Brasses

Brass instruments include the trumpet, trombone, French horn, tuba,
and other instruments consisting of a horn driven by lip vibrations at
one end. The mouthpiece of a brass instrument is generally
cup-shaped, and the lips vibrate at a frequency near that of the
sounding note.

There are three main components needed in synthesis models for brass
instruments: the mouthpiece, bore, and bell. Both cylindrical and
conical bores
are accurately modeled using digital waveguide techniques, as
discussed in previous chapters (see §C.18 for further discussion).
However, bore models may need to
simulate nonlinear shock wave formation at high dynamic levels
[199,344], which is relatively expensive to
do [538]. The bell, which flares more rapidly
than conical (typically
exponentially10.22) does not support true traveling
waves [360], and so it must be modeled using a more general
simulation technique, such as by means of reflection and transmissionfilters (discussed in §9.7.2 below).