On a June 09:2002 First round of the parliamentary elections in France. Some
8500 candidates compete for the 577-seat National Assembly. Less than
50 candidates get over 50% of the vote and are elected outright. Those
who receive less than 12.5% of the vote are eliminated. The rest will
enter the decisive second round on 16 June. President Jacques Chirac's
moderate rightist coalition (UMP: Union pour une Majorité Présidentielle)
gets results that foreshadow a parliamentary majority and the end of
cohabitation with a Socialist prime minister. 2000 France becomes the 12th country to ratify the Rome
Statute of the International Criminal Court (which has not been ratified
nor even signed by the US) 2000 The US Justice Department released a report saying an 18-month
investigation had found no credible evidence that conspirators aided
or framed James Earl Ray in the 1968 assassination of civil rights leader
Martin Luther King Jr.

1998 Antitrust
charges filed against Intel^top^
by the Federal Trade Commission. The government alleged that
the chipmaker squelched competition by retaliating against three
companies that tried to enforce patents against Intel and its
allies. When the companies refused to license their patented
technology on Intel's terms, the chipmaker withheld important
product information and threatened to cut off chip supplies.
The FTC argued that such tactics were unfair because Intel was
exploiting its "monopoly" power.

1997 British lease on New Territories in Hong Kong expires

1995 IBM consent
decree ends
A federal judge gives IBM permission
to file a motion to end a 1956 consent decree. The decree, which
followed an antitrust case, limited the ways in which the company
could sell computers. The company argued that the computer industry
had changed dramatically in the thirty-eight years since the
decree was imposed. IBM argued that the terms of the agreement
created higher computer prices for consumers.

1986 The Rogers Commission releases its report on the Challenger
disaster, criticizing NASA and rocket-builder Morton Thiokol for management
problems leading to the explosion that claimed the lives of seven astronauts.
1985 American Thomas Sutherland is kidnapped and held hostage
in Lebanon

1981 Xerox introduces PC
Xerox became the first office
products company to enter the personal computer market when
it introduced the Xerox 820 on this day in 1981. The machine,
which retailed for $3,000, boasted two disk drives and a monitor
displaying twenty-four lines of 80-character type. (However,
the monitor could not display graphics.)

1978 Gutenberg Bible (1 of 21) sells for $2.4 million, London
1978 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) strikes
down 148 year policy of excluding black men from priesthood 1972 14" of rain in 6 hrs burst Rapid City SD dam, drowns 200

1972 South
Vietnamese soldiers reach An Loc ^top^
Part of a relief column composed
mainly of South Vietnamese 21st Division troops finally arrives
in the outskirts of An Loc. The division had been trying to
reach the besieged city since April 9, when it had been moved
from its normal station in the Mekong Delta and ordered to attack
up Highway 13 from Lai Khe to open the route to An Loc. The
South Vietnamese forces had been locked in a desperate battle
with a North Vietnamese division that had been blocking the
highway since the very beginning of the siege. As the 21st Division
tried to open the road, the defenders inside An Loc fought off
repeated attacks by two North Vietnamese divisions that had
surrounded the city early in April. This was the southernmost
thrust of the North Vietnamese invasion that had begun on March
30; the other main objectives were Quang Tri in the north and
Kontum in the Central Highlands.
Although the lead elements of
the 21st Division reached the outskirts of the city on this
day, they did not represent significant reinforcements for An
Loc, having suffered tremendous casualties in their fight up
the highway and the two-month siege was not lifted. It would
not be lifted until large numbers of fresh reinforcements were
flown in to a position south of the city from which they then
successfully attacked the North Vietnamese forces that surrounded
the city. By the end of the month, most of the Communist troops
within the city had been eliminated, but the North Vietnamese
forces still blocked Route 13 and continued to shell An Loc.

1970 Harry A Blackmun becomes a Supreme Court Justice 1969 The US Senate confirms Warren Burger as chief justice
of the United States, succeeding Earl Warren.

1967 Fifth
day of the Six-Day War^top^
On 05 June 1967, responding to
the Egyptian reoccupation of Gaza and the closure of the Gulf
of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, Israel launched simultaneous military
offensives against Egypt and Syria. Jordan subsequently entered
the fray, but the Arab coalition was no match for Israel’s well-supplied
and famously proficient armed forces.
In six days, Israel occupied
the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, the Golan Heights
of Syria, and the West Bank and Arab sector of East Jerusalem,
both previously under Jordanian rule.
The so-called Six-Day War gave
Israel control of territory three times its original size, and
Jerusalem was unified under Jewish rule, despite a U.N. resolution
calling for the preservation of the holy city’s Arab sector.
Arab leaders, forced to accept
a UN cease-fire, met at Khartoum in the Sudan in August to
discuss the future of Israel in the Middle East. They decided
upon a policy of no peace, no negotiations, and no recognition
of Israel, and also made plans to zealously defend the rights
of Palestinian Arabs in the territories occupied by Israel.

