1331 (federal question); and 28 U.S.C. § 1338 (patents, copyrights, trademarks and unfair competition). 13. As set forth on Exhibit A, each of the Defendants’ acts of copyright infringement

occurred using an Internet Protocol address (“IP address”) traced to a physical address located within this District, and therefore this Court has personal jurisdiction over each Defendant because the tortious conduct alleged in this Complaint originated in the State of New Jersey, and

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(a) each Defendant resides in the State of New Jersey, and/or (b) each Defendant has engaged in continuous and systematic business activity in the State of New Jersey. 14. Venue is proper in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) and (c), because:

(i) a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claims occurred in this District; and, (ii) a Defendant resides (and therefore can be found) in this District and all of the Defendants reside in this State; additionally, venue is proper in this District pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 1400(a) (venue for copyright cases) because each Defendant or each Defendant’s agent resides or may be found in this District. Joinder 15. Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2), each of the Defendants was properly joined

because, as set forth in more detail below, Plaintiff asserts that: (a) each of the Defendants is jointly and severally liable for the infringing activities of each of the other Defendants, and (b) the infringement complained of herein by each of the Defendants was part of the same series of transactions, involving the exact same piece of Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work, and was accomplished by the Defendants acting in concert with each other, and (c) there are common questions of law and fact; indeed, the claims against each of the Defendants are identical and each of the Defendants used the BitTorrent protocol to infringe Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work. Factual Background I. 16. Plaintiff Owns the Copyright to a Motion Picture On or about April 22, 2011, Plaintiff submitted an application for Copyright

Registration (Service Request Number 1-614552711) for the motion picture titled “Gangbanged” (the “Work”). 17. A copy of the application for Copyright Registration evidencing, among other

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things, Plaintiff’s ownership of the Work, application and the application date is attached as Exhibit B. II. 18. Defendants Used BitTorrent To Infringe Plaintiff’s Copyright BitTorrent is one of the most common peer-to-peer file sharing protocols (in

other words, set of computer rules) used for distributing large amounts of data; indeed, it has been estimated that users using the BitTorrent protocol on the internet account for over a quarter of all internet traffic. The creators and user’s of BitTorrent developed their own lexicon for use when talking about BitTorrent; a copy of the BitTorrent vocabulary list posted on www.Wikipedia.com is attached as Exhibit C. 19. The BitTorrent protocol’s popularity stems from its ability to distribute a large file

without creating a heavy load on the source computer and network. In short, to reduce the load on the source computer, rather than downloading a file from a single source computer (one computer directly connected to another), the BitTorrent protocol allows users to join a "swarm" of host computers to download and upload from each other simultaneously (one computer connected to numerous computers). A. 20. 21. Each Defendant Installed a BitTorrent Client onto his or her Computer Each Defendant installed a BitTorrent Client onto his or her computer. A BitTorrent “Client” is a software program that implements the BitTorent

protocol. There are numerous such software programs including µTorrent and Vuze, both of which can be directly downloaded from the internet. http://new.vuze-downloads.com/. 22. Once installed on a computer, the BitTorrent “Client” serves as the user’s See www.utorrent.com and

interface during the process of uploading and downloading data using the BitTorrent protocol.

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B. 23.

The Initial Seed, Torrent, Hash and Tracker A BitTorrent user that wants to upload a new file, known as an “initial seeder,”

starts by creating a “torrent” descriptor file using the Client he or she installed onto his or her computer. 24. The Client takes the target computer file, the “initial seed,” here the copyrighted

Work, and divides it into identically sized groups of bits known as “pieces.” 25. The Client then gives each one of the computer file’s pieces, in this case, pieces

of the copyrighted Work, a random and unique alphanumeric identifier known as a “hash” and records these hash identifiers in the torrent file. 26. When another peer later receives a particular piece, the hash identifier for that

piece is compared to the hash identifier recorded in the torrent file for that piece to test that the piece is error-free. In this way, the hash identifier works like an electronic fingerprint to identify the source and origin of the piece and that the piece is authentic and uncorrupted. 27. Torrent files also have an "announce" section, which specifies the URL (Uniform

