Proposed Regulations
pollutants, such that they may be marketed or distributed for
CHAPTER 581. public use in accordance with this chapter.
SEWAGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT REGULATIONS.
"Field office" means either the Environmental Engineering
PART I. Field Office of the Office of Water Programs, or the district or
PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS. local health office through which the division implements its
Article 1. field operations.
Definitions and Terms. "Indirect discharger" means an industrial waste discharger
12 VAC 5-581-10. Definitions. introducing pollutants into treatment works.
Unless otherwise specified, for the purpose of this chapter the "Industrial wastes" means liquid or other wastes resulting from
following words and terms shall have the following meanings any process of industry, manufacture, trade or business, or
unless the context clearly indicates otherwise: from the development of any natural resources.
"Biosolids" means a sewage sludge that has received an "Land application" means the distribution of treated
established treatment for required pathogen control and is wastewater of acceptable quality, referred to as effluent, or
treated or managed to reduce vector attraction to a supernatant from biosolids use facilities or stabilized sewage
satisfactory level and contains limited levels of pollutants, sludge of acceptable quality, referred to as biosolids, upon, or
such that it is acceptable for use by land application, insertion into, the land with a uniform application rate for the
marketing or distribution in accordance with the Biosolids Use purpose of assimilation, utilization and pollutant removal. Bulk
Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.) of the Code of disposal of stabilized sludge in a confined area, such as in
Virginia. landfills, is not land application.
"Board" means the State Board of Health. "Licensee" means an individual holding a valid license issued
by the Board for Waterworks and Wastewater Works
"Certificate" means a permit issued by the State Water Control Operators.
Board in accordance with permit regulations (9 VAC 25-31-10
et seq. and 9 VAC 25-32-10 et seq.). "Licensed operator" means a licensee in the class of the
treatment works who is an operator at the treatment works.
"Commissioner" means the State Health Commissioner.
"Manual" and "Manual of Practice" means Part III (12 VAC 5-
"Critical areas/waters" means areas/waters in proximity to 581-370 et seq.) of the Sewage Collection and Treatment
shellfish waters, a public water supply, recreation or other Regulations.
waters where health or water quality concerns are identified
by the Department or the State Water Control Board. "Operate" means the act of making a decision on one's own
volition (i) to place into or take out of service a unit process or
"Conventional design" means the designs for unit operations unit processes or (ii) to make or cause adjustments in the
(treatment system component) or specific equipment that has operation of a unit process or unit processes at a treatment
been in satisfactory operation for a period of one year or works.
more, for which adequate operational information has been
submitted to the division to verify that the unit operation or "Operating staff" means individuals employed or appointed by
equipment is designed in substantial compliance with this any owner to work at a treatment works. Included in this
chapter. Equipment or processes not considered to be definition are licensees whether or not their license is
conventional may be deemed as alternative or appropriate for the classification and category of the treatment
nonconventional. works.
"Department" means the State Department of Health. "Operator" means any individual employed or appointed by
any owner, and who is designated by such owner to be the
"Discharge" means (when used without qualification) person in responsible charge, such as a supervisor, a shift
discharge of pollutant or any addition of any pollutant or operator, or a substitute in charge, and whose duties include
combination of pollutants to state waters or waters of the testing or evaluation to control treatment works operations.
contiguous zone or ocean other than discharge from a vessel Not included in this definition are superintendents or directors
or other floating craft when being used as a means of of public works, city engineers, or other municipal or industrial
transportation. officials whose duties do not include the actual operation or
"Division" means the division of Wastewater Engineering of direct supervision of a treatment works.
the Office of Environmental Health Services, the "Owner" means the Commonwealth or any of its political
administrative unit responsible for implementing this chapter. subdivisions, including sanitary districts, sanitation district
"Effluent limitations" means any restrictions, or schedules of commissions and authorities, federal agencies, any individual,
compliance, prohibitions or permit requirements established any group of individuals acting individually or as a group, or
under State or Federal law for control of sewage discharges. any public or private institution, corporation, company,
partnership, firm or association which owns or proposes to
"Exceptional quality biosolids" means biosolids that have own a sewerage system or treatment works.
received an established level of treatment for pathogen control
and vector attraction reduction and contain known levels of
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
"Permit" means an authorization granted by the commissioner included in this definition. Liquid sludge contains less than
to construct, or operate either, a sewage collection system, 15% dry residue by weight. Dewatered sludge contains 15%
treatment works, or biosolids use facility. or more dry residue by weight.
"Primary sludge" means sewage sludge removed from primary "Sewerage system" or "sewage collection system" means a
settling tanks designed in accordance with this chapter that is sewage collection system consisting of pipelines or conduits,
readily thickened by gravity thickeners designed in pumping stations and force mains and all other construction,
accordance with this chapter. devices and appliances appurtenant thereto, used for the
collection and conveyance of sewage to a treatment works or
"Point source" means any discernible, confined and discrete point of ultimate disposal.
conveyance, including, but not limited to, any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure or container, "Shall" means a mandatory requirement.
from which pollutants are or may be discharged.
"Should" means a recommendation.
"Pollutant" means any substance, radioactive material, or
waste heat which causes or contributes to, or may cause or "Sludge management" means the treatment, handling,
contribute to, pollution. transportation, use, distribution or disposal of sewage sludge.
"Pollution" means such alteration of the physical, chemical or "State waters" means all water, on the surface and under the
biological properties of any state waters as will, or is likely to, ground, wholly or partially within, or bordering the state or
create a nuisance or render such waters (i) harmful or within its jurisdiction.
detrimental or injurious to the public health, safety or welfare, "Substantial compliance" means designs that do not exactly
or to the health of animals, fish or aquatic life; (ii) unsuitable conform to the guidelines set forth in Part III as contained in
with reasonable treatment for use as present or possible documents submitted pursuant to this chapter but whose
future sources of public water supply; or (iii) unsuitable for construction will not substantially affect health considerations
recreational, commercial, industrial, agricultural or for other or performance of the sewerage system or treatment works.
reasonable uses; provided that: (a) an alteration of the
physical, chemical or biological property of state waters, or "Subsurface disposal" means a sewerage system involving
either a discharge, or a deposit, of sewage, industrial wastes, the controlled distribution of treated sewage effluent below the
or other wastes to state waters by any owner, which by itself is ground surface in a manner that may provide additional
not sufficient to cause pollution, but which, in combination with treatment and assimilation of the effluent within the soil so as
such alteration of, or discharge, or deposit to state waters by not to create a point source discharge or result in pollution of
other owners is sufficient to cause pollution; (b) the discharge surface waters.
of untreated sewage by any owner into state waters; and (c) "Surface waters" means:
contributing to the contravention of standards of water quality
duly established by the State Water Control Board are 1. All waters which are currently used, were used in the
"pollution" for the terms and purposes of this chapter. past, or may be susceptible to use in inter-state or foreign
commerce, including all waters which are subject to the ebb
"Reliability" means a measure of the ability of a component or and flood of the tide;
system to perform its designated function without failure or
interruption of service. 2. All interstate waters, including interstate "wetlands;"
"Responsible charge" means designation by the owner of any 3. All other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams
individual to have the duty and authority to operate a (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats,
treatment works. "wetlands," sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa
lakes, or natural ponds the use, degradation, or destruction
"Sewage" means the water-carried and nonwater-carried of which would affect or could affect interstate or foreign
human excrement, kitchen, laundry, shower, bath or lavatory commerce including any such waters:
wastes, separately or together with such underground,
surface, storm and other water and liquid industrial wastes as a. That are or could be used by interstate or travelers for
may be present from residences, buildings, vehicles, industrial recreational or other purposes;
establishments or other places.
b. From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and
"Settled sewage" is effluent from a basin in which sewage is sold in interstate or foreign commerce; or
held or remains in quiescent conditions for 12 hours or more
c. That are used or could be used for industrial purposes
and the residual sewage sludge is not reintroduced to the
by industries in interstate commerce;
effluent following the holding period. Sewage flows not in
conformance with these conditions providing settled sewage 4. All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as waters
shall be defined as nonsettled sewage. of the United States under this definition;
"Sewage sludge" or "sludge" means any solid, semisolid, or 5. Tributaries of waters identified in subdivisions 1 through 4
liquid residues which contain materials removed from of this definition;
municipal or domestic wastewater during treatment including
primary and secondary residues. Other residuals or solid 6. The territorial sea; and
wastes consisting of materials collected and removed by
sewage treatment, septage and portable toilet wastes are so
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Proposed Regulations
7. "Wetlands" adjacent to waters (other than waters that are B. Establishment. Authority for the regulations and standards
themselves wetlands) identified in subdivisions 1 through 6 contained in this chapter for the operation, construction, or
of this definition. modification of sewerage systems or treatment works are
established, pursuant to §§ 32.1-164 and 62.1-44.19 of the
"Toxic pollutant" means any agent or material including, but Code of Virginia.
not limited to, those listed under § 307(a) of the Clean Water
Act which after discharge will, on the basis of available C. Exception. If the establishment of a regulation or standard
information, cause toxicity. Toxicity means the inherent is necessary for the preservation of public health, safety, or
potential or capacity of a material to cause adverse effects in welfare, the board or commissioner may immediately
a living organism, including acute or chronic effects to aquatic promulgate and adopt the necessary regulation or standard by
life, detrimental effects on human health or other adverse complying with the procedures set forth in § 32.1-13 of the
environmental effects. Code of Virginia or the Administrative Process Act (APA).
"Treatment works" means any device or system used in the 12 VAC 5-581-50. Enforcement.
storage, treatment, disposal or reclamation of sewage or
combinations of sewage and industrial wastes, including but A. Notice. Whenever the commissioner has reason to believe
not limited to pumping, power and other equipment and their that a violation of Title 32.1 or of any of the regulations and
appurtenances, septic tanks and any works, including land, standards contained in this chapter has occurred or is
that are or will be (i) an integral part of the treatment process occurring, the division shall so notify the alleged violator. Such
or (ii) used for ultimate disposal of residues or effluents notice shall be (i) in writing, with a request to the owner to
resulting from such treatment. Treatment works does not respond by providing any pertinent information on this issue
mean either biosolids use facilities or land application of he may wish to; (ii) cite the statute, regulation or regulations
biosolids on private land, as permitted under the Biosolids Use that are allegedly being violated, and (iii) state the facts which
Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.). form the basis for believing that the violation has occurred or
is occurring. Such notification is not an official finding or case
"Variance" means any mechanism or provision which allows a decision nor an adjudication, but may be accompanied by a
conditional approval based on a waiver of specific regulations request that certain corrective action be taken.
to a specific owner relative to a specific situation under
documented conditions for a specified time period. B. Orders. The commissioner may elect to issue enforcement
orders. Pursuant to §32.1-26 of the Code of Virginia, the
"Water quality standards" means the narrative statements for commissioner may issue orders to require any owner to
general requirements and numeric limits for specific comply with the provisions of Title 32.1 or this chapter and
requirements, that describe the water quality necessary to standards contained in this chapter. The order may require:
meet and maintain reasonable and beneficial uses. Such
standards are established by the State Water Control Board 1. The immediate cessation or correction of the violation,
under §62.l-44.15(3a) of the Code of Virginia as the State 2. The acquisition or use of additional equipment, supplies
Water Quality Standards (9 VAC 25-260-10 et seq.). or personnel to ensure that the violation does not recur,
12 VAC 5-581-20. Terms. 3. The submission of a plan to prevent future violations,
Generally used technical terms not defined in this chapter 4. The submission of an application for a variance,
above shall be defined in accordance with "Glossary-Water
and Wastewater Control Engineering" published by American 5. Any other corrective action deemed necessary for proper
Public Health Association (APHA), American Society of Civil compliance with the standards contained in this chapter, or
Engineers (ASCE), American Water Works Association 6. Evaluation and approval, if appropriate, of the required
(AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). submissions, or
Article 2. 7. Compliance.
Procedures.
C. The commissioner may act as the agent of the board to
12 VAC 5-581-30. Compliance with the Administrative enforce all effective orders and compliance with the standards
Process Act. contained in this chapter. Should any owner fail to comply with
The provisions of the Virginia Administrative Process Act any effective order or the standards contained in this chapter,
(Chapter 1.1:1 (§ 9-6.14.1 et seq.) of Title 9 of the Code of the commissioner may:
Virginia) and Title 32.1 govern the adoption and enforcement 1. Institute a proceeding to revoke the owner's permit in
of the regulations and standards contained in the chapter. All accordance with § 32.1-26 of the Code of Virginia,
procedures outlined in this article are in addition to, or in
compliance with, the requirements of that Act. 2. Request the commonwealth attorney to bring a criminal
action,
12 VAC 5-581-40. Extent.
3. Request the Attorney General to bring an action for civil
A. Powers and procedures. The board reserves the right to penalty, injunction, or other appropriate remedy; or
utilize any lawful procedure for the enforcement of this chapter
and standards contained in this chapter. 4. Do any combination of the above.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
D. Not exclusive. All sewerage systems or treatment works should be granted, the commissioner shall consider such
shall be constructed and operated in compliance with the factors as the following:
standards and requirements as set forth in this chapter.
Nothing in this section shall prevent the commissioner or the 1. The effect that such a variance would have on the
division from taking action prior to issuing an order, from adequate operation of the sewerage systems or treatment
making efforts to obtain voluntary compliance through works, including operator safety (in accordance with
conference, warning, or other appropriate means. requirements of the Virginia Department of Labor and
Industry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
12 VAC 5-581-60. Emergency orders. (VOSH)).
The commissioner may, pursuant to §32.1-13 of the Code of 2. The cost and other economic considerations imposed by
Virginia, issue emergency orders in any case where there is this requirement;
an imminent danger to the public health resulting from the
3. The effect that such a variance would have on the
unauthorized construction or operation of any sewerage
protection of the public health, or the environment.
systems or treatment works. An emergency order may be
communicated by the best practical notice under all the E. Disposition. The commissioner will offer the owner an
circumstances, and is effective immediately upon receipt. The opportunity to participate or become informed as to the
order may state any requirements necessary to remove the variance processing and decisions.
danger to the public health, including the immediate cessation
of the construction or operation of the sewerage systems or 1. The commissioner may grant the variance request and if
treatment works. Violation of an emergency order is subject to the commissioner proposes to deny the variance he shall
civil enforcement and is punishable as a criminal provide the owner an opportunity to an informal hearing as
misdemeanor. Emergency orders shall be effective for a provided in §9-6.14:11 of the Administrative Process Act.
period determined by the commissioner. Emergency orders Following this opportunity for an informal hearing the
may be appealed in accordance with the provisions of the commissioner may reject any application for a variance by
Administrative Process Act. sending a rejection notice to the applicant. The rejection
notice shall be in writing and shall state the reasons for the
12 VAC 5-581-70. Variances. rejection. A rejection notice constitutes a case decision.
A. The commissioner may grant a variance to a procedural, 2. If the commissioner proposes to grant a variance request
design, or operational regulation or standard by following the submitted pursuant to this chapter, or standards contained
appropriate procedures set forth in this chapter. in this chapter, the applicant shall be notified in writing of
B. Requirements. The commissioner may grant a variance if this decision. Such notice shall identify the variance, the
he finds that the hardship imposed (which may be economic) sewerage systems or treatment works involved, and shall
outweighs the benefits that may be received by the public and specify the period of time for which the variance will be
that the granting of such variance does not subject the public effective. Such notice shall provide that the variance will be
to unreasonable health risks or environmental pollution. terminated when the sewerage systems or treatment works
come into compliance with the applicable regulation or
C. Application. Any owner may apply in writing for a variance. standard and may be terminated upon a finding by the
The application should be sent to the appropriate field office or commissioner that the sewerage systems or treatment
division as specified, for evaluation. The application shall works has failed to comply with any requirements or
include: schedules issued in conjunction with the variance. The
effective date of the variance shall be 15 days following its
1. A citation of the regulation from which a variance is issuance.
requested.
F. Posting. All variances granted for the design or operation of
2. The nature and duration of variance requested. any sewerage systems or treatment works are
3. A statement of the hardship to the owner and the nontransferable. Any requirements of the variance shall
anticipated impacts to the public health and welfare if a become part of the permit of the sewerage systems or
variance were granted. treatment works subsequently granted by the commissioner.
4. Suggested conditions that might be imposed on the 12 VAC 5-581-80. Types.
granting of a variance that would limit its detrimental impact Hearings before the board, the commissioner, or their
on public health and welfare. designees shall include any of the following forms depending
5. Other information, if any, believed to be pertinent by the upon the nature of the controversy and the interests of the
applicant. parties involved. All concerned parties will be provided with a
reasonable notice of any intent to consider any public data,
6. Such other information as may be required to make the documents or information in making case decisions.
determination in accordance with this chapter.
1. Informal conference. An informal conference is a
D. Consideration. The commissioner shall act on any variance conference with the commissioner or his designee with
request submitted pursuant to this chapter within 60 days of concerned parties, in person, with counsel, or other
receipt of request. In the commissioner's consideration of representatives, held in accordance with § 9-6.14:11 of the
whether a sewerage systems or treatment works variance Code of Virginia.
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Proposed Regulations
2. Hearing - A hearing is a formal, public proceeding before commissioner. The final decision of the commissioner,
the commissioner or a designated hearing officer and held reduced to writing, contains the explicit findings of fact upon
in conformance with § 9-6.14:12 of the Code of Virginia. which his decision is based. Copies of the decision shall be
delivered to the owner affected by it. Notice of a decision
12 VAC 5-581-90. Informal conference. will be served upon the parties and become a part of the
The named party that is the subject of a case decision is record. The decision shall be effective within 15 days of
entitled to an informal conference prior to the final decision. mailing a copy by certified mail, return receipt requested, to
The conference is mandatory, and will be held without the last known address of the affected parties (§ 32.1-26 of
demand, unless the party waives its right to the conference, the Code of Virginia).
the party agrees to a proposed decision, or the party and the C. Any such petition shall be filed with the commissioner
commissioner agree to proceed directly to a hearing. within 30 days of the date the commissioner notifies the party
The commissioner's decision following the informal of his decision. If no petition is received within this thirty day
conference shall be the final agency action, and subject to period, the commissioner's decision shall be final on the date
appeal under the Administrative Process Act, as of the date of of the notice of the decision.
notification of the affected party, except where a hearing is D. The petition shall state:
required by law, or where the commissioner decides that a
hearing is appropriate to resolve factual issues, or where the 1. The identity of the petitioner requesting the hearing and
party files a timely petition for a hearing, as set out below. its counsel, if any,
12 VAC 5-581-100. Hearing. 2. The immediate, pecuniary and substantial interest of the
petitioner that is directly affected by the commissioner's
A. The named party that is the subject of an order under § decision and how that interest is affected, and
32.1-26 of the Code of Virginia is entitled to a hearing under §
9-6.14:12 of the Code of Virginia prior to the final decision. For 3. The issues of fact that the petitioner alleges both (i) have
case decisions where no hearing is required by law, the been decided erroneously and (ii) if decided differently
commissioner may hold a hearing in any case in his would directly affect the petitioner's interest.
discretion. In cases where no hearing is required and the
commissioner does not elect to hold a hearing, any party to a E. The commissioner shall notify the petitioner by certified
case decision made pursuant to an informal conference may mail, return receipt requested, of his decision to grant or deny
petition the commissioner for a hearing. the requested hearing. The commissioner may grant the
hearing in his discretion if he finds all of the following:
B. A hearing may include the following features:
1. The petitioner is a party to the decision,
1. Notice. A notice states the time, place, and issues
involved in the prospective hearing and is sent to parties 2. The petition is timely and it raises a substantial issue of
requesting the hearing by certified mail at least 15 calendar fact that, if decided differently, would have an immediate,
days before the hearing is to take place. pecuniary, and substantial effect upon an interest of the
petitioner, and
2. Record. A record of the hearing made by a court reporter
or other approved means. A copy of the transcript of the 3. The factual issue would appropriately be determined
hearing, if transcribed, is provided within a reasonable time under the trial-like procedures of § 9-6.14:12 of the Code of
to any person upon written request and payment of the cost. Virginia.
If the record is not transcribed, then the cost of preparation F. If the commissioner denies a timely petition for hearing, that
of the transcript is borne by the party requesting the denial shall be the final agency action on the underlying
transcript. decision. If the commissioner grants the petition, the decision
3. Evidence. All interested parties attending the hearing following the hearing shall be the final agency action. Where
may present evidence, expert or otherwise, that is material there is no timely petition for a hearing, the commissioner's
and relevant to the issues in controversy. The admissibility decision following the informal conference shall be the final
of evidence shall be in accordance with the APA. All parties agency action.
may be represented by counsel. 12 VAC 5-581-110. Permits.
4. Subpoena. The commissioner or hearing officer, pursuant A. No owner shall cause or allow the construction, expansion
to § 9-6.14:13 of the Code of Virginia may issue subpoenas or modification (change of 20% or more in capacity or
for the attendance of witnesses and the production of performance capability) of a sewerage system or treatment
books, papers, maps, and records. The failure of a witness works except in compliance with a written construction permit
without legal excuse to appear or to testify or to produce from the commissioner unless as otherwise provided for by
documents may be reported by the commissioner to the this chapter and standards contained in this chapter.
appropriate Circuit Court. Furthermore, no owner shall cause or allow any sewerage
5. Judgment and final order. The commissioner may utilize systems or treatment works to be operated except in
a hearing officer to conduct the hearing as provided in § 9- compliance with a written operation permit issued by the
6.14:14.1 of the Code of Virginia and to make written commissioner which authorizes the operation of the sewerage
recommended findings of fact and conclusions of law to be systems or treatment works unless otherwise provided for by
submitted for review and final decision by the this chapter and standards contained in this chapter.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
Conditions may be imposed on the issuance of any permit, best interest of public health to waive the permit requirements
and no sewerage systems or treatment works may be of this chapter and standards contained in this chapter, the
constructed, modified, or operated in violation of these owner will be so notified and will be required to obtain the
conditions. applicable construction and operation permits. The provisions
of this subsection are not applicable if the owner has obtained
B. Discharges of 1,000 gpd or less. On-site (located within a general permit pursuant to this chapter and standards
owners property) residential sewage treatment works having a contained in this chapter. The commissioner may revoke a
design capacity of 1,000 gallons per day or less may not be waiver granted under this section in his sole discretion if he
governed by this chapter and standards contained in this determines that the public health and welfare would be better
chapter if the performance reliability of such technology has served by issuance of an appropriate permit.
been established by an approved testing program (12 VAC 5-
581-260). These treatment works are regulated by the State 12 VAC 5-581-120. Reliability classification.
Water Control Board and other applicable regulations of the
department (12 VAC 5-610-10 et seq. and 12 VAC 5-640-10 A. The commissioner shall establish the reliability
et seq.). Owners of such treatment works shall make classification following discussion with the owner for inclusion
application in accordance with and obtain the necessary in the engineer's design of the sewerage system or works.
permits from the State Water Control Board and Department Reliability is a measurement of the ability of a component or
as appropriate via the application procedures established for system to perform its designated function without failure or
such treatment works. interruption of service. Overflow criteria, such as a period of
discharge, are utilized solely for the establishment of reliability
C. Small sewerage systems and treatment works. As classification for design purposes and are not to be construed
described in this section, the requirement to formally obtain a as authorization for, or defense of, an unpermitted discharge
construction permit and an operation permit through the to state waters. The reliability classification will be a major
provisions of this chapter and standards contained in this consideration for discussion at the preliminary engineering
chapter is waived for sewerage systems having a design conference described in this chapter. Pump stations
capacity of 40,000 gallons per day or less and serving or associated with, but physically removed from, the actual
capable of serving a population of 400 persons or less and treatment works may have a different classification than the
consisting entirely of gravity flow sewers. A waiver for formal treatment works itself. The reliability classification shall be
permit issuance may also be granted for either: based on the water quality and public health consequences of
a component or system failure. Guidelines for classifying
1. Construction of gravity flow sewers of 12-inch diameter sewerage systems and treatment works are as follows:
design size or less, or
B. Reliability class I. Sewerage systems or treatment works
2. Installations consisting of a single sewage pumping whose location, or discharge, or potential discharge (i) is
station having a design pumping capacity of 25 gallons per sufficiently close to residences, public water supply, shellfish,
minute or less and handling a total daily volume of 2000 or recreation waters; (ii) has a volume or character; or (iii) for
gallons or less, provided the following conditions are met. which minimal dilution of 10 to 1, receiving water volume to
In addition, this waiver may be granted to permittees of land discharge volume, based on permit flow values is not provided
application sites meeting the operational restrictions year round, such that permanent or unacceptable damage
specified in the Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585- could occur to the receiving waters or public health if normal
130), or those sites utilized entirely for research projects in operations were interrupted.
accordance with this chapter. C. Reliability Class II. Sewerage systems or treatment works
In order to qualify for a permit waiver for collection systems whose location or discharge, or potential discharge, due to its
serving more than 400 persons, the permittee or owner must volume or character, would not permanently or unacceptably
file with the division an application (see Part IV (12 VAC 5- damage or affect the receiving waters or public health during
581-1000 et seq.) of this chapter) or a letter of intent to periods of short-term operations interruptions, but could be
construct and operate such a system as described above. The damaging if continued interruption of normal operation were to
letter shall be filed at least 30 days prior to the time that exceed 24 hours.
granting of such a waiver would be required to initiate D. Reliability Class III. Sewerage systems or treatment works
construction. The letter shall contain a brief description of the not otherwise classified as Reliability Class I or Class II.
proposed sewerage system, or land application, applicable
maintenance provisions, the area to be served, the location of Unless designated as applying to a particular reliability class,
the proposed sewerage system, treatment works, or land all requirements specified in this chapter and standards
application and the point of discharge or entry to the contained in this chapter apply equally to all reliability classes.
downstream sewerage system or treatment works if
applicable. If the owner of the sewerage system or treatment 12 VAC 5-581-130. Permit procedures.
works is not the applicant, the applicant shall demonstrate that Construction permits are issued by the commissioner, but all
the downstream owner will accept the design flow for requests for a construction permit shall be directed initially to
connection to the downstream sewerage system or treatment the field office that serves the area where the sewerage
works. A written statement that the additional sewage being system or treatment works is located unless a submission
discharged into the downstream system will be accepted may directly to the division is specified. The procedure for obtaining
be required. If after review of the application or letter, a the permit includes one or more of the following steps:
determination is made by the commissioner that it is not in the
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1. The submission of an application; 12 VAC 5-581-160. Preliminary engineering proposal.
2. A preliminary engineering conference; A. Objective. The objective is to facilitate a determination by
the commissioner that the proposed design selected by the
3. The establishment of the reliability classification of the owner either requires, or does not require, submission of
sewage collection or treatment works; design documents for a formal technical evaluation to
4. Submission of a preliminary engineering proposal; establish that the following standards will be reliably met by
operation of the facility or system: (i) compliance with effluent
5. The submission of plans, specifications, design criteria limitations and treatment requirements established by the
and other data in the number requested by the division; State Water Control Board; and (ii) conformance with
6. The submission of an operation and maintenance applicable minimum requirements established by this chapter
manual; and standards contained in this chapter, in order that a
construction permit be issued.
7. The submission of a sludge management plan.
B. Content. The preliminary engineering proposal when
A formal technical evaluation involving a detailed engineering submitted for evaluation shall consist of an engineering report
analysis of the plans, specifications and other design and preliminary plans which shall contain the necessary data
documents by the department staff may be required. This to portray the sewerage system or treatment works problems
evaluation should be completed within 30 days of receipt of and solutions. In lieu of the requirement for a complete
complete documents. A formal technical evaluation may be preliminary engineering proposal for small flow or minor
waived following a review of the preliminary engineering projects (design flow less than one million gallons per day
proposal provided that the owner's consultant submits a (mgd)) can be waived by the division in accordance with the
statement that the design meets the requirements established letter from the owner's engineer summarizing the agreements
through this chapter and standards contained in this chapter. reached at the preliminary engineering conference. For all
proposals involving sewerage systems or treatment works,
12 VAC 5-581-140. Application.
whether new or upgraded, the engineer shall make an
All applications shall be submitted on a form provided by the evaluation of the l00-year flood elevation at the proposed site
division and shall be submitted by the owner or authorized or sites, using available data and sound hydrologic principles.
agent to the appropriate field office or division as specified If a flood potential is indicated, the flood plain boundaries shall
within 30 days of the time an owner desires to be notified of be delineated on a site map, showing its relation to the
the required procedure for issuance of a construction permit. proposed facility or facilities and actions proposed to comply
An application for a construction permit for a sewerage system with this chapter shall be included in the preliminary
shall be accompanied by notification that local government will engineering proposal or with the letter summarizing the
issue necessary approvals and design data verifying that agreements reached at the preliminary engineering
downstream capacity is available to adequately convey and conference. A conceptual plan for closure of the treatment
treat the design flows in accordance with these regulations. works shall be discussed prior to final design to anticipate
An application for a construction permit for a sewerage system such an occurrence. On major projects (design flow of 1 mgd
or treatment works will not be considered complete until or more) excluding sewerage systems that are exempted from
evidence is submitted that a complete application has been technical evaluation, the preliminary engineering proposal can
submitted for any necessary certificate (draft permit) to be include as a minimum the following information as applicable:
issued by the State Water Control Board in accordance with
1. Mapping of present site location and evaluation of site
§ 62.1-44.19 of the Code of Virginia. The owner will be notified
constraints.
by the division within 30 days of receipt of a complete
application if a technical evaluation of preliminary or final 2. Data supporting predicted service population.
design documents is required following the preliminary
engineering conference, if held. 3. Identification of specific service area for immediate
consideration and possible extensions.
12 VAC 5-581-150. Preliminary engineering conference.
4. Data, including reliable measurements or predictions of
A preliminary conference with the appropriate field office design flow and analyses of sewage constituents as a basis
engineering staff or division as specified will be held for of process design.
proposed treatment works and pump station designs to
establish the requirements for submission of the information 5. Description of treatment process and flow plans
necessary for a determination by the commissioner relating to identifying the proposed arrangement of basins, piping and
the issuance of a construction permit. The applicant's related equipment with unit operation design parameters
engineer shall be prepared to set forth the sewage collection and sizes.
or treatment problems and the proposed solution in such a 6. Description of sludge management method.
manner as to support the conclusions and recommendations
presented at this meeting. A preliminary engineering proposal 7. Plan for imposed operations requirements, i.e., certain
may be submitted prior to, during, or following the preliminary unit operations may be required to operate independently of
conference. Minutes of the meeting shall be recorded and others in accordance with the reliability classification, while
distributed to the concerned parties. achieving the treatment performance necessary to meet
permit limits under average design conditions.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
8. Demonstration of compliance with state and local laws legally qualified to practice in Virginia, in accordance with the
and regulations. provisions of §§ 54.1-400 to 54.1-411 of the Code of Virginia
inclusive. All submitted plans for sewerage systems or
9. Summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations. treatment works shall bear a suitable title showing the name of
10. Description of existing institutional constraints or other the municipality, sewer district, institution or other owner and
unresolved problems that influence selection of alternative shall show the scale in feet, a graphical scale, the north point,
solutions. date and the name of the appropriate licensed professional.
Also, each plan sheet shall bear the same general title
11. Estimate of capital and operating costs of all alternatives identifying the overall project, and each shall be numbered.
presented if available as public information. Appropriate subtitles shall be included on the individual
12. For those projects for which a Virginia Revolving Loan sheets. The plans shall be clear and legible. They shall be
will be requested, the ways in which the special drawn to a scale that will permit all necessary information to
requirements contained in Title II of P.L. 92-500 will be met be plainly shown. The size of the plans should be no larger
(infiltration, cost effectiveness, etc.). than 36 inches by 48 inches. The datum used should be
indicated. Locations of all special features, when made, shall
13. Staffing and operating requirements for facility. be shown on the plans. Logs of test borings shall be given
either on plans or in the specifications. Detail plans shall
14. Identification consistent with all applicable area wide
consist of plan views, elevations, sections, and supplementary
plans, of drainage basin, service area, and metropolitan
views which, together with the specifications and general
area plans.
layouts, provide the working information for the contract and
15. Designation of owner's representative for design construction of the works. The plans shall include dimensions
purposes. and relative elevations of structures, the location and outline
form of equipment, location and size of piping, water levels,
16. For land application proposals, the information required ground elevations, and erosion control abatement facilities.
by Part III of this chapter, as appropriate. Data shall be provided for proposed additions of flow to
The format for the Preliminary Engineering Proposal is existing sewerage systems indicating that the additional
listed in Part IV of this chapter. sewage flow from the proposed project will have no adverse
impact on the operation of downstream facilities.
D. Approval. Within 30 days of the receipt of a complete
preliminary engineering proposal, the division will approve or C. Sewerage systems. Plans submitted for new construction
disapprove it and notify the owner and consultant accordingly. or substantial modification (increasing flow capacity by more
than 20%) of sewage collection piping shall include the
12 VAC 5-581-170. Construction drawings (plans). following: the location, size, type and direction of flow of all
A. Construction drawings (plans) for sewerage systems or existing and proposed sanitary sewers involved in the project.
treatment works improvements for which a technical 1. Detailed plans when submitted for evaluation shall
evaluation is required shall provide the information necessary provide complete and properly scaled graphical depictions
to determine that the owner's final plans, specifications, and of design information. Profiles shall have a horizontal scale
other documents satisfy (i) requirements established by these of not more than 100 feet to the inch and a vertical scale of
regulations and engineering standards of practice; and (ii) the not more than 10 feet to the inch. The plan view shall be
minimum requirements and limiting factors established in the drawn to a corresponding horizontal scale. Plans and
owner's approved preliminary engineering proposal. The final profiles shall show:
plans should include:
a. Location of streets and sewers with an identification
B. Final engineering documents. Drawings, plans, system.
specifications and other engineering documents that are
submitted to the division for a technical evaluation shall be in b. Ground surface elevations and manhole stationing.
substantial compliance with this chapter prior to issuance of a c. Invert elevations of sewers at each manhole.
construction permit by the commissioner. Engineering
documents may be submitted by the owner to the division d. Size and grade of sewer between adjacent manholes.
following the preliminary engineering conference, or following
e. Any special construction features.
a technical evaluation of the preliminary engineering proposal
if required. Four copies shall be submitted to the division for 2. All manholes shall be labeled in an established manner
non-Virginia Revolving Loan Fund funded projects and five on the plan and correspondingly labeled on the profile. If a
copies shall be submitted for projects financed through the community does not allow the connection of basement
Virginia Revolving Loan Fund. The original of the letter of drains to the sewer, this may be stated on the plans as a
submittal with appropriate signature(s) shall accompany the basis for exemption, and the plans need not show the
engineering documents. The letter of submittal should identify elevations and locations of basement floors. Where there is
any necessary actions to be taken by the division to expedite any question of the sewer being sufficiently deep to serve
evaluation of the submitted documents. any residence, the elevation and location of the basement
floor shall be plotted on the profile of the sewer which is to
All drawings, specifications, engineer's reports and other
serve the house in question. The engineer shall state that
documents submitted for evaluation shall be prepared by or
under the supervision of appropriately licensed professionals,
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Proposed Regulations
all sewers are sufficiently deep to serve adjacent treatment works shall identify the treatment works relative to
basements except where otherwise noted on the plans. the remainder of the system. For new construction, the plan
shall include sufficient topographic features to indicate its
3. Sewerage system plans shall identify locations of all location relative to streams and the point of discharge of
special features such as inverted siphons, concrete treated effluent. Also the forms of land use (commercial,
encasement, elevated sewers, all known existing structures residential, and agricultural, existing or proposed) and access
both above and below ground that might interfere with the controls for the near future over a 700-foot radius from the
proposed construction, particularly water mains, gas mains, proposed treatment works structures must be indicated.
storm drains, etc. Existing buildings and their type of use within 700 feet of the
4. Special detail drawings, made to a scale to clearly show new treatment works site shall be adequately described, e.g.,
the nature of the design, shall be furnished to show the by means of topographic maps, aerial photos, drawings, etc.
following particulars: 1. For technical evaluation, the proposed treatment works
a. All stream crossings and sewer outlets, with elevations design submittal shall include the following as specified:
of the stream bed and normal and design flow water a. Topography and other characteristics of the site as
levels. specified:
b. Details of all sewer joints and cross sections requiring b. Size and location of treatment works structures.
special construction such as concrete encasement.
c. Schematic flow diagram showing the flow through
c. Details of all sewer appurtenances such as manholes, various treatment works unit operations.
inspection chambers, inverted siphons, regulators, tide
gates and elevated sewers. d. Piping, including any arrangements for bypassing
individual unit operations. Materials handled and direction
D. Sewage pumping stations. Plans submitted for technical of flow through channels, pipes and unit operations shall
evaluation involving new construction or substantial be shown, including arrangements for independent
modification (increasing flow capacity by more than 25%) of operation.
pumping stations shall address the following design
information: (i) the location and extent of the tributary area; (ii) e. Hydraulic flow profiles showing the average relative
the location of municipal boundaries within the tributary area; surface elevations of mainstream and sidestream flows of
and (iii) the location of the pumping station and force main and sewage, supernatant and sludge as influent, effluent and
pertinent elevations. flow within the channels, piping, pumps and basins that
comprise the treatment works.
1. For new construction the forms of land use (commercial,
residential, and agricultural) and access control proposed f. Soil characteristics including hydraulic conductivity
for the near future over a 100-foot radius from the pumping established by soil tests and test borings and hydrologic
station structure shall be indicated. Existing buildings and factors, such as ground water elevations, that can affect
their types within 100 feet of the pumping station shall be the treatment of disposal capacity.
indicated. Submission of detailed plans would not be
required for upgraded pump stations that are issued, or 2. For technical evaluation, detailed plans shall include the
included in, a final operating permit. following:
2. Detailed plans submitted for evaluation shall provide the a. Location, dimensions and elevations of all existing and
following design information where applicable: proposed treatment works unit operations solids handling
facilities and equipment.
a. A contour map of the property to be used.
b. Elevations of high water levels affecting the treatment
b. Proposed pumping station equipment layout and works design and to which the treatment works effluent is
capacities including provisions for installation of future to be discharged or absorbed.
pumps or ejectors. Proper references to the specifications
should be included. c. Pertinent data concerning the rated capacity of all
pumps, blowers, motors and other mechanical devices.
c. Elevations of operating levels of sewage contained in All or part of such data may be included in the
the wet well at the site and the estimated locations of raw specifications by suitable reference on the plans.
sewage overflows in the collection system upon occasion
of pump failure resulting in high water levels in the wet d. Average and maximum elevations for the hydraulic flow
well. profile within the unit operations.
d. Test borings and ground water elevations, if taken. e. Adequate description of any features not otherwise
covered by specifications or engineer's report.
e. Plan and elevation views of the pump suction (from the
wet well) and discharge piping showing all isolation 3. Facility closure plans shall address the following
valves and gates. information as a minimum:
E. Treatment works. Plans submitted for technical evaluation a. Residual wastewater and solids treatment, removal
of projects involving new construction or substantial and final disposition.
modifications (increasing flow capacity by more than 25%) of
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
b. Removal of structures, equipment, piping and B. Evaluation. Copies of the manual submitted to the division
appurtenances. shall be in the number specified for plans. An evaluation will
not commence until the applicant has submitted all necessary
c. Site grading and erosion and sediment control. information (see 12 VAC 5-581-1010).
d. Restoration of site vegetation and access control. The division will evaluate the technical contents of the manual
e. Proposed land use (post-closure) of site. and will notify the owner (and manual preparer if appropriate)
of any necessary revisions to the manual within 30 days of
F. Approval. Final approval of construction drawings will be receipt of that information. The owner is responsible for
transmitted to the owner and the owner’s consultant following ensuring that the required revisions are made and submitted
a completed technical evaluation of the design documents to the division. If the additions or revisions to the manual are
including design specifications (12 VAC 5-581-180). deemed satisfactory the division may not formally notify the
12 VAC 5-581-180. Specifications. owner who may implement those changes.
A. Complete technical specifications for the construction of C. Procedures. The manual contents will be evaluated for
sewers, sewage pumping stations, treatment works, including compliance with this chapter and standards contained in this
subsurface disposal pre-treatment and all appurtenances, chapter and the State Water Control Board's permit
shall accompany the plans submitted for technical evaluation. regulations (9 VAC 25-31-10 et seq. and 9 VAC 25-32-10 et
seq.) and the owner notified of the commissioner's approval or
B. Content. The specifications accompanying construction disapproval following receipt of a complete manual.
drawings shall include, but not be limited to, all construction
information not shown on the drawings which is necessary to 1. Within two weeks of approving the manual the division
inform the contractor in detail of the design requirement as to will notify the owner. If the manual is disapproved, the
the quality of materials and workmanship and fabrication of owner will be notified of conditions, if any, which must be
the project and the type, size, strength, operating satisfied for approval. The owner will be responsible for
characteristics and rating of equipment, including machinery, ensuring that such conditions are satisfied in accordance
pumps, valves, piping, and jointing of pipe, electrical with the operation permit.
apparatus, wiring and meters; laboratory fixtures and 2. If the commissioner determines that substantial revisions
equipment; operating tools, construction materials, special to the manual are required, the division will send a letter to
filter materials such as stone, sand, gravel or slag; the owner and manual preparer, outlining the necessary
miscellaneous appurtenances; chemicals when used; revisions and requesting submission of the revised manual
instructions of testing materials and equipment as necessary within 60 days. Revised manuals constitute a resubmittal.
to meet design requirements and standards of practice; and
operating tests for the completed works and component units. 3. Any deviations from the approved manual affecting the
operational VPDES permit regulations required by the
C. Submittal. Specifications shall be submitted to the division operation permit must be approved in accordance with this
in the number and distribution specified in this chapter. One chapter before any such changes are made.
copy of the submitted documents shall bear on an initial page
the original seal imprint and signature of the appropriately 12 VAC 5-581-200. Sludge management plans.
registered professional who prepared the specifications or A. Evaluation. The general purpose of the plan is to facilitate a
under whose direct supervision the specifications were determination by the commissioner that the management plan
prepared for electronic submission of documents. For developed by the owner presents the necessary technical
electronic submittal of documents, a transmittal letter shall guidance and regulatory requirements to facilitate the proper
bear the original seal and signature. Submission of management of sewage sludge for both normal conditions and
specifications for gravity systems to the division will not be generally anticipated adverse conditions. The plan should be
required for those municipalities or privately owned sewerage developed as a reference document, being as brief as
systems that are either approved to participate in the general possible while presenting the information in a clear, concise
permit program or have received department approval of local and readily accessible manner. The plan should be directed
standards for design and construction. General permit toward the management options selected for the treatment
participation requirements are described in this chapter. works. The plan shall address methods of controlling and
12 VAC 5-581-190. Operation and maintenance manuals. monitoring the quality of sludge by the owner and the means
of use or disposal of that sludge by the owner or his agent.
A. Operation and maintenance manuals including the The plan shall contain the elements required by applicable
monitoring and operating requirements contained in 12 VAC sections of Part II, and shall comply with applicable sections of
5-581-320 through 12 VAC 5-581-360 shall be prepared for all Part III (12 VAC 5-581-370 et seq.) of this chapter.
sewerage systems, pumping stations, and treatment works
evaluated in accordance with this chapter, except as noted in 1. Upon receipt of comments, or no response within 30 days
this chapter. Owners shall submit updated information for any of receipt, by contacted agencies, the division will complete
operational changes that affect treatment capacity or the evaluation of the plan and notify the DEQ Regional
operational performance by 20% or more. Manuals for new Office staff as to whether the plan is considered technically
construction or revised pages for existing but modified adequate.
(upgraded) facilities submitted to the division for evaluation 2. The plan will be considered technically adequate if it is
will be processed as follows: determined to be in substantial compliance with either the
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
VPDES Regulations (9 VAC 25-31-10 et seq.) or Biosolids evaluation. Within 90 days of receipt of complete documents,
Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.) and Part III the owner will be notified of the department's
(12 VAC 5-581-370 et seq.) of this chapter as appropriate, recommendations and approval. Preliminary plans and the
and such management will be in compliance with Part II of engineer's report should be submitted for review and
this chapter. If the division determines that substantial evaluation prior to the preparation of final plans. One set of
revision to the plan is required, the division shall send a the approved plans and specifications will be stamped by the
letter to the owner and plan preparer, outlining the division and returned to the owner.
necessary revision and requesting submission of a revised
plan within 60 days. A revised plan constitutes a 12 VAC 5-581-230. Construction permit.
resubmittal. A. Issuance. Upon approval of the proposed design, including
3. The division will provide recommendations to the DEQ submitted plans and specifications, the commissioner will
Regional Office in accordance with established procedures issue a construction permit to the owner to construct or modify
with a copy to the owner. Upon approval of a VDHBUR his sewerage systems or treatment works in accordance with
permit application and an operation plan, an operation the approved design and submitted plans and specifications.
permit will be issued through the procedures of the B. Revisions. Any deviations from the approved design or the
Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.). submitted plans and specifications significantly (10% or more
B. Submittal. Complete sludge management plans shall be variation from original) affecting hydraulic conditions (flow
submitted for all sludge management activities, by the owner, profile), unit operations capacity, the functioning of the
except as noted in this chapter. Submission and approval of sewage treatment process, or the quality of treated effluent
sludge management plans and permit applications involving discharged, must be approved by the commissioner before
the land application of biosolids shall be done in accordance any such changes are made. Revised plans and specifications
with the Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.), shall be submitted in time to allow the review, evaluation and
as applicable. Submission procedures for all other plans will approval of such plans or specifications before any
require that four copies of the final sludge management plan construction work which will be affected by such changes is
be submitted to the appropriate field office or division as begun.
specified. The technical evaluation of the plan will not C. Completion of construction. A statement shall be submitted
commence until the applicant has submitted all necessary by the owner assuring completion of construction and an
information. inspection of the constructed system works will be scheduled
12 VAC 5-581-210. Formal requirements for the in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
submission of engineering data. 1. Upon completion of the construction or modification of the
In accordance with the provisions of §§ 54.1-400 to 54.1-411 sewerage systems or treatment works, the owner shall
of the Code of Virginia, inclusive, all drawings, specifications, submit to the field office or division, as specified, a
and engineer's reports submitted for approval shall be statement signed by a licensed professional engineer
prepared by or under the supervision of a licensed stating that the construction work was completed in
professional engineer legally qualified to practice in Virginia. accordance with the approved plans and specifications, or
One copy of the submitted documents, including drawings, the revised only in accordance with the provisions of subsection
engineer's report, and the specifications submitted for review 8 of this section. This statement is called a Statement of
and evaluation, shall bear the signed imprint of the seal of the Completion of Construction and shall be based upon
licensed professional engineer who prepared or supervised inspections of the sewerage systems or treatment works
the preparation and be signed with an original signature. For during and after construction or modifications that are
electronic submission of documents, a transmittal letter shall adequate to ensure the truth of the statement.
bear the original seal and signature. In addition, each drawing 2. The owner shall contact the division and request that a
submitted shall bear an imprint or a legible facsimile of such final inspection of the completed construction be made so
seal. Submissions of technical information for evaluation by that either a conditional, or a final, operating permit can be
the division shall identify the appropriate qualifications of the issued. Within 30 days after placing a new or modified
preparer of such information (i.e., license or certification). sewerage systems or treatment works into operation, the
12 VAC 5-581-220. Processing of plans, specifications and effluent produced should be sampled and tested in a
other engineering documents. manner sufficient to demonstrate compliance with approved
specifications and permit requirements. The division shall
All reports, construction drawings, specifications and be notified of the time and place of the tests and the results
operation and maintenance manuals submitted to the division of the tests shall be sent to the division for evaluation as
must be received at least 90 days prior to the date upon which part of the final operating permit.
action by the division is desired. If the plans and specifications
are found to be incomplete or inadequate for detailed review, 3. A closure plan should be submitted with or prior to the
the plans and specifications will be returned to the submitting statement of completion of construction in accordance with
party. If revisions to the plans or specifications are this chapter.
necessitated, a letter will be sent to the engineer who 12 VAC 5-581-240. Operation permit.
prepared them outlining the necessary revisions. Revised
plans or specifications constitute a resubmittal; therefore, A. Final permit. Upon receipt of the construction completion
additional time will be necessary for the review and technical statement, the commissioner may issue a final operation
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
permit. However, the commissioner may delay the granting of c. The notice shall give the time and place of the hearing
the final permit pending inspection, or satisfactory evaluation and the authority under which the commissioner proposes
of effluent test results, to ensure that the work has been to act.
satisfactorily completed.
d. The notice will provide at least 30 days advance notice
B. Conditional permit. A conditional operation permit may be of the hearing.
issued specifying final approval conditions, with specific time
periods, for completion of unfinished work, submission of 3. Owners who are given notice of intent to revoke or
operations and maintenance manual, sludge management suspend their permits have a right to a hearing as specified
plans, or other appropriate items. in this chapter.
The commissioner may issue a conditional operation permit to 12 VAC 5-581-260. Nonconventional methods, processes
owners of sewerage systems or treatment works for which the or equipment.
required information for completion of construction has not A. The policy of the board is to encourage the development of
been received. Such permits will contain appropriate any new or nonconventional methods, processes and
conditions requiring the completion of any unfinished or equipment that appear to have application for the treatment or
incomplete work including approval of a closure plan and conveyance of sewage. Sewage treatment methods,
subsequent submission of the statement of completion of processes and equipment may be subject to a special permit
construction. application procedure if (i) they are not covered by the Manual
C. Consideration will be given to issuance of an interim of Practice (Part III (12 VAC 5-581-370 et seq.) of this
operation permit to individual unit operations of the treatment chapter) and (ii) they are in principle, or application, deemed
process system so as to allow utilization of these unit to be nonconventional.
operations prior to completion of the total project. A final B. Provisional permit. The performance reliability of
operation permit shall be issued upon verification that the nonconventional processes and equipment shall have been
requirements of this chapter have been complied with. thoroughly demonstrated through an approved testing
12 VAC 5-581-250. Permit modifications or revocation program for similar installations (loadings within 25% of design
actions. level) before they may be considered for conventional
approval and use. Where the division approves such a testing
A. Amendment or reissuance. The commissioner may amend program, a provisional operation permit will be issued for
or reissue a permit where there is a change in the manner of treatment works in which new or nonconventional processes
the collection, the treatment, or the source of sewage at the and equipment are to be evaluated. The provisional operation
permitted location, or for any other cause incident to the permit will specify conditions related to the testing
protection of the public health, provided notice is given to the requirements and agreements necessary for issuance of a
owner, and, if one is required, a hearing held in accordance final operation permit. The owner of the facility shall submit
with the provisions of 12 VAC 5-581-100. the required test results to the division according to an
approved schedule for approval prior to issuance of a final
B. Revocation or suspension. The commissioner may operation permit. It is the owner's responsibility to operate in
suspend or revoke a permit in accordance with the compliance with requirements imposed by permits issued for
Administrative Process Act. the sewerage system or treatment works.
1. Reasons for action. C. Assurance resources. As a prerequisite to the issuance of
a. Failure to comply with the conditions of the permit. a provisional operation permit, the owner must furnish
assurance of financial ability or resources available to modify,
b. Violation of Title 32.1 of the Code of Virginia or of any convert, or replace, the new or nonconventional processes or
of these regulations from which no variance or exemption equipment in the event the performance reliability cannot be
has been granted. established over the period of time specified by the provisional
c. Change in ownership. operation permit. These assurances may be in the form of
funds placed in escrow, letters of credit, performance bonds,
d. Abandonment of the sewerage systems or treatment etc., which would revert to the facility owner if performance
works. reliability cannot be established.
e. Any of the grounds specified in § 32.1-174 of the Code D. Performance reliability testing. All procedures used in
of Virginia. testing of the performance reliability shall be conducted under
the supervision of a licensed professional engineer who shall
2. Procedure for action.
attest to the accuracy of sampling and testing procedures. The
When revoking or suspending permits the commissioner required samples shall be tested through a qualified
shall: laboratory. The testing program shall provide as a minimum
the following:
a. Send a written notice of intent to suspend or revoke by
certified mail to the last known address of the sewerage 1. Samples shall be collected at designated locations at a
systems and treatment works owner. stated frequency and analyzed in accordance with
provisions of the provisional operation permit. The minimum
b. The notice shall state the reasons for the proposed testing period shall be 12 months under the comparable
suspension or revocation of the permit.
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
environmental and operational conditions for which the 2. Operational plan. The operational plan must address the
process and equipment will receive conventional approvals special conditions for (i) the technical design; (ii) the
for any additional installations. operational requirements; (iii) the monitoring requirements,
and reporting requirements; and (iv) the site characteristics
2. All analyses shall be made in accordance with the most and management practices that the applicant must satisfy.
current approved edition of Standard Methods for the A construction permit and an operation permit must be
Examination of Water and Wastewater and the obtained in accordance with this chapter if construction of a
Environmental Protection Agency guidelines established for treatment works is to be involved, otherwise approval of the
testing procedures for analysis of pollutants under the Clean operational plan constitutes issuance of an operation
Water Act, or other approved analytical methods. permit. If public participation is required, operation of the
E. Construction permit. After the division evaluates the plans sewerage system or treatment works may not proceed until
and testing data, the commissioner can issue a construction the owner is so notified by the division.
permit if the performance data verifies that the method, 12 VAC 5-581-280. General permit for sewerage systems.
process, or equipment can perform reliably in accordance with
the design specifications and the operation standards of Part In lieu of obtaining a permit for each sewage collection project,
II, and that the method, process, or equipment may be an owner may elect to obtain a general permit for connections
installed as conventional for similar site specific operation. to, or extensions of, existing sewerage systems. These
general permits are issued by the commissioner, but all
F. Provisional operation permit. Upon completion of requests for a general permit are directed initially to the
construction or modification, a provisional operation permit for division. The division will provide technical review support for
a definite period of time will be issued for the operation of the review of such requests. The following procedure for obtaining
nonconventional methods, processes, and equipment. Not the general permit shall be used:
more than one provisional operation permit will be granted for
a similar installation during the evaluation period. The 1. Local plans and specifications. The owner shall develop,
provisional operation permit shall require that: adopt, and request approval of general local specifications
and plan details covering sewage collection design and
1. The evaluation period shall be a minimum of 12 months construction. For local government or owner approvals, the
and no longer than 18 months, sewerage system owner must provide for preparation and
2. The holder of a provisional operation permit must submit evaluation of design documents either within the
reports on operation during the evaluation period. The appropriate local government agency, or by separate
reports shall be prepared by either a licensed professional professional entities or firms, and submit a formal
engineer experienced in the field of environmental description of such arrangements to the division for
engineering, the owner's operating or engineering staff, or a evaluation and approval by the commissioner.
qualified testing firm. 2. Owner plan. The owner shall develop a plan which
G. Final operation permit. The commissioner will issue a final outlines the following system specific requirements and the
operation permit upon lapse of the provisional operation owner's method of compliance with such requirements:
permit, if, on the basis of testing during that period, the new or a. Design criteria and construction specifications used by
nonconventional method, process, or equipment the owner,
demonstrates reliable performance in accordance with permit
requirements and the operation standards of Part II. If the b. Evidence that personnel with the training and
standards are not met, then the owner shall provide for experience necessary to ensure compliance with the
modification of the sewerage systems or treatment works, in a program requirements are employed by the owner,
manner that will enable those standards to be met in
accordance with this chapter. c. A master plan locating interceptors and force mains,
with design flows, for each designated service area within
12 VAC 5-581-270. Nonpoint source treatment works. the collection systems conveying flow to the treatment
works, and
Nonpoint source or subsurface disposal facilities either not
governed by or as provided for in either the Sewage Handling d. A certificate method for certifying that sewerage system
and Disposal Regulations (12 VAC 5-610-10 et seq.) or the projects meet the requirements of these regulations, and
Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.) may be
subject to a separate procedure for permit issuance involving e. The project is in compliance with the master plan and
the following: local standards and specifications approved by the
commissioner.
1. Application. The owner's application shall contain basic
information required for determining it as complete. This The details for participating in the program can be obtained
information is to be provided by completion and submission from the division. The local owner approval certificate
of two copies of the appropriate application form(s) and should describe the project to be constructed in accordance
applicable sections to the appropriate field office or division with bid documents and provide for the identification,
as specified. This information shall be furnished by the position and signature of the local official responsible for
owner. Applications can be obtained from any field office or project oversight.
the division. 3. Extensions. Sewer line extensions shall not be
undertaken if such construction results in an increase in the
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
13
Proposed Regulations
number of equivalent residential connections (total flow those contained in Part III of this chapter when required for
divided by the product of 100 gpd times the service critical areas or special conditions. Any such special
population), unless the receiving sewerage system and standards and requirements including those associated with a
treatment works have been issued a final operation permit State Revolving Loan program shall take precedence over the
in accordance with this chapter verifying that there is criteria in Part III of this chapter and will be items that warrant
adequate capacity to handle the project design flows. careful consideration at the preliminary engineering
Sewerage systems covered by this section will not be conference referenced in this chapter. Designs submitted for
issued separate operation permits unless special operation sewerage systems or treatment works must demonstrate that
requirements dictate a need for permit issuance. the system or works will adequately safeguard public health
and will comply with the certificate and permit requirements,
12 VAC 5-581-290. Compliance with Part II (12 VAC 5-581- as appropriate.
320 et seq. -- Operational Regulations) of this chapter.
