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Features fresh chapters that hide the very newest subject matters, similar to degrees of Dialect, nearby kinds of English, Gender and Language edition, the appliance of Dialect learn, and Dialect know-how: Extending software, in addition to new routines with on-line answers

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As a starting point, we must acknowledge that the informal notion of standardness exists on a continuum, with speakers ranging along the continuum between the standard and nonstandard, or vernacular, poles. Informal Standard English is a continuous rather than categorical notion and speakers may be judged as more or less standard. 1, with Speaker A using few, if any, nonstandard forms, and Speaker E using many. 1 A continuum of standardness. Ratings not only exist on a continuum, but they can be fairly subjective and flexible as well.

It is important to approach the study of dialect variation, whether formal or informal, from an informed perspective – one in which the regularly patterned nature and linguistic equality of all language varieties and Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars 19 their speakers is recognized as a fundamental fact from which all other observations should follow. Language variation is so transparent that it can be assumed that most speakers of English will readily notice these differences. Not only do people notice ­language diversity, they feel free to make pronouncements about the status of these ­language differences, creating a good‐news‐bad‐news scenario in which natural observations about language diversity are often accompanied by uninformed opinions espoused as fact.

Labov, William (1972) The logic of nonstandard English. Chapter 5 in Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 201–240. This influential article, which appears as a chapter in Labov’s Language in the Inner City, deals with basic misconceptions about vernacular dialects. Historically, it was a critical argument for the linguistic integrity and conceptual adequacy of vernacular dialect. ” Lippi‐Green, Rosina (2012) English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States, 2nd edn.