The Family of Graham or Graeme of Gorthie and Braco,
now represented by Sir Graham Graeme Hamond Graeme, Baronet, of Norlands, Isle of Wight

THIS family of ancient descent was founded by George
Graham or Graeme, Bishop of Dunblane and of Orkney and Zetland.

He was the second son of George Graeme, the second
"Great Baron" of Inchbrakie and Aberuthven, who was grandson of the first Earl of Montrose.

The bishop's life and letters will be found in
Sketch VI.of this Volume, and his various descendants in Sketches XXIX., XXX., and XXXI., while these pages are devoted to
his eldest son and heir.

Mr Fittes in his admirable history entitled "The
Barony of Gorthie," has cut the ground from under the feet of any future recorder. It may be allowed, however, in order to
complete the sequence of this volume, to touch lightly on that portion of the Barony while held by the Graemes, and to carry
the descent of the family to the present time.

David Graeme, Great Baron of Gorthie, first saw
the light at the close of the sixteenth century, perhaps about 1600. We know he was educated at St Andrews; Gorthie
must have met there his chief, Montrose.

The first mention of David in the family records
is in an inventory or will of his father, who was then Bishop of Dunblane. It was drawn up just before the Bishop left
for Orkney (having been translated to that See), and in it his father leaves his education to the Bishops of Dunkeld and Galloway,
and the boy to the care of his bosom friend, David, Lord Scone; as the Bishop lived till David was of man's estate these duties
were never undertaken.

In the years 1629 to 1631 David is urging on the
bishop the purchase of the estate of Gorthie, a small barony in the parish of Fowlis Wester.

It lies on the rising ground facing south, near
what is now Maddertie Station on the Caledonian Railway. The farm on the old Perth road (reached by an avenue of oaks)
is built with the remains of the House of Gorthie; the entrance door with curious double lock and latch set with the Escallop
shells; the hinges are of great strength, being pieces of broad flat iron reaching across the door. This door may be
the same that kept Rob Roy out of Gorthie house (see a few pages on). Walking up the gentle slope from the old farm
one reaches what must once have been a lovely park, bounded on the north by the new Perth road.

Two fine old trees, a plane and oak, stand near
the site of the house, a short avenue of oaks with road-bridge over a rippling burn bounds it on the east which marches with
Balgowan; a wooded gorge on western side touches the Ochtertyre lands in Fowlis Wester.

Standing on the site of the house one sees twelve
miles across the strath Craig Rossie, then owned by the Graemes, raising his rugged head above their burial-place; while on
the right within a mile of Gorthie lies the ruins of Incheffray Abbey, once the castle of the Earls of Stratherne, half buried
in a tangle of wild rose and brambles, yew trees and thorns.

At the time the bishop hesitates to yield to his
son, lest it should narrow the portions of his younger sons and daughters; Gorthie was then held by Mr John Moray, a younger
brother of Sir David Moray of Gorthie, who acquired it on the death of the latter; these brothers were grandsons of John Moray
of Abercairny, and the Lady Nicholas Graham, who was sister of the first Earl of Montrose; it will be remembered that she
is mentioned in Sketch I.

The bishop was therefore full second cousin to
this generation of the Morays of Abercairny and his admiration of, and dependence on their judgment breathes through his letters.

On the 28th of March 1630, David writes to his
father; the letter is full of anxiety; he has (apparently) jumped somewhat ahead of the bishop in allowing matters for the
payment of the purchase money to run too near, before he has acquainted his father with the sum required, and fears lest it
is not met. It is amusing to see the way he adds up the sums of money to be had here and there, always reverting to further
sums he wishes the bishop to supply; all through the letter his "cry" is for "Patrik," that beloved adopted son and brother,
on whose judgment and help the bishop and David equally lean. David begs his father immediately on the receipt of his
letter "to cause Patrik heast himself hither bot I rather heave Patrik heir," "I intreat you to send Patrik hither in good
tyme," occur constantly.

Readers of Sketch VI. will have learned ere this
that "Patrik" is Smythe of Braco, the Bishop's ward, and ancestor of the family of the Smythes of Methven Castle.

The Bishop's marginal notes on this excited epistle
are well worth reading; the sarcasm is fine and pointed, for his son has gone beyond his powers; but in the end the bishop
meets him and buys Gorthie in their joint names in 1631, for deep affection breathes all through the letters to his eldest
boy, the first born son of his wife Marian Crichton.

The year after the purchase of Gorthie, David wins
his bride; this has been the cause of this anxiety and impatience for the conclusion of the purchase.

The Great Seal Register gives the date of the contract
of marriage between "David Graeme of Gorthie and the lady Katherine, sister to" "Thomas Myrton of Cambo as September 7th,
1632."

The Myrtouns, Mortowns or Mortous of Cambo were
an old Fifeshire family; the bride's father was William, younger of Mortoun. He died in April 1621, and her mother was probably
Margaret Murray, his second wife. (Mr Thomas Mortoun's first wife died in 1596.) In 1599 Miss M. Murray is mentioned
in the Great Seal Register as the future wife of William Mortoun.

Katherine, his youngest daughter, became the wife
of David of Gorthie, and in a few years the bishop's letters bear "all loving dewty to Ket and her boy"; the "boy" was the
baby heir Mungo, who bore the "headpiece" at the funeral of the great Montrose.

The death of David's mother, Marion Crichton of
Clunie (half sister to the "Admirable Crichton" and daughter of Sir Robert Crichton of Ellick and Clunie) occurred in the
April of 1633 (as shown by her will) in Orkney. David Graeme would be called to his mother's deathbed.

In 1638 the Bishop makes his deposition to the
Covenanters; before this he had settled most of his lands on his many sons and daughters. Where he died has never been
determined.

For some years David Graeme has been acting as
commissioner for Perthshire and on various local committees. In February 1642 he receives a letter from James (then)
Earl of Montrose, appointing him, with Sir Robert Graham of Morphie, to act in his defence. Montrose, with Lord Napier
(his brother-in-law), Sir George Stirling of Keir and Sir Archibald Stewart of Blackhill, had been imprisoned by the Parliament
on charge of maligning their sovereign. Charles I. issues draft signatures exonerating Montrose and the others.

Here is the beginning of Gorthie's close allegiance
to Montrose. David was first cousin to George Graeme, the fourth great baron of Inchbrakie, but nearer of an age to
the laird's son, the gallant Black Pate of Inchbrakie. They were ever companions in the campaign, and their names stand
side by side in the peculiarly severe excommunication and forfaltures that follow on the collapse of the campaign. Gorthie
had fought with the loyal instinct of his race.

Amongst the papers of the Duke of Hamilton is a
letter from David Graeme of Gorthie, it is dated at Dunkeld, 29th July 1646; a certain gloomis over the Royalist adherents,
for Charles I. has already commanded Montrose to disband his forces, but David Graeme is as loyal as ever "No adversitie passed,
nor that can appeir shall ever," alienate him from the King's service! The marked impetuosity of his youth has waxed
into a firm adherence, and when Montrose is on the way home once more, hoping to retrieve the cause of Charles I., the estates
of Parliament, in fear, imprison David of Gorthie and his first cousin George of Inchbrakie, by order of the Scotch Convention;
he gallant fervour of the one, and the influence of the other, might weigh strongly in certain quarters and raise a gathering
which would at least have made the effort likely to succeed.

Before this, however, Gorthie had suffered the
full penalty of his loyalty. The arrangement for the purchase of Gorthie had given the rental to the son, and this rental
was forfeited by the estates and conferred upon Lord Balcarres in 1645, who is ordered to pay certain portions of it to David's
wife, Katherine Myrton, and their children. Had this not been done they must have been utterly destitute and such an
extreme step the Convention dare not take.

The Bishop's right to hold Gorthie nominally as
his own for those two years was not questioned; his death in 1649 is first proved by the fact that David his son, "sometime"
of Gorthie is served heir to "Maister George Graeme, formerly Bishop of Orkney" in the lands of Myreside in the Lordship of
Methven, and those of Callender More with the Mill and Callender Beg within the barony of Kincardine; and secondly,
because Lord Balcarres is now permitted to assume the ownership of the estate by an Act passed "disponing to Lord Balcarres
the lands and estate of Gorthie."

Then Patrick Smythe of Methven,and Braco the staunch
friend of the Bishop and his son comes to the rescue, and purchases the estate of Gorthie in his own name from Lord Balcarres,
allowing David to buy it back again and thus sets the example that was followed 100 years later, again in a Royalist war,
by the eighth laird of Inchbrakie and the lairds of Condie and Orchill, who "buy in" Gask for its Jacobite lairds!

David of Gorthie, released from prison by Colonel
Pitscottie (who at the same time sets free his cousin George, elder of Inchbrakie), sees Montrose's death on the scaffold.

Patrick Smythe younger of Braco writes a letter
to his father, dated at Aberdeen, 1st September 1651, and states that using the Committee's pass he went into Perth where
he saw Gorthie a prisoner, it being "his letter and great necessitie which drove me to him there," and remained there three
days; on the 24th August he stayed all night with Stewart at Kilmorick, going next day to Dundee. The enemy under Monck
advanced that day from Perth to Dundee; with great difficulty on the 26th August young Patrick in charge of 13,000 merks takes
the money "to the plaice where Balgowan lives" and placed it with other things in "your charter box" with rent for 1649 from
Hew Grahame, "nothing we dare draw off for crop 1650;" there he learnt that Gorthie was set free and is "certainlie
pretendit to live with his ladie and family at Gorthie;" all Balgowan's "cornis " had been taken for the enemy's garrison
at Perth and "he wishes himself besyde you, Henry escaped" and was not killed; it was Pat Grahame Reidfoord's son and
a servant of Gorthie who were killed."

The letter continues a relation of his movements,
how he went to Boskie with papers and gold and in the night had to escape through a window with five other gentlemen;
on the 28th August he went from Boskie to Kinnaird; after dinner, being offered a choice of roads and company to Aberdeen,
he chose Lord Carnegie's; the others were taken before arriving at Brechin, "so hath God's providence (blessed be his
name for evermore) delivered me a poor wretch and I am come hither."

This is a very interesting letter: the names and
dates form an historical notice of the last days of August 1651, and we learn the difficulties and dangers that men in peaceful
occupations endured so patiently during the time of the Protector; also it marks that again poor David of Gorthie has been
imprisoned.

In 1660 he and David meet at Court and are present
at the coronation of Charles II. at Scone, but Gorthie lives quietly, recovering his losses.

While David is living at Gorthie, he writes a letter
to "The Honble Patrick Smythe of Braco, In Orkney," giving the news and telling him of various arrangements. It
is dated:

Gorthie, 29 Jany 1653."My verie loving and
kind brother,

"I must confess I feare much your wackness;
as for Balloch quhether or not the Lord hes showne his marcie on him or no I know not, but I have written to my sister my
judgement which I wish you saw.

David explains he can now pay Patrick Smythe and
his son what he owes them, and thanks "God to be so far free," adding, if his estate is small, the burden is gone, and there
will be some in addition to help "on or uther" of his little ones.

His son Mungo is home from the "scolls," and Patrick's
son is sending him some books.

The letter then continues to give great praise
to this "Mr Patrick"; there have been opinions expressed regarding him and his wife, which have made the elder Patrick Smythe
anxious. Gorthie sets the father's mind at rest. "Brother, let the wicked world maling and raill ther pleasure;
ye and all your interest has reason to bless God for your Sone," continuing, after some other remarks (showing that young
Patrick Smythe's energy in Edinburgh regarding his father's ships is having good effect), he adds, "His wyffe lives ye know
at Scone and ther is nocht bot envy maks that woman's esteam not equal to her merit, for I dare a vouch she can and lives
at ane as moderate a condition as any, with as good and great order and credit."

This lady, Ann Keith, was a bride (married 28th
September 1652), and her husband, engaged on his father's business in Edinburgh, was only twenty-six years of age. She
was the daughter of " Sir James Keith of Benholme and Margaret Lindsay his spouse," Sheriff in Orkney, and uncle to William,
Earl Marichal; so she was a cousin of "Black Pate" through his mother Margaret Keith. No doubt the young couple have
been accused of extravagance; time was moving and fresh innovations would be looked on as waste of money by the elders.
Besides the young wife is alone.

The letter concludes with thanks for "your wonted
kindness to us all" and begs it may be continued to his "sister, now ane widow as I suppose, my love rendered to you all,
I rest your loving brother to my power."

David signs his letter forming a monogram with
the D.G., a characteristic of the Inchbrakie and Gorthie Houses and their descendants. It does not appear as if David
had acceded to his father's emphatic request (163o to 1631), "In God's name man, write better and spell better!?

A letter from young Patrick Smythe the following
month, 21st February 1653, after details on business, says he hopes to start for Orkney in March, but it will be the 12th
of that month ere he leaves Edinburgh, and he must stay a "day or two at home with the gude wyf." A post-script adds
his wife wishes one of his sisters to be sent her, and so does he; she requires a companion, and rather one of them than a
stranger "what serves the on will the other also, I am seldom at home." So gossip will be silenced.

Patrick Smythe of Braco, to whom these letters
were written, had years before (1618) married David's eldest sister Katherine. He had a large family (for he married
a second wife); several die young. In 1644 his surviving heir Henry, a Royalist, is slain at Marston Moor, and it is
his fourth son Patrick Smythe, who succeeds to the estate in 1655, when (as the family bible states) the 28th of April 1655
"it pleased the Lord to remove my father, Patrick Smythe, being Saturday evening, coming from Stromsay in the night tyme."
He had written on the 13th to Graeme of Balgowan that he was recovering from a long and dangerous illness. He must have
been taken ill and died on the passage or was drowned.

David Graeme of Gorthie would bear a heavy heart
for the loss of his adopted brother, for Patrick Smythe and his brother Andrew had been inmates of the same house since David
was a child, the Bishop of Dunblane, his father, having been appointed governor to the lads at their grandfather's death in
1604.

In 1653 Gorthie's signature is appended to the
marriage settlement of Black Pate of Inchbrakie's daughter Anna, with George Smythe of Rapness, the nephew of Patrick Smythe
of Braco and Methven .

The last scene of David Graeme's life lends itself
to his somewhat picturesque character; the most romantic funeral of history is arranged; from " all the airts " Montrose's
disfigured limbs are reverently collected.

Let them bestow on every airth a limb,Then
open all my veins that I may swimTo Thee, my Maker, in that crimson lake,Then place my par-boil'd head upon a stake;
Scatter my ashes, strow them in the air.Lord, since thou know est where all these atoms are, I'm hopeful thou'lt
recover once my dust And confident Thou'lt raise me with the just.

His relations (according to their degree) are allotted
the honour of attending and bearing the symbols of his rank and honours.

To David of Gorthie is given the task of removing
from its spike upon the Tolbooth the now blackened skull of his former chief; a large scaffold, six storeys high, has been
erected and on it stand Lord Napier, the late Marquis's nephew; Black Pate of Inchbrakie his cousin; the Graemes
of Morphie and Orchill, with other noblemen around the coffin, in which lie the remains. From the scaffold Gorthie ascends
the ladder to the apex, and during the volley of cannon and blare of trumpets, lifts down the head, placing it reverently
in the hands of Napier and Inchbrakie; they lay it in the coffin where it is crowned with a golden coronet, signifying
the rank of Marquis, and convey it to lie in state at the Abbey Church of Holyrood until the young Marquis is ready to accompany
the funeral to St Giles' Cathedral. David dies suddenly that night, and with his last homage to Montrose, his life most
fitly ends.

In commemoration of that homage, young Mungo, now
of Gorthie, in the following year, when Charles II. is granting new arms and crests to all his cavaliers, takes his thus:

Or. Three roses within a bordure gules on
a chief sable as many escallops of the first.

Crest. Two arms issuing from a cloud erect holding
up a skull encircled with two branches of a palm tree; over the head a Marquis coronet.

Motto. Sepulto Virisco.

The clouds probably signify the act occurred at
evening.

David Graeme speaks of "his little ones"; five
are known to us. Mungo his eldest son, and David his second son (afterwards tutor, or governor, to his nephews of Gorthie),
Patrick, George and John.

MUNGO GRAEME, SECOND LAIRD OF GORTHIE

succeeded immediately after the first obsequies
of Montrose in January.

In May the Parliament at once passed an Act rescinding
the pretended forfalture of David Graeme of Gorthie deceased.

In the accounts given in "Wishart" of the two processions
for the burying of the Great Marquis, it is stated the second took place in May.

At it we find that "Mungo" Laird of Gorthie carries
the helmet of Montrose.

"The headpiece by Mungo Graham of Gorthie on the
point of a lance, whose father had sometimes the honour to carry His Majesty's Standard under his Excellency; his sufferings
and forfeiture is enough to speak his action and honesty."

So father and son alike took part as "Barons of
Gorthy" at the obsequies of the Great Marquis.

Mungo married first, Helen Moray of Abercairny,
some give the date as 1637; this is scarcely possible, as his mother, Miss Morton, was only married in 1632 to David
Graeme, his father! (David himself writes in 1653 that his son Mungo is home from school.)

No sons were born of this marriage, and Mungo marries
for the second time, finding his wife on the braes of lovely Ochtertyre in Mary Murray, daughter of Sir William, eighth of
Ochtertyre and first Baronet.

"She was born in the Dry-isle on the 13th September
1651, was "married upon Mungo Graham of Gorthie; their children are: William, " born at Fowlis; Helen, born at
Gorthie; Mungo, born at Gorthie."

A charter under the Great Seal is given to Mungo
Graham of Gorthie and his spouse, Mary Murray, and heirs male, whom failing, to his lawful heir whatsoever, 11th February
1667.

Her mother was Isobel, daughter of John Oliphant
of Bachiltoun. This MS. record of the Murrays of Ochtertyre from which the above is recorded is very correct.

A "friendly Bond" between Mungo's uncle (the future
Sir William of Ochtertyre) and an unknown friend is placed here; it is regretted that the author of "Or and Sable" does not
know where Westwood lies. "I, William Murray, fiar of Ochtertyre, obliges me and likewise bunds for my lady that both
shall come upon demand to stay ane week at the Westwood, bringand along with us all the familie transportable between the
2nd Nov. and 25th Dec. in the year 1665. And if we faill in the performancetheirof, then and in that case we shall be
esteemed breakers of friendship and also promises, and liable to a censer to be given out in ane maetting wherein Mr David
Drummond shall be precis."

"The above written oblidsment we subscribe in form
of deficientes in this kynd."

The signatures are both torn off and show the visit
was paid and the bond redeemed. This, however, prevents us knowing who the host at Westwood was.

Mr David Drummond, who was to have acted precis
in the event of the failure of the compact, was the step-father of Mary Cowan, "Lady Braco," who eloped three years later
with Sir William Graeme in 1668.

Mungo of Gorthie had not a long life; his
marriage only occurred a few years before his death, 1667 or 1668, when his second bride was about 16 or 17 years old, and
for a year at least he was in bad health previous to his death, which occurred in 1671 when about 38 years of age.

In May 1670 he makes a long will, naming his brother,
David Graham, and George Drummond two of the tutors. A few debts are due to him from Viscount Stormont, Mr William Graeme
of Braco and Patrick Smythe of Braco.

He owes money to his brothers David, Patrick and
George Graeme.

"I, Mungo Grahame of Gorthie, being infirm of body
and knowing Mungo's will, nothing more certain than death and nothing more uncertain than the time thereof, and that I may
be the more fitter to wait with patience on God's will than if burdened of my worldlie affairs, does make my latter will as
follows, "then comes the usual religious formula and directions that he be buried in the family burying-place.

He nominates my sone "William Graeme" his heir
and successor in all things; his wife Mary Murray; William Murray "fiar" of Ochtertyre her father; Colin Campbell
of Monzie; Mr George Oliphant; Mr David and Mr John Grahame my brothers, Mr Patrick Graham of Balgowan, or "failing
these two latter by decease," then their eldest sons. Patrick Smythe of Braco, Sir David Carmichael of Balmudie (?),
James Carmichael his brother, George Drummond, son to the late George Drummond of Blair, John Drummond of Colquhalzie, to
be tutors to his children. In respect "there is nothing provydit for my dochter" (? Helen, she having ane brother) by
her mother's contract of marriage, I legat therefore to her the soume of 6000 merks to be paid to her at the time of her marriage,
by her brother." The Marquis of Montrose and Earl of Atholl he appoints overseers to the affairs of his wife and children.
"Whilk will be ane special favor (?) of their goodwill to me and of their charity to ane widow and orphans."

This latter Will was signed at Gorthie in March
1670, and the following year Gorthie dies in May 1671, and Black Pate of Inchbrakie, Mungo's great uncle, growing an old man,
confirms the Will.

By that date the boy William had predeceased his
father, for the younger boy Mungo is retoured in the Abbreviate of Retours on August 22nd, 1672, as heir of his father Mungo
in certain lands of Forr, parish of Crieff, and on February 14th, 1673, in all the lands of the barony of Gorthie Easter over
and middle, Newton in barony of Foulis, in the lands of Dalpatrick, in those of Pitmurthlie within the barony of Linecarty
annexed to the barony of Gorthie; in the office of Sergeant of the lands called Sergantland in the Lordship of Methven
and of many others, Parkyett, Greenwells, Drunlochie, Lochayid and Muirailhouse, and in the Fee Farm of the lands of Glenshorope,
the fee being one silver penny a year.

Mungo's brother Patrick, who is mentioned in his
Will as a creditor, dies the same year; in his Testament he is called Patrick Graham, brother germane to Mungo Graham
of Gorthie who died in 1671; a brother, John, is executor, confirmed 2nd November 1671; these are uncles to the
new Mungo.

MUNGO GRAEME, THE THIRD OF GORTHIE

We will pass over for the moment his uncle David,
his tutor and governor, whose heirs carry on the line of Gorthie, to give the few details known to us of this laird who succeeded
as a boy in May 1671; he was baptised on December 23rd, 1670 (just before his father's death; his name does not
appear in the Will of 1670). He was at once placed under tutelage of his uncle David, with the numerous list of other guardians
mentioned in the Will.

David Graeme took the executive part and did well
for his nephew; his Note Book, referred to later on, mentions meetings of the " Tutors" at Balgowan, Gorthie, etc., and he
is constantly visiting one or other of the tutors for consultation. One of the references in the note book shows that
the infant Mungo was already a promised bridegroom to one of Abercairny's daughters; the bride's name is not mentioned, and
David arranges that in consequence of the immediate death of the father "ane novadamy might be exped in regard of the fall
of the mariadge and that it is thought Abercairnie will be lyable by the clause in his disposition to relieve our pupill from
what prejudice he may sustain by his father's ingadgements for him." The marriage was broken off altogether and Mungo
died a bachelor.

Educated at St Andrews he matriculated there at
the College of St Salvedor, and won the silver arrow as an expert bowman; interesting particulars of the Medal are given by
the S.A.S., though the genealogical detail has errors.

Mark Napier tells us how the University sports
had been abandoned during the "Great Troubles," and when renewed in 1687 the grandson of the man who had lifted Montrose's
head from the Tolbooth wins the arrow, which had been Montrose's in his graduate days!

Mungo Graeme, unlike the rest of his family, was
not strongly in favour of the Stuart Dynasty; he approved of the union in 1702, for five or six years he was Member
of Parliament for Perthshire and one of the Darien Company delegates, and appears to have taken great interest in his work.

In 1707 he buys the land and barony of Ogilvy disponed
to him by the former owner, "William Murray of Abercairny."

Later on the Duke of Montrose makes Mungo his Chamberlain;
he had to superintend the collection of His Grace's rentals all over the country and give the receipts, and it was during
that office that Gorthie suffered from poor Rob Roy's vengeance. I have already called the latter a "scape goat" bearing
the burden of many lawless Highlandmen; this time he acted in person.

Shortly put (he is styled Campbell of Glenderowall);
in 1713 he considered himself oppressed by Mr Mungo Graeme of Gorthie and arrived with a small following at Gorthie;
the Laird was absent and the terrified servants barred and locked doors and windows; down at the foot of the grounds
stood the smithy of the estate; one Morris filled the post; he was forced by the Highlanders (most unwillingly) to carry
his hammer up and beat in the door, which however resisted his probably unwilling efforts; a cry that the front door
had yielded drew the Highlanders off, and Morris made for the wooded ravine leading to his cottage, not without calling on
himself the attention of Rob Roy who fired his pistol at Morris.

The house was rifled; afterwards in one of the
rooms the pistol used against Morris was found; it was kept in the family of the smith for over half a century, when
the late Mr Mercer, then the owner of Gorthie, became possessed of it.

The descendants of Morris still live on Gorthie,
and Mr Morris of Burnbrae kindly gave much information to me in 1900.

Whether the door mentioned in the early portion
of this Sketch is the one Morris was forced to hammer, or the front door which gave way to the Highlanders is not clear.

In 1716 Mungo holds the appointment of Receiver-General
of the Customs; the Duke of Montrose writes thus to Lord Townshend he "executes with so much care and integrity that
I doubt not he will always deserve your Lordship's particular favour and affection."

This appointment and (previously to it) his parliamentary
duties, prevent his giving the full amount of his time to His Grace's affairs, and John Graeme of Killerne, his uncle, receives
the appointment of Chamberlain deputy Sheriff to the Duke of Montrose; his letters 1704 to 1714 on Rob Roy's affairs
to his nephew Mungo are in the Montrose muniments, as well as a number of letters from Mungo on the Duke's private affairs;
in many of them he reports on the war of 1715, though his reports, says the Commission, are not to be reckoned on as very
accurate. He includes in these the disposition of the forces or "rebel troops" as he terms them!

He remarks that great dissatisfaction existed in
Scotland on account of the contemptuous feeling entertained by the English ministry for the Highlanders.

The pendulum of opinion has swung wide indeed from
that held sixty years ago, by the great-grandson and grandson respectively of the first Marquis and David Graeme of Gorthie.

In 1728 Mungo added to his estates a small portion
of the Keith lands, sold in that year, when Dunottar, Inverugie, etc., were purchased by the York Building Society for œ41,000.

To sum up Gorthie's character I cannot do better
than quote from the author of "Scotland and Scotsmen," though the writer falls into the error previously noticed, of referring
to this Mungo as the son of David instead of his grandson.

"From what I had occasion to hear from people
who were intimately acquainted with him, he was a man highly esteemed for his worth, knowledge and strength of intellect,
and his good qualities were not diminished from his having lived in firstrate company at home and abroad and being well read
in books."

"His chief infirmity was a sort of mental absence
which made him sometimes forget time and place and led him to be sparing of his words. Being much tormented with a toothache,
he sent for a Surgeon to pull one of his three remaining teeth He pointed to the tooth affected, being a man of few
words; on its being extracted he said very calmly, ` Man, you are wrong; directing him to another. After it was
taken out he said, `You are wrong again, and now you cannot go wrong.' It was a great proof of absence and self command."

"Once when the first Duke arrived at Edinburgh
from London, he asked Gorthie to give him a list of the persons whom it was incumbent for him to visit, but at the head of
the list were persons who had been dead for years! His Grace having one day asked an English member of Parliament to
dinner said, that if he should be detained in the House of Parliament, his cousin Gorthie would receive him. On being shown
into the library where this gentleman was, he took no notice of the stranger, sitting with a leg on each side of the chimney.
To try how far his absence would go the new corner sat down close by him and placed his own legs close by the other's without
its being noticed. And in that posture did the Duke find them when he came into the room and awakened his friend from
his reverie...

"I have heard that in Gorthie's time the Montrose
rents were sometimes very ill paid?leniency and forbearance may be carried too far, that evil, however, was completely corrected
by his successor, Mr Graeme of Orchill, a dull, plodding man, who went on like clock-work.

"Gorthie was all along in high favour with
the Duke and regarded as an accession by the guests. If he did not take as great a share in the conversation as they
could wish, what he said was shrewd and sensible. A hot dispute having taken place at the Duke's table about the number
of men in the Duke of Cumberland's army at the battle of Fontenoy, it was referred to Gorthie; on the question being
stated once and again, he answered laconically `more than he made a good use of,' which pleased both parties)

"Lord Kannes told me that when he chanced to
be benighted near Buchanan, on sending a message to Gorthie requesting a night's lodgings he received a kind invitation;
on his arrival he was taken into Gorthie's bedchamber where he usually sat, arrayed in his night-gown and slippers.

"He received Mr Home with great courtesy and
placed him, as a stranger, in the armchair; Kannes said nothing could exceed the urbanity of his host, while his conversation
became interesting and animated, turning on topics his guest wished to know. In this way did matters go on till the
eve of supper, when Dr Duncan Macfarlane the minister came in. This in a moment dispelled the spell and made Gorthie
taciturn for the rest of the night. Gorthie's manner savoured, said Kannes, of the old court, of which he was a valuable
specimen. Whether he was an able Prime Minister (to the Duke of Montrose) I know not, but he was surely a very sorry architect,
for in building a new house there, he forgot the stairs.

"Nevertheless his maxims and manners of proceeding
with tenants differed widely from those now in vogue; they probably differed little from those of the preceding age,
when if the tenure of kindness was not recognised by men of law or courts of justice, strong traces of it were to be found
among landlords, and nowhere more than among great families. In his time the Montrose estate both Highland and Lowland
was held at what was then accounted moderate rents, by persons exceedingly attached to the family who could boast of having
stood by it in trying perturbed times, and a number of them had gentle blood in their veins though little beholden to the
goods of fortune. The Duke therefore and his minister used them with benignity and liberality, befitting the feudal times."

The character thus portrayed of this lonely man
calls forth feelings of sadness as well as admiration; he died childless, in the eighty-third year of his age at Buchanan
House (the home of his chief) in 1754, and was succeeded by his nephew James Graeme of Braco and of Gorthie.

We ask the reader to retrace the years again to
the late Laird of Gorthie's father, Mungo who died in 1671, leaving four brothers alive, David of Keillour afterwards of Braco
and Gorthie, whom we pass for the moment; Patrick, who died the same year as his brother, as previously noticed by his
will; George of whom there is no special record found, beyond that David's notebook has a list of monies paid for "George
my brother for transporting Fruit and Chist" to Burnt Island; George is also due a bond for 500 merks due "by Balmadie
anent a bond to umquill" " Katherine Myrtoun cost of journey to Edinburgh anent; Ardblairs" "business as directed by
George," the business was buying "ane sword" "the hilt hatted with silver and ane silver handell" cost 27s., then comes a
long account of arguments with Ardblair about George and his Lady's factorie. Thus George was married and probably to
a sister of Ardblair.

There is also a will of George Graham who died
in Auchterarder in 1685, given up by his relict spouse Janet Edmonstoune, amongst the debts he owes is one "for dewty" to
Mr David Graham, Tutor of Gorthie; this however may only prove him a tenant of the Duke of Montrose and no relation
to David.

This leaves but two younger sons of David, the
first Laird of Gorthie to account for. We will take the youngest first.

JOHN GRAEME OF KILLERNE, FIFTH SON OF DAVID GRAEME,
FIRST OF GORTHIE

In 1663 John Graeme styled "of Gorthie" is Justice
of the Peace; we find him holding lands first in 1675, when on 29th September of that year Maister John Graham, brother to
deceased Mungo Graham of Gorthie, obtains sasines of lands of Whytbank within the parish of Methven, proceeding on a disposition
by Andro Watt in Milnhall; the Methven papers call him a Writer in Edinburgh, 1685.

By 1698 he is designated "of Killearn" and is married
as mentioned in the sasine.

By 1707 John Graeme of Killearne holds the appointment
of Chamberlain and sub-Sheriff to the Duke of Montrose; his letters are in Montrose muniment chest addressed both to the Duke
and to John's nephew the Laird Mungo of Gorthie, concerning collection of rents, etc. There are numerous allusions to
Rob Roy and it was probably this John who was the offender in Rob's eyes when he attacked Gorthie House in 1713.

No further mention of John has been found; he is
dead in 1755, for Robert Grahame is served heir to his uncle John Grahame of Killearne, proving that one of the second laird
Mungo's brothers had a son Robert, who succeeds. Robert Grahame of Killearne died 1779; his will dative states that
the Glasgow Tan Works owed him œ1000 sterling, dated October 25th, 1780.

The next mention of Grahame of Killearne is again
in the services of heirs, and runs:

John Graham, sailor, to his cousin. Robert
Graham of Killearne, who died September 1779, heir of line and conquest special in parts of the œ20 lands of Drenny in
Parish of Easter Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire, 18th April 1781.

So that another brother of Mungo, second Laird
of Gorthie, had had surviving sons.

We now come to the elder of these brothers, David
the tutor to the infant Mungo, Laird of Gorthie in 1671.

DAVID GRAEME OF BRACO AND KEILLOUR, SECOND SON
OF DAVID GRAEME OF GORTHIE

We read of him in his brother Mungo, the Laird
of Gorthie's will, how he was nominated amongst the tutors.

He took the active and entire discharge of those
duties, which were well done with much care and detail. This is verified by the note book previously mentioned, and
which is preserved amongst the documents of Methven Castle. The note book dates from November 14th, 1677, to 5th July
1679.

The first entry is the two "bots" for freight of
horses and themselves from Orkney to Wick, from thence on horseback to Dunbeath, by same means of transit to Helmsdail, and
by ferry across the water, whence they rode to Dunrobin, where they supped and slept. On the 19th of November they reached
Dornoch for breakfast and rode to the ferry at Cromarty.

It being midnight on Saturday they slept till Monday
at the place of Cromarty, where Thomas Lindsay and his wife were paid; on the 21st to Arthersen by ferry, from thence on to
the water of Findhorn, reaching Forres that night.

Tuesday they reached Spay, and so by stages to
Fettercairn on Friday, where they had to disburse the hire of a horse, because John Drummond's horse "sat up in the jorney!?
This horse evidently continued to "sit up" for there it was left! and they reached Brechin on Friday, 23rd November;
thence to Forfar and arrived at Perth where crossing the water " ffrom qch we came home upon Saturnday" being the 24th November
1677.

A ten days' journey from Orkney to Gorthie.

The note book is full of reminders and results
of attending to them, every item of expense carefully jotted down, names familiar to the family appear on every page, Blair,
Balloch, Inchbrakie, Rollo, Monzie, James Graeme, Advocate, and many others. James Rollo caused some stir by riding
his father's horse, and he also "satt in Parliament with his fayers robs which robs was in Archibald Oliphant's hands Gask's
Sone." David Graeme does not let the grass grow under his horse's feet; he rides to Mugdock, to Orchill, to Edinburgh,
to Perth, to Muthill, and Pitkorlie by Bridge of Earn.

By Ochertyre's direction he buys "Buchanan his
psalmes and James Lodevicos Vivie for my pupill." Mungo's Uncle William had just succeeded to the baronetcy of Ochtertyre,
the child was six years old when the books were purchased the note book ends shortly after this item. He acquired
in 1679 part of the lands of Monzievaird called Meckvin, but resigns them a few years after.

This David the Tutor was Chamberlain until his
death, to the Duke of Montrose; among the Inchbrakie accounts is an item, 1707, showing "David Graham of Braco, the Chamberlayne"
has acquired that estate.

This Braco is in Stirlingshire near Ardoch, and
must not be confounded with the Braco near Methven belonging to the Smythes of Methven.

It may not be out of place here to give a short
account of the former owners of Braco who were Grames descended from the third Earl of Montrose.

The first Grame of Braco was the second son of
the third Earl and brother to the fourth Earl of Montrose; he acquired Braco towards the end of the sixteenth century; an
instrument of sasine dated 11th August 1624 speaks of Dame Margeret Cockburn spouse of Sir William Ghrame of Braco; it is
witnessed by Dame Margaret's second son (by her first husband, Alexander Home of Rentoun).

Sir John Grame of Braco, son of the above, was
next in succession; he married Dame Margaret Campbell and she died in "the parish of Ochterarder" in January 1683.

SIR JOHN GRAHAM OF BRACO, SECOND BARONET MONTROSE
LINE

This Sir John was the first cousin of the Great
Marquis and had charge of his two sons at the beginning of the Troubles. His disposition does not appear a very
loyal one to Montrose.

Deposition of Sir John Graham of Braco. That
he came to St Johnstoun with the Earl's two sons on the Tuesday after Tibbermuir, and that on the Thursday after he went out
of St Johnstoun with the Earl's two sons and followed the Earl who had left on the Wednesday and came to the Erle, before
the Earl and the Irish rebels came to Dundee law, and all that time the deponant was with him the Earl behaved himself as
Chief Commander of the Irish rebels. 2 7th January 1645.

There must have been some special reason why it
was made; Graeme of Orchill and David Master of Maddertie make theirs to the same effect.

Sir John died in 1647, when his son Sir William
is served his heir.

Sir James Turner mentions being entertained kindly
by "Lady Breko and her soune" in 1654.

The Acts of Parliament in 1661 confirm the Charter
of lands and barony of Aithray granted in 1636 to the late Sir John Grame of Braco, together with the sasine of them granted
in 1647, l0th October, to

SIR WILLIAM GRAEME, SECOND BARONET OF BRACO,

son and heir to the late Sir John.

Sir William made a romantic marriage with the granddaughter
of our old friend Mr Patrick Smythe of Braco, and his wife Katherine Graeme (the Bishop's daughter), whose second daughter
Katherine Smythe was born 18th June 1624; her marriage contract was signed at her Uncle's, David Graeme first of Gorthie in
1644; her husband was John Cowan of Tailortown, son of William Cowan of Tailortown, and she was dowered with 7000 merkes and
twenty-one bolls of victuals yearly off the lands of Airth; her daughter Mary eloped in September 1668 with William
Graeme of Braco, just as she attained her twenty-first year! Mary's father died about 1652 and Katherine Smythe, her
mother, had married some years after Mr David Drummond, Minister at Monydie, son of the seventh laird, Drummond of Colquhalzie;
he is called a worthy man of good parts; no one is pleased with the elopement and many letters ensue. The Countess
of Montrose interested herself to try and heal the breach between Mary Cowan and her mother, father-in-law, and uncle.

Dame Mary Cowan gives up her husband's Will on
29th August 1678; barely ten years have passed since that September morning when she threw all to the winds and eloped, and
now a widow at thirty years of age she mourns her husband, Sir William.

Sir William is buried at Aberuthven, both the Lairds
of Inchbrakie, Black Pate and George his son, James Graham of Orchill, "Robert Graham my brother germane," and many others
with his mother, Dame Margaret Campbell and his spouse Dame Mary Cowan, and David tutor of Gorthie, are to be the tutors to
his son James and his "bretherene."

Patrick, his third son, is the only other son mentioned.'
We do not hear what became of Sir William's three sons; Sir James must have sold Braco, for in 1707 sasine is granted to Mr
David Graham (late Clerk of the Bills and uncle to Mungo Graham of Gorthie) and James Graham his son of Braco, though not
before 1688, when he is nearest agnate to the minor earl, but being under twenty- five years himself, cannot undertake the
tutoric (see Sketch Orchill).

We now continue from the point where David, tutor
of his nephew Mungo of Gorthie, became possessed of Braco.

In 1689 George of Inchbrakie, the sixth laird,
who scattered the estates for a time and was deeply in debt to all his neighbours, gives David the tutor of Gorthie, Clerk
to the Bills, sasine on some lands in Fowlis, and by the following charter, David, no longer the "tutor," obtains possession
of the lands of Keillour.

"Registrum Magni Sigille, Lib. LXXIII. fol. 130.

King William grants to Mr David Graham, lately
tutor of Gorthie, and the lawful heirs male of his body procreated or to be procreated, whom failing, to Mungo Graham
of Gorthie and the lawful heirs male to be procreated of his body, whom also failing, to the nearest and lawful heirs of
the said Mr David Graham whomsoever, the lands and barony of Keillar, viz. both property and superiority of Easter and Wester
Keillours, town and lands of Bourland, Cockernonie, Blackhill, Longfoot Aikers, Craigen, Dalcorns, mill and mill
lands thereof, lands of Straithraven, in the Stewartry of Strathearn and shire of Perth; which lands formerly belonged
to Patrick and William Murray, and were adjudged from them for a debt of œ46,227, 12 shillings Scots, at the instance
of Henry Grahame of Hilltoun, who sold them to the said Mr David Grahame by Disposition dated 28th July 1694; to be held of
the Crown for payment of one peny in name of blenchfasked: dated at Edinburgh, 1st March 1695."

David is very busy buying lands just now in 1705;
he has obtained a Charter under the Great Seal of the lands of Bardrells over and nether, from the Duke of Montrose in favour
of himself in liferent of his eldest son James Graeme and his heirs; whom failing, Patrick his second son, whom failing
to his heirs female.

His Will dative is confirmed l0th June 1720 (in
it he is styled "deceist" David Graeme of Braco) by Sir William Calderwood of Poltoun, Senator of the College of Justice,
his heir James Grahame of Braco is mentioned, and beyond a few debts there is little of interest in the Will. His wife's
name has not, I believe, appeared in these documents; one record queries it (?) Murray of Keillour. Only two of his
sons are in the records: his eldest son James, and a son Patrick; the latter inherited the lands of Keillour from his father,
this is noted in the Will of "David Robertson, servant to Patrick Graham of Keillour," October 24th, 1728.

Robertson was a man in very comfortable circumstances.

James Graeme of Braco Castle continues the line
on his father's death in 1720. He had married on October I1th, 1713, the daughter of Sir William Stirling of Ardoch
(a property lying close to Braco), by his wife Mary Erskine of Alva, Sir William Stirling had three children: his son Sir
Harry, a daughter Christian, married to George of Dundas Castle, and Catherine, who married James Graeme of Braco, a number
of children were born of this marriage.

I. MARY GRAEME, born September 3oth, 1714, married
in 1i41 to David Smythe of Methven; he was great-great-grandson of the Bishop of Orkney, and great-grandson of James, second
Marquis of Montrose by his mother (who was daughter of Lady Grizel Graham and William, son of Lord Cochrane), they had several
children; one of their granddaughters, Annas, was wife to Patrick Graeme of the Town Guard (Black Pate's son) and mother
of the two "Fathers Graeme."

II. DAVID, their eldest son, born 2nd February
1716; entered the army; his father died in the year 1736, and David then became of Braco Castle. A list of homes affected
and disaffected to the Jacobite cause is given in the '45; in it is "Lady of Braco, very strong, a widow, her son serving
with the Dutch": this Lady of Braco was Miss Stirling of Ardoch, dated at Blair, 3rd September 1745.

He was Lieutenant-Colonel by 1754, when he had
succeeded to the barony of Gorthie on the death of Mungo his aged first cousin, who had been his grandfather's ward, and became
of Gorthie and Braco.

The Charter from George II. under the Great Seal
grants it to David and his heirs male, whom failing to (his brother) Lieutenant Henry Graeme, third son of James of Braco
and the heirs of his body, whom failing to Patrick (his uncle), second son of the deceased Mr David Graeme of Braco (this
Patrick was of Keillour before mentioned and must have had no surviving male issue), whom failing to Mungo Graeme of Graemshall,
whom failing to his heirs male whatsoever of the late deceased Mungo Graeme of Gorthie, whom failing to his heirs or assignees
whomsoever.

The lands were thus settled on heirs male only;
as long as it was possible.

These lands included the whole Barony of Gorthie
within the Barony of Fowlis ; also the lands of Dalpatrick, Pitmurthly, Luncardy, all now attached to Barony of Gorthie;
also the lands of Tulchan in Fowlis with the gold and silver mines therein. At the end the charter states that should
David (the eldest son of James of Braco) die without heirs male, the lands may be redeemed by Mungo (his brother), second
son of late James Graeme from the successor of David, on payment of œ6 Scots into the Sheriff Court of Perth. The
charter is dated at Edinburgh, 24th February 1755.

Lieutenant-Colonel David Graeme was a man of great
distinction; he was sent to conduct Queen Charlotte to England for her marriage with King George III., and was given the post
of private secretary to Her (future) Majesty. In 1764 the trustees for improving the manufactures of Scotland presented
to the queen, through Colonel Graeme, a piece of fine linen, "exquisite in beauty and fabrick." He was elected in this
year M.P. for Perthshire. He was Major-General in 1768 when he brought the Forth and Clyde Canal Act before Parliament:
indeed he had attained to this rank some years previously, as Mrs Papendick's journals relate. She writes in 1761:

"My father had been introduced to General Graeme
on his first visit to Strelitz and was now presented by him to the rest of the party, who were delighted with him. He
was a very handsome man, both in face and person, he was of elegant and fascinating manner, he had the knick kneckery of fashion
about him, he spoke French well and was very companionable; he, with the Madsells Schwellenberg and Hagedorn were the
only attendants to the princess from her own country."

Mr Fittis, quoting Mr Henry Jesse, tells us he
was not only acting proxy for the king in 1761; he was confidentially visiting different Protestant Courts in Germany, to
report on the unmarried princesses.

In this difficult task he employed the greatest
tact, and "Princess Sophia Charlotte was indebted to him for a sceptre."

A leader in the Times on the death of Queen Charlotte
says: "We are told by the public and private records of the times, that a suitable marriage for His Majesty was an urgent
(as it was a natural) object of state policy, immediately on his coming to the crown; but his known and ardent attachment
to Lady Sarah Lennox, sister of the Duke of Richmond, with some manoeuvres of Mr Fox, afterwards Lord Holland, set on foot
to foment that youthful passion, hastened the designs of the Princess Dowager of Wales and of the Earl of Bute to bring about
the royal marriage.

The princess is said to have had in view a niece
of her own, at least some princess of the Saxe-Gotha family; that wish was over-ruled by the Cabinet. Lord Bute then
sent a confidential dependent, a Scotch officer, reported to be Colonel Graeme (who was afterwards appointed to be Master
of St Catherine's near the Tower, an excellent place, in the peculiar gift of Her Majesty) to visit the inferior German Courts,
and to select from amongst them a future queen for England. The instructions were said to be, that she should be perfect
in her form, of a pure blood and healthy constitution, possessed of elegant accomplishments, particularly music, to which
the king was very much attached, and of a mild and obliging disposition.

"Colonel Graeme found the reigning Princess of
Strelitz taking the waters of Pyrmont, and accompanied by her two daughters, with little or no appearance of parade; and where,
from the freedom of communication usual at those places, and the ready means of observation, etc., it was no difficult matter
to become fully acquainted with their characters and daily habits. Their Serene Highnesses frequented the rooms, the
walks, and partook of the amusements without any distinction that should prevent Colonel Graeme from being an unsuspected
attendant on their parties.

Here, it seems, he fixed on the younger princess,
as best according with his matrimonial instructions."

General Graeme married Miss Hepburn (daughter of
James Conglaton Hepburn of Keith, in Haddingtonshire, and Catherine Riccard of Rickarton). They had an only child Catherine;
she married on the 13th June 1768, the son and heir of Viscount Hampden. In the same year General David of the 19th
Regiment of Foot is made full Colonel in the place of Lord G. Beauclerk, deceased. On March 3rd, 1786, a Mrs Graeme of Gorthie
died in Edinburgh; this was probably the wife of General Graeme, but no particulars are added to the notice, and on 19th January
17i98 at George Street, Edinburgh, General Graeme died. He is described as "Colonel of the 19th Regiment: the nation
is indebted to him for Her Majesty."

On General Graeme's death it was found necessary
to sell the Gorthie estate; his expensive life at Court entailed this. He was a large-hearted man and spent freely:
he subscribed £1000 to his pet scheme, the great canal between the Firths of Forth and Clyde.

Gorthie was purchased by the trustees of David
Stewart Moncrieff, Baron of the Exchequer; it was sold again in 1818 to Mr George Mercer, descendant of the Mercers of Aldie
and Meiklour, one of the founders of the Colony of Victoria. His son, Mr Graeme Reid Mercer, succeeded to it in 1853.
Lady Hampden left no children, and in her ladyship the male line of Gorthie and Braco failed. General Graeme's will,
dated 25th January 1798, is in the Register House, Edinburgh.

III. James Graeme of Braco's third child
was Mungo, born 27th June 1718. He went to St Petersburg, where he settled as a merchant and became so great a favourite
with the Czar that he was sent by him on an embassy to Persia, where he was slain with his whole suite on the shores of the
Caspian Sea by some of the hordes that invest that wild country.

IV. The fourth child of James of Braco was Henry,
whom we will refer to later on.

V. The fifth child was Margaret Graeme, born 22nd
June 1722; she married Francis Masterton, Esq. of Parkmills; they had four children, Charles who died early, James, Catherine
and Mary; Mr Masterton was succeeded by his son James, who married Miss Murdoch, and their only child, Miss Masterton,
married Major Elliot, a nephew of Lord Minto.

Mr James Masterton bought or rented Braco; the
following substance of a letter from Mrs Masterton (Miss Murdoch) gives some interesting particulars; her aged sister-in-law
lives with her, but Mr James, her husband, is dead :

Glasgow, 10 Rose Street, March 28th, 1833.

Addressed to Sir Graham Eden-Hamond, Bart.

Gives an account of the writer and her sister,
referring to her date Mrs Masterton says that her own health not being good, she and her sister (-in-law) went to the seaside
in the neighbourhood of Glasgow, the summer of 1831; and as it was considered too cold at Braco for them to return and
winter there, they took up their abode at Glasgow to be within reach of medical advice, intending to revisit the sea for the
summer of 1832; this plan was prevented by the cholera which raged, but especially on the small villages by the shore;
Mrs Masterton adds, her sister's companion nearly fell a victim but has recovered; Mrs Masterton is not equal now to
a journey and it is feared at present they cannot return to Braco, "so I gave it up to the Elliots, they remained there till
last Spring when they gave it up for the same reason I did," Major Elliot having caught cold coming from London was
a prisoner to the house all winter, but on leaving Braco for Leamington he was cured there by a famous doctor who cures everyone.

Referring to Sir Graham's questions about the family
genealogy, Mrs Masterton regrets she can give no information and her sister very little, but a list of the nine children of
James Graeme of Braco is enclosed from a family Bible. Mrs Masterton advises Sir Graham writing Mr George Smythe, whose
address is Gloucester PIace, Edinburgh, and to whom she gave access to a large chest of documents at Braco, but never heard
mention if he increased his knowledge.

VI. Isabella, born l0th January 1724, died unmarried.

VII. James, born 25th October 1725, died an infant.

VIII. Catherine, born 29th December 1728, died
unm.

IX. Patrick Graeme, the ninth and youngest child
of James Graeme, second of Braco, and of his wife, Miss Stirling of Ardoch, was born 23rd February 1731, and also died childless.

The father of this large family died in 1736, and
we find eight of them survived him (James had predeceased him); details are given at the end of his Will of the large "roup"
or auction held at Braco. The "laird and ladie of Kippendavie are large purchasers, and so is Lady Pendrick, "Roy,"
a maid to the Lady Braco purchases probably for her mistress, and a Janet Graeme in Braco.

We now return to his fourth child Henry Graeme,
who carried on the line of heirs male.

HENRY GRAEME (FOURTH CHILD OF JAMES GRAEME, SECOND
OF BRACO),

Major, Lieutenant-Governor of the island of St
Helena. Born 17th October 1720, Henry Graeme, like his brother David, entered the army; suddenly the soldier element
awoke in this branch of the Graemes, and from having been a race of lawyers, "Chamberlaynes" and Members of Parliament, two
brothers entered the military service. Graeme, when Captain in the 37th, was severely wounded at Minden 1759, at Little
Risington, Gloucester.

Major Henry Graeme married on April 24th, 1749,
Miss Anne Doughty, co-heir of her father; Mr Henry Doughty (of a Norfolk family of good lineage) and his wife, Miss
Hodges, heiress of Broadwell, County of Gloucester.

About 1774, on his return from St Helena, Major
Graeme was residing at Park Street, Bristol. An interesting letter addressed to his only child, Miss Anne Grame, is
dated Burford, 23rd April 1774, calls her Annica, and speaks to her of the deep affection felt towards her by the writer (Mrs
Anne Crisp), who, though old enough to be her grandmother, is sure of her affection, as Anne is not likely to turn "into a
nothingy flirt." Mrs Crisp recommends to Anne's notice "Mrs Chapones Letters," mentioning the author is Miss Malso,
and that a Counsellor of that name had been one of the numerous admirers of Anne's mother, Mrs Henry Graeme.

Henry Graeme died on Christmas Eve, 1785, at St
Helena; his wife Anne lived on for many years; she died on the 2nd of January 1812, aged eighty-seven, and was
buried in Hanwell Church; the monument is erected by their only child Anne, the wife of Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond, Bart.

ANNE GRAEME, LADY SNAPE-HAMOND.

By 1779 Major Henry Graeme's daughter Anne had
become Lady Snape-Hamond.

Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond, Bart., her husband, was
born 1738, descended from Samuel Hamond of Blackheath, circa 1650, and from Robert Snape of Limekilns on his mother's side,
circa 1680. He entered the Royal Navy and became a distinguished officer in that service; was present as Lieutenant
of H.M.S. Magnimine at the action between Admiral Hawke and Conflans in 1759. Post-Captain 1770, commanded the Roebuck
during greater part of the American War and was knighted 1778, on his return home after the Siege of Charleston.

Early in March of the following year he married
Miss Anne Graeme, heiress of Hanwell, whose father Major Henry Graeme was last male representative of the Graemes of Gorthie
and Braco, which family had descended in unbroken male descent since A.D. 1030 from the noble House of Montrose, through Patrick,
first Great Baron of Inchbrakie and Aberuthven up to Major Graeme's death in 1785, when representation of the line of Gorthie
was continued through the distaff by Miss Anne Graeme.

Sir Andrew had met his future wife first in Scilly;
and afterwards accidentally meeting her driving with her cousin Lady Hampden near Charing Cross, the acquaintance was
renewed which ripened into love and marriage.

The journals he left behind are varied and full
of interest; a paragraph reads "1779 on the 7th March I was married to Miss Anne Graeme, daughter of Henry Graeme, Esq. of
Hanwell Heath of which event (in this place) I shall only say I have never had cause to repent, and who is the mother of both
my children Captain Graham Eden-Hamond and the Honble. Mrs C. Hood.

Sir Andrew mentions the enquiry on the subject
of the conduct of General Sir W, Howe, K.B., and the Viscount Howe during the commands they held in the American War;
he was summoned, on the point of sailing from Spithead, to attend at the Bar of the House of Commons; a letter from
Lord Howe earnestly requested his attendance, his Lord-ship's defence rested on the testimony of Sir Andrew.

Sir Andrew thus spent a few more days with his
bride in Rathbone Place and then sailed in May to take up his American command.

On the 20th June 1780 Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond arrived
in London with the Earl of Lincoln in charge of the despatches of the General and Admiral who were in command in America,
"just in time," adds Sir Andrew, "to raise the spirits of the public and the Government, after the dangerous riots of the
public, raised by Lord George Gordon; we were both carried immediately to the King's Levee, and the impression the news of
the success of the siege against Charlestown made upon all present was quite extraordinary."

Sir Andrew received His Majesty's command to attend
him at nine o'clock in the evening to hear the particulars of the siege. This 20th of June was an eventful and busy
day for Sir Andrew; in the morning he disembarked from the Perseus, commanded by the Honble. Keith Elphinstone, and spent
the greater part of the day after his arrival at the levee and then with a number of the ministers, Lord North, Lord Sandwich
and Lord George German who was Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Sir Andrew (from Hounslow) had sent a despatch
to his wife telling of his arrival and bidding her come to town.

Anne Graeme, Lady Hamond, obeys with all the promptitude
of a sailor's wife and in addition brings with her their infant son and heir!

How impatiently Anne Graeme must have awaited in
Newman Street the moment when she could place in her husband's arms the babe who was to become Sir Graham Eden-Hamond, the
second baronet!

Sir Andrew, continuing briefly, describes the moment:
"I evaded all invitations for dinner as I had wrote from Hounslow to my wife to come to town, and we had a happy meeting at
Sir Harry Parke's in Newman Street, and for the first time I had the happiness of seeing my son then six months old."

In the spring of the year 1781 Sir Andrew and Lady
Snape-Hamond sailed for Halifax where he was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. In January 1783, with his
household of fifteen, the family augmented by the arrival of the little Caroline (afterwards Honble. Mrs Charles Hood) and
the wife and sister of Sir Andrew Snape-Douglas, he sailed for England. "This voyage," writes Sir Andrew, "was most disastrous."

A very happy meeting had ensued when the disabled
ship had been towed in to the west end of the Isle of Wight by the Raisonable, under command of Lord Harvey, and came to an
anchor "off my own cottage near Yarmouth."

Five months have passed since the voyagers had
sailed from Halifax, and they had been given up as lost, when the Amazon dropped anchor in her disabled condition; Sir
Andrew S. Douglas immediately went off to enquire if they brought news of the ship on which his wife and sister with his uncle
Sir Andrew had sailed from Halifax, and his joy and astonishment on approaching the Amazon to see his wife and other relations
"may be conceived but cannot be expressed."

We find a letter from another Burford friend, Mrs
Gast, addressed to Lady Hamond at the Isle of Wight congratulating her warmly on the safe return "through so many great dangers
and distresses"; the writer looks forward to seeing her and "our dear Sir Andrew " at Chesington, particularly as Mrs
Graeme can accompany them (Mrs Graeme must have been absent from the Governor in order to meet her daughter). Mrs Gast
concludes with love and many kisses to the sweet little ones.

In 1783 Sir Andrew was created a baronet with remainder,
failing heirs male of his nephew Andrew Snape-Douglas, R.N.

In 1786 Lady Snape-Hamond lost her father, who
died at St Helena.

Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond's youngest sister had married
Dr William Douglas, M.D., of Edinburgh; their son Andrew Snape-Douglas, born 1761, entered the Royal Navy and rendered
most distinguished services to his country; his gallantry deserves a longer notice than these pages can afford;
briefly put, his uncle, Sir Andrew's mention of him is as follows:

his first lieutenant when the Admiral hoisted his
flag on Sir Andrew's ship, at the siege of Charlestown, young Douglas' activity had procured him the rank of post-captain;
on Lord Lincoln and Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond being chosen to convey the despatches home in 1780, Captain Snape-Douglas was
appointed to the command of his uncle's ship the Roebuck, which ship being sheathed in copper and unequalled in her sailing
powers "was for a young man under nineteen an extraordinary instance of good fortune. Although my near relation and the boy
who had never left my side from ten years old (when his father died) I may be allowed to say he was exceeded by no man in
the profession, and to use the King's expression (sometime after his death when at His Majesty's request I presented him with
his bust), ` He was a great national loss, but he lived just long enough to become a brilliant example to all the rising young
men in the Navy.' He was Lord Howe's Captain in the great action on the first June 1794, when the Republican Fleet of
France fought for the Dominion of the Sea."

Captain Douglas' gallantry in that action, the
extraordinary exertion he used and ability he displayed as a seaman in bringing the French Fleet into action when he commanded
the Queen Charlotte, brought him the highest recommendation from his superiors. On Captain Sir Andrew Douglas going
aboard the Admiral's ship, The Royal George, after the action, he was received with a guard at the gangway; and the Admiral
before all his officers, told him he considered the victory just won due, principally, to his exertions.

That his nephew had a very warm place in Sir Andrew
Hamond's heart, there can be no doubt, and deservedly so. Three years later Captain Sir Andrew Douglas died (at his
uncle's residence at Fulham) from the effects of the wound he received on the first June 1794, he lies buried in a vault in
Fulham Churchyard, and appropriate lines record his memory.

His portrait with that of his young cousin is represented
in the picture (by an unknown artist) made famous by its engravings and its name "Lord Howe's Victory, 1st June 1794."
Lord Howe is on the quarter deck of the Queen Charlotte, Sir Andrew Douglas is depicted just wounded in the head, and near
him stands Sir Andrew Hamond's son a young midshipman and the future baronet Sir Graham Eden-Hamond.

Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond was one of the earliest
to take a prominent part in raising the corps of Somerset House volunteers to which Lady Snape-Hamond presented the colours
on the 21st October 1803, when she is described as of "distinguished elegance of mind and person." It was a brilliant
gathering and Lady Snape-Hamond was accompanied by the Ladies Bellingham, Henslow, etc.

By 1809 the Hamonds had purchased an estate, Terrington
near Lynn; Sir Andrew was member for Ipswich, Controller of the Navy and one of the eleven brethren of Trinity House; he was
a man whose influence was widely felt, and we cannot fail to notice even in a cursory glance over some of his interesting
correspondence how much he was liked and respected as a friend, and how his assistance and advice was sought for and claimed.

King William IV. had a great admiration for him,
and in the audiences to which he commanded Sir Hamond's presence, listened with undivided attention to his replies.

Sir Andrew and Lady Hamond held warm friendship
with Lord and Lady William Bentinck and amongst their special friends were numbered William Pitt, Lord Howe, the Duke
of Richmond, Lord Nelson, Lords Melville, Spencer and Chatham, and many others too numerous to mention.

Much correspondence kept up Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond's
interest with and in the above; two or three letters quoted below may interest the general reader.

The first is from William IV. who has appointed
Sir Andrew's son to succeed Admiral Gage:

Royal Sovereign Yacht,Dartmouth Harbour,July
21st, 1828.

Dear Sir,

This morning I received yours from Lynn and
am very happy on mature consideration to have had it in my power to appoint your excellent and worthy son to succeed Admiral
Gage in the command in the East Indies. I was not aware that Lord William Bentinck was a friend of yours which of course
makes me the more satisfied with the appointment of your son. I am truly sensible of your warm wishes for my health
and welfare and am sadly afraid you are much too partial to me. God bless you and ever believe me,

Dear Sir, Yours unalterably, William.

A letter from Lord Howe in the earlier stages of
Sir Andrew's career carries with it his appointment as commander of a sloop of war.

Admiralty, July 17th, 1765. Dr Hamond,

Not knowing how to direct to you before, I
defered writing till I should hear of you, to acquaint you of your appointment to a command of a sloop of war.

The intention has been to give you Rank, therefore
your commission shall be sent down to Comdr Hughes, if you desire it, instead of waiting for your arrival to take it up in
Town, as you will be immediately put upon half pay. Accept my congratulations hereupon, and be assured that I continue
much yours,

Howe.

P.S. Let me know your wishes about the Comsn.

An arrangement made with the Duke of Richmond for
a pleasure cruise in his new yacht the Goodwood having been abandoned by Sir Andrew, owing to official duties, the Duke writes:

Portsmouth, August the 9th, 1785.

I was extremely sorry, my Dear Sir, to find
by the Letter, you was so good as to write to me in London, that the Business which the Admiralty has to intrust you with,
could not allow of your absence for our Tour to Jersey. I cannot say that I wonder Lord Howe thinks your Presence necessary,
but I very much regret the Loss of Your Company. I expect General Conway, Mrs Darner, Mr Crawford and Mr Rogers here
to-day or to-morrow, and to sail on Thursday. Sr Wm Howe takes care of Himself and goes I believe from Weymouth.
He says He is too sick at Sea to go in Company, and so means to have all that amusement to Himself. The Goodwood is
new painted and brushed up to look very smart. The Dus of Richmond sailed in Her from Itchenor to this Place on Sunday.
The Wind was contrary which made a long passage, but it was fine weather and pleasant.

I diverted myself with trying my signals, which
I made from the Falcon, which Captain Bruff, like some other old Seamen we know, chose to be a long while before He obeyed.
But with Practice we shall do better.

I believe I shall have a vessel or two go with
us to Guernsey, and I had forgot to say that Captain James Luttrell goes with us, so we may manoeuvre all the way.

I found the little Falcon beat the Goodwood
in smooth water, but when there was a Head Sea the Goodwood went fastest, and in coming into Portsmouth Harbour from Spithead
the two vessels sailed side by side without either gaining a ship's Lenth. The Goodwood had her topsail set and the
Falcon had not.

I have seen the very neat Model of the Brig
which Mr Pollard sent me, which appears to me very perfect for a vessel of that size and so rigged. George Berkeley
and Captain Luttrel like her much; but if for a ship I think her dimensions must be a little increased. I have troubled you
with a long detail of my little Sea concerns, but I know your Goodness will excuse it.

Spithead makes a better Figure than it did
when you was here. There are now nine sail of the Line and four Frigates or Sloops there.

Portsmouth hopes it is a sign of War, I hope
and believe not.

It is with sincere esteem and regard that I
am,My Dear Sir,

Your most obedient& faithfull Servant,Richmond.

Captain Bruff found a pair of your silk Stockings
left on board the Goodwood which He has since sent on Shore to Yarmouth by the People of the Medina yacht.

Two more letters follow from Nelson. The
first shows Sir Andrew has written to congratulate Nelson on his victory and is doubly interesting as giving Lord Nelson's
own opinion on the attack. Lord Nelson and his old friend are both suffering; t he former from the loss of his arm;
the latter's health is now affected by the death of Sir Andrew Douglas.

The struggle to use his pen is plainly shown in
Lord Nelson's writing.

Bath, Sepr 8th,1797

My Dear Sir Andrew,

I have ever been fully sensible that you have
spoke of my services in the most flattering manner, and for this last mark of your kindness I cannot sufficiently thank you.
Success covers a multitude of blunders, and the want of it hides the greatest gallantry and good conduct. You will see
by my Journal that the first attack on the 21st under Trowbridge compleatly fail'd, and it was the 25th before it could be
again attack'd, which gave 4 days for collecting a force to oppose us. Had I been with the first party I have reason
to believe, compleat success would have crown'd our endeavours; My Pride suffered, and although I felt the 2nd attack
as a forlorn hope, yet the honor of our Country called for the attack and that I should Command it; I never expected
to return and am thankful.

I shall not go to Town till the l0th; or my
Arm is well, I suffer a good deal of pain owing to a cold falling in it.

Lady Nelson and myself most sincerely hope
your Tour will perfectly re-establish your health and beg to be kindly remembered to Lady Hamond.

Believe meever Your Obliged & affectionate
Horatio Nelson.

Sir A. S. Hamond, Bart.

The second of Lord Nelson's letters is written
with a more fluent hand; he hero is accustoming himself to the loss of his arm.

Apr. 14th, 1801.

My Dear Sir Andrew,

I feel very much oblig'd by your kindness to
my Brother, and I trust he will yet have one rise more in the Navy office, I mean a Seat at the Board, all must acknowledge
he is fit for it, and I am sure he would do his utmost to support and assist you, I desired Davison to say your Son was well,
he is gone to look into Carl Schooner, I can assure you that a better or more diligent officer is nowhere to be found.
I hope very soon to see you in England for my health will not permit my remaining here, and I think we shall have no more
fighting, I beg my Compliments to Lady Hamond and that you will Believe me as ever

Your most obliged and affectionate

Nelson & Bronte.

Sir Andrew Hamond, Bt.

Lord Nelson had served under and had a strong personal
attachment to Sir Andrew.

Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond's life closed at twelve
o'clock noon on September 12th, 1828, in the ninety-first year of his age: he was held in great esteem as shown in the notices
and tributes of the day.

Many letters of condolence were addressed to Lady
Snape-Hamond and her son Sir Graham, on the loss of so beloved a husband and father.Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond's first wife,
Miss Cecilia Sutherland, had died without surviving issue. Anne Graeme his second wife, Lady Snape-Hamond, survived
her husband ten years and resided at his estate of Terrington, where she died on the 8th September 1838. A letter to
her son the second baronet from Robert Smith, first Lord Carrington, written on the occasion of his mother's death is quoted
below; Lord Carrington was Captain of Deal Castle, and had held the first baronet in high esteem; his lordship writes
to the "Son of his valued friend Sir A. Hamond and of my oldest surviving relation" "I can never forget the happiness of spending
much time with her in my father's house more than sixty years ago, she being then Miss Graeme in the full bloom of youth and
beauty."

After recommending a young friend of the name of
Lowther who is in Graham Eden-Hamond's ship, Lord Carrington adds, "the portrait you sent me of your father I have placed
at Deal Castle in a room appropriated to portraits" of his friends and other distinguished naval officers. The letter
is dated Bath, 1838.

Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond and his wife Miss Graeme,
left two children.

Their daughter Caroline was a most lovely girl,
her miniature speaks for itself; born in 1781, she married about 1806 the Honble. Francis Grosvenor, eldest son and heir of
Henry, the second Viscount, and grand-son of Admiral Viscount Hood who served under Lord Rodney when defeating the Count de
Grasse in 1782. They had three children

I. Samuel, third Viscount Hood, grandfather of
the present Viscount.

II. Honble. Francis Grosvenor, born 1809, married
in 1842 his cousin Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir Graham Eden-Hamond, second Baronet. He was killed in the trenches
before Sebastopol, October 1854.

III. Caroline, married February 1834 to Arthur
Francis Gregory, Esq., of Styvichall Hall, County Warwick. Their mother, the beautiful Caroline, was a widow in eight
years, her husband Francis, Lieutenant-Colonel, was killed in action on the heights of Aire, south of France, in 1814.

We now take up the male line of Anne Graeme of
Gorthie and her husband, Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond as represented by their son.

SIR GRAHAM EDEN-HAMOND, SECOND BARONET

born 30th December 1779, was also a distinguished
naval officer (was present at Lord Howe's victory on Queen Charlotte, 1794), Admiral of the Fleet, Vice-Admiral of the United
Kingdom, G.C.B., K.C.T.S., Deputy-Lieutenant of the County of Norfolk and of the Isle of Wight. His honours fall thick
upon this descendant of the Gorthie Graemes, and in 1834 Sir Graham is given the South American command and seeks an audience
of the Sailor King to thank His Majesty for his consent to the appointment; his own record of the interview is given:

Sunday, 28th Sept. 1834. I went down to Windsor
to thank His Majesty for his great kindness in approving of Lord Auckland's nomination of me for the South American Command.
Sent a note and my card to Sir Herbert Taylor requesting an audience, and about « past 2 was admitted into the King's presence,
who received me in the kindest manner possible. H.M. went into a variety of subjects, as to my services, Sir Andrew's
services, Mr Roebuck, Admiral Arbuthnot, Sir Andrew Douglas' services; The action of the 1st of June, My Father's family,
when he was born, then on my Mother's side, was delighted to think General Graeme, who went for the Queen to Germany, was
my Great Uncle. Then he went into the case of Sir M. Seymour's attack, attributing it to something like Waterloo fever.
Asked much about the "Dublin," her complement of men, who I meant to take as my Captain, approved highly of Lyons, asked me
whether my son and my family were going, we got into quite pleasant conversation. I took the liberty of remarking that
when H.M. was at the Admiralty he had received from me a representation in favour of my being allowed to accept the Portuguese
Order, that Don John had sent me, he said he recollected it. I said I never was able to get an answer from the Foreign Office
to my application although Lord Marcus Hill had been allowed to accept it, that I was quite aware of the order of the Prince
Regent that no officer should be allowed to accept a Foreign Order except for Service in the Field of action at least, but
that in the face of that Captain Deshund of the Wilm Castle, and Capt. Elliot of the Lyon and all their officers had been
permitted to accept it when the King of Portugal took refuge aboard the Wilm Castle in the Tagus in 1824, and that I was actually
employed for 3 months in the Service of the K. of Portugal in carrying the Treaty from Brazil to Lisbon in a very leaky ship
when we never ceased pumping for nearly a hundred days. H.M. remarked, "I think that considering where you are going,
you ought to be allowed to have it and you shall meet no impediment here. Speak to Lord Auckland and Mr Rice about it and
let it be brought before me." I said I believed it lay in the Foreign Office with Lord Palmerston. His Majesty
then rose and wished me health.

Sir Graham Eden-Hamond wore his Portuguese decoration
of the Tower and Sword and flew his flag in South America.

Sir Graham had married by special license on December
30th, 18o6, Elizabeth, daughter of John Kimber of Fowey, Cornwall; their five children were:

1. Anne; this lady died unmarried but has left
behind her many notes on the family records in which she took great interest.

2. Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond, third Baronet.

3. Graham Eden-William, born 3rd March 1814; he
married in 1843 Lucia, only daughter of Luke Dodds, Hythe House, Hants; Captain Hamond was a Commander, Royal Navy;
he died in January 1847, his wife in 1883.

They left two children: Graham Eden, born 1846,
officer in 7th Hussars, died 1872; and Elizabeth Anne, married 1879 the Rev. John H. Good, M.A., Vicar of Hythe, near Southampton,
son of the late Sutton Good of Sutton Court, Somerset, who have issue, a son Cecil.

Sir Graham Eden-Hamond's fourth child was:

4. Elizabeth Anne, she married in 1842 her first
cousin, Lieutenant-Colonel the Honble. Francis C. Hood of the Grenadier Guards, he was killed in the trenches before Sebastopol,
1Sth October 1854; like her aunt Caroline, she was widowed early in her life.

was born 3rd October 1811. Sir Andrew married
at Otaheite, November 1844, Mary Ann, second daughter of Edward Miller, Esq., of Cambridgeshire, and niece of General Miller.

Admiral Sir Andrew Snape-Hamond died in 1874, having
had a family of four sons and one daughter. His eldest son succeeded; the second son, Andrew Snape Seymour Graeme,
died without leaving children. The third son, Grosvenor Hood Graeme-Hamond, was born on the 19th of May 1849, and his
fourth son, Douglas Sheddon Robert Graeme-Hamond, was born on 30th October 1851, and entered the Royal Navy; Commander (retired).

was born in 1845, Sir Graham served with the 16th
Hussars, is D.L. and J.P. for Hants; he married in 1876 Evelyn Emma Murray, the eldest daughter of R. B. Lawes, Esq.,
of Old Park, Dover. Sir Graham's residences are Norton, Isle of Wight, and 17 Dorset Square, London. The fourth
baronet represents the Graemes of Gorthie and Braco, Perthshire, and has an only son,

EGERTON HOOD MURRAY HAMOND-GRAEME.

Owing to the kindness of Sir Graham and Lady Hamond-Graeme
the latter part of this sketch has been greatly enhanced in interest by the original letters and diary with which they entrusted
the author. Sir Graham Hamond-Graeme has also allowed his miniatures to be copied.

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