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Location

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Case Study House No. 21

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Designer(s)

Other designers

Louis I. Kahn

Commission

1965

Completion

1971

Commission / Completion details

1965/1971

Original Brief

Built to serve the growing needs of Phillips Exeter Academy, a private boys school in the town of Exeter. The long tradition of inspiring architecture began with the original campus plan of Ralph Adams Cram. The wish for a library that would reflect the fundamental credo, \"The End is in the Beginning" of the Academy led them seek out by committee an architect of inspiring imagination. The library was to be a Temple of Learning, and Louis I. Kahn was selected to fulfill the ideal of monastic meditation of knowledge. The school worked closely with Kahn to create and open space while providing private study areas in a brick building that would be sympathetic to the surrounding Georgian designs.

Significant Alteration(s) with Date(s)

2004 - A $5 million, 10-month upgrade included replacing every window, cutting in conventional flashings at every level and renewing mechanical systems. To match the building's bricks, which were created in wood-fired ovens, replacements had to be custom-made by blending seven different brick types.

Current Use

Original intended library use.

Current Condition

Privately maintained by Phillips Exeter Academy

General Description

Geometric lines of a cube with chamfered corners made of primarily local red brick with teak and white oak detailing at windows. A nine story mass with eight bays on all sides. The vertical elements tapers slights toward the top reducing the impact of mass as well as indicating the structural load changes. The top floor is an open terrace which links o the ground floor arcade. The arcade that surrounds the entire ground floor obscures the entryway which is located at the north east corner. The chamfered corners offers a reveal to the shell of brick that holds the interior, again reducing the perception of bulk. The inconspicuous entrance opens to a large space, essentially a shaft of natural light at the center of the structure. Kahn often remarked that the plan was a \"brick donut." The shaft, with four large circular openings, gives views of the library stacks on the upper floors as well as the structural joinery throughout the building. A grand travertine staircase leading to the library circulation desk. ascent to knowledge. The open shaft is surrounded by a hall, that is surrounded by the stacks of books, surrounded by a series of wooden reading carrols at windows. The idea of bringing books to the light was part of the monastic tradition of libraries and symbolized the illumination within the volumes being read. Here wooden window shades on the lower portions allow the reader to comfortably adjust the light during the course of the day.

Construction Period

Red brick, poured concrete, white maple and teak.

Original Physical Context

Set within the pastoral Academy campus the surrounding buildings are in the Georgian style. The surrounding town of Exeter is predominantly Colonial homes. The height of Kahn's proposed Exeter library was of concern to the neighborhood and required a zoning variance to proceed with the design.

Technical

The use of local red brick and poured concrete against basic geometric forms gives an almost primitive impression. The use of natural light and unified space is one of the critical design elements in all of Kahn's designs and here, after his work on the National Assembly in Dacca, India, the earthy quality of form and functions were satisfied. The modern practice of exposed structural elements creates open dialog between the user and his environment. The honest freedom of joints, connections and raw materials are the only decorations at Exeter.

Social

Kahn took the responsibility of library design very seriously. The circulation of the plan is always dependent on the flow of user to books to light. The process of learning among volumes is drawn from the deeply private meditative nature of the library. The stacks of books are central to every interior view. As we collect our books we move toward private areas of study by bright windows where austere and thoughtful designs do not distract but rather enhance the process of study. The full intent of the design is dependent on its function and the social and philosophical integration of form and function is inextricably tied.

Cultural & Aesthetic

The Exeter library is an excellent example of geometrically based design of modern simplicity of materials that create space for the body and shape for the eye of the user.

General Assessment

The structure is timeless. This is the most remarkable achievement of Kahn's work. One hundred years in the past, or one hundred years into the future, the space offers a dignity of design that is both natural and outside of nature. Unlike Frank Lloyd Wright's organic design, Kahn's work does not use the shapes found in nature, but rather the calculated geometry of man. And yet, his work links itself to the earth and stands a proud as ancient mountains. The modern philosophy of architecture is united with modern, simplistic materials to offer a remarkable combination in Exeter Library.

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