Use "the maximum mediolateral breadth of the distal metaphyseal surface of the femoral diaphysis... [t]aken between the most medially and laterally projecting points on the metaphyseal surface, close to but not necessarily perpendicular to the long axis of the shaft," (Ruff 2007:699)

The DPP is "the greatest dorsoplantar diameter with the arms of the calipers oriented parallel to the diaphysis" and the MLD is measured "on the plantar side of the head," (De Groote and Humphrey 2011:626-627)

About

Anthropomotron (Mobile/Web) version 2.1.1

IntroductionWelcome to Anthropomotron! I made this website/app to consolidate many of the anthropometric tools used in biological anthropology. This app wouldn't have been possible without the work of the many researchers cited on the Sources page. In adding their contributions to this app, there is the chance that I have made an error in programming. If you're using this app for a matter of serious importance it is a good idea to confirm the calculation with the original source, especially if the estimate is wildly off or too good to be true.

General InstructionsChoose the measurement you want to measure from the main screen (ie. stature, body mass, or MNI). Generally, move from the top of the page downward filling in values and choosing options as they appear. The estimate should automatically be calculated near the bottom of the page.

Change Log

2.1.1 2015 update

General

iOS 9 optimizedMinor typography fixes

Stature

Adult Long Bone MeasurementsNew formulae!Sjøvold (1990) has probably the first formulae that combined both sexes and ancestries.Lee et al. (2014) has formulae for lower limb bones and femur fragments in a modern Korean population.

Adult Long Bone MeasurementsSection renamed from Adult Long Bone Length, due to the inclusion of Bidmos (2008) formulae (see below).Reference Sample menu organized by geographical region of the sample. This is where they died, not their ancestry, which is another matter.

New formulae!Pearson (1899) is the first use of linear regression to produce equations to estimate stature from long bone length. These formulae are included here for the historically curiousOlivier (1976) section now has all of the formulae given in the original article.Bidmos (2008) is notable for providing formulae for femur fragments.

Fixed bug in Trotter and Gleser (1952…) 2-limb confidence intervalsFixed behavior where choosing a reference sample moves the screen down

2.0 Stature Update & More!

General

You can now copy the result to paste it in a different app (note: I believe this is functionally equivalent to having a built-in notepad function and far easier to program)Placement of text in output boxes made more visually appealing.Graphics have been iOS7-ified to remove most shadows and gradientsContent background darkened and text whitened for clarityAnimations added when some menu items changeInterface should be especially improved in Firefox from beforeWhited out select menu bug in Windows Chrome fixed

Stature

New subheadings added!Calculate juvenile stature estimation using formulae by Ruff (2007) and Robbins Schug et al. (2013)Calculate stature from all of the skeletal elements that contribute to stature (Fully 1956; Raxter et al., 2006, 2007)!Adult stature estimation is now in its own subheading

About/Info page renamed to "Stature Info" and reorganized to consolidate instructions and data tables under subheadings

New adult long bone length reference samples!Raxter et al. (2008) is an ancient Egyptian sample. Auerbach and Ruff (2010) has ancient Native North Americans, and Pomeroy and Stock (2012) provides equations for ancient AndeansTibia-based formulae from Trotter and Gleser (1958) have been changed to the (1952) version where available or removed since the methodology of measuring the tibiae is disputed

Wrong formulae listed for under Sciulli and Giesen (1993) for estimating female stature. Calculations were not affectedStature Info page now lists sample sizes used to generate the equationsJumping menu bug in adult long bone length section when using Firefox fixed

Body Mass

Missing data table for the first metatarsal technique addedAbout/Info page renamed to "Body Mass Info" and reorganized to consolidate instructions and data tables under subheadings

MNI

About/Info page renamed to "MNI Info"

1.5.1 Bug Fixes

Body Mass

Fixed bug in which pounds were not converted correctly from kilograms in certain cases.Typos untypoed.

1.5 Additions to Body Mass Estimation

Femoral Head

Removed "prehistoric adjustment," which has been deprecated as a useful calculationNew technique dubbed Auerbach and Ruff (2004) added. This averages the results of three other estimations (by Ruff et al. 1991, Grine et al. 1992, and McHenry 1992).New technique Ruff et al. (2012) added, combined with the technique for calculating confidence intervals found in Ruff (2007).

Juvenile Femoral Head

New technique: Robbins Schug et al. (2013)

Juvenile Femoral Distal Metatarsal

New technique: Robbins Schug et al. (2013)

Bi-Iliac Breadth and Sections

Ruff et al. (2005) updated formulae replaced Ruff (1991) formulae.

J

New estimator! Both Robbins and colleagues's technique (2010) and Robbins Schug and colleagues' (2013) use the second moment of area of the femoral shaft to estimate body mass in juveniles. Input J, Imax and Imin, or a combination of cortical diameter, medullary diameter and cortical thickness to get an estimate.

First Metatarsal

New estimator by De Groote and Humphrey (2011) added. This one uses measurements from the first metatarsal (behind your big toe).

1.0.1 Fixed crash on startup in Android version

1.0 Initial Release

AcknowledgementsBesides the researchers whose work is used by this app, several others had a role in the development of Anthropomotron. Meg Halley introduced me to JQT, which started this whole thing. Derek Brillon and Shilo Bender were my Android beta testers. Bob Benfer provided valuable advice on all issues anthropological for over a decade and counting. Various researchers have offered me invaluable suggestions and support and I thank them all for seeing the potential in this project. Anthropomotron was made using Xcode, JQT, PhoneGap, Dreamweaver, and Eclipse.

By Keith Chan, Chantastisoft, 2012 - 2015.I hope you find this app useful, interesting, and entertaining. Let me know if you have any comments, issues, suggestions, or umbrages at: chekeichan@gmail.com

Stature Info

Estimation of stature from long bone measurements or multiple skeletal measurements is one of the core tools in forensic anthropology. Choose one of the techniques from the Method menu. Instructions and underlying formulae for each section is below. The instructions and equations used to estimate body mass are in the following subheadings. (You may have to rotate your device to portrait mode to fully see certain tables):

Choose the Sex of the individual (options may change depending on the sample).

Choose the most likely Ancestry of the individual

Choose the Long Bone or bones you want to use to estimate stature. The spaces beneath this menu will change to reflect your selection.

Fill in the measurements where indicated. Measurements are in centimeters.

The estimated stature based on the criteria you chose will be displayed under Estimated Stature.

Additional Options:

The methods based on the Trotter and Gleser and Ousley samples also produce ranges of estimated statures based on long bone length. For the Trotter and Gleser equations, you can choose among one to three sizes of the interval. Consult the original sources for what these intervals mean (and don't mean!). Ruff et al. (2012) has enough information for confidence intervals for a single estimate to be made in most cases. You can choose from among several levels of confidence.

Trotter and Gleser also provided a means of adjusting the estimated stature based if an individual is over thirty years of age. Enter the Age in the given input field. Raxter et al. (2008) allow this adjustment to their equations as well. Note that Ousley (1995:770) claims this correction is arbitrary.

Pearson (1899)

Female

Long Bone(s)

Formula

n

Femur

(1.945)(Fe) + 72.844

50

Tibia

(2.352)(Ti) + 74.774

50

Humerus

(2.754)(Hu) + 71.475

50

Radius

(3.343)(Ra) + 81.224

50

Femur, Tibia, Humerus, and Radius

(0.782)(Fe) + (1.120)(Ti) + (1.059)(Hu) - (0.711)(Ra) + 67.469

50

Femur and Tibia (Type 1)

(1.117)(Fe) + (1.125)(Ti) + 69.561

50

Femur and Tibia (Type 2)

(1.126)(Fe + Ti) + 69.154

50

Femur and Humerus

(1.339)(Fe) + (1.027)(Hu) + 67.435

50

Humerus and Radius (Type 1)

(2.582)(Hu) + (0.281)(Ra) + 70.542

50

Humerus and Radius (Type 2)

(1.628)(Hu + Ra) + 69.911

50

Male

Femur

(1.880)(Fe) + 81.306

50

Tibia

(2.376)(Ti) + 78.664

50

Humerus

(2.894)(Hu) + 70.641

50

Radius

(3.271)(Ra) + 85.925

50

Femur, Tibia, Humerus, and Radius

(0.913)(Fe) + (0.600)(Ti) + (1.225)(Hu) - (0.187)(Ra) + 67.049

50

Femur and Tibia (Type 1)

(1.220)(Fe) + (1.080)(Ti) + 71.443

50

Femur and Tibia (Type 2)

(1.159)(Fe + Ti) + 71.272

50

Femur and Humerus

(1.030)(Fe) + (1.557)(Hu) + 68.397

50

Humerus and Radius (Type 1)

(2.769)(Hu) + (0.195)(Ra) + 69.788

50

Humerus and Radius (Type 2)

(1.730)(Hu + Ra) + 66.855

50

Trotter and Gleser (1952, 1958, 1977)

Female - African

Long Bone(s)

Formula

n

Standard Error

Femur

(2.28)(Fe) + 59.76

177

3.41

Tibia

(2.45)(Ti) + 72.65*

177

3.70

Fibula

(2.49)(Fi) + 70.90

177

3.80

Humerus

(3.08)(Hu) + 64.67

177

4.25

Radius

(3.67)(Ra) + 71.79**

177

4.59

Ulna

(3.31)(Ul) + 75.38

177

4.83

Femur, Tibia, Humerus, and Radius

(1.46)(Fe) + (0.86)(Ti) + (0.44)(Hu) - (0.20)(Ra) + 56.33*

177

3.22

Femur and Tibia (Type 1)

(1.53)(Fe) + (0.96)(Ti) + 58.54*

177

3.23

Femur and Tibia (Type 2)

(1.26)(Fe + Ti) + 59.72*

177

3.28

Tibia and Humerus

(1.79)(Ti) + (1.08)(Hu) + 62.80*

177

3.58

Female - European

Femur

(2.47)(Fe) + 54.10

63

3.72

Tibia

(2.90)(Ti) + 61.53*

63

3.66

Fibula

(2.93)(Fi) + 59.61

63

3.57

Humerus

(3.36)(Hu) + 57.97

63

4.45

Radius

(4.74)(Ra) + 54.93

63

4.24

Ulna

(4.27)(Ul) + 57.76

63

4.30

Femur, Tibia, and Humerus

(1.17)(Fe) + (1.15)(Ti) + (0.68)(Hu) + 50.12*

63

3.51

Femur and Tibia (Type 1)

(1.48)(Fe) + (1.28)(Ti) + 53.07 *

63

3.55

Femur and Tibia (Type 2)

(1.39)(Fe + Ti) + 53.20*

63

3.55

Tibia and Humerus

(1.95)(Ti) + (1.35)(Hu)*

63

3.67

Male - African

Femur

(2.10)(Fe) + 72.22

343, 338

3.91

Tibia

(2.19)(Ti) +86.02*

85

3.78

Fibula

(2.34)(Fi) + 80.07

301, 306

4.02

Humerus

(2.88)(Hu) + 75.48

378, 385

4.23

Radius

(3.32)(Ra) + 85.43

361, 364

4.57

Ulna

(3.20)(Ul) + 82.77

368, 348

4.74

Femur and Tibia

(1.15)(Fe+Ti) + 71.04*

--

3.53

Femur and Fibula

(1.20)(Fe+Fi) + 67.77

--

3.63

Humerus and Ulna

(1.65)(Hu+Ul ) +70.67

--

4.23

Humerus and Radius

(1.66)(Hu+Ra) + 73.08

--

4.18

Male - European

Femur

(2.32)(Fe) + 65.53

2327, 2345

3.41

Tibia

(2.52)(Ti ) +78.62*

1115

3.37

Fibula

(2.60)(Fi) + 75.50

2207, 2217

3.86

Humerus

(2.89)(Hu) + 78.10

2817, 2817

4.57

Radius

3.79)(Ra) + 79.42

2673, 2641

4.66

Ulna

(3.76)(Ul) + 75.55

2638, 2652

4.72

Femur and Tibia

(1.30)(Fe+Ti) + 63.29*

--

2.99

Femur and Fibula

(1.31)(Fe+Fi) + 63.05

--

3.62

Humerus and Ulna

(1.78)(Hu+Ul) + 66.98

--

4.37

Humerus and Radius

(1.82)(Hu+Ra) + 67.97

--

4.31

Male - Asian

Femur

(2.15)(Fe) + 72.57

67, 60

3.80

Fibula

(2.40)(Fi) + 80.56

61, 62

3.24

Humerus

(2.68)(Hu) + 83.19

65, 74

4.25

Radius

(3.54)(Ra) + 82.00

68, 67

4.60

Ulna

(3.48)(Ul) + 77.45

65, 65

4.66

Femur and Fibula

(1.22)(Fe+Fi ) + 70.24

--

3.18

Humerus and Ulna

(1.68)(Hu+Ul) + 71.18

--

4.14

Humerus and Radius

(1.67)(Hu+Ra) + 74.83

--

4.16

Male - Mexican

Femur

(2.44)(Fe) + 58.67

50, 57

2.99

Fibula

(2.50)(Fi) + 75.44

52, 45

3.52

Humerus

(2.92)(Hu) + 73.94

58, 63

4.24

Radius

(3.55)(Ra) + 80.71

56, 58

4.04

Ulna

(3.56)(Ul) + 74.56

57, 57

4.05

*Equations from Trotter and Gleser (1952). Jantz et al. (1995) concluded that the tibia was measured without the medial malleoulus.

These researchers could not conclusively reconstruct how the tibae were measured for the Trotter and Gleser (1958) tibia equations,

so they have been deprecated in the literature.

**Equation corrected in Trotter and Gleser (1977).

Olivier (1976)

Long Bones

Formula

n

Standard Deviationof the Estimate

Femur

(1.74)(Fe) + 84.5

91

3.87

Tibia

(1.85)(Ti) + 88.8

91

3.82

Humerus

(2.66)(Hu) + 73.0

91

3.87

Radius

(2.96)(Ra) + 84.5

91

3.90

Ulna

(2.93)(Ul) + 79.8

91

3.90

Femur, Tibia, and Humerus

(0.996)(Fe+Ti+Hu) + 48.8

91

2.63

Femur and Tibia

(1.31)(Fe+Ti) + 55.3

91

2.79

Sjøvold (1990)

Long Bone(s)

Formula

n (Samples)*

SEE**

Caucasians

Femur (Maximum)

(2.63)(Fe) + 49.96

6706 (11)

4.52

Femur (Bicondylar)

(3.10)(Fe) + 28.82

2308 (13)

3.85

Tibia (Maximum)

(3.02)(Ti) + 58.94

3993 (9)

4.11

Tibia (Physiological)***

(5.10)(Ti) - 22.78

3643 (10)

4.69

Fibula (Maximum)

(3.78)(Fi) + 30.15

4190 (13)

4.06

Humerus (Maximum)

(4.74)(Hu) + 15.26

8577 (23)

4.94

Radius (Maximum)

(4.03)(Ra) + 69.96

4625 (10)

4.98

Radius (Physiological)

(4.67)(Ra) + 55.18

3492 (9)

5.49

Ulna (Maximum)

(4.65)(Ul) + 47.96

4994 (13)

4.96

Combined Ethnic Groups

Femur (Maximum)

(2.71)(Fe) + 45.86

8247 (25)

4.49

Femur (Bicondylar)

(3.01)(Fe) + 32.52

3232 (22)

3.96

Tibia (Maximum)

(3.29)(Ti) + 47.34

5580 (24)

4.15

Tibia (Physiological)***

(3.67)(Ti) - 29.50

4151 (17)

4.57

Fibula (Maximum)

(3.59)(Fi) + 36.31

5526 (26)

4.10

Humerus (Maximum)

(4.62)(Hu) + 19.00

10573 (44)

4.89

Radius (Maximum)

(3.78)(Ra) + 74.70

6396 (27)

5.01

Radius (Physiological)

(4.80)(Ra) + 51.15

3785 (14)

5.40

Ulna (Maximum)

(4.61)(Ul) + 46.83

6793 (33)

4.97

* Equations are the weighted lines of organic correlation of the mean values of a number of samples.

** Standard error of the estimate calculated from the weighed residual variance of the samples.

*** Sjøvold notes the low r for this equation (< 0.6), possibly related to the lack of consensus in taking this measurement (see Trotter and Gleser [1958] and Jantz et al. [1995]).

*Estimator is in millimeters in published formulae. Centimeters are used here.

Pomeroy and Stock (2012)

Long Bone(s)

Formula

n

SEE

Female

Femur (Maximum)

(2.593)(Fe) + 48.340

70

2.295

Femur (Bicondylar)

(2.600)(Fe) + 49.147

70

2.231

Tibia (Maximum)

(2.863)(Ti) + 55.493

70

1.963

Tibia (Lateral Condyle)

(2.800)(Ti) + 57.748

70

2.052

Humerus (Maximum)

(3.155)(Hu) + 61.228

69

2.975

Radius (Maximum)

(3.717)(Ra) + 69.331

69

3.012

Ulna (Maximum)

(3.762)(Ul) + 61.525

68

2.987

Femur (Bicondylar) and Tibia (Maximum)

(1.443)(Fe + Ti) + 45.955

70

1.927

Femur (Bicondylar) and Tibia (Lateral Condyle)

(1.134)(Fe) + (1.637)(Ti)+ 51.947

70

1.992

Femur (Maximum) and Tibia (Maximum)

(0.945)(Fe) + (1.943)(Ti) + 48.248

70

1.844

Humerus (Maximum) and Radius (Maximum)

(1.798)(Hu) + (1.995)(Ra) + 56.175

68

2.722

Male

Femur (Maximum)

(2.738)(Fe) + 44.803

52

2.627

Femur (Bicondylar)

(2.705)(Fe) + 47.207

52

2.581

Tibia (Maximum)

(2.995)(Ti) + 52.179

52

3.644

Tibia (Lateral Condyle)

(2.997)(Ti) + 53.354

52

2.524

Humerus (Maximum)

(3.483)(Hu) + 53.771

52

2.391

Radius (Maximum)

(4.184)(Ra) + 59.305

52

2.290

Ulna (Maximum)

(4.212)(Ul) + 51.273

52

2.289

Femur (Bicondylar) and Tibia (Maximum)

(1.483)(Fe + Ti) + 44.938

52

3.522

Femur (Bicondylar) and Tibia (Lateral Condyle)

(1.293)(Fe) + (1.643)(Ti)+ 44.453

52

3.467

Femur (Maximum) and Tibia (Maximum)

(1.404)(Fe) + (1.643)(Ti) + 41.814

52

3.615

Humerus (Maximum) and Radius (Maximum)

(1.934)(Hu) + (2.453)(Ra) + 42.088

52

3.214

Ruff et al. (2012)

Long Bone(s)

Formula

n

Mean

SD

SEE2

Female - All European

Femur

(2.69)(Fe) + 46.56

233

41.80

2.18

8.53

Humerus

(3.38)(Hu) + 54.60

228

29.95

1.72

15.52

Radius

(4.20)(Ra) + 63.08

216

22.12

1.40

16.73

Female - Northern European

Tibia

(2.924)(Ti) + 56.94

146

--*

--*

10.24

Femur and Tibia

(1.42)(Fe + Ti) + 48.59

300

--*

--*

6.76

Female - Southern European

Tibia

(3.05)(Ti) + 46.68

87

--*

--*

8.41

Femur and Tibia

(1.42)(Fe + Ti) + 48.59

87

--*

--*

6.76

Male - All European

Femur

(2.72)(Fe) + 42.85

268

45.20

2.73

10.30

Humerus

(3.83)(Hu) + 41.42

265

32.53

1.92

18.84

Radius

(4.85)(Ra) + 47.46

257

24.45

1.53

20.52

Male - Northern European

Tibia

(3.09)(Ti) + 52.04

154

--*

--*

12.46

Femur and Tibia

(1.49)(Fe + Ti) +43.55

154

--*

--*

8.59

Male - Southern European

Tibia

(2.78)(Ti) + 60.76

114

--*

--*

9.30

Femur and Tibia

(1.40)(Fe + Ti) + 49.68

114

--*

--*

7.51

Combined - All European

Femur

(2.77)(Fe) + 40.50

501

43.62**

2.49**

9.73

Humerus

(3.72)(Hu) + 44.86

493

31.34**

1.83**

17.89

Radius

(4.46)(Ra) + 46.94

473

23.39**

1.47**

18.66

Combined - Northern European

Tibia

(3.13)(Ti) +50.11

300

--*

--*

11.97

Femur and Tibia

(1.49)(Fe+Ti) +43.53

300

--*

--*

7.84

Combined - Southern European

Tibia

(3.02)(Ti) + 51.39

201

--*

--*

9.86

Femur and Tibia

(1.48)(Fe + Ti) + 43.00

201

--*

--*

8.24

*Mean and SD not presented by region in Ruff et al. (2012).**Mean calculated here by calculating a weighed mean from both sexes.SD calculated by converting male and female SD to variances,calculating a weighed mean of the variances, and taking the squareroot of the result.

Instructions for measuring the height of each element is taken directly from Raxter et al. (2006, p. 382-383), which includes some illustrations.

Element

Measurement Instructions

Cranial Height

"The maximum length between bregma (at the confluence of the coronal and sagittal sutures) and basion (at the anteroinferior margin of the foramen magnum, between the occipital condyles)"

Second Cervical Vertebra (C2) Height

"The most superior point of the odontoid process (dens) to the most inferior point of the anterioinferior rim of the vertebral body."

C3 to C7

"The maximum height of the vertebral body, measured in its anterior third, medial to the superiorly curving edges of the centrum."

First to Twelfth Thoracic Vertebra (T1 to T12) Height

"The maximum height of the vertebral body, anterior to the rib articular facets and pedicles."

First Lumbar Vertebra (L1) Height

"The maximum height of the vertebral body, anterior to the pedicles, not including any swelling of the centrum due to the pedicles."

First Sacral Vertebra (S1) Height

"The maximum height between the anterior-superior rim of the body (i.e., the sacral promontory) and its point of fusion/articulation with the second sacral vertebra. This most commonly occurs in the midline. Measure with the calipers parallel to the anterior surface of S1."

Femur Lengths (Physiological)

"Place the condyles on the stationary end of the osteometric board, flat against the horizontal plane. Set the mobile end against the most superior aspect of the femoral head, parallel to the stationary end. Measure at maximum length."

Tibia Lengths

"Place the medial malleolus on the stationary end of the osteometric board, with the shaft of the tibia parallel to the long axis of the board. Set the mobile end against the most superior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia, parallel to the stationary end. We recommend that a trackless osteometric board be used to take this measure, to allow the freedom of the mobile end's placement."

Talus and Calcaneus Heights

"Articulate the talus and the calcaneus, using the right hand for the left tarsals and vice versa. Use one hand to stabilize the articulation, point the distal articulations away from your palm, with a thumb holding the bones together superior to the peroneal tubercle (where the talus and calcaneus meet), an index finger on the opposite side lateral to the trochlea of the talus, and a middle finger in the sustentacular sulcus. Place the trochlea against the stable end of the osteometric board, with both lateral and medial edges of the trochlea contacting the board. Position the trochlea of the talus so that the stable end of the board forms a tangent to the midpoint of the trochlear surface. Place the mobile end of the osteometric board against the most inferior point of the calcaneal tuber, parallel to the stable end."

Method

Process

Fully (1956)

Add the above elements together to obtain the skeletal height. For paired elements, if both elements are present, the mean is calculated. Otherwise, the single element is used. An adjustment is added to the sum depending on its value. n = 102.

Sum of Elements

Adjustment

≤ 153.5

+10cm

Between 153.5 and 165.4

+10.5cm

≥ 165.4

+11.5cm

Raxter et al. (2006, 2007)

Add the above elements together to obtain the skeletal height. For paired elements, if both elements are present, the mean is calculated. Otherwise, the single element is used. Then calculate the final estimate either with an age adjustment (more accurate) or without the adjustment (less accurate). n = 119.

