Contributor(s): Dumitru-Cătălin Rogojanu (Editor)Subject(s): Politics / Political SciencesPublished by: Editura Lumen, Asociatia LumenSummary/Abstract: Volume resulting from the Scientific Conference Regionalization and Regional Policies”, organized in Târgu-Jiu on October 25-27, 2013 by the Developmental Research Institute of “Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu-Jiu, together with the Geography Center Regional of “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca.

Summary/Abstract: This paper aims to formulate a complete answer to the question: is the region a human community or a territorial-administrative division? A well articulated answer that changes the angle to approach the status of the region increasingly common in Europe today, by exploiting theories and concepts in the field.Being concerned with the conceptual components in the first part, the paper highlights the framework of the regional institution in Europe and synthesizes the components and competences through which the region is defined by terms of human community.

Summary/Abstract: For Romania the idea of regionalization is not a new one. Regionalism has an old tradition here. Since the middle ages, beginning in the 10th century, it is mentioned the existence of the four administrative units that correspond to the current Romanian historical provinces: Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania and Dobruja. It is considering in this situation, this regionalism is like a movement from the bottom up, in which the region is perceived by the inhabitants as a homogeneous territory which represents the awareness of their common interests and aspirations of participating in the management of such interests but not of regionalisation which involves a reverse approach, from top to bottom.The current form of national State dates from 1 December 1918, when Transylvania was United with Wallachia.Nowadays, various forms of regionalisation are discussed, more or less in accordance with our country's needs, but whose main argument is the necessity of meeting the economic, social, environmental and cultural needs of the population. Regionalization is related to a number of other issues such as decentralisation, the transfer of skills and resources from the regional throw up a national level that could influence, positively as well as negatively, both the national security, but also the process of governance, with profound implications on the population.At the same time increasingly salient manifestation of opposing and even contradictory trends which claim precedence such as: fragmentation and integration; localization-internationalization; protectionism-liberalization; decentralization-centralization amid changes in demographics, climate change, economic crisis and social polarisation, confers special connotations of regionalization. The regionalization process is complex and highly sensitive. Its coexistence with globalization, as well as with a number of concepts such as: region, regionalism, regional identity and consciousness, regional integration, which is still ambiguous definition determines the need for a detailed analysis of its influence on all areas of social life.The regionalization process is complex and highly sensitive. Its coexistence with globalization, as well as with a number of concepts such as: region, regionalism, regional identity and consciousness, regional integration, which is still ambiguous definition determines the need for a detailed analysis of its influence on all areas of social life.To our knowledge, at present, public agenda in Romania are some scenarios of regionalization, but none of them does not meet the agreement of the majority of specialists.The problem is even more complicated as, in terms of the current territorial organization of the regions, our country is characterized by a few key vulnerabilities as well as the sharp decline in the number and ageing of the population, migration and international integration, unemployment, etc., which correlates with the increasingly more common to goods and people.What we are concerned, we believe that the existing administrative-territorial organization on counties best matches against Romania and ensures the greatest possible approximation of a citizen. The current regions without becoming the administrative-territorial units with legal personality may well constitute pole of attraction of financial resources that contribute to the balanced development of the country.Regionalisation should not represent an experiment whose costs and benefits are uncertain and unpredictable, and that affects the population in favor of integrative comfort.The work achieves a succinct historical foray from 1859 to the present and is meant to highlight the fact that the problem of administrative-territorial organisation of Romania has a permanent concern of the Romanian authorities and suggests that the Organization on counties and regions is not our country.

Summary/Abstract: Central and local Public Administration in Romania needs a professional body of civil servants, which would not be subject to political influences, would enjoy the stability, on the basis of the career principles of the public function and of the legality and equity in the professional evaluation. Relatively recent changes in the law applicable to the civil service sector raise a lot of question marks regarding the respect of principles assumed by our country in the process of accession to the european space, in the sense that a number of amendments to the legal institutions, contained in legal texts, are based on ideas that generate the arbitrary administrative decisions, and the equivoque in the application of legal norms. Regionalization of Romania, as a process of complex administrative-territorial share and social-economic settlement, will involve a rethinking of the duties and powers of the public authorities at regional and local level, by transferring from the central public authorities, which will lead to large institutional imbalances and the tendency to abuse of regional or local authorities.

