oalcatoecris - 14.09.2017. @ 19:46 - watches online ukrainebreitling emergency reviewrolex watchesn Swiss watchesn"Nothing says more about you than your watch ..."nProbably everyone will agree with this statement. However, you can make a small correction: "... than your Swiss watch." For many centuries the world championship in the watch industry is firmly holding the original Swiss watches. If you mention good wrist mechanism, in the mind emerged immediately of Swiss watches with their variety of models provided by various Swiss companies. Impeccable quality, highest precision, durability, unique design, the support of centuries-old tradition of Swiss watch making, luxury and sense of style - these qualities of the original Swiss watches can be extended to infinity. For amateurs, they are simple gauges of time, but for the true connoisseur of the Swiss watch - it's the epitome of luxury and wealth. Original watches demonstrate a high status of their owner. For example, the famous Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger wears on hand luxury watches Audemars Piguet. Gold watches of Swiss brand Breguet were favored by Napoleon Bonaparte and Winston Churchill. Vladimir Putin prefers very expensive and exclusive attribute of the famous Swiss brand Patek Philippe (in 1999 Guinness Book of Records the Patek Philippe watch was listed for sale on with worth of $ 11 million). This is caused because the watch is an attribute of self-expression, and the most important person, the more significant it on the wrist. These original "ego attributes" will give a unique look even less glamorous costume. Original Swiss watches combine years of experience and tradition with modern methods of manufacture. Their quality is protected in law through domestic laws and agreements between countries. However, we consider everything in order: how did such a tiny, but at the same time, important countries like Switzerland, why high horology has arisen here and that it is a general.nThrough the centuries and epochs ...nSo, move on to ten thousand years ago in a tiny town, where today is a land under the sonorous name of Switzerland. The first evidence of human activity in this place relate to the Paleolithic era. In the Swiss town of Neuchatel found objects, dating from 2000 - 4000 BC and traces of agricultural activity of the Neolithic, which is nearly 3,000 years BC. Already in the Bronze and earlier period Iron, when trade was born, first mountain trails were laid in Switzerland. The beginning of our era is marked by the arrival on the territory of modern Switzerland tribe of Celtic origin - Helvetians. In 107 BC pass through of Saint – Gothard the territory was invaded by the Romans. In 58 BC between the Romans and the Helvetian was battle, after that the Romans managed to subdue all the Helvetian land (west of the present Switzerland, hence the second name of the country - Helvetia). However, in the 5th century Germanic tribe Aleman settled here, which gradually drove the Romans from the territory. In the annals of Swiss also mentions that in 1032 the Swiss lands were part of the Holy Roman Empire, the central authority which was quite weak. However, the situation changed dramatically when in the arena of history appeared the Habsburg dynasty, which has become one of the most influential in Central Europe. Soon the first Rudolf became the head of broadened its power dynasty, who managed to pacify the discontented lords. After the death of Rudolf in 1291, the local feudal lords got an opportunity to gain independence. In the same year for the struggle against foreign enemies (especially with the Habsburgs), three "forest" cantons - Uri, Shvitts (hence, Switzerland) and Nidwalden - signed a "eternal union." From that the official history of Switzerland starts. The famous legend of William Tell perfectly reflects the struggle of "eternal union" and the Habsburgs. Switzerland soon joined in a taste of their success and independence of their territory and in 1499 during the Swabian War, withdrew from the influence of the Holy Roman Empire, which Emperor was the first Maximilian. In 1515 Switzerland came out against the combined forces of France and Venice, which finally died down its ardor. Realizing at last that the enemy is far superior forces, Switzerland stopped its expansion, and declared its neutrality.nAccording to the history of Switzerland, the Reformation of 16th century was the impetus of European coup. The teachings of Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin's Protestantism found its wide distribution in various Swiss cities, but the center of the country remained committed to Catholicism. When the Thirty Years War thundered across Europe, Switzerland has remained in the shadows. After the war ending in 1648 the independence of Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire was officially recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia. However, this did not prevent Napoleon to enter the territory of Switzerland in the spring of 1798, after which it became a republic Helvetia. However, the country didn’t like the new centralized power the French, and immediately after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo Swiss rejected an imposed regime. In March 1815, Switzerland got a guarantee of independence and permanent neutrality by the Congress of Vienna. In 1848, Switzerland adopted a new constitution, many of which act to this day. Capital of the newly formed state became the city Bern. The Federal Council of seven members was established as a standing body of the executive board, who are elected by the legislature of two chambers - the National Council of the cantons. In the responsibility of the federal government was to issue money, control of customs rules and the definition of foreign policy. Now Switzerland does forging with establishing economic and social issues. Swiss production was based on highly skilled labor. Throughout Switzerland were laid new track, which allowed reaching the most inaccessible regions of the country, in particular the Alps and facilitating rapid development of tourism. In 1863 in the Swiss city of Geneva was established the international Red Cross. There was a free and compulsory education. It was then that Switzerland maintains its neutrality. The only intervention in the country's military action was the organization of units of the Red Cross during the First World War. But it is also known about the actions of Switzerland during the Second World War, which is quite shaken the country's reputation on the world stage at the end of XX century. This was due to the fact that the confiscated gold from Jews and other valuables, Nazi Germany had deposited it in Switzerland. In the middle 90th of XX century, interested individuals and groups have stated that after the war, Switzerland had not fulfilled their obligations to return the gold, money and valuables, and accused the Swiss banks is that they prevent access to the heirs of the "frozen" accounts of deceased depositors. The proceedings lasted three years. In August 1998, Switzerland Banking Group has agreed to pay 1.25 billion dollars in compensation to the victims of genocide and their heirs. But Switzerland's reputation in the international arena has been shaken. However, despite these incidents, no one today would doubt the reliability of Swiss banks, which contain almost all the money in the world.nThe welfare of Switzerland is primarily due to the fact that while Europe recovered from the devastation of World War II, Switzerland, took up the improvement of commercial, financial and economic systems. Soon after the Swiss city Zurich has received the status of international banking city, and Geneva became the center of the headquarters of the largest apartments of various international organizations (WHO). Following its neutrality, Switzerland has not entered any UN, granted observer status, and not in NATO. However, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. In 1992 the Swiss government has applied for membership in the EU. However, for the Switzerland's accession to the EU it was necessary to join the European Economic Area, to which in 1992 in a referendum citizens voted against. So, the application is still in limbo. nSwiss watch making - punctuality and pedantry of John CalvinnToday at the mention of Switzerland, in addition to cheese and chocolate in the minds emerge the association with watches, whether it's men's wrist watch or women’s wrist watch . For five centuries the watch industry has been one of the main branches of stable Swiss economy. Even in the 14th century, Switzerland had no idea what it would become steadfast leader in the watch industry. At that time, this status was claimed by such watch countries, like Italy, Germany, France and even Britain. But in the end it went to Switzerland. Now everything is in order, but rather with Calvin, who was the founder of not only the watch industry in Switzerland, as well as the main "engine of progress" of this country, making it one of the most prosperous. It happened as follows.nIn 1956, for the first time Frenchman Jean Calvin’s foot entered the Swiss land, who arrived here after discord with the Catholic Church. At that time Geneva was not part of the Confederacy, having concluded a treaty of mutual defense with the cantons Bern and Zurich. Upon arrival, Calvin decided to radically transform Geneva. However, just three years later his plans have failed in a result of stubborn pride of citizens and impatience a reformer himself. Calvin was simply banished from the city. But he was destined to come back: in 1541 at the urging of his followers in Geneva (which has accumulated enough), he came to Geneva again, becoming more careful in the construction of church life. He was able to instill his Protestant beliefs in Government: hard work is the only value, and wealth and well-being is God's reward. The basis of this Calvinist philosophy was a good push for the development of capitalism. A reformer paid a great attention on the development of science and art. About the fateful arrival of Calvin in Geneva there is one story. In July 1536 a 27-year-old Calvin stayed in Geneva, where he decided to stay only one night on his way to Strasbourg. Guillaume Farel, who recently launched the Geneva church reform, immediately knew about his arrival. Farel immediately came to Calvin and asked him to stay in the city and help in the dissemination of Protestant ideas. Later Calvin wrote that he felt like "God stretched out his hand from heaven, put it on his shoulder and pinned to the place that he was going to leave".nPunctuality and pedantry of Calvin served as the emergence of watch making in Geneva. Among the Huguenots who sought refuge in Geneva by John Calvin, were a large number of watchmakers. The watch production firmly established on Swiss land thanks their knowledge and skills. Reforms of John Calvin forbade wearing jewelry, and this was the fact that the masters and jewelers changed their specificity, electing a new and unknown - an independent horology. Soon it began its widespread in the north – east of the country. Already in 1601 about 500 watchmakers joined the Guild of Geneva's watch, which has become the world's first professional association of artists of watch making. "The city was filled with a watchmakers" - written by historians. That’s why some of them left Geneva and moved to more peaceful cities. In Geneva development of watch making was continuing. However the Geneva watch factory, which was the first in Switzerland, was opened only in 1804.nIn the canton Neuchâtel in the XVII century many families were engaged in watch manufacturing their houses, and in the Vallée de Joux the first watch workshop was opened in 1740. In the second half of XIX century watch production was moved to the cantons Bern and Solothurn, and later in Basel and Schaffhausen. In 1790 more than 60,000 pieces of watches were produced for export only in the vicinity of Geneva. With the growth of watchmakers a lot of factories for the production of particular machinery and equipment for the watch industry were opened. Some factories strongly occupied a niche on the market of specialized products. For example, Vallorbe is a global manufacturer of files for precision instrumentation works. Moutier is a homeland of precision turning industry. It is famous for its turning lathes of cam-type, which were introduced in the early of 80th in XIX century, exerted a powerful revolutionary effect on the further development of the watch making industry. 1770 was marked by the creation of a "perpetual watch" in Le Locle by Abraham - Louis Perrelet which plants in pocket of the owner. They were the prototype of the modern self-winding timepieces. After more than 50 years in the Valle de Joux the pendulum watch with a pendant winding was invented by the founder of the legendary company Patek Philippe - Adrian Philipe. With a number of discoveries and inventions Swiss watches were equipped with additional functions such as chronograph, perpetual calendar, and countdown. Already on the verge of 20th century with the introduction of new technologies watch making began mass industry: Pierre-Frederic Ingold (1787-1878) invented a machine for accurate and fast cutting boards and gear, and the George-August Lesho (1800-1884) introduced the principle of interchangeability of spare parts as the basis of standardization. nQuartz crisisnThroughout the 19th - century Swiss watch industry was steadily growing, gaining breadth and strength. Soon it was able to overtake the UK in volume of output watches, sales and be unwavering global leader in watch making. However, in the second half of 19th century in the arena there were serious competitors, which were newly established watch companies of America. They have been producing components of the watches, which differed at the accuracy and interchangeability. This left the most negative impacts on the Swiss watch industry: exports of Swiss watches in the New World fell by 75% during 10 years. A serious crisis was brewing. But the difficulties did not prevent the watch manufacturers to create true works of jewelry art. For example, for producing competitive products have been invented and installed additional features such as calendar, stopwatch. In 1920 first waterproof watch Swiss Rolex was produced and in 1926 in Grenchen was invented the first wristwatch with automatic winding. All this will serve to increase the volume of produced watches, but it was not enough.nIn the 70s of the 20th century electronic revolution began, which wasn’t absolutely affected Switzerland. As strange as it sounds, but in 1967 at the Center of Digital Watch Industry in Neuchâtel were invented first quartz watch. However, the Swiss watch companies remained committed to traditional mechanical watches, disregarding this technical innovation. At right time this technical innovation was used by Japanese and American watch companies. For the Swiss watch industry it was a serious mistake, which almost became fatal: in the mid 70s Swiss watch industry suffered heavy losses and lost its status as a world leader of watch making. However, out of the crisis was found in the most amazing and unexpected ways. In 1983 on the market appeared original Swiss watch Swatch, which is analog of traditional Swiss quartz watches, and has since sold of millions pieces. Surely, wrist watches Swatch have become a lifeline for the entire Swiss watch industry, again making it the world’s leader - the main producer of watches. Switzerland managed to overcome the 30 - year-old crises thanks to it timely resourcefulness. Constant innovative design ideas and implementation of new manufacturing techniques have allowed the original Swiss wrist watches to keep the leading position for a long time and to this day. The range of original Swiss watches represented a wide variety depending on the price, used materials and methods of manufacture. Watch industry is one of the major export branches of the economy: 95% of all production of the watch industry is export. Throughout the world, you can find Swiss watches: from cheap quartz watches to mechanical masterpieces made of gold and decorated with precious stones, whose price reaches several million francs.nTime does not stand and that is what inspires the Swiss masters for new inventions that will continue to keep a centuries-old tradition and experience true Swiss watch making. nWatchmaker: time for changes nSchools of watchmakers: over the centuries accumulated experience and scientific - technical innovationsnToday, the Swiss watch industry is at the highest level that it would be impossible to achieve without schools of professional level. The credit of professional watchmakers belongs to them - the real experts of their business. All this is possible today thanks to the accumulated experience of watch making over the centuries and the continuous introduction of scientific - technical innovation.nThe first schools of watchmakers were opened at the insistence of watch manufacturers in the middle of the XIX century. This stage of watch making development was marked by a clear division of labor, in result there was the need to accumulate and systematize the gained knowledge. In 1824 the doors of the first school in Geneva were opened, in the next ten years two others were opened in Neuchatel and Berne. For learning a complicated profession of watchmaker it was need three years. The program included the practice and theory. However, only a few students received their full education, as a result the schools were gradually deprived of financial support from the watch manufacturers. The former technical director of watch manufacture Longines Jacques David introduced a new American model of education in the system of training watchmakers. This idea occurred to him on his return from the World's Fair, held in Philadelphia. The new model of education was in combining theory and practice to achieve that was necessary to install the machines in training workshops, as well as enter a new discipline into a substantive program - mechanics. However, adherents of the traditional method of teaching didn’t support the proposal of David Jacques. However, despite such a "cold shoulder", he implemented a new model at his watch manufacture. The project was culminated in a huge success and soon in Switzerland all the watchmakers’ schools were trained on the "Saint - Imer model."nToday, training of watchmaker is based on a vocational school combined with work experience in the enterprise. There are three ways to get the profession:n1. Accredited schools of watch making, located in Biel, Geneva, Le Locle, Le Sentier, Porrentruy and Grenchen. After graduation federal diplomas are issued, recognized throughout Switzerland.n2.Training centers of some watch enterprises.n3. Education within the framework of training and retraining, and educational courses on the basis of the Swiss Watch Industry Association of Entrepreneurs.nIn addition to regular schools, learning the complicated profession of watchmaker, there are various organizations such as the Academy, federations, associations and institutions.nToday the only organization of independent watchmakers is AHCI. Sven Andersen and Vincent Calabrese founded the Academy in 1985 in the Swiss city Bern. The main purpose of the Academy was the revival of traditional watch making, which needs constant support and cultivation. The basis for the establishment of the Academy was founded by Vincent Calabrese. With the invention of model “Golden Bridge” for the watch company Corum, he left the right to use this model and invented caliber for himself. However, he soon realized the severity of promoting his products alone, but also that it is not the only watchmaker with a similar problem. As a result with his friend Sven, they founded the Academy. They organized the first presentation of the Academy to the general public in the watch museum of Swiss town Le - Locle, followed by a joint exhibition BaselWorld. At that time, members of the Academy were men like George Daniels, Bernard Lederer and Frank Muller .nDespite its name, the Academy is more likely workshop in the best medieval tradition. To become a member of this organization is quite difficult. During the entire period of its existence, only 36 candidates were awarded to become a member, which takes years. AHCI is an international organization whose members can become watchmakers from around the world, and even from the East. For example, a member of the Academy Kyu Tai Yu from Hong Kong - it is from where go a lot of fakes of famous Swiss brands. For membership it is not necessarily the availability of special watch education, but most members have it. Among the list of members there is also a self-taught, for example, Aniceto Jiménez Pita, a master from Barcelona. He has special education. He studied the watch mechanics during the restoration and collecting of watches and only after 19 years was engaged in the creation of his own works.nToday, the main purpose of the Academy is to determine the presence of watchmakers and factories, as well as promoting their education and development. With the help of the Academy its talented craftsmen take part in various exhibitions to familiarize the general public with their luxurious creations. Today for the membership of the Academy the candidate must have a few points: candidate must have the abilities and skills of watch making, he must develop his own mechanism, and two sureties must support him. The process takes at least two years and at the end the general assembly of AHCI should unanimously adopt candidate as a member of the academy. The leading authority body of the Academy is the complete collection of members, which is organized twice a year: in spring, in conjunction with the exhibition BaselWorld and in fall, hosted by a member of the Academy. nFederation of the Swiss Watch Industry – FHnFederation of the Swiss Watch Industry – FH – is the leading trade association in the Swiss watch industry. The headquarters of FH is located in Bien. FH is a private, professional and non-profit association, which includes 500 members, representing over 90% of all Swiss watch manufacturers (as a finished product, as well as watch movements and components). Today, FH has the following aims: •contribute to the development of the Swiss Watch Industryn• establish a permanent liaison between the members of the federation for the promotion of common interestsn• represent the Swiss watch industry in negotiations with international standardization bodies and economic organizationsn• protect the interests of its members in the drafting of national and foreign laws, as well as during international negotiations to protect the interests of its members through litigation swiss-watches-prices-in-switzerland-rid-2818838.html. best replica watches.nInstitute of watch and jewelry artnIn 2011 the list of Swiss special training institutions of watch and jewelry art has been added by another - Institute of watch and jewelry art Swiss Retail Management Institute for Watches & Jewellery (SRMI). The Institute is located near Geneva. In the institute one can get a professional education in management in the retail sale of watches and jewelry. If you want to go to college there is no need to pass exams, but must have experience in the watch business. The program is quite reduced: the entire course consists of 350 lessons. Price of the course is 18, 000 CHF. In the Institute is also available an express - course, the price of which is 6, 800 CHF. The education in this institute is organized by appropriate managers and representatives who work in retail and wholesale trade. For pre-booking seats is necessary a prepayment of 20% of the entire training cost. For students living near the institute there are various hotels, and is a residential building of the institute. The group consists of 15 persons or more, but it is possible also individual training.nSwiss quality: Swiss made and COSCnToday, the quality of Swiss watches is protected by law. The legendary inscription “Swiss made” (Made in Switzerland) on watches in addition to specifying the country - manufacturer, warrants to the purchaser of superior quality. Geneva seal - is a sign of perfect quality, which is very difficult to win. “Swiss made” inscription is one of the oldest and most prestigious distinctive mark. Using the seal “Swiss made” was established in 1886. Wristwatches that claim to receive this distinctive mark, must meet the requirements of 12 paragraphs, which are reduced to a description of how should be decorated platinum, bridges, screws, chatons, ratchet wheel, winding drum, and other visible to eyes nodes of inner mechanism. According to these requirements, the mechanism of Swiss watches should not have any not polished or decorated with guilloche Cotes de Genève. All the details of the circuit also should have no right angles all must have rounded ends or trapezoidal. Watch companies who want to get the seal “Swiss made”, in its stuff should have jewelers. Until recent times the seal “Swiss made” on watches only could have such names of Haute Horlogerie as Patek Philippe and Vacheron Constantin. Patek Philippe is the only watch manufacturer, all watches of which without exception have this seal of the highest quality. Now this list of names was added by such manufactories, as Cartier and Roger Dubuis. In addition to the aesthetic and technical advantages, the Geneva distinctive mark has a social-economic advantage. It is quite an effective force, prompting many watch companies build manufactory on territory of canton that provides residents of Geneva by jobs. Each year, in the market enters a total of 100 thousand watches with the seal “Swiss made”. Any watch can be consider as Swiss watch only in case of to be equipped with movement, made in Switzerland, has been assembled exclusively in Switzerland and has certificate one of the Swiss cantons. In its turn, the mechanism is considered to be Swiss if the assembly is in Switzerland with certificate of one of the cantons, as well as, if not less than 50% of watch components have been manufactured in Switzerland. The inscription “Swiss” or “Swiss made”, “Suisse, Fabrique en Suisse”, “Qualite Suisse” and others, containing the word “Swiss” must be present exclusively on Swiss watches and mechanisms. However, if the movement meets all the above points, but the watch final assembly has been made in another country, the Swiss label should be present only on the details of the mechanism. The inscription “Swiss movement” is allowed to be on watches only if all the letters of the word "mechanism" correspond to the nature, size and color of the letters of the word "Swiss". The inscription “Swiss” is allowed only on the dial of those watches, which fully comply with the definition of "Swiss watch". If the Swiss dial is for other watch manufacturers, so the inscription is applied to the opposite side. Bracelet is adorned with the inscription «Swiss made», if either it or watch has been manufactured in Switzerland. If Swiss bracelet set on a watch of foreign manufacturers, the strap is applied directly to the inscription «Swiss wristlet». Some watches are decorated with the inscription «Genève» on the front side of dial, directly under the brand name of watches. This inscription is also characterized to a watch of Swiss origin, if at least one of the operations of movement assembly has been made in the Canton of Geneva. Interestingly, in compliance with this requirement, 50% of the final cost of the product receives the Geneva canton.n Swiss Watches - Shopping in Lucerne - Lucerne ForumnEurope Switzerland Canton of Lucerne Lucerne Lucerne Travel Forumnn VictorinoxnEmbednEmbednEmbednImages (3)nVideos (2)nSwiss Army knives, watches, luggage, clothing and fragrances from Victorinox are reliable companions for everyday life. They meet the highest standards and appeal through their cool elegance. They are also products which combine the aspects of heart and mind, hence our slogan - Made like You.nShare contentsnTweetnUseful?nThanks for your ratingn1 Starn2 Starsn3 Starsn4 Starsn5 StarsnThe manufacturer from the Swiss Knife Valley knows that functionality and usefulness alone are not sufficient to appeal to the emotions of the consumer. Only good design which gives an aesthetic voice to the intelligent function endows products with an unmistakable identity which turns satisfied customers into loyal customers.nVictorinox pocket tools incorporate more than a century of tradition and experience. In 1884, the original knife workshop was established by Karl and Victoria Elsener and the first delivery of knives to the Swiss Army was made in 1891. When Karl Elsener created the "Original Swiss Army Knife" in 1897, he could never have imagined that this would become the symbol for quality, functionality and Swiss inventive talent all over the world. Nowadays, the "Swiss Army Knife" enjoys international protection and, more than any other product, stands for the world-famous "Swiss Made" label of quality.nThe unique inventiveness which characterises the Victorinox product range is driven forward by the desire of development staff at Victorinox to respond to the wishes expressed by customers and make them a reality. This leads to new products with innovative functions designed to fully satisfy the wide range of demands and value concepts of consumers.nExperiencesnVictorinoxnVictorinox Swiss ArmynnContactnVICTORINOXnSchmiedgasse 57nCH-6438 Ibach-SchwyznTel: +41 (0)41 818 12 11nFax: +41 (0)41 818 15 11ninfo@victorinox.com nwww.victorinox.comnVictorinox Visitorcenternnnnnbreitling bentley motors-bl09nrolex cosmograph daytona everose gold replicanbreitling bentley 6.75 reviewnbest tag heuer replica watches forumnbreitling navitimer 1884 limited edition pricen Replika patek philippe calatravabreitling superocean heritage 46 reviewnrolex replica cheap china

oalcatoecris - 30.11.2017. @ 17:40 - Klockor varumärkenKlockor varumärkenRolex pris i Indienn Sport. Connected.nA leading digital sports content and media group.nConnecting the world of sport by producing the quickest, most detailed and most engaging content, managing a network of global media brands and launching DAZN, a pioneering new sports OTT platform watch-elements-contact-number-rid-53156669.html. marche orologi poco costosi.n0nDivisionsnn0 +nB2B Clientsnn0 m+nFansnn0nSports Coverednnn The leading information resource for the entertainment industrynFind industry contacts & talent representationnManage your photos, credits, & morenShowcase yourself on IMDb & AmazonnGo to IMDbPron|nHelpnn Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope. [67] nThe isotope gold-198 ( half-life 2.7 days) is used, in nuclear medicine , in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases. [68] [69] nFood and drinknGold can be used in food and has the E number 175. [70] In 2016, the European Food Safety Authority published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive. Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold nanoparticles in the food additive, and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro . [71]nGold leaf , flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient. [72] Gold flake was used by the nobility in medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks, in the form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to demonstrate the host's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one's health. [ citation needed ]nDanziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or Goldwasser (English: Goldwater) is a traditional German herbal liqueur [73] produced in what is today Gdańsk , Poland , and Schwabach , Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (~$1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf. [74] However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, it provides no nutrition, and it leaves the body unaltered. [75]nVark is a foil composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold, [76] and is used for garnishing sweets in South Asian cuisine.nMonetary exchange (historical)nGold is commonly formed into bars for use in monetary exchange.nTwo golden 20 kr coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union , which was based on a gold standard . The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish .nGold has been widely used throughout the world as money , for efficient indirect exchange (versus barter ), and to store wealth in hoards . For exchange purposes, mints produce standardized gold bullion coins , bars and other units of fixed weight and purity.nThe first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia, Asia Minor, around 600 BC. [77] The talent coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams. [78] From an earlier preference in using silver, European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. [79] n Bills (that mature into gold coin) and gold certificates (convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank) added to the circulating stock of gold standard money in most 19th century industrial economies. In preparation for World War I the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. Post-war, the victorious countries, most notably Britain, gradually restored gold-convertibility, but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations.nAfter World War II gold was replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates following the Bretton Woods system . Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, led in 1971 by the United States' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold. Fiat currency now fills most monetary roles. Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold; it backed 40% of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999. [80] nCentral banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form, and metals exchanges such as the London Bullion Market Association still clear transactions denominated in gold, including future delivery contracts. Today, gold mining output is declining. [81] With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract . Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices.nThe gold proportion (fineness) of alloys is measured by karat (k). Pure gold (commercially termed fine gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k. English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold , [82] for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt). [83] nAlthough the prices of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals , and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies . Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia . On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party.nCultural historynThe Turin Papyrus MapnFunerary mask of TutankhamunnJason returns with the golden fleece on an Apulian red-figure calyx krater , ca. 340–330 BC.nAncient golden Kritonios Crown , funerary or marriage material, 370–360 BC. From a grave in Armento , CampanianGold artifacts found at the Nahal Kana cave cemetery dated during the 1980s, showed these to be from within the Chalcolithic , and considered the earliest find from the Levant (Gopher et al. 1990). [84] Gold artifacts in the Balkans also appear from the 4th millennium BC, such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna in Bulgaria , thought by one source (La Niece 2009) to be the earliest "well-dated" find of gold artifacts. [85] Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age .nThe oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1320–1200 BCE), whereas the first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BCE. [86] Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which King Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt. [87] Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. One of the earliest known maps, known as the Turin Papyrus Map , shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology . The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus , and included fire-setting . Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia .nGold is mentioned in Amarna letters numbered 19 , [88] 26 [89] of circa 14th century BC [90] [91] nThe legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament , starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah ), the story of The Golden Calf and many parts of the temple including the Menorah and the golden altar. In the New Testament , it is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew. The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". Exploitation of gold in the south-east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas , and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC. [77] From the 6th or 5th century BC, the Chu (state) circulated the Ying Yuan , one kind of square gold coin.nIn Roman metallurgy , new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods, especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León (Spain) , where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain , such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi . The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD.nDuring Mansa Musa 's (ruler of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337) hajj to Mecca in 1324, he passed through Cairo in July 1324, and was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade, causing high inflation . [92] A contemporary Arab historian remarked:nGold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [...].n— Chihab Al-Umari , Kingdom of Mali [93]nThe European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Mesoamerica , Peru , Ecuador and Colombia . The Aztecs regarded gold as the product of the gods, calling it literally "god excrement" ( teocuitlatl in Nahuatl ), and after Moctezuma II was killed, most of this gold was shipped to Spain. [94] However, for the indigenous peoples of North America gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other minerals which were directly related to their utility, such as obsidian , flint , and slate . [95] Rumors of cities filled with gold fueled legends of El Dorado .nGold played a role in western culture, as a cause for desire and of corruption, as told in children's fables such as Rumpelstiltskin , where the peasant's daughter turns hay into gold, in return for giving up her child when she becomes a princess; and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in Jack and the Beanstalk .nThe top prize at the Olympic games is the gold medal .n75% of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910. It has been estimated that the currently known amount of gold internationally would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent to 8,000 m 3 ). [96] nOne main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone . Although they never succeeded in this attempt, the alchemists did promote an interest in systematically finding out what can be done with substances, and this laid the foundation for today's chemistry . Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun .nGolden treasures have been rumored to be found at various locations, following tragedies such as the Jewish temple treasures in the Vatican, following the temple's destruction in 70 AD, a gold stash on the Titanic , the Nazi gold train – following World War II .nThe Dome of the Rock on the Jerusalem temple site is covered with an ultra-thin golden glasure. [ clarification needed ] The Sikh Golden temple, the Harmandir Sahib , is a building covered with gold. Similarly the Wat Phra Kaew emerald Buddhist temple ( wat ) in Thailand has ornamental gold-leafed statues and roofs. Some European king and queen's crowns were made of gold, and gold was used for the bridal crown since antiquity. An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva , receiving a "Jerusalem of Gold" (diadem). A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC.nOccurrencenThis 156-troy-ounce (4.9 kg) nugget , known as the Mojave Nugget , was found by an individual prospector in the Southern California Desert using a metal detector.nGold's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. Traditionally, gold is thought to have formed by the R-process in supernova nucleosynthesis , [97] but a relatively recent paper suggests that gold and other elements heavier than iron may also be produced in quantity by the collision of neutron stars . [98] In both cases, satellite spectrometers only indirectly detect the resulting gold: "we have no spectroscopic evidence that [such] elements have truly been produced." [99] nThese gold nucleogenesis theories hold that the resulting explosions scattered metal-containing dusts (including heavy elements such as gold) into the region of space in which they later condensed into our solar system and the Earth. [100] Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed, almost all of the gold present on Earth sank into the core. Most of the gold that is present today in the Earth's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later, by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment . [7] [8] nSchematic of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2.020 billion year old Vredefort impact crater in South Africa and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.nThe asteroid that formed Vredefort crater 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest gold deposits on earth. [101] [102] [103] [104] However, the gold-bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact. [105] [106] These gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck. What the Vredefort impact achieved, however, was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg , on the Witwatersrand , just inside the rim of the original 300 km diameter crater caused by the meteor strike. The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand Gold Rush . Some 22% of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks. [106] nOn Earth, gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward. [85] It most often occurs as a native metal , typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a gold silver alloy ). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity .nNative gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as "Fool's Gold", which is a pyrite . [107] These are called lode deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets [85] that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits . Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold-bearing veins [ clarification needed ] owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering, and washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.nRelative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore, and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it. Toi gold mine , Japan .nGold left behind after a pyrite cube was oxidized to hematite . Note cubic shape of cavity.nGold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite , krennerite , nagyagite , petzite and sylvanite (see telluride minerals ), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au 2 Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb 2 ). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper , lead , and mercury : the minerals auricupride (Cu 3 Au), novodneprite (AuPb 3 ) and weishanite ((Au, Ag) 3 Hg 2 ).nRecent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits. [108] nAnother recent study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold. When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a fault . Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs. About 6 miles (10 kilometers) below the surface, under incredible temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and gold. During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces. [109] nSeawaternThe world's oceans contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 femtomol /L or 10–30 parts per quadrillion (about 10–30 g/km 3 ). In general, gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold (100–150 femtomol/L) attributed to wind-blown dust and/or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold. [110] These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data.nA number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water , but so far they have all been either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. Prescott Jernegan ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s. A British fraudster ran the same scam in England in the early 1900s. [111] Fritz Haber (the German inventor of the Haber process ) did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany 's reparations following World War I . [112] Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that the extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project. [113] No commercially viable mechanism for performing gold extraction from sea water has yet been identified. Gold synthesis is not economically viable and is unlikely to become so in the foreseeable future.nProductionnMain article: List of countries by gold productionnGold exports by country (2014). [114]nThe entrance to an underground gold mine in Victoria , AustralianPure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia refining processnTime trend of gold productionnThe World Gold Council states that as of the end of 2014, "there were 183,600 tonnes of stocks in existence above ground". This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 21 meters. [115] At $1,075 per troy ounce , 183,600 metric tonnes of gold would have a value of $6.3 trillion.nAs of 2014, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes and it was expected to reach 490 in 2015. The second-largest producer, Australia , mined 274 tonnes in the same year, followed by Russia with 247 tonnes. [13] nMiningnMain article: Gold miningnSince the 1880s, South Africa has been the source for a large proportion of the world's gold supply, with about 50% of the presently accounted for gold having come from South Africa . Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, producing about 1,480 tonnes. In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest. [116] nAs of 2014, China was the world's leading gold-mining country, followed in order by Australia, Russia, the United States, Canada, and Peru. South Africa, which had dominated world gold production for most of the 20th century, had declined to sixth place. [13] Other major producers are the Ghana , Burkina Faso , Mali , Indonesia and Uzbekistan.nIn South America, the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert , at the border between Chile and Argentina .nToday about one-quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining. [117] nThe city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history. The gold fields are confined to the northern and north-western edges of the Witwatersrand basin , which is a 5–7 km thick layer of archean rocks located, in most places, deep under the Free State , Gauteng and surrounding provinces. [118] These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the Witwatersrand , in and around Johannesburg, but also in isolated patches to the south-east and south-west of Johannesburg, as well as in an arc around the Vredefort Dome which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin. [105] [118] From these surface exposures the basin dips extensively, requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4000 m, making them, especially the Savuka and TauTona mines to the south-west of Johannesburg, the deepest mines on earth. The gold is found only in six areas where archean rivers from the north and north-west formed extensive pebbly braided river deltas before draining into the "Witwatersrand sea" where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited. [118] nThe Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa.nProspectingnMain article: Gold prospectingnDuring the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803. [119] The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega . [120] Further gold rushes occurred in California , Colorado , the Black Hills , Otago in New Zealand, Australia , Witwatersrand in South Africa, and the Klondike in Canada.nA miner underground at Pumsaint gold mine Wales ; c. 1938?.nBioremediationnA sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides. [121] nExtractionnMain article: Gold extractionn Gold extraction is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million (ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 ppm; ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 ppm. Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible.nThe average gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes. [122] nRefiningnAfter initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process , that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations. [123] [124] Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation , or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia. [125] nSynthesis from other elementsnThe production of gold from a more common element, such as lead , has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it; however, the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka, who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment. [126] An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving the same result and showing that the isotopes of gold produced by it were all radioactive . [127] nGold can currently be manufactured in a nuclear reactor by irradiation either of platinum or mercury.nOnly the mercury isotope 196 Hg, which occurs with a frequency of 0.15% in natural mercury, can be converted to gold by neutron capture , and following electron capture -decay into 197 Au with slow neutrons . Other mercury isotopes are converted when irradiated with slow neutrons into one another, or formed mercury isotopes which beta decay into thallium .nUsing fast neutrons , the mercury isotope 198 Hg, which composes 9.97% of natural mercury, can be converted by splitting off a neutron and becoming 197 Hg, which then disintegrates to stable gold. This reaction, however, possesses a smaller activation cross-section and is feasible only with un-moderated reactors.nIt is also possible to eject several neutrons with very high energy into the other mercury isotopes in order to form 197 Hg. However such high-energy neutrons can be produced only by particle accelerators . [ clarification needed ] nConsumptionnThe consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. [12] [128] nAccording to World Gold Council , China is the world's largest single consumer of gold in 2013 and toppled India for the first time with Chinese consumption increasing by 32 percent in a year, while that of India only rose by 13 percent and world consumption rose by 21 percent. Unlike India where gold is mainly used for jewelry, China uses gold for manufacturing and retail. [129] nGold jewelry consumption by country in tonnes [130] [131] [132]nCountryn2009n2010n2011n2012n2013n Indian442.37n745.70n986.3n864n974n Chinan376.96n428.00n921.5n817.5n1120.1n United Statesn150.28n128.61n199.5n161n190n Turkeyn75.16n74.07n143n118n175.2n Saudi Arabian77.nnnالساعات السويسرية النسائيةnrolex sky dweller swiss made replicansveitsiske klokker wikipedianchanson de Rolex n Profesjonelt selge høy kvalitet hublot klokker onlineBästa replika klockornRolex klockor pris i Indien

oalcatoecris - 08.12.2017. @ 18:37 - montblanc styloMont blancmontblanc meisterstuckmontblanc fontaine | montblanc stylo | Mont blanc Mont Blanc Ingrid Bergman La Donna Fountain Pen [a21e] - €94.86 : Magasin professionnel de stylos Montblanc, pensoutlet.cn US Dollar Euro GB Pound Canadian Dollar Australian Dollar Jappen Yen Norske Krone Swedish Krone Danish Krone CNY Catégories Montblanc Pen Montblanc document Marker Montblanc Fineliner Montblanc Pen Montblanc Pen A la une - [plus] Mont Blanc Meisterstuck Solitaire or noir Stylo à bille [f5d1]€2,407.77 €96.72 Economie : 96% Mont Blanc Meisterstuck Solitaire plaqué platine Facet Ballpoin [7687]€2,309.19 €102.30 Economie : 96% Mont Blanc Meisterstuck Solitaire Argent Fibre guilloché Ballpoi [3384]€2,158.53 €96.72 Economie : 96% Home :: Montblanc Pen :: Mont Blanc Ingrid Bergman La Donna Fountain Pen [a21e] .jqzoom{ float:left; position:relative; padding:0px; cursor:pointer; width:301px; height:300px; } Mont Blanc Ingrid Bergman La Donna Fountain Pen [a21e] €2,324.07 €94.86 Economie : 96% Ajouter au Panier : * {list-style-type:none; font-size:12px; text-decoration:none; margin:0; padding:0;} a {behavior:url(xuxian.htc)} .woaicss { overflow:hidden; margin:10px auto;} .woaicss_title {width:720px; height:30px;background: #323031 url("../images/tab_bg.png") no-repeat 0 0; overflow:hidden;} .woaicss_title li {display:block; float:left; margin:0 2px 0 0; display:inline; text-align:center;} .woaicss_title li a {display:block; width:120px; heigth:30px; line-height:34px; color:#fff;} .woaicss_title li a:hover {color:red; text-decoration:underline;} .woaicss_title_bg1 {background-position:0 0;} .woaicss_title_bg2 {background-position:0 -30px;} .woaicss_title_bg3 {background-position:0 -60px;} .woaicss_title_bg4 {background-position:0 -90px;} .woaicss_con {display:block;background:url() no-repeat 0 0; overflow:hidden; BORDER: #aecbd4 1px solid; width: 690px;padding: 15px;}/*/images/20110424/con_bg.png*/ .woaicss_con ul { margin:12px auto;} .woaicss_con li {line-height:30px; margin:0 auto; white-space:nowrap; text-overflow:ellipsis; overflow: hidden;} .woaicss_con li a {color:#03c;} .woaicss_con li a:hover {color:#069; text-decoration:underline;} .woaicss_copy {margin:10px auto; text-align:center;} .woaicss_copy a {color:#f00;} Details Shipping Payment Methods histoire de marque Montblanc International GmbH est un fabricant allemand d'instruments d'écriture , souvent identifiés par leur fameux " White Star " logo.Founded par le papetier Claus Johannes Voss - , le banquier Alfred Néhémie et l'ingénieur Août Eberstein en 1906 , la société a commencé comme la Simplo Filler société Pen produire des stylos haut de gamme dans le quartier Schanzen de Hambourg . Leur premier modèle était le Rouge Et Noir en 1909 suivi en 1910 par la plume qui devait plus tard donner à l'entreprise son nouveau nom , le Mont-Blanc . Le premier stylo (un stylo ) connu sous le nom Meisterstück ou Masterpiece ( le nom utilisé pour l'exportation) a été produit en 1925 . description Mont Blanc Meisterstuck roller en acier , baril ou un clip créé de résine précieuse de couleur sombre , couvrant créé à partir incrusté d'acier à l'aide de l'emblème Montblanc, agrafe platinée en plus de l'acier ringsCome en utilisant présente affaire et conteneur . Shipping Method and Cost We usually use the shipping methods by EMS, DHL, the tracking numbers are available after we ship. Shipping Time Orders received on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays, as well as orders received after 1pm on weekdays, will be processed the next working day. 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oalcatoecris - 08.01.2018. @ 19:31 - Relojes suizos para mujer del ejércitoRelojes suizos para mujer del ejércitoRéplicas de relojes suizosn Omega Speedmaster Professional Moon Watch 3570.50.00nAll Photos are of the Actual Watch in StocknOmega Speedmaster Professional Moon Watch 3570 relojes-omega-speedmaster-moonwatch-rid-96291.html. cancion de franccesco rolex llora me llama.50.00nStock Number: 9244nAuthenticity GuaranteednThis item is sold out. Add to Wait List to be notified when it is back in stock.n×nThis item has been added to your Wait List.nEmail is required Email is wrongn Question ? nOur watch experts are here to helpn(404) 814-1814nEmail UsnChat NownnnLocationsnRepairs & ServicenOur StorynBlognWatchesnJewelrynDiamondsnWatchesnJewelrynDiamondsnShreve & Co. / Watches / Beyond the Lunar Surface – The Iconic Omega Speedmaster Moon WatchnDecember 29, 2016nInnWatchesnBeyond the Lunar Surface – The Iconic Omega Speedmaster Moon WatchnA watch with precision on Earth and in outer space – how many brands can say they’ve tested their timepieces outside our atmosphere? The answer – just one. Since its launch more than half a century ago, the Omega Speedmaster Chronograph has been known for its robust reliability, timeless design and oh yeah, it’s exploration in space. nA Little Background nSince its introduction in 1957, the Omega Speedmaster Chronograph has been characterized by its precision timing. However, at the time of it’s creation, chronographs made up a very, very small percentage of watch sales for all brands, not just Omega. nChronographs were originally built and advertised as tools for engineers, technicians, doctors and athletes – a way of keeping seconds, much like a stop watch – which made them less appealing as men’s casual wear. However, these qualities made the Speedmaster the perfect watch for marking some of America’s greatest achievements – including the first successful trip to the Moon. nIn 1962, President John F. Kennedy challenged the American public to support his mission to send a man to the moon (and return him home safely). His “We Choose to Go to the Moon” speech was particularly audacious considering that, at the time, only one American man had launched in to space and spent a mere 15 minutes in orbit. nAt the time of JFK’s speech, the first Omega watch made its debut in space, when astronaut Walter Schirra wore his personal Speedmaster during the Sigma 7 mission of the Mercury Program. Inspired by Schirra’s exploration, Omega adjusted the design of the Speedmaster’s case to accommodate larger pushers for easier stops and starts and easily readable white hour and minute hand markers (that still exist today). nTwo and a half years after Schirra’s original mission, NASA requested quotes for wrist chronographs that could withstand the elements of space. Omega submitted the Speedmaster for NASA’s performance testing and was pitted against three other brands. NASA’s tests on the chronographs were designed to destroy the watches. From high pressure to high humidity, the tests challenged every aspect of the watches’ performance and in the end, only one watch survived – the Speedmaster. nnNASA declared Omega’s timepiece “flight-qualified for all manned space missions” in 1965 and just three months later, astronaut Edward White wore the first NASA approved Speedmaster on America’s first spacewalk during the Gemini 4 mission. nEarning the Nickname “Moonwatch” nJuly 21st, 1969 marked one the most famous days in American history as Apollo 11 safely landed on the moon. A mere six hours after landing, commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin took the very first human steps on the Moon’s lunar surface. While wearing a NASA issued Speedmaster, Armstrong spent several hours collecting rock samples before returning to the spacecraft to make the long journey home. Armstrong and Aldrin used the Speedmaster’s chronograph to time oxygen and fuel burn during their mission, which was critical in returning safely to Earth. nThe Speedmaster earned the nickname “Moonwatch” after Apollo 11 and the following six lunar landings by American astronauts. It gained worldwide recognition and was even worn during the Apollo and Soyuz docking by both American and Soviet Union astronauts. In fact, the Omega Speedmaster Chronograph has been the only piece of equipment used in all of NASA’s space exploration from Gemini to the International Space Station program. nnThe Speedmaster’s Legacy nThe Omega Speedmaster has been the choice of astronauts and space agencies for more than half a century. Today, the timepiece is powered by the same hand-wound movement that powered the timepieces NASA’s astronauts wore in the 1960’s. nWith its black dial and distinct tachymeter scale around the bezel (a scale used to compute a speed based on travel time), the Omega Speedmaster Chronograph was designed for function and beauty. The 42mm stainless steel case houses indexes and white center hour and minute hands that have been coated in Super LumiNova (allowing for legibility in the dark). The dial showcases a 30-minute recorder, a 12-hour recorder and a small seconds sub-dial. The watch is completed with hesalite crystal and matching stainless steel bracelet or black leather strap. nnEach Omega Speedmaster is individually numbered, so it can be traced to a particular space in time. The stainless steel caseback is also embossed with the original 1962 Omega Seahorse medallion. nAs a tribute to it’s heritage, Omega developed a “NATO” strap, a strap for astronauts and the tools for changing out all the bracelets depending on your preference. Omega has also developed other versions of the Speedmaster including the Speedmaster Dark Side of the Moon, the Speedmaster Grey Side of the Moon and the Speedmaster Apollo 11 Anniversary Limited Edition. One particular timepiece to keep an eye out for is the Sedna gold version that features the words “THE FIRST OMEGA IN SPACE “, “OCTOBER 3, 1962” engraved on the back. nWant to Take a Closer Look at a Piece of History? nFeel free to come into a Shreve & Co store and take a look at the original “Moonwatch” or any of its sister models. All of our staff are ready and willing to show you the features used by Armstrong and Aldrin during their missions but if you are looking to know more about Omega’s journey to space, Tony in our Palo Alto location. You can also schedule an appointment here. nTags:nOmeganRen SchiffmannNo CommentsnSorry, the comment form is closed at this time.nnn Omega Speedmaster MoonwatchnAt That Price, Can Any Watch Compete With The Omega Speedmaster? The Watch Snob Weighs InnWatch SnobnOctober 7, 2014nSharenTweetn0nSharesn1n2nPage 2 of 2nAn Indestructible Watch? I've been thoroughly enjoying your column for some time now, and regardless of whether or not I agree or disagree with your thoughts on certain timepieces, it's a rare pleasure to find someone with a well thought-out, informed opinion these days, and you deliver them quite consistently! But to get to the point, I've found myself with what I believe to be an interesting question for you. I have an autistic younger brother (who just turned 21 and is excelling in school) who is starting to become interested in watches. His tastes are very classic and he places high priorities on things being simple, legible, and dignified in their aesthetics and function. Needles to say, he loves the look of most Patek Philippes , with certain offerings from Nomos and some of the basic Tag Heuer Carreras (Ref. WAS2111.FC6293 for example) being his favorite of the truly "attainable" choices. The problem is that, by his own admission, due to his disability he lacks some coordination and grace in his movements. While discussing a watch as a possible graduation gift, my brother, being the penny-pincher that he is, said he could never bring himself (or allow me) to spend thousands of dollars on something that could be rendered useless by bumping into a door frame. Sadly, I was unable to retort with anything more substantial than, "Well don't do that, then." Discussing this with him brought me to my question: purely for the sake of argument, do you know of any truly durable mechanical watches? Watches that aren't simply waterproof to n meters or look like a military flight-case, but can withstand real world punishment day after day while still affording a simple, clean style. Any ideas you may have would be greatly appreciated. Let us start with the simple facts: no watch is indestructible. That said, some are less destructible than others. Your younger brother (who, whatever his challenges, must surely count himself fortunate to have so solicitous an older sibling) would certainly not want a watch apt to show marks and nicks too readily, which means a timepiece with a movement capable of taking some occasional, if accidental, rough usage, and a case that can do the same. That leaves out most stainless steel (and certainly all gold) watches. Though they have had their reputation somewhat shaken in recent months by what I shall refer to only as “l’affaire Wright Flyer,” I think you ought to take a look at Bremont . They have been distracting themselves a bit more than is good for them lately with unnecessary alliances (one begins to think they would not shy from creating a watch with Monty Python’s Flying Circus, at this rate) but if you can ignore the folderol, you will find some extremely fault-tolerant wristwatches in their portfolio. I find some of the overt aviation design elements a trifle twee, but the fact is you could chain a Bremont to the front bumper of a Defender and drive it across the Sahara and still have what basically looks like a new watch (okay, maybe not the strap.)nShow commentsnCommentsnShare your opinionnYour namennnrelojes rolex replicas suizas en bogotanréplica de relojes de alta gamanreplicas relojes omega santiago chilenréplica de relojesnRelojes falsificados

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