A rock analysed by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has a surprising and more varied composition that resembles rare rocks from the bowels of our planet, the US space agency said.

"This rock is a close match in chemical composition to an unusual but well-known type of igneous rock found in many volcanic provinces on Earth," Curiosity co-investigator Edward Stolper of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena said in a statement.

"With only one Martian rock of this type, it is difficult to know whether the same processes were involved, but it is a reasonable place to start thinking about its origin."

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On Earth, rocks with similar compositions usually come from "processes in the planet's mantle beneath the crust, from the crystallisation of relatively water-rich magma at elevated pressure," according to the NASA statement.

Curiosity, which has been on the Red Planet since August 6, used two instruments to study the football-sized rock, which is dubbed Jake Matijevic, or Jake for short.

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One was the arm-mounted Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer — known as APXS — and the other was the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument.

"Jake is kind of an odd Martian rock," said APXS principal investigator Ralf Gellert of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. "It's high in elements consistent with the mineral feldspar, and low in magnesium and iron."

NASA said the initial results were just a preview, noting that Curiosity also carries analytical laboratories inside the rover.