Contents

In September 1864, the regiment's first two commanders received authority to recruit, and organized at Elmira, including four companies originally recruited for the 175th New York. It was mustered in the service of the United States for one year in August and September, 1864. One company was transferred to the 15th Engineers, but was replaced by a new company.

Four companies left the State September 18; the remaining companies October 23. The regiment served in the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 5th Corps; and was honorably discharged and mustered out May 30 and June 1, 1865, near Washington, D. C.[1]

1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

2.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force

3.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice

4.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty

5.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864

6.
Siege of Petersburg
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The Richmond–Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9,1864, to March 25,1865, during the American Civil War. Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the Richmond, many of these battles caused the lengthening of the trench lines, overloading dwindling Confederate resources. Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned cities in April 1865, leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House. The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that was common in World War I and it also featured the wars largest concentration of African American troops, who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffins Farm. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and was given command of the Union Army. He devised a strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points. Grant put Maj. Gen. William T, George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Most of these failed, often because of the assignment of generals to Grant for political rather than military reasons. Butlers Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under Gen. P. G. T, Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May, banks was distracted by the Red River Campaign and failed to move on Mobile. However, Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee, on May 4, Grant and Meades Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered the area known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania, beginning the six-week Overland Campaign. Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lees flank. Grant knew that his army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than Lee. This theory was tested at the Battle of Cold Harbor when Grants army once again came into contact with Lees near Mechanicsville and he chose to engage Lees army directly, by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3. This attack was repulsed with heavy losses, Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a butcher. On the night of June 12, Grant again advanced by his left flank and he planned to cross to the south bank of the river, bypassing Richmond, and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south. While Lee remained unaware of Grants intentions, the Union army constructed a pontoon bridge 2,100 feet long, what Lee had feared most of all—that Grant would force him into a siege of Richmond—was poised to occur. This represented a change of strategy from that of the preceding Overland Campaign, Lee at first believed that Grants main target was Richmond and devoted only minimal troops under Gen. P. G. T

7.
Appomattox Campaign
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In the following eleven weeks after Lees surrender, the American Civil War ended as other Confederate armies surrendered and Confederate government leaders were captured or fled the country. As the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign ended, Lees army was outnumbered and exhausted from a winter of trench warfare over an approximately 40 mi front, numerous battles, disease, hunger, Grants well-equipped and well-fed army was growing in strength. Lee ordered the evacuation of Confederate forces from both Petersburg and Richmond on the night of April 2–3 before Grants army could cut off any escape, Confederate government leaders also fled west from Richmond that night. The Confederates marched west, heading toward Danville, Virginia or Lynchburg, Lee planned to resupply his army at one of those cities and march southwest into North Carolina where he could unite his army with the Confederate army commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston. Grants Union Army pursued Lees fleeing Confederates relentlessly, during the next week, the Union troops fought a series of battles with Confederate units, cut off or destroyed Confederate supplies and blocked their paths to the south and ultimately to the west. On April 6,1865, the Confederate Army suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of Sailors Creek, Virginia, where they lost about 7,700 men killed and captured, nonetheless, Lee continued to move the remainder of his battered army to the west. Soon cornered, short of food and supplies and outnumbered, Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant on April 9,1865 at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. By June 18, the Army of Northern Virginia reinforced the Confederate defenders, during the fall of 1864 and the winter of 1864–1865, Grant slowly extended the Union Army line south of Petersburg westward. Lee extended the Confederate line to match the Union moves, the action of the II Corps, which was promptly joined by the V Corps, in moving to protect the attacking force and to defend their advanced positions, resulted in the extension of the lines. Fighting continued in bad weather on February 6 and 7 after which the Union force built trenches, the Confederates matched the Union works by extending their Boydton Plank Road Line to the south and their White Oak Road line to the west. With the additions, the lines of the south of Petersburg extended 15 miles from the Appomattox River to Hatchers Run. After the Battle of Hatchers Run, Lee knew his army lacked the number of men needed to continue extension of his line, on February 22,1865, Lee advised Confederate States Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge that he expected Grant to draw out his left, with the intent of enveloping me and he told Breckinridge and Lieutenant General James Longstreet that supplies should be collected at Burkeville, Virginia in preparation for the army to move west. Shermans armies already operating in North Carolina, could arrive at Petersburg, after discussing the situation with Major General John B. Gordon on March 4,1865, Lee approved Gordons proposal to attempt to capture or break a portion of the Union lines. Then, Lee could shorten his line and send part of his army to help Johnston in North Carolina, in the alternative, Lee could move his entire army to help take on Sherman first and, if successful, turn the combined Confederate force back against Grant. On March 24,1865, Grant issued orders for an offensive to begin on March 29,1865, Grant planned for Major General Philip H. Grants top priority was to force an engagement in order to defeat the Confederate army with the railroad raid as a secondary objective. Grant also intended that his forces block a Confederate retreat to the west, Grant also initially ordered Warrens corps to seize Dinwiddie Court House, where they also could capture a segment of the Boydton Plank Road, a task later given to Sheridan. Grant ordered Major General Edward Ord, to move units from the Army of the James to fill in the portion of the Petersburg line that the II Corps then occupied

8.
Battle of Five Forks
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The battle was immediately preceded by two battles on March 31,1865. The V Corps blocked two important roads as well as taking a position for an attack on the Confederate line. At the Battle of Dinwiddie Court House, Sheridans cavalry tactically lost a battle to Picketts combined force but had fewer casualties, at nightfall, Sheridans troopers still held a defensive line 0.75 miles north of Dinwiddie Court House. On the night of the Battle of Dinwiddie Court House at about 10,00 p. m, V Corps infantry began to arrive near the battlefield to reinforce Sheridans cavalry. At Five Forks at the beginning of the Union attack about 1,00 p. m. This fire pinned down the Confederates while the massed V Corps of infantry, commanded by Major General Gouverneur K. Warren, an acoustic shadow in the thick woods and heavy, humid atmospheric conditions prevented them from hearing the opening stage of the battle. Pickett and Lee had not told any of the ranking officers of their absence. The first division in the attack under Brigadier General Romeyn B, Ayres alone overran the short right angled line on the left side of the Confederate main line. Sheridans personal leadership helped encourage and focus the men, Brigadier General Charles Griffins division recovered from overshooting the Confederate left and helped roll up additional improvised Confederate defense lines. The Union cavalry was somewhat successful as much of the Confederate cavalry escaped while much of the Confederate infantry became casualties or prisoners. The Union Army held Five Forks and the road to the South Side Railroad at the end of the battle, Grant ordered an attack all along the line at Petersburg for the next day. After the Battle of Hatchers Run on February 5–7,1865 extended the lines another 4 miles, johnstons force opposing Major General William T. Shermans army in North Carolina. If the Confederates could quickly defeat Sherman, they turn back to oppose Grant before he could combine his forces with Shermans. Lee began preparations for the movement and informed Confederate President Jefferson Davis, breckinridge of his conclusions and plan. Gordon to launch an attack on Union Fort Stedman designed to break Union lines east of Petersburg or at least compel Grant to shorten the Union Army lines. If this were accomplished, Lee would have a chance to shorten the Confederate lines and send a substantial force, or nearly his whole army. The Union IX Corps under Major General John G. Parke promptly counterattacked, the IX Corps recaptured the fort and batteries, forced the Confederates to return to their lines and in places to give up their advance picket line. On March 24,1865, the day before the Confederate attack on Fort Stedman, the Battle of Fort Stedman had no effect on his plans

9.
Battle of Appomattox Court House
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The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9,1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War. It was the engagement of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederates retreat at the village of Appomattox Court House. Lee launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front, when he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender. The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a ceremony marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia. This event triggered a series of surrenders across the South, signaling the end of the war, the final campaign for Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States, began when the Union Army of the Potomac crossed the James River in June 1864. The armies under the command of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Petersburg and Richmond, intending to cut the two cities supply lines and force the Confederates to evacuate. In the spring of 1865 Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee waited for an opportunity to leave the Petersburg lines, aware that the position was untenable, on April 1,1865, Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridans cavalry turned Lees flank at the Battle of Five Forks. The next day Grants army achieved a breakthrough, effectively ending the Petersburg siege. With supply lines cut, Lees men abandoned the trenches they had held for ten months, Lees first objective was to reassemble and supply his men at Amelia Courthouse. His plan was to link up with Gen. Joseph E. Johnstons Army of Tennessee, when the troops arrived at Amelia on April 4, however, they found no provisions. Lee sent wagons out to the country to forage. The army then headed west to Appomattox Station, where a supply train awaited him, Lees army was now composed of the cavalry corps and two small infantry corps. En route to the station, on April 6 at Sailors Creek, nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut off by Sheridans cavalry and elements of the II, two Confederate divisions fought the VI Corps along the creek. The Confederates attacked but were back, and soon after the Union cavalry cut through the right of the Confederate lines. Most of the 7,700 Confederates were captured or surrendered, including Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and eight other general officers. The delay prevented Lee from reaching the station until late afternoon on April 8, allowing Sheridan to reach the station that evening, where he captured Lees supplies and obstructed his path

10.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions

11.
Bath, New York
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Bath is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The Town of Bath has an area of 96.3 sq mi and its largest settlement is the Village of Bath, which has an area of 2.9 sq mi and a population of 5,641. The Town is located in the part of the county, northwest of Elmira. The Town are either named after the city in England or after Lady Bath, the town was founded in 1793 and was part of a land investment by wealthy Briton William Pulteney, and named after Bath in England, where he owned extensive estates. It was created along with Steuben County in 1796 and became a town of the county. In 2004, Charles R. Mitchell and Bath resident Kirk W. House produced a photo book, Bath. Bath has an annual festival in June to celebrate the strong dairy-based economy of the area. It is the site of Bath VA Medical Center – established in 1877, and dedicated in 1879 as New York State Soldiers and Sailors Home – and the adjacent Bath National Cemetery. The United States Census Bureau lists the total area as 96.3 square miles,96.0 square miles of which is land. 0.3 square miles of the area is water. Interstate 86 passes through the town, New York State Route 54 and New York State Route 415 intersect in Bath village. New York State Route 53 has its terminus at NY-415 in the community of Kanona. New York State Route 226 passes through Savona, the Cohocton River flows through the town past the hamlet of Kanona and the village of Bath. As of the census of 2000, there were 12,097 people,4,905 households, the population density was 126.0 people per square mile. There were 5,402 housing units at a density of 56.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 04% White,1. 79% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 71% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 10% from other races, and 1. 03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 70% of the population,31. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.90

12.
Bolivar, New York
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Bolivar is a town in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 2,189 at the 2010 census, the town is named after Simón Bolívar. Bolivar is on the border of the county and is east of Olean. There is also a village of Bolivar in the town, as the heart of the Allegany Oil Field the Bolivar-Richburg area rose to significance during the oil boom era of the late 1800s. During the brief initial oil boom of the 1880s it was purportedly the wealthiest locale, per capita, in the United States. An extensive collection of photos and documents related to the history, schools and other institutions, the items are organized into dozens of albums, by topic. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 35.9 square miles, of which 0.012 square miles. The south town line is the border of Pennsylvania, New York State Route 275 terminates at New York State Route 417 in the village of Bolivar. Bolivar was served by the Pittsburg, Shawmut & Northern Railroad and predecessors, by the Bradford, Eldred & Cuba Railroad System, the early PS&N predecessors and the BE&C were 36 narrow-gauge railroads while the PS&N and OB&S were standard-gauge railroads, the latter being electric-powered. To the south is Potter County, Pennsylvania, the east town line is shared by the town of Alma, and the west town line is shared with the town of Genesee. The town of Wirt is to the north, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,223 people,844 households, and 602 families residing in the town. The population density was 62.0 per square mile, there were 5,300 housing units at an average density of 28.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 83% White,0. 36% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 09% Asian,0. 09% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 13% of the population. 24. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.14. In the town, the population was out with 29. 9% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,26. 3% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $33,017, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had an income of $30,449 versus $18,889 for females

13.
Clarksville, Allegany County, New York
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Clarksville is a town located in Allegany County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 1,161. The town is named after S. N, clark, an agent of the Holland Land Company. The town is in the southwest part of Allegany County, northeast of Olean, the first settlers arrived around 1822. The town of Clarksville was founded in 1835, taking part of the town of Cuba. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.3 square miles, of which 0.02 square miles. The west town line is the border of Cattaraugus County, New York State Route 305 is an important north-south highway through the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,146 people,447 households, the population density was 31.6 people per square mile. There were 766 housing units at a density of 21.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 34% White,0. 17% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 35% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,0. 17% from other races, and 0. 70% from two or more races. 0. 17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $29,931, and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had an income of $29,917 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,931,14. 4% of the population and 11. 1% of families were below the poverty line. 20. 7% of those under the age of 18 and 10. 6% of those 65, dodge Creek – A stream in the central part of the town, passing near West Clarksville and paralleling NY305

