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Abstract

Background

To evaluate the expression and differential significance of c-Jun, p73, Casp-9 and
N-ras in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) with the aim to provide useful information
for tumor biology and prospective therapy.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the expression of four chromosome 1-related genes, namely
c-Jun, p73, Casp-9 and N-ras, in 60 cases of thymic epithelial tumors. The tumors
included 52 thymomas and 8 thymic carcinomas which were categorized according to the
current WHO classification systems.

Results

Compared with the normal thymus tissue, all thymic epithelial tumors demonstrated
higher expression of c-Jun and p73. The expression of c-Jun and p73 in type B2, B3
thymoma and thymic carcinomas was similar, and significantly higher than that in all
other subtypes of thymomas. Unlike type A thymoma, the expression of Casp-9 was relatively
lower in type B thymoma and thymic carcinomas. With respect to the clinical staging
systems, c-Jun was more expressed in progressive tumors harboring higher stages. In
contrast to c-Jun, p73 and Casp-9, there was no significant aberration with N-ras
expression irrespective of either tissue or tumor types.

Conclusions

The overexpression of c-Jun, p73 and Casp-9 in thymic epithelial tumors is closely
related with the pathogenesis and biological behavior of the neoplasms. These candidate
biomarkers provided useful information for prospective personalized therapy in the
clinical management.

Virtual Slides

Keywords:

Background

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are a panel of rare neoplasms, located in anterior
mediastinum, accounting for approximately 0.2-1.5% of all human malignancies [1]. TETs present with apparently distinctive histologic characteristics from other malignancies,
however, a big challenge for further subtype to many general pathologists in the routine
diagnosis [2]. Thymoma is one of the most common subtypes of TETs and consists with a spectrum
of heterogeneous tumors presenting with thymic differentiation but differ in morphology
and clinical behavior [3-5]. Based on the morphology, function and genetic features, thymoma was re-categorized
into type A, AB, B1, B2, B3, and some other rare subtypes by World Health Organization
(WHO) in 2004 [6]. It has been reported that type A and type AB thymoma employed with benign biological
behavior, whereas type B thymoma presented with pernicious characteristics to some
extent. Specifically, type B3 thymoma has a distinctively poor prognosis compared
with other subtypes [7-9]. TETs subtypes closely related to the therapeutic schedules and prognosis of these
diseases, however, reliable and rational methods for recognizing these subtypes are
insufficient so far, if any.

Zettl et al.[10] declared that different TETs subtypes shared various recurrent genetic aberrations,
and gain of chromosome 1 was the most common recurrent aberration (69%) in type B3
thymoma, which might be an attractive landmark for the clinical diagnosis. And the
same results have been validated by the followed studies [11,12]. Evidences indicated that genes located in chromosome 1 were closely related to the
initiation and progression of several human malignancies, c-Jun (1p32-31), p73 (1p36.3), Casp-9 (1p36.21), and N-ras (1p13.2) were such kind of genes, which might involved in the process of origination,
proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of the malignant cell [13-17]. However, few studies were reported in TETs. Based on a clinicopathologic analysis
of 80 cases with immunohistochemical reaction, Moran et al. indicated that the behavior of primary thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas seems correlated
with tumor differentiation [18]. Alexiev et al. declared that autoimmune related disorders of thymoma contained with a significant
population of CD20+ intratumoral B lymphocytes, and strong CD57 expresssion in thymomas
may indicated with a concomitant neuromuscular disorder [19]. Besides, It was reported that a combined therapy may be considered as an another
promising option (e.g. COX-2 inhibitors plus anti-EGFR antibody), especially when
established chemotherapeutic schemes did no work[20].

To our knowledge, the combination of expression of c-Jun, p73, Casp-9, and N-ras was
firstly evaluated in different subtypes of thymic epithelium tumors and normal thymus
tissue. By trying to investigate the expression characteristics of those antibodies,
we aim to build an efficient panel of biomarkers for clinical differential diagnosing
between subtypes of TETs.

Materials and methods

TETs cases included were formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival samples
from the Department of Pathology in First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical
University between January 2001 and February 2010. All of the archival slides were
reviewed by two independent senior pathologists (YQM and QXL) according to the latest
WHO criteria, and any discrepancy between these two investigators was resolved with
a third reviewer (WZ) in order to reach an ultimate decision on all of the items.
Finally, 60 cases were recruited based on the following criteria: 1) pathologically
confirmed TETs (thymoma and thymic carcinoma), 2) integrated clinicopathological information,
3) without any chemotherapy/radiotherapy performed prior to recruitment. Among those,
including 26 male and 34 female (1:1.3) with an average age of 48.5 years (range 25–73
years). In addition, 11 normal biopsy thymic tissues were used as normal control (provided
by Teaching and Research Office of Pathology, Basic Medical Academy of Xinjiang Medical
University). Informed consent was obtained from all of the case and control subjects.
All specimens were handled and approved by the hospital’s ethics committee.

Information of the total TETs was extracted based on the criteria from the CAP website
data (http://www.cap.orgwebcite > cancer protocols > thorax > thymoma and thymic carcinoma). Briefly, information
of specimen integrity, histologic subtypes, regional lymph nodes, tumor extension,
and procedure treatment were obtained from the surgical document, if any. Pathologic
staging for thymomas according to Modified Masaoka Stage system; and staging for thymic
carcinomas according to pTNM system [6].

Experimental procedures were performed as previously described [21]. Briefly, serial 3-μm sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were
collected onto poly-L-lysine coated slides and processed with a standard manual streptavidin
peroxidase technique using a biotin-free detection system (Dakao, Colorado, USA) after
a heat-induced antigen retrieval procedure. Ready-to-use Kit (EnVisionTM, Dakao, Colorado,
USA) was used to visualize tissue antigens according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Positive, Negative, and blank control was routinely performed.

Immunohistochemical evaluation

Immunoreactivity was assessed by two senior pathologist (YQM and XL) who were blinded
to clinicopathologic data, and any disagreements were resolved with a third reviewer
(WZ) using a multi-headed microscope. Scoring of immunohistochemistry was based on
two parameters: intensity of immunoreactivity and the exact location of immunoreaction.
The immunostaining intensity was scored using the following semi-quantitative scale:
1) -, no reactivity (no staining or weak staining less than 5% of the target cells),
2) +, cases presented specific staining of more than 5% of the target cells, regardless
of staining intensity, were scored as positive for c-Jun, p73, Casp-9 or N-ras[22].

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 13.0. Group comparisons of categorical
variables were evaluated using the Fisher’s exact or Pearson’s chi-square test. All
P-values were two-sided, P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant, less than
0.01 meant highly significant.

Results

Clinicopathologic results

Among the total 60 TETs, most of which involved anterior mediastinum (58/60), only
one of these TETs involved superior mediastinum and right mid-lower mediastinum, respectively.
The maximum diameters of the samples in our study ranged from 1.8 to 14.0 cm (average,
6.14 cm), among those, two type A, 19 type AB, four B1, 14 B2, 11 B3, two metaplastic
thymoma, and eight thymic carcinoma were observed(seven primary squamous cell carcinomas,
and one primary well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma). 21 TETs cases employed
an uninvolved-margin, as well as 39 margins involved by tumor. Concerning to the staging
information, among 52 thymomas, there were 21 stage I, 19 stage II, 11 stage III,
and one stage IV based on the Modified Masaoka Stage system; among eight thymic carcinomas,
there were one T2N0M0, four T3N0M0, two T4N0M0 and one T4N1M0 based on the pTNM system; however, in order to obtained a powerful statistic results,
we transform pTNM of thymic carcinoma into Mosaoka tumor stages based on comparison
of Masaoka tumour stages and corresponding TNM classification [6], and the final results were 21 stage I, 20 stage II, 15 stage III, four stage IV
based on the Modified Masaoka Stage system. No regional lymph node metastasis was
found excepted for only one thymic carcinoma. No lymph-vascular invasion was observed
in the current study. Most of the patients (48/60) saw a doctor due to chest pain
and cough, in which 17 of the patients (28.3%) had myasthenia gravis (one of type
A, four of type AB, eight of type B2, and four of Type B3). However, the remainder
cases were asymptomatic and found by routine physical examination. Follow up data
were available for 14 patients only [14], among which five of type AB, two of type B1, three of B2, one of B3, one of metaplastic
thymoma and two of thymic carcinoma. Post-operative follow-up range from two months
to 84 months, during the follow-up period, all cases were still alive, three cases
(two of B2, one of AB) recur ptosis after operation and radiotherapy.

Immunohistochemistry results

In order to evaluate the diagnostic significance of c-Jun, p73, Casp-9, and N-ras
expression in the distinction of TETs, we detected these markers with immunohistochemistry.
The results of immunohistochemistry were seen in Figure 1.

c-Jun expression: The expression of c-Jun was mainly located in nucleus in the tumorous
epithelium of thymoma. Statistically, it was found that expression of c-Jun in TETs
was significantly higher than that in normal thymus tissue (P < 0.05, Table 1). Furthermore, statistical significant differences of c-Jun expression between subtypes
were observed (P < 0.05), either. Thymic carcinoma , Type B3 and Type B2 thymoma ranked the first higher
expression rate of c-Jun; they were 87.5% (7/8), 45.5% (5/11), and 42.9% (6/14), respectively.
However, immunoreactions were not seen in Type A, B1, and metaplastic thymoma (Table
1). A statistical significant result between c-Jun expression and various clinical
stages of TETs were found (P < 0.05), c-Jun expression were definitely higher in high stage (III + IV) when compared
with the low stage (I + II) TETs (P < 0.01). However, no statistical discrepancy was observed in stage I vs. II, as well as stage III vs. IV, respectively (P > 0.05) (Table 2).

Caspase-9 expression: Similar Caspase-9 expression was observed both in thymic epithelium
tumors and normal tissue, no statistics difference between them was observed (P > 0.05, Table 1). And significant difference of Caspase-9 expression among different subtypes of
thymic epithelium tumors (P < 0.05) was observed, as showed in Table 1, almost all of the type A and metaplastic thymoma expressed Caspase-9 antibody, whereas
none of the type B1 thymoma positive expression was observed. What’s more, an increasing
immunoreactivity along with the higher clinical stages was observed, they were 38.1%
(Stage I), 55.0% (Stage II), 53.3% (Stage III), and 75.0% (Stage IV), respectively,
however, no statistically discrepancy was observed between stages (P > 0.05, Table 2).

P73 expression: Over-expression of p73 in thymic epithelium tumors was observed, and
presented significantly discrepancy when compared with normal tissue (P < 0.05), as well as compared among subtypes (P < 0.05). The respective expression of p73 in type B3, type B2 and type B1 were 72.2%
(8/11), 64.3% (9/14), and 0% (0/4), as showed in Table 1. It was indicated that type B3 has a significantly high expression of p73 than non-type
B3 thymomas (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference of p73 expression between type
B3, B2 thymoma and thymic carcinoma (P>0.05, data not shown). p73 positive expression in different clinical stages of thymoma
was 38.1% (Stage I), 55.0% (Stage II), 53.3% (Stage III), and 75.0% (Stage IV), respectively.
No statically significant among different clinical stages of p73 expression was observed
(P > 0.05, Table 2).

We also evaluated the expression distribution of those four antibodies between low-grade
TETs (including type-A, type-AB, typeB1, and metaplastic thymoma) and high-grade TETs
(including type-B2, type-B3, and thymic carcinoma), and found that c-Jun, Caspase-9,
and p73 expression was statistically significant with high-grade TETs, the P-values were 0.002, 0.019, and 0.004, respectively. No statistically significant discrepancy
was found between the expression of those antibodies and some other clinicopathological
characteristics.

Discussion

Thymomas were neoplasms arising from or exhibiting differentiation toward thymic epithelial
cells. It has been reported that different subtypes of thymoma have different genetic
characteristics, recent studies indicated that chromosomal 1 gain plays an important
role in molecular genetic mechanism of thymic epithelium tumors [10,23-25].

C-Jun (cellular Jun), a member of nucleus transcription factor, is an oncogene locating
on chromosome 1. It was indicated that the expression of c-Jun immunohistochemistry
can reveal the mRNA level of c-Jun [23]. In this project, expression of c-Jun in 22 from 60 (36.7%) TETs were observed, which
specifically located on cell nucleus. Statistical test showed that the abnormal expression
of c-Jun was significantly higher in thymic epithelium tumors than that in normal
tissue controls. There were also statistical differences of c-Jun positive expression
in different subtypes of thymoma. Among those TETs, including thymic carcinomas, type
B3, and type B2 thymomas took the higher percentage immune reaction (more than 40%)
of c-Jun. Our results were consistent with Sasaki’s research [23], indicating a strong positive expression of c-Jun might correlate with high grade
TETs. Therefore, we speculated that c-Jun might be regard as a potential positive
regulator of cell reproduction [26,27], or might play an important role in the process of tumor differentiation. Besides,
proliferation index Ki-67 was increase in type B3 thymoma cells[28]. In our project, there were statistical differences of c-Jun expression in different
clinical stages of thymic epithelium tumors: advanced thymomas (III + IV) were significantly
higher than those of the early thymomas (I + II); and there was no statistical difference
between stage I and II; neither between stage III and stage IV. This research showed
that the expression of c-Jun increased in invasive thymic tumors, which also suggested
that c-Jun might be used to help judging the biological behaviors, clinical stage,
and prognosis of tumors.

N-ras is one of the ras gene family members locating on chromosome 1. N-ras function
as an important factor in the process of cell proliferation, senescence, immortalization
and carcinogenesis. N-ras can also inhibit the cancer cells proliferation by Suv39h1
and H3K9 methylation. Mutational ras protein can affect cell proliferation, cell cycle
regulation and anti-apoptotic signal by decreasing the activity of endogenous GTPase,
or transcriptional decreasing the expression of Fas receptor and regulating the last
time of the p38 activity of Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) by Ral-GEF (Ras related
GTPase-guanine exchange factor) pathway [29] Meanwhile, N-ras has different function to the generation of cancer in different
individuals[30-32]. In our study, N-ras expression was found in 12 cases of TETs, however, no significant
difference was observed between thymic epithelium and normal tissue controls, similar
results existed between the subtypes of thymic epithelium tumors. The results suggested
that N-ras might play a role in the generation of thymic epithelium tumors. However,
it will be hard to indicate the relationship of N-ras expression in different subtypes
of thymic epithelium tumors due to the small sample size of the current study. Further
studies are needed to confirm these observations and to determine the mechanism of
N-ras in the origin and development of TETs. No statistical differences were detected
in N-ras expression of different clinical stages of thymic epithelium tumors.

Caspase-9 gene locates on 1p36.3-p36.1. It precipitates in mitochondria induced cell
senescence pathway [32]. Several studies indicated that decreasing Caspase-9 transcription and translation
are detected in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [33], and leukemia [34]. In our project, 30 out of 60 (50%) thymic epithelial neoplasms have positive Caspase-9
expression, which was slightly lower than the Caspase-9 expression in normal control
tissues (7/11, 63.6%). But the difference was not statistically significant. The result
indicated that there were significant differences among Caspase-9 over expressions
in different subtypes of thymic epithelium tumors. In different subtype, the expression
of Caspase-9 in thymic epithelium tumors mainly existed in thymomas constructed by
bland epithelial cells, including type A and metaplastic thymoma. Caspase-9 presented
a lower expression in type B thymoma and thymic carcinoma than in type A and metaplastic
thymoma, which was consistent with previous research [33,34]. The decreasing tendency of Caspase-9 transcription and translation indicated that
the interruption of Caspase-9 related apoptosis signaling pathways might promote the
generation of type B thymoma and thymic carcinoma. However, in the current study,
we first divided TETs into two groups as described above (low-grade TETs and high-grade
TETs), and found that Caspase-9 presented relatively lower expression in low-grade
TETs when compared with that in high-grade TETs. The mechanism was not clear, and
need more future studies to validate our results. No statistical differences are detected
in Caspase-9 expression of different clinical stages of thymic epithelium tumors.

p73 gene locates on human chromosome 1p36.33. Many isomers of p73 were identified,
and the expression and interaction of those different isomers involved the process
of regulate transcription and growth inhibition [35,36]. The fact that p73 abnormal expression was observed more common in cancer tissues
than in normal tissue indicated that p73 might be an oncogene [37]. In this project, over-expression of p73 in thymic epithelium tumors was significantly
higher than that in normal control tissue. This result suggested that the expression
of p73 increased in thymic epithelium neoplasm, which was similar with the previous
research on digestive system tumor [35]. The p73 protein detected by immunohistochemical methods were probably wild type.
The positive expression of p73 in different subtypes of thymic epithelium tumors existed
statistical differences. In addition, our results indicated that p73 presented with
similar positive expression levels in type B2, B3 thymoma and thymic carcinoma, which
were significantly higher than other subtypes of thymoma. This conclusion suggested
that p73 might play an important role in type B2, B3 thymoma and thymic carcinoma.
It was also revealed that the molecular change of type B2, B3 thymoma might be similar
with thymic carcinoma, and differ from other types of thymoma. Considering previous
research results of our group that p53 protein positive expression increased in type
B3 thymoma [28], it can be inferred that p73 and p53 protein mutants might embrace a synergistic
effect in thymoma. However, the limitation of the follow-up data was too small to
make such conclusion, the further analysis between p73 expression and prognosis need
more data from the future follow-up data.

In summary, the results indicated that c-Jun and p73 expressed significantly higher
in thymic epithelium tumors than in normal control tissues. c-Jun and p73 also had
similar positive expression level in high-grade TETs, which is significantly higher
than low-grade TETs. In addition, Caspase-9 expression was relative lower in type
B thymoma and thymic carcinoma. However, no significant difference of N-ras expression
among different tissues of the thymus and different thymic epithelium tumors was observed.
What we observed suggested that different genes on chromosome 1 might employ different
functions in the generation and development of thymic epithelium tumors. c-Jun and
p73 may promote the tumor formation. Previous studies of our group also suggested
that chromosome 1 gain was significantly higher in thymic epithelium tumors than normal
thymus tissue, and it was also higher in type B3 thymic epithelium tumors than other
subtypes of thymoma [11]. It is highly possible that type B3 thymoma has a different molecular change with
other types of thymoma, and similar with thymic carcinoma. Those evidences suggested
that type B3 thymoma should be distinguished from other subtypes of thymoma and might
be classified as a intermediate malignant tumor, which needs more future studies to
validate our results before they can have widespread application. Meanwhile, The use
of a combination of c-Jun,p73 and Caspase-9 could help differential diagnosing.

Abbreviations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Ma Y. participated in the design of the study and given final approval of the version
to be published. Li Q. participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft
the manuscript. Cui W. performed the statistical analysis. Miao N. carried out the
immunohistochemistry method. Liu X. was response for the quality of the immunohistochemistry
result. Zhang W. was response for the quality of the study. Zhang C. helped to draft
the manuscript. Wang J. participated in the design of the study and performed the
statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the grant from “Project of the Foundation and Application
of the Comprehensive Pathologic Diagnostic Platform” Recruitment at technology program
of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (201233142).