SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

It often happens that you have non-Roman text data in Unicode, but you can't display it-- usually because you're trying to show it to a user via an application that doesn't support Unicode, or because the fonts you need aren't accessible. You could represent the Unicode characters as "???????" or "\15BA\15A0\1610...", but that's nearly useless to the user who actually wants to read what the text says.

What Text::Unidecode provides is a function, unidecode(...) that takes Unicode data and tries to represent it in US-ASCII characters (i.e., the universally displayable characters between 0x00 and 0x7F). The representation is almost always an attempt at transliteration-- i.e., conveying, in Roman letters, the pronunciation expressed by the text in some other writing system. (See the example in the synopsis.)

NOTE:

To make sure your perldoc/Pod viewing setup for viewing this page is working: The six-letter word "résumé" should look like "resume" with an "/" accent on each "e".

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Unidecode's ability to transliterate from a given language is limited by two factors:

The amount and quality of data in the written form of the original language

So if you have Hebrew data that has no vowel points in it, then Unidecode cannot guess what vowels should appear in a pronunciation. S f y hv n vwls n th npt, y wn't gt ny vwls n th tpt. (This is a specific application of the general principle of "Garbage In, Garbage Out".)

Basic limitations in the Unidecode design

Writing a real and clever transliteration algorithm for any single language usually requires a lot of time, and at least a passable knowledge of the language involved. But Unicode text can convey more languages than I could possibly learn (much less create a transliterator for) in the entire rest of my lifetime. So I put a cap on how intelligent Unidecode could be, by insisting that it support only context-insensitive transliteration. That means missing the finer details of any given writing system, while still hopefully being useful.

Unidecode, in other words, is quick and dirty. Sometimes the output is not so dirty at all: Russian and Greek seem to work passably; and while Thaana (Divehi, AKA Maldivian) is a definitely non-Western writing system, setting up a mapping from it to Roman letters seems to work pretty well. But sometimes the output is very dirty: Unidecode does quite badly on Japanese and Thai.

If you want a smarter transliteration for a particular language than Unidecode provides, then you should look for (or write) a transliteration algorithm specific to that language, and apply it instead of (or at least before) applying Unidecode.

In other words, Unidecode's approach is broad (knowing about dozens of writing systems), but shallow (not being meticulous about any of them).

FUNCTIONS

Text::Unidecode provides one function, unidecode(...), which is exported by default. It can be used in a variety of calling contexts:

$out = unidecode( $in ); # scalar context

This returns a copy of $in, transliterated.

$out = unidecode( @in ); # scalar context

This is the same as $out = unidecode(join "", @in);

@out = unidecode( @in ); # list context

This returns a list consisting of copies of @in, each transliterated. This is the same as @out = map scalar(unidecode($_)), @in;

unidecode( @items ); # void context

unidecode( @bar, $foo, @baz ); # void context

Each item on input is replaced with its transliteration. This is the same as for(@bar, $foo, @baz) { $_ = unidecode($_) }

You should make a minimum of assumptions about the output of unidecode(...). For example, if you assume an all-alphabetic (Unicode) string passed to unidecode(...) will return an all-alphabetic string, you're wrong-- some alphabetic Unicode characters are transliterated as strings containing punctuation (e.g., the Armenian letter "Թ" (U+0539), currently transliterates as "T`" (capital-T then a backtick).

However, these are the assumptions you can make:

Each character 0x0000 - 0x007F transliterates as itself. That is, unidecode(...) is 7-bit pure.

All Unicode characters translate to a sequence of (any number of) characters that are newline ("\n") or in the range 0x0020-0x007E. That is, no Unicode character translates to "\x01", for example. (Altho if you have a "\x01" on input, you'll get a "\x01" in output.)

Yes, some transliterations produce a "\n" but it's just a few, and only with good reason. Note that the value of newline ("\n") varies from platform to platform-- see perlport.

Some Unicode characters may transliterate to nothing (i.e., empty string).

Very many Unicode characters transliterate to multi-character sequences. E.g., Unihan character U+5317, "北", transliterates as the four-character string "Bei ".

Within these constraints, I may change the transliteration of characters in future versions. For example, if someone convinces me that that the Armenian letter "Թ", currently transliterated as "T`", would be better transliterated as "D", I may well make that change.

Unfortunately, there are many characters that Unidecode doesn't know a transliteration for. This is generally because the character has been added since I last revised the Unidecode data tables. I'm always catching up!

DESIGN GOALS AND CONSTRAINTS

Text::Unidecode is meant to be a transliterator of last resort, to be used once you've decided that you can't just display the Unicode data as is, and once you've decided you don't have a more clever, language-specific transliterator available, or once you've already applied smarter algorithms or mappings that you prefer and you now just want Unidecode to do cleanup.

Unidecode transliterates context-insensitively-- that is, a given character is replaced with the same US-ASCII (7-bit ASCII) character or characters, no matter what the surrounding characters are.

The main reason I'm making Text::Unidecode work with only context-insensitive substitution is that it's fast, dumb, and straightforward enough to be feasible. It doesn't tax my (quite limited) knowledge of world languages. It doesn't require me writing a hundred lines of code to get the Thai syllabification right (and never knowing whether I've gotten it wrong, because I don't know Thai), or spending a year trying to get Text::Unidecode to use the ChaSen algorithm for Japanese, or trying to write heuristics for telling the difference between Japanese, Chinese, or Korean, so it knows how to transliterate any given Uni-Han glyph. And moreover, context-insensitive substitution is still mostly useful, but still clearly couldn't be mistaken for authoritative.

Text::Unidecode is an example of the 80/20 rule in action-- you get 80% of the usefulness using just 20% of a "real" solution.

A "real" approach to transliteration for any given language can involve such increasingly tricky contextual factors as these:

The previous / preceding character(s)

What a given symbol "X" means, could depend on whether it's followed by a consonant, or by vowel, or by some diacritic character.

Syllables

A character "X" at end of a syllable could mean something different from when it's at the start-- which is especially problematic when the language involved doesn't explicitly mark where one syllable stops and the next starts.

Parts of speech

What "X" sounds like at the end of a word, depends on whether that word is a noun, or a verb, or what.

Meaning

By semantic context, you can tell that this ideogram "X" means "shoe" (pronounced one way) and not "time" (pronounced another), and that's how you know to transliterate it one way instead of the other.

Origin of the word

"X" means one thing in loanwords and/or placenames (and derivatives thereof), and another in native words.

"It's just that way"

"X" normally makes the /X/ sound, except for this list of seventy exceptions (and words based on them, sometimes indirectly). Or: you never can tell which of the three ways to pronounce "X" this word actually uses; you just have to know which it is, so keep a dictionary on hand!

Language

The character "X" is actually used in several different languages, and you have to figure out which you're looking at before you can determine how to transliterate it.

Out of a desire to avoid being mired in any of these kinds of contextual factors, I chose to exclude all of them and just stick with context-insensitive replacement.

A POD ENCODING TEST

"Brontë" is six characters that should look like "Bronte", but with double-dots on the "e" character.

"Résumé" is six characters that should look like "Resume", but with /-shaped accents on the "e" characters.

"læti" should be four letters long-- the second letter should not be two letters "ae", but should be a single letter that looks like an "a" entirely fused with an "e".

"χρονος" is six Greek characters that should look kind of like: xpovoc

"КАК ВАС ЗОВУТ" is three short Russian words that should look a lot like: KAK BAC 3OBYT

If things look mostly okay, but the Malayalam and/or the Chinese are just question-marks or empty boxes, it's probably just that your computer lacks the fonts for those.

TODO

Lots:

* Rebuild the Unihan database. (Talk about hitting a moving target!)

* Add tone-numbers for Mandarin hanzi? Namely: In Unihan, when tone marks are present (like in "kMandarin: dào", should I continue to transliterate as just "Dao", or should I put in the tone number: "Dao4"? It would be pretty jarring to have digits appear where previously there was just alphabetic stuff-- But tone numbers make Chinese more readable.

* Start dealing with characters over U+FFFF.

* Fill in all the little characters that've crept into the Misc Symbols Etc blocks.

* More things that need tending to are detailed in the TODO.txt file, included in this distribution. Normal installs probably don't leave the TODO.txt lying around, but if nothing else, you can see it at http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Text::Unidecode

MOTTO

The Text::Unidecode motto is:

It's better than nothing!

...in both meanings: 1) seeing the output of unidecode(...) is better than just having all font-unavailable Unicode characters replaced with "?"'s, or rendered as gibberish; and 2) it's the worst, i.e., there's nothing that Text::Unidecode's algorithm is better than. All sensible transliteration algorithms (like for German, see below) are going to be smarter than Unidecode's.

WHEN YOU DON'T LIKE WHAT UNIDECODE DOES

I will repeat the above, because some people miss it:

Text::Unidecode is meant to be a transliterator of last resort, to be used once you've decided that you can't just display the Unicode data as is, and once you've decided you don't have a more clever, language-specific transliterator available-- or once you've already applied a smarter algorithm and now just want Unidecode to do cleanup.

In other words, when you don't like what Unidecode does, do it yourself. Really, that's what the above says. Here's how you would do this for German, for example:

In German, there's the typographical convention that an umlaut (the double-dots on: ä ö ü) can be written as an "-e", like with "Schön" becoming "Schoen". But Unidecode doesn't do that-- I have Unidecode simply drop the umlaut accent and give back "Schon".

(I chose this not because I'm a big meanie, but because generally changing "ü" to "ue" is disastrous for all text that's not in German. Finnish "Hyvää päivää" would turn into "Hyvaeae paeivaeae". And I discourage you from being yet another German who emails me, trying to impel me to consider a typographical nicety of German to be more important than all other languages.)

If you know that the text you're handling is probably in German, and you want to apply the "umlaut becomes -e" rule, here's how to do it for yourself (and then use Unidecode as the fallback afterwards):

To pick another example, here's something that's not about a specific language, but simply having a preference that may or may not agree with Unidecode's (i.e., mine). Consider the "¥" symbol. Unidecode changes that to "Y=". If you want "¥" as "YEN", then...

(By the way, the reason I don't have Unidecode just turn "¥" into "YEN" is that the same symbol also stands for yuan, the Chinese currency. A "Y=" is nicely, safely neutral as to whether we're talking about yen or yuan-- Japan, or China.)

Another example: for hanzi/kanji/hanja, I have designed Unidecode to transliterate according to the value that that character has in Mandarin (otherwise Cantonese,...). Some users have complained that applying Unidecode to Japanese produces gibberish.

To make a long story short: transliterating from Japanese is difficult and it requires a lot of context-sensitivity. If you have text that you're fairly sure is in Japanese, you're going to have to use a Japanese-specific algorithm to transliterate Japanese into ASCII. (And then you can call Unidecode on the output from that-- it is useful for, for example, turning ｆｕｌｌｗｉｄｔｈ characters into their normal (ASCII) forms.

CAVEATS

If you get really implausible nonsense out of unidecode(...), make sure that the input data really is a utf8 string. See perlunicode and perlunitut.

LICENSE

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

DISCLAIMER

Much of Text::Unidecode's internal data is based on data from The Unicode Consortium, with which I am unaffiliated.

The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors/contributors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of The Unicode Consortium.