Also spoken in:

The language is being passed on from the grandparent generation to children and grandchildren. Home; community; church services; education. Also use Portuguese [por].

Language Development

Five Ukrainian language radio stations and a Ukrainian newspaper. Taught in primary and secondary schools.

Other Comments

Non-indigenous. First wave of immigrants arrived in the 1890s. Due to isolation from Ukraine, Brazilian Ukrainians speak a 100-year-old form of the Galician or Upper Dniestrian dialect. The Brazilian government offers students of Ukrainian heritage scholarships to study at universities in Ukraine. Christian.