Memory Allocation for Final variables

How is the memory allocation for final variables done ? Does each instance of the class in which the final variable is declared will have a copy of final variable or there is only one copy of final variable existing accross all the instances like static variables?

I haven't seen the specific JVM behavior for this explained, but unless it's really stupid Java will keep only one copy across all instances. Final variables are constants and can never be modified at run time.

The JVM will allocate memory for all the final members in each object. What you gain by declaring a member as final is that the JVM can optimize the utilization of such kind of variables (... in this case - constants...)

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Nevermind. I was thinking of native types, which can be optimized. If you've got an object type then you will of course have to allocate the space for the object reference, plus any actual objects you create.

When a variable/field is modified by 'static' then it is a class variable which exists once for the class. When a variable/field is not modified by 'static' then it is an instance variable which exists once for each instance of the class. This holds true regardless of the presence of other modifiers like 'final'.

The use of the 'final' modifier for a variable has application beyond the scope of simply declaring constants of a class. This is by far the most common use of final because it allows a class developer to provide a public field which can be initialized to a specified value and retrieved without nuisance of an accessor method but cannot be changed by clients of the class.

In the more abstract, a final variable is one which may only be assigned to once. That does not restrict finals from being either class variables or instance variables. Just because a the value may be set only once does not mean that it must be the same for every instance of a class. The language permits for a 'blank final' in which a final variable is not given a value by a declaration initializer expression. Instead, initialization occurs through an instance initializer or by the class constructors. Instance initializers are useful when instance variables (including blank finals) must be initialized by code which must catch exceptions, or perform other kinds of control flow which cannot be expressed in a single initializer expression. In this scenario, instance variables can be declared final so they may be only be set once for the instance but the specific values may be different for each instance. As an example, the Integer class could implement immutability by declaring its internal value as final (NOTE: it isn't actually implemented this way):

public class Integer {
public final int value;

public Integer(int value) {
this.value = value;
}
}

In this (trivial) example, the value field is public so it may be directly accessed without need of an accessor method. Being final, its value can only be set once which is done in the constructor. Each instance of the Integer class thus has its own final variable with an instance-specific value determined by construction.

Another common use of finals is with method parameters, catch parameters, and auto-locals (method variables) so that they can be referenced by anonymous inner classes. In fact, if a local variable or parameter in one class is referred to by another (inner) class, it must be declared final. Because of potential synchronization problems, there is by design no way for two objects to share access to a changeable local variable.

So the 'final' modifier has application beyond simple declaration of constants, although that is the primary use you will find of it in production code. It is not an indicator of whether a declared field will occur once for the class or once in each instance of the class. Use the 'static' modifier to make that determination.

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