Large productions often have various producers who share responsibilities. For example, on a large movie set, an
executive producer
is in charge of the entire production and a
line producer
runs the day-to-day operations. A TV show may employ several
assistant producers
to whom the head or executive producer gives certain duties, such as supervising the costume and makeup teams.

Similarly, large productions usually employ several
assistant directors
, who help the director with smaller production tasks such as making set changes or notifying the performers when it is their time to go onstage. The specific responsibilities of assistant producers or directors vary with the size and type of production they work on.

Although directors are in charge of the creative aspects of a show, they ultimately answer to producers. Some directors also share producing duties for their own films.

Producers and directors audition and select cast members.

Producers and directors held about 134,700 jobs in 2016. The largest employers of producers and directors were as follows:

Producers and directors work under a lot of pressure, and many are under constant stress to finish their work on time. Work assignments may be short, ranging from 1 day to a few months. They sometimes must work in unpleasant conditions, such as bad weather.

Theater directors and producers may travel with a touring show across the country, while those in film and television may work on location (a site away from the studio and where all or part of the filming occurs).

Work hours for producers and directors can be long and irregular. Evening, weekend, and holiday work is common. About 1 out of 3 worked more than 40 hours per week in 2016. Many producers and directors do not work a standard workweek, because their schedules may change with each assignment or project.

Redirect responses are instances of the
Illuminate\
Http
\
RedirectResponse
class, and contain the proper headers needed to redirect the user to another URL. There are several ways to generate a
RedirectResponse
instance. The simplest method is to use the global
redirect
helper:

Sometimes you may wish to redirect the user to their previous location, such as when a submitted form is invalid. You may do so by using the global
back
helper function. Since this feature utilizes the
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, make sure the route calling the
back
function is using the
web
middleware group or has all of the session middleware applied:

When you call the
redirect
helper with no parameters, an instance of
Illuminate\
Routing
\
Redirector
is returned, allowing you to call any method on the
Redirector
instance. For example, to generate a
RedirectResponse
to a named route, you may use the
route
method:

If your route has parameters, you may pass them as the second argument to the
route
method:

If you are redirecting to a route with an "ID" parameter that is being populated from an Eloquent model, you may pass the model itself. The ID will be extracted automatically:

If you would like to customize the value that is placed in the route parameter, you should override the
getRouteKey
method on your Eloquent model:

You may also generate redirects to
controller actions
. To do so, pass the controller and action name to the
action
method. Remember, you do not need to specify the full namespace to the controller since Laravel's
RouteServiceProvider
will automatically set the base controller namespace:

If your controller route requires parameters, you may pass them as the second argument to the
action
method:

Sometimes you may need to redirect to a domain outside of your application. You may do so by calling the
away
method, which creates a
RedirectResponse
without any additional URL encoding, validation, or verification:

Redirecting to a new URL and
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are usually done at the same time. Typically, this is done after successfully performing an action when you flash a success message to the session. For convenience, you may create a
RedirectResponse
instance and flash data to the session in a single, fluent method chain:

After the user is redirected, you may display the flashed message from the
session
. For example, using
Blade syntax
:

The
response
helper may be used to generate other types of response instances. When the
response
helper is called without arguments, an implementation of the
Illuminate\
Contracts
\
Routing
\
ResponseFactory
contract
is returned. This contract provides several helpful methods for generating responses.

There’s a widespread myth that American feminist leadership put women’s rights on the world agenda. The opposite is the case. The initial impetus came from the Soviet bloc and non-aligned Third World states.
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In the early 1970s, while Washington was struggling with military defeat in Indochina compounded by recession and political crisis at home, leftist African and Arab countries were temporarily riding high, buoyed up by a flood of petro-dollars. In 1974 this ‘Group of 77’ used their new majority at the one-state, one-vote
un
General Assembly to push through the Declaration for a New International Economic Order, under whose charter developing countries would be able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations on their territory, including nationalizing their assets, with compensation to be settled under the domestic law of the nationalizing country. Naturally this was anathema to the
us
, but the Soviet bloc lent
nieo
its support in exchange for G-77 votes for the Brezhnevite agenda of détente.

The correlation coefficient
r
is directly related to the coefficient of determination
r
2
in the obvious way. If
r
2
is represented in decimal form,
e.g.
0.39 or 0.87, then all we have to do to obtain
r
is to take the square root of
r
2
:

r
=
±
√
r
2
r
=
±
r
2

The sign of
r
depends on the sign of the estimated slope coefficient
b
1:

That is, the estimated slope and the correlation coefficient
r
always share the same sign. Furthermore, because
r
2
is always a number between 0 and 1, the correlation coefficient
r
is always a number between -1 and 1.

One advantage of
r
is that it is unitless, allowing researchers to make sense of correlation coefficients calculated on different data sets with different units. The "unitless-ness" of the measure can be seen from an alternative formula for
r
, namely: