A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.
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Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the previous block's hash would otherwise not be known. Each block is also computationally impractical to modify once it has been in the chain for a while because every block after it would also have to be regenerated. These properties are what make double-spending of bitcoins very difficult. The block chain is the main innovation of Bitcoin.
Honest generators only build onto a block (by referencing it in blocks they create) if it is the latest block in the longest valid chain. "Length" is calculated as total combined difficulty of that chain, not number of blocks, though this distinction is only important in the context of a few potential attacks. A chain is valid if all of the blocks and transactions within it are valid, and only if it starts with the genesis block.
For any block on the chain, there is only one path to the genesis block. Coming from the genesis block, however, there can be forks. One-block forks are created from time to time when two blocks are created just a few seconds apart. When that happens, generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first. Whichever block ends up being included in the next block becomes part of the main chain because that chain is longer. More serious forks have occurred after fixing bugs that required backward-incompatible changes.
Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.
These blocks on the shorter chains are often called "orphan" blocks. This is because the generation transactions do not have a parent block in the longest chain, so these generation transactions show up as orphan in the listtransactions RPC call. Several pools have misinterpreted these messages and started calling their blocks "orphans". In reality, these blocks have a parent block, and might even have children.
Because a block can only reference one previous block, it is impossible for two forked chains to merge.
• How do Bitcoin Transactions Work? http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-do-bitcoin-transactions-work/
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BlockchainSatoshi NakamotoDigital currency

published:23 Jun 2015

views:353609

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here to help, demystifying this world-changing, trust-building technology which, he says, represents nothing less than the second generation of the internet and holds the potential to transform money, business, government and society.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

Short video slide about the convergence of The Internet of Things(IoT) and the blockchain.
Produced by: http://complexitylabs.io/courses
Twitter: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
Facebook: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
LinkedIn: https://goo.gl/3v1vwF
Transcription:
The internet is evolving into a new technology paradigm based around smart systems, the blockchain, platforms, and IoT
in the coming years, these technologies will interact and converge in new and unpredictable ways
The convergence of IoT and blockchain will be a major part of this evolution, enabling new automated service systems and business models...
but many unresolved issues remain
IOTInternet of Things is the merging of our engineered physical environment with information systems to create smart adaptive objects and environments...
it is a fast-growing, increasingly complex network of connected physical systems that are able to process information and communicate peer to peer in order to enable common services.
These devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous ranging from autonomous vehicles to sensors monitoring industrial processes, to smart homes and smart cities.
IoT is growing rapidly, according to Gartner the global IoT network will connect 26 billion devices by 2020.
The development of an IOT infrastructure to our economies will probably be the greatest engineering challenge of our time...
dealing with the sheer amount of data due to come on-stream and security are primary concerns...
before mainstream Internet-of-Things adoption can really take hold in a safe and sustainable fashion, these, among other issues, will need to be resolved.
Blockchain
The blockchain is a secure distributed database for recording transactions...
millions of computers networked to create a distributed database for recording and authenticating exchanges of value.
With the blockchain, value of any kind can be exchanged directly peer to peer without a centralized authority to record and validate the transaction.
The blockchain can provide an automated and secure transaction infrastructure for next generation IoT systems...
in its capacity to track billions of connected devices and enable the frictionless processing of transactions and coordination between devices.
This decentralized approach would eliminate single points of failure, bottlenecks and potentially make data and transactions more secure....
creating a more resilient ecosystem for devices to run on.
Likewise, it would automate transactions, enabling fully autonomous service systems; reduce cost and reduce settlement time from days to seconds
One example of an IoT Blockchain system is Slock, a door lock that is connected to a smart contract on the blockchain that controls when and who can open the lock.
“The owner of a Slock can set a deposit amount and a price for renting his property, and the user will pay that deposit through a transaction to the Ethereum blockchain, thereby getting permission to open and close that smart lock through their smart phone.” - Christoph Jentzsch
Such technology bridges the blockchain and the physical world by making automated smart contracts, thus enabling the frictionless and automated temporary exchange of assets such as bikes, parking lots or rooms.
"Smart contracts, a feature of “Bitcoin2.0” technologies such as Ethereum, could soon operate on the Internet of Things (IoT), control objects in the physical world, and power a new decentralized version of the sharing economy, for example sharing services similar to Uber and Airbnb that operate in pure P2P mode without centralized management." - Bitcoin MagazineLeveraging blockchain for IoT offers new ways to automate business processes and build distributed autonomous service systems...
"The true value of the underlying technology -- the blockchain -- has only just begun to be explored, and potential applications to the Internet of Things and Smart Systems are vast."

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to meet these challenges.
Security issues are paramount. Blockchain systems are open source, have large attack surfaces, and can cause significant financial damage if they have exploitable defects. Performance and scalability are also major concerns.
C++ provides a unique balance that helps meet these challenges. The language's design makes it possible to catch bugs at compile time, write modular code that can be tested, develop flexible data structures and manage resources. Yet, where performance is critical, it does not obscure what your code is making the computer actually do.
EVENT: CppCon 2016 (http://CppCon.org)
SPEAKER: David Schwartz
PERMISSIONS: Event organizer provided Coding Tech with the permission to republish this video.
ORIGINAL SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4jq4frE5v4&t=1s

published:23 Nov 2017

views:89369

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Bettina Warburg describes how the blockchain will eliminate the need for centralized institutions like banks or governments to facilitate trade, evolving age-old models of commerce and finance into something far more interesting: a distributed, transparent, autonomous system for exchanging value.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

published:08 Dec 2016

views:1143265

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your digital information may sound silly, but it’s actually a revolution in distributed computing. And one day, systems like Bitcoin could be the future of all secure digital transactions. Read more: http://bit.ly/29jiJ3B

published:06 Jul 2016

views:94368

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack of technology. Humanity put a man on the moon in 1969--why are we still voting on paper? Going digital isn't just a matter of convenience, but one of accountability—citizens the world over are increasingly losing trust in the democratic system, from miscounted votes, to denying eligible people the right to vote at all. So just how much can we digitize the act of voting? Perhaps blockchain—a public ledger technology where information is irreversibly recorded—can build a better system. Here, Internet pioneerBrian Behlendorf considers two aspects where blockchain can help, and one where it absolutely can't. Better tech can end voter discrimination at polling stations, and falsely reported totals at the state and national levels, but will we ever be able to vote on our mobile devices from the comfort of a blanket fort? Don't get your hopes up. Brian Behlendorf is the executive director of Hyperledger; for more info, visit http://www.hyperledger.org.
Read more at BigThink.com: http://bigthink.com/videos/brian-behlendorf-can-blockchain-build-a-better-voting-system
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Transcript: Many people have asked: can blockchain technology help provide answers to challenges that typically have suffered from lack of technology, or that has suffered from poor technology applications. One of those being the way that voting works in the United States. I think of this in three distinct phases. There’s the phase before voting where keeping track of who is registered to vote and where they’re allowed to vote, it’s been harder than it should have been. We have a lot of examples of people showing up at polling places and being denied the right to vote and it seems like paperwork goes missing and people get removed from voting roles, that sort of thing. A public ledger that tracked who was registered to vote where and allowed people to look at that from their home machine and then confirm that when they showed up at the poll, would do a lot to reestablish trust in the process of registering to vote and validating that everybody who is entitled to vote is able to do that, providing an independent verification of that.
There’s a second phase I’ll get to in a bit, but there’s a third phase, which is after the vote, when you’re taking the totals that come from a polling place, that come from vote by mail for example in Oregon. We have to kind of trust that the system works. We have to hope that everything is counted correctly at the local level and then it’s totaled up correctly at the state level and then reported nationally et cetera. And we’re fortunately at a point where the basis of that trust hasn’t been violated yet, but in many countries it is. In many countries there’s not a lot of confidence that the total from a polling place is accurately summed up. So using a distributed ledger not to track the individual votes but to track the totals from each of the polling places would be a way to allow the public to understand: 'Okay the local polling place I went and voted at is reporting a thousand votes, 500 for candidate X, 500 for candidate Y, that seems about right. I don’t know if my vote specifically counted, but I know that at least the polling place I was at counted appropriately and they didn’t try to pretend they were 100,000 votes.' So at the beginning of that process and the tail end of that process using a public distributed ledger to record that makes a lot of sense.
But in the middle, the actual act of walking into a booth and registering a vote, or a lot of people want to do voting by mobile device or by computer; I’m very worried about the digitization of that. Our computers fail us all the time and malware and other threats could really step in and make it so that I think I’m voting for one candidate but it gets recorded for another. And we have to think, in the United States, we care quite a bit about the confidentiality of our vote even to the point where I get no receipt, I can’t go to a bar and prove that I voted for somebody and get a discount for it—that would be considered bribery. So we can’t simply come up with a system that puts all the original votes into a public ledger and provides proof that somebody voted a certain way or that becomes a corruptive process. So I think we still need voter-verified paper ballots as a path to auditing, but with the registration at the beginning and the summing at the end conducted by a public ledger I think we would do a tremendous amount to reestablish confidence in the voting system.

published:05 Jan 2018

views:13233

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentralized network must come to an agreement on what is the truth. For bitcoin, all nodes must agree on the transaction history. In a centralized system, all the participants trust that the authority will behave honestly and share the truth with the rest of the members. Since only the trusted party has the power to modify the data, it is straightforward to achieve consensus. Everyone simply accepts and believes what the central authority says. For example, you simply trust your bank will put the correct balance for your account whenever you send and receive money. However, in a decentralized network, there is no central authority and each node does not trust any other nodes. The challenge is how can all the nodes agree on what is the correct state of the shared data? In other words, how can they all achieve consensus with mutual distrust? In computer science, this is known as the Byzantine Generals’ problem, which was originally presented in 1982.
The Byzantine Generals’ problem is a description of consensus problems in computer networks. More specifically, how can distributed computer systems handle malfunctioning parts that give conflicting information to different parts of the system? This problem is abstractly described as a group of generals of the Byzantine army camped with their troops surrounding an enemy city. The generals must agree upon a common battle plan and they can only communicate with each other using messengers. However, one or more of the generals may be traitors who will try to confuse the others. The problem is to find an algorithm that ensures the loyal generals will all reach an agreement on the battle plan regardless of what the traitors do.
In the case of bitcoin, each general could be thought of as a node in the network and all the honest nodes must agree on what is the true history of transactions. A malicious node can send conflicting transactions to different parts of the network. For example, Bob is a traitor and he sends a transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Alice to one part of the network while sending another transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll to other parts of the network. Let’s assume that Bob only has 10 bitcoins in total, so he is trying to double spend his bitcoins. So what algorithm can be used in the bitcoin network to ensure all the honest nodes recognize Bob sent 10 bitcoins to Alice but reject that he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll?
Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm to ensure all the honest nodes reach a consensus on the true history of transactions. The PoW algorithm concept was first developed in the early 90s to prevent email spamming. It required computers that want to send an email to do some computation work which took some time to complete before sending out the email. This reduced the amount of spam an email server could get in a given period of time. In bitcoin, PoW is used to govern the mechanics of how a new block is added to the blockchain. In the previous lesson, we learned that blockchain is append-only and once a block is added, it cannot be modified. Therefore, we need to ensure that all the honest nodes in the system will add the exact same block to their local copy of the blockchain to achieve consensus.
So how does PoW achieve this? First, let’s imagine that all the nodes in the network are allowed to create a new block at anytime instantly. If this were the case, the network would get flooded with too many new blocks, and no one would be able to agree on which of the new blocks should be added to the blockchain.
However, in reality, in order for a node to create a new block and broadcast that to the other nodes, it must do some computation work. The computation work is quite intensive and for bitcoin it takes roughly 10 minutes on average for any node to complete. Once a node completes this work, it broadcasts the block to other nodes who verify it. Therefore, all the nodes in the network that want to create a new block must race against each other to be the first one to complete this computation and broadcast their block. This way all the other honest nodes will receive the new block and verify that the proof of work was valid and the transactions inside the block are also correct and then add the block to their local copy of the blockchain.
To read more, visit us at https://blockgeeks.com/

published:31 Jan 2018

views:277

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After incubating through millions of Bitcoin transactions and a host of developer projects, it is now on the tips of tongues of CEOs and CTOs, startup entrepreneurs, and even governance activists. Though these stakeholders are beginning to understand the disruptive potential of blockchain technology and are experimenting with its most promising applications, few have asked a more fundamental question: What will a world driven by blockchains look like a decade from now?
Learn more: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab
Contact us: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab/contact

published:18 Apr 2016

views:1544241

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-data performance levels, a querying system, and a permissioning system that supports public and private versions. It's complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like IPFS. BigchainDB is written in Python.
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.
The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decentralized control, immutability, and creation & movement of digital assets. BigchainDB inherits characteristics of modern distributed databases: linear scaling in throughput and capacity with the number of nodes, a full-featured NoSQL query language, efficient querying, and permissioning. Being built on an existing distributed DB, it also inherits enterprise-hardened code for most of its codebase.
Scalable capacity means that legally binding con- tracts and certificates may be stored directly on the blockchain database. The permissioning system enables configurations ranging from private enterprise blockchain databases to open, public blockchain databases. BigchainDB is complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
This talk describes technology perspectives that led to the BigchainDB design: traditional blockchains, distributed databases, and a case study of the domain name system (DNS). We introduce a concept called blockchain pipelining, which is key to scalability when adding blockchainlike characteristics to the distributed DB. We present a thorough description of BigchainDB, a detailed analysis of latency, and experimental results. The talk concludes with a description of use cases.
Slides: https://github.com/bigchaindb/bigchaindb

Bitcoins are created as a reward for payment processing work in which users offer their computing power to verify and record payments into a public ledger. This activity is called mining and miners are rewarded with transaction fees and newly created bitcoins. Besides being obtained by mining, bitcoins can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services. Users can send and receive bitcoins for an optional transaction fee.

