In 1948, Lauren Bacall and husband Humphrey Bogart made their fourth and last movie together. In “Key Largo,” Bogart played Frank McCloud, an Army veteran who had recently returned from World War II. Lauren Bacall was Nora Temple, the widow of a soldier who died while serving in McCloud’s unit in Italy. In addition to Bogart and Bacall, the film featured Edward G. Robinson as tough-guy, gangster Johnny Rocco and Lionel Barrymore as James Temple, an aged hotel owner who is Nora’s father-in-law.

After the war, McCloud came to visit the Temples to tell them of the bravery of James Temple’s son and inform them where he was buried. When McCloud arrived, he found that Rocco and his gang had taken over the hotel and were holding the Temples hostage.

As the story unfolds, a hurricane approaches the hotel and begins to build in intensity. Never having experienced such a storm, Rocco is noticeably disturbed and asks James Temple how bad the storm could be. Temple answers by describing a hurricane that had hit the area in 1935.

Rocco: Old man! How bad could it get? [Pause] I asked you a question. Do you hear me? How bad could it get?

Temple: Well, the worst storm we ever had was back in ’35. Wind whipped up a big wave and sent it busting right over Matecumbe Key. Eight hundred people were washed out to sea.

Rocco: How far away was that from here?

Temple: Two miles.

Perhaps in an effort to further shake Rocco, Temple exaggerated the number killed in the 1935 storm. He also lumped the two Matecumbe Keys together and placed them closer to Key Largo than they actually are (Key Largo is a little over twenty miles away from Upper Matecumbe Key, the closer of the two). Temple’s exaggeration of the number killed notwithstanding, the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 was a monster.

To begin with, the 1935 storm was the first category 5 hurricane to strike the U.S. and is still the most intense hurricane ever to hit the country. The atmospheric pressure associated with this storm dropped to 892 millibars, 17 millibars lower than the pressure for Camille, the second most intense storm, which hit the Gulf coast in 1969. (The lower the pressure, the greater the intensity of the storm.) By way of further comparison, the pressure for Hurricane Sandy, which struck the northeast in October 2012, was only 940 millibars.

Second, the Labor Day storm killed 485 people. Given growth and development in America’s coastal areas since 1935, the National Hurricane Center estimates that this storm would have killed 9,150 had it occurred in the twenty-first century. On the other hand, Sandy resulted in just over seventy deaths in the United States.

The bulk of those killed in Florida, 257, were military veterans who were living in make-shift government camps while they worked on projects for the Civilian Conservation Corps. There were seven of these camps in Florida at the time of the storm, but only the three in the upper keys were threatened by the hurricane. The story of the effort to rescue the veterans in the three imperiled camps is perhaps the most dramatic and tragic episode associated with the 1935 storm.

When officials realized the danger the storm posed, they sent a train from Miami to evacuate the threatened camps. Consisting of six coaches, two baggage cars, three box cars, and the locomotive and its tender, the rescue train was to proceed to the southwestern end of Lower Matacumbe Key where the southernmost endangered camp was located. After picking up the veterans at this camp, the train would return to the north, picking up veterans at the camps on Upper Matacumbe and Windley Keys.

In the event, on its outbound journey the train got no further south than the Islamorada train station on Upper Matacumbe Key. Here, the wind and a storm surge of eighteen feet swept all the cars off the track with the exception of the locomotive and its tender.

The huge locomotive itself weighed over 300,000 pounds to which the tender added an additional 200,000 pounds. The great mass of this locomotive system kept it from being swept from the tracks.

The failure of the rescue mission meant that the occupants of the veteran camps would be left to face the fury of the storm with totally inadequate shelter that often was nothing more than a tent. It was thus virtually inevitable that a large number of the veterans would perish in the storm.

Another measure of the power of the 1935 storm is its wind strength. To be classified as a category five storm, its winds had to exceed 155 miles per hour. One estimate indicated that the storm’s wind speed may have reached 200 miles per hour with gusts of even higher speeds. Such winds would and did produce effects normally only associated with the intense winds of a tornado. Sandy’s winds reached only 115 miles per hour.

While Sandy’s storm surge was less than 14 feet, that of the 1935 hurricane reached 18 feet when it washed across Upper Matecumbe Key as noted above.

We are often confused when reporters use cost figures to suggest that today’s storms are more powerful than those that occurred before the current debate over global warming. The level of damage produced by a hurricane tells us less about its intensity than where and when it strikes land. Coastal areas of the United States have undergone extensive development since 1935. Thus, more recent storms, even if weaker than earlier storms, can produce comparatively greater destruction.

