Types of farming, major crops, cropping pattern, technological and institutional reforms; their impact; contribution of Agriculture to national economy-employment and output. (Chapter 4)

5. Minerals and Energy Resources:

Types of minerals, distribution (Note: on map only) use and economic importance of minerals, conservation, types of power resources: conventional and non-conventional, distribution and utilization, and conservation. (Chapter 5)

6. Manufacturing Industries:

Types, spatial distribution (Note: on map only) contribution of industries to the national economy, industrial pollution and degradation of environment, measures to control degradation.

Unit 3: Democratic Politics – II

1&2. Power Sharing & Federalism:

Why and how is power shared in democracies? How has federal division of power in India helped national unity? To what extent has decentralisation achieved this objective? How does democracy accommodate different social groups? (Chapter 1&2)

3&4. Democracy and Diversity & Gender, Religion and Caste:

Are divisions inherent to the working of democracy? What has been the effect of caste on politics and of politics on caste? How has the gender division shaped politics? How do communal divisions affect democracy? (Chapter 3&4)

5. Popular Struggles and Movements

Note: Ch-5 is to be done as project work only and will not be evaluated in theory

6. Political Parties:

What role do political parties play in competition and contestation? Which are the major national and regional parties in India? (Chapter 6)

7. Outcomes of Democracy:

Can or should democracy be judged by its outcomes? What outcomes can one reasonably expect of democracies? Does democracy in India meet these expectations? Has democracy led to development, security and dignity for the people? What sustains democracy in India? (Chapter 7)

8. Challenges to Democracy:

Is the idea of democracy shrinking? What are the major challenges to democracy in India? How can democracy be reformed and deepened? What role can an ordinary citizen play in deepening democracy? (Chapter 8)

Unit 4: Understanding Economic Development

1. Development:

The traditional notion of development; National Income and Per capita Income. Growth of National Income – critical appraisal of existing development indicators (PCI, IMR, SR and other income and health indicators) The need for health and educational development; Human Development Indicators (in simple and brief as a holistic measure of development.

Role of money in an economy: Formal and Informal financial institutions for Savings and Credit – General Introduction; Select one formal institution such as a nationalized commercial bank and a few informal institutions; Local money lenders, landlords, chit funds and private finance companies. (Chapter 3)

(Note: Ch-3 will also be evaluated in theory)

4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy:

Production across countries, Foreign trade and Interaction of Markets, what is Globalization? Factors, WTO, Impact, Fair Globalization (Chapter 4)

5. Consumer Rights:

How consumer is exploited (one or two simple case studies) factors causing exploitation of consumers; Rise of consumer awareness; how a consumer should be in a market; role of government in consumer protection. (Chapter 5)