What is Integration?

What is motor output?

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW:
List the general functions of the nervous system
Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system
Define central nervous system and peripheral nervous sytem, and list the major parts of each

Name the CNS glia

What are astrocytes?

These are abundant, star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue. These brace neurons and form barrier between capillaries and neurons. These also help control the chemical environment of the brain.

What is structural classification of neurons?

What is multipolar neurons?

What is called bipolar neurons?

These are neurons with two processes: an axon and a dendrite. These are rare in adults and are found only in some special sense organs (eye, nose) where they act in sensory processing as receptor cells

What does it mean when a neuron is polarized or at rest (irritability aspect)?

What does it mean when the stimulus initiates local depolarization (irritability aspect)?

A stimulus changes the permeability of a local "patch" of the membrane, and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell. This changes the polarity of the membrane (the inside becomes more positive; the outside becomes more negative) at that site

What does it mean when initial ionic conditions are restored (irritability aspect)?

Describe the continuation of the nerve impulse between neurons

Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve. Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve's axon terminal. The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter. An action potential is started in the dendrite

What is somatic reflexes?

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW:
During the embryonic development, the CNS first appears as a simple tube, the neural tube, which extends down the dorsal median plane of the developing embryo's body. By the fourth week, the anterior end of the neural tube begins to expand, and brain formation begins. The rest of the neural tube posterior to the forming brain becomes the spinal cord. The central canal of the neural tube, which is continuous between the brain and spinal cord, becomes enlarged in four regions of the brain to form chambers called ventricles

Give an overview of how CNS develops

(same as previous slide but shorter)
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles
There are Four chambers within the brain
These are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

What is the brain stem?

What are the parts of the brain stem?

What is the midbrain?

This is mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers and has two bulging fiber tracts - cerebral peduncles. This also has four rounded protrusions - corpora quadrigemina - which are reflex centers for vision and hearing.

What are the arachnoid villi?

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

This is similar to blood plasma. It contains less protein and more vitamin C. This is formed by the choroid plexus. It forms a watery cushion to protect the brain. It is circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord.

What is cerebral edema or intracranial hemorrhage?

What is cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

This is commonly called a stroke. This is the result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain. The brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies. Loss of some functions or death may result

What is Alzheimer's disease?

This is a progressive degenerative brain disease.
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age.
Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons.
Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

What is the main function of the accessory nerve?

What is the main function of the hypoglossal nerve?

SPINAL NERVES AND NERVE PULSES

OVERVIEW:
Describe the origin and fiber composition of (1) ventral and dorsal roots, (2) the spinal nerve proper, and (3) ventral and dorsal rami
Name four major nerve plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe theirmdistribution

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

What is autonomic nervous system and name the two motor nerves?

This is the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls the body activities automatically. Thus, the involuntary branch of the nervous systems. This consists of only two motor nerves: the preganglionic neuron (in the brain or spinal cord) and the postganglionic neuron (extends to the organ it serves)

AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONING

What is the sympathetic division?

This is referred to as the "flight-or-flight" system. This respond to unusual stimulus and takes over to increase activities. Under these conditions, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; dilates the bronchioles of the lungs; and brings about many other effects that help the individual cope with the stressor