In many jurisdictions there may be an additional obligation to exchange information about one's financial responsibility (including any applicable insurance) or to summon emergency services if they are needed. There may also be requirement to leave a note containing pertinent information if the property owner is not present.[citation needed]

Hit-and-run laws arose from the difficulties that early traffic collision victims faced in identifying perpetrators so that they could be brought to justice. Apart from the obvious ability of an automobile to flee the scene quickly (if still driveable), drivers often wore driving goggles, vehicles at the time did not have license plates, and roads were unpaved and thus quite dusty.[1]

Legal consequences of hit-and-run may include the suspension or cancellation of one's driver's license; lifetime revocation of a driver's license is possible in certain jurisdictions. It is frequently considered a criminal offense which can be punished by fines and imprisonment. Insurance companies often raise the insurance costs or even void the policies of drivers involved in this offense.

Attempts to understand the mental state of the hit and run driver began soon after the offense became codified[2] and more recently has been explored in an article titled "The Psychology of Hit and Run" (2008).[3]

Under Australian law, a driver involved in a crash must stop at the scene and give their information to all other drivers involved and anyone injured, as well as the owner and driver of any property damaged, and a police officer if:

Anyone is killed or injured;

A vehicle involved in the crash is towed or otherwise carried away from the crash by another vehicle;

Any other driver involved in the crash does not stop to exchange information;

The demerit point system is used for the commission of traffic offenses in Australia; for each offense committed, a certain number of points are given, and the accumulation of points can lead to fines and license suspension or revocation.[5] When a driver fails to stop at the scene and provide the required information to the necessary people, he or she is guilty of a hit and run, which carries a maximum penalty of 20 points.

Hit and run is defined in Canada as failure to stop at the scene of an accident under the Criminal Code[6] and is subject to a penalty of up to 5 years in prison.[7] If bodily harm or death is caused in the crash and the prosecution can prove that the accused was aware of the bodily harm or death, the maximum penalties are up to 10 years in prison or up to life imprisonment, respectively.[8]

For a person to be convicted of failure to stop at the scene of an accident, the prosecution must prove that the accused was aware of the crash, the accused voluntarily failed to stop and render assistance and the intent for failing to stop was to evade civil or criminal liability. While the prosecution bears the traditional criminal burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, the accused is presumed to have intended to evade civil or criminal liability if the prosecution can prove the other elements of the offence.[9] This reverse onus has been held to be a justified limit under section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[10][11]

Canadians are also required to provide their name, address and license number in writing according to the Sec. 252 (1) of the Criminal Code. Depending on the provincial law other pieces of information may be requested like: insurance number and license plate. Car Insurance is mandatory in Canada and managed by each province's insurance corporation.[12]

If the accused is also convicted of other offences in relation to the crash, then courts will often make the sentence for hit and run consecutive to the penalties for the other offences,[citation needed] the rationale being that hit and run is often committed with the intent of evading criminal or civil liability.

Article 133 of the Criminal code as of 1997 provides that hit and run after an incident resulting in death, grievous bodily harm or major property damage is punishable with 3 to 7 years' imprisonment, and fixed-term imprisonment of 3 to 7 years if there was an attempt at escaping the scene of crash or is involved in other especially flagrant circumstances, and fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 7 years if the act of attempted escape results in death.[13]

Anyone who has caused a traffic crash, or contributed to it, has the duty to identify themselves to the victims or to other contributors. If the victim is not present (such as in the case of damage of a parked car) the one who caused the crash has to wait a certain time. If the victim does not appear, he has to report the crash at the next police station without delay. Violation of these rules ("illicit leaving of the scene of a crash") is punishable with prison up to three years or a fine (article 142 of the Strafgesetzbuch).[14]

Different in that it applies to not only to those directly involved in a crash, article 323c states that anyone who fails to provide necessary help in an emergency can be punished with prison up to one year or a fine. This applies only if providing help is a "reasonable burden"—when it can take place "especially without putting yourself in substantial danger or neglecting other important duties". Not being explicitly asked to help is not an acceptable reason not to do so. In a traffic crash, for example, the actions expected would be securing the site against follow-up crashes, calling emergency services, and providing first aid to your ability until professional help arrives.

(iii) any other thing not being in or on that vehicle or a trailer drawn thereby, the driver of that vehicle shall stop. Otherwise, the driver commits an offence and is liable to a fine of 10000 Hong Kong dollars and to imprisonment for 12 months.[15]

Hit-and-run is outlined in Article 5-3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes. There are two sections to this Act.

If the driver runs away after killing or causing the death of a victim, Section 1 proscribes the minimum sentence as five years in prison (with a possible 5 million-30 million won fine) with the maximum being life imprisonment.

If the driver removes the victim from the accident scene and runs away after abandoning the victim, Section 2 proscribes a minimum of three years imprisonment if the victim survives. If the victim dies, the penalty is either life imprisonment or the death penalty.[17]

Article 62 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations proclaimed on 28 December 2005 and effective on 1 July 2006 provides the following administrative penalties:

Section 1: Without personal injury and death, hit-and-run drivers of motor vehicles are subject to administrative fines of 1000 to 3000 new Taiwan dollars and suspension of their driver licenses for 1 to 3 months.

Section: 4: With minor personal injury, hit-and-run drivers of motor vehicles are subject to revocation of their driver licenses, for 1 year pursuant to Section 3 of Article 67. With serious personal injury or death, hit-and-run drivers of motor vehicles are subject to revocation of their driver licenses, for lifetime pursuant to Section 1 of Article 67, but Article 67-1 allows a possible waiver after serving the revocation for 12 years if the revocation involved personal death, or 10 years if involving serious personal injury.

With personal injury or death, hit-and-run drivers of motor vehicles are also subject to imprisonment of 6 months to 5 years pursuant to Article 185-4 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China. Hit and Run, although illegal, is seldom prosecuted on Taiwan. Drunk driving has a much more severe penalty so drunk drivers involved in crashes rarely stop to be tested.

On 19 October 2001 in the Taiwan Area, the Judicial Yuan of the Republic of China in its Interpretation 531 further considered that lifetime revocation of a driver license for vehicular hit and run involving personal injury or death would not violate the Constitution of the Republic of China. However, this Interpretation also suggested relevant authorities in charge to reconsider the lifetime revocation and consider reinstatement for rehabilitated drivers.[19]

The penalties (and the definition) of hit-and-run vary from state to state in the United States.[20] For example, in Virginia, the crime is a felony if the crash causes death, injury, or damage to attended property in excess of a certain dollar amount; otherwise, it is a misdemeanor.[21] In California the crime can be an infraction, a misdemeanor, or a felony depending on whether there is property damage or bodily injury.[22]

In Texas, the crime is a third degree felony if the collision involves a fatality or serious bodily injury. Collisions causing less serious injuries are punishable by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for not more than five years, or confinement in the county jail for not more than one year, a fine not to exceed $5,000, or both. Collisions causing $200 or more in total damages without injuries are punishable by a class B misdemeanor, and collisions causing less than $200 in total damages are a class C misdemeanor.[23]

1.
Crime
–
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term crime does not, in criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition. The most popular view is that crime is a created by law, in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence is an act not only to some individual. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law, the notion that acts such as murder, rape and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is an offence is defined by criminal law of each country. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, the state has the power to severely restrict ones liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere, usually, to be classified as a crime, the act of doing something criminal must – with certain exceptions – be accompanied by the intention to do something criminal. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime, breaches of private law are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure. With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel populations to conform to codes, authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate certain behaviors in general. In addition, authorities provide remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system, Legal sanctions vary widely in their severity, they may include incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. Some jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments, legal mutilation, usually a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. Conversely, at least under U. S. law, nonpersons such as animals cannot commit crimes, the sociologist Richard Quinney has written about the relationship between society and crime. When Quinney states crime is a phenomenon he envisages both how individuals conceive crime and how populations perceive it, based on societal norms. The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō, meaning I decide, originally the Latin word crīmen meant charge or cry of distress. The Ancient Greek word krima, from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to a mistake or an offense against the community. In 13th century English crime meant sinfulness, according to etymonline. com and it was probably brought to England as Old French crimne, from Latin crimen. In Latin, crimen could have signified any one of the following, charge, indictment, accusation, crime, fault, the word may derive from the Latin cernere – to decide, to sift

2.
Information
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In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, as it regards data, the informations existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer, while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer. At its most fundamental, information is any propagation of cause, Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation. It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication, the uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence and is inversely proportional to that. The more uncertain an event, the information is required to resolve uncertainty of that event. The bit is a unit of information, but other units such as the nat may be used. Example, information in one fair coin ﬂip, log2 =1 bit, the concept that information is the message has different meanings in different contexts. The English word was derived from the Latin stem of the nominative. Inform itself comes from the Latin verb informare, which means to give form, eidos can also be associated with thought, proposition, or even concept. The ancient Greek word for information is πληροφορία, which transliterates from πλήρης fully and it literally means fully bears or conveys fully. In modern Greek language the word Πληροφορία is still in use and has the same meaning as the word information in English. In addition to its meaning, the word Πληροφορία as a symbol has deep roots in Aristotles semiotic triangle. In this regard it can be interpreted to communicate information to the one decoding that specific type of sign, from the stance of information theory, information is taken as an ordered sequence of symbols from an alphabet, say an input alphabet χ, and an output alphabet ϒ. Information processing consists of a function that maps any input sequence from χ into an output sequence from ϒ. The mapping may be probabilistic or deterministic and it may have memory or be memoryless. Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system, inputs are of two kinds, some inputs are important to the function of the organism or system by themselves. In his book Sensory Ecology Dusenbery called these causal inputs, other inputs are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and can be used to predict the occurrence of a causal input at a later time. Some information is important because of association with information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input

