After decades of decline during the twentieth century, breastfeeding rates began to rise again in the 1970s, a rebound that has continued to the present. While it would be easy to see this reemergence as simply part of the naturalism movement of the '70s, Jessica Martucci reveals here that the true story is more complicated. Despite the widespread acceptance and even advocacy of formula feeding by many in the medical establishment throughout the 1940s, '50s, and '60s, a small but vocal minority of mothers, drawing upon emerging scientific and cultural ideas about maternal instinct, infant development, and connections between the body and mind, pushed back against both hospital policies and cultural norms by breastfeeding their children. As Martucci shows, their choices helped ideologically root a "back to the breast" movement within segments of the middle-class, college-educated population as early as the 1950s. That movement -- in which the personal and political were inextricably linked -- effectively challenged midcentury norms of sexuality, gender, and consumption, and articulated early environmental concerns about chemical and nuclear contamination of foods, bodies, and breast milk. In its groundbreaking chronicle of the breastfeeding movement, Back to the Breast provides a welcome and vital account of what it has meant, and what it means today, to breastfeed in modern America. -- Provided by publisher.

The skin is a classical example of a tissue maintained by stem cells, but the identity of the stem cells that maintain the different epidermal compartments and the signaling mechanisms that control their activity remain unclear. Using lineage tracing and quantitative clonal analyses, we show that the Wnt-target gene Axin2 marks epidermal stem cells that compete neutrally and require Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling to proliferate. By RNA in situ hybridization, we show that the Axin2-expressing stem cells produce their own self-renewal signals in the form of Wnt proteins. These cells also express secreted Wnt inhibitors, including Dkks, which accumulate at high levels around more differentiated cells. We propose a new model for skin maintenance, in which epidermal stem cells produce short-range Wnt signals to maintain their own identity and function, while simultaneously secreting longer-range inhibitors that suppress Wnt signaling to promote differentiation of the stem cell progeny.

Each year Americans supply blood, sperm, and breast milk to "banks" that store these products for use by strangers in medical procedures. Who gives, who receives, who profits? Kara Swanson traces body banks from the first experiments that discovered therapeutic uses for body products to current websites that facilitate a thriving global exchange.

Bariatric and metabolic surgery is recognized to be an important and effective option for the treatment of severe obesity and the various associated conditions and diseases, such as type II diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea. Despite its established value, however, there is scope for further improvement in safety and in the quality of the surgical techniques, and calls have therefore been made for the establishment of standard techniques and procedures. This book accordingly presents state of the art knowledge on bariatric and metabolic surgery with the aim of facilitating the sharing and exchange of knowledge, documenting effective techniques, and enhancing safety and outcomes. All technical aspects are covered in detail, and the text is complemented by many helpful illustrations. A further key feature is the provision of accompanying surgical videos, which will be of value to both novice and experienced surgeons. This textbook will be a great asset in clinical practice for all who are involved or interested in bariatric and metabolic surgery.

To date, diet programs and medical therapies for the treatment of obesity have had limited success. Bariatric surgery, however, provides a means of effective weight loss for many of those with morbid obesity. Most of these weight loss procedures are performed with a variety of techniques that continue to evolve. Each technique is associated with unique challenges and complications and it is important for the clinician to be knowledgeable about the endoscopic management of these patients.

This book explains the chemistry of Organophosphorus compounds (OPs), their mechanism of toxicity and the history of OPs from their initial discovery to the development of new compounds such as Novichoks. It details the harmful effects to human health both as a result of acute and chronic OP exposure and the necessary clinical management of affected patients to reduce their toxic side effects. The book also explains the detrimental effect that OPs have had on the environment and the efforts being made to prevent this in the future. Finally, the book looks at the incidents where OPs have been used as chemical warfare agents. Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds aims to act as a comprehensive guide to all aspects of OPs and is a key resource for clinical toxicologists and related health professionals involved in the prevention, diagnosis and clinical management of OP patients, toxicologists and other scientists involved in research on OPs including regulatory issues and postgraduate students in Toxicology and related fields.

This seventh edition includes new chapters and maintains popular features from previous editions such as self awareness prompts while adding research boxes and student worksheets at the end of each chapter.

This text addresses topics such as: community mental health, eating disorders, child abuse and neglect, the abused adult in the family unit, rape and sexual assault, psychosocial aspects of aging, and coping with ADS.

"This manual informs about practical procedures in ... assessment based on experience from existing national fluoridation programmes. The assessment tools will primarily be useful in assisting countries in achieving an effective fluoride exposure. It is a hope that the manual will stimulate oral health personnel and public health administrators to use a systematic approach for managing and analysing data obtained from different levels of fluoride exposure. Finally the manual encourages inter-country collaboration on surveillance systems for community programmes using fluoride for prevention of dental caries."--Publisher's description.

This book is a comprehensive and authoritative text on the subject of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Imaging experts from the most medically advanced areas of the world discuss the basic principles of this modality in detail while maintaining a focus on the needs of cardiovascular imagers who wish to learn more about this subject but do not have a strong background in physics. CMR is now considered a clinically important imaging modality for patients with a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases. Recent developments have influenced a wide variety of cardiovascular imaging applications, many of which are now routinely used in clinical practice in CMR laboratories around the world. That it is non-invasive and lacks ionizing radiation exposure make CMR uniquely important for patients whose clinical condition requires serial imaging follow-up. Basic Principles of Cardiovascular MRI: Physics and Imaging Techniques includes a wealth of CMR examples in the form of high-resolution still images. Each imaging technique is discussed in separate chapters that include the physics and clinical applications (with cardiovascular examples) of that particular technique. As such, this book will be essential for cardiovascular medicine specialists and trainees , cardiovascular physicists, and clinical cardiovascular imagers.

Talks about what effective consultants do, and how they do it. This book provides a step-by-step process that provides successful outcomes for consultants and their clients. The chapters contain examples and cases of the process used by effective consultants, as well as advice by established consultants and users of consulting services.

When it was developed, the Ilizarov device represented a revolutionary advance that made it possible to correct previously untreatable conditions through the stimulation of bone growth based on the principle of distraction osteogenesis. The device subsequently gained popularity among surgeons throughout the world since it can be used for the treatment of fractures that have failed to heal satisfactorily and for deformity correction. The technique is, however, complex and requires specialist knowledge if it is to be applied optimally.This is the second edition of a well-received book that focuses primarily on external fixation using the Ilizarov device but also considers other devices employed for the purpose. The opening chapters include discussion of biomechanical principles, use of a system of coordinates to allow safer insertion of K-wires and half pins, preoperative preparation, and principles of frame construction. External fixation of a variety of fractures in different pathologic settings is then clearly explained in a series of detailed chapters with the aid of high-quality illustrations. Numerous case reports are included to illustrate the results of different treatment methods. In addition, principles of postoperative management are described and advice is provided on correction of errors and treatment of complications. Since the first edition the text has been thoroughly updated, with inclusion of contributions from leading world experts. This volume will serve as an indispensable manual both for trainee orthopedic surgeons embarking on a steep learning curve and for more experienced surgeons requiring advice and guidance in demanding cases.

This book is a concise and well-illustrated review of the physics and biology of radiation therapy intended for radiation oncology residents, radiation therapists, dosimetrists, and physicists. It presents topics that are included on the Radiation Therapy Physics and Biology examinations and is designed with the intent of presenting information in an easily digestible format with maximum retention in mind. The inclusion of mnemonics, rules of thumb, and reader-friendly illustrations throughout the book help to make difficult concepts easier to grasp. Basic Radiotherapy Physics and Biology is a valuable reference for students and prospective students in every discipline of radiation oncology.

Preface -- A History of the Study of Echolocation -- Phylogeny, Genes, and Hearing -- Implications for the Evolution of Echolocation in Bats -- Ultrasound Production, Emission, and Reception -- To Scream or to Listen? Prey Detection and Discrimination in Animal-Eating Bats -- Roles of Acoustic Social Communication in the Lives of Bats -- Guild Structure and Niche Differentiation in Echolocating Bats -- Neural Coding of Signal Duration and Complex Acoustic Objects -- The Neural Processing of Frequency Modulations in the Auditory System of Bats -- Behavioral and Physiological Bases for Doppler Shift Compensation by Echolocating Bats -- Perceiving the World Through Echolocation and Vision -- Perspectives and Challenges for Future Research in Bat Hearing -- Index.

Overview: physical examination and history taking -- Clinical reasoning, assessment, and recording your findings -- Interviewing and the health history -- Beginning the physical examination: general survey, vital signs, and pain -- Behavior and mental status -- The skin, hair, and nails -- The head and neck -- The thorax and lungs -- The cardiovascular system -- The breasts and axillae -- The abdomen -- The peripheral vascular system -- Male genitalia and hernias -- Female genitalia -- The anus, rectum, and prostate -- The musculoskeletal system -- The nervous system -- Assessing children: infancy through adolescence -- The pregnant woman -- The older adult.

This book gathers contributions by 16 international authors on the phenomenon bats, shedding some light on their morphology, the feeding behaviors (insects, fruits, blood) of different groups, their potential and confirmed transmissions of agents of diseases, their endo- and ectoparasites, as well as countless myths surrounding their lifestyle (e.g. vampirism, chupacabras, batman etc.). Bats have been known in different cultures for several thousand centuries, however their nocturnal activities have made them mysterious and led to many legends and myths, while proven facts remained scarce. Even today, our knowledge of bats remains limited compared to other groups in the animal kingdom. Also, their famous ability to avoid collisions with obstacles during their nightly flights with the help of a sophisticated and unique system using ultrasound waves (which are transmitted and received) is as poorly studied as birds finding their way from continent to continent. In recent times, where globalization transports millions of people and goods from one end of the earth to the other, there are increased risks posed by agents of diseases, as a result of which bats have received increasing attention as potential vectors. These suppositions are based on their proven transmission of viruses such as rabies.

A host of sequential models in probability and statistics are characterized by time reversibility, from Markov chain Monte Carlo samplers to queueing networks. In physics, this property arises naturally from Hamiltonian mechanics. Molecular dynamics simulations are computer experiments which approximate classical mechanics in a system of interacting particles; in consequence, they are frequently reversible. Recent technical progress has made it possible to investigate the dynamics of biological macromolecules in silico using molecular dynamics simulations. An active area of research within this field is concerned with modeling the output of a simulation stochastically. This dissertation deals with the problem of incorporating knowledge of reversibility into the estimation and testing of stochastic models. We define a range of Bayesian inference algorithms, which are motivated by specific problems in the analysis of molecular dynamics simulations.

"Although the popularity of the Bayesian approach to statistics has been growing for years, many still think of it as somewhat esoteric, not focused on practical issues, or generally too difficult to understand. Bayesian Analysis Made Simple is aimed at those who wish to apply Bayesian methods but either are not experts or do not have the time to create WinBUGS code and ancillary files for every analysis they undertake. Accessible to even those who would not routinely use Excel, this book provides a custom-made Excel GUI, immediately useful to those users who want to be able to quickly apply Bayesian methods without being distracted by computing or mathematical issues.From simple NLMs to complex GLMMs and beyond, Bayesian Analysis Made Simple describes how to use Excel for a vast range of Bayesian models in an intuitive manner accessible to the statistically savvy user. Packed with relevant case studies, this book is for any data analyst wishing to apply Bayesian methods to analyze their data, from professional statisticians to statistically aware scientists"-- Provided by publisher.

"Bayesian Computation with R introduces Bayesian modeling by the use of computation using the R language. The early chapters present the basic tenets of Bayesian thinking by use of familiar one and two-parameter inferential problems. Bayesian computational methods such as Laplace's method, rejection sampling, and the SIR algorithm are illustrated in the context of a random effects model. The construction and implementation of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is introduced. These simulation-based algorithms are implemented for a variety of Bayesian applications such as normal and binary response regression, hierarchical modeling, order-restricted inference, and robust modeling. Algorithms written in R are used to develop Bayesian tests and assess Bayesian models by use of the posterior predictive distribution. The use of R to interface with WinBUGS, a popular MCMC computing language, is described with several illustrative examples."--Jacket.

Written by a biostatistics expert with over 20 years of experience in the field, Bayesian Methods in Epidemiology presents statistical methods used in epidemiology from a Bayesian viewpoint. It employs the software package WinBUGS to carry out the analyses and offers the code in the text and for download online. The book examines study designs that investigate the association between exposure to risk factors and the occurrence of disease. It covers introductory adjustment techniques to compare mortality between states and regression methods to study the association between various risk factors.

"Along with many practical applications, Bayesian Model Selection and Statistical Modeling presents an array of Bayesian inference and model selection procedures. It thoroughly explains the concepts, illustrates the derivations of various Bayesian model selection criteria through examples, and provides R code for implementation. The author shows how to implement a variety of Bayesian inference using R and sampling methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo. He covers the different types of simulation-based Bayesian model selection criteria, including the numerical calculation of Bayes factors, the Bayesian predictive information criterion, and the deviance information criterion. He also provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of these criteria. In addition, the author discusses how Bayesian model averaging can simultaneously treat both model and parameter uncertainties. Selecting and constructing the appropriate statistical model significantly affect the quality of results in decision making, forecasting, stochastic structure explorations, and other problems. Helping you choose the right Bayesian model, this book focuses on the framework for Bayesian model selection and includes practical examples of model selection criteria."--Publisher's description.

This text is a review of molecular immunohematology (MI). It draws from analyses and case studies around the world and details many techniques used in many labs. It is aimed at anyone interested in how MI is changing blood bank and transfusion medicine.

Over the decades, research has demonstrated that in categories of life deemed to be important, beautiful people achieve more desirable outcomes, are judged more favorably, and receive preferential treatment. An understanding of the historical aspects, science, and implications of what the human mind finds aesthetically pleasing is quintessential for dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and others who practice aesthetic medicine as the importance of beauty in today?s society is what brings patients into clinics. While an element of dissatisfaction with one?s appearance is commonplace, clinicians should remain vigilant for individuals who seek cosmetic procedures to quell excessive body image concerns that are out of proportion to objective physical findings. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disorder of self-perception; it is the impairing preoccupation with a nonexistent or minimal flaw in appearance. According to recent statistics, BDD occurs in 0.7?2.4% of the general population; however, multiple studies have suggested an incidence of 6?16% in patients seeking aesthetic medical treatments. Moreover, a vast majority will at some point seek dermatologic treatment and cosmetic surgery. Such patients are unlikely to be satisfied with corrective procedures, and only 15% of dermatologists surveyed thought that they could successfully treat BDD. Therefore, Beauty and Body Dysmor phic Disorder aims to assist dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and other aesthetic providers in recognizing key characteristics as well as providing treatment strategies to help in caring for those with BDD.

"The Consummate Clinician offers hospital-based physicians an organizing framework for coping with daily challenges both in patient care and in teaching. The book describes in a highly formatted, easily accessible way exactly how physicians and physicians-in-training can think critically and act decisively in this age of medical information overload. Special emphasis is on (1) error avoidance and reduction - a topic that has long been championed by hospitalists, (2) efficient practice management for best patient outcomes and improved cost control, (3) the use of evidence-based medicine, and (4) improving communication among and between physicians and other staff in the hospital setting. Using real-world clinical examples and scenarios, the book focuses on essential topics, many of which tend to fall between the cracks of print and electronic resources. Pearls and pitfalls of gathering, processing, and communicating medical information are presented, but more than these, this book is meant as a kind of clinical GPS--a way of helping hospital-based physicians find their clinical coordinates and keep their bearings in the face of new challenges and uncertainties. In addition to the clinical scenarios featured throughout, additional mini-cases are collected at the end of the book. The over-arching goal of this new resource is to enrich the way hospital-based physicians think about diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis, especially at the warp-speed of "ward world," which increasingly lurches between the frazzled and the frantic"--Provided by publisher.

Tells the life story of Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa from impoverished childhood in a tiny village in Mexico to illegal immigrant, American citizen, student at the University of California, on to Harvard Medical School, and becoming an internationally renowned neurosurgeon.

Before Bioethics narrates the history of American medical ethics from its colonial origins to current bioethical controversies over abortion, AIDS, animal rights, and physician-assisted suicide. This comprehensive history tracks the evolution of American medical ethics over four centuries, from colonial midwives and physicians' oaths to medical society codes, through the bioethics revolution. Applying the concept of "morally disruptive technologies," it analyzes the impact of the stethoscope on conceptions of fetal life and the criminalization of abortion, and the impact of the ventilator on our conception of death and the treatment of the dying. The narrative offers tales of those whose lives were affected by the medical ethics of their era: unwed mothers executed by puritans because midwives found them with stillborn babies; the unlikely trio-an Irishman, a Sephardic Jew and in-the-closet gay public health reformer-who drafted the American Medical Association's code of ethics but received no credit for their achievement, and the founder of American gynecology celebrated during his own era but condemned today because he perfected his surgical procedures on un-anesthetized African American slave women. The book concludes by exploring the reasons underlying American society's empowerment of a hodgepodge of ex-theologians, humanist clinicians and researchers, lawyers and philosophers-the bioethicists-as authorities able to address research ethics scandals and the ethical problems generated by morally disruptive technologies.

Psychiatry today is a barren tundra, writes medical historian Edward Shorter, where drugs that don't work are used to treat diseases that don't exist. In this provocative volume, Shorter illuminates this dismal landscape, in a revealing account of why psychiatry is "losing ground" in the struggle to treat depression. Naturally, the book looks at such culprits as the pharmaceutical industry, which is not inclined to market drugs once the patent expires, leading to the endless introduction of new--but not necessarily better--drugs. But the heart of the book focuses on an unexpected villain: the FDA, the very agency charged with ensuring drug safety and effectiveness. Shorter describes how the FDA permits companies to test new products only against placebo. If you can beat sugar pills, you get your drug licensed, whether or not it is actually better than (or even as good as) current medications, thus sweeping from the shelves drugs that may be superior but have lost patent protection. The book also examines the FDA's early power struggles against the drug industry, an influence-grab that had little to do with science, and which left barbiturates, opiates, and amphetamines all underprescribed, despite the fact that under careful supervision they are better at treating depression, with fewer side effects, than the newer drugs in the Prozac family. Shorter also castigates academia, showing how two forms of depression, melancholia and nonmelancholia--"as different from each other as chalk and cheese"--Became squeezed into one dubious classification, major depression, which was essentially a political artifact born of academic infighting.

Introduction to human development -- Human reproduction -- First week of development -- Second week of development -- Third week of development -- Development during weeks four to eight -- Fetal period : the ninth week to birth -- Placenta and fetal membranes -- Body cavities, mesenteries, and diaphragm -- Pharyngeal apparatus -- Respiratory system -- Alimentary system -- Urogenital system -- Cardiovascular system -- Musculoskeletal system -- Nervous system -- Eyes and ears -- Integumentary system -- Human birth defects -- The cellular and molecular basis of development.

Why do we do the things we do? Stanford professor Robert Sapolsky attempts to answer that question as fully as possible, looking at it from every angle. Sapolsky starts by examining the factors that bear on a person's reaction in the precise moment a behavior occurs, and then hops back in time from there, in stages, ultimately ending up at the deep history of our species and its evolutionary legacy.-- Provided by publisher.

Polarized light plays a prominent role in shaping navigational decisions and course control in a variety of insects. Work in ants, crickets and bees have highlighted the importance of a specialized subset of ommatidia in the dorsal rim of the retina, the DRA, in detecting these signals. However, the retina's full capacity to detect polarized light has not been probed, nor are the behavioral mechanisms by which animals respond to such cues known. We have developed a novel, fully-automated behavioral paradigm for detecting polarotactic responses in Drosophila, and have used genetic and behavioral approaches to address these issues. We demonstrate that when polarized UV light stimuli are displayed to populations of Drosophila, animals align their body axis with the e-vector of plane polarized light. Surprisingly, while photoreceptors in the DRA can indeed guide this behavioral response, other photoreceptors distributed across the retinal surface can do so as well. We show that that one class of UV sensitive photoreceptors, those expressing the Rh3 opsin, is both necessary and sufficient for mediating polarotactic behavior. In particular, flies in which only Rh3 expressing photoreceptors are functional can respond to UV polarized light, while inactivation of these cells blocks polarotactic behavioral responses. Moreover, ectopic expression of a green-light sensitive opsin in Rh3 expressing cells allows flies to acquire the capacity to respond to green polarized light. Detailed behavioral studies demonstrate that the ability of flies to align to the e-vector occurs via a stereotyped modulation of the flies' rotational velocity and acceleration as a function of their angular position relative to the e-vector. These studies define the precise computations necessary to explain the behavior, and provide insight into the organization of the neural circuitry that links polarized light signals to course control.

A comprehensive, state-of-the-art contribution to a field that is rapidly developing, The Behavioral Consequences of Stroke provides a broad overview of the cognitive and neurobehavioral effects of stroke. As attention to paralysis and the more obvious physical disabilities stroke patients incur expands, greater attention is being paid today to the cognitive and neurobehavioral complications that impact stroke morbidity and even functional neurological recovery in patients. Written by an international panel of experts and edited by a neurosurgeon and by a cognitive neuroscientist, this unique title addresses the full range of issues relevant to the field, including epidemiology, general treatment, sensorimotor control after stroke, post-stroke aphasia, memory loss after stroke, post-stroke depression, the role of imaging after a stroke, and an update on some stroke clinical trials, to name just some of the areas covered. Illuminative and an influential addition to the literature, The Behavioral Consequences of Stroke will serve as an invaluable resource for neurologists, neurosurgeons, physiatrists and other physicians, as well as physical, speech and occupational therapists, nurses, psychologists, and other professionals.

Emergency physicians, in all practice settings, care for patients with both undifferentiated psycho-behavioral presentations and established psychiatric illness. This reference-based text goes beyond diagnostics, providing practical input from physicians experienced with adult emergency psychiatric patients. Physicians will increase their understanding and gain confidence working with these patients, even when specialized psychiatric back-up is lacking. This book is comprehensive, covering the pre-hospital setting and advising on evidence-based practice; from collaborating with psychiatric colleagues to establishing a psychiatric service in your ED. Sedation, restraint and seclusion are outlined. Potential dilemmas when treating pregnant, geriatric or homeless patients with mental illness are discussed in detail, along with the more challenging behavioral diagnoses such as malingering, factitious and personality disorders. This comprehensive volume is for trainee and experienced emergency physicians, as well as psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric and emergency department nurses and other mental health workers.

"Behavioral Health Response to Disasters Disaster behavioral health has come a long way in a short amount of time. The book you hold in your hands (or perhaps view on your Kindle e-reader) encompasses an array of topics almost unimaginable even 25 years ago. It covers the roles and responsibilities of government and nongovernmental organizations and the integration of behavioral health into public health preparedness and response. There are separate chapters on children, adolescents, older adults, and racially and ethnically diverse populations. Other chapters address secondary trauma in disaster workers and assessing local disaster vulnerability. The list goes on, including dealing with school systems, long-term care, behavioral health in shelters, treatment for disaster survivors, disaster substance abuse services, culturally competent case management, response team training, and building community resilience. A simple perusal of the table of contents serves as an illustration of the way that attention to disaster behavioral health has grown exponentially in research, policy, and practice communities. It was not always so. When I began graduate training in the mid 1980s, to my knowledge disaster mental health was not part of any graduate school curriculum. A small subset of clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals had some training in crisis mental health, but it was optional, and it carried a different and much more specifi c meaning. Crisis mental health in those days typically meant: (1) working with people who were in acute crisis, (2) working with victims of extreme circumstances using models derived from the military and trauma research, and/or (3) community crisis intervention"--Provided by publisher.

This volume brings together a series of authoritative chapters written by leading experts in preclinical and clinical aspects of pain neurobiology. It is essential reading for scientists, clinicians and students in need of a comprehensive review of behavioral readouts for the preclinical assessment of chronic pain and analgesic drug efficacy, or those with a general interest in behavioral neuroscience. At the core of this volume are emerging details of the physiology, pharmacology, and psychology of previously neglected types of chronic pain. These types include chronic post-operative pain in humans as well as animal behavioral assays that model the chronic pain of multiple sclerosis, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, visceral pain, latent central sensitization, and chronic muscle pain. Also emphasized are the complex bidirectional comorbidities between chronic pain and drug dependence, cognitive deficit, stress, anxiety, depression, social interaction, and prior injury history. The novel and exciting ideas introduced within this book, such as endogenous opioid dependence after tissue injury, generate real hope that effective treatment strategies for chronic pain will emerge in the near future.

The book highlights important new research using current state-of-the-art approaches by prominent researchers in the field of depression. A broad range of topics is covered, beginning with a description of the phenotypic features of clinical depression, followed by chapters on the cellular and molecular basis, functional neuroimaging correlates and information-processing accounts. Finally, existing and novel treatment approaches are covered. In this way the volume brings together the key disciplines involved in the neurobiological understanding of depression to provide an update of the field and outlook to the future. Together, the volume chapters provide focused and critical reviews that span a broad range of topics suitable for both students and established investigators interested in the present state of depression research.

Stress is such an over-used word that it is at time difficult to define its core features. When is an environment stressful? What does a stressful environment do to the brain and to the body? What are the biological mechanisms by which a stressor affects us? How does stress contributes to the onset and the progression of mental disorders? How do the effects of stress change over the life-time of an individual? These are just some of the overarching questions addressed by this book, thanks to the contribution of some of the world leading experts on the neurobiology of stress at the pre-clinical and clinical levels. Topics include current advances on the neurobiology of stress on various neurobiological systems such as immune, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, neurotransmitter (glutamate, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and endocannabinoid), neuropeptides, cognition and emotional processing as well as in utero and early postnatal effects. The clinical chapters deal with the relationship of stress and mental disorders such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse and addiction, dementia and age-related cognitive decline as well as resilience to stress. Thus, this book brings together some of the most updated and authoritative views on the effects of stress of brain and behavior.

"The parallel fields of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry often remain divided, despite their integration into a single subspecialty. However, the needs of patients with cognitive, emotional and behavioral disorders frequently span this division. By emphasizing the principles of this developing subspecialty, Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry prepares clinicians to apply these to the evaluation and management of patients affected by neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Structural and functional neuroanatomy is discussed, with emphasis on frontal-subcortical circuits and the neurobehavioral functions of white matter and the cerebellum. Core clinical skills covered include: Neuropsychiatric history taking, Neurological and mental status examinations, Conventional and advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiology, Neuropsychological assessment, Forensic neuropsychiatry. Contributing authors from a broad range of clinical neuroscience subspecialties provide a comprehensive review of core topics in the field. Whether your primary training is in neurology or psychiatry, this book will develop your ability to think across the disciplines"--Provided by publisher.

Part 1 -- THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPONENTS OF MOTIVATIONAL DRIVE -- Regulation of the Motivation to Eat -- Sexual Motivation Opposed by the Influences of Stress -- Motivational Forces Driving Social Behaviours -- The Roles of Wanting and Liking in Motivating Behaviour, Including Gambling, Food and Drug Addiction. Circadian Regulation of Motivated Behaviour -- How Negative Forces Influence Motivations Part 2 -- NEURAL MEASURES AND CORRELATES OF MOTIVATION SIGNALS AND COMPUTATIONS -- Neural Computations of Postive and Negative Reward Value -- The Dopaminergic Regulation of Motivated Behaviour -- Neural Modulators other than Dopamine that Regulate Motivated Behaviours -- Neural Correlates of Motivation Signals in Humans -- Motivational Forces in Decision Making Processes -- Part 3 -- APATHY AND PATHOLOGICAL DEFICITS IN MOTIVATION -- The Identification of Phenotypes and Biomarkers in Depression -- Defining Motivation Deficits in Schizophrenia and Relating them to Clinical Symptoms -- Dissecting the Behavioural components of deficits in motivation in Patients with Schizophrenia -- How Deficits in Motivation are Similar and Different in Depression and Schizophrenia -- Modeling Motivation Deficits in Rodents -- Part 4 -- ADDICTION AND THE APTHOLOGICAL MISDIRECTION OF MOTIVATED BEHAVIOUR -- Motivation in Overdrive: Substance Abuse Disorder -- Insight into Gambling motivation from Animal Models -- Part 5 -- DEVELOPMENTS IN TREATMENTS FOR MOTIVATION PATHOLOGIES -- The Role of Motivation in Schizophrenia Cognitive Remediation -- The Impact of Regulating Focus on Motivated Behaviour -- Insights into Gambling Motivation from Animal Models -- Exploring Pharmacological Agents in Animal Models.

Organized to mirror the behavioral science/psychiatry course taught in the first two years, this text effectively teaches the major concepts of this complex subject and prepares students for board exams. The Second Edition is appropriate for courses in Behavioral Science alone but also for courses that merge Behavioral Science and Neuroscience. The increased depth of coverage of psychiatric illness, substance abuse, and pediatric psychiatry, also makes the Second Edition appropriate for use in Clinical Psychiatry courses in the third and fourth year.

Sleep is a major component of good mental and physical health, yet over 40 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders. Edited by three prominent clinical experts, this volume is the first reference to cover all of the most common disorders (insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, parasomnias, etc) and the applicable therapeutic techniques. The volume adopts a highly streamlined and practical approach to make the tools of the trade from behavioral sleep medicine accessible to mainstream psychologists as well as sleep disorder specialists. Organized by therapeutic technique, each chapter discusses the various sleep disorders to which the therapy is relevant, an overall rationale for the intervention, step-by-step instructions for how to implement the technique, possible modifications, the supporting evidence base, and further recommended readings. Treatments for both the adult and child patient populations are covered, and each chapter is authored by an expert in the field.

This book, besides reviewing basic and clinical aspects of Behėt's disease, covers the latest findings, including genetic studies and treatment with biologics for the disease. Although the cause of Behėt's disease is still unknown, it is well known that genetic factors, such as HLA-B51, are involved in its development. Recently, novel susceptibility loci including IL10, IL23R-IL12RB2, and endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 have been identified, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition to basic research, the beneficial efficacy of anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies has also been suggested for not only uveitis associated with the disease but also other subtypes of the disease such as entero-, vasculo-, and neuro- Behėt's disease. Behėt's Disease: From Genetics to Therapies provides essential information both for basic researchers working in the fields of immunology, inflammation, and genetics, and for clinical physicians who are interested in Behėt's disease, such as ophthalmologists, rheumatologists, dermatologists, gastroenterologists, neurologists, and vascular surgeons.

In 1952, the largest manufacturer of cigarettes, Philip Morris, founded a Department of Research and Development (R& D) that would ultimately elevate the company to its dominating role in the tobacco landscape. As revealed through internal industry documents available online and released through litigation, this study highlights both the role of scientific research in a controversial industry, and the role of individual researchers in the unbridled growth of Big Tobacco during the second half of the twentieth century. Despite extensive research, industry results were rarely published and never without extensive scrutiny by industry executives and lawyers. This scientific silence is in stark contrast to the industry's public stance of denying the health hazards of smoking. The extent to which the tobacco men understood the hazards of their products--and the specific details of several research projects on the dangers of smoking--are discussed. The history of the Department of Research at Philip Morris demonstrates that just as public concern was growing that smoking might be dangerous, the tobacco industry was actively pursuing research proving the very thing they were trying to convince the public was a non-issue: that smoking is harmful.

IRBs in action -- Everyone's an expert? Warrants for expertise -- Local precedents -- Documents and deliberations: an anticipatory perspective -- Setting IRBs in motion in Cold War America -- An ethics of place -- The many forms of consent -- Deflecting responsibility -- Conclusion: the making of ethical research.

This book builds a research-grounded, theoretical foundation for evidence based library and information practice and illustrates how librarians can incorporate the principles to make more informed decisions in the workplace. The book takes an open and encompassing approach to exploring evidence based library and information practice (EBLIP) and the ways it can improve the practice of librarianship. Bringing together recent theory, research, and case studies, the book provides librarians with a new reference point for how they can use and create evidence within their practice, in order to better meet the needs of their communities. Being Evidence Based in Library and Information Practice is divided into two parts; in the first part the editors explore the background to EBLIP and put forward a new model for its application in the workplace which encompasses 5 elements: Articulate, Assemble, Assess, Agree, Adapt. In the second part, contributors from academic, public, health, school and special libraries from around the world provide an overview of EBLIP developments in their sector and offer examples of successful implementation. The book will be essential reading for library and information professionals from all sectors who want to make more informed decisions and better meet the needs of their users. The book will also be of interest to students of library and information studies and researchers.

Benign & Pathological Chromosomal Imbalances systematically clarifies the disease implications of cytogenetically visible copy number variants (CG-CNV) using cytogenetic assessment of heterochromatic or euchromatic DNA variants. While variants of several megabasepair can be present in the human genome without clinical consequence, visually distinguishing these benign areas from disease implications does not always occur to practitioners accustomed to costly molecular profiling methods such as FISH, aCGH, and NGS. As technology-driven approaches like FISH and aCGH have yet to achieve the promise of universal coverage or cost efficacy to sample investigated, deep chromosome analysis and molecular cytogenetics remains relevant for technology translation, study design, and therapeutic assessment. Knowledge of the rare but recurrent rearrangements unfamiliar to practitioners saves time and money for molecular cytogeneticists and genetics counselors, helping to distinguish benign from harmful CG-CNV. It also supports them in deciding which molecular cytogenetics tools to deploy. Shows how to define the inheritance and formation of cytogenetically visible copy number variations using cytogenetic and molecular approaches for genetic diagnostics, patient counseling, and treatment plan development. Uniquely classifies all known variants by chromosomal origin, saving time and money for researchers in reviewing benign and pathologic variants before costly molecular methods are used to investigate. Side-by-side comparison of copy number variants with their recently identified submicroscopic form, aiding technology assessment using aCGH and other techniques.

Diagnosis of benign tumors of the liver is experiencing exponential growth, mainly owing to the diffusion of more accurate imaging techniques. This monograph opens by examining the epidemiology, histopathology, and genetics of these diseases and discussing liver physiopathology. The role of imaging techniques is described, and clear guidance provided on differential diagnosis. The full range of benign liver tumors and conditions is then systematically reviewed, including liver cysts and polycystic liver disease, Caroli disease, hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, adenomas, hepatic manifestations of systemic diseases, and focal infectious diseases. Surgical indications are accurately analyzed, with a view to assisting in the avoidance of useless interventions. Transplantation, laparoscopic resection, and robotic surgical techniques are described and illustrated, emphasizing the optimization of intra- and postoperative management in order to avoid potential complications and degeneration. In these chapters, attention is drawn to the ways in which the surgical management of benign liver tumors differs from that of malignant tumors. Information is also provided on anesthesia, blood transfusion, the role of interventional radiology in patients with benign liver tumors and fast track programs for liver surgery. This book, in handy format, will prove essential reading for all who are interested in benign liver surgery and will represent an invaluable source of knowledge for general and hepatobiliary surgeons, whether in training or practice.

Enhance your airway management skills and overcome clinical challenges with Benumof and Hagberg's Airway Management, 3rd Edition. Trusted by anesthesiologists, residents, and nurse anesthetists, this one-of-a-kind anesthesiology reference offers expert, full-color guidance on pre- and post-intubation techniques and protocols, from equipment selection through management of complications. Practice with confidence by consulting the only reference exclusively dedicated to airway management, and trusted by anesthesiologists, residents, and nurse anesthetists for up-to-date information on every aspect of the field. Focus on the most essential and practical information with a concise, how-to approach, carefully chosen illustrations, and case examples and analysis throughout.

"Berek and Novak's Gynecology is the gold standard text in general gynecology serving both as a comprehensive reference and a practical, clinically-oriented text. This reference is not only a must-have product for residents in training, but it offers information for the practicing physician. The book covers the entire spectrum of women's healthcare by offering guidance for the management of specific gynecologic conditions in eight sections. The first two sections cover principles of practice and initial assessment and the relevant basic science. The third section is on preventive and primary care for women, and the remaining five sections are directed at methods of diagnosis and management in general gynecology, operative general gynecology, urogynecology and pelvic reconstructive surgery, reproductive endocrinology, and gynecologic oncology"--Provided by publisher.

Principles of cell function -- Homeostasis of body fluids -- Signal transduction, membrane receptors, second messengers, and regulation of gene expression -- The nervous system: introduction to cells and systems -- Generation and conduction of action potentials -- Synaptic transmission -- The somatosensory system -- The special senses -- Organization of motor function -- Higher functions of the nervous system -- The autonomic nervous system and its central control -- Sketetal muscle physiology -- Cardiac muscle -- Smooth muscle -- Overview of circulation -- Elements of cardiac function -- Properties of the vasculature -- Regulaiton of the heart and vasculature -- Integrated control of the cardiovascular system -- Structure and function of the respiratory system -- Mechanical properties of the lung and chest wall: static and dynamic -- Ventilation (V̇), perfusion (Q̇), and V̇/Q̇ relationships -- Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport -- Control of respiration -- Nonrespiratory functions of the lung -- Functional anatomy and general principles of regulation in the gastrointestinal tract -- The cephalic, oral, and esophageal phases of the integrated response to a meal -- The gastric phase of the integrated response to a meal -- The small intestinal phase of the integrated response to a meal -- The colonic phase of the integrated response to a meal -- Transport and metabolic functions of the liver -- Elements of renal function -- Solute and water transport along the nephron: tubular function -- Control of body fluid osmolality and volume -- Potassium, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis -- Role of the kidneys in the regulation of acid-base balance -- Introduction to the endocrine system -- Hormonal regulation of energy metabolism -- Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism -- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland -- The thyroid gland -- The adrenal glands -- The male and female reproductive systems.

Principles of cell and membrane function -- Homeostasis : volume and composition of body fluid compartments -- Signal transduction, membrane receptors, second messengers, and regulation of gene expression -- The nervous system : introduction to cells and systems -- Generation and conduction of action potentials -- Synaptic transmission -- The somatosensory system -- The special senses -- Organization of motor function -- Integrative functions of the nervous system -- The autonomic nervous system and its central control -- Skeletal muscle physiology -- Cardiac muscle -- Smooth muscle -- Overview of circulation -- Elements of cardiac function -- Properties of the vasculature -- Regulation of the heart and vasculature -- Integrated control of the cardiovascular system -- Introduction to the respiratory system -- Static lung and chest wall mechanics -- Dynamic lung and chest wall mechanics -- Ventilation, perfusion, and ventilation/perfusion relationships -- Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport -- Control of respiration -- Nonphysiological functions of the lung : host defense and metabolism -- Functional anatomy and general principles of regulation in the gastrointestinal tract -- The cephalic, oral, and esophageal phases of the integrated response to a meal -- The gastric phase of the integrated response to a meal -- The small intestinal phase of the integrated response to a meal -- The colonic phase of the integrated response to a meal -- Transport and metabolic functions of the liver -- Elements of renal function -- Solute and water transport along the nephron : tubular function -- Control of body fluid osmolality and volume -- Potassium, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis -- Role of the kidneys in the regulation of acid-base balance -- Introduction to the endocrine system -- Hormonal regulation of energy metabolism -- Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism -- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland -- The thyroid gland -- The adrenal gland -- The male and female reproductive systems.

Experimental investigations in the past 10-15 years have provided convincing evidence of the cancer preventive potential of berries. Berries and their components have been shown to reduce the malignant properties of cancer cells in culture by influencing genes associated with cancer development. In addition, diets containing freeze-dried berries have been shown to prevent cancer in animals, and recent data indicate that they also exhibit cancer preventive effects in humans.

"An understanding of when and how to intervene is the key to good obstetric care. This textbook is an encompassing reference covering all the essential information relating to childbirth; it offers clear practical guidance on all aspects of labour and delivery. Written by well-known leading experts, each chapter offers a modern authoritative review of best practice. The evidence base decribed will help to optimize outcome through appropriate clinical management and justifiable intervention. Whilst this is an ideal textbook for those training and taking examinations in labour ward practice, it offers all those caring for the woman in labour a modern, evidence-based approach which will help them understand, recognize and deliver the best possible clinical care. The importance of team working, prioritizing, and the organization of maternity care receive appropriate emphasis with clear guidance and practical advice"--Provided by publisher.

β-barrel outer membrane channel proteins (OMP) have great potential as robust and flexible models or components in nanotechnology. Over the last decade biotechnological techniques allowed to expand the natural characteristics of OMPs by modifying their geometry and properties without affecting the overall protein structure and stability. The present book is oriented towards a broad group of readers including graduate students and advanced researchers. The β-barrel structure serviceability for the nano-material design will be its chief topic giving a general introduction to the field of OMP based nano-component development as well as the state of the art of the involved research. On the example of the E. coli FhuA the transformation of an OMP into a tailored nano-channel to be adapted to a non-biological synthetic (i.e. polymer) environment, rendering it competitive with artificial non-biological nano-pores will be outlined specifically the design of a set of protein nano-channels with tailored geometry (diameter, length), conductance and functionality will be reported as a case study. In order to make this book a valuable source of information for both biotechnologists and other scientists interested in bio-nanotechnology an overview of the different steps involved in the nano-channel protein design and production will be reported. The scientific strategy from concept design, theoretical considerations, genetic engineering and large scale production, to system assembly and biophysical characterization with an overview on technological applications including membrane/polymersome technology, will be described.

This book offers clear, up-to-date guidance on how to report cytologic findings in cervical, vaginal and anal samples in accordance with the 2014 Bethesda System Update. The new edition has been expanded and revised to take into account the advances and experience of the past decade. A new chapter has been added, the terminology and text have been updated, and various terminological and morphologic questions have been clarified. In addition, new images are included that reflect the experience gained with liquid-based cytology since the publication of the last edition in 2004. Among more than 300 images, some represent classic examples of an entity while others illustrate interpretative dilemmas, borderline cytomorphologic features or mimics of epithelial abnormalities. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, with its user-friendly format, is a must have for pathologists, cytopathologists, pathology residents, cytotechnologists, and clinicians.

The struggle to perform well is universal: each of us faces fatigue, limited resources, and imperfect abilities in whatever we do. But nowhere is this drive to do better more important than in medicine, where lives are on the line with every decision. Author Gawande explores how doctors strive to close the gap between best intentions and best performance in the face of obstacles that sometimes seem insurmountable. Gawande's stories take us to battlefield surgical tents in Iraq, to labor and delivery rooms in Boston, to a polio outbreak in India, and to malpractice courtrooms around the country. He discusses the ethical dilemma of lethal injections, examines the influence of money on modern medicine, and recounts the contentious history of hand washing. And he gives us an inside look at his own life as a practicing surgeon, offering a firsthand account of a field where mistakes are both unavoidable and unthinkable.--From publisher description.

1. Background to the project -- 2. Initial work examining how three exemplar guidelines accounted for multimorbidity -- The applicability of evidence used to inform clinical guideline treatment recommendations -- 4. Comparing treatments in terms of absolute benefit -- 5. Including a temporal dimension in model-based cost-effectiveness analysis: an application to the use of statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease -- 6. Quantifying the impact of multimorbidity in a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis -- 7. Summary and conclusions.

Between the Lines of Genetic Code lays out methodologies and tools for the measurement and evaluation of gene-gene and gene-environment studies and gives perspective on the future of this discipline. The book begins by defining terms for interaction studies, describing methodologies, and critically assessing the viability of current study designs and the possibilities for integrating designs. It then provides recent applications data with case studies in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myositis and other complex human diseases. Last, it examines current studies and directions for future applications in patient care. Recent multivariate studies show that gene-gene and gene-environment interactions can explain significant variances in inheritance that have previously been undetectable in univariate analysis. These links among genes and between genes and their environments during the development of diseases may serve as important hints for understanding pathogenic mechanisms and for developing new tools for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases. Systematically integrates methods of defining and detecting gene interactions to provide an overview of the field. Critically analyzes current methods and tools to aid researchers in integrating gene interaction studies Includes examples of current biomedical applications and presents current research expected to shape clinical research in the near future.

Part I:Basic and Conceptual Issues -- Schizophrenia and it's sequelae -- Issues that slowed progress in the assessment of health-related quality of life in schizophrenia -- Social cognition and health-related quality of life in schizophrenia -- Conceptual issues in cultural adaptation and the role of culture in assessment of health-related quality of life in schizophrenia -- Part II:Methodological Issues -- A review of quality of life assessment measures in schizophrenia -- limitations and future developments -- a review -- Assessment of burden of care and quality of life of caregivers in schizophrenia -- Electronic technology and advances in assessment of outcomes -- Modern psychometric approaches to analysis of scales for health-related quality of life -- Part III:Beyond Assessment of Quality of Life in Schizophrenia -- Health-related quality of life as an outcome and mediator of other outcomes -- Using routine quality of life assessment to improve effectiveness of community mental health care -- Quality of life assessments in the development and clinical trials of new antipsychotics -- pharmaceutical industry perspective -- Quality of life and health-costs -- the feasibility of cost-utility analysis in schizophrenia -- Health-related quality of life in schizophrenia: health policy and resource allocation -- Beyond assessment of quality of life in schizophrenia: cultural, clinical and research perspectives from India -- a case study -- Part IV:Reinventing Quality of Life in Schizophrenia -- Concluding remarks and future challenges.

"Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are serious, debilitating conditions that affect millions of people in the United States and around the world. ME/CFS can cause significant impairment and disability. Despite substantial efforts by researchers to better understand ME/CFS, there is no known cause or effective treatment. Diagnosing the disease remains a challenge, and patients often struggle with their illness for years before an identification is made. Some health care providers have been skeptical about the serious physiological - rather than psychological - nature of the illness. Once diagnosed, patients often complain of receiving hostility from their health care provider as well as being subjected to treatment strategies that exacerbate their symptoms. eyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome proposes new diagnostic clinical criteria for ME/CFS and a new term for the illness - systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID). According to this report, the term myalgic encephalomyelitis does not accurately describe this illness, and the term chronic fatigue syndrome can result in trivialization and stigmatization for patients afflicted with this illness. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome stresses that SEID is a medical - not a psychiatric or psychological - illness. This report lists the major symptoms of SEID and recommends a diagnostic process.One of the report's most important conclusions is that a thorough history, physical examination, and targeted work-up are necessary and often sufficient for diagnosis. The new criteria will allow a large percentage of undiagnosed patients to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate care. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome will be a valuable resource to promote the prompt diagnosis of patients with this complex, multisystem, and often devastating disorder; enhance public understanding; and provide a firm foundation for future improvements in diagnosis and treatment"--Publisher's description.

"A comprehensive guidebook for undergraduate women planning to pursue STEM careers. Includes advice on acquiring mentors and gaining the most from research experiences, as well as female-friendly, ethnic-inclusive logic problems for GRE preparation."--NSF website.

Introduction -- The value and importance of health information privacy -- The value, importance, and oversight of health research -- HIPAA, the privacy rule, and its application to health research -- Effect of the HIPAA privacy rule on health research -- A new framework for protecting privacy in health research.

Epithelial cells sometimes display polarity along the axis orthogonal to the apicobasal axis -- a phenomenon referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP). This polarization biases organization of the cytoskeleton, and is required for a range of fundamental processes including, but not limited to, oriented cell division, polarized function of cilia, and the control of collective cell migration events during development. Consequently, deregulation or dysfunction of PCP genes has been linked to disorders including deafness as a result of misorientation of inner ear cells, neural tube closure defects because of a failure to execute convergent & extension, and tumor invasiveness. Despite having identified some of the key proteins required to achieve PCP, much is still unknown about their molecular functions. Evolutionarily conserved proteins, known as the core PCP proteins, are distributed asymmetrically within wing epithelial cells and form complexes within the proximal or distal cortical domains. Here, we demonstrate that these diametrically opposed complexes participate in a bi-directional negative feedback loop that simultaneously produces their asymmetric distribution within cells and reinforces the orientation of polarity to neighbors by transmitting polarity information intercellularly. We found that one of the core PCP proteins, Prickle (Pk), is important for negative feedback as it is required to mediate the exclusion of distal and proximal complexes from the plasma membrane during acquisition of asymmetry. Moreover, we found that the level of Pk is regulated by the Cullin1 (Cul1)/SkpA/Supernumerary limbs (Slimb) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Our observations lead us to believe that loss of, or excess, Pk perturbs PCP signaling through the disruption of feedback. Ultimately, these results highlight an underlying molecular mechanism for the generation of planar polarity. Finally, the approaches presented in this monograph can further help elucidate the molecular functions of the other core PCP proteins.

Autoimmunity and Female Infertility: Fact vs. Fiction -- Minimal Stimulation IVF -- Current Understanding of Anti-Müllerian Hormone -- The Role of Obesity in Reproduction -- Endometrial Receptivity in Natural and Controlled Ovarian-Stimulated Cycles -- Current Understanding of Mullerian-Inhibiting Substance -- Evidence-Based Use of Progesterone During IVF -- Monozygotic Twinning and Perinatal Outcomes -- Multiple Pregnancy Vanishing Twin Syndrome -- The Effect of Cancer Therapies on Sperm: Current Guidelines -- Environmental Insults on Spermatogenesis -- Sperm DNA Damage: Causes and Guidelines for Current Clinical Practice -- The Emerging Role of the Sperm Epigenome and its Potential Role in Development -- ART and Epigenetic Disorders: Should We Be Concerned? -- Novel Approaches of Sperm Selection for ART: The Role of Objective Biochemical Markers of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Integrity and Sperm Function -- The Role of the Oocyte in Remodeling of Male Chromatin and DNA Repair: Are Events During the Zygotic Cell Cycle of Relevance to ART? -- Proteomic/Metabolomic Analysis of Embryos: Current Status for Use in ART -- Ultrasound-Guided Embryo Transfer -- IMSI as a Valuable Tool for Sperm Selection During ART -- Thoughts on IMSI.

Now in its fourth volume, the Biennial Review of Infertility brings together the most up-to-date research and clinical information on male and female infertility, emerging assisted reproductive techniques and evolving controversies in reproductive medicine. An impressive panel of contributors presents cutting-edge information in a clear and well-balanced manner. Volume 4 discusses hot topics in contemporary reproductive medicine, including stem cell technologies for male infertility, the current state of ovarian tissue cryopreservation and time-lapse video microscopy of embryos. The expanded section on controversies allows for point/counterpoint discussion between experts with differing opinions on topics like eSET and the use and role of dietary supplements in IVF cycles. Created to provide an ongoing appraisal of current knowledge, the Biennial Review of Infertility stimulates communication amongst all clinicians and researchers working to help couples resolve their infertility.

The second edition of this book is intended as a definitive text on biliary tract and gallbladder cancers. Specifically, it will serve as a single-source reference on the current knowledge base for the multidisciplinary management of such cancers and thus covers epidemiological, surgical, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy approaches. Akey feature is the demonstration of the impact of cutting-edge technical knowledge on treatment; for example, interventional radiology techniques, novel surgical approaches, and image-guided radiation therapy are all extensively discussed. Diagnosis is also considered in detail, with coverage of novel serum biomarkers, pathologic staging, molecular profiling, and the full range of current and emerging imaging strategies. Further chapters are devoted to epidemiology, the role of growth factor pathways and signal transduction, and histopathology and molecular pathogenesis. Experienced practitioners in a range of specialties will find this amply illustrated book to be an invaluable source of information on the newest diagnostic and treatment techniques in biliary tract and gallbladder cancer, yet it is also sufficiently concise to offer an introduction to the field for students and community practitioners.

The priorities of a climbing legged robot are to maintain a grasp on its climbing surface and to climb efficiently against the force of gravity. Climbing robots are especially susceptible to thermal overload during normal operation, due to the need to oppose gravity and to frequently apply internal forces for clinging. These priorities guided us to develop optimal climbing behaviors under thermal constraints. These behaviors in turn profoundly constrain the choice of gait regulation methods. We propose a novel algorithm: "travel-based" gait regulation that varies foot detachment timing, effectively modifying stride length and frequency in order to maintain gait phasing, subject to kinematic and stability constraints. A core feature of the algorithm is "travel, " a new metric that plays a similar role to relative phasing. The method results in linear equations in terms of travel, leading to straightforward tests for local and global convergence when, for example, disturbances such as foot slippage cause departures from the nominal phasing. We form recurrence maps and use eigenvalue and singular value decomposition to examine local convergence of gaits. To examine global convergence, we implemented a computational geometry technique in high-order spaces. Our travel-based algorithm benefits from a compact code size and ease of implementation. We implemented the algorithm on the RiSE and Stickybot III robots as well as a virtual hexapod in a physics simulator. We demonstrated quickly converging gaits on all platforms as well as gait transitions on Stickybot III and the virtual hexapod.

Bio-Nanoimaging: Protein Misfolding & Aggregation provides a unique introduction to both novel and established nanoimaging techniques for visualization and characterization of misfolded and aggregated protein species. The book is divided into three sections covering: - Nanotechnology and nanoimaging technology, including cryoelectron microscopy of beta(2)-microglobulin, studying amyloidogensis by FRET; and scanning tunneling microscopy of protein deposits - Polymorphisms of protein misfolded and aggregated species, including fibrillar polymorphism, amyloid-like protofibrils, and insulin olig.

The role of Bioactive Dietary Factors and Plant Extracts in Preventive Dermatology provides current and concise scientific appraisal of the efficacy of foods, nutrients, herbs, and dietary supplements in preventing dermal damage and cancer as well as improving skin health. This important new volume reviews and presents new hypotheses and conclusions on the effects of different bioactive foods and their components derived particularly from vegetables, fruits, and herbs. Primary emphasis is on treatment and prevention of dermal damage focusing on skin cancers with significant health care costs and mortality. Bioactive Dietary Factors and Plant Extracts in Preventive Dermatology brings together expert clinicians and researchers working on the different aspects of supplementation, foods, and plant extracts and nutrition and skin health. Their expertise provides the most current knowledge in the field and will serve as the foundation for advancing future research.

"Presenting data from human studies and trials, along with recent research findings, this work summarizes the applications, and benefits of bioactive peptides used to mitigate major metabolic derangements arising from chronic illnesses and resulting in unwanted weight loss. Recent studies show bioactive peptides to enhance the body's antioxidant status, antisepsis capacity, immune function, anti-inflammatory capacity, mineral absorption, and appetite. This book covers general principles, such as host response, quality factors, protein economics, and muscle loss. It includes case studies on ageing, AIDS, COPD, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney failure, and tuberculosis."--Provided by publisher.

1. Integration, networking, and global biobanking in the age of new biology -- 2. The future of biobanking: a conceptual look at how biobanks can respond to the growing human biospecimen needs of researchers -- 3. Sustainability of biobanks in the future -- 4. Biobanking: the future of cell preservation strategies -- 5. Biobanking for personalized medicine -- 6. A global view of breast tissue banking -- 7. Biobanking of cerebrospinal fluid for biomarker analysis in neurological diseases -- 8. Biobanking in the twenty-first century: driving population metrics into biobanking quality -- 9. Challenges in developing a cancer oriented-biobank: experience from a 17 year-old cancer biobank in Sao Paulo, Brazil -- 10. China biobanking -- 11. Establishing an iso-compliant modern cancer-biobank in a developing country: a model for international cooperation -- 12. Nursing and biobanking -- 13. A data-centric strategy for modern biobanking -- 14. The importance of quality patient advocacy to biobanks: a lay perspective from Independent Cancer Patients Voice (ICPV), based in United Kingdom -- Index.

Cardiovascular disease affects more than 70 million Americans and is the number one cause of mortality in the United States. Because the regenerative capacity of cardiac tissue is limited, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have emerged as a potential source for cellular-based therapies. However, for these therapies to be effective, sufficient amounts of differentiated cells must be produced, these cells must be identified and sorted, and, upon implantation, arrhythmias must be avoided. In this dissertation, I describe the biochemical control of hPSC for their directed differentiation into cardiomyocytes, electrical control for electrophysiology-based cell sorting, and optogenetic control for temporal synchronization. For future therapy, the in vivo application of optical stimulation could allow immediate, precise, and specific synchronization of efficiently derived and purified hPSC-CM with patient cardiac rates and rhythms. This, in turn, would significantly reduce the chance of arrhythmias arising from implanted hPSC-CM, and, therefore, contribute towards establishing a safe and effective cell-based therapy.

Angiogenesis plays a key role in human physiology and pathophysiology. While necessary for tissue growth and development, uncontrolled angiogenesis plays a role in the progression of certain tumors as well as atherosclerosis. Lack of angiogenesis may be the basis of myocardial ischemia and stroke. Knowledge on the mechanisms of angiogenesis is growing very rapidly, and may lead to important drugs for therapy of a variety of clinical disorders. Experts from around the world have contributed a vast array of data on different aspects of angiogenesis in this volume edited by Professors Mehta and Dhalla. This information will be of immense help to basic scientists, clinicians and those involved in drug development.

Abbreviations and acronyms -- Glossary of terms useful in biochemistry and molecular biology and related disciplines -- Chemicals commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology and their properties -- A listing of log P values, water solubility, and molecular weight for some selected chemicals -- Protease inhibitors and protease inhibitor cocktails -- List of buffers -- Organic name reactions useful in biochemistry and molecular biology.

A role for vitamin A in living organisms has been known throughout human history. In the last 100 years, the biochemical nature of vitamin A and its active derivative, retinoic acid, its physiological impact on growth processes and the essential details of its mechanism of action have been revealed by investigations carried out by researchers using vertebrate and more recently invertebrate models to study a multiplicity of processes and conditions, encompassing embryogenesis, postnatal development to old age. A wealth of intercellular interactions, intracellular signaling systems and molecular mechanisms have been described and the overall conclusion is that retinoic acid is essential for life. This book series, with chapters authored by experts in every aspect of this complex field, unifies the knowledge base and mechanisms currently known in detailed, engaging, well-illustrated, focused chapters that synthesize information for each specific area. In view of the recent explosion in this field, it is timely to publish a contemporary, comprehensive, book series recapitulating the most exciting developments in the field and covering fundamental research in molecular mechanisms of vitamin A action, its role in physiology, development and continued well-being and the potential of vitamin A derivatives and synthetic mimetics to serve as therapeutic treatments for cancers and other debilitating human diseases. VOLUME I: Here, we present the first volume of a multi-volume series on Retinoic Acid Signaling that will cover all aspects of this broad and diverse field. One aim of Volume I is to present a compilation of topics related to the biochemistry of nuclear retinoic acid receptors, from their architecture when bound to DNA and associated with their coregulators to their ability to regulate target gene transcription. A second aim is to provide insight into recent advances that have been made in identifying novel targets and non-genomic effects of retinoic acid. Volume I is divided into ten chapters contributed by prominent experts in their respective fields. Each chapter starts with the history of the area of research. Then, the key findings that contributed to development of the field are described, followed by a detailed look at key findings and progress that are being made in current, ongoing research. Each chapter is concluded with a discussion of the relevance of the research and a perspective on missing pieces and lingering gaps that the author recommends will be important in defining future directions in vitamin A research.

Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd Edition, is the essential guide to the modification and cross linking of biomolecules for use in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. It provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions, with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *Offers a one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab *Provides step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates *Features full color illustrations *Includes a more extensive introduction into the vast field of bioconjugation and one of the most thorough overviews of immobilization chemistry ever presented.

"This step-by-step guide to medical technology innovation, now in full color, has been rewritten to reflect recent trends of industry globalization and value-conscious healthcare. Written by a team of medical, engineering, and business experts, the authors provide a comprehensive resource that leads students, researchers, and entrepreneurs through a proven process for the identification, invention, and implementation of new solutions. Case studies on innovative products from around the world, successes and failures, practical advice, and end-of-chapter 'Getting Started' sections encourage readers to learn from real projects and apply important lessons to their own work. A wealth of additional material supports the book, including a collection of nearly 100 videos created for the second edition, active links to external websites, supplementary appendices, and timely updates on the companion website at ebiodesign.org. Readers can access this material quickly, easily, and at the most relevant point in the text from within the ebook"--Provided by publisher.

Extensively revised, the fourth edition of this highly successful book takes into account the many newly determined protein structures that provide molecular insight into chemiosmotic energy transduction, as well as reviewing the explosive advances in 'mitochondrial physiology'-the role of the mitochondria in the life and death of the cell. Covering mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts, the fourth edition of Bioenergetics provides a clear and comprehensive account of the chemiosmotic theory and its many applications. The figures have been carefully designed to be memorable and to convey the key functional and mechanistic information. Written for students and researchers alike, Bioenergetics is the most well-known, current and respected text on chemiosmotic theory and membrane bioenergetics available. Chapters are now divided between three interlocking sections: basic principles, structures and mechanisms, and mitochondrial physiology. Covers new advances in the structure and mechanism of key bioenergetic proteins, including complex I of the respiratory chain and transport proteins.Details cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial cell biology and signal transduction, and the roles of mitochondria in physiology, disease and aging.Offers readers clear, visual representation of structural concepts through full colour figures throughout the book.

Rescuing Ivan Ilych -- Conceptual issues related to ending life -- Problems with "assisted suicide -- Four-step arguments for physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia -- Some arguments by Velleman concerning suicide and assisted suicide -- Brody on active and passive euthanasia -- A note on dementia and advance directives -- Brain death and spontaneous breathing -- Using human embryos for biomedical research -- Ethical issues in using and not using human embryonic stem cells -- Ronald Dworkin's views on abortion -- Creation and abortion short -- McMahan on the ethics of killing at the margins of life -- Some conceptual and ethical issues in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy -- Genes, justice, and obligations to future people -- Moral status, personal Identity, and substitutability -- What is and is not wrong with enhancement? -- Health and equity -- Health and equality of opportunity -- Is it morally permissible to discontinue nontutile use of a scarce resource? -- Aggregation, allocating scarce resources, and discrimination against the disabled -- Rationing and the disabled -- Learning from bioethics -- The philosopher as insider and outsider -- Theory and analogy in law and philosophy -- Types of relations between theory and practice -- Understanding, justifying, and finding oneself.

by Barry R. Furrow, Professor of Law and Director, Health Law Program, Drexel University; Thomas L. Greaney, Chester A. Myers Professor of Law and Co-Director, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis University; Sandra H. Johnson, Professor Emerita of Law and Health Care Ethics, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis University School of Law; Timothy Stolzfus Jost, Robert L. Willett Family Professor of Law, Washington and Lee University; Robert L. Schwartz, Senor Visiting Professor, University of California Hastings College of the Law, Weihofen Professor of Law Emeritus, University of New Mexico.

An introduction to the study of ethics and ethical theories -- Reproduction and birth -- Legal issues in human genetics -- Organ transplantation and the determination of death -- Life and death decisions -- Medically assisted dying -- -- Regulation of research involving human subjects -- Population health and public health.

The aim of this book is to provide readers with a wide overview of the main healthcare-associated infections caused by bacteria and fungi able to grow as biofilm. The recently acquired knowledge on the pivotal role played by biofilm-growing microorganisms in healthcare-related infections has given a new dynamic to detection, prevention and treatment of these infections in patients admitted to both acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities. Clinicians, hygienists and microbiologists will be updated by leading scientists on the state-of-art of biofilm-based infections and on the most innovative strategies for prevention and treatment of these infections, often caused by emerging multidrug-resistant biofilm-growing microorganisms.

The aim of this book is to provide readers with a wide overview of the main healthcare-associated infections caused by bacteria and fungi able to grow as biofilm. The recently acquired knowledge on the pivotal role played by biofilm-growing microorganisms in healthcare-related infections has given a new dynamic to detection, prevention and treatment of these infections in patients admitted to both acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities. Clinicians, hygienists and microbiologists will be updated by leading scientists on the state-of-art of biofilm-based infections and on the most innovative strategies for prevention and treatment of these infections, often caused by emerging multidrug-resistant biofilm-growing microorganisms.

There has been an increasing interest and emphasis on the sessile bacterial lifestyle biofilms since it was discovered that the vast majority of the total microbial biomass exists as biofilms. Leeuwenhoek first described the aggregation of bacteria in 1677, but it was only recently recognized as being important in chronic infection. In 1993, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) recognized that the biofilm mode of growth was relevant to microbiology. This book covers both the evidence for biofilms in many chronic bacterial infections as well as the problems facing these infections such as diagnostics, pathogenesis, treatment regimes, and in vitro and in vivo models for studying biofilms. This is the first scientific book on biofilm infections, with chapters written by world- renowned scientists and clinicians. The intended audience of this book includes scientists, teachers at the university level, as well as clinicians.

"Presents biographical information on physicians of African ancestry who practiced in the United States or taught those who practiced in the U.S. between 1800 and 1920. Features more than 3,000 entries that provide the physician's birth and death dates, place of practice, medical school and year of graduation, birthplace, parents, spouse, and children. Includes a geographical index"--Provided by publisher.

Growing up in Brooklyn -- The essential Paul Berg -- College and World War II -- Western Reserve University -- Copenhagen -- Washington University, St. Louis -- Discovering transfer RNA -- Stanford University and its refurbished Department of Biochemistry -- Transcription and translation : new directions -- Making recombinant DNA : the first faltering steps -- Making recombinant DNA : a major breakthrough -- EcoRI restriction endonuclease : a major breakthrough -- "Coincidence is the word we use when we can't see the levers and pulleys" -- Yet another Stanford contribution -- An historic meeting in Hawaii -- The recombinant DNA controversy -- A momentous Gordon Research Conference -- Making recombinant molecules with frog DNA -- The controversy heats up -- Asilomar II -- The dissenters : a different point of view -- The aftermath -- Legislative and revisionist challenges to recombinant DNA -- Asilomar II : lessons learned -- The Nobel Prize in chemistry -- Commercializing the technology -- Life goes on -- The "retirement" years -- Public policy issues : and other interests -- Personal challenges.

"Computational biology drives discovery through its use of high-throughput informatics approaches. This book provides a road map of the current drug development process and how computational biology approaches play a critical role across the entire drug discovery pipeline. Through the use of previously unpublished, real-life case studies the impact of a range of computational approaches are discussed at various phases of the pipeline. Additionally, a focus section provides innovative visualisation approaches, from both the drug discovery process as well as from other fields that utilise large datasets, recognising the increasing use of such technology. Serving the needs of early career and more experienced scientists, this up-to-date reference provides an essential introduction to the process and background of drug discovery, highlighting how computational researchers can contribute to that pipeline"--Provided by publisher.

The book introduces the bioinformatics tools, databases and strategies for the translational research, focuses on the biomarker discovery based on integrative data analysis and systems biological network reconstruction. With the coming of personal genomics era, the biomedical data will be accumulated fast and then it will become reality for the personalized and accurate diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of complex diseases. The book covers both state of the art of bioinformatics methodologies and the examples for the identification of simple or network biomarkers. In addition, bioinformatics software tools and scripts are provided to the practical application in the study of complex diseases. The present state, the future challenges and perspectives were discussed. The book is written for biologists, biomedical informatics scientists and clinicians, etc.

Introduction -- PART I: GETTING STARTED IN BIOINFORMATICS: Finding out what bioinformatics can do for you -- How most people use bioinformatics -- PART II: A SURVIVAL GUIDE TO BIOINFORMATICS: Using nucleotide sequence databases -- Using protein and specialized sequence databases -- Working with a single DNA sequence -- Working with a single protein sequence -- PART III: BECOMING A PRO IN SEQUENCE ANALYSIS: Similarity searches on sequence databases -- Comparing two sequences -- Building a multiple sequence alignment -- Editing and publishing alignments -- PART IV: BECOMING A SPECIALIST: ADVANCED BIOINFORMATICS TECHNIQUES: Working with protein 3-D structures -- Working with RNA -- Building phytogenetic trees -- PART V: THE PART OF TENS: The ten (okay, twelve) commandments for using servers -- Some useful bioinformatics resources.

[Publisher-supplied data] Presenting an area of research that intersects with and integrates diverse disciplines, including molecular biology, applied informatics, and statistics, among others, Bioinformatics for Omics Data: Methods and Protocols collects contributions from expert researchers in order to provide practical guidelines to this complex study. Divided into three convenient sections, this detailed volume covers central analysis strategies, standardization and data-management guidelines, and fundamental statistics for analyzing Omics profiles, followed by a section on bioinformatics approaches for specific Omics tracks, spanning genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels, as well as an assortment of examples of integrated Omics bioinformatics applications, complemented by case studies on biomarker and target identification in the context of human disease. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Bioinformatics for Omics Data: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide to scientists of all backgrounds and aims to convey the appropriate sense of fascination associated with this research field.

"The book begins with an overview of the evolving bioinformatics field then explores legal issues surrounding the software tools that enable large-scale computational biology, including procurement and licensing of commercial software systems, in-house and contracted software development and issues surrounding open source software. Legal issues associated with software tools for large-scale computational biology are examined, including procurement and licensing of commercial software systems, in-house and contracted software development, and open source software." -- [Publisher-supplied data]

IR spectroscopy has become without any doubt a key technique to answer questions raised when studying the interaction of proteins or peptides with solid surfaces for a fundamental point of view as well as for technological applications. Principle, experimental set ups, parameters and interpretation rules of several advanced IR-based techniques; application to biointerface characterisation through the presentation of recent examples, will be given in this book. It will describe how to characterise amino acids, protein or bacterial strain interactions with metal and oxide surfaces, by using infrared spectroscopy, in vacuum, in the air or in an aqueous medium. Results will highlight the performances and perspectives of the technique. Description of the principles, expermental setups and parameter interpretation, and the theory for several advanced IR-based techniques for interface characterisation. Contains examples which demonstrate the capacity, potential and limits of the IR techniques. Helps finding the most adequate mode of analysis. Contains examples. Contains a glossary by techniques and by keywords.

In recent years, a significant amount of research has emerged connecting the link between alcohol and cancer. The field has rapidly advanced, especially since the complex connection between alcohol and cancer has several unique sub areas that are being investigated and this volume gives a comprehensive overview of these advancements.

Biological DNA Sensor defines the meaning of DNA sensing pathways and demonstrates the importance of the innate immune responses induced by double stranded DNA (dsDNA) through its influencing functions in disease pathology and immune activity of adjuvants for vaccines. Though discussed in specific subsections of existing books, dsDNA and its immunogenic properties has never received the complete treatment given in this book. Biological DNA Sensor approaches the impact of dsDNA's immunogenicity on disease and vaccinology holistically. It paints a complete and concise picture on the topic so you can understand this area of study and make more informed choices for your respective research needs. Chapters are authored by researchers who are renowned for their research focus, ensuring that this book provides the most complete views on the topics. Multi-authored by a distinguished panel of world-class expertsIdeal source of information for those wanting to learn about DNA sensingProvides in-depth explanations of DNA sensing pathways and the innate immune system, bridging the gap between them

This volume examines our current understanding of the biological effects of fibrous and particulate substances, including discussions on nanoparticles. It offers comprehensive information on the latest insights into the immunological effects of various irritants on the human body. Readers will benefit from the contributing authors' diverse perspectives and extensive discussions of key issues, which include molecular alterations of the immune system and autoimmune diseases in connection with asbestos and silica, among others. The chapters also discuss recommendations, practical methods, and nanosafety science in situations involving exposure to nanotoxic substances. Edited in collaboration with the Japanese Society for Hygiene, this book provides up-to-date information on the immunological effects of nanotoxic substances to researchers interested in environmental and occupational health. Presenting a number of recent concepts and findings in the field, it enables readers to gain a comprehensive knowledge of health problems caused by environmental fibrous and particulate substances.

A majority of biological microscopy investigations involve the focusing of visible light with conventional lenses. Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most widely used tools in biology but its resolution has historically suffered from the diffraction limit to about 200 nm laterally and 800 nm axially. In the past decade, this resolution problem has been overcome by the rapidly emerging field of super-resolution microscopy. The first demonstrated super-resolution technique, STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy, is the topic of this Dissertation. This Dissertation has two primary areas of focus: the design optimization of a STED microscope, covered in Chapters 2-4, and its application to super-resolution imaging in cells and tissues, covered in Chapters 4-6. Chapter 2 describes the STED apparatus and experimental methods used. This chapter covers the guiding principles behind the design of a STED microscope, which forms a basis for understanding the logic underlying the homebuilt STED microscope which was constructed for this research. This STED microscope has a typical resolution of approximately 60 nm (full-width-at-half-maximum) or 25 nm (sigma) and has the sensitivity to image single fluorophores. In Chapter 3, a framework for evaluating and optimizing STED performance in the presence of several key tradeoffs is presented. Chapter 4 describes both developments in STED Microscopy required to utilize far-red-emitting dyes and the challenges associated with performing super-resolution imaging in intact Drosophila tissue. In Chapter 5, the optimization of labeling density revealed the 9-fold symmetry of a centriole protein structure, an important organelle in cell development. In Chapter 6, Huntingtin protein aggregates are resolved beyond the diffraction limit in a cell model of the neurodegenerative Huntington's disease.

Biological Psychiatry of Cancer and Cancer Treatment provides the reader with expert guidance on how to prevent, detect and manage the 'organic' psychiatric disorders experienced by people with cancer.

Sarah Franklin explores the history and future of in vitro fertilization (IVF) thirty-five years and five million babies after its initial success as a form of technologically-assisted human reproduction.

Thoroughly updated and incorporating the most important advances in the fast-growing field of cancer biology, This book is a textbook for students studying the molecular and cellular bases of cancer at the undergraduate, graduate, and medical school levels. The principles of cancer biology are presented in an organized, cogent, and in-depth manner. The clarity of writing, supported by an extensive full-color art program and numerous pedagogical features, makes the book accessible and engaging. The information unfolds through the presentation of key experiments that give readers a sense of discovery and provide insights into the conceptual foundation underlying modern cancer biology. Besides its value as a textbook, this book is a useful reference for individuals working in biomedical laboratories and for clinical professionals. Every copy of the book comes with an updated DVD-ROM containing the book's art program, a selection of movies, audio file mini-lectures, Supplementary Sidebars, and a Media Guide.

"Multiple sclerosis is the most common debilitating neurological disease in people under the age of forty in the developed world. Many publications cover medical and clinical approaches to the disease; however, The Biology of Multiple Sclerosis provides a clear and concise up-to-date overview of the scientific literature on the various theories of MS pathogenesis. Covering the main elements of scientific research into multiple sclerosis, the book contains chapters on the neuropathology of the disease as well as an account of the most extensively used animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The book contains chapters regarding the role of viruses in the development of multiple sclerosis. Viruses have long been implicated and chapters on animal models based on virus infection, as well as their possible role in the etiology of MS, are included. Of interest to MS researchers, the book is written to also be of value to postgraduate and medical students"-- Provided by publisher.

