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Early technology The first signs of poison darts and beeswax used in toolmaking have been found in a South African cave, suggesting that a modern hunter-gatherer culture emerged earlier than previously thought.

Artefacts at the Border Cave, an archaeological site on the border of Kwa Zulu Natal and Swaziland, have been reanalysed and dated to 44,000 years ago, about twice as old as widely believed, according to the research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

These signs of advancement, signalling perhaps the oldest traces of modern culture in what is known as the Later Stone Age, would coincide with the first known migration of humans from Africa to Europe, the study's authors write.

The research focused on items left by what are known as the San people, including ostrich eggshell beads, bone arrowhead points, wooden digging sticks, warthog tusks and beeswax likely used for making tools.

Women are believed to have used the digging sticks to unearth bulbs and termite larvae.

Advanced technology

Advancing hunting technology was visible at this time, too, with thinner bone points that suggest the use of bows and arrows, and tips that were enhanced with poison in order to bring down medium and larger sized animals.

The poison used is believed to be ricinoleic acid, which can be derived from the seeds of castor oil plants.

"Such bone points could have penetrated thick hides, but the lack of 'knock-down' power means the use of poison probably was a requirement for successful kills," says Villa.

Researchers also found what is believed to be the oldest known use of beeswax, combined with egg and resin to help attach blades to the shafts of weapons like arrowheads or other tools.

"This complex compound used for hafting arrowheads or tools, directly dated to 40,000 years ago, is the oldest known evidence of the use of beeswax," says Lucinda Backwell, senior palaeoanthropology researcher at University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa.

The more refined analysis of the age of the artefacts was performed by an international team of researchers, led by Francesco d'Errico, Director of Research at the French National Research Centre.

Scientists used more precisely calibrated radiocarbon dates of organic artefacts to reach their conclusions, which add to the long-running debate over how and when modern culture emerged.