He stands 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) and during his Olympic competition he weighed 185 pounds (84 kg). At the 1991 World Championships, Pierce placed second behind Greg Foster,[1] and at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Pierce finished third.[1] Jack's personal best time was 12.94 seconds.[1]

1.
Cherry Hill, New Jersey
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Cherry Hill is a township in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. As of 2010, the township was the states 15th most-populous municipality, Cherry Hill is situated in the Delaware Valley coastal plain, approximately 8 miles southeast of Philadelphia. Cherry Hill is considered a city of Philadelphia. The first settlement was a cluster of homes named Colestown, in the perimeters of what is now the Colestown Cemetery on the corner of Route 41. Portions of the township were taken to form Stockton Township and Merchantville, at its territorial peak, Delaware Township included all of modern-day Cherry Hill Township, as well as the neighborhood of North Camden and the municipalities Merchantville and Pennsauken. The townships population grew rapidly after World War II, and continued to increase until the 1980s, Cherry Hill was a 19th-century farm on Kaighn Avenue / Route 38, owned by Abraham Browning. The farm property later became the Cherry Hill Inn, as well as an office campus, Cherry Hill Shopping Center opened in 1961 opposite the old Cherry Hill Farm site, featuring 75 stores within a single enclosed space. When the township sought a new post office, another New Jersey municipality in Hunterdon County was using the name Delaware Township, the United States Postal Service insisted on a name change, suggesting Deltown. The name Cherry Hill was chosen by the citizens in a non-binding referendum in 1961. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 24.244 square miles. The townships eastern border with Burlington County is defined by the Pennsauken Creek, the creek separates Cherry Hill from the communities of Maple Shade Township, Evesham Township, and Mount Laurel Township. The Cooper River forms the border with Haddon Township, Haddonfield Borough. To the north, Cherry Hill borders Merchantville Borough and Pennsauken Township, Cherry Hill has a humid subtropical climate, with mild to warm winters and hot, humid summers. As of the census of 2010, there were 71,045 people,26,882 households, the population density was 2,948.3 per square mile. There were 28,452 housing units at a density of 1,180.7 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 64% of the population,24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.12. In the township, the population was out with 23. 0% under the age of 18,6. 7% from 18 to 24,23. 1% from 25 to 44,29. 5% from 45 to 64

2.
Sport of athletics
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Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display

3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

4.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus

5.
1992 Summer Olympics
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The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event played in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The games were the first to be unaffected by boycotts since 1972, Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain, and the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, on October 17,1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Games over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane, and Paris, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but they ultimately lost to Berlin, at the Opening Ceremony Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang Romiossini as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in both Catalan and Spanish as the flag was hoisted, the Olympic flame cauldron was lit by a flaming arrow, shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo. The arrow had been lit by the flame of the Olympic Torch, Rebollo overshot the cauldron as this was the original design of the lighting scheme. South Africa was allowed to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time since the 1960 Summer Olympics, after a long suspension for its apartheid policy. After a close race in the Womens 10,000 metres event, white South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu ran a victory lap together, hand-in-hand. Following its reunification in 1990, Germany sent a single, unified Olympic team for the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics. As the Soviet Union had been dissolved in 1991, the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, the other Soviet republics competed under the name Unified Team. These nations consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were not allowed to participate with their own team, however, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants. Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 metres in his home country, chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became the youngest Olympic gold medalist of all time. In mens artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, won six gold medals, Scherbo tied Eric Heidens record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event. In womens artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the United States Shannon Miller, russian swimmers dominated the freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays, evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history. The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals, in womens 200 metre breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics. After demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball became an Olympic sport

6.
IAAF World Championships in Athletics
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The IAAF World Championships, commonly referred to as the World Championships in Athletics, is a biennial athletics event organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations. Originally held every four years, first in 1983, the current two-year cycle began in 1991, the idea of having an Athletics World Championships was around well before the competitions first event in 1983. In 1913, the IAAF decided that the Olympic Games would serve as the World Championships for athletics and this was considered suitable for over 50 years until in the late 1960s the desire of many IAAF members to have their own World Championships began to grow. In 1976 at the IAAF Council Meeting in Puerto Rico an Athletics World Championships separate from the Olympic Games was approved, two IAAF world championship events preceded the inaugural edition of the World Championships in Athletics in 1983. Four years later, the 1980 World Championships contained only two newly approved womens events, neither of which featured on the programme for the 1980 Summer Olympics, over the years the competition has grown in size. In 1983 an estimated 1,300 athletes from 154 countries participated, by the 2003 competition, in Paris, it had grown to 1,907 athletes from 203 countries with coverage being transmitted to 179 different countries. There has also been a change in composition over the years, with new events, all for women. By 2005, the differences were mens competition in the 50 km walk. The following list shows when new events were added for the first time,1987, womens 10,000 m and 10 km walk were added. 1993, womens triple jump was added,1995, womens 5000 m was added, replacing the 3000 m race. 1999, womens pole vault and hammer were added and the womens 20 km walk replaced the 10 km walk,2005, womens 3000 m steeplechase was added. Updated after 2015 Championships Note, Germany refers both to the former West Germany and the unified Federal Republic of Germany, the opening and closing ceremonies of the 8th IAAF World Championships held in Edmonton in 2001 were broadcast live to over 200 countries. The event included the mens marathon, and featured a thousand voice choir, men There are fifteen athletes who have won at least six medals. Women There are thirteen athletes who have won at least six medals, There are eighteen athletes that competed in at least eight editions

7.
Hurdling
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Hurdling is the act of running and jumping over an obstacle at speed. In the early 19th century, hurdlers ran at and jumped over each hurdle, after experimenting with different step patterns the 3-step for high hurdles, 7-step for low hurdles, and 15-step for intermediate hurdles was decided on. In the sport of athletics, hurdling forms the basis of a number track, in these events, a series of barriers known as hurdles are set at precisely measured heights and distances which each athlete must pass by running over. Failure to pass over, by passing under, or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification, accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous. Hurdle design improvements were made in 1935, when they developed the L-shaped hurdle, with this shape, the athlete could hit the hurdle and it will tip down, clearing the athletes path. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a track, while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are commonly held at indoor track and field events. Women historically competed in the 80 meters hurdles at the Olympics in the mid-20th century, hurdles race are also part of combined events contests, including the decathlon and heptathlon. In track races, hurdles are normally between 68–107 cm in height, and vary depending on the age and gender of the hurdler, events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are low hurdles races. The track hurdles events are forms of sprinting competitions, although the 400 m version is less anaerobic in nature, a hurdling technique can also be found in the steeplechase, although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it. Similarly, in cross country running athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth, horse racing has its own variant of hurdle racing, with similar principles. The standard sprint or short hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women, the standard amount of steps to the first hurdle should be 8. The standard long hurdle race is 400 meters for men and women. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events, the mens 200 meters low hurdles event was on the Olympic athletics programme for the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics. These low hurdles events were widely participated in the part of the 20th century. However, beyond these two Olympic outings, they never gained a consistent place at international competitions and became increasing rare after the 1960s and this 10-hurdle race continues to be run in places such as Norway. Other distances are run, particularly indoors but occasionally outdoors, the sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run, especially in the United States. A60 meter indoor race is run over 5 hurdles, a shorter race may occasionally have only 4 hurdles

8.
Woodbury, New Jersey
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Woodbury is a city in Gloucester County, New Jersey, in the United States. Woodbury is the county seat of Gloucester County, Woodbury was originally formed as a borough on March 27,1854, within Deptford Township, based on the results of a referendum held on March 22,1854. On January 2,1871, Woodbury was reincorporated as a city, the Inspira Health Network is based in Woodbury. The now-defunct Woodbury Country Club operated in Woodbury from 1897 to 2010, closing due to declining membership and mounting debt that led to a bankruptcy filing by the club. As recounted by the historian William McMahon, the Native Americans called the place where the city of Woodbury was to be founded, Piscozackasing, or, place of the black burrs. Woodbury was founded in 1683 by Henry Wood, a Quaker from the Northwest of England and his surname and his home town went to make up the name of the city he founded – Woodbury. In 2000, the Borough of Bury, England, and the City of Woodbury were twinned as part of celebrations in both countries. In 1787, a fossil bone recovered in Woodbury from local Cretaceous strata was discussed by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, Woodbury was the first city in the United States to mandate recycling. This effort was led by then-councilman and later mayor Donald P. Sanderson in the 1970s, the idea of towing a recycling trailer behind a trash collection vehicle to enable the collection of trash and recyclable material at the same time emerged. Sanderson was asked to speak in municipalities throughout the country and other towns, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 2.059 square miles, including 2.009 square miles of land and 0.050 square miles of water. Woodbury has a few lakes that feed off of Woodbury Creek, the city borders Woodbury Heights, West Deptford Township and Deptford Township. Woodbury has a subtropical climate typical of New Jersey with warm summers. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,174 people,4,088 households, the population density was 5,064.0 per square mile. There were 4,456 housing units at a density of 2,217.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 66. 01% White,24. 91% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,1. 28% Asian,0. 28% Pacific Islander,3. 19% from other races, and 4. 11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 66% of the population,35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 23. 5% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 9% from 45 to 64

9.
Woodbury Junior-Senior High School
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The class of 2003 was the schools 100th graduating class, making Woodbury High School one of the oldest secondary schools in South Jersey and the oldest in its athletic conference. As of the 2013-14 school year, the school had an enrollment of 739 students and 71.3 classroom teachers, there were 402 students eligible for free lunch and 63 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The new school building opened in 1912, students from National Park, Wenonah, Westville and Woodbury Heights had attended the school until the Gateway Regional High School opened in September 1964. In 2004, the school was selected as a NASA Explorer School, one of 50 in the country to work hand-in-hand with NASA on improving technology. The school had been ranked 192nd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, the magazine ranked the school 203rd in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 111th in the magazines September 2006 issue, in 2006, Woodbury was the #1 ranked high school in Gloucester County by New Jersey Monthly and Philadelphia Magazine. The boys tennis won the 2005 South, Group I state sectional championship with a 3-2 win over Schalick High School. In 2007, the girls track & field team won the NJSIAA Group I state championship, the annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry football game is against Gateway High School. Every single athletic team, boys or girls, either tied for or outright won titles, at no other high school in the country has this type of success ever occurred, before or since. All sports teams combined produced a record of 75–13–1 with 10 championships. At the time, Woodbury was classified as a Group III regional high school and was bigger than its small Group I classification today. To qualify for the award, the team must have a grade point average of 3.25 for the entire academic year. The team GPA is determined by adding every players GPA, then dividing by the number of players, Woodbury is one of only two boys soccer teams in all of New Jersey to be recognized in each of the past seven years. For the 2006–07 award, Woodbury was one of only 61 schools in the nation to receive this honor for both its boys and girls teams, Woodbury High School is responsible for halting the longest winning streak in New Jersey football history. Longtime rival Paulsboro High School had recorded 63 consecutive wins over the span of six years, the 63 wins still holds as the record to this day. He began his career in the Woodbury school system in 1995 as a substitute teacher, Valentine also played for the Philadelphia Eagles briefly before an injury prematurely ended his career. He is still the football coach. The high schools football stadium was used by the NFLs Philadelphia Eagles in 1987 as the home of their training camp, the school district had given permission to the Eagles to utilize their field

10.
Morgan State University
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Morgan State University is a public research university and historically black college in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Morgan is Marylands designated public urban university and the largest HBCU in Maryland and it became a university in 1975. MSU is a member of Thurgood Marshall College Fund, although a public institution, MSU is not a part of the University System of Maryland, the school opted out and possesses its own governing Board of Regents. MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 45 fields, masters degrees in 35 fields, doctoral degrees in 15 fields, and online programs in 9 fields through its colleges, schools. Morgan State University was founded in 1872 as the Centenary Biblical Institute, at the time of his death, Thomas Kelso, cofounder and president of the board of directors, endowed the Male Free School and Colored Institute through a legacy of his estate. It later broadened its mission to both men and women as teachers. The school was renamed Morgan College in 1890 in honor of the Reverend Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its Board of Trustees, who donated land to the college. In 1895, the institution awarded its first baccalaureate degree to George F. McMechen, after whom the building of the school of business, George F. McMechen later obtained a law degree from Yale University and later became one of Morgans main financial supporters. In 1915 Andrew Carnegie gave the school a grant of $50,000 for an academic building. The terms of the grant included the purchase of a new site for the College, payment of all outstanding obligations, the College met the conditions and moved to its present site in northeast Baltimore in 1917. Then a controversy exploded, in 1918, the community of Lauraville was incensed that the Ivy Mill property. It attempted to have the sale revoked by filing suit in the court in Towson. They then appealed the case to the state Court of Appeals, the appellate court upheld the lower court decision, finding no basis that siting the college at this location would constitute a public nuisance. Despite some ugly threats and several demonstrations against the project, Morgan College was allowed to be constructed at the new site, Carnegie Hall, the oldest original building on the present MSU campus, was erected a year later. Morgan remained an institution until 1939. That year, the state of Maryland purchased the school in response to a study that determined that Maryland needed to provide more opportunities for its black citizens. Morgan College became Morgan State College, in 1975, Morgan added several doctoral programs and its Board of Directors petitioned the Maryland Legislature to be granted University status. Morgan State University has undergone a physical renaissance, the latter two buildings, plus one of the two parking garages, are in the far north of the campus, connected by a new Communications Bridge over Herring Run

11.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343

12.
Triple jump
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The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as the horizontal jumps, the competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games inception in 1896. The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards of Great Britain, with a jump of 18.29 m, both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg. Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of 15 meters or more and this led sports historians to conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump. The triple jump was a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in Athens, in fact, the first modern Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Early Olympics also included the standing jump, although this has since been removed from the Olympic program and is rarely performed in competition today. The womens triple jump was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, in Irish mythology the geal-ruith, was an event contested in the ancient Irish Tailteann Games as early as 1829 BC. The athlete sprints down a runway to a mark, from which the triple jump is measured. The takeoff mark is commonly a physical piece of wood or similar material embedded in the runway and these boards are placed at different places on the run way depending on how far the athlete can jump. Typically the boards are set, 40ft, 32ft, and 24ft and these are the most common boards you see at the high school and collegiate levels, but boards can be placed anywhere on the runway. There are three phases of the jump, the hop phase, the bound or step phase. These three phases are executed in one continuous sequence, the hop starts with the athlete jumping from the take off board on one leg, which for descriptive purposes will be the right leg. The objective of the first phase is to hop out, focusing all momentum forward, the hop landing phase is very active, involving a powerful backward pawing action of the right leg, with the right take-off foot landing heel first on the runway. This leads to the familiar step-phase mid-air position, with the take off leg trailing flexed at the knee. The step landing forms the beginning of the take-off of the final phase, the jump phase is very similar to the long jump although most athletes have lost too much speed by this time to manage a full hitch kick, and most use a hang or sail technique. When landing in the pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back on landing. The sand pit usually begins 13m from the take off board for international competition, or 11m from the board for international female

13.
1968 Summer Olympics
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The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City, Mexico, in October 1968. These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and they were also the first Games to use an all-weather track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track. The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year, after the 1956 Games in Melbourne, the Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the governments repression. On October 18,1963, at the 60th IOC Session in Baden-Baden, West Germany, Mexico City finished ahead of bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games. The 1968 torch relay recreated the route taken by Christopher Columbus to the New World, journeying from Greece through Italy and Spain to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and then on to Mexico. American sculptor James Metcalf, an expatriate in Mexico, won the commission to forge the Olympic torch for the 1968 Summer Games, the Australian Peter Norman, who had run second, wore an American civil rights badge as support to them on the podium. As punishment, the IOC banned Smith and Carlos from the Olympic Games for life, American George Foreman won the gold medal for boxing by defeating Soviet Ionas Chepulis via a second-round TKO. After the victory, Foreman waved a small American flag as he bowed to the crowd, the high elevation of Mexico City, at 2,240 m above sea level, influenced many of the events, particularly in track and field. No other Summer Olympic Games before or since have been held at high elevation, as a reminder of this fact, one of the promotional articles of these Olympics was a small metallic box labeled Aire de México, that was Especial para batir récords. The tracks at previous Olympics were conventional cinder, for the first time, East and West Germany competed as separate teams, after being forced by the IOC to compete as a combined German team in 1956,1960, and 1964. Beethovens Ode to Joy was played when East and West Germany arrived in the stadium. Al Oerter of the U. S. won his fourth gold medal in the discus to become only the second athlete to achieve this feat in an individual event. Bob Beamon of the U. S. leapt 8.90 m in the long jump and it remained the Olympic record and stood as the world record for 23 years, until broken by American Mike Powell in 1991. American athletes Jim Hines, Tommie Smith and Lee Evans also set long-standing world records in the 100 m,200 m and 400 m, in the triple jump, the previous world record was improved five times by three different athletes. Viktor Saneev won the first of three gold medals in this event. Dick Fosbury of the U. S. won the medal in the high jump using his unconventional Fosbury flop technique. Věra Čáslavská of Czechoslovakia won four medals in gymnastics. Debbie Meyer of the U. S. became the first swimmer to win three gold medals, in the 200,400 and 800 m freestyle events

14.
Lumberton Township, New Jersey
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Lumberton Township is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Lumberton was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 14,1860, from portions of Medford Township, Southampton Township, portions of the township were taken on March 12,1924, to form Hainesport. The township was named for its lumber industry, with pine trees cut down to supply wood used in Philadelphia. The original 17th century farms in the townships southwest revolved around the community of Fostertown. The farms had been formed following removal of forest, the village of Lumberton grew out of two bordering towns. Eayrestown, settled by Richard and Elizabeth Eayres in the late 1600s, Eayrestown was the first substantial settlement in this area and became the center for commerce because of its sawmill. The history of some of the homes in Lumberton date back to the times of slavery, each generation of descendants removed from the first settlers differed in opinion about slavery. The spectrum changed from advocacy and tolerance, to passive and active resistance, many locals began to advocate for its abolition in New Jersey then nationwide. One home, still located on Creek Road in the township, has been documented as having been a site on the underground railroad, the home was originally built in 1824 by D. B. Cole, a descendant of the founders of old Colestown, New Jersey, the deed to the land where the home sits dates back to 1806 when the Coles purchased the land from the Moores of Moorestown. The town was also a site for Project Nike during the Cold War, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 13.056 square miles, including 12.924 square miles of land and 0.132 square miles of water. The township borders Eastampton Township, Southampton Township, Medford Township, Mount Laurel Township, Hainesport Township, unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Brown, Eayrestown, Fostertown and Newbolds Corner. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,559 people,4,540 households, the population density was 971.7 per square mile. There were 4,719 housing units at a density of 365.1 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 86% of the population,24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.28. In the township, the population was out with 27. 4% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.5 years, for every 100 females there were 92.3 males

15.
International Association of Athletics Federations
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The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. It was founded on 17 July 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation by representatives from 17 national athletics federations at the organizations first congress in Stockholm, since October 1993, it has been headquartered in Monaco. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However, the organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, the IAAFs president is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom. He was elected at the 2015 congress before the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, the process to found the IAAF was started at a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden on July 17,1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. The congress that started on August 20,1913 in Berlin is when the foundation of the IAAF was formally completed, in 2015, a whistleblower leaked IAAFs blood test records from major competitions. After reviewing the results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading anti-doping expert, said, so many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen. Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, said his organisation was very disturbed by these new allegations, which will, once again, shake the foundation of clean athletes worldwide, and that its independent commission will investigate the claims. On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption, Diack allegedly accepted $1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011. The report continued that the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility and that corruption was embedded in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the scandal and WADAs report. The BBC reported that as a result the IAAF would lose $33 million worth of revenue, the 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter, Michael Johnson, described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA, in February,2016, Nestle announced that it was ending its IAAF sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAFs ruling council, in Ferbuary 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation disqualified by decision of the IAAF Council for 8 years for the creation of a doping system. Since the establishment of the IAAF, it has had six presidents, The IAAF has a total of 215 member federations divided into 6 area associations

16.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

17.
USA Track & Field
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USA Track & Field is the United States national governing body for the sports of track and field, cross country running, road running and racewalking. Based in Indianapolis, USATF is a organization with a membership of nearly 100,000. The organization is led by an elected President Stephanie Hightower and a full-time Executive Director/CEO. On April 23,2012, USATF announced the CEO position and it also organizes the annual USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Through its sanctioning program, the body provides the insurance coverage necessary for members to rent facilities. On January 30,1878, in the city of New York, rower and runner William B. Curtis founded what became, in 1887. The Athletics Congress emerged from the AAU in late 1979, when its first annual meeting was conducted in Las Vegas, a constitutional convention was subsequently held in Dallas–Fort Worth in 1980. In 1992, TAC changed its name to USA Track & Field to increase recognition for the organization, however, USATF inherited from AAU the 57 regional associations which are responsible for promoting the sport in a particular state or locality. Many of these associations were viewed as unaccountable to their members, in addition, in some areas, the AAU continues to organize track and field events, including youth running programs. In May 2008, the United States Olympic Committee notified USATF that its governance was deficient, most of the new board members represented sponsoring organizations. On February 18,2009, the members of the new, at the 2014 annual meeting, the member delegates voted 392-70 to re-nominate Robert Hersh as the USATFs nominee to the IAAF council. At the time, Hersh was the sitting senior vice-president of the IAAF council and by virtue of that position, however, the reconstituted Board disregarded the vote of the member delegates and instead voted 11-1 to nominate president Stephanie Hightower as the nominee to the IAAF council. The Boards action caused such a controversy that USATF sent a two days later to all of its members attempting to explain its action. The email wrote, This is a different era and a different time and we think Stephanie Hightower provides us with the best chance to move forward as part of that change. The vote and email was immediately criticized by USATF members and athletes as it admitted that the Board acted in its own self-interest in defiance of the Amateur Sports act. USATF is a governing body created by the 1978 Amateur Sports Act. USATF is a member of the United States Olympic Committee and selects teams for Olympic, to select the athletes for the Olympic Games, every Olympiad USATF conducts the Olympic Trials. USATF is composed of 57 Associations, which are the administrative districts

18.
Sports Reference
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Sports Reference, LLC is a company which operates several sports-related websites including Baseball-Reference. com, Pro-Football-Reference. com, Basketball Reference, and Hockey Reference. The site also includes sections on football, college basketball and, until December 2016. The sites attempt a comprehensive approach to sports data, for example, Baseball-Reference. com contains more than 100,000 box scores and Pro-Football-Reference. com contains data on every scoring play in the National Football League since 1941. The company, which is based in Philadelphia, was founded as Sports Reference in 2004 and was incorporated as Sports Reference LLC in 2007

19.
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
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The USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships is an annual track and field competition organized by USA Track & Field, which serves as the American national championships for the sport. Since 1992, in years which feature a Summer Olympics or a World Championships in Athletics, the history of the competition starts in 1876, when the New York Athletic Club decided to organize a national championships. Having previously held the NYAC Spring and Fall Games, the edition of the Fall Games became the countrys first national track. The National Association of Amateur Athletes of America, began sponsoring the meeting in 1879, at this point, the Amateur Athletic Union, a more powerful athletic organisation, began to hold their own version of the national championships. Two national championships were held in 1888, but the NAAAA disbanded after this, the AAU was the sole organizer of the event for the next ninety years. As a result of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, the AAU no longer had power over Olympic sports in the United States, a spin-off group, The Athletics Congress, held its first national track and field championships in 1980. The Athletics Congress was renamed USA Track & Field in 1993, all races were in yards until 1928. From then on, races were measured in meters for Olympic years and yards for other years, note that the track surface changed over these years. Synthetic tracks were used in the editions in 1963,1965,1969,1971,1972. Official website from USATF A brief history of the US national championship from Track & Field News Past results from Track & Field News Past champions from USATF

20.
110 metres hurdles
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The 110 metres hurdles, or 110-meter hurdles, is a hurdling track and field event for men. It is included in the programme at the Summer Olympic Games. The female counterpart is the 100 metres hurdles, as part of a racing event, ten hurdles of 1.067 metres in height are evenly spaced along a straight course of 110 metres. They are positioned so that they fall over if bumped into by the runner. Fallen hurdles do not carry a time penalty for the runners. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 110 metres hurdles begins in the starting blocks and it is occasionally referred to as the 110 meter high hurdles, to distinguish it from events at other distances that use lower hurdles. For the 110 m hurdles, the first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13.72 metres from the starting line. The next nine hurdles are set at a distance of 9.14 metres from each other, the Olympic Games have included the 110 metre hurdles in their program since 1896. The equivalent hurdles race for women was run over a course of 80 metres from 1932 to 1968, starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics, the womens race was set at 100 metres. In the early 20th century, the race was contested as 120 yard hurdles. The fastest 110 metre hurdlers run the distance in around 13 seconds, Aries Merritt of the United States holds the current world record of 12.80 seconds, set at the Memorial Van Damme meet on 7 September 2012 in Belgium. For the first hurdles races in England around 1830, wooden barriers were placed along a stretch of 100 yards. The first standards were attempted in 1864 in Oxford and Cambridge, The length of the course was set to 120 yards and over its course, the height and spacing of the hurdles have been related to Imperial units ever since. After the length of the course was rounded up to 110 metres in France in 1888, the massively constructed hurdles of the early days were first replaced in 1895 with somewhat lighter T-shaped hurdles that runners were able to knock over. However, until 1935 runners were disqualified if they knocked down more than three hurdles, and records were only recognized if the runner had left all hurdles standing. In 1935 the T-shaped hurdles were replaced by L-shaped ones that easily fall forward if bumped into, however those hurdles are weighted so it is disadvantageous to hit them. The 110 metre hurdles have been an Olympic discipline since 1896, women ran it occasionally in the 1920s but it never became generally accepted. From 1926 on, women have only run the 80 metre hurdles which was increased to 100 metres starting in 1961 on a trial basis and in 1969 in official competition

21.
Alvin Kraenzlein
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Before, Carl Schuhmann, a German athlete, won four Olympic titles in gymnastics and wrestling at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. As of 2016, Alvin Kraenzlein is the only athlete who has won four individual titles at one Olympics. Kraenzlein is also known for developing a technique of straight-leg hurdling. He is an Olympic Hall of Fame and USA Track & Field inductee, Kraenzlein was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, a son of Johann Georg Kränzlein, a brewer, and Maria Augusta Schmidt, both of a German origin. After his family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he attended the Milwaukee’s East Side High School, in 1895, during the Wisconsin Interscholastic Championships, he won first places in the 100-yard dash, 120-yard high hurdles, 220-yard low hurdles, high jump, and shot put. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he studied engineering, in 1896, he won the 220-yard low hurdles, the high jump and placed second in the 100-yard dash and shot put at the freshman-sophomore track-and-field meet. During the 1897 Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Championship, Kraenzlein won the 220-yard low hurdles and he led the Wisconsin team to the team title. He also won the 1897 Amateur Athletic Union title in the 220-yard low hurdles, in 1897 Alvin Kraenzlein set an indoor world record of 36.6 seconds in the 300-yard low hurdles. In 1898, after being recruited by Mike Murphy, the University of Pennsylvania track-and-field coach, he moved to Philadelphia, where he studied at the Dental School and graduated in 1900. Being a student at the University of Philadelphia, he established world records for the 120 meter high hurdles and the 220 meter low hurdles, in 1899, Kraenzlein established the long jump world record of 243 1/2. He was a leader of the Penns track-and-field team that won four consecutive team IC4A titles, Kraenzlein was especially noted for his hurdling technique, as he was among the first to practice the modern method of straight-lead-leg hurdle clearing. Arthur C. M. Croome from Great Britain first attempted the straight-lead-leg style in 1886, however, Alvin Kraenzlein perfected it and this was significant development, as it enabled athletes to over-come the hurdles without reducing speed. In 1900, Kraenzlein was training for the Summer Olympics in England and he won the British Amateur Athletic Association Championships in London in the 120 yards hurdles and the long jump before entering the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. He established a record in the 120 yards hurdles for grass tracks. Alvin Kraenzlein became the most successful athlete of the 1900 Olympics.0 seconds and his victory in the long jump was remarkable, as Kraenzlein defeated silver medallist Meyer Prinstein, his great rival from Syracuse University, only by a single centimeter. Prinsteins mark had been set in the qualification, and he did not attend the final, altogether, thirteen student athletes from the University of Pennsylvania competed in the track events in Paris. They distinguish themselves with twenty medals including eleven gold awards, after the 1900 Olympic Games, Kraenzlein retired from athletic competition in late 1900, as the owner of six world and four Olympic records. He came back to Milwaukee and started a dental practice, Kraenzlein also became a manager of the Milwaukee Athletic Association

22.
Ralph Hutchinson
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Ralph Fielding Hutch Hutchinson was an American football, basketball, and baseball player. Born in Elmira, New York, Hutchinson played varsity football and baseball, hutchison was the third head football coach for the Dickinson College Red Devils in Carlisle, Pennsylvania and he held that position for the 1901 season. His overall coaching record at Dickinson was 3–4 and this ranks him 25th at Dickinson in terms of total wins and 15th at Dickinson in terms of winning percentage. From 1903 to 1905, Hutchinson coached at Texas, where he compiled a 16–7–2 record, Hutchinson was the first basketball coach at the University of New Mexico, compiling a 32–8 record from 1910 to 1917. New Mexico played games only sporadically before the 1920s, with no regular schedule, Hutchinson was hired in August 1918 as head coach at Washington & Jefferson, south of Pittsburgh. Hutchinson was the football coach at the University of Idaho for the 1919 season. A shorter than normal season, his posted a 2–3 record. He also coached the Idaho Vandals mens basketball team for the 1919–20 season, in 1920, Hutchinson moved south to the Idaho Technical Institute in Pocatello. He coached through the 1927 season, tallying a 25–22–2 record at the two-year school and it was renamed Idaho State College in 1947 after gaining four-year status and became Idaho State University in 1963. After the hiring of Leo Calland in 1929, Hutchinson was the trainer and a professor of physical education. Following a brief illness, he died at the age of 57 on March 30,1935 of an attack at his Moscow home. Ralph Hutchinson at the College Football Data Warehouse Ralph Hutchinson at College Basketball at Sports-Reference. com Ralph Hutchinson at Find a Grave

23.
Frederick Schule
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Frederick William Fred Schule was an American track and field athlete, football player, athletic coach, teacher, bacteriologist, and engineer. He competed for the track and field teams at the University of Wisconsin from 1900 to 1901 and he was also a member of the undefeated 1903 Michigan Wolverines football team that outscored its opponents 565 to 6. In 1904, Schule won the medal in the 110 meter hurdles at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. From 1905 to 1907, he was employed as the director of the gymnasium and coach of the football and basketball teams at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana. Schule also worked as a teacher in Wausau and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He later worked as an engineer and superintendent for Westinghouse Lamp Company, in 2008, he was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame. Schule was born in Preston, Iowa in 1879 and his father, Frederick Schule, was an immigrant from Germany who was employed as a physician. His mother, Sophia Schule, was also an immigrant from Germany and he had four older sisters, Clara, Augusta, Henrietta, and Sophia. At the time of the 1880 United States Census, the family was living in Fairfield Township, Jackson County, Schule began his collegiate studies at the University of Wisconsin, where he was a member of the track and field team from 1899 to 1900. In 1900, Schule won the Big Ten Conference championship in the jump, becoming the first Wisconsin Badgers athlete to win a Big Ten championship in track. He repeated as Big Ten champion in the jump in 1901 with a distance of 22 feet. Schule received a bachelor of degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1901 in bacteriology. After receiving his degree, Schule worked as a bacteriologist for the Chicago Sanitary District for five months and he then returned to the University of Wisconsin for post graduate studies and as a fellow in bacteriology. From 1902 to 1903, he taught physics at a school in Wausau. He was the Amateur Athletic Union champion in 120 yd hurdles in 1903, in the fall of 1903, Schule enrolled at the University of Michigan where he studied chemistry. He received a degree from Michigan in 1904. While attending Michigan, Schule was also a member of the 1903 Michigan Wolverines football team coached by Fielding H. Yost, the 1903 football team compiled a record of 11-0-1 and outscored its opponents 565 to 6. In February 1904, Schule announced that he would compete for the 1904 Michigan Wolverines mens track

24.
Frank Castleman
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Frank Riley Castleman was an American football and baseball player, track athlete, and coach in multiple sports. He competed for the United States in the 200 metre hurdles at the 1904 Summer Olympics held in St. Louis, Missouri, Castleman was a member of the Greater New York Irish American Athletic Association, which became the Irish American Athletic Club. He competed mainly in the 200 metre hurdles, Castleman graduated from Colgate University in 1906. Castleman served as the football coach at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1906 and 1907. He was also the basketball coach at Colorado in from 1906 to 1912, tallying a mark of 32–22. He was later the coach at Ohio State University, where his team won the 1929 NCAA Mens Track. Castleman died at his home in Columbus, Ohio on October 9,1946 at the age of 69, Frank Castleman at the College Football Data Warehouse Frank Castleman at College Basketball at Sports-Reference. com

25.
Hugo Friend
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Hugo Morris Friend was an American jurist who, in his youth, competed as an athlete in the long jump and hurdles. He is best remembered as the judge who presided over the trial of the Chicago Black Sox, which ended in an acquittal. Friend was born in Prague but came to the United States as an early age and he attended the University of Chicago beginning in 1901, where he became a track star. He was selected for the United States team for the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens and he became a lawyer in 1908 and a judge twelve years later. He presided over the Black Sox trial in 1921, and when they were acquitted, at the time of his 1966 death, he was the oldest active member of the Cook County Circuit Court bench. Hugo Morris Friend, who was Jewish, was born on July 21,1882, in the city of Prague, at an early age, he emigrated to the United States. He graduated from South Division High School in Chicago in 1901, Friend attended the University of Chicago, where he was a track star. He twice won the Big Ten long jump championship, and won a bronze medal in the long jump, finishing fourth in the 100 metre hurdles. He also played football for Chicago, though never at the varsity level, Friend received his undergraduate degree from Chicago in 1906, he continued at the university and secured his law degree in 1908. Friend joined the Illinois Bar in 1908, and began the practice of law in Chicago, in 1916, he was appointed a Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County by Judge Albert C. On September 18,1920, Republican Governor Frank Lowden appointed him to the Cook County Circuit Court, in 1921, Judge Friend was assigned the case of the Chicago Black Sox, the players had been suspended from baseball after having been indicted for throwing the 1919 World Series. The case had marked by theft of the incriminating statements made by some of the players to the grand jury. He was not called upon to do so, all of the defendants were acquitted amid scenes of jubilation, in 1928, Friend presided over the case against Chicago Mayor William Hale Thompson and three codefendants, ordering them to pay over $2 million paid to real estate experts. He was reversed in his judgment against Mayor Thompson and one of the co-defendants by the Illinois Supreme Court, in 1957, he cleared the way for the movie The Miracle to be shown in Chicago, ruling it was not obscene. He died on April 29,1966, at age 83 the oldest active Cook County Circuit Court judge and he was elected in 2006 into the University of Chicago Athletic Hall of Fame. His listing cites his 1906 Olympic accomplishments and his Big Ten feats, in 1920, Friend married Sadie Cohn of Chicago. List of select Jewish track and field athletes Carney, Gene, burying the Black Sox, How Baseballs Cover-Up of the 1919 World Series Fix Almost Succeeded. Blackball, the Black Sox, and the Babe, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Co. Inc.2002

26.
Forrest Smithson
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Forrest Custer Smithson was an American athlete, winner of 110 m hurdles at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Born in Portland, Oregon, Smithson was a student of theology from Oregon State University, at London, the main favourites were Smithsons teammates John Garrels and Arthur Shaw who had earlier equaled Alvin Kraenzleins world record of 15.2 seconds. The 110 m hurdles was not contested on a track as usual, only Americans reached the final, which was contested on the last day of the London Games. Smithson defeated Garrels and set a new record of 15.0 seconds. Forrest Smithson died in Contra Costa County, California, aged 78, there is a widespread story about Smithson winning the gold medal while carrying a Bible in his left hand. At first, none of the 110 m hurdles heats nor the final were scheduled or planned to place on Sunday. The story was not mentioned in the newspapers and this story is based on a picture published in the official report, which was taken during the final. The fact was that Forrest Smithson was a strong Christian and often ran with a Bible in his hand to point people to the source of his strength and inspiration, Forrest Smithson at Sports Reference, retrieved 2010-02-02

27.
John Nicholson (athlete)
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John Patrick Nicholson was an American track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He ran in the final of the 110 meter hurdles competition but fell and he also participated in the high jump event but was not able to clear a height. After finishing his athletics career, Nicholson went on to become a track coach and he coached at DePauw University, Sewanee, The University of the South and Rice Institute before finally coaching at Notre Dame. It was a Notre Dame that he died suddenly on April 2,1940, john Nicholsons profile at Sports Reference. com

28.
Fred Kelly (athlete)
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Frederick Warren Fred Kelly was an American athlete, winner of 110 m hurdles at the 1912 Summer Olympics. Born in Beaumont, California, Fred Kelly attended Orange High School and was a freshman at University of Southern California, at Stockholm, Kelly won his preliminary heats easily and qualified to the final with four more Americans and one representative from Great Britain. From the start, the five Americans ran even until the eighth hurdle, Kelly managed to get in front the instant before the tape was broken, to win by 0.1 seconds. He also competed for USA in exhibition baseball tournament in Stockholm, Kelly was the AAU Champion in 120 yd hurdles in 1913 and finished second in 1916 and 1919. Kelly also finished first at the 1915 AAU Championships, but was disqualified for knocking down four hurdles and he served as the first President of the SoCal Olympians and Paralympians, beginning on March 19,1949. Fred Kelly died in Medford, Oregon, aged 82, a stadium near where he attended Orange High School in Orange, California has been named after him, Fred Kelly Stadium, which is located next to El Modena High School. Archived from the original on 2012-10-24

29.
Robert Simpson (athlete)
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Robert Ingalls Bob Simpson was an American hurdler and track and field coach. Simpson set several records in the 120 yd hurdles, equaled the world record in the 220 yd hurdles. He served in the United States Army in both World Wars, rising to the rank of major by 1944 and he was track and field head coach at first the University of Missouri and then Iowa State University, and later in Hungary, he also coached Army athletes. Simpson grew up on his familys farm in Bosworth, Missouri and he was the oldest of three brothers and part of a track and field family, his younger brothers John Simpson and Chauncey Simpson followed him in the sport, as did his cousin, William Sylvester. In addition, he played baseball and basketball, after graduating from high school in 1913 Simpson entered the University of Missouri, where he was coached by Henry F. Schulte. Simpsons first major race in the 120 yd hurdles was at the April 1915 Penn Relays, still little-known outside his native Missouri, Simpson faced a strong field that included Fred W. Kelly, the 1912 Olympic champion and world record holder at 15.0. Kelly won, but only defeated Simpson by inches, at the Missouri Valley Conference meet at the end of May Simpson won the high hurdles in 15.0, equaling Kellys record, he also won the low hurdles and the long jump. The following week he won a double at the Western Conference meet, again running 15.0 in the high hurdles. At the 1915 national championships Simpson placed fourth in the low hurdles and crossed the line in third place in the high hurdles, behind Kelly. However, Kelly was disqualified for knocking down four hurdles, making Simpson the runner-up, Simpson reached his peak in 1916. He won the hurdles at the 1916 Penn Relays, again equaling Kellys world record of 15.0. He then broke the record in a meet against Iowa State on May 6, running 14.8, he also won the low hurdles, the 100 yd dash. The following week Simpson equaled his new record in another dual meet, Simpson regained sole hold of the world record two weeks later at the 1916 Missouri Valley Conference championships, which Missouri hosted. He won the hurdles in 14.6, improving his own world record by another fifth of a second. These times would remain his best, the 1916 national championships were held in Newark in September, with Simpson returning from several months of no competition. He faced Thomson, Kelly and Murray, and won in 14.8, by the end of the year Simpson had run under Kellys old world record of 15.0 seven times, with record applications made for five of those times. Simpson was named captain of the Missouri Tigers track and field team for 1917 and he led the Tigers to another Missouri Valley Conference title, winning the long jump and both hurdles races. He also won all three events at the Western Conference meet, his time in the 220 yd low hurdles was 24.2

30.
Earl Thomson
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Earl John Tommy Thomson was a Canadian athlete, a specialist in the high hurdles. Thomson attended Long Beach Poly, where he won the 120 yard hurdles at the first CIF California State Meet in 1915 and he also was second in the high jump and fourth in the discus throw. In 1916 he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force, and served there during World War I and he then went to the University of Southern California for one year and then transferred to Dartmouth College. He graduated from there in 1922, in 1918, he had already won the AAU championships in the high hurdles, and in 1920, he set a new world record in the 110 m hurdles, running 14.4. This record would remain unbeaten until 1931, although it was equaled a number of times and he sought to represent the United States at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, but was ruled ineligible due to his Canadian citizenship. He then joined the Canadian Olympic team, at the Olympics, Thomson won a clear victory over his American rivals. The following year, he equaled his own record, and won the AAU, IC4A. That year he won the 220 yard low hurdles. He retired after his third AAU title, in 1922, lat, Thomson became a track and field coach, coaching the team of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland for 36 years. Thomson was an inductee to Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 1955. He died of cancer in Oceanside, California aged 76, official film of 1920 Olympics 110 hurdles on YouTube