Transcription

1 REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO THE EVENTS IN SOUTHERN KYRGYZSTAN IN JUNE 2010 i

2 ii

3 Executive Summary The Independent International Commission of Inquiry into the Events in southern Kyrgyzstan was established after. The KIC notes that ethnic Kyrgyz also suffered very significant losses, in terms of life, health and property. ii

4 mahallas ii

5 mahallas iii

6 mahallas iv

7 v

8 Table of Contents Executive Summary...ii Table of Contents...vi Words and Abbreviations...viii Concise Chronology of main events...x Map of Kyrgyzstan...xii Map of Osh...xiii INTRODUCTION...14 A B C D E F G H Establishment of the KIC...14 Terms of reference...14 Composition of the KIC...2 Interpretation of the Mandate...3 Working Methods...4 Activities of the Commissioners of the KIC...5 Cooperation with Authorities of Kyrgyzstan, of Uzbekistan and Other Groups...6 Reporting...7 I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND and POLITICAL CONTEXT...8 A B C Historical Background...8 Political Context...17 Conclusion...24 II FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES RELEVANT TO EVENTS OF JUNE 2010 IN OSH AND SURROUNDING PROVINCES...25 Introduction...25 A B C Narrative Chronology...26 Some Particular Issues...41 Impact of the Events...44 vi

10 Words and Abbreviations Adolat Azan Jogorku Kenesh Mahalla Manas Koomo Microregion Kenesh Kurultay Oblast Philarmonia Sart Justice, an Uzbek political movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s Call to prayer Literally Supreme Council, but in common use, is the Parliament Traditional Uzbek neighbourhood Manas People s Unity Association Administrative subdivision of urban area City council People s assembly Region Concert hall A name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia that has acquired a derogative meaning to describe Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan AKM APC CAT CCKR CMI GSNB ICC Kalashnikov submachine gun Armoured Personnel Carrier (may also refer to infantry fighting vehicles) Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Criminal Code of Kyrgyzstan Republic Crisis Management Initiative State Service of National Security International Criminal Court viii

11 ICCPR ICTR ICTY KIC OSCE PPS SVD SOBR UNCC UNHCR UNOSAT International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Independent International Commission of Inquiry into the Events in Southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Sentry Patrol Duty Dragunov sniper rifle Special Rapid Response Unit Uzbek National Cultural Centre United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Program ix

12 Concise Chronology of main events 7 April 2010 The President Kurmanbek Bakiyev is overthrown after popular demonstrations. A Provisional Government headed by Roza Otunbayeva assumes power. 13 May 2010 Bakiyev s supporters seize administrative buildings in Batken, Osh and Jalalabad. 14 May 2010 Supporters of the Provisional Government re-capture the administration building in Jalalabad. A crowd of Kyrgyz and Uzbek marches to Bakiyevs home village of Teyit. Houses belonging to Bakiyevs are set on fire. 10 June 2010 At 10pm, a clash near the casino sparks rioting around the dormitory, Philarmonia and various parts of the city. The authorities are unable to contain the crowds. Unfounded rumour of rape at the dormitory mobilizes rural Kyrgyz at extraordinary speed. 11 June 2010 At 2am, the Provisional Government establishes a state of emergency and introduces a curfew. At 4am, the burning and looting commence near the Frunze market in central Osh. A delegation from the Provisional Government arrives in Osh. Uzbek villagers in Nariman block the central road, which connects Osh to both the airport and Bishkek. Mass Kyrgyz mobilization from villages to the west and east of Osh begins. At noon, automatic weapons are distributed amongst civilian and military Kyrgyz in Furkhat. The Uzbek barricade is brought down and extensive burning and killing ensue. At 1.30pm, an APC, followed by armed men, penetrates the Cheremushki mahalla. Many Uzbeks are beaten or shot, women raped and houses burnt. Near midday, an APC followed by a Kyrgyz crowd enters the mahalla [near the Al-Hakim hospital] near the clothing market. Houses are burned and many are killed. Tension rises in Jalalabad. Uzbeks begin to barricade their mahallas x

13 and Kyrgyz rally at the Hippodrome. 12 June 2010 The rumour spreads that the Uzbekistan military will intervene. Kyrgyz start to withdraw from the mahallas in Osh. At 7am, 2 APCs break through the Uzbek barricade into Majrimtal mahalla. Houses are looted and burned. The looting and house burning continue in Cheremushki and Furkhat. Violence spreads to Onadyr, a neighboring part of Furkhat. A Kyrgyz crowd attacks Navoi Street. Wholesale looting, murder and arson take place. An APC breaks into the Teshik-Tash mahalla. The attack continues to the mahalla near the Shait Tebe mosque. Violence erupts in Jalalabad. Uzbeks establish a barricade in Suzak and shot at Kyrgyz cars. The Kyrgyz-Uzbek University of People s Friendship is looted and set on fire. 13 June 2010 Scale and intensity of violence decreases in Osh, although attacks against mahallas continue. Hostage taking is particularly active. During the morning, Kyrgyz crowds seize weapons and ammunition from several police and military locations in Jalalabad Province. Uzbeks establish a roadblock at the Sanpa crossing. They burn cars and shoot Kyrgyz. At 1.30pm, Kyrgyz crowd moves from the Hippodrome to Jalalabad city. The Tash Bulak mahalla, then Suzak, are attacked. Buildings and houses are burnt. At 4pm, the police chief of Karasuu district and his driver, both Kyrgyz, are murdered in Nariman. During the afternoon, the provisional government declares state of emergency across the Jalalabad Province and establishes a curfew. 14 June 2010 Situation stabilizes in Osh. Sporadic incidents of violence, including looting, sexual violence and hostage taking, will continue in the next days. Clashes continue in Jalalabad during the day and looting throughout the night. The situation stabilizes early the next morning. xi

14 Map of Kyrgyzstan xii

15 Map of Osh xiii

16 INTRODUCTION A Establishment of the KIC 1. Following the violent events in June 2010 in southern Kyrgyzstan, numerous calls were made for an international investigation. An initiative by the Nordic countries was accepted by the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, H.E. Ms. Roza Otunbayeva. On 6 July 2010, the President asked Dr. Kimmo Kiljunen, Special Representative for Central Asia, OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, to coordinate the preparation process for the International Independent Commission for Inquiry into tragic events that have taken place in the South of the Region of the Kyrgyz Republic (KIC) 1. In a letter from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs addressed to the United Nations (UN) on 21 July 2010, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic requested the UN Secretary General to support the International Independent Commission of Inquiry headed by K. Kiljunen. There was broad consultation with numerous international organizations and entities including the UN, the OSCE, the EU and the CIS. Finally, after discussion with the office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights as to the appropriate terms of reference for such an exercise, the Government officially informed UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon in its letter of 29 September 2010 that it had endorsed the proposed terms of reference which include a mandate calling upon the KIC to investigate the facts and circumstances of these events [the outbreak of violence in June 2010] 2. B Terms of reference 2. The terms of reference establish the mandate of the KIC as follows: The KIC shall be mandated to: Investigate the facts and circumstances of the events of June 2010 in Osh and its surrounding provinces in the Kyrgyz Republic including the causes and course of events as well as actions taken in the aftermath; Qualify the violations and the crimes under international law; Determine responsibilities and, where possible, identify those responsible; and Make recommendations, including, in particular on accountability measures, so as to ensure non-repetition of the violations and to contribute towards peace, stability and reconciliation. 1 Signed letter of Muktar Djumaliev, Deputy Head of the Secretariat of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, dated 6 July 2010, on file with KIC. 2 Letter submitted to the UN Secretary-General by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ruslan Kazakbaev in the name of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated 29 September 2010, on file with KIC. xiv

17 It is understood however that in determining responsibilities the Commission will not conduct a criminal investigation; the conduct of such an investigation will remain the responsibility of the authorities of the Kyrgyz Republic. 3. The Terms of Reference (TOR) make clear that, [i]n the conduct of its inquiry, the Commission shall enjoy the full cooperation of the Government and the National Commission for Inquiry. The Government, (including all relevant Departments) shall assist to the requests of the Commission for collection of the required information and testimony. In accordance with the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic, it shall, in particular, guarantee to the Commission: Freedom of movement throughout the territory of Kyrgyzstan; Free access to all places and establishments relevant to the work of the Commission; Freedom of access to all sources of information, including documentary material and physical evidence. Freedom to interview representatives of governmental, as well as community leaders and representatives of civil society and other institutions and, in principle, any individual whose testimony is considered necessary for the fulfilment of its mandate; Appropriate security arrangements for the personnel, documents, premises and other property of the Commission; Protection for all those who appear before or provide information to the Commission in connection with the inquiry; no such person shall, as a result of such appearance or information, suffer harassment, threats of intimidation, ill-treatment, reprisals, or any other prejudicial treatment; Similar privileges and immunities necessary for the independent conduct of the inquiry as are enjoyed by UN experts on mission under article VI of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and to officials under articles V and VII of the Convention. C Composition of the KIC 4. The TOR of the KIC stipulate that [t]he International Independent Commission for Inquiry will be composed of a panel of eminent personalities as well as a group of experts. The Panel shall be chaired by Dr. Kimmo Kiljunen, Special Representative for Central Asia of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly. In the overall composition of the panel and experts, there will be the requisite expertise in human rights, conflict analysis, international humanitarian law and international criminal law; and knowledge of the country and language skills. The need for gender and geographical diversity amongst members of the Commission will also be taken into account. 5. The panel is composed of the following 7 members (Commissioners): Kimmo Kiljunen, Chairperson of the Commission, a Member of Parliament and a Special Representative of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly for Central Asia (Finland). 2

18 Philip Alston, Sidley Austin Visiting Professor at Harvard University and former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (Australia). Yakin Ertürk, Professor of Sociology at the Middle East Technical University, Member of the European Committee on the Prevention of Torture, and former UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences (Turkey). Brigitte Horbette, Judge at the Paris Court of Appeals, Chair of a division in the National Court of Asylum (France). Rein Müllerson, President of the Academy of Law at Tallinn University and former UN Regional Adviser for Central Asia (Estonia). Valery Tishkov, Director of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences and former Minister for Nationalities of the Russian Federation (Russia). Ralph Zacklin, Former United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Legal Affairs (United Kingdom). 6. As provided by the TOR, the Secretariat was established by the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), a Finnish non-governmental organisation based in Helsinki. The main office of the KIC Secretariat was located in Osh, in southern Kyrgyzstan. The Secretariat consisted of experts in political science, ethnic relations, human rights, international law and gender based violence as well as military and media issues 3. The social research component of the mandate was headed by Dr. Anna Matveeva. The human rights fact-finding component was conducted under the direction of Luc Côté, who was also the coordinator of the preparation of the final report. The field operation commenced on 21 October 2010 in Osh and concluded on 31 January D Interpretation of the Mandate 7. The Commissioners agreed that the first component of the mandate - to investigate the facts and circumstances of the events of June 2010 in Osh and its surrounding provinces in the Kyrgyz Republic including the causes and course of events as well as actions taken in the aftermath - meant that the KIC was required to act as a fact-finding body. The KIC was obliged to examine events prior to June 2010 in order to set out the background and identify some of the causes of the violence, to establish a clear narrative of the courses of events of June 2010, as well as consider the actions taken in the aftermath. 8. The second component of the mandate required the KIC to qualify the violations and the crimes under international law. The KIC considers that the expression international law refers to international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. Therefore the KIC must establish whether the actions constituted violations of international human rights as well as international crimes and, if so, under what categories of 3 Experts came from Armenia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Russia, United Kingdom and United States of America. The local assistants and support staff were from different ethnic backgrounds: Kyrgyz 8, Uzbek 4, Russian 4, Kazakh 1, Korean 1 and Tatar 1. 3

19 crimes they fall. Although the KIC was in express terms not to conduct a criminal investigation, which is the responsibility of the authorities of the Kyrgyz Republic, it nevertheless considers that its mandate required it to also qualify generally the crimes committed under Kyrgyz law in order to make appropriate recommendations on accountability measures. 9. The third component of the mandate called for the KIC to [d]etermine responsibilities and, where possible, identify those responsible. The KIC believes that the concept of responsibilities involves both individual and institutional/political responsibility for the events. Given that KIC has not conducted a criminal investigation and is not endowed with the capacity of a court or a prosecutor, its powers are limited to the identification of those responsible and recommendation that these individuals be subject to a full criminal investigation that may lead to prosecution under domestic criminal law and/or accountability under any existing institutional mechanisms of a disciplinary nature. 10. Finally, the KIC was requested to make recommendations, including, in particular on accountability measures, so as to ensure non-repetition of the violations and to contribute towards peace, stability and reconciliation. In order to fulfill this component of the mandate as well as that which requested it investigate actions taken in the aftermath of the June events, the KIC considered it necessary to analyze the response of the domestic justice system of Kyrgyzstan to those events. E Working Methods 11. The KIC first concentrated in gathering and assessing the information contained in the various reports and documents made by other organizations and government bodies in relation to the June events. Other background materials were also collected and analysed. Altogether, the KIC collected an excess of 700 documents 4, nearly 5,000 photos and 1,000 video extracts. 12. In order to assess the veracity of the information collected and to establish the facts and circumstances of the events of June 2010, the KIC conducted in excess of 750 interviews. The majority was with victims and witnesses, but extended to officials and other persons occupying positions of authority, as well as persons in police custody or detained in prison. Of the victims and witnesses interviewed, 45% were Uzbek, 40% were Kyrgyz and 15% were of other or unknown ethnicity. Field visits were conducted in places where crimes were allegedly perpetrated or other incidents took place. Interviews were conducted in many different locations both in Kyrgyzstan and in other countries Apart from the interviews conducted by the KIC experts, a group of 7 researchers were trained by the research Secretariat in October 2010 to conduct 4 There were 170 reports, 250 records (death certificates, hospital records, loss of property records) and more than 300 victim statements and complaints addressed to the KIC. 5 Including Uzbekistan, Russia, France and the United Kingdom. 4

20 interviews in Russia of representatives of Kyrgyz and Uzbek diasporas who moved there after the June violence 6. A total of 90 witness interviews were taken by these researchers. They were sent to the KIC and analysed. 14. Following a visit of three Commissioners and some experts of the secretariat to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the Uzbek authorities agreed to hand over numerous documents and statements. In particular, the KIC analysed 132 statements from the files of the Prosecutor s Office. These statements were taken mainly from Uzbek people who had fled Osh and Jalalabad to seek refuge in Uzbekistan during the June events. The information contained in these statements was, in very large measure, corroborated by evidence gathered directly by the KIC. The KIC considers this material as being truthful and reliable. 15. The KIC established 2 public offices, one in Osh and the other in Jalalabad, to which members of the public could and did voluntarily attend and talk about their stories of the events, and also submit their information, documentation, complaints and appeals. The information given by these individuals or families was classified and later used as appropriate, while maintaining the confidentiality of the people concerned. In excess of 212 complaints were received by the KIC in this manner. The two offices (Osh, Jalalabad) had the following number of visitors: 137 Kyrgyz (65%), 73 Uzbek (35%), one Russian and one foreigner. 16. The KIC notes that throughout this report the terms Uzbek and Kyrgyz are used to connote two major ethnic communities among the residents of Kyrgyzstan. 17. The standard of evidence applied by the KIC in its investigations was that of reasonable suspicion. The standard necessitates a reliable body of material consistent with other verified circumstances tending to show that an incident or event did happen 7 or that a person may be reasonably suspected of being involved in it. All factual findings in this report have been made applying this reasonable suspicion standard. All facts that are not corroborated by other evidence have been excluded from the Report. 18. The KIC conducted its work in an impartial and independent manner in accordance with international standards. These principles have governed the working methods of the KIC in its interaction with Governments, international organizations, NGOs and individuals. F Activities of the Commissioners of the KIC 19. The Commissioners held meetings in Helsinki, Finland, on 2 occasions prior to the field deployment of the experts in order to discuss the mandate and the work 6 Interviews were conducted in eight locations in various cities to where people from southern Kyrgyzstan had fled or moved. These were Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tyumen, Nijny Novgorod, Saratov, Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk. 7 Another formulation would be reliable and consistent indications tending to show that the incident did happen. 5

21 to be accomplished 8. Other meetings of the Commissioners were held during their January 2011 group visit to Kyrgyzstan. Conference calls were regularly convened by the Chair to inform the other Commissioners of the progress of the work and to facilitate decision making on different issues as they arose. The Commissioners held their last meeting in Helsinki from 17 to 21 February 2011 to prepare and adopt the Final Report of the KIC. 20. The Chair of the KIC, Kimmo Kiljunen, travelled to Kyrgyzstan on 10 occasions 9 and had meetings with the Kyrgyz authorities in both Bishkek and Osh, the National Commission of Inquiry, UN representatives, OSCE representatives and numerous NGOs. During these visits he also met with diplomats from the EU, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, United States and Uzbekistan. The Chair also made numerous visits to different countries in preparation for and during the work of the Commission. 10 One of the main purposes of these visits was the consultation with various governments for political and financial support. On one visit (1-3 November), the Chair was accompanied by Commissioner Rein Müllerson in Bishkek, Osh and Jalalabad. 21. Between 3 and 6 November, the Chair was accompanied by Commissioner Rein Müllerson and Commissioner Brigitte Horbette on a visit to Uzbekistan including Andijan province and Tashkent. 22. Between 23 and 28 January, all of the Commissioners undertook a mission to Kyrgyzstan. In Bishkek, meetings were held with the President, the Chairs of the National Commission and the Parliamentary Commission, the Attorney General, the Minister of Defence, the Governor of Osh Province and the Mayor of Osh city. Two roundtables were held with representatives of civil society and human rights organizations and the Diplomatic Corps. On 26 January, the Commissioners travelled to Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan to visit places where the incidents took place. G Cooperation with Authorities of Kyrgyzstan, of Uzbekistan and Other Groups 23. The KIC acknowledges the excellent cooperation of the authorities of Kyrgyzstan, both civilian and military, the authorities of Uzbekistan, the diplomatic community in Bishkek, the UN, OHCHR, the OSCE, the EU Delegation, and NGOs. The KIC received numerous documents requested from the authorities of Kyrgyzstan and state institutions, namely the State Security Committee, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Health, State Statistics Committee, Office of Mayor of Osh, Osh provincial police and city police, Jalalabad provincial police and city police, Alay district hospital and others. 8 Commissioners meetings were held in Helsinki on October and November First visit on June, 2010; second visit on 1-4 July 2010; third visit on July 2010; fourth visit on August 2010; fifth visit on September, 2010; sixth visit on 7-11 October, 2010; seventh visit on October, 2010; eighth visit on 1-3 November 2010; ninth visit on 1-5 December 2010 and tenth visit with all Commissioners on January Cities visited by Dr. Kimmo Kiljunen were Vienna, Moscow, Geneva, New York, Washington, Astana, Paris, Brussels, Oslo, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Minsk and Vilnius. 6

22 24. The KIC had access to most individuals they wanted to interview and to all places it required. Finally, the KIC extends its gratitude to all individuals from Kyrgyzstan and abroad who agreed to be interviewed by its members or to provide documents. 25. The KIC was financially supported by the EU, the United States, Finland, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Turkey, Estonia and France. H Reporting 26. The TOR of the KIC stipulate that [t]he Commission will submit its report by the end of On 28 September 2010 a new deadline of 31 January 2011 was agreed upon between the Chair of the KIC and the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. The results of the inquiry will be presented to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic giving it opportunity, within reasonable time, but not exceeding one month, to present comments to the findings and recommendations of the Commission. The Commission will make the report, with the comments of the Government, public by presenting it to the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union (EU) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Factual errors pointed in the Government s comments have been taken into consideration by the KIC and relevant changes were made. The said comments are included as an Annex to the present report. 7

23 I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND and POLITICAL CONTEXT A Historical Background Introduction 27. Kyrgyzstan is a small, beautiful mountainous country located in the heart of Central Asia. Its neighbours are China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The capital Bishkek is located in the Chui Valley in the north. In 2010 the population just exceeded 5.5 million. Historically, the population has been of multiethnic composition. It is a poor country with the 2009 per capita income at US$2,200. This figure masks considerable inequality in the distribution of wealth. Labour migration to Russia, Kazakhstan and other countries is a common phenomenon, resulting in about one third of the economically active population working abroad and a high dependence on remittances. 28. The north-south divide in Kyrgyzstan is not only a geographical reality but also a political and social one. The capital has been in the north in Bishkek (formerly Frunze) since the 1920s. The institutions of government are in Bishkek and it serves as the fulcrum of political and economic power. Osh in the south is the other principal city. According to national statistics, the ethnic mix is 69.2% Kyrgyz, 14.7% Uzbek, 8.3% Russian, 1.2% Dungan and 1% Uighur and other smaller groups 11. Nearly all Uzbeks live in the south, while the north is predominately populated by Kyrgyz. 29. Southern Kyrgyzstan is essentially defined by the fact that it lies in the eastern reaches of the Fergana Valley. Here the mountains of Kyrgyzstan give way to the irrigable and more fertile lower lands of an area which has been settled, farmed and urbanised since time immemorial. The valley is surrounded by harsher landscapes of mountains, steppe and desert. Accordingly, it is an area par excellence where the pastoralist of the mountains and steppe has interacted with the sedentary farmer and urbanised trader. 30. The Fergana Valley is on the silk route linking Central Asia with both the Middle East and China. Throughout history it has been incorporated into various empires, including the ancient Persian and Hellenic empires. Later it was conquered by the Arabs, by Genghis Khan s Chagatai Khanate and Timur s Mongol-Turkic empire. It became predominantly Muslim in religion. The last transformation of the Fergana Valley (as well as greater Central Asia) commenced in the latter half of the 19 th century when the area was first conquered by Tsarist Russia. It then underwent Soviet transformation in the 1920s when the valley was delineated by the Soviets tasked to institutionalize ethno-territorial federalism by creating borders for republics within the Soviet Union. This endeavour resulted in a division that was both ethnically and 11 Source: National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2009 data, 8

24 geographically incongruent, but was of little consequence while it remained under the Soviet Union. The multiethnic makeup of Kyrgyzstan acquired a new character when, upon independence, the divisional boundaries became State borders and the basis of national identity. 31. In 1990, prior to the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet-era legislature elected Askar Akayev to the newly created post of President of Kyrgyzstan. He became the President of the new State in 1991 and remained so until spring 2005, when he fell in the Tulip Revolution. The presidential election in July 2005 was won by the former Prime Minister Kurmanbek Bakiyev. Bakiyev remained as President until he was ousted in April Since then Kyrgyzstan had a provisional government led by the then Transitional President Roza Otunbayeva, a constitutional referendum on 27 June 2010 and parliamentary elections on 10 October The new government was established in December The End of the Soviet Regime and the June 1990 Clashes 33. The evolution of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan from inter-related, centrally coordinated Soviet Socialist Republics within the Soviet Union to separate sovereign nation states was complex. It gave rise to ethnic differentiation, its institutionalisation and territorial aspiration. 34. The population of the Fergana Valley that falls within Kyrgyzstan had traditionally consisted of a significant number of Uzbeks. From the 1960s towns and centres like Osh began to industrialise. The Kyrgyz were encouraged to move from the Kyrgyz populated countryside to the cities to work in industrial jobs and public administration. Social stresses emerged between the two groups. 35. The situation was complicated by the preponderance of Kyrgyz holding positions of authority in government. This resulted in a skewed patronage system which, together with informal, often criminal commercial organisations, existed to mutual advantage. Additionally, clan structures existed amongst all ethnic groups. These structures, based on kinship ties and locality rather than merit, sought to protect and expand their economic, social or power interests. 36. Towards the end of the 1980s there were a number of conflicts amongst various ethnic groups in the Fergana Valley. They arose in part from the terminal decline of the Soviet state, the weakening of Moscow s central power over regions in Central Asia and the introduction of Gorbachev s reforms. One of the most serious incidents erupted in 1989 in Fergana City between Meskhetian Turks (who had been deported from Georgia by Stalin) and Uzbeks. Several hundreds were thought to have died, and many more injured. Turks were evacuated by Soviet troops and resettled in Russia. At the same time there were localised incidents between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in the Fergana Valley, including in southern Kyrgyzstan and between border communities in Tajikistan. 9

CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA [PART 3] V. THE CANTONAL GOVERNMENTS 1. General Provisions Article 1 Each Canton shall, in carrying out its responsibilities as described in Articles

Home Security: Russia s Challenges A Russian Perspective Andrei Fedorov * Home security: Russia s challenges Home security and the struggle against terrorism is one of the most crucial issues for the Russian

LAW NO. 40/2006 OF 25 AUGUST 2006 LAW ON THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF THE PROTOCOL OF THE PORTUGUESE STATE Pursuant to Article 161 c) of the Constitution, the Assembly of the Republic decrees the following:

International Mechanisms for Promoting Freedom of Expression JOINT DECLARATION ON CRIMES AGAINST FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION The United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the

United Nations General Assembly Distr.: General 11 April 2014 A/HRC/RES/25/38 Original: English Human Rights Council Twenty-fifth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil,

Public amnesty international Cambodia: Making the poor homeless (Update) May 2008 AI Index: ASA 23/006/2008 Notwithstanding the type of tenure, all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure

UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Council Distr. GENERAL E/CN.4/2006/98/Add.2 24 March 2006 ENGLISH ONLY COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixty-second session Item 17 of the provisional agenda PROMOTION AND

JANUARY 2015 COUNTRY SUMMARY Central African Republic Attacks on civilians remained alarming and widespread in the Central African Republic, despite a decrease of violent attacks from the previous year.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF ERITREA The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Government

Sexual Violence as Weapon of War By Lydia Farah Lawyer & Legal researcher In general women face in peacetime as well as in wartime different forms of discrimination and gender based violence. But during

Draft Resolution for the United Nations Human Rights Council 30 th Session, September 14-25, 2015 Situation of Human Rights in Venezuela The Human Rights Council, Guided by the Charter of the United Nations

COMMUNICATIONS TO THE ICC REGARDING THE SITUATION IN IRAQ The question as to whether United States and United Kingdom officials or soldiers would be prosecuted for some of their actions in the Iraq war

H. R. 515 One Hundred Twelfth Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the fifth day of January, two thousand and eleven An Act

CASE STUDY: Afghanistan Afghanistan: An Electoral Management Body Evolves Reginald Austin Although elections were held in the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the 1960s, in 1977 after the 1973 coup d état, and

Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42) 1 SCHEDULES SCHEDULE 1 Section 1(3). THE ARTICLES PART I THE CONVENTION RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS ARTICLE 2 RIGHT TO LIFE 1 Everyone s right to life shall be protected by law. No

United Nations S/RES/1820 (2008) Security Council Distr.: General 19 June 2008 Resolution 1820 (2008) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008 The Security Council, Reaffirming

LAW ON THE PROTECTOR OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS Podgorica, July 2003 LAW ON THE PROTECTOR OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS I BASIC PROVISIONS Article 1 Establishing the Protector of Human Rights and Freedoms

Annex 1 Primary sources for international standards 1. The United Nations The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

United Nations S/RES/1674 (2006) Security Council Distr.: General 28 April 2006 Resolution 1674 (2006) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5430th meeting, on 28 April 2006 The Security Council, Reaffirming

SURING PROTECTION - EUROPEAN UNION GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS DEFDERS I. PURPOSE 1. Support for human rights defenders is already a long established element of the European Union s human rights external

Resolution 1244 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th meeting, on 10 June 1999 The Security Council, Bearing in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and

TIMOSHIN Nikolay Viktorovich Justice, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation(RF) Chairman, Panel of Judges of the First Instance, Criminal Judicial Chamber of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation

BASIC IMMIGRATION LAW Introduction Under immigration law, anyone not having a right of abode in the UK is subject to immigration control and can only live, work and settle in the UK by permission (Section

Georgia: Five Years of Non-Action The Failure to Investigate the Crimes of the Russian- Georgian War of August 2008 No. 4-2014 After the brief war in Georgia in August 2008, when Russia invaded and for

CRIMINAL LAW & YOUR RIGHTS MARCH 2008 1 What are your rights? As a human being and as a citizen you automatically have certain rights. These rights are not a gift from anyone, including the state. In fact,

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT LAW No. /2003 INTERNAL SECURITY Ensuring internal security constitutes a pre-condition for safeguarding the peace and stability of any sovereign country

Committee against Torture Forty-fifth session 1-19 November 2010 List of issues prior to the submission of the second periodic report of Qatar (CAT/C/QAT/2) 1 ADVANCE UNEDITED VERSION Specific information

KEY OSCE COMMITMENTS ON FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY Vienna 1989 (Questions Relating to Security in Europe: Principles) [ ] In order to ensure the freedom of the individual to profess and practice religion

Honduras - Trade and Investment at the Expense of Human Rights Open Letter condemning the Canada- Honduras FTA As Canadian- based civil society organizations working for social and environmental justice

A SHORT NOTE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AFTER THE ACCESSION OF CRIMEA AND SEVASTOPOL TO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Elena A. Kremyanskaya* ABSTRACT In March 2014, when Crimea and Sevastopol

Since the War on Iraq began on 20 March 2003, concerns have been raised with regards to the treatment of Prisoners of War (POW) by both sides to the conflict. --------------------------------------------------

United Nations A/67/775 General Assembly Security Council Distr.: General 5 March 2013 Original: English General Assembly Sixty-seventh session Agenda item 69 Promotion and protection of human rights Security

SAARC SAARC CONVENTION ON PREVENTING AND COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN FOR PROSTITUTION THE MEMBER STATES OF THE SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC), PARTIES TO THE PRESENT

LAW GOVERNING THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF PETITION Note: Text of Law no. 43/90, as published in Series I of Diário da República no. 184 dated 10 August 1990, and amended by Laws nos. 6/93, 15/2003 and

Criminal Justice (Scotland) Bill [AS INTRODUCED] CONTENTS Section PART 1 ARREST AND CUSTODY CHAPTER 1 ARREST BY POLICE 1 Power of a constable 2 Exercise of the power Arrest without warrant Procedure following

CHAPTER 4 PARLIAMENT Composition of Parliament 42. (1) Parliament consists of (a) the National Assembly; and (b) the National Council of Provinces. (2) The National Assembly and the National Council of

Law governing Political Parties Organisational Law no. 2/2003 of 22 August 2003, as amended by Organisation Law no. 2/2008 of 14 May 2008 In accordance with Article 161(c) of the Constitution, the Assembly

CSCE FIRST ADDITIONAL MEETING OF THE COUNCIL HELSINKI 1992 Helsinki Additional Meeting of the CSCE Council 24 March 1992 Summary of Conclusions I. 1. The Council of the CSCE held its First Additional Meeting

Distr.: General 9 December 2009 Original: English Working Group on Trafficking in Persons Vienna, 27-29 January 2010 Item 6 of the provisional agenda * Good practices and tools for use in case management,

PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UK THE CONSERVATIVES PROPOSALS FOR CHANGING BRITAIN S HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Britain has a long history of protecting human rights at home and standing

Unit 6. The Cold War (1945-1991) Learning Target 23 Summarize how atomic weapons have changed the nature of war, altered the balance of power and started the nuclear age. Following World War II, the United

LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ON POLITICAL PARTIES CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1. Citizens' right to associate into political parties Citizens' right to associate into political parties is

('Official Gazette of BiH', No. 84/09) PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Pursuant to Article IV. 4. a) of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and

Violations of Human Rights Obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights through the New York Police Department s Stop and Frisk Practices Suggested List of Issues to Country

The Humanitarian Charter Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response The Humanitarian Charter provides the ethical and legal backdrop to the Protection Principles and the Core Standards

COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS Recommendation Rec(2006)8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on assistance to crime victims (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 14 June 2006 at

Departmental Policy for Handling of Domestic Violence Incidents Involving Law Enforcement Officers 1 This Policy, prepared by the Division of Criminal Justice, is intended to serve as a model for the law

300 Appendix A Advocate for Women s Rights Using International Law The United Nations (UN) brings together almost every government in the world to discuss issues, resolve conflicts, and make treaties affecting

Prosecuting Violations of International Criminal Law: Who should be tried? Preliminary edition for distribution during the Third Session of the ICC Assembly of States Parties, The Hague, September 2004

THE KAMPALA DECLARATION ON PRISON CONDITIONS IN AFRICA 1 Between 19-21 September 1996, 133 delegates from 47 countries, including 40 African countries, met in Kampala, Uganda. The President of the African

EXTRADITION UP-TO-DATE FULL TEXT TRANSLATIONS of the EXTRADITION LAW 5714-1954 and the EXTRADITION REGULATIONS (LAW PROCEDURES AND RULES OF EVIDENCE IN PETITIONS) 5731-1970 1. Extradition only under this

Unofficial translation. Federal Law of the Russian Federation on the Procedure for Exit from the Russian Federation and Entry Into the Russian Federation Adopted on 15 August 1996 Came into force on 22

Legislative Brief The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Bill, 2006 The Bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 23, 2006. The Bill has been referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee

Fact sheet 2 Overview of the Extradition Process This fact sheet is information, not legal advice This fact sheet provides general information only. It does not give legal advice on the operation of the

United Nations S/RES/1896 (2009) Security Council Distr.: General 30 November 2009 Resolution 1896 (2009) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6225th meeting, on 30 November 2009 The Security Council,

P7_TA-PROV(2013)0284 Rule of law in Russia European Parliament resolution of 13 June 2013 on the rule of law in Russia (2013/2667(RSP)) The European Parliament, having regard to its previous resolutions

EXTRADITION UP-TO-DATE FULL TEXT TRANSLATIONS of the EXTRADITION LAW 5714-1954 and the EXTRADITION REGULATIONS (LAW PROCEDURES AND RULES OF EVIDENCE IN PETITIONS) 5731-1970 1. Extradition only under this

The Public Commission to Examine the Maritime Incident of 31 May 2010 The Turkel Commission SUMMARY OF SECOND REPORT Israel s Mechanisms for Examining and Investigating Complaints and Claims of Violations

Constitutional Law of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Rights of National and Ethnic Communities or Minorities in the Croatia (as amended in May 2000) COMMITTEE FOR LEGISLATION OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Law on Non-Governmental Organizations Contents Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Chapter Six Chapter Seven General Provisions Establishment Criteria & Registration Procedures

Queensland PRISONERS INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER (QUEENSLAND) ACT 1997 Reprinted as in force on 1 April 1999 (Act not amended up to this date) Reprint No. 1 This reprint is prepared by the Office of the Queensland

Community Legal Information Association of PEI, Inc. Sexual Assault As an adult in Canada, you have the right to choose when or if you engage in sexual activity. Sexual activity without your consent is

CROATIAN PARLIAMENT Pursuant to Article 88 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, I hereby pass the DECISION PROMULGATING THE ACT ON THE SECURITY INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

The codification of criminal law and current questions of prison matters Kondorosi Ferenc Under Secretary of State Ministry of Justice Hungary Criminal law is the branch of law, in which society s expectations

JANUARY 2015 COUNTRY SUMMARY Kenya Kenya s efforts to tackle a wide array of security threats have been marred by ongoing patterns of serious human rights violations by Kenyan security forces, including

Strasbourg, 29 November 2006 CCPE (2006) 05 Rev final CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN PROSECUTORS (CCPE) FRAMEWORK OVERALL ACTION PLAN FOR THE WORK OF THE CCPE as approved by the Committee of Ministers

LAW ON MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS I GENERAL PROVISIONS Subject and Application of the Law Article 1 This Law shall govern mutual assistance in criminal matters (hereinafter: mutual assistance)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: ELECTORAL PROCEDURES The procedures for electing the European Parliament are governed both by European legislation defining rules common to all Member States and by specific national