Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. The international community's ...
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Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. The international community's leadership sees such states as an existential threat as well, evidenced in Kofi Annan's 2004 claim that “our defenses are only as strong as their weakest links.” This is not surprising. The most destructive attack on the US in its history originated in one of the world's poorest countries. Deadly communicable diseases seem to constantly emerge from the world's poorest regions, and transnational crime appears to flourish in weakly governed states. However, as this book shows, our assumptions about the threats posed by failed and failing states are based on anecdotal arguments, not on a systematic empirical analysis that traces the connections between state failure and transnational security threats. This book uses an Index of State Weakness as a basis for its findings. The book provides coverage of five key security threats: terrorism, transnational crime, WMDs, pandemic diseases, and energy insecurity. The basic conclusions may seem surprising. While many threats do emerge in failed states, more often than not those states' manifold weaknesses create misery for only their own citizenry. In other words, the problems that flow from Liberia's failures are more typical than those that spread from Afghanistan. Moreover, many of threats originate farther up the chain, in wealthier and more stable countries like Russia, China, and Venezuela. And generic state weakness is not a good threat predictor. Cultural and regional particularities as well as the degree of global integration all influence the threat level. Just as importantly, our tendency to extrapolate an all-encompassing theory connecting weak states and international security threats from turmoil in the Middle East and Southwest Asia is insufficient. The book argues for complexity and nuance, and will force policymakers to rethink what they assume about state failure and transnational insecurity.Less

Stewart Patrick

Published in print: 2011-04-12

Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. The international community's leadership sees such states as an existential threat as well, evidenced in Kofi Annan's 2004 claim that “our defenses are only as strong as their weakest links.” This is not surprising. The most destructive attack on the US in its history originated in one of the world's poorest countries. Deadly communicable diseases seem to constantly emerge from the world's poorest regions, and transnational crime appears to flourish in weakly governed states. However, as this book shows, our assumptions about the threats posed by failed and failing states are based on anecdotal arguments, not on a systematic empirical analysis that traces the connections between state failure and transnational security threats. This book uses an Index of State Weakness as a basis for its findings. The book provides coverage of five key security threats: terrorism, transnational crime, WMDs, pandemic diseases, and energy insecurity. The basic conclusions may seem surprising. While many threats do emerge in failed states, more often than not those states' manifold weaknesses create misery for only their own citizenry. In other words, the problems that flow from Liberia's failures are more typical than those that spread from Afghanistan. Moreover, many of threats originate farther up the chain, in wealthier and more stable countries like Russia, China, and Venezuela. And generic state weakness is not a good threat predictor. Cultural and regional particularities as well as the degree of global integration all influence the threat level. Just as importantly, our tendency to extrapolate an all-encompassing theory connecting weak states and international security threats from turmoil in the Middle East and Southwest Asia is insufficient. The book argues for complexity and nuance, and will force policymakers to rethink what they assume about state failure and transnational insecurity.

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's key themes. The book examines mafias' ability to transplant in new and distant territories. Conventional wisdom suggests that organized ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's key themes. The book examines mafias' ability to transplant in new and distant territories. Conventional wisdom suggests that organized crime migrates easily due to the spread of globalization and population migration, and criminal multinational corporations are increasingly unattached to a specific territory. According to Louise Shelley, the director of the Transnational Crime Institute in Washington, DC, “international organized crime has globalized its activities for the same reasons as legitimate multinational corporations.” Many authors argue that the notions of territorial entrenchment and control are becoming obsolete for a “Global Crime Inc.” that “transcends the sovereignty that organizes the modern state system.” The “transnational organized crime consensus” is influential among policymakers.Less

Introduction

Federico Varese

Published in print: 2011-02-20

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's key themes. The book examines mafias' ability to transplant in new and distant territories. Conventional wisdom suggests that organized crime migrates easily due to the spread of globalization and population migration, and criminal multinational corporations are increasingly unattached to a specific territory. According to Louise Shelley, the director of the Transnational Crime Institute in Washington, DC, “international organized crime has globalized its activities for the same reasons as legitimate multinational corporations.” Many authors argue that the notions of territorial entrenchment and control are becoming obsolete for a “Global Crime Inc.” that “transcends the sovereignty that organizes the modern state system.” The “transnational organized crime consensus” is influential among policymakers.

This chapter analyzes the emergence of substantive provisions with regard to crime. The chapter starts with the oldest and most widely known global regulations, such as maritime piracy, slavery, ...
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This chapter analyzes the emergence of substantive provisions with regard to crime. The chapter starts with the oldest and most widely known global regulations, such as maritime piracy, slavery, prostitution and narcotic drugs. It also contains the regulation of political crime and terrorism, which remained difficult to coordinate until late in the 20th century. The main emphasis is placed on more recent crime policies, in particular those related to transnational organized crime like human smuggling or illicit arms trafficking as well as cybercrime. In comparison to Chapter 3, this chapter shows that procedural components like police cooperation developed rather independently from political preferences, while the substantive regulations show a high degree of politics involved. This is in line with rationalization as the major principle of world society formation.Less

The Emergence and Diffusion of Global Anti-Crime Regulations

Anja P. Jakobi

Published in print: 2013-07-04

This chapter analyzes the emergence of substantive provisions with regard to crime. The chapter starts with the oldest and most widely known global regulations, such as maritime piracy, slavery, prostitution and narcotic drugs. It also contains the regulation of political crime and terrorism, which remained difficult to coordinate until late in the 20th century. The main emphasis is placed on more recent crime policies, in particular those related to transnational organized crime like human smuggling or illicit arms trafficking as well as cybercrime. In comparison to Chapter 3, this chapter shows that procedural components like police cooperation developed rather independently from political preferences, while the substantive regulations show a high degree of politics involved. This is in line with rationalization as the major principle of world society formation.

This chapter discusses the territoriality principle and its applications in various fields of the law. It shows that in the criminal law, common law countries have put far more emphasis on the ...
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This chapter discusses the territoriality principle and its applications in various fields of the law. It shows that in the criminal law, common law countries have put far more emphasis on the territoriality principle than continental European countries. Because in the latter countries substantive justice has historically been considered as more important than evidentiary due process standards and extraterritorial jurisdiction is uncommon in the common law. Because territoriality has been the cornerstone of jurisdictional order in the common law, and extraterritorial jurisdiction has been shunned, it comes as no surprise that common law countries, the United States in particular, have construed the territorial principle rather broadly in order to get to grips with the challenges posed by transnational crime and economic globalization.Less

The Territoriality Principle

Cedric Ryngaert

Published in print: 2008-10-02

This chapter discusses the territoriality principle and its applications in various fields of the law. It shows that in the criminal law, common law countries have put far more emphasis on the territoriality principle than continental European countries. Because in the latter countries substantive justice has historically been considered as more important than evidentiary due process standards and extraterritorial jurisdiction is uncommon in the common law. Because territoriality has been the cornerstone of jurisdictional order in the common law, and extraterritorial jurisdiction has been shunned, it comes as no surprise that common law countries, the United States in particular, have construed the territorial principle rather broadly in order to get to grips with the challenges posed by transnational crime and economic globalization.

This chapter looks at whether and how international organizations and criminal law can help us deal effectively with transnational environmental crimes and, more broadly, with environmental ...
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This chapter looks at whether and how international organizations and criminal law can help us deal effectively with transnational environmental crimes and, more broadly, with environmental insecurity and injustice. It explores the question of whether the climate change justice agenda can benefit from the expanded pursuit of transnational environmental crime. The chapter asks whether international environmental law, refurbished, act as a mitigating factor in climate change. It concludes that while current international legal instruments can help spur additional action, by themselves, they will prove inadequate. Consequently, one idea proposed is a new international environmental court to deter all forms of ecocide.Less

Peter J. Stoett

Published in print: 2018-01-25

This chapter looks at whether and how international organizations and criminal law can help us deal effectively with transnational environmental crimes and, more broadly, with environmental insecurity and injustice. It explores the question of whether the climate change justice agenda can benefit from the expanded pursuit of transnational environmental crime. The chapter asks whether international environmental law, refurbished, act as a mitigating factor in climate change. It concludes that while current international legal instruments can help spur additional action, by themselves, they will prove inadequate. Consequently, one idea proposed is a new international environmental court to deter all forms of ecocide.

This chapter asks: what is driving criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia? By tracing various ‘wars on crime’ waged by both countries since the 1970s, it reveals how the ...
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This chapter asks: what is driving criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia? By tracing various ‘wars on crime’ waged by both countries since the 1970s, it reveals how the politicization—and ultimately ‘securitization’—of transnational crime has provided much of the impetus for cooperation between them. This helps correct the standard view that such cooperation is simply a response to a growth in transnational criminal activity. The chapter concludes that the greater the politicization of a transnational problem, the greater the political will to pursue international cooperation in response. It does not follow, however, that the politicization of transnational crime within each country will necessarily result in cooperation between them. In fact, the very act of politicization can (somewhat paradoxically) make cooperation harder to achieve.Less

The Securitization of Transnational Crime

Michael McKenzie

Published in print: 2018-11-01

This chapter asks: what is driving criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia? By tracing various ‘wars on crime’ waged by both countries since the 1970s, it reveals how the politicization—and ultimately ‘securitization’—of transnational crime has provided much of the impetus for cooperation between them. This helps correct the standard view that such cooperation is simply a response to a growth in transnational criminal activity. The chapter concludes that the greater the politicization of a transnational problem, the greater the political will to pursue international cooperation in response. It does not follow, however, that the politicization of transnational crime within each country will necessarily result in cooperation between them. In fact, the very act of politicization can (somewhat paradoxically) make cooperation harder to achieve.

Over the past three decades many regulatory measures aimed at countering transnational crime have been adopted. This article maps the development of these measures and examines their relationship ...
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Over the past three decades many regulatory measures aimed at countering transnational crime have been adopted. This article maps the development of these measures and examines their relationship with the ‘global rule of law’. The article is structured on the basis of a typology of production of transnational criminal law norms and examines the production and implementation of transnational criminal law via: ‘hard law’ global multilateral conventions; regionalism, focusing on the work of the Council of Europe; ‘soft’ or ‘informal’ law, focusing on the Financial Action Task Force; ‘global administrative law’, expressed by the UN Security Council; and supranational, EU, law. The article then focuses on the extraterritorial reach of transnational criminal law and asks whether lessons can be learnt by the operation of the principle in EU criminal law. The article then assesses the impact of this typology of transnational criminal law making on the global rule of law.Less

Transnational Criminal Law and the Global Rule of Law

Valsamis Mitsilegas

Published in print: 2017-10-09

Over the past three decades many regulatory measures aimed at countering transnational crime have been adopted. This article maps the development of these measures and examines their relationship with the ‘global rule of law’. The article is structured on the basis of a typology of production of transnational criminal law norms and examines the production and implementation of transnational criminal law via: ‘hard law’ global multilateral conventions; regionalism, focusing on the work of the Council of Europe; ‘soft’ or ‘informal’ law, focusing on the Financial Action Task Force; ‘global administrative law’, expressed by the UN Security Council; and supranational, EU, law. The article then focuses on the extraterritorial reach of transnational criminal law and asks whether lessons can be learnt by the operation of the principle in EU criminal law. The article then assesses the impact of this typology of transnational criminal law making on the global rule of law.

The main focus of chapter 4 is trafficking of human beings as a crime against humanity in the context of Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the ICC. The chapter discusses the importance and role of the ...
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The main focus of chapter 4 is trafficking of human beings as a crime against humanity in the context of Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the ICC. The chapter discusses the importance and role of the ICC and the enforcement of the Rome Statute with special reference to Article 7 which deals with crimes against humanity. The chapter describes the nature and characterization of crime against humanity followed by a detailed description adopted in Article 7 of the Rome Statute of ICC in its Elements of Crimes in crimes against humanity. It also highlights the nature of each crime of trafficking, namely, drugs, arms and ammunitions and human beings and their inter connectivity. Article 7(1) of the Rome Statute and its clauses with the elements of crime has also been elaborated in the chapter with reference to crimes against humanity and human trafficking.Less

International Institutions vis-à-vis Crimes against Humanity

Joshua Nathan Aston

Published in print: 2016-10-29

The main focus of chapter 4 is trafficking of human beings as a crime against humanity in the context of Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the ICC. The chapter discusses the importance and role of the ICC and the enforcement of the Rome Statute with special reference to Article 7 which deals with crimes against humanity. The chapter describes the nature and characterization of crime against humanity followed by a detailed description adopted in Article 7 of the Rome Statute of ICC in its Elements of Crimes in crimes against humanity. It also highlights the nature of each crime of trafficking, namely, drugs, arms and ammunitions and human beings and their inter connectivity. Article 7(1) of the Rome Statute and its clauses with the elements of crime has also been elaborated in the chapter with reference to crimes against humanity and human trafficking.

Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 3 explains how the gap between state-centric views on borderlines and transnational realities at the margins turn borderlands in vulnerable regions into extreme cases of complex security ...
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Chapter 3 explains how the gap between state-centric views on borderlines and transnational realities at the margins turn borderlands in vulnerable regions into extreme cases of complex security dynamics. First, it presents how state-centric views that stop at the borderline have historically shaped security policies toward the Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders. It then contrasts these with a transnational perspective that analyzes security dynamics from within the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. Adopting such a transnational borderland lens, the chapter maps violent non-state group interactions in recent history across these borderlands and contextualizes them with the spatial distribution of the various cocaine supply chain stages and interconnected forms of transnational organized crime. Together with socioeconomic and cultural conditions that vary along and across the borders, the logic of these illicit cross-border flows informs the groups’ motives for cooperation, which in turn shape their interactions.Less

The Borderland Lens

Annette Idler

Published in print: 2019-03-28

Chapter 3 explains how the gap between state-centric views on borderlines and transnational realities at the margins turn borderlands in vulnerable regions into extreme cases of complex security dynamics. First, it presents how state-centric views that stop at the borderline have historically shaped security policies toward the Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders. It then contrasts these with a transnational perspective that analyzes security dynamics from within the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. Adopting such a transnational borderland lens, the chapter maps violent non-state group interactions in recent history across these borderlands and contextualizes them with the spatial distribution of the various cocaine supply chain stages and interconnected forms of transnational organized crime. Together with socioeconomic and cultural conditions that vary along and across the borders, the logic of these illicit cross-border flows informs the groups’ motives for cooperation, which in turn shape their interactions.

Fighting transnational crime requires coordination among law enforcement agencies from multiple countries, but such cooperation is still relatively shallow. This chapter examines two types of ...
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Fighting transnational crime requires coordination among law enforcement agencies from multiple countries, but such cooperation is still relatively shallow. This chapter examines two types of criminal activities—drug trafficking and money laundering. The focus is on the U.S.-led efforts to reduce cocaine trafficking from the Andean countries. Despite significant efforts, first at interdiction and then at reducing the coca supply, cocaine trafficking finds new routes and continues. Similarly, efforts to thwart money laundering, while experiencing some notable successes through the Financial Action Task Force, are ultimately undermined by the vast rewards for countries that choose not to cooperate. Overall, without a significant change in the willingness of countries to cooperate more deeply on law enforcement, transnational crime is likely to continue to flourish.Less

Transnational Crime : Drugs and Money Laundering

Clint PeinhardtTodd Sandler

Published in print: 2015-10-01

Fighting transnational crime requires coordination among law enforcement agencies from multiple countries, but such cooperation is still relatively shallow. This chapter examines two types of criminal activities—drug trafficking and money laundering. The focus is on the U.S.-led efforts to reduce cocaine trafficking from the Andean countries. Despite significant efforts, first at interdiction and then at reducing the coca supply, cocaine trafficking finds new routes and continues. Similarly, efforts to thwart money laundering, while experiencing some notable successes through the Financial Action Task Force, are ultimately undermined by the vast rewards for countries that choose not to cooperate. Overall, without a significant change in the willingness of countries to cooperate more deeply on law enforcement, transnational crime is likely to continue to flourish.

The expansion of organized crime across national borders has become a key security concern for the international community. This book examines some of the most widespread myths about the so-called ...
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The expansion of organized crime across national borders has become a key security concern for the international community. This book examines some of the most widespread myths about the so-called Albanian Mafia. Among the questions tackled are the following: Is there a nation-wide Albanian Mafia that is hierarchically structured, highly secretive, and based on ethnic ties? Has the re-emergence of the Albanian customary Kanun laws led to increase in violent and organized crime in Albania? Is organized crime as much about emotions as it is about poverty, possessing, and wealth? What drives Albanian offenders to commit brutal crimes and remain silent about them? Are Albanian organized crime groups able to gain control of foreign territories? The narratives presented in this book are about the dynamic relationship between culture, politics, and transnational organized crime, and are based on more than a decade of empirical and ethnographic research on the causes, codes of conduct, activities, migration, and structure of Albanian organized crime groups in the Balkans, Western Europe, and the U.S. The book features interviews with victims, offenders, and law enforcement across ten countries, as well as court files and confidential intelligence reports. This book contributes to the cultural and critical dimension of criminological and sociological theory, as well as to the debate on organized crime. It sheds light on the rational and normative-affective considerations of organized crime offenders, and studies culture, conflict, incomplete modernization, and emotions in an effort to better understand human choices.Less

