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Wednesday, February 01, 2017

The Disenchantments of "La La Land"

Damien Chazelle’s La La Land has turned out to be a fascinatingly divisive film. It has enchanted thousands and swept up a record 14 Oscar nominations. It is – I will readily admit – not without its pleasures. But I nevertheless found myself troubled by it in many ways. My “issues” with it fall into six broad categories. (Sorry – this movie pushed several of my buttons!)

These categories, some of which overlap, are: the movie’s masculinism; its view of jazz; the way jazz intersects with race; the movie’s conspicuously individualist view of art-making and success; Chazelle’s directorial personality; and the movie’s nostalgia.

Not all movies are equally stimulating for critics to write about – either for or against – but La La Land has ignited a remarkable number and range of responses. I'd like to enlist writings by ten or so fellow critics here, and weave their voices into this post. I will forego all narrative exposition, and assume that readers have seen the film.

To begin with gender: there is a stark difference in how the movie depicts its male and female protagonists, Sebastian and Mia. In the Los Angeles Review of Books, Morgan Leigh Davies writes:

[Sebastian] is the author of their relationship: he comes to ask her out at work; he introduces her to jazz; he takes her to see Rebel Without a Cause for research (despite the fact that she is the actor and supposed cinephile); he suggests that she write something herself since she can’t get a part, prompting her to write a one-woman play and quit her job … later, when Mia’s play has failed and she has retreated home to Nevada, it is Sebastian who gets the call from a casting agency about a major audition, and drives out to find her and implores her to give acting one last go … the movie is not hers. It is Sebastian’s.

In Chazelle’s cinema, it is consistently men who are teachers, guides, and owners of knowledge, while women are their students – vessels whose own personalities and histories are often ill-defined or relatively insubstantial. Davies notes:

[Chazelle] is particularly attached to scenes in which men teach women how to play musical instruments, explain music to them, or play music for them: [in Guy and Madeleine on a Park Bench] Guy (Jason Palmer) teaches his mother to play the piano and Madeline (Desiree Garcia) gets a lesson from a male drummer; Guy plays for both his girlfriend Madeline and Elena (Sandha Khin), the girl that he leaves her for; later, Madeline dates another older musician. Andrew [in Whiplash] rattles off information about the music playing in the pizza to his girlfriend, Nicole (Melissa Benoist). Sebastian, of course, plays for Mia and teaches her to appreciate jazz. Music, then, effectively serves as both an emotional conduit and a subtle affirmation of power: where Fletcher [in Whiplash] uses his status as Andrew’s teacher as a cudgel to assert his dominance, Guy and Sebastian — and, indeed, Andrew — maintain their status as the more worldly, dominant partner in a subtler way, through the assertion of their artistic skill and cultural knowledge. With the exception of Mia, the women on the receiving end of this treatment are directionless and therefore ideal counterparts: Madeline’s field in graduate school is never specified, Nicole doesn’t even know her major, and all we know about Elena is that she is so incompetent that she has to have a man show her how to boil water.

It must also be admitted: the scene of Sebastian whitemansplaining jazz to Mia is high cringe. In his post "White Jazz Narrative" at MTV, Ira Madison III observes sarcastically:

Early on, after a few chance run-ins lead to a burgeoning flirtation, Mia makes a damning confession: She doesn’t like jazz. This is a big mistake. Only tell a Male Music Nerd that you do not like their preferred music if you have at least four free hours on your schedule to be taught exactly why you’re wrong. Seb responds by dragging Mia to a jazz club in the middle of the day. “It’s conflict and compromise,” explains Seb, talking loudly over the live band that they came to see. “It’s new every time … and it’s dying.” … Mia is ultimately convinced, seemingly not by the music itself (which Seb keeps talking over) but by the passion and enthusiasm with which he presents it to her. “People love what people are passionate about,” she concedes.

Jazz is famously and primarily an ensemble art form, but Chazelle’s view of it is problematically individualistic – and uninterested in any details of what it is or what it feels like to actually learn or make jazz. Writing about Whiplash in the New Yorker, Richard Brody called Chazelle’s vision of jazz “a grotesque and ludicrous caricature”:

Andrew isn’t in a band or a combo, doesn’t get together with his fellow-students and jam … He doesn’t study music theory, not alone and not … with his peers. There’s no obsessive comparing of recordings and styles, no sense of a wide-ranging appreciation of jazz history … In short, the musician’s life is about pure competitive ambition—the concert band and the exposure it provides—and nothing else.

Mia … tries to make a name for herself by writing, self-financing, and performing a one-woman show—and her biggest audition involves her solo performance of a monologue of her own making, for a starring role in a movie that has no script and will, a casting agent says, be “built around” her. Sebastian wants to open a jazz club and wants to play jazz (“pure jazz,” he says), but his pianistic ideal, and the setting in which he shines, is solo.

The couple of times we see Sebastian play with others – in Keith’s (John Legend’s) band or the ‘80s pop cover group – it is clearly signaled by the film that the music is somehow beneath him, and he is “selling out”.

Brody also points out the film's lack of interest in detailing Mia's character or her work:

Mia writes and produces and stages her one-woman show at a theatre, but Chazelle has no interest in the vitality and conflict and fascinating details of that process—there’s nothing about her working with others on it, whether a stage director or a lighting technician. Nothing about the making of sets, nothing about rehearsing, nothing about the concrete details of the business. When Mia visits her family in Boulder City, there’s no family life whatsoever on view. Chazelle is interested in Mia not as a character or as a person but as an ornament, a symbol of a kind of dream and a kind of success.

Ever since the movie musical’s decline as a popular form, there have been periodic attempts to revive it. Some of these have been artistically successful, others have been Les Misérables (2012), but almost all have conceded to the fact that they don’t make them like they used to because you can’t make them like they used to, and that the musical needs to exploit new forms, new technologies, and new subject matter in order to reach a new public. In this La La Land is an exception—it doesn’t want to bridge the last sixty-odd years so much as pretend they never happened, to return to an imagined Eden of old-fashioned razzle-dazzle and audience innocence.

Jazz is an important subject of this movie — Sebastian’s passion to “preserve” it defines his character. This, I believe, gives us the permission to be exacting and attentive to the way the movie views and depicts jazz. Brody points out that it is, specifically, classic jazz (from the 1920s to the 1950s) that is valorized by the film “as if nothing of importance has happened since the nineteen-sixties—the age when artists overturned conventions and shattered the bonds of classicism. [Chazelle] venerates and celebrates bygone methods and mannerisms because he applies them like formulas …”

Chazelle is smart and knows exactly what he’s doing here – and so we get the scene in which Keith (John Legend) asks Sebastian, “How are you gonna be a revolutionary if you’re such a traditionalist? You’re holding on to the past but jazz is about the future.” But this gesture from Chazelle is pure disingenuousness. He simply tosses in the question – thus pretending to significance – but the film does absolutely nothing to pursue it or play it out. If Keith’s band is one of the “futures” of jazz – as the movie clearly seems to imply – we are unambiguously asked to view contemporary jazz as watered-down and inferior to the classic jazz that Jeb fetishizes.

And so it is with movies too. La La Land looks back at a small, select history of cinema – 1950s Hollywood musicals like Singin’ in the Rain, Jacques Demy, Rebel Without A Cause – and raids them for its inspirations. Justin Hurwitz’s songs – their melodies, harmonies, and arrangements – lean too heavily on Michel Legrand, and (for me) struggle to distinguish themselves. They sound blandly pleasant, but evaporated from my ears the moment the end credits rolled.

The songs are trite when they aren't outright unmemorable, and Seb's piano theme just seemed like sad random tinkling. This is a problem, given that Sebastian (Ryan Gosling) has no real personality apart from his love of jazz. There's an awkward pull here between the actual quality on display and the almost art-frat aggression with which the viewer is relentlessly pummeled with the whole Romanticist, never-give-up-on-your-dreams business. The fact that John Legend is positioned as the sellout option here (to say nothing of "I Ran," one of the greatest 80s synth-pop hits this side of Gary Numan) just adds to the sense that something about this world is way out of whack.

I must also confess that I was irritated by Chazelle’s overall approach in this movie, his attack. Fernando Croce, whose account of the film from Toronto was one of the earliest critiques of it, pointed out its “bellicose approach to music and dance” and its “relentlessly aggressive touch”:

Why have the introductory highway hoedown just unfold in one take, when you can also include Matrix-style camera swivels to capture bicycle pirouettes in mid-air? [The film is] designed to not so much seduce audiences as pummel them into submission. Swoon, goddamnit, swoon!

Finally, it’s impossible to look away from the fact that Sebastian is a “white savior” for jazz, a profoundly black music. Madison is snarky but persuasive here:

[Sebastian/Gosling] eventually opens up his own jazz club that’s wildly successful and gains him a black apprentice who’s pretty good on the piano himself, but not too good, otherwise he’d own Gosling’s club himself! The nightclub audience laughs at this joke, but in the film audience, it lands with a thud, because you know what? If you’re gonna make a film about an artist staying true to the roots of jazz against the odds and against modern reinventions of the genre (from white musicians like, say, Mayer Hawthorne), you'd think that artist would be black […] Positioning Ryan Gosling as jazz’s white savior while relegating black musicians to the background left a sour taste in my mouth.

In La La Land, African-American musicians are rendered (as in Whiplash) as measuring sticks for an ascendant white performer’s monomaniacal notions of “purity,” while African-American actors are either used as benign props—as when Sebastian encounters a sweet (and totally mute) old couple while singing to himself at the end of a pier—or else as signifiers of authenticity (Gosling’s exuberant club-land buddies) or a lack thereof (John Legend’s smoothie sell-out, who may not be the villain of the piece but doesn’t make much sense as a character anyway).

La La Land deserves its nominations and more: it deserves to win Best Picture. Because it isn’t escapism, it’s a story for our age. Ryan Gosling, who pluckily spent three months learning piano to play the protagonist, is the perfect hero in a year when the new president of the United States can take over with no training. His reality-show-standard song and dance routines are perfectly suited to this new era, when a mediocre businessman and second-rate television celebrity can become Commander-in-Chief. If Trump’s Education Secretary can’t write grammatically or answer questions on basic policy, how can we criticise an actor for less-than-perfect performances? Our current culture doesn’t just excuse amateurs, it elevates them to the highest roles.

Some have claimed that La La Land appropriates the black art form of jazz, with Gosling in the white saviour role as its purist champion. But what could be more 2017 than a movie that celebrates mansplaining and whitewashing, that has Gosling talking loudly over older, African American musicians to impress his date, and then shows them nodding appreciatively, grateful for his support? […]

Meanwhile, John Legend’s marginalised appearance as Gosling’s one black friend, who begs him to join a band then sells out the genre with his tacky commercialism, perfectly suits an Academy Awards list that congratulates itself on avoiding “Oscars So White” controversy, yet [overwhelmingly] nominates white men and women over people of colour …

9 Comments:

Wonderful, Girish. I wasn't sure why the movie left me so cold but this helps me see there are even more reasons to dislike it than the ones I had. One major beef of mine was that Sebastien's "theme" wasn't remotely jazz-like. I also felt dismay when Emma Stone's character asks Gosling, "Jazz, like Kenny G?" It made her seem so clueless I couldn't even like her. That's a line you give a total dumbass.

Good piece, nicely summing up many of the objections to the film. La La Land remains my favorite film of the year. I tried to sum up why in the following:

While I greatly enjoyed both Moonlight and Manchester by the Sea, my favorite of the year continues to be Damien Chazelle's La La Land. If forced to come up with a reason why, beyond contingencies like seeing the movie in the cinema as opposed to an online screener, I believe, strangely, that it may have something to do with its weakness as drama. La La Land really only works as cinema, and announces its unreality right away, existing in a very different space than the realist drama. In other words, it is very close to the metaphorical pole, especially in its structural similarities to the Broadway musical (see David Bordwell's detailed discussion here). It is the pure cinematic verve of Chazelle, and the movie's lack of reality, that I love, although even this film has long stretches where it shifts to the metonymic pole, such is the pull of realism in the cinema. This leads to a greater backlash (Chazelle is trying too hard, all style/no substance, etc), and in the era of Trump, Hollywood may decide to honor a more socially conscious drama like Moonlight over a movie that celebrates Hollywood itself (which it normally loves to do, of course). But despite the emotional impact of the heavy drama in Moonlight and Manchester by the Sea, La La Land was able to create a similar impact with much lower stakes, which leads me to value its artistic achievement more.

"Not all movies are equally stimulating for critics to write about – either for or against – but La La Land has ignited a remarkable number and range of responses."

Don't you think your piece would be more interesting if you followed up on the above thought, that is, essaying how a film can be received in such contrary ways? Instead, you simply quote people who you take as agreeing with you. I also wonder if Emma Stone or John Legend agree with what some people say about their characters. I suspect not, just as I suspect many spectators don't agree with the interpretations you quote. But it's all opinion. Why not explore the reasons for the difference in opinion.

Ken Eisner's two cents: "As he proved with his hit Whiplash, young writer-director Damien Chazelle has tremendous enthusiasm for genres he poorly understands. That drumtacular tale posited jazz as a solo act, built around a player who treats art like an Olympic competition. Despite the whimsical title, La La Land is similarly calisthenic, and now the strain is spread over elaborate dance duets, large-ensemble choreography, and both mechanical and digital special effects—all in Los Angeles settings recalling other, far better movies. The dude sure can spend money!"

If I think this out some more, many of the objections Girish makes pertaining to race, individualism and nostalgia that are present in "La La Land" have been juxtaposed albeit in an overly simplistic and sentimentalized way in another film receiving much critical and popular love, "Hidden Figures."

It is admirable that "Hidden Figures" attempts to counteract the racial and misogynistic stereotypes put forth in most mainstream studio products with a "good" message but a message it is nonetheless and the film lacks the conflict, divisions and inherent contradictions that are an endemic to any work of art. I realize the piece is about "La La Land" but I felt compelled to comment on it's apparent antidote which is "Hidden Figures" and is not an antidote at all but rather a condescending perpetuation of White Liberal Hollywood memes.

I really appreciate this piece, particularly for how it extends the analysis of Chazelle's white knights of jazz. The consistent silencing/lack of black voices in his films is quite troubling, particularly as he makes films that supposedly champion jazz as an art form.

Thanks for this post, Girish! I have only recently discovered your blog, and I am very grateful it exists!

I'm fascinated by La La Land. I've slowly transitioned into the "pro" camp, for reasons that (from what I've read) only Jonathan Rosenbaum has been able to articulate. I had watched the film and shared many of the same reactions you had: it seems hoary and empty, its nostalgia is too sickening, it's just a rehash of Demy films which were much weirder in less safe ways, etc. But for me, the moment where it all clicked was when Rosenbaum wrote:

"Everyone, myself included, got this post-musical wrong by comparing it to Jacques Demy when it’s thematically and emotionally much closer to John Cassavetes’ Too Late Blues — and perhaps even more traumatized in its meditations on the costs of “success” and “selling out” by virtue of its would-be “happy ending."

I saw how the essence of this film, as in Too Late Blues, is "compromise." Rather than read the narrative vulgarities (the "whitemansplaining," the individualistic view of jazz, the racial diversity, the sick-headed nostalgia) as completely un-self-conscious byproducts from the filmmaker, I see them as subtly and constructively undermining themselves. The compromise is how La La Land can be sustain a reading both as a frivolous musical hit about making it big and winning/love can’t always turn out what you want it to be, etc. — and, as a self-conscious entity that critiques the very flattening flaws that helped make it a mass success.

The aggressive touch Fernando aptly talks of ("Swoon, goddammit, swoon!") seemed a conscious effect, used in the service of "manic depressiveness" — the desperate need to maintain an air of gaiety, lightness, and happiness that is patently false.

I found it a smart work about narcissism and self-absorption, and how this individualistic drive is the ultimate key to success—perhaps even more so than the harmonizing work of an ensemble. It’s an utterly cynical position to take, and I don’t think Chazelle believes it to its logical extreme; but there’s some truth to that thesis that he recognizes, so he uses it as a starting point for an exploration into questions of honesty, authenticity, and personal versus social identity.

It's more honest than most works in emphasizing that basic human (peculiarly American?) instinct for selfishness — every person for themselves — success at the cost of a working ensemble. When Gosling talks about how jazz is about the ensemble then acts in a mostly individualistic manner, it doesn’t seem to me like the film is taking up his position; it is a stealth critique of it, simply by showing how the action does not line up with the ideal.

Everything makes you aware of the characters’ individualistic bent; it doesn’t try to hide it, it doesn’t celebrate it. The increasingly un-peopled musical numbers. The narcissist's greens. The blurring camera motions which twirl around and around, focusing on nobody except when it finally lands on the two leads. The sheer lack of faith Seb and Mia have in the ensemble: at one point, Mia’s friends explicitly ask her, “So you’re going to include us in your play, right?” She answers, “No, it’s a one-woman show.” Seb needs to save jazz by himself — and only succeeds at building a small ritzy jazz club somewhere in the upscale part of Hollywood, narcissistically named after himself, but whose books are really managed and run by a black man!

Seb and Mia's sin is the sin of self-enclosure, of being so wrapped up in their own fantasy worlds that they forget the roving, diverse reality around them. When they nod to each other at the end, it didn’t seem to me an acknowledgment that they got everything they wanted, that they are "successful" emotionally or spiritually; rather, it is a manic-depressive, defeated gesture that acknowledges how much they now realize the limits of idealism, the limits of fantasy, their realization that they pushed each other by working together, but ironically into even more self-enclosed bubbles of privilege, self-realization, and selfish success. It’s this quality that makes me understand why Rosenbaum calls it “even more traumatized.” I don’t think Chazelle is for it, of course; but he creates a work that feels like the manifestation of all his fears and insecurities as a 25-year-old: Am I genuine? When I say I like to work with people, do I really mean it? Am I too wrapped up in a bubble? etc., etc.

And re: the film holding up Seb as "white savior of jazz" — I don’t quite see it. Nothing in the film's grammar tells us that that’s even a viable position. He's too unwilling respond to changing tempos (that whole exchange with John Legend, which was apparently suggested by Legend himself — the power of the ensemble!!). In the most telling shot of the film, the camera starts with the black jazz ensemble in focus, then slowly tracks back to the white couple foregrounded, listening in on them and talking over the black musicians, who are now out-of-focus. It seems a moment of great irony and morbid humor. It feels frightening to think that everyone's knowledge of jazz, save the scattershot very few "revolutionaries" (and Seb is definitely not one of them; he seems to hew too close to safety, comfort, and second-guessing), is just second-hand, third-rate, a bastardized recalling of a rich tradition and heritage.

(I also had something to say about the fascinating first number, which takes place in the heart of my home turf, the L.A. ghetto — but I talked more about that here: http://www.stanforddaily.com/2016/12/18/la-la-land/ !