Use the formula for cesium nitrite in the previous question to determine the mass of nitrogen in 40.0 g of cesium nitrite.

3.13 g

The metal sodium is obtained by electrolysis from common table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl). How much sodium chloride needs to be decomposed to obtain 2500 g of sodium?

6, 360 g

(Quizzes) In order to account for the retrograde motion in the planets, Ptolemy invoked which theory?

Movement of the planets in smaller circles as the planets moved in a large circle around the the earth.

The razor of Franciscan friar and english philosopher and logician William Ockham was conceived for what purpose?

the shaving away unnecessary entities in the raitonal explanation of phenomena

Which of the following ideas describe a scientific model? Check all that apply.

B. an attempt to rationalize the behavior of nature

C. a physical model used to study an idea

D. a tool for the efficient transfer of knowledge gathered through observation.

Which A.B. symbolic argument is invalid?

If A, then B. B, therefore A.

In early nineteenth century France, at what stage of the wine making process was the spoiling taking place?

Bottle Aging

What forms did Pasteur observe microscopically in the sediments of all unspoiled wine?

Only plate shaped objects

Average atmospheric air pressure is 14.7 lbs/in2. Estimate the mass of the liquid contained in the column of Torricelli's barometer if the column has a 3 in2 opening.

44.1 lbs

The Zeno paradoxes were created for what purpose?

B. to probe the logical consequences of the concept of infinity

Consider the general design of Torricelli's experimental model for studying the efficacy of water pumps. Estimate the height to which a liquid with a density of approximately 7 g/mL (water is 1 g/mL; mercury is 13.6 g/mL) could be elevated using a suction pump.

~5 feet

The Zeno paradoxes were conceived for what purpose?

Probe the logical consequences of the concept of infinity.

Spiders have eight legs. Locating a creature with eight lefts, you classify it was a spider. Which logic form best represents your train of thought?

If A, then B. B, therefore A.

All crows are black. That bird is a crow, therefore it is black. This is an example of which argument type.

If A, then B. A, therefore B.

Consider the four arguments below. I. If A, then B. A therefore B.II. If A, then B. B therefore A.III. If A, then B. Not A, therefore not B.IV. If A, then B. Not B, therefore not A.Determine the validity of each of the above arguments given in order in the answer.

Valid, Invalid, Invalid, Valid

Which description best applies to the process of inductive logic?

specific facts to general

A confirming result in an experiment designed to test a hypothesis is best represented by which logical form?

If A, then B. B, therefore A.

Which of the argument types is used to refute a hypothesis?

If A, then B. Not B, therefore not A.

Using the cookie recipe from the notes, determine the amount of vanilla extract required for 1500 cookies (1 cup= 48.1 tsp)

0.52 cups

Approximately how tall is the average woman?

160 cm

Approximately how tall is the average man?

1800 mm

The formula for the area of a circle is pi*r2. The area of a circle is linearly related to?

r2

A large coffee can is filled 2/3 with green marbles. You wish to find the number of green marbles but rather than count them, you throw in 40 red marbles and shake the can vigorously. You then draw out 37 green marbles and 3 red ones. Approximately how many marbles did the can initially contain?

493

The average car weighs about 1 ton or 2000 lbs. If the conversion factor for lbs & kg is 2.2 lbs/kg, calculate the metric mass of the car.

909,000 g

An important and convenient aspect of the metric system is that volume is derived from the basic length measurement. Which pair of measurements represents equivalent volumes?

mL and cm3

The conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen is what type of change

chemical change

How may the dissolution of salt water be best described?

Physical change

What classification would most likely apply to catsup.

Heterogeneous mixture

A grey metallic element is found to react rapidly with water to produce hydrogen gas and a solid white substance. What can be said about the white solid?

It is a compound.

A yellow solid substance is found to give off oxygen and mercury when heated. What may be said of the yellow solid?

It is a compound.

The compound methane contains 75% carbon and the remainder hydrogen. What quantity of hydrogen is formed when 243 lbs of methane is decomposed into its elements?

60.8 lbs

Sulfuric acid is easily one of the six most important industrial chemicals and is 32.7% sulfur. How much sulfur is required to manufacture 750 tons of this vital chemical?

245 tons

That the phlogiston theory grew out of Aristotlean natural philosophy is most evident in which of the greek "elements"?

wine, water, earth, air, and fire....FIRE.

Phlogiston theory described combustion as a process involving...

A decomposition reaction and the release of the essence of fire.

Which of the following substances would be expected to contain the greatest amount of phlogiston?

Gasoline

A particularly strange aspect of phlogiston theory which contributed to its eventual demise was...

That the phlogiston appeared to possess negative mass.

On the basis of careful measurements of the masses of reactants and products undergoing chemical change, Lavoisier concluded that...

Combustion is a process of synthesis.

Which of the following laboratory tools accounted for most of the advancement in chemical understanding at the dawn of the nineteenth century?

Balance

The revival of the atomic concept was necessitated by what experimental observation?

constant composition in compounds

A compound is 57.1% oxygen and the remainder carbon. Using oxygen as the standard (16 amu) and assuming a 1:1 atom ratio, calculate the relative mass of a carbon atom.

12.0 amu

Another compound containing only carbon and oxygen has the following composition: carbon, 27.2%; oxygen, 72.7%. Again, using oxygen as the standard (16 amu), and a 1:1 atom ratio, determine the relative mass of a carbon atom.

6.00 amu

Methane has a constant composition of 25% hydrogen and 75% carbon. Using a value of 12 amu for a carbon atom and assuming that methane contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 carbon atom, determine the relative mass of a hydrogen atom.

2.0 amu

The constant composition for magnesium oxide is 60.3% magnesium and 39.7% oxygen. Assigning an arbitrary value of 12.0 splurps for magnesium and assuming a 1:1 atom ratio, calculate the mass of oxygen.

7.9 splurps

What was the most challenging problem in creating a table of relative atomic masses for the elements?

number of each type of atom for a given compounds constant composition.

Anaximander

student of Thales; suggested that the heavens must form a complete sphere around the earth; based on how the sky varies with latitude, Earth's surface must be curved rather than flat-->guess that Earth is cylinder shaped

Thales

Examined the nile- things grow from water

World comes from water

Life comes from water and dissolves into water

Argument: Control water control nature

(monism)

Thought Earth was standing on water

(600-500 BC)

Anaximenes

- Disagreed w/ Anaximander

- He believed Ex Nihilo Nihil

- Everything Composed of air

- "All differences in quality are really differences in Quantity"

The Ionian Enlightenment

The grand thought put forth by the

thinkers of the Ionian Enlightenment

was that the world was understandable in

terms of natural phenomena.

Zeno’s Paradox

Actually a series of paradoxes designed to

probe the concept of infinity

Zeno paradoxes

makes motion impossible, moving half a distance and then half of that distance to make reaching point b impossible

brings up the question whether or not matter is continuous or discreat

Ptolemy's retrograde observation

In order to rationalizethe observation

of retrograde motion, Ptolemy invoked the

the idea of epicycles.

What is a scientific model?

(or theory)

i.An explanation designed to

rationalize the behavior of nature.

ii. An efficient means for communi-

cating accumulated sensory

experience, i.e. observations.

Occam’s Razor

Stated as “Entities should not be

multiplied unnecessarily”, it is also called

“The Law of Parsimony” and is the

principle by which an explanation with the

fewest assumptions is deemed best.

Occam's razor

States that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. (Simplicity)

The Scientific Method

·State a hypothesis explaining a set of

observations.

· Design an experiment which tests the

validity of the hypothesis.

· Gather data, make observations.

· Either change the hypothesis to fit the

data or design another experiment to

test the original hypothesis further.

Wine fermentation

grape sugars are converted to

ethanol by natural yeasts found on the grape

skins.

Torricelli’s

“unknown void”

an absence

of matter (a vacuum, or void)

created by two equal but opposing

forces, or weights: the weight of the

water in the column and the weight of

the atmosphere upon the water in the

basin.

Meter

originally defined as

1/10,000,000 of the length of an arc traced from the

north pole to the equator.

Volume

(length x width x height)

Liter

A liter (L) is the

volume of a cube

that is 0.1 m on

a side.

Metric Prefixes

•Centi- designates one hundredth of the base unit; 1 cm is 1/100 of a meter or 0.01 m.

•Kilo- designates 1000 times the base unit; 1 kg is 1000 g.

•Milli- designates one thousandth of the base unit; 1 mm is 1/1000 of a meter or 0.001 m.

•Micro- designates one millionth of the base unit;

1 mL is 1/106 liters or 0.000001 L.

•Nano- designates one billionth of the base amount; 1 ng is 1/109 grams or 0.000000001 g.

chemical change

any change in matter that involves a change in the identity of matter

Physical Change

any change in matter

that does not involve a change in identity.

Mixture

Any material that may be separated into two of more different materials by physical means

Pure substance

any material that may not be separated into two or more different materials by physical means, but can by chemical means

Element

Simplest pure substance and cannot be broken down by chemical change.

Compound

Pure substance which may be broken down into two or more elements by chemical change.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

(constant composition)

1. All elements are composed of ultimate (indivisible) particles called atoms.

2. The atoms of a given element have a unique mass, called the atomic mass.

When light impinges upon certain metals in a vacuum, electrons are ejected from the surface and are detected as a current, or moving electric charge.

Einstein

Photoelectric current = coulombs/sec

Einstein's explanation of photoelectric effect

1.Light exists as indivisible packets, or particles, of energy called photons.

2.The energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency of the light according to the equation E=hn where h is Planck’s constant (6.63x10-34 J.s)

3.The electrons in a metal are bound by an energy characteristic of the metal, called the work function; a single photon must possess at least this amount of energy to dislodge an electron.

4.A photon possessing an amount of energy in excess of the work function is absorbed by the dislodged electron as kinetic energy.

Energy of particles related to frequency.

E = hv E = (h*c)/λ

E is the energy in Joules (J).

λ is the wavelength in meters.

v is the frequency in cycles per second (s-1)

h: Planck’s constant (6.63x10-34J.s)

Kinetic Energy Equation

KE = hv - Eo

Energy of event minus the smallest required amount.

Bohr’s Quantum Postulates for the H atom

1.An electron in an atom has only certain definite states of allowed motion. Each of these states has a definite, fixed energy.

2.An atom in one of these states does not radiate. When changing from a high energy state to a lower energy state, the atom emits a photon with an energy (hn) equal to the difference in energy of the two states.

3.In any state, the electron moves in a circular orbit around the nucleus.

4.The states of allowed motion are those in which the angular momentum in an integral multiple of h/2p.

Shortcomings of Bohr Model

1. It only works only for one electron atoms: H, He+, Li2+, Be2+, etc…; attempts to treat complex, multi-electron atoms fail completely.

2. The quantization of energy levels (only certain energies are allowed) is an ad hoc condition of the theory, i.e. the angular momentum is an integer multiple of h/2p.

3.The model does not provide any insight into the phenomenon of chemical bonding.

Matter Wave Theory

Louis de Broglie.

If light exhibits properties of particles, matter (understood as particles) behaves as a wave under certain circumstances.

λ = h/p = h/mv

λ: wavelength(m) h: Planck's constant

p: particle momentum = (mass)(velocity)

m: particle mass(kg) v: particle velocity

First Law of Thermodynamics

conservation of energy

Robert Milikan

photoelectric effect (oil droplets)

The average molecular kinetic energy is directly proportional to what quantity

Kelvin Temperature

Substance that can be decomposed into multiple substances

compound

Ptolemy invoked what theory to account for the retrograde motion in the planets

Movement of the planets in smaller circles as the planets moved in a large circle around the earth.

Jons Jacob Berzelius developed his theory on chemical bonding based off of what?