The vertebrate pests of greatest importance are bats, birds, commensal mice and rats, squirrels and raccoons. Each group has its specific set of treatment measures; however, exclusion is universal for all of them. Whether it’s a high-rise in Manhattan or a farmhouse on a rural road, exclusion is the preferred foundation. Sanitation is second.

A clean space with little harborage will prevent vertebrate pests from camping near the structure. Remove resources and seal garbage containers. Raccoons in particular are notorious for rummaging through garbage cans. Mice will channel though a crack as a curiosity. Seal, exclude, prevent!