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Summary

Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings, Eleventh Edition, is an exciting, accessible, and thorough introduction to the core questions of philosophy and the many ways in which they are, and have been, answered. The authors combine substantial selections from significant works in the history of philosophy with excerpts from current philosophy, clarifying the readings and providing context with their own detailed commentary and explanation. Spanning 2,500 years, the selections range from the oldest known fragments to cutting-edge contemporary essays. Organized topically, the chapters present alternative perspectives--including analytic, continental, feminist, and non-Western viewpoints--alongside the historical works of major Western philosophers.

Author Biography

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The late Robert C. Solomon was Quincy Lee Centennial Professor of Business and Philosophy and Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author, coauthor, editor, or coeditor of more than forty books, including Honest Work, Third Edition (2013), Ethics Acrossthe Professions (2009), and The Little Philosophy Book (2007), all published by OUP.

Kathleen M. Higgins is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. She is the author, coauthor, editor, or coeditor of more than twenty books, including, with Robert C. Solomon, A Passion for Wisdom (1997) and A Short History of Philosophy (1996), both published by OUP.

Clancy Martin is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. A Guggenheim Fellow, he is the author, coauthor, editor, or coeditor of several books in philosophy, including Honest Work, Third Edition (2013), Ethics Across the Professions (2009), and The Philosophy Of Deception (2009), all published by OUP.

Table of Contents

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*=New to this Edition Philosopher BiographiesPrefaceHistory of PhilosophyINTRODUCTION A. Socrates Aristophanes, from The CloudsPlato, from The Apology; from The Crito; from The Phaedo; from The RepublicB. What Is Philosophy? Plato, from The ApologyKarl Jaspers, from "The 'Axial Period'"Laozi, from Dao De JingC. A Modern Approach to Philosophy René Descartes, from Discourse on MethodD. A Brief Introduction to Logic Key TermsBibliography and Further ReadingPART ONE. THE WORLD AND BEYOND CHAPTER 1. REALITY A. "The Way the World Really Is" Aristotle, from MetaphysicsB. The First Greek Philosophers Parmenides, from FragmentsC. Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China From UpanishadsFrom Zend-AvestaFrom The Confucian AnalectsLaozi, from Dao De JingBuddha, from "Fire-Sermon"D. Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and Aristotle Plato, from The Symposium; from The Republic; from The MenoAristotle, from Metaphysics; from Physics; from MetaphysicsE. Modern Metaphysics René Descartes, On Substance; from "Meditation VI"Benedictus de Spinoza, from EthicsGottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from Monadology* David Lewis, From CounterfactualsMartin Heidegger, from "The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics"CHAPTER 2. RELIGION A. What Is Religion? John Wisdom, from "Gods"Albert Einstein, On the Design of the UniverseKeiji Nishitani, from "What Is Religion?"B. The Western Religions C. Proving God: The Ontological Argument St. Anselm, On The Ontological ArgumentRené Descartes, On the Ontological ArgumentImmanuel Kant, Against the Ontological ArgumentD. God as Creator: Intelligence and Design St. Thomas Aquinas, Five Arguments for the Existence of GodWilliam Paley, From "The Watch and the Watchmaker"St. Thomas Aquinas, On the "Fifth Way"David Hume, from Dialogues on Natural Religion* Cory Juhl, On the Fine-Tuning ArgumentE. Religion, Morality, and Evil Immanuel Kant, On God and MoralityWilliam James, from "The Will to Believe"Blaise Pascal, "The Wager"St. Augustine, from ConfessionsFrom The BhagavadgitaF. Beyond Reason: Faith and Irrationality Mohammad al-Ghazali, from The Deliverance from ErrorSøren Kierkegaard, On Subjective TruthPaul Tillich, On the Ultimate ConcernG. Doubts about God and Religion Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers KaramazovKarl Marx, from Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of RightFriedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil; from The Antichrist; from The Gay ScienceSigmund Freud, from The Future of an Illusion* Mary Daly, "Wanted: God or Goddess?"* Victor A. Gunasekara, "The Buddhist Attitude to God"CHAPTER 3. KNOWLEDGE Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy* Plato, from The RepublicPlato, from TheatetusA. The Rationalist's Confidence: Descartes René Descartes, from "Meditation I"; from "Meditation II"; from "Meditation VI"B. Innate Ideas Concerning Human Understanding: John Locke John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingGottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from New Essays on Human UnderstandingC. Two Empiricist Theories of Knowledge John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingBishop George Berkeley, from Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human KnowledgeD. The Congenial Skeptic: David Hume David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature; from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding* E. A CONTEMPORARY CONUNDRUM: KNOWLEDGE AS JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEF CHAPTER 4.TRUTH & RELATIVISM A.What Is Truth? B.Theories of Truth * Brand Blanshard, from The Nature of Thought* Charles Peirce, from "How to Make Our Ideas Clear"* William James, from Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking.* Alfred Tarski, from "The Semantic Theory of Truth"C. Kant's Revolution Immanuel Kant, from The Critique of Pure Reason; from Prolegomena to Any Future MetaphysicsD. The Battle in Europe After Kant: Relativism and Absolutism G. W. F. Hegel, from The Phenomenology of Spirit; from Reason in HistoryArthur Schopenhauer, from The World as Will and RepresentationFriedrich Nietzsche, On TruthE. Phenomenology Edmund Husserl, from "Philosophy as Rigorous Science"; from The 1929 Paris LecturesF. Hermeneutics and Pragmatism: Relativism Reconsidered Richard Rorty, from "Solidarity or Objectivity?"Isamu Nagami, from "Cultural Gaps: Why Do We Misunderstand?"G. The Analytic Turn Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of PhilosophyW. V. O. Quine, from "Epistemology Naturalized"H. Feminist Epistemology Elizabeth Grosz, On Feminist KnowledgeUma Narayan, On Feminist EpistemologyPART TWO. KNOW THYSELF CHAPTER 5. MIND AND BODY A. What Is Consciousness? René Descartes, from "Meditation VI"; from "Meditation III"; from "Meditation VI"B. The Problem of Dualism René Descartes, from "The Passions of the Soul"C. The Rejection of Dualism Gilbert Ryle, from The Concept of MindJ. J. C. Smart, from "Sensations and Brain Processes"Jerome Shaffer, Against the Identity TheoryPaul M. Churchland, On Eliminative MaterialismDavid Braddon-Mitchell and Frank Jackson, from Philosophy of Mind and CognitionJohn R. Searle, from "The Myth of the Computer"; from Minds, Brains, and ScienceD. The Problem of Consciousness Sigmund Freud, On the "Unconscious"Thomas Nagel, from Mortal QuestionsAristotle, from De AnimaGalen Strawson, On "Cognitive Experience"* Elizabeth V. Spelman, from "Woman as Body: Ancient and Contemporary Views"CHAPTER 6. SELF A. Consciousness and the Self: From Descartes to Kant René Descartes, from "Meditation VI"John Locke, On Personal IdentityDavid Hume, On "There Is No Self"Immanuel Kant, Against the SoulMeredith Michaels, On "Personal Identity"* Derek Parfit, from Reasons and PersonsB. Existentialism: Self-Identity and the Responsibility of Choice Jean-Paul Sartre, On Existentialism; * On Bad Faith; from No ExitC. The Individual and the Community Søren Kierkegaard, On "The Public"; On Self and PassionMartin Heidegger, On "Dasein" and the "They"David Reisman, On IndividualismMalcolm X, On Being "African"; from "At the Audubon"Sherry Ortner, from "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?"Ann Ferguson, On Androgyny* Dierdre McClosky, from CrossingD. One Self? Any Self? Questioning the Concept of Personal "Essence" Hermann Hesse, from SteppenwolfLuce Irigaray, from This Sex Which Is Not OneGenevieve Lloyd, from "The Man of Reason"From The DhammapadaLaozi, from Dao De JingCHAPTER 7. FREEDOM A. Fatalism and Karma Sophocles, from Oedipus the KingKeiji Nishitani, On FateB. Predestination St. Augustine, from On Free Choice of the WillMuhammad Iqbal, from The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in IslamJacqueline Trimier, on the Yoruba OriJonathan Edwards, from "Freedom of the Will"C. Determinism Baron Paul Henri d'Holbach, from System of NatureDaniel Dennett, from Elbow RoomRobert Kane, On IndeterminismJohn Stuart Mill, On Causation and NecessityDavid Hume, On Causation and CharacterRobert Kane, On "Wiggle Room"Harry Frankfurt, from "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"D. Compulsion and Ignorance Aristotle, On Voluntary ActionJudith Orr, "Sex, Ignorance, and Freedom"John Hospers, from "What Means This Freedom?"B. F. Skinner, Beyond FreedomB. F. Skinner, from Walden TwoRobert Kane, Beyond SkinnerAnthony Burgess, from A Clockwork OrangeCatherine MacKinnon, On Coercion of Women's SexualityE. Freedom in Practice: Kant's Solution F. Radical Freedom: Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre, On "Absolute Freedom"Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from "The Most Advantageous Advantage"Thich Nhat Hanh, from "Turning on the Television"PART THREE. THE GOOD AND THE RIGHT CHAPTER 8. ETHICS A. Morality B. Is Morality Relative? Gilbert Harman, from "Moral Relativism Defended"St. Thomas Aquinas, from The Summa TheologicaJohn Corvino, from Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of HomosexualityC. Egoism and Altruism Plato, from The Republic* Tara Smith, On the Necessity of Egoism (Ayn Rand)D. Are We Naturally Selfish? A Debate Mencius, On Human Nature: Man Is GoodXunzi, from "Human Nature Is Evil"Joseph Butler, Against EgoismE. Morality as Virtue: Aristotle Aristotle, from The Nicomachean EthicsF. Morality and Sentiment: Hume and Rousseau David Hume, On "Reason as Slave of the Passions"Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from ÉmileG. Morality and Practical Reason: Kant Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of MoralsH. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and LegislationJohn Stuart Mill, from UtilitarianismI. The Creation of Morality: Nietzsche and Existentialism Friedrich Nietzsche, On "Morality as Herd-Instinct"; On "Master and Slave Morality"Jean-Paul Sartre, from Existentialism as a Humanism* Simone de Beauvoir, from The Ethics of AmbiguityJ. Ethics and Gender Virginia Held, On Feminist Ethics CHAPTER 9. JUSTICE A. The Problem of Justice B. Two Ancient Theories of Justice: Plato and Aristotle Plato, from The RepublicAristotle, from The Nicomachean EthicsC. Two Modern Theories of Justice: Hume and Mill on Utility and Rights David Hume, on "Justice and Utility"John Stuart Mill, from UtilitarianismD. The Social Contract Thomas Hobbes, from LeviathanJean-Jacques Rousseau, from The Social ContractThomas Jefferson et al., from The Declaration of IndependenceE. Fairness and Entitlement John Rawls, from "Justice as Fairness"Robert Nozick, from Anarchy, State, and UtopiaF. Justice or Care: A Feminist Perspective Cheshire Calhoun, from "Justice, Care, Gender Bias"* María Lugones, from "Playfulness, World-Traveling, and Loving Perception"G. Individual Rights and Freedom John Locke, from The Second Treatise on Government; from On LibertyMalcolm X, On Civil and Human RightsAmartya Sen, from "Property and Hunger"H. Fighting for Rights and Justice: Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau, from "Resistance to Civil Government" ("Civil Disobedience")Martin Luther King, Jr., from "Letter from Birmingham Jail"GlossaryIndex