3. What are “higher-order functions?” Higher-order functions share three characteristics:

1. Cerebral cortex is required for their performance, and they involve complex interactions among areas of the cortex and between the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain.
2. Involve both conscious and unconscious information processing.
3. Not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain subject to modification and adjustment over time.

Periods of REM and deep sleep alternate throughout the night, beginning with a period of deep sleep that lasts about 1.5 hours. REM periods initially average about 5 minutes in length, but gradually increase to about 20 minutes over an 8-hour night. Each night we probably spend less than 2 hours dreaming, but variation among individuals is significant. Children devote more time to REM than do adults, and extremely tired individuals have very short and infrequent REMs.

The four electrical patterns revealed by EEGsBRAIN WAVES

5. How does brain chemistry affect behavior?

Changes in the normal balance between two or more neurotransmitters can profoundly affect brain function. Examples:

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