Back to 1930s nationalism? Historians battle over comparison

November 23, 2016 4:36 pm

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A demonstrator holds a placard showing a picture of US President-elect Donald Trump modified to add a swastika and an Adolf Hitler-style moustache during a protest outside the US Embassy in London/AFP-File

By AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, PARIS, France, Nov 23 – In the 1935 novel “It Can’t Happen Here”, an ignorant American demagogue called Buzz Windrip becomes president, promising to make a depressed and fearful country proud, rich and safe again.

Eight decades later, the satirical piece of fiction by Sinclair Lewis has gained a new lease of life, becoming a bestseller online following Donald Trump’s stunning victory in the US election.

Observing Windrip at a presidential campaign event, a journalist describes him as “almost illiterate, a public liar easily detected, and in his ‘ideas’ almost idiotic”.

Written as virulent nationalism spread disastrously in Europe, and to a lesser extent in America, the book’s revival reflects a surge of interest in one of the 20th century’s darkest decades.

The parallels between the current time and what one writer describes as the “Morbid Age” of the 1930s has led to a fierce debate between historians about how far the comparison can be taken.

The 1930s/AFP

“We are facing a cataclysmic moment,” renowned British writer and broadcaster Simon Schama warned following Trump’s election, recalling that Hitler came to power via the ballot box in the 1930s.

Antony Beevor, another best-selling heavyweight on European history, rebuked him. “It is too easy for alarmists to fall for the temptation of lazy historical parallels,” he wrote.

So, as the return of ultra-nationalism, xenophobia and anti-elitism spur Trump, anti-EU voters in Britain and a host of far-right parties in Europe, does history offer comfort or cause for concern?

First, the bad news

Members of the neo-nazi Nordic Resistance Movement (Nordiska motstandsrorelsens) demonstrate in central Stockholm against migrants/AFP-File

Some historians point to several striking parallels.

The Great Depression of the 1930s, sparked by the Wall Street crash of 1929, has echoes of the global financial crisis caused by the sub-prime crash of 2008.

Seething with anger at the financial and political elite, struggling or unemployed workers in the 1930s grew bitter and despondent and openly questioned the future for their children.

Many blamed foreigners or Jews, became attached to an idealised past, and worried about the spread of their enemies, abroad and at home. In the 1930s, the threat was Communism, now it is radical Islam.

Some historians believe drawing a comparison between current times and the catastrophic decade of the 1930s that culminated in World War II is alarmist/AFP-File

The expansion of transatlantic shipping, air mail, radio, industrial mass production and Hollywood cinema gave a sense of time accelerating and the world closing in.

French historian Pascal Blanchard, who has written a book on the period, calls the 30s “the start of globalisation” that generated many of the same cultural and economic anxieties visible today.

Governments reacted by trying to protect their economies with tariffs and barriers, sparking an international trade war.

On the other side of the world, a nationalistic Asian power with territorial ambitions added to concerns. It was Japan, which invaded the present-day Asian hegemon China in 1931.

Supporters of PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident) take part in a protest against German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Dresden/AFP-File

In Austria, where the far-right came within 31,000 votes of winning a presidential election in May this year and could still win in next month’s re-run, a far-right chancellor came to power in 1932 and destroyed the country’s democracy.

As fascism spread, the decade was defined by Germany looking to avenge its humiliation after World War I. Could Vladimir Putin’s Russia, pained by the decline of the Soviet Union, be the modern equivalent?

Not so fast…

Ian Kershaw, a world authority on the rise of Hitler, admitted to AFP that during his research for a new book on Europe from 1914-1949 some similarities “make the hair stand up on the back on your neck”.

“But I don’t think we are returning to the dark ages of the 1930s because there are big differences as well as superficial similarities,” Kershaw insisted.

Chief among the differences is the role of Germany, now a beacon for liberal democracy, committed to peace and a lynchpin of the stabilising force that is the European Union, Kershaw says.

AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE Agence France-Presse is a global news agency delivering fast, in-depth coverage of the events shaping our world from wars and conflicts to politics, sports, entertainment and the latest breakthroughs in health, science and technology.