Downstate New York
Hudson Valley
Capital District
North Country
Central New York
Southern Tier
Western New York

v
t
e

The City of New York, often called
New York CityNew York City or simply New York,
is the most populous city in the United States.[9] With an estimated
2017 population of 8,622,698[7] distributed over a land area of about
302.6 square miles (784 km2),[10][11]
New York CityNew York City is also the
most densely populated major city in the United States.[12] Located at
the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of
the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the
world by urban landmass[13] and one of the world's most populous
megacities,[14][15] with an estimated 20.3 million people in its
2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23.7 million residents in
its Combined Statistical Area.[4][5] A global power city,[16] New York
City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media
capital[17][18] of the world,[19][20][21][22][23] and exerts a
significant impact upon commerce,[23] entertainment, research,
technology, education, politics, tourism, and sports. The city's fast
pace[24][25] defines the term New York minute.[26] Home to the
headquarters of the United Nations,[27] New York is an important
center for international diplomacy.[28]
Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors,[29][30] New
York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate
county of the State of New York.[31] The five boroughs – Brooklyn,
Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and
Staten IslandStaten Island – were consolidated
into a single city in 1898.[32] The city and its metropolitan area
constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United
States.[33] As many as 800 languages are spoken in New
York,[34][35][36] making it the most linguistically diverse city in
the world.[35][37][38]
New York CityNew York City is home to more than 3.2 million
residents born outside the United States,[39] the largest foreign-born
population of any city in the world.[40] In 2013, the tri-state New
York Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) produced a gross metropolitan
product (GMP) of nearly US$1.4 trillion.[41] If greater New York
City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the
world.[42]
New York CityNew York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by
colonists from the
Dutch RepublicDutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post
was named
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam in 1626.[43] The city and its surroundings
came under English control in 1664[43] and were renamed New York after
King
Charles II of EnglandCharles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke
of York.[44] New York served as the capital of the
United StatesUnited States from
1785 until 1790.[45] It has been the country's largest city since
1790.[46] The
Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they
came to the
AmericasAmericas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries[47] and is a world symbol of the
United StatesUnited States and its
ideals of liberty and peace.[48] In the 21st century, New York has
emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship,[49]
social tolerance,[50] and environmental sustainability,[51][52] and as
a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity.[53]
Many districts and landmarks in
New York CityNew York City are well known, and the
city received a record 62.8 million tourists in 2017,[54] hosting
three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013.[55]
Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the
world.[56][57] Times Square, iconic as the world's "heart"[58] and its
"Crossroads",[59] is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway
Theater District,[60] one of the world's busiest pedestrian
intersections,[61][62] and a major center of the world's entertainment
industry.[63] The names of many of the city's bridges,
skyscrapers,[64] and parks are known around the world. Anchored by
Wall StreetWall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York
City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the
leading financial center of the world,[23][65][66][67] and the city is
home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market
capitalization, the
New York Stock ExchangeNew York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.[68][69]
Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the
world.[70][71] Manhattan's
ChinatownChinatown incorporates the highest
concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[72][73]
with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city.[74][75]
Providing continuous 24/7 service,[76] the
New York City SubwayNew York City Subway is one
of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in
operation.[77][78][79] Over 120 colleges and universities are located
in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University,
and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top
universities in the world.[80][81]

Contents

1 History

1.1 Etymology
1.2 Early history
1.3 Dutch rule
1.4 English rule
1.5 American Revolution
1.6 Nineteenth century
1.7 Modern history

History
Main articles:
History of New York CityHistory of New York City and Timeline of New York City
Etymology
In 1664, the city was named after the Duke of York, who would become
King James II. James's older brother, King Charles II of England, had
appointed the Duke proprietor of the former territory of New
Netherlands, including the city of New Amsterdam, which
EnglandEngland had
recently seized from the Dutch.
Early history
During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the
New York CityNew York City region was
situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet (300 m)
in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of regolith,
leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of
New York CityNew York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet contributed
to the separation of what are now
Long IslandLong Island and Staten Island.[82]
In the precolonial era, the area of present-day
New York CityNew York City was
inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose
homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western
portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn
and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley.[83]
The first documented visit into
New York HarborNew York Harbor by a European was in
1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service
of the French crown. He claimed the area for
FranceFrance and named it
Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême).[84]

A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese
sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in
New York HarborNew York Harbor in January
1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Río de
San Antonio (Saint Anthony's River). The
Padrón RealPadrón Real of 1527, the
first scientific map to show North America's east coast continuously,
was informed by Gomes' expedition and labeled the northeastern United
States as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.[85]
In 1609, the English explorer
Henry HudsonHenry Hudson rediscovered the New York
Harbor while searching for the
Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage to the
OrientOrient for the
Dutch East
IndiaIndia Company. He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would
name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as
the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate
described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the
river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish."[86] Hudson sailed roughly
150 miles north,[87] past the site of present-day Albany, in the
belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became
too shallow to continue.[86] He made a ten-day exploration of the area
and claimed the region for the Dutch East
IndiaIndia Company. In 1614, the
area between
Cape CodCape Cod and
Delaware BayDelaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands
and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).
The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually
become
New York CityNew York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as
Jan Rodrigues), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in Santo Domingo
of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in
ManhattanManhattan during the
winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local
population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th
Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way
in his honor.[88][89]

New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the
year
EnglandEngland took control and renamed it "New York".

Dutch rule
A permanent European presence in
New NetherlandNew Netherland began in 1624 –
making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied
European-established settlement in the continental United States[90]
– with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors
Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort
Amsterdam, later called Nieuw
AmsterdamAmsterdam (New Amsterdam), on
present-day
ManhattanManhattan Island.[91][92] The colony of
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam was
centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. In
1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as
charged by the Dutch West
IndiaIndia Company, purchased the island of
ManhattanManhattan from the Canarsie, a small
LenapeLenape band,[93] for 60
guilders[94] (about $1,000 in 2006).[95] A disproved legend claims
that
ManhattanManhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.[96][97]
Following the purchase,
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam grew slowly.[98] To attract
settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby
wealthy Dutchmen ("patroons", or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to
New NetherlandNew Netherland would be awarded swathes of land, along with local
political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur
trade. This program had little success.[99]
Since 1621, the
Dutch West India CompanyDutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in
New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In
1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West
IndiaIndia Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to
growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and
slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies).[98][100]
In 1647,
Peter StuyvesantPeter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last
Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population
of
New NetherlandNew Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.[101][102] Stuyvesant has
been credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he
also earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted
regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the
Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups (including
Quakers, Jews, and Lutherans) from establishing houses of
worship.[103] The
Dutch West India CompanyDutch West India Company would eventually attempt to
ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam.[104]
English rule

A view of Fort George and the city of New York c. 1731

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant
surrendered
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard
Nicolls, without bloodshed.[103][104] The terms of the surrender
permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for
religious freedom.[105] The English promptly renamed the fledgling
city "New York" after the
Duke of YorkDuke of York (the future King James II of
England).[106] The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of
Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War.[107]
On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain
Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from
EnglandEngland at the behest
of
Cornelis Evertsen the YoungestCornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange"
after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return
the island to
EnglandEngland under the Treaty of Westminster of November
1674.[108][109]
Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics
brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population
losses for the
LenapeLenape between the years 1660 and 1670.[110] By 1700,
the
LenapeLenape population had diminished to 200.[111] New York experienced
several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent
of its population to the disease in 1702 alone.[112][113]
New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule
in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of
households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside
Charleston, South Carolina.[114] Most slaveholders held a few or
several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor.
SlaverySlavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor
of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the
American South. Discovery of the
African Burying GroundAfrican Burying Ground in the 1990s,
during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square,
revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the
area in the colonial years.
The 1735 trial and acquittal in
ManhattanManhattan of John Peter Zenger, who
had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial
governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press
in North America.[115] In 1754,
Columbia UniversityColumbia University was founded under
charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[116]
American Revolution

The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American
Revolution, took place in
BrooklynBrooklyn in 1776.

The
Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of
Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years
with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the
largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August
1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in
which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their
military and political base of operations in North America. The city
was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the
British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all
fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city
during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at
the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for
resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England
and the Caribbean.
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the
Conference HouseConference House on
Staten IslandStaten Island between American delegates,
including Benjamin Franklin, and British general
Lord HoweLord Howe on
September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the
Great Fire of New YorkGreat Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West
Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the
buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.[117]
In 1785, the assembly of the
Congress of the ConfederationCongress of the Confederation made New
York City the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the
last capital of the U.S. under the
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation and the
first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789,
the first President of the United States, George Washington, was
inaugurated; the first
United StatesUnited States Congress and the Supreme Court of
the
United StatesUnited States each assembled for the first time, and the United
States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at
Federal HallFederal Hall on Wall
Street.[118] By 1790, New York had surpassed
PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia as the
largest city in the United States.
Nineteenth century

Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of
slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in
indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties.[120][121]
Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary
War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually
developed in Manhattan. Under such influential
United StatesUnited States founders
as
Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society
worked for abolition and established the
African Free SchoolAfrican Free School to
educate black children.[122] It was not until 1827 that slavery was
completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward
with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism
continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free
School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in
1840.[123]
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating
to its status as a trading center, as well as by European
immigration.[124] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811,
which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The
1825 completion of the
Erie CanalErie Canal through central New York connected
the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the
North American interior via the
Hudson RiverHudson River and the Great Lakes.[125]
Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine
supported by Irish and German immigrants.[126]
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during
the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington
Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel
Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the
contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of
Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an
American city.

Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, circa 1900.

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of
whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a
quarter of the city's population.[127] There was also extensive
immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted
societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population
by 1860.[128]
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office,
increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In
1861, Mayor
Fernando WoodFernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare
independence from Albany and the
United StatesUnited States after the South
seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[122] Anger at new military
conscription laws during the
American Civil WarAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), which
spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to
$5,963 in 2017) commutation fee to hire a substitute,[129] led to the
Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish
working class.[122] The situation deteriorated into attacks on New
York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their
property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish
immigrants and black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored
Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm
due to efforts of the
New York CityNew York City Police Department, which was
mainly made up of Irish immigrants.[128] According to historian James
M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven
black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds
of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and New Jersey;
the black population in
ManhattanManhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it
had last been in 1820. The white working class had established
dominance.[128][130] Violence by longshoremen against black men was
especially fierce in the docks area.[128] It was one of the worst
incidents of civil unrest in American history.[131]
Modern history

In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation
of
BrooklynBrooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York
(which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and
the western portion of the County of Queens.[132] The opening of the
subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind
the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century,
the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and
communication.
In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River,
killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of
146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International
Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory
safety standards.[133]

New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890.[134] New York City
was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African
Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by
1916,
New York CityNew York City had become home to the largest urban African
diaspora in North America. The
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance of literary and
cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger
economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in
height and creating an identifiable skyline.
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the
early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10
million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human
history.[135] The difficult years of the
Great DepressionGreat Depression saw the
election of reformer
Fiorello La GuardiaFiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of
Tammany HallTammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[136]
Returning
World War IIWorld War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and
the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York
emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with
Wall StreetWall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic
power. The
United Nations HeadquartersUnited Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952,
solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of
abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's
displacement of
ParisParis as the center of the art world.[137]

The
Stonewall InnStonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, a designated U.S. National
Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the 1969
Stonewall riots.[138][139]

The
Stonewall riotsStonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent
demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid
that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the
Stonewall InnStonewall Inn in the
Greenwich VillageGreenwich Village neighborhood of Lower
Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most
important event leading to the gay liberation movement[140][141][142]
and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[143][144]
In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New
York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime
rates.[145] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly
improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime
rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning
of the 1990s.[146] By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop
dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic
opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American
transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important
new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New
York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then
again in the 2010 Census.

The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage
and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11,
2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda
piloted
American Airlines Flight 11American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World
Trade Center and
United Airlines Flight 175United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of
the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192
civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were
in the towers and in the surrounding area. The North Tower was
subsequently the tallest building ever to be destroyed and still
is.[147] The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade
Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings
and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened
on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the
attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003.
An 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m2) permanent station designed by
SantiagoSantiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the
city's third-largest hub, was completed in 2016.[148] The new One
World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western
Hemisphere[149] and the fourth-tallest building in the world by
pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet
(541.3 m) in reference to the year of U.S.
independence.[150][151][152][153]
The Occupy
Wall StreetWall Street protests in
Zuccotti ParkZuccotti Park in the Financial
District of
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving
global attention and popularizing the
Occupy movementOccupy movement against social
and economic inequality worldwide.[154]
Geography
Main articles:
Geography of New York CityGeography of New York City and Geography of New York
Harbor

New York CityNew York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in
southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington,
D.C. and Boston.[155] The location at the mouth of the Hudson River,
which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the
Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading
port. Most of
New York CityNew York City is built on the three islands of Long
Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.
The
Hudson RiverHudson River flows through the
Hudson ValleyHudson Valley into New York Bay.
Between
New York CityNew York City and Troy, New York, the river is an
estuary.[156] The
Hudson RiverHudson River separates the city from the U.S. state
of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long
Island Sound and separates the Bronx and
ManhattanManhattan from Long Island.
The
HarlemHarlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson
Rivers, separates most of
ManhattanManhattan from the Bronx.
The BronxThe Bronx River,
which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only
entirely fresh water river in the city.[157]
The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention,
with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch
colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with
developments such as
Battery Park CityBattery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.[158]
Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out,
especially in Manhattan.[159]
The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km2),
including 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) of land and
165.841 sq mi (429.53 km2) of this is water.[160][161]
The highest point in the city is
Todt HillTodt Hill on Staten Island, which, at
409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the
Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.[162] The summit of the ridge is
mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island
Greenbelt.[163]

Modernist architecture juxtaposed with classical architecture is seen
often in New York City.

The Chrysler Building, above, built in 1930, is an example of the Art
Deco style, with ornamental hub caps and a spire. The Empire State
Building is a solitary icon of New York. It was the world's tallest
building 1931–70 and is defined by its setbacks,
Art DecoArt Deco details
and the spire.

New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of
styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter
Claesen
Wyckoff HouseWyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates
to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at
Ground Zero in
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in
the world by construction cost.[164]
Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally
recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest
buildings in the world. As of 2011[update],
New York CityNew York City had 5,937
high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least
330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after Hong
Kong,[165][166] with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656
feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building, an early
example of
Gothic Revival architectureGothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built
with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17
years it was the world's tallest building.[167]
The
1916 Zoning Resolution1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and
restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight
to reach the streets below.[168] The
Art DecoArt Deco style of the Chrysler
Building (1930) and
Empire State BuildingEmpire State Building (1931), with their tapered
tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The
buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the
corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered
some of the finest examples of the
Art DecoArt Deco style.[169] A highly
influential example of the international style in the
United StatesUnited States is
the
Seagram BuildingSeagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible
bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé
Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in
American skyscrapers[170] and has received an award from the American
Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design.
The character of New York's large residential districts is often
defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby
tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870
to 1930.[171] In contrast,
New York CityNew York City also has neighborhoods that
are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In
neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in
Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are
common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and
Victorian.[172][173][174]
Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after
the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of
the Great Fire of 1835.[175] A distinctive feature of many of the
city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water tower. In the 1800s,
the city required their installation on buildings higher than six
stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at
lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes.[176] Garden
apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as
Jackson Heights.[177]
According to the
United StatesUnited States Geological Survey, an updated analysis
of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for
tall buildings" in
New York CityNew York City than previously assessed. Scientists
estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than
previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more
likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the
vicinity of the city.[178]

New York CityNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs,
and in turn, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout
the boroughs, many with a definable history and character to call
their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the
boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among
the ten most populous cities in the
United StatesUnited States (Staten island would
be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the
four most densely populated counties in the
United StatesUnited States (New York
[Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens).

ManhattanManhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most
densely populated borough, is home to
Central ParkCentral Park and most of the
city's skyscrapers, and may be locally known simply as The City.[180]
Manhattan's (New York County's) population density of 72,033 people
per square mile (27,812/km²) in 2015 makes it the highest of any
county in the
United StatesUnited States and higher than the density of any
individual American city.[181]
ManhattanManhattan is the cultural,
administrative, and financial center of
New York CityNew York City and contains the
headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United
Nations Headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important
universities.
ManhattanManhattan is often described as the financial and
cultural center of the world.[182][183]

Most of the borough is situated on
ManhattanManhattan Island, at the mouth of
the Hudson River. Several small islands also compose part of the
borough of Manhattan, including Randall's Island, Wards Island, and
Roosevelt IslandRoosevelt Island in the East River, and
Governors IslandGovernors Island and Liberty
Island to the south in New York Harbor.
ManhattanManhattan Island is loosely
divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown
ManhattanManhattan is
divided by
Central ParkCentral Park into the
Upper East SideUpper East Side and the Upper West
Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a small
neighborhood on the
United StatesUnited States mainland, called Marble Hill, which
is contiguous with The Bronx. New York City's remaining four boroughs
are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs.
BrooklynBrooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the
city's most populous borough.
BrooklynBrooklyn is known for its cultural,
social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct
neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown
BrooklynBrooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer
boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney
Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement
grounds in the country.[184] Marine Park[185] and Prospect Park are
the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Since 2010,
BrooklynBrooklyn has evolved
into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup
firms,[186][187] and of postmodern art[188] and design.[187]
QueensQueens (
QueensQueens County), on
Long IslandLong Island north and east of Brooklyn, is
geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county
in the United States,[189] and the most ethnically diverse urban area
in the world.[190][191] Historically a collection of small towns and
villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both
commercial and residential prominence.
Downtown FlushingDowntown Flushing has become
one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs.
QueensQueens is the site of Citi Field, the baseball stadium of the New York
Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing
Meadows-Corona Park. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports
serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International
Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are located in Queens. (The third is
Newark Liberty International AirportNewark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.)
Staten IslandStaten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of
the five boroughs.
Staten IslandStaten Island is connected to
BrooklynBrooklyn by the
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, and to
ManhattanManhattan by way of the free Staten
Island Ferry, a daily commuter ferry which provides unobstructed views
of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In
central Staten Island, the
Staten IslandStaten Island Greenbelt spans approximately
2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking
trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[192]
Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the
Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
The BronxThe Bronx (Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough and
the only
New York CityNew York City borough with a majority of it a part of the
mainland United States. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the
baseball park of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest
cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op
City.[193] It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest
metropolitan zoo,[194] which spans 265 acres (1.07 km2) and
houses over 6,000 animals.[195]
The BronxThe Bronx is also the birthplace of
rap and hip hop culture.[196]
Pelham Bay ParkPelham Bay Park is the largest park in
New York City, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[197]

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C
(32 °F) isotherm,
New York CityNew York City features a humid subtropical
climate (Cfa), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North
American continent with this categorization.[199][200] The suburbs to
the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between
humid subtropical and humid continental climates (Dfa).[199][200]
Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine.[201]
The city lies in the
USDAUSDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[202]
Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow
offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the
Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians
keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities
at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and
Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's
coldest month, is 32.6 °F (0.3 °C);[203] temperatures
usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per
winter,[204] and reach 60 °F (16 °C) several days in the
coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can
range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low
humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily
mean temperature of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July.[203]
Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island
phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F
(32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years
exceed 100 °F (38 °C). Extreme temperatures have ranged
from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up
to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936.[203] The average water
temperature of the nearby
Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 °F
(4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in
August.[205]
The city receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation
annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year.
Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches
(66 cm); this varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes
and tropical storms are rare in the New York area.[206] Hurricane
Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to
New York CityNew York City on the
evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and
subway lines in
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan and other areas of the city and
cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its
suburbs.[207] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the
discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around
the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the
risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the
future.[208][209]

The City of New York has a complex park system, with various lands
operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of
Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City
Department of Parks and Recreation.
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, the
Trust for Public Land reported that
the park system in
New York CityNew York City was the second best park system among
the 50 most populous US cities, behind the park system of
Minneapolis.[213] ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that
analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the
percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of
park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000
residents.
National parks
Main article: National Park Service

See also: Parks and recreation in New York City
New York CityNew York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal
parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[217] The largest
municipal park in the city is
Pelham Bay ParkPelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772
acres (1,122 ha).[197][218]

Central Park, an 843-acre (3.41 km2)[197] park in middle-upper
Manhattan, is the most visited urban park in the
United StatesUnited States and one
of the most filmed locations in the world, with 40 million visitors in
2013.[219] The park contains a wide range of attractions; there are
several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating rinks, the
Central ParkCentral Park Zoo,
the
Central ParkCentral Park Conservatory Garden, and the 106-acre (0.43 km2)
Jackie Onassis Reservoir.[220] Indoor attractions include Belvedere
Castle with its nature center, the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater,
and the historic Carousel. On October 23, 2012, hedge fund manager
John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park
Conservancy, the largest ever monetary donation to New York City's
park system.[221]
Washington Square ParkWashington Square Park is a prominent landmark in the Greenwich
Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. The
Washington Square ArchWashington Square Arch at
the northern gateway to the park is an iconic symbol of both New York
UniversityUniversity and Greenwich Village.
Prospect Park in
BrooklynBrooklyn has a 90-acre (360,000 m2) meadow, a
lake, and extensive woodlands. Within the park is the historic Battle
Pass, prominent in the Battle of Long Island.[222]
Flushing Meadows–Corona ParkFlushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, with its 897 acres
(363 ha) making it the city's fourth largest park,[223] was the
setting for the 1939 World's Fair and the 1964 World's Fair[224] and
is host to the
USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis CenterUSTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and the
annual
United StatesUnited States Open Tennis Championships tournament.[225]
Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is given
over to open space and parks, including Pelham Bay Park, Van Cortlandt
Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.[226]
In Staten Island, the
Conference HouseConference House Park contains the historic
Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to
the
American RevolutionAmerican Revolution which was conducted in September 1775,
attended by
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe
representing the British Crown.[227] The historic Burial Ridge, the
largest Native American burial ground within New York City, is within
the park.[228]

Central Park, as seen from Rockefeller Center, is the most visited
city park in the United States.

