Textbook-Integrated Guide to Educational Resources

TIGER

Flame Emission Spectrometry in General Chemistry Labs: Solubility Product (Ksp) of Potassium Hydrogen PhthalateFrazier W. Nyasulu, William Cusworth III, David Lindquist, and John MackinIn this general chemistry laboratory, flame emission spectrometry is used to determine the potassium ion concentration in saturated solutions of potassium hydrogen phthalate. From these data the solubility products, the Gibbs free energies of solution, the standard enthalpy of solution, and the standard entropy of solution are calculated.Nyasulu, Frazier W.; Cusworth, William, III; Lindquist, David; Mackin, John. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 456.

Acids / Bases |

Atomic Properties / Structure |

Spectroscopy |

Equilibrium |

Quantitative Analysis |

Thermodynamics |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Solutions / Solvents |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Atomic Spectroscopy

Titration of a Solid Acid Monitored By X-Ray DiffractionKeenan E. Dungey and Paul EpsteinPresents a solid-state laboratory in which students react fixed amounts of zirconium phosphate with increasing equivalents of NaOH(aq). From X-ray diffraction patterns, students calculate the interplanar spacings before and after the reaction. The spacings increase until the molar equivalence point is reached, indicating incorporation of the sodium ion into the crystal.Dungey, Keenan E.; Epstein, Paul. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 122.

Canadian Tire Money: An Analogy for Use When Discussing Weak Acid–Strong Base TitrationsArthur M. LastIn this article, use is made of the practice of one well-known Canadian retail chain in returning to its customers a small percentage of an item's purchase price in the form of imitation bank notes that can subsequently be spent in the chain's stores. An analogy is drawn between this practice and the determination of the pKa of a weak acid by titrating it with a strong base, taking into account the hydrolysis of the anion produced. Last, Arthur M. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1403.

Principal Species and pH in Acid–Base SolutionsRobert M. HansonWeb page that allows one to determine the concentrations of principal species in a variety of solutions or mixtures of solutions; also allows a virtual titration.Hanson, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ.2002, 79, 1486.

Acid-Base Indicators: A New Look at an Old TopicAra S. Kooser, Judith L. Jenkins, and Lawrence E. WelchAn acid-base titration in which students choose the best indicator from a set of possibilities using a conductivity probe to help them make an informed choice.Kooser, Ara S.; Jenkins, Judith L.; Welch, Lawrence E. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 1504.

Acids / Bases |

Conductivity |

Dyes / Pigments |

Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Quantitative Analysis

Comparisons and Demonstrations of Scientific CalculatorsMyung-Hoon Kim, Suw-Young Ly, and Tae-Kee HongScientific calculators are compared in terms of their capacities, featuring many advantages of the graphic calculator over simple nongraphic calculators. Applications in this paper include a simulation of acid-base titration curves, and graphic display of a time course of concentrations of reactants and products for a chemical reaction with first-order kinetics.Kim, Myung-Hoon; Ly, Suw-Young; Hong, Tae-Kee. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1367.

A Simple Laboratory-Constructed Automatic TitratorKurt L. Headrick, Terry K. Davies, and Aaron N. HaegeleThe construction of a simple automatic titrator is described. The buret is replaced with a metering pump to provide a constant flow of titrant. The output from the pH meter is sent to a recorder via a laboratory- constructed differentiator, allowing the results to be plotted as potential versus time, first or second derivativeHeadrick, Kurt L.; Davies, Terry K.; Haegele, Aaron N. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 389.

The Softening of Hard Water and Complexometric Titrations: An Undergraduate ExperimentHelena Ceretti, Enrique A. Hughes, and Anita ZaltsAn experiment in which (i) water hardness is explained and demonstrated; (ii) ion-exchange resin properties are visually demonstrated and then used for softening water; (iii) complexometric titrations are used for evaluating water hardness before and after softening; and (iv) acid-base titration can be used to show that the Ca/Mg ions removed by the ion exchanger are replaced by H ions. Ceretti, Helena; Hughes, Enrique A.; Zalts, Anita. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 1420.

Ion Exchange |

Quantitative Analysis |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Water / Water Chemistry |

Acids / Bases

Predicting Acid-Base Titration Curves without CalculationsDennis W. BarnumIn this paper a qualitative and systematic method for sketching titration curves is presented. Even the more complex cases such as salts or polyprotic acids and bases are treated just as easily as simple monoprotic acids. Having students predict the shape of titration curves from known equilibrium constants helps to focus attention on the general principles without distraction by the mathematics. Barnum, Dennis W. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 938.

Acids / Bases |

Quantitative Analysis |

Water / Water Chemistry |

Equilibrium |

Learning Theories |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Chemometrics

A Unified Titration FormulaP. GlaisterIn a number of standard titrations, a volume of a monoprotic base MOH at a specific concentration is added to a volume of a monoprotic acid HA at a specific concentrations. Four different types of titration are possible, depending on whether the acid and base are strong or weak. A single unifying formula covering all four cases has been determined. Glaister, P. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 132.

Constant-Current Coulometric Titration of Hydrochloric AcidJames Swim, Edward Earps, Laura M. Reed, and David PaulIn this experiment we have combined the titration of a strong acid with a strong base and the electrolysis of water into one complete laboratory experience.James Swim, Edward Earps, Laura M. Reed, and David Paul. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 679.

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Acids / Bases |

Water / Water Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction

A Simpler Approach to "Apparent" pKa'sKildahl, NicholasAddition to a recent article on pH, indicating an approach which emphasizes the chemistry behind the titration of a weak acid.Kildahl, Nicholas J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 598.

pH |

Acids / Bases |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis

Olfactory TitrationJohn T. Wood and Roberta M. EddyThe purpose of this experiment is to use unique acid-base indicator--the odor of raw onion--to indicate the end point of the titration of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. The use of this novel indicator allows the student to detect the completion of the neutralization reaction by olfaction rather than by sight.Wood, John T.; Eddy, Roberta M. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 257.

TITRATE: A Learning Tool for Acid-Base TitrationsRamette, Richard W.Software that calculates and simulates the plot of a titration curve for any base or acid (up to hexaprotic) or any mixture (up to five substances).Ramette, Richard W. J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, 238.

Chemical equilibrium: III. A few math tricks Gordus, Adon A.The third article in a series on chemical equilibrium that considers a few math "tricks" useful in equilibrium calculations and approximations.Gordus, Adon A. J. Chem. Educ.1991, 68, 291.

The pH of any mixture of monoprotic acids and basesHerman, D. P.; Booth, K. K.; Parker, O. J.; Breneman, G. L.115. Bits and pieces, 44. The pH of any mixture of monoprotic weak and strong acids and bases can be calculated. A curve can also be plotted for the titration of the mixture by any monoportic weak or strong acid or base.Herman, D. P.; Booth, K. K.; Parker, O. J.; Breneman, G. L. J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 501.

Potentiometric titration of acidic and basic compounds in household cleanersLieu, Van T.; Kalbus, Gene E.The potentiometric titration of commercial household cleaners can be used in student laboratories in freshman, analytical, and physical chemistry courses. It can be used for analysis of household cleaners with either one or two component systems, or it can be used for the determination of the dissociation constant.Lieu, Van T.; Kalbus, Gene E. J. Chem. Educ.1988, 65, 184.

An introductory laboratory exercise for acids and basesMiller, Richard; Silberman, RobertThe authors have used this exercise as an introduction to acid-base chemistry before they do any acid-base titrations in the laboratory.Miller, Richard; Silberman, Robert J. Chem. Educ.1986, 63, 447.

Titrator, Review II (Dice, David D.)Drake, Gordon P.Program that allows the user to simulate the titration of either a strong or weak acid with a strong base.Drake, Gordon P. J. Chem. Educ.1984, 61, A273.

Acids / Bases |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis

Titrator, Review I (Dice, David D.)Hill, Sister Mary Mechtilde, RSMProgram that allows the user to simulate the titration of either a strong or weak acid with a strong base.Hill, Sister Mary Mechtilde, RSM J. Chem. Educ.1984, 61, A273.

Development of intellectual skills in the laboratoryOphardt, Charles E.This first semester laboratory was designed to give instruction and practice in the intellectual skills of application, analysis, synthesis, and in Piaget's formal operations.Ophardt, Charles E. J. Chem. Educ.1978, 55, 485.

A new twist to Ksp evaluationHazel, J. FredEvaluating the concentration of slightly soluble slats by passing the saturated solution through a cation resin and titrating the resulting acid in the eluate.Hazel, J. Fred J. Chem. Educ.1966, 43, 636.

Acids / Bases |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis

Theoretical error in acid-base titrationsButcher, John; Quintus, FernanadoThe purpose of this report is to describe simple derivations of equations for titration error calculations for a number of acid-base titrations, and to show error curves for some typical cases.Butcher, John; Quintus, Fernanado J. Chem. Educ.1966, 43, 546.