Alongside the traditional ritualistic piety of the oldest version of Islam and under the pressure of the political and social crises of the first two centuries there developed at an early stage a spiritual movement that, based on a deeper stud…

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Carl Brockelmann,
“10. Mysticism”, in:
Brockelmann in English: The History of the Arabic Written Tradition Online.
Consulted online on 21 January 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2542-8098_breo_COM_121100>