The term Arthritis literally means inflammation of a joint, but is generally used to describe any condition in which there is damage to the cartilage. Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury. The warning signs that inflammation presents are redness, swelling, heat and pain.

The cartilage is a padding that absorbs stress. The proportion of cartilage damage and synovial inflammation varies with the type and stage of Arthritis. Usually the pain early on is due to inflammation. In the later stages, when the cartilage is worn away, most of the pain comes from the mechanical friction of raw bones rubbing on each other.

What are the different types of Arthritis?

There are over 100 different types of rheumatic diseases. The most common are: OsteoArthritis. Also called degenerative joint disease, this is the most common type of Arthritis, which occurs most often in older people. This disease affects cartilage, the tissue that cushions and protects the ends of bones in a joint. With osteoArthritis, the cartilage starts to wear away over time. In extreme cases, the cartilage can completely wear away, leaving nothing to protect the bones in a joint, causing bone-on-bone contact. Bones may also bulge, or stick out at the end of a joint, called a bone spur.

OsteoArthritis causes joint pain and can limit a person's normal range of motion (the ability to freely move and bend a joint). When severe, the joint may lose all movement, causing a person to become disabled. Disability most often happens when the disease affects the spine, Knees, and Hips. Rheumatoid Arthritis. This is an auto-immune disease in which the body's immune system (the body's way of fighting infection) attacks healthy joints, tissues, and organs. Occurring most often in women of childbearing age (15-44), this disease inflames the lining (or synovium) of joints. It can cause pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in joints. When severe, rheumatoid Arthritis can deform, or change, a joint. For example, the joints in a person's finger can become deformed, causing the finger to bend or curve.

Rheumatoid Arthritis affects mostly joints of the hands and feet and tends to be symmetrical. This means the disease affects the same joints on both sides of the body (like both hands or both feet) at the same time and with the same symptoms. No other form of Arthritis is symmetrical. About two to three times as many women as men have this disease.

Fibromyalgia. This chronic disorder causes pain throughout the tissues that support and move the bones and joints. Pain, stiffness, and localized tender points occur in the muscles and tendons, particularly those of the neck, spine, shoulders, and Hips. Fatigue and sleep disturbances may also occur.

Gout. When a person has gout, they have higher than normal levels of uric acid in the blood. The body makes uric acid from many of the foods we eat. Too much uric acid causes deposits, called uric acid crystals, to form in the fluid and lining of the joints. The result is an extremely painful attack of Arthritis. The most common joint gout affects is the big toe. This disease is more common in men than in women.

Infectious Arthritis. Arthritis can be caused by an infection, either bacterial or viral, such as Lyme disease. When this disease is caused by bacteria, early treatment with antibiotics can ease symptoms and cure the disease.

Reactive Arthritis. This is Arthritis that develops after a person has an infection in the urinary tract, bowel, or other organs. People who have this disease often have eye problems, skin rashes, and mouth sores.

Psoriatic Arthritis. Some people who have psoriasis, a common skin problem that causes scaling and rashes, also have Arthritis. This disease often affects the joints at the ends of the fingers and can cause changes in the fingernails and toenails. Sometimes the spine can also be affected.

Systemic lupus erythematosus. Also called lupus or SLE, this is an auto-immune disease. When a person has an auto-immune disease, the immune system attacks itself, killing healthy cells and tissue, rather than doing its job to protect the body from disease and infection. Lupus can inflame and damage a person's joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, heart, and brain. African American women are three times more likely to get lupus than Caucasian women. It is also more common in Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian women.

Ankylosing spondylitis. This disease most often affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness. It can also cause Arthritis in the Hips, shoulders, and Knees. It affects mostly men in their late teenage and early adult years.

Juvenile rheumatoid Arthritis. The most common type of Arthritis in children, this disease causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in the joints. A young person can also have rashes and fevers with this disease.

Polymyalgia rheumatica. Because this disease involves tendons, muscles, ligaments, and tissues around the joint, symptoms often include pain, aching, and morning stiffness in the shoulders, Hips, neck, and lower back. It is sometimes the first sign of giant cell arteritis, a disease of the arteries characterized by inflammation, weakness, weight loss, and fever.

Polymyositis. Causing inflammation and weakness in the muscles, this disease can affect the whole body and cause disability.

Psoriatic Arthritis. This form of Arthritis occurs in some persons with psoriasis, a scaling skin disorder, affecting the joints at the ends of the fingers and toes. It can also cause changes in the fingernails and toenails. Back pain may occur if the spine is involved.

Bursitis. This condition involves inflammation of the bursa, small, fluid-filled sacs that help reduce friction between bones and other moving structures in the joints. The inflammation may result from Arthritis in the joint or injury or infection of the bursa. Bursitis produces pain and tenderness and may limit the movement of nearby joints.

Tendinitis. Also called tendonitis, this condition refers to inflammation of tendons (tough cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone) caused by overuse, injury, or a rheumatic condition. Tendinitis produces pain and tenderness and may restrict movement of nearby joints.

What causes osteoArthritis?

OsteoArthritis is caused by the wearing out of the cartilage covering the bone ends in a joint.
This may be due to excessive strain over prolonged periods of time, or due to other joint diseases, injury or deformity. Primary osteoArthritis is commonly associated with ageing and general degeneration of joints.

Secondary osteoArthritis is generally the consequence of another disease or condition, such as repeated trauma or surgery to the affected joint, or abnormal joint structures from birth.

Uric acid crystal build-up is the cause of gout and long-term crystal build-up in the joints may cause deformity.

Some people may have congenital abnormalities of the joints-for example, Perthes' disease of the Hips-that cause early degeneration and subsequently cause osteoArthritis.

Predisposing factors to OsteoArthritis of Hip.

Some conditions may predispose the Hip to osteoArthritis, It tends to affect people as they get older and particularly affects joints that have to take a lot of stresses and strains.

A previous fracture that involved the Hip

Growth abnormalities of the Hip (such as a shallow socket) may lead to premature Arthritis

Some childhood Hip problems later cause Hip Arthritis (for example, a type of childhood Hip fracture known as a Slipped Epiphysis; also Legg-Perthe's Disease)

Inactive lifestyle- Obesity (overweight) Your weight is the single most important link between diet and Arthritis, as being overweight puts an additional burden on your Hips, Knees, ankles and feet

Predisposing factors to OsteoArthritis of Knee.

Abnormalities of Knee joint function resulting from fractures of the Knee, torn cartilage and torn ligaments can lead to degeneration many years after the injury. The mechanical abnormality leads to excessive wear and tear - just like the out-of-balance tyre that wears out too soon on your car.

What are the symptoms of Arthritis?

There are more than 150 different forms of Arthritis. Symptoms vary according to the form of Arthritis. Each form affects the body differently. Arthritic symptoms generally include swelling and pain or tenderness in one or more joints for more than two weeks, redness or heat in a joint, limitation of motion of a joint, early morning stiffness, and skin changes, including rashes.

How can a doctor diagnose Arthritis?

Doctors diagnose Arthritis with a medical history, physical exam and x-rays of the Hip. There is no blood test for osteoArthritis.

What you can do?

Consult a doctor who will determine the type of Arthritis you have

Rest the joint until the pain subsides to prevent further inflammation

To ease the pain or stiffness of the joint, apply heat on the joint for about 15 minutes once or twice a day using a hot water bottle, towel or an infrared lamp

Take painkillers or anti-inflammatories, as recommended by your doctor

If you are overweight, try to reduce weight to lighten the load on weight-bearing joints

Participate in regular exercise

What your doctor can do for you?

There is no cure for Arthritis, so beware of 'miracle cures'. Your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory medicine. They may recommend occupational therapy or physiotherapy, which includes exercises and heat treatment. In severe cases, surgery may be suggested, such as a Hip or Knee replacement. The type of surgery will depend on your age and severity of the disease. In the elderly with severe Arthritis, joint replacement can give good results.

Treatment Options

Initial treatment for osteoArthritis of the Hip or Knee is conservative, consisting of rest, avoidance of vigorous weight bearing activities, and the use of non-narcotic analgesic and
or anti inflammatory medications. With worsening symptoms a cane or a Knee brace may be
helpful. For more severe symptoms, an injection of cortisone into the joint is frequently
advised and can be quite helpful. When conservative measures have been exhausted
and are no longer helpful, and the Arthritis has become disabling, surgery may be
recommended.

Treatment of osteoArthritis focuses on decreasing pain and improving joint movement,
and may include:

Exercises to keep joints flexible and improve muscle strength

Many different medications are used to control pain, including corticosteroids
and NSAIDs. Glucocorticoids injected into joints that are inflamed and not
responsive to NSAIDS

For mild pain without inflammation, acetaminophen may be used

Heat/cold therapy for temporary pain relief

Joint protection to prevent strain or stress on painful joints

Surgery (sometimes) to relieve chronic pain in damaged joints

Weight control to prevent extra stress on weight-bearing joints

Does exercise really help those who have Arthritis?

Exercise is very important because it increases lubrication of the joints and strengthens the surrounding muscles, putting less stress on joints. Exercise in heated swimming
pools-hydrotherapy-can bring enormous relief from pain and stiffness.
Also studies have shown that exercise helps people with Arthritis by reducing joint pain
and stiffness and increasing flexibility, muscle strength and energy. It also helps with weight reduction and offers an improved sense of well-being.

Can special diets treat Arthritis?

But what if you have Arthritis - are diet and nutrition still such a simple matter?
Can what you eat cure your Arthritis? Can food prevent it from occurring?
Are there foods that can cause your Arthritis to 'flare' or go into remission?
What role do vitamins and nutritional supplements play in the treatment of Arthritis?
Will losing (or gaining) weight help ease your symptoms?
Will taking powerful anti-arthritic medications affect your appetite or your ability to eat
certain foods?

These are the sorts of questions that people with Arthritis often ask, and they're valid
questions. Some questions "Can what you eat cure your Arthritis?" have simple
answers "No". Some questions "Are there foods that can cause your Arthritis to
'flare' or go into remission?" aren't so straightforward. "Perhaps..."

Most of what you need to know about diet and nutrition is common sense; healthy
eating is pretty much the same for anyone, whether you have Arthritis or not. But there
are exceptions.

Summary

From learning about the importance of exercising regularly to fully understanding your Arthritis medications, the information contained in this section is meant to provide you with insights, information and tips that can be used by you to help make living with Arthritis a little bit more manageable.

For people with Arthritis, learning to make it part of your life can be difficult. But learning as
much as you can about your particular type of Arthritis and actively working with your Arthritis
treatment team are two very effective ways of regaining control over your life. There is plenty
of information, some specific to Arthritis and some not, that can be very helpful to someone
facing the challenges associated with having a chronic or lifelong disease.

Our suggestion is - don't let Arthritis beat you. Take control. How? Arm yourself with as much information as possible. Learn from the experiences of others in similar circumstances. What
we're presenting here is a virtual toolbox of tips for living well with Arthritis. Some may work for
you one day and not the other. Some may work for you but not others. That's why we've tried to
cover several topics. There are plenty of tools or tips here. Use them or refer to them when
you need them. Call upon them when you require help.

Dr. Mack is Subspecialty Certified in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery