The name 'Tate' is used also as the operating name for the corporate body, which was established by the Museums and Galleries Act 1992 as 'The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery'.

The gallery was founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art. When its role was changed to include the national collection of modern art as well as the national collection of British art, in 1932, it was renamed the Tate Gallery after sugar magnate Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle, who had laid the foundations for the collection. The Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank, London; in 2000, the Tate Gallery transformed itself into the current-day Tate, or the Tate Modern, which consists of a federation of four museums: Tate Britain, which displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; Tate Modern, which is also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and international modern and contemporary art from 1900 to the present day. Tate Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have connections with the area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain.

The original Tate was called the National Gallery of British Art, situated on Millbank, Pimlico, London at the site of the former Millbank Prison, the idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847. A decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum (later the Victoria & Albert Museum), known for years as the National Gallery of Art (the same title as the Tate Gallery had). Forty years later Sir Henry Tate who was a sugar magnate and a major collector of Victorian art, offered to fund the building of the gallery to house British Art on the condition that the State pay for the site and revenue costs. Henry Tate also donated his own collection to the gallery, it was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on the works of modern—that is Victorian era—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954.

In 1915, Sir Hugh Lane bequeathed his collection of European modern art to Dublin, but controversially this went to the Tate, which expanded its collection to include foreign art and continued to acquire contemporary art; in 1926 and 1937, the art dealer and patron Joseph Duveen paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had earlier paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest, which in 1987 was transferred to a wing paid for by Sir Charles Clore. Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund. By the mid 20th century, it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international modern art; in 1954, the Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery.

Tate Liverpool opened in 1988.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the visual arts department of the Arts Council of Great Britain funded and organised temporary exhibitions at the Tate Gallery including, in 1966, a retrospective of Marcel Duchamp. Later, the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme; in 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large modern extension was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987, the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest and also provided a 200-seat auditorium. (The "Centenary Development," in 2001, provided improved access and public amenities)

Tate St Ives opened in 1993.

In 1988, an outpost in north west England opened as Tate Liverpool, this shows various works of modern art from the Tate collection as well as mounting its own temporary exhibitions. In 2007, Tate Liverpool hosted the Turner Prize, the first time this has been held outside London, this was an overture to Liverpool's being the European Capital of Culture 2008.

Neither of these two new Tates had a significant effect on the functioning of the original London Tate Gallery, whose size was increasingly proving a constraint as the collection grew, it was a logical step to separate the "British" and "Modern" aspects of the collection, and they are now housed in separate buildings in London. The original gallery is now called Tate Britain and is the national gallery for British art from 1500 to the present day, as well as some modern British art. Tate Modern, in Bankside Power Station on the south side of the Thames, opened in 2000 and now exhibits the national collection of modern art from 1900 to the present day, including some modern British art. In its first year, the Tate Modern was the most popular museum in the world, with 5,250,000 visitors.

In the late 2000s, the Tate announced a new development project to the south of the existing building. According to the museum: "This new development will transform Tate Modern. An iconic new building will be added at the south of the existing gallery, it will create more spaces for displaying the collection, performance and installation art and learning, all allowing visitors to engage more deeply with art, as well as creating more social spaces for visitors to unwind and relax in the gallery."[3] Arts philanthropist John Studzinski donated more than £6million to the project.[4][4][5]

Tate Online is the Tate's website, since its launch in 1998, the site has provided information on all four physical Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) under the same domain. Tate Online helps visitors prepare and extend visits to the physical sites but also acts as a destination in its own right. Other resources include illustrated information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern international art, structured and informal e-learning opportunities for all visitors, over 600 hours of archived webcast events, all articles from the magazine Tate Etc., and a series of bespoke net art commissions. BT was the primary sponsor of Tate Online from 2001 to 2009.

In addition to providing information about the galleries and organisation, Tate Online has been used as a platform for Internet art exhibits, termed Net Art,[6] which are organised as part of Tate's Intermedia Art initiative[7] covering new media art. So far, 13 net art exhibitions have been shown since the initiative started in 2000 including Tate in Space[8] (2002) which was nominated in the Interactive Art category for the 2003 BAFTA Interactive awards.

The Tate Online Shop[9] sits under the main Tate site and offers a wide range of books, prints and products that reflect and support the primary goal of Tate: to promote the knowledge, understanding and enjoyment of art. Profits from the online shop help to support the work of the galleries.

Tate receives annual funding from the Department for Culture, Media & Sport. It is administered by a board of trustees, who are responsible for the running of the gallery and appoint the Director (for a period of seven years). Under the Charities Act 1993, the Tate is an exempt charity accountable directly to Government rather than the Charity Commission for financial returns etc. However, the Trustees are still expected to follow the broad responsibilities of charity trustees, and may be subject to Charity Commission oversight on these elements of their activities.

Various bodies have been set up to support the Tate including Tate Members for the general public, where a yearly fee gives rights such as free entry to charging exhibitions and members rooms. There is also Tate Patrons for a higher subscription fee and the Tate Foundation. There are a number of corporate sponsors; in addition individual shows are often sponsored.

Tate now spends around £1 million of its general funds each year on purchasing acquisitions and their related costs, the Outset Contemporary Art Fund was established in 2003, by Tate patrons Yana Peel and Candida Gertler. In collaboration with the Frieze Art Fair, the fund buys works from the fair for the Tate's collections. Other funds for acquisitions are raised by Tate funding groups such as the Members, the Patrons and the American Patrons of Tate and its sub-committees, the North American Acquisitions Committee and Latin American Acquisitions Committee, the American Patrons were renamed in 2013 to reflect their expanding geographical base of support; since 1999, this support group alone has raised more than $100 million.[10]

In 2010, a photography acquisitions committee was launched;[11] in 2012, the Tate established a South Asian acquisitions committee to collect contemporary and modern art from India and surrounding countries, as well as a committee for works from Russia, Eastern Europe and the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States).[12]

In 1971, an exhibition by Robert Morris called Bodyspacemotionthings was closed after five days due to health and safety concerns.[13]

In 1972, the Tate Gallery purchased a work by Carl Andre called Equivalent VIII. During a 1976 exhibition of the work, The Times newspaper published an article using the work to complain about institutional waste of taxpayers' money. The article made the piece infamous and it was subjected to ridicule in the media and vandalism, the work is still popularly known as The Bricks, and has entered the British public lexicon.[citation needed]

Each year, the Turner Prize is held at a Tate Gallery (historically at Tate Britain) and is awarded to an artist under 50 who is either British or primarily working in Great Britain. It is the subject of great controversy and creates much media attention for contemporary British art, as well as attracting demonstrations.[14]

In 1995, it was revealed that the Tate had accepted a gift of £20,000 from art fraudster John Drewe. The gallery had given Drewe access to its archives which he then used to forge documents authenticating fake modern paintings that he then sold.[15]

In 2006, it was revealed that the Tate was the only national-funded museum not to be accredited to the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA), as it did not wish to abide by guidelines that deaccessioned work should first be offered to other museums. The MLA threatened to bar the Tate from acquiring works under the Acceptance in Lieu (AIL) scheme, whereby works are given to the nation to settle inheritance tax. A total of 1,800 museums are accredited with the MLA.[16]

Tate has been criticised for accepting sponsorship from BP. Justice and climate change campaigners including Platform London, Art Not Oil and Liberate Tate have called for a protest against the petrol company's sponsorship of the gallery, including the 2012 Cultural Olympiad.[17]

The Tate logo was designed by international brand consultancy Wolff Olins in 2000 as part of a larger rebranding effort focused around the idea "look again, think again." The museum uses a range of logos that move in and out of focus, "suggesting the dynamic nature of Tate – always changing but always recognizable"[18] Variations include a standard logo, a blurred version, a faded version and a halftone version consisting of dots rather than smooth fading.[19] An update on the brand, designed by North, was released in 2016.[20]

Tate Images, the picture library of Tate which licenses images of artwork from Tate's collection, the Unilever Series, Hyundai Commission, Tate Archive and internal and external shots of all four Tate galleries.

Wolff Olins
–
Wolff Olins is a brand consultancy, based in London, New York City and San Francisco. Founded in 1965, it now employs 150 designers, strategists, technologists, programme managers and educators, the company acts as creative partners to ambitious leaders who want to design radically better businesses. It has worked in sectors including technology, c

1.
Wolff Olins

United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

4.
The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

Tate Britain
–
Tate Britain is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and it is the oldest gallery in the network, having opened in 1897. It is one of the largest museums in the country, the gallery is situated on Millbank, on the site of the former M

Tate Liverpool
–
Tate Liverpool is an art gallery and museum in Liverpool, Merseyside, England, and part of Tate, along with Tate St Ives, Cornwall, Tate Britain, London, and Tate Modern, London. The museum was an initiative of the Merseyside Development Corporation, Tate Liverpool was created to display work from the Tate Collection which comprises the national co

1.
Tate Liverpool

2.
Skyscrapers and highrises (over 60m)

Tate St Ives
–
Tate St Ives is an art gallery in St Ives, Cornwall, England, exhibiting work by modern British artists with links to the St Ives area. The Tate also took over management of another museum in the town, the Tate St Ives was built between 1988 and 1993 on the site of an old gasworks, it now receives around 210,000 visitors each year. In 2015, it rece

1.
Tate St Ives

Cornwall
–
Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Bri

1.
"Cornweallas" shown on an early 19th-century map of "Saxon England" (and Wales) based on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Tate Modern
–
Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London. It is Britains national gallery of modern art and forms part of the Tate group. It is based in the former Bankside Power Station, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark, Tate holds the national collection of British art from 1900 to the present day and international modern and

1.
Tate Modern

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The Turbine Hall

3.
Stairs and windows

4.
Chimney of Tate Modern. The Swiss Light at its top was designed by Michael Craig-Martin and the architects Herzog & de Meuron and was sponsored by the Swiss government. It was dismantled in May 2008.

Henry Tate
–
Sir Henry Tate, 1st Baronet was an English sugar merchant and philanthropist, noted for establishing the Tate Gallery, London. Tate was the son of a Unitarian clergyman, when he was 13, he became a grocers apprentice in Liverpool. After a seven-year apprenticeship, he was able to set up his own shop and his business was successful, and grew to a ch

Millbank
–
Millbank is an area of central London in the City of Westminster. Millbank is located by the River Thames, east of Pimlico, Millbank is known as the location of major government offices, the Millbank Tower and prominent art institutions such as Tate Britain and the Chelsea College of Art and Design. The area derives its name from a watermill owned

Turner Prize
–
The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist under the age of 50. Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and staged at Tate Britain, since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UKs most publicised art award. As of 2004, the award was established at £40,000

Pimlico
–
Pimlico /ˈpɪmlᵻkoʊ/ is a small area within central London in the City of Westminster. Like Belgravia, to which it was built as an extension, Pimlico is known for its garden squares. At Pimlicos heart is a grid of streets laid down by the planner Thomas Cubitt beginning in 1825. The area has over 350 Grade II listed buildings and several Grade II* l

Millbank Prison
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It was opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. After various changes in circumstance, the Panopticon plan was abandoned in 1812, an architectural competition was then held for a new penitentiary design. It attracted 43 entrants, the winner being William Williams, drawing master at the Royal Military College, Williams basic design was adapted by a practi

1.
Millbank Prison in the 1820s.

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The prison's burial ground, with the Houses of Parliament in the background. The image was published in 1862.

3.
Plan of Millbank Prison.

4.
Map of 1867, showing the prison and its surroundings

John Leicester, 1st Baron de Tabley
–
John Leicester, 1st Baron de Tabley was an English landowner, politician, amateur artist, and patron of the arts. Born at Tabley House in Cheshire,4 April 1762, he was the eldest son of Sir Peter Leicester, 4th Baronet, by his wife Catherine, coheiress of Sir William Fleming of Rydal, Westmorland. His father was a patron of Wilson, Barret, and othe

Robert Vernon (art patron)
–
Robert Vernon was an English contractor and businessman, known as a patron of art. Vernon was a man, a jobmaster, posting contractor. He amassed a fortune as contractor for the supply of horses to the British armies during the Napoleonic wars, between 1820 and 1847 Vernon collected about 200 pictures by living British artists, with a few by other E

National Gallery, London
–
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the century to 1900. The Gallery is a charity, and a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media. Its collection belongs to the public of the Unite

South Kensington Museum
–
The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the worlds largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and these include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a public bod

4.
Frieze detail from internal courtyard showing Queen Victoria in front of the 1851 Great Exhibition.

Victorian era
–
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victoria

Sir Hugh Lane
–
Sir Hugh Percy Lane was an Irish art dealer, collector and gallery director. He is best known for establishing Dublins Municipal Gallery of Modern Art and for his contribution to the arts in Ireland. Hugh Lane died on board the RMS Lusitania, Hugh Percy Lane was born in County Cork, Ireland on 9 November 1875. He was brought up in Cornwall, England

Joseph Duveen
–
Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen, known as Sir Joseph Duveen, Bt, between 1927 and 1933, was a British art dealer, considered one of the most influential art dealers of all time. Joseph Duveen was British by birth, the eldest of thirteen children of Sir Joseph Joel Duveen, the Duveen Brothers firm became very successful and became involved in tradin

1.
Joseph Duveen in the 1920s

2.
The Elgin Marbles on display in the Duveen Gallery of the British Museum

4.
The oldest Western panel portrait of a woman, now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington. Photographs prove Duveen significantly altered the hair and headdress to make it look like a Pisanello of the 1440s. [citation needed] It is now catalogued as by an unknown "Franco-Flemish Master" of about 1410.

Arts Council of Great Britain
–
The Arts Council of Great Britain was a non-departmental public body dedicated to the promotion of the fine arts in Great Britain. The Arts Council of Great Britain was divided in 1994 to form the Arts Council of England, the Scottish Arts Council, at the same time the National Lottery was established and these three arts councils, plus the Arts Co

Marcel Duchamp
–
Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his artists as retinal art. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind, Marcel Duchamp was born at Blainville-Crevon in Normandy, France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art

European Capital of Culture
–
The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension. An international panel of experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union.

2.
Plzeň (Czech Republic) is the European Capital of Culture for 2015 along with Mons.

St Ives School
–
The St Ives School refers to a group of artists living and working in the Cornish town of St Ives. The town became a magnet for artists following the extension to West Cornwall of the Great Western Railway in 1877, in 1920 Bernard Leach and Shoji Hamada set up a pottery in St Ives, creating the towns first international 20th-century art connection.

Barbara Hepworth Museum
–
The Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden in St Ives, Cornwall preserves the 20th century sculptor Barbara Hepworths studio and garden much as they were when she lived and worked there. She purchased the site in 1949 and lived and worked there for 26 years until her death in a fire on the premises in 1975. The studio, known as Trewyn Studio,

Bankside Power Station
–
Bankside Power Station was a former electricity generating station located on the south bank of the River Thames, in the Bankside area of the Borough of Southwark, London. It generated electricity from 1891 to 1981, since 2000 the building has been used to house the Tate Modern art museum and gallery. The pioneer Bankside power station was built at

1.
Bankside Power Station, about 1985, before conversion to the Tate Modern

River Thames
–
The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames

4.
The marker stone at the official source of the River Thames near Kemble.

John Studzinski
–
John Joseph Paul Studzinski, CBE is an American-born British investment banker and philanthropist. He is Vice Chairman of Investor Relations and Business Development at The Blackstone Group and he is also a Senior Managing Director of Blackstone. He joined Blackstone in 2006 as global head of Blackstone Advisory Partners, the mergers and acquisitio

BT Group
–
BT Group plc is a holding company which owns British Telecommunications plc, a British multinational telecommunications services company with head offices in London, United Kingdom. It has operations in around 180 countries, BTs origins date back to the founding of the Electric Telegraph Company in 1846 which developed a nationwide communications n

1.
The BT Tower, originally the Post Office Tower, constructed between 1961 and 1964

New media art
–
The term differentiates itself by its resulting cultural objects and social events, which can be seen in opposition to those deriving from old visual arts. New Media Art often involves interaction between artist and observer or between observers and the artwork, which responds to them, such insights emphasize the forms of cultural practice that ari

BAFTA
–
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our L

1.
The BAFTA award, designed by Mitzi Cunliffe

2.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts

Charities Act 2006
–
The Charities Act 2006 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to alter the regulatory framework in which charities operate, partly by amending the Charities Act 1993. The Act was mostly superseded by the Charities Act 2011, which consolidates charity law in the UK, the Act imposes conditions on bodies wishing to attain or mainta

Charity Commission for England and Wales
–
The Charity Commission for England and Wales is the non-ministerial government department that regulates registered charities in England and Wales and maintains the Central Register of Charities. The Charity Commission answers directly to the UK Parliament rather than to Government ministers and it is governed by a board, which is assisted by the C

Frieze Art Fair
–
Frieze Art Fair is an international contemporary art fair that takes place every October in Londons Regents Park. The fair is staged by Amanda Sharp and Matthew Slotover, the publishers of frieze magazine, Frieze Art Fair features more than 170 contemporary art galleries, and the fair also includes specially commissioned artists’ projects, a talks

3.
Frieze Masters' sign, 2014. Held by coincidence near the site of the long gone Master of Regent's Park's house.

Francis Chantrey
–
Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey RA was an English sculptor. He became the leading sculptor in Regency era Britain, producing busts. He left the Chantrey Bequest or Chantrey Fund for the purchase of works of art for the nation, Chantrey was born at Jordanthorpe near Norton, where his father had a small farm. His father, who dabbled in carpentry and wood

Royal Academy
–
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage

1.
Royal Academy of Arts

2.
Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists

3.
Study for Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.

Robert Morris (artist)
–
Robert Morris is an American sculptor, conceptual artist and writer. Morris lives and works in New York, between 1948 and 1950, Morris studied engineering at the University of Kansas. He then studied art at both the University of Kansas and at Kansas City Art Institute as well as philosophy at Reed College and he interrupted his studies in 1951-52

2.
Bronze Gate (2005) is a cor-ten steel work by Robert Morris. It is set in the garden of the dialysis pavilion in the hospital of Pistoia, Italy.

The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff,

Art of the United Kingdom
–
The Art of the United Kingdom refers to all forms of visual art in or associated with the United Kingdom since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. For earlier periods, and some more detailed information on the period, see English art, Scottish art, Welsh art. Increasing British prosperity led to an increased production of both fi

Stuckist demonstrations
–
Stuckist demonstrations since 2000 have been a key part of the Stuckist art groups activities and have succeeded in giving them a high-profile both in Britain and abroad. Their primary agenda is the promotion of painting and opposition to conceptual art and their demonstrations are particularly associated with the Turner Prize at Tate Britain, but

Nicholas Serota
–
Sir Nicholas Andrew Serota, CH is director of the Tate art museums and galleries. He was director of The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, and the Whitechapel Gallery, London, before becoming in 1988 director of the Tate and he has been announced as the new Chair of Arts Council England in September 2016. He has been the chairman of the Turner Prize ju

J.M.W. Turner
–
Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape p

1.
Self-portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799

2.
Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work

3.
A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth – this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned 15. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of Thomas Malton's topographical style.

4.
Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy

Frankfurt art theft (1994)
–
Three famous paintings were stolen from the Kunsthalle Schirn in Frankfurt in 1994. This case of art theft is unique in that the paintings were recovered by buying them back from the thieves, the theft took place on 28 July 1994 in the Kunsthalle Schirn in Frankfurt. The thieves had themselves locked into the museum at night and then overpowered a

Acceptance in Lieu
–
Acceptance in lieu is a provision in British tax law under which inheritance tax debts can be written off in exchange for the acquisition of objects of national importance. The scheme is administered by Arts Council England, a public body of the Department for Culture, Media. The scheme has many houses, works of art and other collections into publi

BP
–
BP P. L. C. also referred to by its former name, British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It also has renewable energy interests in biofuels and wind power, the company has around 17,200 service stations worldwide. Its largest division is BP America in the United States, in Russia BP owns a

2012 Cultural Olympiad
–
The 2012 Cultural Olympiad was a programme of cultural events across the United Kingdom that accompanied the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. The London Olympic Games Cultural Olympiad included 500 events nationwide throughout the UK, spread over four years, the cost of the events was over £97 million with funding provided by Arts

Sir Charles Holroyd
–
Sir Charles Holroyd was an English artist and curator. He was Keeper of the Tate from 1897 to 1906, Charles Holroyd was born in Leeds. He received his art education under Professor Legros at the Slade School, University College, London and he met his wife, the artist Fannie Fetherstonhaugh Macpherson, in Rome and they married in 1891. At his return

D. S. MacColl
–
Dugald Sutherland MacColl was a Scottish watercolour painter, art critic, lecturer and writer. He was keeper of the Tate gallery for five years, MacColl was born in Glasgow and educated at the University of London and the University of Oxford between 1876 and 1884. He also studied at the Westminster School of Art and the Slade School under Alphonse

1.
On the Terrace, 1922.

Charles Aitken
–
Charles Aitken CB was a British art administrator and was the third Keeper of the Tate Gallery and the first Director. Charles Aitken was born at Bishophill, Bishophill Junior, York, England, the son of Henry Martin Aitken, an instrument manufacturer. Aitken studied at New College, Oxford and he was the first Director of the Whitechapel Art Gallery

James Bolivar Manson
–
James Bolivar Manson was an artist and worked at the Tate gallery for 25 years, being its Director 1930–1938. In the Tates own evaluation he was the least successful of their Directors and his time there was frustrated by his stymied ambition as a painter and he declined into alcoholism, culminating in a drunken outburst at an official dinner in Pa

Norman Reid (museum director)
–
Sir Norman Robert Reid was an arts administrator and painter and was the Director of the Tate Gallery from 1964 to 1979 Norman Reid was born in Dulwich, London, and was the son of a shoemaker. He was educated at Wilsons Grammar School and won a scholarship to the Edinburgh College of Art, later, Reid received a degree in English at Edinburgh Univer

4.
The oldest Western panel portrait of a woman, now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington. Photographs prove Duveen significantly altered the hair and headdress to make it look like a Pisanello of the 1440s. [citation needed] It is now catalogued as by an unknown "Franco-Flemish Master" of about 1410.

2.
An 1881 plan showing the original arrangement of the Museum. (Link to current floor plans).

3.
The Natural History Museum, shown in wide-angle view here, has an ornate terracotta facade by Gibbs and Canning Limited typical of high Victorian architecture. The terracotta mouldings represent the past and present diversity of nature.

1.
Wolff Olins
–
Wolff Olins is a brand consultancy, based in London, New York City and San Francisco. Founded in 1965, it now employs 150 designers, strategists, technologists, programme managers and educators, the company acts as creative partners to ambitious leaders who want to design radically better businesses. It has worked in sectors including technology, culture, retail, energy & utilities, Media, also in 2012 the Orange and London 2012 brands were included in a retrospective examining design from 1948 -2012 at the V&A in London. In 2012, the firm was recognised by The Sunday Times as being one of the Best Small Companies to work for and by Ad Age as one of the Best Places to Work in media and marketing. Wolff Olins was founded in Camden Town, London, in 1965 by designer Michael Wolff, Wolff left the business in 1983, and Olins in 2001, Wolff is still active in the field of branding, and Olins died on 14 April 2014. Over the years, Wolff Olins has opened offices in Hamburg, Paris, Madrid, in 1998, the company opened an office in New York, and ten years later in Dubai. In 2002, Wolff Olins was selected by the British Library as a subject of their National Life Stories oral history project, from 1965 to the early 1990s, Wolff Olins developed corporate identities for various large European companies. During this time Olins published The Corporate Personality and Corporate Identity, Olins defined corporate identity as strategy made visible, and the firm worked with companies including BOC, Apple Records, Bovis, Volkswagens VAG, 3i, Prudential and BT. During the 1990s, Wolff Olins focused more on corporate branding, the companys work during that time includes First Direct, Orange, Heathrow Express, and Tata Group. Wolff Olins Oral History of Wolff Olins on British Librarys National Life Stories

Wolff Olins
–
Wolff Olins

2.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

3.
Tate Britain
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Tate Britain is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and it is the oldest gallery in the network, having opened in 1897. It is one of the largest museums in the country, the gallery is situated on Millbank, on the site of the former Millbank Prison. Construction, undertaken by Higgs and Hill, commenced in 1893, however, from the start it was commonly known as the Tate Gallery, after its founder Sir Henry Tate, and in 1932 it officially adopted that name. As a consequence, it was renamed Tate Britain in March 2000, the front part of the building was designed by Sidney R. J. Smith with a classical portico and dome behind, and the central sculpture gallery was designed by John Russell Pope. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, crises during its existence include flood damage to work from the River Thames, and bomb damage during World War II. However, most of the collection was in storage elsewhere during the war. In 1970, the building was given Grade II* listed status, the museum stayed open throughout the three phases of renovation. Completed in 2013, the newly designed sections were conceived by the architects Caruso St John and included a total of nine new galleries, with reinforced flooring to accommodate heavy sculptures. A second part was unveiled later that year, the centrepiece being the reopening of the buildings Thames-facing entrance as well as a new spiral staircase beneath its rotunda, the circular balcony of the rotundas domed atrium, closed to visitors since the 1920s, was reopened. The gallery also now has a dedicated entrance and reception beneath its entrance steps on Millbank. The front entrance is accessible by steps, a side entrance at a lower level has a ramp for wheelchair access. The gallery provides a restaurant and a café, as well as a Friends room and this membership is open to the public on payment of an annual subscription. As well as offices the building complex houses the Prints and Drawings Rooms, as well as the Library. The restaurant features a mural by Rex Whistler, Tate Britain and Tate Modern are now connected by a high speed boat along the River Thames, which runs from Millbank Millennium Pier immediately outside Tate Britain. The boat is decorated with spots, based on paintings of similar appearance by Damien Hirst, the lighting artwork incorporated in the piers structure is by Angela Bulloch. The main display spaces show the permanent collection of historic British art, the gallery also organises career retrospectives of British artists and temporary major exhibitions of British Art. Every three years the gallery stages a Triennial exhibition in which a guest curator provides an overview of contemporary British Art, the 2003 Tate Triennial was called Days Like These

4.
Tate Liverpool
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Tate Liverpool is an art gallery and museum in Liverpool, Merseyside, England, and part of Tate, along with Tate St Ives, Cornwall, Tate Britain, London, and Tate Modern, London. The museum was an initiative of the Merseyside Development Corporation, Tate Liverpool was created to display work from the Tate Collection which comprises the national collection of British art from the year 1500 to the present day, and international modern art. The gallery also has a programme of temporary exhibitions, until 2003, Tate Liverpool was the largest gallery of modern and contemporary art in the UK outside London. The gallery opened in 1988 and is housed in a converted warehouse within the Albert Dock on Liverpools waterfront, the original conversion was done by James Stirling but the building was given a major refurbishment in 1998 to create additional gallery space. In 2007, the area was redesigned by architects Arca to create an updated appearance and better proportions. A colour-changing wall acts as a backdrop to the brick volume. Behind the scenes, Arca also made alterations to the hospitality, cloakroom, events, the gallery has hosted numerous live events in the foyer, including Made Up Mix as part of Liverpools Biennial of Contemporary Art. This event featured Die Plankton performing a show which was recorded for their Yorkshires Answers To The Beatles live album, Tate Liverpool official site Arca Smoke and mirrors, The surreal life and work of René Magritte, The Independent,10 June 2011

5.
Tate St Ives
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Tate St Ives is an art gallery in St Ives, Cornwall, England, exhibiting work by modern British artists with links to the St Ives area. The Tate also took over management of another museum in the town, the Tate St Ives was built between 1988 and 1993 on the site of an old gasworks, it now receives around 210,000 visitors each year. In 2015, it received funding for an expansion, doubling the size of the gallery, the gallery is expected to re-open in March 2017. In 1980, Tate group started to manage the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden, the group decided to open a museum in the town, to showcase local artists, especially those already held in their collection. In 1988, the purchased a former gas works and commissioned architects Eldred Evans and David Shalev. The building included a rotunda at the centre of the gallery, the gallery opened in June 1993, the second of the Tates regional galleries after Tate Liverpool, receiving more than 120,000 visitors before the end of the year. The gallery receives over 210,000 visitors every year, in January 2015, the Tate St Ives received £3.9 million to build an extension to the existing gallery, with the intention of doubling the available space. The contract was awarded to BAM Construct UK, who would be adding a1,200 square metres extension, the Tate St Ives was closed in October 2015 for these works and will remain closed until at least March 2017. List of St Ives artists Tate St Ives website artcornwall. org — on-line journal for art and artists in Cornwall

Tate St Ives
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Tate St Ives

6.
Cornwall
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Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn. -wall derives from the Old English exonym walh, the Ravenna Cosmography first mentions a city named Purocoronavis in the locality. This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum, in the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c.1198 as Cornwal. Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia, the present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and it continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age people. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time developed into several distinct tongues

7.
Tate Modern
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Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London. It is Britains national gallery of modern art and forms part of the Tate group. It is based in the former Bankside Power Station, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark, Tate holds the national collection of British art from 1900 to the present day and international modern and contemporary art. Tate Modern is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world and it is directly across the river from St Pauls Cathedral. The power station closed in 1981, prior to redevelopment, the power station was a 200 m long, steel framed, brick clad building with a substantial central chimney standing 99 m. The structure was divided into three main areas each running east-west - the huge main turbine hall in the centre, with the boiler house to the north. For many years after closure Bankside Power station was at risk of being demolished by developers, many people campaigned for the building to be saved and put forward suggestions for possible new uses. An application to list the building was refused, in April 1994 the Tate Gallery announced that Bankside would be the home for the new Tate Modern. In July of the year, an international competition was launched to select an architect for the new gallery. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron were announced as the architects in January 1995. The £134 million conversion to the Tate Modern started in June 1995, the most obvious external change was the two-story glass extension on one half of the roof. Much of the internal structure remained, including the cavernous main turbine hall. The history of the site as well as information about the conversion was the basis for a 2008 documentary Architects Herzog and de Meuron and this challenging conversion work was carried by Carillion. Tate Modern was opened by the Queen on 11 May 2000, Tate Modern received 5.25 million visitors in its first year. The previous year the three existing Tate galleries galleries had received 2.5 million visitors combined, Tate Modern had attracted more visitors than originally expected and plans to expand it had been in preparation since 2004. These plans focused on the south west of the building with the intention of providing 5, 000m2 of new display space, the southern third of the building was retained by the French power company EDF Energy as an electrical substation. In 2006, the released the western half of this holding and plans were made to replace the structure with a tower extension to the museum. The tower was to be built over the old oil storage tanks, structural, geotechnical, civil, and façade engineering and environmental consultancy was undertaken by Ramboll between 2008 and 2016

Tate Modern
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Tate Modern
Tate Modern
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The Turbine Hall
Tate Modern
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Stairs and windows
Tate Modern
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Chimney of Tate Modern. The Swiss Light at its top was designed by Michael Craig-Martin and the architects Herzog & de Meuron and was sponsored by the Swiss government. It was dismantled in May 2008.

8.
Henry Tate
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Sir Henry Tate, 1st Baronet was an English sugar merchant and philanthropist, noted for establishing the Tate Gallery, London. Tate was the son of a Unitarian clergyman, when he was 13, he became a grocers apprentice in Liverpool. After a seven-year apprenticeship, he was able to set up his own shop and his business was successful, and grew to a chain of six stores by the time he was 35. In 1859 Tate became a partner in John Wright & Co. sugar refinery, by 1869, he had gained complete control of the company, and renamed it as Henry Tate & Sons. In 1872, he purchased the patent from German Eugen Langen for making sugar cubes, in 1877 he opened a refinery at Silvertown, London, which remains in production. At the time, much of Silvertown was still marshland, Tate was a modest rather retiring man, well known for his concern with workers’ conditions. He built the Tate Institute opposite his Thames Refinery, a bar, Tate rapidly became a millionaire and donated generously to charity. The National Gallery of British Art, nowadays known as Tate Britain, was opened on 21 July 1897, Tate made many donations, often anonymously and always discreetly. He supported alternative and non-establishment causes, there was £10,000 for the library of Manchester College, founded in Manchester in 1786 as a Dissenting academy to provide religious nonconformists with higher education. He also gave the College, £5,000 to promote the ‘theory, in addition he gave £20,000 to the Hahnemann Hospital in Liverpool in 1885. He particularly supported health and education with his money and he also gave £8,000 to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary, and £5,000 to the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute, which became the Queens Institute for District Nurses. Tate was made a baronet in 1898, the year before his death, in 1921, after Tates death, Henry Tate & Sons merged with Abram Lyle & Sons to form Tate & Lyle. In 2001, a plaque commemorating Sir Henry was unveiled on the site of his first shop at 42 Hamilton Street. In 2006 a Wetherspoons pub in his town of Chorley was named after the sugar magnate. His mother was Agnes Booth and his father was the Reverend William Tate and he lived at Park Hill by Streatham Common, South London, and is buried in nearby West Norwood Cemetery, the gates of which are opposite a public library that he endowed. Park Hill became a nunnery after his death until refurbishment as housing around 2004, Tate Gallery Tate & Lyle Sir Henry Tate The Sugar Girls blog, Happy Birthday, Henry Tate. http, //www. thepeerage. com/p59124. htm#i591238

9.
Millbank
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Millbank is an area of central London in the City of Westminster. Millbank is located by the River Thames, east of Pimlico, Millbank is known as the location of major government offices, the Millbank Tower and prominent art institutions such as Tate Britain and the Chelsea College of Art and Design. The area derives its name from a watermill owned by Westminster Abbey that once stood at a close to present day College Green. Described as a place of plague pits and a low, marshy locality suitable for shooting snipe in the nearby bogs, facilities at the prison camp on the marshy ground were so poor that 1,200 prisoners were recorded as having died in the primitive conditions. Baltic Wharf, a site just to the north of Vauxhall Bridge, was for much of the 19th century the location of a Henry Castle & Son, a ship breaking and timber merchant. Numerous wooden ships of the line of the Royal Navy were dismantled at this location, their ornate figureheads often displayed on the gates and perimeter of the yard walls. Millbank shares the name of the road along the north bank of the River Thames, extending northwards from Vauxhall Bridge to Abingdon Street. There are parliamentary offices situated across this road, notably No.7, the road was created as part of the Thames Embankment in the mid 19th century and lies above a large interceptor sewer. The listed site has since been renovated as a purpose built arts college for the Chelsea College of Art, the Tate Britain art gallery is directly opposite near the end of Vauxhall Bridge, providing a distinct arts presence in the area. The headquarters of the British chemicals giant ICI was originally located at Imperial Chemical House on Millbank before it relocated to Manchester Square, the headquarters for the Northern Ireland Office, MI5 and Thames House are also nearby. On 18 December 1973, the Provisional Irish Republican Army exploded a bomb on Thorney Street at 8, the bomb resulted in over 50 people injured, including two seriously. Millbank Studios reside in the area as an independent broadcast company, the studio is situated opposite the Houses of Parliament. The BBC Parliament broadcasting channel is situated nearby. No.4 is the commonly used by broadcasters for producing coverage of the Westminster area, including the BBC, Sky News. RTÉ News and Current Affairs also have their London bureau at the same location, neighbouring College Green is used as a setting for interviewing politicians outdoors. Millbank Estate is a large but highly regarded Grade II-listed red-brick housing estate that gives the area behind Tate Britain a distinct character, the estate was built between 1897 and 1902, the bricks being recycled from Millbank Prison, which had closed in 1890. The 17 buildings, comprising one of Londons earliest social housing schemes, are named after distinguished painters such as Turner, Gainsborough, Millais, the estate has 562 flats, all managed on behalf of Westminster City Council by MEMO, the largest tenant management organisation in Westminster. The estates management board is elected annually from the resident population, half of the estates flats are private leaseholds, the other half are rented from Westminster City Council

10.
Turner Prize
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The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist under the age of 50. Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and staged at Tate Britain, since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UKs most publicised art award. As of 2004, the award was established at £40,000. There have been different sponsors, including Channel 4 television and Gordons Gin, a prominent event in British culture, the prize has been awarded by various distinguished celebrities, in 2006 this was Yoko Ono, and in 2012 it was presented by Jude Law. The prize was named after Turner because while he is now considered one of the countrys greatest artist, while he was active his work was controversial. While he is now looked at as a traditionalist, his new approach to landscape painting changed the course of art history, each year after the announcement of the four nominees and during the build-up to the announcement of the winner, the Prize receives intense attention from the media. Much of this attention is critical and the question is often asked, artists are chosen based upon a showing of their work that they have staged in the preceding year. Nominations for the prize are invited from the public, although this was considered to have negligible effect—a suspicion confirmed in 2006 by Lynn Barber. The exhibition remains on view until January, the prize is officially not judged on the Tate show, however, but on the earlier exhibition for which the artist was nominated. The exhibition and prize rely on commercial sponsorship, by 1987, money for the prize was provided by Drexel Burnham Lambert, its withdrawal after its demise led to the cancellation of the prize for 1990. Channel 4, an independent television channel, stepped in for 1991, doubling the money to £20,000. In 2004, they were replaced as sponsors by Gordons Gin, doubling the money to £40,000, with £5,000 going to each of the shortlisted artists. Tate Director Sir Nicholas Serota has been the Chair of the jury since his tenure at the Tate, there are conflicting reports as to how much personal sway he has over the proceedings. Most of the artists nominated for the prize selection become known to the public for the first time as a consequence. Some have talked of the difficulty of the media exposure. Sale prices of the winners have generally increased, Chris Ofili, Anish Kapoor and Jeremy Deller later became trustees of the Tate. Some artists, notably Sarah Lucas, have declined the invitation to be nominated, the first Turner Prize was awarded to Malcolm Morley, an English artist living in the United States. Other nominees included sculptor Richard Deacon, graphic-styled collaborative duo Gilbert & George, abstract painter Howard Hodgkin, Howard Hodgkin is awarded the Turner Prize for A Small Thing But My Own

11.
Pimlico
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Pimlico /ˈpɪmlᵻkoʊ/ is a small area within central London in the City of Westminster. Like Belgravia, to which it was built as an extension, Pimlico is known for its garden squares. At Pimlicos heart is a grid of streets laid down by the planner Thomas Cubitt beginning in 1825. The area has over 350 Grade II listed buildings and several Grade II* listed churches, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Manor of Ebury was divided up and leased by the Crown to servants or favourites. In 1623, James I sold the freehold of Ebury for £1,151 and 15 shillings, the land was sold on several more times, until it came into the hands of heiress Mary Davies in 1666. Marys dowry not only included The Five Fields of modern-day Pimlico and Belgravia, understandably, she was much pursued but in 1677, at the age of twelve, married Sir Thomas Grosvenor. The Grosvenors were a family of Norman descent long seated at Eaton Hall in Cheshire who until this auspicious marriage were, through the development and good management of this land the Grosvenors acquired enormous wealth. At some point in the seventeenth or early eighteenth century. While its origins are disputed, it is clearly of foreign derivation, supporting this etymology, Rev. Brewer describes the area as a district of public gardens much frequented on holidays. According to tradition, it received its name from Ben Pimlico and his tea-gardens, however, were near Hoxton, and the road to them was termed Pimlico Path, so that what is now called Pimlico was so named from the popularity of the Hoxton resort. In 1825, Thomas Cubitt was contracted by Lord Grosvenor to develop Pimlico, the land up to this time had been marshy but was reclaimed using soil excavated during the construction of St Katharine Docks. Cubitt developed Pimlico as a grid of white stucco terraces. The largest and most opulent houses were built along St Georges Drive and Belgrave Road, lupus Street contained similarly grand houses, as well as shops and, until the early twentieth century, a hospital for women and children. Smaller-scale properties, typically of three storeys, line the side streets, an 1877 newspaper article described Pimlico as genteel, sacred to professional men… not rich enough to luxuriate in Belgravia proper, but rich enough to live in private houses. Its inhabitants were more lively than in Kensington… and yet a cut above Chelsea, although the area was dominated by the well-to-do middle and upper-middle classes as late as Booths 1889 Map of London Poverty, parts of Pimlico are said to have declined significantly by the 1890s. Through the late century, Pimlico saw the construction of several Peabody Estates, charitable housing projects designed to provide affordable. Proximity to the Houses of Parliament made Pimlico a centre of political activity, prior to 1928, the Labour Party and Trades Union Congress shared offices on Eccleston Square, and it was here in 1926 that the general strike was organised. Completed in 1937, it became popular with MPs and public servants

12.
Millbank Prison
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It was opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. After various changes in circumstance, the Panopticon plan was abandoned in 1812, an architectural competition was then held for a new penitentiary design. It attracted 43 entrants, the winner being William Williams, drawing master at the Royal Military College, Williams basic design was adapted by a practising architect, Thomas Hardwick, who began construction in the same year. Hardwick resigned in 1813, and John Harvey took over the role, Harvey was dismissed in turn in 1815, and replaced by Robert Smirke, who brought the project to completion in 1821. The marshy site on which the prison stood meant that the builders experienced problems of subsidence from the outset, Smirke finally resolved the difficulty by introducing a highly innovative concrete raft to provide a secure foundation. However, this added considerably to the costs, which eventually totalled £500,000, more than twice the original estimate. The first prisoners, all women, were admitted on 26 June 1816, the prison held 103 men and 109 women by the end of 1817, and 452 men and 326 women by late 1822. Sentences of five to ten years in the National Penitentiary were offered as an alternative to transportation to those thought most likely to reform. In addition to the problems of construction, the marshy site fostered disease, in 1818 they employed a Medical Supervisor, in the form of Dr Alexander Copland Hutchison of Westminster Dispensary, to oversee the health issues of the occupants. In 1822–23 an epidemic swept through the prison, which seems to have comprised a mixture of dysentery, scurvy, depression and other disorders. The decision was taken to evacuate the buildings for several months, the female prisoners were released. The design also turned out to be unsatisfactory, the network of corridors was so labyrinthine that even the warders got lost, and the ventilation system allowed sound to carry, so that prisoners could communicate between cells. The annual running costs turned out to be an unsupportable £16,000, in view of these problems, the decision was eventually taken to build a new model prison at Pentonville, which opened in 1842 and took over Millbanks role as the National Penitentiary. By an Act of Parliament of 1843, Millbanks status was downgraded, every person sentenced to transportation was sent to Millbank first, where they were held for three months before their final destination was decided. By 1850, around 4,000 people convicted of crimes were being transported annually from the UK, prisoners awaiting transportation were kept in solitary confinement and restricted to silence for the first half of their sentence. Large-scale transportation ended in 1853, and Millbank then became a local prison. By 1886 it had ceased to hold inmates, and it closed in 1890, demolition began in 1892, and continued sporadically until 1903. The buildings of each pentagon were set around a cluster of five courtyards used as airing-yards, the third and fourth pentagons were used to house female prisoners, and the remaining four for male prisoners

Millbank Prison
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Millbank Prison in the 1820s.
Millbank Prison
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The prison's burial ground, with the Houses of Parliament in the background. The image was published in 1862.
Millbank Prison
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Plan of Millbank Prison.
Millbank Prison
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Map of 1867, showing the prison and its surroundings

13.
John Leicester, 1st Baron de Tabley
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John Leicester, 1st Baron de Tabley was an English landowner, politician, amateur artist, and patron of the arts. Born at Tabley House in Cheshire,4 April 1762, he was the eldest son of Sir Peter Leicester, 4th Baronet, by his wife Catherine, coheiress of Sir William Fleming of Rydal, Westmorland. His father was a patron of Wilson, Barret, and other artists, the son was taught to draw by Robert Marris, Thomas Vivares, and Paul Sandby. On the death of his father in 1770, Leicester succeeded to the baronetcy and estates and he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he proceeded M. A. in 1784, and then travelled on the continent. In Italy about 1786 he met Sir Richard Colt Hoare and they spent time together France, Leicester was elected Member of Parliament for Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, in 1791, for Heytesbury, Wiltshire, in 1796, and for Stockbridge, Hampshire, in 1807. In parliament he supported the Prince Regent and soon one of the Princes personal friends. Leicester acted also as lieutenant-colonel of the Cheshire militia, and after thirteen years service was appointed colonel of a regiment of cavalry raised for home defence, during the Napoleonic Wars he raised the regiment eventually called the Cheshire Yeomanry. In 1817, it took part in dispersing the Blanketeers in Lancashire, Leicester promoted an English school of painting and sculpture. He collected examples of English and Scottish art in a gallery in his London house in Hill Street, Berkeley Square, with Colt Hoare and Walter Ramsden Fawkes, the patron of Turner, Leicester contributed to the expansion of patronage to artists in England. In 1805-1806 Leicester assisted Sir Thomas Bernard in the foundation of the British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom, the Annals of the Fine Arts for 1819 was dedicated to him. He was an member of the Royal Irish Institution and the Royal Cork Society of Arts. Leicester was also interested in music and natural history, and late in life discussed with his friend William Jerdan an elaborate British Ichthyology. He sketched, mainly landscapes, and also painted in oils and made a set of prints from his own drawings of landscapes. Leicester was created Baron de Tabley on 16 July 1826 and he died at Tabley House on 18 June 1827. Leicester married, on 9 November 1810, she aged 16, Georgiana Maria, youngest daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Cottin, la Belle Assemblee, or Court and Fashionable Magazine, London, August 1828, no. 8, Illustrative Memoir of the Right Honourable Georgiana, Lady De Tabley, pages 47–49, The Portrait Gallery of distinguished females, by John Burke, two volumes, London,1833. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Leicester

14.
Robert Vernon (art patron)
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Robert Vernon was an English contractor and businessman, known as a patron of art. Vernon was a man, a jobmaster, posting contractor. He amassed a fortune as contractor for the supply of horses to the British armies during the Napoleonic wars, between 1820 and 1847 Vernon collected about 200 pictures by living British artists, with a few by other European painters. On 22 December 1847 he presented a selection of 157 pictures from his collection to the nation and this collection was housed at first in Marlborough House, it was moved to the South Kensington Museum, and in 1876 to the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square. It was subsequently split between the National Gallery and Tate Gallery and he also intended to give money in his will to support art and artists. In the event Leicester Viney Smith inherited from the unmarried Vernon, Vernon was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He died at his house in Pall Mall, London on 22 May 1849, and was buried at Ardington, Berkshire, where he owned property

15.
National Gallery, London
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The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the century to 1900. The Gallery is a charity, and a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media. Its collection belongs to the public of the United Kingdom and entry to the collection is free of charge. It is among the most visited art museums in the world, after the Musée du Louvre, the British Museum, unlike comparable museums in continental Europe, the National Gallery was not formed by nationalising an existing royal or princely art collection. It came into being when the British government bought 38 paintings from the heirs of John Julius Angerstein, after that initial purchase the Gallery was shaped mainly by its early directors, notably Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, and by private donations, which comprise two-thirds of the collection. It used to be claimed that this was one of the few national galleries that had all its works on permanent exhibition, the present building, the third to house the National Gallery, was designed by William Wilkins from 1832 to 1838. Only the façade onto Trafalgar Square remains essentially unchanged from this time, wilkinss building was often criticised for the perceived weaknesses of its design and for its lack of space, the latter problem led to the establishment of the Tate Gallery for British art in 1897. The Sainsbury Wing, an extension to the west by Robert Venturi, the current Director of the National Gallery is Gabriele Finaldi. The late 18th century saw the nationalisation of royal or princely art collections across mainland Europe, great Britain, however, did not emulate the continental model, and the British Royal Collection remains in the sovereigns possession today. In 1777 the British government had the opportunity to buy an art collection of international stature, the MP John Wilkes argued for the government to buy this invaluable treasure and suggested that it be housed in a noble gallery. The twenty-five paintings from that now in the Gallery, including NG1, have arrived by a variety of routes. This offer was declined and Bourgeois bequeathed the collection to his old school, Dulwich College, the collection opened in Britains first purpose-built public gallery, the Dulwich Picture Gallery, in 1814. The British Institution, founded in 1805 by a group of aristocratic connoisseurs, the members lent works to exhibitions that changed annually, while an art school was held in the summer months. However, as the paintings that were lent were often mediocre, some resented the Institution. One of the Institutions founding members, Sir George Beaumont, Bt, in 1823 another major art collection came on the market, which had been assembled by the recently deceased John Julius Angerstein. Angerstein was a Russian-born émigré banker based in London, his collection numbered 38 paintings, including works by Raphael, on 1 July 1823 George Agar Ellis, a Whig politician, proposed to the House of Commons that it purchase the collection. The appeal was given added impetus by Beaumonts offer, which came with two conditions, that the government buy Angersteins collection, and that a building was to be found

National Gallery, London
National Gallery, London
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Location within Central London
National Gallery, London
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The Raising of Lazarus by Sebastiano del Piombo, from the collection of John Julius Angerstein. This became the founding collection of the National Gallery in 1824. The painting has the accession number NG1, making it officially the first painting to enter the Gallery.
National Gallery, London
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100 Pall Mall, the home of the National Gallery from 1824 to 1834.

16.
South Kensington Museum
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The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the worlds largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and these include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001, the V&A covers 12.5 acres and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum owns the worlds largest collection of sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea, the East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world, New 17th- and 18th-century European galleries were opened on 9 December 2015. These restored the original Aston Webb interiors and host the European collections 1600–1815, at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection, by February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House, this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting, in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of High Art at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis, the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of art education through the museum collections. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the Science Museum had effectively come into existence when a director was appointed. The laying of the stone of the Aston Webb building on 17 May 1899 was the last official public appearance by Queen Victoria. It was during this ceremony that the change of name from the South Kensington Museum to the Victoria, the exhibition which the museum organised to celebrate the centennial of the 1899 renaming, A Grand Design, first toured in North America from 1997, returning to London in 1999

South Kensington Museum
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Entrance to the Victoria and Albert Museum
South Kensington Museum
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In 2000, an 11 metre high, blown glass chandelier by Dale Chihuly was installed as a focal point in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance.
South Kensington Museum
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Henry Cole, the museum's first director
South Kensington Museum
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Frieze detail from internal courtyard showing Queen Victoria in front of the 1851 Great Exhibition.

17.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions

18.
Sir Hugh Lane
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Sir Hugh Percy Lane was an Irish art dealer, collector and gallery director. He is best known for establishing Dublins Municipal Gallery of Modern Art and for his contribution to the arts in Ireland. Hugh Lane died on board the RMS Lusitania, Hugh Percy Lane was born in County Cork, Ireland on 9 November 1875. He was brought up in Cornwall, England, and began his career as a painting restorer and later became a successful art dealer in London. Through regular visits to Coole, County Galway, the home of his aunt, Lady Gregory and he soon counted among his family, friends and social circle those who collectively formed the core of the Irish cultural renaissance in the early decades of the 20th century. The Municipal Gallery of Modern Art opened in January 1908 in temporary premises in Harcourt Street, Lane hoped that Dublin Corporation would run it, but the corporation was unsure if it would be financially viable. Lane did not live to see his gallery permanently located as he died in 1915 during the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, off the west coast of Cork, the gallery, extended in 2005, is now in Parnell Square in central Dublin. For his services to art in Ireland, Lane was knighted in June 1909 at the young age of 33. Following his death, his will bequeathed his collection to London, having possession, Londons National Gallery did not recognise the codicil. At the request of Lanes aunt, Lady Gregory, WT Cosgrave, in 1993 the agreement was varied so that 31 of the 39 paintings would stay in Ireland. The remaining 8 were divided into 2 groups, so that 4 would be lent for 6 years at a time to Dublin and these 8 include works by Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Morisot, Vuillard and Degas. In 2008 The National Gallery in London arranged for the collection to be on display in Dublin together for the first time. There was a switch in May 2013 for a six-year period, ISBN 1-901866-55-6 HughLane. ie - Dublin City Gallery, The Hugh Lane

19.
Joseph Duveen
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Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen, known as Sir Joseph Duveen, Bt, between 1927 and 1933, was a British art dealer, considered one of the most influential art dealers of all time. Joseph Duveen was British by birth, the eldest of thirteen children of Sir Joseph Joel Duveen, the Duveen Brothers firm became very successful and became involved in trading antiques. Duveen Senior died in 1908, Joseph took over the working in partnership with his late fathers brother Henry J. Duveen. He had received a thorough and stimulating education at University College School and his success is famously attributed to noticing that Europe has a great deal of art, and America has a great deal of money. He made his fortune by buying works of art from declining European aristocrats and selling them to the millionaires of the United States. Duveens clients included Henry Clay Frick, William Randolph Hearst, Henry E. Huntington, J. P. Morgan, Samuel H. Kress, Andrew Mellon, John D. Rockefeller, and a Canadian, Frank Porter Wood. The works that Duveen shipped across the Atlantic remain the core collections of many of the United States most famous museums, Duveen played an important role in selling to self-made industrialists on the notion that buying art was also buying upper-class status. Duveen quickly became wealthy, and made many philanthropic donations. He gave paintings to many British galleries and he donated considerable sums to repair and expand several galleries, amongst other things he built the Duveen Gallery of the British Museum to house the Elgin Marbles and a major extension to the Tate Gallery. Duveen married Elsie, daughter of Gustav Salomon, of New York and they had one daughter, Dorothy Rose. She married, firstly, Sir William Francis Cuthbert Garthwaite, DSC 2nd Bt. on 23 July 1931, orthopædic Surgeon to St. Georges Hospital, of Upper Wimpole Street, London. The court case took seven years to come to trial and after the first jury returned a verdict, Duveen agreed to settle. In recent years, Duveens reputation has suffered considerably, restorers working under his guidance damaged Old Master panel paintings by scraping off old varnish and giving the paintings a glossy finish. He was also responsible for the damaging restoration work done to the Elgin Marbles. A number of the paintings he sold have turned out to be fakes, Duveen greatly increased the trade in bringing great works of art from Europe to America. He eventually became the art dealer, through planning and his insight into human behavior. If a great painting came onto the market he had to have it no matter what and he always outbid the opposition and eventually acquired the finest collections. He went to lengths to purchase great works of art and his network went well beyond American millionaires, English Royalty

Joseph Duveen
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Joseph Duveen in the 1920s
Joseph Duveen
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The Elgin Marbles on display in the Duveen Gallery of the British Museum
Joseph Duveen
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La belle ferronnière, by Leonardo da Vinci; the authenticity of another version of this painting was questioned by Duveen.
Joseph Duveen
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The oldest Western panel portrait of a woman, now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington. Photographs prove Duveen significantly altered the hair and headdress to make it look like a Pisanello of the 1440s. [citation needed] It is now catalogued as by an unknown "Franco-Flemish Master" of about 1410.

20.
Arts Council of Great Britain
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The Arts Council of Great Britain was a non-departmental public body dedicated to the promotion of the fine arts in Great Britain. The Arts Council of Great Britain was divided in 1994 to form the Arts Council of England, the Scottish Arts Council, at the same time the National Lottery was established and these three arts councils, plus the Arts Council of Northern Ireland, became distribution bodies. In 1940, during the Second World War, the Council for the Encouragement of Music, chaired by Lord De La Warr, President of the Board of Education, the Council was government-funded and after the war was renamed the Arts Council of Great Britain. A Royal Charter was granted on 9 August 1946, followed by another in 1967, the Councils first Chairman was John Maynard Keynes who used his influence in Government to secure a high level of funding despite Britains poor finances following the war. The majority of funding was directed to organisations with which Keynes had close ties such as the Royal Opera House and was restricted to Central London. After Keynes death Government funding was reduced but the Arts Council received wide recognition for its contribution to the Festival of Britain thanks to the new Chairman Kenneth Clark, artworks commissioned by the Council for the Festival were retained to form the basis of the Arts Council Collection. The Arts Council commissioned 12 sculptors and 60 painters, who made paintings,114 by 152 centimetres or more. Ultimately the works were to be given to new hospitals, libraries, schools, under the Harold Wilson Government of 1964-70 the Arts Council enjoyed a Golden Age thanks to the close relationship between Chairman Arnold Goodman and the Arts Minister Jennie Lee. This period saw the Council establish a network of organisations across the country as regular client organisations. Since 1987, the gallery has been managed by the South Bank Centre. In 2003 sculpture in the Collection was moved to a base in Yorkshire, during the 1970s and 1980s the Arts Council came under attack for being elitist and politically biased, in particular from the prominent Conservative Party minister Norman Tebbit. The Government grant to the Council was capped effecting a real reduction in funding though it was argued that any shortfall would be made up by increased sponsorship from the private sector. The Secretary-General from 1975–83, Roy Shaw, the last secretary-General to be knighted, faced the task of reconciling the needs of arts organisations with the restricted funding. William Rees-Mogg was an appointment as Chairman and proposed slimming down the Councils responsibilities. This led to a series of clashes with prominent figures from the Arts such as Peter Hall who resigned from the Council in protest, in 1987 the restructure inspired by Rees-Mogg cut by half the number of organisations receiving Arts Council funding. During the same period the Arts Council began encouraging a greater level of sponsorship for the arts. The Arts Council of Great Britain was divided in 1994 to form the Arts Council of England, Scottish Arts Council, at the same time the National Lottery was established and the Arts Council of England became one of the distribution bodies

Arts Council of Great Britain
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Dancers from the Ballet Rambert, under the auspices of CEMA perform Peter and The Wolf at an aircraft factory in the Midlands during World War II

21.
Marcel Duchamp
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Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his artists as retinal art. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind, Marcel Duchamp was born at Blainville-Crevon in Normandy, France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver Émile Frédéric Nicolle, his grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, paint. Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamps seven children, one died as an infant, Marcel Duchamp was the brother of, Jacques Villon, painter, printmaker Raymond Duchamp-Villon, sculptor Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti, painter. At 8 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers footsteps when he left home and began schooling at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, two other students in his class also became well-known artists and lasting friends, Robert Antoine Pinchon and Pierre Dumont. For the next 8 years, he was locked into a regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not a student, his best subject was mathematics. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize and he learned academic drawing from a teacher who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamps true artistic mentor at the time was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid, at 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting his sister Suzanne in various poses and activities. That summer he painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils. Duchamps early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles and he experimented with classical techniques and subjects. He studied art at the Académie Julian from 1904 to 1905, during this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use verbal puns, visual puns, or both, such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life. In 1905, he began his military service with the 39th Infantry Regiment. There he learned typography and printing processes—skills he would use in his later work, due to his eldest brother Jacques membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamps work was exhibited in the 1908 Salon dAutomne. The following year his work was featured in the Salon des Indépendants, of Duchamps pieces in the show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire—who was to become a friend—criticized what he called Duchamps very ugly nudes. The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, or the Section dOr, uninterested in the Cubists seriousness or in their focus on visual matters, Duchamp did not join in discussions of Cubist theory, and gained a reputation of being shy

22.
European Capital of Culture
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The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension. An international panel of experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union. Consequently, the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities. The European Capital of Culture programme was called the European City of Culture and was conceived in 1983, by Melina Mercouri. Mercouri believed that at the time, culture was not given the attention as politics and economics. The European City of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 with Athens being the first title-holder, during the German presidency of 1999, the European City of Culture programme was renamed the European Capital of Culture. 1 A new framework makes it possible for a city in a country or potential candidate for EU membership to hold the title every third year as of 2021. This will be selected through a competition, meaning that cities from various countries may compete with each other. Association for Tourism and Leisure Education

European Capital of Culture
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Mons (Belgium), the European Capital of Culture for 2015
European Capital of Culture
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Plzeň (Czech Republic) is the European Capital of Culture for 2015 along with Mons.

23.
St Ives School
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The St Ives School refers to a group of artists living and working in the Cornish town of St Ives. The town became a magnet for artists following the extension to West Cornwall of the Great Western Railway in 1877, in 1920 Bernard Leach and Shoji Hamada set up a pottery in St Ives, creating the towns first international 20th-century art connection. In 1928 Ben Nicholson and Christopher Wood visited St Ives where they were impressed by the work of local artist Alfred Wallis and this started the development of the Cornish fishing port as an artists colony. The St Ives School of Painting was established in the historic Porthmeor studios at the centre of St Ives artists quarter in 1938 and they were soon joined by the prominent Russian Constructivist sculptor Naum Gabo. After the war ended, a new and younger generation of artists emerged, led by Hepworth and it is with this group, together with Hepworth and Nicholson, that the term St Ives School is particularly associated. Helen Hoyles review of this programme is very informative. Desperately in need of attention, over the years the building had suffered from the harsh conditions of its marine environment. While recent renovations have repaired and refurbished the Porthmeor Studios and ensured their future, the varied course programme attracts students from far and wide, to be taught by practicing artists in historic surroundings, at the centre of a thriving arts community. It offers regular drop in life drawing sessions, short courses and family activities, in addition to its popular art courses, the School regularly holds various art events, including exhibitions and lectures, many of which occur during the St Ives September Festival. List of St Ives artists Barbara Hepworth Museum Paisnel Gallery Penwith Gallery Penwith Society of Arts Tate St Ives Walker, glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. Ed. St Ives School of Painting website

St Ives School

24.
Barbara Hepworth Museum
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The Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden in St Ives, Cornwall preserves the 20th century sculptor Barbara Hepworths studio and garden much as they were when she lived and worked there. She purchased the site in 1949 and lived and worked there for 26 years until her death in a fire on the premises in 1975. The studio, known as Trewyn Studio, was purchased by Barbara Hepworth in 1949 and her living room is furnished as she left it, while the workshop remains full of her tools and equipment, materials, and part-worked pieces. The museum was opened by her family in 1976, after Barbara had left instructions to this effect in her will and it is the largest collection of her works that are on permanent display. The sculptures featured at the museum were some of her favourites and her workshop also includes a queue of uncut stones that one visitor has described as still waiting for their moment in the shadow of her workshop. In 1950 she acquired two blocks of Galway limestone which she carved into her Festival of Britain commission, the Contrapuntal Forms. A set of photographs in the shows the progress of this project. Wood carving was done in a room, and the bronze statues she started casting in 1956 had their origins in the plaster prototypes she worked on in the upper of the two outside studios. She was helped in the creation of the garden by her friend, Barbara Hepworth died in a fire at this site in 1975, when she was aged 72. The family passed the museum to the Tate gallery in 1980, the Barbara Hepworth Sculpture Garden by Miranda Phillips and Chris Stephens

Barbara Hepworth Museum
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Sphere with Inner Form at the Barbara Hepworth Museum, with Two Forms (Divided Circle) behind
Barbara Hepworth Museum
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Hepworth's workshop left virtually untouched
Barbara Hepworth Museum
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Close up of Hepworth's tools, in the workshop

25.
Bankside Power Station
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Bankside Power Station was a former electricity generating station located on the south bank of the River Thames, in the Bankside area of the Borough of Southwark, London. It generated electricity from 1891 to 1981, since 2000 the building has been used to house the Tate Modern art museum and gallery. The pioneer Bankside power station was built at Meredith Wharf Bankside in 1891 and it was owned and operated by the City of London Electric Lighting Company Limited and supplied electricity to the City and to part of north Southwark. This equipment first supplied direct current electricity to arc lamp street lights in Queen Victoria Street on 25 June 1891, alternating current for domestic and commercial consumers was first supplied on 14 December 1891, this was a single-phase,100 Hz, three-wire, 204/102 Volt system. Electricity cables were carried over Southwark bridge and Blackfriars bridge, the power station, later known as Bankside A, was extended several times as the demand for electricity grew. An engine room,230 ft long and 50 ft wide, was built in 1893 with two 200 kW, two 350 kW and two 400 kW alternators driven by Willans engines, the associated boiler house was the same length and had nine Babcock and Wilcox boilers. In 1895 the engine room was extended to 424 ft and the house to 300 ft containing 22 boilers. A DC supply for the presses of Fleet Street was provided from a DC power house at Bankside built in 1900. In 1901 the boiler house was doubled in width and contained 46 boilers, by 1907 the capacity of the station was 25,500 kW with 15,000 kW being DC machinery. The first 2,500 kW turbo-alternator was installed in December 1910, by 1920 there were seven turbo-alternators with an aggregate capacity of 19,500 kW. Until 1919 the system of generation was 2 kV, single-phase AC, and 450 V DC, the steam conditions were also increased from 150 psi to 250 psi with superheat to 660oF. Over the period 1921-28 a new house was built alongside the east face of the power house. This had 18 boilers, the strike of 1921 led to six of the boilers being specified for oil firing. The old boiler house and its three 150 ft chimneys were demolished, in 1934 Bankside was connected to London ring of the national grid and became a selected station under the operational control of the Central Electricity Board. The operating pressure was 260 psi at 600-700oF, the total evaporative capacity was 850,000 lb/hr. Condenser cooling water was drawn from the river Thames through a house located on the river bank at 7,800,000 gallons per hour. Some of the plant was decommissioned. By 1952 the plant comprised one 5 MW and two 10 MW Oerlikon turbo-alternators, two 10 MW and two 15 MW B. T. H, turbo-alternators and one Parsons 4 MW set

Bankside Power Station
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Bankside Power Station, about 1985, before conversion to the Tate Modern

26.
River Thames
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The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river

River Thames
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The Thames in London
River Thames
River Thames
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A statue of Old Father Thames by Raffaelle Monti at St John's Lock, Lechlade.
River Thames
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The marker stone at the official source of the River Thames near Kemble.

27.
John Studzinski
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John Joseph Paul Studzinski, CBE is an American-born British investment banker and philanthropist. He is Vice Chairman of Investor Relations and Business Development at The Blackstone Group and he is also a Senior Managing Director of Blackstone. He joined Blackstone in 2006 as global head of Blackstone Advisory Partners, the mergers and acquisitions advisory arm. Prior to joining Blackstone, Studzinski was at Morgan Stanley from 1980–2003, Studzinski is heavily involved in hands-on philanthropy, patronage, and charity work. His numerous charitable activities revolve mainly around the arts, the homeless and his own charity, the Genesis Foundation, supports and nurtures people in the creative fields in the early stages of their careers. Born and raised in the U. S. Studzinski moved to the UK in 1984, since 2006, he has divided his time between London and New York. John Studzinski was born in 1956 in Peabody, Massachusetts, a town 15 miles northeast of Boston and his parents were working-class Polish immigrants, and his father was a financial manager at General Electrics aircraft-engine division. Education and industriousness were emphasized in the family, and music as well and his was a traditional Polish Catholic family and community, and Catholicism and Christianity were a bedrock in his life. He worked in soup kitchens as a teenager, and helped start a number to inform adolescents about sexually transmitted diseases. Studzinski attended prep school at St. Johns Preparatory School in Massachusetts and he graduated magna cum laude from Bowdoin College in 1978, with a double BA degree in biology and sociology. He received an MBA in finance and marketing from the University of Chicago in 1980, after receiving his MBA, Studzinski began his investment banking career in New York in 1980 on Wall Street, at Morgan Stanley. He spent 23 years at the company, in positions of increasing responsibility, in 1984 he moved to London, to create and build Morgan Stanley’s European mergers and acquisitions advisory business. He served as head of the European investment banking division and deputy chairman of Morgan Stanley International, by the time he left Morgan Stanley in 2003, the division he built was the number three European M&A advisory. In June 2003, Sir John Bond at London-based multinational bank giant HSBC hired Studzinski to create and build an investment banking division, Studzinski made a number of hirings, and grew the new M&A division. After three years at HSBC, following Bonds retirement, Studzinski left the giant bank for Blackstone in May 2006, in 2006 Studzinski joined The Blackstone Group, an American multinational private equity, investment banking, alternative asset management, and financial services corporation based in New York City. He joined as the managing director in its investment and advisory group. He was recruited to oversee and develop Blackstone’s mergers-and-acquisitions advisory business, Blackstone Advisory Partners, in the United States and Europe, CEO Stephen A. Schwarzman said in 2006 that Studzinskis outstanding track record in transatlantic investment banking will be invaluable in accelerating the growth of our advisory business. Studzinski is based in both New York and London and he was personally involved in many of the firms largest advisory assignments

