From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let’s explore Porto!
Porto is a coastal city in northwest Portugal known for its stately bridges and port wine production. In the medieval Ribeira (riverside) district, narrow cobbled streets wind past merchants’ houses and cafes. São Francisco Church is known for its lavish baroque interior with ornate gilded carvings. The palatial 19th-century Palácio de Bolsa, formerly a stock market, was built to impress potential European investors.
------------------
SUBSCRIBE! - http://bit.ly/1M4etCO
------------------
Places Featured:
Sao Bento train station:
One of the world's most beautiful train stations, beaux arts São Bento wings you back to a more graceful age of rail travel. Completed in 1903, it seems to have been imported from 19th-century Paris with its mansard roof. But the dramatic azulejo panels of historic scenes in the front hall are the real attraction. Designed by Jorge Colaço in 1930, some 20,000 tiles depict historic battles (including Henry the Navigator's conquest of Ceuta), as well as the history of transport.
Livraria Lello:
Livraria Lello is a bookshop with an extraordinary historical and architectural value, located at the number 144 of Rua das Carmelitas, in downtown Porto, in Portugal. Its origins date back to 1881, when the brothers José and António Lello opened an establishment at the nearby Rua do Almada, Porto, dedicated to publish and selling books. Travel + Leisure magazine considered Livraria Lello as the coolest bookshop in the world; the television station CNN consider it to be the most beautiful on the planet; Time magazine, The Guardian, Lonely Planet, all recognized that Livraria Lello is one of the most beautiful in the world for its unique historical and artistic value.
Dom Luis Bridge:
The Dom Luís I Bridge is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. At its construction, its 172 metres span was the longest of its type in the world.
Vila Nova de Gaia:
A hub of the port wine industry, Vila Nova de Gaia is peppered with cellars offering tours and tastings. It’s also known for sandy beaches like Praia da Madalena, and the scenic riverside road Cais de Gaia, with its cafe terraces and expansive views across the Douro. Small restaurants serve grilled fish and seafood in the old fishing village of Afurada, where picturesque tiled houses line narrow streets.
For more information about Porto visit:
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/porto-city-guide-what-to-do-portugal-weekend-break-best-hotels-restaurants-bars-a7809311.html
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/sep/19/porto-city-guide-hotels-restaurants-bars
-------------------------------------
FOLLOW US
• Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/delightfultravellers/
• Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/deltravellers
• Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/delightfultravellers/?fref=ts
• Website: https://www.delightfultravellers.com

published:07 Jan 2018

views:1550

The Spanish semi-enclave of Melilla lives from the trade of second-hand goods. On the shoulders of Moroccan women, goods cross Europe's southernmost border.
It’s a lucrative business for the traders, but inhumane work for the carriers. Europe's southernmost border runs around Melilla on North Africa’s Mediterranean coast. The city of Melilla and sister city Ceuta both share a border with Morocco and attract traders and workers who cross the border every day to earn a living. For centuries Melilla, which separates Spain from Morocco, was a Spanish colony on African soil. After Morocco gained independence Melilla remained Spanish, but even today the enclave is not recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. Moroccan citizens can take parcels weighing up to 70 kilos through the Barrio Chino border crossing as duty-free "hand luggage" almost unchecked. Melilla is part of Spain, but doesn’t belong to the European Customs Union. The duty-free transport of goods is actually illegal, but it is tolerated as long as only hand luggage is involved - irrespective of the weight. Nora El Koukhou is one of the human mules who cart the heavy goods across the border between Spain and Morocco on their backs or on skateboards. As long as the goods are in contact with their bodies, they remain tax and duty-free. It’s a perfidious but very lucrative business for the traders and one of Melilla’s most important sources of income. But the workers - including more and more young people, as well as the old and the sick - hardly profit from this at all. They work under precarious conditions, and if the border crossings close unexpectedly early, goods traffic backs up. Carriers like Nora struggle to survive, and merchants like MohammedAbdelkader are stuck with their goods. At the interface between Africa and Europe, the fences are getting higher and higher, but the police cannot stop the informal trade in Melilla. The border patrol force monitors the goods traffic on the border between Spain and Morocco. The documentary follows Moroccan "mule" Nora to the Barrio Chino crossing and observes the complex schemes taking place on Europe's southernmost border.
_______
Exciting, powerful and informative – DW Documentary is always close to current affairs and international events. Our eclectic mix of award-winning films and reports take you straight to the heart of the story. Dive into different cultures, journey across distant lands, and discover the inner workings of modern-day life. Subscribe and explore the world around you – every day, one DW Documentary at a time.
Subscribe to DW Documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/dwdocumentary?sub_confirmation=1
For more information visit:
http://www.dw.com/en/tv/docfilm/s-3610
Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/dwdocumentary/
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/dw.stories
DW netiquette policy: http://www.dw.com/en/dws-netiquette-policy/a-5300954

published:21 Apr 2018

views:293910

Download our app : http://examb.in/app
FirstEuropean contacts.
In 1497, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent the navigator Vasco da Gama to find a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Da Gama reached the port of Calicut on the Malabar coast on June 18, 1498, and his fleet returned to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1499. The Venetians were Europe's main traders in Asian spices, which they bought in Egypt.The Portuguese set up a trading empire in the Indian Ocean, capturing and fortifying all the leading trading ports. They controlled the major sea routes between India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese made Goa their capital in India.The city became an important European settlement.
The Portuguese supremacy in the Indian Ocean lasted for just over a hundred years.
East India companies.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600. The Dutch East India Company was formally incorporated two years later, although the Dutch merchants of Amsterdam had been trading in the Indian Ocean as early as 1595. The arrival of the British and the Dutch in India was unwelcome to the Portuguese, who tried to keep control of the Asian trade.
The British East India Company, by contrast, was much weaker. In the 1600's it acquired three independent sovereign settlements in India, Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata), and each grew into substantial trading ports. The ports were all fortified with sea walls and cannon. The British company, like the Dutch, raised a small army of professional soldiers. After 1700, the British East India Company was strong enough to equip a large number of well-armed ships for trading in the Indian Ocean.
Rivalry between Britain and France.
In the 1720's the French government granted a charter to a French East India Company to trade with India. The French made their headquarters at Pondicherry in southern India. Within 20 years or so the French had become very powerful in India and were competing successfully with the British. The commercial competition between the two companies soon led to political quarrels. In the 1740's the French and British supported rival Indian rulers in internal wars.
In 1755 an unexpected blow fell on the British East India Company. The Muslim nawab of Bengal province, Siraj al-Daulah, disagreed with the company over commercial privileges claimed by the British. The nawab led an army against Calcutta, and captured the city. suffocation and heat. The exact number of deaths is disputed, but the so-called Black Hole of Calcutta incident further worsened relations between British and Indians.
When the news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, the British sent ColonelRobert Clive to Bengal to regain Calcutta. He was also a skilful politician. Clive not only recovered Calcutta, but also led the company's troops to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Siraj al-Daulah was replaced by a puppet ruler,
Foundation of the British Empire in India.
Historians regard the year 1757 as the starting point of the British Empire in India, even though large parts of the country remained under the rule of Indian princes.
Growth of the East India Company.
By 1765, the East India Company had decided to set aside the nominal Mughal governor of Bengal province, the nawab. The company itself became the dewan, or financial controller, holding its office under a farman (proclamation) granted by the Mughal emperor in Delhi. Bengal's prosperous rice agriculture yielded enormous tax revenues to the East India Company. This financial advantage helped the company to raise a large army of professional Indian soldiers, trained and commanded by British officers. From 1772, under the company's first governor general of Bengal, Warren Hastings, the British began to expand toward northern India.
Hastings was a skilful diplomat and politician. He contributed much to the success of the East India Company's government in Bengal. But his use of violent methods to suppress Indian opposition, and his treatment of fellow British officials in India, aroused great anger in Britain.
Reform of company administration.
These corrupt administrative practices were ended by Lord Cornwallis, who was appointed governor general of India in 1786. The British Parliament had passed Acts in 1773 and in 1784 to bring the East India Company under the control of a British government minister. Lord Cornwallis was given the task of reforming British administration in India and of establishing good relations with the Indian princes.

http://mocomi.com/ presents : Vasco Da Gama - Age of Discovery - World HistoryVasco da Gama, was a Portuguese explorer who was commander of the first ships to sail straight from Europe to India.Little is known about Vasco da Gama’s early life, but it is believed that he was a student of mathematics and navigation.
On 8 July 1497, Da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of a 170 men from Lisbon. The distance that he and his crew travelled from Africa to India was greater than what it would have been around the equator.
Da Gama’a trip to India consisted of several stops along the way in Africa as well as problems faced with Muslim traders who did not want him to interfere in their profitable trade routes. He finally reached Calicut on May 20, 1498.
At first, da Gama and his trading were well-received, but this only lasted a short while. The King ordered him to pay a large tax in gold similar to what other merchants pay.
Da Gama left India on August 29, 1498. His expedition beat all expectations after he brought in cargo that was worth 60 times the cost of the expedition. He also took with him hostages, a few Nairs and sixteen Mukkuva fishermen.
Da Gama arrived in Lisbon in September, 1499. On Da Gama’s journey back, many of his crew members died from scurvy. He however recieved a hero’s welcome and was well rewarded by the king. He was given the title ‘Admiral of the Indian Seas.'
On 12 February 1502, da Gama led the 4th PortugueseArmada to India, a fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. On this voyage, Da Gama and his troops killed hundreds of Muslims, often brutally, in order to demonstrate their power. In this trip he returned triumphant, primarily with silk and gold, and also established a settlement of the Portugese people in India.
Da Gama was sent to India again in 1524 to replace the incompetent Viceroy. Vasco contracted malaria not long after arriving in Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524.
To read more about Vasco da Gama do visit: http://mocomi.com/vasco-da-gama/
For more fun learning videos and interactive articles related to history, go to: http://mocomi.com/learn/history/
Follow Mocomi Kids - Top educational website for kids,
on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/mocomikids/
on Twitter https://twitter.com/MocomiKids
on Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/mocomikids/
on Google+ https://plus.google.com/+mocomikids/
on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/mocomi-kids

published:28 May 2013

views:160594

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looking for the best deal, then waste all that effort by paying huge fees to exchange money abroad. Once you leave the country, how you pay for things can impact the cost of your trip. What is the best option? Keep watching and we will explore all your currency conversion options while traveling in Europe. But first, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment.
EXCHANGING CASH
Avoid or minimize cash exchange. Fees can range from about 8% at banks to up to 15% at airport currency exchange booths. If you need to exchange cash, look for places that don't charge a commission. Hold onto your cash for emergencies. If you want cash before leaving the U.S., you may be able to order currency through your bank, or through a website. Rates in the U.S. are usually less favorable than abroad, though, so only get what you need for a day or two. Cash is best for: Emergencies. PRO: You'll almost always find someone who will exchange cash. CON: You will not get a great conversion rate.
DEBIT AND ATMCARDS
Use these at cash machines (ATM's) to withdraw local cash. Use bank ATM machines. Your rate will be as good as or better than a bank teller. Minimize ATM usage fees by withdrawing as much as you can each time you visit the ATM (and keep the extra cash in your money belt!). AVOID generic ATMs or foreign exchange machines, often found at airport arrival halls, which charge high fees and offer really bad exchange rates. Debit & ATM cards are best for: Getting cash in local currency. PRO: You get the great interbank exchange rate, and ATMs are widely available in cities throughout Europe. CON: Each withdrawal you make will be subject to various fees, so withdraw larger amounts less frequently than you would at home. Debit cards are usually not accepted for car rentals without additional cost and paperwork.
PRO TIP: AVOID DYNAMIC CURRENCY CONVERSION. If a merchant asks you if you would like to make your transaction in your home currency instead of local currency, say NO. ALWAYS get your transaction in the local currency or you will pay a huge fee.
CREDIT CARDS
Credit cards are best for large purchases such as airline or train tickets, hotel bills and car rentals. Generally, paying by credit card gives you a better rate than withdrawing or exchanging cash...as long as you clear your balance each month. The interest you pay on that balance will add to your trip costs. Read your credit card agreement carefully; a foreign currency conversion fee of about 1% is standard. If you can, consider applying for a credit card that doesn't charge foreign currency fees before you travel. However, avoid using your credit card to withdraw cash from ATMs. This is a cash advance, and you will be charged fees and interest immediately. PRO: By using a credit card for most expenses, you can carry less cash. You can also dispute erroneous transactions. And, many credit cards offer points or rewards. CON: Many, if not most credit cards have hidden surcharges for foreign exchange transactions. Look for cards that are travel-friendly. PRO TIP: The ChaseMileageExplorer Card (for United frequent fliers) and the ChaseSapphire card have no international transaction fees.
TRAVELER'S CHECKS AND MONEY CARDS
While mostly obsolete, traveler's checks provide more security than cash because they can be replaced if lost or stolen. These days, Visa and Travelex offer travel cards that are prepaid like traveler's checks, but work like debit cards for purchases and ATM withdrawals. CON: The exchange rate for traveler's checks is not as favorable as the interbank rate you get when using a credit or debit card, and very few merchants accept them for purchase these days. You'll incur commissions, shipping charges and/or conversion fees to purchase AND cash the checks. The prepaid cards have plenty of fees, too--activations fees, reloading fees, ATM charges, and even inactivity fees. In most cases you're better off using your own debit card.
Thank you for watching and please...like, subscribe, comment and share.
LongNote Four by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100467
Artist: http://incompetech.com/ #DISTANTLANDS #TRAVELTIPS #TRAVEL

published:25 Jan 2018

views:2760

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAPGama, Vasco da (1469?-1524), Portuguese explorer and navigator, who was the first European to reach India by the sea route.
Da Gama was born in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo Alentejo). In his youth he participated in the wars against Castile. Commissioned by Manuel, king of Portugal, to reach India by sea, da Gama sailed from Lisbon with four ships on July 9, 1497. In November he rounded the Cape of Good Hope (first rounded in 1488 by the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias) and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa. With the aid of a pilot secured through
Indian merchants in that port, da Gama directed his course eastward and on May 20, 1498, reached Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of India. Because of the hostility of Muslim merchants, he could not establish a Portuguese trading station there. After fighting his way out of the harbor of Calicut, he returned to Portugal in 1499. Da Gama was welcomed with praise, rewarded financially, and permitted to use the prefix Dom with his name. To follow up the discoveries of da Gama, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral was immediately dispatched to India, and he established a Portuguese trading post in Calicut. When news reached Portugal that those stationed in Calicut by Cabral had been massacred, da Gama, who had been given the title of admiral of India, was sent to avenge that act. On the route to Calicut he established Portuguese colonies at Mozambique and Sofala (now part of Mozambique), in east Africa. After arriving in Calicut, da Gama subdued the inhabitants and forced the raja to make peace. Bearing a rich cargo of spice, he left India and sailed back to Portugal in 1503. For the next 20 years he saw no active sea duty. He received the title of count of Vidigueira in 1519, and in 1524 he was named viceroy and sent to India to correct the mounting corruption among the Portuguese authorities there.
Da Gama reached India in the fall of 1524, but he died in Cochin only three months after his arrival.
If you like, give it up and share it so that I can continue collaborating with more videos like this.
Subscribe to my channel Inerciauruguay
AND YOU CAN FIND OUT EVERY TIME I SUIT A VIDEO LIKE THIS, GREETINGS

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira, (Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]; c. 1460s – 23 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer. He was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as linking the Atlantic and the Indian oceans entirely and definitively, and in this way, the West and the Orient. This was accomplished on his first voyage to India (1497–1499).

Da Gama's discovery was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia. The route meant that the Portuguese would not need to cross the highly disputed Mediterranean nor the dangerous Arabian Peninsula, and that the whole voyage would be made by sea.
The sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made this expedition the longest ocean voyage ever made until then, far longer than a full voyage around the world by way of the Equator.

One century after the discovery, European powers such as England, the Netherlands and France were finally able to challenge and break Portugal's monopoly and naval supremacy in the Cape Route around Africa, the Indian Ocean and in the Far East, opening a new era of European imperialism in the East.

Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly trade in basic commodities that included cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.

East India Company (disambiguation)

The East India Company, also known as the English East India Company, the British East India Company, and the Honourable East India Company was an English, and later British, company founded in 1600, and chartered with the monopoly of trading with Southeast Asia, East Asia, and India.

East India Company may also refer to several historical companies of continental Europe, each chartered with a similar monopoly of trade:

See also

East India Company (video game)

East India Company is a real-time strategy computer game developed by Finnish company Nitro Games and published by Paradox Interactive. It was released on July 31, 2009 in North America with an August 14, 2009 scheduled release date for Europe.

The game features real-time naval combat when enemy ships engage the player's fleets, and real-time land combat when the enemy tries to invade one of the player's colonies. East India Company combines trading, naval warfare, and management. Players can create a fleet to conquer the enemy with powerful warships and privateers.

The northern and southern parts of the rim of Vasco da Gama have been heavily eroded by impacts, with the western and eastern rims being more intact. The smaller crater Vasco da Gama S intrudes into the southeastern rim, and just to its southwest is Vasco da Gama T. Near the northeastern rim is Vasco da Gama B. There is a low central massif near the midpoint of the interior.

Staffan Liback - Lisbon Training

7:48

PORTO. Portugal's Oldest Book Store📚 & Trying Port!🍷

PORTO. Portugal's Oldest Book Store📚 & Trying Port!🍷

PORTO. Portugal's Oldest Book Store📚 & Trying Port!🍷

From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let’s explore Porto!
Porto is a coastal city in northwest Portugal known for its stately bridges and port wine production. In the medieval Ribeira (riverside) district, narrow cobbled streets wind past merchants’ houses and cafes. São Francisco Church is known for its lavish baroque interior with ornate gilded carvings. The palatial 19th-century Palácio de Bolsa, formerly a stock market, was built to impress potential European investors.
------------------
SUBSCRIBE! - http://bit.ly/1M4etCO
------------------
Places Featured:
Sao Bento train station:
One of the world's most beautiful train stations, beaux arts São Bento wings you back to a more graceful age of rail travel. Completed in 1903, it seems to have been imported from 19th-century Paris with its mansard roof. But the dramatic azulejo panels of historic scenes in the front hall are the real attraction. Designed by Jorge Colaço in 1930, some 20,000 tiles depict historic battles (including Henry the Navigator's conquest of Ceuta), as well as the history of transport.
Livraria Lello:
Livraria Lello is a bookshop with an extraordinary historical and architectural value, located at the number 144 of Rua das Carmelitas, in downtown Porto, in Portugal. Its origins date back to 1881, when the brothers José and António Lello opened an establishment at the nearby Rua do Almada, Porto, dedicated to publish and selling books. Travel + Leisure magazine considered Livraria Lello as the coolest bookshop in the world; the television station CNN consider it to be the most beautiful on the planet; Time magazine, The Guardian, Lonely Planet, all recognized that Livraria Lello is one of the most beautiful in the world for its unique historical and artistic value.
Dom Luis Bridge:
The Dom Luís I Bridge is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. At its construction, its 172 metres span was the longest of its type in the world.
Vila Nova de Gaia:
A hub of the port wine industry, Vila Nova de Gaia is peppered with cellars offering tours and tastings. It’s also known for sandy beaches like Praia da Madalena, and the scenic riverside road Cais de Gaia, with its cafe terraces and expansive views across the Douro. Small restaurants serve grilled fish and seafood in the old fishing village of Afurada, where picturesque tiled houses line narrow streets.
For more information about Porto visit:
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/porto-city-guide-what-to-do-portugal-weekend-break-best-hotels-restaurants-bars-a7809311.html
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/sep/19/porto-city-guide-hotels-restaurants-bars
-------------------------------------
FOLLOW US
• Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/delightfultravellers/
• Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/deltravellers
• Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/delightfultravellers/?fref=ts
• Website: https://www.delightfultravellers.com

26:10

The mule women of Melilla on the border of Spain and Morocco | DW Documentary

The mule women of Melilla on the border of Spain and Morocco | DW Documentary

The mule women of Melilla on the border of Spain and Morocco | DW Documentary

The Spanish semi-enclave of Melilla lives from the trade of second-hand goods. On the shoulders of Moroccan women, goods cross Europe's southernmost border.
It’s a lucrative business for the traders, but inhumane work for the carriers. Europe's southernmost border runs around Melilla on North Africa’s Mediterranean coast. The city of Melilla and sister city Ceuta both share a border with Morocco and attract traders and workers who cross the border every day to earn a living. For centuries Melilla, which separates Spain from Morocco, was a Spanish colony on African soil. After Morocco gained independence Melilla remained Spanish, but even today the enclave is not recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. Moroccan citizens can take parcels weighing up to 70 kilos through the Barrio Chino border crossing as duty-free "hand luggage" almost unchecked. Melilla is part of Spain, but doesn’t belong to the European Customs Union. The duty-free transport of goods is actually illegal, but it is tolerated as long as only hand luggage is involved - irrespective of the weight. Nora El Koukhou is one of the human mules who cart the heavy goods across the border between Spain and Morocco on their backs or on skateboards. As long as the goods are in contact with their bodies, they remain tax and duty-free. It’s a perfidious but very lucrative business for the traders and one of Melilla’s most important sources of income. But the workers - including more and more young people, as well as the old and the sick - hardly profit from this at all. They work under precarious conditions, and if the border crossings close unexpectedly early, goods traffic backs up. Carriers like Nora struggle to survive, and merchants like MohammedAbdelkader are stuck with their goods. At the interface between Africa and Europe, the fences are getting higher and higher, but the police cannot stop the informal trade in Melilla. The border patrol force monitors the goods traffic on the border between Spain and Morocco. The documentary follows Moroccan "mule" Nora to the Barrio Chino crossing and observes the complex schemes taking place on Europe's southernmost border.
_______
Exciting, powerful and informative – DW Documentary is always close to current affairs and international events. Our eclectic mix of award-winning films and reports take you straight to the heart of the story. Dive into different cultures, journey across distant lands, and discover the inner workings of modern-day life. Subscribe and explore the world around you – every day, one DW Documentary at a time.
Subscribe to DW Documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/dwdocumentary?sub_confirmation=1
For more information visit:
http://www.dw.com/en/tv/docfilm/s-3610
Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/dwdocumentary/
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/dw.stories
DW netiquette policy: http://www.dw.com/en/dws-netiquette-policy/a-5300954

9:43

Arrival of Europeans to India | Why Europeans arrived to India | Foundation of British Empire in Ind

Arrival of Europeans to India | Why Europeans arrived to India | Foundation of British Empire in Ind

Arrival of Europeans to India | Why Europeans arrived to India | Foundation of British Empire in Ind

Download our app : http://examb.in/app
FirstEuropean contacts.
In 1497, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent the navigator Vasco da Gama to find a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Da Gama reached the port of Calicut on the Malabar coast on June 18, 1498, and his fleet returned to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1499. The Venetians were Europe's main traders in Asian spices, which they bought in Egypt.The Portuguese set up a trading empire in the Indian Ocean, capturing and fortifying all the leading trading ports. They controlled the major sea routes between India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese made Goa their capital in India.The city became an important European settlement.
The Portuguese supremacy in the Indian Ocean lasted for just over a hundred years.
East India companies.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600. The Dutch East India Company was formally incorporated two years later, although the Dutch merchants of Amsterdam had been trading in the Indian Ocean as early as 1595. The arrival of the British and the Dutch in India was unwelcome to the Portuguese, who tried to keep control of the Asian trade.
The British East India Company, by contrast, was much weaker. In the 1600's it acquired three independent sovereign settlements in India, Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata), and each grew into substantial trading ports. The ports were all fortified with sea walls and cannon. The British company, like the Dutch, raised a small army of professional soldiers. After 1700, the British East India Company was strong enough to equip a large number of well-armed ships for trading in the Indian Ocean.
Rivalry between Britain and France.
In the 1720's the French government granted a charter to a French East India Company to trade with India. The French made their headquarters at Pondicherry in southern India. Within 20 years or so the French had become very powerful in India and were competing successfully with the British. The commercial competition between the two companies soon led to political quarrels. In the 1740's the French and British supported rival Indian rulers in internal wars.
In 1755 an unexpected blow fell on the British East India Company. The Muslim nawab of Bengal province, Siraj al-Daulah, disagreed with the company over commercial privileges claimed by the British. The nawab led an army against Calcutta, and captured the city. suffocation and heat. The exact number of deaths is disputed, but the so-called Black Hole of Calcutta incident further worsened relations between British and Indians.
When the news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, the British sent ColonelRobert Clive to Bengal to regain Calcutta. He was also a skilful politician. Clive not only recovered Calcutta, but also led the company's troops to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Siraj al-Daulah was replaced by a puppet ruler,
Foundation of the British Empire in India.
Historians regard the year 1757 as the starting point of the British Empire in India, even though large parts of the country remained under the rule of Indian princes.
Growth of the East India Company.
By 1765, the East India Company had decided to set aside the nominal Mughal governor of Bengal province, the nawab. The company itself became the dewan, or financial controller, holding its office under a farman (proclamation) granted by the Mughal emperor in Delhi. Bengal's prosperous rice agriculture yielded enormous tax revenues to the East India Company. This financial advantage helped the company to raise a large army of professional Indian soldiers, trained and commanded by British officers. From 1772, under the company's first governor general of Bengal, Warren Hastings, the British began to expand toward northern India.
Hastings was a skilful diplomat and politician. He contributed much to the success of the East India Company's government in Bengal. But his use of violent methods to suppress Indian opposition, and his treatment of fellow British officials in India, aroused great anger in Britain.
Reform of company administration.
These corrupt administrative practices were ended by Lord Cornwallis, who was appointed governor general of India in 1786. The British Parliament had passed Acts in 1773 and in 1784 to bring the East India Company under the control of a British government minister. Lord Cornwallis was given the task of reforming British administration in India and of establishing good relations with the Indian princes.

http://mocomi.com/ presents : Vasco Da Gama - Age of Discovery - World HistoryVasco da Gama, was a Portuguese explorer who was commander of the first ships to sail straight from Europe to India.Little is known about Vasco da Gama’s early life, but it is believed that he was a student of mathematics and navigation.
On 8 July 1497, Da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of a 170 men from Lisbon. The distance that he and his crew travelled from Africa to India was greater than what it would have been around the equator.
Da Gama’a trip to India consisted of several stops along the way in Africa as well as problems faced with Muslim traders who did not want him to interfere in their profitable trade routes. He finally reached Calicut on May 20, 1498.
At first, da Gama and his trading were well-received, but this only lasted a short while. The King ordered him to pay a large tax in gold similar to what other merchants pay.
Da Gama left India on August 29, 1498. His expedition beat all expectations after he brought in cargo that was worth 60 times the cost of the expedition. He also took with him hostages, a few Nairs and sixteen Mukkuva fishermen.
Da Gama arrived in Lisbon in September, 1499. On Da Gama’s journey back, many of his crew members died from scurvy. He however recieved a hero’s welcome and was well rewarded by the king. He was given the title ‘Admiral of the Indian Seas.'
On 12 February 1502, da Gama led the 4th PortugueseArmada to India, a fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. On this voyage, Da Gama and his troops killed hundreds of Muslims, often brutally, in order to demonstrate their power. In this trip he returned triumphant, primarily with silk and gold, and also established a settlement of the Portugese people in India.
Da Gama was sent to India again in 1524 to replace the incompetent Viceroy. Vasco contracted malaria not long after arriving in Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524.
To read more about Vasco da Gama do visit: http://mocomi.com/vasco-da-gama/
For more fun learning videos and interactive articles related to history, go to: http://mocomi.com/learn/history/
Follow Mocomi Kids - Top educational website for kids,
on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/mocomikids/
on Twitter https://twitter.com/MocomiKids
on Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/mocomikids/
on Google+ https://plus.google.com/+mocomikids/
on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/mocomi-kids

9:47

EXCHANGING MONEY IN EUROPE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

EXCHANGING MONEY IN EUROPE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

EXCHANGING MONEY IN EUROPE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looking for the best deal, then waste all that effort by paying huge fees to exchange money abroad. Once you leave the country, how you pay for things can impact the cost of your trip. What is the best option? Keep watching and we will explore all your currency conversion options while traveling in Europe. But first, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment.
EXCHANGING CASH
Avoid or minimize cash exchange. Fees can range from about 8% at banks to up to 15% at airport currency exchange booths. If you need to exchange cash, look for places that don't charge a commission. Hold onto your cash for emergencies. If you want cash before leaving the U.S., you may be able to order currency through your bank, or through a website. Rates in the U.S. are usually less favorable than abroad, though, so only get what you need for a day or two. Cash is best for: Emergencies. PRO: You'll almost always find someone who will exchange cash. CON: You will not get a great conversion rate.
DEBIT AND ATMCARDS
Use these at cash machines (ATM's) to withdraw local cash. Use bank ATM machines. Your rate will be as good as or better than a bank teller. Minimize ATM usage fees by withdrawing as much as you can each time you visit the ATM (and keep the extra cash in your money belt!). AVOID generic ATMs or foreign exchange machines, often found at airport arrival halls, which charge high fees and offer really bad exchange rates. Debit & ATM cards are best for: Getting cash in local currency. PRO: You get the great interbank exchange rate, and ATMs are widely available in cities throughout Europe. CON: Each withdrawal you make will be subject to various fees, so withdraw larger amounts less frequently than you would at home. Debit cards are usually not accepted for car rentals without additional cost and paperwork.
PRO TIP: AVOID DYNAMIC CURRENCY CONVERSION. If a merchant asks you if you would like to make your transaction in your home currency instead of local currency, say NO. ALWAYS get your transaction in the local currency or you will pay a huge fee.
CREDIT CARDS
Credit cards are best for large purchases such as airline or train tickets, hotel bills and car rentals. Generally, paying by credit card gives you a better rate than withdrawing or exchanging cash...as long as you clear your balance each month. The interest you pay on that balance will add to your trip costs. Read your credit card agreement carefully; a foreign currency conversion fee of about 1% is standard. If you can, consider applying for a credit card that doesn't charge foreign currency fees before you travel. However, avoid using your credit card to withdraw cash from ATMs. This is a cash advance, and you will be charged fees and interest immediately. PRO: By using a credit card for most expenses, you can carry less cash. You can also dispute erroneous transactions. And, many credit cards offer points or rewards. CON: Many, if not most credit cards have hidden surcharges for foreign exchange transactions. Look for cards that are travel-friendly. PRO TIP: The ChaseMileageExplorer Card (for United frequent fliers) and the ChaseSapphire card have no international transaction fees.
TRAVELER'S CHECKS AND MONEY CARDS
While mostly obsolete, traveler's checks provide more security than cash because they can be replaced if lost or stolen. These days, Visa and Travelex offer travel cards that are prepaid like traveler's checks, but work like debit cards for purchases and ATM withdrawals. CON: The exchange rate for traveler's checks is not as favorable as the interbank rate you get when using a credit or debit card, and very few merchants accept them for purchase these days. You'll incur commissions, shipping charges and/or conversion fees to purchase AND cash the checks. The prepaid cards have plenty of fees, too--activations fees, reloading fees, ATM charges, and even inactivity fees. In most cases you're better off using your own debit card.
Thank you for watching and please...like, subscribe, comment and share.
LongNote Four by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100467
Artist: http://incompetech.com/ #DISTANTLANDS #TRAVELTIPS #TRAVEL

1:04

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAP

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAP

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAP

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAPGama, Vasco da (1469?-1524), Portuguese explorer and navigator, who was the first European to reach India by the sea route.
Da Gama was born in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo Alentejo). In his youth he participated in the wars against Castile. Commissioned by Manuel, king of Portugal, to reach India by sea, da Gama sailed from Lisbon with four ships on July 9, 1497. In November he rounded the Cape of Good Hope (first rounded in 1488 by the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias) and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa. With the aid of a pilot secured through
Indian merchants in that port, da Gama directed his course eastward and on May 20, 1498, reached Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of India. Because of the hostility of Muslim merchants, he could not establish a Portuguese trading station there. After fighting his way out of the harbor of Calicut, he returned to Portugal in 1499. Da Gama was welcomed with praise, rewarded financially, and permitted to use the prefix Dom with his name. To follow up the discoveries of da Gama, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral was immediately dispatched to India, and he established a Portuguese trading post in Calicut. When news reached Portugal that those stationed in Calicut by Cabral had been massacred, da Gama, who had been given the title of admiral of India, was sent to avenge that act. On the route to Calicut he established Portuguese colonies at Mozambique and Sofala (now part of Mozambique), in east Africa. After arriving in Calicut, da Gama subdued the inhabitants and forced the raja to make peace. Bearing a rich cargo of spice, he left India and sailed back to Portugal in 1503. For the next 20 years he saw no active sea duty. He received the title of count of Vidigueira in 1519, and in 1524 he was named viceroy and sent to India to correct the mounting corruption among the Portuguese authorities there.
Da Gama reached India in the fall of 1524, but he died in Cochin only three months after his arrival.
If you like, give it up and share it so that I can continue collaborating with more videos like this.
Subscribe to my channel Inerciauruguay
AND YOU CAN FIND OUT EVERY TIME I SUIT A VIDEO LIKE THIS, GREETINGS

Staffan Liback - Lisbon Training

published: 13 Oct 2017

PORTO. Portugal's Oldest Book Store📚 & Trying Port!🍷

From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let’s explore Porto!
Porto is a coastal city in northwest Portugal known for its stately bridges and port wine production. In the medieval Ribeira (riverside) district, narrow cobbled streets wind past merchants’ houses and cafes. São Francisco Church is known for its lavish baroque interior with ornate gilded carvings. The palatial 19th-century Palácio de Bolsa, formerly a stock market, was built to impress potential European investors.
------------------
SUBSCRIBE! - http://bit.ly/1M4etCO
------------------
Places Featured:
Sao Bento train station:
One of the world's most beautiful train stations, beaux arts São Bento wings you b...

published: 07 Jan 2018

The mule women of Melilla on the border of Spain and Morocco | DW Documentary

The Spanish semi-enclave of Melilla lives from the trade of second-hand goods. On the shoulders of Moroccan women, goods cross Europe's southernmost border.
It’s a lucrative business for the traders, but inhumane work for the carriers. Europe's southernmost border runs around Melilla on North Africa’s Mediterranean coast. The city of Melilla and sister city Ceuta both share a border with Morocco and attract traders and workers who cross the border every day to earn a living. For centuries Melilla, which separates Spain from Morocco, was a Spanish colony on African soil. After Morocco gained independence Melilla remained Spanish, but even today the enclave is not recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. Moroccan citizens can take parcels weighing up to 70 kilos through the Barrio Chino border...

published: 21 Apr 2018

Arrival of Europeans to India | Why Europeans arrived to India | Foundation of British Empire in Ind

http://mocomi.com/ presents : Vasco Da Gama - Age of Discovery - World HistoryVasco da Gama, was a Portuguese explorer who was commander of the first ships to sail straight from Europe to India.Little is known about Vasco da Gama’s early life, but it is believed that he was a student of mathematics and navigation.
On 8 July 1497, Da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of a 170 men from Lisbon. The distance that he and his crew travelled from Africa to India was greater than what it would have been around the equator.
Da Gama’a trip to India consisted of several stops along the way in Africa as well as problems faced with Muslim traders who did not want him to interfere in their profitable trade routes. He finally reached Calicut on May 20, 1498.
At first, da Gama and his trad...

published: 28 May 2013

EXCHANGING MONEY IN EUROPE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looking for the best deal, then waste all that effort by paying huge fees to exchange money abroad. Once you leave the country, how you pay for things can impact the cost of your trip. What is the best option? Keep watching and we will explore all your currency conversion options while traveling in Europe. But first, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment.
EXCHANGING CASH
Avoid or minimize cash exchange. Fees can range from about 8% at banks to up to 15% at airport currency exchange booths. If you need to exchange cash, look for places that don't charge a commission. Hold onto your cash for emergencies. If you want cash before leav...

PORTO. Portugal's Oldest Book Store📚 & Trying Port!🍷

From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let...

From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let’s explore Porto!
Porto is a coastal city in northwest Portugal known for its stately bridges and port wine production. In the medieval Ribeira (riverside) district, narrow cobbled streets wind past merchants’ houses and cafes. São Francisco Church is known for its lavish baroque interior with ornate gilded carvings. The palatial 19th-century Palácio de Bolsa, formerly a stock market, was built to impress potential European investors.
------------------
SUBSCRIBE! - http://bit.ly/1M4etCO
------------------
Places Featured:
Sao Bento train station:
One of the world's most beautiful train stations, beaux arts São Bento wings you back to a more graceful age of rail travel. Completed in 1903, it seems to have been imported from 19th-century Paris with its mansard roof. But the dramatic azulejo panels of historic scenes in the front hall are the real attraction. Designed by Jorge Colaço in 1930, some 20,000 tiles depict historic battles (including Henry the Navigator's conquest of Ceuta), as well as the history of transport.
Livraria Lello:
Livraria Lello is a bookshop with an extraordinary historical and architectural value, located at the number 144 of Rua das Carmelitas, in downtown Porto, in Portugal. Its origins date back to 1881, when the brothers José and António Lello opened an establishment at the nearby Rua do Almada, Porto, dedicated to publish and selling books. Travel + Leisure magazine considered Livraria Lello as the coolest bookshop in the world; the television station CNN consider it to be the most beautiful on the planet; Time magazine, The Guardian, Lonely Planet, all recognized that Livraria Lello is one of the most beautiful in the world for its unique historical and artistic value.
Dom Luis Bridge:
The Dom Luís I Bridge is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. At its construction, its 172 metres span was the longest of its type in the world.
Vila Nova de Gaia:
A hub of the port wine industry, Vila Nova de Gaia is peppered with cellars offering tours and tastings. It’s also known for sandy beaches like Praia da Madalena, and the scenic riverside road Cais de Gaia, with its cafe terraces and expansive views across the Douro. Small restaurants serve grilled fish and seafood in the old fishing village of Afurada, where picturesque tiled houses line narrow streets.
For more information about Porto visit:
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/porto-city-guide-what-to-do-portugal-weekend-break-best-hotels-restaurants-bars-a7809311.html
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/sep/19/porto-city-guide-hotels-restaurants-bars
-------------------------------------
FOLLOW US
• Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/delightfultravellers/
• Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/deltravellers
• Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/delightfultravellers/?fref=ts
• Website: https://www.delightfultravellers.com

From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let’s explore Porto!
Porto is a coastal city in northwest Portugal known for its stately bridges and port wine production. In the medieval Ribeira (riverside) district, narrow cobbled streets wind past merchants’ houses and cafes. São Francisco Church is known for its lavish baroque interior with ornate gilded carvings. The palatial 19th-century Palácio de Bolsa, formerly a stock market, was built to impress potential European investors.
------------------
SUBSCRIBE! - http://bit.ly/1M4etCO
------------------
Places Featured:
Sao Bento train station:
One of the world's most beautiful train stations, beaux arts São Bento wings you back to a more graceful age of rail travel. Completed in 1903, it seems to have been imported from 19th-century Paris with its mansard roof. But the dramatic azulejo panels of historic scenes in the front hall are the real attraction. Designed by Jorge Colaço in 1930, some 20,000 tiles depict historic battles (including Henry the Navigator's conquest of Ceuta), as well as the history of transport.
Livraria Lello:
Livraria Lello is a bookshop with an extraordinary historical and architectural value, located at the number 144 of Rua das Carmelitas, in downtown Porto, in Portugal. Its origins date back to 1881, when the brothers José and António Lello opened an establishment at the nearby Rua do Almada, Porto, dedicated to publish and selling books. Travel + Leisure magazine considered Livraria Lello as the coolest bookshop in the world; the television station CNN consider it to be the most beautiful on the planet; Time magazine, The Guardian, Lonely Planet, all recognized that Livraria Lello is one of the most beautiful in the world for its unique historical and artistic value.
Dom Luis Bridge:
The Dom Luís I Bridge is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. At its construction, its 172 metres span was the longest of its type in the world.
Vila Nova de Gaia:
A hub of the port wine industry, Vila Nova de Gaia is peppered with cellars offering tours and tastings. It’s also known for sandy beaches like Praia da Madalena, and the scenic riverside road Cais de Gaia, with its cafe terraces and expansive views across the Douro. Small restaurants serve grilled fish and seafood in the old fishing village of Afurada, where picturesque tiled houses line narrow streets.
For more information about Porto visit:
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/porto-city-guide-what-to-do-portugal-weekend-break-best-hotels-restaurants-bars-a7809311.html
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/sep/19/porto-city-guide-hotels-restaurants-bars
-------------------------------------
FOLLOW US
• Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/delightfultravellers/
• Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/deltravellers
• Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/delightfultravellers/?fref=ts
• Website: https://www.delightfultravellers.com

The Spanish semi-enclave of Melilla lives from the trade of second-hand goods. On the shoulders of Moroccan women, goods cross Europe's southernmost border.
It’s a lucrative business for the traders, but inhumane work for the carriers. Europe's southernmost border runs around Melilla on North Africa’s Mediterranean coast. The city of Melilla and sister city Ceuta both share a border with Morocco and attract traders and workers who cross the border every day to earn a living. For centuries Melilla, which separates Spain from Morocco, was a Spanish colony on African soil. After Morocco gained independence Melilla remained Spanish, but even today the enclave is not recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. Moroccan citizens can take parcels weighing up to 70 kilos through the Barrio Chino border crossing as duty-free "hand luggage" almost unchecked. Melilla is part of Spain, but doesn’t belong to the European Customs Union. The duty-free transport of goods is actually illegal, but it is tolerated as long as only hand luggage is involved - irrespective of the weight. Nora El Koukhou is one of the human mules who cart the heavy goods across the border between Spain and Morocco on their backs or on skateboards. As long as the goods are in contact with their bodies, they remain tax and duty-free. It’s a perfidious but very lucrative business for the traders and one of Melilla’s most important sources of income. But the workers - including more and more young people, as well as the old and the sick - hardly profit from this at all. They work under precarious conditions, and if the border crossings close unexpectedly early, goods traffic backs up. Carriers like Nora struggle to survive, and merchants like MohammedAbdelkader are stuck with their goods. At the interface between Africa and Europe, the fences are getting higher and higher, but the police cannot stop the informal trade in Melilla. The border patrol force monitors the goods traffic on the border between Spain and Morocco. The documentary follows Moroccan "mule" Nora to the Barrio Chino crossing and observes the complex schemes taking place on Europe's southernmost border.
_______
Exciting, powerful and informative – DW Documentary is always close to current affairs and international events. Our eclectic mix of award-winning films and reports take you straight to the heart of the story. Dive into different cultures, journey across distant lands, and discover the inner workings of modern-day life. Subscribe and explore the world around you – every day, one DW Documentary at a time.
Subscribe to DW Documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/dwdocumentary?sub_confirmation=1
For more information visit:
http://www.dw.com/en/tv/docfilm/s-3610
Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/dwdocumentary/
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/dw.stories
DW netiquette policy: http://www.dw.com/en/dws-netiquette-policy/a-5300954

The Spanish semi-enclave of Melilla lives from the trade of second-hand goods. On the shoulders of Moroccan women, goods cross Europe's southernmost border.
It’s a lucrative business for the traders, but inhumane work for the carriers. Europe's southernmost border runs around Melilla on North Africa’s Mediterranean coast. The city of Melilla and sister city Ceuta both share a border with Morocco and attract traders and workers who cross the border every day to earn a living. For centuries Melilla, which separates Spain from Morocco, was a Spanish colony on African soil. After Morocco gained independence Melilla remained Spanish, but even today the enclave is not recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. Moroccan citizens can take parcels weighing up to 70 kilos through the Barrio Chino border crossing as duty-free "hand luggage" almost unchecked. Melilla is part of Spain, but doesn’t belong to the European Customs Union. The duty-free transport of goods is actually illegal, but it is tolerated as long as only hand luggage is involved - irrespective of the weight. Nora El Koukhou is one of the human mules who cart the heavy goods across the border between Spain and Morocco on their backs or on skateboards. As long as the goods are in contact with their bodies, they remain tax and duty-free. It’s a perfidious but very lucrative business for the traders and one of Melilla’s most important sources of income. But the workers - including more and more young people, as well as the old and the sick - hardly profit from this at all. They work under precarious conditions, and if the border crossings close unexpectedly early, goods traffic backs up. Carriers like Nora struggle to survive, and merchants like MohammedAbdelkader are stuck with their goods. At the interface between Africa and Europe, the fences are getting higher and higher, but the police cannot stop the informal trade in Melilla. The border patrol force monitors the goods traffic on the border between Spain and Morocco. The documentary follows Moroccan "mule" Nora to the Barrio Chino crossing and observes the complex schemes taking place on Europe's southernmost border.
_______
Exciting, powerful and informative – DW Documentary is always close to current affairs and international events. Our eclectic mix of award-winning films and reports take you straight to the heart of the story. Dive into different cultures, journey across distant lands, and discover the inner workings of modern-day life. Subscribe and explore the world around you – every day, one DW Documentary at a time.
Subscribe to DW Documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/dwdocumentary?sub_confirmation=1
For more information visit:
http://www.dw.com/en/tv/docfilm/s-3610
Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/dwdocumentary/
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/dw.stories
DW netiquette policy: http://www.dw.com/en/dws-netiquette-policy/a-5300954

Download our app : http://examb.in/app
FirstEuropean contacts.
In 1497, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent the navigator Vasco da Gama to find a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Da Gama reached the port of Calicut on the Malabar coast on June 18, 1498, and his fleet returned to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1499. The Venetians were Europe's main traders in Asian spices, which they bought in Egypt.The Portuguese set up a trading empire in the Indian Ocean, capturing and fortifying all the leading trading ports. They controlled the major sea routes between India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese made Goa their capital in India.The city became an important European settlement.
The Portuguese supremacy in the Indian Ocean lasted for just over a hundred years.
East India companies.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600. The Dutch East India Company was formally incorporated two years later, although the Dutch merchants of Amsterdam had been trading in the Indian Ocean as early as 1595. The arrival of the British and the Dutch in India was unwelcome to the Portuguese, who tried to keep control of the Asian trade.
The British East India Company, by contrast, was much weaker. In the 1600's it acquired three independent sovereign settlements in India, Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata), and each grew into substantial trading ports. The ports were all fortified with sea walls and cannon. The British company, like the Dutch, raised a small army of professional soldiers. After 1700, the British East India Company was strong enough to equip a large number of well-armed ships for trading in the Indian Ocean.
Rivalry between Britain and France.
In the 1720's the French government granted a charter to a French East India Company to trade with India. The French made their headquarters at Pondicherry in southern India. Within 20 years or so the French had become very powerful in India and were competing successfully with the British. The commercial competition between the two companies soon led to political quarrels. In the 1740's the French and British supported rival Indian rulers in internal wars.
In 1755 an unexpected blow fell on the British East India Company. The Muslim nawab of Bengal province, Siraj al-Daulah, disagreed with the company over commercial privileges claimed by the British. The nawab led an army against Calcutta, and captured the city. suffocation and heat. The exact number of deaths is disputed, but the so-called Black Hole of Calcutta incident further worsened relations between British and Indians.
When the news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, the British sent ColonelRobert Clive to Bengal to regain Calcutta. He was also a skilful politician. Clive not only recovered Calcutta, but also led the company's troops to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Siraj al-Daulah was replaced by a puppet ruler,
Foundation of the British Empire in India.
Historians regard the year 1757 as the starting point of the British Empire in India, even though large parts of the country remained under the rule of Indian princes.
Growth of the East India Company.
By 1765, the East India Company had decided to set aside the nominal Mughal governor of Bengal province, the nawab. The company itself became the dewan, or financial controller, holding its office under a farman (proclamation) granted by the Mughal emperor in Delhi. Bengal's prosperous rice agriculture yielded enormous tax revenues to the East India Company. This financial advantage helped the company to raise a large army of professional Indian soldiers, trained and commanded by British officers. From 1772, under the company's first governor general of Bengal, Warren Hastings, the British began to expand toward northern India.
Hastings was a skilful diplomat and politician. He contributed much to the success of the East India Company's government in Bengal. But his use of violent methods to suppress Indian opposition, and his treatment of fellow British officials in India, aroused great anger in Britain.
Reform of company administration.
These corrupt administrative practices were ended by Lord Cornwallis, who was appointed governor general of India in 1786. The British Parliament had passed Acts in 1773 and in 1784 to bring the East India Company under the control of a British government minister. Lord Cornwallis was given the task of reforming British administration in India and of establishing good relations with the Indian princes.

Download our app : http://examb.in/app
FirstEuropean contacts.
In 1497, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent the navigator Vasco da Gama to find a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Da Gama reached the port of Calicut on the Malabar coast on June 18, 1498, and his fleet returned to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1499. The Venetians were Europe's main traders in Asian spices, which they bought in Egypt.The Portuguese set up a trading empire in the Indian Ocean, capturing and fortifying all the leading trading ports. They controlled the major sea routes between India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese made Goa their capital in India.The city became an important European settlement.
The Portuguese supremacy in the Indian Ocean lasted for just over a hundred years.
East India companies.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600. The Dutch East India Company was formally incorporated two years later, although the Dutch merchants of Amsterdam had been trading in the Indian Ocean as early as 1595. The arrival of the British and the Dutch in India was unwelcome to the Portuguese, who tried to keep control of the Asian trade.
The British East India Company, by contrast, was much weaker. In the 1600's it acquired three independent sovereign settlements in India, Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata), and each grew into substantial trading ports. The ports were all fortified with sea walls and cannon. The British company, like the Dutch, raised a small army of professional soldiers. After 1700, the British East India Company was strong enough to equip a large number of well-armed ships for trading in the Indian Ocean.
Rivalry between Britain and France.
In the 1720's the French government granted a charter to a French East India Company to trade with India. The French made their headquarters at Pondicherry in southern India. Within 20 years or so the French had become very powerful in India and were competing successfully with the British. The commercial competition between the two companies soon led to political quarrels. In the 1740's the French and British supported rival Indian rulers in internal wars.
In 1755 an unexpected blow fell on the British East India Company. The Muslim nawab of Bengal province, Siraj al-Daulah, disagreed with the company over commercial privileges claimed by the British. The nawab led an army against Calcutta, and captured the city. suffocation and heat. The exact number of deaths is disputed, but the so-called Black Hole of Calcutta incident further worsened relations between British and Indians.
When the news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, the British sent ColonelRobert Clive to Bengal to regain Calcutta. He was also a skilful politician. Clive not only recovered Calcutta, but also led the company's troops to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Siraj al-Daulah was replaced by a puppet ruler,
Foundation of the British Empire in India.
Historians regard the year 1757 as the starting point of the British Empire in India, even though large parts of the country remained under the rule of Indian princes.
Growth of the East India Company.
By 1765, the East India Company had decided to set aside the nominal Mughal governor of Bengal province, the nawab. The company itself became the dewan, or financial controller, holding its office under a farman (proclamation) granted by the Mughal emperor in Delhi. Bengal's prosperous rice agriculture yielded enormous tax revenues to the East India Company. This financial advantage helped the company to raise a large army of professional Indian soldiers, trained and commanded by British officers. From 1772, under the company's first governor general of Bengal, Warren Hastings, the British began to expand toward northern India.
Hastings was a skilful diplomat and politician. He contributed much to the success of the East India Company's government in Bengal. But his use of violent methods to suppress Indian opposition, and his treatment of fellow British officials in India, aroused great anger in Britain.
Reform of company administration.
These corrupt administrative practices were ended by Lord Cornwallis, who was appointed governor general of India in 1786. The British Parliament had passed Acts in 1773 and in 1784 to bring the East India Company under the control of a British government minister. Lord Cornwallis was given the task of reforming British administration in India and of establishing good relations with the Indian princes.

http://mocomi.com/ presents : Vasco Da Gama - Age of Discovery - World HistoryVasco da Gama, was a Portuguese explorer who was commander of the first ships to sail straight from Europe to India.Little is known about Vasco da Gama’s early life, but it is believed that he was a student of mathematics and navigation.
On 8 July 1497, Da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of a 170 men from Lisbon. The distance that he and his crew travelled from Africa to India was greater than what it would have been around the equator.
Da Gama’a trip to India consisted of several stops along the way in Africa as well as problems faced with Muslim traders who did not want him to interfere in their profitable trade routes. He finally reached Calicut on May 20, 1498.
At first, da Gama and his trading were well-received, but this only lasted a short while. The King ordered him to pay a large tax in gold similar to what other merchants pay.
Da Gama left India on August 29, 1498. His expedition beat all expectations after he brought in cargo that was worth 60 times the cost of the expedition. He also took with him hostages, a few Nairs and sixteen Mukkuva fishermen.
Da Gama arrived in Lisbon in September, 1499. On Da Gama’s journey back, many of his crew members died from scurvy. He however recieved a hero’s welcome and was well rewarded by the king. He was given the title ‘Admiral of the Indian Seas.'
On 12 February 1502, da Gama led the 4th PortugueseArmada to India, a fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. On this voyage, Da Gama and his troops killed hundreds of Muslims, often brutally, in order to demonstrate their power. In this trip he returned triumphant, primarily with silk and gold, and also established a settlement of the Portugese people in India.
Da Gama was sent to India again in 1524 to replace the incompetent Viceroy. Vasco contracted malaria not long after arriving in Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524.
To read more about Vasco da Gama do visit: http://mocomi.com/vasco-da-gama/
For more fun learning videos and interactive articles related to history, go to: http://mocomi.com/learn/history/
Follow Mocomi Kids - Top educational website for kids,
on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/mocomikids/
on Twitter https://twitter.com/MocomiKids
on Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/mocomikids/
on Google+ https://plus.google.com/+mocomikids/
on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/mocomi-kids

http://mocomi.com/ presents : Vasco Da Gama - Age of Discovery - World HistoryVasco da Gama, was a Portuguese explorer who was commander of the first ships to sail straight from Europe to India.Little is known about Vasco da Gama’s early life, but it is believed that he was a student of mathematics and navigation.
On 8 July 1497, Da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of a 170 men from Lisbon. The distance that he and his crew travelled from Africa to India was greater than what it would have been around the equator.
Da Gama’a trip to India consisted of several stops along the way in Africa as well as problems faced with Muslim traders who did not want him to interfere in their profitable trade routes. He finally reached Calicut on May 20, 1498.
At first, da Gama and his trading were well-received, but this only lasted a short while. The King ordered him to pay a large tax in gold similar to what other merchants pay.
Da Gama left India on August 29, 1498. His expedition beat all expectations after he brought in cargo that was worth 60 times the cost of the expedition. He also took with him hostages, a few Nairs and sixteen Mukkuva fishermen.
Da Gama arrived in Lisbon in September, 1499. On Da Gama’s journey back, many of his crew members died from scurvy. He however recieved a hero’s welcome and was well rewarded by the king. He was given the title ‘Admiral of the Indian Seas.'
On 12 February 1502, da Gama led the 4th PortugueseArmada to India, a fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. On this voyage, Da Gama and his troops killed hundreds of Muslims, often brutally, in order to demonstrate their power. In this trip he returned triumphant, primarily with silk and gold, and also established a settlement of the Portugese people in India.
Da Gama was sent to India again in 1524 to replace the incompetent Viceroy. Vasco contracted malaria not long after arriving in Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524.
To read more about Vasco da Gama do visit: http://mocomi.com/vasco-da-gama/
For more fun learning videos and interactive articles related to history, go to: http://mocomi.com/learn/history/
Follow Mocomi Kids - Top educational website for kids,
on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/mocomikids/
on Twitter https://twitter.com/MocomiKids
on Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/mocomikids/
on Google+ https://plus.google.com/+mocomikids/
on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/mocomi-kids

EXCHANGING MONEY IN EUROPE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looki...

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looking for the best deal, then waste all that effort by paying huge fees to exchange money abroad. Once you leave the country, how you pay for things can impact the cost of your trip. What is the best option? Keep watching and we will explore all your currency conversion options while traveling in Europe. But first, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment.
EXCHANGING CASH
Avoid or minimize cash exchange. Fees can range from about 8% at banks to up to 15% at airport currency exchange booths. If you need to exchange cash, look for places that don't charge a commission. Hold onto your cash for emergencies. If you want cash before leaving the U.S., you may be able to order currency through your bank, or through a website. Rates in the U.S. are usually less favorable than abroad, though, so only get what you need for a day or two. Cash is best for: Emergencies. PRO: You'll almost always find someone who will exchange cash. CON: You will not get a great conversion rate.
DEBIT AND ATMCARDS
Use these at cash machines (ATM's) to withdraw local cash. Use bank ATM machines. Your rate will be as good as or better than a bank teller. Minimize ATM usage fees by withdrawing as much as you can each time you visit the ATM (and keep the extra cash in your money belt!). AVOID generic ATMs or foreign exchange machines, often found at airport arrival halls, which charge high fees and offer really bad exchange rates. Debit & ATM cards are best for: Getting cash in local currency. PRO: You get the great interbank exchange rate, and ATMs are widely available in cities throughout Europe. CON: Each withdrawal you make will be subject to various fees, so withdraw larger amounts less frequently than you would at home. Debit cards are usually not accepted for car rentals without additional cost and paperwork.
PRO TIP: AVOID DYNAMIC CURRENCY CONVERSION. If a merchant asks you if you would like to make your transaction in your home currency instead of local currency, say NO. ALWAYS get your transaction in the local currency or you will pay a huge fee.
CREDIT CARDS
Credit cards are best for large purchases such as airline or train tickets, hotel bills and car rentals. Generally, paying by credit card gives you a better rate than withdrawing or exchanging cash...as long as you clear your balance each month. The interest you pay on that balance will add to your trip costs. Read your credit card agreement carefully; a foreign currency conversion fee of about 1% is standard. If you can, consider applying for a credit card that doesn't charge foreign currency fees before you travel. However, avoid using your credit card to withdraw cash from ATMs. This is a cash advance, and you will be charged fees and interest immediately. PRO: By using a credit card for most expenses, you can carry less cash. You can also dispute erroneous transactions. And, many credit cards offer points or rewards. CON: Many, if not most credit cards have hidden surcharges for foreign exchange transactions. Look for cards that are travel-friendly. PRO TIP: The ChaseMileageExplorer Card (for United frequent fliers) and the ChaseSapphire card have no international transaction fees.
TRAVELER'S CHECKS AND MONEY CARDS
While mostly obsolete, traveler's checks provide more security than cash because they can be replaced if lost or stolen. These days, Visa and Travelex offer travel cards that are prepaid like traveler's checks, but work like debit cards for purchases and ATM withdrawals. CON: The exchange rate for traveler's checks is not as favorable as the interbank rate you get when using a credit or debit card, and very few merchants accept them for purchase these days. You'll incur commissions, shipping charges and/or conversion fees to purchase AND cash the checks. The prepaid cards have plenty of fees, too--activations fees, reloading fees, ATM charges, and even inactivity fees. In most cases you're better off using your own debit card.
Thank you for watching and please...like, subscribe, comment and share.
LongNote Four by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100467
Artist: http://incompetech.com/ #DISTANTLANDS #TRAVELTIPS #TRAVEL

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looking for the best deal, then waste all that effort by paying huge fees to exchange money abroad. Once you leave the country, how you pay for things can impact the cost of your trip. What is the best option? Keep watching and we will explore all your currency conversion options while traveling in Europe. But first, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment.
EXCHANGING CASH
Avoid or minimize cash exchange. Fees can range from about 8% at banks to up to 15% at airport currency exchange booths. If you need to exchange cash, look for places that don't charge a commission. Hold onto your cash for emergencies. If you want cash before leaving the U.S., you may be able to order currency through your bank, or through a website. Rates in the U.S. are usually less favorable than abroad, though, so only get what you need for a day or two. Cash is best for: Emergencies. PRO: You'll almost always find someone who will exchange cash. CON: You will not get a great conversion rate.
DEBIT AND ATMCARDS
Use these at cash machines (ATM's) to withdraw local cash. Use bank ATM machines. Your rate will be as good as or better than a bank teller. Minimize ATM usage fees by withdrawing as much as you can each time you visit the ATM (and keep the extra cash in your money belt!). AVOID generic ATMs or foreign exchange machines, often found at airport arrival halls, which charge high fees and offer really bad exchange rates. Debit & ATM cards are best for: Getting cash in local currency. PRO: You get the great interbank exchange rate, and ATMs are widely available in cities throughout Europe. CON: Each withdrawal you make will be subject to various fees, so withdraw larger amounts less frequently than you would at home. Debit cards are usually not accepted for car rentals without additional cost and paperwork.
PRO TIP: AVOID DYNAMIC CURRENCY CONVERSION. If a merchant asks you if you would like to make your transaction in your home currency instead of local currency, say NO. ALWAYS get your transaction in the local currency or you will pay a huge fee.
CREDIT CARDS
Credit cards are best for large purchases such as airline or train tickets, hotel bills and car rentals. Generally, paying by credit card gives you a better rate than withdrawing or exchanging cash...as long as you clear your balance each month. The interest you pay on that balance will add to your trip costs. Read your credit card agreement carefully; a foreign currency conversion fee of about 1% is standard. If you can, consider applying for a credit card that doesn't charge foreign currency fees before you travel. However, avoid using your credit card to withdraw cash from ATMs. This is a cash advance, and you will be charged fees and interest immediately. PRO: By using a credit card for most expenses, you can carry less cash. You can also dispute erroneous transactions. And, many credit cards offer points or rewards. CON: Many, if not most credit cards have hidden surcharges for foreign exchange transactions. Look for cards that are travel-friendly. PRO TIP: The ChaseMileageExplorer Card (for United frequent fliers) and the ChaseSapphire card have no international transaction fees.
TRAVELER'S CHECKS AND MONEY CARDS
While mostly obsolete, traveler's checks provide more security than cash because they can be replaced if lost or stolen. These days, Visa and Travelex offer travel cards that are prepaid like traveler's checks, but work like debit cards for purchases and ATM withdrawals. CON: The exchange rate for traveler's checks is not as favorable as the interbank rate you get when using a credit or debit card, and very few merchants accept them for purchase these days. You'll incur commissions, shipping charges and/or conversion fees to purchase AND cash the checks. The prepaid cards have plenty of fees, too--activations fees, reloading fees, ATM charges, and even inactivity fees. In most cases you're better off using your own debit card.
Thank you for watching and please...like, subscribe, comment and share.
LongNote Four by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100467
Artist: http://incompetech.com/ #DISTANTLANDS #TRAVELTIPS #TRAVEL

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAPGama, Vasco da (1469?-1524), Portuguese explorer and navigator, who was the first European to reach India by the sea route.
Da Gama was born in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo Alentejo). In his youth he participated in the wars against Castile. Commissioned by Manuel, king of Portugal, to reach India by sea, da Gama sailed from Lisbon with four ships on July 9, 1497. In November he rounded the Cape of Good Hope (first rounded in 1488 by the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias) and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa. With the aid of a pilot secured through
Indian merchants in that port, da Gama directed his course eastward and on May 20, 1498, reached Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of India. Because of the hostility of Muslim merchants, he could not establish a Portuguese trading station there. After fighting his way out of the harbor of Calicut, he returned to Portugal in 1499. Da Gama was welcomed with praise, rewarded financially, and permitted to use the prefix Dom with his name. To follow up the discoveries of da Gama, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral was immediately dispatched to India, and he established a Portuguese trading post in Calicut. When news reached Portugal that those stationed in Calicut by Cabral had been massacred, da Gama, who had been given the title of admiral of India, was sent to avenge that act. On the route to Calicut he established Portuguese colonies at Mozambique and Sofala (now part of Mozambique), in east Africa. After arriving in Calicut, da Gama subdued the inhabitants and forced the raja to make peace. Bearing a rich cargo of spice, he left India and sailed back to Portugal in 1503. For the next 20 years he saw no active sea duty. He received the title of count of Vidigueira in 1519, and in 1524 he was named viceroy and sent to India to correct the mounting corruption among the Portuguese authorities there.
Da Gama reached India in the fall of 1524, but he died in Cochin only three months after his arrival.
If you like, give it up and share it so that I can continue collaborating with more videos like this.
Subscribe to my channel Inerciauruguay
AND YOU CAN FIND OUT EVERY TIME I SUIT A VIDEO LIKE THIS, GREETINGS

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAPGama, Vasco da (1469?-1524), Portuguese explorer and navigator, who was the first European to reach India by the sea route.
Da Gama was born in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo Alentejo). In his youth he participated in the wars against Castile. Commissioned by Manuel, king of Portugal, to reach India by sea, da Gama sailed from Lisbon with four ships on July 9, 1497. In November he rounded the Cape of Good Hope (first rounded in 1488 by the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias) and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa. With the aid of a pilot secured through
Indian merchants in that port, da Gama directed his course eastward and on May 20, 1498, reached Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of India. Because of the hostility of Muslim merchants, he could not establish a Portuguese trading station there. After fighting his way out of the harbor of Calicut, he returned to Portugal in 1499. Da Gama was welcomed with praise, rewarded financially, and permitted to use the prefix Dom with his name. To follow up the discoveries of da Gama, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral was immediately dispatched to India, and he established a Portuguese trading post in Calicut. When news reached Portugal that those stationed in Calicut by Cabral had been massacred, da Gama, who had been given the title of admiral of India, was sent to avenge that act. On the route to Calicut he established Portuguese colonies at Mozambique and Sofala (now part of Mozambique), in east Africa. After arriving in Calicut, da Gama subdued the inhabitants and forced the raja to make peace. Bearing a rich cargo of spice, he left India and sailed back to Portugal in 1503. For the next 20 years he saw no active sea duty. He received the title of count of Vidigueira in 1519, and in 1524 he was named viceroy and sent to India to correct the mounting corruption among the Portuguese authorities there.
Da Gama reached India in the fall of 1524, but he died in Cochin only three months after his arrival.
If you like, give it up and share it so that I can continue collaborating with more videos like this.
Subscribe to my channel Inerciauruguay
AND YOU CAN FIND OUT EVERY TIME I SUIT A VIDEO LIKE THIS, GREETINGS

PORTO. Portugal's Oldest Book Store📚 & Trying Port!🍷

From its stunning Beaux-Arts station to its cool bars serving Porto’s signature drink, this charming city combines the best of old and new. Come with Us and Let’s explore Porto!
Porto is a coastal city in northwest Portugal known for its stately bridges and port wine production. In the medieval Ribeira (riverside) district, narrow cobbled streets wind past merchants’ houses and cafes. São Francisco Church is known for its lavish baroque interior with ornate gilded carvings. The palatial 19th-century Palácio de Bolsa, formerly a stock market, was built to impress potential European investors.
------------------
SUBSCRIBE! - http://bit.ly/1M4etCO
------------------
Places Featured:
Sao Bento train station:
One of the world's most beautiful train stations, beaux arts São Bento wings you back to a more graceful age of rail travel. Completed in 1903, it seems to have been imported from 19th-century Paris with its mansard roof. But the dramatic azulejo panels of historic scenes in the front hall are the real attraction. Designed by Jorge Colaço in 1930, some 20,000 tiles depict historic battles (including Henry the Navigator's conquest of Ceuta), as well as the history of transport.
Livraria Lello:
Livraria Lello is a bookshop with an extraordinary historical and architectural value, located at the number 144 of Rua das Carmelitas, in downtown Porto, in Portugal. Its origins date back to 1881, when the brothers José and António Lello opened an establishment at the nearby Rua do Almada, Porto, dedicated to publish and selling books. Travel + Leisure magazine considered Livraria Lello as the coolest bookshop in the world; the television station CNN consider it to be the most beautiful on the planet; Time magazine, The Guardian, Lonely Planet, all recognized that Livraria Lello is one of the most beautiful in the world for its unique historical and artistic value.
Dom Luis Bridge:
The Dom Luís I Bridge is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. At its construction, its 172 metres span was the longest of its type in the world.
Vila Nova de Gaia:
A hub of the port wine industry, Vila Nova de Gaia is peppered with cellars offering tours and tastings. It’s also known for sandy beaches like Praia da Madalena, and the scenic riverside road Cais de Gaia, with its cafe terraces and expansive views across the Douro. Small restaurants serve grilled fish and seafood in the old fishing village of Afurada, where picturesque tiled houses line narrow streets.
For more information about Porto visit:
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/porto-city-guide-what-to-do-portugal-weekend-break-best-hotels-restaurants-bars-a7809311.html
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/sep/19/porto-city-guide-hotels-restaurants-bars
-------------------------------------
FOLLOW US
• Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/delightfultravellers/
• Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/deltravellers
• Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/delightfultravellers/?fref=ts
• Website: https://www.delightfultravellers.com

The mule women of Melilla on the border of Spain and Morocco | DW Documentary

The Spanish semi-enclave of Melilla lives from the trade of second-hand goods. On the shoulders of Moroccan women, goods cross Europe's southernmost border.
It’s a lucrative business for the traders, but inhumane work for the carriers. Europe's southernmost border runs around Melilla on North Africa’s Mediterranean coast. The city of Melilla and sister city Ceuta both share a border with Morocco and attract traders and workers who cross the border every day to earn a living. For centuries Melilla, which separates Spain from Morocco, was a Spanish colony on African soil. After Morocco gained independence Melilla remained Spanish, but even today the enclave is not recognized by the Kingdom of Morocco. Moroccan citizens can take parcels weighing up to 70 kilos through the Barrio Chino border crossing as duty-free "hand luggage" almost unchecked. Melilla is part of Spain, but doesn’t belong to the European Customs Union. The duty-free transport of goods is actually illegal, but it is tolerated as long as only hand luggage is involved - irrespective of the weight. Nora El Koukhou is one of the human mules who cart the heavy goods across the border between Spain and Morocco on their backs or on skateboards. As long as the goods are in contact with their bodies, they remain tax and duty-free. It’s a perfidious but very lucrative business for the traders and one of Melilla’s most important sources of income. But the workers - including more and more young people, as well as the old and the sick - hardly profit from this at all. They work under precarious conditions, and if the border crossings close unexpectedly early, goods traffic backs up. Carriers like Nora struggle to survive, and merchants like MohammedAbdelkader are stuck with their goods. At the interface between Africa and Europe, the fences are getting higher and higher, but the police cannot stop the informal trade in Melilla. The border patrol force monitors the goods traffic on the border between Spain and Morocco. The documentary follows Moroccan "mule" Nora to the Barrio Chino crossing and observes the complex schemes taking place on Europe's southernmost border.
_______
Exciting, powerful and informative – DW Documentary is always close to current affairs and international events. Our eclectic mix of award-winning films and reports take you straight to the heart of the story. Dive into different cultures, journey across distant lands, and discover the inner workings of modern-day life. Subscribe and explore the world around you – every day, one DW Documentary at a time.
Subscribe to DW Documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/dwdocumentary?sub_confirmation=1
For more information visit:
http://www.dw.com/en/tv/docfilm/s-3610
Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/dwdocumentary/
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/dw.stories
DW netiquette policy: http://www.dw.com/en/dws-netiquette-policy/a-5300954

Arrival of Europeans to India | Why Europeans arrived to India | Foundation of British Empire in Ind

Download our app : http://examb.in/app
FirstEuropean contacts.
In 1497, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent the navigator Vasco da Gama to find a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Da Gama reached the port of Calicut on the Malabar coast on June 18, 1498, and his fleet returned to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1499. The Venetians were Europe's main traders in Asian spices, which they bought in Egypt.The Portuguese set up a trading empire in the Indian Ocean, capturing and fortifying all the leading trading ports. They controlled the major sea routes between India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese made Goa their capital in India.The city became an important European settlement.
The Portuguese supremacy in the Indian Ocean lasted for just over a hundred years.
East India companies.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600. The Dutch East India Company was formally incorporated two years later, although the Dutch merchants of Amsterdam had been trading in the Indian Ocean as early as 1595. The arrival of the British and the Dutch in India was unwelcome to the Portuguese, who tried to keep control of the Asian trade.
The British East India Company, by contrast, was much weaker. In the 1600's it acquired three independent sovereign settlements in India, Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata), and each grew into substantial trading ports. The ports were all fortified with sea walls and cannon. The British company, like the Dutch, raised a small army of professional soldiers. After 1700, the British East India Company was strong enough to equip a large number of well-armed ships for trading in the Indian Ocean.
Rivalry between Britain and France.
In the 1720's the French government granted a charter to a French East India Company to trade with India. The French made their headquarters at Pondicherry in southern India. Within 20 years or so the French had become very powerful in India and were competing successfully with the British. The commercial competition between the two companies soon led to political quarrels. In the 1740's the French and British supported rival Indian rulers in internal wars.
In 1755 an unexpected blow fell on the British East India Company. The Muslim nawab of Bengal province, Siraj al-Daulah, disagreed with the company over commercial privileges claimed by the British. The nawab led an army against Calcutta, and captured the city. suffocation and heat. The exact number of deaths is disputed, but the so-called Black Hole of Calcutta incident further worsened relations between British and Indians.
When the news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, the British sent ColonelRobert Clive to Bengal to regain Calcutta. He was also a skilful politician. Clive not only recovered Calcutta, but also led the company's troops to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Siraj al-Daulah was replaced by a puppet ruler,
Foundation of the British Empire in India.
Historians regard the year 1757 as the starting point of the British Empire in India, even though large parts of the country remained under the rule of Indian princes.
Growth of the East India Company.
By 1765, the East India Company had decided to set aside the nominal Mughal governor of Bengal province, the nawab. The company itself became the dewan, or financial controller, holding its office under a farman (proclamation) granted by the Mughal emperor in Delhi. Bengal's prosperous rice agriculture yielded enormous tax revenues to the East India Company. This financial advantage helped the company to raise a large army of professional Indian soldiers, trained and commanded by British officers. From 1772, under the company's first governor general of Bengal, Warren Hastings, the British began to expand toward northern India.
Hastings was a skilful diplomat and politician. He contributed much to the success of the East India Company's government in Bengal. But his use of violent methods to suppress Indian opposition, and his treatment of fellow British officials in India, aroused great anger in Britain.
Reform of company administration.
These corrupt administrative practices were ended by Lord Cornwallis, who was appointed governor general of India in 1786. The British Parliament had passed Acts in 1773 and in 1784 to bring the East India Company under the control of a British government minister. Lord Cornwallis was given the task of reforming British administration in India and of establishing good relations with the Indian princes.

http://mocomi.com/ presents : Vasco Da Gama - Age of Discovery - World HistoryVasco da Gama, was a Portuguese explorer who was commander of the first ships to sail straight from Europe to India.Little is known about Vasco da Gama’s early life, but it is believed that he was a student of mathematics and navigation.
On 8 July 1497, Da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of a 170 men from Lisbon. The distance that he and his crew travelled from Africa to India was greater than what it would have been around the equator.
Da Gama’a trip to India consisted of several stops along the way in Africa as well as problems faced with Muslim traders who did not want him to interfere in their profitable trade routes. He finally reached Calicut on May 20, 1498.
At first, da Gama and his trading were well-received, but this only lasted a short while. The King ordered him to pay a large tax in gold similar to what other merchants pay.
Da Gama left India on August 29, 1498. His expedition beat all expectations after he brought in cargo that was worth 60 times the cost of the expedition. He also took with him hostages, a few Nairs and sixteen Mukkuva fishermen.
Da Gama arrived in Lisbon in September, 1499. On Da Gama’s journey back, many of his crew members died from scurvy. He however recieved a hero’s welcome and was well rewarded by the king. He was given the title ‘Admiral of the Indian Seas.'
On 12 February 1502, da Gama led the 4th PortugueseArmada to India, a fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. On this voyage, Da Gama and his troops killed hundreds of Muslims, often brutally, in order to demonstrate their power. In this trip he returned triumphant, primarily with silk and gold, and also established a settlement of the Portugese people in India.
Da Gama was sent to India again in 1524 to replace the incompetent Viceroy. Vasco contracted malaria not long after arriving in Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524.
To read more about Vasco da Gama do visit: http://mocomi.com/vasco-da-gama/
For more fun learning videos and interactive articles related to history, go to: http://mocomi.com/learn/history/
Follow Mocomi Kids - Top educational website for kids,
on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/mocomikids/
on Twitter https://twitter.com/MocomiKids
on Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/mocomikids/
on Google+ https://plus.google.com/+mocomikids/
on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/mocomi-kids

EXCHANGING MONEY IN EUROPE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

http://www.distantlands.com
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXCHANGE MONEY IN EUROPE?
How many people endlessly scour airfare comparison and hotel booking sites looking for the best deal, then waste all that effort by paying huge fees to exchange money abroad. Once you leave the country, how you pay for things can impact the cost of your trip. What is the best option? Keep watching and we will explore all your currency conversion options while traveling in Europe. But first, don't forget to like, subscribe and comment.
EXCHANGING CASH
Avoid or minimize cash exchange. Fees can range from about 8% at banks to up to 15% at airport currency exchange booths. If you need to exchange cash, look for places that don't charge a commission. Hold onto your cash for emergencies. If you want cash before leaving the U.S., you may be able to order currency through your bank, or through a website. Rates in the U.S. are usually less favorable than abroad, though, so only get what you need for a day or two. Cash is best for: Emergencies. PRO: You'll almost always find someone who will exchange cash. CON: You will not get a great conversion rate.
DEBIT AND ATMCARDS
Use these at cash machines (ATM's) to withdraw local cash. Use bank ATM machines. Your rate will be as good as or better than a bank teller. Minimize ATM usage fees by withdrawing as much as you can each time you visit the ATM (and keep the extra cash in your money belt!). AVOID generic ATMs or foreign exchange machines, often found at airport arrival halls, which charge high fees and offer really bad exchange rates. Debit & ATM cards are best for: Getting cash in local currency. PRO: You get the great interbank exchange rate, and ATMs are widely available in cities throughout Europe. CON: Each withdrawal you make will be subject to various fees, so withdraw larger amounts less frequently than you would at home. Debit cards are usually not accepted for car rentals without additional cost and paperwork.
PRO TIP: AVOID DYNAMIC CURRENCY CONVERSION. If a merchant asks you if you would like to make your transaction in your home currency instead of local currency, say NO. ALWAYS get your transaction in the local currency or you will pay a huge fee.
CREDIT CARDS
Credit cards are best for large purchases such as airline or train tickets, hotel bills and car rentals. Generally, paying by credit card gives you a better rate than withdrawing or exchanging cash...as long as you clear your balance each month. The interest you pay on that balance will add to your trip costs. Read your credit card agreement carefully; a foreign currency conversion fee of about 1% is standard. If you can, consider applying for a credit card that doesn't charge foreign currency fees before you travel. However, avoid using your credit card to withdraw cash from ATMs. This is a cash advance, and you will be charged fees and interest immediately. PRO: By using a credit card for most expenses, you can carry less cash. You can also dispute erroneous transactions. And, many credit cards offer points or rewards. CON: Many, if not most credit cards have hidden surcharges for foreign exchange transactions. Look for cards that are travel-friendly. PRO TIP: The ChaseMileageExplorer Card (for United frequent fliers) and the ChaseSapphire card have no international transaction fees.
TRAVELER'S CHECKS AND MONEY CARDS
While mostly obsolete, traveler's checks provide more security than cash because they can be replaced if lost or stolen. These days, Visa and Travelex offer travel cards that are prepaid like traveler's checks, but work like debit cards for purchases and ATM withdrawals. CON: The exchange rate for traveler's checks is not as favorable as the interbank rate you get when using a credit or debit card, and very few merchants accept them for purchase these days. You'll incur commissions, shipping charges and/or conversion fees to purchase AND cash the checks. The prepaid cards have plenty of fees, too--activations fees, reloading fees, ATM charges, and even inactivity fees. In most cases you're better off using your own debit card.
Thank you for watching and please...like, subscribe, comment and share.
LongNote Four by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100467
Artist: http://incompetech.com/ #DISTANTLANDS #TRAVELTIPS #TRAVEL

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAP

ROUTE OF VASCO DA GAMA ANIMATION ON A MAPGama, Vasco da (1469?-1524), Portuguese explorer and navigator, who was the first European to reach India by the sea route.
Da Gama was born in Sines, Alemtejo (now Baixo Alentejo). In his youth he participated in the wars against Castile. Commissioned by Manuel, king of Portugal, to reach India by sea, da Gama sailed from Lisbon with four ships on July 9, 1497. In November he rounded the Cape of Good Hope (first rounded in 1488 by the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias) and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa. With the aid of a pilot secured through
Indian merchants in that port, da Gama directed his course eastward and on May 20, 1498, reached Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of India. Because of the hostility of Muslim merchants, he could not establish a Portuguese trading station there. After fighting his way out of the harbor of Calicut, he returned to Portugal in 1499. Da Gama was welcomed with praise, rewarded financially, and permitted to use the prefix Dom with his name. To follow up the discoveries of da Gama, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral was immediately dispatched to India, and he established a Portuguese trading post in Calicut. When news reached Portugal that those stationed in Calicut by Cabral had been massacred, da Gama, who had been given the title of admiral of India, was sent to avenge that act. On the route to Calicut he established Portuguese colonies at Mozambique and Sofala (now part of Mozambique), in east Africa. After arriving in Calicut, da Gama subdued the inhabitants and forced the raja to make peace. Bearing a rich cargo of spice, he left India and sailed back to Portugal in 1503. For the next 20 years he saw no active sea duty. He received the title of count of Vidigueira in 1519, and in 1524 he was named viceroy and sent to India to correct the mounting corruption among the Portuguese authorities there.
Da Gama reached India in the fall of 1524, but he died in Cochin only three months after his arrival.
If you like, give it up and share it so that I can continue collaborating with more videos like this.
Subscribe to my channel Inerciauruguay
AND YOU CAN FIND OUT EVERY TIME I SUIT A VIDEO LIKE THIS, GREETINGS

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira, (Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]; c. 1460s – 23 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer. He was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as linking the Atlantic and the Indian oceans entirely and definitively, and in this way, the West and the Orient. This was accomplished on his first voyage to India (1497–1499).

Da Gama's discovery was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia. The route meant that the Portuguese would not need to cross the highly disputed Mediterranean nor the dangerous Arabian Peninsula, and that the whole voyage would be made by sea.
The sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made this expedition the longest ocean voyage ever made until then, far longer than a full voyage around the world by way of the Equator.

One century after the discovery, European powers such as England, the Netherlands and France were finally able to challenge and break Portugal's monopoly and naval supremacy in the Cape Route around Africa, the Indian Ocean and in the Far East, opening a new era of European imperialism in the East.