OPINION AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS TO DISMISS INDICTMENT
AT A SESSION OF SAID COURT, HELD IN THE U.S. COURTHOUSE, DETROIT, MICHIGAN ON
JULY 14, 2015

GERALD E. ROSEN, Chief District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Defendants Johnnie Denham, Jr. and Vernon Lawson, along with three other defendants, are named in a March 4, 2014 indictment that alleges a scheme to file false claims for income tax refunds with the federal Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). Specifically, Defendant Denham is charged in eight counts of the eleven-count indictment with (i) conspiracy to defraud the Government in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286 (Count One), (ii) two counts of preparing and filing false claims in his own name with the IRS, an agency of the United States Department of Treasury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287 (Counts Two and Eight), and (iii) five counts of aiding and abetting in the preparation and filing of false claims against the United States in the names of others, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 287 and 2 (Counts Four, Six, Seven, Ten, and Eleven). Defendant Lawson, in turn, is charged in four counts of the indictment with (i) conspiracy to defraud the Government in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286 (Count One), (ii) filing a false claim in his own name with the IRS, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287 (Count Three), and (iii) two counts of aiding and abetting in the preparation and filing of a false claim against the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 287 and 2 (Counts Six and Seven). Each of these two Defendants has invoked his right to represent himself in this case, but the Court has appointed standby counsel to assist these Defendants in representing themselves.

Through the present pro se motions and other submissions, Defendants Denham and Lawson each seek the dismissal of the charges against them.[1] Each of these Defendants has previously filed pro se motions to dismiss the indictment, [2] and the Court has denied these motions in rulings issued on July 10 and September 17, 2014. As discussed below, and as stated at a July 13, 2015 hearing, the present motions raise many of the same or similar issues as those advanced in Defendants' earlier motions, along with new challenges that continue to evidence the pro se Defendants' lack of understanding of the procedures that govern criminal proceedings in federal court. Consequently, for the reasons stated on the record at the July 13 hearing, as supplemented by the rulings below, the Court denies Defendants' motions as wholly lacking in merit.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Defendant Lawson's Renewed Motion to Dismiss the Indictment

Defendant Lawson's present motion consists largely of recitations of general background principles of criminal law and procedure, and is somewhat unclear in its identification of any purported grounds for dismissing the indictment in this case. It appears, however, that Defendant Lawson means to challenge the indictment on two grounds: (i) that it was not signed by the grand jury foreperson or an attorney for the Government, as required under Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(c) and 7(c)(1), and (ii) that a press release issued by the U.S. Attorney's Office in connection with the indictment of Defendant Lawson and his four co-defendants was an improper "report" issued by the grand jury in excess of its legal authority.

Defendant Lawson's first challenge rests upon his contention that "there exists no indictment [in this case] signed by both [the] Special Grand Jury Foreman and the United States Attorney." (Defendant Lawson's 10/17/2014 Motion to Dismiss at 5.)[3] As Defendant observes, Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(c) dictates that the grand jury foreperson "will sign all indictments, " and Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(c)(1) requires that an indictment "must be signed by an attorney for the government." Defendant's assertion that these signatures are lacking here presumably rests upon his review of the copy of the indictment that appears on the electronic court docket in this case, which discloses only "s/" signatures for the (unidentified) "Foreperson of the Grand Jury" and for two Assistant U.S. Attorneys, Ross MacKenzie (the head of the Complex Crimes Unit) and Craig Weier (the lead prosecutor in this case). Yet, the absence of original signatures on this electronic copy of the indictment plainly does not establish that the grand jury foreperson and Assistant U.S. Attorneys failed to sign the original indictment. To the contrary, a review of this original indictment, as maintained in the clerk's office and produced for inspection by Defendant and his standby counsel at the July 13, 2015 hearing, confirms that it bears these required signatures. Accordingly, this challenge to the indictment lacks any factual basis.

In a related challenge, Defendant Lawson suggests that an indictment is deficient unless it bears the signature of " the attorney for the United States, " (Defendant Lawson's 10/17/2014 Motion to Dismiss at 7 (emphasis added)), and he apparently views the signature of an Assistant U.S. Attorney, as opposed to the U.S. Attorney herself, as inadequate to satisfy this posited requirement. The rule that he cites, however, demands only the signature of " an attorney for the government, " Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(c)(1) (emphasis added), and an Assistant U.S. Attorney's signature plainly fulfills the obligation imposed by this rule.

Finally, Defendant Lawson apparently contends that a press release issued by the U.S. Attorney's Office following the grand jury's return of the indictment in this case should be viewed as a "report" issued by the grand jury to the public, and he evidently maintains that the grand jury thereby exceeded the statutory authority that permits a "special grand jury" to submit a report of its investigation "to the court." (Defendant Lawson's 10/17/2014 Motion to Dismiss at 8 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3333(a)).) This challenge, however, rests upon the false premise that the grand jury issued the press release in question. In fact, this press release states on its face that it was issued by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan, ( see Defendant Lawson's 10/17/2014 Motion to Dismiss, Ex. A, 3/4/2014 Press Release), so it plainly is not subject to the statutory limitations imposed upon the reports of a special grand jury. Moreover, to the extent that Defendant Lawson means to suggest that this press release somehow brought about the improper public disclosure of information that is protected by the rules ensuring the secrecy of grand jury proceedings, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2), the Government correctly observes in response that the press release includes only information that was already part of the public record at the time, such as (i) the fact that the five Defendants in this case had been indicted, and (ii) the charges and allegations contained in this indictment. Thus, Defendant Lawson has failed to identify anything unlawful about this press release, much less any grounds for dismissing the indictment in light of this press release.

B. Defendant Denham's "Motions" To Dismiss the Charges Against Him

Defendant Denham's more recent submissions to the Court, like his earlier ones addressed at a September 17, 2014 hearing and in an order issued the same day, continue to consist largely of sweeping assertions of "law" - or, perhaps more accurately, a hodgepodge of legalese - as culled by Defendant from such sources as the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1836 A.D. Between Morocco and the United States" and the "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People." Consequently, it is difficult to discern the precise nature of the challenges he seeks to pursue. Nonetheless, it appears that Defendant Denham seeks the dismissal of the charges against him on the grounds (i) that the Court lacks jurisdiction over him in light of his claimed status as an "Aboriginal Indigenous Moorish-American, " (ii) that the Government is in "default" due to its failure to produce various materials demanded by Defendant, including the Court's oath of office, an oath or affirmation of probable cause under the Fourth Amendment, evidence of the citizenship of all "parties of interest" in the case, and a statement of the name, nationality, and citizenship of each member of the grand jury, and (iii) that there were defects in the procedures through which the charges were brought against him. Most or all of these challenges have been previously raised in this case, either by Defendant Denham himself or by Defendant Lawson, and the Court has already addressed (and rejected) them in its prior rulings. In any event, Defendant Denham's arguments are patently without merit and warrant only brief discussion.

First, Defendant Denham's claim of "Moorish" citizenship, even if accepted, [4] is immaterial to the existence of the Court's jurisdictional authority over Defendant and this case. As to subject matter jurisdiction, the Court has already addressed this point in its ruling on Defendant Lawson's initial motion to dismiss, explaining that "the indictment unquestionably charges Defendant with violations of federal statutes - specifically, 18 U.S.C. §§ 286, 287, and 2 - and the Supreme Court has long since confirmed that the federal district courts are vested with subject matter jurisdiction in cases charging offenses against the laws of the United States." (7/10/2014 Op. at 7 n.3 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).)

Likewise, Defendant Denham's denial of his U.S. citizenship does not relieve him of the obligation to appear in this case and face the charges brought against him. As explained by the Seventh Circuit, the "[l]aws of the United States apply to all persons within its borders." United States v. James, 328 F.3d 953, 954 (7th Cir. 2003). Thus, while the defendant in that case, Frederick James, insisted that he was "a Moorish national" who "need obey only those laws mentioned in an ancient treaty between the United States and Morocco, " the court observed that "[e]ven if James were not a citizen of the United States (though he is, having been born here), he would be obliged to respect the laws of this nation." James, 328 F.3d at 954. Other courts likewise have rejected claims of lack of jurisdiction brought by professed "Moorish nationals." See, e.g., United States v. Burris, No. 06-4874, 231 F.Appx. 281, 282 (4th Cir. July 2, 2007); United States v. Stokes, No. 3:12-00566, 2013 WL 2387763, at *3 (N.D. Ohio May 30, 2013); Ward-El v. Barrett, No. 12-14282, 2012 WL 5929928, at *4 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 27, 2012). Consequently, Defendant Denham's latest challenges to this Court's jurisdiction fare no better than his earlier ones, but instead must again be rejected as frivolous and utterly lacking in merit.

Turning next to Defendant Denham's complaint that he has not been provided with the materials he needs to confirm this Court's jurisdictional authority over him and this case, it readily follows from the above discussion that none of the materials sought by Defendant - e.g., the Court's oath of office, as well as proof of the citizenship of the grand jurors and of all "parties of interest" in the case - are necessary (or even relevant) to the jurisdictional inquiry here. See United States v. Conces, 507 F.3d 1028, 1041 (6th Cir. 2007) (rejecting as "frivolous" a jurisdictional challenge based on a district judge's failure to "demonstrate to the satisfaction of a litigant in a particular case that he or she has taken" the oath of office set forth at 28 U.S.C. § 453).[5] Rather, the Court's jurisdictional authority is apparent from the face of the indictment, which charges Defendant Denham and four other individuals with violations of federal law. Accordingly, the Government's failure to produce the materials demanded by Defendant Denham provides no basis for entry of the Government's "default, " where the record does not disclose that the Government has refused any lawful and proper discovery request, and where the Court has already ruled, in response to prior challenges brought by Defendant Lawson and by Defendant Denham himself, that it may lawfully exercise jurisdiction over this case and the individuals named as defendants.

Finally, Defendant Denham contends in a recent "Notice to Abate" that there were various defects in the process through which charges were brought against him in this case. While Defendant's argument on this point is not a model of clarity, he apparently maintains (i) that the Government failed to properly commence these proceedings by securing an arrest warrant in accordance with the dictates of the Fourth Amendment, preparing a criminal complaint in compliance with Fed. R. Crim. P. 3, and ensuring Defendant an opportunity for a preliminary hearing, and (ii) that he was entitled to notice that a grand jury was investigating him and an opportunity to challenge the grand jurors before they were seated. As to the first of these procedural challenges, the Court previously rejected essentially the same argument advanced by Defendant Lawson, explaining that the process through which the charges were brought in this case - i.e., through the grand jury's return of an indictment - is a wholly permissible alternative to the commencement of a criminal prosecution by way of a criminal complaint filed by a U.S. Attorney. ( See 7/10/2014 Op. at 7-8.)[6]

Likewise, as to Defendant Denham's claim that he was entitled to an earlier opportunity to challenge the qualifications of the grand jurors, this precise contention was already advanced by Defendant Lawson and rejected by the Court. As explained in the Court's ruling on Defendant Lawson's initial motion to dismiss:

... Defendant seems to suggest that his due process rights were violated when a grand jury was seated without him first having the opportunity to challenge the qualifications of the grand jurors. The source of this posited right to "pre-screen" the grand jury, however, is nowhere identified in Defendant's motion. While Defendant points to Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(b) as conferring upon him the right to lodge objections to the grand jury, and to seek the dismissal of the indictment in light of these objections, nothing in this provision requires that such objections be heard and resolved while the grand jury is in session, and before it has even returned the indictment at issue. If Defendant is able during the course of these proceedings to identify any viable grounds upon which the grand jury or an individual grand juror might legitimately be subject to challenge, he is free to raise such objections at that time, and to seek the dismissal of the indictment on those grounds. At present, however, there is no basis whatsoever for Defendant's complaint that he has somehow been "denied" his right to challenge the grand jury, as he has failed to offer anything beyond bare conjecture that there might be grounds for such a challenge in this case.

(7/10/2014 Op. at 8-9.)[7] Accordingly, the Court finds no merit in Defendant Denham's various challenges to the procedures through which charges were brought against him in this case.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated on the record at the July 13, 2015 hearing, as supplemented by the reasoning and rulings set forth above,

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant Vernon Lawson's October 17, 2014 second motion to dismiss indictment (docket #75) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Johnnie Denham, Jr.'s several submissions filed on October 16, 2014, November 25, 2014, January 5, 2015, January 16, 2015, March 13, 2015, May 12, 2015, and June 26, 2015 (docket #s 74, 77, 78, 83, 87, 89, and 93) are treated by the Court as a renewed motion to dismiss the indictment and supplements to this motion, and are DENIED.

Finally, as stated at the July 13, 2015 hearing, Defendants Denham and Lawson are instructed that any further papers they prepare in this case must first be reviewed by standby counsel before they may be filed with the Court. Any such papers filed by Defendant Denham or Defendant Lawson on their own behalf must include a certification stating that the filing in question was reviewed by standby counsel and indicating whether standby counsel approved of this filing. Any paper filed by Defendant Denham or Defendant Lawson that lacks this certification will be stricken from the docket. In addition, any filing by Defendant Denham or Defendant Lawson that lacks the approval of standby counsel will be considered and ruled on by the Court without a hearing.

SO ORDERED.

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