3.
Insurance
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Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, an entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, or insurance carrier. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as an insured or policyholder, the insured receives a contract, called the insurance policy, which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be financially compensated. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the insured for the coverage set forth in the policy is called the premium. If the insured experiences a loss which is covered by the insurance policy. Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Babylonian traders as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessels capsizing. The Babylonians developed a system which was recorded in the famous Code of Hammurabi, c.1750 BC, and practiced by early Mediterranean sailing merchants. If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipment, he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the guarantee to cancel the loan should the shipment be stolen. At some point in the 1st millennium BC, the inhabitants of Rhodes created the general average and this allowed groups of merchants to pay to insure their goods being shipped together. The collected premiums would be used to any merchant whose goods were jettisoned during transport. Separate insurance contracts were invented in Genoa in the 14th century, the first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347, and in the next century maritime insurance developed widely and premiums were intuitively varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment, Insurance became far more sophisticated in Enlightenment era Europe, and specialized varieties developed. Property insurance as we know it today can be traced to the Great Fire of London, initially,5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office. At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the underwriting of business ventures became available, by the end of the seventeenth century, Londons growing importance as a center for trade was increasing demand for marine insurance. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market Lloyds of London and several related shipping, the first life insurance policies were taken out in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, founded in London in 1706 by William Talbot, edward Rowe Mores established the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. In the late 19th century, accident insurance began to become available and this operated much like modern disability insurance. The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, by the late 19th century, governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age

4.
Emergency services
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Emergency services and rescue services are organizations which ensure public safety and health by addressing different emergencies. Some of these agencies exist solely for addressing certain types of emergencies whilst others deal with ad hoc emergencies as part of their normal responsibilities, many of these agencies engage in community awareness and prevention programs to help the public avoid, detect, and report emergencies effectively. There are three main emergency service functions, Law enforcement —enforcing the law to prevent crime, investigate crime, reach out to the community, fire departments — protecting life and property through the provision of firefighting. However, there are many countries where fire, rescue. Emergency services have one or more dedicated emergency telephone numbers reserved for emergency calls. In some countries, one number is used for all the emergency services, in some countries, each emergency service has its own emergency number. These services can be provided by one of the services or by a separate government or private body. Military — to provide specialist services, such as disposal or to supplement emergency services at times of major disaster. Coast guard — Provide coastal patrols with a security function at sea, tasked with law enforcement and search. Lifeboat — Dedicated providers of rescue services, usually at sea. Mountain rescue — to provide search and rescue in mountainous areas, cave rescue — to rescue people injured, trapped, or lost during caving explorations. Mine rescue — specially trained and equipped to rescue miners trapped by fires, explosions, cave-ins, toxic gas, flooding, technical rescue — other types of technical or heavy rescue, but usually specific to a discipline. Search and rescue — can be discipline-specific, such as urban, wildland, maritime, wildland firefighting — to size-up, contain, extinguish, and mop-up wildfires. Bomb disposal — to render safe hazardous explosive ordnance, such as terrorist devices, unexploded bombs and other. Blood/organ transplant supply — to provide organs or blood on an emergency basis, Emergency management — to provide and co-ordinate resources during large-scale emergencies. Amateur radio emergency communications — to provide support to other emergency services. HAZ-MAT — removal of hazardous materials, Air search providing aerial spotting for the emergency services, such as conducted by the Civil Air Patrol in the US, or Sky Watch in the UK. Most services do, or should, have procedures and liaisons in place to ensure this, there can sometimes be tension between services for a number of other reasons, including professional versus voluntary crew members, or simply based on area or division

5.
Goggles
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Goggles or safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in sports as well, and in swimming. Goggles are often worn when using tools such as drills or chainsaws to prevent flying particles from damaging the eyes. Many types of goggles are available as prescription goggles for those with vision problems, the Inuit and Yupik people carved Inuit snow goggles from caribou antler, wood, and shell to help prevent snow blindness. The goggles were curved to fit the users face and had a groove cut in the back to allow for the nose. A long thin slit was cut through the goggles to allow in an amount of light. The goggles were held to the head by a made of caribou sinew. In the early 20th century, goggles were worn by drivers of uncovered cars to prevent irritation of the eyes by dust or wind, the first pilot to wear goggles was probably Charles Manly in his failed attempt to fly Samuel Langleys aerodrome in 1903. The requirements for goggles varies depending on the use, some examples, Cold weather, Most modern cold-weather goggles have two layers of lens to prevent the interior from becoming foggy. With only a lens, the interior water vapor condenses onto the lens because the lens is colder than the vapor. The reasoning behind dual layer lens is that the lens will be warm while the outer lens will be cold. As long as the temperature of the lens is close to that of the interior water vapor. Swimming, Must be watertight to prevent water, such as water when swimming in the ocean, or chlorinated water when swimming in a pool. Allows swimmers to see clearly underwater and they will not be usable more than a few feet underwater, because the water pressure will press them tightly against the face. Examples of these include the Swedish goggles, power tools, Must be made of an unbreakable material that prevents chunks of metal, wood, plastic, concrete, and so on from hitting or piercing the eye. Usually has some sort of ventilation to prevent sweat from building up inside the goggles, blowtorch goggles, These protect the eyes from glare and flying sparks and hot metal splashes while using or near a blowtorch. They are not the filters for arc welding

6.
License plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal

7.
Driver's license
–
The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, a license is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test, while in others, different categories of license often exist for different types of motor vehicles, particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles. The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions, as do such as age and the required level of practice. Up until the start of the 20th century, European authorities issued licenses to drive motor vehicles similarly ad hoc, the first mandatory license requirement for driving was introduced in the Motor Car Act 1903 in the United Kingdom. Every car owner had to register his automobile with his local government authority, the minimum qualifying age was set at 17. The license gave its holder freedom of the road with a maximum 20 mph speed limit, compulsory testing was introduced in 1934, with the passing of the Road Traffic Act. Prussia, then a state within the German Empire, introduced compulsory licensing on September 29,1903, a test on mechanical aptitude had to be passed and the Dampfkesselüberwachungsverein was charged with conducting these tests. In 1910, the German imperial government mandated the licensing of drivers on a scale, establishing a system of tests. As automobile-related fatalities soared in North America, public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying the French, on August 1,1910, North Americas first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the US state of New York, though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs. In July 1913, the state of New Jersey became the first to all drivers to pass a mandatory examination before receiving a license. Many countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, as many people have drivers licenses, they are often accepted as de facto proof of identity. Most identity cards and drivers licenses are credit card size—the ID-1 size, many European countries require drivers to produce their license on demand when driving. Some European countries require adults to carry proof of identity at all times, in the United Kingdom drivers are not required to carry their licence. A driver may be required by a constable or vehicle examiner to produce their licence, but may provide it in a police station within seven days. In Spain, Sweden and Finland, the license number is the same as the citizens ID number. In Bulgaria, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain, a vehicle registration card. In Hong Kong a driving license carries the number as the holders ID card. Upon inspection both must be presented, plans to make the newly phased in Smart ID contain driving license information have been shelved

8.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

9.
Point system (driving)
–
Points may either be added or subtracted, depending on the particular system in use. A major offense may lead to more than the allowed points being issued. Fines and other penalties may be applied additionally, either for an offense or after a number of points have been accumulated. The primary purpose of point systems is to identify, deter. Germany introduced a point system, in 1974, and one was introduced in New York at about that time. In jurisdictions which use a point system, the police or licensing authorities maintain, for each driver, the threshold to determine additional penalties may vary based on the drivers experience level, prior driving record, age, educational level attained, and other factors. In particular, it is common to set a threshold for young. In some jurisdictions, points can also be added if the driver is found to be significantly at fault in a traffic accident, major traffic offenses, such as hit and run or drunk driving may or may not be handled within the point system. Such offenses often carry a mandatory suspension of driving privileges, Traffic laws are the responsibility of the State and Territory Governments. Demerit points are used in all states and territories, and road authorities share information about interstate offenses and those who can prove they are professional drivers are allowed an additional point. The minimum suspension period is three months, plus one further month for every extra four demerit points beyond the licenses limit, an alternative to initially accepting the suspension, a driver can apply for a good behavior period of 12 months. In most states, drivers under a good behavior period who accumulate one or two points have their license suspended for double the original period. Most states also provide for suspension of a license, instead of or in addition to demerit points. These generally include offenses for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, provisional licence holders are allowed different numbers of demerit points over the lifetime of their licence, depending on their licence class, before being suspended from driving for three months. Holders of a P1 licence, which lasts 12–18 months, are suspended after accumulating 4 points, speeding offences for provisional licence holders are set to a minimum of four points, meaning that P1 holders will be suspended after one speeding offence of any speed. During holiday periods, double demerit points apply for speeding, seatbelt, offences in school zones attract more demerit points than in other areas. Automatic suspensions apply for all drink- and drug-driving offences, as well as speeding by more than 30 km/h, Victoria introduced a demerit points suspension scheme in 1970. Learner and probationary drivers are sent a combined option-suspension notice for accumulating 5 points or more over any 12-month period, an option notice allows for either a 12-month bond or a three-month minimum suspension

