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LINGUA COSMICA (LINCOS) a Multilevel System Lowest level: Text in Natural Language Second level: Annotations in a Formal System LINCOS, Based on Logic, explains the logic contents of texts (sentences) written in ordinary language Sentences are split into constants, definitions conclusions in the form of facts

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Tree Beard (J.R.R. Tolkien ‘The Lord of the Rings’, Part II) ‘Hm, but you are hasty folk, I see,’ said Treebeard. I a not going to tell you my name. For one thing it would take a long while: my name is growing all the time, my name is like a story. Real names tell you the story of the things they belong to in my language, in the Old Entish. It is a lovely language, but it takes a very long time to say anything in it, because we do not say anything in it, unless it is worth taking a long time to say, and to listen to.’

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Uit ‘Alice in Wonderland’ “You are sad,” the knight said in an anxious tone: “let me sing you a song to comfort you.” “Is it very long?” Alice asked for she had heard a good deal of poetry that day. “It’s long,” said the knight, “but it’s very, very beautiful. Everybody that hears me sing it – either it brings the tears into their eyes, or else –“ “Or else what?” said Alice, for the knight had made a sudden pause. “Or else it doesn’t, you know. The name of the song is called ‘Haddocks’ Eyes.’ ” “Oh, that’s the name of the song, is it?” Alice said, trying to feel interested.

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“No, you don’t understand,” the Knight said, looking a little vexed. “ That’s what the name is called. The name really is ‘The Aged Aged Man.’ ” “Then I ought to have said ‘that’s what the song is called’? “ Alice corrected herself. “No, you oughtn’t: that’s quite another thing! The song is called ‘Ways and means’; but that is only what it’s called, you know!” “Well, what is the song, then?” said Alice, who was by this time completely bewildered. “I was coming to that,” the Knight said. “The song really is ‘A-sitting on A Gate’: and the tune’s my own invention.”

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Logic structure of the story * Knight’s song ‘A-sitting on A Gate’ ** song’s name** call name of song ‘The Aged Aged Man ’ ‘Ways and means ’ *** call name of song’s name ‘Haddocks’ Eyes’

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*Knight’s song ‘A-sitting on A Gate’ ** song’s name ‘The Aged Aged Man ’ ** call name of song ‘Ways and means ’ *** call name of song’s name ‘Haddocks’ Eyes’

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Formal logic structure of the story *Knight’s song DEFINE Knight’s song = ‘A-sitting on A Gate’ **DEFINE song’s name = **DEFINE call name of song = ‘The Aged Aged Man’ ‘Ways and means’ ***DEFINE call name of song’s name = ‘Haddocks’ Eyes’

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Mensenrechten Preambule Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN 1948) 30 articles Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.