Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the "Google Guys", while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates. It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Wikipedia article: Google</a>)

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Google Analytics (GA) is a free service offered by Google that generates detailed statistics about the visitors to a website. The product is aimed at marketers as opposed to webmasters and technologists from which the industry of web analytics originally grew. It is the most widely used website statistics service, currently in use at around 57% of the 10,000 most popular websites. Another market share analysis claims that Google Analytics is used at around 49.95% of the top 1,000,000 websites (as currently ranked by Alexa). GA can track visitors from all referrers, including search engines, display advertising, pay-per-click networks, e-mail marketing and digital collateral such as links within PDF documents. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics">Wikipedia article: Google Analytics</a>)

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Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search and Google Print) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition, and stored in its digital database. The service was formerly known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004. Google's Library Project, also now known as Google Book Search, was announced in December 2004. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books">Wikipedia article: Google Books</a>)

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Google Docs is a free, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service offered by Google. It allows users to create and edit documents online while collaborating in real-time with other users. Google Docs combines the features of Writely and Spreadsheets with a presentation program incorporating technology designed by Tonic Systems. Data storage of any files up to 1GB each in size was introduced on January 13, 2010. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_docs">Wikipedia article: Google Docs</a>)

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The University College London (UCL) CIBER group will be conducting a study for the JISC and the British Library to investigate how the Google generation searches for information and the implications for the country's major research collections. The study will try to address the following questions: - whether or not as a result of the digital transition and resources being created digitally, young people, the "Google generation", are searching for and researching content in new ways and if so, how this will shape the way they research and search in the future; - whether or not new ways of searching and researching for content will prove to be any different from the way that existing researchers/scholars work. The project comprises three main activities. The CIBER team will examine library and information science literature published over the past 30 years, including a twenty-year long survey into the research behaviour of academics as they get older. Secondly, they will analyse web logs of two online services from the BL and JISC to ascertain whether people of a variety of ages interact with them differently. Finally, a panel of industrial and technology experts will help to assess the strategic implications of the findings from the two main studies for information experts, national libraries and policy makers. Project start date: 2007-03-03. Project end date: 2007-09-30. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.publishing.ucl.ac.uk/behaviour.html">this source</a>)

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Google Maps (formerly Google Local) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free (for non-commercial use), that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not in real time; they are several months or years old. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_maps">Wikipedia article: Google Maps</a>)

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Google Refine is a standalone desktop application provided by Google for data cleanup and transformation to other formats. It has now been renamed to OpenRefine and is hosted as an opensource project on Github. It is similar to spreadsheet applications (and can work with spreadsheet file formats), however acts more like database. It operates on rows of data which have cells under columns, which is very similar to relational database tables. One Refine project is one table. User can filter rows to display using facets that define filtering criteria (for example, showing rows where given column is not empty). Unlike spreadsheets, most operations in Refine are done on all visible rows: transformation of all cells in all rows under one column, creation of new column based on existing column data, etc. All actions that were done on dataset are stored in project and can be replayed on another dataset. Unlike spreadsheets, no formulas are stored in cells, but formulas are used to transform data, and transformation is done only once. Transformation expressions are written in proprietary GREL language. Also Jython can be used to write expressions. The program has a web user interface, however it is not hosted by the software developer (SAAS), but is available for download and use on local machine. When starting Refine, it starts a web server and starts browser to open web UI powered by this webserver. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Refine">Wikipedia article: Google Refine</a>)

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Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online journals of Europe and America's largest scholarly publishers. It is similar in function to the freely-available Scirus from Elsevier, CiteSeerX, and getCITED. It is also similar to the subscription-based tools, Elsevier's Scopus and Thomson ISI's Web of Science. Its advertising slogan - "Stand on the shoulders of giants" - is a nod to the scholars who have contributed to their fields over the centuries, providing the foundation for new intellectual achievements. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_scholar">Wikipedia article: Google Scholar</a>)

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Google Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services. The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in webpages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search. Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_search">Wikipedia article: Google Search</a>)

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Google Trends is a public web facility of Google Inc., based on Google Search, that shows how often a particular search-term is entered relative to the total search-volume across various regions of the world, and in various languages. The horizontal axis of the main graph represents time (starting from some time in 2004), and the vertical is how often a term is searched for relative to the total number of searches, globally. Below the main graph, popularity is broken down by region, city and language. It is possible to refine the main graph by region and time period. On August 5, 2008, Google launched Google Insights for Search, a more sophisticated and advanced service displaying search trends data. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Trends">Wikipedia article: Google Trends</a>)

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Apache Wave is a software framework centered on online real-time collaborative editing, originally developed by Google as Google Wave. It was first announced at the Google I/O conference on May 27, 2009. Google Wave is a web-based computing platform and communications protocol, designed to merge key features of media like e-mail, instant messaging, wikis, and social networking. Communications using the system can be synchronous and/or asynchronous, depending on the preference of individual users. Software extensions provide contextual spelling/grammar checking, automated translation among 40 languages, and numerous other features. On August 4, 2010, Google announced the suspension of stand-alone Wave development and the intent of maintaining the web site at least for the remainder of the year. Development was handed over to the Apache Software Foundation which started to develop a server based product called Wave in a box (WIAB). (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Wave">Wikipedia article: Aoache Wave</a>)

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