Prologue
1. Genesis 1:26, 27.
2. In I Kings 11:5, 33. the word for Elohim is used in referring to the
goddess, Ashtoreth. And The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
notes the following: "Ashtoreth. A goddess of Canaan and Phoenicia [was]
androgynous in origin. Under semitic influence, however, she became solely
female."
3. Genesis 2:7.
4. Genesis 1:26.
5. Genesis 2:8, 15.
6. Genesis 2:18.
7. Genesis 2:20.
8. Genesis 2:7.
9. Feminine noun meaning "God's-breath-in man." From The New
Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-Aramaic Lexicon.
10. Genesis 2:21.
11. From the Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament and The NIV
Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament.
12. It is used in this way fourteen other times in the book of Exodus.
13. Genesis 2:23.
14. Genesis 2:24.
15. Genesis 3:5.
16. For example, Numbers 31:17; Judges 21:11; Ruth 3;11.
17. Genesis 3:8.
18. Genesis 3:7, 8.
19. Genesis 3:8.
20. Genesis 3:17. NIV.
21. Genesis 3:16.
22. Genesis 3:16.
23. As understanding increases, Bible commentaries begin to reflect that
understanding. A major commentary offers the following: "Significantly, this
cultural given of female subordination to the male is understood in the J
narrative as the result of human sin rather than the divine
intention....Brokenness, disharmony, the sundering of relationships between God
and humanity, between man and woman and between the human and the nonhuman world
are the result of sin." Harpers Bible Commentary, James L. Mays, general
ed.(New York: Harper & Row, 1988), p.88.
24. Genesis 4:7.
25. Harpers Bible Commentary (San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers,
1988), p. 89.
26. Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-Aramic Lexicon, p 1,003.

Chapter 1[1.] This division of human nature into the separate elements of male and
female had the same transforming effect that is brought about by the separation
of any compound into its separate elements. When separated, those elements
display characteristics completely different from those they manifested when
united. For example, common table salt--sodium chloride; when divided into its
separate elements of sodium and chloride, each are deadly if ingested. But when
these elements combine to form salt a new identity, unique to the compound, is
created. [2.] When Cain slew Abel (Genesis 4:8).
[3.] Scholars place the time of Sarah and Abraham anywhere from the twentieth
century to the eighteenth century B.C.
[4.] Genesis 12:2.
[5.] Genesis 17:10, 11. NAS.
[6.] Genesis 12:1-5.
[7.] Genesis l7:15, 16. NAS.
[8.] For example, the attempted murder of Joseph; Absalom's murder of Amnon, and
King Solomon's murder of his brother.
[9.] Genesis 21:8-13.
[10.] Genesis 21:9. The New Testament also refers to this incident in Galatians
4:29 TEV), saying that Ishmael "persecuted" Isaac.
[11.] Genesis 21:10.
[12]. Genesis 21:11,12. TEV.
[13.] Genesis 21:12, 13.
[14.] Even after death, her fate is dependant upon her husband. He can decide
whether or not she will be able to join him in Paradise.

[16]. There is much scholarly debate regarding the length of time that the
Israelites remained in Egypt. They range from a claim that it was about 240
years, to a belief that it was closer to 400 years. But there is more general
agreement that the Israelites suffered oppression at the hands of Pharaoh for at
least eighty years.

[17]. He had been loyal to Potiphar and worked for his best interest; he had
served the prison warden well and his supportive role in relation to both these
men made life much easier for them. He also demonstrated concern and empathy for
the royal cupbearer at a critical time in that man's life.

Chapter 4[1]. Although the names of these midwives are semitic, the text refers
to them in a way that leads scholars to believe the women were Egyptian, not
Hebrew. This would also account for the fact that Pharaoh trusted these women to
commit infanticide on male children. It would have been totally na´ve of him to
trust Hebrew women to murder their own. Harper's Bible Commentary, p.
132.

[7]. The Bible reports that "600,00 men on foot, besides women and children,"
left Egypt.

[8]. Exodus 16:3. NIV.

[9]. Exodus 17:4. NIV.

[10]. Exodus 32:1. NIV.

