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Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1
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THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST

edition,

published in

three

volumes,

1768-1771.

SECOND

"

"

ten

"

1777-1784.

THIRD

"

"

eighteen

"

1788-1797.

FOURTH

"

"

twenty

"

1801-1810.

FIFTH

"

"

twenty

"

1815-1817.

SIXTH

"

"

twenty

"

1823-1824.

SEVENTH

"

"

twenty-one

"

1830-1842.

EIGHTH

"

"

twenty-two

"

1853-1860.

NINTH

"

"

twenty-five

"

1875-1889.

TENTH

"

ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes,

1902-1903.

ELEVENTH

"

published in twenty-nine volumes,

1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the
Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS

of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights reserved

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME VII

CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL
CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE
ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.
Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University
of London. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901.
Author of England under the Protector Somerset; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

Arthur John Butler, M.A. (1844-1910).
Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Italian Language
and Literature, University College, London. Author of a prose translation of
Dante’s Divine Comedy; Dante and his Times; &c.

{

Dante.

A. J. E.

Arthur John Evans, M.A., D.Litt., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1884-1908.
Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological discoveries in Crete, 1893;
excavated the Palace of Knossos. Author of Through Bosnia on Foot; Cretan
Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script; and other works on archaeology.

{

Crete: Archaeology and Ancient History.

A. L.

Andrew Lang.
See the biographical article: Lang, Andrew.

{

Crystal-Gazing.

A. Mw.

Allen Mawer, M.A.
Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in
English at the University of Sheffield.

Charles Francis Atkinson.
Formerly Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal
Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbour.

{

Crimean War;
Cromwell, Oliver (in part)

C. F. B.

Charles Francis Bastable, M.A., LL.D.
Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the University of
Dublin. Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations; Theory of International
Trade; &c.

{

Decimal Coinage.

C. K.

William Charles Mark Kent.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the London Sun for twenty-five years;
the Weekly Register, 1874-1881. Author of The Humour and Pathos of Charles
Dickens; &c.

{

Dalling, Lord.

C. K. S.

Clement King Shorter.
Editor of the Sphere. Author of Sixty Years of Victorian Literature; Immortal
Memories; The Brontës: Life and Letters; &c.

{

Cowper, William;
Crabbe, George.

C. L.

H. Caldwell Lipsett.
Formerly Editor of the Civil and Military Gazette, Lahore, India. Author of Lord
Curzon in India.

Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt., F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow
of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography.
Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of
Henry the Navigator; The Dawn of Modern Geography; &c.

Edward Bagnall Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., LL.D.
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Jesus College,
Oxford. Author of The Colours of Animals; Essays on Evolution; Darwin and the
Original Species; &c.

{

Darwin.

E. C. Q.

Edmund Crosby Quiggin, M.A.
Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in Modern Languages,
and Monro Lecturer in Celtic.

Edgar Prestage.
Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador,
Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal
Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society, &c.

{

Corte-Real, Jeronymo;
Cruz e Silva.

E. R. B.

Edwyn Robert Bevan, M.A.
Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of House of Seleucus; Jerusalem
under the High Priests.

{

Demetrius of Macedonia.

E. Tn.

Rev. Ethelred Leonard Taunton (d. 1907).
Author of The English Black Monks of St Benedict; History of the Jesuits in England.

Rev. Frederick Edward Warren, M.A., B.D., F.S.A.
Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford, 1865-1882.
Author of The Old Catholic Ritual done into English and compared with the
Corresponding Offices in the Roman and Old German Manuals; The Liturgy and Ritual
of the Celtic Church; &c.

George Charles Williamson, Litt. D.
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of Portrait Miniatures; Life of Richard
Cosway, R.A.; George Engleheart; Portrait Drawings; &c. Editor of new edition
of Bryan’s Dictionary of Painters and Engravers.

Grant Showerman, A.M., Ph.D.
Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the Archaeological
Institute of America. Member of American Philological Association. Author of
With the Professor; The Great Mother of the Gods; &c.

Henry Bradley, M.A., Ph.D.
Joint-editor of the New English Dictionary (Oxford). Fellow of the British Academy.
Author of The Story of the Goths; The Making of English; &c.

{

Cynewulf.

H. B. W.

Horace Bolingbroke Woodward, F.R.S., F.G.S.
Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. Wollaston
Medallist, Geological Society. Author of The History of the Geological Society of
London; &c.

{

Dechen.

H. F. G.

Hans Friedrich Gadow, M.A., F.R.S., Ph.D.
Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge.
Author of Amphibia and Reptiles (Cambridge Natural History).

{

Crocodile.

H. Fr.

Henri Frantz.
Art Critic, Gazette des Beaux Arts, Paris.

{

Courbet.

H. M. W.

H. Marshall Ward, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc. (d. 1905).
Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. President of the
British Mycological Society. Author of Timber and some of its Diseases; The Oak;
Disease in Plants; &c.

{

De Bary.

H. St.

Henry Sturt, M.A.
Author of Idola Theatri; The Idea of a Free Church; and Personal Idealism.

{

Crusius;
Cudworth, R.

H. S. J.

Henry Stuart Jones, M.A.
Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director of the British
School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute.
Author of The Roman Empire; &c.

Sir Henry Trotter, K.C.M.G., C.B.
Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for Roumania,
1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European Commission of the Danube.
Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical Society, 1878.

{

Danube.

H. W. C. D.

Henry William Carless Davis, M.A.
Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls’ College, 1895-1902.
Author of England under the Normans and Angevins; Charlemagne.

{

Coutances, Walter of.

I. A.

Israel Abrahams, M.A.
Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge. President,
Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of A Short History of Jewish Literature;
Jewish Life in the Middle Ages.

{

Crescas;
Delmedigo.

J. An.

Joseph Anderson, LL.D.
Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant Secretary
to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892.
Editor of Drummond’s Ancient Scottish Weapons; &c.

James David Bourchier, M.A., F.R.G.S.
King’s College, Cambridge. Correspondent of The Times in South-Eastern Europe.
Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of
Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.

{

Crete: Geography and Statistics;
and Modern History.

J. D. Pr.

John Dyneley Prince, Ph.D.
Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York.

{

Daniel (in part).

J. E. B.

John Eglinton Bailey.
Author of John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius; Life of Thomas Fuller.

{

Cryptography.

J. Go.*

Joseph Grego.
Art Critic. Author of A History of Parliamentary Elections; A History of Dancing;
Thomas Rowlandson; James Gillray; &c.

{

Cruikshank.

J. G. K.

John Graham Kerr, M.A., F.R.S.
Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly Demonstrator
in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Christ’s College,
Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal
Society of Edinburgh, 1904.

John Henry Middleton, M.A., F.S.A., Litt.D., D.C.L. (1846-1896).
Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of Cambridge, and Art
Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author of The Engraved Gems ofClassical Times; Illuminated Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times.

{

Della Robbia (in part).

J. H. R.

John Horace Round, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).
Author of Feudal England; Studies in Peerage and Family History; Peerage and
Pedigree; &c.

{

Court Baron.

J. Hl. R.

John Holland Rose, M.A., Litt.D.
Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate.
Author of Life of Napoleon I.; Napoleonic Studies; The Development of the European
Nations; The Life of Pitt; &c.

{

Daru, Count;
Decaen.

J. H. Rs.

Rev. James Hardy Ropes, D.D.
Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, and Dexter
Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University. Author of The Apostolic Age
in the Light of Modern Criticism; &c.

{

Corinthians: Epistles to the.

J. L. M.

John Linton Myres, M.A., F.S.A.
Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Formerly
Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of
Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical Archaeology in University of Oxford.

{

Cyprus (in part).

J. Mo.

Viscount Morley of Blackburn.
See the biographical article: Morley, Viscount.

John Malcolm Mitchell.
Sometime Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, East London
College (University of London). Joint-editor of Grote’s History of Greece.

{

Delian League.

J. P. Pe.

Rev. John Punnett Peters, Ph.D., D.D.
Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of Hebrew in the
University of Pennsylvania. Director of the University Expedition to Babylonia,
1888-1895. Author of Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates.

{

Deir.

J. S. F.

John Smith Flett, D.Sc., F.G.S.
Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in
Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby
Medallist of the Geological Society of London.

Joseph Thomas Cunningham, M.A., F.Z.S.
Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. Formerly Fellow
of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor of Natural History in the
University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association.

Count Lützow, Litt.D. (Oxon.), D.Ph. (Prague), F.R.G.S.
Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. Member
of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian Academy, &c.
Author of Bohemia, a Historical Sketch; The Historians of Bohemia (Ilchester Lecture,
Oxford, 1904); The Life and Times of John Hus; &c.

{

Czech.

L. D.*

Louis Duchesne.
See the biographical article: Duchesne, L. M. O.

{

Damasus.

L. J. S.

Leonard James Spencer, M.A.
Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the Mineralogical
Magazine.

Luigi Villari.
Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper Correspondent
in East of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia,
1907; and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. Author of Italian Life in Town
and Country; Fire and Sword in the Caucasus; &c.

Northcote Whitbridge Thomas, M.A.
Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the
Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. Author of Thought Transference; Kinship and
Marriage in Australia; &c.

{

Death-warning.

O. Ba.

Oswald Barron, F.S.A.
Editor of the Ancestor, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing Council of the
Honourable Society of the Baronetage.

Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D., B.D.
Formerly Director of American School of Classical Studies, Athens. Member of
American Geological Society, British Society of Promotion of Hellenic Studies,
Greek Archaeological Society, &c. Author of History of Greek Sculpture; Vacation
Days in Greece; Greece through the Stereoscope; &c.

{

Corinth (in part).

R. H. C.

Rev. Robert Henry Charles, M.A., D.D., D.Litt.
Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. Fellow of the British
Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author
of Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life; Book of Jubilees; &c.

Richard Lydekker, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. Author of
Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in British Museum; The Deer of
all Lands, &c.

{

Coyote;
Creodonta;
Deer.

