EXTENDED ENDNOTES

ALL notes correspond to the endnotes in Patriotic Betrayal, supply additional information or evidence, and should be read together.

Note 54. American Free Labor Institute for Development (AFLID): AFLID was established in 1961 under AFL-CIO director, George Meany. As late as November 6, 1994, in a letter to the New York Times, William C. Doherty, Jr. denied that AFLID ever received CIA funding, and claimed the principle source of funds came from U.S. foreign aid [Agency for International Development]. Whether or not AID camouflaged CIA funds, which is most likely, AFLID worked in tandem with the CIA agenda in Latin America. (See Stephen G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in Guyana: A Cold War Story (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Pres, 2005). Doherty’s denial came shortly after labor leader John Sweeney took over as head of the AFL-CIO.

A prominent chair of AFLID was J. Peter Grace, CEO of the W. R. Grace and Company, who earlier had helped subsidize anti-communist Catholic youth and student activities, and had been involved with the CIA-funded Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe. But Grace is most famous for his participation in Operation Paperclip, which brought secretly Nazi scientists from Germany to the United States after World War II, in an operation informally known as “the rat line.” See, for example, C. G. Lasby, Project Paperclip (New York: Atheneum, 1975),

Note 13: Phony book reviews: Burkholder Smith (Portrait of a Cold Warrior, p. 432) described how CIA agents were able to write and place negative book reviews. In the case of The Invisible Government, he wrote, “All stations were deluged with dispatches…there were phony book reviews, written by the Propaganda Guidance Section which I had headed during the Bay of Pigs in 1960 and 1961.” As an example, Smith cited a review written under a pseudonym by former CIA agent E. Howard Hunt, later one of the Watergate “plumbers,” for William F. Buckley’s National Review.

Note 37: William Sloane Coffin: Between 1950-1953, Coffin trained Soviet émigrés to return clandestinely to Russia to become long-term sleeper agents; most were killed shortly after deployment. At the time Coffin joined the CIA, he had family ties to the covert action unit: His sister was married to Franklin Lindsay in OPC/CIA, Deputy to Frank Wisner’s Mighty Wurlitzer, who facilitated Tom Farmer’s work.

Note 76-77: Edward Applewhite: Evan Thomas (The Very Best Men) advised me that Applewhite’s tendency toward braggadocio (and alcohol) might yield further details on the measures to destroy Ramparts magazine, but Applewhite passed away before an interview could take place.