This chapter is from the book

This chapter is from the book

Recommendations

During configuration, you will need to make trade-offs between security, ease-of-use, and legacy compatibility. A wide variety
of options covering network and protocol support, authentication, and user environment, obscure the individual option's impact
on the whole. This section includes some configuration recommendations and discusses the consequences of their usage.

Only the Solaris Secure Shell software and OpenSSH versions that are current at the time of this writing are used. Not all
of the options are covered. Consult the vendor documentation for information on the other options and on the options presented
here.

Server Recommendations

Server configuration specifies how the daemon presents itself on the network, what protocols are offered, and what authentication
methods are allowed. Specific recommendations are given for each topic. Recommendations specific to a particular Secure Shell
implementation have also been noted.

Protocol Support

Two major versions of the Secure Shell protocol exist. Protocol 1 has been deprecated because of vulnerabilities, such as
packet insertion and password-length determination. Whenever possible, use Protocol 2. Unfortunately, many legacy clients
support only Protocol 1. If this protocol must be enabled, consult the Legacy Support recommendations later in this chapter.
Consider migrating to clients that support Protocol 2 as soon as reasonably possible.

Network Access

By default, the sshd(1M) daemon listens on all network interfaces on its bound ports. For workstations or other systems on which accessibility
is desired for all interfaces, this behavior is not a problem. For architectures such as the Service Delivery Network, in
which management traffic is limited to a particular interface, this behavior is a problem. Limit network access with the ListenAddress keyword. Access is limited by a particular IP address, not by a network interface.

# Listen only to the management network.
ListenAddress 192.168.0.10

To further narrow down what the daemon will listen to, use either a host-based firewall, such as the SunScreenTM software,
or TCP Wrappers.

Keep-Alives

Occasionally, connections are temporarily suspended when a route is downed, a machine crashes, a connection is hijacked, or
a man-in-the-middle attack is attempted. TCP keep-alives should be sent to detect any of these cases. If TCP keep-alives fail,
the server will disconnect the connection and return allocated resources. Regular disconnects can aggravate users on faulty
networks.

KeepAlive yes

Data Compression

Optionally, compression can be used on the encrypted data streams. This use results in bandwidth savings for compressible
data, such as interactive logins or log files, at the expense of more CPU resources. For uncompressible data such as encrypted
or compressed files, the extra CPU time is wasted and decreases performance. For a single Secure Shell session, these losses
are inconsequential. For a file server, the extra load could impact performance. In this case, turn compression off to prevent
misconfigured clients from driving up the system load.

Privilege Separation

Privilege separation is an OpenSSH-only feature. The sshd(1M) daemon is split into two parts: a privileged process to deal with authentication and process creation and an unprivileged
process to deal with incoming network connections. After successful authentication, the privileged process spawns a new process
with the privileges of the authenticated user. The goal is to prevent compromise from an error in the network facing process.
Unfortunately, privilege separation is not really compatible with pluggable authentication modules or SunSHIELD Basic Security
Module (BSM) auditing. Some OpenSSH features are also disabled. If privilege separation is desired, consult the vendor documentation.

Login Grace Time

The default login grace time is the time a connection is allowed to exist before being successfully authenticated. The default
of 600 seconds for the Solaris Secure Shell software and 120 seconds for later OpenSSH versions is too long. Reduce the time
to 60 seconds.

LoginGraceTime 60

Password and Public Key Authentication

Passwords are not always appropriate. A stronger means may be required, such as public-key cryptographic two-factor authentication.
Secure Shell refers to the key pair as an identity. See "Managing Keys and Identities" on page 71 for more details. When passwords are deemed sufficient, do not allow empty passwords. They are too easy to guess.

Superuser (root) Logins

Neither the Solaris Secure Shell software nor OpenSSH honors the values set in the /etc/default/login file. To prevent network superuser (root) logins, they must be explicitly denied. The Solaris Secure Shell software and OpenSSH default to yes. However, the default sshd_config(4) file in the Solaris Secure Shell software disables this feature. This forces a system administrator to log in as an unprivileged
user, then change users (su) to the superuser. Enable superuser logins only if the system has no user accounts and the appropriate host protection is
in place.

PermitRootLogin no

Banners, Mail, and Message-of-the-Day

Some sites require that a banner be displayed after a user connects to a system, but before logging in. You can accomplished
this with the Banner keyword. Set Banner to /etc/issue so that only one banner file exists for the entire system.

Banner /etc/issue

In the Solaris OE, the interactive login shell is expected to display the message-of-the-day (MOTD) and to check for new mail.
With some versions of OpenSSH, this feature causes the MOTD display and mail check to be done twice. Set these keywords to
no to eliminate the duplication.

CheckMail no
PrintMotd no

Connection and X11 Forwarding

Secure Shell can tunnel TCP and X protocol connections through encrypted connections established between the client and server.
Tunneling the traffic is referred to as forwarding. The forwarding occurs at the application level and is not completely transparent
to the applications being forwarded. The applications need some configuration to use the tunnel.

Data is protected only while it is in the tunnel between the client and server. After that, it is normal network traffic in
the clear.

Tunneled traffic bypasses firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Allowing connection (TCP port) forwarding allows remote
users safer access to email or the corporate web server. X forwarding allows system administrators to run GUI applications
remotely, such as the SolarisTM Management Console software. This may not be functionality you want your users setting up.
You can inconvenience users by turning off the functionality, but as long as they have shell access, they can run their own
forwarders. Use role-based access control to explicitly limit what you want your users to do in this case.

If port forwarding is enabled, disable GatewayPorts and notify your users. GatewayPorts allows machines, other than the client, to access the forwarded ports in the tunnel. This access effectively bypasses any
firewall usage. Again, users could run their own private forwarders on their client machines to defeat the server restrictions.
Consider placing an intrusion detection sensor on the private network side of a Secure Shell bastion host to detect problem
traffic.

User Access Control Lists

User access control lists (ACLs) can be specified in the server configuration file. No other part of the Solaris OE honors
this ACL. You can either specifically allow or deny individual users or groups. The default is to allow access to anyone with
a valid account. You can use ACLs to limit access to particular users in NIS environments, without resorting to custom pluggable
authentication modules. Use only one of the following four ACL keywords in the server configuration file: AllowGroups, AllowUsers, DenyGroups or DenyUsers.

# Allow only the sysadmin staff
AllowGroups staff

# Prevent unauthorized users.
DenyUsers cheng atkinson

User File Permissions

If a user has left their home directory or .ssh files world writable either by accident or by trickery, an intruder could
insert identities allowing password-free access or alter the known_hosts file to allow man-in-the-middle attacks. With StrictModes enabled, the sshd(1M) daemon will not allow a login. But, users can be easily confused because they will not know why they cannot log in. No
different error message is presented to them.

StrictModes yes

If you decide to disable StrictModes, consider eliminating public-key-based authentication to prevent user account compromise. The consequence is the elimination
of password-free logins for users or automated jobs.

UseLogin Keyword

For OpenSSH only, UseLogin specifies that the OpenSSH sshd(1M) call login(1) instead of performing the initial login tasks itself for interactive sessions. login(1) must be called for BSM auditing. Unless UseLogin is set to yes, cron(1M) will partially break if SunSHIELD BSM auditing is enabled. See "Auditing" on page 81 for details on the consequences of UseLogin and on getting BSM auditing to work successfully. UseLogin will not work if UsePrivilegeSeparation is enabled. Enabling UseLogin disables X11 and port forwarding.

UseLogin no

Legacy Support

If legacy clients must be supported, strengthen the default configuration as much as possible. Default to Protocol 2 for the
clients that support it. Disable all of the rhosts-style authentication methods. Increase the server key size and decrease the ephemeral key regeneration interval to minimize
offline factoring attacks against the keys.

Client Recommendations

Host Option Assignment

Configuration options can be assigned to a specific host or to all hosts by using the Host keyword. The value is matched to what the user types on the command line, not to the actual host name of the server. An asterisk
(*) is used to set global default options. Options assigned to a specific host have precedence over the global defaults.

Data Compression

Data compression can be used on the encrypted data stream to save bandwidth. Set to off by default, you should enable it for interactive sessions or for transferring easily compressible data. The compression cost
is asymmetric in that compressing the data is more computationally expensive than decompression. Client-side CPU cycles are
generally cheaper than server-side CPU cycles. Avoid attempting to compress already compressed or encrypted data to avoid
needlessly raising the CPU load on the server.

Keep-Alives

Enable TCP keep-alives to detect downed connections. See "Keep-Alives" on page 44 for the server recommendations.

KeepAlive yes

Protocol Support

Always use Protocol 2 when possible. See "Protocol Support" on page 43 for the server recommendation.

Protocol 2

rlogin and rsh

The rlogin and rsh protocols should not be used. Prevent the client from attempting to execute rsh if a Secure Shell connection is refused.

FallBackToRsh no
UseRsh no

Server Identity

Verify server identity both by its host key and IP address. For higher levels of identity assurance, set StrictHostKeyChecking to yes and distribute host keys out-of-band. This is impractical when users frequently encounter new hosts. Set StrictHostKeyChecking to ask, and train the users to verify the offered host key with the stored host key on the server. See "Managing Keys and Identities" on page 71 for more information.

CheckHostIP yes
# only access one host
StrictHostKeyChecking yes

CheckHostIP yes
# access a variety of hosts
StrictHostKeyChecking ask

User Identity

User identities are stronger and provide more flexibility than does password authentication. When user identities are combined
with agents, password-free logins can safely be obtained if the server permits it. See "Integrating Secure Shell" on page 59 and "Managing Keys and Identities" on page 71 for details.