Body Mass Info

Several elements, or combinations of elements, can be used to estimate the body mass of an individual. The stability of the femoral head against response to external forces allow it to be a useful predictor of body mass (Ruff 1991). The bi-iliac breadth of the pelvis was also found to be correlated with body mass (Ruff et al., 1997). The previous version of Anthropomotron used formulae from Ruff et al. (1997). This version uses updated forumulae from Ruff et al. (2005). Ruff (2007) also provides various methods of estimating body mass for juveniles. Robbins and colleagues (2010) and Robbins Schug and colleagues (2013) created forumulae to estimate mass using the polar second moment of area of the femoral shaft (J) and made new ways to estimate body mass using the width of the distal femoral metaphysis and femoral head diameter. Use the Method menu to choose among the available types of body mass estimation. The instructions and equations used to estimate body mass are in the following subheadings. (you may have to rotate your device to see certain tables):

Choose from two Techniques. Ruff (2007) requires an estimated age while Robbins Schug (2013) uses panel regression to remove that added step. The Robbins Schug et a. (2013) technique works on individuals from 6 months to 12.5 years of age.

Enter the femoral metaphysis Breadth measurement in centimeters.

Choose whether you want the breadth to be Log-Transformed. Ruff (2007) recommends log-transforming the datum to produce an estimate with a slightly smaller error. Anthropomotron will automatically correct for detransformation bias using the quasimaximum likelihood estimator as Ruff suggested.

Enter the Age in years (1 to 13 for a transformed datum or 1 to 12 for a non-transformed datum).

The estimated body mass will be calculated automatically when all of the data has been entered.

Choose from two Techniques. Ruff (2007) requires an estimated age while Robbins Schug (2013) uses panel regression to remove that added step. Both techniques work on individuals from 7 to 17 years of age.

Enter the femoral metaphysis Breadth measurement in centimeters.

For the Ruff (2007) technique, choose whether you want the breadth to be Log-Transformed. Ruff (2007) recommends log-transforming the datum to produce an estimate with a slightly smaller error. Anthropomotron will automatically correct for detransformation bias using the quasimaximum likelihood estimator as Ruff suggested.

For the Ruff (2007) technique, enter the Age in years (7 to 17).

The estimated body mass will be calculated automatically when all of the data has been entered.

Choose from two Techniques. Robbins et al. (2010) requires an estimated age while Robbins Schug (2013) uses panel regression to remove that added step. The Robbins Schug et a. (2013) technique works on individuals from 6 months to 12.5 years of age.

Choose the Input Type. Both techniques calculate body mass using J, however you can enter the external diameter and either the cortical thickness or medullary diameter of the femoral diaphysis to have J calculated for you.

Use the Bi-Iliac Breadth Type menu to choose whether the following datum is skeletal or living bi-iliac breadth.

Enter the the necessary data according to the input type.

If using the Robbins et al. (2010) technique, enter the age in years (between 0 and 17).

Once all of the data have been chosen, the estimated body mass will automatically be calculated.

MNI Info

MNI (Minumim Number of Individuals) and MLNI (Most Likely Number of Individuals) techniques are used to estimate the number of individuals that constitute a skeletal collection. These methods are taken from Adams and Konigsberg (2004). L represents the bone elements from the left side, R represents the right, and P is the number of confirmed bone pairs found.

Adams and Konigsberg (2004) suggest that the MLNI should be used as a less biased alternative to standard NMI techniques. The original article advocates the calculation of highest density regions (HDR) to provide an estimated confidence interval. Unfortunately the calculation of HDRs is beyond the scope of this program. Visit http://konig.la.utk.edu/MLNI.html for the author's own automation of the MLNI.

Procedure:

Enter the Number of Left Elements of a bone.

Enter the Number of Right Elements of the same type of bone.

Enter the Number of Element Pairs of the same type of bone.

The four calculations will be presented in the region below.

If nothing is entered, the value will be calculated as zero.

Maximum (L,R): The greater number of a certain bone element on the left or right side.

L + R - P: The number of confirmed pairs subtracted from the number of unpaired bones on each side.