Papyrus sedge description

Having been used for paper making by the ancient Egyptians, the papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus) has been credited with aiding the foundation of modern civilisation and has a long history in human culture (2)(4)(5).

A member of the sedge family, the papyrus sedge is a large perennial species that can grow up to a staggering five metres in height (2)(5). The stems or ‘culms’ of the papyrus sedge are three-sided to cylindrical, and can be up to 40 millimetres thick at the base (2)(5). The stems are bright green and smooth, and are topped with a structure known as an ‘umbel’, which is a cluster of thin, green stalks that resemble a large feathery crown (2)(6). The umbel is the flower-bearing structure of the plant, and the stalks bear groups of small brown flowers during the summer which then give rise to tiny dark brown fruit (2)(6). The bracts around the flowers are brown and papery (2).

The base of the papyrus sedge, known as the rhizome, grows horizontally underwater and is anchored to the substrate by numerous roots. Red-brown scales cover the younger parts of the rhizome(2).

Related species

Papyrus sedge biology

The papyrus sedge grows in large stands which can be so dense that they exclude almost all potential competitors (3)(6). The swamp around the base of the plant may be almost entirely depleted of oxygen due to the rapid growth, death and subsequent decomposition of plant matter. In order to cope with this, the papyrus sedge has a special network of large, interconnecting spaces through which oxygen diffuses from the parts of the plant above the surface, down to the roots in the deoxygenated swamp below. The roots also harbour organisms that convert nitrogen into a form that can be taken up by the plant as a nutrient (6).

Like other plants, the papyrus sedge uses photosynthesis to produce energy form the sun, with the main photosynthetic organ being the umbel. This species flowers in the summer, and pollination of the flowers is by wind rather than insects. The seeds are then distributed either by wind or water, and take several years to grow to maturity (2). The papyrus sedge can also reproduce via vegetative reproduction(7).

Papyrus sedge range

The papyrus sedge is a widespread species and occurs in tropical central Africa, the Mediterranean region and Madagascar. It also occurs in India and Sri Lanka, and has been introduced to a number of places including America and Australia (3).

Papyrus sedge status

Papyrus sedge threats

Although widespread and not considered to be globally threatened (1), the papyrus sedge is rare in some parts of its range (3). In Egypt, where this species was once widely cultivated, the papyrus sedge was believed to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1968 (3)(5). The reasons for its disappearance in Egypt are largely unknown (3), but could have resulted from the papyrus sedge no longer being needed in paper making. It is also a sensitive plant to factors such as increased salinity, and may have been detrimentally impacted by the alteration of the course of the Nile, which resulted in the drying up of some marshes and pools (8).

The papyrus sedge population is fragmented throughout its Mediterranean range, and in Israel, this species is threatened by collection for the garden trade (3).

Papyrus sedge conservation

Although threatened in Egypt, there are currently no conservation measures in place for the papyrus sedge. It is recommended that this species be legally protected and that its habitat be conserved. The remaining plants also need to be monitored and studied, and surveys are needed to identify any new populations (3).

In Israel, the papyrus sedge is included in the National Red List, hopefully affording this species some protection (3).

Authentication

Glossary

Bract

Modified leaf at the base of a flower.

Perennial

A plant that normally lives for more than two years. After an initial period, the plant usually produces flowers once a year.

Photosynthesis

Metabolic process characteristic of plants in which carbon dioxide is broken down, using energy from sunlight absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll. Organic compounds are made and oxygen is given off as a by-product.

Photosynthetic

Capable of photosynthesis, a metabolic process characteristic of plants in which carbon dioxide is broken down, using energy from sunlight absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll. Organic compounds are made and oxygen is given off as a by-product.

Rhizome

An underground, horizontal plant stem that produces roots and shoots.

Vegetative reproduction

Type of asexual reproduction (reproduction that does not involve the formation of sex cells) in which a new plant grows from part of another plant, rather than from seeds or spores. The resulting individual is genetically identical to the original plant.

Embed this ARKive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below.

Terms of Use - The displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to ARKive's online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. It may NOT be used within Apps.