"These researchers are following the transport and transformation of the plume of gases and aerosols emitted by wildfires to understand the chemical changes they undergo over time, how their properties might vary, and their impacts on human health and the environment," said Sylvia Edgerton, a program director in NSF's Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences, which funds WE-CAN.

The project brings together scientists from five universities and the NSF-funded National Center for Atmospheric Research.

"This is a challenging field campaign," said atmospheric scientist Emily Fischer of Colorado State University (CSU). "It's not like measuring the plume from, say, a power plant. We don't know exactly where the fires will be, but we know that pretty much every year, there is a wildfire burning within a two-hour flight of Boise during the month of August."

The researchers will attempt to answer such questions as: What is the smoke made of? How does it change over time, and as it travels? How does it affect clouds? How does the type and growth of the forest affect the composition of smoke produced? How does the smoke chemistry of hot-burning fires compare to that of lower-temperature, smoldering fires?

Answering these and other questions has major ramifications for studies of air quality, health, nutrient cycles, weather and climate. The WE-CAN researchers hope to contribute to science in all these areas with the data they'll collect this summer.

Their goal is a comprehensive, systematic understanding of the chemistry of wildfire smoke, focused on three main issues related to wildfire smoke: increasing the understanding of the amount and types of reactive nitrogen in smoke plumes; quantifying and understanding emissions and the evolution of fine particulate matter and optical properties of smoke; and identifying how smoke plume particles affect the behavior and formation of liquid and ice clouds.

The diverse backgrounds of the team reflect the scope of the scientific questions they will explore. Fischer's expertise is in reactive nitrogen and ozone; her group will take the lead on measurement of atmospheric ammonia. Shane Murphy of the University of Wyoming (UW) will head the investigation into absorbing aerosols. Other scientists from CSU, including Paul DeMott and Amy Sullivan, will explore smoke particles and their effects on clouds.

The WE-CAN campaign goes above and beyond other wildfire air-quality experiments conducted in the past, said Fischer. She explained that previous atmospheric science field campaigns have touched on wildfire smoke, but that has not been their main focus.

"What we are doing in WE-CAN is much more systematic," Fischer said. "We will start as close as we can to the fires and track the smoke for 12 to 24 hours. That's when a lot of the chemical evolution happens. We have very few existing samples of this evolution in the atmosphere."

The plane being used is NSF's C-130 research aircraft, which makes its home in Broomfield, Colorado, at Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport.

The aircraft will carry some 30 scientific instruments and has room for 18 scientists. Many other researchers will be on the ground, monitoring fires, smoke and weather to guide the plane to prime data-collecting zones.

The teams will conduct six-hour flights, multiple times over six to eight weeks.

After the field campaign wraps up, Fischer and others will teach a two-week aircraft observations class in early September for students from several universities, including CSU, UW, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, and the University of Montana. The students will learn about aircraft-based atmospheric science, and discover where to fly a plane, and when.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2018, its budget is $7.8 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 50,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards.