What makes carriers prefer to move one shipper’s freight over another’s? Research shows that of all “favored shipper” qualities, longer dwell times result in higher transportation costs.

According to anecdotal evidence, carriers look at shipper behaviors before deciding which company’s freight they will haul; favored shippers are also rumored to receive better rates. Researchers at Iowa State University analyzed data provided by C.H. Robinson and TMC, a division of C.H. Robinson, to test whether or not commonly mentioned shipper attributes actually affected price and service.

Dwell time is an important measure that influences a carrier’s ability to utilize assets and compensate drivers. A two hour average dwell time at the origin increases the freight rate for every load shipped from that origin by an average of $9.83 (in addition to any detention charges). This rate continues to increase with dwell time. If a shipper detains trucks at origin by three hours on average, they can expect to pay $14.74 more per load than if the origin dwell time is less than two hours.

Moreover, the cost of dwell time at the shipper’s facility is only part of the total additional freight rate due to long dwell times. Dwell time cost at the consignee contributes, incrementally, to freight rates. For example, if a shipper detains a truck for three hours at the origin and a consignee detains the same truck for three hours at the destination, the dwell time of the origin-destination pair increases the total freight rate for that shipment by an average of $44.54, not including any detention charges.

The research also showed that the effect of dwell time on freight rates varies by region. The two regions with the longest dwell times are the South East and the South West. Yet, carriers don’t seem to penalize shippers for dwell times in either market, probably because there is so little freight available in these markets that carriers are willing to wait.

Conversely, detaining a truck by an average of two hours in the freight-rich Pacific increases freight rates by $54.91 on average for each load associated with that shipper. In the Midwest, detaining a truck by an average of two hours has, on average, a $44.77 cost per load. But in the freight-deficient North East, the impact of detaining a truck for two hours costs a relatively low $6.85 per load.

Attributes other than dwell time may impact freight rates in specific lanes or relationships, but a model developed to evaluate several different shipper attributes found no generalizable relationship between the shipper attributes and freight rate. Dwell time was the only major shipper characteristic found to have a direct effect on freight rates. This finding is consistent with structured carrier interviews suggesting that carriers focus on two primary metrics when they price: How to get more revenue-generating miles and how to get more revenue-generating hours. Reducing dwell time increases both metrics and driver and carrier asset utilization.

Favored shipper characteristics are likely to have a lagging effect on transportation costs. That is, if a shipper decreases dwell time, the impact will be realized in the transportation rate only after carriers notice the change and realize the benefits. Shippers would be well served to work with carriers when implementing dwell time reductions and loading improvements.

Comments

ANUJ BHARADWAJ

It is very well explained and I would like to say that shipper can not be held responsible for detaining of trucks because there are other factors beyond his control.
-Once goods are at port, sometimes place shortages, non-availability of equipments to un-load cargo, problems with EDI system and customs docs. could not be issued.
In last, I would like to say that this is very important point discussed / shared by you.
Please also suggest, how do we ask shipping lines to cut cost on this basis.

I am pleased to be a part of this research project. Working with Bobby and my CHR peers produced some meaningful insights. Unique to this work as compared to others on this topic is that we attempted to monetize many attributes the carrier community cites as favorable/unfavorable. Bobby's research suggests the influence that dwell time has to a carrier and ultimately to the shipper. While we do not monetize other favored shipper attributes, it is reasonable for us all to consider when all things are equal between origin and consignee locations, how do location and business attributes such as restrooms, parking, cargo value etc. tip the scale. Thanks for a great project and meaningful insights Bobby.

Bobby Martens

Anuj – I am glad to hear you found the discussion interesting. While I agree that shippers may not always be responsible for long dwell times, I maintain that shippers and consignees are often directly or indirectly responsible for delays. In this study, our goal was to evaluate the effect of favored shipper factors (dwell time) on transportation rates for domestic US truckload shipments. Therefore, we did not include transportation moves originating in ocean ports, which is where many of the issues you mentioned occur. Future research could be done to specifically evaluate port delays, but it would be a separate study. I suggest that shippers implementing dwell time reduction strategies work directly with carriers to prove and promote actual dwell time reductions. Cost savings will only be realized after carriers both recognize and trust that dwell times have been shortened.