Enro only for pneumonia in beefle cattle, swine and dairy heifers <20mo

gentamicin except oral in pigs

nitrofurazone, topazone

phenylbutazone prohibited in dairy cattle >19mo.

NO cephalosporins at unapproved anything. Only for SA. but some ELUD?

compounding

okay to modify or combine FDA approved drugs if available label won't tx.

NOT okay to compound from bulk sources for food animals.

sheep and goats as food animals

ALL are by law, no matter what O says!

CAFO - confinement animal feeding operation

permitting system based on number of animal units based on potential to cause manure

comprehensive nutrient managment plan determines how much manure can be applied to a field - phosphorus is of greatest concern.

Clean water act

fines for manure spills if lagoon fails

fines for fish kills if manure spread on fields run into stream

effluent from silos and compost piles must be contained and treated.

organic

SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION, not safety or quality of food

National Organic Standards Board advises USDA on standards

rules lack consistency, may seem irrational

Lg farms have pretty much taken over the niche market

Fields and crops and feeds must be certified (expensive!). No fertilizers, pesticides or GMO, fungicides, herbicides, for at least 3 years. No abx during LIFE of animal, no matter how sick! (supposed to remove from organic system.

no coccidiostats, no dewormers but moxidectin, fenbendazole (but offspring not organic if tx in late preg or lactation). Fiber okay with parasiticide (90d withdrawal)

PASTURE must be 30% of dry matter intake for 120d/year.

Milk replacer only in emergency

no MARKING CRAYONS

no tail docking

AI but no estrus control, hormones

vax and supplements okay, anything "natural" okay (FDA says no)

Proposition2 - California

for all or the majority of any day, farm animals must not be confined for tethered in a manner that prevents lying down, standing up, turning round or completely stretching out without touching the sides - all chickens moved out.

cornual nerve location

behind the eye

underneath temporal line, on the bone

at the outer edge (where the icicle attaches to the roof)

may need partial ring block in older

block lasts more than 1 hour

clip hair after blocking

BLOCK with (2)-4cc of lidocaine. Just use 4, your aim doesn't have to be so good.

Barnes dehorner

small and large

Quick and easy with a good block, but you have to PUSH

Like hedge trimmers

for calves, too large animals need a keystone.

Keystone dehorners

like hedge trimmers, guillotine.

Takes 2 STRONG people

for animals too big for the Barnes dehorner

Not recommended

ways to dehorn (8)

lye paste

portasol: butane, what we used, not great in cold. Get GOOD butane or will plug, burn to bone and scoop out, and Express - butane/propane mix, larger tip, better in cold

electric dehorner: battery operated, don't have to have a plug or refill butane, good for large farms. Gets cherry red. Direct ophthalmoscope-looking.

roberts: antique, spreads BLV, don't use. Looks like a microphone

Barnes: small and large. Quick and easy with a good block, but you have to PUSH. Like hedge trimmers