Thursday, October 30, 2014

An Illustrated History of Dinosaur Parks

The world's first dinosaur park, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs in London, did not have a Tyrannosaurus rex. A glaring omission, you might think, but an understandable one: the park opened in 1854, over 50 years before the T. rex species was named.

Dinosaur parks, whether Victorian fields of stone sculptures or Jurassic Park-influenced,
animatronically enhanced attractions, reflect not only the technology
of their time, but the paleontological knowledge. As more fossils are
discovered, and more revisions to classification and rendering made,
these parks become time capsules populated by creatures that are often,
in retrospect, kinda goofy looking.

In 1842, English paleontologist Richard Owen analyzed the fossils of three Mesozoic-era reptile genera—Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus—and found enough similarities to establish a new taxonomic group. He named this group dinosauria, from the Greek deinos ("terrible") and sauros ("lizard").

It was Owen who spearheaded the development of Crystal Palace Dinosaurs,
a collection of life-sized models that would constitute the first
publicly accessible prehistoric theme park. To realize this vision, Owen
teamed up with sculptor and natural history artist Benjamin
Waterhouse-Hawkins, who was fresh from overseeing London's Great Exhibition of 1851.

Waterhouse-Hawkins spent three years sculpting over 30 dinosaurs and
other prehistoric creatures under Owen's guidance. After the animals
were completed, Waterhouse-Hawkins celebrated with a banquet on the last
day of 1853, held, in the words of Edward MacDermott's 1854 guide to Crystal Palace,
"within the carcass of one of his antediluvian monsters." Twenty-one
guests were seated to dinner inside a mold that had been used to cast
one of the park's iguanodons. (MacDermott noted that "When the more
substantial viands were disposed of, Professor Owen proposed that the
company should drink in silence [to] 'The memory of Mantell, the
discover of the iguanodon,' the monster in whose bowels they had just
dined.")

Though public enthusiasm for the park was high—"terrible lizards"
being an exciting and mysterious new thing for Victorians—Crystal Palace
struggled financially. Sculpting each model was an expensive
undertaking, and funding ran out before Waterhouse-Hawkins could create
his full planned roster of stone animals. As palentological discoveries
in the late 19th century caused revisions in the rendering of
dinosaurs—influenced by the evolutionary theories evinced in Charles
Darwin's On the Origin of the Species, published in
1859—Crystal Palace's creatures became less and less accurate. By the
dawn of the 20th century, the park had become run-down and risible.