Pictures from Italy, by Charles Dickens

CHAPTER XI— A RAPID DIORAMA

We are bound for Naples! And we cross the threshold of the Eternal City at yonder gate, the Gate of San Giovanni
Laterano, where the two last objects that attract the notice of a departing visitor, and the two first objects that
attract the notice of an arriving one, are a proud church and a decaying ruin — good emblems of Rome.

Our way lies over the Campagna, which looks more solemn on a bright blue day like this, than beneath a darker sky;
the great extent of ruin being plainer to the eye: and the sunshine through the arches of the broken aqueducts, showing
other broken arches shining through them in the melancholy distance. When we have traversed it, and look back from
Albano, its dark, undulating surface lies below us like a stagnant lake, or like a broad, dull Lethe flowing round the
walls of Rome, and separating it from all the world! How often have the Legions, in triumphant march, gone glittering
across that purple waste, so silent and unpeopled now! How often has the train of captives looked, with sinking hearts,
upon the distant city, and beheld its population pouring out, to hail the return of their conqueror! What riot,
sensuality and murder, have run mad in the vast palaces now heaps of brick and shattered marble! What glare of fires,
and roar of popular tumult, and wail of pestilence and famine, have come sweeping over the wild plain where nothing is
now heard but the wind, and where the solitary lizards gambol unmolested in the sun!

The train of wine-carts going into Rome, each driven by a shaggy peasant reclining beneath a little gipsy-fashioned
canopy of sheep-skin, is ended now, and we go toiling up into a higher country where there are trees. The next day
brings us on the Pontine Marshes, wearily flat and lonesome, and overgrown with brushwood, and swamped with water, but
with a fine road made across them, shaded by a long, long avenue. Here and there, we pass a solitary guard-house; here
and there a hovel, deserted, and walled up. Some herdsmen loiter on the banks of the stream beside the road, and
sometimes a flat-bottomed boat, towed by a man, comes rippling idly along it. A horseman passes occasionally, carrying
a long gun cross-wise on the saddle before him, and attended by fierce dogs; but there is nothing else astir save the
wind and the shadows, until we come in sight of Terracina.

How blue and bright the sea, rolling below the windows of the inn so famous in robber stories! How picturesque the
great crags and points of rock overhanging to-morrow’s narrow road, where galley-slaves are working in the quarries
above, and the sentinels who guard them lounge on the sea-shore! All night there is the murmur of the sea beneath the
stars; and, in the morning, just at daybreak, the prospect suddenly becoming expanded, as if by a miracle, reveals — in
the far distance, across the sea there! — Naples with its islands, and Vesuvius spouting fire! Within a quarter of an
hour, the whole is gone as if it were a vision in the clouds, and there is nothing but the sea and sky.

The Neapolitan frontier crossed, after two hours’ travelling; and the hungriest of soldiers and custom-house
officers with difficulty appeased; we enter, by a gateless portal, into the first Neapolitan town — Fondi. Take note of
Fondi, in the name of all that is wretched and beggarly.

A filthy channel of mud and refuse meanders down the centre of the miserable streets, fed by obscene rivulets that
trickle from the abject houses. There is not a door, a window, or a shutter; not a roof, a wall, a post, or a pillar,
in all Fondi, but is decayed, and crazy, and rotting away. The wretched history of the town, with all its sieges and
pillages by Barbarossa and the rest, might have been acted last year. How the gaunt dogs that sneak about the miserable
streets, come to be alive, and undevoured by the people, is one of the enigmas of the world.

A hollow-cheeked and scowling people they are! All beggars; but that’s nothing. Look at them as they gather round.
Some, are too indolent to come down-stairs, or are too wisely mistrustful of the stairs, perhaps, to venture: so
stretch out their lean hands from upper windows, and howl; others, come flocking about us, fighting and jostling one
another, and demanding, incessantly, charity for the love of God, charity for the love of the Blessed Virgin, charity
for the love of all the Saints. A group of miserable children, almost naked, screaming forth the same petition,
discover that they can see themselves reflected in the varnish of the carriage, and begin to dance and make grimaces,
that they may have the pleasure of seeing their antics repeated in this mirror. A crippled idiot, in the act of
striking one of them who drowns his clamorous demand for charity, observes his angry counterpart in the panel, stops
short, and thrusting out his tongue, begins to wag his head and chatter. The shrill cry raised at this, awakens
half-a-dozen wild creatures wrapped in frowsy brown cloaks, who are lying on the church-steps with pots and pans for
sale. These, scrambling up, approach, and beg defiantly. ‘I am hungry. Give me something. Listen to me, Signor. I am
hungry!’ Then, a ghastly old woman, fearful of being too late, comes hobbling down the street, stretching out one hand,
and scratching herself all the way with the other, and screaming, long before she can be heard, ‘Charity, charity! I’ll
go and pray for you directly, beautiful lady, if you’ll give me charity!’ Lastly, the members of a brotherhood for
burying the dead: hideously masked, and attired in shabby black robes, white at the skirts, with the splashes of many
muddy winters: escorted by a dirty priest, and a congenial cross-bearer: come hurrying past. Surrounded by this motley
concourse, we move out of Fondi: bad bright eyes glaring at us, out of the darkness of every crazy tenement, like
glistening fragments of its filth and putrefaction.

A noble mountain-pass, with the ruins of a fort on a strong eminence, traditionally called the Fort of Fra Diavolo;
the old town of Itri, like a device in pastry, built up, almost perpendicularly, on a hill, and approached by long
steep flights of steps; beautiful Mola di Gaeta, whose wines, like those of Albano, have degenerated since the days of
Horace, or his taste for wine was bad: which is not likely of one who enjoyed it so much, and extolled it so well;
another night upon the road at St. Agatha; a rest next day at Capua, which is picturesque, but hardly so seductive to a
traveller now, as the soldiers of Praetorian Rome were wont to find the ancient city of that name; a flat road among
vines festooned and looped from tree to tree; and Mount Vesuvius close at hand at last! — its cone and summit whitened
with snow; and its smoke hanging over it, in the heavy atmosphere of the day, like a dense cloud. So we go, rattling
down hill, into Naples.

