ASK AN EXPERT

Got a question about a health story in the news or a health topic? Here's your chance to get an answer. Send us your questions about general health topics, diet and fitness and mental health. If your question is chosen, it could be featured on CNN.com's health page with an answer from one of our health experts, or by a participant in the CNNhealth community.

Name*Location*Email*Question*

* CNN encourages you to contribute a question. By submitting a question, you agree to the following terms found below.

Select a topic? (optional)

You may not post any unlawful, threatening, libelous, defamatory, obscene, pornographic or other material that would violate the law. By submitting your question, you hereby give CNN the right, but not the obligation, to post, air, edit, exhibit, telecast, cablecast, webcast, re-use, publish, reproduce, use, license, print, distribute or otherwise use your questions(s) and accompanying personal identifying and other information you provide via all forms of media now known or hereafter devised, worldwide, in perpetuity. CNN Privacy Statment.

Thank you for your question!

It will be reviewed and considered for posting on CNNHealth.com. Questions and comments are moderated by CNN and will not appear until after they have been reviewed and approved. Unfortunately, because of the voume of questions we receive, not all can be posted.

Expert Q&A

Are bipolar disorder and schizophrenia very similar?

Asked by Tony Felts, Helmetta, New Jersey

Are the psychoses of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia very similar? How do you tell psychotic bipolar disorder apart from schizophrenia with mood disorder? How similar are the two diseases considering that the same medicines (anti-psychotics) are beneficial to both?

Expert answer

The issues you raise, Tony, are so interesting that I am going to devote this week and next week's answer to addressing them. And apologies in advance for using a little more academic language than I normally do.

Modern psychiatry is built around diagnosing psychiatric disorders based on three primary factors: clustering of symptoms, course of symptoms over time and degree of life impairment that results from these symptoms.

Think for a moment about how different this approach is from the way most medical disorders are diagnosed and treated these days. Let's say you develop crushing chest pain and shortness of breath. You go to the ER. Do they make a diagnosis of heart attack (myocardial infarction, or MI) based on your symptoms?

No, they order a blood test that will show whether heart muscle is dying. And they get an electrocardiogram, to measure electrical activity in the heart, which changes in very specific ways in the context of an MI. If these tests are positive, you are admitted and rushed off for other tests and interventions. If the tests are negative, you are told that you are probably having an anxiety problem and referred to a psychiatrist.

We have no blood tests in psychiatry, nothing like an electrocardiogram. All we have are symptoms we can watch over time. In this way, we are in a situation not so different from doctors in other fields of medicine 100 years ago, before organs such as the heart and lungs began yielding their secrets to technology.

I say all this as a prelude to addressing your first question about how similar schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are, and if they are similar, how they can be told apart. It turns out that this question is where modern psychiatry began.

In the 19th century, psychosis was considered to be a single condition characterized by various symptoms consistent with a person being disconnected from reality. It took a gentleman named Emil Kraepelin -- who is often considered the father of biological psychiatry -- to notice around the turn of the 20th century that although psychotic states looked similar to one another, people with psychosis seemed to follow one of two long-term disease courses.

One group of people developed psychosis early in life and had a progressive decline in their ability to think and function that was unremitting and terrible. Reflecting the degeneration that accompanied this state, Kraepelin called this condition "dementia praecox." Today we call this schizophrenia.

Another group of people who developed psychotic symptoms tended to do so a little later in life. Rather than showing a constant decline, these people circulated in and out of madness, and they were always either depressed or elated when they lost touch with reality. To this condition, Kraeplin give the name manic depression -- a term that although still in use, has been supplanted by the category of "bipolar disorder" in official psychiatric nomenclature.

So notice that the essence of the distinction between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has nothing to do with the type of psychotic symptoms that a patient demonstrates, but rather with the course of the symptoms over time.

This insight got lost for half a century when psychoanalysis reigned supreme, but made a strong comeback in the 1960s and 1970s with the advent of new scientific techniques for studying the brain, and more importantly, the availability for the first time of medications that had profound effects on psychosis and mood disorders.

Especially relevant to the distinction between schizophrenia and manic depression was the discovery that lithium was often a miracle drug for people with bipolar disorder but was generally of little use in schizophrenics. This pharmacological truth seemed to powerfully validate Kraepelin's ideas. From the marriage of Kraepelin, new scientific techniques and new medications was born the modern psychiatric diagnostic guidelines that can be found in the DSM-IV.

So that's a little history. Next week I'll turn to the task of answering your questions directly. But by way of preview I can tell you that the certainties that launched modern diagnostic psychiatry have mostly vanished, and continue to fade with each new scientific discovery. So the short answer to your questions is that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are increasingly looking more similar than separate.

Leave Your Answer

Name:(required)

Location:(required)

Comments are moderated by CNN, in accordance with the CNN Comment Policy below, and may not appear on this blog until they have been reviewed and deemed appropriate for posting. Also, due to the volume of comments we receive, not all comments will be posted.

CNN Comment Policy: CNN encourages you to add a comment to this discussion. You may not post any unlawful, threatening, defamatory, obscene, pornographic or other material that would violate the law. All comments should be relevant to the topic and remain respectful of other authors and commenters. You are solely responsible for your own comments, the consequences of posting those comments, and the consequences of any reliance by you on the comments of others. By submitting your comment, you hereby give CNN the right, but not the obligation, to post, air, edit, exhibit, telecast, cablecast, webcast, re-use, publish, reproduce, use, license, print, distribute or otherwise use your comment(s) and accompanying personal identifying and other information you provide via all forms of media now known or hereafter devised, worldwide, in perpetuity. CNN Privacy Statement.

The information contained on this page does not and is not intended to convey medical advice. CNN is not responsible for any actions or inaction on your part based on the information that is presented here. Please consult a physician or medical professional for personal medical advice or treatment.