Without adequate knowledge of past storms, it is easy for reporters to conclude that modern storms are of “unprecedented” strength and thus mislead their readers. In fact, the more one knows about the history of weather events the better one understands that very few if any are truly unprecedented. Indeed, where the weather is concerned, we would all do well to remember the biblical observation: there is nothing new under the sun.

71 thoughts on “The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935”

The Florida East Coast Railroad line from the mainland to Key West was heavily damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 and, ultimately, resulted in the elimination of FEC rail service south of Dade County.

Compares better to Rita and Wilma and Katrina and Mitch and Dean, but mentioning that fully half of the strongest known hurricanes in the Atlantic basin have occurred this century is going to go over like warm spit on cold pizza.

2 of the hurricanes that to me, seem closer to resembling Sandy as far as location and especially becoming hybrids/extratropical are Hazel in 1954 and the Great New England Hurricane of 1938(before they were named).

The hurricane of 1938 had a 17 foot storm surge and devastated souther New England. In Westerly RI, it lifted a relatives house of its foundation on the beach and deposited it whole with my aunt, uncle and 2 children inside a half a mile inland. Recent hurricanes have been very mild.

Betsy was the first hurricane seen by satellite technology…in 1965. If we had that and dropsonde technology as far back as the 1920s a lot of the storms that landed in the US as Cat 3s (like Katrina, Rita, Ivan and Wilma did) would have had their lowest pressures registered out at sea like those examples did.

When people get all excited about recent hurricanes, I can’t help but remember a few of the older ones. I went to school during Hazel in Eastern NC. About the time the eye passed they let the kids that lived within 3 blocks of the school WALK home. I remember high winds and the oak trees out front beating on the upstairs windows of our house. Main street in my home town had miles of 100-year-old oaks that were rolled down the street. We had a number of hurricanes in the 50’s and early 60’s. In 1999, Floyd flooded Eastern NC as far west as Rocky Mount and Tarboro, 100 miles inland. My hometown flooded in areas that I have never seen flooded. My sister’s cottage in Bath, NC, is 11′ above ground level (result of ’90’s hurricane rebuilds). The grounds are a couple of feet above the Pamlico River and the surge from Floyd ended up wetting the carpets on the cottage floor.
When I hear all this noise about extreme weather, all I have to do is remember a few I experienced and blow it off as sheer hype.

TAG says:
August 29, 2013 at 3:53 pm
AGW zealots often cherrypick to try to prove a point and as a result their credibility has suffered. This posting could be considered to be an example of this. Shouldn’t this be studiously avoided.

I recall a story circulating in Engineering school at UF when I was there back in the 1970’s. The City of Key West sent a delegation to the EPA regional office to discuss plans for a new wastewater treatment plan (IIRC). Their engineers got up and did a long technical discussion of the new plant design. They all noticed that the EPA rep seem uninterested. After several hours the presentation drew to a close and the head of the delegation asked:
“What do you think about the design?”
“Eh? Replied the EPA guy, “nice but we don’t need any of it?”
“What do you mean? What are we going to do with the wastewater?”
The EPA guy smirked and replied, “We’ll just ship it up north and treat it there on the mainland.”
The Key West people stared at him and finally one asked, “Ship it how?”
“Why on the train” replied the idiot from the EPA.
The delegation silently gathered their material together and walked out. As mentioned the rail line vanished in 1935.

Bob Droege says:
August 29, 2013 at 3:20 pm
“Compares better to Rita and Wilma and Katrina and Mitch and Dean, but mentioning that fully half of the strongest known hurricanes in the Atlantic basin have occurred this century is going to go over like warm spit on cold pizza.”

Indeed, Bob, because you are comparing apples to oranges. Of the top 10 most intense hurricanes to hit the United States, none of them have happened in this century. We are currently in the longest drought of a major hurricane strike on the US in recorded history. Officially, Wilma was a category 3 storm when it made landfall back in 2005, but was not a category 3 based on surface measurements. Only modern radar detected a category 3 wind speed. Without that, the drought would be even more unprecedented. Indeed, the peak strengths of all the 21st Century storms you listed were detected by modern technology and not surface measurements. They would have come in much weaker if measured by the technologies of the past.

Inversely, we can assume that hurricanes of the past, before Doppler Radar, before satellite imagery and before WWII (aircraft recon), were always under-measured. There is a high probability that the peak strengths of historical hurricanes were never measured at all, unless they happened to peak right at landfall, which is unusual. Today, the peak is almost always captured, no matter where it occurs, giving the impression to the ignorant that storms are more powerful since the turn of the Century.

So indeed, implying that storms have been worse in the 21st century is scientifically inaccurate and akin to warm spit on cold pizza.

Very interesting and informative. I think the media likes to play up hurricanes and their power. Having lived in Florida for 9 years, I even saw one station make a “film” about the devastating effects of a direct hit in downtown Tampa! It was ridiculous the amount of salivating that went on as they described the carnage!

Thanks. I enjoyed the post. I’ve ridden out many hurricanes while living in Florida since 1968. There were a few I remember as a child in Texas (Carla was one) that caused concern as far north as San Antonio. But we build in anticipation of them. They are not as much of a concern as people taxing our air conditioning and lights.

AGW zealots often cherrypick to try to prove a point and as a result their credibility has suffered. This posting could be considered to be an example of this. Shouldn’t this be studiously avoided.

I guess TAG is not familiar with Steven Goddard’s site. While an individual example of a past weather event being more severe than present weather events could be construed as being “cherry picking”, Steven produces a superabundance of historic nasty climate events that amount to a strong case that present weather is not historically exceptional. So perhaps TAG should studiously avoid such concern troll-ism in future.

I hate to be a spoil sport, but we don’t know how many Cat 5 hurricanes have made landfall on the NA continent. We’ve only got 500 years of history here. Most of that time they were just storms, some larger and more severe than others. It’s only in the last 170 years that we’ve even started putting numbers to the devastation and wind velocities.

To say that the majority of the Cat 5 hurricanes have been in this and the last centuries is a bit over the top.

I’m laughing at some of the commentary. How many stories have we seen which rant on about Hurricane Sandy, claiming it was caused by climate-change? So, along comes Don Baucom and simply points out that a more intense hurricane–the most intense in recorded US history– happened almost 80 years ago, long before the appearance of these consant climate scare stories. THIS is called “cherry picking?” Give it up, folks. Hee, hee, hee!!
Coli

Even the old map got it wrong….
…it shows the storm crossing south of Marathon…about where the 7 mile bridge is
a good 50 miles south of Upper Matacumbe Key/Islamorada
The ’35 storm crossed where the Latitude 25 line crosses the Keys

“The Great Hurricane of 1780 uprooted and debarked all the trees on Barbados”
“Recent hurricanes have been very mild.”

Yep, bit warmer, especialy upper air, less temperature differentials overall, milder storms. I loved the warmup, welcomed it. The frigid upper air this last spring in OK was to me the blame of that large tornado. It was very cool, frigid upper air, upto the day before and it was the cold upper, not the normal warm at the surface, that spur such monsters. I was watching the radiosondes the days before that hit, bowed cold upper air. Hope the cold of the ’70s is not returning. One storm back then, 5 below zero, 50 mi/hr northeast wind, two days duration, literally ripped my large sailboat to pieces, ice a foot and a half thick grew on it. I’ll take warm any day, warm is better.

It’s very, very hard to re-create everything about the train: and consider that we don’t even know whether the photo was taken looking north, or looking south.

In the event, on its outbound journey the train got no further south than the Islamorada train station on Upper Matacumbe Key. Here, the wind and a storm surge of eighteen feet swept all the cars off the track with the exception of the locomotive and its tender.

So, it (the whole train) was almost certainly going south on the tracks, but it was an emergency run, and there are few roundtables available on these islands to turn the locomotive around. ( A steam engine this large needs a roundtable to get rotated, but it can run as easily “backwards as forwards” as long as the tender is situated where the coal can get shoveled into the grill. )

So, if I were the emergency dispatcher, I would not wait until the locomotive went north to Miami or such and could get turned around and “pull” the cars. “Just hook it and go!”

So, the locomotive could be backwards but pulling the train, or it could be frontwards and pushing the train of cars. Either is logical and possible.

wsbriggs says:
August 29, 2013 at 6:33 pm
—————————————–
I’m laughing because we only have a 170 year record of hurricanes yet we have a near 50 year record of Arctic sea ice extent and seem to know it is at an historic low.

Not weather-relevant, but worth mentioning if only as a memorial, the veterans camp wiped out in ’35 was one of the last remnants of the Bonus Army whose encampment outside Washington D.C. had been such a political embarassment for the Hoover administration. Despite the Bonus Army’s help electing him, FDR had subsequently found them a millstone around his own neck and had tucked them into this prison-farm type job–out of sight, but also in harm’s way. Ernest Hemingway, one of the first reporters on the scene after the hurricane, wrote a furious article called “Who Murdered the Vets?” that pulled no punches about the government’s responsibility.

I hate to be a spoil sport, but we don’t know how many Cat 5 hurricanes have made landfall on the NA continent. We’ve only got 500 years of history here.

Agreed. A very import and and glossed-over point – this publication on Australian cyclones highlights this very fact. Super cyclones that were believed to have occurred once every few thousand years are shown to have occurred every few hundred years.

They’ve been recording there for some 200 years – I guess the big one is about due.

….we determine the intensity of prehistoric tropical cyclones over the past 5,000 years from ridges of detrital coral and shell deposited above highest tide and terraces that have been eroded into coarse-grained alluvial fan deposits.
These features occur along 1,500 km of the Great Barrier Reef and also the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. We infer that the deposits were formed by storms with recurrence intervals of two to three centuries and we show that the cyclones responsible must have been of extreme intensity (central pressures less than 920 hPa).
Our estimate of the frequency of such ‘super-cyclones’ is an order of magnitude higher than that previously estimated, which was once every several millennia ….

TAG says: August 29, 2013 at 3:53 pm
AGW zealots often cherrypick to try to prove a point and as a result their credibility has suffered. This posting could be considered to be an example of this. Shouldn’t this be studiously avoided.

Doug Huffman says:
“M. Schneider says: August 29, 2013 at 4:13 pm “Debarking has not been seen in any contemporary hurricane.”
Hurricane Hugo debarked the Francis Marion National Forest and my neighborhood.”

I too survived Hurricane Hugo and remember literally every pine tree in the Francis Marion National Forest snapped off approximately 20 feet above ground. For several years thereafter, we locals called it “The Francis Marion National Brush Pile”. The trees were rocked back and forth so violently in the wind that they split parallel with the grain before finally snapping off. Efforts by the lumber and paper industries to recover the downed trees were fruitless. Longitudinal splits in the downed trees prevented them from being used for lumber, and the rapid onset of “blue stain fungus” ruined their use for paper. It was a horrible waste.

Thanks for this gripping story – which, being based in truth rather than models, is all the more compelling. The fact that the wonderful movie “Key Largo” was loosely based on it highlights the impact this massive event had on the collective psyche.

As others have mentioned, it is not the intensity of the storm (I use this term to bypass all the different names for these things) but when and where it hits that determines the effect on humans. The Galveston storm of 1900 was possibly the most destructive in modern US history, although it was less intense than some of the others being discussed here. It was apparently only a Category 4 storm, with winds at a measly 145mph. But, because of the geography and demography of where it hit, the results were catastrophic.

The whole issue of storms has been utterly distorted by climate alarmists. It has diverted discussion from sensible topics like probabilities and how to provide for them in building infrastructure, to promulgating superstitious nonsense.

It is also worth noting that many people who live in places that are prone to natural disasters do so with their eyes open. I recall watching a program about people affected by huge floods in Queensland a while back. A lot of people just said “oh, here we go again” while sweeping the mud out of their houses and businesses. Several remarked on what fun it is to go boating down the main street.

They are hardier than me. One of the reasons I live where I do is that we don’t get floods, big storms, major earthquakes etc here. As many sociologists have observed, the rich tend to live up on the hill, for pragmatic as well as aesthetic reasons.

Reading about these accounts of historic storms reminds me of one of the times I visited the isle of Catanduanes, in the Philippines. My wife had two aunts residing there, who one day shared with me their photo albums. Among all the pictures was a snapshot made in the aftermath of a terrific storm which had struck in the fall of ’70. I saw what were once groves of luxuriant coconuts, only the stumps a foot high remained. The hills beyond, formerly covered in dense forest, had been completely stripped, while all the trees growing closer to the coast became just piles of what looked like driftwood. Of course, not much of the little town that was once there survived, besides the swaths of strewn debris; other than a single dwelling, alone in the chaos, that belonged to my father-in-law. It was in that very house where all the villagers took refuge during the passage of that typhoon, one that could, in my opinion, truly merit the title of superstorm.

“We are often confused when reporters use cost figures to suggest that today’s storms are more powerful than those that occurred before the current debate over global warming. The level of damage produced by a hurricane tells us less about its intensity than where and when it strikes land. Coastal areas of the United States have undergone extensive development since 1935. Thus, more recent storms, even if weaker than earlier storms, can produce comparatively greater destruction.”

