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Unit 18 Procedural Programming

Unit
18 Procedural Programming

What is
programming language?
2. What are the types of programming language?
3. Differentiate: computer, program and programmer.
4. Explain computer system.
5. What are the common elements in programming language?

A programming language is a computer language programmers use to
develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a computer
to execute. Below is a listing of several different programming languages and
scripting languages currently listed in our database. ALGOL

programming language is an artificial language designed to
communicate instructions to a machine, particularly
a computer. Programming languages can be used to
create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to
express algorithms precisely.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language

Web languages
Used for creating and editing pages on the web. Can do anything from putting
plain text on a webpage, to accessing and retrieving data from a database. Vary
greatly in terms of power and complexity. HTML

Hyper Text Markup Language. The core language of the world wide web that is
used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and
attributes. Although a fundamental language of the web, HTML is static -
content created with it does not change. HTML is used to specify the content a
webpage will contain, not how the page functions. Learn HTML at our HTML
tutorials section. XML

Extensible Markup Language. A language developed by the W3C which
works like HTML, but unlike HTML, allows for custom tags that are defined by
programmers. XML allows for the transmission of data between applications and
organizations through the use of its custom tags. Javascript

A language developed by Netscape used to provide dynamic and interactive
content on webpages. With Javascript it is possible to communicate with HTML,
create animations, create calculators, validate forms, and more. Javascript is
often confused with Java, but they are two different languages. Learn
Javascript at our Javascript tutorials section. VBScript

Visual Basic Scripting Edition. A language developed by Microsoft that works
only in Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser and web browsers based on the
Internet Explorer engine such as FlashPeak's Slim Browser. VBScript Can be
used to print dates, make calculations, interact with the user, and more.
VBScript is based on Visual Basic, but it is much simpler. Learn VBScript at
our VBScript tutorials section. PHP

Hypertext Preprocessor (it's a recursive acronym). A powerful language used for
many tasks such as data encryption, database access, and form validation. PHP
was originally created in 1994 By Rasmus Lerdorf. Learn PHP at our PHP
tutorials section. Java

A powerful and flexible language created by Sun MicroSystems that can be used
to create applets (a program that is executed from within another program) that
run inside webpages as well as software applications. Things you can do with
Java include interacting with the user, creating graphical programs, reading
from files, and more. Java is often confused with Javascript, but they are two
different languages. Learn Java at our Java tutorials section.
Software languages

Used for creating executable programs. Can create anything from simple console
programs that print some text to the screen to entire operating systems. Vary
greatly in terms of power and complexity. C

An advanced programming language used for software application development.
Originally developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the 1970's and designed
to be a systems programming language but since then has proven itself to be
able to be used for various software applications such as business programs,
engineering programs, and even games. The UNIX operating system is written in
C. C++

Descendant of the C language. The difference between the two languages is that
C++ is object-oriented. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs and
is a very popular language for graphical applications. Visual Basic

A language developed by Microsoft based on the BASIC language . Visual Basic is
used for creating Windows applications. The VBScript language (also developed
by Microsoft) is based on Visual Basic. Java

A powerful and flexible language created by Sun MicroSystems that can be used
to create applets (a program that is executed from within another program) that
run inside webpages as well as software applications. Things you can do with
Java include interacting with the user, creating graphical programs, reading
from files, and more. Java is often confused with Javascript, but they are two
different languages. Learn Java at our Java tutorials section. The different
generations of languages

There are currently five generations of computer programming languages. In each
generation, the languages syntax has become easier to understand and more
human-readable. First generation languages (abbreviated as 1GL)

Represent the very early, primitive computer languages that consisted entirely
of 1's and 0's - the actual language that the computer understands (machine
language). Second generation languages (2GL)

Represent a step up from from the first generation languages. Allow for the use
of symbolic names instead of just numbers. Second generation languages are
known as assembly languages. Code written in an assembly language is converted
into machine language (1GL). Third generation languages (3GL)

With the languages introduced by the third generation of computer programming,
words and commands (instead of just symbols and numbers) were being used. These
languages therefore, had syntax that was much easier to understand. Third
generation languages are known as "high level languages" and include
C, C++, Java, and Javascript, among others. Fourth generation languages
(4GL)

The syntax used in 4GL is very close to human language, an improvement from the
pervious generation of languages. 4GL languages are typically used to access
databases and include SQL and ColdFusion, among others. Fifth generation
languages (5GL)

Fifth generation languages are currently being used for neural networks. A
nueral network is a form of artifical intelligence that attempts to imitate how
the human mind works. Procedure-oriented programming

A type of programming where a structured method of creating programs is used.
With procedure-oriented programming, a problem is broken up into parts and each
part is then broken up into further parts. All these parts are known as
procedures . They are separate but work together when needed. A main program
centrally controls them all. Some procedure-oriented languages are COBOL,
FORTRAN, and C. Object oriented programming

A type of programming where data types representing data structures are defined
by the programmer as well as their properties and the things that can be done
with them. With object-oriented programming, programmers can also create
relationships between data structures and create new data types based on
existing ones by having one data type inherit characteristics from another one.
In object-oriented programming, data types defined by the programmer are called
classes (templates for a real world object to be used in a program). For example,
a programmer can create a data type that represents a car - a car class. This
class can contain the properties of a car (color, model, year, etc.) and
functions that specify what the car does (drive, reverse, stop, etc.) Some
object-oriented languages are C++, Java, and PHP.

http://www.landofcode.com/programming-intro/computer-programming-languages.php
Set of instructions in a logical sequence interpreted and executed by a
computer enabling the computer to perform a required function; also
called software. Programs are the "thought processes" of
computers, without which they cannot operate. Programs are written in various
languages, to conform with the operating system of particular computers.
Columbia Encyclopedia:

computer program
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Columbia
Encyclopedia computer program, a series of instructions that
a computer can interpret and execute; programs are also called
software to distinguish them from hardware, the physical equipment used
in data processing. These programming instructions cause the computer to
perform arithmetic and logical operations or comparisons (and then take some
additional action based on the comparison) or to input or output data in a
desired sequence. In conventional computing the operations are executed
sequentially; in parallel processing the operations are allocated
among multiple processors, which execute them concurrently and share the
results. Programs are often written as a series of subroutines, which can be
used in more than one program or at more than one point in the same program.
Systems programs are those that control the operation of the computer. Chief
among these is the operating system-also called the control program, executive,
or supervisor-which schedules the execution of other programs, allocates system
resources, and controls input and output operations. Processing programs are
those whose execution is controlled by the operating system. Language
translators decode source programs, written in a programming language, and
produce object programs, which are in machine language and can be understood by
the computer. These include assemblers, which translate symbolic languages that
have a one-to-one relationship with machine language; compilers, which
translate an algorithmic- or procedural-language program into a
machine-language program to be executed at a later time; and interpreters,
which translate source-language statements into object-language statements for
immediate execution. Other processing programs are service or utility programs,
such as those that "dump" computer memory to external storage for
safekeeping and those that enable the programmer to "trace" program
execution, and application programs, which perform business and scientific
functions, such as payroll processing, accounts payable and receivable posting,
word processing, and simulation of environmental conditions. Bibliography

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/computer-program#ixzz2Bjb8L4df
http://www.answers.com/topic/computer-program
A programmer, computer programmer, developer,
or coder is a person who writes computer software. The
term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area
of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many
kinds of software. One who practices or professes a formal approach to
programming may also be known as a programmer analyst. A programmer's primary
computer language (C, C++, Java, Lisp, Pythonetc.) is often
prefixed to the above titles, and those who work in a Web environment
often prefix their titles with Web. The term programmer can be
used to refer to a software developer, Web Developer, Mobile
Applications Developer, Embedded Firmware Developer, software
engineer, computer scientist, or software analyst. However, members
of these professions typically[citation needed] possess
other software engineering skills, beyond programming; for this reason,
the term programmer is sometimes considered an insulting or
derogatory oversimplification of these other professions[citation needed]. This
has sparked much debate amongst developers, analysts, computer scientists,
programmers, and outsiders who continue to be puzzled at the subtle differences
in the definitions of these occupations.[1][2][3][4][5] British countess and
mathematician Ada Lovelace is popularly credited as history's first
programmer, as she was the first to express an algorithmintended for
implementation on a computer, Charles Babbage's analytical engine, in
October 1842, intended for the calculation of Bernoulli numbers.[6]Her
work never ran because Babbage's machine was never completed to a functioning
standard in her time; the first programmer to successfully run a program on a
functioning modern electronically based computer was pioneer computer
scientist Konrad Zuse, who achieved this feat in 1941.
TheENIAC programming team, consisting of Kay McNulty, Betty
Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran
Bilas and Ruth Lichterman were the first regularly working
programmers.[7][8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer

A system of interconnected computers that share a
central storage system and various peripheral devices such
as a printers, scanners, or routers. Each computer connected to
the system can operate independently, but has
the ability to communicate with other external devices and
computers.