The parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina ended a 16-month deadlock between Bosniak, Serb, and Croat leaders in February 2012 by installing a new government headed by former finance minister Vjekoslav Bevanda of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). The country’s six principal political parties had failed to reach an agreement on the formation of the national government in the wake of the October 2010 general election, stalling much-needed reforms amid a floundering economy and rising social tensions. Bosnia’s bid to join the EU was further placed in jeopardy following municipal elections in October in which nationalist parties continued to hold a grip within the country’s two entities—the Bosniak-Croat Federation and Republika Srpska (RS).

International concern was raised regarding the uneven pace of reform, and EU Special Representative Peter Sorensen accused Bosnian leaders of engaging in a “high level of rhetoric about [European] integration—but with little action and few results delivered.” Bosnia’s Foreign Minister Zlatko Lagumdzija stated that while neighbouring countries had progressed, “we in Bosnia are crawling.”

Economic recovery was impeded by political infighting and global economic instability. Bosnia struggled to attract foreign investors; the €313 million (roughly $400 million) invested in both of the country’s entities in 2011 constituted less than one-third of the total invested in neighbouring Croatia and Serbia. The World Bank’s Doing Business 2013 report ranked Bosnia 126th out of 185 countries in ease of doing business. The 2012 Global Innovation Index report, published by the French-based business school INSEAD, ranked Bosnia 72nd among 141 countries surveyed in promotion of growth and employment through innovation. The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 ranked Bosnia 88th out of 144 states.

The International Labour Organization reported an increase in the unemployment rate to 28% in 2012, with youth unemployment at 63.1%. The CIA and regional economists, however, cited a general unemployment rate as high as 43%. Annual inflation was estimated at about 2%, the average net monthly wages at $513, and those living in poverty at around 18% of the population. In September the IMF awarded a two-year stand-by loan of €405.3 million ($513 million) to help stimulate the economy in both the Federation and the RS. In September, the RS signed a joint venture agreement with the Russian company Gazprom to build part of the South Stream natural gas pipeline network and two gas power facilities.

In January one event stood out in sharp contrast to all the foreboding of an uncertain future. About 1,200 veterans of the Federation army began to allocate small portions of their monthly pensions to veterans of the RS, their former adversary. Veterans in both entities had accused their governments of having incited nationalism for political purposes.

Nominally a tripartite (Serb, Croat, Bosniak [Bosnian Muslim]) presidency with a chair that rotates every eight months; members in 2012 were Zeljko Komsic (Croat; chairman until March 10), Bakir Izetbegovic (Bosniak; chairman from March 10 to November 10), and Nebojsa Radmanovic (Serb; chairman from November 10). Final authority resides in the Office of the High Representative and EU Special Representative, Valentin Inzko (Austria)

Head of government:

Prime Ministers Nikola Spiric and, from January 12, Vjekoslav Bevanda

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