Agriculture, early development of; and religion; encouraged by Sujin;in reign of Suinin; on state revenue lands; in years 540-640; in Naraepoch; in Heian; in Kamakura period; under Yoshimune; Americans inremodelling methods of; growth in 19th century

Bushi; originated in N.E. Japan; name first used of guards; virtuesof, typified in leaders of Nine Years' Commotion; generaldescription; of Kwanto described; fighting against Mongols; outragesin provinces

Bushido, way of the warrior; cult developed by Yamaga Soko; and byYoshimune

Butsu Sorai see Ogyu Sorai

Butter, tribute to Court

Buzen, Tsuehi-gumo in

Byodo-in, Tendai temple; prison of Go-Daigo

Cabinet under Restoration rule; crisis over Korea (1873); of 1885;dependent on Crown

Camera government, insei, proposed by Go-Sanjo; under Shirakawa;Go-Shirakawa; Yoritomo establishes giso at the Inchu; the threerecluses; system destroyed by Shokyu war; in Kamakura regency; cameraparty at court; in Northern court

Court, costume, colours and kinds; ceremonial; for Imperial power seeCrown

Court houses or families, kuge; come into power again at restoration;in Muromachi period; driven to provinces; Ieyasu's laws for;intermarriage with military; college for, established by Ninko;influenced by anti-foreign party; in Restoration; distinction betweenterritorial and court nobles abolished (1871)

District, gun or kori (originally agata), Daika subdivision, smallerthan province; classification under Daiho; chief of, guncho;governors, gunshi; district governors and title to uplands; in Meijiadministration, cho, or son

Divination

Doctors, national

Doen, Buddhist priest, envoy to China

Dogo, Iyo, thermal spring

Dogs as pets; dog fights; Tsunayoshi's mania for

Doi support Southern Court in Nankai-do

Sanehira (d. 1220), Yoritomo's lieutenant; military governor

Michiharu (d. 1337), defender of Go-Daigo

Toshikatsu (1573-1644), enforces feudal laws

Doin Kinkata (1291-1360), minister of Go-Daigo

Kinsada (1340-99), scholar

Doji, Sanron Buddhist, abbot of Daian-ji

Dojima, in Osaka, rice-exchange

Dojo, exercise halls

Doki (Toki) family favour Takauji; beaten by Saito

Yorito (d. 1342), insults Kogon

Dokyo see Yuge Dokyo

Dolmen in Yamato sepulture; compared with Chinese and Korean;precious metals in

Dutch, trade in Japan, beginning 1600, Spanish intrigues against;Dutch and English intrigues against Portuguese and Spaniards; aid inreduction of Christian revolt in Shimabara; trade at Nagasakirestricted; Western learning; refuse grant in Yedo; choose Hirado asheadquarters; the Brack; at Deshima; literature; in 19th century;teachers of military science; give steamship; at Shimonoseki

Dwarf trees and miniature gardens

Dwelling-Houses, primitive; abandoned on death of owner; generalcharacter in Nara epoch; in Heian epoch; Kamakura; Muromachii

Dyeing

Dynasties, War of the (1337-92); table

Ears of enemy as spoil

Earthquake, 416 A.D.; 599 A.D. drives people to appeal to EarthquakeKami; in Kyoto (1185), and (1596); of 1662 charged to Emperor's lackof virtue; of 1703

Eastern Army, Hosokawa Onin War

Eastern Tsin dynasty (317-420) Chinese migration

East India Company

Eben, Buddhist priest

Ebisu, variant of Yemishi

Echigo, barrier settlement (645) against Yemishi; and Matsudaira

--Chuta, suicide

Echizen, paper money in

Education, in ancient Japan; in Nara epoch, in Heian; temple schools;military foundations; at Yedo; in Meiji epoch; see Academies

Egawa Tarozaemon advocates foreign intercourse

Eight Generals of Kwanto

Eigwa Monogatari, "Tales of Splendour," story of the Fujiwara, byAkazome Emon

Finance and administration, ancient; in protohistoric tunes; in Naraepoch; in Muromachi epoch; under early Tokugawa; policy of AraiHakuseki; "accommodation" system of 1786; under Tokugawa; in earlyMeiji period

Hair-dressing and hair-cutting, ancient; dividing the hair (mizura)goes out when official caps come in; tied up in time of Temmu; girl'shair bound up by lover; in Heian epoch; in Kamakura period; inSadanobu's laws

--Yasutoki (1183-1242) sent against Kyoto at outbreak of Shokyu war;captures the capital; explains treatment of ex-Emperors; one of firsttandai; in regency; thrift and generosity; Joei code; death; Buddhisttemples

Hosokawa, Harima, manor given to Fujiwara Tameiye; family favoursTakauji; large estates; Muromachi kwanryo; one of Five Regent Houses;power in 15th century; Yamana family; Eastern army in Onin struggle;crushed by Miyoshi; "province holders"; in Sanuki

--Harumoto (1519-63), son of Sunimoto, in civil war; joined by Kokyo

--Katsumoto(1430-73), kwanryo; estates; feud with the Hatakeyama;quarrels with Yamana, shitsuji; death

Kamakura, S. of present Yokohama, Yoritomo's headquarters; militarycentre for 150 years; shrines built by Yoritomo; school of art;growth of luxury; fall of city (1333); headquarters of Ashikagafamily; Takauji removes to Kyoto, keeping Kamakura as secondarybasis; Ashikaga driven out, Uesugi come in

--Gongoro, soldier of Three Years' War

--Jidaishi, quoted on parties in Shokyu struggle

Kamatari; see Fujiwara Kamatari

Kamegiku, dancer

Kameyama, 90th Emperor (1259-74)

Kami in Japanese mythology; "creation" of chiefs; used in"Chronicles" of Yemishi chiefs; trinity of; two classes; the Kamiclass or Shimbetsu; worship of, in early 7th century; uji no Kamielective in Temmu's time; Shinto K., Buddha's avatars

Kudara, Korea, now Seoul; Japanese alliance; weaver from; scribe;relations with Yuryaku; story of Multa; invaded by Koma; securesImun; gains through friendship of Japan; Buddhism; wars with Shiragiand Koma; crushed by Shiragi and China; migration from

Kwampaku, regent for grown Emperor, mayor of palace, officeestablished (882); decline of power under Go-Sanjo; foreshadowed byKurando-dokoro; chosen alternately from Kujo and Konoe; officeabolished after Kemmu restoration; unimportant after Tokugawa period

Kwanryo, governor general; list of Kamakura k.; title passes fromAshikaga to Uesugi family; also given (1367) to shitsuji in shogun'scourt, and held by Shiba, Hosokawa and Hatakeyama families; comparedwith shikken and betto

Manchuria, in colonization from northern China; part ceded to Japanby treaty of 1895, but not occupied after Russian, German and Frenchnote; Russian designs upon; Russia's failure to evacuate, andnegotiations over "open door"; Russo-Japanese war; evacuation of,provided for by treaty of Portsmouth; Japanese position in

Man-dokoro, administration bureau, one of three sections of Bakufu,formerly called kumon-jo; in administration of Kyoto after Shokyuwar; in Muromachi administration

Maneko, atae of Iki, suicide

Man-en, year-period, 1860, coinage of

Manhattan, American ship, enters Uraga

Mannen tsuho, coin

Manners and customs, remote; in time of Yuryaku; in Muromachi period

Manors, large estates, shoen; attempts to regulate; koden, tax free,granted to Taira after Heiji tumult; Yoritomo's memorial on; abusesof, remedied by appointment of constables and land stewards;distribution after restoration of Kemmu; gifts of Takauji

Manumission of slaves

Manyo-shu, "Myriad Leaves" first Japanese anthology; compared withKokinshu; on character of soldier; comments on, by Keichu

Map, official, begun under Hideyoshi

Market Commissioners, after Daika

Markets, ichi, in early Japan; in Nara epoch

Marquis, asomi, title established by Temmu

Marriage in early Japan; and the festival of utakai; none recognizedamong slaves by Daika; in Nara and earlier epochs; in laws ofMilitary Houses; between military and court families; child marriage

Marubashi Chuya, leader in revolt of 1651

Masa, daughter of Hojo Tokimasa, mistress of Minamoto Yoritomo;mother of Yoriiye and the power, with Tokimasa, in hisadministration; saves Sanetomo; plea to generals of Bakufu; death(1225)

Mikado, origin of title; name appropriated for residence of SogaEmishi

Mikata-ga-hara, war of, (1572-3)

Mikawa, province, Oda defeat Imagawa in; fighting in Komaki war

Mikena, brother of Jimmu

Military Affairs, in ancient Japan; first conscription (689 A.D.);organization under Daiho; during Nara epoch; improvement inorganization in 12th century; development of tactics; foreignmilitary science; conscription laws and samurai; new army justifiedby Satsuma rebellion; modern army organization

Minamoto, princely family; Fujiwara take wives from; generals ofImperial guards; called Gen and Gen-ji; academy; manors and troops;win Taira estates; quarrel with Taira; revolt against Fujiwara;literature; military power in provinces, especially Kwanto; "claws"of Fujiwara; provincial branches; war with Taira; power taken by Hojo

