Sabtu, 05 Oktober 2013

Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a method
of propulsion that uses magnetic levitation to propel
vehicles with magnets
rather than with wheels, axles and bearings. With maglev, a vehicle
is levitated a short distance away from a guideway using magnets to create both
lift and thrust. High-speed maglev trains promise dramatic improvements for
human travel if widespread adoption occurs.[1]Maglev trains move more smoothly and somewhat more quietly than wheeled mass
transit systems. Their non-reliance on friction means that acceleration and
deceleration can surpass that of wheeled transports, and they are unaffected by
weather. The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of
the overall energy consumption;[2]
most of the power is used to overcome air resistance (drag),
as with any other high-speed form of transport. Although conventional wheeled
transportation can go very fast, maglev allows routine use of higher top speeds
than conventional rail, and this type holds the speed record for rail
transportation. Vacuum tube train systems might hypothetically
allow maglev trains to attain speeds in a different order of magnitude, but no
such tracks have ever been built.Compared to conventional wheeled trains, differences in construction affect
the economics of maglev trains. With wheeled trains at very high speeds, the
wear and tear from friction along with the concentrated pounding from wheels on
rails accelerates equipment deterioration and prevents mechanically-based train
systems from routinely achieving higher speeds.[3]
Conversely, maglev tracks have historically been found to be much more
expensive to construct, but require less maintenance and have low ongoing
costs.Despite decades-long research and development, there are
presently only two commercial maglev transport systems in operation, with two
others under construction.[4]
In April 2004, Shanghai
began commercial operations of the high-speed Transrapid
system. In March 2005, Japan began operation of the relatively low-speed HSST
"Linimo"
line in time for the 2005 World Expo. In its first three months, the Linimo
line carried over 10 million passengers. South Korea
and the People's Republic of China are both
building low-speed maglev lines of their own design, one in Beijing and the
other at Seoul'sIncheon
Airport. Many maglev projects are controversial, and the technological
potential, adoption prospects and economics of maglev systems have often been
hotly debated. The Shanghai system has been accused of being a white
elephant.[5]

Technology

In the public imagination,
"maglev" often evokes the concept of an elevated monorail track
with a linear motor. This can be misleading. While several maglev systems are
monorail designs, not all maglevs use monorails,[24]
and not all monorail trains use linear motors or magnetic levitation. Some
railway transport systems incorporate linear motors but only use
electromagnetism for propulsion, without actually levitating the vehicle. Such trains
(which might also be monorail trains) are wheeled vehicles and not maglev
trains.[25]
Maglev tracks, monorail or not, can also be constructed at grade (i.e. not
elevated). Conversely, non-maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be elevated too.
Some maglev trains do incorporate wheels and function like linear
motor-propelled wheeled vehicles at slower speeds but "take off" and levitate
at higher speeds.[26][27]

The term "maglev" refers
not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically
designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion. All operational
implementations of maglev technology have had minimal overlap with wheeled
train technology and have not been compatible with conventional rail tracks.
Because they cannot share existing infrastructure, these maglev systems must be
designed as complete transportation systems. The Applied
Levitation SPM maglev system is inter-operable
with steel rail tracks and would permit maglev vehicles and conventional trains
to operate at the same time on the same right of way. MAN in
Germany also designed a maglev system that worked with conventional rails, but
it was never fully developed.[28]

For electromagnetic
suspension (EMS), electronically
controlled electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically
conductive (usually steel) track.

Electrodynamic
suspension (EDS) uses superconducting
electromagnets or strong permanent magnets which create a magnetic field
that induces currents in nearby metallic conductors when there is relative
movement which pushes and pulls the train towards the designed levitation
position on the guide way.

Another experimental technology,
which was designed, proven mathematically, peer reviewed, and patented, but is yet
to be built, is the magnetodynamic
suspension (MDS), which uses the attractive
magnetic force of a permanent magnet array near a steel track to lift the train
and hold it in place. Other technologies such as repulsive permanent magnets
and superconducting magnets have seen some research.

In current electromagnetic
suspension (EMS) systems, the train levitates above a steel rail while electromagnets,
attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. The system is
typically arranged on a series of C-shaped arms, with the upper portion of the
arm attached to the vehicle, and the lower inside edge containing the magnets.
The rail is situated between the upper and lower edges.

