18th South African Parliament

This is a list of the members of the 18th South African Parliament, who served in the House of Assembly, they were elected in the South African general election, 1981 on 29 April 1981. This was the eighteenth general election since the unification of the country in 1910 and the sixth since a republican constitution was adopted in 1961.

Contents

The table below gives the number of registered voters (all of whom were classified as white under the apartheid legislation) and parliamentary seats, on the day of the election, broken down by Province,[1] the provinces are those which existed prior to 1994.

The first column is the name of the Electoral Division, the second is the province (abbreviated to CP, Nat, OFS and Tvl respectively). The third is the name of the MP, the fourth column is the MPs party.[2]

MPs elected in the South African general election, 1981 for the 18th Parliament (1981–1987)[edit]

1.
Parliament of South Africa
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The Parliament of South Africa is South Africas legislature and under the countrys current Constitution is composed of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. It has undergone many transformations as a result of the countrys torturous history, from 1910 to 1994, it was elected mainly by South Africas white minority, before the first elections with universal suffrage were held in 1994. The predecessor of the Parliament of South Africa, before the 1910 Union of South Africa, was the bicameral Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope and this was composed of the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council. The buildings of the Cape Parliament went on to house the Parliament of South Africa, when the Union of South Africa was established in 1910, the Parliament was bicameral and consisted of the King or the Queen, the Senate, and the House of Assembly. The King was represented by the Governor-General, the Senate consisted of senators nominated by the four provinces, and by the Governor-General, initially for a period of ten years. The number of senators was changed from time to time, the Senate was chaired by a President of the Senate chosen by the senators from among themselves. The House of Assembly consisted of members who were elected by the voters. Each MP represented a district, and most of them were elected on the basis of their political party. The number of constituencies and parliamentary seats was increased from time to time, the House was chaired by a Speaker chosen by the MPs from among themselves. Only white men could be senators or MPs, in 1934, Parliament was declared the sovereign legislative power in and over the Union. From 1950, white voters in South West Africa, which was under South African administration at that time, were represented by four senators and six MPs. From 1957, Coloured voters were separated from the whites – in the Senate they were represented by separate senators, representation of black voters was ended in 1960. Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1960, in a referendum held in 1960, a small majority of the white voters approved the conversion of the country from a Commonwealth Realm to a republic. The Republic of South Africa was established in 1961, the only change made to the composition of the Parliament was the substitution of the State President for the Queen. A few significant changes were later, Coloured representation was ended in 1968. South West Africa ceased to be represented in Parliament from 1977, the Senate was abolished in 1981, changing Parliament to a unicameral legislature. A new Constitution, introduced in 1984, re-enfranchised the Coloured population, each house consisted of members elected to represent constituencies, plus a few additional members elected by the MPs, and some nominated by the State President. Each house legislated on own affairs exclusive to its own race group, in practice, the House of Assembly, which had more MPs than the other two houses combined, continued to dominate the legislature

2.
26th South African Parliament
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The 26th South African Parliament is the fifth Parliament of South Africa to convene since the introduction of multiracial government in South Africa in 1994. It was elected in the election of 7 May 2014 and consists of the National Assembly. The National Assembly contains 400 members, while the National Council of Provinces contains 90 members, members of Parliament were sworn in on 21 May 2014. The 26th parliament first convened on 21 May 2014 to elect Jacob Zuma as the democratically elected President of South Africa. It was formally opened by president Zumas State of the Nation Address in a joint sitting on 17 June 2014,13 Different political parties are represented in this parliament. The Speaker of the National Assembly, Baleka Mbete and Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces, Thandi Modise, the presiding officers of parliament, Mmatlala Boroto, Cedric Frolick and Thoko Didiza were elected on 18 June 2014. Mmusi Maimane was elected parliamentary Leader of the Opposition in a DA election in May 2014, several DA and EFF MPs were shoved and pushed when trying to intervene with police in order to support Mashabela. DA chief whip John Steenhuisen said of the incident, “Four of my members, after the speaker of parliament told the DA that it was unclear who were and were not members of the police, all the DA MPs walked out of the sitting. List of National Assembly members of the 26th Parliament of South Africa

3.
House of Assembly of South Africa
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The members were elected by first-past-the-post voting in single-member electoral divisions. The elected additional members were chosen by proportional representation, by means of the single transferable vote, the South Africa Act 1909 provided that the franchise in each province should be the same as that in the corresponding colony before the Union, until altered by the Union Parliament. The franchise, in all parts of the Union, was limited to men over the age of 21. White women were enfranchised in 1929 and the property and income qualifications affecting white men were abolished in 1930. The voting age was reduced to 18 in the 1960s, there were some additional qualifications and disqualifications which varied between provinces. The voters in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and South-West Africa had to be qualified white people, the Cape of Good Hope had a franchise based on property and wage qualifications, open to people of all races. From 1930, the traditional Cape franchise only affected non-white electors, the 1929 and 1930 extensions of white voting rights were not granted to the non-white majority of the population. Until 1937, a number of blacks in the Cape Province were included on the common voters roll. Under the Representation of Natives Act, three members were elected to represent black voters in the province, with the voters roll being limited to only 11000. In 1960, these seats were abolished, coloured electors complying with qualifications were subsequently given four white MPs between 1958 and 1970. These seats were abolished in 1968 through the Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act,1968 and this removed all political representation for non-whites in South Africa, Indians had never had any parliamentary representation. Natal had a theoretically non-racial franchise, which was similar to from the property, in practice, few non-white electors ever qualified to vote under it. It was estimated, in 1908, that 200 non-Europeans out of a total of 22,786 electors had secured franchise rights, in 1935, there was one black elector in Natal. He retained the general roll franchise when the Cape black voters lost it, in 1949, the South West Africa Affairs Amendment Act extended parliament representation to South West Africas white minority, who elected six MPs to the House of Assembly. They were first elected in 1950, with the territory being represented in the South African Parliament until 1977, South-West Africas representation in the South African Parliament was abolished in 1977, to pave the way for independence for the territory. However, Walvis Bay was transferred back to the Cape Province, from 1980, it formed part of the Green Point constituency in Cape Town, before becoming a separate constituency in 1982. J

4.
Apartheid
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Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The countrys first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994, Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party during the countrys 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990, with the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900, the policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive, for instance, the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state. Places of residence were determined by racial classification, from 1960 to 1983,3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the population to ten designated tribal homelands, also known as bantustans. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans, Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups. In 1990, prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention, Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991, pending multiracial elections set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning separateness, or the state of being apart and its first recorded use was in 1929. The governors and assemblies that governed the process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters, in 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. Ordinance No.49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 and this was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The Glen Grey Act of 1894, instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold, in 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act required all Indians to register and carry passes, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill, which banned land sales to Indians. The United Party government began to move away from the enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II

5.
Cape Province
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The Province of the Cape of Good Hope, commonly referred to as the Cape Province, was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, and had Cape Town as its capital, following the end of the Apartheid era, the Cape Province was split up to form the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, the original Cape Colony was renamed the Cape Province. It was by far the largest of South Africas four provinces, as it contained regions it had previously annexed, such as British Bechuanaland, Griqualand East and Griqualand West. As a result, it encompassed two-thirds of South Africas territory, at the time of the formation of the Union of South Africa, the entire region now called South Africa was only four provinces, Transvaal, Natal, Orange Free State and the Cape Province. Before union, the Cape Colony had traditionally implemented a system of franchise, whereby qualifications for suffrage were applied equally to all males. During the union negotiations, the Cape Prime Minister, John X. Merriman fought unsuccessfully to extend this multi-racial franchise system to the rest of South Africa and this failed, as it was strongly opposed by the other constituent states which were determined to entrench white rule. After union, the Cape Province was permitted to keep a restricted version of its multi-racial qualified franchise, over the following years, successive acts were passed to erode this colour-blind voters roll. In 1931, the franchise qualifications were removed for white voters. In 1956, the Apartheid government removed all remaining suffrage rights for non-whites, the government had to appoint many extra senators in parliament to force through this change. During the apartheid era the country was divided into a number of pieces which were known as the four TBVC States. These were created by the government in order to enforce its policy of racial segregation. Griqualand East was transferred to Natal Province after the Transkei was declared independent, the Transkei and Ciskei regions were declared independent of South Africa, after they were formerly part of the Cape Province. After the first fully democratic elections in 1994, these bantustans were reunited with the rest of the country, the Cape Province was broken up into three smaller provinces, the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape. Parts of it were absorbed into the North West. Walvis Bay, a territory of the original Cape Colony, was ceded to Namibia, districts of the province and population at the 1991 census. Provinces of South Africa A history of the Cape Province Archives kept at Cape Town

6.
Natal Province
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The Province of Natal, commonly called the Natal Province, was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994. The Natal Province included the bantustan of KwaZulu, the majority of the white population were English-speaking, causing Natal to become the only province to vote no to the creation of a republic in the referendum of 1960. In the latter part of the 1980s, Natal was in a state of violence that only ended with the first multiracial election in 1994, in 1994, the KwaZulu bantustan was reincorporated into the territory of Natal and the province redesignated KwaZulu-Natal. Districts of the province and population at the time of the 1991 census, coat of arms of Natal Mtetwa Empire Zululand Natalia Republic Colony of Natal KwaZulu-Natal

7.
Transvaal Province
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The Province of the Transvaal, commonly referred to as the Transvaal Province was a province of South Africa from 1910 until the end of apartheid in 1994, when a new constitution subdivided it. The name Transvaal refers to the geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the countrys, in 1910, four British colonies united to form the Union of South Africa. The Transvaal Colony, which had formed out of the bulk of the old South African Republic after the Second Boer War. Half a century later, in 1961, the union ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the PWV conurbation in the Transvaal, centered on Pretoria and Johannesburg, became South Africas economic powerhouse, a position it still holds today as Gauteng province. In 1994, after the fall of apartheid, the provinces were restructured. The south-central portion became Gauteng, the northern portion became Limpopo, most of the North West came from the southwestern portion of the old Transvaal, and tiny segment of the Transvaal joined KwaZulu-Natal. Except on the south-west, these borders were mostly defined by natural features. Several Bantustans were entirely inside the Transvaal, Venda, KwaNdebele, Gazankulu, KaNgwane, parts of Bophuthatswana were also in the Transvaal, with other parts in Cape Province and Orange Free State. Within the Transvaal lies the Waterberg Massif, a prominent ancient geological feature of the South African landscape, districts of the province and population at the 1991 census

8.
Progressive Federal Party
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The Progressive Federal Party was a South African political party formed in 1977. It advocated power-sharing in South Africa through a constitution, in place of apartheid. The party was preceded by the Progressive Party as the opposition to the National Party. While the main opposition United Party contained liberal factions, the PP had for years been the only purely liberal party represented in parliament. A realignment began when members of the UP left to found the Reform Party in 1975. The PFP would become the opposition in the 1977 election, winning 17 seats. Another well known parliamentarian and prominent member of the party was Harry Schwarz who had led the Reform Party and he was the chairman of the Federal Executive, finance spokesman and defence spokesman. He was regarded as the PFPs greatest parliamentary performer and was amongst the most prominent and it was ousted as the official opposition by the far-right Conservative Party in the whites-only parliamentary elections held on May 6,1987. This electoral blow led many of the PFPs leaders to question the value of participating in the whites-only parliament, in 1989, the PFP and NDM merged with another small white reformist party, the Independent Party, to form the Democratic Party, predecessor to the modern Democratic Alliance. Leaders of the Progressive Federal Party, Federalism Liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Liberalism worldwide List of liberal parties Liberal democracy Liberalism in South Africa

9.
National Party (South Africa)
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The National Party was a political party in South Africa founded in 1915 and first became the governing party of the country in 1924. It was in opposition during the World War II years but returned to power and was again in government from 4 June 1948 until 9 May 1994, at this time, it began implementing its policy of racial segregation, known as apartheid. Members of the National Party were sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats, the policies of the party included apartheid, the establishment of a republic, and the promotion of Afrikaner culture. During the 1980s, large fractions of the support base left for the Conservative Party. After 1990, the NP opened up its membership to all groups and rebranded itself as a non-racial. It participated in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996, in an attempt to better distance itself from its past, the party was renamed the New National Party in 1997. The attempt was unsuccessful and the new party was disbanded in 2005. The National Party was founded in Bloemfontein in 1915 by Afrikaner nationalists soon after the establishment of the Union of South Africa. Its founding was rooted in disagreements among South African Party politicians, particularly Prime Minister Louis Botha and his first Minister of Justice, after Hertzog began speaking out publicly against the Botha governments one-stream policy in 1912, Botha removed him from the cabinet. Afrikaner nationalists in the Transvaal and Cape provinces soon followed suit, the NP first came to power in coalition with the Labour Party in 1924, with Hertzog as Prime Minister. In 1930, the Hertzog government worked to undermine the vote of Coloureds by granting the right to vote to white women, in 1934, Hertzog agreed to merge his National Party with the rival South African Party of Jan Smuts to form the United Party. A hardline faction of Afrikaner nationalists, led by Daniel François Malan, refused to accept the merger, the Purified National Party used opposition to South African participation in World War II to stir up anti-British feelings amongst Afrikaners. In 1951, the two amalgamated to once again known simply as the National Party. In 1959, the Bantu Self-Government Act established so-called Homelands for ten different black tribes. The ultimate goal of the NP was to move all Black South Africans into one of these homelands, leaving what was left of South Africa with what would then be a White majority, at least on paper. Accordingly, the three parliamentary seats that had been reserved for white representatives of black South Africans in Cape Province were scrapped. The other three provinces – Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Natal – had never allowed any black representation, Coloureds were removed from the Common Roll of Cape Province in 1953. Instead of voting for the representatives as white South Africans

10.
New Republic Party (South Africa)
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The New Republic Party was a South African political party. It was formed as the successor to the disbanded United Party in 1977, the United Party had been the main opposition in the House of Assembly since it lost power in the 1948 election, but it was severely weakened by a split in 1975. To gain new support, the UP then merged with the Democratic Party to form the New Republic Party in 1977. After the UP wound up, the last UP leader, Sir de Villiers Graaff served as the national leader of the new party. Before the 1977 election, Graaff resigned and Cadman became the national leader, the NRP held 23 seats at the dissolution of parliament, in 1977, down from the 41 the United Party had held previously. The 1977 South African general election left the New Republic Party with only 10 parliamentary seats, as Cadman was defeated in the election, a new leader was needed. Vause Raw was elected leader of the New Republic Party, after this the partys support base stabilized somewhat, and it lost only 2 seats in the 1981 South African general election, while retaining eight. While it had lost its representation in other provinces, it formed the Government in the Provincial Council in Natal. In 1984, Raw was replaced as leader by Bill Sutton, Sutton retained his seat until the 1989 election. The primary policy of the NRP was to introduce a multi-chambered parliament, with a chamber each for whites, coloureds, Indians, however, in 1982 the Nationalist government announced plans for a Tricameral Parliament, which was to represent coloureds, Indians, and whites. Blacks were not represented, even though the government no longer officially expected them to migrate to the bantustans, nevertheless, the Tricameral Parliaments marked similarity to the NRPs policy meant that it was increasingly difficult to strike a moderate course between the NP and the liberal PFP. The Tricameral policy, and an announcement that it would talk to revolutionary groups, there was now little enough space for the PFP to occupy on the left of white public opinion, and no room whatsoever for the NRP to split the difference between the NP and the PFP. This was shown by the disastrous showing in the 1987 election. On dissolving the party, Sutton recommended that party members throw their support to the Independent Party of Dennis Worrall, the IP and other NRP remnants would later merge with the PFP to form the Democratic Party which later became the Democratic Alliance

11.
P. W. Botha
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First elected to Parliament in 1948, Botha was an outspoken opponent of majority rule and international communism. However, his administration did make concessions towards political reform, whereas internal unrest saw widespread human rights abuses at the hands of the government. Botha resigned the leadership of the ruling National Party in February 1989 after suffering a stroke, in F. W. de Klerks 1992 referendum Botha campaigned for a No vote and denounced De Klerks administration as irresponsible by opening the door to black majority rule. For his refusal, he was fined and given a jail sentence for crimes against human rights. Shortly before his death in late 2006, he renewed his opposition towards egalitarian democracy in favour of a system based upon the principles of separate development. Pieter Willem Botha was born on a farm in the Paul Roux district of the Orange Free State Province and his father, Pieter Willem Botha Sr. fought as a commando against the British in the Second Boer War. His mother, Hendrina Christina Botha, was interned in a British concentration camp during the war, Botha initially attended the Paul Roux School and matriculated from Voortrekker Secondary School in Bethlehem, South Africa. In 1934, he entered the Grey University College in Bloemfontein to study law and he began working for the National Party as a political organiser in the neighbouring Cape Province. In the run-up to World War II, Botha joined the Ossewabrandwag, however, with Allied victory looming in Europe, Botha condemned the Ossewabrandwag and changed his ideological allegiance to Christian nationalism instead. In 1943, Botha married Anna Elizabeth Rossouw, the couple had two sons and three daughters. In 1958 Botha was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs by Hendrik Verwoerd and he was appointed Minister for Defense by Verwoerds successor B. J. Vorster, upon Verwoerds murder, in 1966. In the final ballot, he beat Connie Mulder, the scandals namesake. Though generally considered a conservative, Botha was also seen as far more pragmatic than his predecessor, upon enacting the reforms, he remarked in the House of Assembly, We must adapt or die. On becoming head of the government, Botha retained the portfolio until October 1980. From his ascension to the cabinet, Botha pursued a military policy designed to increase South Africas military capability. He sought to improve relations with the West – especially the United States –, in 1977, as Minister of Defence he began a secret nuclear weapons program, which culminated in the production of six nuclear bombs destroyed only in the early 1990s. He remained steadfast in South Africas administration of the neighbouring territory South-West Africa, Botha was responsible for introducing the notorious police counter-insurgency unit, Koevoet. He was also instrumental in building the South African Defence Forces strength, adding momentum to establishing units such as 32 Battalion

12.
Helen Suzman
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Helen Suzman, DBE was a liberal South African anti-apartheid activist and politician. Suzman, a citizen of South Africa, was born Helen Gavronsky in 1917 to Samuel and Frieda Gavronsky. Suzman matriculated in 1933 from Parktown Convent, Johannesburg and she studied as an economist and statistician at Witwatersrand University. At age 19, she married Dr Moses Suzman, who was older than she was. She returned to university lecturing in 1944, later giving up her teaching vocation to enter politics and she was elected to the House of Assembly in 1953 as a member of the United Party for the Houghton constituency in Johannesburg. Suzman and eleven other members of the United Party broke away to form the Progressive Party in 1959. At the 1961 general election all the other Progressive MPs lost their seats and she was often harassed by the police and her phone was tapped by them. She had a technique for dealing with eavesdropping, which was to blow a whistle into the mouthpiece of the phone. She found herself more of an outsider because she was an English-speaking Jewish woman in a parliament dominated by Calvinist Afrikaner men. She was once accused by a minister of asking questions in parliament that embarrassed South Africa, to which she replied, It is not my questions that embarrass South Africa, it is your answers. Later, as parliamentary white opposition to apartheid grew, the Progressive Party merged with Harry Schwarzs Reform Party and it was renamed the Progressive Federal Party, and Suzman was joined in parliament by notable liberal colleagues such as Colin Eglin. She spent a total of 36 years in parliament and she visited Nelson Mandela on numerous occasions while he was in prison, and was present when he signed the new constitution in 1996. While working from within the system, she earned the respect of Nelson Mandela, always outspoken and independent, she spoke out against the regime but at times opposed Mr. Mandelas policies. She opposed economic sanctions as counter productive and harmful to poor blacks, after Mandelas release she was prominent among those. Who persuaded him to drop the ANCs revolutionary program in favour of a one, retaining a market economy. She continued to be a critic after the fall of Apartheid and she was critical of Mandela when he praised Muammar Qaddafi as a supporter of human rights. The ANC and SACP were critical of her method of opposition to Apartheid and she was denounced as an agent of colonialism and part of the system as well as for her failure to back sanctions. Former Queen of South Africa, Elizabeth II made her an honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1989 and she was voted #24 in the Top 100 Great South Africans TV series

13.
Magnus Malan
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Malans father was a professor of biochemistry at the University of Pretoria and later a Member of Parliament and Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of the House of Assembly. He started his school education at the Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool but later moved to Dr Danie Craven’s Physical Education Brigade in Kimberley. He wanted to join the South African armed forces immediately after his matric, as a result of this advice, Malan enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch in 1949 to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree. However, he abandoned his studies in Stellenbosch and went to University of Pretoria. In 1962 Malan married Magrietha Johanna van der Walt, the couple had two sons and one daughter and he was commissioned in the Navy and served in the Marines based on Robben Island. When they were disbanded, he was transferred back into the Army as a lieutenant and he went on to serve as commanding officer of various formations, including Western Province Command, South-West Africa Command, and the South African Military Academy. In 1973 he was appointed as Chief of the South African Army, as Chief of the SADF he implemented many administrative changes that earned him great respect in military circles. During this period he became close to P. W. Botha. As a result of this appointment he joined the National Party and he was also elected to be a member of the Executive Council of the National Party. The strike craft SAS Magnus Malan of the South African Navy was named after him prior to the change of government in 1994, on 2 November 1995 Malan was charged together with other former senior military officers for murdering 13 people in the KwaMakhutha massacre in 1987. The murders were said to have part of a conspiracy to create war between the African National Congress and the Zulu Inkatha Freedom Party, and maintaining white minority rule. The charges related to an attack in January 1987 on the home of Victor Ntuli, Malan and the other accused were bailed and ordered to appear in court again on 1 December 1995. A seven-month trial then ensued and brought hostility between black and white South Africans to the once again. All the accused were eventually acquitted, president Mandela called on South Africans to respect the verdict. Nonetheless in South Africa, the Malan trial has come to be seen by some as a failure of the legal process, Malan also had to appear before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. On 26 January 2007, he was interviewed by shortwave/Internet talk radio show The Right Perspective and it is believed to be one of the very few, if not the only, interviews Gen. Malan gave outside of South Africa. In 2006 he published an autobiography titled My life with the SA Defence Force Malan died at his home in Pretoria on 18 July 2011 and he was survived by his wife,3 children and 9 grandchildren. The interview of 2007 Obituary of General Magnus Malan, The Daily Telegraph,19 July 2011

14.
Colin Eglin
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Colin Wells Eglin was a South African politician best known for having served as national leader of the opposition from 1977–79 and 1986-87. He represented Sea Point in the South African Parliament from 1958–61, described by Nelson Mandela as one of the architects of democracy, Eglin played a leading role in the drafting of the countrys post-apartheid constitution. Eglin was born in 1925 in Sea Point, the son of Carl August Eglin and his wife and he had just turned nine when his father died in July 1934. He later wrote, He had been ill for a long time and he interrupted his studies in 1943 during the Second World War to join the South African Army. He became an instructor in the anti-aircraft unit in Cape Town. He was then sent to a unit in Egypt and transferred to Italy. He took part in the South African assault on Monte Sole, after the War he remained in Italy for nine months, waiting for demobilisation. During this period he undertook courses in Archaeology and Town Planning. He graduated from the University of Cape Town with a BSc degree in quantity surveying in 1946, Eglin was a member of Pinelands Municipal Council from 1951-1954. He was elected as a United Party Cape Province Provincial Councillor in 1954 and he was elected unopposed as MP for the Peninsula constituency in 1958. He left the United Party to become a member of the Progressive Party in 1959. Eglin became the leader of the Progressive Party in February 1971, Eglin was at first outside Parliament but he was elected for the Cape Town seat of Sea Point in the April 1974 General Election, when five other PP candidates joined Helen Suzman in Parliament. In February 1975, UP liberal leader Harry Schwarz was expelled from the party along with several others, the two parties, which shared an anti-apartheid ideology, entered into negotiations to merge, which resulted in the creation of the Progressive Reform Party in July 1975. Eglin was elected leader after Schwarz agreed not to stand for the leadership and was appointed Chairman of the National Executive and he became leader of the Progressive Federal Party in 1977, following a merger with the Committee for United Opposition that had also broken away from the United Party. Eglin was the leader of the official Opposition 1977-79 and he was replaced as leader by Frederik van Zyl Slabbert in 1979, when Eglin became Shadow Foreign Minister, a post he would hold until 1986. From 1986-88 Eglin was again party leader, following the resignation of Slabbert and he was official Opposition leader until 1987, when the right-wing Conservative Party became the official opposition party. Zach de Beer took over as leader of the Progressive Federal Party in 1988, the party merged with other groups to become the Democratic Party in 1989 and then the Democratic Alliance in 2000. Eglin continued to serve in the segregated House of Assembly until it was abolished in 1994, colin Eglin was made an Officer of the Order of the Disa in 2005

15.
F. W. de Klerk
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Frederik Willem de Klerk is a South African politician who served as the countrys State President from August 1989 to May 1994. He was the seventh and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era, De Klerk was also leader of the National Party from February 1989 to September 1997. He won the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize in 1991, the Prince of Asturias Award in 1992 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 along with Nelson Mandela for his role in the ending of apartheid. He was one of the deputy presidents of South Africa during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996, in 1997 he retired from active politics. He continues to remain active as a lecturer internationally, after the deaths of P. W. Botha in 2006 and Marais Viljoen in 2007, de Klerk is the last surviving State President of South Africa. The name de Klerk is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, De Klerk noted that he is also of Dutch descent, with an Indian ancestor from the late 1600s or early 1700s. He is also said to be descended from the Khoi interpreter known as Krotoa or Eva, De Klerk graduated from Monument High School in Krugersdorp. De Klerk graduated in 1958 from the Potchefstroom University with BA, following graduation, de Klerk practised law in Vereeniging in the Transvaal. In 1959 he married Marike Willemse, with whom he had two sons and a daughter and he came from a family environment in which the conservatism of traditional white South African politics was deeply ingrained. His paternal great-grandfather was Senator Johannes Cornelis Jan van Rooy and his aunt was married to NP Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom. In 1948, the year when the NP swept to power in elections on an apartheid platform. His brother Willem is a liberal newspaperman and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. F. W. pronounced eff-veer, as he became known, was first elected to the House of Assembly in 1969 as the member for Vereeniging. De Klerk had been offered a professorship of law at Potchefstroom in 1972. In 1978, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare, under Prime Minister and later State President P. W. He became Transvaal provincial National Party leader in 1982 and chairman of the Ministers Council in the House of Assembly in 1985, for most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation. The NPs Transvaal branch was historically the most staunchly conservative wing of the party and it thus came as a surprise when in 1989 he placed himself at the head of verligte forces within the governing party which had come to believe that apartheid could not be maintained forever. This wing favoured beginning negotiations while there was time to get reasonable terms

16.
Andries Treurnicht
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Andries Petrus Treurnicht was a South African politician, Minister of Education during the Soweto Riots and for a short time leader of the National Party in Transvaal. In 1982 he founded and led the Conservative Party of South Africa whose successes among the electorate made him Leader of the Opposition in 1987. He was born in Piketberg and began his life as a journalist, being editor of Die Kerkbode. He was a sportsman, excelling on the rugby field. After obtaining his MA in Theology at the University of Stellenbosch and he subsequently entered the Dutch Reformed Church, serving various congregations as minister for 14 years. He was elected Deputy Chairman of the Cape Synod and later of the General Synod and he married Engela Dreyer on 18 January 1949. In 1971, he became the National Party MP for Waterberg, newly appointed as Deputy Minister of Education in 1976, his instruction to implement the policy that black students should be taught half in English, half in Afrikaans triggered the Soweto Riots. In 1978, he was chosen, over the heads of 12 ministers, as Leader of the National Party in the Transvaal, and, in 1979, he became Minister of State for Administration and of Statistics. On 20 March 1982, he and 22 other MPs quit the National Party to form the Conservative Party to oppose P. W. Botha and the National Partys limited reforms to apartheid. In 1987, the Conservative Party became the opposition in the House of Assembly, winning 550,000 votes. In June 1989, accompanied by Clive Derby-Lewis, Carl Werth, already nicknamed Doctor No, in 1992, he led the opposition campaign during the referendum called by F. W. de Klerk to gain white approval for negotiations to end apartheid. This campaign marked the peak of Conservative support in South Africa, gaining just under one million votes, Treurnicht was the author of no fewer than 16 books, many in the cultural field. He died on 22 April 1993, in Cape Town, during a heart operation and his death came shortly after the Conservative Party suffered a major blow with the arrest of senior member Clive Derby-Lewis for the murder of Chris Hani. His former deputy minister, Ferdinand Hartzenberg, became the last leader of the Conservative Party,1991 interview with the Los Angeles Times

17.
Harry Schwarz
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In the 1964 Rivonia Trial he was a defence lawyer. He was in the opposition for over 40 years and was a member of the Democratic Party. Described as South Africas most feisty politician and a maverick, he was known for his parliamentary clashes with the apartheid government over its racial. In his political career spanning 43 years, in which he gained respect from across the political spectrum, in 1988 he received the Order for Meritorious Service and received several Honorary Doctorates. He was also one of the South African Jewish communitys foremost leaders, Nelson Mandela, a friend of his whom he visited while in prison, described him as a champion of the poor. Harry Schwarz was born Heinz Schwarz to Fritz and Alma Schwarz in Cologne and his family belonged to the Glockengasse Synagogue. He arrived in South Africa as a Jewish refugee from Germany in 1934 with his mother and younger brother Kurt and his father Fritz, a Social Democratic Party activist, left for South Africa the night the Nazis came to power. They boarded the SS Giulio Cesare in Genoa, Italy which took them to South Africa, when they arrived in Cape Town they stayed in one room in a house in Kloof Street. Schwarz described how he was lucky as eventually he was able to sleep in a bathroom in a rusty bath and he spoke no Afrikaans or English at first and had strong memories of being taunted on the schoolyard for being different. Schwarz stated in an interview in 1991 that I know what the word means, not because Ive read it in a book. And I know what it means to be hungry, the discrimination and financial difficulties of his family left a strong impression on Schwarz and helped shape his political philosophy with its emphasis on social justice and the rule of law. He attended Tamboerskloof School and South African College Schools in Cape Town, following his graduation from school in 1943, he was offered a job working for a top stockbroker, as well as a university scholarship. However, Schwarz instead joined the South African Air Force during World War II in order to defeat Nazism and he served as a navigator and fought in North Africa, Crete and Italy. It was in the air force that he adopted the name Harry and he was in 15 Squadron and seconded to the RAF. In 1984 he was made an Honorary Colonel of the 15th Squadron and he joined the United Party and assisted in the 1948 election. However, as a result of the National Party victory, he was determined to more active and was elected Chairman of the United Party branch at the university. He argued that the National Partys victory in 1948 was reversible, in an interview in 1991, Schwarz said on the National Party victory that “To me, they were the people who had supported Germany during the war. As a young man, it was very objectionable to me that the very people I had been fighting against were the people that the National Party had supported. ”He was also president of the universitys ex-servicemens league and chair of the Law Students Council