Upon his return to Dallas, Rodgers became an associate with Saner & Saner but left in 1925 to found his own firm that specialized in oil and gas law. His firm would eventually come to represent Standard Oil in legal matters.

In 1939, Rodgers was elected mayor of Dallas, a position he held until 1947. Under his tenure, Love Field underwent expansion, construction began on Central Expressway (US 75), the Dallas Public Library and the Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, which is currently one of Dallas's largest water supplies.

Rodgers also held positions as a trustee with the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts (now the Dallas Museum of Art) and as a director of the Dallas Symphony, the State Fair of Texas and the Dallas Public Library. He was also the founder and first president of the Greater Dallas Planning Council.