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0000950146-97-001541.txt : 19971017
0000950146-97-001541.hdr.sgml : 19971017
ACCESSION NUMBER: 0000950146-97-001541
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: POS AM
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 5
FILED AS OF DATE: 19971016
SROS: NONE
FILER:
COMPANY DATA:
COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: THINKING TOOLS INC
CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0001021444
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: SERVICES-EDUCATIONAL SERVICES [8200]
IRS NUMBER: 770436410
STATE OF INCORPORATION: DE
FISCAL YEAR END: 1231
FILING VALUES:
FORM TYPE: POS AM
SEC ACT:
SEC FILE NUMBER: 333-11321
FILM NUMBER: 97696756
BUSINESS ADDRESS:
STREET 1: ONE LOWER RAGSDALE DR I-250
CITY: MONTEREY
STATE: CA
ZIP: 93940
BUSINESS PHONE: 4083738688
MAIL ADDRESS:
STREET 1: ONE LOWER RAGSDALE DRIVE I-250
CITY: MONTEREY
STATE: CA
ZIP: 93940
POS AM
1
AMENDMENT TO REGISTRATION STATEMENT
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 16, 1997
Registration No. 333-11321
================================================================================
U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
------------------
Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to
FORM SB-2
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
------------------
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
(Name of small business issuer in its charter)
Delaware 7372 77-0436410
(State or jurisdiction (Primary Standard (I.R.S. Employer
of incorporation or Industrial Classification Identification No.)
(organization) Code Number)
Thinking Tools, Inc. Phillip F. Whalen, Jr., President
6541 Via Del Oro Thinking Tools, Inc.
San Jose, California 95119 6541 Via Del Oro
(Address of principal executive San Jose, California 95119
offices and principal place (408) 360-0400/(408) 360-0401 (Fax)
of business) (Name, address, and telephone
number of agent for service)
------------------
Copy to:
Stephen H. Kay, Esq.
Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld, LLP
551 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10176
Telephone: (212) 661-6500
Telecopier: (212) 697-6686
------------------
Approximate date of proposed sale to the public: As soon as
practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering
pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, please
check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.
[_]
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c)
under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering. [_]
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434,
please check the following box. [_]
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered
on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act,
check the following box. [x]
------------------
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates
as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file
a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement
shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the
Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become
effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting
pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
================================================================================
EXPLANATORY NOTE
This Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form
SB-2 which was filed by Thinking Tools, Inc. (the "Company") and declared
effective by the Commission on October 18, 1996 (the "Original Registration
Statement"), relates to the registration by the inclusion of alternate
Prospectus pages in the Original Registration Statement of (i) 456,250 shares of
Common Stock (the "Bridge Warrant Shares") issuable upon the exercise of
warrants (the "Bridge Warrants") issued by the Company in August 1996 and (ii)
140,000 shares of Common Stock (the "Underwriter's Warrant Shares") issuable
upon exercise of the Underwriter's Warrants (the "Underwriter's Warrants")
issued by the Company in connection with the Company Offering (defined below).
The Bridge Warrant Shares and the Underwriter's Warrant Shares are being offered
by certain holders of such securities (the "Selling Stockholders") and not for
the account of the Company. All references to the "Company Offering" refer to
the offering and sale by the Company of 1,610,000 shares of Common Stock which
was completed in October 1996.
-1-
PROSPECTUS
- ----------
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED OCTOBER ___, 1997
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
596,250 Shares of Common Stock
This Prospectus relates to the Offering (the "Offering") by certain
selling stockholders (the "Selling Stockholders") of 596,250 shares of Common
Stock, par value $.001 per share, of Thinking Tools, Inc. (the "Company"), which
may be sold from time to time by the Selling Stockholders, or by transferees, on
or after the date of this Prospectus commencing October 25, 1997, 12 months
after the closing of the Company Offering (defined below). Of the Shares being
offered hereby, 456,250 shares of Common Stock (the "Bridge Warrant Shares") are
issuable upon the exercise of warrants (the "Bridge Warrants") issued by the
Company in August 1996 and 140,000 shares of Common Stock (the "Underwriter's
Warrant Shares") are issuable upon exercise of the Underwriter's Warrants (the
"Underwriter's Warrants"). The Bridge Warrant Shares and the Underwriter's
Warrant Shares (collectively, the "Shares") are being offered by the Selling
Stockholders and not for the account of the Company. All references contained
herein to the "Company Offering" refer to the offering and sale by the Company
of 1,610,000 shares of Common Stock which was completed in October 1996. See
"Selling Stockholders," "Risk Factors-- Future Sales of Restricted Securities;
- -- Effects of Previously Issued Options, Warrants and Underwriter's Warrants on
Stock Price," "Description of Securities," "Certain Transactions" and "Shares
Eligible for Future Sale."
The Common Stock is quoted on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market (the "Nasdaq
SmallCap Market") under the symbol "TSIM." On October 13, 1997, the last sale
price of the Common Stock reported by the Nasdaq SmallCap Market was $16.50 per
share.
No underwriting arrangements have been entered into by the Selling
Stockholders. The distribution of the Shares by the Selling Stockholders may be
effected from time to time in transactions on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market, in
privately negotiated transactions, through the writing of options on the Shares,
or a combinations of such methods of sale, at fixed prices that may be changed,
at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to such
prevailing market prices, or at negotiated prices. The Selling Stockholders may
effect such transactions by the sale of the Shares to or through broker-dealers,
and such broker-dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts,
concessions or commissions from the Selling Stockholders and/or the purchasers
of the Shares for whom such broker-dealers may act as agent or to whom they may
sell as principal, or both. Usual and customary or specifically negotiated
brokerage fees or commissions may be paid by the Selling Stockholders in
connection with sales of the Shares. See "Plan of Distribution."
The Selling Stockholders and intermediaries through whom the Shares are
sold may be deemed "underwriters" within the meaning of the Securities Act of
1933, as amended (the "Act"), with respect to the securities offered and any
profits realized or commissions received may be deemed underwriting
compensation.
The Company will receive proceeds upon the exercise of the Bridge
Warrants and the Underwriters Warrants, but will not receive any proceeds from
sales of the Shares. See "Use of Proceeds" and "Selling Stockholders."
AN INVESTMENT IN THE SECURITIES OFFERED HEREBY INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE
OF RISK AND IMMEDIATE SUBSTANTIAL DILUTION AND SHOULD BE CONSIDERED CAREFULLY
AND ONLY BY PERSONS WHO CAN AFFORD THE LOSS OF THEIR ENTIRE INVESTMENT. SEE
"RISK FACTORS" BEGINNING ON PAGE 2 HEREIN.
THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION NOR HAS
THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED
UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE
CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
The date of this Prospectus is October __, 1997
RISK FACTORS
Statements made in this Prospectus as well as statements made in the
Company's public filings, press releases and oral statements that may be made by
the Company or by officers, directors or employees of the Company acting on the
Company's behalf, that are not statements of historical fact, constitute
"forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements involve known and
unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual
results of the Company to be materially different from the historical results or
from any future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
In addition to statements which explicitly describe such risks and
uncertainties, readers are urged to consider statements labeled with the terms
"believes," "belief," "expects," plans," "anticipates," or "intends" to be
uncertain and forward-looking. All cautionary statements made in this Prospectus
should be read as being applicable to all related forward-looking statements
wherever they appear. Investors should consider the following risk factors as
well as the risks described elsewhere in this Prospectus.
Limited Operating History; Accumulated Deficit; History of Losses; Uncertain
Future Profitability
The Company commenced operations in December 1993 and is still in the
early stage of developing products. Since its inception, the Company has
experienced cumulative losses of $4,164,000 and $5,836,000 as of December 31,
1996 and June 30, 1997, respectively, and has not experienced any quarter of
profitable operations. Consequently, its operations are subject to numerous
risks associated with the development of a new business. The Company expects to
continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future, principally as a
result of expenses associated with the Company's product development efforts and
anticipated sales, marketing and general and administrative expenses. The
Company recently introduced a new product named Think 2000, a Year 2000 risk
simulation software program. There can be no assurance that Think 2000 will
achieve commercial acceptance or result in revenues or profits to the Company.
There can also be no assurance that if Think 2000 does achieve commercial
acceptance the Company will be able to meet demand for such product on a timely
basis. The Company has made a significant investment in the development and
commercialization of Think 2000, and does not currently anticipate significant
revenues in the near future from any other sources. Accordingly, the Company is
materially dependent upon the success of Think 2000. Any failure of the Company
to commercialize Think 2000 or to meet demands for such product on a timely
basis could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating
results and financial condition. The Company's long-term viability and growth
will depend on the successful development, commercialization and marketing of
its proposed products. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able
to develop adequate revenue sources to successfully complete the development,
commercialization and marketing of its proposed products or that if it is
successful in doing so it will be able to achieve and maintain profitability.
Fluctuations in Operating Results; Substantial Revenues Derived from Limited
Customers
The Company's operating results may vary significantly from quarter to
quarter or year to year, depending on factors such as the timing of product
development, the timing of increased research and development and sales and
marketing expenses, the timing and size of orders and the introduction of new
products by the Company. Consequently, revenue or profit may vary significantly
from quarter to quarter or year to year and revenue or profit in any period will
not necessarily be predictive of results in subsequent periods.
Historically, a significant portion of the Company's revenues has been
derived from a limited number of relatively large development projects
contracted for by a small number of customers. Sales to Systems Engineering
Solutions, Inc. ("SESI"), SHL Systemhouse, Inc. ("Systemhouse"), Office of
Research and Development ("ORD"), and Bell Canada during the fiscal year ended
December 31, 1996 accounted for 28%,
-2-
25%, 24% and 14%, respectively, of the Company's sales for such period. Sales to
Markel Foundation ("Markel"), ORD and Systemhouse during the fiscal year ended
December 31, 1995, accounted for 27%, 14% and 13%, respectively, of the
Company's sales for such period. Revenues earned from ORD during the six months
ended June 30, 1997 accounted for 100% of the Company's revenue for such period.
Such customers are not affiliated with the Company.
The Company historically has not had, and at December 31, 1996 and June
30, 1997, did not have, any substantial firm order backlog. During the six
months ended June 30, 1997, the Company was in the process of completing the
only remaining custom project under contract and was focusing on self-funded
development projects as part of its strategy to become a product-driven company.
There can be no assurance that the Company will obtain additional sources of
revenue. Any inability by the Company to obtain new sources of revenues would
have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition
and results of operations. The Company's current and planned expense levels are
based in part on its expectations as to future revenue.
Dependence on Emerging Market for Business Simulation Software
The markets for business simulation software in general, and
agent-based, adaptive simulation software in particular, are still emerging,
making it difficult to predict with any assurance the future size of the
markets. There can be no assurance that such software will achieve broad-based
market acceptance, that markets for such software will continue to grow or that
increased sales of the Company's products will occur or continue as a result of
any such growth. There can be no assurance that alternatives to the Company's
agent-based, adaptive simulation software, such as object-oriented tools,
authoring tools or game methods will not achieve greater market acceptance than
the Company's agent-based, adaptive simulation software. Even if agent-based,
adaptive simulation achieves market acceptance and that market grows, there can
be no assurance that the Company will obtain a significant share of that market.
Risk of Competition
There can be no assurance that other companies will not develop
programs such as those offered by the Company or alternative software
applications which meet the same needs of customers, or that potential customers
will not choose to meet their needs through in-house development rather than by
purchasing the Company's products. The Company expects to be subject to
competition from companies with substantially greater resources. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be able to respond to competitive pressures, or
that the effect of competitive pressures will not change the demand for, or
pricing of, the Company's products and services. To the extent that competitors
achieve performance, price or other selling advantages, the Company could be
adversely affected. There can be no assurance that the Company will have the
resources required to respond effectively to market or technological changes or
to otherwise compete successfully in the future.
Uncertainties Related to Development of Additional Products
Significant additional efforts will be required for the Company to
develop additional agent-based, adaptive simulation products. Any such future
efforts are subject to certain risks including, but not limited to, the risk
that new simulations will be difficult to develop into commercially viable
products free of competitive challenges and that any such products may fail to
achieve and sustain market acceptance. There can be no assurance that the
Company's product development efforts will be successful. Further, the Company
is relying on the successful development, commercialization and marketing of its
proposed products for its long-term viability and growth. Any failure of the
Company to commercialize its products or to meet demands for such
-3-
products on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, operating results and financial condition.
Technological Change; Risk of Obsolescence; Industry Standards
The software industry is characterized by rapid technological change,
frequent introductions of new products, changes in customer demands and evolving
industry standards. The introduction of products embodying new technology or the
adaptation of products to the market and the emergence of new industry standards
often render existing products obsolete and unmarketable.
The Company believes that its success will depend on its ability to
enhance its existing products and otherwise respond and keep pace with
technological developments and emerging industry standards. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be successful in developing enhanced or new
products that respond to technological changes or evolving industry standards in
a timely manner, or at all. Additionally, there can be no assurance that
technological changes or evolving industry standards will not render the
Company's products and technologies obsolete.
Uncertainties Regarding Intellectual Property
The Company does not have any patents and has not filed patent
applications on its products. The Company regards the software that it owns or
licenses as proprietary and relies primarily on a combination of trade secret
laws, nondisclosure agreements and other technical copy protection methods (such
as embedded coding) to protect its rights to its products and proprietary
rights. It is the Company's policy that all employees and third-party developers
sign nondisclosure agreements; however, this may not afford the Company
sufficient protection for its know-how and its proprietary products.
Other parties may develop similar know-how and products, duplicate the
Company's know-how and products or develop patents that would materially and
adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of
operations. Third parties may assert infringement claims against the Company,
and such claims may result in the Company being required to enter into royalty
arrangements, pay damages or defend litigation, any of which could materially
and adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of
operations.
Limited Marketing Experience; Need for Additional Personnel
The Company has very limited marketing resources and limited experience
in marketing and selling its products and services. The Company will have to
further develop its marketing and sales force or rely principally on
collaborators, licensees or others to provide for the marketing and sales of its
products and services. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able
to establish adequate marketing and sales capabilities or make arrangements with
value added resellers ("VARs"), collaborators, licensees or others to perform
such activities.
Achieving market penetration will require significant efforts by the
Company to create awareness of, and demand for, its proposed products.
Accordingly, the Company's ability to expand its customer base will depend upon
its marketing efforts, including its ability to establish an effective internal
sales organization or strategic marketing arrangements with others. The failure
by the Company to successfully develop its marketing capabilities, internally or
through others, would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
financial condition and results of operations. Further, there can be no
assurance that the development of such marketing capabilities will lead to sales
of the Company's proposed products.
-4-
The success of the Company will also depend upon its ability to hire
and retain additional qualified management, marketing and financial personnel,
as to which there can be no assurance. The Company will compete with other
companies with greater financial and other resources for such personnel.
Risks Associated with Growth Strategy
The Company's growth strategy is expected to place a significant strain
on its management, administrative, operational, financial and other resources.
The Company's success will be dependent upon its ability to hire additional
highly qualified personnel to support the Company's product development and
marketing efforts, including monitoring operations, controlling costs and
maintaining effective management, inventory and credit controls. The Company has
limited experience in effectuating rapid expansion and managing a broad range of
products and services and significant operations. There can be no assurance that
the Company will be able to continue to manage its operations or that any
inability to do so will not adversely affect its business, financial condition
or results of operations.
Dependence on Key Personnel
The Company is dependent upon the continued efforts and abilities of
its senior management, particularly those of Mr. Phillip F. Whalen, Jr., the
Company's President and Chief Executive Officer and Mr. John Hiles, the
Company's Founder, Chief Technology Officer, and Secretary. The Company has
entered into an Employment Agreement with Mr. Hiles which is subject to
automatic annual renewals unless terminated by the Company or Mr. Hiles upon
ninety days' prior written notice. The loss or unavailability of Mr. Hiles or
Mr. Whalen for any significant period could have a material adverse effect on
the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The
Company maintains a $5,000,000 key-man life insurance policy on Mr. Hiles. The
Company's operations are also dependent upon its ability to attract and retain
qualified programmers and software engineers. There can be no assurance that the
Company will be able to attract and retain such skilled personnel, and failure
to do so could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial
condition and results of operations of the Company. All other employees of the
Company are at-will employees.
Control by Management
Mr. John Hiles owns 1,076,677 shares of Common Stock which represents
approximately 23.2% of the Company's outstanding Common Stock. Mr. Fred Knoll,
the Company's Chairman of the Board, controls Thinking Technologies, L.P., a
limited partnership ("Technologies") and principal stockholder of the Company,
which owns 1,955,081 shares of Common Stock, representing approximately 42.1% of
the Company's outstanding Common Stock. Together, Messrs. Hiles and Knoll own or
control an aggregate of 3,031,758 shares of Common Stock, representing
approximately 65.3% of the outstanding Common Stock. As a result of such
ownership and control, Messrs. Hiles and Knoll have the ability to control the
election of the directors of the Company and the outcome of all issues submitted
to a vote of the stockholders of the Company. Additionally, Mr. Knoll controls
warrants to purchase 468,242 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of
$1.07 per share issued to Technologies (the "Technologies Warrants") in July
1996, and Bridge Warrants issued to Technologies to purchase 156,250 shares of
Common Stock, at an exercise price of $3.90 per share, which were issued by the
Company to purchasers of its 10% Senior Secured Promissory Notes (the "Bridge
Notes") in connection with a debt financing consummated in August 1996 (the
"Bridge Financing").
-5-
Need For Additional Financing
Based on the Company's operating plan, the Company believes its
existing cash balances will be adequate to satisfy its operating and capital
requirements through the first quarter of 1998. Such belief is based upon
certain assumptions, and there can be no assurance that such assumptions are
correct. The Company does not expect that it will be able to continue its
operations beyond this time without additional financing. There can be no
assurance that additional financing will be available when needed on terms
acceptable to the Company, or at all.
Future Sales of Restricted Securities
The Company had 4,641,758 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of
September 30, 1997. Of these shares, all 1,610,000 shares of Common Stock sold
in the Company Offering are freely transferable by persons other than affiliates
of the Company, without restriction or further registration under the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The remaining 3,031,758 shares
of Common Stock (the "Restricted Shares") outstanding were sold by the Company
in reliance on exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities
Act and are "restricted securities" as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities
Act.
The sale of a substantial number of shares of Common Stock or the
availability of Common Stock for sale could adversely affect the market price of
the Common Stock prevailing from time to time. The Company, its officers,
directors and existing stockholders have entered into agreements with the
underwriter of the Company Offering, Barington Capital Group, L.P. ("Barington")
which prohibit them from selling stock in the Company for certain periods of
time following the Company Offering without the prior written consent of
Barington.
Effect of Previously Issued Options, Warrants and Underwriter's Warrants on
Stock Price
The Company has reserved from the authorized, but unissued Common
Stock, 376,000 shares of Common Stock for issuance to key employees, officers,
directors, and consultants pursuant to the Company's 1996 Stock Option Plan (the
"Plan"); 404,964 shares of Common Stock for issuance to officers, directors and
a consultant pursuant to stock options granted outside of the Plan; 456,250
shares of Common Stock for issuance upon exercise of the Bridge Warrants; and
468,242 shares of Common Stock for issuance upon exercise of the Technologies
Warrants. In connection with the Company Offering, the Company also sold to
Barington, for nominal consideration, the Underwriter's Warrants to purchase an
aggregate of 140,000 shares of Common Stock at a price per share equal to $10.40
(160% of the Company Offering price per share), subject to adjustment as
provided therein.
The existence of any outstanding options issued under the Plan, the
Bridge Warrants, the Underwriter's Warrants, and other outstanding options and
warrants may prove to be a hindrance to future financing, since the holders of
such warrants and options may be expected to exercise them at a time when the
Company would otherwise be able to obtain additional equity capital on terms
more favorable to the Company. In addition, the holders of such securities have
certain registration rights, and the sale of the shares issuable upon exercise
of such securities or the availability of such shares for sale could adversely
affect the market price of the Common Stock. Additionally, if the holders of the
Underwriter's Warrants were to exercise their registration rights to effect a
distribution of such Underwriter's Warrants or underlying securities, such
underwriter, prior to and during such distribution, would be unable to make a
market in the Company's securities and would be required to comply with other
limitations on trading set forth in Regulation M promulgated under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such rules restrict the
solicitation of purchasers of a security when a person is interested in the
distribution of such security and also limit market making activities by an
interested person until the completion
-6-
of the distribution. If such underwriter were required to cease making a market,
the market and market price for such securities may be adversely affected and
holders of such securities may be unable to sell such securities.
Share Prices May Be Highly Volatile
The market prices of equity securities of computer technology and
software companies have experienced extreme price volatility in recent years for
reasons not necessarily related to the individual performance of specific
companies. Accordingly, the market price of the Common Stock may be highly
volatile. Factors such as announcements by the Company or its competitors
concerning products, patents, technology, governmental regulatory actions, other
events affecting computer technology and software companies generally as well as
general market conditions may have a significant impact on the market price of
the Common Stock and could cause it to fluctuate substantially.
Nasdaq Delisting; Low Stock Price
The trading of the Company's Securities on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market
is conditioned upon the Company meeting certain asset, capital and surplus
earnings and stock price tests set forth by such exchange. To maintain
eligibility for trading on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market, the Company will be
required to maintain total assets in excess of $2,000,000, capital and surplus
in excess of $1,000,000 and (subject to certain exceptions) a bid price of $1.00
per share. If the Company fails any of the tests, the Common Stock may be
delisted from trading on such exchange.
The effects of delisting include the limited release of the market
prices of the Company's securities and limited news coverage of the Company.
Delisting may restrict investors' interest in the Company's securities and
materially adversely affect the trading market and prices for such securities
and the Company's ability to issue additional securities or to secure additional
financing. In addition to the risk of volatile stock prices and possible
delisting, low price stocks are subject to the additional risks of federal and
state regulatory requirements and the potential loss of effective trading
markets. In particular, if the Common Stock were delisted from trading on such
exchange and the trading price of the Common Stock was less than $5.00 per
share, the Common Stock could be subject to Rule 15g-9 under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which, among other things, requires that
broker/dealers satisfy special sales practice requirements, including making
individualized written suitability determinations and receiving purchasers'
written consents, prior to any transaction.
If the Company's securities could also be deemed penny stocks under the
Securities Enforcement and Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990, this would require
additional disclosure in connection with trades in the Company's securities,
including the delivery of a disclosure schedule explaining the nature and risks
of the penny stock market. Such requirements could severely limit the liquidity
of the Company's securities.
Lack of Dividends
The Company has not paid any dividends on the Common Stock since its
inception and does not intend to pay any dividends to its stockholders in the
foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to reinvest earnings, if any,
in the development and expansion of its business.
-7-
Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Certificate of Incorporation and
Delaware Law
The Company's Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of
3,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock with such designations, rights
and preferences as may be determined from time to time by the board of
directors. Accordingly, the board of directors is empowered, without obtaining
stockholder approval, to issue such preferred stock with dividend, liquidation,
conversion, voting or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power
or other rights of the holders of the Common Stock. In the event of issuance,
the preferred stock could be utilized, under certain circumstances, as a method
of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in the control of the Company.
Certain provisions of Delaware law may also discourage third-party attempts to
acquire control of the Company.
-8-
USE OF PROCEEDS
The Company will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Shares
by the Selling Stockholders. The net proceeds to the Company from the exercise
of the Bridge Warrants and Underwriter's Warrants are estimated to be
$3,235,375, if all of the Bridge Warrants and Underwriter's Warrants are
exercised. The Company is unable to predict the time, if ever, when the Bridge
Warrants or Underwriter's Warrants will be exercised. It is expected that the
net proceeds from the exercise of the Bridge Warrants and Underwriter's
Warrants, if and when received, will be used by the Company for general
corporate purposes.
-9-
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth the name of each person who is a Selling
Stockholder, the number of securities of the Company owned by each person's
account, the percentage or outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company
owned by such person prior to this Offering, the number of shares being sold by
such person, the number of shares of Common Stock such person will own after the
completion of this Offering, and the percentage of outstanding shares of Common
Stock of the Company owned by such person after the completion of this Offering.

- ----------
* less than 1%
(1) Represents Shares underlying the Bridge Warrants and Underwriter's Warrants.
(2) Includes 468,242 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the
Technologies Warrants and 156,250 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise
of Bridge Warrants issued as part of the Bridge Units purchased by Technologies.
Does not include 75,454 shares of Common Stock which may be purchased by
Technologies from John Hiles upon the exercise of an outstanding option for
$5.00 per share.
-10-
Lock-Up Arrangements
The Selling Stockholders agreed prior to the closing of the Company
Offering that they would not publicly sell, offer to sell, contract to offer to
sell, transfer, assign or pledge any of the Shares which are being registered on
their behalf by the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus forms a part
until October 25, 1997. See "Risk Factors--Future Sales of Restricted
Securities; Effect of Previously Issued Options, Warrants and Underwriter's
Warrants on Stock Price," "Description of Securities," "Shares Eligible for
Future Sale" and "Certain Transactions."
Plan of Distribution
The distribution of the Shares by the Selling Stockholders may be
effected from time to time in transactions on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market, in
privately negotiated transactions, through the writing of options on the Shares,
or a combination of such methods of sale, at fixed prices that may be changed,
at market prices prevailing at the time of the sale, at prices related to such
prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. The Selling Stockholders may
effect such transactions by the sale of the Shares to or through broker-dealers,
and such broker-dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts,
concessions or commissions from the Selling Stockholders and/or the purchasers
of the Shares for whom such broker-dealers may act as agent or to whom they may
sell as principal, or both. Usual and customary or specifically negotiated
brokerage fees or commissions may be paid by the Selling Stockholders in
connection with sales of the Shares. No underwriting arrangements have been
entered into by the Selling Stockholders.
The Selling Stockholders and intermediaries through whom the Shares are
sold may be deemed "underwriters," within the meaning of the Act with respect to
the securities offered and any profits realized or commissions received may be
deemed underwriting compensation. The Company has agreed to indemnify the
Selling Stockholders against certain liabilities, including liabilities under
the Act.
-11-
BUSINESS
The Company
Thinking Tools, Inc. (the "Company") was incorporated in Delaware on
August 8, 1996, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Thinking Tools, Inc., a
California corporation (the "Predecessor Company"). On August 28, 1996, the
Predecessor Company was merged with and into the Company. References herein to
the "Company" include the Predecessor Company.
The Company develops powerful and flexible PC-based business simulation
software programs that enable users to simulate real life business situations,
explore complex operational problems and improve functional and problem solving
skills. The Company's agent-based, adaptive simulation software has a broad
range of potential business applications, including strategic planning, sales
and marketing, training, competitive positioning, product marketing, operational
planning and logistics.
The Company believes that its products are unique because they combine
its proprietary agent-based programming with user-friendly interactive
interfaces like those used in sophisticated computer games to produce
interactive adaptive business simulations. Agent-based, adaptive simulations can
be used to model competitive situations, simulate consumer behavior, demonstrate
the impact of management actions, seek system vulnerabilities and explore
complex operational systems. The Company's products employ user-friendly
interfaces to enable business people to comfortably interact with complex
systems.
The Company's agent-based programming enables autonomous agents in
simulations to respond to user behaviors in realistic and unpredictable ways.
This is in contrast to other commercial simulations and simulation tools, which
are generally based on formulas, equations, or deterministic algorithms. The
multiplicity of autonomous agents, and the results of their interactions with
each other and with the user, give the Company's simulations a depth that
mirrors the complex, adaptive behavior of systems found in the real world.
The Company's capabilities in developing highly sophisticated
simulations are built upon its skill in programming autonomous and adaptive
agents, its large and growing library of reusable simulation objects, and its
experience gained from developing computer games. The Company augments
programmer productivity gained through the use of off-the-shelf tools through
the help of its proprietary development environment, WHITEBOARD(TM), which
supports interface building, object creation, simulation management, object
management and application frameworks. WHITEBOARD simplifies and supports the
construction of agent-based simulations and is used in all of the Company's
current generation of simulations.
The Company was formed on December 30, 1993, to purchase certain assets
of the Business Simulation Division (the "Division") of Maxis, Inc., a leading
computer game company and creator of the simulation game SimCityTM. Through the
purchase agreement with Maxis, Inc., the Company acquired the Division's
equipment, staff, work-in-progress, customers, prospects, software tools,
libraries and processes.
Industry Overview
Computer simulation is an imitation of selected properties of reality,
usually for the purpose of getting answers or practicing and rehearsing problem
solving skills. Prior to the advent of digital computers, scale models and
analog computers were used in design to simulate ship hulls and other
structures. Whether eighteenth century wooden scale models or the latest
adaptive simulations, these tools help their users understand the dynamic
behavior of complex systems.
-12-
Simulations were among the earliest digital computer applications. Since
the first days of digital computers, simulations using equations have been
applied to scientific and engineering problems. The quintessential example of a
computer simulation is the flight simulator. The flight simulator teaches the
pilot to be a problem solver rather than a rule follower. It does not predict
that the right engine will fall off of the aircraft on the next flight, but
rather helps the pilot learn how to react to such an emergency. If only a very
limited number of problems could occur on a flight, the pilot could merely be a
rule follower. But the reality is that the number of problems that can arise is
unimaginably large, so the good pilot must be able to solve problems in a cool,
calm, collected manner. Many jobs in business present a level of complexity and
magnitude similar to that of problems that a pilot faces. These occupations
require top problem solving skills. Rule following is insufficient. Thus,
simulation can be as valuable to business people as to pilots.
Business simulations first began to appear shortly after the introduction
of the digital computer. Companies have attempted to simulate complex adaptive
systems with models that were either fixed (deterministic) or stochastic
(probability-based). Alternatively, companies have developed their own custom
systems based on executive information system (EIS) software packages. In all
cases, the models lacked the adapting and evolving characteristics of real world
systems; particularly because the most interesting business systems are made up
of elements (e.g., customers, competitors and markets) that adapt their
behaviors to each other. The elements in these systems modify their external
behavior and internal structure in order to make more efficient use of their
environments. Models based on formulae alone cannot effectively recreate these
complex, adaptive systems.
In order to imitate complex adaptive systems, models must have two
properties. First, the model has to have richness to duplicate at least selected
aspects of the real world system's complexity. To accomplish this, most of the
Company's simulations now involve greater than 10,000 objects - or working parts
- - roughly the same number of parts contained in an automobile. Second, the model
must have adaptive behavior. In other words, some parts of the model must be
able to adapt their behavior to the actions of the human user and to the other
parts. In the Company's simulations, these adaptive parts are agents. As a
result, the Company refers to its products as "agent-based, adaptive
simulations." Some further definitions will help to explain how this is
accomplished:
o Object. A way to organize the code and data of a software program.
An object is a self contained capsule of data and logic that is an
independent piece of the program.
o Agent. An object designed to take action on its own. An agent
selects its action using information it chooses from a range of
available actions.
Autonomous Agent. An agent that selects its behavior with the
goal of achieving a better fit to the requirements of its
environment.
Adaptive Agent. An agent that creates new behaviors in a
non-random way with the goal of achieving a progressively
better fit to the requirements of its environment.
Both adaptive and autonomous agents can be used to produce adaptive
simulations. Adaptive simulations customize the learning experience by allowing
the simulation to discern each user's vulnerabilities and then confront that
user with simulated events that focus on his or her weaknesses. This hostile
environment introduces the challenges that a particular user needs most to
understand. Training based on adaptive simulations emphasizes diagnosis,
planning, and problem solving skills rather than rote learning or
routine/automatic responses.
-13-
The Company believes that adaptive simulation methods are most effective
in the following applications:
o Decision Making. Adaptive simulations assist the user who makes
decisions or takes actions and who has to deal with complex adaptive
systems such as markets or organizations - any situation where the
decision maker benefits by a problem solving approach rather than a
rule following approach.
o Training. Adaptive simulations provide a practice field for the
imagination, where people can learn by doing, without the risk or
danger of prohibitively high cost. Every experienced person knows
that they learn through failure, but professionals are taught to do
their best to avoid failure because of its high cost. Simulations
make learning through failure a routine and acceptable practice by
eliminating the real world consequences of failure.
o Rehearsal. Individual and group rehearsal of responses to simulated
contingencies used to evaluate the users' ability to handle various
emergencies.
o Shared Awareness. Simulation of proposed uses of critical knowledge.
Where does each department or employee fit? What does the business
look like? What changes are necessary and why? What is the plan?
The adaptive business simulation software industry is in its infancy. When
computing power was prohibitively expensive, only the largest companies could
hope to gain the benefit of sophisticated business simulation. But, as computing
power has dropped in price, even small companies have come to possess hardware
capable of supporting adaptive simulations, provided that the software is
available. The market for adaptive simulation software is expected by the
Company to continue to grow dramatically as the fixed cost of supporting
hardware continues to drop.
The Company believes that the use of simulation models in the business
world will continue to increase as a result of the following:
o Increasing demand for employees who can go beyond rule following to
solve problems - even in computer environments.
o Increasing use of computers to assist decision-makers with complex
strategic issues, including operational support software for problem
management and resolution.
o Increasing recognition of models and simulations as cost-effective
alternatives to specialized personnel in the areas of marketing and
sales.
o Increasing use of multimedia software to support collaboration among
geographically separated workgroups.
o Increasing PC performance allowing the use of advanced graphics and
multimedia to represent business situations.
o Increasing importance of competitive product positioning and
shortening the development time for products.
-14-
The Thinking Tools Solution
The Company's approach to simulation is known as agent-based, adaptive
simulation (as distinct from equation-based simulation). Agent-based methods
involve software environments filled with many agents. As the agents interact
they individually select behavior rules that guide their actions. These actions
in turn influence the rule selections made by other agents. The behavior that
results from the application of all of these individual behavior rules is called
emergent behavior.
Emergent behavior shapes many familiar, everyday business phenomena. From
gradual and small shifts in consumer preference to precipitous and dramatic
victories or defeats in product competition, emergent behavior can result from
interactions among the relatively simple decisions or choices made by the
individual actors in the system. The most dramatic examples of emergent behavior
lead to "routs," where complex structures or behaviors breakdown.
Emergent behavior helps explain the routs that occur in sports, military
history and business. There are many examples of the underdog team winning a
major tournament against overwhelming odds. The underdog team, outclassed man
for man, seems to do everything perfectly, while the highly favored team falls
apart or collapses. Teams are complex adaptive systems where emergent behavior
plays a critical role. Each individual player on a team is an autonomous agent
and the interaction between those agents produces a result (either positive or
negative) that may be much greater than the expected sum of the parts. Emergent
behavior is typically far more complex than the behavior of individual agents in
the system. Adaptive simulations developed by the Company imitate the emergent
behavior of complex business processes, organizations or markets.
The Company has combined its experience in developing agent-based
simulations with its skill derived from building computer game human interfaces.
The human interface found in many computer games is very different from almost
all other software. The distinction is the difference between a place and a
surface.
Most business software presents the user with an information surface:
users put information onto the surface and the software processes it, or the
software puts information onto the surface and users make use of it. On the
other hand, the human interface used in many computer games is an artificial
environment or place created by software and reflected in a multimedia format.
Users perceive and sometimes shape or manage the systems present in those
places. This style is much more closely related to film or theater than to
information surface interfaces found in other types of software. As a result of
this combination of strengths, the Company is able to produce software products
that are accessible and adaptive. These tools make it easy for users to become
involved and assume a role in the system that they are exploring.
The Company's business process simulations address complex management
tasks which require almost continuous use of judgment, insight and problem
solving skills, focusing on assisting users to develop these skills. The
simulations also provide operational support that helps users as they plan and
solve problems. These simulations promote the user's thinking about the complex
systems upon which their operations depend. The Company believes that the
principle competitive advantages of its products over other business process
simulations include the adaptive nature of these simulations and their familiar
and easily accessible human interface. They are capable of providing users an
experience, not just information.
-15-
The Year 2000 Problem - A Unique Business Opportunity
The Company's unique technology and approach can be applied to a wide
variety of business problems. The risks that the Year 2000 date change problem
pose to business present a unique product opportunity to the Company.
The year 2000 problem stems from the way dates are stored in the computers
used to manage business processes and other key tasks. For decades, computer
software has used only two digits rather than four to represent the year. In
addition, two-digit dates are often embedded within many kinds of equipment
which use microprocessors including telephone systems, facsimile machines,
burglar alarms, point-of-sale systems, factory floor equipment and scanners. For
example, 1997 is represented as "97". With the Year 2000, computers encounter a
new millennium for the first time. Programs that work with two-digit years are
set to interpret '00' as 1900, not 2000.
This simple error could trigger consequences of a magnitude and complexity
that are only now becoming fully apparent. These span from software systems
failing on January 1, 2000, to calculating insurance premiums incorrectly, money
transactions being rejected, elevators or telephone systems not working, or even
complete business failure.
Solving the problem presents an immense challenge. The information
departments of many large organizations have been building systems for more than
30 years. Most of those systems contain date coding, which is often buried
within complex algorithms or interconnected programs. The problem also extends
beyond older computers to software running on hundreds of networked PCs which
also need to be checked. These applications are often interconnected through
many interfaces, typically through shared files or databases. Resolving these
interfaces presents difficult technical and project management challenges for
Year 2000 efforts, because any changes made to an interface may affect all
applications sharing that interface.
Organizations are now beginning to realize they will not be able to fix
and test everything in time, resulting in potential degradation or failure of
key business functions. During each phase of the process, it is therefore
important to prioritize wisely and to document efforts in the event of audits or
litigation.
Until recently, the bulk of the tools available to organizations to help
solve Year 2000 problems have been information technology focused products and
services designed to help organizations through the phases of conversion,
pre-testing, validation testing and testing links with other organizations.
Organizations have had virtually no tools to assess and manage the risks
associated with the date change from a business perspective, and to document the
organization's efforts. Thinking Tools recognized the opportunity to create a
mission-critical simulation software program that automates the process of
assessing and managing business risks associated with the millennium date
change.
Think 2000 - A Year 2000 Risk Simulation Product
Each of Thinking Tools' agent-based, adaptive simulation software products
provides a unique environment enabling companies to engage in risk-free,
trial-and-error problem solving. The fully graphical, interactive products are
decision support, training and communications tools that show ranges of risk and
solutions for complex processes.
While the Year 2000 problem was previously viewed as primarily an
information technology ("IT") problem, potential Year 2000 systems failures are,
in many cases, demanding attention from both IT personnel
-16-
and executive management. Many corporate officers and risk managers are looking
for ways to address the potential business and crisis management issues
associated with the millennium date change. Unlike most Year 2000 software tools
which focus on fixing or testing specific software code problems, Think 2000
enables executive decision-makers to assess the overall impact of the Year 2000
date change from a business perspective, to better prioritize remediation
projects and to document the organization's activities in the event of audits or
litigation.
Announced in September 1997, Think 2000 is a mission-critical simulation
software program that automates the process of assessing and managing business
risks associated with the Year 2000 date change. Think 2000 simulates the impact
of various Year 2000 project plans or testing strategies in four steps:
o First, with Think 2000's graphical interface, the user builds a
business model that reflects the interdependencies among departments
and applications.
o Second, the user enters one or more proposed mitigation plans or
testing strategies.
o Third, Think 2000 runs a simulation based on the user's business
model that reveals potential effects of alternative plans on
revenue, customers and productivity through the year 2005. As the
simulation runs, Think 2000 displays a picture of the business
impact. This positions the organization to select its approach and
to determine its strategy based on the simulated results of the
alterative plans.
o Fourth, Think 2000 supports ongoing refinement of plans and actions
as the organization's awareness increases and the Year 2000
remediation process evolves.
Throughout the process, Think 2000 documents what the organization did,
when, and based on what assumptions, providing a record of how the organization
managed its Year 2000 efforts. Think 2000 is designed to allow organizations to
assess and prepare for Year 2000 problems through the entire Year 2000
initiative, from planning through compliance testing.
Other Products Developed with Partners
The Company's other products are fully-graphical, interactive and provide
constant graphical feedback with a wide variety of responses to the user's
actions. To date, the Company's technology has been used to develop a variety of
such products. Major examples include:
SimRefinery is a demonstration program which was released by the Division
in late 1992 and purchased by the Company along with certain assets of the
Division. The user in SimRefinery learns about refineries by taking an active
role in the simulation as the plant manager of the refinery. The program shows
how supply and demand conditions interact, including the impact that changes in
supply and demand conditions and changes in marketplace objectives have on the
financial performance of the refinery. SimRefinery continues to serve as one of
the Company's model demonstration programs.
SimHealth is a simulation of the impact of various proposed reforms on the
United States health care system and has some 5,000 objects. It simulates both
the supply and demand sides of health care, showing the impact of choices and
values on the financial health of the system and on its usage and demand. The
program was
-17-
developed for the Markel Foundation ("Markel") in 1994 under a contract
negotiated by the Division, and assumed and completed by the Company.
TeleSim is a simulation of a local telephone exchange market for a
particular business region, including the competitors in that region. The
package simulates the world of a telephone company, including the telephone
company's sales and service regions and its market opportunities and
vulnerabilities. The user can actively explore the impact that changes in the
conditions of supply and demand or the emphasis of different corporate
objectives have on the financial performance of the corporation and on its
competitive environment. Competing companies in the simulation are driven by
adaptive agents that base their strategies in part on the actions taken by the
user. TeleSim has some 12,000 objects. After its initial development under a
contract with Coopers and Lybrand L.L.P. ("Coopers") in 1994, Coopers sold the
TeleSim product to NYNEX Corporation and Pacific Telecom, Inc. Subsequent
versions of TeleSim have been produced and sold through Coopers to Sprint Corp.
and AT&T Corp. In late 1996, the Company obtained marketing rights for Telesim
and has added Bell Canada to its list of customers.
Project Challenge is a simulation of the management of information systems
projects. Project Challenge users sit in the office of the Project Manager where
they create a model of their project, then manage the project in benign,
realistic or hostile environments. A variety of novel displays keep the user
informed about project conditions, including scheduling, budget and human
resources. This simulation program can assist in both training and operational
roles. Project Challenge is highly sophisticated, incorporating over 15,000
objects. The development of the simulation was funded by SHL Systemhouse, Inc.
("Systemhouse"), a division of MCI Corp.; however, the Company retained the
rights to create variations of this specific simulation for management of other
kinds of projects, such as construction projects. The Company anticipates that
Project Challenge will also serve as a foundation for training or operational
support applications in other business disciplines.
Customers
Historically, the Company has created its products for a number of large
companies, as well as governmental agencies, foundations, textbook and
traditional publishers and consulting firms. The following list identifies
certain of the Company's direct customers:
Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P. Systems Engineering Solutions, Inc.
SHL Systemhouse, Inc. Xerox Corp.
Andersen Consulting L.L.P. Harcourt General, Inc.
Markel Foundation Office of Research and
Development
Some of the Company's customers have contracted for the Company's
development of specific simulations in order to resell such simulations as a
value added component of their consulting or other services. The following list
identifies certain end-users who have purchased the Company's products directly
from customers of the Company:
AT&T Corp. Sprint Corp.
NYNEX Corporation Pacific Telecom, Inc.
U.S. Army U.S. Air Force
-18-
Sales to Systems Engineering Solutions, Inc. ("SESI") (a prime contractor
for work in logistics for the United States Army and the United States Air
Force), Systemhouse, the Office of Research and Development ("ORD"), and Bell
Canada in the year ended December 31, 1996 ("Fiscal 1996"), accounted for 28%,
25%, 24% and 14%, respectively, of the Company's sales for such period. Sales to
Markel, ORD and Systemhouse in the year ended December 31, 1995 ("Fiscal 1995"),
accounted for 27%, 14% and 13%, respectively, of the Company's sales for such
period. Revenues earned from the Office of Research and Development during the
six months ended June 30, 1997 accounted for 100% of the Company's revenue for
such period. The Company does not believe that it is materially dependent upon
sales to these customers.
Competition
The market for business simulation software is highly competitive, subject
to rapid technological change and emerging industry standards. The Company
believes that the principal competitive factors in its markets are new
technology and techniques, product performance, product maintenance, support and
price. The software industry in general is highly competitive and most
established companies in the business software field are substantially larger
and have greater financial resources than the Company.
Presently, internal development of business simulations by companies
seeking simulation capability represents the main source of competition to the
Company's products and services. However, because it generally is not economical
for a business to develop and continually upgrade such a product for its own
needs alone, the Company believes that internal development produces a less cost
effective solution to the developer's needs.
Internal developers are currently limited to using equation-based
simulation tools for their simulation program development. Equation-based models
will not duplicate the adaptive or chaotic behavior of complex business systems
as do those available from the Company. No generally available sources of tools
will help corporate technical staff to design models of complex adaptive systems
competitive with those of the Company. Finally, even if internal developers had
programming tools for agent-based simulations, the design know-how like that
refined and practiced at the Company would still be required to create rich and
effective tools, and are unlikely to be available in an in-house setting.
Authoring tools can be used to develop parts of the user interface for
simulations. Authoring tools are developing a rich suite of multimedia effects
and are optimal for building interesting graphic user interfaces and interactive
applications. However, these tools cannot match the extensive customized and
specialized agent-based, adaptive simulation objects possessed by the Company.
The Company believes that there are numerous other companies that produce
simulation software programs for a variety of industries and uses, including
simulation software products for use in chemical engineering, energy,
manufacturing and retailing. Any of such companies may be potential competitors
of the Company and may produce products which compete with the Company's
business simulation products. In addition, games developers may also choose to
enter the business simulation software market in the future and become
competitors of the Company.
The Company believes that its combination of computer game interfaces,
agent-based programming and design of complex adaptive system models
differentiates its products from those of its competitors.
Product Development
-19-
The Company believes that its programming technology, resources and
experience will allow it to move beyond the current generation of simulation
products. Several advanced capabilities developed and cultivated by the Company
since its inception play a critical role in its product development work.
o The Company has developed a process for investigating, describing
and modeling complex adaptive systems. Conceptual and detailed
design steps in this process make it possible to translate an
understanding of the complex adaptive system into specifications
required by programmers to build the final product. The Company has
developed and refined its ability to program both autonomous and
adaptive agents that make it possible for the simulator to produce
new behaviors at run time, while remaining within a range of
realistic behavior.
o The Company continues to introduce and apply newer, more powerful
techniques for programming its agents, including methods based on
biological processes.
o The Company has succeeded in creating a class of "bad agents," known
as "Malion agents," to explore vulnerabilities in systems, networks
or practices so that the user can then repair them.
The following markets are ones in which the Company is either already
pursuing, or plans to pursue, product applications.
Business Management and Training. In these simulations, the Company
intends to focus on markets that lend themselves specifically to the strengths
of simulation. Namely, these are markets requiring simulations mirroring
circumstances involving multiple central variables amongst which tradeoffs
continually need to be made, with outcomes that are not always intuitively
obvious. An example of a business process simulation is Project Challenge, which
trains corporate employees in the art of project management. The Company has
recently been exploring another product concept in this category. Products in
the business process category generally will be designed to support easy
field-modification by the training department or student, but will not require
custom programming by the Company for each potential customer.
Contingency and Security. These proposed simulations will provide
emergency response service providers with a means of training, rehearsing and
planning their crises procedures. The Company believes that this field is
particularly appropriate for simulation since all parts of an organization must
be involved, the actual event being prepared for happens rarely, if at all, and
the consequences of the event can be disastrous if not handled properly. The
first proposed product is being developed to address technology crises within
corporations, but related products may be developed for other forms of emergency
response.
Risk Management. These proposed simulations will provide day-to-day
operational support to managers and technical professionals who must allocate
limited resources to projects designed to reduce risk. Organizations face
several problems of such large scale that their resources are not sufficient to
"fix everything." Usually the departments and sections of large organizations
view their own problems as the highest risk. Simulations in this category will
help those who are responsible for planning these defensive measures to think
about the problem in a rational way that is tightly connected to the most
critical needs of the organization's business functions. The Company released
its first product in this category at the end of the third quarter of 1997. See
"Business -- Think 2000 -- A Year 2000 Risk Simulation Product" for a discussion
of the Company's Think 2000 product.
Internet and Intranet Simulations as Marketing Tools. Simulations of a
host's business would reside on its home page or intranet and combine the key
properties of adaptive and interactive simulators with the accessibility of wide
area networks. Because these proposed simulations will emulate games, the
Company
-20-
believes that Internet users will view them as compelling and engaging ways to
spend time. While protecting the individual consumers' identity, the site would
track and provide to the host valuable marketing information relating to the way
consumers learn, think and decide about the hosts' products, and if so desired,
on competitive products as well. In this way the host could collect valuable
marketing information. The Company has not yet begun the development of any
specific product in this category.
Adaptive Supply and Distribution. The Company has completed a proof of
concept simulation in the area of self-ordering distribution that the Company
believes could change the way companies think about and plan their supply,
distribution, replenishment and logistics capabilities. The Company believes
that a simulation of this type would be of substantial interest in corporate,
military and other government circles.
Thought and Decision Processes. The Company has completed a model that
ascribes motives, goals, thoughts and strategies to other people or groups in
order to make sense of their past behavior and to anticipate their future
behavior. The model provides users with a means of building and updating models
of the thought and decision processes of other individuals or groups (for
example, the competition or other departments within an organization.) The model
is intended to create a picture of this dynamic and often very complex process
that helps the user to explore what she knows or assumes about the process. This
model will be used to clarify communication with others and to further
understand the thought process under examination. The first application is in
the area of complex strategic decision-making. Future commercial applications
could be designed to help corporate customers as they collect, organize and
apply this complex and subtle knowledge about their business decisions, or those
of their competitors and customers.
The development of simulation software products is a highly complex and
labor intensive process. The amount of time and investment required to complete
a particular product may vary depending upon a variety of factors, which may or
may not be anticipated at the commencement of product development. Accordingly,
there can be no assurance that any product which the Company may seek to develop
will be completed within anticipated budgets or time frames, if at all.
Furthermore, there can be no assurance that completed products will achieve
commercial acceptance or result in revenues or profits to the Company.
Intellectual Property
The Company does not have any patents and to date has not filed patent
applications on its products. The Company believes that certain of its
technology may qualify for patent protection and is pursuing this course.
However, the Company also recognizes that patents are often insufficient to
protect software. The Company regards the software that it owns or licenses as
proprietary and relies primarily on a combination of trade secret laws,
nondisclosure agreements and other protection methods to protect its rights to
its products and proprietary rights.
It is the Company's policy that all employees and third-party developers
sign nondisclosure agreements. This may not afford the Company sufficient
protection for its know-how and its proprietary products, and other parties may
develop similar know-how and products, duplicate the Company's know-how and
products or develop patents that would materially and adversely affect the
Company's business.
The Company believes that its products and services do not infringe the
rights of third parties. However, there can be no assurance that third parties
may not assert infringement claims against the Company, with such claims
resulting in the Company being required to enter into royalty arrangements, pay
other damages or defend against litigation, any of which could materially and
adversely affect the Company's business.
-21-
Software Development Asset-WHITEBOARD
WHITEBOARD augments off-the-shelf programming tools to allow the Company's
software programmers to rapidly build an adaptive simulation for any type of
company or industry. WHITEBOARD incorporates in the simulations all major
variables for situations defined by the programmer. The Company's simulation
development process allows the programmer to change variables and to see the
effect of any other combination of variables. WHITEBOARD is comprised of four
main components:
o An object-oriented database engine to manage and access thousands of
objects while a simulation is running.
o A library of predefined business simulation objects and tools to
enable the programmer to edit these objects and to build customized
objects.
o An object integration component to allow users to import and use
objects from other technical environments, including other Company
simulations.
o Interfaces to standard multimedia effects and approaches.
WHITEBOARD is a powerful tool for building simulations of complex adaptive
systems critical for simulating business environments. WHITEBOARD was developed
to provide programmers with a tool for easily building realistic business
simulations with a capacity for adaptive behavior, realistic duplication of
crisis or chaos situations and animation and graphical displays. While
incorporating advanced object-oriented concepts, it also focuses on the graphics
area and is designed to produce highly visual, game-like interfaces. WHITEBOARD
allows programmers to add full multimedia effects including sound, graphics and
digital video. WHITEBOARD runs on IBM PC compatible computers using Windows 3.1
or Windows 95. It is written in the widely used "C" programming language and it
runs with Novell software in a workgroup environment.
The object-oriented database allows programmers to build complex
applications by importing existing objects from other of the Company's
applications--both finished products and work-in-progress. The programmer can
also edit existing simulation objects or add new types of simulation objects to
simulate new types of situations. In effect, the engine is a specialized tool
for rapidly building business simulations. For example, a family of performance
support or training applications for specific types of projects could be
developed substantially faster than Project Challenge--the foundation upon which
they could be based.
WHITEBOARD has been validated through use in the development of the
Company's products. Programmers have been able to carry out design, simulation
and testing that would have otherwise been inordinately time consuming and
expensive, at a fraction of the cost and the time spent. Use of WHITEBOARD has
reduced the time required for prototyping the simulation and testing the
marketing and launch of a product to as little as a few months. WHITEBOARD made
it possible to develop Think 2000 in a seven-month period.
Sales and Marketing
On September 29, 1997, the Company took a step towards implementing its
growth strategy by introducing Think 2000. Think 2000 is a mission-critical
simulation software program that automates the process of assessing and managing
business risks associated with the Year 2000 date change. Think 2000 includes
the first simulation product the Company internally funded and is bringing to a
broader market. The target market for Think 2000 includes executives, risk
managers, legal counsel, auditors and information technology
-22-
professionals. The Company believes that Think 2000 would be especially useful
to companies in financial services, banking, insurance, government and
healthcare, retail and communications, as well other organizations with complex
information technology infrastructures. The Company is offering Think 2000
directly to customers, and through select Year 2000 service providers and value
added resellers ("VARs").
Prior to the launch of Think 2000, the Company had not devoted significant
financial resources to marketing, and customers have come through word of mouth
or following referrals from Maxis, Inc. and others. The Company has also
generated inquiries by presentations at industry and academic forums with high
level corporate and government audiences. John Hiles, the Company's Founder and
Chief Technology Officer, is a highly sought after speaker at such events.
The Company intends to distribute its product through its existing
strategic partners, new service providers as well as by initiating direct sales
to customers. The Company is also in discussion with additional prospective
VARs. As the Company moves into new specific product areas, it intends to seek
alliances in such areas. The Company plans to continue making presentations and
appearances at academic forums and corporate-sponsored events.
The Company entered into a Vertical Market Software Development/Licensing
Agreement, dated October 12, 1994 and as amended in December 1996, with Coopers
pursuant to which the Company receives a royalty from Coopers in exchange for
the grant to Coopers of a worldwide, perpetual license to use and reproduce
TeleSim subject to the following: (i) for a period equal to the greater of five
years from Coopers' final acceptance of TeleSim or any period of one year of
non-use by Coopers of TeleSim, the Company may not license or sell TeleSim
worldwide without Coopers' written approval and (ii) the Company may use TeleSim
in any product for use outside the telecommunications industry, and for any
non-competitive product, including other products for the telecommunications
industry, provided that the Company shall not use Coopers' confidential
information or trademarks. In December 1996, this agreement was modified to
allow the Company to license TeleSim or any derivative thereof to any
telecommunications industry customer in exchange for a royalty on each such sale
to be paid to Coopers.
The Company also entered into a Development Agreement, dated June 30,
1995, with Systemhouse, pursuant to which the Company receives a royalty from
Systemhouse in exchange for the grant to Systemhouse of a worldwide, exclusive
right to use, market, sell, distribute and license Project Challenge for systems
integration.
Following the completion of the Company Offering, the Company began to
hire a direct sales force. Senior marketing and sales executives are expected to
be hired to further develop the product strategy and implement and expand the
Company's distribution strategy.
Growth Strategy
The Company devoted its initial efforts to demonstrating the feasibility
of the use of adaptive simulation for business applications by developing
customized software programs for large clients pursuant to strategic
distribution arrangements. The Company also assembled a highly-skilled technical
team, established a growing library of reusable software objects and enhanced
its WHITEBOARD technology.
The Company's success in completing major projects for industry leaders
has validated the concept underlying the Company's technology. This has
positioned the Company to expand the scope of its operations
-23-
to include the development of internally-funded software products and the direct
marketing of the Company's products.
The Company's goal is to develop a variety of simulations in divergent
business areas. As a part of this strategy, the Company intends to undertake
self-funded development of new simulations with broader market appeal and to
adapt certain previously developed simulations, rights to which were retained by
the Company, for sale as turnkey packages to new vertical markets. The Company
may also, upon request, customize these packages on a project basis.
While moving to invest in specific horizontal and vertical products and
distribution channels aimed at the high end corporate and professional service
markets, the Company plans to continue its custom business only on a selective
basis. The Company intends to focus any custom business on projects that either
allow for further development of an important technology on a paid basis, or
facilitate the development of relationships with distribution partners which
could provide benefits to the Company beyond the custom project.
The Company intends to continue building management depth and breadth and
expand the Company's marketing and sales capabilities. The Company intends to
hire senior marketing and sales executives to further develop the product
strategy and implement and expand the Company's distribution strategy. The
Company plans to establish a direct sales force to focus on key products and
markets.
Personnel
As of September 30, 1997, the Company had a total of 20 full-time
employees, including Mr. Phillip F. Whalen, Jr., the Company's Chief Executive
Officer and President, Mr. John Hiles, the Company's Founder, Chief Technology
Officer, and Secretary and Mr. Charles Isaacs, the Company's Vice President,
Engineering, ten software engineers, three artists, two administrative personnel
and two sales personnel. None of the Company's employees is represented by a
labor union and the Company has not experienced any work stoppages. The Company
considers its relations with its employees to be good.
The market for qualified personnel, especially that for software engineers
and programmers, is highly competitive. The Company believes that its future
success will depend, in part, on its continued ability to hire, assimilate and
retain qualified personnel including management, sales and marketing, executive
and direct sales force personnel.
Government Regulation
The Company is subject to regulation under various federal and state laws
regarding, among other things, occupational safety, environmental protection,
hazardous substance control and product advertising and promotion. The Company
believes that it has complied with these laws and regulations in all material
respects and it has not been required to take any action to correct any material
noncompliance. The Company does not currently anticipate that any material
capital expenditures will be required in order to comply with federal, state and
local laws or that compliance with such laws will have a material effect on the
financial condition or competitive position of the Company.
-24-
Facilities
The Company's headquarters are currently located at 6541 Via Del Oro, San
Jose, California 95119. The Company leases approximately 6,000 square feet of
office space at this location. Such office space is being utilized for
executive, sales and marketing, general and administrative and other functions.
The Company has entered into a four-year lease for this premises, expiring on
May 31, 2001. Annual lease payments for the San Jose facility for the year ended
December 31, 1997 expected to be $44,548.
The Company also maintains an office at One Lower Ragsdale Drive, 1-250,
Monterey, California 93940 and leases approximately 5,046 square feet of office
space at this location pursuant to a lease dated August 19, 1994. Annual lease
payments for the year ended December 31, 1996 were $105,000. Annual lease
payments for the Monterey facility for the year ending December 31, 1997 are
expected to be $98,000 plus common area charges of approximately $11,000. This
lease expires on March 31, 1998; however, the Company expects to extend the
lease prior to its expiration.
Management believes that its current facilities are sufficient to meet the
development needs for the foreseeable future. Most immediate future growth will
be accommodated by the San Jose facility. Management believes the Company's
facilities are adequately insured.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is not a party to any legal proceedings.
-25-
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial
statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Prospectus.
Overview
The Company commenced operations in December 1993 to develop and market
business simulation software. Since its inception, the Company has been engaged
in research and development activities and organizational efforts, including the
development of its initial products, recruiting personnel, establishing
marketing and manufacturing capabilities and raising capital.
The Company commenced commercial activities in January 1994, but to date
has not generated substantial revenues from the sale of its products. Revenues
generated to date have been primarily derived from software development projects
completed under contracts with customers. Historically, a significant portion of
such revenues has been derived from a limited number of relatively large
development projects contracted for by a small number of customers. Revenues
earned from the Office of Research and Development during the six months ended
June 30, 1997 accounted for 100% of the Company's revenue for such period. This
customer is not affiliated with the Company. The Company does not believe that
it is materially dependent upon sales to this customer. Contracts with this
customer have been substantially completed as of June 30, 1997. The Company
historically has not had, and at June 30, 1997, did not have, any substantial
firm order backlog.
Currently, the Company is changing its focus from custom projects to
self-funded development projects as part of its strategy to become a
product-oriented company. During this transition period, revenues are not
expected to be material, as the Company will be focusing on developing new
product sales channels. The Company recently introduced Think 2000, a product
that was developed to help large organizations address the Year 2000 problem.
The Company is also developing a new product targeted to the disaster recovery
market. Both products are designed to help business managers analyze, plan for,
and manage mission-critical business issues. The Company may in the future
undertake strategic contract software development projects that could allow for
further development of an important technology on a paid basis, or facilitate
the development of relationships with potential distribution partners. An
inability by the Company to develop new products or obtain product sales could
have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition
and results of operations. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any
product developed by the Company will achieve commercial acceptance or result in
revenues or profits to the Company.
As of June 30, 1997, the Company had experienced cumulative losses of
$5,836,000 and had not experienced any quarter of profitable operations. The
Company expects to incur additional operating losses for the foreseeable future,
principally as a result of expenses associated with the Company's product
development efforts and anticipated sales, marketing and general and
administrative expenses. Through June 30, 1997, the Company's operations have
been funded primarily through private sales of debt and equity securities and
the Company Offering which was completed in 1996. In October and November 1996,
the Company completed the Company Offering (including the exercise of the
underwriter's over-allotment option) and issued 1,610,000 shares of common stock
at $6.50 per share for net proceeds of approximately $8,470,000. In connection
with the Company Offering, the Company sold to its underwriter warrants to
purchase 140,000 common shares for $.001 per warrant. These warrants are
exercisable for a period of five years at an exercise price equal to 160% of the
initial public offering price ($10.40 per share). Approximately $1,856,500 of
the net proceeds of the Company Offering were used to retire outstanding
indebtedness under certain promissory notes issued on a bridge
-26-
financing in August 1996. The remainder of the net proceeds from the Company
Offering have been used to fund the Company's product development efforts, sales
and marketing and for working capital and general corporate purposes.
The Company expects to incur substantial operating expenses in the future
to support its development costs, expand its sales and marketing capabilities
and organization, expand its work force and for other general and administrative
expenses. The Company's results of operations may vary significantly from
quarter to quarter during this period of development.
Results of Operations
Comparison of six months ended June 30, 1997 and June 30, 1996
Revenues. Revenues for the six months ended June 30, 1997 decreased by
$540,000, or 85%, to $94,000 from $634,000 for six months ended June 30, 1996.
During each of such periods the Company's revenues were derived primarily from a
relatively small number of development contracts. During the six months ended
June 30, 1997, the Company was in the process of completing the only remaining
custom project under contract and was focusing on self-funded development
projects as part of its strategy to become a product-driven company.
Gross Margin. Gross margin for the six months ended June 30, 1997 was nil
as compared with 44% of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 1996. During
the six months ended June 30, 1997, the Company was in the process of completing
its only remaining custom project under contract. This project was completed in
the third quarter of 1997. Contract costs equaled contract revenue in the first
half of 1997 because the expected loss was recorded in 1996.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and
administrative expenses increased by $675,000, or 127%, for the six months ended
June 30, 1997, to $1,207,000 from $532,000 for the six months ended June 30,
1996. Selling, general, and administrative expenses consisted primarily of costs
associated with labor. The increase in selling, general and administrative
expenses was primarily due to increased administrative headcount, including a
new Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer, the beginning of
developing a selling and marketing strategy and starting to implement such
strategy, the additional costs associated with being a public company, and the
signing of an operating lease for the opening of a new office in San Jose,
California. The Company expects selling, general and administrative expenses to
increase in future periods as the Company continues to develop and implement a
selling and marketing program and expands its staff and facilities.
Research and Development. Research and development expenses for the six
months ended June 30, 1997 increased by $559,000, or 932%, to $619,000 from
$60,000 for the six months ended June 30, 1996. This increase was primarily due
to the shifting of development efforts to internal development of new software
products (accounted for as research and developments cost) from custom software
development contracts (accounted for as cost of goods sold).
As the Company's business strategy shifts from custom development projects
to self-funded development projects, the Company expects that research and
development expenses will increase further.
-27-
Interest Expense. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 1997
decreased by $71,000, or 92%, to $6,000 from $77,000 for the six months ended
June 30, 1996. This decrease was primarily due to the repayment of substantially
all debt as of December 31, 1996.
Other Income. Other income for the six months ended June 30, 1997
increased by $118,000 to $161,000 from $43,000 for the six months ended June 30,
1996. This increase was primarily due to interest income generated from
investing the excess proceeds raised from the Company Offering.
Net Loss. As a result of the foregoing, net loss for the six months ended
June 30, 1997 increased by $1,325,000, or 382%, to $1,672,000 from $347,000 for
the six months ended June 30, 1996.
Comparison of years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995
Revenues. Revenues for the year ended December 31, 1996 decreased by
$421,000, or 32%, to $908,000, from $1,329,000, for the year ended December 31,
1995. During each of such periods the Company's revenues were derived primarily
from a relatively small number of development contracts.
Gross Margin. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 1996 was 29% of
revenues as compared with 47% of revenues for the year ended December 31, 1995.
A substantial portion of the decline in gross margin came from one specific
project. This project was performed for the federal government and the scope of
such project had not been sufficiently defined prior to the acceptance and
performance of the project. As a result of such lack of specificity, the Company
believes that the amount of time spent on this project was at least two times
greater than the Company's estimate. Because, however, such contract was with
the United States government, the Company was not permitted to re-negotiate
pricing and was required to complete the project.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and
administrative expenses increased by $652,000, or 87%, for the year ended
December 31, 1996, to $1,403,000, or 154% of revenues, from $751,000, or 57% of
revenues, for the year ended December 31, 1995. Selling expenses included costs
of preparing project proposals and software demonstrations. General and
administrative expenses consisted primarily of employee benefits, labor costs
and consulting expenses. The increase in selling, general and administrative
expenses was primarily due to non-cash compensation charges resulting from
employee stock options granted in July, August and December, increased
consulting expenses, travel expenses, new insurance policy premiums, recruiting
fees and increased involvement by the Company's technical development team in
the preparation of Company's proposals and presentations. The Company expects
general and administrative expenses to increase in future periods as the Company
incurs additional costs related to being a public company and expands its staff
and facilities.
Research and Development. Research and development expenses for the year
ended December 31, 1996 decreased by $179,000, or 55%, to $149,000, or 16% of
revenues, from $328,000, or 25% of revenues, for the year ended December 31,
1995. This decrease was primarily due to the shifting of development efforts
from initial internal software development to customer software development
contracts.
As the Company's business strategy shifts from custom development projects
to product sales, the Company expects that research and development expenses
will increase in future periods.
Interest Expense. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 1996
increased by $1,213,000, or 866%, to $1,353,000, or 149% of revenues, from
$140,000, or 11% of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 1995. This
increase was primarily due to interest associated with borrowings from
Technologies, the bank
-28-
line of credit and the Bridge Notes, and the issuance of the Technologies
Warrants and the Bridge Warrants for debt. All such loans were paid in full or
were converted to equity as of December 31, 1996.
Other Income, net. Other income for the year ended December 31, 1996
increased by $123,000, or 1,230% to $133,000, or 15% of revenues, from $10,000,
or 1% of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 1995. This increase was
primarily due to an increase in fees received for assisting customers with
product presentations and demonstrations in connection with the resale by such
customers of the Company's products, and an increase in interest income from
increased cash balances.
Net Loss. As a result of the foregoing, net loss for the year ended
December 31, 1996 increased by $1,925,000, or 327%, to $2,514,000 from $589,000
for the year ended December 31, 1995.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since its inception and through December 31, 1996, and June 30, 1997, the
Company has incurred cumulative losses aggregating approximately $4,164,000 and
$5,836,000, respectively, and has not experienced any quarter of profitable
operations. The Company expects to continue to incur operating losses for the
foreseeable future, principally as a result of expenses associated with the
Company's product development efforts and anticipated sales, marketing and
general and administrative expenses. In the past, the Company has satisfied its
cash requirements principally from advances from stockholders, private and
public sales of equity securities and, to a limited extent, from cash flows from
operations. The primary uses of cash have been to fund research and development
and for sales, general and administrative expenses.
At June 30, 1997, the Company had cash and equivalents of approximately
$5,184,000, working capital of approximately $4,954,000, and stockholders'
equity of approximately $5,207,000. At June 30, 1997, the Company had no
long-term liabilities outstanding except for $3,000 due under capital leases.
Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30,
1997 and June 30, 1996 totaled approximately $1,408,000 and $549,000,
respectively, and was primarily a result of the Company's net losses during
those periods. Cash used by investing activities was $159,000, during the six
months ended June 30, 1997, for purchase of property and equipment, as compared
to nil for the same period in 1996. Financing activities used net cash of
$118,000 during the six months ended June 30, 1997, primarily for the repayment
of debt, as compared to providing net cash of $404,000 during the six months
ended June 30, 1996.
The Company's operating activities used cash of $1,495,000 and $297,000 in
1996 and 1995, respectively. The funds were used for the Company's product
development and to fulfill various contract obligations.
The Company's financing activities provided cash of $8,227,000 and
$195,000 in 1996 and 1995, respectively. The increase in cash balance for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1996, is due to the Company's Offering in October
1996.
Based on the Company's operating plan, the Company believes that the
Company's current cash balances will be sufficient to satisfy its capital
requirements and finance its operation through the first quarter at 1998. Such
belief is based upon certain assumptions, and there can be no assurance that
such assumptions are correct. The Company expects that it will be required to
raise substantial additional capital in the future in order to carry out its
business plan. In addition, contingencies may arise which may require the
Company to obtain additional
-29-
capital. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that such resources will be
sufficient to satisfy the Company's capital requirements. The Company
anticipates that any additional financing required to meet its current plans for
expansion may take the form of the issuance of common or preferred stock or debt
securities, or may involve other debt financing. The lender may impose certain
restrictive covenants on the Company and, upon default by the Company, on such
debt financing, and in a liquidation of the Company, the rights of such lender
would be superior to the rights of the holders of Common Stock. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be able to obtain such additional funds on a
timely basis, on favorable terms, or at all. In any of such events, the Company
may be unable to implement it business plan.
Significant Financial and Business Developments in Fiscal 1996
Pursuant to a plan of reorganization, in August 1996, Technologies
converted $1,200,000 aggregate principal amount of outstanding indebtedness,
plus an aggregate of approximately $120,000 of accrued interest, into an
aggregate of 263,158 shares of Common Stock.
On August 28, 1996, the Company closed the Bridge Financing which provided
gross proceeds of $1,825,000 to the Company from the issuance of promissory
notes and warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock. The Company
repaid $502,000 principal amount plus $123,000 of accrued interest related to
loans from Technologies from a portion of such proceeds. Technologies purchased
$625,000 aggregate principal amount of promissory notes pursuant to the Bridge
Financing.
On October 30, 1996, the Company received net proceeds of approximately
$7,860,350 (net of underwriting discounts and commissions and approximately
$1,239,700 of related expenses payable by the Company) from the issuance of
1,400,000 shares of Common Stock at $6.50 per share, pursuant to the Company's
Offering. On November 20, 1996, the Company received additional net proceeds of
approximately $1,187,550 from the issuance of 210,000 shares of Common Stock,
pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriter's over-allotment option
granted as part of the Company's Offering. Approximately, $1,856,500 of the net
proceeds of the Company's Offering were used to retire outstanding indebtedness
under the promissory notes issued in the Bridge Financing. The remainder of the
net proceeds of the Company's Offering are being used to fund the Company's
sales and marketing and product development efforts, and for working capital and
general corporate purposes.
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MANAGEMENT
Officers, Directors, Key Employees and Consultants
The executive officers, directors, key employees and consultants of the
Company are as follows:
Name Age Position
- ---- --- --------
Mr. Fred Knoll 42 Chairman of the Board, Director
Mr. Phillip F. Whalen, Jr. 50 President, Chief Executive Officer, Director
Mr. John Hiles 51 Founder, Chief Technology Officer,
Secretary, Director
Mr. Marc Cooper 36 Director
Ms. Esther Dyson 45 Director
Mr. Frederick Gluck 62 Director
Dr. Ted Prince 50 Director
Mr. Fran Saldutti 50 Director
Mr. Charles Isaacs 39 Vice President, Engineering
Mr. Rick Rosenbaum 50 Software Architect
Mr. Bruce Skidmore 39 Software Architect
Mr. Greg Rossi 42 Senior Software Engineer
Mr. Robert Stern 50 Director of Multimedia Production
Mr. Morton Meyerson 59 Advisory Committee Member
Fred Knoll has been Chairman of the Board and a member of the board of
directors since September 1994. From 1987 to the present, Mr. Knoll has been the
principal of Knoll Capital Management, L.P., a venture capital firm specializing
in the information technology industry. From 1985 to 1987, Mr. Knoll was an
investment manager for General American Investors, responsible for the
technology portfolio, and served as the United States representative on
investments in leveraged buy-outs and venture capital for Murray Johnstone, Ltd.
of Glasgow, Scotland. From 1983 to 1985, Mr. Knoll served as manager of venture
investments for Robert Fleming, Inc., a U.K. merchant bank in New York and was
responsible for managing a venture capital fund as well as managing a team whose
responsibility was to identify public investment opportunities. Mr. Knoll also
held investment positions with the Capital Group (Capital Research/Capital
Guardian) from 1982 to 1983 and General American Investors. During the 1970's,
Mr. Knoll worked in sales and marketing management for Data General and Wang
Laboratories, Inc. Mr. Knoll is a director of numerous companies, including
Arthur Treachers, Inc., a company in the fast service seafood restaurant
business and Lamar Signal Processing, Ltd., a digital processing company, and is
a principal of Valor Capital Management, L.P., a private investment limited
partnership. Mr. Knoll holds a B.S. in Computer Science from M.I.T. and an
M.B.A. from Columbia University in Finance and International Business.
Phillip F. Whalen, Jr. has been President, Chief Executive Officer and a
Director of the Company since December 1996. From June 1994 to November 1996,
Mr. Whalen was Vice President of the European operations of Digital Tools, Inc.
("Digital Tools"), where he established an independent business unit for this
leading project management software company. Prior to heading up Digital Tools'
European operation, Mr. Whalen was, from July 1992 to May 1994, Vice President
of Digital Tools' sales, marketing and services in the U.S. at Digital Tools'
headquarters in Cupertino, California. From 1990 to 1992, Mr. Whalen was Vice
President, Marketing and then Vice President, Sales for Clarity Software, Inc.
("Clarity"), a UNIX business software company he helped found. While at Clarity,
Mr. Whalen was responsible for establishing all marketing and sales functions.
From 1985 to 1990, Mr. Whalen was Vice President, Sales and Marketing for
cc:Mail Inc.,
-31-
which in five years grew to become the largest installed, LAN-based, electronic
mail software product before being acquired by Lotus Development Corp. in 1990.
Mr. Whalen received a B.A. in Chemistry from Denison University in 1969 and an
M.B.A. from Stanford University Graduate School of Business in 1982.
John Hiles, the Founder and Chief Technology Officer, has been Secretary
of the Company and a member of its board of directors since its inception. Mr.
Hiles served as the Company's President from its inception until November 30,
1996 (except during the period from March to August 1996). Hiles' career spans
24 years in the software industry. From 1992 to 1993, he served in various
positions with Maxis Business Simulations, including that of General Manager.
While with Maxis, Inc., Mr. Hiles directed the development of SimHealth and
developed a means of transferring the key human interface properties of
entertainment games to business and government simulations. From 1986 to 1992,
Mr. Hiles was President and co-founder of Delta Logic, Inc. From 1984 to 1986,
Mr. Hiles served as Senior Vice President of product development at Digital
Research. From 1976 to 1983, Mr. Hiles was employed by Amdahl where he lead the
development of software products. In 1984, Mr. Hiles was in charge of leading
software development at Mead Data Central. Two of the many products that have
been produced by organizations that he directed were GEM, one of the first
graphical user interfaces for the PC, and UTS, Amdahl's highly successful
mainframe-compatible UNIX operating system which foreshadowed the open systems
movement by several years. Mr. Hiles holds an A.B. from the University of
California at Santa Barbara and took several additional undergraduate and
graduate courses in Computer Science at the University of California at Los
Angeles and the University of California at Irvine.
Marc S. Cooper has been a member of the board of directors since January
1997. Since April, 1992, Mr. Cooper has been the Executive Vice President -
Director of Investment Banking and Research for Barington Capital Group, L.P.
From April 1989 to March 1992 Mr. Cooper was a partner of Scharf Brothers, a
private merchant bank involved in acquisitions of domestic and international
industrial and technology companies. From April 1987 to April 1989, Mr. Cooper
was a Vice President in the corporate finance department of Kidder Peabody &
Co., Inc., where he was involved in structuring and negotiating a wide variety
of merchant banking and merger and acquisition transactions. From 1982 to 1987,
Mr. Cooper was an associate in investment banking at Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.
Mr. Cooper received an M.B.A. from the New York University Graduate School of
Business Administration and a B.S. in Management and Economics from New York
University.
Esther Dyson has been a member of the board of directors since October
1994. Ms. Dyson currently serves as chairman of EDventure Holdings, a
diversified company focusing on emerging information technology worldwide, and
on the emerging computer markets of Central and Eastern Europe. From 1983 to
1997, Ms. Dyson served as president of Edventure Holdings. Since 1994, Ms. Dyson
has been chairman of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and has been a member of
the US Nation Information Infrastructure Advisory Council, where she co-chairs
the Information Privacy and Intellectual Property Subcommittee. Ms. Dyson is a
member of the board of directors of the Global Business Network, ComputerLand
Poland and Cygnus Support, and she is a member of the advisory board of Perot
Systems. She is a limited partner in the Maryland Software Fund. Ms. Dyson has
also written articles on industry topics for the Harvard Business Review, The
New York Times, The New York Times Magazine, WIRED Magazine and Forbes Magazine,
among others.
Frederick W. Gluck has been a member of the board of directors since
October 1994. Mr. Gluck has served as director and senior counselor of Bechtel
Group, Inc. since July 1997. Prior to such time and since 1995, he served as a
member of the Board of Directors of Betchtel Group, Inc. and Bechtel
Enterprises, Inc. He also serves as a member of both companies' executive
committees. Prior to joining Bechtel, Mr. Gluck spent more than 25 years with
McKinsey & Company, and was ultimately the managing director of the Company. Mr.
Gluck serves on the Harvard Business School Board of Directors of the
Associates, the Management Education Council
-32-
of the Wharton School, and the Council on Foreign Relations and the Board of the
International Executive Service Corps. Mr. Gluck is also a member of the Board
of Directors of ACT Networks, Inc.
Ted Prince has been a member of the board of directors since October 1994.
Since 1995, Dr. Prince has been the Chairman and CEO of INSCI Corporation. Since
1992, Dr. Prince has been the President and founder of Perth Ventures, Inc., an
investment banking and public relations firm which specializes in the emerging
information technology area. Dr. Prince is also an author, publisher and speaker
in the area of emerging information technologies and market trends. He is the
author and publisher of The Technology Fundamentalist, a national newsletter
focusing on emerging computer technologies and market trends. Dr. Prince has
started up several information technology companies including CP International,
a company specializing in text retrieval software, and Harwell Computer Power, a
startup in the same field. From 1984 to 1992, he served as President and CEO of
several companies, including the national computer services company, Computer
Power Group. From 1979 to 1984, Dr. Prince was the Chief Information Officer of
the Australian Social Security Agency where he was responsible for designing the
new national social welfare system.
Fran Saldutti has been a member of the board of directors since October
1994. Mr. Saldutti has been, since 1995, a managing general partner of Ardent
Research Partners, L.P., a limited partnership founded in 1992 to invest
exclusively in the information technology markets. From 1990 through February
1995, Mr. Saldutti served as senior technology analyst for Amerindo Investment
Advisers. From 1984 through 1986 he served as Senior Vice President and Director
of Research for Gartner Securities and from 1986 to 1988 as Director of
Technology Research for L.F. Rothschild. Mr. Saldutti moved to the buy side in
1989 as senior technology analyst with Merrill Lynch Asset Management's Sci/Tech
Fund. From 1975 to 1989 Mr. Saldutti either produced, sold or directed
technology research for several leading technology brokerage firms. Mr. Saldutti
maintains board directorships in other technology companies, including Kraft
Kennedy, Lesser, a LAN industry systems integrator and Meta Group, a market
research firm specializing in information technology, on which he also serves on
the compensation committee. He is a member of the Software and Services Splinter
Group of the New York Society of Securities Analysts.
Charles Isaacs, Vice President, Engineering has been employed by the
Company since July 1997. Mr. Isaacs has 17 years of experience in software
engineering and systems integration and more than 12 years of experience in
leading complex software development projects. From 1995 to 1997 he was employed
by the Answer Systems Division of Platinum Technology, Inc. where he served most
recently as Vice President and General Manager and prior thereto as Vice
President, Engineering. From 1980 to 1995, Mr. Isaacs held several positions at
GTE Government Systems, most recently as Vice President of Engineering and
Operations. Mr. Isaacs holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the
University of California, Santa Barbara and an M.B.A. from California Lutheran
University.
-33-
Rick Rosenbaum, Software Architect, has been employed by the Company as an
applications engineer since its inception. Mr. Rosenbaum has 26 years of
experience in the software industry specializing in computer languages and
simulation applications. Prior to working at the Company, from 1992 to 1993, he
served as Senior Member of the Technical Staff of Maxis, Inc. and, in 1986, as
Manager of the Core Languages Group of Sun Microsystems, and from 1987 to 1992
as Project Manager of Bank of America. Mr. Rosenbaum holds a B.S. in Electrical
Engineering and an M.S. in computer science from the Georgia Institute of
Technology.
Bruce Skidmore, Software Architect, has been employed by the Company as a
senior engineering manager since 1993. Mr. Skidmore has 16 years of experience
in the software development industry as, among other things, a Project Manager,
Engineering Manager, Director of Engineering and Vice President of Engineering.
His technical experience is in the areas of operating system development and
design, networks and application architectures. From 1992 to 1993 he worked for
Maxis, Inc. as Director of Product Development. From 1986 through 1992, he
worked for Poquet and Delta Logic as Manager of Communications and Systems
Software. From 1981 to 1986, he worked for Digital Research as a Network Project
Manager. Mr. Skidmore holds a B.S. in Computer Science from California
Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Greg Rossi, Senior Software Engineer and the architect of WHITEBOARD, has
been employed by the Company as a programmer since 1994. Mr. Rossi has 13 years
of experience in the software industry focusing on object data bases and graphic
user interfaces. From 1992 to 1993 he worked for Maxis, Inc. as Senior Member of
the Technical Staff. From 1986 to 1992 he worked for Poquet and Delta Logic as
principal programmer. From 1985 to 1988 he worked for Digital Research as a
senior software engineer and from 1982 to 1984 for Dialogic Systems as
programmer. Mr. Rossi has a B.A. in Chemistry and Computer Science from the
University of California at Santa Cruz.
Robert Stern has been Director of Multimedia Production for the Company
since February 1997. Mr. Stern has 27 years of experience as a creator,
developer, and producer of a wide range of corporate design and interactive
products. He is the former Creative Director of Simply Interactive. Prior to
that he was President and Executive Producer at Technimation, Inc. a 3D computer
animation company. He has worked on projects for IBM, Apple, AMD, and Acura, to
name a few. Mr. Stern holds a B.A. in graphic design and a M.F.A. in film
production from the University of Washington. He is a frequent lecturer on
computer animation and web design.
Morton Meyerson, the Chairman of the Advisory Committee, has been Chairman
and Chief Executive Officer of Perot Systems since 1992. From 1979 to 1986 he
was President of EDS Information Systems. Mr. Meyerson has had extensive
experience in the software industry, in running large technology companies and
in investing in, growing and capitalizing emerging technology companies.
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Executive Compensation
The following table sets forth compensation paid for the fiscal years
ended December 31, 1996, December 31, 1995, and December 31, 1994, to those
persons who were, at December 31, 1996, (i) the chief executive officer and (ii)
the one other most highly compensated executive officer of the Company, who was
the only other executive officer of the Company who received over $100,000 in
compensation in the form of salary and bonus (collectively, the "Named Executive
Officers").
Summary Compensation Table

- ----------
(1) Mr. Whalen joined the Company on December 1, 1996, and this amount
represents his salary from that date through December 31, 1996.
(2) Mr. Hiles was President of the Company until November 30, 1996.
1996 Stock Option Grants
The Company strives to distribute stock option awards broadly throughout
the organization. Stock option awards are based on the individual's position and
contribution to the Company. The Company's long term performance ultimately
determines compensation from stock options because stock option value is
entirely dependent on the long term growth of the Company's Common Stock price.
The following table sets forth certain information concerning options
granted to the Chief Executive Officer and the Named Executive Officer during
the fiscal year ended December 31, 1996.
-35-
Option Grants in Last Fiscal Year
Individual Grants

- ----------
(1) Options to purchase 76,667 shares of the Company's Common Stock shall
become exercisable commencing December 1, 1997, and options to purchase an
additional 6,388.875 shares of the Company's Common Stock shall become
exercisable in each of the succeeding months that Mr. Whalen is an
employee thereafter, until December 1, 1999, at which time all such
options shall become exercisable.
(2) Provided Mr. Whalen is still an employee of the Company at the time, such
options shall become exercisable upon the earlier of (i) December 1, 1999,
and (ii) such time as the market price of the Company's Common Stock is
$20.00 per share or higher for 20 consecutive days.
(3) Provided Mr. Whalen is still an employee of the Company at the time, such
options shall become exercisable upon the earlier of (i) December 1, 1999,
and (ii) such time as the market price of the Company's Common Stock is
$30.00 per share or higher for 20 consecutive days.
Aggregate Option
Exercises in Last Fiscal Year and
Fiscal Year End Option Values(1)

- ----------
(1) Amount reflects the market value of the underlying shares of Common Stock
at the closing sales price reported on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market on
December 31, 1996 ($8.75 per share), less the exercise price of each
option.
Compensation Committee
The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for
determining the compensation of executive officers of the Company and to
administer the Company's 1996 Stock Option Plan. Messrs. Prince and Saldutti,
who are disinterested directors, comprise the Compensation Committee.
-36-
General Policies Regarding Compensation of Executive Officers
The Company's executive compensation policies are intended (1) to attract
and retain high quality managerial and executive talent and to motivate these
individuals to maximize shareholder returns, (2) to afford appropriate
incentives for executives to produce sustained superior performance, and (3) to
reward executives for superior individual contributions to the achievement of
the Company's business objectives. The Company's compensation structure consists
of base salary, annual cash bonuses, and stock options. Together these
components link each executive's compensation directly to individual and Company
performance.
Salary. Base salary levels reflect individual positions, responsibilities,
experience, leadership, and potential contribution to the success of the
Company. Actual salaries vary based on the Compensation Committee's subjective
assessment of the individual executive's performance and the Company's
performance.
Bonuses. Executive officers are eligible to receive cash bonuses based on
the Compensation Committee's subjective assessment of the respective executive's
individual performance and the performance of the Company. In its evaluation of
executive officers and the determination of incentive bonuses, the Compensation
Committee does not assign quantitative relative weights to different factors or
follow mathematical formulae. Rather, the Compensation Committee makes its
determination in each case after considering the factors it deems relevant,
which may include consequences for performance that is below expectations.
Stock Options. Stock options are currently the Company's sole long term
compensation vehicle. The stock options are intended to provide employees with
sufficient incentive to manage from the perspective of an owner with an equity
stake in the business.
The directors at the Company do not receive any cash compensation for
their participation on the board. During 1996, Messrs. Gluck, Prince and
Saldutti and Ms. Dyson each received options to purchase 10,259 shares of Common
Stock at an exercise price of $1.00 per share.
In determining the size of individual option grants, the Compensation
Committee considers the aggregate number of shares available for grant, the
number of individuals to be considered for an award of stock options, and the
range of potential compensation levels that the option awards may yield. The
number and timing of stock option grants to executive officers are decided by
the Compensation Committee based on its subjective assessment of the performance
of each grantee. In determining the size and timing of option grants, the
Compensation Committee weighs any factors it considers relevant and gives such
factors the relative weight it considers appropriate under the circumstances
then prevailing. While an ancillary goal of the Compensation Committee in
awarding stock options is to increase the stock ownership of the Company's
management, the Compensation Committee does not, when determining the amount of
stock options to award, consider the amount of stock already owned by an
officer. The Compensation Committee believes that to do so could have the effect
of inappropriately or inequitably penalizing or rewarding executives based upon
their personal decisions as to stock ownership and option exercises.
In 1993, the Internal Revenue Code was amended to limit the deductibility
of certain compensation expenses in excess of $1 million. These changes in the
tax laws will apply to the compensation paid to executive officers of the
Company in fiscal year ending December 31, 1997. The Compensation Committee
believes that the compensation paid by the Company in fiscal year ending
December 31, 1997 will not result in any material loss of tax deductions for the
Company.
-37-
Arrangements with Directors and Executive Officers
Mr. Whalen's employment arrangements with the Company guarantee him an
annual base salary of $175,000 plus a minimum bonus of $75,000 for the fiscal
year ending December 31, 1997, provided the Company reaches certain milestones
(as to be determined by the Compensation Committee). Mr. Whalen received a
salary of $14,584 during fiscal 1996, representing his prorated salary for his
one month employment. Additionally, in connection with his employment by the
Company, Mr. Whalen received (i) an option under the Plan to purchase 230,000
shares of Common Stock at $7.65 per share, 76,667 of such options vesting on
December 1, 1997, and 6,388.875 of such options vesting in each of the
succeeding months that Mr. Whalen is an employee thereafter, until December 1,
1999, at which time all such options shall be exercisable; (ii) an option
outside of the Plan to purchase 150,000 shares of Common Stock at $9.00 per
share, such options vesting upon the earlier of (A) December 1, 1999, and (B)
such time as the Common Stock is $20.00 per share or higher for 20 consecutive
days; and (iii) an option outside of the Plan to purchase 50,000 shares of
Common Stock, such options vesting upon the earlier of (A) December 1, 1999, and
(B) such time as the Common Stock is $30.00 per share or higher for 20
consecutive days.
John Hiles, the Founder, Chief Technology Officer, Secretary and former
President of the Company, is employed by the Company under an employment
agreement that is subject to automatic annual renewals unless terminated by the
Company or Mr. Hiles upon 90 days' prior written notice. Mr. Hiles currently
receives a salary of $160,000 per year and a minimum bonus of $50,000 for the
fiscal year ending December 31, 1997. Such salary may be increased at the
discretion of the board of directors, and may be supplemented by certain bonuses
at the discretion of the board of directors of the Company. The Company believes
the terms of the arrangement are no less favorable to the Company than the terms
that it could have obtained from an unaffiliated third party.
Fred Knoll, the Chairman of the Board of the Company, has provided, and
continues to provide certain executive and related consulting services to the
Company as requested by the Company, including, serving as Chairman of the
Board, consulting on various aspects of the Company's business and negotiating
certain contractual and employment arrangements. To date, Mr. Knoll has not been
compensated for such services; however, commencing October 1, 1997, Mr. Knoll
will be compensated for such services at an annual rate of $150,000. Payment of
Mr. Knoll's compensation will be deferred until the Board of Directors
determines to make payments in respect thereof. Mr. Knoll is also entitled to
reimbursement of any expenses which he incurs in connection with providing
services to the Company. Mr. Knoll, through certain affiliates, controls
Technologies.
-38-
PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth certain information known to the Company
regarding the beneficial ownership of the Company's voting securities as of the
date of this Prospectus by (i) each person who is known by the Company to own of
record or beneficially more than 5% of the outstanding Common Stock, (ii) each
of the Company's directors and the Named Executive Officer, and (iii) all
directors and executive officers of the Company as a group. Except as otherwise
indicated, the stockholders listed in the table have sole voting and investment
powers with respect to the shares indicated.
Name and Address Amount and Nature of Percentage of
of Beneficial Owner Beneficial Ownership Class(1)
- ------------------- -------------------- --------
Thinking Technologies, L.P.(2) 2,579,573 49.0%
Mr. Fred Knoll(3) 2,579,573 49.0%
Mr. John Hiles(4) 1,076,677 23.2%
Mr. Phillip F. Whalen, Jr.(5) 76,667 *
Mr. Marc Cooper(6) -- --
Ms. Esther Dyson(7) (8) 25,000 *
Mr. Frederick Gluck(8) (9) 25,000 *
Dr. Ted Prince(8) (10) 25,000 *
Mr. Fran Saldutti(8) (11) 25,000 *
All directors and 3,756,250 70.0%
executive officers as a group
(8 persons)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(9)(10)(11)
- -------------
* Less than one percent.
(1) Percentage of ownership is based on 4,641,758 shares of Common Stock
outstanding. For each beneficial owner, shares of Common Stock subject to
convertible securities exercisable within 60 days of the date of this
Prospectus are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of such
beneficial owner.
(2) Includes 468,242 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the
Technologies Warrants and 156,250 shares of Common Stock issuable upon
exercise of Bridge Warrants issued as part of the Bridge Units purchased
by Technologies. Does not include 75,454 shares of Common Stock which may
be purchased by Technologies from John Hiles upon the exercise of an
outstanding option for $5.00 per share. The address of Thinking
Technologies, L.P. is 200 Park Avenue, Suite 3900, New York, New York
10166. Mr. Knoll, through certain affiliates, controls Technologies.
(3) Includes 2,579,573 shares beneficially owned by Thinking Technologies,
L.P., a limited partnership indirectly controlled by Mr. Knoll. The
address of Mr. Knoll is c/o Knoll Capital Management, 200 Park Avenue,
Suite 3900, New York, New York 10166.
(4) Includes 75,454 shares of Common Stock which may be purchased by
Technologies from John Hiles upon the exercise of an outstanding option
for $5.00 per share. The address of Mr. Hiles is c/o Thinking Tools, Inc.,
One Lower Ragsdale Drive, 1-250, Monterey, California 93940.
(5) Includes 76,667 shares of Common Stock which are issuable upon exercise of
options, which options shall become exercisable commencing on December 1,
1997. The address of Mr. Whalen is c/o Thinking Tools, Inc., 6541 Via Del
Oro, San Jose, California 95119.
(6) The address of Mr. Cooper is c/o Barington Capital Group, 888 7th Avenue,
New York, NY 10019.
(7) The address of Ms. Dyson is c/o EDventure Holdings, Inc., 104 Fifth
Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10011-6987.
(8) Includes an aggregate of 25,000 shares of Common Stock issuable to each
non-affiliated director of the Company upon exercise of outstanding
options.
-39-
(9) The address of Mr. Gluck is c/o Bechtel, Inc., 50 Beal Street, San
Francisco, California 94105.
(10) The address of Dr. Prince is c/o Perth Ventures, 342 Madison Avenue, #716,
New York, New York 10173.
(11) The address of Mr. Saldutti is c/o Ardent Research Partners, 200 Park
Avenue, 39th Floor, New York, New York 10166.
-40-
MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The Company's Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market
under the symbol "TSIM." The Common Stock began trading on the Nasdaq SmallCap
Market on October 25, 1996.
The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low bid prices of
a share of Common Stock as reported by the Nasdaq SmallCap Market for the period
commencing with the trading of the Common Stock on October 25, 1996 and ending
on October 13, 1997.
Period High Low
- ------ ---- ---
Fiscal 1996
Fourth Quarter (from October 25, 1996)........................ 8-1/2 7-1/4
Fiscal 1997
First Quarter................................................. 10-1/4 8-1/4
Second Quarter ............................................... 9-7/8 8-3/4
Third Quarter ................................................ 12 8-1/2
Fourth Quarter through October 13, 1997 ...................... 18 12
On October 13, 1997, the closing price for a share of Common Stock, as
reported by the Nasdaq SmallCap Market, was $16.50.
The number of holders of record for the Company's Common Stock as of
September 30, 1997 was five. This number excludes individual stock holders
holding stock under nominee security position listings.
-41-
CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS
In connection with its purchase of certain assets from Maxis, Inc., and in
order to fund its continuing operations, the Company entered into a stock
purchase and loan agreement, dated September 28, 1994, by and between
Technologies and the Company (the "Technologies Agreement"). Technologies was
formed by Knoll Capital Management, L.P. in order to purchase Common Stock of
the Company and to advance the funds provided for under the Technologies
Agreement. The general partner of Technologies is Knoll Capital Management,
L.P., an affiliate of Mr. Fred Knoll, the Company's Chairman of the Board. Mr.
Mort Meyerson, a member of the advisory committee of the Company, is a limited
partner in Technologies.
Pursuant to the Technologies Agreement, Technologies purchased 61.11% of
the Company's authorized and issued Common Stock, for the purchase price of
$100,000 and loaned to the Company $1,200,000 (the "Loan"). The Loan was
evidenced by a promissory note (the "Technologies Note") due and payable on
September 27, 1999. The Technologies Note provides for the semi-annual payment
of interest at ten percent (10%) per annum beginning when and if the Company
realized $2,000,000 in gross income during any fiscal year. In connection with
the Technologies Agreement, Mr. Hiles executed an irrevocable proxy authorizing
Knoll Capital Management, L.P. to vote his shares of Common Stock, which proxy
was effective until the Company (i) was acquired through a merger or
acquisition; or (ii) effects an initial public offering in the aggregate amount
of $2,500,000. On and before July 29, 1996, Technologies made additional loans
to the Company in an aggregate principal amount of $502,000, with interest at a
rate of 10% per annum, which loans were due and payable on December 31, 1996
(the "Additional Loan"), but were repaid in connection with the Bridge
Financing. In connection with the Additional Loan, Technologies received
warrants to purchase 468,242 shares of Company Common Stock at an exercise price
of $1.07 per share. The loan was paid in full by December 31, 1996.
Pursuant to the Technologies Agreement, as long as Technologies owned 20%
of the Company's Common Stock, the Company could not take certain actions
without the approval of the Company's board of directors. Technologies entered
into a Consent, Waiver and Amendment dated as of August 28, 1996, as amended
(the "Consent & Waiver"), with the Company in connection with the Bridge
Financing pursuant to which such covenants terminated upon consummation of the
Company's Offering.
In connection with the Technologies Agreement, the Company and Mr. Hiles
agreed to certain co-sale rights and registration rights. Pursuant to the
Consent and Waiver, these rights terminated upon consummation of the Company's
Offering.
In addition, in connection with the Bridge Financing, pursuant to the
Consent and Waiver, the following transactions were consummated:
Thinking Tools, Inc., a California corporation ("TTI"), was merged with
and into its wholly-owned subsidiary Thinking Tools, Inc., a Delaware
corporation. Pursuant to the Merger, each share of common stock of TTI
outstanding prior to the Merger was exchanged for .7462 shares of Common Stock.
Pursuant to a plan of recapitalization adopted by the Company's board of
directors, Technologies converted $1,200,000 aggregate principal amount of
outstanding indebtedness and $120,310 of accrued interest into an aggregate of
263,158 shares of Common Stock issued to Technologies.
Technologies purchased $625,000 aggregate principal amount of Bridge Notes
in the Bridge Financing immediately following repayment by the Company of
$502,000 aggregate principal amount of outstanding indebtedness and $123,000 of
accrued interest due to Technologies from the proceeds of the Bridge Financing.
-42-
The Company has no present intention to acquire or merge with a business
or company in which the Company's management or their affiliates or associates
directly or indirectly have an ownership interest. All future transactions with
officers, directors, affiliates and/or controlling stockholders of the Company
will be on terms no less favorable than could be obtained from unaffiliated
parties, and shall be approved by a majority of the directors of the Company,
including a majority of the independent disinterested directors of the Company.
-43-
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
The following summary description of the Company's capital stock is
qualified in its entirety by reference to the Company's Certificate of
Incorporation. The following summary description of the securities of the
Company is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Certificate of
Incorporation, the Technologies Warrants, the Bridge Notes and the Bridge
Warrants, forms of which have been filed as exhibits to the Registration
Statement on Form SB-2 of which this Prospectus forms a part.
Common Stock
The Company is authorized to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of Common
Stock, par value $.001 per share, of which 4,641,758 shares are outstanding as
of the date hereof. Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each
share held of record on each matter submitted to a vote of stockholders. There
is no cumulative voting for election of directors. Subject to the prior rights
of any series of preferred stock which may from time to time be outstanding,
holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably, dividends when, as, and
if declared by the board of directors out of funds legally available therefor
and, upon the liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company, are
entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities
and payment of accrued dividends and liquidation preferences on any preferred
stock. See "Risk Factors--Lack of Dividends." Holders of Common Stock have no
preemptive rights and have no rights to convert their Common Stock into any
other securities. The outstanding Common Stock is validly authorized and issued,
fully paid, and nonassessable.
Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to issue up to 3,000,000 shares of preferred
stock, par value $.001 per share, of which no shares are outstanding as of the
date hereof. The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms
of which may be determined at the time of issuance by the board of directors,
without further action by stockholders, and may include voting rights (including
the right to vote as a series on particular matters), preferences as to
dividends and liquidation, conversion rights, redemption rights, and sinking
fund provisions. The issuance of any such preferred stock could adversely affect
the rights of the holders of Common Stock and, therefore, reduce the value of
the Common Stock. The ability of the board of directors to issue preferred stock
could discourage, delay, or prevent a takeover of the Company. See "Risk
Factors--Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Certificate of
Incorporation and Delaware Law."
Technologies Warrants
The Company currently has outstanding Technologies Warrants to purchase up
to 468,242 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.07 per share at any
time until December 31, 2006. The Technologies Warrants contain anti-dilution
provisions providing for adjustment of the exercise price and the number of
shares of Common Stock underlying the Technologies Warrants upon the occurrence
of certain events, including stock dividends, stock splits and
recapitalizations. Technologies has agreed that it will not sell the
Technologies Warrants or the shares underlying the Technologies Warrants for a
period of two years from the effective date of the Registration Statement, of
which this Prospectus forms a part. The Technologies Warrants also entitle the
holders to certain "piggyback" registration rights with respect to the shares
issuable upon exercise thereof at any time that the Company files a registration
statement other than one relating solely to the sale of securities to
participants in a Company employee benefit plan, one not including substantially
the same information as would be required to be included in a registration
statement covering the sale of such Common Stock, or one only registering Common
Stock issuable upon conversion of convertible debt securities which are also
being registered.
-44-
Bridge Warrants
The Bridge Warrants entitle the holders thereof to purchase, in the
aggregate, up to 456,250 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $3.90
per share, subject to adjustment. The Bridge Warrants may be exercised at any
time after issuance and expire on August 28, 2001. The shares underlying the
Bridge Warrants are being registered in this Offering, and shall be subject to a
lock-up agreement with Barington. Barington has agreed that it will not consent
to the release of any holders of the Bridge Warrants from such lock-up until
October 25, 1997. In addition, the holders of the Bridge Warrants are entitled
to certain "piggyback" registration rights with respect to such shares except in
connection with the registration of securities issuable under an employee
benefit plan or in connection with certain other registration statements filed
by the Company.
The number of shares issuable upon exercise of the Bridge Warrants and the
exercise price thereof may be adjusted in the event of the occurrence of certain
events, including stock dividends, stock splits, combinations or
reclassifications involving or in respect of the Common Stock of the Company.
Underwriter's Warrants
The Underwriter's Warrants were issued to Barington in connection with the
Companys Offering and entitle the holders thereof to purchase, in the aggregate,
up to 140,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.40 per share
(160% of the Company's Offering price per share). The Underwriter's Warrants may
be exercised at any time after issuance and expire October 24, 2001. The
Underwriter's Warrants may be exercised as to all or a lesser number of shares
and contain certain demand and "piggyback" registration rights and antidilution
provisions providing for appropriate adjustment of the exercise price and number
of shares which may be purchased upon exercise, upon the occurrence of certain
events.
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Upon completion of this Offering, the Company will have 5,238,008 shares
of Common Stock outstanding, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Bridge
Warrants . Of these shares, 2,206,250 shares will be freely tradeable without
further registration under the Securities Act. With respect to the remainder of
such shares, all officers and directors of the Company and current stockholders
have agreed not to publicly sell, or otherwise dispose of any securities of the
Company until October 25, 1997 without Barrington's prior written consent except
(i) the Underwriter's Warrants and the Common Stock underlying such warrants,
(ii) the issuance of Common Stock underlying warrants and options outstanding
prior to the Company's Offering, (iii) the issuance of shares of Common Stock
underlying the Bridge Warrants, (iv) the issuance of shares of Common Stock or
options to purchase shares of Common Stock under the Plan and the issuance of
shares of Common Stock upon exercise of such options, and (v) the issuance of
any securities in connection with any acquisition which is approved by a
majority of the independent directors of the Company. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, up to 30% of the shares of Common Stock of each stockholder may be
sold by such stockholders at any time commencing six months from the date of the
Company Offering without Barrington's consent in the event that the last sales
price for the Common Stock on its principal exchange has been at least 200% of
the initial public offering price for a period of 20 consecutive trading days
ending within five days of the date of such sale, and such sale is completed at
a price in excess of 200% of the initial public offering price.
All of the shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to the Company's
Offering are, and the 468,242 shares issuable upon exercise of the Technologies
Warrants will be, "restricted securities" within the meaning of Rule 144 and, if
held for at least one year, would be eligible for sale in the public market in
reliance upon, and in
-45-
accordance with, the provisions of Rule 144 following the expiration of such
one-year period. In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, a person or
persons whose shares are aggregated, including a person who may be deemed to be
an "affiliate" of the Company as that term is defined under the Securities Act,
would be entitled to sell within any two-month period a number of shares
beneficially owned for at least one year that does not exceed the greater of (i)
1% of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (ii) the average weekly
trading volume in the Common Stock during the four calendar weeks preceding such
sale. Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to certain requirements as to the
manner of sale, notice and the availability of current public information about
the Company. However, a person who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of
the Company during the 90 days preceding a sale by such person and who has
beneficially owned shares of Common Stock for at least two years may sell such
shares without regard to the volume, manner of sale, or notice requirements of
Rule 144.
The Company cannot predict the effect, if any, that sales of shares of
Common Stock pursuant to this Offering, to Rule 144 or otherwise, or the
availability of such shares for sale, will have on the market price prevailing
from time to time. In addition, sales by the current stockholders of a
substantial number of shares of Common Stock in the public market could
materially adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Common Stock. The
availability for sale of a substantial number of shares of Common Stock acquired
through the exercise of the Underwriter's Warrants or any options under the Plan
could also materially adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Common
Stock. See "Risk Factors--Future Sales of Restricted Securities;--Effects of
Previously Issued Options, Warrants and Underwriter's Warrants on Stock Price."
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The Company has appointed Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company as
transfer agent for the Common Stock.
Stockholder Reports
The Company intends to furnish its stockholders with annual reports
containing audited financial statements and such other periodic reports as the
Company may deem appropriate or as may be required by law.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the Common Stock offered hereby and certain other legal
matters will be passed upon for the Company by Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent &
Sheinfeld, LLP, New York, New York.
EXPERTS
The financial statements of Thinking Tools, Inc. as of December 31, 1996
and for the year then ended included in this Prospectus have been audited by
Deloitte & Touche, LLP, independent auditors, as stated in their report
appearing herein and have been so included in reliance upon the report of such
firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
The financial statements of Thinking Tools, Inc. as of and for the year
ended December 31, 1995, have been included herein in reliance on the report of
KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, independent certified public accountants, appearing
elsewhere herein, given on the authority of that firm as experts in accounting
and auditing.
-46-
The report of KPMG Peat Marwick LLP covering the December 31, 1995,
financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph that states that the
Company's recurring losses from operations and net capital deficiency raise
substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern. The
1995 financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from
the outcome of that uncertainty.
-47-
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the United
States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and in
accordance therewith files periodic reports, proxy statements and other
information with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the
"Commission"). Copies of such periodic reports, proxy statements and other
information can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities
maintained by the Commission at Judiciary Plaza, 450 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the following Regional Offices of the Commission:
Citicorp Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60662;
and Seven World Trade Center, Suite 1300, New York, New York 10048. Copies of
such material can be obtained at prescribed rates from the Public Reference
Section of the SEC, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. The SEC
maintains a World Wide Web site located at http://www.sec.gov which contains
periodic reports, proxy statements and other information regarding registrants
that file electronically with the Commission, including the Company.
The Company has filed with the Commission, a registration statement on
Form SB-2 (the "Registration Statement") under the Securities Act with respect
to the securities offered hereby. This Prospectus does not contain all of the
information set forth in the Registration Statement and the exhibits thereto, as
permitted by the rules and regulations of the Commission. For further
information, reference is made to the Registration Statement and to the exhibits
filed therewith. Statements contained in this Prospectus as to the contents of
any contract or other document which has been filed as an exhibit to the
Registration Statement are qualified in their entirety by reference to such
exhibits for a complete statement of their terms and conditions. The
Registration Statement and the exhibits thereto may be inspected without charge
at the offices of the Commission as listed above, upon payment of the fees
prescribed by the Commission. The Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq SmallCap
Market and reports and other information concerning the Company may be inspected
at the offices of the NASD, 1801 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.
-48-
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
----------------
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
----
Years Ended December 31, 1996 and 1995
- --------------------------------------
Independent Auditors' Report.............................................. F-2
Independent Auditors' Report.............................................. F-3
Balance Sheets at December 31, 1996 and 1995.............................. F-4
Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 1996 and 1995... F-5
Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended
December 31, 1996 and 1995.............................................. F-6
Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 1996 and 1995... F-7
Notes to Financial Statements............................................. F-8
Six Months Ended June 30, 1997 and 1996 (unaudited)
- ---------------------------------------
Condensed Balance Sheet as of June 30, 1997............................... F-17
Condensed Statements of Operations for the six month periods ended
June 30, 1997 and 1996.................................................. F-18
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six month periods ended
June 30, 1997 and 1996.................................................. F-19
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements................................... F-20
F-1
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Thinking Tools, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Thinking Tools, Inc. as
of December 31, 1996, and the related statements of operations, stockholders'
equity (deficit) and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial
statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on
our audit. The financial statements of the Company for the year ended December
31, 1995 were audited by other auditors whose report, dated August 16, 1996
(except as to Note 13 to the 1995 financial statements, which was as of August
28, 1996) expressed an unqualified opinion on those statements and included an
explanatory paragraph that described situations which raised substantial doubt
about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the 1996 financial statements present fairly, in all
material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 1996,
and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in
conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.
DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Jose, California
March 26, 1997
F-2
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Thinking Tools, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Thinking Tools, Inc.
(the Company) as of December 31, 1995, and the related statements of operations,
stockholders' deficit and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial
statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on
our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Thinking Tools, Inc.
as of December 31, 1995, and the results of its operations and its cash flows
for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles.
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that
the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the 1995
financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations
and has a net capital deficiency that raise substantial doubt about its ability
to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters
are described in Note 13 to the 1995 financial statements. The financial
statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 1995 do not include any
adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
KPMG Peat Marwick LLP
San Jose, California
August 16, 1996, except as to Note 13 of the 1995
financial statements which is as of August 28, 1996
F-3
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share amounts)
December 31,
-------------------
1996 1995
-------- -------
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and equivalents ................................. $ 6,869 $ 152
Accounts receivable .................................. 230 146
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings
on uncompleted contracts ........................... -- 11
Prepaid expenses and other current assets ............ 147 10
-------- -------
Total current assets ........................... 7,246 319
Property and equipment, net ............................. 101 102
Other assets ............................................ 10 11
TOTAL ................................................... $ 7,357 $ 432
======== =======
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable ..................................... $ 181 $ 5
Accrued expenses ..................................... 161 124
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings
on uncompleted contracts ........................... 32 210
Notes payable ........................................ 127 201
Current portion of capital lease obligations ......... 17 13
Due to related party ................................. -- 34
Deferred revenue ..................................... -- 30
-------- -------
Total current liabilities ...................... 518 617
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term portion of capital lease obligations ....... 12 18
Note payable ......................................... -- 1,200
Interest payable ..................................... -- 155
-------- -------
Total liabilities .............................. 530 1,990
-------- -------
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders' equity (deficit):
Preferred stock, $.001 per value; 3,000,000 shares
authorized; no shares issued and outstanding ....... -- --
Common stock, $.001 par value, 20,000,000 shares
authorized; 4,641,758 and 2,768,600 shares
issued and outstanding ............................. 5 3
Additional paid-in capital ........................... 11,288 89
Deferred stock compensation .......................... (302) --
Accumulated deficit .................................. (4,164) (1,650)
-------- -------
Total stockholders' equity (deficit) ........... 6,827 (1,588)
-------- -------
TOTAL ................................................... $ 7,357 $ 432
======== =======
See Notes to Financial Statements.
F-4
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Year Ended
December 31,
-------------------
1996 1995
-------- -------
Contract revenues ....................................... $ 908 $ 1,329
Contract costs .......................................... 649 708
-------- -------
Gross profit ................................... 259 621
-------- -------
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative .................. 1,403 751
Research and development ............................. 149 328
-------- -------
Total operating expenses ....................... 1,552 1,079
-------- -------
Operating loss ................................. (1,293) (458)
-------- -------
Interest expense ........................................ (1,353) (140)
Other income, net ....................................... 133 10
-------- -------
Total other expenses ........................... (1,220) (130)
-------- -------
Loss before income taxes ....................... (2,513) (588)
Income tax expense ...................................... 1 1
-------- -------
Net loss ................................................ $ (2,524) $ (589)
======== =======
Net loss per share ...................................... $ (0.74) $ (0.19)
======== =======
Shares used in calculating per share data ............... 3,384 3,141
See Notes to Financial Statements.
F-5
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(In thousands, except share amounts)

See Notes to Financial Statements.
F-6
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
Year Ended
December 31,
------------------
1996 1995
-------- ------
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss ................................................ $(2,514) $(589)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash
used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization ........................ 36 20
Stock compensation expense ........................... 209 --
Warrants issued in connection with debt .............. 900 --
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable ............................... (84) (43)
Costs in excess of billings on
uncompleted contracts ............................. 11 25
Prepaid expenses and other assets ................. 11 7
Accounts payable .................................. 176 (6)
Accrued expenses .................................. 2 179
Billings in excess of uncompleted contracts
and deferred revenue .............................. (208) 76
Due to related party .............................. (34) 34
Net cash used in operating activities .......... (1,495) (297)
------- -----
Cash flows from investing activities -
Purchase of equipment ................................... (15) (14)
------- -----
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock .................. 8,470 --
Proceeds from issuance of short-term notes payable ...... 2,205 201
Principal payment on short-term notes payable ........... (2,434) --
Principal payments on capital leases .................... (14) (6)
------- -----
Net cash provided by financing activities ............ 8,227 195
------- -----
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents ............ 6,717 (116)
Cash and equivalents, beginning of year .................... 152 268
------- -----
Cash and equivalents, end of year .......................... $ 6,869 $ 152
======= =====
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information -
cash paid during the year for:
Interest ................................................ $ 540 $ 16
======= =====
Income taxes ............................................ $ 1 $ 1
======= =====
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing
and financing activities:
Conversion of notes payable and accrued
interest into common stock .............................. $ 1,320 $---
======= =====
Liability insurance financed under a note payable ....... $ 155 $---
======= =====
Equipment acquired under capital leases ................. $ 12 $ 28
======= =====
See Notes to Financial Statements.
F-7
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Years Ended December 31, 1996 and 1995
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business - Thinking Tools, Inc. (the Company) was incorporated in
California in December 1993 to purchase certain assets of the business
simulations division of Maxis, Inc. On December 30, 1993, the Company purchased
intangible assets, a contract in process, and property and equipment from Maxis
in exchange for a note payable of $500,000 which was repaid in 1994. The
acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method. The purchase price was
allocated to the assets acquired based on relative fair values as follows:
Contracts in process ................................... $115,000
Acquired in-process research and development ........... 330,000
Property, equipment and other assets ................... 55,000
--------
Total .................................................. $500,000
========
The Company develops agent-based adaptive PC-based business simulation
software that has a broad range of potential applications. Thinking
Technologies, L.P. was the majority shareholder of the Company until October
1996; as of December 31, 1996, Thinking Technologies, L.P. held approximately
42% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock.
In June 1996, the Board of Directors authorized a 4.1225-for-1 stock split
for all outstanding shares of the Company's common stock.
In August 1996, the Company reincorporated in the state of Delaware by
merging with and into a wholly-owned subsidiary which was incorporated in
Delaware in August 1996, with authorized capital consisting of 20,000,000 shares
of $0.001 par value common stock and 3,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value
preferred stock. Pursuant to such merger, each outstanding share of the
Company's common stock was exchanged for .7462 shares of common stock.
The accompanying financial statements and notes have been restated to give
effect to the stock splits and reincorporation.
In October and November 1996, the Company completed its initial public
offering (IPO) (including the exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment
option) and issued 1,610,000 shares of common stock at $6.50 per share for net
proceeds of approximately $8,470,000.
Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses
during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates,
and such differences may be material to the financial statements. Significant
estimates made by management include the stage of completion, the amount of
costs yet to be incurred on contracts in progress and the valuation of net
deferred tax assets.
Revenue and Cost Recognition - Revenues from fixed-price contracts are
recognized using the percentage of completion method, measured by input
measures. Contract costs primarily include direct labor and other direct costs.
Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period
in which such losses are determined. Changes in job performance, job conditions
and estimated profitability may result in revisions to costs and revenues and
are
F-8
recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. Revenues from
time and materials contracts are recognized as costs are incurred.
The asset, "costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on
uncompleted contracts," represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts
billed. The liability, "billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on
uncompleted contracts," represents billings in excess of revenues recognized.
Cash Equivalents - The Company considers all highly liquid debt
instruments purchased with an original maturity date of three months or less to
be cash equivalents.
Prepaid Expenses - Prepaid expenses at December 31, 1996 primarily
consists of prepaid insurance which is being amortized over the contract term.
Property and Equipment - Property and equipment are stated at cost less
accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided using the
straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets of three to
seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the
estimated useful lives or the underlying lease term.
Research and Development - Research and development costs are charged to
expense as incurred. The Company capitalizes software development costs incurred
subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility. Costs incurred
after the establishment of the technological feasibility of software were not
material in 1996 and 1995 and therefore were expensed.
Interest Expense - In addition to the stated interest on the Company's
borrowings, interest expense includes the direct costs of various financings as
well as the fair value of warrants issued in connection with such borrowings
(see Note 8).
Income Taxes - The Company records income taxes using the asset and
liability approach, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities, net of
valuation allowances, are recorded for the future tax consequences of temporary
differences between financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities
and for the benefit of net operating loss carryforwards.
Stock Compensation - The Company accounts for stock-based awards granted
to employees based on the intrinsic value method in accordance with Accounting
Principles Board (APB) Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees.
Net Loss Per Share - Net loss per share is computed based on the weighted
average number of shares of common stock outstanding, dilutive common equivalent
shares from stock options and warrants using the treasury stock method and
convertible debt using the if-converted method. In accordance with certain
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Staff Accounting Bulletins, all common
and common equivalent shares issued by the Company at a price less than the
Company's IPO price within a year of the IPO filing (using the treasury stock
method) have been included in the computation of common and common equivalent
shares outstanding for all periods presented prior to the IPO.
F-9
2. Accounts Receivable
A summary of accounts receivable follows (in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Completed contract billings ...................... $212 $ 28
Contracts in progress billings ................... -- 118
Other receivables ................................ 18 --
---- ----
Total ............................................ $230 $146
==== ====
3. Costs and Estimated Earnings on Uncompleted Contracts
Costs, estimated earnings and billings on uncompleted contracts are
summarized as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Costs incurred on uncompleted contracts .......... $280 $249
Estimated earnings ............................... -- 309
280 558
Less billings to date ............................ (312) (757)
Total ............................................ $(32) $(199)
==== =====
Included in accompanying balance sheets under the following captions
(in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings
on uncompleted contracts ...................... $ -- $ 11
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings
on uncompleted contracts ...................... (32) (210)
Total ............................................ $(32) $(199)
==== =====
F-10
4. Property and Equipment
A summary of property and equipment follows (in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Equipment ........................................ $145 $118
Furniture and fixtures ........................... 7 7
Leasehold improvements ........................... 6 6
---- ----
158 131
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization ... (57) (29)
---- ----
Total ............................................ $101 $102
==== ====
At December 31, 1996 and 1995, property and equipment included assets
leased under capital leases of approximately $30,000 and $29,000 (net of
accumulated amortization of $22,000 and $11,000), respectively.
5. Accrued Expenses
A summary of accrued expenses follows (in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Legal and professional fees ...................... $ 66 $ 31
Payroll and related benefits ..................... 29 72
Other ............................................ 66 21
---- ----
Total ............................................ $161 $124
==== ====
6. Leases
The Company leases office space in Monterey, California, under a
noncancelable operating lease expiring in 1998. Total rent expense under
operating leases was approximately $98,000 and $91,000 for the years ended 1996
and 1995, respectively.
The Company leases certain office equipment under noncancelable capital
leases expiring in 2000.
F-11
The following is a summary of future minimum lease payments as of December
31, 1996 (in thousands):
Year Ending Capital Operating
December 31, Leases Lease
------------ ------ -----
1997 ........................................ $ 19 $ 98
1998 ........................................ 13 25
1999 ........................................ 2 --
---- ----
Total minimum lease payments ..................... 34 $123
====
Less amounts representing interest ............... (5)
Present value of future minimum lease payments ... 29
Less current installments under capital
lease obligation ............................... (17)
Long-term portion of capital lease obligations ... $ 12
====
7. Income Taxes
The components of income tax expense for each of the years ended December
31, 1996 and 1995 are as follows (in thousands):
Current Deferred Total
------- -------- -----
Federal ................................... $- $ -- $-
State ..................................... 1 -- 1
-- ------ --
Total ..................................... $1 $ -- $1
== ====== ==
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount obtained by
applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before taxes as follows
(in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Computed "expected" tax benefit ..................... $(746) $(200)
State franchise tax, net of federal income benefit .. 1 1
Losses not utilized ................................. 746 200
---- ----
Total ............................................... $ 1 $ 1
==== ====
F-12
Significant components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of
December 31, 1996 and 1995 are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Deferred tax assets: $792 $369
Federal and state net operating loss
carryforwards ............................... 138 149
Acquired intangible assets .................... 38 8
---- ----
Various accruals and reserves .................
Total gross deferred tax assets .................. 968 526
Less valuation allowance ......................... (955) (515)
---- ----
Net deferred tax assets .......................... 13 11
Total gross deferred tax liabilities ............. (13) (11)
---- ----
Total ............................................ $ -- $ --
==== ====
As of December 31, 1996, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards
of $2,000,000 which expire for federal and state purposes through 2011 and 1999,
respectively. Federal and California tax laws impose significant restrictions on
the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards in the event of a shift in
the ownership of the Company, which constitutes an "ownership change" as defined
by the Internal Revenue Service Code, Section 382.
8. Notes Payable
A summary of notes payable follows (in thousands):
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Insurance note payable ........................... $127 $ --
Bank line of credit .............................. -- 79
Notes due to Thinking Technologies, L.P. ......... -- 1,322
---- ------
Total notes payable .............................. 127 1,401
Less current portion ............................. (127) (201)
---- ------
Long-term portion ................................ $ -- $1,200
==== ======
The insurance note payable bears annual interest at 8.33% and is due in
monthly installments of approximately $19,000 (including interest) through July
1997.
The bank line of credit was repaid upon the closing of the bridge
financing described below, at which time the credit facility was closed.
In September 1994, the Company borrowed $1,200,000 from Thinking
Technologies, L.P. under a note bearing annual interest of 10% and which was
collateralized by all of the Company's assets and the Company's common stock
owned by its President. Interest payable of $180,000 was converted to notes
payable in March 1996. Approximately $1,320,000 of the note balance was
converted into an aggregate of 263,158 shares of common stock in July 1996. The
remaining balance, along with all accrued interest, was repaid in August 1996
upon the closing of the bridge financing described below.
F-13
In 1995, the Company borrowed $122,000 from Thinking Technologies, L.P.
under a note payable bearing annual interest at 7% with an original due date of
December 31, 1995. During 1996, the Company borrowed additional amounts from
Thinking Technologies, L.P. In July 1996, the 1995 and 1996 borrowings and
accrued interest totaling $502,000 were converted into a note payable bearing
annual interest of 10% and which was due on December 31, 1996. These amounts,
together with accrued interest, were repaid in August 1996 upon the closing of
the bridge financing described below. In connection with the July 1996
transaction, the Company issued warrants to Thinking Technologies, L.P. to
purchase 468,242 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.07 per share,
expiring December 31, 2006. The Company recorded a noncash interest expense of
approximately $350,000 in 1996 in connection with the issuance of these
warrants.
In August 1996, the Company closed a bridge financing which provided gross
proceeds of $1,825,000 to the Company from the issuance of units consisting of
promissory notes totaling $1,825,000 (bearing interest at 10%) and warrants to
purchase an aggregate of 456,250 shares of common stock. The Company repaid
$625,000 of existing loans and accrued interest due to Thinking Technologies,
L.P. from a portion of such notes. Thinking Technologies, L.P. purchased units
comprising $625,000 aggregate principal amount of such notes and related
warrants. All borrowings under this bridge financing, together with accrued
interest, was repaid with a portion of the proceeds from the Company's IPO in
October 1996.
The warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of the Company's common stock are
exercisable at $3.90 per share expiring August 2001. In addition, the Company
issued warrants to purchase 45,625 shares of common stock to the Placement Agent
at the same exercise price; such warrants to the Placement Agent were canceled
in connection with the Company's IPO. The Company recorded a noncash interest
expense of approximately $550,000 in connection with the issuance of the
warrants issued in the bridge financing. In addition, costs of approximately
$280,000 incurred in obtaining the bridge financing were also charged to
interest expense during 1996.
9. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock
In August 1996, Thinking Technologies, L.P. converted approximately
$1,320,000 of notes and interest into an aggregate of 263,158 shares of common
stock (see Note 8).
In October and November 1996, the Company completed its IPO (including the
exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment option) and issued 1,610,000 shares
of common stock at $6.50 per share for net proceeds of approximately $8,470,000.
A portion of the proceeds were used to repay amounts outstanding under the
bridge financing (see Note 8). In connection with its initial public offering,
the Company sold to its underwriter options to purchase 140,000 common shares
for $.001 per option. These options are exercisable for a period of five years
at an exercise price equal to 160% of the initial public offering price ($10.40
per share).
Common Stock Options
Under the Company's 1996 Stock Option Plan (the Plan), options to purchase
up to an aggregate of 376,000 shares of common stock may be granted to officers,
directors, employees or consultants. The Plan provides for issuing both
incentive stock options, which must be granted at fair market value at the date
of grant, as determined by the Plan administrator, and nonqualified stock
options. Options granted under the Plan become exercisable as determined by the
Board of Directors and must be exercised within ten years.
During 1995 and 1996, the Company granted options to purchase an aggregate
of 58,964 and 590,036 shares of common stock, respectively (375,036 shares under
the Plan in 1996), at a weighted average exercise price of $0.79 and $6.63 per
share, respectively. Such options had a weighted average fair value of $7.37 and
$0.79 per share at the date of grant, respectively. As of December 31, 1996, no
options have been exercised or canceled, and 964 shares were available under the
Plan for future grant.
F-14
Certain of the options granted during 1996 had exercise prices which were
less than the deemed fair value of common stock at the date of grant.
Consequently, the Company has recorded a noncash compensation expense of
approximately $209,000 related to such difference in 1996 and, as of December
31, 1996, an additional $302,000 of deferred stock compensation will be
amortized in future periods over the three-year option vesting term.
Additional information regarding options outstanding as of December 31,
1996 is as follows:
Options Outstanding
- ----------------------------------------------------- Options Exercisable
Weighted -----------------------
Average Weighted Weighted
Range of Remaining Average Average
Exercise Number Contractual Exercise Number Exercise
Prices Outstanding Life (yrs) Price Exercisable Price
------ ----------- ---------- ----- ----------- -----
$0.79 - $1.00 167,000 9.1 $ 0.86 167,000 $ 0.86
$5.00 52,000 9.7 5.00 -- --
$7.65 - $9.00 430,000 9.9 8.28 -- --
649,000 9.7 $6.11 167,000 $ 0.86
Additional Stock Plan Information
As discussed in Note 1, the Company continues to account for its
stock-based awards using the intrinsic value method in accordance with APB
Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and its related
interpretations.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation (SFAS 123), requires the disclosure of pro forma net
income and earnings per share had the Company adopted the fair value method as
of the beginning of fiscal 1995. Under SFAS 123, the fair value of stock-based
awards to employees is calculated through the use of the minimum value method
for all periods prior to the initial public offering, and subsequently through
the use of option pricing models, even though such models were developed to
estimate the fair value of freely tradable, fully transferable options without
vesting restrictions, which significantly differ from the Company's stock option
awards. These models also require subjective assumptions, including future stock
option price volatility and expected time to exercise, which greatly affect the
calculated values. The Company's calculations were made using the minimum and
Black-Scholes option pricing models with the following weighted average
assumptions: expected life of 30 to 40 months; stock volatility, 61% subsequent
to the initial public offering in 1996; risk-free interest rates, approximately
6.0%; and no dividends during the expected term. The Company's calculations are
based on a multiple option valuation approach and forfeitures are recognized as
they occur. If the computed fair values of the 1995 and 1996 awards had been
amortized to expense over the vesting period of the awards, pro forma net loss
would have been $2,661,000 ($0.79 per share) in 1996 and $609,000 ($0.19 per
share) in 1995.
