A&P Joints & Horse Pathologies

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The term arthro- and articular refer to what?

Joints

Study of Joints

arthrology

3 types of joints

1. Immovable Fibrous Joints

2. Slightly movable catilaginous joints

3. Freely movable Synovial Joints

Anatomical term for fibrous joint?

Synarthroses

are immovable in that the bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue.

Fibrous Joints

2 examples of Fibrous joints

Sutures and the fibrous union of the splint bones of horses with the large metacarpal and metatarsal bones

Anatomical term for Cartilaginous joints

Amphiarthroses

slightly movable; capable of only a slight rocking movement.

Cartilaginous joints

3 examples of Cartilaginous joints

1. intervertebral disks between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the spine

2. symphysis between the two halves of the pelvis

3 symphysis between the two sides of the mandible in some animals

Anatomical name for Synovial joints?

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints

Synovial joints

4 examples of synovial joints

1. Femur and acetabulum

2. humerus and scapula

3. ulna/radius and humerus

4. tibia/fibula and femur

4 characteristics of synovial joints

1. Articular surfaces on the bones

2. Articular cartilage covering the surface

3. Fluid filled joint cavity in joint capsule

4. Ligaments may be present to stabilize

aka the joint space, clinically is a fluid-filled potential space between the joint surface

the joint cavity

What surrounds the joint cavity?

A multilayered joint capsule

the outer layer of capsule

Fibrous tissue

Lining layer of capsule

Synovial membrane

The round condyles of the femur sit on top of the flattish condyles of the tibia, supported only by two shallow, concave, half moon-shaped cartilage structures called what?

medial and lateral meniscus

provides support on the front of the joint.

The patella tendon aka the patellar ligament

On the medial and lateral sides of the joint, two strap-like ______ ____ connect the femur and the tibia.

Collateral ligaments

Inside the joint are two ligaments that cross each other in an "X" shape. They help prevent the bones of the stifle from sliding back and forth as the joint bends and straightens. What are they called?

Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligaments.

Condition where tibia is pulled out from femur.

Anterior Drawer Sign

____ and ____ are antagonistic. ____ decreases the angle between two bones and ____ increases the angle between two bones.