ch 15.txt

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Module 15

Motivation

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Motivation

refers to the various physiological and psychological factors that cause us to act in a specific way at a particular time

Instincts

innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior

fixed action pattern

innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)

Brain: reward/pleasure center

includes several areas of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area, and involves several neurotransmitters, especially dopamine

makes up a neural circuitry that produces rewarding and pleasurable feelings

genes have been linked to several behaviors that trigger the brain�s reward/pleasure center including obesity, risk-taking, behaviors (gambling), nicotine addiction, and sexual activity

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)

Incentives

goals, that can be either objects or thoughts, that we learn to value and that we are motivated to obtain

incentives have two common features

first: can be thoughts

second: can be objects

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)

Cognitive factors

Extrinsic motivation

involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards

Intrinsic motivation

involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations

BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS

Biological needs

physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and physical well-being

Social needs

needs that are acquired through learning and experience

Satisfying needs

Maslow�s hierarchy of needs

ascending order, or hierarchy, in which biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs at the top

BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS (CONT.)

BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS (CONT.)

Maslow�s Hierarchy of Needs

Level 1 physiological needs

Level 2 safety needs

Level 3 love and belonging needs

Level 4 esteem needs

Level 5 self-actualization

HUNGER

Optimal weight

ideal weight results from an almost perfect balance between how much food an organism eats and how much it needs to meet its body�s energy needs

calorie

a measure of how much energy food contains

Overweight

means that a person is 20% over the ideal body weight

obesity

means that a person is 30% or more above the ideal body weight

HUNGER (CONT.)

Three hunger factors

Biological hunger factors

come from physiological changes in blood chemistry and signals from digestive organs that provide feedback to the brain, which in turn, triggers us to eat or stop eating

Psychosocial hunger factors

Learned associations between food and other stimuli, such as snacking while watching television; sociocultural influences, such as pressures to be thin; and various personality problems, such as depression, dislike of body image, or low self-esteem

HUNGER (CONT.)

Genetic hunger factors

come from inherited instructions found in our genes

determine the number of fat cells or metabolic rates of burning off the body�s fuel, which push us toward being normal, overweight, or underweight

HUNGER (CONT.)

Biological Hunger Factors

Peripheral cues

Results from activity in different brain areas, which in turn results in increasing or decreasing appetite

Central cues

result from activity in different brain areas, which in turn result in increasing or decreasing appetite

High need for achievement

shown by those who persist longer at tasks; perform better on tasks, activities, or exams; set challenging but realistic goals; compete with others to win; and are attracted to careers that require initiative

Fear of failure

shown by people who are motivated to avoid failure by choosing easy, nonchallenging tasks where failure is more unlikely to occur

ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)

Need for achievement

Fear of failure

Self-handicapping

refers to doing things that contribute to failure and then using these very things, knowingly or unknowingly, as excuses for failing to achieve some goal

Underachievement

underachievers are individuals who score relatively high on tests of ability or intelligence but perform more poorly than their scores would predict

ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)

Cognitive influences

Cognitive factors in motivation

refer to how people evaluate or perceive a situation and how these evaluations and perceptions influence their willingness to work

Intrinsic motivation

involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors without receiving any external rewards because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations

ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)

Cognitive influences

Cognitive factors in motivation

Extrinsic motivation

involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives and external rewards