Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي‎ audio(help·info)Mu‘ammar al-Qaḏāfī; also known simply as Colonel Gaddafi; born 1942) has been the de facto leader of Libya since a coup in 1969.[1]

.From 1972, when Gaddafi relinquished the title of prime minister, he has been accorded the honorifics "Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" or "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements and the official press.^Second, Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution (aka Muammar Gaddafi) designed a car.

^Within the context of his overall achievements, leading the AU is likely to be a mere footnote in any historical evaluation of the Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriyas rule.

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^From 1972, when Gaddafi relinquished the title of prime minister, he has been accorded the honorifics "Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya " or "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements and the official press.

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[2].With the death of Omar Bongo of Gabon on 8 June 2009, he became the third longest serving of all current national leaders.^With the death of Omar Bongo of Gabon on 8 June 2009, he became the third longest serving of all current national leaders.

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.Officially his father was Mohammed Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammed Al-Gaddafi, known as Abu Meniar (died 1985).^Officially, the father of the Supreme Guide of the Revolution was Abu Meniar Al Gaddafi, a Bedouin goat breeder in the region of Syrte.

.However, the claim has been disputed as the IDF was not created until May 26, 1948, when Gaddafi was six.^However, the claim has been disputed as the IDF was not created until May 26, 1948, when Gaddafi was six.

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.He was given a traditional religious primary education and attended the Sebha preparatory school in Fezzan from 1956 to 1961. Gaddafi and a small group of friends that he met in this school went on to form the core leadership of a militant revolutionary group that would eventually seize control of the country.^He was given a traditional religious primary education and attended the Sebha preparatory school in Fezzan from 1956 to 1961.

.Gaddafi's inspiration was Gamal Abdel Nasser, president of neighboring Egypt, who rose to the presidency by appealing to Arab unity.^Gaddafi's inspiration was Gamal Abdel Nasser, president of neighboring Egypt, who rose to the presidency by appealing to Arab unity.

^Gaddafi's inspiration was Gamal Abdel Nasser , president of neighboring Egypt , who rose to the presidency by appealing to Arab unity.

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^Gaddafi is the last of that generation, and while others who cloaked themselves in the rhetoric of Nasser have fallen, failed or died, it is the young man once praised by the Egyptian president who now appears to be becoming the kind of Arab leader with whom we can, and with whom we wish, to do business.

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[citation needed]

.Gaddafi entered the military academy in Benghazi in 1963, where he and a few of his fellow militants organized a secretive group dedicated to overthrowing the pro-Western Libyan monarchy.^Gaddafi entered the military academy in Benghazi in 1963, where he and a few of his fellow militants organized a secretive group dedicated to overthrowing the pro- Western Libyan monarchy.

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^He then entered the Military Academy in Benghazi in 1963, where he and a few of his fellow militants organized a secretive group dedicated to overthrowing the pro-Western Libyan monarchy.

^After graduating in 1965, he was sent to Britain for further training at the British Army Staff College , now the Joint Services Command and Staff College , returning in 1966 as a commissioned officer in the Signal Corps .

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Military coup d'état

.On 1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by Gaddafi staged a bloodless coup d'état against King Idris I, while he was in Kamena Vourla, a Greek resort, for medical treatment.^Military coup d'état .

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^On September 1, 1969, a small group of military officers led by Gaddafi staged a coup d'tat against King Idris I, while he was in Turkey for medical treatment.

^On 1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by Gaddafi staged a bloodless coup d'état against King Idris I , while he was in Kamena Vourla , a Greek resort, for medical treatment.

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.His nephew the Crown Prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic.^His nephew the Crown Prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic.

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[4].The slim 27-year-old Gaddafi, with a taste for safari suits and sunglasses, then sought to become the new "Che Guevara of the age".[5] To accomplish this Gaddafi turned Libya into a haven for anti-Western radicals, where any group, supposedly, could receive weapons and financial assistance, provided they claimed to be fighting imperialism.^To accomplish this Gaddafi turned Libya into a haven for anti-Western radicals, where any group, supposedly, could receive weapons and financial assistance, provided they claimed to be fighting imperialism .

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^The slim 27-year-old Gaddafi, with a taste for safari suits and sunglasses, then sought to become the new " Che Guevara of the age".

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^There was confusion at first as to why Gaddafi had failed to turn up to what should have been his last official engagement in his visit to the country that was once Libya's colonial ruler.

.A Revolutionary Command Council was formed to rule the country, with Gaddafi as chairman.^Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya 1969 – 1979 .

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^A Revolutionary Command Council was formed to rule the country, with Gaddafi as chairman.

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^While at odds with western military ranking for a colonel to rule a country and serve as Commander-in-Chief of its military, in Gaddafi's own words Libya's utopian society is "ruled by the people", so he needs no more grandiose title or supreme military rank.

.He added the title of prime minister in 1970, but gave up this title in 1972. Unlike some other military revolutionaries, Gaddafi did not promote himself to the rank of general upon seizing power, but rather accepted a ceremonial promotion from captain to colonel and has remained at this rank since then.^Unlike some other military revolutionaries, Gaddafi did not promote himself to the rank of general upon seizing power, but rather accepted a ceremonial promotion from captain to colonel and has remained at this rank since then.

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.While at odds with Western military ranking for a colonel to rule a country and serve as Commander-in-Chief of its military, in Gaddafi's own words Libya's society is "ruled by the people", so he needs no more grandiose title or supreme military rank.^While at odds with western military ranking for a colonel to rule a country and serve as Commander-in-Chief of its military, in Gaddafi's own words Libya's utopian society is "ruled by the people", so he needs no more grandiose title or supreme military rank.

^While at odds with Western military ranking for a colonel to rule a country and serve as Commander-in-Chief of its military, in Gaddafi's own words Libya's society is "ruled by the people", so he needs no more grandiose title or supreme military rank.

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^A Revolutionary Command Council was formed to rule the country, with Gaddafi as chairman.

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Islamic Socialism and pan-Arabism

.Gaddafi based his new regime on a blend of Arab nationalism,[7][8] aspects of the welfare state,[9][10][11] and what Gaddafi termed "popular democracy",[12] or more commonly "direct, populardemocracy". He called this system "Islamic socialism", and, while he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones.^He called this system " Islamic socialism ", and, while he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones.

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^He called this system "Islamic socialism" and while he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones.

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Like previous revolutionary figures of the 20th century such as Mao and his Little Red Book, Gaddafi outlined his political philosophy in his Green Book to reinforce the ideals of this socialist-Islamic state and published in three volumes between 1975 and 1979.[citation needed]

.In 1977, Gaddafi proclaimed that Libya was changing its form of government from a republic to a "jamahiriya" - a neologism that means "mass-state" or "government by the masses". In theory, Libya became a direct democracy governed by the people[17] through local popular councils and communes.^In theory, Libya became a direct democracy governed by the people through local popular councils and communes.

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^In 1977, Gaddafi invented a system of government unique to Libya called the "Jamahiriya," or state of the masses, in which the nation is supposedly governed by the populace through local councils.

[18].At the top of this structure was the General People's Congress,[19] with Gaddafi as secretary-general.^At the top of this structure was the General People's Congress , with Gaddafi as secretary-general.

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^General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya 1977 – 1979 .

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^On 4 March 2008 Gaddafi announced his intention to dissolve the country's existing administrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people.

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.However, after only two years, Gaddafi gave up all of his governmental posts in keeping with the new egalitarian philosophy.^However, after only two years, Gaddafi gave up all of his governmental posts in keeping with the new egalitarian philosophy.

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^But for all Gaddafi's rashness during this decade (he also launched abortive invasions of Chad in 1972 and 1980), initially at least the west gave the young colonel's new regime the green light.

.Real power is vested in a "revolutionary sector" composed of Gaddafi and a small group of trusted advisers.^Real power is vested in a "revolutionary sector" composed of Gaddafi and a small group of trusted advisers.

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^As Gaddafi approaches the 33rd anniversary of the revolution that brought him to power in Libya, he remains the youngest and the longest ruling revolutionary from the Nasserite Sixties.

.While he holds no formal office, it is believed by many that Gaddafi holds near-absolute control over the government.^While he holds no formal office, it is generally understood that Gaddafi holds near-absolute control over the government.

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^Although Gaddafi holds no public office or title, he is accorded the honorifics "Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" or "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements and the official press.

.His revolutionary committees called for the assassination of Libyan dissidents living abroad in April 1980, with Libyan hit squads sent abroad to murder them.^His revolutionary committees called for the assassination of Libyan dissidents living abroad in February 1980, with Libyan hit squads sent abroad to murder them.

^His revolutionary committees called for the assassination of Libyan dissidents living abroad in April 1980, with Libyan hit squads sent abroad to murder them.

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^On 26 April 1980, Gaddafi set a deadline of 11 June 1980 for dissidents to return home or be "in the hands of the revolutionary committees".

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.On 26 April 1980, Gaddafi set a deadline of 11 June 1980 for dissidents to return home or be "in the hands of the revolutionary committees".[20] Nine Libyans were murdered during that time, five of them in Italy.^On 26 April 1980, Gaddafi set a deadline of 11 June 1980 for dissidents to return home or be "in the hands of the revolutionary committees".

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Gaddafi with Serbian President Boris Tadić c.^With former Russian President Vladimir Putin Gaddafi with Serbian President Boris Tadić c.

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2004

.With respect to Libya's neighbors, Gaddafi followed Gamal Abdel Nasser's ideas of pan-Arabism and became a fervent advocate of the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation.^With respect to Libya's neighbors, Gaddafi followed Abdul Nasser's ideas of pan-Arabism and became a fervent advocate of the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation.

.After Nasser's death on 28 September 1970, Gaddafi attempted to take up the mantle of ideological leader of Arab nationalism.^After Nasser's death on 28 September 1970, Gaddafi attempted to take up the mantle of ideological leader of Arab nationalism.

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^Gaddafi defends Somali pirates , Daily Nation, February 5, 2009 I am an international leader, the dean of the Arab rulers, the king of kings of Africa and the imam (leader) of Muslims, and my international status does not allow me to descend to a lower level.

.He proclaimed the "Federation of Arab Republics" (Libya, Egypt, and Syria) in 1972, hoping to create a pan-Arab state, but the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger.^He proclaimed the "Federation of Arab Republics" (Libya, Egypt and Syria) in 1972, hoping to create a pan-Arab state, but the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger.

.In 1974, he signed an agreement with Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba on a merger between the two countries, but this also failed to work in practice and ultimately differences between the two countries would deteriorate into strong animosity.^In 1974, he signed an agreement with Tunisia 's Habib Bourguiba on a merger between the two countries, but this also failed to work in practice and ultimately differences between the two countries would deteriorate into strong animosity.

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^In 1974, he signed an agreement with Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba on a merger between the two countries, but this also failed to work in practice and ultimately differences between the two countries would deteriorate into strong animosity.

^Two states would come into conflict, because the land of each, they believe, forms part of the land of the other, and each statelet would feel threatened by the other party.

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Libya was also involved in a sometimes violent territorial dispute with neighbouring Chad over the Aouzou Strip, which Libya occupied in 1973. This dispute eventually led to the Libyan invasion of the country and to a conflict that was ended by a ceasefire reached in 1987. The dispute was in the end settled peacefully in June 1994 when Libya withdrew troops from Chad due to a judgement of the International Court of Justice issued on 13 February 1994.[21]

.Gaddafi also became a strong supporter of the Palestine Liberation Organization, which support ultimately harmed Libya's relations with Egypt, when in 1979 Egypt pursued a peace agreement with Israel.^Gaddafi also became a strong supporter of the Palestine Liberation Organization , which support ultimately harmed Libya's relations with Egypt, when in 1979 Egypt pursued a peace agreement with Israel .

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^Gaddafi also became a strong supporter of the Palestine Liberation Organization, which ultimately harmed Libya's relations with Egypt when in 1979 Egypt pursued a peace agreement with Israel.

^Notable in Gaddafi's politics has been his support for self-styled liberation movements, and also his sponsorship of rebel movements in West Africa , notably Sierra Leone and Liberia , as well as Muslim groups.

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.Libya became the first country outside the Soviet bloc to receive the supersonic MiG-25 combat fighters, but Soviet-Libyan relations remained relatively distant.^Libya became the first country outside the Soviet bloc to receive the supersonic MiG-25 combat fighters, but Soviet-Libyan relations remained relatively distant.

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.Gaddafi also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa.^Gaddafi also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa.

^Gaddafi also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa .

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^In late 2001, with extensive assistance from U.S. air support and United States Special Forces, the UIF succeeded in retaking most of Afghanistan from the Taliban.

.Notable in Gaddafi's politics has been his support for self-styled liberation movements, and also his sponsorship of rebel movements in West Africa, notably Sierra Leone and Liberia, as well as Muslim groups.^Notable in Gaddafi's politics has been his support for self-styled liberation movements, and also his sponsorship of rebel movements in West Africa , notably Sierra Leone and Liberia , as well as Muslim groups.

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^Notable in his politics has been the support for liberation movements, in most cases Muslim groups.

^Gaddafi also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa.

.In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that even the most unsympathetic groups could obtain Libyan support; often the groups represented ideologies far removed from Gaddafi's own.^In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that even the most unsympathetic groups could get Libyan support.

^In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that even the most unsympathetic groups could obtain Libyan support; often the groups represented ideologies far removed from Gaddafi's own.

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.Gaddafi's approach often tended to confuse international opinion.^Gaddafi's approach often tended to confuse international opinion.

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.Throughout the 1970s, his regime was implicated in subversion and terrorist activities in both Arab and non-Arab countries.^Throughout the 1970s, his regime was implicated in subversion and terrorist activities in both Arab and non-Arab countries.

.By the mid-1980s, he was widely regarded in the West as the principal financier of international terrorism.^By the mid-1980s, he was widely regarded in the West as the principal financier of international terrorism.

.He is also said to have paid "Carlos the Jackal" to kidnap and then release a number of Saudi Arabian and Iranian oil ministers.^He is also said to have paid "Carlos the Jackal" to kidnap and then release a number of the Saudi Arabian and Iranian oil ministers.

.Tensions between Libya and the West reached a peak during the Ronald Reagan administration, which tried to overthrow Gaddafi.^Tensions between Libya and the West reached a peak during the Ronald Reagan administration, which tried to overthrow Gaddafi.

.The Reagan administration viewed Libya as a belligerent rogue state because of its uncompromising stance on Palestinian independence, its support for revolutionary Iran in the 1980–1988 war against Saddam Hussein's Iraq (seeIran–Iraq War), and its backing of "liberation movements" in the developing world.^Libya was a rogue state.

Welcome to the official site of Muammar Al Gathafi11 September 2009 9:47 UTCwww.algathafi.org [Source type: Original source]

^The Reagan administration viewed Libya as a belligerent rogue state because of its uncompromising stance on Palestinian independence, its support for revolutionary Iran in the 1980–1988 war against Saddam Hussein 's Iraq ( see Iran–Iraq War ), and its backing of "liberation movements" in the developing world.

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.Reagan himself dubbed Gaddafi the "mad dog of the Middle East". In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US passports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil[22] and the export to Libya of U.S. oil industry technology; European nations did not follow suit.^In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US passports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil [ 9 ] and the export to Libya of U.S. oil industry technology; European nations did not follow suit.

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^In March 1982 the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil and the export to Libya of US oil industry technology; Europe did not follow suit.

.In 1984, British police constableYvonne Fletcher was shot outside the Libyan Embassy in London while policing an anti-Gaddafi demonstration.^In 1984 British police constable Yvonne Fletcher was shot outside the Libyan Embassy in London while policing an anti-Gaddafi demonstration.

^In 1984, British police constable Yvonne Fletcher was shot outside the Libyan Embassy in London while policing an anti-Gaddafi demonstration.

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^Gaddafi also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa.

.A burst of machine-gun fire from within the building was suspected of killing her, but Libyan diplomats asserted their diplomatic immunity and were repatriated.^A burst of machine-gun fire from within the building was suspected of killing her, but Libyan diplomats asserted their diplomatic immunity and were repatriated.

.The incident led to the breaking off of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Libya for over a decade.^The incident led to the breaking off of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Libya for over a decade.

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^The incident led to the breaking-off of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Libya for over a decade.

^Gaddafi and Brazilian President Lula at a conference in Nigeria In March 2004, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair became one of the first Western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi.

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[citation needed]

.The U.S. attacked Libyan patrol boats from January to March 1986 during clashes over access to the Gulf of Sidra, which Libya claimed as territorial waters.^The U.S. attacked Libyan patrol boats from January to March 1986 during clashes over access to the Gulf of Sidra , which Libya claimed as territorial waters .

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^The U.S. attacked Libyan patrol boats from January to March 1986 during clashes over access to the Gulf of Sidra, which Libya claimed as territorial waters.

^On 15 April 1986, Ronald Reagan ordered major bombing raids, dubbed Operation El Dorado Canyon , against Tripoli and Benghazi killing 45 Libyan military and government personnel as well as 15 civilians.

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^Gaddafi entered the military academy in Benghazi in 1963, where he and a few of his fellow militants organized a secretive group dedicated to overthrowing the pro- Western Libyan monarchy.

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[1].This strike followed U.S. interception of telex messages from Libya's East Berlin embassy suggesting Libyan government involvement in a bomb explosion on 5 April in West Berlin's La Belle discothèque, a nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen.^This strike followed U.S. interception of telex messages from Libya's East Berlin embassy suggesting Libyan government involvement in a bomb explosion on 5 April in West Berlin 's La Belle discothèque , a nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen.

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^Libya's involvement with and support for terrorism were confirmed in late 1987 when a merchant vessel, the MV Eksund, was intercepted.

^Ironically the prime cause of this raid, a bombing of a night club in Berlin that killed two American servicemen, was probably carried out by Palestinians on behalf of Syria ­ although there is some evidence of Libyan involvement ­ just as there are many who believe that Libya carried out the Lockerbie bombing on behalf of Iran.

.Among the alleged fatalities of the 15 April retaliatory attack by the U.S. was Gaddafi's adopted daughter, Hannah.^Among the fatalities of the 15 April retaliatory attack by the U.S. was Gaddafi's adopted daughter, Hannah.

