Contents

Instant noodles business first founded in 1968, to produce Indomie since 1972. Indofood was founded on 14 August 1990 as Panganjaya Intikusuma till 1993, before changing to its current name in 1994,[2] it is one of the companies owned by the family of Sudono Salim under the Salim Group.[3]

In January 2013 when filing on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Indofood said it is planning to buy 50% of Brazilian sugar-cane processor Cia Mineira de Acucar e Alcool Participacoes, (CMAA) for $72 million.[4]

In January 2015, Indofood built an instant noodles factory in Morocco and it is to be opened in Q3 2015, it is the sixth plant in Africa after Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia, and is the biggest overseas Indomie factory. The first plant in Africa was built in 2013.[5][6]

1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing

2.
Indonesia Stock Exchange
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Indonesia Stock Exchange is a stock exchange based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was previously known as Jakarta Stock Exchange before its name changed in 2007 after merging with Surabaya Stock Exchange, as end of 2012, the Indonesia Stock Exchange had 462 listed companies with a combined market capitalisation of $426.78 billion. In mid September 2016, based on Single Identification Number there are 500,037 domestic investors which 487,713 are retail investors and 12,324 are institutional investors. On September 21,2016 total daily average is more than 250,000 transactions/day with average value Rp 6,400 billion/day. On October 20,2016 the bourse noted new record of 428,640 total number of transactions, the new record is also followed by other new records,39.04 billion unit stock transactions and involved 38,734 active investors. And Indonesia stock exchange market cap set the second highhest in the Southeast Asia with $446.41 billion below Singapore with $476.91 billion. Originally opened in 1912 under the Dutch colonial government, it was re-opened in 1977 after several closures during World War I, after being reopened in 1977, the exchange was under the management of the newly created Capital Market Supervisory Agency, which answered to the Ministry of Finance. Trading activity and market capitalisation grew alongside the development of Indonesias financial markets, on 13 July 1992, the exchange was privatised under the ownership of Jakarta Exchange Inc. As a result, the functions of Bapepam changed to become the Capital Market Supervisory Agency, on 22 March 1995 JSX launched the Jakarta Automated Trading System. In September 2007, Jakarta Stock Exchange and Surabaya Stock Exchange merged and named Indonesian Stock Exchange by Indonesian Minister of Finance. The current location of the Indonesian Stock Exchange is located in the IDX building in the Sudirman Central Business District, South Jakarta, both Jakarta Stock Exchange and the Surabaya Stock Exchange merged to form a new entity Indonesia Stock Exchange. After the merger, the new entity has seven directors, all times are based on the Jakarta Automated Trading System, currently in WIB Prior to 2013, the index opens from 08. 00-17. 1st session of all trading Lunch break 2nd session of trading Closing session, post-closing trade Negotiated market follows the same time as regular market, but extend to 16,15 on all weekdays. The trading hour was advanced 30 minutes earlier to accommodate traders from Central and Eastern Indonesia timezones that are one, the change is also meant to put it in line with other Asian markets, namely Singapore and Hong Kong stock exchanges. To increase transactions, starting on May 2,2016 Indonesia Stock Exchange introduced new tick price with a lot as 100 shares as before, the JII was established in 2002 to act as a benchmark in measuring market activities based on Sharia. Currently, there are approximately 30 corporate stocks listed on the JII, the FTSE/ASEAN Indices were launched by the five ASEAN exchanges and global index provider FTSE on 21 September 2005. The indices, covering the five ASEAN markets, are designed using international standards, free float adjusted, the indices comprise FTSE/ASEAN Benchmark Index and FTSE/ASEAN40 tradable index. The FTSE/ASEAN40 index is calculated on a basis from 9,00 a. m

3.
Food
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Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, the substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organisms cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth. Historically, humans secured food through two methods, hunting and gathering and agriculture, today, the majority of the food energy required by the ever increasing population of the world is supplied by the food industry. They address issues such as sustainability, biological diversity, climate change, nutritional economics, population growth, water supply, most food has its origin in plants. Some food is obtained directly from plants, but even animals that are used as sources are raised by feeding them food derived from plants. Cereal grain is a food that provides more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop. Corn, wheat, and rice – in all of their varieties – account for 87% of all grain production worldwide, most of the grain that is produced worldwide is fed to livestock. Some foods not from animal or plant sources include various edible fungi, fungi and ambient bacteria are used in the preparation of fermented and pickled foods like leavened bread, alcoholic drinks, cheese, pickles, kombucha, and yogurt. Another example is blue-green algae such as Spirulina, inorganic substances such as salt, baking soda and cream of tartar are used to preserve or chemically alter an ingredient. Many plants and plant parts are eaten as food and around 2,000 plant species are cultivated for food, many of these plant species have several distinct cultivars. Seeds of plants are a source of food for animals, including humans, because they contain the nutrients necessary for the plants initial growth, including many healthful fats. In fact, the majority of food consumed by human beings are seed-based foods, edible seeds include cereals, legumes, and nuts. Oilseeds are often pressed to produce rich oils - sunflower, flaxseed, rapeseed, sesame, seeds are typically high in unsaturated fats and, in moderation, are considered a health food, although not all seeds are edible. Large seeds, such as those from a lemon, pose a choking hazard, fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants, including the seeds within. Many plants and animals have coevolved such that the fruits of the former are a food source to the latter. Fruits, therefore, make up a significant part of the diets of most cultures, some botanical fruits, such as tomatoes, pumpkins, and eggplants, are eaten as vegetables. Vegetables are a type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food. These include root vegetables, bulbs, leaf vegetables, stem vegetables, animals are used as food either directly or indirectly by the products they produce