Implicaţii juridice ale regionalizării

Keywords: territorial administrative organization; administrative-territorial unit; departmental system of public administration; regional system of public administration; decentralization.

Summary/Abstract: The present paper focuses on the analysis of the following legal implications of regionalization: • Constitution review;• elaboration of the normative frame necessary for organization and function of regions and authorities of public administration at the regional level;• elaboration of regulatory acts related to the prerogatives of the authorities of public administration at the regional level.The legal implications that we are referring, start from the understanding of the region as a new intermediary administrative level, between the central level and the base level of public administration, represented by communes and cities.Such a definition of the region was adopted by the European Council in European Charter of Local Powers and, after that, by all documents which followed the appearance of this Charter and which make reference to the public administration.

Summary/Abstract: Regionalisation has become a goal of the Romanian political class in recent years, although the economic and social context is not favourable to such a full of responsibility and expensive initiative. It derives from the necessity to correlate the national territorial grid with that of the European Union, namely to establish some own taxa compatible with the NUTS levels proposed by the regional development strategies of the Community. Romania currently lacks taxa 2 and 4, equivalent to regions and intercommunity associations (microregions). The present paper offers for consideration an analysis of the purpose of regionalisation, the stages of this process and the geographical names assigned to delineated regions.

Summary/Abstract: Through its scientific methodology, geography granted and pays special attention to the investigation problems and knowledge of phenomena at a regional level. Contribution is certified in the work of geographers from different periods, concerning the concept of region and "diversity of natural and administrative constituted regions”. The result is a number of scientific contributions to the literature on the need to identify geographic regions based on the economic and social criteria. Thus, the emphasis is on mapping these types of regions which can be found in part in the Dissertation of Geography of Romania, Vol II., "Human and Economic Geography", published in 1984. Based on such experience, the authors offer a proposal for the organization of the Romanian area in 11 development regions identified on three fundamental criteria (historical, geographical position and social and economic), taking into account the specific of each component.

Summary/Abstract: This paper seeks to approach the issue of regionalization in Romania, from a theoretical and predominantly spatial perspective. We believe that the elements of novelty in this endeavour are:a) assembling all regional levels (from NUTS1 to NUTS5) into a hierarchic and taxonomic structure of the national territory;b) constructing a different image from the predominantly “centralist” vision (from centre to periphery), to achieve an equipotential and equidistant vision;c) identifying and presenting some less evoked landmarks, such as entities with a certain spatial legitimacy: natural regions, integrated regions (both natural and human-made), historical and geographical regions, “countries”, “lands” (countryside) and elementary human communities;d) presenting an ordered, taxonomic and hierarchic system of current human communities (from capital cities to hamlets), as a basis for functional territorial systems with a gravitational behaviour;e) presenting some criteria for the analysis of similarities between current administrative entities and the spatial complementariness of those situated in reciprocal proximity;f) comparative analysis of spatial characteristics (natural, economic, demographic) between the previous regionalization (1968) and the current phase (2013), as a premise for reflecting on the evolution of administrative planning;g) elaborating variants (situated between constraints and objective possibilities), based on options resulting from the predominant use of a “central criterion”.The paper comprises an essential cartographic illustration and tables with significant secondary data.

Summary/Abstract: The political unification of the two Romanian Principalities achieved on d January 1859, followed by the administrative union which was to be achieved in the next three years, cause different reactions in Romanian society. The reproaches against the central government led indirectly by the Alexandru Ioan Cuza took, during the year 1866, the form of political movements that had as stated aim the separation of the two principalities. Thus, unification performed was presented as a bankrupt political process and deeply unfair against Iaşi and Moldova as a whole. How deeper was the form of protest which breaks out in Iasi in the spring of 1866 against the centralization process and wich will be the duration in time represents a primary objective of the present study. Our analysis covers the period 1866-1871, to see how the leaders involved in the process of unification succeed to relate at the requests of political leaders for who affiliation to a historical region imposes certain obligations. Another objective of our research is to find out how did the romanian political class to handle complaints and requests from the eastern part of the Milcov.

