Rather than alienating his lovers from their culture, he employs multiple points of view and, through dream, fantasy, remembered history, and folktale, blurs distinctions not only between personae but between time periods in order to create a history of the dispersal of Creek Nation lands in the creation of the state of Oklahoma, the resistance by Creek irredentists led by Chitto Harjo, and Josh's realization that the way out of the boiling kettle, where he is stuck to Tar Baby--which, he realizes, is "an invented history, a history of invention" that white education has forced on him--is to "climb out, up over the words, and into a new story" where "Creek land was still waiting for us to take it back.

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