Exactly. It is analogous to confusing the Richter Scale (earthquake magnitude, measured in terms of released energy) with the Mercalli Scale (earthquake intensity, measured in terms of economic impact).

Another great hurricane movie is 1937’s “The Hurricane,” directed by John Ford and starring Dorothy Lamour, Mary Astor, John Carradine, and Raymond Massey. It tells the story of a lovely, prosperous South Pacific island, whose favorite son is unjustly imprisoned for brawling. The eponymous storm arrives just as the young man has escaped and returned to his island, where he helps many survive the storm, which turns the beautiful island into nothing more than a sand spit with a ruined church foundation.

Fictional, yes, but the special effects of the storm laying waste to the island won an Academy Award, and the moment where the storm surge completely inundates the island is unforgettable.

“I hate to be a spoil sport, but we don’t know how many Cat 5 hurricanes have made landfall on the NA continent. We’ve only got 500 years of history here.”

In the light that there are no signs of any old city or civilization, from before 14th century, along the USA East coast or in the USA side of the Gulf could be for a reason?
Sooner or later they where blow washed away? Have you seen google earth satellite at all the houses/cabins that have build along Florida’s coast? This is an accident/tragedy that’s bound to happen sooner or later? Why have so much been invested there in such a high risk hurricane zone?

Betsy was the first hurricane seen by satellite technology…in 1965. If we had that and dropsonde technology as far back as the 1920s a lot of the storms that landed in the US as Cat 3s (like Katrina, Rita, Ivan and Wilma did) would have had their lowest pressures registered out at sea like those examples did.

Very good pooint.
We are not comparing apples with apples.

But for me the take argument is:
1) The impact of a hurricane is determined more by where it hits than how powerful it is.
2) AGW is not required for powerful hurricanes anyway (as they have always existed) regardless of how powerful they are now.
3) Therefore adaption at the vulnerable areas (e.g. flood defences) is a better policy than attempting prevention by CO2 emission reduction – as that won’t work.

This story reminds me of a comparison between Sandy and the Ash Wednesday storm of 1962. Although the Ash Wednesday storm struck over a larger area the Sandy and caused more flooding and damage but you never hear it mentioned. As I child we use to summer at Long Beach Island, N.J. which the eye of Sandy hit but the destruction from the Ash Wednesday storm was greater. And this was a Nor’easter not a hurricane.

Margaret (from Miami) says at August 29, 2013 at 4:09 pm
Betsy was the first hurricane seen by satellite technology…in 1965.
————————————–
Actually the first tropical cyclone captured by satellite was an unnamed SH storm near New Zealand in 1960 by TIROS I. The first Atlantic hurricane photographed from space was Hurricane Anna (1961).

————————————————————————–
JamesS says:
August 29, 2013 at 10:48 pm
Another great hurricane movie is 1937′s “The Hurricane,” directed by John Ford and starring Dorothy Lamour, Mary Astor, John Carradine, and Raymond Massey. It tells the story of a lovely, prosperous South Pacific island, whose favorite son is unjustly imprisoned for brawling. The eponymous storm arrives just as the young man has escaped and returned to his island, where he helps many survive the storm, which turns the beautiful island into nothing more than a sand spit with a ruined church foundation.

Fictional, yes, but the special effects of the storm laying waste to the island won an Academy Award, and the moment where the storm surge completely inundates the island is unforgettable.
———————————————————–
A great film with better special effects than “Key Largo” but the Nordoff and Hall novel upon which the film was based was actually based on a real typhoon in French Polynesia in 1916. There was really a Father Paul who died in that storm.
As I said before, much hurricane history has been forgotten.

Having lived in South Louisiana near the Mississippi River delta for over 30 years, I remember when storms like Betsy, Camille, Audrey, Hilda, were accepted as dangerous but exciting events to be dealt with in the normal course of life in Southeastern coastal life. Living in South Carolina since then, I have seen the demolition along the South Carolina coast from Hugo and other storms. Buildings just disappeared and forests were leveled in tornadoes, trees were uprooted, and coastal towns flooded by storm surges of 15-20-25 even 30 feet (Camille) on the Mississippi Coast, and we endured power and water outages. If I remember correctly, Irene was a really big cat-1 when it hit N.C, but when it actually came ashore in NY-NJ it was not even hurricane force, with a 5-6 foot storm surge.

