EDWIN PERCY WHIPPLE AND OTHER CRITICS

OUR most analytic, if
not altogether our best critic, (Mr. Whipple, perhaps, excepted), is Mr. William A. Jones, author of the “Analyst.” How he
would write elaborate criticisms I cannot say; but his summary judgements of authors are, in general, discriminative and profound. In
fact, his papers on Emerson and on Macaulay, published in “Arcturus,” are better than merely “profound,” if we
take the word in its now desecrated sense; for they are at once pointed, lucid, and just: — as summaries, leaving nothing to be
desired.

Mr. Whipple has less analysis, and far less candor, as his deprecation of “Jane Eyre” will show; but he
excels Mr. Jones in sensibility to Beauty, and is thus the better critic of Poetry. I have read nothing finer in its way than his eulogy
on Tennyson. I say “eulogy” — for the essay in question is unhappily little more: — and Mr. Whipple’s
paper on Miss Barrett, was nothing more. He has less discrimination than Mr. Jones, and a more obtuse sense of the critical
office. In fact, he has been infected with that unmeaning and transparent heresy — the cant of critical Boswellism, by dint of
which we are to shut our eyes tightly to all autorial blemishes, and open them, like owls, to all autorial merits. Papers thus composed
may be good in their way, just as an impertinent [page 129:]cicerone is good in his way; and the way, in either case, may still be a small one.

Boccalini, his “Advertisements from Parnassus,” tells us that Zoilus once presented Apollo with a very
caustic review of a very admirable poem. The god asked to be shown the beauties of the work; but the critic replied that he troubled
himself only about the errors. Hereupon Apollo gave him a sack of unwinnowed wheat — bidding him pick out all the chaff for his
pains.

Now this fable does very well as a hit at the critics; but I am by no means sure that the Deity was in the right. The
fact is, that the limits of the strict critical duty are grossly misapprehended. We may go so far as to say that, while the critic is
permitted to play, at times, the part of the mere commentator — while he is allowed, by way of merely interesting his readers, to
put in the fairest light the merits of his author — his legitimate task is still, in pointing out and analyzing defects and
showing how the work might have been improved, to aid the general cause of Letters, without undue heed of the individual literary men.
Beauty, to be brief, should be considered in the light of an axiom, which, to become at once evident, needs only to be distinctly put.
It is not Beauty, if it require to be demonstrated as such: — and thus to point out too particularly the merits of a work, is to
admit that they are not merits altogether.

When I say that both Mr. Jones and Mr. Whipple are, in some degree, imitators of Macaulay, I have no design that my
words should be understood as disparagement. The style and general conduct of Macaulay’s critical papers could scarcely be
improved. To call his manner “conventional,” is to do it gross [page 130:] injustice. The manner of Carlyle is conventional — with himself. The style of Emerson is
conventional — with himself and Carlyle. The style of Miss Fuller is conventional — with herself and Emerson and
Carlyle: — that is to say, it is a triple-distilled conventionality: — and by the word “conventionality,” as
here used, I mean very nearly what, as regards personal conduct, we style “affectation” — that is, an assumption of
airs or tricks which have no basis in reason or common sense. The quips, quirks, and curt oracularities of the Emersons, Alcots
and Fullers, are simply Lily’s Euphuisms revived. Very different, indeed, are the peculiarities of Macaulay. He has his
mannerisms; but we see that, by dint of them, he is enabled to accomplish the extremes of unquestionable excellences — the extreme
of clearness, of vigor (dependent upon clearness) of grace, and very especially of thoroughness. For his short sentences, for his
antitheses, for his modulations, for his climaxes — for everything that he does — a very slight analysis suffices to show a
distinct reason. His manner, thus, is simply the perfection of that justifiable rhetoric which has its basis in common sense; and to say
that such rhetoric is never called in to the aid of genius, is simply to disparage genius, and by no means to discredit the
rhetoric. It is nonsense to assert that the highest genius would not be benefited by attention to its modes of manifestation — by
availing itself of that Natural Art which it too frequently despises. Is it not evident that the more intrinsically valuable the rough
diamond, the more gain accrues to it from polish?

Now, since it would be nearly impossible to vary the rhetoric of Macaulay, in any material degree, [page 131:] without deterioration in the essential particulars of clearness, vigor, etc.,
those who write after Macaulay have to choose between the two horns of a dilemma: — they must be weak and original, or
imitative and strong: — and since imitation in a case of this kind, is merely adherence to Truth and Reason as
pointed out by one who feels their value, the author who should forego the advantages of the “imitation” for the mere sake
of being erroneously original, “n’est pas si sage qu’il croit.”

The true course to be pursued by our critics — justly sensible of Macaulay’s excellences — is
not, however, to be content with tamely following in his footsteps — but to outstrip him in his own path — a path
not so much his as Nature’s. We must not fall into the error of fancying that he is perfect merely because he excels (in
point of style) all his British cotemporaries. Some such idea as this seems to have taken possession of Mr. Jones, when he says: —

“Macaulay’s style is admirable — full of color, perfectly clear, free from all obstructions,
exactly English, and as pointedly antithetical as possible. We have marked two passages on Southey and Byron, so happy as to defy
improvement. The one is a sharp epigrammatic paragraph on Southey’s political bias: —

“ ‘Government is to Mr. Southey one of the fine arts. He judges of a theory or a public measure,
of a religion, a political party, a peace or a war, as men judge of a picture or a statue, by the effect produced on his imagination.
A chain of association is to him what a chain of reasoning is to other men; and what he calls his opinions are, in fact, merely his
tastes.’

The other a balanced character of Lord Byron: —

“In the rank of Lord Byron, in his understanding, in [page 132:] his character, in his very person, there was a strange union of opposite extremes. He was born to all
that men covet and admire. But in every one of those eminent advantages which he possessed over others, there was mingled something of
misery and debasement. He was sprung from a house, ancient, indeed, and noble, but degraded and impoverished by a series of crimes and
follies, which had attained a scandalous publicity. The kinsman whom he succeeded had died poor, and but for merciful judges, would
have died upon the gallows. The young peer had great intellectual powers; yet there was an unsound part in his mind. He had naturally
a generous and tended heart; but his temper was wayward and irritable. He had a head which statuaries loved to copy, and a foot the
deformity of which the beggars in the street mimicked.’ ”

Let us now look at the first of these paragraphs. The opening sentence is inaccurate at all points. The word
“government” does not give the author’s idea with sufficient definitiveness; for the term is more frequently
applied to the system by which the affairs of a nation are regulated than to the act of regulating. the “government,”
we say, for example, “does so and so” — meaning those who govern. But Macaulay intends simply the act or acts called
“governing,” and this word should have been used, as a matter of course. The “Mr.” prefixed to
“Southey,” is superfluous; for no sneer is designed; and, in mistering a well-known author, we hint that he is not
entitled to that exemption which we accord to Homer, Dante, or Shakspeare. “To Mr. Southey” would have been right,
had the succeeding words been “government seems one of the fine arts:” — but, as the sentence stands,
“With Mr. Southey” is demanded. [page 133:]
“Southey,” too, being the principal subject of the paragraph, should precede “government,” which is mentioned
only in its relation to Southey. “One of the fine arts” is pleonastic, since the phrase conveys nothing more than “a
fine art” would convey.

The second sentence is quite faulty. Here Southey loses his precedence as the subject; and thus the “He”
should follow “a theory,” “a public measure,” etc. By “religion” is meant a “creed:
“ — this latter word should therefore be used. The conclusion of the sentence is very awkward. Southey is said to judge of a
peace or war, etc., as men judge of a picture or a statue, and the words which succeed are intended to explain how men judge of a
picture or a statue: — these words should, therefore, run thus: — “by effect produced on their
imaginations.” “Produced,” moreover, is neither so exact nor so “English” as “wrought.” In
saying that Southey judges of a political party, etc., as men judge of a picture, etc., Southey is quite excluded from the
category of “men.” “Other men,” was no doubt originally written, but “other” erased, on
account of the “other men” occurring in the sentence below.

Coming to this last, we find that “a chain of associations” is not properly paralleled by “ a chain
of reasoning.” We must say either “a chain of association,” to meet the “reasoning “ or
“a chain of reasons,” to meet the associations.” The repetition of “what” is awkward and
unpleasant. The entire paragraph should be thus remodelled: —

With Southey, governing is a fine art. Of a theory or a public measure — of a creed, a political party, a peace
or a war — he judges by the imaginative effect; as only such things as pictures or statues are judged of by other men. [page 134:] What to them a chain of reasoning is, to him is a chain of association;
and, as to his opinions, they are nothing but his tastes.

The blemishes in the paragraph about Byron are more negative than those in the paragraph about Southey. The first
sentence need vivacity. The adjective “opposite” is superfluous: — so is the particle “there.” The second
and third sentences are, properly, one. “Some” would fully supply the place of “something of.” The whole phrase
“which he possessed over others,” is supererogatory. “Was sprung,” in place of “sprang,” is
altogether unjustifiable. The triple repetition of “and,” in the fourth sentence, is awkward. “Notorious crimes and
follies,” would express all that is implied in “crimes and follies which had attained a scandalous publicity.” The
fifth sentence might be well curtailed; and as it stands, has an unintentional and unpleasant sneer. “Intellect” would do as
well as “intellectual powers;” and this (the sixth) sentence might otherwise be shortened advantageously. The whole
paragraph, in my opinion, would be better thus expressed:

In Lord Byron’s rank, understanding, character — even in his person — we find a strange union of
extremes. Whatever men covet and admire, became his by right of birth; yet debasement and misery were mingled with each of his eminent
advantages. He sprang from a house, ancient it is true, and noble, but degraded and impoverished by a series of notorious crimes. But
for merciful judges, the pauper kinsman whom he succeeded would have been hanged. The young peer had an intellect great, perhaps, yet
partially unsound. His heart was generous, but his temper wayward; and while statuaries copied his head, beggars mimicked the
deformity of his foot. [page 135:]

In these remarks, my object is not so much to point out inaccuracies in the most accurate stylist of his age, as to
hint that our critics might surpass him on his own ground, and yet leave themselves something to learn in the moralities of manner.