Anglican bishop, scholar, and theological polemicist whose attempt to seek a middle road between Roman Catholic and Calvinist extremes brought a threat of impeachment from his bishopric by Parliament. Chaplain to King James I, he became archdeacon of Hereford in 1617....

landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, generally exhibiting steep slopes, a relatively confined summit area, and considerable local relief. Mountains generally are understood to be larger than hills, but the term has no standardized geological meaning. Very rarely do mountains occur individually. In most cases, they are found in elongated ranges or chains. When an array of such ra...

...porous markings, or lenticels; the aromatic-leaved American green alder (A. crispa or A. mitchelliana); the closely related but taller Sitka alder (A. sinuata); and the mountain, or thinleaf, alder (A. tenuifolia), a shrubby tree with yellow or orange-brown midribs on its leaves and a domelike crown of pendulous branches....

...children or artists. In this category fall the Prairie novels As for Me and My House (1941) by Sinclair Ross, Who Has Seen the Wind (1947) by W.O. Mitchell, and The Mountain and the Valley (1952) by Ernest Buckler, set in Nova Scotia’s Annapolis valley. These novels strain the bonds of conventional narrative structures as they shift from social......

industrial town, Rhondda Cynon Taff county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It lies on a small tributary of the River Taff, about 6 miles (10 km) north of Pontypridd....

genus of several shrubs or trees in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the Northern Hemisphere. Unrelated to true ashes (genus Fraxinus, family Oleaceae), mountain ashes are widely cultivated as ornamentals for their flower clusters and brightly coloured fruits...

The early ballets not only had elaborate costumes but also were performed in spectacular settings. The Mountain Ballet, performed in the early 17th century, had five enormous mountains as its stage scenery, in the middle of which was a “Field of Glory.” The dance historian Gaston Vuillier later described the scene:Fame opened the ballet and......

a muskrat-sized burrowing rodent found only in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Unlike the American and Eurasian beavers (genus Castor), the mountain beaver has an extremely short tail and is less than a half metre (1.6 feet) in length; weight is less than 2 kg (4.4 pounds)....

...timber trees of the Australasian area. Among the best known are the Australian beech (N. moorei), a 46-metre-tall tree with leaves seven centimetres long, found in New South Wales; the mountain beech (N. cliffortioides), a 12-metre-tall New Zealand tree with glossy, toothless leaves about one centimetre long; the myrtle beech, Tasmanian myrtle, or Australian, or red,...

...continental margins (e.g., the Pacific margin) as well as older metamorphic belts are used to infer the geometries of the continental margins at earlier periods in Earth history. Most of the world’s mountain belts are at least partially composed of regionally metamorphosed rocks, with spectacular examples provided by the Alps, the Himalayas, the northern Appalachians, and the Highlands of......

...to experience a meteoric rise in participation and exposure that served to further legitimize them. By comparison with these domains of dyed hair, tattoos, and body piercings, sports such as mountain biking and beach volleyball seemed rather establishmentarian; indeed, both had become official Olympic events in 1996. In general, alternative sports could be divided into three groups:......

Water birch (B. occidentalis; B. fontinalis of some authorities), a shrubby tree native to moist sites along the western coast of North America, has nonpeeling, dark-red bark; it grows in clusters, with all stems rising from a common root system. It is sometimes called red birch, black birch, or mountain birch. Swamp birch (B. pumila), a similar but smaller shrub, is found......

ornamental tree of the family Betulaceae, found on river and stream banks in the eastern one-third of the United States. Because the lower trunk becomes very dark with age, the tree is sometimes called black birch, a name more properly applied to sweet birch....

Two widely separated bongo subspecies exist in increasingly fragmented populations. The larger mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) is a relict of interglacial epochs when rainforest extended to the Indian Ocean; it occurs in pockets of protected mountain forest between 2,000 and 3,000 metres (7,000 and 10,000 feet) above sea level in the Kenya highlands. Mountain bongos......

The common collared lizard, C. collaris, reaches 35 cm (14 inches) long, and the tail alone accounts for two-thirds of the animal’s total length. Males are larger than females. In the eastern part of its range, the collared lizard is often referred to as “the mountain boomer,” a name given by early pioneers who attributed loud noises coming from rocky......

Another group of local winds is induced by the presence of mountain and valley features on Earth’s surface. One subset of such winds, known as mountain winds or breezes, is induced by differential heating or cooling along mountain slopes. During the day, solar heating of the sunlit slopes causes the overlying air to move upslope. These winds are also called anabatic flow. At night, as the......

...a pest, and in some areas steps have been taken to control its population growth. The two other species of brush-tailed possum, the northern brush-tailed possum (T. arnhemensis) and the mountain brush-tailed possum (T. caninus), are also relatively common....

mountain-building event, generally one that occurs in geosynclinal areas. In contrast to epeirogeny, an orogeny tends to occur during a relatively short time in linear belts and results in intensive deformation. Orogeny is usually accompanied by folding and faulting of strata, development of angular unco...

...patches in rocky dry areas. Flowering occurs in early summer. The yellow or reddish yellow blooms are followed by slender beaked fruits. The northern bush honeysuckle (D. lonicera) and the mountain bush honeysuckle (D. rivularis) are similar except for the smaller size and more-pointed leaves of D. lonicera. The southern bush honeysuckle (D. sessilifolia) has......

...in the centre. Silky camellia, or Virginia stewartia (S. malacodendron), a shrub up to 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) high, has white flowers with purple stamens. Another American species is the mountain stewartia, sometimes called mountain camellia (S. ovata), which is also shrubby; it is mostly confined to the southern Appalachians....

In contrast to the continents and ocean basins, which are permanent geographic features, the height and location of mountain belts constantly change. Mountain belts form either where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the margin of a continent, giving rise to a linear range of mountains such as the Andes of western South America, or where continents collide, forming high mountains and......

The three species of mountain viscachas (genus Lagidium) live in the Andes Mountains from central Peru southward to Chile and Argentina, usually at altitudes between 4,000 and 5,000 metres (13,000 and 16,000 feet). They have very long ears and resemble long-tailed rabbits. Mountain viscachas weigh up to 3 kg (6.6 pounds) and have a body length of 30 to 45 cm (about 12 to 18 inches). Fur......

major climate type often added to the Köppen classification, although it was not part of German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Köppen’s original or revised systems. It contains all highland areas not easily categorized by other climate types. It is abbreviated H in the Köppen-Geiger-Pohl system....

the sport of attaining, or attempting to attain, high points in mountainous regions, mainly for the pleasure of the climb. Although the term is often loosely applied to walking up low mountains that offer only moderate difficulties, it is more properly restricted to climbing in localities where the terrain and weather conditions present such hazards that, for safety, a certain amount of previous e...

small creeping plant of the heath family, related to the blueberry and cranberry. Also known as cowberry, foxberry, and mountain or rock cranberry, the fruit of the lingonberry is used for jelly and juice by northern Europeans and by Scandinavians in the U.S. The plants grow densely in the forest understory and, like cranberries, can be harv...

...a practice in the rural Beira Baixa region. He wrote about his attempt to overcome the mistrust of the superstitious peasants there in Retalhos da vida de um médico (1949, Mountain Doctor; expanded 1963). In reaction to the oppression and poverty that he observed, he turned to writing antifascist neorealist fiction. In the early 1960s Namora worked at the Lisbon......

...flowers. Cornelian cherry (C. mas), a European species also grown as an ornamental, produces fruit that is eaten fresh or made into preserves or wine (vin de corneulle). The Pacific, or mountain, dogwood (C. nuttallii) resembles the flowering dogwood with minor differences. A few shrubby species are planted for their variegated leaves and colourful......

The Appalachian, or mountain, dulcimer of the United States is a narrow folk zither with three to five metal strings running over a fretted fingerboard, which is set centrally along the dulcimer’s entire length. The player’s right hand strums with a small stick or quill, and the left hand stops one or more strings to provide the melody....

Antennaria dioica has several cultivated varieties of white, wooly appearance and with small clusters of white to rose flowers. In some species, including smaller pussy-toes (A. neodioica), male flowers are rare. The plantain-leaved pussy-toes (A. plantaginifolia), also called ladies’ tobacco, has longer and broader basal leaves....

acute, febrile viral infection usually transmitted to humans by the bite of the tick Dermacentor andersoni. The virus is classified as an orbivirus of the family Reoviridae, a grouping of viruses that is characterized by the lack of a lipid envelope and the presence of two protein coats. D. andersoni requires a vertebrate host ...

mountain-building event, generally one that occurs in geosynclinal areas. In contrast to epeirogeny, an orogeny tends to occur during a relatively short time in linear belts and results in intensive deformation. Orogeny is usually accompanied by folding and faulting of strata, development of angular unco...

Climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), also known as Allegheny vine, or mountain fringe, is a sprawling, herbaceous biennial that coils its long leafstalks around supports. It reaches 3.5 m (11.5 feet) in height and has clusters of white or pinkish tubular flowers borne among delicately cut leaves. The only species of its genus, it is native to moist woodlands and freshly burned areas from......

The Arabian Peninsula is the centre of diversity of the revised genus Gazella, with six species: the mountain gazelle (G. gazella), the goitred, or sand, gazelle (G. subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas......

In this discussion the term mountain glaciers includes all perennial ice masses other than the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Those ice masses are not necessarily associated with mountains. Sometimes the term small glaciers is used, but only in a relative sense: a glacier 10,000 square kilometres (4,000 square miles) in surface area would not be called......

a stocky North American ruminant of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). Surefooted relatives of the chamois, mountain goats cling to steep cliffs in habitats ranging from ocean shores to glaciated mountain tops. They are agile, methodical climbers, adapted to the insecure footing of snow-covered and icy cliffs, where ...

...widely in the news and in published research in 2008. In February the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, and Uganda launched a 10-year initiative to conserve the mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei, of which only about 720 still remained in the forested mountains that spanned the three countries. In September, however, renewed conflict was......

...luxuriant tropical rainforest vegetation. Cultivated estates or small settlements are established in clearings on the hills. In the dry season the hills are dotted with the orange flowers of the mountain immortelle, a large flowering tree that grows to a height of about 80 feet (25 metres), and the flowers of the pink poui and yellow poui trees. Sugarcane, the main agricultural crop, is......

...family, and so he lectured and taught part-time at Amherst College and at the University of Michigan from 1916 to 1938. Any remaining doubt about his poetic abilities was dispelled by the collection Mountain Interval (1916), which continued the high level established by his first books. His reputation was further enhanced by New Hampshire (1923), which received the......

Flowering evergreen shrub of the heath family, occurring in most mountainous regions of eastern North America. It grows to about 3–18 feet (1–6 metres) in height and has oval leaves. The rosy, pink, or white flowers appear in large clusters above the foliage. The shrub is popular in landscape plantings....

large brownish New World cat comparable in size to the jaguar—the only other large cat of the Western Hemisphere. The puma, a member of the family Felidae, has the widest distribution of any New World mammal, with a range extending from southeastern Alaska to southern Argentina and Chile. Pumas live in a variety of habitats, including desert scrub, chaparral, swamps, and forests...

Her second and most critically acclaimed novel, The Mountain Lion (1947), reinforced her position of prominence in literary circles. An examination of the influence of gender roles on identity and development, it details the coming of age of a brother and sister who spend summers at their uncle’s ranch. Stafford later published The Catherine Wheel (1952) as well as children’s......

genus of five or six species of North American shrubs or small trees in the rose family (Rosaceae). The hard heartwood of these trees is highly valued for carving, and it is said that the common name was given by the Mormons, who used the wood to build the Tabernacle organ at Salt Lake City, Utah. The sp...

any of the pioneers of the North American Rocky Mountain West who went to that region first as fur trappers. Attracted by the beaver in virgin streams, the trappers became the explorers of the Far West. The most experienced trappers were the French, who were joined by American and Spanish fur traders. In the early 19th century, St. Louis was an important base for them for tradi...

(September 1857), in U.S. history, slaughter of a band of Arkansas emigrants passing through Utah on their way to California. Angered by the U.S. government’s decision to send troops into the Utah territory, Mormons there were further incensed in 1857 when a band of emigrants set up camp 40 miles (64 km) from Cedar City. On September 7 or 8, the travelers were attacked by a part...

...members of the family Lamiaceae are also known as mints: the bergamots, or bee balms (genus Monarda), are sometimes called horsemint; members of the genus Pycnanthemum are called mountain mints; catnip (Nepeta cataria) is also known as catmint; dittany (Cunila origanoides) is called stonemint; and plants of the Australian genus Prostanthera are called......

that section of the Nile River between Nimule near the Uganda border and Malakal in South Sudan. Below Nimule the river flows northward over the Fula Rapids, past Juba (the head of navigation), and through Al-Sudd, the enormous papyrus-choked swamp where half its water is lost. It receives the Baḥr al-Ghazāl at Lake No and then turns east to...

The related mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), endemic to the Ethiopian highlands east of the Rift Valley and discovered only in 1908, is much more like a greater kudu than another nyala in size, proportions, and social organization. Both sexes are gray-brown with faded stripes but have two conspicuous white throat patches, nose chevron, cheek spots, and underside of the bushy tail......

active volcano, southern Iceland, lying within the country’s East Volcanic Zone. It is Iceland’s most active and best-known volcano. The volcano is characterized by a 3.4-mile- (5.5-km-) long fissure called Heklugjá, which is active along its entire length during major eruptions. Lava flows issuing from this fissure have contributed to the volcano’s elongated ...

The mountain paca (C. taczanowskii) is smaller and has a long dense coat. Found high in the Andes Mountains from western Venezuela to northwestern Bolivia, it lives at the upper limits of mountain forest and in alpine pastures....

...of western North America (variety subcordata) is 18 m high and has orange-brown to silver-gray bark, purplish, red-brown twigs, and small, heart-shaped leaves, about six centimetres long; the mountain paper birch (variety cordifolia), with white bark, is a small, sometimes shrubby tree of Canada and the eastern and midwestern U.S. In the Alaska paper birch (variety humilis)...

...dating from the early Proterozoic Eon (2.5 billion to 543 million years ago). Many carbonatites are mined or contain such large reserves that they will be mined someday. Among the most important are Mountain Pass, California, U.S., a major source of rare earths; the Loolekop Complex, Palabora, South Africa, mined for copper and apatite (calcium phosphate, used as a fertilizer), plus by-products...

township, Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies just west of Newark. Named Mountain Plantations when it was settled in 1678, it was later renamed to honour William, prince of Orange, who became William III of Great Britain. Orange was a part of Newark until 1806, when it became a separate community....

...squamata). Grayish, with scaly markings and a white-tipped crest, it is the fastest quail afoot, with running speeds measured at 24 km (15 miles) per hour. The mountain, or plumed, quail (Oreortyx pictus), gray and reddish with a long straight plume, is perhaps the largest New World quail, weighing as much as 0.5 kg (about 1 pound). The singing, or long-clawed, quail......

...am Semmering) in 1160 and the union of Austria and Steiermark. The first road through the pass was built in 1728 and rebuilt in 1839–42. The Semmering Railway (1848–54), the first mountain railway in the world, passes 282 feet below the summit of the pass through a tunnel nearly one mile long. A second parallel tunnel was inaugurated in 1952....

In contrast to the continents and ocean basins, which are permanent geographic features, the height and location of mountain belts constantly change. Mountain belts form either where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the margin of a continent, giving rise to a linear range of mountains such as the Andes of western South America, or where continents collide, forming high mountains and......

...each ear and curved horns (on males only) that point forward; these horns are shortest (14–41 cm [6–16 inches]) and most hooked in the bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca) and the mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula). They are 30–45 cm (12–18 inches) and less hooked in the southern, or common, reedbuck (R. arundium). The southern reedbuck is the largest......

area encompassing the eastern quarter of the state of Kentucky, U.S., a region of narrow valleys and sharp ridges belonging to the Cumberland Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains. It includes the Cumberland Mountains and Pine Mountain......

Where the Mountain River joins the Mackenzie from the west there is a fast-water section known as Sans Sault Rapids; the river drops about 20 feet (6 metres) within a few miles. There is ample depth of water for the shallow-draft barges during July, but, despite deepening of the channel by rock blasting, shallow water is sometimes a navigation problem in late summer. South of the Indian village......

The catawba rhododendron, or mountain rosebay (R. catawbiense), of the southeastern United States, is plentiful and a great flowering attraction in June in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The hardy catawba hybrids are derived from R. catawbiense and allied species. The great laurel rhododendron (R. maximum), overlapping in distribution......

stocky, climbing hoofed mammal of western North America known for its massive curling horns. Bighorns are brown with a white rump patch. Horns are present in both sexes, but they are bigger in males (rams). Six living subspecies are recognized. Males of the Rocky Mountain subspecies have horns averaging more than 1 metre (3.3 feet) long as measured along the o...

acute reaction to a change from sea level or other low-altitude environments to altitudes above 8,000 feet (2,400 metres). Altitude sickness was recognized as early as the 16th century. In 1878 French physiologist Paul Bert demonstrated that the symptoms of altitude sickness are the result of a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of the body. Mountain climbers...

the apparently enormously magnified shadow that an observer casts, when the Sun is low, upon the upper surfaces of clouds that are below the mountain upon which the observer stands. The apparent magnification of size of the shadow is an optical illusion that occurs when the shadow on relatively nearby clouds is judged by the observer to be at the same distance as faraway land ob...

constituent state of the United States of America. Admitted to the union as the 35th state in 1863, it is a relatively small state. It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north, Maryland and Virginia to the east, Kentucky to the southwest, and Ohio to the northwest. The state capital is...

