2 INTRODUCTION Reaction of humans developed against harmful stimulants is called stress. In order to witness stress, there must be certain circumstances that might affect the balance of human organism. Among factors that trigger stress we can count physiologic (trauma, hot and cold weather etc.), psychological (emotional tension, family issues, internal and external conflicts etc.) or social (environmental factors, cultural variables etc.) factors (Balcioglu, 2005). The concept of stress became an important part of today s modern life. Stress, a term that is frequently used in daily life, is also a factor that affects all aspects of human life (Eskin et al. 2013). The concept of stress is discussed frequently especially under physical and psychological health related issues. However, in recent years, it is known that the concept of stress is evaluated in many fields including economy, politics, management and education. Today, we read news and information related to the definition, administration and elimination of stress in written and visual media. In addition, the concept of stress is used by almost everyone in their daily life and daily language (Eryılmaz, 2009). Individuals with high level of stress and individuals who have continuous stress in their life generally suffer from sleeping disorders or always feel sleepy, hungry or lose their appetites, consume cigarettes and alcohol, suffer from problems such as dyslogia. Although stress is generally known to have negative effects, there are certain cases where it has positive effects. For instance, stress experienced before expected promotion, upcoming wedding or becoming a celebrity has certain positive effects. For that reason, we may also assume that stress has positive aspects and these aspects encourage people to be more motivated and inspired. In addition to these, in case positive effects of stress are experienced, negative effects are eliminated and feelings of fear, discomfort and concern are prevented (İştar, 2012). Stress not only negatively affects bodily functions of humans, also long-term exposure to stress causes certain variety of health issues and it even prevents normal functions and negatively affects life quality. (Eskin et al., 2013). In terms of developmental stage evaluation, adolescence is the stage with highest stress level. Events occurring in daily life may develop stress in adolescents. Death of parents, small changes in their life, economic concerns and such are certain causes of stress in adolescent lives (Eryılmaz, 2009). There are also significant number of studies related to adolescence and transition to adulthood. (Hsieh et al., 2014; Rahdar ve Galvan, 2014; Sung ve Chao, 2015; Baciu, 2014). In addition to developmental stages, stress level also differ based on gender (Olff et al., 2007) and whether individual is actively involved in sports. Active involvement in sports not only prevents stress but it also contributes to many issues related to psychological health (Peluso and Andrade, 2005; Salar, Hekim, Tokgöz, 2012; Keskin, 2014). However, it is understood that especially number of researches that analyze stress level of college youth based on various parameters is limited in our country. In this study conducted under this context, the aim was to analyze perceived stress level of physical education and sports academy students based on their gender, age and license (whether they are licensed athletes). 180

3 METHOD Research Model Scanning model was used in this research. Likert scale was used in data collection. Scanning model combined with likert scale is frequently used in researches related to education. (Karadag, 2010). In addition to this, effects of demographic parameters of participants on certain variables are also evaluated in researches that use scanning model (Can, 2014). In this research, the aim was to evaluate stress level of physical education and sports academy students based on certain demographic parameters. Universe and Sampling of the Research Universe of this research consisted of students Gazi Universitesi Physical Education and Sports Academy students. Sampling group of the research consisted of 306 students of Gazi Universitesi Physical Education and Sports Academy. Sampling group participants were randomly selected among Gazi Universitesi Physical Education and Sports Academy students. Random selection method enables participancy of each individual within the universe (Can, 2014). Data Collection Tool Survey method was used as data collection tool in this research. This survey has two stages. First section of the survey included three questions that aimed to detect demographic features of the students. These questions aim to detect age, gender and licensed athlete status of participating students. Second section of the survey included Perceived Stress Scale developed by Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein (1983), which was designated to evaluate perceived stress level of the students and which was adapted to Turkish language by Eskin et. Al (2013). PSS, which consists of 14 articles, is designed to measure perceived stress level of events in an individual s life. Participants rated each article between (0) Never and Frequently (4) on a Likert scale consisting of 5 ratings. 7 among the articles, which contains positive indications, are reverse graded. While total score of PSS-14 changes between 0 to 56, high scores indicate higher level of perceived stress (Eskin et al., 2013). Statistical Analysis In the analysis of collected data, SPSS 22.0 for Windows package program was used. Due to the fact that data pertaining to PSS did not have a homogeneous distribution, non-parametric tests were used for fundamental statistical analysis. Kruskal Wallis H test was used for comparison of age, and Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of gender and athlete license of participants. Definitive statistics were used to determine point averages of participants related to scale sub-dimensions. In addition, frequency analysis was used in determining the percentage distribution of demographic parameters of participants. 181

