3.
Web Squared:
Web 2.0 Five Years On
F
ive years ago, we launched a conference based system are increasingly data subsystems: location,
on a simple idea, and that idea grew into a identity (of people, products, and places), and the
movement. The original Web 2.0 Conference skeins of meaning that tie them together. This leads
(now the Web 2.0 Summit) was designed to restore to new levers of competitive advantage: Data is the
confidence in an industry that had lost its way after “Intel Inside” of the next generation of computer
the dotcom bust. The Web was far from done, we applications.
argued. In fact, it was on its way to becoming a Today, we realize that these insights were not only
robust platform for a culture-changing generation directionally right, but are being applied in areas we
of computer applications and services. only imagined in 2004. The smartphone revolution
In our first program, we asked why some com- has moved the Web from our desks to our pockets.
panies survived the dotcom bust, while others had Collective intelligence applications are no longer
failed so miserably. We also studied a burgeoning being driven solely by humans typing on keyboards
group of startups and asked why they were growing but, increasingly, by sensors. Our phones and cam-
so quickly. The answers helped us understand the eras are being turned into eyes and ears for applica-
rules of business on this new platform. tions; motion and location sensors tell where we are,
Chief among our insights was that “the network what we’re looking at, and how fast we’re moving.
as platform” means far more than just offering old Data is being collected, presented, and acted upon
applications via the network (“software as a service”); in real time. The scale of participation has increased
it means building applications that literally get better by orders of magnitude.
the more people use them, harnessing network effects With more users and sensors feeding more appli-
not only to acquire users, but also to learn from them cations and platforms, developers are able to tackle
and build on their contributions. serious real-world problems. As a result, the Web
From Google and Amazon to Wikipedia, eBay, opportunity is no longer growing arithmetically; it’s
and craigslist, we saw that the value was facilitated growing exponentially. Hence our theme for this
by the software, but was co-created by and for the year: Web Squared. 1990–2004 was the match
community of connected users. Since then, powerful being struck; 2005–2009 was the fuse; and 2010
new platforms like YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter will be the explosion.
have demonstrated that same insight in new ways. Ever since we first introduced the term “Web 2.0,”
Web 2.0 is all about harnessing collective intelligence. people have been asking, “What’s next?” Assuming
Collective intelligence applications depend on that Web 2.0 was meant to be a kind of software
managing, understanding, and responding to mas- version number (rather than a statement about the
sive amounts of user-generated data in real time. second coming of the Web after the dotcom bust),
The “subsystems” of the emerging internet operating
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4.
we’re constantly asked about “Web 3.0.” Is it the Imagine the Web (broadly defined as the network
semantic web? The sentient web? Is it the social web? of all connected devices and applications, not just
The mobile web? Is it some form of virtual reality? the PC-based application formally known as the
It is all of those, and more. World Wide Web) as a newborn baby. She sees, but
The Web is no longer a collection of static pages at first she can’t focus. She can feel, but she has no
of HTML that describe something in the world. idea of size till she puts something in her mouth. She
Increasingly, the Web is the world—everything and hears the words of her smiling parents, but she can’t
everyone in the world casts an “information shadow,” understand them. She is awash in sensations, few of
an aura of data which, when captured and processed which she understands. She has little or no control
intelligently, offers extraordinary opportunity and mind- over her environment.
bending implications. Web Squared is our way of Gradually, the world begins to make sense. The
exploring this phenomenon and giving it a name. baby coordinates the input from multiple senses,
filters signal from noise, learns new skills, and once-
redefining Collective Intelligence: difficult tasks become automatic.
New Sensory Input The question before us is this: Is the Web getting
smarter as it grows up?
To understand where the Web is going, it helps to Consider search—currently the lingua franca
return to one of the fundamental ideas underlying of the Web. The first search engines, starting with
Web 2.0, namely that successful network applications Brian Pinkerton’s webcrawler, put everything in their
are systems for harnessing collective intelligence. mouth, so to speak. They hungrily followed links,
Many people now understand this idea in the consuming everything they found. Ranking was by
sense of “crowdsourcing,” meaning that a large group brute force keyword matching.
of people can create a collective work whose value In 1998, Larry Page and Sergey Brin had a break-
far exceeds that provided by any of the individual through, realizing that links were not merely a way of
participants. The Web as a whole is a marvel of finding new content, but of ranking it and connecting
crowdsourcing, as are marketplaces such as those on it to a more sophisticated natural language grammar.
eBay and craigslist, mixed media collections such as In essence, every link became a vote, and votes
YouTube and Flickr, and the vast personal lifestream from knowledgeable people (as measured by the
collections on Twitter, MySpace, and Facebook. number and quality of people who in turn vote for
Many people also understand that applications them) count more than others.
can be constructed in such a way as to direct their Modern search engines now use complex algo-
users to perform specific tasks, like building an rithms and hundreds of different ranking criteria to
online encyclopedia (Wikipedia), annotating an produce their results. Among the data sources is the
online catalog (Amazon), adding data points onto a feedback loop generated by the frequency of search
map (the many web mapping applications), or finding terms, the number of user clicks on search results,
the most popular news stories (Digg, Twine). Amazon’s and our own personal search and browsing history.
Mechanical Turk has gone so far as to provide a gen- For example, if a majority of users start clicking on
eralized platform for harnessing people to do tasks the fifth item on a particular search results page more
that are difficult for computers to perform on their own. often than the first, Google’s algorithms take this as a
But is this really what we mean by collective intel- signal that the fifth result may well be better than the
ligence? Isn’t one definition of intelligence, after all, first, and eventually adjust the results accordingly.
that characteristic that allows an organism to learn
from and respond to its environment? (Please note
that we’re leaving aside entirely the question of self-
awareness. For now, anyway.)
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5.
Now consider an even more current search
application, the Google Mobile App for the iPhone. Cooperating Data Subsystems
The application detects the movement of the phone
to your ear, and automatically goes into speech In our original Web 2.0 analysis, we posited that
the future “internet operating system” would
recognition mode. It uses its microphone to listen
consist of a series of interoperating data sub-
to your voice, and decodes what you are saying by systems. The Google Mobile Application pro-
referencing not only its speech recognition database vides one example of how such a data-driven
and algorithms, but also the correlation to the most operating system might work.
frequent search terms in its search database. The In this case, all of the data subsystems are
phone uses GPS or cell-tower triangulation to detect owned by one vendor—Google. In other cases,
as with Apple’s iPhoto ’09, which integrates
its location, and uses that information as well. A
Flickr and Google Maps as well as Apple’s own
search for “pizza” returns the result you most likely cloud services, an application uses cloud data-
want: the name, location, and contact information base services from multiple vendors.
for the three nearest pizza restaurants. As we first noted back in 2003, data is the
“Intel Inside” of the next generation of computer
applications. That is, if a company has control
over a unique source of data that is required for
applications to function, they will be able to
extract monopoly rents from the use of that data.
In particular, if a database is generated by user
contribution, market leaders will see increasing
returns as the size and value of their database
grows more quickly than that of any new entrants.
We see the era of Web 2.0, therefore, as a
race to acquire and control data assets. Some of
these assets—the critical mass of seller listings
on eBay, or the critical mass of classified adver-
tising on craigslist—are application-specific.
But others have already taken on the character-
istic of fundamental system services.
Take for example the domain registries of the
DNS, which are a backbone service of the
All of a sudden, we’re not using search via a Internet. Or consider CDDB, used by virtually
keyboard and a stilted search grammar, we’re talk- every music application to look up the metadata
ing to and with the Web. It’s getting smart enough for songs and albums. Mapping data from pro-
viders like Navteq and TeleAtlas is used by virtu-
to understand some things (such as where we are)
ally all online mapping applications.
without us having to tell it explicitly. And that’s just There is a race on right now to own the social
the beginning. graph. But we must ask whether this service is
And while some of the databases referenced by the so fundamental that it needs to be open to all.
application—such as the mapping of GPS coordinates It’s easy to forget that only 15 years ago, email
was as fragmented as social networking is today,
to addresses—are “taught” to the application, others,
with hundreds of incompatible email systems
such as the recognition of speech, are “learned” by joined by fragile and congested gateways. One of
processing large, crowdsourced data sets. those systems—internet RFC 822 email—
Clearly, this is a “smarter” system than what we became the gold standard for interchange.
saw even a few years ago. Coordinating speech We expect to see similar standardization in
recognition and search, search results and location, key internet utilities and subsystems. Vendors
who are competing with a winner-takes-all mind-
is similar to the “hand-eye” coordination the baby
set would be advised to join together to enable
gradually acquires. The Web is growing up, and we systems built from the best-of-breed data sub-
are all its collective parents. systems of cooperating companies.
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How the Web Learns: card swipe is also a vote, that there is hidden mean-
explicit vs. Implicit Meaning ing in repeated visits to the same merchant. Mark
Zuckerberg at Facebook realized that friend relation-
But how does the Web learn? Some people imagine
ships online actually constitute a generalized social
that for computer programs to understand and react
graph. They thus turn what at first appeared to be
to meaning, meaning needs to be encoded in some
unstructured into structured data. And all of them
special taxonomy. What we see in practice is that
used both machines and humans to do it.
meaning is learned “inferentially” from a body of data.
Speech recognition and computer vision are both
Key takeaway: A key competency of the Web 2.0
excellent examples of this kind of machine learning.
era is discovering implied metadata, and then build-
But it’s important to realize that machine learning
ing a database to capture that metadata and/or fos-
techniques apply to far more than just sensor data.
ter an ecosystem around it.
For example, Google’s ad auction is a learning sys-
tem, in which optimal ad placement and pricing is
generated in real time by machine learning algorithms.
In other cases, meaning is “taught” to the com- Web Meets World: The “Information
puter. That is, the application is given a mapping Shadow” and the “Internet of Things”
between one structured data set and another. For Say “sensor-based applications,” and many people
example, the association between street addresses might imagine a world of applications driven by RFID
and GPS coordinates is taught rather than learned. tags or ZigBee modules. This future is conveniently
Both data sets are structured, but need a gateway to far off, with test deployments and a few exciting early
connect them. stage applications. But what many people fail to
It’s also possible to give structure to what appears notice is how far along the sensor revolution already
to be unstructured data by teaching an application is. It’s the hidden face of the mobile market, and its
how to recognize the connection between the two. most explosive opportunity.
For example, You R Here, an iPhone app, neatly Today’s smartphones contain microphones,
combines these two approaches. You use your iPhone cameras, motion sensors, proximity sensors, and
camera to take a photo of a map that contains details location sensors (GPS, cell-tower triangulation, and
not found on generic mapping applications such as even in some cases, a compass). These sensors have
Google maps—say a trailhead map in a park, or revolutionized the user interface of standalone appli-
another hiking map. Use the phone’s GPS to set cations—you have only to play with Smule’s Ocarina
your current location on the map. Walk a distance for the iPhone to see that.
away, and set a second point. Now your iPhone But remember: mobile applications are connected
can track your position on that custom map image applications. The fundamental lessons of Web 2.0
as easily as it can on Google maps. apply to any network application, whether web- or
Some of the most fundamental and useful services mobile phone-based (and the lines between the two
on the Web have been constructed in this way, by rec- are increasingly blurred). Sensor-based applications
ognizing and then teaching the overlooked regularity can be designed to get better the more people use
of what at first appears to be unstructured data. them, collecting data that creates a virtuous feedback
Ti Kan, Steve Scherf, and Graham Toal, the creators loop that creates more usage. Speech recognition in
of CDDB, realized that the sequence of track lengths Google Mobile App is one such application. New
on a CD formed a unique signature that could be internet-connected GPS applications also have built-in
correlated with artist, album, and song names. Larry feedback loops, reporting your speed and using it to
Page and Sergey Brin realized that a link is a vote. estimate arrival time based on its knowledge of traffic
Marc Hedlund at Wesabe realized that every credit ahead of you. Today, traffic patterns are largely esti-
mated; increasingly, they will be measured in real time.
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7.
The Net is getting smarter faster than you might Nor will the training wheels for the Net’s visual
think. Consider geotagging of photos. Initially, users sensor network be limited to location.
taught their computers the association between pho- It’s still in its early days, but the face recognition
tos and locations by tagging them. When cameras in Apple iPhoto ’09 is pretty good. At what point are
know where they are, every photo will be geotagged, enough faces tagged with names that the system is
with far greater precision than the humans are likely able to show you only the people it doesn’t recog-
to provide. nize? (Whether or not Apple imagines providing this
And the increased precision in one data set data as a system service is an open question;
increases the potential of another. Consider the whether someone else does it as a network service
accuracy of the maps shown below generated by is assuredly not.)
geotagged Flickr photos.
How much more accurate will these maps be
when there are billions of photos?
Flickr geotag map of USA Flickr geotag map of Texas
http://flickr.com/photos/straup/2972130238/ http://flickr.com/photos/straup/2971287541/
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8.
The Wikitude travel guide application for Android of where you’re looking. You can sweep the phone
takes image recognition even further. Point the around and scan the area for nearby interesting things.
phone’s camera at a monument or other point of Layar takes this idea even further, promising a
interest, and the application looks up what it sees in framework for multiple layers of augmented reality
its online database (answering the question, “What content accessed through the camera of your
looks like that somewhere around here?”) The screen mobile phone.
shows you what the camera sees, so it’s like a window Think of sensor-based applications as giving you
but with a heads-up display of additional information superpowers. Darkslide gives you super eyesight,
about what you’re looking at. It’s the first taste of an showing you photos near you. iPhone Twitter apps
“augmented reality” future. It superimposes distances can “find recent tweets near you” so you can get
to points of interest, using the compass to keep track super hearing and pick up the conversations going
on around you.
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Photosynth, Gigapixel Photography,
and Infinite Images
The increasing richness of both sensor data and the scene. Adobe’s Infinite Images reveals some-
machine learning will lead to new frontiers in cre- thing even more startling: the ability of the com-
ative expression and imaginative reconstruction puter to synthesize imaginary worlds that never
of the world. existed, extrapolating a complete 3D experience
Microsoft’s Photosynth demonstrates the power from a set of photos. The video demonstration
of the computer to synthesize 3D images from needs to be seen to be believed:
crowdsourced photographs. Gigapixel photography
reveals details that were invisible even to people on
All of these breakthroughs are reflections of the fact lot, a pallet of newly mined boron sitting on a loading
noted by Mike Kuniavsky of ThingM, that real world dock, a storefront on a small town’s main street—
objects have “information shadows” in cyberspace. all have information shadows now.
For instance, a book has information shadows on In many cases, these information shadows are
Amazon, on Google Book Search, on Goodreads, linked with their real world analogues by unique
Shelfari, and LibraryThing, on eBay and on identifiers: an ISBN or ASIN, a part number, or getting
BookMooch, on Twitter, and in a thousand blogs. more individual, a social security number, a vehicle
A song has information shadows on iTunes, on identification number, or a serial number. Other
Amazon, on Rhapsody, on MySpace, on Facebook. identifiers are looser, but identity can be triangulated:
A person has information shadows in a host of emails, a name plus an address or phone number, a name
instant messages, phone calls, tweets, blog postings, plus a photograph, a phone call from a particular
photographs, videos, and government documents. A location undermining what once would have been
product on the supermarket shelf, a car on a dealer’s a rock-solid alibi.
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10.
Many who talk about the Internet of Things assume Nor is this phenomenon limited to the consumer
that what will get us there is the combination of ultra- web. IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative and the NASA-
cheap RFID and IP addresses for everyday objects. Cisco “planetary skin” project both show how deeply
The assumption is that every object must have a business will be transformed by the sensor web. Oil
unique identifier for the Internet of Things to work. refineries, steel mills, factories, and supply chains
What the Web 2.0 sensibility tells us is that we’ll are being instrumented with sensors and exactly the
get to the Internet of Things via a hodgepodge of same kind of machine learning algorithms that we
sensor data contributing, bottom-up, to machine- see in web applications.
learning applications that gradually make more and But as is so often the case, the future isn’t clearest
more sense of the data that is handed to them. A in the pronouncements of big companies but in the
bottle of wine on your supermarket shelf (or any other clever optimizations of early adopters and “alpha
object) needn’t have an RFID tag to join the Internet geeks.” Radar blogger Nat Torkington tells the story of
of Things, it simply needs you to take a picture of its a taxi driver he met in Wellington, NZ, who kept logs
label. Your mobile phone, image recognition, search, of six weeks of pickups (GPS, weather, passenger,
and the sentient web will do the rest. We don’t have to and three other variables), fed them into his computer,
wait until each item in the supermarket has a unique and did some analysis to figure out where he should
machine-readable ID. Instead, we can make do with be at any given point in the day to maximize his take.
bar codes, tags on photos, and other “hacks” that are As a result, he’s making a very nice living with much
simply ways of brute-forcing identity out of reality. less work than other taxi drivers. Instrumenting the
There’s a fascinating fact noted by Jeff Jonas in world pays off.
his work on identity resolution. Jonas’ work included Data analysis, visualization, and other techniques
building a database of known US persons from various for seeing patterns in data are going to be an
sources. His database grew to about 630 million increasingly valuable skillset. Employers take notice.
“identities” before the system had enough information This isn’t to say that there isn’t a huge role for
to identify all the variations. But at a certain point, his unique identifiers for objects, especially fungible
database began to learn, and then to shrink. Each new objects that are instances of a well-known class (like
load of data made the database smaller, not bigger. a book or music collection). But evidence shows that
630 million plus 30 million became 600 million, as the formal systems for adding a priori meaning to digital
subtle calculus of recognition by “context accumula- data are actually less powerful than informal sys-
tion” worked its magic. tems that extract that meaning by feature recogni-
As the information shadows become thicker, more tion. An ISBN provides a unique identifier for a book,
substantial, the need for explicit metadata diminishes. but a title + author gets you close enough.
Our cameras, our microphones, are becoming the eyes Projects to systematically categorize raw sensor
and ears of the Web, our motion sensors, proximity data may be created, along the lines of the Astrometry
sensors its proprioception, GPS its sense of location. project, whose founders claim, “We are building an
Indeed, the baby is growing up. We are meeting the ‘astrometry engine’ to create correct, standards-com-
Internet, and it is us. pliant astrometric meta data for every useful astro-
Sensors and monitoring programs are not acting nomical image ever taken, past and future, in any
alone, but in concert with their human partners. We state of archival disarray.” Using this engine, the Flickr
teach our photo program to recognize faces that astrotagger bot trolls Flickr for images of astronomical
matter to us, we share news that we care about, we objects and gives them proper metadata, which then
add tags to our tweets so that they can be grouped allows them to be included in astronomical image
more easily. In adding value for ourselves, we are search by name. This is a service directly analogous
adding value to the social web as well. Our devices to CDDB: a lookup service that maps messy sensor
extend us, and we extend them. data to a regularized lookup database.
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As is often the case, the early examples are often services like Twitter and Facebook’s status updates,
the work of enthusiasts. But they herald a world in a new data source has been added to the Web—
which entrepreneurs apply the same principles to real-time indications of what is on our collective mind.
new business opportunities. As more and more of Guatemala and Iran have both recently felt the
our world is sensor-enabled, there will be surprising Twitter effect, as political protests have been kicked
revelations in how much meaning—and value—can off and coordinated via Twitter.
be extracted from their data streams. Which leads us to a timely debate: There are many
Consider the so-called “smart electrical grid.” who worry about the dehumanizing effect of technol-
Gavin Starks, the founder of AMEE, a neutral web- ogy. We share that worry, but also see the counter-
services back-end for energy-related sensor data, trend, that communication binds us together, gives us
noted that researchers combing the smart meter shared context, and ultimately shared identity.
data from 1.2 million homes in the UK have already Twitter also teaches us something important about
discovered that each device in the home has a unique how applications adapt to devices. Tweets are limited
energy signature. It is possible to determine not only to 140 characters; the very limits of Twitter have led to
the wattage being drawn by the device, but the make an outpouring of innovation. Twitter users developed
and model of each major appliance within—think shorthand (@username, #hashtag, $stockticker),
CDDB for appliances and consumer electronics! which Twitter clients soon turned into clickable links.
URL shorteners for traditional web links became
Mapping from unstructured data to structured data popular, and soon realized that the database of
sets will be a key Web Squared competency. clicked links enable new real-time analytics. Bit.ly,
for example, shows the number of clicks your links
generate in real time.
The rise of real Time:
A Collective Mind As a result, there’s a new information layer being
built around Twitter that could grow up to rival the
As it becomes more conversational, search has also services that have become so central to the Web:
gotten faster. Blogging added tens of millions of sites search, analytics, and social networks. Twitter also
that needed to be crawled daily or even hourly, but provides an object lesson to mobile providers about
microblogging requires instantaneous update— what can happen when you provide APIs. Lessons
which means a significant shift in both infrastructure from the Twitter application ecosystem could show
and approach. Anyone who searches Twitter on a opportunities for SMS and other mobile services, or
trending topic has to be struck by the message: it could grow up to replace them.
“See what’s happening right now” followed, a few
moments later by “42 more results since you started Real time is not limited to social media or mobile.
searching. Refresh to see them.” Much as Google realized that a link is a vote, WalMart
What’s more, users are continuing to co-evolve realized that a customer purchasing an item is a vote,
with our search systems. Take hashtags on Twitter: and the cash register is a sensor counting that vote.
a human convention that facilitates real-time search Real-time feedback loops drive inventory. WalMart may
on shared events. Once again, you see how human not be a Web 2.0 company, but they are without doubt
participation adds a layer of structure—rough and a Web Squared company: one whose operations are
inconsistent as it is—to the raw data stream. so infused with IT, so innately driven by data from their
Real-time search encourages real-time response. customers, that it provides them immense competitive
Retweeted “information cascades” spread breaking advantage. One of the great Web Squared opportuni-
news across Twitter in moments, making it the earliest ties is providing this kind of real-time intelligence to
source for many people to learn about what’s just smaller retailers without monolithic supply chains.
happened. And again, this is just the beginning. With
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As explained so eloquently by Vivek Ranadive, In Conclusion: The Stuff That Matters
founder and CEO of Tibco, in Malcolm Gladwell’s
All of this is in many ways a preamble to what may
recent New Yorker profile:
be the most important part of the Web Squared
“Everything in the world is now real time. So opportunity.
when a certain type of shoe isn’t selling at your The new direction for the Web, its collision
corner shop, it’s not six months before the guy course with the physical world, opens enormous
in China finds out. It’s almost instantaneous, new possibilities for business, and enormous new
thanks to my software.” possibilities to make a difference on the world’s
most pressing problems.
Even without sensor-driven purchasing, real-time There are already hundreds of examples of this
information is having a huge impact on business. happening (see Call for Examples below). But there
When your customers are declaring their intent all are many other areas in which we need to see a lot
over the Web (and on Twitter)—either through their more progress—from our energy ecosystem to our
actions or their words, companies must both listen approach to healthcare. Not to mention our financial
and join the conversation. Comcast has changed system, which is in disarray. Even in a pro-regulatory
its customer service approach using Twitter; other environment, the regulators in government are hope-
companies are following suit. lessly outclassed by real-time automated financial
Another striking story we’ve recently heard about systems. What have we learned from the consumer
a real-time feedback loop is the Houdini system used internet that could become the basis for a new 21st
by the Obama campaign to remove voters from the century financial regulatory system? We need machine
Get Out the Vote calling list as soon as they had actu- learning to be applied here, algorithms to detect
ally voted. Poll watchers in key districts reported in as anomalies, transparency that allows auditing by
they saw names crossed off the voter lists; these anyone who cares, not just by overworked under-
were then made to “disappear” from the calling lists staffed regulators.
that were being provided to volunteers. (Hence the When we started the Web 2.0 events, we stated
name Houdini.) that “the Web is a platform.” Since then, thousands of
Houdini is Amazon’s Mechanical Turk writ large: businesses and millions of lives have been changed
one group of volunteers acting as sensors, multiple by the products and services built on that platform.
real-time data queues being synchronized and used But 2009 marks a pivot point in the history of the
to affect the instructions for another group of volun- Web. It’s time to leverage the true power of the plat-
teers being used as actuators in that same system. form we’ve built. The Web is no longer an industry
unto itself—the Web is now the world.
Businesses must learn to harness real-time data as And the world needs our help.
key signals that inform a far more efficient feedback If we are going to solve the world’s most press-
loop for product development, customer service, ing problems, we must put the power of the Web to
and resource allocation. work—its technologies, its business models, and
perhaps most importantly, its philosophies of open-
ness, collective intelligence, and transparency. And
to do that, we must take the Web to another level.
We can’t afford incremental evolution anymore.
It’s time for the Web to engage the real world.
Web meets World—that’s Web Squared. n n
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A Call For Examples!
As part of this paper and our work on the agenda n Twitter is being used to report news of disasters,
for the Web 2.0 Summit, we’d like your input. We’re and to coordinate emergency response. Initiatives
looking to create a list of applications, services, and like InSTeDD (Innovative Support to emergencies,
projects that reflect the Web Squared theme. A few Diseases, and Disasters) take this trend and amp
examples: it up. InSTeDD uses collective intelligence tech-
niques to mine sources like SMS messages (e.g.,
n The election of Barack Obama has demonstrated Geochat), RSS feeds, email lists (e.g., ProMed,
how the Internet can be used to transform politics. Veratect, HealthMap, Biocaster, epiSpider),
Now, his administration is committed to exploring OpenROSA, Map Sync, epi Info™, documents,
how it might be used to transform the actual prac- web pages, electronic medical records (e.g.,
tice of governing. OpenMRS), animal disease data (e.g., OIe, AVRI
hotline), environmental feed, (e.g., NASA remote
The US Federal government has made a major
sensing, etc.) for signals of emerging diseases.
commitment to transparency and open data.
Data.gov now hosts more than 100,000 data The Global Virus Forecasting Initiative (GVFI)
feeds from US government sources, and the now deliberately collects data (in this case,
White House blog is considering a commitment about emerging diseases crossing over from
to the 8 Open Data Principles articulated by a animal to human) that can be fed into this
group of open data activists in late 2007. There’s global early-warning system.
a celebration of the successes that many are
now calling “Government 2.0.” We’d love to hear n Our health care system is tottering. Meanwhile,
about Government 2.0 success stories from there is little correlation between spending
around the world. and outcomes. As Atul Gawande wrote in the
New Yorker:
But in his advice on the direction of the
Government 2.0 Summit, Federal CTO Aneesh “Local executives for hospitals and clinics and
Chopra has urged us not to focus on the suc- home-health agencies understand their growth
cesses of Web 2.0 in government, but rather on rate and their market share; they know whether
the unsolved problems. How can the technology they are losing money or making money. They
community help with such problems as tracking know that if their doctors bring in enough busi-
the progress of the economic stimulus package ness—surgery, imaging, home-nursing referrals—
in creating new jobs? How can it speed our prog- they make money; and if they get the doctors to
ress towards energy independence and a reduc- bring in more, they make more. But they have
tion in CO2 emissions? How can it help us only the vaguest notion of whether the doctors
remake our education system to produce a are making their communities as healthy as they
more competitive workforce? How can it help can, or whether they are more or less efficient
us reduce the ballooning costs of healthcare? than their counterparts elsewhere.”
In short, we’re measuring the wrong things. How
do we apply the lessons of Web 2.0 to measure
the right things about healthcare?
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14.
n Companies like PatientsLikeMe and 23andMe n As part of the financial stimulus package, the
are applying crowdsourcing to build databases government is spending $5 billion on weather-
of use to the personalized medicine community. ization subsidies. How might Web 2.0 technologies
23andMe provides genetic testing for personal tell us if the program is meeting its goal of creating
use, but their long term goal is to provide a data- jobs and reducing energy usage?
base of genetic information that members could
voluntarily provide to researchers. PatientsLikeMe n Forward looking companies are adopting real-time
has created a social network for people with var- monitoring and management to build smarter
ious life-changing diseases; by sharing details of supply chains, manage remote resources, and in
treatment—what’s working and what’s not—they general, improve their return on investment using
are in effect providing a basis for the world’s what Doug Standley at Deloitte calls “Asset
largest longitudinal medical outcome testing ser- Intelligence.” We’d love to hear examples from
vice. What other creative applications of Web 2.0 people who are deploying these technologies.
technology are you seeing to advance the state
n Real-time traffic monitoring systems like Microsoft
of the art in healthcare?
Clearflow reduce wasted time and energy com-
n How do we create economic opportunities in muting. Web services reporting progress of buses
reducing the cost of healthcare? As Stanford’s and trains against their scheduled times make
Abraham Verghese writes, the reason it’s so hard public transit more effective and enjoyable. These
to cut healthcare costs is that “a dollar spent on are tangible consumer benefits from instrumenting
medical care is a dollar of income for someone.” the world. Sensor-driven congestion pricing
We can’t just cut costs. We need to find ways to schemes like the one IBM built for the city of
make money by cutting costs. In this regard, Stockholm create economic incentives to reduce
we’re intrigued by startups like CVsim, a cardio- traffic at peak times. These initiatives also raise
vascular simulation company. Increasingly accu- privacy issues. We’re interested in hearing about
rate data from CAT scans, coupled with blood success stories—and scare stories—about the
flow simulation software running on a cloud plat- way that instrumenting the world changes the
form, makes it conceivable to improve health way we live.
outcomes and reduce costs while shrinking a
n Smart Grid initiatives will reduce our energy usage
multi-billion dollar market for angiography, an
by increasing the intelligence of the system used
expensive and risky medical procedure. If CVsim
to deliver it. As hinted at above, though, they will
succeeds in this goal, they’ll build a huge com-
also open a whole new front in the war on privacy.
pany while shrinking the nation’s healthcare bill.
The data that will be revealed by smart grid appli-
What other similar opportunities are there for
cations will not only make our utilities smarter, it
technology to replace older, less effective medi-
will likely make marketers a lot smarter too. It is
cal procedures with newer ones that are poten-
unlikely, though, to make them more humane
tially more effective while costing less?
and less intrusive!
12 Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On web2summit.com

15.
About the Authors:
Tim O’Reilly About Web 2.0 Summit
Founder and CEO, O’Reilly Media
Since 2004, Web 2.0 Summit (formerly Web 2.0
O’Reilly is an activist for open source, Conference) has brought the intelligence, innovation,
open standards, and sensible intellec- and leadership of the Internet industry together in one
tual property laws. Since 1978, O’Reilly place at one time. Through incisive plenary sessions,
has led the company’s pursuit of its core cut-through-the-hype onstage conversations, rapid-
goal: to be a catalyst for technology fire “high order bits” and “show me” presentations,
change by capturing and transmitting visionaries and executives across key industries
the knowledge of “alpha geeks” and other innovators. present their unique perspective on the Web’s future-
His active engagement with technology communities in-flux and how the tools and principles of Web 2.0
drives both the company’s product development and are impacting their businesses. Web 2.0 Summit
its marketing. O’Reilly has built a culture where advo- brings to light how to put the power of the Web to
cacy, meme-making, and evangelism are key tenets work—its technologies, its business models, and
of the business philosophy. perhaps most importantly, its philosophies of open-
ness, collective intelligence, and transparency.
John Battelle
Founder/Chairman/CEO, Federated Media Web 2.0 Summit is brought to you in partnership with
O’Reilly Media, Inc. and TechWeb, and is moderated
Battelle is an entrepreneur, journalist,
by John Battelle, Program Chair, and O’Reilly CEO
professor, and author who has founded
and founder, Tim O’Reilly.
or co-founded scores of online, confer-
ence, magazine, and other media busi-
Attendance at Web 2.0 Summit is limited to maintain
nesses. Previously, Battelle occupied
an intimate setting and foster dialogue among all
the Bloomberg chair in Business
participants. Registration is by invitation only.
Journalism for the Graduate School of Journalism at
the University of California, Berkeley. He was founder,
For more information, visit web2summit.com
Chairman, and CEO of Standard Media International
(SMI), publisher of The Industry Standard and
TheStandard.com. Battelle recently wrote The
Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the
Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture
(Penguin/Portfolio). He created Searchblog, a daily
site which covers the intersection of media, technol-
ogy, and the Internet. He is an expert in the field of
search and has appeared on many national and
international news channels.
13 Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On web2summit.com