Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war

Ambon and Hainan

Unknown to the Allies, prisoners were held at isolated camps on Ambon,
in Indonesia, and Hainan, an island off the south coast of China.

Just over a thousand Australians, members of Gull Force, had been forced
to surrender on Ambon in February 1942. By war’s end more than two-thirds
of them were dead. At first, conditions were reasonable; later, treatment
in Tantui camp deteriorated. Starvation and brutality prevailed. Some prisoners
died in Allied raids on a Japanese bomb dump located next to the camp and
others in medical “experiments”. A survivor described their
hopelessness toward the end: “The men knew they were dying”.

Some of the Ambon prisoners were transported to Hainan. There they were
forced to work like slaves. Many died of hunger, disease and beatings.
On Hainan the prisoners’ discipline came close to collapse.

Their ordeal, often overlooked, was second only to Sandakan, the worst
of all camps.

“We all wished to God it had never happened”

Captive officers had little but the power of their personality to enforce
the discipline prisoners needed to survive. The Japanese sought to diminish
the officers’ authority by humiliating them. On Hainan, Lieutenant
Colonel William Scott sought to maintain discipline by sending prisoners
who broke Australian military law to be punished by Japanese guards.

Some were badly beaten. The practice embittered relations between officers
and men, turning prisoner against prisoner for decades after. Reflecting
on the consequences, one officer said, “we all wished to God it had
never happened”.

Lieutenant Colonel William Scott, DSO, the Australian senior officer of
the prisoners on Hainan. Decorated for leadership in the First World War,
Scott took command on Ambon only days before the Japanese landing. The
circumstances of commanding in captivity confronted him with a wretched
if not impossible task. Taken at the war’s end, this photograph suggests
the burden of command he had carried during the three and a half years
of captivity.030359/06

Ikeuchi Masakiyo (right), responsible for the wretched conditions in the Tantui
prison camp on Ambon, photographed during the war crimes trials in 1945.
A prisoner explained: “He either started it, goaded it, reported
it, or did nothing to stop it”.124372

Bakli Bay camp, Hainan: A member of the 2/21st Battalion two weeks after
the war’s end, showing the effects of dysentery and malnutrition. “Jeez,
they worked us like slaves”, a prisoner remembered.030358/05

Tantui camp, Ambon: Three-quarters of the prisoners of war there had died
by the time the camp was liberated.118253

Bakli Bay camp, Hainan: Australian and Dutch prisoners in the camp’s
kitchen two weeks after the war’s end. “If it looked like you
could eat it, even a bit of pumpkin skin, you’d grab it and eat it.
You’d just eat it raw, you got that hungry.”030356/02

Bakli Bay camp, Hainan: The ramshackle prisoners’ barracks, with
a vegetable plot in the foreground.030365/02

Members of the machine-gun platoon of the 2/21st Battalion who shared
Hut 9 in the Tantui camp on Ambon signed this signal flag. Two-thirds of
these men died in captivity. The hut itself was destroyed by Allied aircraft
when they unwittingly attacked the unmarked camp in 1945.REL/13757