A Hype-Free Introduction to Ajax

by Chris Schalk

Get an overview of the core fundamentals of Ajax, without the usual hype.

Published April 2006

You've probably heard all the Ajax hype by now, as well as seen the many products that claim Ajax support or "compliance." However, you probably haven't seen a good, simple technical explanation of what Ajax really "is." In this article, you'll get an overview of the core fundamentals of what makes Ajax possible without all the usual product-pushing hype.

First of All, is Ajax New?

Not really.
Remote Javascript, of which Ajax is one example and which has garnered the most attention as of late, provides the ability to interact with a server using XML data. Ajax is possible because of the leading browsers now offering
objects that can make independent XML HTTP requests. Internet Explorer 5 and later offer an
XMLHTTP object while Mozilla based browsers provide an
XMLHttpRequest object. Both these objects offer essentially the same ability to request XML data from a server and process the data in a similar fashion. The server-side Ajax component can be in any technology providing XML can be delivered dynamically. Any dynamic Web technology ranging from PHP to servlets can serve as an Ajax server.

One of the drawbacks to Remote Javascript and Ajax is that it forces the
page author (the person designing the final page) to develop a fair amount of Javascript code that manages the XMLHTTP interactions. Fortunately, JavaServer Faces (JSF) provides a solution here and makes Ajax very easy to use.

Ajax Under The Hood

Before reviewing more advanced examples of Ajax integrated with other technologies, such as with JSF, it is useful to understand the core Ajax architecture involved in an Ajax client-server transaction.

Ajax is possible providing the two core technologies are present:

A Javascript-enabled browser that supports either XMLHTTP or XMLHttpRequest objects

An HTTP Server technology that can respond in XML

Because all the popular browsers support Javascript and the necessary XMLHTTP request objects and almost any Web server technology can generate XML (or any markup), the core Ajax technology is widely available.

An Ajax application in its simplest form is essentially a standard HTML user interface with Javascript functions to interact with an HTTP server that can generate XML dynamically. Any dynamic Web technology ranging from CGI to servlets—including JSF as we’ll review later—can serve as a server-side Ajax technology.

The key elements of a core Ajax application are:

An HTML page that contains:

UI elements that interact with Ajax Javascript functions

Javascript Functions that interact with Ajax server

A server-side Web technology that can process HTTP requests and respond in XML markup.

These elements are also shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Core Ajax architecture

Reviewing the key elements, we have an HTML user interface with elements such as an input field, a button or anything that can be linked to Javascript. For example, a button could fire a Javascript function when pressed, or for even more subtle usage an input field could fire a Javascript function as the user types into the field. For this you could set an onkeyup= to the value of the Javascript function to process the data in the input field. For example, the input field “searchField” will call the Javascript function lookup( ) when an onkeyup event occurs (i.e. during typing).

In addition to responding to user interface interactions (like typing), Ajax Javascript functions they can operate independently on their own timers. (An Ajax
autosave feature can be implemented using this approach.)

How to Issue an XML HTTP Request

Now that we’ve reviewed how the Ajax Javascript code can be invoked, let’s review the actual code in Javascript that can issue an XML HTTP request:

This code snippet allows both major browser families (Internet Explorer and Mozilla/Safari) to make independent HTTP requests to servers. This code first checks to see if the browser supports either of the supported XMLHTTP objects and then instantiates one.

Once an XMLHttpRequest (or Microsoft’s XMLHTTP) object has been instantiated, it can be operated on in exactly the same manner.

To initialize a connection to a server, the
open method is used:

req.open("GET", url, true);

The first argument is the HTTP method (
GET or
POST). The second argument is the URL of the server (or form action is using a POST) and the third argument when
true denotes whether the call should be made asynchronously (The “A” in Ajax). This means that the browser can continue doing other things while the request is being fulfilled. A
false value in the
open method denotes a non-asynchronous or serial processing. This is not recommended, as your browser will cease operations until the response has been returned.

After initializing a connection using
open, the onreadystatechange call is made (only for asynchronous calls). This registers a callback function, which will be invoked once the request is complete:

req.onreadystatechange = processXMLResponse;

The function processXMLResponse( ), which processes the XML response, is invoked when the request is fulfilled. A callback function can also declared inline in the onreadystatechange statement:

req.onreadystatechange = processXMLResponse() {
// process request
};

Any header content can also be specified using req.setRequestHeader. Such as:

req.setRequestHeader("Cookie", "someKey=true");

Once the XMLHTTP request object (req) has been fully initialized, initiating a call to the server can be done using send( ):

req.send(null);

For
GET requests, a null value or empty string “” is used.

POST requests contain a string argument with form data. They also require the Content-Type to be set in the header of the request. The following two lines show how to perform a Ajax POST request:

The callback function, which is called once the request has been fulfilled, usually has some code to make sure the request has not error-ed out. This can be accomplished by checking the readyState as well as the overall
status of the HTTP request. (A readystate of 4 means the XMLHTTP request is
complete and 200 means it was a
success (as opposed to 404 etc.).

Using XMLHttpRequest with HTML

Note that the XML response obtained through the XMLHttpRequest object need not always be well-formed and valid. Consequently, the Ajax server-side component can send over HTML content directly to the client. JavaScript can then retrieve the HTML content by using the req.responseText method/property, which simply retrieves the content as a string. The HTML string text can then be used in whatever fashion to alter the page. For example an HTML stream of:

<h2>Hello there!</h2>
<p> This is <b>HTML</b></p>

could be retrieved into a string using:

var HTMLcontent = req.responseText;

and then added to a specific HTML DIV tag with id="div1".

document.getElementById("div1").innerHTML += HTMLcontent;

How JSF Enables Ajax

JSF and its component-centric architecture solves the inherent difficulties of Ajax by allowing the Javascript and the embedded Ajax “plumbing” to be completely handled by the JSF component. The JSF page author need not even be concerned about the Ajax interactions between the client and the server. They just use the Ajax enabled JSF component as any other JSF component and it just does its job, and provides a richer experience. The future of JSF and Ajax working together looks bright!

Stay Tuned!

Chris Schalk [
blog] is a principal product manager and Java evangelist for Oracle's application server and development tools division. Chris' primary expertise is Web application development and he is responsible for defining the Web development experience for Oracle JDeveloper.