The name of the channel comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Nickelodeon's history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE,[2] in Columbus, Ohio. Its C-3 cable channel carried Pinwheel daily from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time.[2][3] Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCASatcom-1 transponder.[4] Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984.[5]

Nicktoons is the branding for Nickelodeon's original animatedtelevision series[9][10] (although it has seldom been used by the network itself since the 2002 launch of the spin-off digital cable and satellite channel of the same name). Until 1991, the animated series that aired on Nickelodeon were largely imported from foreign countries, and some original animated specials were also featured on the channel up to that point.[11][12] Original animated series continue to make up a substantial portion of Nickelodeon's lineup,[10] with roughly 6 to 7 hours of these programs airing on the weekday schedule and around nine hours on weekends, including a five-hour weekend morning animation block,[11] since the late 2000s, after the channel struck a deal with DreamWorks Animation in 2006 to develop the studio's animated films into weekly series,[13] the network has also begun to incorporate Nicktoons that utilize three-dimensional computer animation (such as The Penguins of Madagascar, Fanboy & Chum Chum, and Winx Club) in addition to those that are produced through traditional or digital ink and paint.

Nickelodeon does not air theatrically released or direct-to-video movies on a regular basis; however, it does produce its own original made-for-cable television movies, which usually premiere in weekend evening timeslots or on school holidays.

The channel occasionally airs feature films produced by the network's Nickelodeon Movies film production division (whose films are distributed by sister company Paramount Pictures), although the film division bears the Nickelodeon brand name, the cable channel does not have access to most of the movies produced by its film unit. Nickelodeon does have broadcast rights to most feature films based on or that served as the basis for original series produced by the channel (such as Barnyard: The Original Party Animals); the majority of the live-action feature films produced under the Nickelodeon Movies banner are licensed for broadcast by various broadcast and cable television outlets within the United States other than Nickelodeon (although the network has aired a few live-action Nickelodeon Movies releases such as Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging and Good Burger).

Nickelodeon also advertises hour-long episodes of its original series as movies;[citation needed] though the "TV movie" versions of Nickelodeon's original series differ from traditional television films in that they have shorter running times (approximately 45 minutes, as opposed to 75–100 minute run times that most television movies have), and use a traditional multi-camera setup for regular episodes (unless the program is natively shot in the single-camera setup common of films) with some on-location filming. Nickelodeon also periodically acquires theatrically released feature films for broadcast on the channel including Universal's Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale, several Monster High films, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles Forever (which was later released by Nickelodeon Movies through Paramount for DVD release), with the Barbie and Monster High films usually aired under a brokered format in which Mattel purchases the time in order to promote the release of their films on DVD within a few days of the Nickelodeon premiere, an arrangement possible as Nickelodeon does not have to meet the Federal Communications Commission rules which disallow that arrangement for broadcast channels due to regulations disallowing paid programming to children.

Nick Jr. – Nickelodeon currently programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on Monday through Fridays from 8:30 am- 2:00 pm Eastern and Pacific Time (7-10am during the summer months, other designated school break periods, and on national holidays). The block primarily targets audiences of preschool age as Nickelodeon's usual audience of school-age children are in school during the block's designated time period. Programs currently seen in this block include Blaze and the Monster Machines, Team Umizoomi, Bubble Guppies, PAW Patrol, Max & Ruby, and Mutt & Stuff.

Nick's New Saturday Night – a primetime live-action block airing from 8-10pm Eastern and Pacific Time. It launched on September 22, 2012, as Gotta See Saturday Nights. Recent episodes of certain original series may air when no new episodes are scheduled to air that week, the schedule features The Thundermans and Henry Danger (all first-run episodes are cycled on the schedule, giving it a variable schedule). Premieres of the network's original made-for-cable movies also occasionally air during the primetime block, usually in the form of premiere showings.

SNICK – "SNICK" (short for "Saturday Night Nickelodeon") was the network's first dedicated Saturday primetime block that aired from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time. Geared toward pre-teens and teenagers, it debuted on August 15, 1992, (with the initial lineup featuring two established series that originally aired on Sundays, Clarissa Explains It All and The Ren and Stimpy Show, and two new series, Roundhouse and Are You Afraid of the Dark?). The block featured mainly live-action series (primarily comedies), although it periodically featured animated series. SNICK was discontinued on August 28, 2004, and was replaced the following week (September 4, 2004) by a Saturday night edition of the TEENick block.

The historical Nick in the Afternoon logo used until its discontinuation in 1999.

Nick in the Afternoon – "Nick in the Afternoon" was a daytime block that ran on weekday afternoons during the summer months from 1995 to 1997, and aired in an extended format until December for its final year in 1998. It was hosted by Stick Stickly, a Mr. Bill-like popsicle stick character (puppeteered by Rick Lyon and voiced by actor Paul Christie, who would later voice Noggin/Nick Jr.'s mascot, Moose A. Moose until 2012), the block was replaced for the summer of 1999 by "Henry and June's Summer" (hosted by the animated hosts of the anthology seriesKaBlam!). The Stick Stickly character was later revived for "The '90s Are All That" on TeenNick, which debuted in 2011.

U-Pick Live – "U-Pick Live" (originally branded as "U-Pick Friday" from 1999 to late 2000, and originally hosted by the Henry and June characters from KaBlam!) was a block that aired weekday afternoons from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time from October 14, 2002, to May 27, 2005, which was broadcast from studios in New York City's Times Square district, where Nickelodeon is headquartered. Utilizing a similar concept that originated in 1994 with the Nick in the Afternoon block, "U-Pick Live" allowed viewer interaction in selecting the programs (usually cartoons) that would air on the block via voting on the network's website, the concept of user-chosen programming was later utilized part of a Friday edition of TeenNick's "The '90s Are All That" block that ran in 2011.

The historical TEENick logo used until its discontinuation in 2009.

TEENick – "TEENick" was a teen-oriented block that ran from March 6, 2001 to February 2, 2009, which ran on Sundays from 6:00 to 9:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time; a secondary block on Saturdays launched in 2004, taking over the 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time slot long held by SNICK, it was originally hosted by Nick Cannon, and then by Jason Everhart (aka "J. Boogie"), from January 16 to May 12, 2007, and again from March 1, 2008, to August 3, 2009, sister network The N ran a spin-off block "TEENick on The N". The TEENick name, which was dropped on February 2, 2009 (with the Saturday block remaining unbranded until the introduction of "Gotta See Saturdays" in 2013), later became the name of the rebranded The N on September 28, 2009.

ME:TV – "ME:TV" was a short-lived live hosted afternoon block that ran during the summer of 2007, which ran on weekday afternoons from 2:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time.

Nick Studio 10 – "Nick Studio 10" was a short-lived late afternoon programming block that ran from February 18, 2013, until June 17, 2013, which ran weekdays from 4:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time, the block featured wraparound segments around episodes of the network's animated series, which were shown in an off-the-clock schedule due to the segments that aired following each program's individual acts.

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards – The Kids' Choice Awards are a 90-minute-long annual live awards show held on the second Saturday night in March (formerly the first Saturday in April until 2008). The award show (whose winners are selected by Nickelodeon viewers though voting on the channel's website and through text messaging) honors popular television series and movies, actors, athletes and music acts, with winners receiving a hollow orange blimp figurine (one of the logo outlines used for much of the network's "splat logo" era from 1984 to 2009).

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards – A spin-off of the Kids' Choice Awards, "Kids Choice Sports" is held in July with the same KCA voting procedures and differing categories for team sports and athlete achievements for the previous year (featuring categories such as "Best Male Athlete", "Best Female Athlete", "King Of Swag", and "Queen Of Swag"), along with the award featuring a sports-specific purple mohawk. Its inaugural ceremony aired on July 17, 2014, and originally suspended the international channels so people could only watch it on the main channel.

Nickelodeon HALO Awards – The HALO Awards features 5 ordinary teens who are Helping And Leading Others (HALO). Its inaugural ceremony aired on December 11, 2009, the awards show is hosted by Nick Cannon and airs on Nickelodeon and TeenNick every November/December.

Worldwide Day of Play – The "Worldwide Day of Play" is an annual event held on a Saturday afternoon in late September that began on October 2, 2004, to mark the conclusion of the "Let's Just Play" campaign launched that year, which are both designed to influence kids to exercise and participate in outdoor activities; schools and educational organizations are also encouraged to host local events to promote activity among children during the event. Nickelodeon and its sister channels (except for the Pacific and Mountain Time Zone feeds and the Nick 2 Pacific feed that is distributed to the Eastern and Central Time Zones), some of the network's international channels and associated websites are suspended (with a message encouraging viewers to participate in outdoor activities during the period) from 12:00 to 3:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time on the day of the event,[14] since 2010, the Worldwide Day of Play event became part of The Big Help program, as part of an added focus on healthy lifestyles in addition to the program's main focus on environmental issues.

Nickelodeon en Telemundo – On November 9, 1998, Telemundo debuted a daily block of Spanish dubs of Nickelodeon's series (such as Rugrats, Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, Hey Arnold!, Rocko's Modern Life, KaBlam! and Blue's Clues); the weekday edition of the block ran until September 5, 2000, when it was relegated to weekends in order to make room for the morning news program Hoy En El Mundo; Nickelodeon's contract with Telemundo ended in November 2001, after the network was acquired by NBC.

The historical Nick on CBS logo used until its discontinuation in 2006.

Nick at Nite (stylized as "nick@nite") is Nickelodeon's nighttime programming service,[15] which debuted on July 1, 1985, and broadcasts Sunday through Wednesdays and Fridays from 9:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m., Thursdays from 8:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m., and Saturdays from 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time.

Nick Jr. is a digital cable and satellite television network aimed primarily at children between 2 and 7 years of age, featuring a mix of current and some former preschool-oriented programs from Nickelodeon, and original series exclusive to the channel; it originally launched on February 2, 1999, as Noggin, a joint venture between MTV Networks and the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop), the latter of which sold its stake to Viacom in 2002.

On September 28, 2009, the network was relaunched as Nick Jr., named after the former preschool program block of the same name that aired on Nickelodeon from January 1988 to February 2009. The network debuted Nickmom, a four-hour nightly program block aimed at mothers in September 2012,[17] which was controversial at its start due to its more lenient content standards (including some profanity, crude humor and suggestive references) than what is otherwise permitted on Nick Jr., particularly as the network operates a singular Eastern Time Zone feed, which results in the Nickmom block airing at the same time in all six U.S. time zones (being broadcast as early as 5:00 p.m. in the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone).[18] While traditional advertising appears on the channel during the Nickmom block, the network otherwise only runs programming promotions and underwriter-style sponsorships in lieu of regular commercials.

TeenNick is a digital cable and satellite television network that is aimed at teenagers and young adults, which originated as a nighttime block called "The N" on Noggin (in a similar scheduling structure as Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite) on April 1, 2002, and was spun off into a standalone channel on December 31, 2007, when it took over the satellite transponder of Nickelodeon Games and Sports. On September 28, 2009, the network was rebranded as TeenNick, named after the former TEENick block that aired on Nickelodeon from July 2000 to February 2009, although TeenNick has more relaxed program standards than the other Nickelodeon channels (save for Nick at Nite and the Nickmom block on Nick Jr.) – allowing for moderate profanity, suggestive dialogue and some violent content – the network has shifted its lineup almost exclusively towards current and former Nickelodeon series (including some that are burned off due to low ratings on the flagship channel) that have stricter content standards. It also airs some acquired sitcoms and drama series (such as Degrassi, which has aired on the network since 2003 as The N) and until the rebrand, also incorporated some original programming, on July 25, 2011, TeenNick began airing The '90s Are All That, renamed The Splat in October 2015, a block of Nickelodeon's most popular 1990s programming, targeting the network's target demographic from that era.[19]

NickMusic is a cable network in the United States mainly featuring music video and music-related programming from younger pop artists that appeal to Nickelodeon's target audience. It launched on the channel space formerly held by MTV Hits on September 9, 2016.

TV Land is a basic cable and satellite channel that debuted on April 29, 1996.[20] Based on the Nick at Nite block, it originally aired classic television series from the early 1950s to the 1970s, but beginning in 2004, has broadened its programming inventory to include series from the 1980s and 1990s (and more recently, the 2000s); in 2008, TV Land began producing its own original series: originally these were reality series; however, the network ventured into scripted originals with the 2010 debut of Hot in Cleveland. On December 17, 2006, Viacom's MTV Networks Kids & Family Group division took over operational responsibilities for TV Land from Nick at Nite (concurrent with Nickelodeon taking operational duties for Nick at Nite), though TV Land continues to be operated as part of the company's Viacom Media Networks unit.

Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids (commonly branded as Nickelodeon GAS or Nick GAS), was a digital cable and satellite network that launched on March 1, 1999, as part of the suite of digital cable channels launched by MTV Networks. It ran a mix of game shows and other competition programs from Nickelodeon (essentially formatted as a children's version of—and Viacom's answer to—the Game Show Network), the channel formally ceased operations on December 31, 2007, with The N taking over its channel space as a separate 24-hour network; however, an automated loop of Nick GAS continued to be carried on Dish Network due to unknown factors until April 23, 2009.

NickMom (stylized as nickmom) was a programming block launched on October 1, 2012, airing in the late night hours on Nick Jr. The block attempted original programming targeted towards young mothers until 2014, then began to carry acquired films and sitcoms, along with the 2010 version of the TV series Parenthood. Due to Viacom's 2015 cutbacks involving acquired programming and low ratings, the NickMom block and associated website were discontinued in the early morning hours of September 28, 2015.[21]

Nick HD is a high definitionsimulcast feed of Nickelodeon that broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format; the feed first began broadcasting in 2008. Most of the network's original series since 2008 – mainly its live-action series and some animated content – as well as episodes of programs carried by Nick at Nite (that were either natively produced in HD after 2000 or were remastered in high definition) are broadcast in HD, along with feature films, Nickelodeon original movies made after 2005 and select episodes, films and series produced before 2008. Other programs not available in HD are broadcast in pillarboxed4:3standard definition.

Nick 2

Nick 2 is the off-air brand for a secondary channel of Nickelodeon available on the digital tiers of cable providers, that is available in addition to the main Nickelodeon feed for the respective time zones on the provider's basic tier. Nick 2 is a repackaged version of Nickelodeon's Eastern and Pacific Time Zone feeds – the Pacific feed is distributed to the Eastern and Central Time Zones, and the Eastern feed is distributed to the Pacific and Mountain Time Zones – resulting in the difference in local airtimes for a particular program between two geographic locations being three hours at most, allowing viewers a second chance to watch a program after its initial airing on the Eastern Time Zone feed or to watch the show ahead of its airing on the Pacific Time Zone feed of the main channel (for example, the Nick at Nite block would respectively start at 11:00 p.m. Eastern on Nick 2 Pacific or 5:00 p.m. Pacific weeknights on Nick 2 Eastern). Currently, the Nick 2 feeds do not feature a high-definition simulcast channel.

Nick Too was originally offered as part of the MTV Networks Digital Suite, a slate of channels exclusive to digital cable tiers (though most of these channels are now also carried on satellite), and is the only current example in which two feeds of a non-premium service are provided to cable and IPTV providers. A Nick TOO logo was used on the channel until 2004, when MTV Networks decided to stop using customized branding on the feed (a logo for Nick 2 is only used for identification purposes on electronic program guides as a placeholder image); most television listings thus either show the additional channel under the brandings "Nickelodeon Pacific/NICKP" or "Nickelodeon Eastern/NICKE". DirecTV and Dish Network also offer both Nickelodeon feeds, though they carry both time zone feeds of most of the children's networks that the providers offer by default.

Nick on Demand

Nick on Demand is the network's video-on-demand service, which is available on most cable and satellite providers. It carries Nickelodeon's live-action, animated and preschool programming; however, acquired programs seen on Nick at Nite are not included as the syndication rights to most of the programs seen during the block are limited by contract to air in nighttime slots on the linear television channel.

Nick.com is Nickelodeon's main website, which launched in October 1995 as a component of America Online's Kids Only channel before eventually moving to the full World Wide Web.[22] It provides content, as well as video clips and full episodes of Nickelodeon series available for streaming, the website's popularity grew to the point where in March 1999, Nick.com became the highest rated website among children aged 6–14 years old. Nickelodeon used the website in conjunction with television programs which increased traffic;[23] in 2001, Nickelodeon partnered with Networks Inc. to provide broadbandvideo games for rent from Nick.com; the move was a further step in the multimedia direction that the developers wanted to take the website. Skagerlind indicated that over 50% of Nick.com's audience were using a high speed connection, which allowed them to expand the gaming and video streaming options on the website.[24]

Nickelodeon Movies is a motion picture production unit that was founded in 1995, as a family entertainment arm of Paramount Pictures (owned by Nickelodeon corporate parent Viacom)[26], which releases the studio's films. The first film released from the studio was the 1996 mystery/comedy Harriet the Spy.[27] Nickelodeon Movies has produced films based on Nickelodeon animated programs including The Rugrats Movie and The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and also Rufus, as well as other adaptations and original live-action and animated projects.

Nickelodeon Magazine was a print magazine that was launched in 1993; the network had previously published a short-lived magazine effort in 1990. Nickelodeon Magazine incorporated informative non-fiction pieces, humor (including pranks and parodical pieces), interviews, recipes (such as green slime cake), and a comic book section in the center of each issue featuring original comics by leading underground cartoonists as well as strips about popular Nicktoons.[28] The magazine ceased publication after 16 years in December 2009, citing a sluggish magazine industry.[29] A new version of the magazine was launched by Papercutz in June 2015.[30]

Nick Radio is a radio network that launched on September 30, 2013, in a partnership between both the network and iHeartMedia (then called Clear Channel Communications), which distributes the network mainly via its iHeartRadio web platform and mobile app; its programming is also streamed via the Nick.com website and on New York City radio station WHTZ as a secondary HD channel. Nick Radio focuses on Top 40 and pop music (geared towards the network's target audience of children and adolescents, with radio edits of some songs incorporated due to inappropriate content), along with celebrity interview features. In addition to regular on-air DJs, Nick Radio also occasionally features guest DJ stints by popular artists as well as stars from Nickelodeon's original series.[31][32][33]

Nickelodeon Universe at the Mall of America is the largest indoor theme park in the United States. On August 18, 2009, Nickelodeon and Southern Star Amusement announced that it would build a second Nickelodeon Universe in New OrleansLouisiana, on the site of the former Six Flags New Orleans by the end of 2010,[34] which was set to be the first outdoor Nickelodeon Universe theme park. On November 9, 2009, Nickelodeon announced that it had ended the licensing agreement with Southern Star Amusements.[35]

Nickland is an area inside of Movie Park Germany featuring Nickelodeon-themed rides, including a SpongeBob SquarePants-themed "Splash Battle" ride, and a Jimmy Neutron-themed roller coaster. This area is currently being expanded to fill space formerly occupied with rides based on Warner Bros. characters.

Nickelodeon Land opened in September 2015 at Sea World, featuring multiple rides based on Nickelodeon programs including a SpongeBob junior roller coaster, and a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles-themed flyer.[citation needed]

Nickelodeon Universe was also an area inside of Paramount's Kings Island featuring Nickelodeon-themed rides and attractions. The area was one of the largest sections in the park and was voted "Best Kid's Area" by Amusement Today magazine from 2001 until the area's closure in 2009 after the park's sale to Cedar Fair; in March 2008, another version of Nickelodeon Universe opened at Mall of America with many characters from the network's series including SpongeBob SquarePants and Dora the Explorer.

Nickelodeon Studios was an attraction at Universal Orlando Resort that opened on June 7, 1990, and housed production for many Nickelodeon programs (including Clarissa Explains It All, What Would You Do? and All That). The facility closed on April 30, 2005, after Nickelodeon's production facilities were moved to New York City and Burbank, California, the building that formerly housed Nickelodeon Studios is now occupied by the Blue Man Group Sharp Aquos Theatre. Another Nickelodeon-themed attraction at Universal Studios Orlando, Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast, opened in 2003 but was closed in 2011 to make way for the new ride Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem, which was based on the 2010 film Despicable Me; in 2012, a store based on SpongeBob SquarePants opened in Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone, replacing Universal's Cartoon Store.

Nickelodeon Blast Zone was an area in Universal Studios Hollywood that featured attractions centered around Nickelodeon characters and themes. The four attractions that were present in the area were "Nickelodeon Splash", a waterpark-style area, "The Wild Thornberrys Adventure Temple," a jungle-themed foam ball play area, and "Nick Jr. Backyard," a medium-sized toddler playground, this area closed in the winter of 2007 and was rethemed as a Curious George ride. Another attraction, "Rugrats Magic Adventure", was present at the opening of the area in 2001 but closed in 2002 to make way for Shrek 4-D.

Nickelodeon Splat City was an area inside California's Great America (from 1995 to 2002), Kings Island (from 1995 to 2000) and Kings Dominion (from 1995 to 1999), that featured messy- and water-themed attractions. The slime refinery theme was carried out in the attractions such as the "Green Slime Zone Refinery", the "Crystal Slime Mining Maze", and the "Green Slime Transfer Truck". All of these areas were later transformed into either Nickelodeon Central or Nickelodeon Universe before being discontinued as mentioned above when sold off by CBS Corporation.

Nickelodeon Animation Studio (formerly Games Animation) is a production firm located in Burbank, California, which serves as the animation facilities for many of the network's Nicktoons series. It also houses the headquarters of the Nicktoons cable channel.

Nickelodeon Suites Resort was a Nickelodeon-themed hotel in Orlando, Florida, located near Universal Studios Resort and 1-mile (1.6 km) from Walt Disney World Resort. The property included one, two, and three-bedroom Nick-themed kid suites and various forms of entertainment themed after Nickelodeon programs. Nickelodeon Suites Resort also contained a Nick at Nite suite for adults, the hotel closed entirely on June 1, 2016.

Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott was a proposed hotel chain similar to Nickelodeon Suites Resort, featuring a 110,000-square-foot (10,000 m2) waterpark area and 650 hotel rooms. Announced in 2007,[36] the first location was scheduled to open in San Diego in 2010; however, plans to open that location were canceled in 2009.[37] Plans for the remaining 19 hotels originally slated to open remain unclear.

Nickelodeon Hotels is a hotel chain that opened its first location at Punta Cana in late 2016 in association with Karisma Hotels and Resorts.[38]

Nickelodeon at Sea is a series of Nickelodeon-themed cruise packages in partnership with Norwegian Cruise Line. These cruises feature special amenities and entertainment themed to various Nickelodeon properties.[39]

Norwegian Cruise Line also hosts some Nickelodeon Cruises on the Norwegian Jewel and Norwegian Epic liners, as part of Nickelodeon at Sea.[40]

Between 1993 and 1995, Nickelodeon opened international channels in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Germany; by the later year, the network had provided its programming to broadcasters in 70 countries. Since the mid-1990s and early 2000s, Nickelodeon as a brand has expanded into include language- or culture-specific channels for various other territories in different parts of the world including Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Canada, and has licensed some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to broadcast networks and cable channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey.

1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

2.
English language
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English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩

English language
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The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf, handwritten in half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
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Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
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Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales c.1400

3.
Nicktoons (TV channel)
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Nicktoons is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. As of July 2015, approximately 66.5 million American households received Nicktoons, however, by early 2004, Nickelodeon management changed course and offered it to digital satellite services DirecTV and Dish Network. By June 6,2005, as the networks distribution increased, in conjunction with this, the Network identifier was dropped, leaving the network to be rebranded as Nicktoons for the second time. An HD feed was launched on August 13,2013, and is available on several providers, like Viacoms other HD channels, any programming produced in 4,3 SD is pillarboxed on this feed. As the network has blended in more Nickelodeon programming into its schedule, on September 3,2014, the NickSports two hour Wednesday prime time programming block was launched on the channel. The block consisted of a blend of sports themed programs and was inspired by the success of Nicks first, despite the channels name, Nicktoons is not exclusively limited to airing Nicktoons, Nickelodeons branding for its original animated television series. The channel has engaged in channel drift throughout its existence, increasingly adding action-oriented programming that was never seen on Nickelodeon, and even live-action programs in recent years. Nicktoons was launched in the United Kingdom on July 22,2002, although, unlike the United States version, also unlike the U. S. version, it does not broadcast 24 hours a day. There are also other Nicktoons channels in Flanders, Germany, the Netherlands, a Latin America version of Nicktoons was launched on February 4,2013. An African version of Nicktoons was launched on September 30,2014 along with Nick Jr, from 2006 until 2009, Nicktoons Network used a robot mascot in bumpers and advertisements for the channel. The mascot, named ACOW, which stands for Animation Capital of the World was a robot character with a large singular eye. ACOW was prominently featured on the NicktoonsNetwork. com website and was used as part of the Nicktoons Network, several similar-looking eyeball-based characters were seen in promos for the network. 2016 Deciders Oral History of Nicktoons interviews with cast and crew

Nicktoons (TV channel)
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ACOW, Nicktoons Network's robot mascot

4.
TeenNick
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TeenNick is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel features a mix of programming, Nickelodeon-produced series. The channel was known as TEENick from March 4,2001 to February 1,2009. TeenNicks name was taken from the former TEENick program block, which aired on parent channel Nickelodeon from 2001 to 2009, as of February 2015, TeenNick is available to approximately 72.3 million pay television households in the United States. TeenNick originally debuted on April 1,2002 as a programming block on Noggin called The N. This was acknowledged in The Ns daily sign-off message, which explained that The N would resume its programming at 6,00 p. m. ET later that day, MTV Networks started developing the concept of The N in 2002. From its launch, The N targeted an audience than Noggin and was more entertainment-based in nature compared to Noggins educational format. In October 2006, Viacom bought the quiz website Quizilla, Noggins final sign on was a sudden cut-in to the intro of the British series 64 Zoo Lane replacing the song. Dish Network began to carry The N and Noggin as separate channels on May 6,2009, on February 24,2009, Nickelodeon announced that The N was to be rebranded as TeenNick to bring the channel in line with the Nickelodeon brand identity. The channel relaunched as TeenNick on September 28,2009, at 6 a. m, ET, accompanied by the debut of the new logo, former parent network Noggin was relaunched as Nick Jr. on that same date. Nick Cannon, who starred in the Nickelodeon series All That and The Nick Cannon Show, had a presence on the channel. Nearly all of The Ns existing program inventory was carried over to the relaunched channel, however, most of the channels original series were not carried over to TeenNick. m. to 3 p. m. ET. Despite the rebranding, some electronic program guide providers identify TeenNick as The N, in July 2011, TeenNick began carrying programs originally filmed for high definition broadcast in a letterboxed format, due to the absence of an HD simulcast feed of the channel. The channel currently airs from 6,00 AM to 10,00 PM, the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, a longtime mainstay of The N, moved to TBS and Freeform in September 2009 upon the expiration of Viacoms rights to the series. On April 20,2011, TeenNick announced that it had acquired the rights to air Buffy the Vampire Slayer starting that May, the majority of TeenNicks weekday and weekend daytime schedule consists of reruns of current and former Nickelodeon series. Some defunct Nickelodeon series also air regularly during the day, such as Neds Declassified School Survival Guide, iCarly, originally airing on weeknights only until October 8,2011, the block aired nightly from midnight to 2,00 a. m. E. T. with an encore from 2-4AM ET, the block also featured holiday-themed programming during holiday periods such as The 90s Are All That Holidaze during the holiday season in 2014. In 2015, The 90s Are All That was rebranded as The Splat to include programming from the 1980s and early-mid 2000s, in addition, The Splat also features themed weeks, live stunts, retro recreations, and its own dedicated website

TeenNick
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The N's "hand" logo, used from April 1, 2002 to October 4, 2007

5.
DirecTV
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DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17,1994, transmits digital television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers, DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services. Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service, most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas, which were typically a few yards across. Advances in antenna technology, including fractal antennas, have allowed a reduction in antenna size across all industries. Receiving equipment includes a dish, an integrated receiver/decoder and a DirecTV access card. Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee, additional monthly fees may include a protection plan, DVR, additional receivers, HD channels, and other premium channel packages. A subscriber also can order pay-per-view and video on demand events, all programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception, DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit. As of the quarter ended September 30,2012, DirecTV U. S. had 19.981 million subscribers, for the same period, DirecTV Latin America ended with 9.666 million subscribers and revenues of US$1.577 billion. In addition to serving residences, DirecTV offers service to bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, the company also offered mobile service for cars, boats, and RVs as well as aircraft in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing. On November 30,2016, DirecTV Now, an internet streaming TV service was launched, in 1953, Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft. Ostensibly created as a medical research foundation, HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter. Following Hughes death in 1976, HHMI was incorporated in 1977, in 1984, the court appointed a new board for HHMI, which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20,1985, for an estimated $5.1 billion. General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation, the new subsidiary was initially composed of four units, Delco Electronics Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Hughes Space and Communications Company, and Hughes Network Systems. Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting in 1981 and was a proponent for the development of direct-broadcast satellite service in the United States. USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC, at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location, Hughes Communications, Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101-degree location

6.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region

7.
Google Fiber
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Google Fiber is part of the Access division of Alphabet Inc. It provides fiber-to-the-premises service in the United States, providing broadband Internet and cable television to a small, in mid-2016, Google Fiber had 68,715 television subscribers and was estimated to have about 453,000 broadband customers. The service was first introduced to the Kansas City metropolitan area, on August 10,2015, Google announced its intention to restructure the company moving less central services and products into a new umbrella corporation, Alphabet Inc. As part of this plan, Google Fiber would become a subsidiary of Alphabet and may become part of the Access. In October 2016, all plans were put on hold. Google Fiber will continue to service in the cities where it is already installed. Google Fiber offers four options, depending on location, a free Internet option, a 100 Mbit/s option, a 1 Gbit/s Internet option. The Internet service includes one terabyte of Google Drive service, the service includes a two terabyte DVR in addition to the Google Drive. The DVR can record up to eight live television shows simultaneously, in addition, television service will also stream live program content on iPad and Android tablet computers. Google offers several different service plans to their customers, Google also offers free Google Fiber Internet connectivity in each of its markets to select public, in order to avoid underground cabling complexity for the last mile, Google Fiber relies on aggregators dubbed Google Fiber Huts. From these Google Fiber Huts, the fiber cables travel along utility poles into neighborhoods and homes, the estimated cost of wiring a fiber network like Google Fiber into a major American city is $1 billion. The initial location was chosen following a selection process. Over 1,100 communities applied to be the first recipient of the service, the request form was simple, and, some have argued, too straightforward. This led to various attention-getting behaviors by those hoping to have their town selected, some examples are given below, Baton Rouge, Louisiana supporters remade the Supertramp song Give a Little Bit to Give a Gigabit. Greenville, South Carolina utilized 1,000 of their citizens, from an aerial view, the title Google was colorfully visible. Topeka, Kansas, temporarily renamed itself Google, a small plane bearing a banner reading Will Google Play in Peoria, IL. flew over the Google campus in Mountain View, California. The mayor of Duluth, Minnesota, jokingly proclaimed that every child will be named either Google Fiber or Googlette Fiber. The city of Rancho Cucamonga, California, dubbed their city, one of the islands in Sarasota, Florida, was temporarily renamed Google Island

8.
Cable television in the United States
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Cable television first became available in the United States in 1948, with subscription services following in 1949. Data by SNL Kagan shows that as of 2006 about 58. 4% of all American homes subscribe to cable television services. Most cable viewers in the U. S. reside in the suburbs and tend to be middle class, cable television is less common in low income, urban, and rural areas. According to reports released by the Federal Communications Commission, traditional cable television subscriptions in the US peaked around the year 2000, since then, cable subscriptions have been in slow decline, dropping to 54.4 million subscribers by December 2013. Some telephone service providers have started offering television, reaching to 11.3 million video subscribers as of December 2013, walsons first claim is highly disputed, however, since his claimed starting date cannot be verified. The United States Congress and the National Cable Television Association have recognized Walson as having invented cable television in the spring of 1948. A CATV system was developed in the late 1940s by James F. Reynolds in his town of Maple Dale, Pennsylvania, which grew to include Sandy Lake, Stoneboro, Polk, Cochranton, and Meadville. Davidson was the movie theater manager and ran a radio repair business on the side. In 1948, Parsons owned a station in Astoria, Oregon. A year earlier he and his wife had first seen television at a broadcasters convention, in the spring of 1948, Parsons learned that radio station KRSC in Seattle –125 miles away – was going to launch a television station that fall. He found that with a large antenna he could receive KRSCs signal on the roof of the Hotel Astoria, when the station went on the air in November 1948, Parsons was the only one in town able to see television. According to MSNBCs Bob Sullivan, Parsons charged a $125 one-time set-up fee, in May 1968, Parsons was acknowledged as the father of community antenna television. In 1950, Robert Tarlton developed the first commercial television system in the United States. The system was featured in stories in The New York Times, Newsweek, the publicity of this successful early system set off a wave of cable system construction throughout the United States, and Tarlton himself became a highly sought-after consultant. Tarlton used equipment manufactured by a new company, Jerrold Electronics, after seeing the success of the Tarlton system in 1950, Jerrold President Milton Shapp reorganized his company to build equipment for the now-growing cable industry. In 1952, Tarlton went to work for Jerrold, helping to construct most of the systems built by that company in the 1950s. Tarlton was also responsible for training many of the operators of cable systems in the 1950s. In 2003, Tarlton was inducted in the Cable Television Hall of Fame for his building the first widely publicized cable television company in America

9.
Television network
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Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks evolved from earlier radio networks, such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as specialty channels in Canada or cable networks in the U. S. A network may or may not produce all of its own programming, if not, production companies can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of television commercials, station identifications and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming and this is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with an educational broadcasting agency. It is also important to note that some countries have launched national television networks, on the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of television has made available in major media markets. Such a diverse captive audience presents an occasion for the networks and this is explained by author Tim P. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the networks preferred position, as to individual stations, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. A major international network is the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is perhaps most well known for its news agency BBC News. Owned by the Crown, the BBC operates primarily in the United Kingdom and it is funded by the television licence paid by British residents that watch terrestrial television and as a result, no commercial advertising appears on its networks. Outside of the UK, advertising is broadcast because the licence fee applies to the BBCs British operations. 23,000 people worldwide are employed by the BBC and its subsidiary, other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as religious content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish. The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate digital subchannel networks through their member stations. This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated stations across the country. These local stations then carry the feed, which can be viewed by millions of households across the country

Television network
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The DuMont Television Network in 1949. DuMont's network of stations stretched from Boston to St. Louis. These stations were linked together via AT&T's coaxial cable feed, allowing the network to broadcast live television programming to all the stations at the same time. Stations not yet connected received kinescope recordings via physical delivery.

10.
Viacom Media Networks
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Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel. Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining interest in 1986 and it was then folded into Viacom International Inc. a subsidiary of Viacom Inc. and is no longer a distinct legal entity. Viacom Media Networks family of brands is divided into three sections, based on the type of programming and audiences they serve. All networks are simulcasted in high definition aside from the music networks. The company also owns internet properties, such as MTV News, MTV International, the company ran a virtual world system, Virtual MTV in the late 2000s. It formerly owned Neopets, Atom Entertainment, and other web properties before shutting them down or selling them to companies in the 2000s and 2010s. Viacom had a division called MTV Games, which used to publish the Rock Band and Dance Central series by Harmonix Music Systems. MTV Networks opened another game division called 345 Games in New York City, the Rock Band series and the Dance Central series will be published by other publishers. The first game published by 345 Games was Ugly Americans, Apocalypsegaddeon based on the Comedy Central TV series, recently,345 Games has announced a video game based on the popular MMA franchise, Bellator Fighting Championships. Viacom International Media Networks is a division of Viacom International and its headquarters are based in New York, London, Warsaw and Buenos Aires. It consists of 64 localized MTV channels, MTV Live HD, VH1, Nickelodeon, TMF, VIVA, Comedy Central, Game One, Nitrome Limited, Shockwave, Addicting Games, Atom Films and Xfire. S. Including MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon are experiencing falls in viewership unlike other US broadcasters, MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon are of most concern to investors

Viacom Media Networks
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New York headquarters

11.
Adolescence
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Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier. For example, puberty now typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females, physical growth, and cognitive development can extend into the early twenties. Thus age provides only a marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country, Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, cognitive advances encompass both increment in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations, for example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles, developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status. Some scientists have questioned the universality of adolescence as a developmental phase, puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys, every persons individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can contribute to precocious and delayed puberty. Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in height, weight, body composition. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity, puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of sex characteristics. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur

12.
History of Nickelodeon
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Nickelodeons history dates back to December 1,1977, when QUBE, the first two-way major market interactive cable television system was launched in Columbus, Ohio by Warner Cable. One of the ten community channels that were offered at no charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series The Electric Company, Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. Nickelodeon launched on April 1,1979 on Warner Cables system in Buffalo and it quickly expanded its audience reach, first to other Warner Cable systems across the country, and eventually to other cable providers. Despite its prior history on the QUBE system under the Pinwheel name, initial programming on Nickelodeon included Video Comic Book, PopClips, Hocus Focus, Pinwheel, America Goes Bananaz, Nickel Flicks, and By the Way. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a service, the network ran interstitials between programs, consisting of a male mime doing tricks in front of a black background. Premium cable network Star Channel would take over the space after Nickelodeons broadcast day ended. New shows were added to the lineup in 1980, including Dustys Treehouse, First Row Features, Special Delivery, What Will They Think Of Next. in 1981, the network introduced a new logo, consisting of a silver pinball overlaid by multicolored Nickelodeon text. Late that year, the Canadian sketch comedy series You Cant Do That on Television made its American debut on Nickelodeon, the green slime originally featured on that program was later adopted by Nickelodeon as a primary feature of many of its shows, including the game show Double Dare. Other shows that were part of Nickelodeons regular schedule during its early years included The Third Eye, Standby. Lights. On April 12,1981, the channel expanded its programming to thirteen hours each day, shifting the daily schedule from 8,00 a. m. to 9,00 p. m. Eastern. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a $10 million loss by 1984, the network had lacked successful programs, which stagnated viewership, finishing dead last among all U. S. cable channels. Seibert and Goodmans company, Fred/Alan Inc. teamed up with Tom Corey, Fred/Alan also enlisted the help of animators, writers, producers and doo-wop group The Jive Five to create new channel IDs. It also began promoting itself as The First Kids Network, due to its status as the first American television network aimed at children, along with the rebrand, Nickelodeon began accepting traditional advertising. In the summer of 1984, A&E announced that it would become a separate 24-hour channel as of the following January, after A&E stopped sharing its channel space, Nickelodeon simply went to a test pattern screen after it signed off for the night. On July 1,1985, Nickelodeon became a 24-hour service with the launch of the new block, Nick at Nite. In 1988, the network aired the inaugural Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards and it also introduced an educational program block for preschool-age children called Nick Jr. which replaced the former Pinwheel block. On August 11,1991, Nickelodeon debuted its first original animated series – Doug, Rugrats, the development of these programs was a reversal of the networks previous concerns, as Nickelodeon had previously refused to produce weekly animated series due to the high production costs

History of Nickelodeon
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The third Nickelodeon logo, used from 1981 to 1984.
History of Nickelodeon
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Former Pinwheel logo, used from 1977 to 1979.
History of Nickelodeon
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Herb Scannell, president of Nickelodeon from 1996 to 2006.

13.
Nickel (United States coin)
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A nickel, in American usage, is a five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint. Composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel, the piece has been issued since 1866 and its diameter is.835 inches and its thickness is.077 inches. The silver half dime, equal to five cents, had issued since the 1790s. The American Civil War caused economic hardship, driving gold and silver from circulation, in response, in place of low-value coins, the government at first issued paper currency. In 1865, Congress abolished the five-cent fractional currency note after Spencer M. Clark, head of the Currency Bureau, the initial design of the Shield nickel was struck from 1866 until 1883, then was replaced by the Liberty Head nickel. The Buffalo nickel was introduced in 1913 as part of a drive to increase the beauty of American coinage, in 1938, in 2004 and 2005, special designs in honor of the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were issued. In 2006, the Mint reverted to using Jefferson nickel designer Felix Schlags original reverse, although a new obverse, by Jamie Franki, was substituted. As of the end of FY2013, it cost more than nine cents to produce a nickel, the silver half disme was one of the denominations prescribed by the Mint Act of 1792, its weight and fineness were set by law. By legend, President Washington supplied silverware from his home, Mount Vernon, in 1793, the newly established Philadelphia Mint began striking cents and half cents. Coinage of precious metal was delayed, Congress required the assayer and chief coiner to each post a security bond of $10,000, a huge sum in 1793. In 1794, Congress lowered the chief coiners bond to $5,000, subsequently, silver coinage began that year. The half dime was struck to various designs by Mint Engraver Robert Scot from 1794 until 1805, though none were dated 1798,1799, in response, in 1804 the US stopped striking silver dollars, issuance of the half dime was discontinued from 1805 until 1829. Beginning in 1829, the silver five-cent piece was struck, beginning in 1837. In 1851, it ceased to be the smallest US silver coin as a three cent piece was issued by the Mint, although specie was hoarded or exported, the copper-nickel cent, then the only base metal denomination being struck, also vanished. In 1864, Congress began the process of restoring coins to circulation by abolishing the three-cent note and authorizing bronze cents and two-cent pieces, with low intrinsic values and these new coins initially proved popular, though the two-cent piece soon faded from circulation. On March 3,1865, Congress passed legislation authorizing the Mint to strike three-cent pieces of 75% copper, in 1864, Congress authorized a third series of fractional currency notes. Clark kept his job only because of the intervention of Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase. In his 1865 report, Pollock wrote, From this nickel alloy, a coin for the denomination of five cents, only until the resumption of specie payments

Nickel (United States coin)
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A 1796 half dime
Nickel (United States coin)
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Nickel
Nickel (United States coin)
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Spencer M. Clark, Supervisor of the Currency Bureau placed his own likeness on the five-cent U.S. Fractional currency note leading directly to legislation prohibiting the depiction of any living person on U.S. currency.
Nickel (United States coin)
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The Shield nickel

14.
Nickelodeon (movie theater)
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The nickelodeon was the first type of indoor exhibition space dedicated to showing projected motion pictures. Usually set up in converted storefronts, these small, simple theaters charged five cents for admission, Nickelodeon was concocted from nickel, the name of the U. S. For unknown reasons, in 1949 the lyricist of a popular song, incorporated the refrain Put another nickel in, in the nickelodeon…, evidently referring to either a jukebox or a mechanical musical instrument such as a coin-operated player piano or orchestrion. The meaning of the word has been muddied ever since, the earliest films had been shown in peep show machines or projected in vaudeville theaters as one of the otherwise live acts. Nickelodeons drastically altered film exhibition practices and the habits of a large segment of the American public. Although they were characterized by continuous performances of a selection of short films, film historian Charles Musser wrote, It is not too much to say that modern cinema began with the nickelodeons. The name Nickelodeon was first used in 1888 by Austins Nickelodeon, however, the term was popularized by Harry Davis and John P. Harris, who opened their small storefront theatre with that name on Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on June 19,1905. They called it the Nickelodeon, joining nickel with the Greek word for an enclosed theater adopted by the 18th-century Odéon in Paris. Although it was not the first theater to show films, in 1919 a news article stated that it was the first theater in the world devoted exclusively to exhibition of moving picture spectacles, larger nickelodeons sometimes had the capacity for well over 1000 people. Other well-known nickelodeon owners were the Skouras Brothers of St. Louis, nickelodeons radically altered the mode of representation that corresponded with changes in the modes of distribution and the types of films being made. Around 1903, longer multi-shot films became prevalent, and this shift brought about important innovations in the distribution of films with the establishment of film exchanges. Film exchanges would buy films from manufacturers and then rent them out to exhibitors, with a steady supply of different films, exhibitors finally had the possibility to open venues where films were the central attraction. They did not have to worry about finding new audiences because the audience would return again and again to watch different films. Exhibition practices greatly varied and programs lasted anywhere from ten minutes to an hour, often, programs ran continuously and patrons would join a program already in progress when they arrived and stay as long as they liked. While some nickelodeons only showed films, others offered shows that combined films with vaudeville acts or illustrated songs, the desirability of longer films, which enabled nickelodeons to grow the way they did, was the result of a number of factors. For one, economic competition between film production companies put pressure on them to more elaborate, and often longer, films. Also, longer films were more attractive as the price paid by exhibitors depended on a length and the longer a film. Directors had a desire to make longer films because it meant greater artistic innovation as they tried to find new ways to engage audiences

15.
Time Warner Cable
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Time Warner Cable was an American cable television company. Prior to its purchase by Charter Communications in 2016, it was ranked the second largest cable company in the United States by revenue behind only Comcast and it was controlled by Warner Communications, then by Time Warner. That company spun off the operations in March 2009 as part of a larger restructuring. From 2009 to 2016, Time Warner Cable was an independent company. The purchase was completed on May 18,2016, Charter had continued to do business as Time Warner Cable in its former markets, Time Warner Cable was formed in 1992 by the merger of Time Inc. s cable television company, American Television and Communications Corp. It also includes the remnants of the defunct QUBE interactive TV service, in 1995, the company launched the Southern Tier On-Line Community, a cable modem service later known as Road Runner High Speed Online. That year, talks began that would result in Warners acquisition of Paragon Cable. Glenn Britt was the CEO from 2001 until December 2013, Time Warner retained Time Warner Cable as a subsidiary until March 2009, when it was spun out as an independent company. Prior to the spin-out, Time Warner had held an 84% stake in Time Warner Cable, non-Time Warner shareholders received 0.083670 shares for each share already owned. This move made Time Warner Cable the largest cable operator in the United States owned solely by a class of shareholders. Time Warner Cable launched DVR service in the Houston area in 2004, when first launched, it used Scientific-Atlanta set-top boxes with DVR. It was first reported in October 2013 that Time Warner Cable was exploring a sale of the company, however, on November 22,2013, reports surfaced that Comcast expressed interest in acquiring Time Warner Cable. Both companies were said to be placing bids for the company, Charter reiterated its interest in purchasing Time Warner Cable and increased its bid on January 14,2014. On February 12,2014, it was reported that Comcast had reached a deal to acquire TWC in a deal valued at $45.2 billion. In April 2015, it was reported that the U. S, on April 24,2015, Comcast officially announced that it had called off the merger. On May 25,2015, Bloomberg News reported that Charter was near a deal to acquire TWC for $195 a share, the acquisition was completed on May 18,2016. The Time Warner Cable brand is in the process of being phased out in favor of Spectrum, as of 2013, Time Warner Cables business division had the second largest business-facing enterprise by revenue, with $1.7 billion in revenue as of the third quarter of 2013. Total revenue for 2012 was $1.9 billion, Spectrum Center, formerly Time Warner Cable Arena, is located in Charlotte, North Carolina, the home of the NBAs Charlotte Hornets

Time Warner Cable
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Time Warner Center, the headquarters of the company in New York City. It is shared by its namesake, but now unrelated company, Time Warner.
Time Warner Cable
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Time Warner Cable Inc.
Time Warner Cable
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Time Warner Cable building entrance in Morrisville, North Carolina

16.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round

17.
SpongeBob SquarePants
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SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character, the series popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. As of 2015, the franchise has generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. Many of the ideas for the series originated in an educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1,1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17,1999 and it has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19,2004, on July 21,2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode Extreme Spots. The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, in 2011, a newly described species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was named after the cartoons title character. The series revolves around its title character and his various friends, SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He has a pet snail, Gary, who meows like a cat, living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himself as intelligent, Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBobs next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and he enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier. Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas and she is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lives in an oak tree entrapped in a glass dome locked by an airtight. When outside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-like suit because she cannot breathe underwater, Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money, is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBobs boss. Krabs has a teenage daughter named Pearl, whom he values equally with his riches. His rival, Plankton, is a small green copepod who owns a low-rank fast-food restaurant called the Chum Bucket, located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the recipe for Mr. Krabss popular Krabby Patty burgers, so as to gain the upper hand

18.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an American 3D rendered computer animated television series. It premiered on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 29,2012 and it is the third animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series. It is produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio, composer Sebastian Evans provides the shows score. On October 2,2012 and February 26,2013, Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second and third season, on June 17,2014, Nickelodeon ordered a fourth season of the show. On July 10,2015, a season was announced. The series will conclude after its season and will be suceeded by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Ninjutsu master Hamato Yoshi is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of Manhattan when he encounters members of a race called the Kraang. During an altercation with these aliens, Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraangs chemical, called mutagen, Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics. Yoshi retreats to the New York City sewers where he raises the four turtles as his sons, now teenagers, the turtles venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City. They befriend the teenage April ONeil after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang, Donatello, who has developed a crush on April, is able to rescue her. While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang, April becomes an ally of the turtles, April is also trained by Splinter to be a kunoichi, a female ninja. This family feud eventually earns the coincidence of two of Shredders disciples, martial arts star Chris Bradford and Brazilian street thug Xever Montes, getting mutated into Dogpound and Fishface. Learning about the Kraangs presence through his adopted daughter Karai, Shredder enters an alliance with the aliens to destroy their enemies in the Hamato Clan. After the turtles rescue Kirby, the Kraang invade New York, but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the Technodrome, the Kraang leader Kraang Primes ship, crashing into the sea. Meanwhile, Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter, Hamato Miwa, who was kidnapped by Shredder, the season ends with turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them. The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion. Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak, and a misunderstanding leads April to become upset and ashamed of the turtles. However, the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai, who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan

19.
The Loud House
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The Loud House is an American animated television series created by Chris Savino for Nickelodeon. The series revolves around the everyday life of a boy named Lincoln Loud. The series premiered on May 2,2016, the series originated from a two-minute short film created by Savino in 2013 for the annual Animated Shorts Program as a pitch to the network, and was greenlighted for production the following year. The series is based on Savinos childhood growing up in a large family, the series revolves around the children of the large Loud family. The series is set in the town of Royal Woods. Lincoln Loud — The 11-year-old middle child and only son of the Loud family, who has white hair, Lincoln has a passion for comic books and is often shown reading them in his underwear. He breaks the wall on a regular basis by speaking to the audience about the chaotic conditions of his household. Lori Loud — The 17-year-old eldest child of the Loud family, Lori is depicted as a bossy, short-tempered, sarcastic, and cynical teenager who is condescending towards her younger siblings. Despite this, she cares deeply about her family, Lori is usually seen holding her smartphone and has a boyfriend named Bobby. Leni Loud — The 16-year-old second-eldest child of the Loud family, Leni is depicted as a beautiful, ditzy and air-headed dumb blonde who shows talents in fashion designing, wood-carving, and lock-picking. Leni has a fear of spiders that is referenced in multiple episodes, Luna Loud — The 15-year-old third-eldest child of the Loud family. Luna has a habit of speaking in a mock British accent and she is a wild and upbeat musician and owns various instruments, with her signature instrument being a purple Dean electric guitar. She very closely follows the words of her idol Mick Swagger, in the episode For Bros About to Rock, it is revealed that Luna has ruined all of her siblings first concerts. She also appears to hold the youngest child Lily the most out of her other siblings, Luan Loud — The 14-year-old fourth-oldest of the Loud family and the comedian of the bunch. Most of her dialogue consists of bad puns much to the disdain of her siblings and she has braces, wears squirt-flowers on her shirt and shoes, owns a ventriloquist dummy named Mr. Coconuts, and at some times will be seen with a camera. Every April Fools Day, Luan becomes a maniac, leaving her family. — The 13-year-old fifth-oldest child of the Loud family, who is the athletic one and she tends to start competitions among her siblings and plays a variety of sports. Lynn is named after her father who addresses her as Lynn Jr. in the episode Overnight Success, lucy Loud — The 8-year-old fifth-youngest child of the Loud family

The Loud House
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The Loud House

20.
Team Umizoomi
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Team Umizoomi is an American computer animated fantasy musical series with an emphasis on preschool mathematical concepts, such as counting, sequences, shapes, patterns, measurements, and comparisons. The eponymous team consists of mini superheroes Milli and Geo, a robot named Bot, Milli, Geo and Bot refer to the viewers as their Umifriend and encourage him or her to develop their Mighty Math Powers. The action generally takes place in and around Umi City, a city where the streets are paved with origami inspired patterns. In the United States, Team Umizoomi was first shown on both Nick Jr. and Nickelodeon and it is also available on iTunes and Amazon Prime. It first aired on January 25,2010, on February 20,2014, a crew member of Team Umizoomi stated that the series had not been renewed for a fifth season by Nickelodeon. Each episode of Team Umizoomi feature each of the following, A task or quest to be completed, completing the main task requires completion of several sub-tasks, and there are often unforeseen difficulties that must be surmounted. Each sub-task generally involves mathematical reasoning about patterns, sequences, counting, geometric shapes, breaking the fourth wall, where the characters on screen communicate directly to the child viewing the show and encourage him or her to participate with the show. A mixture of live-action and animation, the team and the surroundings are animated, but the person being helped is often a real child, or sometimes an adult. In the city, or in crowd scenes, other real people are shown in the background. In comparison to the people, the animated characters on the team are less than a foot tall. Once the main task has been completed the team sings a song and performs a dance called the Crazy Shake, the Crazy Shake was called the Umi Shake in the first season. The child viewing the show is encouraged to participate in the dance, in some episodes, a simple explanation is given of an everyday process, such as how milk gets from farm to market, or how packages are sorted at the post office. Milli - Geos older sister who has abilities related to patterns and her ponytails can be used to measure things, which is initiated by singing Milli Measure. Geo - Millis twin brother who travels everywhere on his Super Skates while wearing a blue helmet and he has abilities related to geometric shapes and wears a Shape Belt that can create objects by assembling shapes and then singing Super Shapes. He also has a Shape Magnet to help him find shapes through obstacles, Bot - Bot is a green robot and friend of the siblings who likes to sing and dance with a fun-loving, childlike personality. His abilities are more functional than math-related and his arms and legs can be extended to reach things, by saying Arms Extendo or Legs Extendo sometimes Jaw EXTENDO. He has a receiver on his head to receive calls. He also has a screen on the front that they can view videos/pictures on as well as have a call with someone who needs their help

Team Umizoomi
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Team Umizoomi

21.
Dora and Friends: Into the City!
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Dora and Friends, Into the City. Is an American CGI interactive educational animated television series, a pilot episode titled Doras Explorer Girls, Our First Concert aired on August 7,2011 on Nick Jr. in the United States. One month later, it aired on Treehouse TV in Canada, following the 2011 release of Doras Explorer Girls, Our First Concert, in 2013, Nickelodeon announced that it would produce a spin-off to Dora the Explorer titled as Dora and Friends, Into the City. It will star the heroine Dora as a 10-year-old who goes on city adventures with a group of new friends, the series has been picked up for 20 episodes and had its prime-time premiere on Nickelodeon on August 18,2014. On October 9,2014, Nickelodeon renewed the series for a 20-episode second season,2 years afer the original series left off, Dora, who is older than she was in the original Dora the Explorer series, attends school and lives in the city of Playa Verde. She has five friends, Kate, who art, Emma, who loves music, Alana, who is tomboyish and loves animals, Naiya, who is smart and enjoys reading, and Pablo. Together, Dora and her friends together and go on adventures while discovering the secrets of their city. Dora has a charm bracelet and a smartphone, complete with an app version of the previous series map to aid her. The characters are all bilingual and speak Spanish in addition to English, however, the Spanish curriculum on Dora and Friends has been expanded to using simple phrases and commands as opposed to solely the single Spanish words used on the previous Dora the Explorer show. At the end of episode, Backpack is repaired and redesigned by Kate after Backpack is torn apart by a cliff on Tall Mountain. The special also introduces a young flower named Bud who lives in Isas garden and had heard all about Doras adventures from her. Bud ends up getting sewed up as part Backpack by Kate, though he is fine with it as he gets to go on adventures with Dora. Bud helps Backpack find and retrieve objects stored inside her for Dora, in addition to Backpack and Bud, Map also returns in the Season 2 following the events of Return to the Rainforest, affectively replacing Doras Map App. In For the Birds, older versions of Diego, Alicia, Baby Jaguar, the series had a few guest stars, such as Megan Hilty and Christina Milian Dora Márquez Emma Kate Naiya Alana Pablo Backpack Map List of Dora and Friends, Into the City. Dora and Friends, Into the City, premiered on Treehouse TV in Canada on September 6,2014 and on Nick Jr. in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand on November 3. It is also airing on Nick Jr. in the Middle East and Africa

Dora and Friends: Into the City!
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Dora and Friends: Into the City!

22.
Bella and the Bulldogs
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Bella and the Bulldogs is an American sitcom that premiered on Nickelodeon on January 17,2015. The series was created by Jonathan Butler and Gabriel Garza, the series follows cheerleader Bella Dawson whose life in Texas takes an unexpected twist when she is recruited to become the new quarterback for her schools football team, the Bulldogs. At first, the rest of the team do not want her as quarterback, the second season premiered on September 30,2015. Actress Brec Bassinger stated in a Twitter message about the episode airing on June 25,2016, Bella and the Bulldogs premiered on March 18,2015, on YTV in Canada and on Nickelodeon in Australia and New Zealand on April 4,2015. The series premiered on the Southeast Asian feed of Nickelodeon in Singapore and the Philippines on April 6,2015, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Nickelodeon debuted the series on May 4,2015. In Africa, the pilot debuted on June 26,2015, official website Bella and the Bulldogs at the Internet Movie Database

Bella and the Bulldogs
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Bella and the Bulldogs

23.
Nick News with Linda Ellerbee
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Nick News with Linda Ellerbee was an educational childrens and teenagers television show on Nickelodeon that was shown from 1992 to 2015. With 178 episodes from 1992 to 2015, It is one of the series of Nickelodeon. The show is known for allowing normal teenagers to speak out on their own opinions on a number of past and current worldwide issues and topics. Nick News has been hosted by Linda Ellerbee since the inception in 1992. Ellerbee was one of five candidates auditioned over the course of two weeks and she was chosen because her competitors were too loud and obnoxious, claimed one of the shows set designers. According to Ellerbee, I was honored when I was named the host of Nick News, the show will be about kids and their everyday lives. Ellerbee has never missed an episode due to illness, the show is officially known as Nick News with Linda Ellerbee. Throughout the years, Nick News has featured guests of honor, such as Al Gore, Bill Cosby, Faith Hill, Rosie ODonnell, Magic Johnson, Bill Clinton. Nick News was originally known as Nick News W/5 until the shows who, what, when, where, and why type format was dropped. Nick News with Linda Ellerbee has been shown on Sunday nights at 8 p. m. and later 8,30 p. m. on Nickelodeon, and ran in reruns at various time slots. Nick News was #1 in the ratings on Nickelodeon in 1992–1993, the show was also shown in prime time on CBS on Saturdays from 1993 until 1996. The show won two Peabody Awards, one in 1991 and one in 1994, and Linda Ellerbee won a Personal Award in 1998 for her work on the show. Nick News is currently on the air only 2 or 3 times a year, teenNick aired two episodes of the show in reruns on both October 25,2010 and February 15,2011, and also aired once as part of their nighty block The Splat from November 5–6. Nick News is well known for many trademarks during its run on Nickelodeon, such as Ellerbees signature tagline, If you want to know, ask. After nearly 25 years on the air, an hour-long finale titled Hello, the episode featured clips from older episodes of the series. 411,000 people watched its original airing, the episode was mistakenly aired in 4,3 letterbox on Nick HD. In 1993, there was an episode on global warming entitled Plan it for the Planet, on December 9,2007, Nick News had shown another global warming special entitled A Global Warning From the Kids of the World. During the later part of the December 9,2007, episode, in 2002, Nick News celebrated its tenth anniversary with a show called Happy Birthday, Nick News

24.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich

25.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets

26.
Nick Jr. (block)
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Nick Jr. is a programming block on the Nickelodeon television channel, seen on Nickelodeon weekday mornings. It is aimed at children aged under 7 years. On September 28,2009, Noggin was renamed Nick Jr. in 2014, the Nick Jr. name began to be used for both the block and network. It is owned by MTV Networks, a division of Viacom International. From the morning of January 4,1988, onwards, the Nick Jr. brand was in place and in use, with an approximate six-hour portion of the Nickelodeon broadcast day, at 9, 00am –3, 00pm every weekday. The logo for the new Nick Jr. brand became a feature for the block. Jr. logo was orange for Nick and blue for Jr, the logo varied in the shape or species. Until July 1990, a staple of the Nickelodeon lineup, Pinwheel was featured. When Eureekas Castle premiered in September 1989, Pinwheel was split into two half hours in the morning and afternoon, where it remained until July 1990. Much of the time in the lineup, particularly early in this time period, was devoted to animated series. Programming of both action and puppeted preschool programming also appeared during this time. Many of Nick Jr. s network IDs were produced by VideoWorks Inc, on April 5,1993, Nick Jr. The promos and bumpers introduced a new female announcer and often featured kids playing near the Nick Jr. logo, several Nick Jr. promos and bumpers carried the slogan Grow, Learn, and Play and a theme song with the slogan sung to the London Bridge melody. The re-brand was unsuccessful, and Nickelodeon decided to spend $30 million on revamping their Nick Jr. block in 1994. On Monday, September 5,1994, Nick Jr. re-branded and introduced a new female announcer as well as Face, an animated host that introduced, and wrapped up shows, and smaller variety pieces. Face was voiced by Chris Phillips who also voiced Roger Klotz on Disneys Doug and various promos, more than 400 Face promos were created and produced by Nick Digital from 1994–96 and 1999–2003, and later at Data Motion Arts from 1996–99, and finally at Vee-Pee Cartoons from 2003–04. From this point forward, he changed colors, moods, and feelings, Nick Jr. re-branded again in 1996,1998, and 2001, in 1998, Nick Jr. s female announcer was replaced with a different one. The original Face segments ended their run on Friday, August 29,2003, on Tuesday, September 2,2003, Nick Jr. re-branded and introduced more than a dozen new logos

Nick Jr. (block)
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Nick Jr.

27.
Prime time
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Prime time or peak time is the block of broadcast programming taking place during the middle of the evening for television programming. The term prime time is defined in terms of a fixed time period – for example. In Chinese television, the 19, 00-to-22,00 time slot is known as Golden Time, the term also influenced a nickname of a strip of holidays in known as Golden Week. Prime time here usually takes place from 19,00 until 22,00, after that, programs classified as “PG” are allowed to be broadcast. Frontline dramas appear during this time slot in Cantonese, as well as movies in English, in India, prime time occurs between 20,00 and 22,30. Prime time usually takes place from 18,00 to 23,00 WIB, after prime time, programs classified as Adult, as well as cigarette commercials, are allowed to be broadcast. Like another Muslim-majority country, there is also a prime time during sahur time in a month of Ramadan. It takes place from 02,00 and ends at the Fajr prayer call, the time slot is usually filled with comedy and religious programming. In Iraq, prime time runs from 20,00 to 23,00, the main news programs are broadcast at 20,00 and the highest-rated television program airs at 21,00. In Japanese television, the 19, 00-to-22,00 time slot is known as Golden Time. The term also influenced a nickname of a strip of holidays in known as Golden Week, malaysian prime time starts with the main news from 20,00 to 20,30 and ends either at 23,00 or 0,30, or possibly late. Usually, programmes during prime time are domestic dramas, foreign series, movies. Programmes that classify as 18 are not allowed to be broadcast before 10,00 p. m. but on RTM, however, programmes broadcast after 23,00 are still considered prime time. As of December 2010, NTV7s prime time continues until 12,00 a. m, programmes during prime time may have longer commercial breaks due to number of viewers. Some domestic prime time productions may be affected because of major sporting events such as FIFA World Cup. However, only FIFA World Cup in the Americas did not affect the domestic prime time programmes, in the Philippines, prime time blocks begin at 18,00 and run until about 23,00 on weekdays, and 19,00 to 23,00 on weekends. The weekday prime time blocks usually consists of local teleseryes and foreign television series, the networks highest-rated programs are usually aired right after the evening newscast at 20,00, while a foreign series usually precedes the late night newscast. On weekends, non-scripted programming such as talent shows, reality shows, for the minor networks, prime time consists of American television series on weekdays, with encores of those shows on weekends

28.
SNICK
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SNICK was a two-hour programming block on the American cable television network Nickelodeon, geared toward older audiences, that ran from August 15,1992 until August 28,2004. It was aired on Saturdays starting at 8 p. m, in 2004, SNICK was revamped as the Saturday night edition of TEENick. Nickelodeon continues to run a Saturday night programming block today, though since the TEENick name was removed from the lineup in February 2009, the block no longer goes by any name. The block debuted on Saturday, August 15,1992, with a pair of Sunday favorites and it was retired in June 1999, when the iconic couch, stuffed with $25,000 and 6000 cookies, was given away in a contest celebrating Nickelodeons 20 years on television. In 2006, one of Nickelodeons celebrities would take over Nickelodeon from Monday to Friday, the following are the shows aired during SNICK for the year listed. Although these are the shows aired, some days would see variation in the SNICK line-up. All these shows aired from 8 p. m. -10 p. m. ET with the ending having the big orange couch, in 1999, Snick was revamped and showed promos on Nickelodeon half of which are under the name Snick House. With this came a number of changes, the block was hosted by Nick Cannon, and each week, a celebrity or music group made an appearance. The format was similar to the former TEENick block, but was more of a party. Each week, kids could go online and vote for their favorite Snick House Video Picks, the winning music video was then played during Snick. This went on from July 7,2001 to January 12,2002, bumpers now featured still pictures of various SNICK stars with a SNICK talk bubble above them, with elevator music playing in the background. All but three members of the cast would pull a lever to determine the nights dare, which one of the three would have to do. The three cast members from All That in each segment would be placed in a glass cylinder, if chosen, two security guards enter and grab the cast member so they dont escape. This appears to have based on Fear Factor. During this era of SNICK, the SNICK line-ups went through major transitions that included the phasing out of The Nick Cannon Show and Cousin Skeeter. September 2002-February 2003, 8PM All That 8, 30PM The Nick Cannon Show 9PM The Amanda Show 9, 30PM Cousin Skeeter February–June 2004, instead of saying SNICK, the announcer said Saturday Night Nickelodeon. June–August 2004 8PM All Grown Up, 9PM All That 9, 30PM The Amanda Show TeenNick airs 1990s era Nick shows starting at 12,00 AM Eastern Time under the banner The 90s Are All That. All That and Kenan & Kel are the most prominent and consistent SNICK shows to get reruns, on August 17,2013, SNICK returned to The 90s Are All That, dubbed SNICK-iversary

SNICK
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SNICK

29.
Clarissa Explains It All
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Clarissa Explains It All is an American teen sitcom created by Mitchell Kriegman for Nickelodeon. Clarissa Explains It All aired for five seasons and a total of 65 episodes from March 23,1991 to October 1,1994, reruns of the show have appeared intermittently on TeenNicks channel block The 90s Are All That since July 25,2011. In 2015, Mitchell Kriegman released a novel, Things I Cant Explain, in the novel, Clarissa is now in her late 20s and trying to navigate life as an adult. The main characters in the show are Clarissa Darling, her family, Clarissa also had a pet baby alligator named Elvis whom she kept in a kiddie-sandbox, who would appear sporadically in early episodes. Its popularity among both boys and girls also helped to debunk a myth that a series with a female lead would turn off boys. The final two seasons headlined the popular SNICK lineup, which was a lead-in to shows like All That, Clarissa dealt with normal adolescent issues such as first crushes, getting a drivers license and preparing for college and working. These topics were dealt with far less dramatically than they were on similar shows at the time. In another episode, Clarissa accidentally shoplifts lingerie, and the terms hell, a running gag highlighted Clarissas sibling rivalry with her brother Ferguson, and their attempts to harm or even kill each other. Unique to the show was its representation of each episodes theme by showing Clarissa tackling the issue through a fictional video game. The shows theme song was sung by singer/comedian/actress/writer Rachel Sweet and it consisted entirely of a melody sung on the syllable Na, punctuated with the occasional Way cool. And underscored by rhythmic instrumentation, ending with a resounding Just do it, Clarissa Marie Darling – The title character, Clarissa, is a smart, sarcastic and realistic teenage girl. Despite her rationalism, she tends to exaggerate any problem shes facing. She was approximately 14 years old when the series began and was a 9th grader at Thomas Tupper Junior High and her interests include computer game programming, photography, journalism and rock music. Though she is usually mild-mannered, she can be just as selfish, Clarissa is best known for her unique fashion sense, typically involving very colorful, mismatched clothing. During Season 1 Clarissa had an alligator named Elvis, Elvis disappeared from the show after the first season. In the first episode of season two Clarissa explained that her parents sent Elvis back to Florida when he got too big, Ferguson W. Darling – Clarissas younger brother, a mischievous redhead. He and Clarissa continually antagonize each other and she refers to him with several epithets such as Ferg-face, Fergwad or Fergbreath. He loves money and comes up with get-rich-quick schemes and he is also a Young Republican who idolizes Dan Quayle and Ronald Reagan

Clarissa Explains It All
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The Complete First Season on DVD
Clarissa Explains It All
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Clarissa Explains It All

30.
Roundhouse (TV series)
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Roundhouse is an American television series that aired on Nickelodeon from 1992 through 1996. Roundhouse debuted as a part of the original SNICK lineup on Nickelodeon in 1992, buddy Sheffield, a former writer for In Living Color, and Rita Sheffield Hester created and produced the series. Recording artist Benny Hester was the producer as well as co-producer of the series. They titled the show in reference to the used by railroad companies to turn trains around. This was in line with the theme song, in which the characters stated we can go anywhere from here. In addition, the stage for the show mirrored the interior of a roundhouse, each episode revolved around the Anyfamily and their problems in daily life. The half-hour show, taped in front of a live audience, was broken up into sketches, dance sequences. All music used on the show was written specifically for Roundhouse, crystal Lewis and Shawn Daywalt were the principal vocalists for many of the songs in the first season. Natasha Pearce became the principal vocalist in Season 4. Bryan Anthony Alfred Carr Jr. Lucero died on July 1,1994 at the age of 26, at Luceros request, his condition was not made public, and as a result, the audience was unaware of his condition. His name remained in the credits for the remainder of the shows run. The Game of Popularity Environment Pets Step Family Feud In Trouble Independence Fears Best Friends And Baby Makes Three Summertime Blues Technobabble Happy Holidays Women vs, remaining seasons were shot on Stage 4 at CBS Studio Center in Hollywood, California. YTV in Canada also aired the series during its run on Nickelodeon. After the show ceased production in 1994, reruns aired on both BET and MTV, currently, reruns are sporadically featured on the TeenNick late-night block The Splat. To date, two episodes have been released on VHS, Roundhouse at the Internet Movie Database Roundhouse at TV. com Easychair Expressway - Fan Website Episode Guide

Roundhouse (TV series)
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Roundhouse

31.
Nick in the Afternoon
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The 1998 stint ran from the summer until December. Henry and Junes Summer replaced this Nickelodeon summer block a year later, Stick Stickly was later revived for the TeenNick 1990s block The 90s Are All That. During its first summer, the programming consisted of normal Nickelodeon shows that would have aired regardless, instead, it showed preselected Nicktoons with added segments such as U-Pick and U-Dip. The preselected segments were indicated by a dial using Stickly as the spinner, when giving viewers the address at which they could write him, Stick Stickly would sing a little jingle, Write to me/Stick Stickly/PO Box 963/New York City/New York State/10108. After the Internet became mainstream, a note stating. or e-mail me at nick. com was added to the end, Stickly hosts U-Pick with Stick each Friday, where users on The 90s Are All That website can request up to four shows to be seen. The winning pick, which is decided by a vote, is announced by Stick Stickly. Stickly is also taking questions by use of a Twitter hash tag, #POBox963 and it was later announced in December 2011 that U-Dip would also make a return, joining a long list of objects dropped on New Years Eve at midnight. This was the result of the re-branding of 90s Are All That with The Splat, U Pick Live Nick Studio 10 Stick Stickly Returns. 90s are all that with Stick Stickly

Nick in the Afternoon
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Nick in the Afternoon host, Stick Stickly with the logo shown behind him.

32.
Anthology series
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An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the third star. The fourth star was initially a guest star, CBS liked the idea, and Four Star Playhouse made its debut in fall of 1952. It ran on alternate weeks only during the first season, alternating with Amos n Andy and it was successful enough to be renewed and became a weekly program from the second season until the end of its run in 1956. Ida Lupino was brought on board as the de facto fourth star, though unlike Powell, Boyer, American television networks would sometimes run summer anthology series which consisted of unsold television pilots. Beginning in 1971, the long-run Masterpiece Theatre drama anthology series brought British productions to American television. k. a. Billy Roses Playbill Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre The Bold Ones Broadway Television Theatre Buick-Electra Playhouse Cameo Theatre Camera Three The Campbell Playhouse, Campbell Soundstage and Campbell Summer Soundstage Cavalcade of America CBS Playhouse CBS Summer Playhouse CBS Television Workshop CBS Workshop, a. k. a. CBS Repertoire Workshop Celanese Theatre Celebrity Playhouse Center Stage Cheer Television Theatre The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre a. k. a, Chevrolet on Broadway Chevron Hall of Stars Chevron Theatre Climax. Gruen Guild Theatre The Gulf Playhouse Hallmark Hall of Fame Hollywood Opening Night Hollywood Premiere Theatre, Hollywood Theatre Time International Playhouse John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You The Joseph Cotten Show, a. k. a. k. a. Max Liebman Presents Medallion Theatre, a. k. a, grimms Fairy Tale Classics Happily Ever After, Fairy Tales for Every Child The Harveytoons Show KaBlam. Late Night, Black and White Legends of Bikini Bottom Liquid Television The Looney Tunes Show Mickey Mouse Works Mickeys Mouse Tracks O Canada Off the Air Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Pink Panther Show The Popeye Show The Porky Pig Show Princes et princesses Random. M. k. a. Terribles House of Horrible The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre El Chapulín Colorado Ripping Yarns George Burns Comedy Week Good Heavens Human Remains Inside No. k. a. k. a. k. a. k. a, orson Welles Great Mysteries Out of the Fog Panic. Way of Life Family Theater Insight Lamp Unto My Feet Look Up, the Fisher Family Alcoa Presents, One Step Beyond Amazing Stories American Horror Story Are You Afraid of the Dark. L. k. a

33.
U-Pick Live
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U-Pick Live is a program that aired on Nickelodeon from October 14,2002 to May 27,2005 on weekday afternoons from Nickelodeon Headquarters in New York Citys Times Square. Starting at 5,00 p. m. EST to 7,00 p. m. EST, the show allowed viewers to pick via internet voting the Nickelodeon shows, usually cartoons, that would air. The hosts of the show took part in sketches and gags, often including members of the studio audience. Interviews with celebrity guests and musical performances were also frequent features and it originally was U-Pick Friday from 1999 to late 2000, hosted by Henry and June of KaBlam. The concept of U-Pick originated with the Nick in the Afternoon block in 1994, after U-Pick Lives cancellation, the concept of user-chosen programming would not return until its comeback as part of The 90s Are All That in 2011. Brent Popolizio as himself Candace Bailey as herself Jeff Sutphen as Pick Boy, Pick Boy is egotistic yet naïve. Pick Boy became a target to many polls at nick. com such as What kind of hairstyle should Pick Boy Have. Despite his popularity, Pick Boy was kicked-off the show literally when he was voted the most in a poll asking Who should be kicked off from the show forever, Pick Boy was brought back to the show next season. After U-Pick Live ended, Pick Boy made many appearances in ads, 2006-2007 Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards and he made an appearance at the Democratic National Convention in August 2008 for Nickelodeons Kids Pick the President campaign and at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con. Antonio Neves as himself, best known by fans on the show for playing the Nicktoon tapes and he also appears as Antonios Floating Head. Garbagio as himself, best known by fans on the show for wrestling random objects, wears a modified Mil Mascaras wrestling mask. Tom Lamberth as Cow, a guy in a cow suit that might just stand there and moo, there was also another cow, more realistic. Kenneth Harton as Professor Pickens, usually made such as Pick-Bot 2000. Logan Sekulow played Logan the Intern on a number of the final season programs and he was best known for his dance off with Brent and he also sang with Brent on a number of skits. Sekulow, the son of Christian activist and attorney Jay Sekulow, has starred in his own Christian-oriented talk show. The Prize Wall—A member of the studio audience one of 14. All the other doors have other possible prizes behind them, prizes could be anything from electronics to random junk such as a plunger. Candaces Corner—Candace talks to the viewers about various subjects, though she is interrupted by other members of the cast

U-Pick Live
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Upick live's logo

34.
Nick Studio 10
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The program aired from 4,00 p. m. to 6,00 p. m. ET, and was the first live afternoon block for the network since the short-lived 2007 block ME, TV. Nick Studio 10 was an attempt to revive the network having live and hosted afternoon blocks, with previous entries including Nick in the Afternoon, no new episodes of any series were premiered during the run of the block. Before returning to the scheduled programming in-progress, over time these interruptions were reduced to traditional continuity between episodes without in-show interruption due to viewer feedback. Some episodes of Monsters vs. Aliens also aired in the block from April 29 on, the block again went on hiatus in mid-June 2013 to make way for Nickelodeons summer programming blocks and marathons. A best-of compilation of the spring season aired in primetime on September 2,2013. Despite a promised return after that special, it never reappeared on the schedule. Since June 2013, the afternoon programming has remained unhosted without any continuity. Nick Studio 10 at the Internet Movie Database

Nick Studio 10
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Nick Studio 10

35.
Nickelodeon HALO Awards
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The Nickelodeon HALO Awards is a TV special that airs on TeenNick but recently has been voted to be aired on all of the Nickelodeon channels except TVLand and Nick Jr. This year it will be hosted on Thanksgiving weekend, but usually is aired every December and it profiles five ordinary teens who are Helping And Leading Others. Created by chairman Nick Cannon, the show is similar to other awards shows and it profiles four teens who are usually seniors in high school or have just started college, that sacrificed themselves to better the lives of others. The 2014 edition aired on November 30 and received 3 million viewers, on top of that, they get to spend time with a celebrity who shares their passion. Nineteen-year-old, Georgia native James ODwyer is an engineering student and true Southern boy who loves the outdoors, country music. On April 27,2011, James was sitting in his room at the University of Alabama when the devastating tornado hit Tuscaloosa. The tornado miraculously spared the campus but left a track of destruction across town. After the campus was shut down and he returned home, James decided he would collect supplies to help the victims in Tuscaloosa. With the success of his collection, James was not only able to drop off supplies in Tuscaloosa and he soon started Magnolia Disaster Relief, an aid program that targets the small rural towns that were hit the hardest and helped the least. He plans to create hit kits which will all the essentials for a small community to have on hand in case of a disaster. He never wants to be unprepared again and believes even the smallest communities can be ready for when a disaster occurs. As a young girl, Emily-Anne Rigal was constantly bullied because of her weight and she was put down and isolated by her peers to the point where she felt her only option was to switch schools. Recognizing just how upsetting her experience with bullying had been, she vowed that she would do everything she could to others from going through the same thing. In 2010, Emily-Anne took to the web and created WeStopHate. org, a teen-run website that combats bullying through social media videos created by teens themselves. WeStopHate. org currently has over 500,000 members in which participants share videos of their own stories of triumph, constantly on the go, Emily-Anne travels around the country giving presentations, speaking at summits and helping others design anti-bullying campaigns. She continues to be a role-model and inspiration – answering fan mail, giving advice, sending inspirational messages, quotes and photos to their audience many times a day, Emily-Anne truly gives teens a voice and platform to tell their story. For more information on We Stop Hate, check it out here, effervescent and charismatic, this confident California-born teen had an incredibly rough childhood that was plagued with gang violence. Thankfully, her grandmother decided to herself and Shanoah to St. Petersburg, Fla. and enrolled her at the local Boys & Girls Club

36.
Rugrats
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Rugrats is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky, Gábor Csupó and Paul Germain for Nickelodeon. Adults in the series are almost always unaware of what the children are up to, the series premiered on Sunday, August 11,1991, as the second Nicktoon after Doug and preceding The Ren & Stimpy Show. Production was initially put on hiatus in 1995 after 65 episodes, in 1996, Klasky Csupo Animation began producing new episodes, and the shows fourth season began airing in 1997. The final episode aired on August 1,2004, bringing the series to a total of 172 episodes and 9 seasons during a 13-year run, on July 21,2001, Nickelodeon broadcast the made-for-TV special All Growed Up in celebration of the series 10th anniversary. The special acted as a pilot for the Rugrats spin-off series All Grown Up. which chronicles the lives of the babies, another spin-off series, Rugrats Pre-School Daze, was considered, but only four episodes were produced. Two direct-to-video specials were released in 2005 and 2006, under the title Rugrats Tales from the Crib, tie-in media for the series include video games, comics, toys and various other merchandise. Rugrats gained over 20 awards during its 13-year run, including 4 Daytime Emmy Awards,6 Kids Choice Awards, the series garnered high ratings on Nickelodeon and was the networks top-rated show from 1995 to 2000. It was Nickelodeons longest-running Nicktoon until 2012, when SpongeBob SquarePants aired its 173rd episode with the episode Squidtis/Demolition Doofus, Rugrats was formed by the then-husband-and-wife duo of Gábor Csupó and Arlene Klasky, along with Paul Germain in 1989. Klasky Csupo had a major animation firm at the time also provided services for commercials. Klasky, Csupó, and Germain were also animating The Simpsons at the time, with the comedic stimulation branching from the antics of Klasky and Csupós infant children, the 6 1⁄2–minute pilot episode, Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing, went into production. Peter Chung, along with Klasky and Csupó, co-designed the characters and directed the pilot, Tommy Pickles. In a Decider article, Chung said, He wanted the babies to be instead of cute. The production was completed in 1990 and they submitted it to Nickelodeon, the feedback for the pilot episode was primarily positive. With that, the series went into production, Chuckie and Angelica were added as characters. Paul Germain felt that the series needed a bully, Angelica was based on a bully in Germains childhood, who was a girl. In addition to that, it was Germain who decided that Angelica would be a spoiled brat, Klasky initially did not like Angelica Pickles and also protested the characters actions in episodes like Barbecue Story, where she throws Tommys ball over the fence. In a New Yorker article, Klasky said, I think shes a bully and she never fully approved of Angelicas character development. Her bullying caused Klasky to disdain her, Angelica started to become a problem for some of the Rugrats staff

Rugrats
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Tommy's house, the primary setting of Rugrats.
Rugrats
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Rugrats
Rugrats
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The Rugrats received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in a ceremony on June 28, 2001, commemorating the show's 10th anniversary.

37.
Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
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Real Monsters is an American animated television series developed by Klasky Csupo for Nickelodeon. The show focuses on three young monsters — Ickis, Oblina and Krumm — who attend a school for monsters under a city dump, many of the episodes revolve around them making it to the surface in order to perform scares as class assignments. The series premiered Monday, October 31,1994 at 11am on Nickelodeon and it ran at total of 52 episodes over 4 seasons and the last episode aired December 6,1997. The episodes follow the adventures of Ickis, Oblina and Krumm, the show is set in New York City, demonstrated throughout the series by the presences of the Empire State Building and an Independent Subway System. The dump the monsters inhabit is implied to be Fresh Kills Landfill, the monster community includes a working economic system using toe nails as currency. Ickis – Ickis is a red monster who, due to his large ears, is often confused with a rabbit. He is the son of Slickis, a famous scarer and he seems the most skittish of the monsters, but is also a capable leader. Ickis looms to scare, and comes from a line of loomers. Ickiss constant goofing off and blatant disregard for rules are usually the certain things that get him into trouble in most episodes, in a couple of episodes, Ickis almost accidentally exposes the monster world to the humans. Oblina – Oblina comes from a wealthy family, and is considered by The Gromble to be his best student. She is shaped like a black and white, upside-down candy cane, one of her favorite methods of scaring humans is reaching within herself and pulling out her internal organs, and she has considerable talent for shapeshifting into various terrifying forms. She also has a talent for inducing nightmares in humans, by sticking her finger in their ears and she also has big red lips and temporarily lost them to a coy young human girl who wanted to be a model. Oblina comes from a family with an overbearing mother named Sublima who she refers to as mumsy dearest. When voicing Oblina, Christine Cavanaugh attempted to make the sound like a British version of the actress Agnes Moorehead. Krumm – Like the rest of his family, his eyeballs are not attached to his body and his most valuable tool in scaring is his overwhelming armpit stench, as well as using his eyeballs. A running gag in the series is that Krumm sometimes loses his eyeballs and has to get them back and he once had a head so he could stop losing them. His dad is a mold farmer, the Gromble – The Gromble is a teal monster with two blue-green tufts of hair, a beard and a tail. He wears a belt around his waist and a red pump on each of his four feet, along with Ickis, he is one of the few monsters who can hear the Pool of Elders — the source of monster existence that is made of the very substance of fears

Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
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Aaahh!!! Real Monsters

38.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown

39.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time

CBS
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Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
CBS
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Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth
CBS
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When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS
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CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.

40.
Viacom (original)
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Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers

Viacom (original)
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This article is about the original Viacom (founded 1971). For the current state of the company since 2006, see CBS Corporation. For the new post-2005 Viacom, see Viacom.

41.
Pelswick
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The series is about a teenage boy who uses a wheelchair, emphasized how he lived a normal life and was based on the books created by John Callahan. It aired during Nick on CBS on September 14,2002, Pelswick Eggert - A 13-year-old boy who uses a wheelchair. How he became a paraplegic is not revealed in the series and he dislikes it when people treat him differently because of his disability. He does not like following the crowd and he makes bad choices. Ace Nakamura - One of Pelswicks best friends, ace is technologically smarter than any of his friends, often leading him to be the thinker of the situation. Goon Gunderson - One of Pelswicks best friends, huge and notably slow-witted in his actions and thoughts, Goon is generally good-hearted but rather dangerous when angry. He does not know that wrestling is staged, Julie Smockford - A pampered red-haired girl and one of Pelswicks friends. She hates all the cliques and popularity contests at school and seems to care mostly about her popularity, Julie is very bossy, smart, dramatic, a spoiled brat, sometimes annoying, and cares a lot for Pelswick. Pelswick is also in love with her but she thinks of him as a best friend. Julie believes in justice for all, sandra Scoddle - Julies snooty and arrogant best friend/rival and one of Pelswicks friends. She thinks shes better than everyone else and often bickers with Julie and she thinks she is cool, but shes not. She gets roped into the latest fads, mr. Jimmy - Pelswicks guardian angel who often gives him advice that confuses him until the last moment, no matter what it is. Pelswick cant stand him and his stories and he is also the comic relief of the show. Kate Eggert - Pelswicks precocious 7-year-old little sister and she treats her reputation as a little sister like a business and usually blackmails Pelswick when butting into his business. She has dreams of owning a big corporation, bobby Eggert - Pelswicks and Kates baby brother. He doesnt talk a lot and admires Pelswick, quentin Eggert - Pelswicks, Kates, and Bobbys politically correct father who works as a college professor until he is fired in The Case of the Filched Files. He later gets his job back and he wants to do everything by the book. Gram-Gram - Pelswicks, Kates, and Bobbys deranged grandmother and she often does extreme acts beyond that of a grandmother

Pelswick
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Series logo

42.
Dora the Explorer
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Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, and Eric Weiner. Dora the Explorer became a series in 2000. The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network, including the associated Nick Jr. channel and it aired on CBS until September 2006. The series is co-produced by Nickelodeon Productions and Nickelodeon Animation Studio, Dora the Explorer is one of the longest-running shows of Nick Jr. During the sixth season, the became the Nick Jr. series with most episodes, surpassing Blues Clues with 143 episodes. It won a Peabody Award in 2003 for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers, to stop Swiper, Dora must say Swiper no swiping three times. However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the We Did It. On numerous occasions, television specials have aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered, threatened. They might be presented with an unusual, difficult task that normally is not featured in average episodes, austin, Brandon Zambrano, Jacob Medrano Elaine Del Valle Eileen Galindo Chris Gifford K. J. According to a Nickelodeon spokesman, She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures, on March 8,2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school. Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009, but after a short controversy, the change was criticized by one writer that did not support the feminization of Doras image. In 2012, a CGI opening was created for new episodes of the series, in 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls. The Explorer Girls were included in the Dora and Friends spin-off in 2014, Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide. It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases through its simplicity, Arabic – The Arabic language version is broadcast on the Nickelodeon on MBC3 block of MBC3, and is presented in Arabic-English. Cantonese – The Cantonese language version is sold in Hong Kong, Danish – The Danish language version is called Dora – udforskeren and there are commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on the national public childrens channel, DR Ramasjang, Dutch – The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick. Jr, It is presented in Dutch-English, the voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots. French – The French language version, Dora lexploratrice, broadcasts on TF1 in France and it is presented in French-English, with Dora and Boots speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English

Dora the Explorer
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From left to right: Swiper (in background), Dora, and Boots
Dora the Explorer
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Dora the Explorer
Dora the Explorer
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Dora the Explorer as a tween.

