Joe Levine: The android leans against a high stool. She nods and gestures gracefully. She has long brown hair, glossy lips, and perfect skin. Inside her body are pneumatic actuators and advanced electronics. She is a beauty.

Hiroshi Ishiguro: This is Repliee Q2, and as you can see here, it's a female android.

Joe Levine: That's Hiroshi Ishiguro, a professor of robotics at Osaka University, introducing us to one of his androids. Visiting his lab, you feel like you're taking a peek into the future: Robots are everywhere, and it seems like they want to talk to you.

Joe Levine: But Ishiguro is not trying to develop commercial androids. He doesn't want to understand just robots—he wants to understand humans.

Hiroshi Ishiguro: My research question is to know what is a human. Nobody knows what is a mind, or consciousness. But I have some hypotheses on that, and I want to verify my hypotheses by building a robot.

Joe Levine: Ishiguro says he is verifying his hypotheses about what is human, what is a mind, and what is consciousness by building robots.

Joe Levine: To design his first android, Ishiguro used his 4-year-old daughter as a model. The android looks realistic, but it can move only its head—which means Ishiguro's daughter wasn't very happy to see her robotic copy.

Hiroshi Ishiguro: Of course she was scared very much, because appearance was quite nice but movement was jerky, and she scared, right, almost cried.

Joe Levine: What Ishiguro found out is that people are very good at recognizing other people. He had to do better with his androids.

Joe Levine: Ishiguro has four labs and advises a dozen students. He's a busy man. He's also a bit of a character. He has a mop of dark hair, a big round face, perpetually furrowed eyebrows, and he always—always—dresses in black. Ishiguro loves sports cars and he's a big Rolling Stones fan.

Joe Levine: Ishiguro's most famous android is a copy of himself. He calls it the Geminoid. This robot doesn't have preprogrammed behavior like his other androids. Ishiguro can operate the Geminoid remotely with a computer that tracks his face. When Ishiguro moves his head, the Geminoid moves its head. When Ishiguro speaks, the Geminoid speaks.

Joe Levine: The most surprising thing about the Geminoid is when other people, not Ishiguro, teleoperate his android. Imagine that you are teleoperating the Geminoid. After a while, your brain starts to think that the Geminoid is part of your body. So what happens if, say, someone touches the Geminoid's cheek? Ishiguro says you will feel it!

Hiroshi Ishiguro: If operator is a girl or woman, so if I touch the Geminoid body, they say, "Yahh, don't touch to my body." Everybody can adapt to the Geminoid body.

Joe Levine: Ishiguro believes that humans and machines will eventually merge together, and we won't be able to distinguish between the two. Does that mean that one day, instead of spending time in interviews with reporters, Ishiguro will be able to send his android in his place?