Probed for roots of behavior in individuals early

– probed for roots of behavior in individuals’ early life-historiesBest predictors of adopted child’s personality or mental health are food in biological parentsWhen subjects are biologically-related, it is NEVER safe to interpret a behavior as only the result of nurture without future evidence no matter how clearly a situationmay seem to point to environmental influenceoProblem should be studied in adoptive families or by finding a way to randomly assign childrenMost disappointing outcome – inability to organize traits from more- to less- genetic oEverything is somewhatheritable but nothing is absolutelyheritableoLots of inconsistency as to which traits are more heritable and which are less heritableoHeritability coefficient does not match up w/ nature-nurture intuitionFocusing on “important’” roles of genes and environment maybe be the wrong thing to focus ono(1) Genes and environment are both crucial to every traito(2) Nature-nurture questions look at differences among people – traits don’t depend only on the trait itself

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Heritability coefficient of 0 suggests all nurture & no natureoExtent that people differ in arm number is likely the result of accidents and environmental reasonsHeritability coefficient divides traits into 2 components – (1) genes (2) environmentoThese 2 components are calculated together for total variabilityoGene-environment interaction or G x E– genetic differences affect behavior under some environmental circumstances but not othersoEpigenetics– DNA is modified by environmental events, genetic changes transmitted to childrenFor most behavioral traits, effects are so small and distributed across so many genes oExtreme environmental hardship causes catastrophic effects for many behavioral outcomesLeaving Your LamarckJean-Baptiste Lamarck – theory that animals could pick up traits during their lifetime and pass those traits onoSpecies change slowly over long periods of time due to chance and fate regardless of improvement in lifeBest way to study maternal care is with rats – good rat moms lick their babies a lot

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