43.
CBS Corporation
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CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The president, chief executive and executive chairman of the company is Leslie Moonves, sumner Redstone, owner of National Amusements, is CBSs majority shareholder and serves as chairman emeritus. The company began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, until then, the corporation was known as Viacom, and is the legal successor to said company. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS, CBS has its headquarters in the CBS Building, Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, United States. Viacom was created in 1971 as the television division of CBS. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation. In March 2005, Viacom announced plans of looking into splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating, on June 14,2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The split was structured such that the new Viacom was spun off from the old Viacom, in a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spinoff. However, in case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firms broadcast TV assets. With the split, the two new companies began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS rose 9 percent. Announced in January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as CBSs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party. In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOLs KOL, thus block would be called KOLs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS. On January 24,2006, CBS Corporation, and Warner Bros. announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, the network officially debuted on September 18,2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of Americas Next Top Model, the network is the result of a merger of The WB and UPN. CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network, tribune Broadcasting and CBS Corporation will contribute its stations as new network affiliates. Three days after the announcement of The CW, on January 27, on May 23,2006, CBS Corp. sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator, on June 30,2006, Cedar Fair announced that it has completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season

44.
Mr. Ed
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Mister Ed is an American television sitcom produced by Filmways which originally aired in syndication from January 5 to July 2,1961, and then on CBS from October 1,1961, to February 6,1966. The shows title character - a talking horse, originally appearing in stories by Walter R. Brooks. Mister Ed is one of the few series to debut in syndication, the Mister Ed show concept was derived from a series of short stories by childrens author Walter R. Brooks, which began with The Talking Horse in the September 18,1937, issue of Liberty magazine. Brooks is otherwise best known for the Freddy the Pig series of childrens novels, sonia Chernus, secretary to director Arthur Lubin, introduced Lubin to the Brooks stories and is credited with developing the concept for television. The shows concept resembles that of the Francis the Talking Mule movies in which a title character talks. The first six Francis films were directed by Lubin. Lubin wanted to make a Francis TV series but had been unable to secure the rights, however someone told him about Brooks series of stories. Comedian George Burns financed the original pilot for Mister Ed which was shot at his McCadden Studio in Hollywood at a cost of $70,000, jack Benny was also involved behind the scenes. Unable to sell the show to a network, Lubin decided to sell the show into syndication first and he managed to get single sponsor identification for the program on over 100 stations. The show was recast with Alan Young in the lead, production began in November 1960, although Lubin did not direct early episodes because he was working in Europe on a film. The first 26 episodes were well received enough for the show to be picked up by CBS, the show in effect had two leads operating as a comedy team. The title role of Mister Ed, a palomino, was played by gelding Bamboo Harvester. The role of Eds owner, a genial but somewhat klutzy architect named Wilbur Post, was played by Alan Young, a running gag is other characters hearing Wilbur talking to Ed and asking to whom he is talking. Another running gag centers on Wilbur being accident-prone and inadvertently causing harm to himself, according to Lubin, Young was chosen for the lead role because he just seemed like the sort of guy a horse would talk to. The other main character throughout the series is Wilburs generally tolerant young wife, the Posts also have two sets of neighbors, to whom Ed delights in making Wilbur appear as eccentric as possible. During this period, Kays brother Paul Fenton, who had made appearances before. Following the Addisons, the Posts new neighbors were Col. Gordon Kirkwood, USAF, Wilburs former commanding officer and they appeared on the series from 1963 to 1965. Carols father never stopped trying to persuade her to divorce Wilbur, Alan Young performed double duty during the final season of the series, also directing nearly all episodes

Mr. Ed
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Colorized Mister Ed title

45.
The Cosby Show
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The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby, which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20,1984 until April 30,1992. The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn, according to TV Guide, the show was TVs biggest hit in the 1980s, and almost single handedly revived the sitcom genre and NBCs ratings fortunes. TV Guide also ranked it as #28 of their list of 50 Greatest Shows, in addition, Cliff Huxtable was named as the Greatest Television Dad. The Cosby Show spent five seasons as the number one rated show on television. The Cosby Show and All in the Family are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings and it spent all eight of its seasons in the Top 20. The Cosby Show was based on comedy routines in Cosbys stand-up act, the show spawned the spin off A Different World, which ran for six seasons from 1987 to 1993. The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family, living in an brownstone in Brooklyn Heights, New York, the patriarch is Cliff Huxtable, an obstetrician, son of a prominent jazz trombonist. The matriarch is his wife, attorney Clair Huxtable and they have five children, four daughters and one son, Sondra, Denise, Theo, Vanessa and Rudy. Despite its comedic tone, the show sometimes involves serious subjects, like Theos experiences dealing with dyslexia, inspired by Cosbys dyslexic son, the show also deals with teen pregnancy when Denises friend, Veronica, becomes pregnant. The Cosby Show pilot episode uses the title sequence as the rest of the first season. However, it is notable for a number of differences from the remainder of the series, in the pilot, the Huxtables have only four children. Following the pilot, the Huxtables have five children, with the addition of their eldest daughter, Sondra, the character was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child. Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable, Houston, however, was unable to commit to the full-time television production schedule in the NBC contract as she was intending to be a full-time music recording artist. Most of the story in the presentation is taken from Bill Cosbys classic comedy film, Bill Cosby. Bill Cosbys character is called Clifford in the episodes of the first season. His name was switched to Heathcliff. Additionally, Vanessa refers to Theo as Teddy twice in the dining room scene, the interior of the Huxtables home features an entirely different living room from subsequent episodes, and different color schemes in the dining room and the master bedroom. Throughout the remainder of the series, the room is reserved for more formal occasions

The Cosby Show
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The cast of The Cosby Show in 1989
The Cosby Show
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The Cosby Show
The Cosby Show
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The brownstone used in The Cosby Show

46.
Roseanne (TV series)
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Roseanne is an American sitcom that was broadcast on ABC from October 18,1988, to May 20,1997. Lauded for its portrayal of the average American family, the series stars Roseanne Barr, and revolves around the Conners. The series reached #1 in the Nielsen ratings, becoming the most watched show in the United States from 1989 to 1990. The show remained in the top four for six of its nine seasons, in 1993, the episode A Stash from the Past was ranked #21 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. In 2002, Roseanne was ranked #35 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, in 2013, it was ranked #32 on TV Guides 60 Best Series of All Time. In coming up with ideas for new shows, Marcy Carsey, up until that point, there had been shows with working mothers, but only as an adjunct to the father in the family. Werner had suggested that they take a chance on Barr whom they had seen on The Tonight Show and this was because he saw the unique in your face voice that they were looking for, and he contacted her agent and offered her the role. The show is centered on the Conners, an American working-class family struggling to get by on a household income in the fictional town of Lanford. Lanford was nominally located in Fulton County, but other on-air references over the years suggest the town is in the vicinity of Aurora, Elgin, and DeKalb, which are much closer to Chicago. The family consisted of outspoken Roseanne, married to husband Dan, later in the series, Roseanne becomes pregnant again and gives birth to a boy named Jerry Garcia Conner. Establishing shots were photographed in Evansville, Indiana, the hometown of first-season producer Matt Williams, exterior shots of the Conner household were based on a real home located in Evansville, located at 620 Runnymede Ave, a few blocks from Williams alma mater, University of Evansville. My show seeks to portray various slices of life, and homosexuals are a reality. Both actresses appeared together in one episode, story arcs occasionally spanned across several episodes or an entire season. Roseanne is a worker at Wellman Plastics, along with her sister Jackie. Jackie has a relationship with Booker, the foreman at Wellman. Dan finds sporadic work as a contractor and faces a strained relationship with his irresponsible. Roseannes parents, Beverly and Al, consider moving to Lanford, tomboy Darlene struggles with her femininity as she enters puberty and gets her first period. Becky faces dating problems with her first boyfriend Chip, who is introduced in the Lovers Lane episode, Season one also finds the Conners experiencing, and surviving, a tornado

Roseanne (TV series)
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Roseanne

47.
Full House
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Full House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin for ABC. The show chronicles the events of widowed father, Danny Tanner and it aired from September 22,1987, to May 23,1995, broadcasting eight seasons and 192 episodes. While never a favorite, the series was consistently in the top 30. It has also had tie-in merchandise marketed, such as a series of paperback books, a sequel series, Fuller House, premiered on Netflix on February 26,2016. After his wife is killed in a car accident, news anchorman Danny Tanner recruits his brother-in-law Jesse Katsopolis, Stephanie, and Michelle, in his San Francisco home. Over time, the three men as well as the bond and become closer to one another. Jesse and Becky eventually fall in love and get married in season four, in season five, Becky gives birth to twin sons, Nicky and Alex. John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis Bob Saget as Danny Tanner Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone Candace Cameron as D. J, Saget was not available to appear in the pilot due to his commitment as an on-air contributor to CBSs The Morning Program. The producers instead cast actor John Posey to play Danny, Posey only appeared in the unaired pilot. To comply with labor laws, twins Ashley and Mary-Kate Olsen were cast to alternate in the role of Michelle during tapings. The girls were credited as Mary Kate Ashley Olsen in seasons two through seven because the producers did not want audiences to know that the Michelle character was played by twins. All six of the original cast members remained with the show through its entire eight-year run, Kimmy Gibbler, a recurring character in seasons one through four, was upgraded to a regular in season five. Rebecca Donaldson originally appeared for six episodes in two as Dannys co-host on Wake Up, San Francisco, producers decided to expand her role. Nicky and Alex Katsopolis, the sons of Jesse and Rebecca. As babies, the children were played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria, and in season six, the last character added was Steve Hale, who was D. J. s boyfriend in seasons six and seven. He returned in the half of the series finale after Kimmy set him up with D. J. to be her date for the senior prom. He was played by Scott Weinger, comet, the family dog, was played by a golden retriever named Buddy. Buddy later appeared in the original Air Bud before dying of cancer at the age of nine

Full House
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John Posey as Danny Tanner in the pilot (shown with Sweetin and Cameron as Stephanie and D.J.)
Full House
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Full House: The Complete Series DVD packaging

48.
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
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The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10,1990, to May 20,1996. In the series, his lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in Bel Air, the series ran for six seasons and aired 148 episodes. In December 1989, NBC approached Will Smith, a rapper during the late 1980s. The pilot episode began taping on May 1,1990, Season 1 aired in July 1990 and ended in March 1991. The series finale was taped on Thursday, March 21,1996, the theme song Yo Home to Bel Air was written and performed by Smith under his rap stage name, The Fresh Prince. The music was composed by Quincy Jones, who is credited with Smith at the end of each episode, the music often used to bridge scenes together during the show is based on a similar chord structure. The theme song and opening sequence set the premise of the show, will Smith is a street-smart teenager, born and raised in West Philadelphia. Will Smith as Will Smith James Avery as Philip Banks Janet Hubert-Whitten, to gain popularity between the two shows, Will Smith appeared in the Blossom episode Im with the Band as himself under his rap stage name, The Fresh Prince. That same season, Karyn Parsons appeared in the Blossom episode Wake Up Little Suzy as Hilary Banks, Parsons also appeared in the Patti LaBelle sitcom, Out All Night as Hilary. In the House and Fresh Prince were both produced by Winifred Hervey, David Salzman and Quincy Jones. During the second seasons first episode, Alfonso Ribeiro and Tatyana Ali appeared as their Fresh Prince characters in the crossover episode Dog Catchers, later that season, James Avery appeared as a mediator in the episode Love on a One-Way Street. In the Season 4 episode My Pest Friends Wedding, James Avery, both Avery and Reid portrayed the parents of Ribeiros Fresh Prince character. Joseph Marcell, who played the wisecracking Geoffrey Butler on Fresh Prince, the series was produced by NBC Productions in association with The Stuffed Dog Company and Quincy Jones Entertainment. After the show was released to syndication in 1994, the series has been distributed by Warner Bros, television, which continues to distribute the show worldwide. TBS continues to air the series today, early in the morning. Reruns also aired on WPIX-TV back to back weeknights at 6 pm &6,30 pm EST from 1994 until 2000, but, the series was still rerunning on The WBs affiliation WPIX-TV until 2006. The show returned to Nick at Nite on September 29,2014, but in August 2010, Disney XD stopped airing the show. ABC Family acquired the series in September 2008, though airing all 148 episodes, originally airing exclusively on Saturday nights, on September 29,2014, Disney/ABC rights to the show expired

The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
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The cast of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. From top left: Hilary Banks, Geoffrey, Vivian Banks, Carlton Banks. From bottom left: Ashley Banks, Philip Banks, Will Smith.
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
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The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air

49.
George Lopez (TV series)
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George Lopez stars the titular comedian George Lopez, who plays a fictionalized version of himself and revolves around his life at work and raising his family at home. The series was produced by Fortis Films and Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros, the executive producers consisted of George Lopez, Bruce Helford, Deborah Oppenheimer and Sandra Bullock. On September 2,2016, George Lopez announced through his Instagram that there are talks to bringing the back on the air. After Carmens departure from the series, the role fulfilled by her character was replaced with Angies overindulged niece Veronica, with a large trust fund that has been entrusted under Georges care. However, Mannys personality was commonly depicted as being uncaring toward his son and former wife in the few appearances that he made, nonetheless, he prohibits his sons family from attending his funeral in protection of his reputation, much to Georges anger. For the first five seasons, the show had an all-Latino cast with the exception of Albanian American actress Masiela Lusha, George Lopez said that due to creative differences between him and Lusha, Lushas character was written out of the show after season 5. During the shows last season, Aimee Garcia was cast as Georges niece, the shows theme song is Low Rider, performed by War. The theme plays in the credits and was present when the show aired on ABC as well as syndication. At the 9th ALMA Awards in 2007, George Lopez called the song the Chicano National Anthem, the series finale aired on May 8,2007, after the show was canceled by ABC. Lopez said that ABC dealt with us from the bottom of the deck, Lopez attributed the cancellation in part to the fact that the show was not produced directly by ABC Studios, but instead by Warner Bros. Lopez also criticized ABCs decision to approve the show Cavemen, being perplexed at the circumstances, So a Chicano cant be on TV, according to Lopez,170 staff members who worked on the show lost their jobs. Lopez explained that he took the five years of good, and I did a lot with the good and my popularity, I was involved in charities, I overcame my illness, all on TV. I shared all of that with America – every secret I had, everything was open to the show. In spite of the cancellation, nightly episode re-runs continue to air on various networks both in the United States and abroad, George Lopez was critically acclaimed and received positive reviews from critics. The show entered syndication one month after the finale on ABC. The show moved to ION Television on Thursday, Sept.29,2011, on March 8,2007, it was announced that George Lopez would join the Nick at Nite lineup. It first aired on Nick at Nite on September 10,2007 – it was the most current non-original show to air on Nick at Nite, to this date, it continues to be their highest rated series and one of cables best for an off-network sitcom. Never a major hit in primetime, the became an unexpected success in syndication

George Lopez (TV series)
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A scene from Season 2, Episode 11, " Meet the Cuban Parents." The main cast of the show for much of the series is pictured here.
George Lopez (TV series)
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George Lopez
George Lopez (TV series)
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The season 4 cast of George Lopez (from left to right): Valente Rodriguez as Ernie Cardenas, Constance Marie with Luis Armand Garcia as Angie and Max Lopez, Emiliano Díez as Vic Palmero, Belita Moreno as Benny Lopez, George Lopez, and Masiela Lusha as Carmen Lopez.

50.
See Dad Run
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See Dad Run is an American sitcom television series that premiered on Nick at Nite on October 6,2012. It stars Scott Baio, who serves as an executive producer. On March 17,2014, Nick at Nite confirmed that season three would be the last season and he has to take care of his three kids, Emily, Joe and Janie with the help of his best friends, Marcus and Kevin. On the review aggregator, Metacritic, the first season holds a score of 50 out of 100, david Hinckley from The New York Daily News gave the show 2 out of 5 stars. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave it 4 out of 5 stars, brian Lowry of Variety says Baio doesnt do much to elevate the limp material, but he doesnt sink it either. On October 24,2011, Nickelodeon greenlit a pilot of the series, then known under its working title Daddys Home, on March 27,2012,20 episodes were ordered. On December 19,2012, Nick at Nite renewed the series for a second season, on October 21,2013, the series was renewed for a third season. On March 17,2014, See Dad Run was canceled with production of the season ending in May. Official website See Dad Run at the Internet Movie Database

See Dad Run
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See Dad Run

51.
Sesame Workshop
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They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new series. Cooney was named as the Workshops first executive director, which was termed one of the most important television developments of the decade. Sesame Street premiered as a series of Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States during November 1969, gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. They also hired a staff of producers and writers, after the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other television series. By 2005, income from the CTWs international co-productions of the series was $96 million, by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney resigned as CEO during 1990, David Britt was named as her replacement, during 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn. During the late 1960s, 97% of all American households owned a television set, early childhood educational research at the time had shown that when children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned better grades and learned more effectively. Children from low-income families, however, had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The topic of psychology had grown during this period. During the winter of 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park, attending were her husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially. Cooney was a producer of films at New York public television station WNDT. Cooney was committed to using television to change society, and Morrisett was interested in using television to reach numbers of needy kids. A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the office of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study for creating a television program for preschoolers. Cooney was chosen to perform the study and she reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education. For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett researched and developed the new show, acquiring $8 million funding for Sesame Street, due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the shows natural network would be PBS. Morrisett was amenable to broadcast it by commercial stations, but all three major networks rejected the idea, Davis, considering Sesame Streets licensing income years later, termed their decision a billion-dollar blunder. Morrisett was responsible for acquisition, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it defied conventional media wisdom. Cooney was responsible for the creative development, and for hiring the production

52.
Profanity
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Profanity is socially offensive language, which may also be called bad language, strong language, coarse language, foul language, bad words, vulgar language, lewd language, choice words or expletives. The use of language is swearing, cursing or cussing. Used in this sense, profanity is a subset of a languages lexicon that is considered to be strongly impolite. It can show a debasement of someone or something, or show intense emotion, linguistically, profanity takes the form of words or verbal expressions that fall into the category of formulaic language. The term profane originates from classical Latin profanus, literally before the temple and it carried the meaning of either desecrating what is holy or with a secular purpose as early as the 1450s CE. Moreover, many Bible verses speak against swearing, profanities, in the original meaning of blasphemous profanity, are part of the ancient tradition of the comic cults, which laughed and scoffed at the deity or deities. An example from Gargantua and Pantagruel is Christ, look ye, in English, swear words and curse words tend to have Germanic, rather than Latin etymology. Shit has a Germanic root, as, probably, does fuck, the more technical alternatives are often Latin in origin, such as defecate or excrete, and fornicate or copulate respectively. Strong language is by no means a recent phenomenon, the Bible records instances, such as mention of men who eat their own dung, and drink their own piss in the Authorized King James Version of the 1611 translation of Hebrew text of 2 Kings 18,27. Analyses of recorded conversations reveal that an average of roughly 80–90 words that a person each day –0. 5% to 0. 7% of all words – are swear words. In comparison, first-person plural pronouns make up 1% of spoken words, Swearing performs certain psychological functions, and uses particular linguistic and neurological mechanisms, all these are avenues of research. Functionally similar behavior can be observed in chimpanzees, and may contribute to our understanding, Keele University researchers Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston found that swearing relieves the effects of physical pain. Stephens said I would advise people, if they hurt themselves, however, the overuse of swear words tends to diminish this effect. The Keele team won the Ig Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 for their research, a team of neurologists and psychologists at the UCLA Easton Center for Alzheimers Disease Research suggested that swearing may help differentiate Alzheimers disease from frontotemporal dementia. Neurologist Antonio Damasio noted that loss of language due to damage to the language areas of the brain. A group of researchers from Wright State University studied why people swear in the world by collecting tweets posted on Twitter. An interdisciplinary team of researchers from the University of Warsaw investigated bilingual swearing and it listed the profanities in order of decreasing severity. A similar survey was carried out in 2009 by New Zealands Broadcasting Standards Authority, the results were published in March 2010, in a report called What Not to Swear

Profanity
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In cartoons, profanity is often depicted by substituting symbols (" grawlixes ") for words, as a form of non-specific censorship.

53.
Underwriting
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An underwriting arrangement may be created in a number of situations including insurance, issue of securities in primary markets, and in bank lending, among others. The name derives from the Lloyds of London insurance market, securities underwriting refers to the process by which investment banks raise investment capital from investors on behalf of corporations and governments that are issuing securities. The services of an underwriter are typically used during an offering in a primary market. This is a way of distributing a newly issued security, such as stocks or bonds, a syndicate of banks underwrites the transaction, which means they have taken on the risk of distributing the securities. Should they not be able to find investors, they will have to hold some securities themselves. Underwriters make their income from the difference between the price they pay the issuer and what they collect from investors or from broker-dealers who buy portions of the offering. If the instrument is desirable, the underwriter and the issuer may choose to enter into an exclusivity agreement. That is, even though third-party buyers might approach the issuer directly to buy, the underwriter gets a profit from the markup, plus possibly an exclusive sales agreement. Also if the securities are priced significantly below market price, the underwriter also curries favor with powerful end customers by granting them an immediate profit, analysis of the income statement typically includes revenue trends, gross margin, profitability, and debt service coverage. Bank underwriting of corporate securities is carried out through separate holding-company affiliates, insurance underwriters evaluate the risk and exposures of potential clients. They decide how much coverage the client should receive, how much they should pay for it, or whether even to accept the risk, Underwriting involves measuring risk exposure and determining the premium that needs to be charged to insure that risk. Each insurance company has its own set of underwriting guidelines to help the underwriter determine whether or not the company should accept the risk, the information used to evaluate the risk of an applicant for insurance will depend on the type of coverage involved. For example, in underwriting automobile coverage, a driving record is critical. However, the type of automobile is actually far more critical, as part of the underwriting process for life or health insurance, medical underwriting may be used to examine the applicants health status. This is especially the case for certain simpler life or personal lines insurance, some insurance companies, however, rely on agents to underwrite for them. This arrangement allows an insurer to operate in a closer to its clients without having to establish a physical presence. Two major categories of exclusion in insurance underwriting are moral hazard, with a moral hazard, the consequences of the customers actions are insured, making the customer more likely to take costly actions. For example, bedbugs are typically excluded from insurance to avoid paying for the consequence of recklessly bringing in a used mattress

54.
Teenager
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Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier. For example, puberty now typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females, physical growth, and cognitive development can extend into the early twenties. Thus age provides only a marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country, Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, cognitive advances encompass both increment in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations, for example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles, developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status. Some scientists have questioned the universality of adolescence as a developmental phase, puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys, every persons individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can contribute to precocious and delayed puberty. Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in height, weight, body composition. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity, puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of sex characteristics. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur

55.
Degrassi: The Next Generation
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Degrassi, The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama television series set in the Degrassi universe, which was created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979. It is the series in the Degrassi franchise, following The Kids of Degrassi Street, Degrassi Junior High. The series was created by Linda Schuyler and Yan Moore. The current executive producers are Schuyler, her husband Stephen Stohn, the series is filmed at Epitomes studios in Toronto, Ontario, rather than on the real De Grassi Street from which the franchise takes its name. Degrassi, The Next Generation has been a success and has often received favourable reviews from Entertainment Weekly, The New York Times. In its initial years, it was frequently the most watched drama series in Canada. In 2004, one episode received just under a million viewers in Canada, the series has won numerous awards, from the Geminis, Writers Guild of Canada and Directors Guild of Canada, and internationally from the Teen Choice Awards, Young Artist Awards, and Prix Jeunesse. The series premiered on CTV on October 14,2001, during the ninth season in 2010, the series moved to MuchMusic. The thirteenth season reverted to a schedule and, part way through. The series has been syndicated on television, and episodes are available on DVD and in new media download formats from Puretracks, the iTunes Store. Internationally, Degrassi, The Next Generation has been successful in the US. The Next Generation aired its final episode on August 2,2015, after MTV Canada, the Degrassi universe was created in 1979 by Playing With Time, a production company owned by former school teacher Linda Schuyler and her partner Kit Hood. The franchise began with The Kids of Degrassi Street, which was spawned out of three short films. Degrassi Junior High followed in 1987, Degrassi High premiered in 1989, Schuyler and original Degrassi series head writer Yan Moore began developing a new television drama in 1999. As the months progressed, they began to think about what had happened to the characters of Degrassi High to develop a school-reunion theme, however, they decided that a series would not work effectively if based around adults instead of children. Schuylers husband Stephen Stohn suggested Degrassi, The Next Generation as the name for the new series, borrowing the concept from Star Trek, The Next Generation. The project was pitched to CTV in May 2000, with the planned reunion episode serving as the pilot to the new series. Linda Schuyler and Stephen Stohn have served as executive producers since the series began, other Epitome Pictures employees and series crew members have also been credited with the title, including Sara Snow, Brendon Yorke, James Hurst, Aaron Martin

Degrassi: The Next Generation
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Degrassi: Next Class current official logo
Degrassi: The Next Generation
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Original logo used in seasons 1-5 & 8-9
Degrassi: The Next Generation
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Some of the cast of season eight make an appearance at the eTalk Festival Party during the Toronto International Film Festival
Degrassi: The Next Generation
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Linda Schuyler and Jordan Todosey holding award at the 70th Annual Peabody Awards

56.
Hot in Cleveland
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Hot in Cleveland is an American sitcom on TV Land starring Valerie Bertinelli, Jane Leeves, Wendie Malick and Betty White. The series, which was TV Lands first original scripted series, premiered on June 16,2010, the series was picked up for ten episodes. On May 1,2014, TV Land renewed Hot in Cleveland for a sixth season, the series ran for 128 episodes, with the hour-long final episode airing on June 3,2015. The concept behind the show is based on an idea by Lynda Obst. The series was recorded in front of a studio audience at CBSs Studio Center in Studio City. The series centers on three aging entertainment industry veterans from Los Angeles, Melanie, Joy, and Victoria. The three women find a more welcoming and less shallow and youth-obsessed community in Cleveland, Ohio and they decide to stay and lease a home where a sassy caretaker Elka still lives in the guest house. Valerie Bertinelli as Melanie Hope Moretti, a writer and mother of college-age kids Will, depressed by her divorce, she boards a plane to Paris in the pilot episode to find love. However, when the plane makes a landing in Cleveland, Melanie loves the city. Melanie discovers she is pregnant at the end of season 4 with Alecs baby, however, it out that she has a brain tumor. Jane Leeves as Rejoyla Joy Scroggs, a beautician, known as the Eyebrow Queen of Beverly Hills. Joys mother, who lives in England, is critical of her. She had a son, Owen, when she was 15, in the first season finale, Joy receives a message from her son, but a tornado prevents her from contacting him. Her son finally comes to visit her in Season 2, with disastrous results, at the end of season 3 a baby is left on the womens doorstep. This baby is revealed in season 4 as Joys grandson Wilbur, at the end of season 4, Joys Baby-Daddy Simon shows up and wants to get back together. Joy eventually marries her boss, Bob, in the series finale. With the show recently canceled, Victoria laments that her career opportunities are playing Megan Foxs grandmother and Melanie Griffiths mother. She has also appeared in numerous Lifetime movies, the titles of which she brings up throughout the series and her jobs in Cleveland have included high school drama teacher and reporter for Oh Hi, Ohio, a local news magazine program

57.
Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids
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Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids was an American cable television network that was part of MTV Networkss suite of digital cable channels. The channel was available to all cable providers and satellite provider Dish Network. With its focus on classic Nickelodeon game shows, Nick GAS was essentially a version of Game Show Network. The VP/General Manager of the network was Nickelodeon executive Mark Offitzer, producer of numerous Nick specials including the Kids Choice Awards. Nick GAS originally launched as a 1-hour block on Nickelodeon on November 8,1998, featuring game & sports-related shows like Wild & Crazy Kids, Guts, the block was removed from Nickelodeons schedule in the Fall of 2002. Nick GAS launched on March 1,1999, and its programming consisted of childrens game shows and sports-related programs from Nickelodeon. This included shows such as Guts, all versions of Double Dare from 1986 onward, Nick GAS also produced its own original programming, such as Play to Z, Gamefarm and Splash TV. GAS also featured original blocks Camp GAS during the summer, Double Dare Double Play, however, in-show advertising were left intact, as it was part of the show itself. The studio segments in the GAS Garage, often included competitions between families, or interviews with athletes and other celebrities, programs were usually grouped together in the blocks Heads Up. Wild Card, Family Fuel, Extreme GAS and aired during commercial breaks, other interstitials included Heroes of the Game, GAS Grill, Trade Tricks, Time Out, T. U. M. E. G. From October 31,2005 onwards, Nick GASs programming was fully automated, putting only seven shows on a permanent time slot, in September 2006, Finders Keepers was removed from the networks schedule, leaving only a mere six shows on the channel by its final year. Viacom Networks announced on August 13,2007 that Nick GAS would shut down on December 31,2007, on December 31,2007, Nick GAS was shut down after an episode of Figure It Out. It then aired a bumper, but it was cut off halfway through and was replaced by The N, the N was subsequently rebranded as TeenNick on September 28,2009. Meanwhile, Dish Network kept an automated loop of the network on the air for fifteen months, due to either unknown concerns or satellite bandwidth problems. Nick GAS aired every game show broadcast on Nick from the parent networks inception onward, as well as non-game programming such as Salute Your Shorts, Speed Racer X, Scaredy Camp, the network also aired a one-hour block of video game programming on Saturday nights from 2003–04. Play to Z and Nickelodeon Gamefarm aired during this time, Nick GAS also carried repeats of Nickelodeon Robot Wars, a program adapted from the British original

Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids
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Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids

58.
Pillarbox
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The pillarbox effect occurs in widescreen video displays when black bars are placed on the sides of the image.39,1 frame. The original material is shrunk and placed in the middle of the widescreen frame, some older arcade games that had a tall vertical and short horizontal are displayed in pillar box even on 4,3 televisions. Some early sound films made 1928–1931, such as City Lights, were filmed in an even narrower format to make room for the track on then-standard film stock. These will appear pillarboxed even on 4,3 screens, pillarboxing is the vertical equivalent of letterboxing and is sometimes called reverse letterboxing. Its name is derived from its resemblance to pillar box-style mailboxes used in the UK, the four-direction equivalent is called windowboxing, caused when programming is both letterboxed and pillarboxed. In order to use the screen area of a widescreen display, and to prevent a reverse screen burn-in on plasma displays. However, this results in the loss of some of the image within what the producer assumed would be the safe area and this overscan may or may not bother the viewer, but it often cuts-off the channel banner or other on-screen displays. Likewise, the equivalent of pan and scan is called tilt. This moves the window up and down, however it is rarely done. A third option is to stretch the video to fill the screen and this also tells widescreen television sets with automatic resizing not to stretch the video, and instead to present it in the proper aspect ratio. Some TV shows present an echo of the edges of the video in the sidebars. Local TV stations in the U. S. typically use graphics or a color gradient for electronic news-gathering packages shown on their local HDTV news programs. This is because portable ENG cameras are not in HD. Some channels have a format called enhanced HD, in which extra informative graphics and text is shown on the side, such as expanded stock quotes, charts. Some Japanese anime switched from SD to HD during their run, sometimes a flashback to a scene produced in SD had to be shown. For instance, in Naruto, the image of Naruto and Sasuke filled in the gaps as one of the SD-era flashbacks is being shown. Also, in the Family Guy episode Back to the Pilot, Brian and Stewie travel back in time to when the show first premiered, to show that, back then, they produced episodes in standard-definition, the entire scene was pillarboxed. Letterbox Windowbox Widescreen Aspect ratio 14,916,9 Motion picture terminology Stretch-o-Vision The Widescreen and Letterbox Advocacy Page

Pillarbox
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Pillarboxed image

59.
Video on demand
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IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers. Internet television, using the Internet, is a popular form of video on demand. VOD can also be accessed via desktop client applications such as the Apple iTunes online content store, some airlines offer VOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players. Some video on demand services such as Netflix use a model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content. Other services use a model, where access is free for Internet users. Downloading and streaming video on demand systems provide the user all of the features of Portable media players. Some VOD systems that store and stream programs from hard drives use a memory buffer to allow the user to fast forward. It is possible to put video servers on local area networks, streaming video servers can also serve a wider community via a WAN, in which case the responsiveness may be reduced. Download VOD services are practical to homes equipped with cable modems or DSL connections, servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head-end serving a particular market as well as cable hubs in larger markets. In the telco world, they are placed in either the central office, the first Video on Demand systems used tapes as the realtime source of video streams. GTE started as a trial in 1990 with AT&T providing all components, by 1992 VOD servers were supplying previously encoded digital video from disks and DRAM. In the US the 1982 anti-trust break-up of AT&T resulted in a number of telephone companies called Baby Bells. Following this the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 prohibited telephone companies from providing services within their operating regions. All of these companies and others began holding trials to setup systems for supplying Video on Demand over telephone, in November 1992 Bell Atlantic announced a VOD trial. The IBM was developing video server code-named Tiger Shark, concurrently Digital Equipment was developing a scalable video server. Bell Atlantic selected IBM and April 1993 the system became the first VOD over ADSL to be deployed outside the lab, in 1994-5 US West went on to file for VOD at several cities. 330,000 subscribers in Denver,290,000 in Minneapolis, many VOD trials were held with various combinations of server, network and set-top. Of these the primary players in the US were the companies, using DEC, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, USA Video, nCube, SGI

60.
AOL
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AOL Inc. is an American multinational mass media corporation based in New York, a subsidiary of Verizon Communications. AOL was one of the pioneers of the Internet in the mid-1990s. It originally provided a service to millions of Americans, as well as providing a web portal, e-mail, instant messaging. At the height of its popularity, it purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner in the largest merger in U. S. history, AOL rapidly declined thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up to broadband. AOL was eventually spun off from Time Warner in 2009, with Tim Armstrong appointed the new CEO, under his leadership, the company invested in media brands and advertising technologies. On June 23,2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon Communications for $4.4 billion, in the following months, AOL also made a deal with Microsoft and acquired several tech properties, including Millennial Media and Kanvas to bolster their mobile ad-tech capabilities. AOL began in 1983, as a venture called Control Video Corporation. Its sole product was a service called GameLine for the Atari 2600 video game console. Subscribers bought a modem from the company for US$49.95, GameLine permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of US$1 per game. The telephone disconnected and the game would remain in GameLines Master Module and playable until the user turned off the console or downloaded another game. In January 1983, Steve Case was hired as a consultant for Control Video on the recommendation of his brother. In May 1983, Jim Kimsey became a consultant for Control Video. Kimsey was brought in by his West Point friend Frank Caufield, in early 1985, von Meister left the company. The technical team consisted of Marc Seriff, Tom Ralston, Ray Heinrich, Steve Trus, Ken Huntsman, Janet Hunter, Dave Brown, Craig Dykstra, Doug Coward, in 1987, Case was promoted again to executive vice-president. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to take over the role of CEO, Kimsey changed the companys strategy, and in 1985, launched a dedicated online service for Commodore 64 and 128 computers, originally called Quantum Link. The Quantum Link software was based on software licensed from PlayNet, the service was different from other online services as it used the computing power of the Commodore 64 and the Apple II rather than just a dumb terminal. It passed tokens back and forth and provided a fixed price service tailored for home users, in May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched AppleLink Personal Edition for Apple II and Macintosh computers. In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible PCs developed in a joint venture with the Tandy Corporation, after the company parted ways with Apple in October 1989, Quantum changed the services name to America Online

61.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used

62.
High speed internet
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Internet access is the process that enables individuals and organisations to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, mobile devices, sometimes via computer networks. Once connected to the Internet, users can access Internet services, such as email, Internet service providers offer Internet access through various technologies that offer a wide range of data signaling rates. Consumer use of the Internet first became popular through dial-up Internet access in the 1990s, by the first decade of the 21st century, many consumers in developed nations used faster, broadband Internet access technologies. By 2014 this was almost ubiquitous worldwide, with an average connection speed exceeding 4 Mbit/s. Use by a wider audience came in 1995 when restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic were lifted. LANs typically operated at 10 Mbit/s, while modem data-rates grew from 1200 bit/s in the early 1980s, initially, dial-up connections were made from terminals or computers running terminal emulation software to terminal servers on LANs. These dial-up connections did not support use of the Internet protocols. Broadband connections are made using a computers built in Ethernet networking capabilities. Most broadband services provide a continuous always on connection, there is no dial-in process required, made broadband Internet access a public policy issue. In 2000, most Internet access to homes was provided using dial-up, while many businesses, in 2000 there were just under 150 million dial-up subscriptions in the 34 OECD countries and fewer than 20 million broadband subscriptions. By 2004, broadband had grown and dial-up had declined so that the number of subscriptions were roughly equal at 130 million each, the broadband technologies in widest use are ADSL and cable Internet access. Newer technologies include VDSL and optical fibre extended closer to the subscriber in telephone and cable plants. In areas not served by ADSL or cable, some community organizations, Wireless and satellite Internet are often used in rural, undeveloped, or other hard to serve areas where wired Internet is not readily available. Newer technologies being deployed for fixed and mobile broadband access include WiMAX, LTE, starting in roughly 2006, mobile broadband access is increasingly available at the consumer level using 3G and 4G technologies such as HSPA, EV-DO, HSPA+, and LTE. Some libraries provide stations for physically connecting users laptops to local area networks, Wireless Internet access points are available in public places such as airport halls, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Some access points may also provide coin-operated computers, various terms are used, such as public Internet kiosk, public access terminal, and Web payphone. Many hotels also have public terminals, usually fee based and these services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A Wi-Fi hotspot need not be limited to a location since multiple ones combined can cover a whole campus or park

High speed internet
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Satellite Internet access via VSAT in Ghana
High speed internet
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An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet
High speed internet
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Service mark for GSMA

63.
Smartphone
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A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use. Smartphones can access the Internet and can run a variety of third-party software components and they typically have a color display with a graphical user interface that covers more than 76% of the front surface. In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s. Most of those produced from 2012 onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide. Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early 2013, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and Theodore Paraskevakos in 1971 and patented in 1974, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in 1994. The term smart phone appeared in print as early as 1995, in the mid-late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems, in March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC that supported a Nokia 2110 phone with ROM-based software to support it. It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls and it was also 100% DOS5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows. In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a cellular phone based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated PDA based on the PEN/GEOS3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above. The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone. In June 1999 Qualcomm released the pdQ Smartphone, a CDMA digital PCS Smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA, subsequent landmark devices included, The Ericsson R380 by Ericsson Mobile Communications. The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA. The Kyocera 6035 introduced by Palm, Inc, combining a PDA with a mobile phone, it operated on the Verizon network, and supported limited Web browsing

64.
Tablet computer
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Tablets often come equipped with sensors, including digital cameras, a microphone, and an accelerometer so images on screens are always displayed upright. The touchscreen display uses the recognition of finger or stylus gestures to replace the mouse, trackpad, tablets are typically larger than smartphones or personal digital assistants with screens 7 inches or larger, measured diagonally. However much of a tablets functionality resembles that of a modern smartphone, tablets can be classified according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a keyboard, and usually accept text. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s do have physical keyboards, yet they also make use of virtual keyboards. Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like a full laptop, most tablets can use separate keyboards connected using Bluetooth. The format was conceptualized in the century and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century. In April 2010, Apple released the iPad, the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity, thereafter in the 2010s, tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and became a large product category used for both personal and workplace applications. The tablet computer and its operating system began with the development of pen computing. Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, a device more powerful than todays tablets appeared briefly in Jerry Pournelle and Larry Nivens The Mote in Gods Eye. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but the audience was children. In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST-Pad, the ST-Pad was based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST Platform and prototyped early handwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivjis company Momentus demonstrated in the time a failed x86 MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its own GUI. In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke, Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM-based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the NewsPad, the project ended in 1997. During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were demonstrating, all three products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992, IBM announced and shipped to developers the 2521 ThinkPad, also based on PenPoint was AT&Ts EO Personal Communicator from 1993, which ran on AT&Ts own hardware, including their own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital assistant in 1993 and it utilised Apples own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, in 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball CPU

65.
The Rugrats Movie
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The Rugrats Movie is a 1998 American animated adventure comedy film, produced by Paramount Pictures Corporation, and co-produced with Nickelodeon Movies and Klasky Csupo. The film was distributed by Paramount Pictures, and first released theatrically in the United States on November 20,1998. The film grossed $100 million in the US and $140 million worldwide, the film features the voices of E. G. Daily, Tara Strong, Christine Cavanaugh, Kath Soucie, Cheryl Chase, Cree Summer, and Charlie Adler, along with guest stars David Spade, Whoopi Goldberg, Margaret Cho, Busta Rhymes, and Tim Curry. The film was directed by Igor Kovalyov and Norton Virgien, Didi Pickles is pregnant with a second baby, which everyone believes will be a girl. Didi goes into labor during the shower and her friends rush her to the hospital. While this is happening, the kids crawl off and explore an area before being found by the other parents. When the baby is born after a montage of past lives, it is actually a boy and they name him Dil. Dil quickly becomes a very spoiled baby, crying non-stop for attention, keeping all of the toys for himself and he also gives Tommy a locket with a picture of Tommy and Dil taped together and a watch inside, which he calls his sponsitility. Along the way, Dil had secretly stolen Angelicas Cynthia doll, the babies eventually crash in the woods, where they realize that they are lost. They spot a rangers cabin where they believe a lizard lives, after an encounter with a gang of runaway circus monkeys, Dil is taken away by them. Tommy vows to find Dil by himself, because Chuckie, Phil, meanwhile, the parents find out that the babies are missing and try to find them. Tommy eventually finds Dil during a storm, and are forced to shelter under a tree. After the storm, the babies find Tommy and Dil. While on a bridge, they are confronted by the monkeys, but are scared off by a wolf. Spike intervenes and fights the wolf until they fall from the bridge to their apparent deaths. Meanwhile, Stu, who has been looking for the babies via an aircraft he made, finally finds them, believing he is the lizard, the babies wish for Spike back instead of going home. Stu falls through the bridge and finds Spike, who survived the fall

The Rugrats Movie
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Theatrical release poster
The Rugrats Movie
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The Rugrats Movie: Music From the Motion Picture

66.
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
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The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie is a 2004 American animated adventure comedy film based on the Nickelodeon television series of the same name. It was produced by Hillenburgs production company United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies and was distributed by Paramount Pictures, previous offers by Paramount Pictures for a film adaptation of SpongeBob SquarePants had been rejected by Stephen Hillenburg, but he eventually accepted one offer in 2002. The film was a box office success and grossed $85 million in the United States and $140 million worldwide, and received generally positive reviews from critics. A stand-alone sequel titled The SpongeBob Movie, Sponge Out of Water was released on February 6,2015, the film opens with SpongeBob SquarePants dreaming about managing the Krusty Krab restaurant and saving the day during a crisis. He wakes up and cheerfully prepares for the ceremony for The Krusty Krab 2. However, Krabs instead names Squidward Tentacles manager, believing SpongeBob is too immature to handle the role and that night, SpongeBob goes to his favorite restaurant, Goofy Goobers, where drowns his sorrows in ice cream with his best friend Patrick Star. The next morning, Neptune barges into the Krusty Krab 2, SpongeBob later arrives and chastises Krabs under the influence of an ice cream headache, but seeing his bosss life is at risk, he promises Neptune that he will retrieve the crown from Shell City. Neptune freezes Krabs and orders SpongeBob to return with the crown in six days for him to spare Krabs life, Neptunes sympathetic daughter, Princess Mindy, gives SpongeBob a Bag of Winds so that they can return from Shell City once they find the crown. SpongeBob and Patrick leave for Shell City in the Patty Wagon, as a contingency, he hires a hitman named Dennis to eliminate SpongeBob and Patrick. Squidward discovers the truth about Plankton stealing Neptunes crown and tries to alert Neptune, however, Plankton uses mind-controlling bucket helmets, disguised as souvenirs, to control Bikini Bottoms residents, including Squidward, and renames the city Planktopolis. As their journey continues, SpongeBob and Patrick reach a dangerous trench and they are stopped by Dennis, who tries to crush them with his spiked boots, but he is in turn stepped on by a seemingly massive hardhat diver they believe to be a Cyclops. The diver grabs SpongeBob and Patrick, and takes them to his beachside store, at the store, SpongeBob and Patrick find the crown, but are nearly killed when the diver attempts to dry them out using a heat lamp. Their tears short-circuit the lamps power cord, and its smoke activates the system, reviving their bodies. As the sea creatures attack the diver, SpongeBob and Patrick take the crown, at the Krusty Krab 2, King Neptune arrives to execute Mr. Krabs. SpongeBob and Patrick return with the crown just in time and confront Plankton, SpongeBob performs the song Goofy Goober Rock and transforms into an electric guitar-wielding wizard, freeing Neptune and Bikini Bottoms residents during of the song. Plankton is arrested, and Neptune thanks SpongeBob for his bravery and thaws Mr. Krabs, who makes SpongeBob manager of the Krusty Krab 2 in gratitude. Thats where the coming from, having these two naïve characters, SpongeBob and Patrick, a doofus and an idiot, on this incredibly dangerous heroic odyssey with all the odds against them. In 2002, Hillenburg and the staff stopped making episodes to work on the film after the shows third season

67.
Nickelodeon Magazine
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Nickelodeon Magazine is an American childrens magazine based on the television network Nickelodeon. Its first incarnation appeared in 1990, and was distributed at participating Pizza Hut restaurants, the magazine returned in Summer 1993 with different type of content, primarily humor and comics. Originally published on a basis, it switched to bi-monthly with the February/March 1994 issue. It then went to 10 times per year starting March 1995, with a bi-annual December/January, on February 5,2015, Papercutz announced that they have worked a deal with Nickelodeon to revive the magazine. The new version was released in June 2015, and new issues are released monthly, in spite of being related to the network it was named after, Nickelodeon Magazine covered all sorts of topics for kids, not just what was on the network. The magazine contained informative non-fiction pieces, humor, interviews, comics, pranks, the magazines mascot was Zelda Van Gutters, a Lakeland Terrier dog who appeared throughout the magazine with sarcastic asides on the articles. She was also the star of the magazines semi-regular photo comic strip Ruffing It. Shaw. Karen Sneider, Israel Sanchez, Jason Shiga, R. Sikoryak, Jen Sorensen, Art Spiegelman, Jay Stephens, Wayno, Todd Webb, Drew Weing, Steve Weissman, Kurt Wolfgang, and Gahan Wilson. Among the Nicktoons that were featured in the Comic Book, Nickelodeon Comics, each issue tied in with comics. Nickelodeon Comics mainly contained comics, either newly made stories or two-page shorts reprinted from Nick Magazine, but also featured articles, puzzles, other comics included, Fiona of the Felines by Terry LaBan - A girl who is raised by cats. Her strips are occasionally accompanied by a strip titled Warren of the Worms. Grampa and Julie, Shark Hunters by Jef Czekaj - This strips titular pair of a girl and her grandfather started out searching for Stephen. Juanita and Clem by Craig Thompson — Whimsical tales of a little girl. Karmopolis by Nick Bertozzi — An adventure strip in a world where everyone, mervin the Magnificent by Richard Sala — A bumbling magician solves crime with his rabbit sidekick. Patty-Cake by Scott Roberts - A bossy little blonde with a flower in her hair, Sam Hill & Ray-9 by Mark Martin - A boy and his robot dog. Scene But Not Heard by Sam Henderson - The going-ons of a man and a bear. As the strips name suggests, the comic is made entirely of pictures, in the magazines tenth anniversary issue, there was a blooper strip where the man and bear are talking. Also, there is an advertisement for a Scene But Not Heard musical in Grampa, southern Fried Fugitives by Simon and Kim Deitch - The continuing adventures of a quartet of fried chicken pieces brought to life by a thunderstorm

68.
Papercutz (publisher)
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Papercutz Graphic Novels is an American publisher of family-friendly comic books and graphic novels, mostly based on licensed properties such as Nancy Drew, the Hardy Boys, and Lego Ninjago. Papercutz has also published new volumes of the Golden Age-era comics series Classics Illustrated, in recent years they have begun publishing English translations of European all-ages comics, including The Smurfs. Terry Nantier, founder of NBM Publishing, established Papercutz in 2005, along with industry veteran Jim Salicrup. Their intent was to produce comics and graphic novels appropriate for children, writer Stefan Petrucha came on board as well, he has worked on such titles as Nancy Drew, Papercutz Slices, and Rio. Associate editor Michael Petranek joined Papercutz in 2008, in the spring of 2005 Papercutz launched with the publication of two three-part comic book series, Nancy Drews The Demon of River Heights and The Hardy Boys The Ocean of Osyria. Both series were collected into 92-page graphic novels, becoming the first titles in the Nancy Drew Graphic Novel. All other titles in series have been made in graphic novel format only and are published every three months. The Nancy Drew graphic novels are written by Stefan Petrucha, the characters graphic novel incarnation has been described as a fun, sassy, modern-day teen who is still hot on the heels of criminals. Creators on the Hardy Boys series included writer Scott Lobdell, in 2010, Papercutz relaunched both titles, with the Hardy Boys series bringing on a new creative team of Gerry Conway and Paulo Henrique. In 2006, Papercutz published an English translation of the Italian nonfiction graphic novel The Life of Pope John Paul II, by Alessandro Mainard, in 2007, Papercutz acquired the Classics Illustrated license and began publishing comic book adaptations of classic childrens novels. A second series, Classics Illustrated Deluxe, features many French artists, from 2007–2010 Papercutz published a new series of original Tales from the Crypt comics. The first issue was published in June 2007, with a cover drawn by Kyle Baker, all three of EC Comics horror hosts appear in the issue, drawn by Rick Parker. Controversy erupted in 2008 when U. S. Papercutz published 13 issues of Tales from the Crypt, in 2009, Papercutz launched Papercutz Slices, a pop culture parody series written by Stefan Petrucha and illustrated by Rick Parker. Targets of the series have included Diary of a Wimpy Kid, the Harry Potter books, Twilight, Percy Jackson & the Olympians, The Hunger Games, in July 2010, Papercutz began publishing The Smurfs comics, translated by Joe Johnson. Debuting with a preview comic that contained the story The Smurfnapper. The success of The Smurfs prompted Papercutz to publish more English translations of such French comics series as Benny Breakiron, Dance Class, and Sybil the Backpack Fairy. Since 2010 Papercutz has added a slate of new licensed properties to its graphic novel lines, including the Disney Fairies, Lego Ninjago, Garfield, Power Rangers, Rio, zorro — by Don McGregor and Sidney Lima WWE Slam City - by Mathias Triton and Alitha E

Papercutz (publisher)
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Papercutz (publisher)

69.
WHTZ
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WHTZ – branded Z100 – is a commercial Top 40 radio station licensed to Newark, New Jersey and serving the New York City metropolitan area. Owned by iHeartMedia, WHTZ serves as the station for Elvis Duran and the Morning Show. The WHTZ studios are located in the AT&T Building in the TriBeCa neighborhood of New York City, besides a standard analog transmission, WHTZ broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online via iHeartRadio. The station also simulcasts over channel 12 on SiriusXM satellite radio, the call letters are supposed to represent the word hits with a Z, indeed, an early advertising campaign for the earlier days of station claimed that HTZ was Finally, theres a new way to spell Hitz. 100.3 began as WHNF in the early 1940s broadcasting on 46.3 mc, after WHN changed their call letters to WMGM in 1948, WHNF, by this time now broadcasting on 100.3, followed suit by changing their call letters to WMGM-FM. That station shut down in February 1955 and its owners turned the license over to the FCC,100.3 FM was sold to local owner Herb Saltzman and known as Sabre Broadcasting. The station focused to serve northern New Jersey rather than the New York City Metropolitan area and they already owned AM620 then known as WVNJ so 100.3 FM would have WVNJ-FM as its call letters. On July 13,1961, at about 3 p. m. WVNJ-FM signed on, WVNJ-FM began with 20,000 watts at 330 ft. above average terrain from the AM site in Livingston, moving a few years according to Chatham with 25,000 watts. A few years later, the moved to West Orange, New Jersey. The station had an instrumentally based Easy Listening music format consisted of versions of familiar songs with several soft vocal hits added per hour. The station was known as WVNJoy, licensed to Newark, NJ, its FM transmitter was in West Orange, while its studios and AM transmitter were located on State Route 10 in Livingston, New Jersey. At the time, the station had a power of about 20,000 watts. This lack of due to lesser power inhibited the stations opportunity to show with competitive strength in ratings estimates in the NY Market. Thus the stations target market concentration was northern New Jersey, Radio listeners in the New York City metropolitan area could listen to the WPAT-AM-FM simulcast, WRFM, or WTFM for easy listening. In 1980, when WRVR changed from jazz to country music and its slogan was VNJoy By Day, VNJazz By Night. In May 1983, plans were made for 100.3 FM to be purchased by Cleveland-based Malrite Communications, Malrite signed on the station from a studio in Secaucus, New Jersey and moved the transmitter to the top of the Empire State Building. In addition, new management announced plans for a top 40 format, the sale became final on August 1,1983, and WVNJ-FM ceased broadcasting on 100.3 that night. The station, which now had the callsign WHTZ, went back on the air at 6,08 AM on August 2,1983 with new program director and morning jock Scott Shannon

WHTZ
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WHTZ

70.
HD radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality

HD radio
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An example of information displayed by an AM HD station locking.
HD radio
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HD Radio Transmitter
HD radio
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Seattle's Spirit 105.3 with Artist Experience enabled
HD radio
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HD-1 signal on KOST 103.5 in a Volkswagen RCD-510 receiver

71.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions

Pop music
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The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)
Pop music
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According to several sources, MTV helped give rise to pop stars such as Michael Jackson and Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.
Pop music

72.
Nickelodeon Universe
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Nickelodeon Universe is the seven-acre indoor amusement park in the center of the Mall of America, in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA. On August 18,2009, Nickelodeon and Southern Star Amusement announced that the second Nickelodeon Universe would be in New Orleans, Louisiana and tentatively would open around the end of 2010. It was set to be the first outdoor Nickelodeon Universe theme park, the amusement park is owned and operated by The Triple 5 Group, which is the owner of Mall of America, Inc. Triple 5 Group also owns West Edmonton Mall, which also has an amusement park in the mall called Galaxyland, Nickelodeon Universe is primarily lit by a glass ceiling, which is also the source of most of the heat for Mall of America. It was originally built by the then-owners of Knotts Berry Farm in Buena Park, the floor has a wide variance in height – the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet above the lowest. This allows for a far more experience than would normally be found in an indoor amusement park. The park has four roller coasters, but mainly has flat rides due to space constraints. Near the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge roller coaster is the site of plate for Metropolitan Stadium. The park was known as Knotts Camp Snoopy, and later, simply Camp Snoopy. Camp Snoopy themed areas are located at Cedar Point and Knotts Berry Farm. Camp Snoopy was never aggressively themed to the Peanuts franchise, the park had a very outdoors, much of the original theming in the Camp Snoopy fountain and all around the park was already toned down by the time the rights to the Peanuts characters were lost. On April 7,1998, New Horizon Kids Quest, Inc. opened a Kids Quest hourly child care facility in Knotts Camp Snoopy and it incorporated 17,385 square feet and served children ages six weeks to twelve years until it was removed in 2007. It is now the Dutchman’s Deck Adventure Course ropes course, slides, in 2005, there were plans to revitalize the Camp Snoopy image, and a new logo was introduced in October, called the roller coaster logo to replace the canoe logo. However, this did not last long, as there were even bigger, on January 9,2006, Mall of America management announced that talks between MOA and Cedar Fair Entertainment Co. All traces of the Peanuts branding was removed, some very sloppily, the inflatable Snoopy character was removed and it took several months before it was finally replaced by a generic tree house inflatable. Many other landmarks in the park were replaced by generic landmarks or not replaced at all. On November 2nd,2005, Viacom filed a trademark for Nickelodeon Universe, the parks new licensing deal and name, Nickelodeon Universe, was announced on July 25,2007. Construction began on August 27,2007, work was completed in sections so 80 percent to 90 percent of the park remained accessible at all times, Nickelodeon Universe was completed on March 15,2008

73.
New Orleans, Louisiana
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue

74.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River

75.
Six Flags New Orleans
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Six Flags New Orleans is a 140-acre, abandoned theme park in New Orleans, Louisiana that has been closed since Hurricane Katrina struck the state in August 2005. It is owned by the Industrial Development Board of New Orleans, the city agreed in September 2009. The park is located in New Orleans East, off Interstate 10, despite various announced plans to redevelop the site, as of March 2017, it is still an abandoned amusement park in extremely poor condition. The site is owned and maintained by IDB, the site has 24-hour security and trespassers are prosecuted. Videos and photos of the site have surfaced over the years from thrill-seekers and this encouraged city officials to become more diligent in its approach to secure and ban tours of the park. The park is no longer operational and safety is a concern, trespassing is prohibited, and the property is only visible from the highway. The New Orleans Police Department officers can be seen patrolling the park daily to prevent trespassing, the park opened under the name Jazzland in 2000. It was operated by Alfa Smartparks, but owned by a Spanish company called Parques Reunidos, rides included Mega Zeph, a wooden roller coaster track built on a steel frame to prevent termite infestation and withstand hurricane-force winds. Mega Zeph was inspired by the old Zephyr roller coaster at the closed Pontchartrain Beach Amusement Park that was located next to Lake Pontchartrain by the University of New Orleans. The intent was to rebuild the Zephyr, but it was a roller coaster. Other rides included a steel coaster called Rexs Rail Runner, a wild mouse steel coaster. The park had a log flume and a splashwater falls ride called Spillway Splashout, in addition, the park had common amusement park spinning rides and a carousel merry-go-round. The park was not profitable, as Alpha Smart Parks specialized in running water parks, in 2001, the lease was put up for sale, and in March 2002 Six Flags purchased the lease, although the parks name did not change that year. In early 2003, Six Flags upgraded the park and renamed it Six Flags New Orleans, Six Flags added more shaded areas and many new flat spinning rides. The park was renamed Six Flags, and the its playtime, theme was adopted that included a dancing old man, Mr. Six. A water park that would be included in the admission was in the stages in early 2005 and was going to be announced at the end of August. However, Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans, which put those plans, the last day the park operated was August 21,2005. Weekday operations had ended a couple weeks earlier, as schools start early in August in the New Orleans area, in 2014, rumors began to circulate that Jazzland would likely be redeveloped into a theme park

Six Flags New Orleans
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Six Flags New Orleans's entrance in June 2004
Six Flags New Orleans
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The Batman ride at Six Flags New Orleans in 2004
Six Flags New Orleans
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The Bayou Blaster and Sonic Slam as seen in January 2006
Six Flags New Orleans
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The park still flooded two weeks after Hurricane Katrina

76.
Nickelodeon in amusement parks
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Since the 1990s, Nickelodeon, a worldwide childrens television network and franchise, owned by Viacom, has had an involvement in the creation and theming of amusement parks rides. Several amusement parks have featured themed areas entirely devoted to the Nickelodeon brand whilst others have featured standalone attractions, Nickelodeon attractions currently exist at Movie Park Germany, Pleasure Beach Blackpool, Mall of America and Sea World. On 7 June 1990, Universal Studios Florida opened with an attraction named Nickelodeon Studios and it was a television taping studio for the cable television channel, Nickelodeon. In 1995, Nickelodeon Splat City opened at three former Paramount Parks, Californias Great America, Kings Dominion and Kings Island and these attractions were inspired by many of the game shows on the television network and generally involved slime. In 1999, Kings Dominion closed Nickelodeon Splat City in preparation for its 2000 attraction, Nickelodeon Central, Nickelodeon Central saw the retheme of many of the parks childrens rides as well as the addition of some new ones. Kings Island followed suit, closing their Splat City in 2000, in 2002, Australian theme park Dreamworld opened Nickelodeon Central. In 2003, Californias Great America, Canadas Wonderland and Carowinds all opened Nickelodeon Centrals, expansions of these areas took place in 2005,2006 and 2008 for Carowinds, Kings Island and Dreamworld, respectively. The Kings Island area was renamed to Nickelodeon Universe at the same time. In 2007, Movie Park Germany opened an area entitled Nickland. In 2009 and 2010, Cedar Fair terminated their contract with Nickelodeon resulting in all of the areas being rethemed to Planet Snoopy, in early 2011, at a cost of £10 million, Pleasure Beach Blackpool opened Nickelodeon Land. By mid-2011, Dreamworld had closed their Nickelodeon Central and rethemed it to the generic Kids World theme, below is a list of all of the attractions at Nickelodeon themed areas around the world. The dates shown in the columns refer to the opening and closing dates for the ride under that name and it does not mean that the ride was closed and/or removed. Below is a list of all of the Nickelodeon-themed shows which have shown at theme parks around the world. The dates shown in the columns refer to the opening and closing dates for the show, some parks have multiple shows in the one theatre, hence overlapping dates. A variety of Nickelodeon costumed characters have been showcased alongside each individual theme parks attractions, some were used for meet and greets with guests, others for shows and some in the Nickelodeon Celebration Parade. Category, Nickelodeon in amusement parks Nickelodeon Splat City

77.
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
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The film was produced by Nickelodeon Movies, O Entertainment, and DNA Productions, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was produced using software by DNA Productions. The film was released December 21,2001 and it was nominated for the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, but lost to Shrek. It was the only animated Nickelodeon film to ever be nominated in category until Rango was nominated in 2011. The success of the led to a spin-off television series, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius. A second spin-off, Planet Sheen, ran from 2010 to 2013, the film starts off with a rocket carrying two boys and a robotic dog, Jimmy Neutron, Carl Wheezer and Goddard. Unknown to anyone, the satellite is picked up near the planet Yolkus, home to a race called the Yolkians. King Goobot V and his assistant, Ooblar, watch a pre-recorded message from Jimmy, featuring him introducing himself, Jimmy, Carl, and their friend Sheen spot a poster for an amusement park called Retroland. Jimmy, Carl and Sheen subsequently choose to out and visit the park advised by Nick Dean. Coincidentally, Carl spots a shooting star, so he, Jimmy, the next morning, the kids discover that the parents have all disappeared. He soon discovers what has really happened, Jimmy organizes the other children in town to build spaceships from the Retroland rides to travel to Yolkus and get their parents back. Eventually they are captured by Goobot, who tells them that the parents are to be sacrificed to their god and he shows the kids Jimmys video, thanking him for helping him find suitable species for their ritual, before having the children locked up in their cells. After breaking out with the help of Goddard, the children, in accordance with Jimmys plan, everyone escapes aboard a Yolkian ship, but Goobot follows them in his ship at the head of the Yolkian fleet. With the exception of Goobots ship, all of the Yolkian ships are destroyed when Jimmy baits them into flying too close to Yolkus sun. Jimmy reconciles with his parents for not understanding strangers, as all the other kids reunite with theirs, and they make it on their way back home. In a final scene of the film, Jimmy and Carl have breakfast during which Jimmys parents drink one of his experiments, thinking it is real soda, Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius was released in cinemas on December 21,2001, by Paramount Pictures. Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius was released on VHS and DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on July 2,2002 and it was re-released on DVD on June 22,2011. A Blu-ray release has not been announced yet, the film started out as a short called Johnny Quasar in 1995 and was shown off at SIGGRAPH that same year

Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
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Theatrical release poster

78.
Universal Orlando
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The Universal Orlando Resort, commonly known as Universal Orlando, formerly Universal Studios Escape, is a theme park resort in Orlando, Florida. It is wholly owned by NBCUniversal and its affiliates, Universal Orlando is the second-largest resort in Greater Orlando after Walt Disney World. Universal Orlando consists of two parks, a water park, a night-time entertainment complex, and five Loews Hotels. Universal Orlando opened in 1990, as the theme park Universal Studios Florida and it was opened as a joint venture between Universal Entertainment and The Blackstone Group. The park was in competition with Disney-MGM Studios. In 1994, executives started planning the expansion of the resort into a vacation destination. In late 1995, construction began on a new park, Islands of Adventure, the Islands of Adventure Preview Center opened in May 1997 replacing the Screen Test Home Video Adventure. On May 28,1999, Islands of Adventure opened to the general public and it featured six themed islands, including Seuss Landing, The Lost Continent, Jurassic Park, Toon Lagoon, and Marvel Super Hero Island. The park opened to mediocre attendance, and several attractions were closed shortly thereafter, including Island Skipper Tours, along with the new theme park, the resort also opened a Florida version of Universal CityWalk from Universal Studios Hollywood. CityWalk Orlando, but with different venues and design, Universal also opened the resorts first onsite hotel in 1999. Loews Portofino Bay Hotel was operated and partially owned by Loews Hotels but was partially owned by Universal. The two theme parks, CityWalk, and the hotel were branded as Universal Studios Escape, however the name was changed to Universal Orlando Resort. In December 2000, Hard Rock Hotel opened as Universal Orlandos second onsite hotel, despite its name, the hotel is owned by Loews Hotels, like Loews Portofino Bay Hotel and is not affiliated with the Hard Rock Cafe company. In 2001, Loews Royal Pacific Resort opened, in the midst of all these openings, two parking garages were constructed and the popular water park Wet n Wild Orlando was acquired. On June 18,2010, the newest island at Universals Islands of Adventure, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, the Blackstone Group sold its stake in Universal Orlando in early 2011. Universal Studios Florida is composed of themed areas and attractions based on the film industry, visitors get themed dining and shopping, a variety of special events throughout the year, and may even catch an actual film crew at work on the backlot. The original theme park in the resort, Universal Studios Florida opened on June 7,1990, as a theme park that let visitors Ride the Movies. The themes of Universal Studios Orlando are targeted at making guests feel like they are on a set with rides, shows, and attractions inspired by popular film, television

79.
Blue Man Group Sharp Aquos Theatre
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Blue Man Group Theatre is an attraction located at Universal Orlando Resort. The attraction, featuring a unique Blue Man Group performance, opened June 6,2007 in the former Nickelodeon Studios building, along with Blue Man Group, the remainder of the former Nickelodeon Studios building is currently occupied by FSN Florida and Sun Sports for their television production needs. Universal Orlando Resort has released this official synopsis, Since it opened in 2007, the original show features some of the same humor and routines from the other Blue Man shows in the United States, as well as new routines and components not seen in any other show. The setlist ended with a finale of Last Train To Transcentral. In 2012, Blue Man Group introduced a new show as part of Universals Year to Be Here campaign, each show lasts approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes. On November 9,2006, Universal Orlando Resort announced that Blue Man Group would occupy soundstage 18 in a new, unnamed theatre, construction began shortly after the announcement. The theatre is contained within Sound Stage 18, which was occupied by Nickelodeon Studios from 1990–2005, the sound stage was home to shows such as Slime Time Live, Figure It Out, and Double Dare 2000. In 2005, the stage was used for Where Evil Hides. The theatre is located between the Hard Rock Cafe and the entrance to Universal Studios Florida. The 1, 000-seat theatre features a 30-foot-tall Blue Man facade, the theatres seating diagram is organized into five different zones. The Poncho zone consists of the first four rows of the theatre and it bears this name because of the ponchos that are in each seat of the zone as guests take their seats. This is due to the possibility of leaving the stage. The other zones, Zones 1-4, are arranged to provide the best possible view of the show no matter where you sit, the theatre has 13 ADA seats throughout to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Assistance for the hearing and vision impaired is also available, as of October–November 2008, the pathway to Sharp Aquos Theatre has been moved for construction of Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit, a roller coaster which opened in mid-2009. Construction on the coaster resulted in the replacement of The Boneyard by The Universal Music Plaza Stage and the entrance of Rockit. Around January 2,2012, Nickelodeon Kiosk closed in favor for the Blue Man Store formed on March 1,2014. In April 2013, leftover orange railing on the building from Nickelodeon Studios was repainted blue after 6 years since the opening of the studios as the Sharp Aquos Theater. In March 2014, the Production Crew Only orange Nickelodeon splat-shaped sticker was removed from the exterior door, before entering the main shows theatre, guests enter a Blue Man Group-themed lobby for the Theatre which features full concessions with snacks, cold drinks, and cocktails

80.
Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem
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Despicable Me, Minion Mayhem is a simulator ride attraction at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood, with another currently under construction at Universal Studios Japan. The attraction is based on Universal Studios and Illumination Entertainments 2010 animated film Despicable Me and its franchise, the attraction replaced Jimmy Neutrons Nicktoon Blast in Florida, Terminator 2 3D in Hollywood, and will replace Back To The Future, The Ride in Japan. In March 2011, Universal Studios Florida announced that Jimmy Neutrons Nicktoon Blast would be closing to make way for a new attraction, the ride began seasonal operations on April 1,2011, before officially closing on August 18,2011. On April 14,2011, Universal Orlando Resort began a campaign on their Facebook page where weekly hints were released leading up to the announcement of their upcoming attraction. On May 19,2011, the attraction was announced at a live webcast at Universal Orlando Resort. Universal Parks & Resorts also announced a major refurbishment of The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Islands of Adventure on the same day, construction for the Despicable Me attraction at Universal Studios Florida began in mid-August 2011, with the removal the former Jimmy Neutron ride. After a period of construction spanning several months, the attraction opened to the public on June 9,2012. On July 2,2012, Despicable Me, Minion Mayhem officially opened to the public, the rides gift shop, Super Silly Stuff, had opened prior to the ride in May 2012. On March 11,2013, Universal Studios Hollywood announced that they would open Despicable Me, the announcement followed a series of rumours stating the park would replace the recently closed T2 3-D, Battle Across Time attraction with a Despicable Me attraction. A later announcement revealed the area would be themed to Super Silly Fun Land. Despicable Me, Minion Mayhem at Universal Studios Hollywood had its opening on March 20,2014. The area surrounding the ride is themed to Super Silly Fun Land, featuring a rotating Zamperla Aero Top Jet ride, a play area. On June 20,2016, Universal Studios Japan announced that they open the Despicable Me, Minion Mayhem attraction, replacing the Back to the Future. The attraction at Universal Studios Florida is located in Soundstage 42 in the Production Central area, the soundstage previously housed The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera from 1990 until 2002 and Jimmy Neutrons Nicktoon Blast from 2003 until 2011. The attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood is located on the site of T2 3-D. The guests are given a Minion-quiz, to let them test themselves to see if they are fully prepared to be a Minion. The Hollywood version has details to look more like Grus house than the one in Florida, the answers in the quiz are always the last options except for one question where the answer is not listed as a choice. First, the enter the room and get Minion Goggles

81.
Paramount Parks
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Paramount Parks was an operator of theme parks and attractions, which annually attracted about 13 million patrons. Viacom had assumed control of the company as part of its acquisition of Paramount Pictures in 1994, the company once owned and operated five theme parks in North America and managed Bonfante Gardens in Gilroy, California. From late 2001 until late 2004, Paramount Parks also managed Terra Mítica, the companys flagship park was Paramounts Kings Island. Paramount Communications, previously known as Gulf+Western, in turn had acquired the parks from Nelson Schwab, the parks were part of Viacoms Blockbuster Entertainment division until 2002 when they were moved back to Paramount Pictures. After another Viacom corporate shuffle in 2004 the parks became part of Viacom Recreation, in early 2006, as Viacom went through a corporate split, Paramount Parks was assigned to CBS Corporation. CBS Corporation, in order to toss overboard any unnecessary company assets, sought to sell the parks during the 2006 season, Cedar Fair Entertainment Co. owners of more well known Cedar Point and Knotts Berry Farm theme parks approached the company in 2006. They officially purchased the parks and a 10-year license, stating that the parks could continue to use the Paramount prefix, however, in 2008, all references to Paramount were removed in the parks. In June 2007, it was revealed that a Paramount Park was to be developed and opened at the Dubailand complex in the United Arab Emirates, no clear developments have been made, and it is likely the project has been abandoned. In October 2011 plans for a new Paramount theme park to be developed in Alhama, the resort to be called Paramount Park is to be the second largest theme park in Europe after Disneyland, Paris. Projects to continue with the construction of the park have been cancelled, the Paramount Parks were built by Paramount, but rather were pre-existing and purchased as a whole, rebranded with the Paramount name. Effectively, it seemed Paramount was attempting to enter into the movie-based theme-park business popularized by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, in the 1970s and 1980s, Taft Broadcasting created a division called KECO Entertainment, which was formed in order to build theme parks nationwide. In 1972 and 1975, KECO built Kings Island and Kings Dominion respectively, in 1975, KECO led a forced purchase on the Carowinds Corporation, a bankrupt company, leaving them no choice but to sell Carowinds theme park in North & South Carolina. In 1981, KECO opened Canadas Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario, in 1984 hotel company Marriott, owner of two parks named Great America, was looking to divest itself of its parks. One of the parks was located in the suburbs of San Francisco, the California park was purchased by KECO, while the Illinois Park became part of the Six Flags chain. In 1992, KECO Entertainment sold their six parks to Paramount Communications, subsequently, in 1993 the Paramounts prefix was added to the parks, save Canadas Wonderland which, to avoid the use of a double possessive noun, was simply Paramount Canadas Wonderland. In 2000, Paramount Parks purchased the majority of shares in Spanish theme park Terra Mitica, branding it Terra Mitica, in 2004, Paramount dropped its shares in the park, and the name was reverted without the Paramount suffix. Paramount Parks were one of the few remaining seasonal park operators to exclusively use themed layouts and its this aspect that likely helped the parks stand out against other regional competitors such as Cedar Fair, who ran lightly themed amusement parks exclusively. These two attractions, while costing only slightly less than Cedar Points additions, were indoor, highly themed, immersive rides with synchronized musical scores, like many amusement park operators, Paramount featured one flagship park

Paramount Parks
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The Paramount Parks corporate logo from 2005-2006 had no parent company tag after Viacom changed their name to CBS
Paramount Parks
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Paramount Parks logo (2002-2006)
Paramount Parks
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This was the logo used by Carowinds when it was a Paramount Park

82.
Kings Dominion
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Kings Dominion is a theme park in Doswell, Virginia 20 miles north of Richmond and 75 miles south of Washington, D. C. off Interstate 95. The 400-acre park opened on May 3,1975, and is owned by Cedar Fair and offers over 60 rides, shows and attractions including 13 roller coasters. The name given to the park is derived from the name of its park, Kings Island. Following the success of Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, northeast of Cincinnati, a 400-acre site was chosen in Doswell, Virginia, north of Richmond in the heart of the Mid-Atlantic, and construction began on October 1,1972. The new park was designed with Kings Island in mind as the blueprint using similar themes, rides, and activities. Also present at the opening was a log flume, steam train, a collection of flat rides, in addition, Kings Dominions 1/3-scale replica of the Eiffel Tower and the International Street Fountain greet visitors near the main entrance to the park. Original themed areas included The Happy Land of Hanna-Barbera, International Street, Lion Country Safari, Old Virginia, daily admission price in 1975 was $7.50, and a dollar for parking. Kings Dominion added their fourth roller coaster, a Schwarzkopf shuttle loop known as the King Kobra, the King Kobra featured a 50-ton counter weight drop launch and was the parks first launched roller coaster. It was in the park for nine seasons before being relocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park in Ocean City, Maryland, also in 1977, Kings Dominion was one of several amusement parks serving as location for the film Rollercoaster. A campground was completed in time for the 1978 season and the parks well-known Lost World mountain debuted in 1979. Originally, the Lost World featured three rides, a ride called Voyage to Atlantis, a childrens attraction mine ride known as Land of the Dooz. Only a year later in 1980, the ride was rethemed Haunted River. Kings Dominion later expanded Old Virginia with the addition of the third wooden roller coaster, the Grizzly, in 1982. Three parks were involved in the sale — Kings Island, Kings Dominion, american Financial Group later purchased KECO in 1987 but allowed KECO to continue to manage operations at the amusement parks. One of the first additions under the new management group was Berserker — a looping starship ride added to International Street in 1984, also that year, Smurf Mountain replaced the mine ride Land of the Dooz, transforming the Lost World into The Smurfs theme. Kings Dominion unveiled a TOGO stand-up roller coaster in 1986 called Shockwave, Shockwave has one loop like the older King Kobra but adds a helix. King Kobra was removed at the end of the season, a water slide complex known as Racing Rivers opened in 1987, and Avalanche, which remains the only Mack bobsled roller coaster in the United States, debuted the following year in 1988. Kings Dominion continued to expand over the few seasons starting with Hanna-Barbera Land in 1990 with the addition of more childrens flat rides

Kings Dominion
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The park entrance as seen from the observation deck of the replica Eiffel Tower
Kings Dominion
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The replica Eiffel Tower at Kings Dominion
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The Paramount Theatre (Now known as "Kings Dominion Theater")

83.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

Australia
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Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
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Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
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Tasmania's Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed Australian Convict Sites.

84.
Universal Studios Hollywood
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Universal Studios Hollywood is a film studio and theme park in the Universal City county island area of the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is one of the oldest and most famous Hollywood film studios still in use and its official marketing headline is The Entertainment Capital of LA. It was initially created to offer tours of the real Universal Studios sets and is the first of many full-fledged Universal Studios Theme Parks located across the world, woody Woodpecker is the official mascot for Universal Studios Hollywood. Outside the theme park, a new, all-digital facility near the Universal Studios backlot was built in an effort to all of NBCUniversals West Coast operations into one area. As a result, the current home for KNBC, KVEA, in 2013, the park hosted 6,148,000 guests, placing it 17th in the world and 9th among North American parks. From the beginning, Universal had offered tours of its studio, there was also a chance to buy fresh produce, since then-rural Universal City was still in part a working farm. This original tour was discontinued in around 1930, due to the advent of sound coming to Universal. Universal Studios Hollywoods back lot has been damaged by nine times throughout its history. The first was in 1932 when embers from a brush fire were blown toward the back lot causing four movie sets to be destroyed. Seventeen years later in 1949 another brush fire caused the destruction of one building. In 1957, the New York street film studio set was destroyed by a fire causing half a million dollars in damage. Ten years later, in 1967, twice as much damage was done when the Little Europe area and it also destroyed the European, Denver and Laramie street sets. In 1987, the portion of Spartacus Square was destroyed along with street sets. As with the 1957 fire, this was suspected to be the result of an arsonist, just three years later another deliberate fire was started in the back lot. The New York Street set, the Ben Hur set and the majority of Courthouse Square were destroyed, in 1997, the seventh fire occurred at the back lot. A portion of the Courthouse Square was again destroyed, though most survived, the most damage was done on June 1,2008 when a three alarm fire broke out on the back lot of Universal Studios. The fire started when a worker was using a blowtorch to warm asphalt shingles being applied to a facade, aerial news footage captured the Courthouse building surviving fire for the third time in its history, with only the west side of it being slightly charred. Over 516 firefighters from various local fire departments, as well as two helicopters dropping water, had responded to the fire, fourteen firefighters and three Los Angeles County sheriffs deputies sustained minor injuries

Universal Studios Hollywood
Universal Studios Hollywood
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The Universal Studios globe
Universal Studios Hollywood
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Statue of a cinematographer at the entrance of the park.
Universal Studios Hollywood
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Smoke during the 2008 fire. The Courthouse facade is visible to the left of the smoke plume.

85.
Shrek 4-D
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Shrek 4-D is a 4D film at various theme parks around the world. Universal Parks & Resorts is the licensee of the film which is currently shown at their parks in Hollywood, Florida, Japan. Outside of the Universal parks, the movie was shown at Movie Park Germany in Germany from May 2008 until July 2011, Movie World in Australia from September 2005 until August 2010. A spin-off attraction titled Donkeys Photo Finish is located at the Florida venue while Meet Shrek, the first park to show the film was Universal Studios Hollywood on May 23,2003. This was followed by Universal Studios Florida and Japan in June, in 2010, the attraction opened with Universal Studios Singapore in the Shrek-themed Far Far Away themed area. Outside of the Universal Parks, the film has only shown at two theme parks. Movie Park Germany began showing the film on May 27,2008, Movie World starting on September 17,2005. Movie World was the first to close Shrek 4D Adventure, an announcement at the start of August 2010 detailed that the attraction would be closing at the end of the month. The final showing was on August 29,2010. Movie Park Germany was the second to close Shrek 4-D with the showing on July 4,2011 to be replaced by Ice Age, Dawn of the Dinosaurs - The 4-D Experience. Universal Studios Hollywoods Shrek 4-D queue has been used for years to make mazes for Universals Halloween Horror Nights event. In 2006, The Asylum operated in the queue and this was followed by A Nightmare on Elm Street themed mazes for 2007,2008, and 2010. In 2009 My Bloody Valentine, Be Mine 4 Ever operated in the queue, the final mazes used in this venue were both themed to La Llorona in 2011 and 2012. The attraction was released on DVD with the original Shrek film as Shrek 3-D, the release included pairs of two-color 3-D glasses. The DVD included an anaglyph 3-D version along with a version without 3-D effects. The DVD release also included a preview of Shrek 2, on May 13,2007, the film was shown on Nickelodeon as Shreks Never Before Seen Adventure, with the 3-D effects removed. In October 2011, the film was released on Netflix under the title The Ghost of Lord Farquaad as a part of DreamWorks Spooky Stories, a comic adaptation of the film was featured as issue #1 of the Shrek comic book mini-series published by Dark Horse Comics. Also the 3D re-release short film shown before the 3D family films in 2011–2012 such as Kung Fu Panda 2, Puss in Boots and it was also released on August 28,2012, as part of Shreks Thrilling Tales

86.
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
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Nickelodeon Animation Studio, also known in Burbank as Nickelodeon Studios Burbank, is an American animation studio. It also produces programs for Nicktoons as well, the Nickelodeon animation division foundations begin with the creation of three original animated programs in 1991, Doug, Rugrats and The Ren & Stimpy Show. Games produced much of the output of the network, in partnership with notable companies such as Frederator Studios. In 1998, the studio moved from Studio City, California to Burbank in celebration of a new facility, aside from Nickelodeon, the studio has also produced cartoon series for Nick Jr. Nicktoons Network and other Viacom-owned networks such as Spike. The Nickelodeon Animation Studios earliest beginnings lie in the roots of the channels Nicktoons endeavor, the high cost of high-quality animation discouraged the network from developing weekly animated programming. Inspired by the days of animation and the work of Bob Clampett, Tex Avery and Chuck Jones. Nickelodeon president Geraldine Laybourne commissioned eight six-minute pilots at a cost of $100,000 each before selecting three. Seeking the most innovative talents in the field, the products of this artists union – Doug, Rugrats, however, despite the best efforts, relations became strained with Ren & Stimpy creator John Kricfalusi. In fall 1992, Nickelodeon and Vanessa Coffey fired Kricfalusi, Nickelodeon asserted that the termination was due to production delays, whereas Kricfalusi suspected the real reason was that the network was uncomfortable with more crude humor. Nickelodeon objected to most of his proposed plotlines and new characters—including George Liquor, the creative tug of war was closely watched by both animators and the television industry and covered in the national press. In response, Nickelodeon formed its own studio, Games Animation. The series was moved to Games and put under the supervision of Bob Camp. Nicks plan was to hire bright, young animators and let them do almost anything they want, Coffey soon stepped down as animation vice president for Nickelodeon, to pursue her own projects. She was replaced by Mary Harrington, a Nickelodeon producer who moved out from New York to help run the Nicktoons division that was a near-shambles after Kricfalusi was fired. In 1992, animator Joe Murray was approached by Nickelodeon with intentions of developing a new animated series for Games Animation, murrays Joe Murray Productions and Games Animation rented office space on Ventura Boulevard in the Studio City neighborhood of the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. The production moved to a different office building on Vineland Avenue in Studio City, executives did not share space with the creative team. Games Animations first in-house production, Rockos Modern Life, premiered on the network in 1993, the initial duty was to continue producing The Ren & Stimpy Show as Nickelodeon dropped Spümcø and its creator John Kricfalusi from their duties on the show. At the time, Games was located in a building in Studio City

87.
Nickelodeon on Sunset
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As of 2011,12 television series have been shot at the studios, not including minor publicity events and television pilots. Bella and the Bulldogs is the most recent Nickelodeon original series known to have been in production at the studios, as of September 2007, the City of Los Angeles Historic Preservation Board has worked to assure that the theater is protected. Nick on Sunset originally opened on December 26,1938 as the West Coast location of the Earl Carroll Theatre, the supper club-theatre offered shows on a massive stage containing a 60-foot -wide double revolving turntable, staircase and swings that could be lowered from the ceiling. The buildings facade was adorned by a 20-foot -high neon head portrait of entertainer Beryl Wallace. The sign had been gone by the 1960s, but a recreation made from photographs of the sign is now on display at Universal CityWalk. After Carroll and Wallace died in the crash of United Airlines Flight 624 in 1948, in 1953, it became the Moulin Rouge nightclub, then later the Hullabaloo Rock and Roll club, and then the Aquarius Theatre in the late 1960s. Due to limited space and the need to control plot spoilage for several programs. As a result, other series produced for the network are filmed in other stage facilities with closed set policies throughout the Hollywood area. The exterior of the building was used to avert confusion with the Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando. Competition All That 10th Anniversary Reunion Special

Nickelodeon on Sunset
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Nickelodeon on Sunset at 6230 Sunset Blvd as the Victorious set in May 2011.
Nickelodeon on Sunset
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Earl Carroll Theatre, Hollywood as it looked in the 1940s.

88.
Dinner theater
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Dinner theater is a form of entertainment that combines a restaurant meal with a staged play or musical. Dinner theater requires the management of three entities, a live theater, a restaurant, and usually, a bar. The Madrigal dinner in the Middle Ages might be considered the earliest dinner theater, the earliest dinner theaters served dinner in one room, and staged the play in another. Those are now known as theatre restaurants, a dinner theater subclassification, Barksdale Theatre in Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1953 by David and Nancy Kilgore at the historic Hanover Tavern, was the first formal dinner theater in the United States. After the theatre was established, a room in the theatre was changed to accommodate a buffet dinner for groups attending the performance. However, Barksdale prefers to be known as a theatre that happens to have a restaurant and they are a professional, non-profit theatre. Beef & Boards Dinner Theatre in Indianapolis, Indiana opened in March 1973 and it has a 450-seat house and features Broadway shows and concerts preceded by a buffet dinner. It also offers a Live Theatre for Kids series each season and it is a professional theatre and member of Actors Equity Association. Cedar Grove, New Jersey, located half an hour from Manhattan, was the location of the dinner theater, the Meadowbrook Theatre Restaurant. Tony DeSantis opened the Martinique Restaurant in Evergreen Park, Illinois, the enterprise was successful, prompting him to build his first theater, Drury Lane Evergreen Park in 1958. It was the first of six dinner theaters he started and a local entertainment landmark for 45 years before closing in 2003, Drury Lane North began operations in 1976, but was soon sold to the Marriott Lincolnshire Resort and became the Marriott Theatre. Drury Lane Oak Brook Terrace opened in 1984, and benefited from what DeSantis had learned over the years. The facility uses local performers to keep costs down, the theater is surrounded by bars, restaurants and banquet rooms, shows are limited to musicals, and there is no charge for parking. The first facility where dinner and the show were together in one room was the Candlelight Theatre Restaurant in Washington, bill Pullinsi was a theater student in 1959 who conceived and implemented the entertainment concept at the Presidential Arms Hotel during summer breaks at Catholic University. The venture was successful, but Pullinsi was unable to convert to a year-round operation, the Candlelight introduced several innovations, including the hydraulic stage, lighting equipment located in the mezzanine, and stage wagons on wheels. Howard Douglass Wolfe was an entrepreneur from Roanoke, Virginia who created the Barn Dinner Theatre franchise and was tagged and he began the franchise in 1961 with longtime friend and business partner Conley Jones. The chain included 27 theaters in New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Louisiana, each franchise featured his architectural barn designs, farm-themed decorations that included a plow and other tools, and Wolfes elevator, which he patented as the Magic Stage. At the end of an act or scene, the stage would disappear into the ceiling, the whole process took less than a minute

Dinner theater
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Howard Wolfe

89.
All That
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The series was produced by Tollin/Robbins Productions. The pilot episode was shown as a special sneak peek. The series features original short sketches and weekly musical guests aimed toward a younger audience. The shows sketches parody contemporary culture and are performed by a large and varying cast of child, in 2000, after six seasons the show was put on hiatus to be retooled and was relaunched in early 2002 with a completely new cast. Four more seasons were produced before the show was ultimately cancelled, on April 23,2005, Nickelodeon celebrated the 10th anniversary of All That. The special reunited cast members from both the original and relaunch eras of the show and several special guest stars in a one-hour event. All That is noted for its diverse cast and its impact on childrens television, the show has spun off several members of the cast in their own Nickelodeon television series with varying levels of success. The show has been marketed in other ways, including a recording, books, a feature film, festival tour. All That features original short sketches that parody contemporary culture. Although the show had a team of writers, the cast were encouraged to contribute their own ideas for characters. Improv and ad-libbing were used to help the cast and writers find the right tone for a certain skit, the following is a short list of some notable sketches that aired during the shows tenure. Ask Ashley starring Amanda Bynes as a girl named Ashley. She was sweet and friendly until she read letters sent in by clueless viewers, after reading a letter, Ashley would go on a violent tirade against the letters author. Baggin Saggin Barry starring Kenan Thompson as a dude with baggy pants. Once pulled Abraham Lincoln from his pants, detective Dan starring Josh Server as a hopelessly incompetent private investigator who frequently stumbled into a crime scene to make matters worse. Everyday French with Pierre Escargot, featured Kenan Thompson, sitting in a filled with suds, wearing a rain coat and matching hat. In the sketch, he would say phrases in badly-pronounced French. Know Your Stars a recurring sketch that involved a random voice that made a mockery of an individual with embarrassing, wacky, funny and untrue facts, Good Burger is a recurring sketch that took place at a fast food restaurant

All That
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Exterior of the former Nickelodeon Studios where All That was filmed for its first two seasons.
All That
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All That
All That
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Nickelodeon on Sunset at 6230 Sunset Blvd as seen in May 2011. All That was filmed here until its cancellation.
All That
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Title card for the Kenan and Kel show.

90.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office

Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida

91.
Nickelodeon Suites Resort
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Nickelodeon Suites Resort was a Nickelodeon-themed hotel in Orlando, Florida, United States, near the Universal Orlando Resort and one mile from Walt Disney World Resort. The resort featured one-to-three bedroom suites and two waterparks, the Lagoon Pool and Oasis Pool, a 4-D film theater using SimEx-Iwerks technology,3, 000-square-foot arcade, golf course, multi-level basketball court and Nick After Dark event locations were also open at the hotel. The resort contained a mall with a Nickelodeon-brand retail shop and a known as the Nicktoons Café. Near the entrance of the resort was a time capsule formerly buried outside the former Nickelodeon Studios complex at nearby Universal Studios Florida. Nickelodeon Suites Resort was named one of the AAAs top ten family vacation spots in 2010, and in 2011, the original hotel opened on July 7,1999, and was branded the Holiday Inn Family Suites. In 2005, the hotels $25 million renovation ended with a Memorial Day event to promote the hotels reopening, at this time, the resort began hosting two nightly game shows, titled Nick Live and Who Knows Best. Nickelodeon Suites Resort began offering customizable wedding packages in 2009, in 2014, the resort launched the Summer of Shell, adding Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles-themed rooms and a laser maze based on the show. In August 2014, a Guinness World Record was broken at the hotels Lagoon Pool with 1,394 participants, later the same year, the hotel promoted the premiere of Dora and Friends, Into the City. On January 29,2016, Nick Hotel posted a statement on their website stating that effective April 18,2016. Nickelodeon experiences were set to be discontinued after April 30,2016, the rebrand was likely due to a new partnership with Karisma Hotels to open a Nickelodeon resort in Puna Cana, Dominican Republic

92.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties

93.
Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott
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Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott was a proposed Nickelodeon-themed multi-resort to be developed by Viacom, Miller Global Properties, LLC, and Marriott International. The first hotel was slated to open in 2010 at San Diegos Liberty Station, six hundred fifty rooms were planned, a 100, 000-square-foot water park, and some attractions. This was to be the first of 20 resorts to be under construction by 2020, the project was cancelled in 2009 amid a flagging economy. The fate of the remaining 19 hotels remains unclear in light of Marriotts current relationship with Nickelodeon, which is limited to hosting weekend getaways at existing resorts

Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott
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Nickelodeon Suites Resort

94.
Nickelodeon (UK and Ireland)
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Nickelodeon is a TV channel that is dedicated to kids programming. In the UK and Ireland, it is operated under a joint venture between Viacom International Media Networks Europe and Sky plc, on 1 September 1993, a localised version of the US channel launched in the United Kingdom and much later in Ireland. In the United Kingdom, the channel is available on Sky, Virgin Media, in Ireland, the channel is available on Virgin Media Ireland, eVision and Sky Ireland. The channel launched on satellite on 1 September 1993, originally airing for 12 hours, off air the channel would air static logos, schedule information and teletext. Live presentation followed in 1994, branded as Nick Alive, from October 1995, it shared space with Paramount Channel. When Sky launched in 1998, Nickelodeon was in the original channel line-up on Astra 2A, however, analogue satellite services continued to shut down Nickelodeon at 7 p. m. each day until analogue satellite was discontinued in 2001. Later, additional channels were added such as Nick Jr. in February 2002, Nickelodeon revealed a new splat design which became the main logo for several years. Nickelodeon was also part of the ITV Digital line-up, until the services closedown in 2002, on 31 October 2005, Nickelodeon and Nicktoons extended their hours. In March 2009, the channel rebranded to a fantasy look, the channel previous rebranded in Autumn 2005, although the fantasy look was slowly introduced in 2008. On 15 February 2010, the worldwide rebrand logo for the network was adopted by this channel, the TeenNick block also adopted the American identity. On 30 April 2010, Nickelodeons sister channels took on their logos. A HD version was launched on 5 October 2010 on Sky, later, a HD version of the channel was also available on Virgin Media. The Nickelodeon channels available in the UK and in Ireland are operated through a joint venture with Viacom International Media Networks, Nick Jr. first appeared in the UK and Ireland from 1995, between 9am – 3pm on weekday school days on the main Nickelodeon UK channel. On 1 September 1999, Nick Jr. launched on Sky, Nick Jr. shows programming aimed at pre-school children, which was previously shown during the daytime on the main channel, but this strand has long since been dropped. Nick Jr. originally timeshared with MTV Dance when that channel launched in early 2001, though this ceased some time ago, on 22 July 2002, Nicktoons was launched, airing Nicktoons cartoons, as well as other cartoons, throughout the day. SpongeBob SquarePants and The Fairly OddParents are part of the Nicktoons schedule, on 24 April 2006, Nick Jr.2 was launched. It broadcasts Nick Jr. shows on a different schedule to the main Nick Jr. channel, however, unlike the main Nick Jr. it does not broadcast 24 hours a day. On 1 September 1999, a timeshift of Nickelodeon was initially launched on Sky

Nickelodeon (UK and Ireland)
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For Nickelodeon in the United States, see Nickelodeon.

95.
Oceania
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Oceania, also known as Oceanica, is a region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. The term is used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia. The term was coined as Océanie circa 1812 by geographer Conrad Malte-Brun, the word Océanie is a French word derived from the Latin word oceanus, and this from the Greek word ὠκεανός, ocean. Natives and inhabitants of this region are called Oceanians or Oceanicans, as an ecozone, Oceania includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand. New Zealand, along with New Guinea and nearby islands, part of the Philippine islands, Australia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, in geopolitical terms, however, New Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia are almost always considered part of Oceania. Australia and Papua New Guinea are usually considered part of Oceania along with the Maluku Islands, puncak Jaya in Papua is often considered the highest peak in Oceania. Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pacific Ocean and it comprised four regions, Polynesia, Micronesia, Malaysia, and Melanesia. The area extends to Sumatra in the west, the Bonin Islands in the northwest, the Hawaiian Islands in the northeast, Rapa Nui and Sala y Gómez Island in the east, and Macquarie Island in the south. Not included are the Pacific islands of Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and the Japanese archipelago, all on the margins of Asia, and the Aleutian Islands of North America. The islands at the extremes of Oceania are Bonin, a politically integral part of Japan, Hawaii, a state of the United States. There is also a geographic definition that excludes land on the Sunda Plate. Biogeographically, Oceania is used as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone or the Pacific ecozone, Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones, which constitute the major ecological regions of the planet. The Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand, New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia apart from Fiji, and Australia constitute the separate Australasian ecozone. The Malay Archipelago is part of the Indomalaya ecozone, related to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled. The term is used to denote a continent comprising Australia. New Zealand forms the corner of the Polynesian Triangle. Its indigenous Māori constitute one of the cultures of Polynesia. It is also, however, considered part of Australasia, the history of Oceania in the medieval period was synonymous with the history of the indigenous peoples of Australasia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia

96.
TG4
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TG4 is an Irish public service broadcaster for Irish-language speakers. The channel launched on 31 October 1996 and it is available to 98% of homes in Ireland through digital terrestrial television Saorview and is available on Virgin Media Ireland, eVision, Magnet Networks and Sky Ireland. TG4 is also available to watch live and to view previously broadcast programmes from around the world through the TG4 Player. TG4 was formerly known as Teilifís na Gaeilge or TnaG, before a campaign in 1999. TG4 was the national station to be launched in Ireland, after RTÉ One in 1961 and RTÉ Two in 1978. The channel has 650,000 viewers who tune into the channel each day to view a broad programming policy and it has been reported to have a share of 2% of the national television market in the Republic of Ireland and 3% of the national television market in Northern Ireland. The daily Irish-language programme schedule is its service, seven hours of programming in Irish supported by a wide range of material in other languages. TG4 launched its channel in 2012 on Virgin Media Ireland. TG4 TG4 HD TG4 HD launched on 2 October 2012, exclusively on UPC Ireland, the first HD broadcast featured the 2012 TG4 Ladies Gaelic Football Championship final. TG4 HD, similar to RTÉ Two HD, broadcasts mainly sporting programming from national to international events, documentaries, movies and it is anticipated that TG4 will itself start broadcasting its own programming produced in high-definition in the future. Format The channel simulcasts content from TG4 SD and upscales SD content into HD, All other content on the channel will be made available entirely in HD. In 1969, Lelia Doolan, Jack Dowling and Bob Quinn published Sit down and Be Counted, RTÉ and the Irish government had sought to improve the availability of Irish-language programming on RTÉ services. In 1972, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta was set up to provide Irish-language radio services across the country, All radio and television services provided by RTÉ provided some Irish-language programming. In 1980, a new group called Coiste ar son Teilifís Gaeltachta was set up, in 1987 they set up the pirate television station Telefís na Gaeltachta, after years of delays, including the sudden death of their technician who was to build the transmitter. Eighteen hours of live and pre-recorded programming was broadcast between 2 and 5 November 1987, the transmitter was built at a cost of IR£4,000 through donations from local Gaeltacht communities. In December 1988, further broadcasts were transmitted from three different sites, broadcasting pre-recorded programming, the movement for a national Irish-language television service continued to gain momentum afterwards. In 1989, Ciarán Ó Feinneadha, one of the members of Coiste ar son Teilifís Gaeltachta, moved to Dublin, FTN outlined their demands, A television station to be set up in the Gaeltacht regions serving the Gaeltacht and Irish speakers across the country. It should be linked to RTÉ, but independent from both editorial and organisational points of view, a special authority set up to run it with representatives from RTÉ, the Department of Communications, and Údarás na Gaeltachta

TG4
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TnaG Logo 1996 to 1999 at launch

97.
Canal J
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Canal J is a French television network dedicated to childrens programming. It is available through terrestrial television service TNT and is aimed at children aged between 4 and 16 years old. Created on 23 December 1985 at the initiative of the French corporation Hachette, with 300 households subscribing on that first day, the channel broadcasts mostly cartoons for 3–13 year-old children by video cassettes headend. The program schedule is composed of modules of two hours multicast, as a part of this new structure, Canal J was the first chain to open in 1988, to all cable systems for cable and community antenna through the satellite system Telecom 1C. Now that it was everywhere in France, the chain went from 50000 to 100000 subscribers. By the end of 1989, it had 160,000 subscribers, gradually, from cartoons to the benefit of shrinking fiction, films, magazines, documentaries and games. The regular meetings were established, offering programs and widen the range of genres, Canal J continued its subscription growth. During 1991, the number of subscribers increased from 330000 to 550000 homes, the launch in November 1992 of CanalSatellite analog allowed Canal J to be received throughout France. At Christmas 1995, Canal J celebrated ten years and, for the first time, in February 1997, the chain launched its website Canalj. net which was awarded in Biarritz that year. The site was redesigned on 1 January 2001 to become the first site editorial. Canal J reached 2 million subscribers in January 1998, the chain celebrated fifteen years at Christmas 2000 and with its success launched a variation for children under seven, TiJi, which has 1.2 million subscribers families. Canal J is the kids and teens channel available on all cable. On 4 April 2001, the channel broadcasts Titeuf exclusive first and ranks third in the channels in terms of audience, Canal J premiered Yu-Gi-Oh exclusively, first on 1 April 2002 and Mémomix in March 2003, bringing to eight the number of programs on the air. Canal Js bid was accepted by the CSA for its circulation in the open channel on the digital terrestrial television. The channel was received by 3.5 million subscribers and its audiences were rising, Canal J launched two versions, the first devoted exclusively to girls, on cable and CanalSat,1 September 2004, Girls TV. The second,18 November 2005 on television, on the TNT free in partnership with France Televisions, in parallel, Canal J arrived on the pay offer of TNT. Following the merger CanalSat / TPS, Canal J, Filles TV, the chain had 5.5 million subscribing families. Since 27 August 2007, the changed its logo from its leaves spiral logo dating from 2000 for a more modern look

Canal J
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Canal J

98.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks

99.
CNBC-e
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CNBC-e was a hybrid business/financial and entertainment channel operated in Turkey by CNBC Europe and the NTV Group. The channel shares its name with a magazine about CNBC-e. The schedule contains education, culture, drama, entertainment, music and sports programs, the channel was sold to Discovery Communications and replaced with TLC on November 6,2015. The channels business day programmes use the same on-air look like CNBC Europe, during the day, the channel operates as the Turkish-language version of CNBC Europe. CNBC-e uses a similar to CNBC Europe and this ticker is only shown throughout the business day. The ticker is shown on commercial breaks, only during the business day. Normally, the ticker is three-line, except when it is a Turkish business day with no ISE session, unlike CNBC Europe, CNBC-e ticker is not sponsored, but CNBC-e business day shows and programs are. Lower Band, Business News separated by NBC logo ISE Market Hours, Upper Band, Futures, Bonds, Most Actives, Winners and Losers Middle Band, lower Band, Business News separated by NBC logo. ISE is a trademark of Istanbul Stock Exchange

CNBC-e
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CNBC-e

100.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age

101.
Zap2it
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Screener is an American website and affiliate network that provides news, photos and video, along with local television listings and movie showtimes for areas of the United States and Canada. The site is produced by Tribune Media Services, part of the division of Chicago-based Tribune Media. Screener affiliates include Wave Broadband, Cox, Dish Network, Disney, The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, TMS first began to offer online listings services as a content provider to the online services Prodigy in the late 1980s and America Online in the early 1990s. TMS launched its first branded online television service, TV Quest. TV Quest later migrated to Apple’s eWorld services and to the internet in the mid-1990s, version 1.0 of Zap2it debuted on the web in May 2000. In its earliest iteration, the site was a combination of TMS-owned listings sites TVQuest and MovieQuest plus the then-recently purchased content site UltimateTV, UltimateTV offered viewers and industry-insider breaking news, Nielsen ratings, live celebrity chats and more. The site provided video clips, interviews and promos in its Promo Lounge area, the earliest Zap2it focused on films, television and original web-based content. The site offered original editorial along with information for films, television. It also listed online content such as films, interactive games and webisodes offered by Atom Films, Shockwave. com. Zap2it’s television listings and film showtimes were generated by TMS data, the sites editorial pages, including the front page, were redesigned in 2001. In early 2003, the focus of Zap2it was narrowed down to television and films. An agreement with Fandango in 2005 allowed for the introduction of online ticketing for select theaters. Blogs, including It Happened Last Night, which offered show recaps were first launched in 2006, in 2007, the site launched click-to-record functionality allowing users with TiVo digital video recorders to remotely schedule recordings directly from within the Zap2it television listings. The site launched TVOvermind, a dedicated to episodic recaps hosted as a subdomain on the Zap2it website. It was later purchased by BC Media Group in 2012, in October 2016, the site rebranded as Screener. In early 2007, Zap2it released enhanced television listings on its main site, upgrades to the product included improved performance, better customization capabilities and the introduction of sharing tools and a user rating system. Following a testing period, the product was made available to affiliates. In 2008, a revised movie-showtimes product was developed on the main site and it more prominently showcased movie trailers and offered expanded cast and crew lists which linked to celebrity profile pages

Zap2it
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Zap2it

102.
KTVK
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KTVK, virtual channel 3, is an independent television station located in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. The station is owned by Meredith Corporation, as part of a duopoly with CBS affiliate KPHO-TV and its studio facilities are located on the northwest end of the Central Avenue Corridor in Phoenix, KTVKs transmitter is located on South Mountain. Its signal is relayed across northern Arizona on a network of translator stations, senator Ernest McFarland, author of the GI Bill, was awed by the new medium of television. With a few friends, he formed the Arizona Television Company, KTVK signed on the air as Phoenixs fourth television station on February 28,1955 – shortly after McFarland was elected governor of Arizona – immediately becoming an ABC affiliate. McFarland quoted that he chose the KTVK call letters because TV will be our middle name, KTVK cleared most of ABCs network schedule with the exception of some lower-rated daytime shows, as well as an occasional program during prime time hours. It soon built a network stretching across the entire state of Arizona. Occasionally, the station preempted ABC programming so as not to interfere with Tucsons local ABC affiliate, despite the preemptions, ABC was generally satisfied with KTVK, as the station was one of the networks strongest affiliates. His daughter, Jewell McFarland Lewis, inherited the station, the stations fortunes began to improve significantly after several members of channel 10s news management staff defected to KTVK in 1986. An aggressive marketing campaign, a new brand, and a new anchor team finally helped make KTVK a truly competitive player in local news. By the late 1980s, KTVK was the television station in Arizona. m. in 1993. KTVKs atmosphere was different from that of a typical major market Big Three network affiliate. McFarland ran his station as a mom and pop business, and had a policy which the Lewises continued when they took over the station. Employee turnover was very low, and hugs were very common in the newsroom and this was an outgrowth of what would become the stations longtime slogan, Arizonas Family. CBS approached KTVK for an affiliation, but the Lewises turned the offer down, much to the Lewises surprise though, the E. W. The Lewises appealed to the Federal Communications Commission on grounds that Scripps had abused its power for anti-competitive purposes. After nearly 40 years with ABC, the Lewises decided to turn KTVK into an independent station, channel 3 immediately began purchasing more syndicated programming, increasing local news programming and gradually removed ABC network programs from its schedule. In August 1994, it dropped Good Morning America and launched Good Morning Arizona in the 6, KNXV would begin airing Good Morning America beginning that September. On December 15,1994, KTVK also dropped Mike and Maty, World News Now and Nightline, at that point, ABCs cartoons also moved to KNXV, KTVK then dropped its Saturday morning newscast and began running Fox Kids instead

KTVK
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KTVK logo used from 1986 to 1996; the "Circle 3" dates back to 1982 and is meant to be an offshoot of ABC's " Circle 7 " logo, as the circle was used when KTVK was an ABC affiliate.
KTVK
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KTVK

103.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg

104.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU

105.
Penguin
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Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with one species. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater. They spend about half of their lives on land and half in the oceans, although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south, several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galápagos penguin, lives near the equator. The largest living species is the penguin, on average adults are about 1.1 m tall. The smallest penguin species is the little penguin, also known as the fairy penguin. Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are found in temperate or even tropical climates. Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human, the word penguin first appears in the 16th century as a synonym for great auk. The etymology of the penguin is still debated. The English word is not apparently of French, Breton or Spanish origin, an alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which means fat or oil. Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin, fettgans or fat-goose, the number of extant penguin species is debated. Depending on which authority is followed, penguin biodiversity varies between 17 and 20 living species, all in the subfamily Spheniscinae. Some sources consider the white-flippered penguin a separate Eudyptula species, while others treat it as a subspecies of the little penguin, similarly, it is still unclear whether the royal penguin is merely a color morph of the macaroni penguin. The status of the penguins is also unclear. Updated after Marples, Acosta Hospitaleche, and Ksepka et al, CADIC P21 Delphinornis – Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1. Marambiornis – Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1, mesetaornis – Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1. Tonniornis Wimanornis Duntroonornis – possibly Spheniscinae Korora Kairuku Platydyptes – possibly not monophyletic, further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis

106.
Nickelodeon (Southeast Asia)
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Nickelodeon is a 24-hour childrens channel that broadcasts in Southeast Asia. It also used to broadcast in New Zealand until that country got its own channel, the channel was launched in the Philippines on 5 November 1998 as a 24-hour English-language channel. Then, the network expanded into Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka via pan-regional feed broadcast from Singapore since 1999, in January 2000, the channel began broadcasting in New Zealand, which lasted there until August 2006, when an independent feed of the channel was launched. Nickelodeon began transmissions in Singapore on 9 March 2001 via Starhub TV, on 11 October 2006, Viacoms subsidiary MTV Networks Asia Pacific set up a new unit to manage Nickelodeon South East Asia TV based in Singapore. On 15 March 2010 it got a new logo and new programs from the United States, on 1 April 2011 a separate channel for the Philippines was launched. On 11 April 2011 there was a new schedule, the new schedule put live-action programs in the primetime slot and will double the Nick Jr. block. On 1 July 2011 the Nick Jr. block was removed and this was because the local Nick. Jr channel was rated number one channel for the first quarter of 2011 in Singapore, in February 2013, The Nicktoons block launched. The Indonesia Kids Choice Awards is the first Kids Choice Awards set in Asia next to the Philippines, the first show was held since 2008 in Jakarta and was first hosted by Tora Sudiro, Tasya Kamila and Ringgo Agus Rahman and some various Indonesian Artists over the years. The logo of the show is exactly the same as the US version however, it is designed for the Indonesian version of the show, the Philippines Kids Choice Awards is the second setting of the Kids Choice Awards in Asia preceded by Indonesia. The show was first held since 2008 at the Aliw Theater in Pasay and was first hosted by Michael V. the Philippines KCA has been inactive all over the years. On March 2010, Nickelodeon Southeast Asia started airing latest Nickelodeon shows, current and upcoming Nickelodeon shows from the United States that are un-aired on Asia are expecting to premiere sometime this year or next year like. Nickelodeon HD are now Nick Jr. preschool show in United States and across Asia. 2–6 years old are favorite show in Dora the Explorer, Bubble Guppies, Max and Ruby, Go Diego Go, Ben and Hollys Little Kingdom, Tickety Toc, Olive the Ostrich, Paw Patrol, Peter Rabbit and more. Nick Jr. is the channel which replaced the Nick Jr. block on Nickelodeons main South East Asia feed since 1 July 2011. It was launched on 18 May 2011 on StarHub TV Channel 304 in Singapore, the channel had expand its broadcast to other parts of South East Asia in later 2011

107.
Nickelodeon India
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Nickelodeon, or just Nick India, broadcast in India and neighbouring countries, is an Indian childrens television network based in Mumbai. It is the Indian equivalent to the original American network and is owned by Viacom 18, Nick India is available in four languages. Nickelodeon India is a television channel aired to children in India, Nick India broadcasts many popular programmes, most notably Motu Patlu and Ninja Hattori-kun. In addition, there are shows for toddlers, like Dora the Explorer. In the channels first years of broadcasting, it aired mostly original programs, like Rugrats, the Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom. The network also aired live action shows, such as Kenan & Kel, Drake & Josh, Clarissa Explains It All, Legends of the Hidden Temple, Nick Bites, in 2011, the channel stopped airing original shows, in similar fashion to Disney Channel India. On 5 December 2011, Viacom 18 launched Nickelodeon HD+ in India and it airs HD episodes of their in house shows, as well as new episodes and shows from the original Nickelodeon channel such as Marvin Marvin and Zack and Quack. Nick India broadcasts mostly cartoons, the most popular being Ninja Hattori, educational shows such as Dora the Explorer are also aired on Nick Jr. India. It is very noticeable that most of the shows are not Nickelodeon US shows, Viacom 18 recently launched VOOT, a video on demand service. In the VOOT Kids Zone there are several Nickelodeon shows that were never shown on Nick India TV. Currently live action Nickelodeon shows broadcast on Teen Nick block on Nick Jr. India but from February 1st 2017 all Nickelodeon live action shows will be taken down, in addition live action shows currently broadcast on Nick HD+ will also be taken down and replaced with Avatar and TMNT. The move signals a sign that Nickelodeon India wants to focus on children animation, big Time Rush Power Rangers Dino Supercharge Ninja Hattori Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Jungle Book Motu Patlu Idaten Jump Shiva Rocket Monkeys Shaun the Sheep Go, Diego, Go. Dora the Explorer SpongeBob SquarePants Danger Mouse Oggy and the Cockroaches Ninja Hattori Dora the Explorer Shaun the Sheep Spongebob Squarepants Supa Strikas Pakdam Pakdai T. U. F. F. Real Monsters Junior G Fix & Foxi and Friends As Told by Ginger Rocket Power The Wild Thornberrys The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, the Fairly OddParents Danny Phantom Mr

Nickelodeon India
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Logo used in 2007-2009

108.
Nickelodeon Arabia
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Nickelodeon Arabia is a Middle Eastern satellite channel for Arab children, teens and adults that is carried by the UAE-based network OSN. It is the official Arab arm of Nickelodeon and until 2011, as of 2011, it was currently the only Nickelodeon channel worldwide that had not changed its logo from the orange splat to the orange text after the mother companys 2009 rebrand. Since late 2010, the channel had been suffering a frozen broadcast and its official website went down, and there were no clear indications or citations for why the channel was being heavily neglected, albeit oddly remaining live for the time being. Regardless, the channel remained live for many months into 2011, a similar situation was happening with its sister channel MTV Arabia. On September 8,2011, at one minute past midnight in U. A. E, time, and without a mainstream warning, the channel went on an indefinite hiatus without any explanation. The broadcast signal initially displayed nothing but a message indicating Nickelodeon Arabias viewers to continue watching Nickelodeon programmes via the Nickelodeon block on MBC3. The signal then reverted to a casual test card a few later. As of 2011, the signal itself disappeared completely, rumours surfaced that indicated that the channel was not defunct, but was being reworked and would be re-launched in 2015. Some reports also indicated there was a possibility the channel would return as a scrambled signal, reasons for this remain unclear, but it was reported that the channels Arab owners have filed for bankruptcy, and resold the Nickelodeon franchise back to Europe. On December 17,2014, it was announced that Viacom International Media Networks would launch a related feed of Nickelodeon Arabia on the Dubai-based pay-TV service OSN, along with a Nick Jr. channel. Both channels launched on January 5,2015 in Arabic only, a dedicated Nickelodeon website, social media accounts and an exclusive Nick app were launched. On January 5,2015, Nickelodeon Arabia returned on Orbit Showtime Network as a related version/part of their children/pre-teen Pay-TV channels, Nick Jr. is a satellite channel for Arab kids that airs Nick Jr. pre-school shows dubbed in Arabic. The channel launched on January 5,2015 on OSN along with Nickelodeon Arabia, Nicktoons is a satellite channel for Arab kids that airs animated Nickelodeon shows dubbed in Arabic. It airs reruns of old Nickelodeon programming in Arabic, the channel launched on February 15,2017 on OSN. Nicktoons Arabia uses Nicktoons UK & Irelands 2014 on-air broadcast design package produced by Beautiful Creative, the animated shows featured on Nickelodeon Arabia are all dubbed into Arabic, and by far there are currently no means of switching between audio languages. The live-action TeenNick shows aired in English with Arabic subtitles, however, original social shows produced by Nickelodeon Arabias own studio, such as Shoof Kids and Jamaatna, were also in Arabic. There were even several series yet to debut on Nickelodeon Arabia, with exception of The Fairly OddParents, although Fairly OddParent characters did appear in activity segments from Nickelodeon Magazine cutouts. Like most Arab channels, Nickelodeon did feature censorship, but this is by far limited to scenes of French kissing

109.
Nickelodeon (Mongolia)
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Nickelodeon, a network that was originally established as a cable channel in the United States, has expanded to include worldwide versions. Nicktoons TeenNick NickMusic Nickelodeon, Carries Nick Jr. as a program block, Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Nicktoons Nick 2 TeenNick Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Nickelodeon, also has HD simulcast channel on Sky. Nick +1 – one hour timeshift Nicktoons Nicktoons Replay – one hour timeshift, Nick Gas – American digital cable and satellite channel, closed December 31,2007 on digital cable and DirecTV and April 23,2009 on Dish Network. Nicktoonsters – British spinoff of the U. K. version of Nicktoons, closed July 31,2009

110.
Nickelodeon (Philippines)
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Nickelodeon Philippines is a satellite and cable TV channel that launched a dedicated channel to the country in April 1,2011. Aimed for children and teenagers and owned by Viacom International Media Networks Asia in partnership with All Youth Channels, in October 11,2006, Viacoms subsidiary MTV Networks Asia Pacific set up a new unit to manage Nickelodeons southeast Asia operations. On April 1,2011, MTV Networks launched a dedicated Filipino Nickelodeon channel, in November 1998, Nickelodeon decided to reach the popular channel to the Philippines, Japan & Russia as an attempt to bring the popular channel to Asia. One of their shorts were Right Here, Right Now and their IDs were by FRONT, in 2003, it became a part of Nicksplat. In October 11,2006, Viacoms subsidiary MTV Networks Asia Pacific set up a new unit to manage Nickelodeon South East Asia TV based in Singapore, Nickelodeon was launched in Singapore and expanded its services in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Polynesia. Nickelodeon Philippines, Nickelodeon Pakistan, and Nickelodeon India started working independently and they started their new website in 2003. In April 1,2011, the Nickelodeon Asia feed was replaced with a dedicated Filipino Nickelodeon channel, in April 11,2011, the lineup was changed prior to Nickelodeon Southeast Asia. The new schedule will put live-action programs in the primetime slot, Nickelodeon celebrated the release of the new channel in April 9,2011 on the Bonifacio Global City, Open Field, Taguig City with the event entitled, Nick World. The event included mascots of notable Nicktoons characters with storytelling, a show, martial arts performances and a world of exciting attractions, booths. This lineup will double the TeenNick block which runs in the evening. In 2012, Nickelodeon uses new graphics used in the US and UK, however it only applies to selected programs promos, the former Nick-Asia graphics is still used. The dedicated feed targeting kids aged two to 14 and families will feature 24 hours of Nickelodeonl animation titles for kids age two to six years old such as Dora the Explorer, Go, Diego, Go. The Backyardigans, Team Umizoomi, Ni Hao, Kai-Lan and evergreen hits, SpongeBob SquarePants, The Penguins of Madagascar, The Fairly OddParents and more. The program lineup also includes Nickelodeon’s latest live-action sensation, Big Time Rush, as well as such as iCarly, Victorious. At launch, Nickelodeon Philippines will reach over 1.6 million cable TV households, in 2010, Nickelodeon had its highest ratings in two years for CA 2-6, and also saw the highest increase in average time spent among all kids channels. Nickelodeon also has a presence in the market via consumer products, online, recreation, books. The Philippines Kids Choice Awards is the setting of the Kids Choice Awards in Asia preceded by Indonesia. The show was first held since 2008 at the Aliw Theater in Pasay and was first hosted by Michael V. Nickelodeon, an American cable television network, brought Kids Choice Awards to the Philippines in an effort to strengthen its presence in Asia

Nickelodeon (Philippines)
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Nickelodeon Logo

111.
Nickelodeon (South Korea)
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Nickelodeon is a South Korean cable TV channel aimed at children and teens. It is the South Korean version of American Nickelodeon, the channel is currently owned by SBS Viacom LLC, a joint venture of SBS Medianet and Viacom International Media Networks. A localisation of Nick Jr. s Blues Clues was shown on KBS2, the Korean version of those programmes were produced by the broadcasters themselves. JEI TV, after making agreement with Viacom, ran a Nickelodeon programming block for years and it started with TV programmes that were not shown on the generalist terrestrial channels. But later, they aired their own Korean dub of what were shown on EBS and those another dubs were produced by Arirang TV. This caused a nationwide criticisms in South Korea, as it wasted dollars and made viewers confused with different dubs, with the launch of SkyLife satellite TV platform, the Southeast Asian version of Nickelodeon made available exclusively to the platforms subscribers. However, the channel was pulled out of SkyLifes line up around the time of South Korean versions launch, in around November 2008, the channel became a subsidiary of C&M Communication, along with MTV Korea, when On-Media sold its share of On Music Network. But a Nickelodeon block on Tooniverse continued to go, the channel officially became Nickelodeon in 2010, using the new logo that unveiled months ago in the U. S. In September 2011, SBS, a broadcaster, became the official South Korean partner of Viacom. With this, Nickelodeon became a part of SBS, victorious SpongeBob SquarePants iCarly The Fairly OddParents T. U. F. F. Rockos Modern Life Kenan & Kel Aaahh, real Monsters All That Gruffs Groove Box SoNick Are You Afraid of the Dark. El Tigre, The Adventures of Manny Rivera Catscratch The Xs Mr. Meaty The Angry Beavers The Naked Brothers Band As Told by Ginger The Amanda Show ChalkZone Wayside School Yakkity Yak Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Wild Thornberrys Aladdin Kung Fu Panda, Legends of Awesomeness Supah Ninjas The Mighty B, miss Spiders Sunny Patch Friends The Backyardigans Yo Gabba Gabba. PAW Patrol Team Umizoomi Bubble Guppies Blues Clues Max and Ruby LazyTown Loopdidoo Peppa Pig Peter Rabbit Nick. co. kr - Official Website

Nickelodeon (South Korea)
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Nickelodeon

112.
Nickelodeon (Vietnam)
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Nickelodeon is a 24-hour childrens channel that broadcasts in Southeast Asia. It also used to broadcast in New Zealand until that country got its own channel, the channel was launched in the Philippines on 5 November 1998 as a 24-hour English-language channel. Then, the network expanded into Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka via pan-regional feed broadcast from Singapore since 1999, in January 2000, the channel began broadcasting in New Zealand, which lasted there until August 2006, when an independent feed of the channel was launched. Nickelodeon began transmissions in Singapore on 9 March 2001 via Starhub TV, on 11 October 2006, Viacoms subsidiary MTV Networks Asia Pacific set up a new unit to manage Nickelodeon South East Asia TV based in Singapore. On 15 March 2010 it got a new logo and new programs from the United States, on 1 April 2011 a separate channel for the Philippines was launched. On 11 April 2011 there was a new schedule, the new schedule put live-action programs in the primetime slot and will double the Nick Jr. block. On 1 July 2011 the Nick Jr. block was removed and this was because the local Nick. Jr channel was rated number one channel for the first quarter of 2011 in Singapore, in February 2013, The Nicktoons block launched. The Indonesia Kids Choice Awards is the first Kids Choice Awards set in Asia next to the Philippines, the first show was held since 2008 in Jakarta and was first hosted by Tora Sudiro, Tasya Kamila and Ringgo Agus Rahman and some various Indonesian Artists over the years. The logo of the show is exactly the same as the US version however, it is designed for the Indonesian version of the show, the Philippines Kids Choice Awards is the second setting of the Kids Choice Awards in Asia preceded by Indonesia. The show was first held since 2008 at the Aliw Theater in Pasay and was first hosted by Michael V. the Philippines KCA has been inactive all over the years. On March 2010, Nickelodeon Southeast Asia started airing latest Nickelodeon shows, current and upcoming Nickelodeon shows from the United States that are un-aired on Asia are expecting to premiere sometime this year or next year like. Nickelodeon HD are now Nick Jr. preschool show in United States and across Asia. 2–6 years old are favorite show in Dora the Explorer, Bubble Guppies, Max and Ruby, Go Diego Go, Ben and Hollys Little Kingdom, Tickety Toc, Olive the Ostrich, Paw Patrol, Peter Rabbit and more. Nick Jr. is the channel which replaced the Nick Jr. block on Nickelodeons main South East Asia feed since 1 July 2011. It was launched on 18 May 2011 on StarHub TV Channel 304 in Singapore, the channel had expand its broadcast to other parts of South East Asia in later 2011

Nickelodeon (Vietnam)
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Nickelodeon Southeast Asia's current logo used under permission registered due to Nickelodeon, inc.

113.
Nickelodeon (New Zealand)
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Nickelodeon New Zealand was a 24-hour TV channel for kids aged 3–14 in New Zealand. The channel launched on 1 August 2006 and was available on SKY Television Channel 041, the channel closed on 30 November 2010, replaced instead by Nickelodeon. Its headquarters were the same as MTV New Zealands in Auckland, before Nickelodeon was officially launched as its own locally incorporated channel, New Zealand shared the Singapore and Malaysia broadcast of Nickelodeon, Nickelodeon. This channel began broadcasting on SKY Digital and UHF in January 2000 and this has led to a closer alignment between the MTV Networks channel offering in Australia and New Zealand, with both Nick Jr. launched and MTV Classic announced to launch in New Zealand. On 1 December 2010, the Australian channel expanded to New Zealand, MTV New Zealand SKY TV Announcement Nickelodeon NZ Launch Party Official Nickelodeon New Zealand Website

Nickelodeon (New Zealand)
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The original Nickelodeon logo used from August 2006 to 2008

114.
Nickelodeon (Canada)
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Nickelodeon, commonly known as Nick, is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel based on the U. S. cable network of the same name. It is wholly owned by Corus Entertainment, with its name licensed from Viacom International Media Networks, as with its counterparts in the U. S. and elsewhere, Nickelodeon airs programs aimed at children and young teenagers. YTV and Treehouse TV, have also carried Nickelodeon programs for many years and they continue to do so, since they have near-universal coverage across Canada on both basic analogue cable and digital satellite TV, whereas Nickelodeon is limited to digital distribution. Like Treehouse TV, and unlike YTV, Nickelodeon has only one national feed from the Eastern Time Zone and this is the second Viacom-branded channel to be owned by Corus, the companies also partner on CMT Canada. The schedule would include programs devoted to entertainment, humour, travel, games and science, in September 2009, Corus announced it had reached an agreement with MTV Networks, a subsidiary of Viacom, to launch Nickelodeon in Canada as a domestic channel. The channel was launched as Nickelodeon on November 2,2009 at 6 a. m. using the YTV OneWorld licence, jacob Two-Two was the first show broadcast. On the day of the launch, Discovery Kids was shut down and replaced by Nickelodeon on most cable. Because it is legally a distinct service, cable and satellite companies had to reach new agreements with Corus in order to carry Nickelodeon, on April 9,2013, Telus Optik TV launched Nickelodeon HD, a high definition simulcast of the standard definition feed. It was later launched on June 25,2013 for Rogers Cable, on September 22,2015, Corus Entertainment announced the launch of Nickelodeon GO, an app that allows viewers to watch the channel live, as well as stream shows from its American counterpart. The app is available for iOS and Android platforms. In addition to shows currently airing on its U. S counterpart, Nickelodeon also airs several series in weekend marathons. In addition, during the hours, Nick carries a Nick Jr. -branded block of preschool programming broadcast commercial-free. To fulfill Canadian content requirements, the channel also airs series sourced from Corus other kids channels, Nickelodeon YTV Official website Nickelodeon page on Corus Entertainments corporate website

115.
Nickelodeon (Europe)
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Nickelodeon the cable and digital satellite television network dedicated to kids. Nickelodeon is widely available throughout Europe as a service or free-to-air service. Nickelodeon is seen in 24.2 million households throughout Europe, via channels, Nickelodeon is operated by MTV Networks Europe on behalf of its owner Viacom. Nickelodeon first launched in Europe in the United Kingdom in 1995, following this Nickelodeon subsequently launched a version of the channel. The Pan-European version, known as Nickelodeon airs a selection of programming from Nickelodeon in the USA and local shows from Nickelodeon in the UK, Nickelodeon Europe is a 24-hour pan-regional feed reaching Europe. The channel is available in English with additional soundtracks in Russian, Hungarian, Croatian and Serbian. A total of more than 68 million homes across Europe and Central Asia can view the version of Nickelodeon. In a number of countries in Europe also host a version of the channel and/or localized programming blocks. In January 2010, Viacom International launched a global on-air identity campaign for its Nickelodeon channels worldwide, the new look design incorporates the newly designed Nickelodeon logo which originally launched on Nickelodeon US in September,2009. The roll-out of Nickelodeons new global on-air, online and offline branding will take place throughout 2010 on all Nickelodeon channels worldwide, Nickelodeon Europe picked up the new 2011 look from Nick USA in 2012. The first country to pick up the new bumpers was Nickelodeon and it first got random airings of these bumpers in October 2011 and they were fully used from January 2,2012

Nickelodeon (Europe)
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Nickelodeon Logo (since January 2010)

116.
Nickelodeon (Bulgaria)
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Nickelodeon the cable and digital satellite television network dedicated to kids. Nickelodeon is widely available throughout Europe as a service or free-to-air service. Nickelodeon is seen in 24.2 million households throughout Europe, via channels, Nickelodeon is operated by MTV Networks Europe on behalf of its owner Viacom. Nickelodeon first launched in Europe in the United Kingdom in 1995, following this Nickelodeon subsequently launched a version of the channel. The Pan-European version, known as Nickelodeon airs a selection of programming from Nickelodeon in the USA and local shows from Nickelodeon in the UK, Nickelodeon Europe is a 24-hour pan-regional feed reaching Europe. The channel is available in English with additional soundtracks in Russian, Hungarian, Croatian and Serbian. A total of more than 68 million homes across Europe and Central Asia can view the version of Nickelodeon. In a number of countries in Europe also host a version of the channel and/or localized programming blocks. In January 2010, Viacom International launched a global on-air identity campaign for its Nickelodeon channels worldwide, the new look design incorporates the newly designed Nickelodeon logo which originally launched on Nickelodeon US in September,2009. The roll-out of Nickelodeons new global on-air, online and offline branding will take place throughout 2010 on all Nickelodeon channels worldwide, Nickelodeon Europe picked up the new 2011 look from Nick USA in 2012. The first country to pick up the new bumpers was Nickelodeon and it first got random airings of these bumpers in October 2011 and they were fully used from January 2,2012

Nickelodeon (Bulgaria)
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Nickelodeon Logo (since January 2010)

117.
Nickelodeon (Croatia)
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Nickelodeon Croatia is a Croatian cable and digital satellite television network dedicated to kids. The channel broadcasts 24 hours a day, all animated and live-action shows are dubbed into the Croatian Language. The channel is served by the Pan-European feed and this programming block starts every Sunday at 4, 45PM and airs special episodes and nickelodeon movies. This programming block starts every Saturday at 12, 00PM and airs a marathon of a show until 4

Nickelodeon (Croatia)
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Nickelodeon Logo

118.
Nickelodeon (Greece)
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Nickelodeon Greece is the Greek kids TV version of Nickelodeon. It launched on 3 September 2010 and it also broadcasts in Thessaloniki and its surrounding areas through Nickelodeon Plus, a version of the channel for the Northern Greece area. Nickelodeon HD started officially broadcasting on October 17,2011 via OTE TV, as with MTV Greece, Restis Enterprises was involved in launching Nickelodeon in Greece. Nickelodeon was originally a block on Channel 9 from 2000 to 2006

Nickelodeon (Greece)
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Nickelodeon Greece

119.
Nickelodeon (Hungary)
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Nickelodeon Hungary is a Hungarian channel that is aimed at children. It was originally launched as a block on August 1,1998 on the youth entertainment channel M-Sat. On April 25,1999 it had a 12 hour-block between 7AM and 7PM on M-Sat and it aired a feed of Nickelodeon Russia from 2002 to 2010, when Nickelodeon Hungary could run without a feed again

Nickelodeon (Hungary)
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Nickelodeon (Hungary)

120.
Nickelodeon (Italy)
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Nickelodeon is an Italian television channel launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia. Since 1997 Rai Sat 2 has broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day, the channel was launched on 1 November 2004. At first it divided its frequency with Comedy Central, which broadcast at night, on 31 July 2009 a timeshift version was launched. On 1 April 2010 the channel got the new international logo, on 9 September 2013, both the channel and the timeshift broadcast in 16,9 widescreen. Nick Jr. is an Italian television channel, aimed at a pre-school children audience and it launched on 31 July 2009 on Sky Italia to replace Rai YoYo, although it is still airing on selected cable providers

Nickelodeon (Italy)
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Nickelodeon

121.
Nickelodeon (Netherlands)
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The Dutch version of Nickelodeon, broadcasting in the Netherlands and the Flanders region of Belgium, launched on 14 July 2003. In addition to the general Nickelodeon programmes, local productions such as ZOOP, Het Huis Anubis, Het Huis Anubis en de Vijf van het Magische Zwaard, the Dutch Kids Choice Awards were presented in 2004,2005 and 2007, featuring nominees that are relevant to Dutch audiences. In 2010 the American Kids Choice Awards aired, which included categories for the Netherlands, Nickelodeon as aired in Flanders carries generally the same schedule, but with advertising and programming variations for Belgian viewers. All Belgian cable providers carry the Flemish version, with the satellite provider TV Vlaanderen offering only the Dutch version, Nickelodeon replaced a similar-themed channel, Kindernet in 2003 after the channel was acquired by Viacom by the end of 2001. Nickelodeon started as a block between 1 PM and 3 PM on Kindernet in the Netherlands in 2002. In the course of 2003 Nickelodeon is getting a prominent place in the programming of Kindernet, on 14 July 2003 Nickelodeon launched as a 24-hours channel. By then Kindernet was degraded as a block in the morning and was turned into Nick Jr. In 2005 Nickelodeon closed as a 24-hours channel and it began time-sharing with a new Dutch television channel Talpa on 1 August 2005. Nickelodeon aired between 6 AM and 6 PM, by the end of 2006 MTVs deal with Talpa ended and Nickelodeon moved to The Box Comedy on 1 December. Nickelodeon extended its airtime till 8 PM and The Box Comedy changed into Comedy Central on 30 April 2007, Comedy Central switched to TMF on 1 January 2011. As of 14 February 2011 Nickelodeon became a 24-hours channel again, on 21.00 hour Nickelodeon become TeenNick which broadcasts original versions of the series with Dutch subtitles, TeenNick stops on approximately 5.00 AM. After that normal Nickelodeon broadcast again, all content on normal Nickelodeon is Dutch dubbed, except Dutch/Flemish productions. A high-definition simulcast of Nickelodeon would launch through UPC Netherlands on 3 April 2012, but was delayed due to technical problems. Eventually Nickelodeon HD launched first through KPN Interactive TV on 13 September 2012, sister channel Spike launched in the Netherlands on 1 October 2015. Initially it was broadcasting only at night, time-sharing with Nickelodeon, on 12 December 2016 Spike launched as a 24-hours channel on Ziggo, followed by KPN, Telfort, XS4ALL, Caiway and T-Mobile Thuis 3 months later. At the same time Nickelodeon became a 24-hours channel again, broadcasting TeenNick at night, in Flanders Spike and Nickelodeon keep on time-sharing. Nicktoons is a Dutch TV channel broadcasting in the Netherlands and Flanders and it launched together with Nick Music on 2 August 2007. At daytime the cartoons are dubbed in Dutch and at night the cartoons are spoken in English subtitled in Dutch, Nick Jr. is a pre-schoolers childrens channel and is part of the Dutch Nickelodeon network

Nickelodeon (Netherlands)
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The current Nickelodeon logo, used in Belgium & the Netherlands since 31 March 2010

122.
Nickelodeon (Portugal)
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Nickelodeon Portugal is a Portuguese digital cable and satellite television, which is the fourth Portuguese television network mostly for children and teens. The network launched on June 1,2005, initially, Nickelodeon Portugal relayed the Central European feed with a Portuguese audio track and partial local breaks. This changed on September 1,2009, when the feed source changed to the Spanish feed, on April 1,2010, Nickelodeon adopted the new typographical logo that is currently being used on the network in other countries around the world. The channel has been broadcasting in 16,9 since the 22nd of November 2012, in Portugal it was only available on specific NOS digital packages, but in the summer of 2014 it became free-to-air in all NOS digital packages during the seasons holidays, with ratings climbing. It kept free-to-air, during the new year and widely available across digital services from the company. It is unavailable in analog basic cable and rival platforms, in September 2014, it and MTV Portugal moved their headquarters to one of the Colombo towers in Lisbon

Nickelodeon (Portugal)
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Nickelodeon

123.
Nickelodeon (Switzerland)
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Nickelodeon, known on-air only as Nickelodeon, is a television channel for kids in Switzerland, and part of the international Nickelodeon franchise. Nickelodeon Switzerland started off as part of a block on Schweizer Fernsehen. The block aired between 8am till 5pm and would be pre-empted if sporting or breaking news events occurred, from 12pm till 1pm Nick ran live programming which was repeated at 4pm. The Nickelodeon Switzerland block ended on 26 September 2003, after five years of being on air SF decided to change their plans and create a new programming block known as Junior. The current block for children is now SF Tubii, the block which was shown on SF ran for 7 hours and consisted of Nick programming shown internationally, redubbed into German. The current program consists of Nickelodeon Germanys schedule but with commercials aimed at Swiss citizens, Live. was a game show for children that was broadcast live at noon. It was filmed and produced in one of SF DRSs studios, the show consisted of classical games such as Connect Four and call-in quizs about general education. The prizes offered were mostly money to the amount of 70 or 90 CHF, Rambutan was a separate show and therefore does not belong to the games of Live. Sometimes winners of games were invited in the studio for giving interviews. Often they received special Nickelodeon signed memorabilia, dietmar was one of the few self-produced live broadcasts. It was a program which gave tips for school life while joking about certain aspects of school, florian Hodel Nina Havel Gabriel Nadia Holdener When SF ended the programming block there was no official reason given. One may assume it was for low ratings, on the day before the last one, Live. was repeated and Rambutan was not shown. The next day Junior Scheiz appeared without any announcement, a magazine was published and designed by Nickelodeon. It consisted of puzzles, pictures, quizs, and a TV guide designed for children, most of the submissions were submitted by children. SRG SSR idée suisse provided the TV Guide information, on 1 April 2009, Nick Switzerland appeared on VIVA as part of a programming block, allowing Nick Switzerland to air at exactly the same times as Nick Germany. All programs are the same as their German and Austrian counterparts, however, like Nick Austria, Nick was renamed back to its original name Nickelodeon in March 2010. This was part of MTV Networks plan to create an identity that everyone can relate to. From 16 May 2011 onwards, Nickelodeon Switzerland is timesharing with a new localised Swiss version of Comedy Central, thus running in the same scheme like in Germany, rockos Modern Life The Angry Beavers The Ren & Stimpy Show Aaahh

Nickelodeon (Switzerland)
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Nickelodeon Schweiz

124.
Nickelodeon (Sweden)
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Nickelodeon Sweden is a childrens channel broadcasting to Sweden. Nickelodeon has been the third most popular television channel in Sweden since 2006. SVTB is by far the most popular, with the Disney Channel as a strong second, Nickelodeon has been available in Sweden since 1996 when a pan-Scandinavian version was launched on the analogue Viasat platform. Since 2001, it has been broadcasting in the terrestrial television network. This pan-Scandinavian channel used to broadcast between 6 a. m. and 6 p. m. since it started sharing a transponder with TV6 Nature/Action World in the late 1990s. In March 2008, Nickelodeon received a license to broadcast between 5 a. m. and 7 p. m. on the terrestrial network, on 18 June 2008 the dedicated Swedish version of Nickelodeon was launched with a separate schedule. The new channel broadcasts between 5 a. m. and 7 p. m. on most digital pay television platforms, unlike the Pan-Scandinavian channel, which was broadcast from the UK, the Swedish version is broadcast from the Netherlands. Since September 2013, Nickelodeon Sweden started to use the new Idents from Nickelodeon USA, the channel used to share frequency space with Comedy Central Sweden since the launch of the latter in January 2009. The two channels got separate channel slots in November 2013 and this allowed Nickelodeon Sweden to start broadcasting between 5 a. m. and 9 p. m. on most providers from 15 November. Another hour was added to the broadcast day on October 1,2015, after that, the channel would broadcast between 5 a. m. and 10 p. m. The schedule starts with a Nick Jr strand for younger kids with series such as Dora the Explorer, Backyardigans, the channel also includes music video strands called Nick Hits. Cartoons for younger children are dubbed into Swedish, non-cartoon series aimed an older audience used to be broadcast in English with Swedish subtitles, but they are broadcast in Swedish dub these days. The Nicktoon The Fairly OddParents is broadcast on Disney Channel and Nickelodeon

Nickelodeon (Sweden)
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Nickelodeon Sweden

125.
Nickelodeon (Latin America)
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Nickelodeon Latin America is a cable and satellite television channel, counterpart of the American network Nickelodeon. It is oriented to the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin American and the Caribbean, mainly for children and it is owned by Viacom International Media Networks The Americas. The channel was launched on December 20,1996 and it includes shows like Skimo and the hit teen drama Isa TKM and its successor Isa TK+. The channel has a channel called Nick Turbo. Nickelodeon Latin America is divided into three feeds, North, Central and South, Brazil has its own dedicated Portuguese language channel, Nickelodeon Brazil. The channel was launched on December 20,1996 in Latin America as a channel, being the main competitor of Cartoon Network. In 1999, Nickelodeon launched its website for the region. Nick Radio was also available, but eventually it was replaced by the Nick Jr. official site, on June 9,2008, the channel launched Nickers, a live-action show with two hosts introducing shows and music. It followed the line and was very similar to Disney Channels Zapping Zone. The block was retired in all feeds in December 2008, in 2008, two new original productions premiered, both being telenovelas. The first one, Isa TKM premiered on September 29,2008, in 2009, a new segment called Nick Hits, which airs classic Nick Toons, replaced Nick at Nite on weekends. On April 5,2010, Nickelodeon Latin America started carrying the new logo already in use on many Nickelodeon networks around the world, also, classic Nicktoons seen on Nick Hits became part of Nick at Nite. In June 2010, Viacom gave the rights for Mexico to release their own Kids Choice Awards and it premiered on September 4,2010. On July 20,2010, another series called Sueña conmigo premiered. On May 2,2011 premiered the original production called Grachi. In late January 2012, MTV Networks Latin America announced another telenovela, Miss XV, on January 1,2015, the block Nick at Nite went off the air and got replaced by the new block, Nick Clásicos. Nickelodeon Latin America is divided three different feeds for its transmission in the Latin American region. Central, Colombia, Central America, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, South, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay in PAL transmission

Nickelodeon (Latin America)
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Nickelodeon HD logo

126.
Nickelodeon (Brazil)
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Nickelodeon Brazil is a cable and satellite television channel, the Brazilian counterpart of the American network Nickelodeon. Nickelodeon Brazil was launched on December 20,1996 in Brazil as a channel, being the main competitor of Cartoon Network. On February 13,2006, Nick at Nite was launched in Brazil, and aired on weeknights from 10 pm to 6 am, on June 9,2008, the channel launched Nickers, a live-action show with two hosts introducing shows and music. It followed the line and was very similar to Disney Channels Zapping Zone. The block was retired in all feeds in December 2008, in 2008, two new original productions premiered, both being telenovelas. The first one, Isa TKM premiered on September 29,2008, in 2009, a new segment called Nick Hits, which airs classic Nick Toons, replaced Nick at Nite on weekends. On April 5,2010, Nickelodeon Brazil started carrying the new logo already in use on many Nickelodeon networks around the world, also, classic Nicktoons seen on Nick Hits became part of Nick at Nite. In June 2010, Viacom gave the rights for Mexico to release their own Kids Choice Awards and it premiered on September 4,2010. On July 20,2010, another series called Sueña conmigo premiered. On May 2,2011 premiered the original production called Grachi. In late January 2012, MTV Networks Latin America announced another telenovela, Miss XV, on January 1,2015, the block Nick at Nite went off the air and got replaced by the new block, Nick Clásicos. In 2011, IBOPE pointed that Nickelodeon Brasil ranked seventh among cable channels in total daily viewership, with an average audience of 0.071 million viewers in Brazil. In March 2013, IBOPE released a new list of the most watched channels of cable TV, which recorded an increases of position for the channel, Nickelodeon Nickelodeon Official website Nickelodeon on Facebook Nickelodeon on Twitter

Nickelodeon (Brazil)
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Nickelodeon

127.
Nick Jr. (Southeast Asia)
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Nick Jr. is an educational cable TV channel aimed at younger children. Operated by MTV Networks Asia Pacific and owned by Viacom International, on December 24,2010 Nick Jr. South East Asia was launched in New Zealand on SKY TV, on May 16,2011, Viacom launched two new channels, Nick Jr. and MTVNHD, in Asia. These 24-hour channels will be available on StarHub TV in Singapore beginning May 18 on Telekom Malaysia Berhads Hypp. TV in Malaysia on June 1, Nick Jr. is still a block in Nickelodeon Philippines. MTV Asia has broadcast to New Zealand before Nick Jr. Nickelodeon South East Asia previously broadcast to New Zealand from 2000 to 2006, also available in Nick Jr. high definition in Southeast Asia and selected regions. Nick Jr. in South East Asia is a 24-hour commercial free channel, the Day Henry Met Teletubbies Yokai Watch Peppa Pig Fifi and the Flowertots Go Diego Go. Blues Clues Roary the Racing Car Robocar Poli The Snowman and the Snowdog Tickety Toc The Backyardigans Yo Gabba Gabba, julius Jr. Peter Rabbit Ni Hao, Kai-Lan Wonder Pets Mofy Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Nickelodeon Philippines

Nick Jr. (Southeast Asia)
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Nick Jr.

128.
Nick Jr India
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Nick Jr. India is a channel devoted to toddlers and a part of the Nickelodeon India franchise. The channel was a block on Nick India then Viacom 18 decide to launch it as a channel in 2011, after Colors, MTV, Nickelodeon, Vh1, Sonic Nickelodeon and Comedy Central, Nick Jr. is the 7th channel from Viacom18 in India. The website will aim at providing useful tips and information on a growing child’s need from experts, Nick Jr. website will also have interesting games for toddlers that will be on the same lines as the channel – entertaining and educational. On February 1,2017 Teen Nick block will be shut down thus making Nick Jr a 24 hour channel and it is available in all major cable TV platforms in India and few DTH Platforms. Viacom 18 launched Teen Nick and Nick Jr. as a channel on 21 November 2012. It is available on Tata Sky, Airtel Digital TV, Videocon d2h, Hathway Digital Cable, Den Digital Cable, DE Digital and In Digital Cable Systems in India. It is available in most local services of North India also, however, excluding DTH. This is how the content in the channel is televised, Nick Jr. - 6am - 7pm Teen Nick - 7pm - 6am, Viacom 18 announced the launch of channel on 11 December 2012. Dora the Explorer Dora and Friends Blues Clues Bubble Guppies Peter Rabbit Team Umizoomi PAW Patrol Max & Ruby Go, Diego, roary the Racing Car Shimmer and Shine Wonder Pets. Pablo the Little Red Fox Mofy Blaze and the Monster Machines Fifi and the Flowertots Alvin and the Chipmunks http, //www. nickjrindia. com/ https, //www. facebook. com/NickJrIndia

Nick Jr India
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Nick Jr India

129.
Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland)
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Nick Jr. is a British television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland operated by a joint venture between Viacom International Media Networks Europe and Sky plc. The channel is aimed at pre-school children, Nick Jr. was first broadcast in the UK and Ireland from 1993, during the daytime hours from 9am – 3pm on the main Nickelodeon channel. When it first properly aired it was presented by Face, in 2001, MTV Dance started broadcasting during its downtime hours after it was spun off from MTV Extra. MTV Dance acquired its own channel in 2002 and both channels have since extended their broadcasting hours. A version of Nick Jr. for Ireland was launched in 2006 and this version, like Nickelodeon Ireland, shares the same schedule as the UK feed, but has Irish adverts. On 30 April 2010, the updated to the United States look. As of 2 August 2010, Nick Jr. broadcasts 24 hours a day, as of 5 July 2016, Nick Jr. HD launched on Sky channel 637, replacing MTV Live HDs Sky slot. Peppa Pig Ben and Hollys Little Kingdom Fresh Beat Band of Spies Wallykazam, PAW Patrol Blaze and the Monster Machines Digby Dragon Shimmer and Shine Rusty Rivets Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr

Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland)
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The first Nick Jr. logo used from September 1999 – April 2010.

130.
Nick Jr. (Latin America)
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Nick Jr. is a cable television channel in Latin America owned by Viacom subsidiary Viacom International Media Networks The Americas and aimed. Currently, the Nick Jr. channel features the same programming as the Nick Jr. block on Nickelodeon, as well as shows previously seen on the block. Latin America was originally a block on Nickelodeon Latin America, lasting from 2001 to 2007, like the American version, Nick Jrs mascot was Cara instead of Face. In 2008, Nickelodeon declared a 24/7 channel for preschoolers in Spanish and it was called Nick Jr. Blaze and the Monster Machines Bubble Guppies Dora and Friends, Into the City. Dora the Explorer Fresh Beat Band of Spies PAW Patrol Shimmer and Shine Team Umizoomi Allegras Window Blues Clues Blues Room Go, Diego, Gullah Gullah Island Little Bill Ni Hao, Kai-lan Wonder Pets Nick Jr. Latin America website, for both the block and the channel

Nick Jr. (Latin America)
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Nick Jr.

131.
Nicktoons (Germany)
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Nicktoons is a Germany TV channel owned by MTV Networks Europe. Nicktoons was launched on December 2007 as Nick Premium, unlike the US version of Nicktoons, it had TeenNick shows and some of the 90s shows on the network. In 2009, Nickelodeon announced that Nick Premium would be renamed as Nicktoons, Nick Premium signed off at 6, 04am when the Nick Premium was rebranded as Nicktoons. Some of the programs were dropped from the network after Nicktoons was launched, the network is always 24 hours a day. On June 30,2014, Sky Deutschland dropped Nicktoons from its platform, no reason was given for the decision. Sky, though, stresses in the statement that its focus lies on the expansion of its HD proposition, Nicktoons, however, had only been available in standard definition. Nicktoons is remain available in Germany on the networks of Unitymedia and Kabel BW. The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius Avatar, The Last Airbender Back at the Barnyard Danny Phantom Fanboy & Chum Chum Hey Arnold. Kung Fu Panda, Legends of Awesomeness The Legend of Korra Monsters vs. Aliens The Penguins of Madagascar Robot and Monster T. U. F. F

Nicktoons (Germany)
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International Nicktoons logo

132.
Nicktoons (UK and Ireland)
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Nicktoons is a British/Irish digital television channel, launched on 22 July 2002. It is a cartoon based sister channel to Nickelodeon, the channel airs Nicktoons, as well as acquired programming from outside providers. Unlike the United States version, it has been ad-supported since launch, Nicktoons was launched on 22 July 2002 as Nicktoons TV. In October 2004, the channel was rebranded from Nicktoons TV to NickToons, the channels first imaging campaign featured The Pixel characters as their first mascots, designed by Slomo Productions. From February 2007 to 30 April 2010, there were 4 mascots, Rooftop, Beat, Colin, the new worldwide rebrand logo for Nicktoons was introduced on 30 April 2010, with a new imaging campaign introduced on 2 January 2012. On 3 November 2014, there were new idents introduced with eyes of the characters, the channel was exclusive to Sky. The channel broadcast older programming which was dropped from the main Nicktoons scheduled prior to launch and it took up half the time of a channel space shared with Comedy Central Extra +1. The channel closed on 31 July 2009 and was replaced with a 1-hour timeshift of Nicktoons, Nicktoons Replay on 1 August 2009, a +1 feed of Nicktoons known as Nicktoons Replay launched in place of Nicktoonsters on 1 August 2009. The channel was discontinued 2 October 2012, with Comedy Central Extra +1 again in control of the channel slots airtime. On 13 September 2012, it was announced that Sky would be launching an Irish feed of NickToons, in 2004, when Nicktoons TV extended their hours, the 19,00 –22,00 slot was called Toonz2Nite. This had a separate, distinct presentation from the channel. The network began airing shows from The Splat on January 9,2017, too Nicktoonsters NickToons – Official site NickToons UK Official Site as of 2006

Nicktoons (UK and Ireland)
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Third NickToons logo used from 2007 to 2010.