The Chemical Reactions and Pathways Involving Carbohydrates Any of a Group of Organic Compounds Based of the General Formula Cx(h2o)y. Includes the Formation of Carbohydrate Derivatives by the Addition of a Carbohydrate Residue to Another Molecule.

A Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by Binding of a Ligand to the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Egfr (erbb1) On the Surface of a Cell. the Pathway Ends with Regulation of a Downstream Cellular Process E.g. Transcription.

The Biological Process Whose Specific Outcome Is the Progression of a Multicellular Organism Over Time From an Initial Condition (e.g. a Zygote or a Young Adult) to a Later Condition (e.g. a Multicellular Animal or an Aged Adult).

De Novo Generation of a Long Process of a Neuron That Carries Efferent (outgoing) Action Potentials From the Cell Body Towards Target Cells. Refers to the Morphogenesis or Creation of Shape or Form of the Developing Axon.

A Process in Which Non Proliferating Myoblasts Fuse to Existing Fibers or to Myotubes to Form New Fibers. a Myoblast Is a Mononucleate Cell Type That by Fusion with Other Myoblasts Gives Rise to the Myotubes That Eventually Develop Into Skeletal Muscle Fibers.

Morphogenesis of an Organ. an Organ Is Defined As a Tissue or Set of Tissues That Work Together to Perform a Specific Function or Functions. Morphogenesis Is the Process in Which Anatomical Structures Are Generated and Organized. Organs Are Commonly Observed As Visibly Distinct Structures But May Also Exist As Loosely Associated Clusters of Cells That Work Together to Perform a Specific Function or Functions.

Any Process That Decreases the Rate Frequency or Extent of the Enlargement or Overgrowth of All or Part of the Heart Due to an Increase in Size (not Length) of Individual Cardiac Muscle Fibers Without Cell Division.

Any Process That Increases the Frequency Rate or Extent of Peptidyl Threonine Phosphorylation. Peptidyl Threonine Phosphorylation Is the Phosphorylation of Peptidyl Threonine to Form Peptidyl O Phospho L Threonine.

Any Process That Modulates the Rate Frequency or Extent of Neuron Projection Development. Neuron Projection Development Is the Process Whose Specific Outcome Is the Progression of a Neuron Projection Over Time From Its Formation to the Mature Structure. a Neuron Projection Is Any Process Extending From a Neural Cell Such As Axons or Dendrites (collectively Called Neurites).

Any Process That Decreases the Rate Frequency or Extent of Neuron Projection Development. Neuron Projection Development Is the Process Whose Specific Outcome Is the Progression of a Neuron Projection Over Time From Its Formation to the Mature Structure. a Neuron Projection Is Any Process Extending From a Neural Cell Such As Axons or Dendrites (collectively Called Neurites).

The Process in Which a Relatively Unspecialized Cell Acquires Specialized Features of a Myotube Cell. Myotube Differentiation Starts with Myoblast Fusion and the Appearance of Specific Cell Markers (this Is the Cell Development Step). Then Individual Myotubes Can Fuse to Form Bigger Myotubes and Start to Contract. Myotubes Are Multinucleated Cells That Are Formed When Proliferating Myoblasts Exit the Cell Cycle Differentiate and Fuse.

The Controlled Self Propelled Movement of a Cell From One Site to a Destination Guided by Molecular Cues. Cell Migration Is a Central Process in the Development and Maintenance of Multicellular Organisms.

The Process in Which Relatively Unspecialized Cells E.g. Embryonic or Regenerative Cells Acquire Specialized Structural And/or Functional Features That Characterize the Cells Tissues or Organs of the Mature Organism or Some Other Relatively Stable Phase of the Organism's Life History. Differentiation Includes the Processes Involved in Commitment of a Cell to a Specific Fate and Its Subsequent Development to the Mature State.

Any Process That Activates or Increases the Frequency Rate or Extent of the Breakdown of a Protein or Peptide by Hydrolysis of Its Peptide Bonds Initiated by the Covalent Attachment of Ubiquitin and Mediated by the Proteasome.

Any Process That Results in a Change in State or Activity of a Cell (in Terms of Movement Secretion Enzyme Production Gene Expression Etc.) As a Result of a Heat Stimulus a Temperature Stimulus Above the Optimal Temperature For That Organism.

The Process in Which a Signal Is Passed On to Downstream Components Within the Cell Which Become Activated Themselves to Further Propagate the Signal and Finally Trigger a Change in the Function or State of the Cell.

A Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by the Binding of the Fc Portion of Immunoglobulin E (ige) to an Fc Epsilon Receptor On the Surface of a Signal Receiving Cell and Ending with Regulation of a Downstream Cellular Process E.g. Transcription. the Fc Portion of an Immunoglobulin Is Its C Terminal Constant Region.

Any Process That Results in a Change in State or Activity of a Cell or an Organism (in Terms of Movement Secretion Enzyme Production Gene Expression Etc.) As a Result of a Drug Stimulus. a Drug Is a Substance Used in the Diagnosis Treatment or Prevention of a Disease.

An Increase in the Epigenetic Methylation of Cytosine and Adenosine Residues in a Cpg Island in Dna. Cpg Islands Are Genomic Regions That Contain a High Frequency of the Cg Dinucleotide and Are Often Associated with the Transcription Start Site of Genes.

The Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by Binding of a Wnt Protein to a Frizzled Family Receptor On the Surface of the Target Cell Followed by Propagation of the Signal Via Beta Catenin and Ending with a Change in Transcription of Target Genes Involved in the Positive Regulation of Apoptotic Process.

Any Process That Activates or Increases the Frequency Rate or Extent of the Chemical Reactions and Pathways Resulting in the Breakdown of a Protein by the Destruction of the Native Active Configuration with or Without the Hydrolysis of Peptide Bonds.

A Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by the Binding of a Neurotrophin to a Receptor On the Surface of the Target Cell Where the Receptor Possesses Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Ending with Regulation of a Downstream Cellular Process E.g. Transcription.

A Series of Molecular Signals in Which a Cell Uses a Phosphatidylinositol Mediated Signaling to Convert a Signal Into a Response. Phosphatidylinositols Include Phosphatidylinositol (ptdins) and Its Phosphorylated Derivatives.

A Process That Modulates Neuronal Synaptic Plasticity the Ability of Neuronal Synapses to Change As Circumstances Require. They May Alter Function Such As Increasing or Decreasing Their Sensitivity or They May Increase or Decrease in Actual Numbers.

The Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by Binding of a Wnt Protein to a Frizzled Family Receptor On the Surface of the Target Cell Followed by Propagation of the Signal Via Beta Catenin and Ending with a Change in Transcription of Target Genes. in This Pathway the Activated Receptor Signals Via Downstream Effectors That Result in the Inhibition of Beta Catenin Phosphorylation Thereby Preventing Degradation of Beta Catenin. Stabilized Beta Catenin Can Then Accumulate and Travel to the Nucleus to Trigger Changes in Transcription of Target Genes.

The Process Whose Specific Outcome Is the Progression of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Over Time From Its Formation to the Mature Structure. the Superior Temporal Gyrus Is a Portion of the Cerebral Cortex That Extends From the Lateral Sulcus to the Superior Temporal Sulcus.

Any Process That Decreases the Rate Frequency or Extent of the Wnt Signaling Pathway Through Beta Catenin the Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by Binding of a Wnt Protein to a Frizzled Family Receptor On the Surface of the Target Cell Followed by Propagation of the Signal Via Beta Catenin and Ending with a Change in Transcription of Target Genes.

Any Process That Increases the Rate Frequency or Extent of the Wnt Signaling Pathway Through Beta Catenin the Series of Molecular Signals Initiated by Binding of a Wnt Protein to a Frizzled Family Receptor On the Surface of the Target Cell Followed by Propagation of the Signal Via Beta Catenin and Ending with a Change in Transcription of Target Genes.

A Series of Molecular Signals in Which a Signal Is Conveyed From the Cell Surface to Trigger the Apoptotic Death of a Cell. the Pathway Starts with Withdrawal of a Ligand From a Cell Surface Receptor and Ends When the Execution Phase of Apoptosis Is Triggered.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

A Structure Comprised of a Core Structure (in Most Organisms a Pair of Centrioles) and Peripheral Material From Which a Microtubule Based Structure Such As a Spindle Apparatus Is Organized. Centrosomes Occur Close to the Nucleus During Interphase in Many Eukaryotic Cells Though in Animal Cells It Changes Continually During the Cell Division Cycle.

Protrusion From a Dendrite. Spines Are Specialised Subcellular Compartments Involved in the Synaptic Transmission. They Are Linked to the Dendritic Shaft by a Restriction. Because of Their Bulb Shape They Function As a Biochemical and an Electrical Compartment. Spine Remodeling Is Though to Be Involved in Synaptic Plasticity.

Organized Structure of Distinctive Morphology and Function Bounded by a Single or Double Lipid Bilayer Membrane. Includes the Nucleus Mitochondria Plastids Vacuoles and Vesicles. Excludes the Plasma Membrane.

Any Macromolecular Complex Composed (only) of Two or More Polypeptide Subunits Along with Any Covalently Attached Molecules (such As Lipid Anchors or Oligosaccharide) or Non Protein Prosthetic Groups (such As Nucleotides or Metal Ions). Prosthetic Group in This Context Refers to a Tightly Bound Cofactor. the Component Polypeptide Subunits May Be Identical.

Any of the Small (10 200 Nm) Heterogeneous Highly Dynamic Sterol and Sphingolipid Enriched Membrane Domains That Compartmentalize Cellular Processes. Small Rafts Can Sometimes Be Stabilized to Form Larger Platforms Through Protein Protein and Protein Lipid Interactions.

Interacting Selectively and Non Covalently with a Nucleotide Any Compound Consisting of a Nucleoside That Is Esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an Oligophosphate At Any Hydroxyl Group On the Ribose or Deoxyribose.

Catalysis of the Transfer of a Group E.g. a Methyl Group Glycosyl Group Acyl Group Phosphorus Containing or Other Groups From One Compound (generally Regarded As the Donor) to Another Compound (generally Regarded As the Acceptor). Transferase Is the Systematic Name For Any Enzyme of EC Class 2.