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2 Types of Metabolic Reactions Continued Catabolism - (catabolic metabolism) - Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones. –Hydrolysis Breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Breaking down fats into glycerol and fatty acids. Breaking down proteins into amino acids.

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Anabolism Molecules made or broken down by these processes Catabolism Building molecules Glycogen, Fat molecules Proteins Breaking down molecules EX: Dehydration Synthesis Ex: Hydrolysis Forms molecules while releasing Water Breaks down molecules while splitting or using water.

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Enzyme Action Enzymes are special proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. –They are highly specific. –The substances that they work on are called substrates. –Substrates bind at the enzymes active site.

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Enzyme Catalysis Speed of the enzyme action depends on the concentration of the enzyme and substrate. –As enzyme concentration increases, substrate activity will increase to a point. –As substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity will increase to a point.

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Metabolic Pathways Sequences of enzyme controlled reactions that lead to the synthesis or breakdown of particular biochemicals.

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Coenzymes Coenzymes are non-protein substances (such as vitamins) that either aid in enzyme activity, or are required for the enzyme to function properly.

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ATP To release the stored energy, the last phosphate is removed and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + a phosphate group is formed.

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ATP Energy from cellular respiration is used to synthesize more ATP by adding the phosphate group back to ADP - This is known as phosphorylation.

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Cellular Respiration The process that releases energy from molecules of glucose and makes it available for cellular use. (In the form of ATP). Includes 2 pathways –Aerobic - requires oxygen. –Anaerobic - no oxygen required.

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3 Stages of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis- happens in the cytoplasm. (1st stage for aerobic and anaerobic reactions.) The 6-carbon glucose is broken down into 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.

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3 Stages of Cellular Respiration Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)- happens in mitochondria. (aerobic only) The 3-carbon pyruvic acids enter the mitochondria and lose a carbon generating CO 2 and is combined with a coenzyme to form 2-carbon acetyl coenzyme A. Each of those combines with a 4- carbon oxaloacetic acid to form a 6-carbon citric acid.

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3 Stages of Cellular Respiration Electron Transport chain- happens in the mitochondria. (aerobic only) The high energy electrons that were released during two previous cycles are carried and combined with enzymes that convert most of the remaining energy to ATP.

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Nutritional Requirements Proteins Amino acids from dietary proteins are used to form new proteins such as enzymes. Can be used to supply energy. Sources include: –Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, eggs, cereal. –We cannot synthesize 8 amino acids needed to build proteins, therefore we must get these from our diet. These are essential amino acids. Requirements: –About 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight.