9 Abstracts FOCUS: Extreme Events Proposed Readings on Natural or Economic Catastrophes, Giulio Sapelli Today the matter of the relationship between disasters or natural catastrophes and disasters or economic catastrophes, cannot ignore the new approach to the secularization debate. We have entered a novel theoretical horizon where the traditional secularization theory has been put aside. The lesson of Lisbon s earthquake of 1755 and the debate that followed are used as a starting point to approach future catastrophes. Keywords: Catastrophes, Lisbon s Earthquake Crises and Catastrophes, José Luis Goyena Crises and catastrophes as seen by a psychoanalyst, thus from an individual perspective, at a time when there is great confusion between personal crisis and social crisis, to the extent that the latter is often equivalent to the former and vice versa. After highlighting the difference between crisis and catastrophe in the crisis-critique relationship, the concept of «catastrophic change» is introduced, following the intuition of Walter R. Bion, who first developed and elaborated the concept. The «catastrophic change» not only introduces a new idea in the psychic life of an individual, it also changes the individual s relationship with the group or with society as a whole. Keywords: Catastrophes, Crises Learning from Nature, Ferdinando Boero. Interview by Maurizio Melis There are natural populations that bet on stability. Others go through cycles: from a boom to just one step from extinction, then another boom and so on. Mass extinctions occur sometimes, because of an environmental EQUILIBRI 3/

10 crisis: a catastrophe. Just a few organisms can survive these extreme events, but beyond the bottleneck, they can find a pretty empty grassland for pasture, and can start hundreds of new species. Surviving organisms are often small and simple, while many which go through extinction are the most successful of their era. Catastrophic events, like global economic crises, are artificial but seem to have a lot in common with natural ones. What can we learn from natural crises and their effects, to better understand artificial crises? Keywords: Catastrophes, Nature Extreme Climate Events, Sergio Castellari This article deals with the emerging issue of extreme climate events and the related disasters as presented in the recent IPCC Special Report «Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption SREX» published this year. An introduction to the aim and role of IPCC is given and then a definition of the key terms related to this issue is presented along with a summary of the main observations on extreme events and of the potential extreme events resulting from climate projections at global scale. Keywords: Extreme Climate Events, Adaptation The Costs of Extreme Climate Events, Jaroslav Mysiak The article is based on an oral presentation at the seminar «Extreme Events: The Cost of Climate Change» held at ICCG in Venice on the 20 th of April The presentation addresses several issues related to the empirical evidence of the increasing damages caused by extreme climatic events. The evidence is verified by the increasing trends highlighted analysing data collected in the recent past. In this context, the incidence of socio-economic drivers in determining the disasters entity has been discussed. The 562 EQUILIBRI 3/2012

11 concepts of socio-economic resilience and vulnerability and their relevance for extreme events are also clearly illustrated. The results of the discussion are presented analysing the last IPCC Special Report «Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation» (SREX). Keywords: Extreme Climate Events, Resilience, Vulnerability Natural Catastrophes and Financial Impact, Maddalena Ragona and Sara Capacci Among different approaches to quantify economic losses caused by a natural disaster, the event study analysis allows a quick investigation of the impact of an external event on stock returns of listed securities. In this article, we analyse two recent catastrophic events, namely the volcanic ash cloud that resulted in strong negative effects on European airline companies, and the earthquake in the Emilia Romagna region, where a negative although not significant trend has been observed. Keywords: Catastrophes, Financial Impact Thinking on Catastrophes, Stefania Ferrando The article starts from the issue of our relationship with catastrophes that have not yet happened, those we would like to avoid, and it is based on the work of French engineer and philosopher Jean-Pierre Dupuy who developed the idea of an enlightened catastrophism as alternative to the principle of precaution and has thought of the relationship between the crisis of the sacred and our inability to imagine and avoid a catastrophic future from both the economic and environmental points of view. Keywords: Catastrophes, Enlightened Catastrophism EQUILIBRI 3/

12 The Story of the Modern Concept of Equilibrium, Franco Farinelli Genealogy of the concept of equilibrium starting from Guicciardini in the debate on the origin of the modern State and its transmigration from politics to economics with William Petty. Keywords: Equilibrium NATURE AS A LIMIT The Big Trees are in Danger, William Laurance. Interview by Roberta Giaconi The world s greatest trees are in danger. In recent years their mortality rates have increased, due to a combination of different factors: droughts, exotic pathogens, change in fire regime, habitat fragmentation, and human activity. Given this uncertain situation, many scientists are now asking themselves what would happen if there were no more giant trees. We spoke with one of these scientists, Mr William Laurance, one of the world s most eminent conservation biologists. Keywords: Giant Trees FINANCE FOR THE CLIMATE A Virtuous Use of Finance, Andrea Beltratti. Interview by Alessandra Goria Prof. Andrea Beltratti, Chairman of the Management Board of the Intesa Sanpaolo Group, and Full Professor in Economics at Bocconi University, Milan a major international expert in finance and public economics expresses his view on key issues in climate finance, ranging from the future of 564 EQUILIBRI 3/2012

13 the carbon market to the design of innovative financial instruments, and the ideal mix between public and private finance. Keywords: Climate, Finance GEOPOLITICS FOR ENERGY The Crisis of the Precarious «Arab Westphalia», Daniele Atzori The Arab uprisings need to be read in a broad historical context. While the eighteenth-century was marked by the agony of the Ottoman Empire and by the offensive of European colonial powers, in the aftermath of the First World War France and Britain established artificial nation states in the Middle East. The recent events highlight the frailty of these constructions and reveal profound tectonic shifts in the make-up of the region. Keywords: Arab Uprisings The Future of Geothermal Energy, Emanuele Bompan Geothermal energy has a potential of 12.4 milion ZetaJoules but it hasn t been fully tapped yet. Geothermal markets are growing rapidly around the globe, especially in Asia. Italy is a leading market, with a 50% share of EU total. 1.75% of national electricity production comes from underground. But it could reach MW by Now is the time for regulations and new investments. Keywords: Geothermal Energy EQUILIBRI 3/

14 D(e-)plomacy: Do Social Networks Really Contribute to the Transparency of Diplomacy?, Giuliano Di Caro «Twiplomacy» is the title of a convention that took place in Turin, hosting among others Alec Ross, the social media strategist for the Us Secretary of State, and the Tunisian blogger Lina Ben Mhenni, who played a key role during the popular rise against Ben Ali. But more than a convention, digital diplomacy is a relevant change in the way embassies, movements and institutions spread information in real time, turning into powerful news-hubs. An adjustment largely due to the new needs related to the digital democracy that marks our age of digital communication, such as transparency and effectiveness. Keywords: Diplomacy, Social Networks, Transparency The Territorial Trap, John A. Agnew. Interview by Emanuele Frixa The recent economic crunch and the transition from statutory territoriality toward a more complex worldwide and transnational political system has returned to the fore the successful theory of American political geographer John A. Agnew. Together with the author we wonder whether rethinking the «territorial trap» today would be useful and significant in the light of the changed scenario of global international relations, with a focus on the critical transformations involving the European Union. Keywords: Territorial Trap, European Union The Moon was but the Beginning, Paolo Cominetti Can the Earth remain the only source of resources that humans need to sustain the system which they have created and developed through the centuries? The events of this beginning of the millennium probably give a negative answer to this question. Which path do we have to take to find a solution? This article shows the different aspects of a theory that explains 566 EQUILIBRI 3/2012

15 how we could find all the answers we seek in outer space, in the celestial bodies and their huge availability of raw materials. Keywords: Resources, Outer Space Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy. Comparing Technologies, Fabio Genoese One of the three objectives of the « » climate-energy-environment package of the European Union is the promotion of renewables. By 2020 the quota of renewable sources should be equal to 20% of energy consumption. This article provides an overview of the technologies for the storage of electric power in view of overcoming two key issues: production variability and forecast errors. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Technologies VISIONS Waiting for Gaia. Composing the Common World through Arts and Politics, Bruno Latour There is no single institution able to cover, oversee, dominate, manage, handle, or simply trace ecological issues of large shape and scope. Many issues are too intractable and too enmeshed in contradictory interests. We have problems, but we don t have the publics that go with them. How could we imagine agreements amid so many entangled interests? We will review several attempts to tackle ecological problems by connecting the tools of scientific representation with those of arts and politics and present the program of Experimentation on Arts and Politics which has been running at Sciences Po since September Keywords: Gaia, Arts, Politics EQUILIBRI 3/

16 THE WORLD ON PAPER World, Antiworld and Reality, Franco Farinelli How many mediterraneans are there? Discussing the concept of Mediterranean elaborated by the great historian Fernand Braudel in «The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II», the author explains that there are a number of potential Mediterraneans, three of which can be clearly identified. These spaces represent veritable «territories of the exception». They are the backshop of productive activities and, as such, they have many roles: they support and host illegal activities (e.g. gambling casinos, tax havens etc.), they are used as privileged trade areas (free trade zones), they support territorial control strategies, ensure intellectual and scientific investigations and carry out territorial marketing activities. Keywords: Mediterranean, Territories of the Exception INTERNATIONAL LETTERS Preparing the Future, Vittorio Midoro The Government of Azerbaijan is willing to accelerate the development of the information society, and actions have been taken to develop an adequate technological infrastructure. One of these actions regards the improvement of the educational system. In this paper, the main results of the State Program on the Informatization of Educational System, , are described and the issues to be faced to achieve the stated policy goals. Keywords: Azerbaijan, Education, Informatization 568 EQUILIBRI 3/2012

17 Vandana Shiva: The Biodiversity Icon, Giuliano di Caro At the crossroad between science, environmentalism and political engagement Vandana Shiva has found her place as a living icon for world ecology. A long path that has started in the 70s with the Chipko movement and later on led to the creation of Navdanya International, a key player in promoting a sustainable agricultural model, and the bank seeds, safe harbors where biodiversity and millennial agricultural know-how is preserved by what the Indian scientist calls openly and denounces in her latest book «Make Peace with the Earth» bioterrorism against farmers: the patenting of seeds conducted by some international companies. According to Dr. Shiva, a major worldwide shift is needed to produce a «clean» food, that respects biodiversity and will lead the way to face the urging challenges of the new decade. Keywords: Vandana Shiva, Biodiversity EQUILIBRI 3/

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