To check that it is having the desired effect.

So that it can be modified depending on the patient's progress.

Aerobic fitness, also known as cardiovascular fitness, is a measurement of the ability for the heart to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles using oxygen to provide energy for movement.

23

Name two ways of monitoring progress during training AND explain how to interpret this data.

Measure the pulse rate(Heart rate).

Measure their aerobic fitness(Cardiovascular fitness).

You should also be aware of how to interpret this data:

A patient who is increasing their aerobic fitness should lower their heart rate and have a faster recovery rate.

Resting blood pressure should be reduced by a fitness programme.

24

Below is a graph showing the pulse rate of two people over time. Comment on the graph.

LVL 1 answers

Aliza has a higher pulse rate than stuart (ORA).

LVL 2 answers

Mention of specific area in time during excercise (Before, during and after).

Use of figures in answer.

Stuart is fitter than Aliza.

LVL 3 answers

Stuart has a shorter recovery time than Aliza (ORA).

Aliza has a higher resting pulse rate than Stuart (ORA).

N.B: Not a real mark scheme.

25

Why is regular contact between apatient and practionioner important?

The practitioner has more opportunity to become familiar with the medical history and background of the patient.

The patient will feel more comfortable and reassured if they see the same practitioner each time.

26

What two things may happen aftertreatment/training?

Tests may be carried out (e.g: Pulse rate/blood pressure).

The patient may be asked a questionnaire about progress and issues.

27

What is the equation to calculate BMI?

BMI = Body mass (kg) / Height2 (m2).

28

You must be aware of how to interpret BMI results. How does this work?

You compare your BMI level on a chart to provide a simple indicator of fitness level.

Elevation - Injured body part should be raised to reduce blood pressure, leading to less blood flow and swelling.

37

What is a physiotherapist?

Somebody who specialises in the treatment of skeletal-muscular injuries.

They help patients re-train or reuse a part of the body that isn't functioning properly. This is usually done by various excercises to strengthen particular muscles.

38

A physiotherapist may offer a programme to treat an injured leg. What would this be?

Warm up the joint by riding a stationary excercise bicycle, then straighten and raise the leg.

Extend the leg while sitting(A weight may be worn on the ankle for this).

Raise the leg while lying on the stomach.

Excercise in a pool. e.g: Walk as fast as possible in chest-deep water, perform small flutter kicks while holding onto the side of the pool, and raise each leg to 90o in chest-deep water while pressing the back against the side of the pool.

39

State the 4 components of the blood.

Red blood cells.

White blood cells.

Platelets.

Plasma.

40

Explain the function of red blood cells.

Red blood cells carry oxygen. To do this efficiently, they have a bioconcave shape which increases surface area. Also, they are packed with the red pigment, haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen. To make room for this, they have no nucleus.

41

Explain the function of white blood cells.

Cells which fight infection and defend the body against harmful microorganisms.

42

Explain the function of platelets.

Platelets are small, colourless, disc-shaped cells without a nucleus, which clot together at injury sites to prevent blood loss.

43

Explain the function of plasma.

Plasma is a liquid that transports nutrients(e.g: Glucose, mineral salts and amino acids), hormones, antibodies and waste (e.g: CO2 and urea) around the body.

44

Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?

Because it pumps blood around the whole body, whereas the right side only pumps blood to the lungs.

45

Describe the atria in the heart.

Atria are smaller, less muscular chambers that receive blood coming back to the heart through the veins.

46

Describe the ventricles in the heart.

The ventricles are larger, more muscular lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

47

Draw and label the heart.

48

Where does the heart get its own blood and glucose supply?

From the coronary artery.

This is a branch from the aorta to the heart.

49

Describe the circulatory system in the heart.

The heart muscles relax, and blood flows into the atria through veins from the lungs and the rest of the body.

The atria contract, squeezing blood into the ventricles.

The ventricles contract, and blood is forced out of the lower chambers, which carry the blood to the body and lungs.

The heart muscles relax and the whole process starts again.

50

Humans have a double circulation system. What does this mean?

It means blood returns to the heart twice on every circuit of the body.

They carry blood away from the heart.

They have thick, elastic walls to cope with the high pressure of blood.

Substances can notpass through the walls.

53

What are the properties of veins?

Veins carry blood from the organs back to heart.

They have thinner, less elastic walls.

They contain valves to prevent backwards blood flow.

Substances can not pass through the walls.

54

What are the properties of capillaries?

Capillaries connect arteries to veins.

They have a narrow, thin wall, which is one cell thick.

Capillaries deal with the exchange of substances between cells and blood.

55

What is tissue fluid?

Tissue fluid is flitered blood. It enables the nutrients required by cells(e.g: Glucose and hormones)to diffuse into the tissue cells. Also, it collects and carries away some cellular waste products, such as CO2 and urea. Furthermore, it has shock-absorbing properties.

56

Explain how tissue fluid is formed.

The hydrostatic pressure is high at the start of the capillary, so plasma from the blood diffuses in and out of the capillary through pores and cell membranes.

When blood flow in capillary beds is very slow, the plasma leaves and becomes tissue fluid.

Note that most tissue fluid returns to the capillary bed, and becomes plasma again.

Information is passes to the processing centre in the brain, the hypothalamus.

The internal temperature of the blood and external temperature from the receptors is compared.

Effectors(Sweat glands and muscles)carry out the automatic response.

58

Why are the feet and hands some of the coldest parts of the body?

Because energy from the blood is transferred to more vital organs by the time it gets to these parts of the body.

59

What happens if you are too hot?

You begin to sweat through glands. Water on the skin cools you down.

Vasodilation occurs - Blood vessels in the skin dilate, allowing more blood to flow through the superficial capillary. This capillary is closer to the skin cells, and therefore more heat can be radiated through the cells.

60

What happens if you are too cold?

You begin to shiver - Movement of the muscles requires energy from increased respiration, and heat is released a by-product, warming surrounding tissue.

Vasoconstriction occurs - Blood vessels in the skin constrict, reducing the blood flow through the superficial capillary. Therefore, less heat is lost through the surface of the skin by radiation.

61

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction are examples of an _____________ response.

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction are examples of an antagonistic response(Opposite response).

62

What is the job of insulin?

Insulin is a hormone which makes cells remove sugar from the blood.

63

What is diabetes?

When the production of the hormone insulin goes wrong. Either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body is not able to use insulin effectively.

64

State and explain the two types of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

Occurs when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin. This is usually genetic and symptoms are usually sudden.

Controlled by insulin injections and diet.

Type 2 diabetes

When the body stops responding to its own insulin, or doesn't produce enough insulin. Symptoms are usually gradual.

Usually caused by old age, or as a result of a poor diet or obesity.

May be referred to as late-onset diabetes.

Can be controlled by diet and excercise.

65

What is the difference between the types of carbohydrates found in processed foods and fruits?