A CLUTCH FOR TRANSMISSION

Abstract

The clutch of the present invention has a reaction plate, a friction plate, a friction layer, at least one non-compressible member, and a fluid lubricant. The friction plate is disposed adjacent the reaction plate for frictionally engaging the reaction plate to transfer a driving torque between the reaction plate and the friction plate when the compression force is applied. The friction layer has at least one groove. The at least one non- compressible member is disposed in the at least one groove for preventing further compression of the friction layer by the reaction plate. The at least one non-compressible member is adhered to the friction plate and a fluid lubricant is disposed between the reaction plate and the friction plate for providing a lubrication layer between the plates.

Full Text

Attorney Docket No.: GP-309401-PTT-DLT
CLUTCH FOR A TRANSMISSION
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application
No. 60/829,554, filed on October 16, 2006. The disclosure of the above application is
incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to a torque-transmitting device and to
clutches or brakes for controlling the operation of the mechanisms such as transmissions
or limited slip differentials.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Torque transmitting devices such as clutches or brakes are used
throughout the automotive industry. For example, vehicle transmissions employ multiple
clutches to engage and disengage the gearsets of the transmission to provide forward and
reverse gear ratios.
[0004] Generally, a clutch includes a friction plate and a reaction plate. The
friction plate has a layer of friction material attached to the surface that opposes the
reaction plate. Conventional friction materials are (a) cellulose/Kevlar/resin based
materials; (b) sintered metallic fiber friction materials; and (c) woven carbon fiber
friction materials.
[0005] Cellulose/Kevlar/resin based materials are cost effective, provide high
torque capacity, are porous, offer elastic structure capable of excellent load distribution
without losing permeability as long as the local load is below the elasticity limits.
However, local overloading leads to restricted fluid supply through the porous structure
to the surface as result of plastic deformation, closing pores, permeability loss; and since
the friction material acts more as thermal insulator, such conditions lead to local
overheating, shudder, glazing, structural friction material damage, hot spotting and
judder. Heavily relying on friction modifier additives to avoid stick/slip (shudder)
behavior may only temporarily produce the desired effects. For example, as the friction
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modifier additive concentration drops below a critical level due to depletion, the shudder
amplitude increases.
[0006] Sintered metallic friction materials have much better heat transfer
capability and heat resistance and are capable of taking high overload without structural
damage. Moreover, an optimized load distribution is achieved by abrasive wear.
However, sintered metallic friction materials are less cost effective, since the applied load
distribution is slightly different for each engagement. Abrasive wear is much less
effective as compared to elastic deformation to avoid the local overloading. Since fluid is
squeezed between two solid bodies, much higher local fluid pressure (hard-EHL vs. soft-
EHL) leads to much higher heat generation as result of fluid shear, so even better heat
conductivity may not be enough to support the film, a higher kinematic viscosity fluid
may be required (with an additional loss of efficiency) and resulting in a lower torque
capacity.
[0007] Woven carbon fiber friction materials have benefits and drawbacks that
are somewhere in the middle between cellulose/Kevlar/resin based and sintered friction
materials.
[0008] Thus, there is a need for a new and improved torque transmitting device
that takes advantage of the benefits of the above referenced friction materials and limits
the disadvantages.
SUMMARY
[0009] In an aspect of the present invention, a clutch is provided. The clutch has
a reaction plate, a friction plate, a friction layer, at least one non-compressible member,
and a fluid lubricant. The reaction plate exerts a compression force. The friction plate is
disposed adjacent the reaction plate for frictionally engaging the reaction plate to transfer
a driving torque between the reaction plate and the friction plate when the compression
force is applied. The friction layer is attached to the friction plate and opposes the
reaction plate. The friction layer has a coefficient of friction that is sufficient to prevent
relative rotation of the reaction and friction plates when the friction layer is compressed
by the reaction plate. The friction layer has at least one groove. The at least one non-
compressible member is disposed in the at least one groove for preventing further
compression of the friction layer by the reaction plate. The at least one non-compressible
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member is adhered to the friction plate and a fluid lubricant is disposed between the
reaction plate and the friction plate for providing a lubrication barrier between the plates.
