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It's admittedly a loaded topic, but anyone know of any fiction involving how things might have gone with a Christianity with different teachings, or a different Christ figure altogether, or how the world might have developed without any Christianity whatsoever? (Extra points if it's available on Kindle.)

It's not exactly what you are asking for, but you should read Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal. It looks at Jesus' missing years from a perspective that is respectful, without being worshipful and humorous without being mocking. I've recommended it to multiple friends that are athiest, Christian and Jewish and all of them have loved it. Seriously. Every single one has come back and thanked me for recommending it.

That's good. It means you still have some of his best work to read. I suggest immediately reading A Dirty Job, and Coyote Blue. And don't forget You Suck and Bite Me, when you want something a little sillier.

Philip Pullman of "His Dark Materials" fantasy fame, wrote a novel titled "The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ." It may not be what you're looking for, but no one else mentioned it, so I thought I throw it in.

I'll toss in an answer to my own question for others perusing this thread with similar interest -- Second Greatest Story Ever Told, Gorman Bechard. As a follow-up to his Son's visit in 0 A.D., God sends down his Daughter to the world in the late '80s. Pretty great book.

I'm sure I've previously seen a recommendation on this subreddit for a story about a time-traveller who ends up being christ - I can't recall what it's called, so am disappointed not to see it mentioned here.

Not sure if this is what you're after, but Mark Rogers has a trilogy about a magic-packin' warrior Christ who fights his way to salvation. Doesn't focus much on the philosophical side of things, but it's an okay read.

Philip K. Dick's extraordinary Valis skirts some alt-Jesus issues (and is a general mind-blower in any case).

Christopher Moore's Lamb is a satirical alt-Jesus story, told through the eyes of J's best childhood pal 'Biff' (shades of the Life of Brian). Another okay read, it kind of goes off the rails 2/3rds of the way through.

Frank Herbert's The Jesus Incident is another time-traveler looks back at Jesus story (akin to Moorcock's Behold the Man, mentioned elsewhere in this thread) and is a great read.

Edmund Cooper's short story 'Jupiter Laughs' uses Jesus getting caught by the slaughter of the innocents as its hinge point. It posits that without Christianity, the Roman empire would still exist, which I don't think makes any sense, but maybe it did back in the 50's.

Kushiel's Dart by Jacqueline Carey explores a world where the primary European religion is based on the "son" of Jesus and "The Magdelene." There is also some outright magic - and the gods are most definitely real. The theology is mostly in the background -to sexy political intrigue - but it also drives the entire plot.

There are Yeshuites (although again as a subplot) who are outcasts in some similar ways that Jews were in Europe. I love the book and its sequels - three trilogies together all told - but expect flowery writing and lots of world development before action occurs.

Don't know any, although Clarke and Baxter's The Light of Other Days (not to be confused with Bob Shaw's "Light of Other Days" which is an entirely different story) has a few things to say in passing about "our" Jesus.

the god hater, by Bill Myers
A atheist scientist learns the evil of his ways when the computer-generated world, exactly like ours, fails without his intervention. he gos in to the virtual world, as their Christ.

This is written by a REALLY good physics professor- he's sort of famous for a course he used to teach because of its webcasts and he was one of the most popular professors at Berkeley. At some point he decided to write a novel about Jesus.

Other Worlds, Other Gods edited by Mohs Mayo is in this vein. Let's Go to Golgotha by Garry Kilworth (it is listed in the wikipedia article elsewhere in this thread--I read it years ago and couldn't remember the title) is another. Islands in the Sea by Harry Turtledove tells of a world where Islam became the primary dominant religion in the western world. Finally Jack McDevitt's short story "Cruising through Deuteronomy." None of these are exactly what you are looking for, but they are in a religious theme.

Edit: the Illustrated Man by Bradbury contains a story about Christ visiting another planet and another about aliens who are free of sin. The Hercules Text and Omega, both Novels by by Jack McDevitt also explore the possibility of sinless aliens, but not in a way you'd expect.

Time travel is common, and people like to go sightseeing, and can even affect those they interact with. However those changes don't propogate to the present, but instead cause the creation of "moment universes".

So you have Jesus (among others) living multiple variations on his life, including (IIRC) as a modern-day talk show host.

The first (and so far, only) story I've ever submitted for professional publication (and been rejected by about 7 publishers so far) is just such a story. Maybe I'll self-publish it for 99 cents on Kindle :)