"Cancer is a class of disease or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues. One new approach in dealing with cancer is through apoptotic regulators, which is the process of controlling cell growth by abnormally prolonging cell survival, facilitating the accumulation of transforming mutations and promoting resistance. This book uses oral cancers as the specific means to demonstrate this technique with this particular type of cancer, which is quite prevalent (and deadly) in India and other parts of Asia, in particular"--Provided by publisher.

"Plants are integral to human well being, and many species have been domesticated for more than 10,000 years. Evidence of plant scientific investigation and classification can be found in ancient texts from cultures around the world (Chinese, Indian, Greco-Roman, Muslim, etc.), whereas early modern botany can be traced to the late 15th and early 16th centuries in Europe. During the past several decades, plant biology has been revolutionized first by molecular biology and then by the genomic era. The model organism Arabidopsis thaliana has proved to be an invaluable tool for investigation into fundamental processes in plant biology, many of which share commonalities with animal biology. Plant-specific processes from reproduction to immunity and second messengers have also yielded to extensive investigation. With the genomes of more than 30 plant species now available and many more planned in the near future, the impact on our understanding of plant evolution and biology continues to grow. Our increased ability to engineer plant species to a variety of ends may provide novel solutions to ensure adequate and reliable food production and renewable energy even as climate change impacts our environment. The decision to focus the 2012 Symposium on plant science reflected the enormous research progress achieved in recent years and was intended to provide a broad synthesis of the current state of the field, setting the stage for future discoveries and application. This is the first Symposium in this historic series that focused exclusively on the botanical sciences. The Symposium spanned a broad range of areas of investigation including genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, developmental biology, physiology, and population/evolution studies at levels ranging from the single cell to the entire organism and from single genes to genomes; plant-specific processes and pathways featured broadly throughout the meeting. Effort was made to balance fundamental biological discoveries with applications relevant to societal well being including improved crops, fuel, and habitat"--Page xv.

This book fills in a gap in the NO literature. Recent progress in the field of NO-biology shows that NO is generated within distinct cell compartments, including specific plasma membrane regions, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, the Golgi-complex and intracellular membrane systems. NO synthesis plays specific roles in these compartments and, in turn, cell organelles also control intracellular NO levels. This monograph focuses on the roles played by the subcellular NO-signaling microdomains in the prokaryote-, fungus-, plant- and animal cells and shows how NO behaves as an intracellular signal in distinct cellular environments. This monograph also provides a summary of our knowledge on how NO synthesis came through evolution to be associated with organelles and subcellular compartments. Promotes the novel ideas that some functions of NO and its associations with subcellular units have been conserved during the evolution of the cell. A special chapter is dedicated to the biomedical relevance of subcellular NO synthesis, and this chapter also discusses the evidence that altered compartmentalization of NO-producing enzymes causes disease.

"Written by world-leading experts, this book focusses on the role of biomaterials in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Emphasising basic principles and methodology, it covers stem cell interactions, fabrication technologies, design principles, physical characterisation and biological evaluation, across a broad variety of systems and biomaterials. Topics include: stem cell biology, including embryonic stem cells, IPS, HSC and progenitor cells; modern scaffold structures, including biopolymer, bioceramic, micro- and nanofiber, ECM and biohydrogel; advanced fabrication technologies, including computer-aided tissue engineering and organ printing; cutting-edge drug delivery systems and gene therapy techniques; medical applications spanning hard and soft tissues, the cardiovascular system and organ regeneration. With a contribution by Nobel laureate Shinya Yamanaka, this is a must-have reference for anyone in the field of biomaterials, stem cell biology and engineering, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine"--Provided by publisher.

"This book bridges the gap in experimental approaches and understanding among the key areas of biomedical research. It provides all-important aspects dealing with the basic science involved in structure and properties, techniques and technological innovations in processing and characterizations, and applications of biomaterials and stem cells in tissue regeneration. The coverage ranges from fundamental principles to current technological advancements in the major field of regenerative medicine at the macro/micro/nano/molecular scales. It includes breakthroughs in biomaterials, stem cells, tissue engineering, and drug delivery and the current perspectives of these key elements in the context of regenerative medicine"-- Provided by publisher.

This volume is a collection of 15 research papers from the Next Generation Biomaterials and Surface Properties of Biomaterials symposia which took place during the Materials Science & Technology 2012 Conference & Exhibition (MS & T'12) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

This volume is a collection of research papers from the Next Generation Biomaterials and Surface Properties of Biomaterials symposia which took place during the Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference & Exhibition (MS&T'13) in Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

While coronary heart diseases are considered the most deadly medical conditions in terms of overall deaths per year, orthopedic maladies are the costliest. One of the most prevalent orthopedic conditions is low back pain, which stems from degenerative tissue changes within the spinal column and associated spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment successes in conservative and surgical treatment are mixed, although the rates of spine surgery have dramatically increased over the past decade. Surgical treatment is considered a last resort, and of all the surgical approaches, spinal fusion is the most common for the treatment of low back pain. Since spinal fusion has been in use in the clinic for several decades now, results of long-term retrospective clinical reviews are now becoming available. Some of these studies have shown that spinal fusion may induce secondary injuries such as adjacent tissue regeneration, which may require additional surgical treatment. To overcome some of these complications, posterior dynamic stabilization has been introduced as an alternative to fusion surgery. Posterior dynamic stabilization is still considered mostly experimental and the majority of spine companies with ambitions in this field have not yet settled on particular design goals and implant concepts. A significant hurdle for entry to the market for such devices is the lack of understanding of what the ideal function of the device is, and how the implants should interact with the spinal column. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the functionality of posterior dynamic stabilization depending on patient conditions such as mobility and body mass and to suggest efficient rigidities of the dynamic device when considering patients' characteristics. This study is divided into three specific aims. The purpose of the first aim was to investigate the significant influence of a patient's spinal kinematics on dynamic stabilization. The patients were divided by segmental range of motion (L3-L4) into two groups (hyper-mobility and hypo-mobility) and finite element (FE) models were generated for these respective groups. This study showed that patient characteristics such as mobility produced different spinal kinematics after dynamic stabilization and demonstrated that the effectiveness of dynamic stabilization was increased when the mechanical properties of the device were changed in response to patient characteristics. The purpose of the second aim was to evaluate the stabilization devices in relation to patients' body mass and spinal mobility, testing the effects of dynamic stabilization devices of varying levels of rigidity. Based on analyzed results of the spinal mobility at the diseased level (L4-L5), the hyper-mobility patients were divided into three groups, based on severity. Depending on the body mass in the hyper-mobility patients, the patients were divided into three groups. The findings of the study demonstrated the significant influence of patients' body mass and mobility on spinal kinematics after dynamic stabilization. The purpose of the third aim was to investigate the effect of implant rigidity on spinal kinematics utilizing a cadaveric tissue model. This in-vitro study was designed to validate the biomechanical influence of physiological loading after dynamic stabilization. The results of this in-vitro study showed that patients' characteristics change spinal segmental motion and different implant rigidities of the dynamic stabilization device also produce varying spinal kinematics depending on patients' conditions. Through these in-vitro tests, this thesis readdresses the importance of considering patient characteristics in the design of appropriate devices for spinal stabilization, and to select the right implants for the right patient population.

Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the myocardium resulting in heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Cardiomyopathies represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups and recent application of human genomic technologies has revealed thousands of gene mutations that cause inherited and sporadic cardiomyopathies. Many mutations in the beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) gene, which encodes the motor that powers ventricular contraction, have been identified to cause inherited cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the molecular mechanisms by which these mutations alter the force generation and kinetic properties of the myosin molecule have not been elucidated. As a result, there are no available therapies targeted toward treating the underlying cause of these diseases to date. We have successfully adapted a system to produce recombinant human cardiac myosin motor domain, known as subfragment-1 (S1), using a mammalian myoblast cell line. This technique has allowed us to obtain significant quantities of highly purified recombinant human beta-cardiac myosin S1 for in-depth functional analyses of wild type and DCM-causing mutants. Characterization of biomechanical properties of DCM causing human beta-cardiac S1 demonstrated that DCM mutations results in an overall hypo-contractile state, although the fundamental mechanistic changes that lead to decreased power output vary. In the future, more complex systems can be analyzed by performing assays with regulated thin filaments instead of actin and double-headed myosin motors to gain further insights into the effects of beta-MHC mutations on cardiac myosin function. Furthermore, using emerging induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, insights into the effects of these mutations of myosin biomechanical function in vitro can be correlated with their effects on cardiomyocyte function at the cellular level. Further understanding of these mechanisms can guide the search for specific therapeutic targets and lead to the development of small molecules to modulate the effects of the DCM-causing mutations and potentially prevent or reverse this clinically devastating disease.

Many children with cerebral palsy walk with excessive knee flexion, an inefficient locomotion pattern known as crouch gait that progressively worsens over time without intervention. Patients often receive surgeries to lengthen tight or spastic muscles or to correct bone malalignments, but outcomes are variable and unpredictable. The goals of this dissertation were, first, to objectively identify biomechanical factors that cause a patient to walk with excess knee flexion and, second, to use these factors to predict whether a patient's crouch gait will improve after receiving treatment. We first determined the influence of abnormal bone geometry and crouched gait postures on the function of muscles during walking using a three-dimensional model of the musculoskeletal system. Our analysis revealed that a tibial torsion deformity, a common bone malalignment, reduces the capacity of lower limb muscles to generate extension of the knee and hip joints. Excess tibial torsion may thus be a significant contributor to crouch gait and warrant surgical correction. In addition, our analysis showed that a crouched gait posture markedly reduces the capacity of most lower limb muscles to extend the knee and hip joints. These findings help explain the altered muscle activations, increased energy requirements, and increased joint loading associated with walking in a crouch gait. We also developed a multi-variable linear regression model to estimate how much subjects' crouch gait would change between hospital visits by retrospectively analyzing patients' gait kinematics over time and surgical histories. The regression model was able to explain 49% of the variance in the change in knee flexion between gait visits for the 353 subject-limbs that we analyzed. Further, the regression model classified subject-limbs as 'Improved' or 'Unimproved' with approximately 70% accuracy, which contrasts with the observed improvement rate of 48% among subject-limbs in the study. We further demonstrated that more improvement in crouch gait was expected when subjects had i) adequate hamstrings lengths and velocities, ii) normal tibial torsion, and iii) greater extensor muscle strength, three variables drawn from our knowledge about the biomechanics of crouch gait. This work establishes a new framework--combining biomechanical modeling and statistical analysis--for understanding gait pathology and objectively planning treatment.

This dissertation investigated the role of biomechanics in two physiological systems, the heart and bone. Biomechanics motivates the study and characterization of how cells sense external forces and convert these signals into an intracellular response in a process called mechanotransduction. Three independent studies were designed with the goal of applying mechanical forces that mimic the in vivo microenvironment of either the heart or bone. The aim of these studies was to better under the mechanisms driving cellular processes, including cardiac myocyte differentiation and osteoblast mechanotransduction. The first study presents the design and implementation of tissue engineering approach to stem cell-based myocardial therapy. Three dimensional engineered heart tissue was formed by suspending human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes isolated from beating embryoid bodies in a soluble extracellular matrix, and an in vitro mechanical conditioning regimen was applied at physiological levels of myocardial strain. The viability of the engineered stem cell tissue was monitored in vitro and in vivo for up to 8 weeks using molecular imaging of reporter gene activity. The application of cyclic mechanical strain in vitro resulted in cellular alignment along the axis of strain and an elongated cellular morphology with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, typical of neonatal cardiac myocytes, as well as increased expression of cardiac troponin I, in comparison to static controls. Analysis of the in vitro and in vivo bioluminescence imaging data demonstrated the viability of engineered heart tissue constructs; however, histology results showed immature cells within the implanted constructs, suggesting an inability of the stem cell-derived cardiac precursors to maintain a cardiac phenotype in vivo, as well the inherent inefficiency of the beating embryoid body method to identify and isolate cardiac myocyte precursors. The functional shortcomings exhibited by the embryoid body-based differentiation of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes in the first study motivated further refinement of cardiac myocyte differentiation techniques. Therefore, the second study executed the design and fabrication of a microelectromechanical platform to study the role of electrical and mechanical stimulation in cardiac myocyte differentiation. The fabrication process used a combination of soft lithography and traditional microfabrication techniques to pattern thin film metal electrodes on an elastomeric polymer membrane. The completed device enabled coupled characterization and imaging of cardiac myocytes precursors, and the ability to assess the range of mechanical forces, up to 10% equibiaxial strain, that may induce or maintain a cardiac fate. Electrical continuity was demonstrated under static conditions but not under strain, and improvements in metal deposition and adhesion could address this performance defect. Beating clusters containing human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes were plated on fabricated membranes, uncoated and coated with Matrigel, and cell viability was monitored using contrast microscopy. The third study transitioned to a different mechanical model of physiological forces, which was the application of oscillatory fluid flow-mediated fluid shear stress generated by the loading and unloading of bone. Specifically, the role of focal adhesion kinase, a protein tyrosine kinase recruited at focal adhesions and a major mediator of integrin signaling pathways, was studied in osteoblast mechanotransduction. The biochemical and transcriptional response of focal adhesion kinase mutant osteoblasts to physiological levels of shear stress induced by oscillatory fluid flow was impaired as measured by prostaglandin E2 release and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression. Restoration of focal adhesion kinase expression with site-specific mutations at two tyrosine phosphorylation sites demonstrated that phosphorylation events play a role in prostaglandin release following oscillatory fluid flow. In conclusion, the role of mechanical forces, including the effect of cyclic mechanical strain in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocyte tissue engineering and the fluid shear stress-induced response of focal adhesion kinase mutant osteoblasts, was successfully demonstrated and quantified in this dissertation.

The outermost layer of human skin, the stratum corneum (SC), is subject daily to variable ambient moisture and temperature conditions as well as application of potentially damaging cleansing agents. The inevitable results of these exposures are "tightness" of the skin which is directly related to the buildup of tensile residual drying stresses in the SC layer. In this work, we first describe the application of the substrate curvature technique to quantitatively measure the magnitude of these stresses and their relationship to selected drying environments and times. The SC drying stresses were observed to be very sensitive to the relative humidity and temperature of the drying environment as well as harshness of the chemical treatment. There was a strong correlation with the SC drying stresses and the chemical potential of water in the drying environment. The evolution of drying stresses in SC is discussed in relation to the effects of hydration and damage caused by chemical treatments on the underlying SC structure. We also describe the application of the substrate curvature technique to characterize stresses in occlusive topical coatings. We then extend the substrate curvature technique to measure the combined effects of the coating applied to human stratum corneum (SC) where the overall drying stresses may have contributions from the coating, the SC and the interaction of the coating with the SC. We show how these separate contributions in the coating and SC layers can be differentiated. Using this methodology, we characterize the effect of a range of moisturizing treatments on the drying stresses in human stratum corneum. Following moisturizer treatment, the SC was observed to have distinctive stress profiles with drying time depending on the effectiveness of the treatment. The stress values of specimens treated with the humectant moisturizers were observed to increase and stabilize after a few hours in the drying environment where they remained relatively constant until the end of exposure to the drying environment whereas the stress values of specimens treated with the emollient treatments were observed to rise rapidly to a peak stress value and relax to a final stress value. The effect of moisturizing treatments on the SC drying stresses was rationalized in terms of SC water loss and the chemical state of the SC components. Finally, we employ a fracture mechanics approach to understand the implications of the drying stresses in SC as a mechanical driving force for damage propagation (e.g. cracking and chapping) in the tissue. The crack driving force G was found for several cracking configurations and compared with the intercellular delamination energy, Gc, which is a property of the tissue that provides a measure of the resistance to cracking. Using this approach, we demonstrate how damaging treatments enhance and moisturizing treatments alleviate the propensity for dry skin damage.

