The Evolution of Animal Print

~ A LESS THAN SPOTLESS TRACK RECORD ~

The last decade has seen animal print resurge from near extinction to claim a lion’s share of the fashion kingdom. Today, our concrete jungles are teaming with python prints, zebra stripes and the leopard’s rosette. The twenty-first century has seen almost every major fashion institution emulate something from the wild. Labels such as Tom Ford, Gucci, Off-White, Saint Laurent, and even tartan-favouring Burberry have all had the print prowling down the (aptly named) catwalk – and it’s been selling in record numbers.

Burberry SS 2019

Zadig Voltaire AW 2018

R13 Fall 2018

Tom Ford AW 2018

Gucci SS 2019

Sally Lapointe Fall 2019

Adam Selman Fall 2018

Kate Spade Fall 2019

Off-White SS 2019

Saint Laurent AW 19/20

The Guardian reported that, in 2017, fast-fashion giant ASOS welcomed a £500m increase in sales due to the popularity of animal print. The clothing giant sold 1.3 million garments awash with the patterns of various jungle creatures, with over 2000 options available to consumers.

In the forests, grasslands, mountains, and deserts, animals use their patterned coats to blend in with their surroundings, effectively stalking potential prey (or hiding from becoming prey).

Spot the leopard

But in the metropolitan landscape, wearing these very same patterns can make a woman stand out. The visibility and impact of animal print has been exhaustively covered by fashion pundits, journalists, historians, and social commentators. But, what I feel has not been explored enough is how the twentieth century’s view of animal print, in fashion, tended to present certain perceptions of women in that era – and it left a lot to be desired.

Through the latter half of the twentieth century animal print, leopard in particular, has ‘tried on’ many personas – from glamazon to gold-digger, pin-up girl to rockstar, trophy wife to trollop, heiress to airhead. They often differed vastly from one era to the next but with one major thing in common: they all lend themselves to the idea of the hyper-sexualised woman, designed for the male gaze. The print of an animal has long emulated exoticism, danger, and predatory proclivities, which have been transferred to their wearer, in varying shades throughout the last century, and exemplified through popular culture (film, television and print).

The late 1940s saw the rise of the popular detective genre, film noir, and with it came the birth of the infamous femme fatale: a morally ambiguous, ill-fated woman whose sexual allure would frequently drive men to their demise. This archetypal woman can often be seen draped in the distinct markings of wild beasts.

Veronica Lake as Susan Cleaver, who destroys a friendship between two men, in Saigon (1948)Agnes Moorehead as Madge Rapf, the venegeful & jealous ex-girlfriend, in ‘Dark Passage’ (1947)

Ann Sheridan, playing the role of the ‘other’ woman, in Nora Prentiss (1948)

Gloria Swanson as Norma Desmond, a washed up film star in Sunset Boulevard (1950)

In 1947 Christian Dior helped transport leopard print to the world of high fashion, inspired by his rosette-speckled muse, Mitzah Bricard [see image below]. But even Dior claimed: “If you are fair and sweet, don’t wear it”, denoting the print was cast for a very specific type of woman.

The pin-up girls of the 1950s could rarely be construed as ‘fair or sweet’ and, along with their 1940s predecessors, were tarnished with the same objectified brush. Not only were these women posing in outfits patterned with various animal prints, they were often also surrounded by matching sets, props, or with the creatures themselves. This elicited an even more animalistic element to their oozing sex-appeal.

Betty Page posing with cheetas (1954)

In her book, Fierce: The History of Leopard Print, Jo Weldon sets out the ‘misattribution of arousal’ – a psychological concept that sheds light on the sexual connotations associated with animal-print-donning women. Weldon explains that: “our physiological response of fear of these dangerous animals — pupil dilation and adrenaline flow — is translated by our brains into a sense of arousal.”

These women were wild, sexual creatures whom men wanted to tame and women wanted to emulate.

Gene Tierney with leopard (1954)

Ava Gardner (1952)

Jean Jani (1957)

Irish McCalla (1955)

Jayne Mansfield (1955)

Marilyn Monroe (1955)

Films of the 1950s commonly promoted these women as gold-diggers, such as How to Marry a Millionaire and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.

The fifties pin-up “girl” soon grew up and became the man-eating older woman, prominent in the sixties. Films such as The Graduate helped posit the stereotype of the predatory ‘cougar’ (another big cat!), an older woman seeking out the affections of a much younger man.

Mrs Robinson, played by Anne Bancroft, fitted out in a tiger print dress, while first seducing her prey, the much younger Benjamin Braddock (Dustin Hoffman).

Women like film-star Zsa Zsa Gabor, who it is claimed had relations with her step-son, played out the cougar card in real life. She is also quoted saying, “I am a marvellous housekeeper: Every time I leave a man I keep his house.”

Zsa Zsa Gabor as a Pin-up Girl (1954)

Zsa Zsa as a Cougar (1965)

From gold-diggers to man-eaters, a woman who wore animal print was often seen as someone who exploits the young and the weak, using their lasciviousness as an instrument to get what they want.

What about Jackie Kennedy, you ask, surely she doesn’t fit that mould? She who, very famously, wore a real leopard fur coat in the sixties. Although Kennedy was not cut from the same cloth as Mrs Robinson, she was part of the upper echelons, a theme which has often ridden beside animal print’s more lusty undertones. Animal print, especially furs, alludes to luxury and wealth: being rich, beautiful, or famous was a license to wear the patterns and pelts of exotic creatures (further back in history this was true of men too – worn by royalty and wealthy male dandies).

The ‘elite’ – A First Lady (Jackie Kennedy), a Queen (Elizabeth II) and a Princess (Grace Kelly)

This idea of exclusivity wove its way into the seventies and eighties when the motifs of wild creatures were adopted by rock royalty; here it almost became subversive, worn as an act of rebellion, of which flagrantly expressing their sexuality was a large part.

Poison Ivy, The Cramps (1970s)

Nancy Spungen, wild child & ill-fated lover of Sid Vicious (1978)

Debbie Harry, Blondie (1976)

Madonna (1985)

Grace Jones (1978)

Animal print continued to be worn by the ‘elite’ into the 1990s when it became the uniform of the supermodel, with a little help from Azzedine Alaïa.

The nineties, however, saw a dichotomy emerge in animal print. Although it was touted by the army of supermodels prevalent in that era, for the first time in its long history, the jungle’s rosettes, stripes, spots and scales also found their way into the wardrobes of the middle (and working) class woman. Eccentric, exhibitionist, airheads, in music, film, and television were suddenly all adorned in the print of animals. Still, if a woman wasn’t part of the glamorous elite then she was tacky, trashy or kitsch.

Poster of Melanie Brown – aka Scary Spice / Mel B (1990s)

Shania Twain in video clip for That Don’t Impress Me Much (1997)﻿

Lil Kim, inset image for her album Hard Core(1996)

Fran Fine, The Nanny (1993-1999)

Bet Lynch, Coronation Street (1966-2002)

Peggy Bundy, Married With Children (1987-1997)﻿

Alabama Whitman, True Romance (1993)

This brings us to the twenty-first century. In the last decade, there has been a significant shift, or diversification, in the users of animal print. For the first time in its history, animal print does not leave its mark on the wearer. Age, gender and class are no longer sewn into the social fabric of the print.

Today, animal print is ubiquitous and can (and is) worn by everyone and on any occasion, including, according to the Telegraph, in the work place (Forbes said this was okay back in 2013). All you have to do is google ‘how to wear animal print‘ and the top articles to pop up are from Net-a-Poter, Vogue and Cosmopolitan. The different colours and styles of the prints themselves pay testament to the diverse demographics of the modern animal print wearer.

Age, gender and class are no longer sewn into the social fabric of the print.

The sartorial vernacular around animal print no longer exists within the threshold of the male gaze. And it’s because women (and men) refuse to let it. The power of the creature behind the print itself still remains, while leaving the derivative female image-homogenising history in the past, capturing the Zeitgeist of the twenty-first century. Those who identify as female are shedding their antiquated, repressed, skins like the snake* that they now wear as the pattern on their blouse. Women are taking more control of their bodies, their minds and their lives.

Those who identify as female are shedding their antiquated, repressed, skins like the snake that they now wear as the pattern on their blouse.

Recent events in our society and around the world have demonstrated women taking a firm hold of their own futures, and going from strength to strength in the process: Saudi women, since 2018 are now legally allowed to drive a vehicle; there is the largest number of women in Congress in the US, ever – including WOC and queer women; Katie Bouman played a key part in the creation of the world-first image of an actual black hole; the UK made it illegal to use gender stereotypes in advertising; the International Transgender Day of Visibility came into affect in 2009; Iceland made it illegal to pay women less than men; at least 2 million women, in seven continents, rallied for equality after Donald Trump’s inauguration and movements such as #metoo and #timesup became a global phenomenon. This is only a snapshot!

Animal print, for the first time in its centuries-long career, represents an evolving and empowering time for women. It is proof that, in fashion, as a projection of the society in which we live, a leopard might actually be able to change its spots.

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*Snakeskin, historically, was a print worn more by men, a phallic symbol denoting power and masculinity. Cool, careless, dangerous men were the types who wore snakeskin – demonstrated in films such as The Fugitive Kind (1960) and Wild at Heart (1990). Quite striking how different this was from leopard on women.

Posted by:Shoshington

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2 replies to The Evolution of Animal Print

This was awesome! I was actually just thinking the other day about this exact thing, I’m so happy you’ve written such a nice and succinct article on it! A thought that occurred to me during my ponders on the topic was the memory of seeing a girl post somewhere once – a post that had a decent amount of shares, too :c (I honestly don’t remember who posted it or where it was as I was just mindless-scrolling at the time) – something about “girls who wear zebra print, watch your boyfriends, you’re prey to girls who wear leopard print ;)” or something stupid like that. Do you think there’s any underlying (assumed on each side but never confirmed) heirarchy/some sort of prejudice towards one another between leopard print loving and zebra print loving women? Because honestly it’s something I’ve seen personally, and online, women judging each other for either leopard print or zebra and it’s something i used to do until I realised it was dumb? and so I was just wondering if you had ever experienced this/seen this too and if you think it’s worth looking into why that happens to people as a “phase” I’ve noticed commonly? 🙂 it’s always the
same argument from both sides too, “i think leopard print is tacky” – “well I think Zebra stripes are tackier!” so ?? It’s not even a this Vs that just got me thinking… also, it could have been a guy that posted it, which is a whole different thing aha x.x I won’t share all my thoughts it yeah etc. Etc. Anyway, have a good day! n.n

Interesting thought! I guess you could pull it back to nature and the fact that leopards are natural predators whereas zebras are more likely to be considered ‘prey’? We are categorising, I guess – something humans love to do. The fact that the article you mentioned declares that women who wear leopard print will steal another woman’s man adds weight to my theory on animal print (leopard in particular) and the negative connotations its wearers have garnered over the years. Today, I think the fact that animal prints of all kinds have now saturated the market there is less distinction between not only the prints themselves but also those who dress in them. Next time you walk down the street take note of who is wearing animal print now – it’s donned by everyone! All ages, races, genders and classes. It’s pretty cool to note especially once you’ve thought a little bit about more about why it was worn and how it was perceived historically.