[11]. Scholars--rather coyly--continue to refer to the ancient worship of
sexuality as "fertility" rites, implying that it centered around a way of
insuring that devotees were able to bring forth children. This implication is
just as inaccurate as it would be to describe the modern-day cult of sexuality
as a celebration of fertility, rather than of sexual activity.

[12]. Exodus 32:5, 6. NIV.

[13]. Exodus 32:19. NIV.

[14]. Numbers 13:28, 31. NIV.

[15]. Numbers 14:8, 9. NIV.

[16]. Joshua 5:6. JB.

[17]. Jeremiah 2:7. JB.

Chapter 5 [1]. The Bible states that Moses was 120 years old when he died.

[13]. That law stated, "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" and it was
not a command to seek revenge. Rather, it was a law instituted to put limits on
those who sought unlimited vengeance. It was put into effect to counteract the
kind of lawlessness that men had previously justified. (See the boast of Lamech
in the book of Genesis, 4:23, 24.) But even with that law in place, men like
Gideon continued to indulge an inordinate appetite for revenge.

[14]. Judges 8:30. TEV.

[15]. Genesis 2:24.

Chapter 6 [1]. I Samuel 15:1-3. NIV. The Amalekites were a target for extinction
because during the forty years that the Israelites wandered in the wilderness,
they were attacked by men of that tribe. Although they were the victors in the
battle, the sons of Israel believed that the Lord demanded revenge: "You shall
blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven."

[2]. I Samuel: 15:20, 21. NIV.

[3]. I Samuel 15:23. NIV.

[4]. I Samuel 15:24, 25. NIV.

[5]. I Samuel 16:18. NIV.

[6]. I Samuel 18:5. NIV.

[7]. I Samuel 23:17, 18. NIV.

[8]. I Samuel 22:2. JB.

[9]. At its peak, David's army of mercenaries numbered about 600.

[10]. I Samuel 27:8-12. JB.

[11]. Ruth, who was not Jewish, is an exception. Her story is told in the
book of the Bible that bears her name.

[12]. Deuteronomy. 17:17.

[13]. Incest: David's son Amnon raped his sister Tamar (II Samuel 13:1-22).
Fratricide: Absalom had Amnon murdered (II Samuel 13:28, 29) and Solomon had
Adjoniah murdered (I 2:25). Attempted Patricide: During Absalom's attempted
takeover of the kingdom (II Samuel 16:11). Public rape: Absalom's men "pitched a
tent and in the sight of all Israel Absolom went to his father's concubines" (II
Samuel 16:22-25).

[14]. II Samuel 21:9. NIV.

[15]. I Kings 2:8, 9. NIV. Shimei had to die for the crime of calling David a
"scoundrel" and a "man of blood" (II Samuel 16:7).

Chapter 7 [1]. Palestine, as used here, denotes the territory that lies west of
the Jordan Rift (Cisjordan). It does not include any portion of Transjordan.

[2]. I Kings 12:4. JB.

[3]. I Kings 12:14. JB.

[4]. Although Ahab had only one wife for whom he built an altar, he is
condemned, without reservation. But Solomon, who had numerous altars built for
his 700 wives, continues to be treated with respect and looked to as a source of
wisdom and godliness.

[5]. I Kings 18:19. JB.

[6]. I Kings 18:36-38. TEV.

[7]. I Kings 18:40. NEB.

[8]. II Kings 2:23, 24. NAS.

[9]. Exodus 21:24, 25 and Deuteronomy 19:21.

[10]. II Kings 9:6-8. TEV.

[11]. II Kings 10:ll. TEV.

[12]. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol 2, p. 981.

[13]. Deuteronomy 24:16.

[14]. Samuel was the prophet who anointed both Saul and David as king of
Israel.

Chapter 8 [1]. For a discussion of the crowded conditions in the inner forecourt
where the animals were slaughtered, see Joachim Jeremias, Jerusalem in the
Time of Jesus (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969), p. 79-84. Jeremias
calculates that 18,000 animals were butchered in the Temple at Passover.

[2]. Isaiah 59:3-4, 7-8, 14-15. NEB.

[3]. Isaiah 66:12, 13. NAS.

