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Successful College Writing, Brief Edition with 2016 MLA Update

THIS TITLE HAS BEEN UPDATED TO REFLECT THE 2016 MLA UPDATES! Our editorial team has updated this text based on content from The MLA Handbook, 8th Edition. Browse our catalog or contact your representative for a full listing of updated titles and packages, or to request a custom ISBN.Kathleen T. McWhorter’s unique visual approach, with support for both reading and writing, helps students at any level of preparedness become successful college writers. The sixth edition of Successful College Writing builds on its beloved, proven visual tools, such as graphic organizers, flowcharts, and new graphic Guided Writing Assignments, with engaging professional, multimedia, and student readings in the most commonly assigned rhetorical modes. In response to instructor and student feedback, the new edition has been thoughtfully streamlined and redesigned.

The new edition is enhanced by LaunchPad for Successful College Writing, an online course space of pre-built units featuring adaptive LearningCurve activities that help students hone their understanding of reading and writing.

ACADEMIC WRITING: WHAT TO EXPECT Expect Your Writing to Become to Less Personal Expect to Write in Different Forms, or Genres Expect to Use the Language of the Discipline Expect to Use Standard American English Expect to Read, Write, and Think CriticallyExpect to Use and Document Scholarly Sources Expect to Write Multiple Drafts WHY IMPROVE YOUR WRITING SKILLS? Writing Helps You Learn and Remember Writing Helps You Think and Solve Problems Writing Skills Help You Succeed in College and Career DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR WRITING Start with a Positive Attitude Use Your Course Syllabus Use the Right Writing Tools Use the College Writing Center Keep a Writing Journal Get the Most out of Writing Conferences WHAT IS YOUR LEARNING STYLE? LEARNING STYLE INVENTORYInterpreting Your Scores Applying Your Learning Style to Your Writing

3 Reading and Responding to Text Writing Quick Start

ACADEMIC READING: WHAT TO EXPECT Expect to Be Responsible for Your Own Learning Expect to Read Selections for Academic Audiences Expect to Read Selections in Different Genres and with Different Purposes Expect to Read Critically Expect to Use Readings as Models Expect to Respond to Readings in Writing A GUIDE TO ACTIVE READINGBefore Reading READING: American Jerk: Be Civil, Or I’ll Beat You to a Pulp,Todd SchwartzWhile Reading After Reading A GUIDE TO RESPONDING TO TEXT Analyze the Assignment and Decide on an Approach Synthesize the Writer’s Ideas with Your Own Analyze the Reading WORKING WITH TEXT *READING: Superhero or Supervillain? If Science Gives People Superpowers,Will They Use Them for Good or Evil?Will Oremus ANALYZE STUDENT ESSAYS STUDENTS WRITE: American Jerk”? How Rude! (But True),Karen Vaccaro

4 Thinking Critically about Text and Images Writing Quick Start

THINKING AND READING CRITICALLY Analyze the Author’s Ideas Analyze the Author’s Language Analyze the Author’s Assumptions, Generalizations, and Omissions Use the Patterns of Development to Think and Read Critically UseSynthesis to Think and Read Critically READING VISUALS CRITICALLY Reading Photographs Actively Reading Graphics Actively Thinking Critically about Photos and Graphics

PART 2 Strategies for Writing Essays

5 Prewriting: How to Find and Focus Ideas Writing Quick Start

CHOOSING A TOPIC NARROWING A TOPIC Using a Branching Diagram Asking Questions to Narrow a Broad Topic THINKING ABOUT YOUR WRITING SITUATIONDetermining Your Purpose Considering Your Audience Choosing a Point of View Considering the Genre and Medium DISCOVERING IDEAS TO WRITE ABOUT Freewriting Mapping Brainstorming Questioning Using the Patterns of Development Visualizing or Sketching Researching Your Topic *STUDENTS WRITE: Latrisha Wilson’s Questioning

6 Developing and Supporting a Thesis Writing Quick Start

WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT? DEVELOPING YOUR THESIS STATEMENT Synthesizing Ideas to Generate a Working Thesis Statement Writing an Effective Thesis Statement Placing the Thesis Statement Using an Implied Thesis SUPPORTING YOUR THESIS STATEMENT WITH EVIDENCE Tailoring the Evidence to Your Writing Situation Collecting Evidence to Support Your Thesis Choosing the Best Evidence Choosing Evidence for Academic Writing Incorporating Visuals into an Essay Using Sources to Support Your Thesis *STUDENTS WRITE: Latrisha Wilson’s Working Thesis READING: Internet Addiction,Greg Beato

