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Wednesday, September 10, 2014

Creating story flow: the secret power of cause and effect

I call the law of cause and effect a “secret power” because many writers have never stopped to think about it.

But I guarantee that each time you pick up a book, your reading experience is dramatically influenced by this one natural law.

We’ve all read books where the writing doesn’t seem to flow. Often you can’t put your finger on why. All you know is, the writing feels choppy, the phrasing awkward. You struggle to maintain your focus. Your mind continually wanders away from the page.

When you pick up a different book, however, the author engages your attention from the first page. The words flow so naturally and smoothly that you cease to think about the author’s voice at all. The story becomes an unstoppable current and you let yourself be swept along for the ride, fully immersed in the fictional world.

As authors, we all desire this second experience for our readers. And so we study diligently about how to hook our readers from the first line, how to escalate conflict, how to deepen characterization.

All of which are good, and immensely important.

But the whole shebang falls apart – and the reader will be wrenched from your storyworld without even knowing why – if you ignore the law of cause and effect.

You may have heard this concept discussed in different terms. Dwight Swain, in his classic craft book “Techniques of the Selling Writer”, coined the term “Motivation Reaction Units”, or MRU’s.

We’re both talking about the same thing. And the concept is simpler than you might think.

In short, cause must always precede effect.

Every event in your story mustbe caused by the motivation or action that preceded it.

If that statement made you knot your forehead and chew your nails, take a look at some examples with me, and you’ll quickly see how simple and essential this concept really is.

Example One

Kate hit the door lock and slumped down in the passenger seat, her heart thumping in her chest. She was sure she’d seen a black-masked face in the shadows of the parking lot.

Okay. Hold it right there, and let’s have a think about what goes through a reader’s mind as they read this sequence. First, we see the character doing something – hitting the door lock and slumping down in the seat. (Effect). As a reader, we pause for a split second to wonder – why on earth is she doing that? The result is that we’re pulled from the story, however briefly. In the next breath, the author answers our question. (Cause). But it’s too late – the flow has already been interrupted.

All of this occurs on a subconscious level, but it’s enough to disengage the reader.

Do this enough times and you’ll destroy narrative flow, and the reader will find it harder and harder to re-engage with the story.

Let’s try that segment again, this time paying attention to the secret power of cause and effect.

Something moved in the shadows at the edge of the parking lot. Kate squinted through the windshield, and the darkness resolved into a solid form.

A black-masked face.

Kate hit the door lock and slumped down in the passenger seat, her heart thumping in her chest.

Structuring the sentences so cause precedes effect creates a natural, logical flow. An astute observer will note that in this improved version, the writer shows what happens as it occurs. When cause and effect become muddled, as in the first example, the writer is reduced to telling – giving an after-the-fact explanation for an effect that has already taken place.

Example Two

Brenda jumped from the edge of the roof after taking one last look at the open-mouthed stares of the people beneath.

Instead of building to a climax and ending on a strong note, this sentence fizzles. Why? Because it’s written in reverse chronological order. The strength of the action (“She jumped from the edge of the roof”) is diminished by the author’s immediate backtracking to what happened a split-second before the action. A story should flow continuously forward, never backward.

The sentence should read:

Brenda took one last look at the open-mouthed stares of the people beneath. Then she jumped.

Continuous forward motion creates momentum. That’s what you want. The momentum for a reader to keep flipping the pages. When an author unconsciously uses reversals like this one, the effect is like repeatedly tapping the brakes. It makes for a jerky ride. Enough of that, and the reader is going to bail out of the vehicle.

An exception

Of course, there’s always an exception to the rule. In this case, your opening hook is that exception. It’s fine to launch a book, chapter or scene with an event (effect) for which we’ve not yet been given a cause. This creates curiosity in the reader. The term for this literary device is in medias res, or “in the middle of the action.”

When you do this in the middle of a scene, on the other hand, your writing seems clumsy, and the natural flow of your book is interrupted.

Let’s talk nuts and bolts. Have you ever considered cause and effect in your own writing? Do you have any further questions in order to clarify what’s been discussed here? Why not take a look at your rough draft and see if you can find some instances where you’ve muddled cause and effect? Feel free to throw in a sentence or two for us to critique together.

Karen Schravemade lives in Australia, where she mothers by day and transforms into a fearless blogger by night. Her popular creative home-making blog, A house full of sunshine, reaches over 50,000 readers a month. She's a Genesis finalist for women's fiction and is represented by Rachel Kent of Books & Such. Find her on Twitter, Google+, and Pinterest.

Karen- great article. I have to be a little honest. I'm much older than you and I thought I would never see anyone your age refer to Swains book. Since you did, you might also try my favorite nonfiction, writing book. Scene and Structure by Jack Bickham. He draws a lot on Swain. I had dogeared and highlighted so much in Bickham's book that eventually I wrote him an email to tell him how much it had influenced me, but his wife wrote back and said he had dies recently. Ironically, Bickham also has a cause and effect chapter, which my guess is drawing directly from Swain. In my opinion, Swain, Bickham, and Robert McKee will haunt you with so many things to think about in writing! Anyway, keep up your good blogging work!

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