Berlin B. Chapman

Page 30

In prominence and importance no tract of country excels the Cherokee Outlet in the history of lands of Oklahoma Territory.
A review as to how the Cherokees acquired the Outlet includes documents penned more than a hundred years ago. A Cherokee outlet
to the west was a promise and policy of the government as well as a matter of land. In 1809 President Jefferson encouraged
the Cherokees to settle on certain lands between White River and the Arkansas. Those who settled there desired to have a definite
tract of country assigned to them, its bounds ascertained and efficient measures taken to prevent white people from mixing
with them and otherwise intruding upon their lands.1

It appears that on July 9, 1816 Major William L. Lovely, agent for the Cherokees in Arkansas, addressed a letter to Clermont
and all the chiefs of the Osage nation2 proposing to pay all the debts that could be properly authenticated against the Osages by the white people and Cherokees
provided they would relinquish all claim to a certain tract of land. The tract, although poorly described in the letter as
now available, seems to have included the country extending from the Cherokee land at the junction of the White and Arkansas
Rivers, westwardly between the said rivers and to have culminated in an extreme point which reached the falls of the Verdigris.3 The proposition by Lovely was agreed to and signed July 14 by a half dozen head men and braves on the part of the Osages.
The tract of land contained more than seven million acres and became known as "Lovely's Purchase." The Gov-

ernment had not authorized Lovely to enter into the agreement to purchase the lands,4 nor did it confirm the agreement.

By the fifth article of the Cherokee treaty5 of 1817 the United States bound themselves in exchange for certain Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi, to give to that
part of the Cherokee nation on the Arkansas as much land on that river and White River as they had or might thereafter receive
from the Cherokee nation east of the Mississippi, acre for acre, as the just proportion due that part of the nation on the
Arkansas agreeably to their numbers; which should commence at a line drawn approximately from the present site of Morrillton
to Batesville, and extend up and between White River and the Arkansas for complement, the banks of which rivers should be
the lines. All citizens of the United States, except Mrs. Percis Lovely, widow of Major Lovely, who should be allowed to remain
where she was living during her natural life, should be removed from within the bounds of the tract of land above described.

In the words of John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, "the great object"6 which the government had in view was the moving of the Cherokee nation to the west of the Mississippi, which in its probable
effects would lead ultimately to the removal of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws to the same region. In a talk7 to a Cherokee delegation of the Arkansas about the middle of March, 1818 President Monroe said that it was better for the
Cherokees to go to the Arkansas than to remain east of the Mississippi, and that it was his wish to make them prosperous and
happy in their western homes. He said that during the next summer the government

would negotiate with the Quapaws8 for the purchase of the lands lying up the Arkansas to the west of the Cherokee settlement, and that when the same should
be purchased he would direct them to be laid off for the Cherokees. Moreover, he said: "It is my wish that you should have
no limits to the West, so that you may have good mill-seats, plenty of game, and not be sourrounded by the white people."
Whatever were the wishes of the delegation, all those wishes, according to Calhoun, had been gratified when the delegation
were ready to leave Washington, March 16.

"The Cherokees are anxious to have an outlet to the west, to the game country," said Calhoun in a letter of May 8.9 He said that it seemed fair that the Osages, who held the country west of the Cherokee settlement, and had been beaten in
hostilities with the Cherokees, should either make a concession of such portion of their country as might give the outlet,
or, at least grant the Cherokees an undisturbed passage to and from their hunting grounds. He desired an arrangement with
the Cherokees which should be as favorable to them as justice permitted, since the President was anxious to hold out every
inducement to them, and the other southern nations of Indians, to emigrate to the west of the Mississippi. By a treaty of
September 25 the Osages ceded to the United States and forever quitclaimed a triangular tract of country extending from the
present site of Fayetteville to the falls of the Verdigris.10

The treaty of 1817 provided for an indefinite boundary line on the western side of the Cherokee tract and the whereabouts
of that line together with the right of possession and use of the country west of it was for a decade a subject of acrimonious
contention between the Cherokees and the people of Arkansas Territory. Be-

fore the close of 1818 the Department of War directed that persons settled at points higher up the Arkansas than Fort Smith
be removed,11 and the Department proposed to adhere to this order for eight years. But the Cherokees in the summer of 1821 found cause
to complain that the promises of the government in relation to an outlet to the west had not been performed. In a letter of
much later importance, Calhoun replied that it had always been the intention of the government to carry into effect, fully,
every promise made by it to the Cherokees. He also said: "It is to be always understood that in removing the white settlers
from Lovely's purchase for the purpose of giving the out let promised you to the West you acquire thereby no right to the soil but merely an out let, of which you appear to be already apprized, and that the government reserves to itself the right of making such disposition
as it may think proper with regard to the salt springs upon that tract of country."12

The next year he stated that the Cherokees on the Arkansas prior to that time had had no limit to the west; but, as they wished
the precise quantity of land to which they were entitled, agreeably to the treaty of 1817, to be laid off for them, he said
that measures would be adopted for that purpose, as soon as the whole number of acres ceded by the Cherokee nation could be
ascertained. "After a western boundary is fixed," he said, "their settlements must be confined entirely to their own limits."13 The surveys were made early in 1825 and the Cherokees were put in possession of a tract of land amounting to some four million
acres.14 The western boundary as determined was a straight line drawn from Missouri, by way of Harrison, to a point about seven miles
southwest of Fort

Smith.15 The next year the Secretary of War directed that the order of 1818 restricting settlement on the Arkansas above Fort Smith
be suspended. The Cherokees became excited because of the settlement by white people on the lands of Lovely's Purchase just
west of them. It was not yet known whether the tract laid off for the Cherokees contained the correct acreage because the
surveys of Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi had not been completed. The Cherokees urged that the lands just west of
them be withheld from white settlement until the proper acreage of their reservation should be determined.16 In a communication of more than a half dozen pages addressed to the Secretary of War on February 28, 1828 they set forth
their rights to the lands and answered a memorial on the same subject addressed to the President of the Legislature of Arkansas
Territory.17

On May 6 James Barbour, Secretary of War, concluded a treaty with the Western Cherokees.18 By the treaty the United States agreed to possess the Cherokees19 of, and to guarantee to them forever, a tract of seven millions acres of land bounded on the south by the Arkansas and the
Canadian Rivers, and on the east by the present boundary of Arkansas and the southwest corner of Missouri. A part of the preamble
of the treaty stated that the Cherokees were "resting also upon the pledges given them by the President of the United States,
and the Secretary of War, of March, 1818, and 8th October, 1821, in regard to the outlet to the West." By the treaty the United
States guaranteed to the Cherokee nation "a perpetual outlet, West," and a free and unmolested use of all

the country lying west of the seven million acre tract and as far west as the sovereignty of the United States and their right
of soil extended.20 In exchange for these provisions the Cherokees agreed to give up and surrender to the United States all the lands to which
they were entitled in Arkansas, and which were secured to them by the treaty of 1817 and the convention of February 27, 1819.
In the history of the lands of Oklahoma Territory there are few matters more difficult to untangle than the question of the
Cherokee title to the Outlet. Some students of the subject found its origin in documents relative to Lovely's Purchase. Others
have been content to begin with the treaty of 1828. In their view by the conclusion of that treaty former things were passed
away; and all things were made new.

Although western lands had been provided for the Choctaws, Creeks, and Cherokees, it was not until 1828 or 1830 that Congress
adopted the formal policy of concentrating Indians in the western part of the United States.21 By an act22 of May 28, 1830, the President was authorized to cause so much of any territory belonging to the United States, west of the
Mississippi River, not included in any State or organized territory, and to which the Indian title had been extinguished,
as he might judge necessary, to be divided into a suitable number of districts for the reception of such tribes or nations
of Indians as might choose to exchange the lands where they then resided, and remove there; and to cause each of such districts
to be so described by natural or artificial marks, as to be easily distinguished from each other.

It should be lawful for the President to exchange any or all of such districts, so to be laid off and described, with any
tribe or nation of Indians then residing within the limits of any of the States or Territories, and with which the United
States had existing treaties, for the whole or any part or portion of the territory claimed and occupied by such tribe or
nation, within the bounds of any one or more of the States or Territories, where the land claimed and occupied by the Indians,
was owned by the United States, or the United States were bound to the State within which it lay to extinguish the Indian
claim thereto. It should be lawful for the President, in the making of such exchange or exchanges, to assure the tribe or
nation with which the exchange was made, that the United States would forever secure and guarantee to them, and their heirs
or successors, the country so exchanged with them; and if they should prefer it23 that the United States would cause a patent or grant to be made and executed to them for the same. It was provided that such
lands; should revert to the United States, if the Indians became extinct, or abandoned the same. It was declared lawful for
the President to cause tribes or nations who should emigrate to the said districts to be protected, at their new residence,
against all interruption or disturbance from other Indians, or from any other persons. Indian Territory comprised a remaining
portion of lands originally granted to, or reserved for, the use of certain Indian tribes, and constituted a division of country
set apart for the removal thereto of Indians from other localities.

