Here’s how I became an expert on building muscle when you’re over 40: I turned 40.

I started paying more attention to the many dishonest ways fitness in general, and strength training especially, is sold to men and women over 40. It starts with the generalization that everyone over 40 is in the same condition and has the same goals.

At one extreme are bullshit claims that “age is just a number.” This crowd promotes powerlifting and CrossFit and obstacle course racing to people who put themselves at risk of serious injury if they jump into them without a solid base of muscular fitness.

Those at the other extreme assume that everyone over 40 is a mess; that they’re either out of shape or broken down; that they aren’t interested in building muscle or increasing strength or just looking good in the mirror; that they’re so time-challenged that each half-hour workout must cover every aspect of fitness—strength, cardio, and flexibility.

Let’s start with a look at what’s real and what isn’t, and how you can use a program like Men’s Health Muscle After 40 for your own unique body.

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The Facts About Training After 40

Getty ImagesErik Isakson

Sarcopenia is real. You will lose muscle as you get older. But how much you lose, and when you start losing it, are very much under your control. The best defense against sarcopenia is to build as much muscle as you can, and then work everyday to retain it. The best time to start building that muscle is “long before now.” But if “before now” isn’t an option, “now” is where we’ll start.

Your connective tissues have already started to lose some of their elasticity, which means your joints will be less mobile. That’s why your exercise choices are critical. The wrong ones can damage joints, which matters because…

There are no easy injuries to bounce back from or work through. The days of gritting your teeth and fighting through aches and pains are behind you.

Even without injuries, your work capacity is starting to decline, along with your ability to recuperate from the work you put in. Those of us in middle age simply can’t go balls-out every time we walk into the gym and expect to recover like we could 10 or 20 years ago. It makes much more sense to train more frequently, but to inflict less damage on your muscles and joints in those workouts. The workouts we do are only as good as our ability to recover from them. No recovery, no benefit.

Consistency trumps intensity. Unless you’re new to lifting, you can’t expect to see progress every single workout—to lift more weight, or lift the same weight for more reps, or grind through a higher volume of sets and reps. Think of it like your job: Much of the time, you’re just trying to get through the day without falling farther behind. Same with your workouts. As long as you show up and get some training in, that’s a win.

What Works for Men Over 40

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Your journey to 40 is not mine, and mine isn’t yours. But one thing I’ve learned from training clients over 40—and I’ve now trained quite a few of them—is that we can all work from the same basic set of principles. I call it intelligent bodybuilding.

I’ve been bodybuilding for the past quarter century, and I can attest that, aside froma few cartoon characters, it’s very much a thinking person’s pursuit. Bodybuilding is also the only training system you can pursue for life, with the possibility of improvements at ages when most athletes have called it quits. You won’t find a powerlifter who started at 15 and peaked at 40 or beyond. But you’ll find plenty of bodybuilders who meet that description.

It also pulls your arms in toward the midline of your body (adduction), rotates your upper arms inward (internal rotation), and even pulls them to your sides (extension). Different parts of the muscle handle different movements at different angles, which means you need more than pushups and bench presses in your workout program.

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Compound and Isolation Exercises

Everyone agrees that a great workout program should be built around compound, multi-joint exercises like squats, lunges, deadlifts, presses, and rows. They use the most muscle in movement patterns that replicate real-life activities like running, jumping, lifting, climbing, pushing, and pulling. But isolation movements like curls, press downs, flies, and lateral raises are also important. There are a few reasons why I think older lifters should do more isolation work:

Unlike compound movements, they don’t consume a lot of energy, which means you can push yourself harder and recover faster. Isolation exercises are perfect for those times when you want to crush a couple of sets to failure.

They allow a deep mind-muscle connection. That is, you can go inside the muscle and feel how hard it’s working—something you can’t do with a squat or bench press. Used intelligently, they shore up vulnerable joints with minimal risk of injury.

Used intelligently, they shore up vulnerable joints with minimal risk of injury.

Moderate Loads and Moderate Rep Ranges

Getty ImagesDean Mitchell

I know it’s a thrill to see your one-rep max go up on a bragging-rights exercise like the bench press or deadlift. I’ve experienced it, as every lifelong meathead has. But once you’re past 40, there’s way too much risk for basically no reward at all in terms of improving your physique.

In this program you’ll never do fewer than 6 reps per set. Most work will be in the range of 8 to 15 reps, but sometimes it’ll go as high as 25. You’ll get better muscle growth in those ranges, with less risk to your joints and easier recovery.

Smart Exercise Choices

It’s fashionable these days to say that there are no bad exercises. But when you’re over 40, many exercises should simply be avoided:

That said, I don’t want to be one of those Internet gurus who says every lifter must stop doing X,Y, and Z the minute he or she turns 40, as if every shoulder, hip, and spinal disc has the exact same expiration date.

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Take the barbell shoulder press, for example. It’s not just a good lift, it’s a great lift… but only if you can do it well. Most lifters can’t, and even some who can may find that it eventually causes more residual joint pain than it’s worth.

For almost everyone reading this, it’s much better to use the dumbbell shoulder press and the other overhead lifts in their program.

Want to learn more? Check out the Men’s Health Muscle After 40 guide to find out.