4.
Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682

5.
Indonesian rupiah
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The rupiah is the official currency of Indonesia. Issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia, the ISO4217 currency code for the Indonesian rupiah is IDR, the name rupiah is derived from the Hindustani word rupiya, ultimately from Sanskrit rupya. Informally, Indonesians also use the word perak in referring to rupiah, the rupiah is subdivided into 100 sen, although inflation has rendered all coins and banknotes denominated in sen obsolete. The Riau islands and the Indonesian half of New Guinea had their own variants of the rupiah in the past, the current rupiah consists of coins from 100 rupiah up to 1000 rupiah and banknotes of 1000 rupiah up to 100,000 rupiah. With US$1 worth 13,300 rupiah, the largest Indonesian banknote is therefore worth approximately US$7.52, there are presently two series of coins in circulation, aluminium, bronze and nickel coins dated between 1991 and 2010. These come in denominations of 50,100,200,500, the older series of coins has been gradually disappearing. Currently circulating Indonesian banknotes date from 2000,2001,2004,2005,2009,2010, the 1998–1999 notes have not been legal tender since 31 January 2008. Earlier notes are no longer legal tender, due to the lack of security features and association with the Suharto regime. The government initially announced that this would change, with a 2, 000-rupiah note to replace the 1, 000-rupiah, following the issuance of Presidential Decree No. However, the material is abaca fibre, which is naturally plentiful in Indonesia and is believed to increase the durability of the banknotes. The banknotes are heat-processed to create a type of pulp. The minimum security features visible to the eye are watermarks, electrotypes. Extra features may be included, such as holograms, Irisafe, iridescent stripes, clear windows, metameric windows, watermark and electrotype are made by controlling the gap of density of the fibres which create certain images for the banknotes. This is done to raise the quality of the notes. Security threads are inserted into the note so that horizontal and vertical lines are shown from top to bottom, the threads can be varied in the materials, size, colour and design. Intaglio printing is used for the numbers in the banknote, to help blind people recognise genuine notes. The rupiah has been subject to high inflation for most of its existence, various attempts have been made to maintain the value of the currency, but all were abandoned. In the period from October 1946 to March 1950 Indonesian currency had no international recognition and its value was determined on the black market

6.
Trillion (short scale)
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This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantity and probabilities. Mathematics – Writing, Approximately 10−183,800 is a rough first estimate of the probability that a monkey, however, taking punctuation, capitalization, and spacing into account, the actual probability is far lower, around 10−360,783. Computing, The number 1×10−6176 is equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a quadruple-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value, Computing, The number 6. 5×10−4966 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a quadruple-precision IEEE floating-point value. Computing, The number 3. 6×10−4951 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a 80-bit x86 double-extended IEEE floating-point value. Computing, The number 1×10−398 is equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a double-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value, Computing, The number 4. 9×10−324 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a double-precision IEEE floating-point value. Computing, The number 1×10−101 is equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value, Mathematics, The probability in a game of bridge of all four players getting a complete suit is approximately 4. 47×10−28. ISO, yocto- ISO, zepto- Mathematics, The probability of matching 20 numbers for 20 in a game of keno is approximately 2.83 × 10−19. ISO, atto- Mathematics, The probability of rolling snake eyes 10 times in a row on a pair of dice is about 2. 74×10−16. ISO, micro- Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt a flush in poker are 649,739 to 1 against. Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt a flush in poker are 72,192 to 1 against. Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt a four of a kind in poker are 4,164 to 1 against, for a probability of 2.4 × 10−4. ISO, milli- Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt a full house in poker are 693 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 × 10−3. Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt a flush in poker are 507.8 to 1 against, Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt a straight in poker are 253.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 4 × 10−3. Physics, α =0.007297352570, the fine-structure constant, ISO, deci- Mathematics – Poker, The odds of being dealt only one pair in poker are about 5 to 2 against, for a probability of 0.42. Demography, The population of Monowi, a village in Nebraska. Mathematics, √2 ≈1.414213562373095489, the ratio of the diagonal of a square to its side length. Mathematics, φ ≈1.618033988749895848, the golden ratio Mathematics, the number system understood by most computers, human scale, There are 10 digits on a pair of human hands, and 10 toes on a pair of human feet. Mathematics, The number system used in life, the decimal system, has 10 digits,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

7.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included

8.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed

9.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde

10.
Food industry
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The Food Industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, the food Industry includes, Agriculture, raising of crops and livestock, and seafood Manufacturing, agrichemicals, agricultural construction, farm machinery and supplies, seed, etc. The Food Standards Agency, a government body in India, describes it thus. the whole food industry – from farming and food production, packaging and distribution, to retail and catering. The Economic Research Service of the USDA uses the food system to describe the same thing, The U. S. food system is a complex network of farmers. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers. The term food industries covers a series of activities directed at the processing, conversion, preparation, preservation. Many food industries depend almost entirely on agriculture or fishing. Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants, the practice of agriculture is also known as farming. Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods,1 in 3 people worldwide are employed in agriculture, yet it only contributes 3% to global GDP. Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fibre, agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences, agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental impact of agriculture, and extracting energy from plants. Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption, Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced, one off production, This method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making of products could take days depending on how intricate the design is. Batch production, This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, a certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example a bakery may bake a limited number of cupcakes. This method involves estimating consumer demand, mass production, This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line, just-in-time, This method of production is mainly used in restaurants

11.
Indomie
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Indomie is a brand of instant noodle by Indofood, the largest instant noodle manufacturer in Indonesia with 72% of market share. It is distributed in Australia, Asia, Africa, New Zealand, outside its main manufacturing plants in Indonesia, Indomie is also produced in Nigeria since 1995 where it is a popular brand and has the largest instant noodle manufacturing plant in Africa. Instant noodles were first introduced into the Indonesian market in 1969, Indofood is one of Indonesias largest pre-packaged food companies, and was founded in 1982 by Sudono Salim, an Indonesian tycoon who also owned Bogasari flour mills. Indomie instant noodle brand was first launched in 1972 with Indomie Kuah Rasa Kaldu Ayam flavour, in 1983 Indomie launched its first dry Indomie Mi Goreng variant, which quickly become popular in the Indonesian market. Indomie has become a name for instant noodle in Indonesia. Indomie has won awards, among others are Indonesia Best Brand Award, The Most Effective Ad, Indonesia Consumer Satisfaction Award. Indomie is a form of instant noodle spiced for the Indonesian palate, the most popular flavour is Indomie Mi goreng, followed by Indomie Soto Mie, Indomie Ayam Bawang, Indomie Kari Ayam, Indomie Kaldu Ayam and Indomie Ayam Spesial. Indomie claims to be made high quality flour supplied by Bogasari flour mills, meeting international standards. Indomie is certified as halal by Majelis Ulama Indonesia, certified ISO9001,2001, however, just like many instant noodles, Indomie contains high levels of carbohydrate, sodium and fat. Without additional ingredients such as eggs, meat and vegetables, its nutrient value is poor, with low protein and it also contains phenylalanine and monosodium glutamate. Indo stands for Indonesia and mie stands for noodles in the Indonesian language, both Indomie and IndoMie can be used to describe the brand. Several advertisements in Indonesia show a variety of customers eat Indomie, usually ended by the chorus Indomie, Seleraku, Majulah Indonesiaku, Indomie noodles comes in a variety of brands and flavours. Currently, there are around 38 flavours of Indomie instant noodle variants available in the market, Indomie brand is divided into 7 product categories, Indomie goreng, Indomie kuah, Indomie Jumbo, Selera Nusantara and Kuliner Indonesia, Mi Keriting, and Taste of Asia. Indomie Mi Goreng is the instant version of Indonesian mie goreng, flavours include Mi Goreng Sate, Indomie Kuah refer to soupy variants of Indomie. Flavours include Rasa Ayam Spesial, and Rasa Baso Sapi, Indomie Jumbo is a larger variant with net weight 127–129 gram, flavours include Mi Goreng Spesial Jumbo, and Mi Goreng Jumbo Rasa Ayam Panggang. Mi Keriting, which means curly noodle, is the variant with additional toppings, flavours include Mi Keriting Goreng Spesial. The Taste of Asia range includes flavours such as Korean Bulgogi Flavour Fried Noodles, the Kuliner Indonesia range includes Mi Goreng Rasa Dendeng Balado and Rasa Soto Lamongan. Crunchy variants include Mi goreng Kriuuk Ayam and Mi goreng Kriuuk Bawang, Vegan variants include Mi Goreng Vegan and Rasa Sup Sayuran Vegan

12.
Cheetos
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Cheetos is a brand of cheese-flavored, puffed cornmeal snacks made by Frito-Lay, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin invented Cheetos in 1948, and began distribution in the U. S. The initial success of Cheetos was a factor to the merger between The Frito Company and H. W. Lay & Company in 1961 to form Frito-Lay. In 1965 Frito-Lay became a subsidiary of The Pepsi-Cola Company, forming PepsiCo, in 2010, Cheetos was ranked as the top selling brand of cheese puffs in its primary market of the United States, worldwide the annual retail sales totaled approximately $4 billion. The original Crunchy Cheetos are still in production but the line has since expanded to include 21 different types of Cheetos in North America alone. Cheetos were invented in 1948 by Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin, the cheese-flavored snack sold quickly, but Doolin did not have the production or distribution capacity to support a nationwide launch. The success of Cheetos prompted Doolin and Lay to merge their two companies in 1961, forming Frito-Lay Inc, at the time, Cheetos was one of four large snack food brands produced by the company, which had annual revenues of $127 million. Frito-Lay merged with the Pepsi-Cola Company to form PepsiCo in 1965, while Cheetos was the first snack food of its kind, competing products in the snack food category have since emerged—including Utz Cheese Curls, Herrs Cheese Curls and Wise Cheez Doodles. Most of the competing cheese-flavored snacks are distributed in regions of the U. S. As of 2011, Cheetos are produced, marketed and distributed under three different PepsiCo operating divisions, PepsiCo Americas Foods, PepsiCo Europe and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East & Africa, PepsiCo granted also a license to the Strauss-Elite company to distribute the Cheetos snack. In 2010, worldwide sales of Cheetos totaled approximately $4 billion. The first Cheetos product was Crunchy Cheetos, invented in 1948 in San Antonio, Crunchy Cheetos remained the brands sole product for 23 years until the introduction of Cheetos Puffs in 1971. The baked varieties, otherwise known as Baked Cheetos, became available beginning in 2004, as of 2010, there are 21 different variants of Cheetos snacks distributed in the United States. In addition to the original Crunchy Cheetos, Cheetos Puffs and Baked varieties are sold in alternate shape, Cheetos are among the snack varieties included in the Frito-Lay Munchies snack mix. They accompany others in the Natural line, and are a competitor to other natural competitors. Cheetos first entered Brazil in 1976, followed by countries such as Australia during the 1980s. In 1994, Cheetos became the first American brand of food to be made. As the distribution of Cheetos expanded outside the U. S. to include more than 36 different countries, localized versions were produced to conform to regional tastes and cultural preferences

13.
Lay's
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Lays is the brand name for a number of potato chip varieties as well as the name of the company that founded the chip brand in the U. S. in 1932. Lays has been owned by PepsiCo since 1965, Lays is the companys primary brand with the exception of limited markets where other brands are utilized. Lay criss-crossed the southern United States, selling the product from the trunk of his car, the business shortened its name to the Lays Lay Lingo Company in 1944 and became the first snack food manufacturer to purchase television commercials, with Bert Lahr as a celebrity spokesman. In 1961, the Frito Company founded by Derrick Lothert and Lays merged to form Frito-Lay Inc. a snack food giant with combined sales of over $127 million annually, shortly thereafter, Lays introduced its best-known slogan betcha cant eat just one. Sales of the chips became international, with marketing assisted by a number of celebrity endorsers, in 1965, Frito-Lay merged with the Pepsi-Cola Company to form PepsiCo, Inc. A new formulation of chip was introduced in 1991 that was crisper, shortly thereafter, the company introduced the Wavy Lays products to grocery shelves. In the mid to late 1990s, Lays introduced a lower calorie baked version, Frito-Lay products currently control 59% of the United States savory snack-food market. In Argentina, Lays was commercialized before 2001 with the name Frenchitas, in Australia, PepsiCo acquired The Smiths Snackfood Company in 1998 and marketed Frito-Lay products under that label, using the name Thins. After Thins was sold to Snack Brands Australia, Smiths produced a line of potato chips under the Lays brand for a period of time. The Lays line was rebranded in 2004 as Smiths Crisps. This is still sold in Australia as a competitor to Smiths Crisps. In the Benelux Lays are sold in three varieties, Lays, Lays Light and Lays Sensations, Lays Super Chips (Heinz Ketchup/Mexican Pepper/Perfect Pickles/Salt n Pepper and Lays Baked Chips. As with Doritos, Lays are manufactured, distributed and imported in The Netherlands by Frito Lays Benelux division, Lays used to be called Smiths in the Netherlands until the name was changed in 2001. In Brazil, products are distributed under the Elma Chips label, in Colombia, the chips are sold under the name Margarita. They are still commercialized under the label Lays, however, in Egypt, Lays was once sold under its own label until it was merged with the local label Chipsy, which has since become the local unit of Lays under much the same arrangement as Walkers. In India, cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni and Bollywood actors Saif Ali Khan, in Indonesia, Lays products are distributed by Indofood. In Iran, Lays products are distributed as Sensation by MazMaz, in Israel, the Lays label is distributed with the name Tapuchips by Strauss-Elite. In Italy, Lays are distributed in by Ferrero SpA since 2014, in Mexico, PepsiCo acquired Sabritas S. de R. L. in 1966

14.
Doritos
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Doritos is a brand of flavored tortilla chips produced since 1964 by American food company Frito-Lay. The original product was made at the Casa de Fritos at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, Arch West was the vice president of marketing of Frito-Lay at the time, and noticed their popularity. Doritos were released nationwide in 1966, the first tortilla chip to be launched nationally in the United States, the name derives from the Mexican Spanish doradito, meaning golden brown. According to Information Resources International, in 1993, Doritos earned $1.2 billion in retail sales, one-third of the total Frito-Lay sales for the year. Nevertheless, in the costliest redesign in Frito-Lay history, in 1994 the company spent $50 million to redesign Doritos to make the chips 20% larger, 15% thinner, the design change was the result of a two-year market research study that involved 5,000 chip eaters. The new design gave each chip rounded corners, making it easier to eat, each chip was also given more seasoning, resulting in a stronger flavor. The redesigned chips were released in four flavors beginning in January 1995, in the United States, Frito-Lay eliminated trans fat from all Doritos varieties in 2002. The same year, the Doritos brand began complying with U. S. Food and Drug Administration labeling regulations, the company was sued in 2003 by Charles Grady, who claimed that his throat had been damaged because of eating Doritos. According to him, the shape and rigidity of the chips made them inherently dangerous, Grady attempted to admit into evidence a study by a former chemistry professor that calculated how best to safely swallow the chips. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court later ruled that the study did not meet scientific standards, in 2005, Doritos sales in the United States fell by 1. 7% to $595 million. To increase sales in 2006, the company launched several new flavors, a new label, Frito-Lay vice president Joe Ennen described this as the most significant rebranding and relaunch in Doritos 38-year history. On February 21,2013, the Doritos logo was changed again, the promotion raised $100,000 for the organization, and was met with controversy. The plain chips are made of corn, vegetable oil. Other ingredients vary across the flavored chip varieties, Doritos made for the US market generally do not use pork-derived animal rennet in the making of the cheese flavorings used on the chip. Concerns have been raised that the oils, flavorings and additives used may be unhealthy, Doritos are sold in many countries worldwide in assorted flavors. They launched nationally in the United States in 1966, with only one flavor, Frito-Lay therefore developed taco-flavored Doritos, which also became successful after they were introduced nationally in 1967. National distribution of nacho cheese-flavored Doritos began in 1972, and were also a hit, for a short run in the late 1970s, Sour Cream and Onion flavored Doritos were available, but were discontinued in the early 1980s. A Sesame seed flavored chip was also available for a time in the late 1970s

15.
Maggi goreng
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Maggi Goreng is a style of cooking instant noodles, in particular the Maggi product range, which is common in Malaysia. It is commonly served at Indian Muslim food stalls in Malaysia, the traditional way of cooking Maggi noodles is to boil them in hot water and then to add a sachet of flavouring included with the noodles to the water to create stock. However, Maggi goreng is cooked by stir-frying them with vegetables, sometimes, other ingredients such as tofu, sambal, dark soy, and sometimes meat are added. A slice of lime is usually placed at the side of the plate as a garnish, users also can add an additional flavour such as curry powder or any readily made paste to enhance the flavour. There is no method of preparing these noodles, as each stall has different techniques. It is often accompanied by iced tea, fried chicken and a sunny-side-up

16.
Pepsi
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Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 and introduced as Brads Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola on August 28,1898 and it is currently known in North America alternatively as Pepsi-Cola as of 2014. The drink Pepsi was first introduced as Brads Drink in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and it was renamed Pepsi Cola in 1898 after the root of the word dyspepsia and the kola nuts used in the recipe. The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla, Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse and that year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in bottles. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as A bully drink. refreshing, invigorating, the advertising theme Delicious and Healthful was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again, assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Megargel was unsuccessful, and soon Pepsis assets were purchased by Charles Guth, Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores fountains after Coke refused to him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Lofts chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula, on three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. The original trademark application for Pepsi-Cola was filed on September 23,1902 with registration approved on June 16,1903, in the applications statement, Caleb Bradham describes the trademark and indicated that the mark was in continuous use for his business since August 1,1901. The Pepsi-Colas description is a syrup for soda water. The trademark expired on April 15,1904, a second Pepsi-Cola trademark is on record with the USPTO. The federal status for the 1905 trademark is registered and renewed and is owned by PepsiCo of Purchase, in 2014, the 1940 wordmark was used again and replacing the current wordmark on many cans. During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle, coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsis status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Colas profits doubled, Pepsis success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering

17.
Pepsi Blue
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Pepsi Blue is a berry-flavored soft drink produced by PepsiCo. Pepsi Blue was launched in mid-2002 and discontinued in Canada and the United States in 2004, although it remains available in Indonesia and its flavor was the result of taste-testing over 100 flavors over a 9-month period. It was designed to compete with Vanilla Coke, which was produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta and it was tinted using Blue 1, a highly controversial coloring agent banned in numerous countries at the time. The move to make a colored version of the flagship Pepsi brand was spurred by 2001s introduction of Mountain Dew Code Red. Even with the failure of Pepsi Blue, PepsiCo still managed to post double-digit growth, Pepsi Blue was promoted after New York Mets games during the summer of 2002, where the color blue was one of the symbolic colors of the ball club. Other promotions included handing out free bottles from a Pepsi Blue themed VW New Beetle at popular shopping centers around the country. Jolt Cola makes a similar beverage called Jolt Blue CX2, a blue raspberry soda in a shaped metal can with a flavor often described as like that of cotton candy. Pepsi Blue was also endorsed by Adam Vinatieri, the then New England Patriots kicker, in Manila, Philippines, Pepsi Blue was sold for a limited time in late 2002 to commemorate the championship of the Ateneo Blue Eagles in the UAAP. In 2011, Pepsi released Pepsi Blue in Metro Manila, Philippines as Pepsi Pinas, after the Pepsi Pinas was successful, it became a permanent product and renamed as Pepsi Blue. It is rare in bottles and cans but common as a drink at Philippine 7-Eleven outlets. In India, Pepsi Blue was sold during the 2003 Cricket World Cup as a gesture of support to the Indian cricket team, list of Pepsi types Official website

18.
7 Up
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7 Up is a brand of lemon-lime flavored, non-caffeinated soft drink. The rights to the brand are held by Dr Pepper Snapple Group in the United States, and PepsiCo in the rest of the world. The U. S. version of the 7 Up logo includes a red cherry between the 7 and Up, this red cherry has been animated and used as a mascot for the brand as Cool Spot. 7 Up was created by Charles Leiper Grigg, who launched his St. Louis–based company The Howdy Corporation in 1920, Grigg came up with the formula for a lemon-lime soft drink in 1929. The product, originally named Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda, was launched two weeks before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and it contained lithium citrate, a mood-stabilizing drug, until 1948. It was one of a number of patent medicine products popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries and its name was later shortened to 7 Up Lithiated Lemon Soda before being further shortened to just 7 Up by 1936. Westinghouse bought 7 Up in 1969 and sold it in 1978 to Philip Morris,7 Up merged with Dr Pepper in 1988, Cadbury Schweppes bought the combined company in 1995. The Dr Pepper Snapple Group was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes in 2008,7 Up has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929. In 2006, the version of the product sold in the U. S. was re-formulated so that it could be marketed as being 100% natural. This was achieved by eliminating the chelating-agent calcium disodium EDTA, and this re-formulation contains no fruit juice and, in the U. S. is sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup. The manufacturing process used in the production of HFCS has led some public health, in 2007, after the Center for Science in the Public Interest threatened to sue 7 Up, it was announced that 7 Up would stop being marketed as 100% natural. Instead, it is now promoted as having 100% Natural Flavors, the controversy does not extend to other countries, such as the United Kingdom, where HFCS is not generally used in foods, including 7 Up. In 2011,7 Up began test-marketing a formula, called 7 Up Retro, container labels sport the caption, Made With Real Sugar. There exists a myth that the 7 Up name comes from the drink having a pH over 7. That would make it neutral or basic on the scale, however, coca-Cola and most other soft drinks were bottled in 6 ounce bottles, 7-Up was bottled in 7 ounce bottles. 7 Up Ten, Introduced in 2013, along with Ten variations for most of the major Dr. Pepper/Seven-Up brands and it is a blend using high fructose corn syrup along with aspartame and Acesulfame potassium to sweeten it. Tropical 7 Up, Introduced in 2014 for a time, as well as a return in 2015 with newer branding. 7 Up Retro, This 2011 formulation uses sugar rather than corn syrup as its sweetener

19.
Mirinda
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Mirinda is a brand of soft drink originally created in Spain in 1959, with global distribution. Its name means admirable in Esperanto, spoken by its creator and it is part of a beverage area often referred to as the flavor segment, comprising carbonated and non-carbonated fruit-flavored beverages. The orange flavor of Mirinda now represents the majority of Mirinda sales worldwide following a major repositioning of the brand towards that flavor in the early 1990s, Mirinda has been owned by PepsiCo since 1970 and is primarily commercialized outside United States. It competes with Coca-Colas Fanta and Dr Peppers Orange Crush or Sunkist brands, as with most soft drinks, Mirinda is available in multiple formulations of flavour, carbonation and sweetener depending on the taste of individual markets. Mirinda was originally produced in Spain and it became available in the United States in late 2003 in bilingual packaging, and initially sold at a reduced price, presumably to become a competitor against Cokes Fanta brand. Since 2005, Mirinda flavours have largely been sold under the Tropicana Twister Soda brand in the United States except in Guam, where Pepsi began selling it under the Mirinda brand in 2007. Pepsico also tried to sell Mirinda in Brazil in late 1996, in Italy, it is sold under the brand Slam. Mirinda campaigns over the years have included the Mirinda Woman campaign in the 1970s, the Mirinda Craver ads produced by Jim Henson from 1975 to 1978 involved a monster called the Mirinda Craver craving the Mirinda drinks and will do anything to obtain a Mirinda drink. A campaign between 1994 and 1996 used the tag-line The Taste is in Mirinda with the Blue Man Group, in some markets, including Mexico, the Blue Man Group campaign re-launched Mirinda away from a multi-flavor positioning to a brand solely focused on the orange flavor. The Blue Man Group campaign showed the Blue Man Group competing to drink orange Mirinda, also in Mexico, Mirinda launched a campaign with the Pokémon anime series aimed at children with a promotion of gadgets with the characters of the manga series. Mirinda advertising campaigns over the last fifteen years have been handled by Pepsis stable of creative agencies, including BBDO, Mirinda has good sales in India, it uses Pagalpanti Bhi Zaruri Hai as sales tagline while Indian actress Asin is the brand ambassador of Mirinda in India. It also launched the Mirinda Pagalpanti League campaign in India to connect youths around the nation, Coca-Colas brand Fanta is the major competitor of Mirinda in the Indian markets. The most popular flavours of Mirinda in India include orange and lime, Mirinda regularly introduces special movie-themed editions in Asia. Recent ones included Batman and Superman, Mirinda has also recently released a new flavor of drinks called Mirinda creme. They come in three flavours, mango, raspberry and lime, Mirinda is no longer sold in New Zealand, replaced with the introduction of Pepsicos new Mountain Dew range of similar flavors. Mirinda is also sold in France in Arab stores, Arab fast foods and also in some of the Large French Hypermarkets like Carrefour, Auchan, with flavors of apple, raspberry, pineapple, strawberry, red apple and orange either in little cans or in 2 liter bottles

20.
Morocco
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Morocco, officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a mountainous interior, large tracts of desert. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of 446,550 km2 and its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Tetouan, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, a historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, the Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1666. In 1912 Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with a zone in Tangier. Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African, Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. Morocco annexed the territory in 1975, leading to a war with indigenous forces until a cease-fire in 1991. Peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy, the king can issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister, Moroccos predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Tamazight. The Moroccan dialect, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken, Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa, the full Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah translates to Kingdom of the West, although the West in Arabic is الغرب Al-Gharb. The basis of Moroccos English name is Marrakesh, its capital under the Almoravid dynasty, the origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed, but is most likely from the Berber words amur akush or Land of God. The modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc, in Turkish, Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its ancient capital of Fes. The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of the Spanish Marruecos, the area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Maghreb was more fertile than it is today, twenty-two thousand years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture, which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have been suggested between the Iberomaurusian Mechta-Afalou burials and European Cro-Magnon remains, the Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in Morocco

21.
Nigeria
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Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia, the modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms, Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa, owing to its large population, with approximately 184 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world, Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as native to the Igbo. As of 2015, Nigeria is the worlds 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and it overtook South Africa to become Africas largest economy in 2014. The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent, Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globes next BRIC-like economies. It is also listed among the Next Eleven economies set to become among the biggest in the world, Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country and this name was coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Lord Lugard, a British colonial administrator. The origin of the name Niger, which applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain. The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. The Nok civilisation of Northern Nigeria flourished between 500 BC and AD200, producing life-sized terracotta figures which are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa, further north, the cities Kano and Katsina have a recorded history dating to around 999 AD. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa, the Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture, Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri, in West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence. The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th and 14th centuries, the oldest signs of human settlement at Ifes current site date back to the 9th century, and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures

22.
Egypt
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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם‎, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian

23.
Sudan
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Sudan, also known as North Sudan since South Sudans independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northern Africa. It is the third largest country in Africa, the River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. Before the Sudanese Civil War, South Sudan was part of Sudan, Sudan was home to numerous ancient civilizations, such as the Kingdom of Kush, Kerma, Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria, Meroë and others, most of which flourished along the Nile. During the pre-dynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were identical, by virtue of its proximity to Egypt, the Sudan participated in the wider history of the Near East inasmuch as it was Christianized by the 6th century, and Islamized in the 15th. As a result of Christianization, the Old Nubian language stands as the oldest recorded Nilo-Saharan language, Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world until 2011, when South Sudan separated into an independent country, following an independence referendum. Sudan is now the third largest country in Africa and also the third largest country in the Arab world and its capital is Khartoum, the political, cultural and commercial centre of the nation. It is a representative democratic federal republic. The politics of Sudan are regulated by an organization called the National Assembly. The Sudanese legal system is based on Islamic law, the countrys place name Sudan is a name given to a geographical region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa. The name derives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān, or the lands of the Blacks, during the fifth millennium BC migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed social hierarchy over the centuries become the Kingdom of Kush at 1700 BC. The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centered on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and the Atbarah River and it was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, centered at Napata in its early phase. After King Kashta invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. At the height of their glory, the Kushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as South Kordofan all the way to the Sinai, pharaoh Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East, but was thwarted by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sennacheribs successor Esarhaddon went further, and invaded Egypt itself, deposing Taharqa, Taharqa fled back to his homeland where he died two years later. Egypt became an Assyrian colony, however, king Tantamani, after succeeding Taharqa, Esarhaddon died while preparing to leave the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in order to eject him. However, his successor Ashurbanipal sent an army into southern Egypt and routed Tantamani. During Classical Antiquity, the Nubian capital was at Meroë, in ancient Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia

24.
Kenya
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Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/

25.
Ethiopia
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Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and it occupies a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres, and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some of the oldest evidence for modern humans has been found in Ethiopia. It is widely considered as the region from modern humans first set out for the Middle East. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era, tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC, Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history. During the first centuries AD, the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region, subsequently, many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopias flag following their independence. It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations, Ethiopias ancient Geez script, also known as Ethiopic, is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world. The Ethiopian calendar, which is seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar, co-exists alongside the Borana calendar. A slight majority of the population adheres to Christianity, while around a third follows Islam, the country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash. A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews, known as Bete Israel, resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s, Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups, the four largest of which are the Oromiffa, Amhara, Somali, and Tigrayans. Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches, additionally, Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by the nations Nilotic ethnic minorities. Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa and it is a land of natural contrasts, with its vast fertile West, jungles, and numerous rivers, and the worlds hottest settlement of Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are Africas largest continuous mountain ranges, and Sof Omar Caves contain Africas largest cave, Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. Ethiopia is one of the members of the UN, the Group of 24, the Non-Aligned Movement, G-77. In the 1970s and 1980s, Ethiopia suffered from civil wars, the country has begun to recover recently however, and now has the largest economy in East Africa and Central Africa. According to Global Fire Power, Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world, the origin of the word Ethiopia is uncertain

26.
The Jakarta Post
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The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the office is in the nations capital. The Jakarta Post was started as a collaboration between four Indonesian media under the urging of Information Minister Ali Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi, after the first issue was printed on 25 April 1983, it spent several years with minimal advertisements and increasing circulation. After a change in editors in 1991, it began to take a more vocal pro-democracy point of view. The paper was one of the few Indonesian English-language dailies to survive the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the Jakarta Post also features both a Sunday and Online edition, which go into detail not possible in the daily print edition. It is targeted at foreigners and educated Indonesians, although the middle-class Indonesian readership has increased, noted for being a training ground for local and international reporters, The Jakarta Post has won several awards and been described as being Indonesias leading English-language daily. The Jakarta Post is a member of Asia News Network, the Jakarta Post was the brainchild of Information Minister Ali Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi. Murtopo and Wanandi were disappointed at the bias against Indonesia in foreign news sources. At the time, there were two English-language dailies, the Indonesia Times and Indonesian Observer, however, due to negative public perception regarding the existing papers they decided to create a new one. In order to ensure credibility, the two agreed to convince a group of competing newspapers to back the nascent paper. It was hoped to become a quality English-language paper, similar to The Straits Times in Singapore, the Bangkok Post in Thailand, after founding PT Bina Media Tenggara to back the paper, Wanandi spent several months contacting influential figures at the targeted newspapers. To receive their cooperation, Kompas requested a 25 percent share in the new newspaper, for which it would handle the business operations, such as printing, circulation. Tempo offered to assist with management in return for a 15 percent share, the establishment of the paper was further aided by incoming Information Minister Harmoko, who received 5 percent interest for his role in acquiring a license. In total, the start-up cost Rp.500 million, muhammad Chudori, a co-founder of The Jakarta Post who formerly reported for Antara, became the newspapers first general manager. Further details, including the matter of Sinar Harapans share of stock, the next month, on 25 April, the first edition — totalling eight pages — was published. The first newsroom of the new paper were located in Kompass former laundry room, a one story warehouse, during the first few months, the writers translated and recycled previously published stories from Indonesian media, which were later picked up by foreign wire services. Original reporting was rare as the editors at first did not want to deal with the censorship of Suhartos New Order government, during the early years of publication, The Jakarta Post had difficulty attracting advertisers, to the point that some editions ran without ads. However, circulation increased dramatically, from 8,657 in 1983 to 17,480 in 1988