CS spray Expert Witness

CS spray is one of the group of incapacitant sprays (including PAVA) which may be used by police and security forces as part of the Use of Force continuum. There are short term effects (which incapacitate – causing streaming and painful eyes and nose, and blepharospasm) and longer term complications which may include skin, respiratory and psychological problems. Medical and psychological specialists may be needed to determine causation and prognosis and the appropriateness of use.

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