English statesman who played a leading part in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and who was largely responsible for the peaceful succession of the Hanoverian George I to the English throne in 1714. Although he displayed great determination in these crises, his curious timidity limited his effectiveness at other times....

(ALDAN JACKO), Hungarian-born U.S. cinematographer who helped create the stark, shadowy look of film noir in the 1940s. He also fostered the development of the Argentine film industry in the 1930s, wrote the esteemed primer Painting with Light (1949), and won an Academy Award for shooting the colourful ballet sequence that closes Vincente Minnelli’s 1951 musical An American in Par...

...His first novel, Yeast (printed in Fraser’s Magazine, 1848; in book form, 1851), deals with the relations of the landed gentry to the rural poor. His second, the much superior Alton Locke (1850), is the story of a tailor-poet who rebels against the ignominy of sweated labour and becomes a leader of the Chartist movement. Kingsley advocated adult education, improved.....

northwest district of the city and Land (state) of Hamburg, northwestern Germany. It lies on cliffs above the right bank of the Elbe River. The name may have come originally from allzu-nah (“all too near”), which was the Hamburgers’ designation for an inn that lay too close to their territory and was for long the only building. As a small fishi...

An interesting development in glass screens was the “Altone Gradar Screen,” manufactured in Germany. These are glass screens, ruled and etched in the usual manner, but with the rulings of the two glass elements filled with a transparent magenta lacquer of two different optical densities. When the screens are assembled, lines in one direction exhibit a density different from that of.....

city, Blair county, central Pennsylvania, U.S. It is situated on the eastern slopes of the Allegheny Front, a segment of the Allegheny Mountains that separates the Atlantic from the Mississippi valley watersheds. The city lies 45 miles (72 km) by road northeast of Johnstown. It was founded in 1849 by the Pennsylvania Railroad Compan...

...height. In the lower troposphere, such clouds are called stratus. Advection fog is a stratus cloud with a base lying at Earth’s surface. In the middle troposphere, stratiform clouds are known as altostratus. In the upper troposphere, the terms cirrostratus and cirrus are used. The cirrus cloud type refers to thin, often wispy, cirrostratus clouds. Stratiform clouds that bot...

...are now in the Bargello in Florence, as is a small relief of a greyhound made as a trial cast for the Perseus (1545). A bronze bust of a banker and patron of the arts, Bindo Altoviti (c. 1550; Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston), was also executed by Cellini in Florence. After the unveiling of the Perseus (1554), he began work....

agreements made during the Second, or Great, Northern War (1700–21) by the Swedish king Charles XII with Augustus II, king of Poland and elector of Saxony (Sept. 24, 1706), and with the Holy Roman emperor Joseph I (Sept. 1, 1707)....

American holding company founded in 1985, the owner of several major American companies with interests in tobacco products and wine, most notably Philip Morris Inc., the largest cigarette manufacturer in the United States. Its headquarters are in Richmond, Virginia....

...other mammals. The eggs are predominantly yolk (telolecithal), like those of reptiles and birds. Young monotremes hatch in a relatively early stage of development and are dependent upon the parent (altricial). They reach sexual maturity in about one year....

...are “selfish,” behaving in ways that benefit their own reproduction regardless of its long-term effect on the survival of their species. Sometimes, however, animals engage in apparent altruism (that is, they exhibit behaviour that increases the fitness of other individuals by engaging in activities that decrease their own reproductive success). For example, American zoologist Paul...

in ethics, a theory of conduct that regards the good of others as the end of moral action. The term (French altruisme, derived from Latin alter, “other”) was coined in the 19th century by Auguste Comte, the founder of Positivism, and adopted generally as a convenient antithesis to egoism. As a theory of conduct, its adequacy depends on an interpretati...

Alarm calling is usually considered a good example of an altruistic behaviour. Why individuals give an alarm call to begin with is not necessarily obvious, since the act of calling may attract a predator and endanger the caller. In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) call more frequently when they have close relatives nearby,....

...and the nearby statue of Roland (1404), symbolizing market rights and imperial jurisdiction, were designated a collective UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. Other outstanding features in the Altstadt, or Old Town, in the restored heart of the city, are the famous marketplace with its 11th-century cathedral, a picturesque row of old gabled houses, and the modern-style Parliament.......

The nucleus of the city is the Altstadt (Old Town), the former medieval settlement, bounded by the harbour and by a string of roads that follow the line of the old fortifications. Within this core there are few great buildings to remind the visitor of the city’s thousand-year history apart from the five principal churches—Sankt Jacobi, Sankt Petri, Sankt Katharinen, Sankt Nikolai, an...

mountain range in the southern part of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. Branching off from the Kunlun Mountains, the range runs for more than 400 miles (650 km) from southwest to northeast to form the boundary between the Tarim Basin to the north and the minor basin of Lake Ayakekumu (Ayakkum) and the Qai...

city, seat (1907) of Jackson county, southwestern Oklahoma, U.S. The original settlement of Frazier (1886), near Bitter Creek (Salt Fork of the Red River) on the Great Western cattle trail, was subject to flooding; it was renamed Altus (Latin: “high”) in 1891, after it was moved to the present site on higher ground 4 miles (6 km) east. Demand for...

mountain range that forms the eastern section of the Sudeten mountain system in the northern Czech Republic. The range lies in northern Moravia, bordering the Polish frontier. The Hrubý (High) Jeseník, also known as Vysoký Jeseník, reaches the highest point at Praděd (4,892 feet [1,491 m]). The Nízký (Low) Jeseník, just to the east, has a low...

northwest district of the city and Land (state) of Hamburg, northwestern Germany. It lies on cliffs above the right bank of the Elbe River. The name may have come originally from allzu-nah (“all too near”), which was the Hamburgers’ designation for an inn that lay too close to their territory and was for long the only building. As a small fishi...

mountain range in the southern part of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. Branching off from the Kunlun Mountains, the range runs for more than 400 miles (650 km) from southwest to northeast to form the boundary between the Tarim Basin to the north and the minor basin of Lake Ayakekumu (Ayakkum) and the Qai...

...computer (see also analog computer) typically consists of a control unit, an arithmetic-logic unit, a memory unit, and input/output units, as illustrated in the figure. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logic operations—such as OR and AND. The main computer memory, usually high-speed random-access...

volcanic island group, northwestern Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, just southeast of Bougainville Island, P.N.G. The group’s two largest islands are Shortland (or Alu), which has an area of 10 by 8 miles (16 by 13 km) and rises to 607 feet (185 metres); and Fauro Island, which measures 10 by 6 miles (16 by 10 km) and rises to 1,312 feet (400 metres) at two points along a centr...

...150 species worldwide; this superfamily and the related Pterophoroidea are the only families with deeply lobed wings.Family Alucitidae (many-plumed moths)130 species worldwide; each wing is very deeply cleft into 6 or more narrow plumelike divisions.Superfamily...

...wings usually deeply cleft into plumes; larvae spin webs on and eat the leaves of various plants or bore into seeds, seedpods, roots, or stems.Superfamily AlucitoideaAlmost 150 species worldwide; this superfamily and the related Pterophoroidea are the only families with deeply lobed wings....

...gulf. The rough topography of the ridge includes a well-defined median valley that is continually offset by faults running approximately northeast to southwest. The largest of these faults forms the Alula-Fartak Trench, in which is found the gulf’s maximum recorded depth of 17,586 feet (5,360 metres). The Sheba Ridge is flanked on both sides by sediment-filled basins that reach depths of...

any of a group of hydrated double salts, usually consisting of aluminum sulfate, water of hydration, and the sulfate of another element. A whole series of hydrated double salts results from the hydration of the sulfate of a singly charged cation (e.g., K+) and the sulfate of any one of a number of triply charged cations (e.g., Al3+). Aluminum sulfate...

town (parish), unitary district of the Isle of Wight, historic county of Hampshire, southern England. It lies close to Alum Bay, notable for its many-coloured sandstone cliffs and for The Needles, a group of chalk sea stacks....

...parks. Kelley Park, along Coyote Creek, includes a zoo, a Japanese garden, and an outdoor historic museum of restored and replicated buildings from San Jose’s early years. The 720-acre (290-hectare) Alum Rock Park (1872), on the eastern edge of the city, is California’s oldest municipal park. The city abounds in flower gardens, notably the Municipal Rose Garden and Overfelt Garden...

a widespread rock-forming sulfate mineral that occupies pockets or seams in volcanic rocks such as rhyolites, trachytes, and andesites, where it presumably formed through their chemical reaction with escaping sulfurous vapours. It has been used as a source of potash (during World War I) and as a source of alumina (during World War II); in Europe it was once used extensively to make potash alum, an...

a follower of a mystical movement in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries. Its adherents claimed that the human soul, having attained a certain degree of perfection, was permitted a vision of the divine and entered into direct communication with the Holy Spirit. From this state the soul could neither advance nor retrogress. Consequently, participation in the liturgy, good works, and observance...

any of a group of hydrated double salts, usually consisting of aluminum sulfate, water of hydration, and the sulfate of another element. A whole series of hydrated double salts results from the hydration of the sulfate of a singly charged cation (e.g., K+) and the sulfate of any one of a number of triply charged cations (e.g., Al3+). Aluminum sulfate...

synthetically produced aluminum oxide, Al2O3, a white or nearly colourless crystalline substance that is used as a starting material for the smelting of aluminum metal. It also serves as the raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products and as an active agent in chemical processing....

...(ZrO2), forsterite (Mg2SiO4), and combinations such as magnesia-alumina, magnesite-chrome, chrome-alumina, and alumina-zirconia-silica. Alumina-zirconia-silica (AZS), melted and cast directly into the melting tanks of glass furnaces, is an excellent corrosion-resistant refractory that does not release impurities into the glass melt....

chemical element, a lightweight, silvery-white metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table. Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in Earth’s crust and the most widely used nonferrous metal. Because of its chemical activity, aluminum never occurs in the metallic for...

The first successful industrial production was begun in Germany in 1886 by Aluminium und Magnesiumfabrik Hemelingen, based on the electrolysis of molten carnallite. Hemelingen later became part of the industrial complex IG Farbenindustrie, which, during the 1920s and ’30s, developed a process for producing large quantities of molten and essentially water-free magnesium chloride (now known a...

...ceramics are often referred to as silicate ceramics, and their manufacture is often called the silicate industry. Many of the silicate materials are actually unmodified or chemically modified aluminosilicates (alumina [Al2O3] plus silica), although silica is also used in its pure form. Altogether, the raw materials employed in traditional ceramics fall into three......

Other silica-based glasses are the aluminosilicate glasses, which are intermediate between vitreous silica and the more common soda-lime-silica glasses in thermal properties as well as cost; glass fibres such as E glass and S glass, used in fibre-reinforced plastics and in thermal-insulation wool; and optical glasses containing a multitude of additional major constituents....

Pyrochlore concentrates are commonly reduced to ferroniobium through an aluminothermic process. In this process, the concentrate is mixed with hematite (an iron ore), aluminum powder, and small quantities of fluorspar and lime fluxes in a rotary mixer and then unloaded into steel containers lined with magnesite refractory bricks. Here the charge is placed in circular concave pits made of a......

chemical element, a lightweight, silvery-white metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table. Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in Earth’s crust and the most widely used nonferrous metal. Because of its chemical activity, aluminum never occurs in the metallic for...

...however, the top crystal becomes deformed, since structural defects such as dislocations appear (see Figure 5). Although few crystals share the same lattice distance, a number of examples are known. Aluminum arsenide and gallium arsenide have the same crystal structure and the same lattice parameters to within 0.1 percent; they grow excellent crystals on one another. Such materials, known as......

...the gulf in developing manufacturing and commercial and financial services. The non-oil sector includes petrochemicals, ship repair, aluminum refining, and light manufacturing. The government-owned Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C. (Alba), one of the world’s largest aluminum smelters, and Bapco have been profitable, but this has provided less incentive for privatization. Bahrain has remained the m...

...electrically less resistive and have a higher melting point than the corresponding pure metallic elements. Some of the borides are among the hardest and most heat-resistant of all known substances. Aluminum boride (AlB12), for example, is used in many cases as a substitute for diamond dust for grinding and polishing....

...modify colour. Among these are the lead brasses, which are more easily machined; the naval and admiralty brasses, in which a small amount of tin improves resistance to corrosion by seawater; and the aluminum brasses, which provide strength and corrosion resistance where the naval brasses may fail....

any of a group of strong, corrosion-resistant alloys of copper containing from 4 to 15 percent aluminum and small amounts of other metals, used to make many machine parts and tools. Because of their golden colour and high tarnish resistance, the alloys are also used for jewelry and in architecture. Their resistance to oxidation at high temperatures and to corrosion, particularly by dilute acids, ...

High-alumina cement is a rapid-hardening cement made by fusing at 1,500 to 1,600 °C (2,730 to 2,910 °F) a mixture of bauxite and limestone in a reverberatory or electric furnace or in a rotary kiln. It also can be made by sintering at about 1,250 °C (2,280 °F). Suitable bauxites contain 50 to 60 percent alumina, up to 25 percent iron oxide, not more than 5 percent silic...

The reaction of gaseous chlorine with molten aluminum metal produces aluminum chloride; the latter is the most commonly used catalyst in Friedel-Crafts reactions—i.e., synthetic organic reactions involved in the preparations of a wide variety of compounds, including aromatic ketones and anthroquinone and its derivatives. Hydrated aluminum chloride, commonly known as aluminum......

...organic reactions involved in the preparations of a wide variety of compounds, including aromatic ketones and anthroquinone and its derivatives. Hydrated aluminum chloride, commonly known as aluminum chlorohydrate, AlCl3∙H2O, is used as a topical antiperspirant or body deodorant, which acts by constricting the pores. It is one of several aluminum salts......

(Alcoa), American corporation founded in 1888 (as the Pittsburgh Reduction Company) and now a leading producer of aluminum. Its operations range from mining bauxite and other ores to smelting and processing aluminum, fabricating aluminum products, and marketing and shipping. It has majority ownership of Alcoa of Australia Limited, a leading producer of aluminum oxide (alumina). It has foreign ope...

The first mass-produced and widely used foil was made from tin, now replaced by aluminum for nearly all purposes. The reduction of sheet metal to foil is achieved principally through vertical pressure exerted by finishing-mill rolls combined with horizontal tension applied through mandrels paying out and rewinding the foil stock. Backup rolls mounted above the work rolls of the finishing mills......

The Aluminum Association of the United States has established systems for classifying foundry and wrought aluminum alloys. Foundry alloys are identified by four-digit numbers, with the first numeral indicating the major alloying element or group of elements (see table; sometimes a letter precedes the four digits to identify a variant of the original composition)....

...from three different columns, as, for instance, mercury indium telluride (HgIn2Te4), a II-III-VI compound. They also can be formed by elements from two columns, such as aluminum gallium arsenide (AlxGa1 − xAs), which is a ternary III-V compound, where both Al and Ga are from column III and the subscript x is related......

any of the six chemical elements constituting Group 13 (IIIa) of the periodic table. The elements are boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and element 113 (temporarily named ununtrium [Uut]). They are characterized as...

...to waterproof fabrics and to produce a number of other aluminum compounds, including salts called aluminates that contain the AlO−2 group. With hydrogen, aluminum forms aluminum hydride, AlH3, a polymeric solid from which are derived the tetrohydroaluminates (important reducing agents). Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), formed by the reaction....

Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is used to waterproof fabrics and to produce a number of other aluminum compounds, including salts called aluminates that contain the AlO−2 group. With hydrogen, aluminum forms aluminum hydride, AlH3, a polymeric solid from which are derived the tetrohydroaluminates (important reducing agents). Lithium aluminum......

...specifically designed to develop better alloys, plastics, or ceramics for automotive applications. For example, in the United States a program at the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) called the aluminum intensive vehicle (AIV), and a similar one at Reynolds Metals, were established to develop materials and processes for making automobile “space frames” consisting of......

Another method used to form nitrides is the reduction of a metal halide or oxide in the presence of nitrogen gas, as, for example, in the preparation of aluminum nitride, AlN.Al2O3 + 3C + N2 → 2AlN + 3CO...

synthetically produced aluminum oxide, Al2O3, a white or nearly colourless crystalline substance that is used as a starting material for the smelting of aluminum metal. It also serves as the raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products and as an active agent in chemical processing....

...may take the place of aluminum sulfate. The most important alums are potassium aluminum sulfate, ammonium aluminum sulfate, and sodium aluminum sulfate. Potassium aluminum sulfate, also known as potassium alum or potash alum, has a molecular formula of K2(SO4)·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O or......

Topaz is an aluminum silicate containing fluorine and has a chemical formula of Al2(F,OH)2SiO4. It is formed by fluorine-bearing vapours given off during the last stages of the crystallization of igneous rocks. It typically occurs in cavities in rhyolites and granite, in pegmatite dikes, and in high-temperature veins. Often associated with cassiterite, topaz may......

...of aluminum-alloy rods and die-cast connectors joined by welding and adhesive bonding. Not to be outdone, another aluminum company, Alcan Aluminium Limited of Canada, in a program entitled aluminum structured vehicle technology (ASVT), began to investigate the construction of automobile unibodies from adhesively bonded aluminum sheet. The plastics industry, of course, has a powerful......

Another major compound is aluminum sulfate, a colourless salt obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on hydrated aluminum oxide. The commercial form is a hydrated crystalline solid with the chemical formula Al2(SO4)3. It is used extensively in paper manufacture as a binder for dyes and as a surface filler. Aluminum sulfate combines with the sulfates of......

The electrical conductivity of solid aluminum trichloride (formula AlCl3), in which each aluminum ion has three positive charges, increases rapidly as the temperature is elevated toward the melting point, at which the conductivity suddenly falls to zero. This phenomenon occurs because the aluminum and chloride ions form an ionic lattice that partially conducts electricity, but upon......

Aluminum trihydroxide is used extensively in the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfide, sodium aluminate, aluminum fluoride, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate. It is a raw material in the manufacture of petroleum catalysts, plastic and rubber goods, paper, glass and vitreous enamel, adhesives, varnishes, and toothpastes....

In 1942 the SWOC was officially transformed into the United Steelworkers of America (USWA). Murray served as president until his death in 1952. The USWA absorbed the Aluminum Workers of America in 1944, reached a total of more than one million members by the mid-1950s, and achieved industry-wide bargaining power in steelmaking. It also won unprecedented benefits for its members in the decades......

Aluminum-air batteries have not been a major commercial success to date, but their light weight and potentially high energy density have attracted much government support in the United States. Research efforts have been concentrated on developing better aluminum alloys and techniques to resist corrosion during shelf storage. Similarly, inhibitors for inclusion in the alkaline electrolyte are......

...reflect the internal symmetries of the underlying atomic positions. Grains of salt, for example, take cubical shapes consistent with the cubic symmetries of their crystal lattices. Quasicrystalline aluminum-copper-iron has been imaged using a scanning electron microscope, revealing the pentagonal dodecahedral shape of the grains. Its 12 faces are regular pentagons, with axes of fivefold......

Aluminum-lithium alloys are stiffer and less dense than conventional aluminum alloys. They are also “superplastic,” owing to the fine grain size that can now be achieved in processing. Alloys in this group are appropriate for use in engine components exposed to intermediate to high temperatures; they can also be used in wing and body skins....

...and Technology) in Gaithersburg, Md., discovered quasicrystals in 1984. A research program of the U.S. Air Force sponsored their investigation of the metallurgical properties of aluminum-iron and aluminum-manganese alloys. Shechtman and his coworkers mixed aluminum and manganese in a roughly six-to-one proportion and heated the mixture until it melted. The mixture was then rapidly cooled back.....

...spatial periodicity in the placement of atoms. The angles between rows indicate rotational symmetries of the atomic positions. In a high-resolution electron microscope image of quasicrystalline aluminum-manganese-silicon, parallel rows occur in five sets, rotated from one another by 72°, confirming that the fivefold symmetry suggested by the shape of the pentagonal dodecahedron grain......

...in which A may be magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, or nickel; B may be aluminum, chromium, or iron; and O is oxygen. The spinel group is divided into three immiscible series: the spinel (aluminum-spinel) series, in which B is aluminum; the chromite (chromium-spinel) series, in which B is chromium; and the magnetite (iron-spinel) series, in which B is......

...York City. Most architects of the period, however, sought inspiration from England and acclaimed the writings of John Ruskin. The first building to give expression to his teachings was perhaps the Alumni Hall, Union College, Schenectady, New York, designed in 1858 and completed in 1875, by Edward T. Potter, a pupil of Upjohn. The banded and pointed arches of this building suggest the influence....

a widespread rock-forming sulfate mineral that occupies pockets or seams in volcanic rocks such as rhyolites, trachytes, and andesites, where it presumably formed through their chemical reaction with escaping sulfurous vapours. It has been used as a source of potash (during World War I) and as a source of alumina (during World War II); in Europe it was once used extensively to make potash alum, an...

a sulfate mineral formed by sulfate solutions that attack aluminous minerals; alunogen is hydrated aluminum sulfate, formulated Al2(SO4)317H2O. It typically occurs as an efflorescence or crevice filling in pyrite-containing coal formations, shales, or slates, as well as in the gossan (weathered capping) of sulfide ore deposits and in v...

tourist resort, Crimea, Ukraine, on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula. It is the site of a settlement dating from the 6th century ad; in the 14th century it was a Genoan stronghold. Tourism, based on the fine beach and relatively cool summers, developed in the late 19th century. Pop. (2001) 31,440; (2005 est.)......

tourist resort, Crimea, Ukraine, on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula. It is the site of a settlement dating from the 6th century ad; in the 14th century it was a Genoan stronghold. Tourism, based on the fine beach and relatively cool summers, developed in the late 19th century. Pop. (2001) 31,440; (2005 est.)......

...a few strong incisor-like teeth. The fishes use these teeth to break off pieces of coral on which they feed and to chisel holes into the shells of mollusks in order to extract the soft parts. The scrawled filefish (Aluterus scriptus) of worldwide distribution may grow about 100 cm (40 inches) long, but most filefishes are considerably smaller. The members of this family are not......

city, seat (1907) of Woods county, northwestern Oklahoma, U.S., on Salt Fork of the Arkansas River near the Kansas border. Established as a land office in 1893 at a Santa Fe Railway stop, it was named for Alva Adams, a railroad attorney and governor of Colorado (1887–89). It is a marketing and processing centre for a wheat and livestock area. Manufactur...

Spanish soldier and statesman famous for his conquest of Portugal (1580) and notorious for his tyranny as governor-general of the Netherlands (1567–73). In the Netherlands he instituted the Council of Troubles (nicknamed the Council of Blood), which set aside local laws and condemned thousands....

any of a group of South Indian mystics who from the 7th to the 10th century wandered from temple to temple singing ecstatic hymns in adoration of the god Vishnu. Their counterpart among the followers of the god Shiva were the Nayanars....

outstanding Portuguese military leader, known also as the Holy Constable, whose victory over Castilian forces in the historic Battle of Aljubarrota (August 14, 1385) ensured his nation’s independence....

photographer who was most noted for his poetic images of Mexican people and places. He was part of the artistic renaissance that occurred after the Mexican Revolution (1910–20). Although he was influenced by international developments, notably Surrealism, his art remained profoundly Mexican....

Spanish soldier and statesman famous for his conquest of Portugal (1580) and notorious for his tyranny as governor-general of the Netherlands (1567–73). In the Netherlands he instituted the Council of Troubles (nicknamed the Council of Blood), which set aside local laws and condemned thousands....

American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for work that included the discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions)....

American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for work that included the discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions)....