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M&A in Russia

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State snapshot

Trends and climate

What is the current state of the M&A market in your jurisdiction?

The year 2017 has seen an increase in the number and aggregate value of inbound M&A transactions after a period of slowdown caused by a number of geopolitical factors, including the imposition of sanctions on Russia by, among others, the United States and the European Union. Inbound M&A investment for the first half of 2017 was $4.6 billion (according to Thomson Reuters). This number is almost triple the $1.6 billion inbound M&A seen in the first half of 2016.

Have any significant economic or political developments affected the M&A market in your jurisdiction over the past 12 months?

The recent transition from recessionary economic conditions has triggered some growth in M&A activity. In addition, expectations of a return to a more cooperative relationship with the United States after the election of President Trump led to early speculative activity in the first quarter of the year. At the same time, ongoing geopolitical tensions and the recent tightening of the Western sanctions regime against Russia may hinder further significant growth in the M&A market involving foreign investors.

Are any sectors experiencing significant M&A activity?

According to KPMG’s Russian M&A Review 2016, major M&A activity has shifted away from the energy and extractive industries towards other sectors, including agriculture, food processing and manufacturing. Nevertheless, energy still appears to hold the leading position, in terms of both the number of deals and deal value. According to Mergermarket, the following sectors saw the largest number of deals announced in Russia between September 1 2016 and September 1 2017:

energy;

consumer retail;

financial services;

other services; and

agriculture/medical – pharmaceuticals.

In terms of aggregate deal value, the energy sector is followed by mining, transportation, computer software, real estate and consumer retail.

Are there any proposals for legal reform in your jurisdiction?

There have been a number of legal requirements introduced over the past few years. Historically, many Russian M&A transactions involving foreign investors were structured in a way such that foreign law (particularly English law) governed the principal transaction documents. In order to make Russian law more attractive and bring Russian legal concepts closer to western practices, multi-staged legal reforms have been implemented over the past 10 years or so in Russia. The most significant and long-awaited changes include the following:

The joint stock companies law was amended to allow the acquisition of shares via public takeover bids;

The rules relating to major and interested party transactions were made less vulnerable to abuse;

Multi-stage changes were made to the anti-monopoly law, including efforts to make merger control rules more comprehensive and transparent; and

The concepts of debt-to-equity conversion, irrevocable power of attorney and option agreements, as well as terms similar to representations and indemnities, were introduced.

Nevertheless, in the absence of consistent Russian court practice in relation to the application of many of these changes, many investors (and Russian parties) still tend to choose English law when structuring aspects of M&A transactions involving Russian entities.

In addition, Russian laws regulating foreign investment into the country were recently amended through the Law on Amendments (Federal Law 165-FZ, July 18 2017), which could tighten control over foreign investment in Russia and, if not clarified, have a chilling effect on inbound M&A activity in Russia. Most importantly, pursuant to the Law on Amendments, any transaction undertaken by a foreign investor with respect to any Russian company may require prior approval from a commission headed by the prime minister and consisting of representatives of various state authorities, should the prime minister determine that such approval is required for national defence and state security reasons. Previously, only transactions involving foreign investors acquiring control over companies operating in the so-called ‘strategic’ sectors or certain other transactions conducted by foreign states or international organisations required the commission’s approval. The legislation is clearly intended to be similar to US and other laws allowing the government to reject foreign investment if such investment raises security concerns. The Law on Amendments entered into force in July 2017 and, to our knowledge, no official guidance is yet available.

Legal framework

Legislation

What legislation governs M&A in your jurisdiction?

The principal laws are as follows (this list is non-exhaustive, and all laws are as amended):

the Civil Code;

the Joint Stock Companies Law (Federal Law 208-FZ, December 26 1995);

the Securities Market Law (Federal Law 39-FZ, April 22 1996);

the Competition Law (Federal Law 135-FZ, July 26 2006);

the Strategic Sectors Law (Federal Law 57-FZ, April 29 2008); and

the Foreign Investments Law (Federal Law 160-FZ, July 9 1999).

Regulation

How is the M&A market regulated?

The key regulatory agencies involved in the Russian M&A market are:

the Russian Central Bank, which oversees the securities market; and

the Federal Anti-monopoly Service, which has regulatory oversight over merger control, foreign investment into ‘strategic’ sectors of the economy and general anti-monopoly regulation.

Other state authorities may also be involved, depending on the sector.

The applicability of laws and regulations to an M&A transaction will depend on:

its nature (eg, transaction structure and size of the acquired stake);

the parties involved (eg, foreign or Russian, private or state owned);

the economic sector(s) in which the target is operating; and

the types of asset involved (including whether the target is a listed company).

What are the different ways to acquire a company in your jurisdiction?

A share purchase transaction would be the most common way, including direct acquisitions and acquisitions via public takeover bids (voluntary and mandatary offers and minority shareholder buy-outs).

Asset purchases are not common for a number of reasons, including tax consequences and the fact that generally licences are not transferable and the liabilities of a selling entity remain with that entity.

Preparation

Due diligence requirements

What due diligence is necessary for buyers?

Buyers should carry out comprehensive due diligence on the target, as even small mistakes can have major consequences, given the form-over-substance nature of Russian law. The scope can vary greatly depending on numerous factors (eg, the target’s history, whether it is a listed entity and the number of shareholders). At a minimum, it should be confirmed that:

the target was properly established;

the target is in compliance with its tax obligations;

the seller owns the shares free and clear of encumbrances; and

share transfers were properly documented.

Information

What information is available to buyers?

The information available to buyers typically depends on whether the target is a private or public company.

For private companies, publicly accessible data is often limited. Therefore, the seller typically supplies information in response to a diligence request prepared by the buyer’s counsel.

In certain instances – including where a public company has registered a securities prospectus – the company must disclose various information to the public. Therefore, certain public company documents may be publicly available (eg, at www.e-disclosure.ru or on the company’s website), including:

quarterly reports;

consolidated financial statements;

foundation documents;

certain shareholder information;

information on affiliates; and

material agreements and events.

What information can and cannot be disclosed when dealing with a public company?

Restrictions on information received from a public company include:

information classified as confidential;

information constituting state secrets;

insider information; and

information containing personal data.

Disclosure would ordinarily be made on the basis of a non-disclosure agreement or subject to the receiving party having received necessary clearance (eg, for state secret information). The volume of information about a public company that a selling shareholder may have will also depend on the size of its stake.

Stakebuilding

How is stakebuilding regulated?

Stakebuilding is regulated by the Joint Stock Companies Law and the Securities Market Law.

Both the issuer and the acquirer must disclose the direct or indirect acquisition of 5% of voting shares or any acquisition resulting in the acquirer holding more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 75% or 95% of voting shares.

If an acquirer acquires more than 30%, 50% or 75% of the voting shares in a public company (including any voting shares in the company owned by the acquirer’s affiliates), it will be obliged to launch a mandatory tender offer to acquire the voting shares held by other shareholders at market value and at the request of such shareholders. An acquirer of over 95% of the voting shares in a joint stock company may squeeze out the remaining shareholders by purchasing their shares at market value or may be required to buy out those remaining shareholders at market value.

In addition, stakebuilding in certain industries (eg, banking, insurance and mass media), as well as stakebuilding by foreign investors, is subject to restrictions and may require regulatory approval.

Documentation

Preliminary agreements

What preliminary agreements are commonly drafted?

Parties typically enter into letters of intent, memoranda of understanding, recommendation letters or confidentiality agreements, which may be governed by non-Russian law, given that enforceability of these documents under Russian law is questionable.

Under Russian law, the parties may enter into a preliminary agreement obliging them to enter into the main agreement under the terms specified by the preliminary agreement. Parties tend to use preliminary agreements if they want to have a reliable mechanism to oblige the other party to enter into the main agreement on the terms set out in the preliminary agreement through the courts. A Russian law-governed preliminary agreement is valid for one year, unless stated otherwise in the agreement. If there are any disagreements between the parties with respect to the terms and conditions of the main agreement, the courts will determine these terms and conditions. There are no specific rules on disclosing preliminary agreements; however, certain provisions of these agreements may require disclosure as a material event (for a public joint stock company).

Principal documentation

What documents are required?

The documents required for an M&A transaction depend on the nature and structure of the transaction. The following documents are frequently entered into:

The buyer normally prepares the first drafts, except in the event of an auction sale.

What are the substantive clauses that comprise an acquisition agreement?

If the acquisition agreement is governed by non-Russian law (parties tend to use English or New York law), the substantive clauses are similar to those seen in agreements for M&A in other jurisdictions, including provisions on:

transaction mechanics;

purchase price;

representation and warranties;

pre-closing covenants;

indemnities;

closing conditions; and

termination.

If the acquisition agreement is governed by Russian law, it generally includes the following substantive clauses:

transaction mechanics (eg, asset or stock purchases);

representations and obligations of the parties;

purchase price and other related provisions (eg, adjustments to purchase price, method and timing of payment);

term and termination; and

general provisions relating to notices, confidentiality, assignment, expenses, governing law and dispute resolution.

What provisions are made for deal protection?

Common deal protections include:

break fees;

support agreements;

forced vote provisions;

exclusivity provisions; and

bank letters of credit, notary deposit or escrow.

Some of these types of deal protection may raise competition issues under Russian law (eg, exclusivity and forced vote provisions) and certain protections commonly used in other jurisdictions (eg, exclusivity provisions) may not be enforceable under Russian law. Separate security agreements may also be executed (eg, suretyship or guarantees and pledges or mortgages).

Closing documentation

What documents are normally executed at signing and closing?

The specifics of what is executed (and the timing of this) vary from deal to deal and may depend on the circumstances. Although signing and closing concepts are not specifically set out in Russian law, parties negotiate these provisions in a similar manner to that seen in other jurisdictions. Thus, documents often executed at signing include:

the principal transaction agreement;

written consents and resolutions approving the transaction and related documentation; and

Are there formalities for the execution of documents by foreign companies?

Generally, there are no specific formalities imposed by Russian law regarding the execution of documents by foreign companies.

In practice, foreign companies must present certain documents, including foundation documents and powers of attorney. A specific requirement for these documents is that they be notarised, affixed with an apostille or another form of legalisation and translated into Russian. This is required, for instance, where an agreement must be notarised by a Russian notary (eg, the sale and purchase of a participatory interest in a Russian limited liability company), or where further filing or registration with the Russian state authorities (eg, the Federal Anti-monopoly Service) or other Russian-specialised companies (eg, registrars) is required.

Are digital signatures binding and enforceable?

Although Russian law provides for the use of electronic and digital signatures, parties tend to sign by hand, which is also a typical requirement of the Russian state authorities (should any further filings or registrations with the state authorities be required).

Nevertheless, parties can use electronic signatures (eg, facsimile or analogous methods), which should be binding and enforceable, but only if it has been expressly agreed between the parties beforehand in a separate agreement. It is generally accepted that this separate agreement containing a provision allowing electronic signatures must be signed by hand to prove that the representatives of the parties had all of the powers required to execute the separate agreement. Agreements to be notarised by a Russian notary (eg, agreements relating to a participatory interest in a Russian limited liability company, such as a sale and purchase agreement or a pledge agreement) must be signed by hand.

Russian law provides for the use of electronic digital signatures (EDSs) as well. The parties must apply to certification centres to obtain an EDS and other necessary components (eg, encryption codes). Depending on the type of EDS used (eg, simple, qualified or non-qualified), an EDS is equal to a handwritten signature either in all cases where the EDS is qualified or only in cases stipulated by Russian law if the signature is simple or non-qualified.

Foreign law and ownership

Foreign law

Can agreements provide for a foreign governing law?

Subject to any overriding mandatory provisions in Russian law (eg, in the case of a sale of a real estate object), parties are typically free to choose the law that will govern their agreements and any such agreement should create valid, binding and enforceable rights and obligations for the parties. However, in practice, parties may not use foreign law where an agreement must be notarised by a Russian notary (eg, agreements relating to a participatory interest in a Russian limited liability company, such as a sale and purchase agreement or a pledge agreement). The mandatory requirements imposed by the jurisdiction of the parties to the transaction and the target will continue to apply to the transaction (eg, the Joint Stock Companies Law will likely apply to a merger between a Russian target and a buyer, regardless of the parties’ selected governing law).

Foreign ownership

What provisions and/or restrictions are there for foreign ownership?

Russia’s legal framework covering foreign investment provides equal protection for foreign and local investors. However, there are certain restrictions on the total level of foreign investment in certain sectors of the economy (eg, banking, media and insurance). In addition, foreign states, international organisations and companies from certain offshore jurisdictions (eg, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands and the United Arab Emirates) are barred from obtaining control (ie, over 50% of shares) over Russian ‘strategic’ entities (lower thresholds apply to ‘strategic subsoil companies’).

State law exceptions also apply to certain assets and property. For example, foreign investors are not allowed to own certain land located in border territories or other sensitive territories (eg, sea ports) and investors with more than 50% foreign ownership are allowed only to lease agricultural lands (ie, not to own).

Depending on the assets, thresholds and the structure of the transaction, an investor may require certain government approvals to acquire a stake in a Russian entity:

Anti-monopoly approval may be required, to the extent that certain thresholds are met;

Acquisitions resulting in a foreign investor obtaining control over a Russian company engaging in a strategic activity (of which there are 46 types) require prior approval from the Government Commission for Control over Foreign Investments (lower thresholds apply to strategic subsoil companies); and

Certain areas (eg, investments in banking and credit organisations) may require additional clearance from the Bank of Russia.

Any proposed acquisition by a foreign investor of any rights with respect to a Russian target should be carefully considered, and the licences and activities of the target and any subsidiaries of the target should be reviewed to ensure that the activities which the entity engages in are not considered ‘strategic’ under Russian law. If either the target or any of its subsidiaries holds any strategic licences or perform a strategic activity, the investor may need to obtain approval or otherwise restructure the transaction.

Valuation and consideration

Valuation

How are companies valued?

The Russian Federal Appraisal Standards recognise three principal approaches to valuation, in line with the standards approved by the International Valuation Standards Council:

The market comparison approach – a direct comparison of the company being valued with identical or comparable (similar) companies where pricing information is available. This approach also relies on general statistics and information about the market in which the valued company operates, and often uses market multiples derived from a set of comparables. The capitalisation of income method is also employed;

The income approach – this provides an indication of value by converting future cash flow into a single current value. The value of a company is determined by reference to the value of income, cash flow or generated cost savings. Methods used are all variations of the discounted cash flow method; and

The cost approach – the value is determined by calculating the current replacement or reproduction cost and making deductions for deterioration and other forms of depreciation. This relies on the costs of replacement and reproduction and the summation methods.

Appraisers are not required to use more than one valuation method and have the right to determine the most appropriate approach and specific methods to use under the given circumstances. The types of value that may be determined include, but are not limited to:

market value;

investment value;

liquidated value; and

cadastral value.

Consideration

What types of consideration can be offered?

There are generally no restrictions on the types of consideration that can be offered. The most common are cash, shares and promissory notes. Material assets may also be tendered as consideration. Although not specifically required, it is common practice to expressly state the value of consideration in Russian roubles.

Strategy

General tips

What issues must be considered when preparing a company for sale?

The following questions should be raised when preparing a company for sale:

whether the company is considered ‘strategic’ under the Strategic Sectors Law or a ‘financial organisation’ (‘credit organisation’), or otherwise operates in a protected sector; and

whether there are any restrictions in the shareholders’/participants’ agreement or under Russian law which may hinder the transaction (eg, rights of first refusal).

In addition, a seller will want to conduct internal due diligence to prepare the target for sale by identifying risks and ensuring that all documents and accounts are in order. Company personnel should also review any contracts that could be affected by a change of control. The seller will also want to consider whether the sale would trigger a mandatory tender offer or require other approvals, so that it can prepare the necessary documents in advance.

What tips would you give when negotiating a deal?

The following should be considered:

Have a dedicated team with the authority to make key decisions or which has direct access to decision makers.

Be flexible and expect a number of unanticipated issues to arise.

Have an alternative to the extent practicable.

Hire an experienced adviser who knows how to navigate the legal regulatory environment.

Remember that certain western-type deal guarantees may not be enforceable in Russia.

Plan for additional time, given the need to translate documents and potentially to obtain approvals.

Recognise that the legal system and customs are different and what works elsewhere may not work in Russia.

Hostile takeovers

Are hostile takeovers permitted and what are the possible strategies for the target?

Yes, hostile takeovers are permitted under Russian law. Russian takeover regulations generally do not provide anti-takeover protections for the target. Once the bid is launched, the only real power left for management to influence the shareholders is to provide them with an opinion and recommendations about the bid, including a proposed price for the target and its prospects. In addition, the target can solicit new bids and acquire or dispose of assets (subject to shareholder consent if the assets are in excess of 10% of total assets).

Warranties and indemnities

Scope of warranties

What do warranties and indemnities typically cover and how should they be negotiated?

Until fairly recently (June 2015), although they were often part of any meaningful contract, representations and warranties did not have a defined legal status under Russian law. Following amendments to the Civil Code, such provisions are now employed with greater certainty. As per the Civil Code, coverage may extend to:

While there are no limitations on the scope and substance of warranties, the Russian courts’ treatment of warranties concerning future events – especially warranties that are structured as negative covenants – is unclear.

What are the remedies for a breach of warranty?

Generally, remedies include:

payment of damages;

payment of a set fine or penalty;

refusal of one party to perform the contract; and

a claim to invalidate the contract.

Are there time limits or restrictions for bringing claims under warranties?

It is generally presumed that a party giving false warranties, notwithstanding whether that party knew or did not know that the warranties were false when given, recognises that the other party will rely on them. This reliance presumption can, in theory, be rebutted. The contract may specifically exclude a party’s right to refuse to perform the contract in case of a breach of warranty claim. The effect of disclosure or knowledge is unclear, although these qualifiers are used in practice.

Generally, the statute of limitations to invalidate the contract is one year, while it takes three years to pronounce the contract void.

Tax and fees

Considerations and rates

What are the tax considerations (including any applicable rates)?

Depending on the target’s type of business, it may be subject to a variety of taxes and tax rates.

In a share deal, where the seller is a legal entity it will be subject to corporate profit tax at a rate of 20% levied on the balance between gross income earned (eg, the selling price) less tax-deductible expenses incurred (eg, the purchase price of shares). This tax rate is effective for Russian companies and non-Russian companies acting through a representative office in Russia (subject to certain exemptions).

If the seller is a non-Russian company, it will not be subject to Russian corporate profit tax, unless the deal involves shares or a participatory interest in a Russian target and more than 50% of the target’s assets consist of immovable property located in Russia, either directly or indirectly.

If the seller is an individual, he or she will be subject to personal income tax at a rate of 13% for residents and 30% for non-residents.

Share deals are not subject to value added tax (VAT).

An asset deal will be subject not only to corporate profit tax and income tax for individuals, but also to VAT. As a general rule, VAT is set at 18%. However, this may vary depending on the type of asset involved in the asset deal. Tax liabilities and the target’s risks generally do not transfer to the buyer during an asset deal.

Exemptions and mitigation

Are any tax exemptions or reliefs available?

Russian tax law provides for a number of exemptions and reliefs, which may apply on a case-by-case basis.

For example, if the seller is a non-Russian corporation, it will be exempt from corporate profit tax, unless the deal involves shares or a participatory interest in a Russian target and more than 50% of the target’s assets consist of immovable property located in Russia, either directly or indirectly.

The seller could also be exempt from corporate profit tax if it has possessed the shares (usually not publicly listed) or participatory interest to be sold for more than five years.

What are the common methods used to mitigate tax liability?

Share deals involving offshore companies instead of asset deals are quite common, since the seller will not be subject to VAT when entering into this type of deal.

All methods to mitigate tax liability are very fact specific. Given the recent de-offshorisation laws in Russia and the broad discretion provided to the authorities, any tax avoidance and mitigation schemes could face a challenge (eg, Russian tax authorities may challenge a deal involving offshore companies under the ‘unjustified tax benefit’ concept or, applying the doctrine of ‘controlled foreign company’, could impose additional taxes on a beneficiary, when in fact a non-Russian company in the deal is ‘controlled’ from Russia).

Fees

What fees are likely to be involved?

A party should expect to pay for legal, financial and tax adviser fees, as well as other expenses (eg, translation costs in connection with a transaction).

The deal may also necessitate the payment of statutory fees and duties (eg, notary charges and filing fees), which are not usually very significant. If the transaction is subject to approval by the Federal Anti-monopoly Service, the filing fee for receiving the relevant clearance is currently Rb35,000.

Management and directors

Management buy-outs

What are the rules on management buy-outs?

There are no specific rules regulating management buy-outs. If a manager acquires or holds a participatory interest in a Russian limited liability company or shares in a Russian joint stock company, the acquisition or shareholding falls under the general rules applicable to all participants or shareholders of the company. In practice, in the event of a buy-out, the managers often establish a new company which acts as the purchaser. Management buy-outs are still relatively rare in large Russian companies. Stock option plans for employees are not common or widespread.

Directors’ duties

What duties do directors have in relation to M&A?

Generally, Russian company directors (ie, members of the board of directors, members of the management board and the general director (chief executive officer)) have no specific duties in connection with M&A activity.

Directors are generally not liable to third parties. A director must act reasonably in the interests of the company and in good faith. If a director breaches any such duties, he or she may be held liable for damages (real damage and lost profit) caused at the request of the company itself or, in certain cases, of its shareholder/participant, provided that they will need to prove that a director violated his or her duties.

An M&A transaction involving a public company requires that any insider (including the directors of the target) comply with the Federal Law on Combating the Unlawful Use of Insider Information. Such persons cannot use or transfer insider information to any third parties and a breach may result in the imposition of administrative and criminal liability. If there is a voluntary or mandatory tender offer in a public joint stock company, the board of directors is obliged to adopt and communicate to the shareholders its recommendations with respect to the tender offer; if the board members fail to so, they may be liable for any resulting damages. Otherwise, the role of directors in the tender offer process is limited. Moreover, during voluntary and mandatory tender offers, the board of directors’ authority to adopt certain key decisions (eg, an increase of a joint stock company’s charter capital through the issuance of additional shares) is suspended and temporarily transferred to the general shareholders’ meeting.

Employees

Consultation and transfer

How are employees involved in the process?

Employees do not play a significant role in M&A transactions under Russian law – it is not necessary to notify employees about a potential acquisition or seek their approval. At the same time, the target should review employment contracts with its key employees for change of control clauses.

