Propagules were produced in culture in temperatures greater than 12C. Meiosis took place in the unilocular organs with half the plants becoming male gametophytes and the other half female gametophytes. Anisogamous gametangia were produced at 4 C, 12 C, and 17 C in long days only. The gametes fused, or females can develop parthenogenetically (Colijn and van den Hoek 1971; van den Hoek and Flinterman 1968)

Phenology:

In Europe both plurilocular and unilocular plants are known, whereas Pacific plants are only unilocular in the north, and sterile, with propagules, or with plurilocular organs in the south