1.
Princess
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Princess is a regal rank and the feminine equivalent of prince. Most often, the term has been used for the consort of a prince or for the daughters of a king or sovereign prince, some princesses are reigning monarchs of principalities. There have been instances of reigning princesses than reigning princes. Examples of princesses regnant have included Constance of Antioch, princess regnant of Antioch in the 12th century, as the President of France, an office for which women are eligible, is ex-officio co-Prince of Andorra, Andorra could theoretically be ruled by a co-Princess. For many centuries, the princess was not regularly used for a monarchs daughter. Old English had no equivalent of prince, earl, or any royal or noble title aside from queen. Royal women were addressed or referred to as The Lady. For example, Elizabeth and Mary, daughters of Henry VIII of England were often referred to as the Ladies Elizabeth. This practice, however, was not consistent, in the marriage contract between Prince George of Denmark and Anne, daughter of James I of Great Britain, Anne is referred to as The Princess Anne. Practice in Britain began to change in the 18th century, queen Victoria confirmed this practice in Letters Patent dated 30 January 1864. In European countries, a woman who marries a prince will almost always become a princess, from 1301 onward, the eldest sons of the Kings of England have generally been created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, and their wives have been titled Princess of Wales. This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales and Sarah, Duchess of York

2.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province

3.
House of Habsburg
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The House of Habsburg, also called House of Hapsburg, or House of Austria, was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740, from the sixteenth century, following the reign of Charles V, the dynasty was split between its Austrian and Spanish branches. Although they ruled distinct territories, they maintained close relations. The House takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, by Count Radbot of Klettgau. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the name as his own. The House of Habsburg gathered dynastic momentum through the 11th, 12th, by 1276, Count Radbots seventh generation descendant Rudolph of Habsburg had moved the familys power base from Habsburg Castle to the Duchy of Austria. Rudolph had become King of Germany in 1273, and the dynasty of the House of Habsburg was truly entrenched in 1276 when Rudolph became ruler of Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. A series of dynastic marriages enabled the family to expand its domains to include Burgundy, Spain and its colonial empire, Bohemia, Hungary. In the 16th century, the separated into the senior Habsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Monarchy branches. The House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century, the senior Spanish branch ended upon the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine, the new successor house styled itself formally as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg. His grandson Radbot, Count of Habsburg founded the Habsburg Castle, the origins of the castles name, located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, are uncertain. There is disagreement on whether the name is derived from the High German Habichtsburg, or from the Middle High German word hab/hap meaning ford, the first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108. The Habsburg Castle was the seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, in the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy at families in Upper Alsace and Swabia. They were also able to high positions in the church hierarchy for their members. Territorially, they often profited from the extinction of other families such as the House of Kyburg. By the second half of the 13th century, count Rudolph IV had become one of the most influential territorial lords in the area between the Vosges Mountains and Lake Constance

4.
House of Lorraine
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The House of Lorraine originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death of duke Nicholas I without a male heir, Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman Emperors from 1745 to the dissolution of the empire in 1806. Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918, the house claims descent from Gerard I of Paris whose immediate descendants are known as the Girardides. The Matfridings of the 10th century are thought to have been a branch of the family, at the turn of the 10th century they were Counts of Metz and ruled a set of lordships in Alsace and Lorraine. Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, louis XIVs imperialist ambitions forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg. Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the yet unborn daughter. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, at Charless death in 1740 the Habsburg lands passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession, another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico. In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria contracted a marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austro-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinands younger brother, was regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011. It was at Nancy, the capital of the House of Vaudemont. House of Metz Adalbert, Duke of Upper Lorraine r, 1047/8 Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1390–1431 Charles II died without heir, the duchy passing to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. The duchy passed to their son John II, whose son Nicholas I died without male heir, the title now went to Nicholas aunt Yolande. René inherited the title of Duke of Lorraine upon his marriage in 1473, René II, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1608–1624 Nicole Claude Francis II, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine r, 1624–1675 Nicholas Francis Charles V, r. 1690–1729 Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, r, 1745–1765 House of Habsburg-Lorraine Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, r

5.
Archduke
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Archduke was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty. It denotes a rank within the former Holy Roman Empire, which was below that of Emperor and King and above that of a Grand Duke, Duke, the territory ruled by an Archduke or Archduchess was called an Archduchy. All remaining Archduchies ceased to exist in 1918, in the Carolingian Empire, the title Archduke was awarded not as rank of nobility, but as a unique honorary title to the Duke of Lotharingia. Lotharingia was eventually absorbed by East Francia, becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire rather than a fully independent Kingdom, the later extended fragmentation of both territories created two succeeding Duchies in the Low Countries, Brabant and Geldre. Both claimed archducal status but were never recognised as such by the Holy Roman Emperor. Archduke of Austria, the archducal title to re-emerge, was invented in the Privilegium Maius in the 14th century by Duke Rudolf IV of Austria. Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV refused to recognise the title, as did all the ruling dynasties of the member countries of the Empire. But Duke Ernest the Iron and his descendants assumed the title of Archduke. Emperor Frederick III himself simply used the title Duke of Austria, never Archduke, the title was first granted to Fredericks younger brother, Albert VI of Austria, who used it at least from 1458. In 1477, Frederick III also granted the title of Archduke to his first cousin, Sigismund of Austria, the title appears first in documents issued under the joint rule of Maximilian and his son Philip in the Low Countries. Archduke was initially borne by those dynasts who ruled a Habsburg territory—i. e, only by males and their consorts, appanages being commonly distributed to cadets. But these junior archdukes did not thereby become sovereign hereditary rulers, occasionally a territory might be combined with a separate gubernatorial mandate ruled by an archducal cadet. From the 16th century onward, Archduke and its form, Archduchess. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire this usage was retained in the Austrian Empire, thus those members of the Habsburg family who are residents of the Republic of Austria are simply known by their first name and their surname Habsburg-Lothringen. However, members of the family who reside in other countries may or may not use the title, in accordance with laws, for example, Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, the eldest son of the last Habsburg Emperor, was an Austrian, Hungarian and German citizen. Hence, no member of the family other than the King bears the title of Archduke. The insignia of the Archduke of Lower and Upper Austria was the archducal hat, List of rulers of Austria List of Austrian consorts

6.
Adelaide of Austria
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Adelaide of Austria was the Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, future King of Italy, from 1849 until 1855 when she died as a result of childbirth. She was the mother of Umberto I of Italy and she was born at the Royal Palace of Milan to Rainer Joseph of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Savoy. Named Adelaide, or known as Adele in the family, she held the title of Archduchess of Austria and her father was the Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia and was a son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain. Her mother was a member of the House of Savoy and a daughter of the Prince of Carignano and her younger brother Archduke Rainer Ferdinand later acted as Minister President of Austria. Both of her brothers contracted morganatic marriages, on 12 April 1842, at the Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi, she married Victor Emmanuel of Savoy. The marriage was used to cement relations between the House of Savoy and that of the House of Habsburg but was viewed by people of the time to increase Austrian power in Italy. Victor Emmanuel was her first cousin and heir apparent to the King of Sardinia and he was styled the Duke of Savoy prior to succession. Adelaide thus took on the style of Duchess of Savoy and she maintained her style of Imperial & Royal Highness till she became Queen. Her husbands mother Maria Theresa of Austria retained great influence over her son throughout his life and her mother-in-law was also her first cousin, both she and Adelaide being grandchildren of Emperor Leopold II. Adelaide and her husband of thirteen years had eight children, four of these went on to have further progeny. Her husband had various extramarital affairs throughout the marriage, Adelaide was a quiet and pious woman and had had a strict upbringing. She was a wife and frequently would give to charity. In March 1849 her father-in-law King Charles Albert abdicated after the events of the Revolutions of 1848 and her husband succeeded as Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. During her tenure as queen consort she had three children all of which died in infancy. On 8 January 1855 she gave birth to a son who was styled the Count of Genevois, days later Queen Maria Theresa died on 12 January 1855. Adelaide went to the queens funeral on 16 January and returning to the palace caught a cold. She died four days later at the Royal Palace of Turin having had an attack of Gastroenteritis. Another story says that Adelaide died of her burns after stepping on a match set fire to her clothes

7.
Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria
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Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria was a daughter of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. She was Duchess consort of Modena by her marriage to Francis V, Adelgunde was the sixth child and fourth daughter of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. She was born in Würzburg on 19 March 1823, included among her siblings were Maximilian II of Bavaria, Mathilde, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, King Otto of Greece and Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria. On 20 March 1842 in Munich, Adelgunde married Archduke Francis of Austria-Este, eldest son of Francis IV, Duke of Modena, the couple had only one child, Princess Anna Beatrice Theresia Maria. Francis acceded to the dukedom on his fathers death in 1846 as Francis V, after the Italian Unification, Francis was deposed, and he and his wife were exiled to Vienna, where he died fifteen years later. Adelgunde survived her husband for years and died in Munich at the age of 91. She never remarried and is interred in Vienna, a pearl brooch formerly owned by her was auctioned at Sothebys in 2012

8.
Archduchess Adelheid of Austria
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Archduchess Adelheid of Austria was a member of the Austrian Imperial Family. Adelheid was born in Schloss Hetzendorf, the child but eldest daughter of the then Archduke Charles of Austria. Her godparents were her fathers mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, on 21 November 1916 Adelheids great-grand uncle the Emperor Franz Joseph died and her father succeeded him as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. During the First World War Adelheid would often accompany her brother Crown Prince Otto, in 1919 Adelheid and her family were sent into exile first in Switzerland before later being taken to Portuguese island of Madeira. On 9 March 1922 Adelheid was with her brother Otto and father Emperor Charles when he went into town to buy toys for Carl Ludwigs birthday. On the way back they were enveloped by chill mists and her father caught a cold which developed in pneumonia from which he died on April 1. In December 1933 she became the first member of her family to set foot in Vienna since the establishment of the republic when she arrived by train from Budapest, Adelheid attended the University of Louvain and gained a doctorate in 1938. During the Second World War she emigrated with most of her family to the United States to escape the Nazis, archduchess Adelheid later returned to Europe. She died unmarried in Pöcking, Bavaria

9.
Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria
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For the daughter of Francesco I de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, see Anna de Medici. Anna de Medici was a daughter of Cosimo II de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, a patron of the arts, she married Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria in 1646. They were the parents of Claudia Felicitas of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Princess Anna was born on 21 July 1616 at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence, then the capital of Tuscany. Her father was Cosimo II de Medici, he had been the reigning Grand Duke of Tuscany since 1609, Annas mother was Maria Maddalena of Austria, a daughter of Charles II, Archduke of Austria, and a sister of Emperor Ferdinand II. Her Medici and Habsburg ancestry was a common pairing among seventeenth century marriages in her family, indeed, she herself would come to marry a Habsburg, as would her daughter. Her father died on 28 February 1621, causing her mother and grandmother Grand Duchess Christina to serve as regents until the majority of Annas brother was reached and it was said that Anna and her sister Margherita inherited from Maria Maddalena her good qualities and marked abilities. Following failed plans for Anna to marry Gaston, Duke of Orléans, in 1646, Anna left her native Florence for Innsbruck to be married. On 10 June, she was married to her double first cousin Ferdinand Charles and he was the eldest son of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and his wife Claudia de Medici. Anna was thirty years old, while Ferdinand Charles was only eighteen, the match was negotiated by Ferdinand Charles formidable mother, who had been regent of Further Austria and Tyrol since Leopolds death in 1632. Claudia had ruled the duchy well in her regency from 1632 to 1646, during the year of their marriage, Ferdinand Charles took over his mothers governatorial duties and became the ruler of Tyrol and Further Austria, as he was now of age. Anna and Ferdinand Charles had three daughters, the couple preferred the attractions of the opulent Tuscan court to the mountains of Tyrol, and consequently were more often at Florence than at Innsbruck. As a result, their eldest daughter was born in Annas home court, as they had only two surviving daughters, his younger brother Archduke Sigismund Francis inherited his titles as Count of Tyrol and Archduke of Further Austria. On the eve of his marriage to another princess however, Sigismund Francis died in 1665 and this meant that the county reverted to direct rule from Vienna, despite the efforts of Anna to preserve some vestige of power for herself as Dowager Countess. Her attempts to persuade Vienna also stemmed from the fact that Anna wanted to protect the rights of her two daughters. This dispute would not be remedied until 1673, when her only surviving daughter Claudia Felicitas married Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Anna not only survived her husband by fourteen years but also outlived her eldest daughter, who would die soon after her marriage. On 11 September 1676 in Vienna, Anna died aged sixty, like many Medicis, Anna was a great lover and patron of the arts. Giramos dedication was not the end of works being devoted to Anna, in 1655, famed composer and singer Barbara Strozzi dedicated one of her works to Anna, as Strozzi devoted all of her music publications to prominent aristocratic patrons. She also devoted other works to some of Annas relatives, Anna richly rewarded Strozzi for this dedication

10.
Anna of Tyrol
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Anna of Tyrol, was by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary. The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the century, she was responsible from the moving of the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna. A proponent of the Counter-Reformation, she held an influence over her husband, with whom she founded the Imperial Crypt. Anna was born in Innsbruck on 4 October 1585 as the third and last daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria and Count of Tyrol and she had two older sisters, Archduchesses Anna Eleonore and Maria, later a nun. All them suffered from poor health since birth and her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organizated by her uncles Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria and Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria. The godfather of the princess was Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, for whom his son Archduke Ernest of Austria stood as proxy, Anna spend her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of Renaissance culture. She lived in Ambras Castle, Hofburg and Ruelyust Palaces, in order to protect the health of her daughter, since 1590 Archduchess-Countess Anna Caterina had a personal cookbook. In January 1595, the princess lost her father and her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. Anna then discovered a musical talent, which was acquired for her clavichord. The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life, being raised in a strict Catholic environment, Anna, even as Holy Roman Empress, when she believed that she had committed a sin, engaged in self-flagellation to torment the flesh. The Dowager Archduchess-Countess made frequent pilgrimages, but didnt take her daughters with her due to their poor health, Maria, Annas older sister, followed their mothers example and also took the veil in the same convent under the name of Anna Catherine. Upon reaching adulthood, Anna began to receive offers of marriage, the first proposal was made in 1603 by King Sigismund III of Poland, but Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor didnt gave his consent. Then the Emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent to Innsbruck his court painter to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the Emperor showed his interest in Anna, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, the Emperors younger brother Archduke Matthias also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife, four years later, when Anna became slightly stout, rumors began at the Imperial court that she had finally become pregnant. But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence wasnt related to a pregnancy, on 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. Anna was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in Frankfurt on 15 June 1612 and she was the first crowned Empress since Eleanor of Portugal. Anna was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in Pressburg, called the Good-natured and loving Empress, she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias mistress Susana Wachter

