Reinforce after certain number of responses. EXAMPLE: 20,000 points for a free flight

(Referring to partial reinforcement schedules) What is variable ratio?

Reinforce after unpredictable number of responses. EXAMPLE: slot machines

(Referring to partial reinforcement schedules) What is fixed-interval ratio?

Reinforce after fixed period of time. EXAMPLE: need to work 40 hrs. to get a paycheck

(Referring to partial reinforcement schedules) What is variable-interval ratio?

Reinforce after unpredictable amount of time. EXAMPLE: waiting for a package or an email

What is a primary reinforcer?

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. EXAMPLE: food, water, sleep, sex

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. EXAMPLE: money, stickers, tokens (to trade for a prize)

What is an immediate reinforcer?

Reward immediately to continue the behavior. EXAMPLE: reward a rat immediately after it presses the bar

What is a delayed reinforcer?

Waiting to recieve the reward. EXAMPLE: waiting to recieve the paycheck at the end of the week

What is latent learning?

Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. People can learn without reinforcement.

What are biological predispositions?

Some people/animals you just can't train because it goes against theoir biology. (A pigeon would be more willing to peck for food vs. flapping its wings for food because pecking is more natural in getting food)

What is the overjustification effect?

The effect whereby giving someone an incentive (money or otherwise) to do something they already enjoy doing decreases their intristic motivitation to do it. EXAMPLE: if kids like read, but then get paid, they will no longer enjoy reading because it'll be more about work and less about fun

What is encoding?

Getting info in (brain encodes sensory info into a neutral language)

What is storage?

Storing info (brain stores vast amounts of info which can be retrieved later)

We seek evidence verifying our ideas more eagerly that we seek evidence that might refute them EXAMPLE: Watson gave students a 3-number sequence and asked them to guess the rule he used, he let students ask if their numbers conformed to his tule. They were seldom right but never in doubt.

What is overconfidence?

Overestimate accuracy of our knowledge

How does overcondifence hinder thinking?

Our eagerness to confirm the beliefs we already hold makes us overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgement. Failing to appreciate one's potential for error can lead to devastating consequences. EXAMPLE: students underestimating the amout of time they need to study for a test and then failing the test

How does framing affect our decision making?

Those who understand the power of framing can use it to influence important decisions.

Give examples of framing.

95% lean sounds better than 5% fat. A $100 coat that is marked down from $150 seems more appealing than the same coat marked at $100, but not on sale.

What are the availability heuristics? Example

Base judgments on availability of info in memory. EXAMPLE: people hear of plane crashes so decide to drive, even though they're more likely to get in a car wreck than a plane crash

What are the representaativeness heuristics? Example

Judge liklihood of things being in a certain category. EXAMPLE: assuming all tall people play basketball

What are phonemes?

Set of vowel & consonant sounds EXAMPLE: the vowel differences between b and t create 12 different meanings. ALL LETTERS

What are morphemes?

The smallest meaningful unit of language. Most morphemes are combinations of 2+ phonemes. Also included are prefixes or suffixes. EXAMPLE: the person pronoun "I" is the smallest, the suffix -ed

What is syntax?

Rules about ORDER of words in a sentence (refers to parts of speech)

What are semantics?

Rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences (refers to context)