Admission Requirements: GRE scores (general) are required for admission. Biology Subject test
recommended but not required. Regular admission requires an undergraduate grade point average
of 3.0 in an appropriate biological discipline. Some research experience is highly recommended.

Master's Degree Requirements: M.S.: No more than six hours of temporary courses (ZO 624,
ZO 824) or two hours of departmental seminar can be included in the 30-hour requirement for the
M.S. Six hours of research credits (ZO 695) resulting in a thesis are required. A minor (usually 9-
10 hours) is required. Master of Zoology: Of the 36 credit hours required, a minimum of four must
be special problems and no more than two hours can be seminars. Other requirements may be
imposed by the advisory committee.

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Doctoral Degree Requirements: A student's advisory committee recommends appropriate
courses which will provide a strong foundation in the student's area of interest. This typically
includes 21-27 credit hours plus a minimum requirement of 10 hours of research (ZO 895) leading
to a dissertation is required. A minor (usually 9-10 hours) is required.

Student Financial Support: Graduate teaching and research assistantships are available to well-
qualified students.

Other Relevant Information: Students may also pursue degrees in interdepartmental programs in
physiology and fisheries and wildlife biology. Excellent research facilities, equipment and
computers are available. Field work can be conducted at nearby natural areas and laboratory work
at various state and federal laboratories associated with the department.

GRADUATE COURSES

ZO501 Ornithology.

ZO(PHY) 503 General Physiology I.

ZO(PHY) 504 General Physiology II.

ZO(ENT) 509 Ecology of Stream Invertebrates.

ZO 512 Animal Symbiosis.

ZO(PHY) 513 Comparative Physiology.

ZO(FW) 515 Fish Physiology.

ZO 519 Limnology.

ZO 522 Biological Clocks.

ZO 542 Herpetology.

ZO 544 Mammalogy.

ZO(MEA) 550 Principles of Biological Oceanography.

ZO(FW) 553 Principles of Wildlife Science.

ZO(FW) 554 Wildlife Field Studies.

ZO(MB) 555 Protozoology.

Z0 581 Helminthology.

ZO(ENT) 582 Medical and Vetennary Entomology.

ZO(FW) 586 Aquaculture 1.

ZO(FW) 587 Aquaculture 1 Laboratory.

ZO 590 Special Topics.

ZO 592 Topical Problems

ZO 601 Seminar.

ZO(ANS,CBS,PHY) 602 Seminar in Biology of Reproduction.

ZO 603 Aquatic Ecology Seminar.

ZO 624 Topical Problems.

Z0 631 Special Studies.

ZO 660 Population Ecology.

ZO 685 Master's Supervised Teaching.

ZO 690 Master's Examination.

ZO 693 Master's Supervised Research.

ZO 695 Master's Thesis Research.

ZO 696 Summer Thesis Research.

ZO 699 Master's Thesis Preparation.

ZO(ST) 710 Sampling Animal Populations.

ZO 714 Advanced Cell Biology

ZO 718 Community Ecology.

ZO 721 Fishery Science.

ZO(PHY,PO) 724 Comparative Endocrinology.

ZO 726 Quantitative Fisheries Management.

ZO(GN) 740 Evolutionary Genetics.

ZO(MEA) 750 Manne Benthic Ecology.

ZO(MEA) 754 Advances in Manne Community Ecology.

ZO(MEA) 756 Ecology of Fishes

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ZO(BO) 760 Principles of Ecology.

ZO(BO) 770 Advanced Topics in Ecology 1.

ZO 784 Advanced Topics in the Study of Mammals.

ZO 789 Advanced Limnology.

ZO 790 Special Topics.

ZO 791 Topics in Animal Behavior.

ZO 792 Topical Problems.

ZO(ANS,CBS,PHY) 802 Seminar in Biology of Reproduction.

ZO 804 Seminar in Evolutionary Biology.

ZO 824 Topical Problems.

Z0 83I Special Studies.

ZO 885 Doctoral Supervised Teaching.

ZO 890 Doctoral Preliminary Examination.

ZO 893 Doctoral Supervised Research.

ZO 895 Doctoral Dissertation Research.

ZO 896 Summer Dissertation Research.

ZO 899 Doctoral Dissertation Preparation.

MINOR AND OTHER ORGANIZED PROGRAMS OF STUDY

Anthropology (Minor Program)

The anthropology minor requires a total of nine hours of anthropology course work with at least
six of those hours having been taken at NC State. These courses must be taught by at least two
different professors.

Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with designing computer
systems which exhibit the characteristics normally associated with intelligence in human behavior,
such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems and so on. At NC State,
artificial intelligence is an interdisciplinary field, with faculty from several departments engaged
in fundamental research and applications.

The university offers courses of study leading to a minor in artificial intelligence as part of the
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. This option is available to all graduate students except those in computer
science, who can choose artificial intelligence as an interest area.

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To fulfill the academic requirements for a minor in artificial intelligence, each master's student
must successfiiUy complete at least three, and each doctoral student at least six, of the courses in
the artificial intelligence curriculum. Two of the courses must be CSC 520, Artificial Intelligence I
and CSC 720, Artificial Intelligence II. Other courses offered as part of the artificial intelligence
curriculum include: CSC 523 Computational Linguistics; CSC 723 Computational Semantics;
ECE 763 Computer Vision; CSC(IE) 556 Voice Input/Output Communication Systems; CSC(IE)
756 Advances in Voice Input/Output Communication Systems. Also, from time to time special
topics courses are offered covering subjects such as knowledge engineering, fuzzy reasoning,
knowledge representation, artificial intelligence applications to CAD, and artificial intelligence in
manufacturing.

Graduate students in computer science who select artificial intelligence as an interest area are
subject to the same academic requirements that define other interest areas within computer
science.

Biological Sciences

There is no separate graduate major in the biological sciences, but both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
are offered in several life science departments and programs of the College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences. Interdisciplinary courses applicable to several graduate programs are offered by the
Biological Sciences Interdepartmental Program.

The biomedical engineering program provides graduate minors under the direction of faculty from
fourteen departments in the Colleges of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Engineering, Natural
Resources, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Textiles and Veterinary Medicine at NC State.
Faculty from the Biomedical Engineering Departments at Duke University and the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill are also actively involved. Graduate students from all departments
may elect a biomedical engineering minor. To fiilfill the minor requirements, a student must take
three courses in one of four specialty tracks: biomechanics, biofluids and biomaterials; biomedical
modeling and signal processing; instrumentation, sensors and telemetry; medical imaging and
communications systems.

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The graduate faculty maintain lists of courses from which the students may make their selections.
The particular choice of courses is left to the student and the student's advisory committee. A
student may choose a minor outside one of the four tracks with the approval of the Biomedical
Engineering Academic Affairs Committee. The courses for all biomedical engineering graduate
minors must be distinctly different from the student's major field of study.

Students who elect the biomedical engineering graduate minor are encouraged to engage in
research activities that involve interactions with faculty and students in other departments and/or
colleges.

The Biotechnology Program includes faculty from twenty departments in the Colleges of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Engineering, Natural Resources, Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine. Graduate study leading to either an M.S. minor or a Ph.D.
minor in biotechnology may be taken by students who reside and conduct their research in one of
the participating departments. To obtain a minor in biotechnology, the student must successftilly
complete at least six credit hours in the laboratory core courses selected from the list below and
must conduct graduate thesis research in an area of biotechnology.

Research in biotechnology is focused in three main areas: recombinant DNA technology,
bioprocessing/bioanalytical techniques, and in vitro culture techniques. The multidisciplinary
nature of biotechnology means that a wide range of research topics and techniques are applicable,
such as molecular level genetics and associated research in molecular biology, enzyme technology
and protein engineering, bioprocessing using cells or enzymes, development of biosensors,
hybridoma technology, cell culture techniques and embryo manipulation.

The department offers a graduate minor in business management. Students enrolled in master's
programs other than the Master of Science in Management may earn a minor by successfiilly
completing nine hours of courses in the department at the 500 or 600 level. For a listing of courses
in business management, see management.

The Computational Engineering and Sciences Program includes faculty from twelve departments
in the College of Engineering and College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Graduate
students pursuing graduate study toward a master's or Ph.D. degree in one of the participating
science or engineering departments may elect this program in place of the traditional minor. [Note
that students wishing to earn a graduate degree in mathematics or computer science should
reference these departments' sections of the Graduate Catalog for details on options available in
computational mathematics and scientific computing.] To complete the program requirements, a
student must successfully complete a sequence of graduate-level applied mathematics and
computer science courses and, if a research dissertation is required, utilize advanced
computational techniques in the course of conducting the research.

The Computational Engineering and Sciences Program is designed to efficiently prepare graduate
students to undertake research utilizing scientific computing by combining course work in applied
mathematics and computer science in addition to course work in the traditional major. The
program recognizes that a new area of scientific pursuit, numerical simulation, has emerged as a
new paradigm for scientific inquiry complementing theory and laboratory experiment. Typical
areas of research include, but are not limited to, computational fluid dynamics, quantum chemistry
and atmospheric modeling. Admission to the program is gained after enrollment in the Graduate
School and the graduate program is underway. Program course requirements are selected from
applied mathematics and computer science courses listed elsewhere in this Graduate Catalog. To
facilitate the satisfaction of prerequisite requirements for graduate-level computer science courses,
CSC 489 is offered for graduate credit, combining the key contents of several undergraduate
courses. Typical courses that may be selected to satisfy this program's requirements include
advanced calculus, numerical analysis, numerical linear algebra for parallel architectures,
stochastic simulation, computer operating systems, digital systems architecture, computer
graphics, compiler construction, software engineering, and design and analysis of algorithms.

The purpose of the Food Safety Minor is to prepare science professionals with the breadth of
training necessary to understand and address food safety challenges. The interdisciplinary minor
includes departments in the Colleges of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine as
well as the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Participating graduate students are required to have, or to develop during the early part of their
training, appropriate knowledge in the basic scientific disciplines of chemistry, biochemistry and
microbiology. Further, it is highly desirable that formal course training in genetics and statistics
be, or become, evident in each student's academic program. Students in a master's program are
required to have 10 credits from the core courses to earn the food safety minor. Students in a
doctoral program are required to have, as a minimum, 10 credits from the core courses.

The Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures offers courses to assist graduate students in
preparing to use modem foreign languages in research and advanced study. These courses are not
open to undergraduates. With special permission of the Graduate School, certification may be
obtained in languages not normally taught by the department.

The following courses are designed to be audited, and credits do not apply toward advanced
degrees.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is the study of spatial distributions and relationships
including display and analysis of spatial data in a visual context using maps, charts, etc. The GIS
program offers a certificate program in Geographic Information Systems and two minors, one in
Geographic Information Systems and one in Remote Sensing and Image Analysis. The objectives
of the program include developing an internationally recognized graduate GIS instruction
program, assistance in meeting the high demand for professional GIS analysts and providing a
focus for expanding the university GIS research and instruction program. The certificate program
consists of a minimum of 15 credits hours while the minor in GIS consists of 10 credit hours and
the minor in Remote Sensing and Image Analysis, 12 credit hours. Currently, there are
approximately 30 departments active in varying applications of spatial analysis within their
respective fields, and this program give interested graduate students additional competency that
should enhance job suitability. The certificate program and both minors are only available at the
graduate level.

The plant physiology program is an interdepartmental offering. Although not a formal degree
program, students may elect to major or minor in the plant physiology program at both the M.S.
and Ph.D. levels. Students entering the program should have appropriate knowledge in plant
biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics. Some formal training in genetics and statistics is
normally expected.

When majoring in plant physiology, sUidents will be closely affiliated with the same department as
their major professor. As such, they will be required to meet respective departmental requirements
for teaching, written and oral examinations, and seminar attendance. Departments currently
participating in this program are: biochemistry, botany, crop science, forestry, genetics,
horticultural science, plant pathology and soil science. The chair or co-chair of the student's
advisory committee must be a member of the Plant Physiology Faculty.

The purpose of the plant physiology curriculum is to ensure that students obtain substantive
understanding of the physiological processes controlling plant behavior. The course requirements
for graduate students are set by each graduate committee. Advanced knowledge is expected in
plant physiology, biochemistry, structure and function, and molecular biology. Acceptable
achievement most often occurs with successful completion of the following courses:

BO 751 Advanced Plant Physiology I

BCH 610N Special Topics: Regulation of Intermediary Metabolism in Eucaryotes

BO 780 Plant Molecular Biology

BO 590C Topical Problems; Plant Cell Biology

or
BO 795 Special Topics in Botany: Plant Form, Function and Development

The program is administered by the Plant Physiology Executive Committee. Additional
information about the program may be obtained by writing to one of the listed faculty members or
to the coordinator.