In 2007 a Church official claimed 3.5 million members in the United States[3] but, according to a 2001 survey published by the City University of New York, 55,000 people in the United States would, if asked to identify their religion, have stated Scientology.[4]

Tom Cruise is the most well known Scientologist in the US as well as other countries. The Church of Scientology has an emphasis on recruiting celebrities as L. Ron Hubbard himself wished, and offices designed for this use are called "Celebrity Centres".

After being recognized as a tax-exempt religious organization in 1957, Scientology's tax-exempt status was lost in a 1967 IRS audit,[5] as part of the effort to regain tax exemption during the late 1970s, Scientologists repeatedly infiltrated the IRS, copying large numbers of documents and at one point placing an electronic bugging device in an IRS conference room.[5] These actions took place within a program code-named "Operation Snow White" (see below).[5] Eleven high-ranking Scientologists, including Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard, were sentenced to time in prison for acts surrounding this operation.[5] Hubbard himself was named as an unindicted co-conspirator as investigators could not link him to the crimes.[5]

The Church then embarked on an aggressive, but more legal course, the church's hundreds of affiliated entities filing a steady stream of lawsuits against the IRS in an attempt to have their tax-exempt status approved;[5] in addition, members of the Church started filing thousands of lawsuits against the IRS, claiming that they were entitled to tax deductions for auditing and training expenses.[5]

They were finally rewarded in October 1993, when the IRS formally announced that the Church of Scientology and its related social betterment organizations had been granted tax exemption again,[5] since then, the U.S. Department of State has formally criticized several European countries, including Germany and France, for religious discrimination against Scientologists;[6][7] in March 1997, the New York Times published an article chronicling "Scientology's puzzling journey from tax rebel to tax exempt" in the United States.[7]

On January 4, 1963, more than one hundred E-meters were seized by US marshals at the "Founding Church of Scientology" building, now known as the L. Ron Hubbard House, located in Washington, D.C. The church was accused of making false claims that the devices effectively treated some 70 percent of all physical and mental illness. The FDA also charged that the devices did not bear adequate directions for treating the conditions for which they were recommended.[8][9]

The FBI raid on the Church's headquarters revealed documentation that detailed Scientology actions against various critics of the organization. Among these documents was a plan to frame Gabe Cazares, the mayor of the city of Clearwater, Florida, with a staged hit-and-run accident; plans to discredit the skeptical organization CSICOP by spreading rumors that it was a front for the CIA; and a project called "Operation Freakout," aimed at ruining the life of author Paulette Cooper, author of an early book critical of the movement, The Scandal of Scientology.[10]

The Church of Scientology long considered the Cult Awareness Network (CAN) as one of its most important enemies, and many Scientology publications during the 1980s and 1990s cast CAN (and its spokesperson at the time, Cynthia Kisser) in an unfriendly light, accusing the cult-watchdog organization of various criminal activities. After CAN was forced into bankruptcy and taken over by Scientologists in the late 1990s, Scientology proudly proclaimed this as one of its greatest victories.[11]

In a 1995 lawsuit against the Washington Post newspaper et al.. The Religious Technology Center (RTC), the corporation that controls L. Ron Hubbard's copyrighted materials, sued to prevent a Post reporter from describing church teachings at the center of another lawsuit, claiming copyright infringement, trade secret misappropriation, and that the circulation of their "advanced technology" teachings would cause "devastating, cataclysmic spiritual harm" to those not prepared.

Operation Snow White was the Church of Scientology's name for a project during the 1970s to purge unfavorable records about Scientology and its founder L. Ron Hubbard. This project included a series of infiltrations and thefts from 136 government agencies, foreign embassies and consulates, and private organizations critical of Scientology, carried out by Church members, in more than 30 countries;[12] the single largest infiltration of the United States government in history[13] with up to 5,000 covert agents.[14] This was also the operation that exposed 'Operation Freakout', because this was the case that brought the government into investigation on the Church.[14]

Under this program, Scientology operatives committed infiltration, wiretapping, and theft of documents in government offices, most notably those of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Eleven highly placed Church executives, including Mary Sue Hubbard (wife of founder L. Ron Hubbard and second-in-command of the organisation), pleaded guilty or were convicted in federal court of obstructing justice, burglary of government offices, and theft of documents and government property. The case was United States vs. Mary Sue Hubbard et al., 493 F. Supp. 209 (D.D.C. 1979).[15][16][17][18]

The most widely publicized death of one of the organization's members involved the 1995 death of 36-year-old Lisa McPherson, while in the care of Scientologists at the Scientology-owned Fort Harrison Hotel, in Clearwater, Florida. Despite McPherson's having experienced symptoms usually associated with mental illness (such as removing all of her clothes at the scene of a minor traffic accident), the Church intervened to prevent McPherson from receiving psychiatric treatment, and to return her to the custody of the Church of Scientology. Records show that she was then placed in isolation as part of a Scientology program known as the Introspection Rundown.[19] Weeks later, she was pronounced dead on arrival at a hospital, her body was covered in cockroach bites. A later autopsy showed that she had died of a pulmonary embolism.

Noah Lottick was an American student of Russian studies who committed suicide on May 11, 1990 by jumping from a 10th-floor hotel window, clutching his only remaining money in his hands,[20] after his death, a controversy arose revolving around his parents' concern over his membership in the Church of Scientology.

1.
Scientology
–
Scientology is a body of religious beliefs and practices created in 1954 by American author L. Ron Hubbard. Hubbard initially developed a program of ideas called Dianetics, which was distributed through the Dianetics Foundation, the foundation soon entered bankruptcy and Hubbard lost the rights to his seminal publication Dianetics, The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1952. He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology, retaining the terminology, doctrines, the E-meter, and the practice of auditing. Within a year, he regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology. ”Hubbard writes, “thus, Scientology means knowing about knowing, or science of knowledge. ”Hubbards groups have encountered considerable opposition and controversy. In January 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners brought proceedings against Hubbards Dianetics Foundation on the charge of teaching medicine without a license, Hubbards followers engaged in a program of covert and illegal infiltration of the U. S. government. Hubbard-inspired organizations and their classification are often a point of contention, Germany classifies Scientology groups as an anti-constitutional sect. In France, Scientology groups have been classified as a cult by some parliamentary reports. L. Ron Hubbard was the child of Harry Ross Hubbard, a United States Navy officer. Hubbard spent three semesters at George Washington University but was placed on probation in September 1931 and he failed to return for the fall 1932 semester. In July 1941, Hubbard was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the U. S. Naval Reserve, on May 18,1943, the subchaser left Portland. That night, Hubbard ordered his crew to fire 35 depth charges and his ship sustained minor damage and three crew were injured. Having run out of charges and with the presence of a submarine still unconfirmed by other ships. The navy report concludes that there was no submarine in the area, a decade later, Hubbard claimed he had sunk a Japanese submarine in his Scientology lectures. On June 28,1941, Hubbard ordered his crew to fire on the Coronado Islands, Hubbard apparently did not realize that the islands belonged to US-allied Mexico, nor that he had taken his vessel into Mexican territorial waters. He was reprimanded and removed from command on July 7, after reassignment to a naval facility in Monterey, California, Hubbard became depressed and fell ill. Reporting stomach pains in April 1945, he spent the remainder of the war as a patient in Oak Knoll Naval Hospital in Oakland, according to his later teachings, during this time Hubbard made scientific breakthroughs by use of endocrine experiments. On October 15,1947, Hubbard wrote a letter to the Veterans Administration formally requesting psychiatric treatment, within a few years, Hubbard would condemn psychiatry as evil, which would grow into a major theme in Scientology. In April 1938, Hubbard reportedly reacted to a used in a dental procedure

2.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars

3.
Author
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An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure

4.
L. Ron Hubbard
–
Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, better known as L. Ron Hubbard and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology. In 2014, Hubbard was cited by the Smithsonian magazine as one of the 100 most significant Americans of all time, as one of the eleven religious figures on that list. After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his fiction and fantasy stories. He subsequently developed his ideas into a set of doctrines and practices as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. The Churchs dissemination of materials led to Hubbard being listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most translated and published author in the world. The Guinness World Record for the most audio books published for one author is also held by Hubbard, although many aspects of Hubbards life story are disputed, there is general agreement about its basic outline. Born in Tilden, Nebraska, he spent much of his childhood in Helena, Montana. He traveled in Asia and the South Pacific in the late 1920s after his father and he attended George Washington University in Washington, D. C. at the start of the 1930s, before dropping out and beginning his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories. He served briefly in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and was an officer in the United States Navy during World War II and he was removed both times when his superiors found him incapable of command. The last few months of his service were spent in a hospital. After the war, Hubbard developed Dianetics, which he called the science of mental health. He founded Scientology in 1952 and oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he spent much of his time at sea on his fleet of ships as Commodore of the Sea Organization. His expedition came to an end when Britain, Greece, Spain, Portugal, at one point, a court in Australia revoked the Churchs status as a religion, though it was later reinstated. Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert, in 1978, a trial court in France convicted Hubbard of fraud in absentia. Others convictions from the trial were reversed on appeal. In 1983 L. Ron Hubbard was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in an international information infiltration and he spent the remaining years of his life on his ranch, the Whispering Wind, near Creston, California, where he died in 1986. A small group of Scientology officials and physician Dr. Eugene Denk attended to him before his death, in 1986, he died in a 1982 Blue Bird motor home, which was situated on his property, at age 74

5.
Timeline of Scientology
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This is a timeline of Scientology, particularly its foundation and development by author L. Ron Hubbard. L. Ron Hubbard authors a manuscript called Excalibur which contains ideas that were incorporated into Scientology. First published work on Dianetics appeared in the Winter/Spring issue of the Explorers Club Journal entitled Terra Incognita, at this time, he offered his findings on the mind to both the American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association. L. Ron Hubbards Dianetics — The Modern Science of Mental Health was published, in 1966, Hubbard declared South African Scientologist John McMaster to be the first true Clear. McMaster left the Sea Org in November 1969, expressing continuing belief in the Scientology Tech, june, Science of Survival was published. Early Dianetics supporter Joseph Winter M. D. breaks with Hubbard, Hubbard forms a rival Hubbard College, also in Wichita, and disputes control of the copyrights of the Dianetics materials. July, Scientology, A History of Man published, Church of Scientology, Church of American Science and Church of Spiritual Engineering incorporated in Elizabeth, New Jersey by L. Ron Hubbard. Co-signatories were Henrietta Hubbard, L. Ron Hubbard Jr. John Galusha, Verna Greenough, named as trustees of the Church of Scientology were L. Ron Hubbard, Mary Sue Hubbard, and John Galusha. The Church of Scientology is incorporated in California and Arizona, the Internal Revenue Service grants a tax exemption to the Church of Scientology of California. April, The Hubbard Association of Scientologists International holds the First Australian Scientology Congress in Prahran, july, The Founding Church of Scientology, now known as the Original Founding Church of Scientology was organized in Washington, D. C. The church is recognized as a religious organization in the United States. Hubbard moved to England and bought Saint Hill Manor in Sussex, from which he would direct international operations, january 4, The US Food and Drug Administration raided the Original Founding Church of Scientology and seized approximately 100 of the Churchs E-meters as illegal medical devices. The devices are now required to carry a disclaimer saying that they are a religious artifact. They are used in a Scientology counseling technique known as auditing, the Church of Scientology was banned in several Australian states, starting with Victoria. The ban was based on the Anderson Report, which found that the process involved command hypnosis. OT III is made available to Scientologists and this level of Operating Thetan contains the story of Xenu, which becomes a source of enormous controversy for Scientology from the 1990s onward. December 27, The first Advanced Organization, offering the advanced levels of Scientology to the public, was established aboard the Royal Scotman, introduction to Scientology Ethics is published. The U. S. court of appeals recognizes Scientology as a religion, February 22, Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles founded

6.
Religion
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Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has considered a source of religious beliefs. There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, about 84% of the worlds population is affiliated with one of the five largest religions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or forms of folk religion. With the onset of the modernisation of and the revolution in the western world. The religiously unaffiliated demographic include those who do not identify with any religion, atheists. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated still have various religious beliefs, about 16% of the worlds population is religiously unaffiliated. The study of religion encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including theology, comparative religion. Theories of religion offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion, Religion is derived from the Latin religiō, the ultimate origins of which are obscure. One possible interpretation traced to Cicero, connects lego read, i. e. re with lego in the sense of choose, go over again or consider carefully. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders, we hear of the religion of the Golden Fleece, of a knight of the religion of Avys. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religio was understood as a virtue of worship, never as doctrine, practice. In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations and it was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, what is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Some languages have words that can be translated as religion, but they may use them in a different way. For example, the Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as religion, throughout classical South Asia, the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions. Medieval Japan at first had a union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. There is no equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities

7.
Church of Scientology
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The Church of Scientology International is officially the Church of Scientologys parent organization, and is responsible for guiding local Scientology churches. At a local level, every church is a corporate entity set up as a licensed franchise and has its own board of directors. The first Scientology church was incorporated in December 1953 in Camden and its international headquarters are located at the Gold Base, in an unincorporated area of Riverside County, California. The location at Gilman Hotsprings is kept secret from most Scientologists, Scientology Missions International is under CSI and overseers Scientology missions, which are local Scientology organizations smaller than churches. The Church of Spiritual Technology is the organization which owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard, the highest authority in the Church of Scientology is the Religious Technology Center. The RTC claims to only be the holder of Scientology and Dianetics trademarks, RTC chairman David Miscavige is widely seen as the effective head of Scientology. David Miscavige is the highest-ranking Sea Org officer, holding the rank of captain, the first Scientology church was incorporated in December 1953 in Camden, New Jersey by L. Ron Hubbard, his wife Mary Sue Hubbard, and John Galusha. By that time, the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International had already operating since 1952 and Hubbard himself had already been selling Scientology books. In 1953 he wrote to Helen OBrien, who was managing the organisation,213 Soon after, despite OBriens misgivings and resignation, he announced the religious nature of Scientology in a bulletin to all Scientologists, stressing its relation to the concept of Dharma. The first Church of Scientology opened in 1954 in Los Angeles, after the formation of the Church of Scientology, Hubbard composed its creed. Hubbard had official control of the organization until 1966 when this function was transferred to a group of executives, although Hubbard maintained no formal relationship with Scientologys management, he remained firmly in control of the organization and its affiliated organizations. Although RTC is a corporation from the Church of Scientology International, whose president and chief spokesperson is Heber Jentzsch. In 1996, the Church of Scientology implemented the Golden Age of Tech releasing a training program for Scientology auditors, while precisely following Hubbards teachings. It was followed by the launch of The Golden Age of Knowledge in 2005, between 2005 and 2010, the church would complete its 25-year program to restore and verify the churchs scriptures. The church released the second phase of the Golden Age of Tech on November 2013, the Super Power Rundown a new component of auditing, was released in Clearwater, Florida. The Church of Scientology promotes Scientology, a body of beliefs and related practices created by Hubbard, starting in 1952 as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Scientology teaches that people are immortal spiritual beings who have forgotten their true nature. Scientologys central mythology developed around the notion of the thetan. In Scientology, the thetan is the expression of theta, described by Neusner as the cosmic source

8.
City University of New York
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The City University of New York is the public university system of New York City, and the largest urban university in the United States. CUNY and the State University of New York are separate and independent university systems, CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York. CUNY is the third-largest university system in the United States, in terms of enrollment, behind the State University of New York, and the California State University system. More than 270, 000-degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing, the university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the United States, with students hailing from 208 countries. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older. The following table is sortable, click on a heading to re-sort the table by values of that column. Rosenthal, philosopher Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, by 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the Board of Trustees of the CUNY. The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the Female Normal and High School – Founded in 1870, and later renamed the Normal College. It would be renamed again in 1914 to Hunter College, during the early 20th century, Hunter College expanded into the Bronx, with what became Herbert Lehman College. Brooklyn College – Founded in 1930, Queens College – Founded in 1937. CUNY has served a student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. Its four-year colleges offered a high quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class, during the post-World War I era, when some Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews, many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY. The City College of New York developed a reputation of being the Harvard of the proletariat, most of these limited matriculation students enrolled in the Evening Session, and paid tuition. Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew after World War II, community colleges would have drawn from the same city coffers that were funding the senior colleges, and city higher education officials were of the view that the state should finance them. It wasnt until 1955, under an arrangement with New York State. Unlike the day college students attending the citys public baccalaureate colleges for free, community college students paid tuition fees for approximately 10 years. Over time, tuition fees for limited-matriculated students became an important source of system revenues. In fall 1957, for example, nearly 36,000 attended Hunter, Brooklyn, Queens and City Colleges for free, but another 24,000 paid tuition fees of up to $300 a year – the equivalent of $2,413 in 2011

9.
Tom Cruise
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Thomas Cruise Mapother IV, known professionally as Tom Cruise, is an American actor and producer. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards and he started his career at age 19 in the film Endless Love. After portraying supporting roles in Taps and The Outsiders, his first leading role was in the romantic comedy Risky Business, Cruise became a full-fledged movie star after starring as Pete Maverick Mitchell in the action drama Top Gun. One of the biggest movie stars in Hollywood, Cruise starred in more successful films in the 1980s, including the dramas The Color of Money, Cocktail, Rain Man. In 2012, Cruise was Hollywoods highest-paid actor,16 of his films grossed over $100 million domestically,22 have grossed in excess of $200 million worldwide. In 2002, Cruise won the Saturn Award for Best Actor for Vanilla Sky, in 2003, he won an AFI Movie of the Year Award for The Last Samurai and an Empire Award for Best Actor for Minority Report. Cruise is an advocate for the Church of Scientology and its associated social programs. Cruise was born in Syracuse, New York, the son of Mary Lee, a special teacher, and Thomas Cruise Mapother III. He has three sisters, Lee Anne, Marian, and Cass and they are of English, German, and Irish ancestry. One of Cruises paternal great-great-great-grandfathers, Patrick Russell Cruise, was born in north County Dublin in 1799, he married Teresa Johnson in County Meath and they left Ireland for the United States that same year and settled in New York. They had a daughter, Mary Paulina Russell Cruise, whose son Thomas Cruise Mapother was Cruises great-grandfather, a cousin, William Mapother, is also an actor, he and Cruise have appeared in five films together. Cruise grew up in poverty, and had a Catholic upbringing. The family was dominated by his father, whom Cruise has described as a merchant of chaos. Cruise has said that he was beaten by his father, whom he has called a bully and he stated, He was the kind of person where, if something goes wrong, they kick you. It was a lesson in my life—how hed lull you in, make you feel safe and then. For me, it was like, Theres something wrong with this guy, Cruise spent part of his childhood in Canada. His family moved to Beacon Hill, Ottawa, in late 1971 so that Cruises father could take a position as a consultant with the Canadian Armed Forces. There, Cruise attended the newly opened Robert Hopkins Public School for much of grade four, in grade four, Cruise first became involved in drama, under the tutelage of George Steinburg

10.
Scientology and celebrities
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Recruiting Scientologist celebrities and getting them to endorse Scientology to the public at large has always been very important to the Church of Scientology. Early interested parties included former silent-screen star Gloria Swanson and jazz pianist Dave Brubeck, a Scientology policy letter of 1976 states that rehabilitation of celebrities who are just beyond or just approaching their prime enables the rapid dissemination of Scientology. The Church of Scientology operates special Celebrity Centres, Scientology policy governs the Celebrity Centres, stating that one of the major purposes of the Celebrity Centre and its staff is to expand the number of celebrities in Scientology. As founder L. Ron Hubbard put it, Celebrities are very Special people and have a distinct line of dissemination. They have comm lines that others do not have and many medias to get their dissemination through Hugh B and it celebrates your individual identity as ultimately divine. It claims to give you ultimate power over your own mind, self, destiny, so it kind of is a spiritual validation for that kind of lifestyle. The Church of Scientology has a history of seeking out artists, musicians, writers and actors. Fresh Tom Cruise Kate Ceberano List of Scientologists Celebrity Centre International, presentation of the Celebrity Centers and news about Scientologist celebrities. A presentation of successes in Scientology by some Celebrities, notable Scientologists at DMOZ Scientology and Celebrities. Scan of Hubbards instructions to use Celebrities for Scientology, Hubbard names celebrities as quarry to be hunted. Another look at Scientology, Scientology Celebrities, Celebrity Critics of Scientology – Celebrities against Scientology. Scan of HCO Policy Letter 23 May 1976R

11.
Celebrity Centres
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The Celebrity Centre International was established in Los Angeles, California, in 1969 by Yvonne Gillham, a Sea Org member who worked with L. Ron Hubbard. Since then, other centres have been established in Düsseldorf, Florence, Las Vegas, London, Munich, Nashville, New York City, Paris, Vienna, and a number of other cities across the world. Critics of Scientology point to Hubbards launch of Project Celebrity in 1955 to recruit celebrities into the church, the church denies the existence of a policy to actively recruit high-ranking celebrities. On November 23,2008, Mario Majorski arrived at the Los Angeles Celebrity Centre wielding dual samurai swords, Majorski was shot by Celebrity Centre security guards, and was later pronounced dead at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center. Police regard the guards actions as justifiable, Majorski was a Scientologist in the early 1990s, however, he left the group fifteen years prior to the incident, according to church spokesperson Tommy Davis. When he was still a member of the church, Majorski had filed lawsuits, later dismissed, against Louis West, Scientology and celebrities Renaissance Scientology Celebrity Centre International. A presentation of the Celebrity Centres churches

12.
Internal Revenue Service
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The Internal Revenue Service is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code and its duty to maximize tax revenue entails providing tax assistance to taxpayers, as well as pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings. The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs, and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act. The IRS originated with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, an office created in 1862 to assess the nations first income tax. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Unions war expenses and was allowed to expire a decade later, in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, in the 1950s, the agency was renamed the Internal Revenue Service and significantly reorganized. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 modernized the IRS and restructured it along a private sector model, in the 2015 fiscal year, the IRS processed almost 240 million returns and collected approximately $3.3 trillion in revenue, spending 35¢ for every $100 it collected. The Revenue Act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax and it copied a relatively new British system of income taxation, instead of trade and property taxation. The first income tax was passed in 1862, The initial rate was 3% on income over $800, in 1862 the rate was 3% on income between $600 and $10,000, and 5% on income over $10,000. In 1864 the rate was 5% on income between $600 and $5,000,7. 5% on income $5, 000–10,000, and 10% on income $10,000 and above. By the end of the war, 10% of Union households had paid some form of tax. After the Civil War, Reconstruction, railroads, and transforming the North and South war machines towards peacetime required public funding, however, in 1872, seven years after the war, lawmakers allowed the temporary Civil War income tax to expire. Income taxes evolved, but in 1894 the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax of 1894 unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co. a decision that contradicted Hylton v. United States, the federal government scrambled to raise money. In 1906, with the election of President Theodore Roosevelt, and later his successor William Howard Taft, by February 1913,36 states had ratified the change to the Constitution. It was further ratified by six states by March. Of the 48 states at the time,42 ratified it, connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah rejected the amendment, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida did not take up the issue. A copy of the very first IRS1040 form, dated 1913, in the first year after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, no taxes were collected—instead, taxpayers simply completed the form and the IRS checked it for accuracy. The IRSs workload jumped by ten-fold, triggering a massive restructuring, professional tax collectors began to replace a system of patronage appointments

13.
Mary Sue Hubbard
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Mary Sue Hubbard was the third wife of L. Ron Hubbard, from 1952 until his death in 1986. She was a figure in Scientology for much of her life. The Hubbards had four children, Diana, Quentin, Suzette and she became involved in Hubbards Dianetics in 1952, while still a student at the University of Texas at Austin, becoming a Dianetics auditor. She soon became involved in a relationship with Hubbard and married him in March 1952 and she accompanied her husband to Phoenix, Arizona, where they established the Hubbard Association of Scientologists – the forerunner of the Church of Scientology, which was itself founded in 1953. She was credited with helping to coin the word Scientology and she played a leading role in the management of the Church of Scientology, rising to become the head of the Churchs Guardians Office. In August 1978, she was indicted by the United States government on charges of conspiracy relating to illegal covert operations mounted by the Guardians Office against government agencies. She was convicted in December 1979 and was sentenced to five years imprisonment and she was forced to resign her post in July 1981 and served a year in prison from January 1983, after exhausting her appeals against her conviction. In the late 1990s, she fell ill with breast cancer, Mary Sue Whipp was born in Rockdale, Texas, to Harry and Mary Catherine Whipp. She grew up in Houston, where she attended Rice University for a year moving on to the University of Texas at Austin. She originally intended to work in research, but a friend persuaded her to travel with him to Wichita, Kansas. She soon began an affair with Hubbard, who had just been divorced from his second wife Sara and she obtained a Hubbard Dianetic Auditors Certificate and joined the Foundations staff. She became pregnant in February 1952 and married Hubbard the next month, by this time the Foundation had filed for bankruptcy, and Hubbards erstwhile backer, Don Purcell, was left to deal with its substantial debts. A bitter dispute broke out between the men over the ownership of the Foundations remaining assets, with Hubbard resigning to start a rival Hubbard College on the side of Wichita. Mary Sue was given responsibility for running the new Dianetics establishment. After six weeks of operation it was replaced in April 1952 by the Hubbard Association of Scientologists, established in Phoenix, the Hubbards traveled to England in September 1952 when Mary Sue was eight months pregnant. According to the Church of Scientology, the reason for the trip was that amid the constant violence of the turncoat Don J, three weeks later, on September 24,1952, she gave birth to her first child, Diana Meredith de Wolfe Hubbard. The Hubbards returned to the United States in November when their visa expired and moved into an apartment in Philadelphia and they went back to London in December on a fresh visa and stayed there until the end of May 1953, before departing for an extended holiday in Spain. In October 1953 they returned to the US where Hubbard gave a series of lectures in Camden, New Jersey, by this time, Mary Sue was well advanced with her second pregnancy and remained largely confined to a rented house at Medford Lakes, New Jersey

14.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

15.
Scientology controversies
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Since its inception in 1954, the Church of Scientology has been involved in a number of controversies. When mainstream media outlets have reported alleged abuses, representatives of the church have tended to deny such allegations, many critics have called into question several of the practices and policies of the Church of Scientology regarding its dealings with its critics and detractors. The church maintains strict control over the use of its symbols, names, individuals or groups who practice Scientology without affiliation with the church have been sued for violation of copyright and trademark law. One example cited by critics is a 1995 lawsuit against the Washington Post newspaper et al, as the increasingly vitriolic rhetoric of its briefs and oral argument now demonstrates, the RTC appears far more concerned about criticism of Scientology than vindication of its secrets. There have been a number of controversies between Scientology and psychiatry since the founding of the Church of Scientology in 1952, Scientology is publicly, and often vehemently, opposed to both psychiatry and psychology. Scientologists view psychiatry as a barbaric and corrupt profession and encourage alternative care based on spiritual healing, according to the Church of Scientology, psychiatry has a long history of improper and abusive care. The groups views have been disputed, criticized and condemned by experts in the medical and scientific community, Scientology also purports that the secular perception of what is mentally normal are not based on science, a contradiction to the claims of psychiatry and psychology. The Church founded an organization called Citizens Commission on Human Rights. The museum is dedicated to criticizing what it describes as an industry driven entirely by profit and it has a variety of displays and exhibits that highlight physical psychiatric treatments, such as restraints, psychoactive drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery. Many of Scientologys critics have also reported they were subject to threats, the organizations actions reflect a formal policy for dealing with criticism instituted by L. Ron Hubbard, called attack the attacker. Hubbard codified this policy in the half of the 1960s in response to government investigations into the organization. In 1966, Hubbard wrote a criticism of the behavior and noted the correct procedure for attacking enemies of Scientology. Start investigating them promptly for felonies or worse using own professionals, double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them. Start feeding lurid, blood, sex, crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press, dont ever tamely submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on all the way. You can get reasonable about it and lose, sure we have nothing to hide. BUT attackers are simply an anti-Scientology propaganda agency so far as we are concerned and they have proven they want no facts and will only lie no matter what they discover. So BANISH all ideas that any fair hearing is intended and start our attack with their first breath, use their blood, sex, crime to get headlines

16.
E-meter
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The E-meter is a device for displaying and/or recording the electrodermal activity of a human being. Such devices have used as a research tool in many human studies. In 1849, Dubois-Reymond in Germany first observed that human skin was electrically active, other more complex activity in response to alternating current has been studied. In 1878 in Switzerland, Hermann and Luchsinger demonstrated a connection between EDA and sweat glands, vigouroux was the first researcher to relate these phenomena to psychological activity. In 1888, the French neurologist Féré demonstrated that skin resistance activity could be changed by emotional stimulation, the first EDA meter was developed in Russia 1889 by Ivane Tarkhnishvili. It was popularized for psychotherapy by Carl Gustav Jung in a series of published in German in 1906. Jung and his colleagues used meters to evaluate the emotional sensitivities of patients during word association, Jung was so impressed with the instrument, he allegedly cried, Aha, a looking glass into the unconscious. Jung described his use of the device in counseling in his book, Studies in Word Association, Volney Mathison built an EDA meter based on a Wheatstone bridge, a vacuum tube amplifier, and a large moving-coil meter that projected an image of the needle on the wall. He patented his device in 1954 as an electropsychometer or E-meter, in Mathisons words, the E-meter has a needle that swings back and forth across a scale when a patient holds on to two electrical contacts. Mathison recorded in his book, Electropsychometry, that the idea of the E-meter came to him in 1950 while listening to a lecture by L. Ron Hubbard and it appeared to me that the psychogalvanometer showed most promise. L. Ron Hubbard told of that encounter in a 1952 recorded lecture, This machine, very early I wanted a pilot, I had to have some method of metering preclears which was not dependent at all upon opinion or judgment. And I went out and looked at the existing lie detector equipment, now, Volney Mathison out on the Coast heard a talk out there one day, and I mentioned this fact. This machine is simple, but it’s a current floating inside another current. And I am, by the way, very much indebted to Mathison just on this basis of all of a sudden having a pilot, Mathison began working with Hubbard in 1951 and that year filed application for his first E-meter patent, U. S. In a separate line of development, EDA monitors were incorporated in polygraph machines by Leonarde Keeler, rigorous testing of the polygraph has yielded mixed results, and some critics classify polygraph operation as a pseudoscience. The E-meter was adopted for use in Dianetics and Scientology when Mathison collaborated with L. Ron Hubbard in 1951. Some sources say the E-meter was developed by Volney Mathison following Hubbards designs, or that Hubbard invented it. ”The e-meter was not part of the days of Dianetics. Auditing was composed of conversation and not lead by a mechanical device, Hubbard introduced an E-meter prototype during the 1952 Philadelphia Doctorate Course but did not introduce his transistorized version after several years later

17.
United States Marshals Service
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The United States Marshals Service is a federal law enforcement agency within the U. S. Department of Justice. It is the oldest American federal law enforcement agency, which was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington, the Marshals Service is attached to the Judicial branch of government, and is the enforcement arm of the federal courts. It is the agency for fugitive operations, responsible for prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court. The Marshals Service operates the Witness Protection Program, and serves federal level arrest warrants, the office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24,1789, the Act provided that the United States Marshals primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The critical Supreme Court decision, affirming the authority of the federal marshals, was made in In re Neagle 135 U. S.1. For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge and they were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896. Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in service during the American Revolution. From the nations earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions, local law enforcement officials were often called marshals so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official. Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, the largest part of the business was paper work—serving writs, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts, Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U. S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the bailiffs, criers and they made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the government within their districts. They took the census every decade through 1870. During the settlement of the American Frontier, marshals served as the source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own. U. S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the Old West era, Bill Tilghman, Heck Thomas, and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as The Three Guardsmen when they worked together policing the vast, lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories

18.
L. Ron Hubbard House
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The building is a contributing property to the Dupont Circle Historic District, a neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The row of buildings located at 1810 -1820 19th Street NW was designed by architectural firm Wood, Donn. Notable owners of the home during the early 20th century included United States Senators James K. Jones, Hubbard purchased the home in 1955, the same year he organized the Founding Church which met at 1826 R Street NW from July 21,1955 until 1959. The building later served as the home of the Academy of Scientology, previously located at 1845 R Street NW, additional Scientology organizations once located at the L. Ron Hubbard House include the National Academy of American Psychology. In January 1963, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration ordered a raid against the Academys 19th Street location, the raid resulted in a lawsuit filed by the FDA against the Founding Church. In 1971, the Church and FDA reached a settlement which included a ruling that all bear a prominent warning label. The seized items were returned to the Founding Church in October 1973, after the Founding Church sold the property in the mid-1970s, it was once again used for residential purposes. An organization called the Friends of L. Ron Hubbard repurchased the home in 2004, the three-story L. Ron Hubbard House is an example of Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, a design frequently used by Waddy Butler Wood and his associates. The buildings exterior consists of cream-colored brick, accented with stone, decorative features include a two-story bay window, red-tiled roof, and Flemish gable. The museum opened in 2007 following a renovation to restore the building to its 1957 appearance. It contains a recreation of the Hubbard Communications Office and various literature describing Hubbards early life, a tour of the museum is available by appointment only. The 2014 property value of the L. Ron Hubbard House is $2,004,060, since October 27,2003, ownership of the building has been registered to Heritage Properties International. List of museums in Washington, D. C, official site Church of Scientology of Washington, D. C

19.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

20.
Clearwater, Florida
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Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County, Florida, United States, northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg. To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 107,685. It is the county seat of Pinellas County, Clearwater is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area, most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. Cleveland Street is one of the citys avenues and the city includes Spectrum Field. The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach, Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium, where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live. Clearwater is the spiritual headquarters for the Church of Scientology. Present-day Clearwater was originally the home of the Tocobaga people, around 1835, the United States Army began construction of Fort Harrison, named after William Henry Harrison, as an outpost during the Seminole Wars. The fort was located on a bluff overlooking Clearwater Harbor, which became part of an early 20th-century residential development called Harbor Oaks. University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1962 after Mark Wyllie discovered an under ground ammunition bunker while planting a tree in his yard. The areas population grew after the Federal Armed Occupation Act of 1842 offered 160 acres to anyone who would bear arms, early settlers included the Stevens, Stevenson, Sever and McMullen families, who claimed and farmed large tracts of land. Prior to 1906, the area was known as Clear Water Harbor, the name Clear Water is thought to have come from a fresh water spring flowing from near where the City Hall building is located today. There were many other freshwater springs that dotted the bluff, many in the bay or harbor itself, originally part of Hillsborough County, the first road joining Clearwater and Tampa was built in 1849, which dramatically reduced the prior day-long commute between the cities. During the American Civil War, Union gunboats repeatedly raided the communitys supplies, the town began developing in the late nineteenth century, prompted by Peter Demens completion of the first passenger railroad line into the city in 1888. Clearwater was incorporated in 1891, with James E. Crane becoming the first mayor, the areas popularity as a vacation destination grew after railroad magnate Henry B. Plant built a sprawling Victorian resort hotel named Belleview Biltmore just south of Clearwater in 1897, by the early 1900s, Clearwaters population had grown to around 400, ballooning to nearly 1,000 in the winter. Clearwaters oldest existing newspaper, the Clearwater Sun, was first published on March 14,1914, Clearwater was reincorporated, this time as a city, on May 27,1915, and was designated the county seat for Pinellas County, which broke from Hillsborough County in 1912. In 1915, a bridge was built across Clearwater Harbor, joining the city with Clearwater Beach to the west, Clearwater Beach, although located on a separate barrier island, belongs to the city of Clearwater and fronts the Gulf of Mexico. A new, much higher bridge now arcs over the bay, replacing the former drawbridge, during World War II, Clearwater became a major training base for US troops destined for Europe and the Pacific

21.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St

22.
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
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Its philosophical position is one of scientific skepticism. CSIs fellows have included notable scientists, Nobel laureates, philosophers, psychologists and it is headquartered in Amherst, New York. In the early 1970s, there was an upsurge of interest in the paranormal in the United States and this generated concern in some quarters, where it was seen as part of a growing tide of irrationalism. According to Kurtz, the statement was sent to every newspaper in the United States, Kurtz, Randi, Gardner and Hyman took seats on the executive board. CSICOP was officially launched at a specially convened conference of the AHA on April 30, CSICOP would be funded with donations and sales of their magazine, Skeptical Inquirer. The formal mission statement, approved in 2006 and still current, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry promotes science and scientific inquiry, critical thinking, science education, and the use of reason in examining important issues. A shorter version of the statement appears in every issue. Promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial, a history of the first two decades is available in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal published in 1998 by S. I. editor Kendrick Frazier. Paul Kurtz was inspired by the 1949 Belgian organization Comité Para, the initial acronym, CSICP was difficult to pronounce and so was changed to CSICOP. According to James Alcock, it was never intended to be Psi Cop, in November 2006, CSICOP further shortened its name to Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, pronounced C-S-I. An axiom often repeated among CSI members is the quote from Carl Sagan. Based on a quote by Marcello Truzzi An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof. Cecil Adams of The Straight Dope calls Skeptical Inquirer one of the nations leading antifruitcake journals, in addition, it publishes Skeptical Briefs, a quarterly newsletter published for associate members. CSI conducts and publishes investigations into Bigfoot and UFO sightings, psychics, astrologers, alternative medicine, religious cults, CSICOP has held dozens of conferences between 1983 and 2005, two of them in Europe, and all six World Skeptics Congresses so far were sponsored by it. Since 2011, the conference is known as CSICon, two conventions have been held in conjunction with its sister and parent organizations, CSH and CFI, in 2013 and 2015. CSI has also supported local efforts, such as SkeptiCamp community-organized conferences. Many CSI activities are oriented towards the media, the strategy was twofold, First, to strengthen the hand of skeptics in the media by providing information that debunked paranormal wonders. Second, to serve as a group which would direct public

23.
Central Intelligence Agency
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As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010, the CIA has increasingly expanded its roles, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center, has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations, when the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, warning/informing American leaders of important overseas events, with Pakistan described as an intractable target. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, the Executive Office also supports the U. S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperates on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, each branch of the military service has its own Director. The Directorate has four regional groups, six groups for transnational issues. There is a dedicated to Iraq, regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia and Europe, and the Asian Pacific, Latin American. The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting intelligence. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U. S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, in spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, under the Defense Intelligence Agency. This Directorate is known to be organized by regions and issues. The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force, the U-2s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union. It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

24.
Operation Freakout
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Cooper, a freelance journalist and author, had begun researching Scientology in 1968 and wrote a critical article on the church for the British magazine Queen in 1969. The church promptly sued for libel, adding Queen to the dozens of British publications that it had already sued, undeterred, Cooper expanded her article into a full-length book, The Scandal of Scientology. It was published by Tower Publications, Inc. of New York in the summer of 1971, the church responded by suing her in December 1971, demanding $300,000 for untrue, libelous and defamatory statements about the Church. Cooper was seen as a high-priority target by the churchs Guardians Office, in response, Milner ordered his subordinates to attack her in as many ways as possible and undertake wide-scale exposure of PCs sex life, a plan which was named Operation Daniel. Cooper counter-sued on March 30,1972, demanding $15.4 million in damages for the ongoing harassment and she also received anonymous death threats and her neighbors received letters claiming that she had a venereal disease. In December 1972, the church launched a new attack called Operation Dynamite and that month, a woman ostensibly soliciting funds for United Farm Workers stole a quantity of stationery from Coopers apartment. A few days later, the New York Church of Scientology received two anonymous bomb threats, the following May, Cooper was indicted for making the bomb threats and arraigned for a federal grand jury. The threats had been written on her stationery, which was marked with her fingerprints and she was arraigned for the crime. The church sued Cooper again in 1975 in the United Kingdom, the United States, the church itself imported Coopers books into foreign countries for the express purpose of suing her in jurisdictions where the libel laws were stricter than in the United States. Third, a Scientologist volunteer was to impersonate Paulette Cooper at a laundromat and threaten the current president Gerald Ford, a second Scientologist would thereafter inform the FBI of the threat. Two additional plans were added to Operation Freakout on April 13,1976, the fourth plan called for Scientologist agents to gather information from Cooper so that the success of the first three plans could be assessed. The fifth plan was for a Scientologist to warn an Arab consulate by telephone that Paulette Cooper had been talking about bombing it, a sixth and final plan was added subsequently. Guardians Office staff member Bruce Raymond noted in an internal memo, worked with all the other channels. The F. B. I. already think she did the bomb threats on the C of S. On March 31,1976, Jane Kember telexed Henning Heldt, have her lawyer contacted and also arrange for PC to get the data that we can slap the writs on her. If you want legal docs, from here on we will provide, then if she still declines to come we slap the writs on her before she reaches CW as we dont want to be seen publically being brutal to such a pathetic victim from a concentration camp. Ultimately, Operation Freakout was never put into effect, on July 8,1977, however, the FBI raided Scientology offices in Los Angeles and Washington, D. C. seizing over 48,000 documents. They revealed the extent to which the Church had committed criminal campaigns of vilification, burglaries, against private and public individuals and organizations, as the U. S. Government prosecutor put it