11.
Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland
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Anne of Austria was queen consort of Poland and Sweden by marriage to King Sigismund III Vasa. Anne was a daughter of Charles II of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria and her paternal grandparents were Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anne of Bohemia, daughter of King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne of Foix-Candale. Anne became the first wife of Sigismund of Poland on 31 May 1592 and this marriage was opposed by many nobles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, who were opposed to the alliance with the Austrian Habsburgs that Sigismund pursued. Anne evaded the guards, arrived in Kraków and was crowned in May 1592 by Primas Karnkowski as the Queen of Poland, in 1594, she followed her spouse to Sweden, where she was crowned as the Queen of Sweden in Uppsala the 19 February. 19 April 1594, she gave birth to a daughter, whose baptism was celebrated at the Swedish court. During her stay in Sweden, she involved in a conflict with Dowager Queen Gunilla Bielke. She accused Gunilla for having stolen valuables from the Royal Palace and she was regarded as quite polite but distant and depressive during her stay. She did not speak Swedish, and she regarded the Swedish people as heretics and rebels, at her departure from Sweden in July 1594, she was granted Linköping, Söderköping and Stegeborg on the condition that she respect the Protestant belief within these feifs. Anne and Sigismund fell in love and Anne gained the friendship and respect of many of her enemies with her politeness. Sigismund III then married her sister Constance Renate of Habsburg, http, //runeberg. org/sqvinnor/0024. html Europe in the sixteenth-century, Andrew Pettegree,2002, ISBN 0-631-20704-X Den svenska historien. Riket formas, Gunvor Grenholm, Jan Cornell, Jerker Rosén, Sten Carlsson and Svenolov Ehrén,1978, ISBN 91-0-042667-9

12.
Archduchess Anna of Austria
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Anna of Austria was the daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. Anna was the third of fifteen children, annas paternal grandparents were Philip I of Castile and his wife Joanna of Castile. Her maternal grandparents were Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his third wife Anne de Foix and she was engaged several times as a child, first to Prince Theodor of Bavaria, then to Charles dOrléans, but both died young. Anna finally married on July 4,1546 in Regensburg at the age of 17, Duke Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, the brother of her first fiancé. This marriage was part of a web of alliances in which her uncle Charles V, the wedding gift was 50,000 Guilder. The couple lived at the Trausnitz Castle in Landshut, until Albert became Duke, Anna and Albert had great influence on the spiritual life in the Duchy, and enhanced the reputation of Munchen as a city of art, by founding several museums and the Bavarian State Library. Anna and Albert were also patrons to the painter Hans Müelich, in 1552, Albert commissioned an inventory of the jewelry in the couples possession. The resulting manuscript, still held by the Bavarian State Library, was the Jewel Book of the Duchess Anna of Bavaria, karl William V Ferdinand Maria Anna married Archduke Charles II of Austria Maximiliana Maria Friedrich Ernst, Archbishop of Cologne

13.
Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain
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Anna of Austria was Queen of Spain by virtue of her marriage to her uncle, King Philip II of Spain. She was the eldest daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and her maternal grandparents were Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who was emperor when she was born, and Isabella of Portugal. Her paternal grandparents were Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and Anna of Bohemia, Anna was born in Spain, but lived in Vienna from the age of four. She had many siblings, two of whom became emperors, among her sisters was Queen Elisabeth of France, wife of King Charles IX of France. Anna was considered her fathers favorite child, the story goes that he enjoyed playing and gambling with her and once a meeting of the Estates of Hungary was postponed because Anna was sick. She received a Catholic education even though her father was sympathetic to Lutheranism, as the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor, Anna was a desirable candidate for marriage at the European courts. Her parents thought of a Spanish marriage to strengthen links between the Austrian and Spanish Habsburg families, initially she had her cousin Don Carlos of Spain in mind, the only son of her maternal uncle Philip II of Spain. These plans were shattered in 1568 when Don Carlos died, plans for a Spanish marriage were revived when Philips third wife, Elisabeth, died in childbirth, also in 1568. As a result, Philip was left a widower with two young daughters, Philip was now looking for his fourth wife, since he had no male heir since Don Carlos died. In February 1569, Annas engagement to her uncle Philip II was announced, Anna traveled from Austria to Spain in the autumn of 1570 accompanied by her brothers Albert and Wenzel. They traveled through the Netherlands, where Anna was accosted by friends and relatives of Floris of Montigny, Montigny had been imprisoned in Spain since 1567. Now that King Philip had entered into a new marriage, Montignys family and they received a promise from the future queen that she would do her utmost to free Montigny, however she was unsuccessful, with Montigny being strangled on the orders of the king. Anna passed along the English Channel, where Elizabeth I sent her admirals, Charles Howard and William Wynter, to offer support, on 3 October Anna arrived on Spanish soil, but before she could reach the king, Floris was secretly put to death on 16 October 1570. The historian John Brewer believes that Philip had him executed soon after Philips first meeting with Anna. Besides being her fathers favorite child, Anna was also Philips most beloved wife, but the marriage was at first opposed by many, including Pope Pius V. According to diplomats, the king was in love with his young bride, Philip was a conscientious monarch and maintained his relationship with Anna twice a week to write notes. It was Philips fourth marriage, but the still had no male heir. Anna completed her duties flawlessly in that regard, not only was she a good stepmother to Philips daughters Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catherine Michelle, but she also gave birth to five children, including sons

14.
Anne of Austria
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Anne of Austria was queen consort of France and Navarre, regent for her son, Louis XIV of France, and a Spanish and Portuguese Infanta by birth. During her regency, Cardinal Mazarin served as Frances chief minister, born at Benavente Palace in Valladolid, Spain, and baptised Ana María Mauricia, she was the eldest daughter of King Philip III of Spain and his wife Margaret of Austria. She held the titles of Infanta of Spain and of Portugal, in spite of her birth in Spain, she was referred to as Anne of Austria because the rulers of Spain belonged to the House of Austria. Anne was raised mainly at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid, exceptionally for a royal princess, Anne grew up close to her parents, who were very religious. She was raised to be too, and was often taken to visit monasteries during her childhood. In 1611, she lost her mother, who died in childbirth, despite her grief, Anne did her best to take care of her younger siblings, who referred to her with affection as their mother. Anne was betrothed at age eleven to King Louis XIII of France and her father gave her a dowry of 500,000 crowns and many beautiful jewels. For fear that Louis XIII would die early, the Spanish court stipulated that she would return to Spain with her dowry, jewels, and wardrobe if he did die. On 24 November 1615, Louis and Anne were married by proxy in Burgos while Louiss sister, Elisabeth of France, Anne and Elisabeth were exchanged on the Isle of Pheasants between Hendaye and Fuenterrabía. She was lively and beautiful during her youth and she was also a noted equestrian, a taste her son, Louis, would inherit. At the time, Anne had many admirers, including the handsome Duke of Buckingham, Anne and Louis, both fourteen years old, were pressured to consummate their marriage in order to forestall any possibility of future annulment, but Louis ignored his bride. Louiss mother, Marie de Medici, continued to conduct herself as queen of France, Anne, surrounded by her entourage of high-born Spanish ladies-in-waiting, continued to live according to Spanish etiquette and failed to improve her French. During the years he was in the ascendancy, the Duke of Luynes attempted to remedy the formal distance between Louis and his queen, Anne began to dress in the French manner, and in 1619 Luynes pressed the king to bed his queen. Some affection developed, to the point where it was noted that Louis was distracted during an illness of the queen. A series of stillbirths disenchanted the king and served to chill their relations, on 14 March 1622, while playing with her ladies, Anne fell on a staircase and suffered her second stillbirth. Louis blamed her for the incident and was angry with the Duchess of Luynes for having encouraged the queen in what was seen as negligence. Henceforth, the king had less tolerance for the influence that the duchess had over Anne, Louis turned now to Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor. Under the influence of Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, the queen let herself be drawn into political opposition to Richelieu, in 1635, France declared war on Spain, placing the queen in an untenable position

15.
Archduchess Assunta of Austria
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Archduchess Assunta of Austria German, Assunta, Erzherzogin von Österreich-Toskana, was the youngest daughter of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and Infanta Blanca of Spain. She was a member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg, born and raised in the twilight years of the Austrian Empire, Archduchess Assunta lived in exile in Barcelona, Spain after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy. She entered religious life in a convent in Barcelona, but was forced to leave it in 1936 due to disturbances during the Spanish Civil War, in 1939, she married Joseph Hopfinger, a Polish doctor. In 1942 the couple emigrated to the United States, Archduchess Assunta and her husband had two daughters, but they divorced in 1950. She moved to San Antonio, Texas where she had a variety of living in anonymity until her death. Archduchess Assunta of Austria was born on 10 August 1902 in Vienna and she was the eighth of ten children of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and his wife Infanta Blanca of Spain. She was given the baptismal names Assunta Alice Ferdinandine Blanca Leopoldina Margarethe Beatrix Raphaela Michaela Philomena, Archduchess Assunta grew up in the last period of the Habsburg monarchy. She was raise with her brothers and sisters in the various properties owned by he parents enjoying a comfortable. Vacations were spent near Viareggio, Italy where Infanta Blanca owned, la Tenuata Real, theirs was a multi cultural household as Assuntas paternal ancestors had reigned in Austria, Tuscany and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Her maternal family had reigned in Spain, Parma, Modena, Portugal, the youngest of five sisters, Archduchess Assunta was raise paired with her sister Archduchess Maria Antonia. Archduchess Assunta was sixteen years old at the fall of Habsburg monarchy and this marked a sharp down turned in her familys prosperity. The republican government of Austria confiscated the properties of the Habsburgs, the family lost all their fortune. Assuntas eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, remained in Austria, the rest of the family moved to Spain in January 1919. They settled in Barcelona living with simplicity as they have limited means, while living in Barcelona, Assunta following in the footsteps of her sister, Maria Antonia, turned increasingly towards religion. Although their parents were observant Catholics, they found their youngest daughters religious fervor worrisome, Archduchess Maria Antonia abandoned her desire to become a nun and married an impoverished Majorcan aristocrat, but Assunta remained adamant in her determination to become a nun. After running away in a ship to South America, Assumpta, with their permission, she entered the convent of Santa Teresa de Tortosa near Barcelona. At the outbreak of the Spanish civil war the convent was attacked and those, like Assunta, who had not yet taken their final vows were free to follow a secular life. Assunta obtained permission to leave her order and joined her mother, in the late 1930s, through one of her brothers, Archduchess Assunta met Joseph Hopfinger, a Jewish Polish doctor

16.
Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria
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Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria, Princess of Bavaria, was the daughter of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his first wife, Maria Anna of Saxony. She married Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, who became the Prince Regent of Bavaria after her death. Auguste was one of three born to Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, by his first wife. She was an older half-sister to Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany and she was a member of the direct lineage of both Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. After a strict Catholic upbringing, she developed an interest in the arts, contemporaries described her as tall, beautiful and self-conscious. On 15 April 1844, she married Prince Luitpold in Florence, Luitpolds father Ludwig I of Bavaria initially opposed Luitpolds marriage plans, since Auguste was already showing symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis before the marriage. They had four children, including Ludwig III of Bavaria, during the 1848 Revolution, she spoke against Lola Montez and sought to isolate opponents of the monarchy. Luitpold never remarried, with his sister Adelgunde and daughter Therese taking over care of his household, media related to Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria at Wikimedia Commons

17.
Archduchess Barbara of Austria
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Barbara of Austria was born in Vienna to Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. From 1547, in Innsbruck with her sisters Magdalena, Margareta, Helena and Johanna, even though Barbara was regarded as plain, several proposals had been made for her hand, due to her connections with the Austrian and Spanish courts. In 1565 her marriage to Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, was celebrated with much splendour and it was a happy marriage but it remained childless. Torquato Tasso who, in 1565, had called to the court of Ferrara. In 1570 and 1571, after an earthquake, using her own income she supported young girls without parents and she founded the Conservatore delle orfane di Santa Barbara which was very much appreciated by the population of Ferrara. She was in constant touch with the Jesuits but also had a close relationship with her Protestant mother-in-law, Renée of France. Having been sickly since 1566, she died, aged thirty-three, media related to Archduchess Barbara of Austria at Wikimedia Commons

18.
Infanta Blanca of Spain
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Infanta Blanca of Spain was the eldest child of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain and his wife Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma. Blanca was a member of the House of Bourbon and - according to the Carlists - an Infanta of Spain by birth, in 1889 she married Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria. The family left Austria after the end of the Monarchy and finally settled in Barcelona. When the male line of Blancas family died out at the death of her uncle, Alfonso Carlos, Blancas childhood was marked by the third Carlist War in which her father tried, unsuccessfully, to gain the throne of Spain by force. For a time in 1875, Blanca lived in Elizondo, Navarre at the established by her father. After the war ended the family lived mostly in the Parisian district of Passy, in 1881 they were expelled from France due to Carloss political activities. By then Blancas parents drifted apart and her father went to live in his palace in Venice, while her mother retired to her estate in Viareggio, Italy. Blanca and her siblings divided their time between them and their properties were confiscated and they had to live in exile with meager means. The family could live in France nor in Italy, countries that had been Austrias enemies during the war. Blanca was forced to ask permission to live in Barcelona to her cousin Alphonso XIII of Spain, Alphonso XIII allowed them to come to Spain on condition that they did not support the claims to the Spanish throne of Blancas brother Jaime, Duke of Madrid. In 1922 Blanca was recognized as a Spaniard, the exiled family had to live modestly in a house in Barcelona. The fall of Alphonso XIII and the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931 did not affect directly their circumstances, however five months later, Blancas husband died during a trip to Austria while trying to recover some of their lost properties. Blanca was left under strained economical means, living from vineyards at La Tenuata Reale at Viareggio, three of her children were still living with her, Dolores, Margaretha and Karl. The convulsed political situation in Spain made them returned to Austria, the family was able to rent three rooms at their former residence in Vienna, the Palais Toskana. In March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria and Blanca with her children Dolores, in later years, Blanca and her youngest sons Karl Pius and Franz Josef became involved in various Carlist disputes and claims. She died, aged 81, in Viareggio, Tuscany, Italy, Lost Waltz A Story Of Exile by Bertita Harding Balansó, Juan. Plaza & Janés Editores SA,1997, ISBN 84-01-53023-7 McIntosh, rosvall Royal Books,2000, ISBN 91-973978-0-6 Lost Waltz A Story Of Exile by Bertita Harding