--Hikaru (845-913), son of Nimmyo, accuses Sugawara Michizane; death

--Hiromasa (918-80), musician

--Ichiman (1200-3), candidate for shogun, killed

--Kanetsuna, in Yorimasa conspiracy

--Kugyo see Kugyo

--Mitsukune, erects monument to Kusunoki Masashige

--Mitsumasa, founder of Suruga Genji

Minamoto Mitsunaka (912-97), reveals conspiracy against Fujiwara(967); his influence; founder of Shinano Genji; the two swords

--Nakaakira, killed with Sanetomo by Sugyo

--Narinobu, poet

--Noriyori (1156-93), sent against Yoshinaka; at Ichino-tani; commandsforce (1184-5); blocks Taira from withdrawing into Kyushu;assassinated

--Yoritomo (1147-99), son of Yoshitomo; escapes after Heiji war; warof 1180; army crushed; gains; quarrels with Yoshinaka; called toKyoto; sent against Yoshinaka; relations with Yoshitsune; Bakufuindependent of Court; memorial on manors; becomes sei-i tai-shogun;death and character; patron of Saigyo Hoshi; system imitated byTakauji

--Yoriyoshi (995-1048); in Nine Years' Commotion

--Yoshichika (d. 1117) rebellion put down by Taira Masamori

--Yoshihira, son of Yoshitomo

--Yoshiiye (1041-1108); great archer; called Hachiman Taro, in NineYear's Commotion and Three Year's war; helps put down disorder ofEnryaku-ji monks

--Yoshikata

--Yoshimitsu (10567-1127), founder of Tada Genji; in Three Years' War

--(Kiso) Yoshinaka (1154-84), revolts in Shinano-Kotsuke; quarrelswith Yoritomo; defeats Taira at Tonami-yama; Go-Shirakawa joins;tries to get crown for Hokurika; death

--Sumitada (1532-87) invites Jesuits to Omura in Hizen; a Christian,persecutes

Omura Sumiyori (d. 1619), persecutes Christians

O-muraji, head of o-uji or preeminent grandee; office held by Otomoand then Mononobe; political rivalry with o-omi; opposing Buddhism;property of, unimportant after the Daika; not in Temmu's scheme oftitles

O-omi, pre-eminent ami, head of Kwobetsu-uji; rivalry with o-muraji;favour Buddhism; pre-eminent after death of Mononobe Moriya; titlegiven by Soga Emishi to his sons; no longer important after Daika(645)

--Yoshishige, called Sorin, (1530-87), in wars in Kyushu; defeated inHizen, appeals to Hideyoshi

Otsu, port

Otsu, Prince, son of Temmu; rebels against Jito and is killed

Otsuki Heiji advocates foreign intercourse

O-U, O-shu (Mutsu) and U-shu (Dewa); in 16th century wars

Ouchi family of Suwo, and the revolt of 1399; conspires in behalf ofHosokawa Yoshitane; tandai; in charge of relations with Korea, andChina; quarrel with Shogun; superintend pirates; scholarship; giftsto Throne; power in 16th century, taken over by Mori Motonari

--Hiramoto (1148-1225), first president of man-dokoro; reforms (1185);sent to Kyoto after earthquake of 1185; in council of Bakufu;remonstrates with Sanetomo; urges offensive at beginning of Shokyustruggle; death

--Masafusa, general in Nine Years' Commotion; attempt to placate Raigo

--Tomotsuna, litterateur

O Yo-mei see Wang Yang-ming

Paddy-loom, introduction

Pagoda, 7-storey; 13-storey; many built by Shirakawa

Pahan-Hachiman, of pirate ships

Paikche, or Kudara, near Seoul, Japanese alliance with; artisans from

Paik-chhon-ku (Ung-jin), Japanese and Kudara army defeated by ChineseA.D.

Painting, Chinese, in Japan; and Korean; in years 540-640; in Naraepoch; in Heian epoch; in Kamakura period; in Muromachi period

Prose of Nara epoch; of Engi era wholly in Chinese; Ki no Tsurayuki'spreface to Kokin-shu

Prosody, Japanese; and see Poetry, Couplet

Prostitution in Yedo; Sadanobu's legislation

Provinces, kuni, in reign of Seimu; classification, and subdivisioninto kori, under Daiho; difference between capital and provinces inHeian epoch; lawlessness; power of provincial families; Bushiemployed by provincial nobles; shugo system, abolished by Kemmurestoration; local autonomy abolished

Provincial rulers, in early times; administration by imperialprinces; early kuni-no-miyatsuko, later kokushi; kokushi under Daika;abuses under Shomu and Koken; use forced labour to reclaim uplands;term reduced to 5 years (774); administration criticized by Miyoshino Kiyotsura; administration after Onin war; in Muromachi period; andChristianity

Ryokyu Islands, language cognate to Japanese; King of, intervenes;Japanese intercourse with islands; king of, and Japanese invasion ofmainland; French in, (1846); Formosa and; Chinese claims to, given up

Sexagenary Cycle in Japanese chronology; accounts for error of 120years; Chinese origin of

Shaho, battle of

Shaka, Sakiya Muni

Shan-hai-ching, Chinese record (4th cent. A.D.)

Shantung peninsula, fighting on, (1894); part of, seized by Germany

Shao-kang, mythical Chinese ancestor of Japanese kings

Shell-heaps

Shiba, district of Tokyo, Castle of, built (803); temple with tomb ofHidetada

--family, in office of Muromachi kwanryo; one of Five Regent Houses;make trouble in Kyushu; in Onin war; in Omi

--Mochitane, estates of

--Tachito, first Buddhist missionary

--Takatsune, revolts against Ashikaga

--Yoshihige, minister of Ashikaga Yoshimochi

--Yoshikada, rival of Masanaga

--Yoshimasa (d. 1410), shitsuji, first to be called kwanryo

--Yoshitoshi (1430-90), estates; Onin war

Shibata Gonroku

--Katsuiye (1530-83), general under Nobunaga; councillor; death

Shibukawa Noriyasu, government astronomer

--Shunkai, revises calendar (1683)

Shi-do, "Way of the Warrior" by Yamaga Soko

Shido Shogun, Campaign of

Shiga, in Omi

Shigehide see Hagiwara Shigehide

Shigehito, Prince

Shigeko, mother of Ashikaga Yoshimasa

Shigeyoshi see Tokugawa Shigeyoshi

Shihotari, Prince, commands government station in Anra

Shijo, 87th Emperor (1233-42)

Shijo-nawate, in Kawachi, battle (1348)

Shikken, military regent, in Yoritomo's system, head of theman-dokoro, great power of office held by Hojo family; Ashikagasubstitute second shitsuji for; kwanryo later equivalent to; ofInchu, office held by Hino family

Sumptuary laws in Nara epoch; in Kamakura period; of Hideyoshi; inmilitary laws; of Sadanobu; in early 19th century

Sumpu, in Suruga, Ieyasu retires to; vendetta illegal in; jodai of

Sun, and titles of nobles

Sun-crow, in Yamato expedition; on banners

Sun goddess, withholds light, an incarnation of Buddha

Sung, writer on war

--philosophy, Gen-e introduces; painting, Josetsu introduces

Sungari, Russian transport at Chemulpo

Sunrise Island, Jih-pen, Chinese or Korean name for eastern islands

Superstition, in 4th-6th centuries; in Nara epoch; in Heian

Supply, Departments of, in capital, under Daiho

Suruga, brigands of, crushed by Yamato-dake; province given to Ieyasu

--Genji, branch of Minamoto family

Survey for map under Hideyoshi; coastal begun by Spanish

Susanoo, Kami of Force, contest with Amaterasu; expelled from heaven,kills great serpent; as tree-planter; rationalization of myth; itsbearings on relations with China and Korea; purification of; asguardian of forests; ruler in Shiragi

Tokugawa, descent of family; hereditary system founded by Ieyasu;shogunate of family; oath of loyalty to; the T. Bakufu;"Constitution"; school, Shohei-ko; Imperial family, marries into;strengthened; attitude to feudatories; Hidetada line succeeded by Kiibranch; families in ministry; decline of power; end of shogunate

Yamato, expedition from Kyushu against; meaning of name, as used byChinese; kindred race at time of conquest; retirement to Tsukushi;culture; physiognomy; relations with Caucasians; language; school ofpainting

Yamato, Prince, human sacrifices at burial of (2 A.D.)

Yamato-dake and Susanoo's sword; campaign against Yemishi; againstKumaso; a swan

Yodo or Yodogimi, daughter of Asai Nagamasa and mother of ToyotomiHideyori; civil party sides with; against Ieyasu; Ieyasu promotesquarrel between Katagiri Katsumoto and; intrigue through her sister;death

Yokohama, opened to American trade (1858)

Yoko-yama, castle of Nagamasa

Yolang, or Pyong-yang, Korea

Yomei, 31st Emperor (586-7); Buddhism

Yomi, hades, compared to Indian Yama; identified with Yomi-shima,between Hoki and Izumo

Zen (dhyand, meditation), Buddhist sect of contemplation; and HojoTokimune; the soldier's creed; and intercourse with China; priestsand literature and art; tea ceremonial; favoured by the Ashikaga;great priests; five temples in Kyoto