Several B1 and B2 receptorantagonists are being synthesized in an attempt to study the molecular functions of kinins in inflammatory processes (RA, periodontitis and osteomyelitis), and they represent and important area for continued research in rheumatology.

Several B1 and B2 receptorantagonists are being synthesized in an attempt to study the molecular functions of kinins in inflammatory processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, inflammatorydiseases of the gut and osteomyelitis.

While the present data shows only the gene expression of kinin receptors due to limited biopsy size, a correlation between B1 gene expression level and functional up-regulation of the receptor has been reported earlier in LPS treated rats [15].

The similar correlation between B1expression and pain intensity points to the participation of B1 receptor in pain processes at this early time point (3 hours) in contrast to earlier reports [16] confining the contribution of B1 receptors to nociception to later time points.

Interestingly, the up-regulation in the gene expression of B1 and B2 receptors was positively correlated to pain intensity only after ketorolac treatment, signifying an interaction between prostaglandins and kinins in the inflammatory pain process.

Whilst both have been implicated in nociception, it is believed that there is a low level of constitutive expression of B1 receptors and that their expression is induced by inflammation or tissue damage.

Whilst both have been implicated in nociception, it is believed that there is a low level of constitutive expression of B1 receptors and that their expression is induced by inflammation or tissue damage.

In the control segments, the expression of B1 receptors is higher in the epithelial cells compared to the smooth muscle cells; while after nicotine treatment, the increase in B1 receptor protein expression was more prominent in the smooth muscle cells than in the epithelial cells (Fig. 5E).