Here is Esperanto's alphabet, and how each letter is individually pronounced. In Esperanto, the idea is: one letter, one pronunciation. Due to physical limitations of the human voice, this isn't always strictly possible, but you should do your best to make the pronunciation of a letter the same as anywhere else it might appear; if you find yourself pronouncing it significantly differently, you're almost certainly doing it wrong. The vowels, in particular, should be pronounced as short, puretones, not long and drawn out as they are pronounced by some English speakers.

Esperanto, like most other languages, also contains diphthongs (vowels sequences that are pronounced as single, new sounds). Several are quite familiar to English ears, but a few are unheard of in the English language, so they deserve special mention:

Esperanto words are divided into syllables in the usual way, centered around vowels (and diphthongs). The accent of an Esperanto word is always (without exception) on the second-to-last syllable. (If the word only has two syllables, then the second-to-last syllable is actually the first.) Diphthongs always count as one syllable, not two syllables on each vowel sound. For instance, in Esperanto, the word morgaux has two syllables, not three, and is pronounced mór-gow, not mor-gáh-oo (the accent mark denotes on which syllable the accent goes); the two vowels constituting a diphthong should never be separated into different syllables.