Literature transcends time. Here’s looking at old writing in new contexts

Literature transcends time. Amitava Kumar looks at
old writing in new contexts.

The poet Arun Kolatkar, author of a stunning book, Jejuri, also wrote poems in the language of Mumbai’s streets, the rough mix of Marathi and Hindi that would later find a flowering in Bollywood films.

Kolatkar turned Bombay patois into American English and his translation went like this: “I want my pay I said / to the manager / you’ll get paid said / the manager / but not before the first / don’t you know the rules? / coolly I picked up his / wrist watch / that lay on his table / wanna bring in the cops / I said / ’cordin to my rules / listen baby / I get paid when I say so.”

I learned about Kolatkar’s experiment from the poet Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. He too, in his fine translation of Kabir, infused the medieval bhakti poet’s verses with American slang. “Me shogun.” / “Me bigwig.” / “Me the chief’s son. / I make the rules here.” // It’s a load of crap. / Laughing, skipping, / Tumbling, they’re all / Headed for Deathville. // In the blink / of an eye, says Kabir, / The king will be / Separated from his kingdom.”

Play on words: In his poetry, Arun Kolatkar (below) turned Bombay patois into American English. I learned his experiment from the poet Arvind Krishna Mehrotra (above), who infused Kabir’s verses with American slang. (Photo: Pradeep Gaur/Mint)

To save Kabir from smothering under solemn religiosity, and to ensure that his verses retain their earthiness, we must keep him colloquial. This is true of other old texts too.

Recently I watched a performance of Antigone in Brooklyn with Juliette Binoche in the title role. I had seen Binoche only in films before. Her wide-apart eyes, hair often cut short, I had seen her surrounded by succulent fruit, or desserts and chocolate, or beautiful landscapes. In Antigone she knelt in the bleak desert, mourning her dead brother lying unburied because he was a traitor.

Words and pictures: I watched a performance of Antigone with Juliette Binoche in the title role. The play is two millennia old but on stage everything was modern. (Julieta Cervantes/The New York Times)
(NYT)

The play was two millennia old but on stage everything was modern. Antigone wore an elegant black outfit and heels. The most recognisably contemporary aspect of the play was the language itself. In poet Anne Carson’s translation of the play, the words appeared plucked from present-day parlance.

The colloquial language forced a turn to the present. I thought about the hangings of Afzal Guru and Yakub Memon. Whatever their deeds, proven or still in doubt, did their deaths deserve to be mourned by a sister, wife, or child?

When I was in college in Delhi in the early eighties, I watched Girish Karnad’s Tughlaq with Manohar Singh in the lead. The play was about the possibility of political idealism turning into tyranny. Karnad was using the fourteenth-century sultan as a device to comment on the disillusionment of his generation. Tughlaq’s combination of vision and tyranny had a parallel in the problematic aspects of Jawaharlal Nehru’s leadership, and later the play found new resonance when Indira Gandhi imposed the Emergency.

I wrote to Karnad and asked him about the recent killing of Mohammad Akhlaq in Dadri. Is there an old story that would explain the present-day horror of Akhlaq’s murder?

The king with a dream: In his play Tughlaq, Girish Karnad used the fourteenth-century sultan as a device to comment on the disillusionment of his generation.

In response, Karnad said that long ago he had written a play called Bali: The Sacrifice based on an ancient Jain myth. The myth mocked Brahmins who, yielding to the influence of Jainism and Buddhism, had started substituting animals made of dough for live sacrificial animals, arguing that thereby they were now being non-violent. The myth declared that violence in intention – mental indulgence in violence – is as dehumanising and corrupting as real violence.

In Bali, King Yashodhara is asked to perform an animal sacrifice. But he is a Jain and his faith forbids violence. As a compromise, instead of a live animal he decides to sacrifice a rooster made of dough. And then, just as he is about to plunge the knife into it, the rooster begins to crow.

The Hindi translation of Bali was launched earlier this month at the Jagaran Literature Festival in Lucknow. Karnad told me that instead of reading passages from the play he had merely quoted the minister of culture, Mahesh Sharma, who declared that from the nature of Akhlaq’s wound it was clear there was no “intention to kill” and that “accident” was a more accurate description than “murder.” Karnad also pointed to what the Prime Minister’s long silence in the aftermath of the event implied in the context of the myth. Karnad said, “The speeches and the silence could have been part of my play”.