Questions for Vaccination and Antibodies in medicine

They contain antigens ( dead or weakend) to produce memory cells against the pathogen - with out causing disease. So when you are infected your body will respond straight away ( secondary response)

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What are monoclonal Antibodies?

Antibodies that are produces from a single group of identical Bcells that are specific to a particular antigen

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Explain why it is possible to suffer from the flu more than once ( 4marks)

This is due to antigenic variation. The pathogen can change the antigens on their surface so memory cells dont recognise them. They change due to changes in the gene of a pathogen. You have to have a new primary response therefore suffering symptoms

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Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used to target a drug to cancer cells (4 marks)

Cancer cells have antigens called tumour markers, monoclonal antibodies can be made to bind to the markers. They also attach anticancer drugs to the antibodies. They are specific to the cancer cells.

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What does HERD IMMUNITY mean ?

Herd immunity is when the occurrence is reduced, so even people who arent vaccinated are less likely to catch the disease due to fewer people to catch it from.

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What is the disadvantage of taking a vaccination orally?

Enzymes in the gut can break it down , and the molecules in the vaccination may be too big to be absorbed in to blood.

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Why are booster vaccination given later on?

To make sure memory cells are produced, so you are still immune and your body will recognise the antigens on the pathogen

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Suggest one ethical issue surrounding vaccination

You have to test vaccinations on animals first , this causes problems as animals can be harmed

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Suggest one ethical issue surrounding monoclonal antibodies

Animals are used to produce the cells from which the monoclonal antibodies are produced.