Muckrakers were investigative journalists who exposed corruption in business or government, or examined serious societal issues. Several of the most well-known muckrakers worked for McClure’s Magazine, where they wrote exposés on large companies, meat slaughtering houses, and city governments. These prominent and influential reporters included Ida M. Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair, and Ray Stannard Baker.

Now suppose that you, too, are an investigative journalist. Instead of choosing a business or government, you have been asked to write a piece on one of the muckrakers. Before you can actually flesh out your article you will have to submit an outline for editorial approval. Which muckraker will you investigate? And how much information will you be able to provide?

(100 points)

1. Write a well-constructed outline on one muckraker using the information you collected during your website research. Keep the following points in mind as you write your outline:

• Include important biographical information about the individual’s life.

• Give specific examples of articles and books that were written by the individual. What businesses or government offices were targeted in the exposés?

• What reforms or changes took place as a result of the individual’s writings?

Scoring:|Points |Comment | |5 |The response provides a complete answer to the question. It addresses all parts of the question. It demonstrates thorough | | |understanding of the concepts and facts. It is accurate, relevant, and complete. |...

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...witch-hunts and trials in seventeenth century Salem, Massachusetts. What starts with several girls practicing European white magic in the woods escalates to a massive hysteria, with the "afflicted" girls falsely accusing even the respected women in the community of being witches. Eager to "utterly crush the servants of the devil", church leaders and townspeople insist on trying the accused. The punishment for failing to confess to witchcraft is death by hanging. In the end, many are hanged for imaginary crimes, for which no actual proof is ever presented, the only evidence being the word of a handful of girls.
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<br>Miller wrote The Crucible as a parallel to the anticommunist hysteria in the 1940's. It may also be seen as a mirror to Hitler's Germany, and the pseudo-science of the time which dictated "purity". Today, however, The Crucible shows a resemblance to an entirely different kind of social hysteria. Accusations of sexual-abuse against child-care providers and others are now sometimes referred to as "witch hunts" when the accusers are suspected of lying, as in Miller's play. Children's advocates will of course tell us that we must believe children's claims of abuse, because, tragically, it does occur. However, a recent trend has shown that more and more accusations are false, and even when the accused are found innocent, their lives can be changed forever. This paper will examine the similarities between Miller's The Crucible, and the...

...What caused the Salem witch hunts? |
Michael Kimbrough October 3, 2012 |
The Salem witch trials happen in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft. Some of the colony eventually admitted that the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. Since then, the story of the trials has become famous with paranoia and injustice, and it continues to be in peoples imagination more than 300 years later. |
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In the winter of 1692 and 1693 mass hysteria broke out in a small colonial town of Salem village. Family members were being accused, and neighbors were accusing each other of casting spells, corseting with the devil, and being witches. This was only new in America; France, Italy, Germany, and England it has been going on for more than 300 years. Between, 1400-1600, thousands of people were accused and killed for being witches. The reasoning behind the killing was that in the Christian Bible, Exodus 22:18 “Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.” The early Christian was accepting of all pagan religion, but the Roman Catholic Church saw them as heretics and enemies of the church. In 1231 Pope Gregory IX stared The Inquisition to flush out the heretics, but in 1484 Pope Innocent VIII declared witchcraft heresy, and the punishment was death (http://www.unexplainedstuff.com). The witch hunts were often done by scared and frighten villagers. If you did not...

...DBQ 2: Witch Hunts during the Protestant Reformation
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The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century did something revolutionary
to religion; it brought people back to the scriptures, teaching them to read the Bible for
themselves instead of simply accepting the Church’s interpretation. Martin Luther, John
Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli and other Protestant Reformers denounced certain Church
doctrines and practices because they were not found in scripture; the selling of
indulgences, certain sacraments, and even the existence of the Pope were called into
question. This return to scripture had an unintended consequence, however: people
began to pick out certain passages in the Bible and interpret them literally, at times
applying them to everyday life in violent ways. One vivid example of this phenomena is
the explosion of witch hunting in the late ﬁfteenth through seventeenth centuries. The
inﬂamed religious population created by the Reformation and the discovery of evidence
in Scripture to support the existence of witches fueled a hysteria surrounding witch
hunting that couldn’t be stopped.
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During the Reformation, Luther and other reformers stripped religion of its rituals
and brought passion into it, making it a personal journey and relationship rather than a
cycle of mass, traditions and ceremonies. Every person had the ability to be in touch
with God, and to feel God, and to understand God, which brought religion into people’s...

...Witchcraft and Witch Hunts
During the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe, many were accused of witch hunting and were typically burned to death. This catastrophic phenomenon began when society started to believe that certain individuals had a relationship with satin and engaged in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous. These trials occurred in ecclesiastical and secular courts by both Catholics and Protestants. Europe needed someone to blame their problems on; single women and poor widows were the primary victims of these trials. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the Catholic Church reformed and temperatures were decreasing causing a shortage in food. With such conditions, witch hunts can be said to be a modern response to the changing economic conditions that played on old beliefs.
Witch hunting came in two forms: the first was a form of natural magic, alchemy and the second demonic type of magic came in two forms, maleficia and diabolism. Alchemy was usually practiced by educated men and did not have anything to do with the devil. Alchemy frequently meant turning base metals into fake gold. This natural magic was seen as to achieve good and to create medicine. Demonic magic meant calling upon an evil spirit to gain access to power. This evil magic came in two forms, causing harm to others, maleficia and worshiping satin, diabolism. If thought that someone was doing either of these types of magic...

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Witch Hunts
As you have heard, witch legends credited the accused of some pretty extravagant and crazy things. Witchcraft and Sorcery were serious crimes and as such, had both serious trial procedures and very grave consequences. The people persecuting them, Inquisitors and lead hunters were well respected and thought be to doing good work. All of Europe had Witch trials and witch hunts. (And very famously, so did Salem Massachusetts.) I am going to talk to you a little bit about how two specific countries hunted and tried those accused of maleficium.
As we heard, witches started off as scapegoats to blame a bad crop on. If your milk went bad because you forgot about it in the sun and didn’t want to take the rap, blame a witch! Over time however, witches got progressively more vilified and the crimes they were accused of committing got worse. The trials, treatments and torture got worse. From a modern perspective, where witchcraft is largely a joke rather something people really believe in, the question of identifying witches is intriguing. How do you find a witch? In our minds, you don’t! Very few people nowadays believe in witchcraft and much less in the methods used to determine who was a witch or not. And once you decide who is a witch, what do you do with them?
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Part One:
In Papua New Guinea a mob of at least 50 stripped, tortured, bound, and burned a woman alive accused of witchcraft in front of hundreds of witnesses. The witnesses included many children who were seen taking photos of the brutal killing. The woman was 20 year old mother Kepari Leniata, who had been accused of sorcery by relatives of a 6 year old boy who had died in the hospital a day before her murder. Deputy Police Commissioner Simon Kauba was outraged at the Mount Hagen investigators for not making a single arrest; he expressed his anger by phone. Apparently the public was not cooperating with police but Kakas believes the police at the crime were not working hard enough. The incident happened in broad daylight in front of hundreds of people yet they have not picked up a single suspect.
Every year, there are hundreds of people (mainly women) that are murdered due to witch beliefs. Women are blamed for the illnesses that many people suffer from that are considered “unexplainable”. These killings take place mainly in rural communities where the belief in superstition and magic is very prevalent.
With the help of modern education and the 1971 of the Sorcery Act by the Australian Colonial administration, they have been able to stop some of the accusations and murders, but have not succeeded in eliminating this practice. Overall, the government of Papua New Guinea lacks the motivation to make witch hunting a thing of the past.
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...THE WITCH-HUNT IN MODERN EUROPE By: Brian Levack The Witch-Hunt in Modern Europe by Brian Levack proved to be an interesting as well as insightful look at the intriguing world of the European practice of witchcraft and witch-hunts. The book offers a solid, reasonable interpretation of the accusation, prosecution, and execution for witchcraft in Europe between 1450 and 1750. Levack focuses mainly on the circumstances from which the witch-hunts emerged, as this report will examine. The causes of witch-hunting have been sometimes in publications portrayed differently from reality. The hunts were not prisoner escapee type hunts but rather a hunt that involved the identification of individuals who were believed to be engaged in a secret activity. Sometimes professional witch-hunters carried on the task, but judicial authorities performed most. The cause of most of these hunts is the multi-causal approach, which sees the emergence of new ideas about the witches and changes in the criminal law statutes. Both point to major religious changes and a lot of social tension among society. The intellectual foundations of the hunts were attributed to the witch's face-to-face pact with the devil and the periodic meetings of witches to engage in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous. The cumulative concept of witchcraft pointed immediately to the devil,...

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