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...Learning – long lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
Classical Conditioning – a form of learning in which the first stimulus is the signal of the occurrence of the second stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS) – the original stimulus that elicits a response
Unconditioned response (UR/UCR) – the involuntary, reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus – the stimulus associating with the original stimulus to elicit a response
Conditioned response – salvation elicit from the bell (not getting there yet)
Acquisition – learning is taken place once animals response to conditioned stimulus without the existence of unconditioned stimulus
the animal has acquired a new behavior
Delayed conditioning – the procedure in which conditioned stimulus is presented first and then the unconditioned stimulus is presented while the conditioned stimulus is still evident/continued
Extinction – the process of unlearning a behavior
Spontaneous Recovery – after a conditioned response has been extinguished with no further training, the response briefly reappears upon the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
Generalization – the tendency in which animals response to certain stimuli that are similar the conditioned stimulus
Discriminate – in which subjects can be trained to tell the difference between various stimuli
Aversive conditioning – negative responses to CSs/USs
Eg. Baby Albert experiment: loud noise(US), in which baby Albert fears...

...﻿ECO 550 WEEK 6CHAPTER 11 AND CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS
download here
Chapter 11
2. Ajax Cleaning Products is a medium-sized firm operating in an industry dominated by one large firm Tile King. Ajax produces a multi-headed tunnel wall scrubber that is similar to a model produced by Tile King. Ajax decides to charge the same price as Tile King to avoid the possibility of a price war. The price charged by Tile King is $20,000.
Ajax has the following short-run cost curve:
,000 - 5,000Q + 100Q2.
A. Computer the marginal cost curve for Ajax.
B. Given Ajax’s pricing strategy, what is the marginal revenue function for Ajax?
4. Unique Creations holds a monopoly position in the production and sale of manometers. The cost function facing Unique is estimated to be
TC = $100,000 + 20Q
A. What is the marginal cost for Unique?
C. What is the marginal revenue at the price computed in Part (b)?
6. Wyandotte Chemical Company sells various chemicals to the automobile industry. Wyandotte currently sells 30,000 gallons of polyol per year at an average price of $15 per gallon. Fixed costs of manufacturing polyol are $90,000 per year and total variable costs equal $180,000. The operations research department has estimated that a 15 percent increase in output would not affect fixed costs but would reduce average variable costs by 60 cents per gallon. The marketing department has estimated the arc elasticity of demand...

...Chapter 7 Notes
The Silk Road
● Origins and Operations
● The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via
Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia
● There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road:
● (1) 150 B.C.E.–907 C.E.
● (2) The thirteenth through seventeenth centuries C.E.
● The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central
Asian nomads
● Regular, large­scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products
(particularly horses).
● Trade was also increased by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the
markets in Mesopotamia.
● New Crops
● In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops as
well as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones
● China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods including silk,
pottery, and paper
●
Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia
● Sythians
● The Silk Road depended on pastoral nomads to provide animals, animal handlers, and
protection.
● Herodotus describes the Scythians who were superb riders, herdsmen, and hunters.
● They were located in the lands to the north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
● They moved around regularly and efficiently to prevent overgrazing.
● Their homes were felt fabric spread over a lightweight framework.
● The Nomadic Lifestyle
●...

...I. The Urban Frontier
By 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia all had a population greater than 1 million.
Louis Sullivan contributed to the development of the skyscraper. City limits were extended outward by electric trolleys. People were attracted to the cities by amenities such as electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones.
Trash became a large problem in cities due to throwaway bottles, boxes, bags, and cans.
II. The New Immigration
The New Immigrants of the 1880s came from southern and eastern Europe. They came from countries with little history of democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to harsh living conditions.
Some Americans feared that the New Immigrants would not assimilate to life in their new land. They began asking if the nation had become a melting pot or a dumping ground.
III. Southern Europe Uprooted
Immigrants left their native countries because Europe had no room for them. The population of Europe nearly doubled in the century after 1800 due to abundant supplies of fish and grain from America and the widespread cultivation of Europe.
"America fever" caught on in Europe as the United States was portrayed as a land of great opportunities.
Persecutions of minorities in Europe sent many fleeing immigrants to the United States. Many immigrants never intended to stay in America forever; a large number returned home with money. Those immigrants who stayed in the United States struggled to preserve their...

...﻿Sean McHugh
AP World History
Cox, Period 5
Chapter 25 Notes
Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes
Few democratic states. Rise of fascism. Many other countries adopt authoritarian states
Stepping Back from Democracy
Mass politics helps spread democracy through Europe but war slows it. Causes distrust in it
Societies badly divided. Working class strong, middle class not
Women forced out of jobs after war. Have no husbands, must work. Population worries
Great Depression makes it worse. Politics emphasize conflict. Support Commies/Fascists
Totalitarian state= government control overt all aspects of life
New states expected loyalty and commitment to goals. Used mass propaganda and high speed communication to conquer minds of subjects
Modern totalitarian state led by single leader/party. Individual freedom subordinate
Birth of Fascism
Mussolini has first successful fascist movement in Europe (Italy). Fascist party supported by middle class workers and large landowners.
Squadristi= armed fascists formed to attack socialist offices/newspapers
1926- Government hold press laws, ability to dissolve any parties, unlawful arrests
Police in Italy weren’t as impressive, efficient, brutal as Nazi Police
Simple propaganda. Tried to indoctrinate young people with ideals (Young Fascists)
Women supposed to be baby/home makers. Family= basic pillar of state
Mussolini never achieved as much control as Stalin/Hitler
Hitler and...

...﻿CHAPTER 7
India and Southeast Asia, 1500 b.c.e.–1025 c.e.
I0. Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 b.c.e.–300 c.e.
A0. The Indian Subcontinent
10. India has three topographical zones: (1) the northern mountainous zone; (2) the Indus and Ganges Basins; and (3) the peninsula. The Vindhya Mountains and the Deccan plateau divide the peninsula from the other two zones.
20. The peninsula itself includes further topographical sub-regions including: (1) tropical Kerala coast in the west; (2) Coromandel Coast in the east; (3) flat area of Tamil Nadu in the south; and (4) island of Sri Lanka.
30. Peninsular India and the Ganges Valley have a subtropical climate and plentiful rainfall. The Indus Valley is dry and agriculture there relies on irrigation. The staple crop of the Ganges Delta is rice; elsewhere, the staple crops are wheat, millet, and barley.
40. This geographical diversity has made it very difficult for any political power to unify all of India for any great length of time.
B0. The Vedic Age
10. After the demise of the Indus Valley civilization, Indo-European warriors migrated into India. They were organized in patriarchal families and kinship groups, and at first, they herded cattle in the northwest. After 1000 b.c.e. some of them began to push into the Ganges Valley, using new iron tools to fell trees and cultivate the land. The oral tradition of these light-skinned Arya tribes tells of a violent struggle between themselves and the...

...Macroeconomics
Gleb Sazenkov (ADE AR)
Chapter6
1. Using the information in this chapter, label each of the following statements true, false or uncertain.
Explain briefly.
a. The national income identity implies that budget deficits cause trade deficits.
False. Actually, if we look at the formula of our Y we can see that we don’t have anything there that could
tell us that budget deficit can cause a trade deficit.
Y = C + I + G + (X-IM/e) If we have a budget deficit, so our NX will be affected and probably they could
be lower than before, but we have to say that it is not necessarily that it will cause a trade deficit.
b. Opening the economy to trade tends to increase the multiplier because an increase in expenditure
leads to more exports.
False. Actually, if we look at the formula Y = C + I + G + (X-IM/e), we can see that if we increase our G it
does not affect anyhow on our exports, which actually depends positively on Y* (foreign income) and
negatively depends on the real exchange rate, but there is nothing from government expenditure.
c.
If the trade deficit is equal to zero, then the domestic demand for goods and the demand for
domestic goods are equal.
True. Actually, in an open economy, according to the formula the demand for domestic goods is equal to
C+I+G-(IM/e)+X, but if our trade deficit is equal to 0, we have X=IM/e, in other words our imports equals
to our exports. As a result we have C+I+G, and the domestic demand...