Adequate protection against DCS can be established by __________________ ________________ and or
_______________.

cabin pressure, denitrogenation

The USAF and USN forbid flight within _______________ hours of a compressed air exposure for all normal flying operations.

24

________________ ________________ is usually caused by exposure to low barometric pressure.

Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from LOSS OF CABIN PRESSURIZATION

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from COLD TEMPERATURES.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from SHOCK.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Type of Hypoxia associated with ALCOHOL.

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from DRUGS.

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from CARBON MONOXIDE.

Hypemic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from CYANIDE

Histoxic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from HYPERVENTILATION.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from OXYGEN EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS.

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from IMPROPER USE OF OXYGEN EQUIPMENT.

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from "G" FORCES.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Type of hypoxia resulting from BLOOD DONATION.

Hypemic hypoxia

The most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia is its ________________ ________________.

insidious onset

Only 2 symptoms not associated with hypoxia:

Muscle ache and Pain on Inhalation

TRUE or FALSE: The time of onset of hypoxia and the severity of symptoms are identical with all crewmembers from one day to the next.

FALSE

________________ of ________________ ________________ is the period of time from the interruption of the oxygen supply or exposure to an oxygen poor environment, to the time when useful function is lost.

A________________ ________________ can reduce your TUC by as much as ________________ percent.

rapid decompression, 50%

Hyperventilation is a condition in which the ________________ and or ________________ of breathing is abnormally increased

rate, depth

Hyperventilation causes an excessive loss of ________________ ________________ from the lungs and blood.

carbon dioxide

List five signs of hyperventilation

1. muscle tightness/spasms

2. increased rate/depth of breathing

3. paleness

4. Cold, clammy skin

5. unconsciousness

List 5 symptoms of hyperventilation

1. diziness

2. faintness

3. slight nausea

4. numbness

5. tingling

6. coolness

7. muscle tremors

TRUE or FALSE: The most frequent cause of hyperventilation in flying training is stress.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Hyperventilation can be voluntarily induced or corrected by consciously increasing or decreasing your rate and depth of breathing.

TRUE

Complete the crewmember’s emergency procedures for the treatment of hyperventilation and or hypoxia.
a. _____________ oxygen under _____________
b. Connections —
c. Breathe at a _____________ and depth slightly less than normal until symptoms _____________.
d. Descend below _____________ feet MSL and land as soon as _____________.

a. maximum, pressure

b. check security

c. rate, disappear

d. 10,000, possible

The main reasons for aircraft pressurization are to

eliminate pressure breathing and 100 percent oxygen.

List additional advantages of aircraft pressurization.

a. reduced need for supplemental oxygen

b. reduced expansion of G.I. gas

c. control temp and humidity

d. move with encumberance of oxygen equipment

e. minimize fatigue

f. protect ears and sinuses from rapid pressure changes

The primary, and most critical, disadvantage of aircraft pressurization is the potential for a ________________.

decompression

TRUE or FALSE: The retina is the innermost layer of tissue of the eye.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The rods and cones are light sensitive cells distributed over the retina.

TRUE

Characteristic of rods or cones?

Most dense at the periphery of the retina

RODS

Characteristic of rods or cones?

Require high light levels to function

Cones

Characteristic of rods or cones?

Allow you to see gray tones under conditions of dim light

Rods

Characteristic of rods or cones?

Densest in the center of the retina

Cones

Characteristic of rods or cones?

Provide for peripheral vision

Rods

Characteristic of rods or cones?
Allow you to see detail under bright light conditions

Cones

Characteristic of rods or cones?

More sensitive to light

Rods

What is the primary function of focal vision?

Recognize and identify objects

What is the primary function of peripheral vision?

To orient oneself relative to the environment

TRUE or FALSE: An object requires less motion to be seen in a clear blue sky than an object in a partly cloudy sky.

FALSE

In midair collisions, the primary peripheral visual cue of ________________ is not available. Therefore, you must acquire the target aircraft with your ________________ vision, using the scanning technique.

motion, central

TRUE or FALSE: Perception/reaction time is affected by physiological and perceptual limitations.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Maximum scanning effectiveness is achieved by a series of short (long enough for the eye to focus), regularly spaced eye fixations.

TRUE

What is the acronym used for reporting laser exposures?

Location

Appearance

Scanning (or tracking)

Effects

Regularity

The retina contains two blind spots, the ___________ blind spot formed by the optic disk and the __________ blind spot caused by the concentration of cones in the fovea.

Anatomical, night

_____ are found outside the fovea and in the peripheral areas of the retina.

Cones

Most dangerous category of spatial disorientation is...

Unrecognized (Type I)

The rarely experienced, but dangerous type of spatial disorientation is...

Incapacitating (Type III)

The least dangerous type of spatial disorientation is...

Recognized (Type II)

List the 4 sensory systems enabling you to maintain orientation, equilibrium and balance.

1. visual

2. vestibular

3. seat-of-the-pants

4. auditory

The system primarily used for orientation is the ________________ system. In the absence of ________________cues, the ________________system becomes dominant.

visual, visual, vestibular

The primary means the visual system uses to collect orientation cues is ________________ ________________.

peripheral vision

The vestibular system’s two subsystems are the ________________ ________________ and the ________________ ________________.

The primary characteristics of noise concerning crewmembers are ________________, ________________, and ________________.

intensity, frequency, duration

The number of times (each second) compression and rarification of air occurs is ________________.

hertz

Noise (sound) intensity perceived by the human ear is measured in ________________.

decibels

The two types of hearing loss you can suffer are ________________ hearing loss and ________________ hearing loss.

conductive, sensorineural

Crewmembers on the flightline are being exposed to 97 dB of noise. Their time of maximum unprotected exposure to this noise before they must leave is ________________ minutes

30 (this question's answer relies on figure 10-2 in the workbook)

What is the most practical method of noise protection for you?

Combination of protective devices

Select the statements describing vibration.
a. Approximate range hazardous to humans is 1 to 100 Hz.
b. Relaxes the crewmember.
c. Occurs throughout the frequency spectrum.
d. Midfrequency and intensity are of most concern.

a , c

Select the effects of severe vibration on crewmember performance.
a. Low frequency vibrations can significantly impair horizontal tracking, increasing tracking error by up to 40
percent.
b. Vibration reduces reaction time for those events/tasks executed at the conscious level.
c. Vibration can cause blurred vision and degrade visual acuity.
d. Vibration is a major contributor to fatigue

c , d

An F-15E crew is on takeoff roll. They accelerate to 165 KIAS in 10 seconds. They experience________________ acceleration and ________________ G forces.

linear, transverse

An F-18 rolls into a dive toward a target, releases weapons, and begins a pullout. He is climbing, turning, and increasing speed from 360 KIAS to 450 KIAS. This time the pilot experiences ________________ acceleration.

angular

A positive Gz force is defined as the force being applied from the ________________ toward the________________.

head, feet

Define negative Gz force.

Force acting from feet to head

An aircrew is having problems figuring out the attitude of their aircraft. As the pilot makes a control input, the crew experiences congestion in their heads and lightweight feeling. What type of G force causes these symptoms?

Negative

List the five factors determining the physical effects of G forces.

a. magnitude

b. rate

c. duration

d. direction

e. previous exposure

Why would it be unadvisable to give aircraft control back to a crewmember immediately after recovering consciousness after a G-LOC incident?

G-LOC victims may be disoriented for some time after regaining consciousness

During a dual T-6A sortie, a student pulls 5 Gs in less than a second and experiences a G-LOC. When questioned by an Aerospace and Operational Physiology Officer about symptoms, the student said grayout or blackout did not occur prior to the G-LOC. Why would the student not experience any visual cues prior to G-LOC?

Rapid G-onset rate give little or no visual warning prior to G-LOC

The elements of the AGSM are
a. ________________ ________________ tensing.
b. ________________ breathing

a. skeletal muscle

b. cyclic

The most common cause of G-LOC is an improperly performed AGSM. What do the most common errors involve?
a. ________________ ________________
b. ________________of the ________________
c. Insufficient ________________ ________________ muscle ________________.

a. breathing cycle

b. timing, strain

c. lower body, tensing

TRUE or FALSE: A properly performed AGSM can increase your +Gz tolerance by as much as 4 Gs.