7 Drafting an Essay Writing Quick Start

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY ORGANIZING YOUR SUPPORTING DETAILS Selecting a Method of Organization Preparing an Outline or a Graphic Organizer WRITING YOUR INTRODUCTION, CONCLUSION, AND TITLE Writing a Strong Introduction Writing an Effective Conclusion Writing a Good Title *STUDENTS WRITE: No Place Left for Privacy (First Draft), Latrisha Wilson READING: Black Men and Public Space,Brent Staples

8 Writing Effective Paragraphs Writing Quick Start

THE STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH WRITING A TOPIC SENTENCE A Topic Sentence Should Be Focused A Topic Sentence May Preview the Organization of the Paragraph A Topic Sentence Should Support Your Thesis A Topic Sentence Should Be Strategically Placed INCLUDING SUPPORTING DETAILS Effective Paragraphs Have Unity Effective Paragraphs Are Well Developed Effective Paragraphs Provide Supporting Details and Arrange ThemLogically USING TRANSITIONS AND REPETITION *STUDENTS WRITE: No Place Left for Privacy (Paragraph Excerpt),Latrisha Wilson READING: The Value of Volunteering, Robin Ferguson

ANALYZING YOUR SENTENCES Are Your Sentences Concise? Are Your Sentences Varied? Are Your Sentences Parallel in Structure? Do Your Sentences Have Strong, Active Verbs? ANALYZING YOUR WORD CHOICE Are Your Tone and Level of Diction Appropriate? Do You Use Words with Appropriate Connotations? Do You Use Concrete Language? Do You Use Fresh, Appropriate Figures of Speech? Evaluating Your Word Choice SUGGESTIONS FOR PROOFREADING *STUDENTS WRITE: Excerpt from Latrisha Wilson’s Edited Second Draft

PART 3 Patterns of Development

11 An Introduction to Patterns of Development Writing Quick Start

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Narration Description Illustration Process Analysis Comparison and Contrast Classification and Division Extended Definition Cause and Effect Argument COMBINING THE PATTERNS WRITING AN ESSAY THAT COMBINES THE PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT *READING: Against Forgetting: Where Have All the Animals Gone? Derrick Jensen *e-READING: The Buffett Rule (video), WhiteHouse.gov

12 Narration: Recounting Events Writing Quick Start

Using Narration in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF A NARRATIVENarratives Make a Point Narratives Convey Action and Detail Narratives Present a Conflict and Create Tension Narratives Sequence Events Narratives Use Dialogue Narratives Are Told from a Particular Point of View READING: Right Place, Wrong Face,Alton Fitzgerald White VISUALIZING A NARRATIVE: A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER *READING: Writing about What Haunts Us,Peter Orner INTEGRATING A NARRATION INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Highlight, and Annotate Analyzing Narratives •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: NARRATION IN ACTION*STUDENTS WRITE: Being Double,Santiago Quintana READING: The Lady in Red,Richard LeMieux *READING—NARRATION COMBINED WITH OTHER PATTERNS: TheAlternate History of Susan Chung: One Woman’s Quest to Find Her BirthParents,Nicole Soojung Callahan *e-READING Discussing Family Trees in School Can Be Dangerous (video), Paul NurseAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

Using Comparison and Contrast in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF COMPARISON OR CONTRAST ESSAYS Comparison or Contrast Has a Clear Purpose and Is Written for a Specific Audience Comparison or Contrast Considers Shared Characteristics Comparison or Contrast Is Organized Point by Point or Subject by Subject Comparison or Contrast Fairly Examines Similarities, Differences, or Both Comparison or Contrast Makes a Point Comparison or Contrast Essays Considers Significant and Relevant Characteristics READING—POINT-BY-POINT ORGANIZATION: Amusing Ourselves toDepth: Is The Onion Our Most Intelligent Newspaper? Greg Beato VISUALIZING A COMPARISON OR CONTRAST ESSAY: TWO GRAPHIC ORGANIZERSPoint-by-Point Organization Subject-by-Subject Organization READING—SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT ORGANIZATION: Dearly Disconnected,Ian Frazier INTEGRATING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Highlight, and Annotate Analyzing Comparison and Contrast •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN ACTION STUDENTS WRITE: Border Bites,Heather Gianakos READING: His Marriage and Hers: Childhood Roods,Daniel Goleman READING—COMPARISON AND CONTRAST COMBINED WITHOTHER PATTERNS: Defining a Doctor, with a Tear, a Shrug, and aSchedule,Abigail Zuger *e-READING: Screen Time Vs. Lean Time (interactive graphic), The Centers for Disease Controland PreventionAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

Using Classification and Division in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION ESSAYS Classification Groups and Division Divides Ideas According to One Principle Purpose and Audience Drive the Writer’s Choice of a Principle Categories and Parts Are Exclusive and Comprehensive Classification or Division Fully Explains Each Category or Part Classification or Division Includes a Thesis READING—CLASSIFICATION: My Secret Life on the McJob: Fast Food Managers,Jerry Newman VISUALIZING A CLASSIFICATION OR DIVISION ESSAY: A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER *READING—DIVISION: The Language of Junk Food Addiction: How to “Read” a Potato Chip,Michael Moss INTEGRATING CLASSIFICATION OR DIVISION INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Highlight, and Annotate Analyzing Classification and Division •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION IN ACTION *STUDENTS WRITE: The Use and Abuse of Facebook,Allison Cava READING—CLASSIFICATION COMBINED WITH OTHER PATTERNS: The Dog Ate My Flash Drive, and Other Tales of Woe,Carolyn FosterSegal*e-READING: What’s Inside: Coffee (animation), WiredAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

18 Definition: Explaining What You Mean Writing Quick Start

Using Definition in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF EXTENDED DEFINITIONS An Extended Definition Is Focused and Detailed An Extended Definition Often Includes a Standard Definition of the Term An Extended Definition Makes a Point An Extended Definition Uses Other Patterns of Development An Extended Definition May Use Negation and Address Misconceptions READING: Freegans: They Live Off What We Throw Away, Jan GoodwinVISUALIZING AN EXTENDED DEFINITION ESSAY: A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER READING: Dude, Do You Know What You Just Said?Mike Crissey INTEGRATING DEFINITION INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Annotate, and Highlight Analyzing Extended Definition •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: EXTENDED DEFINITION IN ACTIONSTUDENTS WRITE: Guerrilla Street Art: A New Use of Public Space,Kate Atkinson *READING—DEFINITION COMBINED WITH OTHER PATTERNS: Dating on the Autism Spectrum,Emily Shire *e-READING:: Tragedy of the Commons (animation), The National Science FoundationAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

19 Cause and Effect: Using Reasons and Results to Explain Writing Quick Start

Scenes from College and the WorkplaceAN OVERVIEW OF LIBRARY RESOURCES Learning Your Way around a Library Making Use of Reference Librarians USING KEYWORDS EFFECTIVELY USING APPROPRIATE SEARCH TOOLS Searching for Books and Other Library’s Holdings Searching for Books in Your Library’s Databases Using the Internet for Research Using Listservs and Newsgroups CONDUCTING FIELD RESEARCH Interviewing Conducting a Survey Conducting Observations WORKING WITH SOURCES: TAKING NOTES,SUMMARIZING, AND PARAPHRASING Taking Notes Taking Notes that Summarize, Paraphrase, or Quote Summarizing Paraphrasing Recording Quotations Keeping Track of Sources WORKING WITH SOURCES: EVALUATING YOURNOTES AND SYNTHESIZING Evaluating Your Research Using Categories to Synthesize Information from Sources Drawing a Graphic Organizer to Synthesize Sources CREATING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scenes from College and the WorkplaceORGANIZING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Arranging Your Notes Developing an Outline or Graphic Organizer AVOIDING PLAGIARISM What Is Plagiarism? How to Avoid Plagiarism Deciding What to Document DRAFTING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Using Research to Support Your Ideas Using In-Text Citations to Integrate Source Information Integrating Quotations into Your Research Project REVISING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Analyzing and Revising Your Paper as a Whole Analyzing and Revising Paragraphs and Sentences PREPARING YOUR FINAL DRAFT Formatting Your Paper Editing and Proofreading Your Paper DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES: MLA STYLE MLA Style for In-Text Citations MLA Style for the List of Works Cited STUDENTS WRITE: Do Animals Have Emotions?Nicholas Destino (MLA style) DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES: APA STYLE APA Style for In-Text Citations APA Style for the List of References STUDENTS WRITE: Schizophrenia: Definition and Treatment,Sonia Gomez (APA style)

PART 6 Academic and Business Applications

25 Reading and Writing about Literature Writing Quick Start Literature in College and the WorkplaceREADING: The Bean Eaters,Gwendolyn Brooks A GENERAL APPROACH TO READING LITERATURE UNDERSTANDING THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE Similes, Metaphors, and Personification Symbols Irony ANALYZING SHORT STORIES READING: The Secret Lion,Alberto Ríos Setting Characters Point of View Plot Theme READING: The Story of an Hour,Kate Chopin ANALYZING POETRY READING: Two Look at Two,Robert Frost *READING: How I Discovered Poetry,Marilyn Nelson •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT STUDENTS WRITE: The Keeping of “The Secret Lion,”Andrew Decker

Kathleen T. McWhorter

Kathleen T. McWhorter is professor emerita of humanities and former director of the Learning Skills Center at Niagara County Community College. She has also been on the faculty of the State University College at Buffalo. She is the author of a number of books on writing for freshmen-level students, including the popular guide Successful College Writing, Seventh Edition (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2018), and the composition reader Reflections: Patterns for Reading and Writing, Second Edition (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017). She has also written a number of textbooks on reading and writing for developmental students, including In Concert: Reading and Writing, Second Edition (2016); In Harmony: Reading and Writing, Second Edition (2016); Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, Sixth Edition (2015); Academic Reading, Eighth Edition (2014); and Efficient and Flexible Reading, Tenth Edition (2014).

THIS TITLE HAS BEEN UPDATED TO REFLECT THE 2016 MLA UPDATES! Our editorial team has updated this text based on content from The MLA Handbook, 8th Edition. Browse our catalog or contact your representative for a full listing of updated titles and packages, or to request a custom ISBN.Kathleen T. McWhorter’s unique visual approach, with support for both reading and writing, helps students at any level of preparedness become successful college writers. The sixth edition of Successful College Writing builds on its beloved, proven visual tools, such as graphic organizers, flowcharts, and new graphic Guided Writing Assignments, with engaging professional, multimedia, and student readings in the most commonly assigned rhetorical modes. In response to instructor and student feedback, the new edition has been thoughtfully streamlined and redesigned.

The new edition is enhanced by LaunchPad for Successful College Writing, an online course space of pre-built units featuring adaptive LearningCurve activities that help students hone their understanding of reading and writing.

ACADEMIC WRITING: WHAT TO EXPECT Expect Your Writing to Become to Less Personal Expect to Write in Different Forms, or Genres Expect to Use the Language of the Discipline Expect to Use Standard American English Expect to Read, Write, and Think CriticallyExpect to Use and Document Scholarly Sources Expect to Write Multiple Drafts WHY IMPROVE YOUR WRITING SKILLS? Writing Helps You Learn and Remember Writing Helps You Think and Solve Problems Writing Skills Help You Succeed in College and Career DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR WRITING Start with a Positive Attitude Use Your Course Syllabus Use the Right Writing Tools Use the College Writing Center Keep a Writing Journal Get the Most out of Writing Conferences WHAT IS YOUR LEARNING STYLE? LEARNING STYLE INVENTORYInterpreting Your Scores Applying Your Learning Style to Your Writing

3 Reading and Responding to Text Writing Quick Start

ACADEMIC READING: WHAT TO EXPECT Expect to Be Responsible for Your Own Learning Expect to Read Selections for Academic Audiences Expect to Read Selections in Different Genres and with Different Purposes Expect to Read Critically Expect to Use Readings as Models Expect to Respond to Readings in Writing A GUIDE TO ACTIVE READINGBefore Reading READING: American Jerk: Be Civil, Or I’ll Beat You to a Pulp,Todd SchwartzWhile Reading After Reading A GUIDE TO RESPONDING TO TEXT Analyze the Assignment and Decide on an Approach Synthesize the Writer’s Ideas with Your Own Analyze the Reading WORKING WITH TEXT *READING: Superhero or Supervillain? If Science Gives People Superpowers,Will They Use Them for Good or Evil?Will Oremus ANALYZE STUDENT ESSAYS STUDENTS WRITE: American Jerk”? How Rude! (But True),Karen Vaccaro

4 Thinking Critically about Text and Images Writing Quick Start

THINKING AND READING CRITICALLY Analyze the Author’s Ideas Analyze the Author’s Language Analyze the Author’s Assumptions, Generalizations, and Omissions Use the Patterns of Development to Think and Read Critically UseSynthesis to Think and Read Critically READING VISUALS CRITICALLY Reading Photographs Actively Reading Graphics Actively Thinking Critically about Photos and Graphics

PART 2 Strategies for Writing Essays

5 Prewriting: How to Find and Focus Ideas Writing Quick Start

CHOOSING A TOPIC NARROWING A TOPIC Using a Branching Diagram Asking Questions to Narrow a Broad Topic THINKING ABOUT YOUR WRITING SITUATIONDetermining Your Purpose Considering Your Audience Choosing a Point of View Considering the Genre and Medium DISCOVERING IDEAS TO WRITE ABOUT Freewriting Mapping Brainstorming Questioning Using the Patterns of Development Visualizing or Sketching Researching Your Topic *STUDENTS WRITE: Latrisha Wilson’s Questioning

6 Developing and Supporting a Thesis Writing Quick Start

WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT? DEVELOPING YOUR THESIS STATEMENT Synthesizing Ideas to Generate a Working Thesis Statement Writing an Effective Thesis Statement Placing the Thesis Statement Using an Implied Thesis SUPPORTING YOUR THESIS STATEMENT WITH EVIDENCE Tailoring the Evidence to Your Writing Situation Collecting Evidence to Support Your Thesis Choosing the Best Evidence Choosing Evidence for Academic Writing Incorporating Visuals into an Essay Using Sources to Support Your Thesis *STUDENTS WRITE: Latrisha Wilson’s Working Thesis READING: Internet Addiction,Greg Beato

7 Drafting an Essay Writing Quick Start

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY ORGANIZING YOUR SUPPORTING DETAILS Selecting a Method of Organization Preparing an Outline or a Graphic Organizer WRITING YOUR INTRODUCTION, CONCLUSION, AND TITLE Writing a Strong Introduction Writing an Effective Conclusion Writing a Good Title *STUDENTS WRITE: No Place Left for Privacy (First Draft), Latrisha Wilson READING: Black Men and Public Space,Brent Staples

8 Writing Effective Paragraphs Writing Quick Start

THE STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH WRITING A TOPIC SENTENCE A Topic Sentence Should Be Focused A Topic Sentence May Preview the Organization of the Paragraph A Topic Sentence Should Support Your Thesis A Topic Sentence Should Be Strategically Placed INCLUDING SUPPORTING DETAILS Effective Paragraphs Have Unity Effective Paragraphs Are Well Developed Effective Paragraphs Provide Supporting Details and Arrange ThemLogically USING TRANSITIONS AND REPETITION *STUDENTS WRITE: No Place Left for Privacy (Paragraph Excerpt),Latrisha Wilson READING: The Value of Volunteering, Robin Ferguson

ANALYZING YOUR SENTENCES Are Your Sentences Concise? Are Your Sentences Varied? Are Your Sentences Parallel in Structure? Do Your Sentences Have Strong, Active Verbs? ANALYZING YOUR WORD CHOICE Are Your Tone and Level of Diction Appropriate? Do You Use Words with Appropriate Connotations? Do You Use Concrete Language? Do You Use Fresh, Appropriate Figures of Speech? Evaluating Your Word Choice SUGGESTIONS FOR PROOFREADING *STUDENTS WRITE: Excerpt from Latrisha Wilson’s Edited Second Draft

PART 3 Patterns of Development

11 An Introduction to Patterns of Development Writing Quick Start

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Narration Description Illustration Process Analysis Comparison and Contrast Classification and Division Extended Definition Cause and Effect Argument COMBINING THE PATTERNS WRITING AN ESSAY THAT COMBINES THE PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT *READING: Against Forgetting: Where Have All the Animals Gone? Derrick Jensen *e-READING: The Buffett Rule (video), WhiteHouse.gov

12 Narration: Recounting Events Writing Quick Start

Using Narration in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF A NARRATIVENarratives Make a Point Narratives Convey Action and Detail Narratives Present a Conflict and Create Tension Narratives Sequence Events Narratives Use Dialogue Narratives Are Told from a Particular Point of View READING: Right Place, Wrong Face,Alton Fitzgerald White VISUALIZING A NARRATIVE: A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER *READING: Writing about What Haunts Us,Peter Orner INTEGRATING A NARRATION INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Highlight, and Annotate Analyzing Narratives •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: NARRATION IN ACTION*STUDENTS WRITE: Being Double,Santiago Quintana READING: The Lady in Red,Richard LeMieux *READING—NARRATION COMBINED WITH OTHER PATTERNS: TheAlternate History of Susan Chung: One Woman’s Quest to Find Her BirthParents,Nicole Soojung Callahan *e-READING Discussing Family Trees in School Can Be Dangerous (video), Paul NurseAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

Using Comparison and Contrast in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF COMPARISON OR CONTRAST ESSAYS Comparison or Contrast Has a Clear Purpose and Is Written for a Specific Audience Comparison or Contrast Considers Shared Characteristics Comparison or Contrast Is Organized Point by Point or Subject by Subject Comparison or Contrast Fairly Examines Similarities, Differences, or Both Comparison or Contrast Makes a Point Comparison or Contrast Essays Considers Significant and Relevant Characteristics READING—POINT-BY-POINT ORGANIZATION: Amusing Ourselves toDepth: Is The Onion Our Most Intelligent Newspaper? Greg Beato VISUALIZING A COMPARISON OR CONTRAST ESSAY: TWO GRAPHIC ORGANIZERSPoint-by-Point Organization Subject-by-Subject Organization READING—SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT ORGANIZATION: Dearly Disconnected,Ian Frazier INTEGRATING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Highlight, and Annotate Analyzing Comparison and Contrast •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN ACTION STUDENTS WRITE: Border Bites,Heather Gianakos READING: His Marriage and Hers: Childhood Roods,Daniel Goleman READING—COMPARISON AND CONTRAST COMBINED WITHOTHER PATTERNS: Defining a Doctor, with a Tear, a Shrug, and aSchedule,Abigail Zuger *e-READING: Screen Time Vs. Lean Time (interactive graphic), The Centers for Disease Controland PreventionAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

Using Classification and Division in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION ESSAYS Classification Groups and Division Divides Ideas According to One Principle Purpose and Audience Drive the Writer’s Choice of a Principle Categories and Parts Are Exclusive and Comprehensive Classification or Division Fully Explains Each Category or Part Classification or Division Includes a Thesis READING—CLASSIFICATION: My Secret Life on the McJob: Fast Food Managers,Jerry Newman VISUALIZING A CLASSIFICATION OR DIVISION ESSAY: A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER *READING—DIVISION: The Language of Junk Food Addiction: How to “Read” a Potato Chip,Michael Moss INTEGRATING CLASSIFICATION OR DIVISION INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Highlight, and Annotate Analyzing Classification and Division •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION IN ACTION *STUDENTS WRITE: The Use and Abuse of Facebook,Allison Cava READING—CLASSIFICATION COMBINED WITH OTHER PATTERNS: The Dog Ate My Flash Drive, and Other Tales of Woe,Carolyn FosterSegal*e-READING: What’s Inside: Coffee (animation), WiredAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

18 Definition: Explaining What You Mean Writing Quick Start

Using Definition in College and the WorkplaceCHARACTERISTICS OF EXTENDED DEFINITIONS An Extended Definition Is Focused and Detailed An Extended Definition Often Includes a Standard Definition of the Term An Extended Definition Makes a Point An Extended Definition Uses Other Patterns of Development An Extended Definition May Use Negation and Address Misconceptions READING: Freegans: They Live Off What We Throw Away, Jan GoodwinVISUALIZING AN EXTENDED DEFINITION ESSAY: A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER READING: Dude, Do You Know What You Just Said?Mike Crissey INTEGRATING DEFINITION INTO AN ESSAY READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY What to Look for, Annotate, and Highlight Analyzing Extended Definition •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT READINGS: EXTENDED DEFINITION IN ACTIONSTUDENTS WRITE: Guerrilla Street Art: A New Use of Public Space,Kate Atkinson *READING—DEFINITION COMBINED WITH OTHER PATTERNS: Dating on the Autism Spectrum,Emily Shire *e-READING:: Tragedy of the Commons (animation), The National Science FoundationAPPLYING YOUR SKILLS: ADDITIONAL ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS Synthesizing Ideas

19 Cause and Effect: Using Reasons and Results to Explain Writing Quick Start

Scenes from College and the WorkplaceAN OVERVIEW OF LIBRARY RESOURCES Learning Your Way around a Library Making Use of Reference Librarians USING KEYWORDS EFFECTIVELY USING APPROPRIATE SEARCH TOOLS Searching for Books and Other Library’s Holdings Searching for Books in Your Library’s Databases Using the Internet for Research Using Listservs and Newsgroups CONDUCTING FIELD RESEARCH Interviewing Conducting a Survey Conducting Observations WORKING WITH SOURCES: TAKING NOTES,SUMMARIZING, AND PARAPHRASING Taking Notes Taking Notes that Summarize, Paraphrase, or Quote Summarizing Paraphrasing Recording Quotations Keeping Track of Sources WORKING WITH SOURCES: EVALUATING YOURNOTES AND SYNTHESIZING Evaluating Your Research Using Categories to Synthesize Information from Sources Drawing a Graphic Organizer to Synthesize Sources CREATING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scenes from College and the WorkplaceORGANIZING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Arranging Your Notes Developing an Outline or Graphic Organizer AVOIDING PLAGIARISM What Is Plagiarism? How to Avoid Plagiarism Deciding What to Document DRAFTING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Using Research to Support Your Ideas Using In-Text Citations to Integrate Source Information Integrating Quotations into Your Research Project REVISING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Analyzing and Revising Your Paper as a Whole Analyzing and Revising Paragraphs and Sentences PREPARING YOUR FINAL DRAFT Formatting Your Paper Editing and Proofreading Your Paper DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES: MLA STYLE MLA Style for In-Text Citations MLA Style for the List of Works Cited STUDENTS WRITE: Do Animals Have Emotions?Nicholas Destino (MLA style) DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES: APA STYLE APA Style for In-Text Citations APA Style for the List of References STUDENTS WRITE: Schizophrenia: Definition and Treatment,Sonia Gomez (APA style)

PART 6 Academic and Business Applications

25 Reading and Writing about Literature Writing Quick Start Literature in College and the WorkplaceREADING: The Bean Eaters,Gwendolyn Brooks A GENERAL APPROACH TO READING LITERATURE UNDERSTANDING THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE Similes, Metaphors, and Personification Symbols Irony ANALYZING SHORT STORIES READING: The Secret Lion,Alberto Ríos Setting Characters Point of View Plot Theme READING: The Story of an Hour,Kate Chopin ANALYZING POETRY READING: Two Look at Two,Robert Frost *READING: How I Discovered Poetry,Marilyn Nelson •A GUIDED WRITING ASSIGNMENT STUDENTS WRITE: The Keeping of “The Secret Lion,”Andrew Decker

Kathleen T. McWhorter

Kathleen T. McWhorter is professor emerita of humanities and former director of the Learning Skills Center at Niagara County Community College. She has also been on the faculty of the State University College at Buffalo. She is the author of a number of books on writing for freshmen-level students, including the popular guide Successful College Writing, Seventh Edition (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2018), and the composition reader Reflections: Patterns for Reading and Writing, Second Edition (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017). She has also written a number of textbooks on reading and writing for developmental students, including In Concert: Reading and Writing, Second Edition (2016); In Harmony: Reading and Writing, Second Edition (2016); Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, Sixth Edition (2015); Academic Reading, Eighth Edition (2014); and Efficient and Flexible Reading, Tenth Edition (2014).