PAP - partial application - a function onject to which only some arguements have been applied.

Backward Pointers

Backwards pointers are the cause of much heartache in writing generational GCs. They are essential pointer from older generations to newer ones. If you think about it, such a thing should never really occur in a pure functional langauge since objects cannot be updated once created. While that is true in essence, backward pointers do arise in Haskell in the following cases