.tw is the Internetcountry codetop-level domain (ccTLD) for Taiwan (Republic of China). The domain name is based on the ISO 3166-1alpha-2 country code TW. The registry is maintained by TWNIC, a Taiwanese non-profit organization appointed by National Communication Commission (NCC) and ministry of transportation and communications ROC. Since March 1, 2001, TWNIC has stopped allow itself to sign up new domain names directly, instead allowing new registration through its contracted reseller registrars.

com.tw: for companies or firms (Taiwanese or foreign) registered under the laws of their country

net.tw: for network or telecommunications license holders

org.tw: for non-profit organizations (Taiwanese or foreign) established according to the laws of their country

idv.tw: for individuals (must verify their identity by e-mail)

game.tw: unrestricted (but registrant must verify their identity by email)

ebiz.tw: unrestricted (but registrant must verify their identity by email)

club.tw: unrestricted (but registrant must verify their identity by email)

tw: unrestricted

Domain names in Chinese characters may also be registered at the second level. Furthermore, any registrant of a standard domain name who has chosen a domestic registrar may automatically get two more domain names in Chinese characters in the following second-level domains: 網路.tw, 組織.tw and 商業.tw. These second-level domains correspond to net.tw, org.tw and com.tw, respectively.

As of March 2017, around 8.31％ of the .tw domains are served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the cPanel, Inc. Certification Authority being the most popular SSL certificate.[2] Apache is the most popular web server, serving 47.60% of the .tw domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 20.31% of the total .tw domains.[2]

1.
Taiwan
–
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government

2.
Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990

3.
Country code
–
Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have developed to do this. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes and this standard defines for most of the countries and dependent areas in the world, a two-letter a three-letter, and a three-digit numeric code. For more applications see ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. S. government and in the CIA World Factbook, on September 2,2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by NIST as a Federal Information Processing Standard. GOST7.164 international telephone dialing codes, list of country calling codes with 1-3 digits and these prefixes are legally administered by the national entity to which prefix ranges are assigned. Diplomatic license plates in the United States, assigned by the U. S. State Department, north Atlantic Treaty Organisation used two-letter codes of its own, list of NATO country codes. They were largely borrowed from the FIPS 10-4 codes mentioned below, in 2003 the eighth edition of the Standardisation Agreement adopted the ISO3166 three-letter codes with one exception. The following can represent countries, The initial digits of International Standard Book Numbers are group identifiers for countries, areas, the first three digits of GS1 Company Prefixes used to identify products, for example, in barcodes, designate numbering agencies. A comparison with ISO, IFS and others with notes United Nations Region Codes

4.
ISO 3166-1
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The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1, Country codes. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which allow a visual association between the codes and the country names than the alpha-2 codes. The alphabetic country codes were first included in ISO3166 in 1974, as a widely used international standard, ISO 3166-1 is implemented in other standards and used by international organizations to allow facilitation of the exchange of goods and information. However, it is not the standard for country codes. Other country codes used by international organizations are partly or totally incompatible with ISO 3166-1. Currently 249 countries, territories, or areas of geographical interest are assigned codes in ISO 3166-1. Once a country name or territory name appears in either of two sources, it will be added to ISO 3166-1 by default. The ISO 3166/MA may reserve code elements for other entities that do not qualify for inclusion based on the above criteria, ISO 3166-1 is published officially in both English and French. For this reason, common components of names like Republic, Kingdom, United. As a consequence, for example, the United Kingdom is officially assigned the alpha-2 code GB rather than UK, based on its official name United Kingdom of Great Britain, some codes are chosen based on the native names of the countries. For example, Germany is assigned the alpha-2 code DE, based on its native name Deutschland, the following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding list of the countries which are assigned official codes. It is listed in order by the English short country name used by the ISO 3166/MA. Note, Each countrys alpha-2 code is linked to information about the assignment of its code elements. Besides the officially assigned codes, code elements may be expanded by using either reserved codes or user-assigned codes. Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable a user application of the standard. Codes are usually reserved for countries, overseas territories, international organizations. A country is assigned new ISO 3166-1 codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries. In general, new codes are assigned if a country changes a significant part of its name

5.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
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They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internets country code top-level domains. They were first included as part of the ISO3166 standard in its first edition in 1974, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some cases they are not perfectly implemented, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in the following standards, Starting in 1985, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes have been used in the Domain Name System as country code top-level domains. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority currently assigns the ccTLDs mostly following the alpha-2 codes, but with a few exceptions. For example, the United Kingdom, whose code is GB, uses. uk instead of. gb as its ccTLD. The European Commission generally uses ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes with two exceptions, EL is used to represent Greece, and UK is used to represent the United Kingdom. This notwithstanding, the Official Journal of the European Communities specified that GR and GB be used to represent Greece, for VAT administration purposes, the European Commission uses EL and GB for Greece and the United Kingdom respectively. IETF language tags are also derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. The full list of ISO 3166-1 codes assigned to countries and territories are usable as region subtags, also, the exceptionally reserved alpha-2 codes defined in ISO 3166-1 are also usable as region subtags for language tags. Some other region grouping subtags are derived from other standards, under the newer stability policies, old assigned codes that have been withdrawn from ISO 3166-1 should no longer be reassigned to another country or territory. The following is a colour-coded decoding table of all ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, click on the cell to see the definition of each code. The following alpha-2 codes can be user-assigned, AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, for example, UN/LOCODE assigns XZ to represent installations in international waters. The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository assigns QO to represent Outlying Oceania, before the adoption of the macroregion code EU by ISO, CLDR also used QU to represent the European Union. The code XK is being used by the European Commission, the IMF, the code XA is being used by Switzerland, as a country code for the Canary Islands, although IC is already reserved for that purpose. The code XN is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for the Nordic Patent Institute, the codes XE, XS and XW are used by WhatsApp to represent the flags of England, Scotland and Wales as Emoji. Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable a user application of the standard. The reserved alpha-2 codes can be divided into the four categories, exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations. These codes may be used only during a period of at least five years while new code elements that may have replaced them are taken into use

6.
Chunghwa Telecom
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Chunghwa Telecom is the largest telecommunications company in Taiwan and the incumbent mobile, PSTN and broadband carrier there. It has its headquarters in Zhongzheng District, Taipei on the remains of the old Taipei Prison, Chunghwa Telecom was founded as a company on June 15,1996 as part of the Taiwan governments privatisation efforts. Prior to this, it operated as a unit of the Directorate General of Telecommunications for over 100 years. In August 2005, Chunghwa Telecom became a company, as the Taiwan government’s ownership was reduced to less than 50%. The Directorate General of Telecommunications once exercised a monopoly on the market in Taiwan. On July 1,1996, the Chunghwa Telecom Ordinance was enacted under an amendment of the Telecommunications Act, in 1997, Chunghwa Telecom was awarded the license to operate a second-generation mobile communications network. In October 2000, Chunghwa Telecom was listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol 2412, in July 2003, Chunghwa Telecom was listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CHT. August 12,2005, the Government of China Telecoms stake to 50%, in February 2002, Chunghwa Telecom was awarded the license to operate a third-generation mobile communications network. In 2007, Chunghwa Telecom acquired Senao International, and Senao becomes the exclusive agent of Chunghwa Telecom mobile phones. On May 1,2007, Chunghwa Telecom set up a division for enterprise customers, on October 30,2013, Chunghwa Telecom acquired in an auction for NT$39.075 billion a spectrum of LTE bands, with a bandwidth limit of 2x35MHz, as well as C5-band. On May 29,2014, Chunghwa Telecom held a conference to announce the start of LTE services on May 30,2014. Chunghwa Telecom is the largest telecommunication service provider in Taiwan and one of the largest in Asia in terms of revenue, in terms of both revenue and customers, Chunghwa is Taiwan’s largest provider of fixed line services, mobile services, broadband access service, and Internet service. The company also provides information and communication services to corporate customers. HiNet has been criticised for being a haven for senders of email spam. Senao International, a cellular phone distributor from which Senao Networks, manufacturer of networking products and wireless telephones under the EnGenius

7.
FarEasTone
–
FarEasTone Telecommunications is a telecommunications company based in Taiwan. It is the second largest telco in Taiwan after Chunghwa Telecom, FarEasTone was founded in October 1996 by the Far Eastern Group, in a joint venture with AT&T. The company was awarded two wireless service licenses in January 1997, the following year, FarEasTone launched its service and became the first company to introduce a fully integrated dual-band system. In March 1999, after fourteen months in business, FarEasTone achieved one million revenue-producing customers, the company was listed on the Taiwan OTC Stock Exchange in December 2001 under the ticker code 4904 and was officially listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange in the electronic sector in August 2005. In September 2006, FarEasTone began providing 3G WCDMA services, on December 16,2009, FarEasTone acquired WiMAX licenses, and from December 22 began offering WiMAX transmission services. On October 30,2013, Taiwans LTE standard license bidding closed with FarEasTone paying NT$31.315 billion yuan for the LTE frequency bands, FarEasTone launched LTE services on June 3,2014. Far EasTone merged with KG Telecom in early 2004, the largest ever merger in the Taiwan telecom industry, in February 2005, Far EasTone bought a 55. 3% stake in Arcoa. In May 2005, Far EasTone formally merged with Yuan-Ze Telecom, in May 2007, the company bought a 51% equity interest in Q-ware Communications to extend the scope of its wireless communications services. In August 2007, Singtel transferred its 24. 5% stake in New Century Infocomm Tech company for a 3.5 per cent share of Far EasTone, on April 30,2009, it was announced that China Mobile would invest up to 12 per cent into the company. The amount of ownership was projected to be, NTT DoCoMo at 4.1 per cent, SingTel at 3.5 per cent. On April 27,2012, Singtel sold its 3. 98% share of Far EasTone, on April 18,2013, China Mobile announced the termination of a stake in Far EasTone, though the parties signed a bilateral cooperation agreement. The total number of subscribers between the Company and KGT was 6.13 million at the end of December 2008. In the Taiwan mobile market the market shares were as follows, Chunghwa Telecom at 35%, FarEasTone at 25%, Taiwan Mobile at 24%, Asia Pacific Telecom and Vibo Telecom at 10%, the company, along with other leading Taiwan companies, has recently been raising prices

8.
Taiwan Mobile
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Taiwan Mobile is a GSM mobile phone operator based in Taiwan. It is the third largest behind Chunghwa Telecom and FarEasTone, Taiwan Mobile started as part of a strategic divestment from the now defunct Pacific Electric Wire & Cable Co. Ltd. PEWC also made various business development efforts and tender bids in different wireless licenses in China, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, the company finally returned to Taiwan to bid for the various licenses being liberalised in 1996 and 1997. Taiwan Mobile now also have acquired stakes in Taiwan Fixed Network, Taiwan Mobile was previously named Pacific Cellular Corporation while the Hong Kong investment holding company was called PEWC Telecommunications Co. Ltd which holds the investment in P-Plus Communications Ltd, PEWC, PCC, Pacific Iridium were part of the overall telecom portfolio. Todays Taiwan Mobiles logo is more colorful but still has the look of the original satellite gateway station of Iridium with hexagonal shapes, the older logo used to be all red and had a legacy red from the now defunct Pacific Electric Wire & Cable Co. Ltd

9.
NeuStar
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Neustar is the domain name registry for. biz. us. co, and. nyc top-level domains. Neustar was incorporated in Delaware in 1998, Neustar started as a business unit within Lockheed Martin Corporation. It spun off to keep the neutrality that was essential to its original contract with the nations telecommunications providers. In November 2006, Neustar completed the acquisition of Followap, Inc. a U. K. -based enabler of mobile instant messaging services, in 2010, Neustar named Lisa Hook as President and Chief Operating Officer. In October 2011, Neustar acquired TARGUSInfo, on October 30,2013, Neustar announced it purchased Aggregate Knowledge, a seven-year-old ad-tech firm, for $119 million. In March 2014, Neustar acquired. CO Internet for $109 million, on September 9,2015, Asset Purchase Agreement between Transaction Network Services, Inc. and Neustar, Inc. On June 21,2016, Neustar Announced Intention to Separate into two independent publicly traded companies, all retail telephone companies must access the Neustar clearinghouse to properly route virtually all of their customers calls. Neustar also provides back end registry services for. co Top Level Domain, Neustar serves as the provider of registry services and manages directories of similar resources, or addresses, that its customers use for access and connectivity. Neustar previously operated the authoritative directory for U. S, CTIA granted that contract to iconectiv, who took over providing Common Short Code Registry Services on January 1,2016. Neustar is also working with the Open Mobile Video Coalition to manage the Mobile DTV Trust Authority, communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act Compuware Neotys NeuStar, Inc. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10-K, FY2011, http, //www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/1265888/000119312512088186/d233580d10k. htm Official website

10.
ICANN
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ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the central Internet address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function contract. The numbering facilities ICANN manages include the Internet Protocol address spaces for IPv4 and IPv6, ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN was created on September 18,1998, and incorporated on September 30,1998 and it is headquartered in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as a task to this research work. The Information Sciences Institute was funded by the U. S. Department of Defense, as was SRI Internationals Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions. As the Internet grew and expanded globally, the U. S. Department of Commerce initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. The proposed rule making, or Green Paper, was published in the Federal Register on February 20,1998, NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23,1998, when the comment period closed. ICANN was formed in response to this policy, ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority under contract to the United States Department of Commerce and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF. ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30,1998, with entrepreneur and it is a nonprofit public benefit corporation organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes. ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Jon Postel, ICANN formerly operated from the same Marina del Rey building where Postel formerly worked, which is home to an office of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California. However, ICANNs headquarters is now located in the nearby Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles and they were also required to be financially independent from ICANN. On July 26,2006, the United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for a one to five years. The context of ICANNs relationship with the U. S. government was clarified on September 29,2006 when ICANN signed a new Memorandum of Understanding with the United States Department of Commerce and this document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations. During July 2008, the DOC reiterated a statement that it has no plans to transition management of the authoritative root zone file to ICANN. The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA and VeriSign, on September 30,2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC that confirmed ICANNs commitment to a multistakeholder governance model, but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. On March 10,2016, ICANN and the DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control, on October 1,2016, ICANN was freed from U. S. government oversight. During September and October 2003, ICANN played a role in the conflict over VeriSigns wild card DNS service Site Finder. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by the Internet Architecture Board, after this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27,2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority

11.
Internationalized domain name
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These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the Internet. IDN was originally proposed in December 1996 by Martin Dürst and implemented in 1998 by Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong under the guidance of Tan Tin Wee. After much debate and many competing proposals, a system called Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications was adopted as a standard, in IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII algorithm can be successfully applied. In March 2008, the IETF formed a new IDN working group to update the current IDNA protocol, in May 2010 the first IDN ccTLD were installed in the DNS root zone. Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications is a defined in 2003 for handling internationalized domain names containing non-ASCII characters. These names either are Latin letters with diacritics or are written in languages or scripts which do not use the Latin alphabet, Arabic, Hangul, Hiragana and Kanji for instance. Although the Domain Name System supports non-ASCII characters, applications such as e-mail, IDNA specifies how this conversion between names written in non-ASCII characters and their ASCII-based representation is performed. An IDNA-enabled application is able to convert between the internationalized and ASCII representations of a domain name and it uses the ASCII form for DNS lookups but can present the internationalized form to users who presumably prefer to read and write domain names in non-ASCII scripts such as Arabic or Hiragana. Applications that do not support IDNA will not be able to handle domain names with non-ASCII characters, but will still be able to access such domains if given the ASCII equivalent. ICANN issued guidelines for the use of IDNA in June 2003, several other top-level domain registries started accepting registrations in 2004 and 2005. IDN Guidelines were first created in June 2003, and have been updated to respond to phishing concerns in November 2005, mozilla 1.4, Netscape 7.1, Opera 7.11 were among the first applications to support IDNA. A browser plugin is available for Internet Explorer 6 to provide IDN support, Internet Explorer 7.0 and Windows Vistas URL APIs provide native support for IDN. The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a name are accomplished by algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the name as a whole. For example, if the name is www. example. com, then the labels are www, example. ToASCII or ToUnicode are applied to each of three separately. The details of these two algorithms are complex, and are specified in RFC3490, the following gives an overview of their function

12.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world

13.
Simplified Chinese characters
–
Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time

14.
Government of the Republic of China
–
This government moved to Beijing in the same year with Yuan Shikai as President, and continued under his successors as the internationally recognized government of China until 1928. In the Republican period, there were a series of governments, the Nationalist government, led by the Kuomintang, was originally formed as a rival military government under Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou in 1917. After Suns death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern Expedition to unify the country and this government gained diplomatic recognition but did not control all the territory of the Qing dynasty. The Tutelage Constitution of 1931 was replaced by the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947 and this new constitutional government moved to Taipei, Taiwan, in 1949 because of its military losses in the Chinese Civil War. It remains in Taiwan and exercises control over other islands including Penghu, Quemoy, Matsu, Itu Aba, Control of the government had historically been dominated by the Kuomintang, but the situation has changed as the Republic of China evolved into a multi-party democracy. The first Chinese national government was established on January 1,1912, in Nanjing, provincial delegates were sent to confirm the authority of the national government, and they later also formed the first parliament. The power of national government was limited and short-lived, with generals controlling both central and northern provinces of China. The limited acts passed by this government included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty, Yuan maintained power locally by sending military generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government, however, the real power of the time passed to military leaders, forming the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use, when World War I began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, there were also several warlord governments and puppet states sharing the same name. See also, Wang Jingwei Government, Warlord era, known as the Nanjing Decade, the government ruled as a one-party state, as laid out by Sun Yat-sens Three Stages of Revolution and his policy of Dang Guo. The first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition, the second was political tutelage which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage was constitutional government. The KMT considered themselves to be at the stage in 1928. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the invading Imperial Japanese Army managed to capture Nanjing on December 13,1937, the Japanese then proceeded to sack the city, and massacred hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians. With the fall of Nanjing, the government was forced to move first to Wuhan and it retreated further inland to Chongqing, which was the wartime capital until 1945. Although Chongqing was located in the western province of Sichuan. With the end of the war, the National Government moved back to Nanjing, the Kuomintang then proceeded with the drafting of a new constitution for China, which were boycotted by the communists. The Constitution of the Republic of China was adopted by the National Assembly on December 25,1946, the constitution was seen as the third and final step in Sun Yat-sens Three Stages of Revolution - constitutional government

15.
Republic of China Armed Forces
–
The Republic of China Armed Forces are the armed forces of Taiwan, encompassing the Army, Navy, Air Force and Military Police Force. It is an establishment, which accounted for 16. 8% of the central budget in the fiscal year of 2003. Since 2002, the military comes under the civilian control of the Ministry of National Defense. It was the National Revolutionary Army before being renamed as the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1947 due to the implementation of the Constitution of the Republic of China. Until the 1970s, the primary mission was to retake mainland China from the communist Peoples Republic of China through the Project National Glory. The Republic of China Armed Forces is the National Defense Force of Taiwan and it is known as Guojun 國軍, which means national army. When the ROC was based in mainland China, its army was the National Revolutionary Army before 1928 which was known as the Chinese Nationalist Army or KMT Army. The nationalization of the forces in 1947 basically detached the Kuomintangs control on the armed forces. Due to the control of the military and the constitution. The earliest use of the name Republic of China Armed Forces can be found in the Constitution of the Republic of China in the Beiyang Government in 1923, the Republic of Chinas army was the National Revolutionary Army, which was founded on mainland China in 1925. The National Revolutionary Army was the arm of Kuomintang from 1925 until 1947 in the Republic of China. It also become the army of the ROC during the KMTs period of party rule beginning in 1928. The army was nationalized and thus no longer belonged to the KMT, the ROC Armed Force relocated to Taiwan after 1949. The Land force was established in 1924 and it can be traced back to the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton by Sun Yat-sen and built as National Revolutionary Army, the military arm of KMT. Whampoa Military Academy was relocated to Fengshan District, Kaohsiung City and it was re-established as the Republic of China Military Academy, and modeled after the United States Military Academy. The Navy of the Qing dynasty was first exposed to Western influence, with the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, many former Qing-naval officer agreed with the revolutionary ideal of Xinhai and joined the ROC Navy. However, with continuing to plague the Republic of China. Furthermore, there were internal conflicts during its development, during the 2nd Sino-Japanese war, most of the ROC Navy was destroyed by the Imperial Japanese Navy

16.
Chinese character
–
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese, and sometimes also in English, they are called hànzì. They have been adapted to write a number of languages including, Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja. Collectively, they are known as CJK characters, in English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world, Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan,2,136 are taught through secondary school, the characters used in Japan are distinct from those used in China in many respects. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, in South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. In Old Chinese, most words were monosyllabic and there was a correspondence between characters and words. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes. Modern Chinese has many homophones, thus the same syllable may be represented by many characters. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings, cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations and these foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. When the script was first used in the late 2nd millennium BC, words of Old Chinese were generally monosyllabic, increasing numbers of polysyllabic words have entered the language from the Western Zhou period to the present day. The process has accelerated over the centuries as phonetic change has increased the number of homophones and it has been estimated that over two thirds of the 3,000 most common words in modern Standard Chinese are polysyllables, the vast majority of those being disyllables. The most common process has been to form compounds of existing words, words have also been created by adding affixes, reduplication and borrowing from other languages. Polysyllabic words are written with one character per syllable

17.
Internet in Taiwan
–
Communications in Taiwan comprise the following communication media, deployed in the Taiwan Area of the Republic of China and regulated by the National Communications Commission of the Executive Yuan. Since the mid-1970s there has been a shift from traditional personal services to modern personal services. Domestic television has long carried many foreign programs, and liberalization of restrictions in the 1980s brought more. There are about 30 daily newspapers and thousands of periodicals, many of the latter house organs of political and non-political organizations. The government sets general guidelines for the political and cultural content of newspapers, there are three television stations and about 30 radio broadcasting companies with more than 180 stations. Telephones - main lines in use,16.433 million Telephones - mobile cellular,27, see for rankings, List of countries by broadband users. The number of subscribers in Taiwan surpassed 4.5 million by the end of March 2007. This number is approximately 20% of the total population

18.
.af
–
. af is the Internet country code top-level domain for Afghanistan. It is administered by AFGNIC, a service of the UNDP, registration is made directly at the second level, or on the third level beneath various categorized subdomains at the second level. Third-level domains have restrictions based on which second-level domain they are registered under, registration on second level is unrestricted, but more expensive. All fees are higher for international registrants, the domain was delegated to an Abdul Razeeq in 1997, this only a year after Taliban fighters had captured Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. NetNames of London initially maintained the following an agreement with the IANA. IANA. af whois information AFGNIC official site AfghanServer. af registrant

19.
.ag
–
. ag is the Internet country code top-level domain for Antigua and Barbuda. Registrations can be made at the second level directly beneath. ag, there are no restrictions on who can register. Aktiengesellschaft, abbreviated AG, is a German term that refers to a corporation that is limited by shares, i. e. owned by shareholders, the term is used in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It also has a use for other domain hacks for English words that end in -ag. The Heritage Foundation uses. ag for URL shortening, a German court ruled in July 2004 in second instance that a. ag domain may only be registered by an Aktiengesellschaft and more precisely by an AG that has the same name as the domain. That means that a company with shareholders in Germany with the name X AG, list of. AG Registrars IANA. ag whois information

20.
.ar
–
. ar is the Internet country code top-level domain for Argentina. It is administered by NIC Argentina, registering a. AR domain directly is not allowed, only the 8 second-level domains below are open to everyone, although a local presence in Argentina is required. As of January 2017 there are currently 9 second-level domains, the. gob. ar domain was also approved for government entities. NIC Argentina Resolution N° 904/2008 about tur. ar domains IANA. ar whois information

21.
.at
–
. at is the Internet country code top-level domain for Austria. The. at top-level domain has a number of second-level domains, however, it is also possible to register directly at the top level. Given the number of English words that end with -at, this presents the possibility for many domain hacks, many Austrian domain names were registered for English words that end with at. Domain hacks treating at as a word in its own right are also widespread, as of today, there are very few such domain names left available on the domain prime market as the result of the domain name speculation. Most of them can be bought on the secondary market. Only a few of these names are actually used. Some known examples of the Austrian domain hacks are, donteat. at, registrations of internationalized domain names are accepted. In 2007, it was possible to register domain names containing only numbers. The. at-Domain started using DNSSEC in 2011 in order to guarantee the authenticity and integrity of the Domain Name Systems data, before August 2016, it was only possible to register. at-Domains with three or more characters. NIC. AT Website IANA —. at Domain Delegation Data Private Individuals. at Registrars Website

22.
.au
–
. au is the Internet country code top-level domain for Australia. It was first created on 5 March 1986, Domain name policy is managed by. au Domain Administration, with the registry operated by AusRegistry. The domain name was allocated by Jon Postel, operator of IANA to Kevin Robert Elz of Melbourne University in 1986. After an approximately five-year process in the 1990s, the Internet industry created a body called. au Domain Administration to operate the domain. It obtained assent from ICANN in 2001, and commenced operating a new regime for domain registration on 1 July 2002. Since this new regime, any registration has to be ordered via a registrar, oversight of. au is by. au Domain Administration. It is an organisation whose membership is derived from Internet organisations, industry members. The organisation operates with the endorsement of the Australian Government and with the authority of ICANN. Policy for. au is devised by policy development panels and these panels are convened by auDA and combine public input with industry representation to derive policy. The day-to-day operation of the. au registry technical facility is tendered out by auDA, the current operator is AusRegistry who has performed this role since the initial tender in 2002. AusRegistry does not sell domain registration services direct to the consumer, rather consumers who wish to register a domain must do so via a domain name registrar, after the industrys liberalisation in 2002, there is an active competitive market in registrars with a variety of prices and services. In 2008 auDA changed its policy and allowed changes in ownership of. au domains. AuDA introduced the ISS in October 2013 as a mandatory requirement, discount Domain Name services, Cheaper Domains and Information Brokers, part of the Total Internet Group, are the first three auDA accredited registrars to achieve ISS compliance. The naming rules for. au require registrations under second-level categories that describe a type of entity. com. au and this follows a similar allocation policy to that formerly used in other countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Registrations are currently permitted below a second-level domain, such as yourname. com. au, in April 2016, auDA announced it would introduce registrations directly at the second level, such as yourname. au. Direct registrations are due to be implemented in 2017, registering a domain in the. au namespace requires registrants to have either an exact match or a “close and substantial connection” to their desired domain name. Registration of a. au domain is completed through a reseller, known as a registrar and these domains are managed by the. au Community Domains Trust on behalf of auDA. CGDNs use the state or territorys common abbreviation as the level of the domain

23.
.ax
–
. ax is the Internet country code top-level domain of the Åland Islands, introduced in 2006. Previously, most Åland websites were under the. aland. fi subdomain, on February 17,2006, the Finnish parliament approved a modification of the laws regulating Finnish domain names to include the. ax top-level domain. On March 17,2006, Finnish president Tarja Halonen signed the bill into law, the government of Åland began accepting registrations immediately following the changing of the law. On June 9,2006, ICANN approved delegating the. ax top-level domain to the government of Åland, the. ax domain was added to the root zone on June 21,2006, and became active on August 15,2006. The code ax itself comes from the ISO3166 standard, and was assigned to Åland in 2004

24.
.ba
–
. ba is the Internet country code top-level domain for Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administered by the University Teleinformation Center, Registration procedure for BA domain names is slightly more complicated than it is for registering international domains, and it is defined by laws and regulations of BiH institutions. For more information, please see Regulations regarding the registration of the BA domain, while international domains can be bought by anyone without any additional requests and documents. BA domain can be bought by only those who meet all requirements listed in Regulations. First condition for domain registration is that name is free. Own second-level domains are permitted, which for-profit companies use, IANA. ba whois information NIC. BA BIHnet Sayber SARnet Centar Registracijadomena. ba - Registration procedure Registracijadomena. ba - Regulations for. BA domains registration

25.
.be
–
. be is the Internet country code top-level domain for Belgium. The domain became active in 1989 and was administrated by Pierre Verbaeten of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in 2000, the control of the TLD was transferred to DNS Belgium. As of June 2013 there are 1,392,477 registered domains and it was announced in November 2005 that the initial registration of domains would be free until the beginning of 2006, though with some limits on the number any individual was allowed to register. This was remarkably popular, with some 17,000 registrations coming in on the first day of the promotion, domain names are registered directly at second level. Some of Belgians main academic institutions, such as the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Université Libre de Bruxelles, use third-level names under ac. be, any. be registration has to be ordered via a registered agent. The domain has also been in use as a logo for the government since 2003. Only recognized UN member states are eligible for a two-letter domain extension, in October 2008, the Flemish government expressed its intention to obtain a three-letter domain code for Flanders, like. vla. vln or. fla. In 2014. vlaanderen and. brussels were added, also administered by DNSBelgium, on the website YouTube, a shortener for YouTube videos is youtu. be, for example www. youtube. com/watch. v= becomes youtu. be/. Google’s chrome experiment, for the 40th anniversary of the Rubiks cube, Chrome cube lab, features many domain hacks like Image Cube, IANA. be whois information List of. be registered agents

26.
.bf
–
. bf is the Internet country code top-level domain for Burkina Faso. The registry site, is the ARCE site, a document purporting to be an official registration form can be found at the URL http, //www. artel. bf/IMG/File/domaine-bf. pdf

27.
.bg
–
The domain name. bg is the country code top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Bulgaria. It is currently operated by Register. BG, the price of domain registration is 30 euro per year. Until mid-2006, the price was 50 USD for one-time registration plus 50 USD per year, from August 25,2008, Register. BG simplified the procedures, allowing the registration of domain names in the. bg zone without providing documented grounds for the name. Eventual disputes are to be solved via the newly established Arbitration committee, since September 18,2006, Register. bg proposes new, third-level domains in the a. bg, b. bg, etc. subdomains, lower cost, with less restrictions and no dispute resolution. They are targeted mainly at private individuals, the domain has been enabled with Domain Name System Security Extensions since October 2007. On September 5,2009, Register. bg started accepting second- and third-level domain names in Cyrillic with letters found in the Bulgarian language only. бг IANA. bg whois information Register. bg

28.
.bi
–
. bi is the Internet country code top-level domain for Burundi. It is administered by the Burundi National Center of Information Technology, the registry site states that. BI Registry has a rather liberal policy about domain names as soon as the domain name is in relation with the business name or one of its marks. The general principle is that a domain must reflect the truth, registrations are open to anybody worldwide, but are not supposed to be registered or used for misleading purposes, though apparently no pre-screening is done to ensure this. The site also states that We strongly discourage the use of suffixes of our country for misleading people and we remind that. bi stands for Republic of Burundi and for nothing else. This is apparently intended to discourage the repurposing of. bi as has been done with other ccTLDs, or the use in domain hacks where the TLD becomes part of a word or phrase. Use of bi in the sense of bisexuality is likely the sort of thing they are aiming to prevent and it is used by the Israeli company Vision. bi, which develops Business Intelligence software. There does not seem to be much use at all, either within or outside Burundi

Taiwan
–
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th centur

1.
A young Tsou man

2.
Flag

3.
Overview of Fort Zeelandia, painted around 1635

4.
Japanese colonial soldiers march Taiwanese captured after the Tapani Incident from the Tainan jail to court, 1915.

Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for inte

1.
The Internet Messenger by Buky Schwartz in Holon.

2.
An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet

4.
This NeXT Computer was used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.

Country code
–
Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have developed to do this. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes and this standard defines f

1.
Map of Oceania with country codes.

ISO 3166-1
–
The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1, Country codes. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which allow a visual association between the codes and the country names than the alpha-2 codes. The alphabetic country codes were first included in ISO3166 in 1974,

1.
The International Organization for Standardization uses the country names chosen by the United Nations, some of which are disputed.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
–
They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internets country code top-level domains. They were first included as part of the ISO3166 standard in its first edition in 1974, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some case

1.
A map of Europe, with ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes in place of the names of countries and other territories

Chunghwa Telecom
–
Chunghwa Telecom is the largest telecommunications company in Taiwan and the incumbent mobile, PSTN and broadband carrier there. It has its headquarters in Zhongzheng District, Taipei on the remains of the old Taipei Prison, Chunghwa Telecom was founded as a company on June 15,1996 as part of the Taiwan governments privatisation efforts. Prior to t

FarEasTone
–
FarEasTone Telecommunications is a telecommunications company based in Taiwan. It is the second largest telco in Taiwan after Chunghwa Telecom, FarEasTone was founded in October 1996 by the Far Eastern Group, in a joint venture with AT&T. The company was awarded two wireless service licenses in January 1997, the following year, FarEasTone launched

1.
FarEasTone head office

Taiwan Mobile
–
Taiwan Mobile is a GSM mobile phone operator based in Taiwan. It is the third largest behind Chunghwa Telecom and FarEasTone, Taiwan Mobile started as part of a strategic divestment from the now defunct Pacific Electric Wire & Cable Co. Ltd. PEWC also made various business development efforts and tender bids in different wireless licenses in China,

1.
Taiwan Mobile service center

NeuStar
–
Neustar is the domain name registry for. biz. us. co, and. nyc top-level domains. Neustar was incorporated in Delaware in 1998, Neustar started as a business unit within Lockheed Martin Corporation. It spun off to keep the neutrality that was essential to its original contract with the nations telecommunications providers. In November 2006, Neustar

3.
ICANN meeting, Los Angeles USA, 2007. The sign refers to Vint Cerf, then Chairman of the Board of Directors, who is working on the Interplanetary Internet.

Internationalized domain name
–
These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the I

1.
Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non- Latin alphabet: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr

Traditional Chinese characters
–
Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both s

3.
A Series of Reading workbook in Traditional Chinese used in some Elementary schools in the Philippines.

Simplified Chinese characters
–
Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has

3.
The first batch of Simplified Characters introduced in 1935 consisted of 324 characters.

Government of the Republic of China
–
This government moved to Beijing in the same year with Yuan Shikai as President, and continued under his successors as the internationally recognized government of China until 1928. In the Republican period, there were a series of governments, the Nationalist government, led by the Kuomintang, was originally formed as a rival military government un

1.
Cabinet meeting of the Nanjing Provisional Government led by Sun Yat-sen

2.
In 1927, National Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing

3.
Legislative Yuan

4.
Judicial Yuan

Republic of China Armed Forces
–
The Republic of China Armed Forces are the armed forces of Taiwan, encompassing the Army, Navy, Air Force and Military Police Force. It is an establishment, which accounted for 16. 8% of the central budget in the fiscal year of 2003. Since 2002, the military comes under the civilian control of the Ministry of National Defense. It was the National R

3.
The National Revolutionary Army 185th Infantry Division soldiers during World War II

4.
The ROC Army's CM-11 Tank at the Hukou Army Base

Chinese character
–
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese, and sometimes also in English, they are called hànzì. They have been adapted to write a number of languages including, Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja. Collectively, they are known as CJ

1.
Chinese characters

2.
"Chinese character" in traditional (left) and simplified form (right)

3.
Ox scapula with oracle bone inscription

Internet in Taiwan
–
Communications in Taiwan comprise the following communication media, deployed in the Taiwan Area of the Republic of China and regulated by the National Communications Commission of the Executive Yuan. Since the mid-1970s there has been a shift from traditional personal services to modern personal services. Domestic television has long carried many

1.
Public telephone in Taiwan

2.
History

.af
–
. af is the Internet country code top-level domain for Afghanistan. It is administered by AFGNIC, a service of the UNDP, registration is made directly at the second level, or on the third level beneath various categorized subdomains at the second level. Third-level domains have restrictions based on which second-level domain they are registered und

1.
.af

.ag
–
. ag is the Internet country code top-level domain for Antigua and Barbuda. Registrations can be made at the second level directly beneath. ag, there are no restrictions on who can register. Aktiengesellschaft, abbreviated AG, is a German term that refers to a corporation that is limited by shares, i. e. owned by shareholders, the term is used in G

1.
.ag

.ar
–
. ar is the Internet country code top-level domain for Argentina. It is administered by NIC Argentina, registering a. AR domain directly is not allowed, only the 8 second-level domains below are open to everyone, although a local presence in Argentina is required. As of January 2017 there are currently 9 second-level domains, the. gob. ar domain wa

1.
.ar

.at
–
. at is the Internet country code top-level domain for Austria. The. at top-level domain has a number of second-level domains, however, it is also possible to register directly at the top level. Given the number of English words that end with -at, this presents the possibility for many domain hacks, many Austrian domain names were registered for En

1.
.at

.au
–
. au is the Internet country code top-level domain for Australia. It was first created on 5 March 1986, Domain name policy is managed by. au Domain Administration, with the registry operated by AusRegistry. The domain name was allocated by Jon Postel, operator of IANA to Kevin Robert Elz of Melbourne University in 1986. After an approximately five-

.ax
–
. ax is the Internet country code top-level domain of the Åland Islands, introduced in 2006. Previously, most Åland websites were under the. aland. fi subdomain, on February 17,2006, the Finnish parliament approved a modification of the laws regulating Finnish domain names to include the. ax top-level domain. On March 17,2006, Finnish president Tar

1.
.ax

.ba
–
. ba is the Internet country code top-level domain for Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administered by the University Teleinformation Center, Registration procedure for BA domain names is slightly more complicated than it is for registering international domains, and it is defined by laws and regulations of BiH institutions. For more information, ple

1.
.ba

.be
–
. be is the Internet country code top-level domain for Belgium. The domain became active in 1989 and was administrated by Pierre Verbaeten of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in 2000, the control of the TLD was transferred to DNS Belgium. As of June 2013 there are 1,392,477 registered domains and it was announced in November 2005 that the initia

1.
.be

.bf
–
. bf is the Internet country code top-level domain for Burkina Faso. The registry site, is the ARCE site, a document purporting to be an official registration form can be found at the URL http, //www. artel. bf/IMG/File/domaine-bf. pdf

1.
.bf

.bg
–
The domain name. bg is the country code top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Bulgaria. It is currently operated by Register. BG, the price of domain registration is 30 euro per year. Until mid-2006, the price was 50 USD for one-time registration plus 50 USD per year, from August 25,2008, Register. BG simplified the procedu

.bi
–
. bi is the Internet country code top-level domain for Burundi. It is administered by the Burundi National Center of Information Technology, the registry site states that. BI Registry has a rather liberal policy about domain names as soon as the domain name is in relation with the business name or one of its marks. The general principle is that a d