Why Do We Use Excel Pie Charts?

Excel Pie Charts are used in a Microsoft Excel Worksheet to display the contribution of each cell value to the total value.

Steps To Create Pie Chart in Excel

1. Prepare Example Excel Worksheet For Pie Chart

Prepare a new Excel Worksheet as shown in the figure below to show Serial Numbers, Batsman and their Scores got in a cricket match. Fill in the sample data as you wish.

2. Select Cell Range To Prepare Excel Pie Chart

Select The Two Columns named Batsman and Scores with filled values and column titles, as shown in the figure above.

3. Use Insert Tab To Create Pie Chart

Click on Insert Tab and click on Pie Chart tool. Select a suitable type of Pie Chart, say we select the very first type from 2D pie charts. When you will click on this type of pie chart, the Pie Chart will be crated and shown in the you Excel worksheet as shown below.

4. Changing Layout of Excel Pie Chart

You can change the layout of your Pie chart easily by selecting a suitable layout on Chart Tools as shown in the figure below

5. Getting the Final Excel Pie Chart

As soon as you click on your selected layout, the Pie chart will be changed to new layout look as shown in the figure below.

Tuesday, March 3, 2015

Procedural Languages

In procedural languages a program is written as sequence of instructions. We have to specify what to do and how to do (step by step procedure). These instructions are executed in the specified order. These instructions are written in order to solve a specific problem. Example of procedural languages are:

a) FORTRAN (FORrmula TRANslation)

b) COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

c) C – Language

d) BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Language)

Non-Procedural Languages

In non-procedural languages we have to specify only “what to do” and not “how to do”. For example, SQL (structured query language) is a non procedural language. It is used in database systems. Other non procedural languages are

a) PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) used in artificial intelligence programming.

What is a Programming Language?

A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is called programming language. Different programming languages are available for writing different types of programs. With the help of computer language, a programmer tells a computer what to do. Some popular computer programming languages are C++, Java, Visual Basic etc. These are examples of high level programming languages. Whereas machine language and assembly language are called low level programming language.

Another Definition of a Programming Language

A programming language is a language that is designed to be used (read and written) by humans to create programs that can be executed by computers. In other words we can say that programming languages provides the way so that the users may interact with the computer to give it commands and instructions to perform certain tasks.

Types of Programming Languages

There are two main types of computer programming languages.
• low-level languages
• high-level languages.

Low Level Programming Languages

These languages are near to computer hardware and far from human languages. Computer can understand these languages easily.

Machine Language

A computer language in which instructions are written in binary form (0 and 1) is called machine language. It is the only language that is directly understood by the computer.

A computer language in which instructions
are written in binary form (0 and 1) is called machine language. It is
the only language that is directly understood by the computer.

Advantages of Machine Languages

a) Very fast program execution: Because the machine language is the native language of computer that computers directly understand and execute.

Disadvantages of Machine Languages

:
a) Machine Language is difficult to understand
b) Machine Language is difficult to learn
c) Programs of Machine Language are difficult to modify
d) Machine Language requires deep knowledge of hardware
e) Programs of Machine Language are difficult to remove errors
f) Programs of Machine Language are Machine dependent
Machine language is also known as first generation language.

Assembly Language

Assembly language is a low-level language. In assembly language, symbols are used instead of binary code. These symbols are easy to remember. For example Add instruction is used to add two numbers.
Assembly language is also known as second generation language
Advantages:
a) Assembly language programs are executed with fast speed
b) Assembly language programming is easier to learn, understand and modify than machine language
Disadvantages:
a) Assembly language programs are machine dependent
b) Assembly language programming requires deep knowledge of hardware

High Level Programming Languages

A type of language that is close to human languages is called high level language. High-level languages are easy to understand. Instructions of these languages are written in English-like words e.g. Print, Display, Write etc.

Examples of High Level Programming Languages

COBOL

BASIC

PASCAL

C

C++

JAVA

Visual Basic

Advantages of High Level Programming Languages:

a) High Level Programming Languages are Easy to learn and understand
b) Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Easy to modify
c) It is Easy to remove errors in the Programs written in High Level Programming Languages
d) Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Machine independent
e) High Level Programming Languages have Better documentation

An Introduction To High Level Programming Languages

FORTRAN

FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslation. It is mainly used for writing applications related to science and engineering fields.

BASIC

BASIC stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was invented in late 1960's to teach programming skills to students.

COBOL

COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. It was especially designed for business applications.

C Language

C Language is one of the most popular programming language among students and beginners in the field of computer programming. C Language was designed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in 1972. Sometimes C Language is called a middle level language because it provides facilities to develop application software as well as system software. So C Language combines some important qualities of a high level language and a low level programming language.