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David (aged 30) and Kévin
(aged 21), from Paris, have been involved in the rap movement since the age of
12, like many young people from the banlieues or from the outskirts of the big
[French] cities.

What changes
have you noticed in the way rap has developed since you first discovered it?

David: Seventeen years
ago, when I started to become interested in rap, the leading bands in the
United States were Run DMC and Public Enemy. They were rivals and set
themselves apart both musically and by the clothes they wore. Run DMC dressed
completely in black – black hat and white Adidas trainers with three black
stripes. Public Enemy were more political and were accused of being racist
against white people; the dancers dressed as soldiers and the lead singer Chuck
D always wore a baseball cap. There was a sort of will-o’-the-wisp character in
the band called Flavor Flave, who wore a big clock round his neck. But – if we
leave aside the cotton fields – the real pioneers of rap were the Sugarhill
Gang and Grand Master Flash and the media coverage they got. In the US, Run
DMC, NWA and Public Enemy have established rap as a music that makes political
demands, as the music of a generation. Similarly, IAM and NTM have positioned
themselves as bands working to establish a new kind of songwriting in France.
At the same time, there was a movement led by Afrika Bambaataa, the (Universal)
Zulu Nation, which demanded the emancipation of black people throughout the
world. In the United States at that time, rap was an exclusively black thing.
There were black women on whom Afrika Bambaataa had conferred the title
‘princess’. A girl was “crowned” princess in France, Princess Erika. Her role
was to ensure that rap and the Zulu movement would remain permanent by fighting
for black people’s rights and for the widespread recognition of hip-hop culture
(which includes break dance, graffiti art and street murals as well as rap).
The fashion for starter jackets(a
type of blouson jacket) sporting the names of American football or baseball
teams helped to establish the movement. The starter jacket was worn by the handboy,
someone who is a member of the movement. There were also Kangol hats and caps,
and the big gold-plated chains worn around the neck with car mascots as
pendants, which meant that young guys used to steal car mascots a lot to wear
around their necks and the Mercedes badges were the most popular. That happened
everywhere, in Paris, everywhere. Music was made very simply with drum
machines. But you needed real talent to get a good rhythm going. Today, with
music programming, you can use computer software to work out the rhythms.
Before, the music was less sophisticated but, from the point of view of the
beat, it was really good.

Like any culture, rap has developed, and
hip-hop culture and rap have each brought something to the other, with the
result that they’re both still around. Hip-hop culture attracts the youngest
members; recognized graffiti artists and street artists are making it into an
art form in its own right. Hip-hop and rap culture is very avant-garde. In
today’s bohemian yuppie bobo*milieus, people dress like the
rappers used to dress twenty years ago, in old Adidas sweaters, etc …. The bobo movement is really about reclaiming
the past. People who listen to rap are ahead of fashion and they listen closely
to what’s coming over from the United States. You very quickly become a
has-beenif you’re not quick off the
mark to try out new things.

Public Enemy and Run DMC were militant bands
like IAM and NTM in France whereas the messages are far less carefully wrought
now. The bands who followed them are more interested in making money and there
are bands proliferating in every country, whereas in the beginning they were
limited to the US, Britain and France. Each of the leading bands has one or
more benchmark songs for this generation’s young people. Public Enemy’s song
“Fight the Power” is on the soundtrack of Spike Lee’s film Do the Right Thing, one of the first films to deal with problems between
the generations and communities of immigrants. The song “Walk this Way”by Run DMC is the first to bring
together rockers (Aerosmith) and rappers; before that, they were pretty well in
opposite camps. It opened the doors of rock music to rap and gave rock an entry
into rap. One of French rap’s benchmark songs is a song by NTM, Le Monde de demain. The text “Le monde de demain quoiqu’il advienne nous
appartient, la puissance est dans nos mains”, when translated, means
“Whatever happens, tomorrow’s world is ours, the power is in our hands.”
Certain NTM songs described the riots in the French banlieues in 2005 ten years in advance of the actual events. Also,
IAM, always presented as rivals of NTM, were their counterparts in Marseilles
(NTM were based in the département of
Seine-Saint-Denis in the Ile de France). They wrote a song called “Red, black
and green”, the first words of which are “Why all the hatred, it’s really not
worth it, Shuriken will tell you that people are all the same”[1].
IAM have always engaged in a discourse of appeasement; it’s reflective,
sometimes a bit mystical. NTM have a more radical discourse. For purists, NTM
is the most hip-hop band in French rap.

Kévin:
It
all started for me with Secteur A, with Ministère Amer, Passy, Doc Gynéco,
Stomy Bugsy on the French rap side of things; I got into American rap almost
immediately with Doctor Dre, Snoop Dogg, Tupac, Eminem; I listened to that for
a long time and then I got into writing for about two years; after that I began
to rap my words and I’ve been doing that for five years now. For three years,
I’ve been attracted by music from all over and no longer just by American
music. I want to draw from all sorts of music so I can mix them with rap. The
trend nowadays is going more and more towards bringing a rapper with a
different style of music into a band and so generating even more connections. I
think the female rapper Keny Arkana is the most promising talent in
contemporary French rap, both artistically and morally speaking. She says aloud
what a lot of people think but never voice and she does this in words that
everybody can understand. She describes reality and doesn’t talk about a
personal utopia, but looks for the one that everybody can share; she tries to
raise people’s awareness by telling them what’s really happening. She is part
of the Zapatista movement in South America, and refers to the earth as Mother
Earth. She highlights the artificial and oppressive nature of our world:
“Mental slavery, but nobody gives a damn because freedom just doesn’t pay …
It’s never too late to make the most of your life, To make up for the delay it
all starts today … Make the most of your life before it’s worn out by time,
make the most of your life before it’s gone with the wind”[2].
In France, she leads a movement inspired by the Zapatistas called La Rage du Peuple (“The People’s Rage”).

Rap has the
reputation of being a macho movement ...

David: There have always been women in rap because
there were the Zulu Nation princesses who had equal status with the others as
rappers. But it’s very hard for a woman to make it in rap because the
competition is tough. Women have taken a long time to come through. They used
to occasionally guest on compilation albums (a collection of songs on a theme
record) until it’s got to the stage where a few of them have just kept going.
They’ve emerged after being in the shade for about ten years. They have a very
interesting angle on things, their words are often more mature, more
reflective. Diam’s was a rapper for years before she made it big. Keny Arkana
too was rapping for five years before she became famous. Girls listened to rap
and wrote words but they wouldn’t appear in public to rap.

The move towards a much
wider audience with greater media exposure means that rap loses its political
edge; it’s only material without any edge that gets the media coverage.

For many people, their
teenage years were punctuated by rap, by both the records and the various
fashions created by the music. IAM is the intellectual aspect of rap, with
finely wrought lyrics, references to the pharaohs, to world culture, sometimes
to the detriment of a very hip-hop beat. IAM is music to listen to. NTM is more
for dancing to than for listening to. Assassin is the most hardcore rap; it
doesn’t get much publicity but it’s very militant. The lead singer was
originally called Rockin’Squat and came from a middle-class background. You
find out about the singers’ lives from the hip-hop press which is targeted at a
readership who can afford it so it operates at a remove. It sells an image.

Kévin: Rap is an outlet, like painting, to bring
hope by sharing something in a group. In rap you find people who think like you
but who express it in a different way; everybody can find a space for him or
herself in rap, in French rap in particular.

David: For some people, rap has replaced personal
diaries. Rapping means that you’re part of rap even if you rap on your own;
you’re already part of the movement by doing it alone in your room. It’s a
movement made up of a few well-known bands and a mass of anonymous individuals
who rap and are part of it.

The aim of the movement is
not to make money for the grassroots, but to exchange words. It’s like slam, you say words at random purely for
the pleasure, without making money from it, without it being written down. Rap
is free, it’s the search for the phrase, for what will give the right rhyme for
the beat. It’s boxing with words: people who want to fight, we tell them to
face off against each other using rhymes. It’s called clash. There are clash
gatherings in local halls, in low-cost venues. Sometimes rap is made when
walking back home at night; you look for words to make people laugh, you turn
everyday hassles into rhyme. The aim is not to complain but to laugh, to use
words to transform things. Rap is accessible to everyone and at the same time
very selective in the end. Now there are so many people rapping out there that
you have to be really good to carve out a space for yourself.

Kévin: You mustn’t just be good, you have to know
how to fit into a whole world with its own rules. There are certain things you
have to do to build up contacts and create a structure for yourself. You won’t
get very far on your own or without the right kind of support network.

What’s the connection between rap and verlan** and the street language of the banlieue?

David: Rap is a street art that uses everything that
happens out there as material, all the languages – verlan among others – that you find there, like everything that
comes from the street, but there isn’t a linear relationship. Verlan can be used much like anything
else mixed by rap, but it’s not about doing something that will be totally
incomprehensible to other people. It’s not a secret code; on the contrary, it’s
a song everyone can sing. There are different types of rap, all of which have
different styles. There are slang words, but no systematic use of verlan. It depends on the message you
want to put across. Rap is about getting out of the housing estates so you can
reach other people.

Rap is not a product of the
housing estates; it’s open to young people from any background.
First-generation rap was pretty militant and ideological. This generation draws
its inspiration from a whole range of sources and young people in the estates
have been identified with this music, which can help them try to break through
and become known.

Kévin: Like any art form, rap totally absorbs
everything it takes from other sources and that it mixes. It’s the music of a
generation of young people who refuse to be confined to specialized areas or
restricted by norms. There are also bands that play up rap’s image, playing the
bad boys. The production companies use them for their own ends. For example,
there’s a rapper called Booba who’s doing quite well at the moment. He
translates American rap into French. He fits well within the system and what it
wants rappers to express and he’s very much the successful boss in terms of his
image. He describes the kind of reality the public wants to hear about.

David: Rap draws from all the different kinds of
music in the world; it takes samples.
People say that’s really easy, but you have to do it to know what’s involved;
you have to know how to combine the right things, how to select the good
sequences. The instruments of rap are very simple but they require wide-ranging
musical knowledge and an understanding of a large cross-section of musical
styles in order to be able to mix them well.

Rap is present throughout society now.
In terms of ethnicity, sexuality and culture, rap is where people mix most.
Millions of young people are rapping at the moment. Whereas within Zulu Nation,
girls and boys were in separate camps, now there’s a mixture of everything and
people aren’t interested in a writer’s origins any more, but in the quality of
their words. Rap is thought of as a musical form and practice that originated
among black people; in fact people from all backgrounds are involved in this
music. And some of them, like Akhénaton or Eminem to name some very famous
examples, aren’t black. Rap is not an ethnic music: it’s a music open to people
who all have in common a similar sensitivity to rhythm.

Rap music is a music whose
origins are the most mixed in the world, and in slam (rap poetry) it’s a music
that relies entirely on voice and rhythm. This music is becoming more and more
feminized and is opening up to all the other kinds of music, even to what’s
happening right now. The goal of rap is to bring together, to arrange together,
to create using what you have all around you, and to work it so that what is
all around you generates life, generates a rhythm. People used to slam or rap
in the cottonfields, with nothing but words to make something of their lives.
Today, slam is the subject of open
sessions in certain cafés, with grading systems like the ones you find in
sporting championships. Slam
improvises because it’s a capella and
isn’t contained by a rhythm, whereas rap has to work within a system of
four-four time. The slam sessions
bring together people who’ve been doing it for years. Slam is free, it’s a drink someone buys for you in a bar where you
come to recite what you’ve just written or improvised. Slam is philosophy.

What’s most interesting
about rap is the collective movement that brings together people from
successive generations, who all had very different ideas from each other. Rap
is of its time and moves with its time.

Kévin: Rap says a lot more
than a French pop song does. Today the music that takes a really close look at
words and their meanings is rap. The strength of this music is that it listens
to those who listen to it; it’s also the fact that it succeeds in breaking out
of the loop with those who listen to it. Many musicians turn to rappers now
when they’re writing their own music. A lot of rappers get their inspiration
from great singers like Brassens, Piaf, Brel, Barbara or other
singer-songwriters, but they think that musical expression today is routed
through the mixing of music types and words, through a collective arrangement
that draws inspiration from all sorts of different sources. Today songs are
formatted, pre-prepared, including certain rap songs. Specialists write the
texts and the focus is not free expression but the showbiz element. The world
of rap is opposed to this art of stage performance.

** Translator’s Note: In the French
language, verlan is the inversion of syllables in a word which is found in
slang and youth language. It rests on a long French tradition of permuting
syllables of words to create slang words. The name verlan is itself an example:
verlan = lan ver = l'envers (meaning the inverse).