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target=\u0022_new\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1136\/ebn.7.1.32-a\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-separator\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-altmetrics\u0022 \u003E\n \n \u003Ch2 class=\u0022pane-title\u0022\u003EStatistics from Altmetric.com\u003C\/h2\u003E\n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv data-badge-details=\u0022right\u0022 data-badge-type=\u0022medium-donut\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1136\/ebn.7.1.32-a\u0022 data-hide-no-mentions=\u0022true\u0022 class=\u0022altmetric-embed\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-separator\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-bmjj-jumplinks\u0022 \u003E\n \n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-list-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-separator\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n \n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBlinding (masking)\u003C\/strong\u003E: in an experimental study, refers to whether patients, clinicians providing an intervention, people assessing outcomes, and\/or data analysts were aware or unaware of the group to which patients were assigned. In the design section of \u003Cem\u003EEvidence-Based Nursing\u003C\/em\u003E abstracts of treatment studies, the study is identified as \u003Cem\u003Eblinded\u003C\/em\u003E, with specification of who was blinded; \u003Cem\u003Eunblinded\u003C\/em\u003E, if all parties were aware of patients\u2019 group assignments; or \u003Cem\u003Eblinded (unclear)\u003C\/em\u003E if the authors did not report or provide us with an indication of who was aware or unaware of patients\u2019 group assignments.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConcealment of randomisation:\u003C\/strong\u003E concealment of rando-misation is specified in the design section of \u003Cem\u003EEvidence-Based Nursing\u003C\/em\u003E abstracts of treatment studies as follows: \u003Cem\u003Eallocation concealed\u003C\/em\u003E (deemed to have taken adequate measures to conceal allocation to study group assignments from those responsible for assessing patients for entry in the trial [ie, central randomisation; sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes; sealed envelopes from a closed bag; numbered or coded bottles or containers; drugs prepared by the pharmacy; or other descriptions that contain elements convincing of concealment]); \u003Cem\u003Eallocation not concealed\u003C\/em\u003E (deemed to have not taken adequate measures to conceal allocation to study group assignments from those responsible for assessing patients for entry in the trial [ie, no concealment procedure was undertaken, sealed envelopes that were not opaque or were not sequentially numbered, or other descriptions that contained elements not convincing of concealment]); \u003Cem\u003Eunclear allocation concealment\u003C\/em\u003E (the authors did not report or provide a description of an allocation concealment approach that allowed for the classification as concealed or not concealed).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfidence interval (CI)\u003C\/strong\u003E: quantifies the uncertainty in measurement; usually reported as 95% CI, which is the range of values within which we can be 95% sure that the true value for the whole population lies.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EData saturation (saturation, redundancy)\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: process of collecting data in a qualitative research study to the point where no new themes are generated.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDiagnostic (gold or criterion) standard\u003C\/strong\u003E: the current best available measure of an outcome; used for assessing properties of a new diagnostic or screening test. The results from a new test are compared with the results from the diagnostic standard to assess the usefulness of the new test (ie, its sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFixed effects model\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: gives a summary estimate of the magnitude of effect in meta-analysis. It takes into account within-study variation but not between-study variation and hence is usually not used if there is significant heterogeneity.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHazard ratio\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: the weighted relative risk over the entire study period; often reported in the context of survival analysis\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHeterogeneity\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: the degree to which the effect estimates of individual studies in a meta-analysis differ significantly.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIntention to treat analysis (ITT)\u003C\/strong\u003E: all patients are analysed in the groups to which they were randomised, even if they failed to complete the intervention or received the wrong intervention.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELikelihood ratio (for positive and negative results)\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-4\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: a way of summarising the findings of a study of a diagnostic test for use in clinical situations where there may be differences in the prevalence of the disease. The likelihood ratio for a positive test is the likelihood that a positive test result comes from a person that really does have the disorder rather than one that does not have the disorder (sensitivity\/1 \u2212 specificity). The likelihood ratio for a negative test is the likelihood that a negative test result comes from a person with the disorder rather than one without the disorder (1 \u2212 sensitivity\/specificity).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENumber needed to harm (NNH)\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: number of patients who, if they received the experimental treatment, would lead to 1 additional person being harmed compared with patients who receive the control treatment; this is calculated as 1\/absolute risk increase (rounded to the next whole number), accompanied by the 95% confidence interval.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENumber needed to treat (NNT)\u003C\/strong\u003E: number of patients who need to be treated to prevent 1 additional negative event (or to promote 1 additional positive event); this is calculated as 1\/absolute risk reduction (rounded to the next whole number), accompanied by the 95% confidence interval.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOdds ratio (OR)\u003C\/strong\u003E: describes the odds of a patient in the experimental group having an event divided by the odds of a patient in the control group having the event \u003Cem\u003Eor\u003C\/em\u003E the odds that a patient was exposed to a given risk factor divided by the odds that a control patient was exposed to the risk factor.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERelative benefit increase (RBI)\u003C\/strong\u003E: the proportional increase in the rates of good events between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERelative risk (RR)\u003C\/strong\u003E: proportion of patients experiencing an outcome in the treated (or exposed) group divided by the proportion experiencing the outcome in the control (or unexposed) group.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERelative risk increase (RRI):\u003C\/strong\u003E the proportional increase in bad outcomes between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERelative risk reduction (RRR)\u003C\/strong\u003E: the proportional reduction in bad outcomes between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-18\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESensitivity\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: a measure of a diagnostic test\u2019s ability to correctly detect a disorder when it is present in a sample of people.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESpecificity\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: a measure of a diagnostic test\u2019s ability to correctly identify the absence of a disorder in a sample of people who do not have the disorder.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWeighted mean difference\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003E\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E: in a meta-analysis, used to combine outcomes measured on continuous scales (eg, height), assuming that all trials measured the outcome on the same scale; the mean, standard deviation, and sample size of each group are known, and weight given to each trial is determined by the precision of its estimate of effect.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ref-list\u0022 id=\u0022ref-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EReferences\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-1-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 1 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-7.1.32-a.1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Ccite\u003EPolit DF, Beck CT, Hungler BP. \u003Cem\u003EEssentials of nursing research: methods, appraisal, and utilization,\u003C\/em\u003E Fifth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2001\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-2-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 2 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-2\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-7.1.32-a.2\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Ccite\u003EClarke M, Oxman AD, editors. Glossary. Cochrane reviewers\u2019 handbook 4.1.2 (updated \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003EMarch 2001\u003C\/span\u003E). In: \u003Cem\u003ECochrane Library\u003C\/em\u003E. Oxford: Update Software. Updated quarterly.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-3-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 3 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-3\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-7.1.32-a.3\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Ccite\u003EGuyatt G, Rennie D, editors. \u003Cem\u003EUsers\u2019 guides to the medical literature.\u003C\/em\u003E A manual for evidence-based clinical practice. Chicago: American Medical Association, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2002\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-4-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 4 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-4\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-7.1.32-a.4\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Ccite\u003EStreiner D, Geddes J. Some useful concepts and terms used in articles about diagnosis [editorial]. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-source\u0022\u003EEvidence-Based Mental Health\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1998\u003C\/span\u003E;\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E6\u003C\/span\u003E\u20137.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEvidence-Based%2BMental%2BHealth%26rft.stitle%253DEvid.%2BBased%2BMent.%2BHealth%26rft.aulast%253DStreiner%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%26rft.volume%253D1%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D6%26rft.epage%253D8%26rft.atitle%253DSome%2Buseful%2Bconcepts%2Band%2Bterms%2Bused%2Bin%2Barticles%2Babout%2Bdiagnosis%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZWJtZW50YWwiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6NToiMS8xLzYiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMToiL2VibnVycy83LzEvMzIuMi5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-5-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 5 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-5\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-7.1.32-a.5\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Ccite\u003ESackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, \u003Cem\u003Eet al\u003C\/em\u003E. \u003Cem\u003EClinical epidemiology: basic science for clinical medicine\u003C\/em\u003E, Second edition. 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