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Developing Readers and Writers in Content Areas K-12

Developing Readers and Writers : In the Content AreaS

Summary

This practical, engaging text introduces prospective and practicing teachers to K-12 content reading instruction, describing principled teaching practices (Part I) then presenting narrative accounts to show how teachers implement the practices in grade-specific classrooms (Part II).Chapters on comprehension, vocabulary, writing, and studying include end-of-chapter applications that show how the practices apply to specific content areas such as science and mathematics.The Fourth Edition of this popular text includes an expanded, up-to-date focus on standards-based teaching and learning. Reading and writing is integrated and now an updated coverage of trade books and computer technology reflects current trends. Text content progresses from general practices, cycles, and settings of instruction, to units of instruction, to specific lesson planning. This text focuses on instruction that is aligned with state standards and tests yet promotes literacy which goes beyond what is tested. This text speaks to educators new to the idea of content area literacy instruction.

Table of Contents

Preface

xv

PART I Developing Readers and Writers...

1

(280)

Content Area Reading and Writing

3

(15)

Looking Ahead

3

(1)

Compelling Reasons Support Content Area Literacy Instruction

4

(5)

Reading and Writing Are Tools for Learning

5

(1)

Literacy Requirements Continually Increase

5

(1)

Content Area Teachers Can Teach Content Area Reading and Writing Best

6

(3)

Do It Together

9

(1)

Thinking Underlies Reading, Writing, and Learning

9

(5)

Connect

10

(1)

Preview and Predict

11

(1)

Organize

11

(1)

Generalize

11

(1)

Image

12

(1)

Self-Monitor

12

(1)

Evaluate

13

(1)

Apply

14

(1)

Try It Out

14

(2)

Thinking Is Complex

14

(2)

Listen, Look, and Learn

16

(1)

Looking Back

16

(1)

Additional Readings

16

(2)

Setting the Stage

18

(16)

Looking Ahead

18

(1)

Practices Are a Basic Ingredient of Literacy Instruction

18

(5)

Providing Access to Reading and Writing That Students Can and Want to Accomplish

19

(1)

Guiding Readers through Challenging Passages

20

(1)

Providing Explicit Instruction in Reading and Writing Strategies

21

(1)

Facilitating Collaborative Literacy Efforts

21

(2)

Assessing Literacy to Inform Teaching and Learning

23

(1)

Listen, Look, and Learn

23

(1)

Literacy Instruction Occurs in Cycles

23

(4)

Planning

24

(1)

Introducing

25

(1)

Guiding

25

(1)

Culminating

25

(1)

Cycles of Literacy Instruction Are Complex

26

(1)

Do It Together

27

(1)

Settings Influence Literacy Teaching and Learning

27

(5)

Literacy Engagement

27

(1)

Vision

28

(1)

Authenticity

28

(1)

Active Participation

29

(1)

Academic Challenge and Support

30

(1)

Social Support

31

(1)

Listen, Look, and Learn

32

(1)

Looking Back

32

(1)

Add to Your Journal

33

(1)

Additional Readings

33

(1)

Instructional Units

34

(30)

Looking Ahead

34

(1)

Selecting a Topic Begins Unit Planning

35

(1)

Listen, Look, and Learn

36

(1)

Framing a Topic Structures Unit Planning

37

(5)

Standards-Based Outcomes

37

(2)

Central Question

39

(1)

Culminating Activity

40

(1)

Framing Units Coherently

41

(1)

Do It Together

42

(1)

Working Within a Frame Focuses Unit Planning

42

(3)

Assessment

42

(3)

Try It Out

45

(4)

Introductory Grabber

45

(4)

Do It Together

49

(2)

Collecting Resources

49

(1)

Planning General Instruction

50

(1)

Scheduling Unit Events

51

(1)

Try It Out

51

(1)

Interdisciplinary Units Are a Special Type

51

(2)

Planning Wheels

53

(1)

Getting Started

53

(1)

Try It Out

53

(8)

Looking Back

61

(1)

Add to Your Journal

61

(1)

Additional Readings

62

(2)

Reading Materials and Protects

64

(31)

Looking Ahead

64

(1)

Students Deserve a Variety of Content Area Reading Materials

65

(3)

Depth of Information

65

(1)

Distinctive Points of View

66

(1)

Materials That Fit Reading Competencies

66

(1)

Opportunities for a Range of Thinking

67

(1)

Listen, Look, and Learn

68

(1)

A Variety of Content Area Reading Materials Is Available

68

(11)

Reference Materials

68

(1)

Periodicals

69

(1)

Computer Technology

70

(3)

Trade Books

73

(2)

Multicultural Literature

75

(2)

Textbooks

77

(2)

Do It Together

79

(1)

