...and television programs of conservative, anti-Communist political commentary. The foundation also distributed books by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and others. In 1958 he revived the foundation as Life Line, to distribute a daily 15-minute radio program carried by more than 400 stations....

...and silhouettes of animals, including whales, dolphins, tigers, wolves, and deer, are depicted on a large (8 by 2 metres), smooth vertical surface of the rock. Some of the animals have a “life line” drawn from the mouth to the anus in the so-called X-ray style of Siberian rock art. A shaman, hunters, and a fisherman are also depicted....

...saw a demonstration in Atlantic City of the use of a breeches buoy for rescue from the sea. The following year he painted his large, impressive, and immediately popular painting The Life Line (1884), one of several he did at that time on the rescue theme, depicting the dramatic transfer of an unconscious woman from a wrecked ship to shore....

...in October 1902. Years later Porter claimed that the Méliès film had given him the notion of “telling a story in continuity form,” which resulted in The Life of an American Fireman (six minutes, produced in late 1902 and released in January 1903). This film, which was also influenced by James Williamson’s Fire!......

...time when the merchant class had risen to such prominence that its tastes prevailed in the arts and the licensed pleasure quarters catered to its whims. Kōshoku ichidai otoko (1682; The Life of an Amorous Man), the first of Saikaku’s many novels concerned with the pleasure quarters, relates the erotic adventures of its hero, Yonosuke, from his precocious experiences at the......

...(c. 1115), an account of events in England as seen from Canterbury, stressing Anselm’s role in the Investiture Controversy between the political and clerical authorities, and the Vita Anselmi (c. 1124), an authoritative biography of Anselm’s private life. Edmer’s importance in historiography rests on his powers of critical observation and description, a novel......

...émigré writers. His stories, the novella Mitina lyubov (1925; Mitya’s Love), and the autobiographical novel Zhizn Arsenyeva (The Life of Arsenev)—which Bunin began writing during the 1920s and of which he published parts in the 1930s and 1950s—were recognized by critics and Russian readers abroad as......

Machiavelli was first employed in 1520 by the cardinal to resolve a case of bankruptcy in Lucca, where he took the occasion to write a sketch of its government and to compose his The Life of Castruccio Castracani of Lucca (1520; La vita di Castruccio Castracani da Lucca). Later that year the cardinal agreed to have Machiavelli elected official historian of the......

Einhard probably wrote his Vita Karoli Magni (“Life of Charles the Great”) about 830–833, after he had left Aachen and was living in Seligenstadt. Based on 23 years of service to Charlemagne and research in the royal annals, the book was expressly intended to convey Einhard’s gratitude for Charlemagne’s aid to his education. Following the model of Suetonius’ Lives of......

His first publication was a number of reviews and essays in the North American Review in 1821. Some of these were reprinted in Biographical and Critical Miscellanies (1845). His “Life of Charles Brockden Brown” (1834) in Jared Sparks’s Library of American Biography served notice of Prescott’s high abilities as a writer. Largely on the advice of his friend the......

...in 1610 and went to China three years later. During his more than 30 years in China, he adopted that country’s dress and manners. He built several churches in the province of Fukien and wrote the Life of Christ, 8 vol. (1635–37). Often reprinted, it was used by Protestant missionaries. He also wrote a six-volume cosmography that was translated into Manchu....

Sincerely complimenting the Slavic people, Theophylactus wrote the Life of Clement of Ochrida, the first Slavonic bishop, lavishing praise on Cyril and Methodius, the apostles to the Slavs and creators of the Slavic alphabet....

...of Alexandria (335), Marcellus of Ancyra (c. 336), and Eustathius of Antioch (c. 337). Eusebius remained in the emperor’s favour, and, after Constantine’s death in 337, he wrote his Life of Constantine, a panegyric that possesses some historical value, chiefly because of its use of primary sources. Throughout his life Eusebius also wrote apologetic works, commentaries on th...

...attention. Even so, he did not neglect Italian poetry, his enthusiasm for his immediate predecessors, especially Dante, being one of the characteristics that distinguish him from Petrarch. His Vita di Dante Alighieri, or Trattatello in laude di Dante (“Little Tractate in Praise of Dante”), and the two abridged editions of it that he made show his devotion to Dante’s......

...the cosmological and teleological arguments for the existence of God (held back under pressure from friends, it was published posthumously in 1779). His curiously detached autobiography, The Life of David Hume, Esquire, Written by Himself (1777; the title is his own), is dated April 18, 1776. He died in his Edinburgh house after a long illness and was buried on Calton Hill....

...through his friendship with the influential editor Leigh Hunt, became adviser, agent, and proofreader to many leading writers of the day. A close friend and adviser of Charles Dickens, he wrote The Life of Dickens (1872–74)....

...favoured Pusey’s attitudes, in contrast to those of younger thinkers in the movement; after Pusey’s death in 1882, Liddon began his authorized biography, published posthumously as Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey (1893–97)....

...life of a country gentleman, although he was frequently called upon by his neighbours to render judgments and arbitrate disputes. To vindicate an unfair portrayal of his brother Francis, he wrote The Life of Francis North; this was followed by biographies of Sir Dudley North and John North. Neither the biographies nor his autobiography was published until after his death....

...notable among them are Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (1941; Mother Courage and Her Children), a chronicle play of the Thirty Years’ War; Leben des Galilei (1943; The Life of Galileo); Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (1943; The Good Woman of Setzuan), a parable play set in prewar China; Der Aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1957; The......

...engaged in judicial duties (at that time, the court’s docket was much smaller than it is today), Marshall had much time to devote to personal endeavours. In 1807 he completed the five-volume The Life of George Washington. He also served (1812) as chair of a commission charged with finding a land and water route to link eastern and western Virginia, and in 1829 he was part of the......

German Jewish diarist whose seven books of memoirs (Zikhroynes), written in Yiddish with passages in Hebrew, reveal much about the history, culture, and everyday life of contemporary Jews in central Europe. Written not for publication but as a family chronicle and legacy for her children and their descendants, the diaries were begun in 1691. Glikl completed the first five sections......

unfinished autobiography by Stendhal, which he began writing in November 1835 and abandoned in March 1836. The scribbled manuscript, including the author’s sketches and diagrams, was deciphered and published as Vie de Henry Brulard in 1890, 48 years after its author’s death. The work is a masterpiece of ironic self-searching and self-creation, in which the memories of chi...

unfinished autobiography by Stendhal, which he began writing in November 1835 and abandoned in March 1836. The scribbled manuscript, including the author’s sketches and diagrams, was deciphered and published as Vie de Henry Brulard in 1890, 48 years after its author’s death. The work is a masterpiece of ironic self-searching and self-creation, in which the memories of chi...

Cukor’s direction of Lana Turner in A Life of Her Own (1950) created few sparks, but he guided Judy Holliday to a best actress Academy Award for her performance of a role that she had played on Broadway in Born Yesterday (also 1950), which also earned a nomination for best picture and one for Cukor for best director. Kanin and Gordon’s script......

...Ra (1992; published in English under the same title), was a surreal exposé of the Soviet space program during the Leonid Brezhnev years. Zhizn nasekomykh (1993; The Life of Insects) was set in a decaying resort on the Black Sea. In the novel two Russians and an American live alternately as humans and insects—for example, as dung......

...historian Ernest Renan (1823–92) and as it affected philosophy by the humanist Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–72) of the Hegelian left. Renan’s Vie de Jésus (1863; Life of Jesus) did for France what Strauss’s book had done for Germany, though the two differed greatly in character. Whereas Strauss’s work had been an intellectual exercise in destructive......

...for a while, among the modernists of the Roman Catholic Church. Two works of the 19th century were especially influential in their rejection of orthodox Christology: one was the Life of Jesus, first published in 1835 by David Friedrich Strauss, and the other, bearing the same title, was first published by Ernest Renan in 1863. Strauss’s work paid more attention to the......

Mayo drew a varied slate in 1933. The Life of Jimmy Dolan featured Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., as a boxer fleeing a murder rap who finds himself helping a group of disabled children, and The Mayor of Hell starred Cagney as a mobster who replaces the brutal warden of a reform school. In Ever in My Heart Stanwyck portrayed the......

British writer of Irish descent, best known for his extravagant “autobiography,” The Life of John Buncle, 2 vol. (1756 and 1766), in which the hero marries seven wives in succession, each wife embodying one of Amory’s ideals of womanhood. Rich, racy, and eccentric, his works contain something of the spirit of both Charles Dickens and François Rabelais....

Beveridge never again held public office, devoting much time after 1912 to the writing of history. His The Life of John Marshall, 4 vol. (1916–19), was widely acclaimed and won a Pulitzer Prize. At the time of his death he had completed two volumes of a biography of Abraham Lincoln, published in 1928....

Asser’s Life of King Alfred follows Alfred’s career from his birth to his accession in 871, and describes in detail his reign and his wars, stopping abruptly in 887, 12 years before Alfred’s death. For historical events, it draws largely on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Some scholars have suggested that, in whole or in part, the Life of King Alfred is not the work of Asser,......

MacFarlane exhibited an aptitude for cartooning at a young age, and he studied animation at the Rhode Island School of Design. His student film The Life of Larry (1995), an animated short, was seen by executives at Hanna-Barbera Productions, and in 1995 he was offered a job with the studio. There he worked on shows such as Dexter’s Laboratory......

...accepted that Lycurgus had belonged to the Eurypontid house and had been regent for the Eurypontid king Charillus. On this basis Hellenistic scholars dated him to the 9th century bc. In his Life of Lycurgus, the Greek biographer Plutarch pieced together popular accounts of Lycurgus’ career. Plutarch described Lycurgus’ journey to Egypt and claimed that the reformer had intr...

Appia, Craig, and Diaghilev led others to experiment. Vsevolod Meyerhold’s 1907 production of Leonid Andreyev’s play The Life of Man, with expressionistic costumes designed by Theodore Komisarjevsky, was purely mechanical in its design. German advocates reasoned that, since the actor is enclosed in the space of the stage, either the stage must be arranged according......

...about the construction of a railway. He continued to write plays while working as an architectural assistant from 1955 to 1957. His first play to be produced professionally was a radio drama, The Life of Man (1956). Waters of Babylon (1957), a play with a roguish but unjudged central character, revealed a moral ambiguity that troubled critics and audiences. His next play,......

Almost immediately, Toland wrote his Life of Milton (1698), which incurred further wrath for a passage in it that appeared to question the authenticity of the New Testament. This was followed the next year by Amyntor, or a Defence of Milton’s Life, in which Toland sought to defend himself by furnishing a catalog of works long-excluded from the biblical canon as apocryphal......

...of the Western church. His Life of Macrina blends biography with instruction in the monastic life. On Virginity and other treatises on the ascetic life are crowned by the mystical Life of Moses, which treats the 13th-century-bc journey of the Hebrews from Egypt to Mount Sinai as a pattern of the progress of the soul through the temptations of the world to a vi...

In 1743 Fielding published three volumes of Miscellanies, works old and new, of which by far the most important is The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great. Here, narrating the life of a notorious criminal of the day, Fielding satirizes human greatness, or rather human greatness confused with power over others. Permanently topical, Jonathan Wild, with the exception of some......

...affection for Margaret Blagge, a maid of honour at court, who later secretly married Sidney Godolphin, future lord high treasurer. She died after giving birth to a child in 1678; Evelyn’s Life of Mrs. Godolphin (1847; ed. H. Sampson, 1939), is one of the most moving of 17th-century biographies....

...or life, of Muḥammad. Ibn Hishām, who died some 60 years after Ibn Isḥāq, made the revision through which it is known today (complete Eng. trans. by A. Guillaume, The Life of Muḥammad, 1955, and partial trans. by Edward Rehatsek as edited by Michael Edwardes, The Life of Muhammad Apostle of Allah, 1964). This extensive biography covers......

...critiques of feudalism that focused on the condition of women within the social order. His greatest postwar films were Saikaku ichidai onna (1952; The Life of Oharu), the biography of a 17th-century courtesan, and Ugetsu (1953), the story of two men who abandon their wives for fame and glory during the......

...in the Connecticut state legislature, he was elected mayor of Bridgeport, in which post he fought prostitution and union discrimination against blacks. In 1855 he published his autobiography, The Life of P.T. Barnum, Written by Himself; and because he frankly revealed some of the deceits he had employed, he was harshly taken to task by the majority of critics. Stung, Barnum......

...music video featuring West and his girlfriend, the reality-TV star Kim Kardashian. (The couple, who were frequently in the public eye, were married in 2014.) The gospel-tinged The Life of Pablo (2016) further demonstrated West’s inventiveness as a producer, but critics found it disjointed. In addition, the work itself was somewhat overshadowed by the unconventional...

