3 BIBliOGRAPHY A-1 Biennial Report 1 July 1943 to 30 June 1945 of General George C. Marshal, 'fhe Chief of Staff of The United States Army to the Secretary of War. A-2 Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on The Operations in Europe of the A. E. F. 6 June 1944 to 8 May A-3 Combat History of The 8th Infantry Division in World War II. A-4 Combat History of the 28th Infantry Regiment in World War II. A-5 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 3. 2

4 THE OP3RAJ'IOll0 OF THE 3d 3ATTALION 28TH Ilfi!,UTRY R:!JGUJENT (8TH HIF. DIV.) SIEG RIVER OnEN0IVE, RUHR POCKET 31 MARCH-4 APRIL 1945 (CENTRAL EUROPE CAl!PAIGN) (Personal experiences of a Ba.ttalion Commander) IllTRODUCTIOH This monograph covers the operations of the 3d Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment, 8th U. s. Infantry Division in the :hag River Offensive from 31 March to 4 April 1945 (Central Europe Campaign). This action took place on the southern rim of the Ruhr Pocket. It was part of the opening phase by elements of the First and Ninth Armies to reduce the Ruhr Pocket. By the early part of March, 1945 the Allied Armies in the West controlled the west bank of the Rhine River from Nijmegen in Holland to its junction with the Moselle at Z:oblenz. (1) The Allied Armies were in position to deliver the knockout blow to Germany. On 7 March 1945, elements of the 9th u. S. Armored Division seized the Ludendorf Bridge at Remagen and developed a S!lll.1l bridgehead across the Rhine River. By 25 ~>:arch 1945, (1) A-1, p

5 elements of the 1st U. S. Army had extended this bridgehead to an area of ten miles deep and thirty miles long. German High Command, expecting a drive on the Rahr area from the bridgehead, had concentrated strong forces of Army Groap B north of the Sieg River to meet the threat. On 26 March 1945, the lst Army broke oat of the Remagen bridgehead. Instead of driving north to the Rahr, the 1st Army spearheads drove soatheast toward Lembarg, east toward Marbarg, and then northward toward Paderborn. (2) On 24 March 1945, the American 9th Army forced a crossing over the Rhine River between Wesel and Daisbarg. Spearheads of the 9th Army raced toward Paderborn. The On 1 April 1945, elements of the lst u. S. Army and the 9th U. S. Army made contact in Lippstadt to the west of Paderborn. encirclement of the Rnhr was complete. (3) The This manenvre constitated the largest doable envelopment in history. The whole of the German Army Group B and two corps of Army Group H were trapped in the Rnhr area. There were inclnded among the enemy, picked troops who had been massed in March to defend the southern approaches of the Rahr against a northern offensive which the enemy had erroneously expected from the Remagen bridgehead. An estimated 350,000 enemy troops had been trapped. (4) The 8th U. s. Infantry Division, after having participated in the drive of the 1st u. S. Army across the Rhineland (2) A-1, p. 90. (3) A-1 p. 90, 94. (4) A-2 p

6 Plain from 23 Febr~ary to 8 March 1945, was placed in VII Corps Reserve in the vicinity of Cologne. On 14 March, the 8th Division was ordered to relieve the 1st U. S. Infantry Division of its defensive mission along the Rhine River from a point north of Weaseling to the southern edge of Bonn. (5) On 28 March 1945, the 8th Division was relieved of its defensive role. The Division moved across the Rhine River so~th of Bonn, relieved the lst Infantry Division on the right flank of the 78th U. S. Infantry Division, and ass~med responsibility for a sector just south of the Sieg River. This sector extended from Wissen to the northwest of Siegen, Germany. The Division then attacked thro~gh scattered and varying resistance to the line of the Sieg River. (6) The 28th Infantry Regiment relieved the 26th Infantry ' Regiment, 1st Division, on the right flank of the 78th Division. At this time the 26th Infa.ntry Regiment occupied a general line on the high gro~nd about 3 miles so~th of the Sieg River and west of ' Vissen. With the 1st and 2d Battalions the 28th Infantry Regiment pushed to the line of the Sieg River d~ring the afternoon of 28 March and during the day of 29 March 1945, Resistance varied from light resistance offered by small scattered enemy groups to stiff resistance met in the towns of Wissen, Scheurefeld, Alsdorf, and the so~thern portions of Betzdorf, From Division Headquarters, orders were received to hold ( 5) A-3 P 62, 80, 81. ( 6) A-3 P Bl, e6. 5

7 along the south bank of the Sieg River. (7) By the evening of 29 March 1945, the regiment was holding a front of eight and one half miles extending along the south banks of the Sieg River from the western portions of Wissen to the eastern side of Bracbbach. The 2d Battalion was made responsible for the sector from nssen to the Reentrant terrain feature west.of Soheurefeld. The 1st Battalion assumed responsibility for the sector from Scheurefeld to the right flank of the regiment. The Re-entrant between the 1st and 2d Battalions was occupied by the 1st Platoon, Company I under regimental control. Permission was secured from Division to cross the Sieg and occupy thereentrant since it projected back into our sector for approximately 1200 yards and commanded the observation of the 1st Battalion sector for several thousand yards. (8) The Re-entrant and also the towns of Wissen, Scheurefeld, Bruohe, the southern portions of Betzdorf, and Braohbach were occupied in force by our troops. The terrain between the above mentioned areas was controlled by outposts, observation posts, and foot and motor patrols from the line battalions assisted by the Regimental Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon. The 3d Battalion, in regimental reserve, was located in the vicinity of Steinberg. Arrangements had been made for sufficient transportation to make the battalion mobile. Enemy activity on our front at this time consisted of sporadic harassing fire and occasional patrols into the wide regimental sector. Enemy forces of undetermined strength (7) A-4 p. 47. (8) Statement Col. Beck. 6

8 were located in the towns o:f Wissen, the northern side of Batzdorf, and along the north shore of the Sieg River opposite o~r regimental sector. TERRAIN ANALYSIS The terrain in the sector of the 28th Infantry Regiment was characterized by r~gged hills and mo~tains with heavy growths of cultivated forests. It was essentially a mining area dotted with iron mines. The hills and mountains ware cut by deep and thickly wooded ravines. The Sieg River, a tributary o:f the Rhine River, cut a long, narrow, and deep valley thro~gh the area. In some places, the valley ass~ad the aspects of a gorge. From an elevation of abo~t 550 feet mean sea level at the river line, the gro~nd rose abruptly and sharply to heights of over 1500 feet mean sea level both to the north and so~th o:f the river. The Sieg River itself was fordable at numero~s places. The river's width averaged about fifty feat; its banks ware steep, and in times of heavy rains the river was subject to flash floods. A double track railroad paralleled the south side of the Siag. The track joined the town of Siagen and connected with the Cologne and Giassan Railways. The north side of the river was paralleled by an excellent hard-surfaced macadam road. There were other excellent hard-s~rfaced roads and a :fine road nat in the area. In addition, the area was dotted by small towns and hamlets. In the regimental sector, two average size towns were 7

9 located a.long the river. These were 'Nissen and Betzdorf. Of the two towns, Betzdorf was more important. In addition to the donble track railroad connecting the town, several single track lines passed throngh Betzdorf. A large marshalling area plns several heavy indnstries inclnding machinery and wagon works were located in the town. The Sieg River divided the town in two. In 1933, Betzdorf was reported to have a popnlation of 8,781. (9) From the defensive point of view, the terrain was adaptable to strong defensive or delaying action. Excellent cover and concealment existed for the concealment of troop movements or troop concentra-tions. MISSIOll ASSIGNED 28TH H;F. REGT., l'iight 31 MARCH 1945 At approximately 2000 honrs, 31 March 1945, Colonel Thomas H. Beck received sudden orders from-division Headqnarters to attack across the Sieg River withont delay, seize the high ground e.cross the river in the regimental zone of action, and establish a bridge-head ~afficiently wide enough so that the east-west road pa.rall eling the north side of the Sieg River could be used by our forces. Colonel Beck was further notified that neither Engineer support above the normal supporting platoon nor any bridging equipment would be available to the regiment. All available bridging equipment and the major p~rt of the Division Engineers were to be placed in support of the 13th and l2lst Infantry Regiments of the Division. The two mentioned regiments were to attack in the ( 9) A-5, p

10 Siegen area northwest of the 28th Infantry zone of action. ( 10) REGIMEllTAL C01:1iANDER' S ORl>ERS AN.!J PLAN OF ATTACK At approximately 2030 hours, 31 March 1945 the ba.ttalion commanders and Regimental Staff were assembled a.t the Regimental CP in Steinroth. The regimental commander who had made a map study and map reconnaissence, issued his order as follows: (1) The 2d Battalion on the left of the regimental sector was ordered to cross the Sieg River in the vicinity of 'ilissen, seize and hold the north section of Jissen now occupied by the enemy, seize and hold Hill 311, and be prepared to continue the attack to the north. Uo efforts were to be made to hold the ground between :i'iissen and Hill 311. ( 2) The 3d Battalion was ordered to cross the Sieg River between Scheurefeld and Betzdorf, seize and hold Hills 312 and 313, and be prepared to continue the attack to the north. In addition, the battalion c ormnander was told to s tey out of Betzdorf if at a 11 possible. It was known that the enemy occupied Betzdorf in strength and it was not desired to get involved in a costly and time consuming engagement there. It was felt, too, by the regimental corr.r:1ander the t after Hills 312 and 313 were taken Betzdorf could be teken without much trouble. ( 3) The 1st Battalion '.~as ordered to hold its present position, be prepared to.cross the Sieg River in the vicinity of Kirchen on the night of 1 April, and seize and hold Hills ( 10) Statements Col. Beck, 27 March 1947; Nitness, self. 9

11 314, 315, 316, and 317. The lst 3attaJion was ordered to assist the 3d Battalion by fire ~herevsr possible or necessary. It was to render further assistance to the 3d Batta.lion by providing guides 19ho were familiar with routes of approach to the river and the possible crossing sites which the 3d Bat- ' talion might use to accomplish its mission. Artillery. (4) Cannon Company was attached to the supporting Field (5) Anti-tank Company and the I and R Platoon remained under regimental control. ( 6) One plato on each of Company B, 644 Tank Destroyer Battalion was attached to each battalion. (7) Time of attack for the 2d Battalion was set for 2300 hours. Mission was to be accomplished by both battalions by daylight 1 April ( 8) l'lo artillery preparations :1oula be fired except on call from battalion commanders. ( 11) THE ATTACK OF THE 2:.! BATTAliOii OH HILL 311 The 2d Battalion after a short delay jumped off at 2330 hours. After meeting stiff resistance on its initial crossings over a dama.ged railway bridge at ;7issen, the battalion accomplished its mission by 0700 hours 1 April D BATTAliOlil COEl:ANDER' S ORDErtS Al<D PlAN OF ATTACK The 3d Battalion with which we are mostly concerned in this monograph was commanded by acting ba.ttalion commander ( 11) Statement, Col. Beck, 27 :March 1947; Nitne~s, self. 10

12 Captain George E. Tate. The 3d Battalion commander in a conference with Colonel Beck and Major Bob Lybrook, the ba.ttalion commander of the ls t :aa ttalion, decided the t the ;3d Battalion would attempt a crossing at Point A (see sketch) in the zone of the 1st Battalion. The 1st llattalion would furnish guides to lead the 3d Battalion to the area of the crossing and to the crossing site itself. Guides were selected from Company A since that oom:9any held the sector in which the 3d Battalion was to cross. At the 3d Bat tali on CP, Captain Tate gave the situation and outlined his plan to the Battalion Staff and company commanders. The plan was as follows: ( 1) Lieutenant Schneider, platoon leader lst Platoon, Company L., would lead a picked combat patrol across the Sieg River at Point A, and secure a crossing site on the north side of the river for the battalion. On securing the site, Lieutenant Schneider was to send back messengers to the battalion commander in the forward assembly area (Lasdorf) with all information secured at that time. The messengers in turn were to act as guides for the rest of the battalion in its crossing of the river. The combat patrol would leave by motor, as soon as the patrol could be assembled and briefed, for the Company A Command Post in Soheurefeld. From Soheurefeld, the patrol would leave on foot for Lasdorf where it would pick up guides from Company A and be led to the cross- ing site. The combat patrol was given until 0100 hours, 1 April 1945 to accomplish its mission. (2) The battalion would move without delay by motor to the vicinity of Scheurefeld. From Soheurefeld, the battalion 11

13 would move by foot to a forward assembly area in lasdorf. (3) As soon as lieutenant Schneider's patrol had accomplished its mission, the battalion would cross the river in a column of conpanies in the order L, K, and I Companies, pass through the patrol at B and attack immediately to seize the objectives, Hills 312 and 313. L Company would swing to the left and seize Hill 312. K Company would swing to the right and seize Hill 313. I Company (minus the 1st Platoon) would relieve the patrol and be ready to assist either K or L Company in seizing its objective. (4) M Company, under command of Captain J. C. Hillman, would attach one section of heavy ma.chine guns to each of the rifle companies (one section of heavy machine guns was already attached to the lst Platoon, Company Lon regimental mission). The 81-mm mortars were to support the battalion attack from positions in Bruche. An 81-mm mortar forward observer with SCR 300 Radio was assigned to Comprny K and one to Company L. I Ul (5) The Batte.lion Anti-tank Platoon and the 3d Platoon, Company B, 644 Tank Destroyer Battalion would remain mobile ip Bruche and be prepared to displace across the river on batta1ion order. (6) One K ration was to be issued eech man. Extra ammunition would be drawn in the forward assembly area. The kitchens were instructed to prepare a hot meal for the night of 1 April Feeding details would be given later. ( 7) The S-1 and Batta.1ion Communications officer were (12) Statements, Capt. Hillman, 14Feb. 1947, Capt. Tate, 12 Jan

14 to proceed to Scheurefeld and set up a temporary Battalion CP. (8) The Battalion Aid Station was to be located in the vicinity of Bruche. ( 9) The battalion commander stated that he would proceed with the battalion S-2 to the forward assembly area with the battalion. The battalion closed into the forward assembly area at Lasdorf about 0030 hours the morning of 1 April 1945 and prepared to cross the Sieg River as soon as Lieutenant Schneider had accomplished his mission. (13) THE ACTIOlJS OF LT. :OCHNEIDEr( AND THE CO:U:BAT PATROL Lieutenant William Schneider was a former Antiaircraft Artillery officer who, after eight weeks of special training, had been converted into an Infantry officer during the time when Infantry platoon leaders were sorely needed. He had joined the regiment late in March, and for the Lieutenant, this was his first combat action. At approximately 2130 hours, 31 March 1945, Schneider was summoned to the Battalion CP where he was briefed on the enemy situation, the battalion mission and plan of maneuvre, and also his own mission. His orders were to proceed by motor with his patrol to the Company A Command Post where he would be furnished with guides who would lead him to Point A. He was to cross at Point A, secure a passageway for the battalion, and send guides back to the battalion com~ander in Lasdorf in order to lead the (13) St8tements, Capt. Tate, 12 Jan on his plan of attack. 13

15 rest of the battalion across the river. In the briefing, the battalion S-2 informed lieutenant Schneider that the expected enemy resistance was considered negligible. The Lieutenant was given a patrol of two squads numbering twent;\' men all told. One squaa came from Schneider's platoon and included Tech/Sergeant luther, the platoon Sergeant. The other squad came from X Company. The patrol leader was also furnished one SCR ZOO radio in order to have direct communications vrith the battalion commander. After having oriented his patrol, lieutenant Schneider moved the group by motor to Com:pany A Command :Post at Soheurefeld. The petrol was led from there on foot to a :Plato on C:P of Company A in Lasdorf. At this point Lieutenant Schneider was ~o pick up the guides 'Nho were to lead him to the crossing site. Something went wrong from the viewpoint of coordination and dissemination of information. The Co1:1pe.ny A platoon leader stated that he had no information or orders ~bout provi ding guides, that he was not familiar with the location where the intended crossing was to take place, and that he had no intentions of providing guides for the 3d Battalion patrol. Because of the distance involved, Schneider's radio could not contact the Batta.lion CI' or the battalion commander, both in the vicinity of the old area. In addition the officer was without a map of the crossing area. Not dismayed by these circumstances, the patrol leader, relying on his memory and sense of direction, set out for the crossing without the assistance of guides. Fortunately, the 14

16 i patrol reached the river at the exact spot where it was ~ntended to cross. The patrol formed into single file ~ith the patrol leader in the lead and waded through four feet of icy water to the enemy side of the river. While the patrol was still crossing, the patrol leader and a squad leader moved up to the river road in sea.rch of a path leading to the high ground when they were challenged by a German sentry. The patrol leader was about to answer the challenge when the squad leader replied with a burst of rifle fire and killed the German sentry. The entire patrol had no'll crossed the river. As the patrol leader and squad leader began to move again across the road an estimated four enemy machine guns opened fire from the direction of Betzdorf. From the cover of the steep river banks, the patrol became engaged in a stiff fire fight with the enemy. It was now 0300 hours. The patrol was two hours late, engaged in a fire fight, and the mission was not accomplished. The patrol leader radioed back the situs tion to the battalion commander who was in Lasdorf. Orders were given for the patrol to remain on its mission. Meanwhile, the patrol was pinned down and unable to maneuvre out of its position. The enemy was delivering cross grazing fire over the road and preparing to close in on the patrol. ( 14) Realizing the futility of further attempts to force a crossing at this point on the river, the battalion comjander ordered the patrol to disengage itself from the enemy and with-draw to Lasdorf. In its withdrawal and while crossing (14) Statements, lt. Schneider, 15March

17 a flat open field south of ~oint A, the patrol suffered two casualties from the enemy machine-gun fire. The patrol reorganized under the cover of the railroad embankment and rejoined the battelion in LasClorf. ( 15) ( 16) THE GROSSiliG AT BETZDORF With the failure of the initial attempts of the battalion to cross the river in the vicinity of Point A, the battalion commander ordered additional patrols to reconnoitre for other possible crossing sights between Point A and Betzdorf. Meanwhile, alerted by the ba.ttalion's initial attempts, the Germans on the north side of the Sieg increased their fires toward o11r side of the river and.made the patrols' efforts increasingly difficult. Since there remained only a short period of darkness, the battalion commander ordered L and K Companies to move from their assembly areas in Lasdorf to a new assembly area on the south side of Betzdorf. (17) L Company moved into a church yard cemetery overlooking the enemy side of Betzdorf while K Company moved to a location in the nearby vicinity. ( 18) I Company was ordered to take up a support p~sition on the high ground in Bruche. (19) Below the church yard cemetery, there ware several large factories, an engine house, and an extensive marshalling yard (15) Statements, Lt. Schneider, 15 March (16) Statement, Capt. Tate, 12 Jan (17) Statements, Capt. Tat?.l2 Jan (18) Statements, Lt. Scott, 4 April 1947; Lt. ivh~ght, 12 March 1947; Lt. Sweeney, 17 l!'ab (19) Statement, Capt. Keeler, c. 0. Co. I, 3 March

18 containing about one hundred fifty box cars. (20) About an hour before dawn, one of the patrols reported they had found on the west edge of Betzdorf a foot bridge ovbr which it woul~ of the battalion. be possible to cross the foot elements Seizing this opportunity the battalion commander immediately ordered L Company to cross the river and clear the enemy of that portion of.betzdor:f' lying on the north side of the river. K Compa.ny was ordered to follow L Company and seize K Company's a.ssigned objective, Hill 313. ( 21) On receiving the battalion commander's orders, the company commander of L Company ordered Lieutenant Larry il'hight, platoon leader of the 3d Platoon, to take a patrol to the area of the foot bridge and investigate the area prior to the crossing by L Company. ( 22) The platoon leader moved out irr.mediately with two scouts and Tech/Sergeant Soposki, the platoon sergeant of the 3d Platoon. The patrol made its way through the factory yards and marshalling area and without too much difficulty located the damaged foot bridge. The damaged bridge was about four feet wide, forty feet long, and was supp.orted in a rickety fashion by steel cables ( 20) Personal reconnaissance, l April Capt. Tate, 12 Jan. 1947; Lt. Scott, Statement, Lt. Whight, 12 March 1947; (21) Statements, 4 April ( 22) Lt. Scott, 4 April

19 stretched across the river. The bridge was approximately eight feet above the water's surface. The approach to the bridge was by way of a steep embankment fully exposed to the. enemy. The patrol also learned that during the night the enemy had laid planks across the bridge in order to facilitate their own crossing. Cautiously the patrol moved across the bridge, Reaching the enemy side no en:emy movements were observed. The platoon leader dispatched one of the scouts to the company assembly area. to bring up the 3d Platoon and to request from the company commander the use of the li$ht machine gun section. While the scout was gone for the 3d Platoon, the platoon leader, platoon sergeant, and the remaining scout began to reconnoitre the immediate area on the enemy side of the river. On entering the first house, the patrol discovered several Russian slave laborers who informed Sergeant Soposki that there was a German outpost in the adjacent house and that two enemy machine guns were located on the small hill overlooking the houses. The first rays of daylight had already begun to appear, Realizing that his platoon would not have the benefit of darkness to cross the bridge and realizing the dangerous effect this outpost would have on his platoon and the rest of the battalion, the platoon leader immediately decided to attack the outpost in the adjacent house. ribile the scout guarded their rear, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant moved into the house occupied by the enemy. This surprise action re- 18

20 salted in the capture of one prisoner. Two enemy were killed and two enemy escaped through a bomb hole in the rear wall of the house. It was believed later that the two enemy who escaped were respons ible for alerting the rest of the ene:ny in the area and causing the batta.lion to lose its initial element of surprise in crossing the river. This loss of surprise was to cause many hours of delay and casualties for the 3d BattalioG. Shortly after the elimination of the enemy outpost, the 3d Platoon with the light machine gun section atta.ched began to cross the foot-bridge. The platoon crossed none too early for it was getting light. The platoon leader met his platoon ' and led them into a nearby factory and two adjacent buildings which had been cle~red of the enemy. After posting local security the platoon leader assembled the s~uad leaders at a vantage point, gave them the situation as he knew it, and outlined his plan to knock out the two known ene'lly machine guns. The plan was for the 1st and 2d Squads to advance abreast along the streets ontil the area on the hill containing the machine guns was reached. The two squads would then assault the positions by fire and movement. The 3d Squad would remain in the area of the factory to protect the platoon's rear and the advance of L ConrpPny which was now on its way to cross the bridge. No sooner had the platoon leader outlined his plan to 19

21 the squad leaders when a large volume of small arms fire was heard aminating from the vicinity of the factory where the 3d Rifle Squad and the light machine-gun section of L Company had been posted. The platoon leader and squad leaders emerged from a stone house in time to assist in the firing on a German combat patrol that had been sent to investigate the area about the foot-bridge. The fires of the 3d Platoon scattered the enemy patrol. One wounded enemy was captured. Realizing that the Germans were aware of the crossing, the plato on leader moved out immediately to a tta.ok the known enemy machine-guns. In a short time after moving out the platoon was taken under heavy fire by mortars, snipers, and the two enemy machine guns. Using the cover of the buildings and bomb era ters ( Betzdorf with its l2.rge marshalling yards had been subjected to previous heavy bombardment. by the Allied Air Forces.) the platoon leader e.nd his men moved forward as repidly as possible under enemy fire to the objective. At this time the platoon leader noticed that 1 '?nd K Companies across the river had come under mortar and artillery fire in the area of the railroad yards. While advancing ahead of the platoon, Lieutenant Whight and Private Taxacher were surprised by an enemy machine gun located in a building to their front. In the firing that followed Taxacher we.s seriollsly woanded and died that night. The enemy machine ganner was killed. The pletoon continued its advance, knocked out the two maohire-guns and begen to clear out the rest of the high ground to the right and left 20

22 of the two destroyed enemy guns. (23) As it was steted above, when Lieutenant Larry ';7hight, the platoon leader of the 3d Platoon, Compeny L, had crossed the foot bridge with his patrol, he sent back one of his scouts as a guide to pick up the 3d Platoon and to orient Lieutenant A. D. Scott, the company cotimander of L Company, about the existing situation on the enemy side of the river. When the 3d Plato on moved out to rejoin its platoon leader across the river, Lieutenant Scott moved the rest of 1 Company from the church-yard cemetery down to the engine house bordering the marshalling yards. K Company followed. The 3d Platoon safely crossed the bridge and rejoined its pla.toon leader, Lieu tenant '.Vhight. It was now deylight. Under the partial cover of the empty box cars and coal oars, L and K Companies deployed in the railroad yards in anticipation of crossing the footbridge. I Company was leading the formation. Just as the two companies were ready to begin crossing, the Germans opened up with concentrations of artillery fire, mortar fire, and direct fire from self-propelled weapons located on the enemy-held high ground overlooking the R.ailroad area. Most of the fire was falling ink Company's area. (24) Lieutenant Scott, now at the bridge site, led his company ( 23) Statement, Lt. ':lhight, 12!.!arch ( 24) Stetement, Capt. Tate, 12 Jan. 1947; Lt. Scott, 4 April

23 across the foot bridge. The 2d Platoon crossed and swung to the right of the bridge. It had advanced about 175 yards when it came under machine gun fire to its front. The Weapons Platoon less the light machine-gun section followed the 2d Platoon and went into firing positions behind the 2d Platoon, ( 25) The bat tali on commander, Captain Tate, and his command gro11p were beginning to cross the bridge a.bout this time when a German artillery concentration fell along-side the foot-bridge. The concentration wounded Captain Tate in the legs to the extent he was unable to get ap and walk. Realizing his condition, Captain Tate radioed Company K and ordered Captain Chastain, the company commander of Company K, to take command of the battalion. ( 26) Captain Chastain was with his compeny in the area of the marshalling ya.rds preparing to lea.d his compeny across the bridge when the bettalion commander's order was received. Chastain tarned over the command of K Compe.ny to Lieatenant 1Corgan, a battle-field commissioned. officer, a.nd proceeded to the area of the foot bridge. He had not gone far when a mortar concentration dropped in the vicinity of Captain Chastain, serioasly injuring the Captain in the legs and he too had to be evacuated. ( 27) (25) Statement, Lt. Scott, company commander, Co. L, 4 April (26) Statement, Capt. Tate, 12 Jan (27) Statements, Lt. Morgan, execative officer, Co. K, 1 March 1947: Lt. Sweeney, execative officer, Co. 1, 17 Feb. 1947, 22

24 The last element of Company L, the lst Platoon, was preparing to cross the foot-bridge. Lieutenant Sweeney, the company executive officer, was bringing up the rear. 'lv'hile the platoon was crossing, Lieutenant Sweeney received a request from Lieutenant Morgan, now commanding Company K, to check the tail of K Company to see that all men got across. ( 28) The 1st Platoon, Company L succeeded in crossing the bridge without casualties. On reaching the enemy side, the platoon cleared a small area to the left of the bridge and reverted to company reserve. (29) Company K followed the 1st Platoon, Company L. On reaching the enemy side of the river, K Company swung to the left and began to clear the enemy of the western end of Betzdorf in preparation for the company's attack on its objective, Hill 313. ( 30) During the above action of the 3d Battalion, only vague and meager information about the 3d Battalion's progress had been reaching the Regimental Headquarters. Except that the battalion had failed in 'its initial attempts to cross the river and that the battalion was now fighting to get a foothold in Betzdorf, the situation of the 3d Battalion on the morning of 1 April 1945 was very obscure from the regimental level. In addition, the mission to seize the high-ground on (28) Statement, Lt. Sweeney, 17 l!'eb (29) Sta.tement, Lt. Schneider, 15 March (30) Statement, Lt. Morgan, 1 March

25 Hills 312 and 313 by daylight had not been accomplished. At approximately 1000 hours, 1 April 1945, the regimental commander ordered a member of the regimental staff to the 3d Battalion to determine the situation. The staff officer was to contact the battalion commander a.nd learn from him personally the situation of the 3d Battalion. The st<?ff officer arrived at the 3d Battalion Command Post in Scheurefeld (approximately 8 miles from the Regimental Command Post) at about 1045 hours. Contact was made with the battalion executive officer whose information of the situation was also obscure. Radio communications with the be.ttalion commander had been difficult all morning. No wire communieation had been established as yet with either the battalion commander at Betzdorf or with the Regimental CP in Steinbach. At about 1110 hours word was received by the battalion executive officer that Captain Tate, the battalion commander, had been wounded, end th8t the compeny commander of Company K was assuning command of the battelion. At approximately 1130 hours, Lieutenant Colonel Ben c. Chapla, the regimental executive officer, arrived on the scene with orders for the staff officer to assume command of the 3d Battalion and carry out the battalion's assigned mission. Coincident with the receipt of these orders, word was received from Betzdorf that Companies K and L were both fighting in the town and that Captain Chastain who had taken over from Captain Tate had been wounded in the legs. ]'urther information could not be obtained due to difficult radio re- 24

26 caption and lack of wire communications. The first concern of the newly designated battalion commander wa.s to arrange for satisfactory,,vire and r!?.dio communications bet Neen the company forward elements, the battalion command post, and Regimental Headg_uarters; secondly, to get to Betzdorf at the scene of the action; thirdly, to effect tentative co-ordination for the capture of Hills 312 and 313 a.fter the ca.pture of Betzdorf. After a brief conference with Captain Tom Lowry, the acting battalion executive officer, and with the battalion S-3, S-1, and communications officer it was decided that: Ill Captain Lowry would accompany the battalion commander to Betzdorf with an SCR 300 radio and operator. (2) The communications officer with a wire crew and the battalion Sergea.nt Major would follow to Betzdorf to establish a new battalion command post. (3) The S-l would displace the present CP to Betzdorf as soon as he was contacted by the communications officer. (4) The 3d Platoon, Company B, 644 Tank Destroyer Battalion attached to the 3d Battalion would displace from its positions on the high ground overlooking Scheurefeld to the high ground overlooking Betzdorf in order to be able to support the attack in Betzdorf and the attack on Hills 313 and 312. Communications with the platoon leader would be by SCR 300 radio. (5) There would be no change in the dispositions of Compeny M, the Heavy 1ieapons C ompe.ny. ( 6) The battalion S-3 would establish a series of map check-points between Hill 313 and Hill 312 to facilitate 25

27 co-ordination in the attack and to sin;plify the rela.y of information concerning the battalion's advances. The route Scheurefeld, Bruche, Betzdorf was under enemy direct fire and observation. It was decided to move via Dauersberg, Steineroth, Betzdorf. This route likewise was under enemy observation but subject only to occasional harassing mortar and artillery fire. Upon arrival in Betzdorf, radio communication was reestablished with the company commander of L Company located on the enemy side of the river. Arrangements were made by ra.dio for a guide from L Company. Mea.nwhile the battalion conu::tander and executive officer located an observation post from where the action in Betzdorf could be observed. Fighting could be observed in the northeastern portion of town and small groups of enemy were seen infiltreting back into houses which supposedly had been cleared. From K Company's sectors on the western edge of town, heavy firing had broken Otlt ' hen elements of the co:r:pany were attempting to za~.le the high ground toward Hill 313. It was impossible for the ~ompany to maneuvre. On the north of K Company's position there was steep, open terrain controlled by enemy machine gun fire. To the front was a narrow defile flanked by the high bluffs along the river and the steep wooded terrain of Hill 313. This area likewise was strongly covered by machine gun and mortar fire. By radio, the battalion commander ordered the commander 26

28 of L Company to send out a patrol beyond the northeast end of town in an effort to find a soft spot through the enemy position and which might assist the battalion to take Hill 313. Due to the exposed nature of the terrain and the heavy enemy fire, the patrol was unable to accomplish its mission. A delay now was experienced by the battalion commander. The guide sent from L Compa.ny failed to locate the ba.ttalion commander and returned to his comp?ny. The company commander, L Company returned the guide with all baste. Rather than lose additional time by moving out alone and probing for the L Company CP in an obscure situation in Betzdorf, the battalion commander a.nd be.tta.lion executive officer decided to wait until the guide returned to Betzdorf again. In the meantime, the battalion commander and executive officer made a field glass reconnaissance and terrain study of the battalion's objectives on the enemy side of the river. It was past mid-afternoon by the tlne the battalion commander reached the CP of Company L. There the company commander and battalion S-2 oriented the battalion commander and executive officer on the situation. The battalion occupied approximately half of Betzdorf and was engaged in clearing out the northeast portions of town. K Company occupied the western approaches to Betzdorf but wa.s unable to push further due to the enemy fire a.nd difficult terrain. I Company occupied positions in Bruche. Wire communication with Regimental Headquarters was established and the regiment9l commander, Colonel Be:k, was 27

29 contacted. After orienting Colonel Beck on the situation the battalion commander received permission to hold up the attack on Hills 312 and 313 until nightfall when a co-ordinated attack would be made by the 3d Battalion on its assigned objectives. The remaining few hours of afternoon light were spent iri mopping up the town and preparing a hasty defense of the area against any possible counterattacks. Arrangements were made for ammunition, rations, and other supplies to be brought into Betzdorf after dark. A warning order was sent to Company,I, the reserve comppny, to be prepared to move to Betzdorf on order and secure the town while K and L Companies attacked the battalion objectives. PLAN OF ATTACK ON HILLS 312 AND 313 At 1930 hours, the battalion commander held a conference with the battalion executive officer, the battalion S-2, and the company commander of Companies K and 1, and the artillery liaison officer (Captain Williamsen). It was decided to make a sneak night attack on Hill 313 that night. K Company was assigned the mission. K Company would seize and hold Hill 313. It would approach Hill 313 generally from a southeasterly direction and infiltrate through the suspected enemy positions located on the high ground at the northern edges of the town. ffilerever possible, known enemy resistance would be by-passed. <'ihen K Company seized its objective, it would dispatch immediately a patrol to Compa.ny L Command Post. The patrol would act as guides for Company L. Time of attack for K Company was set a.t 2300 hours. Line of Departure was a 28

30 known row of houses on the north central edge of town. While K Company was launching its attack on Hill 313, Company L would stand by in Betzdorf prep8red to move out as so on as conta.cted by the K Company pa tro 1. l Company's mission would be to pass through K Company on Hill 313 and seize Hill 312. Utilizing the K Company patrol as guides, Company L would use the seme successful approe.ches to Hill 313 as those used by K Company. It was estimated K Company could accomplish its mission by 0300 hours, 2 April and that the patrol could reach L Company by I It was felt that the darkness would permit infiltration through the enemy positions. It was desired to by-pass enemy resistance wherever possible in order to prevent further delay in reaching the assigned objectives. Enemy resistance bypassed during the night would be liquidated by mopping up detachments attacking on the enemy rear during daylight hours.) On closing into Betzdorf that night, Company I would relieve Companies K and L in Bet zdorf and assume the security mission for the town. The company would be prepared to displace to Hill 312 or Hill 313 on order. There were no changes in the mission of 11 Company. Its mortars would continue to support the attack fror:1 positions in Bruche. The machine gun attachments ;~ould remain the same. Beginning at daylight, the artillery would fire intermittently a round of smoke on Hill 312 in order to assist L Company to maintain directions of attack on that objective. 29

31 The battalion commander's conference ended at about 2015 hours and plans and co-ordination fer the attacks on Hills 313 and 312 were ready to put into effect. EHEMY COUNTERATTACK ON BETZDORF The night had become extremely black. Low ceiling storm clouds blacked-out all starlight. The walls of the stone houses and the piles of rubble in the narrow streets interspersed with bomb craters helped to intensify the darkness. It was almost impossible to see or identify friend or enemy except on physical contact. At about 2030 hours a message was received from K Company that a group of Germans had infiltrated through their right flenk. Another report ceme in from L Company's right flank tha.t voices of a group of Germans were being heard in the immediate area. Lieutenant Morgan came storming into the battalion CP in a rage, stating he was unable to reach his company CP because of enemy groups in the streets of his area. In a few moments word was received from the guard stationed on the north side of the house containing the battalion CP and the Compeny L Command Post that he could hear movements and German voices from the two houses across the street. These two houses were located in an open lot about fifteen yards away and across from the battalion CP. It was apparent at once tha.t the Germans 7vere making a sneak night coanterattack. Under the cover of darkness, the enemy's leading elements had successfully infiltrated into 30

32 .... our positions. Captain Williamson, the artillery liaison officer, was ordered to call for the previously planned defensive fires around our positions. A few riflemen were stationed around the bottom floor of the CP. The rest of the cocrmand group personnel and some riflemen were dispersed among the top floors. From a window on the second floor of the CP, Lieutenant Colley, the Weapons Platoon lea.der of Company L was directing 60-mm mortar fire on the enemy across the street. The mortars were located in defilade about two hundred yards away. They had been laid by azimuth and registered by actual fire before darkness. Utilizing the creeping method of adjustment, Lieutenant Colley adjusted the fire of the mortars to within fifteen yards of the C:P and directly on the enemy across the street. The mortars fired approximately twenty-seven rounds for effect. The rounds landed in the open lot and in and around the two enemy houses. For a few moments between mortar bursts, loud screams, yells, and orders were heard from the enemy across the street.,vhen the mortar fire subsided, not a sound could be hea.rd. It was never determined how many of the enemy had been killed. (31) l!'rom L Company's right flank, it was reported that one enemy machir;.e gun and crew were knocked out and that no further enemy movements could be seen or heard. The enemy (31) Eye witness, self. 31

33 machine gun and crew advancing uown the street toward L Company's right flank had moved to a crater alongside a house occupied by Lieutenant Larry Whight and Sergeant Soposki. A guard reported the initial movements of the crew. "ii"aiting until it wa.s definitely established that the crew was an enemy one, Lieutenant Whight permitted the crew to set up its machine gun in the crater alongside the house. Sergeant Soposki, the platoon sergeant of the 3d Platoon, ran up to the attic with a white phosphorous grenade. Back in a corner of the attic Soposki pulleci the grenade pin in order that the enemy would not hear the dpopping noise". Soposki then leaned out the window, dropped the grenade in the midst of the enemy and eliminated the machine gun and crew. ( 32} From K Company a report was received that the enemy that had been running loose in their erea had been clea.red out. Several of the enemy ha.d been killed, a few captured and the rest, from all indication, had withdrawn. Of the severel enemy captured, one was a German Lieutenant who was in a dazed and confused condition when captured. The Lieutenant had lead the enemy counterattack. According to his s.trlternents one hundred twenty five enemy had participated. He further stated that they had experienced difficulty maintaining contact and control due to the darkness. In addition, he estimated that over half his men had.been killed during the attack by our mortar and artillery fire. It was (32} Statements, Lt. larry :fuight, 3d Platoon, Co. 1 during attack and on 12 March

34 le~.rned too, thst enemy forces in appreciable numbers were locsted on the high ground beyond the western edge of Betzdorf. Because of the officer's dazed condition and his refusal to answer further questions no additional information was ga.ined from the prisoner. The prisoner was dispe.tched to Regimen tel Headquarters. ( 33) After the counterattack, the battalion S-4 with carrying parties brought resupplies into Betzdorf for K and L Companies. Company I moved across the river and relieved Com~nies K and L while the latter two companies prepared for the pending attack. UGH'f ATTACK OF Hill 313 At 2300 hours, 1 A?ril 1945, using the north central edge of town as a line of departure, K Company began its attack on Hill 313. The company advanced in a column of platoons in the order 1st Platoon, Company Headquarters, 2d Platoon,,veapons Platoon with the attached machine gun section from Company M, and the 3d Platoon. Platoons advanced in a column of single file. The leading platoon was ordered to advance in bounds of 100 yards. At the end of each bound, if no resistgnce were met, the leading platoon was to send back two men to guide the rest of the company forward. The night was still so black that it was impossible for an individual to see for any appreciable distance in front of (33) Personal interrogation through interpreter. 33

35 him. The men were ordered to hold on to each other in order that contact would not be lost. The difficulties of movement were further increased by the steepness of the ground leading to Hill 313, the rubble in the streets, the water filled crater and shell holes in the area, and the heavily wooded area which had to be traversed before Hill 313 would be reached. In the first two hundred yards of movement, the leading platoon surprised a small group of Germans and four of the enemy were killed. The enemy group had mistaken the leading elements of the platoon for an expected friendly relief. Further advance was slow, tedious, and nerve-racking because of the darkness and the terrain. By 0200, 2.April 1945, K Company had reached a position about 100 yards from the crest of Hill 313. Expecting resistance at this point, the company commander deployed his company in a perimeter defense with Lieu tenant Humphrey, plato on leader of the 3d Platoon in charge. Lieutenant Morgan himself led the 2d Platoon to the top of Hill 313. No resistb.nce was met. A search of the area revealed some partially dug fox-holes of recent construction, supplies of ammunition, and field rations. Lieutenant Morgan then sent Tech/Sergeant Swartz with six men to return and lead the rest of the company forward. On the arrival of the remainder of the company, Lieutenant Morgan organized the objective with a perimeter defense. A three man patrol was dispatched to the battalion CP to guide L Company over the same route employed by K Company. The patrol left K Company at about 0300 hours. 34

36 At 0600 hours, 2 April 1945 four Germen soldiers were seen approaching from the southeast toward the positions of the 3d Platoon, Com pany K. The enemy were approaching toward Sergeent Laskowski's squad. Holding the fire of his squad until the enemy were about thirty yards from the position, the squad leader gave the order to fire. Two of the enemy were killed, one was wounded, and one escaped. From the enemy. 1ounded it was lear ned that the four Germans were sent to Hill 313 for a load of ammunition which was to be taken to a position below the heights and on the western edge of Betzdorf. The prisoner stated the t two companies of German Infantry were located along the river between Kol Bahnhof and Walmenroth. Realizing he was directly behind the enemy positions and that if the enemy withdrew from Kol Bohnhof they might withdraw to Hill 313, Lieutenant Morgan shifted the light machine gun section from the north side of Hill 313 to the southeastern side of the Hill facing the river. At about 0745 hours a K Company outpost in front of the machine gun section withdrew to the top of the Hill. It stated that approximately 30 German soldiers were rapidly advancing toward Hill 313 from a southeasterly direction. The company commander immediately moved to the position of the light machine gun section to observe and wait. When the Germans were within fifty yards of the position, Sergeant Schitz, the section leader of the light machine guns, gave the order to fire. The initial burst from Private 35 '

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