[4]. Hosea ll:1, 3, 4. NEB.

[5]. Micah 6:8. NAS.

[6]. Micah 4:3; Isaiah 10:2; Isaiah 1:11, 15, 16. NIV.

[7]. Amos 5:21, 22, 24. JB.

[8]. Isaiah 1:11, 14, 16, 17. NAS.

[9]. Jeremiah 7:3, 4, 6. NAS.

[10]. During the same time the name of Abraham was constantly invoked as
founding Father.

[11]. Isaiah 51:1, 2. NAS.

[12]. Isaiah 52:1, 2. NIV.

[13]. Genesis 3:16. NIV.

[14]. Isaiah 40:1, 2. NIV.

[15]. Isaiah 51:17, 21-23. NIV.

[16]. Micah 4:3, 4. NAS.

[17]. Isaiah 60:1. New World Translation.(The official version of
Jeohvah's Witnesses, a group that remains determinedly patriarchal. This
translation is one of the few that includes the words "O woman." Other
translations have ignored the importance of the text and the fact that it is
addressed to the female. Still others have inserted a word that does not appear
in the text,and translate the verse to read "Arise, Jerusalem." In all these
instances, the translation tries to obscure the fact that the summons and the
call is to womankind.

[18]. Isaiah 60:3, 4. NEB.

[19]. Isaiah: 62:1, 2. NWT.

[20]. Any infertility within a marriage was regarded as the fault of the
woman. This is understandable in a culture that chose to believe the only
contribution a woman made to the production of children was to provide a fertile
field in which the male could sow his seed. Nevertheless, women were blamed when
they gave birth to a daughter instead of a son.

[21]. Isaiah 54:1-3. NEB.

[22]. Isaiah 40:9,11. NWT.

[23]. Micah 4:2-4. NAS.

[24]. Hosea 3:18, 19. NIV.

Chapter 9 - Part I[1]. Ancient Babylon was located on the site of what is now the southern
part of Iraq.

[2]. Most scholars date the development of Judaism, as it is known today, to
the time of the Babylonian Exile.

[3]. Named for the capital city of the Northern kingdom.

[4]. Ezra 4:2. JB. "Since the time of Esarhaddon" represented 150 years.

[5]. The Bible offers two different explanations for the delay in building
that took place between 538 and 520 B.C. The book of Ezra blames the harassment
of the natives for the delay, but the book of Haggai (1:1-10) blames the
indifference of the Jewish people themselves for the delay.

[6]. Ezra 3:3-6. JB.

[7]. Isaiah 1:11, 13-16. JB.

[8]. Ezra 6:17, 18. JB.

[9]. Those who preserved the biblical story blamed women for male idolatry.
Even an enormously powerful and authoritarian leader like King Solomon, who did
precisely what he wanted to do, whenever he wanted to do it, is said to have
been corrupted by the influence of his foreign wives.

[10]. The policy instituted by Ezra was even more severe than that contained
in the Deuteronomic code, which said, "You shall not detest an Edomite ...you
shall not detest an Egyptian...The sons of the third generation who are born to
them may enter the assembly of the Lord." (emphasis added) Deuteronomy 23:8.
NAS.

[11]. Ezra 10:7-8. NIV.

[12]. Ezra 10:16, 17. NIV.

[13]. Ezra 10:15. NIV.

Chapter 9 - Part II[1]. II Maccabees, chapters six and seven.(Books one and two of
Maccabees is included in the Catholic canon of scripture, but not in the
Protestant canon.)

[2]. This is the event that is still celebrated by the Feast of Chanukah.

[3]. The rule of the Maccabean kings is also known as the Hasmonean Dynasty.

[4]. The dispute took place during the Feast of Tabernacles when, in his role
of high priest, Janneus deliberately violated Pharisaic ritual during the
religious ceremonies.

[6]. But it is the Temple that Herod built whose western wall still stands
today--the "wailing wall" to which Jews from all over the world make their
pilgrimage.

[7]. For a thorough discussion of this topic see Joachim Jeremias,
Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969),
chapters 12 and 13.

[8]. Called Idumeans by the Greeks, they were the Edomites who were the
descendants of Esau, twin brother of Jacob.

