Potential barriers to participation and solutions to increas

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Potential barriers to participation and solutions to increase participationTHE STATISTICSOnly 40% of UK participate in sport more than 12 times a year. Compared to 80% in Finland.Only 32% of adults in UK exercise for more than 30 minutes five times a weekYoung white males are most likely to take part in sport and physical activity.Participation falls dramatically after leaving school and continues to drop with age.The more active in sport and physical activity you are at a young age, the more likely you are to continue to participate throughout your life - Long life participation.GENDER - STATISTICSEthnic minorities

* In Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, 45% of participants were female. * In Athens 2004 Olympic Games, 40% of British team were women.* In the International Olympic Committee (IOC) only 14% are women, * Women’s top soccer is still semi-professional. * Before 2007, men’s prize money at Wimbledon was more than women’s. * Top women earn only 14% as do top men, and find it harder to get sponsorship. * Women’s boxing, pole vault, triple jump, hammer, weight lifting only allowed since 1987. * Female sport has less social status than male sport. * Females get less media space or time than males in the UK. * Media focus on women’s appearance rather than sport.

18.6% of adults from black and other ethnic minority groups participate compared to that of 21.2% of white men. 25% soccer players are black. Hardly any asians.50% UK athletics power event competitors are black.Discrimination. Black and Asian people are discriminated against in society. This is reflected in media coverage.There are currently no black or asian performers in the UK's tennis top ten.In UK rugby, there are very limited black players.there is no research evidence that Afro-Caribbean people have higher fast twitch muscle, or less subcutaneous fat resulting in expectations from stereotypes being incorrect within sport.lack of black role models in sport discourages new participants. low socio-economic status of many black afro-carribean people prevents participationReasons for low female participation rates in active recreation.Domestic roleSocial stereotypeLess media coverageSport traditionally the preserve of malesTraditionally less money and powerSexismExisting role modelsSolutions to low participation ratesEqual opportunitiesMore facilities for womenMore and better media coverageHealth related activitiesBetter links between schools and clubsSEX DISCRIMINATION ACT 1975Serena Williams Mo FarahNicola AdamsETHNICITYGENDERSports that have relatively high levels of participation among certain ethnic minority groups. these include:Weight training among Black malesRunning/ jogging among Black males and Black Africans (higher than the general male population)Badminton by Chinese menCricket by Pakistani, Black and other Indian menBasketball among Black Caribbean and Black Africans.Women Role ModelsNicola AdamsJess EnnisRebecca AdlingtonEllie SimmondsRESULTS OF BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATIONCelebritiesEllie GouldingJessie Jindividuals not realizing their full potentialHigher risk of unemploymentCost to the tax payer:Poorer physical healthCost to the tax payer:Crime and fear of crime affect the most deprived communitiesJordan SparksCost to tax payer:expenditure in 2001-02 totalled £30.7 billion in income support, housing benefit and so on. Cost to the economy:This act made sex discrimination unlawful in employment, training, education and the provision of goods, facilities and services, that is, a female should be treated in the same way as a male in similar circumstances.A lack of skilled workers, resulting in a productivity gap between the UK and its international competitorsHowever, competitive sport is excluded from the at. Separate competitions for men and women are allowed where 'the physical strength, stamina or physique puts her at a disadvantage to the average man.'Cost of school exclusions estimatedt £406 millionCost to the economy:Lack of customers- low income reduces the nations spending powerThe Women's Sport Foundationhttp://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/home/about-usA report calculated that if one in ten young offenders received effective intervention, the annual saving would be in excess of £100 millionFounded in 1974 by tennis legend, Billie Jean King, the Women's Sports Foundation (WSF) is dedicated to advancing the lives of girls and women through sports and physical activity.

They are committed to improving, increasing and promoting opportunities for women and girls, in all roles and at all levels, in sport, fitness and physical activity.DISABILITYThe WSF became a registered charity in 1997. At present, the WSF is funded primarily by Sport England. They have a quarterly newsletter and they also receive a small amount of additional income via other grants, donations and supporter subscriptions. How have the WSF promoted women's sport?Since 1984, the WSF has been involved in a variety of projects to promote women's sport. These have included:The WSF Awards for Girls and Young WomenThe National Action Plan for Women's and Girl's Sport and Physical Activity (1999-2001)Women into High Performance Coaching Project

The factor that seems to have the greatest impact on female participation is the growing emphasis placed on health and fitness and the toned, slim stereotypical female form.Disability "A physical or mental condition, that limits a persons movements, senses or activities."The Football Association There are a number of different names when refering to sports performed by the disabled, Such as:Disability sportHandicapped sportSports for the disabledAdapted sportWheelchair sportDeaf sportFootball is the number one sport for girls and women. There are now 61,000 women competing in clubs affiliated to the Football Association (FA). There are 40,000 more U14 girls playing at school than 10 years ago.

However, there is a lack of career prospects for women's football. Therefore, the FA has put in place a series of initiatives to increase opportunities:In 1997 it launched its Talent Development Plan for Women's FootballNineteen Women's Football Academies - 16+ yearsEstablishment of 42 Centers of Excellence to develop 10-16 year olds

Adapted SportSOCIAL EXCLUSIONIf a sport is adapted, it is essential that the activity is recognizable as the original sport it is being associated with.GOALBALL:Social Exclusion'what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems, e.g. unemployment, poor skills, low income etc.Three sided game with the aim to score a goal by rolling the ball along the foor into your opponent's goal. Adapted features are:All players wear eye masks to ensure all players are equal when i comes to visual perceptionThere is a bell inside the ballThe playing court has tactile court markingsWHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL:The Social Exclusion UnitThe rules, height of ring and court size are exactly the same but when it comes to dribbling; two pushes and one bounce replaces the 'bouncing while traveling rule in ambulant basketballSWIMMING:Some technique rules are more flexible and for visually impaired performers, they may require a tap on the head when nearing the end of a lane.The Social Exclusion Unit was set up by the government in 1997. Their aim was to 'reduce social exclusion by finding joined-up solutions to interconnected problems.'

The term 'joined-up solutions' refers to the governments belief in recent decades that many social policies interrelate and affect each other. It involves developing working partnerships among different organisations.

Inclusiveness Over the recent years, the government has recognised that these social issues often interrelate and seperate policies are a false economy.The government has aimed to set up a few policies with the aim to avoid social exclusion and get not just the disabled but also other minorities recognized and involved. they aim to do this through:SOCIAL MOBILITY'Movement of individuals up or down the social class structure.'SOCIAL EXCLUSIONputting the individual at the center of its policiesrecognizing and support diversity by striving to meet the widest range of needsseeking to achieve the best 'match' between provision and the needs of the individual.providing staff training and evelopmentlaising with other relevant organizations and fostering 'joined-up thinking'When subordinate groups are discriminated against, their oppurtunities for social mobility and participation in a variety of sports can be limited.

Social mobility has increased throughout the 20th century. The moddle class expanded while the working class declined in size. However, in recent decades, the improved oppurtunities enjoyedby greater numbers of children have begun to slow down or even halted in some cases.

Any sporting policies will need to take into account of these trends in order to tackle social exclusion. The National Strategy fir Neighberhood Renewal is an important part of the government's plan to build socially inclusive communities.

All local authorities have a remit to narrow the gap that exists between the most deprived areas and the rest of the country.How can opportunities for people with disabilities be improved?SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPSRaising awareness among the disabled about opportunities already availableraising awareness among the general public about disability issuesspecialist training programmes for staff who will be involvedmaking access to and within facilites more manageableadapting even more sportsDisability Sport EnglandParticipation rate in sort varies across social groups. The link between gender and social class appeards to be increaaing significantly when looking at participation rates.In general, individuals from lover socio-economic groups have poorer health and mortality rates than those in other groups.Therefore, the benefits of participation in physical activity are particularly important for this group.This group is very likely to suffer from social exclusion as they have less power, less disposable income etc.This can affect their quality of life and what they can afford to do.The working class subculture can also affect how this groupd may adapt to middle-class sporting environments.Feelings of low self-esteem and isolation from major social institutions are all factors that make this group difficult to mobilise.Low Socio-Economic Groups