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2 The Mineral Industry of Turkey By Philip M. Mobbs Turkey has a diverse mineral industry that included the production of more than 60 mineral commodities. Turkey was a significant producer of barite, bentonite, boron minerals, chromite, feldspar, magnesite, perlite, and pumice. The country also was a significant source of value-added processed mineral commodities, such as cement and steel. The volume of hydrocarbons produced in Turkey was small, but the country was a significant transit corridor for crude oil and natural gas shipments (table 1; Angulo, 2012; Bolen, 2012; Crangle, 2012; Kramer, 2012; Miller, 2012; Tanner, 2012; van Oss, 2012; Virta, 2012; World Steel Association, 2012). Minerals in the National Economy Turkey s gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices was $774.2 billion 1 (about 1,298 billion Turkish lira) in At constant prices (with a base year of 1998), the real GDP was $68.5 billion in 2011 compared with about $70.4 billion in The mining and quarrying sector accounted for about 1.4% of the GDP in 2010, which was the latest year for which data were available (T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, 2011; Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2012). Government Policies and Programs Article 168 of the Constitution (1982) and the Mining Law of June 15, 1985 (Maden Kanunu, law No. 3213), as amended by law No of 2004 and law No of 2010, establish that natural resources, such as minerals, belong to the state. The Law on Boron Minerals, Trona and Asphaltite Mines and Exploitation of Nuclear Energy Raw Materials No of February 19, 1994; the Mining Activities Permitting Regulation of 2005; the Regulation Concerning the Implementation of the Mining Law of 2005; and the Mining Law Implementation Regulation of November 6, 2010, also regulate mining activity in Turkey. The Government issues licenses to Turkish individuals or legal entities to explore for minerals or operate mines for a specific period of time. The Foreign Direct Investment Law of June 2003 (law No. 4875) authorizes foreign investors to establish companies in Turkey that can hold mining rights under the Mining Law. The Maden İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (MIGEM) [General Directorate of Mining Affairs] of the T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB) [Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources] regulates the mining industry. The T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı [Ministry of Environment and Forestry] enforces the Environmental Law of 1983 (law No. 2872) and the Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment of December 16, Where necessary, values have been converted from Turkish lira (TLY) to U.S. dollars (US$) at the rate of TLY1.677=US$1.00 for 2011, and TLY1.5069=US$1.00 for The petroleum sector is regulated by the Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directorate of Energy Affairs] of the ETKB under the Petroleum Law of 1954 (law No. 6326). The distribution, export, import, refining, and sale of petroleum are licensed under and regulated by the Petroleum Market Law of 2003 (law No. 5015). The distribution, export, import, and transmission of natural gas are regulated by the Natural Gas Market Law of 2001 (law No. 4646), as amended by law No of The marketing of domestic and imported liquefied petroleum gases is regulated by the Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) Market Law of 2005 (law No. 5307). Production Most of the mineral production volumes for 2011 were estimated (table 1). Significant increases in production were reported for boron, iron ore, and kaolin and were estimated for antimony, refined borates, coal, gold, refined petroleum products, silver, and steel. Structure of the Mineral Industry The country s industrial minerals and metals were produced mainly by private sector companies, which also produced some coal and hydrocarbons. The Government investment in the mineral industry was estimated to be about 34% of total investment, and was focused on the boron, coal, and petroleum sectors (T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, 2011). Government institutions involved in the mineral sector that were attached to the ETKB included Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA) [General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration], which conducts basic geologic and geophysical surveys and mining research; Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (PIGM) [General Directorate of Petroleum Affairs], which collects information about petroleum exploration and production activity in Turkey; and Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu Başkanliği [Turkish Atomic Energy Authority], which is responsible for policy development and the coordination and supervision of scientific and technical activities in the nuclear sector. Other institutions that are associated with the ETKB include Boru Hatlari Ile Petrol Taşima A.Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü (BOTAS) [Petroleum Pipeline Corp.], which imports, transports, and sells natural gas, and also transports petroleum; Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directorate of Electricity Generation Corp.], which produces electricity; Eti Maden İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü, which has exclusive rights to explore for and to develop boron deposits according to law No of 1983; the Türkiye Kömür İşletmeleri Kurumu Genel Müdürlüğü (TKI) [General Directorate of Turkish Coal Enterprises], which mines lignite and subbituminous coal; Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakliği Genel Müdürlüğü (TPAO) [Turkish Petroleum Corp.], which explores for, produces, markets, and refines crude oil; and Turkey 2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 57.1

3 Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu Genel Müdürlüğü (TTK) [General Directorate of Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises], which mines anthracite and bituminous coal. Mineral Trade In 2011, total Turkish exports of goods were valued at about $135 billion compared with about $114 billion in Exports of manufactured products were valued at $125.9 billion in 2011 compared with about $105 billion in Manufactured products exports included basic metals (iron and steel, nonferrous metals, and precious metals) exports, which were valued at about $17.1 billion in 2011; chemical products (including fertilizers), $6.7 billion; coke and petroleum products, $6.1 billion; and industrial mineral products, such as cement, ceramics, glass, lime, and stone, $4 billion. Exports of the mining and quarrying sector were valued at about $2.8 billion in 2011, compared with about $2.7 billion in In 2011, exports of industrial minerals were valued at about $1.5 billion and accounted for 52% of mining exports; exports of metal ores were valued at $1.2 billion and accounted for 43.3% of mining exports; exports of crude petroleum and natural gas were valued at $126 million and accounted for 4.5% of mining exports; and exports of coal were valued at about $6 million and accounted for 0.2% of mining exports (T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, 2012, Part 5, table 16). In 2011, total Turkish imports of goods were valued at about $241 billion compared with about $186 billion in Imports of petroleum and petroleum products were valued at $15.2 billion in 2011 compared with about $11.4 billion in Imports of metal ores and scrap were valued at $11.1 billion in 2011 compared with $8.2 billion in 2010 (T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, 2012, Part 5, table 5). Review Metals Antimony. Tri-Star Resource plc of the United Kingdom completed a 47-hole 4,116-meter (m) drill program on the Goynuk antimony prospect. The company planned additional exploration drilling in 2012 (Tri-Star Resources plc, 2012). Copper, Lead, Molybdenum, Silver, and Zinc. Eti Bakir A.Ş., which was a subsidiary of Cengiz Holding, was the leading copper producing company in Turkey. Other notable copper producers included Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri A.Ş. (a subsidiary of Inmet Mining Corp. of Canada), which mined a record volume of million metric tons (Mt) of ore from the underground Cayeli Mine in 2011 compared with Mt of ore in Çayeli produced a copper concentrate that contained 28,200 metric tons (t) of copper in 2011, and a zinc concentrate that contained 48,100 t of zinc. Çayeli recovered about 6% less zinc contained in concentrates in 2011, despite an increase in the tonnage of ore milled, owing to a 5% decrease in the zinc grade to 6.0% from 6.3% (Inmet Mining Corp., 2012, p ). Demir Export A.Ş., which was a subsidiary of Koç Holding A.Ş., produced and exported a copper-zinc concentrate from the Lahanos Mine in Giresun. In 2011, Demir Export produced about 15,000 t of concentrate that contained an average of 20% to 22% copper compared with more than 17,500 t of concentrates produced in Demir Export also completed an exploratory drill program for copper near its Samli iron mine in Balikesir (Demir Export A.Ş., undated). Park Elektrik Üretim Madencilik San. ve Tic. A.Ş. mined copper ore at the Madenkoy Mine, produced and sold a copper concentrate that contained an average of 18% to 20% copper, and in 2011, also began to sell refined copper cathode. Park Elektrik produced 77,510 wet metric tons of copper concentrates in 2011, of which 17,268 wet tons was refined to produce 2,829 t of copper cathode. In 2011, the mine s ore processing capacity was increased to 1.2 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) from 750,000 metric tons per year (t/yr). In 2013, mine activity was scheduled to shift from underground to open pit operations, and the input capacity of the Madenkoy plant was expected to increase to 1.8 Mt/yr with an output of about 150,000 t/yr of copper concentrate (Park Elektrik Üretim Madencilik San. ve Tic. A.Ş., 2012, p. 19). Gümüştaş Madencilik A.Ş. started production from a copper-lead and zinc mine. About 400 metric tons per day of ore was processed at the company s concentrator at the Gumushane Organized Industrial Zone (Haberler.com, 2011). Companies engaged in exploration for copper, lead, and zinc included Dedeman Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., which completed an infill drill program on the Balya lead-silver-zinc property. Dedeman subsequently proposed to develop the deposit as an underground mine and applied for an exploitation license (Eurasian Minerals Inc., 2011a). Empire Mining Corp. of Canada terminated its agreement with Alacer Gold to acquire 65% interest in the Bursa copper project, which included the Demirtepe and the Karapinar prospects. Instead, Empire agreed to acquire 100% interest in the Bursa project for company stock and a payment of $1.5 million that was due in Empire completed initial drill programs on the prospects in 2011 that encountered copper, gold, molybdenum, and silver mineralization (Empire Mining Corp., 2012, p. 3 4). RCR Quantum Madencilik İthalat İhracat Ticaret ve Sanayi A.Ş. was a joint venture of Red Crescent Resources Holding A.Ş. (75% interest) and Gensay Madencilik İthalat İhracat Tic. ve San. A.Ş. (25% interest) that was formed in May to develop the Sivas copper property. In August, Petmin Ltd. of South Africa agreed to provide up to about $17 million to fund project development expenses and to acquire up to 37.5% interest in the project. RCR Quantum subsequently completed a 10-hole 1,150-m drill program on the Sivas copper property and proposed a 15-hole 3,000-m drill program for 2012 (Red Crescent Resources Ltd., 2012, p. 3, 12 13). Regional terrain hampered access to proposed drill sites on the Hakkari zinc project, which was being evaluated by RCR ve Seyitoğlu Madencilik İthalat İhracat Tic. ve San. A.Ş. (a joint venture of Red Crescent Resources Holding, 50% interest, and shareholders of the Seyitoğlu family, 50% interest). RCR Seyitoğlu proposed to redevelop the licenses initially as a direct-shipping-ore project, and began to rehabilitate old underground tunnels on the No. 8 and Pentagon licenses at 57.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK 2011

4 Hakkari. The resultant stockpile of run-of-mine ore had a grade of 26.75% zinc (Red Crescent Resources Ltd., 2012, p. 2). Teck Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited A.Ş. (60% interest) completed a 44-hole 19,599-m drill program on the Halilaga copper-gold property for its joint venture with Pilot Gold Inc. of Canada (40% interest). Teck Madencilik, which was earning 51% interest in the Hasancelebi project from Stratex International plc of the United Kingdom, completed a 5-hole 1,572-m drill program on the main deposit and a 2-hole 543-m drill program on Karakaya Tepe prospect at Hasancelebi. After an initial drill program, the Aydeniz Group withdrew from an agreement to earn a 55% interest in the Muratdere copper project from Stratex, but in December, Pragma Finansal Danışmanlık Ticaret A.Ş. agreed to acquire 51% of the Muratdere project from Stratex. Also in 2011, Antofagasta Minerals S.A. of Chile and Stratex entered into a strategic alliance to explore for copper in Turkey (Stratex International plc, 2011c; 2012a, b; Pilot Gold Inc., 2012, p. 7 8). Xstrata Canada Copper proposed additional exploration activity on the Berta prospect in Nuinsco Resources Ltd. of Canada was a partner in the joint venture that controlled the Berta copper-gold property. Owing to a number of factors, Nuinsco Resources decided to surrender the exploration license for the Elmalaan zinc property (Nuinsco Resources Ltd., 2012, p. 7). Gold. Koza Altin, İşletmeleri A.Ş., was the leading gold producer in Turkey. In 2011, Koza produced about 9,500 kilograms (kg) of gold and 3,100 kg of silver from its four mines in 2011, compared with about 8,000 kg of gold and 3,600 kg of silver from three mines in The Cukuralan open pit, which began production in late 2010, produced 543,126 t of ore in The output from the Cukuralan underground mine, which began production in August, was 33,914 t of ore. The Ovacik underground mine produced 204,313 t of ore. The Ovacik plant, which also processed ore from Cukuralan, milled 822,777 t of ore in 2011 and recovered 3,880 kg of gold and 1,646 kg of silver. The Mastra open pit mine produced 248,788 t of ore and the Mastra underground mine produced 182,972 t of ore. The Mastra plant milled 528,516 t of ore and recovered 5,074 kg of gold and 762 kg of silver. The Kaymaz open pit, which started production in March, produced 264,248 t of ore. The Kaymaz plant milled 98,062 t of ore and recovered 629 kg of silver and 432 kg of gold (Koza Altin İşletmeleri A.Ş., 2012, p. 3 4, 30 33). Koza began a prefeasibility study of heap leaching the Mollakara prospect. The company had an additional 15 gold exploration projects, including the Agadeve, the Bulancak, the Buyukpinar, the Cakilli Tepe, the Ciftehan, the Hapan, the Hasandagi, and the Himmetdede. In 2011, Tüprag Metal Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., which was a subsidiary of Eldorado Gold Corp. of Canada, produced 8,853 kg of gold from the Efemcukuru and the Kisladag Mines. At Kisladag, Tüprag completed the expansion of the mine s crushing circuit to 12.5 Mt/yr, which allowed 12.4 Mt of ore to be placed on the leach pads in 2011 compared with about 10.4 Mt in Gold production increased by 313 kg compared with that of 2010, despite a decrease in ore grade to 0.95 grams per metric ton (g/t) from 1.06 g/t. Eldorado completed a positive study on the expansion of the mine s capacity to 25 Mt/yr. Eldorado proposed to expand the mine by mid-2014, subject to the receipt of Government permits. Also at Kisladag, Tüprag completed a concentrate treatment plant that would process material from the Efemcukuru Mine, which was located about 180 km east of Kisladag (Eldorado Gold Corp., 2012a; 2012b, p. 7). In 2011, ore production was initiated at Efemcukuru. Tüprag milled 112,612 t of ore, which graded 8.21 g/t gold. About 9,100 t of gold concentrate, which contained about 800 kg of gold, was shipped to Kisladag. The Efemcukuru Mine achieved commercial production at yearend (Eldorado Gold Corp., 2012a; 2012b, p. 11). Alacer Gold Corp. was formed from the merger of Anatolia Minerals Development Ltd. of Canada and Avoca Resources Ltd. of Australia. Anagold Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., which was the local subsidiary of Alacer Gold (95% interest) and Lidya Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (5%), began commercial gold production at the Copler gold mine in Lidya acquired an additional 15% equity interest in Anagold from Alacer Gold in early At Copler, about 11.3 Mt of waste and 7.4 Mt of ore were mined in 2011 to produce about 5,770 kg of gold. Anagold also completed more than 50,000 m of drilling and a prefeasibility study of the sulfide ore at Copler and resumed exploration drilling on the Karakartal prospect (Alacer Gold Corp., 2012, p. 7 9, 26). İstanbul Altın Rafinerisi refined gold, rhodium, and silver. Emak Refining & Recycling Systems of Turkey produced equipment to refine gold scrap and recycled precious metals that were recovered from automobile catalytic converters. Companies engaged in exploration for gold included Aldridge Minerals Inc., which completed an infill drilling program and began a definitive feasibility study on the Yenipazar gold property (which also contained copper, lead, silver, and zinc mineralization). Aldridge was earning 100% interest in the property from Alacer Gold. Aldridge Minerals wrote off its options on the Derinkoy gold property after European Goldfields Ltd. of Canada terminated its option to acquire up to 70% interest in the property (Aldridge Minerals Inc, 2012, p. 6 9). Ariana Resources plc completed a prefeasibility study for the Red Rabbit gold project and estimated the resources of the Kiziltepe sector of the project to be 1 Mt of ore at an average grade of 3.6 g/t gold and 41.6 g/t silver. Pontid Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Şti., which was a subsidiary of Greater Pontides Exploration B.V. of the Netherlands [a joint venture of European Goldfields (51% interest) and Ariana Resources plc of the United Kingdom (49% interest)], completed a 44-hole drilling program on the Salinbas gold prospect on the Greater Pontides Project in northeastern Turkey. Eldorado was expected to complete its proposed acquisition of European Goldfields in early 2012 (Ariana Resources plc, 2012a, b). In 2011, Ariana Resources acquired the Derinin Tepe (Kizilicukur) gold project, the Muratdag gold project, and the Yatij West gold project from KEFI Minerals Plc of the United Kingdom, which shifted its exploration focus to Saudi Arabia. Kackar Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. acquired the Artvin Turkey 2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 57.3

5 gold project from KEFI Minerals (KEFI Minerals Plc, 2012, p. 15). Centerra Gold Inc. of Canada was earning up to 70% interest in the Akarca gold property from Eurasian Minerals Inc. of Canada. The joint venture completed a 3-hole, 421-m drill program at Akarca in Centerra Gold continued to drill on the Ortacam North prospect on the Oksut property and earned 50% interest in the Oksut property from Stratex International PLC. Centerra also agreed to earn an additional 20% interest in the Oksut property by providing an additional $3 million in exploration funding (Eurasian Minerals Inc., 2011b; Centerra Gold Inc., 2012, p ). Chesser Resources Ltd. of Australia started a 30,000-m drill program on the Kestanelik gold prospect. Chesser also completed a 12-hole 2,964-m drill program on the Karaayi copper-gold prospect, which was located about 40 km southwest of Kestanelik (Chesser Resources Ltd., 2012, p. 4, 20). Mediterranean Resources Ltd. of Canada started a 10-hole drill program on the Red Mountain (Kizildag) project, which included the Corak gold-silver (five holes) and the Tac copper-gold (five holes) properties. In December, Lovet Tekstil Gida Inşaat Turizm Organizasyon Sanayi ve Diş Ticaret A.Ş. entered into an agreement to acquire 20% of the Red Mountain project from Mediterranean Resources (Mediterranean Resources Ltd., 2012, p. 4). Pilot Gold Inc. acquired a 40% interest in the Orta Truva Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. joint venture from Fronteer Investment Inc. of the Cayman Islands [United Kingdom]. Teck Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited A.Ş. held the remaining 60% interest in the Orta Truva joint venture. Orta Truva completed a 19-hole 4,184-m phase I drill program in January and a 72-hole 14,876-m phase II drill program on the TV Tower gold property in December (Pilot Gold Inc., 2012, p. 6 7). Stratex reported that a positive feasibility study was completed on the Inlice gold project. Total reserves were estimated to be about 1.1 Mt of ore at a grade of 1.69 g/t gold. The joint venture of NTF Insaat Ticaret Limited Şti. and Stratex expected to begin mining in early 2012; initial gold production was expected to begin in mid Stratex Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Şti., which was a local subsidiary of Stratex and Bahar Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Şti., agreed to form a joint venture (Altintepe Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.) to develop the Altintepe gold project. Stratex also continued exploration on the Altunhisar prospect (Stratex International plc, 2011a, b). Nickel. Meta Nikel Kobalt A.Ş. of Turkey (a subsidiary of Meta Madencilik Limited Şti.) started construction of the Gordes nickel refinery in Manisa. The refinery was expected to begin to process about 1.5 Mt/yr of ore in 2013, and output was expected to be 10,000 t/yr of nickel and 500 to 800 t/yr of cobalt salts (Kalkinmaforum.com, 2012; Kobiden News, 2012). In October, European Nickel PLC of the United Kingdom agreed to sell its interest in the Caldag Mine to VTG Nikel Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., which was a subsidiary of Oremine Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. Development operations at the mine had been suspended in 2007 pending the receipt of a forestry permit. European Nickel had started work on Caldag in 2002 but shifted its focus to developing a nickel project in the Philippines in 2010 (Fasken Martineau, 2011). Industrial Minerals Boron. Eti Maden İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü recovered 2.1 Mt of boron concentrates and produced 1.8 Mt of boron chemicals and products in 2011, and the company proposed an expansion of its boron products capacity to 5.5 Mt/yr from Mt/yr. Capacity-expansion projects under construction included the company s fifth borax pentahydrate plant (which would have a production capacity of 500,000 t/yr) at Kirka, and a 50,000-t/yr-capacity boric acid plant. Proposed projects included the 500,000-t/yr-capacity sulfuric acid plant and a 500,000-t/yr-capacity boric acid plant at Emet (Eti Maden İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2012, p , 17 18, 48 49). Mineral Fuels and Related Materials Uranium. In 2011, Anatolia Energy Ltd. of Australia (formerly AWH Corporation Ltd.) acquired a 35% interest in the uranium exploration company Aldridge Uranium Ltd. of Australia, which Aldridge Minerals had spun off in 2008 as Aldridge Uranium Inc. of Canada. Vetter Uranium Ltd. of Australia acquired the remaining 65% interest in Aldridge Uranium. The resultant joint venture of Anatolia Energy and Vetter subsequently was named Anatolia Uranium Proprietary Ltd. In 2011, A Dur Madencilik Limited.Şti., which was the venture s local subsidiary, completed two exploratory drill programs on the Temrezli deposit that totaled 32 holes for 5,009 m, and Anatolia Energy released a mineral resource estimate for the deposit of about 6.8 Mt of ore at a grade of 0.117% triuranium octoxide (U 3 O 8 ) (Anatolia Energy Ltd., 2011a, p. 8; 2011b; Aldridge Minerals Inc., 2012, p ). Outlook Turkey has identified resources of a number of minerals. Most mining activity, especially in the industrial mineral sector, is performed by mining subsidiaries of domestic conglomerates, construction companies, metal and mineral traders, and small family-owned companies. Most of the international investor interest in the Turkish mineral industry remains focused on the development of metal deposits. The surge in exploration for metals by domestic and international companies is expected to continue (Ersçen, 1989). References Cited Alacer Gold Corp., 2012, 2011 annual report: Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Alacer Gold Corp., 76 p. Aldridge Minerals Inc., 2012, Management s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended November 30, 2011: Aldridge Minerals Inc., February 24, 30 p. (Accessed July 16, 2012, at doc_financials/2011_ye_aldridge MDA_vFeb24 Final.pdf.) Anatolia Energy Ltd., 2011a, Annual financial report for the year ended 30 June 2011: Anatolia Energy Ltd., 55 p. (Accessed November 28, 2012, at Anatolia Energy Ltd., 2011b, Quarterly activities report for the year ended 30 September 2011: Anatolia Energy Ltd., 4 p. (Accessed November 28, 2012, at [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK 2011

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