5 Table 5. Comparison of perceived stress level based on participants license Sub Dimensions Poor self-sufficiency perception Perception of stress / discomfort Licensed Athlete Status N X Ss z p Licensed Athlete No Licensed Athlete No When Table 5 was analyzed, it was understood that perceived level of stress did not statistically differ significantly (p>0,05). DISCUSSION AND RESULTS It was understood that perceived stress level of physical education and sports Academy of students did not differ significantly based on their gender. Researches on college students and individuals of other professions in literature up to date also displayed that stress level did not have significant difference based on gender (Alkaya, 2010; Koç, 2009; Yilmaz et al., 2014). In this context, it might be concluded that findings of this research is parallel to literature findings. However, there are different findings on various researches in literature that display significant difference in stress level based on gender. In a research conducted by Alpertonga (2014) on physical education and sports Academy students, female students had lower stress level when compared to male students. The result of this study which suggested that female students had lower stress level was based on the fact that female students more relaxed and peaceful in addition to their problems being more tolerable. Therefore, it is understood that various researches in literature display contradictory results in terms of relation between stress level and gender. For that reason, new researches are required to determine the effects of gender on stress level of physical education and sports academy students. In addition to this, the difference of gender based stress level in college students is mainly due to the fact that underlying reasons of stress differ based on gender. In a research conducted by Batigun and Kayis (2014); it was understood that underlying reasons of stress differed for male and female students and female students had more reasons that triggered stress. It was understood that perceived stress level of participants, physical education and sports academy students, did not statistically differ significantly based on age groups. In a similar research conducted by Alpertonga (2014) on physical education and sports academy students, it was understood that age is a factor that increases or decreases perceived stress level of students. The reason why the results and findings of this study are not parallel to each other might be due to the fact that participants are undergoing college education. Because, it is known that college environment and college education positively contribute to the psychological state of students (Besser and Zeigler, 2012). 183

6 As a result of this research, it was understood that perceived stress level of physical education and sports academy students who are licensed athletes were lower than sedentary students. However, it was also understood that the difference between groups were not significant. This might be due to the fact that sedentary students who are not licensed athletes also have sportsmen personality since they are studying in physical education and sports academy. As a result, regardless of the type of involvement in sports, it is known that this positively affects psychological and emotional aspects of personality (Salar, Hekim and Tokgöz, 2012). Many researches also support this theory (Jewett et al., 2014; McPhie and Rawana, 2015; Perron et al., 2012; Eime et al., 2013). In addition, it is known that the importance of sports and positive effects of active involvement in sports on emotions and mind-set as well as its diminishing effects on anxiety are factors that increase self-respect (Alpertonga, 2014) in terms of psychological evaluation. As a result, it was understood that perceived stress levels of physical education and sports academy students did not differ significantly based on their gender, age and license (whether they are licensed athletes or not). It is also understood that findings on age and gender variables are parallel to findings of other researches in literature. However, it is also known that various researches have findings which suggest gender variable has an effect on stress level. For that reason, more researches with larger sample groups and that evaluate stress level of physical education and sports academy students based on gender are required to declare a more subtle conclusion. It was also understood that stress level of licensed athletes and sedentary students did not differ significantly. This might be due to the fact that sedentary students who are not licensed athletes also have sportsmen personality since they are studying in physical education and sports academy. 184

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