2. How to draw a national sample of students: a hypothetical example for ‘country x’ 3. How to draw a national sample of schools and students: a real example for Zimbabwe 4. The estimation of sampling errors The Jackknife Procedure

27 48 64
66

5. References Appendix 1
Random number tables for selecting a simple random sample of twenty students from groups of students of size 21 to 100

70

73 78 81

Appendix 2 Appendix 3

Sample design tables (for roh values of 0.1 to 0.9)

Estimation of the coefficient of intraclass correlation

II

http://www.sacmeq.org and http://www.unesco.org/iiep

Basic concepts of sample design for educational survey research Sampling in educational research is generally conducted in order to permit the detailed study of part, rather than the whole, of a population. The information derived from the resulting sample is customarily employed to develop useful generalizations about the population. These generalizations may be in the form of estimates of one or more characteristics associated with the population, or they may be concerned with estimates of the strength of relationships between characteristics within the population. Provided that scientific sampling procedures are used, the selection of a sample often provides many advantages compared with a complete coverage of the population. For example, reduced costs associated with gathering and analyzing the data, reduced requirements for trained personnel to conduct the fieldwork, improved speed in most aspects of data summarization and reporting, and greater accuracy due to the possibility of more intense supervision of fieldwork and data preparation operations. The social science research situations in which sampling is used may be divided into the following three broad categories: experiments – in which the introduction of treatment variables occurs according to a pre-arranged experimental design and all extraneous variables are either controlled or randomized; surveys – in which all members of a defined target population have a known

non-zero probability of selection into the sample; and investigations – in which data are collected without either the randomization of experiments or the probability sampling of surveys. Experiments are strong with respect to internal validity because they are concerned with the question of whether a true measure of the effect of a treatment variable has been obtained for the subjects in the experiment. Surveys, on the other hand, are strong with respect to external validity because they are concerned with the question of whether the findings obtained for the subjects in the survey may be...

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... FOR THE SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
BY
AWAIS SATTAR
DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY
FAISALABAD,
Abstract
Researcher draws his study on the topic of effects on the youth of GCUF because in the view of researcher it is the major social problem of a society that the youth of society is in immature hands. The cinema -or the 7th art as referred by some- has had a major impact on young ages for decades now. As in teenage hood individuals find themselves at a predicament, having to foster their personality and cultivate their thinking and their interests, cinema constitutes a vital influence. Through movies, people are able to assess situations, discriminate the "good" and the "bad". As Aristotle said, via the ancient Greek theatre, the audience has the opportunity to watch imaginary situations, commiserate with the protagonists and worry about his own destiny. For instance, in "Helen" of Euripides, Helen is forced to stay away from the husband Menelaus. Thus, the viewers develop worries that this might append to them as well. In this way, "oiktos" (pity) and "phobos" (fear) emerge and the theyis rendered an educational...

...“Educationalresearch is a structured scientific inquiry into an educational question that provides an answer contributing toward increasing the body of generalizable knowledge about educational concerns” (Hopkins C. A., 1990, pp. 23-24) So when asked, why us educationalresearch the answer is clear. We need and do educationalresearch to provide answers and to contribute more knowledge about our educational concerns. Our text book for this class suggests six reasons for the importance of educationalresearch:
Educators are constantly trying to understand educational processes and must make professional decisions.
Noneducational policy groups, such as state and federal legislatures and courts, have increasingly mandated changes in education.
Concerned public, professional, and private groups and foundations have increased their research activities.
Reviews of prior research have interpreted accumulated empirical evidence.
Educationalresearch is readily available.
Many educators who are not full-time researchers conduct studies to guide their decisions and to serve as efforts in classroom, school, and system accountability.
(McMillan, 2006)
Educational...

...on survey method methodology in MIS and it also provide the assessment for MIS research using survey.
The first part of the paper defines surveyresearch and discuss its application.
Difference between survey and surveyresearch
In general, a survey is a means of gathering information about one or many certain characteristics, or opinion of a population.
Asurveyresearch is conducted to advance scientific knowledge ⇒ for research purpose
Characteristics:
Produce quantitative results. The subjects may be individuals, groups, organization, or also may be projects, applications…
The main way of collecting information is by asking people structured and predefined questions
The sample is large enough to allow extensive statistical analyses
Application
In order to best understand the application of survey method, we compare surveyresearch with 2 other dominant methods in MIS: case studies and lab experiments.
Case studies involve the examination of a phenomenon in its natural setting. The researcher has no control over the phenomenon, but can control the scope and time of the examination
May not have clearly dependent and independent variables
Most appropriate when the researcher is interested in the relation between context and the phenomenon of interest....

...These frameworks have been used to develop three theoretical, conceptual approaches to modeling college choice.
First, the economic models focus on the econometric assumptions that prospective college students think rationally and make careful cost-benefit analyses when choosing a college( Hossler, Schmit, & Vesper, 1999). Second, the status-attainment models assuma a ulitarian decision-making process that students go through in choosing a college, specifying a variety of social and individual factors leading to occupational and educational aspirations(Jackson, 1982). Third the combined models incorporate the rational assumptions in the economic models and components of the status attainment models. Most Combined models divide the student decision-making process into three phases: aspirations development and alternative evaluation; options consideration; and evaluation of the remaining options and final decision making (Jackson, 1982).–––
Another research approach to choice and decision-making in higher education considers three different levels to student’s choice: global, national and curriculum level. First, the global level focuses on why students choose to study abroad. Student migration and study abroad has become a huge business matched by tremendous investment, especially among western countries. Zimmerman et al. (2000) has identified “push and pull” factors which operate along the students’ decision-making process in the global...

...com/how_2043716_make-homemade-pesticide.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide
Books
Greene, Stanley A.; Pohanish, Richard P. (editors) (2005). Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. SciTech Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-8155-1516-2.
McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition). Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. pp 310–313: The Onion Family: Onions, Garlic, Leeks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher wishes to extend her gratitude to the following persons for their assistance needed in the completion of this study:
Ms. Balve Granido, the project adviser, for her concern, guidance, ideas, and support, for without her assistance and perseverance this research project would have not been realized.
Mrs. Marilyn Sadlucap and Mr.Ramil Sadlucap, my parents, for the availability of the computer and Internet in making my write-ups.The parents of the researcher for their inspiration, as well as financial and moral support.
My classmates and friends, for their love, advise, and support.
Above all, to our almighty God who gives knowledge, wisdom and strength to overcome the trials during the conduct of the study.
...

...﻿
Research Proposal
Introduction
Statement of Purpose: Studying abroad has evolved as common phenomenon around the globe. Every year cross border education is becoming more popular and people are travelling around the globe in-search of better education, better living standards and a better future. Everything new comes with new challenges and that applies to international students who travel abroad in search of better education. The research paper will regard and focus on problems that international students generally face at Australian Universities. The research as a whole will also consider various issues such as adjustment issues, cultural shock, language difficulty, understanding the expectation and grading system e.t.c. The motivation behind the research is to bring various problems faced by international students in Australian universities to limelight and contribute for better solutions.
Literature Review
Australia has evolved as one of the best education destination around the world and the number of students are growing every year. It is estimated that Australia provides education to almost 9% of world's cross-border international tertiary students.
(http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Dec+2011#WHAT).
A study shows that 2,28,555 international students were enrolled in various universities in 2004, and that is approximately 25% of all enrolled...

...1. Introduction
Men participate in physical activity for many reasons, for example, fitness, enjoyment and so on. However, they may participate in physical activity irregularly. Finding the reasons why men do not participate in physical activity regularly is the aim of the report. Understanding the difference between married men and single men is the main aim. Qualitative research has been adopted in this report. Qualitative research means the researcher can collect complex information on the research topic instead of using numerical information(Zikumund, Babin, Carr & Griffin, 2013). The follow will show the findings and results.
2. Literature Review
Physical activity is important to people’s life. The benefits of participate in physical activity is numerous. Physical activity can help people “prevent a number of chronic dieases” (Maceram, Hootman & Sniezek, 2003). Nevertheless, people’s participation level in physical activity is low. Duncan, Vandelanotte, Caperchione, Hanley and Mummery(2012) stated that although the level of physical activity participation has increased in recent years, the participation level of physical activity is still low. The main reason for people not participating in physical activity is lack of time (Burton & Turrell, 2000). Spinney and Millward (2010) argued that people who lack time to participate in physical activity because they have time crush with other things. This is also one of the...

...pharmacist was 0.96. This corresponds to to excellent reliability.
So, the article is considered both valid and reliable and the results of the study can be generalized from to th population.
d) if the instrument was developed for the study, is the instrument development process described? Not developed.
e) are the methods for recording data from physiological measures clearly described?
No, he didn’t mention physiological measures clearly but they mention that COPE provide
weight-based dosing (In vivo measures)
11. Evaluation: Recommendations for usefulness of the study in practice based on your critique. (should be used in JC form as a strength or weakness)
a) Are the study findings consistent with those of previous research?
Yes, (discussion)
b) Do you have confidence in the findings? Yes. The article has many strength.
1. Study design: control group, and use the whole population who were admitted to PCCU (consecutive)>>> more valid.
2. Large sample size.
3.controlling of confounding factors through
a) There was a training for the staff , without evaluating the system.
b) Long period of follow up of implementation (not significantly different) and was approximately same sample size in both pre (268 patients) and post-implementation (246 patients).
c) Approximately choosing identical period of time before and after implementation
c) Do the findings add to nursing knowledge?
Yes, because There was a training for the staff...