In ratifying the Cherokee treaty of 1828 the Senate appended to it a proviso stating that the same should not be construed
as to extend the northern boundary of the perpetual outlet west, north of the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, or so
as to interfere with the lands assigned, or to be assigned west of the Mississippi, to the Creek Indians under the provisions
of any treaty already

concluded with them. By the treaty of January 24, 1826, the Creeks had the right to select and did select for themselves a
part of the country which the treaty of 1828 assigned to the Cherokees. In a treaty24 concluded with the Western Cherokees February 14, 1833, the seven million acre tract was again defined by boundaries. In
addition to the tract the United States further guaranteed to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet west and a free and unmolested
use of all the country lying west of the said tract, as far west as the sovereignty of the United States and their right of
soil extended. It was provided that if "the saline, or salt plain"25 should fall within the limits prescribed for the outlet, the right was reserved to the United States to permit other tribes
of red men, to get salt on the plain in common with the Cherokees.26 According to the treaty, letters patent should be issued by the United States as soon as practicable for the lands guaranteed
thereby. In article two the Cherokee nation relinquished and quitclaimed to the United States all right, interest and title
which they had claimed to have in and to all the lands ceded to them in the treaty of 1828, and not embraced within the limits
or boundaries fixed by "this present supplementary treaty or articles of convention and agreement."

The seven million acre tract was bounded on the west by the Creek country, on the south by the Canadian and Arkansas Rivers,
and on the east by the present west boundary of Arkansas, the southwest corner of Missouri and the Grand River. From a point
on the Grand River about two and one half miles north of the present north boundary of Oklahoma, the north boundary of the
Cherokee country extended due west to the one hundredth meridian.27 The outlet was a rectangular tract, bounded on the west by the one hundredth meridian and on the south by the Creek country.
The dividing line between the outlet and the seven million acre tract is not easy to determine. The outlet established in
1833 scarcely extended east of the ninety-seventh meridian; in later years, however, the term "Cherokee Outlet" was loosely
applied to all the Cherokee lands west of the ninety-sixth meridian and south of Kansas.28 Enough appears in the Cherokee treaties of 1828 and 1833 to show that it was the policy of the government to induce the Cherokees,
resident in any of the States or organized Territories, to surrender their lands and possessions to the United States, and
emigrate and settle in the territory provided for them in the two treaties.

By an unratified treaty29 of June 19, 1834 entered into by John H. Eaton on the part of the United States and four delegates of the Eastern Cherokees,
it was agreed that the Cherokee nation should cede to the United States all the lands, owned and possessed by them in Georgia,
North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama. It was further agreed that, to satisfy the Cherokee people who enter-

tained and expressed doubts if the country west, already possessed, and which should be patented to them, was adequate to
the wants and probable necessities of the whole nation, that a rectangular tract of land containing about 800,000 acres and
located in the southeast corner of the present State of Kansas30 should be added to "the large and extensive country" already secured to the Cherokees. The 800,000 acre tract was bounded
on the west by the Osage reservation. Should it be satisfactorily ascertained, after the removal of the Cherokees to their
western homes, that, in extent and quality, the country ceded to them for agricultural purposes was inadequate to their wants
and necessities, then the United States, according to the proposed treaty, promised to use their endeavors to procure from
the Osage Indians, along their southern boundary, a cession of such of their lands as might be sufficient to furnish a comfortable
and satisfactory home for the Cherokee people; and if the United States should prove successful in the negotiation, the same
should be assigned by patent to the Cherokees; and thereupon, if desired by the United States the Cherokee nation would surrender
all the claim they had to an equal quantity of lands in the extreme western part of the Outlet. Certain lands in the above
cession, already granted by treaty to the Senecas, Shawnees, and Quapaws should be reserved and excepted. But these tribes,
if consented to by them and the Cherokees residing to the west, might become members of the Cherokee nation, in which case
all the lands of the nation should be considered as being held in common. By a supplement to the proposed treaty executed
June 23, it was agreed that the United States would approve an arrangement whereby the Cherokees might acquire a portion of
the Osage reservation, should the Cherokees and Osages come to an agreement on the matter. The proposed treaty was presented
to the Senate, but was not ratified by that body.31

