Geoffrey Canada, standing, is shown in a scene from the new movie, 'Waiting for "Superman." '

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“Waiting for ‘Superman,’ ” opening Friday in New York and Los Angeles, has generated buzz for months in education circles. Everyone from Oprah Winfrey to Bill Gates is celebrating the documentary, which tells the emotional stories of five students who have entered lotteries to get into successful public charter schools.

The film also offers a broad-brush indictment of America's school system and teachers unions, prompting praise from reform advocates.

“It gives the reform community something to rally around ... but I do worry that ... it makes [the issues] more about sentiment than about understanding,” says Frederick Hess, director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington. “I don’t just want people to like charters or support merit pay. I want them to understand what problems we’re trying to solve and how we can do charter schooling or merit pay in smart ways.”

The documentary’s title comes from a story told by Geoffrey Canada, who founded the Harlem Children’s Zone to offer cradle-to-college services and charter schools to some of New York’s most disadvantaged kids. When his mother told him as a kid that his beloved Superman hero wasn’t real, he was devastated to think that no one was strong enough to save him and his friends from their Bronx ghetto.

The suggestion is that the five children the film follows – four of them poor and African-American or Hispanic – need to be saved from their dismal schools.

Director Davis Guggenheim, best known for the environmental documentary “An Inconvenient Truth” featuring Al Gore, criticizes himself at the start of the film for driving by the local public schools to drop off his children at private school.

He and producer Lesley Chilcott hope to impel people in comfortable circumstances to stop writing off the struggles of children in chronically failing schools and become advocates for change.

“Once you witness these lotteries and start thinking of them as your kids,” Ms. Chilcott says, “you’re like, I cannot rest until I do something about this.”

The movie’s website features discussion forums and action steps. People who pledge to see the film receive a code worth $15 to give to any school project on DonorsChoose.org.

Some bigger bucks went out to schools on Monday when Ms. Winfrey featured the film on her show and announced $1 million grants for each of six charter schools or networks. Her focus on the film continues Friday in a show from Chicago, which also will feature the announcement of a $100 million gift from Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg to improve achievement in Newark, N.J., schools.

But many observers criticize the film’s focus on charter schools – public schools that are granted autonomy from many district policies.

“It oversells charter schools,” says Jeffrey Henig, a professor at Columbia University’s Teachers College in New York. The film notes that only 1 in 5 charter schools are highly successful. But “it implies there’s some philosophy that unifies charters and we just need to replicate that,” Professor Henig says.

“The AFT ... has been pretty pragmatic in adopting a lot of positions the reformers want,” Mr. Henig says. “Weingarten stuck her neck out on those a bit, and the movie just disregarded that entirely.”

The nonprofit educational publisher Rethinking Schools launched an online forum to give voice to people pushing back against the message of the film. “By siding with a corporate reform agenda of teacher bashing, union busting, test-based ‘accountability’ and highly selective, privatized charters, the film pours gasoline on the public education bonfire started by No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top,” writes editorial board member Stan Karp.

“We’re not saying, ‘Start charters, get rid of unions,’ ” Chilcott says in response to the criticisms. “What [charters] do most differently is the quality of their teachers, and that can be done on mass level” through better training and evaluation, she says.