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FZ254fi A-,F·r·- r-. A E.:.2-:•.:19.., .. '4..2 - i ... ;+.===036' $ .<Rk:/. *t 4........4 17. • ··.' ../1:3 . b..., .. .. 3:.. '1+. .t.i: 69-5- .· :,- M-PS1..,,036-,•1.1-· •P ./2.·16.-1--f' ..'*-f..,6*2 -----... ..42.4-'--> , 1 -'.'•':. '. ..:Ek#£%#fril. I. *- 2,#..4-r . Er r'.' . .-'+ 1.3 :.... .. .. .... I. ie' S.:.r . -'. :" "' ...,• \ -4 '. f . ///#41**r .£13/85:Fllim'ir :.4., Rare view at Nashville, Tenn., shows how cabooses (apparently made from boxcars) looked in 1864. Brackets atop car corners held lanterns at night. This was important because there were no Westinghouse automatic brakes to stop a parted train. It was the duty of the front-end brakeman to halt the train if the caboose lamp was not visible. Not only rest of the country. The trunk lines had branches which opened out like the fingers on a hand. Numerous shorter lines 52 - :.: L.Le .... ., *..t. JE 32:76 e. . < 4 -. -/9.7. -4 -*fir I. -.- i- *2r 722 -.7AZ.2..«3·5=:·- :2*#rzywj.•1.5•»• .4/T,2 1,1 . br..:S<- 4. 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Note the stock car at the left and the roundhouse's handsome Gothic arches. Thus sound engineering gave way to shaking trestles, rough track and generally inadequate passing facilities. Trains interchanged with the trunk lines on both were more limited in speed by these consides of the Alleghenies. River, canal ditions than by locomotive capacity. Six- and ocean ports were part of the network. ty miles an hour was possible for a light Naturally such a great commercial system train on good track. Forty miles was more had huge military potential. T'he growing industrialization of the Standard (4-4-0) could haul 20 loaded North gave it a monopoly in locomotive construction and superiority in every common train length. other technical matter. More adequate financing resulted in heavier railroad construction. Experience seasoned Fed- These lengths of strap iron fastened to eral judgment in railroading matters. ger in the process. likely for a passenger train. An American freight cars, although 10 would be a more There is evidence that primitive strap rails were still in use in Georgia in 1864. wood stringers had a habit of "snaking"- roads that still had sections of strap rail. around wheels or coming up through a She used old dome-furnaced steamers and still operated some of the little fourwheel cars of the 1840's. There had been good engineering in the South, but with used U-rail shaped like an inverted letthe coming of great speculative activity the opportunities for developing the The South entered the war with rail- coming loose and wrapping themselves car floor, sometimes harpooning a passenMost older southern lines, however, ter U spiked at the serifs. In the North, country through profitable railroad con- largely replaced both older types. All struction led to much hasty work directed to the penetration of new territory or the protection of a traffic region. various forms of the newer T-rail had rail was small in section, light, and rapid- wearing. Steel was still experimental and at the end of the war only a few miles of 34 the new material had been laid as track. Ties were frequently hewn logs faced at top and bottom to the proper height by a sawyer. Rails were spiked directly to the ties. The only preservative used during the 1860's was chloride of zinc, and its employment was far from universal. Predsure treatment wasn't introduced until 1875, at Pascagoula, Miss. Crushed rock, gravel, cinders and slag were all used for ballasting. Drainage ditches were frequently provided. But many miles of track was still laid on the bare ground. Frost and dampness played havoc with such track surfaces. Weeds were rampant. Long, shimmering clouds of dust followed every train. Operation was mainly by timetables which became almost useless as fighting zones were neared. Here individual judgment, need-and bravery-took over. To some extent the telegraph was used for train dispatching. Before the Civil War we find D. C. McCallum, then of the Erie RR. and later general manager of the U. S. Military Railroads, saying, "I would rather have a road of a single track with Model Railroader .....:. :L . 4 - ...9. 2 3..:1 .. :-\ . -: --- 1 --=,. 3./.- ..Al< 11. -*.../.- .... -I ---- ....- 6=J - I ...:- .: ... I ..., . . . -Riks.· - L' <4%1 .. '...i"..i . • , - 1.1, -1 .. -1 i