Contents

Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951.[1] This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.[2]

The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement.[3] The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working.[3][4] The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not matter,[4] they could start part-time and full-time work,[4] and get extra help from the new country.[5]

Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU[6][7] and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.[8]

The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.[9]

Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.

EU member states use a common passport design, burgundy coloured with the name of the member state, national seal and the title "European Union" (or its translation).

The amended EC Treaty[10] provides the following rights to EU citizens:

The right to be treated the same as citizens of the country where they live. (Article 12);

The right to move and live anywhere in the EU, and to apply for any job. EU citizens have the right to work for the government too, but not for some jobs in areas like defence and national security. (Article 18);

The rights to vote or be a candidate in local and European elections in any Member State under the same conditions as the nationals of that state (Article 19);

the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any EU country when in a non-EU Member Country, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own country (Article 20);