Ethics in Psychological Research Deception

Deception in Psychological Research
Deception in itself is fraudulent behavior. When someone seldom tells and untruth it appears to be harmless to some, however the same act could be devastating to the next person. Deception can effect one or millions. Take the case of Bernard Madoff who took it upon himself to deceive his clients who trust him to manage their financial holding for them be investing and earning them money in return. Madoff’s level of deception affected and damaged many families. What frame or state of emotional or mental state was he in, what was the thing that initially triggered Madoff to initiate his scheming plan?
Ethics Code
The code of ethics as it relates to psychology pertains to the educational, scientific, and professionals and their activities in the field of psychology which include training, service to the public and communities, intervention, clinical research, counseling. Some other areas include development and conducting assessments, along with program design, organizational consulting, evaluation consulting. Code of Ethics in Psychology applies in these areas as well forensic activities and administrations. Other venues that is different from the private sector as it applies to the conduct or behavior of professionals in the field of psychology which spam in a large area like the postal service, telephone service, the internet and most electrical communication devices.
Detecting Deception
Detecting those individuals who tell the truth from those who systematically tell lies intentionally is discerning. People who deceive will do it in a way that is not out in the open it is not obvious people do it by withholding imperative information. Information that can be as devastating if it was just on a personal level or a worldwide level that will have a lasting damaging affect when the…...

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Business Research Ethics Jere Gossom RES/351 10/22/2012 Mr. Warlick Business Research Ethics This paper will look to provide documentation of unethical research perpetrated against certain populations of the United States. During the research, promises of free treatment in regards to the study were promised, but were never given. In fact, when the cure was needed it was withheld. In 1932, The United States Public Health Service initiated a 40 year study, in which a series of experiments were conducted on 400 poor African Americans. These men were subjected to the syphilis without knowledge. The participants in the study were never informed of the risks, nor were they informed of the researches design. They were simply told they had “bad blood”. The unethical research behavior involved consisted of; one, not mentioning the risks involved; two, promising free treatment with no plan to do so; and three, lying and telling the gentlemen that they simply had “bad blood”. The......

...Ethics in Marketing Research
Introduction:
Today, it is far too easy to begin practicing marketing research. But unethical research practice relying on poor information to make major decision has resulted in loss of market share, reduction in profits, and, in some cases, bankruptcy.
Ethics are moral principles or values generally governing the conduct of an individual or group. Ethics behavior is not, however, a one-way relationship clients, suppliers, as well as field services, must also act in an ethical manner. Ethical questions range from practical, narrowly defined issues, such as a researcher's obligation to be honest with its customers, to broader social and philosophical questions, such as a company's responsibility to preserve the environment and protect employee rights.
Unethical practices by some suppliers include abusing respondents, selling unnecessary research, and violating client include requesting bids when a supplier has been predetermined, requesting bids gain to free advice methodology, marketing false promises, and issuing unauthorized requests for proposals. Marketing research field services have used professional respondents, which I unethical.
Respondents have certain rights, including the rights to choose whether to participate in a marketing research project, the right to safety from physical and psychological harm, and the right to be informed of all aspects of the research task. They should know what is involved, how long it will......

...benefits and risk, and defining ethics of the use of animals in research. Animal research is a topic which is ethically sound and a concerning manner to researchers of the psychological field. There are issues of tests run on the animals which are controversial in manner and a part of the (APA) American Psychological Association ethical issue. The APA is a organization for psychologists in the United States, and designs rules and guides the profession of psychologists as well as other medical personnel. The impact of the testing of animals in the research of psychology will be included in the discussion.
Ethics in Psychological Research Paper
Animals in Research
Ethics help guide researchers around ethical dilemmas that may arise when conducting research. Example questions would be is it acceptable to avoid telling the participant of a study as to what the researcher is looking for and testing about? In what instances is it acceptable and when is it not? The development of research ethics helps guide researchers to find the necessary answer to the different question types (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009).
Conducting a scientific research is when researchers look for facts, try to prove theories, and declare the findings the truth, and those conducting research must use the ethics guidelines (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). The research study or projects could be a loss if the start of the research begins with a lie because the......

... Ethics in Psychological Research Paper
Lillie Johnson
Psych/540
March 3, 2013
Cindy Fouhy
Use of Animals 2.
Introduction
Through the study of animals in different forms of research, psychologists have introduced to us a understanding that is better of human issues in which solving a problem have been easily found. Issues in human like aging, drug addition, side effects, and anxiety have been built through the use of animals.
In psychological research, the rules of ethics is a important idea. The rules supply an outline in which researchers are obligated to supply information concerning the motive of the research, deception in research, the use of animals in studies of research, and human care.
My paper will focus on the use of animals as an issue of classical ethics in a psychological research. It will explain the benefit ratio as well as the concept of risk in using animal for experiments and determine what influence does the use of animal in research has...

...Business Research and Ethical Issues in Independent Auditing
Te’ Portia Sibley
RES 351
John Gilpin
Jan, 22, 2014
The role of an auditor is to audit with integrity and objectivity. In an essay by Roger D. Martin, the role of an auditor should expand to assess the integrity and ethical values of their client as well. The purpose of this research was to bring to light how the auditor-client relationships could devolve into questionable behaviors. This article is in response to the regulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002, that an independent auditing firm be contracted to audit a company in compliance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Practices.
Prior to the act, company management hired the auditing firm, negotiated the fee and could request the firm perform other services. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that an audit committee of the company’s Board of Directors hire the auditing firm with restricted duties. The researcher concludes that an auditor could and should be trained to understand ethics and how it influences behavior. This is a tool auditors could use to assess the integrity and ethical values of clients and better understand the ethical infrastructure (organizational elements that contribute to an organizations ethical effectiveness) of an organization.
What unethical research behavior was involved?
The article discusses how auditors maintain integrity and fulfill their responsibilities independently. Auditors should be aware of risks when......

...Business Research Ethics
Destiny Williams
RES/351 Sara Skowronski
Monday June 9th 2014
Ethics can be defined as, the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (dictionary.com). Personal values very much help to shape our life and its outcome. “Its not hard to make a decision when you know what your values are”- Roy Disney. A persons values will determine how they perceive a situation. Ethics in business research sets standards while establishing honesty and integrity in researchers work. Without ethics you do not know if a researcher was honest in his or her methods used to conduct the research.Rules and morals are often in disagreement with one another, thus requiring substantial interpretation. It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to interpret, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions and to act in various situations (Gajjar 2013).
Dishonesty is the number on research practice that should be avoided in a research project. When conducting research one should honestly report data, results, methods, procedures, and publication status. One should not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data, or deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public. Another unethical practice that should be avoided...

...is deception a controversial issue in psychological research
Deception is defined as the provision of information that actively misled research subjects about particular aspects of the study being undertaken, ( as in Hertwig & Ortmann, 2008). This is a technique that has widely been applied by psychological researchers to collect information about human social behavior, justification given is that the research participant if given full disclosure may alter their behavior, and researchers end up with unreliable deductions and conclusions. Scientific researchers claim that not acquinting the research participants with full facts about the experiment does not constitute intentional deception, (Hertwig & Ortmann, 2008), since this prevents them from inferring the hypothesis being tested for and reduces bias in the study.
The approach of deception infringes on one of the most important aspects of research, which has been the source of controversy for a quite sometime, it is participants informed consent. According to the American Pychological Association code of conduct states that it is imparative that the potential research participant be given information about the particulars of the research such as the kind of procedures that may be used and what is expected of them during the course of the research and whether they will be exposed to danger or not. This information gives the participant to make an informed decision whether to participate or not in the research,......

...Methods and General Principles in Psychological Research
Kavitha Kathleen Devaser
Raffles Institute of Higher Education
Abstract
In psychology, research is vital for the progression and further understanding of this field. Psychological research includes the study of behavior for use in a scientific or academic setting. There are two types of research, qualitative research and quantitative research. To conduct research, there are numerous general principles of psychology and methods in which has to be considered for research to be good with strong supporting evidence. General principles of psychology include operational definitions, population samples and eliminating the influence of expectations. There are several research methods, such as experiments, naturalistic observation, surveys, case histories, and correlational studies as well as ethical considerations in research. Researchers normally draw conclusions for a larger population using a sample. There are four major types of population samples; convenience samples, representative samples, random samples and cross cultural samples. Certain biases are present during research, researcher bias and participant bias. These biases may sway the findings of the experiment. Ethical guidelines must be taken into consideration during research; both human and nonhuman experimentation has guidelines set by the APA. When data is collected, it has to be interpreted visually. Statistics deals with the collection, analysis,......

...Ethics in Psychological assessments
Consider the American psychological Association writing the first formal code of ethics in 1942, detailing professional use of assessments. Addressed were qualifications for the test users, responsibilities, principles, guidelines, application and use of assessments for psychologists. Additionally the American counseling Association code of ethics provides expectations for conduct with the primary emphasis being on the role of the professional counselor. Again MFT provides the some code of ethics in which to provide expectations of the licensed Marriage and Family therapist. Examples of provisions within those guidelines for the use of assessments, but more specifically the responsibility of the professional counselor, plus implications for not following ethical decision making model of principles.
While considering the foundation set forth by those professionals with wisdom, experience and knowledge whom submitted a draft for approval, the American psychological association created an empirically developed code that was based on ethical dilemmas. Although the American Psychological Association had been in existence since 1892 with no formal code of ethics for over 59 years, there was a scientific /professional ethics, and code of conduct observed in 1950. A survey was used to gather actual descriptions of professional activities providing that guideline which set precedence for years to come in the APA profession. This was done with......

...Ethics in Research
We are going through a time of profound change in our understanding of the ethics of applied social research. From the time immediately after World War II until the early 1990s, there was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles that should underlie the research endeavor. Two marker events stand out (among many others) as symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial following World War II brought to public view the ways German scientists had used captive human subjects as subjects in oftentimes gruesome experiments. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study involved the withholding of known effective treatment for syphilis from African-American participants who were infected. Events like these forced the reexamination of ethical standards and the gradual development of a consensus that potential human subjects needed to be protected from being used as 'guinea pigs' in scientific research.
By the 1990s, the dynamics of the situation changed. Cancer patients and persons with AIDS fought publicly with the medical research establishment about the long time needed to get approval for and complete research into potential cures for fatal diseases. In many cases, it is the ethical assumptions of the previous thirty years that drive this 'go-slow' mentality. After all, we would rather risk denying treatment for a while until we achieve enough confidence in a treatment, rather than run the risk of harming innocent......

...Research Ethics
The slides states three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Guidelines of Ethical Research: Do no harm to subjects, voluntary participation and informed consent, researchers must disclose their
identity to participants, confidentiality , and the benefits should outweigh risks. Including the Certificate of Confidentiality (High risk
populations, Child abuse and neglect must be reported, Other types of abuse must be reported as well). The importance of
encouragement of appropriate applications. Relevant questions must be asked. How will research results be used? What are the
personal values of researcher? What are sources of research funding? Who controls the final report? There must be attempts to resolve any dilemmas in a contract., Also an acknowledge of funding sources in the report. Validity is very important to research. Relevant to Validity: Impartial knowledge (the goal), Justifies use of human subjects, Disclose methods, Honestly present findings , Publication in refereed journals, Generalization and Replication.(Check/Schutt), Research Methods in Education. 2012 SAGE Publications.
The history of research was the initial topic of the slides. Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment of 1960 (Yale University) Concerned with the study of obedience to authority. Milgram's study illustrated many common ethical issues. Nuremberg War Crime Trials and the...

...
This piece of work aims to analyse the research methods concerning its use in the field of psychological research. The work will begin by rationalizing the importance of research and will identify the relevant body regulating psychological research in the UK. It will endeavour to present, an give an overview of the main research methods employed by researchers. The advantages, similarities and limitations of two of the methods will be explained. Finally, the ethical issues and criticisms identified in particular psychological experiments will be discussed.
Psychologists use several methods of research, each of which provides information about human behaviour. These methods include: naturalistic observation, survey method, correlational method, the experimental method ( laboratory, field experiments) the correlational method and case studies. In general psychological research methods attempt to: Describe mental and physical behavior; explain the reasons for that behaviour, and predict the circumstances under which it might happen again (Mcleod 2012). None of the methods is able to study all aspects of human behaviour and thought. For example, In naturalistic observation methods participants are carefully observed in their natural setting without interference by the researchers. Researchers observe and record behaviour without trying to influence or control it while participants are not aware of observation. In survey methods a large group of people are questioned......

...Ethics of Business Research
RES/351
January 18, 2016
Harold Graff
Ethics of Business Research
The most ideal approach to characterize ethics is standards for behavior; what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior (Resnik, Ph.D.). From the International Educational E-Journal, “ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms” (Resnik,Ph,D). Business research ethics should include honesty, intregrity, no discrimination, legality, and animal safety (as needed) to name a few.
Business Research Project
Currently I work for an afterschool program with the local school district called ACE 21st Century. We collaborate and contract with many different vendors to provide a wide scope of enrichment and academic activities to over two dozen schools; elementary through high school. At the moment we are working on bringing a great summer program to our students. Unfortunately it has not been the smoothest process. As we strive to continue school day learning, we rely heavily on results from standardized test given to our students throughout the school year. Not only that, we also administer our own test based on the curriculum we’ve created. Once all grades have been finalized and entered, our technicians are able to pull that information for the......

...This paper will examine the ethical implications on psychological research of the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted at Stanford University in 1971. Ethics will be defined and the concept of risk/benefit ratio will be discussed. The Stanford Prison Experiment will be described. Finally, the impact of the Stanford Prison Experiment on psychological research will be evaluated.
Ethics Defined
Ethics is concerned with the principles of right conduct. In the philosophical use, ethics is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of morals and how it is that moral decisions are made. Ethics also has a stricter use when dealing with the rules or standards that govern conduct and right behavior (The American Heritage Dictionary, 2000).
Risk/Benefit Ratio
Ethical approaches to research take into account the risk/benefit ratio. This simply means that the amount of benefit that comes from a study or research clearly outweighs any adverse risks to the subjects involved in the study or research. A study or research is only considered to be ethical if there is favorable risk benefit ratio (Wikipedia, 2008).
Background on the Stanford Prison Experiment
The Stanford Prison Experiment was created by Professor Philip Zimbardo who led a team of researchers at Stanford University in 1971. The study was designed to observe and study the human responses to captivity by both the inmates and the authority figures. In order to carry out the experiment, a mock prison was created......