algebra, modernalso known as called abstract algebrabranch of mathematics concerned with the general algebraic structure of various sets (such as real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, and vector spaces), rather than rules and procedures for manipulating their individual elements.

During the second half of the 19th century, various important mathematical advances led to the study of sets in which any two elements can be added or multiplied together to give a third element of the same set. The elements of the sets concerned could be numbers, functions, or some other objects. As the techniques involved were similar, it seemed reasonable to consider the sets, rather than their elements, to be the objects of primary concern. A definitive treatise, Modern Algebra, was written in 1930 by the Dutch mathematician Bartel van der Waerden, and the subject has had a deep effect on almost every branch of mathematics.