Study points to genes responsible for malaria parasite's survival in attempts to eradicate it

Findings Could Lead to New drug and vaccine targets

The study is being published online June 16 in PloS Pathogens, a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by the Public Library of Science.

"While millions of dollars have been spent to develop a malaria vaccine, we still don't have a licensed product," says Associate Professor Elizabeth Winzeler of Scripps Research, who led the study. "Our findings may help in the vaccine-development effort, because they point to novel immunogens that could be targeted."

Winzeler adds the study also identified novel genes involved in the parasite's development of drug resistance-another critical issue in the fight against malaria.

Malaria is a nasty and often fatal disease, which may lead to kidney failure, seizures, permanent neurological damage, coma, and death. There are four types of Plasmodium parasites that cause the disease, of which falciparum, the subject of the recent study, is the most deadly.

Despite a century of effort to globally control malaria, the disease remains endemic in many parts of the world. With some 40 percent of the world's population living in these areas, the need for more effective vaccines and treatments is profound. The spread of drug-resistance adds to the urgency.

In the study, the scientists used gene-chip technology to compare the genomes of 14 different field and laboratory strains of Plasmodium falciparum collected from four continents. Of the parasite's roughly 5,000 genes, about 500 were found to be highly variable across the different strains, indicating that these genes are evolving at a faster-than-neutral rate.

Why? According to the study, "guilt by association" would indicate that the genes that are rapidly evolving are the very genes responding to our best attempts to eradicate the parasite. "The two largest forces exerting selection pressures on the parasite are our immune system and anti-malarial drugs, particularly chloroquine," says Winzeler.

Previous to this study, no systematic overview of these potential targets in the parasite's genome existed. The study's results include known drug and vaccine targets and intriguingly, areas of the genome not currently under investigation.

One example of a promising potential target highlighted by the research is the P. falciparum GTP cyclohydrolase gene, the first enzyme in the folate biosynthesis pathway. Downstream members of this pathway are targeted by several widely used antimalarials, and authors speculate that an amplification of the GTP cyclohydrolase enzyme facilitates parasite resistance to antifolate drugs.

"I'm super excited about the paper," says Winzeler. "It's going to have an impact on the research community."

The Scripps Research Institute, headquartered in La Jolla, California, in 18 buildings on 40 acres overlooking the Pacific Ocean, is one of the world's largest independent, non-profit biomedical research organizations. It stands at the forefront of basic biomedical science that seeks to comprehend the most fundamental processes of life. Scripps Research is internationally recognized for its research into immunology, molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, neurosciences, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases, and synthetic vaccine development. Established in its current configuration in 1961, it employs approximately 3,000 scientists, postdoctoral fellows, scientific and other technicians, doctoral degree graduate students, and administrative and technical support personnel.

Scripps Florida, a 364,000 square-foot, state-of-the-art biomedical research facility, will be built in Palm Beach County. The facility will focus on basic biomedical science, drug discovery, and technology development. Palm Beach County and the State of Florida have provided start-up economic packages for development, building, staffing, and equipping the campus. Scripps Florida now operates with approximately 160 scientists, technicians, and administrative staff at 40,000 square-foot lab facilities on the Florida Atlantic University campus in Jupiter.