TEST PREVIEW

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to saliva?

A. Saliva consists mainly of water (99%) and a variety of electrolytes and proteins (1%), e.g., ions, enzymes, protein complexes, and other organic molecules and bio-chemical agents.
B. Gland-specific saliva is secreted by the parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands.
C. Whole saliva is a mixture of secretions from the salivary glands and constituents of non-salivary origin.
D. All of the above.

Which of the following statements related to saliva or salivary biomarkers is correct?

A. Changes in the concentration of enzymes or other components of saliva can be used as biomarkers or diagnostic indicators.
B. Gland-specific saliva can be used to diagnose pathoses specific to one of the major salivary glands.
C. Biomarkers in whole saliva may be used to diagnose or to identify patients at risk of several oral and systemic conditions.
D. All of the above.

All of the following statements related to dental caries are correct EXCEPT which one?

A. Dental caries affects about two billion people worldwide and it is most prevalent in China.
B. It is multifactorial, involving a combination of environmental and biological factors.
C. Oral bacteria found in dental plaque release different enzymes (e.g., aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidases, elastase etc.), which results in demineralization of susceptible dental hard tissues.
D. Point-of-care salivary diagnostics can be used for caries-risk assessment.

Which of the following are point-of-care salivary diagnostics based on microbial biomarkers available for the detection of increased caries risk or caries activity?

Which of the following statements related to periodontal diseases is correct?

A. Periodontal diseases affect about 11% of the general global population.
B. Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions affecting both soft and hard structures supporting the teeth and are characterized by bleeding, swelling, increased pocket depth, and bone loss.
C. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are considered the main pathogens involved in periodontitis.
D. All of the above.

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to currently available point-of-care salivary diagnostics?

A. MyPerioID® uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to help identify persons with genetic susceptibility to periodontal diseases.
B. MyPerioPath® helps to identify the type and concentration of specific bacteria that are known to cause periodontal diseases.
C. Electronic Taste Chips, a programmable Bio-Nano-Chip (p-BNC) technology, may be used to identify salivary biomarkers specific for periodontal disease.
D. All of the above.

All of the following statements related to premalignant and malignant lesions are correct EXCEPT which one?

A. Currently available diagnostic technologies such as ViziLite®, OralCDx® Brush Biopsy, and VELscope® have their limitations.
B. Biopsy, the gold standard for diagnosing premalignant and malignant lesions, is predicated on visual detection and is invasive.
C. The initial stages of pre-cancerous and cancerous lesion are almost always symptomatic and, therefore, they are easily undetected.
D. Precancerous lesions and conditions include erythroplakia, leukoplakia, candidiasis, lichen planus, actinic cheilosis, and submucous fibrosis.

Which of the following statements related to salivary biomarkers for diagnosing premalignant and malignant oral lesions is correct?

A. Potential saliva-based biomarkers for pre-malignant and malignant lesions include proteins, nucleic acids, ions, genomic and proteomic targets such as enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, metalloproteinases, endothelin, cytokeratin, mRNA, DNA aberrations, and telomerase.
B. The only currently available point-of-care technology to identify patients at risk of oral cancer is OralRisk® HPV (OralDNA® Labs, Eden Prairie, MN), which identifies the DNA for oral human papilloma viruses, several strains of which are known to be associated with oral cancer.
C. MMPs have been studied as possible cancer biomarkers and have been found to be linked to tumor invasion and metastasis.
D. All of the above.

All of the following statements related to temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMD) are correct EXCEPT which one?

A. TMD affects about 10 million people in the United States.
B. Salivary cortisol levels are significantly altered.
C. Several point-of-care saliva-based tests are available to diagnose TMD.
D. Salivary melatonin levels are significantly altered.

Which of the following statements related to saliva-based drug detection is correct?

A. Salivary levels of cannabinoids, opioids, cocaine, nicotine, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, lysergic acid, diethylamide, phencyclidine, and amphetamines can be measured or monitored.
B. Available point-of-care diagnostics include MultiDrug Screen test kit®, QuickScreen®, and iScreen® (BioCheck), and QuickScreen®.
C. Point-of-care diagnostics to detect cotinine in smoking subjects, and methamphetamine and cocaine are not available.
D. All of the above.

Which of the following statements related to saliva-based detection of infectious diseases is correct?

A. There are more than 1000 nonpathogenic and pathogenic organisms in the oral cavity.
B. For several oral pathogenic organisms such as H. pylori, M. tuberculosis, B. burgdoferi, Shigella, T. solium, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) salivary biomarkers have been identified.
C. Only OraQuick Advance® Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test (Orasure Diagnostics. Bethlehem, PA), which tests for HIV-specific antibodies, is available for point-of-care use.
D. All of the above.

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