At the Dominican Order's printing press at Abucay Church in the Philippines, Tomas Pinpin prints Father Francisco Blancas de San Jose's Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala and his assistant Diego Talaghay prints Pinpin's own Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla, the first book written by a native Filipino in the local Tagalog language, encouraging his countrymen to learn Spanish.[3]

1.
1605 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1605. January 1 – The Queens Revels Children perform George Chapmans All Fools at the court of King James I of England, january 6 – First performance of The Masque of Blackness at the Banqueting Hall, Whitehall Palace. The cast includes Penelope Rich and Lady Mary Wroth, january 7 – The Kings Men perform Shakespeares Henry V at court. January 8 – Ben Jonsons Every Man Out of His Humour is performed at court by the Kings Men, january – Kings Men perform Loves Labors Lost before Queen Anne. February 2 – The Kings Men give a performance of Ben Jonsons Every Man in His Humour at court. February 10 and February 12 – Performances of The Merchant of Venice are given at court, may 30 – John Spottiswoode becomes a member of the Scottish privy council. August 27–August 30 – King James I, Queen Anne, gentlemen from St Johns and Christ Church colleges entertain the royals with a series of plays. The big hit of the visit is Samuel Daniels The Queens Arcadia, matthew Gwinnes Latin play Vertumnus puts James to sleep. October – First publication of Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, de Nieuwe Tijdinghen, a Dutch proto-newspaper, is perhaps also published this year. Johannes Huser of Waldkirch publishes an edition of Paracelsuss works. Luis de Góngora is ordained as a priest, the Rose theatre in London is abandoned after its lease runs out

2.
1609 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1609. January 1 – The Children of the Blackfriars perform Thomas Middletons A Trick to Catch the Old One at the English Court, january 15 – Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, an early newspaper, begins publication in Wolfenbüttel. July 28 – The Sea Venture is wrecked in Bermuda – this event is thought to be an inspiration for Shakespeares The Tempest, october 12 – A version of the rhyme Three Blind Mice is published in Deuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks melodie. The editor, and possible author of the verse, is the teenage Thomas Ravenscroft, december 8 – The Sala Fredericiana, the first reading room of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, opens to readers. This is one of the first major libraries to have the bookshelves ranged around the walls, december 21 – William Ames delivers a controversial sermon for St Thomass Day, criticizing the heathenish debauchery of Cambridge students during the Twelve Days of Christmas. December – Ben Jonsons comedy Epicœne, or The silent woman is premièred at the Whitefriars Theatre in London by the Children of the Queens Revels led by Nathan Field, samuel Daniel completes the eighth and last book of his epic poem, Civil Wars. Jacques Auguste de Thous Historia sui temporis is placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, francis Tregian the Younger is imprisoned in England, partly for his Catholic sympathies, and perhaps begins copying out the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book

3.
1616 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1616. January 1 – King James I of England attends the masque The Golden Age Restored, the king asks for a repeat performance on January 4. February 1 – King James I of England grants Ben Jonson an annual pension of 100 marks, march 5 – Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum by the Roman Catholic Church. April 22 – Miguel de Cervantes dies in Madrid and is buried the day in the Trinitarias convent there. April 23 – William Shakespeare dies in retirement in Stratford-upon-Avon and is buried two days later in the Church of the Holy Trinity there, june 10 – Foundation date of Ets Haim Library, housed from 1675 at the Portuguese Synagogue. August – Christopher Beeston acquires the lease of the Cockpit off Drury Lane in London, october/November – Ben Jonsons satirical five-act comedy The Devil is an Ass is produced at the Blackfriars Theatre, London, by the Kings Men, poking fun at contemporary credence in witchcraft. November 6/25 – Ben Jonsons works are published in a folio edition. December 25 – Ben Jonsons Christmas, His Masque is presented before King James I of England, george Chapmans translations of Homer, previously issued in piecemeal fashion, are published complete for the first time, as The Whole Works of Homer, the first full English-language edition. Marie Venier, called Laporte, is the first actress to appear on the stage in Paris, johannes Valentinus Andreae – Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459 Christoph Besold – Axiomata Philosophico-Theologica Dr

4.
1610s in architecture
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27 April 1613 - Inigo Jones is appointed Surveyor of the Kings Works in England. September 1615 - Inigo Jones, newly returned from a tour of continental Europe, is appointed Surveyor-General of the Kings Works in England,1610 The Changdeokgung of Korea is reconstructed. The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice, Italy, designed by Palladio is completed, Wignacourt Tower is built in St. Pauls Bay, Malta 1611 The Catholic church of Virgen del Rosario is built in Benejúzar, Spain. The Deoksugung of Korea is completed, Saint Lucian Tower in Marsaxlokk, Malta is completed. 1613 - Santa Cecilia Tower, Għajnsielem, Gozo, Malta,1614 The Marian column in front of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, designed by Carlo Maderno, is built, it serves as a model for numerous Marian columns in many Catholic countries. The Schloss Johannisburg in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, designed by Georg Ridinger, is completed, Work starts on Saint Thomas Tower in Marsaskala, Malta. 1615 Work starts on the Jesuit Church, Molsheim, the Wignacourt Aqueduct in Malta is completed. 1616 Work starts on the Queens House in Greenwich, England, the Church of San Pablo in Valladolid is completed. The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul is completed, the Gyeonghuigung of Korea is completed. The Changgyeonggung of Korea is reconstructed, marsalforn Tower in Gozo, Malta, is completed. 1617 - The Basilica Palladiana, in Vicenza, Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio, is completed,1618 - Saint Marys Tower in Comino, Malta, is completed. 1619 The Banqueting House at Whitehall in London and the Princes Lodging at Newmarket, Suffolk, naghsh-i Jahan Square is built in Isfahan, Iran by Mohammadreza Isfahani. Remodelling of Plaza Mayor, Madrid, is completed by Juan Gómez de Mora, ballintaylor House at Whitechurch, Waterford, Ireland, is built by Sir Richard Osbourne. 1615 – Vincenzo Scamozzi - LIdea della Architettura Universale 4 May 1611 - Carlo Rainaldi 1611 - John Webb 1612 - Louis Le Vau 1613 - Claude Perrault 7 August 1616 - Vincenzo Scamozzi

5.
Thomas Bodley
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Sir Thomas Bodley was an English diplomat and scholar, founder of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Thomas Bodley was born at Exeter in the second-to-last year of the reign of Henry VIII and his father, John Bodley, was a Protestant merchant who went to live abroad rather than stay in England under the Roman Catholic government of Mary. There, Thomas had the opportunity to study at John Calvins newly erected Academy and he attended lectures in Divinity given by Theodore Beza and Calvin himself and attended services led by John Knox. He learned Greek from Mattheus Beroaldus and Hebrew from Antoine Chevallier, the study of these languages remained enduring passions for Bodley throughout his life. After Marys death in 1558 and the accession of Queen Elizabeth, the returned to England. In 1563 he took his B. A. degree, and was thereafter, in 1564. He began lecturing at Merton and in April 1565 was formally appointed as the colleges first Lecturer in Ancient Greek and he served in many college offices, in 1569 he was elected as one of the Universitys junior proctors and for some time after was deputy Public Orator. Leaving Oxford in 1576 with a license to study abroad and a grant from his college of £6, Bodley toured France, Italy, and the Holy Roman Empire, visiting scholars and adding French, Italian, and Spanish to his repertoire of languages. It has been suggested that during his tour in Italy he was in initiated in Forlì in some form of Pythagorean initiation in a platonic academy. On his return to England Bodley was appointed a gentleman-usher to Queen Elizabeth, in 1585 he was entrusted with a mission to form a league between Frederick II of Denmark and certain German princes to assist Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV of France. He was next dispatched on a mission to France. The essential difficulties of his mission were complicated by the intrigues of the ministers at home. G. H. Martin speculates that the inspiration to restore the old Duke Humphreys library may have come from the renewal of Bodleys contact with Henry Savile, once his proposal was accepted, he devoted the rest of his life to the library project. He was knighted on 18 April 1604 and he died in 1613 and was buried in the choir of Merton College chapel. His monument of black and white marble, complete with pillars representing books and allegories of learning, Bodleys greatest achievement was the re-founding of the library at Oxford. However, during the Reformation of the 1550s, the library had been stripped and abandoned, the library was later named the Bodleian Library in his honour. He determined, he said, to take his farewell of state employments, in 1598 his offer to restore the old library was accepted by the university. Bodley began his book collection effort in 1600, using the site of the former library above the Divinity School, although Bodley lived over 400 years ago, modern libraries benefit from some of his ideas and practices

6.
Bodleian Library
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The Bodleian Library, the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. With over 12 million items, it is the second largest library in Britain after the British Library, known to Oxford scholars as Bodley or the Bod, it operates principally as a reference library and, in general, documents may not be removed from the reading rooms. They do, however, participate in OLIS, the Bodleian Libraries online union catalogue, much of the librarys archives were digitized and put online for public access in 2015. Since the 19th century a number of stores have been built. Before being granted access to the library, new readers are required to agree to a formal declaration and this declaration was traditionally an oral oath, but is now usually made by signing a letter to a similar effect. Ceremonies in which readers recite the declaration are still performed for those who wish to take them, external readers are still required to recite the declaration orally prior to admission. The Bodleian Admissions Office has amassed a collection of translations of the declaration allowing those who are not native English speakers to recite it in their first language. Whilst the Bodleian Library, in its current incarnation, has a history dating back to 1602. The first purpose-built library known to have existed in Oxford was founded in the century under the will of Thomas Cobham. This small collection of chained books was situated above the side of the University Church of St Mary the Virgin on the High Street. A suitable room was built above the Divinity School. This room continues to be known as Duke Humfreys Library, after 1488, the university stopped spending money on the librarys upkeep and acquisitions, and manuscripts began to go unreturned to the library. The late sixteenth century saw the library go through a period of decline, the furniture was sold. During the reign of Edward VI, there was a purge of superstitious manuscripts, six of the Oxford University dons were tasked with helping Bodley in refitting the library in March 1658. Duke Humfrey’s Library was refitted, and Bodley donated a number of his own books to furnish it, the library was formally re-opened on 8 November 1602 under the name “Bodleian Library”. There were around two thousand books in the library at this time, with an ornate Benefactors Register displayed prominently, in 1605, Francis Bacon gave the library a copy of The Advancement of Learning and described the Bodleian as an Ark to save learning from deluge. At this time, there were few books written in English held in the library, Thomas James suggested that Bodley should ask the Stationers Company to provide a copy of all books printed to the Bodleian. In 1610, Bodley made an agreement with the Stationers Company in London to put a copy of every book registered with them in the library, the Bodleian collection grew so fast that the building was expanded between 1610–1612, and again in 1634–1637

7.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected

8.
Bible
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The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans. Many different authors contributed to the Bible, what is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups, a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint, the New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians, believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ, written in first-century Koine Greek. These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives, letters, among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon, primarily the Apocrypha, a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect. Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups and this concept arose during the Protestant Reformation, and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching. With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the book of all time. It has estimated sales of 100 million copies, and has been a major influence on literature and history, especially in the West. The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin. Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and it gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, the word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of paper or scroll and came to be used as the ordinary word for book. It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, Egyptian papyrus, possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece, the Greek ta biblia was an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books. Christian use of the term can be traced to c.223 CE, bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer to use the Greek phrase ta biblia to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, the oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin Bible is the Codex Amiatinus and he states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that, Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, the period of transmission is short, less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Marks Gospel. This means that there was time for oral traditions to assume fixed form

9.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole

10.
Vulgate
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The Vulgate is a late fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible that became, during the 16th century, the Catholic Churchs officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible. The translation was largely the work of St. Jerome, who, in 382 AD, was commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Vetus Latina collection of biblical texts in Latin then in use by the Church. Once published, it was adopted and eventually eclipsed the Vetus Latina and, by the 13th century, was known as the versio vulgata or, more simply. The Catholic Church affirmed it as its official Latin Bible at the Council of Trent, the Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely the work of Jerome. Its components include, Jeromes independent translation from the Hebrew, the books of the Hebrew Bible, usually not including his translation of the Psalms. Translation from the Greek of Theodotion by Jerome, The three additions to the Book of Daniel, Song of the Three Children, Story of Susanna, and The Idol Bel and the Dragon. The Song of the Three Children was retained within the narrative of Daniel, translation from the Septuagint by Jerome, the Rest of Esther. Jerome gathered all these additions together at the end of the Book of Esther, translation from the Hexaplar Septuagint by Jerome, his Gallican version of the Book of Psalms. Jeromes Hexaplaric revisions of other books of Old Testament continued to circulate in Italy for several centuries, free translation by Jerome from a secondary Aramaic version, Tobias and Judith. Revision by Jerome of the Old Latin, corrected with reference to the oldest Greek manuscripts available, Old Latin, more or less revised by a person or persons unknown, Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah,3 Esdras, Acts, Epistles, and the Apocalypse. Old Latin, wholly unrevised, Epistle to the Laodiceans, Prayer of Manasses,4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, and 1 and 2 Maccabees. Jerome did not embark on the work with the intention of creating a new version of the whole Bible, how much of the rest of the New Testament he then revised is difficult to judge today, but little of his work survived in the Vulgate text. Jerome first embarked on a revision of the Psalms, translated from the revised Septuagint Greek column of the Hexapla and he also appears to have undertaken further new translations into Latin from the Hexaplar Septuagint column for other books. But from 390 to 405, Jerome translated anew from the Hebrew all 39 books in the Hebrew Bible, including a further version of the Psalms. This new translation of the Psalms was labelled by him as iuxta Hebraeos, the Vulgate is usually credited as being the first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew Tanakh, rather than the Greek Septuagint. Moreover, Augustine in that passage demonstrates his own preference for the Greek thus eliminating any possibility that Saint Jerome translated the OT from Greek. In these letters, Jerome described those books or portions of books in the Septuagint that were not found in the Hebrew as being non-canonical, Jeromes views did not, however, prevail, and all complete manuscripts and editions of the Vulgate include some or all of these books. Their style is markedly distinguishable from Jeromes

11.
English College, Douai
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The English College was a Catholic seminary in Douai, now in France, associated with the University of Douai. It was established in about 1561, and was suppressed in 1793 and it is known for a Bible translation referred to as the Douay–Rheims Bible. The University of Douai has emerged in recent studies as an important institution of its time, of an avowedly Catholic character, it had five faculties, theology, canon and civil law, medicine, and arts. In the early years there was a strong English influence, with several of the posts being held by professors who had fled Oxford University after the accession of Protestants in England. It was there, too, that taking his licentiate in 1560. These included the universitys first chancellor, Richard Smith, who had studied at Oxford and it was William Allen who first had the idea for a seminary for English Catholic priests, with studies linked to those of the university. He had the idea in a conversation with Dr. Jean Vendeville, then Regius Professor of Canon Law in the University of Douai and later Bishop of Tournai. The foundation began to take shape when Allen leased a house at Douai on Michaelmas Day,1568. Similar colleges also came about at Douai for Scottish and Irish Catholic clergy, at the same time the college was the first of the type of seminary ordered by the Council of Trent, and so received papal approval shortly after its establishment. It was also taken under the protection of King Philip II of Spain, other seminaries or houses of study on European Continent for the training of priests from and for England and Wales included ones in Rome, Valladolid, Seville and Lisbon. Nevertheless, in the early years Allens college had no income and was reliant on private donations from England. Allen continued his own studies and, after taking his doctorate, became Regius Professor at the University. A few years after the foundation Allen applied to Pope Gregory XIII for regular funding, in 1565, Gregory granted the College a monthly pension of 100 golden crowns per month, which continued to be paid down to the time of the French Revolution. Back in Douai, the College was granted a privilege of singing a solemn Mass of thanksgiving each time news reached them of another martyrdom of a Douai priest. Only a few years after foundation, Allens personality and influence had attracted more than 150 students to the College, a steady stream of controversial works issued from Douai, some by Allen himself, others by such men as Thomas Stapleton and Richard Bristow. It was at the English College at Douai that the English translation of the Bible known as the Douay-Rheims Version was completed in 1609. However, the College did see opposition from the University and town, with all the English at Douai expelled in 1578, the College did hold onto the house at Douai, however, and returned to it in 1593. Under Allens successor, Dr. Richard Barrett, the work was extended to include a course in humanities

12.
Dominican Order
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Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O. P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, the order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, in the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows,917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, a number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits, Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to Whitefriars or Greyfriars. They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars who wear a similar habit and their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way, men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this emerged two orders of mendicant friars, one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi, the other. Dominics new order was to be an order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, at the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a mixed spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation, the brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits affected the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics, in England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The orders origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its development and reputation. Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate, indeed, many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars, the first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, would be drawn from the Dominican Order. As an adolescent, he had a love of theology. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood, at that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade

13.
Abucay Church
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The Saint Dominic Parish Church, also known as Abucay Church, is a 17th-century Baroque church located at Brgy. The parish church, founded by the Dominican Missionary Friars in 1588, is dedicated to Saint Dominic of Guzman, the parish is under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga. The church was also a witness to the massacre of hundreds of Filipinos and these pieces of the churchs history were inscribed on a historical marker installed by the National Historical Committee in 1939. The church structure was erected by Father Geronimo de Belen in the early 1600s after the establishment of the Dominican mission in Abucay on June 10,1588, the current church was significantly damaged by an earthquake in September 16,1852. Major changes were made into the structure before the Second World War, the Spanish religious missionaries to the Philippines did not bring with them equipment for mass production of books and manuscripts. Instead, they employed the knowledge of the Chinese in the country to construct the first printing press and this first printing press used xylography, a type of relief printing technique with letters or characters etched on blocks of wood. Texts produced with the press from 1593 to 1610 used the language and writing system but by 1604. Father Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a Dominican Friar was a key figure in this shift from local to Romanized text, by 1608, the printing press which used to be in Manila, was transferred to Abucay in Bataan province. Filipinos replaced the Chinese men as workers in the printing press, tomas Pinpin, a local of Abucay, is recognized as the first Filipino printer. Among Pinpins publications was a manual teaching Tagalog speakers the Spanish language and this manual was printed by Diego Talaghay when Pinpin was appointed as shop manager. The two-level facade of the church is described as of Renaissance style and its expanse is divided vertically by single or coupled Doric columns. Four urn-like finials top the second-level cornice, the triangular pediment, with its top lined with balusters, undulates down to its base. To the right of the church rises the bell tower, with each of its storey defined by decorative balusters. Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule Media related to Saint Dominic de Guzman Parish Church at Wikimedia Commons

14.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos

15.
Tagalog language
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Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is officially the national language, the word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log, composed of tagá- and ilog. Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs, the first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana. Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə, in Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/, for example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot. Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels, Proto-Philippine *ŋajan and *hajək became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR and *zuRuʔ became Tagalog tubig, the first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Tagalog was declared the language by the first constitution in the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine. The regional languages are the official languages in the regions. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction and it is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family, being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay, Tetum, and Yami. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Some example of differences are, Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants

16.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania

17.
Lope de Vega
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Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio was a Spanish playwright, poet, novelist and marine. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century of Baroque literature, nicknamed The Phoenix of Wits and Prodigy of Nature by Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega renewed the Spanish theatre at a time when it was starting to become a mass cultural phenomenon. He defined its key characteristics, and along with Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, because of the insight, depth and ease of his plays, he is regarded as one of the greatest dramatists in Western literature, his plays still being produced worldwide. He was also one of the best lyric poets in the Spanish language, some 3,000 sonnets,3 novels,4 novellas,9 epic poems, and about 500 plays are attributed to him. Although he has criticised for putting quantity ahead of quality. Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio was born in Madrid to a family of undistinguished origins and his father, Félix de Vega, was an embroiderer. Little is known of his mother, Francisca Fernández Flórez and he later added the distinguished name of Carpio from one of his in-laws. After a brief stay in Valladolid, his father moved to Madrid in 1561, however, Lope de Vega would later affirm that his father arrived in Madrid through a love affair from which his future mother was to rescue him. Thus the writer became the fruit of reconciliation and owed his existence to the same jealousies he would later analyze so much in his dramatic works. The first indications of young Lopes genius became apparent in his earliest years and his friend and biographer Pérez de Montalbán stated that at the age of five he was already reading Spanish and Latin, and by his tenth birthday he was translating Latin verse. His great talent bore him to the school of poet and musician Vicente Espinel in Madrid, in his fourteenth year he continued his studies in the Colegio Imperial, a Jesuit school in Madrid, from which he absconded to take part in a military expedition in Portugal. Following that escapade, he had the fortune of being taken into the protection of the Bishop of Ávila. Following graduation Lope had planned to follow in his patrons footsteps and join the priesthood, thus he failed to attain a bachelors degree and made what living he could as a secretary to aristocrats or by writing plays. Following this he returned to Madrid and began his career as a playwright in earnest and he also began a love affair with Elena Osorio, who was separated from her husband, actor Cristóbal Calderón, and was the daughter of a leading theater director. He went into exile undaunted, taking him the 16-year-old Isabel de Alderete y Urbina, known in his poems by the anagram Belisa. The two married under pressure from her family on 10 May 1588. Just a few later, on the 29th of May, Lope signed up for another tour of duty with the Spanish Navy, this was the summer of 1588. It is likely that his enlistment was the condition required by Isabels family, eager to be rid of such an ill presentable son-in-law

18.
William Camden
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His father Sampson Camden was a member of The Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers. He attended Christs Hospital and St Pauls School, and in 1566 entered Oxford, at Christ Church, he became acquainted with Philip Sidney, who encouraged Camdens antiquarian interests. He returned to London in 1571 without a degree, in 1575, he became Usher of Westminster School, a position that gave him the freedom to travel and pursue his antiquarian researches during school vacations. In 1577, with the encouragement of Abraham Ortelius, Camden began his great work Britannia and his stated intention was to restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britain to his antiquity. The first edition, written in Latin, was published in 1586 and it proved very popular, and ran through five further editions, of 1587,1590,1594,1600 and 1607, each greatly enlarged from its predecessor in both textual content and illustrations. The 1607 edition included for the first time a set of English county maps, based on the surveys of Christopher Saxton and John Norden. The first English language edition, translated by Philemon Holland, appeared in 1610, Britannia is a county-by-county description of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a work of chorography, a study that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history. Rather than write a history, Camden wanted to describe in detail the Great Britain of the present, by this method, he produced the first coherent picture of Roman Britain. He continued to collect materials and to revise and expand Britannia throughout his life and he drew on the published and unpublished work of John Leland and William Lambarde, among others, and received the assistance of a large network of correspondents with similar interests. His fieldwork and firsthand research set new standards for the time and he even learned Welsh and Old English for the task, his tutor in Old English was Laurence Nowell. In 1593 Camden became headmaster of Westminster School and he held the post for four years, but left when he was appointed Clarenceux King of Arms. The College of Arms at that time was not only a centre of genealogical and heraldic study, the appointment, however, roused the jealousy of Ralph Brooke, York Herald, who, in retaliation, published an attack on Britannia, charging Camden with inaccuracy and plagiarism. Camden successfully defended himself against the charges in subsequent editions of the work, Britannia was recognised as an important work of Renaissance scholarship, not only in England, but across the European Republic of Letters. In 1612 parts were condemned by the Spanish Inquisition, an abridgement was published in Amsterdam in 1617 and reprinted in 1639, and versions of the text were also included in Joan Blaeus Theatrum Orbis Terrarum and in Jan Janssoniuss Novus Atlas. In 1597, Lord Burghley suggested that Camden write a history of Queen Elizabeths reign, Camden began his work in 1607. The first part of the Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnate Elizabetha, covering the reign up to 1597, the second part was completed in 1617, but was not published until 1625, and 1627, following Camdens death. The first translation into English appeared in 1625, the Annales were not written in a continuous narrative, but in the style of earlier annals, giving the events of each year in a separate entry

19.
Philemon Holland
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Philemon Holland was an English schoolmaster, physician, and translator. He is known for having produced the first English translations of works by Livy, Pliny the Elder, and Plutarch, and for his translation of William Camdens Britannia. Philemon Holland, born at Chelmsford, Essex, in 1552, was the son of John Holland, the Norfolk branch claimed kinship with the Hollands of Up Holland, Lancashire, but this is questionable. Hollands grandfather, Edward Holland, was of Glassthorpe, Northamptonshire, Hollands father, John Holland, was one of the Marian exiles with Miles Coverdale during the reign of Mary I, when Catholicism was reestablished. After the accession of Elizabeth I in November 1558 he returned to England and he was appointed rector of Great Dunmow, Essex, on 26 September 1564, where he died in 1578. Holland received a BA in 1571, and was elected a minor Fellow at Trinity on 28 September 1573 and his fellowship was terminated when he married in 1579. On 11 July 1585 Holland was incorporated MA at Oxford, Holland was admitted to the freedom of the city of Coventry on 30 September 1612, and when King James visited Coventry on 2 September 1617, was chosen to make a speech in the Kings honour. He wore a suit of black satin for the occasion, and it was later published as A learned, elegant and religious Speech delivered unto His. Maiestie, at. Coventry. In addition to his duties as usher of Coventry grammar school, Holland became tutor to George Berkeley, whose home was nearby at Caludon Castle. It appears the position was given to him at his advanced age out of respect for his talents and service to the city, however he retained it for only fourteen months, formally requesting to be relieved on 26 November 1628. On 24 October 1632 the mayor and alderman granted him a pension of £3 6s 8d for the three years, forasmuch as Dr. Holland, by reason of his age, is now grown weak. Hollands wife, Anne, who died in 1627 at the age of 72 is also buried in Holy Trinity, Holland combined his teaching and medical practice with the translation of classical and contemporary works. His first published translation, The Romane Historie, was the first complete rendering of Livys Latin history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita, into English. According to John Considine, It was a work of importance, presented in a grand folio volume of 1458 pages. The translation set out to be lucid and unpretentious, and achieved its aim with marked success and it is accurate, and often lively, and although it does not attempt to imitate the terseness of Latin, it avoids prolixity. In 1601 Holland published, in two folios, an equally huge translation from Latin, Pliny the Elders The Historie of the World, dedicated to Sir Robert Cecil and this was perhaps the most popular of Hollands translations. Indeed, after four centuries, Holland is still the only translator of this work to attempt to evoke its literary richness, in 1603 Holland published The Philosophie, commonly called, the Morals, dedicating it to King James. This was the first English translation of Plutarchs Moralia, Holland followed the Greek of Plutarchs original, and made use as well of a Latin translation and of the French translation of 1572 by Jacques Amyot

20.
Foxe's Book of Martyrs
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The Actes and Monuments, popularly known as Foxes Book of Martyrs, is a work of Protestant history and martyrology by John Foxe, first published in English in 1563 by John Day. It includes an account of the sufferings of Protestants under the Catholic Church. The book was influential in those countries and helped shape lasting popular notions of Catholicism there. The book went through four editions in Foxes lifetime and a number of editions and abridgements. The book was produced and illustrated with over sixty distinctive woodcut impressions and was to time the largest publishing project ever undertaken in England. Their product was a single book, a bit over a foot long. Foxes own title for the first edition, is Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Days, the page count went from approximately 1,800 pages in 1563 to over 2,300 folio pages. The number of woodcuts increased from 60 to 150, as Foxe wrote about his own living contemporaries, the illustrations could not be borrowed from existing texts, as was commonly practiced. Foxes title for the edition is quite different from the first edition where he claimed his material as these latter days of peril. touching on matters of the Church. In 1570, Foxes book is an Ecclesiastical History containing the acts and monuments of thynges passed in every kynges tyme in this realm and it describes persecutions, horrrible troubles, the suffering of martyrs, and other such thinges incident. In England and Scotland, and all other forreine nations, the second volume of the 1570 edition has its own title page and, again, an altered subject. Again leaving the reference, to church, uncertain, the title concludes in this realm of England and Scotland as partly also to all other forrine nations apparteynyng. Actes and Monuments for almost all its existence has popularly been called the Book of Martyrs, the linking of titles is an expected norm for introducing John Foxes sixteenth century work. William Haller observed that Edmund Grindal called it a book of martyrs, and it may have contained Grindals book of English martyrs, but it was not John Foxes. Dismayed by the misconception, Foxe tried to correct the error in the second edition. That his appeal was ineffective in his own time is not surprising, continuing this practice in academic analyses is being questioned, particularly in light of Foxes explicit denial. I wrote no such booke bearying the title Booke of Martyrs, I wrote a booke called the Acts and Monumentes. Wherin many other matters be contayned beside the martyrs of Christ, the final book treated the reign of Queen Mary and the Marian Persecutions

Title Page of the Rheims New Testament with the first page of the Gospel According to Matthew Compared with the Bishop's Bible, 1589, edited by William Fulke, to prove the Bishop's Bible of the New Testament was superior to the Rheims Roman Catholic New Testament translation.

Challoner's 1749 revision of the Rheims New Testament borrowed heavily from the King James Version.