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To help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 (coronavirus), the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, including the Library and Archives Reading Room, is closed until further notice. Staff members are working remotely to answer reference requests to the extent feasible. Reference questions, including those regarding access to collections, may be directed to Reference@ushmm.org. For questions about donating materials, please contact Curator@ushmm.org. Please do not send any materials until the Museum reopens to the public. Thank you for your understanding.

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The Museum’s Collections document the fate of Holocaust victims, survivors, rescuers, liberators, and others through artifacts, documents, photos, films, books, personal stories, and more. Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center.

Theresienstadt scrip, 2 (zwei) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip printed on rectangular offwhite paper in red-brown and light red ink. The face has a vignette of Moses, with a long beard and wrinkled brow, holding 2 stone tablets with the 10 Commandments in Hebrew. To the right is the denomination 2 and German text. The background rectangle has an intricate latticework pattern. The right side has a wide margin with the denomination 2 below a Star of David. The reverse has a rectangle with a background of interlocked diamonds overprinted with the denomination 2 in the upper right corner, and German text, an engraved signature, and a large scrollwork line in the center. The left side has a wide margin with the denomination 2 below a Star of David within a striped circle. The plate letter and number are in the upper left corner. It appears unused and like new.

Hana Müller (Mueller; later Bruml) was born May 30, 1922, to Richard and Hedvika Zappner Müller in Prague, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic). Her father was born in 1885 in Chocen, Czech Republic, Austro-Hungary, to Emanuel and Antonia Müller. Richard was a tinsmith and owned a workshop. Her mother was born April 17, 1891, in Prague, to Isidor and Marie Heller Zappner, and had one sister, Gizela, born 1888. Hana’s maternal grandparents, Isidor and Marie (b.1856), lived with her family in the Jewish quarter; Isador died in 1925. The family was prosperous and employed a maid. They spoke Czech and German. Hana attended a Zionist school, then a Czech school. She attended business school for a year and worked as a typist. From 1933, when the Nazi regime came to power in Germany, Prague saw a large influx of Jews fleeing persecution. In September 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region. In March 1939, Germany annexed the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, which included Prague, which were governed by a Reich Protector. Other regions were absorbed by German allies and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Jews lost their jobs and their property. Hana’s father’s workshop was confiscated. He could not find work and it was difficult to get enough food. Hana tried to leave, but could not get a US visa or German passport. On September 1, Germany invaded neighboring Poland. Jewish men could be conscripted for forced labor at any time. On November 14, 1939, Hana married Rudolf Schiff, b.1919, at City Hall. They got their own room when one of the families boarded at Rudolf’s parent's home was relocated. Hana began working for the Palestine Office, which facilitated emigration to Mandate Palestine.

In September 1941, Heydrich, SS Chief of RSHA, became Reich Protector, and prioritized the expulsion of Jews to concentration camps. Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David badge at all times to make them easy to identify. Transports were announced daily in the papers. Rudolf and Hana learned that the transports were going to a camp in Terezin, Theresienstadt in German, about 40 miles north of Prague. Rudolf contracted scarlet fever and was hospitalized for several months. On July 20, 1942, Hana’s parents, Richard and Hedvika, and her grandmother Marie were sent to Theresienstadt. On August 10, 1942, Rudolf and Hana received transport notices. At the train station, they were assigned prisoner numbers, 984 and 1101, and taken to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Her parents told Hana that her grandmother Marie had died on August 3, and was buried in a mass grave. Rudolf was still sickly and was not assigned to work. Hana was well-connected and knew the nickname of the head of the labor department and used this information to get assigned as a nurse at the camp hospital. Men and women were housed apart and Hana lived with 8 nurses near the hospital. Rations were watery soup, and twice a week, a dumpling. Hana traded her wedding ring for extra bread and at times bought food on the black market. She worked 12 hour shifts, 6 nights a week, assisting the 4 doctors, cleaning the hospital and patients, and administering the small quantity of poor quality medicine. She was often charged with caring for the elderly and the terminally ill. The overcrowding, lack of food, and poor sanitary conditons in the camp aided the spread of disease and thousands died every month. Hana was given small, hard, pieces of caked soap that did not clean well, but it was all she had for herself, her clothing, and often, for the hospital. She became an infectious disease nurse, and received extra food and occasional access to a bathtub. She visited Richard, whose health had worsened, when she could and gave him much of her extra food. Their marriage was strained and eventually she told him she considered it over. On October 8, 1942, Hana’s parents, Richard and Hedvika, were deported east. In late 1942, several members of Hana’s extended family arrived, including her cousins Jiri and Irma Lauscher and their daughter Michaela, age 5. Several family members were deported east soon after arrival. Hana developed a relationship with a Jewish Czech doctor, Bruno Mandl (b.1912), and they planned to marry after the war.

On July 5, 1943, Rudolf’s parents, Richard and Marta, arrived at the camp, and his brother Karel on September 11. On December 15, 1943, Rudolf, Richard, Marta, and Karel were deported to Auschwitz. On October 1, 1944, Bruno was deported and Hana volunteered to go with him. They were put on a dirty, overcrowded train to Auschwitz in German occupied Poland. As they neared the camp, the inmates told new arrivals to throw their belongings to them over the fences. A female prisoner did so, and was shot by a guard. She was the first person Hana saw killed in a camp. The new arrivals were directed to go left or right by a man wearing white gloves. Bruno was sent right. Hana asked to go with him and was shoved left. She was directed to a room and ordered to undress and line up to see if she was pregnant. Her hair was shaved and she had to take a cold shower. While she was showering, someone stole her last possession, a pair of warm boots. She was issued a filthy striped uniform and wooden clogs. She shared a pallet and a blanket with 4 other women in her barrack. Later that month, a man came to the barracks and chose Hana and 3 of her friends for labor. The women were given new uniforms and transported to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp, a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Poland. Hana was placed in an unheated barrack run by a cruel Sudeten German woman. Rations were small and they gave themselves hope by talking of the food they would make if they could. The factory was on the other side of the town and the walk was so cold that Hana turned a sock into gloves that she shared with her friends from Auschwitz. She worked on a manufacturing line in a Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke factory where she made airplane parts, alongside Italian and Soviet prisoners of war and some German soldiers that were being punished. Hana worked in 12 hour shifts with female SS guards. The poor quality materials often broke and Hana would be blamed. She spent her long shifts worrying that she would not survive. In April 1945, the factory ran out of raw material and work was halted.

On May 5, 1945, the guards opened the camp gates and released the prisoners. Hana walked to the nearby Czech town of Nachod, where she was received warmly by the townspeople. On May 7, Germany surrendered. On May 8, Hana returned to Prague to look for her family. Hana’s mother and father, Hedvika and Richard, had been murdered at Treblinka killing center in 1942. Several family members, including her aunt Gizela and her husband and children, were killed upon arrival in Auschwitz in October 1942. Hana’s husband Rudolf and his family were killed upon arrival in December 1943. Her fiance Bruno had been killed when they arrived in Auschwitz in 1944. Her cousins, the Lauschers, returned to Prague from Theresienstadt. Hana changed her surname from Schiff to Suk. In order to claim her family’s property, Hana had to go to a government office to report them as deceased. While there, she met 33 year old Karel Bruml, born in Prague, who had survived Theresienstadt and several concentration camps. They planned to go to America and marry. In May 1946, Hana sailed to the US and went to live in New York City with a relative. In August, Karel arrived. On December 31, 1946, Hana and Karel, now Charles, married at City Hall. In 1947, the couple moved to Washington, D.C. Hana received a doctorate in clinical psychology and began a long, successful career. Charles was a commercial artist. The couple often returned to Prague to visit friends and family. Charles, 85, passed away on March 22, 1998, in Arlington, Virginia. Hana,78, passed away on August 7, 2000, in Arlington.

Karel (Charles) Bruml was born on October 5, 1912, to Jindrich and Irma Schindler Bruml in Prague, Czech Republic, Austro-Hungary. Jindrich was born in 1882 in Strazov to Abraham and Anna Steinreich Bruml and had approximately 10 siblings. Jindrich was a businessman and owned several shoe factories. Irma was born in 1885 in Trebenice to Jacob and Anna Getreuer Schindler. Karel had 2 younger siblings: Otto, b.1916, and Anna, b. 1922. Karel’s family was prosperous and employed a maid. They spoke Czech and German. They were Jewish, but did not keep kosher and rarely attended synagogue. Karel attended a Czech school and took art classes at his synagogue and with a private teacher. Karel’s father often partnered with his brother Richard, b.1884, on business deals. Richard was married to Helene Fischer and Karel was very close to her brother Karel Fischer (1889-1975), a railroad engineer and transportation expert, whom he thought of as an uncle. Karel was a draftsman at a design company.On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region. On March 15, 1939, Germany invaded Prague and absorbed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces, which were governed by a Reich Protector. Karel’s uncle Richard was secretary of the Pilsen branch of the Czechoslovakian Social Democratic party, and was jailed in Germany as a political prisoner. Several antisemitic regulations were enacted: Jews lost their jobs and property; were banned from areas of the city or shopping at certain times. Karel was fired because he was a Jew and his father’s businesses were confiscated. The family had to turn their radio and valuables over to the authorities. Jews were not allowed to have gold or silver, so Karel’s father hid jewelry and bought cheap jewelry to turn over instead. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded neighboring Poland, and World War II began when Great Britain and France declared war. In September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, SS chief of Reich security, became Reich Protector. Jews were required to wear Star of David badges to make them easy to identify. Mass deportations of Jews from Prague began. Karel Fischer was deported in the first transport in late November to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp, 40 miles north of Prague. On December 10, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Otto and Anna, and Otto’s wife, Irma, b.1920, were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel was separated from his family and placed in a barrack with members of the Judenrat (Jewish Council), including Fischer. Fischer was also in charge of transportation and railroad construction for the camp. Fischer arranged for Karel to get a job in the ghetto order police. Karel stood on a street corner and directed the flow of people moving around the camp. Fischer later got Karel a position in the camp technical department. He recorded statistics and made charts and graphs for the German SS camp command. Karel had to report the statistics to the commandant, and sometimes got yelled at or threatened if the statistics were not to his liking. After one report, Karel witnessed 7 men get executed for crimes including writing to a family member and possessing cigarettes. It was a large department and, in their free time, the artists who worked there could secretly do work of their own. The department was headed by Bedrich Fritta and Karel also worked with Leo Haas, Peter Kien, and Jiri Lauscher. Karel’s father and brother worked in the kitchens, preparing the watery soup that was the main food. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and his sister Anna were selected for deportation. Karel tried to convince the camp authorities that his job recording statistics made him indispensable, and thus his family should be allowed to stay in the camp with him. This did not work, so Karel volunteered to be deported with them. They were put on separate cattle cars on a filthy, overcrowded train car. Karel was nominated as the leader of his car. The train never stopped and there was no food. There was a single barrel for a toilet and an elderly man died while using it. When the train arrived at Auschwitz concentration camp in German occupied Poland, Karel had to remove the man’s body. When he returned to the platform, he was unable to find his family.Karel was given a striped uniform and a new prisoner number, 71061, was tattooed on his forearm. After a week, Karel was sent on a forced march to Auschwitz III – Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. He was given soup when he arrived at the camp, but it tasted so terrible that he couldn’t eat it and gave it to other inmates who told him that it would taste good soon enough. He was placed on a work crew that moved concrete and bricks in 12 hour shifts. Shortly after Karel arrived, several camp guards were looking for someone to draw a birthday card for their commander. Karel found a pencil and paper and drew the card for them. This was a risky thing to do, because if the commander did not like the card, he would be killed. The commander liked the card and, as a reward, Karel was placed on a new work team. He painted numbers on uniforms. This was a very good job, and allowed him to paint a new, lower Buna number, 107310, on his cap. This made it appear as though he had been in the camp a long time and had some authority. He was eventually replaced by a German opera singer. He was given a new job tracking statistics for I.G. Farben, the German company that used camp slave labor to produce rubber. Karel continued painting numbers during the evenings to get extra soup. On January 18, 1945, the camp was evacuated as the Russians closed in. Karel was sent on a 2 day forced march to Gleiwitz, an Auschwitz subcamp. He stuffed rags in his shirt to stay warm. He then was placed on an open-air cattle car to Nordhausen, a Mittelbau-Dora subcamp in Germany. Karel did not get assigned to work right away, so he hid in a haystack for 10 days. When he came out, he was recognized by a capo, who had Karel draw pictures for him. Karel worked with other artists instead of on a construction crew. In March, Karel was placed on a 4 day transport to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In late March or early April, Karel and a group of friends escaped from the camp through an unlocked door. They went to a farmhouse, where they were given food and a place to sleep. Karel stayed at the farmhouse until British soldiers arrived and told him that he had to return to Bergen-Belsen, which had been liberated by British troops on April 15, 1945. On May 7, Germany surrendered. Karel worked for UNRRA, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in the camp, but after 3 weeks returned to Prague to look for his family. Karel’s mother, father, and sister, Irma, Jindrich, and Anna, were killed at Auschwitz in late October 1942. His brother, sistein-law, and aunt, Otto, Irma, and Helene Fischer, were deported to Auschwitz in September 1944. Irma and Helene were killed upon arrival. Otto died in 1945 at Buchenwald. Karel’s uncle Richard was reported as having committed suicide in prison in May 1942. Karel Fischer, his wife, and his mother returned to Prague from Theresienstadt. In order to claim his family’s property, Karel had to report them as deceased at a government office. While at the office, Karel met 23 year old Hana Schiff Suk (1922 – 2000), a survivor of Theresienstadt and Kadowa-Sackisch slave labor camp. They decided to go to America and marry. Hana left for New York in May 1946. On August 1946, Karel flew to New York City to join her. They married on December 31, 1946. Karel, now Charles, and Hana moved to Washington, D.C. in 1947. Charles completed art school and was a commercial artist and art director. Hana earned a doctorate and was a clinical psychologist. The couple often returned to Prague to visit friends and family. Charles, 85, passed away on March 22, 1998, in Arlington, Virginia.

Franz Peter Kien was born January 1, 1919, in Varnsdorf, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic), to Leonard and Olga Frankl Kien. His father Leonard was born in 1886, in Varnsdorf, and was a member of the German-speaking Jewish population in the, the Sudetenalnd, which bordered Germany. Leonard was a textile manufacturer with his own factory. Peter’s mother Olga was born in 1898, in Bzenec, Austro-Hungary (Czech Republic), to Jewish parents. After 1929, the Kien family moved to Brno. Peter enrolled at the German Gymnasium, where he excelled at drawing, painting, and writing. In 1936, he graduated and moved to Prague to study at the Academy of Fine Arts. He also attended the Officina Pragensis, a private graphic design school run by a well-known Jewish artist, Hugo Steiner-Prag.

On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland. On March 15, 1939, Germany invaded Prague and annexed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces of Czechoslovakia, ruled by a Reich Protector. Jews were banned from participation in government, businesses, and organization, including schools. Peter had to leave the Academy, but continued to study at the Officina Pragensis. He also taught at Vinohrady Synagogue. In September 1940, Peter married Ilse Stranska, who was born on May 9, 1915, in Pilsen, to Jewish parents.

In late September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the SS head of RSHA, Reich Main Security Office, became Reich Protector. Soon there were regular deportations of Jews to concentration camps. At the end of November, Theresienstadt concentration and transit camp near Prague got its first shipment of Jewish prisoners. On December 14, Peter was transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. He was assigned to the technical department where he worked as a draftsman and designer alongside other artists, including Bedrich Fritta, Leo Haas, and Jiri Lauscher. On July 16, 1942, Peter’s wife Ilse arrived in the camp. On January 30, 1943, Peter’s parents Leonard and Olga were transported from Bzenec to Terezin. Peter was assigned major projects by the Jewish Council that administered the camp for the Germans, such as the scrip receipts used in place of money in the camp. He secretly documented the inmate’s daily life, creating portraits and other drawings, and wrote plays, poems, and an operatic libretto. On October 16, 1944, Peter’s wife Ilse and his parents Leonard and Olga were selected for deportation. Peter volunteered to go with them. Before leaving, Peter and his family were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. Peter survived the selection process, soon fell ill, likely with typhus, and died at age 25 in late October 1944. His wife and parents were killed at Auschwitz. Some of the work that Peter left with other prisoners or hid at Theresienstadt survived and has been exhibited worldwide.

Record last modified: 2020-05-28 16:19:19
This page: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn531190

Also in Charles and Hana Bruml family collection

The collection consists of artwork, Star of David badges, clothing, drafting tools, a drawing, Theresienstadt scrip, correspondence, documents and photographs relating to the experiences of Charles (Karel) Bruml and Hana Mueller Schiff Sukova Bruml in prewar Prague, Czechoslovakia, and in Theresienstadt ghetto/labor camp and several concentration camps during the Holocaust, and in Czechoslovakia and the United States after the Holocaust.

Wooden right angle (45 degree) drafting triangle used by Karel Bruml when he worked as a printer and draftsman in the technical department at Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp from January-October 1942. It is also scratched with the name of his uncle Karel Fischer, an engineer in charge of railroad construction in the camp from November 1941-May 1945. Karel left this and other items with his uncle when he was deported. Karel and his uncle were from Prague, which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. On December 10, 1941, Karel, 29, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz, but separated during the journey. His parents and sisters were killed. Karel was tattooed and then force marched to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) where he painted numbers on prisoner uniforms. On January 18, 1945, as Soviet troops approached, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15, 1945. He returned to Prague and met his future wife, Hana Schiff Suk, as they both searched for news of their families, and found few survivors. Hana had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch camps. Charles and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

