No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?

No Copyright LawThe Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?

Did Germany experience rapid industrial expansion in the 19th century due to an absence of copyright law? A German historian argues that the massive proliferation of books, and thus knowledge, laid the foundation for the country's industrial might.

The entire country seemed to be obsessed with reading. The sudden passion for books struck even booksellers as strange and in 1836 led literary critic Wolfgang Menzel to declare Germans "a people of poets and thinkers."

"That famous phrase is completely misconstrued," declares economic historian Eckhard Höffner, 44. "It refers not to literary greats such as Goethe and Schiller," he explains, "but to the fact that an incomparable mass of reading material was being produced in Germany."

Höffner has researched that early heyday of printed material in Germany and reached a surprising conclusion -- unlike neighboring England and France, Germany experienced an unparalleled explosion of knowledge in the 19th century.

German authors during this period wrote ceaselessly. Around 14,000 new publications appeared in a single year in 1843. Measured against population numbers at the time, this reaches nearly today's level. And although novels were published as well, the majority of the works were academic papers.

The situation in England was very different. "For the period of the Enlightenment and bourgeois emancipation, we see deplorable progress in Great Britain," Höffner states.

Equally Developed Industrial Nation

Indeed, only 1,000 new works appeared annually in England at that time -- 10 times fewer than in Germany -- and this was not without consequences. Höffner believes it was the chronically weak book market that caused England, the colonial power, to fritter away its head start within the span of a century, while the underdeveloped agrarian state of Germany caught up rapidly, becoming an equally developed industrial nation by 1900.

Even more startling is the factor Höffner believes caused this development -- in his view, it was none other than copyright law, which was established early in Great Britain, in 1710, that crippled the world of knowledge in the United Kingdom.

Germany, on the other hand, didn't bother with the concept of copyright for a long time. Prussia, then by far Germany's biggest state, introduced a copyright law in 1837, but Germany's continued division into small states meant that it was hardly possible to enforce the law throughout the empire.

Höffner's diligent research is the first academic work to examine the effects of the copyright over a comparatively long period of time and based on a direct comparison between two countries, and his findings have caused a stir among academics. Until now, copyright was seen as a great achievement and a guarantee for a flourishing book market. Authors are only motivated to write, runs the conventional belief, if they know their rights will be protected.

Yet a historical comparison, at least, reaches a different conclusion. Publishers in England exploited their monopoly shamelessly. New discoveries were generally published in limited editions of at most 750 copies and sold at a price that often exceeded the weekly salary of an educated worker.

London's most prominent publishers made very good money with this system, some driving around the city in gilt carriages. Their customers were the wealthy and the nobility, and their books regarded as pure luxury goods. In the few libraries that did exist, the valuable volumes were chained to the shelves to protect them from potential thieves.

In Germany during the same period, publishers had plagiarizers -- who could reprint each new publication and sell it cheaply without fear of punishment -- breathing down their necks. Successful publishers were the ones who took a sophisticated approach in reaction to these copycats and devised a form of publication still common today, issuing fancy editions for their wealthy customers and low-priced paperbacks for the masses.

A Multitude of Treatises

This created a book market very different from the one found in England. Bestsellers and academic works were introduced to the German public in large numbers and at extremely low prices. "So many thousands of people in the most hidden corners of Germany, who could not have thought of buying books due to the expensive prices, have put together, little by little, a small library of reprints," the historian Heinrich Bensen wrote enthusiastically at the time.

The prospect of a wide readership motivated scientists in particular to publish the results of their research. In Höffner's analysis, "a completely new form of imparting knowledge established itself."

Essentially the only method for disseminating new knowledge that people of that period had known was verbal instruction from a master or scholar at a university. Now, suddenly, a multitude of high-level treatises circulated throughout the country.

The "Literature Newspaper" reported in 1826 that "the majority of works concern natural objects of all types and especially the practical application of nature studies in medicine, industry, agriculture, etc." Scholars in Germany churned out tracts and handbooks on topics such as chemistry, mechanics, engineering, optics and the production of steel.

In England during the same period, an elite circle indulged in a classical educational canon centered more on literature, philosophy, theology, languages and historiography. Practical instruction manuals of the type being mass-produced in Germany, on topics from constructing dikes to planting grain, were for the most part lacking in England. "In Great Britain, people were dependent on the medieval method of hearsay for the dissemination of this useful, modern knowledge," Höffner explains.

The German proliferation of knowledge created a curious situation that hardly anyone is likely to have noticed at the time. Sigismund Hermbstädt, for example, a chemistry and pharmacy professor in Berlin, who has long since disappeared into the oblivion of history, earned more royalties for his "Principles of Leather Tanning" published in 1806 than British author Mary Shelley did for her horror novel "Frankenstein," which is still famous today.

'Lively Scholarly Discourse'

The trade in technical literature was so strong that publishers constantly worried about having a large enough supply, and this situation gave even the less talented scientific authors a good bargaining position in relation to publishers. Many professors supplemented their salaries with substantial additional income from the publication of handbooks and informational brochures.

Höffner explains that this "lively scholarly discourse" laid the basis for the Gründerzeit, or foundation period, the term used to describe the rapid industrial expansion in Germany in the late 19th century. The period produced later industrial magnates such as Alfred Krupp and Werner von Siemens.

The market for scientific literature didn't collapse even as copyright law gradually became established in Germany in the 1840s. German publishers did, however, react to the new situation in a restrictive way reminiscent of their British colleagues, cranking up prices and doing away with the low-price market.

Authors, now guaranteed the rights to their own works, were often annoyed by this development. Heinrich Heine, for example, wrote to his publisher Julius Campe on October 24, 1854, in a rather acerbic mood: "Due to the tremendously high prices you have established, I will hardly see a second edition of the book anytime soon. But you must set lower prices, dear Campe, for otherwise I really don't see why I was so lenient with my material interests."

Never choose an spiritual guide that asks you for money; therefore, truly educational books must be free, but of course, there are cooking books, porno books, empty books, just consider the humongous amount of paper and ink wasted [...]

Never choose an spiritual guide that asks you for money; therefore, truly educational books must be free, but of course, there are cooking books, porno books, empty books, just consider the humongous amount of paper and ink wasted by Marx just to trick people into believing that he had a an idea: please give ME your money so WE can spend it much more wisely. These kinds of books, surely, must be sold, otherwise is an utter waste of time, paper, trees and ink.
In fact it is a fair trade, we exchange painted paper mostly in black and white with painted paper wisely depicting green faces of Lincoln, Washington and so.
Fortunately, there are true Masters, like Schopenhauer, who wrote less than ten books in his entire life.
You cannot be thankful enough for his unselfishness; even if you do not understand a word of what Schopenhauer meant, you have to really say: thank you for sparing my precious time !.
Take for instance the impertinent Doctor Professor Sigmund Freud; after reading volumes and volumes of trash, you realize two things: 1- the argument is circular petitio principi; and 2- it has been inspired by five paragraphs of Schopenhauer.
Now, Doctor Professor Sigmund Freud, Achtung !
How much money have you made badly plagiarizing Schopenhauer in New York, the Big Apple ?
To be honest, I was a bit disappointed when I finished reading Schopenhauer entire opera (but an essay in the nature of light I could not find) and my complaint was about ethics, I found very little about that, then, I realized, Shopenhauer says in many occasions, and when he repeats something is because it needs to be repeated, I do not want to repeat what others have perfectly said (from memory), and I realized that the topic, Ethics, was exhausted by Baltasar Gracian in El Criticon.
Even though I am an amateur philosopher, I love embarrassing university professors (probably that was the reason I was failed in few occasions when I was studying electronic engineering and also in the most simple and useless subject of my MBA. I found that university professors have a very bad sense of humor, but not my fellow students though, one of them warned me when we were urinating during one of the breaks: Ive enjoyed the Mike Myers joke, but be careful !), when they lecture about Schopenhauer I often ask: did you read Gracian ?, Gracian, Gracian, who is he ?, then I realize that they do not understand a bit of Schopenhauer.
For this reason, when a philosophy professor told me: leave Schopenhauer in peace, he is obsolete, go for the revamped version, Nietzche, Ive retorted: I do much prefer listening Strauss writing philosophy !.
Well, regressing to the real topic of this comment, please forgive the digression, I hope you enjoyed this game as I did, and IT IS FOR FREE !
Norberto

PaulStatt 08/20/2010

2. Rule Germania?

Eckhard Höffner's work is available on Amazon--in two volumes, priced at 68 each. I wish I could but a cheaper smaller version. Which may prove his point.

Eckhard Höffner's work is available on Amazon--in two volumes, priced at 68 each. I wish I could but a cheaper smaller version. Which may prove his point.

manneken 08/23/2010

3. No copyright - more innovation?

It is an interesting point of view.
IPRs are supposed to help innovation. The monopolies they grant are not a purpose onto itself, but are aimed at promoting and protecting innovation.
To the extent they provide [...]

Zitat von sysopDid Germany experience rapid industrial expansion in the 19th century due to an absence of copyright law? A German historian argues that the massive proliferation of books, and thus knowledge, laid the foundation for the country's industrial might.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,710976,00.html

It is an interesting point of view.
IPRs are supposed to help innovation. The monopolies they grant are not a purpose onto itself, but are aimed at promoting and protecting innovation.
To the extent they provide over-protection, they risk reducing or stifling innovation.
It is interesting that the debate is starting on where we should draw the line.
So far, advocates of IPR are too religious in their position that "more protection = more innovation". QED, I would answer.

BTraven 08/24/2010

4.

Its just a marketing trick. In order to confirm his theses expressed in his book he could either give the book away or sell it quite expensively. He decided for the later. Perhaps he will earn a lot of money but it must be [...]

Zitat von PaulStattEckhard Höffner's work is available on Amazon--in two volumes, priced at 68 each. I wish I could but a cheaper smaller version. Which may prove his point.

Its just a marketing trick. In order to confirm his theses expressed in his book he could either give the book away or sell it quite expensively. He decided for the later. Perhaps he will earn a lot of money but it must be depressing to know that the price of his much praised books prevents Germans from getting smarter.

munchenboar 08/30/2010

5. Copyright law vs education and raw materials

An odd argument, that the non existence of a copyright law (a global experience, so open to all countries) should have given Germany a specific advantage.
Normally, credit is given the the absence of war in Germany after [...]

An odd argument, that the non existence of a copyright law (a global experience, so open to all countries) should have given Germany a specific advantage.
Normally, credit is given the the absence of war in Germany after Napoleon, the iron, coal and other industries that the nascent state was able to exploit, its education policy (radically different from that of England).
England and France both had global empires to manage, a massive drain on resources (throughout the 19th century, Germany sought an empire and was one of the reasons for the wars of 1870 and 1914). The lack of infrastructure, meant that Germany could build and miss a generation, rather like installing 3G phone systems without 1G.
What about education? France and Germany both adopted a policy of mass education and enfranchisement, the UK system specifically limited education to the needs of the business sector, thus looking at the present, not the future and the welfare, education and social policies of German were 10 to 20 years ahead of those of the UK (voting, pension, education, child labor etc), thus giving the citizens a more fundamental responsibility within the state.
Was this work sponsored by those looking to increase the copyright protection laws? Odd argument in itself, it has been a long time since I read anything that attempted to apportion events to a single cause.
regards