4 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -4 Central America is a region prone to catastrophic earthquakes. Planning and preparedness for earthquakes are essential in the region. Scientific assessment of the potential for damage, using the most modem technology and methodology, is crucial so that decision makers can plan realistically. This project set forth to generate intimate cooperation in which Israeli experts in earthquake monitoring and seismic hazard assessment could share their knowledge with Central American scientists and engineers who specialize in earth sciences. Two of the most important aspects of the project were its regional focus and its interdisciplinary nature; we established close relations with geologists, seismologists, geophysicists and engineers from 12 institutions in 6 countries in Central America. The participating institutions and individuals are listed in Section 7 We are convinced that seismic hazard assessment can only be attacked on a region-wide basis and with input from experts in all the relevant disciplines. Our work, and in particular the regional seismic hazard workshop, provided an outstanding opportunity to promote cooperation not only with the Israeli experts, but also among top scientists from the different countries in Central America. We also included Dr. Alvaro Espinosa, from the USGS, in our scientific team. Dr. Espinosa is a top expert in seismic hazard and made valuable contributions to the workshop. The project activities included seismic hazard assessment, network design and configuration, earthquake event location, and teclmical field training. Our work in the area of seismic hazard assessment, and in particular the regional workshop in Costa Rica in March 1993, had great impact. We succeeded in providing the Central American scientists with a fully up-todate understanding of this important topic and familiarity with essential tools for implementing the ideas in the region. Our work on sensitivity analysis for hazard assessment promoted an awareness of the importance

5 of this topic, of its usefulness for guiding future research, and of tools for carrying out these analyses. Another important focus of the project was network design and configuration. We have been leaders in research in this field and the project allowed us to share our ideas with our Central American colleagues and to provide them with software that will facilitate their application. The advantage of using our approach to guide network design is especially important in a region like Central America, which is subject to severe earthquakes, has terrain that makes monitoring difficult, and has limited financial resources for deploying seismographic stations. In the area of earthquake event location we helped promote an understanding of modem methods for location, their limitations, the importance of assessing location uncertainty, and the effectiveness of nonlinear algorithms. The project also included important technical cooperation. Our technical staff visited countries throughout the region, demonstrated how to use and maintain modem network equipment, presented strategies for problem solving and established excellent working cooperation with our colleagues in Central America. 4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Seismic monitoring and hazard assessment are critical issues in Central America. Catastrophic earthquakes have killed thousands and caused enormous damage in the region. Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but better knowledge of the inherent seismicity and its likely effects can promote the establishment of building codes that will minimize damage and loss of life. Central America is a developing region with limited resources. Hence it is crucial to achieve the best information possible within those constrains. This was the overriding goal of all of the project activities. Much of our own research work on seismic hazard assessment, seismographic mouitoring and earthquake event location has focused on optimal

6 -6 methods that allow for maximizing the information that is obtained from available resources. Thus our ideas have special relevance for a region like Central America. The particular problems that we addressed in this project were: 1. Design and configuration of seismographic networks that will achieve maximal precision with minimal cost. For example, at the workshop in Israel, we analyzed the problem of network design in Panama and showed that it was possible to effectively monitor earthquakes there without placing a station, previously th.)ught essential, in a remote jungle location. 2. Accurate event location even in the presence of limited data and incomplete coverage. We discussed modem location methods, problems that can arise with standard location algorithms, and the importance of assessing uncertainty. 3. Seismic hazard assessment. We trained Central American in the basic ideas and methods."or hazard assessment, with an emphasis on the importance of careful sensitivity analysis. 4. Technical training. We worked cooperatively with Central American colleagues on the use and maintenance of modem equipment for earthquake monitoring under adverse conditions. We worked cooperatively with CEPREDENAC, a regional organization that is funded mainly by Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian initiative, coordinated through CEPREDENAC, has provided valuable training in seismology throughout the region and a fine computer system, including software, for seismic monitoring. This initiative will lead to greatly improved seismic data bases in the region and is a natural complement to our work. We coordinated our work with that of the Scandinavians so as to minimize overlap and maximize benefit to the host countries.