C. Substantial compliance. Submissions that are in substantial
A. Permit issuance. Operational permits and certificates compliance with Part III (12 VAC 5-581-370 et seq.) of this
issued by either the State Water Control Board (including joint chapter or additional requirements of the division as noted
certificates to operate) or through the local health department, above will be approved. Justification for a design may be
prior to the effective date of this chapter and standards required for those portions of the submitted design which differ
contained in this chapter, shall continue in force until reissued from these criteria. The design engineer shall identify and
or amended in accordance with this chapter. All owners justify noncompliance with specific design standards or "shall"
holding certificates to operate that are to be reissued in criteria that the division identifies, or that the design engineer,
accordance with this chapter shall either, submit an in his judgment, believes to be substantial in nature. The
application for an operation permit in accordance with this division may request changes in designs that are not in
chapter within 180 days before the date of expiration of the substantial compliance with Part III of this chapter and that are
permit (VPDES or VPA), issued prior to the effective date of not adequately justified by the engineer/owner.
this chapter and standards contained in this chapter, or submit
an application for an operation permit within 180 days D. Exceptions. Compliance with Part III of this chapter will not
following the effective date of these regulations and be required for sewerage systems or treatment works that
standards, whichever is later, up to a period of 365 days from have received the approval of the commissioner and the State
the effective date of this chapter. On-site sewage treatment Water Control Board and on which modifications and
systems located within the established sewage collection construction have been commenced as of the effective date of
system service area that do not comply with the local health this chapter and standards contained in this chapter.
department permit and the standards provided through the Construction or modification of sewerage systems or
Sewage Handling and Disposal Regulations (12 VAC 5-610- treatment works is deemed to be commenced for purposes of
10 et seq.) shall be replaced with a suitable connection to the this chapter upon receipt of complete final engineering
sewerage system. documents by the division. The fact that significant work was
accomplished on a specific project prior to adoption of this
B. Monitoring. All sewerage systems and treatment works chapter and standards contained in this chapter shall be a
owners shall comply with the applicable requirements set forth consideration when evaluating applications.
in the operational regulations except as provided in
accordance with this chapter. Any owner may request 12 VAC 5-581-310. Sewage Collection and Treatment
technical assistance from the division as necessary to Advisory Committee.
implement corrective action. The commissioner may require
the owner or operator of any sewerage systems or treatment A. The Commissioner shall appoint a Regulations Advisory
works to: (i) develop either an operation plan or an operation Committee consisting of at least eight appointed members
and maintenance manual for approval by the division and (ii) and four ex-officio members as specified in this section.
install, use, and maintain monitoring equipment for internal Advisory committee membership should be representative of
process testing of sewage flowing through the treatment large size and small size communities and their consultants.
works in order to identify and determine the causes of B. Organizations. The appointed committee members may be
operational problems and to determine the necessary selected from organizations such as:
corrective actions to correct such problems. If required, test
results shall be recorded, compiled, and reported to the field a. The Virginia Water Environment Association (VWEA).
office in a format approved by the division. b. Virginia Association of Municipal Wastewater Agencies
12 VAC 5-581-300. Compliance with Part III (12 VAC 5-581- (VAMWA).
370 et seq. -- Manual of Practice) of this chapter. c. Virginia Society of Professional Engineers.
A. The design guidelines set forth in Part III (12 VAC 5-581- d. Sewerage Systems and Treatment Works Owners.
370 et seq.) of this chapter specify general criteria and
minimum standards for the design and construction of e. Consulting Engineers Council of Virginia.
sewerage systems and treatment works and are not intended
f. State Universities and College Faculty.
to be used as a substitute for engineering experience and
judgment used in accordance with standards of practice. C. Consideration. Consideration shall also be given to
appropriate citizens who are not members of these
B. Additional standards. The commissioner may impose
standards and requirements which are more stringent than
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
organizations and other interested parties and groups such as monitoring of chlorine residual and fecal coliform levels in
the Citizens Conservation Network. treated sewage flows following the chlorine contact tank.
D. Terms. All terms for appointed members shall be four years 3. Chlorine residual, fecal coliform, pH, temperature and DO
in duration, and members shall not be appointed for more than test samples may consist of grab samples of sewage flow
two consecutive terms. Four of the eight appointed members obtained immediately prior to analytical measurements.
shall serve an initial term of two years with subsequent terms
of four years. The department's ex-officio members are: 4. Compositing of samples shall be in accordance with the
treatment works operation and maintenance manual.
a. The Director of the Office of Water Programs. Composite samples of sewage flows shall consist of grab
samples taken at a minimum frequency of one per hour and
b. The Director of the Division of Wastewater should be combined in proportion to flow. Greater frequency
Engineering. of grab sampling may be desirable where abnormal
c. The Director of the Office of Environmental Health variation in waste strength occurs. Automatic flow
Services. proportional samplers are considered a valid sampling
method.
The Director of the Department of Environmental Quality shall
be requested to designate an ex-officio member from his staff. 12 VAC 5-581-330. Operational testing and control.
Each committee member may designate an alternate to serve A. Methods. Sampling and testing methods shall conform to
when necessary. The secretary to the committee will be a staff the issued certificate and permit requirements. In addition,
member of the division. current United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
E. Purpose. The function of the committee will be to meet, guidelines and test procedures for analysis of pollutants may
discuss issues, and make recommendations directly to the be used, as well as other EPA recommended methods.
commissioner, concerning this chapter and standards B. Schedule. The operation and maintenance manual shall
contained in this chapter and other policies, procedures, and contain a specific schedule of the minimum tests and their
programs for regulating sewerage systems and treatment frequency to be conducted by the treatment works and
works. The committee will meet semi-annually or more sampling instructions. Tests, frequencies and sampling shall
frequently at the call of the chairman. The committee's be in accordance with the requirements established by the
meeting will be advertised and open to the public, and instructions contained in the treatment works' operation and
comments and recommendations from the public will be maintenance manual. Typical tests, frequencies and sampling
received. instructions are contained in of this chapter.
PART II. C. Information. If necessary, additional operational control
OPERATIONAL REGULATIONS. information may be requested on an individual treatment
Article 1. works basis by the division to evaluate performance reliability.
Monitoring. D. Records.
12 VAC 5-581-320. Influent and effluent monitoring. 1. The owner shall maintain records on the treatment works
A. Methods. Sampling and testing methods shall conform to operation, maintenance and laboratory testing. The records
permit requirements, or if not specified, to current United shall be available for review by division and field office staff
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines during inspections at reasonable times. Any records of
establishing test procedures for analysis of pollutants or other monitoring activities and results shall include at least the
EPA approved methods. following for all samples:
B. Schedule. The operation and maintenance manual shall a. The date, place, and time of sampling or
contain a specific testing schedule of the minimum tests and measurements.
their frequencies to be conducted by the facility in accordance b. Individual that performed the sampling or
with the appropriate certificate and permit issued. If not measurements.
specifically addressed in the issued certificate and permit,
influent and effluent monitoring shall be in accordance with c. The dates analyses were performed.
this schedule. Typical tests and testing frequencies are
contained in this chapter. d. Individual that performed analysis.
C. Sampling. The following sampling instructions shall be e. The analytical techniques or methods used.
followed when collecting samples as required to comply with f. The results of such analyses.
this chapter and standards contained in this chapter.
2. The owner shall maintain for a minimum of three years any
1. Raw sewage samples are be collected prior to the records of monitoring activities and results, including all
treatment process unit operations; samples may be original strip chart recordings for continuous monitoring and
collected following the bar screen or comminutor. instrumentation and all calibration and maintenance records.
2. Final effluent samples are to be taken at a point following This period of retention shall be extended during the course of
all unit operations in the treatment process. An evaluation of any unresolved litigation regarding the discharge of pollutants
chlorine reduction or dechlorination methods will require by the owner or upon the request of the commissioner.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
12 VAC 5-581-340. Land based monitoring system. Article 3.
Requirements for Sewerage Systems and Treatment Works
A. Land application of effluent. The Operation and Reliability.
Maintenance Manual shall contain a schedule of required
minimum tests and their frequency to be conducted for the 12 VAC 5-581-360. Reliability.
land treatment system and shall also contain instructions for
recording and reporting. Monitoring, reporting, and recording A. Additional operation and maintenance documentation may
for land treatment systems shall be in accordance with the be necessary where performance reliability has not been
treatment works' Operation and Maintenance Manual. established or worker safety and public health protection is
Information concerning monitoring, recording and reporting for questioned.
land application of effluent are contained in this chapter. B. Operability. Independently operated essential equipment or
B. Sewage sludge and residual solids management. Either the components of sewerage systems and treatment works shall
Operation and Maintenance Manual or the sludge be provided with sufficient duplication or alternative operation
management plan shall contain a schedule of required so that the average daily design flow may be transported,
minimum tests and their frequency to be conducted for the stored, treated or otherwise managed in accordance with
sewage sludge and residual solids management system and reliability requirements with the largest component out of
shall also contain instructions for recording and reporting. service. Sufficient spare parts to ensure continuous operability
Monitoring, reporting, and recording requirements for sewage of essential unit operations and equipment shall be kept in a
sludge and residual solids management shall be in central storeroom located at the treatment works or at other
accordance with the sludge management plan or operation readily accessible locations, and the minimum quantities shall
plan in accordance with this chapter and the Biosolids Use be in accordance with the operation and maintenance manual.
Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.). Suggested The need for spare parts should be determined from review of
monitoring, reporting, and recording for sewage sludge and manufacturer's recommendations, evaluation of past
residual solids management are described in this chapter. The maintenance requirements, etc. A spare parts inventory shall
record keeping and reporting requirements for sewage sludge be included in the operation and maintenance manual. The
and residual solids management contained in the treatment inventory shall list the minimum and maximum quantities of
works Operation and Maintenance Manual or sludge the spare parts to be kept on hand, the equipment in which
management plan shall apply to all application sites, they are used, their storage location, replacement procedures
regardless of size or frequency of application. However, the and other pertinent information. A suggested spare parts
requirements relative to monitoring, reporting, and recording inventory system is contained in Part IV of this chapter.
of site specific soils and the monitoring, reporting, and C. Maintenance. A regular program of preventive maintenance
recording of ground water and surface water are not shall be adhered to. The Operations and Maintenance Manual
applicable for any site that meets criteria established in the shall contain a system of maintenance requirements to be
Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.) for a accomplished.
monitoring waiver.
1. A minimum preventive maintenance system shall be
Article 2. provided in accordance with the Operations and
Operation and Maintenance Manuals. Maintenance Manual. Such a system should provide for
12 VAC 5-581-350. Manuals. advanced scheduling of preventive maintenance and should
be continually assessed in order to reflect increased service
A. General. The general purpose of the manual is to present requirements as equipment ages or flow rates increase.
both technical guidance and regulatory requirements to
facilitate operation and maintenance of the sewerage systems 2. Adequate records, files and inventories to assist the
and treatment works for both normal conditions and generally operator in his task should also be maintained.
anticipated adverse conditions. The manual should be 3. A schedule for testing the integrity of all auxiliary standby
designed as a reference document, being as brief as possible power equipment, portable pumps, automatic electrical
while presenting the information in a readily accessible switchover gear, and diversion piping should be developed
manner. The manual shall be tailored to the size and type of and adhered to on a regular basis.
system being employed. The manual shall be directed toward
the operating staff required for the facility. The manual shall A suggested maintenance system is outlined in this chapter.
be updated as necessary and be made available to the In cases where certain components of the treatment process
operating staff. may be damaged by flooding from natural events in such a
manner as to cause excessive delays in restoring the
B. Contents. The manual shall contain the elements included treatment process to the design operating level, the means of
in 12 VAC 5-581-320 B; 12 VAC 5-581-330 B; 12 VAC 5-581- removal of such components prior to flooding should be
340 B; subsection A of this section; and 12 VAC 5-581-360 B, described in the Operational and Maintenance Manual.
C and D. In addition, the manual should contain, for
information and guidance purposes, additional schedules that D. Personnel. The recommended attendance hours by a
supplement these required schedules to assist operations by licensed operator and the minimum daily hours that the
defining desired levels of staffing, testing, etc. Suggested treatment works should be manned by operating staff are
contents are contained in 12 VAC 5-581-1010 and 12 VAC 5- contained in Table 1. The number of operating staff provided
581-1020. daily at a treatment works depends upon these requirements,
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
as well as upon the permit compliance status and the
operational conditions, such as:
1. The design capacity (flow);
2. The quality of the effluent;
3. The complexity of the treatment processes used; and
4. The fact that only a licensed operator may be specified
as the individual in charge of overseeing permit compliance.
In instances where the recommended hours of attendance
by a licensed operator are less than the daily hours the
treatment works is to be manned by operating staff (see
Table 1), a licensed operator is not required to be physically
located at the treatment works site during the remaining
designated manning hours, provided that the licensed
operator is able to respond to requests for assistance in a
satisfactory manner, as described in the Operation and
Maintenance Manual.
E. Conditions. The objective of treatment works operation
should be to provide the most reliable and efficient
performance that can be practically achieved in compliance
with permit requirements, while providing for safe working
conditions. Operational health and safety provisions are
critical. Cross media pollution prevention measures should be
evaluated and developed where practical, and material safety
data sheets for toxic chemicals used should be readily
available.
1. Alternate operating provisions shall be utilized as
necessary in accordance with the reliability classification.
An all-weather road shall be provided to permit access to
and from the treatment works during normal weather
conditions. Escape routes and methods should be
established for emergency situations.
2. Pretreatment requirements as set forth in the State Water
Control Board's Regulations should be established and
monitored in accordance with local regulations specific to
such requirements.
3. Local standards and specifications approved in
accordance with this chapter shall provide for the
construction methods, as necessary in accordance with the
local owner's sewer line maintenance program, to minimize
excessive amounts of infiltration and inflow and prevent the
accumulation of solids or debris that would interfere with the
transmission of flow resulting in overflows, bypassing, or
offline flow surcharges such as in service connections.
4. Odor control measures should be established in
accordance with site specific features and weather patterns.
Development of objectionable odors shall be addressed by
the best available odor control technology.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
17
Proposed Regulations
TABLE 1.
CLASSIFICATION OF TREATMENT WORKS AND RECOMMENDED MINIMUM HOURS OF ATTENDANCE BY LICENSED
(1)
OPERATORS AND OPERATING STAFF .
Treatment Works
Classification &
Treatment
Required Treatment Works Treatment Process Methods Recommended Recommended
Classification of Capacity (MGD) Attendance by a Daily Hours That
the Operator in Licensed Operator Works Should Be
responsible (2,3)
Time-Hrs. Manned (2,3)
charge
I Greater than 10 Biological Treatment Methods
MGD
(A) Suspended Growth Reactors 24 24
(B) Aerated Lagoons or Constructed Wetlands 16 24
(C) Filters or Other Attached Growth Contactors 24 24
(D) Processes Utilizing Biological Nutrient Control 24 24
(E) Processes Utilizing Land Treatment During Land --
Application
I Equal to or less Biological Treatment Methods
than 10 MGD but
greater than 5 (A) Suspended Growth Reactors 16 24
MGD (B) Aerated Lagoons or Constructed Wetlands 8 16
(C) Filters or Other Attached Growth Contactors 16 24
(D) Processes Utilizing Biological Nutrient Control 16 24
(E) Processes Utilizing Land Treatment During Land --
Application
I Greater than 5 Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT)
MGD (A) Ammonia Stripping 24 24
(B) Breakpoint Chlorination 24 24
(C) Carbon Adsorption 24 24
(D) Chemical Coagulation, Flocculation, Precipitation 24 24
(E) Filtration 24 24
(F) Demineralization (Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, 24` 24
Electrodialysis)
I Equal to or less Advanced Waste Treatment
than 5 MGD but (A) Ammonia Stripping 16
greater than 2.5 (B) Breakpoint Chlorination 16 24
MGD (C) Carbon Adsorption 16 24
(D) Chemical Coagulation, Flocculation, Precipitation 16 24
(E) Filtration 16 24
(F) Demineralization (Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, 16 24
Electrodialysis) 16 24
(G) Microstraining/Screening 24
II Greater than 2.5 Biological Treatment Methods
MGD but equal to (A) Suspended Growth Reactors 8 24
or less than 5.0 (B) Aerated Lagoons or Constructed Wetlands 8 26
MGD (C) Filters or Other Attached Growth Contactors 8 24
(D) Processes Utilizing Biological Nutrient Control 8 24
(E) Processes Utilizing Land Treatment During Land --
Application
II Greater than 0.5 Biological Treatment Methods
MGD but equal to (A) Suspended Growth Reactors 8 16
or less than 2.5 (B) Aerated Lagoons 4 8
MGD (C) Filters or Other Attached Growth Contactors 8 16
(D) Processes Utilizing Biological Nutrient Control 8 16
During Land --
(E) Processes Utilizing Land Treatment Application
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
II Greater than 0.1 Advanced Waste Treatment
MGD but equal to (A) Ammonia Stripping 8 16
or less than 2.5 (B) Breakpoint Chlorination 8 16
MGD (C) Carbon Adsorption 8 16
(D) Chemical Coagulation, Flocculation, Precipitation 8 16
(E) Filtration 8 16
(F) Demineralization (Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, 8 16
Electrodialysis)
III Greater than 0.04 Biological Treatment Methods
MGD but Equal to (A) Suspended Growth Reactors 8 8
or less than 0.5 (B) Aerated Lagoons or Constructed Wetlands 8 8
MGD (C) Filters or Other Attached Growth Contractors 8 8
(D) Processes Utilizing Biological Nutrient Control 8 8
(E) Processes Utilizing Land Treatment During Land --
Application
III Greater than 1.00 Natural Treatment Methods 4 8
MGD
III Greater than Advanced Waste Treatment
0.001 MGD but (A) Ammonia Stripping 8 8
equal to or less (B) Breakpoint Chlorination 8 8
than 0.1 MGD (C) Carbon Adsorption 8 8
(D) Chemical Coagulation, Flocculation, Precipitation 8 8
(E) Filtration 8 8
(F) Demineralization (Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, 8 8
Electrodialysis)
(4)
IV Greater than Biological Mechanical Methods 4 4
0.001 MGD but
equal to or less
than 0.04 MGD
IV Greater than Natural Treatment Methods (4) 4 4
0.001 MGD but
equal to or less
than 1.00 MGD
Notes:
(1)
Specific requirements for the number of licensed operators and the number and qualifications of the operating staff
specified in accordance with this chapter and in consultation with and concurrence by the commissioner are to be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis in accordance with operational reliability and permit compliance data. Such
requirements are to be included in the Operation and Maintenance Manual.
(2)
If a particular treatment unit or units are discontinued or not in use for a significant period of time and the remaining
treatment processes result in a lower classification for the treatment works, after concurrence by the commissioner, the
licensed operator and operating staff requirements during that period may be reduced to that required for type and
classification of treatment process remaining in service.
(3)
If more than one sewage treatment process is used, the more stringent requirements among the processes will apply. In
some cases, complexity of operation for several AWT processes in sequence may require more than the minimum
coverage.
(4)
Mechanical treatment processes are defined as those containing aerated and mixed flows using electrical or outside
energy sources.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
4. "Interceptor" means a sewer that receives sewage flow
PART III. from a number of gravity mains, trunk sewers, sewage force
MANUAL OF PRACTICE FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND mains, etc.
TREATMENT WORKS.
The minimum peak design capacity for lateral and submain
Article 1. sewers should be 400% of the average design flow.
Collection and Conveyance Sewers.
Minimum peak design capacity of main, and trunk, sewers
12 VAC 5-581-370. Design factors. should be 250% of the average design flow.
A. Sewage collection systems shall be designed and Minimum peak design for interceptor sewers shall be 200% of
constructed to achieve total containment of the predicted the average design flow.
sewage flows contributed from the established service area
and population. New combined sewers receiving direct storm 12 VAC 5-581-380. Design details.
water drainage shall not be approved. Interceptor sewers for
existing combined sewers shall be designed and constructed A. Sizing. For the purpose of this chapter the gravity sewer
to prevent the discharge of inadequately treated wastes. design details as described herein represent the best
Overflows from intercepting sewers shall be managed in available standards of practice. Hydraulic computations and
accordance with the issued certificate or permit. other design data should clearly establish the capacity of
proposed sewers that do not conform to the minimum
B. Basis. In general, sewer systems should be designed for standards included in this section.
the estimated ultimate tributary population with an upper limit
consisting of the 50-year population growth projection, except 1. Sewer size shall not be less than eight inches in
when considering parts of the systems that can be readily diameter, except under the following conditions:
increased in capacity. Consideration shall be given to land use a. Laterals serving six connections or fewer on cul de
plans and to other planning documents and to the maximum sacs or as sidewalk collector lines may be six inches in
anticipated capacity of institutions, industrial parks, apartment diameter.
developments, etc.
b. Sewer lines carrying settled sewage, such as septic
C. Factors. In determining the required capacities of sanitary tank effluent, may be as small as 1-1/2 inches in
sewers, the following factors shall be considered: diameter.
a. Maximum hourly sewage flow. 2. Engineering calculations and justifications indicating that
b. Additional maximum sewage or wastewater flows from reduced line sizes are adequate shall be included with the
industrial sources. submission.
c. Ground water infiltration. B. Placement. Gravity sewers shall be of suitable material and
placed such that their design capacity is maintained and
d. Topography of area. leakage into and out of the pipelines is within allowable
values.
e. Location of sewage treatment works.
1. Sewers shall be installed at a sufficient depth to prevent
f. Depth of excavation. ice formation due to cooling of the wastewater flows,
g. Pumping requirements. resulting in blockage of the flow channel. Sewers carrying
nonsettled sewage and sewers carrying settled sewage
h. Occupancy rates. shall be designed and constructed to give mean velocities,
D. Capacity. New sewer system capacity shall be designed on when flowing full, of not less than two feet per second and
the basis of an average daily per capita flow of sewage of not 1.3 feet per second, respectively, based on Manning's
less than that set forth in Table 3 (12 VAC 5-581-520) of this formula using a pipe material roughness coefficient ("n")
chapter. These figures are assumed to include infiltration but value of 0.014. Use of other "n" values and slopes less than
do not address inflow. When deviations from the foregoing per those specified herein shall be justified on the basis of pipe
capita rates and established peak flow factors are proposed, a material specifications, research, or field data, presented
description of the procedure used to establish those design with the submission for approval.
flows shall be included with the submission for the purpose of 2. The following list represents the minimum slopes, which
this chapter, the following list defines the various collection should be provided for gravity sewers; however, slopes
system components that are to be designed to transmit peak greater than those listed are desirable:
flow rates:
Sewer Size Minimum Slope in Feet per 100 Feet
1. "Lateral" means a sewer that has no other common
sewers discharging into it. Non-Settled
Sewage Settled Sewage
2. "Submain" means a sewer that receives flow from one or
more lateral sewers. 3 inch Not Allowed 0.53
3. "Main or trunk" means a sewer that receives sewage flow 4 inch Not Allowed 0.47
from one or more submain sewers. 6 inch 0.49 0.21
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
d. The sewers shall be installed with smooth radius
8 inch 0.40 0.15 curves.
10 inch 0.28 0.12 7. Gravity sewer size shall normally remain constant
12 inch 0.22 0.086 between manholes. Where a smaller sewer joins a larger
one, the relative elevations of the inverts of the sewers shall
14 inch 0.17 0.068 be arranged to maintain approximately the same energy
15 inch 0.15 0.063 gradient. An approximate method for securing these results,
which may be used, is to align the 80% capacity flow level,
16 inch 0.14 0.058 or to align the internal pipe crown or top invert, of both
sewers, at the same elevation.
18 inch 0.12 0.050
8. Where velocities greater than 15 feet per second are
21 inch 0.10 0.040
expected, special provisions shall be made to protect
24 inch 0.08 0.034 against internal erosion by high velocity. The pipe shall
conform to applicable ASTM, AWWA, ANSI, or other
27 inch 0.067 0.029 appropriate standards or specifications, which provide
30 inch 0.058 0.025 protection against internal erosion.
36 inch 0.046 0.020 9. Any generally accepted material for sewers will be given
consideration, but the material selected shall be adapted to
3. Decreased slopes may be provided where the depth of local conditions such as character of industrial waste,
flow will be 0.3 of the diameter or greater for design average possibility of septicity, soil characteristics, exceptionally
flow. Whenever such decreased slopes are selected, design heavy internal-external loadings, abrasions, and similar
consultants must furnish, with their report, computations of problems. The pipe material shall conform to applicable
the depth of flow in such pipes at minimum, average, and ASTM, AWWA, ANSI, or other appropriate standards and
peak daily or hourly rates of flow. Otherwise, it must be the pipe is to be marked with an approved identification
recognized that decreased slopes may require available such as the specifications standard.
resources for additional sewer maintenance.
10. All sewers shall be designed to prevent damage from
4. Sewers shall be installed with uniform slope between superimposed loads. Proper allowance shall be made for
manholes. loads on the sewer as a result of the width and depth of the
5. Sewers constructed on 20% slope or greater shall be trench.
anchored securely with concrete anchors or equal. 12 VAC 5-581-390. Construction details.
Suggested minimum anchorage is as follows:
A. Pipe joints. The method of joining pipe and the material
a. Not over 36 feet center-to-center on grades 20% and used shall be included in the design specifications in
up to 35%. accordance with ASTM or other nationally recognized
b. Not over 24 feet center-to-center on grades 35% and standards and the joint material and joint testing shall conform
up to 50%. to the latest edition of the appropriate standards and
specifications.
c. Not over 16 feet center-to-center on grades 50% and
over. 1. Sewer joints shall be designed to prevent infiltration and
to prevent the entrance of roots.
6. Gravity sewers shall normally be installed with a straight
alignment between manholes. Curved sewers should be 2. When clay sewer pipe is used, the joints shall be
installed only on curved streets, where the curve of the compression joints, made in conformance with the
street and the curve of the sewer are concentric. The use of appropriate ASTM specification.
curved alignment for sewers may be considered, with the 3. When concrete pipe is used, single rubber ring gasket
following restrictions: joints shall conform to the appropriate ASTM specification.
a. Justification shall be provided by the design consultant 4. When asbestos cement pipe, truss pipe, or ductile iron
to verify that the curved alignment is more advantageous pipe is used, joints using couplings and gaskets shall be
for that installation. made in conformance with the requirements of the
b. The use of curved sewers shall be limited to appropriate ASTM Specification.
conveyance of settled sewage unless the owners can 5. Joints for plastic material pipe may be of compression
document that the specialized equipment necessary to gaskets, chemical welded sleeves, or chemical fusion joints
clean the sewers will be obtained and used as necessary. per manufacturers' recommendations. Heat fusion joints
c. The minimum radius of the curve shall be based on the may be used for high density polyethylene pipe.
maximum allowable joint deflection in accordance with B. Leakage. An acceptance test shall be specified for all
the appropriate ASTM standard or other appropriate gravity sewer lines. The test may be either a hydrostatic test
standard. or an air test.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
21
Proposed Regulations
1. Where hydrostatic testing is specified (infiltration or stone or rock larger than five inches in its greatest
exfiltration), the leakage outward or inward shall not exceed dimension shall be used in backfilling.
100 gallons per inch of nominal pipe diameter per mile per
day (2,400 gpd/mi maximum) for any section of the system. 3. Trenches in public roadways shall be excavated,
Manholes should be tested prior to pipeline testing. Where backfilled and compacted in accordance with the standards
the exfiltration test is employed, the line shall be subjected specified in the Virginia Department of Transportation's
to a minimum of four feet of head, or up to the head to the Road and Bridge Specifications or other acceptable criteria.
top of the previously tested manhole, whichever is the 12 VAC 5-581-400. Vacuum sewerage system.
lesser, above the crown of the pipe at the upstream
manhole of the section being tested. A. Features. Vacuum sewer systems consisting of small
diameter pipes that collect sewage delivered through multiple
2. The infiltration test shall be allowed only when it can be service connection values and deliver that flow under negative
shown that the hydrostatic head outside the pipe is a pressure to one or more receiving stations will be considered
minimum of four feet or exceeds the upstream manhole on a case-by-case basis. The design shall include, but not be
depth, whichever is the lesser, above the crown of the pipe limited to, the following criteria:
for the entire length of the pipe being tested.
1. Minimum pipe diameter shall be three inches for
3. Where air testing is specified, test methods and nonsettled sewage and 1-1/2 inches for settled sewage.
acceptability criteria shall be in accordance with the
appropriate ASTM specification. Air testing shall generally 2. Shut-off valves shall be provided at branch connections
be acceptable for all types of pipe materials. If air testing is with lines exceeding 300 feet and at intervals no greater
employed, the manholes shall be tested by exfiltration. than 2000 feet on main vacuum lines. Valves shall not
obstruct the flow path when fully opened for operation. Gate
4. Manhole leaking standards as specified in 12 VAC 5-585- valves and butterfly valves may not be acceptable if the flow
410 shall be obtained. path is obstructed during system operation.
C. Building sewers. Sewerage service lines from buildings 3. Access points equal to the vacuum line diameter shall be
(sewers) shall be constructed in accordance with either the provided at the end of main and branch lines and at
Uniform Statewide Building Code of Virginia or this chapter intervals or locations suitable for operation and
and standards contained in this chapter, depending on maintenance of the system. Access or inspection points
jurisdictional considerations as outlined in Part IV (12 VAC 5- shall be provided so that a suitable means for shut off of
581-1000 et seq.) of this chapter. Interceptor, or separation lines can be readily inserted.
basins, may be required under the provisions of state or local
building codes or standards and the provisions of this chapter. 4. Provisions for vacuum testing the piping system shall be
described and made available to the division.
1. Connections shall be made to sewers by replacing a
length of pipe with branch fittings, or a clean opening cut B. Connection valves. The minimum diameter of vacuum
with tapping equipment and a "y" type of connection valves for nonsettled sewage shall be such that a sphere of 2-
completed and sealed. In some instances a tee-saddle or 1/2 inches can pass through. For settled sewage a 1-1/2
tee-insert may be attached to the sewer submain to provide inches sphere shall pass through the vacuum valve. Vacuum
a connection. valves shall be capable of operation under severe climatic
conditions such as submerged under water or ice conditions.
2. All connections to sewers and manholes shall be made Air vents shall extend above ground to a level up to the 100-
so as to prevent structural damage and infiltration. To meet year flood elevation, if practical. Air vent design should
future needs, stubs, wyes, and tees may be installed if provide protection against both freezing and physical damage,
plugged tightly. where possible. Access to valve pits shall be such that valves
D. Trench construction. Class A, B, or C bedding (latest may be easily removed and replaced. A holding tank of
edition of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) sufficient volume up to 25% or more of the design daily flow
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, Water shall be provided upstream of the vacuum valve when the
Environment Federation (WEF) Manual of Practice) and location of the vacuum valve alone does not permit proper
American Waterworks Association (AWWA) bedding class system operation.
shall be provided for rigid pipe, and appropriate installation C. Receiving station. A minimum of two sewage and vacuum
shall be provided for flexible pipe material in accordance with pumping units shall be provided for receiving stations. The
recognized standards and manufacturers' recommendations. system shall be capable of handling peak sewage and air flow
1. Trenches shall be carefully backfilled with excavated conditions with one unit out of service. In the overall design,
materials approved for backfilling, consisting of earth, loam, consideration shall be given to pump cooling requirements
sandy clay, sand and gravel, soft shale, or other approved and features required for pumping moist air containing sewer
materials free from large clods of earth or stones larger than gases. Provisions for odor control such as exhaust air
one inch in diameter, deposited in six inch layers, and oxidation or deodorization shall be considered in the system
thoroughly and carefully tamped until the pipe has a cover design. The design of the pump station should minimize the
of not less than one foot. discharge of air along with the sewage. The capacity of the
collecting tanks shall be sufficient to limit the start frequency of
2. The remainder of the backfill shall be placed in the trench all pumps to less than 12 per hour. The number of collection
in layers not exceeding two feet and thoroughly tamped. No
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Proposed Regulations
tanks shall be established to account for system reliability and maintenance access, safety slabs or platform benches should
operability. be provided at depth intervals of 10 feet or less as required
unless adequate access lifting devices are provided in
1. Provisions shall be made to isolate the receiving vacuum accordance with VOSH or other recognized standards. The
collection tank, vacuum pumps, raw sewage influent line, use of sections of reinforcing bars as access steps is not
and raw sewage discharge pumps. recommended for safety considerations.
2. The raw sewage pumps shall meet all applicable C. Features. The base inside diameter of manholes and
requirements of this chapter. The negative head created by vertical pipe tees used for maintenance access shall be a
the vacuum pumps shall be considered in calculating Net minimum of 42 inches. The clear opening in the manhole
Positive Suction Head (NPSH). frame shall be a minimum of 24 inches. Larger base
D. Service. Adequate service arrangements shall be provided diameters are preferred.
for routine and emergency maintenance and operation. The 1. The manhole foundation shall be adequately designed to
arrangements shall include: support the manhole and any superimposed loads that may
a. Right of access. occur.
b. Adequate spare valves, spare parts, and service tools. 2. The flow channel through manholes shall be of such
shape and slope to provide smooth transition between inlet
c. Monitoring, alarm system to locate vacuum loss or and outlet sewers and to reduce turbulence. Benches shall
valve failure. be sloped to the channel to prevent accumulation of solids.
E. Operability. The vacuum collection system is to be 3. When the flow direction or horizontal deflection of a
operated in a manner to prevent the discharge of raw sewage sewer line varies significantly, elevation changes may be
to any waters and to protect public health by preventing back- necessary to provide for head losses. The minimum vertical
up of sewage and subsequent discharge to basements, change in elevation from upstream to downstream should
streets, and other public and private property. provide for a head loss of up to 3 inches or more, when
1. Provisions for maintaining interim household service and ninety degrees of deflection is specified.
preventing sewage overflows during system malfunction 4. Watertight manhole covers or watertight manhole inserts
shall be described and submitted with design information in shall be used whenever the manhole tops may be flooded
accordance with this chapter. for several hours or more. As a minimum, watertight
2. An alarm system shall be provided capable of alerting manhole covers or watertight manhole inserts shall be used
maintenance personnel of operational and safety problems when the manhole top is below the elevation of the 100-
in case of malfunction in the collection system. year flood/wave action.
12 VAC 5-581-410. Manholes. 5. Masonry manholes of brick or segmented block and the
nongasketed joints of precast manholes shall be
A. Location. Manholes shall be installed at the end of each waterproofed on the exterior with suitable coatings (e.g.,
line of eight-inch diameter or greater; at all changes in grade, cement supplemented with bituminous).
size, or alignment; at all intersections; and at distances not
greater than 400 feet for sewers 15 inches or less in diameter 6. Inlet and outlet pipes shall be joined to the manhole with
and 500 feet for sewers 18 inches to 30 inches in diameter, a gasketed flexible watertight connection or any watertight
except that distances up to 600 feet may be adequate in connection arrangement that allows differential settlement
cases where adequate modern cleaning equipment for such of the pipe and manhole wall to take place without
spacing is provided. destroying the watertight integrity of the line connections.
1. Slightly greater spacing may be utilized in larger sewers. 7. Ventilation of gravity sewer systems shall be provided
where continuous watertight sections greater than 1,000
2. Terminal cleanouts may be acceptable in place of feet in length are incurred.
manholes, on lines eight inches in diameter or less, on a
case-by-case basis. Cleanouts may be used in lieu of 8. In accordance with this chapter and standards contained
manholes for collection of settled sewage. Manholes are in this chapter, frames, and covers shall be of suitable
required where four or more sewers intersect, or where two material and designed to accommodate prevailing site
or more sewers intersect at depths greater than eight feet. conditions. Ventilation, safety lines, hoist arrangements and
Cleanouts shall be installed at distances not greater than other requirements, as necessary for material maintenance
400 feet for settled sewage systems. access, should be provided in accordance with VOSH
requirements.
B. Materials. Manholes shall be constructed of materials that
will maintain structural integrity throughout the design life of 9. A drop pipe should be provided for an upstream sewer
the sewer. Manhole wall and bottom construction shall be entering a manhole at an elevation of 24 inches or more
such as to ensure water tightness and the Virginia Department above the manhole invert unless sewer pipe crowns match
of Labor and Industry, Occupational Safety and Health elevations, or as may otherwise be required to conform to
Administration (VOSH) requirements may also specify design the use of standard fittings in the drop pipe construction.
requirements. Confined space entry restrictions are to be met. Where the difference in elevation between the incoming
For those manholes and vertical sections of pipe tees used for sewer and the manhole invert is less than 24 inches, the
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
invert shall be filiated to prevent solids deposition. A drop construction shall be such that sewers will remain watertight
pipe shall be used when the upstream to downstream invert and free from change in alignment or grade due to
difference exceeds 24 inches and the sewer deflects anticipated hydraulic and physical loads, erosion, and
horizontally at a manhole. The drop through the manhole impact.
should be a maximum of four inches for a 90° horizontal
deflection. 2. Depressed sewers or siphons shall have not less than
two barrels, with a minimum pipe size of six inches and
D. Leakage testing. Manholes may be tested for leakage at shall be provided with necessary appurtenances for
the same time that gravity sewer lines are being convenient flushing and maintenance; the inlet and outlet
hydrostatically tested for leakage. For manholes greater than chambers shall be designed to facilitate cleaning; and, in
four feet in depth whose entire depth was not included in the general, sufficient head shall be provided and pipe sizes
hydrostatic testing of the sewer line, the manholes shall be selected to secure velocities of at least three feet per
tested by exfiltration. Inflatable stoppers shall be used to plug second for average flows. The inlet and outlet details shall
all lines into and out of the manhole being tested. The be arranged so that normal flow is diverted to one barrel
manhole shall be filled with water to the top of the rim. A and so that either barrel may be removed for service or
maximum 12-hour soak shall be allowed. Leakage shall not cleaning.
exceed 0.25 gallon per hour (gph) per foot of depth.
B. Water supplies. No general requirement can be made to
1. If air testing of sewer lines is employed, the manholes cover all conditions. Sewers shall meet the requirements of
shall normally be tested by exfiltration. Inflatable stoppers the appropriate reviewing agency with respect to minimum
shall be used to plug all lines into and out of the manhole distances to structures and pipelines utilized for drinking water
being tested. The stoppers shall be positioned in the lines supplies. There shall be no cross connection between a
far enough from the manhole to ensure testing of the drinking water supply and a sewer, or appurtenance thereto.
untested portions of the lines. The manhole shall then be
filled with water to the top of the rim. A maximum 12-hour 1. The requirements of the Virginia Waterworks Regulations
soak shall be allowed. Leakage shall not exceed 0.25 gph (12 VAC 5-590-10 et seq.) shall be satisfied.
per foot. 2. The requirements of the Virginia Sewage Handling and
2. Air testing or vacuum testing of manholes for leakage Disposal Regulations (12 VAC 5-610-10 et seq.) shall be
may be considered on a case-by-case basis. It is important satisfied.
that the entire manhole from the invert to the top of the rim 3. No sewer line shall pass within 50 feet of a drinking water
be tested. supply well, source, or structure unless special construction
12 VAC 5-581-420. Water quality and public health and pipe materials are used to obtain adequate protection.
protection. The proposed design shall identify and adequately address
the protection of all drinking water supply wells, sources,
A. Design integrity. The tops of all sewers entering or crossing and structures up to a distance of 100 feet of the sewer line
streams shall be at a sufficient depth below the natural bottom installation.
of the stream bed to protect the sewer line. In general, one
foot of suitable cover shall be provided where the stream is 4. Sewers shall be laid at least 10 feet horizontally from a
located in rock and three feet of suitable cover in other water main. The distance shall be measured edge-to-edge.
material. Less cover will be considered if the proposed sewer When local conditions prohibit this horizontal separation, the
crossing is encased in concrete and will not interfere with sewer may be laid closer provided that the water main is in
future improvements to the stream channel. Reasons for a separate trench or an undisturbed earth shelf located on
requesting less cover shall be given in the application. Below one side of the sewer and the bottom of the water main is at
paved channels, the crown of the sewer lines should be least 18 inches above the top of the sewer. Where this
placed under the channel pavement. Sewers shall remain fully vertical separation cannot be obtained, the sewer shall be
operational during the 25-year flood/wave action. Sewers and constructed of water pipe material in accordance with
their appurtenances located along streams shall be protected AWWA specifications and pressure tested in place without
against the normal range of high and low water conditions, leakage prior to backfilling. The hydrostatic test shall be
including the 100-year flood/wave action. Sewers located conducted in accordance with the most recent edition of the
along streams shall be located outside of the stream bed AWWA Standard for the pipe material, with a minimum test
wherever possible and should be sufficiently removed pressure of 30 psi.
therefrom to provide for future possible channel widening. 5. Sewers shall cross under water mains such that the top
Reasons for requesting sewer lines to be located within of the sewer is at least 18 inches below the bottom of the
stream beds shall be given in the application. water main. When local conditions prohibit this vertical
1. Sewers entering or crossing streams shall be constructed separation, the sewer shall be constructed of AWWA
of watertight pipe. The pipe and joints shall be tested in specified water pipe and pressure tested in place without
place and shall exhibit zero infiltration. Sewers laid on piers leakage prior to backfilling, in accordance with the
across ravines or streams shall be allowed only when it can provisions of this chapter. Sewers crossing over water
be demonstrated that no other practical alternative exists. mains shall:
Such sewers on piers shall be constructed in accordance
with the requirements for sewers entering or crossing under
streams. Construction methods and materials of
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Proposed Regulations
a. Be laid to provide a separation of at least 18 inches shall be designed to prevent grit settling in the discharge
between the bottom of the sewer and the top of the water lines when pumps are not operating.
main.
2. At least two pumping units shall be provided. Where two
b. Be constructed of AWWA approved water pipe and units are provided, each shall be capable of handling flows
pressure tested in place without leakage prior to in excess of the expected maximum flow or a minimum of 2-
backfilling, in accordance with the provisions of this 1/2 times the average design flow, whichever is greater.
chapter. Where three or more units are provided, they shall be
designed to fit actual flow conditions and must be of such
c. Have adequate structural support to prevent damage to capacity that, with any one unit out of service, the remaining
the water main. units will have capacity to handle the maximum sewage flow
d. Have the sewer joints placed equidistant and as far as or a minimum of 2-1/2 times the average design flow,
possible from the water main joints. whichever is greater. When the station is expected to
operate at a flow rate less than one-half times the average
6. No water pipe shall pass through or come into contact design flow for an extended period of time, the design shall
with any part of a sewer manhole. Manholes shall be placed address measures taken to prevent septicity due to long
at least 10 feet horizontally from a water main whenever holding times of untreated sewage in the wet well.
possible. The distance shall be measured edge-to-edge of
the pipes or structures. When local conditions prohibit this 3. Treatment works pump stations should be designed so
horizontal separation, the manhole shall be of watertight that sewage will be delivered to the treatment works at
construction and tested in place. approximately the same rate it is received at the pump
station. At least two pumping units shall be provided.
12 VAC 5-581-430. System access. Treatment works pump stations are those stations which
Sewer location should be within streets, alleys, and utility discharge to sewage treatment works without dissipation of
rights-of-way. Approvals shall be obtained from the flow through a gravity collection system. Where only two
appropriate jurisdictions for placement of sewers within these pumping units are to be utilized, they shall be variable
boundaries. speeded and sized so that the pumps deliver from 1/2 to 2-
1/2 times the average design flow or the maximum flow,
Where it is impossible to avoid placing sewers (and whichever is greater, except where flow equalization is
manholes/cleanouts) on private property, the owner shall have utilized in accordance with this chapter. Where constant
recorded easements or have filed certificates of condemnation speed pumps are to be utilized without equalization, either
from all parties possessing or having legal interest in an (i) at least three pumps, each having a capacity of
adequate right-of-way necessary for proper installation, approximately 1-1/4 times the average design flow, or (ii)
maintenance, operation, and removal of sewerage facilities. two pumps, each having a capacity of approximately 1-1/4
These easements shall include provisions for controlling the times the average design flow, with the third pump having a
location of fences, buildings, or other structures within the capacity of 2-1/2 times the average design flow, shall be
easement and shall be shown on the plans. provided as needed to transfer the maximum flow. Multiple-
speed pumps in lieu of variable speed pumps may be
Article 2. considered for specific applications. These criteria for
Sewage Pump Stations. influent flows will not apply to such treatment works where
several days' holding capacity is provided, such as in
12 VAC 5-581-440. Sewage pumping. stabilization ponds or in aerated lagoons.
A. Features. Sewage pump stations should be located as far 4. Pumps handling raw sewage should be preceded by
as practicable from present or proposed built-up residential readily accessible bar racks with clear openings not
areas, and an all-weather road shall be provided. Stations exceeding 2-1/2 inches, unless pneumatic ejectors are used
should have a proper zone of controlled or limited use or special devices are installed to protect the pumps from
surrounding them. Within such zones, residential uses or high clogging or damage. Where the size of the installation
density human activities or activities involving food preparation warrants, a mechanically cleaned bar screen with either a
should be prevented. Provisions for noise control and odor grinder or comminution device is recommended. Where
control, and station architectural design should conform to site screens are located below ground, convenient facilities
requirements. Sites for stations shall be of sufficient size for must be provided for handling screenings. For the larger or
future expansion or addition, if applicable. All mechanical and deeper stations, duplicate protection units of proper
electrical equipment which could be damaged or inactivated capacity are preferred. Interceptor or separation basins may
by contact with or submergence in water (motors, control be necessary prior to pumps handling raw sewage.
equipment, blowers, switch gear, bearings, etc.) shall be
physically located above the 100-year flood/wave action or 5. Pumps in which the solids pass through the impeller(s)
otherwise protected against the l00-year flood/wave action shall be capable of passing spheres of at least three inches
damage. All stations shall be designed to remain fully in diameter. Pumping equipment having integral screens for
operational during the 25-year flood/wave action. preventing solids from passing through the impeller shall be
capable of passing spheres of at least two inches in
1. Where it may be necessary to pump raw (untreated) or diameter. Pumping equipment preceded by grinding
unsettled sewage prior to grit removal, the design of the wet equipment shall be capable of passing the solids
well shall receive special attention. The discharge piping discharged from the grinding mechanism.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
6. Pumps shall be so placed that under normal start 1. As a minimum, ventilation of the wet well shall be
conditions they will start with a positive suction head, except accomplished by the provision of a properly screened vent,
as specified for suction lift pumps. Each pump shall have an with the end either turned downward or provided with a
individual intake and suction line. Wet well design should be "mushroom" cap. The vent shall be at least four inches in
such as to avoid turbulence near the intake. Pump suction diameter. If screens or mechanical equipment, which might
and discharge piping shall not be less than four inches in require periodic maintenance and inspection, are located in
diameter except where design of special equipment allows. the wet well, then it shall be mechanically ventilated at the
The design velocity in pump piping should not exceed (i) six time of access by maintenance personnel.
feet per second in the suction piping, and (ii) in the
discharge piping, eight feet per second. All pumps should 2. There shall be no interconnection between the wet well
be provided with an air relief line on the pump discharge exhaust flow and the dry well ventilation systems. In pits
piping. over 15 feet deep, multiple inlets and outlets are desirable.
Dampers shall not be used on exhaust or fresh air ducts,
7. Control float cages shall be so located as not to be and fine screens or other obstructions in air ducts shall be
affected by the flows entering the wet well or by the suction avoided to prevent clogging. In climates where excessive
of the pumps. Float tubes will not be permitted in either the moisture or low temperature are problems, consideration
wet or dry well. Air-operated pneumatic controls are should be given to installation of automatic heating and
preferred for all sewage pump stations. Provisions shall be dehumidification equipment.
made to automatically alternate the pumps in use (which is
referred to as lead-lag operation) unless adequate operation 3. Switches for operation of ventilation equipment shall be
and maintenance is to be provided to protect against pump marked and conveniently located above grade and near the
failure. pump station entrance. Consideration should be given also
to automatic controls where intermittent operation is used.
8. For the purpose of designating liquid levels for alarm The fan drive shall be fabricated from nonsparking material
requirements, high liquid level in the wet well is defined as a in accordance with applicable codes and standards.
level of sewage in the wet well above normal operating
levels such that either: (i) a backup of sewage in the 4. Where heat buildup from pump motors may be a
incoming sewer may occur, or (ii) an overflow may occur, or problem, consideration should be given to automatic cooling
(iii) standby pump(s) may be required to be activated. In the and ventilation to dissipate motor heat.
case of a duplex pump station with limited wet well volume, 5. Ventilation of wet wells in accordance with VOSH
the alarm design should include activation at the time of requirements may be either continuous or intermittent.
simultaneous operation of both pumps, initiating when the Ventilation, if continuous, shall provide at least 12 complete
second alternating pump starts (referred to as the lag air changes per hour; if intermittent, at least 30 complete air
pump). changes per hour. Such ventilation shall be accomplished
9. Suitable shut-off valves shall be placed on each suction by mechanical means.
and each discharge line of each pump for normal pump C. Water supply. There shall be no cross connection between
isolation. A check valve is to be placed on each discharge any potable water supply and a sewage pump station which
line, between the shut-off valve and the pump. No shut-off under any conditions might cause contamination of the
valve need be placed on the suction side of suction lift or potable water supply. Any potable water supply brought to the
submersible pumps. Periodic exercising of valves should be station shall comply with conditions stipulated in the Virginia
specified within the routine maintenance programs. Waterworks Regulations (12 VAC 5-590-10 et seq.). Where
10. System pump stations should have the provision for conditions do not warrant the installation of an approved
installing flow measuring devices when necessary. reduced pressure zone backflow prevention device on the
Consideration should be given to installation of such water supply line to the pump stations, other approved
devices in system pump stations whose flow rate can affect devices may be considered on a case-by-case basis.
the proper operation of the treatment works. D. Service. Provisions shall be made to facilitate removing
11. Adequate lighting for the entire pump station shall be pumps, motors, and other equipment without interruption of
provided in accordance with VOSH and other applicable system service while providing all necessary worker safety
codes and standards. features.
12. Pump stations shall be designed in accordance with the 1. In accordance with VOSH requirements, suitable and
statewide building code and so as to minimize the adverse safe means of access shall be provided to dry wells and wet
effects of vandalism. Pump stations shall be equipped with wells containing equipment requiring inspection or
a secure external disconnect switch located above grade maintenance. Compliance with all applicable VOSH and
where possible. Uniform Statewide Building Code requirements can be
required. All ladders shall have slip-resistant rungs.
B. Ventilation shall be provided in accordance with VOSH
requirements and shall comply with this chapter for enclosed 2. If the dry well or wet well floor is more than 10 feet below
spaces within pump stations during all periods when the the entrance, special consideration shall be given to safety
station is manned. Where the pump is permanently mounted features such as harness lifts, ladder cages, spiral
below the ground, mechanical ventilation is required and shall stairways, or intermediate landings. Intermediate landings
be arranged so as to independently ventilate the dry well. should not exceed 10 foot vertical intervals.
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
E. Wet wells. Proper design of wet wells is essential to 4. Reliability Class III pump stations are not limited to a
effective pump station operation. specific period of overflow or discharge, and will be
considered on a case-by-case basis.
1. The wet wells at major pumping stations and in those
located in critical areas should be divided into two sections B. Continuous operability. The owner shall demonstrate, to the
properly interconnected to facilitate repairs and cleaning. satisfaction of the division, that the time allowances for
continuous operability will be met on a 24-hour basis. This
2. The wet well size and control settings shall be designed information shall accompany the plans and specifications
and operated so as to avoid heat buildup in the pump motor when submitted and shall be subsequently modified and
due to frequent starting and to avoid septic conditions due resubmitted at any time in the future that the actual allowable
to excessive detention time. time (transpiring between the high liquid level alarm and the
3. Provisions shall be made to prevent solids deposition. time that an overflow or backup and subsequent discharge will
Where used, wet well fillets shall have a minimum slope of occur at flow rates being received) becomes less than the
one-to-one to the hopper bottom. The horizontal area of the allowable time claimed in the original submission. The
hopper bottom shall be no greater than necessary for demonstration shall include provision of instructions indicating
proper installation and function of the inlet. the essentiality of routinely maintaining, and regularly starting
and running, auxiliary and reserve units under field conditions.
12 VAC 5-581-450. Reliability. The following means for provision of continuous operability
A. Purpose. Reliability provisions are based on a shall be acceptable:
measurement of the ability of a component or system to 1. Alternate power sources or auxiliary stand-by
perform its designated function without failure or interruption generator that can operate sufficient pumps to deliver the
of service. Overflow criteria, such as a period of discharge, design peak flow.
are utilized solely for the establishment of reliability
classification for design purposes and are not to be construed 2. Alternate drive arrangements whereby all pumps are
as authorization for, or defense of, an unpermitted discharge backed by internal combustion motors with "Y"
to state waters. mechanical couplings to the pump drive shafts or to
permanently mounted reserve pumps capable of
1. The objective of achieving reliability protection is to delivering total peak flows.
prevent the discharge of raw or partially treated sewage to
any waters and to protect public health by preventing 3. Portable pump resources in accordance with this
backup of sewage and subsequent discharge to basements, chapter.
streets and other public and private property. Provisions for 4. An emergency overflow holding basin with capacity to
continuous operability of pumping stations shall be retain a minimum of one day of station design flow and
evaluated in accordance with the appropriate reliability having provisions for recycling flow to the pump station.
classification.
C. Electrical power. The sources of electrical power required
2. For Class I Reliability, alternate motive force sufficient to to operate pump stations shall be evaluated in accordance
operate the station at peak flow rates being received shall with the reliability classification of the pump station.
be operating the station prior to the expiration of an
allowable time period. The maximum allowable period will 1. For Class I Reliability, electric power shall be provided by
be the time transpiring between the high liquid level alarm alternate feed from distribution lines which are serviced by
and the occurrence of an overflow, or backup and alternate feed from transmission lines (e.g., 115 KV) where
subsequent discharge, at flow rates being received (except possible. The transmission lines shall have alternate feed
when an emergency holding basin is provided to satisfy the from the generating source or sources. The capacity of
requirement for continuous operability). The transpired time each power source shall be sufficient to operate the pumps
to be considered allowable may be the critical (shortest) during peak wastewater flow conditions, together with
transpired time (peak flow rates) or a spectrum of transpired critical lighting and ventilation. The requirement for alternate
times keyed to the 24 individual hours of the day. Certain feed can be satisfied by either a loop circuit, a "tie" circuit,
Reliability Class I pump stations, for which it is feasible to or two radial lines. Where alternate feed lines terminate in
shut down or discontinue operation during periods of power the same substation, the circuit feeding the pumping station
failure without bypassing or overflowing, may be exempted shall be equipped with two or more in-place transformers.
from the continuous operability requirement. Pump stations Where alternate feed is not possible, provision of auxiliary
which may qualify for the exemption can be broadly power sources will be considered.
categorized as those which serve facilities or institutions
which would be closed during periods of power failure, such 2. External alternate distribution lines shall be completely
as certain industrial plants, schools and recreational and independent. The two sets of alternate feed distribution
park areas. lines should not be supported from the same utility pole
and, if used, should neither cross over, nor be located in an
3. For Class II Reliability, alternate motive force sufficient to area where a single plausible occurrence (e.g., fallen tree)
operate the station at peak flow rates being received shall could disrupt both lines. A minimum separation of 25 feet for
be operating the station prior to the expiration of a 24-hour underground routes shall be maintained unless a properly
period commencing at the time an overflow or discharge designed and protected conduit bank is utilized. This shall
subsequent to a backup begins.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
27
Proposed Regulations
apply to service connections into the pump station. Devices Electrical Code (e.g., Class I, Group D, Division I for ignitable
should be used to protect the system from lightning. gases or vapors, etc.) and VOSH requirements.
3. For Class II Reliability, a single source feed is 1. Three-phase motors and their starters shall be protected
acceptable. If alternate power sources are provided for a from electric overload and short circuits on all three phases.
Class II or III station, one in-place transformer and capability
for connection of a mobile transformer may be provided 2. All motors shall have a low voltage protection device
where the alternate feed lines terminate in the same which, on the reduction or failure of voltage, will cause and
substation. maintain the interruption of power to that motor. The low
voltage protection device should protect each phase of 3-
D. Power distribution. The design of power distribution phase motors.
circuitry and equipment provided within pump stations shall be
in accordance with the reliability classification of the pump 3. Consideration should be given to the installation of
station. temperature detectors in the stator and bearings of larger
motors in order to give an indication of overheating
1. Reliability Class I pump stations shall have the problems.
following features:
4. Wires in underground conduits or in conduits that may be
a. Final stepdown transformer on each electric feed line flooded shall have moisture resistant insulation as identified
with adequate physical separation to prevent a common in the National Electrical Code.
mode failure.
5. Concrete, metals, control and operating equipment, and
b. In addition, Reliability Class I pump stations shall be safety devices shall, insofar as practical, be designed to
provided with separate buses for each power source . protect against corrosion.
c. Each power source shall remain separate and from 6. Electrical power devices or equipment used to convert
separate distribution substations up to the transfer switch single phase power to three phase power shall be dedicated
to preclude a common mode failure of both sources. to a single specific motor.
2. Reliability Class II and Class III pump stations may be C. Testing. Provisions shall be included in the design of
equipped with a single final stepdown transformer, a single equipment requiring periodic testing, to enable the tests to be
bus, a single motor control center, and a single power accomplished while maintaining electric power to all vital
distribution system. components. This requires being able to conduct tests such
as actuating and resetting automatic transfer switches and
3. Breaker settings or fuse ratings shall be coordinated to starting and loading emergency generating equipment. The
effect sequential tripping such that the breaker or fuse electric distribution system and equipment shall be designed
nearest the fault will clear the fault prior to activation of to facilitate inspection and maintenance of individual items
other breakers or fuses, to the degree practicable. without interruption of operations.
12 VAC 5-581-460. Pumping equipment. D. Generator. The power capacity provided by the on-site
A. Proper location. Where practicable, the electric switchgear emergency generator shall be in accordance with the reliability
and motor control centers should be housed above grade and classification of the pump station. The automatic start system
in a separate area from the dry well. All motors and control shall be completely independent of the normal electric power
enclosures shall be adequately protected from moisture from source. Air-starting systems shall have an accumulator tank or
the weather and water under pressure. In cases where tanks with a volume sufficient to furnish air for starting the
equipment may be damaged by flooding from natural events, generator engine a minimum of three times without
in such a manner as to cause excessive delays in restoring recharging. Batteries used for starting shall have a sufficient
the pump station to design operating levels, the means of charge to permit starting the generator engine a minimum of
protecting or removing such equipment prior to flooding three times without recharging. The starting system shall be
should be described in the Operation and Maintenance appropriately alarmed and instrumented to indicate loss of
Manual. Motors located indoors and near liquid handling readiness (e.g., loss of charge on batteries, loss of pressure in
piping or equipment shall be, at least, of-splash-resistant air accumulators, etc.)
design. Means for heating motors located outdoors or in areas E. The specifications shall require that the equipment
where condensation may occur should be provided. On-site manufacturers provide to the owner one complete set of
emergency power generation equipment shall be located operational instructions, equipment and maintenance
above grade and be adequately ventilated. Fuel shall be manuals, and emergency procedures for each major
stored in safe locations and in containers specifically designed mechanical and electrical equipment item. The manuals shall
for fuel storage. contain drawings of equipment and a numbered parts list
B. Electrical protection. All electrical equipment design keyed to a list of components. Tools and such spare parts as
(motors, controls, switches, conduit systems, etc.) located in may be needed shall also be specified.
raw sewage wet wells or in totally or partially enclosed spaces 12 VAC 5-581-470. Portable equipment and diversions.
where hazardous concentrations of flammable liquids, gases,
vapors, or dusts may be present will be evaluated in A. Needs. Portable equipment (pumps or generator sets) shall
accordance with the appropriate requirements of the National be acceptable to satisfy the continuous operability
requirements where, under critical conditions imposed by rush
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
hour traffic, multiple pumping station failures, etc., the portable controlled diversion is utilized at a Reliability Class I
equipment transportation, connection and starting can be pumping station, it shall be to a storage detention basin or
accomplished within allowable time periods. tank. The storage volume shall be sized in accordance with
the pump station's operating conditions and the constraints
1. Portable pumping equipment shall have the following and conditions applicable to the owner's repair and
provisions: maintenance capabilities. The storage volume shall provide,
a. Pumping units shall have capability to operate between without overflow, not less than six hours detention capacity
the wet well and the discharge side of the station. at the anticipated flow diversion rate.
b. Each station served by portable pumping equipment 2. Additional storage volume, or provisions for protection
shall facilitate rapid and easy connection of lines. against overflows in critical areas, may be required.
2. Numbers of portable units and their pumping 12 VAC 5-581-480. Alarm systems.
implementation capabilities that are simultaneously A. The alarm system provided to monitor pump station
available to service pumping stations, which are provided operation shall meet the appropriate reliability requirements.
continuous operability through the use of portable
equipment, shall conform to the following, whichever shall B. Class I. For Class I reliability, the alarm system shall
yield the greater number: monitor the power supplies to the station, auxiliary power
source, failure of pumps to discharge liquid, and high liquid
a. The number shall be the maximum number of pumping levels in the wet well and in the dry well, and shall include a
stations (dependent on portable equipment for continuous test function. An on-site audio-visual alarm system shall be
reliability) that are on the same radial extremity (single provided such that each announced alarm condition is
source feed) of any electrical distribution circuit from the uniquely identified. In addition, provisions shall be made for
point of the radial extremity's intersection with circuitry transmitting a single audible alarm signal to a central location
that has alternate feed. where personnel competent to receive the alarm and initiate
b. The number shall be equal to 5.0% of the number of corrective action are either: (i) available 24 hours per day, or
pumping stations (dependent on portable equipment for (ii) available during the periods that flow is received at the
continuous reliability). pump station.
3. Volume and head capabilities (pumps) or power watts C. Classes II and III. For Class II or III reliability, the alarm
(generators) of portable equipment shall be capable, singly system shall monitor high liquid levels in the wet well. An on-
or in combination, of operating the largest pump station site audio-visual alarm signal shall be provided. A sign
dependent on portable equipment for continuous reliability. indicating notification procedures (responsible persons,
telephone numbers, etc.) to be followed in case of alarm
B. Submittals. Plans and specifications for a pump station actuation shall be displayed conspicuously.
submitted to the division proposing to use portable equipment
to meet continuous operability requirements shall be D. Backup. A backup power supply, such as a battery pack
accompanied by a completed "Portable Equipment for with an automatic switchover feature, shall be provided for the
Sewage Pump Stations" form. A copy of this form is included alarm system, such that a failure of the primary power source
in 12 VAC 5-581-1060. would not disable the alarm system. A backup power supply
for the alarm system should be provided for a Reliability Class
1. The design submitted for sewerage systems that utilize I facility with dual electrical feed sources. Test circuits shall be
portable equipment to meet the continuous operability provided to enable the alarm system to be tested and verified
requirements for sewage pump stations shall include a to be working properly.
detailed plan that includes the following information: (i) an
inventory of the owner's portable equipment (pumps or 12 VAC 5-581-490. Alternatives.
generators) which lists numbers of units, capacities, storage A. General. Wet well-dry well pump stations shall meet the
locations, and assignment of this equipment by the owner; applicable requirements for both types of systems. Both wet
and (ii) an analysis of response times based on and dry wells shall be separated to prevent leakage of gas
geographical locations within the owner's sewerage system into the dry well. A separate sump pump or suitable means
service area. shall be provided in the dry well to remove leakage or
2. The response time analysis should be based upon a work drainage, with the discharge above the high water level of the
crew responding to an alarm from the pump station during wet well. Vacuum ejectors connected to a potable water
the hour of the day that the peak flow to that station is supply will not be approved. All floor and walkway surfaces
expected to be received. shall have an adequate slope to a point of drainage. Drainage
shall be unobstructed by conduit, piping, etc., installed on the
C. Controlled diversion. The provision of a high-level wet well dry well floor.
controlled diversion may be considered for pump stations of
all reliability classes. B. Suction lift. Suction lift pump installations shall be designed
to meet the applicable requirements of this chapter.
1. If a high-level wet well controlled diversion is utilized, the
overflow elevation shall be such that the maximum feasible 1. The capacity of suction lift pump stations shall be limited
storage capacity of the wastewater collection system shall by the net positive suction head and specific speed
be used before the controlled diversion is used. When a
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
29
Proposed Regulations
requirements as stated on the manufacturer's pump curve d. Duplicate receiver pots shall be provided. The units
under the most severe operating conditions. shall be alternated in operation.
2. All suction lift pumps shall be provided with an air relief E. Grinder. Grinder pump installations shall be designed to
line on the pump discharge piping. This line shall be located meet the applicable requirements of this chapter.
at the maximum elevation between the pump discharge
flange and the discharge check valve to ensure the 1. Maintenance and operation service arrangements shall
maximum bleed-off of entrapped air. Air relief piping shall be identified to the division. Acceptable service
have a minimum diameter adequate to purge air during arrangements shall include:
priming. The use of 90° elbows in air relief piping should be a. Right of access.
avoided. A separate air relief line shall be provided for each
pump discharge. The air relief line shall terminate in the wet b. Adequate spare parts, spare units and service tools.
well or suitable sump and open to the atmosphere. 2. A single pumping unit for a single home is acceptable,
3. Valving to prevent recycle of flow to the wet well should but the wet well capacity for a single family residence
be provided on all relief lines. The air relief valves shall be should be a minimum of 60 gallons.
located as close as practical to the discharge side of the 3. Duplex pumping units shall be provided where two
pump. Automatic operating air relief valves may be used if houses are served by a single installation. The wet well or
the design of the particular valve is such that the valve will holding tank capacity shall be twice the requirements for a
fail in the open position under varying head conditions. single house.
Unvalved air relief piping may lead to air entrainment in the
sewage and will materially affect pump efficiency and 4. The alarm system should provide notice to residents of
capacity. Air entrainment shall be considered accordingly by pump failure, including excessive high liquid levels. The
the design consultant. alarm system should alert the operating staff of the location
of pump failure.
4. All pumps, connections, shut-off valves, and check valves
shall be located in a separate vault either above or outside 5. Pumping equipment shall be capable of delivering flows
of the wet well, allowing accessibility to both the wet well at the design pressure of the sewer system. Cutter blades
and pump/valve vault for inspection, maintenance, etc. shall be driven with a minimum motor size of two
horsepower, unless performance data, evaluated by the
5. Access to the wet well shall not be through a sealed division, verifies that a smaller motor is suitable.
vault. The dry well shall have a gas-tight seal when
mounted directly above the wet well. F. Septic tank effluent pump. Septic Tank Effluent Pumps
(STEP) may be located within the effluent end of a single tank
C. Submersible. Submersible pump station installations shall or within a separate vault external from the septic tank. The
be designed to meet the applicable requirements of this design for STEP facilities is described in the USEPA
chapter. Technology Transfer Manual "Alternative Wastewater
1. Submersible pumps shall be provided with equipment for Collection Systems" (EPA/625/1-91/024), which may be used
disconnecting, removal, and reconnection of the pump as a reference.
without requiring personnel to enter the wet well. 12 VAC 5-581-500. Force mains.
2. Owners of submersible pumping facilities shall provide a A. Capacity. The minimum size of force mains shall be four
hoist and accessories for removing the pumps from the wet inches in diameter, except for grinder pumps and septic tank
well. effluent (settled sewage) pumping systems, which shall be
3. Electrical controls shall be located in a suitable housing provided with a minimum diameter of one inch.
for protection against weather and vandalism. 1. At pumping capacity, a minimum self-scouring velocity of
4. The shut-off valve and check valve on the discharge lines two feet per second shall be maintained unless provisions
of pumps operating at flows greater than 25 gpm shall be for flushing are made. A velocity of eight feet per second
located in a separate vault outside of the wet well allowing should not be exceeded unless suitable construction
accessibility for inspection and maintenance. methods are specified.
D. Pneumatic ejectors. Pneumatic ejector stations shall be 2. Air relief valves shall be placed at the high points in the
designed to meet the applicable requirements of this chapter. force main to relieve air locking and shall be periodically
Pneumatic ejectors should not be directly connected to force exercised and maintained.
mains. The ejector design features should include: B. Connections. Force mains shall normally enter a gravity
a. Ejector pots shall be vented to the atmosphere in such sewer system at a point no more than one foot above the flow
a manner as to prevent nuisance conditions. line of the receiving manhole with a curved section to prevent
air from traveling up into the force main. The force main
b. Duplicate compressors shall be provided. should enter the receiving manhole with its center-line
c. Pneumatic ejectors may utilize either stored or direct air horizontal, and shall have an invert elevation which ensures a
systems. If a stored air system is utilized, the air storage smooth flow transition to the gravity flow section. Special
chamber shall not enclose any piping, valves, or working attention shall be paid to the design of the termination in order
parts. to prevent turbulence at this point. Whenever existing force
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
mains are connected within a sewerage system in a manner between the locations of effluent discharges from separate
that results in increased flow rates or pressure increase to the treatment works on the same watershed shall be 500 feet.
existing force mains, those existing force mains shall be
examined by the owner. Existing force mains may be C. Restrictions. All new primary and secondary sewage
examined by internal visual inspections, flow or pressure treatment unit operations shall provide the minimum buffer
testing, or other suitable means to verify hydraulic and zones as shown in Table 2 (found in 12 VAC 5-581-520)
structural adequacy to convey the actual or projected flow. unless they qualify for reduced requirements as provided in
The results of such inspections and tests shall be submitted this chapter. Buffer zones for advanced treatment (AWT) and
with the design documents. natural treatment operations will be established on a case-by-
case basis considering the reliability requirements and
C. Materials. All pipe used for force mains shall be of the process design. Buffer zones are areas of controlled or limited
pressure type with pressure type joints. The force main shall use.
be constructed of materials with a demonstrated resistance to
deterioration from corrosion, acidity, and other chemical 1. Within buffer zones, neither residential uses, high density
action. human activities, nor activities involving food preparation
are to be established within the extent of the buffer zone.
1. Consideration should be given to the use of inert The extent of the buffer zone perimeter is measured from
materials or protective coatings for either the receiving the treatment units. Buffer zone requirements for sewage
manhole or gravity sewer to prevent deterioration as a result sludge incinerator restrictions shall be established in
of hydrogen sulfide or other chemical attack. These accordance with applicable state and federal regulations.
requirements should be provided for all force mains.
2. The division may approve a reduction of up to one half of
2. All force mains shall be tested at a minimum pressure of the listed buffer zone requirements based on one or more of
at least 50% above the design operating pressure for at the following factors: (i) site topography, (ii) prevailing wind
least 30 minutes. Leakage shall not exceed the amount directions, (iii) existence of natural barriers, (iv)
given by the formula contained in the most current AWWA establishment of an effective windbreak, (v) type of adjacent
Standard C-600. development, and (vi) provision of enclosed units, as
described in this chapter.
D. Installation. Classes A, B or C bedding (latest edition of
ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice and the 3. The prevailing wind direction should be determined by
WEF Manual of Practice) or AWWA pipe installation on-site data. Local weather station records may be utilized if
conditions 3, 4 or 5 shall be provided for installation of they are demonstrated to be applicable. Attention should be
pipelines in excavated trenches. Installation of pipelines of paid to both moderate and high speed winds since the high
flexible materials shall be in accordance with recognized velocity winds often have a prevailing direction different
standards. from the prevailing direction of moderate winds.
Force mains shall be sufficiently anchored within the pump 4. A windbreak should be located on both sides of the
station and throughout the line length. The number of bends treatment works normal to a line projected through the
shall be as few as possible. Thrust blocks, restrained joints, or treatment works and the area that is to be protected, as
tie rods shall be provided where restraint is needed. close to the treatment works as practicable. An effective
windbreak may be comprised of man-made or natural
Article 3. barriers that extend from the ground surface to a height of
Sewage Treatment Works. 16 feet. Alternatively, a cultivated tree windbreak may be
12 VAC 5-581-510. Treatment works design. developed by planting at least four rows of fast-growing
evergreen trees (pine family preferred), planted on
A. The sewage treatment process consists of a sequential, staggered 10-feet centers. Rows should be spaced no
upstream to downstream, arrangement of unit operations that greater than 16 feet apart. The minimum tree height at
remove or modify contaminants through several treatment planting shall be six feet, unless taller trees are required in
phases, including (i) primary, (ii) secondary, and (iii) tertiary. A order to provide a windbreak which will be immediately
conventional or established secondary treatment process will effective. The variety of tree used should be readily
include primary treatment. Advanced wastewater treatment adaptable to the soil and climate at the treatment works site.
works include all three phases of treatment. Sewage
treatment works should be designed to provide waste water 5. Reduced buffer distances will be established for enclosed
treatment for the tributary sewage flows from either the treatment unit operations or processes. Covered units shall
estimated population ten years hence or a capacity required be provided with screened intake openings and positive
by applicable state or federal requirements. forced draft ventilation and shall have provisions for removal
of aerosols and odors from the exhaust.
B. Location. A sewage treatment works site shall be located
as far as practicable from any existing built-up commercial or 6. Owners of existing sewage treatment works or those
residential area, which will probably develop within the design treatment works proposed for upgrading shall take whatever
life of the treatment works. The treatment works site shall be steps possible to provide as much of the required buffer as
(i) protected by a buffer zone, (ii) located to avoid flooding, (iii) is reasonably possible under the specific existing conditions
provided with year-round access, and (iv) provided with ample at each treatment works site. Wherever a demonstrated
area for any future expansion. The minimum distance nuisance problem does exist, corrective action (wind breaks
or odor control measures, for example) shall be undertaken.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
31
Proposed Regulations
7. The required buffer zone shall be maintained by discharge of inadequately treated wastewaters or
adequate legal instruments such as either ownership, impairment of the treatment process.
recorded easements, or restrictive zoning throughout the life
of the treatment works. 2. A new treatment works must be designed in accordance
with anticipated loadings. Table 3, found in this section,
8. The commissioner may consider exceptions to the listed presents generally accepted minimum design flows and
buffer zone requirements in accordance with this chapter. loadings. Deviations from Table 3 shall be based on sound
engineering knowledge, experience and acceptable data
D. Flooding. All mechanical and electrical equipment that substantiated in the design consultant's report. Numbers of
could be damaged or inactivated by contact with or persons per dwelling shall be based upon planning
submergence in water (motors, control equipment, blowers, projections derived from an official source.
switch-gear, bearings, etc.) shall be physically located above
the 100-year level or otherwise protected against the 100-year 3. The design of treatment process unit operations or
flood/wave action damage. All components of the treatment equipment shall be based on the average rate of sewage
works shall be located above or protected against the 25-year flow per 24 hours except where significant deviation from
flood/wave action level and remain fully operational. the normal daily or diurnal flow pattern is noted. The design
Consideration should be given to designing the treatment flow for industrial wastewater flow contributions shall be
works in such a way as to facilitate the removal of vital determined from the observed rate of flow during periods of
components during more extreme flood events. significant discharge or, in the case of proposed or new
contributions, the industrial owner shall provide flow
E. Closure. A closure plan shall be submitted to the division in projections based on existing facilities of a similar nature.
accordance with this chapter. The following factors shall be included in determining
12 VAC 5-581-520. Standards. design flows:
A. The minimum degree of treatment to be provided shall be a. Peak rates of flow delivered through conduits as
adequate in design to produce an effluent in accordance with influent to the treatment process unit operations.
this chapter, that will comply with the provisions of the State b. Data from similar municipalities, if applicable.
Water Control Law and federal law, and any water quality
standards or effluent limitations adopted or orders issued by c. Wet weather flows.
the State Water Control Board or Department of
Environmental Quality. The expected performance levels of 4. The design organic loading should be based on the
conventional treatment processes are described in subsection results of acceptable analytical testing of the wastewater or
F of this section. similar wastewater and shall be computed in the same
manner used in determining design flow.
B. Industrial flows. Treatment works receiving industrial
wastewater flows at a rate or volume exceeding 90% of the 5. All piping and channels shall be designed to carry the
combined average daily influent flow can be designed and maximum expected flow. If possible, the influent interceptor
operated through the applicable requirements imposed by the or sewer shall be designed for open channel flow at
State Water Control Board/Department of Environmental atmospheric pressure. If a force main is used to transmit the
Quality, provided that public health protection issues are influent to the treatment works, a surge or equalization
resolved. Otherwise, consideration shall be given to the basin should be provided upstream of biological unit
character of industrial wastes in the design of the treatment operations to provide a more uniform loading. Bottom
works. In such cases, the treatability characteristics of the corners of flow channels shall be filled and any recessed
combined (sewage and industrial) wastewater shall be areas or corners where solids can accumulate shall be
provided and addressed in the treatment process design. eliminated. Suitable gates and valves shall be placed in
Pilot-scale testing as described in this chapter may be channels to seal off unused sections which might
required to predict the full-scale treatment works operations. accumulate solids and to provide for maintenance.
C. Design loadings. Design loading refers to the established D. Pilot plant studies. Pilot plants are defined as small scale
capacity of a unit operation or treatment process to reliably performance models of full size equipment or unit operation
achieve a target performance level under projected operating design. The physical size of pilot plants varies from laboratory
conditions. Component parts and unit operations of the bench-scale reactors, with volumetric capacities of one or
treatment works shall be arranged for greatest operating more liters up to several gallons, up to larger capacity
convenience, flexibility, economy, and to facilitate installation arrangements of pumps, channels, pipes and tankage capable
of future units. of processing thousands of gallons per day of wastewater.
1. Treatment works to serve existing sewerage systems Pilot scale studies are to include detailed monitoring of
shall be designed on the basis of established average treatment performance under operating conditions similar to
sewage characteristics with sufficient capacity to process design sizes, including the proper loading factors. A sampling
peak loadings. Excessive inflow/infiltration is an indication of and analytical testing program is to be developed by the
deficiencies in the sewerage system and the design owner and evaluated by the division in order that the results of
engineer shall provide an acceptable plan for eliminating or pilot plant studies can be utilized to verify full size designs.
handling these excessive flows so that there will be no E. Grease management. An interceptor basin or basins shall
be provided to separate oil and grease from wastewater flows
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
discharged to sewage collection systems whenever such
2. >40,000 to <500,000 300 feet
contributions will detrimentally affect the capacity of the
collection system or treatment works such that permit 3. Greater than 500,000 400 feet
violations will actually or potentially occur, or such C. Unit Operations Using Turbulent High Intensity Aeration or
contributions will result in an actual or a potential threat to the Mixing (3)
safety of the operational staff. Interceptor basins shall be
located in compliance with the Statewide Building Code as DESIGN FLOW, gpd BUFFER ZONE (4)
close to the source of oil and grease as practical. Interceptor 1. <40,000 300 feet
basins shall be sized in accordance with the applicable
building codes and local standards but shall be designed as a 2. >40,000 to <500,000 400 feet
minimum to retain the volume of flow containing the oil or 3. Greater than 500,000 600 feet
grease for each continuous discharge occurrence. But
interceptor basins shall also provide a minimum volume in *Notes:
accordance with the following: (1)
For example, package plant with units totally enclosed
1. Provide two gallons of volume for each pound of grease as an integral part of its design and manufacture. A
received, or package plant treatment works is defined by these
regulations as a preengineered and prefabricated
2. Provide a minimum retention period of three hours for the structural arrangement of tankage and channels with all
average daily volume of flow received. necessary components for onsite assembly and
Interceptor basins shall be routinely maintained, including the installation. The design flow of package plants should be
periodic, scheduled removal of accumulations of oil and less than 0.1 mgd. Also frequent agricultural use of Class
grease, within a portion of the basin volume as necessary, to I treated sludge.
prevent detrimental effects on system operation. The oil and (2)
For example, covered basins, bottom tube aerated
grease shall be handled and managed in accordance with facultative lagoons or ponds, or surface flow application
state and federal laws and regulations. of treated effluent. Also, frequent agricultural use of Class
F. Expected performance. Conventionally designed sewage II treated sludge.
treatment unit operations and processes should result in an (3)
For example, uncovered surface mixed basins or
expected performance level when processing design loadings trajectory spray irrigation for land application of treated
in accordance with this chapter (see Table 4 of this section). A effluent. Also frequent agricultural use of Class III treated
conventional arrangement of unit operations would include sludge.
primary and secondary phases. The primary phase involves (4)
the use of suspended solids setting basins called primary Discharge locations shall be located no closer than 100
clarifiers. The secondary phase typically includes a biological feet and up to 200 feet from any private or public water
reactor and secondary clarifier to maintain a population of supply source.
microorganisms (biomass) capable of achieving a significant TABLE 3:
reduction of organic matter (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) CONTRIBUTING SEWAGE FLOW ESTIMATES TO BE
contained in the sewage. Advanced treatment processes will USED AS A DESIGN BASIS FOR NEW SEWAGE WORKS.
include primary, secondary and tertiary phases, typically
involving filtration unit operations. Conventional processes can Discharge Contributing Flow BOD5 S.S. Flow
be modified to provide for reduced levels of nutrients in the facility (1) Design gpd #day(3) #day duration,
Units hours
treated effluent as described in Article 9 (12 VAC 5-581-930 et
seq.) of this part. The use of nonconventional processes to Dwellings Per person 100(2) 0.2 0.2 24
achieve required performance levels shall be considered in
Schools Per person 16 0.04 0.04 8
accordance with the provisions of Article 2 (12 VAC 5-581-440 w/showers
et seq.) of this chapter. and cafeteria
TABLE 2: Schools w/o Per person 10 0.025 0.025 8
BUFFER ZONE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY AND showers
SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT OPERATIONS*. w/cafeteria
A. Unit Operations That Are Totally Enclosed (1) Boarding Per person 75 0.2 0.2 16
(4) Schools
DESIGN FLOW, gpd BUFFER ZONE
Motels @ 65 Per room 130 0.26 0.26 24
1. <1,000 None gal. per
2. >1,000 to <500,000 50 feet person
(rooms only)
3. Greater than 500,000 100 feet
Trailer courts Per trailer 300 0.6 0.6 24
B. Unit Operations Using Low Intensity Mixing or Quiescent @3
System (2) persons/trailer
DESIGN FLOW, gpd BUFFER ZONE (4) Restaurants Per seat 50 0.2 0.2 16
1. <40,000 200 feet Interstate or Per seat 180 0.7 0.7 16
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
33
Proposed Regulations
through TABLE 4:
highway EXPECTED PERFORMANCE FOR VARIOUS
restaurants CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PROCESSES.
Interstate rest Per person 5 0.01 0.01 24 (1)
Effluent Value Range (mg/1)
areas
Service Per vehicle 10 0.01 0.01 16 A. Primary/secondary treatment process.
Stations serviced BOD5 (2) TSS (2)
Factories Per 15-35 0.03- 0.03- Oper. 1. Primary 100-180 100-150
person/per 0.07 0.07 Per.
8-hr. shift 2. Facultative Aerated Lagoon 24-45 24-30
a. With Clarification
Shopping Per 1,000 200- 0.1 0.1 12 b. Without Clarification
centers square foot 300
of ultimate 3. Biological contactors 24-50 24-50
floor space
4. Activated Sludge 24-30 24-30
Hospitals Per bed 300 0.6 0.6 24
5. Biological Plus Filtration (3) 10-20 5-15
Nursing Per bed 200 0.3 0.3 24 (4)
Homes 6. Primary plus constructed wetlands 24-40 24-40
(5)
Doctor's Per 1000 500 0.1 0.1 12 7. Primary plus Aquatic Ponds 20-30 20-30
offices in square foot B. Advanced treatment process.
medical
centers BOD5 TSS PO4-P NH3-N
(6)
Laundromats, Per 500 0.3 0.3 16 1. Physical chemical 45-95 20-70 1-10 20-30
9-12 machine and
machines
a. F 20-70 1-20 1-10 20-30
Community Per student 15 0.03 0.03 12
colleges & faculty b. F & AC 5-10 0.1-10 1-10 20-30
(7)
Swimming Per 10 0.001 0.001 12 2. Biological and
pools swimmer
a. C & S 12-20 12-24 0.5-10 5-30
Theaters Per car 5 0.01 0.01 4
b. C, S, & F 6-11 0.5-15 0.5-10 5-30
(drive-in type)
c. C, S, F & AC 1-5 0.1-5 0.1-10 5-30
Theaters Per seat 5 0.01 0.01 12
(auditorium d. Microscreening
type)
1. 21 microns @ 5 2-14 1-14 20-30 5-30
Picnic areas Per person 5 0.01 0.01 12 GPM/sq. ft.
Camps, resort Per camp 50 0.05 0.05 24 2. 35 microns @ 8 5-20 3-17 20-30 5-30
day & night site GPM/sq. ft.
w/limited
plumbing 3. BNR (8) 20-30 20-30 2-4 1-3
Luxury camps Per camp 100 0.1 0.1 24 4. Other biological and natural treatment processes
w/flush toilets site evaluated on a case by case basis.
Notes: NOTES:
(1) (1)
Colleges, universities and boarding institutions of Ranges reflect normal expected upper and lower
special nature to be determined in accordance with values for process, performance, considering design and
§ 3.20B1b. operations variability. Upper range value reflects
(2) performance expected for conventional loadings.
Includes minimal infiltrations/inflow (I/I) allowance and
(2)
minor contributions from small commercial/industrial Effluent values for soluble phosphorus and ammonia
establishments. nitrogen are not given for conventional primary and
(3) biological processes since these are not designed as
#/Dry - Denotes pounds per day. nutrient removal processes. However, phosphorus is
removed in biological sludge and ammonia is oxidized to
nitrate in biological effluents. Typical effluent values range
from 4 to 5 mg/l of total phosphorus and from nearly 0 to
more than 30 mg/l ammonia, for fully nitrified to unnitrified
effluent.
(3)
Coagulant and polymer addition prior to filter to be
provided.
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34
Proposed Regulations
(4)
Subsurface flow microbial-plant filter system with a be sufficient to accurately record and depict the flow
minimum detention of three days, or surface flow system measured. Flows passed through the treatment works and
with a minimum retention of six days. flows passed through controlled diversions shall be measured
(5) in a manner that will allow them to be distinguished and
Aquatic pond providing one acre of surface area (5 foot separately reported.
depth) per 200 population equivalent or less.
(6) C. Component isolation. Properly located and arranged
Physical - Chemical: means coagulation by aluminum, diversion piping or structures shall be provided so that any
iron or other metal salts or, precipitation by lime, followed component of the treatment works process can be
by clarification and may include filtration. Unit processes independently operated in accordance with the reliability
include, as a minimum, flash mix, flocculation, and classification, or removed from service independently for
sedimentation. Filtration operations will be necessary to inspection, maintenance, and repairs. Adequate access and
achieve effluent TSS levels of 15 mg/l or less. removal space shall be provided around all components to
(7) provide for proper maintenance or removal and replacement
Biological: means any of the biological treatment
processes including activated sludge and its process without interfering with the operation of other equipment. Due
variations, attached growth systems including various consideration shall be given to the need for lifting and
filters, and facultative and fully aerated lagoons which are handling equipment available to aid in the maintenance and
capable of producing a secondary effluent containing 30 replacement of all components. In addition, the placement of
mg/l BOD5 and TSS or less. structures and other devices, such as pad-eyes and hooks to
(8)
aid handling of heavy or large components, should be
Biological Nutrient Removal performance will be a considered in the preliminary design. These criteria for
function of influent levels of nutrients with typical influent adequate access and handling equipment do not apply to the
values of 4 to 6 mg/l of PO4-P and 20 to 40 mg/l of NH3- removal or replacement of large tanks, basins, channels, or
N. Additional nitrification operations would be necessary wells. Lines feeding chemicals or process air to basins, wet
to achieve TKN levels of less than 10 mg/l. Denitrification wells, and tanks shall be designed to enable repair or
may produce effluent total nitrogen levels of 5 to 10 mg/l. replacement without drainage of the basins, wet wells, or
LEGEND: C = Coagulation S = Sedimentation F = tanks.
Filtration and AC = Activated Carbon D. Maintenance provisions. The design of a treatment works
BNR = Biological Nutrient Removal should facilitate access for both routine maintenance and
equipment failure response.
12 VAC 5-581-530. Treatment works details.
1. Provisions should be made for flushing, with water or air,
A. Equipment. The specifications should be so written that the all scum lines, sludge lines, lime feed and lime sludge lines,
installation and essential items of mechanical equipment will and all other lines that are subject to clogging. All piping
be certified by a representative of the manufacturer. The subject to accumulation of solids over a long period of time
specifications shall require that the equipment manufacturers should be arranged in a manner to facilitate mechanical
provide to the owner one complete set of operational cleaning if possible. The design shall be such that flushing
instructions, equipment and maintenance manuals, and and mechanical cleaning can be accomplished without
emergency procedures for each essential mechanical and causing violation of effluent limitations or without cross-
electrical equipment item. The manuals shall contain drawings connections to the potable water system.
of equipment and a numbered parts list keyed to a list of
components. 2. Provisions should be made for dewatering each unit.
Drain lines should discharge to points within the system
B. Instrumentation. Insofar as possible, all indicating, such that maximum treatment of the contents of the drained
recording, and totalizing flow meters shall be identical so that unit is provided. Due consideration shall be given to the
repair components and charts are interchangeable. Recording possible need for hydrostatic pressure relief devices. Where
equipment for dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and other practicable, all piping shall be sloped or have drains (drain
operating data, along with flow metering equipment, shall be plug or valve) at the low points to permit complete draining.
located in areas free from high humidity, extreme Piping shall not be installed with isolated pockets that
temperatures, and corrosive gases. Instrumentation cannot be drained.
requirements for each treatment works shall be decided on a
case-by-case basis. 3. Concrete, metals, control and operating equipment, and
safety devices shall, insofar as practical, be designed to
Facilities for measuring the volume of sewage flows shall be protect against corrosion, moisture and heat induced
provided at all treatment works. Treatment works having a damage.
capacity of equal to or less than 40,000 gallons per day shall
be equipped with a primary metering device such as a 4. Positive identification of the content of a piping system
Parshall flume with separate float well and staff gauge, weir shall be by lettered legend giving the name of the contents.
box with plate and staff gauge, or other approved devices, as Arrows should be used to indicate direction of flow. Legends
a minimum unless nonfluid contact measuring devices are shall be applied close to valves and adjacent to changes in
provided. All treatment works having a capacity of greater direction, branches and where pipes pass through walls or
than 40,000 gallons per day shall be equipped with indication, floors, and at frequent intervals on straight pipe runs. The
recording, and totalizing equipment. The recording scale shall lettering shall be of such color, size, and location to be
clearly visible and readable.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
35
Proposed Regulations
5. A complete outfit of tools and accessories for the of additional space should be provided for each additional
treatment works operator's use, such as wrenches, valve person. Advanced sewage treatment works shall provide a
keys, rakes, shovels, etc., and such spare parts as may be minimum of 100 additional square feet of floor space, with a
needed, shall be specified as either contractor or owner proportionate increase in bench space. On-site laboratories
furnished. A portable pump is desirable. Readily accessible shall be isolated from treatment works equipment, vehicular
storage space and work bench facilities shall be specified. traffic, etc., so as to render the laboratory reasonably free
Consideration shall be given to provision of a garage area from the adverse effects of noise, heat, vibration, and dust
that would also provide space for large equipment in accordance with VOSH requirements.
maintenance and repair.
4. Safety provisions should protect operators and visitors at
6. Concrete, paved, or gravel walkways shall be provided treatment works from exposure to hazards in accordance
for access to all units. Where possible, steep slopes and with VOSH requirements. The designer should refer to the
narrow stairways shall be avoided to increase access for applicable occupational safety and health standards of the
maintenance. Surface water shall not be permitted to drain Virginia Department of Labor and Industry for the
into any units. Provision should be made for erosion appropriate requirements. The following shall be required as
protection and landscaping, particularly when a treatment a minimum, as applicable:
works must be located near residential areas.
a. Enclosing the treatment works site with a fence
E. Essential facilities. The design of treatment works shall designed to discourage the entrance of unauthorized
include both proper physical support for operation personnel persons and animals.
and specific safety features to protect operators and visitors
from exposure to hazards. b. Providing adequate lighting, installing handrails, and
establishing access guards, where necessary, and
1. A supply of potable water with adequate pressure shall posting "No Smoking" signs in hazardous locations.
be provided for use in the laboratory and bathroom facilities.
All potable water supplies within the treatment works shall c. Providing first aid supplies and safety equipment,
be protected with reduced pressure zone backflow including protective clothing and equipment such as gas
prevention devices. To facilitate cleaning wet wells, tanks, masks, goggles and gloves.
basins, and beds, water supplied from a nonpotable water d. Providing explosion-proof electrical equipment,
system or the treatment works effluent may be supplied at nonsparking tools, etc. in work areas where hazardous
these points by means of an adequately pressurized water conditions may exist, such as digester vaults and other
system with hydrants or hose bibs having minimum outlets locations where potentially explosive atmospheres of
of one inch in diameter. flammable gas or vapor with air may accumulate.
The potable water supply line to each treatment works shall e. Providing properly grounded and insulated electrical
be equipped, as a minimum, with an approved reduced- wiring, with no part of the treatment works piping being
pressure zone backflow preventer. These devices shall be used for grounding.
installed in an above-ground location, no more than 36
inches above the ground floor elevation and with adequate f. Providing railroad type manhole steps with slip-proof
clearance for access on all sides, to prevent corrosion and rungs, unless access is to be provided by lifting devices.
to allow for adequate, quick service and periodic The railroad type step is designed to help prevent foot
inspections. Designers shall consult with the appropriate slippage off the ends of the rungs. Also, providing
field office of the department for such requirements at intermediate landings or other suitable protection
individual treatment works in accordance with the between height intervals of 10 feet or less, unless
Waterworks Regulations (12 VAC 5-590-10 et seq.). adequate lifting devices are to be provided.
Where it is not possible to provide potable water from a g. Providing adequate protective storage for flammable
public water supply, a separate well may be provided. and hazardous materials and safety devices for gas
Location and construction of the well shall comply with collection piping.
requirements of the department. h. Providing adequate ventilation for all areas subject to
2. All sewage treatment works shall be provided with or accumulation of hazardous or toxic gases and providing
have ready access to a toilet and lavatory. For a treatment equipment (accuracy of + or - 5%) for measuring the
works at which the operator is required to be on duty for concentration of gases in the atmosphere of confined
eight or more hours per day, a shower shall also be spaces, enclosed areas, underground areas, or other
provided. areas where hazardous gases may accumulate or oxygen
deficiencies may occur. Providing a portable blower and
3. Minimum laboratory space for treatment works not hose sufficient to ventilate accessed confined spaces.
performing BOD and suspended solids testing on-site shall
be 50 square feet of floor space with 20 square feet of i. Locating heating devices with open flames in separate
bench area. Treatment works providing on-site BOD, rooms with outside entrances located at grade level or
suspended solids, or fecal coliform analysis shall provide a above.
minimum of 400 square feet of floor space and 150 square j. Locating laboratory and office space at sewage
feet of bench space. If more than two persons will be treatment works to minimize interference from motors,
working in the laboratory at any given time, 100 square feet
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
generators, compressors, etc. and providing adequate adjacent jet plumes and sized so as to minimize head loss
floor slope to a point of drainage. and maximize initial dispersion of the effluent into the
receiving water.
k. Providing stairways with a slope of 30° to 50° from the
horizontal, with risers all of equal height, and with D. Protection. The outfall shall be designed and constructed to
handrails on the open sides of all exposed stairways and protect against the effects of erosion, flood waters, tides, ice,
stair platforms. boating and shipping, and other hazards, and to insure
structural stability and freedom from stoppage.
F. Odor control. The potential for odor problems at new
treatment works shall be evaluated. The evaluation shall 12 VAC 5-581-550. Reliability protection.
include possible sources of odors, types of odors, and various
methods (i.e., covered units, physical treatment, chemical A. Reliability is a measurement of the ability of a component
treatment, or biological treatment) of controlling odors. or system to perform its designated function without failure or
Provisions for odor control shall be included in the design if interruption of service. Overflow criteria, such as a period of
the sewerage system is primarily composed of force mains or discharge, are utilized solely for the establishment of reliability
otherwise provides lengthy retention times (i.e., on the order classification for design purposes and are not to be construed
of two or three days), or if the treatment works will provide raw as authorization for or defense of an unpermitted discharge to
sludge holding, raw sludge dewatering, or thermal treatment. state waters. The treatment works design shall provide for
Odor control provisions should be considered for sludge satisfactory operation during power failures, flooding, peak
digestion processes, sludge dewatering processes, loads, equipment failure, and maintenance shut-down (in
preliminary and primary sewage treatment processes, and accordance with the requirements of the appropriate reliability
other processes that provide the opportunity for gas transfer class). Such design features include: (i) additional electrical
or gas stripping activities to occur. power sources; (ii) additional flow storage capacity; and (iii)
additional treatment unit operations, that provide for alternate
12 VAC 5-581-540. Treatment works outfalls. operation in accordance with the issued certificate permit
requirements.
A. The effluent discharge line or outfall shall be designed with
sufficient capacity to transmit the maximum expected flow in a B. Power feed. For Class I Reliability, two separate and
manner so as to prevent flooding of the treatment process independent sources of power feed shall be provided. Each
while providing optimum dispersion of the treated effluent into source shall be capable of maintaining continuous treatment
the receiving waters. works operation at peak design flow during power failures,
flooding, or equipment malfunction. Certain Reliability Class I
B. Velocity. The velocity in the outfall at design average flow treatment works for which it is feasible to shut down or
shall be a minimum of 1-1/2 feet per second to avoid any discontinue treatment works operation during periods of power
settling of solids. Velocities should not exceed the failure without bypassing or violating effluent limitations may
recommendations of the pipe manufacturer with respect to be exempt from the alternate feed requirement.
maximum velocities to avoid pipe erosion or scour and should
be less than eight feet per second to avoid excessive head 1. Class I Reliability treatment works that may qualify for the
loss or disruption of the receiving water channel. alternate feed exemption can be broadly categorized as (i)
those that serve facilities or institutions that could be closed
C. Structures. The outlet structure should be submerged during periods of power failure, such as certain industrial
during design low flow conditions in the receiving water plants, schools, and recreational and park areas; (ii) those
channel, unless adequate dispersion can be achieved without equipped with an emergency overflow holding basin with
such submergence. The outlet structure should be designed sufficient capacity to retain a minimum of one day of
to provide effective dispersion of effluent into the receiving treatment works design flow and having provisions for
body of water as established by the certificate or permit recycle to the treatment works; and (iii) those with sufficient
issued. Additional provisions for dispersion of effluent may be operational resources for which it can be demonstrated that
required, based on public health protection and water quality projected power failures will not result in public health
considerations in accordance with downstream uses. problems, water quality damage, or socio-economic
1. The outfall, where practicable, shall be of gravity sewer resource losses.
design and extend beyond the design low water level of the 2. Single source power feed is acceptable for Reliability
receiving body of water and account for coastal erosion if Class II and III systems or works.
necessary. The effluent discharge shall remain submerged
if required to maintain water quality standards or protect C. Power source. Electric power shall be provided by alternate
public health. feed from distribution lines that are serviced by alternate feed
from transmission lines (e.g., 115KV) where possible. The
2. Headwalls may be used where adequate dispersion will transmission lines shall have alternate feed from the
be obtained without requiring that the outfall be submerged. generating source or sources. The requirement for alternate
The design shall include measures to prevent erosion and feed can be satisfied by either a loop circuit, a "tie" circuit, or
foaming problems as a result of the discharge. two radial lines. Where alternate feed lines terminate in the
3. When a diffuser mechanism is provided, the design shall same substation, the substation shall be equipped as follows:
take into account the range of current velocities and 1. Reliability Class I: two or more in-place transformers.
directions in the vicinity of the diffuser. Diffuser ports shall
be spaced and located so as to avoid interference between
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
37
Proposed Regulations
2. Reliability Class II and Class III: one in-place transformer d. Consideration should be given to the installation of
and capability for a connection of a mobile transformer. temperature detectors in the stator and bearings of large
motors in order to give an indication of overheating
On-site power generating equipment may be used as a problems.
substitute for alternate utility source feed. The capacity of
the back-up power source shall be sufficient to operate all e. Wires in underground conduits or in conduits that can
components vital to wastewater treatment operations during be flooded shall have moisture resistant insulation
peak wastewater flow conditions, together with critical identified in the National Electrical Code.
lighting and ventilation.
4. The means for starting an on-site emergency power
D. Power systems. External power distribution lines to a Class generator shall be completely independent of the normal
I Reliability Treatment Works shall be completely independent electric power source. Air-starting systems shall have an
(i.e., both power lines cannot be carried on the same pole, accumulator tank or tanks with a volume sufficient to furnish
cannot be placed in the same underground conduit, or cannot air for starting the generator engine a minimum of three
cross in their route to the treatment works) where possible. times without recharging. Batteries used for starting shall
Minimum separation between alternate lines of 75 feet for have a sufficient charge to start the generator engine a
above ground routes and 25 feet for underground routes shall minimum of three times without recharging. The starting
be maintained. This shall also apply to service connections system shall be appropriately alarmed and instrumented to
into the sewage treatment works. Devices should be used to indicate loss of readiness (e.g., loss of charge on batteries,
protect the system from lightning. loss of pressure in air accumulators, etc.).
1. Reliability Class I treatment works shall have a final step 5. Testing provisions shall be included in the design of
down transformer on each electrical feed line with adequate essential equipment requiring periodic testing to enable the
physical separation between them to prevent a common tests to be accomplished while maintaining electric power to
mode failure. In addition, Reliability Class I treatment works all vital components. Such provisions would involve an
shall be provided with separate buses for each power ability to conduct tests, such as actuating and resetting
source and separate independent internal power distribution automatic transfer switches and starting and loading
systems up to the transfer switch for all critical components. emergency generating equipment without taking essential
The electrical power transfer to the alternate source should equipment off-line. The electric power distribution system
occur within 10 minutes of the time of failure of the primary and equipment shall be designed to facilitate inspection and
power source. maintenance of individual items without interruption of
operations.
2. Breaker settings or fuse ratings shall be coordinated to
effect sequential tripping such that the breaker or fuse E. Flow Storage. In combination with provisions for electrical
nearest the fault will clear the fault prior to activation of power reliability, the use of flow storage and additional unit
other breakers or fuses, to the degree practicable. operations should be evaluated. Additional flow storage
capacity should provide up to a 24-hour detention of the peak
3. Where practicable, the electric switchgear and motor design flow. Additional unit operations could involve chemical
control centers shall be housed in a separate room from the clarification, filtration, additional disinfection capacity, or use of
liquid processing equipment. All outdoor motors shall be natural treatment technology for enhancing effluent quality.
adequately protected from the weather. Motors located
indoors and near liquid handling piping or equipment shall F. Alarm systems. An audio-visual alarm system to monitor
be, at least, of splash-proof design. Means for heating the condition of equipment whose failure could result in a
motors located outdoors or in areas where condensation bypass or a violation of effluent limitations shall be provided
may occur should be provided. On-site emergency power for all treatment works. Alarms shall also be provided to
generating equipment shall be located above grade and be monitor conditions which could result in damage to vital
adequately ventilated. Fuel shall be stored in safe locations components.
and in containers specifically designed for fuel storage.
1. For continuously manned treatment works, the alarm
a. All electrical equipment (motors, controls, switches, system shall sound and be visible in areas normally
conduit systems, etc.) located in raw sewage wet wells or manned and in areas near the equipment being monitored.
in totally or partially enclosed spaces where hazardous
concentrations of flammable liquids, gases, vapors, or 2. Treatment works not continuously manned shall have, in
dusts may be present shall comply with the National addition to a local audio-visual alarm, provisions for
Electrical Code, including the requirements for Class I, transmitting an audible alarm to a central location where
Group D, Division 1 locations. personnel competent to receive the alarm and initiate
corrective action are available 24 hours per day or during
b. Three-phase motors and their starters shall be the period of time that the treatment works receives influent
protected from electric overload and short circuits on all flow.
three phases.
3. The following requirements apply to all treatment works:
c. Large motors shall have a low voltage protection
device that, on the reduction or failure of voltage, will a. The on-site alarm system should be designed in such a
cause and maintain the interruption of power to that manner that each announced condition is uniquely
motor. identified.
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Proposed Regulations
b. A back up power supply, such as a battery pack with 4. All mechanical units that are operated by timing devices
an automatic switchover feature, shall be provided for the shall be provided with auxiliary controls which will set the
alarm system (such that a failure of the primary power cleaning mechanism in operation at predetermined high
source would not disable the alarm system), unless an water levels.
adequate alternate or backup power source is provided.
5. The design or electrical fixtures and controls in enclosed
c. Test circuits shall be provided to enable the alarm places where gas may accumulate will be evaluated in
system to be tested and verified to be working properly. accordance with the National Electrical Code specifications
for hazardous conditions.
Article 4.
Preliminary Processes. 6. The use of fine mesh static or mechanical screens as an
adjunct to or in lieu of sedimentation will be considered on a
12 VAC 5-581-560. Screening. case-by-case basis.
A. Conventional preliminary treatment shall include adequate D. Flow control. At the normal operating flow conditions,
screening to remove solids and debris that could interfere with approach velocities should be no less than 1.25 feet per
the performance of downstream unit operations. The process second, to prevent settling, and no greater than 3.0 feet per
design shall address the means of proper waste management second, to prevent forcing materials through the openings.
for screenings.
1. The approach flow velocity shall be calculated from a
B. Requirements. Protection for pumps and other equipment vertical projection of the screen openings on the cross-
shall be provided by installing large openings, one inch or sectional area between the invert of the channel and the
more, coarse screens, or bar racks, and smaller openings flow line.
screens. All screen equipment and facilities shall be readily
accessible for maintenance. Small openings, fine screening, 2. The screen channel invert shall be three to six inches
or comminution should follow grit removal, which should be below the invert of the incoming sewers. To prevent jetting
preceded by coarse screening. Screen locations are to be action, the length and construction of the screen channel
provided as follows: shall be adequate to reestablish hydraulic flow pattern
following the drop in elevation.
1. Manually cleaned screens shall be provided at all sewage
treatment works unless adequate redundant mechanical 3. Multiple channels, where provided, shall be equipped
screens are provided and manually cleaned screens shall with the necessary gates to isolate flow from any one
be located in open areas with easy access. Mechanical screening unit operation. Provisions shall also be made to
screens that can be manually cleaned upon mechanical facilitate dewatering each unit. The channel preceding and
failure may be used to meet this requirement. following the screen shall be shaped to eliminate settling
and accumulation of solids. Fillets may be necessary.
2. Manually cleaned screens located in deep pits shall be
provided with stairway access, adequate lighting and E. Screening management. Properly sized facilities shall be
ventilation, and convenient and adequate means for provided for removal, storage, and disposal of screenings as
removing screenings. required by the approved operation and maintenance manual
or sludge management plan. Manually cleaned screening
3. Screening devices installed in a building where other facilities shall include an accessible platform, in accordance
equipment or offices are located shall be separated from the with VOSH requirements, from which the operator may
rest of the building, provided with separate outside remove screenings easily and safely. Suitable drainage
entrances, and provided with adequate means of facilities shall be provided both for the platform and for storage
ventilation. areas, with all drain water returned to the raw or primary
C. Design. Clear openings between the bars of coarse influent flow.
screens should be from one to 1-3/4 inches. Other size F. Comminution. Comminution should be provided in
openings will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Coarse treatment works that do not provide primary sedimentation,
screen design shall provide for installation such that the unless other means of protecting downstream processes and
screening equipment can be conveniently and safely equipment are provided. The term "comminutors" shall be
accessed for maintenance and management of screenings. understood to also include barminutors, or other
1. Where a single mechanically cleaned screen that cannot shredding/grinding equipment.
be manually cleaned upon mechanical failure is used, an 1. Comminutors should be located downstream of any grit
auxiliary manually cleaned screen shall be provided. removal equipment. Areas containing comminution devices
2. Where two or more mechanically cleaned screens are shall be provided with stairway access, adequate lighting
used, the design shall provide for taking any unit out of and ventilation in accordance with VOSH requirements and
service without sacrificing the capability to handle the peak convenient and adequate means for maintenance and
design flow. device removal. Comminutors installed in a building where
other equipment or offices are located should be accessible
3. Manually cleaned screens, except those for emergency only through a separate outside entrance. Comminutor
use, shall be placed on a slope of 30 to 60 degrees with the capacity shall be adequate to handle expected peak flows.
horizontal.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
39
Proposed Regulations
2. A bypass channel with appropriate screening shall be 4. Wherever possible, grit removal facilities should be
provided. Gates to isolate flow from the comminutor channel located in open areas with easy access. Grit removal
shall be installed. Each comminutor not preceded by grit facilities located in deep pits shall be provided with
removal shall be protected by a screen, trap, or other mechanical equipment for pumping or hoisting grit to ground
means to remove potentially harmful gravel. level. Such pits shall have a stairway, elevator, or manlift,
adequate ventilation, and adequate lighting in accordance
3. Electrical equipment in comminutor chambers is to be with VOSH requirements.
designed in accordance with the applicable requirements of
the National Electrical Code. Protection against 5. Provisions shall be made for dewatering each unit. Drain
accumulation of hazardous gases and accidental lines shall discharge to points within the system such that
submergence shall be provided as required by state and maximum treatment of the contents of the drained unit is
federal regulations. provided.
12 VAC 5-581-570. Grit removal facilities. 6. The provision of grit washing facilities shall be a function
of the ultimate disposal and transportation methods
A. Grit removal unit operations facilities shall be provided for provided for the grit. Impervious surfaces with drains shall
all sewage treatment works with a design capacity of 0.15 be provided for grit handling areas. If grit is to be
million gallons per day or greater and are required for transported, conveying equipment shall be designed to
treatment works receiving sewage from combined sewers or avoid loss of material.
from sewer systems receiving substantial amounts of grit. Grit
removal facilities should be provided at all sewage treatment 12 VAC 5-581-580. Pre-aeration.
works.
Aeration of pretreated sewage should be provided whenever
1. Grit removal facilities should be located ahead of pumps the low dissolved oxygen, or anaerobic condition, of the
and comminuting devices. Coarse bar racks and other sewage can interfere with downstream unit operation
suitable screens should be placed ahead of mechanically reliability. Pre-aeration may be used to prevent solids
cleaned grit removal facilities. deposition problems in on-line or off-line equalization or
storage basins.
2. Treatment works treating wastes from combined sewers
shall have at least two mechanically cleaned grit removal 1. Pre-aeration unit operations shall be designed so that
units, with provisions for unit bypassing. removal from service will not interfere with normal
downstream operation of the remainder of the treatment
3. A single manually cleaned or mechanically cleaned grit process.
removal unit, with a unit bypass, is acceptable for those
sewage treatment works with a design capacity of less than 2. Inlet and outlet devices shall be designed to ensure
0.15 million gallons per day and serving separate sanitary proper distribution and help prevent solids deposition, while
sewer systems. minimizing any hydraulic short circuiting effects.
4. Minimum facilities for larger treatment works serving 3. The aeration equipment shall be capable of obtaining
separate sanitary sewers shall be at least one mechanically both adequate mixing and self-cleaning velocities within the
cleaned unit with a unit bypass. basin. Any of the types of equipment used for aeration of
biological reactors may be utilized.
B. Design. The design of grit removal facilities shall be based
on the requirements of the downstream treatment units. Local 4. A satisfactory means of grit removal shall be provided for
conditions and wastewater characteristics shall be evaluated operation of pre-aeration basins.
in selecting the design size of particle to be removed. Flow
turbulence into and through grit removal basins shall be 12 VAC 5-581-590. Clarifiers.
minimized. A. Conventional solids settling basin design information shall
1. Horizontal flow basins shall be designed so as to provide apply to clarifiers not preceded by chemical flash mix and
controlled velocities as close as possible to one foot per flocculation. Where clarifiers are preceded by chemical flash
second during average design flow conditions. The mix and flocculation, chemical clarification requirements shall
detention period shall be based on the size of particle to be apply.
removed. The design should take into consideration B. Design. Conventional clarifiers shall be designed to
hydraulic inefficiencies and positioning of inlets and outlets. dissipate the inlet velocity, to distribute the flow uniformly
2. Aerated chambers shall be designed to provide a across the basin, and to prevent short-circuiting hydraulic
minimum detention time of three minutes at average flow. currents.
An air flow of three to five cubic feet per minute per foot of 1. Inlet channels should be designed to maintain a velocity
chamber length should be maintained. Aerated chambers of at least one foot per second at 1/2 design flow. Corner
shall have adequate and flexible controls for agitation and pockets and dead ends shall be eliminated, and corner
air supply devices. fillets or channeling used where necessary.
3. Other types of degritters will be approved on a case-by- 2. Provisions shall be made for elimination or removal of
case basis upon evaluation of satisfactory performance floating materials in inlet structures having submerged
data. ports.
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Proposed Regulations
3. The minimum length of flow from inlet to outlet of a 11. Where primary clarifiers are used, provisions for
clarifier should be 10 feet unless special provisions are emergency bypassing, or discharging sewage which has
made to prevent short-circuiting. received preliminary treatment directly to the biological
treatment unit operation, may be desirable.
4. The liquid depth of mechanically cleaned clarifiers shall
be as shallow as practicable but not less than 10 feet for an 12. Shallow depth sedimentation will be considered on a
overflow rate of 300 gpd per square foot. For each three- case-by-case basis.
foot increase or decrease in depth, the overflow rate shall
be increased or decreased by 200 gpd per square foot C. Loadings. Conventional clarifier design should provide for
respectively. Final clarifiers receiving flow from biological established surface settling rates (flow rate per unit surface
reactors should not be less than 12 feet in depth. area) for optimum performance reliability.
5. A minimum of two hours of average design flow detention 1. Surface settling rates for primary clarifier should not
volume should be provided within the settling zone of exceed 1,000 gpd per square foot at design average flows
conventional clarifiers, at the design loading. or 2,500 gpd per square foot at peak hourly flows. Clarifier
sizing shall be calculated for both flow conditions, and the
6. Multiple clarifiers capable of independent operation shall larger surface area shall be used.
be provided at treatment works having a capacity of more
than 40,000 gallons per day; however, single clarifiers may 2. Surface settling rates for secondary clarifiers following
be allowed at Reliability Class II and Class III treatment attached growth biological reactors shall not exceed 1,200
works having a capacity up to 100,000 gpd when gpd per square foot, based on peak hourly flows, or 500
appropriate reliability and continuous operability gpd per square foot, based on average daily design flow,
requirements are satisfied. whichever loading results in a larger clarifier volume.
7. Where multiple clarifiers are utilized in suspended growth 3. The hydraulic design of clarifiers following the activated
processes, provisions for combining the effluent from the sludge process shall be based on the anticipated peak
reactors (aeration basins) and proportionally distributing the hourly overflow rate from the clarifier. The hydraulic loading,
reactor effluent to each clarifier shall be included, for the except as noted, shall not exceed the following peak hourly
purpose of evenly distributing the biomass to the clarifiers. surface settling (overflow) rates:
Type of Process Rate
8. Overflow weir plates shall be adjustable. In cases in
which clarifier designs have a potential for short circuiting conventional 1,200 gpd/sq. ft.
hydraulic inefficiencies, weir loadings rates should not step aeration 1.200 qpd/sq. ft.
exceed 10,000 gallons per day per linear foot for treatment
works designed for average flows of 1.0 mgd or less. contact stabilization 1,200 gpd/sq. ft.
Special consideration will be given to weir loading rates for carbonaceous stage of separate stage 1,200 gpd/sq. ft.
treatment works designed for flows in excess of 1.0 mgd, nitrification
but such loading rates should not exceed 15,000 gallons
per day per linear foot if short circuiting problems may affect extended aeration 1,000 gpd/sq. ft.
performance. If pumping is required, pump capacity shall be nitrification stage of separate stage 800 gpd/sq. ft
related to clarifier design to avoid excessive weir loading. nitrification
9. The tops of beams and similar construction features 4. The peak hour surface settling (overflow) rates for
which are submerged shall have a minimum slope of 1.4 sewage treatment works with an average design flow of 0.1
vertical to 1 horizontal. The underside of such features mgd or less shall not exceed 800 gpd/sq. ft.
should have a slope of one to one to prevent the
accumulation of scum and solids. Effective scum collection 5. The established surface settling rates may be reduced by
and removal facilities, including baffling, shall be provided up to 30% for treatment works employing flow equalization,
ahead of the outlet weirs on all clarifiers. Provisions may be prior to the clarifier, provided that such a reduction will not
made for discharge of scum with the sludge; other result in turbulence and density currents that may be
provisions may be necessary to dispose of floating associated with a smaller clarifier design surface area.
materials which may adversely affect sludge handling and 6. The solids loading shall be evaluated at both peak hourly
management. and average daily flow conditions in the design of
10. Clarifier design should include provisions for reasonable secondary clarifiers, for comparison to the hydraulic loading.
access for maintenance and protection of operators. Such The larger surface area established by design loadings shall
features may include slip resistant stairways and walkways, be utilized to establish the required clarifier size.
protective handrails, etc., in accordance with VOSH The following values for solids loading shall apply:
requirements. If side walls are extended some distance
above the liquid level to provide flood protection, or for other Solids loading (1 b/sq. ft./hour)
purposes, stairs and walkways with handrails should be Type of Treatment Average Peak
provided to facilitate housekeeping and maintenance.
Access for cleaning and maintenance of weirs should also attached growth process 0.6-1.0 1.6
provide proper safety features in accordance with VOSH extended aeration 0.20-1.0 1.4
requirements.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
as a first stage or primary reactor for treating primary and
other activated sludge 0.6-1.25 1.8
secondary sludge flows generated at a treatment works with a
D. Sludge removal and handling. Sludge collection and sludge design flow exceeding 0.5 mgd.
withdrawal facilities shall be designed to minimize density
1. Where multiple digesters are not provided, a storage
currents and to permit rapid and continuous sludge removal.
facility or adequate available sludge processing system
1. Final clarifiers in activated sludge treatment works shall be provided for emergency use so that the digester
greater than 0.25 mgd shall be provided with positive may be taken out of service without unduly interrupting
scraping devices. treatment works operation.
