Since the discovery of the DNA structure researchers have been highly interested in the molecular basis of genome inheritance. This book covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to the field of DNA replication. The association between genome replication, repair and recombination is also addressed, as well as summaries of recent work of the replication cycles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses. The reader will gain an overview of our current understanding of DNA replication and related cellular processes, and useful resources for further reading....

We have recently expressed in bacteria the enzymatically active reverse transcriptase (RT) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) [Perach, M. & Hizi, A. (1999) Virology 259, 176–189]. In the present study, we have studied in vitro two features of the DNA polymerase activity of BLV RT, the processivity of DNA synthesis and the ﬁdelity of DNA synthesis. These properties were compared with those of the well-studied RTs of human immunodeﬁciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and murine leukaemia virus (MLV).

Duodenase is a 29-kDa serine endopeptidase that displays selective trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like substrate speciﬁcity. This enzyme has been localized to epitheliocytes of Brunner’s glands, and as described here, to mast cells within the intestinal mucosa and lungworm-infected lung, implying an important additional role in inﬂammation and tissue remodelling. In primary cultures of pulmonary artery ﬁbroblasts, duodenase induced a concentration-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation with a maximal eﬀect observed at 30 nM.

DNA replication is fundamental to cellular life on earth, and replication initiation provides the primary
point of control over this process. Replication initiation in all organisms involves the interaction of initiator
proteins with one or more origins of replication in the DNA, with subsequent regulated assembly of
two replisome complexes at each origin, melting of the DNA, and primed initiation of DNA synthesis
on leading and lagging strands.

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA replication, which requires
two viral proteins E1 and E2, occurs only in the differentiating epithelium.
Besides the general factors necessary for cellular DNA synthesis, other
unidentified cellular factors are assumed to be involved in the regulation of
HPV DNA replication.

The naturally synchronous plasmodia of myxomycetes synthesize poly(b-L-malic acid), which carries out cell-speciﬁc functions. In Physarum polycephalum, poly(b-L-malate) [the salt form of poly(b-L-malic acid)] is highly concentrated in the nuclei, repressing DNA synthetic activity of DNA polymerases by the formation of reversible complexes. To test whether this inhibitory activity is cell-cycle-dependent, puriﬁed DNA polymerase a of P.

Chapter 8 includes contents: The genetic code, transcription: from DNA to RNA, translation: from mRNA to protein, differences in gene expression between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, a comprehensive example: computerized analysis of gene expression in C. elegans, The effect of mutations on gene expression and gene function.

We learned in chapter 20 that DNA replication is at least semidiscontinuous and requires the synthesis of primers before DNA synthesis can begin. We have also learned about some of the major proteins involved in DNA replication in E. coli. Thus, we know that DNA replication is complex and involves more than just a DNA polymerase. This chapter presents a close look at the mechanism of this process in E. coli and in eukaryotes. We will look at the three stages of replication-initiation, elongation, and termination-in a variety of systems.

Chapter 21 - DNA Replication II: Detailed mechanism. We learned in chapter 20 that DNA replication is at least semidiscontinuous and requires the synthesis of primers before DNA synthesis can begin. We have also learned about some of the major proteins involved in DNA replication in E. coli. Thus, we know that DNA replication is complex and involves more than just a DNA polymerase. This chapter presents a close look at the mechanism of this process in E. coli and in eukaryotes. We will look at the three stages of replication-initiation, elongation, and termination-in a variety of systems.

Medicinal chemistry is a discipline at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic
organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where
they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of
pharmaceutical agents (drugs). Compounds used in medical applications are most
often organic compounds, which are often divided into the broad classes of small
organic molecules and biologics, the latter of which are most often medicinal
preparations of proteins. Inorganic and organometallic compounds are also useful as
drugs.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) is secreted from hypothalamus and
delivered to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal circulation where it binds to
the GnRHR on the surface of gonadotropes triggering the synthesis and secretion of the
gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In the
female, LH stimulates the production of androgens by the thecal cells that surround the
growing ovarian follicle.

Aimed at shedding light on the possible options for developing countries to make use of agri-
environmental and rural development measures within the framework of the WTO, this paper
surveys those programs used in the Quad that are considered non or at most minimally trade
distorting, non-discriminatory and otherwise consistent with current WTO rules. Furthermore,
it tries to illustrate the possible outcomes in the ongoing negotiations in the WTO on the
Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) from a developing country viewpoint, related to the types of
mechanisms surveyed above. ...

This book is an outgrowth of the George Fisher Baker Lecture series presented by one of
us (C.R.C.) at Cornell University in the fall of 1992. This author is tremendously grateful
to all those at Cornell who made this occasion truly memorable, personally, and most pro-
ductive, intellectually. Included especially are Jean Fréchet, Barbara Baird, John Clardy,
Jerrold Meinwald, Fred McLafferty, Benjamin Widom, David Usher, and Quentin
Gibson, among many others.

Cell-free protein synthesis using cell extracts from
Escherichia coli, wheat germ and rabbit reticulocytes
has been used for over 40 years to produce small
amounts of radiolabeled proteins for identification of
gene products and other applications. In the E. coli
system programmed with plasmid DNA, the cell
extract contains or is supplemented with an RNA po-lymerase to transcribe the gene, and the mRNAs are
translated by a complex mixture that contains ribo-somes and a full complement of initiation,...

important regulators of biological processes in animals
and plants. MiRNAs regulate gene expression at
the posttranscriptional level by binding to mRNAs and
either inhibit translation or modify the stability of the
mRNA. Due to the important biological role of miRNAs
it is of great interest to study their expression level in
the cells. Furthermore, miRNAs have been associated
with cancer and other diseases [1] and miRNA expression
can help in the diagnosis and prognostic of human
disease [2,3].

a-defensins are released from granules of leukocytes and are implicated in
inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases. In the present study, the effects of
a-defensins on the proliferation and collagen synthesis of lung fibroblasts
were examined. We found thata-defensin-1 and a-defensin-2 induced dose-dependent increases in the incorporation of 5-bromo-2¢-deoxy-uridine into
newly synthesized DNA in two lines of human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1
and LL-86)

Mollicutes are wall-less bacteria and cause various diseases in humans, ani-mals and plants. They have the smallest genomes with low G + C content
and lack many genes of DNA, RNA and protein precursor biosynthesis.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), a house-keeping enzyme that plays
a critical role in the synthesis of nucleic acids precursors, i.e.