Jenner Edward (1749-1823)....after training in London and a period as an army surgeon, spent his whole career as a country doctor in his native county of Gloucestershire in the West of England.His research was based on careful case-studies and clinical observation more than a hundred years before scientists could explain the viruses themselves. So successful did his innovation prove that by 1840 the British government had banned alternative preventive treatments against smallpox."Vaccination," the word Jenner invented for his treatment (from the Latin vacca, a cow), was adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any disease....

...before vitamin C and its importance for the organism were determined, scurvy was considered an epidemic disease in some regions of Europe.The most common symptoms of the disease are: fatigue, muscular and joint pain, spontaneous hemorrhage in gums and skin that take a long time to heal. For a long time, scurvy was a disease of unknown origins. It was considered one of the illnesses of the Middle Ages, which particularly afflicted crews of ships that performed long trips at the time. Because of the epidemics in the ships, scurvy was attributed to the most curious origins, such as, for example, that the disease was a result of "corrupted" blood, or due to the cold temperatures of the sea, or even because of the green wood used to build boats. The Spanish navigators referred to it as "Pest of the Ships", the Portuguese called it "the disease of Luanda", and the British as "Pest of the Seas".Fear and deaths caused by scurvy led it to be treated as a contagious disease during more than 250 years and contributed to a number of curious treatments to get rid of it.

Those treatments were used without success until a physician of the British navy James Lindt (1716-1794), began his experiments with diseased crews. Because of sailors' and soldiers' diet during their military campaigns, and the fact that in general they were not fed with sufficient quantities of Vitamin C, because fresh fruit and vegetables did not resist long sea voyages, they had gum bleeding, loose teeth, hemorrhages, painful joints, lethargy and bruises that did not heal, which were the symptoms of scurvy. James Lindt chose twelve sailors affected by the disease and administered to them six different diets, to verify their evolution. Lindt discovered that only the group that received lemon and orange juice as part of the diet evolved favorably from their condition. Although the causal agent of scurvy was not identified (absence of vitamin C), its cure became known and sailors of the British Fleet were nicknamed "limely", or lemon drinkers. The medicine for scurvy was rapidly adopted in other countries.

Scurvy, which attacked millions of persons from the Ancient Egypt to the end of the 19th Century, causing the death of more than 2 million sailors between 1500 and 1900, influence the course of History. Despite the discovery of how scurvy could be cured - which was disclosed in the book " A Study of Scurvy", written by James Lindt in 1753, in which he stated that orange and lemon were effective medicine against the disease - vitamin C isolation and the identification of its deficiency as the cause of scurvy appeared much later.http://www.abecitrus.com.br/english/news/news_escorbuto_fev05.html

Waveform means the shape and form of a signal, such as a wave moving across the surface of water, or the vibration of a plucked string.

In many cases the medium in which the wave is being propagated does not permit a direct visual image of the form. In these cases, the term 'waveform' refers to the shape of a graph of the varying quantity against time or distance. An instrument called an oscilloscope can be used to pictorially represent the wave as a repeating image on a CRT or LCD screen.

By extension of the above, the term 'waveform' is now also used loosely to describe the shape of the graph of any varying quantity against time.Contents

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin was the inventor of the rigid airship, or dirigible balloon. He was born July 8, 1838, in Konstanz, Prussia, and educated at the Ludwigsburg Military Academy and the University of Tübingen. He entered the Prussian army in 1858. Zeppelin went to the United States in 1863 to work as a military observer for the Union army in the American Civil War and later explored the headwaters of the Mississippi River, making his first balloon flight while he was in Minnesota. He served in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and retired in 1891 with the rank of brigadier general.