nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

Transcription

1 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

2 This booklet was produced by the following learned societies: Biochemical Society (www.biochemistry.org) British Pharmacological Society (www.bps.ac.uk) Society of Biology (www.societyofbiology.org) Society for Endocrinology (www.endocrinology.org) Society for Experimental Biology (www.sebiology.org) The British Ecological Society (www.britishecologicalsociety.org) The Physiological Society (www.physoc.org) Contents 1. Introduction page 2 2. Job seeking strategies page 4 3. The importance of skills page Postgraduate study options page Making applications page Going for interview page Resources page 36 Bioscience learned societies offer a range of services and support to their members. They organise scientific conferences and publish specialist journals and books. Many of the larger learned societies also offer travel grants, studentships, bursaries, competitions and awards to their student and early-career members. They are committed to the communication of science to schools and the wider public as well as within the bioscience community, and they also offer other specialist support such as careers information and guidance. Copyright 2012: Biochemical Society, British Pharmacological Society, Society of Biology, Society for Endocrinology, Society for Experimental Biology, British Ecological Society, The Physiological Society. Booklet updated in Learned societies are organisations that promote and support people working in a particular academic field, whose members can include academics, researchers and students. Writers and contributors: Sarah Blackford (Editor) Karen Devine Jennie Evans Gemma Garrett Annie Geraghty Designer: Year published: 2011 Alexa Hime Rachel Lambert-Forsyth Eva Sharpe Chrissy Stokes

3 Introduction There are many career opportunities available to bioscience graduates. Two of the main career routes which the majority of graduates choose are shown in Figure 1. Whilst many choose to enter employment directly, others (approx. 25%) continue their education further. This booklet aims to help you with your next career step by giving you practical advice and information specifically tailored for bioscience graduates. Fig 1: Possible career routes on completion of a first degree in the biosciences Education options Biosciences degree Postgraduate diploma Master s degree PhD Science career Non-science career Employment options Next steps nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree 2

4 As a bioscience student or graduate you will have already made some important decisions in your life concerning your career. Think back to how you chose your degree course and university, for instance. Many courses were available to you, so how did you decide? Perhaps your choice was based on the course content, the geographical location of the university and its reputation. Or maybe your choice was linked to a particular career you are keen to pursue. Whatever influenced your decision, you are now faced with a new set of choices which will be based on a further set of factors. Your degree course and university experiences are likely to be factors which have a major influence over your next career step, but others will figure to a greater or lesser extent. These may include work experience you have gained during the course of your degree, your interests, skills and personality. In addition, other factors such as your personal situation, network of contacts, job market knowledge and understanding of good career planning will play a part. This booklet will help you to plan your next career move and enhance your chances of success. Your strategy will depend on your career plans, e.g. for a career as an academic researcher you will need to apply for a PhD or Master s degree. For other careers, a postgraduate course may also be advisable (or even essential). To enter some careers, you may have to consider a period of short-term or voluntary work. More general graduate recruitment programmes require early application during your final year, whereas for science-related work you can only apply as jobs are advertised. This booklet includes advice and information on the main aspects which contribute towards your career planning: Job seeking strategies The importance of skills Postgraduate study opportunities Making applications Interviews Resources Whatever your career plans (and you may not know what you want to do at this stage), this booklet aims to help you move forward to your next career stage. Being flexible and proactive are key factors to succeed in what has become a very dynamic and changing job market. Your degree has given you unique knowledge, experience and skills which you can now use to move into your first graduate job. With help, support and a proactive approach you should find this new challenge is an exciting and rewarding experience. 3 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

5 Job seeking strategies Job seeking strategies

6 Job seeking strategies Looking for a job can be a daunting and time-consuming experience so it s important you remain focussed and as organised as possible in your search. This section provides you with some ideas on places to start and tips to ensure you make the most of the opportunities available. The way you conduct your job search will depend on the types of career you are considering, as different job sectors use different methods to recruit people. You may not have a clear idea about your career plans right now so researching various options and assessing whether they might suit you will be your priority. Box 1 gives a snapshot of the types of careers on offer sub-sectioned into biosciencerelated and non-bioscience related. Box 1: A sample of some of the job sectors available to you Bioscience-related jobs include: Research & development (industry/academia) Lecturer (University) Clinical biochemistry/immunology/microbiology Technical e.g. quality control, research technician Specialist e.g. ecologist, pollution control, bioinformatician Medical doctor/nurse/physiotherapist Patent attorney Regulatory affairs/technology transfer Teaching (school/college/university) Science communication/journalism/publishing Research management and administration Scientific sales and marketing Non-bioscience jobs include: Accountancy/finance Management e.g. retail, operations Administration e.g. University, Civil Service Sales and marketing (non-medical/scientific) Librarian/information management Security/Armed forces Legal services Personnel Non-science communication/publishing/ journalism/pr Market research/analyst Self-employment 5 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

7 When should you start your search? The short answer is the sooner the better! If you re not sure what you want to do, it may be more a case of research than search at this stage. You can carry out your research in various ways: Talk to people within your immediate network (e.g. friends, family, lecturers). Look at jobs advertised on the internet see the Resources section for websites on pages 37 and 38. Visit your university careers service. Attend careers events. Once you have researched your chosen career area(s), start thinking about your job search. Planning ahead is key to ensure you are not left without a job when you finish your degree. If you wait until after you have graduated, you will have missed out on many opportunities advertised during your final year. Many larger companies that run graduate recruitment schemes, and some postgraduate courses such as teacher training, have application deadlines early in the academic year from October to December. If you are interested in applying for this type of position, make sure you have researched the application deadline in plenty of time. However, other organisations will have opportunities available throughout the year so keep your eyes open. Visit your careers service A good place to start your search is your university careers service where you can speak with a careers adviser. Although they can t make decisions for you, they will give you guidance on the best course of action to pursue. Your careers service will also run workshops and information sessions to help with your career decision-making and practical aspects such as CV writing, interview techniques and applying for postgraduate study. They should also have additional resources available both in the centre and on their website to help your search, including a current vacancies board, information on applying for jobs or funding further study and details of careers events. Check out your alumni office Your university alumni office holds a database of graduates some of whom are willing to be contacted to give you advice and information about the work they are doing. This could help you to extend your network of contacts further and improve your employability. nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree 6

8 Careers fairs Visiting a careers fair is an excellent opportunity to discover more about companies currently recruiting and the skills and attributes employers look for in graduates. Organisations exhibiting at careers fairs tend to be large employers such as finance, management and retail companies or public sector and government organisations. Science careers fairs tend to be dominated by engineering firms and you may be disappointed at the lack of opportunities for bioscientists. Small and medium sized companies (SMEs) are large recruiters of bioscientists, but with fewer vacancies available, they do not usually attend careers fairs but rather advertise on job websites or via recruitment agencies. Therefore, although you may not find your perfect employer at a careers fair, it is still worth attending to research different job areas and build your knowledge base. Did you know the Society of Biology and its Member Organisations run specialised Life Sciences Careers Conferences each year? These events provide presentations covering a wide range of biology-related careers, a CV workshop and a chance to talk to careers experts in the exhibition. Find out more about upcoming events at: Some careers fairs also put on presentations on careers in different sectors which can be useful towards your job research. Careers fairs can be organised by your university, specialised learned societies or individual employers. Look out for posters and s and ask your careers service for more information. 7 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

9 Job adverts The majority of jobs are advertised on the internet, for example on university careers websites, specialised graduate websites, specialist journals and magazines, newspapers or individual company websites. A list of websites to start your search is included in the Resources section on pages 37 and 38. Depending on the type of job you are looking for, you could start your search either on a general graduate recruitment website or aim for a more science-specific site. If you want to work in a particular location, also check out the job section in the local press. If there is a particular sector you want to work in, find out if there are any specialist publications for that sector that advertise vacancies. Prospects (www.prospects.ac.uk) is a good site to start your search as it gives descriptions of career areas, case studies of people working in the sector and links to associated job sites. In these days of highly varied jobs, don t rely on the job title but examine job adverts in detail to see exactly what the role involves. The job description will give details of the skills and attributes the employers want. This will help you to decide on the type of work that may suit you as well as identifying any gaps in your skills and experience which need filling. Speculative enquiries If there is a particular organisation you would like to work for, but you haven t seen any vacancies advertised, it may be worth contacting them on a speculative basis. Ideally, contact the company in advance to ask if you can visit to talk to them informally and to find out the name of an appropriate person in the company to send your CV to. Make sure you have researched the company thoroughly and highlight in your covering letter why you think you are suited to work in their organisation. Recruitment agencies Many employers register vacancies with specialised recruitment agencies. If you are thinking of registering with an agency, carry out some research first to make sure they specialise in the area you are interested in. You should sign up to two or three different agencies to ensure you have access to a broad range of jobs. You should not have to hand over any money when signing up. However using a recruitment agency shouldn t be your only option keep searching for positions independently too. When registering, it is important to make a good impression, as you would in a job interview. When the agency puts you forward for vacancies, they will be better able to highlight your skills and abilities to the employer. Keep in regular contact with your recruitment agency to make sure they continue to actively look for positions for you. nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree 8

10 Work experience You may have already secured some relevant bioscience-related work experience through a placement on your degree course, or relevant work experience during your vacations. If you have had no such opportunity, you have a number of options. Look out for internships and placements advertised through careers services, specialist organisations and within your university department. These can be for science or non-science related roles. There are usually a large number of applicants so treat the application as seriously as you would a job application. Make the most of any non-science work experience (e.g. bar/shop work), or involvement in voluntary organisations or university societies, by selling the transferable skills you have acquired. See Importance of skills section on page 11. Take time out following your degree to do some voluntary/short-term work to enhance your CV. In particular, sectors such as conservation, science media and administration can offer internships and voluntary placements to help you gain experience. These can be used as evidence of your suitability for the job for which you are applying. Summer studentships Many learned societies offer studentships to undergraduate students (mainly second year students), which fund them to work in a university laboratory during the summer vacation. Societies that run this type of scheme include: Biochemical Society, British Ecological Society, Genetics Society, Society of Biology, Society for Endocrinology, Society for General Microbiology and The Physiological Society. Visit the learned societies websites on page 1 for more details. Social Media Most students use social media however did you know you can also use it for career purposes? Sites such as LinkedIn, Twitter and Google+ offer the opportunity to network and find jobs. LinkedIn is a professional site where you can search companies to find out what they do, where they are based and the kinds of people who work there. You can create new contacts and widen your network as well as enhance your own visibility. Twitter may seem like a frivolous way to follow celebrities but it is used by professionals to swap information and chat to each other as well as advertise jobs. Social networking is important now and will be even more so in the future so be sure to join in or you may be missing out on career opportunities. For more information try these sites: 9 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

11 The importance of skills Job seeking strategies

12 The importance of skills All job advertisements, and their associated job descriptions, ask for particular qualifications and knowledge. In addition they will list a whole range of skills. These can be technical and specialised research skills as well as interpersonal and transferable skills. The more closely related to bioscience a job (or postgraduate course) is, the more specialised knowledge and qualifications are required, as opposed to transferable skills. Conversely the less specialised a job is (for example, a non-science related graduate job), the less specific knowledge and qualifications are needed and the more necessary are the transferable and interpersonal skills. e.g. look at the three advertisements in Figures 2, 3 & 4 on page 12. Box 2: Top 10 skills employers seek (in no particular order) Analytical and research skills Communications skills (listening, verbal, written) Computer and technical literacy Flexibility and ability to multitask Initiative and self-motivation Interpersonal abilities Leadership and management skills Planning and organisational skills Problem-solving and creativity Teamwork 11 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

13 Three examples of job advertisements Fig 2: Postgraduate study Three year PhD studentship: Molecular biology of the eye Role and regulation of proteolysis in the retinal pigment epithelium and its significance for age-related macular degeneration University of Liverpool - Department of Eye and Vision Science Applications are invited for a fully-funded PhD studentship in Ocular Molecular Biology investigating molecular and cellular processes involved in gene expression and regulation of proteolysis in retinal pigment epithelial cells linked to development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly. The project will explore the molecular mechanism involved in the re-direction and function of variant B cystatin C and other proteolysis-related molecules associated with AMD. The student will benefit from interaction with other postgraduate researchers in the group addressing key questions regarding fundamental cellular processes, such as the intracellular trafficking of secretory proteins, misfolding of soluble proteins and (re)modelling of extracellular matrix by RPE cells, which are likely to be important for progression of degenerative processes. Candidates should hold a First or Upper Second class Honours degree in a relevant Biochemical or Molecular Biology subject. Applications from candidates with an additional relevant Master s award are also welcome. You should be able to work independently and as part of a team and possess excellent academic credentials, enthusiasm, good organisational skills, and initiative. The opportunity to develop skills in molecular/cellular biology, cell culture/cellular assays and imaging techniques will provide excellent career prospects for the successful applicant. Fig 3: Bioscience job Scientific Officer A lifesciencegraduate,ideallywithapractical backgroundinvirology,immunology,molecular biologyorrelateddiscipline. H owever,fortherightcandidate,enthusiasm andawillingnesstolearnmaybeasubstitute forexperience.youwillbeaself-driven individualwhoispro-active,creativeand goal-orientatedwithexcellentoralandwritten communicationskills.inreturnweoffera challengingroleinournewlyestablishedlaboratories. Fig 4: Non-bioscience job Outreach Officer The successful applicant will develop and manage projects to support the University s widening participation strategy. The postholder will plan, organise and deliver activities to raise the aspirations and achievement of young people, providing information and advice about opportunities that exist in higher education. Applicants should have excellent interpersonal and organisational skills, be enthusiastic and have the ability to motivate young people from diverse backgrounds. Applicants should have a degree or significant vocational experience and a good understanding of widening participation in higher education, along with the ability to manage projects and budgets. nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree 12

14 Analysis of the advertisements on page 12 If you look at each advertisement featured on page 12, you will see that they have different emphases according to the qualifications, knowledge, skills and attributes they require from prospective candidates. However, they also have commonalities too. Can you spot what they are? Postgraduate study (Figure 2) The PhD studentship gives a detailed account of the research project and the biological processes associated with it. The description aims to draw in those graduates interested in this area of the biosciences as the studentship will involve intensive focus for 3 years. Specific academic qualifications and knowledge are required as well as more general personal skills associated with working in a research group. If you look at websites which advertise PhD studentships you will see that they tend to follow this general format. Bioscience job (Figure 3) The scientific officer post is not so focussed on specific knowledge, but the employer wants someone with a bioscience degree who can demonstrate good interpersonal skills and is a good team player. Their stipulation for someone who is self-driven with a willingness to learn indicates they want to employ a graduate who can adapt to new projects, learn new techniques and who will be focussed on results. What is a graduate job? A graduate job requires applicants to have a degree and assumes you are of a calibre that makes you suited to a professional career in which you will be able to progress and develop. It assumes a graduate will have the ability and willingness to learn new information and skills and possess capabilities not immediately apparent for a non-graduate. However, this does not mean a degree automatically leads to your securing a graduate job. You will also need to show evidence you have the associated specialist and interpersonal skills which demonstrate your potential to fulfil the professional requirements of a graduate job. Having said that, many jobs now ask for a graduate even though the job is quite basic. Even so, if you think a job has the potential to propel you towards your desired career, it is still worth considering even if it is low-level and temporary (you can add this experience to your CV and use your employer as a reference for your next career move). Non-bioscience job (Figure 4) Finally, the outreach officer post requires a graduate of any discipline as long as they have an even wider range of interpersonal skills. They expect that a graduate, with three or more years experience of higher education, will have acquired skills and attributes to enable them to take on this role. 13 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

15 How do you gain skills? You will have already acquired a range of skills but there is always scope to gain more, and develop the ones you already have, to improve your employability. If you look at the top 10 skills in Box 2 on page 11 could you say with confidence that you could give examples to show you can demonstrate all or most of them? Bioscience-related skills Your degree has provided you with bioscience-related skills so that, as a bioscience graduate, you can apply for specialist bioscience-related jobs and postgraduate study. You will have acquired these skills from practicals, project and field work, placements and other activities associated with your degree course. As well as technical and knowledge-based skills, you will have also developed general science-related skills such as critical analysis, planning, numeracy, data management and methodological approaches. You can build further on your technical and research skills by securing work experience with a company or research institution during your vacation, via a placement or by writing speculatively. See Job seeking strategies section on pages 5 8. Interpersonal and transferable skills Non-science and bioscience-related job advertisements are likely to specify more general skills such as teamworking and communication. There are a variety of ways you can develop these skills whilst at university. Simply being away from home and managing your own time and money are the most basic skills you will acquire, but this is the same for everyone. If you have a job whilst studying, such as bar, shop or factory work, this will also be topping up your skill-set in areas such as teamwork, diplomacy, communicating with a wide range of people, organisational skills, time management and self-motivation. Another way to enhance your skills is to get involved in organised and structured events and activities universities offer a wealth of opportunities for you to do this. Volunteering is a great way to get skills from working in the local community on social or conservation projects. You can volunteer at the local radio station to gain journalism skills, or work with a local youth group if you re considering teaching in the future. For ideas on how to evidence your skills, see Table 1 on page 15. What are interpersonal skills? Interpersonal or personal skills refer to your ability to communicate and interact with other people. They are sometimes referred to as people and/or soft skills and include attributes such as negotiating, listening, persuading, leadership and team working. Evidence of these skills can usually be demonstrated through jobs you have held or activities you have been involved in. What are transferable skills? Transferable skills are skills you have acquired in one environment which can be transferred to another setting. For example, if you have been an active team player in an undergraduate sports club, you can use this as evidence when applying for a job which requires good teamworking abilities. nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree 14

16 Table 1. Examples of how to evidence your skills Activity Skills acquired Final year practical project - Designed and conducted experiments - Wrote up and presented work to the department - Biochemical techniques, PCR, culturing cells - Self-driven and motivated, communication skills (writing and presenting) - Interpretation and analytical skills, accuracy and precision Work experience - Six month placement in a laboratory during degree course - Cell culture, bioassay and ELISA techniques, using biochemical equipment - Team work within a lab of eight people Voluntary work experience - Worked on a conservation project - Team working and cooperation - Fieldwork skills and fitness levels - Understanding of ecology Member of university hockey team - Played against other teams and came 2nd overall - Time management to ensure availability every week - Team working and motivation Secretary of hockey team (2nd year) - Organised fixtures and controlled budget - Financial and organisational skills Bar work during first year - Excellent communication skills negotiating and dealing with difficult customers 15 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

17 Postgraduate options study options Job seeking strategies

18 Postgraduate study options As a biosciences graduate, there will be many postgraduate study options available to you in scientific, sciencerelated and non-scientific fields. These can be academic or vocational, research-, taught- or work-based, and full or part time. The type of postgraduate study you choose may depend on your interests or be a requirement for your chosen career. For this reason, and reasons of funding, many graduates choose to take a couple of years out before embarking on a postgraduate course. However, if you are more certain of your career goals, a postgraduate course directly after graduation is sometimes preferable, e.g. towards a PhD, for teaching, medical careers or science specialisation. Some jobs require graduates to complete specialised postgraduate courses before becoming fully fledged employees, and some employers may offer to fund their employees postgraduate studies for relevant courses and qualifications. Box 3: Postgraduate courses what do they mean? Master of Science (MSc) describes any scientific Master s course. This generally takes one year to complete and is mainly a taught course with some research elements. Master of Arts (MA) describes an arts Master s course. Master of Research (MRes) is usually used to describe courses that include a large research project. Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is awarded to candidates who have completed a substantial research project (for longer than 2 years) that is insufficient to be awarded a PhD. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil) is a three to four year course where the student must carry out a substantial piece of original research, written up as a thesis. Master s courses Master s courses usually take one year full-time and allow you to specialise in a particular scientific area. There are a vast range of Master s courses to choose from to extend your science specialisation including molecular biology, bioinformatics, statistics, biophysics, etc. Your choice will depend on your area of interest but make sure it is sufficiently different from your more general bioscience degree. Clinical Master s courses are undertaken whilst working in a hospital and are advertised by the NHS. 17 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

19 Unlike your undergraduate degree, there is no central admissions system for postgraduate courses, although UCAS s sister organisation, UKPASS (www.ukpass.ac.uk), does allow you to apply to courses at some universities. Therefore, you apply to individual universities (usually using their own application form) and can apply for as many courses as you like. It is usual to apply anytime after the start of your final year, but you can apply later. If you can self-fund and obtain a good degree, you have a good chance of being accepted onto many courses. PhD A PhD is essential if you wish to follow a career in academic research and very helpful if you want a research job in industry. You will undertake a large piece of original research, written up as a thesis. In the UK PhD programmes now also include elements of training to develop your transferable skills. In the UK PhD programmes normally last 3-4 years. They are usually completed within a university, however there may be opportunities to study within other laboratories and research institutions via schemes such as CASE PhDs. To see an idealised academic career progression diagram go to: bbsrc.ac.uk/web/multimediafiles/research_careers.gif Choosing the right PhD is crucial, not only in terms of the subject choice, but also in terms of the academic supervisor and his/her research group. Make sure you research these carefully before applying as you will be spending three to four years with them in a relatively close environment, so it is important that you have a rapport (you can find this out when you attend interview by asking to meet the other research group members). Applying for a PhD is similar to a Master s course but if you have identified a research group you would particularly like to work with, you can write speculatively by sending them your CV and a letter of introduction to make you stand out in the crowd. Make sure your application is highly targeted and refer to their publications and recent research stating how you will be able to contribute. PhDs and Master s courses are advertised on websites, departmental noticeboards, magazines such as the New Scientist and also via word-of-mouth. See the Resources section on pages 37 and 38 for more information. Funding Postgraduate study can be expensive but there are a number of funding options available. It is important that you plan carefully before starting your course to ensure you have enough money to fund yourself through to the end. Master s courses There are a very limited number of funded studentships available on some Master s courses but, in the majority of cases, students need to fund their tuition fees and also their living costs whilst undertaking the course. The tuition fees for courses vary but are usually more expensive for international students and for research Master s courses. Some students pay from their own savings and part-time work, or with support from parents, however there are other options available. Many banks offer loans to recent graduates which have relatively low interest rates. Additionally, some universities offer bursaries to outstanding students or students on a low income. It may also be worth investigating whether there are any suitable scholarships or knowledge transfer partnerships available. nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree 18

20 PhD studentships Most bioscience PhDs are fully funded; your funder pays your tuition fees, money for your research and a stipend to support your living costs. As these are tax-free, you could end up earning a similar amount to many first-time jobs. You cannot apply directly for the money yourself; instead the funding comes with the PhD (rather like a salary). PhDs are mostly publicly funded via the various Research Councils who are responsible for co-ordinating and funding particular research areas. Research Council funding is open to UK and EU students. CASE studentships (Collaborative Awards in Science and Engineering) are jointly supervised by academic and industrial partners and include additional funding from an industrial partner on top of Research Council funding. These often include the opportunity to work at the industrial partner and experience work in industry. Health charities such as Cancer Research UK, British Heart Foundation, Diabetes UK and the Wellcome Trust also fund PhDs that fit their areas of interest. Useful funding resources for PhDs Research Councils UK PostgraduateStudentships.co.uk Scholarship Search Knowledge Transfer Partnerships EURAXESS UK CaSE studentships IndustrialCASE/ Professional postgraduate certificates and diplomas You may decide that you want to use the skills you gained in your biosciences degree in a science-related field. Some of the most popular examples are outlined below. Teacher training programmes Teaching can be a highly challenging and rewarding career and there is always a demand for skilled, eloquent and engaging teachers in primary and secondary schools. To become a school teacher in the UK, you need to gain Qualified Teacher Status (QTS). As a graduate, there are several different paths you can take to achieve this. Please note: The process for applying for Teacher Training can alter from year to year. For further updates refer to the Get into Teaching website. Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) The majority of graduates qualify as teachers through a PGCE course. The course focuses on teaching skills rather than subject knowledge and takes one year to complete. PGCE courses are taught at universities, colleges, and as part of some employment-based teacher training programmes. The course consists of work placements at two different schools and a study period at the higher education institution providing the PGCE. To apply for a secondary school teacher training programme, you need a degree related to the subject you want to teach and an equivalent of grade C GCSE Maths and English. Most graduates apply to courses through the Graduate Teacher Training Registry (GTTR). Fees for courses will range between 6 9,000 student and loans are available for fees and maintenance. For further updates refer to the TDA website. 19 nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree

nextsteps: options after a bioscience degree This booklet was produced by the following learned societies: Biochemical Society (www.biochemistry.org) British Pharmacological Society (www.bps.ac.uk) Society

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