[9]. This included both the written Law and the oral tradition.

[10]. Previous temples at Jerusalem had not been constructed with separate
quarters for women.

[11]. A modern Jewish scholar, C.G. Montefiore, has taken orthodox Judaism to
task because so many centuries later, it still has not "had the courage and good
sense to remove [this prayer] from their prayer books." C. G. Montefiore and H.
Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology (Philadelphia, 1960), pp. XVIII-XIX.

Chapter 10 [1]. Matthew 3:7-9. AMP.

[2]. Genesis 6:11.

[3]. This was baptism by immersion, not by "sprinkling."

[4]. In Hebrew, the Spirit of God is feminine, but when the Gospels were
written in Greek, men decided to make it a neuter noun. After neutering the
female Spirit, they then began to refer to it as "He." For a more detailed
discussion of the nature of the Holy Spirit, see the Appendix.

[5]. Matthew 3:16, 17. JB.

[6]. Genesis 8:8-11.

[7]. Genesis 1:26, 27.

[8]. Luke 4:1, 2. JB.

[9]. Luke 4:13. JB.

[10]. Isaiah 61;1, 2. JB.

[11]. Matthew 4:23-25.

[12]. Luke 6:27, 28, 32-35. NAS.

[13]. Previously, there was no limit on the revenge that men sought. Lamech,
a descendant of Cain, brags that if someone hits him he retaliates by killing
that person. And he does not limit himself to a one-for-one retaliation: he says
that he is avenged seven times seventy. Genesis 4:23, 24.

[14]. Matthew 5:38-39. NAS

[15]. Matthew 5:3. JB. The word gentle is also defined as nonviolent.

[16]. The author has written a book that deals at length with the sacrificial
cult and the prophetic call for its abolishment. The Slaughter of Terrified
Beasts: A Biblical Basis for the Humane Treatment of Animals (Sarasota:
Viatoris Publications, 1988).

[17]. John 2:13-16. NIV.

[18]. Luke 12:6. AMP.

[19]. Deuteronomy 10:16.

[20]. Jeremiah 4: 4. NAS.

[21]. Deuteronomy 10:14-19. NIV.

[22]. Luke 11:28. NAS.

[23]. Mark 3:31-35. NIV.

[24]. John ll:5.

[25]. Luke 10:39-41. NIV.

[26]. Rabbi Eliezer, first century A.D., who gave credit to his predecessors
for these statements.

[27]. This association of women with uncleanness is so strong that even
today, observant Jewish men will refuse to shake hands with a woman because she
might be in a state of ritual impurity: she may be menstruating.

[28]. Encyclopaedia Judaica, "Purity," vol. 13, col. 1405.

[29]. The scribes were the theologians of their time, the professionals who
studied and interpreted religious law.

[30]. Matthew 15:7-9. TEV. The Gospel writer is quoting Isaiah 29:13.

[31]. Matthew 23:23, 24. JB.

[32]. Matthew 21:31.

[33]. Matthew 23:28. NIV.

[34]. Matthew 6:1-6.

[35]. Matthew 20:25-28. NEB.

[36]. John 13:2-16. JB.

[37]. Some slaves also had to perform this service but in the hierarchy of
slavery, only the lowliest would be told to do it.

[38]. Matthew 26:55. TEV.

[39]. Matthew 5:39, 44.

[40]. Matthew 26:52. TEV.

[41]. Luke 8:1-3; Matthew 27:55.

[42]. According to Leviticus 15:25-30, she was ceremonially unclean and
Law-abiding Jews would have to shun her.

[43]. The healing of the menstruous woman is reported in Luke 8:43-48.

Chapter 11 [1]. Matthew 7:21; 10:32; 11:25; 12:50.

[2]. Matthew 5:16, 45, 48 and Matthew 23:9.

[3]. Matthew 26:52.

[4].Matthew 24:1, 2.

[5]. Jesus was crucified circa A.D. 30.

[6].The philosopher Bertrand Russell referred to Paul as "the inventor of
christianity."

[7]. Colossians 2:6, 7, 9, 11. NIV.

[8]. Romans 2:28, 29. JB.

[9]. Galatians 5:12. JB.

[10]. Galatians 3:27, 28. TEV.

[11]. Galatians 4:22, 31; 5:1. TEV.

[12]. This date is approximate and assumes the crucifixion of Jesus to have
taken place in A.D. 30.

[20]. In reality, women were not "excused" from studying Torah--they were
forbidden to do so. That this was a taboo rather than an exemption became
increasingly clear in rabbinic pronouncements of the kind that said it was an
obscenity for women to study the Law and that Torah should "be burned rather
than be given to a woman." (Swidler, p. 93, 94)

[21]. I Timothy 2:14, 15. JB.

[22]. Luke ll:27, 28. NAS.

Chapter 12 [1]. Tertullian and St. Ephiphanius.

[2]. Tertullian, De Cultu Fem. 1,1.

[3]. The Scripture he quotes more easily lends itself to an interpretation
that women were "especially honored" by God because they were the first to see
the risen Christ.

In this book, references in parentheses are abbreviated: for Greek words the
abbreviations are those in G. W. H. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1961-1968); for Latin works, the abbreviations are those of
A. Souter, A Glossary of Later Latin (Oxford: Clarendon, 1954).

[8]. From Tertullian, On the Crown XI, ANF III, pp. 99-100. In this
instance Tertullian is referring to the fact that Jesus died rather than inflict
injury and declared, "He who lives by the sword shall die by the sword." Matthew
26:52.

[9]. Because mainstream Christianity had not yet divided into Catholic and
Protestant churches, no specific designation is given to the Christian Church
that represented establishment religion until the Reformation.

[10]. The Greek letters chi and rho, the first two letters of Christ's name.

[11]. These blessings were frankly given in the hope that the recipients
would be the ones to kill, and not be killed by, their enemies. Modern Christian
apologists, however, claim that men go to war because they are imitating Christ,
who gave his life for others and said "greater love hath no man than this, that
a man lay down his life for his friends" (John 15:13). But, of course, no
soldier is trained to die on the battlefield. He is trained how to kill his
enemy, not how to "lay down his life."

[12]. His (in)famous slogan, "Cogite intrare!"--"Compel them to
enter!"--assumed the same function as a battle cry.

[13]. Augustine, De Trintate 7.10.

[14]. I Corinthians ll:3, 7. NIV.

[15]. Ephesians 5:22, 23. JB.

[16]. The Albigensian heresy is typical of the kinds of beliefs espoused by
various heretical sects. Historian Will Durant, in describing the nature of
their heresy wrote, "They made the Sermon on the Mount the essence of their
ethics. They were taught to love their enemies, to care for the sick and poor,
always to keep the peace; force was never moral, even against infidels, capital
punishment was a capitol crime."

[17]. And in the year of our Lord 1986, a new edition of one of the most
popular and widely read Bible commentaries makes the point that "one must
recognize that almost all the heretical sects of Christendom number women among
their leaders." F .F. Bruce (ed.), The International Bible Commentary,(Grand
Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1986), p. 1380. This commentary only
repeats the information that is given to most seminarians and other students of
religion, to help them recognize heresy when they come across it.

Chapter 13 [1]. Crusade comes from the Spanish word cruzada, which means "marked
with the cross."

[2]. The only Christians who spoke out against the Crusades were "heretics"
like the Albigensians, who preached that those clergymen and laymen who
encouraged the Crusaders to go off to battle, were themselves guilty of murder.
Their opposition was crushed by Pope Innocent (sic) III, who called for a
crusade against the heretics. Gathered in the town of Beziers, 20,000 men, women
and children were slaughtered when their town was captured.

[4]. There were eight Crusades, and they enjoyed a descending order of
popularity and success.

[5]. The Council of Ephesus (A.D. 431) first sanctioned the use of the
title "Mother of God."

[6]. I Timothy 2:5. JB.

[7]. I Timothy 2:14, 15. JB.

[8]. With sentiments like this (quoted from Documents of the Christian
Church), etched into its religious tradition, it is hardly surprising that a
"Christian" nation could give rise to the phenomenon of Nazi Germany. Like so
many other countries that claim Christian principles as their foundation, the
Christianity that is espoused is only another variation of the ancient, state
religion of machismo.

Chapter 14 [1]. The Protestant Reformation is also known as the Protestant Revolt.

[2]. The word Reason is capitalized because men believed that the use of
Reason would redeem the world. Reasonable and enlightened men would establish a
humane world order with freedom, equality, and justice for all. This faith in
Reason as an instrument of human deliverance suffered a death blow in the 20th
century.

[3]. This method was based on the belief that by observation and with the use
of reason, it was possible to discover social and political rules that operated
in accordance with laws that were just as binding as those that governed the
functioning of the natural world.

[4]. His life spanned the century of the Enlightenment: 1712-1778.

[5]. J.J. Rousseau, Emile: On Education. (1762)

[6]. Will & Ariel Durant, The Story of Civilization, vol ix, "The
Age of Voltaire," p.298, 299.

[7]. Faced with the specter of Marie Curie doing the work that earned her a
Nobel prize in physics, and then another in chemistry, Rousseau no doubt would
have explained away her accomplishments in the same way he explained away the
published works of literary women in his own time: the work was actually done by
men. "We can always tell what [male] artist or friend holds the pen or pencil
when they are at work; we know which discreet man of letters dictates their
oracles in private. This trickery is unworthy of a decent woman."

[8]. Although never accused of it, this formula for success from Emile sounds
as though Rousseau plagiarized it from a manual on how to break a horse to
harness.

[9]. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.

[10]. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. This
"scientific" observation was brought to its extreme conclusion in the writings
of Friedreich Nietzsche.

[11]. According to this reasoning, men would have been better at using their
hands to sew, spin and embroider. But such a conclusion would have undermined
the belief that women were born to those tasks.

Chapter 15 [1]. Mother Ann had been jailed many times in England for blasphemy,
profanation of the Sabbath, and a variety of other charges. But the
incarceration at Poughkeepsie was the only time she was imprisoned in America.

[4]. In his letter to the Corinthians, St. Paul advanced this concept of
Jesus as the second Adam (1 Corinthians 15: 45-47).

[5]. A Summary View of the Millennial Church, pp. 27, 28.

[6]. She died on September 8, 1784. A consensus held that she probably died
as the result of a particularly violent attack on her person the year before
when she was tied behind a horse and dragged for more than a mile over rough
terrain. Resultant fractures to her skull had not been treated.

[7]. A Summary View of the Millennial Church, p. 30.

[8]. Ibid., p. 77.

[9]. Historians, as well as Shaker contemporaries, have commented on the high
profile that Shakerism enjoyed for many decades. "This new sightseeing Fad
[circa 1815] was the most notable sign of a change in Shakerism, as well as in
the prevailing attitude toward it. Shaker Villages were no longer just a local
curiosity and suddenly appeared to merit a closer look. In the East and in the
West, visiting a Shaker community--particularly on a Sunday--became a favorite
outing for Americans." Doris Faber in The Perfect Life: The Shakers in
America. A contemporary report of Sunday outings to the Shaker Villages is
contained in a letter that Mary Baker Eddy wrote to her brother George, in 1836.
"I will give you an abridged sketch of a gentleman, recently from Boston, now
reading medicine with a doctor of this town...I met him a number of times at
parties last winter and he invited me to go to the Shakers with him, but my
superiors thought it would be a profanation of the sabbath."

[10]. Conservative estimates place their number at more than 6,500 people at
a time when there were twenty Shaker settlements.

[13]. This was a reference to the twelfth chapter of the book of Revelation,
which tells "of a great sign that appeared in heaven: a woman, adorned with the
sun." The Scripture goes on to tell how she flees to the wilderness because she
is being persecuted, and how God keeps her in safety there.

[14]. Sidney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History Of the American People,
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972).

[15]. English economist who later became a leader of the international
movement for women's rights.

[16]. One scholar, Henri Desroche, has pointed out that the relationship of
Tolstoy to the Shakers is akin to the relationship between Tolstoy and Mahatma
Gandhi, whose correspondence also dealt with the practicalities of trying to
live a simple and non-violent life.

