Dr. Alan Friedlander - The Oceanic InstituteDr. Paul Jokiel - Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department Of Oceanograhpy, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University Of HawaiiMr. Eric Brown - Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department Of Oceanograhpy, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University Of HawaiiUnknown
Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP):
Fish Data from 2000 (NODC Accession 0000757)
NoneNoneUnpublished MaterialUnpublished materialhttp://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0000757
This dataset consists of CRAMP surveys taken in 2000 and includes
quantitative estimates of fish species richness, abundance, and biomass.
There are 32 survey sites, with most of these having both a shallow and
deep transect. These sites are located on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Kahoolawe,
and Hawaii. Typically, one sampling date was made for each site
per year. Annual surveys are scheduled at these sites and additional sites
through at least 2002.
To understand the ecology of Hawaiian coral reefs in relation to
other geographic areas and to monitor change at each given site.
CRAMP experimental design allows detection of changes that can be attributed
to various factors such as:
overuse (over-fishing, anchor damage, aquarium trade
collection, etc.), sedimentation, nutrient loading,
catastrophic natural events (storm wave impact, lava
flows), coastal construction, urbanization, global warming
(bleaching), introduced species, algal invasions, and fish
and invertebrate diseases.
The emphasis of the program is on the major problems facing Hawaiian coral
reefs as listed by managers and reef scientists during workshops and meetings
held in Hawaii (1997-1998). These are:
over-fishing,
sedimentation,
eutrophication, and
algal outbreaks.
CRAMP experimental design gives priority to areas where baseline data relevant
to these issues were previously collected. Transect dimensions, number of
replicates, and methods of evaluation have been selected to detect changes
with statistical confidence. Standard techniques include the establishment of
permanent transects to quantify fish, coral, algae, and invertebrates at study sites.
CRAMP researchers are quantifying changes that have occurred on coral reefs
subjected to varying degrees of fishing pressure, sedimentation,
eutrophication, and algal growth and are conducting experimental work in
order to test hypotheses concerning the role of these environmental factors
in the ecology of coral reefs. We are also in the process of resurveying,
updating and integrating existing ecological information on an array of coral
reefs that have been designated as areas of concern or, "hot spots," by
managers and scientists.
NOAASupplemental:
Entry_ID: Unknown
Sensor_Name: SCUBA
Source_Name: manual
Project_Campaign: Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP)
Originating_Center: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Storage_Medium: Excel, ASCII
Online_size: 998473 kbytes
200003030900200101291500Ground conditionsIn workAnnual-159.7273-155.017122.210919.5118NoneCoastal studiesCoral reef monitoring and assessmentReef fishreef fish biomassreef fish speciesreef fish abundancereef fish richnessreef fish sizesubstrate typetaxa name and codeNumeric Data SetsNumeric Data Sets - oceanographicNumeric Data Sets - benthicNumeric Data Sets - biologyISO 19115 Topic Categorybiota002CoRIS Theme ThesaurusEARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish CensusEARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Coral CoverEARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > FishCoRIS Discovery ThesaurusNumeric Data Sets > Biology
NonePacific OceanKauaiOahuMolokaiMauiKahoolaweHawaiiKaapunaLaaloaLaupahoehoeLeleiwiKawaihaeNenue Pt.HanaleiHoaiLimahuliMiloliiNualolo KaiHakioawaHonolua NorthHonolua SouthKanehena BayKanehena Pt.KahekiliMaalaeaMolokiniOlowaluPapaula Pt.PuamanaKamilioloaKamaloPalaauHanauma BayHeeiaKahePili OKaalaeaMoku o LoePupukeaCoRIS Place ThesaurusOCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kauai Island > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Oahu Island > Oahu (21N157W0003)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Oahu (21N157W0003)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Molokai Island > Molokai Island (21N157W0001)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Molokai Island (21N157W0001)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Maui Island > Maui Island (20N156W0004)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Maui Island (20N156W0004)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kahoolawe Island > Kahoolawe Island (20N156W0001)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Kalawao > Kahoolawe Island (20N156W0001)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii Island > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)
NoneBenthicNoneDataset credit requiredNOAA/National Oceanographic Data CenterNODC User Services Group LeaderMailing and physical addressSSMC3 Fourth Floor1315 East West HighwaySilver SpringMaryland20910-3282USA301-713-3277301-713-3302services@nodc.noaa.gov8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday Through FridayPhone/FAX/e-mail
Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service
United States Geological Survey
State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Aquatic Resources
Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal Program
Limahuli National Botanical Garden
Save Our Seas
ASCII 127 Mbytes.See methodologynone
CRAMP Protocol
One of the major objectives of the CRAMP program during the first year was to
establish a sampling protocol that could detect change in coral cover over
time with sufficient statistical power (P>0.8). The first step involved the
evaluation of historical methods to determine if any of these procedures
could be incorporated into the CRAMP protocol. After careful analysis it was
determined that only the fixed photoquadrats utilized by Dr. Steve Coles at
Bishop Museum had sufficient power. The method, which samples a relatively
small area, is suitable to address small-scale questions on coral growth,
recruitment and mortality, but inference on general reef condition is
difficult across broader sections of reef.
The second step involved soliciting input from colleagues conducting coral
reef monitoring programs in the Florida Keys and the Great Barrier Reef.
Their general recommendation was to use digital video to sample coral cover
over large areas of the reef. Before we could implement their designs,
however, we had to evaluate the appropriateness of these techniques for
Hawai`i. The following parameters in the sampling design were determined in
the third step:
1.Repeatability and appropriate length of the transects using different
methods
2.Observer variation within different methods
3.Number of points per frame to analyze
4.Number of frames per transect to analyze
5.Number of transects per depth to sample
6.Random versus fixed transects
7.Time and monetary considerations to optimize sampling design
The results of this evaluation were presented at the National Coral Reef
Institute Conference in Florida and are summarized by the CRAMP research team
(Brown, et al. 1999). Repeatability and appropriate transect length were
tested using photoquadrats on a transect line sampled over a short time
interval. Shorter transects of 10m were found to have higher precision
(Ability to replicate quadrats on a transect) than transects of 25m and 50m.
Photoquadrats produced similar results to visual estimation techniques,
regardless of observer, but neither method yielded satisfactory precision.
Digital video was evaluated at Hanauma Bay, Oahu over 2 time intervals
separated by 84 days. It was assumed that overall coral cover would not
change dramatically during this time period. Power curves were constructed
using methods described by Zar (1999) for detecting a 10% change in coral
cover across 2 time periods (Figure 1). Number of frames was more important
in increasing power than number of points though the difference was not
substantial. This is primarily due to the fact that more frames sample a
larger portion of the habitat, which incorporates more of the heterogeneity
of the substrate. A sample size of 10 transects per site appeared to be
adequate for characterizing the coral cover using a power value of 0.8 set as
a convention by Cohen (1988).
Fixed transects were chosen over random for several reasons. First, it is
difficult to properly implement a randomized protocol for transect placement
without a map of benthic habitats that is geo-referenced. At present this
does not exist for the state of Hawai`i. Second, the majority of the
historical data uses fixed transect locations so integrating the current
protocol with previous work will be simpler. Third, after the initial random
setup the fixed transects should be easier to resample, thus reducing
preparation time and ultimately costs to generate the random grid for
subsequent transect measurements (Green and Smith, 1997). Fourth, randomized
sampling of transects will have difficulty in detecting change in coral cover
if reefs change dramatically over time. This is because the random protocol
measures inherent spatial variation at each sampling period, which adds
variance associated with spatial heterogeneity of the reef rather than
changes or patterns that are time-related (Green and Smith, 1997). Fifth,
using a repeated measures ANOVA design with fixed transects can provide
additional information on population and community structure that is
difficult to obtain with random transects (Hughes, 1996; Connell et al.
1997). Sixth, the time and cost complications with random transects are not
worth the broader inference about reef "condition" especially if the fixed
transects are representative of habitat variation (Andy Taylor, personal
communication). Finally, interpreting results from fixed transects is much
easier for the general public and resource managers to comprehend than using
a randomized sampling design.
Time and monetary constraints were examined to determine the optimum sampling
protocol. The analysis revealed that digital video collected more data per
unit time than visual estimation, planar point intercept and photoquadrats.
It was the most expensive option considered at $5,500 for the system but
since field time underwater is the principal limiting factor then the
quantity of field data collected outweighs the expense. In addition, digital
video and photoquadrats also enable archiving of the data for later
re-analysis to address additional questions.
Site Survey Protocol
Two types of protocol are utilized by CRAMP: Monitoring Protocol and
Assessment Protocol. This submission to NOAA only includes data taken
using the Monitoring Protocol. The Assessment Protocol is simply an
abbreviated version of the Monitoring Protocol. The Assessment Protocol
is a rapid method that is most useful for describing spatial relationships.
The Assessment Protocol lacks the statistical power of the Monitoring
Protocol to detect change in the benthos. The Assessment Protocol is a more
cost-effective method for answering certain questions on the status of coral
reefs.
Monitoring Protocol - General Description
Installing the fixed monitoring sites is a process that was generally
completed by a team of six divers during a single dive. All primary sites
have been installed. The initial monitoring of a given site was generally
initiated at some time after installation. More detail on installation is
discussed under the section on Benthic Monitoring. Upon reaching an
established monitoring site site a number of tasks must be performed. CRAMP
generally surveys one site (3 m and 10 m transect locations at each site)
per day with a team of 6 divers. The deeper site is surveyed in the morning,
the shallow site in the afternoon after a proper surface interval. The
beginning of the transect is located by visual lineups and/or GPS by skin
divers and marked with a dive flag to alert boaters of our presence and
enable quick location by the divers. Subsequent SCUBA teams entering the
water take materials needed for the survey (spooled transect tapes, rugosity
chain, video camera, photo-quadrat apparatus, extra marker pins, etc) and
deposit the material near the start of the transect for use by the teams
during the dive.
The first SCUBA team to enter the water consists of two divers: the person
doing the fish survey and a back-up diver who stays within visual range and
photographs the fixed photo-quadrats as the fish survey proceeds. Estimates
of fish species richness, abundance, and biomass are taken before the
benthic transect lines are laid out so as to sample a relatively undisturbed
habitat. The standard CRAMP fish transect is taken along a depth contour
within the CRAMP grid of benthic transects, and consists of four, 5x25m
transects that are separated by 5m. The scientist doing the fish survey
counts fish while deploying a 25 m line behind him/her. As the survey
proceeds, two more SCUBA divers enter the water. One of the pair starts
video taping the replicate benthic transects while the second deploys the
transect tapes and records species information on the corals/algae located
along each transect for later reference. The third team of two divers
follows the video transect team and measures rugosity under the replicate
transects. Upon completion of the fish transect, the first dive team
completes the photo-quadrats. As other teams complete their work they
return to the start of the transect and begin taking up the transect tapes.
During the survey, various divers complete additional functions. These
include taking sediment samples, stabilizing or replacing lose transect
pins, routine photography of organisms, description of habitats, making
algae collections or various activities.
The same procedure is carried out at the shallow site during the afternoon.
In addition, at various times of the day (depending on time availability)
two members of the group will skin dive with a dive flag and water proof GPS
unit while describing and recording habitat distribution throughout the
study site for later mapping efforts.
This database contains all of the fish transect data collected at each site during a
survey. Data includes site, survey date, observer, transect, abundance and size
estimates for all fish species present within the transect boundaries. Multiple
queries extract species richness and abundance data for each site. Additional queries
convert the size estimates to total biomass and biomass by species for each site.
Length estimates of fishes from visual censuses can be converted to weight using
the following length-weight conversion:
W = aSLb
the parameters a and b are constants for the allometric growth equation where SL is
standard length in mm and W in grams. Length-weight parameters are available for
150 species commonly observed on visual fish transects in Hawaii (Friedlander, 1997)
and are included in the Taxon table of the database.
Sources Used:
Brown, E, E Cox, B Tissot, K Rodgers, and W Smith (1999). Evaluation of
benthic sampling methods considered for the Coral Reef Assessment and
Monitoring Program (CRAMP) in Hawaii. International Conference on
Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring, and Restoration.
April 14-16, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
Connell, J H, T P Hughes, C C Wallace (1997). A 30-year study of coral abundance,
recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time. Ecol. Mono.
67(4): 461-488.
Friedlander, Alan and Parrish, James 1998. Habitat characteristics
affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 224: 1-30.
Green, R H and S R Smith (1997). Sample program design and environmental impact
assessment on coral reef. Proc 8th International Coral Reef Symposium.
2: 1459-1464.
McCormick, Mark 1994. Comparison of field methods for measuring surface
topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 112: 87-96.
UnknownDr. Alan FriedlanderThe Oceanic InstitutePhysical and mailing41-202 Kalanianaole HwyWaimanaloHI96795USA808-259-7951afriedlander@oceanicinstitute.orgUS National Oceanographic Data CenterUser Services Teammailing and physicalSSMC3 FOURTH FLOOR; 1315 EAST WEST HWYSILVER SPRINGMD20910-3282USA301-713-3272301-713-3302NODC.Services@noaa.govDownloadable DataNOAA and NODC make no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NODC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data.Originator's Data Format(s)http://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0000757Download from NODCContact NODC for most recent fee structure.Contact NODC Customer Service if difficulties in downloading this data set are encountered.20131019Mr. Patrick C. CaldwellNOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDCHawaii/US Pacific Liaisonmailing1000 Pope Road, MSB 316Dept. of OceanographyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHawaii96822USA(808)-956-4105(808) 956-2352caldwell@hawaii.edu8 AM to 5 PM weekdayscheck services@nodc.noaa.gov if not availableFGDC CSDGMFGDC-STD-001-1998http://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/metadatafgdc_0000757.html6926