Thanks to your work, the Plugable USB3-E1000 now does work with all Chromebooks, including USB 2.0 Chromebooks for people looking to future-proof the adapter they buy. More details and where to buy at http://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000/

ChromeOS has the best built-in USB network adapter support of any OS, combined with automatic updates, it's a real boon for the user. Thanks again for your work !
Bernie

Thanks for contacting us, we'd be glad to help! We don't know of any USB 3 Ethernet adapters that currently have compatible drivers on Chromebook. Support for the latest USB 3.0 ASIX chipset AX88179 is not yet included on Android and Chrome OS. We have tested our USB 2.0 generation adapters on the Samsung Chromebook however, and they both work well. Here are the links for your reference:
http://plugable.com/products/USB2-E1000http://plugable.com/products/USB2-E100

Ellen, is this still the case for the Samsung Chromebook? I haven't found a USB 3.0 ethernet adapter that claims compatibility. I'm in Kansas City and excited to take advantage of google fiber but wifi just can't keep up.

Thanks to your work, the Plugable USB3-E1000 now does work with all Chromebooks, including USB 2.0 Chromebooks for people looking to future-proof the adapter they buy. More details and where to buy at http://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000/

ChromeOS has the best built-in USB network adapter support of any OS, combined with automatic updates, it's a real boon for the user. Thanks again for your work !
Bernie

Short answer is:
# fgrep -R R8188EU */chromeos/config/
v3.14/chromeos/config/base.config:# CONFIG_R8188EU is not set
v3.18/chromeos/config/base.config:# CONFIG_R8188EU is not set

Realtek 8188 USB driver is not (currently) available for C200 or similar aged devices which use 3.10 or 3.8 kernel.

And this driver is NOT enabled for newer ChromeOS devices. This is much easier to change (to enable it) but still doesn't mean this device will work. But enabling the driver is something you can ask for on chromium-os-devel mailing list.