7 -7 5. METHODS AND RESULTS The project included both technical assistance and implementation of novel methodologies for processing seismological data and using it in assessing seismic hazard. The technical aspects were completed during the first year of the project and that work is summarized in the scientific progress report that was submitted in January 1993 (Rabinowitz 1993). The methodological work covered three different areas: optimal configuration of seismographic networks, problems in hypocenter location characteristic to Central America and seismic hazard assessment. Our methodological training has provided our Central American colleagues with the background and knowledge to pursue research on these topics that will be of great value to the region. In an initial effort in this direction, Engineer Juan Pablo Liggoria applied our ideas and software on network design to a region in his native Guatemala and derived an optimal configuration. Engineer Liggoria's work is included in the Appendix to this report. The goal of our project was to promote such independent research on the part of our Central American colleagues and we believe that we were quite successful in doing so. We think that further research such as that done by Engineer Liggoria will be forthcoming in the future. We had hoped, at the outset of the project, to conduct detailed seismic hazard assessments in Central America and to use our novel multiparameter sensitivity method to identify the critical parameters affecting uncertainty in Ltne assessment. As we became increasingly involved in cooperative work in Central America, we realized that the existing seismicity data would not permit a detailed and accurate hazard assessment. Thus our focus was on sharing our methodologies with our colleagues there and helping them toward the improved data collection that will make use of the methodologies possible in the future. In particular, we emphasized the importance of obtaining local strong motion data. During

8 -8 the past year there has been progress in this area, thanks in part to our efforts. 6. IMPACTS, RELEVANCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER We developed software for optimal network configuration software (OPTINET, Shimshoni et al 1992) and installed it at almost all the seismological centers in the region. We hope that the software will be an effective tool for future network planners in Central America. A preliminary application of the OPTINET software has already been made by the Guatemalan Electric Company for deployment of a sub-network in northwest Guatemala. This work is reported by Engineer Liggoria in the Appendix. A further aspect of our work on hypocenter location was devoted to training and education in how to assess the ability of a given seismographic network to accurately determine hypocenters. We developed an interactive software package that generates contour maps of uncertainty bounds for hypocenter parameters as a function of source location, the velocity model, and the network configuration. The basic theory underlying this work was first presented by Uhrhammer (1980). Our software enables Central American seismologists to turn this theory into a practical working tool. The software has been installed at seismological centers throughout the region. In the area of seniic hazard assessment, we demonstrated how to use standard assessment software and interpret its results. At the regional workshop, Dr. Steinberg described our multi-parameter sensitivity analysis and showed how to conduct the analysis using spreadsheet software that is

9 -9 readily available to scientists in Central America. In the area of technical assistance we provided valuable training in the use and maintenance of modern equipment. The combined effect of all of our efforts has been to improve the ability of our Central American colleagues to effectively monitor earthquake activity in the region, to correctly analyze seismic data, and to assess seismic hazard, with accompanying sensitivity analyses. All of these advances will promote better knowledge of seismicity and its effects that will be invaluable in developing rational building codes in Central America. 7. PROJECT ACTIVITIES/OUTPUT The highlight of the second year was the Regional Workshop on Seismic Hazard Assessment that convened in March 1993 at the School of Geology of the University of Costa Rica in San Jose. The workshop brought together about 30 participants from 6 countries in the region. The workshop featured presentations by Dr. Rabinowitz, Dr. Steinberg and Dr. Espinosa on state-of-the-art methods in various aspects of seismic hazard analysis. To promote active participation of all the local experts and encourage open discussion of the common problems they face, we asked the representatives from each country to address the workshop on the tectonics of their country and the current knowledge of seismic hazard assessment. Our initiative was rewarded with a series of excellent talks which provided a valuable local framework for the workshop and facilitated intimate cooperation among the participants. The scientific papers they prepared are included in the Appendix of this report. The workshop was extremely succe-isful. The closing session was devoted to summarizing the ideas discussed, obtaining feedback from the

10 - 10 participants and discussing directions for future cooperation. There was unanimous agreement among the participants that the week had been a great learning experience and that it was essential to continue the regional cooperation that had begun at the workshop. Our efforts on seismic hazard assessment reached a climax with the convening of the Regional Workshop on Seismic Hazard Assessment. As we noted earlier, the workshop brought together some 30 scientists and engineers from 12 institutions in 6 countries for an intensive week devoted to issues in seismic hazard assessment in Central America. Dr. Rabinowitz invested great personal effort in organizing the workshop and spent a three-month sabbatical in Costa Rica devoted primarily to that task. The workshop was held at the School of Geology of the University of Costa Rica in San Jose. We are grateful to Mr. Walter Montero, head of the School of 'Geology, for hosting and helping to organize the workshop. The workshop built on our informal visits to institutes throughout Central America during the first year of the project. These visits included preliminary discussions about applications of seismic monitoring and hazard assessment in the region and enabled us to gain a sense of the scientific areas in which we could most benefit our Central American colleagues. More important, the visits established the excellent basis of personal contact and cooperation that was one of the key elements in the success of the workshop. We were able to meet the leading people at each institute and, in particular, were able to identify an outstanding corps of young scientists and engineers who will play major roles in future work in their countries. We invested great effort to include this young group in the workshop and we feel that their participation will reap many fruits in the years ahead. The initial visits also enabled us to coordinate our efforts with those of the CEPREDENAC organization, which are funded and guided by an active Scandinavian seismological group, headed by Dr. Jens Havskov of Bergen

11 University, Norway. We conducted several meetings with Dr. Havskov and his colleagues which enabled us to take advantage of their valuable contributions and to minimize overlap in the cooperative work of both teams with our Central American colleagues. We will describe briefly here the main ideas on seismic hazard assessment that were presented at the workshop. Details can be found in the scientific papers included in the Appendix. The workshop presented the participants with some of the most modem and effective inethods for hazard analysis, some of which we developed ourselves. Our goal was to confront them with the basic problems involved in translating the data in a seismic bulletin into implications for structural engineering. The presentations covered all the various topics that play a role in that effort. The goal of seismic hazard analysis is to characterize the ground motions, in particular peak horizontal acceleration, that are likely to occur at a particular site during a given interval of time. Engineers can use this information to produce realistic building codes, which minimize the risk of severe earthquake damage without making the construction excessively expensive. Hazard analysis requires knowledge of seismicity near the site, the attenuation of energy from seismic sources to local sites, and the underlying geological structure. Several aspects of seismicity are important. First, source zones are delineated which describe the faults that threaten sites of interest. Then, for each source, it is necessary to determine the maximum earthquake magnitude, the relative proportion of large to small earthquakes (b value), and the average time (return period) between earthquakes of given magnitude. Data on earthquakes collected from a seismographic network provide the basis for assessing seismicity. Thus an essential first step in conducting seismic hazard analysis is to install and maintain an efficient network.

12 - 12- The events detected by the network are recorded in a seismic bulletin, which includes the origin time, hypocenter and magnitude of each earthquake. The current situation in Central America with respect to collection and recording of seismic data is quite good, thanks in large part to a major effort by the Scandinavian countries coordinated through CEPREDENAC. They have installed networks and modem data acquisition systems throughout the region. The SEISAN system provides for uniform data collection and analysis throughout Central America. Engineer Villa Gran described the SEISAN system and illustrated its features to the participants. Delineation of seismic source zones exploics both geological knowledge of the underlying fault system and the observed hypocenters. The seismicity parameters for euch source zone can then be estimated from the data in the bulletin. Some initial screening is important to remove earthquake swarms and detect any unusual changes of the earthquake pattern over time. The next step in bulletin analysis is to determine for what magnitude range reporting is complete. The complete data can then be used to estimate the b value and the return periods. It is difficult to determine maximum magnitude from the bulletin alone, because the return period for large events will be much longer than the period for which data are available. Here it can be valuable to supplement the bulletin with historical accounts of earthquakes, paleoseismic data on ground displacement, and geological features that can be linked by empirical relationships to maximum magnitude. The problems of estimating seismicity from a bulletin are treated in detail in the report from Dr. Steinberg in the Appendix. Attenuation relations describe the decay of the energy released by an earthquake with increasing distance from the hypocenter. The attenuation relations thus enable us to predict the ground motion at any site that will result from an earthquake of a given magnitude. Studies of seismic hazard

13 - 13 have consistently found that the attenuation relation is the most important parameter in determining assessed hazard. The report from Dr. Espinosa in the Appendix provides a wide-ranging discussion of the issues that must be considered in choosing an attenuation relation including many examples using data from the United States. As he emphasizes in his report, there is a great advantage in deriving an attenuation relation. from local strong motion data data, recorded by accelerometers. Often, though, there is insufficient local data for this task. Practicing seismologists confront this situation by "borrowing" relations that are based on data from regions with similar tectonic features. Currently there are almost no strong motion networks working in Central America. As part of our cooperative work on this project, we have obtained a small number of strong motiou records. These are old records in analog form which we had to digitize ourselves. (Modem equipment automatically generates digital records.) The records indicate substantial variation in peak ground acceleration. To explain some of that variation and relate it to other features, such as the underlying geological structure, will require a substantially larger data base. Seismic hazard assessment calculates, from the above the inputs, the probability of exceeding a particular level of ground motion at a given site within a given time window. The standard methodology for carrying out these calculations were developed by Cornell (1968) and McGuire (1976). Their approach was reviewed by Dr. Rabinowitz, with special emphasis on how to handle uncertainty in the inputs, which is a major problem in Central America due to the lack of a strong data base. One currently popular method is the "logic tree", in which alternative input values are considered and weighted by the analysts belief in their validity. Dr. Steinberg described the multi-parameter sensitivity analysis approach and discussed how it can easily be implemented using widely available spreadsheet software. We also discussed the similarities and differences of the multiparameter analysis and the logic tree approach. Both methods take account of possibly different values for the input parameters. The logic tree combines results across different values via the weighing scheme.

14 - 14- The multi-parameter analysis dissects the different results with the goal of identifying which parameter uncertainties really matter. Thus both methods exploit a similar collection of individual hazard assessments but for different purposes. Both goals are important and the two methods are seen to complement one another. The workshop concluded with a session devoted to summarizing the presentations and discussing plans for future endeavors. All the participants agreed that the workshop had given them a great boost and they all expressed hope and enthusiasm to make further progress toward detailed hazard assessments in the region. We are currently preparing a follow-up proposal to address these goals. List Of Meetings Dr. Rabinowitz (in a stop over on his way to CA) meets in Bergen University, with Dr. J. Havskov, Dr. H. Bungum and Prof 0. Kulhanek, to discuss joint efforts in CA project Dr. Rabinowtiz in Washington D.C., meeting with J. Daly and J. Conely (AID) Dr. Rabinowitz working visit in Guatemala, in CEPREDENAC and INSIVUMEH organizations Dr. Rabinowitz, working visit to Costa Rice- meetings in UCR and OVSICORI institutions Dr. Shapira, working visit in Guatemala Dr. Shapira working visit in Costa Rica Dr. Shapira, working visit to Panama , Israeli field team conducted a field work (jointly with

15 Costa Rican colleagues) in OVSICORI seismograph network. (Dr. Shapira, Y. Schwartz U. Peled and A. Golan) , the same Israeli team conducted a field work in UCR seismograph network the same Israeli team working in Institute of Geosiences, University of Panama i'anama Israeli team (Dr. Shapira, D.Kadosh and D. Levi) conducted a joint field work in El Salvador (jointly with colleagues form Centro de Investigaciones Geotechnicas ) the same Israeli team conducted a field work in INSAIVUMEH, Guatemala Dr. G. Santana from Department of Civil Engineering, UCR university, Costa Rica, conducted a week working visit to IPRG, Israel discussing seismic hazard assessments problems whithin the framework of the project Dr. Rabinowitz and MSc. Eli Arieh from IPRG, Israel, conducted a working visit to Guatemala: a. participating in a regional meeting with representatives from the 6 central american counties, hosted by CEPREDENAC organization in Guatemala city (30 31 January 1992). b. engaging in joint study and discussions with seismological staff of INSIVUMEH (M. Villagran, G. Bosque E. Enriquez and L. Ruis). Discussions devoted to various methods of earthquake location. c. Meeting with Mrs. I. Castillo, director of AID office in central america.

16 Dr. N. Rabinowitz and M.Sc. Eli Arieh conducted a working visit in Panama, in Instituto de Geociancias, University of Panama. Joint work with Panaman seismological staff ( E. Camacho, H. Toral V. Viguez and H. Palacio) on earthquake location in Panama using two to three stations only, applying non linear location algorithm (FTM) and discussing future deployment of Panama seismographic network Dr. Rabinowitz and M.Sc. Eli Arieh conducted a working visit to Costa Rica, visited OVSICORI institute discussing and working with Dr. F. Guendel and his colleagues practical aspects of locating events in Costa Rica and discussing various alternative location algorithms. Also visited Dep. of Civil Engineering in UCR university, hosted by Dr. G. Santana, head of the department. With Dr. Santana we discussed and planned the project of assessing seismic hazard in Costa Rica, and the future activities in regard to strong motion data collection M.Sc. Walter Montero (UCR School of Geology,Costa Rica) M.Sc. Eduardo Camacho (Inst. of Geosience, University of Panama), Ing. M. Villagran (INSIVUMEH, Guatemala) and Ing. J. Ligorria (INDE, Guatemala) participated in a workshop help at the IPRG, Israel. The workshop addressed problems of designing seismograph networks, and seismic hazard assessment methods. The central american participants also visited in the Geological Survey in Jerusalem and in the laboratory of the Civil Engireering Department, in Haifa Dr. N. Rabinowitz and Y. Shimshoni from IPRG conducted working visit to Costa Rica, installing the OPTINET software in UCR and OVSICORI, and discuss its applicability Dr. Rabinowitz and Y. Shimshoni participated in scientific conference in Managua Nicaragua devoted to: "20 - th anniversary of the 1972 Managua Earthquake", he conference was organized by INETER organization, Nicaragua.

17 Dr. Rabinowitz and Y. Shimshoni visited Guatemala. Installing the OPTINET software in INSIVUMEH and training the local colleagues in its applications Dr. Rabinowitz and Y. Shimshoni visited the Institute of Geociances,University of Panama. Installing the OPTINET software, and working in location problems jointly with Camacho and his colleagues Dr. Rabinowitz meets Dr. A. Aspinosa (US Collaborator) in USGS office, Boulder Colorado, to discuss the organization of the seminar in Hazard Assessment to be held in Costa Rica in March Dr. Rabinowitz spent a (short) sabbatical period in Costa Rica. During this period he worked with colleagues f'om UCR and OVSICORI institutions, on topics of hazard assessment, earthquake location and network design. During this period he also visited, within the framework of this project the seismological centers in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Panama A seminar on Seismic Hazard Assessment was held in the School of Geology, UCR, Costa Rica. The workshop was organized by Dr. Rabinowitz, Dr. D. Steinberg (Dept. of Statistics, Tel Aviv University), Dr. Alvaro Espinosa (USGS, Boulder Colorado) and MSc. Walter Montero, Head of the School of Geology, UCR university. Below is the list of central american participants attended this workshop: INSIVUMEH - Instituto Nacional de Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia, Gualemala. Ing. Guillemo Bosque Ing. Mario Villagran

20 - 20 the ICE, national electric company, Dr. Alvarado, Ing. M. Laporte and others) to discuss future joint activities in hazard assessment topics related to Costa Rica visited Honduras, Geophysical Dept. Tegucigalpa Univ, Honduras, meeting with Dr. M. Zuniga (head of the department) and Dr. G. Cruz, planning future activities within the framework of the project visited Guatemala, meeting with the seismological staff of INSIVUMEH (E. Mollina, E. Sanchez) and with staff of Dept. of Civil Engineering, El Valle university, Guatemala city ( Ing. Matzorf and Ing. A. Moldonato). 8. PROJECT PRODUCTIVITY The project was extremely successful and established an excellent basis for cooperation between the Israeli scientists and colleagues from 12 institutions in Central America. The most important product, as we have emphasized earlier, was in the area of knowledge and technology sharing which will lead to improved research in the future. We briefly describe here some of the major accomplishments. Special effort was devoted to the topic of hypocenter location in Central America. During the course of our working visits to seismological centers in Central America, we became aware that, with the exception of Costa Rica, the coverage provided by the national seismographic networks is quite problematic. Thus it is of major importance to use advanced algorithms for hypocenter location. We developed a location algorithm based on the flexible tolerance method (FTM) which is known to be a successful approach to nonlinear programming. The advantage of FTM is its ability to incorporate nonlinear constraints (e.g. azimuth, intensity maps, depth, distances from a reference point). We reported on the development of the FTM algorithm in the previous progress report (Rabinowitz 1993). Parallel

IG-35 Quito, September 2, 25 Dr. Domenico Giardini FDSN Chair This letter is to express our official interest in joining the Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN) and to present a brief description

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