John Studzinski

28.
BT Group
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BT Group plc is a holding company which owns British Telecommunications plc, a British multinational telecommunications services company with head offices in London, United Kingdom. It has operations in around 180 countries, BTs origins date back to the founding of the Electric Telegraph Company in 1846 which developed a nationwide communications network. In 1912, the General Post Office, a government department, the Post Office Act of 1969 led to the GPO becoming a public corporation. British Telecommunications, trading as British Telecom, was formed in 1980, British Telecommunications was privatised in 1984, becoming British Telecommunications plc, with some 50 percent of its shares sold to investors. The Government sold its stake in further share sales in 1991 and 1993. BT has a listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. BT controls a number of large subsidiaries, BT announced in February 2015 that it had agreed to acquire EE for £12.5 billion, and received final regulatory approval from the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016. The transaction was completed on 29 January 2016, BTs origins date back to the establishment of the first telecommunications companies in Britain. Among them was the first commercial service, the Electric Telegraph Company. As these companies amalgamated and were taken over or collapsed, the companies were transferred to state control under the Post Office in 1912. These companies were merged and rebranded as British Telecom, in January 1878 Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his recently developed telephone to Queen Victoria at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. John Hudson, with his premises in nearby Shudehill. As the number of installed telephones across the country grew it became sensible to consider constructing telephone exchanges to allow all the telephones in each city to be connected together, the first exchange was opened in London in August 1879, closely followed by the Lancashire Telephonic Exchange in Manchester. From 1878, the service in Britain was provided by private sector companies such as the National Telephone Company. In 1896, the National Telephone Company was taken over by the General Post Office, in 1912 it became the primary supplier of telecommunications services, after the Post Office took over the private sector telephone service in GB, except for a few local authority services. Those services all folded within a few years, the exception being Kingston upon Hull. Converting the Post Office into an industry, as opposed to a governmental department, was first discussed in 1932 by Lord Wolmer. In 1932 the Bridgeman Committee produced a report that was rejected, in 1961, more proposals were ignored

29.
New media art
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The term differentiates itself by its resulting cultural objects and social events, which can be seen in opposition to those deriving from old visual arts. New Media Art often involves interaction between artist and observer or between observers and the artwork, which responds to them, such insights emphasize the forms of cultural practice that arise concurrently with emerging technological platforms, and question the focus on technological media, per se. The origins of new media art can be traced to the moving photographic inventions of the late 19th century such as the zoetrope, in 1958 Wolf Vostell becomes the first artist who incorporates a television set into one of his works. This installation is part of the collection of the Berlinische Galerie, a. Michael Noll, and multimedia performances of E. A. T. In 1983, Roy Ascott introduced the concept of distributed authorship in his worldwide telematic project La Plissure du Texte for Frank Poppers Electra at the Musée dArt Moderne de la Ville de Paris. Simultaneously advances in biotechnology have allowed artists like Eduardo Kac to begin exploring DNA. Influences on new media art have been the theories developed around interaction, hypertext, databases, important thinkers in this regard have been Vannevar Bush and Theodor Nelson, whereas comparable ideas can be found in the literary works of Jorge Luis Borges, Italo Calvino, and Julio Cortázar. These elements have been especially revolutionary for the field of narrative and anti-narrative studies, leading explorations into areas such as non-linear and this should be taken into account in examining the several themes addressed by new media art. This is a key concept since people acquired the notion that they were conditioned to view everything in a linear, now, art is stepping out of that form and allowing for people to build their own experiences with the piece. Non-linearity describes a project that escape from the linear narrative coming from novels, theater plays. Non-linear art usually requires audience participation or at least, the fact that the visitor is taken into consideration by the representation, altering the displayed content. The participatory aspect of new art, which for some artists has become integral, emerged from Allan Kaprows Happenings and became with Internet. Art is not produced as a completed object submitted to the audience appreciation, many new media art projects also work with themes like politics and social consciousness, allowing for social activism through the interactive nature of the media. One of the key themes in new art is to create visual views of databases. Pioneers in this area include Lisa Strausfeld, Martin Wattenberg and Alberto Frigo, the emergence of 3D printing has introduced a new bridge to new media art, joining the virtual and the physical worlds. The rise of technology has allowed artists to blend the computational base of new media art with the traditional physical form of sculpture. A pioneer in this field was artist Jonty Hurwitz who created the first known anamorphosis sculpture using this technique, currently, research projects into New media art preservation are underway to improve the preservation and documentation of the fragile media arts heritage. In New Media programs, students are able to get acquainted with the newest forms of creation and communication, New Media students learn to identify what is or isnt new about certain technologies

30.
BAFTA
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production

BAFTA
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The BAFTA award, designed by Mitzi Cunliffe
BAFTA
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British Academy of Film and Television Arts

31.
Charities Act 2006
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The Charities Act 2006 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to alter the regulatory framework in which charities operate, partly by amending the Charities Act 1993. The Act was mostly superseded by the Charities Act 2011, which consolidates charity law in the UK, the Act imposes conditions on bodies wishing to attain or maintain charitable status. A public benefit now needs to be demonstrated, the Act established a Charity Tribunal to hear appeals from decisions of the Charity Commission, which previously lay only to the High Court. The Tribunal was abolished in September 2009 and its functions transferred to the First-tier Tribunal, the Act raises the threshold above which registration is required with the Charity Commission from £1,000 to £5,000. This is intended to reduce costs for small charities

Charities Act 2006

32.
Charity Commission for England and Wales
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The Charity Commission for England and Wales is the non-ministerial government department that regulates registered charities in England and Wales and maintains the Central Register of Charities. The Charity Commission answers directly to the UK Parliament rather than to Government ministers and it is governed by a board, which is assisted by the Chief Executive and an executive team. The current Chair is William Shawcross, geraldine Peacock, CBE, was Chief Charity Commissioner from 2003 to 2006, and Chair-designate from 8 July 2004 to 2006. It has four sites in London, Taunton, Liverpool and Newport, the commissions website lists the latest accounts submitted by charities in England and Wales. Some charities are not subject to regulation by or registration with the Charity Commission, because they are regulated by another body. Most exempt charities are listed in Schedule 3 to the Charities Act 2011, however exempt charities must still comply with charity law and may approach the Charity Commission for advice. Some charities are excepted from charity registration and this just means they dont have to register or submit annual returns, but are in all other respects subject to regulation by the Charity Commission. In addition, if an income is below the normal threshold for registration. Nevertheless, it subject to regulation by the Charity Commission in all other respects. Registration of a charity in England and Wales does not endow that status elsewhere thus further registration has to be made before operating in Scotland or Northern Ireland, Charities in Scotland are regulated by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. The Commission carries out monitoring of charities as part of its regular casework. It also has set out in the Charities Acts to conduct statutory investigations. However, opening a full inquiry into a charity has a detrimental effect on the relationship with the regulator. The Commission therefore began around 2007 to carry out a form of action described as regulatory compliance investigations. In 2010 it opened over 140 of these cases, compared to just three full statutory investigations, however, the legality of these actions was debatable as they lacked a statutory basis. A high-profile example was the Commissions report into The Atlantic Bridge, the Commission announced in October 2011, in the context of cost-cutting and a re-focussing of its activities, that it would no longer carry out regulatory compliance investigations. Some of the activities of the Commission have been questioned by the Public Administration Select Committee, prior to the 1840s, a body of Commissioners had been established by the Statue of Charitable Uses 1601, but these proved ineffective. The Charity Commission was first established by the Charitable Trusts Act 1853, there had been several attempts at reforming charities before that which had been opposed by various interest groups including the church, the courts, the companies, and the universities

33.
Frieze Art Fair
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Frieze Art Fair is an international contemporary art fair that takes place every October in Londons Regents Park. The fair is staged by Amanda Sharp and Matthew Slotover, the publishers of frieze magazine, Frieze Art Fair features more than 170 contemporary art galleries, and the fair also includes specially commissioned artists’ projects, a talks programme and an artist-led education schedule. Since 2014, the magazine has also running a New York edition, on Randalls Island. Although staged for the purpose of selling work, the fair has become an entertainment event. The fair also commissions artist projects and holds a programme of talks, Frieze Art Fair released sales figures following the first three fairs. However, Sharp and Slotover came to such results to be misleading and inaccurate, as many sales are completed post-fair. From 2006 the fair has not released sales figures, in 2008, Deutsche Bank was the main sponsor of Frieze Art Fair for the fifth consecutive year. Joffe claims that his criticisms of Frieze Art Fair led to his work being banned from the fair in 2010, in May 2011, Slotover and Sharp announced the launch of two new art fairs – Frieze New York, and Frieze Masters. Since the mid-2000s, auction houses Christies, Sothebys and Phillips have expanded their mid-season contemporary sales that coincided with Frieze London, space hire was £180 per meter. The fairs income was £990,000 from 5,500 square meters, non-profit programme Frieze Projects initiated with Polly Staple as curator. Space hire was £190 per meter, the fairs income from galleries was £1.5 million from 8,000 square meters. There were over 1,000 gallery applications for places, the fair was sponsored by Deutsche Bank AG. US galleries included Gagosian, Zach Feuer Gallery Matthew Marks and Barbara Gladstone, British galleries included White Cube, Lisson Gallery and Victoria Miro Gallery. European galleries included Hauser & Wirth, galleries came from Beijing, Melbourne, Moscow and Auckland. 38 exhibitors were American and 35 British, celebrities at the opening included Claudia Schiffer, David Bowie and Alexander McQueen. Tracey Emin launched her book Strangeland to coincide with the 2005 fair, the fair was 12–15 October 2006. There was a preview for invited guests on 11 October 2006, mika Rottenberg wins the Cartier Award 2006 The fair was 11–14 October 2007. There was a preview for invited guests including Tracey Emin, Jake and Dinos Chapman, mario Garcia Torres Wins the Cartier Award 2007 Neville Wakefield becomes curator of Frieze Projects The fair was 16–19 October 2008

34.
Francis Chantrey
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Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey RA was an English sculptor. He became the leading sculptor in Regency era Britain, producing busts. He left the Chantrey Bequest or Chantrey Fund for the purchase of works of art for the nation, Chantrey was born at Jordanthorpe near Norton, where his father had a small farm. His father, who dabbled in carpentry and wood-carving, died when Francis was twelve. In 1802 Chantrey paid £50 to buy out of his apprenticeship with Ramsay and immediately set up a studio as a portrait artist in Sheffield. For several years he divided his time between Sheffield and London, studying intermittently at the Royal Academy Schools, in the summer of 1802 he travelled to Dublin, where he fell very ill, losing all his hair. He exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy for a few years from 1804, but from 1807 onwards devoted himself mainly to sculpture. Asked later in life, as a witness in a case, whether he had ever worked for any other sculptors, he replied, No. His first recorded marble bust was one of the Rev. James Wilkinson and his first imaginative sculpture, a head of Satan was shown at the Royal Academy in 1808. Three of them were shown at the Royal Academy that year, on 23 November 1809 he married his cousin, Mary Ann Wale at St Marys Church, Twickenham. He also bought land to two more houses, a studio and offices. In 1811 he showed six busts in the Royal Academy, the subjects included Horne Tooke and Sir Francis Burdett, two political figures he greatly admired, his early mentor John Raphael Smith, and Benjamin West. Joseph Nollekens placed the bust of Tooke between two of his own, and the given to it is said to have had a significant influence on Chantreys career. In the wake of the exhibition he received commissions amounting to £2,000, in 1813 he was able to raise his price for a bust to a hundred and fifty guineas, and in 1822 to two hundred. He visited Paris in 1814, and again in 1815, this time with his wife, Thomas Stothard, in 1819 he went to Italy, accompanied by the painter John Jackson, and an old friend named Read. In Rome he met Thorvaldsen and Canova, getting to know the latter especially well, in 1828 Chantrey set up his own foundry in Eccleston Place, not far from his house and studio, where large-scale works in bronze, including equestrian statues, could be cast. His assistants would make a clay model based on the drawings. A plaster cast would be made of the model

35.
Royal Academy
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The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner

Royal Academy
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Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Academy
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Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists
Royal Academy
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Study for Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.
Royal Academy
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An early RA Summer Exhibition at the Academy's original home in Somerset House

36.
Robert Morris (artist)
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Robert Morris is an American sculptor, conceptual artist and writer. Morris lives and works in New York, between 1948 and 1950, Morris studied engineering at the University of Kansas. He then studied art at both the University of Kansas and at Kansas City Art Institute as well as philosophy at Reed College and he interrupted his studies in 1951-52 to serve with the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Arizona and Korea. After moving to New York City in 1959 to study sculpture, initially a painter, Morris’ work of the 1950s was influenced by Abstract Expressionism and particularly Jackson Pollock. While living in California, Morris also came into contact with the work of La Monte Young, the idea that art making was a record of a performance by the artist in the studio led to an interest in dance and choreography. During the 1950s, Morris furthered his interest in dance while living in San Francisco with his wife, Morris moved to New York in 1960. In 1962 where he staged the performance Column at the Living Theater in New York based on the exploration of bodies in space in which a square column after a few minutes on stage falls over. In New York, Morris began to explore the work of Marcel Duchamp, making pieces such as Box with the Sound of its Own Making. In 1963 he had an exhibition of Minimal sculptures at the Green Gallery in New York that was written about by Donald Judd, the following year, also at Green Gallery, Morris exhibited a suite of large-scale polyhedron forms constructed from 2 x 4s and gray-painted plywood. In 1964 Morris devised and performed two celebrated performance artworks 21.3 in which he lip syncs to a reading of an essay by Erwin Panofsky, Morris enrolled at Hunter College in New York and in 1966 published a series of influential essays Notes on Sculpture in Artforum. He exhibited two L Beams in the seminal 1966 exhibit, Primary Structures at the Jewish Museum in New York, in 1967 Morris created Steam, an early piece of Land Art. By the late 1960s Morris was being featured in shows in America but his work. His work became larger scale taking up the majority of the space with series of modular units or piles of earth. Untitled, for example, is composed of dozens of sliced pink industrial felt pieces that have dropped on the floor. In 1971 Morris designed an exhibition for the Tate Gallery that took up the central sculpture gallery with ramps. He published a photo of himself dressed in S&M gear in an advertisement in Artforum, similar to one by Lynda Benglis and he created the Robert Morris Observatory in the Netherlands, a modern Stonehenge, which identifies the solstices and the equinoxes. It is at coordinates 52°3258N 5°3357E, during the later 1970s Morris switched to figurative work, a move that surprised many of his supporters. Themes of the work were often fear of nuclear war, during the 1990s returned to his early work supervising reconstructions and installations of lost pieces

Robert Morris (artist)
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The "infamous" 1974 self-constructed body art poster of Robert Morris.
Robert Morris (artist)
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Bronze Gate (2005) is a cor-ten steel work by Robert Morris. It is set in the garden of the dialysis pavilion in the hospital of Pistoia, Italy.

