A marketing exchange is what happens any time two or more people trade goods or services. In marketing theory, every exchange is supposed to produce "utility," which means the value of what you trade is less than the value of what you receive from the trade. Of course, all exchanges in the real world are much more complicated.

How Exchanges Work

Marketing theorists consider exchange to be the central concept without which there would be no such thing as marketing. For an exchange to happen, both parties have to have something of value for each other. For instance, a man visiting a coffee shop might have enough money to buy a cup of coffee while the cafe has the coffee. Both parties must be able to communicate with each other, and both must want to exchange something and be able to do so. If the customer in the coffee shop can't make himself understood, or if he decides he doesn't want a cup of coffee, or if he turns out not to have quite enough money, then there will be no exchange. If all of the needed conditions are met, there will be an exchange of money for coffee.

Utility

Utility is what motivates people to engage in a marketing exchange. In theory, both parties must receive more than what they give. For instance, the man buying the cup of coffee is more motivated to drink coffee than he is to hold on to his money, so he receives utility from the exchange. However, the coffee shop owner also receives utility from the exchange because the amount she receives for the cup of coffee is greater than what the coffee is worth, enabling her to make a profit.

Restricted Exchanges

Simple or "restricted" exchanges are those in which there are only two parties to the exchange. Restricted exchanges are one-on-one relationships, so both parties must receive approximately equal utility if the exchange is to be repeated. For example, if the person you buy coffee from is rude to you, you receive less utility from the exchange because you feel dissatisfied. This decreases the chances that you will buy coffee from the same person again. In a successful restricted exchange, both parties are motivated to treat each other fairly.

Generalized Exchanges

A generalized exchange involves at least three parties, and each party gives utility to one participant, but receives utility from a different participant. For example, if a woman calls in an order for lunch to be delivered and pays with a credit card over the phone, and the restaurant employs a delivery driver to bring the food, then the woman gives utility to the restaurant, but receives utility from the driver.

Complex Exchanges

A complex exchange involves networks of participants who both give and receive in more than one relationship with each other. For example, a car manufacturer hires an advertising agency, which places an ad on a TV show, which provides entertainment to its viewers, some of whom will see the ad, then buy the car from a dealer, which buys its cars from the manufacturer. The manufacturer, ad agency, TV station, consumer and dealer are all involved in a complex network of marketing exchanges with each other, and all of them receive utility from the relationship. Because it can sometimes be difficult to assess the fairness of complex exchanges, it is important for everyone involved in marketing to maintain ethical business practices, such as ensuring the quality of the product and avoiding deceptive marketing tactics.

About the Author

Scott Thompson has been writing professionally since 1990, beginning with the "Pequawket Valley News." He is the author of nine published books on topics such as history, martial arts, poetry and fantasy fiction. His work has also appeared in "Talebones" magazine and the "Strange Pleasures" anthology.