- published a book called "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Natural selection

- central to organic revolution

Realism

- rejected romanticism; sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was

Charles Dickens

- became a huge success with novels that showed the realties of life for the poor in the early Industrial Age

Queen Liliuokalani

- she tried to strengthen the monarchy to keep the islands under her people's control

Motives for imperialism

- European nation-states were involved in heated rivalries; capitalist states in the west both markets and raw materials; like rubber, oil, and tin for their industries; and to gain advantages over their rivals

Protectorate

- a political unit that depends on another government for its protection

King Chulalongkorn

- son of king Mongkut and promoted western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers

Commodore George Dewey

- commodore of U.S. naval forces and defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay

Emilio Aguinaldo

- was the leader of a movement for independence in the Philippines

Indirect rule

- local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting

Direct rule

- the local elites were replaced with western officials from the mother country

Annexed

- incorporated a country within a state

Muhammad Alli

- seized power and established a separate Egyptian state

David Livingstone

- explorer who trekked through uncharted regions in Africa; sent back info to London

Henry Stanley

- hired by King Leopold II to find David Livingstone when he got lost; he explored the Congo

Queen Victoria

- took the title Empress of India

Viceroy

- a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

Indian National Congress

- it called for a share in the governing process of India; it DIDN'T demand immediate independence

Mohandas Gandhi

- began a movement based on nonviolent resistance and was a lawyer who forced the British to improve the lot of the poor.

Rabindranath Tagore

- most famous Indian author; was a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter

Mestizos

- largest group and worked as servants and laborers

Monroe Doctrine

- doctrine that guaranteed the independence of the Latin American nations

Banners

- separate military units that consisted of Manchus

Kangxi

- ruled from 1661-1722; took charge of the government while still in his teens and reigned for 61 years

Clan

- was beyond the extended family and consisted of dozens, or even hundreds, of related families

Queue

- the Manchus wanted to be able to identify the rebels so the government forced the males to shave their forehead hair, and to tie the rest in a ponytail (queue)

Extraterritoriality

- living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country's laws

Hong Xiuquan

- a Christian convert who viewed himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ

Self-strengthening

- China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions

Exclusive trading rights

- Western nations and Japan set up spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights

Guang Xu

- young emperor who launched a massive reform program known as the One Hundred Days of Reform

One Hundred Days of Reform

- massive reform program that emperor Guang Xu launched

Empress Dowager Ci Xi

- opposed the new reform program and imprisoned the emperor ( her nephew)

The Committee of Public Safety

- defended the people from threats and domestic and internal violence

Jacobins

- club that felt the king needed to be executed

Maximilien Robespierre

- was a radical Jacobin and was the 2nd leader of the Committee of Public Safety; drew his power from the Paris Commune and the support of the Sans-Culottes

Coup d 'etat

- a sudden overthrow of the government

Directory

- committee of 5 under the new constitution

Enclosure movement

- laws passed by Parliament; when landowners fenced off common lands, many peasants had to move to towns, giving Britain a plentiful supply of labor

Robert Fulton

- he built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the "Clermont," in 1807

Industrial Capitalism

- an economic system based on industrial production

James Watt

- Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine in the 1760's; he made changes that enabled the engine to drive machinery

Dictatorship

- a form of government in which a person or small group has absolute power

Claude Monet

-painted pictures that captured the interplay of light, water, and sky

Pablo Picasso

- he was an important figure in modern art; (cubism)

Frank Lloyd Wright

- he pioneered the building of American homes with long geometric lines and overhanging roofs (Falling water)

Marie Curie

- discovered radium and how it gave off its own energy from the atom itself

Theory of Relativity

- stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer

Indemnity

- payment for damages

Sigmund Freud

- doctor from Vienna who proposed theories regarding the nature of the human mind; psychoanalysis- by which a therapist and patient could probe deeply into the patient's memory; thought behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces which people were unaware of

King Mongkut

- King of Siam ( The King and I movie)

Mestizos

- people of mixed European and Native American descent

Jose de San Martin

- member of the creole elite; believed that the Spaniards must be removed from all of South America if any South American nation was to be free; his forces had liberated Argentina from Spanish authority; he led his forces over the Andes to attack the Spanish in Chile

Simon Bolivar

- Liberator of Venezuela; he began the struggle for for independence in Venezuela in 1810; he led revolts in Columbia and Ecuador

Caudillos

- strong leaders who ruled chiefly by military force and were usually supported by the landed elites

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

- ruled Mexico from 1833-1855; he misused state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos

Benito Juarez

- a Mexico national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico; some of his laws of reform included: separation of church and state, toleration of all faiths, curbing the power of the military, and educational system for all of Mexico, and the redistribution of land to the poor

Cash crops

- crops that are grown for sale rather than for personal use

John Hay

- wrote a note to Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan asking each country to respect equal trading opportunities in China; he also asked the powers with a sphere of influence not to set tariffs that would give an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country

Provincial

- local level

Sun Yat-sen

- formed the Revive China Society; he believed that the Qing dynasty was in a state of decay and could no longer govern the country

Henry Pu Yi

- China's "last emperor"

General Yuan Shigai

- he was a prominent figure in military circles and had been placed in charge of the imperial army sent to suppress the rebellion; he abandoned the government; agreed to serve as president of a new Chinese republic and to allow the elecyion of legislature

Commodities

- marketable products like oil, copper, salt, tea, and porcelain

Commodore Matthew Perry

- arrived in Edo Bay with an American fleet of 4 warships; he sought to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations; he brought a letter from Millard Fillmore, asking the Japanese for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands

Concessions

- political compromises

Mutsuhito

- he was the symbol of the new era and called his reign the Meiji or "Enlightened Rule"

Prefectures

- a territory governed by its former daimyo lord

Ito Hirobumi

- traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S. to study their governments

- an opportunity for their dynasty to flourish once the Ming dynasty collapsed

Zheng He

- 7 voyages of exploration which led to enormous profits that alarmed traditionalists withing the bureaucracy

Ming dynasty

- began once the Mongol dynasty was overthrown; Ming rulers ran an effective government using a centralized bureaucracy staffed with officials chosen by the civil service examination; they set up a nationwide school system; manufactured goods were produced in workshops and factories in high numbers

Porcelain

- most famous of all the arts of the Ming Era

Emperor Yong Le

- began the construction of the Imperial City -a complex of palaces and temples- in 1406

Imperial City (Forbidden City)

- a complex of palaces and temples; off limits to COMMONERS (also known as the Forbidden City)