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This article is one of the first which says that the electric moment of ice spheroids is small and probably doesn't matter much, but that for water is large. It's useful for radar and depol. It's referenced in Austin and Bemis 1950 (which is one of the first to suggest two-polarization lidar, although they didn't use it), which in turn is referenced in Atlas et al. 1953, about scattering and atten. by non-spherical atmo particles with respect to radar.

This article is one of the first which says that the electric moment of ice spheroids is small and probably doesn't matter much, but that for water is large. It's useful for radar and depol. It's referenced in Austin and Bemis 1950 (which is one of the first to suggest two-polarization lidar, although they didn't use it), which in turn is referenced in Atlas et al. 1953, about scattering and atten. by non-spherical atmo particles with respect to radar.

The measurement of temperature in the middle atmosphere with Rayleigh-scatter lidars is an important technique for assessing atmospheric change. Current retrieval schemes for this temperature have several shortcomings, which can be overcome by using an optimal estimation method (OEM). Forward models are presented that completely characterize the measurement and allow the simultaneous retrieval of temperature, dead time, and background. The method allows a full uncertainty budget to be obtained on a per profile basis that includes, in addition to the statistical uncertainties, the smoothing error and uncertainties due to Rayleigh extinction, ozone absorption, lidar constant, nonlinearity in the counting system, variation of the Rayleigh-scatter cross section with altitude, pressure, acceleration due to gravity, and the variation of mean molecular mass with altitude. The vertical resolution of the temperature pro- file is found at each height, and a quantitative determination is made of the maximum height to which the retrieval is valid. A single temperature profile can be retrieved from measurements with multiple channels that cover different height ranges, vertical resolutions, and even different detection methods. The OEM employed is shown to give robust estimates of temperature, which are consistent with previous methods, while requiring minimal computational time. This demonstrated success of lidar temperature retrievals using an OEM opens new possibilities in atmospheric science for measurement integration between active and passive remote sensing instruments.

Geophysical Research Letters publishes short, concise research letters that present scientific advances that are likely to have immediate influence on the research of other investigators. GRL letters can focus on a specific discipline or apply broadly to the geophysical science community.