19.
Carlota of Mexico
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Carlota of Mexico was a Belgian princess who became Empress of Mexico as the wife of Maximilian I of Mexico. The only daughter of Leopold I, King of the Belgians by his wife, Louise, Princess of Orléans, Charlotte was born at the Royal Palace of Laeken in Laeken, Brussels. Charlotte had three brothers, Louis-Philippe, who died in infancy, Leopold, who on the death of their father became Leopold II of Belgium and Philippe, Count of Flanders. She was also a first cousin to both Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, as well as Ferdinand II of Portugal and she belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her favorite grandparent Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies, Queen of France, was the consort of Louis-Philippe of France, Maria Amalia was Charlottes close confidante, and on her wedding day in 1857, she wore a bracelet with a miniature portrait of her. They regularly corresponded, especially later while Charlotte was in Mexico, when Charlotte was ten years old, her mother, Louise-Marie, died of tuberculosis and Charlotte was entrusted to the Countess of Hulste, a close family friend. Although young, the princess had her own household, but for a few out of the year, Charlotte stayed in Claremont with Maria Amalia. On 27 July 1857 in Brussels, Charlotte married her second cousin Archduke Maximilian of Austria, Napoleon III gave Charlotte and her husband Maximillian a beautiful bisque bust of Charlotte as a wedding gift. This bust is in the Popes Tavern, Florence, Alabama, in the Court of Vienna she was much prized by her mother-in-law, Princess Sophie, who saw in her the perfect example of a wife to an Austrian Archduke. Charlotte disliked Empress Elisabeth, Franz Josephs wife, Charlotte spent several relatively happy years in Italy as Maximilians wife while the archduke served as the governor of the Austrian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. The position was purely nominal, as power rested in the hand of the Emperor, in the early 1860s, the ambitious Napoleon III initiated the French intervention in Mexico. France, eager to turn Mexico into a state, searched for a suitable figurehead to serve as the nominal emperor of Mexico. His choice was Maximilian, who held no power in Italy and was eager for a more challenging role. Against his brothers advice, Maximilian accepted the Mexican crown and the couple sailed for the New World, the imperial couple were crowned at the Catedral Metropolitana in 1864 and chose as their seat Mexico City, making their home in the Neoclassical Chapultepec Castle. As Empress, she took the name of Carlota, Carlota tried to take her imperial duties seriously, and even undertook a tour of the remote Yucatán frontier, visiting the ruins of Uxmal. Only months after the coronation, however, Napoleon III began signaling his abandonment of Maximilian, and this strategic pullback was a potentially fatal blow to the infant Mexican monarchy. The situation was exacerbated by a United States blockade that prevented French reinforcements from landing, in a desperate attempt to save her husbands throne, Carlota returned to Europe, seeking assistance for her husband in Paris, Vienna, and finally in Rome from Pope Pius IX. Her efforts failed, she manifested symptoms of paranoia, suffered a profound cognitive and emotional collapse, Maximilian explained himself that it was all a charade to get his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria to give him one of his sons as heir

20.
Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain
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Catherine Michelle of Spain was a Duchess consort of Savoy by marriage to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, she also served as Regent of Savoy several times during the absence of her spouse. She was the youngest surviving daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elisabeth of Valois, she was also the sister of Isabella Clara Eugenia, catherine Michelle was described as beautiful, intelligent, arrogant and well aware of her high social status. She had a relationship with her father and exchanged letters with him after her marriage. Charles Emmanuel I suggested the marriage as a way of gaining Spanish support for his plans to expand Savoy on the coast of the then weakened France, the wedding took place in Zaragoza on 11 March 1585 and the couple made their entrance to Turin in Savoy 10 August 1585. Catherine Michelle was initially unpopular because of her arrogance and attempts to introduce Spanish pomp, ceremony, however, she soon gained respect because of her political and diplomatic skill, which she used to defend the autonomy of Savoy against Spain. She refused the Spanish offer to install a Spanish garrison in Turin from Milan with the excuse of giving her a life guard and she is reported to have had great influence on Charles Emmanuel I and to have reformed him for the better. She also served as regent several times during the absence of the duke on military campaigns, catherine Michelle died near the end of 1597, she had miscarried earlier that year. Her father died the following year and her sister Isabella married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, and later became Governess of the Netherlands. In 1584, she married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and this marriage produced ten children, Philip Emanuel Victor Amadeus Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Spanish Viceroy of Sicily

21.
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland
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Catherine of Austria was one of the fifteen children of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1553, she married Polish King Sigismund II Augustus and became Queen consort of Poland and Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and their marriage was not happy and they had no issue. After a likely miscarriage in 1554 and a bout of illness in 1558 and he tried but failed to obtain a divorce from the pope. In 1565, Catherine returned to Austria and lived in Linz until her death, Sigismund died just a few months after her bringing the Jagiellon dynasty to its end. Catherine was one of the fifteen children of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and she spent most of her childhood at Hofburg, Innsbruck and received education based on discipline and religion. She learnt Italian and Latin languages, on 17 March 1543, Catherine was betrothed to Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Marquess of Montferrat. It reflected her fathers desire to strengthen Habsburg influence against France in northern Italy, particularly Milan, both Catherine and Francesco were 9 and 10 years old at the time. The wedding took place six years later on 22 October 1549, in October 1549, Catherine was escorted by her elder brother Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria from Innsbruck to Mantua. Her dowry was 100,000 Rhine florins, the marriage lasted only four months as Francesco III Gonzaga drowned in the Lake Como on 21 February 1550. Widowed Catherine returned home to Innsbruck, Habsburgs claimed that the marriage was not consummated to increase Catherines chances for a better second marriage. In May 1551, after the death of his second scandalous wife Barbara Radziwiłł, Emperor Ferdinand I pursued the marriage between Catherine and Sigismund to create a pro-Habsburg group within the Polish court. Particularly, he wanted to prevent Polish assistance to Sigismunds sister Isabella Jagiellon, both Catherine and Sigismund personally opposed the marriage. Catherine blamed Sigismund of mistreating and causing the death of her older sister. Sigismund feared that Catherine would be similarly unattractive and of health as Elisabeth. However, the Habsburgs threatened to create an alliance with the Tsardom of Russia. In early 1553, Mikołaj the Black Radziwiłł traveled to the court of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, Radziwiłł had further orders to travel to investigate marriage opportunities with Mechthild of Bavaria or one of the daughters of Ercole II dEste, Duke of Ferrara. However, the Emperor convinced Radziwiłł that marriage between Catherine and Sigismund was best, Radziwiłł wrote enthusiastic letters to Sigismund, who soon gave in and gave his consent on 10 April 1553. The papal dispensation was received on 20 May and the treaty was signed on 23 June

22.
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal
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Catherine of Austria was Queen of Portugal as wife of King John III, and regent during the minority of her grandson, King Sebastian, from 1557 until 1562. An Infanta of Castile and Archduchess of Austria, Catherine was the daughter of King Philip I by Queen Joanna of Castile. Catherine was born in Torquemada and named in honor of her maternal aunt and she remained with her mentally unstable mother until her eldest siblings, Eleanor and the future Emperor Charles V, arrived at Spain, coming from Flanders. All of her five siblings, except Ferdinand, were born in the Low Countries and had been put into the care of their aunt Margaret of Austria. Catherine actually stayed with her mother during imprisonment at Tordesillas during her grandfather Ferdinand of Aragons time as regent, when the time came for her to marry, Catherine was released from the custody that her mother was to endure until her death. On 10 February 1525, Catherine married her first cousin, King John III of Portugal and they had nine children, but only two survived early childhood. After the death of her husband in 1557, she was challenged by her daughter-in-law and niece, Joan of Austria, over the role of regent for her grandchild, the infant King Sebastian. Mediation by Charles V resolved the issue in favour of his sister Catherine over his daughter Joan and she then served as the regent of Portugal from 1557 until 1562. In 1562, she turned over the regency to Henry of Portugal, Catherine had one of the earliest and finest Chinese porcelain collections in Europe due to her position as both the youngest sister of Emperor Charles V and the Queen of Portugal. Her collection became the first kunstkammer on the Iberian Peninsula and she was following a tradition established earlier by the Portuguese King Manuel I of Portugal who had purchased porcelain for his wife, Maria of Castile, who was Catherines aunt. Catherine has no descendants today, as both her grandchildren died childless and her line of descent became extinct within six months of her death, as the only descendant of hers that survived her, King Sebastian of Portugal, died in August 1578

23.
Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria
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Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria was a member of the House of Habsburg. She was the daughter of Archduke Charles II of Austria, the son of Emperor Ferdinand I and her elder brother Archduke Ferdinand, succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. Born in Graz and like all of her siblings, Catherine Renata suffered from the famous Habsburg inferior lip, negotiations for a marriage between her and Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma were initiated when Catherine Renata suddenly died aged twenty-three. She was buried in the Seckau Abbey

24.
Cecilia Renata of Austria
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Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria was Queen of Poland as consort to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealths King Władysław IV Vasa. Cecilia Renata was a daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, of the House of Habsburg, born in 1611 in Graz, she was chosen as bride by the Polish nobility. She married Władysław on 9 August in Vienna by proxy, and then in Warsaw in person on 12 September 1637, and this was the first royal coronation outside of Kraków, the historic, former capital of Poland, and this greatly angered the Polish nobility. A law was instigated to reserve coronations to Kraków in 1638, young and energetic, she soon began organising the royal court to her liking. She was popular, especially for her politeness, one noble wrote in his memoirs that she insisted other women sit with her, even though she was queen. Cecilia could not remove her husbands mistress, Hedwig Łuszkowska, by herself, in 1638, Cecilia and Władysław visited Vienna. Cecilia advocated the Habsburg and pro-Catholic point of view and allied herself with the faction of chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński. Her political opponent at the court was the faction of Adam Kazanowski, whose influence over King Władysław, his childhood friend, Kazanowski was allied with Chancellor Piotr Gembicki, who thus became one of her opponents. Her influence was strong for the first 2–3 years of marriage, after 1638/1639 when Władysław realised that Habsburgs were prepared to give him little assistance, her power waned, and he started to disregard her advice. Cecilia kept in contact with her brothers and continued an attachment with them. On 23 March 1644 Cecilia Renata gave birth her third child and she died next day as a consequence of an infection, likely related to her recent childbirth. Following her sudden death, Cecilia Renata was deeply mourned by both Władysław and the Royal Polish court and she also left a good impression on the public, mostly for her piety and good will. The Significance of the Crown Portrait of King Sigismund II Augustus by Peter Danckerts de Rij

25.
Claudia de' Medici
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Claudia de Medici was Regent of the Austrian County of Tyrol during the minority of her son from 1632 until 1646. She was a daughter of Ferdinando I de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and she was born in Florence, and was named after her grandmother Claude of Valois, herself granddaughter of Claude, Duchess of Brittany, consort to King Francis I of France. In 1620, she married Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, the son of Francesco Maria II della Rovere. Their only child went on to marry the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Federico Ubaldo della Rovere died suddenly on 29 June 1623. After her husbands death, she was married, on 19 April 1626, to Leopold V, Archduke of Austria. She died at Innsbruck in 1648, on the death of her husband in 1632, she assumed a regency in the name of her son Ferdinand Charles who was the ruler of the Princely County of Tyrol. Claudia, along with five directors, held the post until 1646 and she had one child by Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere married Ferdinando II de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and had issue. She had five children by Leopold V, Maria Eleonora of Austria died in infancy, Ferdinand Charles of Austria married Anna de Medici and had issue. Isabella Clara of Austria, who married Charles III, Duke of Mantua and had issue, sigismund Francis of Austria, Count of Tyrol and Regent of Further Austria, who married Countess Palatine Maria Hedwig Auguste of Sulzbach and had no issue. Maria Leopoldine of Austria, who married Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III and had issue, media related to Claudia de Medici at Wikimedia Commons

26.
Archduchess Clementina of Austria
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Clementina of Austria was an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Salerno upon her marriage to Prince Leopold of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Prince of Salerno. Maria Clementina was a sister of Marie Louise, Empress of France, Ferdinand I of Austria. She was also a sister of Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony, Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Henri was the surviving son of King Louis-Philippe of France and his wife Princess Maria Amalia of Naples. Through their daughter, Maria Clementina and Leopoldo had seven grandchildren, however, neither of these grandchildren married or produced children of their own. Maria Clementina died 3 September 1881 at the Chateau de Chantilly, France and she was eighty-three years old, all her descendants having predeceased her. She was buried at the Basilica of Santa Chiara in Naples, Princess Maria Carolina Augusta of the Two Sicilies married Henri dOrléans, Duke of Aumale and had issue, Louis Philippe Marie Léopold dOrléans, Prince of Condé. Henri Léopold Philippe Marie dOrléans, Duke of Guise, françois Paul dOrléans, Duke of Guise. François Louis Philippe Marie dOrléans, Duke of Guise, Prince Lodovico Carlo of The Two Sicilies died in infancy. Spain, The 172nd Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa, media related to Archduchess Marie Clementine of Austria at Wikimedia Commons

27.
Constance of Austria
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Constance of Austria was queen of Poland as the second wife of King Sigismund III Vasa and the mother of King John II Casimir. Constance was a daughter of Charles II of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria and her paternal grandparents were Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. Anne was the daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary. Her maternal grandparents were Albert V, Duke of Bavaria and Anne Habsburg of Austria, Constance was also a younger sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Margaret of Austria, Leopold V of Austria and Anna of Austria. Her older sister Anna was the first wife of king Sigismund III Vasa, after her death Constance and Sigismund were married on December 11,1605. They had seven children, John Casimir, John Casimir, who reigned during 1648–1668 as John II Casimir. Queen Constance was an ambitious politician, immediately after the wedding, she made efforts to influence policy. She built a strong faction of followers by arranging marriages between her handmaidens and powerful nobles and she represented the interests of the Habsburg family in Poland, and influenced the appointments of positions in the court, government and church. Her closest confidant was Urszula Meyerin, Constance was proficient in Spanish, Latin and Italian. She learned Polish after the wedding but rarely used it and she was very religious and went to Mass twice a day. She also was a patron of clerics, painters and architects and she financed the buildings of several palaces for her children, but she was also described as an economic person. In 1623 Constance bought Żywiec from Mikołaj Komorowski, which was forbidden by law to the members of the Royal Family, some time later she made it forbidden for Jews to settle in the city. Constance wished to secure the succession of her own son to the rather than the son of her sister. Urszula Meyerin Golub-Dobrzyń The Stockholm Roll, Entry of the Wedding Procession of Constance of Austria and Sigismund III into Kraków in 1605

