Minimising the positive effects of tourism

Investing income from tourism into community projectsDone through taxes

Widening access to facilitiesPhysical access; price access

Staff training and developmentProvides a high quality service; enhances image; more people spend money

Training and employment of localsDecline in traditional jobs; improves opportunities

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Case studies (Zimbabwe and Goa)

ZimbabweUnder British colonial rule the population of Zimbabwe were forbidden from hunting. Animal populations boomed, leading to the destruction of human food crops, farmland, property and in some cases death. Following independence from Britain rule the policy of Operation Campfire was adopted. Villages were allowed to cull a percentage of certain animals to provide a meat source. As it developed game licenses were sold to tourists, increasing profits made by the scheme. Profits were invested into local projects such as schools and hospitals and locals felt like they were rediscovering some of their lost heritage.

GoaUntil 1986 tourism in Goa was limited to Indian tourists. There were relatively few hotels and they were owned by locals. 1986 saw the arrival of package holidays from Europe and there was a new demand for three and four star hotels. Locals became concerned about the effects on the economy, environment and culture. In 1987 locals expressed their concerns by throwing cow dung at tourists in the airport. There is a considerable leakage of money out of the Goan economy. Local industries have been forced into decline - drying fish on the beach has been banned due to tourists complaining about the smell. Hotel management courses set up by the local government are giving more of the local unemployed the skills to fill higher paid jobs. Also many areas are feeling the effect of the multiplier.

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Case studies (Bristol)

BristolBristol's dockland area went into near terminal decline following the arrival of large cargo ships that could no longer navigate the Avon River, as well as the competition from the new docks at Avonmouth and Portbury. This led to the closure of several industries such as tobacco factories. It left lots of empty but listed buildings. As the docks declined Bristol was faced with vast areas of derelict land and high unemployment in certain areas. In order to address this problem the docks would be redeveloped. The SS Great Britain was restored in an attempt to attract a large number of visitors. Lloyds TSB relocated their headquarters to the dockland area which acted as a grea spur for investment. Over the past 30 years the area has seen many changes including the introduction of a IMAX theatre, a science museum and the Millennium Square. It is now one of the largest redevelopment projects in Europe.