37.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817

38.
Art of the United Kingdom
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The Art of the United Kingdom refers to all forms of visual art in or associated with the United Kingdom since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. For earlier periods, and some more detailed information on the period, see English art, Scottish art, Welsh art. Increasing British prosperity led to an increased production of both fine art and the decorative arts, the latter often being exported. The Romantic period produced the diverse talents of William Blake, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable. The Victorian period saw a great diversity of art, and a far larger quantity created than before, much Victorian art is now out of critical favour, with interest concentrated on the Pre-Raphaelites and the innovative movements at the end of the 18th century. The oldest surviving British art includes Stonehenge from around 2600 BC and this had a brief but spectacular flowering in all the countries that now form the United Kingdom in the 7th and 8th centuries, in works such as the Book of Kells and Book of Lindisfarne. The Insular style was influential across Northern Europe, and especially so in later Anglo-Saxon art, the Protestant Reformations of England and Scotland were especially destructive of existing religious art, and the production of new work virtually ceased. The Artists of the Tudor Court were mostly imported from Europe, the portraiture of Elizabeth I ignored contemporary European Renaissance models to create iconic images that border on naive art. His counterpart in Edinburgh, Sir John Baptist Medina, born in Brussels to Spanish parents, had died just before the Union took place, and was one of the last batch of Scottish knights to be created. Medina had first worked in London, but in mid-career moved to the competitive environment of Edinburgh. Richardson also trained the most notable Irish portraitist of the period and his best-known work is at Greenwich Hospital, Blenheim Palace and the cupola of Saint Pauls Cathedral, London. From 1714 the new Hanoverian dynasty conducted a far less ostentatious court, fortunately, the booming British economy was able to supply aristocratic and mercantile wealth to replace the court, above all in London. Other subjects were only issued as prints, and Hogarth was both the first significant British printmaker, and still the best known. Many works were series of four or more scenes, of which the best known are, A Harlots Progress and A Rakes Progress from the 1730s and Marriage à-la-mode from the mid-1740s. Like many later painters Hogarth wanted above all to achieve success at history painting in the Grand Manner, the academy was taken over by Thornhill in 1716, but seems to have become inactive by the time John Vanderbank and Louis Chéron set up their own academy in 1720. This did not last long, and in 1724/5 Thornhill tried again in his own house, with little success. Hogarth inherited the equipment for this, and used it to start the St. Martins Lane Academy in 1735, Hogarth also helped solve the problem of a lack of exhibition venues in London, arranging for shows at the Foundling Hospital from 1746. The Scottish portraitist Allan Ramsay worked in Edinburgh before moving to London by 1739 and his main London rival in the mid-century, until Reynolds made his reputation, was Reynolds master, the stodgy Thomas Hudson

39.
Stuckist demonstrations
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Stuckist demonstrations since 2000 have been a key part of the Stuckist art groups activities and have succeeded in giving them a high-profile both in Britain and abroad. Their primary agenda is the promotion of painting and opposition to conceptual art and their demonstrations are particularly associated with the Turner Prize at Tate Britain, but have also been carried out at other venues, including Trafalgar Square and the Saatchi Gallery. There have also been protests in the United States by US Stuckists. They didnt know who was protesting out there, there is, however, no mention of any such demonstration on the Stuckism website. The Stuckists were founded in 1999 by Charles Thomson and Billy Childish to promote figurative painting, Thomson derived the name of the group from an insult by Tracey Emin to her ex-boyfriend Childish that he was stuck. The original group of 13 artists has now grown to a movement of 183 groups in 44 countries. The Stuckists have demonstrated annually at Tate Britain on the occasion of the Turner Prize since 2000, and have been featured extensively in the media for their appearances. The demonstrations have adopted a variety of themes to make their point, which is simply that the prize is named after a famous painter and their Turner Prize manifesto comments, The only person who wouldnt be in danger of winning the Turner Prize is Turner. This is a leaflet they have handed out to the public, the first Stuckist demonstration took place outside Tate Britain on Turner Prize day,28 November 2000. The group took care to work within the regulations in order to subvert them and they were dressed as clowns, and had obtained advance permission to enter the museum in this costume. They announced on their web site, Please note this is not a demonstration in the normal meaning and this is simply the exercise of ones right to visit the gallery which one has paid for, in the attire of ones choice. It should be noted that the following is NOT permissible wear, naked, swimming costume and this award continued to be made in subsequent years. They then paraded outside Tate Britain in clown costumes, walked into the museum, to coincide with the Tates show, they also staged their own concurrent show The Real Turner Prize Show with simultaneous shows of the same name in Germany and Australia. The Guardian announced the winner of the real Turner Prize with the headline Turner Winner Riles the Stuckists, there was a demonstration in ordinary clothes at the Prize press launch on 6 November. Another demonstration took place on the Prize ceremony day,9 December, this reached a worldwide TV audience, the work of one nominee, Martin Creed, was an empty room, where the lights went on and off every five seconds. The demonstrators dressed in costume and shone torches in protest. The Stuckists gave their Art Clown of the Year Award to Sir Nicholas Serota, other nominees were Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Sarah Kent. There was a demonstration at the Turner Prize press launch on 29 October, meanwhile, the Stuckism International Gallery staged The Real Turner Prize Show 2002

40.
Nicholas Serota
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Sir Nicholas Andrew Serota, CH is director of the Tate art museums and galleries. He was director of The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, and the Whitechapel Gallery, London, before becoming in 1988 director of the Tate and he has been announced as the new Chair of Arts Council England in September 2016. He has been the chairman of the Turner Prize jury, Nicholas Serota, the son of Stanley Serota, a Fellow, Institution of Civil Engineers, and Beatrice Serota, grew up in Hampstead, North London. His father was a engineer and his mother a civil servant, later a life peer and Labour Minister for Health in Harold Wilsons government. Serota was educated at Haberdashers Askes School and then read Economics at Christs College, Cambridge, before switching to History of Art. He completed a degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, under the supervision of Michael Kitson and Anita Brookner. In 1969, Serota became Chairman of the new Young Friends of the Tate organisation with a membership of 750 and they took over a building in Pear Place, south of Waterloo Bridge, arranging lectures and Saturday painting classes for local children. Serota and his committee resigned, which caused the end of the Young Friends, in 1970, he joined the Arts Council of Great Britains Visual Arts Department as a regional exhibitions officer. In 1976, Serota was appointed Director of the Whitechapel Gallery in Londons East End, the Whitechapel was well regarded but had suffered from lack of resources. In 1976 he was a judge for an art competition run by the brewers Trumans, in 1980, assisted by Alexander Sandy Nairne, he organised a two-part exhibition of 20th-century British sculpture, on a scale which had not been seen in the United Kingdom before. In 1981, he curated The New Spirit in Painting, with Norman Rosenthal, thus Serota remained somewhat distanced from the English establishment, although developing a growing reputation internationally in the art world. In 1984-1985, Serota took the step of shutting down the Whitechapel for over 12 months for extensive refurbishment. A strip of land had been acquired, which allowed a design by architects Colquhoun and Miller for a gallery, restaurant, lecture theatre. Although receiving wide approbation, the scheme was in deficit by £250,000, the success of this was instrumental in Serotas appointment in 1988 as Director of the Tate Gallery. The short-listed candidates for the Tate Directorship, who included Norman Rosenthal, Serotas submission, on two sides of A4 paper, was titled Grasping the Nettle. He saw many areas of the Tates operations in need of overhaul, and concluded that the gallery was loved, Tate Chairman, Richard Rogers considered this by far the best proposal submitted. He is a man, and indeed is quite unusual in this country in his commitment to modern painting. In contrast, Peter Fuller made an attack in Modern Painters magazine, saying that Serota would be incapable, by temperament and ability

41.
J.M.W. Turner
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Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting and he is commonly known as the painter of light. Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptised on 14 May 1775, and it is generally believed he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself claimed he was born on 23 April, but there is no proof and he was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker and his mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswells Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales. Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast, here he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner returned to Margate many times in later life, by this time, Turners drawings were being exhibited in his fathers shop window and sold for a few shillings. His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that, My son, in 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell in Berkshire. A whole sketchbook of work from time in Berkshire survives as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings. By the end of 1789, he had begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton. Turner learned from him the tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles. He would later call Malton My real master, topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies. In the same year of 1789 he entered the Royal Academy of Art schools, when he was 14 years old, Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture, but was advised by the architect Thomas Hardwick to continue painting and his first watercolour painting A View of the Archbishops Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15. As a probationer in the academy, he was drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures

J.M.W. Turner
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Self-portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799
J.M.W. Turner
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Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work
J.M.W. Turner
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A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth – this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned 15. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of Thomas Malton's topographical style.
J.M.W. Turner
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Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy

42.
Frankfurt art theft (1994)
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Three famous paintings were stolen from the Kunsthalle Schirn in Frankfurt in 1994. This case of art theft is unique in that the paintings were recovered by buying them back from the thieves, the theft took place on 28 July 1994 in the Kunsthalle Schirn in Frankfurt. The thieves had themselves locked into the museum at night and then overpowered a security guard, two of the thieves and a dealer were apprehended quickly, but they refused to reveal the location of the paintings and the identity of the people who had ordered the theft. In 1999 they received sentences of up to 11 years, police were unable to recover the paintings. Insurance companies paid about 40 million euros to the paintings owners, the central suspect, a major figure of the Yugoslavian Mafia in Frankfurt known as Stevo, tried to sell the paintings to an underworld figure of Marbella. The two could not agree on a price, and undercover agents from the German police then joined the negotiations in 1995. A new deal for purchase of the paintings was set up, Stevo was arrested, but the evidence was deemed insufficient for prosecution, he was represented by the attorney Edgar Liebrucks who had defended several Mafia figures before. The German prosecutors then all but gave up on the case, an undercover agent from Scotland Yard contacted Edgar Liebrucks, and in late 1999 the lawyer began to negotiate with the Mafia on behalf of Tate. The two sides agreed on a price of 5 million Deutsche Marks per painting. Stevo again increased the demanded advance payment from 1 million to 2 million Marks, the deal for the first painting went through, Liebrucks received about 320,000 euros as compensation by Tate, and Shade and Darkness returned to London in July 2000. Further negotiations then halted, Stevo apparently had lost interest, in autumn 2002 two men contacted Liebrucks, they indicated that they had possession of the two remaining paintings and were willing to sell. Apparently, Stevo had stored the paintings with them, and possibly they were now acting on their own behalf, the Tate Gallery then bought the remaining Turner painting for 2 million euros, it returned to London around Christmas 2002. The two men took a holiday in Cuba. Considering that the Tate Gallery received more from the insurers than it paid to the thieves, it profited substantially. Sandy Nairne, as of 2012 the director of the National Portrait Gallery and former director at the Tate. His experience is chronicled in his 2011 book, Art Theft, the Kunsthalle Hamburg then authorized Liebrucks to recover the Friedrich painting. When the two men returned from their vacation, Liebrucks was able to lower the price from an initial 1.5 million euros to 250,000 euros. Confident that he would be compensated later, the lawyer paid with his own money, the two men left for Brazil

43.
Acceptance in Lieu
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Acceptance in lieu is a provision in British tax law under which inheritance tax debts can be written off in exchange for the acquisition of objects of national importance. The scheme is administered by Arts Council England, a public body of the Department for Culture, Media. The scheme has many houses, works of art and other collections into publicly accessible institutions when they would otherwise have gone to auction. With increasing Death Duty being levied on the wealthy in the late 19th century many were forced to sell off their large houses and estates to pay for their tax liabilities. This often resulted in unique family collections of antiques and works of art being lost, houses and collections continued to be sold however and David Lloyd Georges Peoples Budget of 1909, with its increased land and estate taxes, would have worsened matters. However Lloyd George made a provision in the Finance Act 1910 for the creation of the Acceptance in Lieu scheme to allow land to be given to the nation in lieu of Estate Duty. The years after World War II saw a number of houses given to the nation in this manner. As a result new guidelines for the scheme were introduced by the 1980 National Heritage Act. This is due to a decline in inheritance tax levels from 75% in 1975 to 40% by 1988, rising prices and more effective tax arrangements made by the owners of large. Since 1984 only one house has been given to the nation through the Acceptance in lieu scheme. The scheme continues to provide a means of preserving national treasures and has provided objects worth £140 million to public collections in the five years following 2006. The current legislation under which the scheme is established is Section 230 of the Inheritance Tax Act 1984, the scheme applies to works of art, manuscripts, heritage objects and historic documents. Approval of potential cases lies with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, the minister is advised on the acquisition of an item by a panel of experts from Arts Council England in most cases. Until its abolition in October 2011 the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council provided the advising panel, the panel assesses the open market value of an item and passes this to the minister who makes the final decision whether to accept it or not. The panel aims to provide an assessment of value that is fair to the offerer, once accepted any items currently associated with buildings in public ownership are allowed to remain there, provided public access is available. If they are associated with a building they may be granted to a public museum but lent back to the house-owner providing public access. This arrangement allows for unique collections to remain intact and not be dispersed or separated from their historic buildings. Other items might be allocated by the minister to a museum or gallery at no cost, other items are advertised to museums who are invited to apply for their allocation

44.
BP
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BP P. L. C. also referred to by its former name, British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It also has renewable energy interests in biofuels and wind power, the company has around 17,200 service stations worldwide. Its largest division is BP America in the United States, in Russia BP owns a 19. 75% stake in Rosneft, the worlds largest publicly traded oil and gas company by hydrocarbon reserves and production. BP has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange, BPs origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908, established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran. In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954 British Petroleum, in 1959, the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska and it was one of the the first companies to strike oil in the North Sea. British Petroleum acquired majority control of Standard Oil of Ohio in 1978, formerly majority state-owned, the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987. British Petroleum merged with Amoco in 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc, from 2003 to 2013, BP was a partner in the TNK-BP joint venture in Russia. BP has been involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. 1.8 million gallons of Corexit oil dispersant were used in the cleanup response, legal proceedings continued into January 2015 which determined payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. BP appealed the ruling, which raised concerns about BPs future and they settled in July 2015 in the amount of $19 billion plus the original amount. In May 1908 a group of British geologists discovered a large amount of oil at Masjid-i-Suleiman in Mohammerah and it was the first commercially significant find of oil in the Middle East. William Knox DArcy, by contract with the Emir of Mohammerah, Sheikh Khazal Khan al-Kaabi and this event changed the history of the Middle East. The oil discovery led to petrochemical industry development and also the establishment of industries that depended on oil. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was incorporated as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company, some of the shares were sold to the public. The first chairman and minority shareholder of the company became Lord Strathcona, the refinery was built and began operating in 1912. In 1913, the British Government acquired a controlling interest in the company and at the suggestion of Winston Churchill, the Royal Navy, which projected British power all over the world, came to be run 100% on oil from Iran. In 1919, the became a shale-oil producer by establishing a subsidiary named Scottish Oils which merged remaining Scottish oil-shale industries

45.
2012 Cultural Olympiad
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The 2012 Cultural Olympiad was a programme of cultural events across the United Kingdom that accompanied the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. The London Olympic Games Cultural Olympiad included 500 events nationwide throughout the UK, spread over four years, the cost of the events was over £97 million with funding provided by Arts Council England, Legacy Trust UK and the Olympic Lottery Distributor. The Cultural Olympiad comprised a number of programs including, Artists Taking the Lead, Discovering Places, Film Nation, Shorts, New Music 20x12, Stories of the World, World Shakespeare Festival. The Bandstand Marathon on 9 September 2012 was the event of the London 2012 Festival. Participating bands were invited by Coldplay to perform their 2008 single Viva La Vida simultaneously at 2. 00pm to celebrate the end of the games, Artists taking the lead consisted of twelve major Arts Council funded public art projects one for each of 12 UK regions. Ticketed events were held at the Southbank Centre, as part of the London 2012 Festival, the Unlimited commissions drew much mass-media and popular attention, as did the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony called Enlightenment, featuring Stephen Hawking. New musical works commissioned from 20 composers performed around the UK and at the Southbank Centre, programming themed around the plays of William Shakespeare was a major part of the London 2012 Festival. Most of the programming was part of a strand titled the World Shakespeare Festival, which included translations, adaptations and this festival began on 23 April 2012 and finished in November 2012. It was produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company and involved the British Museum, Shakespeares Globe, the Barbican Centre, the National Theatre and it included approximately 70 productions related to Shakespeares plays, over half of which were performed in a language other than English. Shakespeare also featured in the BBCs Shakespeare Unlocked 2012 season (particularly The Hollow Crown, the World Shakespeare Festival also included the Worlds Together Conference, an international interdisciplinary conference exploring the role of Shakespeare and arts learning in young peoples lives. Equity-backed events also occurred in London, for people and school children. The Cultural Olympiad was not the only partially or fully surrounding Olympics events organized in the UK as well, other like digital or real world ambush marketing were held. Or presence of Olympiad and culture associated with it in digital World, and social media, importance of culture and social changes was also Athletes twitter campaign against Rule 40 which forbid them for Any, especially in media advertising during the games. Especially by the scale of digital influence web comments had more attendants that average Olympic cultural event, because of the spread of mobile Internet and smartphones. Some other examples even as far as opening of Brecqhou island, all The Bells See No Evil La Bonche TESTIMONIES. An Olympics legacy in a digital age 2012 Cultural Olympiad official website Unlimited, the 2012 Paralympics Cultural Festival

46.
Sir Charles Holroyd
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Sir Charles Holroyd was an English artist and curator. He was Keeper of the Tate from 1897 to 1906, Charles Holroyd was born in Leeds. He received his art education under Professor Legros at the Slade School, University College, London and he met his wife, the artist Fannie Fetherstonhaugh Macpherson, in Rome and they married in 1891. At his return, on the invitation of Legros, he became for two years assistant-master at the Slade School, and there devoted himself to painting and etching. Among his pictures may be mentioned The Death of Torrigiano, The Satyr King, The Supper at Emmaus and his portraits, such as that of GF Watts, RA, in the Legros manner, show much dignity and distinction. Holroyd made his reputation as an etcher of exceptional ability, combining strength with delicacy. His etched heads of Professor Legros, Lord Courtney and Night, are alike in knowledge. His principal dry-point is The Bather, in all his work Holroyd displays an impressive sincerity, with a fine sense of composition, and of style, allied to independent and modern feeling. He was appointed the first keeper of the National Gallery of British Art in 1897 and he was a member of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers and was knighted in 1903. His Michael Angelo Buonarotti is a work of real value. He died on 19 November 1917 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Dodgson, Campbell Sir Charles Holroyds Etchings The Print Collector’s Quarterly 1923 Oct Vol 10, dodgson, Campbell Etchings of Sir Charles Holroyd The Print Collector’s Quarterly 1923 Oct Vol 10, No. Dodgson, Campbell Etchings of Sir Charles Holroyd The Print Collector’s Quarterly 1923 Dec Vol 10, No. com

47.
D. S. MacColl
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Dugald Sutherland MacColl was a Scottish watercolour painter, art critic, lecturer and writer. He was keeper of the Tate gallery for five years, MacColl was born in Glasgow and educated at the University of London and the University of Oxford between 1876 and 1884. He also studied at the Westminster School of Art and the Slade School under Alphonse Legros between 1884 and 1892, although an accomplished watercolourist, he is best remembered as a writer and lecturer on art. From 1890 to 1895 he was art critic for The Spectator, MacColl became a member of the New English Art Club in 1896, and edited the Architectural Review from 1901 to 1905. He published the book, Nineteenth Century Art, in 1902. In his journalism and books he was an advocate of the French Impressionists. From 1906 to 1911 he was keeper of the Tate Gallery and, after the retirement of Sir Claude Phillips, Dugald Sutherland MacColl died in 1948 in London. A Memorial Exhibition of his work was held at the Tate Gallery in 1950, during his career, MacColl campaigned for a number of artistically controversial causes. After his subsequent book in 1904, Administration of the Chantrey Bequest and he also campaigned for the government to spend more on art, resulting in the founding in 1903 of the National Art Collections Fund. In the 1920s he campaigned, unsuccessfully, for the preservation of John Rennies Waterloo Bridge, herbert Morrison and London County Council were eventually successful in their advocacy for its demolition and replacement. Other causes included his opposition, as a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission and he was also a central figure in discussions of Gothic additions to Oxford colleges, and in efforts to preserve the Foundling Hospital. Biography at the Tate Gallery National Portrait Gallery Biography and works held in the NPG collection, retrieved 2 September 2006 Archival material relating to Dugald Sutherland MacColl

D. S. MacColl
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On the Terrace, 1922.

48.
Charles Aitken
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Charles Aitken CB was a British art administrator and was the third Keeper of the Tate Gallery and the first Director. Charles Aitken was born at Bishophill, Bishophill Junior, York, England, the son of Henry Martin Aitken, an instrument manufacturer. Aitken studied at New College, Oxford and he was the first Director of the Whitechapel Art Gallery from 1901 to 1911, and became Keeper at the Tate Gallery in 1911. In 1917 he changed his title from Keeper to Director, Sir John Rothenstein described Aitken as an ordinary man, his intelligence was relatively pedestrian, his powers of self-expression scarcely adequate. However, Rothenstein considered that the job brought out qualities that made him a director, clarity. When one of the greatest collections of the works of William Blake came on the market, Aitken. He also introduced the sale of prints, photographs and catalogues of the Collection, after Aitken commissioned Rex Whistler to decorate the Tates Refreshment Room with a mural, he persuaded Sir Joseph Duveen, an influential art dealer, to finance a similar scheme. The three chosen students were Edward Bawden, Eric Ravilious and Cyril Mahoney, the mural took them a total of two years to complete. In 1909 Aitken co-founded the Modern Art Association, which in 1910 was renamed the Contemporary Art Society, following his retirement from the position of Director in 1930, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1931 Kings Birthday Honours. He died on 9 August 1936

49.
James Bolivar Manson
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James Bolivar Manson was an artist and worked at the Tate gallery for 25 years, being its Director 1930–1938. In the Tates own evaluation he was the least successful of their Directors and his time there was frustrated by his stymied ambition as a painter and he declined into alcoholism, culminating in a drunken outburst at an official dinner in Paris. He retired on the grounds of ill health and resumed his career as a painter until his death. Mansons middle name was after Simón Bolívar and his grandfather was also named James Bolivar Manson. He had a sister, Margaret Esther Manson, a younger sister, Rhoda Mary Manson. In 1903, Manson left the job, hanging his silk hat on a pole. After a year, the Mansons returned to London and their daughter Mary was born, in 1908 they moved to a small house at 98 Hampstead Way, where they stayed for 30 years. In 1910 also, he became a member and Secretary of the Camden Town Group, lilian was a close friend of Tate director Charles Aitken and, in summer 1911, the Mansons stayed with him at a holiday home in Alfriston, Sussex. Manson achieved by far the best results out of the four applicants taking the civil service exam. His reluctance to take the job had been overcome by his wife, with the Keeper, he was jointly responsible for staff supervision, office administration and care of the collection. When a Sickert was offered to the Tate in 1915, Manson wrote, I think not, but as an old friend of the artist perhaps I am a prejudiced judge. In 1914, he joined the London Group, from 1915, he showed work with the New English Art Club. Because his work for the gallery was considered indispensable, he was exempt from service, in 1917. In 1923, at the Leicester Galleries, Manson held his first solo show of work, in 1927, he became a member of the NEAC. However, in 1930, he became Director of the Tate and he also wrote art criticism, as well as an introduction to the Tates collection, Hours in the Tate Gallery and books on Degas, Rembrandt, John Singer Sargent and Dutch painting. Manson had an accident, which delayed his taking up the post of Director of the Tate by a month. According to the Tate web site, he was the least successful of Tates Directors. His own artistic ambitions had not been fulfilled, he had a marriage and he drank to excess, he suffered from depression, blackouts and paranoia

50.
Norman Reid (museum director)
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Sir Norman Robert Reid was an arts administrator and painter and was the Director of the Tate Gallery from 1964 to 1979 Norman Reid was born in Dulwich, London, and was the son of a shoemaker. He was educated at Wilsons Grammar School and won a scholarship to the Edinburgh College of Art, later, Reid received a degree in English at Edinburgh University. Reid enlisted in 1939 in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders at the start of Second World War and he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the same regiment on 2 August 1941. He transferred to the Royal Artillery on 1 November 1941, Reid left the Army in 1946 with the rank of major. In 1941, Reid married Jean Lindsay Bertram, whom he met while they were students at the Edinburgh College of Art. Reid joined the Tate Gallery in 1946 having heard that it was under-staffed and he was appointed Director when Rothenstein retired in 1964. A much needed expansion of the Gallery, the North East Quadrant, was built in 1979 during Reids directorship, during Reids Directorship the Tate staged a number of ground-breaking exhibitions, including an early presentation of Gilbert and Georges Living Statues. In 1972, the Tate purchased Equivalent VIII, a 1966 work by American sculptor Carl Andre which consisted of a stack of 120 ready-made fire bricks, however, the case dogged Reid for the rest of his period as Director. Reid also increased the Tates earlier collections, launching a successful fund-raising drive in 1977 to acquire Haymakers and Reapers by George Stubbs, the strong personal relationships he forged with artists, also led to important works being donated to the Gallery. Mark Rothkos Seagram Mural, and work by Barbara Hepworth, Ben Nicholson, Naum Gabo, Reid is widely regarded as the foremost of the Tates Directors, having developed the gallery into an international museum of the first rank. Reid was an member of the conservation committees of the International Council of Museums. Reid served on advisory bodies and committees. He was Secretary-General of the International Institute for Conservation from 1963 to 1965 and he was also on the Contemporary Art Society Committee from 1965 to 1977, and served for 12 years on the British Council Fine Arts Committee, acting as its chairman from 1968 to 1975. He was a member of the Paul Mellon Centres advisory council and he was awarded various honorary degrees and orders, while his own paintings are exhibited in the Scottish Gallery of Modern Art. Reid was knighted in the 1970 Queens Birthday Honours, and died in London aged 91 and his publications include, Gabo Naum, 1890–1977 by Jorn Mekert and Sir Norman Reid, Annely Juda Fine Art,1990. ISBN 1-870280-22-9 Obituary—Sir Norman Reid—Brilliant director of the Tate Gallery who expanded the collections of modern and historic British art, The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-10-08 Tate Gallery Press Release on Reids death Reid in the British Library Archival Sound Recordings Portraits of Reid at the National Portrait Gallery