Using only a circle and straight lines, it's possible to create various aesthetic curves that combine both art and mathematics. The geometry behind the concentric circle, ellipse, and cardioid dates back centuries and is easily found in the world around us. From an archery target to an apple, can you name these geometric shapes?

You will by the end of this step-by-step tutorial, and you'll also be ready to try your hand at some geometric art yourself, which you could then spin into op art or string art. To create the curve examples that follow, I used a pencil, ruler, and protractor to mark off degrees and keep things exact. If you want, you could even use the free computer program GeoGebra to draw concentric circles, ellipses, and cardioids.

Option 1. Making Concentric Circles

Concentric circles are circles that share a midpoint, such as an archery target or a dartboard. The circles, though different size, all have the same bullseye. Regular polygons, regular polyhedra, and spheres can also be described as concentric as they all share the same center. In fact, in our first example below, we create a concentric circle by drawing polygons:

Step 1: Mark a Circle at Even Intervals

This circle is marked every 10 degrees, so 36 marks total:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 2: Connect One Mark to Another

The number of marks skipped will determine the size of the concentric circle created. I chose to skip eight:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 3: Create Lines All the Way Around the Circle

Take the next mark and connect it to the mark ahead of the one you connected the previous one to. Continue doing this.

Based on your first mark, take the next mark and connect it to the mark ahead of the one you connected the previous one to, then continue doing this:

The resultant polygon has the same number of sides as there were marks on the original circle:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

You can then use the inside circle as a starting point for creating another circle:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

These concentric circle designs are really creating star polygons, as discussed in the posts on creating star designs on pumpkins and creating torus knots. In the image below, using GeoGebra (Classic), I took a circle with 30 marks and connected them in a design with six pentagrams. This works because 30 / 5 = 6:

Option 2. Making Ellipses

Like the Earth's orbit around the Sun, an ellipse is a "closed curved shape that is flat" and best described as an oval. This squashed circle has two focal points, where "the sum of the distances to the foci is constant for every point on the curve."

Step 1: Mark Off a Circle by Degrees

There are lots of ways to create ellipses, but this one is pretty fun. Start with a circle with a number of evenly spaced marks; I again chose 10 degrees. I then connected two of the marks that were 180 degrees apart, halving the circle. This line will become the major axis:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 2: Choose a Point on the Major Axis

Mark a point on your major axis. Making this point further from the center of the circle makes the ellipse longer and narrower.

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 3: Draw a Line from the Focal Point

Make a right angle on one of the marks on the circle so that one of the sides of the angle goes through the focus. Connect the line from the mark to where it intersects the circle. Continue this process for all of the marks on the circle:

Halfway done; the resolution increases as it gets further from the focus:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

And here is the completed ellipse. Note you could improve the resolution near the focus by repeating the process using the focus on the other side:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

From the ellipse, I went a step further and intersected two ellipses at right angles. The result was the following heart shape, a design that brought me to mind the curve in mathematics that is known for its heart-like shape, the cardioid, which will cover next.

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Option 3. Making Cardioids

A cardioid is formed by a rolling circle's path across the circumference of another circle, all the while keeping its radius the same. The term, first used in 1741 by Giovanni de Castillon (in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1741), originates from the Greek word for "heart." An everyday object that holds a true cardioid shape? An apple.

Step 1: Mark a Circle's Circumference Evenly

To create a cardioid, start with a circle with a number of evenly spaced marks; I chose every 10 degrees on this one yet again:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 2: Skip Ahead by Two Marks

Starting with any one mark, connect a line from it to a mark that is two marks away:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 3: Count by Ones & Twos

Take the next mark after your starting point and connect it to the mark that is two beyond the ending point of the last mark.

Take the next mark after your starting point and connect it to the mark that is two beyond the ending point of the last mark. Repeat. You are basically counting by ones on the starting points, and by twos on the ending points. Keep going and you'll begin to see the curve take shape:

You can follow this same process only by counting by threes on the ending marks or fours and you will get more sharp points. If you skip less often, you will get a more gradual spiral. The curve below was generated by counting by twos only every 4th time.

Option 4. Combine Curves & Create a Heart

Inspired, I decided to try and design a curve that looks more like a heart by combining linear sections, concentric circle sections, and cardioid sections. I think the final design looks pretty good. What do you think?

Step 1: Mark a Circle into Fours

To start, you again mark a circle evenly. I chose once more 36 marks. I also made the marks at 90 degree intervals more visible; these will be important markers:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 2: Form the Heart's Point

From the bottom, draw a line between two of the marks at 90-degree intervals. This will become part of the pointy end of the heart:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 3: Draw Lines for a Concentric Circle

Connect the next marks as if you were making the concentric circle design. Stop when you get to the line that connects to the point 180 degrees from the starting point. You could do the same on the other side. You might not want to do this until you are completely done.

Step 4: Repeat Process on Other Side

Though we go ahead and complete the concentric-circle design for the opposite side, you can choose to wait until you are completely done with one half in order to keep all the lines/marks straight:

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 5: Add a Cardioid Section

Next, you will add a cardioid section, starting at the 90-degree mark right of the heart's "point." From here, connect marks by counting by ones for the starting point of the lines, and by counting by twos for the ending points:

Keep going: When you reach the halfway point you should have a line that connects marks that are 180 degrees apart. Images by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Step 6: Repeat on Other Side

With the cardioid section applied to only half of the circle, you can already see the heart forming. To finish the "kardioedides," simply repeat the steps for the left side, and your heart is complete!

Image by Cory Poole/WonderHowTo

Cool, right? Finally, from this exercise, I took on one more challenge: Using a computer program, I attempted to create the same heart design using 59 marks instead of 36. I then colored it in:

The ideas are pretty fluid when it comes to curves. Now that you're familiar with the basic mathematical curves of the concentric circle, ellipse, and cardioid, you, too, can try your own design ideas. As we've found, with a simple circle and straight lines (and some math logic), you can create any number of geometric shapes and combinations. What does your eye see?

12 Comments

An easier way to describe the cardioid is that you number your points from one to n. With 36 points, number them clockwise from 1 to 36. Then, connect each number to its double. 1 goes to 2, 2 goes to 4, etc. 19 would go to 38 which doesn't exist. Think of the circle as a clock with 36 hours. 38 o'clock would be like 14 o'clock on our system - it would be 2 o'clock. So, connect 19 to 2, 20 to 4, etc to complete the cardioid. You can, of course, multiply by 3 or 4 for different results. Antiprism.com has the results of the times 2, times 3, and a lot more very nice 2D string formulas.

Thanks. You are probably correct on that being an easier way to describe it. Also your string art is very beautiful. If I was still running this blog I would definitely ask to share your work with everyone. :)

I'm an art teacher and I'm trying to help a student figure out how to draw this. The simpler designs I have mastered but this is beyond my skill set. Has anyone done it? Can/would you provide a step-by-step?

Hello my fellow parabolic art lovers,,, I have been looking for other people that draw this stuff for about 25 years and tonight I found you... I have my art at this website http://www.artwanted.com/bubbabiscuits

but I will soon add mine to this site as well. It is great to see all of your art on here. Awesome...