Resume: It was proposed by the Peruvian Congress, in name of the Latin American and Caribbean Group of the Inter Parliamentary Union, in his Pronounce at COP15, a Forcing Transaction System to base Climate negotiations units in energy W/m2 instead of Equivalent Carbon Tons ( in order to use International System of Unit SI, instead of a artificial carbon equivalent system); and so include all forcing that affect the Earth Radiation Budget with the Universe, facilitating the recovery of ecosystems and Planetary Energy Balance. Article show scientific base of proposal, and explore consequences in case adopted by the UNFCC

The Forcing Transaction System (for Balance Terrestrial Radiation and Climate): in Negotiations and Accumulated Responsibilities by the Catastrophic Evolution of Time Ramiro Alfonso Valdivia Herrera

Resume: It was proposed by the Peruvian Congress, in name of the Latin American and Caribbean Group of the Inter Parliamentary Union, in his Pronounce at COP15, a Forcing Transaction System to base Climate negotiations units in energy W/m2 instead of Equivalent Carbon Tons ( in order to use International System of Unit SI, instead of a artificial carbon equivalent system); and so include all forcing that affect the Earth Radiation Budget with the Universe, facilitating the recovery of ecosystems and Planetary Energy Balance. Article show the scientific base of proposal, and explore consequences in case adopted by the UNFCC

The ?solar constant? is a number that represents the average solar radiation of energy by unit time, providing by the Sun, and expressed like energy per second and surface unit, or energy flux of solar electromagnetic waves at the top of the atmosphere. Reversely we could define the ?terrestrial constant" like the average energy emitted by the Earth. When subtract these 2 amounts, net radiation unbalance is obtained, according to IPCC (2007) it is actually around ~1,6 W/m2 = 1,6 MW/km2 average amount of energy catches by the Earth each second, is the positive net human forcing over present atmosphere.

This delicate unbalance between the energy of the deep space and the own one of the planet, makes that the solution of fluid in the atmosphere tends to another equilibrium state, in order to reduce this difference, for that reason changes in stable or traditionally stationary systems in the human time scale, are accelerated, increasing extreme events, by the increase tendency of temperature or kinetic energy average in the Troposphere.

The different components from the waves spectra of solar radiation, UV, IR, SW, LW, radio, visible, have different behavior when interacting with the atmosphere and the planet earth. It is to observe that the radiation can be passed on, be absorbed or dispersed by elements in the atmosphere, for example the ozone layer, stratospheric O3, armors the surface of the intense components of solar ultraviolet, absorbing it. The Infrared penetrates easily the atmosphere with cloudless skies; the radiation that reaches the surface can be absorbed or be reflected; the part of radiation that is absorbed decays mainly in infrared the long wave or, in proportion that depends of properties of the surface; the generation of a photochemical reaction for chlorophyll formation by means of photosynthesis, absorbs solar radiation, turning and storing it as organic compounds in plants and forests; the solar radiation (SR) being absorbed by a rock, is given back to the atmosphere practically everything like IR. The clouds reflect a greater proportion and behave like ideal black bodies at IR. The glaciers also and in much greater proportion reflect SR, influencing in addition their surroundings whatever that its disappearance will influence the quality of the collected water, snow to rain, and therefore in the energy of processes or cloudiness and precipitation average. Moist soils will play an altered roll when being having disappeared.

Other components of the own human activity come together in the atmospheric scene, all type of volatile organic compounds and aerosols of all size, product of mining, urban pollution and rural burning fires, plus soot or black carbon; majors content of atmospheric water by relative increases of local temperatures and presence of un-located atmospherics events. Each acts in the ranks of wavelength that its composition orders, and in all the increase of entropy contributes to increase the long wave, now at the medium value of ~[0.6 to 1.6]MW/Km2.

Additionally, at the rate of present human consumption, bio-capacity of organic regeneration of the Earth in a year comes backing down, and today it is run out with the third week of August, and there we began to consuming stock-reserves, which is not sustainable for the planet with inhabitants ~7000 million, with aggressive events that affect to the majority of global 63% of people with limited resources, poor men in century XXI.010

Today are almost well understood these processes that have taken to unbalance terrestrial radiation, with respect to a situation without the presence of the industrial man, where the cyclical capacity of natural ecosystems for regeneration, maintained a stationary balance of the climate at least the last 10.000 years, now disturbed by trapped of long wavelength, IR in the atmosphere, due to the excess presence of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, NO2, etc.) anthropogenic or generated by the humanity, which today forces a degradation of ecosystems: glaciers, moist soils, mountain grass, wooded, forests, forcing the migration and/or disappearance of species, reducing the biodiversity to alarming rates, phenomena that reinforce unbalance and change of local climate.

Certainly the perception of these scientifically provable assertions, was different by inhabitants from the city of that one perceived by rural people. To first, surrounded by walls and urban technology it seemed not to affect them, second more exposed saw his means of life affected directly, less water, altered precipitation regimes, alternating heat waves and cold winds, hurricanes, today the crudity of the floods and heat waves reaches both.

These circumstances of a dangerous climatic change ad portholes to reach +1° C one degree Celsius in excess, with respect to an average (1900) almost stationary during the last millennia history of the humanity, brings consequences of disappearance of the polar masses and continental glaciers, and therefore predictable ruptures of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, with increases of extreme events, hurricanes, floods, droughts, etc., elevation of the level of the oceans of some meters, + 1°C is a point of inclination of the climate that when surpassed will require centuries to reach a possible return. In prospective a different planet, a more aggressive atmosphere and smaller resources for the coming generations.

Questions arise from Inter generational Rights, because we are altering the planetary atmosphere and consuming the resources of our children, grandsons, and others, with ?child innocence grasping a firearm maintained by hand of their father?. Aside from the ignominy whereupon the industries continue consuming for the production carbon, petroleum or gas, or the common citizen adds to the vehicle the quota of fuel, or simply consumes more of things than necessary, the damage to the planet is done and requires cures, it starts by stop consuming any combustible excess.

The history of the degradation did not begin with the industrial era, but with the arrival of the north to the South, historically seen like an infinite warehouse of resources extracted without replacement, that is not the rule in handled forests of the north, which diminishes the natural regeneration capacity of oxygenate the atmosphere from CO2, and facilitates the degradation of earth. Yes the profit eagerness accelerate the pollution, the dehumanization in name of the economic development, that certainly brought majors benefits to more people; but what become untenable for the planet is the behavior of human industrial plague, that for example, insists on change bread cultures by bio-combustible, concerning planetary poison.

Since today all we used some type of fuel to equip us with energy, necessary to satisfy diverse needs, this has been used by the majors consuming to declare deceptive arguments as ?the poverty contaminates? to justify its transparent emissions from ?innocuous vehicles and constructions?, in eagerness to maintain an untenable status quo in the 21st century, against people whom often they reuse by them discarded; it is enough to per capita compare the combustible consumption in a developed country versus one gotten depressed, and of similar way to calculate the accumulated ones of national historical emissions, emphasizing the enormous differences and responsibilities between countries, and populations, rich and poor, without binding legal contexts, with exception of the violated agreements of Kyoto Protocol.

As we know this protocol is effective until the 2012, tried that the countries with majors emissions obtain a percentage reductions in their emissions in reference to year 1990; It takes until year 2003 it enters in use with the signature of Russia that completed a percentage superior to 50% of the emitters, the United States the emitting major never ratify it, and to the date no country has fulfilled the agreed goals. Yes, it gave rise to the buoyant markets of carbon, where the countries with excess of emissions try to compensate these excesses with investments, money, placed in projects of kidnapping of carbon or forestation in other countries, or in the mechanisms of clean development where old infrastructures that had to be renewed, renew under criteria of reduction of emissions by energy efficiency of the new devices, receiving for that reason carbon bonds, or mechanisms of joint implementation. It is to pay to contaminate and it is continued.

Anyway developed countries, the emitting majors, never accepted some responsibility by consequences on the climate change by the historical accumulation of greenhouse gases, and in philanthropic paper decide monetary quotas compensation to take care of disasters, quotas today experience, that have not been executed either, it is that in the planet in a general way the model of development basis of fossil energy is the prevailing one, we were born with it and it is tried to drag humanity to a fiasco when fixing permissible limits of change until 2°C. Today luckily, voices with greater conscience and consistency ask to reduce this ?limit? to half.

Additionally, new approaches ex. REDD, ?reduction of emissions to avoid the deforestation and degradation? of ecosystems, struggle for being introduced in the markets of carbon and/or system of transaction of emissions from country to country. This slanted model of negotiations of the climate on the basis of emissions +-, complicated when emergent economies do not have limitations as far as their quota of development on basis of fossil sources, until the 2020.

The paradox is born in which the present economy is closed to an industrial (mega) world, that subordinates everything, the humanity and the health of the ecosystems, to the productivity with use of fossil power plants; and of which the balance of the planetary energy with the deep space, or balance of terrestrial radiation, that determines the level bases of the climate, is not negotiated in tables where is only clear the roll of the conventional economy and of one of the radiation forcing, greenhouse gases of long life, without considering the roll in the balance from other forcing, like the humid ecosystems, wooded, glaciers, per se. This, must change and improve to reach in prudent terms the stabilization of the planetary energy and then of the climate, so that it offers friendly conditions of life for the coming generations.

A Forcing Transaction or Exchange System (of the Terrestrial Radiation) at negotiations for planetary climate stabilization

At present the Emissions Transaction System STE, is the mechanism of negotiation between countries to reduce the greenhouse gases forcing that trap infrared, long wavelength in the atmosphere and will continue being, partly extended. Such system bases its transactions on Equivalent Carbon Tons ECT, arbitrary unit that measures the equivalent effects of trapping LW that exerts one ton of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. That is to say, the measurement of a power effect on the atmosphere, becomes to units of this gas that has power effects on the same, with the purpose to emphasize its roll (and thus guarantee mechanisms of payment by contamination). Although this it turns out appropriate to compare effects between gases, is an artificial measurement when evaluating the roll of other ecosystems in the balance of the basal planetary energy, scenario of the climate.

If it is understood that this additional energy trapped in the atmosphere, the oceans and the superior lithosphere, is the one that generates the change of the climate, it is evident that it is simpler to adopt like unit of measurement of power effects, directly energy densities (J/s.m2= w/m2) to compare effects that different forcing (of heating or cooling) exert on the atmosphere, which translated to negotiations between countries gives rise to the forcing transaction system FTS instead of one of emissions, last that stays including as additional forcing of today, the line that closes the rectangle in the forcing greenhouse gases graphics.

The consequence zero is that in same way it is assigns a value to forcing by greenhouse gases for his electromagnetic effect: trapping or avoided long wave (in CM, CDM and REDD), the glacier retreat dysfunction in the global electromagnetic balance has a value, with intentions of responsible compensation.

The first consequence would be that historically accumulated responsibilities count, an accumulation of capital took place at the same time affecting content of CO2 ppm in the atmosphere in proportional way, and with respect to a situation without excess of emissions, the one of a planet with glaciers and 4 marked stations; that is to say industrial development on the basis of fossil energies, with more than 380 ppm CO2, gives a excess difference of around 100ppm distributed between the emitters, calculation already realized. But, also enter in this accounting for radiation balance, all historical variation of forcing that derived product from initial heating forcing by Greenhouse Gases, as they are variations of the glacier Albedo, wooded, changes of quality of earth, or indirectly the acidification of the oceans (=> smaller CO2 absorption)

Of greater difficulty to quantify global effects are local changes in ETS that when using the FTS, because this last one avoid details and uniform criteria on the basis of the energy contributed (+ or -) to the Earth system. Nevertheless a problem arises in these comparisons, is the time scale chosen for the evaluation of the average effects on the atmosphere of different forcing. Since the processes of change of local conditions of climate have been accelerated, and so disasters and human migrations, it turns out intelligent to adopt one decade like the appropriate metric, and non centuries.
The second fundamental consequence is that from the point of view of the planetary radiation there is no real separation between the ecosystems, that is to say the problems of the climate are due to discuss in participating horizontal way, and not have to prevail the dominant vision of conscious contaminating, but the one of the environmental citizen.

F = Σ (r.s.t)i /ST (1)

Forcing = (r: radiation density, Surface, Time)

It is evident that discussion table of climate is ampler than simple negotiate carbon and would be justified in regard to the planetary survival, the illegality of fossil businesses in a ethics of the 21st century. Far from this capital affirmation, to adopt such FTS has implications that would facilitate greatly troublesome parliamentary procedures (ex. REDD4+?) in front of dangerous climate.

Small disquisition on the ethics or the conscious attitude with respect to a fact:

The fact is the respect for the life of children of the planet. Like men of I-XX century, firewood locomotives, the gasoline for the car, coal for electricity, and petroleum for the truck and furnaces was natural, under protection of laws that reasoned in sequence: (the health of the atmosphere does not count), the use of the fossil energy (it does not have environmental costs) serves to generate products and to increase the productivity, therefore it improves the scale economy then more products can reach to more people improving cheaply its quality of life. When breaking the paradigm of the previous parentheses, universal ethics and laws must change consequently.

The types of forcing exerted on the atmosphere.

The anthropogenic greenhouse effect gases generated by the men on the atmosphere, listings are several tens, nevertheless 3 main are distinguished and one family: carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4, nitrous oxide NO2, & the family of chlorine floro and Haul-carbons. Additionally ozone O3 in the low troposphere is added to these, whereas its presence in the stratosphere has cooling effect, when restraining the entrance of solar rays of greater energy or ultraviolet.

When not being able to exert control on the mixture of gases in the atmosphere, their effects are considered generally distributed, and it is of extreme interest their permanence or average life in the atmosphere. The CO2 is the one of greater permanence with an average life (time in which half of the initial emission falls to half) among 5 to 200 years, reason why its accumulation is marked and surpasses today 388ppm, being the most pernicious gas parameter of comparison in the carbon markets. It follows in importance methane CH4, with an average life of hardly 14 years and one concentration of 1780ppmm. The third greenhouse gas in importance is nitrous oxide NO2, of average life 114 years and concentration of 340ppmm. Follow chloroflourocarbon CFC-11 with average life of 45 years and concentration of 268 ppb, hidrofluorocarbon HFC-23 in concentration of 14ppb and average life of 260 years; the CF4 perfluorocarbono concentrates to 80ppb and average life superior to 50000 years.

The atmosphere is a dynamic system where gases are subject to reactions, ex. the methane burning gives rise to carbon dioxide and water, chloroflourocarbon degrades stratospheric ozone, and its permanence and sign of forcing often depend on its location in the low troposphere or high stratosphere, for that reason its local concentration has relative importance. These gaseous reactions where the nitrous compounds, organic volatile and the water play a roll, are grouped like short average life gases.

A different roll plays the aerosols (small solid suspended in air) and precursory substances like sulphates or sulphur oxides, the organic coal, the mineral dust, all that force a cooling by direct reflection of the radiation, reason why based on this effect have been considered in many proposals of geo-engineering. Different it is the roll of the black carbon, with a net effect of heating, effect especially well-known when it deposit on the snow and glaciers surfaces.

Finally, positive oscillation of solar irradiation is include as heating forcing. The land use changes like dry land to agriculture, play a cooling roll. Without apparent calculations are the glacier retreat, that promote the trapped of long wave by local Albedo change.

The values of forcing of the terrestrial radiation in (W/m2), the retention or liberation of long wave that is translated as a factor of cooling or heating, that exerts different forcing: gaseous, aerosols, or superficial, as groups (fig.2.4-IPCC) or individual and detailed according to processes (fig.2.21-IPCC), have been calculated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with the ranks of uncertainty of present science. A circumstantial observation is that, when all of the forcing different from CO2 adds, practically they mutually cancelled, being the resultant almost equivalent to the forcing exerted only by carbon dioxide, reason why if it were possible to eliminate these CO2 forcing of long average life, the present context of heating at ~1,6 MW/Km 2 could be avoided.

Made this task, it is to determine the percentage contributions whereupon each country participates in this unbalance of the terrestrial radiation with the deep space, which would be enough to determine acquired responsibilities and/or rights; nevertheless in negotiations of climate in addition is necessary to distinguish forcing generated directly of those induced (like the glacier retreat, without calculation), that physically can have a same sign, but legally cannot be interpreted like contribution of an affected country, but like the affectation by others, and therefore imputable in the proportional sum of the last ones..

These ethical disquisitions, hit the political reality of not accepting historical responsibilities from the emitting majors; in spite of it, the calculations are been worth.

Matrix of responsibilities and rights at terrestrial radiation unbalance.

At the moment the countries of the UNFCC present/display the National Communication on climatic change, where the tendencies and growth of the Emissions are entered, with the purpose to maintain updated statistical on the global state of the atmosphere, and also the emissions by sectors, forestation and state of the forests, glaciers, among others objectives to be able to negotiate present ?rights of emission versus subtraction?. If have reached its objectives the Kyoto Protocol, including the USA, this documentary approach perhaps would be sufficient; the increase of the emissions, the acceleration of the changes of the climate and increase of catastrophic atmospherics events, to say the minus make it inoperative, especially in front the diversity of criteria to evaluate different components of the climate.

In order to be able to improve this state of information generation for the decision makers with reference to climate, becomes necessary to uniform fundamental criteria, that the tons of equivalent carbon do not fulfill, by his slant to maintain at first global fossil energy. The evaluation of the effect that on the terrestrial radiation exert different systems or forcing in w/m2, ?provides a fundamental measurement at the search for the stabilization of the climate, because focuses in the basal planetary energy level in balance with deep space, understanding that if such basal state changes, it changes the general state of the planetary climate?.

This way, the National Communication to the UNFCC, evaluating the changes of uses of the land, either by forestation, avoided deforestation, painted in white, additional entrance of snow or glacier retreat, quantifying their power effect on the atmosphere like terrestrial radiative forcing, would fulfill a more effective roll for the monitoring of the basal state of the planetary climate, and in the observance of differentiated responsibilities with respect to climate (ex. countries with strong processes of ground degradation promote= finance= impel reforestation policies or ground recovery; countries with excess of emissions to trim them).

The operability of National Communication could be improved, if they are imagine like an historical accumulated matrix

Thus, the global forcing is the resultant to add national forcing F = ∑ Fi .

The interest in a representation like these is that the total forcing between countries are easily comparable, as well as between the same individual components Fji and therefore the determination of responsibilities and rights. Nevertheless, given the ethical implications from the point of view of contaminating and/or affected country, the following are derived

Legal Implications ?

1) To establish metric of damage and compensation on the basis of accumulated forcing of the terrestrial radiation, or quality of the forcing, accurately determines the situation of a country like affected or polluting agent.

2) It settles down like positive forcing, of heating or that generates a net entrance of thermal energy to the planet, the effect of accumulated greenhouse GH gases. The GH subtraction is considered like negative forcing in the National Communication NC.

3) It settles down like negative forcing, one that generates net balance of cooling energy on the planet, like increase surfaces Albedo, in reference that existing on the centuries IXX-XX; opposite case positive. (The equivalence of forcing establish not in petroleum barrels but in w/m2)

4) The Reductions in the Albedo require distinguish two (2) situations for their accounting in the NC. If this has been generated by internal factors, as the deforestation enters itself by the country; in the case of being originated by aggressive external factors, like the backward movement glacier by the global heating, one will be due to also add like positive but on proportional way in the accounting of the polluting countries.

5) Done Forcing accounts, established the responsibilities and differences between countries, such exercise must extend enters localities at interior of territories, to improve the Inter-river basin-regional-continental-global relations.

The Exchange or Transaction of Forcing To stabilize the climate and timeless fairness.

As men of the 21st century we today understand that we inhabited each in a proper four-dimensional space time, that by intensive uses of combustible energy (prehistoric homo still fascinated by the smoke-fire) is altering history relation with ecosystems of the planet, sending us to conditions of the atmosphere state, that were verified only in a past at millions years of today.

It is desirable to establish relations of compensation based on this alteration of the historical time, that cuts catastrophically developments versus shortening processes to access to the human development of the future, in order to confront the environmental problems of the dangerous climate, signaling his origin in the use of combustible energy, his harmfulness for the human development in the 21st century, and out of time in front the sources and technologies of alternative clean energy; as well as the benefits of an effective culture in the use of the resources (cycles of water, energy and materials), and for that reason consider like desirable the following policies, when impelling temperament (-)forcing.

1) The injurious (+) forcing, force the responsible countries to reduce their harmfulness and additionally to compensate to the affected ones, financing cooling (-)forcing and or their equivalent in transference of science and technology to the affected countries, so that these can developed cleanly and improved their resilience to the dangerous climate.

2) The effective exercise of the environmental or global citizenship, demand social control mechanisms on the quality and volume of national annual investments in energy, and in all economies new investments of clean renewable or alternative energy, will be superiors to the fuel cradles (this stabilizes carbon emissions.)

3) The global (80% of) reforestation with native species from around-glaciers zones to the side of courses and rivers of all forest area, is an ethical obligation for the preservation of the biodiversity, it guarantees the provision of services by mountains, and would have to finance completely the north to the south, being prioritized projects of terraces (andenes) in zones of geodynamic risk.

4) The induced reduction of the GHG-H2O like snow on glaciers zones or water solid banks, under mechanisms of International Technical Cooperation, can facilitate the laser atmospheric instrumentation for early alert, improving the prediction models, etc. The operations must be of public dominion and considering the participation, security and appropriate heat insulation of people and houses.

5) The global educative systems must consider within their annual plans the participation of the student Population in different works from forestation of the planet and others for the preservation of the biodiversity, and humanity.

6) The development of electromagnetic systems of transport is an effective solution to cover with minimum energy mobility of people and materials in the civility. Therefore it invokes the greater international collaboration for his global implementation.

7) The hydrous, energetic and nourishing sovereignty, is a paradigms that are due to look for within the nations until guaranteeing the full familiar exercise.

8) The cities recognizing that they are not generating of foods nor water, must prioritize the treatment of their residues SLG, integrating them in economic cycles of materials. In particular must contemplate the return of their organic residues, like organic fertilizer or compost, to the high zones of the river basins.

Conclusion:

These article indicates preliminaries implications if the United Nations adopt a FTS Forcing Exchange-Transaction System for the Balance of Terrestrial Radiation with the Universe; it supposes the acceptance of responsibilities and historical affectations by differentiated countries. It promotes solutions energetically quantifiable and negotiable with justice.

The global community is invited to discuss, unmask, validate or not it utility.

Dr. Jerry

I have the pleasure to meet you during table 1 session at the climate risk management Lima event last week, you let us to go to speak with the general manager of BBVA Caja Nuestra Gente, then you mention to work with bills from Bill and Miriam Gates Foundation , and I ask you that from your position, told Peruvian finance people to take care not only of El NIÑO (The Boy) risk, but also of glacier retreat circumstance (The Water Banks, The APUS~ The Lords lost danger). You ask if I have some approach, I offer you to send these communication, please transfer it to B&M F.

Physicist as I like to speak in terms of models, and because you are on the finance world let use a gold coin model to speak of climate risk management. First, it have a face->people and we need to take care of it specially, for food- water-housing provision security, these current approach is well attended and is very good to made it. Second, it have a back print, global carbon foot print bring us to these danger climate change situation, because these is not a business as usual approach, usually is not pay much attention, is enough to review invest on clean energies on not, and developed countries to saw that, these aspect of reduce danger, to avoid risk management, is not taking care, and so can made false our gold coin if, we don´t review well quality of these back side. Third, between both sides is a viewable border that link both faces, and depending of his thick make more valuable the gold coin, it is nature and environment, which current risk management usually don´t take care or if done is only as a input model, but if thickness go small, value of the coin also, if border thin till disappear, gold coin (secure risk management) will became dust.

I would like to talk you of these third aspect in respect to Peru, Apus The Mountain Glacier are disappearing, Andes people is lousing his cosmogony and ecosystem and biodiversity lost occur at catastrophic rate, what we are doing in respect? Monitoring, taking the picture of announced death chronicle. Can we do something? Usual people answer came related to the second aspect of gold coin model, the back face, and by sure it is right to move to clean energies, but if we don´t fast change, is still the same death chronicle. So, what we also need is to take specifically care of the nature thick value, that is getting thin day by day. In that sense, Glacier process is not only related to temperature, but also to snow fall entrances, and to brake glacier retreat need take care of both aspects: reduce surrounding temperature and increase natural snow fall efficiency over glacier areas. The first aspect can be done using social compromise between city and rural people, investing so cities can provide compost from all organic trash, and on rural people can work with it doing agro forest terraces = Andenes a solution to climate change and food security of ancestral native cultures, just around affected glacier areas. On a natural Climate Change conditions last will be enough, but because of the anthropogenic injection of GHG to the atmosphere, ?artificial? increase of snow fall is also necessary, helping nature to sustain the solid water tower, in front of a fever land. Using Liquid nitrogen as crystallization agent over super-cooled clouds became a (79% atmosphere is nitrogen so, to put cold air on humid air to precipitate) clean proposal technique.

Concluding, the model of gold coin for secure risk management ask for the need to improve from only see the face, to review well the back side, and take care of the thick. I´ll wait your feedback.