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African diaspora
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The African Diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe,
the Middle East and other places around the globe.
The term is applied in particular to the descendents of the Black Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas by way of the Atlantic slave trade, with
the largest population inBrazil (see Afro-Brazilian). People of Sub-Saharan descent number at least 800 million in Africa and over 140 million in the Western
Hemisphere, representing around 14% of the world's population.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Dispersal through slavery
3 Dispersal through migration
4 Definitions
5 Estimated population and distribution
6 Top 15 African diaspora populations
7 North America
8 Latin America
9 Europe
o 9.1 United Kingdom
o 9.2 France
o 9.3 Netherlands
o 9.4 Russia
o 9.5 Turkey
10 The Americas
11 Canada
12 Indian and Pacific Oceans
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
[edit]History
Based on human genetics, it is widely believed that prehistoric Africans who left the continent within the past 100,000 years are the ancestors of all non-African
humans. But as communities began to form, especially in Egypt and the Middle East, these migrations were greatly reduced because the only land route out of the
African continent is through the Sinai Peninsula. After the rise of civilization and the development of sailing, black Africans traveled to the Middle East, Europe,
and Asia in a number of occupations.[citation needed] Many of these individuals settled in Europe and Asia and invariably intermarried with the local populations.[citation
needed]
Today, human genetic research suggests that mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome haplotypes in Europeans and Asians have distant African ancestry.
But these early migrations out of Africa are dwarfed by those associated with the Atlantic and Arab slave trades.[3]
[edit]Dispersal through slavery
See also: Atlantic Slave Trade and Arab Slave Trade
Much of the African diaspora was dispersed throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas during the Atlantic and Arab Slave Trades. Beginning in the 9th century,
African slaves were taken from the northern and eastern portions of the continent into the Middle East and Asia. Then beginning in the 15th century, Africans were
taken from much of the rest of the continent to Europe and later to the Americas. Both the Arab and Atlantic slave trades ended in the 19th century.[4]
The dispersal through slave trading represents one of the largest migrations in human history. The economic effect on the African continent was devastating.
Some communities created by descendants of Black African slaves in Europe and Asia have survived to the modern day, but in other cases, blacks intermarried
with non-blacks and their descendants blended into the local population. In the Americas, the confluence of multiple racial groups from around the world created a
widespread mixing bowl effect. In Central and South America most people are descended from European, American Indian, and African ancestry. In Brazil, where
in 1888 nearly half the population was descended from African slaves, the variation of physical characteristics extends across a broad range. In the United States,
racist Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws maintained a distinction between racial groups. The adoption of the one drop rule defined anyone with any discernible
African ancestry as African, even though the strictest application of that rule would categorize nearly all Americans as African.[3]
[edit]Dispersal through migration
From the very onset of Spanish activity in the Americas, Africans were present both as voluntary expeditionaries and as involuntary colonists.[5][6] Juan Garrido was
one such blackconquistador. He crossed the Atlantic as a freedman in the 1510s and participated in the siege of Tenochtitlan.[7]
African immigration has become the primary force in the modern diaspora. It is estimated that the current population of recent African immigrants to the United
States alone is over 600,000.[8]. Countries with the most immigrants to the U.S. are Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and South
Africa. Some immigrants have come fromAngola, Cape Verde, Mozambique(see Luso American), Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, and Cameroon. Immigrants typically
congregate in urban areas, moving to suburban areas over time.
There are significant populations of African immigrants in many other countries around the world, including the UK[9] and France.[10][11]
[edit]Definitions
See also: Black people
The African Union defined the African diaspora as "[consisting] of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and
nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union." Its constitutive act declares that it shall
"invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union."
Between 1500 and 1900, approximately four million enslaved Black Africans were transported to island plantations in the Indian Ocean, about eight million were
shipped to Mediterranean-area countries, and about eleven million survived the Middle Passage to the New World.[12] Their descendants are now found around the
globe. Due to intermarriage and genetic assimilation, just who is a descendant of the Black African diaspora is not entirely self-evident.
A few examples of populations on continents away from Africa who are seen as "Black" or who see themselves as "Black" because they descend from Black
Africans are:
African Americans. People in the United States who are of African descent.
Afro-Caribbeans. People in the West Indies who identify themselves as of African descent.
Afro-Latin Americans. Among these populations in South and Central America are those who identify as negros. Some identify as Afro-Latin Americans
when they have high levels of admixture of other ethnicities, as well.

4.
Cuba 1,126,894 10
Peru 875,427 11
Turkey 800,000 12
Canada 783,795 13
Italy 750,000 14
Trinidad and Tobago 610,000 15
Nicaragua 520,726 16
[edit]North America
Several migration waves to the Americas, as well as relocations within the Americas, have brought people of African descent to North America. According to
to
the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the first African populations came to North America in the 16th century via Mexico and the Caribbean to
,
[44]
the Spanish colonies of Florida, Texas and other parts of the South. Out of the 12 million people from Africa who were shipped to the Americas during
the transatlantic slave trade,[45] 645,000 were shipped to the British colonies on the North American mainland and the United States; another 1,840,000 arrived at
other British colonies, chiefly the West Indies.[46] In 2000, African Americans comprised 12.1 percent of the total population in the United States, constitutin the
constituting
largest racial minority group. The African American population is concentrated in the southern states and urban areas.[47]
In the construction of the African Diaspora, the transatlantic slave trade is often considered the defining element, but people of African descent have engaged in
e
eleven other migration movements involving North America since the 16th century, many being voluntary migrations, although undertaken in exploitative and
undertaken exp
[44]
hostile environments.
In the 1860s, people from sub-Saharan Africa, mainly from West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands, started to arrive in a voluntary immigration wave to seek
, ,
employment as whalers inMassachusetts. This migration continued until restrictive laws were enacted in 1921 that in effect closed the door on non-Europeans, but
. migration non
by that time, men of African ancestry were already a majority in New England’s whaling industry, with African Americans working as sailors, blacksmiths,
’s
shipbuilders, officers, and owners, eventually bringing their trade to California.[48]
1.7 million people in the United States are descended from voluntary immigrants from sub Saharan Africa. African immigrants represent 6 percent of all immigrants
on sub-Saharan
to the United States and almost 5 percent of the African American community nationwide. About 57 percent immigrated between 1990 and 2000.[49] Immigrants
percent
born in Africa constitute 1.6 percent of the black population. People of the African immigrant diaspora are the most educated population group in the United States
most
— 50 percent have bachelor's or advanced degrees, compared to 23 percent of native native-born Americans.[50] The largest African immigrant communities in the United
igrant
States are in New York, followed by California, Texas, and Maryland.[49] The states with the highest percentages of Africans in their total populations are
,
the District of Columbia, followed by Mississippi, and Louisiana Refugees represent a minority.
Louisiana.
U.S. Bureau of the Census categorizes the population by race based on self self-identification.[51] The census surveys have no provision for a "multiracial" or "biracial"
self-identity, but since 2000, respondents may check off more than one box and claim multiple ethnic that way.
identity, ethnicity
[edit]Latin America
Main article: Afro-Latin American
At an intermediate level, in Latin America and in the former plantations in and around the Indian Ocean, descendants of enslaved people are a bit harder to define
around
because many people are mixed in demographic proportion to the original slave population. In places that imported relatively few slaves (like Argentina or Chile),
[52]
few if any are considered Black today. In places that imported many enslaved people (like Brazil or Dominican Republic), the number is larger, but most are of
),
mixed ancestry.[53]
[edit]Europe
Main article: Afro-European
The Situation in Europe In Council of Europe countries, African Diasporans and their descendants are neither specifically identified nor described in national
identified
statistics by the colour of their skin. At best, both first and subsequent generations are described in national statistics as “foreign born citizens”. Of 42 countries
as
surveyed by a European Commission against Racism and Intolerance study in 2007, it was found that 29 collected official statistics on country of birth, 37 on
citizenship, 24 on religion, 26 on language, 6 on country of birth of parents, and 22 on nationality or ethnicity. The major result of this routine is that even though
people of African descent may outnumber other ethnic minorities in some European countries, there is no statistical evidence to support the notion that they may
qualify for special measures as minorities where they live. They are, in a word: invisible. (In "Basic Facts About the African Diaspora", by M. Arthur Robinson
Facts
Diakité, www.thelundian.com .
[edit]United Kingdom
Main article: Black British
2 million (not including British Mixed) split evenly between Afro-Caribbeans and Africans.
)
[edit]France
Afro-French or French African population live in overseas territories[54].
Estimates of 2 to 3 million of African descent, although 1/4 of the Afro
see: Afro-French
[edit]Netherlands
About 500,000 of Surinamese and Dutch Antilles descent. They mainly live in the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao and Saint Martin (which is half French), but
many Afro-Dutch people also live in the Netherlands.
[edit]Russia
The first blacks in Russia were the result of slave trade by the Ottoman empire[55] and their descendants still live on the coasts of the Black Sea. Czar Peter the
Sea
Great was recommended by his friend Lefort to bring in Africans to Russia for hard labor. Alexander Pushkin was the descendant of the African princeling Abram
Petrovich Gannibal, who became Peter's protege, was educated as a military engineer in France, and eventually became general-en-chef, responsible for the
, chef,
building of sea forts and canals in Russia.[56][57]
[58]
During the 1930s fifteen Black American families moved to the Soviet Union as agricultural experts. As African states became independent in the 1960s,
the Soviet Union offered them the chance to study in Russia; over 40 years, 400,000 African students came, and many settled there.[55][59][55]
Note that there are also non-African people within the former Soviet Union who are colloquially referred to as "the blacks" (
African (chernye). Gypsies, Georgians,
Gypsies
and Tatars fall into this category[60].
See also: Racism in modern Russia.
[edit]Turkey
Main article: Afro-Turks
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of sub-Saharan Africans, usually via Zanzibar and from places like Kenya, Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria were brought
Saharan
by Turkish slave traders during the Ottoman Empire to plantations around Dalaman, Menderes and Gediz valleys, Manavgat, and Çukurova.
Çukurova
[edit]The Americas
Main article: Afro Americans in the Americas
African Americans - There are an estimated 40 million people of African descent in the US. Note that this figure (here, and in the chart, above) directl
re directly
conflicts with information in this same article that says that 30% of US people have genetic content from the [post 1400] Afr
African diaspora.

5.
Afro-Latin American - There are an estimated 100 million people of African descent living in Latin America, making up 45 % of Brazil's population.[61] There
are also sizeable African populations in Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Dominican Republic and Venezuela.
The population in the Caribbean is approximately 23 million. Significant numbers of African-descended people include Haiti - 8 million, Dominican Republic -
7.9 million, and Jamaica - 2.7 million,[62]
[edit]Canada
Main article: Black Canadians
Much of the earliest black presence in Canada came from the United States, comprising African Americans who came as Loyalists or escaped along
the Underground Railroad to locations in Nova Scotia and Southwestern Ontario.[citation needed] Slavery had begun to be outlawed in British North America as early as
1793. Later black immigration to Canada came primarily from the Caribbean, in such numbers that fully 70 per cent of all blacks now in Canada are of Caribbean
origin.
As a result of the prominence of Caribbean immigration, the term "African Canadian", while sometimes used to refer to the minority of Canadian blacks who have
direct African or African American heritage, is not normally used to denote black Canadians. Blacks of Caribbean origin are usually denoted as "West Indian
Canadian", "Caribbean Canadian" or more rarely "Afro-Caribbean Canadian", but there remains no widely used alternative to "Black Canadian" which is
considered inclusive of both the African and Caribbean black communities in Canada.
[edit]Indian and Pacific Oceans
Some Pan-Africanists also consider other Africoid peoples as diasporic African peoples. These groups include, among others, Negritos, such as in the case of the
peoples of the Malay Peninsula (Orang Asli);[63] New Guinea (Papuans);[64] Andamanese; certain peoples of the Indian subcontinent,[65][66] notably Vedda
people and Dravidians such as Tamils; and theaboriginal peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia.[67][68] Most of these claims are rejected by
mainstream ethnologists as pseudoscience and pseudoanthropology as part of ideologically motivated Afrocentrist irredentism, touted primarily among some
extremist elements in the United States who do not reflect on the mainstream African-American community[69]. Mainstream anthropologists determine that
the Andamanese and others are part of a network of Proto-Australoid and Paleo Mediterranean ethnic groups present in South Asia that trace their genetic
ancestry to a migratory sequence that culminated in the Australian aboriginals rather than from African peoples directly (though indirectly, they did originate from
prehistoric groups out of Africa as did all human beings on this planet).[70][71][72][73]
[edit]See also
List of topics related to Black and African people Afro-Irish
Africana womanism Afro-Mexican
Afro Americans in the Americas Afro-Peruvian
Africans Afro-Turks
African American Black British
Afro Australian Afro-Guyanese
African immigration to the United States Black Canadian
Afro-Latino Afro-European
Black People Afro-French
Black Hispanic Black people in Ireland
Afro-Brazilian Beta Israel
Afro-Puerto Rican Capoid
Afro-Trinidadian Chagossians
Afro-Jamaicans Dougla
Afro-Arab Negroid
Afro-Belizean Siddi (Black African community in South Asia)
Garinagu
Afro-Colombian and Raizal
Afro-Cuban
Afro-Ecuadorian
Afro-German
Indo-African
[edit]References
1. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa, The World Bank Group.
2. ^ Report on the African Diaspora Open House, The African Diaspora Medical Project.
3. ^ a b Olson, Steve (2003). Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0618352104.
4. ^ "Historical survey > The international slave trade". Slavery. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
5. ^ Warren, J. Benedict (1985). The Conquest of Michoacán. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080611858X.
6. ^ Krippner-Martínez, James (October 1990). "The Politics of Conquest: An Interpretation of the Relación de Michoacán". The Americas 47 (2): 177–198. doi:10.2307/1007371.
7. ^ Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. p. 327.
8. ^ "Diversity in Black and White".
9. ^ Mensah, John Freelove. Persons Granted British Citizenship United Kingdom, 2006. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08/07, 22 May 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
10. ^ Thomas, Dominic (2006). Black France: Colonialism, Immigration, And Transnationalism. Indiana University Press, 2006, ISBN 0253348218.
11. ^ Tattersall, Nick. Africans denounce French DNA immigration bill. Reuters Africa, 5 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
12. ^ Larson, Pier M. (1999). "Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar"
(PDF). William and Mary Quarterly 56 (2): 335–62.. doi:10.2307/2674122.
13. ^ A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight (washingtonpost.com)
14. ^ CIA - The World Factbook
15. ^ U.S. Library of Congress
16. ^ [www.informaworld.com/index/902542287.pdf Inter-American Dialouge]
17. ^ [1]
18. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html|-People
19. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html|-People
20. ^ Joshua Project - Ethnic People Groups of Turks and Caicos Islands
21. ^ http://paceebene.org/pace/nvns/nonviolence-news-service-archive/in-officially-colorblind-f[dead link]
22. ^ globeandmail.com: World
23. ^ http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/2DAFB377-8622-4A6F-9700-8E93EB8EDD61/0/pb01e067.pdf
24. ^ ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), stranieri 2006 Africa Occidentale, Meridionale
25. ^ Мймй Зпмдео Й Мймй Дйлупо. Фемертпелф "Юетоще Тхуулйе": Уйопруйу
26. ^ Hungarian census 2001
27. ^ [2]
28. ^ POP AFRICA(Nagoya University) from the statictics at 2005 by the Immigration Bureau of Japan
29. ^ [3]