Three decades into the epidemic, a great deal is known about HIV and its transmission, more people are living with the disease, and the virus is no longer seen as a death sentence. But new people continue to be infected with HIV each year, making prevention strategies that are medically effective and behaviorally engaging as urgent a priority as ever. Biomedical Advances in HIV Prevention: Social and Behavioral Perspectives assembles the latest improvements, barriers to implementation, and possibilities for--and challenges to--future progress. Innovations such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (antiretroviral regimens for the high-risk uninfected) and treatment as prevention (early use of ART to reduce infectiousness of new patients) are examined, as are current findings on ongoing prevention and treatment concerns. Contributors illuminate the complex realities entailing adherence, pointing out technological, behavioral, and cultural roadblocks as well as opportunities to significantly reduce infection rates.

As its title suggests, this innovative book has been written for life scientists needing to analyse their data sets, and programmers, wanting a better understanding of the types of experimental images life scientists investigate on a regular basis. Each chapter presents one self-contained biomedical experiment to be analysed. Part I of the book presents its two basic ingredients: essential concepts of image analysis and Matlab. In Part II, algorithms and techniques are shown as series of 'recipes' or solved examples that show how specific techniques are applied to a biomedical experiments like Western Blots, Histology, Scratch Wound Assays and Fluoresence. Each recipe begins with simple techniques that gradually advance in complexity. Part III presents some advanced techniques for the generation of publication quality figures. The book does not assume any computational or mathematical expertise.

Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine meets the growing demand of practitioners, researchers, educators, and students for a comprehensive introduction to key topics in the field and the underlying scientific issues that sit at the intersection of biomedical science, patient care, public health, and information technology (IT). This 4th edition reflects the remarkable changes in both computing and health care that continue to occur and the exploding interest in the role that IT must play in care coordination and the melding of genomics with innovations in clinical practice and treatment. New chapters have been introduced on the health information infrastructure, consumer health informatics, telemedicine, translational bioinformatics, clinical research informatics, and health IT policy, while the others have all undergone extensive revisions, in many cases with new authors. The organization and philosophy are unchanged, focusing on the science of information and knowledge management and the role of computers and communications in modern biomedical research, health, and health care. Emphasizing the conceptual basis of the field rather than technical details, it provides an introduction and extensive bibliography so that readers can comprehend, assess, and utilize biomedical informatics and health IT. The volume focuses on easy-to-understand examples, a guide to additional literature, chapter summaries, and a comprehensive glossary with concise definitions of recurring terms for self-study or classroom use.

Biomedical Natural Language Processing" is a comprehensive tour through the classic and current work in the field. It discusses all subjects from both a rule-based and a machine learning approach, and also describes each subject from the perspective of both biological science and clinical medicine. The intended audience is readers who already have a background in natural language processing, but a clear introduction makes it accessible to readers from the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, as well. The book is suitable as a reference, as well as a text for advanced courses in biomedical natural language processing and text mining.

Foreword -- PART 1: Basic considerations -- 1. So do you really want to pursue research? -- 2. What's in store: The brighter side of medical research -- 3. What's in store: The darker side of medical research -- 4. One degree of separation -- 5. Choosing and working with a mentor -- 6. Identifying a research niche you can call your own -- 7. Useful Definitions -- PART 2: Research Foundations and Structures -- 8. The Institutional Review Board: Do's, Don'ts, and Nevers... -- 9. Animal Care and Use Committees -- 10. Research beyond humans and vertebrates -- 11. Hiring Research Staff -- 12. Strategy and Tactics: Running a Successful Laboratory -- 13. Everything you ever wanted to know about collaboration Part 3: Successful Paper and Grant Writing -- 14. Writing a successful research paper. I -- Up to the point of submission -- 15. Writing a successful research paper. II -- Revising, resubmitting, and post-acceptance tasks -- 16. Funding: An overview -- 17. Where to apply for funding: making the right choices -- 18. Writing a winning grant application -- 19. Grant budgeting -- 20. Grant writing: Pearls and lumps of coal -- 21. Research Training, Fellowship, and Career grants -- 22. Grant review from the inside -- 23. Interpreting your reviews -- 24. To resubmit or not resubmit and how to do it -- Part 4: Good presentations, conferencing, networking, and other useful tools -- 25. The art of good presentation -- 26. Effective conferencing -- 27. Networking in the 21st century -- 28. Conflicts of interest -- 29. Scientific conduct and misconduct: what is right and proper, what is not, and what is somewhere in the middle -- 30. Article review and reading: being efficient and as thorough as you need to be -- 31. Patents -- 32. Working with industry -- Part 5: Career choices and life lessons -- 33. Jobs in biomedical science: seeking, landing, and changing -- 34. Academic Promotion and Titles -- 35. On being a mentor -- 36. Yardsticks of success -- 37. Research Life Lesson #1: Everything takes longer than you think, so plan for it -- 38. Research life lesson #2: A person's research is endlessly important to them -- 39. Research Life lesson #3: Balance, timing, cycles and seeing the big picture -- 40. Research Life Lesson #4: Your career is an ultramarathon, not a sprint -- 41. Conclusion: Nothing satisfies like meaningful work -- Acknowledgements.

Biomedical Signals and Systems is meant to accompany a one-semester undergraduate signals and systems course. It may also serve as a quick-start for graduate students or faculty interested in how signals and systems techniques can be applied to living systems. The biological nature of the examples allows for systems thinking to be applied to electrical, mechanical, fluid, chemical, thermal and even optical systems. Each chapter focuses on a topic from classic signals and systems theory: System block diagrams, mathematical models, transforms, stability, feedback, system response, control, time and frequency analysis and filters. Embedded within each chapter are examples from the biological world, ranging from medical devices to cell and molecular biology. While the focus of the book is on the theory of analog signals and systems, many chapters also introduce the corresponding topics in the digital realm. Although some derivations appear, the focus is on the concepts and how to apply them. Throughout the text, systems vocabulary is introduced which will allow the reader to read more advanced literature and communicate with scientist and engineers. Homework and Matlab simulation exercises are presented at the end of each chapter and challenge readers to not only perform calculations and simulations but also to recognize the real-world signals and systems around them.

Evaluating biomedical technology poses a significant challenge in light of the complexity and rate of introduction in today's healthcare delivery system. Successful evaluation requires an integration of clinical medicine, science, finance, and market analysis. Little guidance, however, exists for those who must conduct comprehensive technology evaluations. The 3Q Method meets these present day needs. The 3Q Method is organized around 3 key questions dealing with 1) clinical and scientific basis, 2) financial fit and 3) strategic and expertise fit. Both healthcare providers (e.g., hospitals) and medical industry providers can use the Method to evaluate medical devices, information systems and work processes from their own perspectives. The book describes the 3Q Method in detail and provides additional suggestions for optimal presentation and report preparation.

Nature has been evolving unparalleled molecular designs with extraordinary activity, simplicity, efficiency, and durability. The process of biomimicry takes inspiration from Nature. In this dissertation, I focused on the development of functional analogues of natural peptides and protein polymers for several applications that continue to challenge the biomedical field. Five applications were discussed: The first three sections focus on bioactive peptides that are generally shorter than 50 amino acids. The goal was to preserve the bioactivity of the natural peptides while reducing their natural sensitivity to proteases and fast in vivo clearance. The last two sections focus on developing protein polymer-based hydrogels. The goal was to generate biomimicking scaffolds for tissue regenerations. (i) Poly-N-substituted glycines, or peptoids, provide a biostable scaffold that can display a great diversity of side chains in highly tunable sequences via facile solid-phase synthesis. Current chemotherapeutics in oncology are often limited by side effect profiles and selection for drug resistance. Herein, I present a library of anticancer peptoids that mimic the cationic, amphipathic structural features of host defense peptides and explore their structure-activity relationship, and killing mechanisms. Several peptoids were found with broad cytotoxicity against cancer cells as well as the ability to overcome multidrug resistance. An initial in vivo study with a primary, orthotopic human breast cancer xenotransplantation model demonstrated anticancer efficacy of one of the studied peptoids. (ii) Cell-penetrating peptides have found numerous applications in biology and medicine as molecular transporters. We developed a library of cationic, amphipathic peptoids as a novel class of transporters and investigated the relationships between their structures, cellular uptake efficiency, and the associated cytotoxicity. Both guanidinium heads and bulky, aromatic hydrophobic residues were found to render the cationic, amphipathic constructs more permeable. Moreover, different internalization mechanisms were observed for peptoid transporters with distinct structures. One peptoid was identified as a promising transporter with excellent cellular uptake efficiency and low cytotoxicity. (iii) Bombesin (BBN) peptide can bind with high affinity and specificity to the GRP receptors (GRPR) which are upregulated invasive prostate cancer. BBN(7-14) provides a promising basis for developing radiometallated diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals to target GRPR positive prostate cancer. I report a design of a 4-arm PEG-based platform with multivalent BBN(7-14) for targeted delivery to the GRPR positive prostate cancer. The PEG-BBN conjugates displayed comparable tumor uptake as the free BBN while having both a lower liver uptake and higher tumor-to-blood ratio in a biodistribution study. (iv) Regenerative medicine is in need of bioactive extracellular matrix-like scaffolds that can interact with cells and allow tissue regeneration in a well-controlled manner. Via "controlled cloning", matrix metalloproteases (MMP) degradation sites were built into multiple sites along a protein polymer that can be enzymatically crosslinked into a previously established non-bioactive hydrogel systems. The incorporation of MMP degradation sites greatly improved cell infiltration into the hydrogel. (v) Lastly, a novel in situ forming hybrid, biomimetic hydrogel comprising bioactive recombinant protein polymers, hyaluronic acid (HA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was developed. In a preliminary study, this hydrogel was found to be biocompatible and bioactive, which opens up future studies with this hydrogel system.

The ability of organic chemists to design and synthesize functional molecules has revolutionized the ways in which we can probe biological systems. From catalysts capable of releasing bioactive molecules from bioinactive precursors to oligomers that enable or enhance the uptake of molecules across cell membrane and cell wall barriers, the work described herein emphasizes the power of designing for function. These new tools allow for control over the location of many biologically relevant molecules, including drugs, probes, imaging agents, metabolic modulators, and pesticides, with ramifications for a variety of biochemical, agricultural, and medicinal applications. Chapter 1 reviews the development of selective catalysts designed for use in biological systems. The catalysts have primarily been used for bioconjugations, expanding the classical repertoire of bioconjugation techniques to allow for selective chemistries at many more functional groups than was traditionally possible. Emerging strategies for imaging in biological systems using transition metal catalysis are also reviewed, as are transition metal-based catalytic therapeutics. The synthesis and evaluation of a novel bioorthogonal ruthenium catalyst designed for release of biologically active molecules from inactive precursors is the focus of Chapter 2. Although the challenges associated with using transition metals in biological systems are apparent, creative design ultimately led to the development of a useful bioorthogonal catalyst / substrate pair. This system allows for real-time visualization of transition metal catalysis to generate a biologically active compound that releases photons when it encounters its intracellular enzyme target. Chapters 3 and 4 detail the synthesis and application of molecular transporter scaffolds. Chapter 3 introduces a novel organocatalytic ring-opening oligomerization of guanidinylated cyclic carbonates to access molecular transporter scaffolds in 1 step. This strategy allows for rapid access to molecular transporters of varying lengths. In addition, the synthesis allows for concomitant probe or drug attachment and the carbonate-based backbones of the resulting transporters are biodegradable on a timescale allowing for cellular uptake and intracellular degradation. The ability of molecular transporters to cross not only cell membranes, but also cell walls, is discussed in Chapter 4. These studies focused on the delivery of small molecules and proteins across the algal cell wall and cell membrane barriers using D-octaarginine-based molecular transporters. With this method, it was shown that fluorescein-octaarginine conjugates were able to cross these barriers in a variety of algal species from the class Chlorophyceae, although several species showed no uptake or only cell surface staining. It was also shown in the algal model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that octaarginine-protein conjugates could cross the cell wall and cell membrane barriers to deliver a functional protein to the intracellular algal space.

The work presented herein is concerned with the development of biophysical methodology designed to address pertinent questions regarding the behavior and structure of select pathogenic agents. Two distinct studies are documented: a shock tube analysis of endospore-laden bio-aerosols and a correlated AFM/NanoSIMS study of the structure of vaccinia virus. An experimental method was formulated to analyze the biological and morphological response of endospores to gas dynamic shock waves. A novel laser diagnostic system was implemented to provide time resolved data concerning the structural decomposition of endospores in shock-heated flows. In addition, an ex situ methodology combining viability analysis, flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy was employed to both assess the biological response of the endospore to the shock event, as well as to provide complementary data regarding the structural state of the treated endospore. This methodology was implemented to model the shock wave induced response of a variety of Bacillus endospores. The results are subsequently synthesized into a theoretical framework to be employed in modeling the interaction of endospore-laden bio-aerosols with blast waves. An analytical method combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) was developed to examine the spatial localization and depth distribution of specific biological elements in viral systems. This methodology was implemented to analyze the distribution of 13C labeled fatty acids as well as 15N labeled thymidine in individual nanometer sized vaccinia viral particles. Based upon the 13C and 15N signals, three-dimensional depth-resolved data regarding the architecture and localization of the virion lipid membrane and the nucleoprotein complex was generated. In addition, this methodology was employed to provide direct correlation of architectural and chemical data for isolated sub-viral structures. The technique and results presented herein represent a novel tool for the structural and chemical study of both intact viral particles as well as specifically targeted sub-viral elements.

When quantum mechanics was first proposed a century ago, nobody could have anticipated how deeply it would affect our lives. Today, we are connected and powered through devices whose existence is predicated on the basic principles of this strange physics. Not even the biological sciences have escaped its reach. As scientists query the deepest mysteries of the living world, the physical scales probed and the types of questions asked are increasingly blurring the lines between biology and physics. The hybrid field of biophysics represents the new frontier of the 21st century. The ribosome has been at the heart of three Nobel Prizes. Understanding its essential nature and how it interacts with other proteins and nucleic acids to control protein synthesis has been one of the central foundations in our understanding of the biology at the molecular level. With the advent of atomic scale structures, methods to visualize and separate individual molecules, and the computational power to model the complex interactions of over a million atoms at once, our understanding of how gene expression is controlled at the level of protein translation is now deeply ensconced in the biophysical realm. This book provides a premier resource to a wide audience, whether it be the general reader seeking a broad view of the field, a clinician interested in the role of protein translation in human disease, the bench researcher looking for state-of-the-art technologies, or computational scientists involved in cutting edge molecular modeling.

This book can be used to provide insight into this important application of biophysics for those who are planning a career in protein therapeutic development, and for those outside this area who are interested in understanding it better. The initial chapters describe the underlying theory, and strengths and weaknesses of the different techniques commonly used during therapeutic development. The majority of the chapters discuss the applications of these techniques, including case studies, across the product lifecycle from early discovery, where the focus is on identifying targets, and screening for potential drug product candidates, through expression and purification, large scale production, formulation development, lot-to-lot comparability studies, and commercial support including investigations.

"The volume is intended as an introduction to the physical principles governing the main processes that occur in photosynthesis, with emphasis on the light reactions and electron transport chain. A unique feature of the photosynthetic apparatus is the fact that the molecular structures are known in detail for essentially all of its major components. The availability of this data has allowed their functions to be probed at a very fundamental level to discover the design principles that have guided evolution. Other volumes on photosynthesis have tended to focus on single components or on a specific set of biophysical techniques, and the authors' goal is to provide new researchers with an introduction to the overall field of photosynthesis. The book is divided into sections, each dealing with one of the main physical processes in photosynthetic energy conversion. Each section has several chapters each describing the role that a basic physical property, such as charge or spin, plays in governing the process being discussed. The chapters proceed in an orderly fashion from a quantum mechanical description of early processes on an ultrafast timescale to a classical treatment of electron transfer and catalysis on a biochemical timescale culminating in evolutionary principles on a geological timescale."--Publisher's website.

Structured RNAs are everywhere, functioning throughout gene expression with key roles ranging from catalysis to regulation. New functional RNAs are being discovered all the time; in fact, it is now clear that a much greater fraction of eukaryotic genomes is devoted to coding for RNA than protein. Many of these RNAs must traverse complex energy landscapes to find their functional three-dimensional structures. Along the way, they may encounter native and non-native folding intermediates, chaperone proteins, and assemble with partner proteins. This volume, written by experts in the field, discusses the current understanding of the biophysical principles that govern RNA folding, with featured RNAs including the ribosomal RNAs, viral RNAs, and self-splicing introns. In addition to the fundamental features of RNA folding, the central experimental and computational approaches in the field are presented with an emphasis on their individual strengths and limitations, and how they can be combined to be more powerful than any method alone; these approaches include NMR, single molecule fluorescence, site-directed spin labeling, structure mapping, comparative sequence analysis, graph theory, course-grained 3D modeling, and more. This volume will be of interest to professional researchers and advanced students entering the field of RNA folding.

The terrorist use of diseases as bioweapons has been one of the major security concerns in recent years, particularly after the anthrax letter attacks in the USA in 2001. This uncertain threat of intentional outbreaks of diseases exists side by side with the constantly changing very real threat from diseases, epidemics and pandemics as recently illustrated by the H1N1 influenza pandemic, SARS, and H5N1 bird influenza events. This publication contains case studies on the public health planning for (un)usual disease outbreaks for 11 large and small countries with a focus on South Eastern Europe. In many countries, military entities traditionally play an important role in emergency response to disease outbreaks. In smaller countries, very little exists, however, in terms of specific biopreparedness efforts (in both the military and civilian area), which is at least partly due to a relatively low bioterrorism threat perception, and serious resource constraints. The uncertainty associated with the bioterrorism threat makes public health preparedness planning for such events politically and financially very difficult. The similarity of responding to bioterrorism events and natural disease outbreaks from a public health point of view suggests the merit of looking at biopreparedness as a part of overall health emergency planning, not as a separate effort.

Innovation is added value to a known process. Bioprinting: Techniques and Risks for Regenerative Medicine aims to stimulate a scientifically grounded, interdisciplinary, multiscale debate and exchange of ideas using the techniques described in the book. 3D printing and additive manufacturing evolved from within the field of Cell Biology will have the ability to recreate cells queried from large amounts of phenotypic and molecular data. Stem Cell biologists, biotechnologists and material engineers, as well as graduate students will greatly benefit from the practical knowledge and case examples provided throughout this book.

Peripheral nerve analysis is a challenging task for pathologists, given the advent of new diagnoses and techniques of analysis and the impact of molecular genetics. This book presents a simple, logical method for constructing a differential diagnosis based on pathology and clinical presentation. It also provides advice on the selection of ancillary molecular, immunohistochemical and genetic techniques to establish a definitive diagnosis. Clear, authoritative guidance is offered on diagnosis of the full range of neuropathies with the aid of a wealth of high-quality color photomicrographs and electron micrographs. The pathologist will benefit greatly from the identification of a variety of artifacts and normal structures occasionally encountered in nerve biopsies that need to be distinguished from specific pathologic alterations. This user-friendly, practical text will be an invaluable aid in achieving the most specific diagnosis possible.

"Biosensors have a biological component within them and can be used to detect, monitor or quantify environmental substances. Chapters have an abstract, key facts, applications to other areas of health and disease and a "mini-dictionary" of key terms and summary points. Coverage includes personal toxicity testing, soil and risk assessment, pesticide, insecticides, parasites, nitrate, endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, food contamination, whole cell bioreporters, bacterial biosensors, antibody-based biosensors, enzymatic, amperometric and electrochemical aspects, quorum sensing, DNA-biosensors, cantilever biosensors, bioluminescence and other methods and applications. Contributors are leading authorities and the book is essential reading for environmental scientists, toxicologists, medical doctors, health care professionals, pathologists, biologists, biochemists, chemists and physicists, general practitioners as well as those interested in disease and sciences in general. "-- Provided by publisher.

"This book provides detailed review chapters on a range of nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanorods, nanobelts and nanosheets in the construction of biosensors with set applications of biosensors nanotechnology for biological and chemical analyses, food safety industry, biomedical diagnostics, clinical detection, and environmental monitoring. The authors provide a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications. The book is written for scientists, researchers, and clinicians from diverse backgrounds across chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, biotechnology, and biomedical engineering"--Provided by publisher.

"This is the first book entirely devoted to the design and analysis for assessment of biosimilarity and drug interchangeability of biosimilars, and test for comparability in manufacturing processes of biologic products. It covers all of the statistical issues that may occur in biosimilar studies under various study designs at various stages of research and development of biologic products"-- Provided by publisher.

"Genes and environment. Biology and behavior. Nature and nurture. The terminology may be clear-cut, but the processes themselves are far from simple: unlike the direct cause-and-effect dichotomies of past frameworks, researchers now recognize these family-based connections as multifaceted, transactional, and emergent. [This book] aims at illuminating a multiplicity of approaches and methodologies for studying family dynamics, to match the complex interplay of physiological factors, environmental challenges, and behavioral adaptations that characterize family life and development. Chapters illustrate physical and social influences on parenting, childhood, adolescence, fertility, and family formation, providing analytical frameworks for understanding key areas such as family behavior, health, development, and adaptation to contextual stressors."--Book jacket.

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are multi-functional enzymes, which synthesize natural products known as polyketides. These complex molecules have a diverse range of medicinal properties. Biosynthetic engineering of the multi-modular PKSs is attractive due to their modularity and colinearity, which, if understood at the molecular level, could allow for the efficient and predictable regioselective chemical manipulation of polyketides. A minimum combination of a [beta]-ketosynthase (KS), an acyltransferase (AT), and an acyl carrier protein (ACP) is required for the assembly of acyl-CoA precursors into complex polyketide products. This work will focus on AT domains, which are the primary gatekeepers for stepwise incorporation of acyl-CoA building blocks into a growing polyketide chain. In our initial investigations, protein interactions between AT, ACP and flanking AT linkers from a prototypical multimodular 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) were systematically explored, guided by recent high-resolution structures. Our results indicate that N/C terminal linkers of the modular DEBS AT domain contributed to both efficiency and specificity of transacylation. Representative DEBS AT3 and AT6 domains were also observed to have greater than 10-fold AT specificities for their cognate ACP substrates as compared to other ACPs in the DEBS PKS. In comparison, there is only modest discrimination for its native ACP by the standalone AT from the "AT-less" disorazole synthase (DSZS). These "AT-less" multimodular PKS lack AT domains in their modular assembly, and instead, transacylation is supplied by a trans-acting discrete AT. With its higher transacylation activity for DEBS ACPs compared to their natural ATs (> 40-fold), DSZS AT presents new opportunities for regioselective modification of a polyketide backbone and thus prompting further structural and biochemical investigations. Towards the analysis of DSZS AT, we report crystal structures of trans-acting AT resolved at 1.51 Å, and that of its acetate complex at 1.35 Å resolution. Comprehensive alanine-scanning mutagenesis of its native ACP1 substrate also identified a conserved Asp45 residue on the ACP for AT interactions. This conserved residue is proposed to contribute to the observed AT promiscuity. Supplementing in silico protein docking with these results, a model for DSZS AT and ACP interactions was derived. Working towards high-resolution structural characterization of this interface, we developed a novel strategy for covalently cross-linking and purifying a catalytically relevant DSZS AT-ACP complex. Finally, trans complementation of methylmalonyl CoA specific DEBS modules was also accomplished in vitro with DSZS AT for malonyl CoA incorporation. From our investigations, we have gained new insights into the protein-protein interactions that play a major role in the efficient biosynthesis of structurally complex polyketides. These results also reveal important considerations and opportunities for biosynthetic engineering within the multi-functional assembly lines.

"Discussing the role of plasma proteins in current biotechnology, this book describes the protein composition of human plasma, the fractionation of plasma to obtain therapeutic proteins, and the analysis of these products. It delineates the path from plasma products to recombinant products, and highlights products from albumin, intravenous immunoglobins, and coagulation. It offers a comprehensive review of current techniques for the analysis of proteins including electrophoresis, chromatography, spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry as well as updates not published since 1975"--Provided by publisher.

This book examines in detail the diagnostic approach to manic depressive (bipolar) illness, with special reference to the borderline zones with unipolar depression and schizoaffective disorder. Among other diagnostic issues considered are mixed episodes (often misdiagnosed by psychiatrists), rapid cycling, and the confusion with personality disorders. Within the context of diagnosis and understanding of the dynamics of bipolar disorder, temperament, character, and personality are all extensively discussed. Neurocognitive deficit and disability are covered, as are elements of evolutionary biology and behavior. With regard to treatment, the major focus is on evidence-based therapy, with reference to the results of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses; in addition, contemporary guidelines and future trends are examined. Careful consideration is also given to the psychosocial treatment approach and issues relating to societal and economic costs and burdens.

Over the past two decades, driven by the enormous public health importance of bipolar disorder, research initiatives have begun to elucidate the pathophysiology of this prevalent and debilitating condition. These research initiatives have led to breakthroughs in our understanding of causation, and now promise to foster the development of novel treatments. This new edition presents contributions from the leaders at the forefront of these areas of research, and includes chapters on the groundbreaking advances in the fields of genetics, neuroimaging, neuropsychopharmacology, oxidative stress and neuronal resilience, inflammatory mechanisms, psychosocial factors, childhood onset and late-life bipolar disorder, and many other important areas. Throughout, the therapeutic implications and potential of this new understanding are emphasized. This will be essential reading for those interested in the neurobiology of mental illness, and will be of interest to mental health practitioners more generally. -- Provided by publisher.

Written with disarming honesty by a long-term sufferer of bipolar disorder, with more than half a century's experience of intervention and treatment, this highly personal volume traces the effectiveness of a therapy modality for mental illness that has gained much ground in the past two decades: art. The author began to use art, and in particular doodling, from 1998 as a way of externalizing his feelings. Its expressiveness, accessibility and energy-efficiency was ideally suited to the catatonia he experienced during the bouts of depression that are a feature of bipolar disorder, while as the low moods lifted and his energy surged, he completed more ambitious and elaborate works. As well as being highly eclectic, Wheatley's assembled oeuvre has afforded him both insights and therapeutic intervention into his condition, once deemed highly debilitating and taboo, but much more socially accepted now that well known sufferers such as Stephen Fry have recounted their experiences of the condition. After an opening account of how the images were generated, the volume reproduces a 'gallery' of selected work, and then offers an extended epilogue analyzing the art's connections with the disorder as well as the author's assessment of how each attempt at visual self-expression was, for him, a therapeutic intervention. Wheatley, a cell biologist who has enjoyed a full career in cancer research, has had no formal training in art, yet his haunting pictures, many of them resembling life forms, are brought to life by his perceptive, self-aware commentary. This book will be of interest to psychologists and psychiatrists among the wider medical profession as well as people suffering from any form of bipolar disorder whatever the severity.

Infectious diseases remain a substantial drain on human well-being and economies despite the availability of modern drugs. New pathogens emerge and known pathogens change their geographical distribution and their susceptibility to the available drugs. An understanding of the structure and function of infectious disease pathogens is a major scientific challenge with important potential applications. This monograph series provides up-to-date information on the latest developments in infectious disease research. The multi-authored volumes cover basic biology and biochemistry of pathogens as well as applied medical aspects and implications for public health and policy.-- Excerpted from publisher notes.

"The concept of using bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy by retargeting immune effector cells was developed more than 25 years ago. However, initial clinical studies were rather disappointing mainly due to low efficacy, severe side effects and the immunogenicity of the bispecific antibodies. A deeper understanding of effector cell biology and especially developments in the field of antibody engineering has led to the generation of new classes of bispecific antibodies capable of circumventing many of these obstacles. Furthermore, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies, such as pre-targeting strategies in radioimmunotherapy and dual targeting approaches in order to improve binding, selectivity and efficacy. In this book, the different means of generating bispecific antibodies are described, with an emphasis on recombinant formats, and information on the various applications of bispecific antibodies, e.g. in cellular cancer immunotherapy, radioimmunotherapy and pretargeting strategies, but also on emerging applications such as dual targeting strategies, i.e., the simultaneous inhibition of two targets (cytokines, receptors, etc.) are provided. This book is intended for a broad readership in the field of antibody engineering, mainly from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector, but also including academic researchers working in this field."--Publisher's website.

When Tweedy began medical school, he envisioned a bright future where his segregated, working-class background would become irrelevant. Instead he found himself grappling with race, bias, and the unique health problems of black Americans, and met a professor who bluntly questioned whether he belonged in medical school. In examining the complex ways in which both black doctors and patients must navigate the difficult and often contradictory terrain of race and medicine, he illustrates the complex social, cultural, and economic factors at the root of most health problems in the black community.

Bladder Dysfunction in the Adult: The Basis for Clinical Management succinctly describes all that the healthcare professional needs to know when treating lower urinary tract symptoms. The book describes how to assess and treat every group of patients likely to be affected with bladder problems, and the underlying mechanisms responsible. Women with stress incontinence, men with enlarged prostates, people with neurological disease and the elderly are all discussed in particular detail. For all professionals treating or learning to treat patients with urinary storage or voiding problems, the concise presentation and thorough coverage provides treatment recommendations and clear explanations. Authored by recognized experts in their respective fields, Bladder Dysfunction in the Adult: The Basis for Clinical Management is a comprehensive resource that allows the reader to develop the knowledge, understanding, and confidence to deal with the many clinical challenges of bladder dysfunction.