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Can Online Services Replace Merrill Lynch?

Wealthfront is associated with some big names. The chief investment officer is Burton Malkiel, a Princeton professor who advocated index funds in his groundbreaking 1973 book A Random Walk Down Wall Street. Investors in the company include Marc Andreessen, a founder of pioneering browser Netscape, and Reid Hoffman, a founder of LinkedIn(LNKD).

Wealthfront relies on broadly diversified ETFs with low costs. For taxable investors who can tolerate some risk, the online service offers a portfolio that has 35% of assets in Vanguard Total Stock Market(VTI) -- which charges a tiny expense ratio of 0.05% and holds 3,400 stocks -- and 20% in Vanguard FTSE Developed Markets(VEA). The only fixed-income holding is iShares National AMT-Free Muni Bond(MUB), which has an expense ratio of 0.25%.

To limit tax bills, Wealthfront uses a variety of approaches. For taxable accounts, portfolio managers emphasize municipal bonds and other holdings that don't generate substantial taxes. The managers also use a strategy known as tax-loss harvesting. If an ETF sinks, the portfolio manager can sell it and book the loss. The loss can then be used to offset taxable capital gains.

While it makes use of broad Vanguard ETFs, Betterment takes a distinctive approach that overweights low-priced value stocks. Many studies have shown that value stocks outperform over long periods. To gain an edge, the Bettterment portfolios include such ETFs as iShares S&P 500 Value(IVE) and iShares Russell Mid-Cap Value(IWS).

In its most cautious portfolios, Betterment includes sizable stakes in cash and Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index(VTIP). More aggressive investors can have half their fixed-income allocation in foreign bonds, including Vanguard Total International Bond(BNDX) and Vanguard Emerging Markets Government Bond(VWOB). "We layer on international bonds as the risk level increases," says Betterment CEO Jon Stein.

Betterment investors can use the system to devise complete investment programs. A client can enter financial goals and learn how much to set aside monthly. Then the money can be automatically pulled out of checking accounts and deposited into taxable or retirement accounts managed by Betterment. If a client's goals change, he or she can input new information and ask the system to devise a different portfolio.

At the time of publication the author had no position in any of the stocks mentioned.

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