French curve drafting tool used by Karel Bruml when he worked as a printer and draftsman in the technical department at Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp from January-October 1942. When Karel was deported, he left this and other items with his uncle Karel Fischer, an engineer in charge of railroad construction in the camp from November 1941-May 1945. Both were from Prague, which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. On December 10, 1941, Karel, 29, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz, but separated during the journey. His parents and sisters were killed. Karel was tattooed and then force marched to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) where he painted numbers on prisoner uniforms. On January 18, 1945, as Soviet troops approached, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15, 1945. He returned to Prague and met his future wife, Hana Schiff Suk, as they both searched for news of their families, and found few survivors. Hana had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch camps. Charles and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Ornament with the Terezin shield made by Jiri Lauscher. It is similar to crafts he made while working in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp, but the date this piece was made is unknown. At some point after the war, he gave the tile to his cousins Hana and Charles Bruml, both former camp inmates. Jiri and Karel worked together in the camp technical department. They were all from Prague which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. In December 1942, Jiri, his wife Irma, and daughter Michaela, 5, were sent to Theresienstadt, where they were liberated in early May 1945. Jiri and family returned to Prague and discovered that most of their relatives had been killed in German concentration camps. Karel was sent to the camp in December 1941 with his parents, Jindrich and Irma, sister Anna, and brother Otto and his wife. On January 11, 1942, Karel volunteered to be deported with his parents and sister. They were sent to Auschwitz; his family was killed and Karel was transferred to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna). In January 1945, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Terezin in August 1942. Rudolf was deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. In October 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp were she was liberated in April 1945. Hana and Karel met in postwar Prague while searching for news of their families. They found few survivors. Karel and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Wooden push puppet toy zebra, a type of toy known as a wakouwa, made by Jiri Lauscher after the war and given to his cousins Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml. When Jiri, his wife, and daughter Michaela, 5, arrived at Theresiensradt ghetto-labor camp in December 1942, Jiri was asked his profession. Michaela had brought Pluto, her push puppet dog, which Jiri had made in the carpenter's workshop where he worked after being fired from his previous job for being Jewish. This proof of his useful skills helped make sure the family got sent to Theresienstadt, and not deported east. Jiri and Karel were assigned to the camp technical department. Jiri and the Bruml's were from Prague which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. In December 1942, Jiri, his wife Irma, and Michaela were sent to Theresienstadt and remained there until liberation in early May 1945. Most of their relatives were killed in German concentration camps. Karel, 29, was sent to the camp in December 1941 with his parents, Jindrich and Irma, sister Anna, and brother Otto and his wife. On January 11, 1942, Karel volunteered to be deported with his parents and sister. They were sent to Auschwitz; his family was killed and Karel was marched to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna). In January 1945, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15. Hana, 20, and her first husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Terezin in August 1942. Rudolf was deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. In October 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was liberated in April 1945. Hana and Karel met in postwar Prague while searching for news of their families. They found few survivors. Karel and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Tablespoon taken from a bag of spoons at Auschwitz by Hana Mueller Schiff, 22. She took it so she could eat like a person. She used it there and at Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp, October 1944-April 1945. Hana was from Prague which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. Heydrich, SS Chief of RSHA, became Reich Protector in September 1941 and ordered the construction of a ghetto-labor camp in Terezin. On November 24, 1941, the first transports of Jewish prisoners arrived. On July 20, 1942, Hana’s parents Hedvika and Richard Mueller and her grandmother Marie Zappner were sent to the camp. On August 10, 1942, Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were transported. That October, Hana's parents were deported to Treblinka killing center. In December 1943, Hana's husband, with his parents and brother, was sent to Auschwitz and killed. On October 1, 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch where she made airplane parts. She was liberated on May 5, 1945. Karel Bruml, 29, was sent to Terezin in December 1941 with his parents, Jindrich and Irma, sister Anna, and brother Otto and his wife. On January 11, 1942, Karel volunteered to be deported with his parents and sister. They were sent to Auschwitz; his family was killed and Karel was tattooed and sent to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna). In January 1945, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and Karel met in postwar Prague while searching for news of their families. They found few survivors. Karel and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Brown burlap bag made from a mattress cover by Hana Mueller Schiff, 22, at Auschwitz and used there and at Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp, October 1944-May 1945. Hana was from Prague which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. Heydrich, SS Chief of RSHA, Reich Main Security, became Reich Protector in September 1941 and ordered the construction of a ghetto-labor camp in Terezin and on November 24, 1941, the first transports of Jewish prisoners reached the camp. On July 20, 1942, Hana’s parents Hedvika and Richard Mueller and her grandmother Marie Zappner were sent to the camp. On August 10, 1942, Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were transported. That October, Hana's parents were deported to Treblinka killing center. In December 1943, Hana's husband, with his parents and brother, was sent to Auschwitz and killed. On October 1, 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch where she made airplane parts. She was liberated on May 5, 1945. Karel Bruml, 29, was sent to Terezin in December 1941 with his parents, Jindrich and Irma, sister Anna, and brother Otto and his wife. On January 11, 1942, Karel volunteered to be deported with his parents and sister. They were sent to Auschwitz; his family was killed and Karel was tattooed and sent to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna). In January 1945, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and Karel met in postwar Prague while searching for news of their families. They found few survivors. Karel and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Blue and gray striped winter issue uniform skirt issued to Hana Bruml at Auschwitz concentration camp in October 1944. Hana shortened the skirt and made two pockets with the extra fabric. She wore it until liberated from Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp in May 1945. Hana was from Prague which, in March 1939, was annexed by Nazi Germany. Heydrich, SS Chief of RSHA, became Reich Protector in September 1941 and ordered the construction of a ghetto-labor camp in Terezin and transports of Jewish prisoners began arriving on November 24, 1941. On July 20, 1942, Hana’s parents Hedvika and Richard Mueller and her grandmother Marie Zappner were sent to the camp. On August 10, 1942, Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were transported. That October, Hana's parents were deported to Treblinka killing center. In December 1943, Hana's husband, with his parents and brother, was sent to Auschwitz and killed. On October 1, 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch where she made airplane parts. She was liberated on May 5, 1945. Karel Bruml, 29, was sent to Terezin in December 1941 with his parents, Jindrich and Irma, sister Anna, and brother Otto and his wife. On January 11, 1942, Karel volunteered to be deported with his parents and sister. They were sent to Auschwitz; his family was killed and Karel was tattooed and sent to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna). In January 1945, Karel was sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and Karel met in postwar Prague while searching for news of their families. They found few survivors. Karel and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Blue and gray striped concentration camp uniform cap issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Auschwitz III – Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp from November 1942 - January 1945. Karel demonstrated his artistic ability to the camp guards, and was put to work painting prisoner numbers on uniforms. He then painted a lower, more advantageous prisoner number, 107310, on his cap. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Cloth shield with the Bohemian lion with the Czech escutcheon on a red field made by Karel Bruml to identify himself as Czech. Karel made it while imprisoned in Nordhausen concentration camp, part of the Dora-Mittelbau complex, from February-March 1945, after a capo recognized him and had him make artwork work with a group of other artist-prisoners. Karel, 20, was from Prague in the Province of Bohemia which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Karel's parents and sister were murdered in the gas chambers upon arrival. Karel was then force marched to Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) where he moved building materials until reassigned to paint prisoner numbers. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, then Nordhausen, and finally Bergen-Belsen concentration camps where he was liberated on April 15 by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Inverted, triangular red prisoner identification badge with a black T for Tscheche [Czech] owned by Karel (later Charles) and Hana Bruml. Karel made it while imprisoned in Nordhausen concentration camp, part of the Dora-Mittelbau complex, from February-March 1945, after a capo recognized him and had him make artwork with a group of other artist-prisoners. Red cloth is usually used to identify political prisoners, with a letter to indicate nationality; if the inmate was Jewish, it would be worn with a yellow cloth stripe. Both Karel and Hana were imprisoned in several German-run concentration camps from 1941-1945. They were originally from Prague which was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp where he painted prisoner numbers on uniforms. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague and met while searching for relatives, but most had perished. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value 1 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value 2 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits.Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value .10 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits.Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value .10 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value .10 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value .10 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value .25 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Mittelbau labor camp token, value .25 mark, issued to Karel Bruml while an inmate at Dora-Mittelbau / Nordhausen concentration camp in spring 1945. The coupons could sometimes be exchanged for food rations. Non-Jews could use them for brothel visits. Karel was from Prague which was annexed by Germany in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel was assigned to work in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Buna. He moved building materials until reassigned. In early 1945, Karel was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. On April 15, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British soldiers. Karel returned to Prague after the war ended in early May. He learned that most of his family had perished. He met Hana Schiff Suk, who had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Star of David badge printed with Jude, German for Jew, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml. This badge may have been worn by one of them. It is the type they would have been required to wear beginning September 1941 in German occupied Prague. Nazi Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Star of David badge printed with Jude, German for Jew, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml. This badge may have been worn by one of them. It is the type they would have been required to wear beginning September 1941 in German occupied Prague. Nazi Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, siblings, Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. Karel was then force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Triangular metal badge engraved VDM 88 issued to Hana Schiff from October 1944-May 1945 at the Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke [United German Metalworks], Kudowa-Sakisch slave labor camp in Germany. Hana worked 12 hour shifts and was issued 2 lavatory passes daily, which had to be submitted to a female guard each time she used the bathroom. Hana was from Prague which was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1939. Hana, 20, and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Thersienstadt ghetto-labor camp in August 1942. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch where she was freed in May 1945. Hana returned to Prague. While searching for relatives, she met Karel Bruml. They both lost most of their extended families. Hana and Charles left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

The Hana and Charles Bruml papers consist of biographical materials, correspondence, personal narratives, photographic materials, printed materials, and Theresienstadt materials documenting Hana and Charles Bruml from Czechoslovakia, their families, their survival in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz, and their immigration to the United States after the Holocaust.

Blue pajama top given by Hana Mueller Schiff (later Bruml) to her cousin Jiri Lauscher when both were prisoners at Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. The shirt originally belonged to Hana’s husband, Rudolf, who used it in Theresienstadt until he was deported in 1943. The transport number of Jiri's daughter CK 539 is written in the collar. All were sent to the camp from German occupied Prague. Rudolf, 23, and Hana, 21, were transported in August 1942. Rudolf was ill and not assigned to work. Hana was a nurse. Rudolf was deported to Auschwitz with parents Richard and Marta and brother Karel in December 1943, and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then transferred to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp. She was freed on May 5, 1945. Jiri, wife Irma, and Michaela, 5, arrived at Terezin in December 1942. Jiri worked in the camp technical department and Irma was a teacher in the clandestine children’s classes. In early May 1945, the camp was liberated. Jiri and his family returned to Prague, as did Hana. They learned that most of their extended families had perished. Hana met Karel Bruml, a former inmate of Terezin, Auschwitz, and several other camps, and both left for America in 1946.

White, now stained, lab coat used by Hana Mueller Schiff, while a prisoner in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp where she was a nurse in the infectious disease hospital ward from August 1942 - October 1944. In March 1939, Nazi Germany annexed Prague. Hana, 21, and her husband Rudolf Schiff, 23, were transported on August 10. Hana’s parents were deported to Treblinka killing center in October 1942. Her husband, his parents Richard and Marta, and brother Karel were sent to Auschwitz and killed in December 1943. On October 1, 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp in Poland where she worked in an airplane factory. She was liberated on May 5, 1945, and returned to Prague. While searching for surviving family members, Hana met Karel Bruml. He had survived Terezin, Auschwitz, Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) and death marches to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and Karel found few survivors. They left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Star of David badge, printed with Jude, German for Jew, owned by Hana Bruml. It appears used and this badge may have been worn by Hana or her husband Charles, but its history is not known. Jews in Prague, which was annexed by Germany in March 1939, were required to wear Judenstern beginning in September 1941. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was sent to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna). In early 1945, he was sent to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Unused Star of David badge, printed with Jude, German for Jew, owned by Hana Bruml. This badge appears unused but it is the type that Hana or Charles Bruml would have required in Prague beginning in September 1941. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was sent to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna). In early 1945, he was sent to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Pencil drawing given to Hana Mueller Schiff Sukova in postwar Prague, April 1946, not long before she left for the United States. It is a sketch of people waiting in line with pails for food rations in a courtyard resembling Theresienstadt, with an inscription suggesting the artist and Hana were both prisoners there. In March 1939, Prague was annexed by Nazi Germany. Hana, 21, and her husband Rudolf Schiff, 23, were sent on August 10. Hana’s parents were deported to Treblinka killing center in October 1942. Her husband, his parents Richard and Marta, and brother Karel, were sent to Auschwitz and killed in December 1943. On October 1, 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp in Poland where she was freed on May 5, 1945. She returned to Prague and while searching for surviving family members met Karel Bruml. He had survived Terezin, Auschwitz, Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) and death marches to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and Karel found few surviving relatives. They left separately for America in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 1 (eine) krone, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 1 (eine) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 1 (eine) krone, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 1 (eine) krone, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 1 (eine) krone, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 2 (zwei) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 2 (zwei) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 2 (zwei) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 2 (zwei) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 5 (funf) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 5 (funf) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 5 (funf) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 5 (funf) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 5 (funf) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 10 (zehn) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 10 (zehn) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 10 (zehn) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 10 (zehn) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 10 (zehn) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 20 (zwanzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 20 (zwanzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 20 (zwanzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 20 (zwanzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 20 (zwanzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 50 (funfzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 50 (funfzig) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Theresienstadt scrip, 100 (hundert) kronen, owned by Charles (Karel) and Hana Bruml, who were prisoners at the ghetto-labor camp. This type of scrip was produced at the camp beginning in spring 1943. Currency was confiscated from incoming inmates and replaced with scrip. It was also provided to pensioners and to camp workers as payment. There was nothing to exchange it for in the camp, except library books. Germany annexed Prague in March 1939. On December 10, 1941, Karel, his parents Jindrich and Irma, siblings Anna and Otto, and Otto’s wife Irma were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel worked in the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and sister were selected for deportation and Karel volunteered to go with them. They were sent to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Karel was force marched to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. In early 1945, he was transferred to Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15. Hana and her husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt in August 1942. Rudolf, his parents, and his brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana and Karel returned to Prague where they met while searching for relatives. They found few survivors. They both left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Luggage tag used by Hana Suk when she left Rouen, France, on her way to New York in May 1946. Hana was, a native of Prague, Czechoslovakia which was taken over by Nazi Germany in March 1939. It was controlled by a Reich Protector and Jews were oppressed and then targeted for destruction. In August 1942, Hana and her then husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp about 30 miles north of the city. Hana worked as a nurse. Rudolf, his parents, and brother were deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. Hana was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944, and then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was freed in May 1945. Hana returned to Prague and assumed the surname Suk. While searching for surviving relatives, she met Karel Bruml. They found few survivors. Hana and Karel left separately for the United States in 1946, and married in New York.

Two joined drawings, a humorous drawing of Karel Fischer and his wife Anna, and a pencil portrait of Fischer drawn by Leo Haas when they were all prisoners in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp circa 1942- October 1944. It was presented to Fischer on his sixth wedding anniversary, March 20, 1944, by his workers. After the war, Fischer gave the drawing to his nephew and fellow Terezin inmate, Karel Bruml. In March 1939, Prague was annexed by Nazi Germany. Fischer, 49, was ordered to the newly opened camp in late November 1941 to build the railroad spur from Bauschowitz to Terezin. He was in charge of camp road and rail construction and a member of the Jewish Council. Fischer and his family were held at Terezin until liberation in early May 1945. Haas, 41, was interned in September 1942 and assigned to the technical department. After the Red Cross visit in summer 1944, Haas and other artists were accused of smuggling out artwork depicting real camp conditions; they were arrested and tortured. In October 1944, Haas was deported to Auschwitz, then Sachsenhausen, and in February 1945, to Mauthausen, then Ebensee where he was liberated in early May. Bruml, 29, was sent to Terezin in December 1941 and worked in the technical department. In October 1942, he was deported to Auschwitz, and then sent to Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated on April 15. Hana, 20, and her first husband Rudolf Schiff were sent to Terezin in August 1942. Rudolf was deported to Auschwitz in December 1943 and killed. In October 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, then sent to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp where she was liberated in April 1945. Hana and Karel met in postwar Prague while searching for news of their families. They found few survivors. Karel and Hana left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Large, brown burlap covered trunk used by Otto Bruml to carry his belongings when he was sent from Prague to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in December 1941 with his wife, Irma, parents, Anna and Jindrich, and siblings Anna and Karel. In September 1944, before Otto was deported to Auschwitz, he gave the trunk to his uncle Karel Fischer, who stamped it with 742, which had been Karel Bruml's transport number. Fischer was the camp railroad engineer and remained at Terezin until its liberation in early May 1945. After he returned to Prague, Fischer gave the trunk to Otto’s brother Karel, who used it when he left for the US in 1946. Prague was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1939. Theresienstadt, 40 miles north of Prague opened in November 1941. Fischer was ordered to the camp in late November to build the rail spur from Bohusovice. Otto and his family arrived in December. On October 26, 1942, Otto’s parents and siblings were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. All but Karel were killed upon arrival. On December 28, 1944, Otto was deported to Auschwitz and, on January 22, 1945, sent to Buchenwald where he died prior to its April 1945 liberation. Karel survived Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna), Gleiwitz, Dora-Mittelbau (Nordhausen), and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and was liberated on April 15. Karel returned to Prague and met his future wife, Hana Schiff Suk, as they both searched for news of their families, and found few survivors. Hana had survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and Kudowa-Sackisch. They left for the United States in 1946, where they married.

Portrait of Karel Fischer drawn by Peter Kien when both were prisoners in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp circa 1942-October 1944. Kien inscribed it: "Petr-na protiucet" [Petr - a payback]. After the war, Fischer gave the drawing to another former inmate, Karel Bruml, nephew of Fischer’s sister, Helene. All had been sent to the camp from German occupied Prague. Fischer, a transportation specialist and railroad engineer, was sent just as the camp opened in late November 1941, and put in charge of road and rail construction. He was an influential member of the Jewish Council known for his willingness to help others. In early May 1945, the camp was liberated and Fischer and his family returned to Prague. Kien, 22, a gifted artist, was transported in December 1941, and assigned to the technical department. In October 1944, Kien and his family were deported to Auschwitz and killed. Bruml, 29, arrived with his parents and siblings in December 1941. He lived in the same barrack as Fischer, and worked in the technical department. In October 1942, Bruml and his family were deported to Auschwitz. His family was killed, but Bruml was transferred through several concentration camps. He was liberated at Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, and returned to Prague in May. He and Fischer found that most of their families had perished. Bruml met Hana Schiff Suk in Prague, a fellow survivor of Theresienstadt and Auschwitz and they left for America in 1946.

Ink drawing of a large crowd milling around a wagon being loaded with coffins drawn by Dr. Karel Fleischmann when he was a prisoner in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp from April 1942-October 1944. After the war, the drawing belonged to fellow Theresienstadt inmates, Irma and Jiri Lauscher, who gave it as a present to their cousin and fellow Terezin inmate, Hana Schiff Bruml. In April 1942, Fleischmann and his family were transported to the camp. Fleischmann, a medical doctor, was made assistant director of the health department. In October 1944, Fleischmann and his family were deported to Auschwitz and killed. In December 1942, Jiri and Irma Lauscher, and daughter Michaela, 5, arrived in camp. Jiri, an artisan, was assigned to the technical department. Irma organized and taught clandestine children's classes. In October 1944, Hana Schiff and her husband Rudolf arrived. In December 1943, Rudolf was deported to Auschwitz and killed. In October 1944, Hana was deported to Auschwitz, transferred to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp, and freed on May 5, 1945. By early 1945, all of Jiri and Irma's close friends at Terezin were deported to concentration camps. Jiri became the safekeeper of the personal possessions of many deported friends and dedicated himself to documenting and preserving the prisoners' experiences. In early May 1945, Terezin was liberated. Jiri and his family returned to Prague, as did Hana. They learned that most of their extended families had perished. Hana met Karel Bruml, a former inmate of Terezin, Auschwitz, and several other camps, also from Prague, and they went to America in 1946.

Learn about over 1,000 camps and ghettos in Volume I and II of this encyclopedia, which are available as a free PDF download. This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes.