Why Managing Money For Retirement Is So Hard

Investing is difficult. That said, we can make it harder still. We can encourage people with little to no training to try to do it for themselves. Sadly, many people get caught in the fear/greed cycle, and show up at the wrong time to buy and/or sell. We get there late, and then our emotions trick us into action, when the rational investor says, “Okay, I missed that move. Where are there opportunities now, if there are any at all?”

But investing can be made even more difficult. Investing reaches its most challenging level when you are relying on your investing to meet an anticipated and repeated need for cash outflows.

Institutional investors will tell you, portfolio decisions are almost always easier when there is more cash flowing in than flowing out. It means that there is one dominant mode of thought: where to invest new money? Some attention will be given to managing existing assets — pruning away assets with less potential, but the need won’t be as pressing. (Note: at really high rates of cash inflow, investing gets really tough as well, but that’s another story, and one that I successfully lived though 1998-2003…)

1) You don’t know how long you, your spouse, and anyone else relying on you will live. Averages can be calculated, but particularly with two people, the odds are that one will outlive an average life expectancy. Can you be conservative enough in your withdrawals that you won’t outlive your money?

2) My estimate of what the safe withdrawal rate is on a perpetuity is the yield on the 10-year Treasury Note plus around 1%. That additional 1% can be higher after the market has gone through a bear market, and valuations are cheap, and as low as zero when you are near the end of a bull market.

Now, most people people with discipline want a simple spending rule, and so those that are moderately conservative choose that they can spend 4%/year of their assets. At present, if interest rates don’t go lower still, that will likely (60-80% likelihood) work. But if your income needs are greater than that, your odds of yields over the long haul go down dramatically.

3) Will you be able to maintain an iron discipline, and not overspend your assets? It’s tempting to do so, and the temptation will get greater when bad events happen that break the budget, whether those are healthcare or other needs. It is incredibly difficult to avoid paying for an immediate pressing need, when the soft cost is harming your future. There is every incentive to say, “We’ll figure it out later.” The odds on that being true will be low.

4) How will you deal with bear markets, particularly ones that occur early in retirement? Can you and will you reduce your expenses to reflect the losses? On the other side, during bull markets, will you build up a buffer, and not get incautious during seemingly good times?

This is an easy prediction to make, but after the next bear market, look for a scad of “Our retirement is ruined articles.” Look for there to be hearings in Congress that don’t amount to much — and if they do amount to much, watch them make things worse by creating R Bonds, or some garbage like that.

5) Avoid investing in too many income vehicles; the easiest temptation to give into is to stretch for yield — it is the oldest scam in the books. This applies to dividend paying common stocks, and stock-like investments like REITs, MLPs, BDCs, etc. They have no guaranteed return of principal. On the plus side, they may give you capital gains if you use them right, buying them when they are out of favor, and reducing exposure when everyone is buying them.

Another easy prediction to make is that junk bonds and non-bond income vehicles will be a large contributor to the shortfall in asset return in the next bear market, because a decent number of people are buying them as if they are magic. The naive buyers think: all they do is provide a higher income, and there is no increased risk of capital loss.

6) Avoid taking too much or too little risk. It’s psychologically difficult to buy risk assets when things seem horrible, or sell when everyone else is carefree. If you can do that successfully, you are rare. What is achievable by many is to maintain a constant risk posture. Don’t panic; don’t get greedy — just stick to your investment plan through the cycles of the markets.

7) As assets shrink, what will you liquidate? The best thing would be being forward-looking, and liquidating what has the lowest risk-adjusted future return. What is achievable is selling assets off from everything proportionally, taking account of tax issues where needed.

8 ) Are you ready for Social Security to take a hit out around 2026? Once the trust fund gets down to one year’s worth of payments, future payments get reduced to the level sustainable by expected future contributions. Expect a political firestorm when this becomes a live issue, say for the 2024 Presidential election. There will be a bloc of voters to oppose leaving benefits unchanged by increasing Social Security taxes.

9) Be wary of inflation, but don’t overdo it. The retirement of so many people may be deflationary — after all, look at Japan and Europe so far. Economies also work better when there is net growth in the number of workers. It will be tempting for policymakers to shrink what liabilities they can shrink through inflation, but there will also be a bloc of voters to oppose that.

10) You need a defender of two against slick guys who will try to cheat you when you are older. If you have assets, you are a prime target for scams. Most of these come dressed in suits: brokers and other investment salesmen with plausible ways to make your money stretch further. But there are other scams as well — run everything significant past a smart younger person who is skeptical, and knows how to say no when needed.

Conclusion

If this all seems unduly dour (and I haven’t even talked about defined benefit plan issues), let me tell you that this is realistic. There are not enough resources to give all of the Baby Boomers a lush retirement, without unduly harming younger age cohorts, and this is true over most of the developed world, not just the US.

Even with skilled advisers helping you, you need to be ready for the hard choices that will come up. Better you should think through them earlier rather than later. Who knows? You might take some actions that will lower your future risks. More on that in a future post, as well as the other retirement risk issues.