1965
Michel Fazy runs the mile in 3 minute 53.6 seconds

1964 CIA
report challenges Domino Theory^top^
In reply to a formal question
submitted by President Lyndon B. Johnson  "Would the rest of
Southeast Asia necessarily fall if Laos and South Vietnam came
under North Vietnamese control?"  the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) submits a memo that effectively challenges the "domino
theory" backbone of the Johnson administration policies. This
theory contended that if South Vietnam fell to the communists,
the rest of Southeast Asia would also fall "like dominoes,"
and the theory had been used to justify much of the Vietnam
War effort. The CIA concluded that Cambodia was probably the
only nation in the area that would immediately fall. "Furthermore,"
the report said, "a continuation of the spread of communism
in the area would not be inexorable, and any spread which did
occur would take time  time in which the total situation might
change in any number of ways unfavorable to the communist cause."
The CIA report concluded that if South Vietnam and Laos also
fell, it "would be profoundly damaging to the US position in
the Far East," but Pacific bases and allies such as the Philippines
and Japan would still wield enough power to deter China and
North Vietnam from any further aggression or expansion. President
Johnson appears to have ignored the CIA analysis  he eventually
committed over 500'000 US soldiers to the war in an effort to
block the spread of communism to South Vietnam.

1957 Anthony Eden resigns as British PM

1954
"Have you no sense of decency, sir?"^top^
In a dramatic confrontation,
Joseph Welch, special counsel for the US Army, lashes out at
Senator Joseph McCarthy during hearings on whether communism
has infiltrated the US armed forces. Welch's verbal assault
marked the end of McCarthy's power during the anticommunist
hysteria of the Red Scare in America. Senator McCarthy (R-Wisconsin)
experienced a meteoric rise to fame and power in the US Senate
when he charged in February 1950 that "hundreds" of "known communists"
were in the Department of State. In the years that followed,
McCarthy became the acknowledged leader of the so-called Red
Scare, a time when millions of Americans became convinced that
communists had infiltrated every aspect of American life. Behind
closed-door hearings, McCarthy bullied, lied, and smeared his
way to power, destroying many careers and lives in the process.
Prior to 1953, the Republican Party tolerated his antics because
his attacks were directed against the Democratic administration
of Harry S. Truman.
When Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower
entered the White House in 1953, however, McCarthy's recklessness
and increasingly erratic behavior became unacceptable and the
senator saw his clout slowly ebbing away. In a last-ditch effort
to revitalize his anticommunist crusade, McCarthy made a crucial
mistake. He charged in early 1954 that the US Army was "soft"
on communism. As Chairman of the Senate Government Operations
Committee, McCarthy opened hearings into the Army. Joseph N.
Welch, a soft-spoken lawyer with an incisive wit and intelligence,
represented the Army. During the course of weeks of hearings,
Welch blunted every one of McCarthy's charges. The senator,
in turn, became increasingly enraged, bellowing "point of order,
point of order," screaming at witnesses, and declaring that
one highly decorated general was a "disgrace" to his uniform.
On 09 June 1954, McCarthy again
became agitated at Welch's steady destruction of each of his
arguments and witnesses. In response, McCarthy charged that
Frederick G. Fisher, a young associate in Welch's law firm,
had been a long-time member of an organization that was a "legal
arm of the Communist Party." Welch was stunned. As he struggled
to maintain his composure, he looked at McCarthy and declared,
"Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your
cruelty or your recklessness." It was then McCarthy's turn to
be stunned into silence, as Welch asked, "Have you no sense
of decency, sir, at long last?" The audience of citizens and
newspaper and television reporters burst into wild applause.
Just a week later, the hearings into the Army came to a close.
McCarthy, exposed as a reckless bully, was officially condemned
by the US Senate for contempt against his colleagues in December
1954. During the next two-and-a-half years McCarthy spiraled
into alcoholism. Still in office, he died in 1957.

1944 The
Red Army invades Karelian Isthmus in Finland (again!)^top^
The USSR's troops penetrate into
East Karelia, in Finland, as it fights to gain back control
of territory that had already been ceded to it. According to
the terms of the Treaty of Moscow of 1940, Finland was forced
to surrender parts of its southeastern territory, including
the Karelian Isthmus, to the Soviet Union, which was eager to
create a buffer zone for Leningrad. To protect itself against
further Russian encroachment, Finland allowed Germany to traverse
its country in its push eastward into Russia, despite the fact
that it did not have a formal alliance with the Axis power.
Emboldened by the damage Germany
was inflicting on Russia, Finland pursued the "War of Continuation"
and won back large parts of the territory it had ceded to Moscow
in the 1940 treaty. But as Germany suffered setback after setback,
and the Allies continued bombing runs in the Balkans, using
Russia as part of its "shuttle" strategy, Finland began to panic
and made overtures to Stalin about signing an armistice.
By 09 June, the Red Army was once
again in the East Karelia, and Stalin was in no mood to negotiate,
demanding at least a symbolic "surrender" of Finland entirely.
Finland turned back to its "friend," Germany, which promised
continued support. A change in Finnish government resulted in
a change in perspective, and Finland finally signed an armistice
that gave Stalin what he wanted: all the old territory from
the 1940 treaty and a guarantee that German troops would evacuate
Finnish soil. Finland agreed but the German army refused to
leave. Terrible battles were waged between the two behemoths;
finally, with the defeat of the Axis, Russia got what it wanted,
not only in Finnish territory, but also in war reparations to
the tune of $300 million. Finland would become known for its
passivity in the face of the Soviet threat in the postwar era.

1943 Tax withholding^top^
World War II prompted sweeping
fiscal changes in the United States, as President Franklin Roosevelt
and his fellow legislators geared the nation for the rigors
of wartime production. Along with reallocating vast chunks of
America's work force to the task of manufacturing military items,
Roosevelt helped establish tight controls on wages, prices,
and consumption. While most of these initiatives were brought
to a halt shortly after the declaration of peace in 1945, at
least one wartime fiscal policy  the Current Tax Payment Act
 has had some enduring impact. Indeed, the tax legislation,
which hit the law books on this day in 1943, paved the path
for withholding on income taxes. In particular, the bill, popularly
known as the "Pay As You Go Tax," allows to withhold federal
income taxes from American taxpayers before they get paid their
wages or salaries.

1934 Donald Duck's movie debut.^top^Donald
Duck makes his first film appearance, in The Wise Little
Hen, a short by Walt Disney. Donald, along with Mickey
Mouse (who debuted in 1928), would become one of Disney's
most beloved characters. Donald's popularity also led to other
characters in the Duck family, including Daisy
Duck, Uncle $crooge,
and nephews Huey,
Dewey, and Louey. Al
Taliaferro would draw the comic strip.
Donald's creator, Walt Disney,
was born on a Missouri farm and showed an early interest in
art. He sold his first sketches to neighbors when he was just
seven, and he attended the Kansas City Art Institute at night
during high school. At age 16, during World War I, Disney went
overseas with the Red Cross and drove an ambulance decorated
with cartoon characters.
Back in Kansas City, Disney worked
as an advertising cartoonist. He founded a company, Laugh-O-Gram,
with his older brother, Roy, but the company went bankrupt,
and the brothers left Kansas City for Hollywood with $40 and
some art supplies in the early 1920s. Once in California, the
brothers built a camera stand in their uncle's garage and started
their company in the back of a Hollywood real estate office.
Disney began making a series
of animated short films called Alice in Cartoonland and
developed a stable of animated characters. In 1928, Disney introduced
Mickey Mouse in two silent films, followed by Steamboat Willie
(1928), the first fully synchronized sound cartoon ever made.
Walt Disney provided Mickey's squeaky voice himself. The company
then launched the "Silly Symphony" series of sound cartoons.
One installment in the series, The
Three Little Pigs (1934), became the most popular cartoon
up to that time. Meanwhile, the company developed increasingly
sophisticated animation technology.
The company released the first feature-length animated film, Snow
White and the Seven Dwarfs, in 1937. The film grossed $8 million,
an incredible success during the Depression. During World War II, Disney
devoted most of his company's resources to the production of training
and propaganda films for the military. In 1965, he designed the Experimental
Prototype Community of Tomorrow (EPCOT), which later inspired Disney's
EPCOT Center in Orlando, Florida. He also helped establish the California
Institute of the Arts in 1961.
During Disney's four-decade career,
he won more than 1000 honors and citations from around the world,
including 48 Academy Awards and seven Emmys. Harvard, Yale,
the University of Southern California, and UCLA all awarded
him honorary degrees. He also won the Presidential Medal of
Freedom, France's Legion of Honor and Officer d'Academie decorations,
Thailand's Order of the Crown, Brazil's Order of the Southern
Cross, Mexico's Order of the Aztec Eagle, and the Showman of
the World Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners.
In addition to his films, his legend lives on through Disneyland,
Walt Disney World, and EPCOT Center. Walt Disney died in 1966.

1931 Goddard patents rocket-propelled aircraft design. 1902 first Automat restaurant opens (818 Chestnut St, Phila)
1902 Woodrow
Wilson is unanimously elected president of Princeton University.
In this position, Wilson would already exhibit both the idealistic integrity
and the occasional lack of political acumen that would later mark his
tenure as 28th president of the United States.

1898
Britain granted 99-year lease on Hong Kong^top^
With the signing of the Second
Convention of Peking by British and Chinese authorities, Britain
was granted an additional ninety-nine years of rule over the
island of Hong Kong. In 1839, at the outbreak of the First Opium
War, Britain invaded and occupied Hong Kong, a sparsely inhabited
island off the coast of southeast China. Two years later, China,
defeated in its efforts to resist European interference in its
economic and political affairs, formally ceded Hong Kong to
the British with the signing of the Chuenpi Convention. Britain’s
new colony flourished as an East-West trading center and as
the commercial gateway and distribution center for southern
China. In 1898, Britain was granted an additional ninety-nine
years of rule over the prosperous colony.
In September of 1984, after years
of negotiations, the British and Chinese Communists signed a
formal agreement that approved the 1997 turnover of the island
in exchange for a Chinese pledge to preserve Hong Kong’s capitalist
system. On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong reverted back to Chinese
rule during ceremonies attended by Chinese and British officials,
including Prince Charles of Wales, heir to the British throne.
The chief executive under the new Hong Kong government, Tung
Chee Hwa, formulated a policy based upon the concept of "one
country, two systems," thus preserving Hong Kong’s role as a
principal capitalist center in Asia.

1863
Battle of Brandy Station (Fleetwood Heights)^top^
The largest cavalry battle of
the war is fought at Brandy Station, Virginia. After the Confederate
victory at Chancellorville in early May, Lee began to prepare
for another invasion of the North by placing General J.E.B.
Stuart's cavalry at Brandy Station, just east of Culpeper, to
screen the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia as it started
toward the Blue Ridge mountains. Stuart used this time at Brandy
Station to stage a grand parade in order to boost morale and
show off his dashing troopers to local residents.
Unbeknownst to Stuart, his pompous
display was observed by uninvited Union cavalry and infantry
under the command of General Alfred Pleasonton, who lurked across
the Rappahannock. On 09 June, Pleasonton struck the surprised
Rebels in a two-pronged assault. After initially falling back,
the Confederates eventually rallied, and the battle raged all
day around St. James Church.
The battle's key moment came
when Union troops headed to seize Fleetwood Hill, an elevation
from which the Yankees could shell the entire battlefield. Confederate
Lieutenant John Carter struggled to mount a cannon on the hill
and fired a single shot that stopped the Union troopers in their
tracks. The Yankee officer leading the charge suspected the
Confederates had a line of guns sitting just over the top of
the hill, when in fact it was a single gun with barely enough
powder for a single shot. Carter's heroic act saved the day
for Stuart. The move bought time for the Confederates, and they
held the hill.
The battle continued until late
afternoon, with many spectacular cavalry charges and saber fights
in addition to hand-to-hand combat by dismounted cavalry. In
the end, Stuart's forces held the field. Although it was technically
a Rebel victory, the battle demonstrated how far the Union cavalry
had come since the beginning of the war. Stuart's cavalry had
been the master of their Union counterparts, but its invincibility
was shattered on that muggy Virginia day.

1856 Mormon
handcart pioneers depart for Salt Lake City^top^
In an extraordinary demonstration
of resolve and fortitude, nearly 500 Mormons leave Iowa City
and head west for Salt Lake City carrying all their goods and
supplies in two-wheeled handcarts. Of all the thousands of pioneer
journeys to the West in the 19th century, few were more arduous
than those undertaken by the so-called Handcart Companies from
1856 to 1860. The secular and religious leader of the Mormons,
Brigham Young, had established Salt Lake City as the center
of a new Utah sanctuary for the Latter-day Saints in 1847. In
subsequent years, Young worked diligently to encourage and aid
Mormons who made the difficult overland trek to the Great Salt
Lake. In 1856, however, a series of poor harvests left the church
with only a meager fund to help immigrants buy wagons and oxen.
Young suggested a cheaper mode of travel: "Let them come on
foot with handcarts or wheelbarrows; let them gird up their
loins and walk through and nothing shall hinder or stay them."
Amazingly, many Mormons followed his advice. On this day in
1856, a band of 497 Mormons left Iowa City, Iowa, and began
the more than 1,000-mile trek to Salt Lake City. They carried
all their goods in about 100 two-wheeled handcarts, most of
which were heaped with the maximum load of 400 to 500 pounds.
Each family usually had one cart, and the father and mother
took turns pulling while any children old enough helped by pushing.
The handcart immigrants soon
ran into serious problems. The Mormon craftsmen who had constructed
the handcarts back in Iowa City had chosen to use wooden axles
instead of iron in order to save time and money. Sand and dirt
quickly wore down the wood, and water and heat made the axles
splinter and crack. As the level terrain of the prairies gave
way to the more rugged country of the Plains, the sheer physical
challenge of hauling a 220-kg cart began to take its toll. One
British immigrant who was a skilled carpenter wrote of having
to make three coffins in as many days. Some of the pilgrims
gave up. Two girls in one handcart group left to marry a pair
of miners they met along the way. The majority, however, struggled
on and eventually reached the Salt Lake Valley. Over the course
of the next four years, some 3000 Mormon converts made the overland
journey by pushing and pulling heavy-laden handcarts. Better
planning and the use of iron axles made the subsequent immigrations
slightly easier than the first, and some actually made the journey
more quickly than if they had used ox-drawn wagons. Still, once
the church finances had recovered, Young's followers returned
to using conventional wagons. The handcart treks remained nothing
less than heroic. One Mormon girl later estimated that she and
her family had each taken over a million steps to reach their
goal, pushing and pulling a creaking wooden handcart the entire
way.

