↑Eccles, D.H., 1992. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (project URT/87/016). FAO, Roma. 145 p.

↑Walczak, P.S., 1982. Feeding habits and daily food consumption rates of the major pelagic fish species of Lake Malawi. A report prepared for the Fishery Expansion Project. FI:DP/MLW/75/019. Field Doc. 25.