Britain's Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) became the third major bank to be caught up in a global probe of interest rate manipulation Wednesday, but what makes the $610 million fine against the lender so remarkable is how it will be paid: by the bankers themselves.

Because RBS is 80 per cent owned by the British government, which bailed it out during the 2008 financial crisis, the bank plans to cut 2012 bonuses and claw back previous payouts not only from the 21 staffers implicated in the fraud but their managers and current members of the departments caught up in the scandal. To take money from the corporation would, in effect, amount to making British citizens pay for the bank's role in the scandal.

RBS joins Barclays of the UK and UBS of Switzerland to have been found to have rigged the London interbank offered rate, or LIBOR. This is the rate that banks use to lend money to each other and provides the basis for trillions of dollars in contracts around the world, including mortgages, bonds and consumer loans.

US and UK regulators fined RBS more than $460 million for rate-rigging, with $325 million coming from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and £87.5 million ($137 million) from the UK's Financial Services Authority. Meanwhile, a unit of RBS agreed to plead guilty in a Department of Justice investigation and accepted a penalty of $150 million.

UNCOVERING WRONGDOING

The investigations by the three organisations uncovered wrongdoing by 21 members of RBS's staff - all of whom have either left the company or a subject to disciplinary proceedings. The bank will dip into the bonuses of those employees - as well as supervisors with accountability for the business and current members of the departments whose reputations have been damaged by the scandal.

"LIBOR manipulation is an extreme example of a selfish and self-serving culture that took hold in parts of the banking industry during the financial boom," said RBS chief executive Stephen Hester in a statement. "We will use the lessons learned from this episode as further motivation to reject and change the vestiges of that culture."

John Hourican, head of RBS's markets and international banking division, will also leave the bank "in recognition of the management issues identified in relation to the settlement", RBS said - in spite of the fact that he had played no part in the misconduct.

Ishaq Siddiqi, a market strategist from ETX capital, said the fact that RBS is dipping into bonuses to pay its fine would act as a deterrent against future misconduct.

In its statement, the CFTC said it found that as recently as 2010 and dating back to 2006, RBS employees "made hundreds of attempts" to rig the yen and Swiss franc LIBOR, as well as making false LIBOR submissions to benefit its trading positions.

Instant messaging

The traders and the employees who submitted the interest rate data for setting LIBOR originally sat next to each other on a desk in London "in one cozy ring", said David Meister, CFTC enforcement director. When separated in a new seating arrangement, the traders switched to instant messaging.

In one case, a Swiss Franc trader said: "can u put 6m swiss libor in low pls?" The Primary Submitter said NO to which the Swiss Franc trader replied "should have pushed the door harder." The Primary Submitter then said "Whats it worth?" Swiss Franc Trader replied; "ive got some sushi rolls from yesterday?" Primary Submitter in reply said "ok low 6m, just for u".