Text description for Chart 1.Estimates of immigrant earnings based on two methods

This line chart consists of two panels, each presenting hypothetical relationships between immigrants' earnings and years since immigration. The first panel is labeled "Cross-sectional method" and the second panel is labeled "Stationary-earnings-growth method." In both panels the vertical axis is labeled "earnings" and the horizontal axis is labeled "Years in the United States." Because the panels are illustrative, no specific values are given on the earnings axis, and only year zero and year 10 are indicated on the years in the United States axis.

The first panel is annotated "earnings growth based on a single cross section of census data for year t." A straight line connects a point labeled "A" in the lower left of the panel with a point labeled "D" in the upper right of the panel. Point A is defined as "entry earnings of cohort t, measured in year t." Point D is defined as "earnings after 10 years in the United States of cohort t minus 10, measured in year t." The line AD is defined as "estimated earnings trajectory." A point labeled "C" appears directly above point A, slightly above the midpoint of the earnings scale. Point C is defined as "unobserved entry earnings of cohort t minus 10." This panel has no point B.

The second panel is annotated "earnings growth based on two censuses, for year t and year t minus 10." Two parallel lines appear in the panel, rising on the earnings scale as they increase on the years scale. The lower line connects points labeled A and B. The higher line connects points labeled C and D. Point A is defined as "entry earnings of cohort t, measured with census t." Point B appears over the 10-year tick on the "years" axis and is not separately defined. The line AB is defined as "estimated earnings trajectory of cohort t." Point C is defined as "entry earnings of cohort t minus 10, measured with census t minus 10." Point D is defined as "earnings after 10 years in the United States of cohort t minus 10, measured with census t."

Text description for Chart 3.The relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) per adult and U.S. median initial earnings of immigrant men

This is a scatter-plot graph. The vertical axis is labeled "median earnings" and ranges from zero to $45,000 in increments of $5,000. The horizontal axis is labeled "GDP per adult as percent of U.S.GDP" and ranges from zero to 120 in increments of 20.

The dots are more tightly clustered to the lower left of the chart, and become more dispersed as they rise on both scales. A straight line indicating central tendency connects a point having the approximate coordinates of $9,000 and 5 percent with a point having the approximate coordinates of $30,000 and 100 percent.