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Study Design, Measures of Effect, and Sources of Bias

Study Design, Measures of Effect, and Sources of Bias

Lorene M. Nelson

Caroline M. Tanner

Stephen K. Van Den Eeden

Valerie M. McGuire

Publisher:

Oxford University Press

DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.003.02

This chapter addresses the principles of research study design. It provides an in-depth description of commonly used study designs to address research objectives. It presents information about study designs for descriptive epidemiology (i.e., studies of disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates) and analytic epidemiology (i.e., randomized trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies). It describes the measures of effect that reflect the associations between health predictors and neurologic outcomes (odds ratios, relative risks). The second part of the chapter describes common study biases that can adversely affect study validity (sampling error, selection bias, confounding) and how to avoid these biases in the design and conduct of clinical and epidemiological studies.

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PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.oxfordscholarship.com). (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2017. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use (for details see http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/page/privacy-policy).date: 19 March 2018