The American University (AU or American) is a privateUnited Methodist-affiliated research university in Washington, D.C., United States; its main campus is located near Ward Circle in the northwest portion of the District of Columbia. In the late 18th century, George Washington had written about wanting a "national university" to be established in the nation's capital, but it took almost a century for that dream to be established.[4] The university was chartered by an Act of Congress on February 24, 1893, as "The American University", when the bill was approved by President Benjamin Harrison.[5]

American University is ranked 69th among "national universities" and 925th among "global universities" according to U.S. News & World Report's 2017 rankings. AU's schools are consistently ranked highly in national college rankings; the School of International Service is ranked 8th for graduate programs and 9th for undergraduate programs in the world according to Foreign Policy.[6] The School of Public Affairs is ranked 19th in the nation according to U.S. News & World Report.[7]

The American University was established in the District of Columbia by an Act of Congress on December 5, 1892, primarily due to the efforts of Methodist bishop John Fletcher Hurst.

After more than three decades devoted principally to securing financial support, the university was officially dedicated on May 15, 1914. The first instruction began on October 6 of that year, when 28 students were enrolled (19 of them graduate students, nine of them special students who were not candidates for a degree). The First Commencement, at which no degrees were awarded, was held on June 2, 1915. The Second Annual Commencement was held on June 2, 1916 where the first degrees (one master's degree and two doctor's degrees) were awarded.

Birthplace of Army Chemical Corps

Shortly after these early commencement ceremonies, classes were interrupted by war. During World War I, the university allowed the U.S. military to use some of its grounds for testing. In 1917, the U.S. military divided American University into two segments, Camp American University and Camp Leach. Camp American University became the birthplace of the United States' chemical weapons program, and chemical weapons were tested on the grounds;[8] this required a major cleanup effort in the 1990s. Camp Leach was home to advanced research, development and testing of modern camouflage techniques. As of 2014[update], the Army Corps of Engineers is still removing ordnance including mustard gas and mortar shells.

During the next ten years, instruction was offered at the graduate level only, in accordance with the original plan of the founders. In the fall of 1925, the College of Liberal Arts (subsequently named the College of Arts and Sciences) was established. Since that date, the university has offered both undergraduate and graduate degrees and programs. In 1934, the School of Public Affairs was founded.[9]

During World War II, the campus again offered its services to the U.S. government and became home to the U.S. Navy Bomb Disposal School and a WAVE barracks. For AU's role in these wartime efforts, the Victory shipSS American Victory was named in honor of the university.

The present structure of the university began to emerge in 1949. The Washington College of Law became part of the university in that year, having begun in 1896 as the first coeducational institution for the professional study of law in the District of Columbia. Shortly thereafter, three departments were reorganized as schools: the School of Business Administration in 1955 (subsequently named the Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod College of Business Administration and in 1999 renamed the Kogod School of Business); the School of Government and Public Administration in 1957; and the School of International Service in 1958.

In the early 1960s, the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency operated a think tank under the guise of Operation Camelot at American University. The government abandoned the think tank after the operation came to public attention. AU's political intertwinement was furthered by President John F. Kennedy's Spring 1963 commencement address.[10] In the speech, Kennedy called on the Soviet Union to work with the United States to achieve a nuclear test ban treaty and to reduce the considerable international tensions and the specter of nuclear war during that juncture of the Cold War.

From 1965 to 1977, the College of Continuing Education existed as a degree-granting college with responsibility for on- and off-campus adult education programs. The Lucy Webb Hayes School of Nursing provided undergraduate study in Nursing from 1965 until 1988. In 1972, the School of Government and Public Administration, the School of International Service, the Center for Technology and Administration, and the Center for the Administration of Justice (subsequently named the School of Justice) were incorporated into the College of Public and International Affairs.

The university bought the Immaculata Campus in 1986 to alleviate space problems. This would later become Tenley Campus.

In 1986, construction on the Adnan Khashoggi Sports and Convocation Center began. Financed with $5 million from and named for Saudi Arabian Trustee Adnan Khashoggi, the building was intended to update athletics facilities and provide a new arena, as well as a parking garage and office space for administrative services. Costing an estimated $19 million, the building represented the largest construction project to date, but met protest by both faculty and students to the university's use of Khashoggi's name on the building due to his involvement in international arms trade.[11]

In 1988, the College of Public and International Affairs was reorganized to create two free-standing schools: the School of International Service and the School of Public Affairs, incorporating the School of Government and Public Administration and the School of Justice. That same year, construction on the Adnan Khashoggi Sports Center completed while the Iran–Contra Affair controversy was at its height although his name remained on the building until after Khashoggi defaulted on his donation obligation in the mid to late 1990s.

In 2003, American launched the largest fund raising campaign in its history. The program, ANewAU,[12] has a goal of raising $200 million. As of October 2009, the university had raised $189.6 million. When the campaign is completed, the university's website stated that it would "help to attract and retain the finest faculty, increase scholarship support, create and endow research and policy centers, ensure state-of-the-art resources in all of our schools and colleges, expand global programs, and secure the long-term financial health of the university by boosting the endowment."[13]

Benjamin Ladner was suspended from his position as president of the university on August 24, 2005, pending an investigation into possible misuse of university funds for his personal expenses. University faculty passed votes of no confidence in President Ladner on September 26.[14] On October 10, 2005, the Board of Trustees of American University decided that Ladner would not return to American University as its president.[15] Dr. Cornelius M. Kerwin, a long-time AU administrator, served as interim president and was appointed to the position permanently on September 1, 2007, after two outsiders declined an offer from the Board of Trustees.[16] According to The Chronicle of Higher Education,[17] Ladner received a total compensation of $4,270,665 in his final year of service, the second highest of any university president in the United States.

Ground was broken for the new School of International Service building on November 14, 2007, and completed in 2010. A speech was given by Senator Daniel K. Inouye (D-HI).

Neil Kerwin retired as AU's president at the end of May 2017.[18] The current president is Sylvia Mathews Burwell, whose tenure officially began on June 1, 2017.[19]

The first design for campus was done by Frederick Law Olmsted but was significantly modified over time due to financial constraints. The campus occupies 84 acres (340,000 m2) adjacent to Ward Circle, the intersection of Nebraska and Massachusetts Avenues. AU's campus is predominantly surrounded by the affluent residential neighborhoods characteristic of the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. The campus includes a main quadrangle surrounded by academic buildings, nine residential halls, a 5,000-seat arena, and an outdoor amphitheatre. The campus has been designated a public garden and arboretum by the American Public Garden Association, with many foreign and exotic plants and trees dotting the landscape.[20]

School of Public Affairs

Abbey Joel Butler Pavilion: holds the campus store, the Office of Campus Life, the Career Center, and meeting spaces.

Hurst Hall: Girst building of the university, ground broken in 1896 for what was to be the College of History. The architects were Van Brunt & Howe. Now home to departments of Biology and Environmental Science, the School of Public Affairs, the University Honors Program, and the Center for Teaching Excellence.

Katzen Arts Center: Provided for by a monetary gift from Cyrus and Myrtle Katzen, the building opened in 2005 and is now home to the Departments of Performing Arts (such as dance), Studio Arts, Graphic Design, and Art History, the American University Museum, and other Academic Departments.

Kay Spiritual Life Center: built in 1963 as a multi-denominational place of worship. Nicknamed the "flaming cupcake" due its round shape and 16-foot-tall impressionistic flame top, Kay is home to offices of the university chaplains and is used for speeches, performances, and community events.

Kerwin Hall: The largest classroom building on campus, built in 1968 as a home for the School of Government and Public Administration (now the School of Public Affairs).

Kogod School of Business: Formerly known as the Myers-Hutchins Building, and previous home to the Washington College of Law. Construction finished in January 2009 to annex it to the now empty Experimental Theater and Butler Instructional Center.

Mary Graydon Center: Home to student organization offices, the main dining facilities, and the School of Communication.

School of International Service: Ground broken by President Dwight Eisenhower. The new building opened for the 2010–2011 school year, with classes continuing to be held also in the original building, which has since been renamed the "East Quad Building," next door. The School of International Service has an enrollment of over 2,000 undergraduate students and an enrollment of over 900 graduate students.[21]

Formerly the Immaculata School, Tenley Campus is located half a mile east of the main campus, and was purchased by American University in 1987 specifically for the Washington Semester program. Tenley Campus used to be home to the Washington Semester and Washington Mentorship Program students, which featured housing primarily for international and transfer students. Before construction of the new Washington College of Law, Tenley Campus was home to the main offices of: the School of Professional & Extended Studies, including the Washington Semester Program, University Marketing and Publications, and the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute. During the summer, the residence halls were used to house students in the Washington Semester - Summer Internship Program.

Since 2016, Tenley Campus has been home to American University's law school, the Washington College of Law. Over the course of several years, former dormitory halls and academic buildings were torn down and replaced with a number of newer, more contemporary academic buildings that now house the Washington College of Law. Ironically, the law school's reputation has fallen sharply since construction began on the new campus. Graduates are reportedly saddled with enormous amounts of debt, and in 2014 only 42% of graduates held jobs that required they pass the Bar.[24]

Admission to AU is rated as "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report.[28]

For the Class of 2021 (enrolling fall 2017), AU received 19,325 freshmen applications; 5,008 were admitted (25.9%) and 1,082 enrolled.[29] The average high school grade point average (GPA) of the enrolled freshmen was 3.66, while the middle 50% range of SAT scores were 590–690 for critical reading, 560–650 for math, and 570–670 for writing.[29] The middle 50% range of the ACT Composite score was 26–31.[29]

AU's undergraduate program is ranked tied for 69th among "national universities" in U.S. News & World Report's 2017 rankings.[28]

In 2008, 2010 and 2012, American University was named the most politically active school in the nation in The Princeton Review's annual survey of college students.[36] In 2006, the Fiske Guide to Colleges ranked AU as a "Best Buy" college for the quality of academic offerings in relation to the cost of attendance. However, in 2013, the Daily Beast listed the school in their list of "20 Least Affordable Colleges."[37] For two years in a row, American University has had more students chosen to receive Presidential Management Fellowships than any other college or university in the country. In spring 2006, 34 graduate and law students were chosen for the honor.[38]

The School of International Service (SIS) is recognized as the largest of its kind in the U.S. Among The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) schools, AU's School of International Service has the largest number of minority students and female students and is ranked 6th among APSIA schools in numbers of international students.[38] A review in Foreign Policy Magazine ranked the school 8th in the country for preparing future foreign policy professionals and 25th for academic careers. SIS's undergraduate programs earned a spot at number 11, and its graduate programs were ranked number 8.[39] Because the field of international relations is not evaluated by U.S. News & World Report, the College of William and Mary recently published the results of their survey, which ranked the AU international relations master's degree in the top 10 in the United States and the doctoral degree in the top 25.[38] The School of Communication is among the top 25 in the nation, and it graduates the third largest number of communication professionals among U.S. colleges and universities.[38] The School of Public Affairs is ranked 19th in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report for 2016.[40]

The cross-campus American University Center for Innovation (AUCI) was recognized the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) as one of the world's top twenty entrepreneurship centers in April 2017.[41] At the undergraduate level, AUCI offers an entrepreneurship minor for all university majors and a specialization for business school students.

American University is also home to a unique program known as the Washington Semester Program. This program partners with institutions around the world to bring students to AU for a semester. The program operates as part of the School of Professional & Extended Studies. The program combines two seminar courses on three days a week with a two-day-per-week internship that gives students a unique look at Washington, D.C. The program is unique in that the courses are not typical lecture courses; instead, speakers from various sectors of a particular field are invited to address the class, often from different perspectives.[42]

In the Chronicle of Higher Education survey of college presidents' salaries for 2007–08, President Cornelius M. Kerwin was fifth highest in the nation with a compensation of $1.4 million.[43]

The Jack I. and Dorothy G. Bender Library and Learning Resources Center sits at the top of the Eric Friedheim Quadrangle.

The Jack I. and Dorothy G. Bender Library and Learning Resources Center is the main library facility for the campus. A branch Music Library is located in the Katzen Art Center. The Pence Law Library, part of AU's Washington College of Law, operates separately from the main library system. The University Library is part of the Washington Research Library Consortium (WRLC), which includes seven other libraries. The WRLC operates a consortium loan service between member institutions and has a shared collections site in Upper Marlboro, Maryland.

The Bender Library provides a variety of individual and group study spaces and includes a Curriculum Materials Center, a New Media Center, Graduate Research Center, classrooms, and a café. About 160 public computer workstations are available throughout the Bender building and researchers also may borrow laptops, chargers, tablets, and other electronic devices. In October 2012, the library acquired a large poster printer which researchers may use for presentations and other academic purposes.

The Library's Archives and Special Collections houses unique and rare materials and information on the history of the institution. The University Archives is the repository for papers and other documents, including sound recordings and photographs, spanning more than a century of the university's history. Special Collections houses rare materials. Among the more important holdings are the Artemas Martin collection of mathematical texts, the Charles Nelson Spinks collection of artistic and historical works of Japan, the Irwin M. Heine collection of literary works, and Christopher Johnson collection of William Faulkner books. Playbills form a significant set of the collections with the James Carroll and Iris Lipkowitz collections most notable among them. Other significant collections include the Barlett & Steele Archive, the John R. Hickman Collection, the Friends of Colombia Archives, the Records of the National Peace Corps Association, the Records of the National Commission on the Public Service, the Sally L. Smith Papers, and the Records of Women Strike for Peace.[44]

AU has eight student-run university-recognized media organizations. These media organizations are governed by a Student Media Board and are funded through the university's undergraduate student activity fee:[45]

While American University is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, it also has many organizations that serve students of other religions. In addition to the AU United Methodist Community,[46] American University has a variety of religious life groups including Chabad Lubavitch of the AU Community,[47] American University Hillel,[48] the Jewish Student Association,[49] and many others.

American University has an Environmental Issues Project Team to recommend steps about how to fulfill the university's responsibility to protect the environment to the administration. The Team also works to increase environmental awareness on campus.[52] Student environmental activism has grown into a major presence on American's campus. The student environmental group, EcoSense, works with regional and national organizations such as the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, The Campus Climate Challenge, Energy Action Network, Step It Up 2007, DC Woodlands, Power Shift, and the DC Youth Environmental Alliance.[53] An environmental science class at American conducted a study from February to April 2009 to measure the amount of food waste avoided by eliminating trays from one of the college's dining halls. The class found that trayless dinners resulted in 47.1% less solid waste than dinners during which trays were used, spurring a student-driven campaign to go trayless across campus.[54] The university's overall grade on the College Sustainability Report Card improved dramatically between 2008 and 2009 from a "D+" to a "B-", demonstrating the university's commitment to environmental responsibility.[55]

In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE) awarded American University a gold rating, the highest possible, on their STARS scale for sustainability. In the same year American University's School of International Service building received the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification for its 70,000 square foot building that is renowned for sustainable design and "cradle-to-cradle" philosophy.[56]

In 2014, American University ranked #2 in the Sierra Club's list of the 'Top 10 Greenest Colleges'.[57]

In 2014, the university announced an ambitious project to build a solar farm in partnership with George Washington University.[58] As of January 2016, the completed solar farm provides an equivalent of 50% of the university's energy. This has greatly furthered their goal of carbon neutrality by 2020.

