Battaglin, W.A., and Goolsby, D.A.1994Estimates of agricultural expenses in counties in the conterminous United States as reported in the 1987 Census of Agriculture1.0Digital DataReston, VirginiaU.S.Geological Surveyhttp://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ag_expnBattaglin, W. A.; Goolsby, D. A.1995Spatial data in geographic information system format on agricultural chemical use, land use, cropping practices in the United StatesreportU.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigative ReportWRIR 944176Reston, VAU.S. Geological Surveyhttp://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri944176This coverage contains estimates of agricultural expenses in counties in
the conterminous United States as reported in the 1987 Census of
Agriculture (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989a). Agricultural expenses
data are reported in thousands of dollars. Agricultural expenses estimates
were generated from surveys of all farms where $1,000 or more of
agricultural products were sold, or normally would have been sold, during
the census year.
Most of the attributes summarized represent 1987 data, but some
information from the 1982 Census of Agriculture also was included.
The polygons representing county boundaries in the conterminous United
States, as well as lakes, estuaries, and other nonland-area features were
derived from the Digital Line Graph (DLG) files representing the
1:2,000,000-scale map in the National Atlas of the United States (1970).
Agricultural expenses
Census of Agriculture
Counties
United States
The agricultural expenses data in this coverage are intend for use in
estimating regional agricultural expenses, and in producing visual
displays and mapping relative amounts of agricultural expenses across
broad regions of the United States.
Procedures_Used:
CENSUS DATA
An automated procedure was developed for processing the raw
census data into ARC/INFO coverage attributes. The procedure is
summarized below:
1) copy county2m coverage to coverage representing type of census
data (i.e. ag_expn or ag_land),
2) run agadd.aml for each item added to the coverage, giving
coverage name and attribute field number as arguments.
The agadd.aml program runs a fortran program to extract field data
from the raw census data files, and then processes that raw data
finally adding it as a column of attribute data to the county coverage.
Other programs were developed to calculate summary statistics of
the census attribute data, and to make graphics representing
attribute values across the United States.
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
This series of maps was published as part of the National Atlas of the
United States (U.S.Geological Survey, 1970). The maps for the conterminous
United States were digitized in 15 sheets and published in the Digital
Line Graph (DLG) format as described by Domeratz and others (1983).
Each sheet was prepared by reading the DLG files of the political and
water bodies layers, converting them to ARC/INFO, extracting the county
boundaries and the coastline, respectively, and joining the two layers.
FIPS codes were assigned to all polygons by using available sources and
were checked manually.
Boundaries with adjacent sheets of the 15-sheet set were edgematched
manually, arbitrarily choosing one of the sheets as the "correct" border.
Edgematching operations adjusted the linework as far as was necessary so
that the coverages would fit to a tolerance of 100 meters. The coverage
(referred to herein as Version 1.0) was stored as 49 separate coverages
(48 States and the District of Columbia) because the ARC/INFO software in
use at the time could not process the entire coverage. Individual States
could be joined by specifying a tolerance of 100 meters.
From time to time, adjustments were made to the State coverages to
reflect changes in U.S. counties. It is believed the accuracy of
these adjustments is comparable to the original linework.
For Version 2.0, all State coverages were rejoined and manually edited
to produce a perfect edgematch between all States. For States on the
original map sheet boundaries, this adjustment averaged less than 20
meters and in no case was more than 100 meters. The whole coverage was
CLEANed to a tolerance of 20 meters, which resulted in few, if any,
effects on small offshore islands. The coverage also was checked to ensure
that it represented current U.S. counties or county equivalents.
The coverage in Version 1.0 stopped at the coastline. There was no
attempt to depict offshore areas. This created some problems when the
coverage was used to assign county codes to sampling stations located near
the coast. To help in this matter, Version 2.0 includes offshore
extensions of the county polygons. The (water) boundaries of many of these
polygons are arbitrary.
The Canadian Great Lakes features are another new addition to
Version 2.0. They were added to improve the utility of the coverage for
visual displays. Although the Canadian Great Lakes are logically
represented by a single polygon, practical considerations -- the inability
of some software to plot polygons with a large number of vertices -- made
it necessary to separate them into four polygons. The dividing lines are
located in narrow channels to minimize interference with plotting
patterns. Canadian islands within the Great Lakes also were included.
All ticks were relocated to places that are easily visible on maps of
the United States, to help in registering maps that may not otherwise
have adequate registration information.
To expedite accessing parts of the coverage, certain items have been
indexed with the procedure, INDEX_COUNTY.AML. See Section 3 above. A
spatial index also was created.
When using this coverage to clip or intersect other coverages, a
tolerance as low as 2 meters can be used.
The processing used to derive this coverage moved boundaries from their
positions on the original maps. In cases of conflicting lines, preference
was given to forming the correct topology. Strictly speaking, this
coverage is not identical to the source materials. These changes were
unavoidable in producing a continuous coverage of the conterminous
United States.
Revisions:
COUNTY POLYGON DATA
Revision 1.0, 12/17/90. This revision represents numerous
corrections and minor modifications made to this set of coverages
from its construction in 1985 through the revision date.
Revision 2.0, 3/18/91. Major reworking of the coverage, combining
all State coverages.
Reviews_Applied_to_Data:
The Census of Agriculture data processing procedure and attribute
data have been peer reviewed in 1993 by Leonard Orzol and Barbara
Ruddy, both hydrologist with the USGS.
The county boundaries in this coverage have received no formal review.
They have, however, been used in numerous applications where serious
errors would have been obvious. Some State coverages were corrected
following such use. The offshore polygon extensions and the Canadian
Great Lakes polygons have had no review.
Related_Spatial_and_Tabular_Data_Sets:
This coverage is part of series of 1:2,000,000-scale base maps
covering the United States. Layers in this set include:
COUNTY -- County boundaries.
STATE -- State boundaries (formed from COUNTY).
WATERBOD -- Water Bodies.
STREAM -- Streams.
HUC -- Hydrologic cataloging units (basins).
Other_References_Cited:
Domeratz, M. A., Hallam, C. A., Schmidt, W. E., and Calkins, H. W., 1983,
USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards: Digital Line Graphs from
1:2,000,000-scale Maps. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 895-D, 38p.
Nebert, Douglas D., 1994, Design of the distributed spatial data library
for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey: U. S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report, 94-327, 30 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989a, Census of agriculture, 1987 -- Final
county file: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
[machine-readable data file]
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989b, Census of agriculture, 1987 -- Final
county file technical documentation: U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Data User Services Division.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1990, Census of agriculture, 1987 --
Agricultural atlas of the United States, volume 2: U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Agriculture Division, AC87-S-1,
210 p.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, National atlas of the United States
of America: Washington D.C., U. S. Geological Survey, 417 p.
Notes:
DOCUMENTATION
The documentation for this coverage was generated by using the ARC
macro language (AML) program document.aml available from the U.S.
Geological Survey (Nebert, 1994).
0000(Here you put information defining how the time period of
content information, on the DOC file, was determined)
Complete(Here you pick one of the following entries that describes
how often changes or additions are made to the data set.
Pick one, and delete the rest)
Continually
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Annually
Unknown
As Needed
Irregular
None planned
-128.07002717-65.2569837848.2619402722.67774911NoneAgricultural expenses in counties from 1987 the Census of AgricultureinlandWatersNoneConterminous United StatesNoneNoneNoneNone(describe any restrictions or legal prerequisites for accessing
the data set. Put "None" if there are no restrictions)
CENSUS DATA
Estimates of agricultural expenses by county were reported by the U.S.
Department of Commerce (1989a, 1898b) in the 1987 Census of Agriculture.
The estimates were constructed from surveys of all farms where $1,000 or
more of agricultural products were sold, or normally would have been sold,
during the census year. Sampling and statistics were used to account for
nonresponding farm operations. Thus, the information in the Census of
Agriculture is subject to sampling variability as well as reporting and
coverage errors.
Census disclosure rules prevent publication of information that would
disclose the operation of individual farms. Thus, for example, one or two
sod farms may be reported in a county, but no acreage of sod harvested is
reported, because release of that information might disclose information
about a particular farmer's operation.
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
The original files for this map were provided in 15 sections. Boundaries
near the edges of sections have been adjusted in edgematching.
Polygons that extend into the water (an ocean or the Great Lakes) should
be considered arbitrary.
