Techniques, apparatus and systems for optical communications, including fiber ring networks with protection switching to maintain optical communications when an optical failure occurs and to automatically revert to normal operation when the optical failure is corrected, fiber ring networks that provide a circulating optical probe signal at an optical probe wavelength within the gain spectral range of optical amplifiers used in a fiber ring network to detect an optical failure, and fiber ring networks that support broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node and one or more overlaid in-band node-to-node optical signals carrying communication traffic with regeneration at each node.

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Revendications(7)

1. An optical communication system, comprising:

a plurality of optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring which support (1) broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node, and (2) at least one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node, wherein the node-to-node optical WDM signal is at a wavelength different from wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

a plurality of optical amplifiers coupled in the optical ring and operable to amplify light in a gain spectral range covering optical wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

wherein the optical ring includes first and second fibers to connect two adjacent nodes to carry optical traffic in opposite directions, respectively;

wherein each node comprises:

an optical add and drop module coupled to the first and second fibers to produce one or more of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals and to split a fraction of light in the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals for detection while transmitting rest of the light in the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

a first node-to-node optical transmitter to produce the node-to-node optical WDM signal at a first node-to-node WDM wavelength;

a first optical coupler to receive the node-to-node optical WDM signal from the first node-to-node optical transmitter and to split the node-to-node optical WDM signal into a first part of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and a second part of the node-to-node optical WDM signal;

a second node-to-node optical transmitter to produce a second node-to-node optical WDM signal at a second node-to-node WDM wavelength different from the first node-to-node WDM wavelength;

a second optical coupler to receive the second node-to-node optical WDM signal from the second node-to-node optical transmitter and to split the second node-to-node optical WDM signal into a first part of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal and a second part of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal;

a first optical add module to combine the first part of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and the first part of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal into a first add signal;

a second optical add module to combine the second part of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and the second part of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal into a second add signal;

a first optical add coupler coupled to the first fiber to direct the first add signal to the first fiber;

a second optical add coupler coupled to the second fiber to direct the second add signal to the second fiber;

a first optical drop coupler coupled to the first fiber upstream from the first optical add coupler to selectively couple light of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and the second node-to-node optical WDM signal out of the first fiber while transmitting light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

a first optical drop module to separate the light of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and the second node-to-node optical WDM signal from the first optical drop coupler into a first drop part of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and a first drop part of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal;

a second optical drop coupler coupled to the second fiber upstream from the second optical add coupler to selectively couple light of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and the second node-to-node optical WDM signal out of the second fiber while transmitting light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

a second optical drop module to separate the light of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and the second node-to-node optical WDM signal from the second optical drop coupler into a second drop part of the node-to-node optical WDM signal and a second drop part of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal; and

a first optical receiver to receive the first and second drop parts of the node-to-node optical WDM signal; and

a second optical receiver to receive the first and second drop parts of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal.

2. The system as in claim 1, wherein each node comprises an electronic switching protection mechanism to provide switching for the node-to-node communication traffic.

3. An optical communication system, comprising:

a plurality of optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring having a first optical ring path to carry light through the optical ring nodes along a first direction and a second optical ring path to carry light through the optical ring nodes along a second, opposite direction,

wherein the optical ring is configured to support (1) broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node in each of the first and second optical ring paths, and (2) at least one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node in each of the first and second optical ring paths, and

wherein each ring node comprises:

a broadcast-and-select add and drop module to produce at least one of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals and to split a fraction of light in the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals for detection while transmitting rest of the light in the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

an optical coupler to receive the node-to-node optical WDM signal from the node-to-node optical transmitter and to split the node-to-node optical WDM signal into a first node-to-node optical WDM signal and a second node-to-node optical WDM signal;

a first optical add coupler coupled to the first optical ring path to direct the first node-to-node optical WDM signal to the first optical ring path;

a second optical add coupler coupled to the second optical ring path to direct the second node-to-node optical WDM signal to the second optical ring path;

a first optical drop coupler coupled to the first optical ring path upstream from the first optical add coupler to selectively couple light of the first node-to-node optical WDM signal out of the first optical ring path while transmitting light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

a second optical drop coupler coupled to the second optical ring path upstream from the second optical add coupler to selectively couple light of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal out of the second optical ring path while transmitting light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals; and

an optical receiver coupled to receive the first and second node-to-node optical WDM signals from the first and second optical drop couplers.

4. The system as in claim 3, comprising:

an optical probe transmitter coupled to the optical ring network to supply to the optical ring network an optical probe signal at a probe wavelength which is different from wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals and the node-to-node optical WDM signal;

a probe monitor in at least one optical ring node to split a portion of the optical probe signal and to monitor the optical probe signal to detect an optical failure in the optical ring network; and

a protection switch in the optical ring network to create a default optical break point when the probe monitor indicates that there is no optical failure in the optical ring network and to close the default optical break point when the probe monitor indicates that there is an optical failure,

wherein the optical ring network is responsive to a status of the monitored optical probe signal to control the protection switch and the optical ring nodes to sustain communications in the optical ring network outside a location of the optical failure and to restore communications in the optical ring network after the optical failure is repaired.

5. The system as in claim 4, comprising:

an optical supervision channel (OSC) mechanism operable to produce an OSC signal at an OSC wavelength between two adjacent two optical ring nodes in each of the first and second fibers to communicate information on the ring network other than data traffic, and

wherein the optical ring network is responsive to a status of the OSC signal, in addition to the status of the monitored optical probe signal, to control the protection switch and the optical ring nodes to sustain communications in the optical ring network outside a location of the optical failure and to restore communications in the optical ring network after the optical failure is repaired.

6. The system as in claim 3, wherein:

the optical ring nodes comprise reconfigurable optical add and drop multiplexers each operable to add or drop one or more of optical WDM channels; and

the node-to-node optical WDM signal is at a WDM wavelength that is different from WDM wavelengths of the optical WDM channels of the reconfigurable optical add and drop multiplexers.

7. A method for optical communication in a ring network, comprising:

using broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals at different wavelengths to carry communication traffic to optical ring nodes in the ring network, each optical ring node splitting a fraction of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals for detection while transmitting rest of light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals to a next optical ring node;

using at least one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying node-to-node communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node, wherein the node-to-node optical WDM signal is at a wavelength different from wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals;

designating each broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal to a selected optical ring node for sending data from the selected optical ring node to one or more other optical ring nodes;

operating the optical ring nodes to share a bandwidth of the node-to-node optical WDM signal to transmit data from one optical ring node to one or more other optical ring nodes through the node-to-node communication traffic; and

selecting an optical ring node that has a node traffic less than a threshold value to transmit data to one or more other optical ring nodes through the shared bandwidth of the node-to-node optical WDM signal only without designating a broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal to the selected optical ring node.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM AND RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/950,327 entitled “Optical Ring Networks Having Node-To-Node Optical Communication Channels For Carrying Data Traffic” and filed Jul. 17, 2007, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference as part of the specification of this patent application.

BACKGROUND

This application relates to optical communication networks.

Optical ring networks use one or more optical ring paths to optically link optical communication nodes. Each optical ring path may be formed by fibers or other optical links. Such optical ring networks can include a single fiber ring in some implementations and two separate fiber rings in other implementations. Either uni-directional or bi-directional optical communication traffic can be provided in optical ring networks. Optical ring networks can have various applications, including the access part of a network or the backbone of a network such as interconnecting central offices. Optical ring networks can be implemented to provide a protection switch as a “self-healing” mechanism to maintain continuous operation when an optical break occurs in the optical ring and can also allow for relative ease in adding and deleting nodes on the optical ring. In addition, WDM optical rings can provide direct peer-to-peer connections through wavelength add/drops without expensive regenerators. Furthermore, the cost of optical fiber deployment in a ring topology is generally much less than that in a mesh topology. Due to these and other features of optical ring networks, various optical ring networks have been widely deployed in metro and regional local area networks (LANs) for both data communication systems such as a token-ring LAN and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) LAN) and telecom systems such as SONET/SDH optical networks.

Like other optical networks, an optical ring network may experience an unexpected break point in the signal traffic. For example, a fiber may break by, e.g., a fiber cut or a failure of an optical component in the ring such as an optical amplifier. The ring topology of optical ring networks allows a protection switching mechanism to be implemented for maintaining the operation of the optical ring network in presence of the break and for restoring the normal operation after the break is repaired.

The current carrier-grade quality of service requires the protection switching time to be less than 50 msec. Different protection switching mechanisms can be implemented in optical ring networks to meet this requirement. For example, SONET rings and resilient-packet-rings (RPRs) have been introduced to support efficient packet switching while meeting carrier-grade quality of service requirements mostly via SONET physical layer interface, including the protection switching time less than 50 msec. SONET or RPR rings currently deployed usually use optical-electrical-optical (O-E-O) regenerators to connect nodes to the ring and thus the O-E-O conversion is present at every span. This use of the O-E-O conversion can limit the overall capacity of the network to the capacity of the span with the smallest bandwidth in the ring. Therefore, when capacity upgrade is needed in SONET or RPR rings, every span of the ring network needs to be upgraded and such upgrade is referred to as fork lifting update and can be costly. Examples of the fork-lifting upgrade include: (a) a 2.5 G SONET ring grows to a 10 G SONET ring by upgrading every SONET ADMs in all nodes, and (b) a Gigabit Ethernet ring grows to a 10 Gigabit Ethernet ring by upgrading every switch/routers in all nodes.

Alternatively, WDM or DWDM optical ring networks can be implemented with all optical add/drop nodes on the ring without expensive O-E-O regenerator so that nodes are connected directly by multiple DWDM wavelengths to offer much higher capacity, reduced timing jitter, and improved signal latency and to allow for scalability, all at a reduced cost. Such an all-optical DWDM ring network relies on optical layer protection, whose recovery time is normally well within the currently required protection switching time of 50 ms for the carrier-grade quality of service.

SUMMARY

This application disclose techniques, apparatus and systems for optical communications, including fiber ring networks with protection switching to maintain optical communications when an optical failure occurs and to automatically revert to normal operation when the optical failure is corrected, fiber ring networks that provide a circulating optical probe signal at an optical probe wavelength within the gain spectral range of optical amplifiers used in a fiber ring network to detect an optical failure, and fiber ring networks that support broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node and one or more overlaid in-band node-to-node optical signals carrying communication traffic with regeneration at each node. An optical node in such a ring network can include a reconfigurable optical add and drop multiplexer (ROADM) for reconfigurable add and drop operations of optical WDM channels.

In one aspect, this application describes an optical communication system that includes optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring which support (1) broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node, and (2) at least one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node. The node-to-node optical WDM signal is at a wavelength different from wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals. This system also includes optical amplifiers coupled in the optical ring and operable to amplify light in a gain spectral range covering optical wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals. The node-to-node optical WDM signal may be within the gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers in some implementations while outside the gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers in other implementations.

In another aspect, this application describes an optical communication system that includes optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring having a first optical ring path to carry light through the optical ring nodes along a first direction and a second optical ring path to carry light through the optical ring nodes along a second, opposite direction. The optical ring is configured to support (1) broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node in each of the first and second optical ring paths, and (2) at least one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node in each of the first and second optical ring paths. Each ring node includes: a broadcast-and-select add and drop module to produce at least one of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals and to split a fraction of light in the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals for detection while transmitting rest of the light in the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals; a node-to-node optical transmitter to produce the node-to-node optical WDM signal; an optical coupler to receive the node-to-node optical WDM signal from the node-to-node optical transmitter and to split the node-to-node optical WDM signal into a first node-to-node optical WDM signal and a second node-to-node optical WDM signal; a first optical add coupler coupled to the first optical ring path to direct the first node-to-node optical WDM signal to the first optical ring path; a second optical add coupler coupled to the second optical ring path to direct the second node-to-node optical WDM signal to the second optical ring path; a first optical drop coupler coupled to the first optical ring path upstream from the first optical add coupler to selectively couple light of the first node-to-node optical WDM signal out of the first optical ring path while transmitting light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals; a second optical drop coupler coupled to the second optical ring path upstream from the second optical add coupler to selectively couple light of the second node-to-node optical WDM signal out of the second optical ring path while transmitting light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals; and an optical receiver coupled to receive the first and second node-to-node optical WDM signals from the first and second optical drop couplers.

In another aspect, this application describes a method for optical communication in a ring network. This method includes using broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals at different wavelengths to carry communication traffic to optical ring nodes in the ring network, where each optical ring node splits a fraction of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals for detection while transmitting rest of light of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals to a next optical ring node. At least one node-to-node optical WDM signal is used to carry node-to-node communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node. The node-to-node optical WDM signal is at a wavelength different from wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals. In this method, each broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal is designated to a selected optical ring node for sending data from the selected optical ring node to one or more other optical ring nodes; and the optical ring nodes are operated to share a bandwidth of the node-to-node optical WDM signal to transmit data from one optical ring node to one or more other optical ring nodes through the node-to-node communication traffic.

In another aspect, this application describes an optical communication system which include a central node and multiple optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring. The optical ring nodes support (1) broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals carrying communication traffic to the optical ring nodes without regeneration at each optical ring node, and (2) at least one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying communication traffic from one optical ring node to an adjacent optical ring node by regeneration at each optical ring node. The node-to-node optical WDM signal is at a wavelength different from wavelengths of the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals. The central node is connected to the optical ring and structured to comprise an optical-to-electrical-to-optical (OEO) block which converts received broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals into electrical signals and to regenerate the broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals that travel to the optical ring nodes. The central node is structured to support the one node-to-node optical WDM signal carrying communication traffic from an adjacent optical ring node to another adjacent optical ring node by regeneration of the one node-to-node optical WDM signal.

This application also describes optical communication ring networks having all optical add/drop ring nodes and a protection switching mechanism using a circulating optical probe signal in each fiber ring for detecting an optical break point in the optical rings and for operating the protection switching mechanism. The optical wavelength of the circulating optical probe signal can be a designated wavelength that is different from optical wavelengths of optical WDM signals carrying WDM signal channels and is, like the optical wavelengths of optical WDM signals, within the operating gain spectral range of optical amplifiers in the optical ring networks.

In one aspect, this application describes an optical communication method in an optical ring network carrying optical WDM signals and including optical amplifiers operable to amplify light in a gain spectral range covering optical wavelengths of the optical WDM signals. In one implementation, an optical probe signal is coupled to the optical ring network and is at a probe wavelength which is inside or near one end of the gain spectral range to obtain a sufficient optical gain from the optical amplifiers to sustain a detectable signal level. The optical probe signal is monitored in at least one optical node in the optical ring network to detect an optical failure in the optical ring network. A protection switch mechanism in the optical ring network is controlled, in response to a status of the monitored optical probe signal, to sustain communications in the optical ring network outside a location of the optical failure and to automatically restore communications in the optical ring network after the optical failure is repaired.