[0010] In another aspect of the present invention, the friction plate and the at least
one non-compressible member include at least one aperture for allowing the fluid
lubricant to pass through the friction plate and the at least one non-compressible member
to contact the reaction plate.
[0011] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the three grooves in the
friction layer have three non-compressible members disposed in each of the three grooves
for preventing further compression of the friction layer by the reaction plate.
[0012] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the at least one non-
compressible member is made primarily of metal.
[0013] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the friction layer is made
primarily of a porous material that allows the lubricating fluid to move through the
friction layer.
[0014] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the friction layer is a
compressible resilient material that will return to an initial height of the friction layer
prior to being compressed by the reaction plate.
[0015] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the friction layer is made
substantially of a woven carbon fiber.
[0016] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the at least one non-
compressible member has a height that is less than a thickness of the friction layer before
the friction layer is compressed by the reaction plate.
[0017] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the at least one non-
compressible member has a predefined height that prevents the friction layer from being
plastically deformed.
[0018] In still another aspect of the present invention, the at least one non-
compressible member has a predefined height that is substantially equal to the thickness
of the friction material layer after the friction layer has been compressed when the clutch
is in a high speed slip operating condition.
[0019] In still another aspect of the present invention, the at least one non-
compressible member has a predefined height that is greater than the thickness of the
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friction material layer after the friction layer has been compressed when the clutch is in a
low speed slip operating condition.
[0020] Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description
provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are
intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the
present disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIGURE 1 is a side view of a torque transmitting device connected
between a drive shaft and a driven shaft, in accordance with an embodiment of the
present invention;
[0022] FIGURE 2 is a partial cutaway view of the torque transmitting device of
Figure 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0023] FIGURE 3 is a cross-sectional view of the torque transmitting device of
Figure 1 at a location shown in Figure 2 and in an initial engagement condition, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0024] FIGURE 4 is a cross-sectional view of the torque transmitting device of
Figure 1 at a location shown in Figure 2 and in a high speed slip condition, in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention; and
[0025] FIGURE 5 is a cross-sectional view of the torque transmitting device of
Figure 1 at a location shown in Figure 2 and in a low speed slip condition, in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0026] Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like
components, in Figure 1 a side view of a torque-transmitting device 10 is illustrated, in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Torque-transmitting device 10 is
commonly referred to in automotive applications as a clutch or brake. Device 10 has a
first plate or friction plate 12 and a second plate or reaction plate 16. Friction plate 12 is
separated from reaction plate 16 by a layer of lubrication fluid 14. Fluid lubricant 14
disposed between the reaction plate 16 and the friction plate 12 provides a lubrication
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barrier between the plates. Torque-transmitting device 10 is connected between a drive
shaft 28 and a driven shaft 30. More specifically, friction plate 12 is coupled to drive
shaft 28 and reaction plate 16 is coupled to driven shaft 30. Drive shaft 28 is typically
connected to a torque-producing device such as an internal combustion engine (not
shown). Driven shaft 30 may be connected to a planetary gearset (not shown) for
transmitting a driving torque from the engine to the planetary gearset to drive the road
wheels of a vehicle. Both friction plate 12 and reaction plate 16 are planar and have a
substantially circular shape. Further, plates 12 and 16 are made of steel or similar
material. However, the teachings of the present invention may be applied to plates made
of other materials, such as metal alloys, composites and the like.
[0027] Referring now to Figure 2, a partial cutaway view of the torque
transmitting device 10 of Figure 1 is illustrated, in accordance with an embodiment of the
present invention. Portions of reaction plate 16 have been removed to reveal the
lubrication layer 14 and a friction material layer 36. Friction material layer 36 is adhered
to a surface of the friction plate 12. Friction material layer 36 is one of a variety of
friction materials currently in use in torque transmitting mechanisms today. For example,
in an embodiment of the invention friction material layer 36 is the friction material shown
and described in US patent number 5,676,577 issued to Robert Chi-Chiu Lam and Yih
Fang Chen and assigned to Borg-Warner Automotive, Inc of Sterling Heights, MI, and
hereby incorporated by reference. Further, friction material layer 36 may be made of a
friction material offered by Borg-Warner Automotive, Inc of Sterling Heights, MI
having the product identification number BW-6500. However, the present invention
contemplates that friction material layer 36 is made of cellulose, Kevlar, resin, sintered
metal, woven carbon fiber or any combination of these materials in varying percentages
by weight that may or may not be in use in clutch applications currently. Friction
material layer 36 is a porous layer that allows lubricating fluid 14 to move through layer
36. Further, friction material layer 36 is a compressible resilient material that will return
to its initial height and shape prior to being compressed by reaction plate 16, if layer 36 is
not compressed beyond its elastic limit.
[0028] In another embodiment of the present invention, grooves 38 are formed in
friction material layer 36. The depth of grooves 38 is substantially equal to the thickness
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Attorney Docket No.: GP-309401-PTT-DLT
of the friction material layer 36. Preferably, at least three grooves are formed in friction
material layer 36. However, the present invention contemplates that fewer than three or
more than three grooves maybe formed in friction material layer 36. Moreover, grooves
38 are spaced apart and disposed circumferentially around friction plate 12. The present
invention contemplates that grooves 38 are formed to extend radially out from the center
of plate 12 or are disposed on an angle relative to a line passing through the center of
plate 12 and extending radially outward.
[0029] Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a ridge or
insert member 40 is placed in each of the grooves 38. Insert member 40, for example is a
separate component that is adhered to friction plate 12. Insert member 40 is made of
carbon fiber, steel, a metal alloy or similar material. In an embodiment of the present
invention, the width Wi of the insert members 40 is no wider than a typical lubrication
fluid groove width in a conventional friction plate. Furthermore, width Wi; of insert 40 is
dimensioned to be sufficient to accommodate any overloading received from clutch
engagement.
[0030] Preferably, insert member 40 includes a plurality of apertures 42.
Apertures 42 extend through friction plate 12 and are configured to receive and transport
lubrication fluid 14 to the interface of the friction plate 12 and reaction plate 16.
[0031] Referring now to Figure 3, a cross-sectional view of the torque
transmitting device 10 of Figure 1 at a location shown in Figure 2 and at initial
engagement is illustrated, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At
initial engagement, friction material layer 36 preferably has an uncompressed thickness
Tuc that is greater than the height Hi of insert members 40. Thus, grooves 38 exist at
initial engagement. Grooves 38 promote the flow of lubrication fluid 14 through torque
transmitting device 10 and work to break through the hydrodynamic film and avoid
hydroplaning. An important characteristic of friction material layer 36 is the elastic
property of layer 36. More specifically, friction material layer 36 should have an elastic
zone Ez that extends from its uncompressed thickness Tuc to just below the height of the
insert members 40, as referenced in Figure 3. When friction material layer 36 is
compressed to a thickness such that the top surface of friction material layer 36 is within
elastic zone Ez, layer 36 will remain resilient and return to its initial thickness when
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uncompressed. Further, insert members 40 are specifically configured to ensure that
friction material layer 36 is not compressed below elastic zone Ez by preventing reaction
plate 16 from moving closer to friction plate 12. In other words, friction plate 12 and
reaction plate 16 will move towards each other until reaction plate 16 contacts insert
members 40 attached to friction plate 12.
[0032] As shown in Figure 4, a cross-sectional view of the torque transmitting
device 10 of Figure 1 at a location shown in Figure 2 and during high speed slip, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As the load on reaction plate
16 reaches its maximum capacity grooves 38 will disappear, friction material layer 36
will transfer the majority of the torque in elastic deformation region with initial or close
to initial permeability, and insert members 40 will carry some of the torque. More
specifically, during high speed slip friction material layer 36 is compressed such that the
thickness Ths of the friction material is substantially equal to the height of insert members
40. In this condition, grooves 38 are no longer present. Insert members 40 have a
predefined height Hi that prevents friction material layer 12 from being compressed
beyond its elastic deformation range or zone Ez. Moreover, insert members 40 will
provide parallelism between friction plate 12 and reaction plate 16 resulting in an
enhanced load distribution. Further, insert members 40 will absorb any additional
temporary loading, thus avoiding friction material plastic deformation and permeability
loss.
[0033] Reference is now made to Figure 5, a cross-sectional view of the torque
transmitting device 10 of Figure 1 at a location shown in Figure 2 and during low speed
slip. During low speed slip friction material layer 36 is compressed such that the
thickness TlS of the friction material is slightly below the height of insert members 40. In
this condition, grooves 38 are no longer present. Moreover, friction material layer 36 is
fully compressed and at its elastic deformation limit. If friction material layer 36 were
compressed beyond its elastic deformation limit, layer 36 would enter plastic
deformation. Friction material layer 36 would lose its resilience if it enters plastic
deformation. However, the present invention ensures that friction material layer will not
be plastically deformed by providing insert members 40 having a predefined height Hi
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that prevents reaction plate 16 from further compressing friction material layer 36 beyond
its elastic deformation zone Ez.
[0034] Thus, the present invention has many advantages and benefits over the
prior art. Moreover, the teachings of the present invention may be employed to overcome
many problems found in prior art torque transmitting devices. For example, the present
invention overcomes the problem of shudder and other problems discussed in a technical
paper authored by Robert C. Lam, Bulent Chavdar, and Tim Newcomb, New Generation
Friction Materials and Technologies and published by The Society of Automotive
Engineers (Ref. # SAE 2006-01-0150), hereby incorporated by reference.
[0035] While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described
in detail, it is to be understood that the terminology used is intended to be in the nature of
words and description rather than of limitation. Those familiar with the art to which this
invention relates will recognize that many modifications of the present invention are
possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the
scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced in a substantially
equivalent way other than as specifically described herein.
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CLAIMS
1. A clutch comprising:
a reaction plate for exerting a compression force;
a friction plate disposed adjacent the reaction plate for frictionally engaging the
reaction plate to transfer a driving torque between the reaction plate and the friction plate
when the compression force is applied;
a friction layer attached to the friction plate and opposing the reaction plate, the
friction layer has a coefficient of friction that is sufficient to prevent relative rotation of
the reaction and friction plates when the friction layer is compressed by the reaction
plate, and wherein the friction layer has at least one groove;
at least one non-compressible member disposed in the at least one groove for
preventing further compression of the friction layer by the reaction plate, wherein the at
least one non-compressible member is adhered to the friction plate; and
a fluid lubricant disposed between the reaction plate and the friction plate for
providing a lubrication layer between the plates.
2. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the friction plate and the at least one non-
compressible member further comprise at least one aperture for allowing the fluid
lubricant to pass through the friction plate and the at least one non-compressible member
to contact the reaction plate.
3. The clutch of claim 1 further comprising three grooves in the friction layer
having three non-compressible members disposed in each of the three grooves for
preventing further compression of the friction layer by the reaction plate.
4. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-compressible member
is made primarily of metal.
5. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the friction layer is made primarily of a
porous material that allows the lubricating fluid to move through the friction layer.
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10
6. The clutch of claim 5 wherein the friction layer is a compressible resilient
material that will return to an initial height of the friction layer prior to being compressed
by the reaction plate.
7. The clutch of claim 5 wherein the friction layer is made substantially of a
woven carbon fiber.
8. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-compressible member
has a height that is less than a thickness of the friction layer before the friction layer is
compressed by the reaction plate.
9. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-compressible member
has a predefined height that prevents the friction layer from being plastically deformed.
10. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-compressible member
has a predefined height that is substantially equal to the thickness of the friction material
layer after the friction layer has been compressed when the clutch is in a high speed slip
operating condition.
11. The clutch of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-compressible member
has a predefined height that is greater than the thickness of the friction material layer
after the friction layer has been compressed when the clutch is in a low speed slip
operating condition.

The clutch of the present invention has a reaction plate, a friction plate, a friction
layer, at least one non-compressible member, and a fluid lubricant. The friction plate is
disposed adjacent the reaction plate for frictionally engaging the reaction plate to transfer
a driving torque between the reaction plate and the friction plate when the compression
force is applied. The friction layer has at least one groove. The at least one non-
compressible member is disposed in the at least one groove for preventing further
compression of the friction layer by the reaction plate. The at least one non-compressible
member is adhered to the friction plate and a fluid lubricant is disposed between the
reaction plate and the friction plate for providing a lubrication layer between the plates.