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Uniting With Only A Few Random Links

Date:

January 31, 2003

Source:

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Summary:

Researchers searching for information about highly complex systems, such as the spread of diseases, the rise and fall of financial markets, or cell-phone communication networks, benefit from large-scale networked computer simulation.

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TROY, N.Y. - Researchers searching for information about highly complex systems, such as the spread of diseases, the rise and fall of financial markets, or cell-phone communication networks, benefit from large-scale networked computer simulation.

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These simulations are frequently implemented using large networks of computers that break down the problem into many parts. Tackling weighty problems, bit by byte, allows the simulation process to run faster — sometimes.

The problem comes when the computers have to compare notes, says Gyorgy Korniss, assistant professor of physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Korniss' solution is to use "small-world" networking — which links a computer to its nearest neighbor, and also a few other random computers in the group. Korniss' findings are published in the Jan. 31 issue of the journal Science.

Korniss's research could lead to better parallel-computing techniques for simulation. Parallel computing divides a task among many smaller computers instead of one large one to do the job faster and more efficiently.

Typically, each computer in a network is connected to its closest "neighbor." But getting information from the machine next door doesn't allow each computer to get the whole picture of what the entire neighborhood is doing. When one system is collecting data at a greater pace than another, the result is a data traffic jam, causing a major slowdown in the simulation process.

"Enormous amounts of additional time or memory are required for computers to keep track of information they need from each other to create accurate simulations," Korniss says.

The solution, according to Korniss, lies with creating a "small world"-like communication network in which the individual computers randomly "check in" with each other to make sure they are in sync.

"Our results indicate that only a few random links are necessary for each computer to know how the network as a whole is behaving." Korniss adds. "Many of us know the concept of six degrees of separation in which any one person is only a few acquaintances away from anyone else. The same idea can be applied to complex problem-solving network systems for more effective large-scale model simulations."

Mathematicians Duncan Watts and Steve Strogatz at Cornell University were the first to formulate the significance of small-world networks in natural, artificial, and social systems in 1998.

Korniss' collaborators are Mark Novotny, professor at Mississippi State University, Hasan Guclu, graduate student at Rensselaer, Zoltan Toroczkai, technical staff member at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Per Rikvold, professor at Florida State University. The research is funded through the National Science Foundation, the Research Corporation, and the U.S. Department of Energy.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, is the nation's oldest technological university. The school offers degrees in engineering, the sciences, information technology, architecture, management, and the humanities and social sciences. Institute programs serve undergraduates, graduate students, and working professionals around the world. Rensselaer faculty are known for pre-eminence in research conducted in a wide range of research centers that are characterized by strong industry partnerships. The Institute is especially well known for its success in the transfer of technology from the laboratory to the marketplace so that new discoveries and inventions benefit human life, protect the environment, and strengthen economic development.

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