[17]. In Shaker villages, females were not restricted to "womanly"
occupations. They ran printing presses and pioneered techniques in animal
husbandry and in agriculture. (The name SHAKER on a packet of seeds tagged it as
the best possible purchase.) Women were also encouraged in their invention of
various implements that made work easier and more productive for everybody.

[18]. When Karl Marx was ill, and discouraged because his hoped-for social
revolution had not taken place, Engels told him "Remember the Shakers!" It was a
reminder that they, too, had a long, uphill, struggle before their message
reached large numbers of people. This communication was the last that Engels had
with Marx, who died soon after.

[19]. This attitude regarding the regrettable "religious aberrations" of the
Shakers, was held by many who looked to them as models for establishing their
own utopian communities--both in Europe and in America--in the nineteenth
century. Various men continued to hold this negative view of the religious
component of Shakerism even though communities that were established without a
religious foundation endured only briefly and then amidst great internal
dissent.

[20]. The Quaker activist Lucretia Coffin Mott was a co-convener of the
meeting.

[21]. Robert Peel, Mary Baker Eddy.

[22]. They had been the most successful group to live in community with each
other, and it was a time when various political, social, and religious groups
were still interested in the establishment of communitarian lifestyles.

[4]. Women were active in many of these causes, but at this point only men
had the power to effect change.

[5]. The social gospel is defined as "the application of the teachings of
Jesus and the total message of the Christian salvation to society, the economic
life and social institutions as well as to individuals." A Dictionary of
Religion and Ethics, ed. Sailer Matthews and Gerald Birney Smith (New York:
1921), p. 416

[6]. Matthew 25: 31-46. This social gospel of Christ echoes the prophetic
message of Isaiah: "Remove the chains of oppression and the yoke of injustice
and let the oppressed go free....If you give food to the hungry and satisfy
those who are in need, then the darkness around you will turn to the brightness
of noon." Isaiah 58:6, 7, 10. TEV.

[7]. England was a leading force in implementing such laws. The abolition of
slavery (1833), establishment of protective laws regarding children and
laborers; the establishment of humane societies, and a host of other causes that
have become part of the fabric of western civilization.

[8]. Sigmund Freud credited Nietzsche as being one of the two men who most
influenced his own development of the theory of psychoanalysis.

[9]. The author is well aware of the negative connotation that the term
"feminization of society" has for most people. But it is necessary to "feminize"
society in order to achieve the necessary male/female balance.

[10]. Thus Spake Zarathustra.

[11]. Beyond Good and Evil.

[12]. Beyond Good and Evil.

[13]. In the United States, The Mormon Church, the Nation of Islam, and
fundamentalist Protestantism are enjoying unprecedented growth.

[14]. The Family Protection Act of 1967.

[15]. There were also executions of women of the Baha'i faith, a religion
that actively supports female equality. In 1983 ten Baha'i women were publicly
executed as a warning to others. They included Iran's first female physicist, a
concert pianist, and three college students.

[16]. In a typical fundamentalist statement Tim LaHaye, an influential
Christian minister-educator-author, urges men to be benevolent dictators. He
writes: "Have you ever imagined what it would be like to be placed in submission
to another human being on a 24-hour basis, 365 days a year--for life? That is
exactly what God demands of your wife." His wife Beverly helps to implement this
theology through a national organization--Concerned Women for America--a group
that calls for a return to the kind of "traditional family values" taught by her
husband.

[17]. This "state religion" has been practiced since antiquity and its tenets
remain the same whether its adherents call themselves Pagans, Christians, or
Jews.

Epilogue [1]. See the Prologue, page 15, for the protoype of this surrender of
autonomy.

[2]. Matthew 10:35, 36. NIV.

[3]. The same charge is now made about the women's movement.

[4]. Matthew 9:16, 17 and Mark 2:21, 22.

[5]. Matthew 19:29 and Mark 10:29.

[6]. Jesus understood the slow nature of this process and used parables to
convey this message. Matthew 13:31-33; 25:13.

[7]. "No eye has seen, no ear has heard, no mind has conceived what God has
prepared." 1 Corinthians 2:9. NIV.