more anxiety experienced with disabled rather than non-disabled partners

How does perceived controllability affect stigma?

those with stigmas that are perceived to be more controllable are treated more negatively (blame and anger) than those without controllable stigmas (provide help or support)

How is visibility associated with stigma?

those with invisible marks (being gay, paroled convict) may avoid stigma compared with those who have visible marks (physical disability, obesity, racial minority) that experience stigma

How does peril affect stigma?

the more perceived contagiousness of the stigma leads to more fear and disgust of the stigmatized person leading to more avoidance and exclusion of that person

How is stigma related to self-concept?

when a discrepancy exists between who you believe yourself to be (self-concept) and who society perceives you to be (virtual identity)

How can stigma be reduced?

bringing the virtual identity in line with their actual self-views (self-concepts reflecting more positive views held about them by others)

align the actual identity with the virtual identity (internalizing and fulfilling others' beliefs about them)

How is stigma related to self-esteem?

stigmatized people are aware of other people's views of them and through internalizing their beliefs (over time) their levels of self-esteem decrease (lowered beliefs in competence and ability to manipulate their own environments)

Are there positive consequences of stigma?

positive consequences: sympathy, pity, and offers of help

negative consequences: receiving the positive notions resulting from stigma can lead to stigmatized individuals feeling inadequate or incompetent (positive may not necessarily be positive)

What are the strategies for gaining social acceptance?

withdrawal and passing

What is exploiting stigma?

self-promotion: proactively changing one's virtual identity; allowing others to see and evaluate one's competencies in spite of the hindrances and disadvantages of being stigmatized

by associating the prejudiced actions of others to their prejudice beliefs and not to your own inadequacy or incompetence

How do you devalue negative outcomes?

when receiving criticism in an area that is not important to you, it doesn't hurt as much (devaluing the areas in which stigmatized individuals or members of their group receive negative outcomes)

How do you make in-group comparisons?

comparing one's outcomes and opportunities with those of similar others, such as members of one's stigmatized group, are likely to be less threatening and perhaps even beneficial

In what ways do you seek social support?

either through instrumental support (discovering how others were treated in similar situations or performed in similar situations) or social support (talking to someone about the treatment or performance in situations and receiving emotional support in the matters)