A survey of deaths in Iraqi households estimates that as many as 100,000 more
people may have died throughout the country in the 18 months since the U.S.-led
invasion than would be expected based on the death rate before the war.

A man cries for his
slain son while next to a charred civilian vehicle which was blown up when
insurgents set off a car bomb targeting a U.S. convoy in Baghdad,
Iraq Thursday, Oct. 28, 2004. The man, whose son was killed six
months ago, mourns regularly at the site of new bombings.
[AP]

There is no official figure for the number
of Iraqis killed since the conflict began, but some non-governmental estimates
range from 10,000 to 30,000. As of Wednesday, 1,081 U.S. servicemen had been
killed, according to the U.S. Defense Department.

The scientists who wrote the report concede that the data they based their
projections on were of "limited precision," because the quality of the
information depends on the accuracy of the household interviews used for the
study. The interviewers were Iraqi, most of them doctors.

Designed and conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins University, Columbia
University and the Al-Mustansiriya University in Baghdad, the study is being
published Thursday on the Web site of The Lancet medical journal.

The survey indicated violence accounted for most of the extra deaths seen
since the invasion, and airstrikes from coalition forces caused most of the
violent deaths, the researchers wrote in the British-based journal.

"Most individuals reportedly killed by coalition forces were women and
children," they said.

The report was released just days before the U.S. presidential election, and
the lead researcher said he wanted it that way. The Lancet routinely publishes
papers on the Web before they appear in print, particularly if it considers the
findings of urgent public health interest.

Those reports then appear later in the print issue of the journal. The
journal's spokesmen said they were uncertain which print issue the Iraqi report
would appear in and said it was too late to make Friday's issue, and possibly
too late for the Nov. 5 edition.

Les Roberts, the lead researcher from Johns Hopkins, said the article's
timing was up to him.

"I emailed it in on Sept. 30 under the condition that it came out before the
election," Roberts told The Asocciated Press. "My motive in doing that was not
to skew the election. My motive was that if this came out during the campaign,
both candidates would be forced to pledge to protect civilian lives in Iraq.

"I was opposed to the war and I still think that the war was a bad idea, but
I think that our science has transcended our perspectives," Roberts said. "As an
American, I am really, really sorry to be reporting this."

Richard Peto, an expert on study methods who was not involved with the
research, said the approach the scientists took is a reasonable one to
investigate the Iraq death toll.

However, it's possible that they may have zoned in on hotspots that might not
be representative of the death toll across Iraq, said Peto, a professor of
medical statistics at Oxford University in England.

Lancet editor Richard Horton wrote in an editorial accompanying the survey
that more household clusters would have improved the precision of the report,
"but at an enormous and unacceptable risk to the team of interviewers."

"This remarkable piece of work represents the efforts of a courageous team of
scientists," he wrote.

To conduct the survey, investigators visited 33 neighborhoods spread evenly
across the country in September, randomly selecting clusters of 30 households to
sample. Of the 988 households visited, 808, consisting of 7,868 people, agreed
to participate. Each group At each one they asked how many people lived in the
home and how many births and deaths there had been since January 2002.

The scientists then compared death rates in the 15 months before the invasion
with those that occurred during the 18 months after the attack and adjusted
those numbers to account for the different time periods.

Even though the sample size appears small, this type of survey is considered
accurate and acceptable by scientists and was used to calculate war deaths in
Kosovo in the late 1990s.

The investigators worked in teams of three. Five of the six Iraqi
interviewers were doctors and all six were fluent in English and Arabic.

In the households reporting deaths, the person who died had to be living
there at the time of the death and for more than two months before to be
counted. In an attempt at firmer confirmation, the interviewers asked for death
certificates in 78 households and were provided them 63 times.

There were 46 deaths in the surveyed households before the war. After the
invasion, there were 142 deaths. That is an increase from 5 deaths per 1,000
people per year to 12.3 per 1,000 people per year ！ more than double.

However, more than a third of the post-invasion deaths were reported in one
cluster of households in the city Fallujah,

where fighting has been most intense recently. Because the fighting was so
severe there, the numbers from that location may have exaggerated the overall
picture.

When the researchers recalculated the effect of the war without the
statistics from Fallujah, the deaths end up at 7.9 per 1,000 people per year ！
still 1.5 times higher than before the war.

Even with Fallujah factored out, the survey "indicates that the death toll
associated with the invasion and occupation of Iraq is more likely than not
about 100,000 people, and may be much higher," the report said.

The most common causes of death before the invasion of Iraq were heart
attacks, strokes and other chronic diseases. However, after the invasion,
violence was recorded as the primary cause of death and was mainly attributed to
coalition forces ！ with about 95 percent of those deaths caused by bombs or fire
from helicopter gunships.

Violent deaths ！ defined as those brought about by the intentional act of
others ！ were reported in 15 of the 33 clusters. The chances of a violent death
were 58 times higher after the invasion than before it, the researchers said.

Twelve of the 73 violent deaths were not attributed to coalition forces. The
researchers said 28 children were killed by coalition forces in the survey
households. Infant mortality rose from 29 deaths per 1,000 live births before
the war to 57 deaths per 1,000 afterward.

The researchers estimated the nationwide death toll due to the conflict by
subtracting the preinvasion death rate from the post-invasion death rate and
multiplying that number by the estimated population of Iraq ！ 24.4 million at
the start of the war. Then that number was converted to a total number of deaths
by dividing by 1,000 and adjusting for the 18 months since the invasion.

"We estimate that there were 98,000 extra deaths during the postwar period in
the 97 percent of Iraq represented by all the clusters except Fallujah," the
researchers said in the journal.

"This isn't about individual soldiers doing bad things. This appears to be a
problem with the approach to occupation in Iraq," Roberts said.

The researchers called for further confirmation by an independent body such
as the International Committee of the Red Cross, or the World Health
Organization.

The study was funded by the Center for International Emergency Disaster and
Refugee Studies at Johns Hopkins University and by the Small Arms Survey in
Geneva, Switzerland, a research project based at the Graduate Institute of
International Studies in Geneva.