1.
1910s
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The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires

2.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

3.
1916 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1916 in Ireland. 14 January – Michael Collins resigns his job in London and returns to Ireland,14 February – John Redmond is re-elected Chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Dublin. 29 February – the week-long Derry Feis opens in the city,21 March – a crowd attacks Sinn Féins Tullamore headquarters, three police are injured. 21 April – Roger Casement and two others are arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms,22 April – Eoin MacNeill, Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers cancels all manoeuvres of Volunteers planned for the following day. 23 April – Easter Sunday, the council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood meets at Liberty Hall. The Proclamation of the Republic is signed by the seven leaders in the name of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, Volunteers from Belfast and County Cork begin manoeuvres but return home. 24 April – the Easter Rising begins in Dublin, at noon Patrick Pearse reads the proclamation on the steps of the General Post Office, Dublin. Liam Mellows leads a rising of Volunteers in County Galway,25 April – martial law is declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month. 26 April Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre are summarily executed at Portobello Barracks, dublin-built HMS Helga shells Liberty Hall from the Liffey. 27 April Major-General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take command of the British Army,12,000 of whose troops are now in the city, the centre is cordoned off. 29 April – at 3. 45pm, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly,1 May – the Easter Rising collapses. Sir John Maxwell, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces announces that all involved in the insurrection have surrendered,3 May – following their courts martial, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke are executed at Kilmainham Gaol. 4 May – the executions continue, Joseph Plunkett, Michael OHanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse are executed for their part in the Rising. The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Augustine Birrell, resigns,5 May – John MacBride, another leader of the Rising, is executed today. W. T. Cosgrave is sentenced to death, however,8 May – another four leaders of the Easter Rising are executed. They are Éamonn Ceannt, Conn Colbert, Michael Mallin and Seán Heuston,12 May – two more leaders, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly are executed. Connolly, who was wounded in the fighting, is strapped to a chair, meanwhile, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith arrives in Dublin for a week-long visit. 15 May – the trial of Roger Casement begins in London and he is charged with high treason for his part in the Easter Rising

4.
Irish Volunteers
–
The Irish Volunteers, sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army, was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists. The Volunteers included members of the Gaelic League, Ancient Order of Hibernians and Sinn Féin, and, secretly, the second Home Rule Bill, seven years later having passed the House of Commons, was vetoed by the House of Lords. It would be the third Home Rule Bill, introduced in 1912, on 28 September 1912 at Belfast City Hall just over 450,000 Unionists signed the Ulster Covenant to resist the granting of Home Rule. This was followed in January 1913 with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers composed of adult male Unionists to oppose the passage, the initiative for a series of meetings leading up to the public inauguration of the Irish Volunteers came from the Irish Republican Brotherhood. They therefore confined themselves to encouraging the view that nationalists also ought to organise a volunteer force for the defence of Ireland, a small committee then began to meet regularly in Dublin from July 1913, who watched the growth of this opinion. They refrained however from any action until the precedent of Ulster should have first been established while waiting for the lead to come from a constitutional quarter, the IRB began the preparations for the open organisation of the Irish Volunteers in January 1913. James Stritch, an IRB member, had the Irish National Foresters build a hall at the back of 41 Parnell Square in Dublin, anticipating the formation of the Volunteers they began to learn foot-drill and military movements. The drilling was conducted by Stritch together with members of Fianna Éireann and they began by drilling a small number of IRB associated with the Dublin Gaelic Athletic Association, led by Harry Boland. The IRB knew they would need a highly regarded figure as a front that would conceal the reality of their control. The IRB found Eoin MacNeill the ideal candidate, Professor of Early, mcNeills academic credentials and reputation for integrity and political moderation had widespread appeal. The ORahilly suggested to MacNeill that it should be on some wider subject than mere Gaelic pursuits and it was this suggestion which gave rise to the article entitled The North Began, giving the Irish Volunteers its public origins. On 1 November, MacNeills article suggesting the formation of an Irish volunteer force was published, MacNeill wrote, There is nothing to prevent the other twenty-eight counties from calling into existence citizen forces to hold Ireland for the Empire. It was precisely with this object that the Volunteers of 1782 were enrolled, after the article was published, Hobson asked The ORahilly to see MacNeill, to suggest to him that a conference should be called to make arrangements for publicly starting the new movement. The article threw down the gauntlet to nationalists to follow the lead given by Ulster unionists, MacNeill was unaware of the detailed planning which was going on in the background, but was aware of Hobsons political leanings. He knew the purpose as to why he was chosen, with MacNeill willing to take part, ORahilly and Hobson sent out invitations for the first meeting at Wynns Hotel in Abbey Street, Dublin, on 11 November. Hobson himself did not attend this meeting, believing his standing as an extreme nationalist might prove problematical, the IRB, however, was well represented by, among others, Sean MacDermott and Eamonn Ceannt, who would prove to be substantially more extreme than Hobson. Several others meetings were soon to follow, as prominent nationalists planned the formation of the Volunteers, meanwhile, labour leaders in Dublin began calling for the establishment of a citizens defence force in the aftermath of the lock out of 19 August 1913. Thus formed the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, the Volunteer organisation was publicly launched on 25 November, with their first public meeting and enrolment rally at the Rotunda in Dublin

