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from wikiHow – The How to Manual That You Can Edit
We have plenty of words to describe other senses and sensations, but smell seems to defy words. The human sense of smell is not heavily developed compared to that of many animals. Still, it’s a deep and rich sense, and it can enhance how you communicate(especially when you’re crafting a story or describing a moment), how you experience your other senses (particularly taste), such as when tasting complex flavors in wine and Dark Chocolate, and even with determining when fruit is ripe or milk is spoiled. If you’d like to pin down a smell in words, here are some tips that can help.

Do you want to capture the nature of the smell or the overall quality?

Do you want your reader or listener to recognize an unfamiliar smell based on your description?

Do you want to evoke a certain meaning or feeling in your reader?

Observe the smell. If it is possible and safe to do so, smell what you wish to describe. Pay full attention to it.

Remove distractions. Don’t smoke or wear fragrances.

Take breaks. The sense of smell acclimates or becomes accustomed to a smell. Remove the smell or remove yourself from the smell for awhile if you stop being able to smell it or smell it distinctly.

Notice any words, images, feelings, or memories that the smell brings to mind. If you have any sort of gut reaction, pay attention to it. Make notes if you can, even if they’re disjointed.

Notice descriptions of smells when you see or hear them. This could be advertising (“lemony fresh”, “fresh pine scent”), poems, or technical descriptions. Look especially hard at other sources that are similar to what you’re trying to convey.

Use adjectives. Adjectives can describe the general, overall quality of the smell. Wispy, rancid, airy, musty, stale, fresh, putrid, faint, light, floral, and acrid are all adjectives that could pertain to smell.

Smell origins may take the form of a noun (the smell of leather) or an adjective (a leathery smell). The adjective may describe the effect where the noun describes a specific source.

Use nouns. Often a smell will conjure thoughts of its source. Does your smell smell like strawberries? Like fresh rain?[1]

Be specific. Smoke smells different depending on where it came from. Can you tell the difference between smoke from a campfire and a wildfire? Between cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke? Could you recognize by smell burning rubber or a vehicle that was burning oil?

Use verbs for the smells themselves. Smells can waft, distract, hint, permeate, suggest, confuse, conjure images, command attention, or intrude upon the consciousness.

Use verbs to describe the source of the smell. Here are some actions that you might associate with smells: baking, frying, digging, sweating, burning, rotting.

Visualize what the smell does. Does it creep into your nose? Wrap around you? Follow you? Bombard your nostrils?

Borrow words associated with other senses. Smell doesn’t have a lot of vocabularyof its own, but many other senses do, and they can suggest the quality or nature of a smell.

Sight. Can a smell be bright or dark? Can a smell be pink or green? Can it be clear or hazy? Can it be fast? Slow? Sluggish? Smooth?

Sound. Can a smell be dissonant? Harmonious? Loud or quiet?

Touch. Can a smell be sharp or dull? Even or jagged? Smooth or rough? Heavy or light? Cool or hot? How would you physically react to the smell? Would you relax or stiffen, pucker, or make a face?

Taste. Smell is closely associated with taste, so tastes are a good choice if they fit. Is a smell sweet or sour, salty or bitter? Is it chocolaty, fruity, or yeasty?

Consider what feelings and emotions a smell evokes, especially if you are using it as a literary device. Smell can conjure associations with particular events or general thoughts or emotions.

Is the smell startling or jarring? Soothing or comforting? Earthy or natural? Chemical or antiseptic?

Smell is often strongly associated with memories, but this is only useful if you’re describing the smell to yourself (such as in a journal) since you can’t know what somebody smelled in their memories

Use metaphor. If you’re writing poetry or trying to evoke an emotion, metaphor might be a good device. A smell can’t really grab someone by the nose or stab someone, but this might be a powerful description.

Tips

Practice describing smells, good and bad. See what you notice the next time you wander through the perfume section or the scented candles.

Try describing smells from memory. You may have a better memory for smell than you realize. Try any of these that are familiar or choose your own examples:

A beach

Cinnamon

Baking bread

A sweaty locker room

Freshly cut grass

Lemons

Learn the vocabulary of smells relating to those smells that interest you, see how others describe those smells. If you are interested in oenology or certain foods, read up on the subjects. Associate the words with your firsthand observations of the smells themselves, if possible.

Go the other way. Think of a feeling or idea that you want to evoke. What smells do you associate with that feeling or idea?

Warnings

Some smells signal hazards. If you smell gas, chemicals, or something unknown and worrisome, avoid breathing it and report it to authorities as appropriate.