Wednesday, December 16, 2009

While I was reading an interview of James, I found a quick link.This can be very helpful for folks who are still trying to understand the thought process of conext driven schools.You can directly read it on http://www.context-driven-testing.com/For easy reference I have duplicated the whole write up below.----------------------------------------------------------------------

The Seven Basic Principles of the Context-Driven School

1. The value of any practice depends on its context.2. There are good practices in context, but there are no best practices.3. People, working together, are the most important part of any project's context.4. Projects unfold over time in ways that are often not predictable.5. The product is a solution. If the problem isn't solved, the product doesn't work.6. Good software testing is a challenging intellectual process.7. Only through judgment and skill, exercised cooperatively throughout the entire project, are we able to do the right things at the right times to effectively test our products.

Illustrations of the Principles in Action:· Testing groups exist to provide testing-related services. They do not run the development project; they serve the project.· Testing is done on behalf of stakeholders in the service of developing, qualifying, debugging, investigating, or selling a product. Entirely different testing strategies could be appropriate for these different objectives.· It is entirely proper for different test groups to have different missions. A core practice in the service of one mission might be irrelevant or counter-productive in the service of another.· Metrics that are not valid are dangerous.· The essential value of any test case lies in its ability to provide information (i.e. to reduce uncertainty).· All oracles are fallible. Even if the product appears to pass your test, it might well have failed it in ways that you (or the automated test program) were not monitoring.· Automated testing is not automatic manual testing: it's nonsensical to talk about automated tests as if they were automated human testing.· Different types of defects will be revealed by different types of tests--tests should become more challenging or should focus on different risks as the program becomes more stable.· Test artifacts are worthwhile to the degree that they satisfy their stakeholders' relevant requirements.An Example:Consider two projects:1. One is developing the control software for an airplane. What "correct behavior" means is a highly technical and mathematical subject. FAA regulations must be followed. Anything you do -- or don't do -- would be evidence in a lawsuit 20 years from now. The development staff share an engineering culture that values caution, precision, repeatability, and double-checking everyone's work. 2. Another project is developing a word processor that is to be used over the web. "Correct behavior" is whatever woos a vast and inarticulate audience of Microsoft Word users over to your software. There are no regulatory requirements that matter (other than those governing public stock offerings). Time to market matters -- 20 months from now, it will all be over, for good or ill. The development staff decidedly do not come from an engineering culture, and attempts to talk in a way normal for the first culture will cause them to refer to you as "damage to be routed around". · Testing practices appropriate to the first project will fail in the second.· Practices appropriate to the second project would be criminally negligent in the first.

CommentaryIn the years since we first published the description, above, some people have found our definition too complex and have tried to simplify it, attempting to equate the approach with Agile development or Agile testing, or with the exploratory style of software testing. Here’s another crack at a definition:Context-driven testers choose their testing objectives, techniques, and deliverables (including test documentation) by looking first to the details of the specific situation, including the desires of the stakeholders who commissioned the testing. The essence of context-driven testing is project-appropriate application of skill and judgment. The Context-Driven School of testing places this approach to testing within a humanistic social and ethical framework.Ultimately, context-driven testing is about doing the best we can with what we get. Rather than trying to apply “best practices,” we accept that very different practices (even different definitions of common testing terms) will work best under different circumstances.Contrasting context-driven with context-aware testing.Many testers think of their approach as context-driven because they take contextual factors into account as they do their work. Here are a few examples that might illustrate the differences between context-driven and context-aware:Context-driven testers reject the notion of best practices, because they present certain practices as appropriate independent of context. Of course it is widely accepted that any “best practice” might be inapplicable under some circumstances. However, when someone looks to best practices first and to project-specific factors second, that may be context-aware, but not context-driven.Similarly, some people create standards, like IEEE Standard 829 for test documentation, because they think that it is useful to have a standard to lay out what is generally the right thing to do. This is not unusual, nor disreputable, but it is not context-driven. Standard 829 starts with a vision of good documentation and encourages the tester to modify what is created based on the needs of the stakeholders. Context-driven testing starts with the requirements of the stakeholders and the practical constraints and opportunities of the project. To the context-driven tester, the standard provides implementation-level suggestions rather than prescriptions.Contrasting context-driven with context-oblivious, context-specific, and context-imperial testing.To say “context-driven” is to distinguish our approach to testing from context-oblivious, context-specific, or context-imperial approaches:Context-oblivious testing is done without a thought for the match between testing practices and testing problems. This is common among testers who are just learning the craft, or are merely copying what they’ve seen other testers do.Context-specific testing applies an approach that is optimized for a specific setting or problem, without room for adjustment in the event that the context changes. This is common in organizations with longstanding projects and teams, wherein the testers may not have worked in more than one organization. For example, one test group might develop expertise with military software, another group with games. In the specific situation, a context-specific tester and a context-driven tester might test their software in exactly the same way. However, the context-specific tester knows only how to work within her or his one development context (MilSpec) (or games), and s/he is not aware of the degree to which skilled testing will be different across contexts.Context-imperial testing insists on changing the project or the business in order to fit the testers’ own standardized concept of “best” or “professional” practice, instead of designing or adapting practices to fit the project. The context-imperial approach is common among consultants who know testing primarily from reading books, or whose practical experience was context-specific, or who are trying to appeal to a market that believes its approach to development is the one true way.Contrasting context-driven with agile testing.Agile development models advocate for a customer-responsive, waste-minimizing, humanistic approach to software development and so does context-driven testing. However, context-driven testing is not inherently part of the Agile development movement.For example, Agile development generally advocates for extensive use of unit tests. Context-driven testers will modify how they test if they know that unit testing was done well. Many (probably most) context-driven testers will recommend unit testing as a way to make later system testing much more efficient. However, if the development team doesn’t create reusable test suites, the context-driven tester will suggest testing approaches that don’t expect or rely on successful unit tests.Similarly, Agile developers often recommend an evolutionary or spiral life cycle model with minimal documentation that is developed as needed. Many (perhaps most) context-driven testers would be particularly comfortable working within this life cycle, but it is no less context-driven to create extensively-documented tests within a waterfall project that creates big documentation up front.Ultimately, context-driven testing is about doing the best we can with what we get. There might not be such a thing as Agile Testing (in the sense used by the agile development community) in the absence of effective unit testing, but there can certainly be context-driven testing.Contrasting context-driven with standards-driven testing.Some testers advocate favored life-cycle models, favored organizational models, or favored artifacts. Consider for example, the V-model, the mutually suspicious separation between programming and testing groups, and the demand that all code delivered to testers come with detailed specifications.Context-driven testing has no room for this advocacy. Testers get what they get, and skilled context-driven testers must know how to cope with what comes their way. Of course, we can and should explain tradeoffs to people, make it clear what makes us more efficient and more effective, but ultimately, we see testing as a service to stakeholders who make the broader project management decisions.Yes, of course, some demands are unreasonable and we should refuse them, such as demands that the tester falsify records, make false claims about the product or the testing, or work unreasonable hours. But this doesn’t mean that every stakeholder request is unreasonable, even some that we don’t like.And yes, of course, some demands are absurd because they call for the impossible, such as assessing conformance of a product with contractually-specified characteristics without access to the contract or its specifications. But this doesn’t mean that every stakeholder request that we don’t like is absurd, or impossible.And yes, of course, if our task is to assess conformance of the product with its specification, we need a specification. But that doesn’t mean we always need specifications or that it is always appropriate (or even usually appropriate) for us to insist on receiving them.There are always constraints. Some of them are practical, others ethical. But within those constraints, we start from the project’s needs, not from our process preferences.Context-driven techniques?Context-driven testing is an approach, not a technique. Our task is to do the best testing we can under the circumstances–the more techniques we know, the more options we have available when considering how to cope with a new situation.The set of techniques–or better put, the body of knowledge–that we need is not just a testing set. In this, we follow in Jerry Weinberg’s footsteps: Start to finish, we see a software development project as a creative, complex human activity. To know how to serve the project well, we have to understand the project, its stakeholders, and their interests.Many of our core skills come from psychology, economics, ethnography, and the other socials sciences.Closing notesReasonable people can advocate for standards-driven testing. Or for the idea that testing activities should be routinized to the extent that they can be delegated to less expensive and less skilled people who apply the routine directions. Or for the idea that the biggest return on investment today lies in improving those testing practices intimately tied to writing the code. These are all widely espoused views. However, even if their proponents emphasize the need to tailor these views to the specific situation, these views reflect fundamentally different starting points from context-driven testing.Cem Kaner, J.D., Ph.D.James Bach

Monday, December 14, 2009

Scenario Testing is one of the important activity most of us get into while doing our day today activities of a software tester. It is one of the important aspects that both functional as well as non functional testers should be considerate of. Important point emphasised by Cem "Scenario testers provide an early warning system for requirements problems that would otherwise haunt the project later." He also says "Scenario testing works best for complex transactions or events, for studying end-to-end delivery of the benefits of the program, for exploring how the program will work in the hands of an experienced user, and for developing more persuasive variations of bugs found using other approaches."

Some important key factors that are highlighted are -

balance of manual test cases

importance of identifying a bug and fixing it

exploring use of program at various user levels

importance of signed off requirement doc

stakeholder thought perspective

identification of key factors of scenario testing

Read more details below from the duplicated aticle. The easy beautifully worded document explains it all. It also suggests how practically the simple approaches can be seamleassly built into our daily testing work process.

A slightly less complete version of this was published in Software Testing & Quality Engineering (STQE) magazine, October, 2003, with the unfortunate title, "Cem Kaner on Scenario Testing: The Power of ''What If…'' and Nine Ways to Fuel Your Imagination."This research was partially supported by NSF Grant EIA-0113539 ITR/SY+PE: "Improving the Education of Software Testers." Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF).Once upon a time, a software company developed a desktop publishing program for the consumer market. During development, the testers found a bug: in a small zone near the upper right corner, you couldn’t paste a graphic. They called this the “postage stamp bug.” The programmers decided this wasn’t very important. You could work around it by resizing the graphic or placing it a bit differently. The code was fragile, so they decided not to fix it.The testers felt the postage stamp bug should be fixed. To strengthen their case, they found someone who helped her children lay out their Girl Scout newsletter. The mother wanted to format the newsletter exactly like the one she mimeographed, but she could not, because the newsletter’s logo was positioned at the postage stamp.. The company still wouldn’t fix the bug. The marketing manager said the customer only had to change the document slightly, and the programmers insisted the risk was too high.Being a tenacious bunch, these testers didn’t give up. The marketing manager often bragged that his program could do anything PageMaker could do, so the testers dug through PageMaker marketing materials and found a brochure with a graphic you-know-where. This bug report said the postage stamp bug made it impossible to duplicate PageMaker’s advertisement. That got the marketer’s attention. A week later, the bug was fixed.This story (loosely based on real events) is a classic illustration of a scenario test.A scenario is a hypothetical story, used to help a person think through a complex problem or system. "Scenarios" gained popularity in military planning in the United States in the 1950's. Scenario-based planning gained wide commercial popularity after a spectacular success at Royal Dutch/Shell in the early 1970's. (For some of the details, read Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation by Kees van der Heijden, Royal Dutch/Shell’s former head of scenario planning.)A scenario test is a test based on a scenario.I think the ideal scenario test has several characteristics:The test is based on a story about how the program is used, including information about the motivations of the people involved.The story is motivating. A stakeholder with influence would push to fix a program that failed this test. (Anyone affected by a program is a stakeholder. A person who can influence development decisions is a stakeholder with influence.)The story is credible. It not only could happen in the real world; stakeholders would believe that something like it probably will happen.The story involves a complex use of the program or a complex environment or a complex set of data.The test results are easy to evaluate. This is valuable for all tests, but is especially important for scenarios because they are complex.The first postage-stamp report came from a typical feature test. Everyone agreed there was a bug, but it didn’t capture the imagination of any influential stakeholders.The second report told a credible story about a genuine member of the target market, but that customer’s inconvenience wasn’t motivating enough to convince the marketing manager to override the programmers’ concerns.The third report told a different story that limited the marketing manager’s sales claims. That hit the marketing manager where it hurt. He insisted the bug be fixed.Why Use Scenario Tests?The postage stamp bug illustrated one application of scenario testing: Make a bug report more motivating.There are several other applications, including these:§ Learn the product§ Connect testing to documented requirements§ Expose failures to deliver desired benefits§ Explore expert use of the program§ Bring requirements-related issues to the surface, which might involve reopening old requirements discussions (with new data) or surfacing not-yet-identified requirements.Early in testing, use scenarios to learn the product. I used to believe that an excellent way to teach testers about a product was to have them work through the manual keystroke by keystroke. For years, I did this myself and required my staff to do it. I was repeatedly confused and frustrated that I didn’t learn much this way and annoyed with staff who treated the task as low value. Colleagues (James Bach, for example) have also told me they’ve been surprised that testing the product against the manual hasn’t taught them much. John Carroll tackled this issue in his book, The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill. People don’t learn well by following checklists or material that is organized for them. They learn by doing tasks that require them to investigate the product for themselves. (Another particularly useful way to teach testers the product while developing early scenarios is to pair a subject matter expert with an experienced tester and have them investigate together.)Scenarios are also useful to connect to documented software requirements, especially requirements modeled with use cases. Within the Rational Unified Process, a scenario is an instantiation of a use case (take a specific path through the model, assigning specific values to each variable). More complex tests are built up by designing a test that runs through a series of use cases. Ross Collard described use case scenarios in “Developing test cases from use cases” (STQE, July, 1999; available at www.stickyminds.com).You can use scenarios to expose failures to deliver desired benefits whether or not your company creates use cases or other requirements documentation. The scenario is a story about someone trying to accomplish something with the product under test. In our example scenario, the user tried to create a newsletter that matched her mimeographed newsletter. The ability to create a newsletter that looks the way you want is a key benefit of a desktop publishing program. The ability to place a graphic on the page is a single feature you can combine with other features to obtain the benefit you want. A scenario test provides an end-to-end check on a benefit the program is supposed to deliver. Tests of individual features and mechanical combination tests of related features or their input variables (using such techniques as combinatorial testing or orthogonal arrays) are not designed to provide this kind of check.Scenarios are also useful for exploring expert use of a program. As Larry Constantine and Lucy Lockwood discuss in their book, Software for Use, people use the program differently as they gain experience with it. Initial reactions to the program are important, but so is the stability of the program in the hands of the expert user. You may have months to test a moderately complex program. This time provides opportunity to develop expertise and simulations of expert use. During this period, one or more testers can develop full-blown applications of the software under test. For example, testers of a database manager might build a database or two. Over the months, they will add data, generate reports, fix problems, gaining expertise themselves and pushing the database to handle ever more sophisticated tasks. Along the way, especially if you staff this work in a way that combines subject matter expertise and testing skill, these testers will find credible, serious problems that would have been hard to find (hard to imagine the tests to search for them) any other reasonable way.Scenarios are especially interesting for surfacing requirements-related controversies. Even if there is a signed-off requirements document, this reflects the agreements that project stakeholders have reached. But there are also ongoing disagreements. As Tom DeMarco and Tim Lister point out, ambiguities in requirements documents are often not accidental; they are a way of papering over disagreements (“Both Sides Always Lose: Litigation of Software-Intensive Contracts”, Cutter IT Journal, Volume XI, No. 4; April 1998).A project’s requirements can also change dramatically for reasons that are difficult to control early in the project:§ Key people on the project come and go. Newcomers bring new views.§ Stakeholders’ level of influence change over time.§ Some stakeholders don't grasp the implications of a product until they use it, and they won’t (or can’t) use it until it’s far enough developed to be useful. This is not unreasonable—in a company that makes and sells products, relatively few employees are chosen for their ability as designers or abstract thinkers.§ Some people whose opinion will become important aren’t even invited to early analysis and design meetings. For example, to protect trade secrets, some resellers or key customers might be kept in the dark until late in the project.§ Finally, market conditions change, especially on a long project. Competitors bring out new products. So do makers of products that are to be interoperable with the product under development, and makers of products (I/O devices, operating system, etc.) that form the technical platform and environment for the product.A tester who suspects that a particular stakeholder would be unhappy with some aspect of the program, creates a scenario test and shows the results to that stakeholder. By creating detailed examples of how the program works, or doesn’t work, the scenario tester forces issue after issue. As a project manager, I’ve seen this done on my projects and been frustrated and annoyed by it. Issues that I thought were settled were reopened at inconvenient times, sometimes resulting in unexpected late design changes. I had to remind myself that the testers didn’t create these issues. Genuine disagreements will have their effects. In-house stakeholders (such as salespeople or help desk staff) might support the product unenthusiastically; customers might be less willing to pay for it, end users might be less willing to adopt it. Scenario testers provide an early warning system for requirements problems that would otherwise haunt the project later.Characteristics of Good ScenariosA scenario test has five key characteristics. It is (a) a story that is (b) motivating, (c) credible, (d) complex, and (e) easy to evaluate.These aren’t the only good characteristics a test can have. I describe several test techniques and their strengths in “What IS a Good Test Case?” at www.testingeducation.org/articles/what_is_a_good_test_case_star_2003_paper.pdf. Another important characteristic is power: One test is more powerful than another if it’s more likely to expose a bug. I’ll have more to say about power later. For now, let’s consider the criteria that I describe as the strengths of scenario tests.Writing a scenario involves writing a story. That’s an art. I don’t know how to teach you to be a good storyteller. What I can do is suggest some things that might be useful to include in your stories and some ways to gather and develop the ideas and information that you’ll include.A scenario test is motivating if a stakeholder with influence wants the program to pass the test. A dry recital of steps to replicate a problem doesn’t provide information that stirs emotions in people. To make the story more motivating, tell the reader why it is important, why the user is doing what she’s doing, what she wants, and what are the consequences of failure to her. This type of information is normally abstracted out of a use case (see Alistair Cockburn’s excellent book, Writing Effective Use Cases, p. 18 and John Carroll’s discussion of the human issues missing in use cases, in Making Use: Scenario-Based Design of Human-Computer Interaction, p. 236-37.) Along with impact on the user, a highly motivating bug report might consider the impact of failure on the user’s business or on your company (the software developer). For example, a bug that only modestly impacts the user but causes them to flood your company with phone calls would probably be considered serious. A scenario that brings out such effects would be influential.A scenario is credible if a stakeholder with influence believes it will probably happen. Sometimes you can establish credibility simply by referring to a requirements specification. In many projects, though, you won’t have these specs or they won’t cover your situation. Each approach discussed below is useful for creating credible tests.A complex story involves many features. You can create simplistic stories that involve only one feature, but why bother? Other techniques, such as domain testing, easy to apply to single features and more focused on developing power in these simple situations. The strength of the scenario is that it can help you discover problems in the relationships among the features.This brings us to power. A technique (scenario testing) focused on developing credible, motivating tests is not as likely to bring quickly to mind the extreme cases that power-focused techniques (such as stress, risk-based, and domain testing) are so good for. They are the straightest lines to failures, but the failures they find are often dismissed as unrealistic, too extreme to be of interest. One way to increase a scenario’s power is to exaggerate slightly. When someone in your story does something that sets a variable’s value, make that value a bit more extreme. Make sequences of events more complicated; add a few more people or documents. Hans Buwalda is a master of this. He calls these types of scenario tests, “soap operas.” (See “Soap Opera Testing” at www.stickyminds.com.)The final characteristic that I describe for scenario tests is ease of evaluation—that is, it should be easy to tell whether the program passed or failed. Of course, every test result should be easy to evaluate. However, the more complex the test, the more likely that the tester will accept a plausible-looking result as correct. Glen Myers discussed this in his classic, Art of Software Testing, and I’ve seen other expensive examples of bugs exposed by a test but not recognized by the tester.Twelve Ways to Create Good ScenariosWrite life histories for objects in the system.List possible users, analyze their interests and objectives.Consider disfavored users: how do they want to abuse your system?List “system events.” How does the system handle them?List “special events.” What accommodations does the system make for these?List benefits and create end-to-end tasks to check them.Interview users about famous challenges and failures of the old system.Work alongside users to see how they work and what they do.Read about what systems like this are supposed to do.Study complaints about the predecessor to this system or its competitors.Create a mock business. Treat it as real and process its data.Try converting real-life data from a competing or predecessor application.Twelve Ways to Create Good ScenariosDesigning scenario tests is much like doing a requirements analysis, but is not requirements analysis. They rely on similar information but use it differently.§ The requirements analyst tries to foster agreement about the system to be built. The tester exploits disagreements to predict problems with the system.§ The tester doesn’t have to reach conclusions or make recommendations about how the product should work. Her task is to expose credible concerns to the stakeholders.§ The tester doesn’t have to make the product design tradeoffs. She exposes the consequences of those tradeoffs, especially unanticipated or more serious consequences than expected.§ The tester doesn’t have to respect prior agreements. (Caution: testers who belabor the wrong issues lose credibility.)§ The scenario tester’s work need not be exhaustive, just useful.Because she has a different perspective, the scenario tester will often do her own product and marketing research while she tests, on top of or independently of research done by Marketing. Here are some useful ways to guide your research. It might seem that you need to know a lot about the system to use these and, yes, the more you know, the more you can do. However, even if you’re new to the system, paying attention to a few of these as you learn the system can help you design interesting scenarios.1. Write life histories for objects in the system.Imagine a program that manages life insurance policies. Someone applies for a policy. Is he insurable? Is he applying for himself or a policy on his wife, child, friend, competitor? Who is he allowed to insure? Why? Suppose you issue the policy. In the future he might pay late, borrow against the policy, change the beneficiary, threaten to (but not actually) cancel it, appear to (but not) die—lots can happen. Eventually, the policy will terminate by paying out or expiring or being cancelled. You can write many stories to trace different start-to-finish histories of these policies. The system should be able to handle each story. (Thanks to Hans Schaefer for describing this approach to me.)2. List possible users, analyze their interests and objectives.It’s easy to say, “List all the possible users” but not so easy to list them. Don Gause and Jerry Weinberg provide a useful brainstorming list in Exploring Requirements, page 72.Once you identify a user, try to imagine some of her interests. For example, think of a retailer’s inventory control program. Users include warehouse staff, bookkeepers, store managers, salespeople, etc. Focus on the store manager. She wants to maximize store sales, minimize writedowns (explained below), and impress visiting executives by looking organized. These are examples of her interests. She will value the system if it furthers her interests.Focus on one interests, such as minimizing writedowns. A store takes a writedown on an item when it reduces the item’s value in its records. From there, the store might sell the item for much less, perhaps below original cost, or even give it away. If the manager’s pay depends on store profits, writedowns shrink her pay. Some inventory systems can contrast sales patterns across the company’s stores. An item that sells well in one store might sell poorly another store. Both store managers have an interest in transferring that stock from the low-sale store to the high-sale one, but if they don’t discover the trend soon enough, the sales season might be over (such as Xmas season for games) before they can make the transfer. A slow system would show them missed opportunities, frustrating them instead of facilitating profit-enhancing transfers.In thinking about the interest (minimize writedowns), we identified an objective the manager has for the system, something it can do for her. Her objective is to quickly discover differences in sales patterns across stores. From here, you look for features that serve that objective. Build tests that set up sales patterns (over several weeks) in different items at different stores, decide how the system should respond to them and watch what it actually does. Note that under your analysis, it’s an issue if the system misses clear patterns, even if all programmed features work as specified.3. Consider disfavored users: how do they want to abuse your system?As Gause and Weinberg point out, some users are disfavored. For example, consider an accounting system and an embezzling employee. This user’s interest is to get more money. His objective is to use this system to steal the money. This is disfavored: the system should make this harder for the disfavored user rather than easier.4. List “system events.” How does the system handle them?An event is any occurrence that the system is designed to respond to. In Mastering the Requirements Process, Robertson and Robertson write about business events, events that have meaning to the business, such as placing an order for a book or applying for an insurance policy. As another example, in a real-time system, anything that generates an interrupt is an event. For any event, you’d like to understand its purpose, what the system is supposed to do with it, business rules associated with it, and so on. Robertson and Robertson make several suggestions for finding out this kind of information.5. List “special events.” What accommodations does the system make for these?Special events are predictable but unusual occurrences that require special handling. For example, a billing system might do special things year-end. The inventory system might treat transfers differently (record quantities but not other data) when special goods are brought in for clearance sales.6. List benefits and create end-to-end tasks to check them.What benefits is the system supposed to provide? If the current project is an upgrade, what benefits will the upgrade bring? Don’t rely only on an official list of benefits. Ask stakeholders what they think the benefits of the system are supposed to be. Look for misunderstandings and conflicts among the stakeholders.7. Interview users about famous challenges and failures of the old system.Meet with users (and other stakeholders) individually and in groups. Ask them to describe the basic transactions they’re involved with. Get them to draw diagrams and explain how things work. As they warm up, encourage them to tell you the system’s funny stories, the crazy things people tried to do with the system. If you’re building a replacement system, learn what happened with the predecessor. Along with the funny stories, collect stories of annoying failures and strange things people tried that the system couldn’t handle gracefully. Later, you can sort out how “strange” or “crazy” these attempted uses of the system were. What you’re fishing for are special cases that had memorable results but were probably not considered credible enough to mention to the requirements analyst. Hans Buwalda talks about these types of interviews (www.stickyminds.com).8. Work alongside users to see how they work and what they do.While designing a telephone operator’s console (a specially designed phone), I traveled around the country watching operator/receptionists use their phones. Later, leading the phone company’s test group, I visited customer sites to sit with them through training, watch them install beta versions of hardware and software, and watch ongoing use of the system. This provided invaluable data. Any time you can spend working with users, learning how they do their work, will give you ideas for scenarios.9. Read about what systems like this are supposed to do.So you’re about to test an inventory management program and you’ve never used one before. Where should you look? I just checked Amazon and found 33 books with titles like What To Look For In Warehouse Management System Software, and Quick Response: Managing the Supply Chain to Meet Consumer Demand. Google gave 26,100 hits for “inventory management system.” There’s a wealth of material for any type of business system, documenting user expectations, common and uncommon scenarios, competitive issues and so on.If subject matter experts are unavailable, you can learn much on your own about the business processes, consumer products, medical diagnostic methods or whatever your software automates. You just have to spend the time.10. Study complaints about the predecessor to this system or its competitors.Software vendors usually create a database of customer complaints. Companies that write software for their own use often have an in-house help desk (user support) group that keeps records of user problems. Read the complaints. Take “user errors” seriously—they reflect ways that the users expected the system to work, or things they expected the system to do.You might also find complaints about your product or similar ones online.11. Create a mock business. Treat it as real and process its data.Your goal in this style of testing is to simulate a real user of the product. For example, if you’re testing a word processor, write documents—real ones that you need in your work.Try to find time to simulate a business that would use this software heavily. Make the simulation realistic. Build your database one transaction at a time. Run reports and check them against your data. Run the special events. Read the newspaper and create situations in your company’s workflow that happen to other companies of your kind. Be realistic, be demanding. Push the system as hard as you would push it if this really were your business. And complain loudly (write bug reports) if you can’t do what you believe you should be able to do.Not everyone is suited to this approach, but I’ve seen it used with superb effect. In the hands of one skilled tester, this technique exposed database corruptors, report miscalculators, and many other compelling bugs that showed up under more complex conditions than we would have otherwise tested. 12. Try converting real-life data from a competing or predecessor application.Running existing data (your data or data from customers) through your new system is a time-honored technique.A benefit of this approach is that the data include special cases, allowances for exceptional events, and other oddities that develop over a few years of use and abuse of a system.A big risk of this approach is that output can look plausible but be wrong. Unless you check the results very carefully, the test will expose bugs that you simply don’t notice. According to Glen Myers, The Art of Software Testing, 35% of the bugs that IBM found in the field had been exposed by tests but not recognized as bugs by the testers. Many of them came from this type of testing.Risks of Scenario TestingI’ve seen three serious problems with scenario tests:§ Other approaches are better for testing early, unstable code. The scenario test is complex, involving many features. If the first feature is broken, the rest of the test can’t be run. Once that feature is fixed, the next broken feature blocks the test. In some companies, complex tests fail and fail all through the project, exposing one or two new bugs at a time. Discovery of some bugs has been delayed a long time until scenario-blocking bugs were cleared out of the way. Test each feature in isolation before testing scenarios, to efficiently expose problems as soon as they appear.§ Scenario tests are not designed for coverage of the program. It takes exceptional care to cover all the features or requirements in a set of scenario tests. Covering all the program’s statements simply isn’t achieved this way.§ Scenario tests are often heavily documented and used time and again. This seems efficient, given all the work it can take to create a good scenario. But scenario tests often expose design errors rather than coding errors. The second or third time around, you’ve learned what this test will teach you about the design. Scenarios are interesting tests for coding errors because they combine so many features and so much data. However, there are so many interesting combinations to test that I think it makes more sense to try different variations of the scenario instead of the same old test. You’re less likely to find new bugs with combinations the program has already shown it can handle. Do regression testing with single-feature tests or unit tests, not scenarios.In SumScenario testing isn’t the only type of testing. For notes on other types of tests that you might use in combination with scenario testing, see my paper, What IS a Good Test Case, at http://www.testingeducation.org/articles/what_is_a_good_test_case_star_2003_paper.pdf).Scenario testing works best for complex transactions or events, for studying end-to-end delivery of the benefits of the program, for exploring how the program will work in the hands of an experienced user, and for developing more persuasive variations of bugs found using other approaches.