Resource Locator) of a “tracker,” and an "info" section, containing (suggested) names for the files, their lengths, the piece length used, and the hash identifier for each piece, all of which are used by Clients on peer computers to verify the integrity of the data they receive. 28. The “tracker” is a computer or set of computers that a torrent file specifies and to

which the torrent file provides peers with the URL address(es). 29. The tracker computer or computers direct a peer user’s computer to other peer

user’s computers that have particular pieces of the file, here the copyrighted Work, on them and facilitates the exchange of data among the computers. 30. Depending on the BitTorrent Client, a tracker can either be a dedicated computer

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(centralized tracking) or each peer can act as a tracker (decentralized tracking). C. 31. Torrent Sites “Torrent sites” are websites that index torrent files that are currently being made There are and

available for copying and distribution by people using the BitTorrent protocol. numerous torrent websites, including www.TorrentZap.com,

www.Btscene.com,

www.ExtraTorrent.com. 32. Upon information and belief, each Defendant went to a torrent site to upload and

download Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work. D. 33. Uploading and Downloading a Work Through a BitTorrent Swarm Once the initial seeder has created a torrent and uploaded it onto one or more

torrent sites then other peers begin to download and upload the computer file to which the torrent is linked (here the copyrighted Work) using the BitTorrent protocol and BitTorrent Client that the peers installed on their computers. 34. The BitTorrent protocol causes the initial seed’s computer to send different pieces

of the computer file, here the copyrighted Work, to the peers seeking to download the computer file. 35. Once a peer receives a piece of the computer file, here a piece of the Copyrighted

Work, it starts transmitting that piece to the other peers. 36. “swarm.” 37. Here, each Defendant peer member participated in the same swarm and directly In this way, all of the peers and seeders are working together in what is called a

interacted and communicated with other members of that swarm through digital handshakes, the passing along of computer instructions, uploading and downloading, and by other types of

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transmissions. A print out of a computer screen illustrating the type of interactions between and among peers and seeders in a typical swarm is attached as Exhibit D. 38. In this way, and by way of example only, one initial seeder can create a torrent

that breaks a movie up into hundreds or thousands of pieces saved in the form of a computer file, like the Work here, upload the torrent onto a torrent site, and deliver a different piece of the copyrighted Work to each of the peers. The recipient peers then automatically begin delivering the piece they just received to the other peers in the same swarm. 39. Once a peer, here a Defendant, has downloaded the full file, the BitTorrent Client

reassembles the pieces and the peer is able to view the movie. Also, once a peer has downloaded the full file, that peer becomes known as “an additional seed” because it continues to distribute the torrent file, here the copyrighted Work. E. Plaintiff’s Computer Investigators Identified Each of the Defendants’ IP Addresses as Participants in a Swarm That Was Distributing Plaintiff’s Copyrighted Work Plaintiff retained IPP, Limited (“IPP”) to identify the IP addresses that are being

40.

used by those people that are using the BitTorrent protocol and the internet to reproduce, distribute, display or perform Plaintiffs’ copyrighted works. 41. IPP used forensic software named INTERNATIONAL IPTRACKER v1.2.1 and

related technology enabling the scanning of peer-to-peer networks for the presence of infringing transactions. 42. IPP extracted the resulting data emanating from the investigation, reviewed the

evidence logs, and isolated the transactions and the IP addresses associated therewith for the file identified by the SHA-1 hash value of 8F7C963137369F5A874A32E468C1D432DAF0B859 (the “Unique Hash Number”).

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43.

The IP addresses, Unique Hash Number and hit dates contained on Exhibit A

accurately reflect what is contained in the evidence logs, and show: (A) Each Defendant had copied a piece of Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work identified by the Unique Hash Number; and (B) 44. Therefore, each Defendant was part of the same series of transactions. Through each of the transactions, each of the Defendant’s computers used their

identified IP addresses to connect to the investigative server from a computer in this District in order to transmit a full copy, or a portion thereof, of a digital media file identified by the Unique Hash Number. 45. IPP’s agent analyzed each BitTorrent “piece” distributed by each IP address

listed on Exhibit A and verified that re-assemblage of the pieces using a BitTorrent Client results in a fully playable digital motion picture of the Work. 46. IPP’s agent viewed the Work side-by-side with the digital media file that

correlates to the Unique Hash Number and determined that they were identical, strikingly similar or substantially similar. Miscellaneous 47. 48. All conditions precedent to bringing this action have occurred or been waived. Plaintiff retained counsel to represent it in this matter and is obligated to pay said

counsel a reasonable fee for its services. COUNT I Direct Infringement Against Does 1-43. 49. forth herein. 50. Plaintiff is the owner of the Registration for the Work which contains an original 8 The allegations contained in paragraphs 1-44 are hereby re-alleged as if fully set