F-15
10. Concentrations of Credit Risk
The Company's business is dependent on a few customers, the loss of which
could have a material effect on the Company. The following schedule summarizes
the past distribution of sales by major customer:
Year Ended
December 31,
-------------
1996 1995
---- ----
Customer A ....................................... 28% 3%
Customer B ....................................... 25 13
Customer C (28% of accounts receivable
at December 31, 1996) .......................... 24 14
Customer D (64% of accounts receivable
at December 31, 1996) .......................... 14 --
Customer E ....................................... -- 27
******
F-16
THINKING TOOLS, INC,
Condensed Balance Sheet
(Unaudited)
(In Thousands)
June 30,
ASSETS 1997
--------
Current Assets:
Cash and equivalents $ 5,184
Accounts receivable 107
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 72
--------
Total current assets 5,363
Property and equipment, net 230
Other assets 26
--------
Total assets $ 5,619
========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 151
Accrued expenses 223
Notes payable 18
Current portion of capital lease obligations 17
--------
Total current liabilities 409
Long-term portion of capital lease obligations 3
--------
Total liabilities 412
--------
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock 5
Additional paid-in capital 11,288
Deferred stock compensation (250)
Accumulated deficit (5,836)
--------
Total stockholders' equity 5,207
--------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 5,619
========
See Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
F-17
THINKING TOOLS, INC
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(In Thousands, Except per Share Data)
Six Months Ended
June 30,
--------------------
1997 1996
------- -------
Contract revenues $ 394 $ 634
Contract costs 94 354
------- -------
Gross profit -- 280
------- -------
Operating expenses
Selling, general and administrative 1,207 532
Research and development 619 60
------- -------
Total operating expense 1,826 592
------- -------
Operating loss (1,826) (312)
------- -------
Other income (expense):
Interest expense (6) (77)
Other income, net 161 43
------- -------
Total other income (expense) 155 (34)
------- -------
Loss before income taxes (1,671) (346)
Income tax expense 1 1
------- -------
Net loss $(1,672) $ (347)
======= =======
Net loss per share $ (0.36) $ (0.11)
======= =======
Shares used in calculating per share data 4,462 3,141
======= =======
See Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
F-18
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(In Thousands)
Six Months Ended
June 30,
-----------------
1997 1996
------- -------
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss $(1,672) $(347)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash
used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization 30 13
Stock compensation expense 52 --
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable 123 (19)
Prepaid expenses and other assets 75 (33)
Costs in excess of billings on
uncompleted contracts -- (13)
Other assets (16) 1
Due to related party -- 8
Accounts payable (30) 42
Accrued expenses 62 (32)
Billings in excess of costs on uncompleted
contracts and deferred revenue (32) (169)
------- -----
Net cash used in operating activities (1,408) (549)
------- -----
Cash flows from investing activities -
Purchaser of property and equipment (159) --
------- -----
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payment on short-term notes payable (109) (27)
Proceeds from issuance of short-term notes payable -- 257
Principal payments on capital leases (9) (6)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt -- 180
------- -----
Net cash used in financing activities (118) 404
------- -----
Net decrease in cash and equivalents (1,685) (145)
Cash and equivalents at beginning of period 6,869 152
------- -----
Cash and equivalents at end of period $ 5,184 $ 7
======= =====
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes $ 1 $ 1
======= =====
Interest $ 3 $ 6
======= =====
See Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
F-19
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements have been
prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim
financial information. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (which
include only normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair
presentation of the financial position and the results of operations for the
interim periods have been included. Interim results are not necessarily
indicative of results for the full year.
2. Net Loss Per Share
Net loss per share is computed based upon the weighted average number of
shares of common stock outstanding. In accordance with certain Securities and
Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletins, common and common equivalent
shares from stock options and warrants (using the treasury stock method) and
convertible debt (using the if-converted method) issued by the Company at prices
below the offering price during the twelve month period prior to the Company's
initial public offering have been included in the calculation as if they were
outstanding for all periods presented prior to the effective date of the initial
public offering, regardless of whether they are antidilutive.
3. Recently Issued Accounting Standard
In February 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 128, "Earnings per Share" (SFAS
128). The Company is required to adopt SFAS 128 in the fourth quarter of 1997
and will restate at that time earnings per share (EPS) data for prior periods to
conform with SFAS 128. Earlier application is not permitted.
SFAS 128 replaces current EPS reporting requirements and requires a dual
presentation of basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is
computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average of common shares
outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that
could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were
exercised or converted into common stock.
The Company does not expect that its historically reported EPS will change
as a result of adopting SFAS 128.
F-20

No dealer, salesman or any other person has been authorized to give any
information to make any representations other than those contained in this
Prospectus in connection with the Offering made hereby, and, if given or made,
such information or representation must be relied upon as having been
authorized by the Company or the Selling Stockholders. This Prospectus does not
constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any of the
securities offered hereby in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is
unlawful to make such an offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. Neither the
delivery of this Prospectus nor any sale made hereunder shall under any
circumstances create any implication that there has been no change in the
affairs of the Company since the date hereof or that the information contained 596,250 Shares
herein is correct as of any time subsequent to the dates as of which such
information is furnished.
------------------
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
----
Common Stock
Risk Factors............................................................... 2
Dividend Policy............................................................ 7
Use of Proceeds............................................................ 9
Selling Stockholders....................................................... 10
Plan of Distribution....................................................... 11
Business................................................................... 12
Management's Discussion and Analysis of ---------------------------
Financial Condition and Results of Operations........................... 26
Management................................................................. 31 PROSPECTUS
Principal Stockholders..................................................... 39 ---------------------------
Market for Common Equity
and Related Stockholder Matters......................................... 41
Certain Transactions....................................................... 42
Description of Securities.................................................. 44
Shares Eligible for Future Sale............................................ 45
Legal Matters.............................................................. 46
Experts.................................................................... 46 October ___, 1997
Available Information...................................................... 48
Index to Financial Statements.............................................. F-1
================================================================================ =============================

PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 24. Indemnification of Officers and Directors.
Article Ninth of the Certificate of Incorporation of Thinking Tools, Inc.
(the "Registrant") eliminates the personal liability of directors to the
Registrant or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty
as a director, provided that such elimination of the personal liability of a
director of the Registrant does not apply to (a) any breach of the director's
duty of loyalty to the Registrant or its stockholders, (b) acts or omissions not
in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of
law, (c) actions prohibited under Section 174 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law, or (d) any transaction from which the director derived an
improper personal benefit.
Item. 25 Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
The following table sets forth the various expenses which will be paid by
the Registrant in connection with the issuance and distribution of the
securities being registered. With the exception of the registration fee, all
amounts shown are estimates.
Legal fees and expenses .............................. $10,000
Accounting fees and expenses ......................... 15,000
Miscellaneous expenses ............................... 10,000
Total ................................................ $35,000
=======
Item 26. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.
In the past three years, the Registrant has made the following sales of
unregistered securities, all of which sales were exempt from the registration
requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof or as
otherwise indicated herein.
In December 1996, the Company granted options to Phillip F. Whalen, Jr. Of
430,000 options granted, options to purchase 76,667 shares of the Company's
Common Stock shall become exercisable commencing December 1, 1997, and options
to purchase an additional 6,388.875 shares of the Company's Common Stock shall
become exercisable in each of the succeeding months that Mr. Whalen is an
employee thereafter, until December 1, 1999, at which time all such options
shall become exercisable. Provided Mr. Whalen is still an employee of the
Company at the time, 150,000 options shall become exercisable upon the earlier
of (i) December 1, 1999, and (ii) such time as the market price of the Company's
Common Stock is $20.00 per share or higher for 20 consecutive days. Provided Mr.
Whalen is still an employee of the Company at the time, 50,000 options shall
become exercisable upon the earlier of (i) December 1, 1999, and (ii) such time
as the market price of the Company's Common Stock is $30.00 per share or higher
for 20 consecutive days.
In August 1996, the Company, through Barington Capital Group, L.P., acting
as placement agent, issued and sold 18.25 Units of its securities, each
consisting of one $100,000 principal amount 10% Senior Note and a 5-year Warrant
to purchase 25,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to the
lesser of $3.90 per share or 60% of the initial public offering price per share,
at $100,000 per Unit ($1,825,000, total) solely to accredited investors. The
Company believes that each issuance and sale of such securities was exempt from
registration pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506
promulgated thereunder. Barington Capital Group, L.P. received, for its
services, a placement fee of 10% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the
Units and reimbursement of certain other expenses. The names of the purchasers
of such Units are as follows:
II-1
B&B Trading Retirement Plan ................ 6,250
Barington Capital Group, L.P. .............. 140,000
Alexander Mitchell ......................... 6,250
Gerald Benjamin ............................ 6,250
Steven A. Endquist ......................... 12,500
Michael Stoyka, M.D ........................ 6,250
Peter Horrigan ............................. 6,250
Lyonshare Venture Capital .................. 56,250
Steve Yavers ............................... 6,250
Wayne Saker ................................ 12,500
Paul Matusow ............................... 6,250
Floyd M. Smith ............................. 6,250
Dr. Harvey Kaplan .......................... 6,250
David Mitchell ............................. 18,750
Oliver Mitchell ............................ 6,250
Alladin Depot Partnership .................. 6,250
C.M. Solomon ............................... 6,250
Philip Schonfeld ........................... 6,250
Eric & Suzanne Partch ...................... 6,250
Dr. Gershon Stern .......................... 12,500
Marvin Barish .............................. 6,250
CLFS Equities, Ltd. ........................ 6,250
Robert Jacobs
IRA R/O ................................. 6,250
New York Urban Professionals
Basketball League Profit Sharing ...... 6,250
Robert Spitzer ............................. 6,250
David Kohane ............................... 6,250
Donald Heimstaedt .......................... 6,250
James Levi ................................. 6,250
Jerry Politzer ............................. 6,250
Paul and Linda Salsgiver ................... 12,500
Guy Montanari .............................. 6,250
Woodland Partners .......................... 25,000
Thinking Technologies, L.P. ................ 156,250
- ---------------
* less than 1 %
In August 1996, the Company issued an aggregate of 145,036 options under
its Stock Option Plan including (i) options to purchase 10,259 shares of Common
Stock at an exercise price of $1.00 per share to each of Ted Prince, Fred Gluck,
Esther Dyson and Fran Saldutti, directors of the Company, (ii) 52,000 options at
an exercise price of $0.794 per share to certain employees of the Company and
(iii) 52,000 options at an exercise price of $5.00 per share to certain
employees of the Company.
The Company believes that the issuance of these options was exempt from
registration pursuant to Sections 3(b) and 4(2) of the Securities Act and Rule
701 promulgated thereunder.
In September 1994, pursuant to the Technologies Agreement, Technologies
purchased 61.11% of the Company's authorized and issued Common Stock for the
purchase price of $100,000, and loaned to the Company $1,200,000. In August
1996, such loan, including accrued interest thereon, was converted to 263,158
shares of Common Stock. In July 1996, Technologies made additional loans to the
Company in an aggregate principal amount of $502,000 and received the
Technologies Warrants to purchase 468,242 shares of Common Stock. In August
1996, upon the repayment by the Company of such loan, including accrued interest
thereon, Technologies purchased 6.25 units in the Bridge Financing. The Company
believes that each such transaction was exempt from registration pursuant to
Section 4(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 promulgated thereunder.
The Company has granted options to purchase an aggregate of 73,964 shares
of Common Stock to certain members of the Company's board of directors and to
employees, including options to purchase 14,741
II-2
shares of common stock at an exercise price of $.79 per share to each of Ted
Prince, Fred Gluck, Esther Dyson and Fran Saldutti, directors of the Company and
options to purchase 15,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.00
per share to James Houston, Esq. The Company believes that the issuance of such
options was exempt from registration pursuant to Sections 3(b) and 4(2) of the
Securities Act.
During 1997, the Company has granted options to purchase an aggregate of
131,000 shares of Common Stock to certain of its employees. The Company believes
the issuance of such options was exempt from registration pursuant to Sections
3(b) and 4(2) of the Securities Act.
II-3
Item 27. Exhibits
(a) The following exhibit are filed herewith:
Exhibit No.
-----------
1.1* Form of Underwriting Agreement
3.1* Certificate of Incorporation of Thinking Tools, Inc.
3.2* By-Laws of Thinking Tools, Inc.
4.1* Form of Underwriter's Option Agreement
4.2* 1996 Stock Option Plan
4.3* Form of Stock Certificate
4.4* Form of Private Placement Investors' Warrant
4.5* Technologies Warrant
4.6* Form of Private Placement Note
4.7* Form of Lock-up Agreement
5.1 Opinion of Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld, LLP
10.1* Employment Agreement between the company and John Hiles
10.2* Form of Consulting Agreement
10.3* Development Agreement between the Company and Systemhouse
dated June 30, 1995
10.4* Services Agreement between the Company and Systemhouse dated
March 8, 1995
10.5* Vertical Market Software Development/Licensing Agreement
between the Company and Coopers dated October 12, 1994
10.6* Technologies Agreement between the Company and Technologies
dated September 26, 1994
10.7* Consent, Waiver and Amendment between the Company and
Technologies dated August 31, 1996.
10.8* Lease between the Company and KI Monterey Research, Inc. dated
August 19, 1994, as amended.
11.1 Statement of Computation of Net Loss Per Share
II-4
23.1 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
23.2 Consent of KPMG Peat Marwick LLP
23.3 Consent of Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld, LLP
(contained in the Opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1).
24.1* Power of Attorney (Included on page II-5).
------------
* Previously filed.
Item 28. Undertakings
(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that it will:
(1) File, during any period in which it offers or sells
securities, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) Include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of
the Securities Act:
(ii) Reflect in the prospectus any facts or events, which,
individually or together, represent a fundamental change in the information in
the registration statement; and notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or
decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of
securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation
from the low or high end of the estimated maximum Offering range may be
reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule
424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in the volume and price represent no
more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the
"Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective registration statement.
(iii) Include any additional or changed material information
on the plan of distribution;
(2) For determining liability under the Securities Act, treat each
post-effective amendment as a new registration statement of the securities
offered, and the Offering of the securities at that time to be the initial bona
fide Offering.
(3) File a post-effective amendment to remove from registration
any of the securities that remain unsold at the end of the Offering.
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the
Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers, and controlling persons
of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the
Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange
Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for
indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the
Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling
person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or
proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in
connection with the
II-5
securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its
counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court
of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether indemnification by it is
against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by
the final adjudication of such issue.
(c) The Registrant hereby undertakes that it will:
(1) For determining any liability under the Securities Act, treat
the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of
this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A under the
Securities Act and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the
Registrant under Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the
Securities Act as part of this registration statement as of the time
the Securities and Exchange Commission declared it effective.
(2) For determining any liability under the Securities Act, treat
each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus as
a new registration statement relating to the securities offered in
the registration statement, and that Offering of the securities at
that time as the initial bona fide Offering of those securities.
II-6
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant
has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration
Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in The City of Monterey, California on October 16, 1997.
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
By: /s/ Phillip F. Whalen, Jr.
----------------------------------
Phillip F. Whalen, Jr.
President and CEO
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this
Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement has been signed by
the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
--------- ----- ----
/s/ Phillip F. Whalen, Jr. President (Principal Executive, October 16, 1997
- -------------------------- Accounting and Financial
Phillip F. Whalen, Jr. Officer) and Director
/s/ John Hiles Chief Technology Officer and October 16, 1997
- -------------------------- Director
John Hiles
/s/ Fred Knoll* Chairman of the Board and October 16, 1997
- -------------------------- Director
Fred Knoll
/s/ Marc Cooper Director October 16, 1997
- --------------------------
Marc Cooper
/s/ Esther Dyson* Director October 16, 1997
- --------------------------
Esther Dyson
/s/ Frederick Gluck* Director October 16, 1997
- --------------------------
Frederick Gluck
/s/ Ted Prince* Director October 16, 1997
- --------------------------
Ted Prince
/s/ Fran Saldutti* Director October 16, 1997
- --------------------------
Fran Saldutti
*By: /s/ John Hiles
----------------------
John Hiles,
Attorney-in-Fact
II-7
EXHIBIT INDEX
-------------
Exhibit No.
-----------
1.1* Form of Underwriting Agreement
3.1* Certificate of Incorporation of Thinking Tools, Inc.
3.2* By-Laws of Thinking Tools, Inc.
4.1* Form of Underwriter's Option Agreement
4.2* 1996 Stock Option Plan
4.3* Form of Stock Certificate
4.4* Form of Private Placement Investors' Warrant
4.5* Technologies Warrant
4.6* Form of Private Placement Note
4.7* Form of Lock-up Agreement
5.1 Opinion of Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld, LLP
10.1* Employment Agreement between the company and John Hiles
10.2* Form of Consulting Agreement
10.3* Development Agreement between the Company and Systemhouse
dated June 30, 1995
10.4* Services Agreement between the Company and Systemhouse dated
March 8, 1995
10.5* Vertical Market Software Development/Licensing Agreement
between the Company and Coopers dated October 12, 1994
10.6* Technologies Agreement between the Company and Technologies
dated September 26, 1994
10.7* Consent, Waiver and Amendment between the Company and
Technologies dated August 31, 1996.
10.8* Lease between the Company and KI Monterey Research, Inc. dated
August 19, 1994, as amended.
11.1 Statement of Computation of Net Loss Per Share
23.1 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
II-8
23.2 Consent of KPMG Peat Marwick LLP
23.3 Consent of Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld, LLP
(contained in the Opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1).
24.1* Power of Attorney (Included on page II-5).
------------
* Previously filed.
II-9
EX-5.1
2
OPINION RE: LEGALITY
EXHIBIT 5.1
[Letterhead Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld, LLP]
October 16, 1997
Thinking Tools, Inc.
6541 Via Del Oro
San Jose, California 95119
Gentlemen:
You have requested our opinion, as counsel for Thinking Tools, Inc., a
Delaware corporation (the "Company"), in connection with Post-Effective
Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (No. 333-11321), as
amended (the "Post-Effective Amendment"), filed by the Company with the
Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the "Act").
The Post-Effective Amendment relates to the offering of 596,250 shares
(the "Shares") of common stock, par value $.001 per share of the Company (the
"Common Stock"), which shares are being sold by certain stockholders of the
Company (the "Selling Stockholders").
We have examined such records and documents and made such examination of
law as we have deemed relevant in connection with this opinion. Based upon such
examination, it is our opinion that the Shares, when issued, delivered and paid
for in the manner described in the Post-Effective Amendment, will be validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the
Registration Statement and to the reference to our firm under the caption "Legal
Matters" in the Registration
Thinking Tools, Inc.
October 16, 1997
Page 2
Statement. In so doing, we do not admit that we are in the category of persons
whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission promulgated thereunder.
Very truly yours,
Squadron, Ellenoff, Plesent & Sheinfeld LLP
2
EX-11.1
3
STATEMENT RE: COMPUTATION OF PER SHARE EARNINGS
EXHIBIT 11.1
THINKING TOOLS, INC.
STATEMENT OF COMPUTATION OF NET LOSS PER SHARE
(In thousands, except per share amounts)

EX-23.1
4
CONSENTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL
EXHIBIT 23.1
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT
We consent to the use in this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration
Statement No. 333-11321 of Thinking Tools, Inc. of our report dated March 26,
1997 appearing in the Prospectus, which is a part of such Registration
Statement, and to the reference to us under the heading "Experts" in such
Prospectus.
Deloitte & Touche LLP
San Jose, California
October 13, 1997
EX-23.2
5
CONSENTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL
EXHIBIT 23.2
The Board of Directors
Thinking Tools, Inc.
We consent to the use of our report included herein and to the reference to our
firm under the heading "Experts" in the prospectus.
Our report dated August 16, 1996, except as to Note 12 of the 1995 financial
statements which is as of August 28, 1996, contains an explanatory paragraph
that states that the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations an
has a net capital deficiency that raise substantial doubt about its ability to
continue as a going concern. The financial statements as of and for the year
ended December 31, 1995 do not include any adjustment that might result from the
outcome of that uncertainty.
KPMG Peat Marwick LLP
San Jose California
October 13, 1997
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