..Five keynote addresses, 21 oral presentations and 28 posters were presented, and the meeting was ended with a 'hot-topic' session discussing future challenges. This article highlights the most important issues discussed...

..These results show that Cochleate and PL are capable of inducing both systemic and mucosal antibody responses as well as a Th1 type of immunity as evidenced by high gammaIFN and IgG2a antibody responses...

..The results and the easy capability for new antigen incorporation on CS support its use as adjuvant for immunization with a large variety of pathogen derived antigens and different routes of immunization...

..Memory B cells and long-term memory T cells were also detected. The results of this study indicate that combined meningococcal serogroup A and W135 OMV can activate cell-mediated immunity and induce a long-term memory response. ..

..70+/-0.23) after two weeks from last dose. These results show for the first time that PL can be obtained from V. cholerae O1 and when administer by intranasal route has the potential to protect against this pathogen...