We emphasize cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) and other non-pharmacological approaches to the management of sleep disorders, as well as integration of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to sleep problems. CBT is specifically indicated for patients with chronic difficulties (3+ nights/week for more than a month) initiating or maintaining sleep, whether primary or co-morbid with stable psychiatric/medical conditions. Transient insomnia episodes can be managed with hypnotics. Medications should be viewed as short-term, symptom-focused therapy. All patients should be counseled about good sleep practices and advised that non-pharmacological treatments are often preferable for long-term management of sleep problems.