from VMware's performance team

In our third episode of machine learning performance with vSphere 6.x, we look at the virtual GPU vs. the physical GPU. In addition, we extend the performance results of machine learning workloads using VMware DirectPath I/O (passthrough) vs. NVIDIA GRID vGPU that have been partially addressed in previous episodes:

Performance is one of the biggest concerns that keeps high performance computing (HPC) users from choosing virtualization as the solution for deploying HPC applications despite virtualization benefits such as reduced administration costs, resource utilization efficiency, energy saving, and security. However, with the constant evolution of virtualization technologies, the performance gaps between bare metal and virtualization have almost disappeared, and, in some use cases, virtualized applications can achieve better performance than running on bare metal because of the intelligent and highly optimized resource utilization of hypervisors. For example, a prior study [1] shows that vector machine applications running on a virtualized cluster of 10 servers have a better execution time than running on bare metal.

Virtual GPU vs. Physical GPU

To understand the performance impact of machine learning with GPUs using virtualization, we used a complex language modeling application—predicting next words given a history of previous words using a recurrent neural network (RNN) with 1500 Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) units per layer, on the Penn Treebank (PTB) dataset [2, 3], which has:

929,000 training words

73,000 validation words

82,000 test words

10,000 vocabulary words

We tested three cases:

A physical GPU installed on bare metal (this is the “native” configuration)

The VM in the last two cases has 12 virtual CPUs (vCPUs), 60GB RAM, and 96GB SSD storage.

The benchmark was implemented using TensorFlow [4], which was also used for the implementation of the other machine learning benchmarks in our experiments. We used CUDA 7.5, cuDNN 5.1, and CentOS 7.2 for both native and guest operating systems. These test cases were run on a Dell PowerEdge R730 server with dual 12-core Intel Xeon Processors E5-2680 v3, 2.50 GHz sockets (24 physical core, 48 logical with hyperthreading enabled), 768 GB memory, and an SSD (1.5 TB). This server also had two NVIDIA Tesla M60 cards (each has two GPUs) for a total of 4 GPUs where each had 2048 CUDA cores, 8GB memory, 36 x H.264 video 1080p 30 streams, and could support 1–32 GRID vGPUs whose memory profiles ranged from 512MB to 8GB. This experimental setup was used for all tests presented in this blog (Figure 1, below).

The results in Figure 2 (below) show the relative execution times of DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU compared to native GPU. Virtualization introduces a 4% overhead—the performance of DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU are similar. These results are consistent with prior studies of virtual GPU performance with passthrough where overheads in most cases are less than 5% [5, 6].

Figure 2. DirectPath I/O and NVIDIA GRID vs. native GPU

GPU vs. CPU in a Virtualization Environment

One important benefit of using GPU is the shortening of the long training times of machine learning tasks, which has boosted the results of AI research and developments in recent years. In many cases, it helps to reduce execution times from weeks/days to hours/minutes. We illustrate this benefit in Figure 3 (below), which shows the training time with and without vGPU for two applications:

From the results, we see that the training time for RNN on PTB with CPU was 7.9 times higher than with vGPU training time (Figure 3-a). The training time for CNN on MNIST with CPU was 10.1 times higher than with the vGPU training time (Figure 3-b). The VM used in this test has 1 vGPU, 12 vCPUs, 60 GB memory, 96 GB of SSD storage and the test setup is similar to that of the above experiment.

Figure 3. Normalized training time of PTB, MNIST with and without vGPU

As the test results show, we can successfully run machine learning applications in a vSphere 6 virtualized environment, and its performance is similar to training times for machine learning applications running in a native configuration (not virtualized) using physical GPUs.

But what about a passthrough scenario? How does a machine learning application run in a vSphere 6 virtual machine using a passthrough to the physical GPU vs. using a virtualized GPU? We present our findings in the next section.

Comparison of DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU

We evaluate the performance, scalability, and other benefits of DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU. We also provide some recommendations of the best use cases for each virtual GPU solutions.

Performance

To compare the performance of DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU, we benchmarked them with RNN on PTB, and CNN on MNIST and CIFAR-10. CIFAR-10 [8] is an object classification application that categorizes RGB images of 32×32 pixels into 10 categories: airplane, automobile, bird, cat, deer, dog, frog, horse, ship, and truck. MNIST is a handwriting recognition application. Both CIFAR-10 and MNIST use a convolutional neural network. The language model used to predict words is based on history using a recurrent neural network. The dataset used is The Penn Tree Bank (PTB).

Fig. 4. Performance comparison of DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU.

The results in Figure 4 (above) show the comparative performance of the two virtualization solutions in which DirectPath I/O achieves slightly better performance than GRID vGPU. This improvement is due to the passthrough mechanism of DirectPath I/O adding minimal overhead to GPU-based workloads running inside a VM. In Figure 4-a, DirectPath I/O is about 5% faster than GRID vGPU for MNIST, and they have the same performance with PTB. For CIFAR-10, DirectPath I/O can process about 13% more images per second than GRID vGPU. We use images per second for CIFAR-10 because it is a frequently used metric for this dataset. The VM in this experiment has 12 vCPU, 60GB VRAM and one GPU (either DirectPath I/O or GRID vGPU).

Scalability

We look at two types of scalability: user and GPU.

User Scalability

In a cloud environment, multiple users can share physical servers, which helps to better utilize resources and save cost. Our test server with 4 GPUs can allow up to 4 users needing a GPU. Alternatively, a single user can have four VMs with a vGPU. The number of virtual machines run per machine in a cloud environment is typically high to increase utilization and lower costs [9]. Machine learning workloads are typically much more resource intensive and using our 4 GPU test systems for up to only 4 users reflects this.

Figure 5. Scaling the number of VMs with vGPU on CIFAR-10

Figure 5 (above) presents the scalability of users on CIFAR-10 from 1 to 4 where each uses a VM with one GPU, and we normalize images per second to that of the DirectPath I/O – 1 VM case (Figure 5-a). Similar to the previous comparison, DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU show comparable performance as the number of VMs with GPUs scale. Specifically, the performance difference between them is 6%–10% for images per second and 0%–1.5% for CPU utilization. This difference is not significant when weighed against the benefits that vGPU brings. Because of its flexibility and elasticity, it is a good option for machine learning workloads. The results also show that the two solutions scale linearly with the number of VMs both in terms of execution time and CPU resource utilization. The VMs used in this experiment have 12 vCPUs, 16GB memory, and 1 GPU (either DirectPath I/O or GRID vGPU).

GPU Scalability

For machine learning applications that need to build very large models or in which the datasets cannot fit into a single GPU, users can use multiple GPUs to distribute the workloads among them and speed up the training task further. On vSphere, applications that require multiple GPUs can use DirectPath I/O passthrough to configure VMs with as many GPUs as required. This capability is limited for CUDA applications using GRID vGPU because only 1 vGPU per VM is allowed for CUDA computations.

We demonstrate the efficiency of using multiple GPUs on vSphere by benchmarking the CIFAR-10 workload and using the metric of images per second (images/sec) to compare the performance of CIFAR-10 on a VM with different numbers of GPUs scaling from 1 to 4 GPUs.

From the results in Figure 6 (below), we found that the images processed per second improves almost linearly with the number of GPUs on the host (Figure 6-a). At the same time, their CPU utilization also increases linearly (Figure 6-b). This result shows that machine learning workloads scale well on the vSphere platform. In the case of machine learning applications that require more GPUs than the physical server can support, we can use the distributed computing model with multiple distributed processes using GPUs running on a cluster of physical servers. With this approach, both DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU can be used to enhance scalability with a very large number of GPUs.

Figure 6. Scaling the number of GPUs per VM on CIFAR-10

How to Choose Between DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU

For DirectPath I/O

From the above results, we can see that DirectPath I/O and GRID vGPU have similar performance and low overhead compared to the performance of native GPU, which makes both good choices for machine learning applications in virtualized cloud environments. For applications that require short training times and use multiple GPUs to speed up machine learning tasks, DirectPath I/O is a suitable option because this solution supports multiple GPUs per VM. In addition, DirectPath I/O supports a wider range of GPU devices, and so can provide a more flexible choice of GPU for users.

For GRID vGPU

When each user needs a single GPU, GRID vGPU can be a good choice. This configuration provides a higher consolidation of virtual machines and leverages the benefits of virtualization:

GRID vGPU allows the flexible use of the device because vGPU supports both shared GPU (multiple users per physical machine) and dedicated GPU (one user per physical GPU). Mixing and switching among machine learning, 3D graphics, and video encoding/decoding workloads using GPUs is much easier and allows for more efficient use of the hardware resource. Using GRID solutions for machine learning and 3D graphics allows cloud-based services to multiplex the GPUs among more concurrent users than the number of physical GPUs in the system. This contrasts with DirectPath I/O, which is the dedicated GPU solution, where the number of concurrent users are limited to the number of physical GPUs.

GRID vGPU reduces administration cost because its deployment and maintenance does not require server reboot, so no down time is required for end users. For example, changing the vGPU profile of a virtual machine does not require a server reboot. Any changes to DirectPath I/O configuration requires a server reboot. GRID vGPU’s ease of management reduces the time and the complexity of administering and maintaining the GPUs. This benefit is particularly important in a cloud environment where the number of managed servers would be very large.

Conclusion

Our tests show that virtualized machine learning workloads on vSphere with vGPUs offer near bare-metal performance.

In a previous blog [1], we looked at how machine learning workloads (MNIST and CIFAR-10) using TensorFlow running in vSphere 6 VMs in an NVIDIA GRID configuration reduced the training time from hours to minutes when compared to the same system running no virtual GPUs.

Here, we extend our study to multiple workloads—3D CAD and machine learning—run at the same time vs. run independently on a same vSphere server.

This is episode 2 of a series of blogs on machine learning with vSphere. Also see:

Machine learning is an exciting area of technology that allows computers to behave without being explicitly programmed, that is, in the way a person might learn. This tech is increasingly applied in many areas like health science, finance, and intelligent systems, among others.

In recent years, the emergence of deep learning and the enhancement of accelerators like GPUs has brought the tremendous adoption of machine learning applications in a broader and deeper aspect of our lives. Some application areas include facial recognition in images, medical diagnosis in MRIs, robotics, automobile safety, and text and speech recognition.

Machine learning workloads have also become a critical part in cloud computing. For cloud environments based on vSphere, you can even deploy a machine learning workload yourself using GPUs via the VMware DirectPath I/O or vGPU technology.

GPUs reduce the time it takes for a machine learning or deep learning algorithm to learn (known as the training time) from hours to minutes. In a series of blogs, we will present the performance results of running machine learning benchmarks on VMware vSphere using NVIDIA GPUs.