R. N. B.

Robert Nisbet Bain (d. 1909).
Formerly Assistant Librarian, British Museum. Author of Scandinavia: the
Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900; The First Romanovs,
1613 to 1725; Slavonic Europe: the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469
to 1796; &c.

R. Phené Spiers, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past
President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King’s College,
London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson’s
History of Architecture. Author of Architecture: East and West; &c.

{

Decorated Period.

R. So.

Robert Somers (1822-1891).
Editor of North British Daily Mail, 1849-1859. Author of Letters from the Highlands;
The Southern States since the War.

{

Corn Laws (in part).

R. S. C.

Robert Seymour Conway, M.A., D.Litt. (Cantab.).
Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin
of University College, Cardiff, and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

{

Cumae (in part).

R. W. R.

Robert William Rogers, D.D., Litt.D., LL.D., Ph.D.
Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological Seminary,
Madison, New Jersey. Author of Inscriptions of Sennacherib; History of Babylonia
and Assyria; The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria; &c.

{

Cuneiform.

S. A. C.

Stanley Arthur Cook, M.A.
Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and
formerly Fellow Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Examiner in Hebrew and
Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Author of Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions;
The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi; Critical Notes on Old Testament
History; Religion of Ancient Palestine; &c.

Hon. Simeon Eben Baldwin, M.A., LL.D.
Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale University.
Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the American Bar Association.
Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut. Author of Modern Political Institutions;
American Railroad Law; &c.

{

Conveyancing (United States).

S. J. C.

Sydney John Chapman, M.A.
Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the Faculty of Commerce in the University
of Manchester. Author of The Lancashire Cotton Industry; The Cotton
Industry and Trade; &c.

{

Cotton: Marketing and Supply;
Cotton Manufacture.

S. Wa.

Samuel Wadsworth, M.A.
Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple and of Lincoln’s Inn. Joint-editor of the 17th
edition of Davidson’s Concise Precedents in Conveyancing.

{

Conveyancing (in part).

T. As.

Thomas Ashby, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.).
Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ
Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington Prizeman, 1906. Member of the
Imperial German Archaeological Institute.

Sir Thomas Barclay, M.P.
Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council
of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of Problems of
International Practice and Diplomacy; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.

Thomas Macall Fallow, M.A., F.S.A.
Editor of the Antiquary, 1895-1899. Author of Memorials of Old Yorkshire; The
Cathedral Churches of Ireland.

{

Coronation;
Cross and Crucifixion;
Crown and Coronet.

T. Se.

Thomas Seccombe.
Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London.
Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of Dictionary of National
Biography, 1891-1901. Author of The Age of Johnson; &c.

William George Freeman, B.Sc. (London), A.R.C.S.
Joint-author of Nature Teaching; The World’s Commercial Products. Joint-editor
of Science Progress in the Twentieth Century.

{

Cotton (in part).

W. L. H. D.

Wynfrid Lawrence Henry Duckworth, M.A., M.D., D.Sc.
Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, and Senior Demonstrator of Human Anatomy
in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Jesus College. Author of Morphology
and Anthropology; &c.

{

Craniometry.

W. L.-W.

Sir William Lee-warner, M.A., K.C.S.I.
Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political and Secret
Department of the India Office. Author of Life of the Marquis of Dalhousie;
Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie Norman; &c.

{

Dalhousie, 1st Marquis.

W. M.

William Minto, M.A.
See the biographical article: Minto, William.

{

Dekker, Thomas (in part).

W. M. R.

William Michael Rossetti.
See the biographical article: Rossetti, Dante G.

{

Correggio;
Crivelli, Carlo.

W. P.*

Walter Pitt, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E.
Member of the Committee of International Maritime Conference, London, &c.

William Thomas Calman, D.Sc., F.Z.S.
Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South Kensington.
Author of “Crustacea” in A Treatise on Zoology, edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester.

{

Crab;
Crayfish;
Crustacea.

W. Wr.

Williston Walker, Ph.D., D.D.
Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of History of the Congregational
Churches in the United States; The Reformation; John Calvin; &c.

{

Cotton, John.

W. W. H.*

Hon. William Wirt Henry, M.A. (d. 1900).
Formerly President of the American Historical Association and of the Virginia Historical
Society. Author and Editor of the Life, Correspondence and Speeches of
Patrick Henry.

1 A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.

PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES

Constitution and

Constitutional Law.

Consul.

Cookery.

Coorg.

Copper.

Coprolites.

Copyhold.

Copyright.

Coral.

Cork.

Cornell University.

Cornwall.

Corporation.

Corrupt Practices.

Corsica.

Corvée.

Costa Rica.

Count.

Court.

Couvade.

Covenanters.

Crawford, Earls of.

Crécy.

Cretaceous System.

Cribbage.

Cricket.

Crocus.

Croquet.

Cruciferae.

Culdees.

Cumberland.

Curling.

Currant.

Cursor Mundi.

Cutlery.

Cycling.

Cycloid.

Cynics.

Cyrenaics.

Dacia.

Dahomey.

Damask.

Darfur.

Deacon.

Dean.

Death.

Debt.

Deccan.

Deism.

Delaware.

Delirium.

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