January 19 – Erwin Koeman plays his last international match for the Dutch national team, replacing Dennis Bergkamp in the second half of the friendly match in and against Tunisia (2–2). It's the 500th match in history of the Dutch national team.

1.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina

2.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States

3.
21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported

4.
1960s
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The 1960s was a decade that began on January 1,1960, and ended on December 31,1969. The term 1960s also refers to an era more often called the Sixties and this cultural decade is more loosely defined than the actual decade, beginning around 1963 with the Kennedy assassination and ending around 1972 with the Watergate scandal. The decade was also labeled the Swinging Sixties because of the fall or relaxation of social taboos especially relating to racism and sexism that occurred during this time and he charts the rise, success, fall/nightmare and explosion in the London scene of the 1960s. Several Western nations such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, by the end of the 1950s, war-ravaged Europe had largely finished reconstruction and began a tremendous economic boom. World War II had brought about a huge leveling of social classes in which the remnants of the old feudal gentry disappeared, the United States, after sluggish economic growth during the 1950s, also experienced a major 60s boom. Real GDP growth averaged 6% a year during the half of the decade. Thus, the worldwide economic trend in the 1960s was one of prosperity, expansion of the middle class. Kennedys assassination in 1963 was a shock, Liberal reforms were finally passed under Lyndon B. Johnson including civil rights for African Americans and healthcare for the elderly and the poor. Despite his large-scale Great Society programs, Johnson was increasingly reviled by the New Left at home, the heavy-handed American role in the Vietnam War outraged student protestors around the globe. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr, in Britain, the Labour Party gained power in 1964. In France, the protests of 1968 led to President Charles de Gaulle temporarily fleeing the country, for some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called new social movements. Italy formed its first left-of-center government in March 1962 with a coalition of Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, socialists joined the ruling block in December 1963. In Brazil, João Goulart became president after Jânio Quadros resigned, in Africa the 1960s was a period of radical political change as 32 countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers. The Cold War, The Vietnam War 1961 – Substantial American advisory forces first arrive in Vietnam,1962 – By mid-1962, the number of U. S. military advisers in South Vietnam had risen from 900 to 12,000. The resolution gave U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a declaration of war by Congress. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U. S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. 1966 – After 1966 with the draft in more than 500,000 troops were sent to Vietnam by the Johnson administration. Portuguese Colonial War – the war was fought between Portugals military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugals African colonies and it was a decisive ideological struggle and armed conflict of the cold war in African and European scenarios

5.
1970s
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The 1970s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1970, and ended on December 31,1979. In the 21st century, historians have portrayed the 1970s as a pivot of change in world history focusing especially on the economic upheavals. In the Western world, social values that began in the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of women. In the United Kingdom, the 1979 elections resulted in the victory of its Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher, industrialized countries, except Japan, experienced an economic recession due to an oil crisis caused by oil embargoes by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. Novelist Tom Wolfe coined the term Me decade in his essay The Me Decade, the term describes a general new attitude of Americans towards atomized individualism and away from communitarianism, in clear contrast with the 1960s. Despite facing an oil crisis due to the OPEC embargo, the economy of Japan witnessed a boom in this period. The United States withdrew its forces from their previous involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to a war for ten years. Anwar El Sadat, President of Egypt, was instrumental in the event and consequently became extremely unpopular in the Arab world, Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal. The continent was, however, plagued by military coups, with the long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie being removed, civil wars. The economies of much of the world continued to make steady progress in the early 1970s because of the Green Revolution. The following year, Vietnam was officially declared reunited, Soviet war in Afghanistan - Although taking place almost entirely throughout the 1980s, the war officially started on December 27,1979. The Israelis were taken by surprise and suffered losses before they rallied. In the end, they managed to repel the Egyptians and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt proper, in 1978, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel at Camp David in the United States, ending outstanding disputes between the two countries. Sadats actions would lead to his assassination in 1981, Indian emergency Lebanese Civil War - A civil war in the Middle East which at times also involved the PLO and Israel during the early 1980s. Western Sahara War - A regional war pinning the rebel Polisario Front against Morocco, Ugandan–Tanzanian War - the war which was fought between Uganda and Tanzania was based on an expansionist agenda to annex territory from Tanzania. The war resulted in the overthrow of Idi Amins regime, the Ogaden War was another African conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia over control of the Ogaden region. In 1976 peaceful student protests in the Soweto township of South Africa lead to the Soweto Uprising when more than 700 black school children were killed by South Africas Security Police, Rise of separatism in the province of Quebec in Canada

6.
1980s
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The 1980s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1980, and ended on December 31,1989. The decade saw great socioeconomic change due to advances in technology, Japan and West Germany saw large economic growth during this decade. The AIDS epidemic became recognized in the 1980s and has killed an estimated 39 million people. Global warming became well known to the scientific and political community in the 1980s, the final decade of the Cold War opened with the US-Soviet confrontation continuing largely without any interruption. Superpower tensions escalated rapidly as President Reagan scrapped the policy of détente and adopted a new, islamism became a powerful political force in the 1980s and many terrorist organizations, including Al Qaeda started. The Cold War ended in the early 1990s with the successful Reunification of Germany, the 1980s saw great advances in genetic and digital technology. The 1980s saw the advent of the practice of sex-selective abortion in China. By 1989 the Internet and the networks linked to it were a system with extensive transoceanic satellite links. Based on earlier work from 1980 onwards Tim Berners Lee formalized the concept of the World Wide Web by 1989, television viewing became commonplace in the Third World, with the number of TV sets in China and India increasing by 15 and 10 times respectively. The Rome and Vienna airport attacks took place on December 27,1985, the attack was done by militants loyal to Abu Nidal, backed by the government of Libya. The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing – during the Lebanese Civil War two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces killing 299 American, the organization Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the bombing. The 1984 anti-Sikh riots in India, committed by Hindu militants against Sikhs in response to the assassination of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by a Sikh militant, thousands of people are killed and tens of thousands of Sikhs became displaced persons. Air India Flight 182 was destroyed on June 23,1985 and it was the biggest mass murder involving Canadians in Canadas history. On December 21,1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over the village of Lockerbie, Scotland, the bombing killed all 243 passengers,16 crew members and 11 people on the ground, totaling 270 fatalities who were citizens of 21 nationalities. The bombing was and remains the worst terrorist attack on UK soil, invasion of Grenada – a 1983 U. S. -led invasion of Grenada, triggered by a military coup which ousted a brief revolutionary government. Salvadoran Civil War – part of the war conflicts, reached its peak in the 1980s,70,000 Salvadorans died. Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, sparking the Falklands War and it occurred from 2 April to 14 July 1982 between the United Kingdom and Argentina as British forces fought to recover the islands. Britain emerged victorious and its stance in international affairs and its long decaying reputation as a colonial power received an unexpected boost

7.
1990s
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The 1990s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1990, and ended on December 31,1999. Culturally, the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media, movements such as grunge, the rave scene and hip hop spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web. The United States also saw a revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s. The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001, New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, respectively. Zaire is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Second Congo War starts in 1998 in central Africa and includes 50 different cultures and 7 different nations. The Gulf War – Iraq was left in debt after the 1980s war with Iran. President Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of flooding the market with oil, as a result, on 2 August 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and conquered Kuwait. The UN immediately condemned the action, and a force led by the United States was sent to the Persian Gulf. Aerial bombing of Iraq began in January 1991, and a month later, in the aftermath of the war, the Kurds in the north of Iraq and the Shiites in the south rose up in revolt, and Saddam Hussein barely managed to hold onto power. Until the US invasion in 2003, Iraq was cut off much of the world. The Chechen wars break out in the 1990s, The First Chechen War – the conflict was fought between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, during the war Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya. The campaign largely reversed the outcome of the First Chechen War, the Kargil War – In May 1999, Pakistan sent troops covertly to occupy strategic peaks in Kashmir. A month later the Kargil War with India results in a fiasco for Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The incident leads to a coup in October, in which Sharif is ousted by Army Chief Pervez Musharraf. This conflict remains the only war fought between two declared nuclear powers, the Kosovo War, War between Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in Kosovo begin in 1996 and escalates in 1998 with increasing reports of atrocities taking place. After weeks of bombing, Yugoslavia submits to NATOs demands and NATO forces occupy Kosovo, the Yugoslav Wars would become notorious for numerous war crimes and human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides. Ten-Day War – a brief conflict between Slovenian TO and the Yugoslav Peoples Army following Slovenias declaration of independence. Bosnian War – the war involved several ethnically defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats as well as a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić

8.
2000s (decade)
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The 2000s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,2000, and ended on December 31,2009. The growth of the Internet contributed to globalization during the decade, in the English-speaking world, a name for the decade was never universally accepted in the same manner as for decades such as the 80s, the 90s, etc. Orthographically, the decade can be written as the 2000s or the 00s, some people read 2000s as two-thousands, and thus simply refer to the decade as the Two-Thousands, the Twenty Hundreds, or the Twenty-ohs. Some read it as the 00s, while others referred to it as the Zeros, on January 1,2000, the BBC listed the noughties, as a potential moniker for the new decade. This has become a name for the decade in the UK and Australia. Others have advocated the term the aughts, a widely used at the beginning of the 20th century for its first decade. The American Dialect Society holds an annual poll for word of the year. For 2009, the winner in the least likely to succeed category was Any name of the decade 2000–2009, such as, Noughties, Aughties, Oughties, etc. When the 20- is dropped, the years within the decade are usually referred to as starting with an oh. The option aught-seven, for reason, has never caught on idiomatically. When the 20- is retained, two options are available in speech, both of which have idiomatic currency, two thousand seven in American English or twenty-oh-seven, during the 2000s decade, it was more common to hear the first pattern than the second. The War on Terror and War in Afghanistan began after the September 11 attacks in 2001, the International Criminal Court was formed in 2002. A United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, and the Iraq War led to the end of Saddam Husseins rule as Iraqi President, Al-Qaeda and affiliated Islamist militant groups performed terrorist acts throughout the decade. These acts included the 2004 Madrid train bombings, 7/7 London bombings in 2005, the European Union expanded its sanctions amid Irans failure to comply with its transparency obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and United Nations resolutions. Additional armed conflict occurred in the Middle East, including between Israel and Hezbollah, then with Israel and Hamas, cooperative international rescue missions by many countries from around the world helped in efforts by the most affected nations to rebuild and recover from the devastation. An enormous loss of life and property came in 2005. The resulting political fallout was severely damaging to the George W. Bush administration because of its failure to act promptly and effectively. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, the campaigns were launched by the United States, with support from NATO and other allies, following the September 11,2001 attacks that were carried out by al-Qaeda

9.
2010s
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The 2010s is the current decade of the Gregorian calendar. It began on 1 January 2010, and will end on 31 December 2019, Two pronunciations are used to mention specific years of the 21st century in English. For example,2010 is either pronounced twenty-ten or two thousand ten, with the exception of ongoing conflicts from prior decades, mostly in Africa and Asia, the 2010s started out with a relatively mild geopolitical climate. However, after the start of the Arab Spring, tensions arose between world powers that gradually worsened in the first few years. In 2014, Russian military intervention in Ukraine triggered a sharp downward trend in Russo-Western relations and that same year, the rise of the jihadist group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Iraq and Syria prompted renewed intervention in the region. Other Islamist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, the Taliban, Boko Haram, relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, which both vie for regional influence and back opposing sides in the Syrian and Yemeni civil wars, deteriorated. The rise of China in international affairs has also gained momentum, starting in 2015, an influx of migrants caused internal strife in the European Union, which, on 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave. Support for Turkeys EU membership, once considerable, has eroded somewhat after a failed 2016 coup attempt triggered a widespread crackdown by the Turkish government, intensifying Islamophobia and Euroscepticism have overall contributed to a spike in nationalism throughout Europe. Events in the United States have been marked by severe political polarization, the LGBT movements in the United States scored several victories, with the historic Obergefell v. Hodges case legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide. The prominent wars of the include, Israeli–Palestinian conflict – Since 1948. After Israel occupied the West Bank, it began making settlements there, tensions also remained high as Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip, has been launching rockets and cross-border raids into Israeli territory, which Israel has responded with force. War on Terror – Since the September 11 attacks, the United States, however, over time the war began to be seen more negatively, with various consequences. However, the Taliban later regrouped and began an insurgency in the country, combat operations were declared over on 28 December 2014, though several thousand troops remain in the country to support Afghanistans military. Iraq War – On the pretext that the government of Saddam Hussein had weapons of destruction, the United States. After the invasion, the U. S. occupied the country, however, the occupation subsequently created an insurgency by jihadist groups opposed to it and sectarian violence between Shiite and Sunni Muslims in the country. At the end of 2011, U. S. forces officially withdrew from Iraq, military intervention in Libya – In Libya, anti-government protests evolved into an armed rebellion after forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi began military operations against protesters. In response to the crackdown, the United Nations authorized an international intervention in support of anti-Gaddafi militias. International forces, mainly from NATO countries, began airstrikes and enforced a no-fly zone, the intervention came to an end following the death of Gaddafi in Sirte

10.
1991
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It was the year that is usually considered the final year of the Cold War that had begun in the late 1940s. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed into fifteen sovereign republics, a U. N. -authorized coalition force from thirty-four nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded Kuwait in the previous year,1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East, the clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade. The Japanese asset price bubble collapsed this year, leading to the Lost Years, January 1 Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy. The first anti-stalking law, passed in 1990, goes into effect in California, dublin begins its year as the European Capital of Culture. January 2 – In eastern El Salvador, Salvadoran rebels shoot down a United States Army helicopter, January 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israels treatment of the Palestinians. January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, January 6 The runoff for the Guatemalan presidential election is won by Jorge Serrano Elías. The All India Federation of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers is founded in Udaipur, January 7 – In Haiti, an attempted coup by an associate of former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier is thwarted by Loyalist troops. January 9 United States Secretary of State James Baker meets with the Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz, in Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen fire on mourners attending the funeral of a leader of the African National Congress, killing 13 people. January 12 – Gulf War, The Congress of the United States passes a resolution authorizing the use of force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. January 13 – Singing Revolution, Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, January Events and the Time of Barricades in Latvia. January 15 The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his partys loss in the January 13 Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation. January 16 U. S. serial killer Aileen Wuornos confesses to the murders of six men, Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq. January 17 Gulf War, Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel, Harald V of Norway becomes king on the death of his father, Olav V. The volcano Hekla erupts on Iceland, January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years, citing financial problems. January 19 An Iraqi Scud attack on Tel Aviv in Israel injures 15 people, the Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola is founded in Luanda, Angola. January 21 – Harald Vs investiture ceremony as King of Norway, January 22 Three Iraqi Scuds and one Patriot missile hit Ramat Gan in Israel, injuring 96 people, three elderly people die of heart attacks. The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq during the Gulf War, January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988

11.
1992
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1992 was designated as, International Space Year by the United Nations. January 1 The Atari 2600 is finally discontinued 15 years after its introduction in September 1977, boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General. George H. W. Bush becomes the first U. S. President to address the Australian Parliament, January 2 – President of Russia Boris Yeltsin ends price controls, resulting in prices of some goods and services becoming 3 to 5 times more expensive. This in effect ends the command economy in Russia, January 6 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is proclaimed by the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. January 7 – The Yugoslav Air Force downs a helicopter, killing 5 military observers from the European Community. January 8 – George H. W. Bush is televised falling violently ill at a dinner in Japan, vomiting into the lap of Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa. January 9 – Bosnian Serbs declare their own republic within Bosnia and Herzegovina, in protest of the decision by Bosniaks, January 11 Singer Paul Simon is the first major artist to tour South Africa after the end of the cultural boycott. Shanda Sharer is tortured and burned to death in Madison, Indiana by 4 teenage girls, Albanian referendum for territorial and political autonomy in FYR Macedonia. January 12 – The second round of Algerias general elections is cancelled when the first round is favorable to the Islamic Salvation Front, January 13 – Japan apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. January 15 – The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia begins to break up, Slovenia and Croatia gain independence and international recognition in some Western countries. January 16 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives. January 18 – In Nairobi, Kenya, more than 100,000 attend protests demanding an end to one-party rule by the Kenya African National Union, January 19 The Bulgarian presidential election is won by Zhelyu Zhelev, leader of the Union of Democratic Forces. Paramount Leader of China Deng Xiaoping speaks in Shenzhen during his southern tour, January 20 – Cuba executes Eduardo Diaz Betancourt, who was found guilty of sabotage and terrorism. January 21 – Faced with decreased military spending, United Technologies Corporation announces it will eliminate 13,900 jobs by 1993, January 22 Rebel forces occupy Zaires national radio station in Kinshasa and broadcast a demand for the governments resignation. STS-42, Dr. Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, January 24 In El Salvador, an army colonel and a lieutenant of the Atlacatl Battalion are each sentenced to 30 years in prison for the 1989 murder of six Jesuit priests and their housekeepers. China and Israel establish diplomatic relations, January 26 Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting cities of the United States and her allies with nuclear weapons. In return George H. W. Bush announces that the United States and her allies will stop targeting Russia, in Mauritania, security forces open fire on opponents of President of Mauritania Maaouya Ould SidAhmed Taya, killing at least 5 people. January 27 Macys files for bankruptcy, Nagorno-Karabakh War, in the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, fighting between Armenians and Azeris leaves at least 60 people dead

12.
1993
–
January 1 Czechoslovakia ceases to exist as the Czech Republic and Slovakia separate in the so-called Velvet Divorce. The European Economic Community eliminates trade barriers and creates a European single market, British ITV companies GMTV, Carlton Television, Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television start broadcasting, replacing TV-am, Thames Television, TVS and TSW respectively. Euronews, a television news channels in Europe, officially launched. January 2 – Sri Lankan Civil War, The Sri Lanka Navy kills 35-100 civilians on the Jaffna Lagoon, January 3 In Moscow, Presidents George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. The third Star Trek TV series Deep Space Nine premieres in syndication, January 5 The state of Washington executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging. US$7.4 million is stolen from the Brinks Armored Car Depot in Rochester, four men, Samuel Millar, Father Patrick Moloney, former Rochester Police officer Thomas OConnor, and Charles McCormick, all of whom have ties to the Provisional Irish Republican Army, are accused. MV Braer, a Liberian-registered oil tanker, runs aground off the Scottish island of Mainland, Shetland, January 6 – Douglas Hurd is the first high-ranking British official to visit Argentina since the Falklands War. January 6–20 – The Bombay Riots take place in Mumbai, January 7 – The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated, with Jerry Rawlings as president. January 8–17 – The Braer Storm of January 1993, the most intense cyclone on record for the northern Atlantic Ocean. January 11 – Monday Night Raw, the longest running weekly show of the World Wrestling Entertainment/Federation. January 14 – The Polish ferry MS Jan Heweliusz sinks off the coast of Rügen in the Baltic Sea, January 15 – Salvatore Riina, the Sicilian Mafia boss known as The Beast, is arrested in Palermo, Sicily, after 23 years as a fugitive. January 19 The Chemical Weapons Convention is signed, IBM announces a $4.97 billion loss for 1992, the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history to date. U. S. forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Baghdad factories linked to Iraqs illegal nuclear weapons program, Iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights. January 20 – Bill Clinton is sworn in as President of the United States, January 24 – In Turkey, thousands protest the murder of journalist Uğur Mumcu. January 25 Mir Aimal Kasi fires a rifle and kills two employees outside Central Intelligence Agency headquarters in Langley, Virginia, Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen succeeds Conservative Poul Schlüter as Prime Minister of Denmark. The Russian space station Mir boasts the first art exhibition in outer space, January 26 – Václav Havel is elected President of the Czech Republic. February 4 – Members of the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party of Austria split to form the Liberal Forum in protest against the increasing nationalistic bent of the party, february 5 – Belgium becomes a federal monarchy rather than a unitary kingdom. February 8 – General Motors sues NBC, after Dateline NBC allegedly rigged 2 crashes showing that some GM pickups can easily catch fire if hit in certain places, NBC settles the lawsuit the following day

13.
1994
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The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. January 1 The North American Free Trade Agreement is established, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation begins their war in Chiapas, Mexico. January 6 – In Detroit, Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the leg by an assailant. January 8 – Soyuz TM-18, Valeri Polyakov begins his 437.7 day orbit, january 11 The Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the Provisional Irish Republican Army and its political arm Sinn Féin. The Superhighway Summit is held at UCLAs Royce Hall and it is the first conference to discuss the growing information superhighway and is presided over by U. S. January 15 – The SS American Star breaks tow in the Atlantic Ocean and is beached at Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands a few days later. January 17 – The 6. 5–6.7 Mw Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, leaving 57 people dead, january 19 – Record cold temperatures hit the eastern United States. The coldest temperature ever measured in Indiana state history, −36 °F, is recorded in New Whiteland, january 20 – In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel, but soon drops out. January 21 – Lorena Bobbitt is found not guilty by reason of insanity on charges of mutilating her husband John. January 25 – U. S. President Bill Clinton delivers his first State of the Union address, calling for health reform, a ban on assault weapons. January 26 – A man fires 2 blank shots at Charles, Prince of Wales in Sydney, February 1 In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Hardings ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. He accepts a plea bargain, admitting to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony against Harding, punk rock band Green Day releases their album Dookie, which will eventually sell over 20 million copies worldwide. February 3 William J. Perry is sworn in as the United States Secretary of Defense, in the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict, the International Court of Justice rules that the Aouzou Strip belongs to the Republic of Chad. February 4 – The Federal Open Market Committee raises the Fed Funds target rate for the first time since May 1989, the rate is raised by 25 basis points to 3¼ percent. February 5 – Byron De La Beckwith is convicted of the 1963 murder of civil rights leader Medgar Evers, February 6 – Markale massacres, A Bosnian Serb Army mortar shell kills 68 civilians and wounds about 200 in a Sarajevo marketplace. February 9 – The Vance–Owen Peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina is announced, February 12 Edvard Munchs painting The Scream is stolen in Oslo. The 1994 Winter Olympics begin in Lillehammer, February 19 – Three gunmen hijack a school bus with 74 children and 8 teachers in Peshawar, Pakistan. February 22 – Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged with spying for the Soviet Union by the United States Department of Justice, Ames is later convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, his wife receives 5 years in prison

14.
1995
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America Online and Prodigy offered access to the World Wide Web system for the first time this year, releasing browsers that made it easily accessible to the general public. January 1 The World Trade Organization is established to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs, austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union. The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, january 6–7 – A chemical fire occurs in an apartment complex in Manila, Philippines. Policemen led by watch commander Aida Fariscal and investigators find a factory and a laptop computer and disks that contain plans for Project Bojinka. The mastermind, Ramzi Yousef, is arrested one month later, january 9 – Valeri Polyakov completes 366 days in space while aboard the Mir space station, breaking a duration record. January 16 An avalanche hits the village Súðavík in Iceland, killing 14 people, the fourth Star Trek TV series, Voyager, premieres on UPN in the United States. January 17 The 6.9 Mw Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of VII, leaving 5, 502–6,434 people dead, Prodigy begins offering access to the World Wide Web. January 24 – Opening statements in the O. J. Simpson murder case trial in Los Angeles, january 25 – Norwegian rocket incident, A rocket launched from the space exploration centre at Andøya, Norway is briefly interpreted by the Russians as an incoming attack. January 30 – John Howard becomes leader of the Liberal Party of Australia to challenge Paul Keating for the 1996 Federal Election, january 31 – U. S. President Bill Clinton invokes emergency powers, to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse. His car is found two weeks later at Severn View services in Aust, february 9 – STS-63, Dr. Bernard A. Harris, Jr. and Michael Foale became the second African American and Briton, respectively, to walk in space. February 13 – A United Nations tribunal on human rights violations in the Balkans charges 21 Bosnian Serb commanders with genocide, february 15 – Hacker Kevin Mitnick is arrested by the FBI and charged with penetrating some of the United States most secure computer systems. February 17 Colin Ferguson is convicted of six counts of murder for the December 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, february 21 Serkadji prison mutiny in Algeria, Four guards and 96 prisoners are killed in a day and a half. Ibrahim Ali, a 17-year-old Comorian living in France, is murdered by 3 far-right National Front activists, Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon. February 23 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33 – the Dows first ever close above 4,000, february 25 – Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization. February 26 – The United Kingdoms oldest investment banking firm, Barings Bank, february 28 – Members of the group Patriots Council are convicted in Minnesota of manufacturing ricin. March 1 Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as President of Uruguay for his second term, polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigns from Parliament and is replaced by ex-communist Józef Oleksy. In Moscow, Russian anti-corruption journalist Vladislav Listyev is killed by a gunman, March 2 – Nick Leeson is arrested in Singapore for his role in the collapse of Barings Bank. March 3 – In Somalia, the United Nations peacekeeping mission ends, March 6 – On an episode of The Jenny Jones Show in the United States, Scott Amedure reveals a crush on his heterosexual friend Jonathan Schmitz

15.
1996
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January 3 – Motorola introduces the Motorola StarTAC Wearable Cellular Telephone, the worlds smallest and lightest mobile phone to date. January 4 – Hosni Mubarak, the president of Egypt, appoints a new government in response to accusations of corruption in the elections in late 1995. January 5 – Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash is assassinated by an Israeli Shabak-planted, january 7 – One of the worst blizzards in American history hits the eastern states, killing more than 150 people. Philadelphia receives a record 30.7 inches of snowfall, New York Citys public schools close for the first time in 18 years, january 8 – A Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital Kinshasa, killing 300. January 9–January 20 – Serious fighting breaks out between Russian soldiers and rebel fighters in Chechnya, january 11 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, becomes Prime Minister of Japan. January 13 – Italys prime minister, Lamberto Dini, resigns after the failure of all-party talks to confirm him, New talks are initiated by president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to form a new government. January 14 – Jorge Sampaio is elected president of Portugal, january 16 – President of Sierra Leone Valentine Strasser is deposed by the chief of defence, Julius Maada Bio. Bio promises to power following elections scheduled for February. The North Cape Barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of heating oil. An Indonesian ferry sinks off the tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people. January 20 – Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority, january 21 – France undertakes its last nuclear weapon test. January 22 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems, january 24 – Polish Premier Józef Oleksy resigns amid charges that he spied for Moscow. He is replaced by Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, january 26 – Whitewater scandal, U. S. First Lady Hillary Clinton testifies before a grand jury, january 27 – Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup. January 29 President Jacques Chirac announces an end to French nuclear testing. Fire destroys La Fenice, Venices opera house, january 30 – Irish National Liberation Army leader Gino Gallagher is killed in an internal feud. January 30–February 5 – Sarah Balabagan is caned in the United Arab Emirates, january 31 Colombo Central Bank bombing, an explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400. An explosion in Shaoyang, China kills 122 and injures over 400 when 10 short tons of dynamite in an explosives warehouse underneath an apartment building detonate

16.
1997
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January 17 – A Delta II rocket carrying a military GPS payload explodes, shortly after liftoff from Cape Canaveral. January 18 – In northwest Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 6 Spanish aid workers,3 soldiers, january 19 – Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years, and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city. January 20 – Bill Clinton is sworn in for a term as President of the United States. January 22 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State, january 23 – Mir Aimal Kasi is sentenced to death for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3. January 27 – It is revealed that French museums had nearly 2,000 pieces of art that had been stolen by Nazis, february 4 On their way to Lebanon,2 Israeli troop-transport helicopters collide, killing 73. After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections, British Home Secretary Michael Howard informs Moors Murderer Myra Hindley that she will never be released from prison. Mr. Howard has made the decision in agreement with a made by his predecessor David Waddington in 1990. February 5 The so-called Big Three banks in Switzerland announce the creation of a $71 million fund to aid Holocaust survivors, morgan Stanley and Dean Witter Reynolds investment banks announce a $10 billion merger. February 10 The United States Army suspends Gene C, mcKinney, Sergeant Major of the Army, its top-ranking enlisted soldier, after hearing allegations of sexual misconduct. Sandline affair, Australian newspapers publish stories that the government of Papua New Guinea has brought mercenaries onto Bougainville Island, february 13 STS-82, Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from the Space Shuttle Discovery. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time, february 22 – In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996. February 23 – A small fire occurs on the Russian space station Mir, february 27 – Divorce becomes legal in the Republic of Ireland. February 28 – North Hollywood shootout, Two robbers wearing kevlar body armor armed with AK-47s containing armor-piercing bullets injure 17 police officers, the incident sparks debate on the appropriate firepower for United States patrol officers to have available in similar situations in the future. March 4 – U. S. President Bill Clinton bans federal funding for any research on human cloning, march 6 Pablo Picassos Tête de Femme is stolen from a London gallery. In Sri Lanka, Tamil Tigers overrun a military base and kill more than 200, march 13 Indias Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader. The National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China creates a new Chongqing Municipality, the Phoenix Lights, a series of UFOs, are seen over Phoenix, Arizona. March 16 – Sandline affair, On Bougainville Island, soldiers of commander Jerry Singirok arrest Tim Spicer and his mercenaries of the Sandline International. March 18 – The tail of a Russian An-24 charter plane breaks off while en route to Turkey, causing the plane to crash, killing all 50 on board, and resulting in the grounding of all An-24s

17.
Football (soccer)
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England

18.
FC Twente
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Football Club Twente is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Enschede, playing in the Eredivisie. The club was formed in 1965 by the merger of 1926 Dutch champions, Sportclub Enschede, Twentes home ground since 1998 is De Grolsch Veste. The club was formed in 1965 as a merger of two clubs, Sportclub Enschede and the Enschedese Boys. One of such predecessors, SC Enschede, had won a single Dutch championship in 1926. The first successes of the club started just after the merger of 1965, Twente finished third in 1969, fourth in 1970, fifth in 1971, third in 1972 and again in 1973. The teams key figures were local heroes, such as Epi Drost, Eddy Achterberg, Kick van der Vall and their finest Eredivisie season was 1973–74, in which Twente battled for the Dutch championship with Feyenoord. A head-to-head confrontation in the very last game of the season, in Rotterdam, nonetheless, this earned the side a position in the UEFA Cup. The Tukkers nearly made the very most out of that UEFA Cup ticket—after beating Juventus in the semi-finals, in 1977, Twente won its first trophy, the KNVB Cup, after beating PEC Zwolle 3–0. After enjoying some success in the 1970s, prospects went downhill for Twente, with the club suffering relegation to the Eerste Divisie. However, Twente returned to the top flight a year later and this new reputation as boring Twente overshadowed the fact that the club kept qualifying for European football on a fairly regular basis, with five times since 1985. Re-establishment then followed in the 1990s, German coach Hans Meyer led Twente to third-place in the Eredivisie of 1997, on 24 May 2001, Twente clinched their second triumph in the KNVB Cup after beating PSV in the final after being 3–1 down in the penalty shoot-out. The season after, Twente crashed out of the Cup at hand of Ajaxs second team, additionally, results in the league were poor, with hardcore Twente fans Ultras Vak-P eventually going on a rampage at the clubs brand-new stadium out of frustration. The clubs mother corporation was declared bankrupt in the 2002–03 season, the club, now chaired by ambitious businessman Joop Munsterman, survived such problems and made it to another KNVB Cup final in 2004, and then finished in fourth place in the league table in 2006–07. In the 2007–08 season, Twente placed fourth and won the play-offs for a ticket to the Champions League qualifiers by defeating Ajax in the play-off finals, in the 2008–09 season, Twente hired former England manager Steve McClaren as its new head coach. Under his tenure, unseeded Twente entered the draw for the qualifying round of the Champions League. The two legs were played at home on 13 August and away on 27 August 2008, Twente lost 6–0 on aggregate, resulting in their elimination from the Champions League and subsequent entry of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round. The club was admitted to the Europa League, where it enjoyed a relatively successful path that ended in a 4–2 aggregate defeat at the hands of Werder Bremen in the round of 32. At the domestic level, Twente won its first Eredivisie title at the end of a campaign in which they lost just twice, the victory qualified Twente for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage, the clubs first appearance in the competition

19.
Hans Meyer (footballer)
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Hans Meyer is a German former football player and manager. Meyer was featured on the cover of EA Sports video game FUSSBALL MANAGER08, Meyer was manager of Carl Zeiss Jena from 1 July 1971 to 23 October 1983. His first match was a 1–0 win against Vorwärts Stralsund on 29 August 1971, during the 1971–72 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the UEFA Cup. They were eliminated by the Wolverhampton Wanderers in the round of 16, in the domestic season, Carl Zeiss Jena won the East German Cup, defeating Dynamo Dresden in the final, and finished fourth in the league. During the 1972–73 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the Cup Winners Cup and they were knocked out in the second round by Leeds United. They were knocked out of the East German Cup by Hansa Rostock, during the 1973–74 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the UEFA Cup where they were eliminate in the second round. Carl Zeiss Jena won its second East German Cup under Meyer, again defeating Dynamo Dresden in the final, during the 1974–75 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the Cup Winners Cup. In the domestic season, Carl Zeiss Jena were knocked out of the East German Cup by Dynamo Dresden, during the 1975–76 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the UEFA Cup, where they were knocked out in the second round. They were knocked out of the East German Cup in the quarter-finals by Lokomotive Leipzig, during the 1976–77 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in only in domestic competitions. They got to the semi-finals of the East German Cup where they were knocked out by Dynamo Dresden, during the 1977–78 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the UEFA Cup. They were eliminated by Bastia in the quarter-finals, Vorwärts Stralsund knocked out Carl Zeiss Jena in the round of 16 of the East German Cup. Carl Zeiss Jena finished fifth in the league, during the 1978–79 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the UEFA Cup, where they were knocked out in the second round by MSV Duisburg. In the East German Cup, Dynamo Dresden knocked out Carl Zeiss Jena in the round of 16, In the league, during the 1979–80 season, Carl Zeiss Jena participated in the UEFA Cup, where they were knocked out in the second round by Red Star Belgrade. They won the East German Cup after defeating Rot-Weiß Erfurt 3–1 in the final, Carl Zeiss Jena finished third in the league. During the 1980–81 season, Carl Zeiss Jena got all the way to the final of the Cup Winners Cup where they lost to Dinamo Tbilisi and they were knocked out of the East German Cup in the round of 16. They finished in place in the league. During the 1981–82 season, Carl Zeiss Jena were eliminated by Real Madrid in the round of the UEFA Cup. They finished in place in the league

20.
Erwin Koeman
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Erwin Koeman is a retired professional football player and became subsequently a Dutch football manager. He is currently the assistant head coach of Everton and he is the son of Dutch international footballer Martin Koeman, and, alongside his younger brother Ronald, has also represented the Netherlands. All three Koemans played for Groningen at some time during their careers, erwin Koemans son, Len, is also a footballer and currently plays for the Helmond Sport youth team. Koeman played with Groningen, Mechelen, where he won the Belgian League in 1989 and 1988 Cup Winners Cup during the heyday and PSV. Koeman was a midfielder for the Netherlands that won the Euro 88, in total, Koeman was capped 31 times, scoring twice between 1983 and 1994. Koeman finished his career with Groningen in 1998 and became youth coach at PSV. In October 2001, he was promoted to assistant manager under Eric Gerets and he managed RKC for one season before moving to Feyenoord. In March 2006, he extended his contract to the summer 2009, however, on 3 May 2007, Koeman announced his immediate resignation due to motivational problems, after a troublesome season, where Feyenoord eventually finished seventh. Starting on 1 May 2008, Koeman became the coach of the Hungary national football team and he was removed from his post on 23 July 2010. Before the 2011–12 season, he was appointed as the new manager of FC Utrecht, however, on 18 October 2011 he quit the job citing bad working conditions and frustration after several key players had been sold. On 16 June 2014, he was appointed as the assistant head coach of Southampton, on June 17,2016 Ronald Koeman, his brother, named him as his assistant manager at Everton. net