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^His adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed in the April 1986 United States bombing of Libya .

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.Libya responded by firing two Scud missiles at the U.S. Coast Guard navigation station on the Italian island of Lampedusa, in retaliation for the bombing.^Libya responded by firing two Scud missiles at the U.S. Coast Guard navigation station on the Italian island of Lampedusa , in retaliation for the bombing.

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^In retaliation Reagan bombed Libya’s two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi, which only upped the animosity between the two countries.

.The missiles landed in the sea, and caused no damage.^The missiles landed in the sea, and caused no damage.

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[citation needed]

.In late 1987, a merchant vessel, the MV Eksund, was intercepted.^In late 1987, a merchant vessel, the MV Eksund , was intercepted.

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.Destined for the IRA, a large consignment of arms and explosives supplied by Libya was recovered from the Eksund.^Destined for the IRA , a large consignment of arms and explosives supplied by Libya was recovered from the Eksund .

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^The move, another sign of the growing relationship between the UK and the oil-rich country, has appalled military veterans who recall how Libya supplied the Provisional IRA with guns and explosives to kill British soldiers.

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^Asking compensation from the libyan goverment for the damages that were caused by the IRA actions is like asking arm suppliers at the end of a war to compensate for the damages done by the army that used them!

.British intelligence believed this was not the first and that Libyan arms shipments had previously reached the IRA. (See Provisional IRA arms importation.^British intelligence believed this was not the first and that Libyan arms shipments had previously reached the IRA. (See Provisional IRA arms importation .

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^Megrahi was head of security of Libyan Arab Airlines, which was widely believed to have been a cover for his role in Libyan intelligence.

^The Libyan embassy and the British government have refused to name individuals in the delegation or to say how big it will be, but protesters believe it will be the largest contingent of Libyan arms dealers ever to visit Britain.

.Through the intercession of South African President Nelson Mandela – who made a high-profile visit to Gaddafi in 1997 – and U.N.Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan, Gaddafi agreed in 1999 to a compromise that involved handing over the defendants to the Netherlands for trial under Scottish law.:[23] U.N. sanctions were thereupon suspended, but U.S. sanctions against Libya remained in force.^Through the intercession of South African President Nelson Mandela – who made a high-profile visit to Gaddafi in 1997 – and U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan , Gaddafi agreed in 1999 to a compromise that involved handing over the defendants to the Netherlands for trial under Scottish law .: [ 10 ] U.N. sanctions were thereupon suspended, but U.S. sanctions against Libya remained in force.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Taylor was elected as President in 1997, after leading a bloody insurgency backed by Libyan President Muammar al-Gaddafi .

An alleged plot by Britain's secret intelligence service to assassinate Colonel Gaddafi, when rebels attacked Gaddafi's motorcade near the city of Sirte in February 1996, was described as "pure fantasy" by former foreign secretary Robin Cook, although the FCO later admitted: "We have never denied that we knew of plots against Gaddafi."[24]

.In August 2003, two years after Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi's conviction, Libya wrote to the United Nations formally accepting 'responsibility for the actions of its officials' in respect of the Lockerbie bombing and agreed to pay compensation of up to US$2.7 billion – or up to US$10 million each – to the families of the 270 victims.^Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi (70) .

The same month, Britain and Bulgaria co-sponsored a U.N. resolution which removed the suspended sanctions. .(Bulgaria's involvement in tabling this motion led to suggestions that there was a link with the HIV trial in Libya in which 5 Bulgarian nurses, working at a Benghazi hospital, were accused of infecting 426 Libyan children with HIV.)[25] Forty percent of the compensation was then paid to each family, and a further 40% followed once U.S. sanctions were removed.^(Bulgaria's involvement in tabling this motion led to suggestions that there was a link with the HIV trial in Libya in which 5 Bulgarian nurses, working at a Benghazi hospital, were accused of infecting 426 Libyan children with HIV.) [ 12 ] Forty percent of the compensation was then paid to each family, and a further 40% followed once U.S. sanctions were removed.

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^A Libyan court sentenced the six for intentionally infecting hundreds of children with the HIV virus in a case which started eight years ago and that has triggered widespread international concern about its fairness.

^Libya became the first country outside the Soviet bloc to receive the supersonic MiG-25 combat fighters, but Soviet-Libyan relations remained relatively distant.

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.Because the U.S. refused to take Libya off its list of state sponsors of terrorism, Libya retained the last 20% ($540 million) of the $2.7 billion compensation package.^Because the U.S. refused to take Libya off its list of state sponsors of terrorism , Libya retained the last 20% ($540 million) of the $2.7 billion compensation package.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Libya stated several times in 2007, as it has often in the past, that it has not joined the treaty because it does not require states that have planted mines in the past to pay for the clearance and compensate for damages.

.As a result, President Bush signed an executive order restoring the Libyan government's immunity from terror-related lawsuits and dismissing all of the pending compensation cases in the US, the White House said.^As a result, President Bush signed an executive order restoring the Libyan government's immunity from terror-related lawsuits and dismissing all of the pending compensation cases in the US, the White House said.

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.On 28 June 2007, Megrahi was granted the right to a second appeal against the Lockerbie bombing conviction.^On 28 June 2007, Megrahi was granted the right to a second appeal against the Lockerbie bombing conviction.

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^Wednesday, 19 August, 2009: (Reuters) - Scotland's high court has agreed that Abdel Basset al-Megrahi can drop his appeal against conviction for the bombing of a Pan Am flight over Lockerbie in 1988, a move that could speed his return home.

.Gaddafi's 2009 welcome to the return of convicted Lockerbie bomberMegrahi, who was released from prison on compassionate grounds, attracted criticism from Western leaders[28][29][30] and has disrupted his first-ever visit to the United States to attend a UN General Session.^Gaddafi suggests a United States of Africa .

.Gaddafi often resides in a tent when travelling,[31] but plans to erect a tent in Central Park and on Libyan government property in Englewood, New Jersey during Gaddafi's stay at the UN were both protested by community leaders and subsequently cancelled by Gaddafi.^Gadhafi often stays in a Bedouin-style tent when he travels abroad.

^The source who knew about the arrangement, who is a resident of Bedford, says that Gaddafi's people are already in the process of setting up a tent, though plans could potentially be upended by bad publicity.

.The Libyan leader while demanding representation for the African Union, used the occasion to scold the United Nations structure saying the 15-member body practised “security feudalism” for those who had a protected seat.^African Union member states .

[36].The Libyan leader's appearance at the United Nations generated demonstrations both for and against Gaddafi.^The Libyan leader's appearance at the United Nations generated demonstrations both for and against Gaddafi.

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.Gaddafi also appeared to be attempting to improve his image in the West.^David Blair , diplomatic editor for The Daily Telegraph [ 5 ] Gaddafi also appeared to be attempting to improve his image in the West.

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^Many foreign policy experts, however, contend that Gaddafi's announcement was merely a continuation of his prior attempts at normalizing relations with the West and getting the sanctions removed.

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.Two years prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks, Libya pledged its commitment to fighting Al-Qaeda and offered to open up its weapons programme to international inspection.^Two years prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks , Libya pledged its commitment to fighting Al-Qaeda and offered to open up its weapons programme to international inspection.

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^The deal followed a visit by Tony Blair, then prime minister, to meet Colonel Gadaffi in March 2004 after Libya announced that it was ending its nuclear weapons programme.

Boycott Scotland and the United Kingdom7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.boycottscotland.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Clinton administration did not pursue the offer at the time since Libya's weapons program was not then regarded as a threat, and the matter of handing over the Lockerbie bombing suspects took priority.^The Clinton administration did not pursue the offer at the time since Libya's weapons program was not then regarded as a threat, and the matter of handing over the Lockerbie bombing suspects took priority.

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^Libya is currently making efforts to join the community of peaceful nations by renouncing weapons of mass destruction and adhering to international standards regarding the rule of law.

^It would take Qaddafi’s delivery of two Lockerbie suspects to the U.N.’s criminal tribunal in 1999, followed by his 2003 renouncement of weapons of mass destruction programs to put him on the course of reconciliation with the West.

.Following the attacks of 11 September, Gaddafi made one of the first, and firmest, denunciations of the Al-Qaeda bombers by any Muslim leader.^Following the attacks of 11 September, Gaddafi made one of the first, and firmest, denunciations of the Al-Qaeda bombers by any Muslim leader.

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^Obama Snubs Gaddafi For UN Reception President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama host their first international reception for world leaders later this month, in connection with the 64th session of...

.Gaddafi also appeared on ABC for an open interview with George Stephanopoulos, a move that would have seemed unthinkable less than a decade earlier.^Gaddafi also appeared on ABC for an open interview with George Stephanopoulos , a move that would have seemed unthinkable less than a decade earlier.

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^Less than a fortnight later a flight laid on by the Libyan leader’s son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, brought representatives from British businesses.

^In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, Mr Straw also suggested that Kenny MacAskill, the Scottish justice minister, released the terminally-ill bomber on compassionate grounds earlier than the British Government would have done.

.Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein by US forces in 2003, Gaddafi announced that his nation had an active weapons of mass destruction program, but was willing to allow international inspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them.^Divesting from Israels weapon of mass destruction .

^Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein by US forces in 2003, Gaddafi announced that his nation had an active weapons of mass destruction program, but was willing to allow international inspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them.

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.US President George W. Bush and other supporters of the Iraq War portrayed Gaddafi's announcement as a direct consequence of the Iraq War by stating that Gaddafi acted out of fear for the future of his own regime if he continued to keep and conceal his weapons.^But he said Libya had supported black South Africans' struggle against apartheid more than any other country and Gaddafi was the first head of state he wanted to thank for this support.

.Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi, a supporter of the Iraq War, was quoted as saying that Gaddafi had privately phoned him, admitting as much.^Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi , a supporter of the Iraq War , was quoted as saying that Gaddafi had privately phoned him, admitting as much.

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^Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi said on Tuesday that the jets, that usually emit red, white and green colours of the Italian flag, won't fly if Libyan adheres to its green-only demand.

^French President Nicolas Sarkozy grimaces as Italian PM Silvio Berlusconi and Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi debate whether it's "one in the pink, two in the stink," or "two in the pink, one in the stink."

FARK.com: (4861822) Caption these august world leaders7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.fark.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Many foreign policy experts, however, contend that Gaddafi's announcement was merely a continuation of his prior attempts at normalizing relations with the West and getting the sanctions removed.^Many foreign policy experts, however, contend that Gaddafi's announcement was merely a continuation of his prior attempts at normalizing relations with the West and getting the sanctions removed.

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^David Blair , diplomatic editor for The Daily Telegraph [ 5 ] Gaddafi also appeared to be attempting to improve his image in the West.

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^France backs EU-Libya relations BBC 1/9/2004 French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin has called for “progressive” normalisation of EU ties with Libya.

.To support this, they point to the fact that Libya had already made similar offers starting four years prior to it finally being accepted.^To support this, they point to the fact that Libya had already made similar offers starting four years prior to it finally being accepted.

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^Two years prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks , Libya pledged its commitment to fighting Al-Qaeda and offered to open up its weapons programme to international inspection.

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^Muslims accept this fact the more effective they will be in responding to the challenges it has put on their porches.

[38][39].International inspectors turned up several tons of chemical weaponry in Libya, as well as an active nuclear weapons program.^International inspectors turned up several tons of chemical weaponry in Libya, as well as an active nuclear weapons program.

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^As the process of destroying these weapons continued, Libya improved its cooperation with international monitoring regimes to the extent that, by March 2006, France was able to conclude an agreement with Libya to develop a significant nuclear power program.

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^The deal followed a visit by Tony Blair, then prime minister, to meet Colonel Gadaffi in March 2004 after Libya announced that it was ending its nuclear weapons programme.

Boycott Scotland and the United Kingdom7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.boycottscotland.com [Source type: Original source]

.As the process of destroying these weapons continued, Libya improved its cooperation with international monitoring regimes to the extent that, by March 2006, France was able to conclude an agreement with Libya to develop a significant nuclear power program.^As the process of destroying these weapons continued, Libya improved its cooperation with international monitoring regimes to the extent that, by March 2006, France was able to conclude an agreement with Libya to develop a significant nuclear power program.

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^The deal followed a visit by Tony Blair, then prime minister, to meet Colonel Gadaffi in March 2004 after Libya announced that it was ending its nuclear weapons programme.

Boycott Scotland and the United Kingdom7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.boycottscotland.com [Source type: Original source]

^Libya is currently making efforts to join the community of peaceful nations by renouncing weapons of mass destruction and adhering to international standards regarding the rule of law.

.Blair praised Gaddafi's recent acts, and stated that he hoped Libya could now be a strong ally in the international War on Terrorism.^Blair praised Gaddafi's recent acts, and stated that he hoped Libya could now be a strong ally in the international War on Terrorism .

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^The BBC , which carried footage from Libyan state television, quoted Gaddafi as praising Scotland for having the "courage" to allow Abdel Basset al-Megrahi to return to Libya on compassionate grounds because of his terminal cancer condition.

In the run-up to Blair's visit, the British ambassador in Tripoli, Anthony Layden, explained Libya's and Gaddafi's political change thus:

"35 years of total state control of the economy has left them in a situation where they're simply not generating enough economic activity to give employment to the young people who are streaming through their successful education system. I think this dilemma goes to the heart of Colonel Gaddafi's decision that he needed a radical change of direction."[40]

.On 15 May 2006, the US State Department announced that it would restore full diplomatic relations with Libya, once Gaddafi declared he was abandoning Libya's weapons of mass destruction program.^Divesting from Israels weapon of mass destruction .

^On 15 May 2006, the US State Department announced that it would restore full diplomatic relations with Libya, once Gaddafi declared he was abandoning Libya's weapons of mass destruction program.

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^Removal of Weapons of Mass Destruction from the new state and, if any, from the Middle East.

Welcome to the official site of Muammar Al Gathafi11 September 2009 9:47 UTCwww.algathafi.org [Source type: Original source]

.The State Department also said that Libya would be removed from the list of nations supporting terrorism.^The State Department also said that Libya would be removed from the list of nations supporting terrorism [ 28 ] .

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^In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US passports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil [ 9 ] and the export to Libya of U.S. oil industry technology; European nations did not follow suit.

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^But when Soviet archives were opened, it became clear that “there were scenarios where they would have contemplated first use,” said Charles Ferguson, a former State Department official who now heads the Federation of American Scientists.

[41].On 31 August 2006, however, Gaddafi openly called upon his supporters to "kill enemies" who asked for political change.^On 31 August 2006, however, Gaddafi openly called upon his supporters to "kill enemies" who asked for political change.

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^Sunday, 9 August, 2009: Libyan King Idris I was overthrown by a group of military officers, who included Muammar Gaddafi, on 1 Sep 1969.

.In July 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy visited Libya and signed a number of bilateral and multilateral (EU) agreements with Gaddafi.^In July 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy visited Libya and signed a number of bilateral and multilateral ( EU ) agreements with Gaddafi.

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^French President Nicolas Sarkozy grimaces as Italian PM Silvio Berlusconi and Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi debate whether it's "one in the pink, two in the stink," or "two in the pink, one in the stink."

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^Gaddafi and Brazilian President Lula at a conference in Nigeria In March 2004, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair became one of the first Western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi.

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.On 4 March 2008 Gaddafi announced his intention to dissolve the country's existing administrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people.^On 4 March 2008 Gaddafi announced his intention to dissolve the country's existing administrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people.

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^The company’s search for oil off Libya and in a 20,000-mile area in the west of the country potentially offers as much as £15 billion in new revenue.

.The plan includes abolishing all ministries, except those of defence, internal security, and foreign affairs, and departments implementing strategic projects.^The plan includes abolishing all ministries, except those of defence, internal security, and foreign affairs, and departments implementing strategic projects.

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^"The visit will sustain the excellent ties that have existed between the Philippines and Libya since 1976, when diplomatic ties were first established," the Department of Foreign Affairs said in a statement.

^In September 2008, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Libya and met with Gaddafi as part of a North African tour.

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This was the first visit to Libya by a US Secretary of State since 1953.[45]

.In January 2009, Gaddafi contributed an editorial to the New York Times, suggesting that he was in favor of a single-state solution to the Israeli and Palestinian conflicts that moved beyond old conflicts and looked to a unified future of shared culture and mutual respect.^The futility of pursuing a two-state Israeli-Palestinian solution .

^In January 2009, Gaddafi contributed an editorial to the New York Times , suggesting that he was in favor of a single-state solution to the Israeli and Palestinian conflicts that moved beyond old conflicts and looked to a unified future of shared culture and mutual respect.

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Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^In June Gaddafi made his first visit to Rome , where he met Prime Minister Berlusconi, President Giorgio Napolitano and Senate President Renato Schifani ; Chamber President Gianfranco Fini cancelled the meeting because of Gaddafi's delay.

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^French President Nicolas Sarkozy grimaces as Italian PM Silvio Berlusconi and Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi debate whether it's "one in the pink, two in the stink," or "two in the pink, one in the stink."

FARK.com: (4861822) Caption these august world leaders7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.fark.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[47][48][49].Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation.^Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation .

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^In October 2008 Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund which will be used to compensate relatives of the .

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^Libya has also been a supporter of the Polisario Front in their fight against Spanish colonialism and Moroccan military occupation .

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.In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies.^In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies.

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^The SEDF also signed an agreement with International Petroleum Investments Company (IPIC) for cooperation and joint investments in energy production in Libya and in third countries.

[48][50].The treaty was ratified by Italy in 6 February 2009,[47] and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi.^The treaty was ratified by Italy in 6 February 2009, [ 34 ] and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi.

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^The deal followed a visit by Tony Blair, then prime minister, to meet Colonel Gadaffi in March 2004 after Libya announced that it was ending its nuclear weapons programme.

Boycott Scotland and the United Kingdom7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.boycottscotland.com [Source type: Original source]

^The U.S. attacked Libyan patrol boats from January to March 1986 during clashes over access to the Gulf of Sidra , which Libya claimed as territorial waters .

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Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^In June Gaddafi made his first visit to Rome , where he met Prime Minister Berlusconi, President Giorgio Napolitano and Senate President Renato Schifani ; Chamber President Gianfranco Fini cancelled the meeting because of Gaddafi's delay.

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Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^In February 2009, upon being elected chairman of the African Union in Ethiopia , Gaddafi told the assembled African leaders: "I shall continue to insist that our sovereign countries work to achieve the United States of Africa ."

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^In September 2008, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Libya and met with Gaddafi as part of a North African tour.

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[48].During the summit a handshake between US PresidentBarack Obama and Muammar Gaddafi took place (the first time the Libyan leader has been greeted by a serving US president),[55] then at summit's official dinner offered by PresidentGiorgio Napolitano US and Libyan leaders upset the ceremony and sat by the Italian Prime Minister and G8 host, Silvio Berlusconi.^The event took place near the residence of the prime minister in Jerusalem.

.As one of the continent's longest-serving, post-colonial heads of state, the Libyan leader enjoys a reputation among many Africans as an experienced and wise statesman who has been at the forefront of many struggles over the years.^As one of the continent's longest-serving, post-colonial heads of state, the Libyan leader enjoys a reputation among many Africans as an experienced and wise statesman who has been at the forefront of many struggles over the years.

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^The Libyan strongman who has ruled this oil-rich country for nearly 40 years has written to President Museveni informing him of how he will arrive in Uganda in the company of five others heads of state.

^The Libyan leader while demanding representation for the African Union, used the occasion to scold the United Nations structure saying the 15-member body practised “security feudalism” for those who had a protected seat.

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.Gaddafi has earned the praise of Nelson Mandela and others, and is always a prominent figure in various pan-African organizations, such as the Organisation of African Unity (now replaced by the African Union).^Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is the new chairman of the 53-nation African Union.

In February 2009, upon being elected chairman of the African Union in Ethiopia, Gaddafi told the assembled African leaders: "I shall continue to insist that our sovereign countries work to achieve the United States of Africa."[61] Gaddafi is also seen by many Africans as a humanitarian, pouring large amounts of money into sub-Saharan states. .Large numbers of Africans have come to Libya to take advantage of the availability of jobs there.^Large numbers of Africans have come to Libya to take advantage of the availability of jobs there.

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^The forged documents made it possible to take advantage of the special customs terms for Tunisian products in Libya.

.His views on African political and military unification have received a relatively lukewarm response from other African governments.^His views on African political and military unification have received a relatively lukewarm response from other African governments.

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^The President's delayed response is said to have infuriated the Libyan leader whose relationship with Museveni is already strained by Uganda's support for a non-political African Union, a view advanced by South Africa, as opposed to Libya's preferred one continental government.

.On 29 August 2008, Gaddafi held a public ceremony in Benghazi in which he was self-handed the title "King of Kings of Africa" with over 200 African traditional rulers and kings as part of a grassroots effort to encourage African heads of state and government to join with Gaddafi toward a greater political cohesion;[62] this was followed on 1 February 2009 by a coronation ceremony in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia simultaneous with the 53rd African Union Summit, at which he was elected head of the African Union for the year.^Boumadian - 29 August, 2009 .

^Gaddafi also took part in the G8 summit in L'Aquila in July as Chairman of the African Union .

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[63].His January 2009 forum for African kings, however, was cancelled by the Ugandan government (Uganda was to host the forum), since the invitation of traditional rulers to discussion of political affairs contravened Uganda's current constitution, and according to Ugandan foreign ministry spokesperson James Mugume, would have led to instability.^His January 2009 forum for African kings, however, was cancelled by the Ugandan government ( Uganda was to host the forum), since the invitation of traditional rulers to discussion of political affairs contravened Uganda's current constitution, and according to Ugandan foreign ministry spokesperson James Mugume , would have led to instability.

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^On 29 August 2008, Gaddafi held a public ceremony in Benghazi in which he was self-handed the title " King of Kings of Africa" with over 200 African traditional rulers and kings as part of a grassroots effort to encourage African heads of state and government to join with Gaddafi toward a greater political cohesion; [ 49 ] this was followed on 1 February 2009 by a coronation ceremony in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia simultaneous with the 53rd African Union Summit, at which he was elected head of the African Union for the year.

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^The celebration comes a day after Gaddafi hosted an extraordinary meeting of African heads of state and government to tackle conflicts across the continent.

.The title of "King of Kings" was reiterated by Gaddafi at the 2009 Arab League Summit, at which he claimed to be the King of Kings, "leader of the Arab leaders" and "imam of the Muslims" in his criticism of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia prior to storming out of the summit.^The title of "King of Kings" was reiterated by Gaddafi at the 2009 Arab League Summit, at which he claimed to be the King of Kings, "leader of the Arab leaders" and "imam of the Muslims" in his criticism of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia prior to storming out of the summit.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Notwithstanding his claims of concern for his African roots, Gaddafi has often expressed an overt contempt for the Berbers, a non-Arab people of North Africa, and for their language, maintaining that the very existence of Berbers in North Africa is a myth created by colonialists.^Notwithstanding his claims of concern for his African roots, Gaddafi has often expressed an overt contempt for the true African dwellers of Libya, the Berbers , and for their language , maintaining that the very existence of Berbers in North Africa is a myth created by colonialists.

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^In Nairobi Libyan president Muammar al-Gaddafi, surrounded by his squad of female bodyguards and wearing a shirt printed with pictures of the African presidents , called for the creation of a “ United States of Africa ” and implied that he should be its first leader.

.He adopted several measures forbidding the use of Berber, and often attacks this language in official speeches, with statements like: "If your mother transmits you this language, she nourishes you with the milk of the colonialist, she feeds you their poison" (1985).^He adopted several measures forbidding the use of Berber, and often attacks this language in official speeches, with statements like: "If your mother transmits you this language, she nourishes you with the milk of the colonialist, she feeds you their poison" (1985).

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^Notwithstanding his claims of concern for his African roots, Gaddafi has often expressed an overt contempt for the true African dwellers of Libya, the Berbers , and for their language , maintaining that the very existence of Berbers in North Africa is a myth created by colonialists.

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^I love your energy rebuttal - you're right, the OLPC is not meant to replace traditional computers and the OLPC team is not using XO's for their daily work.

'NATO of the South'

.In September 2009, at a South America-Africa summit on Isla Margarita in Venezuela, Colonel Gaddafi joined the host, Hugo Chávez, in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America.^In September 2009, at a South America - Africa summit on Isla Margarita in Venezuela , Colonel Gaddafi joined the host, Hugo Chávez , in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^"Gaddafi proposes ‘Nato of the South’ at South America-Africa summit" .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Following Colonel Gaddafi's speech, in which he criticized the UN Security Council (UNSC) calling it the "Terror Council", [ 58 ] Gaddafi failed to attend a special Security Council heads-of-state meeting on 24 September 2009, when a resolution calling for a reduction in the number of nuclear weapons was passed unanimously.

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.Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO, saying: "The world’s powers want to continue to hold on to their power.^Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO , saying: "The world’s powers want to continue to hold on to their power.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^"Gaddafi proposes ‘Nato of the South’ at South America-Africa summit" .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

UN General Assembly speech

.On 23 September 2009, Colonel Gaddafi addressed the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, his first visit to the United States, in part because a Libyan diplomat, Ali Treki, has just become president of the General Assembly for 2009-10.[68] Gaddafi spoke for one hour and 36 minutes.^Mustafa Ali - 10 August, 2009 .

.A translation of the speech courtesy of Jamahiriya News Agency (JANA) the official Libyan news agency, is available here.^A translation of the speech courtesy of Jamahiriya News Agency (JANA) the official Libyan news agency, is available here.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^According to a report by Vietnam News Agency (VNA), prior to the appointment, Bishari served as the Secretary of the Libyan Embassy in Indonesia.

.Gaddafi spoke in favor of the preamble to the United Nations Charter, but rejected several provisions of the rest of the Charter; and criticized the United Nations for failing to prevent 65 wars, and invited the General Assembly to investigate the wars that the Security Council had not authorized, and for those responsible to be brought before the International Criminal Court.^Gaddafi spoke in favor of the preamble to the United Nations Charter , but rejected several provisions of the rest of the Charter; and criticized the United Nations for failing to prevent 65 wars, and invited the General Assembly to investigate the wars that the Security Council had not authorized, and for those responsible to be brought before the International Criminal Court .

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^Following Colonel Gaddafi's speech, in which he criticized the UN Security Council (UNSC) calling it the "Terror Council", [ 58 ] Gaddafi failed to attend a special Security Council heads-of-state meeting on 24 September 2009, when a resolution calling for a reduction in the number of nuclear weapons was passed unanimously.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The Libyan leader while demanding representation for the African Union, used the occasion to scold the United Nations structure saying the 15-member body practised “security feudalism” for those who had a protected seat.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Following Colonel Gaddafi's speech, in which he criticized the UN Security Council (UNSC) calling it the "Terror Council",[71] Gaddafi failed to attend a special Security Council heads-of-state meeting on 24 September 2009, when a resolution calling for a reduction in the number of nuclear weapons was passed unanimously.^Following Colonel Gaddafi's speech, in which he criticized the UN Security Council (UNSC) calling it the "Terror Council", [ 58 ] Gaddafi failed to attend a special Security Council heads-of-state meeting on 24 September 2009, when a resolution calling for a reduction in the number of nuclear weapons was passed unanimously.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.At the time, Musa al-Sadr founded Amal Movement, a liberal-Shia Lebanese resistance movement (which later went on to oppose the Israeli invasion of Lebanon).^At the time, Musa al-Sadr founded Amal Movement , a liberal-Shia Lebanese resistance movement (which later went on to oppose the Israeli invasion of Lebanon).

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^However Amal Movement became powerful much to the annoyance of the PLO which was based primarily in south Lebanon.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However Amal Movement became powerful much to the annoyance of the PLO which was based primarily in south Lebanon.^However Amal Movement became powerful much to the annoyance of the PLO which was based primarily in south Lebanon.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^At the time, Musa al-Sadr founded Amal Movement , a liberal-Shia Lebanese resistance movement (which later went on to oppose the Israeli invasion of Lebanon).

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Libya has consistently denied responsibility, claiming that al-Sadr and his companions left Libya for Italy.^Libya has consistently denied responsibility, claiming that al-Ṣadr and his companions left Libya for Italy .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^In 2006, after sharply criticizing his father's regime, Saif Al Islam briefly left Libya, reportedly to take on a position in banking outside of the country.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^When asked if the first response by Libya is a "no", Saif al-Islam said "certainly", specifying that "whoever knocks on our door can go to court".

^Reports say that the Libyan guarding forces of the prison had opened fire to the jailed Somalis in Banghazi prison in Banghazi town in Libya after the Somalis tried to escape from the jail killing more than 20, wounding 50 others who were all in the custody.

Lebanese Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri claimed that the Libyan regime, and particularly the Libyan leader, were responsible for the disappearance of Imam Musa Sadr, London-based Asharq Al-Awsat, a Saudi-run pan-Arab daily reported on 27 August 2006.

.According to Iranian General Mansour Qadar, the then head of Syrian security, Rifaat al-Assad, told the Iranian ambassador to Syria that Gaddafi was planning to kill al-Sadr.^According to Iranian General Mansour Qadar, the then head of Syrian security, Rifaat al-Assad , told the Iranian ambassador to Syria that Gaddafi was planning to kill al-Ṣadr.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Gaddafi forgave Moatessem and he returned to Libya where he now holds the post of national security adviser and heads his own unit within the army.

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^On 27 August 2008, Gaddafi was indicted by the government of Lebanon for al-Sadr's disappearance.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.On 27 August 2008, Gaddafi was indicted in Lebanon for al-Sadr's disappearance.^On 27 August 2008, Gaddafi was indicted by the government of Lebanon for al-Sadr's disappearance.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Internal dissent

.In October 1993, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Gaddafi by elements of the Libyan army.^In October 1993, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Gaddafi by elements of the Libyan army.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Despite Gaddafi's attempts to restore his international reputation, human rights groups say he has failed to grant Libyans greater freedoms and rights.

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.On 14 July 1996, bloody riots followed a football match in Tripoli organised by Gaddafi's son, as a protest against Gaddafi.^On 14 July 1996, bloody riots followed a football match in Tripoli organised by Gaddafi's son , as a protest against Gaddafi.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The two men were caught up in a spat between Libya and Switzerland following the arrest last summer of Gaddafi's son.

.A website, actively seeking his overthrow, was set up in 2006 and lists 343 victims of murder and political assassination.^National Conference of the Libyan Opposition National Front for the Salvation of Libya Committee for Libyan National Action in Europe A website, actively seeking his overthrow, was set up in 2006 and lists 343 victims of murder and political assassination.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[74].The Libyan League for Human Rights (LLHR) – based in Geneva – petitioned Gaddafi to set up an independent inquiry into the February 2006 unrest in Benghazi in which some 30 Libyans and foreigners were killed.^The Libyan League for Human Rights (LLHR) – based in Geneva – petitioned Gaddafi to set up an independent inquiry into the February 2006 unrest in Benghazi in which some 30 Libyans and foreigners were killed.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Despite Gaddafi's attempts to restore his international reputation, human rights groups say he has failed to grant Libyans greater freedoms and rights.

.Fathi Eljahmi was a prominent dissident who has been imprisoned since 2002 for calling for increased democratization in Libya.^Fathi Eljahmi was a prominent dissident who has been imprisoned since 2002 for calling for increased democratization in Libya.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Two Swiss businessmen who were in Libya at the time have, ever since, been denied permission to leave the country, and even held hostage for some time.

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^He is also the longest-serving ruler of Libya since Ali Pasha Al Karamanli , who ruled between 1754 and 1795.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Public works projects

Great Manmade River

.The Great Manmade River is a network of pipes that supplies 6,500,000 m³ of fresh water per day from beneath the Sahara Desert, from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer, to the cities in the north of Libya, including Tripoli, Benghazi and Sirt.^Main article: Great Manmade River The Great Manmade River is a network of pipes that supplies 6,500,000 m³ of fresh water per day from beneath the Sahara Desert , from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer , to the cities in the north of Libya, including Tripoli , Benghazi and Sirt .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[75].The project consists of more than 1,300 wells, most more than 500 m deep.^The project consists of more than 1,300 wells, most more than 500 m deep .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^(Which, incidentally, was more than the US ever did to the Iranians for the loss of their airliner with 300 aboard).

Lockerbie release: Gordon Brown should tell us what he said to Colonel Gaddafi - Telegraph11 September 2009 4:41 UTCwww.telegraph.co.uk [Source type: News]

^Most experts agree (not the protectionists) that there is more oil and natural gas reserves in the US and off shore than all of the Middle East...."

vt.Buzz ~ a political blog: Disagreeing with the senator from Vt.7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.burlingtonfreepress.com [Source type: General]

.According to the 2008 edition of Guinness Book of Records, it is the world's largest irrigation project.^According to the 2008 edition of Guinness Book of Records , it is the world's largest irrigation project.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[citation needed]

.Construction on the first phase started in 1984, and cost about $5 billion.^Construction on the first phase started in 1984, and cost about $5 billion.

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^Well, the first thing you need to know about them is that they were started by a protege of Louis Farrakhan named Khalid Abdul Muhammad.

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.The robotic telescope, which will be two metres in diameter and remote-controlled, will be built by France's REOSC,[76] the optical department of the SAGEM Group.^The robotic telescope, which will be two metres in diameter and remote-controlled, will be built by France 's REOSC [ 63 ] , the optical department of the SAGEM Group .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.It will be housed in an air-conditioned building, with a network of four weather stations deployed at a distance of 10 kilometers around it to warn of impending sandstorms that could damage its fragile optics.^It will be housed in an air-conditioned building, with a network of four weather stations deployed at a distance of 10 kilometers around it to warn of impending sandstorms that could damage its fragile optics .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[77].A desert site at 2200 meters above sea level near Kufra may be chosen as the location for the observatory, which will be North Africa's largest astronomical observatory.^A desert site at 2200 meters above sea level near Kufra may be chosen as the location for the observatory, which will be North Africa 's largest astronomical observatory .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Personal life and family

.Gaddafi has eight children, seven of them sons.^Gaddafi has eight children, seven of them sons.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[78].His eldest son, Muhammad al-Gaddafi, was born to a wife now in disfavour, but runs the Libyan Olympic Committee.^His eldest son, Muhammad al-Gaddafi , was born to a wife now in disfavour, but runs the Libyan Olympic Committee.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Taylor was elected as President in 1997, after leading a bloody insurgency backed by Libyan President Muammar al-Gaddafi .

.He runs a charity (GIFCA) which has been involved in negotiating freedom for hostages taken by Islamic militants, especially in the Philippines.^He runs a charity ( GIFCA ) which has been involved in negotiating freedom for hostages taken by Islamic militants, especially in the Philippines .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 2006, after sharply criticizing his father's regime, Saif Al Islam briefly left Libya, reportedly to take on a position in banking outside of the country.^Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi (205) .

^In an exclusive interview with Aljazeera.net on Thursday, Saif al-Islam described the recent news reports as malicious rumours being spread by “some Arab countries” to spite Libya because of his country’s latest political successes (in breaking its international isolation).

.He returned to Libya soon after, launching an environment-friendly initiative to teach children how they can help clean up parts of Libya.^He returned to Libya soon after, launching an environment-friendly initiative to teach children how they can help clean up parts of Libya.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^I have come to Libya, in part, to follow his trail, to see how he accomplished such a difficult feat.

.He is involved in compensation negotiations with Italy and the United States.^He is involved in compensation negotiations with Italy and the United States .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The third eldest, Saadi Gaddafi, is married to the daughter of a military commander.^The third eldest, Saadi Gaddafi , is married to the daughter of a military commander.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Saadi runs the Libyan Football Federation and signed for various professional teams including Italian Serie A team U.C. Sampdoria, although without appearing in first team games.^Saadi runs the Libyan Football Federation and signed for various professional teams including Italian Serie A team U.C. Sampdoria , although without appearing in first team games.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The exercises were "planned as part of the Italian and Libyan agreement signed a year ago", the minister added, referring to a friendship accord between the countries.

.He now serves as Libya's National Security Advisor, in which capacity he oversees the nation's National Security Council.^If a nation-state is not willing to grant a free and fair vote to its people, why should it get a vote at the UN General Assembly, let alone the UN Security Council?

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.The fifth eldest, Hannibal Gaddafi (who is often incorrectly confused with his brother Moatassem),[79] once worked for General National Maritime Transport Company, a company that specializes in Libyan oil exports.^General National Maritime Transport Company, which owns a large refinery in Switzerland, also halted oil shipments to Switzerland.

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^The fifth eldest, Motassim Bilal (Hannibal) Gaddafi [ 67 ] , once worked for General National Maritime Transport Company, a company that specializes in Libyan oil exports.

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^In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US passports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil [ 9 ] and the export to Libya of U.S. oil industry technology; European nations did not follow suit.

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.He is most notable for being involved in a series of violent incidents throughout Europe.^He is most notable for being involved in a series of violent incidents throughout Europe.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^DAILY MAIL: The most violent country in Europe: Britain is also worse than South Africa and U.S. .

Boycott Scotland and the United Kingdom7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.boycottscotland.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 2001, Hannibal attacked three Italian policemen with a fire extinguisher; in September 2004, he was briefly detained in Paris after driving a Porsche at 90 mph in the wrong direction and through red lights down the Champs-Élysées while intoxicated; and in 2005, Hannibal in Paris allegedly beat model and then girlfriend Alin Skaf, who later filed an assault suit against him.^In 2001, Hannibal attacked three Italian policemen with a fire extinguisher; in September 2004, he was briefly detained in Paris after driving a Porsche at 90 mph in the wrong direction and through red lights down the Champs-Élysées while intoxicated; and in 2005, Hannibal in Paris allegedly beat model and then girlfriend Alin Skaf, who later filed an assault suit against him.

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^Swiss-Libyan relations soured after Geneva police briefly detained Hannibal Gadhafi and his wife on July 25, 2008 in a luxury hotel for allegedly beating up two of their servants.

In December 2009 police were called to Claridges Hotel in London after staff heard a scream from Hannibal's room. .Aline Skaf, now his wife, was found to have suffered facial injuries including a broken nose, but charges were not pressed after she maintained she had sustained the injuries in a fall.^Aline Skaf, now his wife, was found to have suffered facial injuries including a broken nose, but charges were not pressed after she maintained she had sustained the injuries in a fall [ 69 ] .

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.On 15 July 2008, Hannibal and his wife were held for two days and charged with assaulting two of their staff in Geneva, Switzerland and then released on bail on 17 July.^On 15 July 2008, Hannibal and his wife were held for two days and charged with assaulting two of their staff in Geneva , Switzerland and then released on bail on 17 July.

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^The two were released on bail three days later and returned to Libya.

^PM, June 17, 2008 Ask Daniel Pearl's wife or Eugene Armstrong's family if they got a fair trial before their heads were cut off.

vt.Buzz ~ a political blog: Disagreeing with the senator from Vt.7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.burlingtonfreepress.com [Source type: General]

.The government of Libya subsequently put a boycott on Swiss imports, reduced flights between Libya and Switzerland, stopped issuing visas to Swiss citizens, recalled diplomats from Bern, and forced all Swiss companies such as ABB and Nestlé to close offices.^The government of Libya subsequently put a boycott on Swiss imports, reduced flights between Libya and Switzerland, stopped issuing visas to Swiss citizens, recalled diplomats from Bern , and forced all Swiss companies such as ABB and Nestlé to close offices.

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^Thursday, 27 August, 2009: Two Swiss citizens detained for more than a year in Libya have been granted exit visas, nearly a week after a controversial diplomatic mission by Switzerland's president.

^From the very beginning we have advocated the boycott of British Petroleum and other major British companies that have been lobbying for closer trade relations with Libya.

Boycott Scotland and the United Kingdom7 January 2010 23:47 UTCwww.boycottscotland.com [Source type: Original source]

.General National Maritime Transport Company, which owns a large refinery in Switzerland, also halted oil shipments to Switzerland.^General National Maritime Transport Company, which owns a large refinery in Switzerland, also halted oil shipments to Switzerland.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The fifth eldest, Motassim Bilal (Hannibal) Gaddafi [ 67 ] , once worked for General National Maritime Transport Company, a company that specializes in Libyan oil exports.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Sunday, 9 August, 2009: LIBYA’s national oil company and two billionaire Indian brothers are among the contenders to buy Britain’s second-largest oil refinery.

[82].Two Swiss businessmen who were in Libya at the time have, ever since, been denied permission to leave the country, and even held hostage for some time.^Two Swiss businessmen who were in Libya at the time have, ever since, been denied permission to leave the country, and even held hostage for some time.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^But tension between the two countries has continued, especially over Libya's detention of two Swiss businessmen for alleged immigration violations a day after Gadhafi returned home.

^Wednesday, 12 August, 2009: Nigerians in the diaspora inundated their country's news websites with e-mail petitions against the probable execution of some 220 Nigerian youths in Libya, who have been accused of illegal entry.

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.At the 35th G8 summit in July 2009, Gaddafi called Switzerland a "world mafia" and called for the country to be split between France, Germany and Italy.^At the 35th G8 summit in July 2009, Gaddafi called Switzerland a "world mafia" and called for the country to be split between France, Germany and Italy.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^In September 2009, at a South America - Africa summit on Isla Margarita in Venezuela , Colonel Gaddafi joined the host, Hugo Chávez , in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Thursday, 10 September, 2009: THERE can be few more odious ruling families in the world than the Gaddafis of Libya.

.Gaddafi's only daughter is Ayesha al-Gaddafi, a lawyer who had joined the defense team of executed former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein.^Gaddafi's only daughter is Ayesha al-Gaddafi , a lawyer who had joined the defense team of executed former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein .

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The Libyan National Telescope Project, costing nearly 10 million euros , was ordered by Muammar al-Gaddafi, who has a passionate interest in astronomy .

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^Following the attacks of 11 September, Gaddafi made one of the first, and firmest, denunciations of the Al-Qaeda bombers by any Muslim leader.

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She married a cousin of her father in 2006.

.His adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed in the April 1986 United States bombing of Libya.^His adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed in the April 1986 United States bombing of Libya .

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^On 15 April 1986, Ronald Reagan ordered major bombing raids, dubbed Operation El Dorado Canyon , against Tripoli and Benghazi killing 45 Libyan military and government personnel as well as 15 civilians.

Boston University School of Theology Archives7 January 2010 23:47 UTCsthweb.bu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The IRA's relationship with Tripoli intensified in the 1980s, particularly after 1986 when American planes, stationed in the UK, took part in a bombing raid on Libya.

At a "concert for peace", held on 15 April 2006 in Tripoli to mark the 20th anniversary of the bombing raid, U.S. singer Lionel Richie told the audience:

"Hanna will be honoured tonight because of the fact that you've attached peace to her name."[85]

.In January 2002, Gaddafi purchased a 7.5% share of Italian football club Juventus for USD 21 million, through Lafico ("Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company").^In January 2002, Gaddafi purchased a 7.5% share of Italian football club Juventus for USD 21 million, through Lafico (" Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company ").

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^The Libyan National Telescope Project, costing nearly 10 million euros , was ordered by Muammar al-Gaddafi, who has a passionate interest in astronomy .

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^In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies.

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.This followed a long-standing association with the Italian industrialist Gianni Agnelli and car manufacturer Fiat.^This followed a long-standing association with the Italian industrialist Gianni Agnelli and car manufacturer Fiat .

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.Gaddafi holds an honorary degree from Megatrend University in Belgrade conferred on him by former Yugoslav President Zoran Lilić.^She has received seven Honorary Doctorate degrees from universities around the world and is founder and chief supporter of Measuagoon, a community development NGO in Liberia.

"The statements of our Kenyan brother of American nationality, Obama, on Jerusalem ...

^"The statements of our Kenyan brother of American nationality, Obama, on Jerusalem ...

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show that he either ignores international politics and did not study the .Middle East conflict or that it [Barack Obama's expression of solidarity with Israel] is a campaign lie.^Middle East conflict or that it [Barack Obama's expression of solidarity with Israel] is a campaign lie.

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.We fear that Obama will feel that, because he is black with an inferiority complex, this will make him behave worse than the whites.^We fear that Obama will feel that, because he is black with an inferiority complex, this will make him behave worse than the whites.

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^We tell him to be proud of himself as a black and feel that all Africa is behind him."

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^Obama’s skin makes him uniquely qualified for president and even reach out to the moderate Islam world .

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^In standard Arabic the name معمر القذافي‎ ( مُـعَـمَّـرُ الـقَـذافـي‎ with all vowels and elongation) is pronounced in IPA : /mu'ʕam:aru l‎qa'ða:fi/.

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^Two states would come into conflict, because the land of each, they believe, forms part of the land of the other, and each statelet would feel threatened by the other party.

Welcome to the official site of Muammar Al Gathafi11 September 2009 9:47 UTCwww.algathafi.org [Source type: Original source]

Even though the Arabic spelling of a word does not change, the pronunciation may vary in different varieties of Arabic, which may cause a different romanization. .In standard Arabic the name معمر القذافي‎ (مُـعَـمَّـرُ الـقَـذافـي‎with all vowels and elongation) is pronounced in IPA: [muˈʕamːaru l‎qaˈðaːfi].^In standard Arabic the name معمر القذافي‎ ( مُـعَـمَّـرُ الـقَـذافـي‎ with all vowels and elongation) is pronounced in IPA : /mu'ʕam:aru l‎qa'ða:fi/.