For public target joint stock companies, voluntary and mandatory public offers are required to specify the bidder’s plan with respect to the employees of the target. The board of directors is obliged to evaluate the bidder’s plans with respect to the employees of the target joint stock company and adopt and communicate its recommendations to the shareholders during the tender offer process. Nevertheless, Russian law does not grant employees of a target joint stock company any rights to influence the plans of the bidder with respect to the employees.

If a trade union exists within the company and there is a collective bargaining agreement, the trade union may need to be notified of the M&A transaction (in practice, such notification rarely affects the transaction).

What rules govern the transfer of employees to a buyer?

If the transaction is structured as an equity deal, it will not affect the employment of employees of the target (ie, the initiation or completion of the acquisition does not serve as grounds for terminating the employees’ contracts, except for the employment contract with the general director).

If, as a result of the transaction, the employer decides to terminate any employee of the target, the termination should be conducted according to the general rules and procedures established by the Labour Code. Depending on the grounds for termination of the employee’s contract (eg, redundancy or mutual agreement), the employee must be properly notified of his or her termination and compensation payments should be made on the termination date (including unpaid salary, unpaid annual leave compensation and severance payments, as applicable). Russian law provides for certain categories of ‘protected employees’, meaning that restrictions or limitations are placed on the company’s ability to terminate their contracts (eg, single mothers).

If the transaction is structured as an asset deal, the employees (all or some of them) may be transferred to the new company (provided that the asset deal qualifies as a ‘sale of the enterprise’, the new owner of the assets will be obliged to hire the selling company’s employees). Termination of the employees from the selling company and their employment by the acquirer may be structured in different ways based on the agreement with a particular employee (eg, transfer of the employee from the old to the new company or termination of the employee’s contract with the old company based on his or her wish and immediate employment by the new company), but it must comply with the rules and procedures established by the Labour Code.

Pensions

What are the rules in relation to company pension rights in the event of an acquisition?

The pension insurance system in Russia is governed by a number of laws, which specify the rates and payments that the employer must pay into the pension fund for each employee during his or her period of employment. Thus, irrespective of any acquisitions, the employer’s statutory obligations to contribute to a pension fund remain the same.

Corporate pension plans or programmes are not very common and lack precise statutory regulation in Russia. These plans usually involve the employer and the non-governmental pension fund entering into a respective agreement. Russian law does not consider any share or asset deals with respect to the employer as grounds to alter or terminate such agreements. Therefore, in the event of an acquisition, the new owner will be bound by the existing corporate pension plans of the target.

the Law on Natural Monopolies (Federal Law 147-FZ, August 17 1998); and

the Foreign Investments Law.

Anti-bribery

Are any anti-bribery provisions in force?

Yes. Russian anti-bribery laws generally follow the recommendations promulgated by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Under Russian law, the term ‘corruption’ extends to giving or obtaining a bribe, including commercial bribes. The Russian laws designed to combat bribery include:

the Criminal Code;

the Law on Combating Corruption (Federal Law 273-FZ, December 25 2008 (as amended)); and

the Anti-money Laundering Law (Federal Law 115-FZ, August 7 2001 (as amended)).

A person may be subject to administrative and/or criminal liability for breaching these laws.

designating departments or officers responsible for a company’s compliance;

cooperating with police and other law enforcement agencies;

adopting codes of ethics;

preventing and resolving conflicts of interest; and

preventing the creation and use of false and altered documents.

Receivership/bankruptcy

What happens if the company being bought is in receivership or bankrupt?

Russian law does not explicitly prohibit entering into a share deal when the target is declared bankrupt or when a bankruptcy petition is filed against it. However, bankruptcy measures are mainly focused on selling assets of the company, rather than the company itself.

In the vast majority of cases, the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings results in the liquidation of the entity and distribution of its assets among its creditors.

However, shareholders and participants in a bankrupt entity may choose their representative in bankruptcy proceeding and may actively participate in all stages of the bankruptcy procedure. They are also entitled to settle the existing debts of the bankrupt entity as well as to suggest solvency or sanation (financial aid) plans and payment schedules.