Note: Census figures (1790–2010) cover the present area of all five
boroughs, before and after the 1898 consolidation. For New York City
itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see
Manhattan#Demographics.[235] Sources: 1698–1771,[236][237]
1790–1890,[235][238] 1900–1990,[239] 2000 and 2010,[240][241][242]
2017 Census estimate.[7]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[243]

New York CityNew York City is the most populous city in the United States,[9] with
an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents as of 2017[update],[7]
incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since
the 2010
United StatesUnited States Census.[244][245] More than twice as many
people live in
New York CityNew York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city
(Los Angeles),[9] and within a smaller area.
New York CityNew York City gained more
residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other
U.S. city.[9] New York City's population is about 43% of New York
State's population[246] and about 36% of the population of the New
York metropolitan area.[247]
Population density
In 2017, the city had an estimated population density of 28,491 people
per square mile (11,000/km²), rendering it the most densely populated
of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United
States, with several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent
Hudson County,
New JerseyNew Jersey having greater density, as per the 2010
Census.[248] Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the
borough of Manhattan's 2017 population density of 72,918 inhabitants
per square mile (28,154/km2)[249] makes it the highest of any county
in the United States[250][251] and higher than the density of any
individual American city.[252]
Race and ethnicity
Further information: Chinese in New York City, Fuzhounese in New York
City, Indians in New York City, Koreans in New York City, Filipinos in
New York City, Bangladeshis in New York City, Japanese in New York
City, Russians in New York City, Ukrainians in New York City, Irish in
New York City, Italians in New York City, Caribbeans in New York City,
and Puerto Ricans in New York City
The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic
white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American,
and 12.7% Asian.[253] Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the
population,[253] while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment
of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white
population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in
decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of
blacks declined over a decade.[254]

Throughout its history, the city has been a major port of entry for
immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European
immigrants were received at
Ellis IslandEllis Island between 1892 and 1924.[255]
The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated
immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans
constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews,
and Italians.[256] In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's
population.[233]
Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more
than half of all children are born to mothers who are
immigrants.[257][258] In New York, no single country or region of
origin dominates.[257] The ten largest sources of foreign-born
individuals in the city as of 2011[update] were the Dominican
Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India,
Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago,[259] while the Bangladeshi-born
immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the
city, counting over 74,000 by 2011.[40][260]
Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number
more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San
Francisco and Los Angeles.[261] New York contains the highest total
Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[262] The New York City
borough of
QueensQueens is home to the state's largest Asian American
population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian,
and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most
ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[190][191] The Chinese
population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York
State; multiple satellites of the original
ManhattanManhattan Chinatown, in
Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally
urban enclaves – while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban
Nassau County[263] on Long Island,[264] as the New York metropolitan
region and New York State have become the top destinations for new
Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration
continues into
New York CityNew York City and surrounding
areas,[33][265][266][267][268][269] with the largest metropolitan
Chinese diaspora outside Asia,[40][270] including an estimated 812,410
individuals in 2015.[271] In 2012, 6.3% of
New York CityNew York City was of
Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens
or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island.[272] A community numbering
20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok) is centered in
Flushing, Queens, while
New York CityNew York City is also home to the largest
Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in
Queens.[273] Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and
Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest
Southeast AsianSoutheast Asian ethnic group
at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's
population in 2010. Indians are the largest
South AsianSouth Asian group,
comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and
Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[274]
QueensQueens is the
preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans,
Filipinos,[275] and Malaysians[33] and other Southeast Asians;[276]
while
BrooklynBrooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and
Asian IndianAsian Indian immigrants.

Map of racial distribution in New York, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is
25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other (yellow)

New York CityNew York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white
population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's
non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white
populations of
Los AngelesLos Angeles (1.1 million),
ChicagoChicago (865,000), and
Houston (550,000) combined.[277] The non-Hispanic white population was
6.6 million in 1940.[278] The non-Hispanic white population has begun
to increase since 2010.[279] The
European diasporaEuropean diaspora residing in the
city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were
roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000
German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans,
and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French
Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent
estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered
55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from
SpainSpain numbered 30,838 total in 2010.[280] People of Norwegian and
Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of
Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all
numbered between 12,000–14,000 people.[281] Arab Americans number
over 160,000 in New York City,[282] with the highest concentration in
Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly
growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population,
enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian
immigrants to the United States,[283] most settling in
QueensQueens or
Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the
Bronx.[284]
The wider
New York CityNew York City metropolitan statistical area, with over 20
million people, about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles
metropolitan area in the United States,[4] is also ethnically
diverse,[285] with the largest foreign-born population of any
metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be
by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted
into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of
Los AngelesLos Angeles and Miami.[33] It is home to the largest Jewish and
Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the
region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse
Jewish sects from around the
Middle EastMiddle East and Eastern Europe.[273] The
metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans
and at least 20 Little
IndiaIndia enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans
and four Koreatowns;[286][287] the largest
Asian IndianAsian Indian population in
the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,[265] Italian
American, and
African AmericanAfrican American populations; the largest Dominican
American, Puerto Rican American, and South American[265] and
second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States,
numbering 4.8 million;[280] and includes multiple established
Chinatowns within
New York CityNew York City alone.[288]
Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and
BrazilBrazil were the top source
countries from
South AmericaSouth America for legal immigrants to the New York City
region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad
and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and
NigeriaNigeria from Africa;
and El Salvador, Honduras, and
GuatemalaGuatemala in Central America.[289]
Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this
population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the
metropolitan area as of 2013[update].
Sexual orientation and gender identity
Main article: LGBT culture in New York City

The
New York metropolitan areaNew York metropolitan area is home to a prominent self-identifying
gay and bisexual community estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals,
the largest in the
United StatesUnited States and one of the world's
largest.[293][294] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on
June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days
thereafter.[295] Charles Kaiser, author of The Gay Metropolis: The
Landmark History of Gay Life in America, wrote that in the era after
World War II, "
New York CityNew York City became the literal gay metropolis for
hundreds of thousands of immigrants from within and without the United
States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and
without shame."[296] The annual
New York City Pride MarchNew York City Pride March (or gay
pride parade) traverses southward down
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenue and ends at
Greenwich VillageGreenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade rivals the Sao Paulo
Gay Pride
ParadeParade as the largest pride parade in the world, attracting
tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators
each June.[297]
TransgenderTransgender contribution
Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote
that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the
June 1969 Stonewall riots. "None of them in fact made a major
contribution to the movement."[298] Others say the transgender
community in
New York CityNew York City played a significant role in fighting for
LGBT equalityLGBT equality during the period of the
Stonewall riotsStonewall riots and
thereafter.[298]
New York CityNew York City is home to the largest transgender
population in the United States, estimated at 25,000 in 2016.[299]
However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt
marginalized and neglected by the gay community.[298]
Religion
Christianity (59%) — made up of Roman Catholicism (33%),
Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) — is the most
prevalent religion in New York, as of 2014[update].[300] It is
followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million
adherents,[301][302] over half of whom live in Brooklyn.[303] The
Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city.[304]
IslamIslam ranks third
in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and
1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school
children.[305] These three largest groups are followed by Hinduism,
Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In
2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious
affiliation.[300]

Atheism, promoted on an electronic billboard in Times Square, is
observed by a significant proportion of New Yorkers.

Income
New York CityNew York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by
its
Gini CoefficientGini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for
Manhattan.[306] In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage
in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest
total among large counties in the United States.[307] As of 2017, New
York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the
world at 82, with a combined net worth of US$398 billion,[308]
including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg.[309] New York also had the
highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in
2014, at 4.6% of residents.[310]
New York CityNew York City is one of the
relatively few American cities levying an income tax (currently about
3%) on its residents.[311][312][313]
Economy
Main article: Economy of New York City
City economic overview

Top publicly traded companies
in New York City
(ranked by 2015 revenues)
with City and U.S. ranks

New York is a global hub of business and commerce. The city is a major
center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade,
transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media,
advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion,
and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for
New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand.
The
PortPort of New York and
New JerseyNew Jersey is also a major economic engine,
handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014.[315] In
February 2017, New York City's unemployment rate fell to 4.3%, the
lowest in the city's recorded history, with the city achieving the
status of what many economists refer to as full employment.[316]
Many
Fortune 500Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City,[317]
as are a large number of multinational corporations. One out of ten
private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[318] New
York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in
attracting capital, business, and tourists.[319][320] This ability to
attract foreign investment helped
New York CityNew York City top the FDi Magazine
American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013.[321]
Real estateReal estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value
of all
New York CityNew York City property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion for
the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year with
89% of the increase coming from market effects.[322] The Time Warner
Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the
city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006.[322]
New York CityNew York City is home to
some of the nation's—and the world's—most valuable real estate.
450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million,
about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely
month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square
foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison
Avenue.[323] According to Forbes, in 2014,
ManhattanManhattan was home to six
of the top ten ZIP Codes in the
United StatesUnited States by median housing
price.[324]
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenue in
Midtown ManhattanMidtown Manhattan commands the highest
retail rents in the world, at US$3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) in
2017.[325]
As of 2013[update], the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group
and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual
revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's
role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is
metonymously referred to as "Madison Avenue".[326] The city's fashion
industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in
annual wages.[327]
Other important sectors include medical research and technology,
non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for
a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's
garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn.[328] Food
processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than
19,000 residents.
ChocolateChocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to
US$234 million worth of exports each year.[329] Entrepreneurs
were forming a "
ChocolateChocolate District" in
BrooklynBrooklyn as of
2014[update],[330] while Godiva, one of the world's largest
chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan.[331]
Wall Street
Main article: Wall Street

New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the
headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as
Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs
in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's
financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012
for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent (US$3.8
billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages,
including an average salary of US$360,700.[332] Many large financial
companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also
home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies.
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall
Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's
largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when
measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total
market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[68][69]
Investment banking fees on
Wall StreetWall Street totaled approximately $40
billion in 2012,[333] while in 2013, senior
New York CityNew York City bank
officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as
$324,000 annually.[334] In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's
securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax
revenue.[335]
New York CityNew York City remains the largest global center for
trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by
the size and financial development of the U.S.
economy.[336]:31–32[337] In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator
of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the
London interbank offered rateLondon interbank offered rate from the British Bankers
Association.[338] New York also leads in hedge fund management;
private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions.
Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in
ManhattanManhattan are important participants in other global financial
centers.[336]:34–35 New York is also the principal commercial
banking center of the United States.[339]
Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the
city.
ManhattanManhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million
m2) of office space in 2015,[340] making it the largest office market
in the United States,[341] while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400
million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015,[340] is the largest
central business district in the world.[342]
Silicon Alley
Main article: Silicon Alley
Further information:
Tech companies in New York City and Biotech
companies in New York City

Silicon Alley, once centered around the Flatiron District, is now
metonymous for New York's high tech sector, which has since expanded
beyond the area.[343]

Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for
the sphere encompassing the
New York CityNew York City metropolitan region's high
technology industries[344] involving the Internet, new media,
telecommunications, digital media, software development,
biotechnology, game design, financial technology ("FinTech"), and
other fields within information technology that are supported by its
entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In 2015,
Silicon AlleySilicon Alley generated over US$7.3 billion in venture capital
investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises,[49]
most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and
elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and
employment are growing in
New York CityNew York City and the region, bolstered by
the city's position in North America as the leading
InternetInternet hub and
telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several
transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines,[345] New York's intellectual
capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity.[346] Verizon
Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan,
was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion
fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City.[347]
As of 2014[update],
New York CityNew York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech
sector.[348][349]
The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon
the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and
commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael
R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell
UniversityUniversity and
Technion-
IsraelIsrael Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion
graduate school of applied sciences called
Cornell TechCornell Tech on Roosevelt
Island with the goal of transforming
New York CityNew York City into the world's
premier technology capital.[350][351] By mid-2014, Accelerator, a
biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from
investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson &
Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the
Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than
700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes
collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and
with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York
City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences
Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene,
General ElectricGeneral Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of
US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences
and biotechnology.[352]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in New York City

Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, which has witnessed a
growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists,
receiving a seventh consecutive annual record of approximately 61
million visitors in 2016.[54] Tourism had generated an all-time high
US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for
New York CityNew York City in
2014,[54] pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors
to
New York CityNew York City were from outside the United States, with the highest
numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. In 2016,
New York CityNew York City tourism attained a record high for the sixth year in a
row.[54]
I Love New YorkI Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are
the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to
promote tourism in New York City,[353] and later to promote New York
State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire
State Development,[354] appears in souvenir shops and brochures
throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is
the state song of New York.
Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater
productions; the
Empire StateEmpire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis
Island; the
United NationsUnited Nations Headquarters; museums such as the
Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as
Central ParkCentral Park and
Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the
ManhattanManhattan Chinatown;
luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as
the Halloween
ParadeParade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day
Parade; the lighting of the
Rockefeller CenterRockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St.
Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in
Central ParkCentral Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free
performances in
Central ParkCentral Park at Summerstage.[355] Major attractions in
the boroughs outside
ManhattanManhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park
and the
UnisphereUnisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn;
and the
New York Botanical GardenNew York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a
630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of
Staten IslandStaten Island in 2015,[356] overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New
York Harbor, and the
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan skyline.[357]
ManhattanManhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the
end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013.[358] In October 2014, the
Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria
New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive
hotel ever sold.[359]
Media and entertainment
Main article: Media in New York City

New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment
industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media
being set there.[360] As of 2012[update],
New York CityNew York City was the second
largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United
States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000
individuals; the filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New
York, contributing nearly US$9 billion to the
New York CityNew York City economy
alone as of 2015,[361] and by volume, New York is the world leader in
independent film production[362] – one-third of all American
independent films are produced in New York City.[363] The Association
of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York.[364] In
the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television
pilots in
New York CityNew York City exceeded the record production levels for all
of 2013,[365] with New York surpassing
Los AngelesLos Angeles as the top North
American city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014
cycle.[366]
New York CityNew York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music,
newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the
largest media market in North America.[367] Some of the city's media
conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson
Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News
Corporation,
The New York TimesThe New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst
Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global
advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.[368]
Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony
Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
Universal Music GroupUniversal Music Group also
has offices in New York.
New mediaNew media enterprises are contributing an
increasingly important component to the city's central role in the
media sphere.
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in
the city,[363] and the publishing industry employs about 25,000
people.[369] Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United
States are New York papers: The
Wall StreetWall Street Journal and The New York
Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major
tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News, which
was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson[370] and The New York
Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.[371] The city also has a
comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines
published in more than 40 languages.[372]
El Diario La Prensa is New
York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the
nation.[373] The New York
AmsterdamAmsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a
prominent
African AmericanAfrican American newspaper. The Village Voice, historically
the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in
2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert
to a fully digital venture.[374]
The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a
significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American
broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and
NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV,
Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central.
The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV,[375]
that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering
music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. WBAI,
with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist
radio stations operating in the United States.
New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media.
The oldest public-access television channel in the
United StatesUnited States is
the
ManhattanManhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[376]
WNETWNET is the
city's major public television station and a primary source of
national
Public Broadcasting ServicePublic Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming.
WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the
largest public radio audience in the United States.[377]
Human resources
Education and scholarly activity
Main article: Education in New York City
Primary and secondary education
The
New York City Public SchoolsNew York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City
Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the
United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than
1,700 separate primary and secondary schools.[378] The city's public
school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve
academically and artistically gifted students. The city government
pays the
Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached
section of the Bronx.[379]

