Textbook-Integrated Guide to Educational Resources

TIGER

Phase ChangesBy using a coolant at a temperature below the boiling point of the gases chlorine, bromine and iodine, the gases are condensed into liquid form.

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams

Critical Point of BenzeneA sealed tube containing benzene liquid and vapor is heated. As the critical temperature is approached, the meniscus flattens. At the critical temperature the meniscus disappears, and separate liquid and vapor phases can no longer be detected.

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams

Steam and Superheated SteamWhen a gas burner heats the steam coil strongly, the steam becomes superheated and is at a high enough temperature to ignite a match and react quickly with steel wool

Gases |

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams

SuperconductivityA pellet of 1-2-3 yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa2Cu3O7-x) is cooled with liquid nitrogen. A magnet placed above the pellet is levitated. At a higher temperature the magnet rests on the pellet, but cooling once again causes the magnet to rise. The levitated magnet is spun with plastic tweezers

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |

Superconductivity

Vapor Pressure: Drinking BirdA novelty store "Drinking Bird" repeatedly dips is beak into a beaker of water and then bobs back to an upright position. Visible movement of a liquid in the bird's body accompanies the bobbing; the movement is caused by changing vapor pressure of the liquid due to different temperatures at the bird's head and the bird's body.

Vapor PressurePressure exerted by vapor of several organic substances is demonstrated using barometers. Molecular models of the substances are shown.

Gases |

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |

Physical Properties

Liquefaction of Carbon DioxideDry ice is placed into an acrylic plastic cylinder. A valve is closed and pressure in the cylinder increases. When the pressure reaches 350 kPa (50 psi) it stops increasing and liquid CO2 appears.

Equilibrium |

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |

Physical Properties

Boiling by CoolingA flask contains water and water vapor at 100C. Each time ice water is poured over the outside of the flask, the water inside the flask boils. Although the temperature of the water in the flask has decreased, in each instance boiling is observed.

Gases |

Liquids |

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams

Vapor Pressure: Molecular SizeThe measurement of pressure exerted by a vapor is demonstrated using barometers. Vapor pressure varies with the strength of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.

Gases |

Liquids |

Noncovalent Interactions |

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |

Physical Properties

Vapor Pressure of a Mixture: Raoult's LawThe measurement of pressure exerted by a vapor is demonstrated using barometers. Vapor pressure varies with the strength of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.
In this section we will look at vapor pressure of mixtures. We can calculate the vapor pressure of a mixture using Raoult's law.

Gases |

Liquids |

Noncovalent Interactions |

Phases / Phase Transitions / Diagrams |

Physical Properties

Thermochromism: Mercury(II) IodideWhen red-orange Mercury(II) Iodide (HgI2) is heated, it undergoes a phase transition at 126oC to a pale yellow form. As the heated sample cools, it gradually returns to the original red-orange color.