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^Because of the lack of standardization of transliterating written and regionally pronounced Arabic , Gaddafi's name has been transliterated in many different ways into English and other Latin alphabet languages.

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.Here, the initial /a/ is silent because of the preceding /u/.^Here, the initial /a/ is silent because of the preceding /u/.

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.An article published in the London Evening Standard in 2004 lists a total of 37 spellings of his name, while a 1986 column by The Straight Dope quotes a list of 32 spellings known at the Library of Congress.^An article published in the London Evening Standard in 2004 lists a total of 37 spellings of his name, while a 1986 column by The Straight Dope quotes a list of 32 spellings known at the Library of Congress .

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[97].This extensive confusion of naming was used as the subject for a segment of Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update in the early 1980s.^This extensive confusion of naming was used as the subject for a segment of Saturday Night Live 's Weekend Update in the early 1980s.

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[citation needed]

."Muammar Gaddafi" is the spelling used by Time magazine, BBC News, the majority of the British press and by the English service of Al-Jazeera.^The British government has denied it put pressure on Scotland’s devolved government over Megrahi in the interest of better ties with Libya and its leader Muammar Gaddafi.

In 1986, Gaddafi reportedly responded to a Minnesota school's letter in English using the spelling "Moammar El-Gadhafi".[100] The title of the homepage of algathafi.org reads "Welcome to the official site of Muammar Al Gathafi".[101]

The show

.In September 2006, at the ENO in London, the UK-based electronic band Asian Dub Foundation created and did six performances of a show commissioned by Channel 4 and based on Gaddafi's story, called "Gaddafi: A Living Myth". The title role was played by Ramon Tikaram.^There is absolutely no evidence to substantiate, to prove that six million so-called Jews lost their lives in Nazi Germany…” .

The book was by Shan Khan and the direction by David Freeman. .Although critics were generally unflattering in the English-speaking press, coverage in Muslim countries was more positive.^English-speaking countries and territories .

Postage stamps

.The Libyan Posts (GPTC General Posts and Telecommunications Company) released many postage issues (stamps, souvenir sheets, postal stationery, booklets, etc.^BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES : Many people in Libya expect there will be a link between al Megrahi's release and prospects for British companies in Libya.

.The first issue was a souvenir sheet celebrating the 6th Anniversary of the September Revolution in 1975 (ref.^The first issue was a souvenir sheet celebrating the 6th Anniversary of the September Revolution in 1975 (ref.

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^ Constitutional Declaration of Libya, Article 2. «The Holy Qur'an is the social code in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, since authority belongs solely to the people, by whom it is exercised through people's congresses, people's committees, trade unions, federations and professional associations (the General People's Congress, the working procedures of which are established by law).»

Religion

There are serious mistakes, among them the one saying that
Jesus came as a messenger for other people other than the sons of
Israel.… Christianity is not a faith for people in Africa, Asia,
Europe and the Americas.

^We will go for a one-state solution… there’s no other solution,” he told news agencies on Thursday.

.Other people who are not sons of Israel
have nothing to do with that religion.… It is a mistake that
another religion exists alongside Islam.^It was the residence occupied by Golda Meir, author of the famous remark that “the Palestinian people do not exist” when she was Israel’s foreign minister.

^The next eldest son by his second wife is Saif al-Islam Muammar Al-Gaddafi , who was born in 1972 and is an architect.

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.There is only one religion
which is Islam after Mohammed.… All those believers who do not
follow Islam are losers.^Switzerland, which shelters all multi-billion secret accounts, is spared while the mountains of Afghanistan and the poor who make their goats graze there are bombed, .

This is a forbidden
innovation [bid'a]… When did Muhammad say: "I have brought you Shi'ite
Islam and Sunni Islam?"... they have now begun to group the Arabs
against Iran and Iran against the Arabs, and then Shi'ites against
Sunnis and Sunnis against Shi'ites. I will not be a part of
conspiracy that divides Islam into two, that is a conspiracy I
cannot be a part of."

Pan-Arabism and
Pan-Africanism

Libya is an African country. May Allah help the Arabs and keep
them away from us. We don't want anything to do with them. They did
not fight with us against the Italians, and they did not fight with
us against the Americans. They did not lift the sanctions and siege
from us....I won't be a party to a conspiracy to mobilize the Arabs
against the Persians. Only the forces of colonialism benefit from
such a conspiracy. I won't be a party to a conspiracy that splits
Islam into two - Shiite Islam and Sunni Islam – mobilizing Sunni
Islam against Shiite Islam.
.

Africa is closer to me in every way than Iraq or Syria.^The Libyan National Telescope Project, costing nearly 10 million euros , was ordered by Muammar al-Gaddafi, who has a passionate interest in astronomy .

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^Less than a fortnight later a flight laid on by the Libyan leader’s son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, brought representatives from British businesses.

The times of Arab nationalism and unity are gone forever.^With respect to Libya's neighbors, Gaddafi followed Gamal Abdel Nasser 's ideas of pan-Arabism and became a fervent advocate of the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation.

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^September 23, 2009 marked Gaddafi's first appearance at the United Nations General Assembly where he addressed world leaders at the annual gathering in New York.

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^After Nasser's death on 28 September 1970, Gaddafi attempted to take up the mantle of ideological leader of Arab nationalism.

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These
ideas which mobilized the masses are only a worthless currency.
Libya has had to put up with too much from the Arabs for whom it
has poured forth both blood and money.

We'll pay so much, to hell with $2 billion
or more. It's not compensation. It's a price. .The Americans said it
was Libya who did it.^He said Nigerians who entered Libya illegally would be deported as soon as arrangements were concluded.

Miscellaneous

Why should we be closer to the Soviets? Because the Americans
have challenged us. America is involved in a conspiracy [against
the Arab world], primarily because of its policy toward Israel. In
our view, whoever is against the Americans stands with us. The
enemy of your enemy is your friend.

Israel is a colonialist-imperialist phenomenon. .There is no
such thing as an Israeli people.^There has been no official confirmation of such a move, but Scottish Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill says he is considering the issue.

Irrespective of the conflict with America, it is a human duty
to show sympathy with the American people and be with them at these
horrifying and awesome events which are bound to awaken human
conscience. When I was five, my brother was shot by an Israeli
soldier, since then I have been dedicated to uniting the Arab
countries throughout the Middle East and retain a trade flow with
the west.
.

Nothing would please me more, but who else would pump the oil
that we need?^Although it would be easy to dismiss Khadafy as a daffy dictator, he has shown himself to be a lethal loon who has used his oil-rich country's money to support terrorists and spread his madness.

Man’s freedom is lacking if somebody else controls what he
needs, for need may result in man’s enslavement of man.^A letter from the ministry to Oil Libya says other inspections carried out by private firms are not statutory adding that the powers for testing are exclusively vested in Kebs.

^The city's mayor had vowed to do everything in his power to block a visit by Col. Gadhafi in light of the hero's welcome in Libya afforded to the man responsible for bombing Pan American flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988.

Whenever I ask about Pepsi-Cola or Coca-Cola, people
immediately say it is an American or European drink.^"The location for the tent is still an open question," says a senior State Department official who asked not to be identified talking about sensitive matters.

This is not
true. The kola is African. They have taken the cheap raw material
from us. They produced it, they made it into a drink, and they sell
it to us for a high price. Why are Pepsi Cola and Coca Cola
expensive? .Because they have taken our kola, produced it, and sold
it back to us.^In May, for the first time, Tripoli agreed to take back migrants intercepted by the Italians in international waters (controversially, because they do not have a chance to apply for asylum).

The statements of our Kenyan brother of American nationality,
Obama, on Jerusalem ... show that he either ignores international
politics and did not study the .Middle East conflict or that it
[Barack Obama's expression of solidarity with Israel] is a campaign
lie.^Thursday, 10 September, 2009: The fight for Libyan compensation for IRA victims will be taken to US President Barack Obama, campaigners vowed last night.

We fear that Obama will feel that, because he is black with an
inferiority complex, this will make him behave worse than the
whites. This will be a tragedy. We tell him to be proud of himself
as a black and feel that all Africa is behind him.

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It was God
who created colour. .Today Obama, a son of Kenya, a son of Africa,
has made it in the United States of America."^But with the United States holding the rotating presidency of the UN Security Council and with the US president, Barack Obama, chairing a summit on nuclear weapons sparks could fly.

It is a response to greedy Western nations, who invade and
exploit Somalia’s water resources illegally.^In May, the supposedly reformed Khadafy said that such piracy is not piracy at all, but "self-defense" against "greedy Western nations."

I am an international leader, the dean of the Arab rulers, the
king of kings of Africa and the imam (leader) of Muslims, and my
international status does not allow me to descend to a lower level.^Monday, 31 August, 2009: Petroleum makes Libya one of Africa’s richest countries but corruption and bureaucracy have left even the country’s leader Muammar Gaddafi scratching his head about what happens to all the money.

There are signs that Allah will grant Islam victory in Europe -
without swords, without guns, without conquests.^Qaddafi has rehabilitated his image in Europe after being accused of bankrolling or harboring agents who carried out deadly attacks on civilians there in the 1980s.