William A. BattaglinU.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Div. (WRD)Hydrologist, Office of the Regional Hydrologistmailing addressP.O. Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Bldg. 25LakewoodCO80225USA1-888-275-8747303-236-5959wbattagl@usgs.gov8:00am-4:30pm MSTPlease contact thru emailhttp://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/ag_expn.gifIlllustration of data setGIF(Here you acknowledge the agencies and organizations that gave
you money, resources, and encouragement to digitize the data and
to enter all this wonderful metadata.)
NoneUnclassifiedNonedgux, 5.4R3.10, AViiON UNIX, ARC/INFO version 7.0.4See Entity_Attribute_InformationSee ExplanationAttribute accuracy is described, where present, with each
attribute defined in the Entity and Attribute Section.
Polygon and chain-node topology present.(Information in wordy narrative form describing omissions,
selection criteria, generalization, definitions used, and other
rules applied to derive the data set)
(An explanation of the accuracy of the horizontal coordinate
measurements and a description of tests used, if any, to
determine horizontal positional accuracy. This is different
from horizontal resolution as reported in the DOC file.
Positional accuracy defines how correctly the digital features
match real-world features and woiuld be related to the concept
of the National Map Accuracy Standard -- xx% of well-defined
point features fall within xx units of their true position.
The resolution is the smallest unit of measure the GIS can
reliably manage without truncation or rounding.)
approx. 1 kmResolution as reported(The same as above, but for vertical information that may
be encoded with the 2-D features such as cell or contour
estimates of a vertical dimension. A description of the
contour interval of input data and its basis could be described
here.)
Unspecified0000Unspecified2,000,000Unspecified0000UnspecifiedUnspecifiedUnspecifiedRESELECT COUNTY2M COUNTY.NEW POLYNone199111121528NoneLABELERRORS COUNTY.NEWNone199111121529NoneLABELERRORS COUNTY.NEWNone199111121556NoneEXTERNALALLNone199111121721NoneRENAME COUNTY.NEW COUNTY2MNone199111131249NoneCREATELABELS COUNTY2M 5000None199111151656NoneEXTERNALALLNone199112041410NoneCOPY COUNTY2M /ARC3/WORK/LIB/COUNTY2MNone199201020833NoneCOPY /ARC3/WORK/LIB/COUNTY2M COUNTY.AGNone199201021527NoneRENAME COUNTY.AG CNTY.AGNone199201021527NoneCOPY /ARC3/WORK/CNTY.AG COUNTY2MNone199201071423NoneEXPORT COVER COUNTY2M COUNTY2MNone199201171350NoneCOPY /ARC3/WORK/LIB/COUNTY2M COUNTY2MNone199201211549NoneBUILD COUNTY2M POLYNone199201211615NoneARCEDIT /ARC3/WORK/COUNTY2MNone199201220948NoneBUILD COUNTY2M POLYNone199201220956NoneIDEDIT COUNTY2M POLYNone199201221101NoneCOPY COUNTY2M /ARC3/WORK/LIB/COUNTY2MNone199201221102NoneIDEDIT COUNTY2M POLYNone199203301537NoneEXPORT COVER COUNTY2M COUNTY2MNone199206081103NoneARCEDIT /ARC3/WORK/LIB/COUNTY2MNone199208031748NoneBUILD COUNTY2M POLYNone199208031758NoneCLEAN COUNTY2M # 2 2 POLYNone199208031846NoneCOPY COUNTY2M /WB2/DB/USA/COUNTY2MNone199208040919NoneCOPY /WB2/DB/USA/COUNTY2M AG_ESPNNone199301071145NoneRENAME AG_ESPN AG_EXPNNone199301071145NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199303241352NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199303241600NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199303251320NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199303251411NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199303290921NoneEXPORT COVER AG_EXPN AG_EXPNNone199304131603NoneCOPY /ARC3/EPA1/CENSUS/AG_EXPN AG_EXPNNone199412231216NonePROJECTDEFINE COVER AG_EXPNNone199412231323NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199412231359NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199412271242NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199412271504NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199412271510NoneDOCUMENT AG_EXPN UPDATE WBATTAGLNone199412301128NoneMNEGRI IMPORT COVER AG_EXPN.E00 AG_EXPNNone199503081049NoneUnspecifiedNone199503081105NoneMNEGRI EXPORT COVER AG_EXPN AG_EXPN.E00None199503091623NoneMNEGRI ARCSDTS AG_EXPN AG_EXPN.TAR.GZ PREFNone199503091638NoneMNEGRI EXPORT COVER AG_EXPN /SCRATCH_AREA1/MNEGRI/AG_EXPN.E00 NONENone199509191515NoneMNEGRI EXPORT COVER /DSDL1/CUSA/TILES/CUSA/AG_EXPN AG_EXPN.E00None199606240827NoneMNEGRI EXPORT COVER /DSDL1/CUSA/TILES/CUSA/AG_EXPN AG_EXPN.E00None199606251057NoneVectorPoint4787String11926GT-polygon composed of chains4788Albers Conical Equal Area29.545.5-96230.00.0coordinate pair1.01.0METERSUnknownClarke 18666378206.4294.98AG_EXPN.PATPolygon attribute tableARC/INFO coverageAREAArea of polygon in square coverage units (meters)ComputedPositive real numbersunspecifiedunspecifiedPERIMETERPerimeter of polygon in coverage units (meters)ComputedPositive real numbersunspecifiedunspecifiedAG_EXPN#Internal feature numberComputedSequential unique positive integerunspecifiedunspecifiedAG_EXPN-IDUser-assigned feature numberUser-definedIntegerunspecifiedunspecifiedFIPS5-digit county FIPS codeFederal Information Processing Standard01001 - 56998, none = 0unspecifiedunspecifiedSTtwo-character state abbreviationU.S. Postal ServiceAL - WY, none = blankunspecifiedunspecifiedCNTYNAMECounty nameU.S. Geological Survey Filesupper-case alphanumeric, none = blankunspecifiedunspecifiedPLYTYPEpolygon type: 0=county land, other are lakes, estuaries, etc.see narrative0-4,9unspecifiedunspecifiedWORKBvariable used for data processingn/aany integerunspecifiedunspecifiedAREA.ACREStotal county land area (all polygons) in acrescalculated from areas of polygons with like FIPS code and PLYTYPE=0numeric values greater than 0, missing = -99.00unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0275Total farm production expenses, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0279Expenses for livestock and poultry purchased, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0283Expenses for feed for livestock and poultry, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0291Expenses for seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0295Expenses for commercial fertilizer, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0299Expenses for agricultural chemicals, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0303Expenses for petroleum products, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0323Expenses for electricity, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0327Expenses for hired farm labor, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0331Expenses for contract labor, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0341Expenses for interest paid, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedCA0350Expenses for property taxes paid, 1987 ($1,000)U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989anumeric values greater than 0, missing = -99unspecifiedunspecifiedFIPSSTtwo-digit state FIPS codeFederal Information Processing Standard01 - 56, none = 0unspecifiedunspecifiedFIPSCNTYthree-digit county FIPS codeFederal Information Processing Standard001 - 998, missing = 0unspecifiedunspecifiedAG_EXPN.AATline attribute tableARC/INFO fileFNODE#Internal number of from-nodeComputedSequential unique positive integerunspecifiedunspecifiedTNODE#Internal number of to-nodeComputedSequential unique positive integerunspecifiedunspecifiedLPOLY#Internal number of polygon to left of arcComputedSequential unique positive integerunspecifiedunspecifiedRPOLY#Internal number of polygon to right of arcComputedSequential unique positive integerunspecifiedunspecifiedLENGTHLength of arc in coverage units (meters)ComputedPositive real numbersunspecifiedunspecifiedAG_EXPN#Internal feature numberComputedSequential unique positive integerunspecifiedunspecifiedAG_EXPN-IDUser-assigned feature numberUser-definedIntegerunspecifiedunspecifiedBNDTYPEboundary typesee narrative0-8unspecifiedunspecifiedCENSUS ATTRIBUTES
All census attributes were extracted from tabular data files provided
by the U.S. Department of Commerce (1989a). Data are reported in either
thousands of dollars, number, acres, or percent of county. Attribute names
are keyed to field names found in the technical documentation of the
the Census of Agriculture (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989b).
Specifically, the four-digit number at the end of the ARC/INFO item name
matches the field-name numbers in the technical-documentation reference.
Complete definitions of attributes and terms used in the census can be
found in U.S. Department of Commerce (1989b; 1990).
Twelve attributes from the 1987 Census of Agriculture were added
to an ARC/INFO coverage of agricultural expenses estimates. The coverage
name, attribute names, and short attribute descriptions are listed in
table 1. Attribute names beginning with CA represent data fields
transferred directly from the census tabular data files. Attribute names
beginning with PCT are percent-of-county attributes, and represent
relative intensities of an agricultural practice. Attributes reported as
percent of county were calculated as the attribute value (in acres)
divided by the county polygon area (in acres) multiplied by 100.
Table 1. 1987 Census of Agriculture agricultural expenses estimates
coverage name, attribute names, and short attribute descriptions
__________________________________________________________________________
AG_EXPN--Coverage of agricultural expenses estimates from the 1987
Census of Agriculture
__________________________________________________________________________
Attribute name Description
__________________________________________________________________________
CA0275 Total farm production expenses, 1987 ($1,000)
Expenses for--
CA0279 Livestock and poultry purchased, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0283 Feed for livestock and poultry, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0291 Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0295 Commercial fertilizer, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0299 Agricultural chemicals, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0303 Petroleum products, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0323 Electricity, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0327 Hired farm labor, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0331 Contract labor, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0341 Interest paid, 1987 ($1,000)
CA0350 Property taxes paid, 1987 ($1,000)
__________________________________________________________________________
Census estimates for counties represented by one polygon are equal to
county totals. For counties described by more than one polygon,
attribute values are provided for each polygon and are calculated as
the county total multiplied by the ratio of the area of each county
polygon divided by the total area of the county.
A missing-value code of -99 is used when no census-attribute data are
given for a county, and for all nonland-area polygons. A missing-value
code in a county land polygon could indicate any of the following
condition:
--agricultural practice not present in county (for example, no corn
grown in county)
--data withheld because of census disclosure rules
--data not available to census
--data not published because county contains less than 10 farms
--data not applicable
COUNTY POLYGON ATTRIBUTES
Each county is identified by a five-digit Federal Information
Processing Standard (FIPS) code. The first two digits represent
the state and the three remaining represent the county within State.
County names (in upper case) and the two-character State
abbreviation also are included.
All polygons are coded by polygon type (PLYTYPE) as follows:
0 = U.S. land.
1 = Extensions of counties into the ocean and estuaries.
Some boundaries may be arbitrary.
2 = U.S. Great Lakes. Some boundaries between counties may
be arbitrary.
3 = Canadian Great Lakes.
4 = Canadian islands in Great Lakes, included for visual
cartographic purposes.
9 = External polygon.
All arcs are coded by boundary type (BNDTYPE) as follows:
0 = Coastline of United States.
1 = State-State border occurring on land.
2 = County-county border, within state, occurring on land.
3 = State-State border occurring on the ocean, an estuary,
or a Great Lake. Some of these borders are arbitrary.
4 = County-county border, with State, but occurring on the
ocean, an estuary, or a Great Lake. Some of these
borders are arbitrary.
5 = International border occurring on land.
6 = International border occurring on water.
7 = Canadian shoreline of the Great Lakes.
8 = Arbitrary separation line between the Canadian portions
of the Great Lakes.
9 = Closure line with the external polygon. This is
arbitrary.
All BNDTYPE values are determined from the adjoining polygons by
the routine, INDEX_COUNTY.AML. The coverage is indexed (ARC:
INDEXITEM) on FIPS code, State FIPS code, State abbreviation,
county name, polygon type, and boundary type.
Not AvailableU.S. Geological SurveyAsk USGS - Water Webserver Teammailing445 National CenterRestonVA201921-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html Although this data set has been used by the U.S. Geological
Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or
implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy
of the data and related materials. The act of distribution shall not
constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by
the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or
related materials.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive
purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
Government.ExportFull coveragezipped3.38 MBhttp://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ag_expn.e00.gzExportFull coveragewinzip3.50 MBhttp://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ag_expn.e00.zipSDTSFull coveragewinzip2.78 MBhttp://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ag_expn.sdts.zipSDTSFull coveragezipped2.71 MBhttp://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ag_expn.sdts.tgzNone. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service.20041108U.S. Geological SurveyAsk USGS -- Water Webserver Teammailing445 National CenterRestonVA201921-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+ag_expnFGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial MetadataFGDC-STD-001-1998