AP HUG Unit 2

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Terms in this set (...)

Local (city) and state governments strive for accurate population counts mostly for federal govt. Money for things based on population data

Ex.) $ to disadvantaged groups# of seats in House is based on population

population density

Total population divided by land area (# of ppl/square milesor square km).

PD is a skewed figure that assumes an even distribution over land.It does not take into account, for example, the sparse populations in Alaska, Hawaii, Arizona, Montana, Wyoming, etc in the US...or the vast distribution of people in Russia

Arithmetic Population Density

the figure yielded after calculating total population divided by total land area (real density)

How do some geographers measure PD more accurately?

they measure PD as population divided by area of arable(farmable) land for a more accurate measurement

Ex) Example: 90% of Egypt is unlivable. Population density would be skewed if you measure people/total land size. Most Egyptians live beside valley and delta of Nile River. 98% of Egypt's population lives in 3% of the countries' land

Physiological Population Density Figure

the figure yielded after calculating number of people divided by arable (farmable) land

Agricultural Density

# of Farmers/Unit of Arable Land (gives us indication ofdevelopment-specifically level of mechanization)

Population Distribution

the arrangement of people on Earth's surface; a focused look at how people are not distributed evenly across the world or within countries

1/3 of the population lives in...?

China or India (and this is still with large areas in both countries that are sparsely populated)

Dot Maps

Thematic maps that use dots to represent a certain number of phenomenon such as population; each dot represents a certain # of people

Changes in density and distribution trends

First: Humanity has always been unevenly distributed (bc much of Earth is unlivable)

Second: When the world's civilizations were all agrarian, there was almost a perfect correlation between arable land and population density (the more farmable the land=the more people)

an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas

East Asia

-The densest concentration of population by region.-About 1/4 of world's population lives in China, Japan, and Korea (1.36 billion in China alone)Dense populations in major cities/ nodes (Tokyo, Seoul, Incheon, Shanghai, Beijing) and along Yellow and Yangtze River valleys-Populations along Yellow and Yangtze River valleys produce wheat and rice to provide food for major Chinese urban centers

South Asia

- India = 1.25 billion ppl - Dense concentrations extend into Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka- People live in cities and on river basins

Demographers (population demographics) predict the population is growing more rapidly in South Asia than East Asia as China has a declining total fertility rate (TFR) as a result of one child policy (too many males) and as a result of increasing opportunities for women (education/career)

Europe

Europe's Pop Cluster: 715 million

Europe's population not as closely tied to terrain or environment. (InAsia most ppl live near water for more primary or secondary economic activities)

In Europe, most of the population is urban (started w/ the Industrial Revolution in England and Germany). Population linked w/ coal fields and cities

75%-80% urban

North America

- Densest population cluster in NA=Northeast Megalopolis (Boston- DC)-about 17 percent of the U.S. population (52.3 million/318.9 million

- In Canada, around 75% lives within 100 mi of U.S. border in cities like Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Vancouver, and Calgary

- Consider this though: Population of NE megalopolis is 2.8% of East Asian cluster

Thomas Malthus

wrote an essay on the Principles of Population. He predicted that population increase would eventually surpass food supplies needed to sustain the world's population.

What did Thomas Malthus fail to predict?

the globalization of agricultural goods, the mechanization of agricultural production, refrigeration, improved strains of seed, fertilizers, bioengineering for genetically modified organisms (gmo's), and the use of herbicides and pesticides that all aid in food production.

Who are Neo-Malthusians and what do they believe?

They are people who believe in Malthus' findings/theories. They claim that population increase will still lead to many problems as well as comprehensive human suffering.

problems associated with overpopulation

Increases in famine (food shortage), spreading of disease (epidemics/pandemics), natural resource depletion, competition between states over resources (war), lack of job availability, increased crime due to human proximity and scarcity of necessities... and more pollution

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average # of children born to a woman of childbearing age (stable population needs 2.1 TFR or higher)

What major variable causes TFR to drop?

educational opportunity

Birthrate

number of live births per 1,000 ppl in one year

Death rate

number of deaths per 1,000 ppl in one year

Natural Increase (Rate of Natural Increase-RNI)

A simple calculation of total births-total deaths in a place. This is a skewed measurement as it fails to account for other variables in population change...

immigration

number of ppl who move into a country (like births, adds to totalpopulation)

Emigration

Emigration (Outmigration)-number of ppl who leave a country to live in otherplaces (like deaths, reduces the population)

world population will allegedly stabilize btwn 2050 and 2100 because...?

longer life expectancy and lower fertility rates

Dependency Ratio

an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). It is used to measure the economic pressure put on the productive part of the population

The economic strain on a working population (productive) to support a population's young and old (non productive) is known as __________________

age dependency

Developed countries are increasingly becoming ___________________ as the fertility rates drop and life expectancies increase.

old age dependent

Old Age Dependency Ratio

# of ppl over 65 vs. # of ppl between 15-64 (right now in Europe is 24-100. Will be 50-100 by 2050)

Undeveloped or developing countries remain ___________________ as their rate of natural increase remains higher than that of the developed world

child dependent

Child Dependency Ratio

# of dependent children vs. ppl between 15-64 (right now in Africa is 74-100)

In countries with aging populations (TFRs below replacement levels), how does society meet the needs of its older population?

...

Demographic Transition Model

economic development causes differences in population demographics

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition

most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics (i.e. Bubonic Plague in 1300's).

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition

introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among infants and children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition

Late Expanding birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women's status, and access to/acceptance of contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. Most developing countries are in Stage 3.

Stage 4 of Demographic Transition

Low Stationary birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.

Stage 5 of Demographic Transition (possibility)

Declining would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2.1 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful or productive population.Growth rate cycles/demographic cycles go through stages as a place develops economically

What can the DTM not predict?

the impact of other demographic variables such as migration or how long a country will be in each stage

stationary population level (SPL)

the leveling off of population growth

Population Composition

the description of a population according to characteristics such as age (child dependents, productive population, elderly dependents) and sex (more detailed analyses can display other variables like education levels of population)

Population Pyramid for Undeveloped countries

Undeveloped countries w/ high TFR/RNI (high growth rates) tend to have high infant and child mortality rates and short life expectancies.

Age-sex population pyramid will have a wide base w/ a narrow top.

3 conclusions about a country with a population pyramid that has a wide base and a narrow top

undeveloped, low education, high TFR

Population Pyramid for Developed Countries

Developed countries w/ low TFR/RNI (low growth rates) have low infant and child mortality rates and long life expectancies. Age-sex pyramids have a uniform shape with a bulge in the middle. That is the middle age group from baby boom generation getting older and moving up the pyramid.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

IMR is is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.

Countries with the lowest IMRs

Japan (2.2/1000)Singapore (1.80Sweden (2.6)

Why is IMR considered to be a snapshot of the overall health of a society?

Women in countries w/ high TFR (>2.1) tend to be uneducated, malnourished, exhausted from being overworked, and suffering from disease

What is leading cause of death for infants in UNDEVELOPED countries

malnutrition, diarrhea, malaria, measles, and blood bacteria infection —>poor sanitation and NO prenatal doctor visits because of a lack of doctors/health care

When the country's government encourages larger families in order to raise the Rate of Natural Increase (R.N.I.) (Typically when governments believe population increase is necessary for economic output OR to alleviate the strain of old age dependency)

Eugenic Population Policies

When a country puts policies in place that favor one group over others.

Examples) Nazi Germany is extreme example. The United States in the late 19th century (Nativism) and again after WW1 used Eugenic ideas to justify anti-immigration policies (National Origins Act/Chinese Exclusion Act)

Restrictive Population policies

When a country strives to halt the R.N.I. of a country by setting limits on the size of families in that country. If the family exceeds the number set by the government, the government may enact a penalty on the family.