In another aspect, this application describes an optical communication method that can be implemented as follows. Optical ring nodes are connected to form an optical ring network carrying optical WDM signals in first and second, opposite directions. Each ring node includes at least one optical amplifier operable to amplify light in a gain spectral range covering at least optical wavelengths of optical WDM signals in the optical ring network. If certain node-to-node interspan is short and no optical amplifier gain is needed, the optical amplifier is replaced by a conventional 1×1 optical switch. Each ring node is operable to transmit a first portion of light in the gain spectral range, including the optical WDM signals, and to drop a second portion of the light in the gain spectral range. A first optical probe signal is coupled to the optical ring network to circulate in the optical ring network in the first direction and a second optical probe signal is also coupled to the optical ring network to circulate in the second direction. Each of the first and second optical probe signals is at a probe wavelength within the gain spectral range of each optical amplifier in each ring node. The first and the second optical probe signals are monitored to detect a failure that causes a break in the optical ring network.

In the above method for the optical ring network with first and second optical probe signals, a central protection switch mechanism in a selected ring node can be used and controlled to create a default break point for each circulating optical signal in the optical ring network when there is no break point, other than the default break point, in the optical ring network for each circulating optical signal and to close the default break point when there is a break point in the optical ring network for each circulating optical signal. The selected ring node may be implemented in the following two different configurations.

In a first configuration, the selected ring node is used and operated as a central node to control the central protection switch mechanism and operations of other ring nodes. A node-to-node communication mechanism, such as an optical supervision channel (OSC) signal at an OSC wavelength outside the gain spectral range of each optical amplifier in each ring node, can be used to provide optical communication between two neighboring ring nodes. The optical communication between two neighboring ring nodes via the OSC signal is used to provide communications between the central node and each ring node for operating the central protection switch mechanism and for operating each ring node. Within each ring node, a portion of each of the first and the second optical probe signals is dropped from the ring network while allowing a remainder of each of the first and the second optical probe signals to continue on in the optical ring network and the dropped portion is monitored to detect whether the first and the second optical probe signals are present. The central node is operated to receive information from other ring nodes and to control other ring nodes in response to the received information.

In a second configuration for the selected ring node, the first and the second optical probe signals are coupled to the optical ring network within the selected ring node. The selected ring node is operated to drop a portion of each of the first and the second optical probe signals while allowing a remainder of each of the first and the second optical probe signals to continue on in the optical ring network. The dropped portion is used to monitor presence or absence of the first and the second optical probe signals to decide whether there is a break point elsewhere in the optical ring network. When at least one of the first and the second optical probe signals is absent in the selected ring node, the selected ring node is operated to control the central protection switch mechanism to close the default break point, without relying on information from other ring nodes. When both of the first and the second optical probe signals are present in the selected ring node, the selected ring node is operated to control the central protection switch mechanism to open the default break point.

Also in the second configuration, a ring node, that is not the selected ring node, monitors a total amount of optical power in each of the first and the second directions in the optical ring network, without separately monitoring each of the first and the second optical probe signals alone. Without relying on a command from the selected ring node, the ring node is operated to create a local break point in each of the first and the second directions within the ring node when the total amount of optical power in each of the first and the second directions is detected to be below a shut-off threshold, thus leading to shutting down optical transmission of a neighboring ring node.

In yet another aspect, this application describes various optical communication systems. In one implementation, a system includes optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring network which carries optical WDM signals. the optical ring network includes optical amplifiers operable to amplify light in a gain spectral range covering optical wavelengths of the optical WDM signals. The system also includes an optical probe transmitter coupled to the optical ring network to supply to the optical ring network an optical probe signal at a probe wavelength which is inside or near one end of the gain spectral range to obtain a sufficient optical gain from the optical amplifiers to sustain a detectable signal level. A probe monitor in at least one optical ring node is included in this system to split a portion of the optical probe signal and to monitor the optical probe signal to detect an optical failure in the optical ring network. A protection switch is provided in the optical ring network to create a default optical break point when there is no optical failure in the optical ring network and to close the default optical break point when there is an optical failure. Furthermore, the optical ring network in this system is responsive to a status of the monitored optical probe signal to control the protection switch and the optical ring nodes to sustain communications in the optical ring network outside a location of the optical failure and to automatically restore communications in the optical ring network after the optical failure is repaired.

In yet another implementation, an optical communication system is described to include optical ring nodes connected to form an optical ring network which carries optical WDM signals; and a protection switch in the optical ring network to create a default optical break point when there is no optical failure in the optical ring network and to close the default optical break point when there is an optical failure. In this system, the protection switch includes a first optical terminal to receive an input signal, a second optical terminal to output an output signal, a first optical path comprising first and second optical switches connected in series, and a second optical path comprising third and fourth optical switches connected in series. The first optical terminal is coupled to join a first end of the first optical path and a first end of the second optical path to split the input signal between the first and the second optical paths, and the second optical terminal to join a second end of the first optical path and a second end of the second optical path to combine light from the first and the second optical paths to produce the output signal. This switch can be operated to provide redundancy in switching operations.

These and other implementations, examples and variations are now described in greater detail in the drawings, the detailed description and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows one example of selection of the optical probe wavelength at 1563 nm or 1564 nm beyond the usual spectral range from 1530 nm to 1562 nm in the C band for WDM signals.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary dual-fiber ring network having all optical ring nodes in a broadcast-and-select architecture that implements the circulating optical probe signal for protection switching in a centralized control mode.

FIG. 2A shows an example of a wavelength selective coupler for selectively dropping a portion of the circulating optical probe signal in each node, where a fiber tap coupler is used to drop a portion of light at all wavelengths and a probe bandpass filter to select only light at the probe wavelength for detection by an optical detector PD1 as the probe detector.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D show an example operation sequence of the ring network in FIG. 2 when both fiber rings are cut at a location.

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show an example operation sequence of the ring network in FIG. 2 when one fiber ring is cut at a location.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary dual-fiber ring network having all optical ring nodes in a broadcast-and-select architecture that implements the circulating optical probe signal for protection switching in a hybrid control mode.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D show an example operation sequence in a hybrid mode of the ring network in FIG. 5 when both fiber rings are cut at a location.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show operations of a special non-central node next to the side of the central node with gate switches in the hybrid control mode in the ring network shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 9 shows one implementation of a node having a wavelength blocker to allow for reuse of a dropped WDM wavelength.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show two exemplary redundancy designs for optical switching devices.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show two operation modes of an optical switching device based on the designs in FIGS. 10A and 10B.

FIGS. 15 and 16 show two exemplary implementations of optical nodes that provide generation and detection of a node-to-node optical WDM signal at a selected WDM wavelength.

FIG. 17 shows an example of a ring network that has regular optical nodes and a central node equipped with multi-channel DWDM multiplexers, multi-channel DWDM demultiplexers, and a central optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion block, where both dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals and overlaid in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals are used for carrying optical traffic.

FIG. 18 shows an example of a reconfigurable optical add and drop multiplexer (ROADM) for reconfigurable add and drop operations of optical WDM channels in one direction in a ring network that implements either one or both of (1) the circulating optical probe signal in the ring and (2) the node-to-node communications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Optical ring networks, e.g., in a single fiber ring configuration or a dual-fiber ring configuration, can be used to support optical communication traffic in two opposite directions. Hence, a particular signal channel can be carried by two counter-propagating optical signals in a ring network to provide redundancy. When the optical signal in one direction is blocked or fails to reach a particular ring node, the counter-propagating optical signal carrying the same signal channel can be directed to reach the same ring node via a different route. This is a simple and effective way to improve the reliability of optical ring networks. Optical protection switching in optical ring networks has been designed and deployed based on this simple concept.

Optical protection switching in a ring network described in this application can be implemented to provide, when a failure occurs in the network, a protection mechanism for providing continuous communication traffic amongst the ring nodes that are not at the location of the failure. After the failure is corrected, the optical protection switching can restore or revert the ring network back to its normal state and operation. The reversion back to the normal state can be automatic. In addition, during the normal operation of a ring when there is no optical failure, the optical protection switching can maintain a single default optical break point in a ring or each ring of a network with two or more interconnected rings to prevent formation of a closed optical loop in each ring which can lead to re-circulating of light and thus undesired laser oscillation due to the presence of optical amplifiers in the ring.

In actual implementations, certain designs of the optical ring nodes, the control mechanism, and the protection switching based on the control mechanism can vary significantly in hardware complexity and cost, in system operation and performance, and in system maintenance and reliability. As an example, in metro or regional optical networks, reconfigurable optical add/drop modules or multiplexers (ROADMs) can enable any-to-any (or meshed) traffic pattern on an optical ring network due to the flexibility in dropping/adding any wavelength at any location in ROADM-based ring networks. However, if the optical fiber protection scheme is not designed properly, the impact to the cost and the transmission performance can be significant and may even compromise the flexibility of the ROADMs in ring networks. Some two-fiber optical protection schemes for ROADM-based ring networks provide the protection switch per wavelength. Such designs may not be economically feasible in part because ROADMs are usually applied to an optical ring network with a large number of optical WDM wavelengths, and protection switching based on an individual channel can be costly as the number of optical WDM wavelengths increases. Various other protection schemes are limited in certain aspects, e.g., long transmission distances and delays such as in optical Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (BLSR) protection scheme in the protection switching, penalty in the optical signal-to-noise ratio, and unacceptable interruption of services when the protection switching is activated.

Designs and communication methods for optical communication ring networks described in this application use all optical add/drop ring nodes and a protection switching mechanism to provide reliable communications. A circulating optical probe signal is provided in each direction of the ring network to monitor and detect an optical break point in the ring network and the detected status of the circulating optical probe signal is used to operate the protection switching mechanism. The circulating optical probe signal travels through all ring nodes in the ring network and is common to and shared by all ring nodes. The optical probe wavelength of the circulating optical probe signal can be a designated wavelength that is different from optical wavelengths of optical WDM signals carrying WDM channels and is, like the optical wavelengths of optical WDM signals, within the operating gain spectral range of optical amplifiers in the optical ring networks. This selection of the optical probe wavelength allows the optical probe signal to co-propagate in the same optical path in the ring with the optical WDM signals and to share certain network hardware, e.g., in-line optical amplifiers, with optical WDM signals in the ring. This sharing of hardware can minimize hardware specially deployed for the optical probe signal and thus simplify the network structure and reduce the cost of the network and the maintenance. The optical probe signal is monitored in at least one optical node for detecting an optical failure in the optical ring network.

In implementations, the optical probe wavelength can be selected at a wavelength within the operating gain spectral range of optical amplifiers to achieve certain advantages. For example, the optical probe wavelength can be at or near one end of the gain spectral range with a sufficient optical gain from the optical amplifiers to sustain a detectable signal level, i.e., shorter than the shortest optical WDM wavelength that is used by or reserved for an optical WDM signal, or longer than the longest optical WDM wavelength that is used by or reserved for an optical WDM signal. Depending on the width of the optical gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers, the optical probe wavelength may be selected at the marginal region of one end of the optical gain spectral range with an optical gain less than the gain normally required for a WDM signal channel but still sufficient to sustain the circulating optical signal in the ring at the detectable level. This selection of the optical probe wavelength ensures that the optical probe signal does not occupy any wavelength for the optical WDM channels and leaves the central region of the gain spectral range of the amplifiers for use by WDM signal channels. The optical probe signal is “in band” with the optical WDM signals because they all generally fall in the gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers used in the ring networks. In other implementations, the optical probe wavelength may be at a wavelength in the central region of the operating gain spectral range of optical amplifiers.

FIG. 1 shows one example of the optical probe wavelength at 1563 nm or 1564 nm beyond the usual spectral range from 1530 nm to 1562 nm in the C band for WDM signals. This selection of the optical probe wavelength may be subject to the roll-off at each end of the optical gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers, e.g., a few dB less than the optical gain for the WDM optical signals located within the central region of the optical gain spectral range. As long as the optical gain for the optical probe signal is sufficient to maintain the optical probe signal strength at a detectable level throughout the ring, the probe wavelength for the optical probe signal can be as far away from the WDM signals as possible to preserve as many wavelengths for use for WDM signals. In many WDM ring networks, an optical supervision channel (OSC) is used for node-to-node data communications for the network management and control and is launched at one node and dropped at an adjacent node. The OSC is usually at an “out of band” wavelength outside the spectral range of the WDM wavelengths, e.g., at 1510 nm while WDM signals are around 1550 nm. Such an out-of-band OSC wavelength is not amplified by in-line optical amplifiers for amplifying the WDM signals. Due to this lack of signal amplification and due to the presence of optical loss in the ring, it can be difficult to circulate an OSC signal around the ring and therefore an OSC signal is usually used between two adjacent nodes and not shared by all nodes. At each end of a node, an OSC transceiver is provided to include an OSC transmitter to generate an outgoing OSC signal to the next adjacent node and an OSC receiver to receive an incoming OSC signal from the next adjacent node. Hence, information carried by the OSC is passed on from one node to the next by using an OSC receiver to convert a received OSC signal into an electrical signal and then using the an OSC transmitter to generate a new OSC signal to the next node.

The circulating optical probe signal in each direction of a ring network described in this application is very different from the OSC signals in part because it circulates through all nodes in the ring network without being re-generated at each node, and is shared and used by all nodes. Optical amplifiers stalled in the ring network for amplifying the in-band WDM signals also amplify the optical probe signal to sustain the optical power of the probe signal at a sufficient level. The circulating optical probe signal can be used to provide an effective and efficient way of monitoring and communicating the status of the entire ring. In some implementations, such a circulating optical probe signal can be used exclusively for detecting and communicating an optical failure such as a fiber cut or a device failure in the ring network without carrying other network management and control information and thus a separate node-to-node communication mechanism such as the OSC signaling can be used to communicate other network management and control information to different nodes in the ring network. In other implementations, the circulating optical probe signal can be modulated to carry other network management and control information and to communicate such information to different nodes in the ring network. Hence, a separate node-to-node communication mechanism such as the OSC signaling may be eliminated.

Optical ring networks that implement the circulating optical probe signal for protection switching can have various ring configurations. Both single-fiber rings and dual-fiber rings may be used to support optical traffic in two opposite directions for redundancy. The ring nodes in such ring networks can vary based on specific requirements of the network applications. In some implementations, the ring nodes can be designed to include a central node and regular nodes. The central node can include either an optical switch or an optical amplifier which is shut down in each direction so as to maintain a break point in each direction in the entire ring network. The in-band circulating optical probe signal can be launched and detected at the central node and circulates around the ring except for the default break point in the central node to check and monitor the continuity of the entire ring. If there is any break due to a fiber cut or a component failure in optical fibers, optical amplifiers, or even jumper cables, the propagation of the circulating optical probe is interrupted by the break and can be immediately detected at the central node due to loss of the circulating optical probe in the direction along which the central node is downstream from the location of the break.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary dual-fiber ring network 200 having all optical ring nodes in a broadcast-and-select architecture that implements the circulating optical probe signal for protection switching. This ring network 200 includes optical ring nodes, e.g., nodes 210, 220 and 230, connected in two fiber rings 201 and 202. The fiber ring 202 is a clockwise (CW) fiber ring where each optical signal circulates in the clockwise direction and the fiber ring 201 is a counter clockwise (CCW) fiber ring where each optical signal circulates in the counter clockwise direction.

The ring nodes in the ring network 200 include a central node 210 and regular ring nodes 220 and 230. As an example, each ring node can be implemented with two amplifier line cards each having an optical amplifier for signal amplification in one of the two counter-propagating directions. The central node 210 in this example has a first amplifier line card 210A as the interface on one side of the node 210 that has an optical amplifier 212 to amplify WDM signals and the circulating optical probe in the clockwise direction, and a second amplifier line card 210B as the interface on the other side of the node 210 that has an optical amplifier 216 to amplify WDM signals and the circulating optical probe in the counter clockwise direction. The amplifier line card 210A adds one or more add WDM signals in the counter clockwise direction and drops WDM signals in the clockwise direction for the node 210. The amplifier line card 210B adds one or more add WDM signals in the clockwise direction and drops WDM signals in the clockwise direction for the node 210. Hence, light in the clockwise direction in the network 200 enters the central node 210 via the amplifier line card 210A and leaves the node 210 via the amplifier line card 210B. Regular ring nodes 220 and 230 are similarly constructed with amplifier line cards 220A and 220B, 230A and 230B, respectively.

The regular ring nodes 220 and 230 can be configured to share the same node structure with identical node components. The central node 210 has a different node construction from the regular ring nodes 220 and 230 and includes central gate switches 211 and 212 in the two fiber rings 201 and 202, respectively, and an optical probe transmitter 203 that generates the circulating optical probe signal. In addition, the central node 210 has a network control mechanism that analyzes data from regular ring nodes 220 and 230 and sends out node control commands to the regular ring nodes 220 and 230 for execution of certain node operations. Under this design, each regular ring node detects the circulating optical probe signal and other signals and reports the detected data to the central node 210. The central node 210 processes detected data obtained within its own node and received detected data from regular ring nodes 220 and 230, and in response, controls certain actions in the regular ring nodes 220 and 230 to carry out the protection switching. As such, the design in the ring network 200 is a centralized control design and all decisions and actions for protection switching are controlled by the central node 210.

In this centralized control mode, the network 200 uses node-to-node communication signals for exchanging data and messages between the central node 210 and the regular ring nodes 220 and 230. Such node-to-node communication signals are present in the ring network 200 along with the circulating optical probe signal and the optical WDM signals. Various node-to-node communication techniques may be implemented. The network 200 in FIG. 2 shows an example of a node-to-node communication mechanism based on optical supervision channels (OSCs) that use out of band optical wavelengths to provide optical communication between two neighboring nodes for managing and operating the protection switching mechanism according to predetermined control algorithms for maintaining a single break point (or a single break span) in each ring path. Other node-to-node communication mechanisms different the OSC signaling may also be used to carry other network management and control information to different nodes in the ring network.

As illustrated, each node includes an OSC module 218 with OSC transmitters and receivers for generating and receiving OSC signals in the two separate fibers 201 and 202. Because each node has two neighboring nodes, the OSC module 218 includes two OSC transceivers 218A and 218B for communicating with the two neighboring nodes, respectively. Referring specifically to the central node 210 and the ring node 220, the OSC transceiver 218A in the central node 210 has an OSC transmitter (T) to send an OSC signal in the counter clockwise direction in the fiber ring 201 via the line card 210A to the OSC receiver (R) in the OSC transceiver 218B of the ring node 220 via the line card 220B. The OSC receiver (R) in the OSC transceiver 218A of the central node 210 receives the OSC signal in the clockwise direction in the fiber ring 202 via the line card 210A from the OSC transmitter (T) in the OSC transceiver 218B of the ring node 220. Wavelength-selective OSC couplers (not shown) such as optical filters can be used to add and drop the OSC signals while allowing the optical probe signal and the optical WDM signals to pass through. Therefore, the OSC signaling between two neighboring nodes allows for the node-to-node communication. For OSC signaling between two non-neighboring nodes, an intermediate node can relay the OSC data from its OSC transceiver 218A on one side to its OSC transceiver 218B on the other side.

Each ring node, including both the central node 210 and a regular ring node (e.g., 220 and 230), has an optical WDM add/drop module to generate optical add signals 206A and respective replicas 206B to the two different fiber rings 201 and 202 in the two opposite directions and to receive optical drop signals 207A and 207B from the two different fiber rings 201 and 202. Optical broadband couplers can be used to provide the optical add and drop couplings while allowing the optical probe signal and the optical WDM signals to continue to propagate after passing each node and after a small portion of all the WDM signals and the circulating optical probe signal is split off and dropped to the node. The ring network 200 in FIG. 2 is a broadcast-and-select network in the context that each node can broadcast an optical WDM signal to all nodes and select one or more desired channels from the dropped signal which contains all optical WDM channels in the network to receive. One or more fixed or tunable optical filters may be used to select one or more desired WDM channels for each node from the optical drop signals 207A and 207B. A WDM demultiplexer may also be used to separate the dropped WDM signals in the drop signals 207A or 207B and then the one or more desired WDM channels are detected and processed to extract data.

Various designs for the add/drop module may be used in FIG. 2. In the example in FIG. 2, the add/drop module has first and second add/drop modules 205A and 205B that are respectively coupled to two line cards on two sides of each node, respectively. The module 205A has a transmitter to add one or more WDM signals to the fiber ring 201 in the counter clockwise direction while dropping all WDM channels from the fiber ring 202 in the clockwise direction. The module 205B has a transmitter to add one or more WDM signals to the fiber ring 202 in the clockwise direction while dropping all WDM channels from the fiber ring 201 in the counter clockwise direction. The signal add and drop functions at each node can be implemented by using a broadband coupler such as a fiber tap coupler on the ring to drop or add optical signals and an off-ring optical splitter coupled with one or more optical filters or an optical demultiplexer to separate dropped signals, and an off-ring 1×N combiner or multiplexer to combine different add signals together for coupling to the ring via broadband coupler on the ring. Different optical add signals produced from different optical transmitters in each node can be combined by a wavelength multiplexer or a 1×N combiner. Both an optical transmitters operating at a fixed laser wavelength and a tunable optical transmitter producing a tunable laser wavelength may be used to produce an add optical signal.

The central node 210 is designed to place the signal add coupler and the signal drop coupler on the same side of the gate switches 211 and 212 for the protection switching. Two optical couplers for coupling two optical probe signals for the two opposite directions in the ring network are respectively placed on two opposite sides of the gate switches 211 and 212 so that the opening and closing of the gate switches 211 and 212 do not affect coupling the optical probe signals to the ring network.

Each regular ring node 220 or 230 in FIG. 2 has one optical amplifier 217 in each fiber to amplify light in one of the two counter-propagating directions so there are two amplifiers 217 in each regular node 220 or 230. These two amplifiers 217 in each regular ring node can be located in two separate amplifier line cards. Under a normal operating condition, each optical amplifier 217 in a regular ring node 220 or 230 is activated and turned on to amplify light. When there is a break outside the central node 210 in the ring network 200, as part of the protection switching, at least one optical amplifier 217 in one or two regular ring nodes adjacent to the break point is turned off and becomes deactivated to function as an open optical switch to create a protective break point. In the specific example for the central node 210 in FIG. 2, however, the optical amplifier 212 in the fiber ring 202 is, in addition to its optical amplification function, used and operated as an optical gate switch to provide a default optical break point in the ring 202. In operation, the optical amplifier 212 is turned off to create the default break point under a normal operation condition and is tuned on to close the default break point and thus operates as an amplifier when there is a break point elsewhere in the ring network 200. The other optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 in the central node 210 generally operates as a “regular” optical amplifier.

In some ring networks, two or more adjacent nodes may be separated from one another over a relatively short fiber span and the optical loss over this short fiber span is sufficiently small so that at least one of these adjacent nodes does not need to have an optical amplifier in each of the two fiber rings. Such a node without an optical amplifier can be either a central node or a regular node. In absence of the optical amplifier, this node can use an optical switch, e.g., an 1×1 optical switch, to provide the local optical switching function in this node to create a protective optical break point as part of the optical protection switching.

The above use of the amplifier as the gate switch 212 in the central node 210 is efficient because a separate switch for the gate switch 212 is eliminated. When the gate switch 212 in the central node 210 is closed, an amplifier in the fiber ring 202 within the central node 210 can be used to balance the signal strengths out of the central node 210 in both fiber rings 201 and 202. An amplifier as the gate switch 212 can perform both optical switching function and the optical amplification function. As an alternative, the gate switch 212 in the fiber ring 202 within the central node 210 may be implemented by a combination of an optical amplifier and a real optical gate switch like the optical switch 211 in the fiber ring 201, or simply an optical switch without optical amplifier if the optical gain is not needed. In addition, a combination of an optical amplifier and a variable optical attenuator (VOA) with a sufficient extinction ratio and fast switching time may be used as the gate switch 212. An VOA can be configured and operated to exhibit a high optical attenuation and a low optical attenuation and can be adjusted to operate at a variable attenuation level between the high and the low attenuation levels. When the high attenuation in the VOA is sufficiently high to suppress the optical transmission below a desired level, the transmission of the VOA is “darkened” or deactivated and thus can operate like an optical switch in an open position. Certain optical switching operations described in this application are based on switching operation of a VOA.

In FIG. 2, each node is designed to place each optical amplifier (217, 216 or 212) coupled in one fiber ring 201 or 202 at a location upstream from a broadband coupler for dropping WDM signals from the ring into the node. In the central node 210, for example, the optical amplifier and gate switch 212 in the line card 210A is located upstream from the broadband coupler in the clockwise fiber ring 202 that splits the traffic in the ring 202 to produce optical drop signals 207A. The other optical amplifier 216 in the line card 210B of the central node 210 is located upstream from the broadband coupler in the counter clockwise fiber ring 201 that splits the traffic in the ring 201 to produce optical drop signals 207B.

In addition, corresponding to each optical amplifier (217, 216 or 212) coupled in one fiber ring within each node, a VOA 214 is placed in the other fiber ring within the same node at a location downstream from a broadband coupler for adding one or more WDM signals from the node onto the ring. In the central node 210, for example, the VOA 214 in the line card 210A is located downstream from the broadband coupler in the counter clockwise fiber ring 201 that adds one or more optical add signals 206A to the ring 201 and is upstream from the gate switch 211. The other VOA 214 in the line card 210B of the central node 210 is located downstream from the broadband coupler in the clockwise fiber ring 202 that adds one or more optical add signals 206B to the ring 202.

Under this node design, each node has an upstream optical amplifier at the entrance of the node to amplify received optical signals in each fiber ring and a downstream VOA at the exit of the node in each fiber ring to control the optical power of each signal going out of the node. Signal adding and dropping functions are implemented in each node between the upstream optical amplifier and the downstream VOA. In addition, a wavelength-selective optical coupler 215 is coupled at an upstream location from the upstream optical amplifier in each node to selectively split a portion of the circulating probe signal for detecting the circulating probe signal at the entrance of the node. This use of the VOA and the detection design in each node allow the circulating optical probe signal at the probe wavelength, the added DWDM wavelengths or upstream ASE noise to propagate through a repaired fiber break to a downstream node and be detected by a detector in the downstream node. As a result, when a fiber break is repaired, the system can be automatically informed of the status of the repair without human intervention and can automatically revert the system back to the normal operation after the repair is completed. These and other features in the node design can be used to achieve various operations associated with the protection switching based on the optical circulating probe signal.

Both gate switches 211 and 212 are in the line card 210A of the central node 210. The gate switch 211 is downstream from the location where one or more added WDM signals are added to the fiber ring 201 in the counter clockwise direction and is upstream from the location where the circulating optical probe is added to the fiber ring 201 in the counter clockwise direction. The gate switch 212 is upstream from the location where one or more added WDM signals are added to the fiber ring 202 in the clockwise direction and the location where the circulating optical probe is added to the fiber ring 202 in the clockwise direction. Alternatively, both gate switches 211 and 212 can be implemented in the line card 210B of the central node 210.

The generation and detection of the circulating optical probe signal are implemented as follows in the network 200 in FIG. 2. The optical probe signal in each direction is generated from the probe transmitter 203 inside the central node 210. The probe transmitter 203 can be a laser operable to produce laser light at a desired probe wavelength. An optical splitter or coupler 204 can be used to split the optical probe signal into a first optical probe signal and a second optical probe signal that are respectively launched into the two counter propagating directions in the network 200. Two optical probe couplers are respectively coupled to the fiber rings 201 and 202 to couple the first and second optical probe signals onto the fiber rings 201 and 202 in opposite directions. Each optical probe coupler is located in each fiber ring downstream from a respective gate switch in the central node 210. In the example in FIG. 2, the optical probe coupler for coupling the optical probe signal to the counter clockwise ring 201 is downstream from the gate switch 211 in the line card 210A so that the switching operations of the gate switch 211 do not affect coupling of the optical probe signal to the ring 201. Similarly, the optical probe coupler for coupling the optical probe signal to the clockwise ring 202 is downstream from the optical amplifier as the gate switch 212 so that the switching operations of the gate switch 212 do not affect coupling of the optical probe signal to the ring 202.

The loss of the optical probe signal at a particular location in the ring network 200 in FIG. 2 can be caused by either an optical break in the ring or the failure of the probe transmitter 203. These two causes need be handled differently. In order to distinguish the loss of the optical probe signal caused by an optical break in the ring from the loss of the optical probe signal caused by the failure of the probe transmitter 203, a probe transmitter photodetector can be implemented to monitor the optical output of the probe transmitter 203 and thus detect whether the probe transmitter 203 generates the probe light. In one implementation, a beam splitter is placed in the optical path of the optical output of the probe transmitter 203 to split a small fraction of the probe light into the probe transmitter photodetector. In another implementation, the probe transmitter photodetector can be a photodetector at the back facet of the laser diode used as the probe transmitter 203 to monitor laser light output at the back facet of the laser diode. The detected signal from the probe transmitter photodetector can be used by the control unit of the central node 210, such as the element management system (EMS), to control the protection switching mechanism. When the probe transmitter photodetector indicates a failure of the probe transmitter 203, the loss of the optical probe signal in other nodes of the ring is not treated as an optical break and the protection switching is not effectuated. A service request is generated for repairing or replacing the failed probe transmitter 203. When the probe transmitter photodetector indicates a normal operation of the probe transmitter, the loss of the optical probe signal in the ring triggers the protection switching mechanism.

A back-up probe transmitter may be provided for backing up the probe transmitter 203 and is turned on to produce the first and the second optical probe signals when the default probe transmitter 203 fails. Alternatively, two separate probe transmitters may be used to produce the first and the second optical probe signals, respectively, for the two directions of the ring and each of the two probe transmitter may be replicated for redundancy.

A first optical probe coupler is coupled to the fiber ring 201 at a location downstream from the gate switch 211 in either line card 210A or line card 210B to add the first optical probe signal onto the fiber ring 201 to propagate in the counter clockwise direction. The first optical probe coupler on the fiber ring 201 is designed to allow the optical WDM signals and first optical probe signal to pass through in the fiber ring 201. A second optical probe coupler is coupled to the fiber ring 202 at a location downstream from the gate switch 212 in either line card 210A or line card 210B to add the second optical probe signal onto the fiber ring 202 to propagate in the clockwise direction. Similar to the first optical probe coupler, the second optical probe coupler on the fiber ring 202 is also designed to allow the optical WDM signals and second optical probe signal to pass through in the fiber ring 202. Hence, under a normal operating condition when each of the optical gate switches 211 and 212 is open to create a single default break point in each of the two fiber rings 201 and 202, the optical probe signal, i.e., each of the first and the second optical probe signals, circulates the entire fiber ring except for the default break point.

Notably, in the illustrated centralized control mode, each node is designed to selectively drop a portion of each of the first and the second optical probe signals at the entrance of each node for each fiber while allowing a remainder of each of the first and the second optical probe signals to continue on in the optical ring network 200. Hence, each optical probe signal circulates in the entire ring and is used to detect a break point caused by optical failure outside the central node 210. This aspect of the central node 210 and a regular ring node 220 is described below.

In the central node 210, a wavelength-selective optical coupler 215, such as an optical filter, is coupled at an upstream location from the gate switch 212 and located at near the entrance of the central node 210 in the fiber ring 202 where the light propagates in the clockwise direction. The wavelength-selective optical coupler 215 selects and splits a small portion of the second optical probe signal from the fiber ring 202 to drop as a local probe monitor signal while allowing all optical WDM signals and the majority of the second optical probe signal to pass through. A probe detector PD1 is used to detect the dropped local probe monitor signal. This allows for detecting the presence of the second optical probe signal at the entrance to the central node 210 in the fiber ring 202. Similarly, another wavelength-selective probe coupler 215 and a respective probe detector PD1 are coupled at an upstream location of the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 to detect the presence of the first optical probe signal at the entrance to the central node 210 in the fiber ring 201.

FIG. 2A shows an example of the wavelength selective coupler 215 in FIG. 2 for selectively dropping a portion of the circulating optical probe signal in each node. The wavelength selective coupler 215 includes a fiber tap coupler 215A coupled on the main fiber line in either fiber ring 201 or fiber ring 202 to drop a portion of light at all wavelengths and a probe bandpass filter 215B in the optical path of the dropped light from the fiber tap coupler 215A to select only light at the probe wavelength for detection by the optical probe detector PD1 while rejecting light at other wavelengths.

Turning now to the regular ring node 220, a wavelength-selective optical coupler 215 is coupled at an upstream location from the amplifier 215 in the fiber ring 201 where the light propagates in the clockwise direction and enters the node 220. A probe detector PD1 is used to receive a dropped local probe monitor signal from the fiber ring 201 and to detect the presence of the first optical probe signal at the entrance to the ring node 220 in the fiber ring 201. Similarly, another wavelength-selective probe coupler 215 and a respective probe detector PD1 are coupled at an upstream location of the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 202 to detect the presence of the second optical probe signal at the entrance to the ring node 220 in the fiber ring 202. Other ring nodes such as the ring node 230 have a similar design for coupling and detecting the optical probe signal. Backup units for the above probe transmitter 203 and the probe detectors PD1 may be used to provide redundancy for the generation and detection of the circulating optical probe signal and to improve the reliability of the protection switching.

In addition to the probe detectors PD1, each node can include an optional optical detector PD2 coupled to the fiber line at a location downstream from each amplifier within the node as an optical monitor for the optical amplifier. An optical coupler can be used to couple a fraction of the light in the fiber line into the optical detector PD2. When the optical amplifier upstream from the optical detector PD2 in that node fails, the optical detector PD2 detects a loss of light below a predetermined threshold level. The failure of the optical amplifier in this node shuts down all optical signals passing through the failed optical amplifier and thus triggers the protection switching mechanism due to the detected loss of the optical probe at one or more nodes in the ring. The detected result from each optical detector PD2 can be reported to the central node 210 via a node-to-node communication mechanism such as the OSC signaling described above. The loss of light detected at the detector PD2 may be caused by an upstream optical break other than the failure of the optical amplifier, e.g., a device failure in an upstream node or a fiber cut at an upstream location. The central node 210 can determine the cause for the loss of signal at the PD2 based on received information based on detection data obtained at other detectors and other nodes.

A second optional optical detector PD3 may also be coupled to a fiber ring downstream from a VOA 214 in each node to monitor the VOA 214. An optical coupler can be used to couple a fraction of the light in the fiber line into the optical detector PD3. When the VOA 214 upstream from the optical detector PD3 in that node fails, the optical detector PD3 detects a loss of light below a predetermined threshold level and this failure also triggers the protection switching mechanism. The detected result from each optical detector PD3 can be reported to the central node 210 via a node-to-node communication mechanism such as the OSC signaling described above. The loss of light detected at the detector PD3 may be caused by an upstream optical break other than the failure of the VOA, e.g., the failure of the upstream amplifier in the same node, a failure in an upstream node or a fiber cut at an upstream location. The central node 210 can determine the cause for the loss of signal at the PD3 based on received information based on detection data obtained at other detectors and other nodes.

With the above design in FIG. 2, each node can be operated to monitor the circulating optical probe signal at the “in band” probe wavelength by monitoring the dropped probe monitor signal at each PD1 to determine whether the first and the second optical probe signals are present. The detected status of each of the first and second optical probe signals in each node is then transmitted from each regular ring node to the central node 210 by using the OSC signaling between two neighboring nodes. The central node 210 collects the reported data on status of the circulating optical probe signal from the nodes in the ring network 200 and processes the reported data to decide (1) whether there is a break point and (2) if so, the location of the break point. If no node reports loss of the either of the first and second optical probe signals, the central node 210 keeps both gate switches 211 and 212 open in the fiber rings 201 and 202, respectively, and to keep other ring nodes at their normal operation modes where each optical amplifier 217 is turned on or activated to amplify light of the optical WDM signals and the circulating first and second optical probe signals carried in the fiber rings 201 and 202 and each VOA 214 is set at an appropriate attenuation level to allow optical transmission of the optical WDM signals and the circulating first and second optical probe signals. FIG. 2 illustrates the normal operation mode for each node.

When there is a break point at a location outside the central node 210 in either one or both of the two fiber rings 201 and 202, at least one node including the central node 210 can detect the loss of the optical probe signal (either or both of the first and the second optical probe signals). From the status of the optical probe signal from all nodes, the central node 210 can determine the location of the break point. For example, if the break point in the fiber ring 201 occurs between the nodes 220 and 230, the dropped probe monitor signals for dropping a portion of the first optical probe signal become absent from the probe detectors PD1 coupled to the fiber ring 201 in the node 230 and the central node 210. All other probe detectors PD1, including all probe detectors PD1 in the fiber ring 202, still detect the presence of their respective optical probe signals. Hence, the reported data from the nodes via the OSC signaling to the central node 210 provides a “probe status map” which can be processed by the protection switching control software or hardware logic in the central node 210 to determine the location of the break point. Detectors PD2 and PD3, if implemented, can be reported to the central node 210 to provide more detailed information regarding the nature of the failure and such information can facilitate determining the location and exact nature of the failure.

After the break point between two regular ring nodes or within a ring node (e.g., a failure of an optical amplifier, a failure of a jumper between line cards, or a VOA failure inside a node) is detected, e.g., a break point between the nodes 220 and 230, the central node 210 activates the protection switching mechanism to close the two default break points at the gate switches 211 and 212 inside the central node 210 and send commands using the OSC signaling to cause one protective optical break point in each of the two ring nods to cut off light in both the first and the second directions, e.g., in both fiber rings 201 and 202. Hence, optical communication traffic in both directions that goes through the location of the break point is cut off and is re-routed through the central node 210 by closing the default break point in each of the two directions, e.g., the two fiber rings 201 and 202. After the break point is repaired, the default break point in the central node 210 is restored and the protective optical break point in each of the two ring nodes is closed to restore transmission of light through the two ring nodes. During this process, the circulating optical probe signal is monitored at all nodes to provide the connection status of the network to the central node 210.

In the ring network 200 under the centralized control design, both gate switches 211 and 212 can be synchronized to open or close together. The switching states depend whether the probe wavelength is present (both gate switches open) or absent (both gate switches closed). The loss of the optical probe signal can be caused by a fiber cut between nodes or a node failure such as a failed VOA or amplifier inside a node. The following sections describe examples of protection switching in the ring network 200.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D show an example of the protection switching operations in the dual-fiber ring network 200 in FIG. 2 when both fiber rings 201 and 202 are cut and later repaired. In FIG. 3A, after the fiber rings 201 and 202 are cut at a location between the ring nodes 220 and 230, the first and second optical probe signals are lost at the probe detectors PD1 in both fiber rings 201 and 202 within the central node 210. This local event within the central node 210 triggers the central node 210 to close the two gate switches 211 and 212. When the gate switch 212 is an amplifier as illustrated, the amplifier is turned off under a normal condition and is now turned on to close the gate switch when a fiber cut is detected. This action in the central node 210 is taken based on a local detection of the optical probe signal by either one of the two probe detectors PD1 within the central node 210. This action allows the optical traffic that is blocked by the fiber cut between the nodes 220 and 230 to reroute via the central node 210 and thus communications in the ring network 202 can be maintained. At this time and prior to all status reporting data from other nodes is received, the central node 210 does not know the location of the optical failure caused by the fiber cut.

The nodes 210 and 220 report their status to the central node 210 via the OSC signaling. The status of nodes 220 and 230 is as follows. The ring node 220 still detects the first optical probe signal at its probe detector PD1 in the fiber ring 201 but loses its second optical probe signal in its probe detector PD1 in the fiber ring 202. Any ring node between the central node 210 and the node 220, if present, would have detected the same probe signal status as in the node 220. In the ring node 230, the first optical probe signal in the fiber ring 201 is missing at the probe detector PD1 in the fiber ring 201 while the second optical probe signal is present. Similarly any node present between the central node 210 and the node 230 would have the same probe signal status as in the node 230. Hence, after the status reporting data from the nodes is received, the central node 210 can process the data and determine the location of the optical failure to be between nodes 220 and 230.

Based on this determination, the central node 210 sends out commands, via the OSC signaling, to the nodes 220 and 230 to create a protective break point in each fiber downstream from the location of the fiber cut to block any optical traffic through the fiber span between the nodes 220 and 230 even if the fiber cut is repaired. In the fiber ring 201, the downstream node from the location of the fiber cut is the node 220 and thus the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 within the node 220 is turned off or deactivated to create a protective break point in the fiber ring 201. In the fiber ring 202, the downstream node from the location of the fiber cut is the node 230 and thus the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 202 within the node 230 is turned off or deactivated to create a protective break point in the fiber ring 202. This is shown in FIG. 3B. Notably, the optical communication elsewhere in the ring network 200 is maintained in FIG. 3B. The use of the amplifier in the downstream node from the fiber cut in each fiber for the protection switching allows the probe detector PD1 to automatically detects the status of the upstream fiber cut and when the fiber cut is repaired by monitoring the optical probe signal at all time and thus notifies the central node 210.

Next, the fiber cut can be repaired by dispatching a field repair person or crew. During the repair process, the protection switching condition shown in FIG. 3B remain unchanged. FIG. 3C shows an example where one fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 is repaired while the fiber cut in the fiber ring 201 still remains. This condition is reported to the central node 210 via the OSC signals sent from the nodes 220 and 230. Under this condition, the gate switches 211 and 212 in the central node 210 remain closed to continue rerouting the optical traffic through the central node 210 and the deactivated amplifiers in the nodes 220 and 230 remain deactivated to block optical traffic between the nodes 220 and 230. This status of the network 200 is shown in FIG. 3C. Due to the node structure illustrated in FIG. 2, an optical amplifier 217 in a node downstream from the fiber break is turned off and is thus operated as an optical open switch to block the transmission. At this time, a VOA 214 in an adjacent node upstream from the fiber break remains at an optical transmissive state without completely blocking light. This use of the VOA in the upstream node allows the downstream neighbor node to detect whether or not a fiber cut is repaired by detecting the presence of the probe wavelength via the wavelength selective coupler 215 and the probe detector PD1. In a normal operation condition, a VOA 214 can be adjusted such that the optical power per wavelength at the input to the optical amplifier in the downstream neighbor node is at around −25 dBm or higher, and the probe wavelength power could be the same or slightly lower. As an example, the detected probe wavelength power at the optical detector PD1 under a normal operation condition can be around −35 dBm (assuming a tap coupler with a 10% coupling ratio is used to split 10% of the light to the detector PD1), as shown in PD1 at the node 220 in FIG. 3C. This will be the case when a fiber cut is repaired (or when there is no fiber cut) and a minimum of −35 dBm is detected. If the fiber cut is not repaired, the probe light is completely blocked by the fiber cut, and the detected power at the probe detector PD1 is the detector's sensitivity limit, e.g., −47 dBm in the example shown in the node 220 in FIG. 3C.

After the fiber cuts in both fiber rings 201 and 202 are repaired as shown in FIG. 3D, the nodes 220 and 230 inform the central node 210 of this status by communicating the detected results at the probe detectors PD1 in nodes 220 and 230 to the central node 210 via the OSC signaling. Based on this information, the central node 210 sends out commands to nodes 220 and 230 to turn on the amplifiers in nodes 220 and 230 to remove the protective break point in each direction. After the nodes 220 and 230 receive the commands and turn on their respective amplifiers, the entire fiber ring is a closed loop in each direction and hence the optical probe signal, which is launched in the central node 210, can now circulate back to the central node 210 in both directions. The central node 210 can detect the presence of the optical probe signal in both fiber rings 201 and 202 locally and this event triggers the central node 210 to open the gate switches 211 and 212 to restore the default break point in each fiber ring. At this time, the network 200 is reverted back to its normal operating state shown in FIG. 2.

The above protection switching provides an automatic reverted switching to the default protection switching state where a break point in each direction is maintained at the central node. Based on the location of the optical failure, the proactive break point or points can vary in location but after the optical failure is corrected, the break point in each direction is restored back to the central node.

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate a part of the protection switching sequence in the network 200 in FIG. 2 when only one fiber ring 202 is cut between the nodes 220 and 230. The protection switching is the same by closing the default break point in both fiber rings 201 and 202 and creating the protective break points in both fiber rings in nodes adjacent to the location of the fiber cut even though the other fiber ring 201 does not experience any optical failure.

The optical amplifier used as the gate switch 212 in the central node 210 and other optical amplifiers 217 in the nodes 220 and 230 need to have a fast response to switch between on and off due to the requirement of protection switching of at least 50 msec in current commercial networks. Such a high-speed switching optical amplifier may be replaced by a combination of a fast optical switch with an optical amplifier without the fast switching capability. In addition, a fast switching variable optical attenuator and an optical amplifier without the fast switching capability may also be used to replace each high-speed switching optical amplifier in FIG. 2.

The protection switching described above for a fiber cut between nodes can be similarly applied to protection switching for a device failure in a node by treating the device failure as a fiber cut in a nearest fiber span to the failed device. Referring to FIG. 2, the failure of the optical amplifier 217 in the line card 220A within the node 220 is treated as a fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 between the nodes 220 and 230 and thus the amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 in the opposite direction in the line card 230B of the nearest node 230 is shut down along with the gates switches 211 and 212 in the central node 210 in the protection switching. This switching can be triggered by the local detection by the detectors PD2 and PD3. The corresponding operating condition after this switching is identical to what is in FIG. 3B. As another example, the failure of the VOA 214 in the line card 220B within the node 220 is treated as a fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 between the nodes 220 and 210 and thus the amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 in the opposite direction in the nearest node 220 is shut down along with the gates switches 211 and 212 in the central node 210 in the protection switching. As yet another example, if the optical amplifier 217 in the line card 210B of the central node 210 fails, the amplifier 217 in the line card 230A of the reverse direction neighbor node 230, which is closest to the failed amplifier, is turned off.

Hence, for non-central nodes, after a fiber break or device failure, under the control of the central node 210, a switch (either an amplifier or a regular 1×1 switch) downstream from the fiber break or failed device is opened, the VOA in the reverse direction and in the same card is darkened so that the other switch in a downstream neighbor node in the reverse fiber direction and downstream from the fiber break or failed device is also opened. At the same time, the fiber break or device failure causes loss of the optical probe signal in at least one of the fibers in the central node 210 and this causes the central node 210 to close the gates switches 211 and 212.

In the centrally controlled ring network 200 in FIG. 2, the status reporting from a ring node to the central node 210 and the delivery of a command from the central node 210 to a ring node are based on the node-to-node optical communication using an out of band optical supervision channel. Alternatively, the circulating optical probe signal can be used and modulated to carry the data for the status reporting from each node to the central node and delivery of commands from the central node to each node for execution of the protection switching described above. This use of the circulating optical probe signal can eliminate the need for the OSC signaling in the protection switching. Accordingly, the detection of the optical probe signal can include processing of the modulated data in the optical probe signal beyond the simple detection of the power level of the circulating probe signal at the optical probe detector PD1.

In other implementations, the circulating optical probe signal can be modulated to carry other control and management data that may be communicated via OSC signaling. This use of the circulating optical probe signal can completely eliminate the need for the OSC signaling and OSC transmitters and receivers and other associated hardware in the ring network and thus can simplify the node structure, the ring structure, and the operations of the nodes and the ring. Various modulation techniques may be used in each node to modulate the optical probe signal. An optical modulator may be added in each node to modulate the optical probe signal. An existing VOA in a non-central node can also be used to modulate the probe signal by controlling the attenuation of the VOA to superimpose reporting data to the central node.

As an alternative to the above switching protection mechanisms based on centrally controlled ring networks, each regular node in a ring may be designed to control its local switching operations entirely based on local information within the node without the wait for a command from the central node 210. A hybrid mode protection switching can be provided to combine the central protection switching in the central node based on the circulating optical signal and local switching in each non-central node based on local information without the control from the central node.

In one implementation of this hybrid mode protection switching, the central node uses its local detection of the circulating optical probe signal to operate the local gate switches within the central node to open or close the default break point in each direction based on the detected status of the circulating optical probe signal in the central node. In this aspect, the hybrid mode is similar to the centralized mode in the network in FIG. 2. However, different from the centralized mode in FIG. 2, the central node in the hybrid mode no longer controls all other regular ring nodes for the protection switching. Instead, other regular ring nodes are self controlled and operate their respective local switching to generate a local protective break point based on a local detection of the light in the network without relying on information or commands from the central node. Notably, each non-central node does not report the local node condition to the central node in order to respond to a fiber break or device failure. Neither does each non-central node wait for a control command from the central node before taking any action in response to a fiber break or device failure. With the exception of a non-central node adjacent to the central node on the side of the central node with gate switches, this hybrid mode protection switching eliminates the communications between the central node and each non-central node via the OSC signaling in activating the protection switching by creating a local optical break point after occurrence of a fiber cut or device failure.

In a hybrid mode protection switching, the optical nodes in the ring are classified into three categories and are configured and operated differently: the central node, a special non-central node next to the central node on the side of the central node with gate switches, and other regular ring nodes. Different from the centralized mode, the circulating optical probe in each of the two counter propagating directions is monitored separately from other optical signals in the central node only and a regular node monitors the total optical power in each fiber ring. Like the central node in the centralized mode, the central node uses an optical coupler and a probe-wavelength filter, e.g., the design in FIG. 2A, to split a portion of the circulating optical probe signal in each of the two directions as a monitor signal. In its default state, the central node maintains a default break point in each of the two directions in the ring when the circulating optical probe signal is present in both directions of the ring. When the optical probe signal in either one of the two directions is not detected, the central node operates to close the default optical break point in each of the two directions and open the default optical break point when the optical probe signal in each of the two directions is detected. In a regular ring node that is not the central node, a total optical power of light received in the respective ring node is monitored, without monitoring the circulating optical probe signal separately, to determine whether the total optical power is below a power threshold associated with a fiber break. In implementations, this power threshold can be set at a low value so that the received total optical power at a node that is not immediately downstream from a fiber cut is above this power threshold due to light from an immediate upstream node such as one or more added WDM channels or the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from the upstream node. This design can be used to ensure that only non-central nodes next to a fiber cut are triggered to react to the fiber cut while other non-central nodes remain in their normal operation.

In one implementation, the special non-central node next to the side of the gate switches of the central node can operate differently from other regular ring nodes and rely on the OSC signaling with the central node to perform its location protective switching when the detected total optical power is below the power threshold. For Other regular ring nodes, each ring node creates a protective optical break point when the total optical power is below the power threshold. Hence activation of the protection switching can be achieved without relying on information or commands from the central node and any other ring nodes. The OSC signal, for example, is no longer needed for activation of the protection switching in these nodes. Hence, this hybrid control mode can reduce the need for node-to-node communications in protection switching and essentially eliminate the dependency of the response time for the protection switching on the number of nodes in the ring, and thus can provide a fast response time in protection switching.

FIG. 5 shows one example of a dual-fiber ring network 500 in a hybrid control mode. Examples of the nodes shown are a central node 530 (node 3) and four non-central ring nodes 510 (node 1), 520 (node 2), 540 (node 4) and 550 (node 5). The central node 530 in FIG. 5 operates in a way similar to the operation of the central node in the centralized mode in FIG. 2: the central node 530 separately monitors the circulating optical probe signal and controls the gate switches 211 and 212 based on the status of the detected circulating optical probe signal.

The node 520 next to the central node 530 is a special node that is different from other non-central nodes because it is located on the side of the gate switches 211 and 212 of the central node 530. Under the normal operating condition where there is no other fiber cut or node failure in the ring network 500, the gate switches 211 and 212 are open to create default breaks in the fiber rings 202 and 202. Other than the OSC and circulating optical probe signals, the WDM signals and ASE from the amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 are blocked by the default break of the gate switch 211. The total optical power received by the special node 520 in the fiber 201 may be below the power threshold under the normal operating condition. This relation makes the node 520 a special non-central node different from other non-central nodes 540, 550 and 510. To avoid shutting down the special node 520 under the normal operating condition, the special node 520 can be controlled to detect the fiber cut in the fiber span from the special node 520 to the central node 530 based on a node-to-node communication between the nodes 520 and 530 and to operate its protection switching based on the node-to-node communication. This node-to-node communication can be achieved by, e.g., the OSC signaling, modulation of the optical probe signals and others. When the circulating optical probe signal is modulated to carry network control and management data, the hardware for OSC signaling including OSC transmitters and receivers can be eliminated. Various modulation techniques may be used in each node to modulate the optical probe signal. An optical modulator may be added in each node to modulate the optical probe signal. An existing VOA in a non-central node can also be used to modulate the probe signal by controlling the attenuation of the VOA to superimpose reporting data to the central node. In the following examples, the node-to-node communications used in the hybrid protection switching is the OSC signaling and the same process in these examples can be applied to node-to-node communications based on modulated optical probe signals. Whenever there is a loss of the OSC signaling between the special node 520 and the central node 530 in at least one of the fiber rings 201 and 202, the special node 520 opens up the two switches (i.e., optical amplifiers 217) in the fiber rings 201 and 202 to block optical transmission through the special node 520.

Other non-central regular nodes 540, 510 and 550 are operated entirely based on their local detection of the total optical power without relying on communications with the central node 530 and other nodes.

Some aspects of the nodes in FIG. 5 are similar to the ring network 200 in FIG. 2 while other aspects are different. Similar to the nodes in FIG. 2, each node in FIG. 5 can be implemented with two amplifier line cards and can use the optical amplifiers as optical switches to create optical breaks when the protection switching is activated. A node may also replace the amplifiers by 1×1 optical switches when the optical gain in that node is not needed when, e.g., the node is connected in a short fiber span between two other nodes with amplifiers. The central node 530 in the example shown in FIG. 5 has two gate switches 211 and 212 in the line card 210A that interfaces with the non-central node 520 (node 2). The features in the central node 530 for coupling the optical probe signals in both fiber rings 201 and 202 and the local detection of the optical probe signals are similar to the central node 210 in FIG. 2. For example, a wavelength-selective coupler 215 is used in the central node 530 to selectively drop a fraction of the optical probe signal while transmitting light at the WDM signal wavelengths so that each probe detector PD1 coupled to the coupler 215 is designated to measure only the optical probe signal. Based on the local status of the optical probe signals in both fiber rings 201 and 202, the central node 530 operates the gate switches 211 and 212 to open or close default optical break points in the fiber rings 201 and 202.

For the regular ring nodes 540, 550 and 510, each wavelength-selective coupler 215 in the ring node in FIG. 2 that is placed at the entrance of each ring node in each fiber ring to selectively split a portion of the circulating optical probe signal is now replaced by a broadband coupler that splits a fraction of all optical signals in each fiber ring to the detectors PD1 and the split light by the broadband coupler includes the optical WDM signals, the circulating optical probe signal and ASE. Hence, in the ring network 500 in FIG. 5, each detector PD1 measures the total optical power in each fiber ring received by the ring node and the location of the broadband coupler is upstream from the coupler that adds one or more WDM add signals. A predetermined power threshold power level is used by each ring node to determine whether there is an optical break point at a location upstream from the ring node. If the detected optical power is below the threshold power level in a first fiber ring, the ring node reacts to shut off its optical transmission in the first fiber ring and the optical transmission in the other, the second fiber ring. This action triggers the downstream node in the second fiber ring, which is the upstream node in the first fiber ring, to turn off its transmission in both the first and the second fiber rings in the same manner. When the measured optical power at each detector PD1 is no longer below the power threshold, the optical transmission in each ring node resumes under the control by the central node 530.

Each regular ring node in FIG. 5, similar to a regular ring node in FIG. 2, has a VOA 214 downstream from the optical amplifier 217 and the detector PD1 in each fiber ring. Different from the regular ring in FIG. 2, each regular ring node in FIG. 5 further uses each VOA 214 as an optical switch in the optical protection switching. In each regular ring node in FIG. 5 (e.g., the node 510), when the optical detector PD1 in a first fiber ring (e.g., the ring 202) detects a loss of light, the corresponding switch immediately downstream from the detector PD1 in the first fiber ring 202, e.g., optical amplifier switch 217, is turned off to block optical transmission while the ring node 510 opens up a corresponding switch (VOA 214) in the second fiber ring 201 within the same node to turn off its optical transmission at the output of the same node in the second fiber ring 201. This action shuts down optical transmission in both fiber rings 201 and 202 through the node 510. This action further triggers an immediate downstream node 550 in the second fiber ring 201, which is the immediate upstream node in the first fiber ring 202 on the other side of the fiber break, to detect the loss of the optical power in the second fiber ring 201 and thus opens up its local optical switches, i.e., the optical amplifier 217 in the second fiber ring 201 and the VOA 214 in the first fiber ring 202. Next, the upstream VOAs 217 respectively in the two nodes 510 and 550 in the two fiber rings 201 and 202 are controlled to restore their normal optically transmissive operating mode to allow optical transmission while the two turned-off downstream optical amplifiers 217 respectively in the nodes 510 and 520 in the in the two fiber rings 201 and 202 remain turned off to block optical transmission. Under this condition, when the fiber repair is detected via the photo-detector PD1 in nodes 510 and 550 near the fiber break and the nodes 510 and 550 can be automatically restored to their normal operations after the repair is completed based on such optical detection downstream from the fiber break. The above local protection switching without communication with the central node 530 can be used to respond to a fiber cut either in only one of the two fiber rings 201 and 202 between the nodes 510 and 550 or in each of the two fiber rings 201 and 202 between the nodes 510 and 550.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D illustrate an exemplary protection switching sequence in the ring network 500 in FIG. 5 when both fiber rings 201 and 202 are cut at a location between regular ring nodes 510 and 550. Under a normal condition, the gate switches 211 and 212 in the central node 530 are open to create the default optical break point in both fiber rings 201 and 202 and all other ring nodes transmit light.

When the fiber cut occurs in both fiber rings 201 and 202 between nodes 510 and 550, the detector PD1 in the node 510 downstream from the location of the fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 and the other detector PD1 in the node 550 downstream from the location of the fiber cut in the fiber ring 201 detect the loss of optical power. In each of the nodes 510 and 550, the VOA 214 upstream from the fiber cut in one fiber ring and the optical amplifier 217 downstream from the fiber cut are operated to block optical transmission. At the same time, the central node 530 detects loss of the optical probe signal in both fiber rings 201 and 202 after the fiber cut occurs and thus closes the gate switches 211 and 212 to allow optical transmission through the central node 530 to re-route the optical traffic blocked by the fiber cut between the nodes 510 and 550. Other nodes, such as nodes 520 and 540, do not detect any abnormal conditions based on the received total optical power in each fiber ring and remain in their normal operation to continue to transmit light in both directions. This is shown in FIG. 6A. The node 520, for example, is not next to the fiber cut between the nodes 510 and 550 and receives the optical power from the added WDM signals from an upstream node, e.g., the central node 530 as an upstream node and other upstream nodes 540 and 550 in fiber ring 201, and the node 510 as an upstream node in the fiber ring 202. In addition, the node 520 could also receive optical power from amplifier ASE noise from each upstream node that is not shut down, e.g., there may be a booster optical amplifier present at the exit of the node 510 in fiber 202. The threshold power in each node can be set at a level to be less than the total optical power of the ASE noise and added WDM signals from an upstream node to ensure only the two nodes next to the fiber cut activate their local protection switching when the fiber cut occurs.

