to know that a number of ..experts have
decided that the arm then in his possession is infal-
lible. We do not propose that unreasonable violence
should be offered the weapons; but we are decidedly
opposed to the sort of encomiums generally lavished
upon arms, which are not at all borne out or justified
by their mechanjcal value, or their subsequent per-
formances.
RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.
OiZ Skimmer.In boiling fish or other materials for
the purpose of extracting the oil, and in heating
other substances or liquids for the purpose of evap-
oration or otherwise, the surface of the liquid is gen-
erally covered with scum, and the impurities or dregs
precipitate, and occupy the bottom part of the tank
or still, the clear good liquid being in the middle.
The object of this invention is to draw off the clear
liquid from the middle, free from the scum on the
top, and from the dregs on the bottom. The inven-
tion consists in the employment of a shallow saucer-
shaped vessel, provided with one or more floats, and
with a pipe leading from its lowest point to the bar-
rel or other vessel which is intended to receive the
oil or other liquid ; said pipe being sustained by one
or more floats in such a manner that the saucer-shaped
vessel can be adjusted to float on a level with the
____________________________ surface of the clear liquid, under the scum and above,
BREECH-LOADING RIFLES AT THE NEXT FAIR the dregs; the vessel being balanced by the floats
OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE, attached to it, and the pipe being sustained by the
floats which are secured to the same, the clear
We learn from the officers of the American Insti- liquid draining off through said pipe until the
tute, that a prominent feature at the Fair, this sea- saucer-shaped Vessel settles -down on the dregs at or
son, will be a general exhibition of breech-loading near the bottom of the still or tank. Address Israel
rifles. An opportunity will be given for a conipeti- Peck or W. H. H. Glover, the inventors, Southhold,
tive trial of the various kinds manufactured, and a N. Y.
diploma or premium will be awardedto the best gun. Dredging and Ditching Apyaratus.These improve-
This will doubtless be the most attractive and pop- ments are more especially designed to be applied in
ular part of the exhibition. We also suggest to the combination with an apparatus termed a suction
managers to permit a trial, at all ranges, between dredging boat, patente4 May 10, 1863, their object
the best breech-loaders and the best muEEle-loaders, when so applied being to cut, bore, pick, break and
in order to settle the mooted question whether a tear up all obstructive deposits of mud, sand, clay
breech-loading rifle with fixed ammunition car- and other matter from the beds of rivers, harbors
ries as accurately as a perfect muEEle-loader. On docks and other places, or to deepen the same, and
account of the great convenience of breech-loading to cut and break up turf and earth in swamps and
rifles, there is no dOubt that they will entirely super- marshes and other places, and reduce all such sub-
sede the old-fashioned arm, provided that they stances and material to a soft or pulpy or sufficiently
carry the bullet with equal precision. But a defect diluted condition or get -them so mixed with water as
in this paiticular will more than counterbalance all to admit of their removal by the pumps of that ap-
their other advantages; for, if there is anything that paratus; also for cutting ditches and canals, and
is sure to disgrtst a sportsman with his rifle, it is to for forming dikes or embankments and filling up lots
have it send the bullet to a place different from that and improving swamps and marshes and other low
at which it is aimed. It is also asserted by some that lands, and bringing them to the grade of uplands for
as the character of the products is entirely changed thecomplication of the breech-loader is fatal to its cultivation, by
depositing upon such swamps, marsh-
by the operation, it has been called destructive dis- general introduction in the army. While but few es or low lands, the material
taken up in cutting the
tillation. persons are found who object to the employment of ditches or canals from the adjacent waters. The said
The wonderful effects of heat in distillation are this class of weapon as a national arm; there are improvements may, however, be
used in connection
shown in the variety of products obtained, and the others who m.aintain that the delicacy of workman- with any other kind of boat
for the purpose of bring-
study of these deserves general attention. For ex- ship unavoidable in a breech-loading rifle, materially ing the matters and
substances specified to a con-
ample, in the distillation of cannel coal, a different detracts from its utility for field or cavalry use. dition to be removed by
the action of a natural cur-
chemical product is obtained with almost every These are disputed points, which we hope to see set- rent, or the tide or by any
other suitable means;
different degree of heat to which the coal is subjected. tied in favor of the breech-loader; and we desire to and in some instances
the said improvements might
If the heat is gradually raiged, a very clear oil first have the coming tests made thorough and severe, be arranged upon a carriage
to run upon land, where
passes over, at a comparatively low temperature, Let us have no holiday decisions; but submit the a stream of water may be obtained
to effect or facili-
then darker colored oils, then thick tar. On the competing guns to searching scrutiny, at least. as tate the carrying away or
removal of the material
other hand, if the coal is subjected at once to a low thorough as they will undergo in actual service. Let which is loosened by the
cutting, boring, packing,
red~heat, most of the matter that would otherwise the breech-loader be exposed to.a cloud of dust, such breaking, and tearing-up
operations. William Atkin-
have passed off as oil and tar is converted into gas, as is inevitable in a long days cavalry ride, and then son, deceased, late
of Brooklyn, N. Y~, was the in-
and all these prodncts are different in their chemi- see whether the closely-fithd joints willwork so that ventor of this
improvement; and further informa~xe ~dentifk ~m~*an.
tion relating to it may be obtained of Charles Atkin-
son, of Moline, Ill., or Joseph Atkinson, of New-
bury, Vt.
Pulley BlockThe ordinary tackle or purchase
blocks have their pulleys so arranged that they will
turn as freely as possible on their axis, both in rais-
ing and lowering articles which are suspended to
them. This free turning of the pulleys is of-course
an advantage in raising the articles, but in lowering
them it is a decided disadvantage, as the operators
have not sufficient control over the descent of the
articles, owing to an insufficiency of friction, and fre-
quently a great deal of time and labor is expended in
lowering articles to the desired spot, and also in keep-
lug them in a proper line of ascent. To obviate this
difficulty Is the object of this invention, which con-
sists in arranging with the pulleys, ratchets, pawis
and side flanges, in such a manner that, in lowering
suspended articles, the pulleys will be subjected to a
requisite degree of friction to give the operator full
control over the tackle blocks in lowering the articles.
J. J. Doyle, of No. 871 Eighth street, New York, is
the inventor of this improvement, half of which has
been assigned to C. L. Perkins, of No. 54 Exchange
Place, New York.
Valve ChestThe main obstacle which has hereto-
fore presented itself to the successful use of piston
valves for the induction and eduction of steam en-
gines has been the unequal expansion of the cylin-
drical bearings or seats in which such valves work,
which has caused the valves either to bind during a
portion of their stroke, or else to fit too loosely dur-
ing another portion thereof; but for this difficulty,
such valves, owing to the simple manner in which
they can be balanced, would have been more gen-
erally adopted. The object of this invention is to
provide for the equal expansion of the cylindrical
bearing or seat throughout its whole length, and to
this end it consists in a certain arrangement of a
steam jacket surrounding or partly surrounding the
whole length of the bearing or seat, and communi-
cating with both ends thereof, in such a manner that
the steam will heat the said bearing or seat equally
throughout the whole length. T. S. Davis, Jersey
City, N. J., is the inventor of this improvement.
Door LockThe object of this invention is to
combine a bar with a lock in such a manner that the
bar, which is at the inner side of the door, may be
opened by means of the lock from the outer side of
the door, the bar being so arranged as to extend en-
Mrely across the door, and serve as a far more secure
and efficient fastening then the ordinary lock bolts,
and more so than the bars and bolts which are ad-
ust& d from the inner side of the door, as the bar in
this improvement cannot be raised or operated upon
by cutting through the door, but only through the
medium of the lock. A. Clabaugh, of Atlanta, Pa.,
is the inventor of this improvement.
Solar-time GlobeThe object of this invention is
to arrenge a terrestrial globe in such relation to
a dial plate and index, that the culminating time of
the sun, and consequently the true solar time and
also the clock or mean time, can be observed simul-
taneously at any moment. The invention consists
in the arrangement of a terrestrial globe on a hon -
zontal axis, in combination with a revolving annular
dial incircling the globe, and adjustable by means of
set screws and w~tth a stationary index or pointer, in
such a manner that, by the index, the culminating
time of the sun on any part of the globe can be ob-
served, and at the same time the clock or mean time
can be read ott for a certain location for which the
dial has been adjusted. T. 11. Timby, of Saratoga
Springs, N. Y., is the inventor of this improve-
ment.
Sad-iron and HeaterThis invention relates to
an improvement in sad-irons or flat-irons as! they
are frequently termed, and consists in constructing
the side with a shell or case in which a sliding or
adjustable heater is placed, arranged in such a
manner that the iron may be applied to a coal-oil
lamp~ made to serve as a draught chimney for the
same, and he heated very expeditiously, a cold iron
being applied to the lamp as a heated one is removed,
an order that the lamp may always be provided with
a chimney, and a heated iron be always at command
during the process of ironing. 0. W. Preston and
C. Barry, of Corning, N. Y., are the inventors of
this improvement.
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
FOR THE WEEK ENDING JUNE 30, 1863.
Rep tedO ally for theS en A jean.
y Pamphlets containing the Patent Laws and full par-
ticulars of the mode of applying for Letters Patent, speci-
fying size of model required, and much other information
useful to inventors, may be had gratis by addressing
MUNN & CO., Publishers of the ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN,
New York.
39,107,Device for operating Churns.Henry C. Addis,
Springfield, Ill.:
I claim the combination of the spring, L, and treadle, I, with the
rock-shaft, D, weighted pendulum, F, adjustable arm, c, adjostable
pivoted dasher-rod, B, and chorn, A, all in the manner and for the
purpose herein shown and described.
[The object of this invention is to obtain a means whereby recipro-
cating churns, that is to say, those which are provided with rising and
falling dashers, may be operated with greater facility than by the or-
dinary application of the hands to the dash-rod.]
39,108.Potato Digger.Theodore Baker, Stiliwater,
N.Y. Ante-datedJuly 2, 1862:
I claim the arrangement of the flaring bars, E, and the spiral arms,
L, attached to the shaft, F, constructed and operated as and for the
porpose specified.
39,109.Metallic CartridgeWilliam Bakewell, Pitts-
burgh, Pa.:
I claim the use of metallic cartridges so constructed that that por-
tion of the case which enters the charge chamber or breech of the
fire-arm (whether tapering or having its sides parallel to its axis),
shall be of such shape that a cross section at right angles to its axis
will be an ellipse, triangle, square, or other curved or polygonal
figure, the perimeter of which will be less than the circumference of
a circumscribed circle, so that the cartridge fitting closely in the
charge chamber when the piece is loaded, shall, by the expansive
force of the discharge, have its longest diameter reduced sufficiently
to loosen it when the piece is fired, substantially as herein before de
scribed. -
39,110.Shingle Machine.Joseph Beaudrean, Fond du
Lac, Wis.:
I claim, first, The endless chain carriage constructed if segment
formed links, hi h2, cross-bars or ties, hi, the latter at each end, pro-
jecting beyond the links, and forming guides, h4, which travel in ways
m, and thereby support the bolts, as they are successively fed to the
saw, in a propes position to have a shingle cut from the underside of
each bolt; in combination with the tilting table, n, and horizontally
revolving circular saw, c, when the whole is arranged to. operate is
the manner and for the purpose specified.
Second, The tilting sable, n, and triangular shaft, 04, in combina-,
tion with the spring, s, and arm, n6, or their equivalents; when ar-
ranged to operate in the manner and for the purpose specified.
Third, The pins, a, projecting from the under side of the endless
chain carriage, in combination wi;h the gear or toothed wheel, n5,
and triangular shaft, 04, when arranged to operate in the manner
and for the purpose specified.
Fourth, The worm or screw, d, and helical spring, d2, In combina-
tion with the beveled toothed cog-wheel, c, and shaft, f, when ar-
ranged to operate in the manner and for the purpose specified.
[This machine is of that class in which the shingles are cut from
bolts by horizontally revolving circular saws, a number of bolts being
fed successively to the saws by an endless chain belt. This invention
consists in certain novel devices, whereby the machine is made to
automatically adjust itself so as to cut the shingles, tip and butt alter-
nately from each side of the bolts. It also consists in a novel device
whereby the saws are protected against injury when brought in con-
tact with a hard or knotty place in the bolt.j
39,111.Composition for sealing Preserve JarsJesse
Beckley, Cincinnati, Ohio:
I claim the composition for sealing preserve jars, composed and
compounded as set forth.
39,112.Projectile for Rifled Ordnance.Alfred. Berney,
Jersey City:
I claim the combination with the polygonal extension, b, of the de-
pression, a a, notches, d d, and the hollow conical packing ring, B,
formed with a shoulder, a, all the parts being constructed, arranged,
and combined to operate together in the manner herein shown and
described.
[The object of this invention is to obtain a simple mode of combin.
lug a packing ring with an elongated projectile which shall both com-
pel it both to transmit to the projectile the rotary motion which it
acquires in passing along the rifle grooves of the gun, and to remain
securely attached to the projectile during the flight of the latter. It
has been proposed to combine the ring with the projectile by con-
structing the interior of the ring of polygonal form and constructing
the projectile with a polygonal projection on its bass to fit the so-con-
structed ring but while this may have provided for the rotary motion
ol the projectile it has afforded no adequate provision for preventing
the ring from flying off after the discharge of the projectile from the
gun. This invention consists in making the front portion or portions
of one or more of the sides of such polygonal prqjection with inward
inclination, giving the said projection the character of a dove-tail by
which the ring is prevented from flying off; also in providing notches
or recesses in the shoulder formed upon the projectile in front of the
said pr~jection, into which portions of the ring may be driven by the
action of the gases diminated by the firing of the charge of the gnu
and thereby made to aid the ring in transmitting rotary motion to the
projectile~I
39,113.Machine for cutting Thin TimberBenjamin F.
Betts, Tonawanda, N. Y.:
I claim the combination and arrangement of tlte sliding box with
oblique motion, thereby giving by movement of the block a drawiitg
cut to the knife, in combination with the diagonal position tuf the
knife attached to the immovable bed-plate; and the arrangement of
eccentrics for elevating or depressing the movable bed-plate.
39,114.Instrument for indicating the Depth of Water in
Cisterns.H. L. Brevoor, Brooklyn, N. Y.:
I claim the arrangement of the flexible diaphragms, b b b, to form
an expanding chamber within the box, A, and in combination with a
spring, i, substantially as herein specified.
[This invention relates to instruments for indicating the depth of
the bilge water in a ship or other vessel, or of the water in a tank or
otherreservoir by the agency of the pressure of the column of such
water acting through the medium of air. In carrying out the Inven-
tion there is used a series of flexible, sectional, or annular diaphragms
such as are used in the bilge and leakage indicator which constitutes
the su~ject matter of setters.]
39,115.Tea Pot.Alexander M. Bristol, Detroit, MIch.:
I claim as an improved article of manufacture a tea-pot and water-
urn, arranged and combined in the manner substantially as set
forth.
[This invention consists in having a vessel composed of two separ-
ate compartments, one for tea and the other for hot water, and hav-
ing each compartment provided with a spout, whereby both tea and
hot water may be obtained from the same vessel and the tea kept at
a proper warm temperature by the hot water, which receives ils heat
from a lamp underneath the vesseL]
39,116.Mosquito Bar.Asa L. Carrier, Washington,
D. C.:
I clajm, first, A portable insect shield so constructed as to be oper-
ated from theoutside, substantially as described by means of levers,
A and B.
Second, Levers, A, constructed and operating as described, in
combination with levers, B.
Third, Levers, B, constructed and operating as described, for the
purposes set forth.
Fourth, The clasp, C, constructed and operating as described for
the purposes set forth.
Fifth, The braces, D, constructed and operating as described, in
combination with tension cords 1 and 2.
39,117.Lock.Andrew Clahaugh, Altoona, Pa.:
I claim the disk, C, provided with the spring, g, the slide, D, tum-
bler, F, and slide, B, all arranged and combined to operate in con-
nection with the bolt, H, as and for the purpose specified.
I further claim the semi-circular slide or gutard, K, when combined
and arranged with the disk, C, slide, D, tumbler, F, and slide, B, for
the purpose specified.
39,118.NIole PlowStiliman A. Clemens, Rockford,
Ill.:
I claws, first, The mole, a, attached near its forward end by a pivot
pin near to the front edge ot the lower end of a cutter bar, b, sub-
stantially as described and for the purposes specified.
Second, A cutter bar, battached to a mole plow beam, h, by the
herein described or an equivalent mode which allows free pendulous
and hinge movements tothe-cutter-bar, substantially as described
and for the specified purposes.
39,119.Machine for preparing Tow from Tangled Flax
Straw.George F. Clemons, Springfield, Mass.:
I claim, first, The breaking rollers, K, cylinder, H, constructed
with concave ends, j, and having holes, k, mode in it as shown and
provided with teeth, h, and wings, i, and i be upon endless apron, J,
when all are combined and arranged to operate as and for the pur-
pose herein set forth.
liecond, The side-pieces or strips, g g, placed over the endless
apron, F, for the parpos of reducing the width of the same, when
said side strips or pieces are used in connection or combination with
the cylinders, D, If, concaves, B I, breaking rollers, c C K, and end-
less apron, J, for the purpose herein set forth.
[This invention consists in a combination and arrangement of
breaking rollers, toothed cylinders and concaves, and discharging
andfeed aprons, one of the toothed cylinders being so constructed as
to serve as a fan or blower, whereby the desired work, to-wit the
preparing of tow from tangled flax, may be accomplished ln a rapid
and thorosugh manner.]
39,120.Breech-loading Fire-arm.John Webster Coch-
ran, New York City:
I claim, first, The safety guard or guide, i, in connection with the
recoil block, b, as set forth.
Second, I claim the arm, j, attached to the hammer, f, for throw-
ing it back to half-cock by coming in contact with another lever or
spring, j, when opening the breech by throwing the recoil block
down as described.
39,121.Hooks and Eyes for Connecting Cords.Abiel
Codding, Jr., North Attleboro, Mass.:
I nlaim the improved socketed hook and eye, having the socket
tubes, a, thereof provided with serrations, teeth, or prongs, arranged
in the manner and for the purpose as specified.
39,122.Seed Planter.Edward Cox, Point Pleasant,
Ohio:
I claim the arrangement of the slide, H, and spring, J, with the
pulleys, E G, belt, I, seed cops, h, concave, F, box, D, spout, K, gate,
B; and seed hopper, L, all in the manner herein shown and described.
[This invention consists in a novel seed-distributing device com-
posed of an elevator formed of cups attached to an endless band or
chain having a tension spring connected with it in such a manner
that the belt or chain will always be kept in a proper state and
made to operate perfectly.]
39,123.Locomotive Boiler.Benjamin Crawford, Pitts-
burgh, Pa.:
I claim, first, The arrangement of the super-heating tubes, c c, in
line with the flues, a a, when the chamber which contains the tubes,
cc, is constructed with a vertical diaphragm, g, and the whole en-
closed by the case, H, of the boiler, substantially as and br the pur-
pose set forth.
Secosd, The combination of heads, d d, flues, c c, steam pipes,
D G, and diaphragm, g, arranged and operating substantially as here-
in described and for the purpose set lortb.
39,124.Plumb, Level and Square.D. G Davison, E.
Pullen, Prospect Plains, N. J., and J. S. Davison,
Cranberry, N.
We claim the mode of combining a plumb, level and square to-
gether, by means of forming tbat part of the square wher in the
plumb is hung hollow or like a case, with an opening on either side
at the lower part so that the plumb can be easily seen and brought to
an exact perpendicular by means of marks or other indications as
above set forth and as sh~uwn in the various figures, or when the
afuiresaid combination us attained by other means, substantially the
same as those herein arranged and described.
39,125.Valve Chest for Steam Engiues.Thomas S.
Davis, Jersey City, N. J.:
claim the arrangement of the open-ended valve cylinder, B withIn
the casing, A, in such manner that a steam jacket or space, a, us
brined between them, which surrounds or nearly surrounds the
whole Isuigtb of the said cylinder and which communicates with the
said cylinder at the ends thereofi for the induction of the steam
thereinto, substantially as and for the purposes herein specified.
39,126.Corset.~Horace H. Dayton, Worcester, Mass.:
I claim a corset combining the adjustable shoulder-straps, D, body.
A, and extensor, J, or the rqruivaleut thereol, substantially as shown
and described.
39,127.Cooking Stove.William S. Deisher, Hamburg,
Pa.:
I claim, first, The fines, II II, provided with openings, H and I, in
combination with the air-heating space, J, and flue, L, when arranged
in tie manner and for the purposes specified.
Second, The cocubinatfot of the flues, B and L, with the openings,
b and a, valves, B 5, and Oven, C, when arranged in the manner and
for the purpose specified.
[This invention consists in a novel aruangement of passages or fines
in a cooking stove, whereby, without detracting in the least from the
efficiency of the stove for cooking purposes, a large amount of heating
surface is obtained which may be used for heating air and this alt-
used for warming the apartments of the building in which the stove
is placed.l
39,128.Hay ElevatorJames M. Dick, Buffalo, N. Y.:
I claim, first, The employment of the screw, B, in the manner and
for the purpose herein described and set forth.
Second. I claim the bolt D, in combination with the flange, B, and
screw, B, when used for tine purpose herein specified.
59?fi~e ~ UtZ~ZA~ ~flWV~UZ.
Third, I claim the hook, L, in combination with the handle, A, and from adhering and drying together or to surfaces injurlug them.
or
screw, B, when used as herein act forth. rendering them useless, as specified and set forth.
39,129-Coal Oil Heater.H. W. Dopp, Buffalo, N. Y.: 39,148.Bill and Currency Holder.George B. Isham,
I claim, first, The adloclable small dick, a, in combination with the Burlington, Vt.:
perforated distributing plate, A, for the porpose as set lorth. I claim the arrangement of the trap doors, B, provided with cross-
Second, I claim the mode of vaporizing coal oil of any gravity, or shapedprojections, k, in combination with slots, 1, in the rear
walls
other hydrocarbon liqoids for heating acid cooking purposes, by of the several compartments of the tray, A, constructed and operat-
means of a retort without wicking or packing of any kind or form, 50 ing as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
arranged that the supply of oil enters into the retont below the point And I also claim the arrangement of the hooks, m, on the
front
of vaporization as described, walls of the several compartments in combination with springs, m,
Third, I claim the combination of retort, C, and draw-off valve, ~ and with the handles, j, of the trap doors, B, constructed and
oper-
for the purpose described. atingin the manner and for the purpose substantially as specified.
39,130.Tackle or Purchase BlockJohn James Doyle, [The object of this invention is acompact, simple and cheap device
New York City: for holding in different compartments and separate from each other
I claim the employment or use in tackle blocks of ratchets, E, and
pawls, F, arranged and combined with pulleys, D, and either with or letters, bills and currency of the various denominationsin such a
without the flanges, G, to operate as herein set forth. position, that such bills or letters can be readily put in or taken out
39,131.Spring~CatcliTor Lamps.Daniel A. Draper, East either singly or in quantities of two or more and ihat the same when
Cambridge, Mass,: put in, are held in place by suitable weights and protected against
I claim the construction ofihe spring catch, and its application or being blown off. An engraving and description of this invention
has
arrangement, relatively to the deflector holder and the wick-tube, the been published in No. 29, Vol. VIII., of the ScIENTIFIC
AMERiCAN.]
whole being substantially as above described.
39,132.Clod-crusher and Harrow.George W. Dubuis. 39,149.Skate.Luman F. Johnson, Buffalo, N. Y..
son, Jerusalem South, N. Y.: 1 claim, first, The application and use of a lifting screw shaft, F,
I claim the combination of the clod-crusher, A, and harrow, C, con- placed between the skate runner audwood for the purposes and
sub-
nected by hinges or joints, 0, and arranged substantially as herein stantially as set forth.
shown and described. Second, I also claim the metal dick, C, having an undercut dove-tail
notch in combination with a runner bent at both ends and fitted in
39,133.Riding Stirrup and Hood.Robert Nelson Eagle, said notch, as a means of fastening the runner to the wood, substan-
Washington, D. C.: tially as described.
1 claim, first, A stirru frame of wood bent as described, with 39,150 Combined Knapsack, Tent and Litter,Louis
arms close together at t~ieir upper ends in combination with a cap Joubert,
strap or band, applied to the inside or outside or both inside and Omit- Paris, France
side of the frame to sustain the means of suspension, substantially I claim the arrangement of the knapsack, A, with ctraps, h h k
k,
as set forth. noles, E E, croos.bars, F, with hinged legs, e, straps. I, and canvas,
Second, A toe-piece or hood of leather 7 or analagous material, D, all combined and operating in the manner and for the purpose sub.
stamped or prepared by dies in proper form, adapted to fit within or stantially as herein shown and described.
on the outside of the frame, or partially within and partially on the [The object of this invention is to combine all the elements
neces-
outside, substantially as set forth.
[This is an impiovement on the army stirrup in sommon use. By sary to make a litter or one-half or a tent with a knapsack, in such a
the improvement an article is produced possessing much greater manner that the came can be conveniently carried by a soldier, giving
strength and durability, and an improved appearance at a reduced him the opportunity to provide the means for carrying a wounded
or sick comrade from the battle-field, or to shelter himself against
cost-] the sudden changes of the weather.I
39,134.~Egg-beater.Timothy Earle, Smithfield, R. I. 39 151 Bit Stock.Sansuel U. King, Windsor, Vt.:
I claim the use of a series of cutting edges, a a a a, when attached
substantially as do- I~claim the improved bit-stock, as having the shank and handle
to a frame, A, which is capable of being rotated, pivoted together as described, and combined with a chambered sleeve
scribed for the purposes specified, made and applied to both in manner and so as to operate therewith
39,135.Manufacture of Alkaline Silicates.Thomas El- substantially as specified.
kinton, Philadelphia, Pa.: 39,152.Carpet Bag Frame.Samuel Lagowitz, Newark,
I claim manufccturing silicate of soda by permitting a supply of the N. J~:
ingredients of which it is composed to fall on to the bed of a furnace, I claim having the cover, B, made of elsstio wood and
attached to
down which as well as down other beds if required, the fused silicate one of the wooden jaws, A, by slays, all as herein shown and
do-
flows in a continuous stream to the outlet opening, and while taking scribed.
its course is subjected to the direct heat of the furnace as described
[This invention consists in a frame for carpet bags made of wood
39,136.Breech loading Fire-arm.William H. Elliott, in such a manner that a cheaper frame is produced than the ordin-
Plattsburgh, N. Y. Ante-datedJan., 23, 1863: ary iron frame, and a frame which is less liable to get out of order,
I claim, first, The use of the sliding breech, d, lever, h, and link, g
when these devices are arranged and employed substantially as hereiA which is stronger, more durable, easier to transport and easier
to
specified in relation to each other, and to the rest of the arm, manufacture I
Second, The use of the sliding breech, d, lever, h, and link, g, when
these devices are arranged and employed substantially as specified in 39,153.Lamp Wick.E. B. Larcher, New York City:
relation to each other, and when the sliding breech moves back and I claim for the wicks of lamps, the holder containing asbestus,
sub-
forward upon shoulders or guides which are so curved as to conform stantially as described, in combination with common wicking
extend-
to the shape of the arm, as set forth. fog down into the reservoir of the lamp, substantially as and for the
39,137.Braiding Machine.Henry Fletcher, Providence, purpose specified.
H. I.: 39,154.Lamp.A. B. Latta, Cincinnati, Ohio:
I claim the combination of the switch cam, C, of the racer with one First, I claim the connection of a common burner with the
invert-
or more pins, 0 D, or the equivalent thereof, raised on the race ed metallic chimney, C, by means of solder, so as, when used with a
plate, the same being arranged so as to operate substantially in the single metallic cone, to make a conductor of heat from the
flame to
manner and for the purpose as herein before specified, the air inside the chimneythereby rareifying the air and producing an
upward current therein.
39,138.Braiding Machine.Joseph Fletcher, Providence, Second, I also claim the combination of the inverted chimney, C,
H. I. with the oil chamber, (1, when used with a single metallic cone, so as
I claim an improvement in the breiding machine, the same consist. to direct the current of air passing between the Inverted
chimney, C,
lug in having the racers and driving wheels or gears and the supports and the oil chamber, G, against the flame on all sides,
thereby sus-
of the racer so constructed, that the weight of the racer shalt be taming the flame withoutthe aid of a glass, chimney or other
appli-
borne on each of the said driving gears, while in the act of being ances.
driven by such gears.
And I also claim the combination of the recessed plate, n, or its 39,155.Sap Spile.J. M. Le Count, Hartford, Wis., and
equivalent, with the racerbase, b, and the driving wheel or gear, C, G. H. Boynton, Chicago, Ill.
on which such plate is aflixed, such plate being for the purpose, and We claim, first, A machine for forming sap spites from sheet
metal,
to operate in manner substantially as herein before explained. when constructed in a similar manner and for the purposes herein
for Roofing.Joseph J. Fuller; Brooklyn, described.
39,139.Fabric Second, We claim the combination of the several parts of said ma
N. Y.: . chine, when constructed in like manner and for the purposes here.
I claim preparing sheets of roofing paperjwith~the water-proofing inbefore described.
compound set forth in the manner specified. 39,156.Boot aird Shoe.G. W. Ludlow,Elizabeth, N. J.:
39,140.Ventilating Railroad Cars.Charles Dana Gib. I claim the application of a spring, b, to the back seam of a boot
son, New York City: or shoe, in the manner and for the purpose substantially as shown
I claim the arrangement of a shaft, C, provided with right-and-left- and described.
handed screw-wheels, N and ill, in the water-tank of a locomotive [An engraving and description of this invention was published in
tender, above the level of the water, in combination with suitabl
openings in the sides of the lender, and with an escape pipe, p, om~ No. 24, VoL IX. (new series), ScIEnTIFIc AMERICAN.]
the top of the tender, and operated in the manner and for the pur
pose as described and set forth. - 39,157.Oil Can.John Mayher, East Hampton, Mass.:
I claim, first, Taking the air in at the bottom of the can, A, instead
39,141.Wringing ~Machine.Heman Glass, Honeoye of at the top, as specified.
Falls, N. Y.: Second, The arrangement of the conical reservoir, D, with the tube,
I claim the standards, A A, provided with the stiaight and bevelled F, in combination with the air tube, E, extending imp through
the
opening, c c, the curved clamp, G, connected wlth the cross support, bottom of the can, A, as and for the purpose shown and
described.
b, by the guide pins, g g, and elastic strips, h h, and the tightening [Thisinvention consists in the arrangement of an air passage
ex-
screws, ii, the whole arranged, combined andoperating substantially tending from the bottom of an oil can up near to its top, in
such a
as and for the purpose herein set forth.
39,142.Beehive.John A. Gruver, West Union, Iowa: manner that free access to said passage can be had at alt times with-
I claim a bee-house or bee.palsce provided at its sides with hon- omit taking the oil can to pieces, and that the same can be
prevented
zontal shelves, e e, and flaps or doors, E, to receive the spare honey from stopping up ; the invention consists also In the
arrangement of
boxes, I, and also provided with horizontal intenmial ledges, d, to sup-
port the hives, a door, D, at each end, and an inverted pyramidal a reservoir on the inside of the bottom of the can and surrounding
lower part, a, with a flap H; the house or palace being supported by the air tube leading through the bottom, in combination with a
tube
a suitable framing, A, all constructed and arranged as and for the
purpose set forth. extending from the top of the reservoir to the top of the can, in such
39,143.Hame-tug.Levi Hall, Henrietta, Mich.: a manner that the oil which may find its way Into the upper tube
I claim, first, By making hame-tugs for harnesses in two separate collects at the bottom of the reservoir, and is not permitted to
leak
parts except the forward end where the hame rivets on, so as to ad- out at the bottom of the can through the air passage.]
mit the trace between the two pieces of the hame-tug
Second, By fastening the trace to the hame-tug by two bolls or 39 158 Bal
thumb-screws, in the manner herein described ,and represented by . lug Press.D. L. Miller, Madison, N. J.
the drawings. First, I claim the ropes or chains, C, and the cones, G G, on the
shafts, F F, in combination with the driving shaft, J, worm wheels,
39,144.Shoe Fastening.E.C. Harrington, Fair Plains, H H, andscrews, II, all arranged substantially as and for the pur
Mich.: pose herein set forth.
I claim the elastic detachable bands, D, as applied to the shoe sub- Second, Having the driving shaft, J, fitted in rods, K K,
which are
stantiatty as described - connected to cranks on a shaft, L, substantially as shown, for the pur-
pose of throwing the screws, I I, in and out of gear with the wheels,
39,145.Balance.Sandy Harris, Philtideiphia, Pa.: H H, as herein specified.
I claim the manner, mode and means, substantially as set forth ]This invention consists in operating the follower of the press by
and described, of arranging, moving, and denoting the movements of
the weight to and from the fulcrum or knife-heads, for weighing pur- means of right and left screws formed on a driving shaft and
gearing
poses, or for testing the pressure of,steam, and whether used in this in worm wheels which are fitted on shafts placed at the ends
of the
or any other form of balance. press box, said shafts being provided with conical pulleys to receive
39,146.Grain Separator and ,Cleaner.David W. Harsh- the chains or ropes which draw up the follower, and the driving
banger, Myersburgh, Pa.: shaft being fitted in adjustable bearingS, all being arranged in such a
I claim the arrangement and combination of the concave and con- manner as to admit of the desired work being rapidly done and in an
vex hulling stones, 1 1, spindle, 11, adjusting beam, L, cam-wheel, d
rock tever, ID, vibrating screen, C, and conveyer, H, in such a man efficient and proper manner.]
ner that the grain is screened and conveyed to the stones, and said noin ~, Apparatus for Domestic UseWin Mills,
stones are adjusted without affecting the action of the screen, sub oo,ioo.~ao
stantially as herein set forth, and 0. H. Burdett, New Athens, Ohio
I also claim the fan beater, N, revolving in the chamber, M, the We claim, first, The arrangement of the concaves, E, or their
equir-
perforated botiom, m, compartments, n 0 p. and the auxiliary ex- atent, forming a zig-zag or winding passage in the interior of the
pun-
haust fan, F, the two fan chambers being connected by the passages, fier, constructed and operating in the manner and for the
ptmrpose
q r, the whole arranged combined, . and operating substantially as subsiantially as described,
and for the purposes specified. - Second, The arrangement of a lime chamber in the movable lid, F,
I also claim the specific arrangement of the whole machine, where- of the purifier in combination with the flexible tube, I,
constructed
by a draft is produced between the stones and through the grain, and operating as and for the purposes set forth.
from the time of its ingress to its exit, substantially as herein de- [The object of this invention is to produce a gas apparatus
capable
scribed.
39,147.Devicefor preserving Postage~Stamps.James of supplying a dwellIng house with gas, and so simple and cheap in
P. Herron, Washington, D. C.: its construction and operation that it can readily be put up and oper.
I claim to preserve postage stamps, & c., after being damp on wet ated in every house.]
39,160.Foldiag Guide for Sewing Machines.John Mor-
rison, Birmingham, England. Patented in England
Sept. 30, 1858:
I claim the improvement in or addition to sewing machines herein-
before described and illustrated in the accompanying drawing, that
is to say, an instrument or apparatus constructed and operating as
herein described, so as to regulate the width of the fold, and to be
attached to or used in connection with sewing machines, for the pur-
pose of folding or doubling the edge or elges of the fabric or material
to be sewed, substantially as herein described, Ihe said instrument or
apparatus consisting essentially of the two guiding plates, h i, and of
two plates or strips, a b, of sheet metal or one plate folded, as herein
described and the levers, n or 1 ; the said plates or strips, h i, being
situated parsllel or nearly so to one another, and the said plates or
strips, a b, being twisted into a screw-like form and tuber or both
grooved or plain on their inner on opposed surfaces.
39,161.Automatic Sounding Apparatus.H. M. Naglee,
U.S.A., San Francisco, Cal.:
I claim the within-described self-sounding apparatus composed of
a nod or its equivalent hung to the side of the vesset and permitted to
traverse the bed of the river on harbor, substantially as set forth, for
the purpose specified.
39,162.Apparatus for detecting and exploding Subma-
rine Tonpedoes.H. M. Naglee, U.S.A., San Francis-
I co, Cal.:
claim, first, Searching for and exploding torpedoes by means of a
raft, A, or other suitable object permitted to float with the tide or cur-
rent from a vessel at anchor, and having the appliances herein de-
scnibed on their eqnivalent, to be operated from the deck of the said
vessel, the said appliances being such as to omit on to catch, seize or
become entangled with the discharging cords of the torpedoes, as
herein set forth,
Second, The leven,B, its plates, H, and pawls, I, or other simi lay
appliances, the whole being attached to the raft, A, or other fioatimfg
object, and the lever being controlled by a cord or rope, (1, commnmii-
caling with the vessel, M, all sobstantlally as set forth Ion the pur-
pose specified.
39,163.Mode of lacing Boots.Robert Newton, Phila-
delphia, Pa.:
I claim securing boots and shoes by laces passing through boles in
the leg and through a tongue, when the latter is formed and arranged
in respect to the boot on shoe, as described for toe purpose specified.
39,164.Guide for Scroll Saws.Geonge Niderkorn and
John Dubornet, New York City:
We claim the arrangement of the horizontal adjustable slotted guide,
g, in the hox~,-e, attached to the vertically-adjustable square nod, c, in
combination with the endless band saw, A, constructed and operating
in the manner and for the purpose herein shown and described.
[This invention relates to an improvement in that class of scroll
saws in which the saw blade forms an endless band stretched over
two pulleys to which a rapid rotary motion is impanled by steans or
other suitable power.]
39,165.Bridle Bit.J. H. J. ONeill, New Haven, Cohn.
Ante-dated May 15, 1863:
First, I claim the Open adjusting rings described, when the came
are fosed in combination with the bridle bits, in the manner aid fur
the purposes substantially as herein set forth,
Second, I claim the combination and arrangement described of the
ban, B, gag, A, thimbles, N N, and levers, P P, constructed amid oper-
ating substantially in the manner and for the purpose as hereimi set
forth and described.
39,166.Apparatus for pasting and mounting Photo-
graphs, & c.-M. Ormabee, New York City:
I claim, first, Covering the pasting and rolling-down or pressing
rollers with rubber or its equivalent, substantially as and for the pur-
pose described.
I also claim the arranging of the pasting and pressing-down rollers,
in different planes with regard to the handle, substantially as de-
scribed.
I also claim the combination of the paste reservoir, pasting and
pressing rolls, frame and handle, for thepurpose of pastingand press-
ing or rubbingdown with one instrument, substantially as described.
39,167.Balancing and ventilating Mill-stonesS. N.
Page, Salona, Pa.:
I claim, first, The weights, F, provided with set screws, c, and fitted
to slide on a circular way, E, which is supported in a position con-
centric witfi the stone by fisuches or wings, b, projecting from the
circumference of the same, as and for the purpose specified.
Second, The flanches on wings, b, projecting from the runner stone
in combination with the inclined partition, J, box, I, fendem-, k, and
openingj, when constructed and arranged to operate in the manner
and for the purpose specified.
[The nature of this invention consisis in providing the runner stone
with a number of weights capable of being adjusted so as to balance
the stone and cause its face, as it rotates, to preserve its exact paral-
lelism with the face of the bed stone. It also consists in a novel do
vice for oscillating the run of stone.l
39,168.Furnace.Bennard Palazot, Bordeaux, France:
I claim the Improved combination of the vaulting or plate, C, with
the air entry, A, and register, B, applied to boiler and otherfurnaces,
the whole constructed and arranged in manner and for the purpose
substantially as herein specified and shown in the figures of the an-
nexed drawing.
39,169.Device for drawing-off and skimming Oils, & c.
Israel Peck, Southltold, N. Y., and W. H. H. Glover,
New York City:
We-cl& im the combination of the floats, B B B ID, with the saucer,
A, and pipe, C, substantially In the manner andfon the purpose herein
shown and described.
39,170.Traveling Kitchen.Mornis Pinner, New York
City:
I claim the construction or a locomotive cooking apparatus by con-
necting a steam generator or cooking range, boilers and steam pipes
with movable frames, constructed substantially as above set forth,
which frames contain and hold the boilers in place, while the vehicle
containing the whole apparatus is in motion.
39,171.Sad-iron.O. W. Preston, Jr., and Charles Barry,
Corning, N. Y.:
We claim the iron, ID, composed of a shell, c, and a sliding on ad-
justable heater, f, fitted within it and arranged substantially as shown
so as to serve while being heated as a draught chimney for the lamp,
as set f9rth.
39,172.Steam Trap.W. L. Ray, North Adams, Mass.:
I claim the plunger or valve, E, weight, G, and stop, J, combined
with each other and with the expanding pipe, B, and box, A, or us
equivalent, 10 operate substantially as and for the purpose herein
specified.
[This invention consists in a novel mode of combining a valve, s
weight, expanding pipe and a stop, in a steam trap, whereby it is ren-
dered very simple and durable and of very certain operation,]
39,173.Chuck for turning Staves.Francis Robbins,
Acton, Mass.:
I claim the heads, F and Gin combination with the shaft, C, and
nuts, b, or their equivalents, arranged and operating in the manner
substantially as set forth for the purpose specified.
39,174.Improvement in the Quality and Ornamentation
of Metals.William Rose, Halesowen, England. Pat-
ented in England August 31, ]855:
I claim for the purposes of ornamentation and strength, the piling
on combining of melals into a billet, so that the lamina of the meld
of some of the bars shalt be at right angles to that of some of the other
bars in the pile, for the purpose of giving the mass, when worked, a
checkered appearance ibroughout, as herein more fully set forth and
specified.
39,175.Life PreserverSocrates Scholfield, Norwich,
Conn.:
I claim the combination of a floating valve, F, with the pipe, B,
on its equuivclent, substantially as described,
I also claim Ihe combination of a floating valve, F, with the pupes,
C C, or their equivalent, substantially as descnibeth
60 ~Aientzfk ~nxevi(~fl. 61
39,176.Condenser for Steam Engines.T. E. Sickels, two flaps or backs of the frame, arranged and operated for the
pur- 39,204.Composition in preparing Paints.Eliza M. Sea-
Kennett Square, Pa. pus set forth and shown, or any other arrangement substantially the bury, Brooklyn, N. Y., administratrix
of Jacob Sea-
I claim the combination and arrangement in a condensing steam same for the accomplishment of the same end. bury, deceased
engine of an air pump and surface condenser with a blower to force 39,192.Fishing Tackle for Deep-sea Fishing.William I claim ihe
pigments herein ilescribed composed of a combination
a current of air through the condenser to effect the condensation of Woodbury, Gloucester, Mass. Ante-dated October of the
ingredients spe~dfied as and for the purposes set forth.
the steam and to heat the air, substantially as set forth. 2, 1862 39,205.Churn.R. W. Whitney (assignor to himself and
39,177-Attaching Hubs to Wagons.A. E. Smith, Bronx- I claim introducing the spring, g, or its equivalent, into the length A. G.
Neally), South Berwick, Maine
yule, N. Y.: of the fishing line in the neighborhood of the book, substantially in I claim the improved churn as not only
constructed with the lever,
the manner and for the purpose specified. c, and the curved arm, D, arranged relatively to the reservoir, A, and
I claim the use of the ledge, lit, formed on the inside of the screw
cap, L, in combination with the revolving linch pin, K, and axle, A, 39,193.Centering Anvils.John Adt (assignor to him- the dasher,
E, as specified, but as having the strut. F, combined and
for the purpose hereinbefore set forth.
self and Elisha Turner), Waterbury, Conn.: arranged with the curved arm, D, and thedasher, E, so as to operate
Press.S. J~ Smith, New York I claim the center punch, b, in combiaation with the cap, c, substantially as
described.
39,178.Hand-stamping blocks, g, and scroll, f, as and br the purpose specified.
City:
I claim, first, Ths combination of a swinging stamp with the inking 39,194.Dredging and Excavating MachineCharles
RE-ISSUES.
table and impression bed, when said inking table is elevated above Atkinson, Moline, Ill., and Joseph Atkinson,
New- 1,509.Sheet-metal Spoon.Florian Grosjean, New York
the impression bed for the purposes specified.
Second, I claim two arms swinging on one gudgeon and carrying bury, Vt., executors of William Atkinson, deceased, City.
Patented Jan. 28, 1862
different stamps, substantially as specified, in combination with ink- late of Brooklyn, N. Y. : I claim stamping or swaging
spoons, of single pieces of sheet-metal
ing and impression tables, so placed that either stamp can be inked We claim, first, The employment, in combination with what
has with a middle corrugation or raised ridge, extending along the narrow
and impressed, as set forth, been herein termed the suction dredging boat, or wiub any other boat or weaker part of the handle, and
prolonged into the bowl ol the
Third, I claim the adjustable inking table, I, formed as a shallow- or carrisge, of a system of reciprocating spade cutters, F F,
operating spoon, so as to give full strength to the junction of the bowl and
fiat cup setting upon the arm, c, as and for the purposes specified. substantially as and for the puirpose herein specified. handle,
either leaving the handle fiat on both sides, or with a bead
Fourth, I claim the shallow cup and cloth pad, forming Ihe inking Second, The employment, in combination with the suction
dredging around the middle corrugation, substantiahty as and br the purposes
table, in combination with a stamp fitted upon an arm and gudgeon tO boat, or any oIlier boat or carriage, of a system of
reciprocating and herein specified.
swing from such inking cup to the impression table, as set forth. rotating spade cutters, I, applied io operate substantially as and
for 1,510.Artificial Leg.Douglas Bly, Rochester, N. Y.,
for Projectiles.C. W. Stafford, Burling - the purpose herein set forth.
39,179.Sabot Third, The employment, in combination with the suction dredging assignee of R. H. Nicholas and Douglas Bly. Pat
ton, Iowa : boat, or any other boat, of a system of reciprocating and rotating ented July 28, 1857
I claim, first, A sabot constructed with a conical shell, c, to form chisel-pointed cutters, K, applied and operating substantially
as and I claim a universal joint in connection with two parts, A B, of an
an abutment between ihe disk, A, and the rear of a spherical or other for the purpose herein set forth, artificial leg, substantially
as and for the purpose herein set forth.
shot Fourth, The employment, in combination with the suction dredging Also, two tendons, t t, and their springs, as, or their
equivalents, in
Second, A sabot constructed with a disk, A, flange, B, conical disk, boat, or other boat or carriage, of a rot, ry boring tool. L,
applied and combination with two parts, A B, of an arlificial leg, for the purpose
c, rings, E B But Butt, auud band, G, substantially as described, for operating substanutally as and for the purpose herein
described, of holding the said parts properly together, and keeping the action-
use in connection with a sub-caliber shot or shell. Fifth, The cylindrical casing, B, applied in cumbinatuon with ~ hating surfaces
of the joint in constant co-aptation, substanilally as
[The objects of this invention are to reduce the strain upon the gun screw-like construction of the tool, L, to form a pump,
substantially herein specified.
as herein specified.
and improve the accuracy and range of the shot - The sabot is adapted Sixth, The employment in combination with the suction
dredging
the full force of the explosion on an area larger than boat, or any other boat or carriage, of a rotary boring tool or
system DESIGNS.
to receive that of cutters, Pt, arranged in a swinging carriage, Q, substanliahly as
of the shot, guide the latter in an accurately central position through and for the purpose herein specified. 1 796 to 1,799.Blind
Binding (3 cases).H. W. Hensel,
the bore and separate from it at the instant ol heaving the gun.] Seventh, The employment, in combination with the suction dredg
- log boat, or any olber boat or carriage, of a cutter cylinder carrying a Philadelphia, Pa.
39180ProjectileC W. Stafford, Burlington, Iowa: series of cutters, 5 5, and operating substantially as and for the pur- 1,800
tol,802.Plate of a Cooks Stove (4 cases).S. B.
pose herein specified
I claim, first, An elongated shot, A. guided and supported within Bighth. The employment, in combination with the suction dredging
Ransom, Albany, N. Y.
the bore by a hollow spheroidal band, 0, which may continue with it boat, or any other boat or carriage, of a chopping, cutting or
raking
uuu its flight, and by a sabot, D, which, after receiving the full explosive blade, x, applied and operating substantially as and
for the purpose 1,803.Plate ef a Stove.Garrettson Smith & Henry
force of the charge will separate from the shot by atmospheric resist- herein set forth.
ausce, substantially as explained. Brown, Philadelphta, Pa., assignors to Marsh & Sisler,
Second, The detachable conical-faced sabot, D, and expansiblepack- 39,195.Coal-oil Lamp.Louis Bader (assignor to him-
Lawrenceville, Pa.
lug disk or cup, B, constructed as described, in combination with the self and C. F. Elwert), Philadelphia, Pa.
sub-cati,ber bolt, A, for the purposes specified. I claim the burner composed of caees inclosing chambers, J K L
[The heading oltjects of this invention are to impart accuracy, range and B, arranged in respect to each other and to the wick, and
com- EXTENSION.
and high velocity to a sub caliber projectile for the purpose of pene- municating with each other, substantially as described for
the purpose Regulator for Self-acting Mnles..E. C. Sawyer, Salem,
specified.
trating opposing bodies, mail-clad or otherwise, and destroying them 39,196.Machine for manufacturing Lozenges.Oliver R. Mass.
Patented July 3, 1849
by explosive or incendiary agents.] Chase, Birmingham, England, assignor to Chase & I claim the regulator constructed and made to
operate substantially
as above described, the same consisting or the combination of the
Valve for Steam Engines.A. J. Stevens, I Company, Boston, Mass. : weighted centrifugal lever, e, the lever huawi or click, h, the
ratchet
39,181.Slide claim the combination and arrangement of the extra-delivery wheel, k, its cam, I, and the lever, n, applied
together and to the main
l~an Francisco, Cal. Ante-dated April 29, 1863 : apron, G, with the main-delivery apron, F, or carrier of the reducing driving
shaft, A, and the slide, U, of the hoist cam, essentially as
I claim, first, The connected puppet valves, g gt, applied in combi- and sugaring apparatus, and with mechanism for stam~uiog the
lumen- above specified.
nation with separate chambers, e et, and in relation to the main ges from the paste, the object of the said delteerug apron, when
used And as auxiliary to the above, I claim the second centrifugal weight-
valve, substantially as and for the p01-pose herein specified. as set forth with the main delivery apron or carrier, and the appara-
ed lever, rt, and the ring, t, and retractive spring in combinatious
Second, The follower, 0, combined with the valve by means of an toe for reducing the paste and sugaring it on both sides, being to
en- therewith, the same being br the purpose above explained.
internal gland, B, sod otherwise applied, as herein specified, to serve able the sheet of paste to be seen on both of its sides
before passing
not only for the protection ot the back of the valve from the pressure to the cutters.
of steam but as a means of communication between the anti-coin- I also claim the combination and arrangement of the delivery apron,
pression valve chest and the exhaust pipe or atmosphere, as herein G, the cutter board, H, the series of cutters, L, and the
lomenge-dis-
set furth. charging apron, Itt, the same not only enabling the shee
39,182.Sugar Cane-crushing Mill.Isaac Straub, Cm- drop vertically and fall by its own weight preparatory ~ IIMIPORTANT 7ro
INVENTOR8.
seing cut, but causing the cutters to discharge the lozenges on a dis
cinnati, Ohio : charging apron or boards placed thereon, in manuser as set forth.
I claim the arrangement of projections, G Gin, on the under aids of I also claim the arrangement and combination of the
surface-charg- PATENTS FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS.
the top plate, A, and on the upper side of the bottom plate, At, and ing apron, I, with the cutteu- board, H, the delivery apron, G,
the
so that the ends of the rollers for only a small portion of their extent, series of cutters, L, and the lomenge-dischargiisg apron,
N, arranged
and immediately at the point where the crushing Is performed, shall as specified.
abut against them, all substantially in the manner and for the purpose I also claim thearrangement and combination of the comb
plate, ESSBS. MUNN & CO., PROPRIETORS OF THE
described. 0, with the cutters, I, and their stamping board, B, or device for sup-
39,183.Solar-time Globe.Theodore R. Timby, Saratoga pouting the paste while it is beingatamped. . Soasaxiiic AXERIOAN, continue to
solicit patents In the United
Springs, N. Y. : 39,197.Circular Loom.William Darker (assignor to States and all foreign countrieB, on
I claim the arrangement of the toothed ring, D, and adjustable dial, J. B. Thompson) , Philadelphia, Pa. : I the most reasonable
terme~ They
0, revolving once in twenty-four hours, in combination with the globe, I claim, first, The employment for acting upon the warp
threads also attend to various other depart-
A, secured to the revolving ring and adjustable in the same and with in a circular loom to produce an open shed for theintroduction
ofthe . ments ofbusinesspertainlngto pat-
the stationary index, F, all constructed and operating in the manner weft, of a series of leaders, D D, applied and operating
substantially ents, such as Extensions, Appeals
and for the purpose substantially as shown and described. as herein specified.
39u184,CurrencY and Stamp Box.L. L. Tower, Cam- Second, The employment, for passing the uveft thread or threads . before the United
States court,
bridgeport, Mass. : through the open abeds of the warp tn a circular loom, ofa carrier.
G, supported by a surrounding series of grooved pulleys, G G, which - . . Interferences, Opinions relative to
I claim my combined stamp and currency box, having its parts, A serve both to sustain it in its proper position and to give it
rotary
and B, provided respectively with receptacles and retainers, con- motion, substantially as and for the purpose herein specified. .
~ Infringements, & c. The long ex-
structed and arranged substantially in the manner and for the pur Third, The cam, K, attached to the carrier, 0, and operating . ,
. perlence Messrs. Musw & 0o. have
poses set forth. through the agency of levers, L L, and wires, k k, or their e ci~ uiva- had In preparing Specifications
tents, to produce the operation of the leaders, D P substantia ly as
. and Drawings has rendered them
39,185.Composition for Lubricating.James Turner, and for the purpose herein specified.
New York City:
I claim a lubricating compound made of the Ingredients herein [The principal features of this invention consist of certain
novel perfectly conversant with the
specified, mixed together in the manner and about In the proportion means of opening the sheds of the circularly-arranged warp and
in mode of doing business at the
set forth.
Also, the use of sawdust in combination with fatty suibstances and ~ novel device for carrying the filling through the open sheds j
United States Patent Office, and with the greater part of the inventions
alkaline lye or lime water, as and for the purpose specified. 39,198.Breech-loading Fire-arm.Jarvis Davis (assignor hich have been
patented. Information concerning the patentability
[This invention consists in mixing together paraffine or the heavy to Patrick Smith), Buffalo, N. Y. : Inventions Is
freelygiven, without charge, on sending a model or
oil contained in petroleum and saponified red oil or the residuum from I claim the hooked bar, G, operated by the hammer,
substantially awing and description to this office.
the fat, or other material used in the manufacture of candles, with described, in combination with the block, Gt, and hinged
abut- THE EXAMINATION OF INVENTIONS.
0, so Ihat the hooked bar is thrown out of engagement with
lime water or other alkaline lye, and sawdust, in such a manner that the cartridge when the hinged abutment is closed,
substantially as Persons having conceived an idea which they think may be patent-
by the sawdust the lubricating qualities of the fits are retained and set forth, able, are advised to make a sketch or model of
their Invention, and
a compoundis produeced which can be used with great advantage and . 39,199.Composition for dyeing the Covers of Railroad submit it
to us, with a fnhldsscription, for advice. The points of nov.
economy for lubricating axles and heavy gearing.] Seats, & c.A. A. Grandelle (assignor to Thomas elty are carefully examined, and
a written reply, corresponding with
Brown) , New York City:
39,186.Harvester.Thomas and Israel W. Ward, Lane I claim the composition of matter herein described for dyeing the facts, Is
promptly sent free of charge. Address MUNN & 00.,
Depot, Ill. : cushions and other articles, prepared and employed in the manner 1T0. 37 Park How, New York.
We claim the two frames, A I, conneeted together by the hinges or herein set forth.,
joints, d, as shown, in connection with the draught bar, D, connected [The principah objflct of this invention is to re-dye the
cushions of PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS AT THE PATENT OFFICE.
at its front end to the frame A by hinges or joints, b b, the two railroad car seats with aniline colors without ripping them open
and The service we render gratuitously upon examining an Invention
frames having arms, U Y, attached to them, which are connected by does not extend to a search at the Patent Office, to see If a like
inven-
cords, V Z, to the shaft, It, and tube, W, all arranged substantially as taking them to pieces.] tion has been presented there, but
is an opinion based upon what
and for the purpose specified.
Wefurther claim the tubularjoints or pintles, d, forconnecting the 39,200.Washing Machine.B. S. Hill, Wattsburg, Pa., knowledge we
may acquire of a similar invention from the records In
two frames, A I, in combinatio0, with the pitman, j, for driving the assignor to himself and Sterling Doolittle, Amity our Home
Office. But for a fee of $5, accompanied with a model or
sickle, K, when arranged as shown, to admit of the adjustment of the
two frames without interfering with the sickle-drivin~ mechanism. township, Erie Co., Pa. awing and descrip
[This invention consists In a novel and useful combination of two . I claim the combination of the pounders, F B and B, and the in-
dr tion, we have a special search made at the United
chined plane, G, substantially as set forth for the purpose specified. States Patent Office, and a report setting forth the
prospects of oh-
frames and a draught bar, arranged in a
and platform may be . and uch a manner that the sickle 39,201.Roller for Wringing Machines.H. W. Holly and taming a patent, & c.,
made up and mailed to the inventor, with a
lowered to any desired length, so- A. F. Smith (assignors to A. F. Smith) , Norwich, pamphlet, giving instructions for further
proceedings. These prehim
cording to the length of cut required, and the sickle always kept in 5. Coun. : mary examinations are made through our Branch Office,
corner of F
proper horizontal position, and at the same time a very simple, econ- We claim, first, In the construction of soft and ehastlo
rolls the em- and Seventh streets, Washington, by experienced and competent per-
omical and efficient harvester obtained.] phoyment of soft pieces, 0 0, hard pieces, B B, and the splined or
equivalent shaft, A At, arranged to operate together in the manner sons. Many thousands ofauch examinations have been made through
39,187.Carding Engine.John C. Whitin, Northbridge, an~l for the purpose herein set forth.
Mass. : econd, We claim, in connection with the yielding pieces or disks, this office. Address MUNN & 00.. No. 37 Park Row. New
York.
I claim combining the self-stripper of Wellman with the cylinder 0, and hard pieces, B, arranged as specified, the employment of ~
TO MAKE AN APPLICATION FOR A PATENT.
the projections, b bt, or either of them, arranged substantially as and
stripper of Gambrill and Burgee, essentially as above described. for the purpose herein set forth . Every applicant for a patent
must furnisha model of his invention
39,158.Row-lock.W. H. Willard, Cleveland, Ohio. Third, We claim the combination of the tightly fitted covering, G, If susceptible
of one or, If the invention is a chemical production,
I claim the herein-described construction ol a row-lock, consisting with disks of soft material, 0, and suitable means of confining
the
of the plate, A, thole pins, D, plates, F, and springs, G, the several same, substantially as and for the phrpose set forth. he must
furnish samples of the ingredients of which his composition
pacts hem arranged and operating substantially as and for the pur- Fourth, We claim the spurred plates or wheels at one er both
ends consists, for the Patent Office. These should be securely packed, the
of the roll, as represented by B e, arranged as represented relatiyely
pose speci ed. ~ the open plate, II, covering, G, and in, H, or their respective equiv- Inventors name marked on them and sent,
with the Government fees,
39,189.Casting Boxes for Carriage Axles.Samuel Wil- alents, for the purpose herein set forte. by express. The express charge should
be pre-paid. Small models
liamson, Cincinnati, Ohio : 39,202.Composition for Paint.Josiah Miller, Moore from a distance can often be sent cheaper by mail.
The safest way
I claim the cast-iron flask, H H, ate, A, in combination with the Township, Pa.: assignor to Harrison Trumber, Ho- to remit money
is by draft on New York, payable to the order of
sand core, C, attached to the chill, , operating in the manner and kendauqua, Pa., and W. C. Kieppinger, Alba town- MUNN & co.
Persons who live in remote parts of the country can
for t
he purpose substantially as set forth.
39,190.Self-lubricating Bols~r for Spinning Machines. I ship, Pa. : usually pursihase drafts from their merchants on their New York
cor
M. i. Wilmarth, Smithfield, R. I : claim a paint mixture prepared substantially as hereinbefore respondents ; but, if not
convenient to do so, there Is but little risk
forth.
I claim the arrangement of the cap, C, with the absorbent, B, and ~ 203.Door Lo
annular recess, c, or their equivalents, substahitially as described for , ck and Latch.W. T. Munger (assignor in sendingbank-bills
by mail, having the letter registered by the post-
the purpose specified, to Thomas Kennedy), Branford, ~ Conn. : master. Address MUNN & CO., No. 37 Park Bow, New York.
39,191.Photographic Printing Frame.Michael Witt, I claim the combination of the horseshoe, B, latch bolt, D, and The revised
Patent Laws, enacted by Congress on the 2d of March,
Columbus, Ohio : cam, H, or Its equivalent, substantially as herein specified. ~ are now in fuhl force, and prove to be of great
benefit to all par
Second, I claim the combination described of the latch bolt, fi, and
I claim the apphicalion of the self-adjusting spring-cushion to Ifie cam, H, for the purpose substantially as herein specified. ties
who are concerned in new inventions.62
The duration ofpatents granted under the new act Is prolongedto
SEVENTEEN years, and the Government fee requiredon filinganappli-
cation for a patent is red d from $30 to sib. Other changes in the
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On filing each Caveat $10
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No. 37 Park-row, New York.
J. H. P., of N. Y.You state your case so that it is diffi-
cult to decide. You say, the steam pipe enters the boiler just
below the crown sheet, so there is plenty of steam space. Do you
not mean the shell of the boiler? The crown sheet is the top of the
fire-box. The trouble you refer to is caused by the water following
the steam passing through the main pipe. The water in the boiler
is raised by the steam and carried over with it, and of course, shows
itself at the upper gage. When the steam is shut off, the water
which is left subsides, and is, consequently, far below the water-
line. You blow the steam off too fast ; let it go more slowly
and you will, probably, have no trouble. The feed pump is not
large enough to supply the demand; steam condenses in the main
pipe because it is cold, and water passes over with the steam, caus-
ing a double consumption of water and fuel.
S. Q., of Canada West.Boilers are liable to foam When
they are new, when their steam space is too confined, and when
their water is font. An injector is a most efficient substitute for a
feed-pump. Messrs. Sellers, of Philadelphia, manufacture Giffards
injectors.
C. lii. H., of Wis.We liave never seen experiments made
with the turbine wheel to which you refer, and cannot tell how
much water it discharges when running free; but in all likelihood
it discharges like some other wheels, more than when driving a full
train of machinery and running at a lower velocity.
L. K. W., of Iowa.Governors for marine engines have
been successfully introduced. If you have anything valuable in
that line you had better send us a sketch and description of it for
examination. We shall send you, by mail, a copy of our pamphlet
of advice absut patent matters -
E. B., of Mo.If the parties to whom you refer manufac-
tured your invention within the limits of the United States, you can
recover damages from them, as it is an infringement to make a pat-
ented invention without the patentees consenl~ -
H. L. S., of 111.It Would have been very easy for yen to
try the experiment, whether two magnets placed twelve inches
apart will move together. They will nut. A magnet will not
draw the iron ball to it from a distance of twelve inches.
J. C. J., of N. Y.Feathers may be dyed a scarlet color
by boiliiig them in a clean tin vessel with some water, ground cochi-
neal, a little cream-of-tartar, and a few drops of the mui-iate of tin.
Put these ingredients into the vessel, and, when boiling, place the
feathers therein, and boil for fifteen minutes; then take them out
and wash them in qpld water. This color is permanent, and one
ounce of cochineal will dye one pound of feathers, which should be
washed in soap before being dyed. Feathers may also be dyed yel-
19w by boiling them in a strong decoction of quercicron and a few
drops of the muriate of tin. These colors are suitable for toe leath-
ers of hooks intended for fishing.
R. A. B., of L. 1.The turret plates of tho hors ors were
not bent near the deck in I e en~~-,oment at Charleston (as we
have been informed), so as Ii p ~ss.l the turrets from revolving.
W. M., of N. Y.A dimiund does not neutralize the mag-
netism of a magnet. ~Vlsoever told you to the contrary is mistaken.
If you place a piece of steel in the inside of a glass tube, and apply
a magnet on the outside, the steel will he attracted.
S. B. 0., of Pa.When two cisterns are placed at differ-
entlevels below a spring or fountain head, and the water is conveyed
to them by a branch pipe, the overflow will be by the waste pipe of
the lower cistern. Water always seeks the lowest level.
F. W. E., of N. Y.There is no reliable way of ascer-
taining the quantity of air that passes through your register into the
chimney, without first finding out its velocity. This could be done
with an aerometer, for measuring the force of air currents. By
multiplying the velocity of the air, in feet, per second, into the area
of the register in square feet, the quantity which passes through in
a second will be given in cubic feet.
S. W., of N. J.The mode which you propose for pro-
tecting the steam pipe of your engine, by enclosing it in a wooden
box filled with saw-dust, to prevent the condensation of steam, will
answer very well. Plaster-of-Paris, however, is superior to the
saw-dust as a sale non-conductor; so is common plaster mortar
that is mixed with hair.
H. M4 of Canada West.The powder ignited in a gun
exerts the same amount of pressure -upon the breech that it does
upon the bullet. You should make an experiment to test the ques-
lion of securing the harness traces of the horse in drawing a load
so as to exercise his power most advantageously.
J. C. A., of N. Y.Sixteen years ago we saw a small
boat propelled by the reaction of water on the East river, in this
city. The water was forced through a tube passing out at the stern
of the boat. The principle is old, having been first suggested and
tried by James Huinsey about 1786. It is an inferior system to the
paddle and screw, and we advise you to spend no money in making
experiments with it.
J. MoD., of Maine.Your lileas respecting the construc-
lion of screw steamers with iron frames, an inside skin of iron
plate, and an outside planking of wood are good. Such vessels
could be sheathed with copper and thus be free from the fouling
so common to iron-plated vessels.
J. B., of Vt.Charcoal and Clean sand are about the best
substances you can use for filtei beds. The charcoal should be fine,
but not reduced to powder, and the beds about one foot in depth.
H. K., of N. Y.-Lead pipes tinned inside for conveying
water are of old date, and have been used to some extent in this
city. If the tin becomes detached, in small spots, from the lead,
a galvanic action ensues, and the lead is decompssed more rapidly
than if it had not been coated with the tin. Such pipes, therefore,
have not been approved.
W. McT., of Pa.The magnetic oxide of iron has been
used for purifying water. When broken into small pieces and ar-
ranged in a layer of a few inches in depth, muddy water was ren-
dered clear by being passed through it. You can easily make an ex-
perimeutwith it and satisfy yourselt~
M. A. ~W.,of L.I.A blower would greatly increase the
draft of your chimney.- As you find it difficult to apply it to the
several furnaces of your boilers, it may answer every purpose to ap -
ply it direct to the chimney, if not, branch pipes must be osnuected
with the furnaces. The exhaust steam from the cylinder of your
engine wsuld also increase the draft of your bsilers.
J. B., of 111.By case-hardening the slots in the shanks of
your reaper blades they will wear three times longer.
H. W. L., of Wis.In manufacturing shot for fowling
pieces a small quantity of arsenic is mixed with the lead, otherwise
it will not drop with facility through the sieves.
T. B., of Ohio.--The velocity of a falling body is ascer-
tained by multiplying the square root of the hight by 8, which is th e
co-efficient for the action of gravity in falling one foot. Thus a
body having fallen 16 feet has a velocity of 12 feetthe square root
of 16 being 4, which, multiplied by 8, gives 32. This rule will en-
able you to calculate the velocity of water at the foot of falls of any
hight.
W. W. V., of N. J.The sulphate of lead is formed with
solutions of alum and the acetate of lead. Dissolve one pound of
alum in two gallons of hot water, and one pound of the acetate of
lead in an equal quantity of water, and mix them together, when
double decomposition will be effected, and the acelate of alum and
sulphate of lead will be formed. This solution is used for rendering
cloth water-proof. Immerse the cloth in the clear liquor after the
sediment has settled; take it out and dry it in a warm room, and it
will shed ~vater like the back of a duck..
A. J. H., of N. Y.Your communication upon The
Science of Projectiles may be very excellent, but the penmanship
is so wretched that we could not get through with more than five
lines of it.
J. T. F., of Mass.Locomotive boilers could be made just
as efficient and strong without steam domes as with them.
H. 0. W., of N. Y.The most permanent red color on
wool is obtained from madder. Aniline and cochineal reds are
morebeautiful, but they do not stand washing with soap and ex-
posure to sunlight like madder red.
J. T. of Pa.The prussiate of potash answers well for
case-hardening small articles; but the old method of operation
with bone-dust, pieces of hoofs, and leatheris superior for large
articles.
RATES OF ADVERTISING.
Twenty-live Cents per line for each and every insertion,
payable in advance. To enable all to understand how to calculate the
amount they must send when they wish advertisements published,
we will explain that ten words average one line. Engravings willno I
be admitted into our advertising columns , and, as heretofore, the
publishers reserve to themselves the right to reject any advertisement
hey may deem objectionable.
VULCANIZED RUBBER
Adapted to mechanical purposesMACHINE BELTING. STEAM
PACKING, VALVES, HOSE, EMERY, VULOANITE WHEELS,
& c. & c. Directions, prices, & c., can be obtained on appiteation to the
NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING COMPANY,
Nos. 37 and 35 Park Row, New York..
Josize H. CREEVER, Treasurer. . 4tf
FOR SALETHREE NEW STATIONARY ENGINES
Cylinder 7 inches bole, 14 inches stroke ; fly-wheel 4 feet diame-
ter 11 inches face ; complete, with cocks, pump, & c - Boiler, double
rethrn flue, 36 inches diameter, 15 feet long ; fitted with valves, cocks
and pipes to connect with engine. Also 25 feet iron chimney, and all
fixtures required to put the engine in operation. Price $800 each, se-
curely packed. ALBERTSON & DOUGLASS MACHINE CO.,
4 .25 . New London, Coun -
GAS FROM KEROSENE TAR AND HARD WOOD
for factories. & c. ; 400 feet from one gallon of tar. The char-
coal buys the wood. Address H. Q. HAWLEY, Albany, N. V. l~
STEAM AND WATER GAGES, GLASS TUBES, PAT-
ent gage cocks, whistles and engine counters, for sale. Also
indicators for ascertaining the working horse-poaer nf steam en-
gines, heat gages and signal gsnge for steamboats.. H. BROWN, 311
Walnut street, Philadelphia, P~
THE UNRIVALLED DOUGLASS ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
are adapted and applied to all forms of amputations. Recom-
mended by the leading surgeons ; liberally patronized by the U. S.
- Army and Navy officers - Manufactured by D OsForrest Douglass,
Burts Block, Springfield, Mass. 4 2~63
A VALUABLE WORK FOR INVENTORS,
PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS.
The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERIcAN have just prepared,
with much care, a pamphlet of information about Patents and the
Patent Laws, which ought to be in the hands of every inventor and
patentee, and also of manfacturers who use patented inventions.
The character of this useful work will be better understood after read-
in. the following synopsis of its contents:
The complete Patent Law Amendment Act of 1861Practical In-
structions to Inventors, how to obtain Letteis Patent, also about
~ExteueionsZ.-Interferences~tnfringements~Appeals~Re.issues of
Defective PatentsValidity of PatentsAbandonment of Inventions
Best Mode of Introducing themImportance of the Specification
Who are entitled to PatentsWhat will prevent the Granting of a
PatentPatents in Canada and European PatentsSchedule of Pat-
ent Fees; also a variety of miscellaneous
tions. been items on patent law ques-
the design of the publishers to not only furnish, in con-
venient form for preservation, a synopsis of the PATENT LAW and
PRACTICE, but also to answer a great variety of questions which have
been put to them from time to time during their practice of upwards
of esce teen p vs which replies are not accessible in any other form.
The publishers will promptly forward the pamphlet by mail, on re-
ceipt of six cents in postage stamps.
Address MUNN & CO., Publishers of the SCiENTiFIC AEERiCAN,
No. 37 Park Row, New York. 9
WAR DEPARTMENT.
PRovosT MARSHAL GENERALS OFFICE,
WASHINGTON, July 10. 1863.
The following extracts from laws of the United States, now in force,
are published for the information and guidance of all concerned
Section 12, of the Enrolment Act, after directing how the draft
shall be conducted, says : And the person so drawn shall be unfi-
lled of the same within ten days thereafter, by a written or printed
notice, to be served personally, or by leaving a copy at the last place
of residence, requiring him to appear at a designated place of rendez-
vous, to report for duty.
Section 13, of the Enrolment Act, contains the following : And
any person failing to report after due service of notice as herein
prescribed, without furnishing a substitute or paying the required
sum therefor, shall be deemed a DESERTER and shall be arrested by the
Provost Marshal and sent to the nearest military post for trial by
Court-martial, unless, upon proper showing that he is not liabie to do
military duty, the Board of Enrolment shalt relieve him finns the
draft.
The 20th Article of War contains the following : All officers and
soldiers . - - convicted of having deo~rted, shpll op ci- DEATH, or
such other punishment as by sentence of court-martial shall he in-
flicted. JAMES B. FRY,
1 Provost Marshal General
IATHITES PATENT GOVERNOR AND CHECK VALVE
VT A perfect regulator of steam, and always safe, as it checks
the speed of an engine if the governor belt breaks or comes off,
which alone is worth the price of it. Territory for sale. For partic-
ulars inquire of A. WHITE & CO., proprietors and manufacturers,
Geneseo, Henry county, 111. 4 3~
L
metallurgy, analyses, and commercial essays of every kind plans of
factories, rhemical fabricateurco, recipes, & c. Ac. Address Prof. H.
