London, November 17 : A team of researchers has shed light on why soccer star Christiano Ronaldo’s “knuckleball” shot is so unpredictable and difficult to stop.

A “knuckleball” in soccer refers to a ball kicked at very low spin, which results in a zigzag trajectory. Along its straight path, the ball deviates laterally by roughly the diameter of a ball (0.2 m). The deviation direction appears to be unpredictable, which is extremely frustrating for goalkeepers attempting to block it.

Variations of the knuckleball are also used in baseball and volleyball, so many players and coaches want to understand the physics at play during its zigzag trajectory.

“We decided to study the knuckleball because the physics of sports is such a new field and there are many discoveries to be made,” explained Caroline Cohen, a Ph. D. student at Ecole Polytechnique’s Hydrodynamics Laboratory (LadHyX) in France.

After trying other experiments, Cohen and colleague Baptiste Darbois Texier, also a Ph. D. student, working with Christophe Clanet, a research director at France’s Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), focused on an approach that involves dropping steel beads into a tank of water and studying their trajectory.

They discovered that the knuckleball phenomenon occurs, but at much shorter distances. This makes it easier to observe with an ultrafast camera, which lets you see things you can’t with the “naked” eye.

“The big surprise is that every bead makes a zigzag – from a little plastic bead to a steel weight of 7 kg (15.4 lbs). We wouldn’t have bet on this occurring before we tried it, so it was quite exciting to actually see it by doing a simple experiment),” said Cohen.

The team demonstrated that – contrary to popular belief – the “knuckle effect” isn’t a result of deformations at the site of foot impact or ball seams. What’s really going on is that the aerodynamic lift forces that act on a smooth sphere can fluctuate and cause the zigzagging.

The team will reveal their findings at the American Physical Society’s (APS) Division of Fluid Dynamics (DFD) meeting, November 18 – 20, 2012, in San Diego, Calif. (ANI)