Symptoms and causes

Symptoms

Hypospadias

Hypospadias

Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common).

In hypospadias, the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. In most cases, the opening of the urethra is within the head of the penis. Less often, the opening is at the middle or the base of the penis. Rarely, the opening is in or beneath the scrotum.

Signs and symptoms of hypospadias may include:

Opening of the urethra at a location other than the tip of the penis

Downward curve of the penis (chordee)

Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin

Abnormal spraying during urination

When to see a doctor

Most infants with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. However, slight displacement of the urethral opening may be subtle and more difficult to identify. Talk to your doctor if you have concerns about the appearance of your child's penis or if there are problems with urination.

Causes

Hypospadias is present at birth (congenital). As the penis develops in a male fetus, certain hormones stimulate the formation of the urethra and foreskin. Hypospadias results when a malfunction occurs in the action of these hormones, causing the urethra to develop abnormally.

In most cases, the exact cause of hypospadias is unknown. Sometimes, hypospadias is genetic, but environment also may play a role.

Risk factors

Although the cause of hypospadias is usually unknown, these factors may be associated with the condition:

Family history. This condition is more common in infants with a family history of hypospadias.

Genetics. Certain gene variations may play a role in disruption of the hormones that stimulate formation of the male genitals.

Maternal age over 35. Some research suggests that there may be an increased risk of hypospadias in infant males born to women older than 35 years.

Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy. There is some speculation about an association between hypospadias and a mother's exposure to certain hormones or certain compounds such as pesticides or industrial chemicals, but further studies are needed to confirm this.

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