Monday, March 24, 2014

Microchip PIC32MZ process vs PIC32MX

Those of you keeping an eye on the MIPS microcontroller world have probably heard of Microchip's PIC32 series parts: MIPS32 CPU cores licensed from MIPS Technologies (bought by Imagination Technologies recently) paired with peripherals designed in-house by Microchip.
Although they're sold under the PIC brand name they have very little in common with the 8/16 bit PIC MCUs. They're fully pipelined processors with quite a bit of horsepower.

The PIC32MX family was the first to be introduced, back in 2009 or so. They're a MIPS M4K core at up to 80 MHz and max out at 128 KB of SRAM and 512 KB of NOR flash plus a fairly standard set of peripherals.

PIC32MX microcontroller

Somewhat disappointingly, the PIC32MX MMU is fixed mapping and there is no external bus interface. Although there is support for user/kernel privilege separation, all userspace code shares one address space. Another minor annoyance is that all PIC32MX parts run from a fixed 1.8V on-die LDO which normally cannot (the 300 series is an exception) be disabled or bypassed to run from an external supply.

The PIC32MZ series is just coming out now. They're so new, in fact that they show as "future product" on Microchip's website and you can only buy them on dev boards, although I'm told by around Q3-Q4 of this year they'll be reaching distributors. They fix a lot of the complaints I have with PIC32MX and add a hefty dose of speed: 200 MHz max CPU clock and an on-die L1 cache.

PIC32MZ microcontroller

On-chip memory in the PIC32MZ is increased to up to 512 KB of SRAM and a whopping 2 MB of flash in the largest part. The new CPU core has a fully programmable MMU and support for an external bus interface capable of addressing up to 16MB of off-chip address space.

I'm a hacker at heart, not just a developer, so I knew the minute I got one of these things I'd have to tear it down and see what made it tick. I looked around for a bit, found a $25 processor module on Digikey, and picked it up.

The board was pretty spartan, which was fine by me as I only wanted the chip.

PIC32MZ processor module

Less than an hour after the package had arrived, I had the chip desoldered and simmering away in a beaker of sulfuric acid. I had done a PIC32MX340F512H a few days previously to provide comparison shots.

Without further ado, here's the top metal shots:

PIC32MX340F512H

PIC32MZ2048ECH

These photos aren't to scale, the MZ is huge (about 31.9 mm2). By comparison the MX is around 20.

From an initial impression, we can see that although both run at the same core voltage (1.8V) the MZ is definitely a new, significantly smaller fab process. While the top layer of the MX is fine-pitch signal routing, the top layer of the MZ is (except in a few blocks which appear to contain analog circuitry) completely filled with power distribution routing.

Top layer closeups of MZ (left), MX (right), same scale

Thick power distribution wiring on the top layer is a hallmark of deep-submicron processes, 130 nm and below. Most 180 nm or larger devices have at least some signal routing on the top layer.

Looking at the mask revision markings gives a good hint as to the layer count and stack-up.

Mask rev markings on MZ (left), MX (right), same scale

The MZ appears to be one thick aluminum layer and five thin copper layers for a total of six, while the MX is four layers and probably all aluminum.

Enough with the top layer... time to get down! Both samples were etched with HF until all metal and poly was removed.

The first area of interest was the flash.

NOR flash on MZ (left), MX (right), different scales

Both arrays appear to be the same standard NOR structure, although the MZ's array is quite a bit denser: the bit cell pitch is 643 x 270 nm (0.173 μm2/bit) while the MX's is 1015 x 676 nm (0.686 μm2/bit). The 3.96x density increase suggests a roughly 2x process shrink.

The white cylinders littering the MX die are via plugs, most likely tungsten, left over after the HF etch. The MZ appears to use a copper damascene process without via plugs, although since no cross section was performed details of layer thicknesses etc are unavailable.

The next target was the SRAM.

6T SRAM on MZ (left), MX (right), different scales

Here we start to see significant differences. The MX uses a fairly textbook 6T "doughnut + H" SRAM structure while the MZ uses a more modern lithography-optimized pattern made of all straight lines with no angles, which is easier to etch. This kind of bit cell is common in leading-edge processes but this is the first time I've seen it in a commodity MCU.

Cell pitch for the MZ is 1345 x 747 nm (1.00 μm2/bit) while the MX is 1895 x 2550 nm (4.83 μm2/bit). This is a 4.83x increase in density.

The last area of interest was the standard cell array for the CPU.

Closeup of standard cells on MZ (left), MX (right), different scales

Channel length was measured at 125-130 nm for the MZ and 250-260 nm for the MX.

Both devices also had a significant number of dummy cells in the gate array, suggesting that the designs were routing-constrained.

Dummy cells in MZ

Dummy cells in MX

In conclusion, the PIC32MZ is a significantly more powerful 130 nm upgrade to the slower 250 nm PIC32MX family. If Microchip fixes most of the silicon bugs before they launch I'll definitely pick up a few and build some stuff with them.

I wasn't able to positively identify the fab either device was made on however the fill patterns and power distribution structure on the MZ are very similar of the TI AM1707 which is fabricated by TSMC so they're my first guess.

For more info and die pics check out the SiliconPr0n pages for the two chips:

7 comments:

I used a SEM in a lab on campus at RPI. I want one of my own but that will have to wait until I have a real job and more cash than I do now.

On an unrelated note the die corners look different from other TSMC chips I've seen so I'm starting to think it might be another fab. I have very few 130nm devices in my collection right now so it's difficult to find samples for comparison.