5.
1912 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1912 in Ireland. 8 February – First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill addresses a pro Home Rule meeting in Belfast despite Ulster Unionist attempts to prevent him speaking, Churchill shares the platform with John Redmond the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. 11 April – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith introduces the 3rd Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom,12 April – a convention of Sinn Féin delegates led by Arthur Griffith opposes the Home Rule Bill. 14 April – RMS Titanic, the largest vessel in the world, built in Belfast and making her last call at Queenstown, collides with an iceberg and sinks within a few hours. 22 April – Englishman Denys Corbett Wilson completes the first aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea,26 April – English-born Vivian Hewitt makes an aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea from Holyhead to Phoenix Park, Dublin. 30 April – Winston Churchill moves the second reading of the Home Rule Bill at Westminster,9 May – the second reading of the Home Rule Bill is accepted in the British House of Commons. A Unionist amendment rejecting the Bill is defeated,10 May – at the Royal Albert Hall in London, Bonar Law speaks of Conservative Opposition to the Home Rule Bill. Elsewhere Edward Carson also voices his opposition,1 July – a serious outbreak of foot and mouth disease occurs in Counties Dublin, Meath, Kildare and Wicklow. July – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith travels to Dublin to make a speech,18 July – suffragettes attempt an arson attack on the Theatre Royal, Dublin, during Asquiths visit. 28 September – Ulster Day – Ulster Covenant to resist Home Rule is signed by almost 250,000 men throughout Ulster,229,000 women sign a parallel declaration. 23 October – large numbers of cattle are slaughtered in Mullingar due to the outbreak of foot, the golden eagle becomes extinct in Ireland. 11 April – Lennox Robinsons play Patriots is first performed, at the Abbey Theatre,20 April – Bram Stoker, author of Dracula and theatrical manager, dies in London. November – Lord Dunsanys short story collection The Book of Wonder is published, peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeneys A Soldiers Song is first published in Irish Freedom by Bulmer Hobson. Eleanor Hull publishes The Poem-Book of the Gael, translations from Irish Gaelic poetry into English prose and verse, forrest Reids coming-of-age novel Following Darkness is published. James Stephens novel The Crock of Gold is published, tritonville, another Dublin side, joins the League, but lasts just one season. Ken McArthur, born in Dervock, County Antrim, wins the race at the 1912 Summer Olympics for South Africa. 8 January – James Brophy, cricketer,5 February – Desmond Surfleet, cricketer. 14 February – Joseph Brennan, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister,22 March – Wilfrid Brambell, actor

6.
1913 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1913 in Ireland. 13 January – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias,30 January – at Westminster the House of Lords rejects the 3rd Home Rule Bill by 326 to 69. 10 February – John Redmond opens the replacement city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford that will be named after him,7 July – the Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons, despite attempts by Bonar Law to obstruct it. 31 August – Dublin Lock-out, the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator,1 September – protest by locked-out workers lead to serious riots in Dublin. Shops are looted and attempts made to tear up tram lines,3 September – a meeting of 400 employers with William Martin Murphy pledges not to employ any persons who continue to be members of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union. 7 September – a large meeting in Sackville Street asserts the right of speech, trade union representation. 17 September In Newry, Edward Carson says that a Provisional Government will be established in Ulster if Home Rule is introduced, in Dublin, labour unrest grows with a march 5,000 through the city. 27 September –12,000 Ulster Volunteers parade at the Royal Ulster Agricultural Societys show grounds at Balmoral in protest at the Home Rule Bill,27 September – in Dublin the food ship, The Hare, arrives bringing forty tons of food raised by British trade unionists. 6 October – an official report on the lockout suggests that workers should be reinstated without having to give a not to join the ITGWU. 16 October –4,000 men and women march through Dublin in support of James Larkin,27 October – James Larkin of the ITGWU is sentenced to seven months in prison for seditious language. 1 November Kingstown trade unionist James Byrne, arrested for his part in the lockout,10 November – the Dublin Volunteer Corps enrolls over 2,000 men. They declare they will preserve the civil and religious liberties of Protestants outside Ulster in the event of Irish Home Rule,19 November – the Irish Citizen Army is founded by James Connolly to protect workers in the general lockout. 25 November – the pro-Home Rule Irish Volunteers are formed at a meeting attended by 4,000 men in Dublins Rotunda Rink. 28 November – Andrew Bonar Law addresses a huge unionist rally in the Theatre Royal in Dublin, declaring that if Home Rule is introduced Ulster will resist, george A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan is premièred in London and New York City. Winifred Mary Letts publishes Songs from Leinster, conal Holmes OConnell ORiordan produces his play Rope Enough. Pádraig Ó Siochfhradhas story An Baile S’Againne is published, katharine Tynans Irish Poems is published. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out and his Poems Written in Discouragement is also published this year. English music hall comedian Arthur Lucan meets and marries 16-year-old actress Kitty McShane in Dublin,19 January – Matt OMahoney, international soccer player

7.
1915 in Ireland
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March – construction of St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, concludes with completion of the spire. 4 April –25,000 National Volunteers assemble at the Phoenix Park, John Redmond takes the salute from under the statue of Charles Stewart Parnell on Sackville Street. In Dublin the Irish Parliamentary Party approves John Redmonds decision not to join,29 July – Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, take over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference. Douglas Hyde resigns as its President,1 August – ODonovan Rossa is buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and Pearse delivers the graveside oration. 26 December – the Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916, the Elim Pentecostal Church is founded in Monaghan by Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys. 1 February – Helen Waddells first play, The Spoiled Buddha, is premiered at the Opera House, Belfast, francis Ledwidges poems Songs of the Fields published. James Stephens poems The Adventures of Seumas Beg, the Rocky Road to Dublin, the first dramatic film made in Ireland, Fun at Finglas Fair, is directed by F. J. McCormick. It is never released as all prints are destroyed in the Easter Rising of April 1916, Irish League Winners, Belfast Celtic Irish Cup Winners, Linfield 1–0 Belfast Celtic 11 January – Paddy Mayne, international rugby union footballer and decorated soldier. 13 January – Kit Ahern, Fianna Fáil TD.21 January – Andy OBrien,25 January – Liam Cunningham, Fianna Fáil TD.7 February – Mark Clinton, Fine Gael TD, Minister for Agriculture and MEP.15 February – Sam Kydd, actor. 15 March – Micho Russell, tin whistle player and collector of traditional music,9 April – Leonard Wibberley, author. 3 May – Walter Macken, novelist, dramatist and actor,17 May – Oisín Kelly, sculptor. 6 August – Tom OReilly, Cavan gaelic footballer and independent TD for Cavan 1944–194828 August – Patrick Hennessy,16 September – Eddie Filgate, Fianna Fáil TD.18 September – James Tully, Labour Party TD and Cabinet Minister. 7 November – Bill Hayes, soccer player,20 December – Noel Browne, politician, Cabinet Minister. Full date unknown John Graham, Irish Republican Army activist in the 1940s, George Harrison, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and alleged gun-runner. 20 January – Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, businessman, politician,26 January – Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada. 28 January – David Dickson Rogers, politician in Ontario,14 February – Cornelius Coughlan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India. 24 April – Frederick William Hall, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium,7 May – on board RMS Lusitania OBrien Butler, composer. Hugh Lane, established Dublins Municipal Gallery of Modern Art,29 June – Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa, Fenian leader

8.
1917 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1917 in Ireland. 25 January – armed merchantman SS Laurentic sunk by mines off Lough Swilly,354 killed of 475 aboard,3 February – Count George Noble Plunkett, father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, wins Roscommon North on an abstentionist Sinn Féin platform. 7 February – Atlantic liner SS California sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-8538 nmi southwest of Fastnet Rock,41 killed,25 February – RMS Laconia sunk by U-506 nmi northwest of Fastnet Rock, twelve killed. 7 March – David Lloyd-George announces that Britain is ready to confer self-government to the parts of Ireland that want it, the north-eastern part will not be coerced. 12 March – in the British House of Commons, J. P. Farrell proposes that Ireland be excluded from the operation of the National Services Act. 17 March – Booth Line armed merchant liner SS Antony inward bound from South America torpedoed,10 May – Sinn Féin candidate Joseph McGuinness wins a by-election in South Longford against the Irish Parliamentary Partys candidate McKenna. It is a disaster for John Redmond and his Party. 16 May – British Prime Minister, David Lloyd-George, announces that he wants immediate Home Rule for the 26 counties, six north-eastern counties are to be excluded for a period of five years. 16 June – oiler Batoum sunk by U-boat 6 nmi south of Fastnet Rock,18 June – prisoners taken during the Easter Rising arrive at Dún Laoghaire by mailboat. One Dublin Castle official calls it the most important election that has taken place, or ever will. 16 July – the Round Room in the Mansion House, Dublin, is filled to capacity as the leaders of Sinn Féin demand the bodies of the Easter Rising leaders so that they can be given a Christian burial. 25 July – large crowds assemble at College Green in Dublin as the Irish Convention meets for the first time, August – W. T. Cosgrave elected for Sinn Féin in a by-election in Kilkenny. 10 September – Imperial German Navy U-boat UC-42 is sunk in Cork Harbour, probably by one of her own mines,2 October – Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Drake is torpedoed by U-79 off Rathlin Island with the loss of 18 crew, capsizing later. 25 October –1,700 Sinn Féin delegates attend a convention in the Mansion House,17 November – Action of 17 November 1917, Queenstown-based United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat U-58 which is scuttled off Kinsale. 15 December – Cargo ship SS Formby bound for Waterford from Liverpool is torpedoed, August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine begins a years stay in Ireland. Austin Clarkes narrative poem The Vengeance of Fionn is published, Francis Ledwidges poems Songs of Peace are published posthumously. Annie M. P. Smithsons first novel Her Irish Heritage is published, the first feature film made in Ireland, A Girl of Glenbeigh, starring Kathleen OConnor, is made by the Film Company of Ireland. 15 February – Ruairi Brugha, Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament,18 February – John Keane, Waterford hurler

9.
1919 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1919 in Ireland. 21 January – Dáil Éireann meets for the very first time in the Round Room of the Mansion House, in the first shots of the Irish War of Independence, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed by members of the Third Tipperary Brigade in the Soloheadbeg Ambush in Tipperary. 27 January – general strike call in Belfast and Glasgow,1 April – fifty-two members of Sinn Féin attend the second meeting of Dáil Éireann. Seán T. OKelly is elected Ceann Comhairle and Éamon de Valera is elected President of Dáil Éireann,2 April – Constance Markievicz is appointed Minister for Labour, becoming the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and the first in Western Europe. 18 April –1,000 delegates from all over Ireland attend the Sinn Féin Ard-Fheis in Dublin, Éamon de Valera is elected President of the organisation. 19 April – Sinn Féin proposes an Executive Council of the Irish National Alliance to challenge the right of any foreign parliament to make laws for Ireland,17 May – the first Republican law court is set up, at Ballinrobe, County Mayo. 14 June – Captain Alcock and Lieutenant Brown arrive in Clifden,18 June – Dáil establishes the National Arbitration Courts. 12 August – St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, is consecrated,8 September – The sack of Fermoy, drunken British forces rampage through Fermoy following an inquest on the previous death of a British soldier which fails to find for murder. 12 September – Dáil Éireann is declared illegal by the British authorities, there are raids on Sinn Féin centres and Ernest Blythe is arrested. 19 December – volunteers from Dublin and Tipperary under the leadership of Paddy Daly undertook an ambush on Lord Frenchs motorcade of three cars at Ashtown Road in Dublin, Lord French was the British Viceroy, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland. While three of Frenchs party, two RIC and a driver, were wounded French got through unharmed, volunteer Martin Savage was killed and Dan Breen wounded. Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, previously Chief Rabbi of Belfast, is appointed to serve in Dublin, Yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May 1920. In this year also Yeats publishes a major revision of The Wild Swans at Coole, Two Plays for Dancers, harry Clarkes illustrations to an edition of Tales of Mystery & Imagination are published. Francis Ledwidges Complete Poems are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany, C. S. Lewis, writing as Clive Hamilton, publishes Spirits in Bondage, a cycle of lyrics, his first published work, in London. An Seabhac s semi-autobiographical comic story Jimín Mháire Thaidhg is published,30 January – Robert Lowry, Baron Lowry, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. 23 February – Johnny Carey, soccer player and manager,18 March – G. E. M. Anscombe, analytic philosopher. 3 April – Myles McKeon, former Roman Catholic Bishop of Bunbury,3 April – Eoghan Ó Tuairisc, poet and writer. 9 April – Gordon Lambert, art collector, member of the Seanad,1 May – Dan OHerlihy, actor