21.
Netherlands national football team
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The Netherlands national football team represents the Netherlands in international football. It is controlled by the Royal Netherlands Football Association, the body for football in the Netherlands. The team is referred to as Het Nederlands Elftal and Oranje. Like the country itself, the team is sometimes referred to as Holland. The Dutch hold the record for playing the most World Cup finals without winning the tournament. They finished second in the 1974,1978 and 2010 World Cups, losing to West Germany, Argentina and Spain respectively, the Netherlands played their first international match in Antwerp against Belgium on 30 April 1905. The players were selected by a commission from the Dutch football association. After 90 minutes, the score was 1–1, but because the match was for a trophy, the Netherlands made their first appearance at the World Cup final tournament in 1934. After a second appearance in 1938 they did not appear in another World Cup until 1974, the 1970s saw the invention of Total Football, pioneered by Ajax and led by playmaker Johan Cruyff and national team coach Rinus Michels. The Dutch made significant strides, qualifying for two World Cup finals in the decade. The captain of the Brazilian team that won the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Carlos Alberto, went on to say, since then everything looks more or less the same to me. Their carousel style of play was amazing to watch and marvellous for the game, in 1974, the Netherlands beat both Brazil and Argentina in the second group stage, reaching the final for the first time in their history. However, the team lost to West Germany in the final in Munich, however, a converted penalty by Paul Breitner and the winner from Gerd Müller led to a victory for the Germans. By comparison, Euro 76 was a disappointment, the Netherlands lost in the semi-finals to Czechoslovakia, as much because of infighting within the squad and the coach George Knobel, as well as the skill of the eventual winners. In 1978, the Netherlands again reached the final of a World Cup, only to be beaten by the hosts and this side played without Johan Cruijff, Willem van Hanegem, and Jan van Beveren, who refused to participate in the World Cup. It still contained Johan Neeskens, Johnny Rep, Arie Haan, Ruud Krol, Wim Jansen, Jan Jongbloed, Wim Suurbier, the Netherlands were less impressive in the group stages. They qualified as runners-up, after a draw with Peru and a loss to Scotland, in the second group phase, however, the Netherlands topped a group including Italy and West Germany, setting up a final with Argentina. However, the Dutch finished as runners up for the second World Cup in a row as they ultimately lost 3–1 after two extra time goals from Argentina, Rensenbrink hit the Argentinian post in the last minute of normal time, with the score 1–1

22.
Dennis Bergkamp
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Dennis Nicolaas Maria Bergkamp is a former Dutch professional footballer, who is the assistant manager at Ajax. Originally a wide midfielder, Bergkamp was moved to main striker and then to second striker, Bergkamp has been described by Jan Mulder as having the finest technique of any Dutch international and a dream for a striker by teammate Thierry Henry. The son of an electrician, Bergkamp was born in Amsterdam and he was spotted by Ajax at age 11 and made his professional debut in 1986. Good form led to an international call-up a year later, attracting the attention of several European clubs, Bergkamp signed for Italian club Internazionale in 1993, where he had two disappointing seasons. In 2007, he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame, due to his fear of flying, Bergkamp has been affectionately nicknamed the Non-Flying Dutchman by Arsenal supporters. Born in Amsterdam, Bergkamp was the last of Wim and Tonnie Bergkamps four sons and he was brought up in a working-class suburb, in a family aspiring to reach middle-class status. His father, an electrician and amateur footballer in the lower leagues, to comply with Dutch given name customs, an extra n was inserted in Bergkamps first name by his father after it was not accepted by the registrar. Bergkamp was raised as a Catholic by his family and regularly attended church during his childhood, although in later years he said visits to church did not appeal to him, Bergkamp still maintains his faith. Bergkamp was brought up through Ajaxs youth system, joining the club at age 11, manager Johan Cruyff gave him his professional debut on 14 December 1986 against Roda JC, the game ended in a 2–0 victory for Ajax. Bergkamp scored his first senior goal for the club against HFC Haarlem on 22 February 1987 in a match Ajax won 6–0. He went on to make 23 appearances in the 1986–87 season, including a European debut against Malmö FF in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners Cup, Ajax won the competition, beating Lokomotive Leipzig 1–0 as Bergkamp made an appearance as a substitute. In later seasons, Bergkamp established himself as a player for Ajax. This culminated in a period of success for the club, which won the Eredivisie title in the 1989–90 season for the first time in five years. Bergkamp scored 29 goals in 36 games the season and became the joint top goalscorer in the league. Ajax won the 1992 UEFA Cup Final, beating Torino through the away goals ruling and they then defeated SC Heerenveen 6–2 in the final of the KNVB Cup on 20 May 1993. Bergkamp was the top scorer in the Eredivisie from 1991 to 1993, in total, he scored 122 goals in 239 games for his hometown club. Bergkamp attracted the attention of several European clubs as a result of his performances for Ajax, Cruyff advised him not to join Real Madrid, one of the teams said to have been interested in him. But Bergkamp was insistent on playing in Italy and he considered Serie A the biggest league at the time and preferred a move to either Juventus or Internazionale

23.
Edgar Davids
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Edgar Steven Davids is a Surinamese-born Dutch former professional footballer. He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax, having struggled with injuries for two years, Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37. In 2012, he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet and he resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014. He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level, scoring six goals, and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation, Davids often stood out on the field due to his dreadlocked hair. A combative and energetic, yet creative and skilful midfielder, Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his ability, aggression. In 2004, he was one of the chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA100. Davids was born in Suriname to an Afro-Surinamese father and a mother of partial Jewish descent, the family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant. His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer, after being rejected on two previous occasions by the club, Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax. He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk and he helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles, as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League. In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final, he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out, while at Ajax, Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield. At the start of the 1996–97 season, Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan, after an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team, he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee. Six successful years in Turin followed, with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998,2002 and 2003, Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room. Davids was often inspirational in Europe, playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties. He had also managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998, followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season. Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus, in the summer of 2004, Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract. When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 and he had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite. His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic, Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons, with the club finishing fifth in both seasons

24.
Tilburg
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Tilburg is a city in the Netherlands, in the southern province of Noord-Brabant. With a population of 210,289, it is the second largest city in Noord-Brabant, Tilburg University is located in Tilburg, as are Avans University of Applied Sciences and Fontys University of Applied Sciences. Tilburg is known for its ten-day-long funfair, held in July each year, the Monday during the funfair is called Roze Maandag, and is primarily LGBT-oriented. There are three stations within the municipality, Tilburg, Tilburg Universiteit and Tilburg Reeshof. The 75-hectare Spoorzone area around Tilburg Central station, once a Dutch Railways train maintenance yard, has purchased by the city and is being transformed into an urban zone. Little is known about the beginnings of Tilburg, the name Tilburg first appeared in documents dating from 709 AD but after that there was no mention for several centuries. This village centred around a castle or Motteburcht on an equally small hill. Of this first Tilburg Castle, nothing remained c,2000, except for a few remnants of its moat in the suburbs of Oisterwijk. In the 14th century, Tilburg was proclaimed a manor, together with Goirle, it acquired the title of The Manor of Tilburg, successively, the manorial rights fell into the hands of several lords of noble lineage. They derived their income taxes, fines and interest paid by the villagers. In the 15th century, one of the lords of Tilburg, Jan van Haestrecht and that stone chamber at Hasselt is mentioned in several historical documents. In 1858, however, the castle was pulled down to make way for a factory, a replica of the foundations of the castle was restored in ca.1995 in its original location, after the factory was demolished. In 1803, Goirle was separated from Tilburg and on 18 April 1809, in that year, it had about 9,000 inhabitants. In 2009 Tilburg hosted several festivities in celebration of 200 years as a city, Tilburg grew around one of the so-called herd places or Frankish triangles, triangular plots where a number of roads met. These herd places were collective pasturelands for flocks of sheep and their shape is still reflected in the layout of many places in Tilburg. Many districts, including Korvel, Oerle, Broekhoven, Hasselt, Heikant, De Schans, as so-called drapers they supplied the weavers with the raw materials for their home working, and the first Tilburg mill houses came into existence. From then on, the industry underwent rapid growth. Home weaving continued, however, until the early 20th century, woollen textiles from Tilburg were known far and wide

25.
Manchester United F.C.
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Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. Nicknamed the Red Devils, the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910. Manchester United have won a record 20 League Titles, a joint-record 12 FA Cups,5 League Cups, the club has also won three European Cups, one UEFA Cup Winners Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup. In 1998–99, the became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup. The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players, in 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup. Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League titles,5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues, José Mourinho is the clubs current manager, having been appointed on 27 May 2016. As of June 2015, it is the worlds most valuable football brand and it is one of the most widely supported football teams in the world. In August 2012, Manchester United made a public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. The club holds several rivalries, most notably with Liverpool, Manchester City and Leeds United, Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. By 1888, the club had become a member of The Combination. Following the leagues dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance and this resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the LYR from its name. After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division, in January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £260,000 in 2017 – the club was served with a winding-up order. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield, Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City. In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000, in the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division. Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947,1948 and 1949, in 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years. With an average age of 22, the title winning side of 1956 were labelled the Busby Babes by the media. In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season

26.
Chelsea F.C.
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Chelsea Football Club is an English professional football club based in Fulham, London, that competes in the Premier League. Founded in 1905, the home ground since then has been Stamford Bridge. Chelsea had their first major success in 1955, when they won the league championship and they then won various cup competitions between 1965 and 1996. The clubs greatest period of success has come during the last two decades, winning 21 trophies since 1997. Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League, and one of four clubs, Chelseas regular kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks. The clubs crest has changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club. The current crest, featuring a lion rampant regardant holding a staff, is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s. The club have the sixth-highest average all-time attendance in English football and their average home gate for the 2015–16 season was 41,500, the seventh highest in the Premier League. Since 2003, Chelsea have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, in 2016, they were ranked by Forbes magazine as the seventh most valuable football club in the world, at £1.15 billion. In 1904, Gus Mears acquired the Stamford Bridge athletics stadium with the aim of turning it into a football ground, an offer to lease it to nearby Fulham was turned down, so Mears opted to found his own club to use the stadium. Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub, opposite the main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road. The club won promotion to the First Division in their second season and they reached the 1915 FA Cup Final, where they lost to Sheffield United at Old Trafford, and finished third in the First Division in 1920, the clubs best league campaign to that point. Chelsea attracted large crowds and had a reputation for signing big-name players, former Arsenal and England centre-forward Ted Drake became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club. The following season saw UEFA create the European Champions Cup, but after objections from The Football League, Chelsea failed to build on this success, and spent the remainder of the 1950s in mid-table. Drake was dismissed in 1961 and replaced by player-coach Tommy Docherty, Docherty built a new team around the group of talented young players emerging from the clubs youth set-up and Chelsea challenged for honours throughout the 1960s, enduring several near-misses. They were on course for a treble of League, FA Cup and League Cup going into the stages of the 1964–65 season, winning the League Cup. In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners-up, under Dochertys successor, Dave Sexton, Chelsea won the FA Cup in 1970, beating Leeds United 2–1 in a final replay. Chelsea took their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners Cup triumph, the year, with another replayed win

27.
FA Cup
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The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in mens domestic English football. First played during the 1871–72 season, it is the oldest association football competition in the world and it is organised by and named after The Football Association. For sponsorship reasons, from 2015 through to 2018 it is known as The Emirates FA Cup. A concurrent womens tournament is held, the FA Womens Cup. A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12, the tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper, in the modern era, only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final. As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those minnows who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely giant-killing victory. Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have two designs and five actual cups, the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match, in 1863, the newly founded Football Association published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and did not resume until 1919–20. The 1922–23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium, due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition was not played between the 1938–39 and 1945–46 editions. Having previously featured replays, the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day, was introduced from 2000 onwards. Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time, the final returned to Wembley in 2007, followed by the semi-finals from 2008. The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria, all clubs in the top four levels are automatically eligible. Clubs in the six levels are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup. Newly formed clubs, such as F. C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, all clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium

28.
A.C. Milan
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Associazione Calcio Milan, commonly referred to as A. C. Milan, is a professional football club in Milan, Italy, founded in 1899. The club has spent its entire history, with the exception of the 1980–81 and 1982–83 seasons, in the top flight of Italian football, known as Serie A since 1929–30. With 18 officially recognised UEFA and FIFA titles, they are the fourth most successful club in the world, with 18 league titles, Milan is the joint-second most successful club in Serie A, along with local rivals Internazionale. They have also won the Coppa Italia five times, and the Supercoppa Italiana seven, Milans home games are played at San Siro, also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza. The stadium, which is shared with city rivals Internazionale, is the largest in Italian football, inter are considered their biggest rivals, and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina, which is one of the most followed derbies in football. The owner of the club is former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, the club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football. It was a member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europes leading football clubs as well as its replacement. A. C. Milan was founded as Milan Cricket and Foot-Ball Club on 13 December 1899 by English expatriates Alfred Edwards and Herbert Kilpin, who came from the English city of Nottingham. In honour of its English origins, the club has retained the English spelling of the name, as opposed to the Italian spelling Milano. Milan won its first Italian championship in 1901 and a two in succession in 1906 and 1907. In 1908, Milan experienced a split caused by disagreements over the signing of foreign players. Following these events, Milan did not manage to win a domestic title until 1950–51. The 1950s saw the return to the top of Italian football, headed by the famous Gre-No-Li Swedish trio Gunnar Gren, Gunnar Nordahl. This was one of the clubs most successful periods domestically, with the Scudetto going to Milan in 1951,1955,1957,1959 and 1962, in 1963, Milan won its first continental title by beating Benfica in the final of the European Cup. This success was repeated in 1969, with a 4–1 win over Ajax in the final, during this period Milan also won its first Coppa Italia, with victory over Padova in the 1967 final, and two European Cup Winners Cups, in 1967–68 and 1972–73. Milan won a league title in 1979, but after the retirement of Gianni Rivera in the same year. The club was involved in the 1980 Totonero scandal and as punishment was relegated to Serie B for the first time in its history, the scandal was centred around a betting syndicate paying players and officials to fix the outcome of matches. Milan achieved promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt, winning the 1980–81 Serie B title, in 1983, Milan won the Serie B title for the second time in three seasons to return to Serie A, where they achieved a sixth-place finish in 1983–84

29.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343

30.
Ruud Gullit
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Ruud Gullit, OON is a Dutch football manager and former footballer who played professionally in the 1980s and 1990s as a midfielder or forward. He was the captain of the Netherlands national team that was victorious at UEFA Euro 1988 and was also a member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, at club level, in 1987 he moved from PSV to Milan for a world record transfer fee. Easily recognizable with his distinctive dreadlocks, he was part of the famed Dutch trio at Milan which included Marco van Basten, Gullit won three Serie A titles and two European Cups with Milan. In 1996, he signed for Chelsea and a year later was appointed the clubs player-manager. In his debut season, he led Chelsea to FA Cup success, the clubs first major title for 26 years, Gullit won the Ballon dOr in 1987 and was named the World Soccer Player of the Year in 1987 and 1989. Normally an attacking midifielder, he was a player, playing in numerous positions during his career. In 2004 he was named one of the Top 125 greatest living footballers as part of FIFAs 100th anniversary celebration, the family lived in one split level room on the top floor of a small apartment building. Gullits father worked as a teacher at a local school. Gullit developed his skills in the confines of the Rozendwarsstraat. Gullits first team were the Meerboys, where he joined as a junior in 1970, at the age of ten, however, Gullit moved from the Jordaan to Amsterdam Old West where he played street football alongside Frank Rijkaard. Gullit joined the DWS club after his move, and came to the attention of the Dutch youth team, where he played alongside such future greats as Erwin Koeman, Ronald Koeman and Wim Kieft. It was during his time at DWS that Gullit first took to using his fathers surname, rather than his registered surname and he retained his mothers surname, officially, and continues to sign all contracts as Ruud Dil. In 1978, Gullit signed professionally for HFC Haarlem under coach, Gullit made 91 league appearances for Haarlem, scoring 32 goals. He made his debut for the club at just 16 years old, in his first year at Haarlem, the club finished bottom of the Eredivisie, but bounced back the following season winning the Eerste Divisie. Gullit was named as the best player in the Eerste Divisie that season, in the 1981–82 season, Gullit was in fine form as Haarlem finished fourth and qualified for Europe for the only time in their history. In that same season, Gullit scored the goal he would consider his finest, Playing against Utrecht I went past four defenders and then the goalkeeper. It was a goal for me. Hughes was so impressed with the young Gullit that he described him as the Dutch Duncan Edwards, the young Gullit was considered as a signing by English sides Arsenal and Ipswich Town, but managers Terry Neill and Bobby Robson turned him down

31.
1994 FIFA World Cup
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The 1994 FIFA World Cup was the 15th FIFA World Cup, held in nine cities across the United States from 17 June to 17 July 1994. The United States was chosen as the host by FIFA on 4 July 1988. The total attendance of nearly 3.6 million for the tournament remains the highest in World Cup history. Brazil beat Italy 3–2 in a penalty shootout after the game ended 0–0 after extra time and this made Brazil the first nation to win four World Cup titles. Greece, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia made their appearances in the finals, Norway made its first appearance since 1938. Bulgaria, Morocco and Mexico returned after missing the 1990 tournament, Greece, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia qualified for the World Cup finals for the first time. Russia, competing independently for the first time after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the defending champions West Germany were united with their East German counterparts, representing the unified Germany for the first time since the 1938 World Cup. As a result of the performances by African teams in 1990. Norway qualified for the first time since 1938, Bolivia for the first time since 1950, the qualification campaigns of both Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were affected by political events. The nation of Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1992, and the team completed its qualifying group under the name Representation of Czechs and Slovaks, Yugoslavia was suspended from international competition in 1992 as part of United Nations sanctions against the country as a result of the Yugoslav Wars. The sanctions were not lifted until 1994, by time it was no longer possible for the team to qualify. Chiles suspension from the 1990 FIFA World Cup, following the interruption of their qualification game against Brazil. Japan failed to qualify after the Agony of Doha against Iraq, losing out to Saudi Arabia, among other teams who failed to qualify were Uruguay and England- the latter being semi-finalists, and finishing in fourth place in 1990. Denmark, Portugal, Hungary, and France failed to qualify for the second successive tournament and this was the only World Cup finals since 1938, for which neither England nor Scotland qualified. The Republic of Ireland qualified for a second successive World Cup finals tournament, as of 2016, this was the last time that Bolivia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. Three nations bid for host duties, United States, Brazil, the vote was held in Zurich on 4 July 1988, and only took one round with the United States bid receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members. FIFA hoped that by staging the worlds most prestigious tournament there, one condition FIFA imposed was the creation of a professional soccer league, Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 and began operating in 1996. Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Belgium, Italy and the United States were seeded for the draw that took place in Las Vegas, Nevada

32.
Dick Advocaat
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Dirk Nicolaas Dick Advocaat is a Dutch football manager and former player. He is the manager of Turkish Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe, Advocaat was the assistant manager of the Netherlands national football team after having previously been head coach of Premier League club Sunderland on 4 October 2015. He was successful as a player and as a coach. He has coached a number of clubs in the Netherlands and abroad, as well as the teams of a number of countries, including South Korea, Belgium. His nickname is The Little General, a reference to his mentor, Advocaat was born in The Hague and was a defensive midfielder during his playing days. His career began as an 18-year-old with Hague club ADO Den Haag and his professional debut was 21 May 1967 in a 3–0 win against GVAV. It was the season that Advocaat won his only honour as a player. In the 1969–70 he became a regular in the team, making 29 appearances that season and scoring his first goal for the club, from the 1971–72, the club merged with Holland Sport and became FC Den Haag. In that season and his season, Advocaat made a further 66 appearances. In total he made 147 appearances and scored seven goals for the club, from 1973, his playing career continued for Roda JC until he moved to VVV-Venlo during the 1976–77 season. In his time at Roda, Advocaat made 121 appearances and scored two goals, and when the club was to be discontinued in 2009, Goal. com described him as their most famous player, in his first season with VVV-Venlo, Advocaat scored two goals in 20 appearances. He made 33 appearances in the 1977–78 season, scoring four goals, in total, he made 74 appearances and scored six goals. In 1978, Advocaat made the move to the United States to play with the Chicago Sting in the North American Soccer League and that season he made 24 appearances, scoring two goals. In 1979, he scored three goals in 28 appearances and for the 1980 season, he scored one further goal from 29 appearances. During the break between the 1979 and 1980 NASL seasons, Advocaat returned to the Netherlands and made 11 appearances, scoring one goal, following the 1980 NASL season, Advocaat moved to Sparta Rotterdam to play the remainder of the 1980–81 season. He spent 18 months at the club, scoring six goals, following that Advocaat, moved to Belgium and played in the second division for K. Berchem Sport. He only made 10 appearances there, however, before moving back to the Eredivisie with FC Utrecht, Jaap did not take the role but recommended Dick for the job. Advocaat coached this side during the four years of his playing career with Sparta Rotterdam

33.
Ronald Koeman
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Ronald Koeman is a former Dutch footballer and the current manager of English club Everton. He is the brother of former Feyenoord coach Erwin Koeman. A composed player on the ball, Koeman was capable of being deployed both as a defender and as a midfielder, and he played as a sweeper, due to his vision. At international level, Koeman was one of the stars of the Netherlands national team, alongside Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard and Dennis Bergkamp. During his career with the Netherlands, Koeman won UEFA Euro 1988 and played at the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cups, Koeman began his career at FC Groningen before transferring to the Netherlands most successful club Ajax, where he won the national Eredivise title in 1984–85. He then joined Ajaxs rivals PSV, winning three consecutive Eredivisie titles and the European Cup in 1988, ronald Koeman is one of five European players to ever win a Treble with their club and a cup with their national team in the same year. The other four players are his teammates Hans van Breukelen, Berry van Aerle, Gerald Vanenburg, as a head coach, Koeman has won three Eredivisie titles, twice with Ajax and once with PSV. He is the individual to have both played for and managed the Big Three of Dutch football, Ajax, PSV and Feyenoord. Prior to joining Southampton, he also had spells in Portugal with Benfica and Spain with Valencia, Koeman started his professional career at FC Groningen, making his debut at the age of 17 years and 183 days in a 2–0 win over NEC in the Eredivisie. This made him the third-youngest player in the history, after Piet Wildschut. Thirty-three goals from ninety appearances in his three seasons at the saw the young defender called up by the Netherlands national team. After failing to defend their title in Koemans first season at the club, in the summer of 1986, Koeman controversially transferred to Eindhoven to play for Hans Kraays champions. PSV had also won the KNVB Cup in both 1988 and 1989, making their successes in the two years trebles and doubles respectively, in his three seasons at PSV, Koeman scored 51 goals in 98 league appearances, averaging more than one goal every two matches. During 1987–88, he recorded the highest scoring season of his club career, in 1989, Koeman re-joined his former Ajax coach Johan Cruyff at Barcelona, where he became a member of the famous Dream Team. During his first season at the club, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, along with players such as Hristo Stoichkov, Romário, Pep Guardiola and Michael Laudrup, Koeman helped the club win La Liga four years in a row from 1991 to 1994. In 1992, he scored the goal of the European Cup Final against Sampdoria at Wembley Stadium to make Barça European Champion for the first time in its history. Koeman was also known for his powerful right-footed free kicks and deadball ability where he scored vital goals for the team. One of his best strikes in La Liga came in the memorable 5–0 win over Real Madrid in El Clásico at the Camp Nou, Koeman was joint-top scorer with eight goals in the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League, in which Barcelona were beaten in the final by Milan

34.
Frank Rijkaard
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Franklin Edmundo Rijkaard is a Dutch former footballer and manager who played as a midfielder or defender. Rijkaard has played for Ajax, Real Zaragoza and Milan and represented the Netherlands national team side 73 times, in his managerial career, he has been at the helm of the Netherlands national team, Sparta Rotterdam, Barcelona, Galatasaray and the Saudi Arabia national team. His mother, Neel, is Dutch and his father, Herman, was a former Surinamese footballer, Rijkaard was just 17 when Ajax coach Leo Beenhakker gave him his senior squad debut on 23 August 1980. He made an impact, scoring the third goal in a 4–2 away victory over Go Ahead Eagles. He would play another 23 games for Ajax in his first season, in 1981–82, he won his first league championship with Ajax and went on to successfully defend that title in the following season. Rijkaard stayed at Ajax for seven-and-a-half seasons as a defender, a right midfielder. During this period, he won the Dutch league championship three times and the Dutch Cup three times, in the 1986–87 season, he won the Cup Winners Cup with Ajax over Lokomotiv Leipzig, winning 1–0. In September 1987, what would have been Rijkaards third season under Dutchman Johan Cruyff as head coach, Rijkaard stormed off the training field and he was subsequently signed by Sporting Clube de Portugal, but he signed too late to be eligible to play in any competition. He was immediately loaned out to Real Zaragoza, but upon completing his first season at Zaragoza was signed by A. C. Milan, Rijkaard played for five seasons at Milan. Playing alongside fellow country-men Marco van Basten and Ruud Gullit, Rijkaard won the European Cup twice, in the 1990 European Cup Final, he scored the only goal to win the cup for Milan. After five seasons in Italy, Rijkaard returned to Ajax in 1993, with Louis van Gaal at the helm, Rijkaard and Danny Blind formed the experienced defensive core of the Ajax team that won the first two of three consecutive Dutch championships. Ajax were the champions of the Netherlands in the 1994–95 season. In his final game, Rijkaard won the Champions League with a 1–0 victory over Milan in the 1995 final at the Ernst Happel Stadion in Vienna and he was named in the FIFA100, Pelés list of the 125 Worlds Greatest Footballers. On the international stage, Rijkaard made his debut for the Netherlands in 1981 and he was part of the Dutch side that won UEFA Euro 1988 with a 2–0 win in the final over the Soviet Union, playing at centre-back alongside Ronald Koeman. He won a total of 73 caps and scored 10 goals, Rijkaard also played for the Netherlands during the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cups and at Euro 1992. Rijkaard was the cause of an incident with Rudi Völler when West Germany played the Netherlands in the 1990 World Cup, Rijkaard was booked for a tackle on Völler and, as Rijkaard took up position for the free kick, he spat in Völlers hair. Völler complained to the referee and was booked as well, van Breukelen was angry at this but Rijkaard, already annoyed by Völlers previous antics, again confronted the West German by twisting his ear and stamping on his foot. As he jogged back to the tunnel, Rijkaard again spat in Völlers hair as they left the pitch

35.
Jan Wouters
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Jan Jacobus Wouters is a former professional football midfielder. He used to play defensive midfielder and was Dutch Footballer of the Year in 1990, Wouters played for several clubs including PSV, FC Utrecht, Bayern Munich and Ajax Amsterdam. He was also a Dutch international and was influential in 1988 when the Netherlands won the European Football Championship. He was coach of Scottish Premier League club Rangers under Dick Advocaat and he left Rangers at the end of the 2005–06 season along with McLeish and Andy Watson. Wouters is infamous to England supporters after elbowing Paul Gascoigne and fracturing his cheekbone during a World Cup qualifier in 1993 at Wembley, Gascoigne was forced to wear a Phantom of the Opera style facemask to protect his fractured cheekbone until his injury healed. The following day, the Daily Mirror newspaper labelled Wouters a Dutch thug, the match was drawn 2–2 and damaged Englands hopes of qualifying for the 1994 World Cup finals in the U. S. A. despite England leading the match 2–0

36.
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
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A penalty shoot-out is a method of determining the winner of an association football match that is drawn after the regulation as well as extra playing time. Although the procedure for taking kicks from the penalty mark resembles that of a penalty kick, most notably, neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked. The method of breaking a draw in a match requiring a winner is determined beforehand by the organizing body. Although employed in football commonly since the 1970s, penalty shoot-outs remain unpopular with some, during a shoot-out, coaches, players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the centre circle. The kicking teams goalkeeper stands at the intersection of the goal line, goals scored during the shoot-out are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. A tie is a result in football. Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league or round-robin match may be provided for and this provision appears for occasions where opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, which can result in an immediate shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship, several leagues, such as the J-League, have experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately following a drawn league match, with the winner being awarded an extra point. A team that loses a penalty shoot-out is eliminated from the tournament but it does not count as a defeat, for instance, the Netherlands are considered to have concluded the 2014 FIFA World Cup undefeated, despite being eliminated at the semi-final stage. The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark, the procedure is specified in Law 10 of the IFABs Laws of the Game document. The referee tosses a coin to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken, the choice of goal by the coin toss winner may only be changed by the referee for safety reasons or if the goal or playing surface becomes unusable. The referee tosses the coin a second time to determine which team will take the first kick, all players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the pitchs centre circle. Each kick will be taken in the manner of a penalty kick. Each kick will be taken from the penalty mark, which is 12 yards from the line and equidistant from each touch line. Each team is responsible for selecting from the players the order in which they will take the kicks. The referee is not informed of the order, each kicker can kick the ball only once per attempt. Once kicked, the kicker may not play the ball again, no other player on either team, other than the designated kicker and goalkeeper, may touch the ball. The ball may touch the goalkeeper, goal posts, or crossbar any number of times before going into the goal as long as the referee believes the motion is the result of the initial kick

37.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue

38.
Diego Maradona
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Diego Armando Maradona is an Argentine retired professional footballer. He has served as a manager and coach at other clubs as well as the team of Argentina. Many in the sport, including writers, players, and fans. He was joint FIFA Player of the 20th Century with Pelé.9 million. He played for Argentinos Juniors, Boca Juniors, Barcelona, Napoli, Sevilla and Newells Old Boys during his career, and is most famous for his time at Napoli. In his international career with Argentina, he earned 91 caps and his presence on the pitch had a great effect on his teams general performance, while he would often be singled out by the opposition. A precocious talent, Maradona was given the nickname El Pibe de Oro, in the 1986 World Cup quarter final, he scored both goals in a 2–1 victory over England that entered football history for two different reasons. Maradona became coach of Argentina in November 2008 and he was in charge of the team at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa before leaving at the end of the tournament. He coached Dubai-based club Al Wasl in the UAE Pro-League for the 2011–12 season, in August 2013, Maradona joined Argentine Primera D club Deportivo Riestras staff as spiritual coach. He was the first son after three daughters and he has two younger brothers, Hugo and Raúl, both of whom were also professional football players. He was the child and first son of Diego Maradona Chitoro. In 1950, they left Esquina and settled in Buenos Aires, at age eight, Maradona was spotted by a talent scout while he was playing in his neighbourhood club Estrella Roja. He became a staple of Los Cebollitas, the team of Buenos Airess Argentinos Juniors. As a 12-year-old ball boy, he amused spectators by showing his wizardry with the ball during the intermissions of first division games. He named Brazilian playmaker Rivelino and Manchester United winger George Best among his inspirations growing up, on 20 October 1976, Maradona made his professional debut for Argentinos Juniors,10 days before his 16th birthday. He entered to the pitch wearing the number 16 jersey, and after the game stated, Maradona scored his first goal in the Primera División against Marplatense team San Lorenzo on 14 November 1976, two weeks after turning 16. Maradona spent five years at Argentinos Juniors, from 1976 to 1981, Maradona received offers to join other clubs, including River Plate who offered to make him the clubs best paid player. Nevertheless, Maradona expressed his will to be transferred to Boca Juniors, Maradona signed a contract with Boca Juniors on 20 February 1981

39.
Doping in sport
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The use of banned drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical, and therefore prohibited, by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. Furthermore, athletes taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbates the ethical violation with overt deception, historically speaking, the origins of doping in sports go back to the very creation of sport itself. From ancient usage of substances in chariot racing to more recent controversies in baseball and cycling, the general trend among authorities and sporting organizations over the past several decades has been to strictly regulate the use of drugs in sport. The reasons for the ban are mainly the health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, anti-doping authorities state that using performance-enhancing drugs goes against the spirit of sport. There are many suggestions as to the origin of the term doping, one is that it is derived from dop, an alcoholic drink used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances in 18th century Southern Africa. By 1889, dope was used in connection with the preparation of a thick viscous preparation of opium for smoking, in 1900, dope was also defined as a preparation of drugs designed to influence the performance of a racehorse. The use of drugs in sports goes back centuries, about all the way back to the invention of the concept of sports. In ancient times, when the fittest of a nation were selected as athletes or combatants, they were fed diets, for instance, Scandinavian mythology says Berserkers could drink a mixture called butotens, to greatly increase their physical power at the risk of insanity. One theory is that the mixture was prepared from the Amanita muscaria mushroom, the ancient Olympics in Greece have been alleged to have been contaminated with forms of doping. In ancient Rome, where chariot racing had become a part of their culture. By April 1877, walking races had stretched to 500 miles, the event proved popular, however, with 20,000 spectators attending each day. The fascination with six-day bicycle races spread across the Atlantic and the appeal brought in the crowds in America as well. And the more spectators paid at the gate, the higher the prizes could be and their exhaustion was countered by soigneurs, helpers akin to seconds in boxing. Among the treatments they supplied was nitroglycerine, a used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks. Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs, the American champion Major Taylor refused to continue the New York race, saying, I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand. Public reaction turned against such trials, whether individual races or in teams of two and it appears from the reports of this singular performance that some of the bicycle riders have actually become temporarily insane during the contest. Days and weeks of recuperation will be needed to put the racers in condition, the father of anabolic steroids in the United States was John Ziegler, a physician for the U. S. weightlifting team in the mid-20th century. Ziegler learned from his Russian days that the Soviet weightlifting teams success was due to their use of performance-enhancing drugs, deciding that U. S. athletes needed chemical assistance to remain competitive, Ziegler worked with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company to develop an oral anabolic steroid

40.
Ephedrine
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Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant. It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia and it has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment. It is of benefit in nasal congestion. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 min, and by mouth can take an hour for effect. When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours, common side effects include trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, loss of appetite, and inability to urinate. Serious side effects include stroke, heart attack, and abuse, while likely safe in pregnancy its use in this population is poorly studied. Use during breastfeeding is not recommended, ephedrine works by turning on the α and β adrenergic receptors. Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication, the wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.69 to 1.35 USD per dose. In the United States it is not very expensive and it can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra type. Dietary supplements that contain ephedrine are illegal in the United States, an exception is when used in traditional Chinese medicine. Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine increase blood pressure and act as bronchodilators, ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss, specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are unknown. Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline have an effect with ephedrine with respect to weight loss. This led to creation and marketing of compound products, one of them, known as the ECA stack, contains caffeine and aspirin besides ephedrine. It is a popular supplement taken by bodybuilders seeking to cut body fat before a competition, as a phenethylamine, ephedrine has a similar chemical structure to amphetamines and is a methamphetamine analogue having the methamphetamine structure with a hydroxyl group at the β position. The most popular method for reducing ephedrine to methamphetamine is similar to the Birch reduction, in that it uses anhydrous ammonia, the second-most popular method uses red phosphorus, iodine, and ephedrine in the reaction. Through oxidation, ephedrine can be synthesized into methcathinone. Ephedrine is listed as a table-I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, ephedrine may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor possible abuse by athletes, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation

41.
AFC Ajax
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Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, also AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam or simply Ajax, is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam. Historically, Ajax is the most successful club in the Netherlands, Ajax is historically one of the most successful clubs in the world, according to the IFFHS, Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century. The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge, in 1972, they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie, KNVB Cup, and the European Cup. It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers, Ajax is also one of three teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup in the same season/calendar year, This was achieved in the 1971–72 season. Ajax, Juventus, Bayern Munich, and Chelsea are the four clubs to have won all three major UEFA club competitions. They have also won the Intercontinental Cup twice, the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, as well as the Karl Rappan Cup, Ajax plays at the Amsterdam Arena, which opened in 1996. They previously played at De Meer Stadion and the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium, Ajax was founded in Amsterdam on 18 March 1900. The club achieved promotion to the highest level of Dutch football in 1911 and had its first major success in 1917, winning the KNVB Beker, the following season, Ajax became national champion for the first time. The club defended its title in 1918–19, becoming the team to achieve an unbeaten season in the Netherlands Football League Championship. Throughout the 1920s, Ajax was a regional power, winning the Eerste Klasse West division in 1921,1927 and 1928. This changed in the 1930s, with the winning five national championships. In 1956, the first season of the Netherlands new professional league, the team were again Eredivisie champions in 1960 and won a third KNVB Cup in 1961. A year earlier, Johan Cruyff, who would go on to become the greatest Dutch footballer of all time, between them, Michels and Cruyff led Ajax through the most successful period in its history, winning seven Eredivisie titles, four KNVB Cups and three European Cups. Ajax won the Dutch championship in 1966,1967, and 1968, during the 1966–67 season, Ajax scored a record 122 goals in an Eredivisie season and also won the KNVB Cup to achieve its first league and cup double. In 1969–70, Ajax won a fourth Dutch league championship and second league and cup double in five seasons, winning 27 out of 34 league games, after this success, Michels departed to become manager of Barcelona and was replaced by the Romanian Ștefan Kovács. In Kovács first season, Ajax completed a treble of the European Cup, the Eredivisie, in 1973, Michels Barcelona broke the world transfer record to bring Cruyff to Catalonia. Kovács also departed to become manager of the France national team, in 1976–77, Ajax won its first domestic championship in four seasons and recorded a double of the Eredivisie and KNVB Cup two years later. The early 1980s saw the return of Johan Cruyff to the club, as well as the emergence of young players Marco van Basten, the team won back-to-back Eredivisie titles in 1982 and 1983, with all three playing a significant role in the latter

Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈaːjɑks]), also AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam or simply Ajax, is a …

Johan Cruyff played at Ajax from 1959 to 1973, and from 1981 to 1983, winning 3 European Cups; his No. 14 is the only squad number Ajax has ever retired. Cruyff came back to manage the club from 1985 to 1988.