Summary/Abstract: Under the conditions of globalization there is a stronger response at the European level and in Romania towards regionalisation and local development, as a trend. Access to the structural funds is accomplished through regional policy, so that the country needs a consistent regionalisation. At the European Union level there are several types of regionalisation, but Romania, a centralised unitary State could not adopt than an administrative regionalization, the hardest and most lacking autonomy type. Because the political authorities have not been able to prepare in advance this process, the new financial programming period of the European Union finds Romania's policies without the regional administrative level established legally, following a further period of seven years, when the implementation of regional policy structural funds will suffer.

Summary/Abstract: One of the main motivations of this approach starts from the assumption that the world after the Cold War presents different levels: higher in terms of regionalization and lower regarding globalization. Our goal is to adapt the theory of national security, bringing regions in the foreground. Starting from the aspects mentionned before, we want to show that the security logic of some sectors inclines towards regionalisation. This is an issue that must be studied and we will analyse it in our scientific approach.

Summary/Abstract: This paper aims to launch a debate on the theme of regionalization in comparison to federalization. At the same time it brings into question the concept of guardianship state and launches the hypothesis that the regionalization hastens the end of the welfare state and consolidates the position of liberal minimal state. Also, it justifies, in a few words, the inopportunity of starting the process of regionalization in Romania and presents the risks and consequences of this political approach. The federal and regional state is presented on the terms of constitutional and international law. Analyzing the process of regionalization in Western Europe, the author suggests the reader to discern between the benefits and risks of regionalization in states with low economic potential, as it is Romania. There are signaled the dangers that may occur in the absence of political control of the central power, such as self-determination and enclavisation. The conclusion drawn is that where the decentralization is becoming increasingly intense, it approaches the unitary state from the federal, the process ending with the dissolution of the former and the regionalization, pushed to the extremes, it is a sure way to federalization.

Summary/Abstract: Housing is a fundamental aspect of modern society, an indicator of standard of living and prosperity, which is influenced by a multitude of economic, social, environmental factors. Also, housing is the core-element of many regional and urban policies, national, regional or communitarian funded. This article aims to analyze the factors that may contribute to a certain standard of living and the situation in the European Union and Romania.

Summary/Abstract: The European Union contains 27 countries on the continent and it is a political and economical global actor, illustrated on it’s participation in the world trade, world production, the regulation of conflicts around the globe, but also in terms of GDP.The process of economic globalization it’s the main impetus for the regional integration in a specific area. The political process at the european level, it’s imperfect, however, and difficult to manage, because of the lacks support of the entire population member states, being accused of lack of transparency, complicated also for the fact that it is not always communicated completely and appropriate.The globalization effects of human society consists in the advantages offered by the social-economic and cultural spheres. European Union citizens can now easily travel, without any restrictions like in the previous eras, can communicate faster and can have business facilities anywhere in the world. Globalization can provide a higher living standard for citizens from developed countries and are an effective way of reducing global poverty if it’s politically well managed.

Summary/Abstract: The main purpose of this article is to bring more light on the concept of territorial cooperation, based on analysis of the concept of international cooperation between states, like a fundamental principle of international law, and to demonstrate the important role of the regional development policy in strengthening the "European construction" and especially the harmonization of relations between EU states. Article also seeks the implementation and evolution of these European policies in Romania, and how much our country is involved in attracting European funds.

Summary/Abstract: Using the bibliography and the literature of speciality, the author presents in this paper the way how Romania's administrative-territorial changes were reflected in the institutional structure of the Orthodox Church. Between the two institutions, one with secular and one with religious profile, always existed collaboration, and the last one, always organized itself respecting the administrative-territorial units of the former. Also in crucial moments of national history, such as the Great Union event, Church had an important role in contributing through organizing elements and by the pastoral ones, at the incorporation of new territories in the structure of the country and the legislative and administrative uniformity of their existing here. The article shows how the Church has always respected their specific geographical areas, organizing metropolises in provinces such as Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, Bessarabia, Bukovina, and the Banat, and was responsible for leading the faithful in counties or nets, organized the archbishops, bishops, or deaneries, n the proper shepherding of Orthodox believers who lived in the country. It also examines how administrative division of Romania is reflected today in the institutional structures of the Orthodox Church, given that in recent years, many dioceses were established, which were added to a metropolitan, and a vicarage (the Ukrainians in Maramureş). The paper fills a gap in Romanian research specialist, because of our knowledge, specialized Romanian literature not know before such a study to analyze this issue.

