Abstract

Baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) are used to obtain precision measurements of cosmological parameters from large-scale surveys. While robust against most systematics, there are certain theoretical uncertainties that can affect BAO and galaxy clustering measurements. In this thesis I use data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to measure cosmological parameters and use N-body and smoothed-particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations to measure the effect of theoretical uncertainties by using halo occupation distributions (HODs). I investigate the effect of galaxy bias on BAO measurements by creating mock galaxy catalogs from large N -body simulations at z = 1. I find that there is no additional shift in the acoustic scale (0.10% ± 0.10%) for the less biased HODs (b < 3) and a mild shift (0.79% ± 0.31%) for the highly biased HODs (b > 3). I present the methodology and implementation of the simple one-step reconstruction technique introduced by Eisenstein et al. (2007) to biased tracers in N-body simulation. Reconstruction reduces the errorbars on the acoustic scale measurement by a factor of 1.5 - 2, and removes any additional shift due to galaxy bias for all HODs (0.07% ± 0.15%). Padmanabhan et al. (2012) and Xu et al. (2012) use this reconstruction technique in the SDSS DR7 data to measure Dᵥ(z = 0.35)(rᶠⁱᵈs/rs) = 1356 ± 25 Mpc. Here I use this measurement in combination with measurements from the cosmic microwave background and the supernovae legacy survey to measure various cosmological parameters. I find the data consistent with the ΛCDM Universe with a flat geometry. In particular, I measure H₀ = 69.8 ± 1.2 km/s/Mpc, w = 0.97 ± 0.17, Ωk = -0.004 ± 0.005 in the ΛCDM, wCDM, and oCDM models respectively. Next, I measure the effect of large-scale (5 Mpc) halo environment density on the HOD by using an SPH simulation at z = 0, 0.35, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0. I do not find any significant dependence of the HOD on the halo environment density for different galaxy mass thresholds, red and blue galaxies, and at different redshifts. I use the MultiDark N-body simualtion to measure the possible effect of environment density on the galaxy correlation function ℰ(r). I find that environment density enhances ℰ(r) by ∽ 3% at scales of 1 – 20h⁻¹Mpc at z = 0 and up to ∽ 12% at 0.3h⁻¹Mpc and ∽ 8% at 1 - 4h⁻¹Mpc for z = 1.

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