Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Viability Studies of Biofuels Though biofuels (like ethanol) promise renewable "green" energy cannot possibly meet U.S. energy demands, and current methods of biofuelproduction often consume as much energy as they produce. If biofuels are to be viable long-term energy solutions, we need new sources

This paper compares the use of sugar cane and corn for the production of ethanol with a focus on global warming and the current international debate about land use competition for food and biofuelproduction. The indicators used to compare the products are CO 2 emissions energy consumption sugar cane coproducts and deforestation. The life cycle emission inventory as a methodological tool is taken into account. The sustainability of socioeconomic development and the developing countries’ need to overcome barriers form the background against which the Brazilian government energy plans are analyzed.

...converted into synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol...cellulosic ethanol, combustion of waste biomass...such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol...Department of Agriculture data on fertilizer, soil...emissions from biofuel combustion as well as production. Given...Electricity and Process Heat at Ethanol Plants...

Energy Analysis of the Corn-EthanolBiofuel Cycle First Draft Tad W. Patzek Department of Civil legitimately ask: Why do the various energy balances of the corn-ethanol cycle still differ so much? Why do some authors claim that the corn-ethanol cycle has a positive net energy balance (Wang et al., 1997

While advantages of biofuel have been widely reported, studies also highlight the challenges in large scale production of biofuel. Cost of ethanol and process energy use in cellulosic ethanol plants are dependent...

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanolbiofuels Jason for renewable transportation biofuels. To be a viable alternative, a biofuel should provide a net energy gain inputs and more efficient conversion of feed- stocks to fuel. Neither biofuel can replace much petroleum

Single, Key Gene Discovery Could Streamline Production of Biofuels Single, Key Gene Discovery Could Streamline Production of Biofuels Single, Key Gene Discovery Could Streamline Production of Biofuels August 11, 2011 - 3:51pm Addthis WASHINGTON, DC -- A team of researchers at the Department of Energy's BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) have pinpointed the exact, single gene that controls ethanolproduction capacity in a microorganism. This discovery could be the missing link in developing biomass crops that produce higher concentrations of ethanol at lower costs. "The Department of Energy relies on the scientific discoveries of its labs and research centers to improve the production of clean energy sources," said Energy Secretary Steven Chu. "This discovery is an important step in developing biomass crops that could increase yield of

Stabilization of Cobalt Catalysts by Embedment for Efficient Production of Valeric Biofuel ... Valerate esters have recently been recognized as a new class of cellulosic transportation fuels, called “valeric biofuels”,(1) because they have acceptable energy densities and more appropriate polarities than many biofuel candidates such as ethanol and ?-valerolactone (GVL). ... This study also opens a practical clue for the cost-effective conversion of biobased feedstocks into biofuels. ...

This invention presents a method of improving enzymatic degradation of lignocellulose, as in the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material, through the use of ultrasonic treatment. The invention shows that ultrasonic treatment reduces cellulase requirements by 1/3 to 1/2. With the cost of enzymes being a major problem in the cost-effective production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material, this invention presents a significant improvement over presently available methods.

NEED Biofuels and bio- products derived from lignocellulosic biomass (plant materials) are part improve the energy and carbon efficiencies of biofuelsproduction from a barrel of biomass using chemical and thermal catalytic mechanisms. The Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels IMPACT

V V E R C O M I N G P L A N T R E C A L C I T R A N C E Supercomputers Tackle BIOFUELProduction Problems If you have ever dealt with an uncooperative, fractious kid or a combative employee, you understand the meaning of "recalcitrance" - over-the-top stubbornness, disobedience, and noncompliance. But recalcitrance is not just a human trait - plants can be recalcitrant, too, and for them it is a matter of survival. Over millions of years, plants have evolved complex structural and chemical mechanisms to ward off assaults on their structural sugars by microbial and animal marauders. So it should be no surprise that when humans attempt to turn plant biomass into biofuels to meet our energy needs, we discover how stubborn and noncompliant our vegetative friends can be. Plant recalcitrance is one of

commodity prices --Key facts about biofuels --How important to energy markets and agriculture? --Factors facts about biofuels: small role in energy markets Biofuels Remaining a Miniscule Share of Global costs of commercializing conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol and other biofuels, including drop

Production Tax Credit (Kentucky) Production Tax Credit (Kentucky) No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Last modified on February 13, 2013. EZFeed Policy Place Kentucky Name EthanolProduction Tax Credit (Kentucky) Policy Category Financial Incentive Policy Type Corporate Tax Incentive Affected Technologies Biomass/Biogas Active Policy Yes Implementing Sector State/Province Primary Website http://energy.ky.gov/biofuels/Pages/biofuelsIncentives.aspx Summary Qualified ethanol producers are eligible for an income tax credit of $1 per gallon of corn- or cellulosic-based ethanol that meets ASTM standard D4806. The total credit amount available for all corn and cellulosic ethanol producers is $5 million for each taxable year. Unused ethanol credits from

Abstract The sustainability of biofuels produced from food crops has become a focus of public and scientific scrutiny in the past few years. In the case of ethanolproduction, advanced technologies aim at avoiding controversy by using instead cellulosic biomass contained in wastes, residues and dedicated energy crops. However, despite the positive expectations that drive the development of the so-called “cellulosic” ethanol, sustainability challenges remain to be elucidated. Expecting to contribute to closing the gap in the field of the social assessment of biofuels, this paper reports and analyses the results of a Delphi survey that explored the perception of biofuel experts from different countries on potential social impacts of cellulosic ethanol. The complexity of appraising impacts emerges as one important conclusion of the study along with the realisation that these will be context-specific. Except for the case of municipal solid waste used as feedstock, such a technological transition might not be able to ameliorate the issues already faced by conventional ethanol, especially when production is based in poorer countries. This is because impacts of cellulosic ethanol depend upon both the technical dimension of its production and the socio-political context of locations where production might take place.

Abstract This chapter presents an overview of the challenges associated with integrating yeast fermentation into cellulosic biofuel processes, as well as the approaches that might overcome these challenges. The chapter first introduces the design considerations for first-generation ethanol fermentation processes using sugar cane and corn as feedstocks, with an emphasis on process constraints and operation strategies. The chapter then explores methods for improving yield, titer, productivity, and economics. These processing methods illustrate the challenges posed by the fermentation of ethanol from lignocellulose hydrolyzates, especially the differences in process constraints for high-productivity, high-product titer operations. Finally, the chapter discusses an example of aerobic seed cultivation of yeast using a hydrolyzate of dilute acid-hydrolyzed softwood hemicellulose.

As David Rotman states in his article on biofuels, the conversion of biomass to liquid fuel is energy intensive--just like the conversion of coal or any other solid fuel to liquid fuel. That implies that the quantity of liquid fuel from biomass and the carbon dioxide released in the production process strongly depend upon the energy source used in the conversion process. Each year, the United States could produce about 1.3 billion tons of renewable biomass for use as fuel. Burning it would release about as much energy as burning 10 million barrels of diesel fuel per day. If converted to ethanol, the biomass would have the energy value of about five million barrels of diesel fuel per day. The remainder of the energy would be used by the biomass-to-liquids conversion plant. If a nuclear reactor or other energy source provides the energy for the biomass-to-liquids plants, the equivalent of over 12 million barrels of diesel fuel can be produced per day. If our goal is to end oil imports and avoid greenhouse-gas releases, we must combine biomass and nuclear energy to maximize biofuelsproduction.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Conversion of biomass to ethanol is an attractive route for biomass utilization because ethanol can be easily assimilated by the liquid fuel and chemical markets. Ethanol is somewhat unique as a fermentation p...

This work evaluated the use of high-powered ultrasonics to enhance biofuelproduction in terms of efficiency and costs. A wide range of feed stocks including switch grass corn stover and soft wood were studied. The effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the removal of lignin for hydrolysis of starches and cellulose to fermentable sugars was studied. It was found that many of the pretreatments were very successful in enhancing lignin removal. For example time of dissolution of lingo-cellulosic biomass in ionic liquids was reduced from hours to minutes accompanied by a significant decrease in energy consumption compared to mechanical stirring. In addition it was found that hydrolysis of corn starch could be greatly accelerated utilizing ultrasonics. Economic models showed that the technology once implemented would have a payback period of less than one year. The work also focused on biodiesel production. It was seen that ultrasonics accelerated the transesterification process so that soy bean oil could be converted to biodiesel in less than a minute compared to 45 min using traditional methods. It was shown that yeast grown from glycerin a co-product of biodiesel production could be extracted and simultaneously converted to biodiesel with ultrasonics in less than a minute compared to traditional techniques that require multiple processes and relatively long cycle times (+1 h).

This work evaluated the use of high-powered ultrasonics to enhance biofuelproduction in terms of efficiency and costs. A wide range of feed stocks including corn switchgrass oleaginous yeast and soybean oil were studied. The effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the removal of lignin to allow hydrolysis of cellulose to fermentable sugars was studied. Many pretreatment techniques proved to be successful in enhancing lignin removal. For example time of dissolution of ligno-cellulosic biomass in ionic liquids was reduced from hours to minutes accompanied by a significant decrease in energy consumption compared to mechanical stirring. In addition it was found that hydrolysis of corn starch could be greatly accelerated utilizing ultrasonics. Economic models showed that the technology once implemented would have a payback period of approximately 2.3 years. The work also explored biodiesel production using ultrasonics. It was seen that ultrasonics accelerated the transesterification process so that soybean oil could be converted to biodiesel in less than a minute compared to 45 minutes using traditional methods.

The principal types of biofuels that can be obtained from biorenewable energy sources are analyzed. As these sources, various sorts of biomass, which is accumulated upon photosynthetic conversion of solar energy, are considered. A typical feature of biofuelproduction is combination of chemical and biotechnological approaches.

Through the use of a stochastic simulation model this project analyzes both the impacts of the expanding biofuels sector on water demand in selected regions of the United States and variations in the profitability of ethanolproduction due...

would require more energy than ethanol for distillation-to ethanol owing to the fact that it has a higher energyenergy content and lower hygroscopicity and corrosivity, butanol appears to be superior to ethanol.

RESEARCH ARTICLE A model for improving microbial biofuelproduction using a synthetic feedback loop be compared. We propose a model for microbial biofuelproduction where a synthetic control system is used to increase cell viability and biofuel yields. Although microbes can be engineered to produce biofuels

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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In order to understand the status of the industry for non-starch ethanol and renewable hydrocarbon biofuels as of the end of calendar year 2013, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted the first of what is anticipated to be an annual survey of U.S. non-starch ethanol and renewable hydrocarbon biofuels producers. This report presents the results of this initial survey and describes the survey methodology. Subsequent surveys will report on the progress over time of the development of these facilities and companies.

BiofuelsProductionBiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: BiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: BiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: BiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: BiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: BiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: BiofuelsProduction Land Use Allowance and Exemption on AddThis.com... More in this section... Federal State Advanced Search

Government Cuts Biofuels Targets ... The Environmental Protection Agency has proposed lowering next year’s production targets for biofuels in the U.S. fuel mix—targets initially set in the Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007. ... Although the petroleum industry says the new targets still call for too much ethanol, biofuels advocates say changes to the Renewable Fuel Standard could kill the fledgling advanced biofuels industry. ...

Spatial Modeling of Geographic Patterns in Biodiversity and BiofuelProduction How can the US of biodiversity. The future of the biofuel industry will depend on public investment and trust that industry for increasing biofuelproduction have already come under fire because of real and perceived threats

microalgae biofuel technologies for both oil and biogas production, provides an initial assessment of the US or wastewater treatment, (2) biofuel outputs--either biogas only or biogas plus oil, and (3) farm size

Abstract The promotion and adoption of biofuels in Nigeria must be predicated on sufficient capacity for absorbing biofuels produced from the increasing investments in biofuels plantations, plants and processing facilities. This paper assesses the socioeconomic and related premises for biofuels development in Nigeria by conducting an econometric estimation of the petroleum products consumption. The paper first estimates aggregated petroleum product consumption, and then assess the response to specific petroleum products in terms of consumption, market (population), electricity generation, installed electricity generation capacity, and GDP. The result shows that all the petroleum products contribute significantly and about equally to aggregate petroleum consumption. The high proportion of petrol (about 44 percent) as a percentage of the aggregate petroleum product consumption validates the push for implementing the E10 petrol-ethanol blending for Nigeria. The consumption of diesel is also significant. Diesel is another petroleum product for which D20 biofuel blending policy has been proposed. The increase in population and GDP, coupled with the poor electricity situation, will keep driving the consumption of petroleum products. As the population increases, and the country continues to struggle to match electricity generation with population growth, the petrol-ethanol and diesel-biodiesel blending policy must be pursued tenaciously to ensure a reduction in carbon emission in Nigeria.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Novel plasmids comprising genes which code for the alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase are described. Also described are recombinant hosts which have been transformed with genes coding for alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate. By virtue of their transformation with these genes, the recombinant hosts are capable of producing significant amounts of ethanol as a fermentation product. Also disclosed are methods for increasing the growth of recombinant hosts and methods for reducing the accumulation of undesirable metabolic products in the growth medium of these hosts. Also disclosed are recombinant host capable of producing significant amounts of ethanol as a fermentation product of oligosaccharides and plasmids comprising genes encoding polysaccharases, in addition to the genes described above which code for the alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase. Further, methods are described for producing ethanol from oligomeric feedstock using the recombinant hosts described above. Also provided is a method for enhancing the production of functional proteins in a recombinant host comprising overexpressing an adhB gene in the host. Further provided are process designs for fermenting oligosaccharide-containing biomass to ethanol.

USDA Biofuels Strategic Production Report June 23, 2010 1 A USDA Regional Roadmap to Meeting the Biofuels Goals of the Renewable Fuels Standard by 2022 I. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Department of Agriculture. The strategy targets barriers to the development of a successful biofuels market that will achieve, or surpass

As part of the Idaho National Laboratory's (INL's) Secure Energy Initiative, the INL is performing research in areas that are vital to ensuring clean, secure energy supplies for the future. The INL Hybrid Energy Systems Testing (HYTEST) Laboratory is being established to develop and test hybrid energy systems with the principal objective to safeguard U.S. Energy Security by reducing dependence on foreign petroleum. HYTEST involves producing liquid fuels in a Hybrid Energy System (HES) by integrating carbon-based (i.e., bio-mass, oil-shale, etc.) with non-carbon based energy sources (i.e., wind energy, hydro, geothermal, nuclear, etc.). Advances in process development, control and modeling are the unifying vision for HES. This paper describes new modeling tools and methodologies to simulate advanced energy processes. Needs are emerging that require advanced computational modeling of multiphase reacting systems in the energy arena, driven by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, which requires production of 36 billion gal/yr of biofuels by 2022, with 21 billion gal of this as advanced biofuels. Advanced biofuels derived from microalgal biomass have the potential to help achieve the 21 billion gal mandate, as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Production of biofuels from microalgae is receiving considerable interest due to their potentially high oil yields (around 600 gal/acre). Microalgae have a high lipid content (up to 50%) and grow 10 to 100 times faster than terrestrial plants. The use of environmentally friendly alternatives to solvents and reagents commonly employed in reaction and phase separation processes is being explored. This is accomplished through the use of hydrothermal technologies, which are chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200-600 C), high-pressure (5-40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the production of biofuels from algae. Hydrothermal processing has significant advantages over other biomass processing methods with respect to separations. These 'green' alternatives employ a hybrid medium that, when operated supercritically, offers the prospect of tunable physicochemical properties. Solubility can be rapidly altered and phases partitioned selectively to precipitate or dissolve certain components by altering temperature or pressure in the near-critical region. The ability to tune the solvation properties of water in the highly compressible near-critical region facilitates partitioning of products or by-products into separate phases to separate and purify products. Since most challenges related to lipid extraction are associated with the industrial scale-up of integrated extraction systems, the new modeling capability offers the prospect of addressing previously untenable scaling issues.

The invention provides recombinant bacteria, which comprise a full complement of heterologous ethanolproduction genes. Expression of the full complement of heterologous ethanolproduction genes causes the recombinant bacteria to produce ethanol as the primary fermentation product when grown in mineral salts medium, without the addition of complex nutrients. Methods for producing the recombinant bacteria and methods for producing ethanol using the recombinant bacteria are also disclosed.

This presentation provides a technoeconomic comparison of three biofuels - ethanol, methanol, and gasoline - produced by gasification of woody biomass residues. The presentation includes a brief discussion of the three fuels evaluated; discussion of equivalent feedstock and front end processes; discussion of back end processes for each fuel; process comparisons of efficiencies, yields, and water usage; and economic assumptions and results, including a plant gate price (PGP) for each fuel.

Ethanol is considered to be the best alternative ... liquid fuel for use in automobiles. Although ethanol can be produced from a variety of ... , whereas it is sugarcane in Brazil for ethanolproduction. However,...

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (OWL) Refinery Yield Model (RYM) has been used to estimate the demand for ethanol in U.S. gasoline production in year 2010. Study cases examine ethanol demand with variations in world oil price, cost of competing oxygenate, ethanol value, and gasoline specifications. For combined-regions outside California summer ethanol demand is dominated by conventional gasoline (CG) because the premised share of reformulated gasoline (RFG) production is relatively low and because CG offers greater flexibility for blending high vapor pressure components like ethanol. Vapor pressure advantages disappear for winter CG, but total ethanol used in winter RFG remains low because of the low RFG production share. In California, relatively less ethanol is used in CG because the RFG production share is very high. During the winter in California, there is a significant increase in use of ethanol in RFG, as ethanol displaces lower-vapor-pressure ethers. Estimated U.S. ethanol demand is a function of the refiner value of ethanol. For example, ethanol demand for reference conditions in year 2010 is 2 billion gallons per year (BGY) at a refiner value of $1.00 per gallon (1996 dollars), and 9 BGY at a refiner value of $0.60 per gallon. Ethanol demand could be increased with higher oil prices, or by changes in gasoline specifications for oxygen content, sulfur content, emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCS), and octane numbers.

Modern methods to develop microbe-based biomass conversion processes require a system-level understanding of the microbes involved. Clostridium species have long been recognized as ideal candidates for processes involving biomass conversion and production of various biofuels and other industrial products. To expand the knowledge base for clostridial species relevant to current biofuelproduction efforts, we have sequenced the genomes of 20 species spanning multiple genera. The majority of species sequenced fall within the class III cellulosome-encoding Clostridium and the class V saccharolytic Thermoanaerobacteraceae. Species were chosen based on representation in the experimental literature as model organisms, ability to degrade cellulosic biomass either by free enzymes or by cellulosomes, ability to rapidly ferment hexose and pentose sugars to ethanol, and ability to ferment synthesis gas to ethanol. The sequenced strains significantly increase the number of noncommensal/nonpathogenic clostridial species and provide a key foundation for future studies of biomass conversion, cellulosome composition, and clostridial systems biology.

NEW WORLD FOR BIOFUELS ... SOME $170 BILLION in new technology development projects, infrastructure equipment and construction, and biofuel refineries will result from the ethanolproduction standards contained in energy legislation enacted into law late last year, said biotechnology industry advocates in an end-of-year briefing. ...

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Abstract In this work, we use a superstrucutre optimization approach for the comparison between traditional biodiesel plants and the integration of glycerol to methanol production or its use to obtain ethanol within the production of biodiesel from algae. In the first case the glycerol is reformed, either autoreforming or steam reforming, the raw syngas purified and whose composition (H2:CO ratio) is adjusted for the production of methanol. The methanol once purified is used for the transesterification of the oil produced from the algae. In the second case we take advantage of the fact that the algae composition allows the simultaneous production of ethanol and biodiesel. The starch is liquified and saccharified to obtain glucose that is fermented to ethanol. On the other hand, the oil is transesterified with ethanol to produce biodiesel, either using an enzymatic or an homogeneous catalysts. The glycerol is fermented to ethanol. Both water-ethanol, streams from glucose and from glycerol are fed to a multieffect column and later to a molecular sieve. The dehydrated ethanol is used for the transesterification of the oil while the excess is sold as biofuel. Glycerol as byproduct is still interesting as long as its price is over $0.05 /kg. In terms of integrated facilities, the use of glycerol to produce ethanol requires almost twice the investment, but the production cost is a fourth lower with an increased production of biofuels by 50 %.

...for 79.1% of domestic corn production in 2004. The...efficiency of ethanol from corn is 0.3908 liters/kg...2-4). We exclude wet-milling conversion efficiencies...accounts for 75% of the corn grain ethanolproduction...

Water Implications of BiofuelsProduction Water Implications of BiofuelsProduction Project Summary Full Title: Water Implications of BiofuelsProduction in the United States Project ID: 227 Principal Investigator: William S. Logan Brief Description: The National Research Council conducted a workshop and wrote a report examining the potential effects of biofuelsproduction in the U.S. on water and related land resources. Purpose Examine the possible effects of biofuel development on water and related land resources. The central questions are how water use and water quality are expected to change as the U.S. agricultural portfolio shifts to include more energy crops and as overall agricultural production potentially increases. Such questions are considered within the context of U.S. policy and also the expected advances in technology and agricultural practices

The recent resurgence of interest in ethanolproduction has prompted the Texas State Legislature to investigate the feasibility of ethanolproduction in Texas. The reasons for the increased interest in ethanolproduction could possibly relate...

...Biotechnology Discovery of Ethanol-Responsive Small RNAs in...bacterium that can produce ethanol by fermentation. Due to its unique metabolism and efficient ethanolproduction, Z. mobilis has...special interest for biofuel energy applications; an important...

In spite of the recent political turmoil, Thailand has continued to develop its ethanol based alternative fuel supply and demand infrastructure. Its support of production and sales of ethanol contributed to more than doubling the production over the past five years alone. In April 2014, average consumption stood at 3.18 million liter per day- more than a third on its way to its domestic consumption goal of 9 million liters per day by 2021. Strong government incentives and the phasing out of non-blended gasoline contributed substantially. Concurrently, exports dropped significantly to their lowest level since 2011, increasing the pressure on Thai policy makers to best balance energy independency goals with other priorities, such as Thailand’s trade balance and environmental aspirations. Utilization of second generation biofuels might have the potential to further expand Thailand’s growing ethanol market. Thailand has also dramatically increased its higher ethanol blend vehicle fleet, with all new vehicles sold in the Thai market now being E20 capable and the number of E85 vehicles increasing three fold in the last year from 100,000 in 2013 to 300,000 in 2014.

Abstract Ethanolproduction from cellulosic biomass involves five unit operations: pretreatment, cellulase production, enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and product recovery. ­Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) combines the three biologically mediated steps (cellulase production, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial fermentation) into a single operation. CBP has outstanding potential for providing a breakthrough solution for the biological conversion of cellulosic biomass into ethanol. The implementation of CBP requires microbes that can produce a functional cellulase system while generating ethanol at high yields and concentrations. CBP-enabling microorganisms can be developed via two strategies: a native cellulolytic strategy, which involves identifying a naturally occurring cellulolytic microorganism (or a consortium of microorganisms) and then improving its ability to ferment sugars into ethanol at high yields and at high titers, and a recombinant cellulolytic strategy, which involves engineering noncellulolytic organisms so that they can utilize cellulose to produce ethanol at high yields and titers by heterologously expressing cellulases.

Full report Biofuels Issues and Trends Release date: October 15, 2012 (updated October 18, 2012 for cellulosic production and October 23, 2012 for RSF2 volume clarification) Highlights Biofuels is a collective term for liquid fuels derived from renewable sources, including ethanol, biodiesel, and other renewable liquid fuels. This report focuses on ethanol and biodiesel, the most widely available biofuels. From 2009 to the middle of 2012, the U.S. biofuels industry increased its output and prepared to meet an expanded Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2),1 which requires increasing volumes of biofuels use. In 2011, the biofuels industry transitioned away from tax incentives for non-cellulosic biofuels, which expired at the end of 2011. Annual ethanol and biodiesel consumption, production, imports, and exports during 2009-11

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Making Algal BiofuelProduction More Efficient, Less Expensive Making Algal BiofuelProduction More Efficient, Less Expensive Making Algal BiofuelProduction More Efficient, Less Expensive January 10, 2014 - 1:08pm Addthis Researchers at the Energy Department's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed an innovative process that turns algae into bio-crude in less than 60 minutes. Watch the video above to see how the process works. | Video courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Colleen Ruddick Senior Technical Research Analyst Neil Rossmeissl General Engineer Daniel B. Fishman Technology Manager MORE RESOURCES Learn more about the Energy Department's Algae Program Attend the upcoming Algal Biofuels Strategy Workshop this spring Watch Sapphire Energy's Green Crude oil production process, which produces green crude oil from algae biomass that is cultivated and

Project LIBERTY, the nation’s first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plant to use corn waste as a feedstock, announced the start of production today. Once operating at full, commercial-scale, the biorefinery in Emmetsburg, Iowa will produce 25 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol per year - enough to avoid approximately 210,000 tons of CO2 emissions annually.

BiofuelsBiofuels (Redirected from - Biofuels) Jump to: navigation, search Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[1] Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for increased energy security. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanolproduction. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is

Questions, Answers and Clarifications Commercial Scale Advanced BiofuelsProduction Facilities biofuelsproduction facility? A.1 An existing biofuels facility is an existing facility that, as of the application due date of PON-13-601, produces (or did produce) biofuels in California. Q.2 Must an eligible

Biofuels and Agriculture Biofuels and Agriculture A Factsheet for Farmers American farmers have "biofuels" like ethanol and biodiesel mean that new markets are opening up. These can provide extra farm as growing markets for other biofuels like biodiesel. What are biofuels? Biofuels (short for "biomass fuels

This final report for Grant #DE-FG02-06ER64241, MN Center for Renewable Energy, will address the shared institutional work done by Minnesota State University, Mankato and Minnesota West Community and Technical College during the time period of July 1, 2006 to December 30, 2008. There was a no-cost extension request approved for the purpose of finalizing some of the work. The grant objectives broadly stated were to 1) develop educational curriculum to train technicians in wind and ethanol renewable energy, 2) determine the value of cattails as a biomass crop for production of cellulosic ethanol, and 3) research in Optimization of Bio-Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines. The funding for the MN Center for Renewable Energy was spent on specific projects related to the work of the Center.

EthanolProduction and Gasoline Prices: A Spurious Correlation Christopher R. Knittel and Aaron Smith July 12, 2012 Abstract Ethanol made from corn comprises 10% of US gasoline, up from 3% in 2003 proponents of ethanol have argued that ethanolproduction greatly lowers gasoline prices, with one industry

BiofuelsBiofuels Jump to: navigation, search Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[1] Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for increased energy security. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanolproduction. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is

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Abstract The production of biofuels including ethanol and hydrogen from agricultural waste is being concern as a renewable energy. Pineapple peel, a by-product of the pineapple processing industry, account for 29-40% (w/w) of total pineapple weight. 36.25±2.87% of cellulose was achieved from pineapple peel after pretreatment with water and heat at 100oC for 4 h. Afterwards, 0.5% (w/w) cellulase from Aspergillus niger (Sigma) was added for enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum sugar production (34.03±1.30 g/L) was obtained after 24 h of incubation time. The enzyme hydrolysate was utilized as fermentation medium, with no nutritional addition to produce ethanol and hydrogen by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5048 and Enterobacter aerogenes TISTR 1468. The maximum yield of ethanol (9.69 g/L) with no hydrogen production by S. cerevisiae was achieved after 72 h. However, the maximum ethanol and hydrogen from E. aerogenes were 1.38 g/L and 1,416 mL/L after 72 h and 12 h of cultivation, respectively. In addition, the 1.2-folds of biofuelproduction were increased when immobilized bacterial cell in matrix of loofah.

Influence of biofuel crops on mosquito production and oviposition site selection E P H A N T U S J of biofuelsproduction may cause unintended land-use changes and potentially alter ecosystem services and Miscanthus) biofuel crops on production and oviposition site selection by two vector mosquitoes, the yellow

explored, in an attempt to convert an abundant agricultural residue, corn stover, into potential bio-fuels. Pyrolysis of corn stover was carried out at 400, 500 and 600oC and at moderate pressure. Maximum bio-char yield of 37.3 wt.% and liquid product...

In a move toward consolidated bioprocessing (engineering a microorganism that is capable of both digesting biomass and converting the resulting sugars into biofuels), the group engineered the biofuel-producing strain to express and secrete xylanases that break down xylan into xylose, a pentose that is readily catabolized by E. coli. ... Another use of the ?-oxidation pathway in biofuelproduction is the production of methyl ketone biofuels in E. coli. ... With improvements in both biofuel synthesis pathways and biomass digestion capabilities, our approach could provide an economical route to prodn. of advanced biofuels. ...

Dekkera bruxellensis, a Non-conventional EthanolProduction Yeast Studies on Physiology Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2014 #12;Dekkera bruxellensis, a Non-conventional EthanolProduction in several ethanolproduction plants, which nevertheless had a high efficiency in one of the monitored

Production Facility in Decatur, Illinois. A processing plant Production Facility in Decatur, Illinois. A processing plant built for this project removes water from the CO 2 stream and then compresses the dry CO 2 to a supercritical phase. The compressed CO 2 then travels through a 1 mile-long pipeline to the wellhead where it is injected into the Mt. Simon Sandstone at a depth of about 7,000 feet. November 21, 2011, http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/

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EthanolProduction Tax Credit (Kentucky) EthanolProduction Tax Credit (Kentucky) EthanolProduction Tax Credit (Kentucky) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Program Info State Kentucky Program Type Corporate Tax Incentive Qualified ethanol producers are eligible for an income tax credit of $1 per gallon of corn- or cellulosic-based ethanol that meets ASTM standard D4806. The total credit amount available for all corn and cellulosic ethanol producers is $5 million for each taxable year. Unused ethanol credits from one ethanol-based cap, such as corn, may be applied to another ethanol-based cap, such as cellulosic, in the same taxable year. Unused credits may not be carried forward. Kentucky statute information regarding alternative fuel producer tax credits can be found within KRS Chapters 141.422-141.430

Diagram of the BiofuelProduction Process (SPORL - Alcohol Production):Introduction: The Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) is an organization that aims to create a sustainable aviation biofuels to determine the atmospheric emissions and emission sources that may be released from proposed NARA biofuels

vulnerable to erosion and loss of productivity. In analyses carried out separately by Malcolm, Aillery, and Weinberg (2009) and Taylor and Lacewell (2009a), it was found that meeting the bioenergy production mandates would expand cropland requirements... the traditional food crops for the available land, production of biomass crops for ethanol can be expected to extend to marginal lands and lands with degraded production capabilities (Lal and Pimentel 2007). 7 7 Such expansion to produce bioenergy...

Abstract Algae are currently being considered as a versatile feedstock for biofuelproduction because of their fast growth rate and high biomass productivity. Algae could simultaneously act as a carbon sink and water purifier if their cultivation were coupled with flue gas and wastewater treatment, respectively. Hence, an understanding of the overall supply chains for algal biofuelproduction is exceptionally important to determine whether it is worthwhile to scale up and commercialize algal cultivation for biofuelproduction. In this chapter, various aspects and constraints associated with the commercialization of algal biofuels are deliberated in detail, especially from the perspective of life-cycle energy balance. In addition, discussions on the economic assessments of algal biofuels are included in this chapter to provide an overview of the current state of algal biofuels in the fuel market. Potential algal biofuel conversion technologies, such as transesterification, starch hydrolysis and fermentation, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction are also presented.

California's target for greenhouse gas reduction in part relies on the development of viable low-carbon fuel alternatives to gasoline. It is often assumed that cellulosic ethanol--ethanol made from the structural parts of a plant and not from the food parts--will be one of these alternatives. This study examines the physical viability of a switchgrass-based cellulosic ethanol industry in California from the point of view of the physical requirements of land, water, energy and other material use. Starting from a scenario in which existing irrigated pastureland and fiber-crop land is converted to switchgrass production, the analysis determines the total acreage and water supply available and the resulting total biofuel feedstock output under different assumed yields. The number and location of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries that can be supported is also determined, assuming that the distance from field to biorefinery would be minimized. The biorefinery energy input requirement, available energy from the fraction of biomass not converted to ethanol, and energy output is calculated at various levels of ethanol yields, making different assumptions about process efficiencies. The analysis shows that there is insufficient biomass (after cellulose separation and fermentation into ethanol) to provide all the process energy needed to run the biorefinery; hence, the purchase of external energy such as natural gas is required to produce ethanol from switchgrass. The higher the yield of ethanol, the more external energy is needed, so that the net gains due to improved process efficiency may not be positive. On 2.7 million acres of land planted in switchgrass in this scenario, the switchgrass outputproduces enough ethanol to substitute for only 1.2 to 4.0percent of California's gasoline consumption in 2007.

The conceptual design of the 20 million gallon per year anhydrous ethanol facility a t Raft River has been completed. The corresponding geothermal gathering, extraction and reinjection systems to supply the process heating requirement were also completed. The ethanol facility operating on sugar beets, potatoes and wheat will share common fermentation and product recovery equipment. The geothermal fluid requirement will be approximately 6,000 gpm. It is anticipated that this flow will be supplied by 9 supply wells spaced at no closer than 1/4 mile in order to prevent mutual interferences. The geothermal fluid will be flashed in three stages to supply process steam at 250 F, 225 F and 205 F for various process needs. Steam condensate plus liquid remaining after the third flash will all be reinjected through 9 reinjection wells. The capital cost estimated for this ethanol plant employing all three feedstocks is $64 million. If only a single feedstock were used (for the same 20 mm gal/yr plant) the capital costs are estimated at $51.6 million, $43.1 million and $40. 5 million for sugar beets, potatoes and wheat respectively. The estimated capital cost for the geothermal system is $18 million.

...The Thermal Decomposition of Diethyl Ether. V. The Production of Ethanol from Diethyl Ether and the Pyrolysis of Ethanol G. R. Freeman The two modes of decomposition of ethanol at 525 degrees C, namely dehydration and dehydrogenation, are affected...

(8-10) To our knowledge, the thermal integration of ethanol fermentation and thermochemical conversion of its residues has only been investigated for ethanolproduction from sugar cane and power cogeneration from the by-produced bagasse with an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) instead of a conventional single cycle. ... Considering the energetic value of the byproducts in Table 2 and the important heat requirement for distillation and rectification of the raw product to fuel quality of Figure 2(c), this section compares different alternatives for integrating the fuel production and the energy and exergy recovery processes. ... biofuels as well as to indicate the emerging challenges and opportunities of the application of process integration on such processes towards innovative and sustainable solns. ...

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Abstract For analyzing sustainability of algal biofuels, we identify 16 environmental indicators that fall into six categories: soil quality, water quality and quantity, air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, and productivity. Indicators are selected to be practical, widely applicable, predictable in response, anticipatory of future changes, independent of scale, and responsive to management. Major differences between algae and terrestrial plant feedstocks, as well as their supply chains for biofuel, are highlighted, for they influence the choice of appropriate sustainability indicators. Algae strain selection characteristics do not generally affect which indicators are selected. The use of water instead of soil as the growth medium for algae determines the higher priority of water- over soil-related indicators. The proposed set of environmental indicators provides an initial checklist for measures of algal biofuel sustainability but may need to be modified for particular contexts depending on data availability, goals of stakeholders, and financial constraints. Use of these indicators entails defining sustainability goals and targets in relation to stakeholder values in a particular context and can lead to improved management practices.

For analyzing sustainability of algal biofuels, we identify 16 environmental indicators that fall into six categories: soil quality, water quality and quantity, air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, and productivity. Indicators are selected to be practical, widely applicable, predictable in response, anticipatory of future changes, independent of scale, and responsive to management. Major differences between algae and terrestrial plant feedstocks, as well as their supply chains for biofuel, are highlighted, for they influence the choice of appropriate sustainability indicators. Algae strain selection characteristics do not generally affect which indicators are selected. The use of water instead of soil as the growth medium for algae determines the higher priority of water- over soil-related indicators. The proposed set of environmental indicators provides an initial checklist for measures of biofuel sustainability but may need to be modified for particular contexts depending on data availability, goals of the stakeholders, and financial constraints. Use of these indicators entails defining sustainability goals and targets in relation to stakeholder values in a particular context and can lead to improved management practices.

PETRO Project: The 10 projects that comprise ARPA-E’s PETRO Project, short for “Plants Engineered to Replace Oil,” aim to develop non-food crops that directly produce transportation fuel. These crops can help supply the transportation sector with agriculturally derived fuels that are cost-competitive with petroleum and do not affect U.S. food supply. PETRO aims to redirect the processes for energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in plants toward fuel production. This would create dedicated energy crops that serve as a domestic alternative to petroleum-based fuels and deliver more energy per acre with less processing prior to the pump.

The remaining requirement for energy i is for producing a dried, high protein, an feed by-product from the stillage remai after the ethanol has been stripped from beer. The stillage initially contains about solids, of which about 55% is suspended mat... The basic process, shown in Figure 7, st with separation of the suspended solids from dissolved solids. Early practice was to use screens to achieve this separation followed by presses to dewater the solids, but ost distilleries now use solid bowl...

The potential expansion of biofuelproduction raises food, energy, and environmental challenges that require careful assessment of the impact of biofuelproduction on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil erosion, nutrient loading, and water quality. In this study, we describe a spatially explicit integrative modeling framework (SEIMF) to understand and quantify the environmental impacts of different biomass cropping systems. This SEIMF consists of three major components: (1) a geographic information system (GIS)-based data analysis system to define spatial modeling units with resolution of 56 m to address spatial variability, (2) the biophysical and biogeochemical model Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) applied in a spatially-explicit way to predict biomass yield, GHG emissions, and other environmental impacts of different biofuel crops production systems, and (3) an evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm for exploring the trade-offs between biofuel energy production and unintended ecosystem-service responses. Simple examples illustrate the major functions of the SEIMF when applied to a nine-county Regional Intensive Modeling Area (RIMA) in SW Michigan to (1) simulate biofuel crop production, (2) compare impacts of management practices and local ecosystem settings, and (3) optimize the spatial configuration of different biofuelproduction systems by balancing energy production and other ecosystem-service variables. Potential applications of the SEIMF to support life cycle analysis and provide information on biodiversity evaluation and marginal-land identification are also discussed. The SEIMF developed in this study is expected to provide a useful tool for scientists and decision makers to understand sustainability issues associated with the production of biofuels at local, regional, and national scales.

The potential expansion of biofuelproduction raises food, energy, and environmental challenges that require careful assessment of the impact of biofuelproduction on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil erosion, nutrient loading, and water quality. In this study, we describe a spatially-explicit integrative modeling framework (SEIMF) to understand and quantify the environmental impacts of different biomass cropping systems. This SEIMF consists of three major components: 1) a geographic information system (GIS)-based data analysis system to define spatial modeling units with resolution of 56 m to address spatial variability, 2) the biophysical and biogeochemical model EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) applied in a spatially-explicit way to predict biomass yield, GHG emissions, and other environmental impacts of different biofuel crops production systems, and 3) an evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm for exploring the trade-offs between biofuel energy production and unintended ecosystem-service responses. Simple examples illustrate the major functions of the SEIMF when applied to a 9-county Regional Intensive Modeling Area (RIMA) in SW Michigan to 1) simulate biofuel crop production, 2) compare impacts of management practices and local ecosystem settings, and 3) optimize the spatial configuration of different biofuelproduction systems by balancing energy production and other ecosystem-service variables. Potential applications of the SEIMF to support life cycle analysis and provide information on biodiversity evaluation and marginal-land identification are also discussed. The SEIMF developed in this study is expected to provide a useful tool for scientists and decision makers to understand sustainability issues associated with the production of biofuels at local, regional, and national scales.

A noticeable push toward using agricultural crops for ethanolproduction and for undertaking research to expand the range of possible biofuels began to dominate discussions of agricultural science ... being devel...

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Abstract The economic importance of biofuel industrial production chains will increase in the coming years and will be a promising source of co-products that are useful for sustainable farming systems. However, the use of co-products that are obtained from the biofuelproduction chains, especially for crop disease management, is an under-explored area in the research community. The liquid and solid co-products that are related to the biofuel outputs of particular interest in crop protection are 1) oil-less seed meals and glycerin derived from the biodiesel chain, 2) steam-exploded liquid waste derived from a 2nd-generation bioethanol chain, and 3) charcoal (bio-char) obtained from the pyrolysis of plant biomass. It is interesting to include the suppressive composts that are obtained by composting agricultural waste and the exhausted biomasses originating from the different biofuel chains. This overview summarizes the nature, the effects, the mechanisms, the possible applications, and the use in crop protection of the most important solid and liquid co-products that are obtained from industrial processes, focusing on 2nd-generation biofuel outputs to control economically important plant diseases that are caused by soil-borne pathogens. The aim of this work is to review the available studies on the employment perspectives of biofuel chain co-products in crop protection by distinguishing the two concepts that are most important in sustainable farming systems: 1) the possible effects of these organic inputs in terms of interaction with beneficial soil microbial populations and 2) the possible relationships of these organic inputs in terms of interaction with the physiological and ecological processes of the crop–pathogen systems. This distinction will permit a good definition of the potential advantages of biofuel chain co-products with respect to the traditional organic amendments that are usually used in crop protection. It is evident from this review that biofuel chain co-products have great potential but sometimes give inconsistent disease control, which limits their use in crop protection. There is no doubt that the benefits of biofuel chain co-products outweigh their drawbacks, but the impact of this approach on pathogen populations and disease suppression is often unpredictable.

...Multi-Year Program Plan, 2007-2012” (OBP, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 2005) (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/mypp.pdf). 4 Biofuels Research Advisory Council , “Biofuels in the European Union...

In the past decades, the ‘food versus fuel’ debate has caused a transition of first-generation biofuels to advanced biofuels. Although the later seems quite promising, ... The major hurdles to the deployment of a...

This paper reviews the state of liquid biofuels in Greece and presents the current situation in production and research. The first part presents the production potential in terms of cultivated crops along with the industrial activity on biofuels and their distribution in the country. In the second part the research activities are discussed. It is shown that the Greek biofuel potential is significant although some problems in the allocation of the fuel resulted in severe constraints to efficiency. Research on the optimization of biodiesel properties and on the development of 2nd generation biofuels as well on the assessment of their impacts on engine performance and emissions is remarkable and promising.

Technoeconomic Analysis of BiofuelProduction and Biorefinery Operation Utilizing Geothermal Energy ... A technoeconomic study is conducted to assess the feasibility of integrating geothermal energy into a biorefinery for biofuelproduction. ... Geothermal energy is utilized in the refinery to generate process steam for gasification and steam-methane reforming in addition to providing excess electricity via the organic Rankine cycle. ...

however, the combination of dwindling oil supplies, environmental awareness, and concern about America’s dependence on foreign oil supplies has brought biofuels to the foreground again. Currently, the vast majority of America’s ethanol is produced from... however, the combination of dwindling oil supplies, environmental awareness, and concern about America’s dependence on foreign oil supplies has brought biofuels to the foreground again. Currently, the vast majority of America’s ethanol is produced from...

...relative to gasoline and diesel, the fossil fuels they displace in the market. We do so by using current...biodiesel are 59% those of diesel fuel. It is important...costs not captured in market prices, whether a biofuel...cost was $0.55 per diesel EEL (16, 18), whereas...

...we find that life-cycle GHG emissions of soybean...biodiesel are 59% those of diesel fuel. It is important...justified if their life-cycle environmental impacts...cost was $0.55 per diesel EEL (16, 18), whereas...biodiesel suggest that, in general, biofuels would...

The Carbon Calculator for Land Use Change from BiofuelsProduction (CCLUB) calculates carbon emissions from land use change (LUC) for four different ethanolproduction pathways including corn grain ethanol and cellulosic ethanol from corn stover, miscanthus, and switchgrass. This document discusses the version of CCLUB released May 31, 2012 which includes corn, as did the previous CCLUB version, and three cellulosic feedstocks: corn stover, miscanthus, and switchgrass. CCLUB calculations are based upon two data sets: land change areas and above- and below-ground carbon content. Table 1 identifies where these data are stored and used within the CCLUB model, which is built in MS Excel. Land change area data is from Purdue University's Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) economic model. Section 2 describes the GTAP data CCLUB uses and how these data were modified to reflect shrubland transitions. Feedstock- and spatially-explicit below-ground carbon content data for the United States were generated with a surrogate model for CENTURY's soil organic carbon sub-model (Kwon and Hudson 2010) as described in Section 3. CENTURY is a soil organic matter model developed by Parton et al. (1987). The previous CCLUB version used more coarse domestic carbon emission factors. Above-ground non-soil carbon content data for forest ecosystems was sourced from the USDA/NCIAS Carbon Online Estimator (COLE) as explained in Section 4. We discuss emission factors used for calculation of international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Section 5. Temporal issues associated with modeling LUC emissions are the topic of Section 6. Finally, in Section 7 we provide a step-by-step guide to using CCLUB and obtaining results.

From early 2008, the issue of rising global food prices moved to the forefront of the international political agenda. As a result of higher food prices, tens of millions of people were pushed into hunger and poverty around the world. Civil unrest flared up in North Africa, Vietnam and Haiti as countries introduced export restrictions on food subsidies and instituted price controls. Food price inflation has been sparking protests in North Africa that toppled longstanding presidents in Tunisia and Egypt. In the food markets, unfavourable weather conditions, rising fuel costs, rising biofuelsproduction, and trade restrictions have added to upward price pressures. Higher food and fuel prices have serious macroeconomic effects throughout the global economy, including adverse effects on growth and inflation, and large swings in the terms of trade - with important balance of payments repercussions. In this paper, we analyse the immediate causes of food price inflation; in particular the role of biofuel, and discuss actions policy makers may need to take to ensure global food security.

al. 2006. Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmentalal. 2008. Net energy of cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass.ethanol and biodiesel fuels from food crops such as corn and soybeans is relatively energy-

BiofuelsBiofuels Harnessing the power of plants to fuel our future Page 1 of 2 BNL Researcher with corn Finding alternatives to corn-based ethanol is one of the major goals of Brookhaven's biofuels research effort. The effort to identify and tailor new energy sources from plant products could go a long way towards addressing our nation's future energy needs. Plants are efficient energy scavengers, using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and other products that fuel every living thing on Earth. When we burn fossil fuels to generate heat or electricity, we tap into this ancient source of energy, locked up long ago by the plants and animals that decayed to form those fuels. But dwindling supplies, high costs, and environmental consequences of fossil fuels, such

The production of biofuel from cellulosic residues can have both environmental and financial benefits. A particular benefit is that it can alleviate competition for land conventionally used for food and feed production. In this research, we investigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the production of ethanol, biomethane, limonene and digestate from citrus waste, a byproduct of the citrus processing industry. The study represents the first life cycle-based evaluations of citrus waste biorefineries. Two biorefinery configurations are studied—a large biorefinery that converts citrus waste into ethanol, biomethane, limonene and digestate, and a small biorefinery that converts citrus waste into biomethane, limonene and digestate. Ethanol is assumed to be used as E85, displacing gasoline as a light-duty vehicle fuel; biomethane displaces natural gas for electricity generation, limonene displaces acetone in solvents, and digestate from the anaerobic digestion process displaces synthetic fertilizer. System expansion and two allocation methods (energy, market value) are considered to determine emissions of co-products. Considerable GHG reductions would be achieved by producing and utilizing the citrus waste-based products in place of the petroleum-based or other non-renewable products. For the large biorefinery, ethanol used as E85 in light-duty vehicles results in a 134% reduction in GHG emissions compared to gasoline-fueled vehicles when applying a system expansion approach. For the small biorefinery, when electricity is generated from biomethane rather than natural gas, GHG emissions are reduced by 77% when applying system expansion. The life cycle GHG emissions vary substantially depending upon biomethane leakage rate, feedstock GHG emissions and the method to determine emissions assigned to co-products. Among the process design parameters, the biomethane leakage rate is critical, and the ethanol produced in the large biorefinery would not meet EISA's requirements for cellulosic biofuel if the leakage rate is higher than 9.7%. For the small biorefinery, there are no GHG emission benefits in the production of biomethane if the leakage rate is higher than 11.5%. Compared to system expansion, the use of energy and market value allocation methods generally results in higher estimates of GHG emissions for the primary biorefinery products (i.e., smaller reductions in emissions compared to reference systems).

During commercial-scale dry-mill ethanolproduction from corn, as much as 6 ... In this study, two methods to improve ethanolproduction during commercial-scale corn ethanolproduction were tested that release an...

Biofuel Basics Biofuel Basics Biofuel Basics July 30, 2013 - 11:38am Addthis Text Version Photo of a woman in goggles handling a machine filled with biofuels. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass. Most biofuels are used for transportation, but some are used as fuels to produce electricity. The expanded use of biofuels offers an array of benefits for our energy security, economic growth, and environment. Current biofuels research focuses on new forms of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, and on biofuels conversion processes. EthanolEthanol-an alcohol-is made primarily from the starch in corn grain. It is most commonly used as an additive to petroleum-based fuels to reduce toxic air emissions and increase octane. Today, roughly half of the gasoline sold in the United States includes 5%-10% ethanol.

Abstract This paper presents a study on the production of biofuels from algae cultivated in municipal wastewater in Gothenburg, Sweden. A possible biorefinery concept is studied based on two cases; Case A) combined biodiesel and biogas production, and Case B) only biogas production. The cases are compared in terms of product outputs and impact on global CO2 emissions mitigation. The area efficiency of the algae-based biofuels is also compared with other biofuelproduction routes. The study investigates the collaboration between an algae cultivation, biofuelproduction processes, a wastewater treatment plant and an industrial cluster for the purpose of utilizing material flows and industrial excess heat between the actors. This collaboration provides the opportunity to reduce the CO2 emissions from the process compared to a stand-alone operation. The results show that Case A is advantageous to Case B with respect to all studied factors. It is found that the algae-based biofuelproduction routes investigated in this study has higher area efficiency than other biofuelproduction routes. The amount of algae-based biofuel possible to produce corresponds to 31 \\{MWfuel\\} for Case A and 26 \\{MWfuel\\} in Case B.

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The productive cellulosic crops switchgrass and Miscanthus are considered as viable biofuel sources. To meet the 2022 national biofuel target mandate, actions must be taken, e.g., maize cultivation must be intensified and expanded, and other biofuel crops (switchgrass and Miscanthus) must be cultivated. This raises questions on the use efficiencies of land and water; to date, the demand on these resources to meet the national biofuel target has rarely been analyzed. Here, we present a data-model assimilation analysis, assuming that maize, switchgrass and Miscanthus will be grown on currently available croplands in the US. Model simulations suggest that maize can produce 3.0–5.4 kiloliters (kl) of ethanol for every hectare of land, depending on the feedstock to ethanol conversion efficiency; Miscanthus has more than twice the biofuelproduction capacity relative to maize, and switchgrass is the least productive of the three potential sources of ethanol. To meet the biofuel target, about 26.5 million hectares of land and over 90 km3 of water (of evapotranspiration) are needed if maize grain alone is used. If Miscanthus was substituted for maize, the process would save half of the land and one third of the water. With more advanced biofuel conversion technology for Miscanthus, only nine million hectares of land and 45 km3 of water would probably meet the national target. Miscanthus could be a good alternative biofuel crop to maize due to its significantly lower demand for land and water on a per unit of ethanol basis.

Disclosed are recombinant host cells suitable for degrading an oligosaccharide that have been optimized for growth and production of high yields of ethanol, and methods of making and using these cells. The invention further provides minimal media comprising urea-like compounds for economical production of ethanol by recombinant microorganisms. Recombinant host cells in accordance with the invention are modified by gene mutation to eliminate genes responsible for the production of unwanted products other than ethanol, thereby increasing the yield of ethanol produced from the oligosaccharides, relative to unmutated parent strains. The new and improved strains of recombinant bacteria are capable of superior ethanolproductivity and yield when grown under conditions suitable for fermentation in minimal growth media containing inexpensive reagents. Systems optimized for ethanolproduction combine a selected optimized minimal medium with a recombinant host cell optimized for use in the selected medium. Preferred systems are suitable for efficient ethanolproduction by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using lignocellulose as an oligosaccharide source. The invention also provides novel isolated polynucleotide sequences, polypeptide sequences, vectors and antibodies.

In the article `The ethanol program in Brazil' [1] José Goldemberg summarizes the key features of Brazil's sugarcane ethanol program—the most successful biofuel program in the world so far. In fact, as of 2005, Brazil was the world's largest producer of fuel ethanol. In addition to providing 40% of its gasoline market with ethanol, Brazil exports a significant amount of ethanol to Europe, Japan, and the United States. The success of the program is attributed to a variety of factors, including supportive governmental policies and favorable natural conditions (such as a tropical climate with abundant rainfall and high temperatures). As the article points out, in the early stages of the Brazilian ethanol program, the Brazilian government provided loans to sugarcane growers and ethanol producers (in most cases, they are the same people) to encourage sugarcane and ethanolproduction. Thereafter, ethanol prices were regulated to ensure that producers can economically sustain production and consumers can benefit from using ethanol. Over time, Brazil was able to achieve a price for ethanol that is lower than that for gasoline, on the basis of energy content. This lower cost is largely driving the widespread use of ethanol instead of gasoline by consumers in Brazil. In the United States, if owners of E85 flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are expected to use E85 instead of gasoline in their FFVs, E85 will have to be priced competitively against gasoline on an energy-content basis. Compared with corn-based or sugar beet-based ethanol, Brazil's sugarcane-based ethanol yields considerably more favorable results in terms of energy balance and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. These results are primarily due to (i) the dramatic increase of sugarcane yield in Brazil in the past 25 years and (ii) the use of bagasse instead of fossil fuels in ethanol plants to provide the heat needed for ethanol plant operations and to generate electricity for export to electric grids. Advancements in technology associated with both sugarcane farming and ethanolproduction have definitely played an important role in yielding the significant benefits associated with sugarcane ethanol. The United States produced about 4 billion gallons of ethanol from corn in 2005. Production was expected to increase to about 5 billion gallons by 2006. Corn-based ethanol achieves moderate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. In the long run, the great potential of fuel ethanol lies in its production from cellulosic biomass, which is abundant in many regions of the world and can yield much greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and energy benefits. Figure 1 presents reductions in greenhouse emissions of several ethanolproduction pathways that were evaluated at the Argonne National Laboratory. Bagasse, a cellulosic biomass type already available in sugarcane ethanol plants, will certainly offer an opportunity for economically co-producing cellulosic ethanol and sugarcane ethanol in existing sugarcane ethanol plants. Figure 1. Greenhouse gas emissions per million Btu of gasoline and ethanol produced and used. Despite the encouraging progress of Brazil's ethanol program some issues will still need to be addressed. Figure 4 of [1] shows a significant drop in ethanolproduction in the 2000/2001 season. A steady supply of ethanol will be a key factor for the success of a fuel ethanol program. Consumers are not going to tolerate fluctuations in ethanolproduction. Instead, they will turn to conventional fuels for fueling their FFVs as a result of supply fluctuations, which can be detrimental to the success of the ethanol program. In addition to this, other environmental effects of biofuels in general, and sugarcane ethanol in particular, need to be assessed. Some have debated and speculated that Brazil's sugarcane ethanol program has caused (i) soil erosion and biodiversity problems by converting rainforests into sugarcane plantations and (ii) local air pollution problems as a result of burning in plantations before harvest. Also, as interest in biofuels heightens

...ethanol, combustion of waste biomass, such as the...cogeneration through biomass gasification (30) should be similar...Because this island industry cannot operate without...used by households of industry laborers (Table 4). Energy...we expand the island industry model to include total net emissions...

A techno-economic analysis on the production of cellulosic ethanol by fermentation was conducted to understand the viability of liquid biofuelproduction processes within the next 5-8 years. Initially, 35 technologies were reviewed, then a two-step down selection was performed to choose scenarios to be evaluated in a more detailed economic analysis. The lignocellulosic ethanol process was selected because it is well studied and portions of the process have been tested at pilot scales. Seven process variations were selected and examined in detail. Process designs were constrained to public data published in 2007 or earlier, without projecting for future process improvements. Economic analysis was performed for an 'nth plant' (mature technology) to obtain total investment and product value (PV). Sensitivity analysis was performed on PV to assess the impact of variations in process and economic parameters. Results show that the modeled dilute acid pretreatment process without any downstream process variation had the lowest PV of $3.40/gal of ethanol ($5.15/gallon of gasoline equivalent) in 2007 dollars. Sensitivity analysis shows that PV is most sensitive to feedstock and enzyme costs.

Agricultural interests across Texas are looking at the possibility of an ethanol industry in Texas. Continued conflict in the Middle East, the ban of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in California, and low commodity prices have all lead...

Computer simulations suggest a new strategy to design enhanced enzymes for biofuelsproduction. Large-scale computer simulations predict that the addition of glycosylation on carbohydrate Energy Laboratory (NREL) used computer simulation to predict that adding glycosylation

The impact of co-occurring tree and grassland species on carbon sequestration and potential biofuel for terrestrial carbon sequestration and potential biofuelproduction. For P. strobus, above- ground plant carbon harvest for biofuel would result in no net carbon sequestration as declines in soil carbon offset plant

Congress Revisits Biofuels Mandate ... Congress is unlikely to scrap a federal mandate that requires petroleum refiners to blend increasingly large amounts of biofuels—mainly ethanol and biodiesel—into U.S. gasoline and diesel supplies, lawmakers said last week. ... The petroleum industry argues that the standard will force it to exceed a safe ethanol mixture, while biofuels makers say repealing the requirement will ruin a huge investment in alternative fuels. ...

Biofuels in Light-Duty Vehicles Biofuels in Light-Duty Vehicles Project Summary Full Title: Mobility Chains Analysis of Technologies for Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Vehicles Fueled with Biofuels: Application of the GREET Model to the Role of Biomass in America's Energy Future (RBAEF) Project Project ID: 82 Principal Investigator: Michael Wang Brief Description: The mobility chains analysis estimated the energy consumption and emissions associated with the use of various biofuels in light-duty vehicles. Keywords: Well-to-wheels (WTW); ethanol; biofuels; Fischer Tropsch diesel; hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) Purpose The project was a multi-organization, multi-sponsor project to examine the potential of biofuels in the U.S. Argonne was responsible for the well-to-wheels analysis of biofuelproduction and use.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Possible improvements in biomass ethanolproduction are decribed involving heat-pumped distillation, ... anticipating some features of a technologically mature biomass ethanol process, as well as for comparing ethanol

We studied the effects of ethanol on the energy production system in the brain and liver in acute and chronic intoxications. Ethanol was found to inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver. Acute ethanol

Ethanol Fuel Basics Ethanol Fuel Basics Ethanol Fuel Basics July 30, 2013 - 12:00pm Addthis biomass in beekers Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from various plant materials, which collectively are called "biomass." Ethanol contains the same chemical compound (C2H5OH) found in alcoholic beverages. Studies have estimated that ethanol and other biofuels could replace 30% or more of U.S. gasoline demand by 2030. Nearly half of U.S. gasoline contains ethanol in a low-level blend to oxygenate the fuel and reduce air pollution. Ethanol is also increasingly available in E85, an alternative fuel that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Several steps are required to make ethanol available as a vehicle fuel. Biomass feedstocks are grown and transported to ethanolproduction

In response to concerns about oil dependency and the contributions of fossil fuel use to climatic change, the U.S. Department of Energy has begun a research initiative to make 20% of motor fuels biofuel based in 10 years, and make 30% of fuels bio-based by 2030. Fundamental to this objective is developing an understanding of feedstock dynamics of crops suitable for cellulosic ethanolproduction. This report focuses on switchgrass, reviewing the existing literature from field trials across the United States, and compiling it for the first time into a single database. Data available from the literature included cultivar and crop management information, and location of the field trial. For each location we determined latitude and longitude, and used this information to add temperature and precipitation records from the nearest weather station. Within this broad database we were able to identify the major sources of variation in biomass yield, and to characterize yield as a function of some of the more influential factors, e.g., stand age, ecotype, precipitation and temperature in the year of harvest, site latitude, and fertilization regime. We then used a modeling approach, based chiefly on climatic factors and ecotype, to predict potential yields for a given temperature and weather pattern (based on 95th percentile response curves), assuming the choice of optimal cultivars and harvest schedules. For upland ecotype varieties, potential yields were as high as 18 to 20 Mg/ha, given ideal growing conditions, whereas yields in lowland ecotype varieties could reach 23 to 27 Mg/ha. The predictive equations were used to produce maps of potential yield across the continental United States, based on precipitation and temperature in the long term climate record, using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Potential yields calculated via this characterization were subsequently compared to the Oak Ridge Energy Crop County Level data base (ORECCL), which was created at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Graham et al. 1996) to predict biofuel crop yields at the county level within a limited geographic area. Mapped output using the model was relatively consistent with known switchgrass distribution. It correctly showed higher yields for lowland switchgrass when compared with upland varieties at most locations. Projections for the most northern parts of the range suggest comparable yields for the two ecotypes, but inadequate data for lowland ecotypes grown at high latitudes make it difficult to fully assess this projection. The final model is a predictor of optimal yields for a given climate scenario, but does not attempt to identify or account for other limiting or interacting factors. The statistical model is nevertheless an improvement over historical efforts, in that it is based on quantifiable climatic differences, and it can be used to extrapolate beyond the historic range of switchgrass. Additional refinement of the current statistical model, or the use of different empirical or process-based models, might improve the prediction of switchgrass yields with respect to climate and interactions with cultivar and management practices, assisting growers in choosing high-yielding cultivars within the context of local environmental growing conditions.

Dictionary.png Dictionary.png Cellulosic ethanol An advanced type of biofuel that is produced by breaking down and using the cellulose compound found in trees and grasses.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the inedible parts of plants. It is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. Lignocellulose is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Corn stover, Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), Miscanthus grass species, wood chips and the byproducts of lawn and tree maintenance are some of the more popular cellulosic materials for ethanolproduction. Production of ethanol from lignocellulose has the advantage of abundant and

...biomasses, for example, also pose a challenge to the control of efficient ethanolproductivities...biochemical pathways for biomass and energy production: identification of reactions...for ethanolproduction: chromosomal integration of Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate...

We investigated the system expansion approach to net energy analysis for ethanolproduction from domestic corn grain. Production systems included in this study are ethanolproduction from corn dry milling and cor...

EthanolEthanol A colorless, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of sugars. While it is also the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it can be denatured for fuel use. Fuel ethanol is used principally for blending in low concentrations with motor gasoline as an oxygenate or octane enhancer. In high concentrations, it is used to fuel alternative-fuel vehicles specially designed for its use.[1][2][3] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Ethanol fuel is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline. World ethanolproduction for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 billion to more than 52 billion liters. From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type

...agricultural inputs and more efficient conversion of feedstocks to...increases in petroleum prices, high production...synthetic glycerol is of a higher purity than raw glycerol...complete combustion at 90% boiler efficiency (DDGS = 20.79...

...Transportation Modes, Electricity Use, Heating and Cooking Fuels, and Materials (University...demand. Until recent increases in petroleum prices, high production costs...90% of which derived from soybean oil. With an average farm size of 120 ha...

...Pesticides can move by similar processes. Data on agrichemical...product and coproducts, that biodiesel uses, per unit of energy gained...Fortenbery T. R. ( 2005 ) Biodiesel Feasibility Study: An Evaluation of Biodiesel Feasibility in Wisconsin...

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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approaches to biofuelproduction Editorial Biofuels (2012) 3(1), 9Â­12 "...it is important for synthetic there is a tendency, par- ticularly in the algae biofuel space, to prioritize high yields without sufficient regard large enough volumes of biofuels at a low enough cost to make this significant leap in the national

Biofuel Conversion Basics Biofuel Conversion Basics Biofuel Conversion Basics August 14, 2013 - 12:31pm Addthis The conversion of biomass solids into liquid or gaseous biofuels is a complex process. Today, the most common conversion processes are biochemical- and thermochemical-based. However, researchers are also exploring photobiological conversion processes. Biochemical Conversion Processes In biochemical conversion processes, enzymes and microorganisms are used as biocatalysts to convert biomass or biomass-derived compounds into desirable products. Cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes break down the carbohydrate fractions of biomass to five- and six-carbon sugars in a process known as hydrolysis. Yeast and bacteria then ferment the sugars into products such as ethanol. Biotechnology advances are expected to lead to dramatic

...increase in the costs of product recovery. This would be offset by increased ethanol yield and decreased costs of biomass feedstocks. Although further investigations are needed to optimize ethanolproduction by recombinant E. coli, the conversion...

Lignocellulosic substrates are the largest source of fermentable sugars for bioconversion to fuel ethanol and other valuable compounds. To improve the ... product(s). While hexoses are fermented into ethanol and ...

Impact of Air Pollution Control Costs on the Cost and Spatial Arrangement of Cellulosic BiofuelProduction in the U.S. ... The difference in truck freight transport between the AQ_On and AQ_Off scenario is approximately 120 million ton-miles, costing approximately $33 million, or one-fifth of the cost difference between the two scenarios. ... gal of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate change and health costs were $469 million for gasoline, $472-952 million for corn ethanol (depending on bio-refinery heat source [natural gas, corn stover, coal] and technol.), but only $123-208 million for cellulosic ethanol (depending on feedstock [prairie biomass, Miscanthus, corn stover, switchgrass]). ...

Response to "EthanolProduction and Gasoline Prices: A Spurious Correlation" by Knittel and Smith Beardshear Hall, (515) 294-7612." #12;1 Response to "EthanolProduction and Gasoline Prices: A Spurious and Aaron Smith attack the paper "The Impact of EthanolProduction on US and Regional Gasoline Markets

...instability of petroleum fuel costs, the reality...levels. Photosynthetic algae, both microalgae...153). If ancient algae are responsible for...attractive as a source of fuel from an environmental...incorporated into algae; however, these...eukaryotic systems. As a fuel, ethanol has a lower...

Biofuels Basics Biofuels Basics Content on this page requires a newer version of Adobe Flash Player. Get Adobe Flash player This video provides an overview of NREL research on converting biomass to liquid fuels. Text Version Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels, called "biofuels," to help meet transportation fuel needs. The two most common types of biofuels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol, the same as in beer and wine (although ethanol used as a fuel is modified to make it undrinkable). It is most commonly made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates through a process similar to beer brewing. Today, ethanol is made from starches and sugars, but NREL scientists are developing technology to allow it to be made from cellulose

Analysis of the feasibility of co-locating corn-grain-to-ethanol and lignocellulosic ethanol plants and potential savings from combining utilities, ethanol purification, product processing, and fermentation. Although none of the scenarios identified could produce ethanol at lower cost than a straight grain ethanol plant, several were lower cost than a straight cellulosic ethanol plant.

Biomass Characterization of Buddleja davidii: A Potential Feedstock for BiofuelProduction ... A compositional analysis was performed on Buddleja davidii to determine its general biomass characteristics and provide detailed analysis of the chemical structures of its cellulose and lignin using NMR. ... The biomass composition of B. davidii is 30% lignin, 35% cellulose, and 34% hemicellulose. ...

The Energy Department today announced up to $10 million in funding to advance the production of advanced biofuels, substitutes for petroleum-based feedstocks, and bioproducts made from renewable, non-food-based biomass, such as agricultural residues and woody biomass.

NREL Breaks Down Walls for Biofuels NREL Breaks Down Walls for Biofuels November 30, 2009 Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and ethanol producers are racing to come up with ways to make ethanol from cellulosic biomass that are cheaper and easier to produce than current methods. But they are hitting a wall. Cell walls in plants are making the production of cellulosic ethanol a challenge. So researchers are creating their own computer program to help model and break down the tiny fibers of cellulose - or fibrils - found in plant cells. Although ethanol is becoming more available to consumers, NREL is working closely with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to meet a quickly approaching goal to produce competitively priced ethanol for $1.50 per gallon by 2012. Why the rush? DOE believes this is the price at which

......the Determination of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation Products Xiaoqing Lin 1 2...measuring the products of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation and the combined...fermentation, also called acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, was the second......

The transport biofuel is emerging a promising option to realize the sustainable growth of our society. Two biofuels, bioethanol and biodiesel, are currently used ... the transport sector. As the production of biofuels

This paper delivers the theoretical results achieved the production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a fluidized bed ... recirculation of the fluidizing gas and coolers for ethanol recovery. The influenc...

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "biofuels product ethanol" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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Environmental Implications of Jatropha Biofuel from a Silvi-Pastoral Production System in Central-West Brazil ... (8) Independent of debates over biofuels, agricultural intensification, particularly cattle production in the tropics, has been identified as a way to reduce negative LUC.(9, 10) This study examines the environmental impacts of a biofuelproduction system currently being implemented in the Central-Western Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in which jatropha is intercropped with cattle pasture. ... The basic Jatropha biodiesel system consumes 8 times less non-renewable energy than conventional diesel and reduces greenhouse gas emissions 51%. ...

...grain and biodiesel from oil...production of fuel products...However, the introduction of metabolic...production of fuels faces many...comprehensive engineering of many aspects...production of biodiesel through the...biology to fuels. Curr...implications for biodiesel production...2003. Engineering a mevalonate...1994. Introduction of foreign...

Cellulosic Biofuels Disappoint ... As part of the strategy, a goal of 36 billion gallons per year (bgy) of biofuelproduction was mandated by a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) lasting from 2008 through 2022. ...

Several physical and chemical factors limit the production of biofuels, such as the complex process required for the conversion of plant biomass into ethanol. For example, fossil energy inputs needed for the prod...

Long chain alcohols possess major advantages over ethanol as bio-components for gasoline, including higher energy content, better engine compatibility, and less water solubility. Rapid developments in biofuel technology have made it possible to produce C{sub 4}-C{sub 5} alcohols efficiently. These higher alcohols could significantly expand the biofuel content and potentially replace ethanol in future gasoline mixtures. This study characterizes some fundamental properties of a C{sub 5} alcohol, isopentanol, as a fuel for homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) engines. Wide ranges of engine speed, intake temperature, intake pressure, and equivalence ratio are investigated. The elementary autoignition reactions of isopentanol is investigated by analyzing product formation from laser-photolytic Cl-initiated isopentanol oxidation. Carbon-carbon bond-scission reactions in the low-temperature oxidation chemistry may provide an explanation for the intermediate-temperature heat release observed in the engine experiments. Overall, the results indicate that isopentanol has a good potential as a HCCI fuel, either in neat form or in blend with gasoline.

Washing macroalgae is a ‘standard’ initial pre-treatment step, reported in a number of papers on biofuelproduction from macroalgae. Washing removes particulate matter; however, in this study, we show that was...

Microorganisms have been rich sources for natural products, some of which have found use as fuels, commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, polymers, and drugs, to name a few. The recent interest in production of transportation fuels from renewable resources has catalyzed numerous research endeavors that focus on developing microbial systems for production of such natural products. Eliminating bottlenecks in microbial metabolic pathways and alleviating the stresses due to production of these chemicals are crucial in the generation of robust and efficient production hosts. The use of systems-level studies makes it possible to comprehensively understand the impact of pathway engineering within the context of the entire host metabolism, to diagnose stresses due to product synthesis, and provides the rationale to cost-effectively engineer optimal industrial microorganisms.

Abstract Recent regulations on biofuels require reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions related to feedstock-specific biofuels. However, the inclusion of GHG emissions from land-use change (LUC) into law and policy remains a subject of active discussion, with LUC–GHG emissions an issue of intense research. This article identifies key modelling choices for assessing the impact of biofuelproduction on LUC–GHG emissions. The identification of these modelling choices derives from evaluation and critical comparison of models from commonly accepted biofuels–LUC–GHG modelling approaches. The selection and comparison of models were intended to cover factors related to production of agricultural-based biofuel, provision of land for feedstock, and GHG emissions from land-use conversion. However, some fundamental modelling issues are common to all stages of assessment and require resolution, including choice of scale and spatial coverage, approach to accounting for time, and level of aggregation. It is argued here that significant improvements have been made to address LUC–GHG emissions from biofuels. Several models have been created, adapted, coupled, and integrated, but room for improvement remains in representing LUC–GHG emissions from specific biofuelproduction pathways, as follows: more detailed and integrated modelling of biofuel supply chains; more complete modelling of policy frameworks, accounting for forest dynamics and other drivers of LUC; more heterogeneous modelling of spatial patterns of LUC and associated GHG emissions; and clearer procedures for accounting for the time-dependency of variables. It is concluded that coupling the results of different models is a convenient strategy for addressing effects with different time and space scales. In contrast, model integration requires unified scales and time approaches to provide generalised representations of the system. Guidelines for estimating and reporting LUC–GHG emissions are required to help modellers to define the most suitable approaches and policy makers to better understand the complex impacts of agricultural-based biofuelproduction.

Biofuels Energy Data (from World on the Edge) Biofuels Energy Data (from World on the Edge) Dataset Summary Description This dataset presents summary information related to world biofuelsproduction. It is part of a supporting dataset for the book World On the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse by Lester R. Brown, available from the Earth Policy Institute. This biofuels dataset includes the following ethanolproduction data: World (1975 - 2010); ten leading countries in the world (2010); U.S. (1978 - 2010); Brazil (1975 - 2010); China (2002 - 2010); E.U. (1992 - 2010), as well as Corn production and use for ethanol in the U.S. (1980 - 2010). Also included is biodiesel production data for: World (1991 - 2010); five leading countries (2010); U.S. (2000 - 2010); and the E.U. (2000 - 2010).

Abstract Our society currently faces three challenges, including resource depletion, waste accumulation and environmental degradation, leading to rapidly escalating raw material costs and increasingly expensive and restrictive waste disposal legislation. This work aims to produce clean solid biofuel from high moisture content waste biomass (bio-waste) with high nitrogen (N)/chlorine (Cl) content by mild hydrothermal (HT) conversion processes. The newest results are summarized and discussed in terms of the mechanical dewatering and upgrading, dechlorination, denitrification and coalification resulting from the HT pretreatment. Moreover, both the mono-combustion and co-combustion characteristics of the solid fuel are reviewed by concentrating on the pollutants emission control, especially the NO emission properties. In addition, the feasibility of this HT solid biofuelproduction process is also discussed in terms of “Energy Balance and economic viability”. As an alternative to dry combustion/dry pyrolysis/co-combustion, the HT process, combining the dehydration and decarboxylation of a biomass to raise its carbon content aiming to achieve a higher calorific value, opens up the field of potential feedstock for lignite-like solid biofuelproduction from a wide range of nontraditional renewable and plentiful wet agricultural residues, sludge and municipal wastes. It would contribute to a wider application of HT pretreatment bio-wastes for safe disposal and energy recycling.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The present invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a mutant acetaldehyde-CoA/alcohol dehydrogenase or mutant alcohol dehydrogenase and confer enhanced tolerance to ethanol. The invention also provides related expression vectors, genetically engineered microorganisms having enhanced tolerance to ethanol, as well as methods of making and using such genetically modified microorganisms for production of biofuels based on fermentation of biomass materials.

In the USA, biomass crop systems will be needed to meet future ethanolproduction goals. We estimated production costs, profits, and energy budgets for three potential crop systems for ... . Production costs, pro...

Biofuel Economy and Hydrogen Competition† ... Only with a reformed economic structure resembling a developed country, the biofuels and hydrogen economy can be realized in Taiwan. ... According to ref 3, biofuels can substitute up to 10% of the current petroleum consumption in the U.S. if its all corn-planted land was used for biofuelproduction. ...

Cellana is a leading developer of algae-based bioproducts, and its pre-commercial production of marine microalgae takes place at Cellana?s Kona Demonstration Facility (KDF) in Hawaii. KDF is housing more than 70 high-performing algal strains for different bioproducts, of which over 30 have been grown outside at scale. So far, Cellana has produced more than 10 metric tons of algal biomass for the development of biofuels, animal feed, and high-value nutraceuticals. Cellana?s ALDUO algal cultivation technology allows Cellana to grow non-extremophile algal strains at large scale with no contamination disruptions. Cellana?s research and production at KDF have addressed three major areas that are crucial for the commercialization of algal biofuels: yield improvement, cost reduction, and the overall economics. Commercially acceptable solutions have been developed and tested for major factors limiting areal productivity of algal biomass and lipids based on years of R&D work conducted at KDF. Improved biomass and lipid productivity were achieved through strain improvement, culture management strategies (e.g., alleviation of self-shading, de-oxygenation, and efficient CO2 delivery), and technical advancement in downstream harvesting technology. Cost reduction was achieved through optimized CO2 delivery system, flue gas utilization technology, and energy-efficient harvesting technology. Improved overall economics was achieved through a holistic approach by integration of high-value co-products in the process, in addition to yield improvements and cost reductions.

Successful development of a large-scale microalgae-based biofuels industry requires comprehensive analysis and understanding of the feedstock supply chain—from facility siting/design through processing/upgrading of the feedstock to a fuel product. The evolution from pilot-scale production facilities to energy-scale operations presents many multi-disciplinary challenges, including a sustainable supply of water and nutrients, operational and infrastructure logistics, and economic competitiveness with petroleum-based fuels. These challenges are addressed in part by applying the Integrated Assessment Framework (IAF)—an integrated multi-scale modeling, analysis, and data management suite—to address key issues in developing and operating an open-pond facility by analyzing how variability and uncertainty in space and time affect algal feedstock production rates, and determining the site-specific “optimum” facility scale to minimize capital and operational expenses. This approach explicitly and systematically assesses the interdependence of biofuelproduction potential, associated resource requirements, and production system design trade-offs. The IAF was applied to a set of sites previously identified as having the potential to cumulatively produce 5 billion-gallons/year in the southeastern U.S. and results indicate costs can be reduced by selecting the most effective processing technology pathway and scaling downstream processing capabilities to fit site-specific growing conditions, available resources, and algal strains.

Tel Aviv-based Seambiotic and Seattle-based Inventure Chemical in a joint venture plan to use CO2 emissions-fed algae to make ethanol and biodiesel at a biofuel plant in Ashkelon, Israel . In Australia...

The Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework invites users to discover the power of bioenergy through an interface that provides extensive access to research data and literature, GIS mapping tools, and collaborative networks. The Bioenergy KDF supports efforts to develop a robust and sustainable bioenergy industry. The KDF facilitates informed decision making by providing a means to synthesize, analyze, and visualize vast amounts of information in a relevant and succinct manner. It harnesses Web 2.0 and social networking technologies to build a collective knowledge system that can better examine the economic and environmental impacts of development options for biomass feedstock production, biorefineries, and related infrastructure. [copied from https://www.bioenergykdf.net/content/about]

Holdings include datasets, models, and maps and the collections arel growing due to both DOE contributions and data uploads from individuals.

0: Proposed Federal Loan Guarantee for Montana Advanced 0: Proposed Federal Loan Guarantee for Montana Advanced Biofuels EA-1940: Proposed Federal Loan Guarantee for Montana Advanced Biofuels SUMMARY Montana Advanced Biofuels (MAB) submitted an application to DOE for a Federal loan guarantee to support construction of a multi-feedstock biorefinery that would produce approximately 115 million gallons per year of ethanol in Great Falls, Montana. The biorefinery would utilize renewable biomass in the form of barley and wheat to produce ethanol and other by-products, including wheat gluten, barley bran, and barley meal. NOTE: The EA is cancelled because the applicant withdrew from the program. PUBLIC COMMENT OPPORTUNITIES None available at this time. DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADS No downloads found for this office.

Continuation of a research project jointly funded by the NSF and DOE is proposed. The primary project goal is to develop and characterize strains of C. thermocellum and C. thermosaccharolyticum having ethanol selectivity similar to more convenient ethanol-producing organisms. An additional goal is to document the maximum concentration of ethanol that can be produced by thermophiles. These goals build on results from the previous project, including development of most of the genetic tools required for pathway engineering in the target organisms. As well, we demonstrated that the tolerance of C. thermosaccharolyticum to added ethanol is sufficiently high to allow practical utilization should similar tolerance to produced ethanol be demonstrated, and that inhibition by neutralizing agents may explain the limited concentrations of ethanol produced in studies to date. Task 1 involves optimization of electrotransformation, using either modified conditions or alternative plasmids to improve upon the low but reproducible transformation, frequencies we have obtained thus far.

Enzymes and yeast are important ingredients in the production of ethanol, yet the energy consumption and emissions associated with their production ... are often excluded from life-cycle analyses of ethanol. We p...

The efficient diversion of pyruvate from normal fermentative pathways to ethanolproduction in Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 requires the expression of Zymomanas mobilis genes encoding both pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Final ethanol concentrations obtained with the best recombinant, strain M5A1 (pLOI555), were in excess of 40 g/liter with an efficiency of 0.48 g of ethanol (xylose) and 0.50 g of ethanol (glucose) per g of sugar, as compared with a theoretical maximum of 0.51 of ethanol per g of sugar. The maximal volumetric productivity per hour for both sugars was 2.0 g/liter. This volumetric productivity with xylose is almost twice that previously obtained with ethanologenic Escherichia coli. Succinate was also produced as a minor product during fermentation.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Abstract This paper concerns techno-economic optimization of the production process of raw ethanol in a continuous distillation column as a part of the plant for production of rectified alcohol. Optimization was performed in order to determine the optimal ethanol concentration in the residue, which provides the minimum total production costs of existing plant. Total production costs are determined on the basis of experimental data, investment and operating costs and the estimated working life of the plant. It was found that ethanol concentration in the residue is significantly higher than values that can be found in the open literature.

Cellulosic biomass is an abundant and underused substrate for biofuelproduction. The inability of many microbes to metabolize the pentose sugars abundant within hemicellulose creates specific challenges for microbial biofuelproduction from cellulosic material. Although engineered strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can use the pentose xylose, the fermentative capacity pales in comparison with glucose, limiting the economic feasibility of industrial fermentations. To better understand xylose utilization for subsequent microbial engineering, we sequenced the genomes of two xylose-fermenting, beetle-associated fungi, Spathaspora passalidarum and Candida tenuis. To identify genes involved in xylose metabolism, we applied a comparative genomic approach across 14 Ascomycete genomes, mapping phenotypes and genotypes onto the fungal phylogeny, and measured genomic expression across five Hemiascomycete species with different xylose-consumption phenotypes. This approach implicated many genes and processes involved in xylose assimilation. Several of these genes significantly improved xylose utilization when engineered into S. cerevisiae, demonstrating the power of comparative methods in rapidly identifying genes for biomass conversion while reflecting on fungal ecology.

Abstract The production of second generation biofuel is essential for limiting food versus fuel competition. Butanol is one of the important biofuel for the future. Agricultural by-products namely bagasse and potato peel were hydrolyzed to produce readily fermented sugar for butanol fermentation. The butanol concentration was 1 – 2 g/l. To test the electricity generation, a customized generator was used for butanol combustion. The electricity produced was up to 1300 watts. Further improvements are needed in the hydrolysis method, medium composition, and generator design. This research has demonstrated that bagasse and potato peel are potential feedstock for producing butanol for generating electricity

Environmental and political concerns centered on energy use from gasoline have led to a great deal of research on ethanolproduction. The goal of this thesis is to determine if it is profitable to produce ethanol in Texas using sweet sorghum juice...

June 2011 US Biofuels Baseline and impact of extending the $0.45 ethanol blenders baseline projections for agricultural and biofuel markets.1 That baseline assumed current biofuel policy for cellulosic biofuels was assumed to expire at the end of 2012. This report compares a slightly modified

Ã”Ã˜ Ã… Ã’Ã™Ã— Ã– Ã”Ã˜ Ã”Ã˜ Ã… Ã’Ã™Ã— Ã– Ã”Ã˜ Designing the perfect plant feedstock for biofuelproduction: Using the whole buffalo to diversify fuels and products B.L. Joyce, C.N. Stewart Jr. PII: S0734-9750(11)00138-8 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.006 Reference: JBA 6469 To appear in: Biotechnology Advances Received date: 21 April 2011 Revised date: 6 July 2011 Accepted date: 4 August 2011 Please cite this article as: Joyce BL, Stewart Jr. CN, Designing the perfect plant feed- stock for biofuelproduction: Using the whole buffalo to diversify fuels and products, Biotechnology Advances (2011), doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting

Abstract Biofuels are controversial because of uncertain environmental benefits and reported social drawbacks, including ‘land grabs’ and threats to food security. The present study investigates the relevance of these concerns for a proposed bioethanol project in Cradock, South Africa. The proposed project is anticipated to lead to economic upliftment and could therefore contribute to reduce poverty and thus strengthen food security. With a projected annual production of up to 16,000 l ethanol per hectare, yields would be substantially higher than in most other countries. Agricultural activity would take place on existing farm land, or on biomes classified as ‘least concern’. We estimate a carbon footprint reduction of ~ 30% for sugar beet ethanol in the area. Because various global biofuel concerns do not apply to the proposed Cradock fuel ethanol project, we argue for a more nuanced approach for the evaluation of biofuel projects with more focus on case-specific attributes.

This paper is concerned with the rheology of algae suspensions relevant to algae biofuel processing for a range of concentrations up to 15 vol. % using mostly a piezoaxial vibrator (PAV) rheometer as a method of measuring rheological properties. Linear viscoelastic (LVE) measurements of a Scenedesmus obliquus [culture collection of algae and protozoa (CCAP) 276/7] living algae strain were obtained and a curve for complex viscosity (?*) as a function of concentration/volume fraction derived. The PAV complex viscosity data increased exponentially with cell concentration and elasticity (G?) developed in a similar way with increasing concentration. The results indicated the presence of interaction between algae cells at all measured concentrations. For concentrations above ?5 vol. % steady shear data obtained using a Couette geometry showed non-Newtonian “shear-thinning” behavior and at higher concentrations there was a divergence from the Cox–Merz rule. A difference in the LVE rheological measurements was found for cells that were either alive or dead indicating that cell motility and significant interparticle contact and interactions influenced levels of viscoelasticity. The results are of potential scientific relevance and also useful in relation to the design of algae bioprocessing for the production of biofuels.

Lodgepole pine from forest thinnings is a potential feedstock for ethanolproduction. In this study, lodgepole pine was converted to ethanol with a yield of 276 L per ... was quais-simultaneously saccharified enz...

Direct synthesis of ethanol from syngas derived from coal, natural gas, or ... of the most promising routes for renewable energy production. In this work, Ce-promoted highly-...2...support was prepared by the dep...

The aim of this study was to investigate the prospect for the use of spent tea waste (STW), an important municipal waste, as a potential substrate to generate hydrolysates for fuel ethanolproduction. Acid pretre...

Abstract Approximately half of the 80 billion tons of crop produced annually around the world remains as residue that could serve as a renewable resource to produce valuable products such as ethanol and butanol. Ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable alternative to diminishing oil and gas liquid fuels. Sugarcane is an important industry in Louisiana. The recently released variety of “energy cane” has great potential to sustain a competitive sugarcane industry. It has been demonstrated that fuel-grade ethanol can be produced from post harvest sugarcane residue in the past, but optimized ethanolproduction was not achieved. Optimization of the fermentation process requires efficient pretreatment to release cellulose and hemicellulose from lignocellulosic complex of plant fiber. Determining optimal pretreatment techniques for fermentation is essential for the success of lignocellulosic ethanolproduction process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three pretreatment methods for the energy cane variety L 79-1002 for maximum lignocellulosic ethanolproduction. The pretreatments include alkaline pretreatment, dilute acid hydrolysis, and solid-state fungal pretreatment process using brown rot and white rot fungi. Pretreated biomass was enzymatically saccharified and subjected to fermentation using a recombinant Escherichia coli FBR5. The results revealed that all pretreatment processes produced ethanol. However, the best result was observed in dilute acid hydrolysis followed by alkaline pretreatment and solid-state fungal pretreatment.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Cooking Up More Uses for the Leftovers of BiofuelProduction - N... http://www.nytimes.com/2007 Uses for the Leftovers of BiofuelProduction By HILLARY ROSNER The baking tins and muffin cups lining to be true for biofuels," said Kenneth F. Reardon, a professor of chemical and biological engineering

...can provide similar bioenergy gains and greater greenhouse...utility (19, 20). A review of 17 studies found a median...consideration of the published literature. As to current biofuels...ethanol energy balance reviews (23, 24). Second...between food production, bioenergy production, and...

Highlighting Biofuels Research ... It is a massive program considering that we now have about 200 biofuelproduction facilities in a dozen states representing billions of dollars investment. Similarly, it has spawned a prolific amount of research and hundreds of research articles appearing annually. ...

Jon Kroc Danielle Goldtooth IS 195A Paper #6 - Biofuels Green Dreams In the modern era science has. Biofuels are increasingly becoming viable alternatives to gasoline, diesel, and other non-renewable fuels." There are still many issues that must be dealt with before the production of biofuels is energy-efficient enough

Abstract In this paper, a land-use modelling framework is presented combining empirical and theory-based modelling approaches to determine economic potential of biofuelproduction avoiding indirect land-use changes (iLUC) resulting from land competition with other functions. The empirical approach explores future developments in food and feed production to determine land availability and technical potential of biofuelproduction. The theory-based approach assesses the economic performance of biofuel crops on the surplus land in comparison with other production systems and determines the economic potential of biofuelproduction. The framework is demonstrated for a case study in Argentina to determine the development of biofuel potential from soy and switchgrass up to 2030. Two scenarios were considered regarding future developments of productivity in agriculture and livestock production. It was found that under a scenario reflecting a continuation of current trends, no surplus land is expected to become available. Nevertheless, the potential for soybean biodiesel is expected to keep increasing up to 103 PJ in 2030, due to the existence of a developed agro-industrial sector jointly producing feed and biodiesel. In case large technological developments occur, 32 Mha could become available in 2030, which would allow for a technical potential of 472 PJ soybean biodiesel and 1445 PJ switchgrass bioethanol. According to the economic assessment, an economic potential of 368 PJ of soy biodiesel and 1.1 EJ switchgrass bioethanol could be attained, at a feedstock production cost of 100–155 US$/ton and 20–45 US$/ton, respectively. The region of southwest Buenos Aires and La Pampa provinces appeared to be particularly promising for switchgrass. The ability of jointly assessing future developments in land availability, technical and economic potential of biofuelproduction avoiding iLUC and spatial distribution of viable locations for growing biofuel crops means that the proposed framework is a step forward in assessing the potential for biofuelproduction that is both economically viable and sustainably produced.

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The Future of Biofuels The Future of Biofuels The Future of Biofuels Addthis Description Secretary Chu discusses why feedstock grasses such as miscanthus could be the future of biofuels. Speakers Secretary Steven Chu Duration 1:46 Topic Biofuels Bioenergy Credit Energy Department Video SECRETARY STEVEN CHU: This is a photograph of a perennial grass called miscanthus. It was grown without irrigation, without fertilizer. And in the autumn, you just shave it off. You use that to convert it to ethanol. The amount of ethanol in this particular plot of land outside the University of Illinois produces 15 times more ethanol than a similar plot of land if you grew corn, and the energy inputs are far less. So we need to develop methods in order to use these grassy, woody substances and also agricultural waste - wheat straw, rice straw, corn

Abstract The key objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the main environmental life cycle impacts and energy balance of ethanol from sugarcane and biodiesel from soybean and palm oil, in the Brazilian conditions. The methodological tool used was the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), in Well-To-Tank (WTT) perspective. A process based on cradle-to-gate attribution LCA method, was applied as the technique to assess the health and environmental impacts of ethanol and biodiesel production systems. The environmental assessment was carried out using the SimaPro 7.0.1 software and the CML 2 baseline 2000 methodology, developed by the Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML). The assumed common analysis base in this paper was 1.0 MJ of energy released by combustion of the analyzed biofuels. The environmental impacts were quantified and ranked in categories of impacts: Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Acidification Potential (ACP) and Eutrophication Potential (ETP). In addition, the results were compared by meta-analysis with previous published studies. The Net Energy Relation (NER) in the life cycle of biofuels is an important indicator of the technical and environmental performance evaluation of biofuelsproduction. In this study the NER of ethanol and biodiesel from soybean and palm oil were estimated and compared with previous published studies. Direct and embodied energy inputs, based on defined system boundaries, were used to estimate the energy requirement of crops production, juice/oil extraction, and ethanol/biodiesel industrial production. It is possible to conclude, that biofuelproduction systems with higher agricultural yields and extensive use of co-products in its life cycle present best environmental results. The analysis of obtained results shows that the choices of co-products allocation method, transport distance and inventory database of the country, have significant influence on the results of the life cycle environmental performance of biofuels.

...monoculture, T. brockii grew on ethanol as the energy source, and acetate and methane...monoculture, T. brockii grew on ethanol as the energy source, and acetate and methane...monoculture, T. brockii grew on ethanol as the energy source, and acetate and methane...

The present invention provides a revolutionary photosynthetic ethanolproduction technology based on designer transgenic plants, algae, or plant cells. The designer plants, designer algae, and designer plant cells are created such that the endogenous photosynthesis regulation mechanism is tamed, and the reducing power (NADPH) and energy (ATP) acquired from the photosynthetic water splitting and proton gradient-coupled electron transport process are used for immediate synthesis of ethanol (CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH) directly from carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and water (H.sub.2O). The ethanolproduction methods of the present invention completely eliminate the problem of recalcitrant lignocellulosics by bypassing the bottleneck problem of the biomass technology. The photosynthetic ethanol-production technology of the present invention is expected to have a much higher solar-to-ethanol energy-conversion efficiency than the current technology and could also help protect the Earth's environment from the dangerous accumulation of CO.sub.2 in the atmosphere.

Abstract A two step, included process producing ethanol from oil palm fronts (OPF) by two-stage simultaneous saccharification and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation followed by anaerobic digestion of its effluent to produce methane was investigated. OPF was soaked in dilute sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water consequently pretreated by microwave for preparing of cellulose and followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The result indicated OPF soaking in water gave a maximal ethanol yield was 0.32 g-ethanol/g-glucose which was 62.75% of the ethanol theoretical yield (0.51g-ethanol/g-glucose). The effluent from the ethanolproduction process was used to produce methane with the yield of 514 ml CH4/g VS added. Therefore, soaking in water and microwave co-pretreatment could helpful due to its low toxicity and low corrosion compare to sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide which improves the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum energy output of the process (745 kWh/ ton of OPF) was about 72% of the energy contributed by cellulose fraction, contained in the oil palm frond.

Ethanol is often promoted as the biofuel of the future, yet its acceptance as a fuel for combustion devices is limited by the cost of production. Since most combustion engines cannot tolerate high concentrations of water, the ethanol must be distilled and dehydrated, requiring large amounts of energy. Ethanol also has great potential as a feedstock for syngas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other species. The conversion, called reforming, of ethanol to syngas does not necessarily require dehydration or distillation, thus eliminating or reducing the costs associated with those processes. In addition, there is potential for obtaining additional hydrogen from the water in the mixture. In this paper, we investigate the conversion of wet ethanol, or ethanol that has not been fully distilled or dehydrated, to syngas in an inert porous reactor. Experimental and computational results over a range of equivalence ratios, inlet velocities, and water fractions are presented. The results indicate that wet ethanol is a promising biological source for hydrogen.

Abstract In the Zambezi basin in Mozambique, hydropower production is an important economic resource, with substantial development envisaged for the next decades. Irrigated agriculture currently plays a minor role, but irrigation development has a large potential and is an important government policy goal, especially aiming at the cultivation of biofuel crops. This contribution assesses interrelations and trade-offs between these two water-dependent development options. Scenario simulations under different climate and development assumptions show that adverse impacts of irrigation withdrawal on hydropower are low. Consequently, the use of water for irrigated agriculture can generate higher economic benefits than the use for hydropower production.

State Biofuel Study to State Biofuel Study to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Biofuel Study on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Biofuel Study on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Biofuel Study on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Biofuel Study on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Biofuel Study on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Biofuel Study on AddThis.com... More in this section... Federal State Advanced Search All Laws & Incentives Sorted by Type State Biofuel Study The Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (Department) conducted a study on the conditions and policies needed to expand biofuelproduction in Hawaii with the goal of displacing a

Glycerol is the main by-product in ethanolproduction during the very high gravity (VHG...Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study investigates the effect of GPD1 or GPD...2 (encoding 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) delet...

with food and feed production. To be able to meet the enormous amount of corn or starch based material needed to produce the projected 15 billion gallon per year leveling capacity of corn ethanol, there is a need to develop alternative crops for bioenergy... production for sustainable supply of sugar, starch and lignocellosic biomass. There are several different species possible to be used as dedicated bioenergy crops. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is one of those species for several reasons. First...

The warm sunny climate and unoccupied arid lands in the American southwest are favorable factors for algae cultivation. However, additional resources affect the overall viability of specific sites and regions. We investigated the tradeoffs between growth rate, water, and CO2 availability and costs for two strains: N. salina and Chlorella sp. We conducted site selection exercises (~88,000 US sites) to produce 21 billion gallons yr-1 (BGY) of renewable diesel (RD). Experimental trials from the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bio-Products (NAABB) team informed the growth model of our Biomass Assessment Tool (BAT). We simulated RD production by both lipid extraction and hydrothermal liquefaction. Sites were prioritized by the net value of biofuel minus water and flue gas costs. Water cost models for N. salina were based on seawater and high salinity groundwater and for Chlorella, fresh and brackish groundwater. CO2 costs were based on a flue gas delivery model. Selections constrained by production and water were concentrated along the Gulf of Mexico and southeast Atlantic coasts due to high growth rates and low water costs. Adding flue gas constraints increased the spatial distribution, but the majority of sites remained in the southeast. The 21 BGY target required ~3.8 million hectares of mainly forest (41.3%) and pasture (35.7%). Exclusion in favor of barren and scrub lands forced most production to the southwestern US, but with increased water consumption (5.7 times) and decreased economic efficiency (-38%).

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Abstract Brazil has an important role in the world market of ethanolproduction and the implementation of technologies of second generation ethanol will intensify its production. In this work Pinch Analysis was used in order to perform energy integration of processes for first and second generation (1G/2G) ethanol and bioelectricity production, using hydrothermal and diluted acid pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse, both including and not including pentoses fermentation step. Processes that include pentoses fermentation step, for both considered pretreatments, have higher ethanolproduction when compared to the ones that do not make use of hemicellulose fraction of bagasse to produce ethanol, but steam consumption increases in the same order of magnitude of ethanolproduction. For the four evaluated scenarios the application of energy integration demonstrated a reduction in energy consumption of more than 50% when compared to the corresponding cases without any energy integration and of more than 30% when compared to partially integrated processes, as commonly found in Brazilian industrial plants. Besides the economical advantage, due to the decrease in costs of hot and cold utilities, energy integrated processes increase bagasse availability for production of second generation ethanol.

Cellulosic biofuels made from agricultural waste have caught the attention of many farmers and could be the next revolution in renewable biofuelsproduction. This video shows how an innovative technology that converts waste products from the corn harvest into renewable biofuels will help the U.S. produce billions of gallons of cellulosic biofuels over the coming decade. It will also stimulate local economies and reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil.

Broad Funding Opportunity Announcement Project: ASU is engineering a type of photosynthetic bacteria that efficiently produce fatty acids—a fuel precursor for biofuels. This type of bacteria, called Synechocystis, is already good at converting solar energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) into a type of fatty acid called lauric acid. ASU has modified the organism so it continuously converts sunlight and CO2 into fatty acids—overriding its natural tendency to use solar energy solely for cell growth and maximizing the solar-to-fuel conversion process. ASU’s approach is different because most biofuels research focuses on increasing cellular biomass and not on excreting fatty acids. The project has also identified a unique way to convert the harvested lauric acid into a fuel that can be easily blended with existing transportation fuels.

Biofuel Decal and Use Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement on AddThis.com... More in this section... Federal State Advanced Search All Laws & Incentives Sorted by Type Biofuel Decal and Use Requirement State fleet gasoline and diesel vehicles must operate using ethanol-blended

Solar energy installations in deserts are on the rise, fueled by technological advances and policy changes. ... Colocation may not be practical in all locations, and further field studies are required to fully evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of colocation. ... Pimentel, D.; Marklein, A.; Toth, M. A.; Karpoff, M.; Paul, G. S.; McCormack, R.; Kyriazis, J.; Krueger, T.Biofuel impacts on world food supply: Use of fossil fuel, land and water resources Energies 2008, 1, 41– 78 ...

gasses, great interest has arisen in production of biofuels. The idea of combining biogas and bioethanol and water in industry is a rather expensive medium. The remaining liquid after the biogas process is waste to pollution of ground waters. Furthermore the biogas process does not kill all pathogens. Anaerobically

EFFECT OF MILK COMPOSITION UPON THE PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF DIACETYL, ACETALDEHYDE, AND ETHANOL IN ACIDIFIED MILK PRODUCTS A Thesis by KAI-PING LEE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment... of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 1991 Major Subject: Food Science and Technology EFFECT OF MILK COMPOSITION UPON THE PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF DIACETYL, ACETALDEHYDE, AND ETHANOL IN ACIDIFIED MILK PRODUCTS A Thesis by KAI...

IMPACT OF DEMAND-ENHANCING FARM POLICY ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: A FIRM LEVEL SIMULATION OF ETHANOLPRODUCTION SUBSIDIES A Thesis By LETA SUSANNE WASSON Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial... fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 1990 Major Subject: Agricultural Economics IMPACT OF DEMAND-ENHANCING FARM POLICY ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: A FIRM LEVEL SIMULATION OF ETHANOLPRODUCTION SUBSIDIES A Thesis...

EFFECT OF GUAR GUM UPON THE PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF DIACE~ ACETALDEHYDE& AND ETHANOL IN ACIDIFIED MILK PRODUCTS A Thesis by CHIH- YANG LO Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment... of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 1992 Major Subject: Food Science and Technology EFFECT OF GUAR GUM UPON THE PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF DIACETYL, ACETALDEHYDE, AND ETHANOL IN ACIDIFIED MILK PRODUCTS A Thesis by Chih- Yang Lo...

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Momentum Biofuels Inc Momentum Biofuels Inc Place League City, Texas Zip 77573 Sector BiofuelsProduct Momentum Biofuels, a Texas-based company that is developing a business in the production, marketing, and distribution of alternative fuels, with an current emphasis on biodiesel fuel. References Momentum Biofuels Inc[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Momentum Biofuels Inc is a company located in League City, Texas . References â†‘ "Momentum Biofuels Inc" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum_Biofuels_Inc&oldid=348911" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations Companies Organizations Stubs What links here Related changes Special pages

Building A New Biofuels Industry ... It may be another five years or more before the fledgling industry catches up to the lofty goals called for in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)—a federal-government-mandated schedule of yearly biofuelproduction targets. ...

The reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production was carried out in this study. The effects of ethanol supply rate, catalysts, O2/EtOH and different energy-saving approaches on the reforming temperature, H2 + CO (syngas) concentration and thermal efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the best H2 + CO concentration of 43.41% could be achieved by using rhodium (Rh), while the next best concentration of about 42.08% could be obtained using ruthenium (Ru). The results also showed that the conversion efficiency of ethanol, concentrations of H2 and CO, and the energy loss ratio could be improved by heat insulation and heat recycling; and the improvement in the reforming performance was greater by the Ru catalyst rather than by the Rh catalyst with the energy-saving approaches. The greatest improvement in hydrogen production was achieved when using the Ru catalyst with the addition of steam and heat recycling system under an O2/EtOH ratio of 0.625 and S/C ratio of 1.0.

Abstract Syngas fermentation to fuels is a technology on the verge of commercialization. Low cost of fermentation medium is important for process feasibility. The use of corn steep liquor (CSL) instead of yeast extract (YE) in Alkalibaculum bacchi strain CP15 bottle fermentations reduced the medium cost by 27% and produced 78% more ethanol. When continuous fermentation was performed in a 7-L fermentor, 6 g/L ethanol was obtained in the YE and YE-free media. When CSL medium was used in continuous fermentation, the maximum produced concentrations of ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol were 8 g/L, 6 g/L and 1 g/L, respectively. n-Propanol and n-butanol were not typical products of strain CP15. A 16S rRNA gene-based survey revealed a mixed culture in the fermentor dominated by A. bacchi strain CP15 (56%) and Clostridium propionicum (34%). The mixed culture presents an opportunity for higher alcohols production from syngas.

Biofuel vs Bioinvasion: Seeding Policy Priorities ... This rapid increase in cellulosic energy production has seeded a policy dilemma: while biofuels offer great promise and will be subsidized and supported by the federal government (EISA, 2008 Farm Bill), the development and promotion of potentially invasive plants as biofuels could place federal agencies in direct conflict with 1999 U.S. Executive Order (EO) 13112 (5, 6), and other laws and policy directives. ... Depending on their mission, federal agencies might engage in biofuel programs in a number of ways, such as (1) conducting biofuel research and development; (2) introducing and producing biofuel crops for experimentation and/or use; (3) subsidizing biofuel research, development, production, and marketing; (4) purchasing biofuels to supplement their energy demands; (5) establishing early detection and rapid response programs for escaped biofuel plants; (6) implementing long-term management of biofuel crops that become invasive; (7) restoring former biofuelproduction areas; and/or (8) regulating various aspects of production, use, and distribution of biofuels both domestically and internationally. ...

Biofuels vary in their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when displacing fossil fuels. Savings depend primarily on the crop used for biofuelproduction, and on the effect that expanding its cultivation has on land use. Evidence-based policies should be used to ensure that maximal sustainability benefits result from the development of biofuels.

373 SEE ALSO SIDEBARS: RECOURCES Â· SOLARRESOURCES Â· BIOMASS & BIOFUELS Engineered and Artificial, and the production of liquid biofuels for transportation is growing rapidly. However, both traditional biomass energy and crop-based biofuels technologies have negative environmental and social impacts. The overall research

The commercial feasibility of producing between 76 and 189 million liters (20 to 50 million gallons) of ethanol annually in the San Luis Valley, Colorado using geothermal energy as the primary heat source was assessed. The San Luis Valley is located in south-central Colorado. The valley is a high basin situated approximately 2316 meters (7600 feet) above sea level which contains numerous warm water wells and springs. A known geothermal resource area (IGRA) is located in the east-central area of the valley. The main industry in the valley is agriculture, while the main industry in the surrounding mountains is lumber. Both of these industries can provide feedstocks for the production of ethanol.

Fermentation of glucose-xylose mixtures to ethanol was investigated in batch and continuous experiments using immobilized recombinant Zymomonas mobilis CP4(pZB5). This microorganism was immobilized by entrapment in k-carrageenan beads having a diameter of 1.5-2.5 mm. Batch experiments showed that the immobilized cells co-fermented glucose and xylose to ethanol and that the presence of glucose improved the xylose utilization rate. Batch fermentation of rice straw hydrolyzate containing 76 g/L glucose and 33.8 g/L xylose gave an ethanol concentration of 44.3 g/L after 24 hours, corresponding to a yeild of 0.46 g ethanol/g sugars. Comparable results were achieved with a synthetic sugar control. Continuous fermentation runs were performed in a laboratory scale fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBR). Glucose-xylose feed mixtures were run through the FBR at residence times of 2 to 4 hours. Glucose conversion to ethanol was maintained above 98% in all continuous runs. Xylose conversion to ethanol was highest at 91.5% for a feed containing 50 g/L glucose-13 g/L xylose at a dilution rate of 0.24 h-1. The xylose conversion to ethanol decreased with increasing feed xylose concentration, dilution rate and age of the immobilized cells. Volumetric ethanolproductivities in the range of 6.5 to 15.3 g/L-h were obtained.

n this project, BPI demonstrated a new ethanol fermentation technology, termed the High Speed/ Low Effluent (HS/LE) process on both lab and large pilot scale as it would apply to wet mill and/or dry mill corn ethanolproduction. The HS/LE process allows very rapid fermentations, with 18 to 22% sugar syrups converted to 9 to 11% ethanol ‘beers’ in 6 to 12 hours using either a ‘consecutive batch’ or ‘continuous cascade’ implementation. This represents a 5 to 8X increase in fermentation speeds over conventional 72 hour batch fermentations which are the norm in the fuel ethanol industry today. The ‘consecutive batch’ technology was demonstrated on a large pilot scale (4,800 L) in a dry mill corn ethanol plant near Cedar Rapids, IA (Xethanol Biofuels). The pilot demonstrated that 12 hour fermentations can be accomplished on an industrial scale in a non-sterile industrial environment. Other objectives met in this project included development of a Low Energy (LE) Distillation process which reduces the energy requirements for distillation from about 14,000 BTU/gal steam ($0.126/gal with natural gas @ $9.00 MCF) to as low as 0.40 KW/gal electrical requirements ($0.022/gal with electricity @ $0.055/KWH). BPI also worked on the development of processes that would allow application of the HS/LE fermentation process to dry mill ethanol plants. A High-Value Corn ethanol plant concept was developed to produce 1) corn germ/oil, 2) corn bran, 3) ethanol, 4) zein protein, and 5) nutritional protein, giving multiple higher value products from the incoming corn stream.

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To explore the effect of CO2 price on the effective cost of ethanolproduction we have developed a model that integrates financial and emissions accounting for dry-mill corn ethanol plants. Three policy options are modeled: (1) a charge per unit of life cycle CO2 emissions, (2) a charge per unit of direct biorefinery emissions only, and (3) a low carbon fuel standard (LCFS). A CO2 charge on life cycle emissions increases production costs by between $0.005 and $0.008 l?1 per $10 Mg?1 CO2 price increment, across all modeled plant energy systems, with increases under direct emissions somewhat lower in all cases. In contrast, a LCFS increases the cost of production for selected plant energy systems only: a LCFS requiring reductions in average fuel global warming intensity (GWI) with a target of 10% below the 2005 baseline increases the production costs for coal-fired plants only. For all other plant types, the LCFS operates as a subsidy. The findings depend strongly on the magnitude of a land use change adder. Some land use change adders currently discussed in the literature will push the GWI of all modeled production systems above the LCFS target, flipping the CO2 price from a subsidy to a tax.

Biofuels: A Survey on Pros and Cons ... The paper presents the main biofuel types that are used today or can be used in the future, their properties and characteristics, and their production technologies and focuses on the evaluation and main economic, environmental, and social impacts of biofuels, measuring the pros and cons of their use in energy production. ... For example, some researchers evaluate a biofuel only from an environmental or economic point of view, or they give some scatter values and compare them to the corresponding values of fossil fuels to show whether or not biofuels prevail against fossil fuels. ...

Utilization of Ash Fractions from Alternative Biofuels used in Power Plants PSO Project No. 6356 July 2008 Renewable Energy and Transport #12;2 Utilization of Ash Fractions from Alternative Biofuels)...............................................................................7 2. Production of Ash Products from Mixed Biofuels

...1004 18 31 69 Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological...provide various potential advantages for biofuelproduction when compared with traditional...production systems. microalgae|algae|biofuel|biorefinery|biodiesel|green diesel...

Abstract In the view of H2 as the future energy vector, we presented here the development of a homemade photo-reactor working in gas phase and easily interfacing with fuel cell devices, for H2 production by ethanol dehydrogenation. The process generates acetaldehyde as the main co-product, which is more economically advantageous with respect to the low valuable CO2 produced in the alternative pathway of ethanol photoreforming. The materials adopted as photocatalysts are based on TiO2 substrates but properly modified with noble (Au) and not-noble (Cu) metals to enhance light harvesting in the visible region. The samples were characterized by BET surface area analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV–visible Diffusive Reflectance Spectroscopy, and finally tested in our homemade photo-reactor by simulated solar irradiation. We discussed about the benefits of operating in gas phase with respect to a conventional slurry photo-reactor (minimization of scattering phenomena, no metal leaching, easy product recovery, etc.). Results showed that high H2 productivity can be obtained in gas phase conditions, also irradiating titania photocatalysts doped with not-noble metals.

This booklet covers in detail all the procedures prior to and including fermentation that are necessary to produce the highest possible yields from small-scale ethanol plants. Batch starch conversion of corn, barley, wheat, and milo using enzymes (..cap alpha..-amylase and glucoamylase) from bacteria and fungi is described. The types of yeast to use in fermenting the mash and the equipment and chemicals needed are detailed. Refinements that can help to improve ethanolproduction are presented. (DMC)

Nonrenewable energy cost is accounted for the believed renewable biofuel of corn-ethanol in China. By a process-based energy analysis, nonrenewable energy cost in the corn-ethanolproduction process incorporating agricultural crop production, industrial conversion and wastewater treatment is conservatively estimated as 1.70 times that of the ethanol energy produced, corresponding to a negative energy return in contrast to the positive ones previously reported. Nonrenewable energy cost associated with wastewater treatment usually ignored in previous researches is shown important in the energy balance. Denoting the heavy nonrenewability of the produced corn-ethanol, the calculated nonrenewable energy cost would rise to 3.64 folds when part of the nonrenewable energy cost associated with water consumption, transportation and environmental remediation is included. Due to the coal dominated nonrenewable energy structure in China, corn-ethanol processes in China are mostly a conversion of coal to ethanol. Validations and discussions are also presented to reveal policy implications against corn based ethanol as an alternative energy in long term energy security planning.

In recent years, bioenergy has drawn attention as a sustainable energy source that may offer a viable alternative to declining fossil fuel sources. Governments are looking at the potential of highyielding crops for the production of biofuels to address shortages and to ameliorate the impacts of climate change. This approach has not been without controversy, especially in cases where food

Production of ethanol from potatoes, sugar beets, and wheat using geothermal resources in the Raft River area of Idaho was evaluated. The south-central region of Idaho produces approximately 18 million bushels of wheat, 1.3 million tons of sugar beets, and 27 million cwt potatoes annually. A 20-million-gallon-per-year ethanol facility has been selected as the largest scale plant that can be supported with the current agricultural resources. The conceptual plant was designed to operate on each of these three feedstocks for a portion of the year, but could operate year-round on any of them. The processing facility uses conventional alcohol technology and uses geothermal energy for all process heating. There are three feedstock preparation sections, although the liquefaction and saccharification steps for potatoes and wheat involve common equipment. The fermentation, distillation, and by-product handling sections are common to all three feedstocks. Maximum geothermal fluid requirements are approximately 6000 gpm. It is anticipated that this flow will be supplied by nine production wells located on private and BLM lands in the Raft River KGRA. The geothermal fluid will be flashed from 280/sup 0/F in three stages to supply process steam at 250/sup 0/F, 225/sup 0/F, and 205/sup 0/F for various process needs. Steam condensate plus liquid remaining after the third flash will be returned to receiving strata through six injection wells.

Biofuel Future Biofuel Future Winning the Biofuel Future March 7, 2011 - 4:44pm Addthis Secretary Chu Secretary Chu Former Secretary of Energy Today, the Department announced that a research team at our BioEnergy Science Center achieved yet another advance in the drive toward next generation biofuels: using a microbe to convert plant matter directly into isobutanol. Isobutanol can be burned in regular car engines with a heat value higher than ethanol and similar to gasoline. This is part of a broad portfolio of work the Department is doing to reduce America's dependence on foreign oil and create new economic opportunities for rural America. This announcement is yet another sign of the rapid progress we are making in developing the next generation of biofuels that can help reduce our oil

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Abstract Acetic acid was investigated as a catalyst in steam pretreatment of corn stover. The purpose was to study ethanolproduction using either baker's yeast or a genetically modified pentose-fermenting version of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, KE6-12. Biogas production was investigated as an alternative for utilization of xylose. The high levels of acetic acid was found to be toxic using KE6-12. Some pentose fermentation was achieved, but the ethanol end concentration was almost the same as using baker's yeast (28 g L?1 compared to 27 g L?1). Using xylose for biogas production resulted in a high total energy recovery. The highest total energy recovery in the products, i.e. ethanol, methane and solids, obtained was 88% compared with the energy in ingoing raw material. This result was achieved when the solids and the liquid was separated after pretreatment.

Aggressive renewable energy policies have helped the biofuels industry grow at a rate few could have predicted. However, while discourse on the energy balance and environmental impacts of agricultural biofuel feedstocks are common, the potential they hold for additional production has received considerably less attention. Here we present a new biofuel yield analysis based on the best available global agricultural census data. These new data give us the first opportunity to consider geographically-specific patterns of biofuel feedstock production in different regions, across global, continental, national and sub-national scales. Compared to earlier biofuel yield tables, our global results show overestimates of biofuel yields by ~100% or more for many crops. To encourage the use of regionally-specific data for future biofuel studies, we calculated complete results for 20 feedstock crops for 238 countries, states, territories and protectorates.

The use of corn for ethanolproduction in the United States quintupled between 2001 and 2009, generating concerns that this could lead to the conversion of forests and grasslands around the globe, known as indirect land-use change (iLUC). Estimates of iLUC and related food versus fuel concerns rest on the assumption that the corn used for ethanolproduction in the United States would come primarily from displacing corn exports and land previously used for other crops. A number of modeling efforts based on these assumptions have projected significant iLUC from the increases in the use of corn for ethanolproduction. The current study tests the veracity of these assumptions through a systematic decomposition analysis of the empirical data from 2001 to 2009. The logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition method (Type I) was used to estimate contributions of different factors to meeting the corn demand for ethanolproduction. Results show that about 79% of the change in corn used for ethanolproduction can be attributed to changes in the distribution of domestic corn consumption among different uses. Increases in the domestic consumption share of corn supply contributed only about 5%. The remaining contributions were 19% from added corn production, and 2% from stock changes. Yield change accounted for about two-thirds of the contributions from production changes. Thus, the results of this study provide little support for large land-use changes or diversion of corn exports because of ethanolproduction in the United States during the past decade.

Climate change and health costs of air emissions from biofuels and gasoline Jason Hilla,b,1 on the source of land used to produce biomass for biofuels, on the magnitude of any indirect land use that may result, and on other as yet unmeasured environmental impacts of biofuels. fine particulate matter ethanol

Grand Challenges for Life-Cycle Assessment of Biofuels ... Both advocates and critics of biofuels often focus on a restricted set of scenarios that appear to reinforce their a priori beliefs about how biofuelproduction and use might function. ... Converting rain forest, peatland, savanna, or grassland to produce food crop-based biofuels in Brazil, southeast Asia, and the US creates a biofuel C debt by releasing 17-420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) redns. ...

Ethanol is the most widely used renewable transportation biofuel in the United States, with the production of 13.3 billion gallons in 2012 [John UM (2013) Contribution of the Ethanol Industry to the Economy of the United States]. Despite considerable effort to produce fuels from lignocellulosic biomass, chemical pretreatment and the addition of saccharolytic enzymes before microbial bioconversion remain economic barriers to industrial deployment [Lynd LR, et al. (2008) Nat Biotechnol 26(2):169-172]. We began with the thermophilic, anaerobic, cellulolytic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, which efficiently uses unpretreated biomass, and engineered it to produce ethanol. Here we report the direct conversion of switchgrass, a nonfood, renewable feedstock, to ethanol without conventional pretreatment of the biomass. This process was accomplished by deletion of lactate dehydrogenase and heterologous expression of a Clostridium thermocellum bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase. Whereas wild-type C. bescii lacks the ability to make ethanol, 70% of the fermentation products in the engineered strain were ethanol [12.8 mM ethanol directly from 2% (wt/vol) switchgrass, a real-world substrate] with decreased production of acetate by 38% compared with wild-type. Direct conversion of biomass to ethanol represents a new paradigm for consolidated bioprocessing, offering the potential for carbon neutral, cost-effective, sustainable fuel production.

Brazil stands as the second largest producer of ethanol obtained from sugarcane in the international market, having similar energy potential and much lower cost vis-a-vis ethanol from corn of countries such as th...

...cell functionality. Ethanol has emerged as an important...renewable and sustainable energy source that can reduce...other four EMs make only ethanol with or without maintenance energy at the theoretical yield of 0.51 g ethanol/g sugars. Since all...

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Transformation of Sorbitol to Biofuels by Heterogeneous Catalysis: Chemical and Industrial ainsi que des exemples d'applications industrielles. Abstract -- Transformation of Sorbitol to Biofuels and biodiesel production led to first generation biofuels. Nowadays, research is focused on lignocellulosic

Flambeau River Biofuels Flambeau River Biofuels Jump to: navigation, search Name Flambeau River Biofuels Place Park Falls, Wisconsin Sector Biomass Product A subsidiary of Flambeau River Papers LLC that plans to develop a Fischer Tropsch diesel project in Park Falls, Wisconsin that will process residual wood biomass from forest and agricultural sources. References Flambeau River Biofuels[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Flambeau River Biofuels is a company located in Park Falls, Wisconsin . References â†‘ "Flambeau River Biofuels" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Flambeau_River_Biofuels&oldid=345407" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations

The Iowa Corn Promotion Board is the principal contracting entity for this grant funded by the US Department of Agriculture and managed by the US Department of Energy. The Iowa Corn Promotion Board subcontracted with New Jersey Institute of Technology, KiwiChem, Pacific Northwest National Lab and Idaho National Lab to conduct research for this project. KiwiChem conducted the economic engineering assessment of a dry-mill ethanol plant. New Jersey Institute of Technology conducted work on incorporating the organic acids into polymers. Pacific Northwest National Lab conducted work in hydrolysis of hemicellulose, fermentation and chemical catalysis of sugars to value-added chemicals. Idaho National Lab engineered an organism to ferment a specific organic acid. Dyadic, an enzme company, was a collaborator which provided in-kind support for the project. The Iowa Corn Promotion Board collaborated with the Ohio Corn Marketing Board and the Minnesota Corn Merchandising Council in providing cost share for the project. The purpose of this diverse collaboration was to integrate the hydrolysis, the conversion and the polymer applications into one project and increase the likelihood of success. This project had two primary goals: (1) to hydrolyze the hemicellulose fraction of the distillers grain (DG) coproduct coming from the dry-mill ethanol plants and (2) convert the sugars derived from the hemicellulose into value-added co-products via fermentation and chemical catalysis.

The project proposes to develop methods to utilize agricultural wastes, especially cottonseed hulls and peanut shells to produce ethanol. Initial steps will involve development of methods to break down cellulose to a usable form of substrates for chemical or biological digestion. The process of ethanolproduction will consist of (a) preparatory step to separate fibrous (cellulose) and non-fibrous (non-cellulosic compounds). The non-cellulosic residues which may include grains, fats or other substrates for alcoholic fermentation. The fibrous residues will be first pre-treated to digest cellulose with acid, alkali, and sulfur dioxide gas or other solvents. (b) The altered cellulose will be digested by suitable micro-organisms and cellulose enzymes before alcoholic fermentation. The digester and fermentative unit will be specially designed to develop a prototype for pilot plant for a continuous process. The first phase of the project will be devoted toward screening of a suitable method for cellulose modification, separation of fibrous and non-fibrous residues, the micro-organism and enzyme preparations. Work is in progress on: the effects of various microorganisms on the degree of saccharification; the effects of higher concentrations of acids, alkali, and EDTA on efficiency of microbial degradation; and the effects of chemicals on enzymatic digestion.

Page | 1 May 2009 Biofuels Overview CLIMATETECHBOOK What are Biofuels? A biofuel is defined as any dependence on petroleum-based fuels, biofuels are gaining increasing attention as one possible solution. Biofuels offer a way to produce transportation fuels from renewable sources or waste materials and to help

Considering the increasing interest in the utilization of biofuels derived from biomass pyrolysis, ENEL/CRT carried out some experimental investigations on feasibility of biofuels utilization in the electricity production systems. The paper considers the experimental activity for the development and the design optimization of a gas turbine combustor suitable to be fed with biofuel oil, on the basis of the pressurized combustion performance obtained in a small gas turbine combustor fed with bio-fuel oil and ethanol/bio-fuel oil mixtures. Combustion tests were performed using the combustion chamber of a 40 kWe gas turbine. A small pressurized rig has been constructed including a nozzle for pressurization and a heat recovering combustion air preheating system, together with a proper injection system consisting of two dual fuel atomizers. Compressed air allowed a good spray quality and a satisfactory flame instability, without the need of a pilot frame, also when firing crude bio-fuel only. A parametric investigation on the combustion performance has been performed in order to evaluate the effect of fuel properties, operating conditions and injection system geometry, especially as regards CO and NO{sub x} emissions and smoke index.

This module focuses on the production of sugar (glucose and maltose) from cornstarch. The first lesson from this module relates glucose production from cornstarch to ethanol fuel production from corn stover.

Biofuel From Corncobs and Switchgrass in Rural America Biofuel From Corncobs and Switchgrass in Rural America Making Biofuel From Corncobs and Switchgrass in Rural America June 11, 2010 - 4:48pm Addthis DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol (DDCE) opened a new biorefinery in Vonore, Tenn., last year. | Photo courtesy of DDCE DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol (DDCE) opened a new biorefinery in Vonore, Tenn., last year. | Photo courtesy of DDCE Lindsay Gsell Energy crops and agricultural residue, like corncobs and stover, are becoming part of rural America's energy future. Unlike the more common biofuel derived from corn, these are non-food/feed based cellulosic feedstocks, and the energy content of the biomass makes it ideal for converting to sustainable fuel. Last January in Vonore, Tenn., DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol (DDCE)

Use of ethanol as a transportation fuel in the United States has grown from 76 dam{sup 3} in 1980 to over 40.1 hm{sup 3} in 2009 - and virtually all of it has been produced from corn. It has been debated whether using corn ethanol results in any energy and greenhouse gas benefits. This issue has been especially critical in the past several years, when indirect effects, such as indirect land use changes, associated with U.S. corn ethanolproduction are considered in evaluation. In the past three years, modeling of direct and indirect land use changes related to the production of corn ethanol has advanced significantly. Meanwhile, technology improvements in key stages of the ethanol life cycle (such as corn farming and ethanolproduction) have been made. With updated simulation results of direct and indirect land use changes and observed technology improvements in the past several years, we conducted a life-cycle analysis of ethanol and show that at present and in the near future, using corn ethanol reduces greenhouse gas emission by more than 20%, relative to those of petroleum gasoline. On the other hand, second-generation ethanol could achieve much higher reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. In a broader sense, sound evaluation of U.S. biofuel policies should account for both unanticipated consequences and technology potentials. We maintain that the usefulness of such evaluations is to provide insight into how to prevent unanticipated consequences and how to promote efficient technologies with policy intervention.

...ethically produced biofuels. An Ethical Duty to Develop Biofuels? Efforts to reduce energy consumption are...sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels...development of new biofuels that can satisfy...Lignocellulosics and algae are candidate...

Biofuels have been hailed as a replacement that ... potential to address all those problems. First, biofuels are made from plants or algae (“ ... than coming from a limited stock. Second, biofuels were initially ...

U.S. Energy Information Administration 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Room 2E-069 Washington, DC 20585 U.S. Energy Information Administration 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Room 2E-069 Washington, DC 20585 August 1, 2012 Presenter Bios (Arranged in presentation order) Anthony Radich Tony Radich is an economist with the Energy Information Administration. He is currently a member of the Biofuels and Emerging Technologies Team in the Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Analysis group of the Office of Energy Analysis. Dr. Radich has worked on biofuels issues since he joined EIA in 2001. He developed the cost models for the production of ethanol and biodiesel, the National Energy Modeling System, which is used to produce the EIA Annual Energy Outlook. He has served as a contributing author to numerous EIA publications, including the Annual Energy Outlook and the Short-Term

Sample records for biofuels product ethanol from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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REPORT Engineering microbial biofuel tolerance and export using efflux pumps Mary J Dunlop1 16.9.10; accepted 6.4.11 Many compounds being considered as candidates for advanced biofuels for biofuelproduction because the engineered microbes must balance production against survival. Cellular

Global Assessments and Guidelines for Sustainable Liquid BiofuelProduction in Developing Countries BiofuelProduction in Developing Countries FINAL REPORT A GEF Targeted Research Project Organized by Bernd for Sustainable Liquid Biofuels. A GEF Targeted Research Project. Heidelberg/Paris/Utrecht/Darmstadt, 29 February

Bio-oils Upgrading for Second Generation Biofuels ... The present review is then focused on the upgrading possibilities of renewable nonedible feedstocks, obtained from biomass fast pyrolysis or liquefaction, in petroleum refineries, toward the production of second generation biofuels. ...

Beginning in 2013, NREL began transitioning from the singular focus on ethanol to a broad slate of products and conversion pathways, ultimately to establish similar benchmarking and targeting efforts. One of these pathways is the conversion of algal biomass to fuels via extraction of lipids (and potentially other components), termed the 'algal lipid upgrading' or ALU pathway. This report describes in detail one potential ALU approach based on a biochemical processing strategy to selectively recover and convert select algal biomass components to fuels, namely carbohydrates to ethanol and lipids to a renewable diesel blendstock (RDB) product. The overarching process design converts algal biomass delivered from upstream cultivation and dewatering (outside the present scope) to ethanol, RDB, and minor coproducts, using dilute-acid pretreatment, fermentation, lipid extraction, and hydrotreating.

The biofuel corn ethanol helps provide a sustainable and secure non-petroleum source of energy. The dry-grind ethanol industry is the ... customer for about one-third of US-produced corn grain. Getting the most e...

Biosolids, such as woodpellets or forestry waste, and biogas, produced by anaerobic 44 digestion of biomass, are used primarily for electricity generation and heating, whereas 45 liquid biofuels provide drop-in fuels that can be used directly... /supply have led to preferred practices. 49 Interestingly, within the EU, the current laws controlling the production and use of liquid 50 biofuels are more stringent than for solid biomass and biogas. Liquid biofuels are regulated 51 both by the EU Fuel...

Abstract Waste-to-ethanol conversion is a promising technology to provide renewable transportation fuel while mitigating feedstock risks and land use conflicts. It also has the potential to reduce environmental impacts from waste management such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change. This paper analyzes the life cycle GHG emissions associated with a novel process for the conversion of food processing waste into ethanol (EtOH) and the co-products of compost and animal feed. Data are based on a pilot plant co-fermenting retail food waste with a sugary industrial wastewater, using a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process at room temperature with a grinding pretreatment. The process produced 295 L EtOH/dry t feedstock. Lifecycle GHG emissions associated with the ethanolproduction process were 1458 gCO2e/L EtOH. When the impact of avoided landfill emissions from diverting food waste to use as feedstock are considered, the process results in net negative GHG emissions and approximately 500% improvement relative to corn ethanol or gasoline production. This finding illustrates how feedstock and alternative waste disposal options have important implications in life cycle GHG results for waste-to-energy pathways.

Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals Alexander E. Farrell,1 * Richard J. Plevin the potential effects of increased biofuel use, we evaluated six representative analyses of fuel ethanol studies indicated that current corn ethanol technologies are much less petroleum-intensive than gasoline

Biofuels, Land, and Water: A Systems Approach to Sustainability ... This study presents a systems approach to the challenge of biofuel sustainability where environmental liabilities are used as recoverable resources for biomass feedstock production. ... There are suggestions that water quantity and quality impacts are likely to be significant as a result of increased biofuelproduction, especially when grain-based biofuels are the feedstock of choice (16, 17). ...

Bioelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Alkanes in a JP-8 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell ... Although there are a variety of other fuels being studied (lactate,(9) pyruvate,(10) hydrogen,(11) etc.), alkanes have never been evaluated for enzymatic biofuel cells, even though they are frequently considered for production of biofuels. ... This review describes the wealth of fuel diversity in enzymic biofuel cells, along with the use of multi-enzyme cascades for deep or complete oxidn. of biofuels at the anode of enzymic biofuel cells. ...

Abstract This chapter presents the liquid biofuel-related service learning projects undertaken by students in a northeastern region of United States over many years as part of the Bioenergy Program1. The students experiences are described. Particularly three different case studies are presented authored by the respective students who successfully completed their projects. The first case study, “cost analysis of oilseed production for biodiesel and the volatility in corn and crude” was conducted in in partnership with a local bioenergy farm to identify the tall barriers to break down in getting farmers to grow the oilseed crops analysis to see if dairy farmers could realize an economic benefit from dedicating 20% of their acreage to growing an oilseed for biofuel conversion. The second case study, “thermal heating fuel switch” quantified the economics of reducing the farm's thermal heating costs by using harvested biomass from the farm that has been using fuel oil and kerosene to heat its existing building infrastructure and hot water. The third case study, “Mobile Ethanol Distillery Unit: a feasibility study showed that although ethanol is a costly product to produce, if the feed value of feedstock such as sorghum distillers' grains is included it may become viable. Similar projects can be undertaken in any location in partnership with the local solid biofuel-based businesses, farms and communities.