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Territory

During the
late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries the territory of the
Attawandaron was mostly within the limits of present day
southern Ontario.There was
a single population cluster to the east, across the Niagara River near modern-day Buffalo, New York.The western boundary of their territory was
the valley of the Grand River, with population concentrations existing on the
Niagara
Peninsula and in the
vicinity of the present-day communities of Hamilton and Milton, Ontario.
Documentary sources indicate that the population of the historic
Neutrals ranged from twelve thousand to forty thousand individuals,
with the lower number indicating the devastating effect of newly
arriving European diseases and periods of famine during the first
part of the seventeenth century.

F. Douglas
Reville's The History of the County of Brant (1920) stated
that the hunting grounds of the Attawandaron ranged from Genesee Falls and Sarnia, and south
of a line drawn from Toronto to Goderich.

St. Jean de Brébeuf and
Chaumonot visited
eighteen villages of the Neutrals in 1640-1641, and gave each a
Christian name. The only ones mentioned in their writings were
Kandoucho, or All Saints, the nearest to the Hurons;
Onguioaahra, on the Niagara River; Teotongniaton
or St. William, in the centre of their country; and
Khioetoa, or St. Michael.

Their territory is described, by F. Douglas Reville, as having been
heavily forested, and full of "wild fruit trees of vast variety",
with nut trees, berry bushes, and wild grape vines. "Elk, caribou,
and black bear; deer, wolves, foxes, martens and wild cats filled
the woods."

Name

The Neutrals' name for themselves was Chonnonton, or "people of the
deer", or more precisely, 'the people who tend or manage deer'.
They were called Attawandaron by the Hurons, meaning "people whose speech is awry or a
little different".

The
French called the people "Neutral" (French: la Nation neutre) because
they tried to remain neutral between the warring Huron and Iroquois
peoples.A plausible reason for their neutrality
during the Huron-Iroquois war was the presence of flint grounds
within their territory near the eastern end of Lake Erie. Because the Attawandaron possessed this
important resource, used for spearheads and arrowheads, they could
maintain their neutrality. Once neighbouring nations began to
receive firearms from the European powers, however, the possession
of the flint grounds lost its advantage.

The chief of the Neutrals in their last years was named
Tsouharissen ("Child of the Sun") who led several raids against the
Mascouten who lived in territory in present-day Michigan and Ohio.
Tsouharissen died around 1646.[89028]

Fate

Around 1650, during a period now loosely referred to as the
Beaver Wars, the Iroquois declared war on the Attawandaron; by 1653,
the people were practically annihilated, and their villages were
wiped out, including Kandoucho. The last mention of the Neutrals in
French records is in 1671. [89029]