The Modular Manual Browser

Unicode(5) Unicode(5)
NAME
Unicode, unicode, universal.utf8, UCS-2, UCS-4, UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32,
iso10646 - Support for the Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 standards
DESCRIPTION
The operating system provides locales and codeset converters that support
the following standards:
+TheUnicodeStandard, Version3.0, Unicode, Inc., 1999
+InformationTechnology-UniversalMultiple-OctetCodedCharacterSet,
ISO/IEC 10646:1993
The Basic Multilingual Plane defined by this standard is identical
with the main body of Unicode character encoding.
These standards define generalized character encoding rules that can be
applied to characters in most native language scripts. The Unicode Standard
specifies a universal character set (UCS) that contains definitions in Ver-
sion 3.0 for 49,194 characters and also includes a Private Use Area for
vendor- or user-defined characters. The following list summarizes the main
features of this character set:
+ All characters are treated as 16-bit units.
+ Each 16-bit unit has an abstract character identity.
+ Certain sequences of 16-bit characters in a text stream are
transformed into other characters, called composed characters.
+ Characters have properties, such as base, numeric, spacing, combina-
tion, and directionality. The Unicode standard provides rules for ord-
ering characters with different properties so that parsing of charac-
ter sequences is unambiguous.
+ The relationship between Unicode characters and the glyphs in the
native language script that users see, type, or print is not neces-
sarily one-to-one. A glyph may be mapped to a single abstract charac-
ter or a composed character. Conversely, more than one glyph can be
mapped to a character.
+ The ISO 8859-1 character set occupies the first 256 code positions
(and the ASCII character set the first 128 positions) of the UCS.
The ISO/IEC 10646 standard specifies both 16- and 32-bit units for each
abstract character defined in the the UCS. The 16-bit character values in
Unicode are zero-extended through a second 16-bit unit in the larger encod-
ing format. The second, or low-surrogate, 16-bit unit is reserved for
future use in both standards.
The Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 standards specify a uniform character size
and allow character units to be processed for all languages by using the
same set of rules. Therefore, system support for the universal character
set does not need to include multiple algorithms (one or more per language)
for converting between file code and internal process code. However, the
two different character sizes (16-bit or 32-bit) that the standards support
require different parsing schemes for data input and output. Universal
character encoding that an implementation parses in 16-bit units (2 octets)
is known as UCS-2. This is the canonical Unicode encoding in wide use on
PC systems. Universal character encoding that an implementation parses in
32-bit units (4 octets) is known as UCS-4. This is the canonical ISO/IEC
10646 encoding that is in use on systems that can support the larger data
unit size.
The operating system supports UCS-2 with codeset converters and UCS-4 with
both codeset converters and locales. The locales whose names include the
string @ucs4 allow use of UCS-4 for internal process code with proprietary
file encoding formats.
The standards define a number of transformation formats for the universal
character set. For the most part, the following UCS transformation formats
(UTFs) exist to transform UCS values into sequences of bytes for handling
by various byte-oriented protocols:
+ UTF-8, the standard method for transforming UCS-4 process encoding
into a sequence of 8-bit bytes and ensuring interchange transparency
for characters in C0 code positions (0 to 31), the SPACE (32) charac-
ter, and the DEL (127) character
The operating system supports UTF-8 with both codeset converters and
locales.
+ UTF-7, an obsolete interchange format for environments that strip the
eighth bit from each byte
The operating system does not support UTF-7.
+ UTF-1, an obsolete interchange format that is similar to UTF-8 but
also ensures interchange transparency of characters in C1 code posi-
tions (128 to 159)
The operating system does not support UTF-1.
+ UTF-16, which handles the surrogate character extensions defined by
Version 2.0 of the Unicode Standard and represents characters in
2-byte units
The surrogate character extensions are characters whose values in
UCS-4 are outside the range normally allowed by a 16-bit length res-
triction. When data includes these characters, the UTF-16 transforma-
tion format enables data exchange between applications using UCS-4 and
applications that require the data to be in UCS-2 (2-byte) format.
Although UTF-16 does not support representation of the entire UCS-4
code space, it supports all characters (except those in certain
private-use ranges) that have been currently defined for the languages
covered by both standards.
Byte orientation in file code can differ and, depending on the plat-
form on which the file was generated, can be little-endian (LE) or
big-endian (BE). UTF-16 uses a byte order mark (BOM), which is not
part of the file text data, to indicate byte orientation. The code
point of the BOM is U+FEFF. The Unicode Standard also defines UTF-16LE
and UTF-16BE, which are specific to the little-endian and big-endian
orientations, respectively, and do not include a byte order mark.
The operating system supports UTF-16, UTF-16LE, and UTF-16BE through
codeset converters. In terms of codeset converter names, UTF-16* is
recognized as an alias for UCS-2 but also enables codeset conversion
of surrogate character extensions.
Note
By default, the operating system uses UTF-16 rather than UTF-16LE or
UTF-16BE. That is, in an input file, the software first looks for a
BOM. If a BOM is not found, the converter assumes UTF-16LE. This
means that you must explicitly specify UTF-16BE to the converter
(convert files manually) when UTF-16BE applies to an input file. For
an output file, the converter automatically inserts a BOM. This
means that you must explicitly specify UTF-16LE or UTF-16BE (convert
files manually) when you want conversion output to be UTF-16LE or
UTF-16BE rather than UTF-16.
+ UTF-32, which also supports the surrogate character extensions defined
by the Unicode Standard but allows character representation in 4-byte
encoding units
In addition, UTF-32 is restricted in values to the range 0 to 10FFFF,
which precisely matches the range of character values defined in the
Unicode Standard. Unlike UTF-16, UTF-32 does not support private-use
ranges for character values and therefore promotes interoperability
among Unicode encoding formats.
UTF-32 uses a byte order mark to indicate little-endian or big-endian
byte orientation. The Unicode standard also defines UTF-32LE and UTF-
32BE , which are specific to the little-endian and big-endian orienta-
tions, respectively, and do not include a byte order mark.
UTF-32 is almost the same as UCS-4, so you can use UCS-4 codeset con-
verters to process UTF-32. However, the UCS-4 converter software has
not yet been changed to support UTF-32, UTF-32LE, or UTF-32BE as alias
names in the way that the UTF-16* strings are supported by the UCS-2
converters.
Codeset Conversion
Codeset converters are available to convert data in all the major encoding
formats that the operating system supports to and from UCS-2, UCS-4, and
UTF-8. If the worldwide support subsets are installed on your system, you
can enter the following commands to find the names of these converters:
%cd/usr/lib/nls/loc/iconv%ls|grepUTF%ls|grepUCS
Among the converters listed, you will find some that handle conversion of
data in the code-page format used on PC systems. See the code_page(5)
reference page for more information about converting between codeset and
code-page formats. All codeset converters can be used with the iconv com-
mand and associated library functions.
Note
There was a change in mapping of Korean Hangul characters between Ver-
sion 1.1 and Version 2.0 of the Unicode Standard. By default, UCS-2,
UCS-4, and UTF-8 conversion assumes Version 2.0 character mapping for
Hangul characters. Therefore, if data is in Version 1.1 format, the
data must first be converted to Version 2.0 format before converting
from UCS-2, UCS-4, or UTF-8 to an entirely different format. The for-
mat of a codeset converter name is from-codeset_to-codeset. In con-
verter names, the Version 1.1 codeset formats for UCS-2, UCS-4, and
UTF-8 are represented by UNICODE-1-1, UNICODE-1-1-UCS-4, and UNICODE-1-1-UTF-8, respectively. The Version 2.0 codeset names are represented
by UCS-2, UCS-4, and UTF-8. For example, if Korean data is currently
in UCS-4 Version 1.1 format, the data must first be processed by the
UNICODE-1-1-UCS-4_UCS-4 converter before being processed by the UCS-4_deckorean converter.
See the iconv_intro(5) reference page for general information on codeset
conversion.
Locales
The following locales use UCS-4 as internal processing code:
+universal.UTF-8
This locale converts data in UTF-8 file format to UCS-4 process code.
The locale can be used to test any UCS-4 character to determine if it
is included in one of the following classes defined for the LC_CTYPE
category: alnum, alpha, blank, cntrl, digit, graph, lower, print,
punct, space, upper, or xdigit.
In the universal.utf8@ucs4 locale, the LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY,
LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME category definitions match those for the POSIX
(C) locale.
+native_locale_name@ucs4
These locales (for example, fr_FR.ISO8859-1@ucs4) perform the same
function as the universal.UTF-8 locale but are different in the fol-
lowing ways:
-- The file code is specified by the codeset portion (for example,
ISO8859-1) of native_locale_name.
-- Classification information is not provided for the full set of
UCS-4 characters, but only for those in a particular native
language (for example, French).
-- Country-specific data is also available to the application. The
LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME
category definitions match those defined in native_locale_name.
+language_territory.UTF-8
These locales (for example, fr_FR.UTF-8) are similar to the @ucs4
locales in limiting classification information to the characters in a
particular native language and making country-specific data available
to the application. However, the .UTF-8 locales assume file data fol-
lows UTF-8 encoding rules and are the only locales that support the
euro monetary character (C=).
Note
The X locale database file used by applications running in the
universal.UTF-8, en_US.UTF-8, or Asian locales (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean) contains font definitions that include all the various fonts
used with the operating system. This enables applications under
en_US.UTF-8 to display all the font characters installed with World-
wide Language Support (WLS). Applications under the Asian locales
display all the font characters installed with WLS, except for
ISO8859-2, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, and TACTIS.
CDE desktop users can select .UTF-8 locales by choosing names followed by
(Unicode) from the CDE language menu at session startup. In this case, the
locale setting applies by default to all applications run during the CDE
session.
Unicode Character Database
For the convenience of programmers, the source file for the Unicode charac-
ter database (Version 3.0.0) is available online. This source file is the
one used to build the .UTF-8 locales provided in optional software subsets
included with the operating system product. If the .UTF-8 locales are
installed on your system, both the Unicode character database and an asso-
ciated ReadMe file are also installed in the /usr/share/unidata directory.
The ReadMe file discusses the character properties supported by Unicode.
Font Support
The operating system provides the following types of bitmap fonts for UCS
characters:
+ Public domain Unicode fonts:
-etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-140-72-72-c-70-iso10646-1
-etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-c-80-iso10646-1
-etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--24-240-72-72-c-120-iso10646-1
+ Composite fonts that the libfr_FGC font renderer creates by combining
fonts available for other codesets
These fonts currently cover only a subset of the characters in UCS. Each
of the ETL public domain fonts supports about 1000 characters, but does not
include any characters for Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. The composite
fonts created by the font renderer are generated only from fonts available
for the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) and ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9) codesets.
Refer to iso8859-1(5) and iso8859-15(5) for the names of fonts available
for Latin-1 and Latin-9 characters. Note that the Latin-9 fonts, which
include glyphs for the euro character, provide the best support for the
language_territory.UTF-8 locales, which also support this character.
For information on printer support and converting bitmap font encoding to
PostScript, see i18n_printing(5) and wwpsof(8).
SEE ALSO
Commands: locale(1), wwpsof(8)
Others: ascii(5), code_page(5), iso8859-1(5), iso8859-15(5), i18n_intro(5),
i18n_printing(5), iconv_intro(5), l10n_intro(5)