A detailed study of fundamental metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. In-depth treatment of vitamins, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and photosynthesis. The central role of enzymes in the energy transduction, kinetics, and the flow of free energy will be demonstrated in the metabolic processes, and the importance of metabolic regulation will be stressed during consideration of the pathways. Furthermore, the interconnection of metabolic pathways and their adaptations during responses to stresses on the organism will be addressed in key examples. (Same as CHEM4323)