25.
Paulette Cooper
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Paulette Marcia Cooper is an American author who is best known for her activism against the Church of Scientology and the subsequent harassment she suffered from Scientologists. Coopers books have sold close to a half a million copies, Cooper was born in Belgium to parents who died at Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, she spent years in orphanages in Belgium, until she was adopted by the Cooper family. She became an American citizen when she was 8 and she began her freelance writing career in 1968, after completing a masters degree in psychology. Cooper has written a total of 20 books on a variety of subjects, Coopers conflict with Scientology began in 1970 when the Church of Scientology filed suit against her in a British court for a critical article she wrote that was published in Londons Queen magazine. Her 1971 book, The Scandal of Scientology, was an expansion of the work she had begun with the article, the book earned her more negative attention from members of Scientology, and that same year the Church filed a second lawsuit against her in Los Angeles Superior Court. In the years to come, Scientology instituted a total of nineteen lawsuits against Cooper from all over the world, the campaign was discovered when the FBI raided Scientology offices in 1977 and recovered documents relating to the operation. Sometime in 1977, Coopers assassination was planned, along with another murder. The Church of Scientology finally agreed to a settlement with Cooper in 1985. In May 2015, Tony Ortega released a book about Cooper and she is married to television producer Paul Noble. They live in Palm Beach, Florida, the couple have authored four books together. In 1992, the American Society of Journalists and Authors awarded her their highest honor and she has also won five other writing awards for her other books and numerous articles on a variety of subjects unrelated to cults. OCLC921001 Growing up Puerto Rican, ISBN 0-679-50382-X Lets Find Out About Halloween. ISBN 0-671-87020-3 The 100 Top Psychics in America, ISBN 0-671-53401-7277 Secrets Your Cat Wants You to Know. ISBN 0-89815-952-0277 Secrets Your Dog Wants You to Know, ISBN 1-58008-014-6277 Secrets Your Snake and Lizard Wants You to Know. ISBN 1-58008-035-9 The Most Romantic Resorts for Destination Weddings, Marriage Renewals & Honeymoons, ISBN 1-56171-914-5 Fair Game Scientology documents about Paulette Cooper seized by the FBI. Paulette Cooper homepage Paulette Coopers description of her frame-up The Scandal of Scientology by Paulette Cooper Media The 1982 Clearwater Hearings, Day 4 - May 8,1982

26.
Cult Awareness Network
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It was founded in the wake of the November 18,1978 deaths of members of the group Peoples Temple and assassination of Congressman Leo J. Ryan in Jonestown, Guyana, and was shut down in 1996. Its name and assets were bought by a group of private donors in a bankruptcy proceedings, with the transfer of ownership. CAN was initially directed by Patricia Ryan, the daughter of US Congressman Leo J. Ryan, the Citizens Freedom Foundation was originally headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, and collected information on New Religious Movements. By 1991, the Cult Awareness Network had twenty-three chapters dedicated to monitoring two hundred groups that it referred to as, mind control cults, actor Mike Farrell was one of the members of the board of advisors of CAN. In 1990, the Cult Awareness Network established the John Gordon Clark Fund, in honor of psychiatrist John G. Clark, the fund was established to assist former members of destructive cults. The CFF was originally in favour of deprogramming, but distanced itself from the practice in the late 1970s, despite this, The Cult Awareness Network also became the subject of controversy, when CAN-associated Galen Kelly and Donald Moore, were convicted in the course of carrying out deprogrammings. Detractors Susan E. Darnell Anson D. Shupe, Darnell and they claimed it was a Chicago-based national anticult organization claiming to be purely a tax-exempt informational clearinghouse on new religions. In 1991, Time magazine quoted then CAN director Cynthia Kisser in its article The Thriving Cult of Greed, Kisser stated, Scientology is quite likely the most ruthless, the most classically terroristic, the most litigious and the most lucrative cult the country has ever seen. No cult extracts more money from its members and this quote has since been referenced verbatim in other secondary sources discussing Scientology. The court ordered CAN to pay a judgment of US$1 million, in 1996, CAN went bankrupt and its assets were bought by a coalition of organizations and individuals, including Scientologists. The Bankruptcy Trustee told The Washington Post that he put CANs name-brand assets on the block only because Kisser herself asked to buy them. Following its bankruptcy, the files of the Old CAN were made available to scholars for study, some deprogrammers relied upon CAN to provide a steady supply of paying customers. The National Resource Development and Economic Council was formed in the mid 1980s and had become institutionalized as a unit within CAN by 1987. CAN-associated deprogrammers include Steven Hassan, Carol Giambalvo, Rick Ross, Ted Patrick, Galen Kelly, David Clark, Donald Moore, the Jason Scott case in 1995 demonstrated the ongoing involvement of the Old CAN in deprogramming referrals. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements states that the Old CAN countered fiscal challenges by soliciting donations for referrals, in a chapter co-authored by David G. Bromley, Anson Shupe, and Susan E. In an interview, CANs executive director emphasized that the cult with regard to Landmark Education was not important. In 1994, Landmark Education Corporation sued the Cult Awareness Network for US$40 million, the case itself involved a dispute over the legality and applicable usage of what Matthews termed cult indoctrination procedures. CAN later settled and made a statement that it did not consider Landmark Education a cult, the action against Pressman was dropped after the Cult Awareness Network litigation was settled

27.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C

28.
Religious Technology Center
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Since 1986, David Miscavige has served as the organizations Chairman of the Board. It licenses the marks to CSI for sublicense to subordinate churches, RTC was incorporated on January 1,1982 in Los Angeles, California by Terri Gamboa, David Mayo, Norman Starkey, Phoebe Mauerer, Lyman Spurlock, Julia Watson, and David Miscavige. Six months later, on June 15,1982, the Articles of Incorporation were restated, on April 8,1986 they were amended in order to clarify the disposition of RTCs assets upon the dissolution of the corporation. On September 21,1993 the following individuals held corporate positions at RTC, The Board of Trustees was composed of David Miscavige, Gregory Wilhere, the members of RTCs Board of Directors were at that time Mark Rathbun, Warren McShane, and David Miscavige. RTCs President was Mark Rathbun, its Secretary Warren McShane, as of February 5,2001 RTCs corporate officers were Warren McShane, Laurisse Stuckenbrock, and Barbara Griffin. On August 19,1993, RTC filed an application for tax exemption under section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code, in the same year the Internal Revenue Service granted RTCs request for exemption. The granting of tax exemption to RTC and other Scientology corporations was preceded by years of litigation between the IRS and the various entities of Scientology. According to former high-ranking executives, the Scientology organization had launched about 200 lawsuits against the IRS until 1991, during the same time, individual parishioners of Scientology had initiated 2,300 claims against the agency, challenging the denial of tax deduction for their services at Scientology organizations. Main Corporate Activities The Religious Technology Center is the owner of certain trademarks and these marks and its related intellectual property form the Dianetics spiritual healing technology and the Scientology applied religious technology. The organizations receive the right to sell the technology through license agreements with RTC as license holder and/or the Church of Scientology International as a sub-licensor, RTC and CSI in return derive their corporative income through the license fees, which in turn are obtained through those agreements. The licensing and its actions are major corporate activities of the various Scientology-organizations. Ron Hubbard through an Assignment Agreement and this agreement was subject to an additional Option Agreement between Hubbard, RTC and another Scientology corporation, the Church of Spiritual Technology. In two Option Agreements from May 1982, Hubbard granted CST the right to purchase at any time from RTC the Marks, under these agreements RTC is to turn over 90% of its net income to CST. A document from 1991, reflecting the financial money flows of RTC during the year 1989, Religious Technology Center and Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc. On January 1,1982 RTC and FSO signed a covenant with similar content to the covenant between RTC and CoSWUS. RTC has registered its service marks and trademarks in various countries all over the world, all corporate positions of IGN were held by members of RTC. At the time of Scientologys application for tax exemption, WISE and it had the same functions as IGN, prior to IGNs incorporation in 1985. RTC Australia RTC Australia was incorporated in 1986 as an office for RTC in Australia

29.
Operation Snow White
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Operation Snow White was a criminal conspiracy by the Church of Scientology during the 1970s to purge unfavorable records about Scientology and its founder, L. Ron Hubbard. It was one of the largest infiltrations of the United States government in history and this operation also exposed the Scientology plot Operation Freakout, because Operation Snow White was the case that initiated the US government investigation of the Church. Under this program, Scientology operatives committed infiltration, wiretapping, and theft of documents in government offices, the case was United States v. Mary Sue Hubbard et al.493 F. Supp. As early as 1960, L. Ron Hubbard had proposed that Scientologists should infiltrate government departments by taking secretarial, in the early 1970s, the Church of Scientology was increasingly scrutinized by US federal agencies, having already been raided by the Food and Drug Administration in 1963. The Internal Revenue Service claimed the Church owed millions of dollars in taxes, the Churchs response involved a publicity campaign, extensive litigation against the IRS and a program of infiltration of agency offices. The specific branch of Scientology responsible for Operation Snow White was the Guardians Office, created in 1966 by L. Ron Hubbard, the purpose of the Guardians Office was to protect the interests of Scientology. At the time of Operation Snow White, the Guardians Office had its headquarters located at Saint Hill Manor in England. Headquarters in the United States were in Los Angeles, California, though smaller offices existed in Washington, D. C. each Guardian Offices consisted of five bureaus. One such bureau was the Information Bureau, which oversaw the infiltration of the government, L. Ron Hubbard oversaw the Guardians Office, though it was Mary Sue Hubbard, his wife, who held the title Commodore Staff Guardian. Several years later, in 1973, the Guardians Office began a massive infiltration of governments around the world, Jane Kember handed this duty to Henning Heldt and his staff. Around this time L. Ron Hubbard himself wrote Guardian Order 732 and it is here that Operation Snow White has its origins. Though the order called for this to be achieved by legal means, Hubbard himself would later be named by federal prosecutors as an unindicted co-conspirator for his part in the operation. Though extensive records of his involvement exist, many Scientologists claim his directives were misinterpreted by his followers, Operation Snow White would be further refined by Guardian Order 1361. S. Coast Guard intelligence service, and the National Institute of Mental Health, among others, the program called for rewards to be given for successful missions carried out by Scientologists. The purpose of Operation Cat was to hold up the American security to ridicule, the start of 1974 saw Michael Meisner appointed Assistant Guardian for Information in the District of Columbia. Meisners responsibilities included the implementation of all Information Bureau orders, programs, Meisners supervisor at this time was Duke Snider, the Assistant Guardian for DC, or AG DC. This was the highest position in Washingtons GO office, in July 1974, Meisner was ordered by Duke Snider to implement the previously written plan to obtain Interpol documents, which were then located in the U. S. Department of the Treasury. This employee was to all documents dealing with Scientology, especially those involving current litigation by Scientology against the government

30.
Espionage
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Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition

31.
Telephone tapping
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Telephone tapping is the monitoring of telephone and Internet conversations by a third party, often by covert means. The wire tap received its name because, historically, the connection was an actual electrical tap on the telephone line. Legal wiretapping by a government agency is also called lawful interception, passive wiretapping monitors or records the traffic, while active wiretapping alters or otherwise affects it. Lawful interception is officially controlled in many countries to safeguard privacy. Illegal or unauthorized telephone tapping is often a criminal offense, however, the telephone recording laws in most U. S. states require only one party to be aware of the recording, while 12 states require both parties to be aware. It is considered better practice to announce at the beginning of a call that the conversation is being recorded, in Canadian law, police are allowed to wiretap without the authorization from a court when there is the risk for imminent harm, such as kidnapping or a bomb threat. They must believe that the interception is immediately necessary to prevent an act that could cause serious harm to any person or to property. This was introduced by Rob Nicholson on February 11,2013, the Supreme Court gave Parliament twelve months to rewrite a new law. Bill C-51 was then released, which transformed the Canadian Security Intelligence Agency from an intelligence gathering agency, legal protection extends to private communications where the participants would not expect unintended persons to learn the content of the communication. A single participant can legally, and covertly record a conversation, otherwise police normally need a judicial warrant based upon probable grounds to record a conversation they are not a part of. The government has set up the Centralized Monitoring System to automate the process of lawful interception, the government of India on 2015 December 2 in a reply to parliament question no. The contracts or licenses by which the state telephone companies often require that the companies must provide access to tapping lines to law enforcement. When telephone exchanges were mechanical, a tap had to be installed by technicians, now that many exchanges have been converted to digital technology, tapping is far simpler and can be ordered remotely by computer. Telephone services provided by cable TV companies also use digital switching technology, a well-designed tap installed on a phone wire can be difficult to detect. In some instances some law enforcement may be able to access a mobile phones internal microphone even while it isnt actively being used on a phone call. The noises that some believe to be telephone taps are simply crosstalk created by the coupling of signals from other phone lines. Data on the calling and called number, time of call and duration, will generally be collected automatically on all calls and these data can be accessed by security services, often with fewer legal restrictions than for a tap. This information used to be collected using special equipment known as pen registers and trap and trace devices, today, a list of all calls to a specific number can be obtained by sorting billing records

32.
Lisa McPherson
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Lisa McPherson was an American member of the Church of Scientology who died of a pulmonary embolism while under the care of the Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc. The charges against the Church of Scientology were dropped after the medical examiner changed the cause of death from undetermined to an accident on June 13,2000. A civil suit brought by her family against the Church was settled on May 28,2004, during June 1995, the church placed McPherson in an introspection rundown due to perceived mental instability. Lisa completed the rundown, and she attested to the state of Clear in September, on November 18,1995, McPherson was involved in a minor car accident. Paramedics initially left her alone because she was ambulatory, but after she began to remove her clothes and she remarked to the paramedics that she had taken off her clothes in hopes of obtaining counseling. Hospital staff agreed that she was unharmed, but recommended keeping her overnight for observation, following intervention by fellow Scientologists, McPherson refused psychiatric observation or admission at the hospital and checked herself out after a short evaluation. And after that occurred, there was going to be a procedure run on her. The church accommodated McPherson in a cabana and kept a 24 hours watch over her, detailed logs were kept on McPhersons day-to-day care. These logs were handwritten on plain white paper, most of these logs were kept but the logs for the last three days were summarized from the originals and the originals shredded. She had trouble sleeping and was being given natural supplements and the drug chloral hydrate to help her sleep, a Church staffer noted that McPherson looked ill like measles or chicken pox on her face. On repeated occasions she refused food and protein shakes that the staff offered, on November 26 and 30 and December 3 to 4, the staff attempted to force feed her, noting that she spat the food out. She was noted to be weak, not standing up nor on some days moving at all. Scientologists who questioned this handling were told to butt out, on December 5,1995, the Church staffers contacted David Minkoff, a Scientologist medical doctor who twice prescribed McPherson Valium and chloral hydrate without examining her. They requested for him to prescribe an antibiotic to McPherson because she seemed to have an infection, Minkoff refused and stated that McPherson should be taken to a hospital and he needed to see her before prescribing anything. They objected, expressing fear that McPherson would be put under psychiatric care, Dr. Janice Johnson, a senior medical officer at Flag Land Base who was assigned to care for McPherson, stated that McPherson had been gasping and had labored breathing while en route. However they passed a total of four hospitals along the way to their ultimate destination, when they arrived at Minkoffs hospital 45 minutes north of Clearwater, McPherson exhibited no vital signs. Hospital staff attempted to resuscitate her for 20 minutes before declaring her dead, Scientologists called McPhersons family to say that she had died of meningitis or a blood clot on December 5,1995 while at Fort Murray for rest and relaxation. A suspicious death investigation began the day and an autopsy was performed

