Sokoban - eLearning for Educators

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Sokoban - eLearning for Educators

Sokoban
You are a warehouse keeper (Sokoban) who is in a
maze. You must push boxes around the maze while
trying to put them in the designated locations. Only
one box may be pushed at a time, and boxes cannot
be pulled. When boxes are covering all of the
destinations, the level is complete.
Created by: Susan Miller, University of Colorado, School of Education
This curriculum has been designed as part of the Scalable Games Design project.
It was created using ideas from and portions of prior work completed by
Fred Gluck
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DRL-1312129
and CNS-1138526. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this
material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban

Lesson Objective:


To create a game of Sokoban
To explain and use the Computational Thinking Patterns listed below
Prerequisite Skills:






Students are presumed to know the
following skills. Return to the Frogger
Lesson Plans for detailed instructions on
these skills.
Create agents
Basic agent behavior including:
Key control
Random movement
Ending the game
Computational
Thinking
Patterns:





Cursor Control
Collision
Polling
Push
Pull
Length of Activity:

Five 30-45 minute lessons, although some
students may advance more quickly
Activity Description:




Part 1:
Part 2:
Part 3:
Part 4:
Create basic world (worksheet) and the agents
Program the Sokoban to move and push crates
Creating letter and number agents
Polling and ending the game
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Table of Contents
Teacher Instructions:
Part 1 – Create Worksheet and Agents
Student Handout 1A:
Part 1 – Create Worksheet and Agents
Student Handout 1B:
Part 1a - Create a Game
Part 1b – Create Agents
Part 1c – Create a Worksheet
Student Handout 1C:
Agent Creation Models
Teacher Instructions:
Part 2 – Understand Agents Behaviors
Student Handout 2:
Part 2 – Understand Agents Behaviors
Teacher Instructions:
Part 3 – Program the Sokoban to move
Student Handout 3:
Part 3 – Program the Sokoban to move
Teacher Instructions:
Part 4 – Program the Sokoban to push crates
Student Handout 4:
Part 4 – Program the Sokoban to push crates
Teacher Instructions:
Part 4 – The Destination
Student Handout 4:
Part 4 – The Destination
Teacher Instructions:
Part 6 – Creating letters and numbers
Student Handout 6:
Part 6 – Creating letters and numbers
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Teacher Instructions:
Part 7 – Incrementing numbers
Student Handout 7:
Part 7 – Incrementing numbers
Teacher Instructions:
Part 8 – Winning the Game
Student Handout 8a:
Part 8 – Winning the Game
Student Handout 8b:
Part 8 – Winning the Game
Student Handout 8c:
Part 8 – Winning the Game
Student Handout 8d:
Part 8 – Winning the Game
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Vocabulary/Definitions
Absorb ..................This is the opposite pattern of Generate. Instead of an
agent generating other agents, an agent absorbs a
flow of other agents in the absorption pattern (i.e. a
tunnel absorbing cars), making them ‘disappear’
Action ...................the requested behavior of an agent if the conditions
are true
Agent ....................a character in the game
Array ....................a rectangular arrangement of agents
Broadcast ............ controllers broadcast (or send out) a signal
Collision ...............the situation when two agents physically collide.
Condition .............the situation that must be ‘true’ for an action to occur
Depiction ..............a second image of the original agent. For example,
the Sokoban can have two depictions: what it usually
looks like, and what it looks like after it has been
squished
Generate...............the ability to create a new agent. To satisfy this
pattern, an agent is required to generate a flow of
other agents; for example, cars appearing from a
tunnel
Global Variable ...a variable accessible by all agents
Increment.............to increase by one
Method .................a set of rules to follow in a specific situation
Set .........................programming code which assigns a value to a
simulation property
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
General Teaching Strategies1
Basic Philosophy

The educational goal of these lessons is to learn and apply Computational Thinking
Patterns in the context of a familiar game. Emphasis on these Computational Thinking
Patterns is essential for student transfer of programming concepts between related games
and simulations.

Every effort has been made to create instructions with an eye toward guided discovery.
Direct instruction has been used for those aspects where students are learning the code for
the first time; however, materials have been provided to ensure that students are
understanding the programming concepts, as opposed to simply copying code. Note that
for each curriculum guide, special materials have been designed for students who are new
to this program.

Student materials are available for each portion of the game design. These materials are
intended to be used in addition to teacher materials, which provide prompts and
discussion points. Students may become frustrated with too little teacher support.
Students may lose out on conceptual understanding with too much teacher support.
Guided Discovery Process
1

Model the process rather than just giving students the answer. Build the game on your
own, before trying it with your students to enable you to see possible struggling points.

Have students work through problems on their own. Ask guiding questions or give
helpful suggestions, but provide only minimal assistance and only when needed to
overcome obstacles.

Don’t fear group work! It is common for computer programmers to talk through
problems with one another, and to use code snippets found from other programs, and
This information is supported by research found in the following documents:
Basawapatna, A. R., Koh, K. H., & Repenning, A. (2010, June). Using scalable game design to teach
computer science from middle school to graduate school. In Proceedings of the fifteenth annual
conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education (pp. 224-228). ACM.
National Research Council. (2011). Learning science through computer games and simulations. (M. Hilton
& M. Honey, Eds.). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Research Council. (2014). STEM Integration in K-12 Education:: Status, Prospects, and an
Agenda for Research. (M. Honey, G. Pearson, & H. Schweingruber, Eds.). Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press.
Repenning, A., & Ioannidou, A. (2008, March). Broadening participation through scalable game design. In
ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 305-309). ACM.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
other programmers. Talking through coding problems enables students to think more
critically about Computational Thinking Patterns, as well as the steps needed to solve a
problem. Additionally, seeing how others solved an issue with code helps students
realize that problems often have multiple solution strategies, and some that might be
more effective than others

Recognize that programming is largely a process of trial and error, particularly when
first learning. It is helpful to encourage this mindset with your students.
Building Blocks

Each project is designed to build on the prior one. Very little student support is provided
where expertise has already been created. Conversely, material or programming
techniques that are relatively new necessarily include more student support.