Decoding Albanian Organized Crime

Jana Arsovska

Published in print: 2015-01-30

The expansion of organized crime across national borders has become a key security concern for the international community. This book examines some of the most widespread myths about the so-called Albanian Mafia. Among the questions tackled are the following: Is there a nation-wide Albanian Mafia that is hierarchically structured, highly secretive, and based on ethnic ties? Has the re-emergence of the Albanian customary Kanun laws led to increase in violent and organized crime in Albania? Is organized crime as much about emotions as it is about poverty, possessing, and wealth? What drives Albanian offenders to commit brutal crimes and remain silent about them? Are Albanian organized crime groups able to gain control of foreign territories? The narratives presented in this book are about the dynamic relationship between culture, politics, and transnational organized crime, and are based on more than a decade of empirical and ethnographic research on the causes, codes of conduct, activities, migration, and structure of Albanian organized crime groups in the Balkans, Western Europe, and the U.S. The book features interviews with victims, offenders, and law enforcement across ten countries, as well as court files and confidential intelligence reports. This book contributes to the cultural and critical dimension of criminological and sociological theory, as well as to the debate on organized crime. It sheds light on the rational and normative-affective considerations of organized crime offenders, and studies culture, conflict, incomplete modernization, and emotions in an effort to better understand human choices.

The trade in counterfeit goods is growing. Recent EU studies on Fast Moving Consumer Goods indicate that 6.5% of all sports(wear) goods, 7.8% of cosmetics and 12.7% of luggage/handbags sold in the EU ...
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The trade in counterfeit goods is growing. Recent EU studies on Fast Moving Consumer Goods indicate that 6.5% of all sports(wear) goods, 7.8% of cosmetics and 12.7% of luggage/handbags sold in the EU are in some way counterfeit. The WTO has an oft-repeated estimate of 7% of all global commerce as counterfeit. The World Economic Forum goes further, suggesting that counterfeiting and piracy cost the global economy an estimated $1.77 trillion in 2015, which is nearly 10% of the global trade in merchandise. Much work and popular scrutiny has examined flows of counterfeit goods. However, there remains a general lack of information on the financing of the counterfeit trade. Drawing upon cross-disciplinary research, the book offers a unique account into the financing of the trade in counterfeit goods. Focusing on tangible goods, it addresses the ways in which capital is secured to allow counterfeiting businesses to be initiated and sustained, how entrepreneurs and customers settle payments, the costs of conducting business in the counterfeiting trade, and how profits from the business are spent and invested. The book covers the UK context, whilst also considering the distinctly transnational nature of the trade.Less

Fake Goods, Real Money : The Counterfeiting Business and its Financial Management

Published in print: 2018-04-11

The trade in counterfeit goods is growing. Recent EU studies on Fast Moving Consumer Goods indicate that 6.5% of all sports(wear) goods, 7.8% of cosmetics and 12.7% of luggage/handbags sold in the EU are in some way counterfeit. The WTO has an oft-repeated estimate of 7% of all global commerce as counterfeit. The World Economic Forum goes further, suggesting that counterfeiting and piracy cost the global economy an estimated $1.77 trillion in 2015, which is nearly 10% of the global trade in merchandise. Much work and popular scrutiny has examined flows of counterfeit goods. However, there remains a general lack of information on the financing of the counterfeit trade. Drawing upon cross-disciplinary research, the book offers a unique account into the financing of the trade in counterfeit goods. Focusing on tangible goods, it addresses the ways in which capital is secured to allow counterfeiting businesses to be initiated and sustained, how entrepreneurs and customers settle payments, the costs of conducting business in the counterfeiting trade, and how profits from the business are spent and invested. The book covers the UK context, whilst also considering the distinctly transnational nature of the trade.