Summary/Abstract: The research on the structure of Daco dialectal speech is considered Oltenia subdialects not a special but a subordinate subdialects Wallachian dialect. Indeed, phonetic peculiarities, morphological or lexical forming exclusive Oltenia area are insufficient and immaterial (with some exceptions, such as using simple perfection recent actions) for the speech in this region can be characterized as the Daco subdialects sixth. Dependency relationship between language development and overall historical context is demonstrated by the effects of language contact. As is known, the Romanians, for centuries, have come into contact with a number of neighboring peoples, migratory colonizing Romanian territory. Consequently, Romanian language has undergone a number of influences from other languages.

Summary/Abstract: For each individual person culture and cultural identity means specific environment of existence. She bounded existential scope, which is characterized by synthesis of objective and subjective factors of real and ideal. The culture defines synthetically human mode of existence and creative force is the symbol of the human being. It represents a system of values. Cultural identity represent the essence of eternal a people; giving it specificity and human groups unit, an unbelievably funny situation and strong character; it is connection between the past, the present and the future, the culture a nation which makes the whole experience of each individual, from birth to death.

Summary/Abstract: The museum, through the societal functions and role, has established itself in the course of time as an element of national identity and culture. It is important that act like the institution which assemble materials, cultural and spiritual works of the past, but also as an institution of collective memory. The museum maybe he is the only place that obeying a nation's history, enhancing it and giving explanations and directions in seamless connection with everything that could gather in the evolution of them.

Summary/Abstract: There are many debates in the literature on the estimation of the convergence trend . The authors use a variety of methods and indicators in this respect. In this study, taking into account one of the consequences of the standard convergence theory (which states simply that in the long run as income per capita increases its growth rate decreases) and using actual existing data, we are trying to estimate a theoretical (hypothetical) trend optimally with respect to certain rational criteria. Specifically, we impose to the simulation model, which is operating for each constituent entity of a group, the requirement that the total estimated revenue in the last year of a period to be equal to the total actual recorded income in that year or the total estimated income of the group for the whole considered period to be equal to the total actual income of the group for the same period. In this way, the simulation model used to estimate parameters will be subject to actual statistics. After the description of a non-linear theoretical model, we estimate its basic indicators by a recursive procedure, both in case of two groups of countries in EU and also in case of Romanian economy composed by eight regions. Then, study is focussing on the analyses of the gap between real convergence (divergence) and optimal trend of convergence.

Summary/Abstract: Both in Europe and in Romania, poverty had an evolution in the last years which seems to separate the risk of reaching the state of poverty from economic and financial crisis and European Union policies of macroeconomic stability. It’s obvious that the social exclusion, lack of a job and insufficient income of pensioners are the main factors which include the risk of poverty, but Community and national macroeconomic policies become increasingly important in prefiguring the trends of evolution.Theoretically, the risk of poverty for a person is considered to be dependent upon the physical, mental, educational and occupational characteristics, which aggravates the access of that person to the welfare levels offered by the local economy. The persons become vulnerable as compared to the national average levels. The internal and international gaps, usually, don’t represent a dimension of the poverty. But the economic structures represent – in my opinion – the main factor determining vulnerability and implicitly a certain level of life conditions.A synthetic indicator of income inequality and redistribution, which is very suggestive, is the Gini coefficient. It illustrates what percentage of the total household’s income should be redistributed to ensure a perfectly equal distribution among all members of society.The paper presents the poverty and social exclusion evolution in Romania, highlighting the relative poverty rate and the social exclusion and poverty rate as compared to other EU Member States, the main dimensions of the poverty and aspects related to regional disparirites in Romania.

