Olmo.pntic.mec.es

Reported Speech - statements
These classnotes are not designed to be studied, but to be used for reference (to solve doubts), so a lot of information is repeated for easy access to all the relevant information in each section.Pay special attention to the words in colour, which signal changes in reported speech.
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I'm hungry.Sorry?I said: "I'm hungry".DIRECT SPEECH
This is exactly what I said (literal words).I said (that) I'm hungry.REPORTED SPEECH
I'm telling you again what I've just said
When the subject is the same, there are no changes in the pronouns or possessives.We usually omit "that" after the introductory verb.
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I'm hungry. (literal words)What did he say?He says: "I'm hungry".DIRECT SPEECH
This is exactly what he said (literal words).Hesayshe's hungry.REPORTED SPEECH
I'm telling you what he has just said (some wordsmay not be literal).I'm sure my friend is coming with me. (literal words)What did he say?He said: "I'm sure my friend is coming with me".DIRECT SPEECH
This is exactly what hesaid (literal words).Hesayshe is sure his friend is coming with him.REPORTED SPEECH
I'm telling you what hehas just said (somewords may not beliteral).When the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.When the introductory verb (says) is in the present (or it refers to something that has just been said), the verb tenses do not change.
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"I'm hungry." (literal words)DIRECT SPEECH (This is exactly what he said.)REPORTED SPEECH (I'm telling you NOW what he said THEN.)He said he was hungry.When the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditional
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"Iam watching TV."DIRECT SPEECH
"I usually watch a lot of TV."Hesaidhewas watching TV.REPORTED SPEECHHesaidhe usually watched a lot of TV.
_______|____________________________________|___
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditionalWhen the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.
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"Iread that book recently."
_____________________________________________|_________|___
"Ihave read that book."
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"Ihadread that book years before I started secondary school."__|_____________________________|______________________|___years beforeShesaidshehadread that book.Shesaidshehadread that book recently.Shesaidshehadread that book years before she started secondary school.
__|_____________________________|______________________|___________________|__
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditionalWhen the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.
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"Iwill seeyou soon, Susan."Hetold Susan hewould see her soon.
_________________|__________|___________________________|___
"Iwouldn't eat that."Hesaid hewouldn't eat that.
_________________|__________|___________________________|___
When the introductory verb is "told", not "said", it must be followed by the indirect object (the person someone told something to).
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditionalWhen the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.
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"Icame home
"I'm doingmy homework
"Iwill watch a film with youan hour ago."at the moment."in half an hour."
_____|_______________________|__________________________|________
in the pastin the presentin the futureHesaidhe had come homeHesaidhewas doingHetold us he would watch a film an hour before.his homework at that moment.
with us half an hour later.
_____|_______________________|_________________________|__________________|___
in the pastIN THE PASTin the future IN THE PRESENTof the pastof the past
When the introductory verb is "told", not "said", it must be followed by the indirect object (the person some told something to).
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditionalWhen the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.When the introductory verb (told) is in the past, many time expressions change.
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"This boy leftthese things for youhere an hour ago."
____________|____________________________
Hetold methat boy had leftthose things for methere an hour before.
_____________|___________________________________________|___ (I'm telling you here
NOW, HERE what he said there.)
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditionalWhen the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.When the introductory verb (told) is in the past, many time expressions change.When the place is different, demonstratives and adverbs of place change.
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ten minutes agoin five minutesten minutes beforefive minutes later
________|_________|__________|__________________________|___
the day before yesterday yesterdaytomorrowthe day after tomorrow // two days ago in two days / in two days' time
_____|_______________________|_________|___________|________________|__
two days before the day before that day the following daytwo days later
_____|_______________________|_________|___________|________________|________|__
two weeks agolast week this weeknext weekin two weeks
_____|___________________|_______________|_______________|________________|__
the week beforetwo weeks before / the previous weekthat weekthe following week two weeks later
_____|___________________|_______________|_______________|________________|____|__
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, many time expressions change.
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Reported Speech - questions
"When didyou come home?"
"Have you doneyour homework?
_____|___________|____in the pastHeaskedme whenI had come home.Sheaskedme if Ihad done my homework.
_________________|____________________________________|___
"Who is coming with us?
_______|_______________|__ (present continuous to talk about plans)
in the futureTheyasked who was coming with them.
When we report questions, we use the introductory verb "asked", and the structure is not interrogative: we put first the subject, then the verb, and we use no question mark.If it is a wh- question, the reported sentence starts with the same wh- word.If it is a yes/no question, the reported sentence is preceded by "if / whether".
When the introductory verb (said/told/asked) is in the past, the verb tenses change:- present changes into past- past changes into past perfect- future changes into conditionalWhen the subject is different, all pronouns and possessives change to refer to the same person.
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Reported Speech - directivesPassme the salt, please.____|________________ THEN
He askedherto passhim the salt.____|________________________|_ THENOpen fire!____|________________ THEN
The sergeant ordered us to open fire.____|________________________|_ THENLet's go to the cinema.Shall we go to the cinema?How about going to the cinema?Why don't you go to the cinema?____|________________ THEN
He suggestedgoing to the cinema.He suggestedwe went to the cinema.____|________________________|_ THEN
Would you like some biscuits?____|________________ THEN
She offered me some biscuits.She asked me if I would like some biscuits.____|________________________|_ THENWouldyoulike to come to the cinema with us?____|________________ THEN
They invited me to come to the cinema with them.They asked me if I would like to come to the cinema with them.____|________________________|_ THENShall I buy the newspaper?He asked if he should buy the newspaper?____|________________ THENHe offered/volunteered to buy the newspaper.He asked if he should buy the newspaper.____|________________________|_ THENDon't touch that!____|________________ THEN
He warned me not to touch that.____|________________________|_ THENWhy don't you take an aspirin?Iwould take an aspirin (if I were you).____|________________ THENHe advisedme to take an aspirin.He saidhe would take an aspirin (if he were me).____|________________________|_ THEN
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Reported Speech - other modal verbs
What shall I do?____|________________ THENHe askedme what he should do.____|________________________|_ THENWill you marry me?____|________________ THENHe askedher to marry him.He askedher if she would marry him.____|________________________|_ THEN
It may rain tomorrow.____|_________|________ THENHe said it might rain the following day.____|_________________|_________________|_ THENImust study for tomorrow's exam.____|_______________|________ THENHe saidhehad to study for the following day's exam.____|______________________|______________________|_ THEN

J Mol Evol (2003) 57:702–709DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2521-7Evolutionary History and Mode of the amylase Multigene Family in DrosophilaZe Zhang,1,2 Nobuyuki Inomata,3 Tsuneyuki Yamazaki,4 Hirohisa Kishino11 Laboratory of Biometrics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo,Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan2 Institute for Bioinformati