The blocking of optical transmission in the VOAs 214 in the nodes 510 and 550 shown in FIG. 6A prevents each local detector PD1 downstream from the fiber cut to monitor whether optical transmission is restored in each fiber ring between the nodes 510 and 550. Next shown in FIG. 6B, after the above switching operations in the nodes 510, 550 and 530 are completed, the node 510 turns the VOA 214 in the other fiber ring 201 back to its normal attenuation value to allow for optical transmission. The node 550 performs the same switching operations as in the node 510 and turns the VOA 214 in the fiber ring 202 back to its normal attenuation value to allow for optical transmission. At this time, the detector PD1 in the node 510 in the fiber ring 202 monitors the optical transmission from the node 550 and the detector PD1 in the node 550 in the fiber ring 201 monitors the optical transmission from the node 510. In addition, the central node 530 continues to detect the loss of the optical probe signal in both fiber rings 201 and 202 and thus the gate switches 211 and 212 remain closed to allow for optical transmission through the central node 530.

After the fiber cut is repaired and optical transmission in both fiber rings between the nodes 510 and 550 is restored, the detector PD1 in the node 510 in the fiber ring 202 detects light received from the node 550 and the detector PD1 in the node 550 in the fiber ring 201 detects light received from the node 510. This is shown in FIG. 6C. In response, the nodes 510 and 550 close their local switches by turning on the optical amplifier 217 in the node 510 in the fiber ring 202 and the amplifier 217 in the node 550 in the fiber ring 201 to return to their normal operation.

After the above operations of the nodes 510 and 550, the circulating optical probe signals in both fiber rings 201 and 202 resume circulation in the fiber rings 201 and 202 through the nodes 510 and 550 so that the probe detectors PD1 in the central node 530 detect the reappearance of the optical probe signals. The central node 530 responds to this condition by opening up the gate switches 211 and 212 to restore the default break points in the fiber rings 201 and 202, respectively. This is shown in FIG. 6D. At this time, the ring network 500 returns to its normal operation shown in FIG. 5.

In the above operations of the protection switching in the hybrid mode, the optical amplifiers 217 in nodes 510 and 550 may turn on at different times when each node operates entirely based on its local detection of the total received optical power. This can occur, for example, when the fiber cuts in the two fiber rings at the same location are repaired at different times. When the optical amplifiers 217 in nodes 510 and 550 near the fiber break turn on at different times, the circulating optical probe signals in the two fiber rings 201 and 202 resume circulation in the two fiber rings 201 and 202 at different times. The gate switches in the central node 530 can be operated to open at different times where each gate switch in one fiber ring is closed as soon as the probe detector PD1 in the central node 530 in that fiber ring detects the optical probe signal in order to avoid formation of a closed optical loop in each fiber ring.

In deployment of many ring networks, it is often undesirable to turn on the shut-down optical amplifiers 217 in nodes 510 and 550 at different times in protection switching. TO address this technical issue, a central control mechanism can be used to synchronize the operations of turning on the shut-down optical amplifiers 217 in nodes 510 and 550 during the protection switching. This can be achieved by, e.g., using the node-to-node OSC signaling or other management network signaling to turn on the shut-down amplifiers 217 at the same time like in the centralized protection switching described by the example in FIGS. 6A-6D. Therefore, after the amplifiers 217 in the nodes 510 and 550 are shut down, the operation of turning on the amplifier is controlled by the central node 530.

First, after the fiber cut occurs, the detected signals by the local detectors PD1 in the two neighbor nodes 510 and 550 next to the fiber cut can indicate which of the two fibers has the fiber cut and whether a single fiber or the two fibers experience a fiber cut. After the fiber cut, the central node 530 opens up the two gate switches and the nodes 510 and 550 shut down their local amplifiers 217 next to the fiber cut as described above and illustrated in FIG. 6B. The two nodes 510 and 550 use the node-to-node signaling to inform the central node 530 of the status of the fiber cut condition. Next, the fiber cut is repaired and the downstream optical detector PD1 can detect the optical transmission through the repaired fiber span and this information is communicated to the central node 530 via the node-to-node communications such as OSC signaling. After the central node 530 is informed of that the single fiber cut in one of the two fibers or the fiber cuts in both fibers are repaired, the central node 530 sends out a command to each of the two nodes 510 and 550 via the node-to-node communication to turn on the shut-down optical amplifiers 217 in the nodes 510 and 550. Upon turning the amplifiers 217, the optical probe signal reappears in both fiber rings in the central node 530 and, in response, the central node 530 opens up the two gate switches 211 and 212 to restore the default break points. At this time, the ring network automatically restores its normal operation.

When a fiber cut occurs in only one fiber ring in the network 500 in FIG. 5, the same protection switching sequence shown in FIGS. 6A-6D can be applied. Assuming the single fiber cut is in the fiber ring 202 between the nodes 510 and 550, the fiber cut would first cause the node 510 to shut down the optical transmission through the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 202 and the VOA 214 in the fiber ring 201. Unless the VOA 214 in the fiber ring 201 in the node 510 shuts down, the node 550 would not detect the fiber cut and would continue its normal operations. Once the VOA 214 in the fiber ring 201 in the node 510 shuts down, the optical detector PD1 in the node 550 downstream from the node 510 in the fiber ring 201 detects the loss of the optical power and the node 550 shuts down the optical transmission of the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 and the VOA 214 in the fiber ring 202 within the node 550. The rest of the operations for the protective switching can be implemented based on the above hybrid mode protection switching for the fiber cuts in both fibers.

The special node 520 next to the central node 530 in FIG. 5 on the side of gate switches 211 and 212 does not receive WDM optical signals from the central node and thus can use a node-to-node signaling with the central node 530 to determine whether there is a fiber break between the node 520 and the central node 530 in the hybrid mode protection switching. In one implementation, this node-to-node signaling can be the OSC signaling as shown in the examples in FIGS. 7 and 8.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate operations of the special node 520 based on OSC signaling between the special node 520 and the central node 530 in FIG. 5 according to one implementation. FIG. 7 shows a situation where a fiber cut occurs in the fiber 201 between the nodes 520 and 530. The probe detector in fiber 201 within the central node 530 detects the loss of the circulating probe signal after the fiber cut occurs while the circulating probe signal in the other fiber ring 202 remains unaffected. In response to this detected loss of the optical probe signal, the central node 530 closes both gates switches 211 and 212 in the fiber rings 201 and 202 to allow transmission through the central node 530 in both fiber rings 201 and 202. At the same time, the OSC signal from the central node 530 to the special node 520 is detected by the special node 520 as being missing. This OSC detection causes the special node 520 to open local switches, VOA 214 and optical amplifier 217 close to the fiber cut, in both fiber rings 201 and 202 in the special node 520, to block optical transmission through the special node 520.

After the fiber cut in the fiber ring 201 is repaired, the special node 520 detects the OSC signal from the central node 530 again. The central node 530 can also inform the special node 520 through the OSC signaling from the central node 530 that the fiber span on fiber 202 and between the central and special node is normal without a fiber break. In response to the presence of the OSC signal from the central node 530, the special node 520 closes both switches VOA 214 and the amplifier 217 in both fibers 201 and 202 close to the central node 530 to allow optical transmission through the special node 520 in both fiber rings 201 and 202. When this occurs, the central node 530 detects the circulating optical probe signal in both fiber rings 201 and 202 and thus opens up the gate switches 211 and 212 to restore the default break points in the fiber rings 201 and 202 to block optical transmission through the central node 530. This restore the normal operating condition of the network 500 as shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 further shows a network condition where a fiber cut occurs in the fiber ring 202 between the special node 520 and the central node 530. The central node 530 detects (1) the loss of the OSC signal from the special node 530 and (2) the loss of the optical probe signal in the fiber ring 202. The OSC signal from the central node 530 to the special node 520 in the fiber ring 201 is not affected by the fiber cut. In response to the detected loss of the optical probe signal in the fiber 202, the central node 530 closes gate switches 211 and 212 to allow optical transmission through the central node 530. The central node 530 also informs the special node 520 via the OSC signal in the fiber ring 201 of the loss of the OSC signaling in the fiber ring 202. The special node 520 responds to this loss of the OSC signaling in the fiber ring 202 by opening up both switches, the optical amplifier 217 and the VOA 214 in the fiber rings 201 and 202 to block optical transmission through the special node 520. The VOA 214 in the special node 520 can be replaced by a 1×1 optical switch. After the fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 is repaired, the system restores back to its default status as shown in FIG. 5.

When fiber is cut in both fiber rings 201 and 202 between the special node 520 and the central node 530, both nodes 520 and 530 detect loss of OSC signaling. The central node 530 also loses the optical probe signal in the fiber 202. This condition triggers the central node 530 to close both gate switches 211 and 212 to allow for optical transmission through the central node 530. The loss of the OSC signaling from the central node 530 at the special node 520 causes the special node 520 to open up both switches, the optical amplifier 217 and the VOA 214 in the fiber rings 201 and 202, to block optical transmission through the special node 520. When fibers are repaired, the special node 520 and the central node 530 can communicate via the OSC signaling and the special node 520 receives notification in the OSC signaling from the central node 530 that both fibers 201 and 202 are repaired and the special node 520 subsequently closes its two switches. This permits the optical probe signal to pass through the special node 520 to reach the central node 530 in both fiber rings 201 and 202. In response to this reappearance of the optical probe signals in both fiber rings 201 and 202, the central node 530 opens the gate switches 211 and 212 to restore the default break points. At this time, the ring network returns to its normal operation as shown in FIG. 5.

The above hybrid mode protection switching for a fiber cut between nodes can be similarly applied to protection switching for a device failure in a node by treating the device failure as a fiber cut in a nearest fiber span to the failed device. Referring to FIG. 5, the failure of the optical amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 202 within the node 510 is treated as a fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 between the nodes 510 and 550 and thus the amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 in the opposite direction in the fiber ring 201 of the nearest node 550 is shut down along with the gates switches 211 and 212 in the central node 530 in the protection switching. This switching can be triggered by the local detection by the detectors PD2 and PD3 in the same node 510. This can cause local activation of the protection switching without the control by the central node 530. The operating condition caused by the switching is identical to what is in FIG. 6B. As another example, the failure of the VOA 214 in the fiber ring 202 within the node 510 can be detected by the detectors PD1, PD2 and PD3 in the downstream node 520 and is treated as a fiber cut in the fiber ring 202 between the nodes 510 and 520 and thus the amplifier 217 in the fiber ring 201 in the opposite direction in the nearest node 510 is shut down along with the gates switches 211 and 212 in the central node 530 in the protection switching.

The above hybrid protection switching uses local detection in each node to activate local protection switching in each node affected by a fiber cut or device failure without relying on control by the central node 530. The central node 530 closes up the gate switches 211 and 212 to close the default optical break points in the fiber rings 201 and 202 based on the locally detected loss of the optical probe signal in at least one fiber ring and does so without relying on communication from other nodes. The two neighboring nodes closest to the fiber cut or failed device also activates their protection switching entirely based on the locally detected loss of the total optical power in one of the nodes without relying on commands from the central node 530 and communication from other nodes. Therefore, the node-to-node communication process and the command from the central node 530 in the centralized protection switching can be eliminated in the activation of the hybrid protection switching. In this regard, the hybrid protection switching is faster than the centralized protection switching. The second phase of restoring the network back to its normal operation after the fiber cut or device failure is corrected in the hybrid protection switching, however, is similar to the centralized protection switching and uses node-to-node communication and commands from the central node 530 to synchronize the timing of the automatic reversion in both fiber rings 201 and 202.

In some optical ring networks, a particular optical signal carried by an optical WDM signal is directed to a particular node in the ring and is not intended for other nodes. In such a situation, after the particular node receives and drops the particular optical signal, the optical WDM signal that carries the dropped particular optical signal may no longer be used by other nodes in a broadcast-and-select network and cannot be reused to carry a different optical signal. This is because of the nature of a broadcast-and-select network. The drop coupler in a node splits a portion of all optical signals in the fiber line and the dropped light is filtered to select one or more signals for that node while optical power of the dropped one or more signals still remains in the fiber line and propagates along with other signals to broadcast to other nodes. Hence, an added signal via the same node must have a wavelength different from the dropped signals and other signals already in the fiber line. After a signal at a designated WDM wavelength is dropped at a node and the signal is not used by other nodes, the designated WDM wavelength is wasted.

One way to reuse this wasted optical WDM wavelength is to implement a wavelength blocker in each node to selectively block such an optical WDM signal while allowing other WDM signals to transmit so that the correspond WDM wavelength can be reused again. In the above dual-fiber ring networks in the centralized and hybrid control modes, each node can be configured to place the drop optical coupler upstream to the add optical coupler in each fiber so that a wavelength blocker can be inserted in each fiber ring downstream from the drop optical coupler and upstream from the add coupler.

FIG. 9 shows an example of a portion of a ring node associated with adding and dropping WDM signals in one fiber. For a node in a dual-fiber ring network in FIG. 2 or 5, a similar mechanism can be duplicated for the other fiber. As illustrated, the ring node 901 includes a drop optical coupler 921 coupled to fiber 902 carrying optical traffic going from the left to the right hand. The drop optical coupler 921 is a broadband optical coupler that splits a portion of optical power at all optical WDM signals while allowing the remainder of all optical WDM signal wavelengths to continue on in the fiber 902. An add coupler 931 is coupled to the fiber 902 at a location downstream from the drop coupler 921 to add one or more optical WDM signals to the fiber 902 for communications to other downstream ring nodes. A node receiver 920 is connected to the drop coupler 921 to receive all WDM signals and selects one or more WDM signals as dropped signals to extract information. One or more fixed optical bandpass filters or tunable optical bandpass filers may be used for selecting the one or more dropped WDM optical signals. A node transmitter 930 is connected to the add coupler 931 to include one or more fixed or tunable optical transmitters to generate the added WDM optical signals.

The node transmitter 930 in the node 901 in FIG. 9 can be implemented by a tunable transmitter in a network to achieve certain advantages. Consider an example where a network is updated by inserting a wavelength blocker between the drop and add couplers in a node which has a node transmitter 930 at a WDM add wavelength different from a dropped WDM wavelength. If the node transmitter 930 in this node is tunable, the transmitter wavelength produced by the tunable node transmitter 930 can be immediately tuned to the dropped wavelength to re-use the dropped wavelength for transmitting a new signal channel. If a fixed wavelength transmitter were used as the node transmitters 930, this fixed node transmitter needs to be removed and replaced by a transmitter at the dropped wavelength after a wavelength blocker is inserted. Using a tunable node transmitter can avoid the labor and cost associated with the replacement

A wave blocker 910 is coupled in the fiber 902 between the drop coupler 921 and the add coupler 931 to select at least one WDM wavelength to filter out light at the selected one WDM wavelength while transmitting other WDM channels including the circulating optical probe signal. Accordingly, the node transmitter 930 can generate a new WDM signal at the selected WDM wavelength to the fiber 902. In this context, the selected WDM wavelength that is filtered out and blocked by the wave blocker 910 can be reused by the ring network.

In the above fiber ring networks using a circulating optical probe signal, other fiber ring networks without the circulating optical probe signal and fiber networks in other network configurations, an optical switch may fail to open or close an optical break point. Such a switch failure may affect operations of a portion or the entirety of a network depending on the location of the failed switch. In the fiber ring networks described in this application, the failure of one gate switch 211 or 212 in the central node 210 in FIG. 2 or 530 in FIG. 5 may lead to failure of the protection switching for the entire network. Therefore, a redundant switch design may be desirable in implementing certain optical switches to reduce the probability of complete failure of an optical switch.

FIG. 10A shows one example of a serial redundant switch pair as a switching device 1001 where two optical switches 1021 and 1022 are connected in series in an optical path 1010 such as a fiber line. This device 1001 can be used to provide redundancy in generating an optical break point or opening between two terminals A and B in the optical path 1010. If the optical switch 1021 fails to open, the second optical switch 1022 can be used to generate the desired optical break point in the optical path 1010. This device 1001 can be used to protect a “hard to open” condition in an optical path. Three or more optical switches can be used to further increase the redundancy of the device 1001.

FIG. 10B shows one example of a parallel redundant switch pair as a switching device 1002 where two optical switches 1021 and 1022 are connected in two parallel optical paths 1011 and 1012, respectively, in an optical path 1010 such as a fiber line. An optical splitter 1031 is coupled in the optical path 1010 to connect to the first and second optical paths 1011 and 1012 and an optical combiner 1032 is coupled in the optical path 1010 to join the first and second optical paths 1011 and 1012 into the optical path 1010. This device 1002 provide two alternative paths between two terminals A and B in the optical path 1010 and to provide redundancy in connecting the two terminals A and B in the optical path 1010. If the optical switch 1021 in the first optical path 1011 fails to close, the second optical switch 1022 in the second optical path 1012 can be used to optically connect the two terminals A and B in the optical path 1010. This device 1002 can be used to protect a “hard to close” condition in an optical path and can include three or more parallel optical paths to further increase the redundancy of the device.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show two operation modes of a switching device 1100 that combines the serial redundancy in FIG. 10A and the parallel redundancy in FIG. 10B. The first optical path 1012 includes two optical switches 1101 and 1102 connected in series and the second optical path 1012 includes two optical switches 1021 and 1022 connected in series. This switching device 1100 can be used to protect both “hard to open” and “hard to close” conditions.

FIG. 11A shows an open mode of the switching device 1100 where all four optical switches 1101, 1102, 1021 and 1022 are open to optically separate the two terminals A and B in the optical path 1010. To create an optical break point between the terminals A and B, each optical path needs to have one optical switch open. Another open mode for the switching device 1100 can be switches 1101 and 1021 in their open positions while switches 1102 and 1022 in their closed positions. If either of the default open switches 1101 and 1021 fails to open, another switch in the same path with the failed switch can be opened right away.

FIG. 11B shows a close mode of the device 1100 where the two switches 1021 and 1022 in the first optical path 1011 are open to create an optical break point between the two terminals A and B and the two switches 1101 and 1102 in the second optical path 1012 are closed to connect the two terminals A and B. Here, the second optical path 1012 is the default closed path to connect the terminals A and B. When one of the switches 1101 and 1102 fails to close, the switches 1021 and 1022 in the first optical path 1011 are closed to form a closed path between terminals A and B.

The switching device 1100 can be used as an optical switch at any location where an optical switch is needed to provide reliable switching operations. The device 1100 has two 1×2 optical couplers 1031 and 1032 and thus has approximately 7 dB optical loss. Using such a device in every node in a switched ring architecture network to provide optical switching in each node would incur too much optical loss in the network. In the ring networks shown in FIGS. 2 and 5 where an optical switch is used in the central node while optical switching in other nodes is effectuated by using optical amplifiers, the device 1100 can be used in the central node to provide reliable optical switching in one of the fiber rings or both fiber rings.

In the above optical ring networks in the broadcast-and-select architecture, optical WDM signals carrying traffic in each of the two opposing ring propagation directions are directed and broadcast to all nodes in each ring network. These optical WDM signals are “in band” signals because their optical wavelengths are within the gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers used in the ring network. Each broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal is dedicated to delivering data and information from an originating node to one or more target nodes on the ring and propagates through all locations on the ring except for an optical break point or the protection gate switch in the central node. The optical WDM wavelength for each optical WDM signal originated from one optical node is generally not shared with another optical node for sending data and information to the ring with exceptions. One exception is that when a particular optical WDM wavelength is blocked and terminated by a wavelength blocker at an optical node, the same optical WDM wavelength can then be re-used by that optical node to launch a new optical signal to the ring. FIG. 9 illustrates an example of this exception.

Therefore, the bandwidth for carrying data and information traffic in each broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal is dedicated to only one originating optical node for sending the data and information to one or more selected destination optical nodes or all other optical nodes on the ring. The bandwidth of this optical WDM signal is not shared with other optical nodes. One of advantages of this dedicated bandwidth for each optical WDM signal is that the bandwidth is guaranteed for the optical node that is assigned to use that optical WDM wavelength to send out data and information to the ring.

FIG. 12 illustrates logical communications for nodes in an example of a broadcast-and-select ring using dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals. Optical nodes are labeled by letters A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L. The optical node A is the optical gate switch node that provides the optical protection switching to maintain a single optical break point within the ring during a normal operation and when there is a single optical break point. Referring to the example in FIG. 2, the central node 210 is an example of the node A in FIG. 12. Multiple dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths are used to carry optical traffic in the ring in FIG. 12. Eight dashed lines are used to represent communications between nodes. For example, a first optical WDM wavelength is dedicated to provide communication from node C to nodes J and K; a second optical WDM wavelength is dedicated to provide communication from node A to nodes D, F and G; and a third optical WDM wavelength is dedicated to provide communication from node D to nodes A and I. Alternatively, the communications from node A to nodes D, F and G may be three different signals carried by three different dedicated optical WDM wavelengths.

In some applications, the available bandwidth of an optical WDM wavelength may not be fully used by the associated optical node. Under the above ring network designs, the unused portion of the bandwidth cannot be shared or used by other nodes on the ring and thus is wasted. The following sections describe examples of ring networks that, in addition to the above described dedicated in-band broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths, allocate one or more optical WDM wavelengths for carrying data and information traffic through node-to-node communications with the optical-electrical-optical conversion within each node to allow different nodes to share an optical WDM wavelength. Different from a dedicated broadcast-and-select optical wavelength which circulates around the ring through all nodes in absence of an optical failure and a fraction of which is split at each node, such a node-to-node optical signal at a shared optical WDM wavelength is generated by an optical transmitter at one node and is optically terminated at the next node along one propagation direction of the optical ring. The receiving node regenerates the node-to-nod optical signal at the shared wavelength using an optical transmitter for propagation to yet another node downstream along the propagation direction. Hence, at each node, the node-to-nod optical signal at the shared wavelength undergoes an optical-to-electrical conversion at an optical receiver and then an electrical-to-optical conversion for the regeneration by an optical transmitter. The dropping and adding data are accomplished in the electronic domain in each node. In another aspect, each node-to-node optical WDM signal is different from a dedicated broadcast-and-select optical wavelength which carries only data and information originated at a single node in that each node-to-node optical WDM signal can carry data and information originated by different optical nodes. Each node can add new data to the node-to-node optical WDM signal in the electrical-to-optical conversion at the node's optical transmitter.

Such a node-to-node optical WDM signal shared by different nodes can be at an “in band” optical WDM wavelength within the gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers used in the ring network. Alternatively, because such a node-to-node optical WDM signal only travels through a fiber span between two adjacent nodes before being regenerated, an “out of band” optical WDM wavelength at the edge or outside the gain spectral range of the optical amplifiers used in the ring network can be used in some ring networks where the fiber span between two adjacent nodes is sufficiently short so that optical amplification of the node-to-node optical WDM signal is not necessary. The examples described below use in band optical WDM wavelengths for node-to-node optical WDM signals and various features in these examples are applicable to ring networks that use out-of-band optical WDM wavelengths for node-to-node optical WDM signals.

Each node-to-node optical WDM signal is an optical signal that propagates along with the dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and thus is overlaid with the dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths in the same fiber. To provide communication redundancy, each node-to-node optical WDM signal can be duplicated in each of the two counter propagating directions of a ring network. Notably, this use of dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and one or more node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths for carrying communication traffic in a ring can be implemented in not only ring networks with the circulating optical probe signal for protection switching described above but also other ring network designs having counter-propagating traffic signals.

The overlay of broadcast-and-select dedicated bandwidth and node-to-node shared bandwidth on the same two fibers in ring networks can be implemented to achieve one or more advantages such as efficient use of the available optical bandwidth and reduction in unused bandwidth, improved communication speed and quality of service. For example, a ring network may have a mixture of heavy and light nodes so that different nodes have different traffic loads. If only broadcast-and-select dedicated bandwidths are used, a broadcast-and-select dedicated bandwidth assigned to a light node may not be fully used and the unused portion is wasted. Under the overlay of the broadcast-and-select dedicated bandwidth and node-to-node shared bandwidth, heavy nodes can be served by provisioning them with signals that have a dedicated bandwidth for each heavy node, while light nodes can be served by provisioning them with one or more node-to-node optical WDM signals with a shared bandwidth. A node may also be served by both a broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal with a dedicated bandwidth and one or more node-to-node optical WDM signals with a shared bandwidth.

The allocation or provisioning of the broadcast-and-select dedicated bandwidth and the node-to-node shared bandwidth can be determined based on one or more parameters associated with each node, such as node traffic measured by a node traffic parameter (e.g., the number of bits per second at a node), the level of the quality of service (QoS) and latency requirement at each node, or a combination of the node traffic, the QoS, and latency at each node. For example, a node with a service at a high level of QoS and low latency requirement may be allocated with a broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal with a dedicated bandwidth even when the traffic at the node is not heavy.

The allocation or provisioning of the broadcast-and-select dedicated bandwidth and the node-to-node shared bandwidth may be fixed based on the initial allocation or adjusted after the initial allocation in response to changes to the ring networks. For example, a node that is initially allocated with a broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal and is not initially allocated to use a node-to-node optical WDM signal can be later allocated to share the bandwidth of a node-to-node optical WDM signal so that this node can transmit with both the shared node-to-node optical WDM signal and the dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM signal.

FIG. 13 illustrates a ring network that adds one or more in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals to the optical ring shown in FIG. 12. The added one or more in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals are represented by solid curve lines connecting adjacent nodes. A single node-to-node optical WDM signal at a given WDM wavelength dedicated for node-to-node communications can be used to carry data originated from one or more nodes so that the bandwidth at this given WDM wavelength can be shared by multiple nodes. A node-to-node optical WDM signal along one ring direction is generated at one node and is terminated at the adjacent neighbor node. A new node-to-node signal is generated at the adjacent neighbor node to propagate to the next adjacent neighbor node. This process of signal generation, termination and regeneration repeats through the nodes along each ring direction until the destination node is reached. As an example, data generated at the node A for the node G is carried by different node-to-node signals at the same designated WDM wavelength from node A to node C, from node C to node D, from node D to node E, from node E to node F, and from node F to node G along one ring direction and, from node A to node L, from node L to node K, from node K to node J, from node J to node I, from node I to node H, and from node H to node G along the other ring direction. The wavelengths reserved for carrying node-to-node traffic are uniform throughout the entire ring network.

In implementations where the node-to-node optical WDM signals use the in-band WDM wavelengths, the bandwidth of the available WDM channel wavelengths can be divided between the broadcast-and-select traffic and the node-to-node traffic where a majority of WDM wavelengths is designated for the broadcast-and-select traffic and a fraction of the available WDM wavelengths is used for the node-to-node traffic. For example, a majority (e.g., 80%) of the C-band bandwidth can be allocated to dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths while the remaining of the C-band bandwidth is allocated to shared node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths. Hence, if there are 40 in-band WDM wavelengths available in the C-band, 32 WDM wavelengths can be used for dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and 8 WDM wavelengths can be used for shared node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths. The 8 shared node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths can be repeatedly used in every fiber span in the optical ring to be reused in every fiber span. The 32 dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths are not reused except in nodes where wavelength blockers or wavelength-selective-switches are inserted between the drop and add ports.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary dual-fiber ring network 1400 that implements dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and one or more in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths for carrying communication traffic. Each optical node can be configured to provide broadcast-and-select functions in connection with the dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and to support in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths. As an example, each optical node in FIG. 14 can include an optical add/drop module 1401 for handling dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and optical add/drop modules 1440 and 1430 for handling the in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths.

In the illustrated example, the optical add/drop module 1401 includes at least one optical transmitter 1410 to produce an optical add signal at an optical WDM wavelength. An optical splitter 1412 splits the optical add signal into two optical add signals to be added in two opposite directions in the ring. A first add coupler 1414 is coupled to the first fiber ring path 201 to add one or more optical add signals to the first ring path 201 along a first ring direction which is the counter clockwise direction. Similarly, a second add coupler 1416 is coupled to the second ring path 202 to add the one or more optical add signals to the second ring path 202 along the second ring direction, e.g., the clockwise direction. An optical receiver 1420 is provided to receive the dropped optical signal at the node 1400. A first drop coupler 1426 is coupled to the first ring path 201 to drop the optical signals from the first ring path 201 along the first ring direction and a second drop coupler 1424 is coupled to the second ring path 202 to drop the optical signals from the second ring path 202 along the second ring direction. The dropped signals are directed to the optical receiver 1420 for detection.

The optical add/drop modules 1440 and 1430 for handling the in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths can include wavelength-selective optical couplers to selectively add or drop the one or more in in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths and to allow the dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths and other wavelengths to pass through. The optical add/drop module 1440 is located at the left-hand side of the optical node to include a wavelength-selective optical add coupler 1441 to add one or more in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths along a direction to a downstream optical node in one fiber ring path 201 and to include a wavelength-selective optical drop coupler 1442 to drop and terminate one or more in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths along the opposite direction received from an upstream optical node in the other fiber 202. The optical add/drop module 1430 is located at the right-hand side of the optical node is similarly constructed with a wavelength-selective add coupler 1432 and a wavelength-selective drop coupler 1431.

FIG. 15 shows an exemplary implementation of the generation and detection of the in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals. In this example, an optical receiver 1512 (RX1) and optical transmitter 1511 (TX1) are coupled to the module 1430 to use the optical receiver 1512 to convert the received in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals into electrical signals and to use the optical transmitter 1511 to produce the in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals going to the downstream along the fiber ring path 202. Similarly for the module 1440 on the other side of the node, an optical receiver 1522 (RX2) and optical transmitter 1521 (TX2) are coupled to the module 1440 to use the optical receiver 1522 to convert the received in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals into electrical signals and to use the optical transmitter 1521 to produce the in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals going to the downstream along the fiber ring path 201. A node-to-node electronic control module 1500 is provided to perform signal detection, signal dropping, signal adding, signal generation and signal switching in the electrical domain. Adding signals originated at different optical nodes to a single in-band node-to-node optical WDM signal can be achieved by the control module 1500. New in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths are generated by the optical transmitters 1511 and 1521 under the control of the control module 1500 and are added to the two fibers 201 and 202 to propagate to their respective downstream optical nodes.

The control module 1500 can be implemented in various configurations depending on specific requirements in applications. For example, the control module 1500 may include a node-to-node controller that generates, controls and processes the electrical signals that drive the optical transmitters TX1 (1511) and TX2 (1521) and electrical signals from RX1 (1512) and RX2 (1522) based on the dropped in-band node-to-node optical signals. For another example, the control module 1500 may include an electronic signal router or switch for routing electrical signals that drive the optical transmitters TX1 (1511) and TX2 (1521) and electrical signals from RX1 (1512) and RX2 (1522) based on the dropped in-band node-to-node optical signals. For yet another example, the control module 1500 may include an SONET/SDH add/drop multiplexer (ADM) device that controls the signals associated with optical transmitters TX1 (1511) and TX2 (1521) and optical receivers RX1 (1512) and RX2 (1522).

The protection scheme for the traffic carried by node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths may be implemented by electronic switching via the layer 2 or layer 3 routing of a GbE/10 GbE/100 GbE switch/router built into or in communication with the OEO module 1500. Examples of layer 2/3 protection schemes include spanning-tree-protocols, rapid-spanning-tree-protocols, and MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) schemes. In other implementations, SONET/SDH protection scheme (UPSR, BLSR) for SONET/SDH equipment may also be used to provide protection scheme for the traffic carried by in-band node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths.

FIG. 16 shows another example node design for dropping and adding one node-to-node WDM signal at one WDM wavelength in each of the two fibers where an optical switch 1611, e.g., a 1×2 switch, is used to receive two dropped node-to-node optical WDM signals respectively from the two fibers 201 and 202 and to direct one of the two dropped node-to-node optical WDM signals into an optical receiver within an optical transponder 1620. The optical receiver produces an electronic signal 1621 for detection and processing by a node-to-node electronic control module 1630. The optical switch 1611 is set at a default switching state to select one dropped node-to-node optical WDM signal (e.g., the signal dropped from the fiber 202) as the default signal to the optical transponder 1620. When this default signal is detected to be missing or its signal level is below a pre-set threshold, the optical switch 1611 switches to direct the other dropped node-to-node optical WDM signal (e.g., the dropped signal from the fiber 201) to the optical transponder 1620. The optical receiver in the optical transponder 1620 may be used to monitor the status of the default drop signal and to control the operation of the switch 1611. A separate optical detector may be used in each node to detect each dropped signal for controlling the switch 1611. The control module 1630 produces an add electric signal 1622 to control an optical transmitter in the optical transponder 1620 to produce an add node-to-node optical WDM signal. An optical coupler 1612, e.g., a 1×2 coupler, is used to receive this add node-to-node optical WDM signal and to splits the received add node-to-node optical WDM signal into two add node-to-node optical WDM signals that are directed to the two couplers 1411 and 1432, respectively, for adding to the two fibers 201 and 202 in opposite ring directions. In this design, an optical transponder with a single optical receiver and a single optical transmitter can be used as the optical transponder 1620. The control module 1630 can be configured to produce various functions in the electronic domain similar to those by the control module 1500 in FIG. 15.

The protection switching for the in-band dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths is separated from the protection scheme for the node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths and can be implemented by various protection switching configurations. For example, the optical supervision channel (OSC) mechanism can be used to provide node-to-node communication channel for reporting an optical failure in the fiber ring and to control the protection switching. The optical protection switching techniques based on the circulating optical probe signal described in this application can also be used to implement the protection switching for the dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths.

Referring back to FIGS. 13 through 16, the combination of the node-to-node optical WDM signals and the in-band broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals makes each fiber span between two adjacent nodes optically active to carry communication traffic in both ring directions for the ring network. This aspect of the ring networks in FIGS. 13 through 16 is different from the hybrid ring network in FIG. 5 where the fiber span between the central node with the protection switches and one of the neighboring nodes of the central node does not carry communication traffic in at least one of the ring directions during the normal operation. In another aspect, the presence of in-band node-to-node optical signals in FIG. 14, in absence of the circulating probe signal, can make it difficult to detect a fiber break due to leaking of the node-to-node signals into a regular node because the add/drop couplers 1431 and 1442 may be imperfect in actual implementations and may leak some of the light in the in-band node-to-node signals to a respective optical power detector that detects the total optical power of the received light at the optical power detector. Therefore, a fiber break or an amplifier failure located before the upstream added node-to-node signal might not be easily detected if a simple optical power detector were used to detector the total received optical power. The use of the circulating optical probe in the ring and the probe detector in each node for selectively detecting light at the circulating probe wavelength can be implemented in combination with the in-band node-to-node communication signals to enhance the detectability of a fiber break or an amplifier failure under the overlaid in-band node-to-node traffic designs of ring networks.

The above use of node-to-node communication signals for carrying traffic for ring networks can be expanded to optical wavelengths that are either (1) out of the spectral range of the optical amplifiers in the ring networks or (2) at the edge of the spectral range of the optical amplifiers. This is because each node-to-node signal carrying traffic data only travels through a fiber span between two adjacent nodes and is regenerated at each node. The optical loss in each optical fiber span between adjacent nodes can be small and does not affect the detectability of the signal. The designs and operations of the node designs for the in-band node-to-node signals for carrying traffic can be applied to ring networks that use out-of-band node-to-node signals to carry traffic from one node to the next to allow communication throughout the entire ring.

The implementations and examples described above can use the loss of the OSC signal to determine presence of an optical break in the fiber span between two adjacent nodes for the protection switching, with or without the overlaid in-band node-to-node traffic designs. The loss of the OSC signal in a particular span may be caused by either (1) an actual optical break or failure in the fiber span or (2) a failure in an OSC card in either the upstream node or the downstream node along one of the two ring directions. Hence, when the condition (2) occurs, the loss of the OSC signal cannot be used to trigger the protection switching. One method to prevent the condition (2) from triggering the protection switching is to use presence of the circulating probe signal at the central node as an indicator whether there is an actual optical break in the fiber span where the respective OSC signal is lost. When an OSC signal is used for monitoring a break in a fiber span and for triggering the protection switching, the protection switching control mechanism in the ring network can be configured to require a confirmation signal broadcast from the central node to all nodes that the probe wavelength is lost in the central node. Only after this confirmation signal is received after the loss of the OSC occurs in a fiber span, the local optical switches or amplifiers in the fiber span can be operated to create a protective optical break. This is an example of using both the OSC signal and the circulating optical probe signal for protection switching.

FIG. 17 shows an example of a ring network that has regular optical nodes and a central node 1710 equipped with multi-channel DWDM multiplexers, multi-channel DWDM demultiplexers, and a central optical-to-electrical-to-optical (OEO) conversion block, where both dedicated broadcast-and-select optical WDM signals and overlaid in-band node-to-node optical WDM signals are used for carrying optical traffic. No circulating optical probe light is used for protection switching in this design. Instead, the node-to-node OSC signal is used for protection switching. The fiber protection switching in this ring network can implement a tail-end switching in connection with the OEO conversion block in the central node. This and other optical ring networks described in this application may be used in various communication systems, e.g., access networks, backbone networks, and other networks. Cable television systems, video-on-demand delivery systems, and other communication service systems may use fiber rings described here. An output optical signal from a ring node may be a broadcast signal to all nodes in the ring, a multicast signal to selected nodes in the ring, or a signal to a selected single node. Optical signals at different wavelengths may be divided into bands for purpose of communication management, where each band may include one or more optical signals at different wavelengths. These bands and ITU channels may be dropped or added at each node. In addition, multiple wavelengths for different channels may be closely packed within each ITU grid to increase the number of WDM channels beyond the common arrangement of one channel per ITU grid. Accordingly, high resolution tunable or fixed narrow passband optical filters or WDM demultiplexers may be used to separate the closely spaced channel wavelengths within each ITU grid. One way to generate such closely spaced wavelengths within each ITU grid, as an example, is to use subcarrier multiplexing by interleaving subcarrier-sidebands and suppressing optical carrier from multiple separately modulated subcarriers.

Each regular optical node in FIG. 17 can be constructed to allow for selective dropping one or more optical WDM channels while allowing transmission of some or all optical WDM channels through the node without optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion as in the central node 1710. One example for the regular optical node design is shown in FIG. 2, such as the nodes 220 (node 2) and 230 (node 3). The central node 1710, in one aspect, is similar to other nodes in the ring and includes optical add/drop modules 1440 and 1430 for handling the node-to-node optical WDM wavelengths. Different from other nodes in the ring, the central node 1710 includes multi-channel DWDM multiplexers 1712 and 1722, multi-channel DWDM demultiplexers 1711 and 1721, and central optical-to-electrical-to-optical (OEO) conversion blocks 1731 and 1732 for handling the dedicated in-band broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelengths by regenerating all dedicated in-band broadcast-and-select optical WDM wavelength. In contrast, other optical nodes generate only one or more pre-assigned WDM wavelengths while allowing optical transmission of other WDM wavelengths without regeneration.

The demultiplexer 1711 separates received light in the fiber 201 into multiple WDM signals at different WDM wavelengths along separate optical paths, respectively. The OEO block 1731 converts the WDM signals into electrical signals and process the electrical signals to produce new optical WDM signals that are combined by the multiplexer 1712 into the output side of the node 1710 on the fiber 201. Similarly, the demultiplexer 1721 separates received light in the fiber 202 into multiple WDM signals at different WDM wavelengths along separate optical paths, respectively. The OEO block 1732 converts the WDM signals into electrical signals and process the electrical signals to produce new optical WDM signals that are combined by the multiplexer 1722 into the output side of the node 1710 on the fiber 202. This design does not require the operation of ring switches and probe wavelengths for optical switching, and the ring fiber protection relies on a tail-end switching via the OEO blocks 1731 and 1732, such as in an Optical Uni-directional Protection Switch Ring (UPSR). The OEO blocks 1731 and 1732 provide a default optical break point at all times in each ring to prevent undesired optical oscillation. The ring network in FIG. 17 uses the OSC mechanism with OSC modules in each node for the protection switching and the central node 1710 is responsive to a status of the OSC signal to control a protection switching mechanism within the OEO block to sustain communications in the optical ring network when the OSC signal indicates an optical failure.

The optical nodes in the above examples of ring networks with either one or both of (1) the circulating optical probe signal in the ring and (2) the node-to-node communications can be configured to have pre-configured add and drop optical ports at pre-selected optical add and drop WDM wavelengths. Ring networks with such pre-configured add and drop operations in the nodes can suffer various limitations. For example, such a network requires replacement of an optical node when the pre-configured add and drop operations at that optical node need to be changed. This replacement process requires labor and adds cost to the network operation and maintenance.

Alternatively, the optical nodes in the above examples of ring networks with either one or both of (1) the circulating optical probe signal in the ring and (2) the node-to-node communications can be implemented to have optical nodes based on reconfigurable optical add and drop multiplexers or modules (ROADM) for various applications, such as metro and regional optical networks. An optical node based on a ROADM design can be configured to allow flexible wavelength add/drop in a way similar to the flexible frame add/drop operations in a SONET/SDH add/drop module or multiplexer (ADM). Different from SONET/SDH ADM, an optical ROADM can be configured to have a different add/drop granularity in wavelength and can eliminate optical-electrical-optical regeneration in the SONET/SDH ADM. ROADM-based ring networks with node-to-node communication channels can be used to provide desired flexibility in network deployment to allow for adjustments in various aspects in an existing network.

FIG. 18 shows an example of an ROADM 1800 for reconfigurable add and drop operations of optical WDM channels in one direction in a ring network. This ROADM 1800 includes a drop module 1801 that drops one or more selected optical WDM channels and transmits the remaining optical WDM signals (express WDM wavelengths) and an add module 1820 that receives light from the drop module 1810 and adds one or more selected optical WDM channels at available WDM wavelengths. Each of the drop module 1810 and the add module 1820 is reconfigurable to control and adjust the number of add or drop WDM wavelengths and the wavelengths of the add or drop WDM wavelengths so that the ROADM 1800 can operate with only one drop port for dropping one WDM wavelength and one add port for adding one add WDM wavelength and scale up to include additional add or drop ports as needed. The wavelength of the circulating optical probe signal for the switching protection can be selected to be different from the optical WDM wavelengths that are allocated to the ROADMs in the network and, as such, operations associated with detecting the circulating optical probe signal are independent of the operations of ROADMs. Similarly, the wavelength of a node-to-node optical communication channel can be selected to be different from the optical WDM wavelengths that are allocated to the ROADMs in the network and, as such, operations associated with the node-to-node communications are independent of the operations of ROADMs.

As an example, the drop module 1810 can include an optical WDM demultiplexer to separate the incoming WDM channels, an optical switch array that receive the separated incoming WDM channels and switch individual WDM channels to different optical ports for drop operations and to transmit the express WDM channels as output WDM channels to the add module 1820. Optical amplifiers or variable optical attenuators may be included in optical paths of individual optical WDM signals within the drop module 1810 to control the optical signal strengths of the optical WDM channels. Similarly, the add module 1820 can include an optical switch array to direct one or more optical add WDM channels and the express optical WDM channels from the drop module 1810 to an optical WDM multiplexer to combine such optical WDM channels as outgoing WDM channels to the next optical node in the ring network.

In ring networks with either one or both of (1) the circulating optical probe signal in the ring and (2) the node-to-node communications described above, ROADMs in optical nodes can be designed and operated to add or drop any of the optical WDM wavelengths for the ring network due to the reconfigurability and are essentially free of node-specific restrictions. Therefore, the same ROADMs can be placed in any network node in the ring network. Notably, the number of add and drop optical WDM wavelengths and the specific wavelengths of for the add and drop operations at each node are re-configurable in response to a control command. Therefore, reconfiguring an optical node with a ROADM can be achieved via software without any changes to the hardware of the optical node. Broadcast-and-select operations can be implemented via ROADMs for various applications such as multicast video-conference and broadcast digital video applications.

FIG. 18 further shows that optical amplifiers with variable optical gains or variable optical attenuators may be provided in optical paths of optical WDM channels to control the signal strengths of the optical WDM channels, e.g., equalizing the signal strengths. In the particular example as shown, optical amplifiers or attenuators are placed in the separated optical paths of different optical WDM channels between the drop module 1810 and the add module 1820 and optical attenuators are placed in the separated optical paths of different optical add WDM channels. Optical detectors can be implemented to monitor optical power levels of different optical WDM channels and the measured optical power levels are used to control the optical amplifiers or optical attenuators. Such power equalization and monitoring functions for each of the express and add WDM wavelengths can improve the performance of the optical WDM ring network.

While this patent application contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described in this patent application in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a sub combination.

Only a few implementations are disclosed. However, it is understood that variations and enhancements of the described implementations and other implementations can be made based on what is described and illustrated.