Magnetic attraction varies inversely
with the cube of distance, so minor changes in distance between the magnets and
the rail produce greatly varying forces. These changes in force are dynamically
unstable – if there is a slight divergence from the optimum position, the
tendency will be to exacerbate this, and complex systems of feedback control
are required to maintain a train at a constant distance from the track,
(approximately 15 millimeters (0.59 in)).[29][30]

The major advantage to suspended maglev
systems is that they work at all speeds, unlike electrodynamic systems which
only work at a minimum speed of about 30 km/h (19 mph). This
eliminates the need for a separate low-speed suspension system, and can
simplify the track layout as a result. On the downside, the dynamic instability
of the system puts high demands on tolerance control of the track, which can
offset, or eliminate this advantage. Laithwaite,
highly skeptical of the concept, was concerned that in order to make a track
with the required tolerances, the gap between the magnets and rail would have
to be increased to the point where the magnets would be unreasonably large.[28]
In practice, this problem was addressed through increased performance of the
feedback systems, which allow the system to run with close tolerances.

JR-Maglev EDS suspension is due to
the magnetic fields induced either side of the vehicle by the passage of the
vehicle's superconducting magnets.

EDS Maglev propulsion via propulsion
coils

In electrodynamic suspension (EDS),
both the guideway and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is
levitated by the repulsive and attractive force between these magnetic fields.[31]
In some configurations, the train can be levitated only by repulsive force. In
the early stages of JR-Maglev
development in Miyazaki test track, a purely repulsive system was used instead
of the later repulsive and attractive EDS system.[32]
There is a misconception that the EDS system is purely a repulsive one, but
that is not true. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either
superconducting magnets (as in JR–Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets
(as in Inductrack). The repulsive and attractive force in the track is
created by an induced
magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips
in the track. A major advantage of the EDS maglev systems is that they are
naturally stable – minor narrowing in distance between the track and the
magnets creates strong forces to repel the magnets back to their original
position, while a slight increase in distance greatly reduces the repulsive
force and again returns the vehicle to the right separation.[28]
In addition, the attractive force varies in the opposite manner, providing the
same adjustment effects. No feedback control is needed.

EDS systems have a major downside as
well. At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant
magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. For this
reason, the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to
support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation. Since a
train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire
track must be able to support both low-speed and high-speed operation. Another
downside is that the EDS system naturally creates a field in the track in front
and to the rear of the lift magnets, which acts against the magnets and creates
a form of drag. This is generally only a concern at low speeds (This is one of
the reasons why JR abandoned a purely repulsive system and adopted the sidewall
levitation system.[32]);
at higher speeds the effect does not have time to build to its full potential
and other forms of drag dominate.[28]

The drag force can be used to the
electrodynamic system's advantage, however, as it creates a varying force in
the rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without
the need for a separate reaction plate, as in most linear motor systems.
Laithwaite led development of such "traverse-flux" systems at his Imperial College
laboratory.[28]
Alternatively, propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on
the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils
that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor:
an alternating current through the coils generates a continuously varying
magnetic field that moves forward along the track. The frequency of the
alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset
between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates
a force moving the train forward. (Source: Wikipedia)

My Design

This is my idea
of maglev motorcycle. Which will be made motorcycle without chain, exhaust,
engine and some other parts.It's the future motorcycle.

Rabu, 02 Oktober 2013

There
are theories which deal with the process of the creation of the universe. And
in this letter I would like to write it according to what is said about it in
the Koran. In this holy book, astronomy field dominates the discussion about
physics. I found out that it is randomly discussed (there is no definite order
of one discussion to next ones). That is why I have to pick some words or
paragraphs and put them in certain order according to common sense and some
physics laws.

One
word in one paragraph or section may have many different meanings. And the key
word in my discussion here is the word heaven (as sama).
The phases of the creation of the universe are related to that word. And in
it’s context, it’s interpreted and connected with astronomy. Misinterpretation
may occur and it is merely caused by my own mistake of my insufficient capabilities
in translations. For that reason, I welcome any constructive and I do hope that
my explanation be useful for all of us.

Sincerely
yours,

Muchsin
Faisal Effendie

THE
MEANING OF HEAVEN (AS SAMA)

The
word heaven (as sama) has both micro and macro
sense. In term of micro sense, heaven means the smallest unit. While in broad
sense, heaven is formed by it’s units. In other words, there are some levels of
heaven in the universe. It can be clarified we follow: atmosphere, heavenly
bodies and the galaxies.

Heaven
which means atmosphere, in a narrow sense heaven means sky or layer which
surround the earth. This meaning is found in the following:

“And
We bring you rain down from heaven” (31:10)

There
is still other paragraph which means a like. What is meant by the word heaven
in the quotations above is cloud. This meaning is classified in another
paragraph:

“And
we come down from the cloud, the water which is pouring” (46:24)

According
to geography what we know about atmosphere, cloud is exist in the troposphere
layer. It is about 12 kilo meters high, while the cloud is usually about 2 kilo
meters above the sea level.

To
make sure that heaven means atmosphere, look at this quotation:

“Birds
fly in heaven” (16:79)

“Good
trees, the roots are strong, and the branch reaches the heaven” (14:24)

It
is quite clear that heaven means atmosphere, because birds fly in the sky or
atmosphere.

Heaven
means heavenly bodies is higher than the first meaning above. Heavenly bodies
may include stars, planets, comets or meteors. Heaven meaning heavenly bodies
can be found in there paragraphs:

“Decorating
the sky which is closes the decoration, the stars and the planets” (37:6)

I
think what is by sky here is the sky which can be seen by naked eye, without
using a telescope., because it is in the sky we can see the stars, planets or
meteors. So, the right interpretation of the word heaven here is constellation
of the stars. Where the star is the system with planets, meteors, comets,
satellites and other heavenly bodies in it. We can call this a zodiac.

Heavenly
means galaxy; galaxy is cluster of stars which can be billons. We, who live in
this solar system is part of our galaxy – The Milky Way. Heaven which means
galaxy is found in the following:

“And
actually We have create clusters of stars (buruuj)
in the heaven” (15:16)

“For
heaven’s shake with it’s stars” (85:1)

In
astronomy, the word buruuj means cluster or
groups of star. So, group of star is nothing but galaxy.

THE
CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE

Many
things which happen in these worlds are merely repetition of what have taken
place in the past. We often notice and feel the cycle of world’s phenomenon.
And so is the history of the universe.

“Like
what We have done when we start the first creation, We will repeat that again (nu’iiduhu)” (21:104)

Nu’iiduhu
is derived from the ‘aada, which means ‘aada : raja’a : again
or repeated. It is just like when someone goes, and then come back again. If we
draw a line from the time he went and the time he came back. It will form a
closed curve. The sentence which contains that word is ‘iidu
sanawiyyu tadzaariyyu which means birthday. If we consider the first
birthday as the beginning which is followed by the second one plus the
happenings which occur between them, and if we draw a line, it is very hard to
imagine this life as straight line. Because the beginning finally meets with
the end. This life is best illustrated as a circle.

When
we look at a circle, we can not decide which is the beginning and which is the
end. In relation with the word nu’iiduhu, it is
interpreted as the repetition of the end into the beginning.

Circle
is the closest in meaning with the word nu’iiduhu,
a part of the nature phenomenon like water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle.
That water undergoes a cycle is obvious. Water in may different places will
vaporize; continuous evaporation especially during dry season will form clouds.
Cloud will form rain, and water will come down to the earth again.

That’s
why I put the end of the world (the judgment day) and the beginning of the
world with the hell with it’s fire between them as the first phase. As I have
said before that last is the first.

PHASES
OF THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE

PHASE
I:
The end of the world (the doomsday) is marked by the destruction of the
universe; it is this phase which brings the universe into beginning when it was
born for the first time. Then what will happen if the stars shattered, smashed
(totally destructed) or if they ran out of fuel.

So
you must wait until the heaven brings the real could (bidukhaanin
mubin)” (44:10)

Dukhaanin
comes from the word dakhina, for example: dakhkhan: smoking. With the meaning in the translation
above we can in for that as smoke, not cloud. Since smoke comes from
vaporation. Smoke indicates that there is heat. The word in the sentence dakhanalghubaru: satha’a: flying all around. Smoke is closer in meaning
with dukhaanin, compare with could or fog which
is relatively static, and it moves only in certain directions.

If
we combine the word mubiin with dukhaanin, we can interpret them as energy. Energy is
related to motion and heat. That’s why energy is the closest meaning of the
word.

In
Einstein’s Theory we can see that energy can be changed into mass.
In an endoderm reaction, energy is required to form material.

PHASE
2:
energy formed a giant proton ball. Like I have stated before that energy can be
changed into mass in a reaction. At last, according to the astronomies, this
proton ball exploded. The explosion was known as the big bang. There are many
paragraphs which explain about this giant proton ball, such as:

“Into
a very hot water (hamaimii)” (40:72)

“Burning
in the hell (sa’iiran)” (25:11)

“For
them, above are layers of fire (zhulalun) and so
are below (zhulalun)” (39:16)

“For
them clothes (tsiyaabun) from the hell fire”
(22:19)

Hamiimi
comes from the word hamma which may mean hammal maa: sakhina:
lava. We can image that if a ball like hot lava rolls, everything on its way
will be burnt too. If only a part of such things is lava, we possibly can find
it on the earth. But if all of it is hot lava, we can only find it on the sun
or stars.

Sa’iiran
comes from the word sa’ara, in sentence tasa’arawasta’arannaar
means burning (giving out flames). From both of that word, we can imagine how
hell looks like; lava like place which can destroy everything in it with its
bright light.

Zhulalun
comes from the word zhalla, for zhallala wa azhalla: alqaaalaikii zhillahu: to cover (something from heat,
sun etc). For example, if someone uses an umbrella, he will be protected
against sunlight. If something is covered by hot lava, all around it that thing
will became hot lava too. And azh zhalahu means
water under the tree which is protected against sunshine. We can imagine how
big the tree is, how thick the leaves are so that sunlight can’t reach it, only
reaches the tree.

We
can also imagine how big the burning lava is so that whatever is put inside it
can’t be seen. Everything that whatever into it no matter how big it is will
dissolve and what we can see is just the burning lava. We will see what that
burning lava really is from the word tsiyaabun from the word tsaaba, for tsaabannas:
ijtama’u : gather. If we combine it with the
previous word, we can interpret that it is the origin or union. What is meant
by union here is the union of the galaxies. Even if we put all the galaxies in
it. All we can see is just it. It here is the giant proton ball in which is
like the sun or star and which can cover all the galaxies. As stated in the
sentence matsaabal bir meaning a wall
surrounding a well. So that we can understand that above all the proton ball is
a giant ball from which galaxies are born. But why should proton is first? Not
there particles or other elements with more atoms mass. If elements which have
more atoms mass existed first, then fist of all protons, electron and neutron
have to be there first to compose that element. So, it’s understandable that
proton (which is composed by quarks) was formed fist.

PHASE
3:
in this phase, proto galaxies are born as the result of the big bang. A giant
proton ball with billions of galaxies in it was formed, in the phase before. We
can’t image how big it is, there is nothing which can be compared in size with
it, not even the sun. If a star explodes, it would form a supernova. But if
this a giant proton ball exploded, it would form an ultra nova. In astronomy,
the explosion is known as the big bang. Signs of the centre of this explosion
or the centre of the universe have been stated in the following quotations:

“A
shelter which has three branches (syu’abin)
which does not cover and does not reject the hell fire. Actually hell gives out
(tarmi), a spark as big and tall as a palace. As
if it were cattle of yellow (shufrun jamal)”
(77:30-32)

Tarmi
comes from the word rama, for ramasy syaa:thatrahahu:
throw. While ramassahma ‘anil gausi (alaihi): let out, shoot off (like a narrow from a
bow). What is let out in explosion is a giant spark. How it looks like is
described as a parade of yellow camels.

Shurun
is derived from shafara, for shafar: shauwata binnafhi min
syafataihi: whistle and shafarattu’ban: fahha: means hiss, sizzle. The whistling or hissing
sound of the spark shows that the proto galaxy exploded and formed proto stars.

The
nature of galaxies which is symbolized by spark is explained by syu’abin, which comes from the word sya’aba, for sya’abal qaum
means parting, scattered. Sya’sbabashaahiba: baa’adahu: stay away. From the different forms of the
word syu’aba, it can be explained that all
galaxies moved away from each other. The galaxies are divided into three
group’s ellipse galaxies, spiral galaxies and irregular forms. It is in
according with the explanation “a shelter which has three branches’ above. The
orbit of the galaxies can be explained from:

“And
the root (assaqfi) which is heightened” (52:5)

“And
the galaxies (as sama), how it is heightened (rufiat)” (88:18)

Assaqfi
is derived from the word saqafa, for saqifa: high curved. After the explosion, the galaxies
orbits are not straight lines but curved. I think it is because of the galaxies
rotation and because of gravity of the centre of the universe which makes their
rotation curved or not straight.

If
we change the flag with the galaxies and the source with the centre of the
universe. It is clear that galaxies moves away from it’s centre (expanded).

How
the centre of the universe looks like, is derived in paragraph:

“Actually
zaqqum tree is tree (syajaratun)
which comes out from the bottom (ashli) the hell”

Ashli
comes from the word ashala, for ashiyyu which means the beginning, at first, something
which happened before, rasakha ashalat: have
roots, ashlu: man syau:
origin.

Interpretation
of that paragraph is about something which exist, before the universe exists
and as the source of the universe. Why the centre of the universe is described
as has roots? Roots here mean something which ties something, together as the
galaxies are tied together. Then the word syajararsy
syais: rabathahu: tie, syajrau: ajmatu:
forest, gather. So, it can be understood, that after the big bang, proto
galaxies which is next to the centre of the universe are tied and are effected
by strong gravity so, they are like a whirl in the centre of the universe.

PHASE
4:
If a proto galaxy exploded, it will form proto stars. And if stars (which may
have mass billions of that of the sun) explode, it will from hyper nova. That’s
what happen when a proto galaxy which consists of billions of star explode. The
process of the formation of galaxies from proto galaxy is described in the
following paragraph:

To
form or make a galaxy, a very powerful proto galaxy explosion is needed. This
explosion occurs because the proto galaxy, which mass billions of the mass of
the sun become unstably, and form a curved line 9orbit), it moves unsteadily.
It can be seen clearly in a galaxy high has a spiral form. The “small roads” in
the quotation above means collection of billions of stars.

Syidaadaan
comes from the word syadda, for syaddasy syaia: rabatahu:
to tie, al masyduud: something which is pulled,
tied tightly. Asyadda: balagha
asyudda: become mature 9in age and mentally)

PHASE
5:
The formation of proto planets from proto star. There are many theory dealing
with how was formed; from the classical theory like the theory twin star,
theory of tide to the modern theory like condensation theory.

“That
the sun and the earth are coherent. They are close (ratqaan).
Then We put them away from each other (fafataqnaahumma)”
(21:30)

Ratqaan
is derived from rataqa, for rataqa tsauba: to sew, to patch; rataqasy syaia: saddahu wa
aghlaqahu: to close, plug up. From this explanation we can see that the
sun or star and the earth were composed from the same material.

“Who
create the seven skies, ad the earth is also like that (mitslahuna)”(65:12)

The
sun and earth was the same, if we them from their shape and their elements.
Both have rotation and revolution. Planet is formed only by a small part of the
proto star (mass of the Jupiter is 1/1000 of the sun). Then planets then moves,
but they are still “tied”. Tied in the solar system. The dismissal of the planets
from the sun is explained in the following:

“And
then the earth is thrown (dahaaha)”

Dahaaha
is derived from the word dahaa, for dahaal bathnu: big, puffed out belly (abdomen). Dahaal hajara biyadihi: to throw.

If
we compare our body with the body of the pro star, and the puffed out belly as
the part of the proto star which is puffed out, we will understand that it is
that part which will become the proto planet; which later thrown away and moves
on its orbits. The dismissal of the proto planet from the proto star will be
explained as follows.

It
is clear that there is a very strong gravity on the outermost part of the proto
star. The gravity then makes a part of the proto star to lump, and it was
separated from the proto star. It was later known as proto planet. There is
clear distortion between what is stated in the classical theory the formation
of the planet is in influenced by other stars.

PHASE
6:
The formation of solar system or star system as smallest unit of galaxy. It
begins as the surface of the planet gets colds and it becomes solid, accompanied
with the stars which begin to shine.

In
the previous phases, the materials that compose the planets, stars and sun are
the same that is hydrogen ball. But because their tiny mass, the hydrogen
undergoes a very rapid reaction, and it change into iron. So, it’s
understandable that the hydrogen reaction into iron in the proto planet goes
much faster than the proto star. The fusion reaction of the hydrogen into the
heavier substances makes the proto planet get colder. By the time iron
produced, there are other compounds produced as a result of that reaction.
Because the outmost layer (surface) is much colder than in the centre, the
compounds later will form rocks. Actually, the planets also shine, not as
bright as star of course, if it’s surface on the outermost part which consist
of rocks and soil are omitted.