...Streep and Tommy Lee Jones as a long-married couple, stood out for its intimate focus, honesty, and unfashionable appeal to older audiences. Notable too were Ang Lee’s sumptuous 3-D spectacular Life of Pi, adapted from the 2001 novel by Yann Martel about an Indian boy cast adrift on a boat with a Bengal tiger; The Impossible, Juan Antonio Bayona’s harrowingly realistic drama......

...(1993), The Mark of the Angel (1999), and Prodigy (2000), Nancy Huston, an expatriate in Paris, reflects on dislocation and exile. Yann Martel’s Life of Pi (2001), winner of the Booker Prize, depicts the fantastic voyage of 16-year-old Pi, who, en route to Canada from India, is shipwrecked and left adrift on the Pacific with several......

The Life of Pope is at once the longest and best. Pope’s life and career were fresh enough and public enough to provide ample biographical material. Johnson found Pope’s poetry highly congenial. His moving, unsentimental account of Pope’s life is sensitive to his physical sufferings and yet unwilling to accept them as an excuse. His riposte to Pope’s detractors, such as......

The Life of Reason (1905–06) was a major theoretical work consisting of five volumes. Conceived in his student days after a reading of G.W.F. Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind, it was described by Santayana as “a presumptive biography of the human intellect.” The life of reason, for Santayana as for Hegel, is not restricted to purely intellectual activities, for......

...(the title character was played by Richard Denning), a program that provided the basis for her remarkably successful television series, I Love Lucy. The Life of Riley, starring William Bendix as a well-meaning if somewhat overprotective husband and father, was a long-running success in both radio and television, as was ......

Nevins was raised on a farm in western Illinois and educated at the University of Illinois. While completing postgraduate studies there, he wrote his first book, The Life of Robert Rogers (1914), about the Colonial American frontier soldier who fought on the loyalist side. After graduation Nevins joined the New York Evening Post as an......

...became a barrister in 1817. After Shelley’s death in 1822, Hogg was commissioned by the poet’s family to write a biography of him, the first two volumes of which appeared in 1858 under the title The Life of Shelley. This work throws much light on the poet’s character through the use of anecdotes and letters and contains a good deal of material relating to Hogg himself. It was to have......

...malfunction a type of obesity of the face and trunk now known as Cushing’s disease, or Cushing’s syndrome. He wrote numerous scientific works and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1926 for his Life of Sir William Osler (1925)....

Among Athanasius’ other important works are The Letters [to Sarapion] on the divinity of the Holy Spirit and The Life of St. Antony, which was soon translated into Latin and did much to spread the ascetic ideal in East and West. Only fragments remain of sermons and biblical commentaries; several briefer theological treatises are preserved, however, and a number of letters,......

...pictures for churches and convents, among the most important being The Sermon of Saint Paul at Ephesus, and his famous series of 22 paintings of the Life of St. Bruno, executed in the cloister of the Chartreux. Stylistically dominated by the art of Nicolas Poussin, Raphael, and Vouet, Le Sueur had a graceful facility in drawing and was......

...man as a creature ought to love and contemplate God through Christ after the example of St. Francis. Revered by his order, Bonaventure recodified its constitutions (1260), wrote for it a new Life of St. Francis of Assisi (1263), and protected it (1269) from an assault by Gerard of Abbeville, a teacher of theology at Paris, who renewed the charge of William of Saint-Amour. He also......

...day. On this point the two most important works are the Collationes (“Conferences”) and the De vita sancti Gerardi (Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac). The Collationes is both a commentary on the virtues and vices of men in society and a spiritual meditation modeled on a work of the......

...and early 1450s Giovanni produced his most important works, including the monumental altarpiece of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple (1447–49) and six scenes from The Life of St. John the Baptist. The brooding Madonna Altarpiece of 1463 in the Pienza Cathedral marks the beginning of Giovanni’s late period, of which the coarse Assumption......

...the classic example being Athanasius’ Life of St. Antony . Sulpicius Severus (c. 363–c. 420) took this work as his model when early in the 5th century he wrote his Life of St. Martin of Tours, the first Western biography of a monastic hero and the pattern of a long line of medieval lives of saints. But it was Palladius (c. 363–before 431), a......

...by capturing the Isle of Wight and the mainland opposite and giving them to his godson, Aethelwalh of Sussex. Yet Wulfhere’s reign ended in disaster; the Kentish monk Aedde, in his Life of St. Wilfrid, said Wulfhere roused all the southern peoples in an attack on Ecgfrith of Northumbria in 674 but was defeated and died soon after....