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work of authorship. 51. By using the BitTorrent protocol and a BitTorrent Client and the processes

described above, each Defendant copied the constituent elements of the registered Work that are original. 52. 53. (A) (B) Plaintiff did not authorize, permit or consent to Defendants’ copying of its Work. As a result of the foregoing, each Defendant violated Plaintiff’s exclusive right to: Reproduce the Work in copies, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(1) and 501; Redistribute copies of the Work to the public by sale or other transfer of

ownership, or by rental, lease or lending, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(3) and 501; (C) Perform the copyrighted Work, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(4) and 501, by

showing the Work’s images in any sequence and/or by making the sounds accompanying the Work audible and transmitting said performance of the Work, by means of a device or process, to members of the public capable of receiving the display (as set forth in 17 U.S.C. § 101’s definitions of “perform” and “publically” perform); and (D) Display the copyrighted Work, in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(5) and 501, by

showing individual images of the Work nonsequentially and transmitting said display of the Work by means of a device or process to members of the public capable of receiving the display (as set forth in 17 U.S.C. § 101’s definition of “publically” display). 54. Each of the Defendants’ infringements was committed “willfully” within the

meaning of 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2). 55. Plaintiff has suffered actual damages that were proximately caused by each of the

Defendants including lost sales, price erosion and a diminution of the value of its copyright. WHEREFORE, Plaintiff respectfully requests that the Court:

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(A)

Permanently enjoin each Defendant and all other persons who are in active

concert or participation with each Defendant from continuing to infringe Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work; (B) Order that each Defendant delete and permanently remove the torrent file relating

to Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work from each of the computers under each such Defendant’s possession, custody or control; (C) Order that each Defendant delete and permanently remove the copy of the Work

each Defendant has on the computers under Defendant’s possession, custody or control; (D) Award Plaintiff either its actual damages and any additional profits of the

Defendant pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a)-(b); or statutory damages in the amount of $150,000 per Defendant pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a) and (c); (E) 505; and (F) Grant Plaintiff any other and further relief this Court deems just and proper. COUNT II Contributory Infringement Against Does 1-43. 56. forth herein. 57. Plaintiff is the owner of the Registration for the Work which contains an original The allegations contained in paragraphs 1-44 are hereby re-alleged as if fully set Award Plaintiff its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §

work of authorship. 58. By using the BitTorrent protocol and a BitTorrent Client and the processes

described above, each Defendant copied the constituent elements of the registered Work that are original. 59. By participating in the BitTorrent swarm with the other Defendants, each 10

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Defendant induced, caused or materially contributed to the infringing conduct of each other Defendant. 60. Plaintiff did not authorize, permit or consent to Defendants’ inducing, causing or

materially contributing to the infringing conduct of each other Defendant. 61. Each Defendant knew or should have known that other BitTorrent users, here the

other Defendants, would become members of a swarm with Defendant. 62. Each Defendant knew or should have known that other BitTorrent users in a

swarm with it, here the other Defendants, were directly infringing Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work by copying constituent elements of the registered Work that are original. 63. Indeed, each Defendant directly participated in and therefore materially

contributed to each other Defendant’s infringing activities. 64. Each of the Defendants’ contributory infringements were committed “willfully”

within the meaning of 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2). 65. Plaintiff has suffered actual damages that were proximately caused by each of the

Defendants including lost sales, price erosion, and a diminution of the value of its copyright. WHEREFORE, Plaintiff respectfully requests that the Court: (A) Permanently enjoin each Defendant and all other persons who are in active

concert or participation with each Defendant from continuing to infringe Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work; (B) Order that each Defendant delete and permanently remove the torrent file relating

to Plaintiff’s copyrighted Work from each of the computers under each such Defendant’s possession, custody or control; (C) Order that each Defendant delete and permanently remove the copy of the Work

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each Defendant has on the computers under Defendant’s possession, custody or control; (D) Find that each Defendant is jointly and severally liable for the direct infringement

of each other Defendant; (E) Award Plaintiff either its actual damages and any additional profits made by each

Defendant pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a)-(b); or statutory damages in the amount of $150,000 per Defendant pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504-(a) and (c); (F) 505; and (G) Grant Plaintiff any other and further relief this Court deems just and proper. Award Plaintiff its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §