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1 Opioid Addiction & Methadone Maintenance Treatment Dr. Nick Wong MD, CCFP AADAC Edmonton ODP AADAC AHMB Concurrent Disorder Series September 13, What is Methadone? What is methadone? Synthetic opioid. Where was methadone invented? Germany during WWII When did methadone begin being used for opioid addiction? 1960s Dr. Dole & Dr. Nyswander (New York), Dr. Halliday in Canada (BC) 2 What is an Opioid? What is an opiate? A drug containing or derived from opium usually to ease pain or induce sleep. What is an opioid? Any compound resembling morphine in its addictive properties or its physiological effects. 3 1

3 Red Flags Has sophisticated knowledge of drugs Seems more concerned about the Rx than the problem Doesn t comply with other treatments/investigations Rx from multiple physicians Other drug use including EtOH 7 What to do? Confront that there may be a problem ignoring it will only make it worse. Enquire why they are misusing the medication? Increase control of the dispensing of medications (see Safety checks below) If there are continued problems with misuse, discuss tapering off (can also support withdrawal process with clonidine). 8 What to do? Consider addiction counseling/detox/treatment Centre Ask for help colleagues Pain clinic MMT program If there is both addiction and chronic pain need to deal with the addiction first. 9 3

4 Safety Checks Assess the patient more frequently and prescribing smaller amounts. Shorten dispensing interval daily to q1-2wks Circle numbers or spell out amounts Fax Rx know where Rx is being filled not easily alterable can t be lost (filled at different pharmacy) 10 Safety Checks Contract verbal or written (see CPSO sample contract) Lost, stolen or misused medication won t be replaced Only physician to Rx medication TPP report from the College of Physician and Surgeons of Alberta Pharmacy to fax list of meds over Drug screen 11 What is Addiction? The 4 Cs of Addiction Loss of CONTROL Use despite CONSEQUENCES CRAVING Increased COMPULSION to use 12 4

5 CPS The Street Version Dilly Dilaudid (usually 4mg or 8mg) Red MS-Contin 200mg Oxy Oxycontin (usually 40mg or 80mg) 13 CPS The Street Version Grey MS-Contin 100mg Peach MS-Contin 60mg Down Opioid 14 How Much is Enough? What is a typical opioid tolerance? Equivalence to morphine mg iv qd. Why haven t I yet talked about heroin? Not cost effective poor quality. How much is a grey? $15-20 depending if you buy in bulk Daily cost $ per day 15 5

6 How Much is Too Much? Not all people who start MMT are using the stronger opiates or intravenously some people use codiene (Tylenol #1 is OTC). What do you think are common amounts of Tylenol #1 that some people starting MMT are using? Can range from tablet PO per day! 16 Why Methadone? Provides relief from acute physical withdrawal symptoms. Suppresses the cravings for opioids without euphoric effects. Partially blockades the euphoric effects of other opioids. Most patients require only once a day dosing. 17 Why Methadone? No known long-term physiological effects with minimal side effects No effect on cognitive function when in appropriate dose Safe in pregnancy and shown to improve prenatal outcome. 18 6

8 How long should a patient be on MMT? As long as the patient derives benefit indefinitely. A voluntary taper off methadone is a personal decision the patient makes. 22 Replacing One Addiction for Another? CONTROL MMT gives back control to the patient. CONSEQUENCES Patient able to start rebuilding their lives. COMPULSION Patient no longer compulsively using opioids. CRAVING Patient s cravings are controlled. 23 The Cucumber & The Pickle You can turn a cucumber into a pickle, but you can t turn a pickle back into a cucumber. 24 8

9 Pain & Methadone Analgesic effect of methadone is usually much shorter than withdrawal prevention effect. Patients on MMT will require treatment for acute pain MMT takes the patient to baseline. Dose of analgesics for these patients are typically increased compared to opioid naïve patients. Some patients notice improvement in their chronic pain on MMT though some may also need other medications/treatment. 25 Methadone & Pregnancy Safe to use during pregnancy Improved prenatal care Improved nutrition Decreased incidence of maternal opioid withdrawal Engagement in alcohol and drug programs Decreased criminality and sex-trade work Decreased injection use / risk of blood borne infections 26 Questions/Discussion 27 9

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