Behlendorf, raised in Southern California, became interested in the early development of the Internet while he was a student at the University of California, Berkeley in the early 1990s. One of his first projects was an electronic mailing list and online music resource, SFRaves, which a friend persuaded him to start in 1992.
Behlendorf was an early participant and the chief technology guru for the Burning Man festival, and also founded a large online resource devoted to electronic music and related subcultures.

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.

Payment system

A payment system is any system used to settle financial transactions through the transfer of monetary value, and includes the institutions, instruments, people, rules, procedures, standards, and technologies that make such an exchange possible. A common type of payment system is the operational network that links bank accounts and provides for monetary exchange using bank deposits.

The Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology Explained

A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.
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Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the previous block's hash would otherwise not be known. Each block is also computationally impractical to modify once it has been in the chain for a while because every block after it would also have to be regenerated. These properties are what make double-spending of bitcoins very difficult. The block chain is the main innovation of Bitcoin.
Honest generators only build onto a block (by referencing it in blocks they create) if it is the latest block in the longest valid chain. "Length" is calculated as total combined difficulty of that chain, not number of blocks, though this distinction is only important in the context of a few potential attacks. A chain is valid if all of the blocks and transactions within it are valid, and only if it starts with the genesis block.
For any block on the chain, there is only one path to the genesis block. Coming from the genesis block, however, there can be forks. One-block forks are created from time to time when two blocks are created just a few seconds apart. When that happens, generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first. Whichever block ends up being included in the next block becomes part of the main chain because that chain is longer. More serious forks have occurred after fixing bugs that required backward-incompatible changes.
Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.
These blocks on the shorter chains are often called "orphan" blocks. This is because the generation transactions do not have a parent block in the longest chain, so these generation transactions show up as orphan in the listtransactions RPC call. Several pools have misinterpreted these messages and started calling their blocks "orphans". In reality, these blocks have a parent block, and might even have children.
Because a block can only reference one previous block, it is impossible for two forked chains to merge.
• How do Bitcoin Transactions Work? http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-do-bitcoin-transactions-work/
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BlockchainSatoshi NakamotoDigital currency

18:50

How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here to help, demystifying this world-changing, trust-building technology which, he says, represents nothing less than the second generation of the internet and holds the potential to transform money, business, government and society.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

IoT Blockchain Convergence

Short video slide about the convergence of The Internet of Things(IoT) and the blockchain.
Produced by: http://complexitylabs.io/courses
Twitter: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
Facebook: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
LinkedIn: https://goo.gl/3v1vwF
Transcription:
The internet is evolving into a new technology paradigm based around smart systems, the blockchain, platforms, and IoT
in the coming years, these technologies will interact and converge in new and unpredictable ways
The convergence of IoT and blockchain will be a major part of this evolution, enabling new automated service systems and business models...
but many unresolved issues remain
IOTInternet of Things is the merging of our engineered physical environment with information systems to create smart adaptive objects and environments...
it is a fast-growing, increasingly complex network of connected physical systems that are able to process information and communicate peer to peer in order to enable common services.
These devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous ranging from autonomous vehicles to sensors monitoring industrial processes, to smart homes and smart cities.
IoT is growing rapidly, according to Gartner the global IoT network will connect 26 billion devices by 2020.
The development of an IOT infrastructure to our economies will probably be the greatest engineering challenge of our time...
dealing with the sheer amount of data due to come on-stream and security are primary concerns...
before mainstream Internet-of-Things adoption can really take hold in a safe and sustainable fashion, these, among other issues, will need to be resolved.
Blockchain
The blockchain is a secure distributed database for recording transactions...
millions of computers networked to create a distributed database for recording and authenticating exchanges of value.
With the blockchain, value of any kind can be exchanged directly peer to peer without a centralized authority to record and validate the transaction.
The blockchain can provide an automated and secure transaction infrastructure for next generation IoT systems...
in its capacity to track billions of connected devices and enable the frictionless processing of transactions and coordination between devices.
This decentralized approach would eliminate single points of failure, bottlenecks and potentially make data and transactions more secure....
creating a more resilient ecosystem for devices to run on.
Likewise, it would automate transactions, enabling fully autonomous service systems; reduce cost and reduce settlement time from days to seconds
One example of an IoT Blockchain system is Slock, a door lock that is connected to a smart contract on the blockchain that controls when and who can open the lock.
“The owner of a Slock can set a deposit amount and a price for renting his property, and the user will pay that deposit through a transaction to the Ethereum blockchain, thereby getting permission to open and close that smart lock through their smart phone.” - Christoph Jentzsch
Such technology bridges the blockchain and the physical world by making automated smart contracts, thus enabling the frictionless and automated temporary exchange of assets such as bikes, parking lots or rooms.
"Smart contracts, a feature of “Bitcoin2.0” technologies such as Ethereum, could soon operate on the Internet of Things (IoT), control objects in the physical world, and power a new decentralized version of the sharing economy, for example sharing services similar to Uber and Airbnb that operate in pure P2P mode without centralized management." - Bitcoin MagazineLeveraging blockchain for IoT offers new ways to automate business processes and build distributed autonomous service systems...
"The true value of the underlying technology -- the blockchain -- has only just begun to be explored, and potential applications to the Internet of Things and Smart Systems are vast."

Developing Blockchain Software

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to meet these challenges.
Security issues are paramount. Blockchain systems are open source, have large attack surfaces, and can cause significant financial damage if they have exploitable defects. Performance and scalability are also major concerns.
C++ provides a unique balance that helps meet these challenges. The language's design makes it possible to catch bugs at compile time, write modular code that can be tested, develop flexible data structures and manage resources. Yet, where performance is critical, it does not obscure what your code is making the computer actually do.
EVENT: CppCon 2016 (http://CppCon.org)
SPEAKER: David Schwartz
PERMISSIONS: Event organizer provided Coding Tech with the permission to republish this video.
ORIGINAL SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4jq4frE5v4&t=1s

14:58

How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Bettina Warburg describes how the blockchain will eliminate the need for centralized institutions like banks or governments to facilitate trade, evolving age-old models of commerce and finance into something far more interesting: a distributed, transparent, autonomous system for exchanging value.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

3:41

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your digital information may sound silly, but it’s actually a revolution in distributed computing. And one day, systems like Bitcoin could be the future of all secure digital transactions. Read more: http://bit.ly/29jiJ3B

3:21

Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack of technology. Humanity put a man on the moon in 1969--why are we still voting on paper? Going digital isn't just a matter of convenience, but one of accountability—citizens the world over are increasingly losing trust in the democratic system, from miscounted votes, to denying eligible people the right to vote at all. So just how much can we digitize the act of voting? Perhaps blockchain—a public ledger technology where information is irreversibly recorded—can build a better system. Here, Internet pioneerBrian Behlendorf considers two aspects where blockchain can help, and one where it absolutely can't. Better tech can end voter discrimination at polling stations, and falsely reported totals at the state and national levels, but will we ever be able to vote on our mobile devices from the comfort of a blanket fort? Don't get your hopes up. Brian Behlendorf is the executive director of Hyperledger; for more info, visit http://www.hyperledger.org.
Read more at BigThink.com: http://bigthink.com/videos/brian-behlendorf-can-blockchain-build-a-better-voting-system
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Transcript: Many people have asked: can blockchain technology help provide answers to challenges that typically have suffered from lack of technology, or that has suffered from poor technology applications. One of those being the way that voting works in the United States. I think of this in three distinct phases. There’s the phase before voting where keeping track of who is registered to vote and where they’re allowed to vote, it’s been harder than it should have been. We have a lot of examples of people showing up at polling places and being denied the right to vote and it seems like paperwork goes missing and people get removed from voting roles, that sort of thing. A public ledger that tracked who was registered to vote where and allowed people to look at that from their home machine and then confirm that when they showed up at the poll, would do a lot to reestablish trust in the process of registering to vote and validating that everybody who is entitled to vote is able to do that, providing an independent verification of that.
There’s a second phase I’ll get to in a bit, but there’s a third phase, which is after the vote, when you’re taking the totals that come from a polling place, that come from vote by mail for example in Oregon. We have to kind of trust that the system works. We have to hope that everything is counted correctly at the local level and then it’s totaled up correctly at the state level and then reported nationally et cetera. And we’re fortunately at a point where the basis of that trust hasn’t been violated yet, but in many countries it is. In many countries there’s not a lot of confidence that the total from a polling place is accurately summed up. So using a distributed ledger not to track the individual votes but to track the totals from each of the polling places would be a way to allow the public to understand: 'Okay the local polling place I went and voted at is reporting a thousand votes, 500 for candidate X, 500 for candidate Y, that seems about right. I don’t know if my vote specifically counted, but I know that at least the polling place I was at counted appropriately and they didn’t try to pretend they were 100,000 votes.' So at the beginning of that process and the tail end of that process using a public distributed ledger to record that makes a lot of sense.
But in the middle, the actual act of walking into a booth and registering a vote, or a lot of people want to do voting by mobile device or by computer; I’m very worried about the digitization of that. Our computers fail us all the time and malware and other threats could really step in and make it so that I think I’m voting for one candidate but it gets recorded for another. And we have to think, in the United States, we care quite a bit about the confidentiality of our vote even to the point where I get no receipt, I can’t go to a bar and prove that I voted for somebody and get a discount for it—that would be considered bribery. So we can’t simply come up with a system that puts all the original votes into a public ledger and provides proof that somebody voted a certain way or that becomes a corruptive process. So I think we still need voter-verified paper ballots as a path to auditing, but with the registration at the beginning and the summing at the end conducted by a public ledger I think we would do a tremendous amount to reestablish confidence in the voting system.

