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Modern Public Administration

2.
Modern Public Administration• The indicative period of modern public administration in the 50s. The sub phases include: (a) development administration; (b) new public administration; (c) new public management and reinventing government; and PA as governance.

3.
“identify crisis.”The discipline of public administration has been characterized as one with a continuing “identify crisis.” To a certain extent, it was that “identity crisis” that served as theme that led to the emergence of the New Public Administration movement in the 70s. Rutgers (1998) argued in “Paradigm lost: Crisis as Identify of the Study of Public Administration,” that public administration lacked an “epistemological identity.”

4.
“identify crisis.”In the Philippines, Reyes (2003) revisited the so- called “identity crisis” of public administration initially raised by various scholars of the discipline in his various writings. He contended that the crisis revolved around the imperative to define a public administration rooted to the development aspirations of the Philippines. The identity crisis, however, continues up to today in the Philippines.

5.
Development Administration (1950s to 1960s)• Development Administration (DA) as a field of study emerged in 1950s and 1960s with the third world countries as the focal point. The term “third world” may be attributed to the French demographer and economic historian Alfred Sauvy, who at the height of the Cold War in 1952, used the term to distinguish developing countries outside the two power blocs; namely, the First World and the Second World respectively. (Chilcote 1984)

6.
• Nef and Dwivedi (1981) on the other hand, attributed the concept of DA to Goswami in 1955 and later popularized by Riggs and Weidner. They coined the term “development administration” to refer to developing countries which are largely found in Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

7.
• These developing countries endeavored to make concerted efforts in order to be recognized as “emerging nations” and to resurrect themselves after World War II.

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• In the context of “emerging nation,” Landau (1970) described DA as the engineering of social change. Likewise, according to Ilchman (1970), these countries were “concerned with increasing the capacity of the state to produce goods and services to meet and induce changing demands.” (Ilchman 1970: 136)

9.
• Gant (1979) on the other hand, defined DA as not merely addressing state functions such as public service delivery and enforcement of laws but the inducement and management of change to pursue development aspirations. These developing countries were in urgent need to implement fundamental reforms in their politico-administrative machinery.

10.
• Khator (1998) however, argued that DA was built upon several critical assumptions that: (1) development needs are the most important needs of developing countries, (2) the development needs of developing and developed countries are inherently different, (3) development can be administered, (4) developmental know-hows are transferable; and (5) the political, social, and cultural context of development can be easily altered.

11.
• Likewise, Fred Riggs, in his “Frontiers of Development,” identified two foci in development administration: development of administration and the administration of development. Most development administration scholars focused more on the latter and it subsequently became synonymous to the administration of development in third world countries. (Khator 1998)

12.
Given the situations above, DA maybe considered as “management of innovation” because it was aimed at helping countries that are undergoing reconstruction and social transformation.

13.
• In the Philippines, The term “development administration” was used to suggest that it may be an appropriate framework to examine the State’s experience as it tries to rebuild its institutions within a democratic framework, as it struggles to new economic, political and social challenges, and as it adapts to the trends and demands of globalization.

14.
• Additionally, DA principles have been among the major themes that ran through the various lectures and writings of Raul De Guzman, who together with OD Corpuz (1986) initially addressed the question: “Is there a Philippine PA?” Since the idea was to steer developing countries for economic development and social progress, the term DA became closely associated to foreign aid and western models of development.

15.
• These Western countries provide grants and aids to developing countries for nation- building, economic development, institutional strengthening, and people participation in development.

16.
• As to administrative reform, which is one of the core values of DA, De Guzman (1986) described and analyzed the structural and behavioral characteristics of the Philippine public bureaucracy and argued that the “implementation of administrative reform should have two major dimensions: reforming the structures of the bureaucracy and reforming the behavior of those in the bureaucracy.” (De Guzman 1986 as cited in Brillantes 1994: 8)

17.
• Development administration has always been one of the central features of the various long and medium term Philippine Development Plans since the seventies. The paradigm for bureaucratic reform continues to evolve in various intellectual and practical debates but government continues its work amidst all these. Until recently, all Philippine development plans since the seventies had a specific chapter devoted solely to development administration

18.
Is there a Philippine Public Administration or Better Still, for whom is Public Administration? By; Alex Brillantes, Jr. and Maricel Fernandez June, 2008