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National Academy of Medicine. Some involve skipping all food. The most common adverse effect of metformin is gastrointestinal irritation, including diarrhea , cramps, nausea, vomiting, and increased flatulence ; metformin is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects than most other antidiabetic medications. Since you probably have your smartphone with you all the time, you can use it to keep up with your plan. Archived from the original on 2 February

Top Diets: The Best Dieting Tips Ever for Weight Loss

Metformin may reduce the insulin requirement in type 1 diabetes. According to the prescribing information , heart failure in particular, unstable or acute congestive heart failure increases the risk of lactic acidosis with metformin. Metformin is recommended to be temporarily discontinued before any radiographic study involving iodinated contrast agents, such as a contrast-enhanced CT scan or angiogram , as the contrast dye may temporarily impair kidney function, indirectly leading to lactic acidosis by causing retention of metformin in the body.

The most common adverse effect of metformin is gastrointestinal irritation, including diarrhea , cramps, nausea, vomiting, and increased flatulence ; metformin is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects than most other antidiabetic medications.

Metformin has also been reported to decrease the blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in people with hypothyroidism. In a clinical trial of subjects, Gastrointestinal upset can cause severe discomfort; it is most common when metformin is first administered, or when the dose is increased.

The discomfort can often be avoided by beginning at a low dose 1. Long-term use of metformin has been associated with increased homocysteine levels [71] and malabsorption of vitamin B The most serious potential adverse effect of biguanide use is metformin-associated lactic acidosis MALA.

Though the incidence for MALA is about nine per , person-years, [76] this is similar to the background incidence of lactic acidosis in the general population. A systematic review concluded no data exists to definitively link metformin to lactic acidosis. Phenformin , another biguanide, was withdrawn from the market because of an increased risk of lactic acidosis rate of per , patient-years.

Lactate uptake by the liver is diminished with metformin administration because lactate is a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis , a process that metformin inhibits. In healthy individuals, this slight excess is cleared by other mechanisms including uptake by unimpaired kidneys , and no significant elevation in blood levels of lactate occurs.

Because metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate, any condition that may precipitate lactic acidosis is a contraindication. Metformin has been suggested as increasing production of lactate in the large intestine, which could potentially contribute to lactic acidosis in those with risk factors.

Lactic acidosis is initially treated with sodium bicarbonate , although high doses are not recommended, as this may increase intracellular acidosis. A review of metformin overdoses reported to poison control centers over a five-year period found serious adverse events were rare, though the elderly appeared to be at greater risk. The most common symptoms following overdose include vomiting, diarrhea , abdominal pain, tachycardia , drowsiness, and, rarely, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.

Extracorporeal treatments are recommended in severe overdoses. Metformin may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a forensic death investigation. Chromatographic techniques are commonly employed.

The H 2 -receptor antagonist cimetidine causes an increase in the plasma concentration of metformin by reducing clearance of metformin by the kidneys; [91] both metformin and cimetidine are cleared from the body by tubular secretion , and both, particularly the cationic positively charged form of cimetidine, may compete for the same transport mechanism. Metformin also interacts with anticholinergic medications, due to their effect on gastric motility.

Anticholinergic drugs reduce gastric motility, prolonging the time drugs spend in the gastrointestinal tract. This impairment may lead to more metformin being absorbed than without the presence of an anticholinergic drug, thereby increasing the concentration of metformin in the plasma and increasing the risk for adverse effects. Metformin's main effect is to decrease liver glucose production. Metformin decreases high blood sugar , primarily by suppressing liver glucose production hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Activation of AMPK was required for metformin's inhibitory effect on liver glucose production. In addition to suppressing hepatic glucose production, metformin increases insulin sensitivity, enhances peripheral glucose uptake by inducing the phosphorylation of GLUT4 enhancer factor , decreases insulin-induced suppression of fatty acid oxidation , [] and decreases absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract. Increased peripheral use of glucose may be due to improved insulin binding to insulin receptors.

AMPK probably also plays a role in increased peripheral insulin sensitivity, as metformin administration increases AMPK activity in skeletal muscle. The usual synthesis of metformin, originally described in , involves the one-pot reaction of dimethylamine hydrochloride and 2-cyanoguanidine over heat.

According to the procedure described in the Aron patent, [] and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia , [] equimolar amounts of dimethylamine and 2-cyanoguanidine are dissolved in toluene with cooling to make a concentrated solution, and an equimolar amount of hydrogen chloride is slowly added. Steady state is usually reached in one or two days. Metformin has acid dissociation constant values pKa of 2.

The metformin pKa values make metformin a stronger base than most other basic medications with less than 0. Furthermore, the lipid solubility of the nonionized species is slight as shown by its low logP value log 10 of the distribution coefficient of the nonionized form between octanol and water of These chemical parameters indicate low lipophilicity and, consequently, rapid passive diffusion of metformin through cell membranes is unlikely.

As a result of its low lipid solubility it requires the transporter SLC22A1 in order for it to enter cells. More lipophilic derivatives of metformin are presently under investigation with the aim of producing prodrugs with superior oral absorption than metformin.

Metformin is not metabolized. It is cleared from the body by tubular secretion and excreted unchanged in the urine; metformin is undetectable in blood plasma within 24 hours of a single oral dose. The biguanide class of antidiabetic medications, which also includes the withdrawn agents phenformin and buformin , originates from the French lilac or goat's rue Galega officinalis , a plant used in folk medicine for several centuries.

Metformin was first described in the scientific literature in , by Emil Werner and James Bell, as a product in the synthesis of N , N -dimethylguanidine. Interest in metformin resumed at the end of the s. In , metformin, unlike some other similar compounds, was found not to decrease blood pressure and heart rate in animals.

Garcia [] used metformin he named it Fluamine to treat influenza; he noted the medication "lowered the blood sugar to minimum physiological limit" and was not toxic. Garcia believed metformin to have bacteriostatic , antiviral , antimalarial , antipyretic and analgesic actions. Instead he observed antiviral effects in humans.

French diabetologist Jean Sterne studied the antihyperglycemic properties of galegine , an alkaloid isolated from Galega officinalis , which is related in structure to metformin and had seen brief use as an antidiabetic before the synthalins were developed. Sterne was the first to try metformin on humans for the treatment of diabetes; he coined the name "Glucophage" glucose eater for the medication and published his results in Metformin became available in the British National Formulary in It was sold in the UK by a small Aron subsidiary called Rona.

Broad interest in metformin was not rekindled until the withdrawal of the other biguanides in the s. Metformin was approved in Canada in , [] but did not receive approval by the U.

Liquid metformin is sold under the name Riomet in India. Metformin IR immediate release is available in , , and mg tablets. All of these are available as generic medications in the U. Metformin SR slow release or XR extended release was introduced in It is available in , , and mg strengths, mainly to counteract common gastrointestinal side effects, as well as to increase compliance by reducing pill burden. No difference in effectiveness exists between the two preparations.

When used for type 2 diabetes, metformin is often prescribed in combination with other medications. Several are available as fixed-dose combinations , to reduce pill burden and simplify administration. A combination of metformin and rosiglitazone was released in and sold as Avandamet by GlaxoSmithKline.

By it had become the most popular metformin combination. In , the stock of Avandamet was removed from the market, after inspections showed the factory where it was produced was violating good manufacturing practices. However, following a meta-analysis in that linked the medication's use to an increased risk of heart attack , [] concerns were raised over the safety of medicines containing rosiglitazone.

In September the European Medicines Agency EMA recommended that the medication be suspended from the European market because the benefits of rosiglitazone no longer outweighed the risks. In November , the FDA lifted its earlier restrictions on rosiglitazone after reviewing the results of the RECORD clinical trial a six-year, open label randomized control trial , which failed to show elevated risk of heart attack or death associated with the medication.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and thus reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. In Europe, Canada, and elsewhere metformin combined with linagliptin is marketed under the trade name Jentadueto. Sulfonylureas act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas. Metformin is available combined with the sulfonylureas glipizide Metaglip and glibenclamide US: Meglitinides are similar to sulfonylureas. The combination of metformin with pioglitazone and glibenclamide [] is available in India as Triformin.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". Archived from the original on 24 December Retrieved 2 January A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. Archived from the original on Archived PDF from the original on First choice for monotherapy: Analogue-based Drug Discovery II.

Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: Archived PDF from the original on 13 December Retrieved 8 December Archived from the original on 3 August Retrieved 11 January Blake; Stanifer, John W.

Diab Vasc Dis Res. The primary con to this diet is that it can be extremely limited and difficult for some people to follow. This limitation is because meat is omitted from the plan. Cutting out an entire food group may be too much of a restriction to maintain over the long-term, so some people do best by modifying this diet to allow for a moderate amount of meat.

The high fiber intake may also pose a problem initially. It's best to slowly increase the amount of fiber you consume so your body can get used to it. The goal is always long-term weight loss and maintenance.

This diet does have the research to support it, but it may need modifications to make it work for you. Jenny Craig has become best-known for the celebrities who are followed while losing weight on this diet. They explain how easy it is and how delicious the food is, and you see the results as they are happening. This diet provides you with your foods and snacks to ensure you consume the exact amount of calories your body needs to lose weight.

You add fresh produce and dairy. You meet with a consultant on a weekly basis to discuss your progress, and who will assist you with transitioning to your own food when you are ready to do so.

Physical activity is emphasized throughout the diet. The primary advantage to this diet is that you will lose weight if you eat what you are given. Portion-and-calorie-controlled meals are great tools for long-term weight loss and maintenance.

They take away the guesswork of how many calories you consume, they can be nutritionally balanced, they are quick and easy to prepare, and they teach you about healthy portion sizes.

As with all diets, nothing works for everyone, and nothing works forever. The celebrity endorsements are great when they work, but the celebrities who regain their weight once they discontinue this plan are proving that this is not the answer for everyone.

Many people prefer to be able to eat food they prepare and do not like the idea of prepackaged foods. The consultants are not professionals in this field. They undergo a training course but are not trained therapists, registered dietitians, or exercise physiologists, so the advice and support that you receive will be limited to what they have been taught to say. If you are taking any medications or have any health conditions, it is best to work with trained professionals.

The NutriSystem Advanced diet is a low glycemic index , high-fiber, and high-protein diet. The prepackaged food is provided for you by ordering online or by calling the toll free number. This diet does address the three necessary components for successful weight loss and maintenance; diet, physical activity, and behavior.

Prepackaged foods can be an effective tool for weight loss. You will be provided with the appropriate number of calories for weight loss without having to worry about counting anything. This will give you the opportunity to learn what appropriate portion sizes are and which foods are necessary for a well-balanced diet based on your specific needs. The variety of programs based on gender, age, health, and dietary preference is another positive component of this diet.

The Mindset Makeover was developed by one of the leading psychologists in the weight loss field, Gary Foster, Ph. It is designed to "help people learn new behaviors when it comes to weight loss and related lifestyle issues. You are given access to this and an online account with community support as part of each of the programs. Prepackaged foods are not for everyone and typically not something to use forever. They can be very limiting and create the sense of being "on a diet. Most people find that they only want to use this type of a diet for the short-term or for one or two meals per day.

The other negative aspect of this diet is that the prepackaged foods contain the artificial sweeteners Sucaralose and Acesulfame K. The dietary focus on this diet also has some limitations. The idea of "good carbs" and "bad carbs" is controversial.

While there is some truth to the role of glycemic index in hunger, it is not a guaranteed tool for weight management. Labeling foods as "good" and "bad" creates problems for people trying to develop healthy eating habits.

A well-balanced diet requires whole wheat sources of starch, while allowing for some sugar. Weight Watchers has been around for many years. There have been changes to the program, but weekly meetings have remained a part of the plan. The two diet options that are currently available are the Flex Plan and the Core Plan. The Core Plan is based on the science of energy density.

Energy density refers to the amount of calories in a given weight of food. Foods that are considered low energy dense foods have a small amount of calories for a large volume of food for example, vegetable soups, vegetables, and fruit. High energy dense foods provide a lot of calories for a small amount of food for example, oils, butter, cream sauce.

The Core Plan provides a "balanced diet by centering on a list of healthy foods that keep you full longer. The support and information provided online and in-person sets Weight Watchers apart from most diets out there. There are numerous meetings across the country to choose from. For many people, having a place to weigh-in each week is a key to success.

The focus on a balanced diet, exercise, and behavior changes is another advantage to this diet. The goal is to educate people on all three components and assist with both weight loss and maintenance. The two plans give people an option to find what works best for their own success. Many people have a "been there, done that" attitude when it comes to Weight Watchers.

They have tried it, may have had some success, may have even gone back a couple of times, but end up feeling that it can't help them any longer. The group leaders at the meetings are not trained experts; they are former members who have had success with Weight Watchers.

When someone is not having success the options for what to do can be greatly limited by the lack of experience and knowledge of the leader. There is a strong emphasis on weighing in each week. Many people have a difficult time attending a meeting when they are not having success. However, most people will not lose weight every single week, so expecting to do so is a recipe for failure. The time when people need the support the most is when they are not losing, but most meetings are not set to address this.

While there are two diet options, this still may not be enough for everyone. If counting points and following a low-energy dense diet do not work for you, there is no other option left. The best weight loss diet is one that fits your lifestyle and needs, and you can't always get that with this plan. I also agree to receive emails from MedicineNet and I understand that I may opt out of MedicineNet subscriptions at any time.

Lose Weight, and Keep It Off. It is indisputable that as a country we are more overweight and obese than we have ever been. As a result, the diet industry has grown along with us. Some diets genuinely try to help people lose weight and keep it off, while others look to make money by saying whatever it takes to get people to believe their claims.

You need to be an educated consumer when it comes to weight loss. It's not enough to see that a doctor is the author of a book. You need to digest what is being said, and look for the facts supporting the claims.

It takes modifications in behavior, diet, and activity to succeed at weight loss. It also takes time, patience, commitment, and lots of hard work.

There will never be one diet that is the "cure" for everyone. If you are having difficulties with weight loss, seek helf from your physician.

Dieting is a complex issue and ongoing professional support may be needed for success. It is possible to lose weight and keep it off, so never give up hope. Instead, find what works best for you right now, and be open to change as you go along. Learn to lose weight the smart way, as experts give their best advice for healthy weight loss by eating right, sleeping more, understanding portion sizes. A type 2 diabetes diet or a type 2 diabetic diet is important for blood sugar glucose control in people with diabetes to prevent complications of diabetes.

Prevention of migraine triggers include getting regular exercise, drinking water daily, reducing stress, and avoiding trigger foods. Staph Infection Staphylococcus or staph is a group of bacteria that can cause a multitude of diseases.

Staph infections can cause illness directly by infection or indirectly by the toxins they produce. Symptoms and signs of a staph infection include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage of pus. Minor skin infections are treated with an antibiotic ointment, while more serious infections are treated with intravenous antibiotics. Constipation is a common problem, and almost everyone has been constipated at one time or another.

There are foods that can help prevent constipation and also provide relief, for example, kiwi, prunes, beans your choice of type! Check out these top 15 foods to avoid because they cause constipation. Some foods to avoid include, white rice and breads, caffeine, bananas, alcohol, processed foods, and frozen dinners. Weight Gain Shockers Slideshow Pictures. Take the Quiz on Belly Fat. Medically reviewed by Joseph Palermo, D. Related Article Top Diets: The Best Dieting Tips Ever for Weight Loss Learn to lose weight the smart way, as experts give their best advice for healthy weight loss by eating right, sleeping more, understanding portion sizes.

Low iron or underlying disease, like cancer, may be to blame. Treatment can resolve anemia. Physical therapy can help a patient with arthritis to work out stiffness without damaging their joints. Occupational therapy teaches the patient how to reduce joint strain during daily activities. Those receiving occupational or physical therapy will learn about their arthritis, be given a dietary plan if they are overweight, get foot care advice, and learn methods of relieving discomfort.

Congestive heart failure CHF refers to a condition in which the heart loses the ability to function properly. Heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathies are just a few potential causes of congestive heart failure.

Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure may include fatigue, breathlessness, palpitations, angina, and edema. Physical examination, patient history, blood tests, and imaging tests are used to diagnose congestive heart failure. Treatment of heart failure consists of lifestyle modification and taking medications to decrease fluid in the body and ease the strain on the heart.

The prognosis of a patient with congestive heart failure depends on the stage of the heart failure and the overall condition of the individual. Take the Diabetes Quiz and learn the causes, signs, symptoms, and types of this growing epidemic.

What does diabetes have to do with obesity and diet? Learn about life as a diabetic. Learn about fat-fighting foods such as grapefruit, hot peppers, vinegar, and more. Discover the benefits along with surprising facts about how they may fight fat.

Processed meats like pepperoni, beef jerky, and chicken nuggets are associated with an increased risk of health problems like colon cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. That's why many doctors recommend avoiding them to reduce cancer risks and other health risks.

Lap band gastric banding surgery, also referred to as laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding LAGB is a surgical procedure in which an adjustable belt is placed around the upper portion of the stomach. Side effects, risks, and complications from lap band surgery should be discussed with a surgeon or physician prior to the operation. Weight loss without dieting? No diet, no problem. Learn the best way to lose weight with these weight loss tips designed to help men and women lose weight and feel great.

Migraine headache is a type of headache associated with a sensitivity to light, smells, or sounds, eye pain, severe pounding on one side of the head, and sometimes nausea and vomiting. The exact cause of migraine headaches is not known. Staphylococcus or staph is a group of bacteria that can cause a multitude of diseases. Sugar lurks in surprising places. Take the Sugar Quiz to learn of the many ways sugar sneaks into your diet and see what you know about sugar and artificial sweeteners!

Take our Superfoods Quiz! Get to know how unprocessed, raw, organic foods and healthy drinks are rich in nutrients and dietary benefits. Triglycerides are a common form of fat that we digest. Triglycerides are the main ingredient in animal fats and vegetable oils. Elevated levels of triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease, heart attack, stroke, fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis. Elevated levels of triglycerides are also associated with diseases like diabetes, kidney disease, and medications for example, diuretics, birth control pills, and beta blockers.

Dietary changes, and medication if necessary can help lower triglyceride blood levels. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with rickets, cancer, cardiovascular disease, severe asthma in children and cognitive impairment in older adults.

Causes include not ingesting enough of the vitamin over time, having limited exposure to sunlight, having dark skin, and obesity. Symptoms include bone pain and muscle weakness. Treatment for vitamin D deficiency involves obtaining more vitamin D through supplements, diet, or exposure to sunlight. What is Crohn's Disease? Warning Signs of Type 2 Diabetes.

Easing Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain.

Losing 10 Pounds Without Dieting - Weight Loss And Detoxification Losing 10 Pounds Without Dieting Best Teas For Detoxing Will Lemon Juice Detox Your Body. Definition and classification. A low-carbohydrate diet is defined as less than grams of carbohydrate daily or less than 26% total dietary calorie consumption. Popular weight loss and diet plans include the Atkins diet, Jenny Craig, Zone diet, Weight Watchers, South Beach diet, Pritikin diet, Eat More, Weigh Less diet, and NutriSystem Advanced. Learn why fad diets or crash diets are bad and exercise is essential to any healthy weight loss or diet program.