An Eclectic Journal of Opinion, History, Poetry and General Bloviating

Tuesday, July 9, 2013

A Black Man Takes a Knife to a Man’s Heart—And Saves his Life

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams circa 1900.

Things
were tense in the operating room of two year old Provident Hospital in Chicago
on June 10, 1893.James Cornish had been carried to the
hospital with what was surely a fatal wound—a knife was sticking out of his
chest and lodged in the heart.The only
way to save him—open the chest, remove the knife and suture the pericardium—thetough double
layered membrane which covers the heart—would probably kill him.No one had previously survived the handful of
attempts at the procedure.

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a 37 year old
surgeon and founder of the only hospital in Chicago with an integrated staff,
was used to breaking new ground and confident in his skills.He was also a pioneer of the sterile operating
room, being one of the first American surgeons to heed the ground breaking research
of Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister at a time when older
doctors were still performing multiple operations on the same blood table
without washing their hands in between.That reform alone had greatly boosted survival rates among his patients.

Without
the benefit of modern antibiotics
and with unreliable anesthetics he
went to work.And he had to work fast
because he also had no access to blood
transfusions.He quickly and
skillfully cracked the chest, removed the knife, sutured the pericardium,
closed and sutured the chest.Within ten
days Cornish had fully recovered and went on to live a normal life for many
years.

Dr.
Williams had just performed the first successful open heart surgery.

Did
I mention that he was Black?

Williams
was born on January 18, 1856 in Hollidaysburg,
Pennsylvania.His parents were free Blacks and his father made a good living as a barber.The elder Williams was also a community leader and active in the Equal Rights League, an early civil rights organization active during
the Reconstruction Era.

At
the age of ten the boy’s security was shattered with the sudden death of his
father.He was sent to live with
relatives in Baltimore where he got
a little more basic education before being unhappily apprenticed as a
shoemaker.

Dissatisfied,
he left Maryland to join his mother
and other members of his family who had relocated to Chicago.He took up his father’s trade and was soon
made enough money to better himself by apprenticing to Dr. Henry Palmer, a highly accomplished surgeon. He then completed
formal training at Chicago Medical
College, one of the few schools in the country to accept Black students.

Unable
to gain a position or admitting status at any Chicago hospital because of his
race, Williams set up a private practice on the South Side.Then he was
hired as a doctor for the Chicago Street
Railway, treating mostly white workers and injured passengers.Despite the general racism of the times, he
was well thought of by the men and affectionately called Dr. Dan.

Private
practice or the Railway offices, however did not offer the kind of recovery
facilities necessary to perform the most difficult and challenging
operations.For that he needed a full
service hospital.He also wanted to
encourage more blacks to enter medicine, not only as doctors, but as nurses and
other support personnel.

So
in 1891 Dr. Williams founded Provident
Hospital and Training School for Nurses, the nation’s first hospital with a
nursing and intern program that had a racially integrated staff.

Dr.
Williams work soon attracted the attention of the aging abolitionist Fredrick Douglas who championed him among friends in Washington.As a result in 1894 Williams was appointed the chief surgeon of the Freedmen’s Hospital, serving former
slaves.It was a daunting task.Sub-standard from the beginning in the
Reconstruction Era, it had been allowed to deteriorate and offered substandard
care with an astonishing mortality rate.

Williams
worked feverishly on the turn-around, instituting modern hygienic standards,
re-training the staff, improving surgical procedures including public viewing
of surgeries which he believed would be an incentive to the staff to operate on
the highest level.He also added
specialists in more fields, launched and ambulance service, and on the model of
Provident, adding a multiracial staff, continuing to provide opportunities for
black physicians and nursing students.

The
following year, in 1895 William co-founded the National Medical Association, an
alternative to the American Medical Association, which didn’t allow
African-American membership.

In
his years in Washington, Williams met Alice
Johnson who he married in 1898.The
couple returned to Chicago where he resumed his position at Provident.Later he would practice at Cook County Hospital and St. Luke’s, major modern hospitals who
could no longer deny one of the most distinguished surgeons in the nation.

From
1901 he spent part of every year in Nashville
where he was a voluntary visiting clinical professor at Meharry Medical College for more than
two decades. He became a charter member of the American College of Surgeons in 1913.

Dr.
Williams was active until he suffered a stroke in 1926.On August 4, 1931 he died in Idlewild,
Michigan.

Williams
was widely honored in his life time and his story has become a staple of Black History Month
commemorations.But he is largely
unknown to white Americans.

Williams’s
beloved Providence Hospital, one of the few full service hospitals on the
under-served South Side, was forced to close in 1987 due to financial
problems.In 1993it reopened in as Provident Hospital of Cook County, part
of the Cook County Bureau of Health
Services.Finances continue to
threaten the public hospital and its future is far from certain.