Closely Matching Concepts from Other Schemes

Earlier Established Forms

Sources

found: Wikipedia, December 10, 2013(Norman Thomas; Norman Mattoon Thomas; American Presbyterian minister who achieved fame as a socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America; born November 20, 1884 in Marion, Ohio; he graduated magna cum laude from Princeton University in 1905; he graduated from Union Theological Seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1911; after assisting the Rev. Henry Van Dyke at the Brick Presbyterian Church on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue, Thomas was appointed as pastor for the East Harlem Presbyterian Church; as a minister, Thomas preached against American participation in the First World War; he resigned his pastorate, then formally left the ministry in 1931; he was a member of the Socialist Party of America (SPA); Thomas was the secretary (then an unpaid position) of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation before the war; when the organization started a magazine called The World Tomorrow in January 1918, Thomas was employed as its paid editor; in 1921, Thomas moved to secular journalism, when he was employed as associate editor of The Nation magazine; in 1922 Thomas became co-director of the League for Industrial Democracy; later, he was one of the founders of the National Civil Liberties Bureau, the precursor of the American Civil Liberties Union; Thomas ran for office five times in quick succession on the Socialist ticket: for Governor of New York in 1924, for Mayor of New York in 1925, for New York State Senate in 1926, for Alderman in 1927 and for Mayor of New York again in 1929; in 1934, he ran for U.S. Senator from New York; he wrote several books, among them a defense of World War I conscientious objectors, Is Conscience a Crime?, and his statement of the 1960s social democratic consensus, Socialism Re-examined; in 1961, Thomas released an album The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas, on Folkways Records; he died December 19, 1968 in Cold Spring Harbor, New York)