...persecuted. Avvakum himself was twice banished and finally imprisoned. It was during his imprisonment in Pustozersk that he wrote most of his works, the greatest of which is considered to be his Zhitiye (“Life”), the first Russian autobiography. Distinguished for its lively description and for its original, colourful style, the Zhitiye is one of the great works of......

...Sagesse et la destinée (1898; “Wisdom and Destiny”). His most widely read prose writings, however, are two extended essays, La Vie des abeilles (1901; The Life of the Bee) and L’Intelligence des fleurs (1907; The Intelligence of Flowers), in which Maeterlinck sets out his philosophy of the human condition.......

...after 1664, published 1806); and Margaret Cavendish, duchess of Newcastle, produced a warm, bustling life—still good reading today—of her duke, an amiable mediocrity (The Life of the Thrice Noble Prince William Cavendishe, Duke Marquess, and Earl of Newcastle, 1667). This age likewise witnessed the first approach to a professional biographer, the noted......

...The woodcuts Samson and the Lion (c. 1497) and Hercules Conquering Cacus and many prints from the woodcut series The Life of the Virgin (c. 1500–10) have a distinct Italian flavour. Many of Dürer’s copper engravings are in the same Italian mode. Some examples of them that may be cited are......

...is the story of a young teacher sent to a squalid rural school “to learn from the peasants.” Chen’s fourth film, Bienzou bienchang (1991; Life on a String), chronicles the deeds of a blind storyteller and his blind apprentice as they roam the countryside....

In the 1950s Stanley Miller from the University of Chicago conducted a set of now-famous experiments to probe the origins of life on Earth. These experiments involved sending an electric charge, meant to simulate lightning, through a chamber filled with gasses thought to have formed the early atmosphere and then determining whether chemical precursors of life had been produced in the chamber.......

British billiards game in which each player uses a cue ball of a different colour and tries to pocket the ball of a particular opponent, thus taking a “life.” Players have three lives and pay into a betting pool at the start of the game. The last player with a life wins the pool. During play, a player who takes a life wins a stake from that opponent. There are also a number of o...

...as a means to disrupt and unsettle the norms and categories of society remained a constant throughout. It is fitting that she used collage to construct a retrospective work: in Life Portrait (1972–73; Lebensbild), she assembled her own past, using photos of herself juxtaposed with images of past collages that she had cut from exhibition......

the degree to which an individual is healthy, comfortable, and able to participate in or enjoy life events. The term quality of life is inherently ambiguous, as it can refer both to the experience an individual has of his or her own life and to the living conditions in which individuals find themselves. Hence, quality of life is highly subjective. Whereas one person may define quality of li...

Lewin drew from physics and mathematics to construct his theory. From physics he (like the Gestaltists) borrowed the concept of the field, positing a psychological field, or “life space,” as the locus of a person’s experiences and needs. The life space becomes increasingly differentiated as experiences accrue. Lewin adapted a branch of geometry known as topology to map the spatial......

a collection of poetry and prose by Robert Lowell, published in 1959. The book marked a major turning point in Lowell’s writing and also helped to initiate the 1960s trend to confessional poetry; it won the National Book Award for poetry in 1960. The book is in four sections, including “91 Revere Street,” an autobiographical sketch in prose of Lowell’s youth a...

Differences in life history strategies, which include an organism’s allocation of its time and resources to reproduction and care of offspring, greatly affect population dynamics. As stated above, populations in which individuals reproduce at an early age have the potential to grow much faster than populations in which individuals reproduce later. The effect of the age of first reproduction on......

...by the political authorities in 1937. Here he introduced the practices of prayer, private confession, and common discipline described in his book Gemeinsames Leben (1939; Life Together). From this period also dates Nachfolge (1937; The Cost of Discipleship), a study of the Sermon on the Mount and the Pauline epistles in which he......

(Latin: “tree of life”), any of the five species of the genus Thuja, resinous, evergreen ornamental and timber conifers of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to North America and eastern Asia. A closely related genus is false arborvitae....

The carnauba tree is a fan palm of the northeastern Brazilian savannas, where it is called the “tree of life” for its many useful products. After 50 years, the tree can attain a height of over 14 metres (45 feet). It has a dense, large crown of round, light green leaves....

alcoholic beverage (such as brandy, whisky, rum, or arrack) that is obtained by distillation from wine or other fermented fruit or plant juice or from a starchy material (such as various grains) that has first been brewed. The alcoholic content of distilled liquor is higher than that of beer or wine....

...on Television. She later became host of the show, and in 1952 she cofounded Bandy Productions to develop her own projects. Later that year the television sitcom Life with Elizabeth premiered. White played the title role—a married woman whose various predicaments test the patience of her husband—in addition to cocreating and producing the......

...essays and illustrations, appeared. This was followed by The Crow’s Nest (1921) and Thoughts Without Words (1928). He achieved great success with God and My Father (1932), Life with Father (1935), and Life with Mother (1936). Drawn from his own family experiences, these were pleasant and gently satirical portraits of a late Victorian household dominated by a.....

Life-cycle ceremonies are found in all societies, although their relative importance varies. The ritual counterparts of the biological crises of the life cycle include numerous kinds of rites celebrating childbirth, ranging from “baby showers” and rites of pregnancy to rites observed at the actual time of childbirth and, as exemplified by the Christian sacrament of baptism and the......

...was awarded the Nobel Prize for his pioneering research in several fields of economic theory that had practical applications. One of these was his analysis of personal savings, termed the life-cycle theory. The theory posits that individuals build up a store of wealth during their younger working lives not to pass on these savings to their descendents but to consume during their own......

His first story, Life-Line, was published in the action-adventure pulp magazine Astounding Science Fiction. He continued to write for that publication—along with other notable science-fiction writers—until 1942, when he began war work as an engineer. Heinlein returned to writing in 1947, with an eye toward a more sophisticated audience. His......

(Aralia racemosa), North American member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae) of the order Cornales, characterized by large spicy-smelling roots. It grows 3.5 m (11 feet) tall and has leaves divided into three heart-shaped parts. The flowers are grouped into numerous clusters at the end of the central stem....

Any interior building element designed to protect and evacuate the building population in emergencies, including fires and earthquakes, and less critical events, such as power failures. Fire-detection systems include electronic heat and smoke detectors that can activate audible alarms and automatically notify local fire departments. For fire suppression, hand-operated fire extinguishers and, often...

the branch of psychology concerned with the changes in cognitive, motivational, psychophysiological, and social functioning that occur throughout the human life span. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, developmental psychologists were concerned primarily with child psychology. In the 1950s, however, they became interested in the relationship between personality variables and child rearing, ...

any mechanical device that enables a person to live and usually work in an environment such as outer space or underwater in which he could not otherwise function or survive for any appreciable amount of time. Life-support systems provide all or some of the elements essential for maintaining physical well being, as for example oxygen, nutrients, water, disposal of body wastes, and control of temper...

in Phenomenology, the world as immediately or directly experienced in the subjectivity of everyday life, as sharply distinguished from the objective “worlds” of the sciences, which employ the methods of the mathematical sciences of nature; although these sciences originate in the life-world, they are not those of everyday life. The life-world includes individual, social, percept...

The claustrophobic Lifeboat (1944) was a heavily allegorical tale about eight survivors of a ship torpedoed by a German U-boat. The challenge of a film set entirely in a lifeboat attracted Hitchcock. The film alternates between suspense and philosophical debate; the story was written for the screen by John Steinbeck. Hitchcock received his second Academy Award......

watercraft especially built for rescue missions. There are two types, the relatively simple versions carried on board ships and the larger, more complex craft based on shore. Modern shore-based lifeboats are generally about 40–50 feet (12–15 metres) long and are designed to stay afloat under severe sea conditions. Sturdiness of construction, self-righting ability, reserve buoyancy, and manoeuvrab...

...dances performed competitively by mine workers in decidedly untraditional settings. Others are innovations created in response to new circumstances, such as the lifela song-poems composed by Sotho migrant workers to express and comment upon the life of miners. Because miners were frequently so far away from home, traditional rituals had to be......

...becoming a modern-day troubadour. Inspired by the Clash, part punk and part folksinger, he banged out songs on his electric guitar on any stage open to him. His debut album, Life’s a Riot with Spy vs. Spy, brought critical acclaim, reached the British Top 30, and yielded the hit “A New England” in 1984. A committed socialist, Bragg played a number of......