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Abstract:

A system for radiotherapy includes a first imaging system and a second
imaging system. The first imaging system generates projection images of
an area of interest of an object, and the second imaging system generates
portal images of the area of interest of the object synchronously with
the generation of the projection images. The radiotherapy system further
includes a processing system that receives data associated with the
projection images and data associated with the portal images and
reconstructs 3D and 4D portal images from the projection images and the
portal images.

Claims:

1. A system for radiotherapy comprising; a first imaging system that
generates projection images of an area of interest of an object; a second
imaging system that generates portal images of the area of interest of
the object synchronously with the generation of the projection images;
and a processing system that receives data associated with the projection
images and data associated with the portal images and reconstructs 3D and
4D portal images from the projection images and the portal images.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first imaging system includes an
x-ray source that emits x-rays towards the object, and a detector that
receives x-rays penetrating through the area of interest of the object
and generates signals for the generation of the projection images of the
area of interest of the object.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first imaging system includes a
cone-beam computed tomography system, wherein the detector receives
fan-shaped x-rays after they pass through the area of interest of the
object, the detector generating an imaging signal for each of the
received fan-shaped x-rays.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the x-ray source includes a kV x-ray
source.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second imaging system includes a
radiation therapy source.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the radiation therapy source generates
a beam with an energy ranging from about 4 MeV to about 25 MeV.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein the second imaging system includes an
imager that receives a beam emitted by the radiation therapy source and
transmitted through the area of interest of the object to generate the
portal images.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing system provides feedback
to the second imaging system to control the beam to provide a dynamic
delivery control process for the treatment of the area of interest of the
object.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the output from the radiation therapy
source is varied.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein the shape of the beam is varied.

11. The system of claim 1 further comprising a table upon which the
object is positioned.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the table has multiple degrees of
freedom.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein one degree of freedom is along an
x-axis.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein a second degree freedom is a roll
degree of freedom about the x-axis.

15. The system of claim 11, wherein one degree of freedom is along a
z-axis.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein a second degree of freedom is a yaw
degree of freedom about the z-axis.

17. The system of claim 12, wherein a first degree of freedom is along an
x-axis, a second degree of freedom is a roll degree of freedom about the
x-axis, a third degree of freedom is along a z-axis, and a fourth degree
of freedom is a yaw degree of freedom about the z-axis.

18. A method for radiotherapy comprising; generating projection images of
an area of interest of an object with a first imaging system; generating
portal images of the area of interest of the object with a second imaging
system synchronously with the generation of the projection images; and
receiving data associated with the projection images and data associated
with the portal images and reconstructing 3D and 4D portal images from
the projection images and the portal images with a processing system.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first imaging system includes a
radiation source that emits kV radiation, and the second imaging system
includes a therapy radiation source that emits a beam with MeV energy.

20. The method of claim 18 wherein the processing system provides
feedback to the second imaging system to control the beam to provide a
dynamic delivery control process for the treatment of the area of
interest of the object.

Description:

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.
12/556,270, filed Sep. 9, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/214,539, filed Apr. 24, 2009, and is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/805,716, filed May
24, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/808,343, filed May 25, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/881,092, filed Jan. 18, 2007, the entire contents of each of which are
incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to image guided radiotherapy.
Presently, online treatment dose construction and estimation include
portal ex-dose reconstruction to reconstruct treatment dose on a
conventional linear accelerator. Specifically, the exit dose is measured
using an MV portal imager to estimate treatment dose in the patient.
However, this method has not been employed for patient treatment dose
construction, since the dose reconstruction method lacks patient anatomic
information during the treatment, and the scattered exit dose is
difficult to calibrate properly.

[0003] In the past, a single pre-treatment computed tomography scan has
been used to design a patient treatment plan for radiotherapy. Use of
such a single pre-treatment scan can lead to a large planning target
margin and uncertainty in normal tissue dose due to patient variations,
such as organ movement, shrinkage and deformation, that can occur from
the start of a treatment session to the end of the treatment session. For
the foregoing reasons, there is a need in the radiotherapy field for a
new and improved imaging system.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] In satisfying the above need, as well as overcoming the enumerated
drawbacks and other limitations of the related art, the present invention
provides an improved radiation detection device.

[0005] A system for radiotherapy includes a first imaging system and a
second imaging system. The first imaging system generates projection
images of an area of interest of an object, and the second imaging system
generates portal images of the area of interest of the object
synchronously with the generation of the projection images. The
radiotherapy system further includes a processing system that receives
data associated with the projection images and data associated with the
portal images and reconstructs 3D and 4D portal images from the
projection images and the portal images.

[0006] One or more aspects of the invention may provide the advantage of
providing online and offline treatment dose reconstruction, and a
treatment decision tool that provides real-time, on-line and off-line
treatment evaluation and on-line or off-line modification of a reference
plan.

[0007] Other advantages and features will become apparent from the
following description and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] In the accompanying drawings the components are not necessarily to
scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of
the invention. Moreover, like reference numerals designate corresponding
parts throughout the views. In the drawings:

[0009] FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of a radiation therapy
system that employs a dose tracking and feedback process and a possible
workflow for auto-construction, estimation and evaluation of cumulative
treatment dose, and patient anatomy and dose feedback for adaptive
planning optimization in accordance with the present invention;

[0010] FIGS. 2a-2e show an embodiment of an onboard imaging system and/or
radiation therapy systems to be used with the radiation therapy system of
FIG. 1 for performing dose tracking and feedback in accordance with the
invention;

[0011] FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3b-1 and 3b-2 provide a visual representation of a
possible process to form a kV portal image;

[0012] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a sequence of steps for forming either
of the kV portal images of FIGS. 3 and 5;

[0013] FIGS. 5a and 5b show a reference image and a kV portal image with a
beam eye view of organs of interest;

[0014] FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a radiotherapy process to be used
with the systems of FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0015] FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a portal and real-time imaging
process to be used with the systems of FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0016] FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c show real time imaging with verification and
dose construction with the use the radiotherapy system of FIGS. 7-9 in
accordance with the invention;

[0017] FIGS. 9a, 9b and 9c show real time kV plus MeV portal verification
images in accordance with the invention; and

[0018] FIGS. 10 through 14 show a table to be used with the radiation
therapy system of FIG. 1 in accordance with another embodiment of the
invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] Referring now to FIG. 1, generally illustrated therein is a
schematic view of a volumetric image guided adaptive radiotherapy system,
such as cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) image guided adaptive
radiotherapy (IGART) system 100, and a corresponding workflow sequence
for auto-construction and evaluation of daily cumulative treatment dose
are shown in FIGS. 1-6, wherein like elements are denoted by like
numerals. As shown in FIG. 1, the CBCT IGART system 100 includes a number
of major systems: 1) a three-dimensional volumetric imaging system, such
as an x-ray cone-beam computed tomography system 200, 2) a megavoltage
(MeV) imaging system 300 that includes a radiation therapy source, such
as a linear accelerator 302, and an imager 304, 3) a kilovoltage (kV)
portal imager processor/software system 400 and 4) a treatment dose
tracking and feedback system 600, each of which are discussed below.

Three-Dimensional Volumetric Imaging System

[0020] Mechanical operation of a cone-beam computed tomography system 200
is similar to that of a conventional computed tomography system, with the
exception that an entire volumetric image is acquired through less than
two rotations (preferably one rotation) of the source and detector. This
is made possible by the use of a two-dimensional (2-D) detector, as
opposed to the one-dimensional (1-D) detectors used in conventional
computed tomography.

[0021] An example of a known cone-beam computed tomography imaging system
is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,842,502, the entire contents of which are
incorporated herein by reference. The patent describes an embodiment of a
cone-beam computed tomography imaging system that includes a kilovoltage
x-ray tube and a flat panel imager having an array of amorphous silicon
detectors. As a patient lies upon a treatment table, the x-ray tube and
flat panel image rotate about the patient in unison so as to take a
plurality of images as described previously.

[0022] As shown in FIG. 2, a volumetric imaging systems is illustrated. In
particular, FIG. 2a shows an embodiment of a wall-mounted cone-beam
computed tomography system 200 and MeV portal imaging system 300 that can
be adapted to be used with the cone-beam computed tomography and
megavoltage portal imaging system sold under the trade name Synergy by
Elekta of Crawley, the United Kingdom. Such systems 200 and 300 are
described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/786,781,
entitled "Scanning Slot Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Scanning Focus
Spot Cone-Beam Computed Tomography" and filed on Apr. 12, 2007, the
entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0023] The cone-beam computed tomography system 200 includes an x-ray
source, such as x-ray tube 202, a rotary collimator 204 and a flat-panel
imager/detector 206 mounted on a gantry 208. As shown in FIG. 2a, the
flat-panel imager 206 can be mounted to the face of a flat, circular,
rotatable drum 210 of the gantry 208 of a medical linear accelerator 302,
where the x-ray beam produced by the x-ray tube 202 is approximately
orthogonal to the treatment beam produced by the radiation therapy source
302.

[0024] Note that the detector 206 can be composed of a two-dimensional
array of semiconductor sensors that may be each made of amorphous silicon
(a-Si:H) and thin-film transistors. The analog signal from each sensor is
integrated and digitized. The digital values are transferred to the data
storage server 102.

[0025] After the fan beams from collimator 204 traverse the width of a
patient P and impinge on the entire detector 206 in the manner described
above, computer 234 instructs the drum 210 to rotate causing the x-ray
source 202, the collimator 204 and the detector 206 rotate about the
patient P to another position so that the scanning process described
above can be repeated and another two-dimensional projection is
generated. The above rotation of the x-ray source 202, collimator 204 and
detector 206 is continued until a sufficient number of two-dimensional
images are acquired for forming a cone-beam computed tomography image.
Less than two rotations should be needed for this purpose (images formed
from a rotation of less than 360° can be formed as well). The
two-dimensional projections from each position are combined in the
computer 234 to generate a three-dimensional image to be shown on display
236 in a manner similar to that of the cone-beam computed tomography
systems described previously.

[0026] As shown in FIG. 2, the system 300 includes a separate radiation
therapy x-ray source, such as a linear source 302 and a detector/imager
304 that are separately mounted to the rotating drum 210. The source 302
operates at a power level higher than that of x-ray tube 202 so as to
allow for treatment of a target volume in a patient lying on a movable
table 211 (movable in x, y and z-direction via computer 234). The linear
source 302 generates a beam of x-rays or particles, such as photons,
protons or electrons, which have an energy ranging from about 4 MeV to
about 25 MeV.

[0027] As mentioned above, the particles are used to treat a specific area
of interest of a patient, such as a tumor. Prior to arriving at the area
of interest, the beam of particles is shaped by adjusting multiple leafs
307 (FIGS. 2c-e) to have a particular cross-sectional area 309 via a
multi-leaf collimator 308. The cross-sectional area 309 is chosen so that
the beam of particles interacts with the area of interest to be treated
and not areas of the patient that are healthy. The radiation penetrating
through the area of interest can be imaged via imager 304 in a well known
manner.

Treatment Dose Tracking and Feedback System

[0028] As shown in FIG. 1, the treatment dose tracking and feedback system
600 includes a workstation or data server 110 that includes processors
dedicated to perform a segmentation/registration process on a
three-dimensional, volumetric image of a patient received from server 102
that was generated by cone-beam computed tomography system 200. The
workstation 110 is able to identify and register each volume of image
data within each volumetric image. Such identification and registration
allows for the same volume of image data to be tracked in position from
one therapy session to another therapy session.

[0029] The treatment dose tracking and feedback system 600 further
includes a workstation or data server 112 that includes processors
dedicated to perform a treatment dose construction process based on 1)
the segmentation/registration process performed by workstation 110 and 2)
parameters of the beam of radiation emitted from the source 302 as it
impinges on the patient that are measured and stored in server 102, such
as angular position, beam energy and cross-sectional shape of the beam,
in accordance with a reference plan 502 (FIG. 6). Such parameters can be
in the form of the angular position of the gantry 208, the angular
orientation of the collimator 308, the positions of the leaves of the
multi-leaf collimator 308, position of the table 211 and energy of the
radiation beam. Once the position and shape of a subvolume of image data
is known, the treatment dosage received by that very same subvolume can
be determined/constructed based on the above mentioned parameters of the
beam of radiation emitted from the source 302 as it impinges on the
patient. Such a determination is made for each of the subvolumes of image
data for each of the volumetric images generated by system 200.

[0030] The treatment dose tracking and feedback system 600 further
includes a workstation or data server 114 that includes processors
dedicated to perform a an adaptive planning process that can either 1)
adjust the radiation therapy treatment for the particular day in a
real-time manner based on off-line and on-line information or 2) adjust a
radiation therapy treatment plan in a non-real-time manner based on
off-line information. The adjustment is based on how the dose calculated
by the workstation 112 differs from dose preferred by the treatment plan.
Note that the term "real-time" refers to the time period when the
radiation therapy source is activated and treating the patient. The term
"on-line" regards when a patient is on the treatment table and "off-line"
refers to when the patient is off the treatment table.

[0031] In summary, the treatment dose tracking and feedback system 600 can
perform real time treatment dose construction and 4D adaptive planning
based on volumetric image information and therapy beam parameters that
are measured in a real time manner during a therapy session. The system
600 can also perform adaptive planning in a non-real-time manner as well.
Such real time and non-real time processes will be discussed in more
detail with respect to the process schematically shown in FIG. 6. Note
that in an alternative embodiment, the workstations 110, 112 and 114 can
be combined into a single workstation wherein the processes associated
with workstations 110, 112 and 114 are performed by one or more
processors. Note that the real time treatment dose construction
determined by workstation 112 and the 4D adaptive planning determined by
workstation 114 can be displayed on a monitor 117 of Quality Assurance
(QA) evaluation station 116. Based on the information displayed on
monitor 117, medical personnel can alter, if required, the calculated 4D
adaptive plan so as to be within acceptable parameters. Thus, the QA
evaluation station 116 acts as a way to ensure confidence in future real
time changes made to the therapy session. In this scenario, the QA
evaluation station 116 and the treatment dose tracking and feedback
system 600 can be collectively thought of as a 4D planning and control
system.

[0032] With the above description of the onboard cone-beam computed
tomography system 200, megavoltage imaging and radiation therapy system
300, QA evaluation station 116 and the treatment dose tracking and
feedback system 600 in mind, the operation of the CBCT IGART system 100
of FIG. 1 can be understood. In particular, the previously described
online volumetric imaging information and real time therapy beam
parameters are captured from systems 200, 300 and 400 and stored in data
storage server 108. The volumetric imaging information and therapy beam
parameters are then sent to data monitor job controller 104 that
automatically assigns tasks, based on pre-designed treatment schedule and
protocol, to each of the work stations 110, 112 and 114 and controls the
accomplishment of such tasks. The tasks are stored in temporal job queues
124 for dispatching, based on clinical priorities, to each of the
workstations 110, 112 and 114. The clinical priority can be reassigned
from a clinical user's request 122 based on the treatment review and
evaluation on the physician evaluation/decision making station 106. In
addition, the station 106 also provides commands for treatment/plan
modification decisions. The modification server 120 receives commands
from the station 106 and modifies the ongoing treatment plan, beam or
patient position on the system 300 based on the optimized adaptive plan
created from the adaptive planning workstation 114.

[0033] As shown in FIG. 1, the raw data from server 108 is also sent to a
workstation 110. The workstation 110 is dedicated to perform an
autosegmentation/registration process on a three-dimensional, volumetric
image of a patient generated by cone-beam computed tomography system 200.
The raw data from server 108 is also sent to workstation 112 and
workstation 114. Workstation 112 performs daily and cumulative treatment
dose construction/evaluation from the raw data. Workstation 114 performs
adaptive planning from the raw data. These three workstations 110, 112
and 114 perform their tasks automatically with order of their job queues
126, 128 and 130, respectively. The above described
segmentation/registration, treatment dose construction/evaluation and
adaptive planning will be described later with respect to the process
schematically shown in FIG. 6.

[0034] As shown in FIG. 1, the segmentation/registration, treatment dose
construction and adaptive planning information generated from
workstations 110, 112 and 114 is sent to the QA evaluation station 116
which interacts with a clinical user to verify and modify, if necessary,
the results from the above workstations 110, 112 and 114. The output from
QA evaluation station 116 is then stored in derived data server 108.

[0035] The QA station 116 provides an update execution status to job
execution log server 118 that supplies information whether processing of
information is presently occurring, whether processing is completed or
whether an error has occurred. Whenever a task of treatment dose
construction or adaptive planning modification is completed by
workstations 112 and 114, respectively, the evaluation station 116
provides treatment evaluation information which includes both the current
treatment status and the completed treatment dose and outcome parameters
estimated based on the patient and treatment data from previous
treatments. The user at QA evaluation station 116 can then provide
commands or a new clinical schedule to the high priority job request
server 122 to either request new information or modify clinical treatment
schedule. In addition, the user can also make decisions to execute a new
adaptive plan or perform a treatment/patient position correction through
the server 120.

[0036] The CBCT IGART system 100 performs a number of processes, including
a kV portal imaging process via kV portal imaging processor/software 400
and a an image guided adapted radiation therapy process 500, both of
which will be described below with respect to FIGS. 3-6.

Pre-Treatment Process

[0037] As an example of how the radiation therapy process proceeds, assume
a patient who has undergone previous radiation therapy sessions at a
clinic has another session scheduled for a particular day. The patient
arrives at the clinic on the scheduled day and proceeds to the therapy
room similar to that shown in FIG. 3a. The therapy room includes the
cone-beam computed tomography system 200 and MeV portal imaging system
300 previously described with respect to FIG. 2a. The patient lies on the
table 211 and is prepared for the on-line therapy session by the medical
staff ("on-line" being defined as events and processes performed as the
patient is positioned on the radiation therapy treatment table 211).

[0038] At this point of time, a reference treatment plan for applying
therapeutic radiation to the patient has previously been determined for
the patient based on the previous radiation therapy sessions. A reference
treatment plan is designed before the treatment delivery based on the
most likely planning volumetric image of the area of interest to be
treated. The reference treatment plan contains patient setup position,
therapy machine parameters and expected daily and cumulative doses to be
applied to various areas of the patient. Such a reference plan specifies
the area(s) of the patient to be exposed to radiation and the dosage the
area(s) are to receive from the radiation source during a single session.
Thus, the reference plan will include information regarding the beam
angle/gantry position, beam energy and cross-sectional area of the beam
formed by the multi-leaf collimator 308. Based on the reference plan, the
patient is instructed to move to a particular position, such as on his or
her side, that is optimal for applying radiation to the area of interest
within the patient per the reference plan. While at the particular
position, a pre-treatment kV portal imaging process employing kV
processor/software 400 is performed prior to the radiation therapy
session. The pre-treatment kV portal imaging process is schematically
shown in FIGS. 3-5. In particular, the process includes forming a
two-dimensional projection/radiographic image from the cone-beam computed
tomographic image 404 of the patient prior to treatment, wherein the
image 404 contains the area of interest while the patient is at the
particular position on the table 211 per step 406 of the process.
According to the reference plan, the radiation source 302 is to be moved
to one or more positions to apply radiation at each position while the
patient is at the particular position. At each position of the radiation
source 302, the leaves of the multi-leaf collimator 308 are to be moved
to form a desired outline for forming the radiation beam to a particular
cross-sectional shape. The positions of the leaves at each position of
the radiation source are determined, per step 408, as schematically
represented by the multi-leaf outlines 410 of FIGS. 3a-b.

[0039] The cone-beam computed tomographic image 404 of the area of
interest while the patient is at the particular position and the
positions of the leaves/outlines 410 are then stored and processed in a
processor of workstation 110 as shown in FIGS. 3b, 4, and 5. Such
processing involves, per step 412, superimposing each outline 410 on a
two-dimensional projection/radiographic image based on the cone-beam
image 404 to form a treatment beam eye (BEV) view kV portal image such as
shown in FIGS. 3b and 5. Note that the kV portal image can be formed as a
kV digital reconstructed radiographic (DRR) image for static patient
anatomy verification or as a digital reconstructed fluoroscopic (DRF)
image for verification of dynamic patient anatomy motion, such as
respiratory motion. In either case, each kV portal image with
corresponding outline 410 (FIG. 4b, for example) is compared with a
treatment reference radiographic image (FIG. 4a, for example) that is
generated according to the real-time radiation therapy plan to be
executed. Should one or more areas of interest, such as a tumor or organ,
of the kV portal image be displaced by at least a predetermined amount
relative to the position of the corresponding area of interest of the
reference image, then steps are taken to adjust the real-time radiation
therapy plan for the day's treatment session. If the displacement is
below the predetermined amount, then the real-time radiation plan is not
adjusted.

[0040] In addition to the treatment dose, kV portal image can also be
constructed for treatment recordation and verification as shown in FIGS.
3a-b. Further, organs of interest manifested on the CBCT image are
auto-segmented and registered to the pre-treatment CT image. Therefore,
daily and cumulative dose-volume relationships of each organ of interest
can be created. In some implementations, a numerical filter is employed
to estimate the final treatment dose in each organ of interest by
performing parameter estimation for both stationary and non-stationary
random processes of patient anatomical variation. Methods for sample
estimation, such as the least square estimation, the principal component
analysis (PCA) based estimation and singular value decomposition (SVD)
estimation, may be implemented.

[0041] The estimation is then used to provide information for the
treatment evaluation and plan modification decision to determine when to
switch on the adaptive planning modification engine.

On-Line, Off-Line Image Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy Planning

[0042] After the kV imaging process is completed, resulting in the initial
radiation therapy plan being modified or retained, the patient is
repositioned to receive radiation therapy per the modified/original
reference plan and image guided adapted radiation therapy process 500 is
performed as schematically shown in FIG. 6. In particular, the reference
plan 502 is applied to the linear source 302 per process 504 so as to
move the source 302 to a position designated in the reference plan 502
and to format parameters of the beam of radiation emitted from the source
302 as it impinges on the patient, such as angular position, beam energy
and cross-sectional shape of the beam, in accordance with the reference
plan 502. Such on-line and real-time parameters can be in the form of the
angular position of the gantry 208, the angular orientation of the
collimator 308, the positions of the leaves of the multi-leaf collimator
308, position of the table 211 and energy of the radiation beam. Process
504 can also involve moving individual leaves of a multi-leaf collimator
304 to desired positions per reference plan 502 so that that the
radiation therapy beam generated by the linear source 302 is collimated
so as to radiate a particular shaped area of the patient per the
reference plan 502.

[0043] Once the reference plan 502 is implemented per process 504, the
reference plan 502 can be altered to account for various factors that
occur during the radiation therapy session. For example, the process 500
can entail having the system 100 monitor real-time, on-line machine
treatment parameters of the linear source 302 and its radiation output
online per process 506. The process 506 entails monitoring treatment
parameters, such as beam angle, beam energy and cross-sectional shape of
the beam. Such parameters can entail the position of the gantry, the
angular position of the collimator 308, position of the leaves of the
multi-leaf collimator 308, position of the table 211, the energy of the
beam.

[0044] The real-time, on-line information obtained by the above mentioned
monitoring process 506 is fed to workstation 112 of FIG. 1 so that it can
be used during either the online and offline daily and cumulative dose
construction process 508.

[0045] While a radiation therapy beam is applied to the patient per
process 504, the area of interest to be treated is imaged via the
cone-beam computed tomography system 200. The three-dimensional
volumetric image is used to register and track various individual volumes
of interest in a real-time and on-line manner. Prior to registration and
tracking, a correction parameter must be determined by server 102 per
process 510 so as to be applied to the volumetric image. The correction
parameter is associated with the fact that rigid body components of the
volumetric image are often not oriented in a preferred manner due to a
number of factors, such as the position of the patient on the table 211
and the angular position of the collimator. Based on the measurement of
those factors, a correction parameter is determined per process 510 that
when applied to the three-dimensional image the image is re-oriented to a
preferred position. The re-oriented three-dimensional image is stored at
workstation 102 of FIG. 1. The workstation 102 contains a library of
stored three-dimensional images of one or more areas of interest of the
patient.

[0046] Once the correction parameter is determined, the
segmentation-deformable organ registration workstation 110 receives the
volumetric image generated by system 200 and correction parameter from
server 102 via process 512. The workstation 110 executes process 512 so
as to match the patient anatomical elements manifested on the volumetric
image to those on the reference planning volumetric image associated with
the reference plan. The image registration results are used to map the
pre-treatment organ contours on the planning volumetric image commonly
delineated by clinicians, to the corresponding points on the treatment
volumetric image automatically. The registration methods applied for this
process are quite standard such as the finite element method and the
method of image similarity maximization. However, there have been number
of modifications performed to optimize these methods for the specific
applications of the CBCT image and organs of interest in radiotherapy.

[0047] Once each point in the volumetric image is tracked, that
information is sent to workstation 112, which also receives the
parameters per process 506. At workstation 112, an online daily and
cumulative dose construction process 508 is performed. The daily dose
construction process entails calculating/constructing for a real-time
treatment the dose received for each volume of image data within the
volumetric image tracked per process 512. After the treatment session for
the day is completed, the daily dose for each volume of image data is
stored in server 102. The daily dose for each volume of image data can be
combined with daily doses for the same volumes of image data
calculated/constructed from previous therapy sessions so that an
accumulated dosage over time for each volume of image data is determined
per process 508 and stored in server 102.

[0048] As shown in FIG. 6, treatment evaluation 514 is performed by
workstation 114 following the patient organ registration and treatment
dose construction processes 512 and 508, respectively. There are two
purposes for treatment evaluation, (a) to determine if the current
treatment delivery is the same as the one previously planned for the
treatment quality assurance; and (b) to modify the ongoing treatment plan
by including the patient anatomy/dose variations observed and quantified
so far to optimize the treatment outcome. Such treatment evaluation 514
can be performed real-time, on-line and off-line.

[0049] Final treatment dose and outcome estimation are used to provide
information for the treatment evaluation and plan modification decision
to determine when to switch on the adaptive planning modification engine
per process 514 of FIG. 6. A numerical filter is employed to estimate the
final treatment dose in each organ of interest by performing parameter
estimation for both stationary and non-stationary random processes of
patient anatomical variation. Methods for sample estimation, such as the
least-square estimation (LSE), the principal component analysis (PCA)
based estimation and singular value decomposition (SVD) estimation, are
implemented.

[0050] The first task of treatment evaluation is related to treatment
delivery and plan comparison performed by workstation 112 per process
514. If the comparison shows that the daily or cumulative treatment
dosage for a particular subvolume of the image and the corresponding
daily or cumulative planned dosages for the corresponding subvolume are
outside a certain tolerance, then this means that the reference plan
currently being implemented needs to be revised during the present
therapy session. Note that the above described daily and cumulative
dosages of a subvolume of interest can be tracked/displayed in time, such
as on monitor 117 of FIG. 1.

[0051] Besides comparing the dosages, the positioning of areas to be
treated with respect to the therapeutic beam is tested by forming a kV
portal image per the previously described process of FIG. 4. If the
real-time kV portal image is compared with a reference portal image and a
subvolume of interest of the real-time kV portal image is found to be
displaced in position or deformed in shape outside a certain tolerance
with respect to a corresponding subvolume position in the reference
portal image, then the reference plan, such as adjusting the leaves of
the multi-leaf collimator, needs to be changed in this instance as well
Note that the above described position of a subvolume of interest can be
tracked/displayed in time as shown by a bottom chart of monitor 117 (FIG.
1), wherein x, y and z positions of a particular subvolume is tracked
from one daily treatment session to another daily treatment session.

[0052] If either of the comparisons described above are outside the
corresponding tolerance, then a revision of the reference therapy
treatment plan is performed in the on-line or off-line adaptive planning
optimization process 516. Adaptive planning optimization is different
than conventional radiotherapy planning where only pre-treatment computed
tomographic image data is used. Instead, adaptive planning intends to
utilize individual treatment history from patient anatomy/dose tracking
as feedback to optimize treatment control parameters.

[0053] Note that the above-described process regarding FIG. 6 can include
real-time data/information by capturing data volumetric image data from
system 200 and therapy beam parameter information during the time the
therapy beam is generated. Such real-time information can be processed
per processes 506, 508, 510, 512 and used in process 514 to determine if
the therapy plan should be revised in "real-time." If it is so determined
that revision is recommended, then the real-time data/information can be
used in conjunction with prior dose information and position/shape
information of the volume of interest determined from previous therapy
sessions (off-line information) to reformulate the therapy plan.

[0054] While the above description demonstrates how "real-time"
data/information can be used to revise a therapy plan via the process of
FIG. 6, the description is equally applicable to non-real-time adaptive
therapy. In this case, processes 506, 508, 510 and 512 use off-line
information from previous treatment sessions and process 514 determines
if a therapy plan to be used in the future should be revised in
"real-time."

[0055] In summary, the system 100 and process 500 provide volumetric image
guided adaptive radiotherapy, which can be performed in real time, online
and offline for treatment dose construction and feedback. Therefore, they
provide all possible feedback information for image guided real time,
online and offline radiotherapy. Thus, the system 100 and process 500 are
able to fully utilize individual treatment information, which primarily
includes the patient dose delivered in the previous treatment, patient
anatomy in the present treatment and patient anatomy estimated for
remaining treatment deliveries.

[0056] In another implementation, the kV cone beam projection images on
the imager 206 of the CBCT system 204 and the MeV portal images obtained
with the imager 304 of the MeV system 300 are at 90° on the
treatment gantry. MeV portal images obtained from the imager 304 and kV
projection images obtained from the imager 206 provides data for use in
constructing 3D and 4D portal images through the use of the processor
system described above, to provide images, for example, during treatment
of the patient P, patient tissue undergoing time dependent changes, such
as through respiration and other dynamic movement during treatment.

