International disputes: Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010.

Geography

Norway is situated in the western part of the
Scandinavian peninsula. It extends about 1,100 mi (1,770 km) from the
North Sea along the Norwegian Sea to more than 300 mi (483 km) above the
Arctic Circle, the farthest north of any European country. It is slightly
larger than New Mexico. Nearly 70% of Norway is uninhabitable and covered
by mountains, glaciers, moors, and rivers. The hundreds of deep fjords
that cut into the coastline give Norway an overall oceanfront of more than
12,000 mi (19,312 km). Galdhø Peak, at 8,100 ft (2,469 m), is
Norway's highest point and the Glåma (Glomma) is the principal
river, at 372 mi (598 km) long.

Government

Constitutional monarchy.

History

Norwegians, like the Danes and Swedes, are of
Teutonic origin. The Norsemen, also known as Vikings, ravaged the coasts
of northwest Europe from the 8th to the 11th century and were ruled by
local chieftains. Olaf II Haraldsson became the first effective king of
all Norway in 1015 and began converting the Norwegians to Christianity.
After 1442, Norway was ruled by Danish kings until 1814, when it was
united with Sweden—although retaining a degree of independence and
receiving a new constitution—in an uneasy partnership. In 1905, the
Norwegian parliament arranged a peaceful separation and invited a Danish
prince to the Norwegian throne—King Haakon VII. A treaty with Sweden
provided that all disputes be settled by arbitration and that no
fortifications be erected on the common frontier.

The World Wars and 20th Century Norwegian Politics

When World War I broke out, Norway joined
Sweden and Denmark in a decision to remain neutral and to cooperate in the
joint interest of the three countries. In World War II, Norway was invaded
by the Germans on April 9, 1940. It resisted for two months before the
Nazis took complete control. King Haakon and his government fled to
London, where they established a government-in-exile. Maj. Vidkun
Quisling, who served as Norway's prime minister during the war, was the
most notorious of the Nazi collaborators. The word for traitor,
quisling, bears his name. He was executed by the Norwegians on Oct.
24, 1945. Despite severe losses in the war, Norway recovered quickly as
its economy expanded. It joined NATO in 1949.

In the late 20th century, the Labor Party and
the Conservative Party seesawed for control, each sometimes having to lead
minority governments. An important debate was over Norway's membership in
the European Union. In an advisory referendum held in Nov. 1994, voters
rejected seeking membership for their nation in the EU. The country became
the second-largest oil exporter after Saudi Arabia in 1995. Norway
continued to experience rapid economic growth into the new millennium.

Politics In the 21st Century

In March 2000, Prime Minister Kjell Magne
Bondevik resigned after Parliament voted to build the country's first
gas-fired power stations. Bondevik had objected to the project, asserting
that the plants would emit too much carbon dioxide. Labor Party leader
Jens Stoltenberg succeeded Bondevik. Stoltenberg and the Labor Party were
defeated in Sept. 2001 elections, and no party emerged with a clear
majority. After a month of talks, the Conservatives, the Christian
People's Party, and the Liberals formed a coalition with Bondevik as prime
minister. The governing coalition was backed by the far-right Progress
Party. But in Sept. 2005 elections, the center-left Red-Green coalition
gained a majority of seats, and Jens Stoltenberg of the Labor Party once
again became prime minister.

In April 2008, government officials agreed to
amend the 1814 Constitution to loosen the ties between church and state.
The monarch must still be Lutheran, but citizens are no longer required to
raise their children as Lutherans. In the future, the church will appoint
bishops instead of the monarch, and equal financial backing for other
faiths and atheist communities must be provided by the state.

In June 2008, Parliament voted 84–41 to pass a
new marriage act, granting homosexual couples the same marriage and
adoption rights as heterosexual couples.

2011 Terrorist Attacks

On Friday, July 22, 2011, Norway was hit with two related terrorist attacks. First, a bomb exploded in Regjeringskvartalet, the government quarter of Oslo. The explosion happened right outside the prime minister's office as well as other government buildings, killing eight people and wounding several others. Two hours later, a gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire on campers at a camp for young political activists on the island of Utoya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp was organized by the youth organization of the Norwegian Labour Party. The gunman killed at least 68 campers, including personal friends of Prime Minister Stoltenberg. Police arrested Anders Behring Breivik who has been charged with both attacks. Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian and a right-wing fundamentalist Christian, has been linked to an anti-Islamic group and may be connected to other terrorist groups.

On July 24, Breivik admitted to "the facts" of the attacks. However, he did not admit criminal guilt and claimed that he was acting alone, which contrasted some of the statements given by witnesses. According to his lawyer, Breivik called the killings "atrocious", but "necessary". Authorities said Breivik was obsessed with the threat of Muslim immigration and multiculturalism to the cultural values of his country. Out of respect for the victims, stores in Norway removed certain war toys and computer games from shelves. Breivik was a talk forum regular for players of the online game, World of Warcraft. In the days following the attacks, Norway police were under scrutiny. It took SWAT units more than an hour to reach the camp. A police helicopter was unable to get off the ground. News crews arrived first, but could only watch Breivik's massacre. Police officers drove to the shore and used boats to get to the island.

2013 Parliamentary Elections Brings Shift in Leadership

On September 9, 2013, Norway held a parliamentary election. The right-of-center coalition won 96 seats, while the Red-Green incumbent government coalition kept 72 seats. The Green Party took one seat.

This was the fourth election for incumbent Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg. He was defeated in the 2001 parliamentary election, but won in 2005 and 2009. If Stoltenberg would've won in 2013, he would have been the first prime minister in Norway's history to be elected for three consecutive terms. However, he lost and Erna Solberg, the leader of the Conservative Party, was named prime minister. Solberg took office on October 16, 2013. Solberg became Norway's second female prime minister. Gro Harlem Brundtland was the first.