Modern batteries are often promoted on their environmental
qualities. Lithium-based batteries fall into this category. While nickel-cadmium
presents an environmental problem on careless disposal, this chemistry
continues to hold an important position among rechargeable batteries.
Power tools are almost exclusively powered by nickel-cadmium. Lead-acid
batteries continue to service designated market niches and these batteries
also need to be disposed of in a proper manner. Lithium-ion would simply
be too fragile to replace many of these older, but environmentally unfriendly,
battery chemistries.

Our quest for portability and mobility is steadily growing, so is the
demand for batteries. Where will the mountains of batteries go when
spent? The answer is recycling.

The lead-acid battery has led the way in recycling. The automotive industry
should be given credit in organizing ways to dispose of spent car batteries.
In the USA, 98% of all lead-acid batteries are recycled. In comparison, only one
in six households in North America recycle batteries.

Careless disposal of nickel-cadmium is hazardous to the environment.
If used in landfills, the cadmium will eventually dissolve itself and
the toxic substance can seep into the water supply, causing serious
health problems. Our oceans are already beginning to show traces of
cadmium (along with aspirin, penicillin and antidepressants) but the
source of the contamination is unknown.

Although nickel-metal-hydride is considered environmentally friendly,
this chemistry is also being recycled. The main derivative is nickel,
which is considered semi-toxic. Nickel-metal-hydride also contains electrolyte
that, in large amounts, is hazardous. If no disposal service is available
in an area, individual nickel-metal-hydride batteries can be discarded
with other household wastes. If ten or more batteries are accumulated,
the user should consider disposing of these packs in a secure waste
landfill.

Lithium (metal) batteries contain no toxic metals; however, there
is the possibility of fire if the metallic lithium is exposed to moisture
while the cells are corroding. Most lithium batteries are non-rechargeable
and are used in cameras, hearing aids and defense applications. For
proper disposal, the batteries must first be fully discharged to consume
the metallic lithium content.
Lithium-ion batteries used for cell phones and laptops do not contain
metallic lithium and the disposal problem does not exist. Most lithium
systems contain toxic and flammable electrolyte.

In 1994, the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC)
was founded to promote recycling of rechargeable batteries in North
America. RBRC is a non-profit organization that collects batteries from
consumers and businesses and sends them to recycling organizations.
Inmetco and Toxco are among the best-known recycling companies in North
America. Battery recycling plants require that the batteries be sorted
according to chemistries. Some sorting must be done prior to the battery
arriving at the recycling plants. Nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride,
lithium-ion and lead acid are placed in designated boxes at the collection
point. Battery recyclers claim that if a steady stream of batteries,
sorted by chemistry, were available at no charge, recycling would be
profitable. But preparation and transportation add to the cost.

The recycling process starts by removing the combustible material, such
as plastics and insulation, with a gas fired thermal oxidizer. Gases
from the thermal oxidizer are sent to the plant's scrubber where they
are neutralized to remove pollutants. The process leaves the clean,
naked cells, which contain valuable metal content.

The cells are then chopped into small pieces, which are heated until
the metal liquefies. Non-metallic substances are burned off; leaving
a black slag on top that is removed with a slag arm. The different alloys
settle according to their weights and are skimmed off like cream from
raw milk.

Cadmium is relatively light and vaporizes at high temperatures. In a
process that appears like a pan boiling over, a fan blows the cadmium
vapor into a large tube, which is cooled with water mist. This causes
the vapors to condense and produces cadmium that is 99.95 percent pure.

Some recyclers do not separate the metals on site but pour the liquid
metals directly into what the industry refers to as 'pigs' (65 pounds)
or 'hogs' (2000 pounds). The pigs and hogs are then shipped to metal
recovery plants. Here, the material is used to produce nickel, chromium
and iron re-melt alloy for the manufacturing of stainless steel and
other high-end products.

Current battery recycling methods requires a high amount of energy.
It takes six to ten times the amount of energy to reclaim metals from
recycled batteries than it would through other means.

Who pays for the recycling of batteries? Participating countries impose
their own rules in making recycling feasible. In North America, some
recycling plants bill on weight. The rates vary according to chemistry.
Systems that yield high metal retrieval rates are priced lower than
those, which produce less valuable metals.

Nickel-metal-hydride yields the best return. It produces enough nickel
to pay for the process. The highest recycling fees apply to nickel-cadmium
and lithium-ion because the demand for cadmium is low and lithium-ion
contains little retrievable metal.

Not all countries base the cost of recycling on the battery chemistry;
some put it on tonnage alone. The flat cost to recycle batteries
is about $1,000 to $2,000US per ton. Europe hopes to achieve a cost
per ton of $300 US. Ideally, this would include transportation; however,
moving the goods is expected to double the overall cost. For this reason,
Europe sets up several smaller processing locations in strategic geographic
locations.

Significant subsidies are still required from manufacturers, agencies
and governments to support the battery recycling programs. This funding
is in the form of a tax added to each manufactured cell. RBRC is financed
by such a scheme.

Important: Under no circumstances should batteries be incinerated as
this can cause explosion. If skin is exposed to electrolyte, flush with
water immediately. If eye exposure occurs, flush with water for 15 minutes
and consult a physician immediately. Taken from: Isidor Buchmann, President,
Cadex Electronics Inc.

This generally describes our services related to recycling
of “junk” batteries through a 14 county area in the Northwest. We have
been recycling batteries for the last 21 years on a daily basis.

First, we offer “pick-up” service of most lead-acid (wet cell)
batteries on a routine basis. We average close to recycling 80,000
lbs to 120,000 lbs each week and send these to EPA-approved smelters.
These include: Exide Technologies, Los Angeles, CA, EPA smelter
no. CAD097854541 and K.C. Recycling Ltd, Tail, B.C., Waste Permit:
UN2794, Class 8, P.G. III. We ship through Western Lead Recycling
(888-368-5323) with Howard Jones as president. We also indemnify
you, our client, if there should be an “accidental spill” requiring
clean up from any of our nation’s highways. This is to say, we have
insurance to cover this event should it occur. This should negate
concerns about falling under the federal mandate of being responsible
for this hazardous material liability exposure from “cradle to death”.
This policy essentially says that, if there is a spill, those contributing
hazardous materials (wet, lead acid batteries, etc.) can be held
responsible for impacts and clean up costs. As a responsible company,
we take care of this issue for you. We are grateful to announce
that we have never had a spill or accident in 21 years.

We are also a Marion County recycling site which allow residents
and businesses within the County to recycle rechargeable Nickel
Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMh), Lithium Ion (Li-Ion),
wet cell, lead acid batteries and alkaline batteries. As such, residents
and businesses of Marion County can drop off these batteries at
no cost to them. Marion County, however, cannot accept NiCd, MiMh
and Li-ion chemistries outside of the County.

We are also members of the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation
(RBRC), who accepts “rechargeables” and pays for the shipping to
their facilities. Examples of “Rechargeables” include “portable
tools, laptop, cellular phones, two-way radio, computers”, etc.).
We pay “cash” or “next day check” and provide regularly scheduled,
weekly service. Please call (800-769-2684) if you have any questions
and thank you for allowing this additional information.