Egyptian supporters of deposed president Mohammed Morsi sit in front of barbed wire fencing that blocks the access to the headquarters of the Republican Guard in Cairo on Monday. Dozens of loyalists to Egypt’s ousted president were killed while demonstrating against last week’s military coup, triggering an Islamist uprising call.

CAIRO — Egypt’s fragile political condition sank toward critical Monday after the military opened fire and killed dozens of Islamists who were demanding the return to office of deposed President Mohammed Morsi. It was the worst political violence in the country since the demonstrations 2½ years ago that led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak.

Adly Mansour, the Constitutional Supreme Court judge whom the military named president last week to replace Morsi, tried to defuse tension by announcing that a new constitution would be submitted for approval to the people within four months, and that elections to select a new Parliament would take place by February. A presidential vote would follow a week after Parliament convened.

But the promise of a quick return to elected leadership seemed unlikely to assuage the bitterness of Morsi supporters who were targeted by gunfire outside the headquarters of the Republican Guard in eastern Cairo before dawn, killing more than 50.

The Brotherhood’s Freedom and Justice political party summoned its supporters to demonstrate Tuesday, and Brotherhood members vowed to avenge the deaths, a portent of what’s likely to be protracted conflict between the millions who backed the military’s removal of Morsi and those who consider it an illegal coup that removed a democratically elected leader. The Brotherhood said it wouldn’t stop its demonstrations or consider reconciliation until Morsi was back in office.

The military, meanwhile, defended its use of live gunfire, claiming that Morsi supporters had opened fire first as about 1,000 Islamists tried to force their way into the Republican Guard facilities, where many think Morsi is being held. It said two police officers and a soldier died in the attack. At least 435 people were injured in the three-hour battle.

Demonstrators and members of Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood said troops descended on them and opened fire unprovoked as they finished dawn prayers.

“I was in the last row praying. They were firing from the left and right,” said Nashat Mohammed, who had come from southern Egypt to join the sit-in and was wounded in the knee. “We said, ‘Stop, we’re your brothers.’ They shot at us from every direction.”

The top cleric for the Sunni Islamic world warned of potential civil war. Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, the leader of Cairo’s al-Azhar mosque, issued yet another call for peace but couldn’t hide his frustration. He announced that he would go into seclusion until the crisis ended.

Before Monday’s clashes, most of the violence since Morsi was removed from office last Wednesday had been between partisans of the two sides, with 40 killed and 1,000 injured.

But Monday’s events stunned even the most jaded here. For the first time, Egypt’s revered military had opened fire on its citizens and caused many casualties, and many feared there would be no preventing further bloodshed. The Nour Party, the only Islamist body represented in the transitional government, resigned from the government in protest.

The scene of the shooting was horrific. Blood ran through the street, which was littered with the signs of panic: eyeglasses, shoes and clothing discarded in the rush to find safety. The area smelled of blood.

The dead overwhelmed morgues and hospitals were hard-pressed to deal with the hundreds of wounded.

The army and the Muslim Brotherhood each sought to prove that it wasn’t responsible for the violence.

The military released aerial shots of civilians launching rocks and gunfire at soldiers. The upper-left corner of the screen showed three times for the videos — 4 a.m., 5:55 a.m. and 6:24 a.m.

The Brotherhood released videos of their injured being treated in overcrowded hospitals.

While the sets of videos showed each side attacking the other, neither definitively showed how the attacks started.

Several witnesses from outside the protest said the gunfire started when troops appeared to move on Morsi supporters.

University student Mirna el-Helbawi told The Associated Press that she watched from her 14th floor apartment overlooking the scene, after she heard protesters banging on metal barricades, a common battle cry.

El-Helbawi, 21, said she saw troops and police approaching the protesters, who were lined up on the street behind a make-shift wall. The troops fired tear gas, the protesters responded with rocks, she said.

Soon after, she heard the first gunshots and saw the troops initially retreat backward — which she said led her to believe the shots came from the protester side. She saw Morsi supporters firing from rooftops, while the troops were also shooting.

Doctors treating the wounded at the Medical Insurance clinic in Nasr City, a government-run facility, called it “a massacre.” Most of the patients had been wounded in the head, neck and chest, the doctors said. A growing list of the dead and injured was posted at the entrance to the clinic, and people looked for the names of loved ones.