1822 Charles Graham receives first patent for false teeth 1790 First book copyrighted under the constitution, Philadelphia
Spelling Book.
1784 In the first step toward formal organization of the Roman Catholic
Church in the US, Father John Carroll is appointed superior of the
American missions by Pius VI.

1772
British vessel burned off of Rhode Island^top^
In an incident that some regard
as the first naval engagement of the American Revolution, colonists
boarded the Gaspee, a British vessel that ran aground off the
coast of Rhode Island, and set it aflame. The Gaspee had been
pursuing the Hanna, an American smuggling ship, when it ran
aground off of Namquit Point in Providence’s Narragansett Bay
on 09 June. That evening, John Brown, an American merchant angered
by high British taxes on his goods, rowed out to the Gaspee
with a number of other colonists and seized control of the ship.
After evacuating its crew, the Americans set the Gaspee on fire.
When British officials attempted
to prosecute the colonists involved in the so-called Gaspee
Affair, they found no Americans willing to testify against their
countrymen. This renewed the tension in British-American relations,
and inspired the Boston Patriots to found the "Committee of
Correspondence," a propaganda group that rallied Americans to
their cause by publicizing all anti-British activity that occurred
throughout the thirteen colonies.

1732 Georgia
Charter granted to Oglethorpe^top^
James Edward Oglethorpe, a British
philanthropist and member of the House of Commons, was granted
a royal charter by King George II to found a debtor colony south
of South Carolina. First elected to the British Parliament in
1722, Oglethorpe became concerned with the plight of the debtor
classes as chairman of a parliamentary committee investigating
the deplorable penal conditions in Britain at the time. In 1732,
he proposed the establishment of an asylum for debtors in the
region south of the American colony of South Carolina. The British
recognized the advantages of a buffer colony between South Carolina
and Spanish Florida and Oglethorpe was made a twenty-year trustee
of the colony of Georgia, named after King George. He carefully
selected about one hundred debtors, and on January 11, 1733,
the expedition sailed into Charleston harbor in the American
colonies. After purchasing supplies, Oglethorpe led the settlers
down the coast to Georgia, where they traveled inland along
the Savannah River, establishing Georgia's first permanent European
settlement  Savannah  on February 12.
After forging friendly relations
with the Yamacraw, a branch of the Creek confederacy who agreed
to cede land to the colonists for settlement, he set about establishing
a defense against the Spanish by building forts and instituting
a system of military training. England declared war on Spain
in 1739; in the next year, Oglethorpe led English and Native
American forces in an invasion of Spanish Florida. He failed
to capture St. Augustine, however, and in May of 1742, a large
Spanish and Cuban force arrived to Florida. Oglethorpe retreated
to Fort Frederica on St. Simons Island south of Savannah, and
on July 7, the Spanish attacked.
During the five-day Battle of
Bloody Marsh, Oglethorpe’s outnumbered force successfully withstood
the Spanish assault, and the Georgia governor carried out two
brilliant wilderness ambushes that forced the Spanish to give
up the siege on July 12. His victory effectively ended Spanish
claims to the territory of Georgia, and thus proved essential
in strengthening the southern border of the thirteen colonies.
Georgia, rich in export potential, later grew into one of the
most prosperous British colonies in America.

1549 In England, Parliament established a uniformity of religious
services and the first Book of Common Prayer, as Anglicanism became the
newly established national faith.

1534 Cartier
discovers the St. Lawrence River^top^
French navigator Jacques Cartier
became the first European explorer to discover the St. Lawrence
River in present-day Quebec, Canada. Cartier had been commissioned
by King Francis I of France to explore the northern American
lands in search of riches and the Northwest Passage to Asia.
In 1534, he entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the Strait of
Belle Isle, explored its barren north coast for a distance and
then traveled down the west shore of Newfoundland to Cape Anguille.
From there, he discovered Magdalen
and Prince Edwards islands, explored Chaleur Bay, and claimed
Quebec’s Gaspe Peninsula for France. He next discovered the
inlet of the St. Lawrence River, sailed north to Anticosti Island,
and then returned to Europe. Previously thought to be a barren
and inhospitable region, Cartier’s discoveries of the warm and
fertile lands around the Gulf of St. Lawrence inspired Francis
I to dispatch him on a second expedition. On this voyage, he
ascended the St. Lawrence to the site of present-day Quebec
City and, leaving some of his men to prepare winter quarters,
continued to the native village of Hochelaga, the site of the
modern-day city of Montreal. On his return to France he explored
Cabot Strait along the southern coast of Newfoundland. Cartier
led a final expedition to the region in 1541, as part of an
unsuccessful colonization effort. In the seventeenth century,
his extensive geographical discoveries formed the basis of France’s
claims to the rich St. Lawrence Valley.

1660
(29 May Julian) The English Restoration^top^
Under invitation by leaders of
the English Commonwealth, Charles
II, the exiled king of England, enters London in triumph
on his 30th birthday, to assume the throne and end eleven years
of military rule. Four days earlier he had landed at Dover.
Prince of Wales at the time of
the English
Civil War, Charles fled to France after Oliver
Cromwell’s Parliamentarians defeated King
Charles I’s Royalists in 1646. In 1649, Charles vainly attempted
to save his father’s life by presenting Parliament a signed
blank sheet of paper, thereby granting whatever terms were required.
However, Oliver Cromwell was determined to execute Charles I,
and on 10 February (30 January Julian) 1649, the king was beheaded
in London.
After his father's death, Charles
was proclaimed king of Scotland and parts of Ireland and England,
and traveled to Scotland to raise an army. In 1651, he invaded
England but was defeated by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester.
Charles escaped to France, and later lived in exile in Germany
and then in the Spanish Netherlands.
After Cromwell’s death in 1658,
the English republican experiment faltered. Cromwell’s son Richard
proved an ineffectual leader and the public resented the strict
Puritanism of England’s military rulers.
In 1660, in what became known
as the English Restoration, General George
Monck met with Charles and arranged to restore him in exchange
for a promise of amnesty and religious toleration for his former
enemies. Charles issued on 15 April (04 April Julian) 1660 his
Declaration of Breda, expressing his personal desire for
a general amnesty, liberty of conscience, an equitable settlement
of land disputes, and full payment of arrears to the army. The
actual terms were to be left to a free parliament, and on this
provisional basis Charles was proclaimed king in May 1660. Landing
at Dover on 05 June (25 May Julian), he reached a rejoicing
London on his 30th birthday.
In the first year of the Restoration,
Oliver Cromwell was posthumously convicted of treason and his
body disinterred from its tomb in Westminster Abbey and hanged
from the gallows at Tyburn.Carlos
II de Inglaterra es proclamado rey, tras la muerte de Cromwell.

Deaths which
occurred on a June 09:2001 Nessra Malaha, 65, Salimia Malaha, 65, and her niece Hikmet Malaha,
25, by shrapnel from Israeli tank shells. The three women were Bedouin
living in a camp near the Jewish enclave settlement Netzarim.

2000 Sabaratnam
Vijitha, 2, Madduvil South
^top^ Sivapirakasam Sasthiri of Nunavil South Somasunderam kurukal Gobalakumar,20,
of Madduvil North Sangarapillai Salini, 15, of Madduvil
North Thambu Sabaratnam, 45, of Madduvil South
Thambu Manonmani, 50, of Madduvil South T.Sivasothi, 46, Principal, Santhira
Mouliga School,
Varithamby Sivapakiyam, 70, of Kalvayal
civilians killed in shelling by the Sri Lanka Army in the Thenmaradchi
area. The same day 25 Sri Lanka Army soldiers, including a senior
officer, are killed at Sarasalai in the Jaffna
peninsula in an attack on positions of the LTTE (Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam). http://www.tamilnet.com/reports/2000/06/1002.html

2000 Jacob Lawrence, 82, in Seattle, painter.1994 Tinbergen,
mathematician 1972 John Paul Vann, senior US advisor in Vietnam's Central Highlands,
in a helicopter crash, probably shot down by North Vietnamese. Vann had
successfully directed the battle against the North Vietnamese invaders
at Kontum.1969 Harold
Davenport, mathematician

1967 Gary
Ray Blanchard, 20. ^top^
Crew member of US spy ship attacked
by Israelis the previous day. Grievously
wounded, he dies on the operating table at 03:15
32 others died earlier.
On 670608, the fourth day of the
Six-Day War, the Israeli high command had received reports that
Israeli troops in El Arish were being fired upon from the sea,
presumably by an Egyptian vessel as they had a day before. The
United States had announced that it had no Naval forces within
hundreds of miles of the battle front on the floor of the United
Nations a few days earlier; however, the USS
Liberty, an American intelligence ship assigned to monitor
the fighting, arrived in the area, 22 km off the Sinai coast,
as result of a series of United States communication failures,
whereby messages directing the ship not to approach within 160
km were not received by the Liberty. The
Israelis mistakenly thought this was the ship doing the
shelling and war planes and torpedo boats attacked, killing
33 members of the Liberty's crew and wounding 172. This according
to the official version.
However the survivors and books
such as Assault
on the Liberty and "The
USS Liberty: Dissenting History vs. Official History"
tell a different story, according to which it was a deliberate
attack. Admiral
Thomas H. Moorer wrote on June 8, 1997:

I am confident that Israel knew the Liberty could
intercept radio messages from all parties and potential parties
to the ongoing war, then in its fourth day, and that Israel
was preparing to seize the Golan Heights from Syria despite
President Johnson's known opposition to such a move.....
And I believe Moshe Dayan concluded that he could prevent
Washington from becoming aware of what Israel was up to by
destroying the primary source of acquiring that information
- the USS Liberty.

According to eyewitness accounts by Israeli officers
and journalists, the Israeli Army ... executed as many as
1000 Arab prisoners during the 1967 war. Historian Gabby
Bron wrote in the Yediot Ahronot in Israel that he witnessed
Israeli troops executing Egyptian prisoners on the morning
of June 8, 1967, in the Sinai town of El Arish.

1911 Carry
Nation
Born Carry Amelia Moore on 25
November 1846, she was social reformer, hatchet lady scourge
of barkeepers and drinkers. Nation is from her 1877
marriage (her 2nd) to her second husband, David Nation, who
divorced her in 1901 on grounds of desertion. In 1867 she married
and abandoned after a few months because of his alcoholism Dr.
Charles Gloyd.

1870
Charles Dickens ^top^
Dickens was born in 1812 and
attended school in Portsmouth. His father, a clerk in the navy
pay office, was thrown in debtors' prison in 1824, and 12-year-old
Charles was sent to work in a factory. The miserable treatment
of children and the institution of the debtors' jail became
topics of several Dickens novels. In his late teens, Dickens
became a reporter and started publishing humorous short stories
when he was 21.
In 1836, Dickens married Catherine
Hogarth, with whom he would have nine children.
On 31 March 1836, the first monthly
installment of what would become The
Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, the first novel
of 24-year-old Charles Dickens, is published under the pseudonym
Boz as Sketches
by Boz. The short sketches were originally commissioned
as captions for humorous drawings by caricaturist Robert Seymour,
but Dickens' whimsical stories about the kindly Samuel Pickwick
and his fellow club members soon became popular in their own
right. Only 400 copies were printed of the first installment,
but by the 15th episode, 40'000 copies were printed. When the
stories were published in book form in 1837, Dickens quickly
became the most popular author of the day.
In 1838, Dickens published Oliver
Twist, followed by Nicholas
Nickleby (1839). In 1841, Dickens published two more
novels, then spent five months in the US, where he was hailed
as a literary hero.
Dickens churned out major novels
every year or two, usually serialized in his own circular. Among
his most important works are David
Copperfield (1850), Great
Expectations (1861), and A
Tale of Two Cities (1859). Beginning in 1850, he published
his own weekly circular of fiction, poetry, and essays called
Household Words. In 1858, Dickens separated from his
wife and began a long affair with a young actress named Ellen
Ternan. In the late 1850s, he began a series of public readings,
which became immensely popular. He dies, in Godshill, England,.with
his last novel, The
Mystery of Edwin Drood, still unfinished.Charles
Dickens, novelista inglés.
DICKENS ONLINE:

Births which occurred on
a June 09: 1959 George Washington, first ballistic missile sub, is
launched in Groton, Connecticut.1958 Donald Michael Santini Mass, murderer (FBI Most Wanted List)

1956 Patricia
Cornwall, bestselling crime novelist
^top^
Patricia Cornwall, creator of
crime-solving medical examiner Kay Scarpetta, in Miami, Florida.
Cornwall's family moved to North
Carolina when she was seven, shortly after her parents divorced.
Her mother had a nervous breakdown when Cornwall was nine and
tried to give the children away to evangelist Billy Graham and
his wife, Ruth. The Grahams placed the children in foster care
and kept an eye on them for years. Cornwall, who attended Davidson
College in North Carolina and became a newspaper reporter in
Charlotte, later wrote a profile of Ruth Graham, which she turned
into her first book, a biography of Graham.
Cornwall married an English professor
some 17 years her senior, who later became a minister. The couple
moved to Richmond, Virginia, where Cornwall's character Scarpetta
would be based. The couple later divorced. Hoping to become
a crime novelist, Cornwall spent six years studying forensic
science and working at the morgue. She wrote three novels between
1984 and 1988, all featuring a dashing, adventurous, and poetic
detective hero, with a minor medical-examiner character named
Kay Scarpetta.
An editor advised Cornwall to
focus on Scarpetta and to write grittier fiction based on everyday
crime situations faced by the morgue. Cornwall wrote Postmortem,
which was finally accepted by Scribner's after seven other publishers
rejected it. The novel won five major mystery awards that year
and sold hundreds of thousands of copies in paperback. Cornwall's
subsequent Scarpetta novels, including Cruel and Unusual
(1993) and Cause of Death (1996), sold in the millions
and have been translated into 22 languages, earning her multimillion-dollar
advances.

1916
Robert Strange McNamara, in San Francisco
^top^
McNamara grew up to receive a
degree in Economics from the University of California at Berkeley
and an M.B.A from Harvard Business School. At the age of twenty-four,
following a brief stint at the accounting firm of Price Waterhouse
(now Price Waterhouse Cooper), McNamara returned to Harvard
Business School as an accounting instructor. Rejected from the
army due to poor eyesight at the outbreak of World War II, McNamara
volunteered as an instructor for a Harvard program teaching
Army Air Corps officers the principles of systematic management,
especially the allocation of personnel, materials, and money.
McNamara’s excellence in this field eventually earned him a
commission as a Captain in the Army Air Corps, where he was
one of the first members of a special unit, the Office of Statistical
Control (OSC). Led by Col. Charles Thornton, the OSC was charged
with assembling and analyzing data to provide logistical support
for American bombers.
After the war, Thornton marketed
his team’s management skills to private companies. Enter Ford
Motor Corporation. Reigning atop a messy, outdated family company
registering heavy losses, Henry Ford II was smart enough to
recognize that the system he had inherited form his grandfather
was in need of an overhaul. He hired Thornton’s group, en masse,
to begin work in February 1946. The members of the group, labeled
the "Whiz Kids," ranged in age from 26 to 34, signaling a major
change in Ford’s stodgy hierarchy.
The Whiz Kids instituted a modern
economic approach to Ford’s business administration, implementing
organizational changes to make planning and production processes
more systematic. Six of them eventually became vice-presidents,
and two, McNamara and fellow Whiz Kid Arjay Miller, rose to
the position of company president. At Col. Thornton’s departure
from Ford, McNamara became the de facto leader of the Whiz Kids.
He instituted the systematic sampling of public opinion, known
now as "market research"; he hired Ford president Lee Iacocca;
and he conceived the Ford Falcon, Ford’s most successful car
until the release of the Mustang in 1964.
A registered Republican, McNamara
was offered a cabinet position by John F. Kennedy after the
1960 presidential election, and given the choice of becoming
Secretary of Defense or Secretary of the Treasury, he chose
the Defense Department. McNamara remained Secretary of Defense
until 1968, when his changing attitude toward the war in Vietnam
led him to resign. Later he was president of World Bank.

1791
John Howard Payne, US author/actor/diplomat.
^top^
American-born playwright and actor, who followed the techniques
and themes of the European Romantic blank-verse dramatists.
A precocious actor and writer, Payne wrote his first play, Julia,
or, The Wanderer, when he was 15. Its success caused him to
be sent to Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., but family finances
forced him to leave two years later. At 18 he made his first
stage appearance in John Home's Douglas, but he encountered
much opposition from established actors, and in 1813, at the
height of the War of 1812, he sailed for England. At first interned
as an enemy national, he was later released and triumphed at
Drury Lane in Douglas, repeating his success in other European
capitals. In Paris Payne met the actor Talma, who introduced
him to French drama, from which many of his more than 60 plays
were adapted, and to Washington Irving, with whom he was to
collaborate on two of his best plays. The finest play Payne
authored, Brutus: or, The Fall of Tarquin, was produced at Drury
Lane on Dec. 3, 1818. Brutus persisted for 70 years, serving
as a vehicle for three of the greatest tragedians of the 19th
century: Edwin Booth, Edwin Forrest, and Edmund Kean. Other
important plays were Clari: or, The Maid of Milan, which included
Payne's famous song "Home, Sweet Home"; Charles the Second (1824),
written with Irving; and Thérèse (1821), a French adaptation.
Because of weak copyright laws, Payne received little return
from his successful plays, and in 1842 he accepted a consular
post in Tunis. He died on 9 April 1852 in Tunis.
PAYNE ONLINE: The
Lament of the Cherokee 

HOME, SWEET HOME

'MID PLEASURES and palaces though we may roam,
Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home;
A charm from the sky seems to hallow us there,
Which, seek through the world, is ne'er met with elsewhere.
Home, home, sweet, sweet home!
There's no place like home, oh, there's no place like home!

An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain;
Oh, give me my lowly thatched cottage again!
The birds singing gayly, that came at my call-
Give me them-and the peace of mind, dearer than all!
Home, home, sweet, sweet home!
There's no place like home, oh, there's no place like home!

I gaze on the moon as I tread the drear wild,
And feel that my mother now thinks of her child,
As she looks on that moon from our own cottage door
the woodbine, whose fragrance shall cheer me no more.
Home, home, sweet, sweet home!
There's no place like home, oh, there's no place like home!

How sweet 'tis to sit 'neath a fond father's smile,
And the caress of a mother to soothe and beguile!
Let others delight 'mid new pleasure to roam,
But give me, oh, give me, the pleasures of home,
Home, home, sweet, sweet home!
There's no place like home, oh, there's no place like home!
To thee I'll return, overburdened with care;
The heart's dearest solace will smile on me there;
No more from that cottage again will I roam;
Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home.
Home, home, sweet, sweet home
There's no place like home, oh, there's no place like home!