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Klippe - Thrust Fault Remnant Chief Mountain, a klippe outlier of the Lewis Thrust, Glacier National Park, MT http://www.pbase.com/dougsherman/image/93469147 A feature of thrust fault terranes. The klippe is the remnant portion of a nappe after erosion.

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The linear strike-slip feature running across this anaglyph is one of many transform faults in California. Along it can be seen good examples of off-set streams [and] a shutter ridge. From Drury, text paraphrased.

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Structural Control by Folds Overturned folds in the Paleozoic rocks of the Marathon Basin of Texas. The ridges are controlled by resistant carbonates. From Drury, Ch. 4

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Upwarps 1: The Adirondack Mountains of Northern New York Source: Clyde H. Smith/Allstock/Tony Stone Images Mantle upwelling, Upwarp Mountains Although the rocks are ancient, the uplift that formed the Adirondack dome has occurred within the last 5 million years — relatively recent in geologic time — and is ongoing.

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Mars: frost heave? Link courtesy Melissa Hansen Mounds S. of Elysium Planitia a few kilometers in diameter about 60 meters tall. Fractures suggest mounds formed by uplift Uplift is not uniform mounds are probably solidified lava. Mounds contiguous with and texturally similar to flood lavas over Elysium Planitia. Where dilation cracks provide cross- sectional exposure, the uplifted material is rocky. Frost heave on a huge scale? A 2005 photo of Elysium Planitia by the Mars Express spacecraft shows what may be ash-covered water ice. The volume of ice is estimated to be 800 by 900 kilometers in size and 45 meters deep, similar in size and depth to the North Sea.

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Review of Cenozoic Tectonics http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/Ben/Helvetic%20Morcles%20nappe.JPG A nappe is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km (1.2 miles) from its original position. Nappes form during continental plate collisions, when folds are sheared so much that they fold back over on themselves and break apart. The resulting structure is a large-scale recumbent fold. The term stems from the French word for tablecloth.

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Cenozoic Orogenic activity concentrated in two areas –Alpine-Himalayan belt deformation began in the Mesozoic and remains geologically active. Isolation of Tethys to form the modern Mediterranean Sea –circum-Pacific belt deformation occurred throughout the Cenozoic

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Subduction-Zone Features Note sequence from land to trench If a continent converges from the left, what rocks will fold in the collision? Himalayas Note ocean plate rocks that don’t get subducted in a collision

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http://www.geol-alp.com/chartreuse/3_tecto_chartreuse/1_ch_occ.html New Orogen, Nappes still visible Drawings of Nappes in the Alps

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"A spectacular thrust fault in the Caledonides of NW Scotland, which drove Archaean gneisses over Cambro-Ordovician sediments. The thrust plane is marked by the pronounced bench on the peninsula, which is coated with mylonite. The typical knobbly topography of the heavily glaciated gneisses is quite obvious in the upper part …. " From Drury, Ch. 4 Definition Nappes previous slide

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Displaced terranes – Western Cordillera These terranes overlap in age but have different rock types, paleolatitudes and fossils. However, we can deduce when they accreted from their order, and the metamorphic ages of their suture zones