3 -3- Idea behind Spreadr Model based approach: - A domain ontology is used to store structural information about the domain items - Items semantically linked to each other Each item has a certain activation value from [0...1] Caegories and items with higher activation values are more important Spreading Activation is used to modify the activation values

5 -5- Ontologies Nodes represent concepts and individuals Links represent relations between concents and individuals Basic idea behind Spreading Activation: If one node is being selected, activate it and spread the activation within the network so that semantically related nodes are also activated.

6 -6- Model aggregation Models are created independently from each other (for purposes of clarity) domain.owl time.owl Spreading Activation Network location.owl contextrelations.owl It is possible to integrate other models (device.owl, user.owl,...)

8 -8- Context sensing Context factors are being recognized, e.g.: - The current location (location context) - The current time (time context) - The current item that has been selected (domain context) The appropriate nodes are activated in the Spreading Activation Network. These nodes are now activated with a certain value and spread their activation to semantically related nodes.

9 -9- Spread of activation (1) After activating initial nodes their activation is being spread withing the network

10 -10- Spread of activation (2) 1. Put the initial nodes into a processing queue i. Take the node with the highest activation gain ii. Spread the activation (attenuated) to all neighbors iii. Mark the node as processed iv. Put new activated nodes into the queue (if not already processed ) v. Check terminating condition vi. Go to i.

11 -11- Constraints and Termination Conditions The Spreading Activation can be constrained by: - Distance: Don t activate nodes that are too far away from the initial nodes. - Fan-Out: Don t process nodes with more then k relations (too less specific nodes). - Type: Only spread through certain types of nodes and relations. - Activation: Only spread activation when it is above a certain threshold. The Spreading Activation will be terminated when: - The processing queue is empty - A predefined time limit has exceeded - A predefined number of processed nodes has exceeded

12 -12- Spreading Activation in SPREADR Creation and manipulation of individualized user profiles as a foundation for he adaptation effects When a fresh session starts a SpreadAc network is being created from the ontologies - All SpreadAc networks are identical in structure - Activation levels (of the nodes) and weights (of the edges) individualize the SpreadAc networks Ranking and selection of concepts and individuals is based on activation level.

13 -13- Learning in SPREADR Each relation has a certain weight. A high weight means that a relation is very important. The higher the relation weight, the more activation is transferred via that relation. If a recommendation is accepted by the user (by clicking on that item) the paths that transported activation to that node in the recent time are amplified. If a recommendation is ignored the paths are slightly attenuated.

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