Abstract (english)

In the last decades several studies have demonstrated that some numerical abilities are not strictly related to symbolic language and they are not a human prerogative. Recently the ability to discriminate between two quantities has been demonstrated also in fish. The aim of this project was to study the mechanisms underlying the non verbal numerical abilities in vertebrates. I investigated whether fish possess two independent numerical systems for the representation of small (<4) and large (>4) number or they possess a unique system that operates on the whole numerical scale. Both spontaneous choice and training experiments demonstrated that the ability to discriminate between large quantities was approximate and strongly dependent on the ratio between the numerosities, while discrimination in the small quantity range was not dependent on ratio and discriminating 3 from 4 was as easy as discriminating 1 from 4. The second part of the project regards the ontogeny of the ability to discriminate quantities. These experiments showed that the ability of fish to discriminate small numbers is innate and it is displayed immediately at birth while discrimination of large numbers emerges later as a result of both maturation and social experience. The third part concerns the role of non numerical variables in the discrimination of quantities. These experiments showed that fish are able to discriminate quantities even after the access to non numerical cues was made difficult and that learning a discrimination by using only numerical information is not more difficult than learning it by using only the non numerical variables. Finally, to investigate whether fish and humans share the same non verbal numerical systems, I carried out some experiments in which I compared fish and university students for their ability to discriminate the same numerical contrasts.
Taken together these findings support the suggestion that discrete and continuous quantities are processed in humans and nonhuman animals by systems that evolved from a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago.

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