Chemistry XXIThe central goalof this unit is to help you identify the structural and environmental factors that can be used to controlchemical reactions.Unit 6How do we control chemical change?M4. Selecting the ReactantsM2. Changing the Environment.M3. Analyzing the ProductsAnalyzing the effect of charge stability.Exploring the influence of external factors.Evaluating the impact of electronic and steric effects.M1. Characterizing InteractionsRecognizing interactions between reacting molecules.

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Chemistry XXIUnit 6How do we control chemical change?Module 4:Selecting the ReactantsCentral goal:To identify the steric and electronic factors that determine the outcome of chemical processes.

Chemistry XXIThe ChallengeMany drugs work by binding to the active site of enzymes and receptors in our body, stimulating or inhibiting their function. Binding occurs through intermolecular forces between the drug molecule and atoms in the target site.TransformationHow do I change it?How can we design and synthesize drugs with specific binding capacities?

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Chemistry XXIBinding ForcesThe forces that bind drugs to active sites or receptors are the same as those that control from phase behavior to the tertiary structure of proteins: ionic, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion interactions.CH3COCO-OOHH3N+-DispersionH-bondingIon-Ion

Chemistry XXIBinding GroupsIn developing drugs, we may be interested in introducing or eliminating different binding groupsto enhance the pharmacological activity of a substance Identify the main functional groups with binding capacity and the types of intermolecular forces they may able to establish.Let′s think!NH2CHCCHCHCCHOHCHCONHCHCNOCHSCCH3CH3CHCOOHAmoxicillin: An antibiotic

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Chemistry XXIPolar ReactionsChemists have developed a wide variety of reactions to introduce or eliminate specific binding groups in molecules.Most of these synthesis reactions result from the interaction between electron-rich sites in a molecule (the nucleophile) and electron-poor sites in another molecule (theelectrophile).Nucleophile(Negative or with high e- density)δ-δ+Electrophile(Positive or with low e- density)δ-δ+

Chemistry XXISubstitution ReactionsTo illustrate some of the central ways of thinking in the synthesis of new substances, let us analyze a class of reactions that allow to “substitute” one nucleophile for another in a molecule.

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