The Ruger P-Series is a line of centerfiresemi-automatic pistols made by Sturm, Ruger & Company produced from 1985 to 2013. The P-Series pistols were designed for military, police, civilian and recreational use. The designs are largely based on the Browning action found in the M1911 pistol, but with minor variations, generally related to the safety mechanism and the barrel-camblock interface. Reviews have considered them rugged, reliable, and strong, though this strength comes at the price of bulk and a blocky appearance.[2]

The P-Series are short recoil–operated, locked breech semi-automatic pistols. They utilize a SIG P220 type locking system, and an M1911-style tilting barrel. The P-Series were made with a traditional double-action/single-action (DA/SA), or double-action-only (DAO) trigger mechanism.

The standard models have an ambidextrous manual safety/decocker located on the slide; when the safety lever is lowered to the safe position, the firing pin is cammed into the slide away from the hammer, the trigger is disconnected from the sear and the hammer is decocked. The decocker models have no manual safety; instead, when the lever is lowered it only cams the firing pin into the slide and drops the hammer. When the lever is released the firing pin springs back to the normal position. The DAO models have no manual safety or decocker. All models feature an automatic firing pin safety that blocks the firing pin unless the trigger is pulled fully rearward.[3][4]

The 9mm and .40 S&W versions use double-column box magazines; the 9mm has a 15 round capacity, and the .40 has a 10 round capacity. The .45 ACP versions use single-column magazines holding seven or eight rounds (depending on the model). All P-Series pistols of the same caliber use a similar magazine design, but slight modifications have been made to at least the 9mm guns so that not all P-Series magazines will function in all P-Series frames. Ruger did not keep track of the magazine models so an older magazine may not secure in a newer frame. The Ruger Police Carbine also uses P-Series magazines. The P-Series pistols have an ambidextrous magazine release located behind the trigger guard, it can be pushed forward from either side to eject the magazine.

The early model P95's have fixed, three-dot sights; while newer P95, P97 and P345 have three-dot sights adjustable for windage.

Most models were available with blued steel or stainless steel slides, a manual safety or decocker, and DA/SA or DAO triggers. All DAO versions were discontinued in 2004, and by 2013 only the manual safety P95PR and KP95PR remained in production.[5]

The P85 was developed in 1985, but was not available until 1987.[2] It was only available with a DA/SA trigger, decocker, and a manual safety.

Early P85 pistols were recalled for a safety issue that resulted in one accidental discharge. If the firing pin broke in front of the firing pin block, applying the safety, which dropped the hammer, could transfer enough energy to the broken firing pin to cause a discharge. The P85 was recalled, and a new safety was installed that prevented contact between firing pin and hammer during a decocking operation. This modification was done free of charge. The P85 MKII was released with the safety fix, larger safety levers, improved accuracy, and the option of a stainless steel slide.[2][4]

P85 production stopped in 1990, and the P85 MKII was discontinued in 1992.[5]

The P89 is an upgraded P85 MKII that introduced a number of new features; including a DAO model.

In 1992, Ruger produced a limited run P89X convertible model, which came with a second barrel and recoil spring assembly that allowed conversion between 9mm and .30 Luger calibers. Ruger only made 5750 with both barrels.

The P90 is a scaled up P89 chambered in .45 ACP with an aluminum frame.It was 1991. The P90 is considered to have above average accuracy for its price.[2] It was discontinued in 2010.[5]

The Special Edition P90 was produced for Davidson Firearms by Ruger. The Davidson Special Edition P89/P90 gun featured a carbon steel slide, a matte gray receiver (i.e., the OEM one normally provided to the stainless steel guns), and stainless steel accents (trigger, safety levers), and, if it was a "TH" variant, the Hogue fingergroove rubber grips with the Ruger logo. The guns came in a Special Edition colored and labeled polymer box. While similarly priced to the stock P90, they only included one magazine.

The P93 is a compact 9mm model, with a shortened 4 in (100 mm) barrel and a streamlined slide and frame. The P94 is a mid-sized 9mm, with a 4.2 in (110 mm) barrel and the P93's streamlined styling. The P944 is similar externally to the P94 but chambered in .40 S&W. The P944 also introduced a camblock incorporated into the recoil spring guide rather than the M1911-style swinging link of previous version. This camblock was used on all P-series pistols designed afterward. The P93 was discontinued in 1994, and the P94 was discontinued in 2004. The P944 continued being produced until 2011.[5]

New model P95PR with picatinny rail and a Hogue Handall grip installed

Introduced in 1996, the P95 incorporated a number of changes from earlier P-Series pistols; including a shorter 3.9" barrel and a new frame made of fiberglass-reinforced polyurethane, based on Dow Chemical's "Isoplast".[3] This reduced the weight of the pistol by 4 ounces (110 g) and reduced manufacturing costs. Chambered in 9mm Luger. Unlike other polymer framed handguns on the market at the time of design, the P95 had no metal inserts in the frame. The high strength polymer allowed the slide to ride directly on the polymer frame rails which simplified manufacturing and further reduced production costs.

The P95PR was introduced in 2005, it incorporates a Picatinny rail into the frame and adds a new non-slip texturing in the polymer frame. This model replaced the original P95 in production.

In December 2004, Ruger was awarded a contract for 5,000 KP95D pistols by the U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command, Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois.[6]

The P95 was slowly phased out in recent years in favor of the newer SR series. Eventually, the P95 was quietly discontinued in October 2013 and removed from Ruger's website catalog.

The P345 was released in 2004, and incorporates an integrated keyed lock that locks the safety in the safe position, a loaded chamber indicator, and a magazine disconnect that blocks the firing pin when the magazine is removed. It also has many ergonomic improvements such as a new polymer frame design (narrower than the double column derived P90 and P97) and low profile safety levers. It does not feature an ambidextrous slide release or magazine release. Both controls are designed for a right-handed shooter. The model P345PR adds a Picatinny rail to the frame, for mounting lights and other accessories. It was designed to be legal for sale in states that require elaborate safety measures.

The P345 was also offered in a Distributor Exclusive edition by TALO Distributors, Inc. Only 500 units were produced between October and December 2007. This model featured a unique Serial number (1-500), 24k gold embellishments, and polished blued steel slide.

A K prefix in the model number indicates stainless steel parts. The suffixes D indicates a decocker model, and (DAO) indicates a double-action-only model. For example, a P89 with a stainless steel slide that only has a decocker would be a KP89D.

This chart lists the various options that are or were available. It only lists standard catalog items; special two-tone "T" and "TH" models were and are available through special distributor deals; these models are generally sold at a slightly reduced price, include only 1 magazine, a different case, and have a blued slide on the lighter colored aluminum frame normally used for stainless models.

Manual: Decocking safety that also disconnects the trigger; must be disengaged to fire

D: Decocking lever only; automatically returns to ready-to-fire state

DAO: Double-action-only trigger; no external safety lever

MD: Magazine disconnector

IL: Integrated locking mechanism

CI: Loaded chamber indicator

DA: Double Action with safety / decocker switch

DC: Double Action with decocker switch

DAO: Double Action Only, without manual safeties

Listed magazine capacities are for full capacity factory magazines; magazine capacities may be limited to 10 rounds in some locations, and extended aftermarket magazines may hold more than the listed quantity.