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Summary

Lively and comprehensive, this book presents a history of prisons, the history of corrections programs, and theories of punishment and corrections. It includes sections on prisoner rights, probation, juvenile corrections, and international corrections systems, Real-life examples and Close-Up features illuminate events or places.

Table of Contents

Part One: Corrections and Criminal Justice

1

(44)

The Correctional Process

2

(17)

Corrections Faces Many Problems

3

(3)

Corrections is Responsible for the Accused and the Convicted

3

(1)

Much of Corrections Is Hidden from Public View

4

(1)

Correctional Facilities Receive Attention Only When Problems Arise

4

(1)

Public Fears Influence Policy

4

(1)

Close Up: The Pitfalls of Early Release

5

(1)

Public Fears Influence Policy

5

(1)

Many of Today's Problems in Corrections Have a Long History

6

(1)

The Criminal Justice Process Is Complicated

6

(2)

Organization of Corrections in the United States

7

(1)

Criminal Justice Has Four Major Components

8

(1)

Each Criminal Justice Sub-System Has Some Correctional Role

8

(6)

The Police Play Various Roles in Corrections

8

(1)

Police Agencies Usually Operate Jails and Detention Facilities

8

(1)

Police Operate Some Correctional Programs

9

(1)

Police Perform a ``Gatekeeper'' Function

9

(1)

Police Provide Information on Offenders to Correctional Personnel

9

(1)

Prosecutors Play Several Roles in Corrections

10

(1)

Prosecutorial Discretion Can Limit the Number and Types of Offenders Entering the System

10

(1)

Prosecutors Serve as Correctional Agents

11

(1)

The Courts Play Several Roles in Corrections

11

(1)

Sentencing Is a Key Court Correctional Function

12

(1)

Judges Serve as Monitors of Conditions in the Correctional System

13

(1)

The Courts Also Operate Correctional Programs

13

(1)

Different Views Regarding the Objectives of Corrections

14

(2)

The Rehabilitative Model Focuses on Treating the Offender

15

(1)

The Justice Model Stresses That Offenders Should Be Punished But in a just and Humane Way

15

(1)

The Utilitarian Model Emphasizes Punishment as a Crime Deterrent

15

(1)

Effectiveness of Models Should Determine Which of Them Are Implemented

16

(1)

The Text Views Contemporary Corrections from a Historical Perspective

16

(1)

Chapter Recap

17

(1)

Review Questions

17

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

17

(2)

Sentencing: The Imposition of Correctional Sanctions

19

(26)

Justifications for Punishment of Offenders

20

(3)

Retribution: The Infliction of Deserved Punishment and Its Painful Consequences on the Criminal

20

(1)

Deterrence: Pain or Other Consequences Will Inhibit Criminal Behavior

20

(1)

The Deterrent Value of Punishment Is Inconclusive

21

(1)

Speed, Severity, and Certainty of Punishment Affect Deterrence

21

(1)

Incapacitation: The Prevention of Future Crime

22

(1)

Three Types of Incapacitation Strategies Have Been Proposed

22

(1)

An Alternative to Incapacitation Is More Severe Sentences for Violent Offenders

23

(1)

A Continuing Purpose of Incarceration Has Been to Reform or Rehabilitate the Offender

23

(1)

Reintegration Is Maintaining or Integrating Offenders into the Community

23

(1)

Types of Dispositions

23

(11)

Monetary Sanctions: Getting Hit in the Wallet

23

(1)

Day Fines Are Imposed on the Basis of the Gravity of the Offense and Offender Income

24

(1)

Restitution Requires That the Offender Make Amends to the Victim or the Community

24

(1)

Community Programs Can Be Residential or Non-residential

24

(1)

Probation Is Serving A Sentence under Supervision in the Community

24

(1)

Residential Community Programs Provide the Most Intense Supervision Short of Prison

25

(1)

Incarceration is Confinement of an Offender in a Prison or Jail

25

(1)

Capital Punishment Is the Ultimate Sanction

26

(3)

The Death Penalty Has Supporters and Detractors

29

(4)

Close Up: Indigents Don't Usually Get The ``Dream Team'' in Capital Cases

33

(1)

Life without Parole Represents an Alternative to Execution

34

(1)

Sentencing Strategies

34

(8)

Indeterminate Sentences Have Been Tied to Rehabilitation

34

(1)

A Determinate Sentence Represents a Fixed Term

35

(1)

Mandatory Sentences are Blamed for Prison Crowding

35

(1)

Some Judges Impose Creative Sentences

36

(1)

Sentencing Reform Focuses on Proportionality, Equity, and Social Debt

36

(1)

Close Up: Three Strikes and You're Out

37

(1)

Close Up: Judges Who Create Sentences

38

(1)

Sentencing Guidelines Are Designed to Create Uniformity

38

(2)

Close Up: ACA President Speaks Out on Sentencing

40

(1)

Sentencing Review Procedures Are Designed to Reduce Disparities

41

(1)

Conclusion

42

(1)

Chapter Recap

42

(1)

Review Questions

42

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

42

(3)

Part Two: Historical Perspective

45

(94)

The Evolution of Punishment

46

(26)

Punishment of Early Criminal Behavior

47

(10)

Early Societies Had Two Classes of Crimes

47

(1)

Public Wrongs Were Equated with Sin

47

(1)

Private Wrongs Initially Required Individual Retaliation But Later Some Responsibility Shifted to the Group

47

(1)

Compensation Provided a Bridge between Private Vengeance and the State

48

(1)

Crimes Become Acts of Revolt against the King

49

(1)

Historically, Offenders Were Punished in Various Ways

49

(1)

Magic and Curses Were Used as Punishments

49

(1)

Some Punishments Were Designed to Humiliate the Offender

49

(1)

Gags Were Used to Both Shame and Constrain Verbal Abuse

49

(1)

The Stocks and Pillories Served to Confine and Display Offenders

50

(1)

Consider This: Should the Stocks be Resurrected?

51

(1)

Branding Marked a Person as an Offender

51

(1)

Corporal Punishments Inflicted Pain on the Offender

52

(1)

Whipping Has a Long and Extensive History

52

(2)

The Ducking Stool Was Generally Used for Scolds and Gossips

54

(1)

Capital Punishment Rids the Community of the Offender

54

(1)

Capital Punishment Has a Long History

55

(1)

The Methods of Execution Were Limited Only by the Imagination

55

(1)

Mutilation and Dismemberment Were Employed for Retribution, Deterrence, and Incapacitation

56

(1)

Banishment Was a Means of Exiling or Enslaving Undesirables

57

(2)

Outlawry: Robin Hood, Fact or Fiction?

57

(1)

Enslavement of Criminals Amounted to Banishment

57

(1)

Maritime Nations Subjected Offenders to Penal Slavery at the Oars

58

(1)

Some Convicts Were Housed in Facilities Called Bagnes

58

(1)

The French Bagnes Were Forerunners of Industrial-Type Prisons

58

(1)

Transportation Was an Intermediate Punishment

59

(6)

The English System of Transportation

59

(1)

Increased Crime Produced by Social and Economic Conditions Caused a Public Outcry for Solutions

59

(1)

The Indenture System: White Servitude in Colonial America

59

(2)

The Revolution Caused a Crisis in England's Punishment System

61

(1)

Confinement at Hard Labor Was Substituted for Transportation: Floating Prisons Emerged as a Temporary Expedient

61

(1)

England Searches for Alternatives to the Prison Hulks

61

(1)

Transportation to Australia: The Search for a New Dumping Ground

61

(1)

Close Up: Lemain: The Historical Antecedant of ``Escape from New York''

62

(2)

The French Transportation System Was More Harsh Than the English System

64

(1)

The Russian Transportation System Was Considered the Most Brutal

64

(1)

People Continue to Advocate the Use of Transportation

65

(1)

Forerunners of Long-Term Imprisonment

65

(5)

Close Up: Indian Youths Banished as Punishment for Their Crimes

66

(1)

The Roots of Imprisonment Can Be Traced to Monasteries and Asylums

66

(1)

Workhouses and Houses of Correction Were Early Forms of Imprisonment

66

(1)

Bridewells Were the First Institutions to Attempt Reform

67

(1)

European Countries Established Workhouses with Many Modeled after One in Amsterdam

67

(1)

Close Up: The World of Early Workhouses Had Many Facets

68

(1)

The Hospice of San Michele Was an Early Juvenile Reformatory

68

(1)

The Maison de Force Had Many Innovative Features

69

(1)

Chapter Recap

70

(1)

Review Questions

71

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

71

(1)

The Development of Prisons in the United States

72

(20)

Methods of Punishment during the Colonial Period

73

(1)

The Search for New Methods of Social Control after the Revolution

73

(1)

Penitentiaries Were Developed as Places to Reform Criminals

73

(1)

The Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems

74

(7)

The Pennsylvania Reformers Experimented with Several Different Systems

74

(1)

The Walnut Street Jail Was the Birthplace of the U.S. Prison System

74

(1)

Eastern Penitentiary Had a Program of Solitary Confinement, Work, and Penitence

75

(1)

The System Devised at Auburn Became the Model for U.S. Prisons

76

(1)

Close Up: Two Views on the Success of the Pennsylvania Model

77

(1)

Auburn Experimented with Three Alternatives

78

(1)

The Auburn Plan of Congregate Work, Silence, and Separate-Cell Confinement Was Adopted as an Acceptable Confinement Method

79

(1)

The Auburn-Pennsylvania Controversy Involved a Debate over Which System Was Superior

79

(1)

The Pennsylvania Model Was Only Used by a Few U.S. Jurisdictions

80

(1)

The Auburn Model Prevailed for Economic Reasons

80

(1)

Auburn-Type Prisons Were Built in Many Jurisdictions

80

(1)

Many States Built Auburn-Type Prisons But Failed to Adhere to Its Rigid Standards

81

(1)

The Auburn Approach Followed a Quasimilitary Model

81

(1)

Antecedents of the Reformatory Movement

81

(6)

Close Up: The Real Versus Ideal Pennsylvania System

82

(2)

Alexander Maconochie's Mark System

84

(1)

The Major Objective of Prison Should Be Reform

84

(1)

The Mark System Enabled Inmates to Work Their Way Out of Prison

84

(1)

The Mark System Was First Applied at Norfolk Island Prison

85

(1)

Punitive Public Views Resulted in Maconochie's Recall

85

(1)

The System Was Also Implemented at Birmingham Borough Prison

86

(1)

Sir Walter Crofton's Irish System Also Influenced the Reformatory

86

(1)

The Irish System Involved Increasing Privileges and Phased Release

86

(1)

The Irish System Reduced Recidivism

86

(1)

The Reformatory System

87

(3)

At the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline, Prominent Reformers Proposed a New System

87

(1)

Elmira Was the First Reformatory

88

(1)

Inmates Could Progress through a ``Grade'' System, Which Resulted in Early Release

88

(1)

Elmira Had a Number of Innovative Programs

88

(1)

Elmira Had the First Parole System in the United States

88

(1)

Warden Brockway Used Regressive Methods of Discipline

88

(1)

Reformatory Goals Were Never Achieved

89

(1)

Chapter Recap

90

(1)

Review Questions

91

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

91

(1)

Southern Penal Systems

92

(24)

The Pre-Civil War South

93

(1)

Black Codes Were Designed to Control Slaves

93

(1)

Some Southern States Adopted Auburn-Type Prisons

93

(1)

Characteristics of the Prison Population

93

(1)

States Resorted to the Lease System for Economic Reasons

93

(1)

The Post-Civil War Period

94

(6)

The Lease System Solved Various Problems

94

(1)

The Convict Lease System Turned Offenders into Penal Slaves

95

(1)

Close Up: The American Siberia: Life under the Florida Lease System

96

(1)

Chain Gangs Were Used by Some Jurisdictions to Manage Prisoners

97

(2)

Close Up: Life on the Chain Gang: Even Circus Animals Lived Better

99

(1)

Prison Farms and Plantation Prisons

100

(14)

In Mississippi, the Parchman Penal Farm Became the Main Prison

100

(1)

Farm Organization Followed a Plantation Model

100

(1)

The Prison Farm Complex Evolved Over Time and Was Founded on the Twin Goals of Profit and Reformation

101

(2)

The Courts Step in to Propel the System into the Twentieth Century

103

(1)

Arkansas Was Considered the Worst of the Southern Systems

103

(1)

Conditions When Murton Assumed Control Were Horrendous

103

(2)

Close Up: Corporal Punishment Arkansas Style

105

(1)

Murton Tried to Bring the System Nearer to Contemporary Standards

105

(1)

The Totality of Conditions at the Prisons Were Found Constitutionally Unacceptable

106

(1)

Close Up: The Arkansas Prison System in the 1990s

107

(1)

The Texas System Was the Last Major System to Change

107

(1)

The Lessee Period: Inmates Were Assigned to Contractors

107

(1)

The Contract-Lease Period: The State Controlled Inmates and Their Labor Was Contracted to Businesses

108

(1)

The Plantation Farm Period: The State Assumed Total Control of Inmates

108

(1)

The Period of Reform and Stability: TDC Goes from the Worst to the Best System

109

(1)

While Work Continued to Be Stressed, Improvements Were Made in Programming

109

(1)

Close Up: Texas Inmates Learn Marketable Skills

110

(1)

Control and Stability Were Achieved through an Authoritarian System

110

(1)

Inmate-Guards Played an Important Role in the Control System

111

(1)

Control of the BTs Was Lost during a Major Population Increase

112

(1)

The Era of Ruiz v. Estelle Converted Texas into a Modern System

112

(1)

Work Camps and Prison Farms Can be Valuable Components of a Corrections System

113

(1)

Chapter Recap

114

(1)

Review Questions

115

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

115

(1)

The Big House

116

(23)

Big House Prisons Were Harsh and Idle Places

117

(2)

The Big House Era Saw the Demise of the Industrial Prison

117

(2)

The Social World of Inmates

119

(11)

The Big House Population Contained Those Who Were Unsuccessful in Both Their Legal and Illegal Pursuits

119

(1)

The Inmate Subculture Was Influenced by Internal and External Factors

120

(1)

Thief Values Influenced the Convict Code

120

(1)

As Total Institutions, Prisons Limit Freedom and Inflict Deprivations

120

(1)

Life Activities in Prisons Are Not Separated

121

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Their Autonomy

121

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Privacy

121

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Security

121

(1)

Prisons Restrict Contact with the Outside World

122

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Many Goods and Services

122

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of the Opportunity for Meaningful Work

122

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Heterosexual Relationships

123

(1)

Inmates Are Relegated to a Subservient Status

123

(1)

Prisonization Is the Socialization of Inmates

124

(1)

Adjustments to Changes in Status Begin at Admission

125

(1)

Ability to Adapt to Prison Varies

125

(1)

The Inmate Status System in the Big House Had Four Levels

125

(1)

Close Up: The Admission Process

126

(1)

The Upper Class Was the Elite

127

(1)

Merchants, Politicians, and Gamblers were Major Figures in the Upper Middle Class

127

(1)

Most Inmates Were in the Middle Class

127

(1)

The Lower Classes Included a Variety of Inmates

127

(1)

Three Common Adaptations to Prison Life

128

(1)

``Doing Time'' Involved Avoiding Trouble and Getting Out Fast

128

(1)

Jailing Involved Becoming Immersed in the Prison World

128

(1)

Gleaners Focused on Self-Improvement

128

(1)

Coping with Prison Deprivation Often Required Improvisation

128

(1)

Food, Drink, and Weapons Made Prison Life Easier

129

(1)

Inmates Developed Adaptations to Their Single-Sex World

129

(1)

Some Inmates Managed to Have Heterosexual Relations

129

(1)

Prison Stupor Was a Form of Psychological Escape

130

(1)

Inmates Suffering from Prison Stupor Were Out of Touch with Reality

130

(1)

Big House Prison Guards

130

(3)

Close Up: The Hole

132

(1)

Guards Used Several Methods of Discipline to Control Inmates

132

(1)

Guards Developed Several Informal Methods of Controlling Inmates

132

(1)

Conditions That Precipitated Disturbances and Riots

133

(1)

Close Up: Prison Riots during the Big House Era

134

(1)

Conflicts Faced by Prison Administrators Regarding the Treatment of Inmates

134

(2)

Pressures Toward Harsh Treatment Came from External and Internal Sources

134

(1)

Pressures Toward Human Practices Came from Reformers

135

(1)

Prison Specialization and Classification Paved the Way for the Development of Treatment Programs

135

(1)

This Era Saw Changes in the Treatment of Inmates

136

(1)

Chapter Recap

136

(1)

Review Questions

137

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

137

(2)

Part Three: Modern Prisons

139

(84)

The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Institution

140

(17)

Social Changes Shaped Rehabilitative Institution

141

(1)

Slum Conditions Restricted Social Mobility

141

(1)

Limited Social Mobility in Urban Slums Had an Impact on the Prison System