8:03

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentralized network must come to an agreement on what is the truth. For bitcoin, all nodes must agree on the transaction history. In a centralized system, all the participants trust that the authority will behave honestly and share the truth with the rest of the members. Since only the trusted party has the power to modify the data, it is straightforward to achieve consensus. Everyone simply accepts and believes what the central authority says. For example, you simply trust your bank will put the correct balance for your account whenever you send and receive money. However, in a decentralized network, there is no central authority and each node does not trust any other nodes. The challenge is how can all the nodes agree on what is the correct state of the shared data? In other words, how can they all achieve consensus with mutual distrust? In computer science, this is known as the Byzantine Generals’ problem, which was originally presented in 1982.
The Byzantine Generals’ problem is a description of consensus problems in computer networks. More specifically, how can distributed computer systems handle malfunctioning parts that give conflicting information to different parts of the system? This problem is abstractly described as a group of generals of the Byzantine army camped with their troops surrounding an enemy city. The generals must agree upon a common battle plan and they can only communicate with each other using messengers. However, one or more of the generals may be traitors who will try to confuse the others. The problem is to find an algorithm that ensures the loyal generals will all reach an agreement on the battle plan regardless of what the traitors do.
In the case of bitcoin, each general could be thought of as a node in the network and all the honest nodes must agree on what is the true history of transactions. A malicious node can send conflicting transactions to different parts of the network. For example, Bob is a traitor and he sends a transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Alice to one part of the network while sending another transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll to other parts of the network. Let’s assume that Bob only has 10 bitcoins in total, so he is trying to double spend his bitcoins. So what algorithm can be used in the bitcoin network to ensure all the honest nodes recognize Bob sent 10 bitcoins to Alice but reject that he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll?
Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm to ensure all the honest nodes reach a consensus on the true history of transactions. The PoW algorithm concept was first developed in the early 90s to prevent email spamming. It required computers that want to send an email to do some computation work which took some time to complete before sending out the email. This reduced the amount of spam an email server could get in a given period of time. In bitcoin, PoW is used to govern the mechanics of how a new block is added to the blockchain. In the previous lesson, we learned that blockchain is append-only and once a block is added, it cannot be modified. Therefore, we need to ensure that all the honest nodes in the system will add the exact same block to their local copy of the blockchain to achieve consensus.
So how does PoW achieve this? First, let’s imagine that all the nodes in the network are allowed to create a new block at anytime instantly. If this were the case, the network would get flooded with too many new blocks, and no one would be able to agree on which of the new blocks should be added to the blockchain.
However, in reality, in order for a node to create a new block and broadcast that to the other nodes, it must do some computation work. The computation work is quite intensive and for bitcoin it takes roughly 10 minutes on average for any node to complete. Once a node completes this work, it broadcasts the block to other nodes who verify it. Therefore, all the nodes in the network that want to create a new block must race against each other to be the first one to complete this computation and broadcast their block. This way all the other honest nodes will receive the new block and verify that the proof of work was valid and the transactions inside the block are also correct and then add the block to their local copy of the blockchain.
To read more, visit us at https://blockgeeks.com/

2:26

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After incubating through millions of Bitcoin transactions and a host of developer projects, it is now on the tips of tongues of CEOs and CTOs, startup entrepreneurs, and even governance activists. Though these stakeholders are beginning to understand the disruptive potential of blockchain technology and are experimenting with its most promising applications, few have asked a more fundamental question: What will a world driven by blockchains look like a decade from now?
Learn more: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab
Contact us: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab/contact

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-data performance levels, a querying system, and a permissioning system that supports public and private versions. It's complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like IPFS. BigchainDB is written in Python.
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.
The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decentralized control, immutability, and creation & movement of digital assets. BigchainDB inherits characteristics of modern distributed databases: linear scaling in throughput and capacity with the number of nodes, a full-featured NoSQL query language, efficient querying, and permissioning. Being built on an existing distributed DB, it also inherits enterprise-hardened code for most of its codebase.
Scalable capacity means that legally binding con- tracts and certificates may be stored directly on the blockchain database. The permissioning system enables configurations ranging from private enterprise blockchain databases to open, public blockchain databases. BigchainDB is complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
This talk describes technology perspectives that led to the BigchainDB design: traditional blockchains, distributed databases, and a case study of the domain name system (DNS). We introduce a concept called blockchain pipelining, which is key to scalability when adding blockchainlike characteristics to the distributed DB. We present a thorough description of BigchainDB, a detailed analysis of latency, and experimental results. The talk concludes with a description of use cases.
Slides: https://github.com/bigchaindb/bigchaindb

2:05

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments processing, and explores future use cases.
Read about this topic in more detail on our Financial Institutions Hub: http://financialinstitutions.bakermckenzie.com/

5:50

Forbes - How the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency will change the payment system of the world

Forbes - How the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency will change the payment system of the world

Forbes - How the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency will change the payment system of the world

12:31

It Begins: The Blockchain Beast System Is Here

It Begins: The Blockchain Beast System Is Here

It Begins: The Blockchain Beast System Is Here

The is one of the most important messages i have ever put out. Please share and help get the truth out there! Much Love!
LOOKS LIKE THEY SENT IN THE TROLLS! COMMENTS SHUT DOWN UNTIL THE RACISM AND DEATH THREATS STOP!
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Blockchain Reputation Systems

Blockchain reputation systems have the potential to change how we think about our digital (and real) reputations. What would it mean to have a universal rating tied to our identity? Is it good or bad?
----------------
Music (with permission):
Stendeck - The SilenceAfter This
Stendeck.com

2:20

What Is Blockchain?

What Is Blockchain?

What Is Blockchain?

By using math and cryptography, Blockchain is challenging the status quo in a radical way. Will governments and financial institutions embrace it?

The term 'blockchain' has been increasingly thrown around due to a rise in cryptocurrency popularity. Here is a speedy explanation of what it is and how it works.
The below terms may be useful before watching the video:
Encryption: - The process of converting information or data into a code, mainly to prevent unauthorized access.
HashCode: - A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes.
Centralized System: - A system where decisions for the system goal are made in a central mechanism and transmitted to executive components.
Distributed System: - A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous computers, connected through a network and distribution middleware, which enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/theblockchainguys/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/BlockchainGuys
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theblockchainguys/
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/theblockchainguys/
Get in touch:
info@theblockchainguys.com
theblockchainguys@gmail.com
Don't forget to Like, Share & Subscribe for more.

11:20

Blockchain Demystified | Daniel Gasteiger | TEDxLausanne

Blockchain Demystified | Daniel Gasteiger | TEDxLausanne

Blockchain Demystified | Daniel Gasteiger | TEDxLausanne

A short story on how this new technology is shaping and moving beyond the bitcoin hype. In this talk, Daniel will attempt to reveal the principle behind Blockchain, its potential to defy current systems and why Blockchain is probably the biggest technological invention since the PC in the 1970s and the Internet in the 1990s.
Daniel Gasteiger is an entrepreneur based in Zurich, co-founder of nexussquared. Daniel carries a driving passion to support and further develop the Swiss blockchain ecosystem. He embodies more than 20 years of experience in financial services - starting out as an FX trader at Credit Suisse, he then joined UBS in a variety of roles including until recently, managing the Chairman’s office as a Managing Director. In his recent co-authored whitepaper, “Act Now or FollowLater”, he achieves a remarkable ‘call to action’ by describing why Switzerland must seize the Fintech challenge.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

2:54

For greater flexibility in the electricity grid system - Blockchain technology

For greater flexibility in the electricity grid system - Blockchain technology

For greater flexibility in the electricity grid system - Blockchain technology

As the first transmission system operator, TenneT uses networked, decentralized home storage with the blockchain to stabilize the power grid. Flexible use of battery storage reduces network-stabilizing emergency measures. After a successful pilot phase, the blockchain technology can be further expanded through IBM's open source-based solution. In a second project in the Netherlands, together with Vandebron, TenneT uses the charging of electric vehicles to keep the balance between consumption and production stable.
Both pilot projects are further steps to make the electricity network fit for the future.
TenneT taking power further
www.tennet.eu
www.tennet-virtual-vision.eu

5:05

End to End Verified Voting On A Blockchain | Follow My Vote

End to End Verified Voting On A Blockchain | Follow My Vote

End to End Verified Voting On A Blockchain | Follow My Vote

Nathan Hourt, CTO of Follow My Vote explains how blockchain technology can be used to create a revolutionary end to end verifiable voting system.
Watch the previous video on blockchain technology here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aooDva9ydbE

1:43

3 Reasons to Build with Blockchain

3 Reasons to Build with Blockchain

3 Reasons to Build with Blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed data technology that enables business networks to work together in ways that weren't possible before. Blockchain can help businesses reduce multi-party transaction settlement times to near zero, can reduce overheard, and can reduce risk in tampering and collusion. Instead of working in silos, we can now work peer-to-peer in a business network, all collaborating against a shared ledger. VisitIBM.com/blockchain to learn more about how to get started with Blockchain.
Stay in Touch:
• Subscribe to our YouTube channel: http://ibm.co/1tIahvO
• IBM Systems: http://ibm.co/1ZIfLuh
• Follow us on Twitter: http://ibm.co/1iZGlhi

The Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology Explained

A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
BUYBITCOIN SAFELY HERE:
http://bit.ly/BuyBitcoinNow
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REGISTER FOR A COINBASE ACCOUNT:
http://bit.ly/CoinbaseBitcoinSignup
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each b...

published: 23 Jun 2015

How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here to help, demystifying this world-changing, trust-building technology which, he says, represents nothing less than the second generation of the internet and holds the potential to transform money, business, government and society.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
...

Block chain technology

IoT Blockchain Convergence

Short video slide about the convergence of The Internet of Things(IoT) and the blockchain.
Produced by: http://complexitylabs.io/courses
Twitter: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
Facebook: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
LinkedIn: https://goo.gl/3v1vwF
Transcription:
The internet is evolving into a new technology paradigm based around smart systems, the blockchain, platforms, and IoT
in the coming years, these technologies will interact and converge in new and unpredictable ways
The convergence of IoT and blockchain will be a major part of this evolution, enabling new automated service systems and business models...
but many unresolved issues remain
IOTInternet of Things is the merging of our engineered physical environment with information systems to create smart adaptive objects and environments....

published: 25 Jun 2017

19 Industries The Blockchain Will Disrupt

The blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that underlies cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. It provides a way to record and transfer data that is transparent, safe, auditable, and resistant to outages. The blockchain has the ability to make the organizations that use it transparent, democratic, decentralized, efficient, and secure. It's a technology that holds a lot of promise for the future, and it is already disrupting many industries.
Original post: http://futurethinkers.org/industries-blockchain-disrupt
More podcasts & videos about the blockchain: http://futurethinkers.org/blockchain
Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/futurethinkers
Check out our merch store: https://www.redbubble.com/people/futurethinkers
Blockchain startups and projects featured in this video:
...

published: 15 Jun 2017

Developing Blockchain Software

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to meet these challenges.
Security issues are paramount. Blockchain systems are open source, have large attack surfaces, and can cause significant financial damage if they have exploitable defects. Performance and scalability are also major concerns.
C++ provides a unique balance that helps meet these challenges. The language's design makes it possible to catch bugs at compile time, write modular code that can be tested, develop flexible data structures and manage resources. Yet, where performance is critical, it does not obscure what your code is making the computer actually do.
EVENT: CppCon 2016 (http://CppCon.org)
SPEAKER: David...

published: 23 Nov 2017

How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Bettina Warburg describes how the blockchain will eliminate the need for centralized institutions like banks or governments to facilitate trade, evolving age-old models of commerce and finance into something far more interesting: a distributed, transparent, autonomous system for exchanging value.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and transla...

published: 08 Dec 2016

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your digital information may sound silly, but it’s actually a revolution in distributed computing. And one day, systems like Bitcoin could be the future of all secure digital transactions. Read more: http://bit.ly/29jiJ3B

published: 06 Jul 2016

Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack of technology. Humanity put a man on the moon in 1969--why are we still voting on paper? Going digital isn't just a matter of convenience, but one of accountability—citizens the world over are increasingly losing trust in the democratic system, from miscounted votes, to denying eligible people the right to vote at all. So just how much can we digitize the act of voting? Perhaps blockchain—a public ledger technology where information is irreversibly recorded—can build a better system. Here, Internet pioneerBrian Behlendorf considers two aspects where blockchain can help, and one where it absolutely can't. Better tech can end voter di...

published: 05 Jan 2018

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentralized network must come to an agreement on what is the truth. For bitcoin, all nodes must agree on the transaction history. In a centralized system, all the participants trust that the authority will behave honestly and share the truth with the rest of the members. Since only the trusted party has the power to modify the data, it is straightforward to achieve consensus. Everyone simply accepts and believes what the central authority says. For example, you simply trust your bank will put the correct balance for your account whenever you send and receive money. However, in a decentralized network, there is no central authority and each n...

published: 31 Jan 2018

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After incubating through millions of Bitcoin transactions and a host of developer projects, it is now on the tips of tongues of CEOs and CTOs, startup entrepreneurs, and even governance activists. Though these stakeholders are beginning to understand the disruptive potential of blockchain technology and are experimenting with its most promising applications, few have asked a more fundamental question: What will a world driven by blockchains look like a decade from now?
Learn more: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab
Contact us: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab/contact

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-data performance levels, a querying system, and a permissioning system that supports public and private versions. It's complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like IPFS. BigchainDB is written in Python.
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.
The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decent...

published: 31 May 2016

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments processing, and explores future use cases.
Read about this topic in more detail on our Financial Institutions Hub: http://financialinstitutions.bakermckenzie.com/

published: 16 Aug 2017

Forbes - How the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency will change the payment system of the world

published: 18 May 2016

It Begins: The Blockchain Beast System Is Here

The is one of the most important messages i have ever put out. Please share and help get the truth out there! Much Love!
LOOKS LIKE THEY SENT IN THE TROLLS! COMMENTS SHUT DOWN UNTIL THE RACISM AND DEATH THREATS STOP!
www.undergroundworldnews.com
https://www.minds.com/DAHBOO7
My Other Youtube Channel- https://www.youtube.com/Dahboo777
https://twitter.com/dahboo7
https://vid.me/DAHBOO7
https://www.facebook.com/TheUndergroundWorldNews
https://www.instagram.com/dahboo7/
Your Support of Independent Media Is Appreciated:
Bitcoin Address- 1KbDZijL3jVJGyea3zhanUwPbnCE9op2mk
https://www.paypal.me/dahboo7
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Erick M:
https://twitter.com/letmeexplainit
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcwB6XtfJtyWW4DXKoZVn5A
B Rich:
https://twitter.com/B_Rich33NO
https://www.y...

Blockchain Reputation Systems

Blockchain reputation systems have the potential to change how we think about our digital (and real) reputations. What would it mean to have a universal rating tied to our identity? Is it good or bad?
----------------
Music (with permission):
Stendeck - The SilenceAfter This
Stendeck.com

published: 31 Jul 2015

What Is Blockchain?

By using math and cryptography, Blockchain is challenging the status quo in a radical way. Will governments and financial institutions embrace it?

The term 'blockchain' has been increasingly thrown around due to a rise in cryptocurrency popularity. Here is a speedy explanation of what it is and how it works.
The below terms may be useful before watching the video:
Encryption: - The process of converting information or data into a code, mainly to prevent unauthorized access.
HashCode: - A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes.
Centralized System: - A system where decisions for the system goal are made in a central mechanism and transmitted to executive components.
Distributed System: - A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous computers, connected th...

published: 25 Jun 2017

Blockchain Demystified | Daniel Gasteiger | TEDxLausanne

A short story on how this new technology is shaping and moving beyond the bitcoin hype. In this talk, Daniel will attempt to reveal the principle behind Blockchain, its potential to defy current systems and why Blockchain is probably the biggest technological invention since the PC in the 1970s and the Internet in the 1990s.
Daniel Gasteiger is an entrepreneur based in Zurich, co-founder of nexussquared. Daniel carries a driving passion to support and further develop the Swiss blockchain ecosystem. He embodies more than 20 years of experience in financial services - starting out as an FX trader at Credit Suisse, he then joined UBS in a variety of roles including until recently, managing the Chairman’s office as a Managing Director. In his recent co-authored whitepaper, “Act Now or Follow...

published: 25 Apr 2016

For greater flexibility in the electricity grid system - Blockchain technology

As the first transmission system operator, TenneT uses networked, decentralized home storage with the blockchain to stabilize the power grid. Flexible use of battery storage reduces network-stabilizing emergency measures. After a successful pilot phase, the blockchain technology can be further expanded through IBM's open source-based solution. In a second project in the Netherlands, together with Vandebron, TenneT uses the charging of electric vehicles to keep the balance between consumption and production stable.
Both pilot projects are further steps to make the electricity network fit for the future.
TenneT taking power further
www.tennet.eu
www.tennet-virtual-vision.eu

published: 19 Jun 2017

End to End Verified Voting On A Blockchain | Follow My Vote

Nathan Hourt, CTO of Follow My Vote explains how blockchain technology can be used to create a revolutionary end to end verifiable voting system.
Watch the previous video on blockchain technology here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aooDva9ydbE

published: 03 Sep 2015

3 Reasons to Build with Blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed data technology that enables business networks to work together in ways that weren't possible before. Blockchain can help businesses reduce multi-party transaction settlement times to near zero, can reduce overheard, and can reduce risk in tampering and collusion. Instead of working in silos, we can now work peer-to-peer in a business network, all collaborating against a shared ledger. VisitIBM.com/blockchain to learn more about how to get started with Blockchain.
Stay in Touch:
• Subscribe to our YouTube channel: http://ibm.co/1tIahvO
• IBM Systems: http://ibm.co/1ZIfLuh
• Follow us on Twitter: http://ibm.co/1iZGlhi

The Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology Explained

A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain con...

A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
BUYBITCOIN SAFELY HERE:
http://bit.ly/BuyBitcoinNow
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REGISTER FOR A COINBASE ACCOUNT:
http://bit.ly/CoinbaseBitcoinSignup
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the previous block's hash would otherwise not be known. Each block is also computationally impractical to modify once it has been in the chain for a while because every block after it would also have to be regenerated. These properties are what make double-spending of bitcoins very difficult. The block chain is the main innovation of Bitcoin.
Honest generators only build onto a block (by referencing it in blocks they create) if it is the latest block in the longest valid chain. "Length" is calculated as total combined difficulty of that chain, not number of blocks, though this distinction is only important in the context of a few potential attacks. A chain is valid if all of the blocks and transactions within it are valid, and only if it starts with the genesis block.
For any block on the chain, there is only one path to the genesis block. Coming from the genesis block, however, there can be forks. One-block forks are created from time to time when two blocks are created just a few seconds apart. When that happens, generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first. Whichever block ends up being included in the next block becomes part of the main chain because that chain is longer. More serious forks have occurred after fixing bugs that required backward-incompatible changes.
Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.
These blocks on the shorter chains are often called "orphan" blocks. This is because the generation transactions do not have a parent block in the longest chain, so these generation transactions show up as orphan in the listtransactions RPC call. Several pools have misinterpreted these messages and started calling their blocks "orphans". In reality, these blocks have a parent block, and might even have children.
Because a block can only reference one previous block, it is impossible for two forked chains to merge.
• How do Bitcoin Transactions Work? http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-do-bitcoin-transactions-work/
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A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.
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Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the previous block's hash would otherwise not be known. Each block is also computationally impractical to modify once it has been in the chain for a while because every block after it would also have to be regenerated. These properties are what make double-spending of bitcoins very difficult. The block chain is the main innovation of Bitcoin.
Honest generators only build onto a block (by referencing it in blocks they create) if it is the latest block in the longest valid chain. "Length" is calculated as total combined difficulty of that chain, not number of blocks, though this distinction is only important in the context of a few potential attacks. A chain is valid if all of the blocks and transactions within it are valid, and only if it starts with the genesis block.
For any block on the chain, there is only one path to the genesis block. Coming from the genesis block, however, there can be forks. One-block forks are created from time to time when two blocks are created just a few seconds apart. When that happens, generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first. Whichever block ends up being included in the next block becomes part of the main chain because that chain is longer. More serious forks have occurred after fixing bugs that required backward-incompatible changes.
Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.
These blocks on the shorter chains are often called "orphan" blocks. This is because the generation transactions do not have a parent block in the longest chain, so these generation transactions show up as orphan in the listtransactions RPC call. Several pools have misinterpreted these messages and started calling their blocks "orphans". In reality, these blocks have a parent block, and might even have children.
Because a block can only reference one previous block, it is impossible for two forked chains to merge.
• How do Bitcoin Transactions Work? http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-do-bitcoin-transactions-work/
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How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here t...

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here to help, demystifying this world-changing, trust-building technology which, he says, represents nothing less than the second generation of the internet and holds the potential to transform money, business, government and society.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here to help, demystifying this world-changing, trust-building technology which, he says, represents nothing less than the second generation of the internet and holds the potential to transform money, business, government and society.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

Short video slide about the convergence of The Internet of Things(IoT) and the blockchain.
Produced by: http://complexitylabs.io/courses
Twitter: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
Facebook: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
LinkedIn: https://goo.gl/3v1vwF
Transcription:
The internet is evolving into a new technology paradigm based around smart systems, the blockchain, platforms, and IoT
in the coming years, these technologies will interact and converge in new and unpredictable ways
The convergence of IoT and blockchain will be a major part of this evolution, enabling new automated service systems and business models...
but many unresolved issues remain
IOTInternet of Things is the merging of our engineered physical environment with information systems to create smart adaptive objects and environments...
it is a fast-growing, increasingly complex network of connected physical systems that are able to process information and communicate peer to peer in order to enable common services.
These devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous ranging from autonomous vehicles to sensors monitoring industrial processes, to smart homes and smart cities.
IoT is growing rapidly, according to Gartner the global IoT network will connect 26 billion devices by 2020.
The development of an IOT infrastructure to our economies will probably be the greatest engineering challenge of our time...
dealing with the sheer amount of data due to come on-stream and security are primary concerns...
before mainstream Internet-of-Things adoption can really take hold in a safe and sustainable fashion, these, among other issues, will need to be resolved.
Blockchain
The blockchain is a secure distributed database for recording transactions...
millions of computers networked to create a distributed database for recording and authenticating exchanges of value.
With the blockchain, value of any kind can be exchanged directly peer to peer without a centralized authority to record and validate the transaction.
The blockchain can provide an automated and secure transaction infrastructure for next generation IoT systems...
in its capacity to track billions of connected devices and enable the frictionless processing of transactions and coordination between devices.
This decentralized approach would eliminate single points of failure, bottlenecks and potentially make data and transactions more secure....
creating a more resilient ecosystem for devices to run on.
Likewise, it would automate transactions, enabling fully autonomous service systems; reduce cost and reduce settlement time from days to seconds
One example of an IoT Blockchain system is Slock, a door lock that is connected to a smart contract on the blockchain that controls when and who can open the lock.
“The owner of a Slock can set a deposit amount and a price for renting his property, and the user will pay that deposit through a transaction to the Ethereum blockchain, thereby getting permission to open and close that smart lock through their smart phone.” - Christoph Jentzsch
Such technology bridges the blockchain and the physical world by making automated smart contracts, thus enabling the frictionless and automated temporary exchange of assets such as bikes, parking lots or rooms.
"Smart contracts, a feature of “Bitcoin2.0” technologies such as Ethereum, could soon operate on the Internet of Things (IoT), control objects in the physical world, and power a new decentralized version of the sharing economy, for example sharing services similar to Uber and Airbnb that operate in pure P2P mode without centralized management." - Bitcoin MagazineLeveraging blockchain for IoT offers new ways to automate business processes and build distributed autonomous service systems...
"The true value of the underlying technology -- the blockchain -- has only just begun to be explored, and potential applications to the Internet of Things and Smart Systems are vast."

