UC Davis researchers test a remote-controlled helicopter to spray pesticides on vineyards, which are normally sprayed using ground vehicles. Yamaha, who supplies Japanese rice farmers with flying sprayers, provided the helicopter for these tests. Photos taken at the UC Davis Oakville Station in Oakville, Calif., on May 7, 2013.

Wine grape drone flying over California vineyards

The RMAX helicopter drone is making test runs over California wine grape vineyards after 20 years of use in Japan’s rice fields.

Pat Bailey, UC Davis News | Jun 10, 2013

Under the watchful eye of news media and area winegrape growers, a remote-controlled helicopter, fitted with a spray applicator system, was field tested over a vineyard in the heart of the famed Napa Valley by engineers at the University of California, Davis, and Yamaha Motor Corporation, USA.

For 20 years, the small motorcyle-sized helicopter, which carries the product name RMAX, has been used to apply agricultural sprays to rice fields in Japan and is now being tested for potential agricultural uses in the United States, in areas where aerial applications could prove to be safer and more efficient than tractor applications of herbicides and pesticides.

UC Davis is now one of the few universities in the nation with a Federal Aviation Administration permit to apply sprays with remote-controlled aircraft. That permit applies only to specific agricultural areas, including the University of California Oakville Station. No flights are made in the vicinity of the Davis campus.

Flanked by some of the Napa Valley’s most historic winegrape vineyards, the Oakville Experimental Vineyard at the UC Oakville Station provides the ideal site for the field tests, which began in November 2012.

“This site not only offers a working-vineyard situation, it also meets all of our federal requirements for flight zones for remote-controlled aircraft,” said Ken Giles, a UC Davis agricultural engineering professor and lead researcher on the project.

Regulated by FAA

Giles noted that the FAA regulates use of all remote-controlled aircraft and requires, for example, that the aircraft not be operated within five miles of an airport, notice of a planned flight be reported to FAA 48 hours in advance and the aircraft’s flight altitude not exceed 20 feet.

It took Giles and UC Davis development engineer Ryan Billing — both licensed commercial pilots — five months to obtain FAA clearance to operate the mini-helicopter in the Napa Valley. Experienced Yamaha flight instructors from Japan trained them on the fine points of operating the mini-helicopter.

The two UC Davis researchers are building a valuable database that will document how the RMAX might perform in agricultural operations in California and elsewhere in the United States.

“We have more than two decades of data on the performance of the RMAX in Japan, but we don’t yet have that kind of information on its use in the United States,” said Steve Markofski, a Yamaha business planner and trained RMAX operator. He noted that in Japan more than 2,500 RMAX helicopters are being used to spray 40 percent of the fields planted to rice — that country’s number one crop.

“What Ken and Ryan bring to the table is their spray application expertise and knowledge of the current application methods that are in use in the United States,” Markofski said. “As we collaborate with them on tests of spray deposition and efficiency, we’re gaining insight into to how the RMAX performance compares to spray application methods that are being commercially used for this crop and this terrain.”

Test spraying with water

The sporty, red-and-white helicopter is flown using a radio signal from a hand-held controller that closely resembles controllers for miniature hobby aircraft. When the helicopter is in the air, the entire vineyard is considered an emergency-landing site. Should the helicopter lose the radio signal from the controller, the built-in safety system will cause it to immediately pause, hover and then slowly land.

Currently, only water is being sprayed on the vineyards as the researchers explore how well the aerial applicator would cover the vineyard. Water-sensitive test papers are spotted at specific sites throughout the vineyards. Water droplets from the helicopter spray system leave on the paper tiny blue dots that, when recorded and computer analyzed, provide valuable information about where the spray is landing.

The helicopter is equipped with one eight-liter tank on either side of the fuselage, giving it the capacity to carry 16 liters, or slightly more than four gallons, of water or liquid spray. The aircraft has a recommended maximum spraying speed of approximately 15 mph, as it methodically moves up and down the vineyard rows.

So far, the data indicate that the helicopter is providing thorough coverage across the vineyard and that the air currents stirred up by the helicopter rotors are causing the spray to reach even the undersides of the grapevine leaf canopy. Furthermore, the researchers have been impressed by the stability of the helicopter, even in gusty winds.

Eventually, the research team plans to conduct application tests with commonly used agricultural pesticides and herbicides. They will explore how well the helicopter compares to a tractor-drawn spray rig in terms of operator safety, cost and efficiency. They also are expanding the test flights to some almond orchards in California's Central Valley.

The results of the study — expected to be completed late this summer – will help determine where and how the mini-helicopter might play a role in U.S. agriculture. In Japan, where rice fields average about five acres and are often surrounded by residential or commercial development, the helicopter provides a safe, efficient method for applying agricultural sprays.

Potential benefits for grape growers

The Napa Valley’s winegrape vineyards, with their relatively small plantings, adjacent development, and often hilly terrain, offer similar challenges and opportunities. The mini-helicopter can go where a standard-sized helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft could not go and, in some situations, with less risk to the operator than a tractor-drawn spray rig.

Giles noted that some area winegrape growers have expressed interest in possibly using the helicopter not only to apply pesticides and herbicides but also to take aerial pictures of their vineyards to identify sites where the vines need special care or to better determine the optimal harvest time.

Recently, remote-controlled aircraft have been receiving public scrutiny because of their growing use for military, intelligence and law-enforcement purposes, and Giles appreciates those concerns.

“As a citizen, I share those reservations and agree that we need to be very careful about how we use unmanned aircraft,” he said. “But with the color, size and noise of a motorcycle, this helicopter that we’re testing is anything but stealthy and would be a great disappointment to anyone hoping to use it for espionage or other covert purposes.

“And, our work is being conducted with the anticipation that the aircraft would be flown by the landowner or by someone hired by the landowner,” Giles said. “In other words, that person would want the aircraft to be flying over his or her land.”