The
New York CityNew York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new
charter schools.[381] There are approximately 900 additional privately
run secular and religious schools in the city.[382]
Higher educationHigher education and research
Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher
education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United
States, including over half million in the City
UniversityUniversity of New York
(CUNY) system alone in 2014.[383] In 2005, three out of five Manhattan
residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a
postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of
highly educated people in any American city.[384]
New York CityNew York City is
home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia
University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, Mercy College, New York
University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University,
Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several of these
universities are ranked among the top universities in the
world.[80][81] The public CUNY system is one of the largest
universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five
boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other
graduate/professional schools. The public State
UniversityUniversity of New York
(SUNY) system serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state.
The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities,
including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St.
John's University, The Juilliard School,
ManhattanManhattan College, The
College of Mount Saint Vincent, Fashion Institute of Technology,
Parsons School of Design, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School
of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College.
Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and
the life sciences.
New York CityNew York City has the most postgraduate life
sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel
laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2005[update];[385]
while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York
City.[386] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial
Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY
Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount
Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being
joined by the Cornell University/Technion-
IsraelIsrael Institute of
Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime
College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any
university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of 2017.[387]
Public library system

The Stephen A. Schwarzman
HeadquartersHeadquarters Building of the New York Public
Library, at 5th Avenue and 42nd Street.

The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any
public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the
Bronx, and Staten Island.[388]
QueensQueens is served by the
QueensQueens Borough
Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system,
while the
BrooklynBrooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.[388]
Public health
Main article:
New York CityNew York City Health and Hospitals Corporation

New York-Presbyterian Hospital, white complex at center, the largest
hospital and largest private employer in New York City[389] and one of
the world's busiest.

The
New York City Health and Hospitals CorporationNew York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the
public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit
corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest
municipal healthcare system in the
United StatesUnited States serving 1.4 million
patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.[390]
HHC was created in 1969 by the
New York State LegislatureNew York State Legislature as a public
benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969).[391] HHC operates
11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and
treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care
sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus
Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of
government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for
nearly half million New Yorkers.[392]
HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services
interpreted in more than 190 languages.[393] The most well-known
hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public
hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for
treatment of the President of the
United StatesUnited States and other world
leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City.[394]
The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO
of the Cook County health system in Illinois.[395] In August 2017,
Mayor
Bill de BlasioBill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from
selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired,
beginning in 2018.[396]
Public safety
Police and law enforcement
Main articles:
New York City Police DepartmentNew York City Police Department and Law enforcement in
New York City
Further information: Crime in New York City

The
New York City Police DepartmentNew York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police
force in the
United StatesUnited States by a significant margin, with over 35,000
sworn officers.[397] Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by
politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New
York's Finest.
Crime has continued an overall downward trend in
New York CityNew York City since
the 1990s.[398] In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a
stop-and-frisk program,[399][400][401] which has undergone several
policy revisions since then. In 2014,
New York CityNew York City had the third
lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities,[402] having become
significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through
1990s.[403] Violent crime in
New York CityNew York City decreased more than 75%
from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the
nation as a whole saw increases.[404] By 2002, New York City's crime
rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime
among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000.[404]
In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,[405]
and in 2007, the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first
time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.[406] In
2015, 50.5% of
New York CityNew York City misdemeanor assault suspects were black,
33.3% Hispanic, 11.1% white, 4.8% Asian/Pacific Islander and 0.3%
Native American.[407]
New York CityNew York City experienced 352 homicides in
2015,[408] its second lowest number on record.[409] In 2016 the murder
rate fell to 3.9 per 100,000 residents,[410], significantly below the
US average of 5.3,[411] and was projected to drop significantly in
2017.[412][413]
Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the
explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some
attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD,[414]
including its use of
CompStat and the broken windows theory.[415]
Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic
changes,[416] including from immigration.[417] Another theory is that
widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which
can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the
initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting
heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was
found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big
cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in
the 1970s.[418] Another theory cited to explain New York City's
falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of
murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city.[419]
Organized crimeOrganized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning
with the Forty Thieves and the
Roach GuardsRoach Guards in the Five Points in the
1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five
Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades.[420] The
Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st
century.[421][422]
Firefighting
Main article:
New York CityNew York City Fire Department

The
New York City Fire DepartmentNew York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection,
technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and
radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five
boroughs of New York City. The
New York City Fire DepartmentNew York City Fire Department is the
largest municipal fire department in the
United StatesUnited States and the second
largest in the world after the
TokyoTokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs
approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed
EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest.
The
New York City Fire DepartmentNew York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting
challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding
to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to
high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as
well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush
fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in
the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified
track.
The FDNY headquarters is located at
9 MetroTech Center9 MetroTech Center in Downtown
Brooklyn,[423] and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls
Island.[424] There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm
offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One
office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide,
Brooklyn, and
Staten IslandStaten Island Fire Communications.
The BronxThe Bronx and Queens
offices are in separate buildings.
CultureCulture and contemporary life
Further information:
Culture of New York CityCulture of New York City and List of people from
New York City
New York CityNew York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world
by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland[19] and Latvia[20] and by New
York's Baruch College.[21] A book containing a series of essays titled
New York,
CultureCulture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 has also been
published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[22] In
describing New York, author
Tom WolfeTom Wolfe said, "
CultureCulture just seems to be
in the air, like part of the weather."[425]
Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as
the
HarlemHarlem Renaissance, which established the African-American
literary canon in the United States.[426][427] The city was a center
of jazz[428] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and
the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s.[429] The city's punk[430] and
hardcore[431] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York
has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract
expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip
hop,[196] punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, and jazz in
music.
New York CityNew York City has been considered the dance capital of the
world.[432][433][434] The city is also frequently the setting for
novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and
television programs.
New York Fashion WeekNew York Fashion Week is one of the world's
preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the
media.[435][436] New York has also frequently been ranked the top
fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global
Language Monitor.[437]
Arts
New York CityNew York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and
more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.[438] The city government
funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment
for the Arts.[438] Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built
a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie
Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become
internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to
elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City
theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage
form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by
the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart,
George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often
reflected themes of hope and ambition.
New York CityNew York City itself is the
subject or background of many plays and musicals.
Performing arts
Main articles:
Broadway theatreBroadway theatre and Music of New York City

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts

Broadway theatreBroadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language
theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare
that crosses Times Square,[439] also sometimes referred to as "The
Great White Way".[440][441][442] Forty-one venues in Midtown
Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are
classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League,
Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in
the 2013–2014 season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the
2012–2013 season. Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million,
representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57
million.[443] Performance artists displaying diverse skills are
ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan.
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on
the
Upper West SideUpper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts
organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera,
New York CityNew York City Opera,
New York Philharmonic, and
New York CityNew York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian
Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School,
JazzJazz at Lincoln Center, and
Alice Tully Hall. The
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film InstituteLee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in
Union Square, and
Tisch School of the ArtsTisch School of the Arts is based at New York
University, while
Central ParkCentral Park SummerStage presents free music
concerts in Central Park.[444]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, part of Museum Mile, is one of the
largest museums in the world.[445]

Visual arts
Main article: List of museums and cultural institutions in New York
City
New York CityNew York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and
historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile
is the name for a section of
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th
streets on the
Upper East SideUpper East Side of Manhattan,[446] in an area sometimes
called Upper Carnegie Hill.[447] The Mile, which contains one of the
densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks
longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of
this section of Fifth Avenue.[448] The tenth museum, the Museum for
African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, although its museum at 110th
Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the
Guggenheim in 1959,[449] opened in late 2012. In addition to other
programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile
Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase
visitation.[450] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are
held in New York City.[451][452]
Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of New York City

Smorgasburg opened in 2011 as an open-air food market and is part of
the
BrooklynBrooklyn Flea.[453]

New York City's food culture includes an array of international
cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central European
and Italian immigrants brought bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style
pizza into the city, while Chinese and other Asian restaurants,
sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses have become
ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many
immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and
kebabs[454] examples of modern New York street food. The city is home
to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine
restaurants in the world", according to Michelin.[455] The New York
City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to
the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection
results.[456]

Clockwise, from upper left: the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade,
the world's largest parade;[457] the annual Halloween
ParadeParade in
Greenwich Village; the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade; and
the ticker-tape parade for the
Apollo 11Apollo 11 astronauts

Parades
New York CityNew York City is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a
broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human
rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The
majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of
the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching
along major avenues. The annual
Macy's Thanksgiving Day ParadeMacy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the
world's largest parade,[457] beginning alongside
Central ParkCentral Park and
processing southward to the flagship
Macy's Herald SquareMacy's Herald Square store;[458]
the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of
spectators in person.[457] Other notable parades including the annual
St. Patrick's Day
ParadeParade in March, the LGBT Pride March in June, the
Greenwich VillageGreenwich Village Halloween
ParadeParade in October, and numerous parades
commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape
parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other
heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on
Broadway from Bowling Green to
City Hall ParkCity Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.
Accent and dialect
Main articles:
New York City English and New York accent
The New York area has historically been home to a distinctive regional
speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as
Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of
the most recognizable accents within American English.[459] The
classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and
working-class people of European descent. The influx of non-European
immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive
dialect,[460] and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no
longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past.[460]
The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic,
so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or
immediately before a consonant; therefore the pronunciation of the
city name as "New Yawk."[460] There is no [ɹ] in words like park
[pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the
low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another
feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words
like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous
[ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in
General AmericanGeneral American English. In the most old-fashioned and extreme
versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like
"girl" and of words like "oil" became a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is
often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the
er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is
pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying
things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and
"terlet" (toilet).[460] The character
Archie BunkerArchie Bunker from the 1970s
sitcom
All in the FamilyAll in the Family (played by Carroll O'Connor) was an example
of having used this pattern of speech, which continues to fade in its
overall presence.
Sports

The New York Marathon is the largest marathon in the world.[461]

The US Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September
in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens.

Main article: Transportation in New York City
New York City's comprehensive transportation system is both complex
and extensive.
Rapid transit
Main article: Mass transit in New York City
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day,
accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United
States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New
York City Metropolitan Area.[488][489]
Rail

The iconic
New York City SubwayNew York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit
system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472,
and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is
open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to
systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[490][491] London, Paris,
Seoul,[492][493] and Tokyo. The
New York City SubwayNew York City Subway is also the
busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere,
with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015,[494] while Grand Central
Terminal, also referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's
largest railway station by number of train platforms.
Public transportPublic transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers
commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[495] This is in contrast
to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive
automobiles to their workplace.[496] According to the New York City
Comptroller, workers in the
New York CityNew York City area spend an average of 6
hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute
time in the nation among large cities.[497] New York is the only US
city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only
22% of Manhattanites own a car.[498] Due to their high usage of mass
transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on
transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually
on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[499]
New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North
America.[488] The rail network, connecting
New York CityNew York City to its
suburbs, consists of the
Long IslandLong Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad,
and
New JerseyNew Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central
Terminal and
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations
and 20 rail lines.[488] In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover
system connects
JFK International AirportJFK International Airport to the
New York CityNew York City Subway
and the
Long IslandLong Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned
alongside the
Grand Central ParkwayGrand Central Parkway to connect
LaGuardia AirportLaGuardia Airport to
these transit systems.[500][501] For intercity rail,
New York CityNew York City is
served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak
provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.
along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other
North American cities.[502]
The
Staten IslandStaten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten
Island, operating 24 hours a day. The
PortPort Authority Trans-Hudson
(PATH train) links Midtown and
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan to northeastern New
Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York
City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the
six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour
schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion
of the
ChicagoChicago 'L', the
PATCO SpeedlinePATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the
CopenhagenCopenhagen Metro).
Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in
New York CityNew York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access
project, and the 7 Subway Extension.[503]
Buses

New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America,[505]
and the
PortPort Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal
of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it
the busiest bus station in the world.[504]
Air

John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens, the busiest international air
passenger gateway to the United States.

New York's airspace is the busiest in the
United StatesUnited States and one of the
world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest
airports in the
New York metropolitan areaNew York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy
International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and
LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports
in 2016, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.[506]
JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S.
gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as
of 2011[update], JFK was the busiest airport for international
passengers in North America.[507] Plans have advanced to expand
passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport
near Newburgh, New York, by the
PortPort Authority of New York and New
Jersey.[508] Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild
LaGuardia AirportLaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its
aging facilities.[509] Other commercial airports in or serving the New
York metropolitan area include
Long IslandLong Island MacArthur Airport,
Trenton–Mercer AirportTrenton–Mercer Airport and
Westchester CountyWestchester County Airport. The primary
general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport.
Ferries

The
Staten IslandStaten IslandFerryFerry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying
over 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the
5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between
Staten IslandStaten Island and Lower Manhattan
and running 24 hours a day.[510] Other ferry systems shuttle commuters
between
ManhattanManhattan and other locales within the city and the
metropolitan area.
NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all
five boroughs, was launched in 2017, with second graders choosing the
names of the ferries.[511] Meanwhile,
Seastreak ferrySeastreak ferry announced
construction of a 600-passenger high-speed luxury ferry in September
2016, to shuttle riders between the
Jersey ShoreJersey Shore and Manhattan,
anticipated to start service in 2017; this would be the largest vessel
in its class.[512]
Taxis, transport startups, and trams
Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass
more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs;[513] various competing startup
transportation network companies; and an aerial tramway that
transports commuters between
Roosevelt IslandRoosevelt Island and
ManhattanManhattan Island.
Ride-sharingRide-sharing services have become significant competition for cab
drivers in New York.[514][515]
Streets and highways

Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system,
streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid
plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of
the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway,[516] Wall Street,[517]
Madison Avenue,[326][518] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms
for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and
fashion organizations, respectively.
New York CityNew York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways,
which link the city's boroughs to each other and to northern New
Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve
millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into
Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours
in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush
hour.[519]
River crossings

New York CityNew York City is located on one of the world's largest natural
harbors,[524] and the boroughs of
ManhattanManhattan and
Staten IslandStaten Island are
(primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens
and
BrooklynBrooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island,
and
The BronxThe Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's
mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the
development of an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and
tunnels.
The
George WashingtonGeorge Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle
bridge,[525][526] connecting
ManhattanManhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey.
The
Verrazano-Narrows BridgeVerrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the
AmericasAmericas and one of the world's longest.[520][521] The
BrooklynBrooklyn Bridge
is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the
Brooklyn BridgeBrooklyn Bridge are
built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their
architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches
above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also
the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until
1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro
Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan
Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern
suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the
long-span suspension bridges around the world; the
ManhattanManhattan Bridge,
Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
are all examples of Structural Expressionism.[527][528]
ManhattanManhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New
Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries
120,000 vehicles a day under the
Hudson RiverHudson River between
New JerseyNew Jersey and
Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[529]
The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage
of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor
and up the
Hudson RiverHudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel,
connecting
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's
first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in
1927.[530][531] The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion
on the bridges connecting
ManhattanManhattan with
QueensQueens and Brooklyn, was the
largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in
1940.[532] President
Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to
drive through it.[533] The Hugh L. Carey
TunnelTunnel runs underneath
Battery ParkBattery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip
of
ManhattanManhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.
Environment
Main article: Environmental issues in New York City

As of July 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis in service, the
largest number of any city in North America.

Environmental impact reduction
New York CityNew York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and
carbon footprint.[534] Mass transit use in
New York CityNew York City is the
highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid
taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New
York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North
America.[535]
New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily
cyclists as of 2014[update],[536] and many pedestrian commuters make
it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.[537]
Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for
trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about
8%.[538] In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings,
Walk ScoreWalk Score named New York
City the most walkable large city in the United States.[539][540][541]
CitibankCitibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the
city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013.[542] Research
conducted by Quinnipiac
UniversityUniversity showed that a majority of New
Yorkers support the initiative.[543] New York City's numerical
"in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time
high in 2013.[544]
The city government was a petitioner in the landmark
MassachusettsMassachusetts v.
Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the
EPAEPA to
regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the
construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the
Hearst Tower among others.[170] Mayor
Bill de BlasioBill de Blasio has committed to
an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to
reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a
comprehensive "Green Buildings" plan.[534]
Water purity and availability
Main articles:
Food and water in New York CityFood and water in New York City and
New York CityNew York City water
supply system
New York CityNew York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected
Catskill MountainsCatskill Mountains watershed.[545] As a result of the watershed's
integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is
one of only four major cities in the
United StatesUnited States the majority of
whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by
water treatment plants.[546] The city's municipal water system is the
largest in the United States, moving over one billion gallons of water
per day.[547] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing
construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment
New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons
daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current
availability of water.[548] The ongoing expansion of New York City
Water
TunnelTunnel No. 3, an integral part of the
New York CityNew York City water supply
system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's
history,[549] with segments serving
ManhattanManhattan and
The BronxThe Bronx completed,
and with segments serving
BrooklynBrooklyn and
QueensQueens planned for construction
in 2020.[550] In 2018,
New York CityNew York City announced a US$1 billion
investment to protect the integrity of its water system and to
maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply.[547]
Environmental revitalization
Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part
of the border between the boroughs of
BrooklynBrooklyn and Queens, has been
designated a
SuperfundSuperfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation
of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many
communities.[551] One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the
PortPort of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most
contaminated industrial sites in the country,[552] containing years of
discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons
(110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill,
raw sewage from New York City's sewer system,[552] and other
accumulation.
Government and politics
Main articles:
Government of New York CityGovernment of New York City and Politics of New York
City
Government

New York CityNew York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a
mayor–council form of government[553] since its consolidation in
1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public
education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational
facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.
The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City
Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose
districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.[554] Each
term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a
three consecutive-term limit,[555] which is reset after a four-year
break. The
New York CityNew York City Administrative Code, the
New York CityNew York City Rules,
and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of
regulations, and official journal, respectively.[556][557]

Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state
Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court
are the local courts, while the
New York Supreme CourtNew York Supreme Court conducts major
trials and appeals.
ManhattanManhattan hosts the First Department of the
Supreme Court, Appellate Division while
BrooklynBrooklyn hosts the Second
Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative
courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified
Court System.
Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and
is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the
District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main
courthouse is on
Foley SquareFoley Square near City Hall in
ManhattanManhattan and whose
jurisdiction includes
ManhattanManhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court
for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in
BrooklynBrooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten
Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of
International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square
in Manhattan.
Politics

Bill de Blasio, the current and 109th Mayor of New York City

The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since
1993.[558] He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and
assumed office on January 1, 2014.
The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April
2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are
Republicans.[559]
New York CityNew York City has not been carried by a Republican
in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin
Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama
became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more
than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five
boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and
economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the
city.
New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the
United States, as four of the top five ZIP Codes in the nation for
political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP Code, 10021 on
the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004
presidential campaigns of
George W. BushGeorge W. Bush and John Kerry.[560] The city
has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state
governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to
the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion
more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also spent
an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the
state of New York than the city received in return.[561]
Notable people
Main article: List of people from New York City
Global outreach
In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was
restructured and renamed
New York CityNew York City Global Partners. Through this
program,
New York CityNew York City has expanded its international outreach to a
network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and
innovation between their citizenry and policymakers. New York's
historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New
York City's partnership network.[562]

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest
temperature readings at any point during the year or given month)
calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
^ Official weather observations for
Central ParkCentral Park were conducted at the
Arsenal at
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at
Belvedere CastleBelvedere Castle since 1919.[210]

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Further reading

Belden, E. Porter (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future:
Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its
Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase. New York:
G.P. Putnam. From Google Books.
Burgess, Anthony (1976). New York. New York: Little, Brown & Co.
ISBN 90-6182-266-1.
Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999), Gotham: A History of New
York City to 1898, New York: Oxford
UniversityUniversity Press,
ISBN 0-195-11634-8
Federal Writers' ProjectFederal Writers' Project (1939). The WPA Guide to
New York CityNew York City (1995
reissue ed.). New York: The New Press. ISBN 1-56584-321-5.
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995), The Encyclopedia of New York City,
New Haven: Yale
UniversityUniversity Press, ISBN 0300055366
Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S., eds. (2005). Empire City: New
York Through the Centuries.
Columbia UniversityColumbia University Press.
ISBN 0-231-10909-1.
Lankevich, George L. (1998). American Metropolis: A History of New
York City. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-5186-5.
White, E. B. (1949). Here is New York (2000 reissue ed.). Little
Bookroom.
White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000), AIA Guide to New York
City (4th ed.), New York: Three Rivers Press,
ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5
Whitehead, Colson (2003). The Colossus of New York: A City in 13
Parts. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50794-1.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for New York City.

Official website
NYC Go, official tourism website of New York City
New York CityNew York City at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Geographic data related to
New York CityNew York City at OpenStreetMap.
Collections, 145,000 NYC photographs at Museum of the City of New York
"The New New York Skyline". Interactive. National Geographic. Nov
2015.