Individual epidermal ridges and furrows have different characteristics for different fingerprints.

This forms the foundation of fingerprint recognition

The configuration types are individually variable but they vary within limits that allow for a systematic classification.

Herein lies the basis for fingerprint classification.

The configuration and minute details of furrows are permanent and unchanging.

2Fingerprint Formation

Fingerprints are fully formed at about seven months of fetus development and finger ridge configurations do not change throughout the life of an individual except due to accidents such as bruises and cuts on the fingertips (Babler, 1991).

Unrelated persons of the same race have very little generic similarity in their fingerprints.

Parent and child have some generic similarity as they share half the genes.

Siblings have more similarity.

The maximum generic similarity is observed in monozygotic (identical) twins.

3Fingerprint Sensors 4Fingerprint Sensors

Optical

Silicon Based Capacitive Sensors

Ultrasound

Thermal

5Optical Sensors

Oldest and most widely used technology.

Majority of companies use optical technology.

The finger is placed on a coated hard plastic plate.

In most devices, a charged coupled device (CCD) converts the image of the fingerprint, with dark ridges and light valleys, into a digital signal.

The brightness is either adjusted automatically or manually, leading to a usable image.

6Optical Sensors-contd..

Advantages

They are the most proven over time.

They can withstand, to some degree, temperature fluctuations.

They are fairly inexpensive.

They can provide resolutions up to 500 dpi.

Disadvantages

Size, the sensing plate must be of sufficient size to achieve a quality image

Residual prints from previous users can cause image degradation, as severe latent prints can cause two sets of prints to be superimposed.

The coating and CCD arrays can wear with age, reducing accuracy.

A large number of vendors of fingerprint sensing equipment are gradually shifting towards silicon-based technology.

7Silicon Based Sensors

Silicon technology has gained considerable acceptance since its introduction in the late 90's.

Most silicon, or chip, technology is based on DC Capacitance, but some also use AC Capacitance.

The silicon sensor acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the finger is the other.

The capacitance between the sensing plate and the finger is converted into an 8-bit grayscale digital image.

8Silicon Based Sensors-contd..

Fingerprint cards contain numerous capacitive plates which measure the capacitance between the plates and the fingertip.

When the finger is placed on the sensor extremely weak electrical charges are created, building a pattern between the finger's ridges or valleys and the sensor's plates.

Using these charges the sensor measures the capacitance pattern across the surface.

The measured values are digitized by the sensor then sent to the neighboring microprocessor.

This can be done directly by applying an electrical charge to the plate or by using electronic pulses passed to the fingertip.

Also, the reduced size of the chip means lower costs especially with the dropping costs in Silicon chip manufacturing.

Miniaturization of Silicon chips also makes it possible for the chips to be integrated into numerous devices.

Disadvantages

In spite of claims by manufacturers that Silicon is much more durable than optical, Silicon's durability, especially in sub-optimal conditions, has yet to be proven.

Also, with the reduction in sensor size, it is even more important to ensure that enrolment and verification are done carefully.

11Ultrasound Sensors

Ultrasound technology is perhaps the most accurate of the fingerprint technologies.

It uses transmitted ultrasound waves and measures the distance based on the impedance of the finger, the plate, and air.

Preliminary usage of products indicates that this is a technology with significant promise.

12Ultrasound Sensors-contd..

Advantages

Ultrasound is capable of penetrating dirt and residue on the sensing plate and the finger.

This overcomes the drawbacks of optical devices which can't make that distinction.

It combines a strength of optical technology-large platen size and ease of use, with a strength of silicon technology-the ability to overcome sub-optimal reading conditions.

It is also virtually impossible to deceive an ultrasound system.

Disadvantages

The quality of the image depends to a great extent on the contact between the finger and the sensor plate which could also be quite hot.

13Thermal Sensors

Uses Pyro Electric material.

Pyro-electric material is able to convert a difference in temperature into a specific voltage.

This effect is quite large, and is used in infrared cameras.

A thermal fingerprint sensor based on this material measures the temperature differential between the sensor pixels that are in contact with the ridges and those under the valleys, that are not in contact.

14Thermal Sensors-contd..

Advantages

A strong immunity to electrostatic discharge

Thermal imaging functions as well in extreme temperature conditions as at room temperature.

It is almost impossible to deceive with artificial fingertips.

Disadvantages

A disadvantage of the thermal technique is that the image disappears quickly.

When a finger is placed on the sensor, initially there is a big difference in temperature, and therefore a signal, but after a short period (less than a tenth of a second), the image vanishes because the finger and the pixel array have reached thermal equilibrium.

However, this can be avoided by using a scanning method where the finger is scanned across the sensor which is the same width as the image to be obtained , but only a few pixels high.

15Fingerprint ClassificationWhorlRight LoopLeft LoopTented ArchArch

Classification of Fingerprints

Large volumes of fingerprints are being collected in everyday applications-for e.g.. The FBI database has 70 million of them.

To reduce the search time and computational complexity classification is necessary.

This allows matching of fingerprints to only a subset of those in the database.

An input fingerprint is first matched at a coarse level to one of the pre-specified types and then, at a finer level, it is compared to the subset of the database containing that type of fingerprints only.

Numerous algorithms have been developed in this direction.

16Line Types ClassificationBifurcation It is the intersection of two or more line-types which converge or diverge.Arch They are found in most patterns, fingerprints made up primarily of them are called Arch Prints.Loop A recursive line-type that enters and leaves from the same side of the fingerprint.Island A line-type that stands alone.( i.e. does not touch another line-type)Ellipse A circular or oval shaped line-type which is generally found in the center of the fingerprint, it is generally found in the Whorl print pattern. Tented Arch It quickly rises and falls at a steep angle. They are associated with Tented Arch Prints.Spiral They spiral out from the center and are generally associated with Whorl Prints.Rod It generally forms a straight line. It has little or no recurve feature. They are gennerally found in the center.Sweat Gland The moisture and oils they produce actually allow the fingerprint to be electronically imaged. 17Automatic Verification System 18Feature Extraction

The human fingerprint is comprised of various types of ridge patterns.

Traditionally classified according to the decades-old Henry system left loop, right loop, arch, whorl, and tented arch.

Loops make up nearly 2/3 of all fingerprints, whorls are nearly 1/3, and perhaps 5-10 are arches.

These classifications are relevant in many large-scale forensic applications, but are rarely used in biometric authentication.

19Feature EnhancementEnhancedOriginal

The first step is to obtain a clear image of the fingerprint.

Enhancement is carried out so as to improve the clarity of ridge and furrow structures of input fingerprint images based on the estimated local ridge orientation and frequency.

For grayscale images, areas lighter than a particular threshold are discarded, and those darker are made black.

The ridges are then thinned from 5-8 pixels in width down to one pixel, for precise location of endings and bifurcations.

20Feature Extraction-contd..

Minutiae localization is the next step.

Even a very precise image has distortions and false minutiae that need to be filtered out. (e.g. search and eliminate one of two adjacent minutiae)

Anomalies caused by scars, sweat, or dirt appear as false minutiae, and algorithms locate any points or patterns that don't make sense, such as a spur on an island (probably false) or a ridge crossing perpendicular to 2-3 others (probably a scar or dirt).

A large percentage of would-be minutiae are discarded in this process.

The point at which a ridge ends, and the point where a bifurcation begins, are the most rudimentary minutiae. Once the point has been situated, its location is commonly indicated by the distance from the core, with the core serving as the 0,0 on an X,Y-axis. In addition to the placement of the minutia, the angle of the minutia is normally used. When a ridge ends, its direction at the point of termination establishes the angle. This angle is taken from a horizontal line extending rightward from the core, and can be up to 359.

In addition to using the location and angle of minutiae, some classify minutia by type and quality. The advantage of this is that searches can be quicker, as a particularly notable minutia may be distinctive enough to lead to a match. 6

21Template Selection

The matching accuracy of a biometrics-based authentication system relies on the stability (permanence) of the biometric data associated with an individual over time.

Thus, it is possible for the stored template data to be significantly different from those obtained during authentication, resulting in an inferior performance (higher false rejects) of the biometric system. 9

Multiple templates, that best represent the variability associated with a user's biometric data, should be stored in the database. (E.g. One could store multiple impressions pertaining to different portions of a user's fingerprint in order to deal with the problem of partially overlapping fingerprints.)

There is a tradeoff between the number of templates, and the storage and computational overheads introduced by multiple templates.

For an efficient functioning of a biometric system, this selection of templates should be done automatically.

There are two methods that are discussed in the literature. Please refer to references 9 for further details.

23Matching Algorithm

Automatic Minutiae Detection Minutiae are essentially terminations and bifurcations of the ridge lines that constitute a fingerprint pattern.

Automatic minutiae detection is an extremely critical process, especially in low-quality fingerprints where noise and contrast deficiency can originate pixel configurations similar to minutiae or hide real minutiae.

Algorithm

The basic idea here is to compare the minutiae on the two images.

The figure alongside is the input given to the system, as can be seen from the figure the various details of this image can be easily detected. Hence, we are in a position to apply the AMD algorithm.

24Matching Algorithm-contd..

Algorithm (contd.)

The next step in the algorithm is to mark all the minutiae points on the duplicate image of the input fingerprint with the lines much clear after feature extraction.

Then this image is superimposed onto the input image with marked minutiae points as shown in the figure.

Finally a comparison is made with the images in the database and a probabilistic result is given.

25Problems With AMD

It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality.

This method does not take into account the global pattern of ridges and furrows.

Fingerprint matching based on minutiae has problems in matching different sized (unregistered) minutiae patterns.

26FX3 Algorithm 2

FX3 sdk is a collection of innovative algorithms for the processing, feature extraction and matching of fingerprints which provides great security and efficiency.

FAR - False Accept Probability that an impostor is wrongly accepted by the system.

FRR - False Reject Rate Probability that an authorized user is wrongly rejected by the system.

EER - Defined as the threshold value where the FAR and FRR are equal.

Lower EER means better performance.

Existing System

0.01 FAR 1 FRR (depends on evaluation scheme)

28Research Issues

Some of the research issues are related to security of the fingerprint recognition system, while some are related to improving the general system so that we get a better FAR FRR.

The research topics that we have covered in our presentation are

1) Multibiometrics System.

2) Security against Fake fingerprints.

3) Third Level Detail.

29Multibiometrics Systems

Multibiometric systems as the name implies use multiple biometric traits.

Multibiometric systems, are expected to be more reliable.

Multibiometric systems address the problem of non-universality, since multiple traits can ensure sufficient population coverage.

Multibiometric systems provide anti-spoofing measures by making it difficult for an intruder to simultaneously spoof the multiple biometric traits of a legitimate user.

By asking the user to present a random subset of biometric traits, the system ensures that a live user is indeed present at the point of data acquisition. Thus, a challenge-response type of authentication can be facilitated using multibiometric systems.12

30 AttacksArtificially created BiometricsAttack at the DatabaseAttacking Via Input Port 31Attacks-contd..Spoofing- The process of defeating a biometric system through the introduction of fake biometric samples. Examples of spoof attacks on a fingerprint recognition system are lifted latent fingerprints and artificial fingers.

Examples of spoofed fingers.

Put subjects finger in impression material and create a mold.

Molds can also be created from latent fingerprints by photographic etching techniques like those used in making of PCB (gummy fingers).

Use play-doh, gelatin, or other suitable material to cast a fake finger.

Live fingers as opposed to spoofed or cadaverous fingers show some kind of moisture pattern due to perspiration.

The main idea behind this method is to take two prints after a time frame of say 5 seconds and the algorithm makes a final decision based on the vitality of the fingerprint. 7

33Third Level Detail

This is the newest approach under research towards fingerprint recognition.

Here the expert is not specifically analyzing the fingerprint characteristics, rather they are studying the pores and the outlines of the fingerprint ridges.

The above fingerprint has been developed on clear plastic with cyanoacrylate fuming.

The level of third level detail that can be recovered is very dependant on the chemical treatments used and the subsequent quality of the mark.

If for example the fingerprint has been stained with Basic Yellow the dye often obscures the pore detail.

34Third Level Detail-contd..

To maximize the quality of the fingerprint the image was lit from behind the baseboard as seen in the diagram alongside-

Once the fingerprint had been acquired it is placed into the digital darkroom (Image Pro Plus) for processing. Then the following steps are carried out-

1. Application of a sobel filter.

2. The image is inverted.

3. Thresholding is applied to the image to remove some of the grey scale values.

The fingerprint is now ready for analysis and can be printed at any size the user requires.11

35Applications

Banking Security - ATM security,card transaction

Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)

Information System Security

National ID Systems

Passport control (INSPASS)

Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate control

Voting

Identification of Criminals

Identification of missing children

Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)

36Biometric Comparison 37Latest Technologies

Fingerprint Registry Service-Lockheed Martin 10

The Fingerprint Registry Service is a low-investment approach to state-of-the-art fingerprint technology.

Technology needed for civil, commercial and volunteer organizations to screen individuals using modern fingerprint technology is expensive.

The Lockheed Martin Fingerprint Registry Service Center was opened in August 98 in Orlando, FL.

The center provides affordable, centralized fingerprint processing and database management services to volunteer organizations, financial institutions, schools and service agencies at the national, state, and local levels.

Provides fingerprint technology that will be very effective at screening applicants for sensitive jobs and for identifying individuals with undesirable histories, regardless of alias.

38Latest Technologies-contd..

Compaq Fingerprint Identification Technology

The first affordable biometric security technology offering.

Compatible with Compaq DeskPro, Armada PCs, and Professional Workstations.

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