10.
Irish revolutionary period
–
The early years of the Free State, when it was governed by the pro-Treaty party Cumann na nGaedheal, have been described by at least one historian as a counter-revolution. Home Rule seemed certain when in 1910 the Irish Parliamentary Party under John Redmond held the balance of power in the British House of Commons, unionist resistance was immediate, with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers. In turn the Irish Volunteers were established to oppose them and prevent the UVF introduction of self-government in Ulster, Irish nationalist leaders and the IPP under Redmond supported Irelands participation in the British war effort, in the belief that it would ensure implementation of Home Rule after the war. The period 1916–1921 was marked by violence and upheaval, ending in the partition of Ireland. A failed militant attempt was made to gain independence for Ireland with the 1916 Easter Rising, in addition, the unprecedented threat of Irishmen being conscripted to the British Army in 1918 accelerated this change. In the December 1918 elections, Sinn Féin, the party of the rebels, twenty-seven of these MPs assembled in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form a 32-county Irish Republic parliament. The First Dáil Éireann unilaterally declared sovereignty over the entire island, unwilling to negotiate any understanding with Britain short of complete independence, the Irish Republican Army, the army of the newly declared Irish Republic, waged a guerilla war from 1919 to 1921. In July 1921 the Irish and British governments agreed to a truce that halted the war, in December 1921 representatives of both governments signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Irish delegation was led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins and this created the Irish Free State, a self-governing Dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations in the manner of Canada and Australia. Under the Treaty, Northern Ireland could opt out of the Free State and stay within the United Kingdom, for most of the 20th century, each territory was strongly aligned to either Catholic or Protestant ideologies, although this was more marked in the six counties of Northern Ireland. Separate unionist and nationalist historical narratives exist for the events in question. The Northern Ireland peace process, with its promotion of dialogue, the Bureau of Military History established by the Irish government in 1947 collected oral history accounts from republican veterans of the period 1913 to 1921. Its records were sealed until the last veterans death in 2003, in May 2010, the Institute for British Irish Studies in University College Dublin organised a conference on the theme A Decade of Centenaries, Commemorating Our Shared History. Twelve years have passed since the Agreement, in the next twelve years we will witness a series of commemorations which will give us pause to reflect on where we have come from, and where we are going. We will also reflect on the roles played by the Labour movement in that defining decade. He later said We believe that respect should be central to all commemorative events. There is a Protestant, loyalist narrative and a republican narrative, an All-Party Oireachtas Consultation Group on Commemorations exists, with an Expert Advisory Group of eminent historians. In June, Deenihan stated that consideration will initially be focused up to 2016, a series of conferences, Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912–1923 was organised by Universities Ireland starting in June 2012

11.
1918 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1918 in Ireland. 18 January – Count Plunkett, Seán T. OKelly and others protest at the feeding of Sinn Féin prisoners in Mountjoy Prison. 5 February – SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying United States troops to Europe to be torpedoed,1 March – Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island. 2 March – In Skibbereen, County Cork, Ernest Blythe is arrested for non-compliance with a military rule directing him to reside in Ulster. 6 March – in the British House of Commons, tributes are paid to John Redmond, Irish Nationalist leader,18 April – the Military Service Bill, which includes conscription in Ireland, becomes law. A conference of nationalist parties, Sinn Féin and labour movements meets in Dublin to organise an all-Ireland opposition to conscription,20 April – the Irish Parliamentary Party holds a meeting in Dublin to oppose conscription. 23 April – General Strike in opposition to conscription,5 May –15,000 people attend an anti-conscription meeting in County Roscommon. John Dillon, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party and Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin share the platform in a united cause,20 May – a special anti-conscription convention is held in Dublin. It condemns the arrest and deportation of Sinn Féin members consequent to the German Plot,20 June – Arthur Griffith of Sinn Féin wins a by-election in East Cavan. It is Sinn Féins first victory of the year after three successive by-election defeats,3 July – the Lord Lieutenant issues a proclamation banning Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan. 17 July – RMS Carpathia is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-55,218 of the 223 on board are rescued. 10 October – the Irish mail boat RMS Leinster is sunk in the Irish Sea by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM UB-123 with the loss of over 500 lives,11 November – at 5. 00am an armistice dictated by the Allies is signed by the Germans. Six hours later World War I officially ends, well over 206,000 Irishmen have served and over 35,000 been killed during the war, there is no Irish parish without a loss. 22 December – Ireland voices a united invitation to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to visit,28 December – Sinn Féin have a landslide victory in the general election, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. The Irish Parliamentary Party is nearly wiped out, in accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom but will form the First Dáil. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison, becomes the first woman elected to the Palace of Westminster, on 30 December the Irish Independent strongly criticises her. March – the Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review,25 May – James Joyces Exiles, a play in three acts is published in London. August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine concludes a years stay in Ireland with the writing of a number of songs which will be published under the pseudonym Peter Warlock, francis Ledwidges poems Last Songs are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany