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At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: 1. explain the problems involved in defining and measuring poverty; 2. examine the different theoretical perspectives on poverty; 3. discuss the vulnerability of various categories of the poor in Caribbean societies; and 4. assess the contribution of Sociology to the analysis of poverty.

INTRODUCTION Throughout the world, even in the more affluent countries, many people are unable to satisfy their basic needs, such as food, shelter and clothing, and are thereby considered poor. As expected, the wants and needs of people vary from one society to another. Since poverty is sometimes a perception of oneself in relation to others, many prefer to define poverty in relation to the norms and values of a particular society.

Subjective poverty is a somewhat new concept in the field of poverty research. Definitions are based on surveys that use the households' own assessments of the minimum or 'just enough' levels of income or consumption needed by people like them. Chronic poverty is a type of poverty that is characterized by its permanence or duration. It therefore describes people who remain in poverty for most or all of their lives. Cyclical poverty describes poverty experienced only during stages of an individual's life cycle, such as during childhood or old age.

Sociologists and other social scientists have been interested in the study of poverty, thereby advancing many reasons for its root causes. In this first section, some of the terms pertaining to the study of poverty will be defined. These include: absolute/subsistence poverty, critical poverty, relative poverty, subjective poverty, chronic poverty, cyclical poverty and seasonal poverty. The issue of poverty eradication has been on the international agenda for several decades. However, it was only towards the end of the 1980s that a global concern for poverty resurfaced. This was due mainly to pressures from international organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). In addition, there were numerous studies documenting the detrimental economic and social consequences of most structural adjustment programmes (SAPS).

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