Not to diminish the tragedy of lives lost, but back then in Louisiana, we just put up with it, picked ourselves up, helped out unlucky neighbors, and went on with our lives, with great hurricane stories to tell later. The costs associated with hurricanes will always go up with inflation, coastal development, and affluence, so comparing dollar costs is not very relevent. Anyone can do the research and learn about the real disastrous U.S. hurricanes over the past century and see that there is no significant predictable difference in frequency or severity.

It turns my stomach to see people begging the government to bail out every natural difficulty (“disaster”) that arises. Just this week, our governor annouced that the federal government has designated the entire state of South Carolina a disaster area because it has rained a lot this year.

Txomin said, “Natural catastrophes are reported in terms of commercial and political interests. Facts are simply at the service of these goals.”

Perfect! Your comment goes straight to the heart of the matter. I admire people, such as you, who have the ability to concisely express the essence of a matter or situation. Of course, this ability precludes your participation in either politics or journalism. ;-)

Mumble McGuirk says: Actually the first tropical cyclone captured by satellite was an unnamed SH storm near New Zealand in 1960 by TIROS I. The first Atlantic hurricane photographed from space was Hurricane Anna (1961).

M Courtney, I agree that CO2 reduction is pointless, but we can also go overboard on flood defenses.

My neighborhood has had a number of strikes over the years but hasn’t had severe flooding since 1926. Do we really need to spend money for every building to survive a Cat 5 when most of them will be torn down and replaced long before the next significant storm? And, all the people are supposed to evacuate anyway so whose life is it saving? Then, when those expensive cat 5 homes get smashed anyway, we’ll have immense financial losses that were exaggerated by all these prescriptions meant to reduce them.

Separately, there’s a little house near me that was built of coral rock almost a hundred years ago. It survived the major storm surge in 1926. It survived all the other hurricanes intact since. What is finally killing it? The city noticed that it was “built of coral” and demanded all this crazy structural re-engineering to make it hurricane-safe. There is another element about corruption in the code department, but in the end all that is left now is the shell, sitting there waiting to get knocked over by a minor storm. A false sense of security is way worse than a true sense of danger.

SSparks says:
August 30, 2013 at 12:52 pm
What I remember the best about any of the hurricanes of the last 60 years was Huraldo being rolled across the sea wall at Galveston during the beginning of Ike.

standing up and taking on the full force of a hurricane has been a TV tradition ever since Dan Rather got his gig at CBS national after showing how brave he was during Carla for the local station. But as always the Left leaves out the fact that he was standing on a 20 high seawall in Galveston while Carla was down around Port Aransas over a 100 miles away. (but just to show how much fun that storm was — my high school, about 30 miles NW of Houston ( 50 miles from Galveston) lost its anemometer at 135 MPH. Long distance away but still windy!)

I could be wrong, but IMO Mr. Courtney refers to flood defenses such as gates & barriers, rather than structural codes in potential target cities. NYC could have been protected for less than the cost of Sandy’s damage alone. Supposed environmental concerns, not cost, have kept NY & NJ from enjoying the same level of defense as Providence, RI, which wisely protected itself with the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier in 1960-66 after devastating storms in 1938 (Great New England Hurricane) & 1954 (Hurricane Carol).

We are often confused when reporters use cost figures to suggest that today’s storms are more powerful than those that occurred before the current debate over global warming. The level of damage produced by a hurricane tells us less about its intensity than where and when it strikes land. Coastal areas of the United States have undergone extensive development since 1935. Thus, more recent storms, even if weaker than earlier storms, can produce comparatively greater destruction.

========================================================================
Add inflation to increased development. In the ’30’s one ounce of gold was worth $20 dollars. A $20 dollar gold piece was not a collectible, it was currency.

“Executive Order 6102 is an executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt “forbidding the Hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States”. The order criminalized the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association or corporation.”

1900 Galveston, TX (Sept. 5, 1994)
“The worst natural disaster ever to strike this country… .”
(CAGW Thought Police hadn’t taken over the MSM, yet)
How in the WORLD, given all those children and the thousands of others who died, can the CAGW Gang today brazenly say, “The worst hurricanes all happened in THIS century.”

As Margret (from Miami) says the 1926 hurricane was big one too. My father, who was born in South Florida in 1905 and lived all his 85 years in south and central Florida, always said the worst hurricane he had ever been in was the 1926 hurricane. He claims to have seen a broom straw driven my the wind into a coconut palm trunk like an arrow.

So, no, storms today are not “unprecedented.” We have just built more structures and have more people in the path of the storms. Cherry picking is ignoring past data. This post was a great reminder of that past data.