2. If multiple sludge hoppers are provided for sludge 2. Each digester should have the means for transferring a
collection, means for individually and variably controlling portion of its contents to other digesters. Multiple digester
sludge withdrawal from each hopper shall be provided in facilities should have means of returning supernatant from
order to overcome any variations in the quantities of settled the settling digester unit to appropriate points for treatment.
sludge in the various hoppers.
3. Provisions for side-stream treatment of supernatant shall
3. Each sludge withdrawal line shall be individually valved. be included when the supernatant load is not included in the
Pumped withdrawal lines shall be at least four inches in treatment works design.
diameter, and gravity withdrawal lines shall be at least six
4. Multiple sludge inlets and draw-offs and multiple
inches in diameter. The size of sludge withdrawal lines for
recirculation section and discharge points (minimum of
airlift sludge removal shall be determined by the sludge
three) to facilitate flexible operation and effective mixing of
removal rate.
the digester contents shall be provided. One inlet shall
4. The depth or head available for gravity withdrawal of discharge above the liquid level and be located at
sludge shall be at least 30 inches of water. A sludge well or approximately the center of the digester to assist in scum
other appropriate equipment shall be provided for viewing breakup. Raw sludge inlets should be so located as to
and sampling the sludge. minimize short circuiting between the inlets and either the
supernatant draw-off, or sludge withdrawal points.
5. The minimum slope of the hopper side walls for primary
basins shall be 1.7 vertical to 1.0 horizontal. Hopper wall 5. The proportion of depth to diameter should provide for a
surfaces should be made smooth with rounded corners to minimum of six feet storage depth for supernatant liquor, or
aid in sludge removal. Hopper bottoms should have a the proportion of total volume allocated for supernatant
maximum dimension of two feet. The use of sludge hoppers should be 10% or more.
for sludge thickening purposes is not recommended.
6. The digester bottom shall slope to drain toward the
Article 5. withdrawal pipe. At least one access manholes shall be
Sludge Processing and Management. provided in the top of the digester in addition to the gas
dome. One opening shall be large enough to permit the use
12 VAC 5-581-600. Sludge stabilization. of mechanical equipment to remove grit and sand. A
The selection and operation of the sludge treatment or separate side wall manhole shall be provided at the basin
stabilization process shall be based on the ultimate utilization floor level.
of the final sludge product. Land based management of a. To facilitate emptying, cleaning, and maintenance, the
treated sewage sludge may require the production of biosolids digester design shall provide for access and safety
as described in the Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585- features.
10, et seq.). The design requirements for the treatment and
stabilization processes described in this chapter are based on b. In accordance with VOSH requirements and these
the assumption that they must accomplish the necessary regulations, the operation and maintenance manual
processing of sewage sludge at the treatment works. should specify: nonsparking tools, rubber soled shoes,
Consideration will be given to reducing design requirements, safety harness, gas detectors for inflammable and toxic
on a case-by-case basis, for treatment works employing gases, and at least one self contained breathing
series operation of two or more stabilization processes or apparatus.
methods in accordance with the means of sludge
C. Loadings. Where the composition of the sewage has been
management.
established, digester capacity shall be computed from the
12 VAC 5-581-610. Anaerobic digestion. volume and character of sludge to be digested. The total
digestion volume shall be determined by rational calculations
A. The design of anaerobic digesters should provide an based upon such factors as volume of sludge added, its
optimum environment for effective microbial degradation of percent solids and character, the temperature to be
the organic matter in sewage sludge. The digester system maintained in the digesters, the degree or extent of mixing to
design shall address separation and removal of liquid or be obtained, expected formation of inactive deposits, and the
supernatant. The production of methane gas (CH4) should be size of the installation with appropriate allowance for sludge
optimized. Digester gas should be utilized as a fuel whenever and supernatant storage. These detailed calculations shall be
practical. submitted to justify the basis of design.
B. Design. A minimum of two anaerobic digesters, or enclosed
reactors, shall be provided, so that each digester may be used
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Proposed Regulations
1. The design average detention time for sludge undergoing 20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110
digestion for stabilization shall be a minimum of 15 days
within the primary digester, but longer periods may be (Minimum Number of Points)
required to achieve the levels of pathogen control and Discharge Points
vector attraction reduction necessary for the method used
for sludge management. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Minimum Gas Flow
2. The digester shall be capable of maintaining a minimum
o o
average sludge digestion temperature of 35 C (95 F) with Gas Flow (CFM)
the capability of maintaining temperature control within a 95 95 95 150 150 150 200 250 300
o
4 (+/-)C range.
4. The minimum gas flow supplied for complete mixing shall
3. If unheated digesters are utilized, they shall have the be 15 cubic feet/min./1000 cubic feet of digestion volume.
capacity to provide a minimum detention time of 60 days Flow measuring devices and throttling valves shall be used
within the digestion volume in which sludge is maintained at to provide the minimum gas flow.
o o
a temperature of at least 20 C (68 F).
5. The design power supplied for mechanical stirring or
4. For digestion systems where mixing is accomplished only pumping type complete mixing systems shall be capable of
by circulating sludge through an external heat exchanger, achieving a minimum of 0.5 horsepower per 1,000 cubic
the system shall be loaded at less than 40 pounds of feet of digestion volume.
volatile solids per 1,000 cubic feet of volume per day or at a
volumetric rate that provides not less than a 30 day 6. Where low speed mechanical mixing devices are
detention time in the active digestion volume. The design specified, more than one device shall be provided unless
volatile solids loading should be established in accordance other mixing devices are also provided.
with the degree of mixing provided.
E. Gas collection. All portions of the gas system, including the
5. Where mixing is accomplished by other methods, loading space above the liquid surface in the digester, storage
rates shall be determined on the basis of information facilities and piping shall be so designed that under all normal
furnished by the design consultant. operating conditions, including sludge withdrawal, the gas will
be maintained under positive pressure.
D. Completely mixed systems. For digesters providing for
intimate and effective mixing of the digestion volume contents, 1. All enclosed areas where any gas leakage might occur
the systems shall be designed for an average feed loading shall be adequately ventilated.
rate of less than 200 pounds of volatile solids per 1,000 cubic
2. All necessary safety facilities should be included where
feet of volume per day or at a volumetric loading that provides
gas is produced in accordance with VOSH requirements.
15 days or more detention time in the active digestion volume.
3. Pressure and vacuum relief valves and flame traps,
1. Confined mixing systems include (i) arrangements where
together with automatic safety shut-off valves, may be
gas or sludge flows are directed through vertical channels;
provided.
and (ii) mechanical stirring, or pumping systems. Both
confined mixing and unconfined continuously discharging 4. Water seal equipment shall not be installed on gas
gas mixing systems shall be designed to ensure complete piping.
turnover of digestion volume every 30 minutes. For tanks
over 60 feet in diameter, multiple mixing devices shall be 5. Gas piping shall be of adequate diameter to provide a
used. velocity less than 12 feet per second at a flow of two times
the average rate and shall slope to condensation or drip
2. Unconfined, sequentially discharging gas mixing systems traps at low points.
shall be designed using the number of discharge points and
gas flow rates shown for the various tank diameters listed in 6. The use of float controlled condensate traps is not
Table 4 of this chapter, unless sufficient operating data is permitted.
submitted and approved to verify the performance reliability Condensation traps shall be placed in accessible locations
of a alternative designs. for daily servicing and draining.
3. Gas discharge lines (lances) mounted on a floating cover 7. Electrical fixtures and equipment located in enclosed
or top designed to accumulate gas emissions shall extend places where gas may accumulate will be evaluated in
to the base of the vertical side wall while the cover is resting accordance with the National Board of Fire Underwriters'
on its landing brackets. For floor mounted diffuser boxes or specifications for hazardous conditions and other applicable
lances mounted to a fixed cover, gas discharge shall extend codes and regulations.
to the base of the vertical side wall.
8. The electrical equipment provided in sludge-digester pipe
TABLE 4: galleries containing gas piping should be designed and
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MULTIPLE DISCHARGE MIXING installed to eliminate potential explosive conditions. The
SYSTEMS, SEQUENTIAL DISCHARGE design of electrical equipment located in any location where
Maximum Diameter (Ft.) gas or digested sludge leakage is possible will be evaluated
in accordance with applicable codes and regulations.
Tank Diameter
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
9. Waste gas burners shall be readily accessible and should G. Supernatant handling. Supernatant withdrawal piping shall
be located at least 50 feet away from any structure, if not be less than six inches in diameter, and piping shall be
placed at ground level. Gas burners may be located on the arranged so that withdrawal can be made from three or more
roof of the control building if sufficiently removed from the levels in the tank. A positive, unvalved, vented overflow shall
digester and gas storage tank and will comply with all be provided.
applicable State and Federal Air Pollution Control
requirements. Waste gas burners shall not be located on 1. On fixed cover digesters the supernatant withdrawal level
top of the digester or gas storage tank. should preferably be selected by means of interchangeable
extensions at the discharge end of the piping.
10. In remote locations it may be permissible to discharge
small quantities of digester gas (less than 100 CFH) to the 2. If a supernatant selector is provided, provision shall be
atmosphere through a return bend screened vent made for at least two other draw-off levels located in the
terminating at least 10 feet above the walking surface, supernatant zone of the digester in addition to the unvalved
provided the assembly incorporates a flame trap and is in emergency supernatant draw-off pipe. High pressure
compliance with all applicable state and federal regulations. backwash facilities shall be provided.
11. A gas meter with bypass shall be provided to meter total 3. Provisions shall be made for sampling at each
gas production. Gas piping lines for anaerobic digesters supernatant draw-off level. Sampling pipes shall be at least
shall be equipped with closed type indicating gauges. These 1-1/2 inches in diameter.
gauges shall read directly in inches of water. Normally, 4. Management of digester supernatant must be addressed
three gauges will be provided: (i) one to measure the main in the treatment works design. Also, sidestream treatment
line pressure; (ii) a second to measure the pressure to gas- alternatives for digester supernatant shall be considered in
utilization equipment; and (iii) the third to measure pressure the preliminary engineering design.
to waste burners. Gas tight shut-off and vent cocks shall be
provided. The vent piping shall be extended outside the 12 VAC 5-581-620. Aerobic sludge digestion.
building, and the opening shall be screened and arranged to A. Aerobic sludge digestion reactors shall be designed for
prevent the entrance of rainwater. All piping of the effective mixing and aeration. If diffusers are used, they shall
manometer system shall be protected with safety be of the type that minimizes clogging and they should be
equipment. designed to permit removal for inspection, maintenance and
12. Any underground enclosures connecting with anaerobic replacement without dewatering the tanks.
digester tanks or containing sludge or gas piping or B. Design. Multiple aerobic digesters are required at all
equipment shall be provided with forced ventilation in treatment works having a design flow capacity of more than
accordance with VOSH requirements and this chapter and 0.5 mgd. The size and number of aerobic sludge digesters
standards contained in this chapter. Tightly fitting, self shall be determined by rational calculations based upon such
closing doors shall be provided at connecting passageways factors as (i) volume of sludge added; (ii) type and percent
and tunnels to minimize the spread of gas. solids; (iii) the required volatile solids reduction for
F. Energy control. If practical, digesters should be constructed stabilization; (iv) allowance for sludge and supernatant
above the water table and should be suitably insulated to storage; and (v) the minimum design temperature of the
minimize heat loss. The use of digester gas as a heating fuel digester contents.
source is encouraged. 1. Calculations shall be submitted to justify the design and
1. Sludge shall be heated by circulating the sludge through shall include design digester temperature based on the type
external heaters unless effective mixing is provided. Piping of mixing equipment and other factors.
shall be designed to provide for the preheating of feed 2. Digester volume shall be a minimum of 20% of the
sludge before introduction to the digesters. Provisions shall average design flow of the treatment works. The design
be made in the layout of the piping and valving to facilitate digester volume should be increased up to 25% of the
cleaning of these lines. Heat exchanger sludge piping shall average design flow if the wastewater temperature will
be sized for design heat transfer requirements. o o
remain below 10 C (50 F) for an extensive period of time
2. Sufficient heating capacity shall be provided to maintain (60 days/year).
consistently the design temperature required for sludge 3. A reduction in requirements for hydraulic detention time
stabilization. For emergency usage, an alternate source of may be given for treatment works designed to be operated
fuel shall be available and the boiler or other heat source in the extended aeration mode, or coupled with additional
shall be capable of using the alternate fuel. stabilization processes, or operated at elevated
3. The heating system design shall provide for all controls temperatures.
necessary to ensure effective and safe operation. Facilities 4. Facilities shall be provided for effective separation and
for optimizing mixing of the digester contents for effective withdrawal, or decanting of supernatant.
heating shall be provided.
C. Loadings. The volatile solids loading should be in the range
4. Sludge heating devices with open flames should be of one- to two-tenths (0.1 to 0.2) pounds of volatile solids per
located above grade in areas separate from locations of gas cubic foot per day.
production or storage.
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Proposed Regulations
1. Dissolved oxygen concentration maintained in the liquid b. A handling area which shall be hard-surfaced and
shall be in the range of one to two milligrams per liter. diked to prevent entry of runoff or escape of the liquids.
2. Energy input requirements for mixing should be in the c. A sump with an adequately sized pump located at the
range of 0.5 to 1.5 horsepower per 1,000 cubic feet, where low point of the hard-surfaced area shall be provided to
mechanical aerators are utilized, and 20 to 30 standard convey spills to a disposal or holding facility.
cubic feet per minute per 1,000 cubic feet of aeration tank,
where air mixing is utilized. 2. Provisions for cleaning all sludge transport or residual
hauling trucks that return to public roads, shall be provided
12 VAC 5-581-630. Composting. at all compost facilities. The facility shall be capable of
effective operation regardless of weather conditions. Wash
A. Conventional sludge composting facilities aerobically water shall be collected for necessary treatment.
process digested, or otherwise treated, sewage sludge that is
uniformly mixed with other organic materials and bulking 3. At all compost facilities handling liquid or dewatered
agents to facilitate biological decomposition of organics. The residual materials that must be mixed prior to composting, a
treated sewage sludge will be exposed to temperatures at or mixing operation shall be provided. The operation shall
o
above 55 C for three consecutive days or more. The method have sufficient capacity to properly process the peak daily
of mixing and aeration, and the carbon to nitrogen waste input with the largest mixer out of operation.
characteristics, of the compost mix are critical to the process Volumetric throughput values used to establish necessary
design. mixing capacity may be based on the material volume
resulting from the sludge to bulking agent ratio, or may be
B. General design. Unless the facility is totally enclosed, it estimated from previous experience or pilot scale tests.
shall not be sited for construction within 1,000 feet of any
residential area, nor within one mile upwind, in the direction of 4. Effective mixing equipment should be provided for use at
the prevailing wind, of such places as hospitals, nursing all compost facilities. The ability of all selected equipment to
homes for the elderly and serum production centers. Local produce a compostable mix from sludge of an established
jurisdictions impacted by this restriction shall be so notified. moisture content, residual material, and the selected bulking
agent shall be documented from previous experience or
1. All compost facilities shall be provided with adequate pilot tests.
means to prevent and control odors as necessary.
5. Except for windrow composting wherein mobile mixers
2. All compost facilities shall be provided with all-weather are used, an area with sufficient space to mix the bulking
roads to and from the facility, as well as between the agent and sludge or residuals and store half of the daily
various process operations. peak input shall be provided. The mixing area shall be
3. The receiving, mixing, composting, curing, drying, covered to prevent ambient precipitation from directly
screening, and storage areas shall be paved with asphaltic contacting the mix materials.
concrete, reinforced concrete, or other impervious, 6. Where conveyors are used to move the compost mix to
structurally stable material that provides similar site the composting area and or help provide mixing, either
characteristics. sufficient capacity shall be provided to permit handling of
4. The facility shall be graded to prevent uncontrolled runoff the mix with one conveyor out of operation, or a backup
and a suitable drainage system shall be provided to collect method of handling or storing shall be provided. Runoff shall
all process wastewater and direct it to storage and be directed to a storage or treatment facility. Capacity of the
treatment facilities. Process wastewater includes water drainage system shall be based on the 24-hour rainfall
collected from paved process areas. The capacity of the producing a peak rate expected once in 10 years.
drainage system, including associated storage or treatment D. System design. The system design shall be sufficient to
works system shall be based on the 24-hour rainfall of a 10- provide the level of treatment required for protection of public
year return frequency. health in relation to the anticipated management method.
5. All facility process wastewater and sanitary wastewater Consideration should be given to covering the compost mixing
shall be collected and treated prior to discharge. pad and curing area in order to allow for handling of bulking
agents and treated sludge and the finished compost, during
C. Facilities. A weigh scale, volumetric method, or other extended periods of precipitation. If a roof type cover is not
means shall be provided for determining the amount of sludge provided, operation of the facility during critical weather
or residuals delivered to the facility and the amount of periods shall be addressed. Sufficient equipment shall be
compost material removed from the facility. Adequate space provided for routinely measuring the temperature and oxygen
and equipment must be provided for mixing operations and at multiple points and depths within the compost piles.
other material handling operations.
1. Windrow Method. The area requirements shall be based
1. Where liquid, or dewatered, sludge or residuals are on the average daily compost mix inputs, a minimum
processed by the compost facility, all receiving of such detention time of 30 days on the compost pad, and the area
inputs shall occur in either: required for operation of the mixing equipment. Sufficient
a. An area that drains directly to a storage, treatment, or compost mix handling equipment shall be provided to turn
disposal facility. the windrows daily. In addition, proper drainage and space
shall be provided to allow equipment movement between
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
compost pile sections and access around the working F. Compost handling. The design of the curing area shall be
areas. based on a minimum retention time of 30 days unless the
applicant can demonstrate through previous experience or
2. Aerated-static pile method. The aerated-static pile area pilot studies that less time is required. Daily input shall be
requirement shall be based on the average daily compost based on the average daily input of mix to the composting
mix inputs, along with storing base and cover material, with area.
a composting time of 21 days, unless the applicant can
demonstrate through previous experience or pilot scale 1. A drying stage is optional, but is usually required if
studies that less time is necessary to achieve the compost is to be recycled as a bulking agent or if screening
requirements. is required. Consideration should be given to covering the
drying area. If a cover is provided, it can be designed so
a. The compost mix pile shall be provided with a means that sunlight is transmitted to the composting materials
of uniformly distributing air flow. One foot or more thick while preventing direct contact with ambient precipitation.
base of friable material may be utilized under the deepest Efficient drying may be accomplished by drawing or blowing
sections of compost mix. A 1-1/2 foot or more thick air through the compost mixture or by mechanical mixing of
covering blanket of unscreened compost or a one foot shallow layers with stationary bucket systems, mobile earth
thick or more blanket of screened compost may be moving equipment, or rotating discs.
utilized over the compost mix pile.
2. Screening shall be provided for all compost facilities
b. Compost mix piles should be configured to provide where the compost disposition necessitates the use of a
adequate aeration of the mix using either positive or screened product or where the bulking agent must be
negative pressure for air flow through the piles. recycled and reused.
3. Confined composting methods. Due to the large variation a. A daily screening capacity of 200% of the average daily
in composting processes, equipment types, and process amount of compost mix shall be provided when screening
configuration characteristic of currently available confined is required.
systems, such as enclosed operations or in-vessel systems,
it is not feasible to stipulate specific design criteria. b. Based on previous composting facility performance, or
However, a confined composting system will not be on pilot tests, the ability of the specified equipment to
approved unless the applicant can demonstrate, through screen compost at the projected moisture range shall be
previous operating experience or pilot scale studies, that the demonstrated.
material removed from the enclosed container or compost
process, after the manufacturer's suggested residence time, c. The area used for screening should be covered unless
has an equivalent or higher degree of stabilization than operations are not hindered when screening is
would be achieved after 21 consecutive days of aerated temporarily discontinued.
static pile composting. 3. Storage areas shall be provided for six months storage of
E. Aeration. Sufficient blower capacity shall be provided to compost unless the applicant can demonstrate (through
deliver the necessary air flow through the compost mix, but previous experience, pilot studies or letters of intent to
the delivered air flow shall not be less than a minimum accept compost offsite) that less storage area is required.
aeration rate of 500 cubic feet per hour per dry ton (CFH/DT). For all compost facilities where a separate bulking agent is
Where centralized aeration is utilized, multiple blower units required, storage area for a six-month supply of the bulking
shall be provided and shall be arranged so that the design air agent shall be provided, unless the applicant can demonstrate
requirement can be met with the largest single unit out of that bulking agent supplies can be replenished more
service. Where individual or separated blowers are used, frequently.
sufficient numbers of extra blowers shall be provided so that
the design air requirement can be met with 10% of the 12 VAC 5-581-640. Heat treatment.
blowers out of service. For facilities that are not continuously A. The design of heat treatment systems shall be based on
manned, the blower units should be equipped with automatic the anticipated sludge flow rate (gpm) with the required heat
reset and restart mechanisms or alarmed to a continuously input dependent on sludge characteristics and concentration.
manned station, so that they will be placed back into operation The system should be designed for continuous 24-hour
after periods of power outage. operation to minimize additional heat input to start up the
1. Each pile aeration distribution header shall be provided system. Measures for the adequate control of odors shall be
with a throttling control valve. The aeration system shall be stipulated for review.
designed to permit both suction and forced aeration. The B. Design. Multiple units shall be provided unless nuisance-
piping system shall be capable of delivering 150% of the free storage or alternate stabilization methods are available, to
design aeration rate. The aeration piping may be located in avoid disruption to treatment works operation when units are
troughs cast into the compost pad. not in service. If a single system is provided, standby grinders,
2. The aeration system shall be designed to permit the fuel pumps, air compressor (if applicable), and dual sludge
length of the aeration cycle to be individually adjusted at pumps shall be required.
each pile header pipe. 1. A reasonable downtime for maintenance and repair
based on data from comparable facilities shall be included
in the design. Adequate storage for process feed and
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46
Proposed Regulations
downtime shall be included. Control parameters shall be c. Providing capacity to achieve a temperature of the
adequately monitored. Continuous recorders to monitor alkaline-sludge mixture of more than 52°C, if desired, and
temperatures shall be provided. maintaining a sufficient temperature over a measured
contact period to ensure pasteurization.
2. Due to the large variation in incineration processes,
equipment types, and configurations characteristic of d. Maintaining conditions so that the sludge is not altered
currently available incineration systems, it is not feasible to or further distributed for two hours or more after alkaline
stipulate specific design criteria. Therefore, these systems treatment.
shall be considered on a case-by-case basis. Design of
these systems should be based on pilot plant studies or 2. Multiple units shall be provided unless nuisance-free
data from comparable facilities. storage or alternate stabilization methods are available to
avoid disruption to treatment works operation when units
C. Features. The process should provide heat stabilization in are not in service. If a single system is provided, standby
o o
a reaction vessel within a range of 175 C or 350 F for 40 conveyance and mixers, backup heat sources, dual
o o
minutes to 205 C or 400 F for 20 minutes at pressure ranges blowers, etc., shall be provided as necessary. A reasonable
of 250 to 400 psig, or provide for pasteurization at downtime for maintenance and repair based on data from
o o
temperatures of 30 C or 85 F or more and gage pressures of comparable facilities shall be included in the design.
more than one standard atmosphere (14.7 psia) for periods Adequate storage for process, feed, and downtime shall be
exceeding 25 days. included.
1. Sludge grinders shall be provided to protect heat 3. Storage facilities and chemical handling shall be
exchangers from rag fouling. An acid wash or high pressure designed in accordance with this chapter. Either mechanical
water wash system shall be available to remove scale from or aeration agitation should be provided to ensure uniform
heat exchangers and reactors. Materials of construction of discharge from storage bins. Alkaline additive feeding
heat exchangers shall be selected to minimize corrosion. equipment shall meet the requirements of this chapter.
Hydrated lime should be fed as a 6% to 18% Ca(OH2) slurry
2. The decant tank shall be equipped with a sludge scraper by weight. Other suitable means should be developed for
mechanism and shall be covered to prevent odor release. controlling the feed rate for dry additives.
3. Separate, additional grit removal (in addition to grit 4. The additive/sludge blending or mixing vessel shall be
removal at the treatment works influent) should be large enough to hold the mixture for 30 minutes at
considered to prevent abrasion of piping. maximum feed rate. In a batch process, a pH greater than
4. Adequate treatment works or sidestream treatment shall 12 shall be maintained in the mixing tank during this period.
be provided for the recycle streams from heat treatment. In a continuous flow process, the nominal detention time
(defined as tank volume divided by volumetric input flow
5. Odor control shall be addressed for exhaust and off-gas rate) shall be used in design, and a pH greater than 12 shall
from decant tanks in accordance with state and federal air be maintained in the exit line. Slurry mixtures can be mixed
pollution control requirements. with either diffused air or mechanical mixers. Mixing
12 VAC 5-581-650. Chemical treatment. equipment shall be designed to keep the alkaline slurry
mixture in complete suspension.
A. The fundamental design areas to be considered include
chemical feeding, mixing, and storage capacity. Chemical 5. Coarse bubble diffusers should be used for mixing with
treatment operation controls may include pH, contact time and compressed air. A minimum air supply of 20 scfm per 1,000
mixture temperature. cubic feet of tank volume should be provided for adequate
mixing. The mixing tank shall be adequately ventilated and
B. Alkaline treatment. The alkaline additive dosage required to odor control equipment shall be provided.
stabilize sludge is determined by the type of sludge, its
chemical composition and the solids concentration. 6. Mechanical mixers should be sized to provide 5 to 10 HP
Performance data taken from pilot plant test programs or from per 1,000 cubic feet of tank volume. Impellers should be
comparable facilities should be used in determining the proper designed to minimize fouling with debris in the sludge.
dosage. 7. Pasteurization vessels shall be designed to provide for a
1. The design objective shall be to furnish uniform mixing in minimum retention period of 30 minutes. The means for
order to maintain a pH of 12 or above for two hours or more provision of external heat shall be specified.
in the alkaline additive-sludge mixture. The design criteria C. Chlorine treatment. The stabilization of sludge by high
for accomplishing adequate treatment may include: doses of chlorine should be considered on a case-by-case
a. Adding a controlled dosage of alkaline agents to sludge basis. Process equipment that comes into contact with
and providing uniform mixing of the sludge and agents. sludges that have not been neutralized after chlorine oxidation
shall be constructed of acid resistant materials or coated with
b. Bringing the alkaline additive-sludge mixture pH to the protective films. Caution should be exercised with recycle
design objective, such as a mixture pH of 12.5 or more streams from dewatering devices or sludge drying beds which
and maintaining the mixture pH above 12.5 for 30 have received chlorine stabilized sludge due to the creation of
minutes or more. potential toxic byproducts which may be detrimental to the
treatment process or receiving stream.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
47
Proposed Regulations
D. Other treatment. Other processes for chemical treatment 4. Alternative designs should be based on data obtained
can be considered in accordance with this chapter. from a pilot plant (relatively small scale test equipment)
program. Chemical addition and dilution water feed systems
12 VAC 5-581-660. Sludge thickening. should be evaluated for use to optimize performance.
A. Sludge thickening to decrease the liquid fraction should be D. Dissolved air flotation. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) basins
considered for volume reduction and conditioning of sludges shall be equipped with bottom scrapers to remove settled
prior to treatment and management. Biological sludges solids and surface skimmers to remove the float established
returned to reactors should be thickened to provide for through release of pressurized air into the sludge inflow. The
effective control of biomass. bottom scraper should function independently of the surface
B. General design. Thickener design shall provide adequate skimmer mechanism. Dissolved air flotation units should be
capacity to meet peak demands. Thickeners should be enclosed in a building. A positive air ventilation system and
designed to prevent septicity during the thickening process. odor control shall be provided.
1. A sludge handling bypass around the thickening process 1. Conventional design parameters include:
is required. Dual units or alternate storage is required for all a. Maximum hydraulic loading rates of 2.0 gallons per
treatment works of greater than 1 mgd capacity. minute per square foot of surface area (gal/min/sq. ft).
2. Thickeners shall be provided with a means of continuous b. A solids loading rate in the range of 1.0 to 4.0 pounds
return of supernatant for treatment. Provisions for side- per hour per square foot of surface area (lb/hr/sq. ft).
stream treatment of supernatant should be considered.
c. An air supply to sludge solids weight ratio in the range
3. Consideration should be given to any potential treatment of 0.02 to 0.04.
advantages obtained from the blending of sludges from
various treatment processes. 2. The recycle ratio should be in the 30% to 150% range.
The recycle pressurization system should utilize DAF
4. Odor control shall be addressed with consideration being effluent or secondary effluent if use of potable water is not
given to flexibility of operations and changes of influent available. The retention tank system shall provide a
sludge characteristics. minimum pressure of 40 psig.
C. Gravity systems. Clarifiers or gravity thickeners sufficiently 3. A polymer feed system shall be provided. The feed
sized for clarification will provide for thickening. However, the system shall meet the requirements of this chapter.
use of mechanical stirring devices will significantly improve the
performance of gravity thickeners. Mechanical thickeners 4. Alternative design should be based on data obtained
employ low speed stirring mechanisms for continuous mixing from a pilot plant test program if sufficient operational
and flocculation within the zone of sludge concentration. In performance data is not available.
this manner, liquid separation is enhanced.
5. Skimmer design shall be multiple or variable speed such
1. Conventional overflow rates for gravity thickeners should as to allow normal operation in the less than one fpm range,
be in the 400-800 gpd per square foot range. The engineer with the capability of a speed increase to 25 fpm.
shall provide the basis and calculations for the
nonconventional surface loading rates. The side water E. Mechanical separation. Filters or centrifuge can be used to
depth of conventional gravity thickeners shall be a minimum thicken sludges. The process shall be preceded by
of 10 feet. Circular thickeners shall have a minimum bottom pretreatment to remove material that can plug the media,
slope of 1-1/2 inches per radial foot. nozzles or cause excessive wear.
2. A gravity sludge thickener shall be so designed as to a. Provisions for the addition of appropriate coagulants to
provide for sludge storage, if sufficient storage is the sludge inflow to the filter or centrifuge shall be
unavailable within other external tankage. Sludge considered.
withdrawal from gravity thickeners should be controlled and b. The design basis and calculations for nonconventional
adjusted, and variable speed pumps should be provided. loading rates shall be submitted for evaluation.
3. Gravity thickeners should be provided with bottom c. Filtrate or centrate shall be returned to the head of the
scraping equipment to enhance sludge removal. The primary units, aeration basins, or a separate side-stream
scraper mechanism peripheral velocity should be in the 15 treatment system.
to 20 feet per minute range.
12 VAC 5-581-670. Sludge dewatering.
a. The scraper mechanical train shall be capable of
withstanding extra heavy torque loads. The normal A. Gravity drying beds, centrifuges, and various filtration
working torque load shall not exceed 10% of the rated equipment can be used to remove liquid from treated sewage
torque load. sludge in order to reduce the amount of sludge that is to be
managed. Drainage from beds and centrate or filtrate from
b. A method to correct blockage of the scraper dewatering units shall be returned to the sewage treatment
mechanism and restore operation from a stalled position process at appropriate points preceding disinfection. These
should be provided in accordance with the Operation and organic loads shall be considered in treatment works design,
Maintenance Manual. and alternatives for handling these loads may be considered
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
similar to those for thickening and treatment supernatant. The employed, mixers may be necessary and the design should
design of dewatering equipment used for municipal sludges consider the capability for variable detention times.
containing significant industrial waste shall consider the
release of constituents such as free metals, organic toxicants, 2. Pilot plant testing or full size performance data shall be
or strong reducing/oxidizing compounds, especially when utilized to determine the characteristics and design dosage
thermal or chemical stabilization processes are employed. of the additives. In-stream flocculation/coagulation systems
design shall be supported by comparable performance data
B. Capacity. Where mechanical dewatering equipment is or pilot plant testing.
employed, at least two units shall be provided unless
adequate storage (separate or in-line) or an alternative means 12 VAC 5-581-680. Sludge drying beds.
of sludge handling is provided. Whenever performance A. Actual performance data from similar facilities should be
reliability and sludge management options are dependent on provided for bed sizing. If such data is unavailable, the
production of dewatered sludge, each of the mechanical following general guidelines shall been used as the minimum:
dewatering equipment provided should be designed to
operate for less than 60 hours during any six day period. The Stabilization Process Loading Rate*
facility shall be able to dewater in excess of 50% of the i. Anaerobic Digestion 20.0
average design sludge flow with the largest unit out of service.
The requirements for excess capacity will depend upon the ii. Aerobic Digestion and 15.0
type of equipment provided, peak sludge factor, and storage iii. Other Stabilization Processes 15.0
capability not otherwise considered. All units shall have
bypass capability for maintenance. * lbs dry solids/sq ft/year
1. Where mechanical dewatering equipment will not be B. Design. Area requirements for covered beds or greenhouse
operated on a continuous basis and the treatment works is beds may be reduced if polymer is used to condition the
without digesters with built-in short-term storage, separate sludge prior to application to the beds, or performance data
storage shall be provided. from similar designs is provided. Covers should extend
beyond the bed area sufficiently to keep out rain and snow.
2. In-line storage of stabilized or unstabilized sludge shall
not interfere with the design function of any of the treatment 1. Not less than two beds shall be provided and they shall
unit operations. Separate sludge storage from primary be arranged to facilitate sludge removal. Concrete pads
digestors shall be aerated and mixed as necessary to serving as vehicle support tracks should be provided for all
prevent nuisance conditions. The effect of storage on the percolation type sludge beds. Pairs of support tracks for
sludge dewatering characteristics shall be considered. percolation type beds should be on 20-foot centers.
3. All dewatering facilities should be properly ventilated to 2. Sludge drying beds should be rectangular and separated
protect operator personnel in accordance with VOSH from adjacent beds by permanent or removable dividers.
requirements and this chapter and standards contained in Bed width should be determined by a rational basis
this chapter. The potential for odors or obnoxious gases considering the sludge handling and treatment and sludge
being released within or without the building and grounds management options. If polymers or other chemicals are
and the control of such should be addressed in accordance used to enhance sludge dewatering, the effects of the
with applicable state and federal requirements. polymer dosage on uniform distribution of sludge on the bed
shall be considered.
Sampling stations before and after each dewatering unit or
any appropriate segment of the unit shall be designed to 3. The sludge pipe to the beds shall terminate at least 12
allow the periodic evaluation of the dewatering process. inches above the surface and be arranged so that it will
drain. Concrete splash plates shall be provided at sludge
C. Conditioning. Adequate mixing time for the dispension of discharge points.
reaction between the chemical or other additives shall be
provided. Subsequent handling should avoid floc shearing. 4. Interior walls shall be watertight and extend 15 to 18
The injection or addition point should be carefully considered inches above and at least 6 inches below the bed surface.
in relation to downstream equipment and to the combined 5. Exterior walls shall be watertight and extend 15 to 18
effect of other additives. Chemical handling shall be in inches above the bed surface or ground elevation,
accordance with this chapter. whichever is higher. They shall extend 12 to 15 inches
1. Solution storage or day tanks should provide for the below the drain pipes.
design dosages, if the equipment design does not require 6. The bottom of the drying bed shall be relatively
continuous operation. A minimum of eight hours storage impervious, consisting of a minimum of one-foot layer of
shall be provided unless the specific chemical or additive clayey subsoil having a permeability of less than one-
selected is adversely affected by storage. Storage for batch -6
millionth (10 ) cm/sec. In locations where the ground water
operations shall be adequate for one batch at maximum table is within one foot of the bottom, a watertight concrete
chemical or additive demand. Storage volume reductions pad should be considered.
shall be justified, and other methods to ensure a continuous
supply of chemicals or additives through the operating day C. Media. The bed media top course shall consist of at least
or batch shall be provided. If conditioning tanks are 12 inches of sand with a uniformity coefficient of less than 4.0
and an effective grain size between 0.3 and 0.75 millimeters.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
49
Proposed Regulations
The bed media lower course shall consist of gravel around the B. Plate and frame presses. Actual performance data
underdrains that conforms to the latest edition of the Virginia developed from similar operational characteristics should be
Department of Transportation's Road and Bridge utilized for design. The impact that anticipated sludge
Specifications. The gravel layer should be 12 inches in depth, variability will have on the design variables for the press as
extending at least six inches above the top of the underdrains. well as chemical conditioning shall be addressed. Appropriate
It is desirable to place this gravel in two or more layers. The scale-up factors shall be utilized for full size designs if pilot
top layer of at least three inches shall consist of number 8 scale testing is done in lieu of full-scale testing.
sized gravel 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch in size and the bottom layer
should consist of number 3 sized gravel. 1. The following appurtenant equipment shall be considered
for duplicate operation unless multiple units are provided.
1. Underdrains shall be clay pipe, concrete drain tile or
other underdrain material acceptable to the division and a. Feed pump.
shall be at least four inches in diameter and sloped not less b. Air compressor.
than 1.0% to drain. Underdrains shall be spaced not more
than 20 feet apart. c. Washwater booster pump.
2. Vacuum assisted, wedgewire, or other variations to the 2. The following spare appurtenances shall be provided
gravity drying bed concept will be considered on a case-by- where multiple units are not installed.
case basis. Actual performance data or pilot studies with a. At least one extra plate for every ten required for
appropriate scale-up factors shall be provided. startup, but a total of not less than two extra plates
12 VAC 5-581-690. Filtration. required.
A. Rotary drums. The following rates of vacuum filtration, in b. One complete filter fabric set.
pounds of dry solids per square foot of drum filter area per c. Closure drive system.
hour, for various types of sludge, may be considered
conventional loading with proper prior sludge conditioning. A d. Feed pump (when duplicates are not provided).
variable speed drive shall be provided.
e. Air compressor (when duplicates are not provided).
Type of Treatment Process Pounds of Dry Solids Per
Producing Sludge Prior to Square Foot Per Hour f. Washwater booster pump (when duplicates are not
Stabilization Minimum - Maximum provided).
a. Primary 4-6 3. Filter feed pumps shall be capable of a combination of
initial high flow, low pressure filling followed by sustained
b. Primary and Contact Reactor 3-5 periods of operating at 100 to 225 psi. An integral pressure
c. Primary and Suspended Growth 3-4 vessel to produce this initial high volume flow should be
Reactor considered. Operating pressures less than 225 psi will be
considered if actual performance data using similar sludges
1. Unless dual trains are provided, the following appurtenant
is provided.
equipment shall be provided in duplicate with necessary
connecting piping, and electrical controls to allow equipment 4. Provisions for cake breaking to protect or enhance
alternation. Spare filter fabric shall be provided except when downline process shall be incorporated where necessary.
metal coils are utilized.
5. Crane or monorail services capable of removing the
a. Feed pump. plates should be considered. In some installations, the
capability to remove other press parts should also be
b. Vacuum pump.
considered.
c. Filtrate pump.
6. Provision for a high pressure water or acid wash system
2. Wetted parts should be constructed of corrosion-resistant to clean the filter shall be considered. Booster pumping
material. Drum and agitator assemblies shall be equipped should be addressed.
with variable speed drives and provisions for altering the
C. Belt presses. Actual performance data developed from
liquid level shall be made.
similar operational characteristics should be utilized for
3. Vacuum pumps having a capacity of at least 1.5 cfm per design. The impact that anticipated sludge variability will have
square foot for metal-covered drums should be provided. on the design variables for the press as well as chemical
Vacuum receivers are required with dry type vacuum conditioning shall be addressed. A second belt filter press or
pumps. an approved backup method of dewatering shall be required
whenever a single belt press is operated 60 hours or more
4. Each filter shall be fed by a separate feed pump to within any consecutive five day period or the average daily
ensure a proper feed rate. Filtrate pumps must be of flow received at the treatment works equals or exceeds four
adequate capacity to pump the maximum amount of liquid mgd. Appropriate scale-up factors shall be utilized for full-size
to be removed from the sludge. designs if pilot plant testing is performed in lieu of full-scale
5.Careful consideration to filter washing and variable sludge testing.
pickup depth should be made.
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Proposed Regulations
1. The following appurtenant equipment shall be considered f. Spray curtains.
for duplicate operation unless multiple units are provided.
D. Additional design features to be considered include:
a. Feed pump.
a. Drip trays under the press and under the thickener to
b. Washwater booster pump. readily remove filtrate if gravity belt thickening is
employed.
2. Requirements for spare appurtenances should include
the following: b. Adequate clearance to the side and floor for
maintenance and removal of the dewatered sludge.
a. Complete set of belts.
c. Location of all electrical panels or other materials that
b. One set of bearings for each type of press bearing. are subject to corrosion out of the area of the press.
c. Tensioning and tracking sensors. d. Adjustable doctor blade clearance.
d. One set of wash nozzles. 12 VAC 5-581-700. Centrifuges.
e. Doctor blade. Successful application of centrifugation similar to sludge
f. Conditioning or flocculation drive equipment if duplicate thickening applications for dewatering of municipal type
units are not provided. sludges requires consideration of certain design factors.
Proper scale-up data pertaining to the particular sludge to be
3. A polymer selection methodology, accounting for sludge dewatered and the necessary polymer and coagulant dosage
variability and anticipated sludge loading to the press shall to achieve the design solids content shall be provided. The
be provided. abrasiveness of each sludge supply shall be considered in
4. Sludge feed shall be as constant as possible to eliminate scroll selection. Adequate sludge storage shall be provided for
difficulties in polymer addition and press operation. The proper operation.
range in feed variability shall be identified and equalization 1. Unless dual trains are provided, the following spare
shall be provided as necessary. A method for uniform appurtenant equipment shall be provided, with necessary
sludge dispersion on the belt shall be provided. Grinders for connecting piping and electrical controls to allow easy
the sludge feed to the flocculation system shall be installation.
considered. Thickening of the feed sludge should be an
integral part of the design of the filter press. Separate a. Drive motor.
thickening or dual purpose thickening will be considered on b. Gear assembly.
a case-by-case basis.
c. Feed pump.
5. The filter press design shall consider the following:
2. Each feed pump shall be variable speed. A pump for
a. Variable belt speed mechanism. each centrifuge shall be provided within the feed system.
b. Belt tracking and belt tensioning equipment. 3. Each centrifuge shall be equipped with provisions for
c. Belt replacement availability based on evaluation of the variation of scroll speed and pool depth.
belt equipment selection especially if the weave, material, 4. A crane or monorail shall be provided for equipment
width, or thickness cannot be reasonably duplicated. removal or maintenance.
6. Rollers specified for the press design should provide: 5. Provision for adequate and efficient wash down of the
a. Rubber coating or other protective finish. interior of the machine shall be an integral part of the
design.
b. Maximum frame and roller deflection and operating
tension. 12 VAC 5-581-710. Sludge pumping.
c. Roller bearings that are watertight and rated for a B-10 Pump capacities shall be adequate but not excessive.
life of 100,000 hours. Provisions for varying pump capacity are desirable.
7. The washwater system should provide for: 1. Duplicate units shall be provided where failure of one unit
would seriously hamper treatment works operation.
a. High pressure washwater for each belt with a specified
operating pressure. 2. Positive displacement pumps or other types of pumps
with demonstrated solids handling capability shall be
b. Booster pumps if necessary. provided for handling raw sludge.
c. Spray wash systems designed to be cleaned without 3. The minimum positive head necessary for proper
interference with the system operation. operation shall be provided at the suction side of centrifugal
d. Particular care in nozzle selections and optional nozzle type pumps. A positive head of 24 inches or more may be
cleaning systems when recycled wastewater is used for desirable for all types of sludge pumps. Maximum suction
belt washing. lifts shall not exceed 10 feet for positive displacement
pumps.
e. Replaceable spray nozzles.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
51
Proposed Regulations
4. Adequate sludge sampling facilities shall be provided. 1. The hydraulic loading used for design of standard rate
Provision of quick closing sampling valves installed at the trickling filters shall be between two and four million gallons
sludge pumps would be an adequate means of sampling. per acre per day with an organic loading between 400 and
The size of valve and piping shall be at least 1-1/2 inches. 800 pounds of BOD5 per acre foot per day.
5. Sludge withdrawal piping for anaerobic digesters and 2. The hydraulic loading used for design of high-rate filters
gravity thickeners shall have a minimum diameter of six shall be between 10 and 30 million gallons per acre per day
inches for gravity withdrawal and four inches for pump with an organic loading between 1,200 and 3,300 pounds
suction and discharge lines. Where withdrawal is by gravity, BOD5 per acre foot per day.
the available head on the discharge pipe shall be at least
four feet and preferably more. Also, where gravity 3. Other design loadings that are based on pilot studies and
withdrawal is to be used as the primary withdrawal method, related to design and performance parameters through
the piping for the primary sludge clarifier pump should be so rational design equations or models will be evaluated by the
arranged as to permit use of the pump for removal of division.
digested sludge. Downstream gravity piping for transport of 4. The performance of biological contactors can be
sludge shall be laid on uniform grade and alignment. Slope detrimentally affected by diurnal loading conditions. The
on gravity discharge piping should not be less than 3.0%. volume of media as determined from either pilot plant
Provisions shall be made for draining and flushing studies or from acceptable design equations shall be based
discharge lines, and special consideration shall be given to upon the design peak hourly organic loading rate rather
the corrosion resistance and continuing stability of than the average rate. An alternative for reducing the design
supporting systems for piping located inside the digestion peak flow would involve provision of adequate flow
tank. equalization prior to the contactor.
12 VAC 5-581-720. Sludge management. 5. Consideration should be given to the use of two-stage
Sludge management activities not specifically provided for biological contactors in series operation where single stage
through approval of design plans and specifications shall be reactors may not accomplish the required removals.
described in a sludge management plan submitted by the Expected treatment efficiencies shall be calculated and
owner to the division and the DEQ regional office for review documented.
and approval. The use or disposal of treated sewage sludge C. Features. All hydraulic factors involving proper distribution
shall be addressed through either the sludge management of sewage on the contactor media shall be carefully
plan required by the VPDES permit, or a permit issued calculated. For reaction type distributors, a minimum head of
through the Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et 24 inches between the low water level in siphon chamber and
seq.). the horizontal elevation of the center of distribution arms shall
Article 6. be required. Surge relief to prevent damage to distributor
Biological Treatment. seals shall be provided where sewage is pumped directly to
the distributors. A minimum clearance of six inches between
12 VAC 5-581-730. Attached growth processes. the media surface and the bottom of distributor arms shall be
provided.
A. The contactor, or media filled reactor, utilized for attached
growth biological processes shall be preceded by primary 1. The sewage may be distributed over the contact reactor
clarification equipped with scum and grease collecting media surface by rotary distributors or other suitable
devices. Other pretreatment facilities equivalent to primary devices that will permit reasonably uniform distribution to
clarification may be proposed for evaluation by the division. the surface area. At design average flow, the deviation from
The media shall provide sufficient surface area to support the a calculated uniformly distributed volume per square foot of
attached biological growth necessary to achieve the desired the filter surface shall not exceed plus or minus 10% at any
performance standard. Recirculation of treated wastewater point.
back to the contactor influent should be provided to maintain
design loadings. 2. Sewage may be applied to the contactor media by
siphons, pumps or by gravity discharge from preceding
B. Trickling filters. Biological contactors called trickling filters treatment units when suitable flow characteristics have
shall be designed so as to provide either the reduction in been developed. Application of sewage should be
biochemical oxygen demand required by the issued certificate continuous. In the case of intermittent dosing, the dosing
or permit, or the treatment necessary to properly condition the cycles shall normally vary between five to 15 minutes with
sewage for subsequent treatment. This section provides distribution taking place approximately 50% of the time. The
performance criteria to achieve final effluent limits to meet maximum rest should not exceed five minutes based on the
federal secondary equivalency requirements for trickling design average flow. Consideration shall be given to a
filters. Such biological contactors may be designed to achieve piping system that will permit recirculation.
higher degrees of treatment or used in conjunction with other
unit operations. Where the design intent is to achieve other 3. Under-drains with semi-circular inverts or equivalent shall
than secondary equivalency levels, the proposed design be provided and the underdrainage system shall cover the
parameters shall be thoroughly reviewed during the entire floor of the filter. Inlet openings into the underdrains
preliminary engineering conference. shall have an unsubmerged gross combined area equal to
at least 15% of surface area of the filter. The underdrains
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
shall have a minimum slope of 1.0%. Effluent channels shall where special construction is justified through performance
be designed to produce a minimum velocity of two feet per data or pilot plant studies.
second at the average daily rate of application to the filter.
2. Rock, stone, and similar media shall not contain more
Provision shall be made for flushing the underdrains. The than five percent by weight of pieces whose longest
use of a peripheral head channel with vertical vents is dimension is three times the least dimension. They shall be
acceptable for flushing purposes. Inspection facilities shall free from thin elongated and flat pieces, dust, clay, sand or
be provided. fine material and shall conform to the following size and
grading when mechanically graded over vibrating screens
4. The underdrainage system, effluent channels and effluent with square openings:
pipe shall be designed to permit free passage of air. The
size of drains, channels, and pipe shall be such that not a. Passing 4-1/2 inch screen - 100% by weight
more than 50% of their cross-sectional area will be
submerged under the design hydraulic loading. Provision b. Retained on three inch screen - 95-100% by weight
shall be made in the design of the effluent channels to allow c. Passing two inch screen - 0 - 2% by weight
the possibility of increased hydraulic loading. Consideration
should be given to the use of forced ventilation, particularly d. Passing one inch screen - 0 - 1% by weight
for covered trickling filters and deep (10 feet or more) e. Maximum dimensions of stone - five inches
contactors filled with a manufactured media.
f. Minimum dimensions of stone - three inches
5. The design should provide for variable rates of
recirculation for various purposes; for example, to prevent 3. Applications of manufactured media such as wood,
drying of a standard rate filter between dosing. Devices plastic, etc., will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The
shall be provided to permit measurement of flow to the filter handling and placement of the media should be specified.
process, including recirculated flows. The design should
E. Roughing reactors. Roughing contact reactors are used to
include provisions to flood filter structures where applicable.
reduce the organic load applied to subsequent oxidation
6. All distribution devices, underdrains, channels and pipes processes. They are particularly applicable preceding an
shall be installed so that they may be properly maintained, activated sludge process or a second stage filter in a
flushed or drained. Mercury seals shall not be permitted. treatment works receiving high strength wastewater
Ease of seal replacement shall be considered in the design (excessive organic loadings). Roughing filter designs differ
to ensure continuity of operation. from other contactors principally on the basis of the deeper
depths and media design utilized for given loadings in
7. A freeboard of four feet or more should be provided for all comparison to high rate trickling filters. Since it is used to
deep bed contactors with manufactured media that also reduce the downstream organic loading rather than to provide
utilize fine spray distributors, so as to maximize the a stabilized effluent, it is designed to receive organic loadings
containment of windblown spray. exceeding those applied to conventional biological contactors.
8. Protection such as covers or windbreaks shall be F. Granular media filters. Intermittently dosed biological sand
provided to maintain operation and treatment efficiencies filters utilized to process septic tank effluent to meet
when climatic conditions are expected to result in problems secondary treatment standards should be limited to schools,
due to cold temperatures. day camps and other installations that have part-time usage.
D. Reactor media. Contact reactor media may be crushed These reactors should also be limited to those installations
rock, stone or specially manufactured material. The media generating a sewage flow of 20,000 gallons per day or less
shall be durable, resistant to spalling or flaking and relatively and provide lengthy rest periods for filter operation. Biological
insoluble in sewage. The top 18 inches of rock or stone media sand filters may serve year-round residential dwellings if the
shall have a loss by the 20-cycle, sodium sulfate soundness design capacity is restricted to 1,000 gallons per day or less.
test of not more than 10% (as prescribed by ASCE Manual of 1. Biological sand filters shall not be used to treat raw
Engineering Practice, "Filtering Materials for Sewage wastewater and shall be preceded by a minimum of
Treatment Plants," Manual of Engineering Practice No. 13, pretreatment designed to produce a settled sewage with
ASCE, New York, New York), the balance to pass a 10-cycle adequate grease management. The use of biological sand
test using the same criteria. Stone media shall be free from filters designed to enhance effluent from other sewage
iron. Manufactured media shall be chemically and biologically treatment reactors shall be evaluated on a case by case
inert. The media shall be structurally stable to allow for basis.
distributor maintenance or a suitable access walkway shall be
provided. 2. Sand filter media beds shall consist of level areas of sand
beneath which there are graded layers of gravel
1. Rock or stone filter media shall have a minimum depth of surrounding the underdrains. Each filter bed shall have an
five feet above the underdrains. Manufactured contactor impervious bottom. Sewage is discharged onto the beds
media should have a minimum depth of 10 feet to provide through rotary distributors or pipes onto splash plates or, in
adequate contact time with the wastewater. Rock and stone the case of subsurface filters, through lines of drain tile laid
filter media depth should not exceed 10 feet and with open joints. Open sand beds shall be surrounded by a
manufactured filter media should not exceed 30 feet except concrete, brick or cinder block wall extending above the
sand and at least one foot above ground level. For
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
53
Proposed Regulations
subsurface sand filters, the surrounding wall is not should be based on an application rate of 3.5 gallons per
necessary except to prevent caving of the earth walls while square foot per day. The amount of sewage applied to the
the sand and gravel are being placed. The underdrainage sand filter at each discharge of the dosing siphon should be
system shall consist of open joint or perforated pipe tied equal to a depth exceeding one-half inch over the entire
together into a manifold and vented to the atmosphere. The sand bed area being dosed.
minimum size for the underdrain shall be four inches in
diameter. The underdrain pipes should be placed on a slope 8. The rate of dosage onto a buried sand filter shall not
of not less than 1.0%. exceed 1.15 gallons per square foot per day of settled
sewage. Settled sewage shall be applied to the filter
3. Rock, gravel and sand media components shall be clean through lines of drain tile laid with open joints, with the tile
and free of organic matter, clay or loam soils and fine placed in a 12-inch layer of No. 3 stone. The top of the filter
limestone material. may be finished with a 12-inch layer of stone. Where it is
not feasible or desirable to finish the top of the subsurface
a. The media depth shall not be less than 30 inches. filter with stone, a 3-inch layer of straw covered with a four
Sand media for intermittently dosed and recirculated to eight inch layer of top soil may be used. Open joint
effluent, shall have an effective size of 0.30 mm to 1.0 underdrain tiles shall be sloped one inch per 10 feet and
mm and 0.8 mm to 1.5 mm, respectively. The uniformity shall be installed in the base gravel and connected to the
coefficient should not exceed 4.0. No more than 2.0% effluent pipe. The ends of the distribution lines should be
shall be finer than 0.177 mm (80 mesh sieve) and not tied together into a manifold and should be vented to the
more than 1.0% shall be finer than 0.149 mm. No more atmosphere. All open joints shall be covered with collars of
than 2.0% shall be larger than 4.76 mm (4 mesh sieve). asphalt paper or other suitable material.
Larger granular media up to 5 mm in effective size may
be considered on a case by case basis. Distribution boxes must be provided for diverting sewage
onto the filter beds through headers, with each header
b. The gravel base for sand media shall conform to the connecting to not more than four distribution lines, where
latest edition of the Virginia Department of multiple units are used. Each application must completely fill
Transportation's Road & Bridge Specifications. The base the tile lines in use.
gravel shall consist of No. 3 sized gravel with at least a
three-inch depth above the sloped underdrains. The 9. Consideration should be given to providing recirculation
middle layer shall consist of at least three inches of No. for granular media filters to improve treatment performance.
68 gravel, and the top layer shall consist of at least three Recirculating sand filters should be designed using a
inches of No. 8 gravel. hydraulic loading rate of 3-1/2 gallons per day per square
feet, based on average daily flow, with an organic loading
4. Dosing tanks with either siphons or pumps for sand filters rate not to exceed 0.005 pounds of BOD5 per day per
shall have the capacities to effect the dosage volumes square foot of surface area. A recirculation ratio greater
required. The siphons and the rotary distributor should be than 3:1 shall be provided. The use of granular media filters
supplied by the same manufacturer. The influent line to the for nutrient removal will be evaluated on a case by case
rotary distributor shall be equipped with a valved drain. basis based on evaluation of performance data. Granular
5. Sand filters designed for intermittent flooding should be media filters shall be timer dosed and adjustable from one
divided into at least two beds for small filters and three beds to 10 minutes of dosing per 30 minutes on time.
for the larger filters. Distribution boxes must be provided for 12 VAC 5-581-740. Rotating biological contactors.
diverting the sewage onto the filter bed or beds desired, as
it is often necessary to take one filter bed out of operation A. The rotating biological contractor (RBC) treatment process
during scheduled rest periods. Providing such rest periods may be used to accomplish carbonaceous and nitrogenous
will prevent surface clogging that results in sewage ponding oxygen demand reductions. Expected performance of RBC
above filter media. When three filters are employed, only equipment shall be based upon experience at similar full scale
two beds are normally used at any one time, the other bed treatment works or through documented pilot scale testing
being held out of operation for rest periods or maintenance, with the particular wastewater.
if required.
B. Design. A minimum of two independent RBC units shall be
6. In the design of intermittently flooded sand filters the area provided for treatment works greater than 100,000 GPD.
of the filter beds is normally based upon a rate of Provisions for positive and measurable flow control to
application of 2.3 gallons per square foot per day. Also, a individual contactors shall be provided. Piping shall permit
sufficient amount of settled sewage should be discharged each reactor to be operated in the parallel or series flow
onto the sand bed surface to cover the sand to a depth of mode. The design of the RBC shaft and media support
two inches. structures shall assure protection from structural failure for the
design life of the treatment works.
7. A rotary distributor will accomplish uniform application of
settled sewage over the sand filter surface. A uniform 1. In determining design loading rates, the following
application will maintain the design treatment efficiency of parameters shall be considered: design flow rate and
the filter so that a relatively higher dosage rate may be influent waste strength; percentage of BOD5 to be removed;
utilized or, for equal sewage flows, the area of sand bed media arrangement, including number of stages and unit
required may be less than other designs. The design of the area in each stage; rotational velocity of the media;
area of the filter beds equipped with rotary distributors wastewater temperature; and percentage of influent BOD5
Virginia Register of Regulations
54
Proposed Regulations
that is soluble. The maximum first stage loading shall not 4. The design of an air drive system shall provide the
exceed three pounds soluble BOD5 per day per 1,000 capability to vary the volume of air delivered to handle
square feet of media surface area. fluctuations in treatment works loading or to control shaft
rotational speed and biofilm thickness.
2. The contactor basin should be designed to allow a
submergence of 30% to 40% based on total media surface a. Air delivered shall not be less than 2.5 cfm/1000
area. square foot of media surface area to meet treatment
objectives. For operational flexibility and biofilm thickness
a. The clearance between the tank floor and the bottom of control, blowers shall be provided in multiple units, so
the rotating media shall be four to nine inches to maintain arranged and in such capacities to allow delivery of 150%
sufficient bottom velocities and prevent solids deposition of the treatment air requirement with the single largest
in the tank. blower unit out of service.
b. Suitable means shall be provided to dewater each b. Provisions shall be made for independent air flow
basin. metering and control to each RBC shaft.
3. Rotating biological contactors shall be covered to protect 5. At least two stages of RBC media for each flow stream
the biomass from cold temperatures and the media from shall be provided for secondary treatment applications.
direct sunlight. Additional stages shall be provided for nitrification or
4. Enclosures shall be constructed of corrosion resistant enhanced BOD5 removals.
material. Adequate clearance shall be provided for normal 6. Design consideration should be given to providing: (i)
maintenance and reasonable access to the rotating shafts recirculation of secondary clarifier effluent; (ii) positively
and for observation of the biomass. Windows or simple controlled alternate flow distribution, such as step feed; and
louvered mechanisms shall be provided for adequate (iii) combination air/mechanical drive systems.
equipment ventilation. To minimize condensation the
enclosure should be insulated or heated. 12 VAC 5-581-750. Suspended growth (activated sludge)
process.
C. Features. Provisions shall be made to allow access to the
shaft bearings for routine maintenance and removal. In A. A number of variations of suspended growth treatment
addition, hydraulic load cells (i.e., bearing lift or electronic systems can be designed, featuring combinations of reactors
strain gauges) should be provided to allow a determination of utilizing aeration to support suspended biomass, and
total shaft weight, which in turn can be used to estimate the secondary clarifiers to separate suspended solids from the
depth of attached growth or the biofilm thickness. The drives secondary effluent, that are known as activated sludge
used for shaft rotation may be provided through either processes. Design standards, operating data, and experience
mechanical gear reducers or special media features that for some of these variations are not well established and may
utilize aeration as a turning force. A stand-by drive assembly not be considered as conventional design.
shall be provided to ensure continuous operability.
B. Design. The possibility of nonconventional technology
1. Rotational velocity directly affects the level of wastewater approval should be considered in selection of a process
treatment by providing contact, aeration, and mixing modification. The conventional process and its various
between the biomass and wastewater. The optimum modifications may be expected to consistently produce an
rotational velocity will vary with the specific installations and effluent containing no more than 30 milligrams per liter of
is generally in the range of one to two revolutions per either Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), or total
minute (RPM). suspended solids (TSS), within the boundaries of the design
parameters described in this chapter and with effective
2. RBC mechanical drive assemblies should have the operation.
capability to vary shaft rotational speed for dissolved
oxygen and biofilm thickness control. Drive systems and 1. Designs to meet effluent limits more stringent than
motors shall be provided with protective coatings suitable conventional secondary levels will be considered on a case-
for high humidity environments. by-case basis when additional provisions such as flow
equalization, increased clarifier capacity, or other process
3. Supplemental aeration shall be provided for the first enhancement are proposed.
stage of all mechanically driven RBC units with first stage
soluble organic (SBOD5) loadings greater than two 2. When the design includes multiple suspended growth
pounds/1000 square foot of media surface. The air flow reactors or aeration basins, provisions for combining the
shall be supplied by air headers and diffusers located influent and return sludge and proportionally distributing the
beneath the rotating media at a rate of not less than 1.25 combined flows to each reactor shall be included to the
cfm/1000 square foot of media surface area. The total extent practical. When the design includes multiple
design air flow rate may be provided by a single blower; clarifiers, provisions for combining the effluent flows from all
however, two blowers, each providing 50% of the total air aeration basins and proportionally distributing the basin
flow rate, are recommended. The design shall provide the effluent with a uniform biomass concentration (mixed liquor
capability to vary the volume of air delivered to handle suspended solids (MLSS)) to each secondary clarifier shall
fluctuations in the treatment works loading. be included to the extent practical.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
55
Proposed Regulations
3. Effective removal of grit, debris and excessive oil or microorganism ratio (F/M). Calculations shall be submitted
grease and grinding or fine screening of solids shall be to justify the basis of design of the aeration basin capacity
accomplished prior to the activated sludge process. Aerated and process efficiency.
grit chambers alone will not provide adequate solids
reduction. 2. Aeration basin detention times, recirculation ratios, and
permissible loadings for the several adaptations of the
C. Nitrification. The following requirements apply to activated process are shown in Table 5. Operational parameters
sludge treatment works designed to provide nitrification. (sludge age, F/M, and MLSS) for the various process
modifications are also included in this table as a guide.
1. The extended aeration modification shall be provided
for single-stage activated sludge systems with a design 3. The dimensions of each independent aeration basin or
flow of 0.5 mgd or less. Other modifications may be any off-line reaeration basins shall be such as to maintain
utilized for activated sludge systems with design flows effective mixing and utilization of air. Liquid depths should
greater than 0.5 mgd or two stage activated sludge not be less than 10 feet except in special design cases. For
systems; however, the design shall ensure that an very small basins (volume less than 40,000 gpd) or basins
adequate nitrifying bacteria population can be maintained with special configuration, the shape of the basin or the
during the required time period (i.e., seasonal or year- installation of aeration equipment should provide for
round) without excessive reactor biomass (MLSS). This elimination of short-circuiting through the basin. Aeration
requires (i) a longer detention time; (ii) a longer mean cell basins should have a freeboard of at least 18 inches.
residence time (MCRT) with a relatively high ratio of the
amount of biomass in the process compared to the rate of 4. Inlets and outlets for each aeration basin shall be suitably
loss or wastage of biomass; and (iii) a lower organic equipped with valves, gates, stop plates, weirs or other
loading rate than that required for carbonaceous organic devices to permit control of the flow and to maintain
removal alone. reasonably constant liquid level. The hydraulic properties of
the system shall allow the anticipated maximum
2. The design for processes other than the extended instantaneous hydraulic load or peak flow to be carried
aeration modification shall be based on satisfactory downstream with any single aeration basin out of service.
process performance obtained at full scale or pilot scale
facilities. Performance data and information from such 5. Channels and pipes carrying liquids with solids in
facilities shall be included with the design data submittal suspension shall be designed to maintain self-cleaning
and shall particularly address temperature and pH velocities or the flow shall be mixed to keep such solids in
dependence of the nitrification process. suspension at all rates of flow within the design limits. The
means for adequate flow measurement shall be provided in
3. Flow equalization or other proven methods to eliminate accordance with Table 6 of this section.
the likelihood of loss of biomass or activated sludge
washout shall be provided for sewage treatment works 6. Foam control devices shall be provided for aeration
subject to infiltration/inflow rates which could be expected basins. Suitable spray systems or other appropriate means
to result in periodic biomass or activated sludge nitrifier will be acceptable. If potable water is used, approved
washout. backflow prevention shall be provided on the water lines.
The spray lines shall have provisions for draining to prevent
4. Feed equipment for the addition of chemicals to damage by freezing
maintain a minimum alkalinity of 50 mg/L in the aeration
basin contents (mixed liquor) shall be provided when TABLE 5.
necessary, based on the characteristics of the influent TYPICAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE DESIGN AND OPERATION
wastewater. Approximately 7.2 pounds of alkalinity will be PARAMETERS.
destroyed per pound of ammonia nitrogen oxidized. The Process Recirculation MCRT Food to Reactor (MLSS)
design of the feed equipment shall meet the requirements Detention Flow Regime (Days) micro- Loading Suspended
Modification Ratio organism #BOD5 Solids
of this chapter. Time (Hr.) Ratio per (mg/L)
(F/M) 1,000
D. Reactor requirements. Multiple aerated suspended growth cu. ft.
reactors (aeration basins) capable of independent operation
Conventional PF 0.25-1.0 5-15 0.1-0.5 20-40 1500-4000
shall be provided for all treatment works rated at greater than 4-8
40,000 gallons per day, with this exception: single units may
be allowed for Reliability Class II and Class III treatment works Complete CM 0.25-1.0 5-15 0.2-0.5 20-80 1500-4000
Mix 4-8
having a capacity up to 100,000 gpd when the appropriate
reliability and continuous operability requirements are Step PF 0.25-1.0 5-15 0.2-0.5 20-40 1500-4000
satisfied, and provided that all aeration equipment is Aeration 4-8
removable for inspection, maintenance and replacement Contact PF 0.25-1.5 5-15 0.2-0.6 30-50(1) 1000-
without dewatering the reactor or clarifiers. Stabilization 3000(1)
0.5-1.5(1)
3.6(2) 8000-
1. The size of the aeration basin for any particular 80000(2)
adaptation of the process shall be based on such factors as
(i) the design flow; (ii) degree of treatment desired; (iii) Extended PF 0.25-1.5 20-30 0.05-0.2 10-15 1500-3000
Aeration(3) 24
sludge age, (MCRT); (iv) mixed liquor suspended solids
concentration (MLSS); (v) BOD5 loading; and (vi) food to High Purity CM 0.25-0.5 5-15 0.15-1.0 100- 4000-8000
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
Oxygen 250 1. When the applied wastewater contains a substantial
Systems 1-5
portion of industrial wastes which have characteristics
(Reactors in significantly different from domestic wastes, then
Series) experimentally derived data shall be submitted to support
Notes: the proposed oxygen requirements for the process.
Calculations shall be submitted to justify the oxygen
F indicates the amount of available organic substance in the requirements and the equipment capacity.
influent to the reactor. M indicates the amount of viable
biomass in the reactor measured as the volatile portion of 2. The oxygen requirements for domestic waste shall be a
the total suspended solids level (MLSS) in the reactor. PF minimum of 1.2 pounds of oxygen per pound of applied
indicates a plug flow hydraulic characteristic in which the BOD5 for the extended aeration process and a minimum of
measured residence time is 80% or more of the theoretical 1.1 pounds of oxygen per pound of applied BOD 5 for other
detention time. CM indicates a completely mixed basin processes listed in Table 5 of this section. In addition,
whose contents have essentially the same characteristics oxygen requirements for nitrification of ammonium nitrogen
as the average levels within the basin effluent. See Part IV shall be a minimum of 4.6 pounds of oxygen per pound of
for estimated values of secondary effluent from activated applied ammonium nitrogen for the extended aeration
sludge reactors followed by secondary clarifiers. process, and for other processes, unless the proposed
(1)
operation procedures will preclude nitrification by employing
Contact Unit a low sludge age (MCRT).
(2)
Solids Stabilization Unit 3. The oxygen shall be supplied at a rate that can maintain
(3)
Includes Oxidation Ditch Systems a minimum aeration basin dissolved oxygen concentration
under critical environmental conditions (i.e., temperature,
TABLE 6. pressure) of: 2.0 mg/l at average design organic loading, or
MINIMUM FLOW MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR 1.0 mg/l at peak design organic loading, whichever is
ACTIVATED SLUDGE. greater.
Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q, MGD 4. The peak organic loading rate shall be the maximum
Flow Stream Q 0.04 0.04 < Q 1.0 Q > 1.0 organic loading applied to the aeration basin during a six-
hour period. When influent data is not available or for new
Influent Sewage to None Indicating Indicating & treatment works, the peak organic loading rate shall be two
each aeration Totalizing(2) times the design average daily organic loading rate.
basin(1)
5. Certified test data shall be obtained for regulatory
Air to each aeration None Indicating Indicating
basin
evaluation prior to installation that demonstrates the
standard clean water oxygen transfer capabilities of the
Return Activated Indicating Indicating Indicating & proposed diffused aeration equipment for treatment works
Sludge to each Totalizing(2) with a design flow greater than 100,000 gpd and for
aeration basin(1) proposed mechanical aeration equipment for all treatment
Waste Activated Indicating Indicating & Indicating, works. The test data shall be developed using similar
Sludge & Totalizing Recording & reactor and aerator configuration, basin depth, aerator
Totalizing Totalizing depth as applicable, and air or energy input rates as
proposed in the design. The procedures for conducting the
Notes:
clean water oxygen transfer tests shall be in accordance
(1)
Where it can be verified by calculations or pilot studies with the latest ASCE Standard for Measurement of Oxygen
that proportional flow distribution to each aeration basin can Transfer in Clean Water (see Part IV (12 VAC 5-581-1000
be maintained, then flow measurement devices for the et seq.) of this chapter).
influent and return activated sludge to each basin may not
6. The field oxygen transfer rate shall be calculated from the
be required. However, as a minimum, the total influent and
standard clean water oxygen transfer rate using the
return activated sludge flows shall be provided with flow
following equation:
measuring devices to measure each flow separately.
(2) Equation 1:
Recording and totalizing may not be required where
adequate flow control is provided and totalizing refers to the OTRf = (Alpha)(SOTR)(Theta(T 20))(Tau*Beta*Omega*C*20-
total flow not individual basin flow. C)/C*20
E. Aeration. Oxygen requirements generally depend on BOD 5 Where:
loading, degree of treatment and level of biomass or OTRf -- Field oxygen transfer rate estimated for the system
suspended solids concentration to be maintained in the operating under process conditions at a D.O.
aeration basin (MLSS). Aeration equipment shall be designed concentration, C-mg/l, and temperature, T-°C.
to meet the oxygen demands of the activated sludge process
Alpha -- Oxygen transfer correction factor for wastewater =
and provide adequate mixing to rapidly mix the influent with (average wastewater KLA)/(average clean water
the reactor contents and maintain the reactor biomass (MLSS) KLA)
in uniform and complete suspension.
SOTR -- Standard Oxygen Transfer Rate for clean water at
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
57
Proposed Regulations
standard conditions. the air intake temperature may reach 40°C (104°F) or
Theta -- Empirical temperature correction factor; usually taken higher and the pressure may be less than normal. Air
as 1.024. supply intake filters shall be provided in numbers,
arrangement and capacities to furnish at all times an air
T -- Temperature in mixed liquor at design operating supply sufficiently free from dust to prevent clogging of the
conditions, C°. diffuser system used.
Tau = C*st/C*s20
11. The spacing of diffusers in basins or channels shall be
C*st = Tabular dissolved oxygen surface saturation value for in accordance with the oxygenation requirements through
clean water at standard barometric pressure of 1.00 the length of the basin or channel and should be designed
atm, 100% relative humidity, and critical design to facilitate adjustments of their spacing without major
operating temperature, mg/L. revision to airheader piping. The arrangement of diffusers
C*s20 = Tabular dissolved oxygen surface saturation valve for should also permit their removal for inspection,
clean water at standard barometric pressure of 1.00 maintenance and replacement without shutting off the air
atm, 100% relative humidity, and standard supply to other diffusers in the basin or otherwise adversely
temperature of 20°C, mg/L. affecting treatment performance.
Beta = Dissolved oxygen saturation correction factor for 12. Individual assembly units of diffusers shall be equipped
wastewater = (dissolved oxygen saturation value for
with control valves, preferably with indicator markings for
wastewater at standard conditions)/(dissolved
oxygen saturation value for clean water at standard throttling or for complete shutoff. Diffusers in any single
conditions). assembly shall have substantially uniform pressure loss.
Omega = Pressure correction factor 13. The mechanism and drive unit for mechanical aerators
shall be designed for the expected conditions in the aeration
= Pb/Ps
basin in terms of the proven performance of the equipment.
Pb Critical design operating barometric pressure, atm. The aeration equipment shall be designed to provide the
= total projected oxygen requirements. Minimum power input
Ps Standard barometric pressure of 1.00 atm.
shall be 0.5 to 1.3 horsepower per 1,000 cubic feet of
= aeration basin volume for mixing. The design basis for
determining mechanical mixing requirements shall be
C*20 = Dissolved oxygen saturation valve for a given submitted. Due to the heat loss incurred by surface mixing,
aeration device at standard barometric pressure of consideration shall be given to protecting treatment unit
1.00 atm and standard temperature of 20°C.
operations from ice and freezing effects.
7. A discussion of the Alpha and Beta factors is provided in
14. Multiple mechanical aeration unit installations shall be
Part IV (12 VAC 5-581-10 et seq.) of this chapter. Further
so designed as to meet the maximum air demand with the
description and discussion of terms are provided in the
largest aeration unit out of service. The design shall also
ASCE Standard and Annexes for the Measurement of
provide for varying the amount of oxygen transferred in
Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water and other related
proportion to the organic loading. Time clocks, variable
publications.
speed drives or variable aeration basin level controls are
8. When conventional diffused air equipment performance acceptable. A spare aeration mechanism shall be furnished
data is not submitted, then minimum air supply to meet the for single unit installations.
oxygen requirements in terms of cubic feet of air per minute
F. Biomass control. The design of an activated sludge process
per pound of applied BOD5 to the aeration basin shall be
shall include methods for returning settled biomass
1,500 CFM/lb. per day BOD5 for the conventional, complete
(secondary sludge) back to the inlet section to the aeration
mix, step aeration, and contact stabilization processes and
basin. The minimum secondary sludge return rate of
2100 CFM/lb. BOD5 for the extended aeration process.
withdrawal from the secondary clarifier or clarifiers is a
9. Air supply for mixing requirements shall be 20 to 30 cubic function of the concentration of suspended solids in the
feet per minute of air per 1,000 cubic feet of aeration basin aeration basin (mixed liquor) that are contained in the
volume. Air supply volume requirements shall be increased secondary clarifier influent. In addition, the secondary sludge
for aerated channels, pumpwells, or other air-use demands. volume index (as determined by Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater) and the length of time
10. The air supply blowers shall be provided in multiple that a design depth of sludge (blanket) is to be retained in the
units, so arranged and in such capacities as to meet the settling basin should be considered when selecting a sludge
maximum air demand with the single largest unit out of return rate.
service. The design shall also provide for varying the
volume of air delivered in proportion to the load demand of 1. The rate of sludge return expressed as a ratio of the
the treatment works. Time clocks or variable speed drives average design flow shall generally be variable between the
are acceptable. In addition, positive displacement blowers limits set forth in Table 5. The rate of sludge return shall be
shall be equipped with either multiple speed pulleys with varied by means of variable speed motors, drives, air
sufficient horsepower or other means to change the speed assisted withdrawal, flow control methods, or timers for
from the motor drive up to the highest speed and capacity. such operations.
The specified capacity of blowers or air compressors,
particularly centrifugal blowers, shall take into account that
Virginia Register of Regulations
58
Proposed Regulations
2. If motor driven sludge return pumps are used, the H. Biomass support systems. Modifications to the activated
maximum return sludge capacity shall be obtained with the sludge process in which attached growth supports are located
largest pump out of service. If air lifts are used for returning within the aeration basins will be considered on a case-by-
sludge from each clarifier basin, no standby unit will be case basis evaluation of performance data and approved
required, provided the design of the air lifts are such as to through the provisions of this chapter.
facilitate their rapid and easy cleaning and if other suitable
standby measures are provided. 12 VAC 5-581-760. Oxidation ditches.
3. Suction and discharge piping shall be designed to A. An oxidation ditch process typically employs an extended
maintain a velocity of not less than two feet per second aeration type of activated sludge process with a single
when sludge return facilities are operating at normal return channel or multiple interconnected concentric channels used
sludge rates. Suitable devices for observing, sampling and as an aeration basin with a detention volume of 18 hours or
controlling secondary sludge return flow from each more at the design flow rate. However, they may utilize some
secondary clarifier shall be provided. batch type operational principles.
4. The design of activated sludge processes shall provide B. Design. The geometry of the channels can vary; however,
methods for controlling the rate at which secondary sludge the oval is the most common configuration. Design
(waste sludge) is transferred to further treatment. For those requirements involving the use of duplicate oxidation ditches
treatment works with a capacity of one mgd or higher, the within the flow range of 40,000 gpd to 200,000 gpd shall be
daily capacity for waste sludge transferal to sludge handling determined by the reliability class of the treatment works
and treatment facilities should equal or exceed 20% of the (Class I, II or III), the nutrient removal requirements, and the
total aerated reactor volume. For treatment works with a use of conventional dual final clarifiers. For design flows up to
design capacity of less than one mgd, such waste sludge 100,000 gpd, a single oxidation ditch should be sufficient for
facilities should provide a minimum return rate of 10 gallons secondary treatment of discharges to Class I reliability waters,
per minute. Means for observing, sampling and controlling if provided with external duplex clarifiers. In Class II and Class
waste sludge flow shall be provided. III waters, a single oxidation ditch may be acceptable for
secondary treatment of flows up to 200,000 gpd. However, for
G. High purity oxygen. The following additional requirements treatment works permitted with effluent limits less than
apply to activated sludge systems which utilize high purity secondary or nutrient removal requirements, duplicate
oxygen for aeration. reactors and clarifiers shall be provided. In other cases, the
treatment works size and location may allow for an exception
1. The design of activated sludge processes utilizing pure for specific designs.
oxygen aeration shall provide for covered and
compartmentalized reactors to provide a series of stages for 1. The multiple concentric channel basin can have any
biological growth. Sampling ports shall be provided for each number of interconnected channels. This channel design
compartment of the biological reactors. An enclosed air- scheme provides some process flexibility, since with minor
oxygen exhaust system shall be provided to collect and vent modifications it can be changed to other activated sludge
the reactor off-gases. process modes. Typically, the outer channel (if multiple
channels are present) receives unsettled raw sewage with a
2. Mixing equipment shall be sufficient to maintain solids in loading of 15 pounds per 1,000 cubic feet of volume or less.
suspension. Normally, the power input should be 0.5 to 1.3 Shallow channels are usually four to six feet deep with 45°
horsepower per 10 cubic feet of aerator volume. The design sloping walls. Deep channels have vertical side walls and
basis for determining mixing requirements shall be are normally 10 to 12 feet deep.
submitted. Provisions shall be included for rapid removal or
cleaning of the mixers. 2. The channels are characteristically lined to prevent
erosion and leakage. Ditch lining should be constructed of
3. The high purity oxygen storage and generation facilities reinforced concrete, asphalt or plastic liners. Shallow
and piping shall be remotely located from areas where channels with sloped side walls are often constructed of
flammable or explosive substances may be present. concrete poured against earth backing and reinforced with
Warning signs shall be posted in the area of the oxygen welded wire mesh. Deep vertical wall channels require
storage and generation facilities. The covered aeration reinforced concrete walls.
basins should be equipped with explosive atmosphere
monitors and alarms in accordance with applicable state 3. Oxidation ditches may also be operated in alternating
and federal regulations. An influent hydrocarbon monitor modes through on/off operation of aeration/mixing devices
shall be included at the headworks to initiate operation of with intermittent changes in flow rates or direction. Influent
purge air blowers to vent reactor oxygen when explosive wastewater can be diverted through one or more multiple
mixtures could occur. reactors in which different operational phases (anoxic,
aerobic, etc.) may occur. Effluent clarification may be
4. At least two sources of oxygen shall be provided. On-site accomplished within the reactor or within a separate
storage of oxygen for emergencies and peak demands is clarifier. Automatically controlled weirs regulate flow
required. Storage of oxygen shall be determined by direction and alternating operation of aeration/mixing
engineering analysis of the availability and delivery of equipment controls the operating mode. As with standard
oxygen to the treatment works site. continuous flow or batch-type processes, the design
duration of each operating phase is critical to performance
reliability.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
C. Aeration. Since oxidation ditches are considered a variation 4. Adequate mixing shall be provided to resuspend settled
of the extended aeration modification of the activated sludge solids at the start of the FILL sequence and maintain solids
process, the requirements set forth in this chapter are in suspension over the design liquid volume range.
applicable except as follows:
5. A high liquid level overflow shall be provided between
1. The mixing system shall be capable of maintaining a basins. The overflow shall be located as far as possible
minimum velocity throughout the oxidation ditch cross- from the outlet device and in no case be closer than 10 feet
section of 1.0 fps at maximum design depth and solids from the outlet device.
concentration. For designs utilizing in-channel suspended
solids removal the mixing system shall provide for all 6. Inlets to each basin shall be located as far as possible
necessary variations in flow velocity to achieve adequate from the outlet and in no case be closer than 10 feet from
separation of suspended solids. Calculations and certified the outlet.
performance data for the mixing system shall be submitted 7. Scum baffles or other suitable arrangements shall be
to substantiate the adequacy of the proposed design. provided to prevent scum from being withdrawn with the
2. Designs based on anoxic operation shall provide mixing effluent.
and aeration system capacity for aerobic operation with 8. Outlet facilities shall be designed to prevent resuspension
adequate turn-down capability to operate in the anoxic of the settled solids in the basins. An adjustable flow rate
mode. Flexibility to allow for operation in the anoxic mode control device shall be provided on each basin outlet.
should be considered for all designs.
9. Waste sludge control facilities shall have a rate per day
3. Designs should provide for variation in the oxygen supply equal to 50% of the total basin volume.
independent of the mixing function.
10. The FILL and DRAW sequences for an individual basin
4. The outlet from the oxidation ditch shall be separated shall not overlap.
from the inlet in such a manner as to prevent discharging of
partially treated effluent. C. Features. Automatic control valves and switches shall be
provided for controlling the operating sequences of each
5. Intra-channel clarifiers may be utilized if conventional basin. Automatic control valves shall be capable of manual
settling rates are maintained and sludge handling, treatment operation. Control sequences shall be adjustable to allow
and management provisions are satisfactorily addressed. flexibility in operating time periods for each sequence. The
12 VAC 5-581-770. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR). control system shall provide automatic operation of the inlet
valve and outlet valve to each basin, the air supply valve to
A. In accordance with the requirements of this chapter and each basin and the blowers or mechanical aerators.
standards contained in this chapter, batch operation
modifications of the activated sludge process will be 1. The control system shall provide for automatic operation
considered as conventional secondary treatment processes. of downstream units or equipment as necessary. The
Adequate performance data and information from a full scale control system should also provide automatic control of the
treatment works of similar design, including the levels of waste sludge removal system. A spare automatic control
influent wastewater characteristics that produce hydraulic and unit shall be provided.
organic loading rates within 25% of values used in the 2. A monitoring system shall be provided that will indicate
proposed design, shall be provided if an SBR design is to control system status and actual valve position of each
accomplish an effluent quality more advanced than a automatically operated valve. Also, the control system
secondary level. status and the actual operational status of both the air
B. Design. The design shall meet the applicable loading supply system (blowers or mechanical aerators) and sludge
requirements. The operating cycle normally consists of FILL, removal system shall be monitored, when equipped for
REACT, SETTLE, DRAW, and IDLE sequences with automatic operation. The monitoring system shall include an
alternating sequences of mixing and aeration on and off. alarm to indicate a malfunction of the control system.
1. A minimum of two basins shall be provided for design 3. Dual pumps and air compressors shall be provided when
flows in excess of 0.1 mgd. The minimum total basin such facilities are utilized in conjunction with valve
volume shall be equal to the design daily influent flow operators. Electrically operated valves shall be designed so
volume upstream direct or off-line storage is necessary to as to fail only in the open position.
minimize influent flow during settling and decanting. 4. A high liquid level alarm for each basin shall be provided
Effective scum collection and removal equipment shall be to signal an alarm condition prior to reaching the overflow
provided. pipe or port.
2. The design basis for meeting oxygen requirements shall 5. Influent flow and effluent flow measurement for the
consider the variation in liquid level depth and the aeration treatment facility shall be provided. The extent of the flow
sequence time. measurement equipment shall be in accordance with this
3. The basin depth shall be sufficient to provide optimum chapter.
separation of the settled biomass and the point of effluent 6. Disinfection and other downstream treatment units shall
withdrawal. be sized based on the maximum design DRAW sequence
flow rate.
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Proposed Regulations
12 VAC 5-581-780. Sewage stabilization ponds and contamination. Monitoring and more stringent construction
aerated lagoons. requirements may be required after consideration of such
factors as distance from water sources, water uses,
A. General design. Basins with surface areas many times installation size, liner design, and wastewater
larger than conventional biological reactors, that utilize characteristics. Adequate provisions shall be made to divert
relatively low (less than 500 mg/l) levels of biomass, are storm water around the ponds or lagoons and otherwise
typically referred to as stabilization ponds (if unaerated) but protect pond embankments.
are referred to as facultative lagoons if aerated. This section
provides criteria for achieving final effluent levels of 45 mg/l 3. Access control for the immediate area surrounding the
BOD5 and 45 mg/l, or higher suspended solids, as permitted ponds or lagoons shall be addressed by sufficient means,
limits applicable to the geographic allowance for sections of such as a woven wire fence at least six feet high. Vehicle
Virginia. This level of treatment has been established in access control shall be provided. Any access gate(s) shall
accordance with the federal requirements for secondary be provided with locks.
treatment equivalency as achievable through the use of
stabilization ponds and facultative lagoons. The design a. Appropriate signs shall be provided along the secured
information contained herein pertaining to features other than perimeter or fence around the ponds or lagoons to
biological treatment performance criteria shall apply to the designate the nature of the facility and advise against
construction of earthen basins used in the treatment of trespassing. The size of the sign and lettering used shall
sewage. be such that it can be easily read by a person with normal
vision at a distance of 50 feet.
Stabilization ponds or facultative lagoons may be designed to
achieve a higher degree of treatment or used as a biological b. Access for maintenance equipment, transporting
treatment phase in conjunction with other unit processes. chlorine cylinders and inspection shall be provided by an
Proposed design parameters to achieve other than 45 mg/l all-weather entrance road.
BOD5 effluent limits shall be thoroughly reviewed with the B. Loading design. For stabilization pond design with relatively
division during the preliminary engineering conference. uniform organic and hydraulic loading, the maximum loading
Necessary features for protecting public health and preventing shall be 30 pounds of BOD5 per day per total surface acreage,
potential violations of water quality standards shall be measured at the four foot water depth level. For stabilization
addressed in the design report. ponds that are not intended to meet federal secondary
1. The engineering design report shall contain pertinent treatment equivalency limitations but will be used for
information on location, geology, soil conditions, area for pretreatment, higher loading rates may be acceptable.
expansion, and any other factors that may affect the 1. In no case shall the detention time be less than 45 days,
feasibility and acceptability of waste stabilization ponds or based on a four-foot operation level. For purposes of
aerated lagoons used for sewage treatment. Specifically, design, evaporation is to be considered equal to rainfall. At
the report shall contain the following supplementary field a minimum, a pond system shall consist of two physically
survey data. separated ponds providing three separate treatment cells.
a. The location and direction of all residences, For treatment works receiving an average design flow of
commercial development, recreation areas and potable less than 0.04 mgd, a minimum of one pond with two
water supplies within one-half mile of the proposed pond treatment cells may be acceptable. Organic loading to the
or lagoon site. If practicable, ponds and lagoons should first upstream or primary cells receiving sewage influent
be located so that local prevailing winds will be in the shall be a maximum of twice the total design loading for the
direction of uninhabited areas. system.
b. Borings or other necessary geophysical analyses 2. The shape of all cells shall be designed to provide even
required to determine surface and subsurface distribution of flow throughout the system. Round or square
characteristics of the immediate area and their effect on ponds are acceptable; however, rectangular ponds with
the construction and operation of ponds or lagoons high length to width ratios (up to 10:1) are considered most
located on the site. desirable. If round or square ponds are used, appropriate
aeration arrangements and baffling shall be provided in
c. Data demonstrating anticipated permeability at the order to minimize short-circuiting. Earth dikes shall be
elevation of the proposed pond or lagoon bottom. rounded at corners to minimize accumulations of floating
materials.
d. A description, including maps showing elevations and
contours, of the site and adjacent areas suitable for 3. Multiple sections of pond volume or cells designed so as
expansion. to be capable of receiving design loadings under both series
and parallel operation are required for all except small
e. A closure plan shall be submitted to the division prior to treatment works (one-half acre of pond surface or less). The
issuance of an operating permit. minimum freeboard shall be two feet above the maximum
2. The proximity of ponds or lagoons to potable water operation depth, except for treatment works receiving less
supplies and other water resources subject to potential than 40,000 gpd. Operation depth requirements include:
contamination and location in areas of porous soils and a. The minimum operation depth shall be two feet,
fissured rock formations within the depth directly affected by excluding any sludge storage section.
the ponds or lagoons shall be reported to avoid area
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
b. The maximum operating depth shall be five feet, assure uniform placement and quality. Standard ASTM
excluding any sludge storage section. procedures or acceptable similar methods shall be used for all
tests. Natural soil and enhanced soil (bentonite, cement, etc.)
4. For Class I reliability, the treatment works should provide material used as liners should be capable of achieving a
for operation under winter conditions. The design should maximum coefficient of permeability of one tenth of one
include considerations for, but not limited to, winter storage millionth of one centimeter each second (1x10-7 cm/sec) or
and supplemental aeration, to prevent effluent deterioration approximately three centimeters per year or less. Following
during cold weather conditions. the specified level of compaction, liner material used for the
5. Installations provided for intermittent operation at a higher pond's side and bottom shall have a coefficient of permeability
-6
than normal loading for a relatively short portion of the year of one millionth (1x10 ) cm/sec or less. Bentonite, asphalt,
will be individually considered, taking into account the ability and other sealant additive materials should be considered to
of the volume of the pond system to absorb shock loads. enhance the impermeability of natural soil liners.
6. The pond design shall include provisions for sludge 1. Synthetic liner material shall be selected considering the
storage. The volume of sludge storage should be based on application and manufacturer's use recommendations.
a 20-year design life. The sludge storage section should be Minimum requirements for generally used materials are:
located in the upstream portion of the primary cells of the a. Plastic film (nonreinforced, covered) - thickness equal
pond system. or greater than 0.020 inches.
7. Piping should be provided around the first cell in order to b. Plastic film (nonreinforced, noncovered) - thickness
allow for parallel operation of the first two upstream cells in equal or greater than 0.050 inch.
a pond system.
c. Asphalt panels (covered) - thickness equal to or greater
C. Features. Embankments and dikes shall be constructed of than 0.25 inch.
relatively impervious materials and compacted sufficiently to
form a stable structure. Vegetation should be removed from d. Asphalt panels (noncovered) - thickness equal to or
the area upon which the embankment is to be placed. greater than 0.50 inch.
Embankment material shall be free of vegetative material and
large rocks (less than six inches in length). Top soil relatively 2. Construction should be planned and implemented to
free of debris may be used as outer slope cover material. assure liner integrity throughout the coverage area for the
Construction details including methods of construction, design life of the liner. The design specifications shall
compaction details, inspection and construction certification include details of construction, inspection, and certification.
shall be included in the design specifications. Soils used in Services of qualified soil scientists, manufacturer material
constructing the side slopes shall either be compacted within certification and inspection, and other qualified means of
3.0% of the optimum moisture content to at least 90% assuring proper material installation should be used. The
Standard Proctor Density, or compacted in accordance with liner substrate should be free of organic material, graded,
the proper site specific geotechnical recommendations. rolled and be level and smooth in nature. The preparation of
a stable and adequately smooth substrate is important for
1. The minimum embankment top width should be eight feet liner installation.
to permit access of maintenance vehicles. Lesser top widths
will be considered for lagoons designed to serve 200 3. Natural soil or enhanced soil liners shall be compacted at
persons or 0.040 mgd or less. The top width must be or up to 4.0% above optimum moisture content to at least
designed to allow adequate maintenance. 95% Standard Proctor Density (or 90% Modified Proctor
Density) throughout the bottom and side coverage area.
2. Outer slopes should not be less than three- horizontal-to- Soil liners shall not contain rock fragments greater than two
one-vertical and the inner slope should not be less than inches in the longest dimension and shall have a
three-horizontal-to-one-vertical nor greater than four- compacted thickness of at least 12 inches. Soil layers shall
horizontal-to-one-vertical. be applied in multiple compacted lifts of six inches or less.
3. Exposed embankments and excavated areas shall be 4. Soil enhancers (bentonite, cement, hot asphalt) used to
protected against erosion by suitable seeding, sodding or improve soil impermeability can be used to reduce the
other methods. Additional protection for embankments, required liner thickness. Although thickness may be
such as riprap, may be necessary to protect against wave reduced with improved impermeability, a minimum
action and flood currents. A method shall be specified that thickness of two inches shall be provided. The enhanced
will prevent vegetation growth one foot above and below the soil liner soil matrix should be screened and free of stones
operating water levels. greater than 3/4-inches in the longest dimension. Reduced
thickness enhanced soil liners should be covered with a six-
4. The pond shall be as level as possible at all points. inch compacted protective soil layer. All layers should be
Finished elevations shall not be more than three inches applied in lifts of six inches or less. Presence of smaller
from the average elevation on the bottom. The bottom shall gravel will assist in erosion protection.
be cleared of vegetation and debris. Organic material thus
removed shall not be used in the dike core construction. 5. Synthetic liners shall be constructed in accordance with
the manufacturer's applicable instructions for liner usage.
D. Liners. A liner shall be provided for all ponds in order to Generally, these liners should be covered by a protective
minimize seepage. Material shall be of acceptable standard to layer of soil to prevent surface damage and deterioration.
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Proposed Regulations
The liner shall be top anchored with a minimum berm set shall consist of a well or box equipped with multiple-valved
back and anchor depth of 18 inches. Unless the pond draw-off lines. An adjustable draw-off device is also
manufacturer specifies otherwise, all seams should be acceptable. The outlet structure shall be designed such that
perpendicular to the slope with the overlap in the down the liquid level of the pond can be varied from a three-foot
slope direction. The pond should be subsurface drained or depth to a five-foot depth in increments of one-half foot or
the liner vented to protect against damage due to gas less. Withdrawal points shall be spaced so that effluent can
accumulation under the liner. Special care and design will be withdrawn from depths of 0.75 feet to 2.0 feet below
be required to assure a tight seal around inlet and outlet pond water surface, irrespective of the pond depth. The
structures. Pads will be required in areas of aerator action lowest draw-off lines shall be 12 inches off the bottom to
and other sources of high velocity flow. control eroding velocities and avoid pick-up of bottom
deposits. The overflow from the pond shall be taken near
a. If mechanical equipment may result in damage to liner, but below the water surface. The structure shall also have
then a protective layer of soil or other material shall be provisions for draining the pond. A locking device shall be
provided. provided to prevent unauthorized access to level control
b. The pond bottom liner shall be located at least two feet facilities. An unvalved overflow placed six inches above the
above the seasonal high water table. maximum water level shall be provided.
E. Hydraulics. The influent line to the pond system shall 3. Interconnecting piping for multiple pond installations
conform to acceptable material requirements of this chapter. A operated in series should be valved or provided with other
manhole shall be installed at the terminus of the influent sewer arrangements to regulate flow between structures and
line, preceding the pond system, and shall be located as close permit flexible depth control. Interconnecting piping and
to the dike as topography permits. Its invert shall be at least outlets shall be of materials meeting the requirements of
six inches above the maximum operating level of the initial this chapter.
upstream pond to provide sufficient hydraulic head without 12 VAC 5-581-790. Aerated lagoons.
surcharging the manhole. The influent line to the initial
upstream pond shall slope uniformly to the inner toe of the A. Low intensity aerated basins containing relatively low levels
sloping embankment. A bend may be used where the influent (less than 500 mg/l) of biomass are also known as aerated
line changes direction at the inner toe of the dike embankment lagoons. The designed construction details of aerated lagoons
and pond bottom. are often similar to stabilization ponds. However, the aerated
lagoon liquid depth shall be sufficient to provide for uniform
The sewer upstream from the manhole should not be distribution of dissolved oxygen in the design range of six feet
surcharged unless the means to routinely flush the influent to 15 feet.
pipeline is provided. If sewage is discharged to the pond
system through a force main or mains, an antisiphoning B. Design. Not less than two physically separated basins
device shall be provided on the force main. providing a minimum of three treatment cells shall be used to
provide the detention time and basin volume required by the
1. Influent and effluent piping shall be located as far apart lagoon system design. For treatment works less than 0.04
as possible along the flow path to minimize short-circuiting mgd, one basin with two treatment cells may be acceptable.
within the pond. The basins shall be designed to receive established loadings
a. The influent line to each pond should be located for both parallel and series operation. The air diffusion
approximately at the center of the influent area provided equipment shall be capable of maintaining sufficient mixing
to uniformly distribute influent flow. Influent lines or and oxygen concentration in the aerated volume under
interconnecting piping to downstream or secondary cells maximum seasonal demand conditions. Consideration should
of multiple cells in the pond system, that are operated in be given to fixed or floating-type in-pond baffle walls with
series, may consist of pipes through the separating dikes. carefully placed openings, to minimize short circuiting effects
and to maximize flow path length. Deep ponds with depths
b. Influent mixing or dispersion shall be provided for exceeding 10 feet shall be provided with baffling to ensure
ponds having two acres or more of water surface area. All adequate flow distribution and proper detention.
gravity lines shall discharge horizontally above an erosion
resistant surface. Force mains shall discharge vertically 1. Detention time is dependent on many variables including
upward and shall be submerged at least two feet when type of waste, temperature, effective volume and nutrient
operating at the three feet depth. Velocity in the force balance. For a typical sewage influent strength of 300 mg/l
main at normal pumping rate must be sufficient to prevent or less of BOD5 or TSS, the lagoon system design shall
deposit of grit in the force main. require total detention times in the range of 20 days. In
addition to adequate volume to achieve the desired
c. A concrete-lined pad with a minimum size of four feet detention time, the design for primary lagoons shall include
square or a surface with equivalent resistance should be a minimum of 10% additional volume for sludge storage.
provided to prevent erosion at the influent point of
discharge to the pond. 2. The initial upstream, primary cell receiving influent flow
shall contain a minimum of one third of the total system
2. The outlet structure shall be placed on the horizontal volume. For small treatment works (design flow of 0.04 mgd
pond floor adjacent to the inner toe of dike embankment. A or less) the primary cell shall contain at least one half of the
permanent type walkway from top of dike to top of outlet total design volume.
structure for access shall be provided. The outlet structure
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
3. Design requirements, as with detention time, may be
10-25 50
dependent on many variables. Generally, mixing energy to
maintain adequate solids suspension will be the limiting 40-60 50-100
factor. All aerated lagoon systems shall be designed to 75 60-100
maintain a normal dissolved oxygen concentration of two
mg/l throughout the system. Minimum aeration 100 100
requirements shall be based on established mass transfer
1. The horsepower shall be sufficient to provide the oxygen
models considering the treatment variables involved.
required for BOD5 satisfaction and mixing. In no case shall
Aeration equipment shall be capable of transferring two
the horsepower be less than 10 horsepower per million
pounds of oxygen per pound of BOD5 applied to the basin.
gallons of basin volume.
Calculations shall be submitted to justify equipment and
aeration patterns. A sufficient number of aerators shall be provided so that a
design level of dissolved oxygen within a particular cell shall
4. The influent to a lagoon shall discharge into a highly
be maintained with the largest capacity aerator in that cell
turbulent area, if applicable, to facilitate mixing effects.
out of service. Installation of the backup aerator should not
Baffles and pipe diffusers shall be considered for provision
be required, provided that it can be placed into service prior
of uniform distribution of flow into basins with a surface area
to a detrimental decrease in dissolved oxygen levels.
of 10 acres or more. All systems shall be designed with
piping flexibilities to permit isolation of any cell without 2. Floating surface aerators should be anchored in at least
affecting the transfer and discharge capabilities of the total three and preferably four directions. Interconnection of
system. In addition, the ability to discharge the influent floating aerators is discouraged. Flexible cables are
waste load to a minimum of two cells or all primary cells in preferred over rigid ones.
the system shall be provided. Screening shall be provided
on influent lines to prevent damage to mechanical surface 3. Surface aerators should be designed to prevent icing.
aerators. Consideration should be given to the installation of splash
plates for control of misting. For platform mounted aerators,
5. The outlet structure shall be located in a quiescent zone, the platform legs should be spaced at a sufficient distance
at such a depth and at the most remote location possible from the aerator to minimize the effect of ice build-up
with respect to the basin inlet, so as to minimize suspended caused by splashing.
solids carryover and maximize basin detention. The outlet
structure shall provide for withdrawal at controlled rates for a. Aerator design should provide for periodic and major
multiple depth levels, such that the liquid level in the basin maintenance and repairs and shall provide for removal of
can be drained and can be varied in an easily accessible the aerators for replacement if necessary.
manner. A minimum of three incremental withdrawal b. Provisions shall be made for independent operation of
elevations should be provided, including the minimum and each aerator by on/off switches, time clocks, etc.
maximum operating depths.
D. Diffused aeration. The design for compressed air volume
6. Provisions shall be made to allow final solids settling prior requirements shall include the basin aeration requirements
to discharge. This provision should be made through the together with air used in other channels, pumps, or other air-
use of either a final settling basin or by providing an use demands. The air diffusion equipment shall be capable of
adequate quiescent zone toward the end of the final maintaining sufficient mixing and oxygen concentration in the
treatment cell. If a final settling basin is used, it shall provide aerated volume under maximum seasonal demand conditions.
a minimum of 1.5 hours settling time and conform to Provisions shall be made for removal of deposits for
applicable requirements specified in this chapter. unclogging of air diffuser openings. Consideration should be
7. It may be desirable to provide for concrete or soil cement given to minimizing the points of access necessary for
stabilization of bottoms, walls and embankments. However, cleaning.
they will not be required initially unless experience dictates 1. The specified capacity of blowers or air compressors,
their necessity. Adequate concrete pads shall be provided (particularly centrifugal blowers), shall take into account that
under mechanical surface aerators to prevent bottom scour. the air intake temperature may reach 40°C (104°F) or
For surface aeration, earthen embankment walls one foot higher and the pressure may be less than normal. Air filters
above and one foot below the normal water level must be shall be provided in numbers, arrangement, and capacities
riprapped or stabilized with other suitable material to to furnish at all times an air supply sufficiently free from dust
prevent erosion by wave action. to protect equipment and prevent clogging of the diffuser
C. Mechanical aeration. Not less than two aeration units shall system used.
be used to provide the horsepower required. Aerators shall be 2. The blowers shall be provided in multiple units, so
located such that their circles of influence touch. The circle of arranged and in such capacities as to meet the maximum
influence is that area in which return velocity is greater than air demand with the single largest unit out of service. The
0.15 feet per second as indicated by certified data. Without design shall also provide for varying the volume of air
supporting data the following may be used as a guide: delivered in proportion to the design load for individual cells
Nameplate Horsepower Radius in feet of the lagoon system.
5 35
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Proposed Regulations
3. Calculations shall be provided to verify that blower established at the time of the permit or certificate issuance.
pressure is sufficient to dewater the diffuser lines at Where the need is established, dechlorination or alternate
saturation conditions under normal operating depths. disinfection methods shall be provided.
4. Diffusers shall be arranged in each basin to provide 12 VAC 5-581-810. Chlorination.
tapered aeration with maximum intensity near the inlet. The
spacing of diffusers shall be in accordance with the A. Disinfection can be accomplished through the controlled
oxygenation requirements of the total process, i.e., the application of chlorine compounds to treated sewage to
organic loading in each cell. Diffuser spacing should be accomplish a sufficient dose, or contact exposure level, over a
designed to facilitate adjustments without major revision to sufficient period of time, to achieve compliance with the
air header piping. The arrangement of diffusers should also indicator microorganism standard.
permit their removal for inspection, maintenance, and B. Chemical. Conventional types of chlorine compounds
replacement without completely dewatering the basin and (chemical) include:
without shutting off the air supply to other diffusers in the
basin. 1. Chlorine gas is a greenish-yellow gas with a density
greater than the density of air at room temperature and
5. Individual assembly units of diffusers shall be equipped pressure. When compressed to pressures greater than its
with control valves, preferably with indicator markings for vapor pressure, chlorine gas condenses into a clear amber
throttling or for complete shut-off. Provisions must be made liquid.
for subsequent air flow or pressure measurements and
necessary air flow adjustments. Diffusers in any single 2. Dry chlorine, liquid or gaseous, contains no more than
assembly shall have substantially uniform pressure loss. 150 ppm of water (by weight). Unless otherwise indicated,
the word "chlorine" wherever used in this section refers to
Article 7. dry chlorine.
Effluent Polishing and Disinfection Processes. 3. A chlorine solution is a mixture of chlorine and water.
12 VAC 5-581-800. Disinfection. 4. A hypochlorite solution is a mixture of either sodium or
A. Disinfection processes are designed to inactivate actual or calcium hypochlorite and water.
potential pathogenic microorganisms present in treated 5. A hypochlorite tablet is a solid formulation of a
sewage effluents. Disinfection of treated sewage effluents hypochlorite compound designed to dissolve in a liquid at a
shall be provided to prevent the occurrence of public health controlled rate.
hazards in either receiving streams, land treatment sites, or
reuse applications from wastewater effluents. Disinfection C. Design. Chlorination feed equipment capacity shall be
shall be accomplished in a manner that meets standards for based on the degree of treatment, flow variations, and other
indicator microorganisms but does not result in a violation of uses in the treatment processes. For disinfection, the capacity
toxicity standards. shall be adequate to produce the residual required in the
certificate or permit issued, in the effluent, after the required
B. Policy. The need for disinfection of a sewage treatment contact period. Conventional chlorination should be designed
works effluent is primarily based on standards for either the to provide a Total Residual Chlorine (TRC) level of up to 1.5
receiving waters and the land application site or public mg/l following a design contact period of 30 minutes or more.
exposure to reuse as determined by the following Chlorination should be considered for the control of odors and
requirements: sludge bulking.
1. Discharges located within 15 miles upstream or one tidal 1. For normal domestic sewage the dosing capacities listed
cycle downstream of a water supply intake shall be in Table 7 are recommended:
disinfected at all times.
TABLE 7.
2. When sewage discharges are permitted to or within five MINIMUM DESIGN CHLORINE DOSAGES.
miles upstream of shellfish waters, they shall be disinfected
at all times. EFFLUENT BOD/SS DOSAGE (Based on
CONCENTRATION Maximum Daily Flow)
3. Discharges located in all other waters shall be disinfected 30/78 mg/1 20 mg/1
at all times unless it can be demonstrated, through the use
of a Site Specific Beneficial Use-Attainability Analysis of the 45/45 mg/1 15 mg/1
recreational and other beneficial seasonal uses of the 30/30 mg/1 8 mg/1
receiving stream, that disinfection is not needed throughout
the year, or on a seasonal basis, to protect those uses. 20/20 mg/1 6 mg/1
4. Discharges for land treatment or reuse purposes shall be 10/10 mg/1 4 mg/1
disinfected as necessary to protect the public health. The <10/10 mg/1 <4 mg/1
public shall not be directly exposed to treated effluent.
Odor/Sludge Bulking Control >20 mg/1
C. Toxicity reduction. The need for reducing the effect of
toxicity from wastewater effluents is based on the 2. Standby chlorination capabilities shall be provided that
characteristics of the discharge and receiving stream and is will ensure adequate disinfection with any essential
equipment of the unit operation out of service for
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
maintenance or repairs. An adequate inventory of parts chlorinators may be considered on a case-by-case basis for
subject to wear and breakage shall be maintained at all design flows up to 50,000 gpd.
times. An automatic changeover system shall be provided
for either (i) treatment works with a design flow of 1.0 mgd 6. The control system requirements for chlorine feed shall
or greater or (ii) discharges to critical waters, unless the be in accordance with Table 8 as follows:
treatment works are manned 24 hours per day. Where TABLE 8.
several cylinders are needed to feed sufficient chlorine, CHLORINE DOSAGE CONTROL SYSTEMS.
separate connections shall be provided for the duplicate gas
supplies. Design Flow MGD Type of Control System Recommended
<0.04 Manual Control
3. A sufficient supply of water shall be available for
operating the chlorinators. Where a booster pump is 0.04 to 5.0 Flow Proportioning (1)
required, duplicate pumping equipment shall be provided,
1.0 to 5.0 Compound Loop (2)
except for discharges to critical waters, in which case
duplicate pumps shall be installed. Where an onsite well is 5.0 or greater Compound Loop
used for operating the chlorinators, an adequate back-up
Notes:
shall be provided to ensure continuous disinfection. When
(1)
connection is made from domestic water supplies, Manual, or residual control, may be allowed for flows up
equipment for backflow prevention shall be installed. to five mgd if equalization of flow prior to disinfection is
Pressure gauges shall be provided on chlorinator water provided, or allowed for unequalized flows up to one mgd
supply lines. when the discharge is not to critical waters. Flow
proportioning control may be allowed for discharges up to
4. Equipment for measuring the amount of chlorine used
five mgd to other than critical waters.
shall be provided. Where chlorine gas cylinders are used,
(2)
scales shall be provided for weighing the cylinders. Scales Required for discharges to critical waters and when
should be manufactured with a material that is resistant to dechlorination is necessary to meet effluent requirements
corrosion by chlorine. Adequate means for supporting the for maximum chlorine residuals (TRC) of 0.5 mg/l or less.
cylinders on the scales shall be provided. At large treatment
works, multiple scales of the indicating and recording type E. Dose application. The applied chlorine compound shall be
are recommended. The recessing of scales is uniformly mixed with the influent to the contact basin. The flow
recommended to aid in changing of cylinders if hoists are shall be retained within the contact basin for the time period
not provided. Where manifolding of several cylinders will be necessary to achieve the design dose.
required to feed sufficient chlorine, consideration shall be 1. Provisions for mixing shall be made to ensure uniform
given to the installation of evaporators. mixing of the chlorine solution or chemical with the
D. Dose control. The introduction of chlorine compounds wastewater flow near the point of application prior to and
(chemical) at a controlled feed rate is a critical area of without interfering with the design contact period. This may
disinfection system design. be accomplished by either the use of turbulent flow regime
or a mechanical mixer. A mean velocity gradient (G) value
-1
1. Manual control is the simplest strategy for controlling the of 500 to 1,000 per second (Sec ) is recommended. The
chemical feed rate. Generally the feed rate will be constant engineer shall provide calculations to justify adequate
with minor adjustments made by the operator. This method mixing.
is normally utilized at smaller treatment facilities.
2. A minimum contact period of 30 minutes at average daily
2. Flow proportioning control in which the chemical feed rate flow or 20 minutes at maximum daily flow shall be provided
is paced in proportion to the effluent flowrate by appropriate within basins or channels immediately following the
equipment is typically used at treatment works receiving application of chlorine. A minimum contact period of 60
more than 0.1 mgd influent flow. minutes at average daily flow or 30 minutes at the maximum
daily flow shall be required for treatment works that are not
3. Residual control where the pacing of the chemical feed
continuously manned and that discharge to shellfish waters
rate is based on residual analysis of a chemical compound
as defined in the latest edition of the State Water Quality
or oxidation - reduction potential in the sample stream is
Standards (9 VAC 25-260-10 et seq.). The contact period
often used in disinfection design.
shall be based on whichever criterion is more stringent.
4. Compound loop control involves a system with
3. A chlorine contact tank is a basin specifically designed to
interlocking controls that combines the regulation of
retain chlorinated effluent for the design contact periods
chemical feed by flow proportioning with subsequent
following the application of chlorine. Continuous disinfection
adjustment of the flow proportion dosage in reference to the
shall be provided. The design shall provide continuous
chemical compound residual. This system is used at
chlorination while the chlorine contact tanks are dewatered
treatment works receiving more than 1.0 mgd of influent
for cleaning. Multiple basins will be required when
flow.
mechanical sludge collection equipment is utilized in the
5. Solution-feed vacuum-type chlorinators are generally contact tanks. For all treatment works with a design flow of
preferred for gas chlorination. Positive displacement type 40,000 gpd or greater, multiple tanks shall be provided
feeders are preferred for hypochlorite solution. Tablet unless other provisions are made to prevent discharge of
nondisinfected effluent. The contact tanks shall be designed
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Proposed Regulations
to provide plug flow type hydraulics, with baffling provided to identifiable, safe, remote location and they can also be
achieve a flow path length to flow path width ratio of at least manually operated from the outside without opening the
20 to 1 and a basin depth to basin width ratio of door.
approximately 1.0.
G. Safety. Respiratory protection procedures and equipment
F. Features. Disinfection piping systems shall be well in compliance with VOSH and other applicable standards
supported, adequately sloped to allow drainage, and protected (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
from mechanical damage. Suitable allowance shall be (NIOSH)/Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA))
provided for pipe expansion due to changes in temperature. It should be available where chlorine gas is handled, and should
is recommended that joints in chlorine piping be flanged or be stored at a convenient location, but not inside any room
welded. where chlorine is used or stored. For treatment works
designed for one mgd or greater, it is recommended that at
1. Piping materials shall be suitable for use with chlorine least two complete sets be provided.
gas or solution, in conformance with the latest standards of
the Chlorine Institute. 1. Instructions for using the equipment shall be posted. The
use of compressed air or oxygen, with at least a 30-minute
2. Where adequate superheat is not provided by an capacity, as compatible with such units used by fire
evaporator, condensation should be prevented by reducing departments (responsible for the treatment works) is
the pressure with a pressure reducing valve. recommended in accordance with applicable local, state,
3. Where odor control is accomplished by prechlorination, and federal standards.
solution piping shall be arranged such that the necessary 2. A bottle of approximately 50% ammonium hydroxide
chlorine application can be accomplished. solution shall be available for detecting chlorine leaks.
