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To help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 (coronavirus), the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, including the Library and Archives Reading Room, is closed until further notice. Staff members are working remotely to answer reference requests to the extent feasible. Reference questions, including those regarding access to collections, may be directed to Reference@ushmm.org. For questions about donating materials, please contact Curator@ushmm.org. Please do not send any materials until the Museum reopens to the public. Thank you for your understanding.

To help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 (coronavirus), the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, including the Library and Archives Reading Room, is closed until further notice. Staff members are working remotely to answer reference requests to the extent feasible. Reference questions, including those regarding access to collections, may be directed to Reference@ushmm.org. For questions about donating materials, please contact Curator@ushmm.org. Please do not send any materials until the Museum reopens to the public. Thank you for your understanding.

Search All 1 Records in Our Collections

The Museum’s Collections document the fate of Holocaust victims, survivors, rescuers, liberators, and others through artifacts, documents, photos, films, books, personal stories, and more. Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts the Cloth Hall in Warsaw.

Rectangular paper stamp with perforated edges; on the recto is a graphic design in gray ink. It features an illustration of a gothic style walkway with large pointed arches and stone pillars with people walking in the foreground. In the upper left corner is a dexter eagle with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons. The denomination 40 is printed in large type beneath the eagle. German text is printed along the lower border. The faded imprint of a circular cancellation stamp in black ink is across the stamp. The verso is covered with aged yellowed adhesive.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government in 1938 for use by members of the National Socialist Party to send official mail. This is one from a series of 11 stamps, with the following denominations: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 40. It features the Nazi Government emblem, the Reichsadler [Imperial Eagle], looking to the right with outstretched wings, perched atop a pedestal holding a swastika in its talons.

Postage stamp issued by the German government to commemorate the 54th birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1943. It was issued in a series of 6. Designed by Gottfreid Klein, it features a realistic portrait of Hitler in right profile, with a quill, torch, and sword in the borders.

Postage stamp issued by the German government to commemorate the 54th birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1943. It was issued in a series of 6. Designed by Gottfreid Klein, it features a realistic portrait of Hitler in right profile, with a quill, torch, and sword in the borders.

Postage stamp issued by the German government to commemorate the 54th birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1943. It was issued in a series of 6. Designed by Gottfreid Klein, it features a realistic portrait of Hitler in right profile, with a quill, torch, and sword in the borders.

Postage stamp issued by the German government to commemorate the 54th birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1943. It was issued in a series of 6. Designed by Gottfreid Klein, it features a realistic portrait of Hitler in right profile, with a quill, torch, and sword in the borders.

Postage stamp issued by the German government to commemorate the 54th birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1943. It was issued in a series of 6. Designed by Gottfreid Klein, it features a realistic portrait of Hitler in right profile, with a quill, torch, and sword in the borders.

Postage stamp issued by the German government to commemorate the 54th birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1943. It was issued in a series of 6. Designed by Gottfreid Klein, it features a realistic portrait of Hitler in right profile, with a quill, torch, and sword in the borders.

Postage stamp issued by the Fascist government of Italy to honor the alliance between Germany and Italy. It features Hitler in cap and Mussolini in helmet, facing each other in profile, with a German and an Italian soldier in the background.

Postage stamp issued by the Fascist government of Italy to honor the alliance between Germany and Italy. It features Hitler in a military cap and Mussolini in a helmet, facing each other in profile, with a German and an Italian soldier in the background.

Postage stamp issued by the Fascist government of Italy to honor the alliance between Germany and Italy. It features Hitler in cap and Mussolini in helmet, facing each other in profile, with a German and an Italian soldier in the background.

Postage stamp issued by the Fascist government of Italy to celebrate the alliance between Germany and Italy. It depicts Hitler and Mussolini, facing each other in profile, with a German and an Italian soldier in the background. It features the slogan: DUE POPOLI / UNA GUERRA [TWO PEOPLES / ONE WAR].

Postage stamp issued by the Fascist government of Italy to celebrate the alliance between Germany and Italy. It depicts Hitler and Mussolini, facing each other in profile, with a German and an Italian soldier in the background. It features the slogan: DUE POPOLI / UNA GUERRA [TWO PEOPLES / ONE WAR].

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts the Krakow Gate in Lublin.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts Wawel Castle in Krakow.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts the Dominican Church in Krakow.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts the Town Hall Tower in Krakow.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts Saint Mary's Basilica in Krakow.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts Bruhlsche Palace in Warsaw.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts St. Brigit's Church, Lublin.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts Bruhschle Palace, Warsaw.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts Castle Court in Krakow.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts Tyniec Monastery.

Postage stamp issued by the General Gouvernement, the civilian ruling authority established by the Germans in southwestern Poland in 1939. This area was ceded to Germany under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact and it would be occupied by the Germans until 1944. It was divided into four administrative districts with seats in Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin. There were several issues of stamps featuring historic landmarks of the region that the Germans claimed were of ancient German origin. This stamp depicts the Barbican, Krakow.

Learn about over 1,000 camps and ghettos in Volume I and II of this encyclopedia, which are available as a free PDF download. This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes.