Habitat/ecology: "Forest, tropical hammocks, riverbanks. In the native range, the shrub is commonly found in
closed forests, valleys, and dark damp lplaces from 100-2,400 m elevation.
Where invasive, it becomes dominant in the understorey and forms dense stands
with more than 100 plants per square meter, reducing light and native species
richness, and preventing the growth of native tree seedlings. Mature
plants are often surrounded by a dense cover of their own seedlings. The
plant grows best in moist soils and vigorously resprouts after cutting or fire"
(Weber, 2003; p. 53). "Prefers rich, well-drained soils in a partially shaded position" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 94). Moist forest and open areas.

Physical: "Seedlings
and saplings can be hand pulled if soil disturbance is not a problem".

Chemical:
"Glyphosate can be used to spray dense seedling populations. Larger trees
are cut and the stumps treated with herbicide, or treated with a basal bark
application of triclopyr" (Weber, 2003; p. 53).