Summary/Abstract: In November 2010, the European Commission published its first ideas on the future of EU cohesion policy after the current programming period ending this year. With an extended period of economic recession, the debate over regional budgets is increasing at both academic and political level.This paper aims to analyze the deficit and budget overplus in Romania, at regional level. In our country, the budget is currently organized at county level, which is why regional analysis can be achieved only by aggregating county budgets. Necessity and future utility of the type of analysis proposed in this paper will be highlighted in the changing context of administrative-territorial organization in Romania, namely the completion of regional status in the forthcoming period.In this context, a case study of revenues and expenditures in Region 3 South-Muntenia becomes extremely interesting, conclusions regarding the budget deficit or surplus enabling an overview of regional economic development in Romania, as well as an useful perspective on the regional dimension of POR new programming period 2014-2021.

Summary/Abstract: The economic and social cohesion is the principle that asserts the solidarity among the EU member countries and the different regions of the EU, through which balanced and sustainable development, reduction in the structural gaps among the regions and promotion of equal chances are favored. For Romania, the cohesion policy is the more important, because most of its regions reveal significant gaps both against the EU average and the national average. In such a context, the paper presents the main aspects of assessing the economic and social gaps at regional level by using indicators pertaining to incomes (as a way to reveal welfare, at national, regional and individual levels, quantified by the GDP per capita and households incomes) and, in connexion with them, to poverty and social inclusion. The connected indicators regarding the unemployment and employment rates were also analyzed. The results revealed large and increasing development gaps among the Romanian regions, as well as regional peculiarities regarding the way the economic processes are correlated, due to the significant inter-regional structural and socio-economic differences.

Summary/Abstract: The issue of developing an area or locality needs a rethinking and reconceptualising, in order to integrate in the new vision of design and generate the development of strong ideas as it follows: sustainability, viability, (social) diversity, harmony.Our article is enlisted in the field of the idea of “community development”, (seen as a process of enlarging and development of the ability of both individual and collective action of a community, but also as a response of the improvement of the community as a whole - in different fields: physical, environmental, cultural, social, economic, political etc.) - in connection with the idea of “economic development” (seen as a process of creating the prosperity through mobilization of human, financial, physical-natural resources in order to acquire markets, products and services). We propose a Harmonious Alternative Development of a region research concerning re-thinking and re-conceptualizing of a new vision of design by generating development from the perspective of complexity paradigm, and conceiving a pattern of institutionalizing an organic development through innovation.Our article propose:- a new vision of design by generating and conceiving a pattern of institutionalizing of an organic development through innovation;- rethinking and reconceptualising of a new vision of design by generating the development from the perspective of the complexity paradigm;- conceiving of pattern for institutionalizing an organic development through innovation;- conceiving of a framework of shaping and simulating the fulfilment of studies and foresight simulations (future prospecting);- accomplishment as an “embryo” the micro-funding of ”Community Development”, with the two components: “Community Development Venture Capital” (for innovative businesses) and “Social Venture Capital” (for innovative social activities specific to NGOs).

Summary/Abstract: In this paper I have proposed to approach aspects related to the necessity of building a regional administrative framework within the new context of development, which is well-defined by EU 2020 Strategy and the Territorial Agenda 2020. Their implementation involves, in an objective manner, the existence of some administrative regions, as a basis of an authentic territorial decentralization at national level.In order to realise a united Europe, in which the territorial cohesion to be the main dominance, the regional development is one of the most important objectives. All the experiences of the European Union countries, including Romania, in this field, have demonstrated that a better territorial distribution of resources, along with a higher improvement of the complex of potential elements that exist at local or over local level, become factors of economic growth and social equity. The policy of European cohesion and the structural funds, as a main instrument, contribute to important territorial changes through the regional policies. The region remains, in this context, a basic concept, which can promote both competition and cooperation.

Summary/Abstract: The article starts from the recently developments by Dominique Foray, with his new approache of "smart specialization", and Philip Cooke, with his new framework for the analysis of regional innovation, namely to see innovation systems as "complex adaptive innvoative systems", and develops the conceptual-pragmatic foundations of a new strategic innovative system (process) using the typology of led-processes (production) and Adrian Bejan's constructal principle.The economic production (innovative) process seen at sectoral scale and at large time scale appears as a process with evolutionary architecture and at individual scale entity appears as an organized architectural process that has the appearance of a fluid found far from equilibrium. In this perspective, the strategic system of innovation (SSI), in a general sense, is seen as a system of strategic activities designed to facilitate the emergence of innovative events. The rate of occurrence of the innovative events and their added value to the economy over a period of time are measures by the flow of performances.In this concpetual-pragamatic framework, one can say that to achieve a smart (innovative) regional specialization is necessary for the economic system of a region to convert (to be transformed by intentional innovation politicy) from one single-loop learning system into one with strategic government, double-loop learning.

Summary/Abstract: In this paper are presented some issues regarding the natural resources and as well as some possibilities of saving them. Also, the paper presents aspects concerning the reuse of wastes from energy industry (ash and slag), from extractive industry (drilling sludge) and from metallurgy industry (metallurgical slag) in order to achieve new building materials with big added value and low energy consumption. Due to fizical and chemical properties these wastes can replace natural resourses such as: the ash and slag from power plant can replace the sand, drilling sludge can replace the clay and metallurgical slag can replace the special hydraulic blinders (chalk).On the other hand, in our country the biomass was not used in power plant boiller to electrical energy production so far. From this perspective, there is the possibility to plant the biomass on the large areas of steril dumps or even on the surface of the ash deposits. In this way should be solved some environmental issues (for example: reduction of the impact of ash deposits on the environment by the mitigation of blowing ash, the reduction of the erosion of the soil in the case of dump, the neutral CO2 balances of biomass) and also quantities of lignit should be saved by the replacement with the biomass. An unexplored field so far is represented by the heavy and rare metals recovery from the thermo power plant ash. We consider that is the new concept that must be explored in the future in order to assure the necessary of such materials essentialy for the high tech industry.

Summary/Abstract: This article provides an dynamics overview on the evolution and current situation of the labour market in Romania, at the regional level. Romania presents a low rate of employment and it has known economic and social disparities at regional level, throughout her State developments. While industrial activity was concentrated in certain regions of the country, mostly where they were mineral and energy resources available, other regions were characterized by the dominance of agricultural activities and services. According to European Commission, almost a third of the labour force from Romania are in areas with low productivity, while at chapter education and training situation is alarming. In this article, the regional analysis of labour market based on concepts and approaches statistical and demographic and data source is the information provided by Eurostat and the National Institute of Statistics.

Summary/Abstract: Besides the existence of a qualified work force, the regional development also involves an important amount of capital in order to finance the investments. There are various methods to provide these financial sources, so the public authorities and the economic agents may turn to self-financing, structural funds, the financial market and to the capital market. In Romania, the banking sector has been lately consolidated, unlike the capital market which is far from becoming the financer of the national economy and far from financially supporting the regions of the country. One of the reasons is that both the stock exchange, as a representative institution of the capital market, and the principles of the corporate governance, as a source of development, were not promoted enough. Thus, when that area was made public, only its negative aspects were brought out. Another reason is that no proper attention was paid to the capital market as an instrument used for attracting foreign portfolio investments.The regional development does not have to be regarded as an abstract process, only from the point of view of the global indicators; firstly, an analysis of the socio-economic components is needed. It is true that some people know how to make money; others are busy spending it and others are complaining about not having it. What could the specialists in economy do as both practitioners and representatives of the scientific environment? Their activity is neither to make money nor to spend it; and not even to justify the poor performance of the economy or its limited possibilities of development due to the insufficient financial funds, but to promote the capital market and to guide people towards managing the financial resources as well.

Summary/Abstract: It is well known that in recent years, the issue of sustainable development, economic competitiveness, convergence and, recently, the integrated development, constitutes the major landmarks of the concerns of the majority of EU member countries. And, nevertheless, all the objectives of development undertaken at European Union, at the national or local level, are strongly marked by socio - demographics phenomena which manifestations are difficult to predict or control. Assuming that the economic development at the national or territorial level is crucial influenced by the context of socio-demographic and by its evolution, we can say that, in fact, national or regional population, the population density, age or residential structure of population, rate of ruralisation or urbanisation, the rate of net internal or external migration, and the degree of aging of the population, poverty rates, and other information that define the profile for a national population, is a good starting point for a better definition of several economic issues, and so, that any changes in demographics nationwide, at regional and area of residence may cause major implications on the development potential of the entire country , as the main factor of influence.

Summary/Abstract: Entrepreneurial development represents one of the main objectives in the policy of lasting development of The European Union, it is a key factor in the 2020 strategy, due to the entrepreneurs’ significant contribution to economic stability on one hand, and due to their workplace creation and increase in workforce employment rate on the other. The 2008 economic crises reduced consumption, fiscal policy became unstable, the banking sector reduced the possibilities of enterprises to access credits and all these contribute to the deterioration of the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. Thus, entrepreneurial density is decreasing all over Europe and there are big differences across regions. The economic crisis demonstrated the fact that Romanian entrepreneurs are not strong enough, they are not prepared for global economic changes. In spite of the fact that 66% of the workplaces in Romania are assured by small and medium enterprises and their business turnover yields 58% of the total amount, it is clear that the number of small and medium enterprises is insufficient or those that exist are not sufficiently consolidated. Moreover, the small and medium enterprises sector plays a very important role in workforce employment, personnel employed by such companies represent 99,6%.This study proposes to present the key demographic characteristics of the Romanian business environment, observable regional differences in entrepreneurial activity in order to draw attention to entrepreneurial differences across counties of development regions. The study represents the analysis of the entrepreneurial activity in the development regions, considering the fact that entrepreneurial differences across counties in some regions are significant. The hypothesis verified by the study is: the entrepreneurial activity at the level of the development regions does not show big differences, all the regions describe the same trend similar to the national one, but the differences at the level of counties are significant. The units of analysis are development regions and counties, but national tendencies are also analysed. For the analysis we have used macroeconomic indicators and indicators specific for the analysis of entrepreneurial activity, and for the visualization of the results we have used maps realized by the team of authors. The conclusions of the article can be used for a more efficient and more lasting entrepreneurial policy, drawing attention to the non-functionality of the present development regions.

Summary/Abstract: The economic development of Oneşti Locality has been achieved quite slowly until the middle of the passed century, so that the settlement remained at the rural stage until 1956. The rise of Borzeşti Platform, as a result of an important measure applied by the former regime which assumed the country’s industrialization, represented a decisive factor for the rise of the new city and for conquering a position among the strongest industrial areas of the country. After the 90’s the large industrial entities faced many difficulties in adapting to the new economic conditions, so that the industry turned into a decline and services became the main support for sustaining the economy of Oneşti Municipality. A great part of the redundant employees from the industrial companies are presently acting within the service providing areas and have great possibilities for future development. Most of the active service providers are some new small and middle enterprises, that have been better adapted to the market economy and now they register profit. The economic position of Oneşti Locality within the North-Eastern Development Region could gain in time a really important position by attracting investments, taking into account the multitude of the raw materials of the area: oil, salt, wood, plus the human potential given by the young population and by the adequate training level of the inhabitants. Also, nowadays, the locality greatly contributes to the economy of Bacău County, which is deemed to be one of the engines of this development region.

Summary/Abstract: Gas price depends on many factors. Producers and distributors impose different prices for different importing countries, invoking arguments linked to rival or complementary energy source prices, of extraction technology cost and transport expenses.In the study proposed by us, we will introduce quantificable elements linked to resources, zones, areas, deposit estimates, extraction capacity, exhaustion interval, distances to undergo, transport technology, investments realization costs, maintenance costs, etc.A structuring of these elements has to be created that would permit defining an ensemble atributed to the resources. Resource and consumer localization can be realized without difficulty, introducing distance, surface, density coordination notions, etc... that can define the energy market and the relation between the resource and the final consumer. We have to have in sight the geographical distances between exchange partners, or between market pressure points.

Summary/Abstract: Evaluation is a useful tool in the management of policies, programs and projects, involving judgments based on criteria; the evaluation is useful in any of the stages of development of a program (in the design stage, prior to implementation, ex-ante, during implementation, on-going, post-implementation, the ex-post) evaluation is an explanatory process: starting from some questions that finds answers, is more comprehensive than monitoring, evaluation is an activity involves systematic and scientific analysis (data collection, analysis them, compare them based on certain criteria) assessment underpins making decisions about the program evaluated: change the design or implementation mode. Such decisions may concern the continuation, modification or cessation program.

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