14.
Alma, New York
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Alma is a town in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 842 at the 2010 census, the source of the town name is uncertain. It may come from the Latin word for nourishing, or it may be named for a city in Germany, the Town of Alma is on the southern edge of Allegany County and is southwest of the Village of Wellsville. The area was first settled around 1833, the Town of Alma was established in 1854 from part of the Town of Willing. From 1881 to January 1893 several of the settlements in the Township were on the Wellsville-Eldred Main Line of the Bradford, the BE&C was a 36 narrow-gauge railroad built to serve the Allegany County oil boom. With the end of the boom and loss of the passenger, today the railheads for Alma Township are Wellsville and Friendship. This railroad bed was one of my playgrounds with my bicycle, the Clarksville store was in my family for three generations, Frank Windsor, James E. Windsor, and my dad Malcolm W. Lewis. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.5 square miles. Alma Hill, the rise which dominates the southern half of town, is at 2,548 feet not only the highest point in Allegany County. The section of Alma Hill Road that runs near the summit is, at approximately 2,500 feet, the south town line is the Pennsylvania border. New York State Route 417 crosses the north part of the town, at the 2000 census, there were 847 people,322 households and 243 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.2 per square mile, there were 533 housing units at an average density of 14.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 99% White,0. 12% African American,0. 35% Native American,0. 24% Asian,0. 24% from other races, and 1. 06% from two or more races. 20. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 2.99. 26. 6% of the population were under the age of 18,7. 2% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 106.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $32,063, males had a median income of $31,023 compared with $17,778 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,061, about 8. 0% of families and 12. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 2% of those under age 18 and 8. 8% of those age 65 or over

15.
Avoca, New York
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Avoca is a town in Steuben County, New York, USA. The population was 2,264 at the 2010 census, the Town of Avoca has a village named Avoca. The town is in the part of the county, northwest of Bath. The first settler arrived around 1794, at that time, the area was home to the Seneca Indians. The town was formed parts of four other towns in 1843. Those towns contributing to the new town were, Bath, Cohocton, Howard, and Wheeler. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.3 square miles. Interstate 86, Interstate 390, and New York State Route 415 pass through the town, the Gang Mills to Wayland Line of the B&H Rail Corp. passes through the Village of Avoca and hamlet of Wallace in Town of Avoca. From c.1853 to 1963 the Corning-Rochester line of the Erie Railroad passed through Avoca and this line was removed c.1963 by order of the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission to increase highway use, from 1882 to 1963 Avoca and Wallace were also served by the New York to Buffalo Main Line of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. This through route was severed in 1963 by order of the U. S, Interstate Commerce Commission also to increase highway usage. The former DL&W route in the Town of Avoca is now operated by the B&H Rail Corp, the Conhocton River flows through the town past Wallace, Bloomerville, and Avoca village. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,314 people,873 households, the population density was 63.8 people per square mile. There were 1,001 housing units at a density of 27.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 45% White,1. 04% Black or African American,0. 39% Native American,0. 30% Asian,0. 30% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. 25. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.10. In the town, the population was out with 29. 8% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 103.9 males

16.
Hamilton, New York
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Hamilton is a town in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 6,690 at the 2010 census, the town is named after American patriot Alexander Hamilton. The Town of Hamilton contains a village also named Hamilton, the site of Colgate University, the village is on the countys border. The location was formerly called Paynes Corners, the Town of Hamilton was established in 1795, before the county was formed, from the Town of Paris in Oneida County, New York. The original town was reduced to new towns in the county. The south town line is the border of Chenango County, New York. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 41.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,733 people,1,546 households, the population density was 138.6 people per square mile. There were 1,725 housing units at a density of 41.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 65% White,1. 99% Black or African American,0. 07% Native American,2. 46% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 45% from other races, and 1. 34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 83% of the population,29. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was out with 15. 7% under the age of 18,40. 8% from 18 to 24,16. 8% from 25 to 44,15. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years, for every 100 females there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $38,917, and the median income for a family was $50,565. Males had an income of $31,500 versus $26,643 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,564, about 5. 1% of families and 14. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 4% of those under age 18 and 5. 7% of those age 65 or over. Beekman Corners – A location between Hamilton village and East Hamilton, Brooks Corners – A hamlet in the south part of the town on Route 12

17.
Oswego, New York
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Oswego /ɒsˈwiːɡoʊ/ is a city in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 18,142 at the 2010 census, Oswego is located on Lake Ontario in north-central New York and promotes itself as The Port City of Central New York. It is the county seat of Oswego County, the city of Oswego is bordered by the towns of Oswego, Minetto, and Scriba to the west, south, and east, respectively, and by Lake Ontario to the north. Oswego Speedway is a nationally known automobile racing facility, the State University of New York at Oswego is located just outside the city on the lake. Oswego is the namesake for communities in Montana, Oregon, Illinois, the British established a trading post in the area in 1722 and fortified it with a log palisade later called Fort Oswego. The first fortification on the site of the current Fort Ontario was built by the British in 1755, Fort Ontario was destroyed by the French upon capturing it in the Battle of Fort Oswego, during the French and Indian War. Construction of a second British fort began on the site in 1759. During the American Revolution, the British abandoned the Fort, and in 1778, in 1782, the British reoccupied Fort Ontario, and didnt forfeit it to the U. S. until 1796, thirteen years after the cessation of hostilities in the Revolution. During the War of 1812, a weaker American garrison at Fort Oswego was overwhelmed by superior British forces, throughout the 19th Century, the U. S. military maintained a presence at Fort Ontario. During WWII the Fort was used to house interned persons, mainly Jewish refugees, in 1946, the Fort was transferred to the state of New York. At that time, it was used to house veterans and their families during the post-war period, development of the fort as a historic site began in 1949, which included the Safe Haven Museum. The current fort was built between 1839 and 1844, major masonry improvements to the forts outer wall were undertaken, but left incomplete when in 1872, Congress canceled its funding. By 1901, the old fort was abandoned, today, Fort Ontario is being restored to its 1867–1872 appearance. Costumed interpreters recreate the lives of the officers, men, during the Second World War, the new fort was used as a Safe Haven. This was a refugee center for victims of the Nazi Holocaust. This was the attempt by the United States government to shelter Jewish refugees during the war. Approximately 1,000 war refugee families were here from Italy. They were all fleeing from the Nazis and they were deliberately chosen so that some were non-Jewish to allay anti-semitic fears

18.
Oswego County, New York
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Oswego County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 122,109, the county name is from a Mohawk language word meaning the outpouring, referring to the mouth of the Oswego River. Oswego County is part of the Syracuse, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in the British colony of New York in 1683, the present Oswego County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of what is now New York state as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, one of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, the size of Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery. Oswego County was partly in Macombs Purchase of 1791, in 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery. This was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits, in 1794, Onondaga County was created from a part of Herkimer County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, in 1798, Oneida County was created from a part of Herkimer County. This county was larger than the current Oneida County, including the present Jefferson, Lewis, in 1805, Oneida County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Jefferson and Lewis counties. In 1816, Oswego County was created as New York States 48th county from parts of Oneida, in 1841, businessmen in Oswego attempted to divide Oswego County into two counties. They failed to persuade the State to do so, however, occasionally, the topic still comes up today by dividing the county into an east part and a west part, with the east portion being renamed Salmon County. At various times, beginning in 1847 and as late as 1975, however, none of these attempts succeeded. A state of emergency was declared for the county, and the National Guard was sent in to clear the snow. On April 20,2002, around 6,50 am, many residents of Oswego County were shaken awake by a magnitude 5.2 earthquake centered near Plattsburgh, minor damage to a Fire Hall in Altmar was the only report of damage. The Oswego County legislature has 25 members, elected from equal population districts, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,312 square miles, of which 952 square miles is land and 360 square miles is water. Oswego County is in northwestern New York State, just north of Syracuse and northwest of Utica, part of the Tug Hill Plateau is in the eastern part of the county and, at 1,550 feet, is the highest point

19.
Constantia (town), New York
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Constantia is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 4,973 at the 2010 census, the Town of Constantia is in the southeast part of the county. Located with the town is a hamlet and census-designated place also named Constantia, the town was first settled around 1793 and was known then as Rotterdam. Francis Adrian Vanderkemp and Marc Isambard Brunel were two of its citizens, the Town of Constantia was created from part of the Town of Mexico in 1808. In 1825, the town was reduced by the formation of the Town of Hastings, and was reduced again in 1839 to form the Town of West Monroe. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 99.6 square miles. The south town line is the shore of Oneida Lake. The east town line is the border of Oneida County, New York, the Erie Canal, runs through the town, using Oneida Lake as a waterway. The north boundary is marked by the edge of the Tug Hill Plateau. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,141 people,1,893 households, the population density was 90.4 people per square mile. There were 2,351 housing units at a density of 41.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 29% White,0. 21% Black or African American,0. 66% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 08% from other races, and 0. 66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 33% of the population,19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.11. In the town, the population was out with 28. 4% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,31. 5% from 25 to 44,24. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $39,932, and the median income for a family was $45,373. Males had an income of $31,276 versus $23,299 for females

20.
Cohocton, New York
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Cohocton is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 2,626 at the 2000 census, the name might be the native term for log in the water. The town contains a village, also called Cohocton and is in the northwest part of the county. The town was first settled around 1794, the town was formed from the towns of Bath and Dansville in 1812. It was originally known as the town of Liberty, part of the town was later used to form new towns in the county, Avoca and Wayland. In 1874, the town was enlarged by the addition of a part of the town of Prattsburgh, the Larrowe House, also known as The Cohocton Town and Village Hall and located at the village of Cohocton, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. At least as late as 1836 the spellings Cohocton and Conhocton were used, even in the same text, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 56.1 square miles, all of it land. The north town line is the border of Livingston County and Ontario County, Interstate 390, New York State Route 21, New York State Route 371 and New York State Route 415 pass through the town. The Interstate and NY-415 partly follow the course of the Cohocton River, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,626 people,972 households, and 704 families residing in the town. The population density was 46.8 people per square mile, there were 1,144 housing units at an average density of 20.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 49% White,0. 46% Black or African American,0. 61% Native American,0. 27% Asian,0. 19% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 27% of the population. 21. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.10. In the town, the population was out with 28. 8% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,29. 4% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $35,559, and the median income for a family was $39,583. Males had an income of $28,333 versus $25,208 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,243, about 12. 9% of families and 17. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 1% of those under age 18 and 9. 3% of those age 65 or over. Atlanta – A hamlet in the northeast part of the town at the junction of County Roads 36 and 39 was formerly known as Bloods, the Cohocton River changes from east-flowing to south-flowing at Atlanta. The Presbyterian Church of Atlanta was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010, bowles Corners – A location in the northwest corner of the town on NY-21 and County Road 37

21.
Wayland, New York
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Wayland is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 4,314 at the 2000 census, the Town of Wayland contains a village Wayland. The town is in the part of the county, northwest of Bath. The region was first settled by European Americans around 1806, after the Revolutionary War, in historic times, for centuries it had been territory inhabited by the Seneca Native Americans, one of the powerful five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy. The town was formed in 1848 from the Towns of Cohocton, part of Wayland was used to form the Town of Fremont in 1854. The Rowe House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 39.5 square miles. The north and part of the west town lines form the border of Livingston County, New York State Route 21 is a north-south highway in the town and intersects New York State Route 15 and New York State Route 63 in the village of Wayland. Interstate 390 crosses the town from west to east, Wayland is the western terminus of the B&H Rail Corps Gang Mills - Wayland Line. Prior to 1956 it was linked to Rochester directly by rail, prior to 1964 it was directly linked to Buffalo by rail. Both of these connections were removed by order of the U. S, Interstate Commerce Commission to promote highway transportation. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,314 people,1,665 households, the population density was 110.5 people per square mile. There were 1,960 housing units at a density of 50.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 47% White,0. 86% Black or African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 42% Asian,0. 12% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 86% of the population. 23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.03. In the town, the population was out with 27. 9% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,28. 1% from 25 to 44,23. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $42,575, and the median income for a family was $46,806

22.
Allegany County, New York
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Allegany County is a county in the southern tier of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,946 and its name derives from a Delaware Indian word, applied by European-American settlers of Western New York State, to a trail that followed the Allegheny River and then used for the county. The county is bisected by the Genesee River, flowing north to its mouth on Lake Ontario, during the mid-nineteenth century, the Genesee Valley Canal was built to link southern markets to the Great Lakes and Mohawk River. The county was served by railroads, which soon superseded the canals in their capacity for carrying freight. Part of the Oil Springs Reservation, controlled by the Seneca Nation, is located in the county and this was for centuries the territory of the Seneca people, the westernmost nation of the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian languages-speaking peoples. European-American permanent settlement did not take place until after the American Revolutionary War, New York State sold off the lands cheaply to attract new European-American settlers and agricultural development. Allegany County was created by the legislature on April 7,1806 when Genesee County. The first County Seat was established at Angelica, New York where it remained for half a century and it was later moved to Belmont, a village located along the Genesee River. On March 11,1808, the borders were adjusted so that 230 square miles of Steuben County passed to Allegany County and this established the current border between Genesee and Steuben counties, and reduced the size of Allegany County to 1,200 square miles. However, on April 13,1814, the half of Cattaraugus County was so attached and administered from Belmont. This attachment was ended on March 28,1817, with continued settlement through the mid-nineteenth century, the legislature periodically adjusted county borders as new counties were organized in western New York. On March 23,1857, Allegany County lost another 40 square miles to Livingston County, passing the Ossian, New York area to Livingston County, and establishing the current border between them. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,034 square miles. Allegany County is in the part of New York State. Allegany County does not lie along the Allegheny River, as its name would suggest, the highest point in the county is Alma Hill, with an elevation of 2,548 feet above sea level. This is the highest point in the state west of the Catskill Mountains, the highest point of Interstate 86 is located in the Town of West Almond with an elevation of 2,110 feet. This is also believed to be the highest point of any interstate in the New York, the southwestern part of the County flows into the Allegheny River that flows into the Ohio and then to the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico. In June 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the area, flooding took place in the valley communities of Wellsville, Belmont, Belfast and others in the county

23.
Camden, New York
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Camden is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 4,934 at the 2010 census, the town of Camden contains a village also called Camden. The town is in the northwest part of Oneida County and is northwest of the City of Rome, the first settlement occurred around 1792. The town was formed from the Town of Mexico in 1799, Camden is home to International Wire, which is its largest employer. The town only has two stop lights the second one installed in 1999, the population of Camden in 1920 was 354. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 54.1 square miles. The town is north west of Oneida Lake. The west town line is the border of Oswego County, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,028 people,1,881 households, and 1,346 families residing in the town. The population density was 93.1 people per square mile, there were 2,020 housing units at an average density of 37.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 11% White,0. 38% Black or African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 20% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 80% of the population. 24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was out with 27. 2% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,24. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $39,035, and the median income for a family was $44,402. Males had an income of $31,940 versus $22,730 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,644, about 9. 5% of families and 12. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 5% of those under age 18 and 17. 7% of those age 65 or over. The Camden school district is the second largest geographically in New York state and it includes not only the town of Camden itself, but also part or all of the towns of Annsville, Florence, Osceola, and Vienna. All of these students proceed to Camden Middle School and Camden High School, location, Forest Park is located in Camden, New York off of Route 13

24.
Annsville, New York
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Annsville is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 3,012. The town is named after Ann Bloomfield, wife of a founder, the Town of Annsville is in the northwest part of the county. Annsville was settled in April 1793 when John W. Bloomfield moved from Burlington, New Jersey to what is now the hamlet of Taberg, and erected a saw mill and a grist mill. Annsvilles territory is land first acquired by John and Nicholas Roosevelt in 1791 from the New York State Land Commission and this patent was for 530,000 acres situated in present Oswego and Oneida counties. Approximately 499,000 acres of the Roosevelt Tract became Scriba’s Patent in 1793 as partial payment of debts owed to the Scriba Bank by the Roosevelts, the land was divided into Townships at this time. Annsville contains portions of towns 1,2,3, and 8, early settlers of the northern part of the town include Benjamin, Jonathan, James, and Abraham Morton who arrived from Springfield, Massachusetts in June 1803. Daniel Miller arrived from Granville, Massachusetts in 1804, Jonathan and Samuel Stanford arrived in 1805, and Peter Abbott, revolutionary war veteran, from Windham, Vermont in 1806. Also arriving in 1806 was Elias Brewster, who moved from the town of Western. Other settlers to the town were Adam P. Campbell, Nicholas Armstrong, in addition to farming, much of the early economic activity was related to lumber, made possible by the abundance of trees and the water power of streams to run saw mills. Lumber and various products were manufactured in large quantity. Pig iron was produced by the Oneida Iron and Glass Manufacturing Company from around 1811, the railroad reached Annsville with the construction of the Watertown & Rome Railroad, later the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, with a station near the hamlet of Taberg in the 1840s. The town was formed on April 12,1823 from land taken from Lee, Florence, Camden, the town was named after Ann Bloomfield, wife of John W. Bloomfield. The first town meeting was held on March 2,1824. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 60.5 square miles. The north town line is the border of Lewis County, directly northwest of the town of Taberg, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,956 people,1,061 households, and 790 families residing in the town. The population density was 49.1 people per square mile, there were 1,144 housing units at an average density of 19.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 75% White,2. 33% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 07% Asian,0. 10% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 88% of the population

25.
Lee, New York
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Lee is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 6,486 at the 2010 census, the Town of Lee is northwest of Rome, New York. The Town of Lee was formed from the Town of Western in 1811, the town was named after Revolutionary War General Charles Lee. George W. Kingsbury, for whom, the county of Kingsbury, west Lee was home to a large canning factory. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 45.5 square miles. Delta Reservoir, also called Delta Lake, is partly in the southeast part of the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,875 people,2,563 households, and 1,970 families residing in the town. The population density was 152.2 people per square mile, there were 2,699 housing units at an average density of 59.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 41% White,0. 86% African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 47% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 22% from other races, and 0. 84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 80% of the population,19. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was out with 26. 7% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,28. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $47,074, and the median income for a family was $51,676. Males had an income of $34,811 versus $25,522 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,588, about 5. 8% of families and 8. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 1% of those under age 18 and 6. 3% of those age 65 or over. Brookfield – A hamlet neat the west town line, Delta Reservoir – A reservoir at the southeast border of the town. Elmer Hill – A location in the southeast corner of the town, hawkins Corner – A hamlet south of Lake Delta on Route 26. Lake Delta – A hamlet near the Delta Reservoir on Route 26, Lee – The hamlet of Lee is in the southwest corner of the town on Route 69

26.
Paris, New York
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Paris is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The town is in the southeast part of the county and is south of Utica, the population was 4,411 at the 2010 census. The town was named after a benefactor, Colonel Isaac Paris. The town was formed in 1792 from part of the town of Whitestown, in 1795, part of Paris was used to found the town of Sherburne. The St. Pauls Church and Cemetery at Paris Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.5 square miles. The east town line is the border of Herkimer County, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,609 people,1,714 households, and 1,273 families. The population density was 146.6 people per square mile, there were 1,806 housing units at an average density of 57.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 31% White,0. 35% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 20% from other races, and 0. 85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 54% of the population,22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the family size was 3.15. In the town, the population was out with 27. 3% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $41,571, and the median income for a family was $50,379. Males had an income of $35,867 versus $26,315 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,446, about 6. 0% of families and 7. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 6% of those age 65 or over. Cassville – A hamlet west of Richfield Junction and it was named after Lewis Cass after it was founded in 1803. Clayville – A village in the southeast part of the town, greens Crossing – A hamlet east of Paris Station

27.
Westmoreland, New York
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Westmoreland is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 6,138 at the 2010 census, the Town of Westmoreland is in the west-central part of the county. The New York State Thruway passes across the town, Westmoreland is west of Utica, New York. The Westmoreland Central School District is the school system in the town. It is composed of a school, middle school. This school district houses an arts program, along with an athletics program. The town of Westmoreland was first settled in 1748 by James Dean, the Town of Westmoreland was formed in 1792 from the Town of Whitestown. In 1802, part of Westmoreland was used to establish the Towns of Vernon, more of Westmoreland was lost in 1855 on the formation of the Town of Kirkland to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 43.2 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,207 people,2,234 households, the population density was 143.9 people per square mile. There were 2,323 housing units at a density of 53.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 15% White,0. 69% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 95% of the population. 18. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.14. In the town, the population was out with 27. 6% under the age of 18,6. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $48,768, and the median income for a family was $52,257. Males had an income of $36,024 versus $24,955 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,452, about 4. 0% of families and 5. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 5% of those age 65 or over

28.
Verona, New York
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Verona is a town in southwestern Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 6,293 at the 2010 census, the town was named after Verona, Italy. Verona is located 8 miles south of the City of Rome, part of extensive territory of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois League, the town was first settled by European Americans in 1792 after the American Revolutionary War. The Town of Verona was established from the Town of Westmoreland in 1802, in 1993, the Oneida Nation purchased land in the town. On this site it built and opened a casino and bingo hall, by 1997, this facility was developed as a full-scale resort called Turning Stone Resort & Casino. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 69.7 square miles. The western part of the town borders Oneida Lake and Madison County, the New York State Thruway and the Erie Canal cross the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,425 people,2,399 households, the population density was 92.7 people per square mile. There were 2,665 housing units at a density of 38.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 71% White,0. 37% African American,0. 64% Native American,0. 37% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 05% from other races, and 0. 84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 47% of the population,19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was out with 26. 6% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $42,745, and the median income for a family was $47,951. Males had an income of $32,328 versus $23,646 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,017, about 3. 8% of families and 5. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 8% of those under age 18 and 3. 0% of those age 65 or over. Verona is part of the Vernon-Verona-Sherrill Central School District, students in grades Pre-K through 6 attend John D. George Elementary School, located on Main Street in the village of Verona

29.
Vernon, New York
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Vernon is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 5,408 at the 2010 census, the Town of Vernon is on the western border of the county. The town contains a village, also named Vernon, the town was formed in 1802 from parts of the Towns of Augusta and Westmoreland. In 1920, the population of the Town of Vernon was 4,522, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 38.1 square miles, all of it land. The west town line is the border of Madison County and is formed by the Oneida Creek, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,335 people,2,112 households, and 1,484 families residing in the town. The population density was 139.9 people per square mile, there were 2,266 housing units at an average density of 59.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 94% White,0. 43% Black or African American,0. 41% Native American,0. 39% Asian,0. 07% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 69% of the population. 24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.98. In the town, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 7% from 25 to 44,24. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $38,339, and the median income for a family was $44,951. Males had an income of $32,848 versus $24,076 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,523, about 7. 6% of families and 9. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 6% of those under age 18 and 7. 7% of those age 65 or over. Brewers Corners – A hamlet on the town line and north of Vernon village. Oneida Castle – The Village of Oneida Castle, northeast of Sherrill, sconondoa – A location on the north town line, near Oneida Castle, on NY365. Sherrill – The City of Sherrill, the smallest city in the state, is in the part of the town. Unlike other cities in New York, for some purposes it falls under Vernons jurisdiction, Vernon – The Village of Vernon, centrally located in the town, east of Sherrill on NY5. Vernon Center – A hamlet in the southeast part of the town, Town of Vernon Vernon Downs racetrack

30.
Vienna, New York
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Vienna /vaɪˈɛnə/ is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 5,440 at the 2010 census, the town is named after the capital of Austria. The Town of Vienna is in the part of the county. Vienna was formed out of the town of Camden when it was divided in April 1807, the towns original name was Orange but shortly after the towns formation, it was renamed to Bengal. Eight years later, in 1816, Bengal was renamed to its current name of Vienna. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 94.8 square miles. The town borders Oneida Lake and the west town line is the border of Oswego County, the Erie Canal is on the south border near Sylvan Beach. Fish Creek defines part of the east town line and joins the Erie Canal near Sylvan Beach, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,819 people,2,192 households, and 1,565 families residing in the town. The population density was 94.7 people per square mile, there were 3,037 housing units at an average density of 49.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 47% White,0. 50% African American,0. 55% Native American,0. 53% Asian,0. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 77% of the population. 21. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was out with 27. 2% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $43,871. Males had an income of $32,337 versus $25,293 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,195, about 6. 0% of families and 8. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 0% of those under age 18 and 3. 7% of those age 65 or over. Brockway Corners – A location southeast of Elpis, dibbletown – A hamlet north of McConnellsville on NY13, near the north town line. Edgewater Beach – A hamlet on the west shore of Oneida Lake, Elpis – A hamlet between Maple Flats and Thompsons Corners

31.
Florence, New York
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Florence is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,025 at the 2010 census, the town is named after the city Florence in Italy. The Town of Florence is in the northwest corner of Oneida County and is northwest of the City of Rome, Florence was created from part of the Town of Camden in 1805. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 55.0 square miles. The west town line is the border of Oswego County, and Oswego County, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,086 people,369 households, and 285 families residing in the town. The population density was 19.8 people per square mile, there were 432 housing units at an average density of 7.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 99% White,0. 28% African American,0. 28% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 37% of the population. 16. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.33. In the town, the population was out with 32. 8% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,31. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 107.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $39,000. Males had an income of $26,146 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,571, about 9. 2% of families and 9. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 1% of those under age 18 and 12. 5% of those age 65 or over. Empeyville – A hamlet near the east town line, Florence – The hamlet of Florence is in the northern part of the town. Florence Hill – A hamlet southwest of Florence, forty-six Corners – A location north of Empeyville. Hanifin Corners – A location north of Empeyville, thompson Corners – A location south of Empeyville

32.
Boonville, New York
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Boonville is a town in Oneida County, New York, USA. The town is in the northeast of the county, the population was 4,555 at the 2010 census. The town includes a village, also called Boonville, the town and village are named after Gerrit Boon, an agent of the Holland Land Company. The current mayor is David Leffingwell, the town was first settled around 1795. The Town of Boonville was created in 1805 from the Town of Leyden. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 72.6 square miles. The north town line is the border of Lewis County, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,572 people,1,781 households, and 1,209 families residing in the town. The population density was 63.6 people per square mile, there were 2,138 housing units at an average density of 29.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 21% White,0. 07% Black or African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 13% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 17% of the population. 26. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 9% had someone living alone 65 or older, the average household size was 2.47 and the average family size 2.98. In the town, the population was 24. 5% under 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 9% from 45 to 64, for every 100 females there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males, the median income for a household was $36,744, and the median for a family $40,845. Males had an income of $30,992 versus $21,362 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,704, about 8. 2% of families and 11. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 1% of those under 18 and 9. 9% of those 65 or over. Boonville is a snowmobile tourist destination and has revitalized the Snow Festivals, consequently, it has accepted the nickname The Snow Capital of the East. In 2008 more than 6,000 people traveled to the Oneida County Fairgrounds in Boonville to watch vintage, in 2013 over 44,000 people visited the fairgrounds to attend the annual Woodsmens Field Days, setting a record for attendance. The fairgrounds in Boonville are also home of Oneida County Fair, the former Black River Canal was constructed to connect to the Erie Canal. Alder Creek - A hamlet at the junction of state routes 12 and 28, Alder Creek Station - A location in the southeast part of the town, west of Alder Creek

33.
Avon, New York
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Avon is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The town is bordered on the north by the town of Rush, the population was 7,146 at the 2010 census. The town is named after the river Avon, the town has a village within it also called Avon. After the Iroquois title to the land was extinguished in 1788 with the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, white settlement of the area around what would be Avon began. In 1789, Dr. Timothy Hosmer, Maj. Isaiah Thompson, William Wadsworth, the towns name was changed to Avon in 1808 to avoid confusion with another Hartford in Washington County. In 1818, part of the town was removed to form the new town of Rush, County lines shifted as well, Avon and Rush both being part of Ontario County until the formation of Livingston County and Monroe County) in 1821. The first permanent settler of Avon was Gilbert Berry in 1789, who operated a tavern and his widow Maria Berry continued hospitably serving travelers in the inn until about 1812. Other firsts of Avon include the first gristmill built by Capt, john Ganson in northwest Avon in 1789 and the first sawmill in 1797 on the Conesus Outlet built by Dr. Hosmer. Mineral springs were an important resource of the early town, beginning in the 1820s, people became interested in water as a therapy for all sorts of maladies, and mineral waters in particular for their reputed health benefits and even as cures. Avon, redolent in natural springs, soon became popular with the afflicted. The wealthy, too, seeking relaxation and leisure, flocked to the town from far, numerous hotels and spas sprang up to take advantage of this fad, and bottling companies packaged the mineral water for sale. By the late 1890s to early 1900s, most of the hotels that had not closed due to the decline of the spa era had succumbed to fire or were soon razed. Some popular points of historic interest in Avon include, The Avon Five Arch Bridge is a remnant of a bridge over the Conesus Outlet at Littleville. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, the Avon Inn, added to the National Register in 1991. The Barber-Mulligan Farm, which was added to the National Register in 1980, the Genesee Valley Greenway is a rail trail that passes through Avon. Tom Wahls, a fast food restaurant which has its origin in Avon as an ice cream shop called the Twin Kiss. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 41.2 square miles. The north town line is the border of Monroe County, the Genesee River defines the west town line, flowing past Avon village

34.
Rome, New York
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Rome is a city in New York State. It is located in Oneida County, which is in north-central or Upstate New York, the population was 33,725 at the 2010 census. Rome is in New Yorks 22nd congressional district, the city developed at an ancient portage site of Native Americans, including the historic Iroquois. The original European settlements developed around fortifications erected in the 1750s to defend the waterway, following the war, the city began to develop with the construction of the Rome Canal in 1796, to connect Wood Creek and the Mohawk River. In the same year the Town of Rome was formally created as a section of Oneida County, for a time, the small community next to the canal was informally known as Lynchville, after the original owner of the property. The Town of Rome was converted into a city by the New York State Legislature on February 23,1870, the residents have called Rome the City of American History. These names refer to a road or path between the Mohawk River to the east, which leads to the Hudson River, and Wood Creek to the west. This ancient trade route joined the Great Lakes and Canada via the Mohawk River to the Hudson River, during the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, this region had much fighting. The British colonists had erected several small forts to guard the Oneida Carrying Place, but, a combined French regular army, Canadian and allied Native American force overwhelmed and massacred a British force here in the Battle of Fort Bull. Later in 1758, after abortive attempts to fortify the area, the British sent a very large force to secure the Oneida Carry and build a stronger rampart complex. Following defeat by the English during the war, the French ceded their territory in North America east of the Mississippi River to England. The English signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the Iroquois, by which they promised to preserve areas west of the Appalachian Mountains as an Indian reserve and it has been described as one of the worst treaties in the History of Anglo-Indian relationships. The treaty has also described as the last desperate effort of the British to create order west of the Appalachians. The British abandoned the fort after that war, it deteriorated and was torn down. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, American Continental forces took control of the Fort Stanwix site, the installation survived a siege by the British in the Saratoga Campaign of 1777, becoming renowned as the fort that never surrendered. Patriot militia, regulars, and their Oneida Nation allies under the command of Col. Barry St. Leger. The failed siege, combined with the battle at nearby Oriskany as well as the battles of Bennington, following this success, the Americans were able to gain alliances with France and the Netherlands, now more confident that the rebels had a chance to win. After the repulse of the British at Fort Stanwix, bloody fighting erupted along the American northern frontier, there were terrible losses for both American settlers and the people of the Six Nations, as retaliatory raids were made against each side

35.
Utica, New York
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Utica is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States. The tenth-most-populous city in New York, its population was 62,235 in the 2010 U. S. census, located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains, Utica is approximately 90 miles northwest of Albany and 45 miles east of Syracuse. Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy, Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution. In the 19th century, immigrants strengthened its position as a city between Albany and Syracuse on the Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the citys infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center, Uticas 20th-century political corruption and organized crime gave it the nicknames Sin City, and later, the city that God forgot. Like other Rust Belt cities, Utica had a downturn beginning in the mid-20th century. Several theories exist about the history of the name Utica, prior to construction of the fort, the Mohawk, Onondaga and Oneida tribes had occupied this area south of the Great Lakes region as early as 4000 BC. The Mohawk were the largest and most powerful tribe in the part of the Mohawk Valley. Colonists had a fur trade with them, in exchange for firearms. The land housing Old Fort Schuyler was part of a 20, since the fort was located near several trails, its position—on a bend at a shallow portion of the Mohawk River—made it an important fording point. The Mohawk called the bend Unundadages, and the Mohawk word appears on the citys seal, during the American Revolution, border raids from British-allied Iroquois tribes harried the settlers on the frontier. George Washington ordered Sullivans Expedition, Rangers, to enter Central New York, more than 40 Iroquois villages were destroyed and their winter stores, causing starvation. In the aftermath of the war, numerous European-American settlers migrated into the state, in 1794 a state road, Genesee Road, was built from Utica west to the Genesee River. That year a contract was awarded to the Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company to extend the road northeast to Albany, the Seneca Turnpike was key to Uticas development, replacing a worn footpath with a paved road. The village became a rest and supply area along the Mohawk River for goods, the boundaries of the village of Utica were defined in an act passed by the New York State Legislature on April 3,1798. Utica expanded its borders in subsequent 1805 and 1817 charters, on April 5,1805, the villages eastern and western boundaries were expanded, and on April 7,1817, Utica separated from Whitestown on its west. After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the growth was stimulated again. The municipal charter was passed by the legislature on February 13,1832

36.
V Corps (Union Army)
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The V Corps was a unit of the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. The first unit designated as the V corps was organized briefly under Nathaniel P, banks The unit better known as V Corps was formed within the Army of the Potomac on May 18,1862 as V Corps Provisional, which was engaged in the Peninsula Campaign to seize Richmond. It was created by merging Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porters 3rd Division of the III Corps with Maj. Gen. George Sykes division of U. S, Regular troops, formerly in the Reserve. Porter became corps commander and his 1st Division was assigned to Brig. Gen. George W. Morell, on July 22,1862, provisional was dropped from the name as the U. S. War Department confirmed it as the V Corps, Army of the Potomac, the V Corps fought in several battles throughout the Peninsula Campaign, including Hanover Court House, Mechanicsville, Gainess Mill, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. The corps losses in the Seven Days Battles were 995 killed,3,805 wounded, of these casualties,6,837 occurred at Gainess Mill, the remainder at Mechanicsville, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. The corps was enlarged on June 14 by George A. McCalls division of Pennsylvania Reserves. Following the failure of the Peninsula Campaign, the Pennsylvania Reserves were reassigned to Irvin McDowells I Corps, the V Corps was reassigned to Maj. Gen. John Popes Army of Virginia, along with the III and IX Corps of George B. The general officers in the corps were all West Pointers and contained no political appointees or nonprofessionals, the presence of regular army troops added a more professional air to the V Corps than the others, and discipline and drills were typically stricter. In addition, the artillery reserve was attached to the corps. The V Corps saw action at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Losses of the small corps were 331 killed,1,364 wounded, and 456 missing, a total of 2,151, out of about 6,500 engaged. Two brigades, of six, were not engaged, one brigade, composed of two regiments under Gouverneur K. Warren, made a futile stand against the Confederate attack on the Union left flank. The corps saw action at the Battle of Antietam. The 1st Division was held in reserve in the center of the Union line. Elements of Sykess division engaged in skirmishing at the Upper Ford and it was after Antietam that a new 3rd Division was added under Andrew A. Humphreys, composed mostly of nine-month recruits from Pennsylvania. After Antietam, Fitz-John Porter was court martialed for disobeying orders at Second Bull Run, although Porter himself was not to blame, John Pope chose him as a scapegoat for that loss and his career was summarily ruined. Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield replaced Porter to command the V Corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and Generals Charles Griffin, Sykes, Losses were 206 killed,1,669 wounded, and 300 missing, total,2,175. When Hooker took command of the Army of the Potomac in the spring, he did away with the grand divisions, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, formerly commanding the 3rd Division of the I Corps, took charge of the V Corps

37.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

38.
Colonel (United States)
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It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for colonel is O-6, the insignia of the rank of colonel, as seen on the right, is worn on the officers left side. The insignia for a colonel is an eagle which is a stylized representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States. As on the Great Seal, the eagle has a U. S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch, however, in simplification of the Great Seal image, the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagles mouth and the rosette above its head. On the Great Seal, the branch is always clutched in the eagles right-side talons. The head of the eagle faces towards the branch, rather than the arrows. As a result, the head of the eagle faces towards the viewers left. During World War II the military insignia for the rank of Colonel changed somewhat with the eagle facing the arrows and this was done only during war years. These special war eagles, although rare, can sometimes be found in surplus or memorabilia sales. In the United States Army and United States Air Force, the eagle is worn with the head of the eagle to the wearers right. In the United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, United States Coast Guard and NOAA, the United States rank of colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army. The first colonels in America were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the American colonies, upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, colonial legislatures would grant commissions to men to raise a regiment and serve as its colonels. Thus, the first American colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities, such was the origin of the phrase soldier and statesman. With the post-war reduction of the US Army, the rank of colonel disappeared, the first insignia for the rank of colonel consisted of gold epaulettes worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army. The first recorded use of the insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810. The rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, partly because the U. S. Army was very small, and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812 the Army grew rapidly and many colonels were appointed, a number of other colonels were appointed by brevet - an honorary promotion usually for distinguished service in combat. The American Civil War saw an influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment

Parlor of the (reconstructed) McLean House, the site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender. Lee sat at the marble-topped table on the left, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at the table on the right