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Penerjemah Onlen Inggris-Indonesia

13 January 2008

Sample Biological Translation - English to Indonesian

English Source TextRespiratory Systems and Gas BladderThe basic requirement of a respiratory organ is a surface through which gas exchange between blood and the external water or air can take place by diffusion. The surface must remain moist to let the cells live, must he large enough to permit sufficient gas flow, and must be thin enough to allow adequately rapid diffusion. Since the rate of diffusion also depends on the difference in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration across the membrane, there is great advantage to perfusing the respiratory organ with blood that is relatively high in carbon dioxide content and low in oxygen. Similarly, there should be a rapid exchange of water or air on the other side of the membrane. The circulatory system controls the flow of blood, and the muscular and skeletal systems control the flow of water or air, often in conjunction with respiratory ducts.The principal respiratory organs of postembryonic vertebrates are gills and lungs, although the skin and several other structures are sometimes also adapted for respiration. Gas bladders are probably homologous with lungs. Gills and lungs are related only by the serial homology of embryonic primordia; they relate to virtually different systems.The rather complicated structure of gills and lungs is distinctive at class and sometimes at subclass levels. At lesser taxonomic levels there is considerable variation, some of which is adaptive and some apparently riot. Particular interest and some remaining problems centre on the evolution of respiratory organs during the transition to terrestrial life.

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