Wrap your string in single quotes (’) instead of double quotes (”) is faster because PHP searches for variables inside “…” and not in ‘…’, use this when you’re not using variables you need evaluating in your string.

Use sprintf instead of variables contained in double quotes, it’s about 10x faster.

Use pre-calculations, set the maximum value for your for-loops before and not in the loop. ie: for ($x=0; $x < count($array); $x), this calls the count() function each time, use $max=count($array) instead before the for-loop starts.

Unset or null your variables to free memory, especially large arrays.

Avoid magic like __get, __set, __autoload.

Use require() instead of require_once() where possible.

Use full paths in includes and requires, less time spent on resolving the OS paths.

require() and include() are identical in every way except require halts if the file is missing. Performance wise there is very little difference.

Since PHP5, the time of when the script started executing can be found in $_SERVER[’REQUEST_TIME’], use this instead of time() or microtime().

PCRE regex is quicker than EREG, but always see if you can use quicker native functions such as strncasecmp, strpbrk and stripos instead.

When parsing with XML in PHP try xml2array, which makes use of the PHP XML functions, for HTML you can try PHP’s DOM document or DOM XML in PHP4.

str_replace is faster than preg_replace, str_replace is best overall, however strtr is sometimes quicker with larger strings. Using array() inside str_replace is usually quicker than multiple str_replace.

PHP scripts are be served at 2-10 times slower by Apache httpd than a static page. Try to use static pages instead of server side scripts.

PHP scripts (unless cached) are compiled on the fly every time you call them. Install a PHP caching product (such as memcached or eAccelerator or Turck MMCache) to typically increase performance by 25-100% by removing compile times. You can even setup eAccelerator on cPanel using EasyApache3.

An alternative caching technique when you have pages that don’t change too frequently is to cache the HTML output of your PHP pages. Try Smarty or Cache Lite.

Make use of the countless predefined functions of PHP, don’t attempt to build your own as the native ones will be far quicker; if you have very time and resource consuming functions, consider writing them as C extensions or modules.

Profile your code. A profiler shows you, which parts of your code consumes how many time. The Xdebug debugger already contains a profiler. Profiling shows you the bottlenecks in overview.

Document your code.

Learn the difference between good and bad code.

Stick to coding standards, it will make it easier for you to understand other people’s code and other people will be able to understand yours.

Don’t bother using complex template systems such as Smarty, use the one that’s included in PHP already, see ob_get_contents and extract, and simply pull the data from your database.

Never trust variables coming from user land (such as from $_POST) use mysql_real_escape_string when using mysql, and htmlspecialchars when outputting as HTML.

For security reasons never have anything that could expose information about paths, extensions and configuration, such as display_errors or phpinfo() in your webroot.

Turn off register_globals (it’s disabled by default for a reason!). No script at production level should need this enabled as it is a security risk. Fix any scripts that require it on, and fix any scripts that require it off using unregister_globals(). Do this now, as it’s set to be removed in PHP6.

Avoid using plain text when storing and evaluating passwords to avoid exposure, instead use a hash, such as an md5 hash.

Use ip2long() and long2ip() to store IP addresses as integers instead of strings.

You can avoid reinventing the wheel by using the PEAR project, giving you existing code of a high standard.

When using header(’Location: ‘.$url); remember to follow it with a die(); as the script continues to run even though the location has changed or avoid using it all together where possible.

In OOP, if a method can be a static method, declare it static. Speed improvement is by a factor of 4..

Incrementing a local variable in an OOP method is the fastest. Nearly the same as calling a local variable in a function and incrementing a global variable is 2 times slow than a local variable.

Incrementing an object property (eg. $this->prop++) is 3 times slower than a local variable.

Incrementing an undefined local variable is 9-10 times slower than a pre-initialized one.

Just declaring a global variable without using it in a function slows things down (by about the same amount as incrementing a local var). PHP probably does a check to see if the global exists.

Method invocation appears to be independent of the number of methods defined in the class because I added 10 more methods to the test class (before and after the test method) with no change in performance.

Methods in derived classes run faster than ones defined in the base class.

A function call with one parameter and an empty function body takes about the same time as doing 7-8 $localvar++ operations. A similar method call is of course about 15 $localvar++ operations.

Not everything has to be OOP, often it is just overhead, each method and object call consumes a lot of memory.

Never trust user data, escape your strings that you use in SQL queries using mysql_real_escape_string, instead of mysql_escape_string or addslashes. Also note that if magic_quotes_gpc is enabled you should use stripslashes first.

Avoid the PHP mail() function header injection issue.

Unset your database variables (the password at a minimum), you shouldn’t need it after you make the database connection.

RTFM! PHP offers a fantastic manual, possibly one of the best out there, which makes it a very hands on language, providing working examples and talking in plain English. Please USE IT!

An index.html, in some cases default.html, is the main page of our website. It is the default file that our browser/server look for to view our website. The file extension(.html) also varies to what programming language we are using.

PHP -> index.php

ASP -> index.asp

ASP.Net ->index.aspx

JSP -> index.jsp

HTML ->index.html

It can also be set on some programming language on what specific file should the browser/server look for.

So be reminded that if you are developing a website that you should set the main page’s file name of your website to index.

About the Author

A Microsoft Certified Solution Developer who is currently working as a Lead Developer at Winrock International with project ranging from ground-up web applications to creating data marts. He is also the Co-Founder and Core developer of icttech that caters projects from various clients. Recently he founded the LoadToCash that help individual convert their load to cash.