Short video slide about the convergence of The Internet of Things(IoT) and the blockchain.
Produced by: http://complexitylabs.io/courses
Twitter: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
Facebook: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
LinkedIn: https://goo.gl/3v1vwF
Transcription:
The internet is evolving into a new technology paradigm based around smart systems, the blockchain, platforms, and IoT
in the coming years, these technologies will interact and converge in new and unpredictable ways
The convergence of IoT and blockchain will be a major part of this evolution, enabling new automated service systems and business models...
but many unresolved issues remain
IOTInternet of Things is the merging of our engineered physical environment with information systems to create smart adaptive objects and environments...
it is a fast-growing, increasingly complex network of connected physical systems that are able to process information and communicate peer to peer in order to enable common services.
These devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous ranging from autonomous vehicles to sensors monitoring industrial processes, to smart homes and smart cities.
IoT is growing rapidly, according to Gartner the global IoT network will connect 26 billion devices by 2020.
The development of an IOT infrastructure to our economies will probably be the greatest engineering challenge of our time...
dealing with the sheer amount of data due to come on-stream and security are primary concerns...
before mainstream Internet-of-Things adoption can really take hold in a safe and sustainable fashion, these, among other issues, will need to be resolved.
Blockchain
The blockchain is a secure distributed database for recording transactions...
millions of computers networked to create a distributed database for recording and authenticating exchanges of value.
With the blockchain, value of any kind can be exchanged directly peer to peer without a centralized authority to record and validate the transaction.
The blockchain can provide an automated and secure transaction infrastructure for next generation IoT systems...
in its capacity to track billions of connected devices and enable the frictionless processing of transactions and coordination between devices.
This decentralized approach would eliminate single points of failure, bottlenecks and potentially make data and transactions more secure....
creating a more resilient ecosystem for devices to run on.
Likewise, it would automate transactions, enabling fully autonomous service systems; reduce cost and reduce settlement time from days to seconds
One example of an IoT Blockchain system is Slock, a door lock that is connected to a smart contract on the blockchain that controls when and who can open the lock.
“The owner of a Slock can set a deposit amount and a price for renting his property, and the user will pay that deposit through a transaction to the Ethereum blockchain, thereby getting permission to open and close that smart lock through their smart phone.” - Christoph Jentzsch
Such technology bridges the blockchain and the physical world by making automated smart contracts, thus enabling the frictionless and automated temporary exchange of assets such as bikes, parking lots or rooms.
"Smart contracts, a feature of “Bitcoin2.0” technologies such as Ethereum, could soon operate on the Internet of Things (IoT), control objects in the physical world, and power a new decentralized version of the sharing economy, for example sharing services similar to Uber and Airbnb that operate in pure P2P mode without centralized management." - Bitcoin MagazineLeveraging blockchain for IoT offers new ways to automate business processes and build distributed autonomous service systems...
"The true value of the underlying technology -- the blockchain -- has only just begun to be explored, and potential applications to the Internet of Things and Smart Systems are vast."

Developing Blockchain Software

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to m...

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to meet these challenges.
Security issues are paramount. Blockchain systems are open source, have large attack surfaces, and can cause significant financial damage if they have exploitable defects. Performance and scalability are also major concerns.
C++ provides a unique balance that helps meet these challenges. The language's design makes it possible to catch bugs at compile time, write modular code that can be tested, develop flexible data structures and manage resources. Yet, where performance is critical, it does not obscure what your code is making the computer actually do.
EVENT: CppCon 2016 (http://CppCon.org)
SPEAKER: David Schwartz
PERMISSIONS: Event organizer provided Coding Tech with the permission to republish this video.
ORIGINAL SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4jq4frE5v4&t=1s

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to meet these challenges.
Security issues are paramount. Blockchain systems are open source, have large attack surfaces, and can cause significant financial damage if they have exploitable defects. Performance and scalability are also major concerns.
C++ provides a unique balance that helps meet these challenges. The language's design makes it possible to catch bugs at compile time, write modular code that can be tested, develop flexible data structures and manage resources. Yet, where performance is critical, it does not obscure what your code is making the computer actually do.
EVENT: CppCon 2016 (http://CppCon.org)
SPEAKER: David Schwartz
PERMISSIONS: Event organizer provided Coding Tech with the permission to republish this video.
ORIGINAL SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4jq4frE5v4&t=1s

published:23 Nov 2017

views:89369

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How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Betti...

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Bettina Warburg describes how the blockchain will eliminate the need for centralized institutions like banks or governments to facilitate trade, evolving age-old models of commerce and finance into something far more interesting: a distributed, transparent, autonomous system for exchanging value.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Bettina Warburg describes how the blockchain will eliminate the need for centralized institutions like banks or governments to facilitate trade, evolving age-old models of commerce and finance into something far more interesting: a distributed, transparent, autonomous system for exchanging value.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
Find closed captions and translated subtitles in many languages at http://www.ted.com/translate
FollowTED news on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/tednews
Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED
Subscribe to our channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/TEDtalksDirector

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your ...

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your digital information may sound silly, but it’s actually a revolution in distributed computing. And one day, systems like Bitcoin could be the future of all secure digital transactions. Read more: http://bit.ly/29jiJ3B

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your digital information may sound silly, but it’s actually a revolution in distributed computing. And one day, systems like Bitcoin could be the future of all secure digital transactions. Read more: http://bit.ly/29jiJ3B

published:06 Jul 2016

views:94368

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Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack o...

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack of technology. Humanity put a man on the moon in 1969--why are we still voting on paper? Going digital isn't just a matter of convenience, but one of accountability—citizens the world over are increasingly losing trust in the democratic system, from miscounted votes, to denying eligible people the right to vote at all. So just how much can we digitize the act of voting? Perhaps blockchain—a public ledger technology where information is irreversibly recorded—can build a better system. Here, Internet pioneerBrian Behlendorf considers two aspects where blockchain can help, and one where it absolutely can't. Better tech can end voter discrimination at polling stations, and falsely reported totals at the state and national levels, but will we ever be able to vote on our mobile devices from the comfort of a blanket fort? Don't get your hopes up. Brian Behlendorf is the executive director of Hyperledger; for more info, visit http://www.hyperledger.org.
Read more at BigThink.com: http://bigthink.com/videos/brian-behlendorf-can-blockchain-build-a-better-voting-system
FollowBigThink here:
YouTube: http://goo.gl/CPTsV5
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/bigthink
Transcript: Many people have asked: can blockchain technology help provide answers to challenges that typically have suffered from lack of technology, or that has suffered from poor technology applications. One of those being the way that voting works in the United States. I think of this in three distinct phases. There’s the phase before voting where keeping track of who is registered to vote and where they’re allowed to vote, it’s been harder than it should have been. We have a lot of examples of people showing up at polling places and being denied the right to vote and it seems like paperwork goes missing and people get removed from voting roles, that sort of thing. A public ledger that tracked who was registered to vote where and allowed people to look at that from their home machine and then confirm that when they showed up at the poll, would do a lot to reestablish trust in the process of registering to vote and validating that everybody who is entitled to vote is able to do that, providing an independent verification of that.
There’s a second phase I’ll get to in a bit, but there’s a third phase, which is after the vote, when you’re taking the totals that come from a polling place, that come from vote by mail for example in Oregon. We have to kind of trust that the system works. We have to hope that everything is counted correctly at the local level and then it’s totaled up correctly at the state level and then reported nationally et cetera. And we’re fortunately at a point where the basis of that trust hasn’t been violated yet, but in many countries it is. In many countries there’s not a lot of confidence that the total from a polling place is accurately summed up. So using a distributed ledger not to track the individual votes but to track the totals from each of the polling places would be a way to allow the public to understand: 'Okay the local polling place I went and voted at is reporting a thousand votes, 500 for candidate X, 500 for candidate Y, that seems about right. I don’t know if my vote specifically counted, but I know that at least the polling place I was at counted appropriately and they didn’t try to pretend they were 100,000 votes.' So at the beginning of that process and the tail end of that process using a public distributed ledger to record that makes a lot of sense.
But in the middle, the actual act of walking into a booth and registering a vote, or a lot of people want to do voting by mobile device or by computer; I’m very worried about the digitization of that. Our computers fail us all the time and malware and other threats could really step in and make it so that I think I’m voting for one candidate but it gets recorded for another. And we have to think, in the United States, we care quite a bit about the confidentiality of our vote even to the point where I get no receipt, I can’t go to a bar and prove that I voted for somebody and get a discount for it—that would be considered bribery. So we can’t simply come up with a system that puts all the original votes into a public ledger and provides proof that somebody voted a certain way or that becomes a corruptive process. So I think we still need voter-verified paper ballots as a path to auditing, but with the registration at the beginning and the summing at the end conducted by a public ledger I think we would do a tremendous amount to reestablish confidence in the voting system.

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack of technology. Humanity put a man on the moon in 1969--why are we still voting on paper? Going digital isn't just a matter of convenience, but one of accountability—citizens the world over are increasingly losing trust in the democratic system, from miscounted votes, to denying eligible people the right to vote at all. So just how much can we digitize the act of voting? Perhaps blockchain—a public ledger technology where information is irreversibly recorded—can build a better system. Here, Internet pioneerBrian Behlendorf considers two aspects where blockchain can help, and one where it absolutely can't. Better tech can end voter discrimination at polling stations, and falsely reported totals at the state and national levels, but will we ever be able to vote on our mobile devices from the comfort of a blanket fort? Don't get your hopes up. Brian Behlendorf is the executive director of Hyperledger; for more info, visit http://www.hyperledger.org.
Read more at BigThink.com: http://bigthink.com/videos/brian-behlendorf-can-blockchain-build-a-better-voting-system
FollowBigThink here:
YouTube: http://goo.gl/CPTsV5
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BigThinkdotcom
Twitter: https://twitter.com/bigthink
Transcript: Many people have asked: can blockchain technology help provide answers to challenges that typically have suffered from lack of technology, or that has suffered from poor technology applications. One of those being the way that voting works in the United States. I think of this in three distinct phases. There’s the phase before voting where keeping track of who is registered to vote and where they’re allowed to vote, it’s been harder than it should have been. We have a lot of examples of people showing up at polling places and being denied the right to vote and it seems like paperwork goes missing and people get removed from voting roles, that sort of thing. A public ledger that tracked who was registered to vote where and allowed people to look at that from their home machine and then confirm that when they showed up at the poll, would do a lot to reestablish trust in the process of registering to vote and validating that everybody who is entitled to vote is able to do that, providing an independent verification of that.
There’s a second phase I’ll get to in a bit, but there’s a third phase, which is after the vote, when you’re taking the totals that come from a polling place, that come from vote by mail for example in Oregon. We have to kind of trust that the system works. We have to hope that everything is counted correctly at the local level and then it’s totaled up correctly at the state level and then reported nationally et cetera. And we’re fortunately at a point where the basis of that trust hasn’t been violated yet, but in many countries it is. In many countries there’s not a lot of confidence that the total from a polling place is accurately summed up. So using a distributed ledger not to track the individual votes but to track the totals from each of the polling places would be a way to allow the public to understand: 'Okay the local polling place I went and voted at is reporting a thousand votes, 500 for candidate X, 500 for candidate Y, that seems about right. I don’t know if my vote specifically counted, but I know that at least the polling place I was at counted appropriately and they didn’t try to pretend they were 100,000 votes.' So at the beginning of that process and the tail end of that process using a public distributed ledger to record that makes a lot of sense.
But in the middle, the actual act of walking into a booth and registering a vote, or a lot of people want to do voting by mobile device or by computer; I’m very worried about the digitization of that. Our computers fail us all the time and malware and other threats could really step in and make it so that I think I’m voting for one candidate but it gets recorded for another. And we have to think, in the United States, we care quite a bit about the confidentiality of our vote even to the point where I get no receipt, I can’t go to a bar and prove that I voted for somebody and get a discount for it—that would be considered bribery. So we can’t simply come up with a system that puts all the original votes into a public ledger and provides proof that somebody voted a certain way or that becomes a corruptive process. So I think we still need voter-verified paper ballots as a path to auditing, but with the registration at the beginning and the summing at the end conducted by a public ledger I think we would do a tremendous amount to reestablish confidence in the voting system.

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentraliz...

