I would double check that one the sensor could have failed. LED lamps may have more issues than CFL as LED's have a much lower current draw and depending on the type of sensor they may be on all the time.
– Ed BealJan 1 '17 at 1:12

The fixtures are likely 12yr old / I'm not sure if I'll be able to determine the make/model, but will look tomorrow. I figured out it was due to the bulb versus the sensor after I swapped two bulbs and the broken one swapped too.
– philfreoJan 1 '17 at 2:05

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Put the incandescent bulbs back in and see if they work correctly again. If the do it's likely a 2 wire photocell and those don't work well with ballasted lamps such as CFL, some LED bulbs may work, but they may also have the same issue. Photocells typical need a neutral and are 3 wire, how ever there are two wire photocells that work because they leak a trickle of power thru the bulb, that works great with incandescent but not so well with CFL etc.
– TysonJan 1 '17 at 4:58

1 Answer
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2-wire photocontrols vs 3-wire

A perfect photo-control has 3 functioning wires: Always-hot (black), neutral (white), and "switched-hot" (red). The photo-control powers itself 24x7 via the black and white wires. It switches power to the lamp via the red wire.

Incandescent bulbs have an interesting property: when they're not burning, they have very low resistance, and will flow current freely (this is called "inrush current"), That means if you're designing a photo-control, it's possible to skip the neutral wire, and have the photo-control power itself by leaking power through the bulb when it's off. This won't have any effect on an incandescent bulb. This is a 2-wire photo-control.

A raw fluorescent bulb is infinite resistance until the lamp strikes its arc. LEDs are high resistance until they light. (this is also true of any arc discharge light, including LPS, HPS, mercury, MH, or neon). All need a special control circuit to keep current from being excessive. These control circuits may, or may not play well with 2-wire photo-controls, and may be designed specifically to do so.

The same issue exists with dimmers, so "dimmable" can help.

Another option is to rewire your fixture to use a 3-wire type.

The types of photo control

This "puck type" is a replaceable photo control which sits typically on top of the light. It's commonly found on street lights, HPS, mercury or MH barn lights, and their LED replacements. They are universally 3-wire. The socket rotates, and the detector window should be aimed to the north.

If you look at most of the consumer grade photo-lights, you'll see a component that looks like this. This is a "stalk type" photo-control, and they are commodity items. It is replaceable, in the sense that it can be unscrewed from the fixture and replaced. They thread into a 1/2" trade size hole widely used in electrical boxes. These are available in 2-wire or 3-wire.

So if your fixtures have this type of 2-wire photo-detector, you can pull down the unit, unscrew the old sensor, and screw in a 3-wire type. Wire black to supply, red to the lamp's hot, and white with the lamp neutrals.

You can put the sensor anywhere

Nothing says you need the photo-sensor to be at the lamp. Since the stalk-type can screw into any 1/2" knockout, such as that on the side of a junction box... you can install it where convenient - as long as it has a good view of an area whose lighting changes dramatically day to night. For instance, you could install it in an electrical box inside near a window.

Let the sensor "train"

Modern photo sensors have a memory, and "Learn" the day-vs-night brightness in their location, over several days and nights. I've installed a sensor on a north-side porch, so sheltered I needed a flashlight to work. I wasn't surprised when the sensor turned the lights on in broad daylight. However, by the second day, it had "gotten the rhythm" of what "light" and "dark" is in that location, and it worked properly. What does this mean?

If you are adding a photo-control near a switch -- if possible put the switch downstream of the photo-control (i.e. switch the red wire). That way the photo-control continues to get power 24x7, and it keeps its "memory".

Interchangeable for motion sensors

They also make motion sensors in the "stalk" format. So you could potentially alter the lamp to be a motion sensor instead of dusk-to-dawn.