TY - JOUR
T1 - Electric Storage in California's Commercial Buildings
JF - Applied Energy Journal
Y1 - 2013/
A1 - Michael Stadler
A1 - Maximillian Kloess
A1 - Markus Groissböck
A1 - Gonçalo Cardoso
A1 - Ratnesh Sharma
A1 - Mohammad Bozchalui
A1 - Chris Marnay
AB - Most recent improvements in battery and electric vehicle (EV) technologies, combined with some favorable off-peak charging rates and an enormous PV potential, make California a prime market for electric vehicle as well as stationary storage adoption. However, EVs or plug-in hybrids, which can be seen as a mobile energy storage, connected to different buildings throughout the day, constitute distributed energy resources (DER) markets and can compete with stationary storage, onsite energy production (e.g. fuel cells, PV) at different building sites. Sometimes mobile storage is seen linked to renewable energy generation (e.g. PV) or as resource for the wider macro-grid by providing ancillary services for grid-stabilization. In contrast, this work takes a fundamentally different approach and considers buildings as the main hub for EVs / plug-in hybrids and considers them as additional resources for a building energy management system (EMS) to enable demand response or any other building strategy (e.g. carbon dioxide reduction). To examine the effect of, especially, electric storage technologies on building energy costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a distributed-energy resources adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with minimization of annual building energy costs or CO2 emissions. The mixed-integer linear program is applied to a set of 139 different commercial building types in California, and the aggregated economic and environmental benefits are reported. To show the robustness of the results, different scenarios for battery performance parameters are analyzed. The results show that the number of EVs connected to the California commercial buildings depend mostly on the optimization strategy (cost versus CO2) of the building EMS and not on the battery performance parameters. The complexity of the DER interactions at buildings also show that a reduction in stationary battery costs increases the local PV adoption, but can also increase the fossil based onsite electricity generation, making an holistic optimization approach necessary for this kind of analyses.
U2 - LBNL-6071E
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Optimal investment and scheduling of distributed energy resources with uncertainty in electric vehicles driving schedules
JF - Energy
Y1 - 2013/10//
A1 - Gonçalo Cardoso
A1 - Michael Stadler
A1 - Mohammad Bozchalui
A1 - Ratnesh Sharma
A1 - Chris Marnay
A1 - Ana Barbosa-Póvoa
A1 - Paulo Ferrão
AB - The large scale penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) will introduce technical challenges to the distribution grid, but also carries the potential for vehicle-to-grid services. Namely, if available in large enough numbers, EVs can be used as a distributed energy resource (DER) and their presence can influence optimal DER investment and scheduling decisions in microgrids. In this work, a novel EV fleet aggregator model is introduced in a stochastic formulation of DER-CAM [1], an optimization tool used to address DER investment and scheduling problems. This is used to assess the impact of EV interconnections on optimal DER solutions considering uncertainty in EV driving schedules. Optimization results indicate that EVs can have a significant impact on DER investments, particularly if considering short payback periods. Furthermore, results suggest that uncertainty in driving schedules carries little significance to total energy costs, which is corroborated by results obtained using the stochastic formulation of the problem.
U2 - LBNL-6471E
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Stochastic Programming of Vehicle to Building Interactions with Uncertainty in PEVs Driving for a Medium Office Building
T2 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
Y1 - 2013/10//
A1 - Gonçalo Cardoso
A1 - Michael Stadler
A1 - Mohammad Bozchalui
A1 - Ratnesh Sharma
A1 - Chris Marnay
A1 - Ana Barbosa-Póvoa
A1 - Paulo Ferrão
AB - The large scale penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) will introduce technical challenges to the distribution grid, but also carries the potential for vehicle-to-grid services. Namely, if available in large enough numbers, EVs can be used as a distributed energy resource (DER) and their presence can influence optimal DER investment and scheduling decisions in microgrids. In this work, a novel EV fleet aggregator model is introduced in a stochastic formulation of DER-CAM, an optimization tool used to address DER investment and scheduling problems. This is used to assess the impact of EV interconnections on optimal DER solutions considering uncertainty in EV driving schedules. Optimization results indicate that EVs can have a significant impact on DER investments, particularly if considering short payback periods. Furthermore, results suggest that uncertainty in driving schedules carries little significance to total energy costs, which is corroborated by results obtained with the stochastic formulation of the problem.
JF - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
CY - Vienna, Austria
U2 - LBNL-6416E
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Microgrid Modeling Using the Stochasting Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)
Y1 - 2012/10//
A1 - Michael Stadler
A1 - Gonçalo Cardoso
A1 - Mohammad Bozchalui
A1 - Ratnesh Sharma
A1 - Chris Marnay
A1 - Afzal S. Siddiqui
A1 - Markus Groissböck
U2 - LBNL-5937E
ER -