DUSSAUCE, chemist, New Lebanon, N. Y. 4 2
IRON ROOFINGLIGHT, CHEAP, DURABLE AND
perfectly Ore and water-proof, constructed and put up by W
G. REED, Chelsea, Mass. Patenlrights for sale. 3 25
RIGHT FOR THE STATE OF NEW YORKFOR SALE.
Improved Automatic Weighing Scale. This scale operates without
the use of weights or springs, is compact, simple and cheap, always
reliable, never gets out of order, has every advantage of the spring
balance without its disadvantages, and can be adapted to every kind
01 scale now in use, and is superior to any scale now in use. sFor
terms & c., address as soon as possible L. C. CROWELL, 187 Salem
street, Boston, Mass. 33*
WATER WHEELS.REYNOLDS PATENT.THE
best turbine in use ; powe-ful and economical in use of water
Call upon or address us at our office. Works at Oswego.
34 TALLOOTT & UNDEItHILL, 482 Broadway, New York.
WOOD-WORKING MACHINES.A FULL SETT
for car and sash and door work. Two Woodworth planers 6
rolls, 14 inches. One Gray & Wood planer 16 by 20, one Daniels
planer, one planer and matcher, two molfling, two tenening, and
two mortising machines, two scroll saws, one boring machine, two
saw tables, one circular saw mill, one Wicks re-slitting mill, one
cut-off saw, one blind slat machine, belting, & c., all in good order
and chean for cash. Address CHARLES H. SMITH, 138 North Third
street, Phitadeiphia, Pa. 3 4
M ACHINERY.SLIDE LATHES, IRON PLANERS,
upright drills, bolt-cutting machines, milling machines, gear
cutting engines, punching machines, universal chucks, Ac., at 135
Borth Third street, Philadelphia, Pa., CHARLES H. SMITH.
34
F A N BLOWERSDIMPFELS, ALDENS, MCKENZIES
and others, for Steamboats, Iron Works, Founderies, Smith
Shops, Jewelers, c., on hand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 86
Liberty street, New York. 2 l3~
IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, DRILLS AND
machinists tools, of superior quality, on hand and finishing,
for sale low. For description and price address NEW HAVEN MAN-
UFACTURING COMPANY, New Haven, Coun. ltf
P AYES PATENT FORGE HAMMERADAPTED TO
both heavy and light forgings, with an adiustahie stroke of from
one inch to three feeu, on hand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 56
Liberty street, New York. 1 l3~
LANES PATENT LIFTING JACKYERY EASILY
operated, compact, simple and cheap. For cut and description
see page 405, Vol. VIII. (new series), SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Stats
rights br sale. Communications in relation to rights or orders for
Jacks may he addressed no J. G. LANE, Washington, N. V. 1 5
250 RARE RECEIPTS-ONE HUNDRED OF THESE
receipts cost over a thousand dollars. The book sent by
mail for fifteen cents. HUTCHINSON & CO., Publishers, 442 Broad-
way, New York. 24 6~
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINESCOMBINING THE
maximum of efficiency, durability and sconomywith the minimum
of weight and price. They are widely and favorably known, more
than 2110 being in use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. A large
stock on hand ready for immediate application. Descriptive circulars
~eni on application. Address J. C. HOADLEY, Lawrence, Mass.
2 13
PORTABLE STi~AM ENGINES6, S AND 10-HORSE
at$500, $625 and $780. For sale by S. C. HILLS, No. 12 PlaIt
meet, New York.
A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEURS.AYIS IMPORT-
LI.. ant. Lss inventeurs non familiers avec Ia langue Anglaise, et
qui pr0fdreraient none communiquer leur 5 inventions en Fran~ais,
penvent nuns addresser dens lenin langue natale. Envoyez none no
dessins et une description concise pour online examen Toutes com.
munications seront repues en confidence. MUNN & CO..
Scientific Americau office, No. 37 Park Row, New York.~
p T. BABBITT ON MAKING BREAD, WITH FULL,
.1...) directions on each package ofSalaratus, showing how to make
the best of bread from materials Ihat farmers always have on hand.
Bread made in this manner contains nothing but flour and common
salt and water; it has an agreeable taste; keeps much longer than
common bread; Is more digestible and much less disposed to turn to
acid. Common bread, like every thing that has been fermented, fer-
ments again to the great discon,9DrI of many stomachs, and not only
so, but acting as a ferment, it commnnicates to all food in contact
with it. The bread being free from all yeasty particles, is more diges-
tible and not so likely to create flatulence or turn acid on weak stom-
achs as fermented bread is apt So do, and, when of the finest quality,
it is hene6eial to those who stiffer from headache, acidity, flatulence,
eructations, a sense of sinking at the pit of the stomach, distension
or pains after meals, and to all who are subject to gout or gravel; it
is also useful in many affections of the skin~ a saving of 23 pounds of
flour per barrel is effected by this process. Be sure and get that with
B. T. BABBITTS name on, or you will not get the recipe with sour
milk, nor the quality. For ss,le by store-keepers generally or at the
manufactory, Nos. 64 to 74 Washington street, New York. 25 If
TO MANUFACTURERS AND MACHINE BUILDEBS.
The undersigned being engaged in the purchase and sale of ma-
chinery, such as steam engines, mill and f dory machinery, lathes.
tools, and all kinds of manufactured machines and implements, and
assisting commission merchants and others in their purchases, solicits
from manufacturers their circulars, price lists, terms, & c., also any
illustrations of their machinery or works they may have. Parties in-
troducing new inventions or improvements will find it to their inter-
est to communicate with him, giving such information in regard to
their improvements as they deem neceosory, which will receive the
attention due to their merits. J. E. STEVENSON, Machinery Broker,
200 Broadway, New York. References:The Novelty Iron Works,
New York; Franklin Townsend, Albany, N.Y.; Lowell Machine Shop,
Lowell, Mass.; Hunsworth, Eakins & Naylor, Peoples Works, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. 1 35
F IBEROLEANING MACHINETHIS VALUABLE
of Eduardo J. y Patrullo, and illustrated
on page 368. lest volume, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, is noMon exhibition,
where the public ore invited to examine it, at the astablishment of
TODD & RAFFERTY, No. 13 Dey street, New York. 213
W~TEDSCRAP IRON. OLD BOILERS, AND OLl
MachineryThe subscribers will pay cash for any quan
tity of Wrought or Cast Scrap Iron, Old Boilers, and Old Iron Ma-
chinery, delivered at their warehouse, 28. 30, and 12 Terrace street~
Buffalo. or at their Rolling Mill and Nail Factory, Block Rock, N. V..
Buffalo, Jnly, 1863. . PRATT & CO
2 1f~
~OMETHING NEW! AGENTS WANTED 1OUR NEW
IKII fancy Card Thermometer, Hemmer & Shield for hand
sewing, Improved Indelible Pencil for marking linen, and 10 mois
novel, useful and indispensable articles selling rapidly. New inven-
tions sold on commission. For circulars and terms address RICE &
CO.. 37 Park-row, New York, Inventors and Agents Deopt. lIf
$60 A MONTH! WE WANT AGENTS AT $~0 A
mouth, expenses paid, to sell our Everlasting Pencils,
Orienta.i Burners, and thirteen olber new, useful and curious articles.
Fifteen ilinculars sent free. Address SHAW & CLARK, Biddeford,
Maine. 21 11
PECKS PATENT DROP PRESSALL THE SIZES
used in the manufacture of silver, brass or tinware, lamps,
spoons, jewelry, 0.; also for forging purposes, on hand or made to
order, by MILO, PECK & CO. New Haven, Coon. 22 13
H OMANS EXCELSIOR HORSE HAY RAKE.
Those wishliug rights in THE BEST, either for manufacture or
speculation, should apply immediately. New England States already
disposed of. Described in Nos. 22 and 25, VoL VIII. (new series), of
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Circulars sent free. C. B. HOLMES,
Dowagiac, Mich. 25 6
NERVOUS DISEASES AND PHYSICAL DEBILITY,
arising from Specific causes, in both sexesnew and reliable
treatment, in Reports of the Howard Associationsent in sealed let-
ter envelopes, free of charge. Address Dr. J. SKILLIN BOUGH-
TON, Howard Association, No. 2 South Ninth street, Philadelphia,
34*
BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS OF ALL SIZES CON-
stantly on hand for sale by LEACH BROTHERS, 86 Liberty
street New York. 1 13
COTTON GINS! COTTON GINS!! THE NEW YORK
Cotton Gin Company manufacture and offer for sale the Excel-
sior Roller Gin for Sea Island or long staple cotton; also Browns cele-
brated Double-cylinder Saw Gin for upland or short staple. The above
Gins are acknowledged to be without their equal; they do more work
and produce a better sample than any offered in the market. We
also manufacture a large varietyof hand Gins, both for long and short
staples. Persons intending to order for the coming crop of cotton
will do well to do so soon, in order to secure their Gins in season.
FRANKLIN H. LUMMUS, General Agent, No. 82 John street, New
York. 25 13
B LACK DIAMOND STEEL WORKS, PITTSBURGH
Pa. PARK, BROTHER & CO., manufacturers of best quality
Refined Cast Steel, square, flat and octagon, of all sizes. Warranted
equal to any imported or manufactured in this country. Office and
Warehouse, Nos. 149 and 131 First street, and 120 and 122 Second
slineet, Pittsburgh, Pa. vol. 8 11 lye
ANDREWS PATENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSARE
economical, simple and durable ; pass coal, corn, sand, gravel,
Ac., without injury. Size from 20 gallons to 40 (100 gallons per min-
ute. Ranufactuied by WE. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St.,
New York. Pumps to hire for wrecking, coffer-dams, sand pnmping,
Ac. 14
F OR SALE.A PATENT GRANTED ON MARCH 17,
in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. VII., No. 20.
A spring skate which is light and durable, with an improved revolv-
ing heel screw. Samples can be seen at Waltons Skate Emporium
No. 67 Warren street, or at the owners, 178 Water street, New York.
23 105 . JOSEPH M. YATES.
P LATINA! ALL SHAPES! FOR ALL PURPOSES.
Imported by SUTTON A RAYNOR, 748 Broadway, N. Y. leo4
F AIROF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE, 1863.
The Board of Managers of the American hustitule hereby give
notice that they have rented -
THE ACADEMY OP MUSIC,
In Fourteenth street and Irving place, for the month of September, in
which to hold this
GREAT NATIONAL EXHIBITION.
The exhibition will be general, embracing MANUFACTURES of all
kinds, NEW INVENTIONS, IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTU-
RAL IMPLEMENTS and the MECHANIC ARTS generally, except-
ing only machinery propelled by steam-power. Premiums, consist.
lug of Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals, and Diplomas, will be
awarded on the decision of competent and impartial judges. Articles
for competition for the premluims will be received commencing
August 28, 1863, and the Fair will be opened to the public on
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 2.
Circulars giving full particulars can be had at the rooms of the Insti-
tute in the Cooper Union Building.
By order of the Managers,
WE. H. BUTLER, Chairman,
WM - S. CARPENTER, Vice-Chairman.
JOHN W. CHAMBERS, Secretary. 2 Snow
F OR HUB-MORTISING MACHINES, SPOKE PLAIN-
ERS. Slanchard Lathes and. Wheel Machinery, address J. A.
FAY & CO., or E. C. TAINTER, succeeding partner, Worcester,
Mass. 24 1 & 4Vol.9~
THE CHEKPEST MODE OF INTRODUCING
INVENTIONS.
INVENTORS AND CONSTRUCTORS OF NEW AND
useful Oontnlvances or Machines, of whatever kind, can have their
Inventions Illustrated and described In the coluimne of the SCIENTI-
PlC AMERICAN on payment of a reasonable charge for the engrar-
ins,
No charge is made for the publication, and the cuts are furnished in
the party for whom they are executed as soon as they have been used.
We wish it understood, however, that no second-hand or poor engrav-
ings, such as patentees often get ~xecuted by inexperienced artists br
printing circulars and handbills from, can be admitted Into these pages.
We also reserve the right to accept or reject such subjects as are pre-
sented for publication. And It is not our desire to receive orders for
engraving and publishing any but good Inventions or Machines, and
such as do not meet our approbation In this respect, we shall deelin
to publish.
For further particulars address
BIUNN & CO.,
Publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
No. 37 Park Row, ~New York City.
OIL! OIL! OIL
For Railinutads, Steamers, and for Machinery and Burning.
PEASES Improved Engine and Signal Oil, indorsed and recom-
mended by the highest a thority in the United States. This Oil
possesses qualities vitally essential for lubricating and bu.~ning, ane
found in no other oil It is offered to the public upon the most reli-
able. thorough and practical test. Our moot skillful engineers and
machinists pronounce itsuperior to and cheaper than any other, and
the only oil that is in all cases reliable uid will not gum. The
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, after several tests, pronounces it superior to
any other they have ever used for machinery. For sale only by the
Inventor and Manufacturer, F. S. PEASE, No. 61 Main street,
Buffalo, N. V.
N.1B.Reliable orders filled fofany part of the United States and
24 13
C UILD & GARRISONS CELEBRATED STEAM
7 PumpsAdauted Is every variety of pumping. The principal
styles are the Direct Action Excelsior Steam Pump, the improved
Balance Wheel Pump, Duplex Vacuum and Steam Pumps, and the
Water Propeller, an entirely new invention for pumping large quan.
lilies at a light lifI For sale at Nos. 55 and 37 First street, Wil-
lismsburgh, and No. 74 Beekman street. New York.
1 if GUILD. GARRISON & CO
VALUABLE DOCK PROPERTY FOR SALE.THE
subscriber offers for sale a valuable ptot of ground on Newlown
Creek. near Penny Bridge, in the city of Brooklyn. The property Is
very desirably situated in the Seventeslth Ward, Meeker avenue, a
----t thoroughfare, forming the southerly bousodary of the premises.
X valuable dock privilege of over 400 feet on Newlown Creek, renders
the property very desirable for large manufacturing or storage pur-
poses. Vessels of six or eight. feet draft can navigate the creek at low
tide, and uuf much greater capacity at high watet-. The upland and
water privilege comprise about nineteen acres, and will be sold very
cheap, and the terms of payment made liberal. For further particu-
lars, address J. B. BULLOCK, attorney for the owners, No.39 Nassau
street, New York. 22tf
THE CELEBRATED CRAIG MICROSCOPE WILL BE
mailed, prepaid. for $2 25: with 6 beautiful mounted objects for
$3; with 24 objects for $5, by HENRY CRAIG, 180 Center street (3d
floor). New York. Liberal discount to dealers
The Craig Microscopes are just what they claim to.be, and those
who wish for ouch an article will nol. be disappointed if they sho,nld
obtain one of theseN. Y. Methodist. . 19 13
the Whesier and Wilson Sewing Machine), adapted to all photographic
work; such as Landscapes. Stereoscopic Views, Carte Visites, Am-
binotypes, Ac. Can be ussed by amateurs and others from printed
directions. Send for a circular. Address A. B. WILSON, Walerbusry,
Conn. - l6if
IMPORTANT TO THOSE USING STEAM BOILERS.
Blakes Patent Self-regulating Apparatus for supplying boilers
with water. It keeps the water at a uiniform bight against any pres-
sure. Very simple and sure. All interested can see themin opera-
tion at our wouks, or cirrulars describing them will hesest by mail.
BLAKE A WHEELOCK, 71 Gold street, New York. State rights
sale. 23 9
F LAX, HEMP, JUTE AND MANIiLLA.RICHARD
KtTSON, Lowell, Mass., manufaclurer ~of needle-pointed card
clothing for carding flax, hemp, jute and manilla. 21 11
75 A MONTH! I WANT TO HIRE AGENTS IN
$ every county at $75 a month, expenses paid. to sell my new
cheap Family Sewing Machines. Address S. MADISON, Alfred,
Maine. 21 13
ThAMPER REGULATORSGUARANTEED TO EF-
J..J fect a great saving in fuel, and give the most perfect regularity
of power. For sale by the subscribers, who have established their ex-
clusive right to manufactuore damper regulators, using diaphragms
or flexible vessels of any kind. Orders promptly attended to, or in-
formalion given, by addressing CLARKS PATENT STEAM AND FIRE
REGuLAToR COMPANy, No. 5 Park Place, New York.
Responsible agents wanted. 16 26
WATER WHEELS.WARRENS TURBINE WATER
Wheel and Tuirhine Regulator are used successfully in over 500
extensive cotlon and woolen mills. where the greatest economy
water is at stake. Send for illustrated pamphlel Address ALONMO
WARREN, Ageu~t for American Water Wheel Company, No. 31 Ex-
chanee street Boston, Mass, 248
POWER LOOM WIRE CLOTHS AND NETTINGS,
superior in quualiny and allow prices, by the CLINTON WIRE
CLOTH COMPANY, Clinton, Mass. N. BOur trade-mark Pow-
er Loom Wire Cloth. . vol 5 24 31
~3ut ~Z3eaeIjtun~ fur beutfdje (~vfiu~er.
Bit Unter~eii~ilelen I)tlbfll ejue Iloleifung, bit Rrflubern ba~ 33erl)et..
ten eugilul, P01 fill) il)re i)ulenlt in fid)frll, l)eraodgeglben, 1mb oerebfvl~
geo feld)f gmtif an biefelluen,
Ilinfluter, Heidle nidi lull her enolifdieu Eginad~e betanut flub, Ilincee
(l)re 0lilll)eiluogen in Icr b~uifd~en Eprad~e unadieut. Elilien men Ir~
finbungeu 0111 inrilo, beullidy gcfdfriebellen ~eidsreibultgec beliebe ices
on ilblre(jlfIIt itn ilIhIliN ~
31 i)Of I Eels, EeH~jeet,
~Enf her ifllee HIrI beuth eefprc4en.
l~~,t~SCft Oft Ill ~abcn s.
- ~ IC ~ateut-~e~e~e be~ ~~~ereiuigteu ~shoaten.
cell) ben Illegein PIll her l35efd~iifiecrbnnng ber ~aleiul.~Zffice ufib iInIet~
lnngeu fur leo infinIte, uni fiel) 1j)ulenie in fidwino, itt bus Slier, l~l. fe
atl)I aid in ~nrepa. 3erner SIniPuge and beti ))atfIul-18f(eien frgmbet
dnber nub baraci beOllelidle lltalbidiliiqe; ebenfalid uuglhI 312*n?e fjy
i~r uler nub felel)e. stel-die nteuuiireii ineho -
teld Ad,, ,,cr lit 1 .5.64
Improved Marine Governor.
It is a fact well known to all marine engineers
that the engines of sea-going steamers race, or
run away with themselves, when pitching and toss-
ing on the surface of the sea. This is very danger-
ous to the engine, as the increased velocity, and sud-
den strain)t is subjected to when checked by the
vessel plunging into a heavy sea is liable to do great
injury. Engines are usually checked by hand dur-
ing heavy weather, requiring a man at the throttle
valve continually. To obviate this evil, a great num-
ber of marine engine-governors have been invented
and introduced, and we illustrate one of the latest
improvements herewith. The governor is of the
usual kind, and is supported in the frame, A; this
frame is hung on centers at B B, in the secondary
frame, C; this secondary frame is also hung on cen-
ters at ID, thus giving a universal joint or movement
to the governor proper, working in the frame, A, and
maintaining it in a vertical position at all times, so
that the balls are free to work, and the collar to
slide up and down on the shaft without binding, no
matter at what angle the deck or keel of the ship
may be. The pedestal, F, is of course fastened firm-
ly to the engine frame in any desired position, and
motion is communicated to the balls by a pulley on
the shaft, F. The throttle valve connects to the stem,
G, which has a ball-and-socket joint, H, so that it
communicates the variations of the governor to the
throttle equally well in all directions. The small
screw, a, works in a slot, and prevents the stem from
turning. This invention was patented on March
24, 1868, by Henry J. Behrens, model and pattern
maker, of New York city; further information can
be had by addressing him at 170 Chatham street,
New York.
IIISINPECTING AGENTS.
During warm weather decaying organic aubstances
hear dwellings emit offensive and unhealthy gases.
In situations where the putrid substances cannot be
removed, disinfecting agents should be employed for
neutralizing their effects. The common gas which is
emitted from sinks and sewers is sulphureted hy-
drogen (H 8). It has a peculiarly nauseous fetid odor,
resembling that of rotten eggs, and it is so diffusable
that a single cubic inch of it e5csping into a large
room will render the atmosphere offensive. It is in-
flammable, burning with a pale blue flame, and when
respired it is dangerous. Even when diluted with a
considerable amount of atmospheric air, it produces
nausea, headache, faintness and loss of appetite, when
inhaled for a moderate length of time. Chlorine
is a powerful disinfectant of this gas, because the
hydrogen of it combines with the chlorine, and sul-
phur is deposited. The chloride of lime is, therefore,
a most convenient substance to use as a disinfectant.
It may be sprinkled in the solid state among de-
caying substances, or it may be placed where the
chlorine will evaporate into the atmosphere and com-
bine with the fetid gas, or it may be mixed with
water and sprinkled over floors or poured into sinks.
Chloride of zinc also decomposes it, and this has been
used extensively as a disinfecting fluid. This gas is
rapidly absorbed by charcoal, the hydrogen being
oxidized and sulphur deposited. If a weak solution
of sulphureted hydrogen is shaken with powdered
charcoal, the smell of the gas rapidly disappears.
Owing to this property of charcoal, respirators con-
taining charcoal have been recommended for persons
whose occupations compel them to breathe the exha-
lations of sewers.
One of the most efficient substances for the re-
moval of suiphureted hydrogen, either in the state
of gas in the atmosphere, or in a solvent form in sew-
ers and sinks, is the hydrated peroxide of iron. This
substance is now largely employed in some places
for the separation of sulphuretted hydrogen in coal
gas. The peroxide of iron may be prepared by roast-
ing the sulphate of iron (copperas) in a stoneware
bottle exposed to a full red heat; sulphuric acid is
driven off through the neck of the bottle, leaving tte
peroxide in the state of a red powder. Copperas it-
self is a good disinfectant and is very easy of appli-
cation by any person. One pound of copperas dis-
solved in a pailful of boiling water and poured into
a fetid sink will banish all the foul odor in ten min-
utes. Fresh slaked lime is also a disinfectant, but
copperas is superior to it, especially where ammonia
is present, as in a sink. The odor of suiphureted
hydrogen reveals its presence when it only forms
1-200,000 part of the atmosphere. For disinfecting
sewers and other such receptacles of decaying organic
matter upon a large scale, we recommend the hy
drated peroxide of iron, but for families to use in
sinks copperas i~ about the best substance that can be
employed.
A cORRESPONDENT of the Boston Cidtivator considers
it an important item in the cultivation of potatoes
to pick off the blossoms as soon as they appear, for
the reason, as he says, that it hurts a potato as
much to go to seed as it does a radish or any other
root crop.
BLOcKADz RUNNING.The Charleston Mercury says
there were 28,000 bales of cotton exported last year
from that city, and 9,800 the first quarter of this
year.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
THE BEST MECHANICAL PAPER IN THE WORLD.
NINETEENTH YEAR!
- VOLUME IX.---NEW SERIES.
The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN beg to announce
that on the fourth day of July, 1863, a new volume commenced, and
It will continue t6 be the aim of the publishers to render the contents
of each successive number mere attractive and useful than any of its
predecessora
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is devoted to the interests of Popu.
lar Science, the Mechanic Arts, Manufactures, Inventions, Agricul-
ture, Commerce, and the Industrial pursuits generally, and is valuable
and instructive not only In the Workshop and Manufactory, but also
In the Household, the Library and the Reading Room.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has the reputation, at home and
abroad, of being the best weekly journal devoted to mechanical and
industrial pursuits now published; and the proprietors are determined
to keep up the reputation they have earned during the eighteen
years they have been connected with its publication.
2ib the Mechanic and Manufacturer!
No person engaged in any of the mechanical pursuits should think
ot doing without the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Itcosts but six cents
per week ; every number contains from six to ten engravings of new
machines and inventions which cannot be found in any other publica.
tion. It is an established rule of the publishers to insert none but
original engravitigs, and those of the first class in the art, drawn and
engraved by experienced artists, under their own supervision, ex.
pressly for this paper.
Chemists, Architects, Millwrights and Farmers!
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be found a most useful journal
to them. All the new discoveries in the science of chemistry are given
in its columns, andthe interests of the architect and carpenter are not
overlooked; all the new inventions and discoveries appertaining In
those pursuits being published from week to week. Useful and prac-
tical Information pertaining to the interests of millwrights and mill-
owners will be found published In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
whicbnformat ion they cannot possibly obtain from any other source;
subjects in which planters and farmers are interested wIll be found dis.
cussedlin the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN;most of the improvements in
agricultural implements being illustrated in its columns.
To the Inventor!
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is indispensable to every Inventor
as it not only contains illustraled descriptions of nearly all the best in
ventions as they come, but each number contains an Official List
the Claims of all the Patents issued from the United Slates Patent
Office during the week previous ; thus giving a correct history of the
progress of inventions in this country. We are also receiving, every
week, the best scientific journals of Great Britain, France and Ger-
many; thusplacing in our possession all that Is transpiring in me-
chanical science and art in those old countries. From those journals
we shall continue to transfer to our columns copious extrasts of what
ever we may ileem of interest to our readers.
TERMS.
To mall subscribers :Three Dollars a Year, or One Dollar for four
months. One Dollar and Fifty Cents pay for one complete volume of
416 pages; two volumes comprise one year. A new volume com-
menced on the fourth day of July, 1863.
/ CLUB RATES.
Five Copies, for Six Months
Ten Copies for Six Months 12
Ten Copies, for Twelve Months 23
Fifteen Copies, for Twelve Months , 34
Twenty Copies, for Twelve Months 40
For all clubs of Twenty and over the yearly sobscription is only
$2 60. Names can be sent in at different times and from different
Post-offices. Specimen copies wilt be sent gratis to any part of the
country..
Western and Canadian money or Post-office stamps taken at psr
for subscriptions. Canadian subscribers will please to remit 23 cents
extra on each years subscription to pre-pay postage.
MUKN & CO., Publishers,
31 Park Row, New York.
~5Os 155 STIoM 55555 OF -0155 A ORAP
OF THE
BEHRENS PATENT MARINE GOVERNOR.

Improved Gun Carriage. - suit of a retreating enemy. The gun; A, is placed I medium of the pivot,- E, and take up the recoil of the
The saving of human life is of the utmost import-I on a turn-table, B, which ismounted onsolid friction piece effectually. The
shield, F, is attached to the
ance at all times; but more particularly where great rollers, on an ordinary carriag& , C.~ These friction turn-table, B, and of
course moves with it ; and is
- -, ]~tiy3
~1
&
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, ChEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES.
VOL. IX.---NO. ~ NEW AUGUST 1 1863 j SINGLE COPIES SIX CENTS.
(NEW SERIES.) ~. YORK, 3 $3 PER ANNUMIN ADVANCE
pointed to its position by moving the turn-
table with an ordinary hand spike in any di-
rection, so that, no matter from what quarter
the assault is made, the shield will readily
turn so as to repel the foe. The effect of such
a shield as this would be salutary upon the
nerves of the gunners, if in no other respect,
as it would enable them to aim their piece
with great confidence, relying upon the im-
penetrability of the iron to protect them.
The gun is a breech-loading (8 inch howit-
zer), and, it will be easily seen that both
during the processes of loading and firing the
gunners are fully protected. The cost of the
shield, carriage, turntable and appurtenances,
without the gun, will be about $850. The
weight of the shield, car-
issues depend upon the riage, turn-table, & c.,
existence of certain per- without the gun, will be
sons; as in batt~, where about~2;6OO Ths.
the fortunes of the day This invention was pat-
may turn upon the abil- ented on Sept. 16, 1862,
ity of the artillerists to by F. A. De Mey, of
hold a designated point Brooklyn, L. I. ; further
on the field. Sharp shoot- . information may be had
ers are so universally by sddressing Chas. Sholl,
employed by all nations Civil Engineer, 77 Cedar
at the present day, and street;New York,room 23.
they are so efficient, that
WA~ FORT SUMTER TN-
gunners especially,within
range, are very soon JURED~-~~ Of the fact that
Fort Sumter was on the
picked off, and their
pieces consequently dis- - poi~it~ of surrendering,
abled. To prevent such says an exchange, when
a contingency as far as
the Monitors were called
possible, the revolving out of action, we know
that the President and
shield represented in the
accompanying engravings the Secretary of the Navy
has been invented, to have most convincing
screen the artillerist from proof. They have letters
from those who saw the
danger; and every one
will concede that the holes through the walls,
from those who walked
principle of the shelter is
perfectly correct. The through the breache~ ana
from those wh
inventors description 9f 0; living in
hi~ machine is here ap- DE MEYS REVOLVING SHIELD GUN CARRIAGE. Charleston, gave thd as-
surance that a cart a~4d
pended.
The advantage of this improvement is, that the rollers run on a smooth wrought-iron ring screwed to horse could be driven through
them I
gun can be brought into action, the horses with- the carriage, so that the gun and shield on the turn- Pretty convincing testimony.
drawn, and the gunners protected from the fire of the table may be moved in any direction with facility, by
enemy, by means of a shoe-and-shell-proof shield. means of a hand-spike. The gun is attached to a A NEW doss of six-wheel express
engines are build
Even were the carriage in motion, the gun can be box of strong springs, D, seen in an enlarged form in ing at London, which are to
have 17-in~h cylinders,
fired, which is a great advantage for an army in pur- Fig. 3, whIch move in any direction through the and 4 coupled wheels, 7 feet
in diameter.66
~I& I~UFACTURE OF ULTRAMARINE~
The blue pigment known as ultramarine, was for-
merly the product of a mineral, which, on account
of its beauty, was also employed as a gem in jewelry.
Being obtained in a few countries only, as an agent
of painting it was very costly; but nowthanks to
the great improvements made in synthetical chem-
istryit is produced artificially at quite a moderate
price. It is chiefly manufactured in the chemical
establishments of Germany; and the composition
and processes involved are described as follows, in
Dinglers Journal:
The composition for ~ dark aluminous ultra-
marine consists of 100 parts of slightly burned kaolin
(porcelain clay), 90 parts of soda-ash (96 p. c.). 100
parts of refined roll aulphnr, 0 parts of rosin, and 4
of dry pine charcoal. Each of these ingredients is
powdered, with the exception of the rosin, which is
only added in pieces the size of a walnut when the
materials have been mixed, and the whole is rolled
together for the space of four hours. It then forms
a smooth gray powder, and is loosely packed into
fire-proof boxes, which are covered up, properly
luted, and placed on the lower.floor; and after clos-
ing up all the apertures of the furnace, it is rapidly
brought to a point of temperature equivalent to the
fusing point of an alloy of equal parts of gold and
silver, at which temperature the oven is kept for
from fivo to six hours. By means of small tubes
inserted In the front of the furnaces, the process is
watchA: samplesbeing taken from time to time, by
means of hollow cylinder screws. When these sam-
ples remain of green color on cooling, the fire Is
gradually slackened, and afterwards the draught is
shut o ; the furnace being left to cool for 28 hours.
Two days afterwards the mass is removed from the
boxes. It is first broken up under mill-stones, then
Thely powdered, filled into cast iron annealing boxes
(Ii feet high,. 2 feet long, and 1~. feet wide on top,
somewhat narrower in the bottom, the iron -~ of an
inch thick),, the covers of which overlap the sides.
These hoxe are placed on the upper floor of the fur-
nace, at the same time that a fresh charge Is placed
oia the lo~ em floor; and are removed about twelve
hours after the firing has ceased. This annealing or
coloring, which ch~ hges the green to blue, by partly
oxidising, and partly removing an excess of sulphur,
is similar to the process of coloring red-lead.
The blue pigment now obtained is lixiviated,
and then, while moist, ground between granite or
quartz millstones. When the desired fineness is oh-
mcd, the pulp is run into draining bags, and after-
ards put in cast-iron dishes, which are also placed
in the upper floor of the furnaces to dry, whenever
the iron annealing boxes have been removed. On
the Rhine, some factories are supplied with reverbeP
atory furnaces, the soles of which a.re heated from
below by the fire, which then again passes over the
charge before reaching the flue. Such furnaces hold
as much of the crude materials as will yield about
1,800 pounds of ultramarine.
Another method consists in mixing the materials
iii smaller quantities, and forming them into batches,
in boxes containing only about 700 pounds each.
These boxes are placed in p irs on the benches of a
double floor reverberatory furnace, constrncted after
the manner of a smalt furnac~ heated by one fire,
which. first passes around the boxes on the lower
floor, and from underneath them to the upper floor.
The masonry of the lower floor is fire-brick, the sup-
ports of both soles nd arches being stone, and the
upper floor is formed of iron plates. The boxes are
made from fire-proof tiles, one inch thick, grooved
d let in at the edges. The fuel used is bituminous
coal.
A Testimonial.
Msssas. Mus-N & Co1 received my patent papers
from Washington yesterday,- and am much pleascd
with them, they being very accurately prepared.
The drawings are superbly executed. I had rather
give you five times your price, than have them pre-.
par ..d by inexperienced personsas a. thing worth
doing is worth doing well. I shall cheerfully recom-
mend you, as. honorable and reliable patent attqr-
neys, and worthy the confidence of ihventors who
wIsh thAr rights protected. -
ALEX M. BRISTOL.
Detroit, Mich., JuIb 14, 1803.
Scientific Paradoxes.
Tbe water which drowns usi fluent streamcan
be walked upon as ice. The bullet which, fired from
a musket, carries death, will be harmless if ground
to dust before being fired. The crystallized part of
the oil of roses-so graceful, in its fragrancea solid
at ordinary temperatures, though readily volatileis
a compound substance, containing exactly the same
elements, and in exactly the same proportions, as
the gas with which we light our streets. The tea
which we daily drink, with benefit and pleasure, pro-
duces palpitations; nervous tremblings, and even
paralysis, if taken in excess; yet the peculiar organic
agent called theme, to which tea owes its qualities,
may be taken 1y itself (as ~heine, not as tea) with-
out any appreciable effect. The water which will
allay our burning. thirit, augments it, when con-
gealed into snow; so that Capt. Ross declares the
natlves of the Arctic regions prefer enduring the
utmost extremity of thirst, rather than aiAempt to
remove it by eating snow. Yet if the snow be
melted, it becomes drinkable water. Nevertheless,
although, if melted before entering the, mouth it
assuages thirst like other water, when melted in the
mouth it has the opposite effect. To render this par-
adox more striking, we have only to remember that
ice, which melts more slowly in the mouth, is very
efficient in allaying thirst.
Sights and Sounds of War.
The City Hall Park opposite our office presents a
vivid, picture of the actualities of war. Since the
riots occurred, it has been tenanted by batteries of
artillery, and companies of cavalry and infantry.
These latter drill regularly in the morning, and the
spirit-stirring drum, and ear-piercing fifes ar~t
sufficiently audible. Tired artillerymen lay stretched
upon the ground beside their guns; gaunt cavalry
horsessome of them far outvieing Don Quixotes
Rosinante in point of leannesslook wistfully to-
ward trusses of hay that lay beyond their reach.
The guard paces monotonously up and down; those
that are off duty lounge and smoke; and a motley
group of idlers, apple-women, and citizens in gen-
eral, surround the encampment, gazing with curious
eyes upon this scene, so novel in the heart of the
great metropolis. Even as we write, the air is full
of martial sounds proceeding from the camp; and
squads. of men are moving to and fro, intent on
duty. The peaceably-disposed portion of the com-
munity do not object to the occupancy of the Park
for this purpose; but others of opposite inclinations
are loud and voluble in their Indignation.
Shocking Accident.
A terrible accident occurred on the 21st inst., by
which a number of persons, mainly children, lost
their lives. A part of the wall, of the Police Station
in the 18th ward, which had been burned by the
rioters, was left standing in a dangerous condition;
and at the time of the accident, a large number of
women and children were in the ruins, busily search-
ing for coal which was said to be buried there. A
high wind prevailed, and those beneath the dangerous
portion of the building were warned to fly while
they had time. Several did so, but others remain-
ing were crushed by the bricks which fell with ter-
rific force. A large. number, estimated - at twenty
children, and grown people, were buried; and up to
this time only eleven bodies have been exhumed. It
is thought that others will be found as the investi-
gation proceeds. The spectacle is said to have been
shocking, at the time the wall fell in; and many
women fainted who witnessed it.
Californian Woolen Goods.
About two years ago the California Pioneer Woolen
Factory, situated near Black Point, was totaily de-
stroyed by fire. The losses were very great, but the
company re-erected the building, provided it with
more expensive and serviceable machinery than be-
fore, and now turn out handsome and durable goods
The new building is of brick, 242 by 60 feet. There
are four artesian wells, which with other means,
supply abundance of water. An SO horse power en-
gine, from Donahues Foundry, consuming three and
a half tuns of Mount Diablo coal per diem, moves
the machinery. About fifty-five hands are employed,
a few of whom are females, and a number of them
Chinamen. About 600,000 pounds of wool are used
yearly. The products arecoatings, cassimeres, flan-
nels and blankets. The finest quality of blankets
made command $14 per pair, and the cheapest $3
per pair.
MISCELL& NEOUS SUMMARY.
AMERICAN ART IN ENGLANDThe London Times
says: ~The reputation of Mr. Church, the -most
eminent American landscape painter, has been
brought to this country by his Niagara, and Heart
of the Andes. His pictures of Icebergs off the
Coast of Labrador,~ now exhibited at the German
Gallery, ~vill enhance the estimation of Mr. Church
with those who have seen his former pictures, and
affords an excellent opportunity for those who have
not, to form a conception of what landscape painting
in the United States is aiming at and achieving.
The picture altogether is a noble example of
the application of the landscape painters art to the
rendering of grand, beautiful, and unfamiliar aspects
of nature, only accessible at great cost of fatigue,
and exposure, and even at peril of. life and limb;
which seems to be one of the walks in which this
branchQf-the artis destined to achieve new triumphs
in our time. All who can honor and appreciate the
art, in this new and arduous development of it,
should see Mr. Churchs great picture.
Tuz Michigan Southern Railway Company have
ordered six new 30 tun locomotives to be made with
all dispatch, also a large number of freight cars, as
both their motive power and rolling stock are inade-
quate to the demands upon them. A late number of
the Toledo Commercial reports about 200 cars of the
Michigan Southern Railroad standing on the ti ack
at the depot, filled with grain, goods, & c., which
could not be unloaded, because of no store rooms,
and there being no propellers in port to transport
their freight away. -
COTTON Surrav.At a late meeting of the cotton
supply association, held in Manchester, the chair-
man stated that 1,072,000 bales were received from
India in 1802; and that 1,200,000 bales were ex-
pected this year from the same source; which with
600,000 bales from other countries, would be about
sufficient to give only three days work per week to
the English cotton operatives. The machinery In
several factories has been altered to work surat cot-
ton ; but American cotton is so superior, th- t
three pounds of it c-an be spun in the same time as
one pound of surat.
THz great bridge over the Susquch an river, at
Columbia, Penn., which was destroyed by fire on the
28th nit,, was constructed in 1834, and cost $167,000-
lit was 6020 feet long, 14 feet above high water,
built all of wood, and about 40 feet wide; com-
prised 28 spans, resting upon stone abutments; was
covered; roof above roadway, 26 feet; had two
tracks also, used for vehicles and foot passengers7
and tow paths, the latter for the Susquehanna and
Tidewater Caa~al.
PAcIFIC HARVESTING MACHCNERY. The California
Farmer says :The sale of harvesting machinery has
never been so great as in the presdnt year. The
number of implements that have been sold by th
several dealers is beyond any precedent. At. Sar~
Francisco, they refer with just pride to the severaf
agricultural warehouses in the city, where the assort-
ment of agricultural implements is equal to that
found in any part of the world.
Mzssas. J. Z. & C. Goodrich, at, Glendale, Masf.,
are now running their woolen mill, on s- tinets and
melton cloths. They have 60 looms, which, untih
recently, ran night and d~y for , six months, on a~
large contract for A. T. Stewalt & Co-, of this city.
There are 7 sets of cards in the mill, and from 10,000
to 12,000 yards of goods are produced in a week. At
present there is a great scarcity of help.
Tnz long submarine line of telegraph between
Malta and Alexandria has not been. workifig for sew~
eral weeks. The cable is supposed to have been
broken by the anchor of some vessel. , -
THE manufacture of Armstrong guns is now en
timely suspended at the Royal Arsenal, England
- Tnz original MSS. of Graya FJegy was recently
sold in England fi~z $6f10.67
THE EXP& NSIVE WORKING OF STEAM. being so great as to preclude the profitable convey- slight return, for ~the~, heat actuajly taken
fr~rn the
ance of cargoes on long voyages. The largest trans- cylinder at each stroke was, of course, made in the
The ultimate quantity of mechanical power which atlantic steams hips (not referring to the 6~reat Eastern) re-evaporation of
precipitated moisture; but as most
theory assigns to steam is so great, that there is some-. leave port with 1,400 tans of coal on board, while of this re-evaporation
must have taken place while
thing tantalizing in comparing therewith the dynam- the weight of their engines and boilers, in working the cylinder was open to
the condenser, the return
ical results attained by even our very best engines, trim, is nearly as much more~ if half the weight was indeed slight. In many
cases such re-evapora-
Theory, of course, prescribes en infinite pressure, and and cost of the coal could be saved, and space alid tion is the source of
an additional loss, by occasion-
an infinite degree of expansion. As a practical ap- displacement corresponding to 1;000 tuna could be ing back pressure.
p roach to such a pressure, we have the legend of Al- liberated, for the conveyance of merchandise, hpw Priming, it is almost
needless to say, will greatly
ban, the German doctor, who sent his steam upon the diffe,rent would be the result commercially. Such a affect the shape of a
diagram. For water coming~
piston at 1,000 pounds per square inch. This was saving is likely, however, to be soon generally over with steam, and having a heat
of, say 8000,
done, too,; here in~London; and although the per- effected, for the mechanical and commercial practica- quickly evaporates when
the pressure by which it is
formance was for no great space of time,itis not. re- bility of driving a 3,000-tan ship, at a mean~speedof surrounded has fallen
to a point corresponding to
corded th t any one was blown up. Now, to obtain 13 knots, with, at most, 60 tuns of coal in 24 hours, 200Q or less.
thegreatest effect, theoretically at least, from steam, has been virtually established, by the practice of the The leakage of valves
also affects the shape of in-
of whatever pressure, it is necessary to work it in a Peninsular and Oriental Company. The machinery dicator diagrams, the extent
of thia influence being
condensiug engine, andto. condense down to a per- by which this is effected is, however, costly and necessarily beyond any means of
precise estimation.
feet vacuum. Let us suppose, then, that steam of a very heavy, although the increased weight of the It is practically impossible
to fit two fiat surfaces of~
total pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch, as engines is in a great measure offset by the diminished cast-iron so accurately
together that, without ports
measured from a vacuum, is expanded to a final number and weight of the boilers; while a great or openings ineither, they will
moveless easily with
pressure of one-tenth of a pound only per square saving of bulk and displacement in coal-bunkers re- steam of great pressure upon
them than in the ope
inch, as measured above the same datrsm. - Here the mains as net gain, irrespective of the money saving air.
expansion is ten thousand fold; and if, the tempera- in the diminished consumption of coal itself. In dealing with expansion also,
it is very commonly
ture of the steam be maintained during expansion As far, then, as economy of fuel is concerned, assumed that, if the steam be
cut off when the pis-
by superheating or steam jacketting, the effect or very good results are already obtained with steam ton has made say on& Iourth of
its stroke,the expan-
power obtained~will be 10-21 times greater than if of from 20 pounds to 26 pounds, moderately super- sion is necessarily
fo1Ir-fold.-~. It sometimes happenb,
the same weight of steam were worked without ex- heated, and with surface condensation; but a further however, that t~e upace in
the steam ports and clear-
pansion. Thus, if an engine work, without expan- advantage remains to- be obtained from steam, by ances at the end of the
stroke i~ nearly equal to that
sion, with 5 pounds of coal per hourly indicated higher pressure ~nd an increased speed of piston. A included in the portion of
the stroke of the piston
horse-poWer, the rate of expansion just considered good high-pressure marine boiler would, it might be for which dense steam is
admitted. Thus, with an
should result in a consumption of 49 pounds of coal supposed, be now forthcoming, since the extensive admission for one-sixth of
the stroke, if the clear-
only for the same effect, this quantity being exclusive, introductIon of surface condensers supplying distil- ances, ports, & c.,
contained an amount of steam
however, of that required to maintain the heat of led water. equal also to one-sixth of the stroke, one half of the
the steam during expansion But,~ if we could im- While dealing with expansive working, it will not effect of the steam, as measured
before expansion
part even three-fourths of the full heating value of be inappropriate to say a few ~words as to indicator commences, is lost, nud
the expansive effort is that
good coal to the water in steam boflers, we should, diagrams from expansive engines. It is easy to set only due to an admission for
two-sevenths of the
curve for an
upon, the same theoretical consideration, attain to a out a theoretical expansion y point at stroke: or only a little more_than
one-third, were
still greater degree of econ6my. Thus a pound ofj which the steam is cut off, allowing also for the loss there no other losses.
good coal gives off in combustion as much heat as of. pressure due to expansion. For those who do In these, and in other ways, the
practical result of
would raise 16,000 pounds of water through a tem- not care to calculate the ordinates, or refer to expansion differs considerably
from that assigned by
perature of 10, or more than enough to raise 13 hyperbolic logarithms, there is (if not out of theory alone, and supposing no
special circumstances
pounds of w~ater of ordinary temperature into very print), a very convenient diagram by Mr. Charles to be taken into account.The
Engineer (London).
high-pressure steam If, then, we attained an ordi- Cowper, publishe4 by Weale, from which any one
naryrate of evaporation of 10 poundsof water per may lay down a theoretical expansion diagram. Great International Wheat Show.
pound of coal, we should be working with say 3 This diagram was published as long ago as 1849, and A great International Wheat
Show will be held at
pounds of coal per hourly indIcated hbrse-power, yet it carefully allows for the loss of pressure during Rochester, N. Y.,
September 8th, 9th, and 10th,
with condensation and without expansion; and, expansion; a loss which, indeed, was pointed out by under the auspices of tbe
Monroe County Agricultural
with the allowance already mentioned for maintain- Oliver Evans, as early as 1805 lLit no theoretical Society. The following
premiums are offered
ing the temperature of the ste~m during expansion, expansion diagram wili agree wiSh that obtained in For the best 20 bushels of
white winter wheat. - $150 00
For the second best 30 bushels of white winter
with hardly more than a ~ p6und per horse-power, practice frem the indicator when cutting off at the wheat 75 00
with an expansion of ten thousand fold. This woiild same point in the stroke , nor will the indicator din For the best 20 bushels
red winter wheat 100 00
tolerably close to the theoretical econ- gram, in cabes afford an For thesecond best 20 bushels red winter wheat 50 00
be a approach many accurate repiesenta Per the b~st 2 bushels white winter wheat 50 00
omy of heat as referred to Joules equivalent. For tion of the work really obtained from the sieam used For the second best 2
btishels white winter wheat 25 00
if we obtain from a pound of coal, say 12,000 units For in the case of unpiotectedcylinders, with a long Forthe best 3 bushels
red winter wheat 40 00
For the second best 2 bushels red winter wheat 20 00
of heat, or, in other words, as much heat as would stroke and a slow speed of piston, the internal cool For the best 2 bushels
spring Wheat 20 00
suffice to raise 12,000 poundsof water through 1~, or ing is sometimes so great that as much steam is con For the second best 2
bushels spring wheat... l0~ 00
10 pounds of water through 1,2O0~, then the me- densed on entering the cylinder as appears on the Competitors for~ these prizes
will be required to
chanical power represented by each unit of heat being diagram. Between two and three years ago, a furnish samples of the wheat in
the ear, and with
772 foot-pounds, the corresponding total power re- board of American naval engineers made a series the straw attached (say fifty
ears of wheat and
presented by a pound of coal (even when but three- of experiments to ascertain whether there was any straw); also to furnish a
written statement of the
fourths of its total heating power is calculated upon) gain (!) in expansion; and they confined their ob- nature of the soil on
which the wheat grew, method
is 9,264,000 foot-pounds, equal to 926400 04.67 servations to a condensing engine, having an unjack- of cultivation, time of
sowing, quantity of seed
i 9 8 0 ~Y0O
hourly horse-power, corresponding to 0-214 pounds etted cylinder with an S feet stroke, the piston in sown, manures (if any
used), and mode and time of
of coal nly per indicated horse-power per hour. some of the experiments making but eleven double application; also the time of
ripening and har-
Ever one conversant, with the theory of steam strokes, or 176 lineal feet per minute. In cutting off vesting, and the yield per
acre, with such other par-
must have made calculations of the nature just illus- at about one-third stroke, it was found that as. much ticulars as may be
deemed of practical importance;
tinted; and it is~ possible that,in some instances, the coal was burnt per horse-power as whenfollowing also the name by which the
variety is known in the
whole theoryhas been denied because of the appar- full stroke, and it was eventually decided, we believe, locality where it was
grown. The wheat must be
ent impracticability of, attaining anything approach- that there was no gain in expansion! Fortunately, one variety, pure, and
unmixed. The prize to be
ing such results in~ practice. Watt understood the however, the Water fed to the boiler was measured; awarded to theactual grower
of the wheat, and the
advantage of condensation, and the general theory of and by referring to the relative volume of the steam wheat which takes a prize
to become the property
expansion; but with steam of very low pressure, his thus generated at the working pressure, it was found of the society.
engines required from 7 pounds to 10 pounds of coal that about 40 cubic feet of steam was admitted at
per actual hourly horse-power; a result attributable, each stroke, into a space which, but for internal con- Locoxorivzs AND STzzP
GxAnrzzrs. The power
in a great measure, no doubt, to imperfect workman- densation, could have received but 20 cubic feet. The possessed by
locomotives to surmount steep gradients
has been lately demonstrated in a very remaykablo
ship. Now, however, marine engines worked with fact was that ~after the steam was cut off, the in- manner, by the opening of the
Bhore Ghaut~ incline
steam of less than 25 pounds pressure, are going by tenor of the cylinder was so long exposed to a fall- of the Great Indian
Railway. The incline attains at
the month together, with only 2 pounds per horse- ing temperaturesinking at last to 1000 when the one long lift the great bight
of 1,832 feet, which is
power; and it is therefore reasonable still to look communication was open to the condenserthat the the highest elevation
hithe rto attained by any rail-
for a gradual improvement even upon this econom- inner surfaces of the bore lost a great deal of heat, way, incline. It is fifteen
and a half miles long, and
ical rate of consumption. In the manufacturing dis- and on the admission of steamof. 2500 and upwards the average gradiunt
consequently is 1 in 46-39.
tricts, and indeed, generally, upon land, extreme on the return stroke, a great deal was condensed. If
economy of fuel is not of auch great consequence; moisture once forms upon a metallic surface, the ab- MAI8urAcrlnN or GLAss.The
first gla~s m~nufac
but for steam vessels it is everything. In many straction of heat from that surface invaporising such tory established in
California recently commenced
parts of the worldcoal costs 3 and upwards a tun, moisture, is very rapid; but if the steam were kept operati6ns at San
Francisco. About thirty men and
but even this does not stand so mach in the way of dry, and the cylinder were heatedtoabove its normal boys are at present
engaged in the worksbottles be-
economical ateaming, as the very weight of the coal temperature, the mere internal radiation of heat ing the chief articles of
manufacture. All the ma-
to be carried, and of the nd engines into such dry steam, even at the temperature of con- tennIs required, excepting soda ash, are
obtained in
required boilers a
themselves; the total weight of coal and machinery densation, would have been very slight indeed. K the state.68
THE CHEMISTRY OF ANIMAL SUBSTANCES;
[Concluded frem page 52.1
Frnnr& .Tn the common glutin of wheat there is
another substance called fibrin, which is similar in
its chemical properties to the fibrin in the blood of
animals. It is obtained by agitating the fresh blood
of animals with a twig, to which it adheres in the
form of fibrous filaments, and which may be cleansed
by washing in water. When removed from the liv-
ing animal, it possesses the power of spontaneous
coagulation, and becomes insoluble. When washed
and dried, it is translucent and horny. According
to Dumas, water containing only a millionth part of
hydro-chloric acid gelatinizes fibrin; and if a few
drops of gastric juice are then added to it, the whole
will dissolve the fibrin at a temperature of 960 to
1000 Fah. This fact may have some bearing on the
theory of digestion.