A funeral is coming up the street, towards us. The body, on an open bier, borne on a kind of palanquin, covered with
a gay cloth of crimson and gold. The mourners, in white gowns and masks. If there be death abroad, life is well
represented too, for all Naples would seem to be out of doors, and tearing to and fro in carriages. Some of these, the
common Vetturino vehicles, are drawn by three horses abreast, decked with smart trappings and great abundance of brazen
ornament, and always going very fast. Not that their loads are light; for the smallest of them has at least six people
inside, four in front, four or five more hanging on behind, and two or three more, in a net or bag below the axle-tree,
where they lie half-suffocated with mud and dust. Exhibitors of Punch, buffo singers with guitars, reciters of poetry,
reciters of stories, a row of cheap exhibitions with clowns and showmen, drums, and trumpets, painted cloths
representing the wonders within, and admiring crowds assembled without, assist the whirl and bustle. Ragged lazzaroni
lie asleep in doorways, archways, and kennels; the gentry, gaily dressed, are dashing up and down in carriages on the
Chiaji, or walking in the Public Gardens; and quiet letter-writers, perched behind their little desks and inkstands
under the Portico of the Great Theatre of San Carlo, in the public street, are waiting for clients.

Here is a galley-slave in chains, who wants a letter written to a friend. He approaches a clerkly-looking man,
sitting under the corner arch, and makes his bargain. He has obtained permission of the sentinel who guards him: who
stands near, leaning against the wall and cracking nuts. The galley-slave dictates in the ear of the letter-writer,
what he desires to say; and as he can’t read writing, looks intently in his face, to read there whether he sets down
faithfully what he is told. After a time, the galley-slave becomes discursive — incoherent. The secretary pauses and
rubs his chin. The galley-slave is voluble and energetic. The secretary, at length, catches the idea, and with the air
of a man who knows how to word it, sets it down; stopping, now and then, to glance back at his text admiringly. The
galley-slave is silent. The soldier stoically cracks his nuts. Is there anything more to say? inquires the
letter-writer. No more. Then listen, friend of mine. He reads it through. The galley-slave is quite enchanted. It is
folded, and addressed, and given to him, and he pays the fee. The secretary falls back indolently in his chair, and
takes a book. The galley-slave gathers up an empty sack. The sentinel throws away a handful of nut-shells, shoulders
his musket, and away they go together.

Why do the beggars rap their chins constantly, with their right hands, when you look at them? Everything is done in
pantomime in Naples, and that is the conventional sign for hunger. A man who is quarrelling with another, yonder, lays
the palm of his right hand on the back of his left, and shakes the two thumbs — expressive of a donkey’s ears — whereat
his adversary is goaded to desperation. Two people bargaining for fish, the buyer empties an imaginary waistcoat pocket
when he is told the price, and walks away without a word: having thoroughly conveyed to the seller that he considers it
too dear. Two people in carriages, meeting, one touches his lips, twice or thrice, holding up the five fingers of his
right hand, and gives a horizontal cut in the air with the palm. The other nods briskly, and goes his way. He has been
invited to a friendly dinner at half-past five o’clock, and will certainly come.

All over Italy, a peculiar shake of the right hand from the wrist, with the forefinger stretched out, expresses a
negative — the only negative beggars will ever understand. But, in Naples, those five fingers are a copious
language.

All this, and every other kind of out-door life and stir, and macaroni-eating at sunset, and flower-selling all day
long, and begging and stealing everywhere and at all hours, you see upon the bright sea-shore, where the waves of the
bay sparkle merrily. But, lovers and hunters of the picturesque, let us not keep too studiously out of view the
miserable depravity, degradation, and wretchedness, with which this gay Neapolitan life is inseparably associated! It
is not well to find Saint Giles’s so repulsive, and the Porta Capuana so attractive. A pair of naked legs and a ragged
red scarf, do not make ALL the difference between what is interesting and what is coarse and odious? Painting and
poetising for ever, if you will, the beauties of this most beautiful and lovely spot of earth, let us, as our duty, try
to associate a new picturesque with some faint recognition of man’s destiny and capabilities; more hopeful, I believe,
among the ice and snow of the North Pole, than in the sun and bloom of Naples.

Capri — once made odious by the deified beast Tiberius — Ischia, Procida, and the thousand distant beauties of the
Bay, lie in the blue sea yonder, changing in the mist and sunshine twenty times a-day: now close at hand, now far off,
now unseen. The fairest country in the world, is spread about us. Whether we turn towards the Miseno shore of the
splendid watery amphitheatre, and go by the Grotto of Posilipo to the Grotto del Cane and away to Baiae: or take the
other way, towards Vesuvius and Sorrento, it is one succession of delights. In the last-named direction, where, over
doors and archways, there are countless little images of San Gennaro, with his Canute’s hand stretched out, to check
the fury of the Burning Mountain, we are carried pleasantly, by a railroad on the beautiful Sea Beach, past the town of
Torre del Greco, built upon the ashes of the former town destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, within a hundred years;
and past the flat-roofed houses, granaries, and macaroni manufactories; to Castel-a-Mare, with its ruined castle, now
inhabited by fishermen, standing in the sea upon a heap of rocks. Here, the railroad terminates; but, hence we may ride
on, by an unbroken succession of enchanting bays, and beautiful scenery, sloping from the highest summit of Saint
Angelo, the highest neighbouring mountain, down to the water’s edge — among vineyards, olive-trees, gardens of oranges
and lemons, orchards, heaped-up rocks, green gorges in the hills — and by the bases of snow-covered heights, and
through small towns with handsome, dark-haired women at the doors — and pass delicious summer villas — to Sorrento,
where the Poet Tasso drew his inspiration from the beauty surrounding him. Returning, we may climb the heights above
Castel-a-Mare, and looking down among the boughs and leaves, see the crisp water glistening in the sun; and clusters of
white houses in distant Naples, dwindling, in the great extent of prospect, down to dice. The coming back to the city,
by the beach again, at sunset: with the glowing sea on one side, and the darkening mountain, with its smoke and flame,
upon the other: is a sublime conclusion to the glory of the day.

That church by the Porta Capuana — near the old fisher-market in the dirtiest quarter of dirty Naples, where the
revolt of Masaniello began — is memorable for having been the scene of one of his earliest proclamations to the people,
and is particularly remarkable for nothing else, unless it be its waxen and bejewelled Saint in a glass case, with two
odd hands; or the enormous number of beggars who are constantly rapping their chins there, like a battery of castanets.
The cathedral with the beautiful door, and the columns of African and Egyptian granite that once ornamented the temple
of Apollo, contains the famous sacred blood of San Gennaro or Januarius: which is preserved in two phials in a silver
tabernacle, and miraculously liquefies three times a-year, to the great admiration of the people. At the same moment,
the stone (distant some miles) where the Saint suffered martyrdom, becomes faintly red. It is said that the officiating
priests turn faintly red also, sometimes, when these miracles occur.

The old, old men who live in hovels at the entrance of these ancient catacombs, and who, in their age and infirmity,
seem waiting here, to be buried themselves, are members of a curious body, called the Royal Hospital, who are the
official attendants at funerals. Two of these old spectres totter away, with lighted tapers, to show the caverns of
death — as unconcerned as if they were immortal. They were used as burying-places for three hundred years; and, in one
part, is a large pit full of skulls and bones, said to be the sad remains of a great mortality occasioned by a plague.
In the rest there is nothing but dust. They consist, chiefly, of great wide corridors and labyrinths, hewn out of the
rock. At the end of some of these long passages, are unexpected glimpses of the daylight, shining down from above. It
looks as ghastly and as strange; among the torches, and the dust, and the dark vaults: as if it, too, were dead and
buried.

The present burial-place lies out yonder, on a hill between the city and Vesuvius. The old Campo Santo with its
three hundred and sixty-five pits, is only used for those who die in hospitals, and prisons, and are unclaimed by their
friends. The graceful new cemetery, at no great distance from it, though yet unfinished, has already many graves among
its shrubs and flowers, and airy colonnades. It might be reasonably objected elsewhere, that some of the tombs are
meretricious and too fanciful; but the general brightness seems to justify it here; and Mount Vesuvius, separated from
them by a lovely slope of ground, exalts and saddens the scene.

If it be solemn to behold from this new City of the Dead, with its dark smoke hanging in the clear sky, how much
more awful and impressive is it, viewed from the ghostly ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii!

Stand at the bottom of the great market-place of Pompeii, and look up the silent streets, through the ruined temples
of Jupiter and Isis, over the broken houses with their inmost sanctuaries open to the day, away to Mount Vesuvius,
bright and snowy in the peaceful distance; and lose all count of time, and heed of other things, in the strange and
melancholy sensation of seeing the Destroyed and the Destroyer making this quiet picture in the sun. Then, ramble on,
and see, at every turn, the little familiar tokens of human habitation and every-day pursuits; the chafing of the
bucket-rope in the stone rim of the exhausted well; the track of carriage-wheels in the pavement of the street; the
marks of drinking-vessels on the stone counter of the wine-shop; the amphorae in private cellars, stored away so many
hundred years ago, and undisturbed to this hour — all rendering the solitude and deadly lonesomeness of the place, ten
thousand times more solemn, than if the volcano, in its fury, had swept the city from the earth, and sunk it in the
bottom of the sea.

After it was shaken by the earthquake which preceded the eruption, workmen were employed in shaping out, in stone,
new ornaments for temples and other buildings that had suffered. Here lies their work, outside the city gate, as if
they would return to-morrow.

In the cellar of Diomede’s house, where certain skeletons were found huddled together, close to the door, the
impression of their bodies on the ashes, hardened with the ashes, and became stamped and fixed there, after they had
shrunk, inside, to scanty bones. So, in the theatre of Herculaneum, a comic mask, floating on the stream when it was
hot and liquid, stamped its mimic features in it as it hardened into stone; and now, it turns upon the stranger the
fantastic look it turned upon the audiences in that same theatre two thousand years ago.

Next to the wonder of going up and down the streets, and in and out of the houses, and traversing the secret
chambers of the temples of a religion that has vanished from the earth, and finding so many fresh traces of remote
antiquity: as if the course of Time had been stopped after this desolation, and there had been no nights and days,
months, years, and centuries, since: nothing is more impressive and terrible than the many evidences of the searching
nature of the ashes, as bespeaking their irresistible power, and the impossibility of escaping them. In the
wine-cellars, they forced their way into the earthen vessels: displacing the wine and choking them, to the brim, with
dust. In the tombs, they forced the ashes of the dead from the funeral urns, and rained new ruin even into them. The
mouths, and eyes, and skulls of all the skeletons, were stuffed with this terrible hail. In Herculaneum, where the
flood was of a different and a heavier kind, it rolled in, like a sea. Imagine a deluge of water turned to marble, at
its height — and that is what is called ‘the lava’ here.

Some workmen were digging the gloomy well on the brink of which we now stand, looking down, when they came on some
of the stone benches of the theatre — those steps (for such they seem) at the bottom of the excavation — and found the
buried city of Herculaneum. Presently going down, with lighted torches, we are perplexed by great walls of monstrous
thickness, rising up between the benches, shutting out the stage, obtruding their shapeless forms in absurd places,
confusing the whole plan, and making it a disordered dream. We cannot, at first, believe, or picture to ourselves, that
THIS came rolling in, and drowned the city; and that all that is not here, has been cut away, by the axe, like solid
stone. But this perceived and understood, the horror and oppression of its presence are indescribable.

Many of the paintings on the walls in the roofless chambers of both cities, or carefully removed to the museum at
Naples, are as fresh and plain, as if they had been executed yesterday. Here are subjects of still life, as provisions,
dead game, bottles, glasses, and the like; familiar classical stories, or mythological fables, always forcibly and
plainly told; conceits of cupids, quarrelling, sporting, working at trades; theatrical rehearsals; poets reading their
productions to their friends; inscriptions chalked upon the walls; political squibs, advertisements, rough drawings by
schoolboys; everything to people and restore the ancient cities, in the fancy of their wondering visitor. Furniture,
too, you see, of every kind — lamps, tables, couches; vessels for eating, drinking, and cooking; workmen’s tools,
surgical instruments, tickets for the theatre, pieces of money, personal ornaments, bunches of keys found clenched in
the grasp of skeletons, helmets of guards and warriors; little household bells, yet musical with their old domestic
tones.

The least among these objects, lends its aid to swell the interest of Vesuvius, and invest it with a perfect
fascination. The looking, from either ruined city, into the neighbouring grounds overgrown with beautiful vines and
luxuriant trees; and remembering that house upon house, temple on temple, building after building, and street after
street, are still lying underneath the roots of all the quiet cultivation, waiting to be turned up to the light of day;
is something so wonderful, so full of mystery, so captivating to the imagination, that one would think it would be
paramount, and yield to nothing else. To nothing but Vesuvius; but the mountain is the genius of the scene. From every
indication of the ruin it has worked, we look, again, with an absorbing interest to where its smoke is rising up into
the sky. It is beyond us, as we thread the ruined streets: above us, as we stand upon the ruined walls, we follow it
through every vista of broken columns, as we wander through the empty court-yards of the houses; and through the
garlandings and interlacings of every wanton vine. Turning away to Paestum yonder, to see the awful structures built,
the least aged of them, hundreds of years before the birth of Christ, and standing yet, erect in lonely majesty, upon
the wild, malaria-blighted plain — we watch Vesuvius as it disappears from the prospect, and watch for it again, on our
return, with the same thrill of interest: as the doom and destiny of all this beautiful country, biding its terrible
time.

It is very warm in the sun, on this early spring-day, when we return from Paestum, but very cold in the shade:
insomuch, that although we may lunch, pleasantly, at noon, in the open air, by the gate of Pompeii, the neighbouring
rivulet supplies thick ice for our wine. But, the sun is shining brightly; there is not a cloud or speck of vapour in
the whole blue sky, looking down upon the bay of Naples; and the moon will be at the full to-night. No matter that the
snow and ice lie thick upon the summit of Vesuvius, or that we have been on foot all day at Pompeii, or that croakers
maintain that strangers should not be on the mountain by night, in such an unusual season. Let us take advantage of the
fine weather; make the best of our way to Resina, the little village at the foot of the mountain; prepare ourselves, as
well as we can, on so short a notice, at the guide’s house; ascend at once, and have sunset half-way up, moonlight at
the top, and midnight to come down in!

At four o’clock in the afternoon, there is a terrible uproar in the little stable-yard of Signior Salvatore, the
recognised head-guide, with the gold band round his cap; and thirty under-guides who are all scuffling and screaming at
once, are preparing half-a-dozen saddled ponies, three litters, and some stout staves, for the journey. Every one of
the thirty, quarrels with the other twenty-nine, and frightens the six ponies; and as much of the village as can
possibly squeeze itself into the little stable-yard, participates in the tumult, and gets trodden on by the cattle.

After much violent skirmishing, and more noise than would suffice for the storming of Naples, the procession starts.
The head-guide, who is liberally paid for all the attendants, rides a little in advance of the party; the other thirty
guides proceed on foot. Eight go forward with the litters that are to be used by-and-by; and the remaining
two-and-twenty beg.

We ascend, gradually, by stony lanes like rough broad flights of stairs, for some time. At length, we leave these,
and the vineyards on either side of them, and emerge upon a bleak bare region where the lava lies confusedly, in
enormous rusty masses; as if the earth had been ploughed up by burning thunderbolts. And now, we halt to see the sun
set. The change that falls upon the dreary region, and on the whole mountain, as its red light fades, and the night
comes on — and the unutterable solemnity and dreariness that reign around, who that has witnessed it, can ever
forget!

It is dark, when after winding, for some time, over the broken ground, we arrive at the foot of the cone: which is
extremely steep, and seems to rise, almost perpendicularly, from the spot where we dismount. The only light is
reflected from the snow, deep, hard, and white, with which the cone is covered. It is now intensely cold, and the air
is piercing. The thirty-one have brought no torches, knowing that the moon will rise before we reach the top. Two of
the litters are devoted to the two ladies; the third, to a rather heavy gentleman from Naples, whose hospitality and
good-nature have attached him to the expedition, and determined him to assist in doing the honours of the mountain. The
rather heavy gentleman is carried by fifteen men; each of the ladies by half-a-dozen. We who walk, make the best use of
our staves; and so the whole party begin to labour upward over the snow — as if they were toiling to the summit of an
antediluvian Twelfth-cake.

We are a long time toiling up; and the head-guide looks oddly about him when one of the company — not an Italian,
though an habitue of the mountain for many years: whom we will call, for our present purpose, Mr. Pickle of Portici —
suggests that, as it is freezing hard, and the usual footing of ashes is covered by the snow and ice, it will surely be
difficult to descend. But the sight of the litters above, tilting up and down, and jerking from this side to that, as
the bearers continually slip and tumble, diverts our attention; more especially as the whole length of the rather heavy
gentleman is, at that moment, presented to us alarmingly foreshortened, with his head downwards.

The rising of the moon soon afterwards, revives the flagging spirits of the bearers. Stimulating each other with
their usual watchword, ‘Courage, friend! It is to eat macaroni!’ they press on, gallantly, for the summit.

From tingeing the top of the snow above us, with a band of light, and pouring it in a stream through the valley
below, while we have been ascending in the dark, the moon soon lights the whole white mountain-side, and the broad sea
down below, and tiny Naples in the distance, and every village in the country round. The whole prospect is in this
lovely state, when we come upon the platform on the mountain-top — the region of Fire — an exhausted crater formed of
great masses of gigantic cinders, like blocks of stone from some tremendous waterfall, burnt up; from every chink and
crevice of which, hot, sulphurous smoke is pouring out: while, from another conical-shaped hill, the present crater,
rising abruptly from this platform at the end, great sheets of fire are streaming forth: reddening the night with
flame, blackening it with smoke, and spotting it with red-hot stones and cinders, that fly up into the air like
feathers, and fall down like lead. What words can paint the gloom and grandeur of this scene!

The broken ground; the smoke; the sense of suffocation from the sulphur: the fear of falling down through the
crevices in the yawning ground; the stopping, every now and then, for somebody who is missing in the dark (for the
dense smoke now obscures the moon); the intolerable noise of the thirty; and the hoarse roaring of the mountain; make
it a scene of such confusion, at the same time, that we reel again. But, dragging the ladies through it, and across
another exhausted crater to the foot of the present Volcano, we approach close to it on the windy side, and then sit
down among the hot ashes at its foot, and look up in silence; faintly estimating the action that is going on within,
from its being full a hundred feet higher, at this minute, than it was six weeks ago.

There is something in the fire and roar, that generates an irresistible desire to get nearer to it. We cannot rest
long, without starting off, two of us, on our hands and knees, accompanied by the head-guide, to climb to the brim of
the flaming crater, and try to look in. Meanwhile, the thirty yell, as with one voice, that it is a dangerous
proceeding, and call to us to come back; frightening the rest of the party out of their wits.

What with their noise, and what with the trembling of the thin crust of ground, that seems about to open underneath
our feet and plunge us in the burning gulf below (which is the real danger, if there be any); and what with the
flashing of the fire in our faces, and the shower of red-hot ashes that is raining down, and the choking smoke and
sulphur; we may well feel giddy and irrational, like drunken men. But, we contrive to climb up to the brim, and look
down, for a moment, into the Hell of boiling fire below. Then, we all three come rolling down; blackened, and singed,
and scorched, and hot, and giddy: and each with his dress alight in half-a-dozen places.

You have read, a thousand times, that the usual way of descending, is, by sliding down the ashes: which, forming a
gradually-increasing ledge below the feet, prevent too rapid a descent. But, when we have crossed the two exhausted
craters on our way back and are come to this precipitous place, there is (as Mr. Pickle has foretold) no vestige of
ashes to be seen; the whole being a smooth sheet of ice.

In this dilemma, ten or a dozen of the guides cautiously join hands, and make a chain of men; of whom the foremost
beat, as well as they can, a rough track with their sticks, down which we prepare to follow. The way being fearfully
steep, and none of the party: even of the thirty: being able to keep their feet for six paces together, the ladies are
taken out of their litters, and placed, each between two careful persons; while others of the thirty hold by their
skirts, to prevent their falling forward — a necessary precaution, tending to the immediate and hopeless dilapidation
of their apparel. The rather heavy gentleman is abjured to leave his litter too, and be escorted in a similar manner;
but he resolves to be brought down as he was brought up, on the principle that his fifteen bearers are not likely to
tumble all at once, and that he is safer so, than trusting to his own legs.

In this order, we begin the descent: sometimes on foot, sometimes shuffling on the ice: always proceeding much more
quietly and slowly, than on our upward way: and constantly alarmed by the falling among us of somebody from behind, who
endangers the footing of the whole party, and clings pertinaciously to anybody’s ankles. It is impossible for the
litter to be in advance, too, as the track has to be made; and its appearance behind us, overhead — with some one or
other of the bearers always down, and the rather heavy gentleman with his legs always in the air — is very threatening
and frightful. We have gone on thus, a very little way, painfully and anxiously, but quite merrily, and regarding it as
a great success — and have all fallen several times, and have all been stopped, somehow or other, as we were sliding
away — when Mr. Pickle of Portici, in the act of remarking on these uncommon circumstances as quite beyond his
experience, stumbles, falls, disengages himself, with quick presence of mind, from those about him, plunges away head
foremost, and rolls, over and over, down the whole surface of the cone!

Sickening as it is to look, and be so powerless to help him, I see him there, in the moonlight — I have had such a
dream often — skimming over the white ice, like a cannon-ball. Almost at the same moment, there is a cry from behind;
and a man who has carried a light basket of spare cloaks on his head, comes rolling past, at the same frightful speed,
closely followed by a boy. At this climax of the chapter of accidents, the remaining eight-and-twenty vociferate to
that degree, that a pack of wolves would be music to them!

Giddy, and bloody, and a mere bundle of rags, is Pickle of Portici when we reach the place where we dismounted, and
where the horses are waiting; but, thank God, sound in limb! And never are we likely to be more glad to see a man alive
and on his feet, than to see him now — making light of it too, though sorely bruised and in great pain. The boy is
brought into the Hermitage on the Mountain, while we are at supper, with his head tied up; and the man is heard of,
some hours afterwards. He too is bruised and stunned, but has broken no bones; the snow having, fortunately, covered
all the larger blocks of rock and stone, and rendered them harmless.

After a cheerful meal, and a good rest before a blazing fire, we again take horse, and continue our descent to
Salvatore’s house — very slowly, by reason of our bruised friend being hardly able to keep the saddle, or endure the
pain of motion. Though it is so late at night, or early in the morning, all the people of the village are waiting about
the little stable-yard when we arrive, and looking up the road by which we are expected. Our appearance is hailed with
a great clamour of tongues, and a general sensation for which in our modesty we are somewhat at a loss to account,
until, turning into the yard, we find that one of a party of French gentlemen who were on the mountain at the same time
is lying on some straw in the stable, with a broken limb: looking like Death, and suffering great torture; and that we
were confidently supposed to have encountered some worse accident.

So ‘well returned, and Heaven be praised!’ as the cheerful Vetturino, who has borne us company all the way from
Pisa, says, with all his heart! And away with his ready horses, into sleeping Naples!

It wakes again to Policinelli and pickpockets, buffo singers and beggars, rags, puppets, flowers, brightness, dirt,
and universal degradation; airing its Harlequin suit in the sunshine, next day and every day; singing, starving,
dancing, gaming, on the sea-shore; and leaving all labour to the burning mountain, which is ever at its work.

Our English dilettanti would be very pathetic on the subject of the national taste, if they could hear an Italian
opera half as badly sung in England as we may hear the Foscari performed, to-night, in the splendid theatre of San
Carlo. But, for astonishing truth and spirit in seizing and embodying the real life about it, the shabby little San
Carlino Theatre — the rickety house one story high, with a staring picture outside: down among the drums and trumpets,
and the tumblers, and the lady conjurer — is without a rival anywhere.

There is one extraordinary feature in the real life of Naples, at which we may take a glance before we go — the
Lotteries.

They prevail in most parts of Italy, but are particularly obvious, in their effects and influences, here. They are
drawn every Saturday. They bring an immense revenue to the Government; and diffuse a taste for gambling among the
poorest of the poor, which is very comfortable to the coffers of the State, and very ruinous to themselves. The lowest
stake is one grain; less than a farthing. One hundred numbers — from one to a hundred, inclusive — are put into a box.
Five are drawn. Those are the prizes. I buy three numbers. If one of them come up, I win a small prize. If two, some
hundreds of times my stake. If three, three thousand five hundred times my stake. I stake (or play as they call it)
what I can upon my numbers, and buy what numbers I please. The amount I play, I pay at the lottery office, where I
purchase the ticket; and it is stated on the ticket itself.

Every lottery office keeps a printed book, an Universal Lottery Diviner, where every possible accident and
circumstance is provided for, and has a number against it. For instance, let us take two carlini — about sevenpence. On
our way to the lottery office, we run against a black man. When we get there, we say gravely, ‘The Diviner.’ It is
handed over the counter, as a serious matter of business. We look at black man. Such a number. ‘Give us that.’ We look
at running against a person in the street. ‘Give us that. ‘ We look at the name of the street itself. ‘Give us that.’
Now, we have our three numbers.

If the roof of the theatre of San Carlo were to fall in, so many people would play upon the numbers attached to such
an accident in the Diviner, that the Government would soon close those numbers, and decline to run the risk of losing
any more upon them. This often happens. Not long ago, when there was a fire in the King’s Palace, there was such a
desperate run on fire, and king, and palace, that further stakes on the numbers attached to those words in the Golden
Book were forbidden. Every accident or event, is supposed, by the ignorant populace, to be a revelation to the
beholder, or party concerned, in connection with the lottery. Certain people who have a talent for dreaming
fortunately, are much sought after; and there are some priests who are constantly favoured with visions of the lucky
numbers.

I heard of a horse running away with a man, and dashing him down, dead, at the corner of a street. Pursuing the
horse with incredible speed, was another man, who ran so fast, that he came up, immediately after the accident. He
threw himself upon his knees beside the unfortunate rider, and clasped his hand with an expression of the wildest
grief. ‘If you have life,’ he said, ‘speak one word to me! If you have one gasp of breath left, mention your age for
Heaven’s sake, that I may play that number in the lottery.’

It is four o’clock in the afternoon, and we may go to see our lottery drawn. The ceremony takes place every
Saturday, in the Tribunale, or Court of Justice — this singular, earthy-smelling room, or gallery, as mouldy as an old
cellar, and as damp as a dungeon. At the upper end is a platform, with a large horse-shoe table upon it; and a
President and Council sitting round — all judges of the Law. The man on the little stool behind the President, is the
Capo Lazzarone, a kind of tribune of the people, appointed on their behalf to see that all is fairly conducted:
attended by a few personal friends. A ragged, swarthy fellow he is: with long matted hair hanging down all over his
face: and covered, from head to foot, with most unquestionably genuine dirt. All the body of the room is filled with
the commonest of the Neapolitan people: and between them and the platform, guarding the steps leading to the latter, is
a small body of soldiers.

There is some delay in the arrival of the necessary number of judges; during which, the box, in which the numbers
are being placed, is a source of the deepest interest. When the box is full, the boy who is to draw the numbers out of
it becomes the prominent feature of the proceedings. He is already dressed for his part, in a tight brown Holland coat,
with only one (the left) sleeve to it, which leaves his right arm bared to the shoulder, ready for plunging down into
the mysterious chest.

During the hush and whisper that pervade the room, all eyes are turned on this young minister of fortune. People
begin to inquire his age, with a view to the next lottery; and the number of his brothers and sisters; and the age of
his father and mother; and whether he has any moles or pimples upon him; and where, and how many; when the arrival of
the last judge but one (a little old man, universally dreaded as possessing the Evil Eye) makes a slight diversion, and
would occasion a greater one, but that he is immediately deposed, as a source of interest, by the officiating priest,
who advances gravely to his place, followed by a very dirty little boy, carrying his sacred vestments, and a pot of
Holy Water.

Here is the last judge come at last, and now he takes his place at the horse-shoe table.

There is a murmur of irrepressible agitation. In the midst of it, the priest puts his head into the sacred
vestments, and pulls the same over his shoulders. Then he says a silent prayer; and dipping a brush into the pot of
Holy Water, sprinkles it over the box — and over the boy, and gives them a double-barrelled blessing, which the box and
the boy are both hoisted on the table to receive. The boy remaining on the table, the box is now carried round the
front of the platform, by an attendant, who holds it up and shakes it lustily all the time; seeming to say, like the
conjurer, ‘There is no deception, ladies and gentlemen; keep your eyes upon me, if you please!’

At last, the box is set before the boy; and the boy, first holding up his naked arm and open hand, dives down into
the hole (it is made like a ballot-box) and pulls out a number, which is rolled up, round something hard, like a
bonbon. This he hands to the judge next him, who unrolls a little bit, and hands it to the President, next to whom he
sits. The President unrolls it, very slowly. The Capo Lazzarone leans over his shoulder. The President holds it up,
unrolled, to the Capo Lazzarone. The Capo Lazzarone, looking at it eagerly, cries out, in a shrill, loud voice,
‘Sessantadue!’ (sixty-two), expressing the two upon his fingers, as he calls it out. Alas! the Capo Lazzarone himself
has not staked on sixty-two. His face is very long, and his eyes roll wildly.

As it happens to be a favourite number, however, it is pretty well received, which is not always the case. They are
all drawn with the same ceremony, omitting the blessing. One blessing is enough for the whole multiplication-table. The
only new incident in the proceedings, is the gradually deepening intensity of the change in the Cape Lazzarone, who
has, evidently, speculated to the very utmost extent of his means; and who, when he sees the last number, and finds
that it is not one of his, clasps his hands, and raises his eyes to the ceiling before proclaiming it, as though
remonstrating, in a secret agony, with his patron saint, for having committed so gross a breach of confidence. I hope
the Capo Lazzarone may not desert him for some other member of the Calendar, but he seems to threaten it.

Where the winners may be, nobody knows. They certainly are not present; the general disappointment filling one with
pity for the poor people. They look: when we stand aside, observing them, in their passage through the court-yard down
below: as miserable as the prisoners in the gaol (it forms a part of the building), who are peeping down upon them,
from between their bars; or, as the fragments of human heads which are still dangling in chains outside, in memory of
the good old times, when their owners were strung up there, for the popular edification.

Away from Naples in a glorious sunrise, by the road to Capua, and then on a three days’ journey along by-roads, that
we may see, on the way, the monastery of Monte Cassino, which is perched on the steep and lofty hill above the little
town of San Germano, and is lost on a misty morning in the clouds.

So much the better, for the deep sounding of its bell, which, as we go winding up, on mules, towards the convent, is
heard mysteriously in the still air, while nothing is seen but the grey mist, moving solemnly and slowly, like a
funeral procession. Behold, at length the shadowy pile of building close before us: its grey walls and towers dimly
seen, though so near and so vast: and the raw vapour rolling through its cloisters heavily.

There are two black shadows walking to and fro in the quadrangle, near the statues of the Patron Saint and his
sister; and hopping on behind them, in and out of the old arches, is a raven, croaking in answer to the bell, and
uttering, at intervals, the purest Tuscan. How like a Jesuit he looks! There never was a sly and stealthy fellow so at
home as is this raven, standing now at the refectory door, with his head on one side, and pretending to glance another
way, while he is scrutinizing the visitors keenly, and listening with fixed attention. What a dull-headed monk the
porter becomes in comparison!

‘He speaks like us!’ says the porter: ‘quite as plainly.’ Quite as plainly, Porter. Nothing could be more expressive
than his reception of the peasants who are entering the gate with baskets and burdens. There is a roll in his eye, and
a chuckle in his throat, which should qualify him to be chosen Superior of an Order of Ravens. He knows all about it.
‘It’s all right,’ he says. ‘We know what we know. Come along, good people. Glad to see you!’ How was this extraordinary
structure ever built in such a situation, where the labour of conveying the stone, and iron, and marble, so great a
height, must have been prodigious? ‘Caw!’ says the raven, welcoming the peasants. How, being despoiled by plunder, fire
and earthquake, has it risen from its ruins, and been again made what we now see it, with its church so sumptuous and
magnificent? ‘Caw!’ says the raven, welcoming the peasants. These people have a miserable appearance, and (as usual)
are densely ignorant, and all beg, while the monks are chaunting in the chapel. ‘Caw!’ says the raven, ‘Cuckoo!’

So we leave him, chuckling and rolling his eye at the convent gate, and wind slowly down again through the cloud. At
last emerging from it, we come in sight of the village far below, and the flat green country intersected by rivulets;
which is pleasant and fresh to see after the obscurity and haze of the convent — no disrespect to the raven, or the
holy friars.

Away we go again, by muddy roads, and through the most shattered and tattered of villages, where there is not a
whole window among all the houses, or a whole garment among all the peasants, or the least appearance of anything to
eat, in any of the wretched hucksters’ shops. The women wear a bright red bodice laced before and behind, a white
skirt, and the Neapolitan head-dress of square folds of linen, primitively meant to carry loads on. The men and
children wear anything they can get. The soldiers are as dirty and rapacious as the dogs. The inns are such hobgoblin
places, that they are infinitely more attractive and amusing than the best hotels in Paris. Here is one near Valmontone
(that is Valmontone the round, walled town on the mount opposite), which is approached by a quagmire almost knee-deep.
There is a wild colonnade below, and a dark yard full of empty stables and lofts, and a great long kitchen with a great
long bench and a great long form, where a party of travellers, with two priests among them, are crowding round the fire
while their supper is cooking. Above stairs, is a rough brick gallery to sit in, with very little windows with very
small patches of knotty glass in them, and all the doors that open from it (a dozen or two) off their hinges, and a
bare board on tressels for a table, at which thirty people might dine easily, and a fireplace large enough in itself
for a breakfast-parlour, where, as the faggots blaze and crackle, they illuminate the ugliest and grimmest of faces,
drawn in charcoal on the whitewashed chimney-sides by previous travellers. There is a flaring country lamp on the
table; and, hovering about it, scratching her thick black hair continually, a yellow dwarf of a woman, who stands on
tiptoe to arrange the hatchet knives, and takes a flying leap to look into the water-jug. The beds in the adjoining
rooms are of the liveliest kind. There is not a solitary scrap of looking-glass in the house, and the washing apparatus
is identical with the cooking utensils. But the yellow dwarf sets on the table a good flask of excellent wine, holding
a quart at least; and produces, among half-a-dozen other dishes, two-thirds of a roasted kid, smoking hot. She is as
good-humoured, too, as dirty, which is saying a great deal. So here’s long life to her, in the flask of wine, and
prosperity to the establishment.

Rome gained and left behind, and with it the Pilgrims who are now repairing to their own homes again — each with his
scallop shell and staff, and soliciting alms for the love of God — we come, by a fair country, to the Falls of Terni,
where the whole Velino river dashes, headlong, from a rocky height, amidst shining spray and rainbows. Perugia,
strongly fortified by art and nature, on a lofty eminence, rising abruptly from the plain where purple mountains mingle
with the distant sky, is glowing, on its market-day, with radiant colours. They set off its sombre but rich Gothic
buildings admirably. The pavement of its market-place is strewn with country goods. All along the steep hill leading
from the town, under the town wall, there is a noisy fair of calves, lambs, pigs, horses, mules, and oxen. Fowls,
geese, and turkeys, flutter vigorously among their very hoofs; and buyers, sellers, and spectators, clustering
everywhere, block up the road as we come shouting down upon them.

Suddenly, there is a ringing sound among our horses. The driver stops them. Sinking in his saddle, and casting up
his eyes to Heaven, he delivers this apostrophe, ‘Oh Jove Omnipotent! here is a horse has lost his shoe!’

Notwithstanding the tremendous nature of this accident, and the utterly forlorn look and gesture (impossible in any
one but an Italian Vetturino) with which it is announced, it is not long in being repaired by a mortal Farrier, by
whose assistance we reach Castiglione the same night, and Arezzo next day. Mass is, of course, performing in its fine
cathedral, where the sun shines in among the clustered pillars, through rich stained-glass windows: half revealing,
half concealing the kneeling figures on the pavement, and striking out paths of spotted light in the long aisles.

But, how much beauty of another kind is here, when, on a fair clear morning, we look, from the summit of a hill, on
Florence! See where it lies before us in a sun-lighted valley, bright with the winding Arno, and shut in by swelling
hills; its domes, and towers, and palaces, rising from the rich country in a glittering heap, and shining in the sun
like gold!

Magnificently stern and sombre are the streets of beautiful Florence; and the strong old piles of building make such
heaps of shadow, on the ground and in the river, that there is another and a different city of rich forms and fancies,
always lying at our feet. Prodigious palaces, constructed for defence, with small distrustful windows heavily barred,
and walls of great thickness formed of huge masses of rough stone, frown, in their old sulky state, on every street. In
the midst of the city — in the Piazza of the Grand Duke, adorned with beautiful statues and the Fountain of Neptune —
rises the Palazzo Vecchio, with its enormous overhanging battlements, and the Great Tower that watches over the whole
town. In its court-yard — worthy of the Castle of Otranto in its ponderous gloom — is a massive staircase that the
heaviest waggon and the stoutest team of horses might be driven up. Within it, is a Great Saloon, faded and tarnished
in its stately decorations, and mouldering by grains, but recording yet, in pictures on its walls, the triumphs of the
Medici and the wars of the old Florentine people. The prison is hard by, in an adjacent court-yard of the building — a
foul and dismal place, where some men are shut up close, in small cells like ovens; and where others look through bars
and beg; where some are playing draughts, and some are talking to their friends, who smoke, the while, to purify the
air; and some are buying wine and fruit of women-vendors; and all are squalid, dirty, and vile to look at. ‘They are
merry enough, Signore,’ says the jailer. ‘They are all blood-stained here,’ he adds, indicating, with his hand,
three-fourths of the whole building. Before the hour is out, an old man, eighty years of age, quarrelling over a
bargain with a young girl of seventeen, stabs her dead, in the market-place full of bright flowers; and is brought in
prisoner, to swell the number.

Among the four old bridges that span the river, the Ponte Vecchio — that bridge which is covered with the shops of
Jewellers and Goldsmiths — is a most enchanting feature in the scene. The space of one house, in the centre, being left
open, the view beyond is shown as in a frame; and that precious glimpse of sky, and water, and rich buildings, shining
so quietly among the huddled roofs and gables on the bridge, is exquisite. Above it, the Gallery of the Grand Duke
crosses the river. It was built to connect the two Great Palaces by a secret passage; and it takes its jealous course
among the streets and houses, with true despotism: going where it lists, and spurning every obstacle away, before
it.

The Grand Duke has a worthier secret passage through the streets, in his black robe and hood, as a member of the
Compagnia della Misericordia, which brotherhood includes all ranks of men. If an accident take place, their office is,
to raise the sufferer, and bear him tenderly to the Hospital. If a fire break out, it is one of their functions to
repair to the spot, and render their assistance and protection. It is, also, among their commonest offices, to attend
and console the sick; and they neither receive money, nor eat, nor drink, in any house they visit for this purpose.
Those who are on duty for the time, are all called together, on a moment’s notice, by the tolling of the great bell of
the Tower; and it is said that the Grand Duke has been seen, at this sound, to rise from his seat at table, and quietly
withdraw to attend the summons.

In this other large Piazza, where an irregular kind of market is held, and stores of old iron and other small
merchandise are set out on stalls, or scattered on the pavement, are grouped together, the Cathedral with its great
Dome, the beautiful Italian Gothic Tower the Campanile, and the Baptistery with its wrought bronze doors. And here, a
small untrodden square in the pavement, is ‘the Stone of DANTE,’ where (so runs the story) he was used to bring his
stool, and sit in contemplation. I wonder was he ever, in his bitter exile, withheld from cursing the very stones in
the streets of Florence the ungrateful, by any kind remembrance of this old musing-place, and its association with
gentle thoughts of little Beatrice!

The chapel of the Medici, the Good and Bad Angels, of Florence; the church of Santa Croce where Michael Angelo lies
buried, and where every stone in the cloisters is eloquent on great men’s deaths; innumerable churches, often masses of
unfinished heavy brickwork externally, but solemn and serene within; arrest our lingering steps, in strolling through
the city.

In keeping with the tombs among the cloisters, is the Museum of Natural History, famous through the world for its
preparations in wax; beginning with models of leaves, seeds, plants, inferior animals; and gradually ascending, through
separate organs of the human frame, up to the whole structure of that wonderful creation, exquisitely presented, as in
recent death. Few admonitions of our frail mortality can be more solemn and more sad, or strike so home upon the heart,
as the counterfeits of Youth and Beauty that are lying there, upon their beds, in their last sleep.

Beyond the walls, the whole sweet Valley of the Arno, the convent at Fiesole, the Tower of Galileo, BOCCACCIO’S
house, old villas and retreats; innumerable spots of interest, all glowing in a landscape of surpassing beauty steeped
in the richest light; are spread before us. Returning from so much brightness, how solemn and how grand the streets
again, with their great, dark, mournful palaces, and many legends: not of siege, and war, and might, and Iron Hand
alone, but of the triumphant growth of peaceful Arts and Sciences.

What light is shed upon the world, at this day, from amidst these rugged Palaces of Florence! Here, open to all
comers, in their beautiful and calm retreats, the ancient Sculptors are immortal, side by side with Michael Angelo,
Canova, Titian, Rembrandt, Raphael, Poets, Historians, Philosophers — those illustrious men of history, beside whom its
crowned heads and harnessed warriors show so poor and small, and are so soon forgotten. Here, the imperishable part of
noble minds survives, placid and equal, when strongholds of assault and defence are overthrown; when the tyranny of the
many, or the few, or both, is but a tale; when Pride and Power are so much cloistered dust. The fire within the stern
streets, and among the massive Palaces and Towers, kindled by rays from Heaven, is still burning brightly, when the
flickering of war is extinguished and the household fires of generations have decayed; as thousands upon thousands of
faces, rigid with the strife and passion of the hour, have faded out of the old Squares and public haunts, while the
nameless Florentine Lady, preserved from oblivion by a Painter’s hand, yet lives on, in enduring grace and youth.

Let us look back on Florence while we may, and when its shining Dome is seen no more, go travelling through cheerful
Tuscany, with a bright remembrance of it; for Italy will be the fairer for the recollection. The summer-time being
come: and Genoa, and Milan, and the Lake of Como lying far behind us: and we resting at Faido, a Swiss village, near
the awful rocks and mountains, the everlasting snows and roaring cataracts, of the Great Saint Gothard: hearing the
Italian tongue for the last time on this journey: let us part from Italy, with all its miseries and wrongs,
affectionately, in our admiration of the beauties, natural and artificial, of which it is full to overflowing, and in
our tenderness towards a people, naturally well-disposed, and patient, and sweet-tempered. Years of neglect,
oppression, and misrule, have been at work, to change their nature and reduce their spirit; miserable jealousies,
fomented by petty Princes to whom union was destruction, and division strength, have been a canker at their root of
nationality, and have barbarized their language; but the good that was in them ever, is in them yet, and a noble people
may be, one day, raised up from these ashes. Let us entertain that hope! And let us not remember Italy the less
regardfully, because, in every fragment of her fallen Temples, and every stone of her deserted palaces and prisons, she
helps to inculcate the lesson that the wheel of Time is rolling for an end, and that the world is, in all great
essentials, better, gentler, more forbearing, and more hopeful, as it rolls!

THE END

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