Over the last two decades, Australia and Indonesia have built a remarkable partnership in the fight against terrorism and other transnational crimes. Common Enemies: Crime, Policy, and Politics in ...
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Over the last two decades, Australia and Indonesia have built a remarkable partnership in the fight against terrorism and other transnational crimes. Common Enemies: Crime, Policy, and Politics in Australia–Indonesia Relations is the first in-depth study of this partnership, examining both its successes and its failures. Drawing on over 100 interviews and extensive archival material, the book tells the inside story of the joint police investigation into the 2002 terrorist bombings in Bali, the extradition of Indonesian corruption fugitive Adrian Kiki Ariawan, the public campaigns in support of Australians detained in Indonesia for drug trafficking, and the 2013 spying scandal that led to a freeze in cooperation. It also investigates many cases that never made the headlines in an effort to understand the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between these two very different countries. The book reveals a tension between parochial politics and policy ambition at the heart of the bilateral relationship, and explores how politicians, bureaucrats, and private actors animate this tension. It also considers how various ‘wars on crime’ since the 1970s have shaped the relationship, and the importance of reciprocity in maintaining the relationship. Based on this analysis, it identifies strategies for enhancing cross-border cooperation to combat crime. The mix of engaging case studies and novel theorizing in Common Enemies will appeal to both practitioners and scholars of transnational policing, international relations, regulation, and global governance.Less

Common Enemies: Crime, Policy, and Politics in Australia-Indonesia Relations

Michael McKenzie

Published in print: 2018-11-01

Over the last two decades, Australia and Indonesia have built a remarkable partnership in the fight against terrorism and other transnational crimes. Common Enemies: Crime, Policy, and Politics in Australia–Indonesia Relations is the first in-depth study of this partnership, examining both its successes and its failures. Drawing on over 100 interviews and extensive archival material, the book tells the inside story of the joint police investigation into the 2002 terrorist bombings in Bali, the extradition of Indonesian corruption fugitive Adrian Kiki Ariawan, the public campaigns in support of Australians detained in Indonesia for drug trafficking, and the 2013 spying scandal that led to a freeze in cooperation. It also investigates many cases that never made the headlines in an effort to understand the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between these two very different countries. The book reveals a tension between parochial politics and policy ambition at the heart of the bilateral relationship, and explores how politicians, bureaucrats, and private actors animate this tension. It also considers how various ‘wars on crime’ since the 1970s have shaped the relationship, and the importance of reciprocity in maintaining the relationship. Based on this analysis, it identifies strategies for enhancing cross-border cooperation to combat crime. The mix of engaging case studies and novel theorizing in Common Enemies will appeal to both practitioners and scholars of transnational policing, international relations, regulation, and global governance.

This chapter examines the recent attention to the issue of human trafficking, first by addressing the claim that trafficking is the new slave trade. In particular, it considers what human trafficking ...
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This chapter examines the recent attention to the issue of human trafficking, first by addressing the claim that trafficking is the new slave trade. In particular, it considers what human trafficking shares with its historical antecedents, noting that the emergence of international legal instruments to combat trafficking dates back more than a century and overlaps with the demise of classic slavery of the colonial era. It then explores three interconnected policy concerns of the early 1990s: a century-old unease about prostitution and female mobility, mass migration in a globalized world, and transnational crime. It also discusses the mobilizing qualities of human trafficking discourse and asks whether traffickers have navels—that is, whether traffickers engage in a form of egregious conduct having a long historical legacy, or whether they are a “first of their kind”: navel-less creatures committing unprecedented horrendous deeds never before witnessed.Less

Do Traffickers Have Navels?

Sverre Molland

Published in print: 2012-09-10

This chapter examines the recent attention to the issue of human trafficking, first by addressing the claim that trafficking is the new slave trade. In particular, it considers what human trafficking shares with its historical antecedents, noting that the emergence of international legal instruments to combat trafficking dates back more than a century and overlaps with the demise of classic slavery of the colonial era. It then explores three interconnected policy concerns of the early 1990s: a century-old unease about prostitution and female mobility, mass migration in a globalized world, and transnational crime. It also discusses the mobilizing qualities of human trafficking discourse and asks whether traffickers have navels—that is, whether traffickers engage in a form of egregious conduct having a long historical legacy, or whether they are a “first of their kind”: navel-less creatures committing unprecedented horrendous deeds never before witnessed.

Starting with an account of Australia–Indonesia police cooperation after the 2002 Bali bombings, this chapter explains the purpose of the book (to identify the conditions that promote criminal ...
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Starting with an account of Australia–Indonesia police cooperation after the 2002 Bali bombings, this chapter explains the purpose of the book (to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between the two countries) and its argument (cooperation is more likely when a balance exists between political and policy interests). The chapter also discusses the interdisciplinary approach used in the book, looking first at the strengths and limitations of theories of international cooperation from international relations and transnational policing studies, and then describing how a regulatory perspective—which involves a pragmatic inquiry into how different actors influence the governance of a social problem—helps address the limitations. It concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters.Less

Introduction

Michael McKenzie

Published in print: 2018-11-01

Starting with an account of Australia–Indonesia police cooperation after the 2002 Bali bombings, this chapter explains the purpose of the book (to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between the two countries) and its argument (cooperation is more likely when a balance exists between political and policy interests). The chapter also discusses the interdisciplinary approach used in the book, looking first at the strengths and limitations of theories of international cooperation from international relations and transnational policing studies, and then describing how a regulatory perspective—which involves a pragmatic inquiry into how different actors influence the governance of a social problem—helps address the limitations. It concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters.

This chapter seeks to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia. It argues that there is a structural tension between political and policy ...
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This chapter seeks to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia. It argues that there is a structural tension between political and policy interests at the heart of the cooperative relationship. This tension emerges from the two forces that define the cooperative relationship: the politicization of transnational problems and the perception of mutual interests. It is animated by the different categories of actors engaged in the relationship: bureaucrats, politicians, and private actors. The chapter also suggests that cooperation is more likely to occur when political and policy interests are in balance, such that there is sufficient political will to pursue the cooperation and sufficient scope to execute it.Less

Balancing Policy and Politics

Michael McKenzie

Published in print: 2018-11-01

This chapter seeks to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia. It argues that there is a structural tension between political and policy interests at the heart of the cooperative relationship. This tension emerges from the two forces that define the cooperative relationship: the politicization of transnational problems and the perception of mutual interests. It is animated by the different categories of actors engaged in the relationship: bureaucrats, politicians, and private actors. The chapter also suggests that cooperation is more likely to occur when political and policy interests are in balance, such that there is sufficient political will to pursue the cooperation and sufficient scope to execute it.

The concept of security has undergone significant change in the past few decades: it has been broadened to include a greater number of potential threats and an increased number of relevant actors. ...
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The concept of security has undergone significant change in the past few decades: it has been broadened to include a greater number of potential threats and an increased number of relevant actors. Yet, the vast majority of studies on North Korea continue to focus primarily on the country’s nuclear weapons program, its military, and other traditional security issues surrounding Pyongyang. While North Korea captures headlines with its aggressive behavior and growing nuclear arsenal, the ground-level threats to average, everyday North Koreans go largely unnoticed. This book seeks to refocus research on North Korean security from the traditional to largely unexplored non-traditional security (NTS) issues. In the wake of political succession to Kim Jung Un, the issue of NTS is increasingly important. From the lasting effects of the famine of the 1990s to continued food shortages and the growing marketization of North Korean society, the Pyongyang regime is facing diverse and unprecedented challenges. This book offers analyses of emerging North Korean NTS issues. It looks at these issues and their effects at the local, regional, and international level, as well as examining the international community’s efforts to promote an NTS approach to North Korea. More specifically, the book addresses the traditional and NTS paradigms, energy security, gender security, transnational organized crime, the internal and external dimensions of North Korea’s food security, the “Responsibility to Protect,” refugee issues and international law, and the role of NGOs in promoting NTS in North Korea.Less

Non-Traditional Security Issues in North Korea

Published in print: 2013-07-31

The concept of security has undergone significant change in the past few decades: it has been broadened to include a greater number of potential threats and an increased number of relevant actors. Yet, the vast majority of studies on North Korea continue to focus primarily on the country’s nuclear weapons program, its military, and other traditional security issues surrounding Pyongyang. While North Korea captures headlines with its aggressive behavior and growing nuclear arsenal, the ground-level threats to average, everyday North Koreans go largely unnoticed. This book seeks to refocus research on North Korean security from the traditional to largely unexplored non-traditional security (NTS) issues. In the wake of political succession to Kim Jung Un, the issue of NTS is increasingly important. From the lasting effects of the famine of the 1990s to continued food shortages and the growing marketization of North Korean society, the Pyongyang regime is facing diverse and unprecedented challenges. This book offers analyses of emerging North Korean NTS issues. It looks at these issues and their effects at the local, regional, and international level, as well as examining the international community’s efforts to promote an NTS approach to North Korea. More specifically, the book addresses the traditional and NTS paradigms, energy security, gender security, transnational organized crime, the internal and external dimensions of North Korea’s food security, the “Responsibility to Protect,” refugee issues and international law, and the role of NGOs in promoting NTS in North Korea.

By 2003 ethnic Albanian organized crime reached its height on the agendas of many Western countries. International and governmental agencies have depicted Albanian organized crime as an emerging and ...
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By 2003 ethnic Albanian organized crime reached its height on the agendas of many Western countries. International and governmental agencies have depicted Albanian organized crime as an emerging and serious threat to “civil society” and “national security.” Despite its publicity, however, Albanian organized crime remains an understudied topic. This chapter introduces the numerous myths that arose in the late 1990s about a ruthless, hierarchically structured and ethnically homogenous Albanian Mafia that was quickly taking control over foreign territories. It also elaborates on the research methods used to collect data on organized crime, ranging from interviews with organized crime offenders, victims and law enforcement officials to analysis of court and police files.Less

Introduction : Ethnic Mob on the Rise

Jana Arsovska

Published in print: 2015-01-30

By 2003 ethnic Albanian organized crime reached its height on the agendas of many Western countries. International and governmental agencies have depicted Albanian organized crime as an emerging and serious threat to “civil society” and “national security.” Despite its publicity, however, Albanian organized crime remains an understudied topic. This chapter introduces the numerous myths that arose in the late 1990s about a ruthless, hierarchically structured and ethnically homogenous Albanian Mafia that was quickly taking control over foreign territories. It also elaborates on the research methods used to collect data on organized crime, ranging from interviews with organized crime offenders, victims and law enforcement officials to analysis of court and police files.

This book is a detailed research on the crime of human trafficking and its severity, focusing especially on the trafficking of women and children. The main aim of this book is to identify the extent ...
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This book is a detailed research on the crime of human trafficking and its severity, focusing especially on the trafficking of women and children. The main aim of this book is to identify the extent of the human trafficking trade, the law enforcement measures with a focus on Article 7 of the Rome Statute and crimes against humanity, feasibility of application of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in prosecuting cases of crime against humanity with a special reference to trafficking and possible alternative measures, suggestions, and recommendations for effectively dealing with human trafficking and thereby combating it. The book has also highlighted the severity of the crime of human trafficking and its widespread network, within and across the borders of the countries and the role of international law and other related laws such as international humanitarian law and human rights law to deal with human trafficking which is one of the rapidly growing transnational organized crime. This book analyses and concludes with relevant and applicable suggestions and recommendations and evolves with the most significant recommendation of proposing to set out a Convention on Prevention of Crimes against Humanity.Less

Trafficking of Women and Children : Article 7 of the Rome Statute

Joshua Nathan Aston

Published in print: 2016-10-29

This book is a detailed research on the crime of human trafficking and its severity, focusing especially on the trafficking of women and children. The main aim of this book is to identify the extent of the human trafficking trade, the law enforcement measures with a focus on Article 7 of the Rome Statute and crimes against humanity, feasibility of application of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in prosecuting cases of crime against humanity with a special reference to trafficking and possible alternative measures, suggestions, and recommendations for effectively dealing with human trafficking and thereby combating it. The book has also highlighted the severity of the crime of human trafficking and its widespread network, within and across the borders of the countries and the role of international law and other related laws such as international humanitarian law and human rights law to deal with human trafficking which is one of the rapidly growing transnational organized crime. This book analyses and concludes with relevant and applicable suggestions and recommendations and evolves with the most significant recommendation of proposing to set out a Convention on Prevention of Crimes against Humanity.

This chapter reviews the study’s core findings regarding the drivers and influencers of criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia, and the scope for such cooperation to occur. It ...
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This chapter reviews the study’s core findings regarding the drivers and influencers of criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia, and the scope for such cooperation to occur. It then bring these findings together to create a model of the Australia–Indonesia criminal justice relationship. The chapter also considers what the findings mean in practice by identifying a series of strategies for promoting bilateral cooperation to combat crime. These strategies draw out the deeper story of this book: the perpetual interplay of political and policy interests within transnational governance, and the importance of striking a balance between them to realize the elusive goal of international cooperation.Less

Conclusion

Michael McKenzie

Published in print: 2018-11-01

This chapter reviews the study’s core findings regarding the drivers and influencers of criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia, and the scope for such cooperation to occur. It then bring these findings together to create a model of the Australia–Indonesia criminal justice relationship. The chapter also considers what the findings mean in practice by identifying a series of strategies for promoting bilateral cooperation to combat crime. These strategies draw out the deeper story of this book: the perpetual interplay of political and policy interests within transnational governance, and the importance of striking a balance between them to realize the elusive goal of international cooperation.