Its simple Tiny Pro-microphone Pre-Amplifier using INA217 instruments amplifier and OPA2137 op-amp. Circuit has been designed using SMD components, 3 Pin female XLR connector has been used for direct micro-phone

This is easy to construct microphone pre-amplifier project using compact electret condenser microphone. The pre-amplifier is important building block of many audio communication systems. Circuit has been built around Op-Amp

The sensor project is based on AD595 IC from Analog devices. AD595 is a complete instrumentation amplifier and thermo-couple cold junction compensator on a monolithic chip. It combines an ice point reference with a pre-calibrated amplifier to produce a high level (10 mV/°C) output directly from a thermo-couple signal. Pin-strapping options allow it to be used as a linear amplifier-compensator or as a switched output set point controller. It is amplify its compensation voltage directly, thereby converting it to a stand-alone Celsius transducer with a low impedance voltage output. The AD595 includes a thermo-couple failure alarm that indicates if one or both thermo-couple leads become open. The alarm output has a flexible format which includes TTL drive capability.

NOTE : Refer AD595 Data sheet for supply input and other information, The circuit works with single supply, same board also support AD594 IC which can support type J sensor.

A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor

What is Type K Thermocouple Sensor??

Type K Thermocouple (Nickel-Chromium / Nickel-Alumel): The type K is the most common type of thermocouple. It’s inexpensive, accurate, reliable, and has a wide temperature range. Type K thermocouples usually work in most applications as they are nickel based and exhibit good corrosion resistance. It is the most common sensor calibration type providing the widest operating temperature range. Due to its reliability and accuracy the Type K thermocouple is used extensively at temperatures up to 2300°F (1260°C). This type of thermocouple should be protected with a suitable metal or ceramic protection tube, especially in reducing atmospheres. In oxidizing atmospheres, such as electric furnaces, tube protection is not always necessary when other conditions are suitable; however, it is recommended for cleanliness and general mechanical protection. Type K will generally outlast Type J because the JP wire rapidly oxidizes, especially at higher temperatures.

The sensor circuit helps to sensing the line for robotics application and no contact surface sensing. The mini line sensor provides analog voltage output and can work with 3.3V and 5V DC. Analog output voltage is proportional to IR reflected to the senor. Resistor R1 controls the current to IR LED, R2 provided as pull up resistor. Sensor contains Infra-Red led and photo transistor detector.

Turns on a series of 10 Segments of LEDs based on the value of an analog sensor. This is a simple way to make a bar graph display. This method can be used to control any series of digital outputs that depends on an analog input. Trimmer Potentiometer and Analog joystick used to test the code.

Turns on a series of LEDs based on the value of an analog sensor.This is a simple way to make a bar graph display. Though this graph uses 10LEDs, you can use any number by changing the LED count and the pins in thearray.

This method can be used to control any series of digital outputs that dependson an analog input.

The circuit:– LEDs from pins D2 through D11 to ground-Trimmer Potentiometer 5K on A0

*/

// these constants won’t change:const int analogPin = A0; // the pin that the potentiometer is attached toconst int ledCount = 10; // the number of LEDs in the bar graph

void loop() {// read the potentiometer:int sensorReading = analogRead(analogPin);// map the result to a range from 0 to the number of LEDs:int ledLevel = map(sensorReading, 0, 1023, 0, ledCount);

// loop over the LED array:for (int thisLed = 0; thisLed < ledCount; thisLed++) {// if the array element’s index is less than ledLevel,// turn the pin for this element on:if (thisLed < ledLevel) {digitalWrite(ledPins[thisLed], HIGH);}// turn off all pins higher than the ledLevel:else {digitalWrite(ledPins[thisLed], LOW);}}}

The high voltage high current low EMI, power supply circuit published here is intend use for AC inverters and VF drives,AC servo driver, brushless dc motor driver, IPM (Intelligent Power Module) , high voltage DC brushed motor drivers and various other circuit required high voltage DC supply. Capacitor has been selected for AC power input up to 250V AC however capacitor voltage and value can be alter as per DC output required. Bridge rectifier can handle current up to 25Amps and need large heat sink for full load. Onboard transformer used as EMI fliter.

The SMD SO8 LM35 used as temperature sensor, LM358 act as comparator provides high output when temperature rise above set point, high output drive the Fan trough driver transistor. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature. Temperature sensing range 2 to 150 centigrade. LM35 provides output of 10mV/Centigrade.

NOTE : It is advisable to use LM393 Comparator instead of LM358 as it will provide better results.

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 µA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to 150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35-series devices are available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount small-outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

LM358 Op-Amp

These devices consist of two independent, high-gain frequency-compensated operational amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply or split supply over a wide range of voltages.

LM393 Comparator

These devices consist of two independent voltage comparators that are designed to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from dual supplies also is possible as long as the difference between the two supplies is 2 V to 36 V, and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input common-mode voltage. Current drain is independent of the supply voltage. The outputs can be connected to other open-collector outputs to achieve wired-AND relationships.

LM293A devices are characterized for operation from −25°C to +85°C. The LM393 and LM393A devices are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C. The LM2903, LM2903V,

Dual Motor L298 H-Bridge Control project can control two DC motors OR single motor with 2X current. The circuit is designed around popular dual H-Bridge L298 from ST. This board can be configured to drive a single motor with high current rating also. This can be achieved with the help of jumpers on the board. An onboard 5V regulator can take a maximum of 18V of DC input. Should you wish to drive this board with higher voltage then 18V, you will need to connect a external 5V regulated source to the logic circuit. For this you will need to remove J-5V. This board can fit in any small toy or robot due to small size and very low profile. L298 IC is mounted under the PCB in horizontal position to make board small and low profile to fit any small robot. On board 5V regulator can be used to power up external Micro-Controller board as well as internal logic supply.

Project has been designed around L293 H-Bridge for Bidirectional motor operations, & 555 Timer IC which has been used as PWM generator for speed control. L293 is capable of continuous output current 600mA. Operating voltage 5V DC. Specially designed for low voltage Mini motors. Great control on speed via onboard preset, while direction is controlled by changing jumpers settings. PWM Duty cycle range 20% to 90% . Great kit can be used in science projects, toys, mini motor speed controllers, robotics, model-making.

DC Motor Speed and direction controller project based on L293D H-Bridge and 555 Timer IC. 555 Generate PWM and L293D works as output driver. The 293D provides bidirectional drive current up to 600mA a voltage from 5V to 12V. L293D includes the output clamping diodes for protections.

Specifications

Supply 5 to 12 V

Inhibit facility/enable

PWM Frequency 5KHz Maximum

High Noise immunity

Over temperature protection

Capable of delivering output current up to 600 mA per channel

The control/interface lines are accessible with Berg connector

Header connector for motor and supply connection

PR1 : Preset Speed Adjust

SW1 : 3Pin Jumper and Closer for Direction change

CN1 : DC Motor Supply input 5V to 12V DC

The L293 and L293D devices are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications.

Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo- Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN.

The quadrature LS7084/LS7184 Module is a CMOS quadrature clock converter. Quadrature clocks derived from optical or magnetic encoders, when applied to the A and B inputs of the LS7084 are converted to strings of a Clock and an Up/down direction control. These outputs can be interfaced directly with standard Up/Down counters for direction and position sensing of the encoder.

J1 Jumper input selects between x1 and x4 modes of operation. A high level selects x4 mode and a low-level selects the x1 mode. In x4 mode, an output pulse is generated for every transition at either A or B input. In x1 mode, an output pulse is generated in one combined A/B input cycle.

Resistor R7-RBIAS (Pin 1) Input for external component connection. A resistor connected between this input and VSS adjusts the output clock pulse width (Tow). For proper operation, the output clock pulse width must be less than or equal to the A, B pulse separation (TOW £ TPS).

On-chip filtering of inputs for optical or magnetic encoder applications.

TTL and CMOS compatible I/Os

Up to 16MHz output clock frequency

Note : Circuit uses LS7084 IC , which is CMOS IC and working voltage range 4.5V to 10V and it has two scale up range.X1 and X4. The board can be used with LS7184 which can work with lower supply range 3.3V to 5V and it can provide X1,X2,X4 resolution, refer data sheet of LS7184 for more information.

The most common type of incremental encoder uses two output channels (A and B) to sense position. Using two code tracks with sectors positioned 90 degrees out of phase, the two output channels of the quadrature encoder indicate both position and direction of rotation. If A leads B, for example, the disk is rotating in a clockwise direction. If B leads A, then the disk is rotating in a counter-clockwise direction.

By monitoring both the number of pulses and the relative phase of signals A and B, you can track both the position and direction of rotation.

Some quadrature encoders also include a third output channel, called a zero or index or reference signal, which supplies a single pulse per revolution. This single pulse is used for precise determination of a reference position.

The code disk inside a quadrature encoder contains two tracks usually denoted Channel A and Channel B. These tracks or channels are coded ninety electrical degrees out of phase, as indicated in the image below, and this is the key design element that will provide the quadrature encoder its functionality. In applications where direction sensing is required, a controller can determine direction of movement based on the phase relationship between Channels A and B. As illustrated in the figure below, when the quadrature encoder is rotating in a clockwise direction its signal will show Channel A leading Channel B, and the reverse will happen when the quadrature encoder rotates counterclockwise.

Apart from direction, position can also be monitored with a quadrature encoder by producing another signal known as the “marker”, “index” or “Z channel”. This Z signal, produced once per complete revolution of the quadrature encoder, is often used to locate a specific position during a 360° revolution.