4. Any building that houses chlorine equipment or Where 150 pound cylinders, ton containers, or tank cars are
containers shall be designed and constructed to protect all used, a proper leak repair kit (as the type approved by the
elements of the chlorine system from fire hazards in Chlorine Institute) shall be provided.
accordance with applicable codes and regulations. If 3. Consideration should be given to the provision of chlorine
flammable materials are stored or processed in the same gas containment scrubber system with caustic soda solution
building with chlorination equipment other than that utilizing reaction tanks for absorbing the contents of leaking ton
hypochlorite solutions, a fire wall shall be erected to containers where such containers are in use.
separate the two areas. If gas chlorination equipment and
chlorine cylinders are to be in a building used for other 4. For treatment works designed for a one mgd or greater
purposes, a gas-tight partition shall separate this room from average influent flow, automatic gas detection and related
any other portion of the building. Doors to this room shall alarm equipment should be provided in accordance with
open only to the outside of the building and shall be VOSH and other applicable requirements.
equipped with panic hardware. Such rooms shall be at
ground level and should permit easy access to all H. Monitoring. Facilities shall be included for collecting a
equipment. The storage area should be separated from the sample following the contact period to determine the
feed area. At least two means of exit should be provided effectiveness of the disinfection method.
from each separate room or building in which chlorine, other 1. Equipment shall be provided for measuring chlorine
than hypochlorite, is stored, handled, or used. All exit doors residual in accordance with EPA approved methods.
shall open outward or roll-upward. A clear-glass, gas-tight
window should be installed in an exterior door or interior 2. For discharges to critical waters, equipment or services,
wall of the chlorinator room to permit the chlorinator to be or both, shall be provided for monitoring the level of
viewed without entering the room. indicator microorganisms for pathogenic organisms, in
accordance with EPA approved methods, in order to verify
5. Chlorinator rooms shall be provided with a means of the disinfection efficiency.
heating so that a temperature of at least 15°C (60°F) can be
maintained. The room shall also be protected from excess 3. Requests to establish a chlorine (TRC) reduction
heat. Forced, mechanical ventilation that will provide one program, for maintaining a TRC below 1.0 mg/l in the
complete air change per minute shall be installed in all chlorine contact effluent, shall be evaluated based on
chlorine feed rooms and rooms where chlorine cylinders are submission of at least one year of adequate monitoring
stored. The entrance to the air exhaust duct from the room results comparing TRC values and corresponding indicator
shall be near the floor and the point of discharge shall be so microorganism results.
located as not to contaminate the air inlet to any building or 12 VAC 5-581-820. Bromochlorination.
inhabited areas. The air inlet shall be so located as to
provide cross ventilation with air at such a temperature that A. Disinfection by bromochlorination is accomplished with
will not adversely affect the chlorination equipment. The bromine chloride (BrCl) in a manner similar to chlorine
vent hose shall run without traps from the chlorinator and disinfection. Bromine chloride is an equilibrium mixture of
shall discharge to the outside atmosphere above grade. bromine and chlorine in both the gas and liquid states. The
chemical is highly soluble in water and hydrolyzes to
6. The controls for the fans and lights shall be such that hypobromous (HOBr) and hydrochloric (HCL) acids. Due to
they can automatically operate when the door is opened if a the rapid decay of bromine chloride in wastewater, generally
remote disconnect or override switch is provided in an there will not be any measurable bromine chloride residuals in
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
the final sewage effluents. Pure bromine chloride is a heavy, period of one year or more under reasonable operating
fuming, dark, red liquid which is about 20% disassociated into conditions with a minimum sampling frequency of at least
molecular bromine and chlorine. once per week.
B. Design. This disinfection process can be considered for 2. Disinfection of secondary or better quality effluent should
treated effluents with BOD5 and suspended solids consistently maintain a fecal coliform level below 200 per
concentrations of 30 mg/l or less. Prior documentation should 100 milliliters of sample volume, or the allowable level
be furnished which shows that adequate disinfection of a contained in the certificate or permit issued, whichever is
specific sewage effluent can be obtained with this process. more restrictive.
C. Dose control. Bromochlorination feed equipment capacity 3. Indicator organism test results should be correlated with
shall be based on degree of treatment, flow variations, and other measurements at the time of sampling, including flow
other uses in the treatment processes. For disinfection, the rate, effluent suspended solids, bromine dose rate, and
capacity shall be adequate to produce the control point residual measurements.
residual required in the permit or certificate issued. The dosing
capacity of this process for normal domestic sewage should 12 VAC 5-581-830. Ultraviolet light irradiation (UV).
usually be 80% of that recommended in the chlorine dosage A. Disinfection can be achieved through exposure of
Table 7. microorganisms to a sufficient level of UV at the germicidal
1. Bromochlorination equipment and spare parts are wavelength for an adequate period of time.
essentially the same as similar requirements for B. Design parameters. The following parameters are important
chlorination. to UV disinfection design:
2. Gas feeder systems may be used for feed rates less than 1. The absorbance coefficient is a measure of the UV
500 pounds per day. Direct liquid bromine chloride feed absorbing characteristics of the irradiated fluid as measured
systems should be used for feed rates greater than 500 by a single beam spectrophotometer at 253.7 nanometers,
pounds per day. using both filtered and unfiltered fluid samples. The units of
D. Features. Where adequate heat is not provided by the this parameter are absorption units per unit distance from
vaporizer to prevent condensation, the use of auxiliary heating the UV source.
and insulation shall be provided as necessary. 2. The contact period is the period of time that a
1. Materials for piping and appurtenances shall be suitable microorganism is exposed to a given intensity and is a
for handling gas, pure liquid or solutions of bromine chloride function of the residence time distribution (RTD) of flow
as appropriate. moving past an arrangement of UV lamps which can be
determined from tracer tests.
2. The required housing shall be the same as for
chlorination, as per VOSH requirements. 3. The UV dose is a function of the product resulting from
multiplying the average UV intensity, by the contact period
3. An evaporator shall be provided for all gas feed systems. (T) and is expressed as (microwatts)(seconds)/square
The equipment should be designed to minimize the time out centimeter (UW/SQ.CM/SEC).
of service for maintenance. A backup system shall be
provided to ensure adequate disinfection for all discharges 4. The dose response is a measure of the inhibition of cell
when the vaporizer is out of service for maintenance. The replication, and is indicated by the ratio of the monitored log
vaporizer system should provide superheated gas to the counts of an indicator organism prior to and following
inlet of the vacuum-operated bromine chloride feeder. exposure to a given UV dose.
E. Safety. The requirement for safety shall be the same as for 5. The dispersion coefficient (E) is a measure of turbulent
chlorination and should be in accordance with VOSH mixing (square centimeters per second) within the fluid
requirements. A physical barrier shall be provided for the passing through an arrangement of UV lamps. The value of
separation of storage areas if bromine chloride and chlorine E established by the RTD variance should be correlated
chemical supply containers and gas cylinders are located in with the contact time necessary to provide the required
the same room. dose response.
F. Monitoring. Facilities shall be included for collecting 6. The intensity is an expression of the rate (units of
samples for bromine chloride residual determinations at the microwatts per square centimeter) at which energy is
five minute contact time control point and for pathogenic delivered from the source into the surrounding liquid. UV
bacterial indicator organism determinations following the total intensity will dissipate by dilution and will be absorbed by
contact period. There should be no readily detectable bromine the medium as the distance from the source increases. The
residual within the final effluent. UV intensity provided for disinfection purposes should be
approximated on the basis of the physical properties of the
1. As bromochlorination equipment represents new UV lamps, the physical arrangement of lamps within a
technology and limited performance data is available for flowing liquid stream, and the properties of the wastewater
these systems, an initial period of increased sampling effluent (Kab).
frequency and testing requirements for pathogenic bacterial
indicators, such as fecal coliform, may be required. The
required initial testing program should take place over a
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7. Lamp assemblies are defined as the arrangement or thickness should be established by the designer for these
grouping of UV lamps occupying the cross-section of a channels. The teflon tubes should normally be supported to
channel or reactor. prevent sagging during operation. Provisions should be
made for air bleeding of this system by the operator when
8. Photoreactivation is a process whereby certain necessary.
organisms regain the ability to reproduce upon exposure to
secondary light. 2. Lamp spacing in channels or reactors should be sufficient
to use the light in the solution rather than absorb it on
C. Design dose. This disinfection process shall only be adjacent lamps and walls. The lamp spacing should provide
considered as conventional when designed to treat effluent for the absorbance of the fluid disinfected. For good quality
with BOD5 and suspended solids concentrations of no more secondary effluent (absorbance (Base e) 0.3/cm or less) the
than 30 mg/l and that consistently maintains a filtered spacing between lamps should be no more than eight cm
KAB(Base e) of no more than 0.4/centimeter. The minimum with good mixing provided along intensity gradients. The
average design intensity and dosage provided by each lamp arrangement and numbers of lamps included in each
assembly shall be specified. Conventionally designed lamp assembly shall be designed to facilitate proper
assemblies shall not receive a maximum flow in excess of maintenance. All electrical connections to submerged lamps
three mgd unless sufficient operating data is submitted to shall be watertight and designed so as to remain dry during
verify disinfection performance for similar wastewater flows in maintenance operations.
excess of three mgd.
3. UV lamp specifications should include as minimum the
1. Conventional UV process design shall provide a following or demonstrated equivalent:
minimum average dose of 50,000 microwatt-seconds per
square centimeter after the UV lamps have been in a. Availability (at least two manufacturers).
operation for 7,500 hours or more unless sufficient
information is provided to demonstrate that the required b. 90% or more emitted light output at 253.7 nanometers.
level of disinfection can be obtained at a lower dose level. c. A minimum arc length that exceeds lamp length.
2. UV designs based on dose-response models shall be d. A rated output of 120 UW/SQ.CM. or more at 1.0 meter
verified by acceptable bioassay test results, and the from the source.
expected influent level of indicator microorganisms shall be
determined to verify the design. e. A rated operating life in excess of 7500 hours during
which time the UV output exceeds one-half of the rated
3. Photoreactivation effects should be accounted for by the output.
UV design.
f. The lamps should not produce significant ozone or
D. Features. The current configurations acceptable for UV hydrogen peroxide.
disinfection equipment include contact systems with
submerged UV lamps enclosed in quartz tubes and g. Temperature control should provide for maintaining
noncontact systems with UV lamps situated adjacent to the 105°F to 120°F surface temperature.
flow surface or adjacent to teflon-lined tubular channels 4. A single ballast should be utilized to provide power to no
carrying treated effluent. Conventional UV disinfection system more than two UV lamps. Ballasts may be mounted side by
design shall include, as a minimum, two separate lamp side in a control box and shall be specified or labeled to
assemblies with each assembly capable of providing the level indicate their corresponding UV lamps. A set of lights
of disinfection necessary to meet the disinfection standard at should indicate the on-off status of each lamp and should
average daily flow. If no more than two lamp assemblies are be visible without opening the control box. The ballasts
provided for treatment works discharging to critical waters, generate a significant amount of heat, and forced-air
then each assembly shall be capable of disinfecting the ventilation or positive cooling of control boxes shall be
maximum daily flow. Upstream screens should be provided for provided. The set of ballasts serving each assembly of UV
unfiltered effluent to prevent breakage of quartz tubes by lamps shall be mounted in separate (physically separated)
debris. In addition, these systems should be protected against arrangements or control boxes. Control boxes shall be
"shock" hydraulic loads from pump station flows. designed and installed in such a manner that replacement
1. As quartz effectively passes the germicidal portion of light of individual ballasts will not result in discharge of
emitted by UV lamps, a quartz tube should be used to undisinfected effluent.
enclose UV lamps that are submerged in the treated 5. The system of electrical connections shall be designed so
effluent. The quartz tubes shall be watertight and not as to minimize maintenance problems associated with
subject to breakage under normal usage. As teflon also breakage and moisture damage. The electrical system shall
passes the germicidal portion of light emitted by UV lamps, be designed so that routine maintenance can be achieved
teflon lined channels may also be used to separate UV without loss of disinfection efficiency.
lamps from direct contact with treated effluent. Lamp
alignment should provide for maximum contact periods and 6. UV lamp assemblies shall be so located as to provide
for reduced opportunity for blockage by debris around the convenient access for lamp maintenance and removal.
submerged lamps. The downstream fluid head should Provisions shall be made so that lamp assemblies may be
maintain full flow within teflon lined channels. The strength observed and the channel surface physically inspected.
needed to prevent channel deformation in relation to wall Flow channels should be entirely accessible for cleaning to
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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remove film deposits of material interfering with UV minimum contact period shall be 10 seconds, assuming that
disinfection. the flow path length is equivalent to the linear distance that
the design dosage is provided. The contact period of the UV
7. At least one UV intensity meter within each assembly of system flow pattern shall be of sufficient duration to provide
lamps shall be provided to indicate operating conditions. the design dose response in relation to the established E
The intensity reading should be indicated on the control value.
panel for each lamp assembly. For treatment works with a
design average daily flow of one mgd or higher, flow 2. All UV systems shall be furnished with a means for
metering shall be provided and appropriate dewatering as necessary for cleaning. The depth of
spectrophotometric equipment shall be provided to measure irradiated flow shall be controlled as necessary to meet the
the UV absorbance of the wastewater. An elapsed time disinfection standard at all flow rates.
meter shall be provided to indicate the total operating time
of the UV lamps. G. Safety. UV lamps should not be viewed in the ambient air
without proper eye protection as required by VOSH and other
E. Dose control. For treatment works with a design average applicable regulations. A minimum of one pair of UV protective
daily flow of one mgd or more, UV system design should eye glasses shall be provided. The system design should
include a control system to turn appropriate lamps on or off in prevent exposure of bare skin to UV lamp emissions for
order to conserve energy. The reliability of proposed durations exceeding several minutes. Electrical interlocks
automated control systems connected to flow sensors shall be should be provided to shut off high voltage systems in
demonstrated through submission of acceptable supporting accordance with VOSH requirements and as requested by
information. Manual control should be based on diurnal flow other local and state standards when such energized
variations. connections are exposed and could come into contact with
operators.
1. A spare UV lamp (and quartz tube, if appropriate) shall
be provided as a minimum at all UV installations. The H. Monitoring. Facilities shall be included for collecting a
number of additional spare lamps (and quartz tubes if sample following the contact period prior to discharge, to
appropriate) provided shall equal the nearest whole number determine the effectiveness of the disinfection method.
equivalent to 10% of the number of lamps required to
disinfect the maximum flow rate. Spare ballasts shall also 1. As most UV disinfection equipment represents new
be provided at all UV installations in numbers sufficient to technology and limited performance data is available for
operate the spare lamps. these systems, an initial period of increased sampling
frequency and testing requirements for pathogenic bacterial
2. UV equipment design shall provide for routine chemical indicators, such as fecal coliform, may be required. The
cleaning with a proper acid/detergent cleanser. A chemical required initial testing program should take place over a
mix tank, circulation pump and upstream/downstream period of one year or more under reasonable operating
connections should be provided. A weak acid such as citric conditions with a minimum sampling frequency of at least
acid may be utilized for chemical cleaning of quartz tubes, once per week.
but a stronger acid is recommended for more effective and
more economical maintenance. Acid levels with flows 2. Disinfection of secondary effluent by UV irradiation
returned to the treatment process should be monitored and should consistently maintain a fecal coliform level below
controlled through pH measurements. A high pressure wash 200 organisms per 100 milliliters of sample or the level
of the quartz tubes or teflon-lined channels should be established by the permit or certificate issued.
utilized as a follow-up to chemical cleaning. The system 3. Indicator organism test results should be correlated with
design shall provide for direct scrubbing of surfaces and other measurements at the time of sampling, including flow
lamp removal for testing of UV output. As UV rate, effluent suspended solids, UV absorbance coefficient,
transmissibility of quartz and teflon will diminish with time, and lamp operating conditions such as total operating time,
the design should provide for periodic measurements of the number in operation, and voltage and intensity.
these values. As continuous methods of cleaning UV lamp
and channel surfaces have not been established as reliable 12 VAC 5-581-840. Ozonation.
means of maintenance, these methods, including A. Disinfection can be achieved through microorganism
mechanical wipers and ultrasonics, shall not be accepted as exposure to a sufficient level of Ozone (O3) in solution for a
sole maintenance methods, i.e., they may be used together proper contact period. Ozone is an unstable gas that is
with conventional maintenance methods as previously produced when oxygen molecules are dissociated into atomic
described in this section. oxygen which subsequently collides with other oxygen
F. Hydraulics. The distances across light intensity gradients molecules.
for flow past UV lamps should be short compared to the length B. Parameters. The following parameters are important factors
of the chambers in the direction of flow, and measures should in the design of ozonation disinfection:
be taken to assure mixing across these gradients, with
minimal longitudinal mixing, as measured by the dispersion 1. The applied ozone dosage is the mass of ozone from the
coefficient. UV system design should provide an estimated E generator that is directed to a unit volume of the wastewater
value of no more than 100 square centimeters per second. to be disinfected.
1. For lamp assemblies with a dispersion coefficient equal 2. The transferred ozone dosage is the mass of applied
to or more than 50 square centimeters per second, the ozone that is dissolved into the wastewater. This dosage
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depends on the physical characteristics of the contractor maximum daily wastewater flow. The applied ozone dose shall
and the residual ozone concentration, which is affected by produce the design transferred ozone dosage at the
the quality of the wastewater. calculated transfer efficiency. Pilot scale tests or development
of a dose/response curve from the current literature shall be
3. The dew point is the measure of the relative moisture provided to establish the design transferred ozone dose.
content of a gas, specifically the temperature at which a gas
under a precise pressure is saturated with water. 1. The ozone generator should produce the design ozone
concentration while operating at 75% or less maximum
4. Off-gas is the excess ozone transferred from the contact power to reduce stress on generator dielectrics and
basin to the surrounding atmosphere. decrease maintenance problems. Likewise, high voltages
5. Ozone destruction involves the changing of ozone to a and frequencies should be avoided.
less reactive molecule. This occurs naturally because of 2. The ozone generator design shall provide for cooling.
ozone's inherent instability. However, deactivation by Watercooled systems are recommended. The effectiveness
thermal or catalytic destruction units is usually necessary to of air cooled systems shall be verified.
reduce excess ozone in the off-gas to acceptable levels for
human health. 3. The feed gas shall be oil-free, particle-free and dry. Pure
oxygen normally has these characteristics. If air feed is
6. Dose/Response curve is a mathematical relationship used, the following shall be required:
between coliform destruction and transferred ozone dosage.
A threshold level of dosage may exist that indicates no a. The feed gas shall be filtered or electrostatically
response until the dosage exceeds that threshold. precipitated so that it does not contain particles greater
than 0.4 microns in diameter.
C. Design. This process can be considered for disinfection of
filtered secondary effluents. Documentation of process b. The feed gas moisture content shall not be greater
effectiveness must be provided for ozone disinfection of than 0.011 grams per cubic meter (dew point temperature
secondary effluents that are not filtered. The transferred of -60°C at standard pressure).
ozone dosage shall exceed the threshold level as necessary
for adequate disinfection. The presence of reducing c. Desiccant type dryers shall have a design cycle time of
compounds such as nitrates shall be addressed in the unit 12 hours or more under maximum moisture conditions.
operation design. d. Feed gas dryers shall have a source of purge flow that
1. The contact basin design shall ensure uniform mixing of is monitored and controlled.
ozone with the wastewater as well as flow retention equal to 4. Standby ozonation capability shall be provided which will
or exceeding the design contact period. Ozone addition ensure adequate disinfection with any unit out of operation
shall be staged to provide a uniform ozone concentration for maintenance or repairs. An adequate inventory of parts
throughout the entire volume of the contact basin. Multiple subject to wear and breakage shall be maintained at all
staged contactors that are positively isolated from each times.
other are recommended. The design shall provide
continuous disinfection while contact basins are dewatered E. Features. Measurement equipment and alarms shall be
for cleaning and shall include provisions for foam control, provided to ensure proper operation of all system units and
including adequate collection space and a removal continuous disinfection to permit limits under expected
mechanism. In addition, the design (flow path width to operating conditions. Monitoring should be provided for the
length ratio of 20 or more) shall minimize short-circuiting parameters listed below:
and optimize the contact period through the provision of a. Inlet temperature, pressure, flow rate, and moisture
baffles or other approved methods. A minimum contact concentration of generator feed gas.
period of 10 minutes shall be provided at average daily flow.
b. Outlet temperature, pressure, flow rate, and ozone
2. Ozone recycling and destruction shall be considered. concentration of generator discharge gas.
a. Moisture and foam removal should be considered in c. Frequency, voltage, wattage, and amperage of
the design of catalyst type destruction units. generator power supply.
b. The use of activated carbon for destruction is not d. Inlet flow, and inlet and outlet temperature of generator
recommended. cooling water.
c. A pressure/vacuum relief valve is required between the e. Ozone concentration in contact basin off-gas.
destruction unit and the contact basin to protect the
contact basin from excessive pressure or vacuum. f. Inlet temperature and flow, and outlet ozone
concentration of destructor gas.
3. Generation and feeding equipment shall be capable of
providing disinfection, as specified by the issued certificate 1. Materials shall be suitable for use with ozone. Piping
or permit, under variable operating conditions such as peak systems should be as simple as possible, and specifically
flows and ozone demand. selected and manufactured to be suitable for ozone service
with a minimum number of joints. Piping should be well
D. Ozone supply. Ozone production shall be sufficient to supported and protected against temperature extremes.
disinfect to achieve effluent disinfection requirements at the
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
2. Requirements for housing shall be the same as for 3. As with chlorine, adequate disinfection with chlorine
chlorination. Floor space shall be sufficient to provide dioxide is achieved by maintaining a sufficient chlorine
access for equipment maintenance and to allow adequate dioxide residual after a specific contact time in order to
equipment ventilation. achieve the desired microbiological quality of the treated
effluent. All the principles of good chlorination practice,
F. Safety. Safety requirements shall be the same as for proper pretreatment, rapid initial mixing, adequate residual,
chlorination. Employee exposure to ozone in the working plug flow contacting, etc., are also applicable to disinfection
environment is limited by VOSH requirements and such with chlorine dioxide.
exposure should not exceed the permissible exposure level in
VOSH regulation. Monitoring and purging shall be provided to 4. Thus, the required levels of residual ClO2 shall be
prevent development of an explosive atmosphere in the equivalent to the residual concentrations that would be
contact basins and other susceptible areas in accordance with required for chlorination of a specific effluent unless
federal and state standards. adequate information is submitted to the regulatory
agencies verifying that acceptable disinfection can be
G. Monitoring. Monitoring requirements shall be the same as achieved with a lower residual of ClO2.
for chlorination.
5. Design dosages of ClO2 applied to treated effluent should
1. Off-gas ozone monitoring is recommended for use in a be similar to the recommended levels for chlorination. The
control loop. Residual ozone monitoring is not results of limited research to date indicate that for certain
recommended unless its reliability can be documented. effluents, lower dosages of ClO2, in comparison to Cl2, may
2. Monitoring of the final effluent for a suitable pathogenic accomplish adequate disinfection. However, all proposals
bacterial indicator organism, such as fecal coliform, shall be specifying design dosages of ClO2 below the levels
required for a period of at least one year to ensure approved for chlorination, must provide supporting
disinfection effectiveness. information based on field measurements or laboratory
studies acceptable to the regulatory agencies.
12 VAC 5-581-850. Other disinfection methods.
6. The introduction of ClO2 shall be in a manner to
A. Design standards for disinfection methods not specifically maximize mixing with the influent flow to the contact basin
addressed in this chapter will be established upon evaluation while minimizing vaporization. The same basic principles as
of performance data. for chlorine are to be adhered to in chlorine dioxide physical
B. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Chlorine dioxide is characterized contacting with the wastewater. However, chlorine dioxide
as a yellow-green to orange gas, its color changing toward red use should be optimized by appropriate selection of
with increasing concentration. Upon cooling, it forms a red, application points within the process scheme.
highly unstable liquid which freezes at -59°C and boils at 7. Contact periods approved for chlorination shall be directly
11°C. Due to the sensitivity of ClO2 gas to pressure and applicable to chlorine dioxide contacting unless adequate
temperature, it shall be generated at the location where it will supporting information is submitted verifying that the use of
be used as a disinfectant. Chlorine dioxide is quite soluble in a particular design contact period can result in the
water, its solubility depending upon temperature and pressure. acceptable level of disinfection.
At temperatures less than 25°C and above 30 mm partial
pressure, it is soluble to the extent of 10 grams per liter. 8. Chlorine dioxide disinfection requires maintenance of a
Unlike chlorine, ClO2 does not react with water; it is a true residual throughout the contact period. Conventional
dissolved gas. amperometric titration systems should be used to monitor
chlorine dioxide residuals and, with some modifications,
1. Chlorine dioxide gas is very toxic but, when dissolved, it should be used to control the residual and generation of
is stable and safe to use in water solution. Since chlorine dioxide. Operator exposure to ClO2 shall be
concentrated chlorine dioxide gas is unstable under minimized. Adequate ventilation shall be provided in areas
pressure, chlorine dioxide shall be generated under where ClO2 is generated and where concentrated mixtures
controlled conditions. of ClO2 are sampled and tested. As ClO2 to ambient air
2. The generation of chlorine dioxide involves the reaction mixtures containing 10% or more ClO2 are potentially
between chlorine and sodium chlorite: explosive and highly corrosive, provisions shall be made to
prevent this occurrence.
Cl2 + 2 NaClO2 ----> 2 NaCl + 2ClO2
C. Electrolytic oxidants. Electrolytic processes produce a
Side reactions that also produce sodium chlorate (NaClO 3) mixed group of oxidants consisting of ozone, hydrogen
are also possible in dilute solutions, especially if the peroxide and chlorine constituents. This process is typically
concentration of molecular chlorine, Cl2, is low. Research monitored and controlled by the chlorine residual level in the
has shown that high concentrations of sodium chlorite and wastewater effluent. All electrolytic oxidant processes should
molecular chlorine favor the formation of chlorine dioxide. be evaluated under the provisions for conventional disinfection
Accordingly, chlorine dioxide generators should be of wastewater in accordance with this chapter. The division
designed and operated to provide these reaction conditions will evaluate the development of these methods of disinfection
while minimizing the amount of chlorine gas that is mixed and the approval of this process will be handled on a case-by-
with the generated ClO2. case basis in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
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12 VAC 5-581-860 Dechlorination. and storage containers shall be physically separated by
sufficient distance, or by partition barriers, from the
A. Dechlorination is a process which effectively reduces free chlorination equipment and storage containers in order to
and combined chlorine residuals. Sulfur compounds applied to prevent cross contamination of feed lines and to satisfy fire
chlorinated effluents have been established as effective codes. Sulfite salts should be stored in unopened shipping
dechlorination agents as follows: containers until ready for use.
1. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a nonflammable, colorless gas D. Safety. Handling requirements shall be the same as for
with a suffocating, pungent odor and a density greater than chlorination, except for sulfite salts, which are nonhazardous.
that of air. It rapidly dissolves in water to form a weak
solution of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) which dissociates to E. Monitoring. Monitoring provisions shall be the same as for
-2
produce sulfite ions (SO3) , which are the active chlorination, except that facilities shall also be provided for
dechlorinating agents. securing a sample after dechlorination.
2. Sulfite salts used for dechlorination include sodium sulfite F. Other methods. Other means of dechlorination will be
(Na2SO3), sodium disulfite (NaHSO3), and sodium evaluated based on submission of adequate performance
metabisulfite (Na2S205). Sodium metabisulfite is the most data.
commonly used. Sulfite salts are available in dry form and
are more safely handled than sulfur dioxide. On dissolution 1. Granular activated carbon may be used for dechlorination
-2
in water they produce the same active sulfite (SO3) ion. of high quality effluents. The dechlorination reaction is
dependent on the chemical state of the chlorine, chlorine
B. Usage. Both sulfur dioxide gas and sulfite compounds may concentration, flow rate, physical characteristics of the
be considered for use for dechlorination purposes. However, carbon, and wastewater characteristics. Design
the use of sulfur dioxide gas or sodium metabisulfite in considerations are similar to those utilized for other
accordance with this chapter will be considered as wastewater processing unit operations.
conventional technology for dechlorination of flows equal to
one mgd or more. 2. For small facilities with a design flow less than one mgd,
dechlorination may be accomplished through the use of a
1. Sulfur dioxide shall be fed as a gas similar to chlorine holding pond such as effluent polishing pond or a
gas. Since sulfur dioxide is more prone to reliquification, constructed wetlands.
consideration should be given to heating the sulfur dioxide
header. Sulfonator capacity shall be adequate to 12 VAC 5-581-870. Polishing ponds.
dechlorinate the maximum chlorine residual anticipated on A. On-line effluent polishing ponds (OLEPP) can be provided
at least a one-to-one basis at maximum daily flow rates to to receive discharges at locations where use of the receiving
meet the effluent requirements contained in the issued water requires a degree of performance reliability exceeding
permit or certificate. Requirements for equipment type, that provided by the design, operation and maintenance of the
standby capability, spare parts, water supply, measurement sewage collection system and treatment works. The design
equipment, control equipment, and evaporators are the and construction of OLEPP's may be similar to that of
same as for chlorination although the materials of stabilization ponds.
construction may differ.
B. Useage. All sewage treatment works designed to produce a
2. Sulfite salts may be fed in dry form with dry chemical secondary effluent quality of 24 mg/l or more of BOD or
feeders or they can be made up as a solution and fed with a suspended solids that discharge to shellfish waters such that
diaphragm pump. With either method, proper feed controls shellfish harvesting restrictions may be imposed, shall be
shall be provided. Equipment capacity shall be adequate to provided with an OLEPP, or sufficient off-line emergency
dechlorinate the maximum chlorine residual anticipated on storage, unless an exemption is granted by the commissioner
the basis of 1-1/2 parts or more sulfite salt to one part subsequent to a public hearing held to discuss the impacts of
chlorine. the discharge. An OLEPP should be required for all sewage
C. Features. Gas and dry feed equipment requirements shall treatment works (i) for which the design either does not
be similar to those used for chlorination. achieve Class I reliability requirements, or is considered
nonconventional in accordance with this chapter; (ii) that
1. The dose mixing shall occur following the design chlorine discharge to critical waters; or (iii) that are located where
contact period. Normally, this will require the use of a water quality conditions dictate the need for maximum
separate basin designed to thoroughly mix the protection of public health.
dechlorinating agent with the contact tank effluent within a
period of approximately one minute. 1. These effluent polishing ponds may be required for any
Class I reliability discharge from treatment works that are
2. As the dechlorination reaction is essentially not daily attended by operational personnel for a minimum
instantaneous, no further contact time is needed other than period of 16 hours.
that required for mixing.
2. Those sewage treatment works for which sufficient
3. Piping materials shall be suitable for use with the sulfur information is provided to the division verifying that
chemical utilized. adequate performance reliability will exist in the form of
continuously available operational staff and supplemental
4. Housing for feed equipment required shall be the same systems and resources, so that water quality and resources
as for chlorination. However, sulfur dioxide feed equipment
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
73
Proposed Regulations
will not be damaged in a manner that produces socio- sufficient to maintain solids in suspension and capable of
economic losses, may be granted an exception to the dispersing the required level of oxygen uniformly. Diffused
requirements for an OLEPP or emergency storage. aeration systems must be adequately located and sized to
provide uniform oxygen dispersion and maintain solids in
3. An OLEPP can be utilized in instances where an suspension.
additional removal of BOD5 and suspended solids up to a
maximum of 3.0% is desired from the effluent of a properly 2. The number of surface aerators required shall be
operated and properly loaded secondary treatment facility. determined by the circle of influence of the aerator. The
circle of influence shall encompass the entire pond and is
4. An OLEPP can be utilized to control residual chlorine defined as the area in which the return velocity is greater
through natural processes such as oxidation and UV light than 0.15 feet per second as certified by performance data.
irradiation. The chlorine dosage applied to the pond influent Without supporting data, the following may be used as a
shall be monitored and controlled. guide.
5. A closure plan shall be provided in accordance with this Nameplate Horsepower Radius in feet
chapter and standards contained in this chapter, prior to
issuance of an operating permit. 5 35
6. Effluent from an effluent polishing pond shall be 10--25 50
disinfected in accordance with this chapter, unless 40--60 50--100
adequate disinfection can be provided for the pond influent,
so that effluent disinfection is not deemed necessary. 75 60--100
100 100
7. Adequate disinfection of a three-day capacity effluent-
polishing pond influent may require special consideration E. Features. For aerated OLEPP's the influent sewer shall
such as: discharge near one of the mechanical surface aerators. The
outlet should be arranged to withdraw effluent from a point at
a. A minimum flow path length-to-width ratio within
or near the surface. In-pond baffling may be considered to
contact tanks of 40:1.
improve hydraulics.
b. Expansion of detention volume to 60 minutes
1. A sedimentation zone that has at least 1-1/2 hours of
residence time.
design detention or settling period and a surface loading not
c. Use of mixing devices for chlorine dosing to replace or to exceed 700 gallons per square foot per day shall be
supplement standard diffusers. provided. Provisions for sludge removal from the OLEPP,
as necessary, shall be addressed in the final design.
C. Design. The actual liquid depth of facultative polishing
ponds shall not be less than five feet or more than 10 feet. 2. Either concrete bottom, walls, or embankment walls, or
The detention time shall not be less than one day nor more soils-cement stabilization of bottom, walls and
than three days, based on average daily flow. embankments should be evaluated in the final design.
Earthen embankment walls one foot above and one foot
1. In most cases, it should be necessary to provide below the normal water level shall be riprapped or stabilized
postaeration facilities following facultative polishing ponds to with other suitable material to prevent erosion from wave
meet effluent dissolved oxygen requirements, due to the action.
depletion of oxygen in facultative ponds. If postaeration
facilities are not provided, calculations shall be submitted to 12 VAC 5-581-880. Postaeration.
show that the required effluent dissolved oxygen
A. Postaeration design may involve mechanical aeration,
concentrations can be maintained on a continuous basis.
diffused air injection, or cascade type aeration. Other methods
Postaeration shall occur during or following disinfection.
may be utilized and will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis
2. The influent line shall discharge below the liquid level of by the division.
the pond near the edge of the pond embankment. The
B. Mechanical aeration. Multiple aeration basins for
influent line shall enter the pond at a point opposite the
continuous operability should be provided at all treatment
effluent structure to prevent short-circuiting and to provide
works with a design flow of 40,000 gallons per day or more,
maximum detention time.
unless other means of maintaining an adequate level of
3. The effluent structure can be a single draw-off type with a dissolved oxygen (D.O.) in the effluent are available.
draw-off point 12 to 18 inches below the normal liquid level
1. The aeration equipment transfer efficiency shall be
or a multiple draw-off structure.
determined utilizing the manufacturer's certified rating for
D. Aeration. The selection of aeration equipment shall be the particular equipment being considered. The transfer
consistent with the depth of the lagoon. efficiency shall be adjusted to reflect anticipated field
conditions of temperature, atmospheric pressure, initial
1. The aeration equipment shall be sized to provide uniform D.O., and composition of the wastewater being oxygenated.
dissolved oxygen concentration throughout the pond. When the detention time within the aeration basin exceeds
Surface aerators should provide a minimum horsepower 30 minutes, consideration shall be given to oxygen
capacity of 0.01 hp per 1,000 gallons or provide equipment requirements resulting from biological activity in the
for which existing performance data has shown it to be postaeration basin. For aeration basins equipped with a
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Proposed Regulations
single mechanical aeration unit, a minimum of one
b = 1.0 for free fall and 1.3 for step weirs
mechanical aeration unit shall be maintained in storage at
the treatment works site for immediate installation. 2. The equation for determining the number of steps is
dependent upon equidistant steps; and, if unequal steps are
2. Aeration basins shall be designed to minimize short
used, transfer efficiencies must be determined for each
circuiting of flow and the occurrence of dead spaces.
separate step.
Vortexing shall be prevented.
3. The effluent discharge to a cascade type aerator shall be
C. Diffused aeration. Multiple aeration basins shall be
over a sharp weir to provide for a thin sheet of wastewater.
provided for continuous operability of treatment works having
Consideration shall be given to prevention of freezing.
a design flow capacity of 40,000 gallons per day or greater,
except where diffusers may be removed from the basin for 4. The final step of the cascade type aerator shall be above
maintenance. normal stream flow elevation and the cascade aerator shall
be protected from erosion damage due to storm water
1. Diffused aeration basins shall be designed to eliminate
drainage or flood/wave action.
short-circuiting and the occurrence of dead spaces. For
maximum efficiencies, sufficient detention time shall be 5. When pumping is necessary prior to discharge over the
provided to allow the air bubbles to rise to the surface of the cascade aerator, multiple, variable speed pumps must be
wastewater prior to discharge from the basin. provided except when preceded by flow equalization.
2. When the detention time in the aeration basin exceeds 30 Article 8.
minutes, consideration shall be given to the oxygen Advanced Treatment.
requirements resulting from biological activity in the aeration
unit. 12 VAC 5-581-890. Flow equalization.
3. Diffused air aeration systems shall be designed utilizing A. Flow equalization is a unit process whereby the variability
Fick's Law (the rate of molecular diffusion of a dissolved of wastewater flows, in terms of volume and strength, is
gas in a liquid) in the determination of oxygen requirements. lessened. Where flow equalization is utilized within a
Supporting experimental data shall be included with the sewerage system or treatment works to reduce the peak flow
submission of any proposal for the use of diffusers which conveyed to, or processed by, the treatment works, the
are considered nonconventional. Such proposals will be performance of the treatment process should be improved in
evaluated on a case-by-case basis by the division. relation to the estimated conventional effluent values. The
ability of a treatment works that is provided with flow
4. Blower design shall be such that with any single unit out equalization to meet permit or certificate effluent limitations
of operation, the oxygen requirements will be provided for shall be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
maintaining effluent D.O. A minimum of one standby blower
shall be stored at treatment works where single aeration B. Usage. Flow equalization shall be provided in the flow
basins are utilized. scheme ahead of advanced chemical-physical processes,
unless engineering analysis shows that absence of flow
D. Cascade type. Effluent aeration may be achieved a equalization is more cost effective while maintaining the same
turbulent liquid-air interface established by passing the degree of reliability and operational control.
effluent downstream over either a series of constructed steps,
or a rough surface that produces a similar opportunity for 1. Flow equalization should be provided upstream of
transfer of dissolved oxygen to the effluent. biological treatment works designed to process a mean
daily flow of 0.1 mgd or less, and receiving hourly peak
1. The following equation shall be used in the design of flows in excess of twice the design flow, if such peak flows
cascade type aerators: will occur daily in excess of 50 times annually.
n
r = (Cs-Ca)/(Cs-Cb) 2. Flow equalization shall be provided upstream of
biological treatment works designed to process a mean
where: r = Deficit ratio
daily flow of 0.1 mgd or less that are permitted with effluent
Cs = Dissolved oxygen saturation (mg/l) limitations less than 20 mg/l of BOD5 or TSS, or a TKN of
less than 5 mg/l, or a total phosphorus of less than 2 mg/l,
Ca = Dissolved oxygen concentration above the
weir, assumed to be 0.0 mg/l. unless approved downstream unit operations are also
provided.
Cb = Dissolved oxygen concentration in the effluent
from the last or preceding step C. Design. The design of an equalization basin shall
incorporate the evaluation and selections of a number of
n = The number of equal size steps features as follows:
r = 1 + (0.11) (ab) (1 + 0.046 T) (h)
a. On-line versus off-line basins.
where: T = Water temperature (°C)
b. Basin volume providing for a total storage detention of
h = Height of one step (ft) one-third or more of the daily design flow.
a = 1.0 for effluents (BOD of 15 mg/l or less) c. Degree of compartmentalization relative to dry weather
= 0.8 for effluents (BOD of 15 mg/l to 30 mg/l) and wet weather peak flows.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
75
Proposed Regulations
d. Type of construction: earthen, concrete or steel. 5. Basins designed for a combination of storage of wet
weather flows and equalization shall be compartmentalized
e. Aeration and mixing equipment. to allow for utilization of a portion of the basins for dry
f. Pumping and control in order to uniformly introduce flow weather flow equalization. Floating surface aerators shall
into the treatment process at approximately the daily have provisions to protect the units from damage when the
design flow rate during peak flow events. tank is dewatered.
g. Location in treatment system to provide uniform 6. Multiple pumping units shall be provided that are capable
loadings on downstream unit operations. of delivering flow to an overflow device so that the desired
flow rate can be maintained from the equalization basin with
The design decisions shall be based on the nature and the largest pumping unit out of service, unless a suitable
extent of the treatment processes used, the benefits gravity flow system is provided. Gravity discharge from
desired and local site conditions and constraints. equalization shall be regulated by an automatically
1. The minimum mixing requirements for equalization controlled flow-regulating device. If a flow-measuring device
basins receiving raw or untreated domestic wastewaters or is provided downstream of the basin to monitor and control
sewage containing an average suspended solids the equalization discharge, then a raw sewage influent flow
concentration exceeding 45 mg/l, shall equal or exceed 0.02 meter will not be required in accordance with this chapter.
hp/1,000 gallons at a depth providing at least one-third of 7. Equalization shall be preceded with screening and should
the maximum storage volume. Oxygen shall be supplied at be preceded by grit removal. Facilities shall be provided to
a rate of 15 mg/l per hour/gallon. Multiple mixing and flush solids and grease accumulations from the basin walls.
aeration units shall be provided for continuous operability. A high-water-level takeoff shall be provided for withdrawing
2. Flow equalization basins receiving treated wastewater or floating material and foam.
sewage with an average suspended solids concentration of 8. An overflow shall be provided for equalization basins so
45 mg/l or less shall be provided with a means of sludge that such basins are not flooded, and these overflows are
removal or mixing equipment that shall have a minimum transmitted to downstream treatment units prior to the
power input of 0.01 hp/1,000 gallons of maximum storage disinfection unit operation.
volume. Aerobic conditions shall be maintained. Multiple
mixing and aeration units shall be provided for continuous 12 VAC 5-581-900. Chemical treatment.
operability. A. Usage. Chemicals shall be compatible with the treatment
3. Sufficient storage shall be provided to allow subsequent works unit operation and have no detrimental effect upon
downstream unit operations that follow equalization to receiving waters. Pilot plant studies or data from unit
operate at or less than their ted design capacity. operations treating design flows of sewage or domestic
wastewaters of similar characteristics (organic levels, metal
a. Storage capacity shall be determined from flow data concentrations, etc., within 25% of proposed design) shall be
when available. Basin volume for equalization shall at a required to determine appropriate chemicals and feed ranges.
minimum be determined from an inflow mass hydrograph
of the hourly fluctuations for a typical daily wastewater 1. Space shall be provided where at least 30 days of
flow, where typical daily wastewater flow is defined as the chemical supply can be stored in dry storage conditions at a
desired flow rate out of the equalization basin. Additional location that is convenient for efficient handling, unless local
equalization basin volume shall be provided to suppliers and conditions indicate that such storage can be
accommodate: reduced without limiting the supply.
(1) Continuous operation of aeration and mixing 2. Liquid chemical storage tanks must:
equipment. a. Have a liquid level indicator.
(2) Anticipated concentrated treatment works recycle b. Have an overflow and a receiving basin or drain
flows. capable of receiving accidental spills or overflows.
(3) Unforeseen changes in diurnal flow. 3. Powdered activated carbon shall be stored in an isolated
b. An evaluation of infiltration/inflow shall be conducted fireproof area, and explosion proof electrical outlets, lights
where influent flow data are not available. The minimum and motors shall be used in all storage and handling areas
detention time shall be eight hours of the estimated daily in accordance with local, state and federal requirements.
maximum flow as determined by the study. 4. Chemicals shall be stored in covered or unopened
4. Flow equalization basins with a storage capacity shipping containers, unless the chemical is transferred into
exceeding 20,000 gallons should be constructed as an approved covered storage unit.
compartmentalized or as multiple basins. Single basin 5. Solution storage or day tanks supplying feeding directly
installation with a bypass to downstream treatment units should have sufficient capacity for 24-hour operation at
may be used for treatment works with capacities less than design flow.
200,000 gpd that are not located in critical water areas. The
storage basins shall be provided with the means to be 6. Acid storage tanks shall be vented to the outside
dewatered. atmosphere, but not through vents in common with day
tanks.
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76
Proposed Regulations
B. Features. Provisions shall be made for measuring a. Feeders shall be able to supply, at all times, the
quantities of chemicals used to prepare feed solutions. necessary amounts of chemicals at an accurate rate
Storage tanks, pipe lines, and equipment for liquid chemicals throughout the range of feed.
shall be specific to the chemicals and not for alternates.
b. Proportioning of chemical feed to the rate of flow shall
1. Chemicals that are incompatible (i.e., strong oxidants and be provided where the flow rate is not constant.
reductants) shall not be fed, stored or handled in such a
manner that intermixing of such compounds could occur c. Diaphragm or piston type positive displacement type
during routine treatment operations. solution feed pumps should not be used to feed chemical
slurries.
2. Provisions shall be made for the proper transfer of dry
chemicals from shipping containers to storage bins or d. The treatment works service potable water supply shall
hoppers in such a way as to minimize the quantity of dust be protected from contamination by chemical solutions or
that may enter the room in which the equipment is installed. sewage by providing either an air gap between the
Control shall be provided by use of: portable water supply line and solution tank, or a suitable
reduced pressure zone, backflow prevention device.
a. Vacuum pneumatic equipment or closed conveyor
systems; e. Chemical-contact materials and surfaces must be
resistant to the aggressiveness of the chemical solutions.
b. Facilities for emptying shipping containers in special
enclosures; or 8. Dry chemical feeder systems shall:
c. Exhaust fans and dust filters that put the hoppers or a. Measure the chemical volumetrically or gravimetrically.
bins under negative pressure in accordance with federal b. Provide effective mixing and solution of the chemical in
and state requirements. the solution pot.
3. Concentrated acid solutions or dry powder shall be kept c. Preferably provide gravity feed from solution pots.
in closed, acid-resistant shipping containers or storage
units. Concentrated liquid acids shall not be handled in d. Completely enclose chemicals and prevent emission of
open vessels, but should be pumped in undiluted form from dust to the operation room.
original containers to the point of treatment or to a covered 9. Chemical feeders should be reasonably adjacent to
day or storage tank. points of application to minimize length of feed lines.
4. For the handling of toxic chemicals, suitable carts, lifting Chemical feeders shall be readily accessible for servicing,
devices, and other appropriate means shall be provided in repair and observation. Chemical feeding equipment should
accordance with the material safety data sheets and be provided with containment barriers or protective curbing
applicable state and federal requirements. so that chemicals from equipment failure, spillage or
accidental drainage will be contained. Chemical feed control
a. Provisions shall be made for disposing of empty systems shall provide for both automatic and manual
containers by an approved procedure that will minimize operation including:
exposure to the chemical.
a. Feeders shall be automatically controlled with the
b. The transfer of toxic materials shall be controlled by automatic control reverting to manual control as
positive actuating devices. necessary.
5. Structures, rooms, and areas accommodating chemical b. The feeders shall be capable or being manually
feed equipment shall provide convenient access for started.
servicing, repair, and observation of operation.
c. Automatic chemical dose or residual analyzers should
a. Floor surfaces shall be smooth but slip resistant, be considered and, where provided, should include
impervious, and well drained with a slope of 1/8 inch per alarms for critical values and recording charts.
foot minimum.
10. Solution tank dosing shall provide for uniform strength of
b. Open basins, tanks and conduits shall be protected solution, consistent with the nature of the chemical solution.
from chemical spills or accidental drainage. Continuous agitation shall be provided to maintain slurries
6. A minimum of two chemical feeders shall be provided for in suspension. Two solution tanks shall be required for a
continuous operability. A standby unit or combination of chemical to assure continuity of chemical application during
units of sufficient capacity shall be available to replace the servicing. Tank capacity should provide storage for 24
largest unit during shut-downs. The entire feeder system hours operation and:
shall be protected against freezing and shall be readily a. Each tank shall be provided with a drain.
accessible for cleaning.
b. Means shall be provided to indicate the solution level in
7. Chemical feeders shall be of such design and capacity to the tank.
meet the following requirements:
c. Make-up potable water shall enter the tank through an
air gap.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
77
Proposed Regulations
d. Chemical solutions shall be kept covered, with access 1. Special provisions should be made as necessary for
openings curbed and fitted with tight covers. ventilation of feed and storage rooms in accordance with
VOSH and applicable fire code requirements.
11. Subsurface locations for solution tanks shall:
2. For each operator who will handle dry chemicals,
a. Be free from sources of possible contamination. protective equipment should be provided, including personal
b. Assure positive drainage for groundwater, accumulated protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities,
water, chemical spills, and overflows. and protective shields and barriers, in accordance with
VOSH requirements.
c. Be protected from aggressiveness.
3. Facilities should be provided for eye washing and
12. Solution tank overflow pipes shall: showering, in accordance with VOSH requirements.
a. Be turned downward. Protective equipment and neutralizers shall be stored in the
operating area.
b. Have free discharge.
12 VAC 5-581-910. Chemical clarification.
c. Be located where noticeable.
A. General design. Design unit operation detention time shall
d. Be directed so as not to contaminate the wastewater or be estimated as the ratio of the design basin volume to the
receiving stream or be a hazard to operating personnel, in design flow rate (into that basin) unless adequate test data is
accordance with VOSH requirements. made available verifying that a different value of detention
time can be utilized. Multiple unit operations for mixing,
13. Service water used in the feeder system shall be:
flocculation and clarification, including duplicate basins and
a. From sources acceptable to the division. equipment used for chemical feeding, controlled mixing and
for final clarification, shall be provided as follows:
b. Protected from contamination by appropriate means.
1. Advanced treatment works having a rated capacity
c. Ample in supply and adequate in pressure. greater than 40,000 gallons per day.
d. Provided with means for measurement when preparing 2. Treatment works consisting of physical-chemical unit
specific solution concentrations. Where a booster pump is operations.
required, duplicate equipment shall be provided.
3. Unit operations for controlled mixing shall be in series or
14. Scales shall be provided as follows: parallel.
a. For volumetric dry chemical feeders. 4. Provisions for unit operations to be taken out of service
b. Accurate to measure increments of 0.5% of load. without disrupting operation shall be included.
c. For weighing of carboys that are not calibrated 5. Multiple stage unit operations shall be provided when a
volumetrically. conventional operation cannot be achieved otherwise.
d. For large treatment works, indicating and recording B. Mixing. All treatment works shall provide appropriate mixing
type scales are desirable. unit operations upstream from required chemical clarification
and filtration unit operations.
15. Chemical application equipment should:
Rapid or high intensity mixing may be accomplished either
a. Assure maximum efficiency of treatment. within basins or in-line within closed channels. Basins should
b. Provide maximum protection of the receiving waters. be equipped with mechanical mixing devices; other
arrangements, such as baffling, are acceptable only under
c. Provide maximum safety to operators. special conditions. Where mechanical mixing devices are
utilized, duplicate mechanical mixing units or spare mixing
d. Assure satisfactory mixing of the chemicals with the
equipment shall be provided.
wastewater.
The rapid or high intensity detention period (T) should not be
e. Provide maximum flexibility of operation through
less than 10 seconds.
various points of application, when appropriate.
1. The design of the rapid mixing unit operations should be
f. Prevent backflow or back-siphonage between multiple
based upon the mean temporal velocity gradient (G)
points of feed through common manifolds.
(expressed in inverse units of seconds). Typical values for
g. Provide for the application of pH affecting chemicals to G and T are:
the wastewater prior to the addition of coagulants. -1
T (Seconds) G (Seconds )
C. Safety. Gases from feeders, storage, and equipment
10 1,100
exhaust shall be conveyed to the outside atmosphere, above
grade and remote from air intakes in accordance with 20 1,000
applicable state and federal requirements.
30 900
40 790
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Proposed Regulations
Tapered flocculation should be provided. Wing walls or
41 700 stators shall be provided to prevent vortexing in basins
For optimization, the design should establish the proper utilizing vertical shaft flocculators.
values of (G) and (T) from appropriate test or performance E. Conventional clarifiers. Circular clarifiers of the center feed,
data. peripheral feed and spiral flow type will be considered on an
2. Multiple points of application shall be provided to enable individual basis for gravity settling of coagulated and
the provision of maximum mixing intensity. flocculated sewage effluent (chemical clarification).
3. The physical configurations of the mixing basin shall be 1. Multiple basins shall be provided as required for
designed to eliminate vortexing. continuous operability of treatment works with design flow
capacity of more than 40,000 gallons per day or for
4. The speed variation of rapid mix equipment should be treatment works utilizing chemical-physical unit operations.
approximately 50% of the average speed requirement
range. 2. The design surface loading (overflow rate) shall be
established on a case-by-case basis as a function of the
C. Flocculation. Flocculation basins shall be designed to types of coagulants or use of enhanced settling devices or
optimize the effects of coagulation through increased configurations, such as modular tube-type sections utilized
opportunity for solids contact, and thus inlet and outlet design within shallow depth clarifiers. Surface loading rates shall
shall prevent short-circuiting and destruction of the developed not exceed 600 gpd/square foot for alum sludges, 800
suspended particles or floc. gpd/square foot for iron sludges and 1,000 gpd/square foot
Flocculation and sedimentation basins shall be as close for lime sludges, in processes utilizing flocculation, unless
together as physically possible. The velocity gradient of the adequate pilot plant data is presented verifying that higher
flocculated water through pipes or conduits to settling basins loading rates are acceptable.
shall not be greater than the velocity gradient utilized in 3. Conventional chemical clarification shall provide a
flocculating the water. Where velocity gradient is not used as minimum of four hours effective settling time unless
a design parameter, the linear velocity in pipes and conduits adequate operational data is submitted to verify that
from the flocculators to the settling basin shall not exceed 1/2 adequate treatment can be achieved at a reduced value of
foot per second. Allowances shall be made to minimize detention time. Effective settling time will be calculated
turbulence at bends and changes in direction. using the settling zone volume of the basins extending from
1. A drain and overflow shall be provided for each basin. the inlet entrance to the basins to the submerged effluent
orifices or weirs.
2. Multiple unit operations shall be provided for continuous
operability for design flows greater than 40,000 gallons per 4. Rectangular sedimentation basins shall be designed with
day. a length to width ratio of at least four to one.
3. Baffling may be used to provide for flocculation in small 5. Inlets shall be designed to distribute the wastewater
scale unit operations (less than 2,000 gallons in volume) by equally and at uniform velocities. Open ports, submerged
the division. ports, stilling walls or similar entrance arrangements are
required. Where stilling walls are not provided, a baffle shall
4. Flocculation basins shall be provided separately from be constructed across the basin in a manner to redirect flow
other unit operations except where a reactor clarifier or from the inlet and shall project several feet below the water
clarifiers are provided. surface to dissipate inlet velocities and provide uniform
flows across the basin settling zone.
D. Low intensity mixing. The minimum detention time for the
low intensity mixed volume shall be 20 minutes, unless 6. Outlet devices shall be designed to maintain velocities
acceptable operational or test data establishes that adequate suitable for settling in the basin and to minimize short-
flocculation can be accomplished within a reduced detention circuiting. The use of submerged orifices or submerged
time. weirs shall be provided where flocculation precedes
filtration. The maximum velocity gradient in pipes and
1. The design of the low intensity or contact type
conduits from the settling basins to the filters shall not
flocculation units shall be based upon the value of the
exceed that used in the flocculation. Where velocity gradient
product of the mean temporal velocity gradient times the
is not used as a parameter in the design of outlet devices,
detention time (GT), which is ordinarily in the range of
the linear velocity in pipes and conduits from settling basins
20,000 to 200,000.
shall not exceed one foot per second.
2. The design should also establish the optimum value of
7. The velocity through settling basins shall not exceed one
GT for flocculation from appropriate test data. Variable
foot per minute. The basins shall be designed to minimize
speed drive units shall be designed to allow speed variation
shortcircuiting.
throughout the design range.
8. An overflow weir (or pipe) shall be installed to be
3. Successive mixed or contact compartments should be
compatible with the maximum water level desired above the
provided. Special attention shall be given to providing
filter media where filters follow sedimentation. The overflow
properly sized ports effectively located between
shall discharge with a free fall at a location where the
compartments to minimize short-circuiting.
discharge may be observed.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
79
Proposed Regulations
9. Settling basins used for chemical clarification shall be b. Entrance to sludge withdrawal piping will prevent
provided with a means for dewatering. Basin bottoms shall clogging;
slope toward the drain not less than one foot of fall in 12
feet of length. c. Valves are located outside the tank for accessibility;
10. Automatic continuous sludge removal equipment shall d. The operator may observe or sample sludge being
be provided for chemical clarification. Provision shall be withdrawn from the unit;
made for the operator to observe or sample sludge being e. Automatic continuous sludge control shall be provided;
withdrawn from the clarifier. gravity control should be utilized.
11. Consideration shall be given to the provision of control 7. Superstructures. Consideration shall be given to
of climatic factors, such as wind and temperature through providing a superstructure to enclose the reactor clarifier
use of enclosures or superstructures. and associated sampling valves and piping.
F. Reactor clarifiers. Reactor type flocculation and chemical 12 VAC 5-581-920. Filtration.
clarification basins may be considered where wastewater
characteristics are evaluated by the division and deemed to A. Conventional design standards have been established for
be uniform. effluent filtration following unit operations for equalization,
coagulation and chemical clarification. For conventional
Reactor clarifiers shall be designed for the maximum uniform design, an equivalent level of pretreatment shall be provided.
flow rate and shall be adjustable to changes in flow which are Filtration for other wastewater reuse alternatives and the
less than the design rate. design for nutrient removal will be evaluated by the division
1. Multiple reactor clarifiers are required to maintain based on an evaluation of performance data. The owner shall
continuous operability. accompany a proposal for nonconventional filtration design
with appropriate pilot plant data or full scale unit operations
2. For reactor clarifiers a minimum of 30 minutes shall be data demonstrating acceptable treatment of similar
provided for flocculation and mixing. The clarification wastewater. The average BOD5 and suspended solids
detention time shall be established on the basis of the raw concentrations applied to the filter should not exceed twice the
wastewater or sewage characteristics and other local required values of filtrate BOD5 and suspended solids
conditions that affect the operation of the unit. Based on concentrations in accordance with the issued discharge permit
design flow rates, the minimum detention time shall be two or certificate limitations.
hours for reactor clarifiers.
B. General design. Conventional effluent filtration shall be
3. Reactor clarifiers shall be equipped with orifices if they accomplished at a uniform rate of one to five gallons per
precede filtration. Orifices shall produce uniform rising or minute per square foot of surface area through filter media
overflow rates over the entire area of the tank and shall consisting of a specified depth of the following materials,
provide an exit velocity not to exceed one foot per second. either as a single media, or as an approved combination of
Upflow rates shall not exceed one gallon per minute per multiple layers: (i) sand; (ii) anthracite; (iii) mineral aggregate;
square foot of area of the horizontal zone of sludge and (iv) other filter media considered on a case-by-case basis.
separation (blanket), for the design mode of operation of the
clarifier. 1. Equipment for the application of chemicals to the filter
influent shall be provided if necessary, to enhance
4. The following operating equipment shall be provided: suspended solids removal and minimize biological growth
within the media.
a. A complete set of necessary tools and accessories.
a. Multiple unit operations for filtration shall be provided to
b. Adequate piping with suitable sampling taps so located allow for continuous operation and operational variability
as to permit the collection of samples of wastewater from for a system with an average design of 0.04 mgd or
critical portions of the units. greater.
c. Conventional equipment to maintain feeding, mixing, b. The operating head loss shall not exceed 90% of the
and flocculation operation. filter media depth.
5. Weirs should be designed so that surface water does not c. Each filter shall have a means of individually controlling
travel over 10 feet horizontally to the overflow point or tops the filtration rate.
of weirs (launders). Weir loading shall not exceed 20
gallons per minute per foot of weir length. Where weirs are 2. The effluent filter walls shall not protrude into the filter
used they shall be: media and the incoming flow shall be uniformly applied to
flooded media, in such a manner as to prevent media
a. Adjustable. displacement. The height of the filter walls must provide for
b. At least equivalent in length to the perimeter of the adequate freeboard above the media surface to prevent
tank. overflows.
6. Sludge removal design shall provide that: 3. The filter shall be covered by a superstructure if
determined necessary under local climatic conditions. There
a. Sludge pipes shall be not less than three inches in shall be head room or adequate access to permit visual
diameter and so arranged as to facilitate cleaning; inspection of the operation as necessary for maintenance.
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Proposed Regulations
C. Backwashing. The source of backwash water upflow to 1. Porous plate and strainer bottoms are not recommended.
cleanse the filter media shall be disinfected and may be The design of manifold type filtrate collection or underdrain
derived from filtered wastewater effluent, for all treatment systems shall:
works with an average design flow equal to or greater than 0.1
mgd. a. Minimize loss of head in the manifold and baffles.
A design uniform backwash upflow minimum rate of 20 b. Assure even distribution of wash water and a uniform
gallons per square foot per minute, consistent with wastewater rate of filtration over the entire area of the filter.
temperatures and the specific gravity of the filter media, shall c. Provide the ratio of the area of the underdrain orifices
be provided by the underdrain or backwash distribution piping. to the entire surface area of the filter media at about
The backwash rate may be reduced in accordance with the 0.003.
demonstrated capability of other methods, such as air scour,
provided for cleaning of filter media. d. Provide the total cross-sectional area of the laterals at
about twice the area of the final openings.
1. The design backwash flow shall be provided at the
required rate by wash water pumps or by gravity backwash e. Provide a manifold which has a minimum cross
supply storage. Two or more backwash pumps shall be sectional area that is 1-1/2 times the total area of the
provided so that the required backwash flow rate is laterals.
maintained with any single pump out of service. Duplicate 2. Surface wash means shall be provided unless other
backwash waste pumps, each with a capacity exceeding means of media agitation are available during backwash.
the design backwash rate by 20%, shall be provided as Disinfected, filtered water or wastewater effluent shall be
necessary to return backwash to the upstream unit used as surface wash waters. Revolving type surface
operations. washers or an equivalent system shall be provided. All
2. Sufficient backwash flow shall be provided so that the rotary surface wash devices shall be designed with:
time of backwash is not less than 15 minutes for treatment a. Provisions for minimum wash water pressures of 40
works with design flows of 0.1 mgd or more, at the design psi.
rate of wash. A reduced capacity can be provided if it can
be demonstrated that a backwash period of less than 15 b. Provisions for adequate surface wash water to provide
minutes can result in a similar clean media bed headloss 0.5 to 1.0 gallon per minute per square foot of filter area.
and a similar filter operating period or run time.
3. Deep bed filters shall be supplied with:
3. The backwash control, or valves, as provided on the main
a. A loss of head gauge.
backwash water line, shall be sized so that the design rate
of filter backwash is obtained with the control or valve b. A rate of flow gauge.
settings for the individual filters approximately in a full open
position. A means for air release shall be provided between c. A rate of flow controller of either the direct acting,
the backwash pump and the wash water valve. indirect acting, constant rate, or declining rate types.
4. Air scouring, if provided, should maintain three to five d. If necessary, continuous effluent turbidity monitoring.
cubic feet per minute per square foot of filter area for two to e. A rate of flow indicator on the main backwash water
three minutes preceding backwash at the design rate. line, located so that it can be easily read by the operator
5. The bottom elevation of the channel or top of the weir during the backwashing process.
shall be located above the maximum level of expanded E. Rapid rate filters. The conventional design rapid rate of
media during back washing. In addition: filtration shall not exceed five gallons per minute per square
a. A backwash withdrawal arrangement for optimizing foot of filter surface area. The selected filtration rate shall be
removal of suspended solids shall be provided. based upon the degree of treatment required and filter effluent
quality requirements.
b. A two inch filter wall freeboard is to be provided at the
maximum depth of backwash flow above the filter media. 1. A filtration media sieve analysis shall be provided by the
design consultant. The media shall be clean silica sand
c. A level top or edge is required to provide a uniform having (i) a depth of not less than 27 inches and generally
loading in gpm per foot of channel or weir length. not more than 30 inches after cleaning and scraping and (ii)
an effective size of 0.35 millimeters to 0.5 millimeters,
d. An arrangement of collection channels or weirs to
depending upon the quality of the applied wastewater, and
provide uniform withdrawal of the backwash water from
(iii) a uniformity coefficient not greater than 1.6.
across the filter surface shall be provided.
2. A sieve analysis for supporting media shall be provided
D. Deep bed filters. The deep bed filter structure shall provide
for the design. A three-inch layer of torpedo sand shall be
a minimum depth of 8-1/2 feet as measured from the normal
used as the supporting media for the filter sand. Such
operating wastewater surface to the bottom of the underdrain
torpedo sand shall have (i) an effective size of 0.8
system. The structure should provide for a minimum applied
millimeters to 2.0 millimeters and (ii) a uniformity coefficient
wastewater depth of three feet as measured from the normal
not greater than 1.7.
operating wastewater surface to the surface of the filter media.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
3. A sieve analysis of anthracite media shall be provided for 4. Filter inlets shall consist of ports located throughout the
the design, if used. Clean crushed anthracite or a length of the filter.
combination of sand and anthracite may be considered on
the basis of experimental or operational data specific to the 5. The filter underdrainage system shall be provided along
project design. Such media shall have (i) an effective size the entire length of the filter so that filter effluent is uniformly
from 0.45 millimeters to 0.8 millimeters and (ii) a uniformity withdrawn without clogging of the outlet openings provided
coefficient not greater than 1.7. for collection and backwash.
4. Gravel used as a supporting media shall consist of hard 6. Duplicate backwash pumps, each capable of providing
rounded particles and shall not include flat or elongated the required backwash flow, shall be provided.
particles. The coarsest gravel shall be 2-1/2 inches in size 7. Facilities shall be provided for addition of filter aid to
when the gravel rests directly on the strainer system and strengthen floc prior to filtration.
must extend above the top of the perforated laterals or
strainer nozzles. Not less than four layers of gravel shall be 8. A skimmer shall be provided for each filter.
provided in accordance with the following size and depth H. Pressure filtration. Pressure filter rates shall be consistent
distribution: with those set forth in gravity filtration. Pressure filter media
SIZE DEPTH shall be consistent with that set forth in gravity filtration.
2-1/2 to 1-1/2 inches 5 to 8 inches 1. For pressure filter operation. The design should provide
for:
1-1/2 to 3/4 inches 3 to 5 inches
a. Pressure gauges on the inlet and outlet pipes of each
3/4 to 1/3 inch 3 to 5 inches filter to determine loss of head.
1/2 to 3/16 inch 2 to 3 inches b. A conveniently located meter or flow indicator with
3/16 to 3/32 inch 2 to 3 inches appropriate information to monitor each filter.
Reduction of gravel depth may be considered upon c. The means for filtration and backwashing of each filter
application to the division and where proprietary filter individually, using a minimally complex arrangement of
bottoms are proposed. piping.
F. High rate gravity filters. The highest average filtration rate d. Flow indicators and controls convenient and accessible
shall not exceed six gallons per minute per square foot unless for operating the control valves while reading the flow
the division can verify that a higher rate meets treatment indicators.
needs based on evaluation of pilot plant studies or operational e. An air release valve on the highest point of each filter.
data. The selected filter rate shall be based upon the filter
effluent quality requirements. 2. The top of the wastewater collection channel or weir shall
be established at least 18 inches above the surface of the
The media provided for high rate filtration shall consist of media.
anthracite, silica sand or other suitable sand. Since certain
manufacturers are presently utilizing multiple media and 3. An underdrain system to uniformly and efficiently collect
homogeneous media that are proprietary in nature, minimum filtered wastewater and that distributes the backwash water
standards are not established for filter media depth, effective at a uniform rate, not less than 15 gallons per minute per
size and uniformity coefficient of filter media, or the specific square foot of filter area, shall be provided. A means to
gravity of that media. observe the wash water during backwashing should be
established.
G. Shallow bed filters. The shallow bed filtration rate should
not exceed 1-1/4 gallons per minute per square foot and shall 4. Minimum sidewall heights of five feet shall be provided
not exceed two gallons per minute per square foot of filter for each filter. A corresponding reduction in sidewall height
area at average design flow. is acceptable where proprietary bottoms permit reduction of
the gravel depth.
1. Chlorination prior to shallow bed filtration shall be
sufficient to maintain a chlorine residual of one mg/l through 5. An accessible manhole should be provided as required to
the filter for a system with average design flow of 0.1 mgd facilitate inspections and repairs.
or greater. I. Traveling bridge. This type of filter is normally equipped with
2. Multiple unit operations shall be provided to allow for a shallow bed divided into cells with a continuously operated
continuous operability and operational variability. reciprocating cell-by-cell traveling backwash system. This filter
system shall comply with applicable design criteria set forth for
3. The filter media shall consist of a series of up to eight shallow bed filters. Use of these filters will be evaluated by the
inch filter increments having a minimum total media depth of division on a case-by-case basis.
11 inches. The sand media shall have an effective size in
the range of 0.40 mm to 0.65 mm and a uniformity J. Microstraining. Microstraining involves the passing of
coefficient of 1.5 or less. treated effluent through a horizontally mounted, rotating drum
with a filtering fabric fixed to its periphery by a porous screen.
Microstrainer equipment is typically used to improve treatment
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Proposed Regulations
of biologically treated wastewater which has received effluent should not be pumped, but allowed to flow by
secondary clarification. Thus, biological attached growth can gravity to the microstrainer unit to minimize the shear force
accumulate on the filter fabric. Means to control such imparted to the fragile biological floc.
biological growth shall be addressed in the design.
6. Hydraulic capacity of the microstrainer is affected by the
1. The most common screen opening (aperture) sizes are rate of clogging of the screening fabric. The accumulation or
23, 35 and 60 microns, but other sizes may be available. build-up of attached bio-mass on the screen over time must
Normally, the larger sizes are used in cases when only the be prevented. The use of ultraviolet light may reduce the
coarser solids are desired to be removed. The type of mesh rate of such accumulation. Microstrainers shall not be
weave, when considered in conjunction with aperture size, utilized to treat wastewaters containing high grease and oil
greatly affects the hydraulic capacity of a microstrainer. concentrations, due to their clogging effects. Iron and
Screen size selection must be based on the particle type manganese buildups also tend to clog the screen.
and size to be removed. Periodically, the screen must be taken out of service and
cleaned. Microstraining units shall be provided in sufficient
2. Screens are made from a variety of woven metals and numbers and capacities to maintain 100% operability of the
nonmetals, with stainless steel being the most commonly microstraining process. Automatic control of drum speed
used material. Nonmetallic filter cloths are especially and backwash pressure based on head loss through the
suitable for those applications where the presence of screen shall be utilized to help overcome this sensitivity
corrosive chemicals would be harmful to metallic cloths. problem.
Chlorination immediately ahead of microstraining units
employing metallic cloths should be avoided. 7. Pilot plant studies can be conducted to determine the
applicability and design of the microstraining unit to the
3. The area of the submerged portion of the screening fabric specific wastewater to be treated. The hydraulic capacity of
helps to govern the hydraulic capacity. Normal a microstrainer is determined by the following: head
submergence is 2/3 to 3/4 of the drum diameter. The speed applied, concentration of solids, size of solids, nature of
of rotation of the drum should be based on particle type size solids, rate of clogging, drum rotational speed, drum
to be removed. Decreasing the speed of rotation causes submergence, mesh weave and aperture size. These
increased removal efficiencies but has the effect of factors are interrelated such that a change in any one of
increasing the head loss through the filter fabric and them will cause a change in some or all of the remaining
decreasing the hydraulic capacity of the unit. The design factors.
rotational speed should be about seven rpm.
K. Nonfixed beds and upflow. Continuously backwashed and
4. The backwash system should be designed to serve the other nonfixed bed filters are considered as nonconventional
dual function of applying energy in the form of pressurized technology. Conventional design standards may be
washwater spray to the screen to dislodge retained particles established through evaluation of performance data as
and to collect and transport the solids-laden washwater provided for in this chapter.
away from the microstrainer. The backwash system shall be
designed to minimize splash-over (solids-laden backwash L. Membrane, ultra and micro. Filtration of treated effluent
spray water that falls short or long of the washwater through membranes and other media involving molecular
collector rather than into the collector as intended). The sized removal is considered nonconventional technology.
microstrainer design shall provide for solids retained on the Application of this technology will be considered based on
screen which fall back into the drum pool. Backwashing evaluation of performance data as provided for in this chapter.
shall be continuous. Backwash water requirements should
be based on particle type and size to be removed. The M. Carbon adsorption. Carbon adsorption involves the
volume of wash water required shall be determined on an interphase accumulation or concentration of dissolved
individual basis. The normal source of backwash water is substances at a surface or solid-liquid interface by an
the microstrainer effluent collector. Normally only one-half of adsorption process. Activated carbon, which is generally a
the backwash water volume actually penetrates the screen; wood or coal char developed from extreme heat, can be used
the rest, called a splashback, flows into the effluent section. in powdered form (PAC) or granular form (GAC). Generally,
The backup system should minimize splashback. Increasing carbon adsorption is used as the polishing process to remove
the backwash flow and pressure has the tendency to dissolved organic material remaining in a wastewater treated
decrease the headloss through the screen. Up to 25% of to a secondary or advanced level. Activated carbon adsorption
the total through-put volume may be required for backwash can also be used for dechlorination.
purposes, but averages of 1.0% to 5.0% are typical. 1. Parameters with general application to design of carbon
Adequate backwash waste storage and treatment facilities adsorption units are carbon properties, contact time,
should be provided to dispose of the removed materials hydraulic loading, carbon particle size, pH, temperature and
within the design limitations of other system components. wastewater composition, including concentrations of
5. The most suitable pressure differential through the suspended solids and other pollutants.
screen shall be determined on an individual basis. Usual 2. The adsorption characteristics of the type of carbon to be
pressure differential under normal operating conditions is 12 used shall be established. Such characteristics may be
to 18 inches. The pressure applied to the screen affects the established using jar test analyses of various activated
flow rate through the screen. The low pressure requirement carbons in reaction with the waste to be treated. Adsorption
is one of the microstrainer's advantages. The secondary isotherms for each form of carbon proposed for use shall be
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
83
Proposed Regulations
determined. The source and availability of replacement 2. Present and future land use.
carbon, as designed, shall be addressed.
3. Public acceptance.
3. Pilot plant studies shall be performed upon the selected
carbon using the wastewater to be adsorbed, where B. Site design. Conformance to local land use zoning and
industrial and domestic wastes are present to determine: planning should be resolved between the local government
breakpoint, exhaustion rate, contact time to achieve effluent and the owner. Adjacent owners should be contacted by the
standards; and if applicable, the backwash frequency, applicant to establish whether significant opposition to the
pressure drop through the fixed bed columns, and the proposed location, or locations, exists. Concerns of adjacent
carbon regeneration capacity required. Where strictly landowners will be considered in the evaluation of site
domestic waste is to be treated, data from similar full scale suitability. Public meetings may be scheduled either during or
unit operations or pilot plant data will be acceptable. after the evaluation of final design documents so that the
division can discuss the technical issues concerning the
4. Where carbon regeneration is provided, carbon loss due system design through public participation procedures. Public
to transportation between the columns and regeneration hearings may be held as part of the certificate/permit issuance
furnace in the range of five to 10 percent total carbon usage procedures.
shall be considered normal for design. The rate at which
carbon will lose adsorption capacity with each regeneration 1. The estimated established site size should be calculated
should be established. using a typical maximum annual loading depth of 36 inches
for slow rate systems and a maximum depth of 72 inches
5. If fixed-bed GAC carbon columns must be backwashed to per year for high rate systems to compute the field area
remove solids entrapped in the carbon material, then size. In addition, the buffer zone area should be estimated
backwash facilities shall provide for expansion of the bed by using a typical distance of 200 feet from the extremities of
at least 30%. the field areas to adjacent property lines. This total
estimated site area should be available and permission
6. Carbon adsorption unit operations may be provided in obtained to gain access to the site for field investigations.
parallel or series. Sufficient capacity shall be provided to
allow for continuous operability of the carbon adsorption 2. When investigating a potential site for application of
process. wastewater, there are some limiting factors, including
topography, soils, and vegetative growth (crop), which shall
7. Nonfixed bed carbon adsorption unit operations may be be evaluated early to determine site suitability for a land
operated in the upflow or downflow mode. Duplicate treatment system. This evaluation should be made in two
pumping units shall be provided for such unit operations. phases: a preliminary phase and a field investigation phase.
8. Carbon adsorption unit operations should provide for 3. The preliminary phase of site evaluations should include
purging with chlorine or other oxidants as necessary for the identification of the proposed location of the land
odor and bio-mass control. treatment system on a recent U.S.G.S. topographic map
Article 9. (7.5 minute quadrangle) or acceptable reproduction or
Natural Treatment. facsimile thereof. A property line survey map should also be
available for use in identifying the site location or locations.
12 VAC 5-581-930. Conventional alternatives.
4. The 100-year flood elevation should be identified and the
A conventional land treatment system utilizes a secondary proposed pretreatment unit processes should be roughly
process for pretreatment of sewage followed by irrigation, located in relation to elevation.
overland flow, or infiltration-percolation (or combination
thereof) methods for applying the treated effluent to an 5. Preliminary soils information should include a soil site
approved site. Other natural treatment alternatives such as suitability map and include information to identify soil
aquatic ponds and constructed wetlands may provide textures, grades, drainage, erosion potential, suitability for
conventional sewage treatment. Reuse of treated effluents for certain crops, etc. Information on soil characteristics may be
such purposes as irrigation of public use areas or use for available from either the National Resources Conservation
industrial processes, will require advanced treatment prior to Service (NRS) Office, the local Cooperative Extension
such reuse. Service Agent, or the Soil and Water Conservation Nutrient
Management Specialist.
12 VAC 5-581-940. Land treatment.
6. The field area available for effluent application may be
A. Site specific information shall be submitted with the estimated using typical criteria based on topography and
preliminary proposal in accordance with this chapter and soil characteristics. Field areas should be delineated on
standards contained in this chapter. topographic maps of the proposed land treatment site.
Land treatment systems shall have adequate land for 7. The land treatment system design consultant should
pretreatment facilities, storage reservoirs, administrative and arrange a Preliminary Engineering Conference (PEC), as
laboratory buildings, and buffer zones, as well as the described in this chapter, as a final step in the preliminary
application sites (field area). The availability of this land phase of the site evaluation. The requirements for soil
should be determined prior to any detailed site evaluation. Site borings and backhoe pits as needed to study soils should
availability information should be obtained concerning: be established at the PEC. A site visit should be scheduled
1. Availability for acquisition or acceptable control.
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at the PEC that involves the appropriate regulatory approval of a land application site. The minimum required
personnel and the owner and design consultant. depth for field areas will depend on the type of land
application system as well as the soil characteristics.
8. The land treatment system design consultant may not
wish to conduct detailed field investigations of site 4. Representative soil samples shall be collected for each
topography, hydrology and soil characteristics prior to the major soil type identified by the field investigation and
site visit by regulatory personnel and their advisors. analyzed for certain parameters in accordance with this
However, the proposed locations of field areas and chapter.
pretreatment units should be established and identified
during the site visit. The location of any existing soil borings, 5. Detailed information on the geologic conditions of the
backhoe pits, springs, wells, etc., should also be identified proposed site shall be provided by a geologist or other
during the site visit. Soil borings and backhoe pits may be technical specialist, or specialists, knowledgeable in
excavated prior to, during and following the site visit as geohydrologic principles.
required. The requirements for soil permeability and a. Detailed information on the site hydrology and
hydraulic conductivity testing should be developed either groundwater shall be provided by a geologist, hydrologist
during or shortly after the site visit. or other technical specialist, or specialists, knowledgeable
9. Applicants for development of all land treatment systems in hydrologic principles and ground water hydrology.
shall be required to submit at least the minimum required b. The depth to the permanent ground water table below
information as required for the appropriate certificate/permit the site shall be determined. The location, depth and
to be issued. extent of perched water tables as well as the estimated
C. Site features. The soil at a potential site should be seasonal fluctuations shall be established. The effect of
identified in terms of its absorption capacity and crop the permanent and seasonal water tables on performance
production classification, which is a function of physical and of the particular land treatment system shall be evaluated
chemical characteristics. Important physical characteristics by the design consultant.
include texture, structure and soil depth. Chemical c. The characteristics of ground water movement under
characteristics that may be important include pH, ion the proposed site should be established and evaluated
exchange capacity, nutrient levels, and organic fraction. The using piezometer installations or other acceptable
absorption capacity of a soil may be directly related to soil methods. The potential impact of the land treatment
texture and structure. Soil color may provide an indication of system on aquifer hydraulics and water quality shall be
the movement of moisture through soil. Hydraulic conductivity predicted through the use of modeling and appropriate
may be estimated from in-field tests using acceptable monitoring devices.
infiltrometer devices. In addition, the absorption characteristics
of a soil may be related to its hydraulic conductivity as d. The present and planned uses of the aquifer(s)
measured by both in situ and laboratory tests using identified as affected by the land treatment system should
acceptable procedures (Table 9). The conductivity tests be determined by the consultant.
should be conducted in the most restrictive layer within the D. Land treatment methods. The following methods, or
depth affected by the land application system. Soil productivity combinations thereof, as regulated by the appropriate permit
and nutrient management characteristics are discussed in the or certificate, are considered conventional technology in
Biosolids Use Regulations (12 VAC 5-585-10 et seq.). accordance with this chapter:
1. Soil evaluation for a land treatment system should follow 1. Irrigation - slow rate. Wastewater may be applied by
a systematic approach of selecting proper locations for spraying, flooding, or ridge and furrow methods. Irrigation
borings or excavations based on topographic position, methods are designed not to discharge to surface waters.
slopes and drainage. The physical characteristics of site
soils should then be verified by an acceptable number of 2. Rapid infiltration. Wastewater may be applied by
recorded observations that include soil depth to horizon spreading and spraying. The system shall be designed to
changes, restrictive layers and parent material, color, meet all certificate/permit requirements and groundwater
texture and structure, for borings or excavations to a standards.
minimum depth of five feet.
3. Overland flow. This method of wastewater renovation is
2. If the soil characteristics differ substantially between best suited for soils with low permeability. Generally, a
borings or excavations, without a logical technical reason permit or certificate for a discharge to surface waters must
for the variation, then additional boring and excavation be issued.
locations should be studied to identify the nature and extent
E. Other alternatives. Natural treatment systems such as
of the changes in soil patterns throughout the proposed site.
aquatic ponds, constructed wetlands and biological/plant
3. The soil characteristics of the proposed site should be filters and other aquatic plant systems are somewhat related
described by a qualified technical specialist knowledgeable to land treatment technology. Natural treatment involves the
in the principles of soil science, agronomy, and nutrient use of plants in a constructed but relatively natural
management. The long term impact of land application of environment for the purpose of achieving treatment objectives.
the treated effluent on site soils and vegetation or crops The major difference between nonconventional natural and
must be evaluated by the land treatment system design conventional treatment systems is that conventional systems
consultant. Certain minimum soil depths are required for typically use a highly managed and controlled environment for
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
85
Proposed Regulations
the rapid treatment of the wastewater. In contrast, climatic conditions and the nutrient management
nonconventional natural systems use a comparatively requirements of the field area crop. Operational storage
unmanaged environment in which treatment occurs at a necessary for system maintenance shall be provided.
slower rate. Climatic holding periods shall be based on the most
adverse conditions of freezing and precipitation, as taken
1. The use of natural treatment as a part of a land treatment from accurate recorded historical data that are available for
system may take several forms including ponds called the local area (in no case less than 25 years). The storage
"Aquatic Processing Units" (APU). Floating plants such as volume shall be sufficient to prevent any unpermitted
water hyacinths and duckweed are often used in APU discharges to state waters.
treatment.
2. A minimum holding period of 120 days shall be required
2. Constructed wetlands are defined as areas where the when climatic data is not available. System backup storage
wastewater surface is controlled near (subsurface flow) or shall be determined by the complexity of the entire
above (free water surface) a soil or media surface for long treatment system. An increase or reduction of minimum
enough each year to maintain saturated conditions and the storage may be considered on a case-by-case basis based
growth of related vegetation such as cattails, rushes, and on adequate documentation of agronomic crop production
reeds. and nutrient utilization.
3. Constructed wetlands must provide for groundwater 3. The depth of the volume containment for total storage
protection and may be used to provide additional treatment requirements shall be measured above any minimum depth
to primary, secondary, or highly treated effluents prior to requirements for maintenance.
final discharge.
4. The owner shall provide a minimum reserve area
4. Natural (existing) wetlands are considered as state equivalent in size to 25% of the design field area. Additional
waters and any discharge to them shall be regulated in reserve area may be required as evaluated by the division,
accordance with an issued discharge permit or certificate. if the general conditions of the field area are deemed
F. Features. Biological treatment that will produce an effluent marginal or in proximity of critical areas or waters. The
either with a maximum BOD5 of 60 mg/l or less, or be of such reserve area shall be capable of being used as a functional
quality that can be adequately disinfected, if necessary, shall area within 30 days of notice.
be provided prior to natural treatment, including use of 5. Some allowance for a reduced reserve shall be allowed if
conventional unit operations prior to the land application of additional storage is provided or if there is an alternate
treated effluent and advanced treatment prior to reuse. treatment mode (e.g., discharge) that can be utilized by the
Disinfection may be required following or prior to land facility.
application and other natural treatment. If spray irrigation 6. Design criteria for treatment or storage ponds shall be in
equipment is utilized, adequate aerosol management accordance with this chapter and standards contained in
including pre-disinfection shall be provided. this chapter. In addition, the following requirements shall be
Buffer zones around field areas shall be provided in met:
accordance with the monitored maximum microbiological a. A minimum operational water depth shall be
content of the applied effluent as follows: maintained.
(1)
Fecal Coliform Count Minimum Buffer Distance, Feet b. Provisions shall be made to allow complete drainage of
(No./100 mls) the pond for maintenance.
(2)
200 or less 200 c. Duplicate pumps shall be provided if necessary to
(3) transport pond flows, with the capacity of each pump
23 or less 50
sized to handle the maximum rate of flow plus an
2.2 or less None, but no application during allowance to deplete stored volumes.
(3)
occupation of field area
d. Disinfection may be provided either upstream from
Notes: ponds, or the pond effluent may require disinfection.
(1)
Exceeded by only 10% or less of samples tested. e. When chlorination is utilized to disinfect pumped flows,
(2)
No public use of field areas. the detention time of the holding pond chlorination
facilities shall provide a minimum of 30 minutes of contact
(3)
Transient public use may occur after a three-hour time, based on the maximum design pumping rate in
drying period following application. accordance with this chapter and standards contained in
this chapter.
1. The owner shall provide sufficient holding time to store all
flow during periods either when crop nutrient uptake is G. Design loadings. Loading rates shall be based on the most
limited or nonexistent, the ground is frozen, surface critical value as determined by the liquid and nutrient
saturation occurs during wet weather, the ground is covered application rates, or total application amounts for other
with snow, or the irrigation site or field areas cannot constituents (such as boron, salts, pH-alkalinity, copper or
otherwise be operated. The total volume of holding required sodium, etc.), present in such concentrations as could
shall be based on the storage necessary to provide for produce pollution of either the soil, cover crop, or water
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
quality. Total weekly application (precipitation plus liquid 6. The annual liquid loading depth for plant nitrogen
loading rate) shall not exceed two times the design loading requirements shall be determined by the following equation:
rate. This higher than conventional loading rate shall be used
only to balance seasonal water deficits, and groundwater L = N/2.7C
quality standards shall not be exceeded unless a variance to Where:
the violated standard has been approved by the State Water
Control Board. N = Crop nitrogen uptake, lb/acre/yr.
1. An overall water balance shall be investigated in C = Total nitrogen concentration, mg/1
accordance with one of the following equations based on
design criteria: C = TKN + NO2-N + NO3-N
a. Irrigation or infiltration
L = Annual liquid loadings depth, ft/yr.
design precipitation + effluent applied =
evapotranspiration + hydraulic conductivity. TKN = Total KJELDAHL nitrogen = organic
N + NH3 - N
b. Overland flow
design precipitation + effluent applied = 7. The monthly nitrogen loading rate design should be
evapotranspiration + hydraulic conductivity + runoff . distributed over the growth cycle of the particular crop, as
much as practicable.
2. Design precipitation shall be the wettest year for a 10-
year period (return frequency of one year in 10). Minimum 8. If other nutrients, organics, or trace elements are present
time period for this analysis should be 25 years. Average in concentrations critical to either crops, soil, or water
monthly distribution (average percentage of the total annual quality, then a total mass balance similar to that for nitrogen
precipitation that occurs in each month) shall be assumed. shall be investigated for each critical element or compound.
3. Design evapotranspiration (monthly) shall be 75% of 9. The land application design average rate shall be
average monthly pan evaporation values collected at official determined by the climatic conditions, selected crops, and
weather stations within or contiguous to the Commonwealth soil characteristics. However, the maximum application
of Virginia and should be representative (similar rates in terms of depth of effluent applied to the field area
geographically and climatological) of the proposed site. shall be as follows:
4. Design hydraulic conductivity shall be a given percentage a. One-fourth inch per hour.
(see Table 9) of respective laboratory and field
b. One inch per day.
measurements that yield the rate at which water passes
through the soil under presoaked conditions. c. Two inches per week (one inch per week in forest field
areas used for year round application).
The test methodology should be in accordance with current
published procedures made available to the division. H. Field area design. Field area is defined as the area of land
where renovation of wastewater takes place (area under
TABLE 9.
actual spray or distribution pattern). The field area shall be
DESIGN HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY.
designed to satisfy the most critical loading parameter (i.e.,
Type of Test Percent of minimum annual liquid loading depth) according to the following
measured value to be used equation:
in design
Field Area (acres) = Q/D*365/(365-S)
i. Saturated Vertical Hydraulic 7
Conductivity Where: Q = Wastewater flow in (acre-inches/week)
ii. Basin Infiltration 12.5 D = Applied depth in inches/week
iii. Cylinder Infiltrometers 3 S = Minimum required storage capacity +
annual resting periods during the
iv. Air Entry Permeameter 3 application season when no waste
can be land applied.
v. (Other - to be evaluated by the
division) 1. The minimum storage capacity shall be the average
5. During periods of application, the applied nitrogen shall design volume of flow accumulated over a period of 60
be accounted for through (i) crop uptake and harvest; (ii) days, unless other storage periods are justified by climatic
denitrification; (iii) addition to surface water and ground data. It should be noted that the field area equation does
water, or storage in soil. In winter, site loadings for slow rate not take into consideration the area needed for reserve
systems shall not exceed the hydraulic design for those capacity or future expansion (no less than 25% of design
particular months. Winter application of treated effluent may field area).
be provided only (i) to cool season grasses (ii) following 2. The field area shall be divided into smaller sections for
three consecutive days of minimum daily temperatures in application to allow for rotational use of these sections.
excess of 25°F and maximum in excess of 40°F. Rotational operation shall be designed to provide the
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
87
Proposed Regulations
maximum resting periods for field areas. The distribution 1. Five feet of well-drained loamy soils are preferred. The
system shall be designed to meet the requirement for minimum soil depth to unconsolidated rock should be three
alternating application to the field area sections. Minimum feet. The hydraulic conductivity should be between 0.2 - 6
resting periods shall be two days, one day and two weeks inches/hour.
for irrigation, overland flow and infiltration-percolation,
respectively. Maximum wetting period shall not exceed five 2. The minimum depth to the permanent water table should
days, one week, and one day respectively for irrigation, be five feet. The minimum depth to the seasonal water table
infiltration-percolation, and overland flow, respectively. should be three feet. Where the permanent water table is
Resting and wetting periods depend on soil types, climatic less than five feet and the seasonal water table is less than
conditions, harvesting requirements, etc. three feet, the field area application rate shall be designed
to prevent surface saturation. In addition, underdrain and
3. The field area or areas shall be adequately enclosed with groundwater pumping equipment may be required.
suitable fencing to prevent access to livestock and the
public where necessary. Signs shall be posted at sufficient 3. The method of applying the liquid to the field shall be
intervals (100 to 300 feet) around the entire perimeter of designed to best suit prevailing topographic, climatic, and
field areas to identify the land treatment operation and soil conditions. Two methods of application are:
specify access precautions. a. Sprinkler systems with low trajectory nozzles or
4. A groundwater monitoring system shall be provided in sprinkler heads to uniformly distribute the applied effluent
accordance with the permit or certificate requirements. A across a specified portion of the field area. Application is
minimum of one upgradient and two downgradient to be restricted in high winds that adversely affect the
monitoring wells shall be provided. The well locations, along efficiency of distribution and spread aerosol mists beyond
with typical well construction specifications, shall be the field areas.
submitted with the proposal. Upon installation, the driller's b. Ditch irrigation systems that utilize gravity flow of
log shall be submitted. Additional monitoring well locations effluent through ditches or furrows, from which effluent
may be required if deemed necessary upon evaluation of percolates into the soil. For uniformity of distribution, the
monitoring data. The results of any required sampling and slope of the field area is to be uniform and constant.
testing of groundwater shall be submitted to the division for
evaluation in accordance with the operating permit. 4. The height of spray nozzles, pressure at the spray
nozzles and spacing of the laterals shall be adequate to
5. Representative agriculturally related soil tests are provide uniform distribution of the effluent over the field
required on crop dependent systems to ensure adequate area. The design height and pressure of the spray nozzles
vegetative cover. The growing and maintaining of a shall avoid damage to vegetation and soil.
vegetative cover on application sites is a very integral part
of the system. The plants prevent soil erosion and utilize 5. Adequate provisions shall be made to prevent freezing
nutrients and water. The system design should provide for a and corrosion of spray nozzles and distribution lines when
proper balance between applied amounts of water and the system or a section of the system is not in operation.
nutrients. The designer may wish to consult with both 6. Appropriate vegetation shall be maintained uniformly on
agronomic and nutrient management specialists on these all field areas. Usually water tolerant grasses with high
matters. The design shall address crop and nutrient nitrogen uptakes are used. Over seeding with cool season
management. grasses may be necessary during the fall season, prior to
6. The wastewater application schedule should be worked October 15 of each year. Silviculture sites and reuse
around the plans for harvesting. A minimum of 30 days shall irrigation sites may also be used with this type of land
be required between the last day of application and treatment.
utilization of all crops. Crops that will be consumed raw by J. Rapid infiltration. This form of treatment requires the least
man shall not be grown in land application field areas. amount of land. Renovation is achieved by natural, physical,
7. Information on the proposed crops and their intended use chemical, and biological processes as the applied effluent
may be forwarded to the Virginia Department of Agriculture moves through the soil. Effluent is allowed to infiltrate the soil
and Consumer Services for evaluation. at a relatively high rate, requiring a field area with coarse
grained soils. This system is designed for three main
I. Low intensity design. The low intensity application or purposes (i) ground water recharge; (ii) recovery of renovated
irrigation field area should be as flat as possible with water using wells or underdrains with subsequent reuse, or
maximum slopes of 5.0% or less. The design of low intensity (iii) discharge and recharge of surface streams by interception
irrigation of treated effluent shall provide for nutrient of ground water.
management control. When it is necessary to locate field
areas on slopes of eight to 12%, special precautions shall be 1. Five feet of sand or loamy sand is preferred. Soil grain
taken to prevent seepage or runoff of sewage effluent to size should be greater than .05 mm in size. The hydraulic
nearby streams. Dikes or terraces can be provided for field conductivity should be greater than two inches/hour.
areas, together with runoff collection and return pumping 2. The permanent ground water table shall be a minimum of
equipment. The maximum field area slope should be 12%. 15 feet below the land surface. With this method, a
The irrigation field area shall be located a minimum distance recharge mound is not uncommon and shall be properly
of 50 feet from all surface waters. evaluated by the consultant. A minimum distance of 10 feet
Virginia Register of Regulations
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Proposed Regulations
should be maintained between the land surface and the 2. Control of insects, particularly mosquitoes, is normally
apex of the recharge mound (during a worse-case required for constructed wetlands and aquatic plant
situation). Lesser depths may be acceptable where under systems. The use of mosquito-eating fish and water depth
drainage is provided. adjustments are recommended.
3. Spreading and spraying are the two main application 3. Some constituents which may be present in wastewaters,
techniques that are suitable for infiltration-percolation. particularly those having high industrial loads, are toxic to
many aquatic plants. Therefore, tests should be conducted
4. Design application rates will vary according to the site to identify possible toxics prior to selection of the aquatic
area, soil, geology, and hydrology characteristics. plant species.
5. The buffer distances from extremities of field areas to 4. Natural systems utilize a higher life form of less diversity
private wells should be at least 400 feet. than found in more conventional biological treatment
K. Overland flow. Renovation of wastewater is accomplished systems. This lack of biological diversity may reduce
by physical, chemical, and biological means as applied treatment performance. Constructed wetland and aquatic
effluent flows through vegetation on a relatively impermeable plant systems could be more susceptible to long term
sloped surface. Wastewater is sprayed or flooded over the process upsets. Therefore, the effects of fluctuations in
upper reaches of the slope and a percentage of the treated climate and wastewater characteristics is extremely
water is collected as runoff at the bottom of the slope, with the important in the design of natural systems.
remainder lost to evapotranspiration and percolation. 5. Some aquatic plant and animal species have the
Overland systems should be capable of producing effluent at potential to create a nuisance condition if inadvertently
or below secondary level; however, additional treatment units released to natural waterways. Federal, state and local
may be needed to achieve the permitted effluent limitations. restrictions on the use of certain aquatic plants and animals
1. Soils should have minimal infiltration capacity, such as shall be considered.
heavy clays, clay loams or soils underlain by impermeable 6. Harvesting and the use or disposal of aquatic plants
lenses. The restrictive layers in the soil should be between should result in removal of organics, solids and nutrients
one to two feet from the surface to maintain adequate such as nitrogen and phosphorous from the APU effluent.
vegetation. The hydraulic conductivity should be less than Management of residual matter shall be in accordance with
0.2 inches/hour. Field area slopes shall be less than 8.0%. this chapter and standards contained in this chapter.
Monitoring wells shall be provided.
12 VAC 5-581-950. Constructed wetlands.
2. Renovated water shall be collected at the toe of the slope
in cut off ditches or by similar means and channeled to a A. Design. These unit operations typically consist of inundated
monitoring point and disinfected as required. or saturated media supporting flora and fauna typically found
in natural wetlands. Two basic designs are referred to as
3. The effluent application method should achieve a sheet submerged flow systems (SFS) and free water surface
flow pattern that will produce maximum contact between the systems (FWS). Terms that are also considered synonymous
applied wastewater and the soil medium. This can be with these systems include (i) rock-plant filters; (ii) marsh-reed
accomplished by lateral distribution methods, low pressure filters; (iii) microbial rock-plant filters; and (iv) artificial wetland
sprays and moderate to high pressure impact sprinklers bio-reactors.
discharging onto porous pads or aprons designed to
distribute the applied flow while preventing erosion. 1. The design of constructed wetlands is considered
Maximum application rates in terms of depth of effluent nonconventional technology. Design loading values shall be
should be less than 10 inches per week. established in accordance with the type of treatment
proposed, established performance data, and site specific
4. Perennial field area vegetation shall be required. features. The use of indigenous wetland flora is
Hydrophilic or water tolerant grasses are usually grown with recommended provided that those species proposed have
this type of system. been evaluated as suitable for such use by technical
L. Alternative design. Information submitted for approval of experts qualified to make such judgements. Certain flora
other natural treatment systems and reuse alternatives shall and fauna may be restricted for use in constructed
include performance data obtained from either full-scale wetlands.
systems similar to the proposed design, or pilot studies 2. All constructed wetlands shall be preceded by
conducted over a testing period exceeding one year, to a pretreatment of sewage, established as at least equivalent
period of two years, based on test results. to primary treatment in accordance with this chapter and
Special consideration should be given to the following factors standards contained in this chapter. Constructed wetlands
in planning and design of natural systems: may be preceded by secondary or better treatment when
used for effluent polishing, nutrient reduction, or advanced
1. Many aquatic plants are sensitive to cold temperatures treatment.
and may require the use of a protected environment or
operation on a seasonal basis. Some plants may be 3. The design of individual constructed wetlands shall
considered unacceptable for use and their growth must be provide the appropriate features specified for pond
controlled. treatment systems in accordance with this chapter.
Required detention times may vary from one day to 20 days
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
89
Proposed Regulations
or more, in accordance with the type of pretreatment and day per acre of surface area shall be substantiated by
the issued permit or certificate effluent limitations. evaluation of adequate performance data.
4. The following factors shall be considered in the selection 3. The flow pattern and depth shall provide for a uniform
of the design hydraulic and organic loadings: strength of the environment and growth conducive to wetlands.
influent sewage, effectiveness of primary or secondary
treatment, type of media, ambient wastewater temperature 4. Plants should be placed no greater than 66-inches apart
for winter conditions, and treatment efficiency required. (center to center). All plants to be used should be healthy,
insect free, and undamaged. A broad diversity of plant
5. For design flows of 0.1 mgd or more, the treatment species within any unit is recommended. Harvesting of dead
system shall be divided into multiple units that can be wetland vegetation and detritus plant matter is
operated separately. Each unit shall have the ability to be recommended.
sufficiently drained for operational maintenance. Design
considerations may include parallel treatment streams or 5. The following specifications shall be considered as
trains that can be operated independently of each other. minimum requirements for material specifications of
constructed wetlands rock media:
6. The constructed wetland units shall be designed to
operate with plug flow type hydraulics. A proper length to a. Crushed rock, slag or similar media should not contain
width ratio to achieve this condition should be considered in more than 5.0% by weight of pieces whose longest
the design of each system. The inlet design shall provide for dimension is three times its least dimension. The rock
proper distribution of the influent. media should be free from thin, elongated and flat pieces
and should be free from clay, sand, organic material, or
7. All treatment units shall be provided with outlets that can dirt. The media should have a Mohs hardness of at least
withdraw flow at various depths (a minimum of three). FWS 5.0.
outlets shall be submerged and be able to exclude floating
detrital material and scum. b. Rock media, except for the top planting layer, should
conform to the following size distribution and gradation
8. The design shall allow for each unit to be taken out of when mechanically graded over a vibrating screen with
service at any time and its flows routed to another unit. The square openings:
treatment system must be capable of treating the daily
average flow with the largest unit out of service. (1) passing six-inch sieve - 100% by weight;
9. All FWS systems shall be situated so as to minimize the (2) retained on two-inch sieve - 90 - 100% by weight;
adverse effects of the prevailing winds. (3) passing one-inch sieve - < 0.1% by weight;
10. All systems should maintain a minimum slope along the c. Rock media shall be rinsed or washed to remove
bottom of at least 0.075% to facilitate draining. sediment. This washing should be sufficient to remove
11. Constructed wetland design should allow inlet and outlet any significant amounts of dirt or accumulated debris. The
depth levels to be raised and lowered in order to (i) vary proper placement and installation of media is vital to the
water levels within the unit basin; (ii) provide the ability to success of the system. Undue compaction exerted on the
flood the media surface when necessary; and (iii) to drain media's surface, as it is installed and after its installation,
the unit basin sufficiently for maintenance. can fracture and consolidate the media. The introduction
of foreign fine particles and fracturing can adversely affect
B. Features. the system's hydraulic conductivity. Therefore, the
following guidelines are recommended:
1. SFS systems should be designed to prevent uncontrolled
surface ponding of wastewater. Design flow depths (1) A layer of smaller rock (0.5 - 1.0 inches) may be
exceeding 24 inches shall be justified by evaluation of used on the top of the unit to ease planting of the
adequate performance data. The hydraulic loading of these vegetation and aid in vector control.
systems should be limited to the effective hydraulic capacity
of the media in place. The effective hydraulic capacity will (2) Media should be uniformly placed avoiding
be a function of the clean media's hydraulic capacity compaction.
reduced by root intrusion, biological slime layer, detritus, (3) Compacting operations should not be allowed on
algae, and other blockages. Hydraulic loadings exceeding the surface of the media after final placement.
one gallon per day per square feet of total surface area
shall be substantiated by evaluation of adequate (4) Depressions shall be leveled and smoothed over to
performance data. prevent ponding.
2. FWS systems should be designed to prevent scour, (5) Provisions should be made prior to planting to
erosion, and plant damage during peak flow periods. Design provide water and nutrients to the plants if the system
flow depths exceeding 12 inches shall be justified by an start-up will be delayed.
evaluation of adequate performance data. The hydraulic 6. Other media specifications shall be in accordance with
loading of these systems should be limited to the open filtration standards as provided in this chapter.
channel carrying capacity of the unit at full growth. Design
organic loadings exceeding 10 pounds of influent BOD 5 per C. Performance.
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Proposed Regulations
1. The total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiency of 4. Plant harvesting is the primary means of biomass control
the constructed wetland units is dependent on the but can also serve to remove suspended solids and
quiescence of the flow through the units. However, if the chemical precipitants. Harvesting of aquatic plant biomass
facility is unable to meet its permitted parameters, alternate is divided into three phases: concentration, dewatering and
means of solids removal must be pursued. drying. Biomass concentrations of 1.0% to 2.0% by weight
can be achieved by either coagulation, flocculation and
2. Current constructed wetland technology has not sedimentation by various coagulants and by use of gravity
demonstrated the ability to consistently nitrify typical filters (e.g., Sandborn Filter) with filtrate return. Further
domestic strength sewage influent to meet average flow concentration to 10% to 20% solids is possible with
permit limitations below 5 mg/l of ammonia. The design of dewatering by filtration or by self-cleaning centrifugation.
any constructed wetland to achieve a permit or certificate Microscreens and upflow clarifiers are not recommended
effluent limitation of 5 mg/l, or less, of ammonia, shall because of operation problems and design deficiencies.
consider the use of a separate nitrification process.
5. Biomass control can be accomplished by use of fixed
3. The performance of constructed wetlands is a function of scrapers or floating harvesters with water surface barriers,
the primary or secondary treatment efficiency preceding the or by providing settling areas in basins or other flow
units, i.e., fraction of remaining BOD5 and TSS. channels from which the plants are harvested.
Article 10. 6. Drying of harvested plants can be accomplished by air
Nutrient Control. drying on asphalt pavement or other suitable pavement that
12 VAC 5-581-960. Nutrient reduction. will allow mechanical spreading and collections. Drainage
should be returned to the treatment works.
A. The goal of nutrient reduction is to produce an effluent
quality to meet effluent limitations for phosphorus, ammonia 7. Biomass management includes (i) disposal through
nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). All designs should incineration and landfill (may be subject to permit or
be based on pilot plant studies or full scale operating data certificate issuance); (ii) reuse through processing as a high
obtained at design loadings. protein animal food supplement and (iii) agricultural use as
a soil conditioner or fertilizer.
The following nutrient control processes will be considered:
C. Biological nutrient removal.
1. Natural Systems - Aquatic plant removal (APU) and
proper plant management. 1. Phosphorus removal. Phosphorus control typically
involves the use of activated sludge biomass exposed to
2. Suspended growth systems with adequate sludge varying levels of dissolved oxygen. Anaerobic conditions
treatment and management. select organisms that release phosphorus and store
3. Attached growth system. carbonaceous substrate. Biomass is processed through
anaerobic conditions to a combination of anoxic and aerobic
4. Covered anaerobic ponds. conditions. The subsequent exposure to dissolved oxygen
results in biological metabolism of stored organics with
5. Packed bed filters.
subsequent uptake and storage of phosphorus by the
B. Aquatic plant systems. This natural treatment process biomass.
involves three phases: aquatic plant growth, harvesting and
a. Anaerobic conditions are defined as a reactor volume
management. Design should be based on seasonal climate
containing less than 0.2 mg/l of both dissolved oxygen
and available sunlight in accordance with the provisions of this
and nitrate-nitrogen. This selection may be provided
chapter. The basin or channel shall be based on achieving the
within a reactor or reactors (mainstream processes)
required removal rate at the minimum encountered liquid
utilizing controlled recycling of activated sludge.
temperature and shall include sufficient capacity to achieve
Processed flows from additional treatment operations
permit requirements during periods of low temperatures and
(sidestream processes) may also be utilized.
little or no sunlight.
b. The efficiency of biological phosphorus removal is
1. It has been reported that for maximum nitrogen
highly dependent on the influent levels of phosphorus and
assimilation, theoretical detention times vary from days to
biodegradable substrate (BOD or COD). The optimum
weeks. The detention time is considered directly related to
ratio of process influent total (five-day) BOD to
pond immersion temperatures (between 12°C and 25°C)
phosphorus appears to be approximately 20 to achieve
and independent of temperature between 25°C and 33°C.
final effluent levels of phosphorus of one mg/l or less.
Detention time can be shortened by biomass control.
c. It is necessary to reduce dissolved oxygen and nitrate
2. Culture depths should be established to achieve optimum
levels within influent and recycled flows to the anaerobic
nitrogen assimilation. Adjustments in detention time should
reactor to levels that will not exceed a level of 0.2 mg/l
be considered for the variation in culture depth. Basin or
within the anaerobic biomass. The anaerobic reactor
trench depth should be as shallow as possible and be
should be subdivided into two or more compartments with
designed to prevent seasonal performance problems.
a total hydraulic retention time of one hour or more. The
3. Facilities should be provided for the addition of nutrients, anaerobic fraction of the process biomass should not be
such as carbon dioxide, iron and phosphorus, as required. less than 25% of the total. An operating mean cell
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
residence time of 10 days or more should be provided for yield. Methanol requirements should be computed as
optimum phosphorus removal. follows:
d. For final effluent limitations requiring less than three Methanol requirements (mg/l) = (2.47) (Influent Nitrate-
mg/l of total phosphorus, the need for effluent filtration, or Nitrogen (mg/l)) + (1.53) (Influent Nitrite-Nitrogen (mg/l)) +
chemical addition, to remove suspended solids shall be (0.87) (Influent Dissolved Oxygen Concentration).
evaluated.
Chemical feed pumps shall be provided in duplicate.
2. Nitrogen removal. This process involves activated sludge Alternate organic substrate sources may be considered with
biomass subject to anoxic conditions to promote the chemical dosages determined stoichiometrically.
reduction of nitrate nitrogen to nitrogen gas that escapes to
the ambient air. 2. The amount of methanol or other organic substrate
source feed must be closely controlled because excessive
a. Anoxic conditions are defined as a dissolved oxygen feed would result in a residual BOD in the treatment works
level of 0.2 mg/l or less and a nitrate nitrogen level effluent. A means of automatically pacing the feed to the
exceeding 0.2 mg/l. incoming nitrate concentration shall be provided. Flow
pacing shall not be acceptable because of varying nitrate
b. Complete denitrification can recover 15% or more of concentrations.
the dissolved oxygen utilized for complete nitrification. In
addition, denitrification can recover approximately one- 3. The denitrifying reactor shall be followed with an aerated
half of the alkalinity utilized for nitrification. stabilization tank with sufficient detention time to remove
any excess oxygen demand resulting from organic
c. A sufficient level of carbonaceous energy in the form of substrate source addition and to polish the treatment works
a biodegradable organic substrate must be provided to effluent.
the anoxic reactor to achieve the design denitrification
potential. The degree of nitrogen removal will be a 4. Clarifiers should be designed with a maximum settling
function of the ratio or the carbonaceous energy level overflow rate of about 1,200 gallons per square foot per
available, to the level of TKN oxidized to nitrate nitrogen. hourly day at peak flow. A surface skimming device with
The minimum ratio of influent total (five-day) BOD to TKN provisions for returning scum to the denitrification tank shall
appears to be approximately 10 or more to achieve be provided. The design should be similar to that of
effluent levels of 10 mg/l or less of total nitrogen. secondary clarifiers as provided in this chapter.
d. Complete denitrification may require at least two anoxic 5. Dual return pumps shall be provided, each with the
stages with a total hydraulic retention time of one hour or capacity to return a minimum of 100% of average flow
more. The anoxic mass fraction should be based on the upstream of the denitrification reactors. Provisions shall be
specific growth rate of the nitrifying/denitrifying made to transport sludge from the settling basin to the
microorganisms and the operating mean cell residence nitrification system in the event that nitrifying sludge is
time. However, the anoxic mass fraction should be unavoidably discharged into the denitrification system.
approximately 25% or more of the system biomass.
6. Denitrification design should address the following
e. A flexible operating mean cell residence time should be parameters:
provided around a typical value of 10 days depending on
the wastewater temperature. The capacity to recycle flow a. Sludge yield. 0.15 to 0.25 pounds of cells per pound of
of nitrified activated sludge to the anoxic reactor should methanol; 0.5 pounds of cells per pound of glucose, 0.1
exceed three times the average daily raw sewage flow. pounds of cells per pound of COD (based on methanol).
D. Denitrification. If pilot plant data cannot be obtained for the b. Sludge age. Minimum sludge age to allow mitosis is
specific wastewater involved, denitrification reactors should be one-half day at 20°C to 30°C and two days at 10°C. With
sized through acceptable kinetic models. The average a safety factor of seven, a design sludge age of 3.5 to 14
wastewater characteristics for both raw influent and primary days should be considered for temperatures of 10°C to
(settled) effluent, if applicable, shall be established as follows: 30°C, using the wastewater temperature dictating the
design values.
a. Both the total and soluble BOD and COD and the
biodegradable fractions of each parameter. c. pH. Satisfactory performance can be obtained at pH
values of 5.6 to 9.0. The optimum pH range is 6.5 to 7.5.
b. The nitrogen fractions; ammonia, TKN, NO3-N Facilities for pH adjustment should precede the
denitrification reactor if necessary.
c. Total and soluble phosphorus.
d. Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids - 1,200 to 2,000
d. The specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria. mg/l.
e. The design wastewater temperature and pH. e. Detention time - two to four hours.
1. A supplemental organic substrate feed to a denitrifying 7. Ponds utilized for denitrification shall be considered on an
reactor may be utilized to achieve denitrification if the experimental basis only. Ponds must be covered to prevent
influent and recycled flows from the mainstream process do wind mixing and photosynthetic oxygen production.
not provide a sufficient amount of substrate. Methanol is Unsuccessful operation has been reported for temperatures
commonly used because of lesser cost and lower sludge below 14°C.
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E. Selector systems. These processes are designed to 2. Nitrate reduction of greater than 90% can be achieved
provide a competitive advantage to maintain a desired group with fixed film contact times of one hour for one inch
of microorganisms within the process. Systems of this type, aggregate and two hours for two-inch aggregate at
which will be accepted on an experimental basis (unless temperatures above 12°C. The actual detention time
sufficient operating data are made available), are as follows: necessary for the chosen media shall be based on pilot
studies and should be varied in accordance with the specific
1. Activated sludge biomass may be subject to extended surface area of the media and temperatures expected. For
aeration conditions to accomplish carbonaceous organic well rounded sand of two to three mm diameter, the
oxidation (oxic) and nitrification without settling. following guidelines for reactor sizing are suggested when
Denitrification may be accomplished by introducing the pilot plant data cannot be obtained.
nitrified effluent from the reactor (the mixed liquor) to
established anoxic conditions. The anoxic effluent mixed Wastewater Fixed Film Reactor Time (Based
liquor is settled in a clarifier from which return sludge is Temperature on Media Composed of Sand)
recycled to the aeration phase for BOD removal. In this
process a supplementary organic carbon source is not 20°C 10 minutes
used, as endogenous respiration of the mixed liquor 15°C 22 minutes
suspended solids will satisfy the carbon requirement for
biological metabolism. 10°C 45 minutes
2. Activated sludge reactors may be utilized in series, 5°C 90 minutes
followed by a clarifier, with nitrified activated sludge
3. Provisions shall be made for feed of a biodegradable
biomass returned to a combination of selectors or anaerobic
carbon source, if necessary, based on the guidelines
or anoxic conditions established in separate basins. The
specified for suspended growth reactors.
anaerobic and anoxic reactors should be mixed at a level
sufficient to keep the solids in suspension. 4. Additional clarification is not required following the
packed bed filter, unless the permit specifies an effluent
a. Nitrification is achieved under aerobic or oxic
suspended solids concentration of five mg/l or less.
conditions and mixed liquor from the aerated basin, or
basins, is returned to the anoxic basin, or basins, at rates 5. Limited experimental data are available for upflow
up to and exceeding three times the average flow rate of contactors with fluidized media beds and any design must
the influent. be supported by operating data obtained from existing
installations or from a thorough pilot scale study, including
b. Denitrification is obtained under anoxic conditions. The
requirements for chemical feed additions.
nitrate contained in the aerobic mixed liquor is reduced by
the facultative anaerobic bacteria in the anoxic basins 6. One-inch diameter stone media may be specified for
using the influent organic carbon compounds as upflow contactor media to allow upflow operation without
hydrogen donors. Influent ammonia is not nitrified in the exceeding the scouring flow rates that could result in
anoxic phase. backwashing or stripping of attached growth. The
disadvantages of large media sizes include a reduction in
F. Attached growth systems. Flooded and submerged fixed
contact time and increased effluent suspended solids as
film contact reactors or biomass support surfaces can be
compared to smaller media such as sand. For one-inch
considered for nitrification and denitrification applications in
diameter or less media, size should be specified to achieve
accordance with the provisions of this chapter and standards
nitrate nitrogen removals up to 90% with methanol feed at
contained in this chapter. Such designs shall be verified
temperatures as low as 12°C. Provisions should be made
through submission and evaluation of satisfactory operating
to remedy any head loss build up during operation.
data. Possible alternatives include (i) the use of biomass
support surfaces located within the downstream sections of 7. Actual upflow contact time should be provided in the
suspended growth reactors to provide ammonia oxidation; or range of one to four hours at flow rates of 0.2 to 0.4 gallons
(ii) the use of contact reactors for nitrification and per minute per square foot respectively, for white silica sand
denitrification. media with an effective size of 0.6 mm and a uniformity
coefficient of 1.5.