Be sure to talk through the building blocks (especially for PacMan in the area of diffusion
and Hill Climbing) as these Computational Thinking Patterns will appear often in future
games and simulations.

Remember that conceptual understanding takes time, and it may be necessary to explain
some concepts multiple times, using different examples in different situations, so that all
students can be successful.
Support Learning

Research shows that game design is associated with engaged students, and engaged
students show higher levels on conceptual understanding. Allowing students to
personalize their games aids in this engagement and motivation.

Coding may be difficult for some students, and all students are likely to be frustrated at
times when the code does not produce the expected results. Praise students for sticking
with the troubleshooting process and encourage them to share what they learned with
others.

Be sure to communicate that the process is more important than the answer, and that
coding of a project often takes time. Do not place pressure on your students to ‘hurry up’
and resort to giving them the code. The process of figuring it out on his/her own will
result in much stronger conceptual understanding.
Differentiated Instruction
Note that there are many vocabulary words in this lesson that may be new for your
students. Take time to define those words. Using the words in context often will
reinforce their meaning for the students.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)

Students who need a challenge: Some students with more fluency in programming may
finish this very quickly – be prepared for them to move on earlier than other students by
having student materials ready in advance.

Students who need more assistance: Other students (especially those with no prior
programming experience with AgentSheets) may struggle a bit more. There are two
options for differentiated instruction. Consider the needs of the student and the class as
you decide which approach will work best.
Students who need a challenge: Some students with more fluency in programming may
finish this very quickly – be prepared for them to move on to the remaining parts.
Students who need more assistance: Other students may struggle a bit more. There are
two options for differentiated instruction. Consider the needs of the student and the class
as you decide which will work best.
Option 1: Pair the struggling student with an experienced student
Option 2: Provide the struggling student with all student handouts, which provide
more directed instruction steps
Note that Part 8 is particularly scaffolded within the handouts.
Time management issues: While students can be more engaged when they design their
own agents, some students can spend too much time on this design or find it frustrating.
Some handouts provides block images of each agent as portrayed in this lesson, which
can be used as general guidance on how to create the agent.


Vocabulary for ELL Students: Absorb, Action, Agent, Array, Broadcast, Collision,
Condition, Depiction, Generate, Global Variable, Increment, Method, Set
Note: Two student packets are available. The STANDARD packet is for students with
some basic knowledge of AgentSheets. The ALTERNATIVE packet is for students with
NO prior AgentSheets experience who may need more support. The ALTERNATIVE
packet should NOT be used for most students as it significantly reduces the active
thinking processes.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Teacher Instructions:
Part 1 – Create Worksheet and Agents
Introduce this project to the students by asking them if they know the game, Sokoban.


Ask students to explain how the game works, and the rules of the game.
You may choose to show a video or two of a typical Sokoban game
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ht4sC9PXCpw
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2JczQVPjC0
If you show these videos, ask your students…






What does the Sokoban have to do?
How do you win the game?
What specials features are part of the game?
What are the triangles for?
Why does the Sokoban have to walk around the box?
Is there a strategy to win this game?
Explain that these are all design features that must be considered when planning a game. Now,
tell them that they will be designing their own Sokoban game.
As a class, briefly create a description of the Sokoban game similar to the one below.

identify game objects, called agents, by locating nouns in the game description
You are a warehouse keeper (Sokoban) who is in a maze viewed from above. You must
push boxes around the maze while trying to put them in the designated locations. Only
one box may be pushed at a time, and boxes cannot be pulled. When boxes are covering
all of the destinations, the level is complete.

categorize agents into user controlled agents (hint the game is called Sokoban), agents
that move or do other things by themselves (sometimes also called artificial intelligence
agents) and completely passive agents acting as props such as the street.
User controlled agents:
 Sokoban
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Artificial Intelligence Agents:
 walls, boxes, destinations
Passive Agents:


Floor Tiles
identify agent interaction by locating verbs in the game description
You are a warehouse keeper (Sokoban) who is in a maze viewed from above. You must
push boxes around the maze while trying to put them in the designated locations. Only
one box may be pushed at a time, and boxes cannot be pulled. When boxes are covering
all of the destinations, the level is complete.
Give the students 10 minutes or so to work with a partner to discuss what steps will be
needed to create this game. If students have already completed Frogger and Journey, they
should have a pretty good idea of how to do this. Add new students to a pair of experienced
students who will be willing to talk through their thinking. Stress the need to think through
the programming process. At this point, there should not be hands on the keyboards (even
though some will want to jump right in to programming!).
This lesson is intended to be taught in a guided discovery manner. Be sure to give students
time to work on their own and figure things out using the program. Encourage students to
work together and talk through problems with one another. Emphasize that
troubleshooting is a normal and important part of programming.
Solicit and discuss possible ideas, without providing any evaluative feedback
(do not tell students if their ideas are good/bad, right/wrong). Once there has
been some class discussion, provide students with the handouts.

STUDENT HANDOUT 1A simply provides the details needed for experienced students to
get started on their own. (Found on page 3 of the STANDARD student packet)

STUDENT HANDOUT 1B Provides step-by-step instructions for creating a worksheet and
agents for students who are new to AgentSheets. (Found on page 3 of the ALTERNATIVE
student packet)

STUDENT HANDOUT 1C shows possible designs for each agent, but encourage students to
create their own designs if time allows. (Found on page 4 of the STANDARD student
packet and page 7 of the ALTERNATIVE student packet)
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 1A:
Part 1 – Create Worksheet and Agents
In this project, you will create a worksheet with a Sokoban. This Sokoban will be tasked with
pushing a crate to a specific destination. Since you have already created a prior game, these
instructions will be less specific. If you are stuck, talk with the person next to you about ways to
correct the problem.
Tasks:
1. Create a new game called Sokoban
2. Create agents for the game. You will need the following agents:
 Sokoban
 Floor Tile
 Wall
 Crate
3. Create the worksheet for the game. Here
is the basic worksheet – you will have an
opportunity to make it more complex
later in the course.
4. Enable the Sokoban to be cursor
controlled, such that it moves
up/down/right/left with the arrow keys.
5. Prevent the Sokoban from walking
through walls.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 1B:
Step 1
Create Game
Step 2
Click on the new
game icon (far
left)
Name the Game
Part 1a – Create a game
Name it
Sokoban and
click OK
Step 3
Define Agent
Size
Do not change Click OK
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Student Handout 1B:
Step 4
Part 1b – Create agents
Create Agent
Click on New
Agent
Name it
Sokoban
Click ok
Step 5
Click on
Color> Mask
Color>>
White to make
the white
background
sections seethrough
Edit Agent
Click Edit
Depiction
Click Clear to
erase the current
image.
Step 6
Here is an example of one way to draw the
Sokoban. You can be creative. If you make a
mistake, use the eraser or click CLEAR to
clear the whole area.
Draw Sokoban
Click Done
Step 7
Draw remaining
agents
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
Sokoban
Floor Tile
Wall
Crate
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Student Handout 1B: Part 1c – Create Worksheet
The worksheet is the game space –
it is where the agents will perform their actions.
Step 8
Make the
worksheet
Click
File>>New
Worksheet
Step 9
Make the
worksheet
bigger
Notice it is big,
but not so big
that it fills up
the whole space.
Select Tool
Pencil Tool – places a single agent on the worksheet
Eraser – erases agents from the worksheet
Will be defined later
Will be defined later
Draw Rectangle – places agents in an array (rectangle)
Erase Rectangle – erases agents in an array
Will be defined later
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Step 10
Use the tools to
place items on
the worksheet.
Pencil: places
agents one at a
time
It is important that you do not draw over the
agents. Agents can stack on top of one another
which is not visible from a 2-dimensional
perspective. Take care to create a single layer of
agents.
Filled in
Rectangle:
Places agents in
an array.
This is what your worksheet
might look like at this point.
This is a good time to save the worksheet!
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 1C:
Agent Creation Models
Use these as quick starting points for your own agent. They don’t have to
look exactly like the model!
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
This section is review for experienced students but
would be helpful for students new to programming.
Teacher Instructions:
Part 2 – Understanding Agent behaviors
At this point, students should have all six agents created and their worksheet created. Now
they are ready to give their agents behaviors.
Behaviors are thought of in this way…
IF…I have enough money….
the baseball game.
THEN …. I can go to
Sometimes there is more than one condition
IF…I have enough money and I have a ride….
…. I can go to the baseball game.
THEN
Sometimes there is more than one action
IF…I have enough money and I have a ride…. THEN
…. I can go to the baseball game and buy a soda.
The CONDITIONS box lists the conditions under which
the action will occur. The ACTIONS box lists the actions
which occur when the CONDITIONS are true. Student
Handout 2 is designed to give students practice in this
(Found on page 8 of the ALTERNATIVE student packet
– not included in the STANDARD student packet.). You
can give it to them to solve in pairs, or use it as a class activity.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 2:
Understanding Conditions and Actions
Explain each condition or action below
Conditions:
A
B
D
C
E
F
G
Actions:
A
D
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
B
C
E
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 2: ANSWER KEY
Understanding Conditions and Actions
Explain each condition or action below
Conditions:
A IF the agent sees a truck to the right
B IF the agent is on top of the truck
D If the agent hears HELLO
E If the user presses the A key
F If the value is equal to 0
C IF there is nothing to the right
G If the agent is next to five or fewer trucks
Actions:
AMove to the right
D Change the agent to this image
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
B Erase the agent
C
E
Reset the simulation
Speak this text
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Teacher Instructions:
Part 3 – Program the Sokoban to move
-
This section is review material for experienced students and will likely
not be needed. It is provided for classes with a higher proportion of
new students and is found on Page 9 of the ALTERNATIVE student
packet. If your class has a high number of new students, consider
using a breakout group to teach this information while experienced
students move ahead.
Ask the students to edit behaviors of the Sokoban. To do this, they will click on EDIT
BEHAVIOR on the SOKOBAN located in the GALLERY BOX.
Three boxes will appear as shown below: the CONDITIONS box, the ACTIONS box and
the BEHAVIOR box. (It is helpful for the students to lay them out in this order)
Use drop and drag to bring in conditions from the left side of the BEHAVIOR box, and
actions from the right side.
Ask students…
How will we get the Sokoban to move? Can we use voice control? (Just tell the Sokoban
to move?) No, what else could we use?
A student will likely suggest using the keyboard. Introduce the term CURSOR CONTROL
such that you use the keyboard to move an Agent. Have students work together to determine
the proper condition and action to make the Sokoban move up.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
After a couple of minutes of discussion, solicit ideas (correct code is shown below)
Press the UP ARROW key
on the keyboard to get
the up arrow indicator.
Have the students test their
rule. Click on the green
arrow (PLAY) to start the game. Have them press the up arrow to see if their Sokoban
moves up. Press the Red Square (STOP) to stop the game, and RESET to reset the
worksheet. When the student presses the up arrow, the Sokoban should move up.
NOTE: Some students will likely find out at this point that they didn’t save their
worksheet. If that is the case, they will need a few minutes to recreate their
worksheet. You can avoid this by reminding everyone to save their worksheet
before testing their game!
Show students how to add rules by clicking NEW RULE at the bottom of the box. Also
show them how to DUPLICATE rules using the DUPLICATE button.
Select a rule by
clicking in the
center of it. Click
on DUPLICATE
to duplicate the
rule. Click on
DELETE to
remove it.
Have the students create the rest of the rules to move their
Sokoban up, down, right and left.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
When the students test the movement of the Sokoban, ask the students what happens when
the Sokoban gets to a wall? (Right now, the Sokoban can walk through
walls.) Ask students how they can prevent this.
Suggest the SEE condition if no one else suggests it. The correct code
for moving up is as follows:
The entire code for the Sokoban looks like this:
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
COMMON MISTAKE:
In this case, the agent is being ‘told’…if I click the up, down, right and left arrow, then you
move up, down right and left.
If students have this mistake, use it as a class discussion for them to determine
why it’s wrong. Consider having them talk through (or act out) what it
occurring.
The rule should be,
if I click the up arrow,
you move up.
If I click the right arrow,
you move right.
They must each be their own, separate rule!
Thoughts on Troubleshooting:
Think about ways to remove yourself as a teacher from being the only problem solver…
Consider these prompts when students ask for help…



What have you already tried?
Have you consulted with a friend?
Have you considered whether your rule order is correct?
Resist the urge to find their mistake or take over their computer and fix their program!
Use the proper terms for the Computational Thinking Patterns (such as Cursor Control) so
that students are comfortable with these terms.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 3:
Part 3 – Program the Sokoban to move
Click on the agent to add behaviors to that agent
Step 1
Create behavior
for the Sokoban
Step 2:
Cursor Control
for Sokoban
Step 3:
This makes the
Sokoban move
UP when you
push the UP
arrow. Create
the rest of the
rules for the
Sokoban
Prevent the
Sokoban from
walking through
walls.
Create the rest
of the rules for
the Sokoban
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
Notice that the rule says IF I push the DOWN arrow, AND I
see a floor tile in the down direction, THEN I move down.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Teacher Instructions:
Part 4 – Programming the Sokoban to Push Crates
Gather the class to talk about the crates. Consider these prompts:






What do the crates do?
Where do they come from?
Where do they go?
How do they move
How often do they travel on the street?
What happens with the crates when they reach
their destination? Do the crates disappear?
New Computational
Thinking Pattern: PUSH
When the Sokoban tries to
"push" a Crate, the Crate
will look ahead in the same
direction as the "push". If
the space ahead of the box
is clear (no Walls) the Crate
will signal the Sokoban to
move one space in the
"push" direction and the
Crate will also move one
space in the same direction.
By now your students should have a pretty good idea of what types of coding will be
necessary. Solicit ideas and allow students to consider both correct and incorrect
suggestions. Move students toward the idea that the Sokoban will PUSH the crates, but then
point out that there is no PUSH command. Remind experienced students (inform new
students) of how we can use the MAKE action to put a set of actions in motion.
IF I see a CRATE to the RIGHT, I should PUSH the CRATE to the RIGHT
To have the Sokoban push crates, we have to learn about a new behavior action: “Make”.
The Make action allows sending messages between agents, even back to yourself!
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Use these behaviors IN ADDITION to the existing behaviors
for the Sokoban.
Make Action Box
Have the students test out their code. Ask them to push a crate. What happens?
They should get an error message that says, “Sorry, I am just a ‘crate’. I do not know how to
react to the message: ‘push_down’”
Again, prompt the students…



Why are we getting that error message?
What does the error message mean?
How will we resolve it?
Again, allow students time to think through this problem –
do not give them the next step right away….
Once they’ve had a chance to talk through this new
problem, remind students of using a METHOD.
(METHODs were used in the polling for goals in the
Journey game.) Methods send messages to agents, telling
them what actions to take.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
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METHOD
Methods are containers where
all of the rules go to perform
actions. We have been using
the While method so far in our
program, but now we will add
and use the On Method. The
On Method tells the agent
what to do when specific
messages are received. You
can tell the type of Method
you are looking at by looking at
the tab in the upper left corner
of Method area.
Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Thinking through pushing the crate…
Remind students that the agents will only do what they are told…they cannot choose to do
anything on their own.
So, ask the students what commands are needed to push a crate, and model the commands
they give. You can use a tissue box or a chair to model the behavior. Be sure to have some
‘Walls’ to work around.
For example…
When they say…
Push the crate
Move up
Push the crate (but there is a wall there)
Do this…
Push the (tissue box) crate forward, but
don’t move.
Move yourself, but not the crate
Bang into the wall, but don’t go through it
You want to push them to a solid understanding by modeling each spoken behavior. Make
them give you the conditions (for example, move forward if you see carpet in front of you).
This will be challenging and frustrating at times for some students. Take it step by step and
let all students participate in giving possible solutions.
Eventually you should get the students to agree on the following set2 of commands.
If you see carpet in front of you, move the crate forward. If the crate moves forward,
then you should take a step forward as well.
More specifically, these rules…



If there is a crate in front of the Sokoban, and the “right arrow” button is pressed,
perform the action, “push_right”
If the crate is told to perform the action “push_right”, the crate will look to see if
there is floor tile in front of the crate. If there is, the crate will move forward, and
then then tell the Sokoban to perform the action “move forward”.
If the Sokoban is told to perform the action “move forward” the Sokoban moves
forward one step.
Provide students with Handout 4 (This handout is found on page
5 of the STANDARD student
packet and page 9 of the ALTERNATIVE student packet.)
Note that there are other possible solutions – encourage students to try out their solutions as
well.
2
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 4:
Part 4 – Programming the Sokoban to Push Crates
Click on the agent to add behaviors to that agent
Step
1
Step
2:
Enable the Sokoban
to push the crates.
This is the
behaviors in the UP
direction for the
Sokoban. Code the
rest of the
directions.
Create the Method
push_down for the
CRATE
Reminder: click
New Method
Step
3:
Step
4:
Step
5:
Create remaining
methods for
push_up, push_left
and push_right
Test your game
Change the
Sokoban rules so
that your Sokoban
moves down when
the crate is pushed
down.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
No hints here!
You should not get any error messages.
Your crate should move in the proper direction.
Does your Sokoban move? Why not?
If you get any error messages, go back and check your
programming. Do not continue on until the program works as
expected at this point.
Crate checks to see if a
Floor tile agent is below.
If there is a Floor tile
agent below the crate, it
sends a message back to
the Sokoban telling it to
move down and then the crate moves down.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Step
6:
Test your game
Step
7:
Create the Method
move_down for the
SOKOBAN
Step
8:
Change the
Sokoban rules so
that your Sokoban
moves up when the
crate is pushed up.
Step
9:
What other rules
must be changed?
Create the
remaining “Move”
methods
The Sokoban does not know how to react to the message
(move_down) that it is receiving back from the crate;
therefore, you will see an error message from AgentSheets
when we run our game now!
Look back to Step 5 for help on this.
See Step 7 for help on this.
move_up
move_right
move_left
You are ready to move on once the following items work correctly…




Does the Sokoban move in all directions over the Floor?
Can the Sokoban push crates in all directions?
Does the Sokoban also move in the same direction as the crate was pushed?
Do the Walls block the Crates and Sokoban correctly?
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Sokoban
Teacher Instructions:
Part 5 – The Destination
Ask the students what is missing from their Sokoban game… They should identify that they
need a way to win the game. In this portion of the lesson, students will create a destination agent
and change their rules to enable the Sokoban and the Crate to be on top of the destination tile.
Provide students with Student Handout 5 – the remaining
explanation is for clarity for the teacher
Student Handout 5 is found on page 7 of the STANDARD student packet, and page 12 of the
ALTERNATIVE student packet.
We will now create a Destination agent that can have other
agents pushed onto it.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE and
COMPUTATIONAL
THINKING PATTERNS
It is important to use the
proper terminology during
this discussion. As students
use words like create,
make, erase,
disappear…restate their
ideas using the terms
GENERATE and ABSORB.
Destination agent
Create and draw the Destination Agent: Create a new
agent called Destination, the same way you created the
Sokoban and the Walls. As you did when you created the Sokoban, draw the picture you’d like
to use to represent the destination.
Program Destination: Now we would normally add some behavior to our new agent, but in this
case there is nothing we need to program! This means that the destination will not actually
perform any actions in our program.
Currently our Sokoban can walk over floors without a problem, but cannot travel over
destinations. We now need to allow the Sokoban to move over destinations as well.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
When you’re done the Sokoban’s behavior editor should have the original four movement rules
for moving over Floor Tile agents and now four movement rules for moving over destinations
too!
Moving the crate over the Destination: We can push the crate over the Floor tiles, however it
will not currently move onto Destination agents and we will never be able to finish our game! It
is actually very easy to fix this behavior. Open the Crate behavior editor and find the On method
for "push_down", click on the If or Then labels of our rule (this should highlight the entire rule).
Now click the "duplicate" button, which will make an exact copy of the highlighted rule. Now in
our new duplicate rule, we just need to change the See action depiction to the Destination agent.
Here is a picture of the modified "push_down" method:
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Sokoban
Student Handout 5: The Destination
You are tasked with creating the destination tile for Sokoban. Here are the
rules:
Step 1: Create missing agent (destination tile) and add it to the worksheet.
Step 2: Program the Sokoban to be able to move on the destination tile.
Hint: you will be adding rules, not deleting or changing existing rules
Step 3: Program the Crate to be able to move on the destination tile.
Hint: you will be adding rules to the method push_down, for example, not
deleting or changing existing rules. This is a great opportunity to test out the DUPLICATE
feature!
Step 4: Test the program. You are ready to move on when you can answer YES to these
questions:




Try to move the Sokoban onto and off of the Destination in every direction
Try to push a crate on and off the Destination in every direction
Do the Sokoban and Crate move on and off the Destination correctly? If not, check the
Crate and Sokoban rules and retest.
If the movement over the Destination is fine for the Sokoban and Crate, good work!
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Sokoban
Teacher Instructions:
Part 6 – Creating letters and
numbers
Notice that this game version is able to count the
number of steps taken by the Sokoban to move the
crate to the destination. Show this image to the
students and ask them which pieces they need to
program. They should come up with the following
needs:
Letters



Have no behaviors
Indicate where the step count is located
Create letters S-T-E-P
Destinations



Have no behaviors
The Crate and Sokoban can move over Destinations
If Crates cover all level Destinations the level is complete
Numbers




Create numbers 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9
Increments by one every time the Sokoban takes a step
Creates new number if needed
Indicates to next Number when it needs to increment
Remind students of how
the goals were
incremented by one when
polled in Journey.
Game Master



Manages the incrementing of the step count
Asks Crates to update their status
If all Destinations are covered, indicates that the level
has been finished
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Remind students of the
Controller Agent in
Journey. This is the same
role that the GAME
MASTER plays in Sokoban.
Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
In the STUDENT HANDOUT (found on page 8 of the STANDARD student packet and page 13 of
the ALTERNATIVE student packet), students will be directed to make the letters S-T-E-P as one
agent called Letter, with four depictions, Letter_S, Letter_T, etc.
Students will then be directed to make the numbers 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 as one agent called
Number, again with different depictions.
Students will then update their worksheet.
Tips and Tricks
We actually do not need to modify the original Letter or Number
depiction since we will not use it in our game, however it can be
helpful to modify it.
Making depictions that have meaningful names is a good
programming practice! When we use the "Letter_S" depiction of
the Letter agent we know what it should look like, however if we
just use "Letter" we would not know which letter it is referring to.
Change the MASK color to WHITE to make it transparent!
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout 6
Part 6: Counting the steps
To count the steps in Sokoban, you first need to create agents that are letters and numbers.
Step 1: Create a letter agent
Create 4 depictions:




Letter_S
Letter_T
Letter_E
Letter _P
Step 2: Create a number agent

Create 10 depictions for the numbers 0-9
Step 3: Modify worksheet
Add the word STEPS and add the digit 0 as
shown.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Step 4: Add "increment" Method to the Numbers behavior
Step 5: Add Rules to Numbers Agent "increment" Method:
We now need to add rules to the Method we just created. We will actually have eleven
rules, even though there are only ten numbers! Let's start with the first rule; if we see a
"Zero" depiction, we need to change it to a "One" depiction. Make your rule look like the
first rule in the following picture.
Use the other two rules from the picture as guides for how to make rules for the numbers 1 - 8.
What should happen if the current number is a "Nine" and we need to increment? We will need
two special rules for this case. Use the picture below for the two "Nine" rules.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
We used the "See A" Action for one of the rules. The
difference between the "See" and "See A" Actions is
that "See A" looks for any Agent regardless of the
Depiction, while the "See" Action looks for a specific
Depiction of an Agent.
We could program the same behavior using the
"See" action as we did using the "See A" action,
however it would require a separate rule for each
Numbers depiction!
**Warning: If your counter is not on empty space (i.e. on the floor,
wall, etc.) you want to make sure that the last "if" is not "empty to the
left" but rather "sees floor to the left" or whatever you have the counter
on....
Fun Fact:
We are not actually "incrementing" any numbers with
our "increment" Method. We are updating Depictions
to represent incrementing a number. We are
simulating incrementing real numbers!
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Teacher Instructions:
Part 7 – Incrementing
Numbers
Flashback to Journey
In this game, the Traveler had to
collect multiple goals before winning
the game. To determine if all the
goals were gone, we created a
Controller to poll the goals, which
increased the count by one, for each
goal remaining on the board.
Remind students of the Sokoban game, and how they used a Controller to count up the number
of remaining goals. When the remaining goals were zero, the game was over. They will use the
same setup here. This time, we will refer to the controller as the Game Master. The Game
Master Agent will play two roles:


Increment the step count
Determine when the current game
level has been finished
Game Master Location
Ask the students to create and draw the
Game Master Agent: Create a new agent
called "Game_Master", the same way you
created the previous agents. Draw a picture
you’d like to use to represent the Game
Master.
Sokoban Curriculum v2.0
An interesting feature of the Game Master
agent is that it does not need to be visible to
the player, but it does need to be placed
within our Worksheet at a specific location.
To make it easier for us to see where we have
placed this agent, it is a good idea to use
some temporary or small depiction.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Place the Game Master Agent to the right of the zero in the Worksheet
Question for students:
Why is it very important that a single Game Master agent is
placed to the Right of the Number agent that we previously
placed on the worksheet?
Answer: Because there will be a digit going to the left of the zero when the count
gets past nine. Also, because the code said look for the floor tile to the left…if we
place the game master there, the code will no longer work.
Students will now need to program the following actions:
When the Game Controller wants to update steps, he will look to see if there is a number to the
left, and if there is, the increment method should activate.
Game Master Behavior: New Method, called update_steps
Getting the Step Count to Increment
We now have the Game Master reacting to the "update_steps" message and we have the Number
reacting to "increment", but the numbers will still not increment when the Sokoban moves. To
add this behavior we have to modify our Sokoban behaviors.
Every time the Sokoban moves it should send an "update_steps" message to the Game Master
letting it know that a movement has occurred.
Give the students a couple of minutes to talk through this problem…
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
How will they get the Sokoban agent to contact the Game Master agent.
The Sokoban agent will not be adjacent to the Game Master agent, so we can not use the "Make"
action to send a message. Instead we will use the "Broadcast" action that sends a message to all
Agents of a specified type and it does not matter where the receiving Agent is in relation to the
sender.
Sokoban "DOWN" movement with Broadcast added
Updating Other Sokoban Movements to Broadcast:
Now, add the same Broadcast action to the On Methods for "move_up", "move_right", and
"move_left".
The Sokoban needs to tell the Game Master that it has taken a step in two other cases: walking
over Floor and Destinations. Add the same Broadcast action used previously to the eight rules for
the other Sokoban movement. The picture below shows the updated rules for moving "DOWN"
over the Floor and Destinations.
Sokoban "DOWN" movement with Broadcast added
Provide students with Handout 7, found on page 11 of the STANDARD
student packet, and page 16 of the ALTERNATIVE student packet.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Student Handout:
Part 7 – Incrementing
Numbers
Flashback to Journey
In this game, the Traveler had to
collect multiple goals before winning
the game. To determine if all the
goals were gone, we created a
Controller to poll the goals, which
increased the count by one, for each
goal remaining on the board.

Game Master Location
Step 1: Create a Game Master who will


An interesting feature of the Game Master
agent is that it does not need to be visible to
the player, but it does need to be placed
within our Worksheet at a specific location.
To make it easier for us to see where we have
placed this agent, it is a good idea to use
some temporary or small depiction.
Increment the step count
Determine when the current game
level has been finished
Place the Game Master Agent to the right of
the zero in the Worksheet
Step 2: When the Game Controller wants to update steps, he will look to see if there is a
number to the left, and if there is, the increment method should activate.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Game Master Behavior: New Method, called update_steps
Step 3: Every time the Sokoban moves it should send an "update_steps" message to the Game
Master letting it know that a movement has occurred.
Broadcasting Sokoban Steps:
Let's add…
the "Broadcast" action
to the…
Sokoban
On…
"move_down" Method.
Sokoban "DOWN" movement with Broadcast added
Step 4: Now, add the same Broadcast action to the On Methods for "move_up", "move_right",
and "move_left".
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Step 5: The Sokoban needs to tell the Game Master that it has taken a step in two other cases:
walking over Floor and Destinations. The picture below shows the updated rules for moving
"DOWN" over the Floor and Destinations.
Sokoban "DOWN" movement with Broadcast added
Step 6: Add the same Broadcast action used previously to the eight rules for the other Sokoban
movement.
Step 7: Test your game.




When the Sokoban moves or pushes a Crate does the step count increase?
If you go over nine steps does the step count increase correctly?
If the answer is "No" to either of the above questions, check the behaviors for problems
and retest.
If the step count is incrementing correctly (even if you had to change a few things and
retest), you did a super job!
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Teacher Instructions:
Part 8 – Winning the game
Talk with the students at this point.




How do we win the game? (when there are no more crates on floor tiles, you win)
How do we know if we won the game (have to count all the crates left on the floor)
When we check each time to see if we won the game, do we use the old count of crates,
or do we start new? (we start new, with zero crates, and then we count up for each crate
still on the floor).
Do we need to count all time (continuously)? No, we can count a certain number of
times per second
Now, go back through these same questions with the students and talk about the
programming:


How do we win the game? (when there are no more crates on floor tiles, you win)
o We need a method to say if there are no more crates (@Free_Crates = 0) then you
win.
o Let’s call that method “check_crates”
How do we know if we won the game (have to count all the crates left on the floor)
o Set the number of crates to zero
o Ask the crates if they are on a floor tile
o If they are on a floor tile, increase the number of crates by 1
o Let’s call that method “report”
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)


When we check each time to see if we won the game, do we use the old count of crates,
or do we start new? (we start new, with zero crates, and then we count up for each crate
still on the floor).
o Set the number of crates to zero
Do we need to count all time (continuously)? No, we can count a certain number of
times per second
o Let’s put in a condition that we will check every 0.2 seconds.
During your discussion, students will likely come up with the code, at least in concept.
Game Manager Code with Explanation
We don’t need to check for crates continuously, so we will be it every so often. In this example,
we did it once every 0.2 seconds, or five times a second.
Each time we check on the crates, we start our count from zero.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
We send out a broadcast message to the crates, asking them to report if they are on the floor tiles.
We tell the crates to run the method check_crates to
see if we won the game.
Game Master’s check-crates Method Code with Explanation
You win – reset simulation
IF the crate count IS EQUAL TO zero
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
Crate’s report Method Code with Explanation
IF the Crate is on the Floor Tile
Count it by adding a crate to the Free_Crates count
By now, students have had significant practice with methods. Therefore, some will be more
ready for a challenge than others. As a result, there are FOUR Student Handouts for this section.




Student Handout 8A: Gives basic explanation based on the questions you discussed
o Found on page 14 in the STANDARD student packet, and page 19 of the
ALTERNATIVE student packet.
Student Handout 8B: Explains the steps of each code, but no code is shown
o Not included in the STANDARD student packet, and found on page 20 of the
ALTERNATIVE student packet.
Student Handout 8C: Gives the beginnings of each code, and an explanation
o Not included in either student packet – have available for students who need it
Student Handout 8D: Gives the full code
o Not included in either student packet – have available for students who need it
Start with Handout 8A for all students. Have copies of the other three handouts available for
those who need them. Students should not be made to feel badly if they need more help – that is
all part of the learning process.
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout
Part 8A – Winning the game
Challenge yourself to do it on your own.
To finish programming your game, answer each question and produce the code:




How do we win the game?
o Create a METHOD for the GAME MASTER that shows when you win.
How do we know if we won the game
o Create a METHOD for the CRATES that tells you if they are still on the floor.
When we check each time to see if we won the game, do we use the old count of crates,
or do we start new?
o Be sure your METHOD for the crates starts with the number of crates equal to
zero
Do we need to count all time (continuously)?
o WHILE RUNNING, your Game Master should check to see if you won every 0.2
seconds.
Press Run and see if everything works correctly. Check

When the Sokoban moves does the step count increment correctly?

When the Sokoban pushes the Crate does the step count increment correctly?

If you push all Crates over all Destinations does the level end?
If your answer to one of these is no, ask for Student Handout 8B for more hints. Note: There
should always be one Destination per Crate in the game levels.
Otherwise, if everything works correctly GREAT JOB! You have finished your own Sokoban
game! You can now go back and make any changes you want to make (like redrawing an agent,
redesigning your game level, adding other behaviors, etc.).
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout
Part 8B – Winning the game
Need more help? That’s okay – here are some more
hints:
We need a method to say if there are no more crates (set a simulation property @Free_Crates =
0) then you win, and reset the game.

Let’s call that method “check_crates”
We need a method to know if we won the game (have to count all the crates left on the floor)




Set the number of crates to zero
Ask the crates if they are on a floor tile
If they are on a floor tile, increase the number of crates by 1
Let’s call that method “report”
Let’s tell the Game Master that While Running, every 0.2 seconds, he should SET the number of
crates (@Free Crates) to zero, he should then BROADCAST to the Crates, asking for a “report”,
and finally, he should “check_crates” to see if you won.
Press Run and see if everything works correctly. Check

When the Sokoban moves does the step count increment correctly?

When the Sokoban pushes the Crate does the step count increment correctly?

If you push all Crates over all Destinations does the level end?
If your answer to one of these is no, ask for Student Handout 8C for more hints. Note: There
should always be one Destination per Crate in the game levels.
Otherwise, if everything works correctly GREAT JOB! You have finished your own Sokoban
game! You can now go back and make any changes you want to make (like redrawing an agent,
redesigning your game level, adding other behaviors, etc.).
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Sokoban
Student Handout
Part 8C – Winning the game
Need even more help? That’s still okay – here is the
piece of each code with explanations.
Game Manager Code with Explanation
Every 0.2 seconds
set the crates to zero
Ask the crates to REPORT back
Run CHECK_CRATES to see if
the game is over.
Game Master’s check-crates Method Code with Explanation
You win – reset simulation
IF the crate count IS EQUAL TO zero
Crate’s report Method Code with Explanation
IF the Crate is on the Floor Tile
count
Count it by adding a crate to the @Free_Crates
Press Run and see if everything works correctly. Check



When the Sokoban moves does the step count increment correctly?
When the Sokoban pushes the Crate does the step count increment correctly?
If you push all Crates over all Destinations does the level end?
If your answer to one of these is no, ask for Student Handout 8D for more hints. Note: There
should always be one Destination per Crate in the game levels.
Otherwise, if everything works correctly GREAT JOB! You have finished your own Sokoban
game! You can now go back and make any changes you want to make (like redrawing an agent,
redesigning your game level, adding other behaviors, etc.).
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
Student Handout
Part 8D – Winning the game
Need even more help? That’s still okay – here is the code with explanations.
Be sure to talk with a friend if you still have questions.
Game Manager Code
Every 0.2 seconds
set the crates to zero
Ask the crates to REPORT back
Run CHECK_CRATES to see if
the game is over.
Game Master’s check-crates Method Code with Explanation
You win – reset simulation
IF the crate count IS EQUAL TO zero
Crate’s report Method Code with Explanation
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban (Continued)
IF the Crate is on the Floor Tile
Count it by adding a crate to the @Free_Crates count
Press Run and see if everything works correctly. Check

When the Sokoban moves does the step count increment correctly?

When the Sokoban pushes the Crate does the step count increment correctly?

If you push all Crates over all Destinations does the level end?
If your answer to one of these is no, go back to the related section and see what you might have
done wrong. Note: There should always be one Destination per Crate in the game levels.
Otherwise, if everything works correctly GREAT JOB! You have finished your own Sokoban
game! You can now go back and make any changes you want to make (like redrawing an agent,
redesigning your game level, adding other behaviors, etc.).
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Scalable Game Design
Sokoban
End of Unit Review Sheet - Sokoban
A) The main computational thinking patterns we reviewed were:
1) Cursor Control: intentionally moving an agent.
a. Using keyboard keys to move an agent.
b. Example is moving the Sokoban.
2) Collision: when 2 agents collide (run into each other).
a. Use the “See” condition
b. Use the “Stacked” condition, OR
c. Use the “Next to” condition.
d. Example: Winning the game by placing the crate on the destination.
3) Broadcasting: is when we “shout out” to all agents of a certain type requesting
them to execute a specific method.
a. Use the “broadcast” action in AgentSheets.
b. Example is the broadcast to the Controller - the method check_in” to
check in with the crates to see if they are on the destination.
B) The main NEW computational thinking patterns we learned were:
1) Push: moving an object and then telling the agent doing the pushing to move as
well.
a. Example: The Sokoban pushed the crate.
C) Other concepts we covered in AgentSheets are:
1) Incrementing Numbers
a. Thinking about how numbers change
b. Learning what’s special about the digit 9
2) Using Incrementing Numbers to count steps
3) Calling methods to do special tasks
4) Troubleshooting the simulation, and considering rule order.
5) Using sounds and messages in the game.
6) Timing our actions using the “Once every” condition.
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Sokoban
ISTE Standards3 specific to the implementation of Sokoban (Denoted with ())
Creativity and Innovation
Students demonstrate creative thinking, construct knowledge, and develop innovative products and processes using technology. Students:
Apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas, products, or processes:
 Design and develop games
Design and develop computational science models
Create original works as a means of personal or group expression.
 Design original games
Model your local environment, e.g., ecology, economy
Use models and simulations to explore complete systems and issues.
Model scientific phenomena, e.g., predator / prey models
Create visualizations
Identify trends and forecast possibilities.
Build predictive computational science models, e.g., how the pine beetle destroys the Colorado pine forest
Build live feeds to scientific web pages (e.g, weather information), process and visualize changing information
Communication and Collaboration
Students use digital media and environments to communicate and work collaboratively, including at a distance, to support individual learning and contribute to the learning of others.
Students:
Interact, collaborate, and publish with peers, experts, or others employing a variety of digital environments and media:
 Students work in teams to build and publish their simulations as web pages containing java applets.
Communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences using a variety of media and formats.
Effectively combine interactive simulations, text, images in web pages
Develop cultural understanding and global awareness by engaging with learners of other cultures.
 Students and teachers from the four culturally diverse regions interact with each other
Contribute to project teams to produce original works or solve problems.
 Define project roles and work collaboratively to produce games and simulations
Research and Information Fluency
3
ISTE Standards for Students (ISTE Standards•S) are the “standards for evaluating the skills and knowledge students need to learn effectively and live
productively in an increasingly global and digital world.” http://www.iste.org/standards/standards-for-students
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Sokoban (Continued)
Students apply digital tools to gather, evaluate, and use information. Students:
Plan strategies to guide inquiry.
Explore web sites and identify interesting connections
Locate, organize, analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and ethically use information from a variety of sources and media.
Find relevant related web-based information, compute derivate information
Evaluate and select information sources and digital tools based on the appropriateness to specific tasks.
Understand validity of information, e.g. Scientific journal information vs. Personal blogs
Process data and report results.
Write programs to access numerical information, define functions to process data and create output based on voice or plotting to represent data.
Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision Making
Students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage projects, solve problems, and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources. Students:
Identify and define authentic problems and significant questions for investigation.
Define research questions and explore approach of exploration
Plan and manage activities to develop a solution or complete a project.
 Outline sequence of exploratory steps
 Experience complete bottom-up and top-down design processes
 Employ algorithmic thinking for creating programs to solve problems
Collect and analyze data to identify solutions and/or make informed decisions.
Collect data as time series, e.g., collect group size of predator and prey, export time series to excel, explore various types of graph representations, e.g., x(t), y(t) or scatter
y=f(x)
Use multiple processes and diverse perspectives to explore alternative solutions.
 Experience and understand design trade-offs, e.g. Bottom-up vs. Top-down
Digital
Citizenship
Students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practice legal and ethical behavior. Students:
Advocate and practice safe, legal, and responsible use of information and technology.
 Learn how to use tools to locate resources, e.g., images with google image search, but understand copyright issues
Exhibit a positive attitude toward using technology that supports collaboration, learning, and productivity.
 Stay in the flow, where design challenges match design skills
 Experience success through scaffolded game design activities
 Mentor other students
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Sokoban (Continued)
Demonstrate personal responsibility for lifelong learning.
 Explore options of going beyond expected learning goals
Exhibit leadership for digital citizenship.
 In a collaborative setting become a responsible producer of content for diverse audiences
Technology Operations and Concepts
Students demonstrate a sound understanding of technology concepts, systems, and operations. Students:
Understand and use technology systems.
 Know how to organize files and folders, launch and use applications on various platforms
Select and use applications effectively and productively.
Know how to orchestrate a set of applications to achieve goals, e.g., make game and simulations using Photoshop (art), AgentSheets (programming), and Excel (data
 analysis).
Troubleshoot systems and applications.
 Debug games and simulations that are not working
Transfer current knowledge to learning of new technologies.
 Reflect on fundamental skills at conceptual level. Explore different tools to achieve similar objectives.
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