Ex) china's 1 child policy and indies sterilization policy

Bracero program

A 1940s-era U.S. government program designed to en- courage Mexicans to come to the United States to work as contract laborers.

cyclic movement

Repeated movement or regular journeys through activity spaces. They begin @ home base and return to the same place

What is the term for political protection offered by a country to someone who has left their native country?

asylum

3 types of cyclic movement

1) commuting 2) seasonal movement 3) nomadism

International/Transitional Migration

Permanent movement across country borders. An international migrant is an emigrant (from the source country) and an immigrant (in the destination country).

Periodic Movement

Temporary but recurrent relocation at IRREGULAR intervals. (Examples: military service/migrant farm work that is dependent on opportunities/going away to college for four years and returning home at irregular times)

Remittances

money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Internal Migration

Permanent relocation within a country's borders (example-1st/2nd Great Migration of African Americans and now the Reverse Great Migration)

Reverse Remittances

money sent from home to immigrants

Forced Migration

Impositions of authority or power that produce involuntary movements

Ex) Human trafficking, The Atlantic Slave trade in the European Colonial Period

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived activity (not forced); decision to leave is a combination of push and pull factors

push factors

Conditions/perceptions that contribute to migrant deciding to leave a place (source)

5) Families are less likely to makeinternational moves than young adults

Laws of Migration

5 laws come up by Ernst Ravenstein to show repeating trends about migration

The Gravity Model of Migration

uses a mathematical formula to predict the likelihood that migrants will be attracted to the nearest big city; takes into account the population size of two places and their distance

designed to predict/anticipate migration

mathematical formula for the gravity model

population 1 x population 2 / distance^2

The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city/place A by the population of city/place B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared.

Distance Decay

Describes the effect of distance on cultural and spatial interactions. Migrants have more complete perceptions of nearer places than further ones. Therefore, interaction between places decreases w/ time and space causing most migrants to choose destinations that are closer and it contributes to the lower likelihood of cultural traits diffusing from the hearth to the destination as the distance increases.

Step Migration

Similar to urban hierarchy. People often move in stages. Rural area to village to town to city.

intervening opportunity

the presence of a near opportunity that greatly dimities the attractiveness of sites farther away

Types of Push and Pull Factors

1) Economic Conditions (Lack of opportunity/lack of stability)2) Power Relationships (Gender, ethnicity, race, money) 3) Political Circumstances (Escaping oppression)4) Armed Conflict/Civil War (Lack of stability)5) Environmental Conditions (i.e. Natural Disasters)6) Culture and Traditions (The fear that your culture/traditions will be eradicated due to political transitions)7) Technological Advances (Information about far away places travel quickly and travel technology allows people to get to destinations quickly)

Kinship Links—>Chain Migration—>Immigration Waves

Migratory movement that occurs in stages is known as _________________

step migration

Kinship Links

types of push or pull factors that influence a migrants decision to go where family or friends have already found success

Chain Migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (communicates through others about a place)

The foundational geography principal known as ____________________ states that as you move further away so desk the likelihood of spatial interaction and cultural similarity.

distance decay

Migration Flows

large scale migrations of people (hundreds of thousands) migrating along similar paths

What is the stateless national group in Myanmar that is currently undergoing systemic persecution and forced dislocation?

Rohingya

What country are the Rohingya people going to?

Bangladesh

Another stateless national group that was famously displaced during and after the creation of the sovereign state of Isreal in 1948. They are the _________________

Palestinians

Guest Workers (Aka Migrant Labor)

A catalyst for migration flow when there is a significant need for migrant labor in a destination

Economic Opportunity (Islands of Development)

Regional Migration Flow; Industrialized centers in (less developed/ldc's) developing countries where there are many paying jobs and foreign investment. They are cities that draw foreign workers.

Explain how nationalism led to what's happening in Myanmar.

if you have a diverse country, the dominant part wants homogenuity; in order for this to happen it forces other groups to move (causes conflicts)