Reading Projects Take Many Forms

80

(4)

Visuals

80

(1)

Concrete Objects

81

(1)

Dramatizations

82

(2)

Try It Out

84

(8)

Writing about Reading

84

(5)

Talking about Reading

89

(3)

Looking Back

92

(1)

Add to Your Journal

92

(3)

Additional Readings

92

(3)

Comprehension

95

(40)

Looking Ahead

95

(1)

Appropriate Levels of Comprehension Support Vary

96

(1)

Reader-Text Matches

96

(1)

Do It Together

97

(3)

Deciding When to Provide Support during a Lesson

98

(2)

Listen, Look, and Learn

100

(2)

Comprehension Lesson Planning Involves Decisions

102

(4)

Choosing What to Use as Material for Comprehension Lessons

102

(1)

Determining What Everyone Is to Learn

102

(1)

Engaging Students with Reading

103

(1)

Designing a Group Task

104

(2)

Building Background Knowledge

106

(1)

Comprehension Lessons Occur in a Cycle

106

(4)

Before Reading

106

(2)

During Reading

108

(1)

After Reading

109

(1)

Comprehension Lessons Vary

110

(2)

Graphic Organizers

111

(1)

Try It Out

112

(7)

Prediction

112

(4)

Higher-Order Thinking

116

(3)

Do It Together

119

(1)

Comprehension Independence Can Be Taught

119

(3)

Fading

120

(1)

Discussion

121

(1)

Self-Assessment

121

(1)

Specific Content Area Applications

122

(1)

Comprehension in English/Language Arts Classrooms

122

(2)

Introducing the Novel/Before Reading

122

(1)

Guiding the Reading

123

(1)

Culminating the Novel/After Reading

124

(1)

Comprehension in Second-Language Classrooms

124

(2)

Reading Materials

124

(1)

Read-Aloud Sessions

125

(1)

Response Sketches

125

(1)

Fluency

125

(1)

Social Support

126

(1)

Comprehension in Mathematics Classrooms

126

(2)

Comprehending Word Problems

127

(1)

Comprehension of Text Explanations and Directions

128

(1)

Comprehension in Science Classrooms

128

(2)

Graphic Organizers

128

(1)

Anticipation Guides

129

(1)

Critical Thinking

130

(1)

Comprehension in Social Studies Classrooms

130

(2)

Graphic Organizers

130

(1)

KWLs

131

(1)

Critical Thinking

131

(1)

Comprehension in Activity Classrooms

132

(1)

Looking Back

133

(1)

Add to Your Journal

133

(1)

Additional Readings

134

(1)

Meaning Vocabulary

135

(40)

Looking Ahead

135

(1)

Vocabulary Development Is Complex

136

(3)

Concepts and Labels for Concepts

136

(1)

Depth of Word Knowledge

137

(1)

Denotations and Connotations

137

(1)

Related Words

138

(1)

Symbols

138

(1)

Direct Experience

138

(1)

Media

139

(1)

Connection

139

(1)

Try It Out

139

(1)

Vocabulary Is Introduced in Authentic Settings

140

(2)

Wide Reading

140

(1)

Intensive Study

141

(1)

Try It Out

142

(1)

Word Meanings Are Represented Productively

143

(6)

The Real Thing

143

(1)

A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words

144

(2)

Organizing Words

146

(1)

Scavenger Hunts

147

(1)

Creating Analogies

148

(1)

Vocabulary Is Reviewed for Elaboration and Reinforcement

149

(3)

Capsule Vocabulary

149

(1)

Word Books

149

(1)

Stump the Expert

150

(1)

Around the World

150

(1)

Concentration

150

(1)

Twenty Questions

151

(1)

Jeopardy

151

(1)

Whatta' Ya' Know

151

(1)

Vocabulary Independence Can Be Taught

152

(4)

Context Power

152

(1)

Polysyllabic Power

153

(3)

Do It Together

156

(4)

Model Word Wonder

157

(1)

Have Students Select the Words to Be Learned

158

(1)

Fade Students toward Independence

158

(1)

Teach Students How People Really Use the Dictionary

158

(1)

Help Students Develop Self-Assessment Strategies

159

(1)

Listen, Look, and Learn

160

(1)

Specific Content Area Applications

161

(1)

Vocabulary in English/Language Arts Classrooms

161

(1)

Single Passages

161

(1)

Multiple Passages

162

(1)

Vocabulary in Second-Language Classrooms

162

(2)

Scavenger Hunts

162

(1)

Capsule Vocabulary

163

(1)

Using Cognates

163

(1)

Vocabulary in Mathematics Classrooms

164

(2)

A Symbol Board

165

(1)

Math Morphemes

165

(1)

Multimeaning Luck

165

(1)

Vocabulary in Science Classrooms

166

(2)

Could You Say That in English?

166

(1)

Science Morphemes

167

(1)

Vocabulary in Social Studies Classrooms

168

(1)

Fighting Words

168

(1)

Social Studies Morphemes

168

(1)

Acronym Board

169

(1)

Vocabulary in Activity Classrooms

169

(3)

Multimeaning Luck

170

(1)

Word/Symbol/Picture Board

171

(1)

Word Detectives

171

(1)

Looking Back

172

(1)

Add to Your Journal

172

(1)

Additional Readings

172

(3)

Writing

175

(42)

Looking Ahead

175

(2)

Informal Writing Varies

177

(4)

Quick Writes

177

(2)

Content Journals

179

(2)

Try It Out

181

(1)

Writing Instruction Planning Involves Decisions

181

(5)

Deciding What Students Are to Think About

182

(1)

Designing a Writing Task

182

(4)

Try It Out

186

(4)

Designing a Scoring Guide

186

(2)

Building Background Knowledge

188

(1)

Helping Students Plan

189

(1)

Writing Instruction Occurs in a Cycle

190

(1)

Before Writing

190

(1)

During Writing

191

(1)

After Writing

191

(1)

Listen, Look, and Learn

191

(1)

Writing Instruction Varies

192

(6)

Before Writing

192

(1)

During Writing

193

(3)

After Writing

196

(2)

Try It Out

198

(1)

Writing Independence Can Be Taught

198

(2)

Do It Together

200

(1)

Specific Content Area Applications

201

(1)

Writing in English/Language Arts Classrooms

201

(2)

Quick Writes

201

(1)

Journals

201

(1)

Designing Tasks for Lessons

202

(1)

Supporting Writing

203

(1)

Writing in Second-Language Classrooms

203

(2)

Connections

203

(1)

Collaboration

204

(1)

Writing in Mathematics Classrooms

205

(1)

Quick Writes

205

(1)

Journals

205

(1)

Word Problems

206

(1)

Writing in Science Classrooms

206

(4)

Quick Writes

207

(1)

Journals

207

(2)

Lab Reports

209

(1)

Writing in Social Studies Classrooms

210

(2)

Quick Writes

210

(1)

Journals

210

(1)

Oral History Projects

211

(1)

Writing Your School's History

212

(1)

Writing in Activity Classrooms

212

(2)

Quick Writes

213

(1)

Journals

213

(1)

Interviewing Real People about On-the Job Writing

213

(1)

Writing Directions in Plain English

214

(1)

Looking Back

214

(1)

Add to Your Journal

215

(1)

Additional Readings

215

(2)

Studying

217

(36)

Looking Ahead

217

(1)

Studying Is Complex

218

(1)

The Ability to Study Includes Several Major Components

219

(9)

Study Strategies

219

(4)

Systems

223

(2)

Resource Management

225

(1)

Self-Regulation

226

(2)

Listen, Look, and Learn

228

(1)

There Are Important Principles of Instruction in How to Study

228

(1)

Try It Out

229

(4)

Combine Study Strategy Instruction with Content Teaching

230

(1)

Follow an Apprenticeship Model

230

(1)

Fading and Self-Assessment

231

(2)

Try It Out

233

(4)

Scaffolding

233

(4)

Teaching All Students How to Study Requires a Team Approach across Content Areas and Grades

237

(1)

Specific Content Area Applications

238

(1)

Studying in English/Language Arts Classrooms

238

(1)

Studying in Second-Language Classrooms

239

(2)

Sexual-Language Instructional Settings

239

(1)

Word-Learning Strategies

240

(1)

Studying in Mathematics Classrooms

241

(3)

Study Cards

242

(1)

Self-Regulation

243

(1)

Studying in Science Classrooms

244

(2)

Graphic Organizers

244

(1)

Mnemonic Devices

245

(1)

Studying in Social Studies Classrooms

246

(3)

Graphic Organizers

246

(1)

Discussing

247

(1)

Two-Column Notes

248

(1)

Studying in Activity Classrooms

249

(2)

Study Cards

249

(1)

Writing Summaries of Procedures

250

(1)

Images and Rhymes

251

(1)

Looking Back

251

(1)

Add to Your Journal

251

(1)

Additional Readings

252

(1)

Student Inquiry

253

(28)

Looking Ahead

253

(1)

Inquiry Is a Special Feature of Instruction

254

(1)

Do It Together

255

(1)

Asking Engaging Researchable Questions Is Essential to Inquiry

255

(5)

WH Poster Questions

256

(2)

Question Box

258

(1)

Question Stems

259

(1)

Assessing Questions

259

(1)

Locating Sources and Information Within Sources Is Essential to Inquiry