GELATIN.ThiS principle Is widely diffused in the
animal kingdom. It exists ready formed in the skin,
and is obtained for manufacturing purposes from the
clippings of hides, and the legs and feet of cows,
calves, and sheep. When these are cleansed In cold
water, and afterwards subjected to boiling, the
muscles, & c., dissolve, forming a jelly, which when
cut into slices and dried, forms gelatine. This sub-
stance when obtained from fish, is called isinglass.
It is used in large quantities as an article of food in
Russia; where it is prepared from the air bladders
and roe of the sturgeon. These bladders are
cleansed, dried, and scraped, to separate the external
and internal membrane; and, without further pre-
paration, the residue forms leaf isinglass, which is
then cut into filaments by a machine to prepare it
for sale. It is soluble in hot water, after a short
period of maceration in cold water. A very pure
form of gelatin is manufactured from the cuttings
of the skins of calves, by cleansing them from fat,
& c., in lime water, then in cold water, and digesting
them in clear water heated to 200~ Fah. The gela-
tinous liquor thus obtained is then strained through
flannel, and allowed to cool to a proper consistency;
after which it is poured upon a marble slab. When
nearly set, it is transferred to an open network, and
dried in a covered shed, exposed to the air passing
through lattice work. It is subsequently damped,
rolled into thin sheets, and afterwards cut into
shreds. Gelatin is also obtained from ground bones,
by submitting them to water at a temperature of
2600 Fah., under pressure. This kind has generally
a disagreeable odor.
From whatever source obtained, pure gelatin is
colorless, transparent, inodorous, and insipid. In
cold water it softens and swells, but scarcely dis-
sofves until heated. Its solubility in hot water dis-
tinguishes it from fibrin and albumen. When sub-
jected to destructive distillation, it yields carbonate
of ammonia, and leaves carbon in the retort. In
solution, it is very subject to putrefaction during
warm weather; but a little acetic acid, or creosote,
retards decomposition. Gelatin is soluble in all dil-
ute acids. The action of strong sulphuric acid upon
it produces leucine, and a peculiar saccharine pro-
duct, called glycocine, or gelatin sugar. When
boiled with caustic potassa, ammonia is evolved; and
leucine and gelatin sugar are also formed. A solu.
tion of alum and common salt unites with gelatin,
and forms an insoluble compound called tawed
leather. This also is the solution used for prepar-
ing white sheep-skins. Tannic acid, which is derived
from nutgalls, oak, and hemlock bark, & c., unites
with gelatin, producing an insoluble compound;
which in the form of hides constitutes leather. Gela-
tin and tannic acid unite in nearly equal parts, con-
stituting tanno-gelatin. The albumen in skins also
unites with tannin, and forms an insoluble com-
pound known as tannate of albumen.
Leucine Is a white substance, obtained by boiling
gelatin in sulphuric acid diluted with four parts of
water. It is also obtained from the fibrin of muscle,
from glutin, and other nitrogenous principles. Gly-
cocine, or gelatin sugarwhich is produced by boil-
ing gelatin in dilute hydro-chloric acidhas a sweet
taste; but differs from common cane and grape
sugar, in not undergoing vinous fermentation.
The three nitrogenous principlesalbumen, fibrin,
and caseinare the constituents of animal food, and
5ubstances precisely similar in nature are found in
the vegetable kingdom. In a chemical sense, there-
fore, there is not that broad distinction between ani-
mal an& vegetable food which some persons have
imagined. The constituents of flesh exist in vegeta-
bles, from which the flesh of the herbivora is formed.
These prbsciples pass into the blood through the
chyle, which is the liquid product of digested food.
Gelatin is not found in the blood, but is formed from
it in the living organism. The human body can
only be properly nourished by a variety of food,
to suit the varied character of its textures. At one
period a theory was extensively accepted, that the
body could be supported by any one of the nitrogen-
ous principles, excepting gelatin; but upon due in-
vestigation, a commission of the French Academy
reported that neither man nor animals should be re-
stricted to food which did not contain all the proxi-
mate principles of their entire bodies. The four
nitrogenous principlesalbumen, fibrin, casein rand
gelatinunder the influence of life-force, or vitality,
appear to be convertible into each other. This is
proved to some extent by the process of incubation.
A recently laid egg contains, only liquid albumen
and oil. But when incubation is complete, fibrin
and gelatin are found in the muscles and soft parts
of the young bird; and a large proportion of the~
soluble albumen has passed Into the insoluble state.
Casein, as contained in milk, is convertible in the
living body into the other principles.
The constitution of gelatin is represented by the
formula 018 H10 05 N2. It contains no sulphur.
The size used by painters and gliders is gelatin,
made chiefly from cuttings of parcbment. Chon-
drin is a peculiar variety of gelatin, and is found in
cartilage, the wind-pipe, the cornea of the eye, and
at the ends of the long bones. Its formula is 082
1126 014 N4. The soft solids of animals are chiefly
formed of albumen, fibrin, and gelatin.
Fibrin enters largely into the composition of
muscle or flesh, forming about 22 per cent of it.
Muscle also consists of cellular tissue (albumen),
nerve and fat. By analysis, dry muscle yields the
same elements as those of blood. The juice of flesh
is always acidulous; and the nitrogenous principles
exist in it. These can be separated by a complex
process; and are found to be definite compounds,
composed of the same elements combined in differ-
ent proportions.
Albumen enters Into the composition of muscle,
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is a constitu-
ent of cellular tissue; and of the soft organs, such
as the liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. The sub-
stance of the brain consists of 80 per cent water,
with 7 per cent of soluble albumen, cerebrica
white fatty acidand oleophosphoric acidan oily
liquid. The waxy secretion of the ear (cerumen) is
a compound of albumen with an oily substance, and
a yellowish resin, soluble in alcohol.
Gelatin enters into the composition of the skin,
tendons, ligaments, and the white fibrous tissue
generally; as well as into horn, cartilage, ivory,
and the teeth. In 100 parts of dry human bone
there are 83.8 of organic mattergelatinous tissue
and 66.6 parts of earthy matter, consisting chiefly
of sub-phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and
phosphate of magnesia. The quantity of earthy
matter in the bones increases with age. In child-
hood it amounts to 48 percent; in middle age, 74 per
cent; and in old age, 84 per cent. The mode in
which the organic and inorganic constituents are
blended in the frame of man is worthy of deep con-
sideration. When a fresh bone is digested in dilute
hydro-chloric acid, all the mineral matter is re-
moved; but the bone perfectly retains Its shape,
the residue consisting of flexible and elastic gelatin-
ous tissue. If a similar bone is carefully burned
where there is a free access of air, a white brittle
mineral substance is obtained, which retains the per-
fect shape of the bone. This consists of the phos-
phate and carbonate of lime. These results show
that every atom of mineral is associated with an
atom of organic matter in our bones. Bone also
contains a large quantity of oily matter, which may
be extracted by boiling in water. This rises to the
surface like oil, and may be removed in a solid cake
when the liquid is cooled. Bone fat is manufactured
in large quantities at establishments erected in the
vicinity of most cities. Its composition is gimilar
to other animal fats; only containing a greater
quantity of oil. It is soft, and inodorous; is large
ly used in the manufacture of toilet grease; and
makes a better toilet soap than common animal fat.
Animal charcoal consists of bones which have been
burned in retorts. The composition of ivory is simi-
lar to that of bone. Dentinethe bony part of the
teeth, contains 68 per cent of mineral matter;
enamel contains no less than 84 per cent, and 6 per
cent of gelatine. Teeth which contain the most
mineral matterhayd shining enamelare the most
enduring, and least liable to decay. How complex
is the human frame, and how wonderful the pro-
cesses carried on in the animal laboratory. The ele-
ments and compounds of which it is formed are~
eliminated from the food taken into the stomach,
which when digested and converted into chyle, en-
ter the bloodthat red current which forced
through innumerable minute canals by the action
of the heartthe wheel at the cistern, as it passes
through the system, deposits its constituents of phos-
phate of lime, fibrin, albumen, casein, and gelatin,
in all their appropriate places, forming the soft crys-
tal of the eye, and the hard enamel of the tooth;
the horny nails, the spiral hair, the tough skin, the
elastic tendon, the strong bone, and the complex
brain. The chemical transformations which take
place in the living body surpass the comprehension
of the wisest and most learned men. The chemist
can tell what is the composition of the skin or other
parts of the body; but he cannot form a bone, nor
fabricate an inch of fibrous tissue. How excellent
in wisdom and skill and power is He by whom man
has been so fearfully and wonderfully made.
Trial of Mowing Machines.
We learn from the Country Centleman, that a trial of
mowers took place at Huntsville, near Albany, on
Thursday, the 9th inst., under the auspices of the
Albany County Agricultural Society. The ground
was level, and the grass (timothy) in good conditIon~
There were eight machines entered for competition,
viz., Shipmans, manufactured by Shipman & Son,
Springfield Center,~ N. Y.; the Farmer, manufac-
tured by Parmenter & Bramwell, Troy, N. Y.; the
Monitor, manufactured by F. Nishwitz, Williams-
burgh, N. Y.; the Hubbard Light Mower, manu-
factured by C. Tompkins, Troy; Woods Prize
Mower, manufactured by Walter A. Wood, Hoosick
Falls, N. Y.; Hallenbecks Mower, manufac-
tured by Hallenbeck ~& Cunningham, Albany, N.
Y.; the Buckeye, manufactured by J. P. Adri-
ance, Poughkeepsie, N- Y.; and the Union Mow-
er, manufactured by the Union Mowing Machine
Company, Worcester, Mass. The ground having
been previously divided into eight equal portions
of one half acre each, the owners drew lots for their
respective stations. All started together at a given
signal. The first machine to complete its task was
the Farmer ; time about twenty-one minutes.
The judges have not yet made their report.
Calomel and Tartar Emetic Frohibited.
An order has been issued by Surgeon-General Ham-
mond against the use of calomel, and tartar emetic,
in the army. In that order it is stated that the ad-
ministration of calomel has been frequently pushed
to excess by military surgeons, and that its abuse has
produced melancholy effects, such as profuse saliva-
tion and mercurial gangrene. It seemed impossible to
remedy this evil, except by striking calomel from
among the medical supplies of the army.
From the records of the Surgeon-Generals office it
has been conclusively proved that diseases prevalent
in the army may be as efficiently treated without, as
with, tartar emetic; hence its prohibition.
Errzcrs or MERCURY ON SHzzr.Professor John
Gamgee, in the Edinburgh Veterinary Review, draws at-
tention to the mischief arising from the reckless use
of mercurial ointment as a dressing for scabby sheep.
Sheep, he says, and ruminants are more readily pois-
oned by mercury than any other domestic animal;
and, in some instances, mercury appears to be the
cause of death directly, by its effects on the blood;
in others it seems to kill by the varnish with which
it covers the skin, which hinders the exhalations
from that organ, and engorges the lungs; in others,
again, it seems to produce an enfeebling of the diges-
tive powers, so that a change to a better diet proves
fatal. Severe salivation and loosening of the teeth
O~re common occurrences.6L~
Improved Escapement.
The importance of producing a correct movement
for time-measurers cannot be overrated, since so
many of the important duties and avocations of life
are dependent on their fidelity and general accuracy.
Herewith we illustrate a novel escapement, which
possesses decided advantages over any others that
we have examined. In it, A, is the impulse pallet,
and B, a guard to prevent injury from carelessness;
this comes in contact with the wheel only when the
pendulum and detent are both withdrawn. The de-
tent, F, is supported by the arm, C, and this latter,
as also the one, cairying the pendulum, can be
adjusted as required. The pendulum lifts the detent
by the wire, E, and there is also another wire, H,
riveted to the plate, which the
wire, B, drops against ; the
depth or hold upon the detent
is regulated by bending the
wire above this pin. This es-
capement has been thoroughly
tested, and found to possess
many advantages not hitherto
attained, some of which are
herein set forth :It is claimed
that clocks thus fitted will keep
more accurate time than others
not so constructed: that they
are much more durable and will
not get out of order so quickly
as ordinary escapements: that
as the pendulum receives its
impulse directly from the crown
wheel, the friction produced in
transmitting power from the
crown wheel through many
connections to the pendulum,
is obviated: and that conse-
quently no oil is required on it,
and there is less wear on the
whole machinery of the clock.
It is also constructed much
more cheaply, and the pallets
can be quickly removed, if neces-
sary, for examination. Clocks
constructed with this attach-
ment have sweepseconds a
good feature in time-pieces with
short rods. This invention can
be applied to any clock, new
or old.
The ratsat on this invention is ordered to issue to
William Hart, a practical horologist of Mayville,
Wis., through the Scientific American Patent Agency.
Licenses to manufacture this escapement can be had
by addressing the inventor as above.
SILICATED SOAPS.
Soap, strictly speaking, was formerly understood
to mean a composition of oil, or grease, with an al-
kali; but the term has now a more extended appli-
cation. Various other substances than grease and
oil have been employed as mixtures, and are held to
be legitimate constituents of soap. Formerly, resin
was extensively empleyed for this purpose; but ow-
ing to its scarcity since the war commenced, and the
high price thence resulting, its use has been almost
abandoned, and silicathe chief ingredient of sand
and quartzis now largely substituted. When pure,
it is insoluble in most acids, or in water; and it is
actually infusible in fire. Yet it can be converted
into a liquid; and it is used to mix with soap; hence
originated the term silicated soap. Quartz sand
subjected to a high degree of heat, and mixed with
a cau~tic alkali, such as soda, or potash, becomes so-
luble: and this is the substance now largely employed
as a substitute for resin in soap making.
The application of the silicate of soda, as a soap
mixture, has been long known; but several patents
have recently been obtained for improved modes of
treating and mixing it.
On Oct. 14, 1862, Dudley B. Chapman, of Milford,
Mass., obtained a patent for making a silicated soap
which is described in his, specification as follows
One part by weight of an alkaline silicate (such as
silicate of soda), one part by weight of vegetable
flour or farina, and one half part by weight of sal
soda. The sal soda is to be m~lted with a little
water, in a kettle, over a slow fire; the flour is then
thoroughly mixed with it; after which the alkaline
silicate is added, and the whole thoroughly incorpo-
rated together. This composition is to be mixed
with soap made of grease or oil, and alkali, when it
is in the liquid state, and the whole of the ingre-
dients boiled together for a few minutes. It is
stated that vegetable flour assists the silicate in com-
bining with the soap, and a larger quantity of the
silicate may thus be used with a given quantity of
soap. It also makes a firmer soap, and prevents it
from efflorescing. The claim is for the combina-
tion of a carbonate, or caustic soda, an alkaline sili-
cate, and vegetable flour, with soap, or a saponified
oil or fat substance.
On Jan. 20, 1863, Mr. Dudley obtained another
HARTS PATENT ESCAPEMENT.
patent for a silicated soap, described in his specifica-
tion as follows : Hitherto, the method of using
soluble alkaline silicates in the manufacture of soap,
has been to make a soap in the usual manner by boil-
ing a hydrated alkali with grease, oil, or tallow, or
one or more of these combined with resin; and while
the soap was in a fluid state, to reduce the soluble
alkaline silicate to a fluid, by the addition of water,
then mixing it with the soap. By this process, an
alkaline silicate containing an excess of free alkali
(that is more than sufficient alkali to hold the silica
in solution, which most alkaline silicates do) cannot
be used to advantage, because the excess of alkali in
the silicate granulates or -opens the soap in such a
manner as to precipitate the silicated solution to the
bottom. Therefore the use of highly alkaline sili-
cates in soap has been generally abandoned. By my
process, I can use in soap, a silicate containing any
quantity of free alkali; and in such proportions, that
in some cases the quantity of alkaline silicate used
will exceed in weight all the other ingredients com-
bined; thereby materially cheapening as well as im-
proving the quantity of soap.
In manufacturing by my process, I first ascertain
the quantity of free alkali which the silicate to be
employed contains. I next by the addition of water,
reduce the silicate to a fluid, or gelatinous condition;
and when ready for use, have it heated to about
forty degrees (centigrade). I next take a quantity
of any one or more of the following ingredients,
sufficient to completely neutralize the excess of alkali
which the silicate contains :To wit, grease, oil of
any kind, tallow, resin, or any of these, combined
with flour, or starch of any kind; and prepare them
by heating the grease, oil, tallow, or resin, as the case
may be, to about seventy degrees, centigrade; at
which heat I add the alkaline silicate prepared as
above, and mix thoroughly, by stirring for a short
time. Next I mold the mixture in frames and allow
it to cool. If I use flour or starch in the combina-
tion, I mix it in a dry state with the melted grease,
or fatty matter, before adding the silicate. If the
excess of alkali in the silicate is mostly caustic, the
soap thus made, will, in the course of three or four
days, be fit to cut up, or to be formed into bars,
either for use or sale. Should the alkali be mostly
a carbonate, the mass should be re-heated, in a day
or two, to about eighty degrees centigrade, and next
it should be framed, after which (in about two days),
it will be ready to be cut or formed into bars. In
this way I obtain a very fine neutral soap, in a much
cheaper manner than by any other process.
The excess of alkali in the silicate completely sa-
ponifies the ingredients used to
neutralize it, and these ingre~.
dients in the process of saponi-.
fication absorb all the excess of
water with which we are obliged
to dilute silicates in order to
render them sufficiently fluid to
combine with soaps. Therefore
a soap made in this manner will
not shrink in weight as much as
a soap in which silicate is mixed
- after the soap is finished; for
- such soaps have already taken
up about forty per cent of water
from the hydrated alkali with
which they are boiled, and the
extra water in the silicate only
tends to impair their value.
Another advantage which this
process ensures to the soap, is,
that the glycerine having an
affinity for the moisture con-
tained in the atmosphere, pre..
vents the soap from becoming
too hard, by age, as silicated
soap is liable to do.
I claim, as my invention,
andas an improved manufacture,
a soap made in the improved
manner hereinbefore described,
viz., of a hot, fatty matter or
matters; and a solution of alka-
line silicate, combined at ~ne
operation, without the process
of being boiled after the addition
of the solution of silicate to
the hot fat.
A patent (re-issue), was also granted to George E.
Vanderburgh, of New York City, on March 10, 1863,
for a silicated soap, which is described in the specifi-
cation as follows : I take any kind~ of common
soap, reduce it to a fluid state, and. add thereto any
desired proportion of dissolved alkaline silicate,
which contains by analysis less than one-half as
much potash, or less than one-third as much soda or
silica, and then after thoroughly incorporating this
mixture of soap and silicate, whilst they are kept at
a proper temperature, I run the mixture into frames
to harden, and afterwards cut the same into mer-
chantable shapes.
The claim is the use of a dissolved alkaline sili-
cate as an ingredient in and component of soap; but
this I only claim when the dissolved alkaline silicate
thus employed contains, by chemical analysis, less
than one third as much soda, or less than one-half as
much potash as silica.
The soap manufacture is of great importance as a
branch of the useful industrial arts. Some philoso-
phers have held that the quantity of soap consumed
by a nation m~ay be taken as an index of its civiliz-
ation; and this is not a chimerical idea, when it is
considered that it is chiefly employed to promote
cleanliness, in person and clothing. But whether
the use of silicates, resin, and other substances., or
mixtures, with genuine soap, composed of oil, grease,
or tallow and alkali, is an improvement, is another
question. Many persons believe that these are for-
eign mixtures, which only increase the quantity.
Mu. GnAw, a French physician, proposes to destroy
the taste of intensely-bitter medicines by mixing
chloroform with them in certain proportions. He
claims that the t& ste and odor, even of assafetida,
can be annihilated.
I70
Why our Big Cannon are a Failure.
MESSRS. EDITORS Without entering into any dis-,
cussion on the many scientific points connected with
the strength, & c., of the various kinds of metals, I
desire to state one or two practical, common-sense
reasons, why our big guns are a failure. I assume
that they are a failure, for that every well-informed
man whom I have met, admits.. Of course, I do
not mean that they cannot be fired; but that they
fail to produce kny such results as were expected and
predicted of them. First, they are a failure, simply
because; being made of a weak m~terialcast-iron
they have not sufficient strength to permit the use of
the requisite quantity ef powder. That tells the
whole story. Suppose I were to propose that our
rifles, muskets, and pistol barrels should be made of
cast-irony what would any person of sense say?
Why, that I was either a fool or a lunatic! Now
without hinting that Admiral Dahlgren is either, I
should like that he or any other man, would tell us
wherein that would differ from his present practice of
making our big guns of castiron alone? Are not
large and small arms both operated upon the same
principleused for the same purposeand subjected
to the same forcesdiffering only in degree or quan-
tity? If cast-iron is best for large guns, why not
for small ones, also? If wrought-iron, or steel, is.
best for rifles, why not for cannon also? Or, if a
union of two metals Is best for the one, why not also
for the other?
Second, they are a failure, because the quantity of
powder used is altogether too small for the weight of
the. ball. This is a direct result of the first proposi-
tion ; . and may be considered as a repitition of it in
another form. To understand the full force of this
let me illustrate briefly. Any projectile, to produce
the best result, must have a certain amount of
weight; else it has no force, or velocity. For in-
- stance, a chip of wood cannot be thrown to a great
- distance, or with great velocity, even if you use a
tun of powder upon it; and a shaving, or other
lighter material, will have still less velocity and
force, and go a less distance; no matter how much
power is used to start, it. It does not acquire mo
- mentum, because it lacks weight, and is not suffic~-
ently compact and heavy. A stone will go further,
and strike with greater force; and a lead ball still
more so. On the other hand, if the projectile be too
- heavy for the propelling force, the same result will
follow. It. will not be moved with velocity; conse-
quently.will go but a short distance, and strike with
but little penetrating force. Every school-boy under.
stands this peffectly ; and hence, if he desires to
break a window, or batter down a door, he does not
take a chip so light that it will not reachthe object,
nor a stone so heavy that he cannot throw it. On
the contrary, he selects one having sufficient weight
to give it momentum; yet not tooheavy for his pro-
pelling power. Thus it will be seeu that there is a
limit to the weight of the projectile, in both direc-
tions. It must be neither too light, nor too heavy;
andwhat is equally importantit must be propor-
tioned to the propelling powerthe charge of pow
der. -
Now, the whole trouble with our Monitor Dahlgren
guns is that they have not sufficient propelling
powerthey dont burn enough powder. They can-
not do so, because they are too weak; and they are
too weak, because they are made of cast-iron. Thats
whats the matter. True enough, a large ball is a
very destructive thing, if it hits hard; but not if it
falls short,- and dont hit at all, or barely reaches the
object, as it stops. You can never batter down a
mans door by throwing iocks so large that they just
do not reach- it, or barely touch it. Better take a
smaller one,- and send it with more forceit will do
a great deal more execution.
The only account that I have yet seen of these huge
guns producing any- important result, was in the ex-
periment upon an iron-clad target, at the navy yard,
in this city. There, it will be recollected, they used
the Stafford projectilea sub-caliber shota 9-inch
projectile fired from a 15-inch gun; at short range, and
having a weight in proportion t6 the charge: There
is no doubt that a% a Very short range, the big balls
would have sufficient velocity to cause great dam-
age; but before theycould be got within range of the
enemy, his steel rifled guns and steel projectiles
would sink or disable vessels carrying our big guns,
as at Charleston. man article on the blockade, pub
-lished on page 810, Vol. VIII. (new series) of the
ScIENTIFIc AMERIcAN, I see it stated that the Whit-
worth guns employed by the rebels are effective at
five miles. Certainly, no one will pretend that any
of our 15-inch guns have -begun to do anything like
that. What nonsense then to - continue- wasting
money on them, when so much better ones are known
to exist l Therefore, I trust the statement is- true-
which is referred to in your article on page 380 of the
same volume, on Changes in the Iron-dads, that
these Dahlgren guns are to be replaced - by others
using 75 pounds of powder. That is a step in the
right direction; as all experience, at home and
abroad, fully testifies. To please the fancy of Ad-
miral Dahigren, in these huge experiments, every-
thing else, including efficiency, and, of course, suc-
cess, has been sacrificed. Instead of from ten to
sixty guns, our war vessels now carry but two, and
they so ponderous, clumsy and unsafe, that they can
only be fired at long intervals, with small charges
occupying much roomemploying many men to
handle them, and doing comparatively little damage
to the enemy. I fully agree with you in the idea,
that we can produce as good guns and projectiles as
the Whitworth, or any other that has been made;
but it will not be done by Dahlgren, or any one fol-
lowing in his footsteps. That will only be accom-
plished when the intelligent inventors cit the country
can obtain a hearing, and have a fair trial at the
hands of the Government; instead of being thrust
aside by officials intent upon carrying out their old-
fogy ideas at the nations expense; regardless of their
effect upon the contest in which we are involved.
It is a great pity that Congress did not, at the ex-
tra session, make an appropriation, and provide for
the appointment of a board, composed of the most
competent men in the nation, who should in no way
be connected with any pet scheme or contract, to re-
ceive and fairly test every improvement submitted
to them by inventors. Had that been doneas
urged by many intelligent and earnest personswe
should long before this have known exactly which
were the best guns and projectiles; instead of being
as we now are, still in ignorance and doubt upon this
important subject. The money already wasted upon
these monster failures, would -have more than de
-frayed all the expenses of such a board.
RIFLEMAN
- Washington, July 15, 1863.
- The Stafford. Projectile.
MESSRS. EDITORS I am much obliged for yout
timely remarks in - the SCIENTIEJO AMERICAN of the
25th inst., noticing th3 report of Commodore Tur-
ner, of the new Ironsides, in -regard to some shot fired
by his order from the S-inch Parrott gun.
The truth is, that in obtaining shot of my patent
for service, the order was -given for 250 pound shot,
of large caliber, never befdre tested : the heaviest
shot ever tried by me having -been from the 7k-inch
Dahlgren gun: weight of shot 85 and - 108 pounds.
Before the 250 were finished, I sent samples of them
to Washington, and urged to have them put imme-
diately under fire, on from 6 to 9 inches of iron.
This, however, was neglected; and the shot were
sent off without trying one of them. On - testing
them, it was ascertained that the rear sabot or rein-
force, was too light for this weight of shot; and the
fault was in not finding this out before, and having
it remedied, as will he done in a few days: -
All the other sizes have been under fire, and prove,
as they always have done, the most destructive shot
used in the service. The price may seem large, but
cast steel at 22 cents per pound, rough, is no fault of
mine. Time will prove it the cheapest shot that caA
be made for certain purposes, for the reason that no-
thing else than good steel will do the job. - One of
these shot, properly made, if fired against an oblique
surface of iron, is worth a tun of anything else; and
the price, in such a case, is nothing. Any shot fired
by meat West Point, or - Washiiigtofi, -for p& netra-
tion, would have sunk the .lIfera-imac; while tuns of
round missiles were hurled at thi& monster, which
in every instance were defeated by her- sloping armor.
In no experiment - in this country or Europe, -has
70 pounds of metal been fired through 6 and 7 inches
of iron, from a cast-iron gun, with 14 pounds of
powder, until I did it at West Point and in Wash-
ington.
The matter sums up thus: four shot, never -before
tested, have been fired to sea, and tumbled~ . This is
no fault of the principle of the shot. - The-sabot
being too weak for the weight of metal, was the
trouble. That Will soon be remedied, and when the
remainder of the 250 ordered are heard of again, it
will be from the wreck of some fort or iron ship.
- More test experiments will soon be~made in Wash-
ington and New York; against heavier targets than
any ever before tried. Your readers will he kept
posted as to the results. - - -
- C. W. STAFFORD, 48 Pine street.
New York, July 20, -1863. -
Zinc Paint---Its Advantages a~d Disadvant~ages.
MEssRs. EDITORS I am a practical housepainter,
and wish to elicit information which will be of inter-
est and value to the public- at large, us well as to
those who are specially digaged in the use of paint.
Among 4he other advantages resulting from the use
of zinc paint, Is this, that a room, such as a sleeping
apartment, painted with it, when dry, is without-the
bad smell, or other inj urious effects -which-follow the
use of lead paint. During the last six years -use of
this material, I have not had a man sick with paint-
ers colic. - - - - - - -
Another advantage is that a house painted -with
white zinc will hold its color, for years, whereas
white lead will turn yellow in a few months. - I ven-
ture to say that at the end of five years a house
painted -with zinc will look better than it would at
the end of so many months if painled with lead. -
Its drawback is that in repairing a house which
has been done with zinc, a few years afterwards, the
new paint does not adhere to the old, but peels off.
I have tried everything my imagination suggests to
find a remedy, but to no purpose. I have consulted
the best chemists without avail, as also manufactur-
ers of zinc, who can furnish nzo useful -information,
though they are most deeply interested in the dis-
covery, as its use must be abandoned -if no remedy
is found. I hope this may attract the attention of
scientific men to the subject. - -S. B. F.
New York, July, 1860. - -
Penetration of Projectiles at Different Di& tances from
the Muzzle.
MEssRs. EDITOgS You inquire if I have demon-
strated that the penetrative power of a rifle bullet is
greater at a distance of twenty feet from the rhuzzle
than at one foot from it. I have tested the matter
to my satisfaction with the following results :---For
every inch a bullet will penetrate a uniformjy hard
substance, at a distance of one foot from the muzzle,
it will only penetrate .97916+ of an inch at the
muzzle; at a distance of five feet, it will penetrate
1.015625 inches; at ten feet, 1.0415+; at twenty
feet, - 1-0865 inches; and from this onward, the
power to penetrate gradually decret~ses. -
- Theory :The projectile force does not cease to act
on the bullet at the, muzzle, but follows it up for
some distance; still pushing it forward, which accel-
erates its motion. - As long - as the force behind the
bullet is greater than the resistance of the - atmo-
sphere before it, the~motion will become more and
more accelerated; but as soon as the, projectile force
is so far exhausted as to be only equal to the resist-
ance before the ball, from that point its velocity is
gradually retarded. The place, then, where the
penetration of a rifle bullet will be greatest, must be
just where the force behind, and the resistance before,
it are equal; which will be found to be at or near
twenty feet. G. BUcHANAN.
Hickory, Pa., July 10, 1863.
ONE of our exchanges, the Cumberland (Md.)
Union, issued on the 4th of July, signalized the day
by printing two sides of -its impression in red and
blue ink, which, on the white paper, was emblemat-
ical of our national colors, and proclaimed emphati-
cally the sentiments of the proprietors; they must
ha~e~ had -considerable trouble in displaying their
loyalty s6conspicuously. -71
ample water space is provided round the fire-box as
well. If this last Is constructed with sloping sides,
it adds not only to the durability of the plates of which
it Is composed, but enables the boiler to supply dry
steam ~ven with the heavie~t loads. Priming is far
more due to defective circulation than to anything
else , and with proper attention to the means of
providing for this in the best manner, and by the
use of perforated pipes, we see no reason why the
unsightly and expensive dome may not be banished
from our engines.
Steam Don ~s for LocomotiveL
The following extracts are taken from s~ very ~en-
sible article on the above-named eubject,. in the
Mechanics Magazine (London)
Our engineers still seem to regard the steam
dome as an indispensable adjunct to the locomotive;
at least, few or none are built without them.. In-
deed there seems to be rather a tendency to increass
their size, and over-estimate their importance: due
in some measure, perhaps, to the increased adoption
of the flush boiler, which is not considered to be so
well suited to the supply of dry. steam, as those Ha~~ Nuts.
which have the outside fire-box shell considerably Hazel nuts are the fruit of the wild bush of Gory-
raised above the cylindrical portion of the, boiler. lus Avellana, unchanged or unimproved by cultiva~
Vhe advantages held out hy the dome are, however, tion. The fruit differs from that of the domesticated
niore than doubtful, and can scarcely compensate varieties only in being smaller, while the tree Is more
for the additional weight and expense incurred by hardy. This plant, which is a native of all the
its use; although it is urged that without it consid- cooler parts of Europe, Northern Asia, and North
erable difficulty is always experienced from priming. America, is the parent of the many varieties of nuts
This, at best, but proves that such contrivances may and filberts now cultivated for their fruit. The Ill-
be employed as a means of repairing faults of design bert is the fruit of the tubulo~a variety of the Gory-
In other departments of the engine; and by no ins Avellana. The term was originally applied to
means demonstrates as a fact that they are actually those kinds of nuts which have very long husks;
indispensable, or, indeed, deserving of general adop- but owing to the number of varieties that have of
tion. In many engines we find them either omitted late years been obtained, this distinction, which was
altogether, without at all impairing the efficiency of never scientific, appears to be nearly disregarded,
the machine; or of such small size that they bear and nuts and filberts are almost synonymous terms,
no comparison with.the huge edifices recently intro- excepting. that the wild uncultivated fruit and
duced. Bury scarcely ever used the steam dome in those varieties which most nearly approach it are
its preseutform. Tiue, he placed an immense hem- never called filberts. In order to preserve filberts In
ispherical affair over his fire-box; but this, in all a fresh and plump state, it is only necessary to prt-
cases, formed part of the external shell, and was vent their parting with their moisture by evapora-
merely a means of supplying the steam room. For- tion. Burying them in heaps in the earth, putting
esters small domes were placed on an outside fire- them in earthern jars in a cellar, and covering them
box shell, the top of which was already raised 12 or with dry sand are all excellent plans. The hazel
14 inches above the barrel. Such domes did not con- nut of America is smaller than that of Spain, but
tam a cylinder full of steam; and were only intended it possesses a more pleasant taste, and might be
to permit the elevation of the steam-pipe to a good gathered in large quantities in many places. It is
distance above the water levela plan since carried however, never gathered like chesnuts for the mar-
out by other makers with good results. Stephenson, ket, all the filberts and hazel nuts sold are imported.
it is true, did of old, as his successors do now, pre- About 182,000 bushels are exported from Spain an-
tend to the extension of steam room by the use of nually.
large domes: though the advantages gained from
them in that way can be realized by far better The Difference between Man and Ape.
arrangements. At a recent ordinary meeting of the Anthropologi
All things considered, if proper care be taken to cal Society (London, Eng,) a discussion took place on
secure perfect circulation in the water, we consider the above-named subject, after the reading of a paper,
them unnecessary and inj urious. It is not very easy On the Brain of -a Microcephalic Female Idiot.
to make a good dome. Its welding is a job which Professor Owen observed that as the brain of man is
requires both skill and care; and the difficulty ex- more complex in its organization than the brain of
pei~ienced to some extent in making up the joint be- inferior animals, it Is more subject to injury, and
tween it and the boiler shell, together with the cost more liable to experience the want of perfect devel-
of the outside ornameatal casting, constitute it a opment. Instances of idiocy occur among all races
very considerable item of expense. Its connection of mankind. Extreme smallness of the skull mdi-
with the boiler also must in some degree weakcn the cated in all cases want of intellect appros~hing to
latter, by rendering an aperture of considerable size idiocy. Alluding to the attemPts that h~ave been
necessary. Although a man-hole is always requisite made to find a link of connection between man. and
to permit the proper inspection of the interior of apes, he remarked that it was possible that an idiot
the boiler, it does not follow, as a matter of course, with an imperfectly developed brain might wander
that this is best closed by a steam dome. The con- into some cave, and there die, and in two or three
trary is the fact; for the dome should be placed for- hundred years his bones might be covered with mud,
ward when the ebullition is least; while the proper or be imbedded in stalagmite, and. when discovered,
situation for the man-hole is, undoubtedly, over the such a skull might be adduced as affording th~
fire-box. Indeed we find one there as often as not; looked-for link connecting man with the inferior
while a steam dome is fixed near the chimney, and animals; but the brain of such an idiot as the female
supplied with an amount of internal apparatus, suffi- whose skull was exhibited is distinctly different from
dent to prevent its use as an entrance to the barrel. that of the anthropoid apes; and he expressed an
A very slight increase in the diameter of a boiler, opinion that the difference is too wide to be, bridged
will easily provide as much additional steam room over by the skull of any creature yet discovered.
as a very large dome can supply, and does it, too,
without extra expense or trouble, or weakening the Machinery and Hand Labor.
boiler to any appreciable extent: not so much indeed Not such a great while ago our thread was spun
as a large hole in the shell can do. Still some engi- between the thumb and the finger, and all our cloth
neers seem to consider it necessary that the steam woven in the clumsiest of hand-looms. Now, by
should be drawn from a point considerably above the means of a spinning-jenny and weaving machinery,
water level; a conclusion scarcely borne out in prac- one person will make as much as two hundred yards
tice: as we find very many engines, both here and of cloth in a day. Before the invention of the cotton
in America, getting on without domes; and supply- gin, one person could not prepare one pound of cot-
Ing steam to the cylinders dry enough to cause no ton so easily as he can now prepare one hundred
complaint. pounds. Our grandmothers could barely knit one
A flush boiler, however, undisfigured by a dome, pair of socks in a daynow, by means of a machine,
is, in our opinion, absolutely necessary to that beauty one little girl can turn out a hundred dollars worth
and simplicity of appearance which is such a charac- of knitted materials in a day. A few years ago we
- teristic of the best class of locomotive. Dry steam were told it took seventeen men to make a complete
may easily be obtained by the use of one or more pin; now the machine is fed with the raw material,
perforated pipes traversing the upper part of the which is not touched again until rolled up in papers
boiler. By diffusing the draft of - steam, and not of pins. In Providence, El. I., there is to-day a ma-
permitting it to concentrate at an4r particular place, chine that takes a strip of metal from a coil, and
priming may usually be best avoided, especially if makes two hundred and thirty inches of delicate
chain out of it, in a day. The metals are no longer
worked by handa slow wearing process; they arc
shaved, sawed, bored and hammered, with the great-
est ease and accuracy, as much as if they were of the
softest pine.
An instrument has been contrived and perfected of
exceedingly delicate powers, which measures the
operation of mind itselftells the exact time it takes
for a sensation from the finger to reach the brain
two-tenths of a second! Go into a certain india-
rubber store in New York, and you will find a hun-
dred different articles made of that one staple-only
a few years ago good for nothing but to rub out
marks, and furnish active-jawed young persons some-
thing to chew. As wood gives out, coal pits are
found everywhere. We begin to fear for lights
with which to illuminate our homes, and make all
things cheerful; when lo! oil is distilled from coal,
and we even have streams of it spouting out of the
ground for us to fill our lamps with! Coal tar, once
regarded as useless, is now manufactured into many
different merchantable articles, some of them of great
v~lue.
European Locomotives.
In a paper lately given to the public by 0. K.
Clark,superintendent of machinery at the London
International Exhibition of last year,it is stated
that there were twenty locomotives altogether ex-
hibited, of which eleven were EnglIsh, and nine for-
eign. Fourteen had outside cylinders, and six inside
cylinders. Most of the engines were specially con-
structed for burning coal, a feature which has been
introduced entirely since the former Exhibition of
1851. The English engines were mainly examples
of the standard classes in general use on the princi-
pal English railways. Of the eleven exhibited, seven
had outside cylinders and four had inside cylinders-
The foreign locomotives showed greater variety and
originality of design; and were mainly ~constrncted
for lines with very heavy gradients and sharp curves,
which are generally associated together on railways
in mountainous districts, causing speciaJ. mechanical
difficulties which do not occur in the case of English
railways. The most satisfactory of the plans for sur-
mounting these difficulties is considered to be that
of an articulated or bogie engine, having a single
long boiler of large dimensions, mounted on separate
carriages, with a swivelling connection, each having
its own separate pair of cylinders, working six
coupled wheels placed near together; so that the en-
gine, although of great total length, could readily
pass round very sharp curves, while the whole of the
weight is made available for driving adhesion. A
marked feature of the foreign engines is the position
of the valve gear outside the cylinders; but this Is
considered objectionable-in respect of good workIng
and durability. In the large foreign engines as well
as in some of the English, the holler tubes havebeen
crowded too close together, with the object of obtain-
ing a larger extent of surface, from a mistaken idea
that heating surface is mechanically the equivalent
of evaporative power, without regard to the equally
important consideration of the circulation of the
water amongst the tubes. Another marked differ-
ence between the engines exhibited in 1851, and those
shown in this Exhibition, is that, inthe latter, Gif-
fards injectors have been extensively employed, as a
substitute for the feed pumps universally used at the
former period.
CoAL-Bzns.Heaths mine in Virginia, is repre-
sented to contain a coal bed fifty feet in thickness; a
coal bed near Wilkesbarre, Pa.,is said to be twenty-
five feet thick; at Mauch Chunk is a coal bed forty
to fifty feet deep, and in the basin of the Schuylkill
are fifty alternate seams of coal, twenty-five of
which are more than three feet in thickness. In
Nova Scotia is a coal formation fourteen hundred
feet deep, and containing seventy-five alternate lay-
ers of coal. The Whitehaven coal mine in England.
has been worked twelve hundred feet deep, and ex-
tends a mile under the sea, and the Newcastle coal
mine in the same country has been worked to the
depth of fifteen hundred feet, and bored to a similar
additional depth without finding the bottom of the
coal measure.
Tuz national armory in Springfield, Mass., made,
in the month of June, 25,000 rifled muskets.72
Improved Hoop Skirt Frame.
The close competition which exists in some branch-
es of trade, renders It extremely necessary that no
device or expedient which will facilitate business
should be left unadopted, This is particularly true
of hoopskirt manufacturing, where the successful
prosecution of it depends so much upon the amount
and quality of the work an operator is able to per-
form in a given time. The skirt frame herewith il-
lustrated, is a great improvement upon the old ones
in general use; as it occupies very much less room
on the floor, and is further desirable in that it com-
bines In itself all that is necessary to finish a skirt
quickly and thoroughly.
The frame, A, is mounted on a post, B, and re-
volves freely about it. This post is fixed in the
stand, C, and of course is rigid. The ribs of the
frame, A, unite at the bottom in a circular base,
which has a cross-piece, D,
to center the frame, and
also strengthen it; and
the cross~piece is retained
in its place by the pins, E.
The reel, F, on which the
hoop wire is wound,is con-
tained within the frame,
s~nd also revolves easily
about the post, B. These
are the main features of
the invention.
The objects of it are,
that all parts of the skirt,
and the materials for
making itsuch as the
wire, tapes, & c., on- the
frame, convenience for
glueing the tapes prior to
fastening them perman-
ently with metallic clasps,
the arrangement of the
wire reel within the frame
are entirely under the
operators eye and hand,
and save much time and
labor to all. The skirts,
when finished, are hoisted
up over the frame, and
suspended from the ceiling
by a cord ; this disposition
of the work keeps it in
perfect shape, and does
not displace the tapes, as
in the old method of re-
moving the skirts when
gluedgathering them up
in a mass, and hanging
them on the wall. So also
with the reelmany ad-
vantages are obtained
from placing it in the po-
sition shown in the en-
graving, instead of below the skirt frame near the
floor, as is the case in other skirt frames, where the
clean wire is soiled by dust and glue which drop upon
it. It is also feasible to use two different kinds of
wire on this reela feature which, we are assured,
is impossible in ordinary frames. The wire also runs
off at a regular and even rate of speed, as it is used
by the operator; and is not in the way, nor does it
require to be pulled off; but is readily controlled as
required. The cross-piece of the frame, at the bot-
tom, may be instantly removed when necessary to
fill the reel with wire, or for any other purpose, by
simply withdrawing the wooden pins; the frame
may then be lifted off clenr of the pedestal. These
features render this frame a very convenient appara-
tus. It was patented through the Scientific Ameri-
can Patent Agency, on June 9, 1863, by James F. J.
Gunning, of New York city. One half of the patent
hasbeen assigned to S. T. and A. T. Myer. Further
information can be had by addressing the patentee,
at 401 Broadway, New York.
THE OLIER PATENT FOR SECURITY PAPER.
This patent, issued June 9, 1863, to J. P. Olier, of
France, was granted for new and improved meth-
ods of making a security paper, to prevent counter-
feiting of bank-notes, & c., as well as alteration of
public and private writings; and applicable to an
opaque pasteboard for playing cards, railway and
other tickets. The Oiler paper is now secured by
patent in all the principal countries of Europe,
and has been adopted by the national authorities in
several, while pending negotiations promise to ex-
tend its utilities still further. It is adopted by the
Bank of France, which may be regarded as the
mother of this invention; since it was under its direc-
tion, supervision, and actuation, and to satisfy its
necessities, that the experiments were instituted and
carried on, which culminated in success.
The Olier paper is a fabric, distinct in idea, manu-
facture, and appearance, as well as in its properties,
from every other paper previously known. Beauti-
ful in texture and appearance, extremely pliant and
durable, and, by its unmistakeable external peculiar-
ity, offering a sure warrant of authenticity; this
valuable product of French ingenuity and skill fulfils
every condition demanded in a security paper.
The Olier paper is made at the form, by hand; like
the paper now used by the United States Treasury
Department. It is composed of three layersa col-
ored enclosed by two white oneswhich, being united
on the form before drying, constitute a single insepa-
rable sheet. The middle colored layer is the distin-
guishing feature of the invention; and according to
its nature, are the different qualities that adapt it to
various uses.
The paper intended for bank-bills, has its interior
layer colored with an indelible substance, which re-
slats the bleaching action of acids, and which pro-
duces a beautiful and ineffaceable water-mark, or
fihigraine, resembling an engraving, in the middle of
the paper. In the varying thicknesses of this col-
oring arise the clears and shadows of the drawing,
which are distinctly perceptible when the sheet lies
horizontally, in a brighter tracery of white than the
general surface, and which, on the contrary, are
black when the sheet is held vertically. When lying
fiat, the surface is marked with a distinct drawing,
boldly relieved from the general tone of the paper,
and exactly similar on both sides. But the grand
peculiarity of this paper is, that every effect shown
at the surface, is reversed when the sheet is inter-
posed between the eye and the light. This effect can-
not be produced except by one process, known only
to Mr. Oiler. It cannot be imitated by photography.
cannot be destroyed by chemical actiondefies use
foils imitatio~iand (so long as one particle of the
fabric remains) shows itself as an unanswerable proof
that the bill came only from one source, and must
be genuine.
The interior layer, when colored with a volatile
ink, forms a safety paper, which perfectly opposes
any alteration of what may be written upon it.
When the ink of the writing reaches the middle layer
(which it is sure to do), any agent or solvent, used
to obliterate the inscription, instantly decolors the
interior coat as well, and leaves an ineffaceable sign
of fraud upon the surface. The surface being origin-
ally white, no interior color can be introduced when
it is once abstracted; and any attempt to erase the
writing by scratching, uncovers the middle coat, and
leaves a blue or black
blotch where the attempt
is made. The whole
sheetcannotbebleavhed,
for the water-marks,
clouded and clear, can-
not be restored. At once
will be seen the vital
interest of this paper to
all who desire to execute
writings that depend
upon their immunity
from alteration for their
legality. Wills, deeds,
bonds, mortgages, cer-
tificates, checks, drafts,
promissory notes, bills
of exchange, and writ-
ings of a commercial or
public nature, by this
paper are secured from
fraud.
When the middle layer
is thickened and deep-
ened, and enclosed be-
tween denser layers, it
forms a beautiful white
pasteboard, glossy and
smooth as ivory; and,
no matter how thin,
perfectly opaque to the
strongest, light. Cards
may be made from it
wholly white, like leaves
of ivory, save the face;
and since they are formed
of a pasteboard through-
out, not liable to warp
or split, like the ordina-
ry cards, which are com-
posed of two or three
sheets, glued together.
This pasteboard may also
be water-marked, and thus used for tickets, which
cannot be counterfeited.
The last branch of this patent includes the produc-
tion of a commodity not elsewhere found in the trade:
i. e., a paper made from hemp, wonderfully thin and
tough, yet bearing a distinct water-mark, and capable
of taking a perfect impression of the finest steel en-
graving, dry. This is owing to a peculiar ingredient,
mixed with the paste. Nothing like this fabric ex-
ists in the trade; and its unparalleled strength,
pliancy, and durability, as well as its peculiar proper-
ties, must speedily make it a desideratum in the use-
ful arts.
Any further particulars may be learned by personal
interview with Edmond Gastim$au, 21 Pearl street,
New York.
OIL CREEK ]IAILROAI,.The Erie (Pa.) Dis~patch
states that this road is doing an immense business
for one of its length. It brings out to Corry not
less than 2,200 barrels of oil daily, and its mixed
freight going South will average nearly half that
amount of bulk. The completion of the road from
Titusville to Oil City, is being pushed forward as rap-
idly as the scarcity of labor will permit. Four miles
of the route beyond Titusville are ready for the iron,
and the remainder will be graded and the track laid
down by the lstbf September next.
GUNNINGS PATENT HOOP-SKIRT FRAME.73
MUNN & VOMIANY, Editors and Proprietors.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
& t No.37 Park how (Park Building), Now York.
0. D. HUNK, 5. H. WALES. A. H. BEACH.
E
TSR XISThree Dollars per annumOne Dollar In advance, for
four months.
Single copies of the paper are on sale at the office of publication, and
at all periodical stores in the United States and Canada.
Sampson Low, Son & .Co., the American Eool~seUers, No. 47 Ludgate
lull, London, England, are the British Agents to receive subscriptions
tor the SODusTIFIc Axssawia.
~ See Prospectus on last page. No traveling agents employed.
VOL. IX, NO. .... [NEW Szauzs.J Nineteenth Year.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, AUGUST 1, i863.
B~EG GUNS--WHY THEY FAIL.
We publish on another page a communication from
A Rifleman, in which he indulges in a free criti-
cism upon the folly of attempting the use of Ad-
miral Dahigrens gun in the reduction of rebel
strongholds. There is considerable force in his
arguments, and they ought to arrest the attention
of the Navy Department. We were assured by a
friend of ours who witnessed the reduction of Fort
Pulaski, near Sava~nnah, that the rifled guns of Par-
rott, and Jamess shells, were far more effective than
anything else in compelling the surrender of that
stronghold. So terrible was their effect, that an
opening was made in the fort large enough to admit
the entrance of a storming force, had it been neces-
sary. We are also assured from other sources, that
the brave and accomplished General Gilmore, now
commanding the Siege of Charleston, has declared
that he c@uld have taken Fort Pulaski with ~two of
those rifled guns, at one-tenth the cost which attended
the attack; and if permitted to arm the iron-dads
or even part of themwith those guns, and shells,
he could take Sumter, or any other fort in possession
of the rebels. We are also informed that Mr. Parrott
offered to furnish, gratuitously, four of his very
largest rifled guns (300-pounders); and that another
party offered to furnish the Jamess shell onthe same
terms, upon condition that two of the Monitors
should be armed with them for the fight; but that
the offer was declined, because Dahlgren insisted on
firing his own gun instead.
We d~ not undertake to vouch for the full truth
of these statements; but their truth or falsity can
be easily ascertained. We have~ no idea ~that the
Government intends to neglect the use of the most
powerful me~tns at its command to put down rebel-
lion; but we are inclined to think that our amiable
Secretary of the Navy is sometimes blinded to the
real merits of powerful ordnance, which has not the
sanction of those whose axes are continually upon
the public grindstone. Admiral Dahlgren for in-
stance, has long been chief of ordnance of the Navy
Department. He is an able and accomplished man;
and we hope he may succeed in his attack upon
Charleston; but we fear that his prejudices are very
closely bound up in Dahigrens naval gun. It is the
offspring of his own brain, and he very naturally
cherishes it; but it does appear to us that the Secre-
tary of the Navy might at least have the indepen-
dence to accept the offer of Mr. Parrott, and allow
one or two Monitor ves3els to have something besides
the Dahlgren gun. Let the experiment be fairly
tried; and if Dahlgrens gun proves to be the best,
its use will be continued; if not, the supporters of
- the Government have a right to expectthat its fur-
ther use will be dispensed with.
EXPANSIVE WORKING OF STEAM IN MARINE
ENGINES.
In ocean steam navigation, the expenditure in-
volved is much greater, proportionally, as the length
of the voyage is increased. This is due, not only to
the greater length of time necessarily occupied, and
the greater quantity of materials consumed: but
also to the sp co required for the materials to ope-
ate the vessel, which might otherwise be occupied
by available paying cargo. Thus the coal required
for a ten days voyage, is double the quantity needed
for a five days trip; and as all the fuel must be car-
ried by the vessel, it occupies double space, and
necessitates the consumption of more power to carry
it. The reduction of the quantity of coal usually
consumed in ocean voyages, is a problem to which
the attention of almost every inventive mind should
be directed; for notwithstanding the numerous im-
provements which have been made in steam engineer-
ing, utot a tithe of the heat-force of the fuel under
combustion has yet been economized, and trans-
formed into the mechanical power required for pro.
pelling vessels. There is, therefore, a large and in-
viting field presented to inventors, in this direction,
for developing improvements. An article upon this
subject from the Engineer (London), affords eviflence
of the interest taken in it by European engineers.
SIMPLE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES.
While visiting one of our large engineering estab-
lishments lately, the superintendent pointed to a
pile resembling a hay stack, covered with sail cloth,
and with a humorous twinkle of the eye, said, a
big thing there. Lifting one end of the cover, he
told us to take a look, which we did ; but such a com-
bination never before met our gaze. It was a steam-
engine on wheels ;, and was provided with cog-wheels,
sectors, bell-cranks, levers, and mechanical devices
innumerable, packed as closely together as the works
in a watch. Some men are II Jack of all trades;
master of none ; and there are some machines de-
signed to do an indescribable numbei of things, which
are good for no one thing. This machine was
one of those wonderful contrivances. It was in-
tended to act as a common road engine, steam-plow,
saw-mill, and several other things. But it was so
complicated in arrangement as tQ be considered to-
tally worthless for practical purposes; from the fre-
quent leakages and disorder to which it was liable,
and the difficulty of managing it properly. Simplic-
ityof mechanism, is one of the great aims of thor-
oughly practical, common-sense engineers; and,
above all other machines in the world, simplicity is
most essential ,to ~a locomotive engine, either for rail
or road. It is quite different from an engine that
has a fixed position in a boat, or in a building; be-
ing subject to so many concussions and vicissitudes
in moving itself. It should be constructed of as few
parts as possible; in order to secure simplicity,
lightness, and strength. The locomotives called
dummy engines, have been constructed to obviate
a most senseless objection, which has been made to
simple, common, high-pressure locomotiyes. The
dummy is a condensing engine, which in addition to
all the parts of a common locomotive, is provided
with a condenser, extra pump, and other devices, in-
volving extra weight, and complex mechanism; sim-
ply to make dumb the usual noise of the exhaust in the
smoke pipe, while the engine is passing through
streets. Every locomotive engineer knows that con-
densing engines are totally unfit for general railway
purposes. Depending upon condensing engines, we
never would have had our splendid railway system.
The public in town and country should know that
the common, simple, high-pressure locomotive, is
safer than horses or dummies, and is more easily con-
trolled; and that th~ prejudice against its use upon
railways is worthy of the ignorance of the dark
ages.~~
THE VALUE OF RESEARCH.
Aside from the natural phenomena of the globe,
most of the material operations upon it depend on
skilled labor, and the intelligent co-operation of the
human hand and brain. Today, the chemist un-
folds the secret of some subtle compound, or won-
drous dye; to-morrow, the mechanic in his workshop
combines anew the wheel, the pulley, and the axle,
and from them produces a new and valuable ma-
chine. So also with the weaver. He intertwines in
his fabric aspirations, hopes, and desires, which seem
to tinge the bright pattern he elaborates. These ar-
tisans, members of separate and distinct callings, did
not obtain their elementary knowledge and skill by
intuition : they acquired it by close, untiring study,
and continuous research.
At this very moment the earth teems with wealth,
undiscovered, and unknown, only waiting to be
brought to light by the industry and perseverance of
man. Nature has, locked up in her laboratory, vast
stores of riches, which generations yet unborn shall
delve and dig for. In one way or another, the natu-
ral forces of the globe are continually developing new
features useful and ornamental to man. Quite re-
cently have been discovered the beautiful aniline
dyes, rivalling those of Tyre in their richness. But
lately the Franklinite ore has been discovered,a
metal which bids fair to inaugurate a new era in iron
castings. In brief, either new substances, or else in-
genious combinations of old ones, are continually
brought to public notice.
It is very true that a lucky thought may some-
times occur to anyone, which put in practice, pro-
duces a rich reward to the fortunate possessor. In
like manner, an idler strolling in the mountains,
may stumble on, and pick up a diamond. Bat, in
general, neither fortunes nor diamonds are to be had
in this way; and the only sure guide to their posses-
sion is through diligent study, and careful attention
to a single subject. How often in the history of in-
vention and discovery do we hear of the struggles of
an inventor before his ideas are perfected; but how
certain and gratifying the reward, when the inven-
tion is of unmistakable utility. A man who has a
talent for invention is the owner of a mine of wealth
if he only works it properly; and he is just as truly
a public benefactor in his way as Franklin or Fulton.
Even he who invents the deadliest gun, or makes the
most impenetrable iron-clad ship, is also humanita-
rian in principle. The destruction of those engaged
in it, tends largely to limit the prosecution of war,
and confine its ravages. Men will learn the art of
war no longer just so soon as they invent guns or de-
fenses of a kind that preclude the possibility of suc-
cess to either side. When this occurs, and not till
then, shall the races of the earth cease to harrass and
annoy each other. Inver~tors, whoever you are, and
whatever the product of your ingenuity may be, turn
into the Patent Office what you have patiently elabo-
rated; and avail yourselves of its facilities for further-
ing your interests: thus at the outset making assurance
doubly sure, so that no vexatious delay or failure
may occur through your submitting an imperfect, or
badly constructed model. Your reward is as sure to
follow, as the reaper is certain to gather in the pro-
dfuct of the seed he has sown, when harvest time
comes round.
RIOTS AND MOB LAW.
The recent scandalous exhibitions of mob law which
have disgraced the city are now over. The fires of
passion are not quenched however, but smoulder.
Within the confines of a great city is gathered every
conceivable degree of moral worth and i~orthlessness.
Restraint being removed, law being overborne,~ riot
ensues as a natural consequence. The infekence is
plain; had the same prompt action ensued ~in this
city which was adopted in Boston and other places
upon the first appearance of the outbreak, families
would not i& ow mourn, property would not have
been sacrificed, and the integrity and majesty of the
law would have been unassailed. The same spirit
reigns to day that existed two weeks ago, and were
the authorities, either actually, or by confession or
implication unable to stem the tide of ruin, similar
scenes would be re-enacted. The riot was evidently
planned before-hand, and carried out upon some
basis of co-operation; not effectually, as of course it
could not be. In proof of this statement we can
cite personal knowledge of inflammatory telegrams
dispatched from this city to the towns adjoining,
which were pre-eminently calculated to cause trouble,
and incite resistance to the lawfully constituted au-
thorities. The panic which reigned here supreme for
the first three days, extended also to the rural dis-
tricts; but was promptly met by the energy of the
authorities. It could as easily have been disposed of
among us, had not incompetency, or something worse,
left the city undefended.
Of the political character ascribed to the mob we
say nothing, because words are worse than useless
on that head. If there was any deep-seated deter-
mination on the part of the rioters to deter the Gov-
ernment from carrying out the conscription, the fu-
tility of such a course is fully apparent now. We
do not believe, however, that any such animus con-74
trolled them; and as for the assertion that the riot-
ers were composed of mechanics, we utterly deny it.
Our mechanics as a ~ are notoriously intelligent,
thinking men; and because a few laborers frQm the
foundries turned out, or were forced to, by the most
turbulent, the whole mob has been characterized as
a popular outbreak of workingmen. Men who sweep
our str~ets and dig dirt are not mechanics ;. and it is
a libel on the most industrious class of our citizens
to say that they formed any considerable portion of
the lawless crowd. The real source from which the
rioters were encouraged, and recruited, was, and is,
the mobs of young men who stand about street cor-
ners; without any special means of support they
are yet dressed in the extreme mode, talk loudly,
insult women, and are an unmitigated nuisance.
Why they are permitted to thus congregate is a
mystery to all well-disposed persons.
The mob who raged uncontrolled during the mem-
orable week past, have had their counterpart in days
bygone in large cities ~ibroad; and the fiendish spirit
which animated them has been as savagely exhibited
in the past as it was but recently. Atrocities of
the most appalling kind, wholesale plunder, and in-
discriminate destruction, are necessarily the results
of mob rule. Let not the lesson be lost upon the
authorities here and elsewhere. Mercy to the riot-
ously disposed, is but an encouragement to them to
continue their misdeeds; and the only alternative is
to meet force with force, and violence by an unre-
lenting exercise of the full power of the law. Even
yet we are told that the riot is not quelled, but has
only subsided; and that upon any attempt to carry
out the .conscription, all the scenes of the last out-
break will be renewed. These threats will not, we
trust, deter the authorities from executing the law
to the letter. The thunder mutters in the distance,
long after the storm has passed; so the turbulent
threaten after their power to injure has left them,
Watchfulness and determination are yet imperative-
ly necessary; and if these are exercised we have no
fear that any renewed lawlessness will again disgrace
our city.
EXPERIMENTS WITH BOILING WATER.
Some very remarkable observations on the ebulli-
tion of water were made several years ago by Pro-
fessor Denny of Ghent. An account of these was
published, and attracted general attention; especially
as it was then stated, for the first time, we believe,
that water deprived of atmospheric air exploded at
a comparatively low temperature. The attention of
Mr., W. IR. Grove, F. R. S., having been directed to
the snbject, he has made a large number of experi-
ments with boiling water, of which he lately gave
an account before the Chemical Society of London.
He placed a flask containing hot water under the
receiver of an air- pump, and arranged in con-
nection therewith a platinum wire, which could be
heated, to a tolerably constant temperature beneath
the surface of the water, by a galvanic battery.
When the air was exhausted, ebullition occurred at
intervals of about a minute, upon which , a burst of
vapor would almost eject the contents of the flask.
On this action increasing, the water would again be-
come perfectly tranquil, and remain so for a minute,
when another tumultuous ebullition would occur,,
to be succeeded by a period of rest; and the same
phenomena would be repeated at such regular inter-
vals, that the apparatus might almost serve as an in-
dicator of time. If a thermometer were placed in
the flask, it would be found that the temperature al-
ternately rose and fell some few- degrees. Indeed it
could not be asserted that the boiling point of water
- was constant, for it depended upon the amount of
air in solution; and ~Mr. Grove believed that no one
had yet succeeded in observing the boiling point of
absolutely pure water.
As a proof of the difficulty experienced in entirely
expelling the air (or dissolved gas) from water, he
cited the following experiment:A long glass tube
closed at one extremity, was bent in The middle
to nearly a right angle; the closed limb was then
half filled with water, from which, by long boiling,
the air was supposed to have been expelled; the re-
maining space in the tube was then completely filled
with olive oil, and the open extremity wa~ dipped
into a small basin of the same. Heat was then ap
plied to the tube until the water boiled and this,
temperature was maintained for a considerable time.
Each bubble of steam which left the surface of the
water passed through the column of oil, becoming
smaller and smaller during its ascent ; but it never
condensed without leaving a microscopic bubble
of gas, which at length accumulated to such an ex-
tent that it could be examined. It was found to
consist of pure nitrogen; and he had never succeed-
ed in expelling the whole of this gas from the water.
The evaporation of nineteen-twentieths of the water
did not secure the remainder from being mixed with
nitrogen. On boiling ordinary water, air containing
a slightly increased proportion of oxygen was first
driven off, the oxygen gradually diminishing until
pure nitrogen was expelled. The avidity with which
such water again absorbs air is remarkable. In the
expressive words of Mr. Grove, it sucks it up again
almost as asponge takes up water. By a slight
modification in the apparatus, the experiment was
repeated with mercury, instead of oil, In contact
with the boiling water. It furnished a similar re-
sult.
A number of facts regarding the solubility of gas
in water were finally enumerated. The general con-
clusion drawn from the experiments, was to the ef-
fect that water had a very powerful affinity for the
gases of the atmosphere; that the oxygen could be
eliminated by several processes, but the nitrogen
resisted all attempts to expel it from solution; so
much so that it might be doubted whether chemi-
cally pure water (i. e., a compound of the two ele-
ments, oxygen and hydrogen, only), had ever been
prepared; and further, that ebullition (as applied
to water), under all circumstances, consisted merely
in the production and disengagement of bubbles of
aqueous vapor, formed upon a nucleus of permanent
gas. The question, therefore, was raised as to
whether nitrogen is so absolutely inert a body as had
formerly been supposed?
ANTIQUITY OF XAN~
The period of mans habitation on this globe, is a
question which has lately attracted much attention,
and caused great discussion among scientific men,
and in the community generally. Not many years
since, the opinion was very commonly entertained,
based upon Scriptural chronology, that man first ap-
peared upon the earth about six thousand years ago.
The sculptured monuments of primeval civilization,
as well as the history of all past ages, seen~ to sup-
ply evidence that man is but a creature of yesterday
a comparatively recent dweller on this sphere.
Quite lately, however, some curious and interesting
relics of pre-historic races have been discovered,
which are received by many men of science as fur-
nishing proof of a much higher antiquity than has
been usually ascribed to the human race. It is in
respect to these relics that the controversy is now
raised. We give a resume of the argumentfirst
presenting the subject as it has been understood geo-
logically.
The various strata which compose the crust of the
earth appear to have been formed at different periods
of time, under different conditions, and of different
materials. In one class of rocks, certain fossils are
found; in other strata placed above these, different
fossils are discovered; and so the paleontological
remains continue to vary in the different strata, from
the eider to the more recent formations. Geologists
do not pretend to tell the exact ages of these success-
ive stratifications; but it is generally believed that
great epochs of timehundreds of thousands of
years at leastwere necessary to their formation.
The ancient seas, lagoons, and swamps, ,swarmed
with strange creaturesmollusca and reptileaand
the dry land occupied for ages by numerous races of
animals which in time became extinct, to be replaced
by new and higher creations. Fossils of the ele-
phant and rhinoceros have been exhumed from the
chalk beds of London, and the clay beds of New
York, among which no human remains were found.
And thus the general testimony of geology has been
regarded as favoring the view which recognizes man
as a comparatively modern denizen of the globe;
and that his advent occurred only some six thousand
years ago. The later discoveries which militate
against this theory respecting which some of our re-
ligious periodicals~ have declaimed with greater zeal
thnn knowledge, are of a peculiar character. ~o
these we will direct attention in scientific ord~
leaving the facts to make their own proper imp~.
sion.
The diluvium, or drift, of geologists, consists of
deposits of clay, sand, gravel, boulders, & c., extend-
ing over a great portion of the earths surfacefrom
the Polar regions to about 350 latitude, north and
south. At one time these were supposed to have re-
sulted from the Noachian deluge. The formation of
these diluvial deposits is believqd to have preceded
the extinction of the mastodon giganteusthe bones of
which have been found exhumed from bogs on the
surface of the drift, in New York and New Jersey.
The diluvial deposit containing these remains has
been identified on both sides of the Niagara Valley;
where it could only have been depositedaccording
to Sir Charles Lyellbefore the chasm was made in
the ilver. By his calculations, the drift period can-
not approach to within 80,000 years of the time com-
monly assigned for the introduction of man upon
the earth.
The facts seemingly opposed t~ such s view are as
follows :A few years since, M. Boucher de Perthes
a French investigator-while examining the gravel-
beds of the Somme, France, which have been con-
sidered as belonging to the diluvian periodfound a
number~~f rudeflint hatchets, and spear and arrow-
heads. The publication of an account of his discov-
eries led to similar searches in England, and other
parts of Europe; when many relics of the same
character were found, mixed, in some cases, with
bones of the northern elephant and other ,animals,
which were supposed to have become extinct before
man appeared on the globe; Here was apparent
evidence, at least 80,000 years prior to the historic
period! But some doubt still hovered over this tes-
timony to the great antiquity of our race, no human
remains having been observed with the old flint in-
struments. Such remains, however, have at last
turned up, M. Perthes having discovered a hu-
man jaw in the supposed. diluvium near Abbeville,
France.
The news of this discovery caused intense excite-
ment among the savans of Paris and Londoa: and
four deputies from the latter city, viz Mr., Prest
wich, Mr. Busk, and Drs. Falconer and Carpenter
went over to Paris on the 9th of last month, for the
purpose of holding an inquest on this ancient relic of
humanity, in conjunction with five members of the
Institute of France. When first examined, it was in
the condition in which it was when obtained from
the gravel-bed, and was considered to be the jaw of~
an old man of low stature, of a type similar to the
Laplander. After a photograph of it had been taken,
it was washed, and sawn through the middle. The
walls of the bone, and the single tooth remaining,
looked so fresh that some doubt was cast upon the
genuineness of the discovery. On the suggestion of
the president, the commission proceeded to Abbeville,
for their own satisfaction, and examined the deposit
where the jaw was found. Old flint hatchets and
other instruments were there exhumed before the
wondering eyes of the members, many of whom
were thus convinced of the reliability of the state-
ments made by M. Perthes. But even this was not
received by all the assembled sevens as conclusive
proof of the great antiquity of mankind a different
effect was produced.. In a published note on the
subject, Dr. Falconer says of this venerable memento
of the past :~ The character which it presents,
taken in connection with the conditions under which
it lay, are not consistent with the said jaw being of
very great antiquity. When the subject was brought
before the French Academy of Science, M. Elie de
Beaumontone of the commissionerswent further
than Dr. Falconer, and stated that in his opinion the
gravel deposit where it was found did not belong to
the diluvian age at all, but was of a more modern
date; and that he did not believe in the existence of
man contemporaneously with the extinct el~phant
and rhinoceros of the diluvian era.
This is the position in which, viewed scientific~d
the question of the antiquity of the human famiiy
now stands. But whatever the result of such inves-
tigations may be, it is a singular fact that no human
remains of the ante-deluvians spoken of in Scripture
have yet been discovered. This circumstance should
lead investigators to pause, and not be too hasty in75
attributing such an age as 30~000 years to the relics J (among them Hon Thurlow Weed who generously
of our race, whether discovered, in the diluvial de- gave $500), have nobly responded to the call made
posits of France or any other part of the world. We upon their generosity. Eminent merchants of this
have examined drawings of the old flint arrow-heads city have made speeches, voted money, and adopted
of the pre-histo nc European races, and find that they resolutions promising relief and protection to the
correspond in similitude to the flint arrow-heads of colored people, who stand in sore need of it. To
the living aborigines of the American continent this material aid, may be added the offers of assist-
particularly those inhabiting the regions in the ance made by the first lawyers in New York to the
Straits of Magellan. outraged and despoiled negroes. The city and county
are as liable for damages inflicted on the colored
SOME FACTS CONCERNING REPTILES. people of this metropolis, asthey are for all Other
losses suffered by our citizens during the late riot,
which amount in the aggregate to $447,100. It is
the intention of the lawyers aforesaid to prosecute
the claims of any colored person who may desire it,
without delay, and wi