Marijuana

What is marijuana

Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other related compounds. Extracts with high amounts of THC can also be made from the cannabis plant.

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. Its use is widespread among young people. According to a yearly survey of middle and high school students, rates of cannabis use have steadied in the past few years after several years of increase. However, the number of young people who believe cannabis use is risky is decreasing (Johnston, 2014).

Legalization of cannabis for medical use or adult recreational use in a growing number of states may affect these views.

How do people use Cannabis?

People smoke cannabis in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints) or in pipes or water pipes (bongs). They also smoke it in blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana. To avoid inhaling smoke, more people are using vaporizers. These devices pull the active ingredients (including THC) from the cannabis and collect their vapor in a storage unit. A person then inhales the vapor, not the smoke.

Users can mix marijuana in food (edibles), such as brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea. A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins (see the Brochure).

Cannabis Extracts

Smoking THC-rich resins extracted from the marijuana plant is on the rise. Users call this practice dabbing. People are using various forms of these extracts, such as:

hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid

wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm

shatter—a hard, amber-colored solid

These extracts can deliver extremely large amounts of THC to users, and their use has sent some people to the emergency room. Another danger is in preparing these extracts, which usually involves butane (lighter fluid). A number of people who have used butane to make extracts at home have caused fires and explosions and have been seriously burned.

How does marijuana affect the brain?

Cannabis has both short- and long-term effects on the brain.

Short-term effects

When a person smokes cannabis, THC quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream. The blood carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. The body absorbs THC more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. In that case, the user generally feels the effects after 30 minutes to 1 hour.

THC acts on specific brain cell receptors that ordinarily react to natural THC-like chemicals in the brain. These natural chemicals play a role in normal brain development and function.

Marijuana overactivates parts of the brain that contain the highest number of these receptors. This causes the “high” that users feel. Other effects include:

altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)

altered sense of time

changes in mood

impaired body movement

difficulty with thinking and problem-solving

impaired memory

Long-term effects

Cannabis also affects brain development. When marijuana users begin using as teenagers, the drug may reduce thinking, memory, and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas necessary for these functions.

Cannabis effects on these abilities may last a long time or even be permanent.

For example, a study showed that people who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing cannabis use disorder lost an average of eight IQ points between ages 13 and 38. The lost mental abilities did not fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults. Those who started smoking cannabis as adults did not show notable IQ declines.

What are the other health effects of cannabis?

Marijuana use may have a wide range of effects, both physical and mental.

Physical effects

Breathing problems.Marijuana smoke irritates the lungs, and frequent cannabis smokers can have the same breathing problems that tobacco smokers have. These problems include a daily cough and phlegm, more frequent lung illness, and a higher risk of lung infections. Researchers still do not know whether marijuana smokers have a higher risk for lung cancer.

Increased heart rate.Marijuana raises heart rate for up to 3 hours after smoking. This effect may increase the chance of heart attack. Older people and those with heart problems may be at higher risk

Problems with child development during and after pregnancy.Marijuana use during pregnancy is linked to increased risk of both brain and behavioral problems in babies. If a pregnant woman uses cannabis, the drug may affect certain developing parts of the fetus’s brain. Resulting challenges for the child may include problems with attention, memory, and problem-solving. Additionally, some research suggests that moderate amounts of THC are excreted into the breast milk of nursing mothers. The effects on a baby’s developing brain are still unknown.

Mental effects

Long-term marijuana use has been linked to mental illness in some users, such as:

temporary hallucinations—sensations and images that seem real though they are not

temporary paranoia—extreme and unreasonable distrust of others

worsening symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (a severe mental disorder with symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoia, and disorganized thinking)

Cannabis use has also been linked to other mental health problems, such as:

depression

anxiety

suicidal thoughts among teens

Is marijuana addictive?

Contrary to common belief, marijuana can be addictive. Research suggests that about 1 in 11 users becomes addicted to marijuana (Anthony, 1994; Lopez-Quintero 2011).This number increases among those who start as teens (to about 17 percent, or 1 in 6) (Anthony, 2006) and among people who use marijuana daily (to 25-50 percent) (Hall & Pacula, 2003).

How Does Cannabis Affect a User’s Life?

Compared to nonusers, heavy marijuana users more often report the following:

lower life satisfaction

poorer mental health

poorer physical health

more relationship problems

Users also report less academic and career success. For example, marijuana use is linked to a higher likelihood of dropping out of school (McCaffrey, 2010). It is also linked to more job absences, accidents, and injuries (Zwerling, 1990).

How can people get treatment for marijuana addiction?

Behavioral support has been effective in treating marijuana addiction. Examples include therapy and motivational incentives (providing rewards to patients who remain substance-free). No medications are currently available to treat marijuana addiction. However, continuing research may lead to new medications that help ease withdrawal symptoms, block the effects of marijuana, and prevent relapse.

Points to Remember

Cannabis refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.

The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other related compounds.

People use cannabis by smoking, eating, drinking, and inhaling it.

Smoking THC-rich extracts from the marijuana plant (a practice called dabbing) is on the rise.

Cannabis use may have a wide range of effects, both physical and mental, which include:

breathing illnesses

possible harm to a fetus’s brain in pregnant users

hallucinations and paranoia

The amount of THC in marijuana has been increasing steadily, creating more harmful effects for users.

Cannabis can be addictive.

Treatment for marijuana addiction includes forms of behavioral therapy. No medications currently exist for treatment.

A Rise in Marijuana’s THC Levels

The amount of THC in marijuana has been increasing steadily over the past few decades (Mehmedic, 2010). For a new user, this may mean exposure to higher THC levels with a greater chance of a harmful reaction. Higher THC levels may explain the rise in emergency room visits involving marijuana use.

The popularity of edibles also increases the chance of users having harmful reactions. Edibles take longer to digest and produce a high. Therefore, people may consume more to feel the effects faster, leading to dangerous results.

Dabbing is yet another growing trend. More people are using cannabis extracts that provide stronger doses, and therefore stronger effects, of THC (see “Cannabis Extracts“).

Higher THC levels may mean a greater risk for addiction if users are regularly exposing themselves to high doses.

Marijuana is a largely untapped industry in Louisiana, worth millions of dollars in revenue.

Drug law reform advocate and policy director of Sensible Marijuana Policy for Louisiana (SMPL), David Brown, explains it amounts to, “Tens of millions or perhaps hundreds of millions of dollars which to any public official is significant enough to take a close and serious look at.”

Right now, marijuana is listed as a schedule one drug, alongside heroin and LSD. But that could soon change as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) considers reclassifying marijuana to a schedule two or three drug.