10.
Criminal Code (Canada)
–
The Criminal Code or Code criminel is a law that codifies most criminal offences and procedures in Canada. Its official long title is An Act respecting the criminal law, section 91 of the Constitution Act,1867 establishes the sole jurisdiction of Parliament over criminal law in Canada. The Criminal Code contains some defences, but most are part of the law rather than statute. This legal document has played a part in Canadas history and has also helped form other legal acts and laws, For example the Controlled Drugs. The Criminal Code was first enacted in July 1892 after being a pet project of the Minister of Justice of the time, Canadas criminal code followed much of Englands 1878 bill. However Canada wanted to have a precise legal document that outlined all criminal laws. The Criminal Code has been revised numerous times, including the consolidation of federal statutes that occurred during 1955 and 1985, the criminal code has changed as society has advanced. The introduction of technology has pushed for new laws to be passed, for example laws against the use of cellphones while driving as well as cyber crimes. The Criminal Code, in its present form, is part of the 1985 consolidated statutes with further major amendments since that year, the offending sections are usually removed altogether, or heavily qualified, when new laws are passed. Before the terrorist attack against the World Trade Center on September 11,2001, after that event, the Canadian Parliament passed Bill C-36, the Anti-terrorism Act which received royal assent on December 18,2001. This statute added a new component to the Criminal Code. Falling between Part II and Part III is now Part II, however, sentencing, procedure and evidence law are modified to some extent by the Youth Criminal Justice Act. Depending on the severity of the crime, the Crown Prosecutor may argue for a youth to receive a sentence after the age of 14. In this case, the judge will make the decision, under the Young Offenders Act, the youth would be transferred to adult court in order to receive an adult sentence. This is no longer the case, under the Youth Criminal Justice Act the young person would receive the adult sentence in youth court. If the young person is given an adult custody sentence, he/she will attend a youth facility until becoming an adult at the age of 18. At this time it will be decided if the youth is transferred to an adult facility, if an adult sentence is given, the young persons name will be published and he/she will receive a permanent adult criminal record. In 2012, Bill C-10 made amendments to the Youth Criminal Justice Act regarding youth, Criminal law in Canada Criminal Code Criminal Code at The Canadian Encyclopedia Canadian Legal Information Institute contains the CCoC in a searchable database

11.
Strafgesetzbuch
–
Strafgesetzbuch, abbreviated to StGB, is the German penal code. In Germany the Strafgesetzbuch goes back to the Penal Code of the German Empire passed in the year 1871 which was identical to the Penal Code of the North German Confederation. Examples of such new crimes are money laundering or computer sabotage, the StGB constitutes the legal basis of criminal law in Germany. Another special penal code is the Wehrstrafgesetz to prosecute special crimes within military service such as insubordination and desertion, outlaws the distribution or public use of symbols of unconstitutional groups, in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting. This section has been the basis for the confiscation of video games like Wolfenstein 3D or Mortyr, turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan himself made a complaint 2016 against German satirist Jan Böhmermann as a private person because of the alleged insulting. The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey, Numan Kurtulmuş, called the poem a serious crime against humanity, section 3 outlaws denying the genocide committed under the rule of National Socialism. Section 4 prohibits glorifying or approving the reign of the Nazis and this section was used as the legal basis for confiscating all horror movies and a few video games such as Mortal Kombat, Manhunt, and Condemned. Outlaws rewarding or approving of crimes publicly, in a meeting or through dissemination of writings and this only applies to crimes where failure to report is an offense, among them preparation of a war of aggression, murder, robbery, treason, and counterfeiting money. This section formed the grounds for the lawsuit against Holger Voss and this section, which was in force in some form or other from 1871 to 1994, criminalized sexual acts between males under circumstances that varied as the law was modified over the years. Acts between consenting adults, if not done in the context of prostitution, were excluded from prosecution in 1969, until 1969 the section also criminalized sexual acts between humans and animals. No corresponding legislation against lesbian sex acts existed, too extensive an interpretation will surely collide with the freedom of exercise of occupation as well as the right to property. The intentional, successful killing of another person, with at least one of the circumstances mentioned in §211 sec.2 fulfilled. Those circumstances concern base motives, criminal aims or cruel ways of committing the crime, an intentional killing that does not qualify for Mord is called Totschlag. §211 is the crime within the Strafgesetzbuch that carries a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. Regulating abortion, in combination with §218a, revised several times, with an early 1970s liberalization declared unconstitutional by the courts, and historically very controversial. After this compromise was found, there has been relatively little controversy about the section. This section requires everybody to render assistance during accidents or a danger or emergency if necessary. Refusing to assist can be punished with up to one year of imprisonment, as a consequence, should an attempt at first aid prove unsuccessful or actually harmful, it will not be prosecuted

12.
Horse
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H. O. R. S. E. is a form of poker commonly played at the high-stakes tables of casinos. It consists of rounds of cycling among, Texas Hold em, Omaha hi-low split-eight or better, Razz, Seven card Stud. H. O. R. S. E. is a limit game, however, in some tournament situations, the final table is no-limit hold em. C. H. O. R. S. E adds Chowaha or Crazy Pineapple to the mix and this is convenient at such team events as BARGE, when it helps to have as many flop games as stud games. T. H. O. R. S. E. H. A. is another 8-Game Mix which includes more games than most other mixed poker games, pokerStars started offering this game in 2008. It consists of limit 2-7 Triple Draw, limit Texas hold em, limit Omaha Hi-Lo, limit Razz, limit Seven-card Stud, limit Seven card Stud Hi-Lo, no limit Texas hold em and pot limit Omaha. 10-Game, the latest variation on the poker games, overtook T. H. O. R. S. E. H. A. in the extent of its game inclusion. Full Tilt Poker also offers the 9-Game, which includes all poker variants from the 10-Game with the exception of Badugi, a 12 Game Mix has also been proposed as a variation and as an extension to the 10-Game mix. A13 Game Mix can also be constructed by adding No Limit Holdem to the games of the 12 Game Mix, made its debut at the World Series of Poker in 2002 with a $2,000 buy-in. John Hennigan won the event, earning $117,320, tournament made its debut at the 2006 World Series of Poker. Chip Reese won the event, earning $1,716,000 for first place, after Reese died at the end of 2007, the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy was created in his honor. The trophy is awarded to the winner of the $50,000 championship event since the 2008 World Series of Poker. The $50,000 buy-in tournament returned for the 2007 WSOP, the $50,000 event, which awarded $2,276,832 to first place, was won by professional player Freddy Deeb. Events with $2,500 and $5,000 buy-ins were also on the 2007 WSOP program, the 2008 $50,000 H. O. R. S. E event was won by Scotty Nguyen, who received $1,989,120 for his victory. This was also the first time that the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy had been awarded to the winner of the competition, event was won by David Bach, for $1,276,802. World Championship event was replaced by The Poker Players Championship, with an identical buy-in, event, the final table was no-limit hold em. Michael Mizrachi won the first Players Championship and with it the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy, the 2010 WSOP also featured a new $10,000 H. O. R. S. E. Championship, joining already-existing events with $1,500 and $3,000 buy-ins

13.
Cattle
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Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, cattle are raised as livestock for meat, as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals. Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel, in some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious meaning. From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in southeast Turkey about 10,500 years ago, according to an estimate from 2011, in 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome. Some consider cattle the oldest form of wealth, and cattle raiding consequently one of the earliest forms of theft. Cattle were originally identified as three species, Bos taurus, the European or taurine cattle, Bos indicus, the zebu, and the extinct Bos primigenius. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle and these have been reclassified as one species, Bos taurus, with three subspecies, Bos taurus primigenius, Bos taurus indicus, and Bos taurus taurus. Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu, but also one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks, banteng. Hybrids such as the breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos. However, cattle cannot successfully be hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo, the aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed. Cattle did not originate as the term for bovine animals and it was borrowed from Anglo-Norman catel, itself from medieval Latin capitale principal sum of money, capital, itself derived in turn from Latin caput head. Cattle originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, the word is a variant of chattel and closely related to capital in the economic sense. The term replaced earlier Old English feoh cattle, property, which today as fee. The word cow came via Anglo-Saxon cū, from Common Indo-European gʷōus = a bovine animal, compare Persian gâv, Sanskrit go-, Welsh buwch. The plural cȳ became ki or kie in Middle English, and a plural ending was often added, giving kine, kien. This is the origin of the now archaic English plural, kine, the Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is kye

14.
Mule
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A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes, of the two F1 hybrids between these two species, a mule is easier to obtain than a hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey and a male horse. The size of a mule and work to which it is put depend largely on the breeding of the female parent. Mules can be lightweight, medium weight, or when produced from draft horse mares, Mules are more patient, hardy and long-lived than horses, and are less obstinate and more intelligent than donkeys. Mules also tend to be more independent than most domesticated equines other than the donkey, the median weight range for a mule is between about 370 and 460 kg. While a few mules can carry live weight up to 160 kg, in general, a mule can be packed with dead weight of up to 20% of its body weight, or approximately 90 kg. Although it depends on the animal, it has been reported that mules trained by the Army of Pakistan can carry up to 72 kilograms. The average equine in general can carry up to approximately 30% of its weight in live weight. A female mule that has estrus cycles and thus, in theory, could carry a fetus, is called a molly or Molly mule, pregnancy is rare, but can occasionally occur naturally as well as through embryo transfer. A male mule is called a horse mule, though often called a john mule. A young male mule is called a colt, and a young female is called a mule filly. With its short thick head, long ears, thin limbs, small narrow hooves, and short mane, in height and body, shape of neck and rump, uniformity of coat, and teeth, it appears horse-like. The mule comes in all sizes, shapes and conformations, there are mules that resemble huge draft horses, sturdy quarter horses, fine-boned racing horses, shaggy ponies and more. The mule is an example of hybrid vigor, charles Darwin wrote, The mule always appears to me a most surprising animal. The mule inherits from its sire the traits of intelligence, sure-footedness, toughness, endurance, disposition, from its dam it inherits speed, conformation, and agility. Mules exhibit a higher intelligence than their parent species. This is also believed to be the result of hybrid vigor, similar to how mules acquire greater height and their hooves are harder than horses, and they show a natural resistance to disease and insects. Many North American farmers with clay soil found mules superior as plow animals, a mule does not sound exactly like a donkey or a horse

15.
Sheep
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The sheep is a quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus Ovis, in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female sheep is referred to as a ewe, a male as a ram or occasionally a tup, a castrated male as a wether. Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe, one of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleece, meat and milk. A sheeps wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones, Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science. Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, in the modern era, Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production. Sheepraising has a lexicon of unique terms which vary considerably by region. Use of the sheep began in Middle English as a derivation of the Old English word scēap. A group of sheep is called a flock, herd or mob, many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist, generally related to lambing, shearing, and age. Being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, as livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, Arcadian imagery. Sheep figure in many mythologies—such as the Golden Fleece—and major religions, in both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals. Domestic sheep are relatively small ruminants, usually with a crimped hair called wool, domestic sheep differ from their wild relatives and ancestors in several respects, having become uniquely neotenic as a result of selective breeding by humans. A few primitive breeds of sheep retain some of the characteristics of their wild cousins, depending on breed, domestic sheep may have no horns at all, or horns in both sexes, or in males only. Most horned breeds have a pair, but a few breeds may have several. Another trait unique to domestic sheep as compared to wild ovines is their variation in color. Wild sheep are largely variations of brown hues, and variation within species is extremely limited, colors of domestic sheep range from pure white to dark chocolate brown, and even spotted or piebald

16.
Pig
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A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar, along with species, related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents, juvenile pigs are known as piglets. Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals, with around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet. Pigs are omnivores and can consume a range of food. Pigs can harbour a range of parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans, because of the similarities between pigs and humans, pigs are used for human medical research. The Online Etymology Dictionary provides anecdotal evidence as well as linguistic, saying that the term derives probably from Old English *picg, found in compounds, apparently related to Low German bigge, Dutch big. Another Old English word for pig was fearh, related to furh furrow, from PIE *perk- dig and this reflects a widespread IE tendency to name animals from typical attributes or activities. Synonyms grunter, porker are from sailors and fishermens euphemistic avoidance of uttering the word pig at sea, a superstition perhaps based on the fate of the Gadarene swine and it is entirely likely that the word to call pigs, soo-ie, is similarly derived. A typical pig has a head with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone. The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is an acute sense organ. There are four hoofed toes on each trotter, with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the two also being used in soft ground. The dental formula of adult pigs is 3.1.4.33.1.4.3, the rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In the male, the teeth form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other. Occasionally, captive mother pigs may savage their own piglets, often if they become severely stressed, some attacks on newborn piglets are non-fatal. Others may cause the death of the piglets and sometimes, the mother may eat the piglets and it is estimated that 50% of piglet fatalities are due to the mother attacking, or unintentionally crushing, the newborn pre-weaned animals. Scientists have recently discovered that pigs can exhibit a bias and are optimists or pessimests. In a study by the University of Lincoln,36 pigs were tested and they were placed in a room with two food bowls at each end of the room

17.
Goat
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The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the family Bovidae and is related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat, Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species, and have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world. In 2011, there were more than 924 million live goats around the globe, according to the UN Food, female goats are referred to as does or nannies, intact males are called bucks or billies, and juveniles of both sexes are called kids. Goat meat from animals is called kid or cabrito, while meat from older animals is known simply as goat or sometimes called chevon. To refer to the male, Old English used bucca until ousted by hegote, hegoote in the late 12th century, nanny goat originated in the 18th century and billy goat in the 19th. Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans, the most recent genetic analysis confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild Bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today. The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 years before present are found in Ganj Dareh in Iran. Goat remains have been found at sites in Jericho, Choga Mami Djeitun and Çayönü. Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years BP as the domestication date, historically, goat hide has been used for water and wine bottles in both traveling and transporting wine for sale. It has also used to produce parchment. Goats are considered small livestock animals, compared to animals such as cattle, camels and horses, but larger than microlivestock such as poultry, rabbits, cavies. Each recognized breed of goats has specific weight ranges, which vary from over 140 kg for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may have different recognized sizes. At the bottom of the range are miniature breeds such as the African Pygmy. Most goats naturally have two horns, of various shapes and sizes depending on the breed, Goats have horns unless they are polled or the horns have been removed, typically soon after birth. There have been incidents of polycerate goats, although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited, the horns are most typically removed in commercial dairy goat herds, to reduce the injuries to humans and other goats. Unlike cattle, goats have not been bred to be reliably polled, as the genes determining sex. Breeding together two genetically polled goats results in a number of intersex individuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile

18.
Hong Kong dollar
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The Hong Kong dollar is the currency of Hong Kong. It is the thirteenth most traded currency in the world, the Hong Kong dollar is subdivided into 100 cents. It is also used in nearby Macau, where the official currency, in formal Cantonese, the 圓 or 元 character is used. In spoken Cantonese, 蚊 is used, perhaps a transliteration of the first syllable of “money”, the dollar is divided into 100 cents, with the character 仙 used on coins and in spoken Cantonese. However, 仙 is now used in the stock market, as now it no longer has a note or coin form due to its small value. The amount of 10 cents is called 1 houh in Cantonese, the mil was known as the man or tsin in Cantonese. To express prices in spoken Cantonese, for example $7.80, the phrase is 七個八, in terms, where integer values in cents exist, e. g. $6.75. A slang term in English sometimes used for the Hong Kong dollar is Honkie, when Hong Kong was established as a free trading port in 1841, there was no local currency in everyday circulation. Foreign currencies such as Indian rupees, Spanish and Mexican 8 reales, the Chinese did not however receive these new Hong Kong dollars well, and in 1868 the Hong Kong Mint was closed down with a loss of $440,000. The machinery at the Hong Kong mint was sold first to Jardine Matheson and in turn to the Japanese, in 1873, the international silver crisis resulted in a devaluation of silver against gold-based currencies. London eventually acquiesced and legislation was enacted in attempts to regulate the coinage, new British trade dollars were coined at the mints in Calcutta and Bombay for use in both Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements. In 1906, the Straits Settlements issued their own silver dollar coin and this was the point of departure as between the Hong Kong unit and the Straits unit. By 1935, only Hong Kong and China remained on the silver standard, in that year, Hong Kong, shortly after China, abandoned silver and introduced a crawling peg to sterling of £1 = $15.36 to $16.45. It was from this point in time that the concept of a Hong Kong dollar as a unit of currency came into existence. The One-Dollar Currency Note Ordinance of that led to the introduction of one-dollar notes by the government. It was not until 1937 that the tender of Hong Kong was finally unified. In 1939, the Hong Kong dollar was put on a peg of $16 = £1. During the Japanese occupation, the Japanese military yen were the means of everyday exchange in Hong Kong

19.
New Taiwan dollar
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The New Taiwan dollar has been the currency of Taiwan since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. Originally issued by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000, the currency code is TWD, and its common abbreviation is NT$. The Chinese term equivalent to New Taiwan dollar, 新臺幣 or 新台幣, is used only in contexts where it is necessary to avoid any ambiguity, such as banking, contracts, in common usage, the unit is typically referred to as yuán. In Taiwan, the character for yuan can be written in either of two forms, an informal 元 or a formal 圓, which are interchangeable, colloquial alternatives for the currency unit include the Mandarin kuài, meaning piece, and the Taiwanese Hokkien kho͘. In English usage the new Taiwan dollar is often abbreviated as NT, NT$, NT Dollar or NTD, subdivisions of a new Taiwan dollar are rarely used, since practically all products on the consumer market are sold in whole dollars. The New Taiwan dollar was first issued by the Bank of Taiwan on June 15,1949, the first goal of the New Taiwan dollar was to end the hyperinflation that had plagued Nationalist China due to the Chinese Civil War. After the communists captured Beijing in January 1949, the Nationalists began to retreat to Taiwan, chinas gold reserve was moved to Taiwan in February. The government then declared in the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion that dollars issued by the Bank of Taiwan would become the new currency in circulation. Even though the New Taiwan dollar was the de facto currency of Taiwan, the value of the silver yuan was decoupled from the value of silver during World War II. Many older statutes have fines and fees given in this currency, according to statute, one silver yuan is worth three New Taiwan dollars. Despite decades of inflation, this ratio has not been adjusted and this made the silver yuan a purely notational currency long ago, nearly impossible to buy, sell, or use. In July 2000, the New Taiwan dollar became Taiwans legal currency and it is no longer secondary to the silver yuan. At this time, the bank began issuing New Taiwan dollar banknotes. The exchange rate compared to the United States dollar has varied from less than ten to one in the mid-1950s, more than forty to one in the 1960s, the exchange rate as of March 2017 is 30.2 to one. The denominations of the Taiwan dollar in circulation are, Coins are minted by the Central Mint of China, both are run by the Central Bank. The NT$ 1⁄2 coin is rare because of its low value, while the NT$20 coin is rare because of the lack of willingness to promote it. As of 2010, the cost of the raw materials in a NT$ 1⁄2 coin was more than the value of the coin. 中華民國XX年 = Minguo XX. 中華民國 is also the state title Republic of China, 莫那魯道 = Mona Rudao, anti-Japanese leader at the Wushe Incident

20.
Taiwan Area
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As the island of Taiwan is the main component of the whole area, it is therefore also referred to as the Taiwan Area of the Republic of China or simply the Taiwan Area. This term is used in the Additional Articles to the Constitution of the Republic of China, the term free area or Free China was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War to describe the territories under the control of the Kuomintang government in Chongqing. The Japanese occupation ended with the surrender in 1945. Prior to the Battle of Dachen Archipelago in 1955, the Free Area also encompassed a group of islands off Zhejiang, the islands have since been administered exclusively by the PRC. Various names used to describe the area include, The term free area of the Republic of China has persisted to the present day in the ROC legislation. This term was first used in the Constitution with the promulgation of the first set of amendments to the Constitution in 1991 and has retained in the most recent revision passed in 2005. In the absence of such changes, the Republic of Chinas official borders were to be regarded as all of mainland China. In ordinary legislation, the term Taiwan Area is usually used, especially in contexts of trade, however, on more practical grounds, the mainland area refers simply to mainland China. In addition, there are two other Acts defining other areas, the Hong Kong Area and the Macau Area, the hand-over of these former European colonies to the Peoples Republic of China necessitated laws governing the relations of the Taiwan Area with them. The Acts are worded in a manner to avoid discussing whether the Republic of China claims sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau

21.
Judicial Yuan
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Its Justices of the Constitutional Court, with 15 members, is charged with interpreting the Constitution. The President and Vice President of the Judicial Yuan are chosen from among the Honorable Justices by the President, eight of the grand justices, including the president and vice president of the Judicial Yuan, serve four-year terms, and the remaining Honorable Justices serve eight-year terms. Judicial Administrative Power of the Constitutional Court, there are currently 21 District Courts in the Taiwan Area, Each District Court may establish one or more summary divisions for the adjudication of cases suitable for summary judgment. The civil summary procedure is for cases involving an amount in controversys of not more than 300,000 New Taiwan dollar, currently there are a total of 45 divisions in Taiwan. Additionally, there is a Taiwan Kaohsiung Juvenile Court, established in accordance with the Law Governing the Disposition of Juvenile Cases, Each division has a Division Chief Judge who supervises and assigns the business of the division. Each District Court has a Public Defenders Office and a Probation Officers Office, a single judge hears and decides cases in ordinary and summary proceedings as well as in small claims cases. A panel of three judges decides cases of importance in ordinary proceedings as well as appeals or interlocutory appeals from the summary. Criminal cases are decided by a panel of three judges, with the exception of summary proceedings which may be held by a single judge, the Juvenile Court hears and decides only cases involving juveniles. The High Courts and its Branch Courts are divided into civil, criminal, Each Division is composed of one Division Chief Judge and two Associate Judges. Additionally, the High Court and its Branch Courts have a Clerical Bureau, Cases before the High Courts or its Branch Courts are heard and decided by a panel of three judges. However, one of the judges may conduct preparatory proceedings, the Supreme Court is the court of last resort for civil and criminal cases. The current administrative litigation system adopts a Two Level Two Instance System litigation procedure, the administrative courts are classified into the High Administrative Court, which is the court of first instance, and the Supreme Administrative Court, which is the appellate court. The first instance of the High Administrative Court is a trial of facts, the Supreme Administrative Court is an appellate court. Article 80 of the Constitution states that Judges shall be above partisanship and shall, in accordance with law, hold trials independently, furthermore, Article 81 states that Judges shall hold office for life. No judge shall be removed from office unless he has been guilty of an offense or subjected to disciplinary measure. No judge shall, except in accordance with law, be suspended or transferred or have his salary reduced

22.
Constitution of the Republic of China
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This made China the most populous paper democracy in the world. The latest revision to the constitution was in 2004, drafted by the Kuomintang as part of its third stage of national development, it established a centralized republic with five branches of government. Following the KMTs retreat to Taiwan in 1949, the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion gave the KMT government extra-constitutional powers, despite the Constitution, Taiwan was an authoritarian one-party state. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the Constitutions origins in mainland China led to supporters of Taiwan independence to push for a new Taiwanese constitution and it was only agreed to reform the Constitution of the Republic of China, not to create a new one. It was lastly amended in 2005, with the consent of both the KMT and the DPP, the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China was drawn up in March 1912 and formed the basic government document of the Republic of China until 1928. It provided a Western-style parliamentary system headed by a weak president, Yuan regularly flouted the elected assembly and assumed dictatorial powers. Upon his death in 1916, China disintegrated into warlordism and the Beiyang Government operating under the Constitution remained in the hands of military leaders. The Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek established control over much of China by 1928, the Nationalist Government promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Political Tutelage Period on May 5,1931. In Leninist fashion, it permitted a system of dual party-state committees to form the basis of government, the KMT intended this Constitution to remain in effect until the country had been pacified and the people sufficiently educated to participate in democratic government. The current Constitution traces its origins to the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the impending outbreak of the Chinese Civil War pressured Chiang Kai-shek into enacting a democratic Constitution that would end KMT one-party rule. The Communists sought a coalition of one-third Nationalists, one-third Communists, however, while rejecting this idea, the KMT and the CCP jointly held a convention at which both parties presented views. Amidst heated debate, many of the demands from the Communist Party were met, together, these drafts are called the Constitutional Draft of the Political Convention. The Constitution was seen as the third and final stage of Kuomintang reconstruction of China, the founding of the ROC was centered on the Three Principles of the People, which called for the establishment of a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. A government by the people sought to create a Western parliamentary democracy, originally, the National Assembly was the parliament of the republic, but it lost relevance in the 1990s and was abolished in 2005 with its powers transferred to the Legislative Yuan. Dr. Sun also added two branches of government from the legacy of Chinas imperial past to the three branches of Western governments, the five branches or Yuan are, the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan, and Control Yuan. As a result, the current government is in practice a semi-presidential system, a government for the people means that the government to a certain extent must provide services that are essential to the well-being of society. Examples of this principle in practice are the New Life Movement, the Three Principles of the People are Minzu, Minquan, and Minsheng, roughly defined as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. Later that year, Chen Yi was dismissed and the Taiwan Provincial Government was established, from March 1947 until 1987, Taiwan was in a state of martial law

23.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

24.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south

25.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

26.
Traffic infraction
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A traffic ticket is a notice issued by a law enforcement official to a motorist or other road user, accusing violation of traffic laws. In others, the ticket constitutes only a citation and summons to appear at traffic court, in Australia, traffic laws are made at the state level, usually in their own consolidated Acts of Parliament which have been based upon the Australian Road Rules. Traffic tickets are known as Traffic infringement notices in NSW, the Roads and Maritime Services of NSW maintains a database of all registered holders of a drivers licence in NSW, including the drivers traffic history and registered motor vehicles. Owner onus issued infringements The Roads and Maritime Services maintain a number of fixed, the State Debt Recovery Office manages the processing and issuing of traffic tickets detected and issued by these devices. These tickets are deemed to be owner onus tickets with the registered owner deemed liable unless they nominate another driver via statutory declaration. The infringement notice is written on three carbonised pieces of printed paper, known as Part A, B and C, in NSW all Traffic infringement notices and Parking Infringement Notices are part of the Self-Enforcing Infringement Notice Scheme. This scheme aims to minimize Court time for people who wish to plead guilty, the accused person can either elect to pay/part pay the infringement by way of a number of online means or through Australia Post, this can be found on the ticket. If the Accused person pays the infringement, they are deemed to have plead guilty, matters only go to Court if the accused person elects to have the matter heard at Court. If the accused person wishes to not guilty, they fill the reverse side of Part C out. Once this is done, a Court date is set for hearing before a Magistrate, under the Fines Act of 1996 Time for service of penalty reminder notices by post, is days unless it is established that it was not served within days. A due date for payment of Penalty Reminder notices under this Act is days after it is served, generally from the date of an offence approximately days is given. After which time of the due date they will then have approximately an additional 21 days in which to take action and this includes to allow for service, and days for action to be taken. If the fine is not actioned by the due date on the penalty reminder notice, in Canada, most traffic laws are made at the provincial level. However, some serious violations are criminal offences, contrary to the federal Criminal Code, both levels of government may deal with different aspects of the same misconduct. For example, drinking and driving may be an offence of driving while impaired. Each province maintains a database of motorists, including their convicted traffic violations, upon being ticketed, a motorist has a chance to plead guilty or not guilty with an explanation. The motorist or their representative must attend the court for the town or city in which the violation took place to do so. Though the back of the states the motorist has up to 15 days to enter their pleas

27.
Personal injury
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Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property. Damages include bodily injury, intentional infliction of emotional distress, depending upon the intent or negligence of a responsible party, the injured party may be entitled to monetary compensation from that party through a settlement or a judgment. In the United States, this system is complex and controversial, typically, a Plaintiff attorney charges 1/3 of the proceeds recovered if a case is settled out of court or 40 percent if the matter proceeds to trial. These sums are negotiable before hiring an attorney, damages are categorized as either special or general. Personal injury torts result in special and general damages. Four things must be proven in order to hold a party or parties legally liable for injuries so damages can be awarded, the party’s breach of the duty caused you to be harmed. You suffered monetary damages due to the harm you suffered when the party breached its duty of care, the amount of compensation for a personal injury will primarily depend on the severity of the injury. Serious injuries that cause physical pain and suffering receive the highest injury settlements. Aside from compensation for injuries, the person may get compensated for the lifetime effect of the injuries. An example, a keen cricketer suffers a wrist injury which prevents him from playing cricket during the cricket season and this is called loss of enjoyment of life and is compensable. Additionally, lost earning capacity and future reasonably necessary medical expenses are recoverable, in some cases, the injured might run his or her own businesses. However, injured parties who were under the age of 18 at the time of their accidents have until the day prior to their 21st birthdays to commence proceedings, a court has the discretion to extend or waive the limitation period if it is considered equitable to do so. In the United States, each state has different statutes of limitations - laws that determine how much time you have to file a claim, different types of injuries may have different statutes of limitations as well. Rape claims, for example, often have a longer statute of limitation than other injuries. In some states such as Colorado, the statute of limitations starts to run once the injury is discovered, for example, if you were in a car accident and then 6 months later started having severe back problems, the statute would start when you noticed the injury. In India, in case of vehicle accidents there is no time limitation for bringing a claim for compensation. Payments will be through a settlement agreement or a judgment as a result of a trial, settlements can be either lump-sum or as a structured settlement in which the payments are made over a period of time. In insurance in the United States, personal injury in the sense of injury to others is often covered by liability insurance such as auto insurance

28.
Misdemeanor
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A misdemeanor or misdemeanour is any lesser criminal act in some common law legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions, many misdemeanors are punished with monetary fines. In the United States, the government generally considers a crime punishable with incarceration for one year or less to be a misdemeanor. All other crimes are considered felonies, many states also employ this distinction. A misdemeanor is considered a crime of low seriousness, and a one of high seriousness. A principle of the rationale for the degree of punishment meted out is that the punishment should fit the crime, one standard for measurement is the degree to which a crime affects others or society. Measurements of the degree of seriousness of a crime have been developed, the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors has been abolished by several common law jurisdictions. The Republic of Ireland, a member of the Commonwealth. In the United States of America, the first time a person commits certain crimes, such as assault, it is a misdemeanor. In some jurisdictions, those who are convicted of a misdemeanor are known as misdemeanants, jurisdictions such as Massachusetts are a notable exception where the maximum punishment of some misdemeanors is up to 2.5 years. People who are convicted of misdemeanors are punished with probation, community service, short jail term, or part-time imprisonment. Misdemeanors usually do not result in the loss of civil rights, such effects are known as the collateral consequences of criminal charges. This is more common when the misdemeanor is related to the privilege in question, the definition of a high crime is left to the judgment of Congress. In Singapore, misdemeanors generally are sentenced to months of jail sentence, depending on the jurisdiction, several classes of misdemeanors may exist, the forms of punishment can vary widely between those classes. For example, the federal and state governments in the United States divide misdemeanors into several classes, with certain classes punishable by jail time and others carrying only a fine. In New York law, a Class A Misdemeanor carries a sentence of one year of imprisonment. In the United States, when a statute does not specify the class, legislators usually enact such laws when they wish to impose penalties that fall outside the framework specified by each class. First-time cannabis possession is a misdemeanor in Virginia punishable by up to 30 days in jail rather than the normal fines

29.
Nova Scotia Court of Appeal
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The Court of Appeal for Nova Scotia is the highest appeal court in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. There are currently seven Justices and one Chief Justice, the court sits in Halifax, which is the capital of Nova Scotia. Cases are heard by a panel of three judges and over the year they rule on roughly 250 cases, the Court of Appeal was established on 30 January 1993. Prior to 1966 appeals pursuant to Supreme Court cases were heard by a panel of Supreme Court judges sitting en banc, the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal is the Chief Justice of Nova Scotia. Prior to the establishment of the Court of Appeal the Chief Justice was the Chief Justice of the Appeal Division, the court derives its power from legislation of the Nova Scotia legislature, the Judicature Act. It hears appeals from the Nova Scotia Supreme Court, Provincial Court of Nova Scotia, only the Supreme Court of Canada has jurisdiction to hear appeals from decisions of the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, in practice this happens a few times a year. Morrison Justice Leonard Lawson Pace The Chief Justice of Nova Scotia is the highest position in the Nova Scotia judiciary, since the creation of the Court of Appeal, this title is held by the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal. Prior to that the title was held by the Chief Justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court Appeal Division or the Supreme Court, for completeness the list includes Chief Justices of Cape Breton Island, which merged with Nova Scotia in 1820. McKinnon Ian Malcolm MacKeigan Lorne Clarke Chief Justices of the Court of Appeal Constance Glube J. Michael MacDonald Courts of Nova Scotia

30.
New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith

31.
Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions
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Worldwide it was estimated that 1.25 million people were killed and many millions more were injured in motor vehicle collisions in 2013. This makes motor vehicle collisions the leading cause of death among young adults of 15-29 years of age, in the United States,32,675 people died and 2.3 million were injured in crashes in 2014. It is estimated that motor vehicle collisions caused the deaths of around 60 million people during the 20th century, modern crash statistics often focus on reportable injury crashes rather than reporting on deaths alone. It is believed that serious crashes are often significantly under-reported, under-recorded and misclassified, road toll figures in developed nations show that car collision fatalities have declined since 1980. Japan is an example, with road deaths decreasing to 5,115 in 2008. In 2008, for the first time, more pedestrians than vehicle occupants were killed in Japan by cars, besides improving general road conditions like lighting and separated walkways, Japan has been installing intelligent transportation system technology such as stalled-car monitors to avoid crashes. In developing nations, statistics may be inaccurate or hard to get. Some nations have not significantly reduced the death rate, which stands at 12,000 in Thailand in 2007. In the United States, twenty-eight states had reductions in the number of automobile crash fatalities between 2005 and 2006, 55% of vehicle occupants 16 years or older in 2006 were not using seat belts when they crashed. Road fatality trends tend to follow Smeeds law, a schema that correlates increased fatality rates per capita with traffic congestion. Crashes are categorized by what is struck and the direction of impact and these are some common crash types, based on the total number that occurred in the U. S. A. This is one of the most common types of non-traffic auto collision in which workers and children 15. Rollover, head-on, pedestrian, and bicyclist crashes combined are only 6. 1% of all crashes, sometimes the vehicles in the collision can suffer more than one type of impact, such as during a shunt or high-speed spin. This is called a second event, such as when a vehicle is redirected by the first crash into another vehicle or fixed object. Source IRTAD for the following data Number of vehicles,2005 except Ireland 2003, Luxembourg 2004, distance in Kilometres,2005 except Denmark 2004, Italy and Netherlands 2003, Ireland 2001, Iceland and Slovakia 2000, United Kingdom and Greece 1998. Population, source IRTAD except for Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Sweden, Iceland and Norway, source INED. S. by year

32.
Park-to-reverse
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There can then be a delay in vehicle movement sufficient for the driver to either fully or partially exit the vehicle before the vehicle moves. Typically, the vehicle will move backwards, as such the vehicle can also roll either forward or back in neutral. While less common, transmissions with the defect, can also be shifted to neutral and drive, and then self shift into drive or roll. Yet rather than being in park, this area is a zone between gears, which is sometimes called false park. When a vehicles transmission is in false park, it may appear to the driver that the vehicle is fully locked in park, however, on vehicles with this defect the transmission is neither in park nor in hydraulic reverse. Instead, it is in neutral, a position between the two gears. This will cause the vehicle to suddenly and without warning move backwards unexpectedly under engine power, NHTSA refers to the Park to Reverse issue using various terms including Unintended Powered Roll-Away and has opened numerous investigations of these events over the last 35 years. With some automatic transmissions, it was possible to place the shift selector at any point, the system of detents was often used in conjunction with the push button shifters used on many automatics in the 1950s. However, if the spring is too weak to move the rooster comb to the bottom of the trough between the teeth, the vehicle can be left between gears. On certain U. S. car manufacturers vehicles, the problem is worse as there is a flat spot between Park and Reverse detents where the ball can rest, also resulting in a false park. Mraz vs. DaimlerChrysler A case involving the death of a Los Angeles dockworker killed by a defect in a Dodge Dakota. The jury returned a verdict of $55.2 million, including $50 million in punitive damages. ”Chrysler A case against Chrysler for the death of an infant due to the park-to-reverse defect. The case resulted in a $7.2 million verdict in St. Bernard Parish, Mundy vs. Ford Motor Company and Legacy Ford Mercury, Inc. A case which was centered Jessica Mundy becoming paralyzed as a result of her Ford Explorer going into false-park, the verdict concluded that $40 million be paid by the defendants. $30 million of the verdict was attributed to punitive damages

33.
Roadside memorial
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A roadside memorial is a marker that usually commemorates a site where a person died suddenly and unexpectedly, away from home. Usually the memorial is created and maintained by members or friends of the person who died. A common type of memorial is simply a bunch of flowers, real or plastic, a handwritten message, personal mementos etc. may be included. More sophisticated memorials may be a cross, ghost bike, or a plaque with an inscription. Roadside memorials are a statement of grief and love from the ones of the accident victim. But apart from their significance, these memorials also serve as a reminder and warning to other road users of the dangers of driving. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Arizona State Highway Patrol began using white crosses to mark the site of car accidents. This practice was continued by families of victims after it had been abandoned by the police. The ghost bike phenomenon, where an old bicycle is painted white and locked up at an accident site, historically, roadside memorials were personal memorials, but there is a modern trend toward public memorials of increasingly large size. Typically little or no effort is made to make the memorials accommodate the natural beauty of the landscape and many memorials, over time. The phenomenon of roadside memorials may be associated with another growing trend, the broad phenomenon of creating improvised and temporary memorials after traumatic death has become popular since the 1980s. Because of their character they are generically coined as grassroots memorials. Roadside memorials have been erected around the world for centuries and their legality varies from country to country. The number of memorials erected in Australia since 1990 has increased considerably, in 2003, it was estimated that one in five road deaths were memorialized at the site of the crash. It is traditional in Ukraine to place a memorial on the site of a deadly car or motorcycle crash. It is usually a cross or a monument with a wreath of flowers. There are also usually fresh flowers regularly placed by the if the relatives of the person who died live close enough to look after the memorial. Sometimes Ukrainian roadside memorials can be elaborate, including a small granite or marble gravestone and/or a picture of the loved one

34.
Rollover
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A rollover is a type of vehicle crash in which a vehicle tips over onto its side or roof. Rollovers have a fatality rate than other types of vehicle collisions. Vehicle rollovers are divided into two categories, tripped and untripped, tripped rollovers are caused by forces from an external object, such as a curb or a collision with another vehicle. Untripped crashes are the result of steering input, speed, untripped rollovers occur when cornering forces destabilize the vehicle. As a vehicle rounds a corner, three forces act on it, tire forces, inertial effects, and gravity, the cornering forces from the tire push the vehicle towards the center of the curve. This force acts at ground level, below the center of mass, the force of inertia acts horizontally through the vehicles center of mass away from the center of the turn. These two forces make the vehicle roll towards the outside of the curve, the force of the vehicles weight acts downward through the center of mass in the opposite direction. When the tire and inertial forces are enough to overcome the force of gravity, the physics are similar to cornering rollovers. In a 2003 report, this was the most common mechanism, another type of tripped rollover occurs due to a collision with another vehicle or object. These occur when the collision causes the vehicle to become unstable, such as when an object causes one side of the vehicle to accelerate upwards. Turned down guard rail end sections have been shown to do this, a side impact can accelerate a vehicle sideways. The tires resist the change, and the coupled forces rotate the vehicle, in 1983, crash tests showed that light trucks were prone to rolling over after colliding with certain early designs of guide rail. A rollover can occur as a vehicle crosses a ditch or slope. Slopes steeper than 33% are called critical slopes because they can cause most vehicles to overturn, a vehicle may roll over for other reasons, such as when hitting a large obstacle with one of its wheels or when maneuvering over uneven terrain. All vehicles are susceptible to rollovers to various extents, generally, rollover tendency increases with the height of the center of mass, narrowness of the axle track, steering sensitivity, and increased speed. The rollover threshold for passenger cars is over 1 g of lateral acceleration, the Tesla Model S has an unusually low rollover risk of 5. 7% due to its low center of mass. Light trucks will roll over at lateral accelerations of 0.8 to 1.2 g. Large commercial trucks will roll at lateral accelerations as low as 0.2 g Trucks are more likely to roll over than passenger cars because they usually have taller bodies and this raises the center of mass

35.
Vehicle extrication
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Vehicle extrication is the process of removing a vehicle from around a person who has been involved in a motor vehicle accident, when conventional means of exit are impossible or inadvisable. A delicate approach is needed to minimize injury to the victim during the extrication and this operation is typically accomplished by using chocks and bracing for stabilization and hydraulic tools, including the Jaws of Life. Standards and regulations can be found in NFPA1670 and 1006, in France, this rescuer is called the squirrel. NFPA regulation 1006 and 1670 state that all rescuers must have medical training to perform any technical rescue operation, after the vehicle has been secured and access gained to the patient, the EMS team then enters to perform more detailed medical care. Continued protection of the patient from extrication itself, using hard and soft protection, when the casualty is in cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be performed during the freeing, the casualty being seated. The use of this duration is sometimes called play and run. The last step is performed with a long spine board. An extrication splint can help to immobilise the spine during this operation, extrication, as defined by NFPA must be done by medically certified individuals, and as such, many Rescue teams are run by standalone Emergency medical services departments. In major cities, where fire departments have firefighting/Emergency medical technicians, in NYC, the police department handles some aspects of rescue. In many rural areas, usually volunteer First Aid Squads handle rescue, in the midwest, there are dedicated Rescue Departments that run neither fire trucks nor ambulances and strictly focus on rescue. There are some departments that are a combination of Fire/EMS, Police/EMS or Rescue/EMS, as such, Extrications are handled in many ways. Some are by run completely by one organization, such as strictly by an EMS department, some are a run by a combination department that runs ambulances and fire trucks. Some are run as a joint effort. And some departments run just a heavy rescue truck, some departments also might only handle light rescue and door pops, leaving the more complicated rescue and heavy rescue dedicated to a heavy rescue unit. Extrication includes patient assessment, treatment and removal of the patient from vehicle, extrication units are supposed to not only have many different kinds of extrication tools, but medical equipment, oxygen, and backboards as well. Extrication is not just simply popping a door off, Rescue personnel use a number of tools to extricate victims. There are two types, Hydraulic — Rescue tools powered by a hydraulic pump. The pump may be powered by hand, a motor or a gasoline engine

36.
Vehicle recovery
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Vehicle recovery is the recovery of any vehicle to another place, generally speaking with a commercial vehicle known as a recovery vehicle, tow truck or spectacle lift. There are many types of organisations that carry out the recovery of disabled vehicles, however, Motoring organisations—or as they are often known, The Clubs—are organisations to which the vehicles driver will belong. They may have made an effort to do this, or they may have got the membership with their new vehicle, through a company scheme. Recovery operators are the people who undertake the recovery and they are known by different names around the world, including patrols, tow men and wrecker drivers. Some are the used by the motoring organisations to rescue their members. A small percentage will be on the payroll of the motoring organisation, examples are the patrols used by the AA, RAC and Mondial in the UK. Most recovery operators, however, work for privately owned companies or are individuals and they can do large volumes of work for some of the motoring organisations, but they will normally also do work for the public. In Europe, the percentage of private work is low due to the high profiles of the motoring organisations. Of course some will never do work for the motoring organisations, in the USA, motoring organisations are still growing. Many are still involved in repairs, but an increasing number, if they cannot repair the vehicle by the roadside. Although there are large organisations operating hundreds of recovery vehicles. Lastly there are operators like Highway Authorities and other government bodies, operators of local recovery schemes, the history of the towing and recovery of motor vehicles has closely followed the history of the automobile itself. In its early days, towing was often achieved by attaching a horse to the disabled vehicle, many of the first automobile repair shops had been bicycle repairers or blacksmiths, and they quickly adapted to recovering their customers disabled vehicles. To achieve this, specialised recovery vehicles were often built, as automobiles have grown more sophisticated it has become much harder for the average vehicle owner to diagnose and repair a fault. Thus, a huge and specialised vehicle recovery industry has evolved to serve, Motoring organisations or clubs have been created to sell breakdown coverage to automobile drivers, particularly popular in Europe. Automobile manufacturers will often purchase bulk membership from the motoring organisations and these are usually badged with the manufacturers name. A large number of these organisations do not operate recovery vehicles of their own. Those clubs that have their own vehicles often also use independent agents to assist with specialist work, police forces also use independent recovery operators to move vehicles, for example after a car accident, when vehicles are illegally parked and when required for examination

Crime
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In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term crime does not, in criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition. The most popular view is that crime is a created by law, in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant. One proposed definition is that a

2.
Criminology and penology

3.
The spiked heads of executed criminals once adorned the gatehouse of the medieval London Bridge.

Information
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In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, as it regards data, the informations existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer, while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer. At its most fundamental, i

1.
Partial map of the Internet, with nodes representing IP addresses

2.
The ASCII codes for the word " Wikipedia " represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding textual computer information

3.
Galactic (including dark) matter distribution in a cubic section of the Universe

Insurance
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Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, an entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, or insurance carrier. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as an insured or policyholder, the insured receives a con

1.
Financial market participants

2.
Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Pictured, Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild by Ferdinand Bol, c. 1680.

3.
Lloyd's Coffee House was the first marine insurance company.

4.
Leaflet promoting the National Insurance Act 1911.

Emergency services
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Emergency services and rescue services are organizations which ensure public safety and health by addressing different emergencies. Some of these agencies exist solely for addressing certain types of emergencies whilst others deal with ad hoc emergencies as part of their normal responsibilities, many of these agencies engage in community awareness

1.
Emergency Telephone in New York City

Goggles
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Goggles or safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in sports as well, and in swimming. Goggles are often worn when using tools such as

1.
SealMask watersport goggles made by AquaSphere

2.
Traditional Inuit goggles used to combat snow blindness

3.
Metal nenets goggles

4.
Blowtorching goggles and safety helmet

License plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the s

1.
Some jurisdictions license non-traditional vehicles, such as golf carts, particularly on on-road vehicles, such as this one in Put-in-Bay, Ohio.

2.
Burkina passenger plate

3.
Burkina Faso Gendarmerie plate

4.
Botswana plate

Driver's license
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The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, a license is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test, while in others, different categories of license often exist for different types of motor vehicles, particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles. The difficulty of the driving test v

1.
A license from Spain, in the format of the European driving licence

2.
The world's first license to drive a motor vehicle, issued to Karl Benz upon his request.

3.
Superior Driver's License, (Gold License)

4.
Pakistan driving license issued by Lahore District Police.

Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to t

1.
Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia

3.
Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770

4.
Tasmania's Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed Australian Convict Sites.

Point system (driving)
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Points may either be added or subtracted, depending on the particular system in use. A major offense may lead to more than the allowed points being issued. Fines and other penalties may be applied additionally, either for an offense or after a number of points have been accumulated. The primary purpose of point systems is to identify, deter. German

1.
Warning sign in Ontario, Canada

2.
Risk of accident related to the number of individual entries in the German register of traffic offenses

Criminal Code (Canada)
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The Criminal Code or Code criminel is a law that codifies most criminal offences and procedures in Canada. Its official long title is An Act respecting the criminal law, section 91 of the Constitution Act,1867 establishes the sole jurisdiction of Parliament over criminal law in Canada. The Criminal Code contains some defences, but most are part of

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Criminal Code

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Picture of the first page of the Criminal Code, 1892

Strafgesetzbuch
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Strafgesetzbuch, abbreviated to StGB, is the German penal code. In Germany the Strafgesetzbuch goes back to the Penal Code of the German Empire passed in the year 1871 which was identical to the Penal Code of the North German Confederation. Examples of such new crimes are money laundering or computer sabotage, the StGB constitutes the legal basis o

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Demonstration against an earlier version of § 218 in Göttingen, 1988

Horse
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H. O. R. S. E. is a form of poker commonly played at the high-stakes tables of casinos. It consists of rounds of cycling among, Texas Hold em, Omaha hi-low split-eight or better, Razz, Seven card Stud. H. O. R. S. E. is a limit game, however, in some tournament situations, the final table is no-limit hold em. C. H. O. R. S. E adds Chowaha or Crazy

Cattle
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Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, cattle are raised as livestock for meat, as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals. Other products include leather and dung f

Mule
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A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes, of the two F1 hybrids between these two species, a mule is easier to obtain than a hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey and a male horse. The size of a mule and work to which it is put depend larg

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Mule

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A grey mule

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Ancient Greek rhyton in the shape of a mule's head, made by Brygos, early 5th century BC. Jérôme Carcopino Museum, Department of Archaeology, Aleria

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An " Appaloosa " mule

Sheep
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The sheep is a quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus Ovis, in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species o

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Domestic sheep

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Head of polled, domesticated sheep in the long grass

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Skull

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Suffolks are a medium wool, black-faced breed of meat sheep that make up 60% of the sheep population in the U.S.

Pig
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A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar, along with species, related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents, juvenile pig

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Pig

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Domesticated pig

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Pig in a bucket

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A pig trained to find truffles.

Goat
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The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the family Bovidae and is related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat, Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species, and have been used f

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Horn cores from the Neolithic village of Atlit Yam

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A white Irish goat with horns

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Eye with horizontal pupil

Hong Kong dollar
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The Hong Kong dollar is the currency of Hong Kong. It is the thirteenth most traded currency in the world, the Hong Kong dollar is subdivided into 100 cents. It is also used in nearby Macau, where the official currency, in formal Cantonese, the 圓 or 元 character is used. In spoken Cantonese, 蚊 is used, perhaps a transliteration of the first syllable

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Banknotes

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A 100 Japanese military yen note

New Taiwan dollar
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The New Taiwan dollar has been the currency of Taiwan since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. Originally issued by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000, the currency code is TWD, and its common abbreviation is NT$. The Chinese term equivalent to New Taiwan dollar, 新臺幣 or 新台幣, is

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A NT$100 note issued by the Bank of Taiwan in February 1988. It was taken out of circulation on July 1, 2002, as it had been replaced by a new NT$100 note on July 2, 2001 issued by the Central Bank.

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History

Taiwan Area
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As the island of Taiwan is the main component of the whole area, it is therefore also referred to as the Taiwan Area of the Republic of China or simply the Taiwan Area. This term is used in the Additional Articles to the Constitution of the Republic of China, the term free area or Free China was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War to describe

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With President Chiang Kai-shek, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower waved to onlookers during his visit to Taipei, Taiwan in June 1960.

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Taiwan Area of the Republic of China

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"Protect Kinmen and Matsu" postage stamp set, ROC, 1959

Judicial Yuan
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Its Justices of the Constitutional Court, with 15 members, is charged with interpreting the Constitution. The President and Vice President of the Judicial Yuan are chosen from among the Honorable Justices by the President, eight of the grand justices, including the president and vice president of the Judicial Yuan, serve four-year terms, and the re

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Hualien District Court

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Judicial Yuan Constitutional Court 司法院

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Tainan High Court

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Supreme Court

Constitution of the Republic of China
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This made China the most populous paper democracy in the world. The latest revision to the constitution was in 2004, drafted by the Kuomintang as part of its third stage of national development, it established a centralized republic with five branches of government. Following the KMTs retreat to Taiwan in 1949, the Temporary Provisions Effective Du

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The original Constitutional Drafting Committee of the newly founded Republic of China， photographed on the steps of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, where the Draft was completed in 1913.

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Seventeen National Assembly delegates elected to represent Taiwan Province in a photo with then President Chiang Kai-shek in 1946

United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

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Flag

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The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

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The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Sta

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Sam Rayburn Reservoir

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Flag

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Texas Hill Country

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Big Bend National Park.

New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

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British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

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Flag

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1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

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The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Traffic infraction
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A traffic ticket is a notice issued by a law enforcement official to a motorist or other road user, accusing violation of traffic laws. In others, the ticket constitutes only a citation and summons to appear at traffic court, in Australia, traffic laws are made at the state level, usually in their own consolidated Acts of Parliament which have been

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A motor officer writes a traffic ticket for a motorist accused of speeding.

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A speeding warning sign on Highway QEW in Ontario warning of a $10,000 fine, a roadside suspension, and a roadside vehicle seizure if the speed exceeded 50 km/h over the speed limit.

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A parking ticket issued in Washington, D.C. in 2011.

Personal injury
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Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property. Damages include bodily injury, intentional infliction of emotional distress, depending upon the intent or negligence of a responsible party, the injured party may be entitled to monetary compensation from that party through a settlement

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James Gillray, Very Slippy-Weather (1808)

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A Chevrolet Malibu involved in a rollover crash

Misdemeanor
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A misdemeanor or misdemeanour is any lesser criminal act in some common law legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions, many misdemeanors are punished with monetary fines. In the United States, the government generally considers a crime punishable with in

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Graffiti —in the US—is a common form of the misdemeanor vandalism, although in many states it is now a felony.

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Possession of cannabis is an unclassified misdemeanor in parts of the US.

Nova Scotia Court of Appeal
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The Court of Appeal for Nova Scotia is the highest appeal court in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. There are currently seven Justices and one Chief Justice, the court sits in Halifax, which is the capital of Nova Scotia. Cases are heard by a panel of three judges and over the year they rule on roughly 250 cases, the Court of Appeal was establi

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The Court of Appeal for Nova Scotia uses the Royal Arms of the Queen in Right of Nova Scotia to represent the Queen as the font of justice being administered by the court

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An OCA courtroom at Osgoode Hall. Over the dais is the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, which until 1931 was the Royal Arms for general purposes throughout the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster, 1931 effectively elevated the Royal Arms of Canada to the position of the Queen's Royal Arms for general purposes across Canada, which is why the Canadian Coat of Arms are now used by the court to represent the Canadian Crown.

New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected

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New York State Assembly

Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions
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Worldwide it was estimated that 1.25 million people were killed and many millions more were injured in motor vehicle collisions in 2013. This makes motor vehicle collisions the leading cause of death among young adults of 15-29 years of age, in the United States,32,675 people died and 2.3 million were injured in crashes in 2014. It is estimated tha

Park-to-reverse
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There can then be a delay in vehicle movement sufficient for the driver to either fully or partially exit the vehicle before the vehicle moves. Typically, the vehicle will move backwards, as such the vehicle can also roll either forward or back in neutral. While less common, transmissions with the defect, can also be shifted to neutral and drive, a

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Main topics

Roadside memorial
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A roadside memorial is a marker that usually commemorates a site where a person died suddenly and unexpectedly, away from home. Usually the memorial is created and maintained by members or friends of the person who died. A common type of memorial is simply a bunch of flowers, real or plastic, a handwritten message, personal mementos etc. may be inc

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Roadside memorial, Virginia, United States

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A tribute at a North London railway station. The message reads: "You collapsed one month ago here at the station died 13 days later. RIP Tracey your son is doing well. X Love and miss you loads"

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Roadside memorial to fallen police officer in Gervais, Oregon.

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Main topics

Rollover
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A rollover is a type of vehicle crash in which a vehicle tips over onto its side or roof. Rollovers have a fatality rate than other types of vehicle collisions. Vehicle rollovers are divided into two categories, tripped and untripped, tripped rollovers are caused by forces from an external object, such as a curb or a collision with another vehicle.

Vehicle extrication
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Vehicle extrication is the process of removing a vehicle from around a person who has been involved in a motor vehicle accident, when conventional means of exit are impossible or inadvisable. A delicate approach is needed to minimize injury to the victim during the extrication and this operation is typically accomplished by using chocks and bracing

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Road accident by night; lighting and marking out — Belgium, February 2006

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Public demonstration; the ambulance team take care of the casualty inside the stabilised vehicle — Sainte-Soulle, France, September 2001

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Public demonstration; the roof is removed, a member of the ambulance team holds the oxygen mask and the head of the casualty — Sainte-Soulle, France, September 2001

Vehicle recovery
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Vehicle recovery is the recovery of any vehicle to another place, generally speaking with a commercial vehicle known as a recovery vehicle, tow truck or spectacle lift. There are many types of organisations that carry out the recovery of disabled vehicles, however, Motoring organisations—or as they are often known, The Clubs—are organisations to wh

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This article is about vehicle recovery. For general information on trailering, see Towing. For more information on vehicles used in towing, see Tow truck.

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A rear-end collision in Yate, near Bristol, England, in July 2004. The car failed to stop when the articulated lorry stopped at a roundabout. The car's bonnet can be seen deep under the rear of the lorry.

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A severe rear-end collision that resulted in a burning wreckage along the North-South Expressway in Malaysia. Occupants of both cars are believed to be safe.