The next winter rival delegations of the Eastern Cherokees, one headed by John Ross and the other by John Ridge, were in Washington.
In a memorandum32 dated February 28, 1835 Lewis Cass, Secretary of War, stated that John F. Schermerhorn and the Ridge party had come to a
general understanding in an arrangement by which the United States, among other things, should grant to the Cherokees the
"entire property" of the Outlet, or about six million acres for their unconditional use. The articles of a proposed treaty
were agreed upon March 14 between Schermerhorn and the Ridge party.33 The articles were to be considered merely as propositions to be made and explained to the Cherokee people who were to be
assembled at New Echota; and if a majority of the people should appear to be in favor of the proposed treaty it should be
considered as approved and confirmed by the Cherokee nation.

Although the Cherokee people in full council rejected the proposed treaty,34 it deserves consideration because of the construction placed upon the language of the articles regarding western lands. The
provisions of the Cherokee treaty of 1833 describing the seven million acre tract and the Outlet and guaranteeing and securing
the same to the Cherokee nation, together with the provision regarding the salt plain were incorporated in article three of
the proposed treaty. Since it was apprehended by the Cherokees that in the cession of 1833 there was not contained a sufficient
quantity of land for the accommodation of the whole nation, on their removal west of the Mississippi, the United States, therefore,
covenanted and agreed to convey to the said Indians, and their descendants, by patent, in fee simple the additional 800,000
acre tract of country described in the unratified treaty of 1834. By the fourth article the United States also agreed that
"the lands above

ceded by the treaty of February 14, 1833, including the outlet and those ceded by this treaty"35 should be included in one patent, to be executed to the Cherokee nation, by the President, according to the provisions of
the act of May 28, 1830. Other provisions of the proposed treaty stated that the United States should always have the right
to establish such post and military roads, and forts, in any part of the Cherokee country, as they might deem proper for the
interest and protection of the same. The United States covenanted and agreed that the lands to be included in the patent should
in no future time, without the consent of the Cherokee nation, be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of
any State or Territory. The Cherokees should also be protected against all interruption and intrusion from unauthorized citizens
of the United States who might attempt to settle in the country without their consent. By the proposed treaty they ceded,
relinquished, and conveyed their lands east of the Mississippi to the United States.

In a communication36 to the Eastern Cherokees on March 16, President Jackson said that among other things the proposed treaty provided for an
addition to the country already assigned to them west of the Mississippi, "and for the conveyance of the whole of it, by patent,
in fee simple." Furthermore his construction of the language used in the proposed treaty entitled the Cherokees to the right
of permanent residence on the lands of the Outlet. He

said that there were "thirteen millions of acres conveyed to the western Cherokees and yourselves by former treaties, and
which are destined for your and their permanent residence; so that your whole country, west of the Mississippi, will contain
not less than thirteen millions eight hundred thousand acres." In regard to the patent provided for in the proposed treaty,
Schermerhorn, a commissioner of the United States, explained in a talk to the Cherokees37 that they would hold all their lands west of the Mississippi by the same title that the white man held his lands, as long
as they existed as a "State," and resided upon the lands. He concluded a treaty at New Echota with certain Eastern Cherokees
on December 29.38 The provisions regarding western lands in the rejected treaty of March 14 were written into the new treaty with no verbal
change of importance so far as title was concerned.39

On July 5, 1836, Commissioner C. A. Harris of the Office of Indian Affairs appointed and instructed Isaac M. McCoy to cause
the surveys of the lands ceded to the Cherokees by the treaty to be completed and to supply every deficiency connected with
the subject at that time to prevent the issuing of a patent.40 On September 20, 1837 McCoy reported that the lands had been surveyed in two distinct tracts.41 The seven million acre district and the Outlet constituted the southern tract which was found to contain 13,574,-

38Treaty of Dec. 29, 1835, 7 Statutes, 478; Kappler ii, 439-449. The journal of the proceedings of the council from December 21-30, is in S. Documents, loc. cit., pp. 513-517. General William Carroll signed the treaty although he did not attend the council. On December 31, two delegates
from the Western Cherokees signed the treaty. Dr. Abel has observed that as a nation the Cherokees never consented to the
treaty; "Indian Consolidation," p. 404. Six thousand Cherokees or about one-fourth of the tribe had removed to the west of
the Mississippi; see census of Indian tribes reported in 1836, Register of Debates, in Congress, 24 Cong. 1 sess., Appendix p. 98.

135.14 acres. To this area there was added the 800,000 acres in the northern tract, or the Cherokee Neutral Lands, making
a grand total of 14,374,135.14 acres.

On July 12, 1838, the Eastern and Western Cherokees adopted an act of union42 in which it was solemnly and mutually agreed to form themselves into a body politic, under the title of the Cherokee nation.
The act provided that all rights and titles to any public lands held by the Cherokees should be vested entire and unimpaired
in the said nation as constituted by the union. On December 31 a patent,43 signed by President Van Buren, was issued to the Cherokee nation conveying the lands secured and guaranteed by the treaties
of 1828, 1833, and 1835. According to the patent the United States gave and granted unto the said nation, the two tracts of
land as surveyed under the direction of McCoy, to have and to hold the same, together with the rights, privileges and appurtenances
thereto belonging to the said nation forever; subject, however to the right of the United States to permit other tribes of
red men to get salt on the salt plain; and subject also to all other rights reserved to the United States, in and by articles
two and three of the treaty of 1835; and subject also to the condition provided by the act of Congress of May 28, 1830, which
condition was that the lands thereby granted should revert to the United States, if the Cherokee nation should become extinct,
or abandon the same.

A treaty concluded August 6, 1846, stated that the lands then occupied by the Cherokee nation should be secured to the whole

Cherokee people for their common use and benefit;44 and that a patent should be issued for the same, including the 800,000 acres purchased, together with "the outlet west promised
by the United States," in conformity with the provisions relating thereto, contained in the treaty of 1835 and in the act
of Congress of May 28, 1830. The Old Settlers released and quitclaimed to the United States all right, title, interest or
claim they might have to exclusive ownership to "the lands ceded45 to them by the treaty of 1833 west of the Mississippi, including the outlet west," and consented and agreed that the said
lands, together with the 800,000 acres ceded to the Cherokees by the treaty of 1835, should be and remain the common property
of the whole Cherokee people, themselves included. The patent referred to in the treaty was not issued. In later years it
was claimed that the treaty of 1846 pledged anew to the Cherokees a fee simple title to lands including the outlet.

The Cherokees on July 19, 1866, concluded with the United States their last ratified treaty.46 The treaty dealt a staggering blow to the Cherokee title on both sides of the ninety-sixth meridian.47

So far as the Outlet was concerned, article sixteen, composed of three sentences, was the most important part of the treaty.
In later years when valuable interests were involved, every word of the article was examined and reexamined in an effort to
apply every possible construction.

Article sixteen reads: "The United States may settle friendly Indians in any part of the Cherokee country west of 96°, to
be taken in a compact form in quantity not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres for each member of each of said tribes thus
to be settled; the boundaries of each of said districts to be distinctly marked, and the land conveyed in fee-simple to each
of said tribes to be held in common or by their numbers in severalty as the United States may decide. Said lands thus disposed
of to be paid for to the Cherokee Nation at such price as may be agreed on between the said parties in interest, subject to
the approval of the President; and if they should not agree, then the price to be fixed by the

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President. The Cherokee Nation to retain the right of possession of and jurisdiction over all of said country west of 96°
of longitude until thus sold and occupied, after which their jurisdiction and right of possession to terminate forever as
to each of said districts thus sold and occupied."

It will be observed that the Cherokee country west of the ninety-sixth meridian included about 8,000,000 acres, about 2,000,000
acres of which were sliced from the home reservation, or from the 7,000,000 acre district. Article sixteen provided for the
conveyance of the land in fee simple to Indian tribes, but did not specify by whom it should be conveyed. The last four words
of the article deserve scrutiny. The words "thus sold" apparently refer to the words "paid for" used in the preceding sentence.48 If the Cherokees had a fee simple title to the Outlet prior to the treaty of 1866, which they appear to have had, the title
remained in them until conveyed by them as provided for in the treaty, or otherwise. By the treaty the United States was made
the agent of the Cherokees for the sale and disposition of the lands. It seems to have been a condition generally accepted
that the Cherokees were occupying the lands of the Outlet; the patent of 1838 had specified that lands granted to the Cherokees
should revert to the United States if the Cherokee nation abandoned the same.

According to the treaty, if the United States settled Indians on unoccupied lands east of the ninety-sixth meridian they were
to be both "civilized" and "friendly," but the latter requirement alone sufficed for those settled west of that line. By article
seventeen the Cherokee nation ceded, in trust to the United States the Cherokee Neutral Lands and the Cherokee Strip in Kansas,49 and consented

that the lands therein might be included in the limits and jurisdiction of Kansas. Provisions were made whereby the lands,
under the authority of the United States, might be surveyed, appraised, and sold for cash. The United States guaranteed to
the people of the Cherokee nation the quiet and peaceable possession of their country and protection against domestic feuds
and hostilities of other tribes. A provision destined to disappoint the Cherokees, bring annoyance to the government and grief
to intruders, stated that the Cherokees should be protected against interruptions or intrusions from all unauthorized citizens
of the United States who might attempt to settle on their lands or reside in their territory.

At Washington on July 9, 1868, Commissioner Nathaniel G. Taylor, representing the United States, and a duly authorized delegation
of Cherokees concluded twenty-one articles of agreement and convention50 supplemental to the Cherokee treaty of 1866. The articles never reached the stage of ratification. The preamble recognized
that many of the provisions of the treaty of 1866 were "so obscure and ambiguous as to render their true interest and meaning,
on important points, difficult to define and impossible to execute."

Article two described the tract of land south of the thirty-seventh parallel, now known as the Oklahoma Panhandle, and included
the tract within the boundaries of the Cherokee country. In the next article it was stipulated and agreed that the United
States should pay to the Cherokee nation for their domain west of the ninety-sixth meridian and south of the thirty-seventh
parallel, for the purpose of settling friendly Indians thereon, and for the Cherokee Strip in Kansas, containing altogether
about 13,768,-

000 acres, the sum of $3,500,000; in further consideration of which sum the Cherokee nation relinquished to the United States
all its right and interest in and to "that portion of the Cherokee 'outlet' embraced within the Pan Handle of Texas, containing
about 3,000, 000 acres, and that portion within New Mexico and Colorado." A proviso added that the Cherokees should reserve
all salines on the lands, "herein ceded" west of the Arkansas, east of the ninety-ninth meridian and south of Kansas, with
right of way to and from the same in all directions, together with the free use of wood, coal and other facilities requisite
for the development of said salines and for the manufacture of salt therefrom, and also the right of exporting and disposing
of said salt free from taxation.

It was provided that Cherokee lands, not within the limits of any organized State or Territory should be occupied, United
States employees excepted, by Indians only; provided that no Cherokee should settle on any of said lands, if assigned to other
Indians, without first obtaining the consent of said Indians; provided also that the price of any of said lands which any
Cherokee might purchase should be ascertained by the appraisement of said land at its relative value; and that such Cherokees
as had made improvements on said lands should have the right to remain thereon, or should be paid the value of such improvements
as he or she might elect. No Indians other than Cherokees should be permitted to settle in the Cherokee country east of the
ninety-sixth meridian unless first admitted to citizenship by the Cherokee National Council.

Of peculiar importance was the language used in article twenty-one. The article provided that "all the lands embraced within
the limits of the Cherokee Nation as defined in Article 2 of this treaty and not otherwise disposed of, shall be forever secured
to the Cherokee people in fee simple, for their common use and benefit until such time as the National Council shall determine to have the same surveyed and allotted
in severalty."

Page 49

Commissioner E. S. Parker in a letter to the Secretary of the Interior on January 21, 1870, recommended the ratification of
the treaty. Parker wrote: "The Eastern Cherokees by resolution adopted in general council Dec. 21, 1869, withdrew all opposition
to the pending treaty and recommended its ratification. I therefore respectfully recommend the ratification of this treaty.
If the Senate should think it advisable an amendment can be made to the effect that while the United States provide for the
relinquishment by the Cherokees of their claims to land, it is done without the same being recognized and acknowledged by
the government in every particular, as claimed by the Indians." Parker's recommendation did not result in ratification of
the treaty. And after March 3, 1871 no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States was acknowledged or
recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States might contract by treaty.

It has been explained how the Cherokees acquired in the Outlet an interest, a claim or title, the nature of which was a complicated
matter.