1. Packed bed contact reactors should be designed in a
manner similar to gravity deep bed filters or pressure filters. 8. A source of carbon, if necessary, shall be applied to
Provisions shall be provided for backwashing the reactor. upflow contact reactor influent based on guidelines outlined
Media may consist of silica, activated carbon, volcanic for suspended growth reactors. Design should be based on
cinders, and acceptable synthetic materials. The smaller minimum wastewater temperature and maximum influent
media will result in the retention of bacterial floc in the filter, nitrogen concentration. Provisions shall be made for
resulting in increased head, and shortcircuiting of flow may conveying nitrogen gas from the system.
develop through the filter, unless frequent backwashing is
provided. Larger media permits operation without frequent 9. If the upflow contactor is operated properly, additional
backwashing, although contact times are reduced, resulting clarification should not be required, unless the permit or
in an increase in effluent suspended solids. High density certificate issued specifies an effluent suspended solids
media larger than 1/2 inches in effective size could produce level of 10 mg/l or less.
backwashing problems and may require additional
backwashing capability.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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12 VAC 5-581-970. Biological nitrification. F/M = total daily lbs BOD5 to aeration basin divided by
average lbs active biomass in aeration tank.
A. Biological nitrification is a process whereby autotrophic
nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia nitrogen to nitrate b. Active biomass is measured by the volatile portion of
nitrogen. This process is capable of removing most of the the suspended solids concentration within the aeration
nitrogenous oxygen demand from domestic wastewater but basin (MLVSS).
does not remove the nitrogen itself. Should nitrogen removal
be required, denitrification facilities must follow nitrification 4. Nitrification will destroy 7.2 lbs of alkalinity per pound of
facilities. Although the nitrification phenomenon has been NH3 - N oxidized. If the wastewater is deficient in alkalinity,
observed for some time, unit process design for optimum alkaline feed and pH control must be provided. Sufficient
nitrification performances has only recently been employed. alkalinity should be provided to leave a residual of 30 - 50
mg/l after complete nitrification.
If adequate performance data are not available, pilot plant
evaluation for a particular application shall be completed prior 5. The design of final clarifiers will be similar to secondary
to a full scale design proposal for upgrade of existing facilities. clarifiers serving suspended growth reactors. The basin
The recommended minimum or maximum design capacities shall be equipped with a surface skimming device. A
are provided as guidelines and should be used if actual minimum biomass return rate of 25% and a maximum of
performance data or pilot plant evaluations do not provide 100% of the average daily flow shall be provided.
sufficient design information. C. Two-stage design. To assure year round nitrification, a two-
B. Single stage design. Single stage systems should be stage system is considered necessary. Superior performance
considered for cases where nitrification must be provided only of the two-stage systems for both BOD and NOD removal is
during periods when wastewater temperatures are above attributed to the selection of an optimum biomass. The BOD 5
13°C (55°F). For cases where nitrification must be provided entering the second stage should be 50 mg/l or less to prevent
for prolonged periods of temperatures less than 13°C, two a washout of the nitrifying bacteria. Properly operated
stage activated sludge, biological nutrient removal, or contactors or high rate activated sludge systems should
combinations with fixed film growth systems should be provide acceptable first stage systems. The second stage
considered. activated sludge system should remove at least 50% of the
remaining BOD5 and provide oxidation of 85% to 100% of the
1. The reactor design shall prevent short-circuiting. Plug ammonia nitrogen.
flow basins should be used, with consideration given to
dividing the reactor into a series of compartments by 1. The aeration basin should be of the plug flow type with a
installing dividers across the basin width with ports through minimum of three baffled chambers. The basin should be
the dividers. sized to handle the "design peak" ammonia load at the
lowest expected operating temperature and optimum pH.
2. The aeration capacity shall be sized for the peak
ammonia load. Where data are not available on ammonia 2. Available information indicates that the optimum pH for
variation, a peak hourly ammonia load (lbs/day) of 2.5 times nitrification of wastewater ammonia will be in the range of
the average load (lbs/day) should be assumed. The 8.2 to 8.6. Limited research results have indicated that the
aeration supply should have a capacity determined by the nitrifying bacteria can acclimate to pH values less than 8.0.
following formula where automated blower controls linked to It is recommended that the following information be used for
D.O. probes are provided: guidance until additional operational information is available
concerning the effect of pH:
Aeration supply = 800 cu. ft. per minute per total pounds of
(BOD5 +NOD) pH Fraction of Optimum
Nitrification Rate
where: NOD = 4.6 x total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
8.4 - 8.6 1.00
BOD5 = 5 day BOD entering the aeration basin
8.2 0.98
The peak BOD5 and NOD must be used to ensure around-
the-clock nitrification. The above air quantity should be 8.0 0.95
doubled if automated blower controls are not provided. The 7.8 0.88
design should maintain a D.O. concentration greater than
1.0 mg/l. 7.6 0.80
3. Aeration basin detention time should be based upon pilot 7.4 0.68
plant data on the specific wastewater involved. Proper
7.2 0.58
control of industrial discharges must be provided to
minimize the possibility of biological toxins upsetting the 7.0 0.48
nitrification rates. The following minimum criteria are
suggested for municipal wastewaters free of significant 6.8 0.38
industrial wastes and which are subjected to primary settling 6.6 0.30
prior to aeration.
6.4 0.24
a. Sludge age = 10 days or more and F/M = 0.25 or less
where: 6.2 0.18
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c. Reduce the volume in service and increase the oxygen
6.0 0.13 supply in remaining volume.
Lime feed capability should be provided to maintain the pH 6. Design information for optimum settling rates is limited.
in the aeration basin within optimum range. Quantities of However, it is recommended that the final clarifier design be
lime needed should be based on (i) pH adjustment of similar to secondary clarifiers when operating data or pilot
incoming wastewater, (ii) destruction of natural alkalinity of plant information is not available. A sludge return capacity
7.1 lb CaCo3/lb NH3 oxidized, and (iii) maintaining residual of 100% to 150% of the average flow is recommended.
alkalinity of 30 - 50 mg/l. When adequately buffered Continuous and intermittent sludge removal capability
wastewaters are treated, it may be more economical to add should be provided. The waste sludge quantities typically
additional tank capacity in lieu of operation at optimum pH. will be small in comparison to first stage activated sludge
3. Where performance data or pilot plant data are not quantities and may be combined with first stage activated
available, the following nitrification rates may be employed sludges for further processing.
in the design of the aeration basin. These rates are C. Fixed film design. Various types of attached growth or fixed
established for optimum pH. If the design is based on a pH film unit operations have been studied to determine their
range other than the optimum range, the nitrification rates ammonia removal capabilities. Conventional standard rate
should be reduced. contactors can provide a significant amount of nitrification
Temperature Nitrification rate-lbs NH3 N during warm months but, in general, do not provide consistent
year round nitrification. As in the suspended growth systems,
(°C) nitrified/day/lb MLVSS a separate fixed film unit operation for nitrification is also
5°C .04 deemed necessary to maintain consistent year round
performance. However, the use of fixed film biomass support
10°C .08 surfaces within aeration basins have demonstrated effective
nitrification. Biomass support surfaces would typically be
15°C .13
located in the downstream end of aeration basins, occupying
20°C .18 the last one-third of the basin length. One of the major
advantages that fixed film nitrification seems to have over
25°C .24 suspended growth nitrification appears to be stability.
30°C .31 Contactor type reactors used for nitrification typically include
synthetic media for enhancing the surface area to volume
A MLVSS concentration of 1,500-2,000 mg/l is ratio, which generally exceeds 25 square feet of total surface
recommended. area per cubic feet of media volume. These fixed film
4. Either diffused air or mechanical aeration may be used. contactors generally may be classified into one of the
The dissolved oxygen concentration in the aeration basin following types based on media construction:
should be based on obtaining 3.0 mg/l during average a. Column or tower (top loaded).
conditions but should never fall below 1.0 mg/l during peak
flow conditions. b. Submerged surface (plates or strands).
a. The design of the aeration system should incorporate: c. Rotating disc (partially submerged).
(i) Critical wastewater temperature, 1. Numerous variations in features and arrangements of
fixed film contactors have been investigated. Significant
(ii) Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrification should occur through a fixed film reactor,
(iii) Wastewater oxygen uptake rate, provided that the biomass surface area is properly sized
and uniformly loaded with respect to influent levels of
(iv) Wastewater dissolved oxygen saturation, soluble BOD and ammonia nitrogen. No specific design
loading criteria or guidelines are proposed at this time. A
(v) Altitude elevation of the treatment works,
hydraulic loading of one gpm or less per square foot of
(vi) Aerator efficiency. specific media surface has resulted in efficient nitrification of
secondary effluent in previous studies. Results of such
b. The stoichiometric oxygen requirement of the studies also indicate that the organic loading should be
wastewater can be computed and expressed as daily maintained at or below 10 pounds BOD5 per day per 1,000
pounds using the following formula: cubic foot of media surface. The results of pilot plant studies
(O2 required) = BOD5 from 1st stage + 4.6 (TKN) for specific applications should provide design loading
values. Review of fixed film nitrification design will be
5. This oxygen requirement is somewhat conservative since approached on a case-by-case basis. Influent wastewater
neither all of the BOD or NOD will be completely satisfied. characteristics affecting nitrification performance include:
In order to balance the summer oxygen requirement,
provisions for one or more of the following reactor a. Soluble BOD.
adjustments shall be included: b. Ammonia Nitrogen.
a. Reduce the MLVSS concentration, c. Temperature.
b. Adjust the pH, or
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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d. pH. for treatment of washdown waters and scale removed from
the packing media.
e. Alkalinity.
5. In areas where reliability is questionable due to physical
f. Toxicity (nitrifier inhibitors). restraints of the system, a back-up system for nitrogen
2. The values of nitrification performance are valid for removal shall be required. Duplicate pumping units are
wastewater temperatures greater than 16°C (60°F). At a required where pumping is employed to apply or remove the
given loading rate, ammonia removal efficiency decreases liquid.
nonlinearly with decreasing wastewater temperature. 6. Facilities shall be provided for post-pH adjustment.
Loading Rate Nitrification Performance % 7. Considerations shall be given to remote locations for
(gpm/square foot) Removal of Ammonia stripping reactors in relation to bodies of water. Each
.50 90 proposal shall include sufficient information to substantiate
expected plume dispersion areas and, if necessary, removal
.75 85 of ammonia gas from the plume.
1.00 80 12 VAC 5-581-990. Ion exchange.
1.50 75 Ion exchange may be utilized as a unit operation in which ions
12 VAC 5-581-980. Ammonia stripping. are exchanged between two different materials, usually a
solid-liquid, but may involve a liquid-liquid exchange. In
Ammonia stripping is the chemical-physical process by which wastewaters, the exchange usually involves a solid resin
dissolved ammonias are converted to gaseous ammonia and material consisting of readily ionized compounds. Treated
removed from the wastewater by changes in the surface effluent (secondary or advanced treatment) passes at a
tension of the air-water interface. The removal of ammonia controlled rate through a certain volume of resin within a
nitrogen in treated effluent is the objective of this treatment contactor. The removal of 90-95% of the ammonia nitrogen
unit operation. can be achieved by such treatment. Ion exchange may also
be utilized for removing heavy metals, nitrates, phosphates,
1. Ammonia stripping typically involves the addition of lime
sulfides, phenol, and chlorophenols from wastewaters.
to treated effluent (secondary or advanced treatment),
followed by agitation in the presence of air. Wastewater 1. The process specifically designed for ammonia nitrogen
effluent with an adjusted pH of 10 or more is usually allowed removal uses a clinoptilolite resin. Many of the design
to flow downward through special media. The ammonia gas considerations are applicable to other types of ion exchange
which develops is stripped out by the passing contact with treatment, including:
outside air. These ammonia stripping towers become
inoperable at temperatures below freezing (32°F or 0°C wet a. Flow, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, ion
bulb). Therefore, before consideration can be given to specific concentrations, alkalinity, pH, and resin structure.
ammonia stripping the minimum air temperature must be b. The rate of exchange based upon selectivity of the
determined and provisions made to prevent freezing. resin, the exchange capacity of the resin, waste strength,
2. For effective conversion of ammonium to ammonia gas and the effluent requirements.
the system pH must be maintained at a minimum of 10.5 on c. The exchange capacity and break through point.
a continuous basis. The elevation of the pH of the
wastewater for conversion of the ammonium to ammonia d. Certain contaminants which create treatment problems
should be selected from the ammonia solubility curve in the operation of ion exchange. Where these
versus pH. contaminants exist, their removal shall be provided for if
necessary through the methods of pretreatment listed in
Ammonia stripping units may be of countercurrent operation Table 10.
or utilize cross flow air movements. Minimization of scale
formation may be obtained by countercurrent operation. TABLE 10.
3. The loading applied to the stripping reactor should not Contaminant Effect Removal
exceed 1,250 pounds of wastewater ammonia per hour per Suspended Solids Blinds or seals resin Coagulation and
square foot of cross-sectional media area. The gas-liquid media with particles filtration
ratio shall normally be in the range of two to four expressed
Organics Large molecules Carbon absorption or
in terms of pounds per square foot per hour of air, divided
(e.g. humic acids) use of weak base resins
by pounds per square foot per hour of wastewater. will foul strong base only resins (high pH)
4. The reactor media shall be (i) resistant to continuous Oxidants Slowly oxidizes Avoid prechlorination or
loading of high pH liquid; (ii) consist of material which can resins. Functional neutralize the chlorine.
be readily cleaned of scale deposits; and (iii) structurally groups become
sound. Facilities shall be provided for media cleaning, liable (unstable)
consisting of either manual means, or high pressure jets of Iron, Manganese, Coats resin with Chemical clarification or
water, or other approved means. Provisions shall be made and Dissolved charged particles. aeration depending on
Solids nature of solids.
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2. Clinoptilolite mineral should be crushed and screened 6. Treatment or recovery of regenerant shall be provided.
resulting in particle sizes in the range of 20 x 50 mesh. Ion The design should provide for removal of ammonia with
exchange capacities and selectivity shall be determined in recovery of the regenerant through either (i) electrolytic
pilot plant studies for the particular wastewater in question. treatment at neutral pH, or (ii) air stripping, or (iii) steam
The pH of the influent to the exchange resin contactor stripping, at elevated pH. Supportive data from a fully
should be in the range of 4-8. operational unit or pilot plant shall be provided to
demonstrate acceptability of electrolytic treatment at neutral
3. The following parameters shall be considered for design pH and steam stripping at elevated pH.
of the ion-exchange contactor:
PART IV.
a. Flow rates in the range of five to 15 resin volumes per REPORTS AND FORMS.
hour are normal but the specific design loading shall be
confirmed by pilot studies or performance data.
Article 1.
b. The contactors may be gravity or pressure type units. Reports.
c. A minimum of two units is required. The number of 12 VAC 5-581-1000. Preliminary engineering report.
contactors required is governed by the length of cycle
which can be achieved while still meeting effluent quality A. Letter of transmittal. A one-page letter typed on firm's
goals. This shall be determined by pilot tests on the letterhead and bound into report should include:
specific wastewater involved. 1. Submission of report to the client;
d. The number of contactors shall be adequate to treat 2. Statement of feasibility to recommend project; and
the maximum flow rate in compliance with appropriate
permit or certificate requirements, with one contactor out 3. Identification of all applicable area-wide studies project,
of service for maintenance and an appropriate number drainage basin, service area or metropolitan area plans with
out of service for regeneration. which the project has been coordinated.
e. Means must be provided to uniformly distribute the B. Title page.
influent flow and regenerant flow over the entire area of 1. Title of project and project number;
the contactor.
2. Municipality, county, etc.;
f. Make-up clinoptilolite storage shall be provided, as well
as a water slurry transfer system to move the clinoptilolite 3. Names of officials, managers, superintendents;
from storage to the contactor.
4. Name and address of firm preparing report;
g. Facilities to wash the clinoptilolite prior to transfer to
5. Seal and signature of appropriate professional in charge
the contactor shall be provided. Means to transfer
of project.
clinoptilolite from a contactor to the storage system for
washing should also be provided. 6. Grant number of grant project; and
h. The process shall be controlled by a control system 7. If an expansion, existing certificate or permit number.
which will automatically initiate and program the
regeneration cycle and return the contactor to normal C. Table of contents.
service. 1. Section headings, chapter headings and sub-headings;
i. Each contactor shall have a flow totalizer. Also, each 2. Maps;
contactor shall have a flow rate controller to maintain
equal flows to all contactors. 3. Graphs;
j. Each contactor shall be equipped with an efficient 4. Illustrations, exhibits;
surface wash device. 5. Diagrams; and
4. With a neutral regenerant, provisions shall be made for a 6. Appendices.
contactor backwash supply with minimum capacity
equivalent to 10 gpm/sq ft of contactor area. If wastewater Number all pages; cross reference by page number.
temperatures exceed 25°C (72°F) for prolonged periods, a
D. Summary.
greater capacity may be required. If a high pH regenerant is
used, a minimum backwash capacity of 15 gpm/sq ft should 1. Findings:
be provided.
a. Population and design flows - present, design (when),
5. Regeneration facilities shall be provided for the ion ultimate.
exchange resin. Regeneration may be by high pH
regenerant or neutral pH regenerant. Supportive data from b. Land use and zoning - portion per residential,
fully operational units or from a pilot plant shall be provided commercial, industrial, greenbelt, etc.
to demonstrate acceptability of the proposed regeneration c. Sewage characteristics and concentrations-portions of
method. total hydraulic, organic, and solids loading attributed to
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
residential, commercial, and industrial fractions and v. Topography, general geology and effect on project; and
description of sewage nondomestic in character.
vi. Meteorology, precipitation, runoff, flooding, etc., and
d. Sewerage system projects - immediate needs to effect on project.
implement recommended project and deferred needs to
complete recommended projects, including pump station, vii. Existing ordinances, rules and regulations, including
force mains, appurtenances, etc. defects and deficiencies, etc.
e. Selected process - characteristics of process and viii. Recommended amendments, revisions, or
characteristics of output. cancellation and replacement of local ordinances.
f. Receiving waters - existing water quality and quantity, ix. Sewer-use ordinance (toxic, aggressive, volatile, etc.,
classifications and downstream water users, and impact substances).
of project on receiving water. x. Surcharge based on volumes and concentration for
g. Total proposed project costs considered for each industrial waste waters.
alternative. xi. Existing contracts and agreements (intermunicipal,
h. Changes - alert client to situations that could alter etc.)
recommended project. xii. Enforcement provision including inspection, sampling,
2. Conclusions. Describe the project as recommended to detection, penalties, etc.
client for construction. F. Investigative considerations - existing facilities evaluation.
3. Recommendations. Summarize step-by-step actions, for 1. Existing sewerage systems:
client to follow to implement conclusions:
i. Inventory the existing sewers.
i. Official acceptance of report;
ii. Indicate the separation or isolation from water supply
ii. Adoption of recommended project; wells.
iii. Submission of report to regulatory agencies for review iii. Review the collection system capacities and adequacy
and approval; to meet project needs (structural condition, hydraulic
iv. Authorization of engineering services for approved capacity).
project (construction plans, specifications, contract iv. Tabulate any necessary pipeline or manhole testing,
documents, etc.); including gauging and infiltration.
v. Legal services; v. List any existing points of overflows and required
vi. Enabling ordinances, resolutions, etc., required; maintenance, repairs and improvements.
vii. Adoption of sewer-use ordinance; vi. Outline any necessary rehabilitation, including repair,
replacement, and stormwater separation requirements.
viii. Adoption of operating rules and regulations; and
vii. Establish renovation priorities.
ix. Time schedules - implementation, construction,
completion dates, reflecting any applicable certificate or viii. Present recommended annual program to renovate
permit enforcement actions. sewers.
E. Introduction. ix. Indicate required annual expenditure.
1. Purpose. Reasons for report and circumstances leading 2. Existing site:
up to report. i. Area for expansion.
2. Scope. Coordination of recommended project with area- ii. Characteristics of terrain (drainage control).
wide, project, drainage basin, service area or metropolitan
area plan and guideline for developing the report. iii. Subsurface conditions.
3. Background: appropriate past history. iv. Isolation from habitation (buffer zones).
i. Existing area, expansion, annexation, intermunicipal v. Isolation from water supply structures.
service ultimate area; vi. Enclosure of unit operations, odor control, noise
ii. Drainage basin, portion covered; control.
iii. Population growth, trends, increase during design life vii. Flood protection.
of facility (graph); 3. Existing treatment works:
iv. Residential, commercial and industrial land use, i. Capacities and adequacy of unit operations (tabulate).
zoning, population densities, industrial types and
concentrations;
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ii. Relationship or applicability, or both, to proposed iii. Portion of residential, commercial, industrial
project. wastewater fractions to comprise projected growth.
iii. Age and condition. iv. Impact of proposed discharge on receiving waters -
reliability requirements .
iv. Adaptability to different usages.
v. Tabulation of treatment performance versus receiving
v. Structures to be retained, modified, or demolished. water standards.
4. Existing sewage characteristics: vi. Listing of effluent limitations.
i. Water consumption (from records) (total, unit, 4. Project Alternatives.
industrial).
i. Describe and delineate (line diagrams) each alternative.
ii. Sewage flow pattern, peaks, total, design flow.
ii. Preliminary design for cost estimates.
iii. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and
concentrations. iii. Estimates of project's cost (total) (dated, keyed to
construction cost index, escalated, etc.).
iv. Residential, commercial, industrial, infiltration fractions,
considering organic solids, toxic, aggressive, etc., iv. Advantages and disadvantages of each alternative.
substances (tabulate each fraction separately and
summarize). v. Individual differences, requirements, limitations.
5. Environmental impact of sewage on receiving waters: vi. Select preferred alternative.
i. Sewage and industrial discharges upstream. vii. Justify selection and present tabulated comparisons.
ii. Receiving water base flow, min. mean-seven ix. Characteristics of treatment process performance.
consecutive day drought flow with 10-Year Return x. Operation and maintenance expenses.
Frequency (7Q10).
xi. Annual expense requirements (tabulation of annual
iii. Characteristics (concentrations) of receiving waters. operation, maintenance, personnel, debt obligation).
iv. Downstream water uses including water supply, 5. Selected alternative.
shellfish, recreation, agricultural, industrial, etc.
i. Construction schedule.
v. Tabulation of effects on receiving waters.
ii. Adaptability to future needs.
vi. Correlation of treatment works performance versus
receiving water requirements. iii. Design flow, variances, and effects on process.
G. Proposed facility evaluation: iv. Process functions and system backup.
1. Sewerage system. v. Sludge management options.
i. Inventory of proposed additions. vi. Method of processing of excess combined sewage.
ii. Isolation from water supply wells, reservoirs, facilities, vii. Outfall requirements, dispersion, etc.
etc. 6. Legal, financing and other considerations.
iii. Area of service. i. Necessary enabling legislation, ordinances, rules, and
iv. Unusual construction problems. regulation.
v. Utility interruption and traffic interference. ii. Statutory requirements and limitations.
vi. Restoration of pavements, lawns, etc. iii. Contractual considerations on intermunicipal
cooperation.
2. Site requirements. Comparative advantages and
disadvantages as to cost, hydraulic requirements, flood iv. Public information and education.
control, accessibility, enclosure of unit operations, odor v. Effect of state and federal assistance.
control, landscaping, etc., and isolation with respect to
potential nuisances and protection of water supply facilities. vi. Exhibit conformance with all applicable federal
requirements.
3. Sewage characteristics.
H. Technical information and design criteria.
i. Character of sewage necessary to ensure amenability
to process selected. 1. Sewerage system.
ii. Need to pretreat industrial wastewater before discharge i. Design tabulations - flow, size, velocities, etc.
to sewers.
ii. Regulator or overflow design.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
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Proposed Regulations
iii. Pump station calculations. vi. Chemicals and feed equipment.
iv. Special appurtenances. vii. Pump stations or regulator or overflow inspection and
repair.
v. Stream crossings.
viii. Flow gauging.
vi. System map (downstream capacity).
ix. Industrial sampling and surveillance.
2. Treatment works.
x. Ordinance enforcement.
i. Criteria selection and basis of design for principal
conventional features and all nonconventional features of xi. Equipment requirements.
the treatment process.
xii. Trouble-call investigation.
ii. Hydraulic and organic loadings, minimum, average,
maximum, and effect. xiii. Industrial pretreatment permits.
iii. Dimensions of unit operations features within treatment I. Management systems.
process. i. Personnel - recommended operator classification.
iv. Rates and velocities of flow through the treatment ii. Equipment.
process.
iii. Chemicals.
v. Detention periods provided for unit operations.
iv. Utilities.
vi. Concentration values projected for influent and effluent
flows. v. Outline unusual specifications, construction materials,
and construction methods.
vii. Recycle flows and rates within total treatment process.
vi. Maps, photographs, diagrams (report size).
viii. Chemical additive control methods.
12 VAC 5-581-1010. Contents for an operation and
ix. Physical control methods for rates of flow, etc. maintenance manual.
x. A separate tabulation for performance ratings and A. General. This section contains suggested and required
treatment efficiencies of unit operations relative to contents for an Operations and Maintenance Manual. Items
residual solid and liquid processing. followed by an asterisk (*) should be submitted for treatment
xi. Sludge management method. works or sewerage systems with design flows greater than or
equal to 1.0 mgd.
xii. Process configuration, interconnecting piping,
processing, flexibility, etc. 1. Title page. The manual shall have a cover page that
gives the title of the manual, the date the manual was
xiii. Hydraulic flow profile. prepared in final form, and the names of the authors of the
manual.
xiv. Residual solids or sludge processing, including
dewatering. 2. Table of contents. The manual shall contain a table of
contents that lists chapters and provides sufficient
xv. Unit operations flow diagram with capacities, etc. subsections in each chapter to permit easy identification of
3. Laboratory. topics.
i. Physical and chemical tests and frequency to control 3. Introduction. The manual shall contain an introduction
process. that briefly describes the organization and purpose of the
manual. The introduction shall emphasize that the manual is
ii. Time for testing. operational in scope and will be updated so that it is not a
iii. Space and equipment requirements. static compilation of facts.
iv. Personnel requirements - number, type, qualifications, 4. Definitions and terminology. Terms such as "BOD5" and
salaries, benefits (tabulate). "Suspended Solids" shall be defined in this section of the
manual.
4. Operation and Maintenance.
B. Permit requirements.
i. Routine and special maintenance duties.
1. Operation permit. The manual shall give the number of
ii. Time requirements. the operation permit for the particular treatment works or
sewerage system. The permit requirements shall be listed
iii. Tools, equipment, vehicles, safety, etc.
and discussed. This discussion should include, but is not
iv. Personnel requirements - number, type, qualifications, limited to the following:
salaries, benefits (tabulate).
a. The manner, nature, volume, and frequency of the
v. Processes needing chemical addition. discharge permitted.
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b. Procedures for and frequency of any domestic or operation. The descriptions should be brief with appropriate
industrial waste monitoring. This may be referenced to references to more detailed discussions of the unit
the laboratory testing section, but should include a brief operations. The description should physically trace the
table of testing procedures and sampling frequencies. sewage flow through the unit operation and contain
information on design efficiency. Pipeline and control
c. Requirements for the operators concerned with schematics, valve location diagrams and operation keys,
particular treatment works or sewerage systems as hydraulic/organic loadings, etc., should be included.
outlined by the State Board for Certification of Operators Supplementary photographs and/or schematic diagrams
of Water and Wastewater Works and these regulations. should be included.
d. Legal penalties under state and federal law applicable 2. Relationship to adjacent unit operations. The function of
to the operator for improper operations, records, or unit operations located upstream, downstream or off-line
reports. from other unit operations should be described as they
e. Any additional conditions or special restrictions relate to other unit operations in the treatment process
specified by the State Water Control Board (SWCB), being considered.
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), or any other 3. Classification and control. Classification of each unit
concerned regulatory agency. operation as conventional, I/A, etc., shall be included. The
f. Any changes in treatment works or sewerage system manual shall list and discuss the specific operational
classification due to future upgrading or expansion that information and control techniques available for each major
may have been included in the original construction unit operation in the treatment process. This section shall
plans. be closely correlated with the specific treatment works or
sewerage system operation. Process control variables such
g. Time period for which permit is valid (expiration date) as recirculation ratios, valve/gate positions, pump controls,
and any required upgrading that may have to be chemical feed rates should be included.
accomplished by the time for renewal.
4. Common operating problems. Each major unit operation
A copy of the certificate and permit issued shall be included within the treatment works or sewerage system shall be
in this section with proper reference made to the analyzed and potential common operating problems
appropriate regulations of the SWCB and DEQ. defined. Potential problems that are peculiar to the
2. Spill reporting. This section shall include a discussion of treatment works or sewerage system under consideration
the federal/state laws and the SWCB/DEQ regulations and shall be discussed. General problems that are adequately
policies requiring reporting of a bypass/spill condition. This described in other sources shall be listed and properly
discussion should include, but is not limited to, the following: referenced. Control of operating problems shall address the
specific treatment works or sewerage system operation.
a. The owner's responsibilities and liabilities;
5. Laboratory controls. The manual shall list the laboratory
b. Penalties for violations; tests that furnish information to evaluate and control the
performance of the unit operation under consideration.
c. Reporting procedures and requirements;
Minimum testing requirements may be included in the
d. Telephone numbers for immediate reporting to operations permit. Expected ranges for the results of these
regulatory agencies and potentially affected downstream tests shall also be given.
users; and
6. Start-up. The manual shall outline the steps for start-up of
e. Sample reporting forms and instructions for completing the unit operation. Information shall be provided on the
them. special monitoring and controlling of the unit operation
where treatment objectives are to be met.
C. Process descriptions.
7. Specific treatment works or sewerage system operation.
1. A flow diagram of the treatment works or sewerage The manual shall discuss (i) the normal operation, or the
system that shows all important components of the system. designed conventional loading conditions, of each unit
2. Main line, recirculated, effluent, and sludge flows, etc., operation, and (ii) alternate operation for unusual conditions
and design average/peak values of such flows. for each unit operation. Information provided in this section
shall enable the operator to operate the treatment works or
3. A clear and concise description of each system sewerage system when it is not in the "normal operation"
component and its purpose, function, and type of treatment. mode and shall be checked by the designer. It shall include
4. The expected influent/effluent concentrations and design methods and procedures with which to return the treatment
efficiencies for unit operations and the treatment process. works or sewerage system to "normal operation" following
the proposed range of alternate operation conditions that
5. This section may be combined with the "Operation and may be encountered. It shall also include procedures and a
Control" section. logical decision making process outline for the modifications
of the original design "normal operation" and establishment
D. Operation and control.
of alternative operation conditions.
1. Unit operation process description. The manual shall
provide a general operational description of each unit
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
101
Proposed Regulations
8. Emergency operation and failsafe features. The manual (5) Sampling equipment and safety precautions
shall list and discuss the emergency operating procedures (requirements).
for the normally expected range of emergencies and failsafe
features, particularly flood events, for each sewage (6) Projected range of test results on influent and
treatment unit operation. effluent samples.
9. Process chemicals. A list of process chemicals shall be b. Equipment and chemicals.
provided indicating minimum quantities to keep on hand and (1) Lists of necessary laboratory equipment and proper
methods and precautions for storage. usage noting importance of quality control.
E. Personnel responsibilities. (2) List of laboratory chemicals with common names,
1. Operational and managerial responsibility. The chemical names and formulas.
responsibilities of both the operational personnel and the (3) List of suppliers' names, quantities used and shelf
management personnel shall be clearly defined. lives.
2. Staffing requirements and qualifications. This section is to (4) Discussion of laboratory inspection.*
reflect the personnel qualifications/certification and numbers
for the treatment works or sewerage system. This should be c. Operator/laboratory references. All essential references
formulated considering recommendations from the design should be provided for proper laboratory operation. The
engineer and the concerned regulatory agencies. The detailed procedures for performing each test do not have
staffing plans for administration, supervision, operation, and to be included but should be properly referenced to one
maintenance shall be included. Certain positions in the or more of the laboratory references provided.
staffing pattern that require certification by the state law d. Interpretation of laboratory tests.
shall be indicated in this section. Attendance requirements
and routine work schedules with general responsibilities (1) Expected ranges of typical results shall be included
shall be presented. A delineation of training needs for with explanation of typical transient differences from
administration and operational personnel shall be outlined in typical values.
this section.
(2) Detailed discussion in "Operation and Control"
F. Laboratory testing. chapters.
1. Purpose and discussion. This section of the manual e. Laboratory records. A brief discussion of the purposes
should explain the role of the laboratory in process control for laboratory records recommended for use by the
in providing an operating record for the treatment works and treatment works should be included.
in analyzing problems within a unit operation.
G. Records and reports.
The tests to be performed should be listed/charted for
1. Daily operating log. This section of the manual shall
permit required tests, such as discharge monitoring reports
delineate the requirement that operator's worksheets and
and process control tests. Sampling locations, frequency,
daily operating logs be maintained. Information on the daily
etc., and a brief description of the analytical test and
log should include, but not be limited to, the following:
purpose should also be given. The detailed discussion of
how each type test can be used in controlling or monitoring 2. Routine operational parameters for each unit operation,
a specific unit operation shall be given in the "Operation and which shall include the minimum operational control tests
Control" sections. This portion of the manual should be required. These shall be adequate to enable proper
tailored according to the laboratory staff capabilities of the operation of the units.
treatment works under consideration. The following
information shall be provided in this chapter. 3. General Information.
2. Sampling program. This section of the manual shall a. Unusual conditions (operational and maintenance).
include: b. Accidents to personnel.
a. Sampling methods. c. Complaints (odor, etc.).
(1) Specific methods for obtaining grab and composite d. Power consumption.
samples.
e. Plant visitors.
(2) Locations of all sampling points.
f. Personnel on duty/call.
(3) Sampling procedures, including where samples are
to be collected, and any special techniques, such as 4. A sample log shall be included in the Appendix.
how to make up a composite sample or how to operate 5. Laboratory records. An example record sheet shall be
automatic samplers if applicable. included in the Appendix. Information on the laboratory
(4) Preservation of samples prior to analytical record sheet should include the following:
measurements. a. All lab tests to be performed with provisions for listing
test results and summaries.
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b. Wastewater flow and surrounding weather conditions each item of operating equipment, such as common name,
at the time of sampling. process function, date of purchase, manufacturer, serial
number, availability of spare parts and previous
c. Chemicals used. maintenance. Sample equipment record forms and
d. Analyst's name or initials. provision that the forms be made a supplemental index to
the manual shall be included.
e. Laboratory worksheets.
2. Equipment numbering system. A numbering system to
6. Monthly report to state agencies and federal government. identify each item of equipment requiring maintenance shall
The records section of the manual shall explain the be provided for easy identification and to help ensure that
responsibilities of the operator to report data to the all equipment receives proper attention.
appropriate agency, the reporting deadlines and how the
monthly reports apply to the permit requirements. Sample 3. Equipment catalog. A catalog system shall be prepared
forms of the monthly operation report, discharge monitoring that lists equipment descriptions, locations and equipment
report, etc., shall be provided in the manual's Appendix. numbers. The catalog shall contain the following data for all
major items of equipment. The data shall include, but not be
7. Industrial contributors. An inventory of significant limited to, the following information:
industrial waste contributors shall be maintained.
a. Equipment name;
8. Annual report.
b. Vendor;
a. This section of the manual shall discuss annual reports
and who should prepare the report.* c. Model Number;
b. The annual report should include management data d. Serial Number;
relative to cost of operation. e. Make or Type;
c. Operating data included in the annual report should f. Pertinent mechanical/electrical data; and
include average daily flow and average influent and
effluent BOD and suspended solids for each month. g. Source of Supply.
d. The annual report should include a graph showing at 4. Planning and scheduling. The manual shall make
least 10 years of record (if available); personnel data; and recommendations on planning and scheduling maintenance
budget data. An example annual report format shall be tasks. Documentation showing the lubrication and other
included in the Appendix as applicable. preventive maintenance task schedules shall be provided.
The manual shall recommend that maintenance records be
9. Additional records. The manual shall include specific kept so that a preventive maintenance schedule can be
information where records are available for reference and established. The maintenance records shall provide for
shall include:* inclusion of maintenance problems and curative
a. As-built engineering drawings. procedures. A work order system should be established to
initiate all corrective maintenance tasks.
b. Copy of construction specifications.
5. Storeroom and inventory system. The manual shall make
c. Equipment suppliers' manuals. recommendations for establishing a storeroom and
d. Data cards on all serviceable equipment. inventory system. The manual shall contain the spare parts
inventory established in accordance with these regulations.
e. Construction photographs. The inventory shall list the minimum and maximum
quantities of the spare parts, the equipment in which they
10. Operating costs and record keeping. The manual shall
are used, their storage location, replacement procedures
provide a suggested operating cost breakdown for the
and schedules, reference to addresses of suppliers, and
treatment works or sewerage system.*
other pertinent information.
A record system for monitoring the cost shall be
6. Costs and budgets for maintenance operations. The
recommended.*
section shall provide guidelines for the determination of
11. A personnel records procedure should be maintenance cost and the development of maintenance
recommended that would include training.* budgets.
12. A record of emergency conditions affecting the 7. Housekeeping. The manual shall recommend
treatment works or sewerage system shall be maintained. A housekeeping activities to be performed.
system for maintaining these records shall be
8. Special tools and equipment. The manual should provide
recommended.*
recommendations or appropriate references on tool room
H. Maintenance. procedures, the use of tool boards and maintenance
required for all special tools, where appropriate.
1. Equipment record system. The maintenance chapter of
the manual shall recommend an equipment record system. 9. Lubrication. The lubrication section of the manual shall
The equipment record system shall contain information on appropriately reference each equipment's lubrication
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
103
Proposed Regulations
specification. An alternate lubricants chart shall be provided 6. Auxiliary personnel requirements. Procedures for
in this section. The information required by the above obtaining trained auxiliary personnel in cases of emergency
section should be assembled into a lubrication guidebook shall be included in the manual. Procedures for alerting
and be included as an appendix to the manual. these personnel should be outlined and periodically
updated.
10. Electrical equipment information. The manual shall list
each major item of electrical equipment not listed in the 7. Emergency equipment testing. A schedule for testing of
equipment catalog. back-up systems such as standby power should be
included.
11. Warranty provision. The manual should provide a listing
of all equipment warranties and pertinent features of each J. Safety.
replacement guarantee. Copies of the warranties shall be
included in the manual's appendix. 1. Requirements. The manual shall inform personnel of the
known hazards, preventive measures, and emergency
12. Service contracts. The manual shall include a listing of procedures applicable to, but not limited to, the following
all prearranged outside contracts for service and repair safety items:
work.
a. Electrical hazards;
13. Equipment reference handbook list. A list of equipment
handbooks for reference should be included. b. Mechanical equipment hazards;
I. Emergency operation and response program. c. Explosion and fire hazards;
1. Objectives. The objectives of an Emergency Operating d. Bio-hazards, i.e., bacterial type infection;
and Response Program include: e. Chlorine hazards;
a. Eliminating or minimizing adverse effects from f. Oxygen deficiency and toxic gases;
emergency situations affecting the treatment works or
sewerage system and/or employee welfare. g. Laboratory hazards;
b. Developing procedures for properly responding to h. Safety equipment; and
emergencies. i. Process chemical handling and storage.
c. Providing instruction for personnel. 2. Safety references. The manual shall contain a list of
d. Providing inventories of available emergency safety references of interest to operating personnel. The
equipment and outlining existing mutual aid agreements manual shall provide a list of all emergency telephone
and contracts with outside organizations for specialized numbers. The manual should provide a discussion of the
assistance. importance of good housekeeping practices in relation to
safety, a list of available safety equipment for process units,
2. Vulnerability analysis*. A vulnerability analysis shall be a list of number and location of first aid kits and manuals, a
conducted and reported in the manual. A vulnerability list of safety rules for process and laboratory equipment,
analysis is an estimation of the degree to which the and a key to system piping paint color coding.
treatment works or sewerage system is adversely affected,
in relation to the function it must perform by an emergency K. Utilities*.
condition. Expected natural disasters such as flooding must 1. Requirements. This section shall list the utilities being
be investigated and the effects of these disasters must be used, the sizes and capacities of the lines serving the
studied in order to estimate the treatment works' or treatment works or sewerage system, emergency cutoff
sewerage system's performance. procedures, and the personnel to contact within each utility
3. Methods to reduce vulnerability. Priorities for repair of the company to ensure proper response to routine and
treatment works or sewerage system and alternate emergency situations.
equipment provisions in case of light or severe damage are 2. Electrical. This section shall contain a brief statement on
to be indicated. To reduce vulnerability, training procedures the reliability of electrical service. This statement should be
for emergencies for regular and auxiliary personnel should based on studies of past performance and discussions with
be included. utility personnel. The discussion should include clearly
4. Emergency equipment inventory. The manual shall defined breakpoints in responsibility for service facilities
require that, using the spare parts inventory and the results between the utility company and the treatment works or
of the vulnerability analysis, any additional equipment and sewerage system owner.
supplies needed for emergencies be stockpiled or be 3. Telephone. The telephone system, if used as an alarm
available through mutual aid agreements or contracts. system, should be described and a statement made as to
These arrangements must be delineated. "failsafe" capabilities.
5. Preserving system records. The manual shall contain 4. Natural gas. The natural gas utility company should be
procedures for keeping documents containing pertinent named and a description of the service given. A statement
information about the treatment works or sewerage system of reliability should be made.
safe from potential disasters.
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Proposed Regulations
5. Water. The water system should be described, and a of each shall be given. Storage considerations shall be
statement of reliability should be made. discussed.
6. Fuel oil. The manual should list the sources for fuel, the 6. An appendix shall give the design criteria for all unit
capacities of storage facilities and procedures for ensuring operations and processes.*
adequate supplies year round.
7. The manual furnished with each piece of equipment shall
L. Appendices. be bound separately, and the index for these shall be
included in an appendix.
1. Requirements. This section of the manual shall include
any additional or supplemental material not suitable for 8. A list of potential sources for the types of repairs and
inclusion in the text. As stated in 12 VAC 5-581-1010 A, equipment parts required shall be made and listed in
items followed by an asterisk (*) are required only for appendix.*
treatment works or sewerage systems with design flows
greater than or equal to 1.0 mgd. The appendix shall begin 9. A complete and accurate set of as-built engineering
with an index. drawings with included shop drawings shall be furnished
immediately following testing and start-up.*
The following do not have to be duplicated in the
appendices if included elsewhere in the manual. 10. A complete set of engineering drawings shall be
furnished sufficiently in advance of start-up to permit proper
a. VPDES permit. A copy of any applicable permit shall training of operating and maintenance personnel.*
be included here if not already included elsewhere in the
manual. 11. Construction photos shall be taken throughout the
construction phase and shall be included or indexed in an
b. Example forms. An example of all forms, including appendix. All pictures shall be labeled and dated.*
state and federal reporting forms, laboratory record forms,
etc., to be used shall be included. Instructions for 12. Copies of warranties and performance bonds shall be
completing each form shall be given. placed in an appendix.*
c. Equipment record example. The equipment record 13. If there is an existing infiltration ordinance, a copy shall
example with location and responsible personnel shall be be included.*
included. 14. If there is an existing industrial waste ordinance, a copy
d. Personnel. Names, addresses and telephone numbers shall be included in an appendix.*
of personnel should be included. 15. The coding system selected for use shall be outlined.*
2. Schematics. Any basic flow diagrams, process flow 16. The various types of coatings to be used are to be listed
sheets, bypass piping diagrams and hydraulic profiles that with a suggested painting schedule. The manufacturer's
are not included in the engineering drawings or manual text trade name and coating number and color shall be
shall be placed in an appendix. specified.*
3. Valve Indices.* Valve indices shall be included in an 17. A list of essential references recommended for
appendix. Valve indices shall be one, or a combination, of immediate procurement and a second list giving references
the following: that may be obtained at a later date for use in operation and
a. A complete tabulation of principal valves, each maintenance shall be provided.*
separately numbered and identified as to type, location, 18. The Lubrication Guidebook shall be included.*
and function.
12 VAC 5-581-1020. Influent and effluent sampling.
b. A coding system for each type of valve, together with a
prefix or suffix identifying its liquid content or process A. Influent tests and frequency. Tables C-1, C-2 and C-3
function, and location of each valve coded on the contain the typical recommended minimum sampling program
construction drawings. schedules for (i) primary treatment works; (ii) sewage
stabilization ponds; and (iii) all other treatment works (STW)
c. Diagrams for principal valves, clusters of valves, and respectively.
adjacent piping that are buried.
B. STW effluent tests and frequency of effluent testing and
d. Location through at least two measurements to nearby frequency of other sampling for a treatment works will be
permanent above-ground objects. provided in the VPDES permit or the VPA permit.
4. Any chemicals used and suppliers shall be listed.
a. Storage considerations shall be discussed.
b. Capacities of dry chemical storage areas and liquid
storage tanks shall be described.
5. A list of the lab chemicals by common name, chemical
name and the chemical formula shall be provided.
Suppliers' names, quantities normally needed, and shelf life
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
105
Proposed Regulations
TABLE C-1: TESTING FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT WORKS.
Treatment Works MGD >3.0 3.0 MGD >1.0 1.0 MGD >0.5 0.5 MGD >0.1 0.1 MGD >0.001
TEST SAMPLE FREQUENCY OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
POINT
Flow Influent Influent Totalizing, Influent Totalizing, Influent Totalizing to Influent Totalizing, Influent or Effluent
Indicating and Recording Indicating and Recording Indicating and Recording Indicating and Flow Measuring
Equipment Equipment Equipment Recording Equipment Device (Minimum
Weir)
BOD5 Influent 8-Hour Composite 5 Days 8-Hour Composite Every 4-Hour Composite 1 Day Grab Sample Every Grab Sample
per Week (1) Third Work Day (1) per Week (2) Other Week (2) Monthly (2)
Suspended Influent 8-Hour Composite 5 Days 8-Hour Composite Every 4-Hour Composite 1 Day Grab Sample Every Grab Sample
(1) (1) (2) (2) (2)
Solids per Week Third Work Day per Week Other Week Monthly
pH Influent Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily
Temperature Influent Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily
Volatile Influent 8-Hour Composite 5 Days 8-Hour Composite Every 4-Hour Composite 1 Day Grab Sample Every Grab Sample
Suspended per Week (1) Third Work Day (1) per Week (2) Other Week - (Where Monthly (2)
Solids Applicable) (2)
COD Influent 8-Hour Composite 5 Days 8-Hour Composite Every (Where Applicable)
per Week (1) Third Work Day (1)
Notes:
(1)
Taken during a peak flow period.
(2)
Taken during a peak flow period on a weekday (Monday-Friday).
TABLE C-2: TESTING FOR SEWAGE STABILIZATION PONDS.
Treatment Works Size MGD >1.0 1.0 MGD >0.5 0.5 MGD >0.1 0.1 MGD >0.001
(1)
TEST SAMPLE POINT FREQUENCY OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
Flow Influent Totalizing, Indicating and Totalizing, Indicating and Totalizing, Indicating and Flow Measuring Device (Weir
Recording Equipment Recording Equipment Recording Equipment and Depth Gauge as a
Minimum)
BOD5 Influent Effluent Grab Sample 3 Days Grab Sample 1 Day per Grab Sample Every Other Grab Sample Monthly (3)
per Week (2) Week (2) Week (3)
Suspended Solids Influent Effluent Grab Sample Every Grab Sample 1 Day per Grab Sample Every Other Grab Sample Monthly (3)
Third Work Day (2) Week (2) Week (3)
Temperature Influent Daily Daily Daily Daily
Notes:
(1)
Does not apply to stabilization ponds meeting secondary treatment requirements.
(2)
Taken during a peak flow period.
(3)
Taken during a peak flow period on a weekday (Monday-Friday).
TABLE C-3: TESTING FOR ALL OTHER TREATMENT WORKS.
Treatment Works MGD >2.0 with MGD <2.0 with MGD >2.0 2.0  MGD >1.0 1.0  MGD 0.10  MGD > 0.04  MGD >
Nutrient Nutrient >0.10 (3) 0.4 (3) 0.00 (3)
Removal Removal
TEST SAMPLE FREQUENCY OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
POINT
Flow Total Totalizing, Totalizing, Totalizing, Totalizing, Totalizing, Totalizing, Flow
Flow to Indicating & Indicating & Indicating & Indicating & Indicating & Indicating & Measuring
Plant Recording Recording Recording Recording Recording Recording Device
Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment (Minimum
Weir)
BOD5 Influent 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 8-hour 4-hour Grab Sample
Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite Composite 1 Monthly (2)
Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Every Third Day per Week
Work Day (1)
(1)
Virginia Register of Regulations
106
Proposed Regulations
Suspended Influent 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 8-hour 4-hour Grab Sample
(2)
Solids Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite Composite 1 Monthly
Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Every Third Day per Week
(1) (2)
Work Day
Total Influent 24-hour 24-hour
Phosphorus Composite 7 Composite 5
Days per Week Days per Week
pH Influent Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily
Temperature Influent Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily
DO Influent Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily
Volatile Influent 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 8-hour (Where Applicable)
Suspended Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite
Solids Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Every Third
(1)
Work Day
COD Influent 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour (Where Applicable)
Composite 7 Composite 5 Composite 7 Composite 5
Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week Days per Week
Notes:
(1)
Taken during a peak flow period.
(2)
Taken during a peak flow period on a weekday (Monday-Friday).
(3)
Effluent testing only for this treatment works size, additional formal and informal testing requirements may be specified for
treatment works designed with a flow capacity of 1,000 gallons per day or less.
12 VAC 5-581-1030. Operational testing and control. 4. Ponds of Lagoons
a) BOD5/nutrients 1/w; 2/w
A. Minimum tests and frequency. Table D-l contains the b) TSS/microscopic exam. 1/w; 2/w; 7/w
typical minimum sampling and testing program for operational c) pH/DO/temperature 1/d; 7/d
control of treatment works greater than 40,000 gallons per
5. Anaerobic Digestion
day. a) TS/TVS 6,11,12/w; 8,9,10,13/bw
B. Sampling instructions. The following sampling instructions b) pH/alkalinity/temp. 6,12/d; 11,15/bw; 6/w; 13/bw
should be followed when taking samples: 6. Aerobic Digestion
a) TS/TVS 6,11,12/w; 13/bw
1. When samples are taken for BOD5, COD, volatile b) settleable solids 6/d
suspended solids, and suspended solids on influent and c) pH/temperature 6/d; 15/bw
effluent streams, they should be composite samples. d) microscopic exam. 6/w; 13/bw
2. All other samples should be grab samples. 7. Sludge Thickening
a) TS/TVS 1,2/d
TABLE D-1. b) settleable solids 6/d
RECOMMENDED OPERATIONAL AND CONTROL
TESTING. 8. Sludge Dewatering
a) TS/TVS 1,2,4,12/q
Unit Process Parameters Testing Location/Frequencies b) pH/alkalinity 15/q
(see key for description)
9. Chemical Clarification
1. Primary a) BOD5/COD/TSS/TYS 1,2/w
a) DOB5/TSS/TVS 1/bw; 2,3/2 pH/alkalinity 1,2,3,4,6/d
b) settleable solids 2, 3/d b) settleable 1,2,6/d
c) pH 2,3,8/d solids/flocculation
c) nutrients 1,2/q
2. Suspended Growth Reactor
a) BOD5/nutrients 10. Tertiary Filtration
b) TSS/TVSS 1/bw; 2/w; 3/bw a) BOD5/TSS 1,2/w
c) 30 minute SSV/pH/DO 6/d; 13/w b) pH/alkalinity 1,2/d
d) microscopic exam. 6/d c) nutrients 1,2/q
6/w
3. Attached Growth Reactors
a) BOD5/nutrients 1/bw; 2/w; 3/bw
b) TSS/TVS/microscopic 14/w
exam.
c) pH, DO 1/d; 2/w
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
107
Proposed Regulations
Beta Factor = C /C
TABLE D-1 - KEY STC ST,
Frequency Sampling Location where
d - Daily 1. Process Influent C - saturation dissolved oxygen concentration at
STC
w - Weekly 2. Process Effluents
temperature, T and chloride concentration, C
bw - Biweekly 3. Influent plus Return Waste
Streams (Substitute chloride conc. for TDS conc. when using chart)
q - Daily when in operation
4. Following Chemical Addition and
5. Filtered Effluent
Conventional Parameters C = saturation dissolved oxygen concentration at
ST
6. Contents of Reactor
BOD5 - 5 day biochemical
oxygen demand 7. All Cells of Each Lagoon or temperature, T and chloride concentration of 0.
Pond Values reported for the beta factor for domestic wastewater
SS - Suspended solids
8. Raw Sludge are generally about 0.95 but considerable deviations from this
TS - Total solids value have been observed for industrial wastewater.
9. Primary Sludge
VS - Volatile solids
10. Secondary Sludge Article 2.
DO - Dissolved oxygen
11. Digester Influent Forms.
12. Treated Sludge 12 VAC 5-581-1050. Portable equipment for sewage pump
Nutrients - Forms of stations.
phosphorus and nitrogen as 13. Return Sludge
required by the certificate A. Compliance information. The following information is being
operation permit issued. 14. Attached Growth
provided to demonstrate to the department that the owner* will
15. Process Supernatant remain in compliance, after the addition of the proposed
pumping station indicated below:
12 VAC 5-581-1040. Alpha and beta correction - factors for
oxygen transfer. 1. Name and location of proposed pump station;
A. Alpha factor. The alpha factor was once considered to be 2. Owner of proposed pump station (when placed into
related only to wastewater characteristics, primarily operation);
surfactants. Additional investigations have shown that the
3. Number of pumping stations in owner's sewerage system
alpha factor varies with other process conditions including
using portable equipment for continuous operability
mixing intensity, suspended solids concentration, and other
(existing, approved, plus proposed in this project);
factors, particularly the method of aeration. The alpha factor is
unique for a particular wastewater treatment facility but is 4. Number of portable pumps/generators required:**
difficult to accurately determine; however, standards of
practice for measuring the alpha factor have been proposed. a. Maximum number of stations on radial extremity:
Reported observations on the variations of the alpha factor b. Five percent of total number of stations (subdivision A
with diffuser type are as follows: 3 of this section):
Bubble Size Range of Alpha 5. Number of portable pumps or generators*** owned by
Fine 0.4 - 0.55 owner:
Medium 0.7 - 0.8 Note: *When the proposed pump station will be
transferred to city ownership and operation, then this
Coarse 0.8 - 0.9 analysis will be made for the city-wide system. If the
pump station is to remain under a private owner's control,
Other studies have similarly indicated lower alpha factors for
then the analysis will be performed for that owner's
fine bubble diffusers in comparison to coarse bubble diffusers.
system only.
Summaries of reported values for alpha factors for mechanical
aerators indicate a general range of 0.8 to greater than 1.0 **The number of portable pumps/generators required is
with some values as low as 0.6. Increasing mixing intensity the larger number of either A 4 a or A 4 b of this form.
tends to increase the alpha factor.
***Portable equipment, either singly or in combination,
B. Beta factor. The beta factor has been observed to vary over shall be capable of operating the largest pump station
a moderate range, although the variations are generally less included in the total for A 3 of this form.
than observed variations of the alpha factor. One method
proposed for estimating the beta factor uses the TDS B. Compliance agreement. This agreement certifies that:
concentration of the wastewater and the Standard Methods 1. At the design peak flow the overflow time* is . The
chart for saturation dissolved oxygen concentrations at owner certifies that his standard response time** as detailed
various chloride levels in which in his current service area response plan for a station at the
Virginia Register of Regulations
108
Proposed Regulations
proposed location is shorter than the overflow time noted <V> - Shows vacuum valve in service connection.
above.
2. Jurisdiction: Sewage Collection and Treatment
2. This station and associated portable equipment will be Regulations.
maintained and operated in accordance with the owner's
approved operation and maintenance program. ##
Name E. Gravity or pumped flow to an on-site disposal system.
Title 1. Building served by on-site pretreatment units and
drainfield (may or may not be provided) or other subsurface
Date disposal.
Note: *Time transpiring between high liquid level alarm P* - Pump that may or may not be provided.
and the time that an overflow or backup and subsequent
discharge occurs (to be determined at peak design flow). PT* - Pretreatment may be provided.
**Time transpiring between high liquid level alarm and ##
connection and starting of portable equipment. 2. Jurisdiction: Code applies to building service connection
12 VAC 5-581-1060. General jurisdictional responsibilities and pump if provided. Sewage Handling and Disposal
for sewerage systems connections. Regulations applies to building sewer and on-site disposal
system (alternative discharging systems subject to separate
The following diagrams illustrate variations in sewer service regulations).
connections and indicate the regulation jurisdiction (Uniform
Statewide Building Code, Sewage Handling and Disposal J.2 The following notes explain symbols used in the
Regulations, and the Sewage Collection and Treatment diagrams:
Regulations) for review and approval for construction and ##
operation:
i. Building drain (up to 5 feet beyond foundation of
A. Gravity sewer: building or structure)
1. Building with flow by gravity: ii. Sewage pump (grinder or nonclogging type)
## iii. Building sewer or force main
2. Jurisdiction: Uniform Statewide Building Code (Code). iv. <v> Vacuum valve for vacuum system
B. Pump within building: ##
1. Building with Pumped flow: v. │ PT │ Pretreatment units including septic tanks,
## aerobic package plants, constructed wetlands, etc.
P - Pump within the building served. ##
2. Jurisdiction: Code when pumped flow is less than 2000 12 VAC 5-581-1070. Permit forms.
GPD. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations when A. The application for a construction permit is to be submitted
pumped flow is equal or greater than 2000 GPD. in accordance with this chapter using the appropriate forms.
## B. Following approval of plans and specifications as submitted
C. Pump remote from building in accordance with this chapter, a construction permit will be
issued.
1. Building with remote pumped flow
C. Following completion of construction, the owner must
## provide a statement of completion in accordance with this
chapter.
P - Pump separate from the building served.
D. Following a final inspection, an operation permit will be
2. Jurisdiction: Sewage Collection and Treatment issued in accordance with this chapter.
Regulations when pumped flow is equal to or greater than
2000 GPD. Code when pumped flow is less than 2000
GPD.
##
D. Central pressure or vacuum system
1. Building with pump or remote vacuum valve.
##
*P - Pump may or may not be provided.
12 VAC 5-581. Sewage Collection and Treatment Regulations.
109