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Outlines & Highlights for Wongs Essentials Pediatric Nursing

Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing

Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing

Summary

From its superior illustrations and striking full-color design to its abundant special features, it's easy to see why it's been the #1 pediatric nursing text for over 20 years. It provides readers with the essential information they need to deliver safe and accurate care. Divided into two logical parts, the first half of the book focuses on child development and health promotion by age group and lays the foundation for the second half of the book which addresses specific health problems organized by body systems. Text focuses on the family throughout by emphasizing the role and influence of the family in health and illness Utilizes the nursing process format to present nursing care for major diseases and disorders. Guidelines boxes throughout the text provide step-by-step instructions for performing specific skills or procedures Emergency Treatment boxes provide quick reference in critical situations Nursing Care Plans incorporate patient- and family-centered goals and include rationales for nursing interventions Family Home Care boxes highlight important information to better prepare families to cope with their child¡¦s care in special situations Disorder sections provide detailed presentations of pathophysiology Community Focus boxes emphasize community issues and provide additional resources for guidance on caring for children outside the clinical setting Cultural Awareness boxes highlight ways in which variations in beliefs and practices affect child care Atraumatic Care boxes provide guidance for administering nursing care with minimal pain or stress to the child, family, and nurse Evidence-Based Practice boxes throughout the text focus students¡¦ attention on application of both research and critical thought processes to support and guide the outcomes of nursing care Nursing Alerts and Nursing Tips are highlighted throughout the text to provide the reader with either critical information (Alerts) or helpful hints (Tips) CD companion features critical thinking questions, case studies, nursing care plans, assessment tools, new NCLEX¥ examination-style review questions, and skills Critical Thinking Exercises encourage self-evaluation about clinical judgements Ethical Case Studies provide realistic learning experiences The most current information on immunizations to keep readers up-to-date Appendix with Spanish-English translations includes words and phrases commonly used in nurse-parent interactions A chapter on Chronic Illness, Disability, and End-of-Life Care provides the necessary content for quality nursing care at the end of life

Table of Contents

UNIT ONE Children, Their Families, and the Nurse

Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing

1

(21)

Health During Childhood

2

(8)

``Healthy People 2000 and 2010''

2

(1)

Mortality

2

(1)

Infant Mortality

2

(2)

Childhood Mortality

4

(3)

Morbidity

7

(1)

Childhood Morbidity

7

(1)

The New Morbidity

8

(1)

Evolution of Child Health Care in the United States

8

(2)

Pediatric Nursing

10

(5)

Philosophy of Care

10

(1)

Family-Centered Care

10

(1)

Atraumatic Care

11

(1)

Case Management

11

(1)

Role of the Pediatric Nurse

12

(1)

Therapeutic Relationship

12

(1)

Family Advocacy/Caring

12

(1)

Disease Prevention/Health Promotion

12

(1)

Health Teaching

13

(1)

Support/Counseling

13

(1)

Restorative Role

13

(1)

Coordination/Collaboration

13

(1)

Ethical Decision Making

13

(1)

Research

14

(1)

Health Care Planning

14

(1)

Future Trends

15

(1)

Critical Thinking and the Process of Nursing Children and Families

15

(7)

Critical Thinking

15

(1)

Nursing Process

16

(6)

Community-Based Nursing Care of the Child and Family

22

(8)

Nursing in the Community

23

(7)

Community Concepts

23

(1)

Community

23

(1)

Demography

24

(1)

Epidemiology

24

(1)

Economics

25

(1)

Community Nursing Process

26

(1)

Community Needs Assessment

26

(1)

Community Planning

26

(2)

Community Intervention

28

(1)

Community Evaluation

28

(2)

Family Influences on Child Health Promotion

30

(25)

General Concepts

31

(3)

Definition of Family

31

(1)

Family Theories

31

(1)

Family Systems Theory

31

(2)

Family Stress Theory

33

(1)

Developmental Theory

33

(1)

Family Nursing Interventions

33

(1)

Family Structure and Function

34

(3)

Family Structure

34

(1)

Traditional Nuclear Family

35

(1)

Nuclear Family

35

(1)

Blended Family

35

(1)

Extended Family

35

(1)

Single-Parent Family

36

(1)

Binuclear Family

36

(1)

Polygamous Family

36

(1)

Communal Family

36

(1)

Gay/Lesbian Family

36

(1)

Family Strengths and Functioning Style

37

(1)

Family Roles and Relationships

37

(5)

Parental Roles

37

(1)

Role Learning

38

(1)

Family Size and Configuration

38

(1)

Spacing of Children

39

(1)

Ordinal Position

40

(1)

Multiple Births

40

(2)

Parenting

42

(5)

Motivation for Parenthood

42

(1)

Preparation for Parenthood

42

(1)

Transition to Parenthood

42

(1)

Parental Factors Affecting Transition to Parenthood

42

(1)

Parenting Behaviors

43

(1)

Parental Styles of Control

43

(1)

Limit Setting and Discipline

44

(1)

Minimizing Misbehavior

44

(1)

General Guidelines for Implementing Discipline

44

(1)

Types of Discipline

44

(3)

Special Parenting Situations

47

(8)

Parenting the Adopted Child

47

(2)

Parenting and Divorce

49

(1)

Impact of Divorce on Children

49

(2)

Custody and Parenting Partnerships

51

(1)

Single Parenting

51

(1)

Single Fathers

52

(1)

Parenting in Reconstituted Families

52

(1)

Parenting in Dual-Earner Families

52

(1)

Working Mothers

52

(1)

Foster Parenting

52

(1)

Accommodating Contemporary Parenting Situations

53

(2)

Social, Cultural and Religious Influences on Child Health Promotion

55

(24)

Culture

56

(7)

Social Roles

57

(1)

Self-Esteem and Culture

57

(1)

Subcultural Influences

57

(1)

Ethnicity

57

(1)

Socioeconomic Class

58

(1)

Poverty

58

(1)

Homelessness

59

(1)

Migrant Families

59

(1)

Religion

59

(1)

Schools

59

(1)

Communities

60

(1)

Peer Cultures

60

(1)

Biculture

61

(1)

The Child and Family in North America

61

(1)

Minority-Group Membership

61

(1)

Cultural Shock and Culture Competence

62

(1)

Cultural/Religious Influences on Health Care

63

(16)

Susceptibility to Health Problems

63

(1)

Hereditary Factors

63

(1)

Socioeconomic Factors

64

(1)

Customs and Folkways

65

(1)

Cultural Relativity

65

(1)

Relationships With Health Care Providers

66

(1)

Food Customs

66

(2)

Health Beliefs and Practices

68

(1)

Health Beliefs

68

(1)

Health Practices

69

(2)

Folklore Related to Prenatal Influences

71

(1)

Religious Beliefs

71

(1)

Importance of Culture and Religion to Nurses

72

(7)

Developmental Influences on Child Health Promotion

79

(25)

Growth and Development

80

(6)

Foundations of Growth and Development

80

(1)

Stages of Development

80

(1)

Patterns of Growth and Development

80

(2)

Individual Differences

82

(1)

Biologic Growth and Physical Development

82

(1)

External Proportions

82

(1)

Biologic Determinants of Growth and Development

82

(1)

Skeletal Growth and Maturation

83

(1)

Neurologic Maturation

84

(1)

Lymphoid Tissues

84

(1)

Development of Organ Systems

84

(1)

Physiologic Changes

84

(1)

Metabolism

84

(1)

Temperature

85

(1)

Sleep and Rest

85

(1)

Temperament

85

(1)

Significance of Temperament

86

(1)

Development of Personality and Mental Function

86

(5)

Theoretic Foundations of Personality Development

87

(1)

Psychosexual Development (Freud)

87

(1)

Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

87

(1)

Theoretic Foundations of Mental Development

88

(1)

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

88

(1)

Language Development

89

(1)

Moral Development (Kohlberg)

89

(1)

Spiritual Development

90

(1)

Development of Self-Concept

90

(1)

Body Image

90

(1)

Self-Esteem

91

(1)

Role of Play in Development

91

(4)

Classification of Play

91

(1)

Content of Play

91

(1)

Social Character of Play

92

(1)

Functions of Play

93

(1)

Sensorimotor Development

93

(1)

Intellectual Development

94

(1)

Socialization

94

(1)

Creativity

94

(1)

Self-Awareness

94

(1)

Therapeutic Value

94

(1)

Moral Value

94

(1)

Toys

95

(1)

Toy Safety

95

(1)

Selected Factors That Influence Development

95

(9)

Heredity

95

(1)

Neuroendocrine Factors

95

(1)

Nutrition

95

(2)

Interpersonal Relationships

97

(1)

Socioeconomic Level

97

(1)

Disease

97

(1)

Environmental Hazards

98

(1)

Stress in Childhood

98

(1)

Coping

98

(1)

Influence of the Mass Media

99

(1)

Reading Materials

99

(1)

Movies

99

(1)

Television

100

(1)

Video Games/Internet

101

(3)

UNIT TWO Assessment of the Child and Family

Communication and Health Assessment of the Child and Family

104

(27)

Communication

105

(1)

Verbal Communication---The Power of Words

105

(1)

Avoidance Language

105

(1)

Distancing Language

105

(1)

Nonverbal Communication---Paralanguage

105

(1)

Confirming and Disconfirming Behaviors

105

(1)

Guidelines for Communication and Interviewing

106

(1)

Establishing a Setting for Communication

106

(1)

Appropriate Introduction

106

(1)

Role Clarification and Explanation of the Interview

106

(1)

Preliminary Acquaintance

106

(1)

Assurance of Privacy and Confidentiality

106

(1)

Computer Privacy and Applications in Nursing

107

(1)

Telephone Triage and Counseling

107

(1)

Communicating with Families

107

(10)

Communicating with Parents

107

(1)

Encouraging the Parent to Talk

108

(1)

Directing the Focus

108

(1)

Listening and Cultural Awareness

108

(1)

Using Silence

109

(1)

Being Empathic

109

(1)

Defining the Problem

109

(1)

Solving the Problem

110

(1)

Providing Anticipatory Guidance

110

(1)

Avoiding Blocks to Communication

110

(1)

Communicating With Families Through an Interpreter

110

(1)

Communicating With Children

111

(1)

Communication Related to Development of Thought Processes

112

(2)

Communication Techniques

114

(1)

Play

114

(3)

History Taking

117

(5)

Performing a Health History

117

(1)

Identifying Information

117

(1)

Chief Complaint

117

(1)

Present Illness

117

(1)

Past History

118

(2)

Review of Systems

120

(1)

Family Medical History

120

(1)

Psychosocial History

121

(1)

Sexual History

121

(1)

Family Assessment

122

(1)

Assessment of Family Structure

122

(1)

Assessment of Family Function

122

(1)

Nutritional Assessment

122

(9)

Dietary Intake

125

(1)

Clinical Examination

126

(1)

Evaluation of Nutritional Assessment

127

(4)

Physical and Developmental Assessment of the Child

131

(44)

General Approaches Toward Examining the Child

132

(1)

Sequence of the Examination

132

(1)

Preparation of the Child

132

(1)

Physical Examination

132

(37)

Growth Measurements

132

(2)

Growth Charts

134

(3)

Length

137

(1)

Height

137

(1)

Weight

137

(1)

Skinfold Thickness and Arm Circumference

138

(1)

Head Circumference

138

(1)

Physiologic Measurements

139

(1)

Temperature

139

(1)

Pulse

139

(2)

Respiration

141

(1)

Blood Pressure

141

(4)

General Appearance

145

(1)

Skin

146

(1)

Accessory Structures

147

(1)

Lymph Nodes

147

(1)

Head and Neck

148

(1)

Eyes

148

(1)

Inspection of External Structures

148

(1)

Inspection of Internal Structures

149

Vision Testing

141

(12)

Ears

153

(1)

Inspection of External Structures

153

(1)

Inspection of Internal Structures

153

(3)

Auditory Testing

156

(1)

Nose

156

(1)

Inspection of External Structures

156

(1)

Inspection of Internal Structures

156

(1)

Mouth and Throat

157

(1)

Inspection of Internal Structures

157

(1)

Chest

158

(1)

Lungs

159

(1)

Auscultation

159

(1)

Heart

160

(2)

Auscultation

162

(1)

Abdomen

163

(1)

Inspection

163

(1)

Auscultation

164

(1)

Palpation

164

(1)

Genitalia

164

(1)

Male Genitalia

165

(1)

Female Genitalia

166

(1)

Anus

166

(1)

Back and Extremities

166

(1)

Spine

166

(1)

Extremities

167

(1)

Joints

168

(1)

Muscles

168

(1)

Neurologic Assessment

168

(1)

Cerebellar Functioning

168

(1)

Reflexes

168

(1)

Cranial Nerves

169

(1)

Developmental Assessment

169

(6)

Denver II

169

(3)

Denver II Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire

172

(1)

Developmental Screening and Interpretation

172

(3)

UNIT THREE The Newborn

Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family

175

(47)

Adjustment to Extrauterine Life

176

(3)

Immediate Adjustments

176

(1)

Respiratory System

176

(1)

Circulatory System

176

(1)

Physiologic Status of Other Systems

176

(1)

Thermoregulation

176

(1)

Hemopoietic System

177

(1)

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

177

(1)

Gastrointestinal System

177

(1)

Renal System

178

(1)

Integumentary System

178

(1)

Musculoskeletal System

178

(1)

Defenses Against Infection

178

(1)

Endocrine System

178

(1)

Neurologic System

178

(1)

Sensory Functions

179

(1)

Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family

179

(43)

Assessment

179

(1)

Initial Assessment: Apgar Scoring

179

(2)

Clinical Assessment of Gestational Age

181

(8)

Transitional Assessment: Periods of Reactivity

189

(1)

Behavioral Assessment

189

(4)

Assessment of Attachment Behaviors

193

(1)

Physical Assessment

193

(5)

Maintain a Patent Airway

198

(1)

Maintain Stable Body Temperature

199

(1)

Protect From Infection and Injury

199

(6)

Provide Optimal Nutrition

205

(6)

Promote Parent-Infant Bonding (Attachment)

211

(3)

Prepare for Discharge and Home Care

214

(2)

Nursing Care Plan: The Normal Newborn and Family

216

(6)

Health Problems of Newborns

222

(85)

Birth Injuries

223

(4)

Soft-Tissue Injury

223

(1)

Head Trauma

224

(1)

Caput Succedaneum

224

(1)

Cephalhematoma

224

(1)

Subgaleal Hemorrhage

225

(1)

Fractures

225

(1)

Paralyses

225

(1)

Facial Paralysis

225

(1)

Brachial Palsy

226

(1)

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

226

(1)

Common Problems in the Newborn

227

(2)

Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum

227

(1)

Candidiasis

227

(1)

Oral Candidiasis

227

(1)

Herpes

227

(1)

Birthmarks

228

(1)

Nursing Care of the High-Risk Newborn and Family

229

(26)

Identification of High-Risk Newborns

229

(1)

Classification of High-Risk Newborns

229

(1)

Assessment

229

(1)

Systematic Assessment

230

(1)

Monitoring Physiologic Data

230

(2)

Respiratory Support

232

(1)

Thermoregulation

232

(2)

Protection From Infection

234

(1)

Hydration

234

(1)

Nutrition

235

(2)

Feeding Resistance

237

(1)

Energy Conservation

238

(1)

Skin Care

238

(2)

Administration of Medications

240

(1)

Developmental Care

240

(3)

Neonatal Pain

243

(5)

Family Support and Involvement

248

(1)

Facilitating Parent-Infant Relationships

249

(3)

Discharge Planning and Home Care

252

(1)

Neonatal Loss

252

(3)

High Risk Related to Dysmaturity

255

(7)

Preterm Infants

255

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The High-Risk Infant

255

(7)

Postmature Infants

262

(1)

High Risk Related to Physiologic Factors

262

(20)

Hyperbilirubinemia

262

(6)

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

268

(1)

Blood Incompatibility

268

(3)

Metabolic Complications

271

(1)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

271

(6)

Respiratory Complications

277

(1)

Cardiovascular Complications

278

(1)

Cerebral Complications

279

(2)

Neonatal Seizures

281

(1)

High Risk Related to Infectious Processes

282

(3)

Sepsis

282

(2)

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

284

(1)

High Risk Related to Maternal Conditions

285

(8)

Infants of Diabetic Mothers

286

(1)

Drug-Exposed Infants

287

(2)

Cocaine Exposure

289

(1)

Maternal Infections

290

(3)

Congenital Abnormalities

293

(3)

Chromosomal Abnormalities

293

(1)

Defects Caused by Chemical Agents

294

(2)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

296

(5)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

296

(1)

Phenylketonuria

297

(3)

Galactosemia

300

(1)

Genetic Evaluation and Counseling

301

(6)

Psychologic Aspects of Genetic Disease

302

(5)

UNIT FOUR Infancy

Health Promotion of the Infant and Family

307

(52)

Promoting Optimal Growth and Development

308

(20)

Biologic Development

308

(1)

Proportional Changes

308

(1)

Maturation of Systems

308

(1)

Fine Motor Development

309

(1)

Gross Motor Development

310

(4)

Psychosocial Development

314

(1)

Developing a Sense of Trust (Erikson)

314

(1)

Cognitive Development

314

(1)

Sensorimotor Phase (Piaget)

314

(1)

Development of Body Image

315

(1)

Social Development

316

(1)

Attachment

316

(1)

Language Development

317

(1)

Play

317

(1)

Temperament

317

(2)

Childrearing Practices Related to Temperament

319

(5)

Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development

324

(1)

Separation and Stranger Fear

324

(1)

Alternate Childcare Arrangements

325

(1)

Limit Setting and Discipline

326

(1)

Thumb Sucking and Use of a Pacifier

326

(1)

Teething

327

(1)

Infant Shoes

328

(1)

Promoting Optimal Health During Infancy

328

(31)

Nutrition

328

(1)

The First 6 Months

328

(2)

The Second 6 Months

330

(1)

Selection and Preparation of Solid Foods

330

(1)

Introduction of Solid Foods

331

(1)

Weaning

331

(1)

Sleep and Activity

332

(1)

Sleep Problems

333

(1)

Dental Health

334

(1)

Immunizations

335

(1)

Schedule for Immunizations

335

(1)

Recommendations for Routine Immunizations

335

(6)

Recommendations for Selected Immunizations

341

(1)

Reactions

341

(1)

Contraindications/Precautions

342

(2)

Administration

344

(2)

Injury Prevention

346

(3)

Aspiration of Foreign Objects

349

(1)

Suffocation

349

(1)

Motor Vehicle Injuries

350

(1)

Falls

351

(1)

Poisoning

352

(1)

Burns

353

(1)

Drowning

354

(1)

Bodily Damage

354

(1)

Nurse's Role in Injury Prevention

354

(2)

Anticipatory Guidance---Care of Families

356

(3)

Health Problems of Infants

359

(30)

Nutritional Disturbances

360

(17)

Vitamin Disturbances

360

(1)

Mineral Disturbances

361

(10)

Vegetarian Diets

371

(2)

Protein and Energy Malnutrition

373

(1)

Kwashiorkor

373

(1)

Marasmus

373

(1)

Food Sensitivity

374

(1)

Cow's-Milk Allergy

375

(1)

Lactose Intolerance

376

(1)

Feeding Difficulties

377

(4)

Regurgitation and ``Spitting Up,''

377

(1)

Paroxysmal Abdominal Pain (Colic)

377

(1)

Failure to Thrive

378

(3)

Disorders of Unknown Etiology

381

(8)

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

381

(4)

Apnea of Infancy

385

(4)

UNIT FIVE Early Childhood

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family

389

(27)

Promoting Optimal Growth and Development

390

(11)

Biologic Development

390

(1)

Proportional Changes

390

(1)

Sensory Changes

390

(1)

Maturation of Systems

390

(1)

Gross and Fine Motor Development

391

(1)

Psychosocial Development

391

(1)

Developing a Sense of Autonomy (Erikson)

391

(1)

Cognitive Development

392

(1)

Sensorimotor and Preconceptual Phase (Piaget)

392

(1)

Spiritual Development

393

(1)

Development of Body Image

393

(1)

Development of Gender Identity

394

(1)

Social Development

395

(1)

Language

395

(1)

Personal-Social Behavior

395

(1)

Play

396

(1)

Coping With Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development

396

(1)

Toilet Training

396

(1)

Sibling Rivalry

397

(2)

Temper Tantrums

399

(2)

Negativism

401

(1)

Regression

401

(1)

Promoting Optimal Health During Toddlerhood

401

(15)

Nutrition

401

(1)

Nutritional Counseling

402

(1)

Dietary Guidelines

403

(1)

Sleep and Activity

403

(1)

Dental Health

403

(1)

Regular Dental Examinations

403

(1)

Removal of Plaque

403

(1)

Fluoride

404

(1)

Low-Cariogenic Diet

405

(1)

Injury Prevention

405

(1)

Motor Vehicle Injuries

406

(4)

Drowning

410

(1)

Burns

410

(1)

Poisoning

411

(1)

Falls

411

(1)

Aspiration and Suffocation

412

(1)

Bodily Damage

413

(1)

Terrorism/Violence

413

(1)

Anticipatory Guidance---Care of Families

413

(3)

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family

416

(17)

Promoting Optimal Growth and Development

417

(10)

Biologic Development

417

(1)

Gross and Fine Motor Behavior

417

(1)

Psychosocial Development

417

(1)

Developing a Sense of Initiative (Erikson)

417

(1)

Cognitive Development

418

(1)

Preoperational Phase (Piaget)

418

(1)

Moral Development

418

(1)

Preconventional or Premoral Level (Kohlberg)

418

(1)

Spiritual Development

419

(1)

Development of Body Image

419

(1)

Development of Sexuality

419

(1)

Social Development

420

(1)

Language

420

(1)

Personal-Social Behavior

420

(1)

Play

420

(2)

Coping with Concerns Related To Normal Growth and Development

422

(1)

Preschool and Kindergarten Experience

422

(1)

Sex Education

423

(3)

Fears

426

(1)

Stress

426

(1)

Aggression

427

(1)

Speech Problems

427

(1)

Promoting Optimal Health During the Preschool Years

427

(6)

Nutrition

427

(2)

Sleep and Activity

429

(1)

Sleep Problems

429

(1)

Dental Health

429

(1)

Injury Prevention

429

(2)

Anticipatory Guidance---Care of Families

431

(2)

Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers

433

(39)

Infectious Disorders

434

(14)

Communicable Diseases

434

(10)

Conjunctivitis

444

(1)

Stomatitis

445

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With a Communicable Disease

446

(2)

Intestinal Parasitic Diseases

448

(3)

General Nursing Considerations

449

(1)

Giardiasis

449

(1)

Enterobiasis (Pinworms)

450

(1)

Ingestion of Injurious Agents

451

(9)

Principles of Emergency Treatment

453

(1)

Assessment

454

(1)

Gastric Decontamination

454

(1)

Prevention of Recurrence

455

(1)

Heavy Metal Poisoning

455

(1)

Lead Poisoning

456

(1)

Causes of Lead Poisoning

456

(1)

Screening for Lead Poisoning

457

(3)

Child Maltreatment

460

(12)

Child Neglect

460

(1)

Types of Neglect

460

(1)

Physical Abuse

460

(1)

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

460

(1)

Factors Predisposing to Physical Abuse

461

(1)

Sexual Abuse

462

(1)

Characteristics of Abusers and Victims

462

(1)

Initiation and Perpetuation of Sexual Abuse

462

(1)

Nursing Care of the Maltreated Child

463

(6)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child Who Is Maltreated

469

(3)

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family

472

(21)

Promoting Optimal Growth and Development

473

(11)

Biologic Development

473

(1)

Proportional Changes

473

(1)

Maturation of Systems

473

(1)

Prepubescence

474

(1)

Psychosocial Development

474

(1)

Developing a Sense of Industry (Erikson)

474

(1)

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

475

(1)

Moral Development (Kohlberg)

475

(2)

Spiritual Development

477

(1)

Social Development

477

(1)

Social Relationships and Cooperation

477

(1)

Relationships With Families

478

(1)

Play

478

(1)

Developing a Self-Concept

479

(1)

Developing a Body Image

480

(2)

Coping With Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development

482

(1)

School Experience

482

(1)

Latchkey Children

482

(1)

Limit Setting and Discipline

482

(1)

Dishonest Behavior

483

(1)

Stress and Fear

484

(1)

Promoting Optimal Health During the School Years

484

(9)

Nutrition

484

(1)

Sleep and Rest

485

(1)

Exercise and Activity

485

(1)

Sports

485

(1)

Acquisition of Skills

486

(1)

Dental Health

486

(1)

Dental Problems

486

(1)

Sex Education

487

(1)

Nurse's Role in Sex Education

488

(1)

School Health

488

(1)

Injury Prevention

488

(3)

Anticipatory Guidance---Care of Families

491

(2)

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family

493

(23)

Promoting Optimal Growth and Development

494

(12)

Biologic Development

494

(1)

Hormonal Changes of Puberty

494

(1)

Sexual Maturation

495

(1)

Physical Growth

495

(3)

Physiologic Changes

498

(1)

Psychosocial Development

498

(1)

Developing a Sense of Identity (Erikson)

498

(2)

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

500

(1)

Moral Development (Kohlberg)

500

(1)

Spiritual Development

500

(1)

Social Development

500

(1)

Relationships With Parents

501

(1)

Relationships With Peers

501

(1)

Heterosexual Relationships

502

(1)

Homosexuality in Adolescents

503

(1)

Interests and Activities

503

(1)

Development of Self-Concept and Body Image

504

(1)

Responses to Puberty

504

(2)

Promoting Optimal Health During Adolescence

506

(10)

Immunizations

506

(1)

Nutrition

506

(1)

Eating Habits and Behavior

507

(1)

Sleep and Rest

508

(1)

Exercise and Activity

508

(1)

Dental Health

509

(1)

Personal Care

509

(1)

Vision

509

(1)

Hearing

509

(1)

Posture

509

(1)

Body Art

509

(1)

Suntanning

510

(1)

Stress Reduction

510

(1)

Sexuality Education and Guidance

510

(1)

Injury Prevention

511

(1)

Vehicle-Related Injuries

511

(2)

Firearms

513

(1)

Sports Injuries

513

(1)

Anticipatory Guidance---Care of Families

514

(2)

Health Problems of School-Age Children and Adolescents

516

(33)

Common Health Problems

517

(2)

Infectious Mononucleosis

517

(1)

Smoking

518

(1)

Smokeless Tobacco

518

(1)

Health Problems Related to Sports Participation

519

(1)

Overuse Syndromes

519

(1)

Stress Fractures

520

(1)

Nurse's Role in Sports for Children and Adolescents

520

(1)

Altered Growth and Maturation

520

(2)

Tall or Short Stature

520

(1)

Tall Stature

520

(1)

Short Stature

521

(1)

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

521

(1)

Turner Syndrome

521

(1)

Klinefelter Syndrome

521

(1)

Disorders Related to the Reproductive System

522

(2)

Amenorrhea

522

(1)

Dysmenorrhea

522

(1)

Vaginitis

523

(1)

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

523

(1)

Gynecomastia

524

(1)

Health Problems Related to Sexuality

524

(7)

Adolescent Pregnancy

524

(1)

Contraception

525

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

525

(4)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

529

(1)

Sexual Assault

529

(1)

Rape Trauma Syndrome

530

(1)

Eating Disorders

531

(5)

Obesity

531

(2)

Anorexia Nervosa

533

(2)

Bulimia

535

(1)

Disorders with Behavioral Components

536

(6)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disability

536

(2)

Enuresis

538

(1)

Encopresis

539

(1)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

539

(1)

School Phobia

540

(1)

Recurrent Abdominal Pain

540

(1)

Conversion Reaction

541

(1)

Childhood Depression

541

(1)

Childhood Schizophrenia

542

(1)

Serious Health Problems of Later Childhood and Adolescence

542

(7)

Substance Abuse

542

(1)

Motivation

542

(1)

Types of Drugs Abused

542

(2)

Suicide

544

(1)

Methods

545

(1)

Motivation

545

(4)

UNIT SEVEN The Child and Family With Special Needs

Chronic Illness, Disability, or End-of-Life Care for the Child and Family

549

(40)

Perspectives on the Care of Children With Special Needs

550

(3)

Scope of the Problem

550

(1)

Trends in Care

551

(1)

Developmental Focus

551

(1)

Family-Centered Care

551

(1)

Family-Health Care Provider Communication

551

(1)

Establishing Therapeutic Relationships

551

(1)

The Role of Culture in Family-Centered Care

551

(1)

Shared Decision-Making

552

(1)

Normalization

552

(1)

Managed Care

553

(1)

The Family of the Child With Special Needs

553

(6)

Impact of the Child's Chronic Illness or Disability

553

(1)

Parents

553

(2)

Siblings

555

(1)

Extended Family Members and Society

556

(1)

Coping with Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises

556

(1)

Concurrent Stresses Within the Family

556

(1)

Coping Mechanisms

557

(1)

Parental Empowerment

557

(1)

Assisting Family Members in Managing Their Feelings

557

(1)

Shock and Denial

557

(1)

Adjustment

558

(1)

Reintegration and Acknowledgment

558

(1)

Establishing a Support System

559

(1)

The Child With Special Needs

559

(4)

Impact of Chronic Illness or Disability on the Child

559

(1)

Developmental Aspects

559

(2)

Coping Mechanisms

561

(1)

Responses to Parental Behavior

562

(1)

Type of Illness or Disability

563

(1)

Nursing Care of the Family and Child with Special Needs

563

(11)

Provide Support at the Time of Diagnosis

563

(2)

Accept Family's Emotional Reactions

565

(1)

Support Family's Coping Methods

565

(4)

Educate About the Disorder and General Health Care

569

(1)

Promote Normal Development

570

(3)

Establish Realistic Future Goals

573

(1)

Perspectives on the Care of Children at the End of Life

574

(5)

Principles of Palliative Care

574

(1)

Decision Making at the End of Life

575

(1)

Ethical Considerations in End-of-Life Decision Making

575

(1)

Physician/Health Care Team Decision Making

575

(1)

Parental Decision Making

575

(1)

The Dying Child

575

(1)

Treatment Options for Terminally Ill Children

576

(3)

Nursing Care of the Child and Family at the End of Life

579

(10)

Fear of Pain and Suffering

579

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child Who Is Terminally Ill or Dying

579

(2)

Pain/Symptom Management

581

(1)

Parents' and Siblings' Need for Education and Support

582

(1)

Fear of Dying Alone or of Not Being Present When the Child Dies

582

(1)

Fear of Actual Death

582

(1)

Home Deaths

582

(1)

Hospital Deaths

583

(1)

Organ or Tissue Donation/Autopsy

583

(1)

Grief and Mourning

584

(2)

Nurses' Reactions to Caping for Dying Children

586

(3)

Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family

589

(33)

Cognitive Impairment

590

(12)

General Concepts

590

(1)

Nursing Care of Children With Cognitive Impairment

591

(5)

Down Syndrome

596

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Mental Retardation

597

(4)

Fragile X Syndrome

601

(1)

Sensory Impairment

602

(20)

Hearing Impairment

602

(6)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Hearing Impairment

608

(1)

Visual Impairment

608

(7)

Deaf-Blind Children

615

(1)

Retinoblastoma

616

(2)

Autism

618

(4)

Family-Centered Home Care

622

(15)

General Concepts of Home Care

623

(4)

Home Care Trends

623

(1)

Effective Home Care

624

(1)

Discharge Planning

624

(1)

Case Management

625

(1)

Role of the Nurse, Training, and Standards of Care

626

(1)

Family-Centered Home Care

627

(10)

Diversity in Home Care

627

(1)

Parent-Professional Collaboration

628

(1)

The Nursing Process

629

(2)

Promotion of Optimal Development, Self-Care, and Education

631

(2)

Safety Issues in the Home

633

(2)

Family-to-Family Support

635

(2)

UNIT EIGHT Impact of Hospitalization on the Child and Family

Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization

637

(69)

Stressors of Hospitalization and Children's Reactions

638

(8)

Separation Anxiety

638

(2)

Early Childhood

640

(1)

Later Childhood and Adolescence

640

(1)

Loss of Control

640

(1)

Infants

641

(1)

Toddlers

641

(1)

Preschoolers

641

(1)

School-Age Children

641

(1)

Adolescents

642

(1)

Bodily Injury and Pain

642

(1)

Infants

642

(1)

Toddlers

643

(1)

Preschoolers

644

(1)

School-Age Children

644

(1)

Adolescents

645

(1)

Effects of Hospitalization on the Child

645

(1)

Individual Risk Factors

645

(1)

Beneficial Effects of Hospitalization

646

(1)

Stressors and Reactions of the Family of the Child Who is Hospitalized

646

(1)

Parental Reactions

646

(1)

Sibling Reactions

647

(1)

Altered Family Roles

647

(1)

Nursing Care of the Child Who is Hospitalized

647

(44)

Preparation for Hospitalization

647

(1)

Admission Assessment

648

(3)

Preparing Child for Admission

651

(1)

Preventing or Minimizing Separation

652

(2)

Minimizing Loss of Control

654

(1)

Preventing or Minimizing Fear of Bodily Injury

655

(1)

Pain Assessment

656

(1)

Fallacies and Facts

656

(13)

Pain Management

669

(12)

Providing Developmentally Appropriate Activities

681

(1)

Providing Opportunities for Play and Expressive Activities

682

(3)

Maximizing Potential Benefits of Hospitalization

685

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child in the Hospital

686

(5)

Nursing Care of the Family

691

(7)

Discharge Assessment

691

(1)

Encouraging Parent Participation

692

(1)

Supporting Family Members

693

(1)

Providing Information

694

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The Family of the Ill or Hospitalized Child

695

(3)

Preparing for Discharge and Home Care

698

(1)

Care of the Child and Family in Special Hospital Situations

698

(8)

Ambulatory/Outpatient Setting

698

(2)

Isolation

700

(1)

Emergency Admission

700

(1)

Intensive Care Unit

701

(5)

Pediatric Variations of Nursing Interventions

706

(81)

General Concepts Related to Pediatric Procedures

707

(18)

Informed Consent

707

(1)

Requirements for Obtaining Informed Consent

708

(1)

Eligibility for Giving Informed Consent

708

(1)

Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

709

(1)

Psychologic Preparation

709

(5)

Performance of the Procedure

714

(1)

Postprocedural Support

715

(1)

Use of Play in Procedures

715

(1)

Surgical Procedures

716

(1)

Preoperative Care

716

(2)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child Undergoing Surgery

718

(4)

Postoperative Care

722

(1)

Compliance

723

(1)

Assessment of Compliance

724

(1)

Strategies to Enhance Compliance

724

(1)

General Hygiene and Care

725

(8)

Maintaining Healthy Skin

725

(3)

Bathing

728

(1)

Oral Hygiene

728

(1)

Hair Care

729

(1)

Feeding the Sick Child

730

(1)

Controlling Elevated Temperatures

731

(1)

Measures to Reduce Elevated Temperature

731

(2)

Family Teaching and Home Care

733

(1)

Safety

733

(9)

Infection Control

734

(1)

Environmental Factors

735

(1)

Limit Setting

736

(1)

Transporting Infants and Children

737

(1)

Restraining Methods and Therapeutic Hugging

737

(1)

Jacket Restraint

738

(1)

Mummy Restraint or Swaddle

738

(2)

Arm and Leg Restraints

740

(1)

Elbow Restraint

740

(1)

Positioning for Procedures

740

(1)

Jugular Venipuncture

740

(1)

Femoral Venipuncture

740

(1)

Extremity Venipuncture

740

(1)

Lumbar Puncture

741

(1)

Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy

742

(1)

Other Procedures

742

(1)

Collection of Specimens

742

(5)

Urine Specimens

742

(2)

Clean-Catch Specimens

744

(1)

Twenty-Four-Hour Collection

744

(1)

Bladder Catheterization and Other Techniques

744

(2)

Stool Specimens

746

(1)

Blood Specimens

746

(1)

Respiratory Secretion and Throat Specimens

747

(1)

Administration of Medication

747

(16)

Preparation for Safe Administration

747

(1)

Determination of Drug Dosage

747

(3)

Identification

750

(1)

Family Aspects

750

(1)

Oral Administration

750

(1)

Preparation

750

(1)

Administration

751

(1)

Intramuscular Administration

752

(1)

Selecting the Syringe and Needle

752

(2)

Determining the Site

754

(1)

Administration

755

(1)

Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration

755

(2)

Intravenous Administration

757

(1)

Peripheral Venous Access Devices

757

(1)

Central Venous Access Devices

757

(3)

Nasogastric, Orogastric, or Gastrostomy Administration

760

(1)

Rectal Administration

761

(1)

Optic, Otic, and Nasal Administration

761

(1)

Family Teaching and Home Care

762

(1)

Procedures Related to Maintaining Fluid Balance

763

(5)

Measurements of Intake and Output

763

(1)

Special Needs When the Child is NPO

764

(1)

Parenteral Fluid Therapy

764

(1)

Site and Equipment

764

(1)

Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems

765

(1)

Infusion Pumps

765

(1)

Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line

766

(1)

Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line

766

(1)

Complications

767

(1)

Procedures for Maintaining Respiratory Function

768

(10)

Inhalation Therapy

768

(1)

Oxygen Therapy

768

(1)

Monitoring Oxygen Therapy

769

(1)

Aerosol Therapy

770

(1)

Bronchial (Postural) Drainage

771

(1)

Chest Physiotherapy

771

(3)

Artificial Ventilation

774

(1)

Artificial Airways

774

(1)

Tracheostomy

774

(3)

Family Teaching and Home Care

777

(1)

Procedures Related to Alternative Feeding Techniques

778

(4)

Gavage Feeding

778

(2)

Gastrostomy Feeding

780

(1)

Total Parenteral Nutrition

781

(1)

Family Teaching and Home Care

782

(1)

Procedures Related to Elimination

782

(5)

Enema

782

(1)

Ostomies

782

(1)

Family Teaching and Home Care

783

(4)

UNIT NINE The Child With Problems Related to the Transfer of Oxygen and Nutrients

The Child with Respiratory Dysfunction

787

(52)

Respiratory Infection

788

(3)

General Aspects of Respiratory Infections

788

(3)

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

791

(9)

Nasopharyngitis

791

(1)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Acute Respiratory Infection

792

(2)

Pharyngitis

794

(1)

Tonsillitis

795

(2)

Influenza

797

(1)

Otitis Media

797

(3)

Croup Syndromes

800

(3)

Acute Epiglottitis

800

(1)

Acute Laryngitis

801

(1)

Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

801

(2)

Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis

803

(1)

Bacterial Tracheitis

803

(1)

Infections of the Lower Airways

803

(4)

Bronchitis

804

(1)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis

804

(1)

Pneumonias

805

(1)

Viral Pneumonia

805

(1)

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

805

(1)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

805

(1)

Bacterial Pneumonia

806

(1)

Other Infections of the Respiratory Tract

807

(3)

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

807

(1)

Tuberculosis

807

(3)

Pulmonary Dysfunction Caused by Noninfectious Irritants

810

(3)

Foreign Body Aspiration

810

(1)

Aspiration Pneumonia

811

(1)

Acute (Adult) Respiratory Distress Syndrome

811

(1)

Smoke Inhalation Injury

811

(1)

Passive Smoking

812

(1)

Long-Term Respiratory Dysfunction

813

(16)

Asthma

813

(6)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Asthma

819

(5)

Cystic Fibrosis

824

(5)

Respiratory Emergency

829

(10)

Respiratory Failure

829

(1)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

830

(1)

Resuscitation Procedure

831

(5)

Airway Obstruction

836

(1)

Infants

836

(1)

Children

836

(3)

The Child With Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

839

(51)

Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

840

(3)

Dehydration

840

(1)

Water Balance in Infants

840

(1)

Types of Dehydration

841

(2)

Disorders of Motility

843

(14)

Diarrhea

843

(6)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Acute Diarrhea (Gastroenteritis)

849

(2)

Constipation

851

(2)

Hirschsprung Disease

853

(2)

Vomiting

855

(1)

Gastroesophageal Reflux

855

(2)

Inflammatory Disorders

857

(9)

Acute Appendicitis

857

(2)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Appendicitis

859

(1)

Meckel Diverticulum

860

(1)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

861

(3)

Peptic Ulcer Disease

864

(2)

Hepatic Disorders

866

(5)

Acute Hepatitis

866

(3)

Cirrhosis

869

(1)

Biliary Atresia

870

(1)

Structural Defects

871

(9)

Cleft Lip or Cleft Palate

871

(4)

Nursing Care Plan: The Child With Cleft Lip or Cleft Palate

875

(1)

Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula

875

(4)

Hernias

879

(1)

Obstructive Disorders

880

(5)

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

880

(2)

Intussusception

882

(1)

Malrotation and Volvulus

883

(1)

Anorectal Malformations

883

(2)

Malabsorption Syndromes

885

(5)

Celiac Disease

885

(1)

Short-Bowel Syndrome

886

(4)

UNIT TEN The Child With Problems Related to the Production and Circulation of Blood