Reeves Field, home to AU's soccer team, earned the 2002 College Soccer Field of the Year by the Sports Turf Managers Association, hosted its fifth NCAA Tournament game, and served as the training site for the Uruguayan national football team. Barcelona and Blackburn Rovers have also used Reeves Field as a training facility. In the summer of 2000, AU served as the practice site for Newcastle United. Major League Soccer's D.C. United, Miami Fusion and San Jose Earthquakes have also practiced at AU. National teams from the U.S., Bolivia, and Portugal trained at Reeves in 1996 in preparation for Summer Olympic games held at RFK Stadium.

Reeves Field – AU

Reeves Field also features a six-lane track to accommodate the track and field programs at AU and functions as a multi-purpose event site. During his term as Vice President, George H. W. Bush regularly traveled in the morning from his home at the U.S. Naval Observatory, located about two miles (3 km) from American University, to run the track at Reeves Field.

American University features seven outdoor tennis courts for the use of the intercollegiate tennis teams as well as the university community. Two outdoor basketball courts complete the outdoor recreational facility located next to Reeves Field and behind Bender Arena. AU has hosted three of the last four tennis team championships since joining the Patriot League, with the men's team winning back-to-back titles on the AU hardcourts and setting Patriot League Championship attendance records each year. The women's team last captured the Patriot League title in 2002. Both tennis teams have since been cut from the athletics program.

In 2007, AU Junior Josh Glenn won the NCAA Division I National Wrestling Title for 197 lb (89 kg). This was the first time since 1966 that an AU athlete won a national championship.

On March 14, 2008, AU earned its first NCAA Tournament berth in men's basketball by defeating Colgate University in the Patriot League Championship Game. However, AU lost its first-round NCAA tournament game against the University of Tennessee. On March 13, 2009 AU's men's basketball team repeated as Patriot League Champion by defeating Holy Cross 73–57, earning an automatic bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship. They ultimately lost to Villanova University in the first round on March 19, 2009 with a final score of 80–67.

For the spring semester of 2009, AU men's swimming and diving team posted a 3.54 GPA, the highest team grade-point average of all Division I swimming and diving programs according to the Collegiate Swim Coaches Association of American (CSCAA).[60]

American University Television (ATV) is a student-run organization based at American University. The station's programming runs through the residence halls and throughout campus on channels 2 and 15, as well as streaming content online.[62]

ATV was founded in 1979 as WAVE-TV to serve as a new media outlet for AU students beyond the existing student newspaper and radio station. In 1981, WAVE-TV was formally recognized by the AU Student Confederation, and began full operation as a campus wide closed circuit television station, which broadcast three nights a week. WAVE-TV was funded by the Student Confederation and by local advertisers.

In 1989, WAVE-TV was renamed to American Television (A-TV2, later shortened to ATV). Over the course of the 1990s, ATV became available to televisions in student residence hall rooms, and significantly expanded its programming. In 1996, ATV was recognized by the Society of Professional Journalists, receiving the Mark of Excellence award in sports reporting and overall newscast.

Until the early 2000s, ATV filmed most of its shows in the SOC Media Production Center. Following AU's renovation of the Mary Graydon Center in 2002, ATV moved into a new dedicated studio and office space on MGC's second floor, outfitted with cameras and equipment donated to the station by AU alumni Norman and Mary Klotz ('76, '79). Shortly after the move, ATV began broadcasting its programs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for the first time.

ATV launched its first dedicated website in 2007, and launched an online live-stream simulcast of its on-campus broadcast in 2009, expanding the reach of the station's programming beyond an on-campus student audience for the first time. Most of ATV’s viewers are now online.

In 2011, ATV launched an innovative new rebranding campaign, along with a new logo and station imaging, bringing greater campus visibility to ATV's programming and participation opportunities.[63]

The American Dream has a combination of late night comedy and talk show, as well as a sitcom with the host, Jason Gaines[68][69] and the show's varied correspondents as they work behind-the-scenes to run the show.

Superheroes Registered is an episodic crime drama about conflicts between superheroes and villains vying for control of the city. It shows the real-life implications of a world of superheroes and villains. Similar to the style of Marvel's recent films, the show can be a serious drama, but has playful aspects as well.[71]

^American University – Green Report Card 2009. Greenreportcard.org (June 30, 2007). Retrieved on 2011-11-22. In 2011, American University's School of International Service building received the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification for its 70,000 square foot building that is renowned for sustainable design and "cradle-to-cradle" philosophy.

1.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole

2.
United Methodist Church
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The United Methodist Church is a mainline Protestant denomination, and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor—the Methodist Church—was a leader in Evangelicalism and it was founded in 1968 in Dallas, Texas, United States, by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The UMC traces its roots back to the movement of John. As such, the theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements and it has a connectional polity, a typical feature of a number of Methodist denominations. The United Methodist Church, with at least 12 million members as of 2014, is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement of approximately 80 million people across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. In 2014, its membership was distributed as follows,7.2 million in the United States. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, the movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield and they focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the Holy Club, eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life. In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America, hoping to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia, instead, John became vicar of the church in Savannah. His preaching was very legalistic and full of rules. After two years in America, he returned to England dejected and confused, Peter believed a person is saved solely through the grace of God and not by works, and John had many conversations with Peter about this topic. On May 25,1738, after listening to a reading of Martin Luthers preface to Romans, John finally understood that his works could not save him. For the first time in his life, he felt complete peace, in less than two years, the Holy Club disbanded. John Wesley met with a group of clergy, the ministers retained their membership in the Church of England. Though not always emphasized or appreciated in the Anglican churches of their day, their teaching emphasized salvation by Gods grace, three teachings they saw as the foundation of Christian faith were, People are all by nature dead in sin and consequently, children of wrath

3.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose

4.
Sylvia Mathews Burwell
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Sylvia Mary Mathews Burwell is an American executive who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Health and Human Services. President Barack Obama nominated Burwell on April 11,2014, after the resignation of Kathleen Sebelius, Burwells nomination was confirmed by the Senate on June 5,2014, by a vote of 78–17. She resigned at the end of the Obama administration, previously, she had been the Director of the White House Office of Management and Budget from 2013 to 2014. In January 2017 she was announced as the next President of American University, a West Virginia native, Burwell first worked for the United States government in Washington, D. C. during the Presidency of Bill Clinton. She helped form the National Economic Council in 1993 and she later served as Chief of Staff to Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, Deputy White House Chief of Staff to Erskine Bowles, and finally Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget. Previous positions included serving as president of the Walmart Foundation beginning in January 2012 and she was Chief Operating Officer and Executive Director of the Foundation before its reorganization in 2006. She had joined the Foundation in 2001, after the end of the Clinton Presidency, Mathews was born and raised in Hinton, West Virginia, a small town with a population of approximately 3,000. She is the daughter of Cleo Mathews, a teacher and Hinton mayor from 2001 to 2009, and Dr. William Peter Mathews and her father presided over the local Episcopal Church when there was no minister. Her maternal grandparents, Vasiliki and Dennis N. Maroudas, were Greek immigrants and her grandparents owned a sweet shop in Hinton. Mathews has one sister, four years her senior. Mathews showed an interest in politics while still in school, getting involved her best friends fathers campaign for county commissioner. Mathews served as student body president and played on the basketball team and she graduated as valedictorian of her high school class. In 1982 she was a Youth For Understanding exchange student in Japan, Mathews received a bachelors degree in government, cum laude, from Harvard University in 1987. She then headed to the University of Oxford where she was a Rhodes Scholar at Worcester College, and, in her spare time and she graduated from Oxford with a second bachelors degree in philosophy, politics, and economics. She has since been appointed as a fellow of Worcester College. Mathews began her career in 1990 as an associate at the New York consulting firm McKinsey & Company, in 1992 Mathews joined Bill Clintons presidential campaign and led the economic team for the president-elect. Following Clintons inauguration, Mathews, with Robert Rubin, helped set up the National Economic Council and she served as Staff Director of the NEC from 1993 to 1995. While Mathews was at NEC, the White House pushed for healthcare reform, Mathews was among those in the administration who advocated for finding ways, apart from legislation, to curb healthcare costs

5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level

6.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

8.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large

9.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football

10.
Patriot League
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The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States. All 10 core members participate in the NCAAs Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer, since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport, such as ice hockey and wrestling, most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences. Additionally, the Patriot League has an arrangement for football. Army is an Independent in the Football Bowl Subdivision, while Bucknell, Colgate, Holy Cross, Lafayette, American, Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football. As of the 2015 season, Navy plays FBS football in the American Athletic Conference, three other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as Patriot League associate members. Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football, while MIT is a member in womens rowing. Patriot League members are schools with strong academic reputations that adhere strongly to the ideal of the scholar-athlete. An academic index ensures that athletes are truly representative of and integrated with the rest of the student body, out-of-league play for Patriot League schools is often with members of the Ivy League, which follow similar philosophies regarding academics and athletics. Patriot League members have some of the oldest collegiate athletic programs in the country, in particular, The Rivalry between Lehigh University and Lafayette College is both the nations most played and longest uninterrupted college football series. The winner of the Patriot League Basketball tournament receives an invitation to the NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament every March. In recent years, Bucknell and Lehigh have both won NCAA tournament games, the Patriot League champion in a number of other sports also receives an automatic invitation to its respective NCAA tournaments. The origins of the Patriot League began after the eight Ivy League schools each expanded its football schedules to ten games starting in 1980, the result was the Colonial League, a football-only circuit that began competition in 1986. In 1990, the changed its name to the Patriot League at the suggestion of Carl F. Ullrich. In 1991, the league gained a full member — the United States Naval Academy. In 1993, the league hired Constance H. Hurlbut as executive director and she was the first woman and youngest person to be the leader of an NCAA Division I conference. In 1995, Fordham resigned its membership but continued as an associate member in football. In 1996, Fairfield and Ursinus joined as members in field hockey. In 1997, Towson joined as a member in football

11.
American Eagles
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The American Eagles are the athletics teams that represent the American University in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I competition. American is a member of the Patriot League in all sports except wrestling, many of the teams have gone on to win championships over the years, particularly their field hockey, volleyball, and wrestling teams. The team colors are AU red and blue, American University was founded in 1893, and the first building opened for classes in 1907. But it wasnt until the fall of 1925 that the university organized intercollegiate athletics, the university fielded both a mens and womens basketball team, and a football team. George Springston was appointed Athletic Director and head coach of the basketball team and football team. In February 1929, Springston resigned and Walter Young was named his replacement the same day, on October 16,1931, a new football stadium called American University Field was opened. Young resigned as AD on January 30,1937, on February 4,1937, AU announced the hiring of Gus Welch as its Athletic Director. Welch had been a teammate of legendary player Jim Thorpe at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He had played two years of football with the Canton Bulldogs prior to his service in World War I. Welch provide to be popular, even though AU had so few students he could barely field an 11-man football team. He told witty stories to the press, and pulled stunt after stunt to try to get his team to win. He once tried to play a student as a place kicker. At least once, he dressed cheerleaders and other students in football uniforms and had them sit on the bench to fool opposing teams into thinking he had a bigger team and more depth that reported. Frustrated with the lack of recruits, Welch resigned suddenly as coach. Welchs assistant, Stafford H. Cassell, was named Welchs successor as AD on February 27,1939, Cassell was an AU graduate who had played football, basketball, and baseball at the university in the early 1930s, and he was considered a star basketball player. He was named basketball coach in 1937. Because of the outbreak of World War II, AU dropped football after the 1941 season, subsequently, Cassell resigned in March 1942 to become Athletic Director and head football coach at Morningside College in Iowa. Don Cooper was named Cassells replacement as director on May 23,1942

12.
Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings

13.
Ward Circle
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Ward Circle is a traffic circle at the intersection of Nebraska and Massachusetts avenues in Northwest, Washington, DC. The land on three sides of Ward Circle is owned by American University, while the fourth is temporary home to the headquarters of the Department of Homeland Security, the circle contains a statue of Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward, which was donated by Harvard University. Ward Circle was constructed for the sculpture, sculpted by Leonard Crunelle, the statue was unveiled on November 3,1938. Maj. Gen. Wards great-great-great-granddaughter unveiled the statue

14.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine

15.
Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to March 4,1887. A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, hallmarks of Harrisons administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891, during his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term, the spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 mid-term elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for re-election in 1892, due to the unpopularity of the high tariff. Harrison returned to life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1900 Harrison represented the Republic of Venezuela in a case against the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to Europe as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis and he died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. S. Historians, however, have not questioned Harrisons commitment to personal and official integrity, Harrisons paternal ancestors were the Harrison family of Virginia, whose immigrant ancestor, Benjamin Harrison, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1630. Benjamin, the president, was born on August 20,1833, in North Bend, Ohio. Benjamin was also a grandson of U. S. Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U. S. president, although Harrisons family was distinguished, his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U. S. congressman from Ohio, despite the familys modest resources, Harrisons boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting. Benjamin Harrisons early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, fourteen-year-old Harrison and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmers College near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1847. In 1850, Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He was also a member of Delta Chi, a law fraternity which permitted dual membership, classmates included John Alexander Anderson, who became a six-term U. S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid Harrisons vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop, Harrison also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became a lifelong Presbyterian. Carolines father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony, the Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison, and Mary Mamie Scott Harrison

16.
American University College of Arts and Sciences
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The College of Arts and Sciences is the oldest and largest academic unit at American University in terms of student enrollment and faculty lines. It offers more than 50 masters, doctoral, and certificate programs, the College of Arts and Sciences faculty includes nationally and internationally noted artists, scholars, and teachers, as well as students from all 50 states and 150 countries. It also administers the Katzen Arts Center and the Greenberg Theatre, the College of Liberal Arts, as it was originally known, was first housed at Hurst Hall. The Deans Office of the College of Arts and Sciences moved into the Asbury Building in 1960, gray Hall was home to the College of Arts and Sciences until the fall of 2001. It is currently housed in Battelle-Tompkins, the Harold and Sylvia Greenberg Theatre was opened in 2003 and the Katzen Arts Center was opened in 2006

17.
Kogod School of Business
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The Kogod School of Business, commonly referred to as Kogod, serves as the undergraduate and graduate business school at American University in Northwest Washington, DC. Kogod is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, Kogod offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs. In 2016, graduate enrollment for on-campus programs was roughly 700, undergraduates numbered 1600, with 1200 majors and 400 minors. In 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Kogods Full-time MBA program #43 in the US, U. S. News and World Report ranked Kogod #80 for Best Undergraduate Business Programs, and Princeton Review voted the school #9 for Best Opportunities for Women. In 2015, Kogods Full-time MBA program was ranked #58 by Businessweek, #65 by Forbes, founded in 1955 as the School of Business Administration, the School was housed in the McKinley Building. In 1999, the moved into its current location, formerly the John Sherman Meyer Building. The building received a renovation, and the school changed its name to the Kogod School of Business. In 2009, the opened a 20, 000-square-foot expansion. Professor Donald Williamson serves as director, Caroline Bruckner is managing director. It is located near the main American University campus, the Center conducts original cybersecurity governance research, offers classes and workshops, and hosts events for the cybersecurity community. AU Center for Innovation The AU Center for Innovation seeks to develop and leverage innovation and entrepreneurship through training, application, students can make appointments with staff members, or meet with a peer consultant. The KCCD also sponsors industry days, which include a panel of experts in a business area, Kogod Center for Business Communications Kogods Center for Business Communications was founded to help students develop strong writing, public speaking and presentation skills. KCBC counselors provide individualized support on a by-appointment basis, typical sessions include help with written assignments, practicing elevator pitches and interview skills, organizing team assignments, and more. The Center’s Audience Dog Program is a particularly distinctive offering, students practice class presentations in front of locally-sourced dogs, giving them the chance to rehearse in front of a non-judgmental, friendly audience. The program was founded to help ease students’ public speaking anxiety, k-LAB Kogod Leadership and Applied Business offers programs and activities designed to hone students’ leadership and management skills. K-LAB supports a range of clubs for undergraduate and graduate students, such as the graduate business association,1955 Club, the Entrepreneur’s Club, Kogod Women in Business. K-LAB also sponsors the business honor society Beta Gamma Sigma, as well as Kogod’s annual case competition, Program provides additional opportunities for service learning, mentorship and networking. A self-designed BSBA is also available, the MS Analytics program is also available online

18.
American University School of Communication
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The School of Communication at American University is accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. The school offers five majors, communication studies, print/broadcast journalism, public communication, visual media. Interdisciplinary degrees in communication, legal institutions, economics, and government, sOCs journalism and public communication programs are accredited by the Accrediting Council for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. SOCs faculty teach courses ranging from web design to Race, Ethnic, sOCs Investigative Reporting Workshop offers additional expertise. Undergraduates get the basics in web, writing and reporting and work up to courses that could include ethics, law, health reporting, graduate programs specialize in investigative, international or broadcast journalism. A Masters degree can be earned through the weekday 11-month program or the weekend Interactive Journalism program that takes 20 months of Saturday-only classes, sOCs film and media arts program is a member of CILECT, the international association of film and television schools. Faculty include Emmy, Oscar and Sundance award-winners, such as Russell Williams, students thesis projects have gone on to win Student Academy Awards and CINE Eagle Awards. The Ph. D. program in Communication is an accelerated, interdisciplinary curriculum designed around the intersections of media, technology, news American University School of Communication

19.
American University School of Public Affairs
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SPA was created on March 3,1934, with a $4,000 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to provide training to 80 promising young federal government employees in downtown D. C. By 1937, its enrollment had grown to over 1,000 students, SPAs institutional role shifted several times over the next twenty years. In 1988, the School of International Service was recreated as a school. The deans office, department offices, and most faculty are located in the Ward Circle Building, the executive education programs occupy the Watkins building, and some faculty and staff have offices in Hurst Hall. The Department of Public Administration & Policy is home to 32 full-time faculty members, the school is also an institutional member of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. In the most recent ranking of schools of public affairs. Cornelius Kerwin, president of American University Laura Langbein, quantitative methodologist and author of Public Program Evaluation, the Department of Governments three undergraduate academic advisers are Breana Weadock, Kameron Winters, and Nathan Williamson. James Helms is the administrative assistant, the National Research Council ranks the department among the top 100 programs in the United States. JLC is home to AUs mock trial team, which has become a competitive squad under the guidance of faculty coach Don Martin

20.
Washington College of Law
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American University Washington College of Law is the law school of American University. It is located on the side of Tenley Circle in the Tenleytown section of Northwest Washington. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association. WCL is ranked 71st in the nation in the Best Law Schools by U. S. News & World Report. Begun in 1896, it was the first law school to be founded by women, the first with a dean. According to WCLs 2013 ABA-required disclosures,45. 6% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, ellen Spencer Mussey and Emma Gillett began teaching in Musseys law offices in 1898 after they were approached by three women who wished to study with them. Not originally intending to create a law school, they requested the law school of Columbian College to accept the six women for their final year. Although Gillett was a graduate of Howard University School of Law, a year later, Musseys male law clerk enrolled in 1897, making the school officially coeducational. Washington D. C. incorporated WCL in 1898, after several temporary locations, the school moved to the Le Droit Building on 8th & F Streets in 1900. Enrollment rose to 55 students by 1908 and doubled in five years to 128 students, Dean Mussey secured a lease in 1909 in the Chesley Building on New York Ave, until the school outgrew the six-classroom lease. The school moved to its first permanent home in 1920, the residence of Robert G. Ingersoll on K Street. Continually growing, WCL moved in 1924 to the home of Oscar Underwood. WCL merged with American University in 1949 and graduated its first African American student in 1953, the Women & the Law Program was launched in 1948, to promote the integration of womens rights and gender studies into legal education, practice and doctrine. After years of work by Dean Myers, the John Sherman Myers Law School building was constructed on the American University main campus and dedicated in 1963 by Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren. In the same year, Senator Robert Byrd graduated from WCL after ten years of night study classes, by 1988, WCL had grown to over 1,000 students. C. The building was two and a half times larger than the previous Myers building, and included the new Pence Law Library, zoning Commission approved the plans for American University Washington College of Law to relocate from Spring Valley to American Universitys Tenley Campus. The approval of plans for further processing and zoning variances for the law school was handed down after American Universitys full campus plan was approved in March, construction began in the summer of 2013, with relocation of the law school to the new campus completed in early 2016. Spring 2016 semester classes began at the new campus on January 11,2016, WCLs Master of Laws program ranks 13th nationally in the 2012 AUAP rankings

21.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication

22.
Foreign Policy
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The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis, in recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes, national interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government, in some countries the legislature also has considerable effects. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle described humans as social animals, therefore, friendships and relations have existed between humans since the beginning of human interaction. As the organization developed in human affairs, relations between people also organized, Foreign policy thus goes back to primitive times. The inception in human affairs of foreign relations and the need for policy to deal with them is as old as the organization of human life in groups. Before writing, most of relations were carried out by word of mouth. The literature from ancient times, the Bible, the Homeric poems, the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides, according to Business Dictionary. com, foreign policy is plan of action adopted by one nation in regards to its diplomatic dealings with other countries. Foreign policy is established as a way to deal with issues that may arise with other countries. In the modern era, no country can afford to live in isolation in this age of interdependence, global wars were fought three times in the twentieth century. Consequently, international relations became a concern as well as an important field of study. After the Second World War and during the 1960s, many researchers in the U. S. particularly and this work was done for international relations and not for foreign policy as such. The reason was that the used to keep their foreign policies under official secrecy and it was not considered appropriate for public, as it is considered today. This iron-bound secrecy is a part for the framework of foreign policy formulation. World War II and its devastation posed a threat and challenge for humanity which revealed to everyone the importance of international relations. Research was encouraged, and gradually, international relations became a discipline in universities throughout the world

23.
Jordan Belfort
–
Jordan Ross Belfort is an American author, motivational speaker, and former stockbroker. In 1999, he pleaded guilty to fraud and related crimes in connection with stock-market manipulation, Belfort spent 22 months in prison as part of an agreement under which he gave testimony against numerous partners and subordinates in his fraud scheme. He published the memoir The Wolf of Wall Street which was adapted into a film, the film was directed by Martin Scorsese and starred Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort. Belfort was born in 1962 in the Bronx borough of New York City to a Jewish family and his parents Leah and Max Belfort are both accountants. He was raised in Bayside, Queens, between completing high school and starting college, Belfort and his close childhood friend Elliot Loewenstern earned $20,000 selling Italian ice from styrofoam coolers to people at a local beach. Belfort went on to graduate from American University with a degree in biology, if you’re here simply because you’re looking to make a lot of money, you’re in the wrong place. Belfort became a meat and seafood salesman on Long Island. He claims in interviews and his memoirs that the business was an success, he grew his meat-selling business to employ several workers and sold 5,000 pounds of beef. However, the ultimately failed, as he filed for bankruptcy at 25. According to his memoirs and interviews, a friend helped him find a job as a trainee stockbroker at L. F. Rothschild. Belfort says he was laid off after that firm experienced financial difficulties related to the Black Monday stock market crash of 1987, Belfort founded Stratton Oakmont as a franchise of Stratton Securities, then later bought out the original founder. Stratton Oakmont functioned as a room that marketed penny stocks. The firm was targeted by law enforcement officials throughout nearly its entire history, the National Association of Securities Dealers began pursuing disciplinary actions against Stratton Oakmont in 1989, culminating in its permanent shutdown in 1996. Belfort was then indicted for fraud and money laundering. Belfort was ordered to pay back $110.4 million that he swindled from stock buyers, Belfort shared a cell with Tommy Chong while serving his sentence, and Chong encouraged him to write about his experiences as a stockbroker. The pair remained friends after their release from prison, with Belfort crediting Chong for his new direction as a motivational speaker and writer. At a motivational talk that he delivered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on May 19,2014, Belfort stated to the audience, ambition is good, passion is good. My goal is to more than I get, that’s a sustainable form of success

24.
David Gregory (journalist)
–
David Michael Gregory is an American television journalist and the former moderator of NBC News Sunday morning talk show Meet the Press. Gregory has served as a CNN political analyst since 2016, Gregory was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Carolyn Surtees, an account manager, and Don Gregory, a film and theatrical producer. Gregory was born to a Jewish father and a mother, he was raised Jewish. While there, he worked for the television station, ATV - American University Television. Gregory was named the School of International Services alumnus of the year in 2005, Gregory began his career at the age of 18 as a summer reporter for KGUN-TV in Tucson, Arizona. Gregory also worked for NBC’s local West Coast affiliate KCRA-TV in Sacramento, Gregory had been the substitute co-anchor at Weekend Today for Lester Holt from 2003 to 2014. He filled in for Matt Lauer on Today from 2005 to 2014, Gregory had anchored News Chat, Crosstalk NBC and Newsfront on MSNBC from 1998 to 2000. Gregory also filled in on NBC News Weekend Nightly News and NBC Nightly News from 2005 to 2014, Gregory also filled the Imus in the Morning time slot on MSNBC after the Don Imus controversy involving the Rutgers University basketball team while MSNBC searched for a permanent host. He served as a guest host in the time slot for MSNBC for one week in May. The morning radio program was known as Gregory Live, from March 17,2008, through December 5,2008, Gregory hosted a show on MSNBC weekday evenings, which replaced Tucker Carlsons Tucker. The show was called Race for the White House until the conclusion of the 2008 U. S, from November 5,2008, forward the show became known as 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Gregory was replaced by David Shuster, who was named as the new host for 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue starting with the December 15,2008 show. Due to internal fighting among the staff at MSNBC, Gregory was appointed as anchor on MSNBC during the presidential debates, on November 4–5, he teamed with Rachel Maddow, Eugene Robinson, Chris Matthews and Keith Olbermann as commentators on the presidential election. Gregory became the moderator of Meet the Press, beginning with the December 14,2008, the ratings fell, and he was replaced in 2014. During Gregorys tenure at Meet the Press, the ratings fell to their lowest in 21 years. The Washington Post reported that NBC hired a consultant to assess Mr. Gregory. NBC did not deny this, saying it had hired a consultant to evaluate how Gregory connected with the audience. On August 14,2014, NBC announced Gregory would leave the parent network, the New York Post reported NBC had paid Gregory $4 million to leave the network, and he had signed a non-disparagement clause

25.
Jennifer Palmieri
–
Jennifer Palmieri was Director of Communications for Hillary Clintons 2016 presidential campaign. Palmieri served as White House Communications Director for U. S. President Barack Obama, prior to her service at the White House, she served as the President of the Center for American Progress Action Fund. Earlier, Palmieri was the National Press Secretary for the 2004 John Edwards presidential campaign and she served as a Deputy White House Press Secretary, Special Assistant to White House Chief of Staff Leon Panetta and Deputy Director of Scheduling and Advance in the Clinton White House. Palmieri was born in Pascagoula, Mississippi, after attending American University, she began her career working for then Congressman Leon Panetta. Palmieri attracted controversy for attacking two major faith groups--evangelicals and Catholics during the Wikileaks hack of 2016 emails that lead to calls for her resignation, the email chains between Communications Director Jennifer Palmieri, Clinton campaign chair John Podesta and John Halpin from the left-wing Center for American Progress. In one of these emails, Many of the most powerful elements of the conservative movement are all Catholic from the SC and think tanks to the media. Its an amazing bastardization of the faith and they must be attracted to the systematic thought and severely backwards gender relations and must be totally unaware of Christian democracy. I imagine they think is the most socially acceptable politically conservative religion and their rich friends wouldnt understand if they became evangelicals. Palmieri was reportedly referring to Rupert Murdoch raising his children as Catholics, Murdochs former wife, Anna, Podesta did not respond in the email thread. Palmieri, aboard Clintons campaign plane, claimed to have no recollection of the email

26.
Loretta Sanchez
–
Loretta L. Sánchez is an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2017. She was first elected in 1996, when she defeated long-serving Republican congressman Bob Dornan by fewer than 1,000 votes. Sánchez represented the 46th district from 1997 to 2003, then Californias 47th congressional district from 2003 to 2013, the district lies in central Orange County. Since 1996, Sánchez has been a member of the Democratic Party, Sánchez chose not to run for re-election to the House in 2016, instead opting to run for the U. S. Senate race in California. California Attorney General Kamala Harris defeated Sanchez,61. 6% to 38. 4%, Sánchez was born in Lynwood, California, and graduated from Katella High School in Anaheim in 1978. Her father was a unionized machinist and her mother worked as a secretary and her Mexican immigrant parents had seven children. She joined the United Food and Commercial Workers when she worked as an ice cream server in high school, Sánchez describes herself as growing up a shy, quiet girl who did not speak English. She credits government with much of her success in public life, Sánchez and other CHC members also claim that Baca was improperly elected chairman of the caucus in November 2006 because the vote failed to use secret ballots, as required in the groups bylaws. On January 31,2007, Sanchez quit the CHC because she claimed that Baca repeatedly treated the female members with disrespect. Other female lawmakers have made the complaint about Baca. In the election for chairman, only one female member of the 23-member Caucus voted to support Bacas candidacy. According to Loretta Sánchez, Linda Sanchez, and Hilda Solis, Politico. com reported that Sanchez claimed California Assembly Speaker Fabian Núñez heard the comment from Baca and repeated it to Sánchez, yet Núñez claimed not to recall any such comment. Sánchez, however, claimed after the article was published that she had never mentioned Núñez to Politico. com. Sánchez has stated she is a moderate Democrat, but in 2009, Sánchez is known for her interests in education, crime, economic development, and protections for senior citizens. National Journal rated her votes in 2006 in three areas, Economic, Social, and Foreign, the ratings are, Economic =71 liberal/28 conservative, Social =80 liberal/19 conservative, Foreign =70 liberal/28 conservative. Sánchez staunchly opposed the Republicans Head Start program overhaul in the 108th Congress, invoking her experience growing up poor and challenged by a speech impediment. During debate on the bill, she said, I know about these kids, because I am one of those kids. It hurts to hear you talk about how we are not successful and we have had a lot of successes with Head Start. Sánchez has asserted that conservative Republicans are not committed to improving public education, when President Bushs 2003 budget proposal threatened to cut education grants, she responded, If he can run deficits for the military, then he can run deficits to educate our children

27.
Barry Levinson
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Barry Levinson is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinsons best-known works are comedy-drama and drama such as Diner, The Natural, Good Morning, Vietnam, Rain Man, Bugsy. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on Rain Man, Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet Vi and Irvin Levinson, who worked in the furniture and appliance business. His family was of Russian Jewish descent, Levinsons first writing work was for variety shows such as The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine, The Lohman and Barkley Show, The Tim Conway Show, and The Carol Burnett Show. Diner was the first of a series of set in the Baltimore of Levinsons youth. The others were Tin Men, a story of aluminum-siding salesmen in the 1960s starring Richard Dreyfuss and Danny DeVito, the immigrant family saga Avalon and his biggest hit, both critically and financially, was Rain Man, a sibling drama starring Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise. The film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director and it also won the Golden Bear at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival. Another of his films is the popular period baseball drama The Natural. Redford would later direct Quiz Show and cast Levinson as television personality Dave Garroway, Levinson also directed the classic war comedy Good Morning, Vietnam, starring Robin Williams, with whom he later collaborated on the fantasy Toys and the political comedy Man of the Year. Levinson also directed the critically acclaimed crime drama Bugsy, which starred Warren Beatty and was nominated for ten Academy Awards. He directed Dustin Hoffman again in Wag the Dog, a political comedy co-starring Robert De Niro about a war staged in a film studio, the film won the Silver Bear – Special Jury Prize at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival. Levinson partnered with producer Mark Johnson to form the production company Baltimore Pictures. The two parted ways in 1994 and he has a television production company with Tom Fontana and served as executive producer for a number of series, including Homicide, Life on the Street and the HBO prison drama Oz. Levinson also played a main role as a judge in the short-lived TV series The Jury. Levinson published his first novel, Sixty-Six, in 2003, like several of his films, it is semi-autobiographical and set in Baltimore in the 1960s. He directed two webisodes of the American Express ads The Adventures of Seinfeld and Superman, in 2004, Levinson was the recipient of the Austin Film Festivals Distinguished Screenwriter Award. Levinson directed a documentary PoliWood about the 2008 Democratic and Republican National Conventions, the documentary, produced by Tim Daly, Robin Bronk and Robert E. Baruc, had its premiere at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival. Levinson is in production on a film based on Whitey Bulger, in September 2013, Levinson was set to direct the film titled Rock the Kasbah, written by Mitch Glazer

28.
Judy Sheindlin
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Judith Susan Judy Sheindlin, also known as Judge Judy, is an American lawyer, former judge, television personality, producer, and author. Since 1996, Sheindlin has presided over her own successful Daytime Emmy Award–winning reality courtroom series, Sheindlin passed the New York state bar examination in 1965 and became a prosecutor in the family court system. In 1982 New York City Mayor Ed Koch appointed her as a judge, first in criminal court, in October 2013 it was reported that Sheindlin was still the highest paid TV star, earning $47 million per year for Judge Judy. The series has earned her the honorific of Court Show Queen, Sheindlin is the longest serving judge or arbitrator in courtroom-themed programming history, a distinction that earned Sheindlin a place in the Guinness World Records. Sheindlin was born Judith Susan Blum in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on October 21,1942 and she described her father as the greatest thing since sliced bread and her mother as a meat and potatoes kind of gal. Sheindlin attended James Madison High School in Brooklyn before going on to American University in Washington, D. C. where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in government. She finished her law education at New York Law School. Sheindlin passed the New York state bar examination in 1965, the year as her graduation. Within two years she became dissatisfied with her job and left to raise her two children and she was soon made aware of a position in the New York court system as a prosecutor in the family courts. In her role as a lawyer, Sheindlin prosecuted child abuse cases, domestic violence, by 1982, Sheindlins no-nonsense attitude inspired New York Mayor Ed Koch to appoint her as a criminal court judge. Four years later, she was promoted to supervising judge in the family courts Manhattan division and she earned a reputation as a tough judge, known for her fast decision-making and acerbic wit. In February 1993, Sheindlins outspoken reputation made her the subject of a Los Angeles Times article and she subsequently was featured in a segment on CBSs 60 Minutes, bringing her national recognition. This led to her first book, Dont Pee on My Leg and Tell Me Its Raining and she retired as a family court judge that same year after hearing over 20,000 cases. After her retirement, Sheindlin continued to receive increasing amounts of public attention, Sheindlins ongoing syndicated court show, Judge Judy, debuted on September 16,1996, and began celebrating its 20th anniversary on Monday, September 14,2015. The court shows present 21st season commenced on September 12,2016, Sheindlin has stated that her shows primary goal is to motivate the public to do the right thing, and to show that each individual must take responsibility for his or her own actions. Judge Judy has maintained preeminence within its genre, since its debut, it has remained the No.1 rated court show and regularly draws approximately 9 to 10 million viewers daily. During the 2009–10 television season, Judge Judy became the first TV series in nearly a decade to attract more viewers than The Oprah Winfrey Show. Since then, it has been the highest rated show in all of daytime television, Judge Judy is especially popular among female viewers between the ages of 25 and 54

29.
Neil Cavuto
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Neil Patrick Cavuto is an American television anchor, commentator and business journalist for Fox Broadcasting. He hosts three television programs, Your World with Neil Cavuto and Cavuto on Business, both on the Fox News Channel, and Cavuto, Coast to Coast on sister channel Fox Business Network. Cavuto also tapes a nightly wrap-up of business news which airs on local FOX affiliates during the news and has a syndicated radio business news segment that airs on weekday afternoons. He is the vice president and managing editor of business news for the Fox Business Network. He is the author of two books, Cavuto was born in Westbury, New York, the son of Kathleen T. a United Nations staffer and homemaker, and Patrick Pat Cavuto, a can company sales executive. He was raised in Danbury, Connecticut, where he attended Immaculate High School, at 17, he became the manager of a fish and chips restaurant while attending high school. His father was of Italian descent, while his mother was of Irish ancestry and he worked as a White House intern during U. S. president Jimmy Carters administration. He graduated from St. Bonaventure University in 1980 with a degree in mass communication. He serves all three positions concurrently and your World is Foxs main business news program. Before joining Fox, he hosted Power Lunch on CNBC and contributed to NBCs Today and he worked with the Public Broadcasting Service for 15 years. He was also a New York City bureau chief, Cavuto was also awarded the 1980 Hellinger Award, the highest award for graduating journalism students from St. Bonaventure University. Cavuto has interviewed many business, political and world leaders. Cavuto is the author of More Than Money and Your Money or Your Life, both books were New York Times best sellers. Cavuto and his wife, Mary Fulling, whom he married on October 15,1983, have three children, Tara, Bradley and Jeremy and they reside in Mendham, New Jersey. Cavuto experiences health problems, saying, I dont hide that I have had a life in many respects. I fought back a near-life-ending cancer, only to end up with multiple sclerosis years later, doctors have since told me that the odds of contracting both diseases in the same life are something like two million to one. Yet here I am, marching on, continuing to do my job when doctors whove examined my scans, as reported June 22,2016, by Charles Payne on Your World, Cavuto has undergone, and is recovering from, recent cardiac surgery. Neil Cavutos Bio on FoxBusiness. com Why More Than Money, – Cavuto on his first book

30.
John Fletcher Hurst
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John Fletcher Hurst was an American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church and the first Chancellor of the American University in Washington, D. C. From 1858 to 1866 he was engaged in work in America. From 1866 to 1870 he filled an appointment as Professor of Systematic Theology at the Martin Mission Institute in Bremen. In 1870, Hurst was chosen to teach Historical Theology at Drew Theological Seminary in Madison, New Jersey, as Bishop he was assigned to Des Moines, Iowa. He subsequently served as the first chancellor of the American University in Washington, D. C. where through his finances were secured. He served as chancellor from 1891 until his death on May 4,1903, in Bethesda, on the campus of American University, there is an academic building named after Hurst. Biographical Notes, Presidents and Key Figures in the History of Drew University, ripley, George, Dana, Charles A. eds. Works by John Fletcher Hurst at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Fletcher Hurst at Internet Archive

31.
United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon

Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages

1.
Latin inscription, in the Colosseum

2.
Julius Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the Roman republic.

United Methodist Church
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The United Methodist Church is a mainline Protestant denomination, and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor—the Methodist Church—was a leader in Evangelicalism and it was founded in 1968 in Dallas, Texas, United States, by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The UMC traces its ro

1.
Statue of John Wesley in Savannah, Georgia, where he served as a missionary.

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Barratt's Chapel, built in 1780, is the oldest Methodist Church in the United States built for that purpose. The church was a meeting place of Asbury and Coke.

Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foun

1.
Basic investment types

Sylvia Mathews Burwell
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Sylvia Mary Mathews Burwell is an American executive who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Health and Human Services. President Barack Obama nominated Burwell on April 11,2014, after the resignation of Kathleen Sebelius, Burwells nomination was confirmed by the Senate on June 5,2014, by a vote of 78–17. She resigned at the end of the Ob

1.
Sylvia Mathews Burwell

2.
Secretary of State

Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degre

1.
The enrollment of some students in the University of Bologna.

Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any

1.
Clockwise from top left: Smithsonian Institution Building, Rock Creek Park, National Mall (including the Lincoln Memorial in the foreground), Howard Theatre and the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site

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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the retrocession

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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln

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Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool during the 1963 March on Washington

Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural e

1.
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.

2.
Buenos Aires Córdoba

4.
Rosario Mendoza

NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 20

1.
Main logo used by the NCAA in Divisions I, II, and III.

Patriot League
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The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States. All 10 core members participate in the NCAAs Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer, since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport, s

1.
Patriot League

American Eagles
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The American Eagles are the athletics teams that represent the American University in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I competition. American is a member of the Patriot League in all sports except wrestling, many of the teams have gone on to win championships over the years, particularly their field hockey, volleyball, and wrestli

1.
Baseball

2.
American University Eagles

Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings

1.
Degree ceremony at the University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in MA gown and hood, Proctor in official dress and new Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.

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The University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.

3.
Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.

4.
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.

Ward Circle
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Ward Circle is a traffic circle at the intersection of Nebraska and Massachusetts avenues in Northwest, Washington, DC. The land on three sides of Ward Circle is owned by American University, while the fourth is temporary home to the headquarters of the Department of Homeland Security, the circle contains a statue of Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward, which w

1.
Ward Circle

George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations

1.
George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1797

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Washington's birthplace

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Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754)

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A mezzotint of Martha Washington, based on a 1757 portrait by Wollaston

Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to

1.
Benjamin Harrison

2.
Benjamin Harrison c1850

3.
Brigadier General Harrison (left) with other commanders of the XX Corps, 1865

4.
Benjamin Harrison Home in Indianapolis

American University College of Arts and Sciences
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The College of Arts and Sciences is the oldest and largest academic unit at American University in terms of student enrollment and faculty lines. It offers more than 50 masters, doctoral, and certificate programs, the College of Arts and Sciences faculty includes nationally and internationally noted artists, scholars, and teachers, as well as stude

1.
Battelle-Thompkins, College of Arts and Sciences

Kogod School of Business
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The Kogod School of Business, commonly referred to as Kogod, serves as the undergraduate and graduate business school at American University in Northwest Washington, DC. Kogod is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, Kogod offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs. In 2016, graduate enrollment for on-campu

1.
Kogod School of Business

American University School of Communication
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The School of Communication at American University is accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. The school offers five majors, communication studies, print/broadcast journalism, public communication, visual media. Interdisciplinary degrees in communication, legal institutions, economics, and governmen

1.
School of Communication

American University School of Public Affairs
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SPA was created on March 3,1934, with a $4,000 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to provide training to 80 promising young federal government employees in downtown D. C. By 1937, its enrollment had grown to over 1,000 students, SPAs institutional role shifted several times over the next twenty years. In 1988, the School of International Service

1.
School of Public Affairs

Washington College of Law
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American University Washington College of Law is the law school of American University. It is located on the side of Tenley Circle in the Tenleytown section of Northwest Washington. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association. WCL is ranked 71st in the nation in the Best Law Schools by U. S. News & World Report. Begun in 1896, it was t

1.
American University Washington College of Law

U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubi

1.
2015 Best Colleges cover

Foreign Policy
–
The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis, in recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored

Jordan Belfort
–
Jordan Ross Belfort is an American author, motivational speaker, and former stockbroker. In 1999, he pleaded guilty to fraud and related crimes in connection with stock-market manipulation, Belfort spent 22 months in prison as part of an agreement under which he gave testimony against numerous partners and subordinates in his fraud scheme. He publi

1.
Belfort in 2010

David Gregory (journalist)
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David Michael Gregory is an American television journalist and the former moderator of NBC News Sunday morning talk show Meet the Press. Gregory has served as a CNN political analyst since 2016, Gregory was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Carolyn Surtees, an account manager, and Don Gregory, a film and theatrical producer. Gregory was b

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David Gregory at his home in Washington, DC

Jennifer Palmieri
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Jennifer Palmieri was Director of Communications for Hillary Clintons 2016 presidential campaign. Palmieri served as White House Communications Director for U. S. President Barack Obama, prior to her service at the White House, she served as the President of the Center for American Progress Action Fund. Earlier, Palmieri was the National Press Secr

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Jennifer Palmieri

Loretta Sanchez
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Loretta L. Sánchez is an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2017. She was first elected in 1996, when she defeated long-serving Republican congressman Bob Dornan by fewer than 1,000 votes. Sánchez represented the 46th district from 1997 to 2003, then Californias 47th congressional district from

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Loretta Sánchez

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Loretta Sánchez at her annual "Women of Distinction" Event

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Loretta Sánchez visits U.S. troops in Kuwait during Easter.

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Loretta Sánchez visits U.S. troops in Africa.

Barry Levinson
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Barry Levinson is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinsons best-known works are comedy-drama and drama such as Diner, The Natural, Good Morning, Vietnam, Rain Man, Bugsy. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on Rain Man, Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet Vi and Irvin Levinson, who worked

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Levinson at the 2009 premiere of Poliwood

Judy Sheindlin
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Judith Susan Judy Sheindlin, also known as Judge Judy, is an American lawyer, former judge, television personality, producer, and author. Since 1996, Sheindlin has presided over her own successful Daytime Emmy Award–winning reality courtroom series, Sheindlin passed the New York state bar examination in 1965 and became a prosecutor in the family co

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Sheindlin at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival

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Judge Judy stands next to a portrait of herself (2005)

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Judge Judith Sheindlin in 2005

Neil Cavuto
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Neil Patrick Cavuto is an American television anchor, commentator and business journalist for Fox Broadcasting. He hosts three television programs, Your World with Neil Cavuto and Cavuto on Business, both on the Fox News Channel, and Cavuto, Coast to Coast on sister channel Fox Business Network. Cavuto also tapes a nightly wrap-up of business news

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Neil Cavuto, 2007

John Fletcher Hurst
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John Fletcher Hurst was an American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church and the first Chancellor of the American University in Washington, D. C. From 1858 to 1866 he was engaged in work in America. From 1866 to 1870 he filled an appointment as Professor of Systematic Theology at the Martin Mission Institute in Bremen. In 1870, Hurst was chosen

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John Fletcher Hurst

United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public a

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Colonel Debra Lewis, the Gulf Region Division Central District commander with Sheik O'rhaman Hama Raheem, an Iraqi councilman, celebrate the opening of a new women's center in Assriya Village that the Corps helped construct in 2006.

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USACE Logo

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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredge Tauracavor 3 in New York Harbor.

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Photograph of the Berlin Wall taken from the West side. The Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing and to stop an economically disastrous drain of workers. It was a symbol of the Cold War and its fall in 1989 marked the approaching end of the war.

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Allied troops in Vladivostok, August 1918, during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.

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Dubai in 1950; the area in this photo shows Bur Dubai in the foreground (centered on Al-Fahidi Fort); Deira in middle-right on the other side of the creek; and Al Shindagha (left) and Al Ras (right) in the background across the creek again from Deira

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View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jacob Wrey Mould, Ignaz Anton Pilat, Calvert Vaux, George Waring, and Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.

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Olmsted and Vaux in 1863 adopted 'landscape architect' as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban park systems.

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Color-enhanced USGS satellite image of Washington, D.C., taken April 26, 2002. The crosshairs in the image mark the quadrant divisions of Washington, with the U.S. Capitol at the center of the dividing lines. To the west of the Capitol extends the National Mall, visible as a slight green band in the image. The Northwest quadrant is the largest, located north of the Mall and west of North Capitol Street.