Laser ‘Needle’ Could Take the Ouch Out of Shots

Children (and even adults) who dread facing needles at the doctor's office can find hope in a new laser-based system that shoots microscopic jets of drugs into the skin.

Various techniques have been developed in hopes of making injections
pain-free, but hypodermic needles remain the first choice for ease of
use, precision and control.

A new laser-based system developed in South Korea blasts microscopic jets of drugs into the skin. Here, a beam-entrance view of the laser injector. (Image: Jack Yoh/Seoul National University)
The new system uses an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser to propel a tiny, precise stream of medicine with just the right amount of force. This type of laser is commonly used by dermatologists, “particularly for facial esthetic treatments,” said Jack Yoh, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Seoul National University in South Korea, who developed the device in collaboration with graduate students.

The laser is combined with a small adapter that contains the drug to be delivered in liquid form, plus a chamber containing water that acts as a “driving” fluid; a flexible membrane separates these two liquids. Each laser pulse, which lasts just 250 µs, generates a vapor bubble inside the driving fluid. The pressure of that bubble puts elastic strain on the membrane, causing the drug to be forcefully ejected from a miniature nozzle in a narrow jet a mere 150 µm in diameter.

To test the effectiveness of the drug delivery system, a special gel is used to mimic the behavior of human skin. The jet first creates a hole on the surface of the gel; then, at a lower jet pressure, the drug is delivered into the skin. This gel simulation reveals that there is no “splashback” from the injection, which is an important patient safety factor. (Image: Optics Letters)
“The impacting jet pressure is higher than the skin tensile strength and thus causes the jet to smoothly penetrate into the targeted depth underneath the skin, without any splashback of the drug,” Yoh said. Tests on guinea pig skin show that the drug-laden jet can penetrate up to several millimeters beneath the skin surface, with no damage to the tissue. Because of the narrowness and quickness of the jet, it should cause little or no pain, he said.

“However, our aim is the epidermal layer,” which is located closer to the skin surface, at a depth of only about 500 µm. This region of the skin has no nerve endings, so the method “will be completely pain-free,” Yoh added.

A time-lapse image showing a microjet fired from the laser-based injection system. Traveling through the air, the liquid in this experiment reaches a velocity of 30 m per second (nearly 100 ft per second). (Image: Optics Letters)
In previous studies, the researchers used a laser wavelength that was not well absorbed by the water of the driving liquid, causing the formation of tiny shock waves that dissipated energy and hampered the formation of the vapor bubble. In the new work, Yoh and colleagues use a laser with a wavelength of 2.94 µm, which is readily absorbed by water. This allows the formation of a larger and more stable vapor bubble that then puts higher pressure on the membrane, Yoh explained. “This is ideal for creating the jet and significantly improves skin penetration.”

Although other research groups have developed similar injectors, “they are mechanically driven,” using piston-like devices to force drugs into the skin, which gives less control over the jet strength and the drug dosage, according to Yoh. “The laser-driven microjet injector can precisely control dose and the depth of drug penetration underneath the skin,” he said. “Control via laser power is the major advancement over other devices, I believe.”

The work was published in Optics Letters.

Yoh is now working with a company to produce low-cost replaceable injectors for clinical use. “In the immediate future, this technology could be most easily adopted to situations where small doses of drugs are injected at multiple sites,” he said. “Further work would be necessary to adopt it for scenarios like mass vaccine injections for children.”