1885-1886 also developed Kinetic theory of gases, groundwork
for thermodynamics.

1859 showed saturn’s rings must be composed of many
small particles

1861 First colour photograph

Maxwell’s disk in photo

Linked set of differential equations

20 DEs in 20 variables

Simpler expressed in vector notation (as above)

s· Divergence Operator

s× Curl Operator

H Magnetic field

E Electric field

J Free Current
Density

rElectric
Charge Density

re Electrical
permittivity of material

rm Magnetic
permeability of material

Linked set of differential equations

20 DEs in 20 variables

Simpler expressed in vector notation (as above)

s· Divergence Operator

s× Curl Operator

H Magnetic field

E Electric field

J Free Current
Density

rElectric
Charge Density

re Electrical
permittivity of material

rm Magnetic
permeability of material

This velocity is so nearly that of light, that
it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including
radiant heat, and other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic
disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic
field according to electromagnetic laws.

Now know that light, radio waves, xrays, gamma etc are all forms of
electromagnetic radiation

Experiment needed to be done in dark & use magnifying glass to
observe sparks at receiver.

Hertz did experiments with setup & established:

E/M waves can travel distance, as postulated by Faraday
& Maxwell

Didn’t appreciate significance

“It's of no use whatsoever[...] this is just
an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right - we just have
these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the
naked eye. But they are there."

Also determined that some material transmit radio waves and
some materials reflect them.

discovered standing waves

"wireless
transmission of data using the entire frequency spectrum”

The coherer was the first widely used detector for radio communication.

Branly built upon the discoveries of Temistocle
Calzecchi-Onesti, who demonstrated in experiments in 1884 through 1886
that iron filings contained in an insulating tube will conduct an electrical
current under the action of an electromagnetic wave.

The operation of the coherer is based upon the large resistance offered to the
passage of electric current by loose metal filings, which decreases under the influence
of radio frequency alternating current.

The coherer became the basis for radio reception, and remained in widespread use
for about ten years.

b, 1856, Croatia.

d, 1943, New York

According to legend, Tesla was born precisely at midnight during an electrical
storm, to a Serb family located in present-day Croatia

In addition to radio work also worked on

Various electric motors

AC power transmission (eg 3 phase supply)

ARC lights

x-ray tubes – noted that x-rays burned his skin !!

flourescent lights

Born Bolgna, Italy

Repeated spark gap, coherer experiments of other people.
Experimented with different antennae configurations,