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentralized network must come to an agreement on what is the truth. For bitcoin, all nodes must agree on the transaction history. In a centralized system, all the participants trust that the authority will behave honestly and share the truth with the rest of the members. Since only the trusted party has the power to modify the data, it is straightforward to achieve consensus. Everyone simply accepts and believes what the central authority says. For example, you simply trust your bank will put the correct balance for your account whenever you send and receive money. However, in a decentralized network, there is no central authority and each node does not trust any other nodes. The challenge is how can all the nodes agree on what is the correct state of the shared data? In other words, how can they all achieve consensus with mutual distrust? In computer science, this is known as the Byzantine Generals’ problem, which was originally presented in 1982.
The Byzantine Generals’ problem is a description of consensus problems in computer networks. More specifically, how can distributed computer systems handle malfunctioning parts that give conflicting information to different parts of the system? This problem is abstractly described as a group of generals of the Byzantine army camped with their troops surrounding an enemy city. The generals must agree upon a common battle plan and they can only communicate with each other using messengers. However, one or more of the generals may be traitors who will try to confuse the others. The problem is to find an algorithm that ensures the loyal generals will all reach an agreement on the battle plan regardless of what the traitors do.
In the case of bitcoin, each general could be thought of as a node in the network and all the honest nodes must agree on what is the true history of transactions. A malicious node can send conflicting transactions to different parts of the network. For example, Bob is a traitor and he sends a transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Alice to one part of the network while sending another transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll to other parts of the network. Let’s assume that Bob only has 10 bitcoins in total, so he is trying to double spend his bitcoins. So what algorithm can be used in the bitcoin network to ensure all the honest nodes recognize Bob sent 10 bitcoins to Alice but reject that he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll?
Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm to ensure all the honest nodes reach a consensus on the true history of transactions. The PoW algorithm concept was first developed in the early 90s to prevent email spamming. It required computers that want to send an email to do some computation work which took some time to complete before sending out the email. This reduced the amount of spam an email server could get in a given period of time. In bitcoin, PoW is used to govern the mechanics of how a new block is added to the blockchain. In the previous lesson, we learned that blockchain is append-only and once a block is added, it cannot be modified. Therefore, we need to ensure that all the honest nodes in the system will add the exact same block to their local copy of the blockchain to achieve consensus.
So how does PoW achieve this? First, let’s imagine that all the nodes in the network are allowed to create a new block at anytime instantly. If this were the case, the network would get flooded with too many new blocks, and no one would be able to agree on which of the new blocks should be added to the blockchain.
However, in reality, in order for a node to create a new block and broadcast that to the other nodes, it must do some computation work. The computation work is quite intensive and for bitcoin it takes roughly 10 minutes on average for any node to complete. Once a node completes this work, it broadcasts the block to other nodes who verify it. Therefore, all the nodes in the network that want to create a new block must race against each other to be the first one to complete this computation and broadcast their block. This way all the other honest nodes will receive the new block and verify that the proof of work was valid and the transactions inside the block are also correct and then add the block to their local copy of the blockchain.
To read more, visit us at https://blockgeeks.com/

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentralized network must come to an agreement on what is the truth. For bitcoin, all nodes must agree on the transaction history. In a centralized system, all the participants trust that the authority will behave honestly and share the truth with the rest of the members. Since only the trusted party has the power to modify the data, it is straightforward to achieve consensus. Everyone simply accepts and believes what the central authority says. For example, you simply trust your bank will put the correct balance for your account whenever you send and receive money. However, in a decentralized network, there is no central authority and each node does not trust any other nodes. The challenge is how can all the nodes agree on what is the correct state of the shared data? In other words, how can they all achieve consensus with mutual distrust? In computer science, this is known as the Byzantine Generals’ problem, which was originally presented in 1982.
The Byzantine Generals’ problem is a description of consensus problems in computer networks. More specifically, how can distributed computer systems handle malfunctioning parts that give conflicting information to different parts of the system? This problem is abstractly described as a group of generals of the Byzantine army camped with their troops surrounding an enemy city. The generals must agree upon a common battle plan and they can only communicate with each other using messengers. However, one or more of the generals may be traitors who will try to confuse the others. The problem is to find an algorithm that ensures the loyal generals will all reach an agreement on the battle plan regardless of what the traitors do.
In the case of bitcoin, each general could be thought of as a node in the network and all the honest nodes must agree on what is the true history of transactions. A malicious node can send conflicting transactions to different parts of the network. For example, Bob is a traitor and he sends a transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Alice to one part of the network while sending another transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll to other parts of the network. Let’s assume that Bob only has 10 bitcoins in total, so he is trying to double spend his bitcoins. So what algorithm can be used in the bitcoin network to ensure all the honest nodes recognize Bob sent 10 bitcoins to Alice but reject that he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll?
Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm to ensure all the honest nodes reach a consensus on the true history of transactions. The PoW algorithm concept was first developed in the early 90s to prevent email spamming. It required computers that want to send an email to do some computation work which took some time to complete before sending out the email. This reduced the amount of spam an email server could get in a given period of time. In bitcoin, PoW is used to govern the mechanics of how a new block is added to the blockchain. In the previous lesson, we learned that blockchain is append-only and once a block is added, it cannot be modified. Therefore, we need to ensure that all the honest nodes in the system will add the exact same block to their local copy of the blockchain to achieve consensus.
So how does PoW achieve this? First, let’s imagine that all the nodes in the network are allowed to create a new block at anytime instantly. If this were the case, the network would get flooded with too many new blocks, and no one would be able to agree on which of the new blocks should be added to the blockchain.
However, in reality, in order for a node to create a new block and broadcast that to the other nodes, it must do some computation work. The computation work is quite intensive and for bitcoin it takes roughly 10 minutes on average for any node to complete. Once a node completes this work, it broadcasts the block to other nodes who verify it. Therefore, all the nodes in the network that want to create a new block must race against each other to be the first one to complete this computation and broadcast their block. This way all the other honest nodes will receive the new block and verify that the proof of work was valid and the transactions inside the block are also correct and then add the block to their local copy of the blockchain.
To read more, visit us at https://blockgeeks.com/

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After inc...

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After incubating through millions of Bitcoin transactions and a host of developer projects, it is now on the tips of tongues of CEOs and CTOs, startup entrepreneurs, and even governance activists. Though these stakeholders are beginning to understand the disruptive potential of blockchain technology and are experimenting with its most promising applications, few have asked a more fundamental question: What will a world driven by blockchains look like a decade from now?
Learn more: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab
Contact us: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab/contact

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After incubating through millions of Bitcoin transactions and a host of developer projects, it is now on the tips of tongues of CEOs and CTOs, startup entrepreneurs, and even governance activists. Though these stakeholders are beginning to understand the disruptive potential of blockchain technology and are experimenting with its most promising applications, few have asked a more fundamental question: What will a world driven by blockchains look like a decade from now?
Learn more: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab
Contact us: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab/contact

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-dat...

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-data performance levels, a querying system, and a permissioning system that supports public and private versions. It's complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like IPFS. BigchainDB is written in Python.
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.
The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decentralized control, immutability, and creation & movement of digital assets. BigchainDB inherits characteristics of modern distributed databases: linear scaling in throughput and capacity with the number of nodes, a full-featured NoSQL query language, efficient querying, and permissioning. Being built on an existing distributed DB, it also inherits enterprise-hardened code for most of its codebase.
Scalable capacity means that legally binding con- tracts and certificates may be stored directly on the blockchain database. The permissioning system enables configurations ranging from private enterprise blockchain databases to open, public blockchain databases. BigchainDB is complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
This talk describes technology perspectives that led to the BigchainDB design: traditional blockchains, distributed databases, and a case study of the domain name system (DNS). We introduce a concept called blockchain pipelining, which is key to scalability when adding blockchainlike characteristics to the distributed DB. We present a thorough description of BigchainDB, a detailed analysis of latency, and experimental results. The talk concludes with a description of use cases.
Slides: https://github.com/bigchaindb/bigchaindb

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-data performance levels, a querying system, and a permissioning system that supports public and private versions. It's complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like IPFS. BigchainDB is written in Python.
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.
The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decentralized control, immutability, and creation & movement of digital assets. BigchainDB inherits characteristics of modern distributed databases: linear scaling in throughput and capacity with the number of nodes, a full-featured NoSQL query language, efficient querying, and permissioning. Being built on an existing distributed DB, it also inherits enterprise-hardened code for most of its codebase.
Scalable capacity means that legally binding con- tracts and certificates may be stored directly on the blockchain database. The permissioning system enables configurations ranging from private enterprise blockchain databases to open, public blockchain databases. BigchainDB is complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
This talk describes technology perspectives that led to the BigchainDB design: traditional blockchains, distributed databases, and a case study of the domain name system (DNS). We introduce a concept called blockchain pipelining, which is key to scalability when adding blockchainlike characteristics to the distributed DB. We present a thorough description of BigchainDB, a detailed analysis of latency, and experimental results. The talk concludes with a description of use cases.
Slides: https://github.com/bigchaindb/bigchaindb

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments processing, and explores future use cases.
Read about this topic in mor...

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments processing, and explores future use cases.
Read about this topic in more detail on our Financial Institutions Hub: http://financialinstitutions.bakermckenzie.com/

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments processing, and explores future use cases.
Read about this topic in more detail on our Financial Institutions Hub: http://financialinstitutions.bakermckenzie.com/

published:16 Aug 2017

views:807

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Forbes - How the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency will change the payment system of the world

It Begins: The Blockchain Beast System Is Here

The is one of the most important messages i have ever put out. Please share and help get the truth out there! Much Love!
LOOKS LIKE THEY SENT IN THE TROLLS! COM...

The is one of the most important messages i have ever put out. Please share and help get the truth out there! Much Love!
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The is one of the most important messages i have ever put out. Please share and help get the truth out there! Much Love!
LOOKS LIKE THEY SENT IN THE TROLLS! COMMENTS SHUT DOWN UNTIL THE RACISM AND DEATH THREATS STOP!
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Blockchain Reputation Systems

Blockchain reputation systems have the potential to change how we think about our digital (and real) reputations. What would it mean to have a universal rating ...

Blockchain reputation systems have the potential to change how we think about our digital (and real) reputations. What would it mean to have a universal rating tied to our identity? Is it good or bad?
----------------
Music (with permission):
Stendeck - The SilenceAfter This
Stendeck.com

Blockchain reputation systems have the potential to change how we think about our digital (and real) reputations. What would it mean to have a universal rating tied to our identity? Is it good or bad?
----------------
Music (with permission):
Stendeck - The SilenceAfter This
Stendeck.com

The term 'blockchain' has been increasingly thrown around due to a rise in cryptocurrency popularity. Here is a speedy explanation of what it is and how it work...

The term 'blockchain' has been increasingly thrown around due to a rise in cryptocurrency popularity. Here is a speedy explanation of what it is and how it works.
The below terms may be useful before watching the video:
Encryption: - The process of converting information or data into a code, mainly to prevent unauthorized access.
HashCode: - A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes.
Centralized System: - A system where decisions for the system goal are made in a central mechanism and transmitted to executive components.
Distributed System: - A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous computers, connected through a network and distribution middleware, which enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/theblockchainguys/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/BlockchainGuys
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theblockchainguys/
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/theblockchainguys/
Get in touch:
info@theblockchainguys.com
theblockchainguys@gmail.com
Don't forget to Like, Share & Subscribe for more.

The term 'blockchain' has been increasingly thrown around due to a rise in cryptocurrency popularity. Here is a speedy explanation of what it is and how it works.
The below terms may be useful before watching the video:
Encryption: - The process of converting information or data into a code, mainly to prevent unauthorized access.
HashCode: - A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes.
Centralized System: - A system where decisions for the system goal are made in a central mechanism and transmitted to executive components.
Distributed System: - A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous computers, connected through a network and distribution middleware, which enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/theblockchainguys/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/BlockchainGuys
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theblockchainguys/
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/theblockchainguys/
Get in touch:
info@theblockchainguys.com
theblockchainguys@gmail.com
Don't forget to Like, Share & Subscribe for more.

Blockchain Demystified | Daniel Gasteiger | TEDxLausanne

A short story on how this new technology is shaping and moving beyond the bitcoin hype. In this talk, Daniel will attempt to reveal the principle behind Blockch...

A short story on how this new technology is shaping and moving beyond the bitcoin hype. In this talk, Daniel will attempt to reveal the principle behind Blockchain, its potential to defy current systems and why Blockchain is probably the biggest technological invention since the PC in the 1970s and the Internet in the 1990s.
Daniel Gasteiger is an entrepreneur based in Zurich, co-founder of nexussquared. Daniel carries a driving passion to support and further develop the Swiss blockchain ecosystem. He embodies more than 20 years of experience in financial services - starting out as an FX trader at Credit Suisse, he then joined UBS in a variety of roles including until recently, managing the Chairman’s office as a Managing Director. In his recent co-authored whitepaper, “Act Now or FollowLater”, he achieves a remarkable ‘call to action’ by describing why Switzerland must seize the Fintech challenge.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

A short story on how this new technology is shaping and moving beyond the bitcoin hype. In this talk, Daniel will attempt to reveal the principle behind Blockchain, its potential to defy current systems and why Blockchain is probably the biggest technological invention since the PC in the 1970s and the Internet in the 1990s.
Daniel Gasteiger is an entrepreneur based in Zurich, co-founder of nexussquared. Daniel carries a driving passion to support and further develop the Swiss blockchain ecosystem. He embodies more than 20 years of experience in financial services - starting out as an FX trader at Credit Suisse, he then joined UBS in a variety of roles including until recently, managing the Chairman’s office as a Managing Director. In his recent co-authored whitepaper, “Act Now or FollowLater”, he achieves a remarkable ‘call to action’ by describing why Switzerland must seize the Fintech challenge.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

published:25 Apr 2016

views:311036

back

For greater flexibility in the electricity grid system - Blockchain technology

As the first transmission system operator, TenneT uses networked, decentralized home storage with the blockchain to stabilize the power grid. Flexible use of ba...

