This is a highly useful book and ornithologists, birdwatchers, natural historians and those with an interest in central Asia will benefit if it is on their shelf and in their backpack when they travel in the region.

The first natural historians of the New World had no tradition of literary knowledge to draw from, and consequently they were left with only their faculties of sensory perception upon which to base their reports.

In Scratchpads, the user-created workbenches mean that natural historians can gather, organise and share their data themselves, for example picking their own biological classification systems and incorporating data from other platforms such as Encyclopaedia of Life.

In her conclusion, however, Parrish argues that after 1783--with colonial independence, the rise of industrialization, westward expansion, the growth of slavery, and a post-revolutionary conservative backlash--white American male natural historians pushed Native Americans, Africans, and women firmly to the periphery.

One of Eckhout's colleagues in Brazil, the natural historian Zacharias Wagener, made sketches of the paintings as part of his own ethnographic notes which, although accurate to a certain extent, nonetheless echo the typical European misreadings of non-European culture.

These trees, carefully bound and watered and far more valuable than any human cargo, were intended for transplanting and cultivation in the Caribbean islands, and they stand as substance and symbol of a widespread romantic familiarity with the practices of inter-colonial acculturation by contemporary botanists and natural historians.

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