.to What Extent Do Classical and Modern Liberals Follow Similar Principles in Their Ideology?

Classical and Modern Liberals follow the same ideology, yet interpret it in a different way. Both seek to promote liberty in society and the economy. However, since the time of Gladstone (the mid 19th century), it’s clear that modern liberals have used the experiences of their forefathers to adapt their policies to fit modern society. An example of this would be the stances of both classic and modern liberals with regard to ‘Natural Rights’. Modern and Classic liberals both believe in the basic concept of ‘natural rights’ – the concept being that everyone is born with a set of rights that provide liberty – however, to see where they differ one must examine their views in more depth. Classical liberals support the idealistic idea of everyone being born equal and being able to exert their rights as they see fit. Modern liberals on the other hand take a more realistic view, that not everyone is born into wealth; some are born into severe poverty and therefore cannot exert their rights. They believe that there is a need for equality of opportunity and realise that the significance of circumstance is that it results in a ‘natural selection’ type society, where only the fittest survive. They try to counter this by advocating the welfare state, and ways of increasing personal liberty, a modern example being their campaigning to change the electoral system, making it more democratic (thus increasing freedom of speech). Another topic on which the two types of liberals clash is ‘the economy’. Although they both believe in the notion of free market capitalism, their views diverge on the extent to which this neo-liberalism should be enforced. Classical liberals again support the traditional standpoint of a completely laissez – faire approach to the economy. Conversely Modern liberals believe that the state should intervene on occasions, but importantly, only in the interests of the people (i.e. to halt the shortcomings of capitalism – inequality). They support a more...

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Within the list of core ideologies, Nationalism, in most cases, will be called out at the very end or won’t be even mentioned at all. It is not because nationalism is seemed to be less important; conversely, it has been analyzed and studied as much as any other theories like liberalism or conservatism. But its complexity and diversity of usage tend to produce a vast variety of interpretations of the term itself, which then misleads many academics and students. A dispute may rise from the very beginning of the story about nationalism, i.e. its origin. Some scholars, like Anthony D. Smith, see nationalism as a perennial and natural phenomenon, dating back to the ancient nations of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, etc. (Smith, 2009). The other side of the argument is that nationalism began to emerge and be recognized as an ideology only after nationalist movements within the French Revolution and American Revolution in 18th -19th centuries. The only fact that has been left more or less undeniable is the initial meaning or a term [from Latin natio means ‘belonging together by birth’, which is derived from nasci - ‘to be born’ (Vincent, 2010)] that encourages the broad understanding of nationalism as a feel of community, unity and belonging to ‘me like’.
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...﻿It is true that in many regards, modern liberalism has indeed rejected certain aspects of the classical liberalist approach, within such topics as individualism, freedom and justice. However, it would foolish to argue that they had abandoned it completely, as some elements have survived.
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...﻿To whatextent is Britain a liberal democracy?
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When determining whether the country is a liberal democracy, one has to begin by discussing and defining the features of a liberal democracy. A liberal democracy is defined as one where there are free and fair elections, where the right and liberties of citizens are taken into account and protected, where the government is clearly accountable to people and the powers of government are controlled and limited by law and conform to a written constitution. In addition, a liberal democracy is a tolerant democracy where a variety of opinions, cultures and lifestyles are accepted and accommodated, as long as they do not threaten the security and peace of the state. In a liberal democracy, information is freely available to its citizens and the political parties all accept the legitimacy of the election process and all commit to peaceful and orderly transfers of power.
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To whatextent does modern liberalism depart from the ideas of classical liberalism?
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The central theme of liberalideology is a commitment to the individual. Classicalliberals subscribe to an atomism view of individuals where a ‘society’ does not exist but is merely a collection of self-sufficient and egoistical individuals. Macpherson (1973) characterized early liberalism as ‘possessive individualism’ in that it regarded the individual as ‘the proprietor of his own person or capacities, owing nothing to society for them’.
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What kinds of equality doLiberals support, and why?
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...‘Conservatives support Pragmatism over principle’ Discuss.
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...THE BASIC LIBERALPRINCIPLES AS AN IR THEORY
International Relations
Prepared by
CANSU VAROL 11114533
Course Instructor
ANTJE GREBNER
May – 2012
The constant change and development in the world requires that individuals,enlightened people and state officials comply with the challenges that caused by the metamorphosis in world incidents in order to perform it a better place. It can be said that this is the fundamental principles of liberalism through a straight critique of realism. Liberalism is seemingly a very complicated concept since several authors contribute to literature from various point of views and approaches. By contrast with realism in which the important points are clear, these abundance of liberal perspectives are burdensome. Despite of all, this essay will answer the question of what are the basic liberalprinciples as an IR theory.
Liberalism is generally considered the second great body of theory in contemporary international politics, although technically it is the first (the first generation of international relations scholars in England after the First World War were predominantly what we would now call liberals). Note that this body of theory does not necessarily bear any significant relationship to people described as "liberals" in contemporary American politics; while some idealists are...