33.
Introspection Rundown
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The Introspection Rundown is a controversial Church of Scientology auditing process that is intended to handle a psychotic episode or complete mental breakdown. Introspection is defined for the purpose of this rundown as a condition where the person is looking into ones own mind, feelings, reactions, the result is the person extroverted, no longer looking inward worriedly continuously without end. The Introspection Rundown came under scrutiny after the death of Lisa McPherson in 1995. The rundown was created by L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, in Scientology, a rundown is a procedure set out as a series of steps to produce a particular result, or phenomenon. Hubbard outlined the Introspection Rundown in three technical bulletins, HCO Bulletin 23 January 1974RB, Revised 25 April 1991, The Technical Breakthrough of 1973 and they are contained in Technical Bulletins, volume X, published by Bridge Publications, copyright 1991. The first step of the rundown is isolate the person wholly with all attendants completely muzzled, auditing sessions are given frequently, otherwise the person is not spoken to. When it is obvious the person is out of his psychosis, to determine the end of isolation the supervisor in charge case of the person being isolated tests the persons condition by writing a note, such as Dear Joe. What can you guarantee me if you are let out of isolation, if Joes answer shows continued irresponsibility, the supervisor must write back something along the lines of, Dear Joe. Im sorry but it is no go on coming out of isolation yet, when it is obvious the person is out of his psychosis and up to the responsibility of living with others his isolation is ended. To administer this rundown a Scientologist requires an education in Scientology beliefs, there must be no mistakes and you cannot be heavy-handed on them. Its results are nothing short of miraculous, Church parishioner Lisa McPherson had a car accident in Clearwater, Florida on 18 November 1995, while studying at Scientology headquarters. She disrobed by the side of the road, in front of the paramedics who were there for a traffic accident report. McPherson was put on the Introspection Rundown after her accident on 18 November and it was her second time on the rundown, her first time having been in June. Her appearance after death was that of someone who had been denied water and food for some time. Additionally, her skin was covered with over a hundred insect bites and she was locked in a room for 17 days. List of Scientology Rundowns Scientology in the United States The Introspection Rundown The Lisa McPherson Clause, Scientology Moving to Secure Its Right to Kill Again

34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

35.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

36.
Tampa Bay Times
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The Tampa Bay Times, previously named the St. Petersburg Times through 2011, is an American newspaper published in St. Petersburg, Florida. It has won twelve Pulitzer Prizes since 1964, and in 2009, many issues are available through Google News Archive. A daily electronic version is available for the Amazon Kindle. The newspaper traces its origins to the West Hillsborough Times, a newspaper established in Dunedin. At the time, neither St. Petersburg nor Pinellas County existed, the paper was published weekly in the back of a pharmacy and had a circulation of 480. It subsequently changed ownership six times in seventeen years, in December 1884 it was bought by A. C. Turner, who moved it to Clear Water Harbor. In 1892 it moved to St. Petersburg, and by 1898 it was renamed the St. Petersburg Times. The Times became bi-weekly in 1907, and began six days a week in 1912. Paul Poynter, an originally from Indiana, bought the paper in September 1912 and converted to a seven-day paper. Pauls son, Nelson Poynter, became editor in 1939 and took majority control of the paper in 1947, Nelson Poynter controlled the paper until his death in 1978, when he willed the majority of the stock to the non-profit Poynter Institute. In November 1986, the Evening Independent was merged into the Times, Poynter was succeeded by Eugene Patterson, Andrew Barnes, Paul Tash and Neil Brown. On January 1,2012, the St, as the newly rechristened Tampa Bay Times, the papers weekday tabloid tbt*, a free daily publication and which used as its subtitle, became just tbt when the name change took place. The St. Pete Times name lives on as the name for the Times neighborhood news sections in southern Pinellas County, serving communities from Largo southward. The Times has also been an opponent to the Church of Scientology, since the churchs acquisition of the Fort Harrison Hotel in 1975. The Times has published reports and series critical of the church and its current leader. The newspaper operates PolitiFact. com, a project in which its reporters and editors fact-check statements by members of Congress, the site also includes an Obameter, tracking U. S. President Barack Obamas performance with regard to his campaign promises. List of newspapers in Florida Media in the Tampa Bay Area James F. Tracy, strikebusting in St. Petersburg, Nelson Poynters Postwar Assault on Union Printers. What will happen to the Tampa Bay Times, official website Todays Tampa Bay Times front page at the Newseum website PolitiFact. com website

37.
Phoenix New Times
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The Phoenix New Times is a free, weekly Phoenix, Arizona newspaper, put out every Thursday. It was the publication of New Times Media, but The Village Voice is now the flagship publication of that company. Gary Brennan played a role in its creation, according to the 20th Anniversary issue of the New Times, published on May 2,1990, Fiore suggested that the anti-war crowd put out its own paper. The first summer issues were called the Arizona Times and assembled in the staffs La Crescenta apartments across from ASU, the Arizona Times was renamed the New Times as the first college issue went to press in September 1970. The paper covers Phoenix and Arizona news issues and it also provides reviews of local restaurants, theater, art exhibits and Hollywood motion picture releases, and provides a listing of concerts for many genres of music. It also features nationally syndicated relationship advice columnist Dan Savage, every year, the New Times puts out a Best of issue, highlighting restaurants, nightclubs, shops, and other things in Phoenix. As an act of disobedience, Lacey and Larkin published the contents of the subpoena on or about October 18. On the following day, the county attorney dropped the case after declining to pursue charges against the two, the special prosecutors subpoena included a demand for the names of all people who had read the Arpaio story on the newspapers website. It was the revealing of the information by the New Times which led to the arrests. Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas dropped the charges less than 24 hours after the two were arrested and this was done to show solidarity with the Phoenix New Times. In February 2008, the paper filed a notice of claim. Phoenix New Times official site Village Voice Medias subsidiary profile of the Phoenix New Times

38.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931

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The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
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The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power is an article, written in 1991 by U. S. investigative journalist Richard Behar, which is highly critical of Scientology. It was first published by Time magazine on May 6,1991, as a cover story. Behar had previously published an article on Scientology in Forbes magazine, Behars article covers topics including L. Ron Hubbard and the development of Scientology, its controversies over the years and history of litigation, conflict with psychiatry and the U. S. Internal Revenue Service, the suicide of Noah Lottick, its status as a religion, after the articles publication, the Church of Scientology mounted a public relations campaign to address issues in the piece. Miscavige alleged that the article was actually driven by the company Eli Lilly, the Church of Scientology brought a libel suit against Time Warner and Behar, and sued Readers Digest in multiple countries in Europe in an attempt to stop the articles publication there. The suit against Time Warner was dismissed in 1996, and the Church of Scientologys petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States was denied in 2001. Behar received awards in honor of his work on the article, including the Gerald Loeb Award, the Worth Bingham Prize, and the Conscience-in-Media Award. The article has had ramifications in the current treatment of Scientology in the media, Behar conducted 150 interviews in the course of his research for the article. Behar wrote that the motive of these operatives was to threaten, harass and he later learned that the Church of Scientology had assigned its head private investigator to direct the Churchs investigation into Behar. Anderson Cooper 360° reported that Behar had been contacted by Church of Scientology attorneys numerous times while doing research on the article, the parents of Noah Lottick, a Scientologist who had committed suicide, cooperated with Time and Readers Digest. The full title of the article is The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power, Scientology poses as a religion but is really a ruthless global scam — and aiming for the mainstream. The article related the May 11,1990, suicide of Dr. Edward Lotticks son Noah Antrim Lottick, Lottick was a Russian studies student who had taken a series of Scientology courses, he died after jumping from a hotel tenth floor window. The Church of Scientology and Lotticks family have differing positions on the effect Scientology coursework had on him, while none of the parties assigned blame, they expressed misgivings about his death. Mike Rinder, the head of the Church of Scientologys Office of Special Affairs, I think Ed Lottick made his sons life intolerable. The article outlined a history of Scientology, discussing Hubbards initial background as a science fiction writer. Behar wrote of the costs involved in participation in the Church of Scientology, what he referred to as front groups and financial scams. He estimated that the Church of Scientology paid US$20 million annually to one hundred attorneys. Behar maintained that though the Church of Scientology portrays itself as a religion, it was actually a hugely profitable global racket which intimidated members, no cult extracts more money from its members

The 113 stars on the CIA Memorial Wall in the original CIA headquarters, each representing a CIA officer killed in action

Suspended from the ceiling of the glass enclosed atrium: three models of the U-2, Lockheed A-12, and D-21drone. These models are exact replicas at one-sixth scale of the real planes. All three had photographic capabilities. The U-2 was one of the first espionage planes developed by the CIA. The A-12 set unheralded flight records. The D-21 drone was one of the first unmanned aircraft ever built. Lockheed Martin Corporation donated all three models to the CIA.

Telephone tapping (also wire tapping or wiretapping in American English) is the monitoring of telephone and Internet …

Telephone line control device "Jitka", used in late 1960s by Czechoslovakian StB to signal line occupancy, and connect a recorder

A telephone recording adapter (in-line tap). The phone jack connects to the wall socket while the phone being monitored is connected to the adapter's socket. The audio plug connects to the recording device (computer, tape recorder, etc.).

CrimethInc. sticker on a telephone warning users of phone tapping by the U.S. government