The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London, and designed and executed by the sculptor Sir Thomas Brock. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen’s Gardens to a design by Sir Aston Webb, and the refacing of Buckingham Palace (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect.

Like the earlier Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, commemorating Victoria's consort, the Victoria Memorial has an elaborate scheme of iconographic sculpture. The central pylon of the memorial is of Pentelic marble, and individual statues are in Carrara marble and gilt bronze.[5] The memorial weighs 2,300 tonnes[1] and is 104 ft wide.[6] In 1970 it was listed at Grade I.[4]

On 26 March the decision was announced to locate the Memorial outside Buckingham Palace and slightly shorten The Mall. It was estimated that the work would cost £250,000 and decided that there would be no grant given by the Government to the construction.[13] Once the site was selected, a competition was conducted for the actual design.[14] Five architects were chosen to develop designs.[15] This phase lasted until the beginning of July 1901, when the committee selected its primary choice for the construction and took it to the King for approval.[14] It was announced on 21 October 1902 that Thomas Brock had been chosen as the designer. The expectation was that the memorial would cost £200,000.[16][17]

Funding for the memorial was gathered from around the British Empire as well as the public. The Australian House of Representatives granted a £25,000 contribution for the construction on 17 October 1905.[18] The New Zealand government submitted a cheque for £15,000 towards the fund.[19] By October 1901 some £154,000 had been gathered for the construction of the Memorial.[20] During 1902 a number of tribes from the west coast of Africa sent goods to be sold, with the proceeds going towards the fund. Alfred Lewis Jones had arranged for these items to be brought from Africa to Liverpool free of charge on his ships.[21]

Following the public and national donations towards the funds, there was more money collected than was necessary for the construction of the Victoria Memorial. Funds were therefore diverted towards the construction of Admiralty Arch at the other end of The Mall, and a redevelopment to clear a path directly from that road into Trafalgar Square. Sir Aston Webb was put in charge of this project; he built the Arch so economically that enough money was left over to re-front the entirety of Buckingham Palace, a job that was completed in 13 weeks due to the pre-fabrication of the new stonework.[22]

The initial stage of construction was to re-route the road and modify The Mall. Brock hoped that work on the actual Memorial itself could be started at some point in 1905.[17] The lower half of the Memorial was revealed to the public on 24 May 1909. Thousands of people visited it on the first day.[23]

The dedication ceremony was practised on 11 March 1911, in the presence of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.[24] The actual dedication ceremony was overseen on 16 May by King George V. His first cousin, Wilhelm II of Germany, was also present at the unveiling. They were the two senior grandsons of Victoria,[25] and arrived together with their families in Royal precession. Also in attendance were a large number of Members of Parliament in their ceremonial robes, as well as representatives of a number of armed forces.[26]

In his role as Home Secretary, Winston Churchill carried the text of the speeches.[26] Lord Esher addressed the King and the gathered crowd, explaining the history of the Memorial. The King replied to this, referring to his involvement in the development of the monument to his grandmother. He talked of the impact of Queen Victoria and of her popularity with the public. In total, the ceremony went on for thirty minutes. Following this, it was revealed to the press that the King had decided that the sculptor of the Memorial, Thomas Brock, was to be knighted.[25]

As part of the celebrations of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, the Victoria Memorial (along with areas in Green Park and Buckingham Palace) was used as a platform for a fireworks display which lasted fourteen minutes with a total of two and three-quarter tonnes of fireworks used. In addition, water jets were added to the fountains in the Victoria Memorial, which fired water 40 feet (12 m) up into the air.[27] This display followed a concert held in the Palace forecourt.[28]

It was announced in February 2012 that the Victoria Memorial would form the centrepiece of the stage for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Concert on 4 June that year.[29] Platforms designed by Mark Fisher were built around the memorial at a cost of £200,000, and were constructed in two weeks.[30] A number of performers appeared from across the sixty years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign, including Gary Barlow, Tom Jones, Elton John, Jessie J, Madness, Dame Shirley Bassey and Paul McCartney. Tickets were free and allocated by public ballot; and in addition to being seen live by the 10,000 fans in attendance, the event was broadcast by the BBC and highlights were shown in the United States on ABC.[31]

Later in 2012, the Memorial marked the end of "Our Greatest Team Parade" on 10 September 2012. This parade celebrated the successes of the British teams at the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. There were 21 floats holding a total of around 800 athletes, and it was estimated that around a million members of the public cheered them on.[32] The area from Admiralty Arch to the Victoria Memorial down the Mall was reserved for ticket holders.[33] After the arrival at the Victoria Memorial, there was a flypast by helicopters of the Royal Air Force, as well as a British Airways jet and a flight of the Red Arrows.[32] During the games, the Mall and the Victoria Memorial had been used as the finishing point for the Marathon,[34] as well as being on the triathlon route.[35]

The Memorial was damaged by anti-austerity protesters during the "Million Mask March" on 5 November 2013, which took place in central London focused on Trafalgar Square and outside Buckingham Palace.[36][37] During the following year's protests, the Memorial was guarded by police officers.[38]

At the top of the central pylon stands a gilded bronze Winged Victory, standing on a globe and with a victor's palm in one hand. Beneath her are personifications of Constancy, holding a compass with its needle pointing true north, and Courage, holding a club. Beneath these, on the eastern and western sides, are two eagles with wings outspread, representing Empire. Below these, statues of an enthroned Queen Victoria (facing The Mall) and of Motherhood (facing Buckingham Palace), with Justice (facing north-west towards Green Park) and Truth (facing south-east).[39] These were created from solid blocks of marble, with Truth being sculpted from a block weighing 40 tonnes.[25]

Brock described the symbolism of the Memorial, saying that it was devoted to the "qualities which made our Queen so great and so much beloved."[40] He added that the statue of the Queen was placed to face towards the city, while flanked by Truth and Justice as he felt that "she was just and that she sought the truth always and in circumstances",[40] while the Motherhood was to represent her "great love for her people".[40]

At the four corners of the monument are massive bronze figures with lions, representing Peace (a female figure holding an olive branch), Progress (a nude youth holding a flaming torch), Agriculture (a woman in peasant dress with a sickle and a sheaf of corn) and Manufacture (a blacksmith in modern costume with a hammer and a scroll).[41] The self-bases of the last two groups are inscribed THE GIFT OF NEW ZEALAND.[5]