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Introduction 3

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India is the second largest producer of vegetable crops in the world next to China. India produced 125 millions tons of vegetables from an area of 7.80 million hectares during 2008. India shares about 14% of the world’s output of vegetables from about 2% of cropped area in the country. The diverse climatic condition’s enable to produce different indigenous and exotic vegetables in India. (Anon., 2009) 4

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Scope and Importance of Vegetables Vegetables are considered as " Protective Supplementary Food " Different uses of vegetables - - Cooking, salad, pickle, fried, stuffed - High medicinal value - Use as ornaments - Different industrial uses Vegetable make effective use of land and labour resources They play an important role in national economy Increase vegetable production through use of hybrid seeds 5

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SEED MARKET The global commercial seed market is worth $ 37 bn. India is fifth largest and fastest growing seed market in the world. Vegetables seed market in India is about Rs 6 bn. Seed cost as a percentage of revenue per acre for a farmer in India is less than 5% as against 15% in other countries. 9 Onion seed Chilli seed Tomato seed

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Conventional emasculation and pollination with help of forcep Pollination in ps- 2 line without use of forcep 19 Fig. 1: Artificial emasculation and artificial pollination in conventional methods with the help of forcep and pollination in ps- 2 sterile seed parents in tomato.

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Onion 37

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India is one of the leading producer in onion. The important component for exploiting heterosis in onion is male sterility. First onion hybrid developed as early as 1948 using exotic male sterile line and Indian local male stock. Sen and Srivastava (1957) 38

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SELF INCOMPATIBILITY 42

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Gametophytic. SI reaction of a pollen is determined by its own genotype not by the genotype of the plant on which the pollen is produced Sporophytic. SI reaction of pollen is governed by the genotype of the plant on which the pollen is produced and not by the genotype of the pollen. McCubbin and Dickinson (1997) Types of self incompatibility 43

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Stable self incompatibility. High seed set of self pollination at bud stage. Favorable and uniform economic characters. Desirable combination ability. 44 The superior self incompatible lines for hybrid seed production should possess the following characters

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58 CONCLUSION Male sterile lines are available in many crops useful for developing hybrid vigour. Functional male sterility governed by ps-2 gene in tomato has indisputable advantage. GMS and CGMS are utilized for hybrid seed production in chilli. MS line having S, T and G cytoplasm are utilized for hybrid seed production in onion. Highly self incompatible lines are available in radish and cauliflower for its commercial utilization in hybrid seed production. The male sterility and self incompatibility are becoming increasingly important for hybrid seed production in vegetables crops. Pollination control mechanism is helpful for making the hybrid seed production profitable by reducing cost.