...in the centre. Silky camellia, or Virginia stewartia (S. malacodendron), a shrub up to 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) high, has white flowers with purple stamens. Another American species is the mountain stewartia, sometimes called mountain camellia (S. ovata), which is also shrubby; it is mostly confined to the southern Appalachians....

In contrast to the continents and ocean basins, which are permanent geographic features, the height and location of mountain belts constantly change. Mountain belts form either where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the margin of a continent, giving rise to a linear range of mountains such as the Andes of western South America, or where continents collide, forming high mountains and......

On the basis of language, customs, and other traits, the Tajiks can be subdivided into a number of distinct groups. The Pamir Tajiks within the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region include minority peoples speaking Wakhī, Shughnī, Rōshānī, Khufī, Yāzgulāmī, Ishkashimī, and Bartang, all Iranian languages. Another distinct group is formed......

On the basis of language, customs, and other traits, the Tajiks can be subdivided into a number of distinct groups. The Pamir Tajiks within the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region include minority peoples speaking Wakhī, Shughnī, Rōshānī, Khufī, Yāzgulāmī, Ishkashimī, and Bartang, all Iranian languages. Another distinct group is formed......

The three New World species occupy distinct, nonoverlapping but contiguous ranges. The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), the smallest and most primitive, inhabits the temperate-zone forests and bordering grasslands of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador and in northern Peru, up to altitudes of nearly 4,600 metres (about 15,000 feet). Agricultural and pastoral expansion resulted in some......

...an umbrella but which later became widely popular with external framing of hollow aluminum; and the cabin tent, resembling a wall tent with walls four to six feet high. Special tent designs include mountain tents, which are designed compactly for use in conditions of extreme cold and heavy snow, and back-packing tents, which use extremely lightweight synthetic fabrics and lightweight metal......

any of the radical Jacobin deputies in the National Convention during the French Revolution. Noted for their democratic outlook, the Montagnards controlled the government during the climax of the Revolution in 1793–94. They were so called because as deputies they sat on the higher benches of the assembly. Collectively they were also called ...

Alpine, or mountain, timothy (Phleum alpinum) is about half as tall, with short, thick panicles. It occurs in wet places from Greenland to Alaska, and at high altitudes in many other parts of North America and Europe....

city, Santa Clara county, California, U.S. It lies on the southwest shore of San Francisco Bay. Settled in 1852 as a stagecoach station, it became a shipping point for fruit and grain and a centre of religious book publishing in the early 1900s. From 1929 to 1994 Mountain View was the home of Moffett Field Naval Air Station. In 1940 the Ames Laboratory of the ...

The three species of mountain viscachas (genus Lagidium) live in the Andes Mountains from central Peru southward to Chile and Argentina, usually at altitudes between 4,000 and 5,000 metres (13,000 and 16,000 feet). They have very long ears and resemble long-tailed rabbits. Mountain viscachas weigh up to 3 kg (6.6 pounds) and have a body length of 30 to 45 cm (about 12 to 18 inches). Fur......

any steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earth’s surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent. Sometimes domes are produced by repeated outpourings of short flows from a summit vent, and, occasionally, extremely viscous lava is pushed up from the vent like a short protrusion of toothpaste from a slightly squeezed tube. More commonly, ho...

Another group of local winds is induced by the presence of mountain and valley features on Earth’s surface. One subset of such winds, known as mountain winds or breezes, is induced by differential heating or cooling along mountain slopes. During the day, solar heating of the sunlit slopes causes the overlying air to move upslope. These winds are also called anabatic flow. At night, as the......

...species also take shrubs, herbs, and even bulbs. Water requirements vary in different species. In South Africa the plains zebra has been found to drink about once every 36 hours. By contrast, the mountain zebra (Equus zebra), Przewalski’s horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) and the half-ass, all living in semidesert areas, are reported to survive if they can drink once in three......

national park in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It is situated in the semiarid Great Karoo region, west of Cradock. It has an area of 25 square miles (65 square km) and was founded in 1937 primarily to protect the diminishing mountain zebra, which differ from common (or Burchell’s) zebra in having a short, stocky build and a distinctive stripe pattern on the rump. The par...

(Franklinia, or Gordonia, alatamaha), small tree of the tea family (Theaceae), native to the southeastern United States. It was first identified in 1765 by the botanist John Bartram along the Altamaha River near Fort Barrington, Georgia, and named in honour of Benjamin Franklin. The tree or small shrub is now known only in cultivation, no longer being found in the wild. It grows up t...

the sport of attaining, or attempting to attain, high points in mountainous regions, mainly for the pleasure of the climb. Although the term is often loosely applied to walking up low mountains that offer only moderate difficulties, it is more properly restricted to climbing in localities where the terrain and weather conditions present such hazards that, for safety, a certain amount of previous e...

...No Nature, consisting mostly of poems previously published in other volumes, was a finalist for the 1992 National Book Award. He also received critical acclaim for Mountains and Rivers Without End (1996), which completed a series that Snyder had begun writing in 1956. The collection won the Bollingen Prize in Poetry in 1997. Six......

Frankenthaler’s first one-woman show was held in New York City in 1951. In one of her major early works, the seminal Mountains and Sea (1952), she created diaphanous colour by means of thinned-down oils that she allowed to soak into the raw (unprimed) canvas. This technique, known as the stain technique, strongly contrasted with the use of impasto that characterized......

mountain range bordering Uganda and Congo (Kinshasa); the range is thought to be the “Mountains of the Moon” described by the 2nd-century-ad geographer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The mountains were long thought to be the source of the Nile....

Long in the making, Mountains of the Moon (1990) was a beautifully filmed adaptation of William Harrison’s mammoth novel about British explorer Sir Richard Burton (played by Patrick Bergin). The film, scripted by Rafelson with Harrison and suffused with authentic detail, was arguably Rafelson’s most cohesive work; though it was generally well reviewed, it met with......

...in West Virginia are threatened further on two fronts. The thin layers of coal deposits below the surface of southern West Virginia’s mountains require a type of surface mining, called “mountaintop removal,” that is particularly devastating to the landscape, and environmental laws restrict its expansion. In addition, concerns about air quality—focused on sulfur emissions......

...Christopher Cockerell; it crossed the Channel for the first time on July 25, 1959. Ten years later Cockerell was knighted for his accomplishment. By that time the last and largest of the series, the SR.N4, also called the Mountbatten class, had begun to ply the ferry routes between Ramsgate and Dover on the English side and Calais and Boulogne on the French side. In their largest variants, thes...

British statesman, naval leader, and the last viceroy of India. He had international royal-family background; his career involved extensive naval commands, the diplomatic negotiation of independence for India and Pakistan, and the highest military defense leaderships....

British statesman, naval leader, and the last viceroy of India. He had international royal-family background; his career involved extensive naval commands, the diplomatic negotiation of independence for India and Pakistan, and the highest military defense leaderships....

...During the next two years, there were prolonged triangular negotiations between leaders of the Congress, the Muslim League under Mohammad Ali Jinnah, and the British government, culminating in the Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947, and the formation of the two new dominions of India and Pakistan in mid-August 1947....

July 15, 1918Shelbyville, Ky.Jan. 11, 2015Baltimore, Md.American neuroscientist who conducted pioneering research into the functional organization of the cerebral cortex of the mammalian brain, earning the titles “father of neuroscience” and “Jacques Cousteau of the corte...

New Zealand rugby player and coach who was considered to be one of the best stand-off halfs in the sport. He joined Wigan (Lancashire, Eng.) in 1946 and in 1947–48 set an appearance record of 54 games in a season. In 1952 he moved to Warrington (Cheshire) as manager and steered them to seven trophies before leaving to coach Blackpool borough for two seasons. He later returned to New Zealand....

New Zealand rugby player and coach who was considered to be one of the best stand-off halfs in the sport. He joined Wigan (Lancashire, Eng.) in 1946 and in 1947–48 set an appearance record of 54 games in a season. In 1952 he moved to Warrington (Cheshire) as manager and steered them to seven trophies before leaving to coach Blackpool borough for two seasons. He later returned to New Zealand....

Canada’s federal police force. It is also the provincial and criminal police establishment in all provinces except Ontario and Quebec and the only police force in the Yukon and Northwest territories. It is responsible for Canadian internal security as well....