Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message, please visit this page: About CDC.gov.

On April 15, 2016, local public health officials in Shelby County, Tennessee, were notified of a positive measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) test for a male aged 18 months (patient A). On April 18, 2016, a second positive measles IgM test was reported for a man aged 50 years (patient B). Both patients had rash onset on April 9, 2016. The Shelby County Health Department initiated an investigation, and confirmatory testing for measles virus on oropharyngeal swabs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at CDC was positive for both patients. On April 21, 2016, public health officials were notified of a third suspected measles case in a female aged 7 months (patient C) who had developed a rash on April 14; PCR testing was positive. Genotyping conducted at CDC identified genotype B3 measles virus in all three cases. Genotype B3 is known to be circulating globally and has previously been associated with imported cases in the United States (1).

Repeated, detailed interviews with the three patients or their families did not yield an outbreak source or an epidemiologic link among patients A, B, and C. None of these patients, their families, or close contacts reported any recent international travel or exposure to international travelers. The three patients resided at least 15 miles from one another and were members of three distinct geographic, cultural, and socioeconomic groups. However, given the later timing of symptom onset, there is the possibility that patient C was infected by an unidentified epidemiologic link to patient A or B. By May 7, 2016, an additional four laboratory-confirmed cases of measles were identified in Shelby County; all were epidemiologically linked to patients A, B, or C. Age range for the seven patients was 7 months–50 years (median age = 2 years); three (43%) were infants aged <12 months. Six (86%) patients were unvaccinated, three of whom were eligible for measles vaccine, but had missed opportunities to be vaccinated for various reasons. These included one patient who had moved between health care systems and was not identified as being unvaccinated, one whose initial measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine dose had been delayed because of illness, and one whose family reported not vaccinating because of concerns about autism. One patient had received 1 age-appropriate dose of measles-containing vaccine.

As has been documented during previous measles outbreaks, rapid and effective public health response required extensive resources (2). Methods to identify potential contacts included reviewing available public setting patron lists, health care facility patient lists, and appointment records; employee interviews, and reviewing hospital security videos. Interviews identified 25 public locations visited by measles patients during their infectious periods (4 days before through 4 days after rash onset), during which transmission might have occurred. Among these locations, six (24%) were hospitals, 12 (48%) were outpatient clinics, and seven (28%) were public settings not related to health care. Comprehensive contact tracing identified 985 potentially exposed persons; 92 (9%) were close contacts of ill persons, and the remaining 893 (91%) were potentially exposed in health care settings. Persons potentially exposed at public locations (i.e., not health care–related) were not individually identified.

Among the 893 health care setting exposures, 235 (26%) were among health care workers and 658 (74%) were among persons who were not health care workers; 678 (76%) occurred in hospitals and 215 (24%) occurred in outpatient clinics. Approximately 90% of exposed health care workers could not provide documentation of MMR vaccination within 24 hours of public health requests for this information; however, 206 (98%) provided documentation within the required 5 days of exposure, and five (2%) were furloughed while obtaining vaccination records or laboratory confirmation of immunity. The Shelby County Health Department issued quarantine orders to 41 close contacts of patients with subsequent daily active monitoring by public health. Approximately 400 doses of MMR vaccine were administered at public health vaccination clinics and community-located events, and postexposure intramuscular immune globulin was administered within 6 days to 18 infants aged <12 months, none of whom developed measles (3).

This outbreak, with three epidemiologically distinct chains of transmission and no identified common source, highlights the importance of high 2-dose MMR vaccination coverage among vaccine-eligible persons and the need for ongoing, vigilant surveillance for measles virus in the United States (3). Clinical providers and public health officials should maintain a high index of suspicion for measles because delayed recognition and delayed reporting to public health officials can lead to a rapid propagation of cases and difficulty in tracking epidemiologic links during investigations. One patient in this outbreak was admitted to a tertiary care hospital for 72 hours, and although measles IgM testing was ordered, the patient was not placed in airborne isolation. The provider thought a measles diagnosis was unlikely because no documented measles cases had been reported in Shelby County for >10 years and vaccination rates in the area are generally high (approximately 90%) (4).

As demonstrated in this outbreak, a lack of international travel and absence of recent measles cases in the community can provide false reassurance, and it is important that patients with clinically compatible illness and an uncertain vaccination history be evaluated for measles. This outbreak serves as a reminder that certain communities are susceptible to measles outbreaks; however, risks for these outbreaks can be mitigated through prompt identification of potential cases with early notification of public health officials to suspected cases, rapid public health response, and maintenance of high 2-dose MMR vaccination coverage in the community. In addition, all health care workers born during or after 1957 should receive 2 doses of MMR vaccine and ensure that their immunization records are easily accessible for confirmation (5).

MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process.
This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version.
Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr)
and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to
mmwrq@cdc.gov.