Before pruning medium-length low branches

All
low branches were headed back to a 20-inch diameter cylinder in the
lower five feet of the tree at each pruning. Low branches growing up
into the permanent nursery canopy were shortened. No branches were removed
in the lower five feet of the tree. The top of the tree in all four
treatments was pruned similarly to encourage one dominant leader. Click
to the next photo to see this tree after pruning.