4 Summary The influence of liquids onto the mechanical properties of granular media and the evolution of the liquid phase inside is of fundamental interest to many interdisciplinary fields such as geo- and snow physics, process engineering, food and cement industries, oil recovery and pharmaceutics. How the liquid phase reacts due to grain movements is largely unexplored and challenging due to the coupling of the dynamics of the fluid to the dynamics of the particles. In this work a novel grain scale model for the investigation of the fluid phase in highly unsaturated wet granular matter is developed. At sufficiently small saturations only liquid bridges appear in the wet granulate. The novelty of our model consists in taking into account all the capillary bridges and their geometrical features like contact angle, opening angle and volume individually. Furthermore, we allow for volume changes due to liquid bridge rupture and formation and due to liquid exchange between different bridges. This model is coupled to the dynamics of the particles which are modeled by Contact Dynamics, a special type among the discrete element methods. Microscopic liquid redistribution mechanisms lead to liquid migration on large spatial scales. Furthermore, a model for fully saturated dense granular suspensions is introduced to unravel the microscopic origin of shear thickening. In a first approach a simple model for the evolving liquid is proposed based only on simple rules for the liquid redistribution after bridge rupture and bridge formation. The liquid spreading in a sheared granular medium is found to exhibit diffusive behavior and the spreading directly affects the mechanical properties of the granular medium. ix

5 In a refined formulation a volume exchange between liquid bridges via a wetting film on the particle surfaces driven by Laplace pressure differences is taken into account. This model allows to study the evolution of the liquid bridge network in detail such as the evolving bridge volumes and contact angles. Furthermore, we experimentally found that liquid content decreases within unsaturated granular media. Such a behavior is finally explained by our model. In the last part of the thesis the shear thickening of dense particle suspensions is investigated. In such fully saturated granular media no capillary bridges are present. However, the contacts between particles are lubricated by the suspending fluid which we found to be at the origin of the shear thickening in dense non-brownian suspensions. x

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