The Megatooth shark, Carcharodon megalodonRough toothed, huge toothed

It is a warm sunny day off the coast of what will become North Carolina in another 15 million years. A mother
right whale, Mesoteras, has just calved and nudges her young to the surface to draw in its first breath of air. Suddenly
a large dorsal and caudal fin of a Carcharodon megalodon breaks the surface of the water and the young calf disappears
within seconds in a swirl of red water. Swallowed whole by a 17 meter giant Megatooth shark, the Mesoteras calf dies
in a scene reminiscent today of adult Great White Sharks feeding on seals off California and Australia.

The Age of the Giant Megatooth SharkCarcharodon
megalodon (Agassiz, 1843), the giant "Megatooth" shark, ruled all the warmwater seas during the Neogene Period
[Miocene (5-24 million years ago (mya)) and Pliocene (1.67-5 mya)]. At the beginning of its reign, C. megalodon was
unaware of the evolution of the first hominoids on land (Proconsul), but would have witnessed the first monsoons
and upwellings in the Arabian Sea which connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean.

Vertebrae and Teeth and Estimating Size of "Megatooth"Today, the only remains of the largest meat-eating fish to ever live, are a few vertebrae and teeth. The teeth of the giant
"Megatooth" shark are prized by amateur fossil collectors and are known from Europe, Africa, Australia, India, Japan,
North and South America. John Maisey, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH),
wrote in his 1996 book DiscoveringFossilFishes, (p. 91) "Many other sharks, including some from
the Devonian, replaced and discarded their teeth with greater abandon. Shark tooth production must rank as one of the most
efficient organic methods of removing phosphate from the biological environment and burying it in sediment. There probably
is more phosphate in a single 15-centimeter Miocene fossil white shark tooth than was used during the whole life of a meter-long
Devonian shark. Fossil teeth provide dramatic testimony of increasing phosphate consumption during the evolution of sharks."
In 1982, Maisey was hired by the Smithsonian Institution to reconstruct a more accurate representation of the "Megatooth".
Previous reconstructions had been made of "Megatooth's" jaws but now Maisey was aided by Pete Harmatuk's (an amateur
fossil collector) find of a partial set of C. megalodon teeth from a North Carolina phosphate quarry. Prior to this,
only individual vertebrae similar to the modern ones seen in Fig. 1 and separate teeth (see Figs. 2-4) were known to science. The closest living analogue, and closest living relative to the giant "Megatooth"
shark is the Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758). The Great White Shark has been used as a
model to reconstruct the giant "Megatooth". Maisey used the partial set of "Megatooth" teeth to make a
more accurate comparison with jaws of the living Great White Shark. In 1985, the new reconstruction went on public display.
Unhappily for science fiction writers, the "new" "Megatooth" jaws were two-thirds the size of the jaws
reconstructed by Bashford Dean before WWI at New York's AMNH. In Dean's day, scientists still believed that the living Great
White Shark reached up to 35 to 40 feet in length. So it was not unbelievable to estimate "Megatooth" reaching 100
to 120 feet in length when it had teeth three times the size of a Great White Shark.

Just as humans have different types of teeth in their jaws (incisors,
canines, premolars, molars). "Megatooth" also had different functional teeth in different areas of its upper and
lower jaws (see Fig. 3). Applegate and Espinosa-Arrubarrena (1996) aided by the new discovery of a second known associated
set of teeth for "Megatooth", described by Uyeno et al. (1989), have published an artificial dental formula for
"Megatooth".

A I-II

-

Int 1

-

L 7

-

P 4

a
i-iii

-

l 8

-

p 4

The
upper jaw, starting near the symphysial joint where both the right and left sides of the jaw meet at the midline, has two
Anteriors (A I & II), followed by one Intermediate (Int 1), seven Laterals (L 7), and four Posteriors (P 4). The lower
jaw differs in having three anteriors (a i-iii), no intermediate, eight laterals (l 8), and four posteriors (p 4). The first
two Anteriors (A I & II) and the second Lateral (L 2) of the upper jaw were the largest teeth in the mouth of a "Megatooth".
Mike Gottfried et al. (1996, p. 60) published a formula that can be used to calculate the size of the Megatooth specimen
on the basis of the A II tooth height and another graph that can be used to predict the weight of the shark. The "Megatooth's"
Total Length in meters = ((0.96) X (Total height of tooth in mm)) minus (0.22). Using this formula, the largest "Megatooth"
specimen (Fig. 4) in the University of Alberta Paleontology Collections was calculated as coming from a shark 14.7 m (48.4
feet) long and weighing 35,000 kg (77,092 lbs).

"Megatooth" Fossils and Tongue StonesNicholas
Steno, a mid-17th century physician to the Duke of Florence, published a little book in 1667, The Head of a Shark Dissected.
In this book he argued the similarities between the teeth of a modern day shark and the "Tongue stones" dug out
for centuries from the soft rocks in the cliffs of the island of Malta. He argued these were the teeth of long dead sharks
and published what John Maisey credits as the first published illustration (a C. megalodon tooth) of a fossil, and
making Steno the worlds first paleontologist.