[0057] With further reference to FIG. 7, a process 1000 illustrates a
certain implementation of the system 100. In step 1002, in a single
rotation of the MeV system 300, a series of MeV portal images are
generated with the imager 304. In step 1004, synchronously, a series of
projection CT images are created with the imager 206, which are
projection images and are not necessarily reconstructed 3D images. In
step 1006, the MeV portal image and the kV projection image data are
provided to the aforementioned processor system, which reconstructs
projection images of the MV portal images and CT projection image and
synchronizes them properly to capture time dependent changes for angle
and phase to create 3D and 4D portal images. This allows the clinician to
verify appropriate treatment plan by being able to verify dose position
as compared with desired target volume during time dependent variations.
With this information, in step 1008, the processor system provides
feedback to the MeV system 302 to control the beam generated from the
system 302. For example, any or all of the energy output from the therapy
source 302, the beam shape provided by the collimator 308, and the dose
rate may be varied to provide a dynamic delivery control process for the
treatment of the patient P.

[0058] The constructed 3D and 4D portal images include both patient
anatomy and treatment volume and, therefore, provide real time, online
and offline treatment verification. Such data can be combined with
dynamic ARC delivering technology, such as, for example, volumetric
modulated ARC therapy (VMAT) to expand strategies for portal imaging and
treatment verification.

[0059] In some implementations, multiple beams can be generated with the
source 302 to treat two or more separate tumors.

[0060] Shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 are images obtained with the system 100
employing of the process 1000 of FIG. 7. In particular, FIGS. 8a-c show
real time imaging with verification and dose construction with the use
the radiotherapy system 100; FIGS. 9b shows real time kV and MeV portal
verification reference image, and FIG. 9c shows real time kV and
MeVportal verification portal image.

[0061] Referring now to FIGS. 10 through 14, in various implementations,
the table 211 includes a table top 213 that is positioned on top of a
base 215. The base 215 is connected to a control system such as, for
example, the treatment dose tracking and feedback system 600. The system
600 sends signals to the base to move the table in the x direction as
well as up and down in the z direction for optimal treatment and imaging
of the patient. Under the direction of the system 600, the table top 213
may also have a roll degree of freedom β to enable it to rotate
about the y-axis, for example, about ±30°. In particular
implementations, the table 213 also has a yaw degree of freedom α
to enable it to rotate about the z-axis, which provides an improvement to
intensity modulated arc therapy.

[0062] Yaw rotation about the z axis provides radiotherapy to certain
difficult areas of a patient's anatomy such as the top of the patient's
head, the prostate area, or the patient's breast. A movable table with
linear and rotational motion also provides particular advantages in
radiation therapy using therapy sources that are difficult to move, such
as proton sources. In another implementation the patient sits in a chair
which can be rotated in response to a fixed source.

[0063] The following is an example of volumetric modulated ARC therapy
using couch rotation (i.e. a table 213 with rotational motion about the
yaw axis) for an accelerated partial breast irradiation planning study.

[0064] In accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI), beams are
normally positioned tangent to the patient and not in the gantry plane of
rotation in order to limit dose to critical structures such as the lung
and contralateral breast. In this example, this principle was applied to
volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) for APBI by creating arcs through couch
rotation.

[0065] Seven previously delivered 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)
APBI plans were used as the basis for VMAT planning. Each 3D-CRT plan
consisted of two medial and two lateral beams separated on each side by a
median couch rotation of 45 degrees (range: 30-80 degrees). For the VMAT
plan, two arcs were created, one medial and one lateral, using the same
tangent gantry angle as the 3D-CRT plan and with the 3D-CRT couch
positions taken as the extreme positions of the arcs. Control points were
placed along the couch arc at five degree intervals, resulting in a
median 23 (range: 18-24) control points per plan. VMAT plans were
dosimetrically compared against both 3D-CRT and a 25-segment IMRT plan
generated using the 3D-CRT beam arrangement. DVH values used for
comparison included PTV_EVAL V95, mean lung dose, and conformality
(defined as total V95/PTV_EVAL V95).

[0066] Compared to 3D-CRT, the VMAT plans significantly reduced mean lung
doses by 18±16% (p=0.03) and had significantly better conformality
(p=0.03). There was no significant difference between IMRT and VMAT plans
in target coverage, conformality, and lung dose. In our study, IMRT had
lower maximum doses, with a mean of 4070±40 cGy compared with
4150±50 cGy for VMAT (p=0.001), while VMAT plans used significantly
fewer monitor units (MU), with a mean of 470±30 MU compared with
550±50 MU for IMRT (p=0.006).

[0067] Accordingly, a method for planning APBI using VMAT with couch
rotation is provided. The resulting plans were comparable to IMRT in
terms of dosimetric advantage relative to 3D-CRT while using fewer
monitor units than IMRT.