As the first transmission system operator, TenneT uses networked, decentralized home storage with the blockchain to stabilize the power grid. Flexible use of battery storage reduces network-stabilizing emergency measures. After a successful pilot phase, the blockchain technology can be further expanded through IBM's open source-based solution. In a second project in the Netherlands, together with Vandebron, TenneT uses the charging of electric vehicles to keep the balance between consumption and production stable.
Both pilot projects are further steps to make the electricity network fit for the future.
TenneT taking power further
www.tennet.eu
www.tennet-virtual-vision.eu

As the first transmission system operator, TenneT uses networked, decentralized home storage with the blockchain to stabilize the power grid. Flexible use of battery storage reduces network-stabilizing emergency measures. After a successful pilot phase, the blockchain technology can be further expanded through IBM's open source-based solution. In a second project in the Netherlands, together with Vandebron, TenneT uses the charging of electric vehicles to keep the balance between consumption and production stable.
Both pilot projects are further steps to make the electricity network fit for the future.
TenneT taking power further
www.tennet.eu
www.tennet-virtual-vision.eu

End to End Verified Voting On A Blockchain | Follow My Vote

Nathan Hourt, CTO of Follow My Vote explains how blockchain technology can be used to create a revolutionary end to end verifiable voting system.
Watch the pre...

Nathan Hourt, CTO of Follow My Vote explains how blockchain technology can be used to create a revolutionary end to end verifiable voting system.
Watch the previous video on blockchain technology here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aooDva9ydbE

Nathan Hourt, CTO of Follow My Vote explains how blockchain technology can be used to create a revolutionary end to end verifiable voting system.
Watch the previous video on blockchain technology here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aooDva9ydbE

3 Reasons to Build with Blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed data technology that enables business networks to work together in ways that weren't possible before. Blockchain can help businesses...

Blockchain is a distributed data technology that enables business networks to work together in ways that weren't possible before. Blockchain can help businesses reduce multi-party transaction settlement times to near zero, can reduce overheard, and can reduce risk in tampering and collusion. Instead of working in silos, we can now work peer-to-peer in a business network, all collaborating against a shared ledger. VisitIBM.com/blockchain to learn more about how to get started with Blockchain.
Stay in Touch:
• Subscribe to our YouTube channel: http://ibm.co/1tIahvO
• IBM Systems: http://ibm.co/1ZIfLuh
• Follow us on Twitter: http://ibm.co/1iZGlhi

Blockchain is a distributed data technology that enables business networks to work together in ways that weren't possible before. Blockchain can help businesses reduce multi-party transaction settlement times to near zero, can reduce overheard, and can reduce risk in tampering and collusion. Instead of working in silos, we can now work peer-to-peer in a business network, all collaborating against a shared ledger. VisitIBM.com/blockchain to learn more about how to get started with Blockchain.
Stay in Touch:
• Subscribe to our YouTube channel: http://ibm.co/1tIahvO
• IBM Systems: http://ibm.co/1ZIfLuh
• Follow us on Twitter: http://ibm.co/1iZGlhi

The Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology Explained

A block chain is a transaction database shared by all nodes participating in a system based on the Bitcoin protocol. A full copy of a currency's block chain contains every transaction ever executed in the currency. With this information, one can find out how much value belonged to each address at any point in history.
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Every block contains a hash of the previous block. This has the effect of creating a chain of blocks from the genesis block to the current block. Each block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the previous block's hash would otherwise not be known. Each block is also computationally impractical to modify once it has been in the chain for a while because every block after it would also have to be regenerated. These properties are what make double-spending of bitcoins very difficult. The block chain is the main innovation of Bitcoin.
Honest generators only build onto a block (by referencing it in blocks they create) if it is the latest block in the longest valid chain. "Length" is calculated as total combined difficulty of that chain, not number of blocks, though this distinction is only important in the context of a few potential attacks. A chain is valid if all of the blocks and transactions within it are valid, and only if it starts with the genesis block.
For any block on the chain, there is only one path to the genesis block. Coming from the genesis block, however, there can be forks. One-block forks are created from time to time when two blocks are created just a few seconds apart. When that happens, generating nodes build onto whichever one of the blocks they received first. Whichever block ends up being included in the next block becomes part of the main chain because that chain is longer. More serious forks have occurred after fixing bugs that required backward-incompatible changes.
Blocks in shorter chains (or invalid chains) are not used for anything. When the bitcoin client switches to another, longer chain, all valid transactions of the blocks inside the shorter chain are re-added to the pool of queued transactions and will be included in another block. The reward for the blocks on the shorter chain will not be present in the longest chain, so they will be practically lost, which is why a network-enforced 100-block maturation time for generations exists.
These blocks on the shorter chains are often called "orphan" blocks. This is because the generation transactions do not have a parent block in the longest chain, so these generation transactions show up as orphan in the listtransactions RPC call. Several pools have misinterpreted these messages and started calling their blocks "orphans". In reality, these blocks have a parent block, and might even have children.
Because a block can only reference one previous block, it is impossible for two forked chains to merge.
• How do Bitcoin Transactions Work? http://www.coindesk.com/information/how-do-bitcoin-transactions-work/
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18:50

How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still ne...

How the blockchain is changing money and business | Don Tapscott

What is the blockchain? If you don't know, you should; if you do, chances are you still need some clarification on how it actually works. Don Tapscott is here to help, demystifying this world-changing, trust-building technology which, he says, represents nothing less than the second generation of the internet and holds the potential to transform money, business, government and society.
TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.
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IoT Blockchain Convergence

Short video slide about the convergence of The Internet of Things(IoT) and the blockchain.
Produced by: http://complexitylabs.io/courses
Twitter: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
Facebook: https://goo.gl/Nu6Qap
LinkedIn: https://goo.gl/3v1vwF
Transcription:
The internet is evolving into a new technology paradigm based around smart systems, the blockchain, platforms, and IoT
in the coming years, these technologies will interact and converge in new and unpredictable ways
The convergence of IoT and blockchain will be a major part of this evolution, enabling new automated service systems and business models...
but many unresolved issues remain
IOTInternet of Things is the merging of our engineered physical environment with information systems to create smart adaptive objects and environments...
it is a fast-growing, increasingly complex network of connected physical systems that are able to process information and communicate peer to peer in order to enable common services.
These devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous ranging from autonomous vehicles to sensors monitoring industrial processes, to smart homes and smart cities.
IoT is growing rapidly, according to Gartner the global IoT network will connect 26 billion devices by 2020.
The development of an IOT infrastructure to our economies will probably be the greatest engineering challenge of our time...
dealing with the sheer amount of data due to come on-stream and security are primary concerns...
before mainstream Internet-of-Things adoption can really take hold in a safe and sustainable fashion, these, among other issues, will need to be resolved.
Blockchain
The blockchain is a secure distributed database for recording transactions...
millions of computers networked to create a distributed database for recording and authenticating exchanges of value.
With the blockchain, value of any kind can be exchanged directly peer to peer without a centralized authority to record and validate the transaction.
The blockchain can provide an automated and secure transaction infrastructure for next generation IoT systems...
in its capacity to track billions of connected devices and enable the frictionless processing of transactions and coordination between devices.
This decentralized approach would eliminate single points of failure, bottlenecks and potentially make data and transactions more secure....
creating a more resilient ecosystem for devices to run on.
Likewise, it would automate transactions, enabling fully autonomous service systems; reduce cost and reduce settlement time from days to seconds
One example of an IoT Blockchain system is Slock, a door lock that is connected to a smart contract on the blockchain that controls when and who can open the lock.
“The owner of a Slock can set a deposit amount and a price for renting his property, and the user will pay that deposit through a transaction to the Ethereum blockchain, thereby getting permission to open and close that smart lock through their smart phone.” - Christoph Jentzsch
Such technology bridges the blockchain and the physical world by making automated smart contracts, thus enabling the frictionless and automated temporary exchange of assets such as bikes, parking lots or rooms.
"Smart contracts, a feature of “Bitcoin2.0” technologies such as Ethereum, could soon operate on the Internet of Things (IoT), control objects in the physical world, and power a new decentralized version of the sharing economy, for example sharing services similar to Uber and Airbnb that operate in pure P2P mode without centralized management." - Bitcoin MagazineLeveraging blockchain for IoT offers new ways to automate business processes and build distributed autonomous service systems...
"The true value of the underlying technology -- the blockchain -- has only just begun to be explored, and potential applications to the Internet of Things and Smart Systems are vast."

9:57

19 Industries The Blockchain Will Disrupt

The blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that underlies cryptocurrencies like Bit...

Developing Blockchain Software

This talk will explain what public blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ripple are, the unique challenges of developing software for them, and how C++ helps to meet these challenges.
Security issues are paramount. Blockchain systems are open source, have large attack surfaces, and can cause significant financial damage if they have exploitable defects. Performance and scalability are also major concerns.
C++ provides a unique balance that helps meet these challenges. The language's design makes it possible to catch bugs at compile time, write modular code that can be tested, develop flexible data structures and manage resources. Yet, where performance is critical, it does not obscure what your code is making the computer actually do.
EVENT: CppCon 2016 (http://CppCon.org)
SPEAKER: David Schwartz
PERMISSIONS: Event organizer provided Coding Tech with the permission to republish this video.
ORIGINAL SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4jq4frE5v4&t=1s

14:58

How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In...

How the blockchain will radically transform the economy | Bettina Warburg

Say hello to the decentralized economy -- the blockchain is about to change everything. In this lucid explainer of the complex (and confusing) technology, Bettina Warburg describes how the blockchain will eliminate the need for centralized institutions like banks or governments to facilitate trade, evolving age-old models of commerce and finance into something far more interesting: a distributed, transparent, autonomous system for exchanging value.
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3:41

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and...

The Bitcoin Blockchain Explained

Forget the currency; it’s the protocol behind it that matters. Blockchains will mutate and take over everything we do on the Web.
Trusting strangers with your digital information may sound silly, but it’s actually a revolution in distributed computing. And one day, systems like Bitcoin could be the future of all secure digital transactions. Read more: http://bit.ly/29jiJ3B

3:21

Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of pap...

Can We Digitize the Voting System? Blockchain, Corruption, and Hacking | Brian Behlendorf

Anyone who's walked into a voting booth and scratched their preference onto a piece of paper knows the same thing: the voting process suffers from a dire lack of technology. Humanity put a man on the moon in 1969--why are we still voting on paper? Going digital isn't just a matter of convenience, but one of accountability—citizens the world over are increasingly losing trust in the democratic system, from miscounted votes, to denying eligible people the right to vote at all. So just how much can we digitize the act of voting? Perhaps blockchain—a public ledger technology where information is irreversibly recorded—can build a better system. Here, Internet pioneerBrian Behlendorf considers two aspects where blockchain can help, and one where it absolutely can't. Better tech can end voter discrimination at polling stations, and falsely reported totals at the state and national levels, but will we ever be able to vote on our mobile devices from the comfort of a blanket fort? Don't get your hopes up. Brian Behlendorf is the executive director of Hyperledger; for more info, visit http://www.hyperledger.org.
Read more at BigThink.com: http://bigthink.com/videos/brian-behlendorf-can-blockchain-build-a-better-voting-system
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Transcript: Many people have asked: can blockchain technology help provide answers to challenges that typically have suffered from lack of technology, or that has suffered from poor technology applications. One of those being the way that voting works in the United States. I think of this in three distinct phases. There’s the phase before voting where keeping track of who is registered to vote and where they’re allowed to vote, it’s been harder than it should have been. We have a lot of examples of people showing up at polling places and being denied the right to vote and it seems like paperwork goes missing and people get removed from voting roles, that sort of thing. A public ledger that tracked who was registered to vote where and allowed people to look at that from their home machine and then confirm that when they showed up at the poll, would do a lot to reestablish trust in the process of registering to vote and validating that everybody who is entitled to vote is able to do that, providing an independent verification of that.
There’s a second phase I’ll get to in a bit, but there’s a third phase, which is after the vote, when you’re taking the totals that come from a polling place, that come from vote by mail for example in Oregon. We have to kind of trust that the system works. We have to hope that everything is counted correctly at the local level and then it’s totaled up correctly at the state level and then reported nationally et cetera. And we’re fortunately at a point where the basis of that trust hasn’t been violated yet, but in many countries it is. In many countries there’s not a lot of confidence that the total from a polling place is accurately summed up. So using a distributed ledger not to track the individual votes but to track the totals from each of the polling places would be a way to allow the public to understand: 'Okay the local polling place I went and voted at is reporting a thousand votes, 500 for candidate X, 500 for candidate Y, that seems about right. I don’t know if my vote specifically counted, but I know that at least the polling place I was at counted appropriately and they didn’t try to pretend they were 100,000 votes.' So at the beginning of that process and the tail end of that process using a public distributed ledger to record that makes a lot of sense.
But in the middle, the actual act of walking into a booth and registering a vote, or a lot of people want to do voting by mobile device or by computer; I’m very worried about the digitization of that. Our computers fail us all the time and malware and other threats could really step in and make it so that I think I’m voting for one candidate but it gets recorded for another. And we have to think, in the United States, we care quite a bit about the confidentiality of our vote even to the point where I get no receipt, I can’t go to a bar and prove that I voted for somebody and get a discount for it—that would be considered bribery. So we can’t simply come up with a system that puts all the original votes into a public ledger and provides proof that somebody voted a certain way or that becomes a corruptive process. So I think we still need voter-verified paper ballots as a path to auditing, but with the registration at the beginning and the summing at the end conducted by a public ledger I think we would do a tremendous amount to reestablish confidence in the voting system.

8:03

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the...

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain

Consensus and Mining on the Blockchain - https://blockgeeks.com/
What is consensus on the blockchain? Consensus basically means that all nodes in a decentralized network must come to an agreement on what is the truth. For bitcoin, all nodes must agree on the transaction history. In a centralized system, all the participants trust that the authority will behave honestly and share the truth with the rest of the members. Since only the trusted party has the power to modify the data, it is straightforward to achieve consensus. Everyone simply accepts and believes what the central authority says. For example, you simply trust your bank will put the correct balance for your account whenever you send and receive money. However, in a decentralized network, there is no central authority and each node does not trust any other nodes. The challenge is how can all the nodes agree on what is the correct state of the shared data? In other words, how can they all achieve consensus with mutual distrust? In computer science, this is known as the Byzantine Generals’ problem, which was originally presented in 1982.
The Byzantine Generals’ problem is a description of consensus problems in computer networks. More specifically, how can distributed computer systems handle malfunctioning parts that give conflicting information to different parts of the system? This problem is abstractly described as a group of generals of the Byzantine army camped with their troops surrounding an enemy city. The generals must agree upon a common battle plan and they can only communicate with each other using messengers. However, one or more of the generals may be traitors who will try to confuse the others. The problem is to find an algorithm that ensures the loyal generals will all reach an agreement on the battle plan regardless of what the traitors do.
In the case of bitcoin, each general could be thought of as a node in the network and all the honest nodes must agree on what is the true history of transactions. A malicious node can send conflicting transactions to different parts of the network. For example, Bob is a traitor and he sends a transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Alice to one part of the network while sending another transaction stating he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll to other parts of the network. Let’s assume that Bob only has 10 bitcoins in total, so he is trying to double spend his bitcoins. So what algorithm can be used in the bitcoin network to ensure all the honest nodes recognize Bob sent 10 bitcoins to Alice but reject that he sent 10 bitcoins to Carroll?
Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm to ensure all the honest nodes reach a consensus on the true history of transactions. The PoW algorithm concept was first developed in the early 90s to prevent email spamming. It required computers that want to send an email to do some computation work which took some time to complete before sending out the email. This reduced the amount of spam an email server could get in a given period of time. In bitcoin, PoW is used to govern the mechanics of how a new block is added to the blockchain. In the previous lesson, we learned that blockchain is append-only and once a block is added, it cannot be modified. Therefore, we need to ensure that all the honest nodes in the system will add the exact same block to their local copy of the blockchain to achieve consensus.
So how does PoW achieve this? First, let’s imagine that all the nodes in the network are allowed to create a new block at anytime instantly. If this were the case, the network would get flooded with too many new blocks, and no one would be able to agree on which of the new blocks should be added to the blockchain.
However, in reality, in order for a node to create a new block and broadcast that to the other nodes, it must do some computation work. The computation work is quite intensive and for bitcoin it takes roughly 10 minutes on average for any node to complete. Once a node completes this work, it broadcasts the block to other nodes who verify it. Therefore, all the nodes in the network that want to create a new block must race against each other to be the first one to complete this computation and broadcast their block. This way all the other honest nodes will receive the new block and verify that the proof of work was valid and the transactions inside the block are also correct and then add the block to their local copy of the blockchain.
To read more, visit us at https://blockgeeks.com/

2:26

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the ...

Understand the Blockchain in Two Minutes

Over the past decade, an alternative digital paradigm has slowly been taking shape at the edges of the internet.
This new paradigm is the blockchain. After incubating through millions of Bitcoin transactions and a host of developer projects, it is now on the tips of tongues of CEOs and CTOs, startup entrepreneurs, and even governance activists. Though these stakeholders are beginning to understand the disruptive potential of blockchain technology and are experimenting with its most promising applications, few have asked a more fundamental question: What will a world driven by blockchains look like a decade from now?
Learn more: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab
Contact us: http://www.iftf.org/blockchainfutureslab/contact

PyData Berlin 2016
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It has big-data performance levels, a querying system, and a permissioning system that supports public and private versions. It's complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like IPFS. BigchainDB is written in Python.
This talk describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB fills a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency.
The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decentralized control, immutability, and creation & movement of digital assets. BigchainDB inherits characteristics of modern distributed databases: linear scaling in throughput and capacity with the number of nodes, a full-featured NoSQL query language, efficient querying, and permissioning. Being built on an existing distributed DB, it also inherits enterprise-hardened code for most of its codebase.
Scalable capacity means that legally binding con- tracts and certificates may be stored directly on the blockchain database. The permissioning system enables configurations ranging from private enterprise blockchain databases to open, public blockchain databases. BigchainDB is complementary to decentralized processing platforms like Ethereum, and decentralized file systems like InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
This talk describes technology perspectives that led to the BigchainDB design: traditional blockchains, distributed databases, and a case study of the domain name system (DNS). We introduce a concept called blockchain pipelining, which is key to scalability when adding blockchainlike characteristics to the distributed DB. We present a thorough description of BigchainDB, a detailed analysis of latency, and experimental results. The talk concludes with a description of use cases.
Slides: https://github.com/bigchaindb/bigchaindb

2:05

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments pr...

Blockchain and Payment Systems: What Does the Future Hold?

Baker McKenzie looks at the use of blockchain/distributed ledger technology in payments processing, and explores future use cases.
Read about this topic in more detail on our Financial Institutions Hub: http://financialinstitutions.bakermckenzie.com/

5:50

Forbes - How the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency will change the payment system of the world

It Begins: The Blockchain Beast System Is Here

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End to End Verified Voting On A Blockchain | Follo...

3 Reasons to Build with Blockchain...

It turns out that a theory explaining how we might detect parallel universes and prediction for the end of the world was proposed and completed by physicist Stephen Hawking shortly before he died ... &nbsp;. According to reports, the work predicts that the universe would eventually end when stars run out of energy ... ....

In another blow to the Trump administration Monday, the US Supreme Court decided Arizona must continue to issue state driver’s licenses to so-called Dreamer immigrants and refused to hear an effort by the state to challenge the Obama-era program that protects hundreds of thousands of young adults brought into the country illegally as children, Reuters reported ... – WN.com. Jack Durschlag....

Uber announced on Monday that it was pulling all of its self-driving cars from public roads in Arizona and San Francisco, Toronto, and Pittsburgh after a female pedestrian was reportedly killed after being struck by an autonomous Uber vehicle in Tempe, according to The Verge.&nbsp; ... “We are fully cooperating with local authorities in their investigation of this incident.” ... "Some incredibly sad news out of Arizona....

An explosion on Sunday night in Austin shared "similarities" with three bombs that went off in the Texas capital earlier this month and authorities were warning on Monday that they are dealing with a serial bomber who is targeting the city, according to the Washington Post... “So we’ve definitely seen a change in the method that this suspect … is using.” ... “And we assure you that we are listening ... -WN.com, Maureen Foody....

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The network nodes only accept the first version of a transaction they receive to incorporate into the block they’re trying to generate ... Dr Craig Wright states that by checking just 8 nodes, you get the 99.9999% assurance that your transaction will be included within the next block ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions....

After a hugely turbulent week where almost all top 10 cryptocurrencies by market cap lost around 30% of their value, a slight fillip that could have excellent ramifications for a recovery occurred in the late hours of Sunday ... Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. CoinGeek ... ....

There’s a little bit of possible good news for the cryptocurrency community after the most recent drop in trading. Coinbase has inked a deal with Barclays bank out of the UK ... It also operates the GDAX crypto exchange ... Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. CoinGeek ... ....

Brick-and-mortar stores will soon have a tool at their disposal to accept Bitcoin Cash payments ... It’s another notch in the belt for the cryptocurrency, and shows its staying power ... Using the device is simple ... Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. CoinGeek ... source ... ....

Japanese Bitcoin Cash (BCH) fans now have a wallet specifically made for them. The Yenom wallet, which will be available for beta testing by the end of March, will only support BCH and will have versions for both Android and iOS ...Ltd ...Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. ... ....

It was yet another turbulent and largely negative weekend for the vast majority of cryptocurrencies as further selling pressures affected prices all over the board ...Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. CoinGeek ... source ... ....

Twitter has recently reported that it will follow Google and Facebook in banning advertisements that promote cryptocurrencies. The trio’s move is designed to stop deceptive crypto scams and protect consumers ...Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. CoinGeek ... source ... ....

Cryptocurrency has faced different reactions all around the world. States are either banning cryptocurrency and ICOs or embracing these digital currencies ... This will also accommodate the new cryptocurrencies that are being created ... Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. ... ....

Spring (cleaning) came early for cryptocurrency exchanges Coincheck and Bittrex ... 23, three days before the theft occurred ... Gox hack ... According to sources, the embattled company has begun accepting transfers from verified accounts ... Note. Tokens in the SegWit chain are referred to as SegWit1X (BTC) and SegWit Gold (SWG) and are no longer Bitcoin ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions. ... source....

Linkey's mission is to bring appropriate digital currency financial products and services to all investors through blockchain technology and professional community services, explore and build a decentralized stable digital currency financial ecology through blockchain technology, bring protection to blockchain investors and guide them to avoid ......

Johannesburg - It’s a gold rush that is turning computers into money-making machines, and the owners have no idea it's happening ... Read ... Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are mined by a complicated process that involves transactions that are verified and then added to the public ledger, which is known as the blockchain. Cyptocurrency mining is a process of compiling transactions into blocks and then trying to solve a puzzle ... Saturday Star ....

The “system for credit and digital identity records” would supposedly also include a digital identity system where each individual is registered with a set of identifiers, and can also assign a universal identifier which can be combined with blocks to generate a digital identity for the individual ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions....

The “system for credit and digital identity records” would supposedly also include a digital identity system where each individual is registered with a set of identifiers, and can also assign a universal identifier which can be combined with blocks to generate a digital identity for the individual ... Bitcoin BCH is the only public blockchain that offers safe and cheap microtransactions....