"Megatooth", a Taxonomic ControversyWelton
and Farish (1993, p. 18) wrote there are at least 65 nominal species for the Miocene "Megatooth" shark because of
the failure of earlier paleontologists to understand how much variation exists in tooth shape. Different tooth rowgroup positions,
variations, ontogenetic stages and even pathologies were ascribed to new species and even new genera in some cases. Also,
fossil and modern sharks can have worldwide distributions but some early shark paleontologists would describe new species
based only on geographic separation despite a lack of morphological separation. There is currently disagreement among paleontologists
as to which family "Megatooth" belongs. Applegate (1991, personal communication) and Applegate and Espinosa-Arrubarrena
(1996) want to place Carcharodon in its own family Carcharodontidae. Martin (1996), based on an analysis of the mitochondrial
DNA sequences of the Great White Shark and other sharks, places Carcharodon in the Family Lamnidae (the more traditional
view) along with the genera Isurus and Lamna. There is a raging controversy in the shark circle of scientists
as to what genus "Megatooth" belongs [Carcharodon versus Carcharocles]. Back in the frontier days
of the "Dinosaur Wars" between Cope and Marsh in the American West, collectors from the different camps would take
potshots at each other with their rifles. Today's scientists battle it out on the internet. For example, see the website of
Jim Bourdon, an elasmobranch enthusiast, who is providing a history of the debate at:

http://www.elasmo.com/selachian/gw/cvc_intr.html

In a sense, the internet battles can be just as life-threatening. A too impassioned response to an electronic
bulletin board may influence one of the few judges for the dwindling supply of research money to cut your funds and end your
career as a research scientist.

E. Casier (1960) questioned the monophyly of Carcharodon and split it into three genera, using the
generic name Carcharocles for Megatooth. Henri Cappetta (1987) followed Casier and wrote, Carcharocles is
thought to be derived from Otodus serratus, an early Eocene species, that already shows the beginning of the serration
of the cutting edges. Carcharocles during its evolution gradually lost its lateral denticles. Gery Case supports
the use of "Carcharocles". Case et al. wrote (1996, p. 107) "The first occurrence of Carcharocles
sokolowi appears in the Eocene and it was the earliest representative of the Great White Shark. The fossil teeth of the
Great White Shark have had several names over the past 150 years, starting with the name Carcharodon. The name Carcharodon
is now relegated to the modern White Shark. After Carcharodon these fossil teeth were called Procarcharodon
by Casier. The name Carcharocles takes precedence over the name Procarcharodon by 37 years."

The following authors support the Carcharodon camp: Applegate
and Espinosa-Arrubarrena (1996), Gottfried, Compagno, and Bowman (1996), Hubbell (1996), and Purdy (1996). Figure 2 is an abbreviated version of what Applegate and Espinosa-Arrubarrena (1996) envision is the evolution
of "Megatooth". The Late Cretaceous shark Cretolamna appendiculata, through maybe five or six intermediate
species, eventually gave rise to the Early Miocene Carcharodon subauriculatus, that may have given rise to "Megatooth".
And, there is even disagreement how many species are present in the genus Carcharodon. Applegate and Espinosa-Arrubarrena
(1996), list nine described and undescribed species, while Purdy (1996) lists eleven.

What did Megatooth Eat?Although the Great
White does not feed exclusively on seals it has been shown they are an important prey item. When the population of seals increases,
so does the numbers of Great Whites (Purdy, 1996). Although it first appeared in the Eocene, it was during the Miocene the
mammalian order Cetacea (whales) reached its highest diversity and abundance. Almost every known family of toothed and baleen
whale are known from the end of the Miocene. Large whale vertebrae and flipper bones have been found with large bite marks
made by serrated teeth that match the teeth of C. megalodon (Purdy, 1996). Also, identified "high-use"
areas by marine vertebrates during the Miocene and Pliocene often have associated fossils of C. megalodon and whales
(Purdy, 1996). From such evidence, paleontologists have surmised a predator-prey relationship of C. megalodon on
large whales.

Death of the Megatooth?By the end of its reign, C. megalodon would have witnessed the Mediterranean
becoming a tributary of the Atlantic, the closing of the isthmus of Panama, a new genus of hominids on the African savannah
called Homo, the onset of Arctic glaciation and the returning of the Earth to a predominantly glacial mode. The decrease
in the oceans temperature during the mid-Pliocene may have spelled the doom of C. megalodon. Casey and Pratts (1985)
report that juvenile Great White Sharks have a lower tolerance to cooler waters and an intolerance to higher temperatures
that may limit them to nursery areas in the North Atlantic. Fossils of C. megalodon are found only in regions that
were predominantly warmwater environments. Perhaps the reduction in ocean temperatures in the mid-Pliocene, reduced the number
of possible nursery sites on the continental shelf for C. megalodon. Another possibility is that their prey, the
great whales, escaped to colder waters where Megatooths could not follow. Recent discoveries of fossil baleen whales from
the Late Pliocene in Antarctica, demonstrate that great whales began living in these areas at that time.

Reports of giant Great White Sharks up to 10 m long (Long, 1995, p.
80) in recent times and perhaps the influence of Hollywood (Jaws III) have led some scientists to suggest that Megatooth
still lives in the oceans somewhere. Gilbert Whitley, the late curator of fishes at the Natural History Museum in Sydney,
Australia, wrote (1940, p. 125), Large teeth belonging to species of White Pointer have been dredged at great depths in the
oceans and indicate that enormous sharks are either still living or only became extinct fairly recently. A man could stand
upright with ease in the jaws of such a monster which has been calculated to have measured 80 feet in length. However, no
well documented "Megatooth" fossils have been found younger than 3 mya, but remember paleontologists once believed
that all coelacanths went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous, 65 mya, and it is still alive today!

Whitley, Gilbert Percy. 1940. The Fishes of Australia Part 1 The sharks, Rays, Devil-Fish,
and other primitive fishes of Australia and New Zealand. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. Australian Zoological
Handbook. Sydney, Australia. 280 pp.