Understanding today’s lecture

Can you give an alternative proof of Theorem 42(iv) using the constant value theorem (Lemma 35), in a similar style to Lemma 36?

We proved the addition formulae for sine and cosine for complex numbers (not just for reals). What do you get if you expand using the addition formula? You might want to use properties of sine, cosine, and their hyperbolic counterparts. You could try expanding it using the exponential form of too, to compare the approaches.

What other facts can you derive about the functions and in the style of Corollary 44, using addition formulae and facts about ?

Can you write a list of properties of hyperbolic functions (perhaps in the style of Theorem 42) and then prove it from the definitions?

We have just reached the end of a section of the course, so this would be an ideal time to look back over your notes to review what we’ve done so far (and perhaps to update your functions grid), before we move on to something new on Friday.

Further reading

Perhaps some of you are worried that we haven’t mentioned that these various functions that we’re defining are well defined. That’s because we don’t need to, but if you’re a bit puzzled by what ‘well defined’ means then you might like to read this piece by Tim Gowers.

There’s an interesting description of the history of the trigonometric functions on MacTutor. They also have an article about the history of the concept of a function, which is a concept that we’ve been using rather a lot in this course.

Preparation for Lecture 19

How would you rigorously define integration? What properties do you expect the integral to have? Do you expect to be able to integrate every function? Can you give examples of integrable and non-integrable functions?

He has written more about this in his Companion to Analysis book: there’s quite a bit about the link between analysis and geometry via trig functions, so if you’re interested then that would be an ideal place to start looking.

There’s also a discussion here that might help (but it doesn’t go into as much depth as the book).