In this study, abiotic transformation of 1-naphthol(1-NP) via oxidative-coupling reaction and its reaction products were investigated in the presence of Mn oxides. The reaction products were characterized for their relative polarity using solvent extraction experiment and reverse-phase HPLC, and for structure using CCMS and LC/MS, and for absorption characteristics using UV-Vis spectrometry. The reaction products present in aqueous phase were more polar than parent naphthol and comprised of 1,4-naphthoquinon(1,4-NPQ) and oligomers such as dimers and trimers. Hydrophilic component present in water phase after solvent extractions was identified as naphthol polymerized products having molecular weight(m/z) ranging from 400 to 2,000, and showed similar UV-Vis. absorption characteristics to that of foil fulvic acid. Transformation of 1,4-NPQ, which is non-reactive to Mn oxide, to the polymerized products via cross-coupling reaction in the presence of 1-NP was also verified. In this experimental conditions(20.5 mg/L, 1-NP, 2.5 g/L , pH 5), the transformation of 1-NP into the oligomers and polymerized products were about 83% of initial 1-NP concentrations, and more than 30% of the reaction products was estimated to be water insoluble fractions, not extracted by methanol. Results from this study suggest that Mn oxide-mediated treatment of naphthol contaminated soils can achieve risk reduction through the formation of oligomers md polymer precipitation.

The objectives of this research are to remove dissolved organic matter and nitrogen compounds by using aerated submerged bio-film(ASBF) reactors in batch systems and improve understanding of dissolved organic matter and nitrogen compounds removal rates with dynamic relationships between heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria in the fixed-film reactor. This research explores the possibility of enhancing the performance of shallow wastewater treatment lagoons through the addition of specially designed structures. These structures are designed to encourage the growth of a nitrifying bacterial bio-film on a submerged surface. Specially, the effects of cold temperatures on the dissolved organic matter and ammonia nitrogen performance of the ASBF pilot plant was investigated for the batch system. It is anticipated thai the ASBF would be used for a design of biological treatment for removing of dissolved organic matter and nitrogen compounds in new wastewater treatment plants as well as existing wastewater treatment plants.

In this study, we analyzed the release differences for some critical pollution compounds according to the surrounding conditions in order to predict water quality due to the sedimental releases and the release characteristics at different sedimental locations in Lake Leewon, in Tae-An area. COD, nitrogens and phosphates were analyzed using the standard methods for water quality, based on high chloride ion concentration(greater than 2,000 ppm). For COD, the release rate increased in the anoxic basin but almost the same in the oxic basin. For -N, the release rate decreased in the oxic basin as you go A through C point meanwhile, for -N and T-N, the tendency was reversed because of nitrification of them. In the anoxic basin, the release rates of -N and -N went up with A through C path. However, the release rate of T-N was found to decrease. Also, for -P and T-P, the release rates in the oxic basin were lowest at B point mainly because the phosphates were at less released in the highly concentrated environment. In the anoxic reactor, -P was released similarly regardless of the sampling points. In summary, the release rates in the oxic reactor were greater than those in the anoxic reactor for COD and -N. For the other components, the anoxic basin generated the higher release rates.

Electronic wastes have increased tremendously. However, any reliable treatment methodologies have rarely been established. Electronic wastes have posed serious disposal problem due to their physico-chemical stability. This paper investigated the application possibility of pyrolysis for the purpose of recycling the p-CCL(phenol based Copper Clad Laminate). Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) was used to investigate the thermal decomposition pattern of p-CCL. We elucidated the characteristics of pyrolysis by-products at operating temperatures of 280, 350 and . GC/MS and FT-IR were used to characterize the liquid by-products along with general characterization methods such as Ultimate Analysis, Proximate Analysis and Heating Value, whereas general characterization methods were only introduced for the solid by-products. At a heating rate of /min, TGA curves exhibited three decomposition stages: (1) low-temperature decomposition region$(<280^{\circ}C)$, (2) medium temperature region and (3) high-temperature region$(>350^{\circ}C)$. The major compounds of liquid by-products at low- and medium-temperatures were accounted for by water and phenol, whereas branched phenols and furans were major compounds at high-temperatures. As the temperature increases, volatile quantities decreased but the fixed carbon increased. High heating values of solid by-products( kcal/kg) would suggest that the solid by-products could be applicable as fuel. In addition, high fixed carbon but low ash content of the solid by-products offered an implication that they are capable of being upgradable for adsorbent after applying appropriate activating process.

The control of pathogenic microorganisms is important issue in human environments, especially in surface area. However, surface disinfection has not been fully researched. In this study, the surface disinfection under UV irradiation was performed to investigate the quantitative kinetics for Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation in several experimental conditions, such as light intensity, temperature and surface roughness. This study reports that UV light would apparently inactivates the microorganisms and the required IT value for 2 log (99%) Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation was found to be 14.5 in plain surface, as predicted by the Delayed Chick-Watson model. When UV was irradiated, there were no significant temperature effects. However, the experimental result shows that the more increased IT values are required at larger surface roughness.

This research was focused on the selective separation of or from mixture of these gases, by controlling the size of pore or pore gate. Pitch based activated carbon fibers(ACF) were used as adsorbents. The size of pore gate was controlled by the molecule having similar size to that of pore opening. After the adsorption of adsorbate on pore surface, planar molecules such as benzene and naphthalene covered the pore gate. The slow release of adsorbate from the pores covered by planar molecules makes apertures between planar molecules covering pore gate and this structure can be fixed by rapid pyrolysis. The control of pore gate using benzene as covering molecules could not accomplished due to the simultaneous volatilization of benzene and adsorbate caused by similar temperatures of benzene volatilization and adsorbate desorption. Therefore we replaced benzene with naphthalene looking for the stability at a desorption temperature. The naphthalene molecule was adsorbed on the ACF up to 15% of ACF weight and showed no desorption until , indicating that the molecule could be used as a good cover molecule. Naphthalene could cover almost all the pore gate, reducing BET surface area from 753 to 0.7 . A mixed gas was adsorbed on the naphthalene treated OG-7A ACF. The amount of adsorption increased with total pressure, whileas thai of was not so much influenced on the pressure, indicating that made more compounds on the ACF surface along with total pressure increase. The most and the least were adsorbed in the condition of 0.4 atm, resulting in the highly pure left in ACF.

A leachate containing an elevated concentration of organic and inorganic compounds has the potential to contaminate adjacent soils and groundwater as well as downgradient areas of the watershed. Moreover high-strength ammonium concentrations in leachate can be toxic to aquatic ecological systems as well as consuming dissolved oxygen, due to ammonium oxidation, and thereby causing eutrophication of the watershed. In response to these concerns landfill stabilization and leachate treatment are required to reduce contaminant loading sand minimize effects on the environment. Compared with other treatment technologies, leachate recirculation technology is most effective for the pre-treatment of leachate and the acceleration of waste stabilization processes in a landfill. However, leachate recirculation that accelerates the decomposition of readily degradable organic matter might also be generating high-strength ammonium in the leachate. Since most landfill leachate having high concentrations of nitrogen also contain insufficient quantities of the organic carbon required for complete denitrification, we combined a shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR) technology in order to solve the problem associated with the inability to denitrify the oxidized ammonium due to the lack of carbon sources. The accumulation of nitrite was successfully achieved at a 0.8 ratio of in an on-site reactor of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) type that had operated for six hours in an aeration phase. The -N ratio in leachate produced following SBR treatment was reduced in the landfill and the denitrification mechanism is implied sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification and/or heterotrophic denitrification. The combined leachate recirculation with SBNR proved an effective technology for landfill stabilization and nitrogen removal in leachate.

In this study, Bio-hydrogen is produced from organic waste mixtures containing food waste and waste activated sludge (WAS). The effects of different operational factor on hydrogen production, including various solubilization methods for pretreatments of WAS, pH and different ratios of food waste and WAS, were investigated. The highest hydrogen production values are obtained as 4.3 mL in the case of applying the mixed pre-treatments of alkali and ultrasonic. The pH value in bio-reactor increased from 4 to 8 after the ultrasonic treatment with alkali and the hydrogen yield touched its highest value in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5. Similarly, the hydrogen production reached the level of 13.8 mL using the same pre-treatment method from the mixture of food waste and WAS. The ratio of 2 : 1 produced a maximum amount of hydrogen of 5.0 L . The amount of volatile fatty acids(VFAs) including acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also varied considerably. Propionate decreased consistently with rising of hydrogen while butyrate comparing to acetate relatively increased in the effluent.

Bioterrorism intends to cause mass casualties and social panic by means of malicious pathogenic microorganisms. Environmental decontamination becomes very important as a follow-up measure if that happens. Conventional methods for decontamination is that aqueous disinfectants are being sprayed for killing or not spreading microorganisms with the purpose of preventing infection. However, these procedures are not enough to perfectly sterilize space or surface inside of building, requiring additional measures such as surface disinfection or gas treatment methods. This article deals with the issues about the present decontamination procedures, global trends, in order to formulate suggestion for advanced environmental decontamination.

Perchlorate contamination in aquatic system is a growing concern due to the human health and ecological risks associated with perchlorate exposure. In spite of potential risks associated with perchlorate, drinking water standard has not been established worldwide. Recently, US EPA has issued new protective guidance for cleaning up perchlorate contamination with a preliminary clean-up goal of 24.5 ppb. In Korea, the drinking water standard and discharge standard for perchlorate has not been established yet and little information is available to address perchlorate problems. Perchlorate treatment technologies include ion exchange, microbial reactor, carbon adsorption, composting, in situ bioremediation, permeable reactive barrier, phytoremediation, and membrane technology. The process description, capability, and advantage/disadvantages of each technology were described in detail in this review. One of recent trends in perchlorate treatment is the combination of available treatment options such as combined microbial reduction and permeable reactive burier. In this review, we provided a brief perspective on perchlorate treatment technology and to identify an efficient and cost-effective approach to manage perchlorate problem.