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They divided 32 adult male rats into three experimental groups and three control groups. One group was fed a K-deficient diet; one a K-adequate diet; one a K-supplemented diet. All rats fed lithium lost weight: the K-supplemented rats lost the least; the K-adequate rats lost the second least; the K-deficient rats lost the most. Rats fed lithium urinated more that control rats. K-adequate rats urinated the most; K-deficient and K-supplemented rats urinated about the same amounts. K-supplemented rats accumulated the least lithium. K-deficient and K-adequate rats accumulated about the same amount of lithium (though K-adequate rats consumed more lithium). K-supplemented rats excreted the most lithium, followed by K-adequate, followed by K-deficient.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

therapy

DEFINITION:

The treatment of disease; called also therapeutics .

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

therapy

DEFINITION:

The treatment of disease; called also therapeutics .

modeling

DEFINITION:

1. Learning vicariously by observation and imitation, which can be used as a form of behavior therapy. 2. Developing or using a hypothesis or theory.

analysis

DEFINITION:

1. Separation into component parts or elements; the act of determining the component parts of a substance.

2. Psychoanalysis.

modeling

DEFINITION:

1. Learning vicariously by observation and imitation, which can be used as a form of behavior therapy. 2. Developing or using a hypothesis or theory.

Sprague-Dawley rats

DEFINITION:

A strain of albino rats developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company, widely used in experimental work because of their calmness and ease of handling.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

dynamics

DEFINITION:

1. Of or relating to physical forces producing motion.

2. That phase of mechanics which deals with the motions of material bodies taking place under different specific conditions.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

rate

DEFINITION:

1. The amount of change of a physical quantity or number of occurrences of an event per unit time.

2. In epidemiology and demography, the frequency of an event in a specified population; correctly applied only to fractions for which all of the cases contributing to the numerator are also counted in the denominator and for which the denominator is the entire population at risk. Rates are often multiplied by a factor to give the number of events per 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 population.

3. More generally, a term sometimes used to denote some measured quantity with respect to another. Symbol R.

transport

DEFINITION:

The movement of materials in biological systems, particularly into and out of cells and across epithelial layers.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

serum

DEFINITION:

1. The clear portion of any body fluid; the clear fluid moistening serous membranes. 2. Blood serum; the clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting. 3. Immune serum; blood serum from an immunized animal used for passive immunization; an antiserum, antitoxin, or antivenin.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

fractional

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to a portion of something larger.

serum

DEFINITION:

1. The clear portion of any body fluid; the clear fluid moistening serous membranes. 2. Blood serum; the clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting. 3. Immune serum; blood serum from an immunized animal used for passive immunization; an antiserum, antitoxin, or antivenin.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

reabsorption

DEFINITION:

The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

tissues

DEFINITION:

See definitions under "tissue."

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

characterized

DEFINITION:

Marked or distinguished as a characteristic.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

antidiuretic hormone

DEFINITION:

See vasopressin.

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

VP

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for vasopressin.

chronic

DEFINITION:

Persisting over a long period of time.

urination

DEFINITION:

The discharge or passage of urine.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

dynamics

DEFINITION:

1. Of or relating to physical forces producing motion.

2. That phase of mechanics which deals with the motions of material bodies taking place under different specific conditions.

physiology

DEFINITION:

1. The science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.

2. The basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

therapy

DEFINITION:

The treatment of disease; called also therapeutics .

the kidney collecting ducts

DEFINITION:

Also known as the tubulus renalis colligens , or renal collecting tubule: that structure of the kidney consisting of the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

reabsorb

DEFINITION:

To absorb again; to undergo or to subject to reabsorption.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

inhibits

DEFINITION:

See definition under "inhibit."

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

adenylate cyclase

DEFINITION:

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of 3',5'-cyclic AMP from ATP. The enzyme occurs in plasma cell membranes and is activated by certain hormones (epinephrine, vasopressin, glucagon, and corticotropin). The resultant cyclic AMP serves as an important metabolic regulator.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

chronic

DEFINITION:

Persisting over a long period of time.

urination

DEFINITION:

The discharge or passage of urine.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

control rats

DEFINITION:

A group of rats differing from that under study (the treated or case group) by lacking the disease or by having a different or absent treatment or regimen; the controls and case or treated subjects usually otherwise have certain similarities to allow or enhance comparison between them.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

blood serum

DEFINITION:

The clear liquid that separates from the blood when it is allowed to clot completely. It is therefore blood plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed in the process of clotting.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

potassium

DEFINITION:

A metallic element of the alkali group, many of whose salts are used in medicine. Potassium is the chief positively-charged ion of muscle and most other cells (intracellular fluid).

reabsorption

DEFINITION:

The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

hypothesized

DEFINITION:

Adopted as a hypothesis.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

collecting tubules

DEFINITION:

See under tubule.

inhibits

DEFINITION:

See definition under "inhibit."

VP

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for vasopressin.

water reabsorption

DEFINITION:

1. The act or process of absorbing water again.

2. Resorption.

reabsorb

DEFINITION:

To absorb again; to undergo or to subject to reabsorption.

urination

DEFINITION:

The discharge or passage of urine.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

cell membranes

DEFINITION:

Plasma membranes

selective

DEFINITION:

Having a high degree of selectivity.

transport

DEFINITION:

The movement of materials in biological systems, particularly into and out of cells and across epithelial layers.

sodium channel

DEFINITION:

A protein channel selective for the passage of sodium ions. Voltage-gated sodium channels are the main causes of depolarization and repolarization of nerve membranes during the action potential.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

reabsorption

DEFINITION:

The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

absorption

DEFINITION:

1. The uptake of substances into or across tissues, e.g., skin, intestine, and kidney tubules.

2. In radiology, the taking up of energy by matter with which the radiation interacts.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

antidiuretic hormone

DEFINITION:

See vasopressin.

VP

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for vasopressin.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

reabsorption

DEFINITION:

The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

urination

DEFINITION:

The discharge or passage of urine.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

model

DEFINITION:

1. Something that represents or simulates something else; a replica. 2. A reasonable facsimile of the body or any of its parts; used for demonstration and teaching purposes. 3. Cast, definition 5. 4. To imitate another's behavior; See modeling . 5. A hypothesis or theory.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li2CO3, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

dynamics

DEFINITION:

1. Of or relating to physical forces producing motion.

2. That phase of mechanics which deals with the motions of material bodies taking place under different specific conditions.