Tag Archive: Shell

In this previous part of this article we learned about types of shells . In most of the Linux distributions , bash shell is the default shell. So we are going to discuss the working of bash shell in this article . Fasten your seat belts and get ready for the bash ride😀

Normally we think that when we type a command, shell looks for the command in all the directories defined in the PATH environment variable. But in real it goes through the following sequence to reach the above step.

Redirection

Aliases

Expansion

Shell Function

Shell Builtin

Hash table

PATH variable

Now lets first discuss them one by one:

1. Redirection: Consider the example given in the following snapshot:

Redirection

Here files file1, file2, file3 exists in the current directory as seen from the output of ls command but when we redirect the output to out.txt file, the out.txt file should contain the output of ls command i.e. file1 file2 file3 but in real it also includes out.txt. This happens because before ls is executed redirection is done and file out.txt is created in current directory (we can’t redirect output to a file that doesn’t exit).

2. Aliases: After redirection shell moves to aliases.

Aliases

Here I have defined alias ls=cat , now when I type ls out.txt , ls is replaced with cat and contents of out.txt file is displayes. To make the shell ignore alias use , precede the command name with backslash (“\”).

3. Expansion:According to bash manpage there are seven kind of expansions : brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion. Discussing all of them is beyond the scope of this article, refer to bash manpage (man bash) for more information. If the command you typed contain any variable name, wildcards (*,? etc) shell expands them. As an example refer to the screenshot below :

Expansion

Here $HOME becomes /home/sumit (my home directory) after expansion and file* is expanded to file1, file2, and file3.

4. Shell Function: Like many programming languages bash allows you to define functions. A function in bash may contain multiple commands. You can execute a function just by typing its name. Example : Look in the figure below, here I have defined an alias by name “ls” and a function by the same name. Since alias gets priority over function, when I first type ls and press enter /bin/ls is executed. Next I have used backspace to ignore alias. After deleting alias using unalias command, since there is no alias left ls corresponds to function ls.

Shell Function

5. Shell Builtin : Some commands are a part of bash code itself, they are called Shell builtin commands. They are given priority over hash table and directories in PATH variable. Example : echo is a shell builtin command, you can use type command to determine how a given keyboard will be interpreted.

Shell Builtin

Here its clear that echo is shell builtin command, echo also exist in /bin/ folder but if you type echo and hit enter , it will be ignored since builtin command are of more priority. Notice how the output of “type ls” changes after defining the alias by the same name. Once we delete alias and function ls, bash searched hash table, since ls is not in hash table is look in PATH and its found in /bin/ls.

6. Hash table:The concept of hash table is similar to cashing in Linux, shell store the full path of all the executed commands to speed things up. Now in the snapshot below I have started a new shell, after that I execute ls command (since there is no alias or function by the same name, it executes /bin/ls because /bin is in PATH). Then after executing echo and firefox, I have used hash command to look at hash table. The first column “hits” display cache hits and “command” column displays full path of the command. Because echo is internal command its not displayed in hash table. After I execute ls one more time its hit column changes from 1 to 2.

Hash Table

7. PATH variable: Last of all shell searches for a given command in directories listed in PATH environment variable. You can look at the contents of PATH by typing

$echo $PATH

To add any directory to PATH variable use

$export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/dir

where /path/to/dir is the absolute path to the directory you want to add. For more information you can read bash manage ($man bash). Also to make the changed PATH settings permanent add the line export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/dir to .bashrc file in your home directory.

$echo “PATH=$PATH:/path/to/dir” >> /home/your_user_name/.bashrc

Note: Make sure you use >> instead of >, otherwise .bashrc file will get overwritten instead of appending.

About Author : This post is written by Sumit Rai. He is second in command of this blog. Sumit loves to play with grub and spends most of his time in manipulating the hardware through shell. He is trying his hands on assembly languages also. You can contact him at sumitrai96@gmail.com .

If you want to distribute your knowledge of open-source or Linux in any form like we are doing , feel free to contact us . We can do this through this ad-free blog. We think this is the only way we can repay a little to the work of GOD RICHARD STALLMAN and LINUS TORVALDS .

Shells plays an important role in Linux and Unix system. Everything that is happening on your distro is either because of the shell or the kernel. Moreover, a backend shell is initialized as soon as you made a login . There are lots of shells in the Unix and Linux system. Let’s try to know more about them :

What is a shell ?

Shell is the software installed on your system that works as command-line interpreter i.e. it takes the commands you type, interpret them and gives them to operating system (kernel) through system calls to execute. There are many different shells available to choose from in Linux.

C Shell : C shell was created by Bill Joy, while he was studying at University of California, Berkeley. He released it under BSD license, the syntax of C shell is similar to C programming language hence the name C shell.

TC Shell: An improved version of C shell, provides some additional features like command line completion and editing. In most of Linux systems /bin/csh is linked to /bin/tcsh and it alternatives, so when you try to start the C shell, TC shell gets started.

C shell linked to its alternatives

Korn Shell (ksh): Korn shell was developed by David Korn at AT&T Bell Laboratories. It contains may features of C shell and Bourne shell.

Bourne Shell(sh): The default shell in many Unix systems developed by Stephen Bourne of AT&T Bell Laboratories.

GNU Bourne-Again Shell (bash): Bash shell is default shell in most of Linux distributions. Its a free and open source clone of bourne shell. It was developed by Brian Fox for the GNU project. Its the most feature rich shell available and is compatible with bourne shell.

To find out all the shells installed on your system type “$cat /etc/shells”. Your default shell is defined /etc/passwd file.

My Default Shell

To switch to a different shell on your system just type the name of that shell (as in /etc/shells) and hit enter.

Z Shell(zsh):Sorry I forgot to write about this shell (Don’t Know How😦 ). Thanks to all of you for reminding me. Well The Z shell (zsh) is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting. Zsh can be thought of as an extended Bourne shell with a large number of improvements, including some features of bash, ksh, and tcsh. It includes features like automated spell correction, editing multiple line command within a single buffer and many more.

In the next part of the article we will learn about “How bash shell interprets a command”. So Google about the shells more and more. If want to become a Linux administrator, then you must have a good control over the shells.

About Author : This post is written by Sumit Rai. He is second in command of this blog. Sumit loves to play with grub and spends most of his time in manipulating the hardware through shell. He is trying his hands on assembly languages also. You can contact him at sumitrai96@gmail.com .