28.
Archduchess Dolores of Austria
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Archduchess Dolores of Austria German, Dolores Erzherzogin von Österreich-Toskana, was a daughter of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria. She was member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg, after the fall of the Austro Hungary Empire, she lived under reduced circumstances with her family in Spain, Austria, and Italy. Archduchess Dolores was born in Lemberg, Austria, the eldest child of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and her mother was the eldest daughter of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain. Dolores was given the baptismal names Maria de los Dolores Beatrix Carolina Blanca Leopoldina von Habsburg-Lothringen Archduchess Dolores grew up in the last period of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Her father, who had followed a career in the army, was also an inventor with a number of military patents under his name and her mother was the domineering force in the family. Doloress paternal ancestors had reigned in Austria, Tuscany and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and her mothers family had reigned in Spain, Parma and France. Archduchess Dolores was educated with her sisters Immaculata and Margaretha, the three sisters, very close in age, were artistically inclined. Dolores was particularity skillful at drawing and her education made an emphasis in languages. She learned, besides her native German, French, Spanish and they had the Palais Toskana in Vienna and Schloss Wilhelminenberg as their country state. Vacations were spent in Italy where Infanta Blanca owned a property near Viareggio. During World War I, Archduchess Doloress father and two eldest brothers fought with the Austro-Hungarian army, at the fall of Habsburg monarchy, the republican government of Austria confiscated all the properties of the Habsburgs. Dolores family lost all their fortune and her two eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, decided to remain in Austria and recognized the new republic. Dolores with her parents and her other siblings emigrated to Spain, in January 1919 they arrived in Barcelona where they settled for over a decade. With income from her fathers military patents in France and with the sell of some of her mother jewels they were able to buy a house in Barcelona and she was mildly handicapped by a limp since childhood. The convulsed political situation in Spain during the Second Spanish Republic made the family returned to Austria and they were able to rent three rooms at their former residence in Vienna, the Palais Toskana. In March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria and Archduchess Dolores with her mother and youngest brother moved to Tenuta Reale, as the situation there became increasingly dire due to the war, Archduchess Dolores her mother, her youngest brother, Archduke Karl, and his family moved back to Barcelona. When the war ended they returned to Viareggio, after the death of her mother, Archduchess Dolores returned to live in Barcelona. In the 1960s her family lost contact with her and it was later discovered that she was living in Lleida being held in semi imprisonment by the family of the postman who used to deliver her letters

29.
Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg
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Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg is the wife of Georg von Habsburg, the third in the line of succession to the titular Austro-Hungarian throne. She was in line of succession to the British throne before her marriage to a Roman Catholic and she is a daughter of Duke Johann of Oldenburg and his wife Countess Ilka of Ortenburg. Her father is a son of Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg and his wife Princess Helena of Waldeck. On 18 October 1997, Eilika married Georg von Habsburg in St. Stephens Basilica in Budapest and he is the younger son of Otto von Habsburg and his wife Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. Among the wedding guests were Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Prince Albert of Monaco, pope John Paul II sent his best wishes to the couple, and ambassadors of many foreign nations, including the United States, attended as representatives. The 25-year-old Eilika wore a white dress, along with a veil worn by her great-grandmother Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1896. The ceremony was broadcast live on Hungarian television, roughly 2,000 Hungarian citizens and it was also the second time that a Habsburg was married in Hungary since the fall of communism in 1989. She and her family live next to the village of Sóskút and their eldest child was the first Habsburg to be born in Hungary in more than fifty years. While Georg is a Roman Catholic, Eilika has chosen to remain a Lutheran,22 August 1972 -18 October 1997 Her Highness Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg 18 October 1997 – present, Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess Eilika Eilikas ancestors in four generations

30.
Eleanor of Austria
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She also held the Duchy of Touraine as dower. She is called Leonor in Spanish and Portuguese and Eléonore or Aliénor in French, Eleanor was born in Louvain as the eldest child of Philip of Austria and Joanna of Castile, who would later become co-sovereigns of Castile. Her siblings were Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, Queen Isabella of Denmark, Queen Mary of Hungary, when she was young, Eleanors relatives tried to marry her to the future King of England, Henry VIII, to whom she was betrothed. However, when Henrys father died and he became King, Henry decided to marry Eleanors aunt, Catherine of Aragon, who was the widow of King Henrys older brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales. Her relatives also tried to marry her to the French Kings Louis XII or Francis I or to the Polish King Sigismund I, Eleanor was also proposed as a marriage candidate for Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, in 1510. In 1517 Eleanor may have had an affair with Frederick II. Her brother Emperor Charles once discovered her reading a letter from Frederick. Charles forced Eleanor and Frederick to swear in front of an attorney that they were not secretly married and she followed her brother to Spain in 1517. Eleanor married her uncle by marriage, King Manuel I of Portugal, after a marriage with her cousin the Crown Prince. Her brother Charles arranged the marriage between Eleanor and the King of Portugal to avoid the possibility of Portuguese assistance for any rebellion in Castile, Manuel had previously been married to two of Eleanors maternal aunts. Manuel and Eleanor married on 16 July 1518 and they had two children, the Infante Charles and the Infanta Maria. She became a widow on 13 December 1521, when Manuel died of the plague, as Queen Dowager of Portugal, Eleanor returned to the court of Charles in Spain. Eleanors sister Catherine later married Eleanors stepson, King John III of Portugal, in July 1523, Eleanor was engaged to Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, in an alliance between Charles and Bourbon against France, but the marriage never took place. In 1526, Eleanor was engaged to King Francis I of France during his captivity in Spain, in 1529, by the treaty called La Paz de las Damas, it was stipulated that the marriage should take place. She was married to Francis on 4 July 1530, Eleanor left Spain in the company of her future stepsons, who were now to be released having been held hostage by her brother. The group met Francis at the border, where Eleanor and Francis were married, Eleanor was crowned Queen of France in Saint-Denis on 31 May 1531. She was dressed in purple velvet at her coronation, Eleanor was ignored by Francis, who seldom performed his marital obligations and preferred his lover Anne de Pisseleu dHeilly. At the official entrance of Eleanor to Paris, Francis displayed himself openly to the public in a window with his lover Anne for a period of two hours

31.
Archduchess Eleanor of Austria
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Archduchess Eleanor of Austria was the daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. Eleanor was the child and sixth daughter out of fifteen children born to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Anna of Bohemia. She was a sister of Johanna of Austria, who married Francesco I de Medici, thus making Eleonora the aunt of Marie de Medici and she married William I, Duke of Mantua on 26 April 1561. Their children were, Vincent I, Duke of Mantua, married her maternal uncle Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria. At about age 5, Eleanors daughter Anne Catherine became severely ill and she contracted a high fever and her extremities began to swell. For two years she was ill, finally Eleanor and William appealed to the Virgin Mary with deep prayer, promising to raise Anne as a child of Mary if she lived on. Eleanor and William told their daughter of the Virgin Marys intervention on her behalf, from there out Eleanor educated and guided Anne Catherine in the cultivation of devotion to Mary. Throughout childhood Anne Catherine displayed a consistent sense of piety, Eleonora died on 5 August 1594 at the age of 59, she had been a widow since 1587 when her husband died

32.
Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland
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Eleanor Maria Josefa of Austria was, by her two marriages, Queen of Poland and Duchess of Lorraine. Born in Regensburg, she was the daughter of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, Eleanor married Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, on 27 February 1670 in the Jasna Góra Monastery. They had one stillborn son on 29 November 1670, in 1671, she had a miscarriage. The opposition of Michael spread rumours that Michael forced her to fake pregnancies, Queen Eleanor was regarded as a model of goodness, softness and loyalty toward her spouse. She learned Polish, although she preferred Latin, and accompanied Michael on his journeys around Poland. She remained in Poland for a couple of years after his death, Eleanor then married Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, on 6 February 1678 in Wiener Neustadt, Austria. The couple resided in Innsbrück in Austria and they were the parents of 6 children. She passed to her heirs the inheritance of the Gonzaga of Mantua, leopold, Duke of Lorraine Charles Joseph of Lorraine Eleanor of Lorraine Charles Ferdinand of Lorraine General Joseph Innocent Emanuel of Lorraine Francis Anthony Joseph of Lorraine. Abbot in Malmedy, Abbot in Stablo, Eleanor died at the age of 44, having outlived both of her husbands and 2 of her children

33.
Archduchess Eleonora of Austria
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Archduchess Eleonora of Austria was a daughter of Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria and a first cousin of King Alphonso XIII of Spain. She was member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bohemia, Hungary and she renounced to her titles upon her morganatic marriage to Alfons Kloss, the captain of her fathers yacht. During World War II her sons served in the German army, Archduchess Eleonora was the eldest daughter of Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria and his wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany. Both of her parents were related to Emperor Franz Joseph. Her father, a son of archduke Karl of Austria who had led the Austrian army against Napoleon Bonaparte, was a brother of Queen Maria Christina of Spain. Eleonora’s mother, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, was a granddaughter of Leopold II, on her mother line, she was a grand daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. Archduchess Eleonora was born in Pula, Austria–Hungary, now Croatia and she was educated by private tutors, her education made special emphasis on languages and she learned German, Italian, English French and from 1895 Polish. Her father had followed a career in the Austrian Navy and Eleanore spent her formative years primarily in Istria in the then Austrian port of Pula in the Adriatic. Her father was very wealthy and the family had a villa in the island of Losinj in the Adriatic. In 1895 her father inherited from Archduke Albert vast properties in Galicia, from 1907 the family main residence was in Zywiec castle in western Galicia today Poland, but still they spent the winters in Istria. At age fifteen, Archduchess Eleanore fell in love with Alfons von Kloss and their relationship grew during many familys Mediterranean cruises. Archduke Charles Stephen had wished to marry his eldest daughter to a Polish aristocrat and he contacted the emperor, asking him to authorize the union. Emperor Franz Joseph was inflexible on matters, but he was a good friend of Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria. The wedding, a modest ceremony, took place on 9 January 1913 at Saybusch, Poland, Archduchess Eleanore renounced to her titles upon her marriage becoming simply Mrs von Kloss. Alfons von Kloss worked as Corvette Captain in the Imperial navy, Eleanore and her husband stayed in Austria after the fall of the monarchy and lived in Baden near Vienna, in a large villa Eleanore had inherited from her childless uncle Archduke Rainer of Austria. One of her sons, Alfons, was military Attache at the Austrian Embassy in Washington DC, most of her many descendants still live in Austria. Archduchess Eleonora and her husband Alfons von Kloss had eight children, Albrecht von Kloss and they had one son and two daughters. Karl von Kloss Rainer von Kloss, married Cornelia Schoute and had one son, ernest von Kloss, married Ritxa Harting and had three sons and one daughter

34.
Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria
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Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria was a daughter of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria and his third wife Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal. She was the mother of Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Elisabeth was born in Reichenau on 7 July 1878. She was born the youngest of a family, as her father Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria married three times and had children with two of his wives. With his first wife Princess Margaretha of Saxony, he had no children, Elisabeth and her older sister Archduchess Maria Annunziata of Austria were the product of his third marriage to Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal, a daughter of deposed King Miguel I of Portugal. In addition, her father was a brother of Franz Joseph I of Austria. He was also a sibling of Maximilian I of Mexico, who became Emperor of Mexico for a period of time. On 20 April 1903, in Vienna, Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie married Prince Aloys of Liechtenstein, there had been some debate as to whether this was an equal union. Emperor Franz Joseph I attended the wedding with the intention of making it clear he regarded Liechtenstein as a ruling dynasty. Later, the Emperor also became the godfather of the couples eldest son, Franz Joseph, Elisabeth and Aloys lived in various castles within Austria, including Gross-Ullersdorf Castle. Their eldest son was born in Frauenthal Castle, the couple had eight children together, She owned thirty-one motor cars and was seen as the most enthusiastic motorist of all the imperial women in Europe. Prince Aloys renounced his rights to the succession on 26 February 1923, on 25 July 1938, Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein died, passing the throne on to their eldest son. Prince Alois died on 17 March 1955 from influenza at Vaduz Castle in Liechtenstein, due to his renunciation, he never ruled over the tiny principality. Elisabeth died on 13 March 1960, principality of Liechtenstein, A Documentary Account

35.
Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria
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She was known to the family as Erzsi, a diminutive of her name in Hungarian. Later nicknamed The Red Archduchess, she was famous for becoming a socialist, Archduchess Elisabeth was born at Schloss Laxenburg on 2 September 1883 to Crown Prince Rudolf and Stéphanie, daughter of King Leopold II of Belgium. The only child of his son, Erzsi was Franz Josephs favorite granddaughter. After Rudolfs death, Franz Joseph took over guardianship of Erzsi, by his order, at a young age she displayed a strong personality, as well as an opposition to the Viennese court. Her grandmother, the capricious Empress Elisabeth, did not enjoy being identified as a grandmother and was not close to any of her grandchildren. The Empress made no secret of her dislike of her prior to the scandal. In 1900 Stéphanie renounced her title of Crown Princess to marry the younger—and Protestant—Hungarian Count Elemer Lonyay, later, following her marriage, Stéphanie retaliated by disinheriting Elisabeth in 1934. Elisabeth was considered a potential bride for several princes in Europe, among them was her cousin Prince Albert, however, King Leopold II vehemently disapproved of Stéphanies recent morganatic marriage to Count Lonyay and thus refused to give Albert his permission. Alberts sister Henriette was horrified at her brothers choice, feeling Elisabeths background was too unstable for the marriage to be a success, in 1900 Elisabeth met Prince Otto Weriand of Windisch-Graetz at a court ball. Ten years her senior, he was below her in rank, nonetheless she importuned her grandfather to be allowed to marry him. Franz Joseph resisted at first, having intended for Elisabeth to marry the German Crown Prince, by many accounts it was Elisabeth alone who wanted the marriage, as Otto was already engaged to another woman and was reportedly dumbfounded when Franz Joseph informed him of his new engagement. Ordered by the Emperor to break his engagement to marry his granddaughter. The couple married at the Hofburg on 23 January 1902 and they had three sons, Prince Franz Joseph, Prince Ernst and Prince Rudolf. Their last child and only daughter, Princess Stephanie, was born at Ploschkowitz, only after the death of Franz Joseph in 1916 and the end of the monarchy in 1918 did the couple officially separate. In 1921 Elisabeth joined the Social Democratic Party, where she met Leopold Petznek from Bruck an der Leitha, then president of the audit office, at one of the election meetings. A teacher and a committed Social Democratic politician who became president of the Lower Austrian Landtag after the war, Petznek came from a modest background, but was highly cultivated. He was also married, his wife, with whom he had a son, was institutionalized at a hospital in Mauer-Ohling. The lengthy legal process dragged on, and it was not until March 1924 that Elisabeth was able to obtain a judicial separation, a sensational custody battle for their four children ensued

The House of Habsburg (German pronunciation: [ˈhaːpsbʊʁk], traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called …

Growth of the Habsburg Empire in Central Europe

A map of the dominion of the Habsburgs following the Battle of Mühlberg (1547) as depicted in The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded green, but do not include the lands of the Holy Roman Empire over which they presided, nor the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, particularly in the New World.