Underwater Warriors
by Paul Kemp
Brockhampton Press, 1999, 256 pages

The Preface's first sentence states that the midget
submarine is "one of the most potent weapons of war developed in the
twentieth century," but the remainder of the book details this weapon's
many failures during World War II. The navies of four countries tried to employ
midget submarines, but even the most successful underwater warfare unit,
Italy's Decima Mas, had a negligible effect on the war's course. Paul
Kemp, author or coauthor of about twenty other books on submarines, midget
submarines, and naval warfare, has written a well-researched book, but at times
it reads like an encyclopedia filled with technical details.

Most chapters do not have descriptive titles to easily
determine their contents, but the book has a logical structure with the midget
submarine operations of Italy, Japan, Britain, and Germany separately described
in three to six chapters each. The book's first chapter provides a brief
history of midget submarines prior to World War II, and the last chapter tells
about the limited use of midget submarines after the war primarily by Russia
and several smaller countries. The book also includes over seventy historical
photos.

The Preface to Underwater Warriors divides midget
submarines used in World War II into the three categories of human torpedoes,
small submersibles, and true midget submarines. However, the book has some
inconsistencies on the use of these terms. Although the Preface states that the
Japanese kaiten and the German Neger were small submersibles, the main
text refers to these two weapons as human torpedoes. The author never
specifically defines the term "human torpedoes," but these weapons
fall into three groups. First, some human torpedoes (e.g., Italian Maiale
(Pig), British Chariot) had detachable warheads that assault frogmen placed
underneath enemy ships, and the frogmen used the torpedo to escape prior to a
timed explosion. In the second group, assault frogmen neared an enemy ship and
then launched a torpedo (e.g., German Neger). In the final category,
which includes only Japanese kaiten, a human pilot steered the launched torpedo
into an enemy ship in a suicide attack.

Although this book mentions many individuals connected with
midget submarines, it lacks in-depth personal stories. The different underwater
weapons introduced in the book include detailed information on development,
technical capabilities, and deployment. As on overview of all World War II
midget submarines, the book focuses much more on the weapons themselves rather
than the thoughts and emotions of the men who piloted them.

Four chapters totaling about fifty pages give the history of
Japan's two underwater special attack weapons, the Kō-Hyōteki (Type A
Target) midget submarine and kaiten human torpedo. The Japanese Navy used the
term "special attack" (tokkō in Japanese) to describe both of
these weapons, which meant that the pilots of these underwater weapons expected to die as part of the attack. Although no pilot of a launched kaiten torpedo
ever survived, five crewmembers of Kō-Hyōteki two-man midget submarines
survived after being launched from their mother submarines in attacks at Pearl
Harbor and off Guadalcanal. However, Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki, pilot of one of the
five midget submarines that attacked Pearl Harbor, became America's first
Japanese prisoner-of-war when captured after his midget submarine washed
ashore.

Just as the first sentence of the Preface overstates the
historical significance of midget submarines, a sentence in the book's last
paragraph also overstates their current role, "There is no doubt that
midget submarines are still a force to be reckoned with." Based on their
insignificant battle results in World War II and today's disregard for them by
the world's major military powers, midget submarines likely will have a
negligible or no role in future conflicts.

Kaiten mounted on Japanese submarine I-370
when departed Hikari Base in Yamaguchi Prefecture on February 20, 1945.
I-370 was sunk off Iwo Jima on February 26 with kaiten unlaunched.