The deficits are not marked in the vitamin C and G. biloba groups. To conclude chronic exposure to high levels of fluoride causes severe impairment in the spatial learning and memory, these deficits can be ameliorated with the vitamin C /ascorbic acid and Ginkgo biloba.

The results indicate the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a role in the physiological cognitive function-enhancing effect of Extraxt of Ginkgo biloba (EGb). EGb might improve working memory function in middle-aged individuals by counteracting the occurrence of aging-related hemispheric asymmetry reduction.