The Downtown Loop is the Phase 1 of the Atlanta Streetcar project, which is planning to expand onto the BeltLine surrounding central Atlanta, it was planned to start service in late spring of 2014, but was delayed.[2] Testing on the line began in summer 2014[3] with passenger service beginning as scheduled on December 30, 2014.[4][5][6][7][8]

The Atlanta Streetcar system uses Siemens S70 light rail vehicles (LRVs).[14] A total of four S70 cars were purchased[8] and were built at two different facilities; the cars themselves were built in a in Sacramento, California while most other major components, like the propulsion system, were assembled at a plant about 30 miles north of Atlanta, in Alpharetta.[15][16] They were delivered in the first months of 2014 and are numbered 1001–1004.[17]

In the summer of 2007, a new privately funded group called the Peachtree Corridor Partnership was formed, with the goal of determining how best to move forward the proposed rebuilding of Peachtree Street as a more attractive and pedestrian-friendly thoroughfare,[19] the addition of a modern streetcar line was (and remains) one of the main components of the proposed transformation of the corridor, so many of the board members of ASC became members of the Peachtree Corridor Task Force, and the partnership eventually replaced the function of ASC as the organization advocating for a streetcar line along Peachtree Street.

In July 2009, the Atlanta city council approved funding a feasibility study to work out certain details of the proposed streetcar line in time to apply for federal economic-stimulus funds for the construction of such a line.[20] However, several council members later expressed doubts over whether the remainder of the funding necessary to bring the project to fruition was likely, particularly during a time of recession.[21]

In September 2010, it was announced that Phase I of the Atlanta Streetcar Project had received $47 million in federal Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) II funding. The funding represents 8% of the overall TIGER II allotment, and will fund the construction of the downtown loop, not the Peachtree Corridor line, which is now regarded as Phase V of the project.[22][23]

In May 2011, Siemens announced that it had won the $17.2 million contract to build the four streetcars that will run on the Downtown Connector line. They would be based on the company's S70 light rail vehicle platform, with the cars themselves being built in Sacramento, California, while other major components, including the propulsion system, were to be assembled at a Siemens plant about 30 miles north of Atlanta, in Alpharetta.[15][16]

In February 2012, the city announced that the budget would increase from $70 million to $90 million, the city attributed the increase to:[24]

about $9 million to purchase newer and more expensive streetcars that could last 20 years longer than the refurbished ones that were originally planned to be purchased

$4 million so that the Atlanta Regional Commission's Livable Centers Initiative could provide grants for sidewalk improvements and bicycle lanes.

Additional work by the water department to move water and sewer pipes

In March 2012, the MARTA Board of Directors formally approved the design-build contract with URS Corporation for the Atlanta Streetcar.[25]

Groundbreaking for the project took place on February 1, 2012,[24][26] at that time, the line was projected to open in May 2013, but various delays pushed the opening back, first to summer 2014 and later to December.[8] The first two S70 streetcars were delivered in February 2014[17] and began test runs on the line in the spring.

The 2.7-mile (4.3 km) loop opened for service on December 30, 2014,[4] with all rides free until January 1, 2016.[7][8]

Since opening for service, the Atlanta Streetcar has been criticized by officials and residents for its short route, safety, poor management, and lower-than-expected ridership, although boosters have claimed that up to $2.5 billion worth of new development can be attributed to the streetcar, independent analysis shows that many of those projects (totaling at least $323 million) pre-date it, and others—such as the College Football Hall of Fame—had not taken the streetcar into consideration. Regardless, the streetcar has contributed to at least some economic growth; for example, Southeast Capital Companies stated that it directly influenced their decision to build residential housing near Edgewood Avenue, and the Atlantic Seafood Market saw business rise 10% in the months following the start of service.[27]

In September 2015, officials from the Federal Transit Administration expressed concerns with the system's lack of safety, poor management, and failure to comply with requirements for reporting accidents. Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed and MARTA CEO Keith Parker have laid out steps to address those issues.[28]

On May 23, 2016, state officials sent a letter to Kasim Reed and MARTA CEO Keith Parker threatening to shut down the streetcar unless the city fixed numerous problems with it that had been outlined in multiple then-recent audits.[29]

Currently there are plans to extend the streetcar to Bankhead MARTA Station, via Luckie Street and Donald Lee Hollowell Pkwy, and east to Piedmont Park, the City of Atlanta is applying for a TIGER 7 grant to extend the current loop east, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) to Irwin St and the entrance of the BeltLine.[30] Costs are estimated at $62.7 million.

1.
Streetcars in Atlanta
–
Streetcars originally operated in Atlanta downtown and into the surrounding areas from 1871 until the final lines closure in 1949. The first such transportation began with horsecars in 1871, and electric service started in the 1880s. In addition to streetcars in Atlanta proper, there were also interurban railways from Atlanta to outlying towns, the last streetcar service on the old network ended in 1949, the streetcar system was quickly replaced by a trolleybus system and with buses. After decades of planning, construction of a new streetcar system, consisting initially of a single route, this new streetcar line opened in December 2014. Planning for a network, including on an abandoned loop of intown rail tracks now known as the BeltLine is under way. Peters, Fulton County Street RR Co. begins its Nine-Mile Circle line to what is now Virginia Highland, prior to this, it was common for Black and white passengers to sit next to each other on streetcars. 1891 Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Company formed instigating the Second Battle of Atlanta 1892 Atlanta City Street Railway Co, however a more recent pared-down proposal would run between the Arts Center MARTA station in Midtown and the Five Points MARTA station downtown. In 2015, Buckhead business leaders and city councilpersons successfully had the portion of along Peachtree Rd, from Piedmont Hospital to Lenox Mall, in July 2012, there was a referendum on a 1-cent sales tax to fund traffic and road improvements. If it had approved, the tax would have funded several streetcar routes along portions of the BeltLine trail and connections onto MARTA stations. In Fulton and DeKalb Counties the results were 52% against and 48% for, the route originated from the efforts of Reps. John Lewis, Denise Majette and Cynthia McKinney, who obtained funding from the Dept. of Transportation for a $2 million feasibility study. In June 2011 the Gwinnett, Cobb, and North Fulton Chambers of Commerce held a summit to promote light rail transit in the metropolitan area. It was especially remarkable in light of decades-long opposition to rapid transit in the area, the route runs 2.7 miles east-west from Centennial Olympic Park to the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, with tracks that converge at Woodruff Park

2.
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site
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In total, the buildings included in the site make up 35 acres. The visitor center contains a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement, an 1894 firehouse served the Sweet Auburn community until 1991, and now contains a gift shop and an exhibit on desegregation in the Atlanta Fire Department. Annual events celebrating Martin Luther King Jr. Day in January typically draw large crowds, speakers have included Presidents of the United States, national and local politicians, and civil rights leaders. Remembrances are also held during Black History Month, and on the anniversary of Kings April 4,1968, assassination in Memphis,6, and the Triangle Building at the intersection of Old Wheat Street and Auburn Avenue. Much of the area was designated as a historic landmark district on May 5,1977. Congressional legislation, the site with associated buildings and gardens was authorized as a historic site on October 10,1980. A22. 4-acre area including 35 contributing properties was covered, the area covered in the NRHP designation was enlarged on June 12,2001. The King Birth Home is located at 501 Auburn Avenue in the Sweet Auburn historic district, built in 1895, it sits about a block east of Ebenezer Baptist Church. Kings maternal grandparents, Reverend Adam Daniel Williams, who was pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, in 1926, when Kings father married Alberta Williams, the couple moved into the house, where King Jr. was born in 1929. The King family lived in the house until 1941 and it was then converted into a two-family dwelling. The Rev. A. D. Williams King, Dr. Kings brother, lived on the floor in the 1950s. The first level includes the front porch, parlor, study, dining room, kitchen, laundry, bedroom, the second level includes four bedrooms and a bathroom. The visitor center offers tours of the house led by National Park Service rangers. Coretta Scott King started the Martin Luther King Jr, Center for Nonviolent Social Change in the basement of the couples home in the year following Kings 1968 assassination. In 1981, the center was moved into a facility on Auburn Avenue, near Kings birth home and next to Ebenezer Baptist Church. In 1977, a tomb was dedicated to King. His remains were moved to the tomb, on a plaza between the center and the church, Kings gravesite and a reflecting pool are located next to Freedom Hall. After her death, Mrs. King was interred with her husband on February 7,2006, an eternal flame is located nearby

3.
Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs

4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee

5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

6.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use

7.
Street running
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On-street running or street running is the routing of a railroad track or tramway track running directly along public streets, without any separation. The rails are embedded in the pavement, and the train shares the street directly with pedestrians. Trains generally travel at reduced speed for safety reasons, if there are stations on the section, they can appear similar in style to a tram stop, but often lack platforms, pedestrian islands, or other amenities. Passengers may be required to wait on a distant sidewalk, and then to board or disembark directly among mixed traffic in mid-pavement, rather than at curbside. Although bridges and tunnels are not streets, rails can still be embedded in the surface of bridges and this is also considered to be street running. This list does not include conventional tram, interurban, light rail or the tram portions of tram-train systems, over the Salto Grande Dam, between Concordia, Argentina and Salto, Uruguay. Bridge between Viedma, Río Negro and Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires, the North Coast main line runs down Denison Street in Rockhampton, Queensland carrying freight and passenger services. A sugar-cane railway runs down Mill Street, uruguaiana, almost 300 m. in the Vasco Alves street to reach the Paso de los Libres–Uruguaiana International Bridge. Notable examples in Canada include, Brantford, Ontario Clarence Street Guelph, Ontario Kent Street, CNR, near Mannheim, the Oberrheinische Eisenbahn and Rhein-Haardt-Bahn are street running through several villages. In Linkenheim, near Karlsruhe, the Hardt Railway was changed to BOStrab in 2011 for that reason, Road and rail share the Lindaunis Bridge in Schleswig-Holstein. Freight trains using the infrastructure of Rhein-Sieg-Verkehrsgesellschaft to the company Evonik in Niederkassel-Lülsdorf passing the village Sieglar are running inside the Pastor-Böhm-Straße, one of the most famous locations is when the steam-powered Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Toy train squeezes between narrow shop fronts down past a bazaar in India. Indonesia used to have an extensive steam tramways network, which had street running sections in various towns and cities in Java. Two sections remain in use in 2010, part of the Wonogiri branch runs along the Slamet Riyadi street in Surakarta, the earlier line sees both passenger and freight service, while the other line is exclusively for freight. Freight trains to and from the docks at Dublin share the Alexandra road with cars The Bernina Railway runs in the streets of Tirano, the Circumetnea ran until 1999 on the Corso delle Provincie in Catania. The Cremona–Iseo railway ran until 1956 in the street of Cavatigozzi. The Domodossola–Locarno railway started until the 1980s from the square of Domodossola. The Rivabahn was until 1981 a freight railway that ran into the city of Trieste along the seaside street, the Rome–Fiuggi railway runs completely along the Via Casilina in Rome. This railway serves as the only way of reaching Machu Picchu from Cusco without walking

8.
Siemens S70
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The Siemens S70 or Avanto is a low-floor light rail vehicle, streetcar, or tram manufactured by Siemens Mobility, a division of Siemens AG. The S70 is in use, or on order, by light rail systems in the United States. In this field, it mainly with Bombardier and Kinki Sharyo low-floor LRVs and modern streetcars manufactured by Inekon. Here its principal competitors are Bombardier’s Flexity Link tram-train and Alstom’s Citadis Regio-Citadis/Citadis-Dualis tram-train variants, to date, the Avanto has been sold to two tram-train operations in France. The S70/Avanto has a design and can be built in a number of different sizes and configurations. The streetcar version is 9 feet shorter than the standard LRV version, there are some interior differences as well, the LRV version has the upper seats facing the cab, while the streetcar version has the upper seats facing the doors of the train. In addition, the horn on the LRV version is located on the bottom of the cab while the version is located on the top of the train. The SD Trolley vehicles are designed to operate in tandem with older Siemens SD-100 vehicles. The Avantos built for France have a length of 36.68 m, most S70 vehicles are double-ended, with operating controls at both ends and doors on both sides. An exception is the 40 cars in service on Portlands MAX system, however, they have doors on both sides and in service they always operate in pairs, coupled back-to-back, so that each consist has operating cabs at both ends. The S70/Avanto can be configured to operate on various power supplies. The Avantos ordered for France are dual voltage, capable of operating on 750 V DC when running on tram or light rail tracks and on 25 kV AC when running on main line tracks. The vehicles operating in Paris currently operate on AC only, its DC capabilities will not be used until an extension of the current line to Montfermeil is completed, houston METRORail, Texas,18 units purchased, with delivery complete in late 2004. 19 additional units on order, procured using Utah Transit Authority options, the original cars are the long variant, the new cars are the shorter variant as used by UTA. San Diego Trolley, California,11 full size 92-foot units purchased in first order in October 2004, a second order, for 57 81-foot cars, was placed in October 2009, the order was later increased to 65 streetcar length S70s in 2012. All of the S70 vehicles are projected to be in service by 2014, Charlotte Area Transit System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, Lynx Blue Line,16 units purchased for $50 million, in service since November 2007. Four additional units purchased in 2008 and in service by March 2010 to keep up with higher than expected ridership, in 2012, after 4 years of operation, the trains had to be repaired at the Siemens facility in California for an estimated cost of $400,000 each. CityLynx Gold Line, Six units were purchased in 2016, with delivery by 2020 and these six cars will have internal batteries to allow off-wire operations in some areas

9.
Headway
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Headway is a measurement of the distance or time between vehicles in a transit system. The minimum headway is the shortest such distance or time achievable by a system without a reduction in the speed of vehicles, a shorter headway signifies a more frequent service. Headway is a key input in calculating the overall capacity of any transit system. A system that requires large headways has more empty space than passenger capacity, in this case, the capacity has to be improved through the use of larger vehicles. On the other end of the scale, a system with short headways, like cars on a freeway, the term is most often applied to rail transport, where low headways are often needed to move large numbers of people in mass transit railways. A lower headway requires more infrastructure, making lower headways expensive to achieve, modern large cities require passenger rail systems with tremendous capacity, and low headways allow passenger demand to be met in all but the busiest cities. Newer signalling systems and moving block controls have significantly reduced headways in modern systems compared to the lines only a few years ago. In principle, automated personal rapid transit systems and automobile platoons could reduce headways to as little as fractions of a second, there are a number of different ways to measure and express the same concept, the distance between vehicles. The differences are due to historical development in different countries or fields. The term developed from use, where the distance between the trains was very great compared to the length of the train itself. In the case of a system, train lengths are uniformly short. Where vehicle size varies and may be longer than their stopping distances or spacing, as freight trains and highway applications. The units of measure also vary, the most common terminology is to use the time of passing from one vehicle to the next, which closely mirrors the way the headways were measured in the past. A timer is started when one passes a point, and then measures time until the next one passes. This same measure can also be expressed in terms of vehicles-per-hour, distance measurements are somewhat common in non-train applications, like vehicles on a road, but time measurements are common here as well. Train movements in most rail systems are controlled by railway signalling systems. In many railways drivers are given instructions on speeds, and routes through the rail network, trains can only accelerate and decelerate relatively slowly, so stopping from anything but low speeds requires several hundred metres or even more. The track distance required to stop is often longer than the range of the drivers vision

10.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide

11.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in

12.
Railway electrification system
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A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure, selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas, some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation, Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network, some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own lines, switches and transformers. Power is supplied to moving trains with a continuous conductor running along the track usually takes one of two forms. The first is a line or catenary wire suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings. Locomotives or multiple units pick up power from the wire with pantographs on their roofs that press a conductive strip against it with a spring or air pressure. Examples are described later in this article, the second is a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding pickup shoe. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the rails as the return conductor. In comparison to the alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and they have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service, the limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. Possible lethal electric current due to risk of contact with high-voltage contact wires, overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly. These are independent of the system used, so that. The permissible range of voltages allowed for the voltages is as stated in standards BS EN50163. These take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation, railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit and trams

13.
Overhead line
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An overhead line or overhead wire is used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses, or trains. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks, the feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph and it presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train or tram, non-electric locomotives may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead line, although there may be difficulties with overhead clearance. Alternative electrical power transmission schemes for trains include third rail, ground-level power supply, batteries and this article does not cover regenerative braking, where the traction motors act as generators to retard movement and return power to the overhead. To achieve good high-speed current collection, it is necessary to keep the wire geometry within defined limits. This is usually achieved by supporting the wire from a second wire known as the messenger wire or catenary. This wire approximates the path of a wire strung between two points, a catenary curve, thus the use of catenary to describe this wire or sometimes the whole system. This wire is attached to the wire at regular intervals by vertical wires known as droppers or drop wires. It is supported regularly at structures, by a pulley, link, the whole system is then subjected to a mechanical tension. As the contact wire makes contact with the pantograph, the insert on top of the pantograph is worn down. The straight wire between supports will cause the wire to cross over the whole surface of the pantograph as the train travels around the curve, causing uniform wear. On straight track, the wire is zigzagged slightly to the left. The movement of the wire across the head of the pantograph is called the sweep. The zigzagging of the line is not required for trolley poles. Depot areas tend to have only a wire and are known as simple equipment or trolley wire. When overhead line systems were first conceived, good current collection was only at low speeds. Compound equipment - uses a second wire, known as the auxiliary

14.
Centennial Olympic Park
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Centennial Olympic Park is a 21-acre public park located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia owned and operated by the Georgia World Congress Center Authority. It was built by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games as part of the improvements for the 1996 Summer Olympics. It plays host to millions of visitors a year and several events, including a popular music concert series. The park property was previously a variety of vacant lots and abandoned or run-down industrial buildings, aCOGs chief executive, Billy Payne, conceived it as both a central gathering location for visitors and spectators during the Olympics and as a lasting legacy for the city. With the park being the showcase to the world during the Olympics, ACOG decided to hold a competition to lay out. Architect EDAW, with the construction and design firm H. J. Russell & Company entry, was selected as the design for the park by ACOG. Centennial Olympic Park was constructed in two phases, phase I of construction was completed July 1996, just in time for 1996 Olympic Summer Games at a cost of US$28 million. During the Olympics, the park contained sponsor exhibits, hosted entertainment and medal presentations, phase II construction took place shortly after the Olympics were over and was completed during the following year, in 1998, at the cost of US$15 million. The celebrations in the park were marred by the July 27 bombing which killed two people and injured one hundred eleven others, security at the park and at all sporting venues was subsequently raised to include bag searches and metal detectors at all entrances. The bombing site is adjacent to the Parks Centennial Tree and it was closed shortly after the Olympics for renovations until spring 1998. On March 14,2008, the park sustained minor damage when a tornado tore through downtown Atlanta, two of the 65-foot-tall light towers were blown down. It was the first tornado to hit the area since weather record keeping began in the 1880s. It is bounded by Marietta Street to the west, Baker Street to the north and Centennial Olympic Park Drive to the east, andrew Young International Boulevard, named for the former Atlanta mayor and United Nations ambassador, runs through the southern portion of the park. Since 2008, the area around the park has been marketed, the Atlanta Streetcar will pass along the east side of the park, with a stop for the park on Centennial Olympic Drive. It forms a splash pad that was designed for children to frolic in and it consists of 251 jets that shoot 12 to 35 feet in the air, and also creates a beautiful water sculpture that is essentially the front yard of the nearby museum. There are several pieces of sculpture scattered through the park including a statue of Pierre de Coubertin, a small amphitheatre is located at the southern end of the park. The park has shows at the fountain all 365 days of the year and they play at 12,30 p. m.3,30 p. m.6,30 p. m. and 9,30 p. m. In July 2013, SkyView Atlanta, a transportable Ferris wheel, the 200-foot wheel features 42 air-conditioned cars and excellent views of the park and the surrounding area

15.
Peachtree Center station
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Peachtree Center is an underground train station on the Red and Gold lines of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority rail system. It is the deepest station in the MARTA rail system, at 120 feet below Peachtree Street and it serves the Peachtree Center neighborhood of downtown Atlanta, and is the first station north-northeast of the rail system hub at Five Points. Peachtree Center is one of the busiest stations on the Red/Gold Lines, the station has an island platform serving two tracks. The floor is made of tile, the walls are made of solid gneiss rock. The freestanding escalator at the CNN Center is longer at 205 feet, the Ellis Street entrance was closed for more than two years for renovation. It re-opened on August 24,2012, the Harris Street entrance has a map of the MARTA system with proposed lines on it. The station was featured in the 1985 movie The Heavenly Kid, a poster dating to 1982 on the station platform describes how the station was built. The poster reads, MARTAs moving Atlanta,120 feet below Peachtree Street, the Peachtree Center station was built by tunneling through solid gneiss, a granite like rock formed of layers of quartz and mica. This rock provides underground support for the station, soft ground or mixed tunneling was used where there was insufficient rock structure for underground support. With this method, compressed air twice the atmospheric pressure was used to support the walls while permanent structures were being built. Like deep sea divers, workers on this section of the rail transit system were required to undergo 30 minutes of compression/decompression when entering or coming out of the tunnel. This station is one of a few tunnels in the world where the walls. Length of longest escalator serving the station entrance across from the Atlanta Public Library is 190 feet- the longest in the southeast, an exploratory tunnel was initially driven at the crown of the tunnel to provide input into rock quality. This gave the designer excellent information to finish the design, the cavern was constructed using a heading and bench approach, first excavating the heading and following with the bench excavation. All excavation on the cavern was accomplished using drill and blast methods, vibration monitoring stations were established in buildings along Peachtree Street to monitor the vibrations and compare to contract limits. MARTA Station Page nycsubway. org Atlanta page Carnegie Way entrance from Google Maps Street View

16.
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
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The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority or MARTA /ˈmɑːrtə/ is the principal public transport operator in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Formed in 1971 as strictly a bus system, MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a transit system consisting of 48 miles of rail track with 38 train stations. It is the eighth-largest rapid transit system in the United States by ridership, MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers. As of 2014, the total daily ridership for the system was 432,900 passengers. MARTA was originally proposed as a transit agency for DeKalb, Fulton, Clayton, Gwinnett. These were the five counties in the Atlanta metropolitan area. MARTA was formed by an act of the Georgia General Assembly in 1965, in the same year, four of the five metropolitan area counties and the City of Atlanta passed a referendum authorizing participation in the system, but the referendum failed in Cobb County. Gwinnett County remains outside of the MARTA system, but in November 2014, Clayton County voters passed a 1% sales tax to join the MARTA system, construction began on MARTAs heavy rail system in 1975, with the first rail service commencing on June 30,1979. The system has since built most of the rail lines, as well as stations in Dunwoody, Sandy Springs. MARTA is composed of heavy rail rapid transit and a bus transit system that operates primarily within the boundaries of Fulton, Clayton. MARTA also serves the airport via a station located next to the main terminal, although Cobb County is not part of the MARTA system, the agency operates one limited bus route to the Cumberland Boulevard Transfer Center. The MARTA system allows bicycles on its trains and buses have room for 2 bikes on racks mounted on the front of the bus. At the airport, bicycles can be locked up in all of the parking decks, in 2007, MARTA had 4,729 full and part-time employees, of whom 1,719 were bus drivers or train operators. Rail and bus operators, the agents, the rail maintenance workers. MARTA has its own department with 300 badge-wearing officers, making it the ninth-largest police department in Georgia. The MARTA rapid rail system has 47.6 miles of route and 38 rail stations located on four lines, the Red Line, Gold Line, Blue Line. The tracks for this system are a combination of elevated, ground-level, no tunnel lining was installed in this station, or the adjacent tunnels. The architects and civil engineers decided to leave these with their rugged gneiss rock walls, the highest station in the MARTA system is the King Memorial Station

17.
Woodruff Park
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Woodruff Park, named for Robert W. Woodruff, is located in the heart of Downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The parks 6 acres are north of Edgewood Ave, between Peachtree Street NE and Park Place NE, the park includes two fountains, a performance pavilion, and several monuments. During the lead up to the execution of Troy Davis, Woodruff Park served as a point for marches and rallies for his life. Atlanta from the Ashes was a gift of the Rich Foundation in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Richs Department store, the sculpture was designed by James Seigler, sculpted by Gamba Quirino, and fabricated by Feruccia Vezzoni in 1969. Atlanta from the Ashes was originally located on an adjacent to the first Richs Department store on Martin Luther King Jr. Drive. Atlanta, Georgia from 1969 to 1995, in 1995, the sculpture was restored and moved to its current location in Woodruff Park

18.
Sweet Auburn Curb Market
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The Sweet Auburn Curb Market is a historic municipal market located at 209 Edgewood Avenue, S. W. in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The market operates as an enterprise, with the building leased from the City of Atlanta. The market was established in 1918 on land cleared by the Great Atlanta fire of 1917. The market, set up in a tent, was an immediate success, bringing urban consumers direct access to farmers. At the time, it was located in the geographic center of Atlanta. At that time, Atlanta was still living under racial segregation, the markets current name reflects that era. The market underwent a renovation in the 1990s, outside the main entrance stand two large sculptures by Atlanta artist Carl Joe Williams. The artwork was part of the citys Olympic Art Program, which coincided with the 1996 Summer Olympics, the market was the filming location for a scene in the 2014 film, Ride Along, which takes place and was filmed in Atlanta. Additionally, there are restaurants located in the market, including several that have gone on to start stand-alone restaurants, such as Grindhouse Killer Burgers. The Market is seen by some as a place to incubate a small business, Sweet Auburn Curb Market City of Atlanta

19.
Interstate 75 in Georgia
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Interstate 75 in the U. S. state of Georgia runs north–south along the U. S. Route 41 corridor on the western side of the state, passing through the cities of Valdosta, Macon, and Atlanta. It is also designated—but not signed—as State Route 401, in downtown Atlanta, I-75 joins with I-85 as the Downtown Connector. I-75 is the longest Interstate Highway within Georgia and it enters near Valdosta, and it continues northward through the towns of Tifton and Cordele until it reaches the Macon area, where it intersects with I-16 eastbound towards Savannah. For northbound traffic wishing to avoid congestion in Macon, I-475 provides a relatively straight bypass west of that city. After Macon it passes the town of Forsyth. The freeway reaches no major junctions again until in the Atlanta metropolitan area, the first metropolitan freeway met is I-675, then followed by the Atlanta Perimeter bypass, I-285. It crosses inside the Perimeter and heads northeast several miles towards the Atlanta city center, I-75 then runs concurrently with I-85 due north over the Downtown Connector through the central business district of Atlanta. After the two Interstates split, I-75 makes a beeline northwest, crossing outside the I-285 Perimeter and heading towards the suburban city of Marietta. This section of I-75 just north of I-285 has 15 through lanes, north of Marietta, the final major junction in the Atlanta metropolitan area is the I-575 spur. I-75 then traverses the hilly northern Georgia terrain as it travels towards Chattanooga, the 180-mile-long section of I-75 from I-475 to I-24 in Chattanooga is one of the longest continuous six-lane freeways in the United States. The highway that would eventually become I-75 in Georgia was an expressway that was open in 1951 from the southern part of Atlanta to University Avenue. It was projected from University Avenue to Williams Street in downtown Atlanta and this expressway was open from Williams Street to what is now the northern end of the Downtown Connector. It was also proposed from the Downtown Connector to the northwest part of Atlanta, by late 1953, this expressway was signed as US 19/US41 as far north as Lakewood Avenue. It was under construction from the Downtown Connector to Howell Mill Road and it was proposed from Howell Mill Road to the northwest part of Atlanta. By mid-1954, the expressway was signed as SR295 from Lakewood Avenue to University Avenue and it was under construction from the Downtown Connector to US 41/SR 3E, just north of West Paces Ferry Road. By mid-1955, the highway was under construction from University Avenue to Glenn Street and it was open from Williams Street to US 41/SR 3E in the central part of Atlanta. By mid-1957, the highway was opened from University Avenue to Glenn Street and it was also open from Williams Street to US 41/SR 3E in the northwest part of Atlanta. By the middle of 1960, a short segment southeast of Williams Street was open and it was open from the Florida state line to US 41/SR7 in Unadilla

20.
Interstate 85 in Georgia
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Interstate 85 is a major Interstate Highway that travels northeast-to-southwest in the U. S. state of Georgia. I-85 connects northern Georgia with Montgomery, Alabama, to the southwest, and with South Carolina, North Carolina, within Georgia, I-85 is also designated as the unsigned State Route 403. I-85 in Georgia usually travels roughly parallel with the route of U. S. Route 29, however, from Atlanta northeast to South Carolina, I-85 ventures away from that route, traveling about halfway between US29 and the combination of US23 and US123. Within the City of Atlanta, I-85 has a concurrency with I-75 known as the Downtown Connector, after splitting from Downtown Connector, it is known as Northeast Expressway until its junction with I-285. After leaving West Point, I-85 enters the LaGrange area, the first large town in Georgia on its route to the northeast, Northeast of LaGrange, I-85 has an interchange with the long spur freeway, I-185, to the Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Area. This is the connection between Columbus and the Interstate Highway System. From LaGrange, I-85 heads northeastward towards Atlanta, I-85 then runs along the northwestern boundary of the airport, providing access to the domestic terminal. At the southwestern edge of Atlantas city limits, I-85 merges with I-75 to form the Downtown Connector, at the southern edge of downtown Atlanta, this freeway has an interchange with the major east-west Interstate Highway, I-20. Heading northbound after the Brookwood Interchange with I-75, I-85 is routed along a ten lane wide viaduct from the Buford Highway Connector to State Route 400. Continuing northeast of Atlanta, I-85 continues through the suburbs, bypassing Chamblee and Doraville. The Interstate then travels through the suburbs of Atlanta, including Lilburn, Duluth. The Interstate has freeway interchanges with SR316 in Duluth and I-985 in Suwanee, I-85 then leaves the Atlanta area, continuing to travel through rural northeast Georgia. At Lake Hartwell—which was formed by the damming of the Savannah River—I-85 crosses into South Carolina, I-85 has the first and currently the only express lanes in Georgia, located in Gwinnett and DeKalb counties, they were originally HOV lanes. Tolls are collected using a toll collection system. All travelers that use the lane must have a Peach Pass sticker to avoid fines, starting in November 2014, SunPass and NC Quick Pass are interoperable with Peach Pass, allowing motorists with those transponders to use the express lanes. Funds generated from the lanes will be used to defray the costs of construction, operations. Long term revenue allocation is being studied and a decision about future excess revenues will be later in the project process. Detractors point out that existing infrastructure was reused for the express lanes and this project included rebuilding all overpasses, new HOV-ready ramps, and a widening of freeway capacity

21.
Downtown Connector
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In Downtown Atlanta, the Downtown Connector or I-75/85 is the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through the core of the city. Beginning at the I-85/Langford Parkway interchange, the Downtown Connector runs generally due north, just north of this is the Grady Curve around Grady Memorial Hospital. Continuing north, the terminus of the Downtown Connector is the Brookwood Interchange or Brookwood Split in the Brookwood area of the city, the overall length of the Downtown Connector is approximately 7.5 miles. Since the 2000s, it has officially named James Wendell George Parkway for most of its length. It also has unsigned designations State Route 401 and State Route 403 along its length, due to I-75, the Downtown Connector had its origins in the citys original system of expressways, construction of which began in the early 1950s with the Northeast Expressway and the South Expressway. Construction of the connector between the two, which was numbered State Route 295, and was slated to carry US 19/US41 at one point, was not completed until the early 1960s, initial construction of the highway displaced parts of Techwood Drive and Williams Street in Midtown Atlanta. It also destroyed street grids east and south of downtown, dividing Sweet Auburn in two and the interchange with I-20 leveling the northern part of the Washington-Rawson district. Between 2000 and 2004, the six-lane wide 17th Street Bridge was constructed over the Brookwood Interchange, in 2008, reconstruction of the 14th Street Bridge took place in order to accommodate increased traffic flow and pedestrian amenities. This work also included the construction of two new off-ramps, a ramp to 10th Street, and a northbound ramp to 17th Street. This work was completed on May 28,2010, GDOT engineers believe that heavy rain in previous months raised the water table and caused it to seep upward through joints between lanes, where it subsequently froze. Commuter traffic was stopped briefly on at least two days in order to treat it with deicing materials and inspect the freeway to determine the cause, the Downtown Connector carries more than 272,000 vehicles per day at its busiest point — between Martin Luther King Jr. Drive and Edgewood Avenue, while no portion of the Downtown Connector carries fewer than 236,000 vehicles per day, the area around the connector and associated interchanges are considered one of the ten-most congested stretches of interstate in the U. S. Due to this fact, many motorists often compare Atlanta to Los Angeles, the highway is fully instrumented with Intelligent transportation system devices. There are more than 25 closed-circuit television cameras between the Langford Parkway interchange and the Brookwood Interchange, additionally, the Downtown Connector has three large overhead electronic message signs, and four smaller HOV-dedicated message signs on the median barrier wall. Traffic flow data is gathered through a video system, using pole-mounted black-and-white cameras spaced every 1⁄3 mile on both sides of the roadway. All video and data is fed into the GDOTs Transportation Management Center, virtually all entrance ramps are metered, with the exception of the freeway-to-freeway connection ramps from I-20. Atlantas skyline, both Downtown and Midtown, can be seen from the highway, especially at the northern and southern ends. The route also goes directly past Turner Field, formerly Centennial Olympic Stadium, exit numbers follow the mileposts along I-75. The entire route is in Atlanta, Fulton County

22.
BeltLine
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The BeltLine is a former railway corridor around the core of Atlanta, Georgia, under development in stages as a multi-use trail. Some portions are already complete, while others are still in a rough state, using existing rail track easements, the BeltLine is designed to improve transportation, add green space, and promote redevelopment. There are longer-term visions for streetcar or light-rail lines along all or part of the corridor, the BeltLine plan was originally developed in 1999 as a masters thesis by Georgia Tech student Ryan Gravel. It links city parks and neighborhoods, but has also used for temporary art installations. In 2013, the received a federal grant of $18 million to develop the southwest corridor. The idea originated in a 1999 masters degree thesis by Georgia Tech student Ryan Gravel, Cathy Woolard, then the city council representative for district six, was an early supporter of the concept. Woolard, Gravel, Arnold, and Edgens spent the several months promoting the idea of the BeltLine to neighborhood groups, the PATH foundation. Supported by Atlanta mayor Shirley Franklin, previous city council president Cathy Woolard, and many others in Atlantas large business community, the railroad tracks and rights-of-way are owned mostly by CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern, and the Georgia Department of Transportation. Developer Wayne Mason had purchased most of the NS portion, in anticipation of the BeltLine, the total length will be 22 miles, running about 3 miles on either side of Atlantas elongated central business district. It is planned to include a transit system, footpaths for non-motorized traffic, including bicycling, rollerskating, and walking. The project is included in the 25-year Mobility 2030 plan of the Atlanta Regional Commission for improving transit, as of 2014, the projects planners estimated they had 17 years left before the project would be completed, and no light-rail lines had yet been built. In total, the BeltLine will create or rejuvenate 1,300 acres of greenspace, the Trust for Public Land first identified areas that would be appropriate for parkland, and spurred the inclusion of the park component in the current plan. The Trust is active in acquiring land for the project, which it intends to sell to the city after bonds have been issued from the beltline tax-allocation district, the plan would expand these existing parks, Enota Park from 0. The surveys were done and initial construction had begun when the courts ordered a halt in May 1899 as that work did not fall under the A&WPs charter, the initial charter was to encompass no more than 30 miles and named only perimeter points Howell and Clifton Stations. Since Clifton was in DeKalb County, both it and Fulton were named in the charter, after surveys of the route and right of way acquisitions, the DeKalb portion was ditched leaving the entire route in Fulton County. The entire line was completed by 1902,1999 Ryan Gravels masters thesis 2003 Georgia Tech senior design project is first feasibility study done on the beltline and presented to the Atlanta City Council. The study included the first public support analysis which showed overwhelming support for the project. July — Atlanta BeltLine, Inc. was formed by Invest Atlanta, september 21 — developer Wayne Mason who owns the 5-mile northeast segment withdraws his rezoning applications from the city

23.
Peachtree Street
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Peachtree Street is one of several major streets running through the city of Atlanta. Beginning at Five Points in downtown Atlanta, it runs North through Midtown, upon entering Buckhead, Atlanta grew on a site occupied by the Creek people, which included a major village called Standing Peachtree. There is some dispute whether the Creek settlement was called Standing Peachtree or Standing Pitch Tree. Pine trees, common to the area, were known as pitch trees due to their sap. A trail known as the Peachtree Trail stretched from northeast Georgia to Standing Pitch Tree along the Chattahoochee River, the original Peachtree Road began in 1812 at Fort Daniel located at Hog Mountain in present-day Gwinnett County and ran along the course of the trail to the Chattahoochee. Some portions of the present road trace this route, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, the Peachtree name is common throughout the Atlanta area. In fact, it is often joked by natives that half of the streets in Atlanta are named Peachtree, while Peachtree alone always refers to this street, there are 71 streets in Atlanta with a variant of Peachtree in their name. Peachtree City is a golf community located south of the city. Peachtree Corners is also a suburb located north of the city. West Peachtree divides the northeast and northwest quadrants of the city and county for street addressing purposes, where the current Peachtree Street turns to Peachtree Road and briefly heads northwest, it actually crosses West Peachtree, leaving it on the east side. It is at point that the Buford-Spring Connector begins, taking the route of old I-85. The studios of WSB-TV are located on section of West Peachtree Street. Through this section north of 17th Street in Midtown, and in south of North Avenue to Peachtree Street. Between the two, it no more than a block to the east. From the Buford-Spring Connector north to Roswell Road, Peachtree Street and Peachtree Road carry U. S.19 and Georgia 9. At a five-way intersection with East/West Paces Ferry Road at the center of the original Buckhead Village, these continue north onto Roswell Road, south of the connector,9 and 19 continue on two one-way streets, West Peachtree Street northbound and Spring Street southbound. Peachtree meets Piedmont Road between Buckhead Village and Lenox Square

24.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H

25.
Propulsion
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Propulsion is a means of creating force leading to movement. The term is derived from two Latin words, pro, meaning before or forward, and pellere, meaning to drive, a propulsion system consists of a source of mechanical power, and a propulsor. A technological system uses an engine or motor as the power source, components such as clutches or gearboxes may be needed to connect the motor to axles, wheels, or propellors. Biological propulsion systems use an animals muscles as the power source, an aircraft propulsion system generally consists of an aircraft engine and some means to generate thrust, such as a propeller or a propulsive nozzle. An aircraft propulsion system must achieve two things, first, the thrust from the propulsion system must balance the drag of the airplane when the airplane is cruising. And second, the thrust from the system must exceed the drag of the airplane for the airplane to accelerate. In fact, the greater the difference between the thrust and the drag, called the excess thrust, the faster the airplane will accelerate, some aircraft, like airliners and cargo planes, spend most of their life in a cruise condition. For these airplanes, excess thrust is not as important as high engine efficiency, some aircraft, like fighter planes or experimental high speed aircraft, require very high excess thrust to accelerate quickly and to overcome the high drag associated with high speeds. For these airplanes, engine efficiency is not as important as very high thrust, modern military aircraft typically employ afterburners on a low bypass turbofan core. Future hypersonic aircraft will employ some type of ramjet or rocket propulsion, ground propulsion is any mechanism for propelling solid bodies along the ground, usually for the purposes of transportation. The propulsion system consists of a combination of an engine or motor. Maglev is a system of transportation that uses magnetic levitation to suspend, guide and propel vehicles with magnets rather than using mechanical methods, such as wheels, axles and bearings. With maglev a vehicle is levitated a short distance away from a guide way using magnets to create lift and thrust. Maglev vehicles are claimed to move smoothly and quietly and to require less maintenance than wheeled mass transit systems. It is claimed that non-reliance on friction also means that acceleration and deceleration can far surpass that of existing forms of transport, marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a ship or boat across water. Recent development in liquified natural gas fueled engines are gaining recognition for their low emissions, spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle

26.
Alpharetta, Georgia
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Alpharetta is a city located in north Fulton County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, Alpharettas population was 57,551, the estimated population in 2014 was 63,038. In the 1830s, the Cherokee people in Georgia and elsewhere in the South were forcibly relocated to the Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act. Pioneers and farmers settled on the newly vacated land, situated along a former Cherokee trail stretching from the North Georgia mountains to the Chattahoochee River. One of the first permanent landmarks in the area was the New Prospect Camp Ground and it later served as a trading post for the exchanging of goods among settlers. Known as the town of Milton through July 1858, the city of Alpharetta was chartered on December 11,1858 and it served as the county seat of Milton County until 1931, when Milton County was merged with Fulton County to avoid bankruptcy during the Great Depression. The citys name is a variation of a fictional Indian girl, Alfarata, in a 19th-century song, the name of the city is also believed to have been derived from the first letter of the Greek alphabet. Alpharetta is governed by a city composed of six members. The mayor and council members serve staggered four-year terms and it is bordered to the southeast by Johns Creek, to the south and west by Roswell, to the north by Milton, and to the northeast by unincorporated land in Forsyth County. Downtown Alpharetta is 26 miles north of downtown Atlanta. According to the United States Census Bureau, Alpharetta has an area of 27.3 square miles, of which 26.9 square miles is land and 0.39 square miles. State Route 9 State Route 120 State Route 140 State Route 372 State Route 400 Alpharetta has a subtropical climate and is part of USDA hardiness zone 7b. As of the census of 2000, there were 34,854 people,13,911 households, the population density was 1,631.6 people per square mile. There were 14,670 housing units at a density of 686.7 per square mile. The population has been increasing over the last decade. During the workday, the city swells to more than 120,000 residents, workers,27. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.13. In the city,27. 0% of the population was under the age of 18,7. 2% from 18 to 24,40. 5% from 25 to 44,19. 4% from 45 to 64, and 5. 8% who were 65 years of age or older

27.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes

28.
Georgia Institute of Technology
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The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France, Athlone, Ireland, Shenzhen, China. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering, by 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life, Georgia Tech fields eight mens and seven womens teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by workers and few technical developments were occurring. In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris and they were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. On October 13,1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create, in 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and he then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000. This land was near Atlantas northern city limits at the time of its founding, the surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864. The Georgia School of Technology opened in the fall of 1888 with two buildings, One building had classrooms to teach students, The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed for students to work and produce goods to sell, on October 20,1905, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited Georgia Tech. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education and he then shook hands with every student. Georgia Techs Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912, the evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920. Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and was Georgia Techs first female faculty member the following year

29.
Georgia State University
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Georgia State University is a public research university in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1913, it is one of the University System of Georgias four research universities, Georgia State University offers more than 250 undergraduate and graduate degree programs spread across eight academic colleges with around 3,500 faculty members. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, approximately 27% of the student population is considered part-time while 73% of the population is considered full-time. The university is one of only four Georgia universities classified as a Research University/Very High Activity, the university has a full-time faculty count of 1,142, with 69 percent of those faculty members either tenured or on tenure track. GSU has two libraries, University library and Law library, which hold over 4.3 million volumes combined, the university has an economic impact on the Atlanta economy of more than $1.4 billion annually. Initially intended as a school, Georgia State University was established in 1913 as the Georgia School of Technologys Evening School of Commerce. During this time, the school was divided into two divisions, Georgia Evening College, and Atlanta Junior College, in September 1947, the school became affiliated with the University of Georgia and was named the Atlanta Division of the University of Georgia. The school was removed from the University of Georgia in 1955. In 1961, other programs at the school had grown enough that the name was shortened to Georgia State College. It became Georgia State University in 1969, in 1995, the Georgia Board of Regents accorded Georgia State research university status, joining the Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Georgia, and Augusta University. The first African-American student enrolled at Georgia State in 1962, a year after the integration of the University of Georgia and Georgia Tech. Annette Lucille Hall was a Lithonia social studies teacher who enrolled in the course of the Institute on Americanism and Communism, a course required for all Georgia social studies teachers. The Peachtree Road Race, was started in 1970 by Georgia State cross country coach and dean of men Tim Singleton, the second year, he created the first valuable collectible T-shirt. Over its 100-plus year history, Georgia States growth has required the acquisition and construction of space to suit its needs. In addition, a plaza and walkway system was constructed to connect these buildings with each other over Decatur Street. Georgia States first move into the Fairlie-Poplar district was the acquisition and renovation of the Standard Building, the Haas-Howell Building, and the Rialto Theater in 1996. The Standard and Haas-Howell buildings house classrooms, offices, and practice spaces for the School of Music, and the Rialto is home to GSUs Jazz Studies program and an 833-seat theater. In 1998, the Student Center was expanded toward Gilmer Street and provided a new 400-seat auditorium and space for exhibitions, a new Student Recreation Center opened on the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street in 2001

30.
Georgia World Congress Center
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The Georgia World Congress Center is a convention center in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Enclosing some 3.9 million ft2 in exhibition space and hosting more than a million each year. Opened in 1976, the GWCC was the first state-owned convention center established in the United States, the authority later developed the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park. The Georgia Dome was closed on March 5,2017 and is scheduled for demolition, in addition to convention and trade shows, the GWCC often coordinates with the Georgia Dome to host activities in conjunction with major events being held at the dome. Every year, the center hosts SEC Football Fanfare, a two-day fan festival for the thousands of Southeastern Conference football fans in the city for the SEC Championship Game, the center played host to a similar event in tandem with WrestleMania XXVII, WrestleMania Axxess. Family Feud started taping at Georgia World Congress Center in 2016, the GWCC is located in downtown Atlanta at 285 Andrew Young International Boulevard NW, adjacent to CNN Center and Philips Arena. Public transportation is serviced by the Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN Center MARTA station, delta Air Lines previously had a ticket office in the lobby of the complex. Though similarly named, the Georgia International Convention Center is a smaller unrelated facility located near Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the GWCC is made up of three adjacent buildings, Buildings A, B, and C. In total these buildings have twelve exhibit halls,105 meeting rooms, Building A has three exhibit halls and the Sidney Marcus auditorium seating 1,740. Building B, the largest, contains five halls and the 33,000 square-foot Thomas B. Murphy Ballroom. The newest building, Building C, has four exhibit halls, freight rail tracks run through the middle of the complex and under the parking decks. The complex incorporates pedestrian bridges to connect exhibit halls on opposite sides of the tracks, see article,2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak. Designed by Atlanta-based architects tvsdesign, the GWCC opened in 1976 with 350,000 square feet of exhibit space, additional phases opened in 1985,1992, and 2002. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the GWCC hosted handball, fencing, judo, table tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, the International Broadcast Centre for the worldwide media was also set up inside the GWCC. On November 8,2001, President George W. Bush made a speech at the GWCC in which he exhorted the crowd of police, firefighters, and politicians, My fellow Americans, Lets roll. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address, For too long our culture has said, “If it feels good, do it. ”Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed, “Let’s roll. ”The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14,2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the downtown area, the Georgia World Congress Center was heavily damaged by the storm, including roof and water damage. In addition to rain pouring in from the holes in the roof, there was water damage from the sprinkler system

31.
Underground Atlanta
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Underground Atlanta is a shopping and entertainment district in the Five Points neighborhood of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States, near the Five Points MARTA station. First opened in 1969, it takes advantage of the viaducts built over the many railroad tracks to accommodate later automobile traffic. Each level has two halls, still called Upper and Lower Alabama and Pryor Streets. In 1869, the Georgia Railroad freight depot was constructed to replace the one destroyed by Shermans troops in 1864, the depot, which stands at the entrance of Underground Atlanta, remains the oldest building in downtown Atlanta. However, the depot was originally three stories tall but the second and third story were destroyed by fire, besides the train station, the bustling district included hotels, banks, law offices, and saloons. By 1910, several iron bridges had been built to cross the tracks at Union Street. At the suggestion of Atlanta architect Haralson Bleckley, the bridges were rebuilt in concrete, eventually, Bleckley envisioned public plazas between the bridges, but only one, Plaza Park, was ever built. One of the first mentions of the area is in the lines of Bessie Smiths 1927 Preachin The Blues which documents its importance as an entertainment district. For the next forty years, as Atlanta continued to grow at street level, Underground Atlanta, Inc. was incorporated May 2,1967 and began acquiring options to lease buildings under Central Ave, Pryor, Whitehall, Hunter, Alabama, and Wall Street viaducts. Fuller and Paterson purchased all the stock in October 1967. A constitutional amendment was passed in Georgia naming the area a historic site, on April 8,1969, Underground Atlanta officially opened with new restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and music venues installed in the old individual storefronts. At the time, Fulton County was the county in the state of Georgia that permitted mixed alcoholic beverages to be served, provided that men wore coats. As a result, Underground Atlanta quickly became the center of downtown Atlanta nightlife, feelgood and the Interns, played from 1969 to 1979. Other attractions included a shop owned by governor Lester Maddox. With the old-style architecture lending considerable charm to the district, Underground Atlanta was compared to Bourbon Street in New Orleans, by 1972, its most profitable year, Underground had 3.5 million visitors and $17 million in sales. The heyday of Underground Atlanta lasted for half a decade. When neighboring DeKalb County relaxed their restrictions on alcohol consumption in the early 1970s, new bars sprouted up in parts of the city. The dress code restrictions were dropped and fights began to break out, the construction of the MARTA East Line beginning in 1975 tore out several blocks of clubs and eliminated parking

32.
Woodruff Arts Center
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Woodruff Arts Center is a visual and performing arts center located in Atlanta, Georgia. The center houses three not-for-profit arts divisions on one campus, opened in 1968, the Woodruff Arts Center is home to the Alliance Theatre, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, and the High Museum of Art. In 1962, Atlanta suffered a loss when an airplane. As the city grieved, it together and used the devastating loss as a catalyst for the arts. This led to the creation of the Atlanta Arts Alliance, the Memorial Arts Center, as the Woodruff was originally known, opened October 5,1968. The building was designed by Atlanta architect, Joe Amisano and it was renamed the Woodruff Arts Center in 1982 to honor its greatest benefactor, Robert W. Woodruff. The art center also included the Atlanta College of Art, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, all three entities were combined into one corporation. The Alliance Theatre was added in 1970 as the division of the Woodruff and thirty-five years later in 2005. This addition ensures that the Woodruff’s PreK-12 programs now reach more than one million children annually, the Woodruff campus expanded in 1983 with the addition of the Richard Meier-designed High Museum of Art building. This building made Meier the youngest Pritzker Prize-winning architect at that time, on November 12–13,2005, the Woodruff introduced its largest expansion since opening in 1968. This new village for the arts was designed by another Pritzker Prize winner, Italian architect, the Woodruff campus sits on 12.25 acres with a planned expansion to 18.25 acres. Currently, the campus includes 906,000 square feet of exhibition, educational and performance space, plus a 200, the Woodruff Arts Center houses the Grammy Award-winning Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Howard Pousner. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra wins Grammy for best engineered album, the Tony Award-winning Alliance Theatre, and the High Museum of Art. List of concert halls Woodruff Arts Center website

33.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
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Developed in response to the Great Recession, the ARRAs primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health. The approximate cost of the stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage. Since its inception, the impact of the stimulus has been a subject of disagreement, studies on its effects have produced a range of conclusions, from strongly positive to strongly negative and all reactions in between. IGM Forum asked the question to leading economists in 2014. This new poll found 82% of leading economists strongly agreed or agreed that unemployment was lower in 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus. Revisiting the question about the benefits outweighing the costs, 56% strongly agreed or agreed that it did, 23% were uncertain, both the House and the Senate versions of the bills were primarily written by Democratic Congressional committee leaders and their staffs. Because work on the bills started before President Obama officially took office on January 20,2009, the House version of the bill, H. R.1, was introduced on January 26,2009. It was sponsored by Democrat David Obey, the House Appropriations Committee chairman, on January 23, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said that the bill was on track to be presented to President Obama for him to sign into law before February 16,2009. Although 206 amendments were scheduled for floor votes, they were combined into only 11, on January 28,2009, the House passed the bill by a 244–188 vote. All but 11 Democrats voted for the bill, and 177 Republicans voted against it, the senate version of the bill, S.1, was introduced on January 6,2009, and later substituted as an amendment to the House bill, S. Amdt. It was sponsored by Harry Reid, the Majority Leader, co-sponsored by 16 other Democrats and Joe Lieberman, the Senate then began consideration of the bill starting with the $275 billion tax provisions in the week of February 2,2009. Republicans proposed several amendments to the bill directed at increasing the share of tax cuts, the Senate called a special Saturday debate session for February 7 at the urging of President Obama. The Senate voted, 61–36 on February 9 to end debate on the bill, on February 10, the Senate voted 61–37 All the Democrats voted in favor, but only three Republicans voted in favor. Specter switched to the Democratic Party later in the year, at one point, the Senate bill stood at $838 billion. Senate Republicans forced a near unprecedented level of changes in the House bill, the biggest losers were states and the low income workers with major gains for the elderly and high income tax-payers. Additional debt costs would add about $350 billion or more over 10 years, many provisions were set to expire in two years. The House had more funds appropriated for education, infrastructure and for aid to low income workers, direct cash payments Senate – $17 billion to give one-time $300 payments to recipients of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security, and veterans receiving disability and pensions

34.
Siemens
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Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest manufacturing and electronics company in Europe with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide, the von Siemens family remain the largest shareholder with a stake of 6. 9% percent. Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847, based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October, in 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe,500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens. The London agency became an office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia, in 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line, in 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was independently invented by Charles Wheatstone. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric lighting in the town of Godalming. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs, in 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887, it opened its first office in Japan, Siemens & Halske was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert, in 1907, Siemens had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. In 1919, S & H and two companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, in the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government. Siemens exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps, the company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp

35.
URS Corporation
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URS Corporation was an engineering, design, and construction firm and a U. S. federal government contractor. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, URS was a full-service, global organization with offices located in the Americas, Europe, Africa, URS was acquired by AECOM on October 17,2014. URS Corporation’s oldest predecessor company was founded in 1904, URS was established in 1951 and incorporated in 1957 as Broadview Research – a research group active in the area of physical and engineering sciences. In 1967, management developed a strategy focused on building a multidisciplinary professional services firm. In 1968, Broadview Research acquired United Research Incorporated of Cambridge, during this period, the name Broadview Research was changed to United Research Services and later shortened to URS. URS was publicly traded as NYSE, URS from January 13,1978 through its acquisition by AECOM on October 17,2014 and it was originally traded as Thortec. As of June 2013, the firm had more than 50,000 employees worldwide, following announcements in early February 2014 that the fiscal year 2013 revenue and earnings were below expectations, URS made some management changes. URS had acquired Flint Energy Services for $1.25 billion in February 2012, creating an oil, issues in the oil and gas division were cited for the poor financial performance in fiscal year 2013 and URS announced the resignation of senior staff from that division. The final acquisition was decided on October 17,2014, in 1996, URS acquired Greiner Engineering for $73.5 million. Greiner Engineering had been established in 1908 by John E. Greiner, Greiner was a former engineer for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and worked at one time for Gustav Lindenthal, including on the Seventh Street Bridge. The Woodward-Clyde Group joined URS in 1997, bringing additional environmental capabilities, when Dames & Moore Group joined in 1999, URS further strengthened its program and construction management expertise and added to its FORTUNE500 client base. In February 1999, URS also acquired transport consultant Thorburn Colquhoun, in 2002, URS acquired EG&G Technical Services, positioning the company as a leading U. S. federal services contractor. In November 2007, URS acquired Washington Group International of Boise for $3. 1B and operated it as the Energy, on June 12,2009, URS Chief Executive Officer Martin Koffel indicated the company was still on the hunt for transformative acquisitions. An analyst with Gabelli & Co. stated that KBR, Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, on September 10,2010, URS completed its acquisition of the British engineering firm Scott Wilson Group. On June 2,2011, URS completed its acquisition of Apptis Holdings, URS announced its acquisition of Flint Energy Services, a provider of construction services in the oil and gas industry, based in Calgary, Alberta, on February 20,2012. On October 20,2014, URS was officially acquired by AECOM. S, sellafield is one of the largest and most complex nuclear sites in the U. K. storing and treating nuclear waste from both the U. K. s military and civil nuclear programs. URS was the contractor for the Port Washington Generating Station in Wisconsin, an 1100 MW combined-cycle power plant, URS also helped build the state-of-the-art Holcim cement manufacturing plant in Missouri, one of the world’s largest cement manufacturing facilities in the world. The I-35W bridge in Minneapolis collapsed in August 2007, killing 13 people, in 2003, URS had been retained by the Minnesota Department of Transportation to conduct a fatigue evaluation and a redundancy analysis of the bridge

36.
Federal Transit Administration
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The Federal Transit Administration is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation that provides financial and technical assistance to local public transportation systems. The FTA is one of ten modal administrations within the DOT, until 1991, it was known as the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Public transportation includes buses, subways, light rail, commuter rail, monorail, passenger boats, trolleys, inclined railways. The federal government, through the FTA, provides assistance to develop new transit systems and improve, maintain. The FTA oversees grants to state and local providers, primarily through its ten regional offices. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy sent a major transportation message to the U. S. Congress and it called for the establishment of a program of federal capital assistance for mass transportation. Said President Kennedy, To conserve and enhance values in existing urban areas is essential, but at least as important are steps to promote economic efficiency and livability in areas of future development. The agency was charged with providing assistance for mass transit projects. In 1991, the agency was renamed the Federal Transit Administration, the current Acting Administrator is Carolyn Flowers, having assumed the post in April 2016. The last confirmed FTA Administrator, from May 2009 to January 2014, was Peter M. Rogoff, below is a list of past administrators. Official website American Recovery & Reinvestment Act Federal Transit Administration in the Federal Register

37.
Kasim Reed
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Mohammed Kasim Reed is an American attorney and politician who is the 59th and current mayor of Atlanta, Georgias state capital and largest city. A Democrat, Reed was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1998 to 2002 and he served as campaign manager for Shirley Franklins successful Atlanta mayoral campaign in 2001. After Franklin was term limited from the office, Reed successfully ran for the position in 2009. Inaugurated on January 4,2010, Reed was elected to a term in 2013. Reed was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, but his family moved to Fulton County, Georgia and he was born and raised in a United Methodist household. Reed graduated from Fulton Countys Utoy Springs Elementary School and Westwood High School, according to a DNA analysis, he is a descendant through African ancestral lines from the Igbo people of Nigeria. Reed attended Howard University in Washington, D. C. graduating in 1991 with a degree in political science. W, Reed disagreed with their action, saying there was nothing wrong with having the Republican Party try to win the votes of black students. He felt it would have been better if Atwater had met with the protesting students, for instance, might have gained insight into a generation of students portrayed as destitute and in need of more federal support. Reed noted that 85 percent of Howards 12,000 students receive federal aid, an early entrepreneur, by 1989 Reed made $40,000 running a jewelry business which he started at age sixteen. In 1990 he was invited to comment on the Persian Gulf War military buildup on the MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, also, in November of that year he was featured in Black Enterprise. While at college, Reed interned for Congressman Joseph Patrick Kennedy II, during his internship he learned about a federal dollar-for-dollar matching grant program. The fees were expected to total nearly $300,000 per semester, the estimate was conservative in the sense that it only assumes the fees from slightly more than 75% of the 12,000 students. The four-year totals would approach a $2.4 million addition to the endowment, Reed earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1991. He earned his juris doctorate from Howard University School of Law in 1995, in 2002 Reed was appointed as the youngest General Trustee to serve on Howards Board of Trustees and continues to serve on that board. In 1998 Henrietta Canty, resigned her Georgia House of Representatives 52nd district seat to run for Georgia State Insurance Commissioner, seven candidates vied for her seat in the July 21,1998 Democratic primary election. Reed was the leading vote-getter with 36. 6% of the vote, finishing ahead of community leaders Horace Mann Bond and Eric V. Thomas. This resulted in a head-to-head August 11 run-off election, which Reed won with 60. 6% of the vote, against the second-place finisher, Horace Mann Bond II, Reed ran unopposed in the November 3 general election and won the Assembly seat. 0% of the vote. He won by a 12. 7% margin, in the November 7,2000 general election, he ran unopposed

38.
CNN Center
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The CNN Center is the world headquarters of CNN. The main newsrooms and studios for several of CNNs news channels are located in the building, the facilitys commercial office space is occupied entirely by CNN and its parent company, Turner Broadcasting System, a subsidiary of Time Warner. The CNN Center is located in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to Centennial Olympic Park, the CNN Center opened in 1976 as the Omni Complex, which was a development by Cousins Properties. The Omni Coliseum, an NBA and NHL arena directly connected to the Omni Complex, opened 3 years earlier, the Omni Complex largely sat vacant until CNN moved its headquarters there in 1987 from its Midtown Atlanta site. The facility originally offered office space to various tenants, as well as consulates over the years. The main floor featured an ice skating rink, as well as a small number of restaurants. More famously, Sid and Marty Krofft built an amusement park called The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. The park was the first indoor theme park and opened in 1976, the complex also featured a multi-screen movie theater. For years, the theater offered showings of Gone with the Wind, the theater was replaced during renovations to put in a new newsroom for CNNs website operations. The ice skating rink was filled in and a map of the world replaced it. When CNN networks moved to the CNN Center on July 13,1987 and their sister channel started live programming at 6.00 p. m. ET of that day. On May 11,1997, the Omni Coliseum closed and its replacement, the Philips Arena, broke ground on June 5,1997. The Omni Coliseum was imploded on July 26,1997 and it was believed that the CNN Center was damaged after the implosion. The Philips Arena opened on September 18,1999, the Omni Coliseums scoreboard is still in use, and is currently the scoreboard at the Philips Arena. On April 4th,2007, Arthur Mann, an employee at the Omni Hotel, shot, the building was evacuated shortly after the first shots were heard. Mann was shot by police and both were taken to a nearby hospital, Riddles later died of her injuries. An autopsy showed that Riddles was shot three times by Mann, the cause of the shooting is unknown. On March 14,2008, a EF-2 tornado passed through downtown Atlanta, damaging the CNN Center and leaving water, the ceiling of the atrium was also damaged, causing water to pour in and partially flood the food court

39.
Georgia Aquarium
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The Georgia Aquarium is a public aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It is the largest aquarium in the Western Hemisphere, housing thousands of animals and representing several species, all of which reside in 10 million US gallons of marine. It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012, the Aquariums notable specimens include whale sharks, beluga whales, bottlenose dolphins, and manta rays. In November 2001, Bernard Marcus announced his vision of presenting Atlanta with an aquarium that would encourage both education and economic growth, after visiting 56 aquariums in 13 countries with his wife, Billi, he donated $250 million toward what was to become Georgia Aquarium. Corporate contributions totaling an additional $40 million allowed the aquarium to open debt-free and its blue metal-and-glass exterior is meant to evoke a giant ark breaking through a wave. The world’s largest when it opened in November 2005, the aquarium encompasses 550,000 square feet of covered space, its exhibits hold 8,000,000 US gallons of fresh and salt water. After 27 months of construction the aquarium opened on November 21,2005, the aquarium is part of the Smithsonian Affiliations program. The Georgia Aquarium contains tens of thousands of fish and other sea creatures, representing several hundred species. The aquarium is the only institution outside of Asia that houses whale sharks and their importation from Taiwan had never been attempted previously. They were taken from Taiwans annual fishing kill quota, under which they would have been eaten had they not been purchased by the aquarium. The aquariums most famous specimens were four young whale sharks from Taiwan named Ralph, Norton, Alice, Ralph and Norton died in 2007 but that same year the aquarium received two more whale sharks just before a ban on capture of that species took effect. The aquarium has also been home to as many as five 11-foot beluga whales at once. Males Nico and Gasper, acquired from an amusement park in Mexico, were joined by three females on breeding loan from the New York Aquarium, Marina, Natasha and Natashas daughter, Maris. After Gasper and Marina died in 2007, the belugas were transferred to SeaWorld San Antonio, in 2010, Maris and a new male, Beethoven, were returned to the Georgia Aquarium while Natasha remains with a potential mate in San Antonio. Two young belugas, Grayson and Qinu, also from San Antonio, were added in November 2010, before transferring to the Shedd Aquarium in 2014, Beethoven fathered calves with Maris in 2012 and 2015. Maris died of a defect in 2015. In 2016, Grayson was sent to Shedd Aquarium while SeaWorld Orlandos Aurek and Maple, a second manta ray, Tallulah, was added in September 2009, joined in 2010 by female named Billi, and in 2012 by a male. The animals range in size from 10–13 ft wingspans, the aquariums animals are displayed in five galleries, Tropical Diver, Ocean Voyager, Cold Water Quest, River Scout, and Dolphin Tales

40.
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
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It is intended to replace the Georgia Dome, which served as the Falcons home stadium from the 1992 NFL season until the 2016 season. The total cost is estimated at $1.6 billion, as of June,2016, Mercedes-Benz Stadium is scheduled to host Super Bowl LIII in 2019. The stadium is scheduled to open on July 30,2017, in May 2010, it was reported by multiple news outlets that the Atlanta Falcons were interested in demolishing the Georgia Dome and replacing it with a newly constructed open-air stadium. The team was pursuing a new stadium because of the desire to play outdoors. The stadium was also pursued as a bid for a venue of an upcoming FIFA World Cup. Kansas City-based architectural firm Populous released comprehensive plans for the stadium in February 2011. Populous early cost estimate for the project was $700 million, according to the master plan, the stadium would have a maximum capacity of 71,000, but can expand to 75,000 for special events such as the Super Bowl. It will also feature multiple club levels, suites and exhibition area, in April 2012, Populous released a new price estimate of $947.7 million, which was significantly higher than the previous proposal of $700 million. The proposed location of the new stadium is a parking lot in Atlantas Vine City neighborhood. Once construction is complete, the Georgia Dome would subsequently be demolished, on August 24, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that an official deal could be reached on the construction of a new stadium by the end of 2012. On December 10, the Georgia World Congress Center Authority, in a decision, approved the blueprint. According to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution article, the sheet is non-binding. On March 7,2013, the Atlanta Falcons and the city of Atlanta agreed to build the new downtown stadium, the maximum public contribution for the project is $200 million, coming from the hotel-motel tax in Atlanta and unincorporated Fulton County. The Atlanta City Council officially approved the stadium on March 19,2013, on May 21,2013, the NFL approved a $200 million loan to the Falcons organization for the purpose of building the stadium. According to Doug Farrars Shutdown Corner, The stadium will seat approximately 70,000 people, the main agency involved will be 360 Architecture, partnered with three other architectural firms. Arthur Blank indicated the groundbreaking of the stadium would be conducted the last week of March 2014, just after Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive was closed permanently, the Mount Vernon Baptist Church held its last Sunday service on March 9 before the church was demolished. Due to legal issues surrounding the issuing of bonds, the stadium did not break ground in March 2014, instead the ground was officially broken in a ceremony led by Mayor Kasim Reed on May 19,2014

41.
National Center for Civil and Human Rights
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The Center for Civil and Human Rights is a museum dedicated to the achievements of both the civil rights movement in the United States and the broader worldwide human rights movement. Located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, the museum opened to the public on June 23,2014. The group met again in 2005, at which point Franklin signed onto the project, however, due to the Great Recession, fundraising was slower than expected. The change was motivated by the threat of losing $28.5 million from a tax allocation district fund if construction was not started by June 2012. Groundbreaking finally took place on June 27,2012 in a ceremony attended by dignitaries, including current Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former mayors Franklin. The museum currently contains three permanent exhibitions, which the visitor can experience in about 75 minutes. Voice to the Voiceless, The Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection contains personal effects that belonged to Dr. Martin Luther King, the collection was obtained in 2006 when Dr. Kings estate decided to sell a number of his letters and papers at auction. Before the auction took place, however, Mayor Franklin launched a bid to purchase them for $32 million, with Morehouse College owning the collection, the exhibit tells Dr. Designed by George C. Wolfe, the Tony Award-winning playwright, the gallery is broken up into sections, each marked by a significant event in the civil rights movement. A number of the exhibits are interactive, including a recreation of a lunch counter sit-in complete with headphones that simulate the taunts and threats leveled at activists, spark of Conviction, The Global Human Rights Movement, unlike the other exhibits, is non-linear in design. The Center was developed by a group of award-winning designers. Freelon is best known for leading the team of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington. His work has been published in professional journals and he was named Designer of the Year in 2008 by Contract magazine. HOK is the largest U. S. -based architecture-engineering firm, in a more thorough review of the Center in June 2014, Edward Rothstein of the Times called the facility imposing. Rothstein praised the design of the civil rights exhibit as finely executed, central Atlanta Progress Working Group Report City of Atlanta Official website

42.
Philips Arena
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It also served as home to the National Hockey Leagues Atlanta Thrashers from 1999 to 2011, before the team moved to Winnipeg. It opened in 1999 at a cost of $213.5 million and it is owned by the Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority and operated by Tony Ressler, who also, with a group of investors that includes Grant Hill, owns the Hawks. The arena seats 19,050 for basketball and 17,624 for ice hockey. The largest crowd ever for an Atlanta Hawks basketball game at the arena was Game 6 of the 2008 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals on May 2,2008, the arena includes 92 luxury suites,9 party suites, and 1,866 club seats. For concerts and other entertainment events, the arena can seat 21,000, the layout at Philips was done so as to be able to bring the bulk of the seats closer to the playing surface while still making available a sufficient number of revenue-raising club seats and loges. Since 2005 for Hawks games and for the 2010–11 Atlanta Thrashers season, on the exterior, angled steel columns supporting the roof facing downtown spell out ATLANTA. The side facing the Georgia World Congress Center originally spelled out CNN, the Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN Center rail station below the arena provides access to MARTA public transportation. The Dutch Royal Philips Electronics, based in Amsterdam, purchased the rights to the arena upon construction. Video advertising panels replaced the traditional scrolling panels, many of these arenas had modern amenities for their high-end customers, such as luxury boxes, club seats, and large, posh club-level concourses, some even had practice facilities on-site. These attractions were rarely found in arenas constructed in the early 1970s, however, it is likely that the Omni would have had to be replaced in any event. It had been built using Cor-Ten weathering steel that was intended to seal itself, however, the Omnis designers didnt account for Atlantas humid climate. The Cor-Ten steel never stopped rusting, causing the arena to deteriorate faster than anticipated. Ted Turner, owner of the Hawks at the time, wanted to bring NHL hockey back to Atlanta, the citys first NHL team, however, the NHL determined that the Omni was not suitable even as a temporary facility due to its lack of amenities and structural problems. The league told Turner that it would grant an expansion team on condition that a new arena be in place for the prospective teams inaugural season. The Hawks split their games between the Georgia Dome and Alexander Memorial Coliseum for the two seasons. The Omni was demolished on July 26,1997, Philips Arena was built over the old Omni Coliseum area. Philips Arena held its first event with a September 1999 concert by the musician Sir Elton John, the Omnis center-hung scoreboard now hangs in the lobby of Philips Arena, where it still displays the Omnis logo along with those of Philips Arena, the Hawks, and the Thrashers. The scoreboard still functions and displays relevant to the game taking place in the arena

43.
World of Coca-Cola
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The World of Coca-Cola is a museum, located in Atlanta, Georgia, showcasing the history of The Coca-Cola Company. The 20-acre complex opened to the public on May 24,2007, relocating from and replacing the original exhibit, there are various similar World of Coca-Cola stores in locations such as Las Vegas and Disney Springs. The original World of Coca-Cola was located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia at 55 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, the museum opened in 1990, and would remain open until 2007. The original World of Coca-Cola saw around nine million visitors during its years of operation, the museum was located in a three-story pavilion and its entrance had a huge neon Coca-Cola sign. This sign was built by Metals Manufacturing in West Valley, Utah, the tour featured the Spectacular Fountain, where visitors were allowed to sample various Coke products. At the Tastes of the States area in the room, guests were able to try 22 different soft drink brands. The Tastes of the World exhibit was located in the International Lounge, there was also a gift shop. The Atlanta museum was relocated to 121 Baker Street in Atlanta, the 92, 000-square-foot building was constructed at a cost of $97 million and opened in 2007. It is located in Atlanta, Georgia at Pemberton Place, the 20-acre complex is located across Baker Street from Centennial Olympic Park that is home to the Georgia Aquarium and the Center for Civil & Human Rights. It opened to the public on May 24,2007, relocating from, the museum features exhibits about the secret formula of Coca-Cola and allows visitors to taste 60 different flavors from around the world. It also houses a fully functional bottling line that produces commemorative 8-ounce bottles of Coca-Cola for visitors to keep as souvenirs, there are other World of Coca-Cola locations beyond Atlanta as well. Club Cool, formerly Ice Station Cool, is located in Walt Disney World Epcot park, the facade was themed to resemble a polar expedition with props such as a snowmobile. Like other Coca-Cola exhibits it included an area where guests could taste Coca-Cola beverages from around the world, in 2016 the World of Coca-Cola opened in Disney Springs, which was modeled like the Atlanta attraction. It features a sampling of Coca-Cola products from around the world, World of Coca-Cola Las Vegas, built in 1997, was located in the Showcase Mall on the Las Vegas Strip. It closed in 2000, but the Everything Coca-Cola store remains open, World of Coca-Cola Tokyo was located on the 6th floor of Mediage in Daiba. It closed on January 15,2007, there is also a Coca-Cola Museum in Taoyuan City, Taiwan as of 2007

44.
Georgia State Capitol
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The Georgia State Capitol is an architecturally and historically significant building in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It has been named a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is the main office building of Georgias government. The offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, and secretary of state are on the second floor, the fourth floor houses visitors galleries overlooking the legislative chambers and a museum. The capitol site was occupied previously by the first Atlanta City Hall, to encourage the state government to relocate the capital city to rapidly growing and industrialized Atlanta from rural Milledgeville, the city donated the site. The first capitol in Louisville no longer stands, while in Augusta and Savannah the legislature met in makeshift facilities, the legislature also met at other places, including Macon, especially during and just after the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Like many U. S. state capitols, the Georgia State Capitol is designed to resemble the Classical architectural style of the United States Capitol, in Washington, D. C. Completed in 1889, the building was designed by architects Willoughby J. Edbrooke and Franklin Pierce Burnham, of Chicago, the building was constructed by Miles and Horne, of Toledo, Ohio. Sculptor George Crouch executed all the work on the building. The commission that oversaw the planning and construction of the building included former Confederate general Philip Cook, the Capitol faces west on Washington Street. The façade features a portico, with stone pediment, supported by six Corinthian columns set on large stone piers. Georgias coat of arms, with two figures on each side, is engraved on the pediment, the Capitols interior represents the 19th-century style of its time. It was among the earliest buildings to have elevators, centralized steam heat, Classical pilasters and oak paneling are used throughout the building. The floors of the interior are made of marble from Pickens County, the open central rotunda is flanked by two wings, each with a grand staircase and three-story atrium crowned by clerestory windows. The Capitol building has undergone frequent renovations to adapt to the growth, for this reason, legislative business is often referred to as what is happening under the gold dome by media across the state. The statue Miss Freedom has adorned the dome since the buildings opening, in 1997, the House and Senate chambers were restored to their 1889 appearance with replicated decoration and color schemes. This included the demolition of damaged plaster, the reinstallation of flat plaster at the dome, columns, and walls, the museum within the Capitol, in existence since 1889, houses extensive collections representing the natural and cultural history of Georgia. Native American artifacts, animals, rocks and minerals, and fossils illustrate the diversity of the collections, during restoration or renovation, most of the collection remains in storage. The portraits of governors, statues of famous Georgians, and historic flags from many wars are displayed throughout the Capitol, the Georgia Capitol Museum is a public education institution in the Office of the Secretary of State

45.
Grady Hospital
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Grady Memorial Hospital, frequently referred to as Grady Hospital or simply Grady, is the largest hospital in the state of Georgia and the public hospital for the city of Atlanta. It is the fifth-largest public hospital in the United States, as well as one of the busiest Level I trauma centers in the country. Historical segregation of its hospital units meant that it was also called The Gradys, located downtown next to the campus of Georgia State University, Grady is considered to be one of the premier public hospitals in the Southern United States. It is named for Henry W. Grady, an Atlanta Constitution journalist and later owner who became a force in Georgia politics. It is now the flagship of the Grady Health System, Grady officially had 14 rooms in the start. It was first founded in 1890 and opened in 1892, as an outgrowth of the Atlanta Benevolent Home. The original building is now on the National Register of Historic Places and is known as Georgia Hall, the second Grady Hospital, at Butler Hall, opened in 1912 and was for whites only, with blacks being segregated at the Atlanta Medical College. The third hospital was at Hirsch Hall, and the current location is its fourth, from 1945 until 2008, the hospital was run by the Fulton/DeKalb Hospital Authority. The current facility was built as a segregated institution, with one section serving Whites. Even though it is a building and the two sides are connected by a hallway, the facility was referred to in the plural during the years of segregation. The documentary focused on four young medical residents and the stress of large hospital practice. In 2011, the made a brief appearance in the second season of AMCs drama television series The Walking Dead. However, none of the scenes were filmed at the actual hospital. On August 11,1949, Gone with the Wind author Margaret Mitchell was hit by a car while crossing Peachtree Street with her husband on the way to a movie. She was knocked unconscious and was taken to Grady, x-rays showed that her skull was fractured from the top of her head all the way down to her spine and her pelvis was shattered. She never regained consciousness, and died five days later at Grady, the driver, who had 23 prior traffic violations, was thought to be drunk and was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and served an 11-month jail term. In 2001, actor Whitman Mayo, who played the character Grady on televisions Sanford and Son, Grady Hospital gained national attention for treating supermodel Niki Taylor after her near-fatal car accident on April 29,2001 in which she suffered severe liver trauma. The hospitals effectiveness as a level I trauma center has been highlighted by this incident, several press conferences were held outside the hospital discussing the gravity of her injuries and then her slow recovery following more than 50 surgeries. It again gained attention after the Bluffton University bus accident in which seven died, the hospital cleared an entire wing of the hospital for the injured victims and their families

46.
Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)
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Oakland Cemetery is one of the largest cemeteries green spaces, in Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. Founded as Atlanta Cemetery in 1850 on six acres of land southeast of the city, it was renamed in 1872 to reflect the number of oak. By that time, the city had grown and the cemetery had enlarged correspondingly to the current 48 acres, since then, Atlanta has continued to expand, so that the cemetery is now located in the center of the city. Oakland is an excellent example of a Victorian-style cemetery, and reflects the garden cemetery movement started and exemplified by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts. The original 6 acres of Oakland remains one of the oldest historical plots of land in Atlanta, because of its age and location, the cemetery directly reflects the history and changing culture of the City of Atlanta and the significant events it has seen. Names of Atlanta streets, buildings, parks, subdivisions, an estimated 70,000 people are interred at Oakland, and while the last plots were sold in 1884, there are still regular burials today. These are largely conducted on family-owned plots or areas owned by Atlanta, immediately upon entering the gates of Oakland is found the original 6 acres purchased for use as the Atlanta Cemetery in 1850. The gates and perimeter walls were not erected until 1896, the engraved on the keystone of the gates highest arch. After a short distance along a walkway, Oaklands first resident since its establishment can be found. Dr. James Nissen was a medical doctor visiting Atlanta who fell ill, legend has it that Dr. Nissen shared a common fear of the day, being buried alive. Therefore, before his death he asked that his jugular vein be cut prior to his burial to ensure he did not wake up later under the ground. Being the oldest grave in Oakland since its designation as a city cemetery, Nissens headstone is nearly worn away by the passage of time. The inscription is known due to an extensive survey of Atlanta cemeteries performed in the 1930s by Franklin Garrett. Back towards the gates of Oakland on a plot donated by the City of Atlanta lies Martha Lumpkin Compton. The daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, from 1843 until 1845 Atlanta was known as Marthasville in her honor, the first thing many people notice when entering the gates of Oakland is the mausoleum of Jasper Newton Smith, on which sits a striking life-size statue of Smith himself. Jasper Smith was a real estate investor who financed two buildings downtown, one, known as The House that Jack Built, was constructed with the stipulation that its cornerstone be left even after the building was torn down. That cornerstone still stands at the entrance of the Peachtree Center MARTA station on Carnegie Way, Smith was well known for refusing to wear a necktie due to a bad experience as a child. Therefore, one describing the creation of his statue notes that when the artist sculpted him wearing a cravat

The Westside BeltLine is a yet unpaved mixed-use green space in the Atlanta Metropolitan region. Established on the site of a former railroad line, the Westside BeltLine links the neighborhoods of West End, Adair Park, Washington Park, and Vine City.

Composition of the Act: Tax incentives – includes $15 B for Infrastructure and Science, $61 B for Protecting the Vulnerable, $25 B for Education and Training and $22 B for Energy, so total funds are $126 B for Infrastructure and Science, $142 B for Protecting the Vulnerable, $78 B for Education and Training, and $65 B for Energy. State and Local Fiscal Relief – Prevents state and local cuts to health and education programs and state and local tax increases.