A common problem we find in component frameworks, class libraries, foundation services, and other infrastructure code is that many are designed to be general purpose without reference to concrete applications. This leads to a dizzying array of options and possibilities that are often unused, misused, or just not useful. Most developers work on specific systems and the quest for unbounded generality rarely serves them well, if at all. The best route to generality is through understanding known, specific examples and focusing on their essence to find an essential common solution. Simplicity through experience rather than generality through guesswork.

+

A common problem in component frameworks, class libraries, foundation services, and other infrastructure code is that many are designed to be general purpose without reference to concrete applications. This leads to a dizzying array of options and possibilities that are often unused, misused, or just not useful. Most developers work on specific systems: the quest for unbounded generality rarely serves them well (if at all). The best route to generality is through understanding known, specific examples and focusing on their essence to find an essential common solution. Simplicity through experience rather than generality through guesswork.

Favoring simplicity before generality acts as a tiebreaker between otherwise equally viable design alternatives. When there are two possible solutions, favor the one that is simpler and based on concrete need rather than the more intricate one that boasts of generality. Of course, it is entirely possible (and more than a little likely) that the simpler solution will turn out to be the more general one in practice. And if that doesn't turn out to be the case, it will be easier to change the simpler solution to what you now know you need than to change the 'general' one that turns out not to be quite general enough in the right way.

Favoring simplicity before generality acts as a tiebreaker between otherwise equally viable design alternatives. When there are two possible solutions, favor the one that is simpler and based on concrete need rather than the more intricate one that boasts of generality. Of course, it is entirely possible (and more than a little likely) that the simpler solution will turn out to be the more general one in practice. And if that doesn't turn out to be the case, it will be easier to change the simpler solution to what you now know you need than to change the 'general' one that turns out not to be quite general enough in the right way.

-

Although well meant, many things that are designed just to be general purpose often end up satisfying no purpose. A somewhat hyped and optimistic notion of reuse is undoubtedly responsible for many components and frameworks that, with hindsight, turn out to be awkward to use. Software components should, first and foremost, be designed for use and to fulfill that use well. Designing for all seasons is both difficult and not always desirable, a realization that helps explain the small markets for thermal bikinis and Ford Edsels, as well as the challenge of designing general-purpose software components.

+

Although well meant, many things that are designed just to be general purpose often end up satisfying no purpose. Software components should, first and foremost, be designed for use and to fulfill that use well. Effective generality comes from understanding, and understanding leads to simplification. Generalization can allow us to reduce a problem to something more essential, resulting in an approach that embodies regularity across known examples, a regularity that is crisp, concise, and well grounded. However, too often generalization becomes a work item in itself, pulling in the opposite direction, adding to the complexity rather than reducing it. The pursuit of speculative generality often leads to solutions that are not anchored in the reality of actual development. They are based on assumptions that later turn out to be wrong, offer choices that later turn out not to be useful, and accumulate baggage that becomes difficult or impossible to remove, thereby adding to the accidental complexity developers and future architects must face.

-

Effective generality comes from understanding, and understanding leads to simplification. Generalization can be used as a cognitive tool, allowing us to reduce a problem to something more essential, resulting in an approach that embodies regularity across known examples, a regularity that is crisp, concise, and well grounded. However, too often generalization becomes a work item in itself, pulling in the opposite direction, adding to the complexity rather than reducing it. The initial sweetness of a general solution can become overwhelmingly syrupy as it grows. The pursuit of speculative generality often leads to solutions that are not anchored in the reality of actual development. They are based on assumptions that later turn out to be wrong, offer choices that later turn out not to be useful, and accumulate baggage that becomes difficult or impossible to remove, thereby adding to the accidental complexity developers and future architects must face.

+

Although many architects value generality, it should not be unconditional. People do not on the whole pay for (or need) generality: They tend to have a specific situation, and it is a solution to that specific situation that has value. We can find generality and flexibility in trying to deliver specific solutions, but if we weigh anchor and forget the specifics too soon, we end up adrift in a sea of nebulous possibilities, a world of tricky configuration options, overburdened (not just overloaded) parameter lists, long-winded interfaces, and not-quite right abstractions. In pursuit of arbitrary flexibility you can often lose valuable properties, accidental or intended, of alternative, simpler designs.

-

+

-

Flexibility is a double-edged sword. If flexibility is based on variability found in known examples, the design will be sharper. But if flexibility is driven by "maybe"s and "what if"s, this is not concrete enough to start adding hooks, options, and other bells and whistles. This kind of speculation is a potentially unbounded set -- "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy" -- leading to features that are no longer justifiable in terms of common usage or priority. Speculation is a powerful tool in architecture, but for exploration and evaluation not for embellishment and embodiment.

+

-

+

-

If we equate flexibility with degrees of freedom, then the degrees of freedom in a design should be reasonable and reasoned. Although many architects value generality, it should not be unconditional. People do not on the whole pay for (or need) generality: They tend to have a specific situation, and it is a solution to that specific situation that has value. We can find generality and flexibility in trying to deliver specific solutions, but if we weigh anchor and forget the specifics too soon, we end up adrift in a sea of nebulous possibilities, a world of tricky configuration options, overburdened (not just overloaded) parameter lists, long-winded interfaces, and not-quite right abstractions. In pursuit of arbitrary flexibility you can often lose valuable properties, accidental or intended, of alternative, simpler designs.

+

By [[Kevlin Henney]]

By [[Kevlin Henney]]

-

(Edited RMH 2008-05-28, re-edited KH 2008-06-11)

+

(Edited RMH 2008-05-28, re-edited KH 2008-06-11 & 2008-07-02)

This work is licensed under a

This work is licensed under a

Current revision

Simplicity before generality, use before reuse

A common problem in component frameworks, class libraries, foundation services, and other infrastructure code is that many are designed to be general purpose without reference to concrete applications. This leads to a dizzying array of options and possibilities that are often unused, misused, or just not useful. Most developers work on specific systems: the quest for unbounded generality rarely serves them well (if at all). The best route to generality is through understanding known, specific examples and focusing on their essence to find an essential common solution. Simplicity through experience rather than generality through guesswork.

Favoring simplicity before generality acts as a tiebreaker between otherwise equally viable design alternatives. When there are two possible solutions, favor the one that is simpler and based on concrete need rather than the more intricate one that boasts of generality. Of course, it is entirely possible (and more than a little likely) that the simpler solution will turn out to be the more general one in practice. And if that doesn't turn out to be the case, it will be easier to change the simpler solution to what you now know you need than to change the 'general' one that turns out not to be quite general enough in the right way.

Although well meant, many things that are designed just to be general purpose often end up satisfying no purpose. Software components should, first and foremost, be designed for use and to fulfill that use well. Effective generality comes from understanding, and understanding leads to simplification. Generalization can allow us to reduce a problem to something more essential, resulting in an approach that embodies regularity across known examples, a regularity that is crisp, concise, and well grounded. However, too often generalization becomes a work item in itself, pulling in the opposite direction, adding to the complexity rather than reducing it. The pursuit of speculative generality often leads to solutions that are not anchored in the reality of actual development. They are based on assumptions that later turn out to be wrong, offer choices that later turn out not to be useful, and accumulate baggage that becomes difficult or impossible to remove, thereby adding to the accidental complexity developers and future architects must face.

Although many architects value generality, it should not be unconditional. People do not on the whole pay for (or need) generality: They tend to have a specific situation, and it is a solution to that specific situation that has value. We can find generality and flexibility in trying to deliver specific solutions, but if we weigh anchor and forget the specifics too soon, we end up adrift in a sea of nebulous possibilities, a world of tricky configuration options, overburdened (not just overloaded) parameter lists, long-winded interfaces, and not-quite right abstractions. In pursuit of arbitrary flexibility you can often lose valuable properties, accidental or intended, of alternative, simpler designs.