Encyclopedia of

James Van Allen

Born September 7, 1914, in Mount Pleasant, IA; died of heart failure,
August 9, 2006, in Iowa City, IA. Scientist. James Van Allen helped launch
the United States into the space race. On January 31, 1958, a Geiger
counter he designed sat aboard the Explorer 1 satellite and over the
following weeks the instrument measured for the first time layers of
radiation found around the earth's atmosphere. Those layers were
later named the Van Allen Radiation Belts. Because the Explorer mission
fortified the United States' efforts to conquer space, Van Allen
and his fellow scientists on that mission were heralded across the
country. In 1959, he appeared on the cover of
Time
magazine. Ed Stone, former director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
explained the importance of Van Allen's work on the Explorer flight
to John Johnson Jr. of the
Los Angeles Times
, "His discovery … was the first major scientific discovery
of the Space Age…. [It] was unexpected, and that's what made
it so exciting."

Born in 1914, Van Allen was one of four children of James Alfred and Alma
Olney Van Allen. He was raised in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where he
discovered a love for tinkering with machinery. His father, a lawyer, had
instilled a hard-working ethic that helped Van Allen make it to the top of
his high school graduating class. Out of high school, he attended Iowa
Wesleyan College after failing the physical exam for the Naval Academy. At
Iowa Wesleyan College he was recruited to work on the seismic and magnetic
equipment for the 1934 expedition by Admiral Richard Byrd to Antarctica.
The professor that Van Allen worked with on the project, Dr. Thomas
Poulter, was second-in-command for the expedition and issued an invitation
to Van Allen to join them. Since he was only 18 years old at the time, Van
Allen's parents would not let him go.

After graduating summa cum laude from Iowa Wesleyan College with a degree
in physics, Van Allen went on to get his masters and doctorate in physics
from the University of Iowa. From 1939 to 1942, he worked as a research
fellow at the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C. During that time he
also worked at the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.
World War II was in full force during that time and soon enough Van Allen
was commissioned to join the U.S. Navy where he served as an ordnance and
gunner officer as well as combat observer. His service in the military
earned him four combat stars.

After his service in the war, Van Allen spent a few years supervising
high-altitude research. In 1951, he joined the faculty at the University
of Iowa as head of their department of physics and astronomy. There he
worked with researchers to develop the "rockoon," a
combination rocket and balloon. The previous year he had collaborated with
several noted scientists to establish the International Geophysical Year
to promote scientific cooperation worldwide. He spent most of his time
dedicated to researching and studying cosmic rays and the Earth's
magnetic field.

His studies took him around most of the world's seas, including the
Gulf of Alaska and wide ranges of the Pacific Ocean. In 1958, he was part
of Project Argus. He traveled to the South Atlantic and detonated three
atomic bombs in the atmosphere. The goal of the project was to see if they
could artificially create radiation belts, which the scientists were able
to accomplish.

He also continued to be heavily involved in the United States space
program. In 1961, he was named one of America's top scientists and
once again graced the cover of
Time
magazine. As the space program moved toward manned space exploration, Van
Allen was not afraid to voice his dissent. He opposed sending people into
space because he felt the jobs could be just as easily accomplished by
robots. The
Los Angeles Times
' Johnson reported that Van Allen once said, "Man is a
fabulous nuisance in space. He's not worth all the costs of putting
him up there and keeping him comfortable."

As proof of his ability in the classroom as well as out, in 1974
People
named him one of the top 10 college professors. In 1985, he retired from
classroom
teaching and stepped down from his position as head of the department, but
could be found on campus daily. He researched, wrote, and published up
until the end of his life. His dedication to and excitement about his
life's work is exemplified by a quote of his reported by Patricia
Sullivan of the
Washington Post
, "I believe in scientific inquiry for its own sake…. I
can't tell you what this might be good for, but learning about
nature is important. And lovely things turn up."

Other important space missions that Van Allen worked on included the
Pioneer 10 and 11 spaceships that carried equipment he used to study the
radiation belts of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively. He was part of teams
for the Galileo, launched in 1977, and Voyagers 1 and 2. In 1959, he was
named to the National Academy of Sciences. Awards and recognition for his
pioneering work came from all corners of the globe and with each
succeeding year.

Married to Abigail Fithian Halsey for 61 years, they had five children,
Cynthia, Margot, Sarah, Thomas, and Peter. Van Allen died of heart failure
at the age of 91 on August 9, 2006, at the University of Iowa Hospital in
Iowa City, Iowa. He is survived by his wife, children, and seven
grandchildren.