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THE
ELECTRICAL WORLD
"SrOT^XJ]VIE^
FROM JULV 7 XO DKCBMBER 29, 1894
NEW YORK
THE W. J. JOHNSTON COMPANY, LIMITED
253 BROADWAY
T<
E 47
INDEX TO VOLUME XXIV.
GENERAL ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Note. — Titles from Dig-pst are indicated by (Digest) ; if merely references by (Digest, Ref.).
Accident. Curious (Digest). 157
Accidents. Best method of treating (P. M. Dyer).
473
from high tension currents (Digest. Ref.). 2%
freatment in case of. 107. 356 (Digest). 110,
157. 296. 318 (Digest, Ref.), 157, 369, 478
Accninulaior. Fery (Digest), 651
Mulden (Digest), 157
I'evrusson (Digest. Kef.). 157
I'ollak (Digest. Ref.). 268
Schoop (Digest, Ref.), 83
Tauleigne (Digest). 14, (Digest, Ref,), 577
Tudor (Digest. Ret.). 408
liolts (Digest. Ref.). 503
Chemical theory of (Digest). 369, 478, 503. 544
(Digest. Ref.). 408, 449
^chloride of lead. First mention of (Digest), 529
Chloride of lead, in England. 244
chloride of lead. Invention of (Digest). 181
impossibilities. 2
industry. 612
Lead dust (Digest). 529. 651
litigation: Accumulator Co. vs Edison Illum-
iiialiug Co . of New York. 391, 412. 540
luigation ; Brush Electric Co. vs. Electric Stor-
age Battery Co., 236
pHlent, Faure (Digest, Ref.), 110
pjleuts. Acquisition of. by Electric Storage
H.mery Co., 61.3, 635, 648
plale (Digesl) 369
plates. Electro-chemical preparation of (Di-
gesl). 449
plates. Regeneration of (Digest), 239
fjcket (Digest). 625
rortable (Digest, Ref.), 267
Preparing solution for (Digest), 239
regulator (Digest. Ref.). 407
regulator. Poster-Viuay (Digest), 318
slation (Digest), 577
stations in Berlin (Digest. Ref.). 674
slation at Eccles (Digest. Ref.), 239
stations. Small gas engine (Digest). 650
traction (Digest). 13. 213 (Digest. Ref.). 60, 553
traction in mines (Digest). 527. (Digest. Ref.).
448
traction in Paris (Digest. Ref.), 267, 602
traction on ordinary roads (Digest). 83
Accumulators. Automatic switch fcr charging.
Electric Bell & Resislance Co., 64
Commercial efficiency of (Digest), 239
Cuuuectiou of plates of (Digest). 478. (Digesl,
Ref,). 578
Dvnamos for charging (Digeslj, 36
Efficiency of (Digest. Kef ), 408
English patents for. and data regatding
(Digest). 296
tor central stations. 71
fur traction purposes. A novel application of,
ill Chicago, 346
Future of, 566
Guaranteeing (Digest). 449
ill power houses (Digest). 83
ill the station of the N. Y. Edison Electric
Illuminating Co.. 185
Local action in (Digest). 625
under water (Digesl). 675
ll^ed with minors (Digesl). 267. 295
Aclinoiuetrv, Electo-chemical (Dige.st. Ret.). 673
Action electric phenomenon (Digest. Ref.), 623
Aerial Lines, Inductance in (Digesl), 625
Aeronautics, Electricity in (Digest), 450. 529
Afterglow in Geissler tubes (Digest Ref.), 81
Agriculture. Electricity in (Digest. Ref.). 369
Air. Klectrihcatiou of (Digest). 131. 265
Air-pump. Mercury (Digest. Ret). 343
Alarm. Burglar (Digest, Ref.). 603
Alarm clock atlachment (Digesl. Ret.). 603
Allernale current working (H. J. Ry^n). 360. 382.
461
Alternating current circuits. Regulating phase in
(Digesl). 448
curves (Digest. Ret.). 295
distribution (Digesl). 181
ni ilor system (Digest), 625
system. Monocyclic, General Electric Co.. 371
systems (Digest. Ref.). 267
Alteri'i.iting currents. Action of. on dielectrics
(Digest). 447
A<lvantages of (Digest). 368
Analysis of (Digest) 265
Coiilinuous from. 551
Ill a divided circuit (Digest. Ret.), 366
Ill direct current armatures and their bad
effects on machines (G. J. Scott). 314
Suine advantages of (S. P. Thompson), 208
fni directional from (Digest). 108
vs. direct (Digest). 267, 295
Allernator, Current curves cf (Digest), 12
Huge, General Electric Co., 652
Ironclad. Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, 372
Kapp (Digest. Ref ). 295
Sine curve (Digest). 82. 212
Alternators and alternating current motors. Self-
excited (Digest). 316
Alternators, Design of large (Digest). 406 553. 576
E. M. F. and current cuives or (Digest). 624
• in parallel. Coupling (Digest), 61. 317. 527
(Digest. Ref.). 342. 476
.Aluminium and its electrical metallurgy (Digest,
Kef. I. 268
Impuriiies of (Digest. Ret.), 181
induslrv. Obstacles in development of
(Digest). 110
induslrv. Present state of (Digest). 61
leading-in wires (Digest). 650
plating (Digesl). 110. 478
Production of Nauhauseu plant (Digest. Ret.).
450
sulphide and clay as a source of aluminium
(Digesl). 577
Amateur's practical work. 16
."American Association for the Advancement of
Science. History of (W. H. Hale) 147
Forty-third meeting of. at Brooklyn, 143, 146,
169. 202
American Bell's policy of silence, 665
American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Pro-
gramme of. 119. 121
Annual meeting of, 333
American Electrical Work's clam bake, 2.%
American Institute of Electrical Engineers: A
commendable policy, 327
— ■ — October meeting of, 461
November meeting of. 565
December meeting of. 660
American Manufacturers' Exhibition. 487
Aintrrcan Street Railway Association. Atlanta
meeting of. .;39. 413. 417. 425
Ainidon Tool Corporation, corner brace, 113
Ammeter. Keystone Electrical Instrument Co.. 531
and voltmeter for amateurs. How to make (G.
H. Duntou). 285. 3jS
Ammeters and voltmeters for alternating currents
(Digest), 266
and voltmeters. Registering (Digest. Ref.). S53
Amperion molecule. Energy of (Digest). 552. 649
Analogv; electrical difference of potential. (J.
Waddell). 589. 672 (A. W. K. Pierce), 671
Analogies, Hydraulic (Digest, Ref.), 294
Analysis. Sources of current for (Digest). 675
Annunciator, Patrick & Carter Co.. 160
Anode. Cheap insoluble (Digest). 344
Anodes, composite. Decomposing (Digest, Ref.).
675
Antwerp exhibition. (See Exhibition.)
Arc. Alternaling current (Digest). 317. 367, 511
Constitution of (Digest. Ret.). 623
Continuous and alternating current (Digest),
527, 602, 650
Researches with (Digest), 576. 624
rotation of (Digest). 109
Starling an (Digesl), 212 (Digest, Ref.). 294
Architect and the electrical engineer (K. Hall). 600
Arcing of 500volt fuses. Destructive (W. E. Harring-
ton). 474
.\rc lamp (Digesl). 406
.\llernating current. General Electric Co.. 410
Auerbach-Woolverton Electric Co.. 373
Davy (Digest. Kef.). 132
Imperial Electric Lamp Co., 409
Lewis (Digest). 60
ing (Digest. Ref.). 213
Rn
88
Differential (Digest. Ref.). 367
Lantern (Digest Ref.). 553
Theatre (Digest. Ref ). 5.>7
. with two arcs (Digesl). 367
Arc lamps. Alternating current (Digesl). 12. 109
alternating current. Candle power of. 2
Alternating vs. continuous current (Digest). 343
in London (Digest). 60
Poles for (Digest). 602
ScientiBc study of (Digesl). 674
Arc light carbons, alternating current. Consump-
tion of (F. Bedell and A. C. Crehore). 613 (A.
H. Bucherer), 672.
Consumption of. 659 (Digest). 476. 502
Arc light installation. Alternaling (Digest). 83
Arc lieht regulator ^F. H. Pcmber). 408
Arc light system. Double series (Dieest). 448
Armature diameter and length. Best proportions
ol (M. H. Johnson). 287
discs. Machinery for manufacturing. E. W.
Bliss Co.. 159
■ Measuring self-induction of (Digest). 576
. star. Mammoth, Siemens & Halske Electric
Co.. 18
winding (Digest. Ref.). 266
Armatures, direct current. Alternating currents
in. and their bad effects iG. J. Scott), 314
Ventilating (Digest). 576
Asbestos. Magnetic properties (Digest). '447. 526.
575 (Diee.st. Ref.). 316
Ashley. Frank M... safety automatic gauge cock. 63
Atmospheric electricity (Digesl), 13L 156. 237. 501
^— and solar radiation (Digest. Ref.). 213
Auerbach-Woolverton Electric Co.. arc lamps. 373
Automatic Switch Co.. elevator controller. ..'71
B.
Bacteriology. (Digest. Ref.). 14
Ball Engine Co.. new vertical engine. 347 .
Balloon, Electrically driven (Digesl), 240
struck by lightning (Digest, Ref.). 344
Trolley (Digest), 344
Banquet, Electrically cooked, 31
Bate refrigerator case: arguments before Supreme
Court, 543. 588
Postponement of hearing of. 5*2
Baths. Testing (Digest). 450 (Digesl. Ret.). 554
Battery, primary. Clark, when producing a current
(Digest). 406
Coad (Dige.st. Ret.), 369
l.eclanche (Digest). 603
Million (Digesl). 63
Nas.sau Electrical Co.. 63
Velvo (Digesl). 343. 369. 408. 4:0
Western siandard. 327
Western standard cadmium (Digest), 341
Cupron (Digest), 181
drv. Comparing, 228
. Dry, Himmer. 89
-=— dry. Lessing (Digest, Ref.). 268
Dry. Test ol (Digesl). 238
Gas (Digesl). 60.> (Digest. Ref.). 651
New (Digest). 267. 268
Batteries. Primary, for lighting (Digest). 83. .37
Spongy lead in (Digest). S.9
Useful bi-products ol (Digesl, Ref.) 239
Bell. Bug proof. Central Electric Co., 3-0
Suggestion for. 279
Bells. Harmonic call (S. D. Motl). 287 (Digest). 529
ally operated, M. J. Busby, 216
nation Companies,
y Asso-
of Ed
Boston meeting of. 17,
Atlanta meeting of American Street Rail
ciatiou. 339. 413. 417, 425
Atlanta, Street railways of, 391. 441
Atlas Engine Works, heavy duty engine, 677
water tube boiler, 480 A
Mecbanii
Porter, 183
with different sounds (Digesl), 503 i
Bells, Electric, in England, 207
Berlin, Electricity in. 3o3, 310
Berliner telephone patent declared void, 635
Bernard Co.. The E. G., electric alarm and pressure
gage, 17
Bismuth in magnetic fields (Digest, Ref.). 266
in magnetic fields. Conductivity of (Digesl), 552
Blackening of walls by conductors (Digest). 318
Bleaching. Electrical (Digest), 407
paper pulp (Digest) 603
Bliss Co., E. W.. flexible frictionclulch. 579
machinery for manufacturing armature di.scs
159
Block signals, Hall system of. 319
Block system. Automatic (Digest, Ref.) S3
Tyler (Digest, Ref.), 603
Boats, Propulsion of (Digesl), 650
Boiler, Water tube. Atlas Engine Works. 480
Boilers and engines. Efficiency of. 564
Board of Electrical Conlrol. New York. 563
Bolometer. Edelmanu (Digest). 36
Boloinetric investigations (Digest. Ref ). 673
Books. Reviews of:
— Alternating Current Wiring and Distribution (W.
LeR. Emmet). Ill
— Aiinuairede Association Suisses des Electriciens
408
— Central Station Bookkeeping and Suggested
Forms (H. A. Foster). 504
— Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and
Phrases (E. J. Houston), 241
— Dynamo Attendants and Their Dynamos (A. H.
Cibbings). 408
— Electrical Measurements lor Amateurs (E. Tre-
vert), 269
— Electrician's Manual of Diagrams (E. W
Smith). 270
— Electric Lamps and Electric Lighting (J. A.
Fleming). 626 .
— Electric Light and Power (A. F. Grey). 675
— Electric Light Installations (D. Salomons). ISS
— Electric Lighting Plants (*. J. Buckley). 626
— Elecliic Railway Motors (N. W. Perryl.'626
— Electric Transmission of Energy (G. Kapp), S5S
— Electricity. Electrometer. Magnetism and Elec-
trolysis (G. Chrystal and W. N. Shaw). 504
— Electricity One Hundred Years Ago and To-day
(E. J. Houston). 37
— Electromagnetic Theory (O. Heaviside). 478
— How to Become a Successful Electrician (T.O'C.
Sloane). 269
— How to Build a One- Fourth Horse- Power Dvnamo
(A. E. Watson). 349
— How to Build a 1.000- Watt Alternating Current
Dynamo or Motor (A. E. Watson). 349
— How to Build Dynaino-Electnc Machinery (E.
Treveit). 349
— How to Make and Us^ the Telephone (G. H.
Cary). 270
— Johtrston's Electrical and Street Railway Direc-
tory. 504
— Magnetische Kreise. Deren Tbeorie uiid Anwen-
dung iH. du Bois). 530
— Mechanical Drawing (W. K. Palmer), 408
i N O KX
— rruy's Sleam Tables and Eugiue Constants (T.
Pray). 341
— ri'rogress in Flying Machines (O. Clianule). 2iU
— yuantilivc Chemical Analysis (A.Classon; trans-
lated l)y W. H. Hcrrick). 556
Hooks. Reviews of. The Electncal Central Stations
at Cologne and Amsterdam (C. Coerper
translated by C. I'. Heldman), .=55
— The Magneto Hand Telephone IN. Hughes). 270
— The Mineral Industry |K. P. Kolhwell). 318
— The I'linciples ol KUipiic and Hyperbolic Anal-
ysis (A. Maclarlane). IS
— TherinoDyuamics ot Reversible Cycles in Gases
and Saturated Vapors. Ill
— Tramsways. Their Construction and Workings
(D. K. Clark) 604
"Booster" on railway circuits. Use ol 438
Bracket with fuse (Uigest. Kef.). 407
Brady Mfg. Co.. safety wire cutter. 159
brake shoes. 440
Brakes. Electric. 304. 312 (Digest). 84
Power vs. hand. 473
Braking. Utilizing energy lost by (Digest). 317
Brandy. Ageing, electrically (Uigesl), 2V0
Brewerv analvsis (Digest, Kef.). 84
Bridge building. Application of electric power in
(Digest). 240
Bridge. Thompson (Digest. Ref). 448
British Association meeting at Oxford. 14.\ 146. 167.
171. 204. (Digest. Rel.). 241
Brombacher's Sons. Jacob, insulated pliers. 136
Buflalo's electrical carnival. Suggestions lor (F. C.
Perkins). 590
Bunnell & Co.. J. II.. trolley and trolley wheel. 215
Burglar alarm (Digest). 1.13
Busby. M. J., mechanically operated bells. 216
Business. Revival of. 192
situation. The. 191. 193
Buoy. Electric (Digest). 182. 240. (Digest, Ref.),
157, 450
Cable. AIIantic.109. 181. (Digest. Ref.). 478
Caledonian (Digest. Ref.). 83. 181
First direct New York. 281
lor ships (Digest). 37
Pacific (Digest. Ret.). 109, 369. 478. 528. 651
signalling (Digest), 651
submarine. Thompson (Digest). 628
Underground, lor low tension currents (Digest,
Ref.). 83
working. Pupin system of. 97
Cables. Compensating (Digest. Ref.). 109
Localizing faults in submarine (Digest), 316,
527. 576. (Digest, Ret.), 342. 553
Submarine, of the world (Digest, Ref ) 528
Cadmium. Electrical deposition of (Digest. Ref.), 296
Canadian Electrical Association, Montreal meeting
of, 52, 303. 305
Canal boat propulsion (Digest), 477, (Digest, Ref.)
553
traction (Digest), 527. 674, (Digest, Ref.) 267
Canal tugboat. Electric (F. M. F. Caziii). 344. 452
Canals. Electricity on (M. W. Hassou). 4
Capacity, Inductance and, 304
and capacity of suspended wires (H.J- Houston
and A. E. Kenuclly)
Calorific phenomenon (Digest). 265
Calorimetric measuremenis (Digest, Ref.). 576
Carbon, Cored, litigation (Digest. Rel.). 60, 602
dioxide. Electricity from (Digest. Ref.). 265
Electro chemical relations of (Digest). 267
Retort (Digest), 14
Vaporization of (Digest), 649
Carbons. Alternating ate light (Digest. Kef.). 576
" 'ng consumption of (Digest),
arc light, Dii
476. 502
■ Consuinplii
Bedell and
1 of alternating arc
e). 613. (A. N. Bucherer) 672
Consumption of arc. 659
Improved (Digest). 240
Increasing lite of (Digest), 602
Carbonit-carborundum (Digest. Ref.). 626
Car Equipment Co., John.ston rail bond. 219
Cane, E.. Biography of (Digest. Kef.). 61
Carriages, Electric (Digest Ref). 650
Self-motive (Digest. Kef.). 318
Cathode rays (Digest). 26.5. 552. 649
Effect of, on salts (Digest), 623
Velocity of (Digest), 447
Cable roads, 488
Cell (See Battery)
Central Electric Co.. bug proof bell, 320
new home of, 15
trolley wire clamp, 532
Ccutral station, Altona (Digest. Ref.), 651
Aruudel Castle (Digest, Kef.). 449
Bedford (Digest Ret.), 651
■ Bolton (Digest, Ref.), 554, 577
Bradford (Digest. Ref.), 61
Budapest (Digest. Ref.l. 181
Calais (Digest, Ret.). 477. 5S4
Cologne, Alternating current (Digest). 133
. Dresden (R. Grimshaw), 469
Ealing (Digest), 407, (Digest, Ref,), 449
Glasgow (Digest, Ret.), 37
Halles (Digest, Ref.), 157,
Hainpsteao municipal (Digest, Ref.). 5'
Manchester (Digest. Rel.). ISl. 239
Melbourne (Digest, Ret), 503
Nancy (Digest, Ref.), 407
Southporl (Digest, Ref.), 577
Teme.svar (Digest, Ref,), 368
Worcester (Digest. Ref.) 449. 477
Zurich (Dicest. Ref.). 407
bookkeeping (H. A. 'Foster), 525
burned out 676
. for drainage and lighting (Digest. Ref.), 343
in India (Digest, Ref.), 295
on tht Pacific slope. S
operation (Digest). 407
statistics (Digest. Ref). 109
statistics for Austria (D gest. Ref.). 68
603.
Central station statistics for Switzerland (Digest).
343. (Digest. Kef.). 651
German (Digest). 554
tbieephasc. Large (Digest). 181
Central stations and isolated plants,i.Coniparison ol
(Digest). 5-8
Competition with. 1
Day load ol (Digest). 651
lor lighting. Designing (C. H. Caiter). 551
Future ol (Digest). 602
Central stations. Gas vs. stea:u for (Digest), 83. 109
l.>3
General data on design of (Digest), 528
in Europe (Digest, Rel.). 554
in Germany (Digest. Kel.). 37, 61
. in Pans (Digest, Kel.). 528
Lighting in (Digest. Ref.), 295
Municipal (Digest). 503
ot Beilni (Digest). 477
, ol Chicago (C. Desmond), 29
run by gas engines (Digest, Ref.). 318
Various (Digest, Kel.). 157. 528
Charging lor current. Various inethods_of (Digest),
238
Chemical analysis (Digest. Ret.), 625
Choking coils v.s. resistances (Digest). 528
Christmas and electricity, 639
Chromium (Digest). 133
Chronograph (Digest. Ref). 266
Circuits containing magnets. Opening (Digest). 266
Cleat, Self-locking. Nashold Cleat Co.. 580
Clock. Self-winding. Edwards ti Co.. 604
Clocks, driven l)y alternating currents (Digest,
Ret.). 503
Clutch. Flexible friction, E. W. Bliss Co.. 579
Coal boats. Electric lighting on, Westmghousc
Electric & MIg. Co., 297
Coal cutler, Jeflrey MIg. Co., 411
cutting machines (Digest, Kef.). 478. 503
Coast communication (Digest. Kef.). 239
Coils, Finding laults in (Digest), 35
Columbian University. Electrical engineering at. 263
Columbia Telephone Mfg. Co.. telephone appara-
tus, 64
Come-along, Cope, Hubley MIg. Co.. 481
Commercial Electric Co., multipolar generators
and motors, 627
Commutator lubricating compound, Knott Mfg.
Co.. 87
Mercury (Digest. Ref.), 449
Compounding ot dyi
Hanchett). 487
Compass. Electrical st(
344. 529
Condenser and feed-w
Condenser & Eugii
Condenser, Measuring
650
Practical, 494 (G. T.
ering (Digest. Ref.). 84, 110,
atcr heater. Volz. Wheeler
eering Co., 450
capacity of (Digest, Ref,),
, 303
Condensers, Residual charges
Seat of electricity in (Digest), 265
Silk as a dielectric for (Digest). 132
- Study of residual charges of, and their depend-
ence upon temperature (F. Bedell and C. Kins-
lev). 314
with alternating current. Capacity of (Digest,
Ref,), 316
Conauetivity and pressure (Digest, Ref.). 649
and the dielectric constant. Determiation ol
(Digest. 673
balance (Digest). 406
Nature of (Digest). 81
Specific (Digest). 12
ol salts in aethyl and methyl alcohols (Digest,
Ref.). 81
Conductivities. Determining (Digest). 650
Conductors. Armored flexible (Digest. Ref.), 213
- — - Laws regarding (Digest. Ret.), 318
Conduits, Iron armored iusulatiug. Interior Conduit
& Insulating Co.. 39
Telescopic iron armored insulated. Interior
Conduit & Insulation Co.. 160
Conduits. Explosions in (Disest). 368
Stoneware (Digest. Ret.). 528
Controller, car. Edgecombe, 604
of currents,' Automatic (Digest), 318
Primary battery, Culler-Hamnier Mfg. Co., 113
Street railway. Walker Mfg. Co., SOS
Cooking, Electric (Digest), 37
Copper, Ancient methods of tempering (Digest,
Kef.). 61
electrolysis in vacuum (Digest). 407
production of diflerei.t countries (Digest, Ref.),
240
Specific resistance of pure (Digest), 108
zinc alloys. Resistance of (Digest), 265
Cord adjuster. George Cutter, 136
Cores. lloUowaud cylindrical iron (Digest, Ref.).
180
Colgate Co.. Geo. L, Keystone ammeter. 531
Corner brace. Aniidon Tool Corporation. 113
Cosmic electricity, 460
Crane, Electric (Digest, Ref), 214, 268
Current and lines of force. Rule for (B. S. Lam-
pher). 595
curves. Recording (Digest). 2'M
indicator (Digest. Ref.). 529. 603
rapid changes in. Practical method of measur-
ing (W. E. Harrington), 642
Currents in open circuits, dielectics and electro-
lytes (Digest), 366, (Digest, Rel. I 405
Cutler-Hammer MIg. Co., pciroary battery control-
113
s, 218
Cutter. George, Combination i
Cord adjuster, 136
Cut-out, Service end. Interior Conduit & Insulalii
Co.. 556
Cut-outs. High tension. Hope Electric Applian
Co.. 182
Crystals. Electrification of (Dige.st). 265
Cylinders. Magnelization of hollow (Dige.st). 447
Damping (Digest. Ref.). 60
Dayton Globe Iron Works Co., turbine I
Death by electricity (Digest), 14. 71, 84
jiroin electric shock. How to deal v
T;nt (A. H. Goelet). 229
Decimal system of weights and measures. 636
Deck planer. Portable electric (C. Dougherty). j8
Dccomposiliou, Minimum E. M. F. of (Digest). 110
Depolarizer. New (Digest). 267
Derroatines (Digest). 503 , , , ..
Dielectric bodies in electrostatic fields. Movement
of (Digest). 341
coiislaiils (Digest. Ref). 265
constants and chemical equilibrium (Digest.
Dielectric bodies in elect rostalic fields, conslant.s.
Delerminatiion of (Digest. Ref. 405).
Magnetic (Diges-t. Rel.). 341
polarization of liquids (Digest. Ref.). 26S
Dielectrics (Digest). 447 (Digest. Rel.). 601
Action ol alternating currents on (Digesl).
3n. 366. 447 (Digest. Ref.). 405
DifTusion. Electric (Digest. Ref.). 265
Digest for 1894 (Digest). 675
Discharge. Equation of (Digest, Ref.), 212
phenomenon. New (Digesl), 2o7
Spectrum of (Digest. Ref.). 265
through an orange (Digest). 294
through gases (Digest). 265 .
Diselectrification of bodies by light (Digest, Rel.l.
180
Dissociation, Heat of (Digest), 405
Distribution, Continuous current, at high voltage
(Digesl). 239
from sub-stations. 252
with equalization of P. D. (D. H. Keeley). ^6^
Drainage and lighting. Combined plant for
(Digest. Kef ). 343
Door opener. J. J. Jones & Son. 220
Drill Motor driven radial. Lodge & Davis Machine
Tool Co. 89
Dry cell (See Battery) . , ,„
Dunstan. K. J. Biography and portrait of, j53
Dyes. Purification of (Digest). 408
Dynamo. Alternating current. Fort Wayne Electric
Corporation. 136
and turbine combined (Digest. Ref.), 673
and motor. Amateur 16
armature.Measuring self-induction of (Digest),
576
brusi, New (Digest), 407
brush, Poland, 413
calculations. Practical notes on (A. E. Wiener),
11, 32. 57. 79. 98. 129. 153. 210, 497, 521, 549. 572,
598, 615. 646
Central station (Digest. Ref), 342
closed coil arc. Test ol (R. B. Owens and C. A.
Skinner). ISO
current. Increasing a (Digest). 212
Direct connected. Mather Electric Co.. 217
Direct connected. Wenstroin Electric Co.. 65
Double voltage. Fontaine Crossing & Electrical
Co.. SOS
excite itself. How to make (G. T. Hanchett),
262. (E. G. Miller), 340
Iron clad, Wenstrom Electric Co., 183
Multipolar. Electrical Mfg. Co.. 373
Multipolar. Mather Electric Co., 1J»
National Electric Co., 220
Roth & Eck, 348
Dynamos and apparatus, Siemens & Halske
(Digest. Ref.;. 156
and motors. Measuring armature loss and
efficiency of (Digest). 575
■ and motors. Multipolar, Commercial Electric
Co.. 627
and motors. Simple electrical method for
testing (Digest). 237 448. .=01. 527
and transformers. Classification of (Digest).
81
Dvuamos, closed coil Sparkingof (G, T. Hanchetti
668
Construction of (Digest. Ref.). 527
■ Direct connected. General Electric Co.. 17
Direct connected multipolar. General Electric
Co.. 87
ulaliou ol (Digesl). 156 (Digest,
Graphical i
Ref.). 406
in parallel. Overcompounding. 3SS (A. F.
Hemingway). 647 (Digest. Ref.). 577
Practical compounding of, 487 (G. T. Han-
chett). 494
Slow-speed multipolar. General Electric Co.,
557
. Unipolar. 12. (Digest). 476, 673
without iron (Digesl). 132
Dynamometer (Digest. Ref.). 674
E.
Earth as an electrical conductor (J. H. Holt). 290,
310
charging from leaking mains (Digest), 407
currents. Experiments with, at Mt. Vesuvius
(Digest. Ref.). 501. 526
currents. Origin of (Diges'), 501 (Digest. Ref.).
447. 526 .
magnetism (Digest. Ref.). 526
Earthquake in Tokio. 98
Educational reports (Digest. Ref ), 110
Edwards & Co.. self-winding clock. 604
F;icclion. The, and its effect upon the electrical
indu-trie.s. 511. 515
Electrical dupes. 71
Electrical energy. Cost of producing. 181. 227 (B. J.
Arnold). 104. 120. 340 (M. Meyer) 236
direct from coal, 587. 636 (Digest), 503. 603
(Digest, Ref.). .344. 625
direct from fuel (C. J. Reed). 637
Electrical Engineering & Supply Co., knife blade-
switch, 273
Electrical engineering in England (Digest). 13
Theory and practice in (Digesl), 625
Electrical Mfg. Co.. multipolar dynamos, 373
Electrical World. The. at home, 1
New dress of, 1
Electric and magnetic perturbations. Propagation
of (Digest, Ref.). .-41
Electric Bell & Resistance Co.. automatic switch
tor charging accumulators. 64
Electric Heat Alarm Co.. journal bearing alarm,
243
IN DEX.
Electric Storage Battery Co. acquires accumulatoa
patents ill U. S.. (>13. 635, o4S
Electric whirls iR. T. Escher,. 365
Electricity aud gravitation (Digest). 108
as a motive power. SX1 (see Motive Power)
considered as a wlurling movement (Digest).
■ direct from coal (See Electr
■ Does it kill. 23
•ing (Digest). 227
al Energy)
in church. 199
in connection with other physical phenomena
(Digest. Ref.). 156
ElectricUy. of drops (Digest, Ref.), 180
Surplus and de6cit theory of, (Digest, Kef,),
526. 552
Theorelical vs. practcal. 47
What is it? (Digest), 649
Electrochemical economy (Digest) 343
Electrochemistry, 48. 355 (Digest). 61
Electrocution, S63. 564 (Digest, Ref,), 240 (See also
Death by Electricity)
Electrode sensitive light (Digest). 623
Electro-depositions. Flocculent (Digest. Ref.), 408
of iron (Digest, Ref,), 214
Electro-dyuamic machinery, 48 lE. |. Houston, and
A. n. Kennellv). 50. 123. 149. 174, 205, 231, 2.S9,
289. 309, 337. 362. 398. 444, 468, 496, 520. 546, 597,
644, 670
Electro-dynai
Electro-dynar
- 81
c spring balance (Digest). 342
cs Vortex theory of (Digest, Ref.),
watt meters
used
tion. Some phenomena of
Electro-dvnamometers
(Digest). 294
Electrolysis and polari
(Digest. Ref.), 554
bv alternating currents, 611
. D'ynamos for (Digest), 317 '
• Maximum E M. F. for (Digest), 603
minimum E M. V. lor (Digest), S3
Elementary treati.se on (Digest, Ref,), 14
in urethral stricture (Digest. Ref), 626
of chlorides (Digest), 110, 133 (Digest, Ref.),
157. 296, =54
of glass (Digest). 265
of water mains (Digest. Ref.), 528
Limits of (Digest), 675. (Digest, Ref.), 554. 603
of mixed salts (Digest. Ref,). 239
of sulphate of copper (Digest, Kef,), 214
Removal of naevi by (Digest, Ref.). 675
Electrolytic corrosion of iron pipes 144
installation. Large (Digest). 318
production of alkali and bleach (Digest).
407
of bleach (Digest, Ref,). 369
of cadmium yellow (Digest). 577
of caustic soda (Digest). 157
of chlorate of potash (Digest), 318 (Digest,
Ref.), 369. 450
of soda. Proposed works for (Digest. Ref. 1, 296
of chlorine and soda (Digest), 369. 450 (Digest.
Ref.). 239
of soda (Digest) 407 >
of sulphuric acid (Digest, Ref,). 403
Electrolytes Measuring resistance of (Digest.
Rel.). 81
Thermo electric force of (Digest. Ref.). 526
Electrolyzers (Digest. Ref,). 230
Hermite high tension (Digest). 295
Electromagnet. Constant-pull (Digest). 501
Electromagnets for specific duties. Design of (E.
Rl Carichoff. 122
Electromagnetic induction, (Digest. Ref.). 265
theory (Digest. Ref,). 623
Electrometer. Ayrton-Mather (Digest). 650
Capillary (Digest. Ref,). 180. 212
Hydrostatic (Digest), 527
Lippmann (Digest) 36
Electromotive force and curent curves of alterna-
tors (Digest). 624 (Digest. Ref.) 673
Definition of (Digest). 405 (Digest. Ref). 367
Direct measure of (Digest. Ref), 60
Telephone measurements of (Digest, Ref,). 649
Electro-optics (Digest. Ref,), 294
Electiophoi-us (Di est, Ref,), 156
Electrostatic rotation in rarefied gases (Digest). 35
lical school. Russian military (Digest.
tical apparatus (Digest. Ref.), 408
!'-= 3;8 (Digest,, Ref), 478
currents in (Digest. Ref,), 578
" tshritt," G. Kaop
rge of, 419
Electrotech
Ref), 408
Electrotherapy
Electrotherapeutics
Central station _,
"ElektrOtechnisc
assumes editorial „
Electrozincing-Digest), 369
Elektron or atom of electricity (Digest), 447
Elevator controller. Automatic Switch Co., 271
Hamilton, 62
in Berlin (Digest), 603
Inclined plane (Digest), 110
Elliott-Lincoln Co,, four-poled motor. 480
E, M. F, (See Electromotive force)
Empire Electric Insulation Co.. new insulation, f
Enamelling. Haswell process of (Digest) 450
Energy. Electrical. Cost of producing. 181, 227 (
J. Arnold) 104, 120. 340 (M. Mevei) 236
direct from coal. 587. 630 (Digest). 503. (.
(Digest, Ref,). 344. 625
direct from fuel (C. T. Reed), 637
Engine, New vertical Bail Engine Co.. 347
heavy duty Atlas Engine Works. 677
■ regulation extraordinary, 143
■ stop. Monarch Engine Stop Co.. 580
" ' ' Efficiency of. 564
Engines and boilers, :
coupled with dv
Ref,). 528
Economic
governing (Digest.
isteful boilers.
. ,„.„„.., Ref,), 343, 477
r governed (Digest. Ref.), 239
Stationary, 228 (H. "
Hunting of governed (Digest. Ref.). 239
Locomolive vs. Stationary, 228 (H. G. Wyn-
koop), 264
Old (Digest. Ref.). 240
Protection for power house, 409
Engineering education. 168. 182, 209
and the state nniversity (W. S. Aldrich). 290
Engineers. Consulting and contracting (Digest).
110
Consulting vs. contracting, 72
English journalism. 95. 252
Entropy iDigest. Ref). 84. ISO
Etching glass bulbs (Digest). 238
Ether. Movement of pure (Digest. Kef,). 447
Ethers. Conductivity of (Digest. Ref.). 576
Examination questions. City and Guilds (Digest,
Ref ) 344 369
Examination of British Telegraph Department
(Digest, Ref), 529
Exhibition. Antwerp (Digest), 603. (Digest. Ret.).
408. 529
Exhibition. Lyons (Digest. Ref.). 344. 449
Motors and dvnainos at (Digest. Ref). 624
Exhibition of 1900 at Paris (Digest, Ref,). 36
Classification of group "Electricity" (Digest.
Ref). 554
■ Information regarding (Digest, Ref.), 318
Experiment that failed. An. 107
Explosive powders. Electrification of (Digest). 240
Extra currents, production of (Digest, R»f.), 239
Factories. Motors in (Digest, Ret,), 450
• Electric power in (Digest), 529 (Digest, Ref.),
266
Falkenan, A, Biography and portrait of, 163
Fatal charges from single leads (Digest). 554
Fault. Localizing a (DigesI). 501
current elimination (Digest). 342
detector. High tension (DigesI), 267
Faults in high tension net works. Localization
(Digest), 650
Feeder and main decision. 279. 284
Feeder wire .splicer, Ohio Brass Co., 113
Ferraiiti phenomenon. Explanation of (Digest.
Kef). 237
Fire alarm. Simple. 61
system. FogI (Digest. Ref.). 267
Fire damp (Digest. Ref), 84
detector (Digest. Ref.). 240
Fire room economy. 96
Fixture. Combination, for public halls, I. P.
Frink. 480
Floating metallic films. Formation of (Digest.
Ref,). 237. 265
Fluorescence a phenomenon of ionic origin (Di-
gest, Ref.). 36
Flying machine. Electric (Digest), 84. 240
Weller (Digest), 318
Fly-wheel accidents in power houses. 355. 379. 487,
525, 611 (A. V. Abbott), 401 (J. S. Badger). 401
(I, S, Brown). 401 (A. H. Burnett). 600 (R. C.
Carpenter). 549 (F, B, Corev), 500 (T, C. Coy-
kendalll. 365. 500 (C. H, Davis). 401 (G. H,
Davis) 445 (C, E. Emery), 401 (A. T. Farns-
worlh). 525 (C, I. Field). 401 (J, J,Flalher), 498.
523 (R. Fleming), 549 (G. T. Hanchett), 475 (M.
Hnopes),401 (S. S. Howell). 445 (H W.Leonard).
401 (C, H, Manning). 401 (W.D.Marks), 401 (G.
E O'Neil), 445 (M, P, Rvder), 672 (L. W. Ser.
ell). 401 (A. Sharp), 620 (T. C. Smith), 445 (W.
Stuart-Smith), 621. 637 (F. Thompson), 500 .R,
H. Thurston), 401. 549 (]. L. Wocdbridge), 401
accumulators (Digest), 266. 318
Fontaine Crnssi g & Electrical Co., double voltage
dynamo. 505
Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, alternating
current dynamo. 136
iron clad alternator. 372
purchases Wenslrom Electric Company, 208
sectional switchboard. 451
vs. General Electric. 49
France. Electrical industry in (Digest, Ref.), 651
Frequency. Uniform (DigesI). 343
Frequencies, Transforming. 251
Frictional electricity. Origin of (Digest), 649
Prink, I. P,, combination tixtuie. 480
Furnace. Girard (Digest). 158
Moissan. 251 (Digest. Ref,), 478
Fuse arrester. Multiple. C. S. Van Nuis. 272
Protecting (Digest). 449
Fuses. Alternating currents and. 314
copper. Table of diameters of, 627
Destrnclive arcing of 500-voIt (W. E, Harring-
ton), 474
Magnetic blow-out. General Electrical Co.. 531
Regulation concerning construction of
(Digest. Ref.). 295
Galvanometer. A vrton-Mather (Digest. Ref.), 448,
553
for telegraphers' Pocket (Digest, Ref.), 316
Mirror (Digest). 60
needles, Magnetizing and astaticizing (Digest).
552
New forms of (Digest. Ref.). 12
Portable (Digest. Ref.). 180
Thomson. Sensitive form of (Digest). 650
Galvanometers. Construction of delicate (Digest),
237. (Digest. Ref,). 266
d'Arsonval, Copper and German silver coils in
(Digest). 366
Formulas for (Digest). 294
Gas and electricitv. Equivalent price of. 307
Gas battery (Digest. Ref.). 625. 651
Dr. Borchers' : suggestion (L, S. Powell). 637
Gas, Electricitv from (Digest), 603
Gas engine. Charon (Digest). 181
Competition (Digest. Ref.). 577
Olin Gas Engine Co.. 160
Gas-engines. Central stations run bv (Digest, Ref.),
318
Comparative tests of (Digest. Ref). 554
Elastic coupings for (Digest, Ref,), 651
Electric ignition of (Dig~est). 478
for electric li.ghling, 24. (Digest), 37
■ Regulating (Digest). 239
Gas motors. Regulating (Digest), 407
Gas rivalry. High candle-power (H. W. Frnnd), .570
Gas traction (Digest), 368
Gas vs. electricitv (Digest). 36
Gases. Conductivity of (Digest. Ref.). 59
Gauge cock. Safety automatic. Frank M. Ashley :
Electric alarm and pressure. The E. G Be
nard Co. 17
Gay & Co.. E. A. Incandescent lamp support, 55i
Gearing. Worm wheel (Digest). 61
Gears New system of cutting. Gould and Ebe
hardt. 676
General Electric Co.. alternating current arc lam)
410
alternating current fan motor, 136
at Atlanta Convention, 413
direct connected dynamos, 17
direct connected multipolar dynamos. 87
electric haulage m a Michigan mine. 579
■ forty-ton electric locomotive. 243
huge generator. 652
interesting raining installation. 629
marine generating plant. 158
magnetic blow-out, 531
mine hoist. 216
monocyclic system. 371
portable alternating current meter. 65
railway generator switchboard panel. 112
slow-speed multipolar machines. 557
small induction motors. 481
. snap switch. 451
General Electric Co.. of Berlin, Apparatus of (D;
gest. Ref.). 267
Gibbs & White, incandescent lamp adjuster. 185
Gillilaud Telephone Co.. magneto-telephone e\
change. 652
Glass. Luminescence of (Digest), 623
Globes. Electric light. 487
Glohe.s. Holophane (Digest. Ref). 576. 650
Gold and silver. Extraction of (Digest). 110
Electro-deposition of (Digest). 57", 625
Gold, Extraction of (Di.gest). 625. 651
leaf. Electrolytic (Digest). 14
Government inspection in Canada (Digest,
408
ef.),
land
Austria (Digest,
nent .standardizing stati
(Digest. Rel.), 553
Government testing bureau i
Ref,). 156
Governor, Electromagnetic (Digest. Ref.). 603
Graphite' or carbon. Purifving (Digest). 240
Grawinkel. C, Biographv of (Digest. Ref.). 110. 318
Grip. Buffalo. Western Electric Co.. 89
Gouhert Mfg. Co., steam separators for power sta-
tions. 244
Gould & Eberhardt. new shaper. 452
• new system of cutting gears. 676 J '1
Gun steel. Magnetic qualities of. 488 ■"
Guttapercha, Substitute for (Digest), 625
H.
Harmonic analyzer (Digest. Ref.), 295. 316
Harmonics. Origin of upper. 47
Hail. Production of (Digest. Ref,). 108
Hasson, W, F, C, Biography and portrait of, 485
Hawks, H, C, Biography and portrait of, .=84
Heater purifier and receiver Stilwell-Bierce &
Smith-Vaile Co.. 216
Heating appliances (Digest Ref.). 408
by combustion and by electricity (Digest), 554
cais electrically (Digest) 368
Suggestions for (Digest) 450
Lagrange and Hoho method (Digest), 268
patent. Leonard. 64
Helmholtz. H. (H. S. Carhart), 542. (M. I, Pupiii).
541
Biography of (Digest. Ref.), 344. 408, 603
Death of. 251
The man and the teacher (W. F. Magie and C.
R. Mann). 329
Hermite. process (Digest). 14
high tension electrolvzer (Digest). 295
adopted at Ipswich iDigest. Ref), 478
Hertz, H,. Biography of (Digest. Ref,), 84
Work of (Digest. Ref.). 12, 3=.-81. 212 '.
Work of. and the results (Digest, Ref.), 649
High & Co.. J. Grant, high tension switch. 626
large capacity switch. 215
large switchboard. 530
High frequency currents, Phvsiological efl'ects of
(Digest. Ref.). 240
High tension vs. low (Digest). 61
Hill Electric Co., W.S., large switch, 451
switch and rheostat combined. 40
Hine & Robertson, indicator for valve setting. 410
Hope Electric Appliance Co.. high tension cut-outs.
182
Hubbard. Norman H., vacuum pump. 530
Hublev Mfg. Co.. Cope come-along. 481
trollev harp and wheel. 218. 452
Hunt. A. M,. Biographv and portrait of, 485
Hysteresis and induction curves. Method of deter-
mining (F. Holden). 617
Discussion at Philadelphia meeting of A. I. E.
E.. 571
Electrostatic (Digest). 180
^'in magnetic metals (Digest), 156
Neutralizing, 145
Variation of. with temperature (Digest, Ref.), 59
I.
Ice, Dielectric power of (Digest, Ref.), 526
Illumination. 380. (DigesI. Ref.) 602
Comparison of sources of. 119
Interior (Digest. Ref.), 650
Imperial Electric Lamp Co., 409
Imperial Institute. Object and work of (Digest,
Ref.), 527, 673
Imperial Telephone Works, telephone, 413
Incandescence of lamps. Measuring degree of (Di-
gest). 526, (Digest. Ref ). 576
Incandescenrarc lamps. Manhattan General Con-
struction Co.. 218
Incandescent gas burners (Digest). 36
Incandescent lamp adiiister. Gihbs & White. 185
bulbs. Coloring (Disesl), 133
bulbs. Silvering (Digest, Ref.), 553. 527
filament litigation. 539
vl
INDEX.
Incandescent lainf) filaments. Increasing refractory
power of (Digest). 502
General tlieory of. 513. £39. £40 (Digest. Rcf.).
367
manufacture (Digest). 82. (Digest. Ref.), 60, 156.
180
patent. Edison. Expiration of. 511
Livgro Incandescent Lamp Co., 182
of the future (Digcsl). 205
Quanonne (Digest). 527
Serial on (Digest. Rcf.). 602
shades of feathers (Digest, Ref.). 238. 527
Incandescent socket and holder. Improved Kdisou
(Digest. Ref.). .i£3 . ^
socket attachment. Independent Electric Co.
676 . .
suit. Buckeye. Judge Rick's decision sustained.
'8
support. E. A. Gav & Co.. 557
tests (Digest. Ref.). 367
Incandescent lamps. Candle power of (Digest). 367
Decorative use of (Digest). 212
Economic age of. 168 (Digest). 180
Efficiency of (Digest). 317
Experiments with (Digest). 156
Ignition produced by (Digest). 238
Light and efficiency te.st of (Digest. Ref.), 13
Mullijile filanieut (Dig-sl). 13
Phosphorescence of (Digest), 601
Reducing candle-power of (Digest). 367
Their use and abuse (A. D. Page), 102
Incandescent lighting, Co.';! of (Digest). ."142
Series (Digesl). 295. (Digest. Ref.). 318
Independent Electric Co, lamp socket attachment
676
Index ot scientific and technical literature (Digest)
Ref.), 84. 110
Indicator for valve setting. Hiue & Robertson. 410
Inductance and capacity. 304
and capacitv of suspended wires (E. T. Houston
and A. E. Kennellv). '
coefficients. Simple
(Digest). 649
552,
1 aerial li
nethod for determining
: (Digest), 62S, 674 (Digest. Kef.).
■ of lines. 23 (G. M, Warner), 27. 122
Induction and hysteresis curves. Method cf deter-
mining (P, Holden). 617
coercients of. Measuring with a telephone
(Digest. Ref.), 673
in loop circuits and electromagnets. Analogy
between (Digest. Ref.). 180
Mechanism of (Digest. Ref.), 212
system, Rathenau (Digest, Ref.), 554
Inductive circuits. Rise of current in (Digesf), 341
Influence machines (Digest. Ref.). 60
Improvement in (Digest), 601
Installations, Rules and Regulations for (Digest).
368
Institution of Civil Engineers' "Poreign Abstracts"
(Digest, Ref,), 503
Insulator, High tension (Digest), -49
— Line wire (Digest, Ref.T, 157
New (Digest), 61
Insulation. New. Empire Electric Insulation Co .
504
Instrumeuls, Alternating current mtasuri!ig
■ (Dige.st) 673
Direct reading (Digest), 59
Hot wire (Digest,) 366
for instruction (Digest. Ref.). 237
Recording measuring. 635 (Digest. Ref.). 366
Insurance inspection. Electrical. 144
Interior Conduit and Insulation Co,, iron armored
insulating conduit. 39
service end cut out. 556
telescopic iron armored insulated conduit. 160
Inyentions. New electrical, 71. 84
Inventors and inventions. 619
- — Typical. 589
lona Mfg. Co,. Factory of, 370
specialties. 531
Ions. Migration of (Digest. Ref.), 366
Velocity of (Digest). 447
Iron and steel. Discoveriu); flaws in (Digesll. 84
cylinders, Maenetization of (Digest). 265
Electrolytic (Digest. Ref.). 14
Magnetic constants of soft (Digest). 366
Instrument for testing (Digest. Ref,), 2o6
Law of magnetization of (Digest). 212. (Digest.
Ref,). 266
Magnetization of (Digest). 35
Measuring magnetic qualities (Digest). 81. 156,
212 (Digest. Ref.). 266
wires. Circular maEnetizalion of (Dige-st). 447
Isolated plant at Arundel Castle, 260
Large (Digest). 157
ou an Austria n^farm {Digest, 'Ref.), 554
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.. coal cutter. 411
— — mine haulage locomotive. 629
Jones & Son. J., door opener. 220
funrnal bearing alarm. Electric He
243
Jnlien, E.. Death of, 80
Kapp C, niogrnphy'of. 661
Keller' K. K . Biography and 'portrait of. Ifi3
Keystone Electrical Inslrnnient Co anuneter, .';3I
Kirkegnrd. O . niographv and portrait of, 116
Knott Mfg, Co,, coinniutator lubricatini* conlpunnd.
87
Kruppin (Digest. Ref.). 448
Kundt. A,. Biography of (Digest. Ref.). 241
Laboratory. Board of Trade (Digest). ■'06. 447. (Di-
gest Ref,). 476. 501. 553, 673
Government standardizing in Switzerland (Di-
gest ReL). ,«3
Central, in Paris (Digest. Ref). 316. 476. 554
Electrical testiug in Austria (Digest. ReL), 212
notes (P. I. Patten). 26. 261
Laboratories, National. 420
Lag and lead. Measuring (Digest). 266
angle of alternating currents. 518
Lag and lead. Magnetic (Digest). 81. 366
Lamp, .'irayl-acetate (Digest). 650
La Liimiere Eleclrique. Suspension of, 227, (Di-
gest), 241
Launch, electric. New French. 49
Launches, electric. Recent (Digest. Ref.). 50.<
Leadiug-in wires. Alloys for (Digest). 238
Aluminium. (Digest), 650
r.eads.' Calculation of (Digest, Rcf), 407
for railway circuits (Digest), 1.25
Mechanical calculation of (Digesl), 239
Leakage between conical points (Digesl). .=52
VEctairase Electtiqtte: a ne.v journal. 327, (Di-
gest). 344
L'Eiieigie Eleclrique: a new journal. 419
1 efTel & Co., Jas.. double discharge turbines. 481
Levden jar discharges (Digest. Ref.). 237
Light, cold. 3J8, 512, (Digest) 601
Cost of (Digest, Ref,), 477
Diffusion of (Digesl). 317
Electric, in war (Digest). 82
from electric oscillations. 459, (H. Ebert) 467,
(Digest) 341. 476, (Digest. Ref.). 405
from citv refuse 280
from high frequency currents (Digest. Ref. ).
601
of the future. 612
Propagation of (Digest. Ref.). 575
Sources of (Di.nest, Ref.), 265
Standard of (Digest). -94, 316, 601, (Digest, Ref.).
576
Lighting at Zurich, Switzerland. 260
from balloons (Digest), 238
Gas (Digest, Ref.), 674
in Great Britain (E. R. Stevens), 121, 148. '206.
132
ic clutches and brakes (Digesl). 214
slants of soft iron (Digest, Ref ). 44'
ve tracer (Digesl), 108 (Digest
Ref.) . 108.
(Digest. Ref). 59
233
Par
628
■ (Digest), 132, 295. 406
installations (Digest. Ref.). 603. 625
Municipal, in Gla.sgow, 3,W
Municipal, in London, 444
of workshops (Digest, Ref.). 295
of workshops bv inverted arcs (Digest). 367
Street (Digest, Ref.), 406
Train (Digest), 213, 528, (Digest. Ref,), 239.
318.577
train. Lewis system of. 85
train. Miner system of. 135
U.seful information about (Digesl), 132, 213
works. Design and specificalion of (Digest.
Ref)). 449. 577
woiks. Design and specificalion for (Digest.
Ref.), 449. 577
Lightning and balloons (Digest). 240
Tester for teleph{
■ deflection by cathode
dielectric (Digest. Ref.). 341
field. Intense (Digest. Ref). 35. 156..649
lag (Digest). 81. 366
law. Froelich (Digest), 108
liquids. Equilibrium of (Digest. Ref.), 405
perturbation (Digest. Rff), 212
phenomenon. Curious (Digest). 623. 673
properties of alloys (Digest. Ref,), 180
qualities of iron. Measuring (Digesl). 81. 156.
212. (Digest, Ref), 266
researches (Digest. Ref.), 366
resistance. Simple equation for (Digesl), 35
.otarv dispersion (Digest, Ref), 294
shielding (Digest. Ref.) 294. 405
testing machine (Digest. Ref.). 502
Magnetism, Discharge of. 251 (M. A. Agelasto).
256
Effect of. on the dimensions of wires and
rings (Diges:). 623
Mirrors of (Digest. Ref.). 649
Molecular theory of (Digesl). 294
Physiological effect of (Digest). 344
Tel-reslrial (Digest). 237
Magnetization by Hertzian cur
59. 81. 265
by Hertzian currents and a
(Digest. Ref,), 81
by rapid electrical oscillat
Changes of length due to (Digest).
curves (Digesl). 315
Effect of, on dimensions of wires and rings
(Digest, Red), 81
Effect of, on volume (Digest. Ref.). 180
of alloys (Digest. Ref. I, 81
of hollow iron cylinders (Digest), 447
of iron (Digest), 35, 212, 405, (Digest. Ref,). 266
Magneto signal bell. Manhattan Electrical Supply
Co. 413
Magnet.s. Tubular (Digesl), 366
Mail box, Coe, 557
express and freight service ou street railway
cais, 440
service by trolley. 307
Mains, Calculation of (Digest!. 14
Lighting (Digest. Ref.). 213
Manganese. Electrolytic production of (Digest.
Ref ), 478
steel (Digest). 2.-7 (Digest. Ref.). 266
Kanhatta ~ ' ~ .- ~- .--
214
ircuit. (Digest. Ref.),
amary of (Digest.
arresters. Descriptive
Ref). 503
arrester. New (Digest). 407
bolt. Photographing, 28
bolt. Effect of (Digest. Ref.). 369
bolts and water spouts (Digest. Ref.) 529
Destruction of cables bv (Digest). 478
discharge of great magnitude (Digest), 318
flash (Digest. Ref.). 450
Freak of (Digesl). 652
Globular (Digesl) 675
Protection against. 304
rod testing apparatus (Digest Ref.). 132
Lights. Spectroscopic comparison of different (Di-
gesl). 295. (Dige.st, Ref), 575
Line wire losses and over-compounding of dyna-
mos. Relation between (F. B, Crocker). 574. (E.
P. Roberts), .'58
Lines. Italian and French laws regarding construc-
tion of (Digest, Ref.). 157
Linton & Soulhwick. new switches. 628
Liquor frauds. Detection of (Digest). 182
Livgro Incandescent Lamp Co.. iucandescent lamp.
1S2
Locomotive. Forty-ton. General Electric Co. 243
Heilmann (Digest). 83. (Digest. Ref.) 213
Mine Haulage, Jeffrey Mfg, Co,, 629
vs. motor cars (Digest). ISO
Locomotives, Electric, in France (Digest), 4D7
electric. Tractive force of (DigestT. 368
High speed, and power of (Digesl). 502
Lodge & Davis Machine Tool Co., motor driven
radial drill. 89
Log. Electric (Digest. Ref.). 61
London Slectric Supply Co-poration pas.ses into
the hands of a receiver (Digest. Rcf.). 213
Liinkenheiraer Co., single bell chime whistle, 320
Lyons exhibition (See Exhibition)
M.
Macfarlanc. .\,, Biography and portrait of. ."-57
Magnetariurn (Digesl, Ref,). ,=75
Magnet coils. Healing of (Digesl). 212
Magnelic action of a cylindrical current (Digest).
156
chain lowing. (Digest), 181. (Digest. Ref.), 268
circuits. Forces in (Digest. Ref.). 212
Its (Digest. Ref.).
agnetic dielectric
(Digest. Ref). 81
"2. 673
218
al Construction Co., incandescent
Manhattan Electrical Supply Co.. magneto bell.
413
Marine generating plant. General Electric Co.. 158 ■
Material and constiuction (Digest. Ref.), 157
Mather Electric Co,, direct connected dynamo. 2)7
Manchester slow speed motor. 112
. multipolar dynamo, 134
Measurements, pVecisiou of, 119 (Digest) 131
Mechanical energy into electrical, Transfoiming
(Digest), 59
Medal. lobn Scott. Award oi. 365
Medival eleclrical nomenclature. 335
Mercury poisoning (Digest), 367
Metallurgical operations. Eleclrfcitv in (Digest.
Ref,), 268
Metals, Precipitation of (Digest. Ref,). 240
Marshall. N,. Biography and portrait o'. £84
Mathematical analysis. Foundations of {A. Mac-
farlanc). 648
Mathematics and— mathematics. 593
Meter. Brillie. (Digest. Ref,), 12
. — - Broco (Digest). 108
Continental Co.'s (Digest. Ref.), 553
Duncan (Digest). 476
Grassol (Digest). 35
Olan recording. 214
Waterhouse. electrolytic. 18 (Digest. Ref ). 14
for alternating currents (W. S, Resor). 268
Phase (Digest). 59 (Digest, Ref). 366
Portable alternating current. General Electric
Co., 65
tesling (Digest, Ref,). 57b
Meters. Eleclrolvtic. (Digest, Ref.). 81
recording. Notes on (E, Oxiey). 518
.synchronzing clocks for (Digesl), 60
Microphone induclion coil.s. (Digest). 528
— - Phenomena of (Digest). 577
Midwinter Fair, Cost of light and power for (W.
F. C. Hasson and A. M. Hunt), 471
data concerning electrical features. 460
Plant of power plant of. 27
Mine drilling machine (Digesl. Rcf.1. 157
Electric haulage in a Michigan. General
Electric Co., 579
haulage locoraolive. lefTrey Mfg. Co.. 629
hoist. General Electric Co . 216
Mines. .(Accumulator traction in (Digest. Ref.), 448,
527
Conductors for (Digesl. Rcf,). 295
Firing (Digest. Ref,), 40S
Successful application of electricity to opera-
lion of, 594
Mining, Electricity in (Digest). 528. 553. (Digest
Ref). 343
installation. Interesting, General Electric Co.
629
Motive power. Electricity as (Digest, Ref.). £29,
539, 554
Monarch Engine Slop Co,, engine stop. 580
Moonlight tables for August. 1894, 28
foi September. 1894. 110
for October 1894. 241
for November, 1894. 369
for December. 1894, 503
for laiiuary, 1895, 578
Monocyclic system. General Electric Co.. 371
Mortimer. C. H.. Biography and portrait of. 353
Motor, Alernaling current. Elementary theory of
the induction of (Digest). 212
building. Amateur. 47 (G. E. Duntonl. 54. 77
fan. Alternating current.. General Electric
Co., 136
I ND EX.
Motor, Fan, Wagner Electric Mfg. Co.. 39
Four-poled. EliottLincoln Co., 480
generators (Digest, Ref.). .142
induction. Theory of (Digest), 343
Keely (Digest. Ref.). 241
Manchester .=low speed, Mather Electric Co..
112
Measuring efficiency of large (Digest). 81, 108
polyphased, 120
Porter. 183
Synchronous. Discussion of (Digest). 36
svchchrouous. New (Digest. Ref.). 82
sVslem. .lUernaling current (Digest). 025
non-synchronous. Test of (Digest), 317. 673
.M.itors, Alternating current at Lyons E.vhibition
(Digest, Ref.). 553
alternating current. Calculation of (E.Arnold),
48
alternating current. Device for maintaining
(Digest. Ref.V 502
and dynamos at Lyons Exhibition (Digest,
Ref.). 624
and generators. Measuring armature losses
nd etSciencv of (Digest). 575
1 of (Digest). 503
of. in factories (Digest. Ref.). 4=0.
current for continuous current
Appli
Applicati
Calculating
(Digest). 502
installed in Switzerland in 1813. 361
multiphased. and transformers. Graphical pre-
determination of (Digest. Ref.) 476
Non-synchronous, foi high voltages (Digest)
533
polyphased. Some facts about (L. Bell), 124
Rotary field 636, 660 (Digest. Ref.). 624
rotary 6eld. Notes on (S. P. Thompson), 643
Single phased. Tests of (Digest) 342
small. Application of (Digest). 132
Small induction. General Electric Co . 481
Small. Porter Standard Motor Co., 65
three-phase. Starting (Digest), 623
Two-phased. 1
Two-phased. E.xperiments on. (L. Duncan. S.
H. Brown. W. K. Anderson and S. Q. Hayes), 8
vs. belts (Digest), 240
vs. mechanical transmission (Digest). 265
Motors. Petroleum (Digest. Ref.). 83
Municipal and national ownership in England, 228
central stations (Digest"), 503
lighting in Glasgow. 330
lighting in London, 444
pant, Hempstead (Dige.st. Ref.), 448
Muscle making. Electrical. 122, 544
Nashold Cleat Co.. self-locking cleat. 580
Nassau Electrical Co., primary battery, 63
Nitional Electric Co., dvnamo, :;20
National laboratories, 420
National school of electricity, 588, (H. S. Carhart),
648
National Society of Electrotherapeutists, Annual
meeting of. .331
Navigation. Trolley (Digest. Ref.), 448
Networks for agricultural districts, 252
Neuralgia, Treatment of trigeminal (Digest,
Ref ). 84
New York Street Railway Association, Annual
meeting of, 306
Nickel and cobalt. Electrolytic (Digest, Ref.), 344
Critical point in (Digest), 649
plating baths. Eleven
Ref.), 240
Nomenclature (Digest). 59
Medical electrical. 335
(See also Symbolsand Abbreviations)
Northwestern Electrical Association, Second
annuil meeting ot, 96. 99
■ipts for (Digest.
Oakman, H. B.. Biography and portrait. 92
Ocean, Temperature of, 549
Ohm. International (Digest). 12
Theoretical (Digest). 60
Ohio Brass Co.. feeder wire splicer, 113
flexible pole bracket, 242
trolley, 159
trolley sling. 411
trolley wheel. 64
Oil insulation for feeders (Digest). 477
Oiling system. Automatic, Wilson-Whiling-
Davis Oiling Co.. 184
Olau. J. W., Biography and portrait of, 224
Olin Gas Engine Co., gas engine, 160
Organ, Electric (Digest, Ref.). 268
Oscillations. Hertzian. Reflictions and resonance
from (Digest. Ref ). 341
of small wave length and their reflection from
metals (Digest, Ref.), 341
Over-compounding dynamos in parallel, 355 (Digest,
- Ref.), 577
Relation between line wire losses and (F. B.
Crocker). 574. (E. P. Roberts) 358
Oxygen and hydrogen. Manufacture of (Digest.
Ref ). 214
Magnetic rotary dispersion of (Digest, Ref.), 131
Ozone Generator (Digest), 318
Practical application of (Digest), 529, 675 (Di-
gest, Ret.). 603
P.
Paint, Acid proof (Digest). 240
Pantelegraph (Digest. Ref ). 257
Partrick & Carter Co.. annunciator, 160
.Patent for sale, 578
" system, English (Digest). 240
Pelzer Mfg. Co., southern transmission plant, 350
Periodic currents. Form of (Digest, Ref.). 212
curves. Determining form of (Digest. Ref).
156. 180
functions. Analyzing (Digest. Ref.), 81
Permeability. Instrument for measuring (Digest) .
212
Petroleum motors (Digest. Ref.). S3
Pettingeil-Andrews Co.. new home of. 270
Pickling (Digest. Ref.), JIO
bath. Electric (Digest). Si
Phase difference. What shall be the measure f
(H. J. Pvan), 475
meter (Digest), 59 (Digest. Ref.). 366
regulation, 419 (Digest), 368. 448. 502, 528
Phenomenon, New (Digest), 35. 526
Peculiar. 611 (M. W. Hassan). 613
Philadelphia Traction Co.. Electric system of ( .
S. Hering). 383, 421, 463, 491
Phoenix Telephone Co. telephone. 411
Phosphorescence (Digest). 59, 81
at low temperature (Digest). 81
Photo-electric action of light (Digest), 131
phenomena in selenium, Rapidity of Digest)
265
researches (Digest), 156
Photo-electricitv (Digest, Ref.), 108
Phoiograph. Synchronic (Digest), 240
Photographing, Light for (Digest), 448
Photography, Colored (Digest). 61
Electric light for (Digest). 527
Photometer. Drossbach (Digest). 406
for incandescent lamps (Digest. Ref.), 156
Photometric magnitudes and units (Digest. Ref.),
575
standards (Digest), 81
■ symbols. 512
units and quai.tities (Digest). 131. 180. 394. 40.=,
476, 526, £75, (Digest. Ref.). 553
Photometry, (Digest. Ref.) 12. 212
A new (Dige.st. Ref ). 367
and pupilometrv Tii^^pstl
of diffused retUctn.Ti ]u-
Theoretical anil -vi.iiin
; (Digest. Ref.). 601
the
al .'e
Physical Journal. Piupo.scd new. 589
quantities (Digest, Ref.). 81
Pike. C. W.. Biography and portrait of. 163
Planimeter. Hatchet, 144, 264
Platinized grass resistances (Digest). 81
Platinum and its metals (Digest. Ret.), 554
Pliers. Insulated, Brombacher's Sons. Jacob, 135
Plow. Electric (Digest). 625
Poetical warning. A, 549
Poincare, H., Biography and portrait of, 145
Polarization (Digest. Ref.). 625
ExplanatioM of (Digest, Ref.). 61
Galvanic (Digest). 157
Polarized Electricity. 460
Pole Bracket. Flexible. Ohio Brass Co.. 242
Poles for overhead lines. Deflection of (Digest). 83
Polyphased currents. Measurement of. (ABlondel),
72, (A. D. Lunt) 107
Svstems (Digest. Ref.). 181
Transformation (B. Ford), 28, (G. M. Warner),
77
Porcelain muflaes. Electric (Digest. Ref.) 240
Porter Standard Motor Co.. small motors. 65
Potential determinations (Digest. Ref ). 601
Electrical, and energy (659)
Potentiometers for alternating currents (Digest.)
405
Stations. Management of. 355
ss, Hvdraulic. for covering insulated tables
Prii
273
Appliance Co., rail
Electricity
ay joints and
the Sound steamer. 73
of power by electr
■•Priscilla.
Prize for th<
ity. Giffard (Digest). 133
Prizes ai the Paris Exposition (Digest. Ref.). 241
for paper offered by Institute of Civil Engin-
eers of London (Digest. Ref.), 408
for 1895-5 (Digest, Ref.). 318
offered by a French society (Digest. Ref.). 369
offered by Industrial society of Muelhause
(Digest), no
Projectors (Digest), 108, 343. (Digest. Ref.). 82. 405.
5«2
Propagation of electric and magnetic perturbations
(Digest. Ref.). 447
Prussian blue and Berlin green (Digest). 651
Public policy. Queston of (A. R. Foote). 101
Pump. Improved vacuum. N. H. Hubbard, 580
Self-regulating (Digest. Ref.). 529
Puoilonietry and photometry (Digest. Ref.). 81
Pupil of the eye.-Measuiement of (Digest). 131
Quilt, Electrical (Digest). 241
Radiation electrical. Measurement with (Digest,
Ref), 341. 448
Ellipticallv polarized electric (Digest, Ref.),
212
Rail bond. Johnston Car Equipment Co.. 219
Robinson (Digest). 524
Railroading. High speed (Digest). 213
Railroad trains. Protection of (Digest ). 407
Railroads, Electric. 380
Railway. Alpine. (Digest) 674
Budapest (Digest). 60. S3. S.53. (Digest, Ref.),
238
.Railway panel. Railway generator. General Elec-
tric Co.. 112
Brussels (Digest. Ref.). 448
Chemistry. Ger.. 460
Douglas- Laxev (Digest), 238, 267
Dresden (Digest. Ref.). 368
Havre (Digest. Ref.). 407
Kiew (Digest. Ref.). 180
rpooi (Digest) 343,367. 406. (Digest. Ref.).
267
553. ST
Lyons (Digest. Ref.). 109. 407
Ml. Saleve (Digest. Ref ). 238
Poughkeepsie and Wappinger Falls. 479
South London (Digest) 213
South Staffordshire iDigesl). 213. £53
Waterloo City (Digest. Ref.). 450
circuits (Digest. Ref). 181
circuits. Leads for (Digest). 625
circuits. Use of --booster" on. 438
conduit system. Sachmann (Digest). 577
Elevated.' in Berlin (Digest. Ref.). 448
Elevated, in Chicago. 40
expenditures. Classification of. 436
plants. Efficiency of (A. C. Balcli)
(48
nd bonds. Price Railway .-^ppli;
journal. New; --The Trolliv." 344
networks in New Jersey. 47'
number of The Electric World. 379
on ice (Digest). 602
overhead. Hanlon (Digest. Ref.). 527
plant. Large. Siemens & Halske Elec'.ric Co..
135
plants. Notes on economy tests of (G. H.
Davis). 567
power stations. Notes on management of (G.
T.Hailchetl).335. 359. 393, 442. 495. 522. 547. 573.
Sectiona
407. 448
Single post elevated. 87
statistics of the world (Digest). 317
Su.spended (Digest). 477
system. Behr. High speed (Digest). S3
svstem Philadelphia Traction Co.s. 459 (H. S.
Hering). 383. 421. 463. 491
svslem. Suspended (Digest. Ref.). 368
Terra Haute Electric. T-rail track construction
of (R. B. Harrison), 435
Underground, Budapest (Digest), 60, S3, £53,
(Digest, Ref.). 238
Underground conduit (Digest. Ref.). 502
Underground gravity (Digest). 448
Underground. Vienna (Digest. Ref.). 477
Railwavs, Agricultural, .S66
ana central stations (Digest). 60. 83
at Hamburg and Lyons (Digest. Ref.). 36
cable and electric. Comparative efficiencies
of (Diuest). 343
City and .suburban. 441
Comparative cost of horse and electric lines in
Germany (Digest). 36
Conduit; paper before N. V, Electrical Sociely
and discussion. 513
Discussions on (Digest). 574
in Budapest (Digest). 602
in Europe (Digest). 60. 83 (Digest. Ref.). 238.
267
in Europe at end of 1893 (Digest). 524. 674
in Europe, Mileage of electiic, 604
in Germanv. 443, (Digest. Ref.). 36. 133
in the United States and Canada (Digest. Ref.).
133. 477
in Vienna (Digest. Ref). 448
Light (Digest. Ref.). 577. 602. 624
Mechanical traction on (Digest. Ref.). 343, 502
Municipal purchase of (Digest, Ref.) 602
of Atlanta. 391. 441
Roller bearings for (Digest), 109
Standing loads on. 380
Three-wire svslem (Digest). 5.7
Transfers on. 439
Trips per inhabitant in seme large cities (Di-
gest). 448
Working expen.ses of (Digest). 317, 502
Rain, Artificial (Digest. Ref..) 84
Rapid Transit (C. W. Parks), 667.
in Boston. 95
in cities (Digest). ISO
in New York. 4.59
Rat did it. A. 5S8
Ravs. Ellipticallv polarized (Digest. Ref.). 552
— - of electiic force. Refraction and dispension of
(Dlge-st), 575
Reactance. 191. .355. 376. 564 (A. Macfarland). 475.
(Digest). 405
Concernine (A. Bloudel). 381
Definition of (C. P. Steinmetz and F- Bedell).
565
J. Housto
On the definition of the t
and A. E. Kennelly). 381
Recording measuring instruments. 535
Rectifiers (Dige.st). 368. 448 602
Reflectors and reflection (Digest). 317
White. 400
Refuse destructors (Digest) 37. (Digest. Ref.). 318
Disposal of (Digest. Ref.). 52H
for geneiating steam, Diilization of (Digest.
Ref.). 449
Light from. 380
Registering device (Digest. Ref). £54
Relav. Alternating current (Digest). 366
Resonance (Dige.st. Ref. I. 294
analysis of alternating and polyphased cur-
rents (M. I. Pupin). 51
and interference (Digest. Ref.). 265, 315
and reflection (Digest. Ref.). 649
discussion at Philadelphia meeting of A. I. E.
E.. 571
Resistance alloys (Digest. Ref.). 342
box (Digest, Ref.). 405
Resistances. Construction of (Digest), 366, 448, (Di-
gest. Ref.). 406
:Mea-iiireinent of compounded (Digest), 552
Platinized glass (DigestI, 81
vs. choking coils (Digest). 5:^
INDEX
Kesuscitation from electric shocks, 227, 328, 563,
(Uigesl), So3
Keview of rcccni developments in the application
of cicclricilv (Dige.-il. Ret,), 554
Reynolds, P. M., Biograpliv and portrait of, 584
Kheostat, Cance (Digest), lib. (Digest, Ref.), 109
Convenient lamp ((J. A. Hoadley), 4
Wire for (Digest). 470
Ring, Self-induction of (Digest, Ref.), 552
Ritter. I, W.. Biographv of (Digest. Ref.), 503
Road.s, Klcctricity on common (Digest), 2«.
Roof. Movable (Digest. Ref.), 6.=2. 675
Rope driving (J.J. Flatlier), 288
Roth & Eck, dynamo, 348
Rubies. Artificial (Digest), 240
RuhmkorfT, Spelling of (Digest), 603
Rule for current and lines of /orce, 356
Rules and regulations for running of leads. French
(Digest, Ref,), 449
s.
Safety fuses (Digest), 13
Sag in span and trolley wires (K.
of copper lines. 4()0
Salts. Conductivity of solutions
gest. Ref). 406
Sanitation. Electrical. I.TO
Saturn's rings (Digest), 14
Sceneograph. 84
Sealing liottles electrically (Digest). 318
Searchlight, Rushmore. 297
Seismic, magnetic and electric phenomena. 52
Self-induction, Coefficient of (Digest, Ref), 265, 341
Coefficients of. Calculating (Digest, Ref.), 108
Measuring (Digest), 526. (Digest. Ref ), 108. 132
of armatures. Measuring (Digest). 576
Shaper. New (Gould & Eberhardt, 452
Shears. Movable (Digest). 344
Ships, Eltctricily on (Digest. Ref.). 240. :66. 674
Short circuit caused by lightning (Digest). 133
Continuous, 145
Siemens & Halske Electric Co.. large railway
plant, 135
mammoth armature star, 18
sine form of curves of alternating E. M, F.. 4C3
Signalling through space, 192. (B. O. Ellis). 551.
(E. A. Grissinger), 570, 574,(T.D.Lockwood).525.
(Digest). 239
Signals. Patenall system of railroad (Digest.Ref.),5S4
Railway (Digest. Ref), 157
alternators (Digest) 132, (Digest. Ref,),
(Digest), 623, (Di-
al Philadelphia meeting
266
Equivalent: a
of A. 1. E, E.
Sine form of curves of alternating E. M. F.. 107,
143. 279. 291 (E. Arnold) 315, (L. Bell). 211. 339,
(A. Blondcl). 293, (F. W. Dunbar), 154. (L. Dun-
can). 154. (R. A. Fessenden). 264. 315.(;. Flem-
ing). 339. (E. J Houston). 154. (J. F, Kelly). 130.
(A. E. Kennelly). 154. (H. J. Ryan), 177, (C. F,
Scott), £71. (Siemens & Halske), 403. (C, P,
Steinmet.1). 177. (Dige,st\ 527
Single phased into three-phased currents. Trans-
forming (Digest). 82
Slide rule wire calculator. 627
Smelting process, Taussig (Digest, Ref.), 450
Soaj), Manufacture of (Digest), 240
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
Meeting of. 544
Solar electrical energy not transmitted by radia-
tion. 126
Solutions. Conductivity of (Digest, Ref.). 601
Electrical repulsion of (Digest. Rel.). 249
under pressure. Resistance of (Digest). 341. (Di-
gest. Ref.). 406
Spans of soft copper wire (Digest). 213
Spark photographing (Digest. Ref.). 36
Specific and inductive power ot wires (Digest,
Ref.). 212
Specific inductive capacities of water, alcohol, etc,
(Digest), 650
Speed indicator. Electrical (Digest). 503
Stage. Electricity on (Digest. Ref.). 450
Standard of light (See Light).
Standards. Adoption of, by British Government
(Digesi, Ref.). 294
Electrical (Digest. Ref.). 448
Low resistance (Digest). 266
of measurements (Digest). 57S
Practical (Digest). 266
Static discharges. Injurious. 200
Steam cut-off. Electrical (Digest. Ref.). 110
separators for power stations, Goubert Mfg
Co.. 244
turbine (Digest Ref.). 407
turbine. Seger Digest). 83
Steel. Cast, and cist iron for dynamos (Digest). 238
Magnetic qualities of gun, 488 (Digest, Ref.),
Permeability of (.M. Osterberg and M. Mun-
roe). 31
vs. iron for dynamos (Digesi). 447
Steinmetz. C. P.. Biography a.idportrait of, 25
Stilwell-Bierce & Smilh-Vaile Co.. heater, j.urificr
and receiver, 216
turbines for Wooiisocket. R. 1., plant, 318
Storage battery (See Accumulator)
Street railway (See Railway)
Su^imarine boat (Digest). 625
detector 466 (Digest). 529. (Digest, Ref.). 503
navigation (Digest), 213
Subways for elcclrial conductors, 660
New York city, 666
Sugar, Purification of (Digest). 265, 295, (Digest,
Ref.). l.=,7
Sulphuric acid. Concentration (Digest), 61. 503
Sunoineter (Digest). .37
Suspension, Telescopic (Digest, Ref.). 502
Sweet Electric St Mfg. Co.. limit switch. 158
.station limit switch, 578
Switchboard, Automatic telephone (Digest, Ref,),
Switchboard for alternating systems. Sectional,
Port Wayne Electric Corporation, 451
iu a Budapest station (Digest, Ref.). 528
Large, J, Grant High fit Co., 530
Switch and rheostat. W. a. Hill Electric Co., 40
block and cut-out, lona Mfg. Co. 5ol
High tension. J. Giant High St Co., 626
Knife, Taylor St Clark, 218
Knife-blade, Electrical Engineering & Sup-
ply Co., 273
Large, W, S. Hill Electric Co.. 4S1
Large. C. S. Van Nuis. 37U
Large capacity J. Grant High, 215
Limit, Sweet Electric St MIg, Co,, 158
Melzg.r (Digest. Ref.). 157
New multiple (P. E- Marchand). 39
Plug (Digest. Ref ). »3
Snap. General Electric Co.. 451
Station limit. Sweet Electric & Mfg. Co., 578
Track, Ash. 452
Switches. New. Linton St Soutbwick. 628
Symbols and abbreviations. 167. 356, 540, 544, 568 (E.
I. Houston and A. E Kennelly). 600. (A. Mac-
larlaue). 446 (Digest). 367, 553 (Digest, Ref.),
601
- - for physical quantities and abbreviations for
Tachometer, Amsler (Digest). Ref.; 652
Tanning, Electric (Digesi, Ref.). 110, 158, 240
Humy. system of (Digest), 83
Tarifl bill. New. 191
schedules and electrical manufacturers. New.
197
Taxation. System of, 436
Taylor St Clark, knife switch. 218
Teeth, Electrical extraclion of (Digest). =03
Telegraph and telephone statistics for Austria for
1893 (Digest. Ref.). 369
and war lu the East (Digest, Ref.). 267
between Egypt and the Cape (Digest. Ref.), 83
between India and Europe (Digesi. Ref.), o7
building. Fire iu (Digest. Ret ). 6:1
bui.ding. fire in Germany (Digest. Ret.). 603
cable in the St. Golhaid tunnel (Digest, Ref.).
109
uch
ud British submar
companies.
(Digest. Ref.). 267
luvenliou of (S. Vail). 3
lines ot the world (Digest). 267
printing (Digest. Ref.). 157
signals. Photographic recording of (Digest). 554
station. First (G. W Pearce). 3
statistics (Digest). 503
Submarine (Digesi. Ref.). 625. 675
Telegraphs. Indian (Digest. Ref.). 577
Telegraphic coinicctiou with China (Digest), 407
Telegraphing and telephoning over the same line
(Digest, Ref,). 213
without metallic conductors (Digesi), 449, £54.
£77
Telegraphy and telephony. Cable (Digest). 109
and telephony in Cochiii-Cbina and Cambodia
in 1S93 (Digest. Ref.). 478
and telephony. Domestic (Digest. Ref.). 603
and telephony. Simultaneous (Digest. Ret.). 61
Atlantic (Digest. Ref.). 407
Duplex (Digest Ref.). 37
Incident in the early days of. 177
Induction (Digest). 181. 239
in Great Britain (Digest, Ref.), 449
Introduction of. £43
in Queensland (Digest. Ref.). 52^
Progress iu (Digesi). 478
Speed of submarine (Digest, Ref ), 478
to the Far East. Submarine (Digest. Ref.). 181
Trans-.^llanlic (Digesi). 449
Telephone apparatus (Digest. Ref.). 267
apparatus. Columbia Telephone Mfg. Co.. 64
between Madrid and Paris, Proposed (l>igest,
Ref.), j69
Bridge (Digest, Ref.) 157
building ot National Telephone Co (Digest.
Ref.). 625
circuits. Induction in (Digest. Ref.). 503. 577
circuits. Influence of railway circuits on
■ (Digesi). 477
circuits. Lightning arrester for (Digest, Ref.).
214
circuits. Railway and (Digest, Ref.). 554
company reaches a subscriber, How a (W. L.
Hedenberg). ;3
English government and (Digest. Ref.). 267
exdange. Magneto. Gilliland Telephone Co.,
exchange practice. Modern (J. E. Keelyn). 214
Imperial Telephone Works. 413
induction coils (Digest). 61
induction coils. Efficiency of (Digest). 182
induction coils. Researches with (Digest). 343
in Hungry (Digest. Ref.). 407
in the courts (Digest). 477
line. Berlin-Vienna (Digest, Ref.). 651
line. Military (Digest). 267
London and Berlin (Digest. Ref ). 267
- - loops. Inductionless (Digest). 157. o74
measurement of E. M. K. (Digesi). 649
Minimum current audible in (Digest) 343.
(Digest. Ref.). £03
Morse relays as (Digest) 213
New form of (Digest), 603
oscillations. Photographing (Digesi. Ref.), 448
patent. Berliner declared void. ()35
patent. Judge Carpenter's opinion, 06J
opinion on Berliner decision, 664
enon. Peculiar, 252 (W, w. Vincent), 358
rnoenix Telephone Co.. 411
Quanlilative theory of (Digest, Ref.), 343
situation. ()60
stations. Switchboards for (Digest, Ref.). 6;5
switchboard (Digesi. Ref.). 449
switchboard, Western Telephone Construction
Co.. 89
phe
Telephone switch for suburban lines (Digest, Ref. )
267
system in Arlberg tunnel (Digest, Ref). 3 69
systems (Digest. Ref.). 267
Theory of. and minimum current in (Di gest.
Ref.). 407
transmitter. Cottrell. 11
tiansinittcr. Berliner, declared void. 635, 662
vibration. Photographing (Digest). 267
vs. telegraph (Digest. Ref.). 214
wires. Underground (Digest). 477
Telephones. Disturbances in due to railway cir-
cuits (Digest). 181
in railroad service (Digest). 61
without batteries. Subscribers (Digest). 109
(Digesi. Ref ). 503
Teleohony (Digest, Ref ). 318. (see Digest Sept. 15)
Duplex (T. R. Roseburgh). 307
Long distance (Digest. Ref.). 343
Multiple (Digest. Ref.). 133
Studies in (Digest. Ref). 267
Telephote (Digest. Ref.). 109
Terms. (Digest. Ref.). 316
Terrestrial magnetism (Digest. Ref.). 212. 237
Tesia effects with influence machines (Digesi) 673
with siiuDle apparatus. 258 (H. M. Martin and
W. H. Pa'lmer). 198
Tesla. N.. Interview with, in N. Y. World. 97
Tesla currents. Researches with (Digest, Ref.), 265
Testing set (Digesi. Rel.). 502
Theatre arc lamp (Digest. Ref.). 527
Electricity in (Digest. Ref.). 450
light regulator (Digest). 477
Theory. 24
Another electrical. 587
Therapeutics. Electricity in (Digesi). 110
Thermo couples of metals and solutions (Digest.
Ref.). 552. M9
Theimodynamics. A question of (F. W. Richart),
and lO. T. Hanchett). 446
Thermo-electric force between electrolytes (Digest.
Ref.) 601
Thermostat. Naglo (Digesi). 554
ueter. Direct reading platinum (Digest).
i (Digest). 406
systems.
Leads
266
Therinonieters as ethomete
Testing (Digest). 212
Three phased and single-phased
for (Digest). 449
currents. Transforming single- phased into
(Digesi). 82
distribution system (Digest. Ref). 1£7
Three-wire system. Disadvantages of (Digest). 13
Discussion of (Digest). 502
iiistallatitns. Regulation of (Digest. Ref.). 674
on trolley lines (Digesi). 527
with a single dynamo (Digest). 13
Tic-douloureux. Electrical treatment (Digest.
Ref.). 110
lime distribution (Digest. Ref). 109. 133. 449
Tin from tinned iron (Digesi), 450
Tinning (Digest), 240
Tower for overhead wires (Digest, Ref.), 449
T-rail track constrpctiou of Terra Haute Electric
Railway (R. B. Harrison), 435
can it be satisfactorily used on paved streets, 4. 6
Trains. Apparatus for indicating departure ol
(Digest. Ref.). 214
Transit systems. Suggestions for (S. D. Mott) . 128
Transition point. Determining (Digest), 406
Traction co-efiScients (Digest). 602. 6.50
Thermo-electric currents. Demonstrating the e x -
istence of (Digesi). 649
Thermopiles (Digest). 651
Time distribution in the United States (Digest
Ref). 6£1. 675
Traction. Electric (Digest, Ref), 602
Cost of. 397
Discussion of (Digest). 674 .
in Berlin (Digest. Ref.). £77
in France. 424
in Germany (Digest. Ref.). 602
in the Paris sewers (Diges'. Ref.), 448
with special reference to installation of
elevatea conductors (Digest, Rel.), £77
Traction. Gas (Digest). 36. 368
on railways. Mechanical (Digest. Ref.), 343
Seiial on (Digest), 157
Steep-grade (Digest). 624
Train lighting (See Lighting)
Tiansformer curves, predetermiuatinu of (Digest,
Ref.). 60. 213
design. Principles of (Digest), 601, 624 (Dige-sl,
Ref.), 576
Graphical (A. P. Trotter). 148
losses (Digest). 476
systems (Digest). 60. 82, 108, 180, 213 (Digest.
Ref). 132. 295
testing (E. Oxley). 593. 648
with a condenser iu parallel with asecondarv
Action of (F. Bedell and A. C. Crehore). 127.
176. 234. 363
Transformers and inuHiphased motors. Graphical
predetermination of (Digest. Ref.). 476
Cooling (Digest). 266
Current rushes in (Digest). 60. 108. 180, 212
Impedance (Digest). .576
open circuit loss in (Digest) 673
Transmission of power (Digest). 13
Alternating Current (Digest. Ref.). 109
Award of prize of Industrial Society of Muel-
hause for (Digest). 157
continuous current (Digest). 83
Diphased (Digest), 36. 406 (Digest. Ref.). 109
Electrical, 4,S8 (L. Bell). 489. 519, 545, 617, 645,
669
in the Transvaal (Digest, Ref,), 448
Multiphased. 611 (R. D. Mershon). 614
Series (Digest). 1.'3
system for continuous alternating currents
(Digest), 82
• to ships (Digest). 295
Transmission of power plant (Digest, Ref.), 239
A southern. Pelzer Mfg. Co.. 530
at Menier Farm (Digest, Ref.). 3)7
at Montmorency Falls. Quebec. 242
in Sweden, Proposed (Digest). lO'J
IN de:?^
Transmission of power plant, Signiaringen (Di-
gest). 3-13
Polvpliased (Digest). 448
Triumpli Hlectric Co.. factory of, 532
Trolley and trolley wheel, J. H. Bunnell & Co., 21S
Ohio Brass Co.. 159
balloon (Digest), 344
harp and wheel, Hublev Mfg. Co.. 218. 452
lines (Digest Ref.). 238
navigation (Digest. Ref). 448
sling. Ohio Brass Co.. 411
svsteiu. Double (Digest. Ref.). 238
wheel. Ohio Brass Co.. 64
wire clamp. Central Electric Co.. 532
wire. Long (Digest. Ref.). 477
Turbine. Double discharge. James Leffel & Co., 481
High pre.«sure (Digest. Ref.). 449
supporter. Electro-magnetic. 39
tests, Dayton Globe lion Works Co.. 242
riidergr
cduits
Chi.
lidncto:
a. 340
mderwriters' rulf.«. 264 {A. H. Burnett). 1=5
fMiion of German electricians. Second an
meeting of. 25
Proceedings of (Digest. Rel.). 075
Unipolar induction iDigest). 447
machine. Another inopeiative. 107
rnits. physical. Serial on (Digest, Ref.), 050
Standard IDigest, Ref,;, 310
(See also Photometric Units, and Symbols
Abbreviations)
Vacuum, Rotation in (Digest. Ref.), ISO
tube experiments (ijigest), ISO
tubes (Digest), 526
Valve. Automatic exhaust relief. Knowles S
Pump Works. 219
Valves for steam and water pipes. Electric
operated (Digest. Ref.), 625
Van Nui;. C. S. Large switch. 370
multiple fuse arrester. 2'2
V.
Varnish. Manufacture of (Digest). 24cl
Vehicles, self-contained. Competition of. 021
Ventilators. Hlectric (Digest. Kef.). 408
Vessels Indicating position of (Digest. Ret.). 157
Vision. Theory of (Digest. Ref.). 12
Vulla's fundamental experiment (Digest;, 875
Voltaic chain (Digest) 294
circuits. Alloys in (Digest. Ref.). 181
Voltameter (Digest. Ref.). 206
Voltmeter and ammeter for amateurs. How l
make (G. E. Dunton). 2SS. 338
Hot wire recording (Digest, ^ef.), 156
Voltmeters and ammeters for alternating curren
(Digest), 260
and ammeters. Registering (Digest. Ref.). SE2
w.
Wagner Electric Mfg. Co.. fan motor. 39
Walker .Mfg. Co.. street railway controller. ,=05
Watchmans controller (Digest, Ref.) 67S
Water courses. Locating by means of electricity
(Digest). 240
Electiolytiic decomposition of (Digest. Ref.).
61. 110
level indicator (Digest. Ref.). 478
mains, Electrolysis of (Digest. Ref.). 528
Purification of (Digest), 214. 250. 408 (Diqest
Ref.). 296
Resistance of pure (Digest. Ref ).
Water power plant at Buchanan. Mich.. 556
at Woonsocket. R. I.. 348
Wattmeter. Drillie (Digest. Ref.). 60
Waves, electric Detector of (Digest). 12
in iron wires (Digest). 552
Mechanical effect of (Digest. Ref.). 180. 237
Propagation of (Digest. Ref.). 205
Propagation of, in ice (Digest). 501
Hertzian (Digest. 35). (Digest Ref.). 59. 205
Welding. Bernardo system (Digest). 181
Experiences with Thomson system (Digest). 181
Information on (Digest. Ref.). 408
Lagrange & Hoho process of (Digest). 651
patents. Thomson. Decree sustaining. 012
Wenstrom Electric Co.. direct connected outfit. OS ■
iron clad dynamo. 183
Western" Electric Co.. Buffalo grip. 89
enters the railway field. 214
Western Telephone Construction Co.. telephone
switchboard, 89
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg, Co., electric lighting
on coal boats. 297
Wheastone bridge with alternating currents
(Digest). 00
with condensers (Digest). 342
Wheeler Condenser & Engineering Co.. condenser
and feed water heater. 450
Whistle. Single bell chime. Lunkenheimer Co.. 32o
Wild West show. Electricity at, 253
Willyoung. E. G., Biography and portrait of. 163
Wilson-Whiting-Davis Oiling Co., oiling system.
184
Wimshurst machines. Theory of (Digest). 44S
(Digest Ref). 476
Windlass. Combination. George Cutter. 218
Wire. Band (Digest). 157
cables. Government test of. 133
calculator. Slide rule. 627
computing (Digest) 14
coupling (Digest) 239
cuKer. Safety. Brady Mfg. Co.. 159
Double (Digest). 449
— '- gauge. New (Digest). 528
for rheostats (Dige.st) 470
Galvanizing (Dige.st Ref.) 651
losses, over-compounding of dynamos and
regulatjon of P. D. in multiple arc circiyts
Wi
P. Roberts). 592
nderground (Digest Ref.)
:hart (Digest Kef.). 133
449
regulations (Digest. Ref.), 025
Ship (Digest), 83, 109
table. Graphical (Digest. Ref.). 369
Woodbridge, J. L. Flv-wheel accidents i
houses. 403
Worcester Polvtechn
World's Fair award;
Ziegler. A. A.. Biograjihy and portrait of. 44
ieigler. O.. Biography and portrait of, 44
Ziegier Electric Co.. new home of. 270
Zincing process (Digest. Ref ). 408
Zinc. Purification of (Digest). 290
ores. Magnetic treatment of (Digest). 675
Zincs. Amalgamating (Digest). 290
AUTHOR INDEX.
Abbot. A. V. Fly-wheel :
402.
uts in power hous
Agelasto. M. A. Discharge of magiieiisin. 250.
Aldrich. W. S. Engineering education aud the state
university. 290.
Anderson, w. K. Experiments on two-phased mo-
Arnold. B. J. Cost of producing electrical energy.
104. 120, 340.
Arnold, E. Calculation of alternating current mo-
tors. 48.
Sine form of curves of alternating E. M. P.. 315.
Badger, J. s. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses.
401.
Balch, A. C. Efficiency of street railway generating
plants. 648.
Bedell, F. Action of a transformer with a con-
denser in parallel wi'.h a secondary, 127, 170, 234,
363.
Consumption of alternating arc carbons, 013.
Definition of reactance. 565.
Study of residual charges of condensers and
their dependence upon temperature. 314.
Bell. L. Electrical power transmission. 489. 519, 545,
017, 045, 009.
Sine form of curves of alternating E. M. F.
211, 339.
Some-facts about polvphased motors. 124.
Blondel. A. Concerning reactance. 381.
Measurements of polvphased currents. 72.
Sine form of curves of alternating K. M. F.. 293.
Biowu, J. S. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses,
403.
Blown. S. H. Experiments on two-phased motors. 8.
Buckerer. A. H. Consumption of alternating arcs ,
072
Burnett. A. H. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses.
000.
Undei
tahoon. J. . .
Carhart. ri. S. H. von Helniholtz. 542.
National school of electricity. 648.
Carichoff. E. R. Design of electromagnets for
specific duties. 122.
carpenter. R. c. Fly-wheel accidents in power
houses. 550.
Carter. C. H. Designing e'ectric light stations. 551
Caziu, F. M. F. Electric canal tugboat. 345.452.
Corey, F. B. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses,
.■iOO.
Coykendall. T. C. Fly-wheel accidents in power
hou.ses, 365, 499.
Craven. I. B. Economy of power house operation.
308. ' f f ,
Crebore. A. C. Actio
denser in parallel
363.
Consumption of alternating i
Crocker. F. B. Relation between line wire losses
and over-compounding of dynamos, 574.
Davis, G. H. Accidents to flywheels in powej
houses. 445.
Notes on economy tests of electric railway
plants. 507.
C. H. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses.
402.
Desmond, C. Centrarslations of Chicago, 29.
Dougherty. C. Portable electric deck planer. 38.
Cunbar. F. W. Sine form of curves of alternating
E M. F., 154.
Duncan, L. Experiments on two- phased motors. 8.
Siue forms of curves of alternating E. M. F.,154.
Dunton, G. K. Amateur motor building. 54. 77.
How to make a voltmeter and ammeter tor
amateurs. 285. 338.
Dyer. P. M. Best method of treating accidents. 472.
Ebert. H. Light from electric oscillations. 407.
Ellis. B. O. Signalling through space. 551.
ery, C. E. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses.
402,
vhirls. 305.
wheel accidents in power
Escher. R. T. Electric <
Farnsworth. A. J. Fly-
houses. 525.
Fesseuden, R. A. Sine form of curves of alternating
E. M. F., 204. .',15.
Field, C. J. Fly wheel accidents in power houses. 402.
Flather. J. J. Fly-wheel accidents. 498. 523.
Rope driving, 288.
Fleming. J. A. Sine form of curves of alternating
E. M. F.. 339.
Fleming, R. Fly-wheel accidents in power
houses, 551.
Foote. A. R. Question of public policy. 101.
Ford. B. Polyphased transformation. 28.
•Foster, H. A. Central station bookkeeping, 525.
Frund. H. W. High candle power gas rivalry. 570.
Goelet. A. H. How to deal with apparent death
from electric shock. 229.
Grimshaw. R. A. Dresden electric plant. 409.
.inger, E. A. Signalling through space, SOO,
can Association for
574.
Hale, W. H. History of .
the Advancement of Sci
Hall. K. The architect aud the electrical engineer.
600.
Haiichett. G. T. A question of thermodynamics. 446,
Flv-wheel accidents in power houses. <t75.
h6w to make a dynamo excite itself. 262.
Notes on management of railway power sta-
tions. 330, 359. 393. 442, 495. 522, 547, 573, 590,
Practical compounding of dynamos. 494.
— — Sparkin.g of closed coil dyiiamoes. 06S
E. Destructive arcing of 500-volt
fus
474.
ng rapid changes
Harri^ion. R. B. Trail track construction of Terre
Haute Electric Railway. 435.
Hassou. M. W. Klectncilv on canals. 4.
Peculiar phenonieuoii. 613.
u. W. F. C. Cost of light aud power for the
Mid
Hayes. S. Q. Exper
471.
_ ents on two-phased motors. 8,
Hedenberg. W. L, How a telephone company
reaches a subscriber, 53.
Hemingway, A. F. Over-compounded dynamos in
parallel. 647.
Hering. H. S. Electric system of the Phila. Traction
Co.. 383. 421. 463. 491.
Hoadley. G. A. Convenient lamp rheostat. 4.
Holden. F. Method of determining induction and
hysteresis curves. 617.
Holt. J. H. Earth as an electrical conductor. 290.
310.
Hoopes. M. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses,
403.
Houston. E. J. Definition of term reactance. 381.
• Electro-dynamic machinery, 50, 123. 149. 174.
205. 231. 289. 309. 337. 362. 398. 444, 408, 4%, S20.
540, 597, 644. 670.
Inductance and capacity of suspended wires. 6.
Siue form oi curve of aUernating E. M. F.. 154.
Symbols and abbreviations. 000.
Howell. S. S. Accidents to fly-wheels in power
houses. 445.
Hunt. A. M. Cost of light and power for the Mid-
winter Fair. 471.
Johnson. M. H. Best proportions of armature dia-
meter and length. 287.
Kecley. D. H. Distribution with equalization of E.
M. F., 365.
Keelyn, J. E. Modern telephone exchange practice.
Kenuelly. A. E. Definition of term reactance. 381.
Electro-dvnamic machinery. 50. 123. 149. 174.
205. 231. 259. 289. 309. 337. 362. 398. 444. 468, 4%, 520,
546, 597, 644.
Inductance and capacity of suspended wires. 6.
Sine form of curves of alternating E. M. P.. 154.
Symbols and abbreviations. 600.
Kinsley. C. Study of residual charges of condensers
and their dependence upon temperature. 314.
Lanphear. B. S. Current and lines of force. 595.
Leonard. H. W. Flv-whcel accidents in power
houses. 403.
Lockwood. T. D. Signalling through space. 525.
Lunt. A. D. Measurement of polyphased currents.
107
Macfarlane. A. Foundations of mi
lysis. 64S.
Reactance. 475.
Symbols and abbreviations. 44
Magie. W. P. H. von Helmholtz
th» teacher. 329.
thematical j
INDEX
Maim. C. R. H voii Helmlioltz; the man iiiid Ihe
Icacher. 330.
Manning, C H. Fly-wheel accidents in power
houses. 402.
Marchand. P. E. New niulliple swilch, 3').
Marks. W. D. Ply-wheel accidents in power
houses. 403.
Martin, H. M. Tesla eflecls with simple apparatus,
198
Merrill. E. A. S.ne in span and trolley wires. 569.
Mershon. R. D. Notes on niultiphased transmission
of power. 614.
Mever, M. Cost of producing electrical energy. 236.
Miller, K. O. How to make a dynamo excite itself.
.140.
Motl. S, 1). Harmonic call bells, 287.
Suggestions for transit systems. 128.
Munroe, M. rermeabiliiy of steel. 31.
O'Neill. (J. E. Accidents to fly-wheels in power
houses. 446.
Osterbcrg. M. I'ermeabilitv of steel. .11.
Owens, H- B- Test of closed coil arc dvnanio. 150.
Oxlev. E. Notes on recorcling meters.' 51R.
bxley, E. Transformer testing. 593. 648.
Page, A. I>. Incandescent lamps: their use and
abuse. 102.
Palmer. W. H. Tesla effects with simple apparatus!.
198.
Parks. C. W. Rapid transit. 607
Patten, 1". J. I.abo atory notes. 26, 261.
iVMrce, G. W. First leleeraph station. 3.
Pierce. A. W. K. Electrical difference oi potential:
an analogy. 672
Pember. K. H Arc light regulator 408.
Perkins. F. C. Suggestion tor Buffalo's electrical
carnival £90.
Powell. L. S. Dr. Borchet'sgas battery: a sugges-
lion, 637.
Pupin, M. I. H. von Helinholti. Ml.
Resonance analysis of alternating and poly-
phased currents. 51.
Reed. C. /. Eleclricitv direct from coal. 637.
Kesor, W. S. Meter for alternating currents. 268.
Richart, F. W. A question of thermodynamics. 446.
Roberts. E. P. Relation between line' wire losses
and over-coni|)Ounding of dynamos, 358.
Wire losses, over-compounding of dynamos.
etc.. 592.
Rosebnigh. T. R. Duplex telegraphy. 30".
Rvan. H. J. Alternate current working, 382 401.
Sine form of curves of alternating E. M. F.. 177
What shall be the measure of phase difference
475.
Ryder. M. P. I'ly-wheel accidents in power
houses, 072
Scott. G. J. Alternating currents in direct current
armatures and their bad eft'ect on machines 314.
Scott, C. K. Sine form of curves of alternating E.
M. P.. 571.
Serrell. L. W. Fly-wheel accidents in power houses.
403.
Sharp. A. Flv-wheel accidents in power houses. 620
Skinner C. A. Te.t of closed coil arc dynamo. 1=0.
Smith. T. C. Accidents to fly-wheels in power
houses. 672
Steinmelz. C. P. Definition of reactance. 565.
Sine form of curves of alternating E. M. F.. 177.
Stevens. E. R. Lighting in Great Britain. 121. 148.
206. 233.
Stuart-Smith, W. Fly-wheel accidents in power
houses, 621.
Thompson. C. F. Fly-wheel accidents in power
houses, 500.
Thompson. S. P. Notes on rotarv field motors. 643.
Some advantages of alternating currents. 208.
Thurston R. H. Fly-wheel accidents in power
houses. 549. 401.
Trotter. A. P. Graphical transformer, 148.
Vail- S. Invention of telegraph. 3.77.
Vincent. W. W. Peculiar phenomenon. 358.
Waddell. J. Electrical difference of potential: an
analogy. 589.672.
Warner. G. M. Inductance of lines. 27.
Polyphased transformation. 77.
Wiener. A. E. Practical notes on dvnamo calcula-
tions. 11. 32. 57. 79. 93 129. 153. 210. 497. 521. 549.
572. 598. 615, 646.
Wvnkoop, H. G. Locomotive vs. stalionarv engines,
264.
The Electrical World.
Vol. XXIV.
NEW YORK, JULY 7, 1894.
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CONTKNTS.
Editorial 1
Invetilion of the Telegraph, by Stephen Vail 3
The First Telegraph .Station, by G. Wilfred Pearce 3
Electricity on the Canals, by M. W. Hassan 4
A Convenient Lamp Rheostat, by George A. Hoadley 4
A Central Station on the Pacific Slope 5
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Digest of Current Technical Electrical Literature, compiled bj' Carl
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scription of the new home of The Electrical World is presented in
the belief that its readers will be interested to knew something
about the way a modern technical journal is conducted. Starting with
humble quarters at No. 9 Murray street, it has thrice outgrown its
offices and been compelled to seek new and more commodious accom-
modations, until finally, after years of wandering, it has returned and
found an abiding place in the magnificent new Postal Telegraph
Building, next door to its first home. The W. J. Johnston Com-
panj-, Ltd. , has now not only comfortable but elegant quarters, and
jjossesses every facility for the disposal of its large and constantly in-
creasing business. It may prove interesting to some of the readers
of The Electrical World to follow its historj-, which is briefly traced
in the supplement, from its birth man}' 3'ears ago, through the
vicissitudes of its early days, down through the first years of electrical
development, to its majority, into which it entered a few months
ago.
COMPETITION WITH CENTRAL STATIONS.
An interesting question recently came up before the Mas.sachusetts
Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners, in regard to the
right of the owners of an isolated electric light installation to run
wires under a public highway to supply a neighboring building with
current. In the specific case considered authority had been granted
to the owner of a building by the Boston Board of Aldermen to lay
pipes in an underground duct to supply another building with steam.
When the trench was opened, in addition to the pipes for which
authority had been given, another one was laid to carry electric wires,
and the Board of Aldermen subsequently passed an order giving per-
mission to use it for the purpose intended. Upon appeal to the State
Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners, objection by a public
electric lighting company to such use was sustained, on the ground
that a business like that of transmitting electricity through
the streets of a city must necessarily be transacted by a regulated
monopoly and that free competition is impracticable. "It is clear, ' '
the opinion states, "that if isolated plants are permitted to exercise
public franchises over limited areas in the city, the burden to each
consumer of maintenance of the general companies will be enhanced ;
for such a removal of its customers, as would certainly happen by the
multiplication of businesses like that conducted by the appellees in
this case, would of nece.ssitj' add to the cost of light to the whole
community." The soundness of this argument cannot be ilisputed,
for any general system of suppl)-, whether of gas, water or electricity,
would be impossible if through private competition the more profit-
able portions of territory were withdrawn. On the other hand it
ser\'es to draw attention to the great power that may be conferred by
a franchise, and to the fact that a company holding such a grant has
not only the character of a commercial enterpriee but also that of a
tru-stee for the public in the exercise of the powers conferred.
TWO PHASED MOTORS.
We print in full elsewhere the paper by Dr. Duncan and several
of his students which was read at the Philadelphia meeting of the
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 1.
American Institute of Klectrical Knfjincers, antl gives an account of
experiments with a two pha.setl motor. This forms another of tlie
original contributions to the .subject of inultiphased phenomena which
Dr. Duncan is in the custom of making, and demonstrates once more
the great vahie of liis contact method of obtaining alternating cur-
rent curves. It will be noted that one of the conclusions of the experi-
ments is that it is of great importance to design rotary field appar-
atus so that both the ajjplied and counter R. M. K. 's shall follow the
.sine law. It is but a few years since a well known English elec-
trician ridiculed the idea that there was an advantage in having
alternating curves follow the sine law, but the deductions of Kennelly
and these ex periments both prove that the advantage is a real one
and moreover of great practical importance, particularly, as shown
by Dr. Duncan, in the case of large multiphased motors. It is also
pointed out that self induction has a beneficial effect in damping
fluctuations in the armature current, but it is not made clear whether
there would be a balance of advantages to justify designing armatures
with a very high self-induction. Two important points, however,
in designing are brought out, relating to the conditions for securing
the sine fonii of curve above referred to. It is shown that to satisfy
the.se conditions projecting pole pieces for the field windings must
be avoided, and the armature windings must be numerous, this latter
requirement being only practically possible in larger machines. ( In
this connection we call attention to an abstract in the Digest ot a
(Urinan paper on some experiments with alternators to determine the
form of their current curves and the conditions influencing the same. )
The result of the experiments on larger motors, referred to at the
conclusion of the paper, will be looked forward to with much inter-
est, particularly as there has been a great lack of experimental data
with which to test the various mathematical theories that have been
advance<i on the subject. Few of the latter, w-e venture to predict, will
be shown to have much practical value on account of the inherent
difiiculties offered to such a treatment.
STORAGE BATTERY IMPOSSIBILITIES.
Occasionally we read in newspapers predictions of the possibilities
of the coming storage battery, and some enthusiasts have even
prophesied that when "perfected" ocean steamers will be propelled
by this popularly misunderstood apparatus. While, of course, every
one with an iota of electrical knowledge recognizes the absurdity of
such a claim, yet an illustration of how absurd it is may be of
interest, and to furnish this we will apply the necessary calculations
to the case of the new Cunarder Campania. The best trans-
atlantic time of which we have a record made by this ship, whose
displacement is 18,000 tons, was 5 days, 12 hours and 15 minutes,
during which the average speed was 21 knots, corresponding to
about 26,000 average horse power and a consumption of coal for the
trip of about 2,700 tons. Assuming storage batteries of SO pounds
to the hourly horse power, the entire weight of batteries to do the
.same work, and allowing for no reserve, would be 76,750 tons of
2,240 pounds, or more than four times the entire displacement of
the .ship. To determine the weight per horse power that a storage
battery should have to compete with steam in the case under con-
sideration, we will assume that the entire weight of the boilers and
machinery of the Campania is 3,750 tons, which is probably near
the actual weight. Adding the coal consumption for a trip, 2,700
tons, we have 6,450 tons as the entire weight of the electrical plant.
Assuming the weight of the electrical propelling machinery' to be 1,500
tons, we have finally for the total weight of the battery 4,950 tons.
With these data we find that the weight of a battery, allowing for
no reserve, would have to be 3.16 pounds per hourly horse power.
How .small this is can be appreciated from the fact that a ISO-
ampere hour cell would weigh on this ba.sis only about 1 '4 pounds,
really about the weight of its lugs. A sinular calculation would
.show the impossibility of storage batteries displacing locomotives,
yet the writer knows of a company formed several years ago which
spent several thousand dollars in attempting to perfect a battery for
such a use. Much of the mi.sconception in regard to the power of
the storage battery must be ascribed to the sensational manner in
which it was introduced to the public by a very great scientist, his
statement in regard to holding "one million foot-i)ounds of energy"
in his hand not yet having lost its effect. The great value of the
storage battery in its proper field, which is of vast extent and as
yet scarcely entered in this country, should be sufficient to satisfy
its most sanguine friends. Only harm can come from making
claims beyond its power to fulfil, and much harm in this way has
lieen done, aside from the absurd instances we have here considered.
CANDLE POWER OF ALTERNATING ARC LAMPS.
In the Digest is an account of some elaborate experiments made
in Germany with alternating current arc lamps, which brought out
several points of much interest. It is stated that the (juantity of light
from an ordinary alternating arc depends upon the mean value of
the current as distinguished from the square root of the mean square
value. It follows that since the energy of the current is propor-
tional to the latter, the efficiency of such an arc is greater the nearer
the current curve approaches a rectangular shape. This, however,
would lead to extreme inductance effects, as well as give rise, it is
stated, to disagreeable noises, and the final conclusion of the experi-
menters is that the best ideal is a true sine curve. Another of the
conclusions of the paper is that direct currents are more efiicient for
arc lighting than alternating currents. Taking a 450 watt ( 2000 c.
p. nominal ) arc lamp as a basis of comparison, we find that the
mean spherical candle power of the same alternating lamps on three
different machines was respectively 823, 907 and 970; while with the
same energy and a direct current, 1292 candle power was developed
with a direct current lamp. What is astonishing about these figures
is the quantity of light produced from 450 watt lamps, and which, it
.seems, is even greater than represented, as a considerable loss in the
reflector of the photometer is apparently not included. At the
Philadelphia meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engi-
neers, several speakers, of whom one, Prof. Anthony, had made
many hundred photometric measurements of arcs, concurred in up-
holding a statement that a 450 watt arc, enclosed by a clear glass
globe, would not ordinarily give a mean spherical candle power of
500. As the absorption of the reflector of the photometer in the
German experiment is stated to be 30 per cent. , which is greater
than that of a clear glass globe, the disparity is even greater than
indicated by the candle powers in the two cases, though this
amounts to 160 per cent. We cannot question the accuracy of the
photometer measurements of Prof, .\nthony, nor have we any reason
to doubt those of the German experimenters. Neither can we
ascriije the differences to lamp mechanism, or to adju.stment; the
latter in any case would be kept as nearly normal as possible. It would
seem then that the only explanation left is that the disparity must be
considered as due to differences in the carbon employed. It has
long been known that the quantity of light from an arc materially de-
pends upon the quality of carbon used, though we are not aware that
any compatative experiments have ever shown anywhere as great a
difference as above noted. We have been informed, however, by
an arc light station superintendent ot wide experience, that it is not
unusual to come across carbons that will show a difference of SO per
cent, in the amount of light produced. As this is a matter of much
importance to superintendents of arc stations and users of arc lights,
we trust that one of our college laboratories will take advantage of
the excellent opportunity it offers for investigation and experiment.
Melon Electricity.
A correspondent of an English contemporary claims, apparently
seriously, that if twelve ripe melons are connected in series, with
platinum wirt;s inserted at the top and bottom, suflicient current is
obtained to ring a bell. He adds that only a ripe melon gives a
"strong current, " and adds that cucumbers, apples, pears, carrots,
etc. , also give current, but not nearly as much. He makes the
useless theoretical deduction that a battery of 10,000 melons will give
enough current to run an electric motor of two brake h. p. We
might add that if he had used copper and zinc wires instead of
platinum, and had selected sour melons, the results would have
been much more encouraging.
July 7, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL W^ORLO.
Invention of the Telegraph.
To the Editor of The Electrical World :
Sir: — Please accept my thanks for your courtesy in printing, in a
recent issue, my communication. I did not intend to further tres-
pass upon vour columns, but I trust 3'ou will allow me the space in
which to respond to the letter you published from Mr. Edward L.
Morse.
Primarily, I desire to state emphatically that it is not the desire
of the family of Alfred Vail, or of any of his friends, to claim any
credit or game for his name than that to which, by all known princi-
ples of right, and fair, honest dealing, he is absolutely entitled.
Neither is there any desire or intention to deprive S. F. B. Morse
of the smallest degree of the credit which, to his name, is honestly
and rightfully due.
Morse, in 1837, had constructed a rude wooden apparatus, b}-
means of which he was able to record pencil marks (dots), in varying
combinations (upon a moving fillet of paper), which, by laborious
reference to a code or dictionary, were translated into intelligence.
Previous to September, 1837, when he entered into a partnership
contract with Alfred Vail, he had filed, in the Patent office, a caveat
for his patent, in which, of course, were specified the features of his
inventions. By the terms of the contract just mentioned it was stip-
ulated that Alfred Vail should "devote his personal services and
skill in constructing and bringing to perfection, as also in improving,
the mechanical parts of said invention without charge for
such personal services to the other proprietors, and for their common
benefit. ' ' He was also required to construct, at his own expense,
and exhibit before a Conmiittee of Congress, one of the telegraphs,
"of the plan and invention of Morse," and assume the expense of
exhibiting the appar.^tus and of procuring patents in the United
States, and in consideration he was to receive one-fourth of all right
in the invention in the United States.
An impartial investigation of the claims of Morse, as found in his
caveat of 1837, will reveal the fact that not a single one of the feat-
ures therein specified, and upon which rest his claims to being "the
inventor" of the electric telegraph, is to be found among the constit-
uent features of the invention as it exists to-day and identical with
that apparatus as it came from the bands of Alfred Vail in 1838, and
later, in 1844, in no ways changed except in slight modification of
form and size.
No one who has familiarized himself with the history of the inven-
tion, during the years following the time at which Morse and Vail
left New York and went to Morristown, N. J., to continue (at the
Speedwell Iron Works of Judge Stephen Vail, the father of Alfred)
the experiments begun in the former city, need be told whose brain
and mechanical skill wrought the changes, which, in following out
the conditions of his contract, devolved upon Alfred Vail, and
which eliminated completely from the apparatus all of the features
that constituted the basis of Morse's first caveat for a patent.
A careful reading of the terms of that contract will show that, no
matter what he might contribute to the improvement and perfection
of the device of Morse, it must be done ' ' without charge and for the
common benefit of the proprietors," thus debarring him absolutely
from taking out in his own name any patents for the independent
creations of his brain. Everything he might do must be considered
as a part of the patent granted originally to S. F. B. Morse. Is it
difficult to understand how Alfred Vail became a cipher in so far as
any public knowledge of his part in the invention was concerned?
Had he been disposed to assert his rightful claims to recognition
as the real "inventor" of all of the so-called "improved Morse
telegraph," he could not have done so and conscientiously observe
the terms of his contract. Had not this detergent influence pre-
vailed, business policy would have prevented him from raising an
issue as to who was the inventor while innumerable suits brought
by the patentees against infringements were in the courts. Unfor-
tunately, Alfred Vail died before the expiration of the patent and
while extensive legal contests were still pending.
In my possession is a paper upon which is written in my father's
own writing the following statement, showing jjfetty conclusively
the reasons why to the name of Morse has been given the credit for
the invention of the recording receiver, the sounding key and the
dot and dash alphabet, when it was not he who devised them, but
.\lfred Vail, who was debarred by his contract from claiming pub-
licly the credit to which he was entitled: —
"This lever and roller were invented by me, in the sixth story of
the New York Observer o?a.Q.ft, in 1844, before we put up the tele-
graph line between Washington and Baltimore, and the same has
a/ways been used in Morse's instnitnent. I am the .sole and only
inventor of this mode of telegraph embossed writing. Professor
Morse gave me no clue to it, nor did any one else, and I have not
asserted publicly my right as first and sole inventor because I
wished to presers'e the peaceful unity of the invention, and because
I could not, according to my contract with Professor Morse, have
gotten a patent for it. " — Alfred Vail.
Mr. FMward L. Morse cites the fact that the Supreme Court
upheld Morse's claims. That is quite true, but he forgets that the
suit was not one brought by Morse to substantiate his claims against
other claims made by Alfred Vail. The suit was, "Morse and
others versus O'Reilly and others," for infringement, ancK has no
bearing whatever on the point at issue, for all of the inventions of
Alfred Vail were unknown to the Court, having been absorbed,
according to the contract, by the Morse patent, the one in contest.
As a matter of fact. Chief Justice Taney did not sustain all of
Morse's claims, and refused to recognize the eighth claim, as speci-
fied in his patent, condemning it as untenable. Alfred Vail sought
in court to obtain the justice which he knew was due him from his
copartner and associate, for that supposed friend had led him to
believe, as he so often expressed it: "I am confident that Professor
Morse will do me justice. " He passed from earth in Jaimary, 1859,
thirteen years and more before the death of Morse, and the justice
awarded him by Morse may be judged of by the following inci-
dent: — ■
On the morning of the 10th of June, 1871, Morse was the recipient
of a public reception at the Academy of Music, in this city, and
before an audience that thronged that edifice delivered an address
upon the telegraph, lasting an hour or two. No more fitting
opportunity could have been presented than then — probably his last
public appearance, and, too, when his remarks were to have a
world-wide circulation — for this aged man to recognize in magnani-
mous terms the part that his long since deceased and unhonored
associate had had in the invention, the fame and honor of which he
had unhesitatingly accepted as his alone.
Did he allude to Alfred Vail? He did, and in these terms: "The
telegraph found a friend, an efficient friend, in Mr. Alfred Vail, of
New Jersey, who, with his father, furnished the means to give the
child a decent dress, preparatory to its visit to the seat of govern-
ment. " No connnent is necessary. That was all this old man,
standing on the brink of the grave, could say of the friend and
associate to whom he was indebted for all in the electric telegraph
that bore the name of ' ' Morse. ' '
Four weeks prior to the day of Morse's death (the following
3ear), a member of the family of Alfred Vail sat b}- the side of his
sick bed, and during the visit of two hours, Morse frequently said:
"The one thing I want to do now, is justice to Mr. Vail."
That justice was neither rendered by him before he died, nor
since by any of those whom he left behind.
New York City. STEPHEN V.\IL.
The First Telegraph Station.
To the Editor of The Electrical World :
Sir: — The first telegraph .station established in the world was blown
down by the fierce gale of last week. It was a gigantic tree in the
forks of which Morse and Smith placed their first crude apparatus for
the line extending from Smith's house to the tree where Morse
received the first message sent by an aerial line. The tree was used
because the rustics of Cumberland County, Maine, refused to lend their
barns or houses as a receiving station for a wire thai in their opinion
conveyed messages tromthe abode of the powers of darkness, and the
Selectmen of the town were berated in town meeting for allowing
the founders of telegraphy to stretch wires along the highway
where man and beast were exposed to danger and death from light-
ning catchers. Men still living in the town remember a sennon
preached against Morse and Smith in which the)' were termed impious
wretches who would be eternally confounded for seeking to pry into
the secret places of the Almighty. So much opposition was made to
the aerial wires that underground conduits were laid, and that so
skillfully, and of such good materials, that a piece which I dug up
ten 3ears ago was as good as the best made to-day, whilst the house
conduits made by the same parties of tarred paper and used m several
houses near by is of much better quality than several brands on tlie
market to-daj-.
I happened to be in the vicinity of the tree when the gale uprooted
it, and purchased it, so if any electrician would like a piece of it
he can have it so long as the supply (four cords) will hold out.
New Brunswick, N. J. G. WILFRED I'E.I.RCE.
The Host Powerful Light in the World.
An electric light is to be placed in the Fire Island lighthouse,
off New York, the candle power of which is estimated to be
450,000,000 candles.
^
XHE ELECXRICAI. WOKI.I).
Vol.. XXIV. No. 1.
Electricity on the Canals.
BY M. VV. HA.SSAN.
I have been much interested in the subject of introducing elec-
tricity as the motive power on our canals, especially the Erie, in
New York Stale, and have read all Uie various plans that have conic
under my notice, as published. The .siinplest one is the double
trolley, nsinj; the propeller wheel in the water, the chief objection
to which is the wash of the banks causqjjr by the propeller, which
would tend to weaken the banks and cause breaks. I take the
liberty of enclosing a sketch of a .sy.stem which is an adaptiition of a
telpher system, which was illustrated and described in your i.ssue of
December 20, 18<J0.
The poles are placed in the middle of the canal and support two
working conductors and two trolley wires. The conductor and
trolley wire on the right of the pole are for boats going eastj^and
the conductor and trolley wire on the left of the ])ole are for boats
going west. I have shown but one of the working or hauling con-
ductors, in order not to complicate the sketch, but the other is a
Electric Canal Boat Sy,stem.
duplicate of the one shown. The conductor. A, is ridged spirally
or screw shaped, and the motor inside of the clyinder, B, has a
cylindrical armature, which is grooved to fit the conductor. A, and,
turning in one direction, propels the boat forward, and reversed
propels the boat backward. The frame, C C, and stanchions, D D,
support the motor, so that its weight rests upon the boat, and not
upon the conductor, A. The trolley, E, completes the circuit from
the conductor, A, which acts as a return from F, after the current
traverses the motor. The hooks, G G, support the hauling cable,
A, ami have an opening sufficiently large to permit the passage of
the frame, C C, and too small to allow the cable. A, to work out of
its place. The hooks, G G, are insulated, and through them pa.ss
the motor. All that is necessary upon the boat is the switch, and
perhaps a rheo.stat similar to that of a motor car. It is well for the
boat to have a rudder, but it need not be used while the boat is
being pulled, for the boat is guided by the cable, as the frame, C C,
and cylinder, 15, may be of any suitable length, even to the length
of the boat, which will insure a steady pull and even purchase on
the cable. The boat can also be lighted the same as a motor car,
as the wire connections to the switch come down the stanchions,
1)1), to the boat and can be run into the light circuit also.
A Convenient Lamp Rheostat.
nv GEORGE A. H0ADLB:V.
I'robably inilliing is of more value to the young engineer than the
ability to adapt the materials at hand to the work to be done, and
there is no place where this is more called for than in an average
electrical laboratory. lu order to combine a lamp rheostat with a
method of ,stud\'ing the principles of parallel and series lighting, the
following lamp board was devised, and has been foimd of very goJat
service. The only materials required can be found in any labora-
tory or lighting station, and consist of ten lamps and sockets, four
binding posts, a yard of good-sized copper wire for connectors, and
a base board, 6 inches wide and 30 inches long.
Believing that any instrument is better cared for and more care-
fully used if well made and tastefully finished, a black walnut
board, 1 inch thick, was used for the base. This was carefully
planed, saTid jiapered, filled and finished with hard oil.
In the sketch, the dotted lines show the connecting wires that are
id rO eO eO *6 3(6 ^6 '6
__i 1----1 1 i i--A-0-
Lamp Rheostat.
fastened in grooves on the under side of the board. The binding
posts are designated by letters, and the lami)s by numbers.
By connecting with binding posts, A and B, a single lamp can be
thrown in, or parallel circuits of from two to eight lamps can be
used.
In the work done with this, the sources of E. M. F. at hand were
a dynamo giving 120 volts, and storage batteries giving 40 volts.
The lamps at hand were 40-volt lamps, of a resistance of 60 ohms.
By coupling, as indicated in the .sketch, a rheostat and an am-
meter in .series with the tenninals, A and B, while a voltmeter is
coupled as a shunt with the same terminals, and a second voltmeter
is also coupled as a shunt to the terminals of the dynamo, a most
instructive study can be made of the problem of parallel distribu-
tion, including the relations between potential difference at the termi-
nals of the dynamo, fall of potential due to the lamps, rheostat,
ammeter and leads, and the parallel resistance of different numbers
of lamps.
By coupling at terminals, A and C, lamps 1 and 9 can be put in
series, and the essential differences between the voltages, resistances
and currents used in series and parallel distribution can be very
clearly demonstrated.
By coupling at the terminals, C and D, three lamps can be thrown
in in series, giving the maximum resistance of 180 ohm.s. By
throwing lamp No. 9 in series with the different parallel arrange-
ments of the first eight lamps, a new group of resistances is intro-
duced, and by throwing in bot i lamps Nos. 9 and 10, a still wider
range is given.
The following table .shows the possibilities when the lamps are of
uniform resistance. For the sake of Convenience, the arrangements
are placed in the order of their resi.'itances. Lamps of different
resistances may be used, and with these the number of combina-
tions and resistances is very greatly increased.
Arrangement.
Lamps in Circuit.
Resistance.
Current.
^
9, 10 & q.
180.
.222
b.
9, 10 & r.
ISO.
.2b6
c.
9. 10 ft s.
140.
.285
d.
9. 10 ii I.
135.
.295
e
9. 10 it 11.
132.
.303
f.
9, 10 It V.
130.
.308
9. 10 ft w.
12K.6
.311
Ii.
•>. 10 it X.
127.S
.314
i.
9it q.
120.
.333
9 it r.
•)0.
.444
k.
9 ft s.
80.
.500
1.
9 it t.
75.
.533
ni.
9 ft u.
72.
.555
11
9 ft V.
70.
.571
o.
9 it w. ^
9 & X. ^
(.S.d
.583
P-
07.S
.592
<1-
1
<iO.
.666
1. i
30.
i.3.a
s.
1. 2. 3
20.
2.000
t.
1. 2, 3. 4
15.
2.666
11.
1. 2. 3, 4, S
12.
3.333
V.
1. 2, 3. 4, S. 6
10.
4.000
w.
1, 2. 3, 4, S. 6 7
8.6
4.666
X.
1, 2, 3, 4, S, 6, 7, 8
7.S
5.333
The fact that all changes are made by simply snapping on • the
lamps, makes this board a very satisfactory one to use.
Swarthmore College, SwartUmore, Pa.
XHE ELECXRICA^L WORLD.
A Central Station on the Pacific Slope.
The California P^lectric Light and Edison Light & Power Com-
pany has three stations, two of which are located in the heart of the
Inisiness portion of the city, and the third on the sonth side, near
the water front. Stations A and B, in the center of the city, are
in the same building, but the operation of the two is entirely sepa-
rate. Station A was the original arc station, and was .started before
incandescent lighting had taken its place in the world. At present
it contains thirteen 60-light arc dynamos, divided between machines
of the Brush and Thomson -Houston types, and nine 1,000-light
alternating dynamos (2,000 volts) — six Brush and three Slattery.
The arc switchboard is an old and primitive affair in which the
electrician takes no pride. It is soon to be replaced by a steel fire-
proof board of modern design.
.Station B is devoted entirely to the operation of arc djnamos, of
which there are sixty-two, divided between Brush and Wood types,
the Brush being 60-Iight and the Wood 80-light. They are used to
a considerable extent for furnishing power bj' means of constant-
current motors.
There are in all 2,500 arc lamps in circuit, the longest circuit
being twenty-eight miles.
Station C is the Edison station, and is modern in all its appoint-
ments, as will be seen from the views given. The dynamos are of
the Edison multipolar type, direct driven by triple expansion engines.
There are at present installed one engine of 400 h. p., driving two
100 kw. dynamos, and three 800 h. p. engines, each driving two
200 kw. dynamos of fourteen poles each at 180 revolutions.
Foundations are built, ready to receive two more of the larger units
when the output of the station makes their use necessary. The
smaller engine is sufficient for the present day load.
The foundation for all the dynamos consists of a solid block of
concrete, covering the whole area of the dynamo room and extend-
ing five feet below the surface. Extra thicknesses of five feet are
built up at the immediate location of the engines. This foundation
rests on sand and is entirely disconnected from the walls or floor of
the building, so there is very little vibration. The small amount
can be judged from the fact that in taking the views given, the
camera was standing on the gallery immediately over a running
engine, and the exposure was three-quarters of an hour. The
sharpness of detail is evidence of the ab.sence of vibration.
In accordance with the latest practice, the switchboard is placed
on the gallery overlooking the dynamo room. It is fenced off at
both ends by means of lattice-work iron doors, these being provided
mainly to keep out strangers who ma)* be permitted to see the
station. The boards are of white marble, with the instruments,
switches, etc. , on the face and all busbars and connectors on the ■
back. The busbars are made of 3x>2-inch bars, but where extra
capacit)- is required, two or three such bars are. secured together.
I'? ' 1
tnnir,i|rWri
mm ^'* l!"'*iil^
St.^tion "C, " Showing Direct Coupled e;ngink.s anij Dyn.\mo.s.
with faces in contact, instead of being separated to permit cooling.
They are calculated on a basis of 1,000 amperes per stjuare inch of
.section. For making connection with the dynamo leads, taking olT
feeders, etc. , the connectors are given a length equal to the width
of busbar, so that the area of contact is 9 square inches. The
greatest current passing through such a contact is 2,000 amperes or
222 amperes per square inch of surface. The connectors are of
bronze, and are supposed to carry about 600 amperes per inch,
though the current density seldom reaches this figure.
Nothing in the nature of equalizers, boosters, etc., is used for
regulation, the electrician being of the opinion that the constant
loss incident to the use of these can be better applied as interest on
the capital invested in extra copper. Extra feeders are put in, and
the regulation effected by means of them and the field rheostats.
Work begins at light loads with the rheostats thrown in the fields,
and a man stationed at the switchboard, in plain view of the volt-
meters connected with the feeding centers. As the load comes up
and the pressure falls, resistance is thrown out of the fields, until it
is so far exhausted that the pressure cannot be kept up. Then,
when any feeding center shows a pressure below normal, extra
feeders are cut in, so as to reduce the drop, and at the same time
the rheostat is inserted in the field, so it can be used for regulation,
as before. Obviously, by having a sufficient number of feeders
properly calculated, good regulation can be maintained by this
means, provided the attendant is sufficiently watchful.
St.M'ion "C, " Showing Switchboard.
Weston station voltmeters are used, each one being provided with
red and blue lamps, and contacts arranged so one or the other will
light up if too great a variation from normal pressure is permitted.
In the office of the electrician is a group of Bristol recording volt-
. meters, connected with the various feeding centers, by means of
which an approximate record of the larger pressure variations is
kept. They cannot, of course, register with extreme accuracj- even
the larger variations, and must fail to record small ones altogether,
as the friction is appreciable. But for this purpose extreme accu-
racy is unnecessary.
There are also two other recording voltmeters, employing an
eutirel)- new principle. They are made after the designs of the
electrician, Mr. F. Iv Smith, and have never been described. They
are very sensitive, and as the design is novel and ingenious, a
description of them will not be uninteresting.
Referring to the view, a duplicate construction will be .seen, one
for the positive and the other for the negative side of the three-
wire system. The Weston voltmeters shown are not connected with
the recording meter, but simpl}' show the actual voltage.
Considering one side only, th» dial shown is rotated once every
twenty -four hours by means of clockwork within tlie case, and the
pressure is recorded on it by mentis of red ink carried in a well on
the end of the hand. Underneath the Weston meter will be seen a
round disc of ebonite, pbout 8 inches in diameter, carrying at the
top a lamp and at the bottom a helix. These are in series, and are
connected through pressure wires to the feeding center, which is
the standard to which all the others are regulated. The lamp burns
at about half-poAcr, and is used because any variation of pressure,
in virtue of which the current through the lamp changes, causes a
con.siderabIe variation in the resi-stance of the filament, and hence
makes the current change a maximum for any given change of pres-
sure. A core within the helix has the lower half of iron, and the
upper half of brass. It is supported by two verj- flexible brass strips
shown, which akso fonn part of electric circuits. Near the ends of
the core are two binding posts, with adjustable contacts, and in the
normal position of the core the two strips lie just clear of these con-
tacts. The motor shown is a small Edison slowspeed, series-wound
motor, connected to run in either direction. The vertical rod
shown is revolved by the motor through bevel gears, and revolves
the disc through worm gearing, as shown. A wire is stretched
between the disc and the hand on the dial, and when the disc
rotates, the hand moves through a small arc and makes the record.
c,
XHE ELECa^eiCAI. WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 1.
The core of the helix tends to fall by gravity until the lower
strip comes against the lower contact, which tendency is opposed by
the current through the helix, which draws the core upward until
the upper .strip makes contact.
The motor is connected with the .service mains in the building,
the relays shown being inserted to break the circuit. The current
through the .strip contacts simply controls the current through the
relay, and only a battery current is necessary, thus reducing the
spark, which would soon destroy the accuracy.
If the pres-sure falls below normal, the action of the helix is
weakened and the core drops until the lower c<mtact is closed, thus
allowing current to pass to the motor in such a direction that the
disc is revolved clockwise until a balance is obtained. This move-
ment is registered on the dial. If the pres.sure rises, the core is
drawn upward until the upper .strip makes contact, when the motor
revolves the disc counter-clockwise. Thus the slightest variation of
pressure will cause the motor to revolve, and as considerable power
is available for overcoming the friction, the in.strument is very sen-
sitive. In place of gravity, the action of the helix can be balar.ced
against a flat spiral spring such as is used in Weston instruments.
Mr. .Smith has applied this principle to an engine governor and a
revolution indicator. Methods for doing this are obvious.
The only other arrangement of special importance connected with
the .station is the method of obtaining water for condensing pur-
I)oses. I,eading into the arc station near the water front is a culvert
(the length of which is about one-eighth of a mile), which discharges
water b\- natural flow into a well beneath the station. Powerful
RKGI.STliRINC. NOl.TMHTER.
pumps then foice it through iron pipes to the incandescent station,
where it passes through the condensers and thence to the sewer.
The saving by condensation is far more than the cost of forcing the
water, interest on condensing plant, etc.
The arc dynamos are belted in groups from long countershafts,
and cannot be slowed down singly. Some are .shut down by short-
circuiting the fields and some the armatures, the latter inethod being
preferred. When the new switchboard is put up for Station A,
arrangements will be made so that if an armature is bunring out,
and it is desired to throw the load on another machine, the act of
plugging in the second will short-circuit the field or armature of the
first.
The arc and alternating lines are all overhead, but for the low-
tension system Edison tubes are used, these being the only subway
circuits in the city, except a few for telephone service. A long
gallery leading under the street carries the feeders to the tube ends.
There are altogether about .SO, 000 16- c. p. lamps wired in the
city, the farthest from station being about 5 miles, the greatest dis-
tance for the low-tension system being l}i miles.
The original station. A, has 1,400 h. p. of horizontal boilers, but
the other two stations use vertical tubular boilers, as taking up less
floor space. Station B has 5,600 h. p., and Station C, 7,000 h. p.
Jones under-feed stokers are used and are said to give excellent
results.
The company has recently adopted the jiractice of wiring build-
ings and charging only the actual co.st. This means that the house
owners can have the work done at the lowest poivsible rate, as the
company's facilities are better than those of private contractors. It
is expected many will take advantage of the good terms offered,
and that there will be a consequent large increase iu the station
output.
The Inductance and Capacity of Suspended Wires.
HV KDWIN J. HOISTON .\NU A. K. KIIN.MU.I.V.
The inductance and capacity of conductors employed in transmitting
continuous currents do not u.sually call for consideration. For
example, those who have designed, installed or operated Edison
systems of incandescent lighting do not usually have occasion to
inquire into the inductance or capacity of their circuits. On the
other hand, where intennittent or alternating currents are employed,
as in telegraphy or alternating current transmission, the inductance
and capacity of the circuit often form important factors in their
operation, and thus claim the attention of the electrical engineer.
Some of the problems connected with telephony and with the dis-
tribution of power by alternating currents, demand a knowledge of
the inductance and capacity of the conductors, in addition to their
resistance and insulation. To meet this demand in the case of
overhead wires, the tables and cun'es w-hich follow have been con-
structed.
Before considering these tables and cur%-es, a few remarks on
capacity may be acceptable, a subject which gives rise to much mis-
understanding.
The capacity per mile of 5280 feet each of a pair of parallel wires
(Fig. 1), of radius, a, suspended in air at an interaxial distance, d,
is in microfarads
0.01942 (1)
1 ^
log
a
For example, if two bare but insulated No. 6 B & S. wires, each
0.081 in radius, are suspended in air at an interaxial distance of 24
inches, their capacity per mile will be
0.0194 2 _ 0.01942 _ 0.01942 _ „ 007858 microfarads,
lotr =^ log 296.3 2.47173
0.081
111 other words, if a battery of one volt E. M. F. were connected
with its terminals to one mile of each of these wires, one wire would
Fig. 1.
have 0.007858 coulomb of positive, and the other wire, 0.007858
coulomb of negative charge. (Fig. 1. )
This formula assumes that the distance between the wires is large,
compared with the radius of the wire, as, indeed, is the usual case
with overhead conductors. When, however, the wires are brought
so close together that - is a .-iniall number, their capacity is
slightly greater than that given bv the fonnula. The correction
d ' d
amounts to .5 per cent, when - = 10 and 2.6 per cent, when —^5
When, as in telegraphy, a ground return circuit is employed, and
the conductor is situated at an elevation h above the conducting
surface of the ground, the capacity of that conductor is just twice
as great as though the ground were removed and a return wire
placed parallel at an interaxial distance 2 /; from the conductor.
Thus in Fig. 2, if A be the conductor of radius a situated at the
elevation // above the I'o/idurfitig ground level 6' /., the capacity
will be the same as if the ground were entirely removed and a
duplicate or similar return wire /> were employed as the return
circuit oi A a.t a. distance // below G L or 2-/i from A, so that
since the capacity of A with the imaginary wire I> would be
O.qi J4- ,„icrofarads per mile, the capacity of A to ground
log — -
will be
0.03884
microfarads.
(2)
log -
c
Thus, a No.
wire of radius 0. 0.S72 inches, sus-
fect, or 240 inches above the ground,
9 A. W.
pendcd at a distance of 20
should have a capacity of
0.03884 _ 0^03884 _ 0.03884
^ j»80^ log 8391 3.9238
°^ 0.0572
Since, however, the measured capacity of suspended wires is often
50 per cent, greater than their capacity calculated in this way, it
^O.OO'Kt micro, per mile.
Jui.v 7, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLO.
has sometimes been supposed that the insulators upon which the
wire is supported account for the excess. While the presence of the
insulators, with their pins and supporting cross arms, nmst add to
the capacity of the wire, a closer examination shows that even
where iron poles and brackets are used, with iron pins in the in.su-
lator connected with the ground, and where the outer .surface of the
insulator is covered with a film of moisture, the capacity of the line
can only be increased from this cause by about 1-SOOths of a micro-
farad per mile; while under ordinarj' conditions the additional
capacity due to insulators can only be a small fraction of this
amount, and is for all practical purposes negligible.
The excess of the measured capacity over the capacity calculated
by formula (2) appears to be entirely accounted for by the presence
of neighboring wires, supported on the same poles, as shown by
Mr. Oliver Heaviside, in 1880.
If a wire be suspended on poles among a number of other parallel
wires, its capacity will not be effected if these wires are all perfectly
insulated, but if they are grounded or imperfectly insulated, its
capacity may be more than doubled bj' their presence.
It is commonly supposed that when two parallel wires are sup-
ported on poles, their capacity, when insulated from the ground, as
A
I
I
I
B I
FiG.S. 2 A.ND 3.
in Fig. 1, depends largely upon their distance above the surface
of the ground. Thus, if the two wires have in free space or at an
indefinitely great distance above the surface of the earth, a capacity
of 0.00786 micros per mile, according to formula (1), and each would
have a capacity to ground of + -p ^ — — = 0. 0103 microfarads per
0061
mile, according to formula (2), therefore, as represented in Fig. 3,
it might be supposed that the total capacity between the wires
at 20 feet elevation would be 0.00786 + ' ^ = 0.01387S microfar-
ads per mile.
Such, however, is not the case, and as long as the insulation of
the wires is maintained, their elevation above the surface of the
ground has practically no effect upon their capacity. Thus, while
formula (1) gives their capacity per mile for an infinite elevation,
as 0. 00786 microfarads, their capacity per mile for S feet elevation as
0.00788 microfarads, and their capacity per mile fori foot elevation,
as 0.008362 microfarads, descent to within S feet of the ground only
increases the capacity by about X' of 1 per cent. , and descent to
within 1 foot of the ground only adds about 6.4 per cent. Similarly,
the presence of other grounded wires in the neighborhood has verj'
little influence on the capacity of the insulated pair. For all prac-
tical purposes, therefore, the capacity of two overhead insulated
wires is assigned by formula (1), and is not affected by the prox-
FiG. 4.
imity of the ground or of other wires. Their induction is also for
each wire:
/ = 0.0805 + 0.741 log -'^-- millihenry s per mile. (3)
For No. 6, A.W.G. wires at 24" log
: 2.47173 as previously
observed, so that / = 0.0805 + 1.8315 = 1.912 millihenry per mile.
The inductance of the loop formed by both wires would be twice
this amount, or 3.824 millihenrys per mile.
An iron telegraph or telephone wire has about 12 millihenrys per
mile more inductance than a copper wire, so that for each pair of
iron wires we may take
/ = 12.08 + 0.741 log millihenry per mile approx. (4)
The following tables and curves (Fig. 4) indicate the capacity and
inductance of insulated, overhead wires, in microfarads and milli-
henrys per mile of 5,2S0 feet.
TABLE OF INDUCTANCES PER MILE OF 5,280 FEET OF COPPER WIRE WHEN SUSPENDED IN PARALLEL PAIRS— MILLIHENRYS.
c
«• 0000
0.460"
000
0.40%"
00
0.3648"
0.3J49"
1
0.2893"
2
0.2576"
3
0.2294"
4
0.2043"
5
0.1819'
6
1620"
0.1443"
0.128S"
0.1144"
0.1019"
0.09074"
0.08081"
944
982
1.019
1.056
1.094
l.l.il
1.168
U206
1.243
1.2,80
1.317
1.355
1.242
1.280
1.317
1.354
1.392
1.429
1.466
1 260
1 298
1 335
1.372
1.410
1.447
1.485
1.522
1.5S9
1.5%
1.634
1.671
1 465
1.502
1.54
1.577
1.614
1.652
1.6,89
IS
1 521
1 558
1.5%
1.633
1.671
1.708
1.744
1.781
1.820
1.688
1.72S
1.7M
1.800
1.838
1.875
1.912
1.797
1.835
1.871
1.910
1.947
1.984
2.021
1 745
1 784
1 818
1.856
1,893
1.931
1.968
2.005
2.043
2.079
2.117
2.155
1.949
1.986
2.023
2.061
2.099
2.023
2.058
2.095
2.132
2.169
• 2.208
2.245
2 042
2.079
2.116
2.154
2.192
2.229
2.266
2.303
2.340
2.376
2.128
2.166
2.203
2.240
2.277
2.312
96
2.023
2.059
2.097
2.134
2.172
2.210
2.246
2.283
2.321
2.358
TABLE OF CAPACITIES PER MILE
OF 5,280
FEET OF WIRE WHEN SUSPENDED IN PARALLEL P.\IRS— MICROF.iRADS.
T)
0000
000
00
1
i
3
4
5
6
7
3
6
<)
12
0.01741
0.01371
0.01222
0.01130
0.0166S
0.01324
0.01182
n, 01 008
0.01597
0.0128
0.01147
01068
0.01533
0.01239
0.01114
0,010.-!9
0.01475
0.01200
0.01082
0.01012
0.01420
0.01164
0.01052
0.009862
0.0090.W
O.lll.^.l.'l
iiU.il
O.llllli^
O.UO'K.14
0.1X)8842
11.111322
11 (lllI'lT
ll.iKl'I'W
0.009384
0.008646
0.01278
0.01067
0.009736
0.009154
0.008458
0.012.18
0.01038
0.009491
0.008948
0.00827
0.0119'l
0.01011
0.00921.5
0.0(V874
0.00810
0,01163
0.IX10S5S
0.1XI'XU4
0.00,8548
0,007934
0.01129
0.00'Hi07
0.008,836
0.00.834.2
0.007776
0.01097
0.009378
0.1X18,838
0.01.1818.8
0.007623
0.01067
0.00915
0.008451
O.OOSOIS
0.0O7470
0,01038
0.008M2
0.00827
0.007851
0.007328
24
iiixnxM
0.0083<^
0.008188
0.008018
0.007858
O.Od'llx
O.dOSXS
0.008374
0.008034
0.007780
0.007578
0. 007410
y. -,-
0.008032
0.007864
0.007728
0.007SS8
0.007415
0,007274
0.007136
3b
48
60
72
84
%
,
,
II 1)1 IS ^"9
n 007777
0.007622
0.007477
0.007332
OOO?!')-)
0.007eVi6
o.nii.Mi'i(,
0.(K17S7
0.(«I7(.23
0.007432
0.007270
,
,„" "»
|K)7410
0.007262
0.007130
0.007000
0.0»XvS77
0.1X16758
0,(106737
"
0,lHI75lj4
0.007154
0.007008
,, ,„,"i-4
0.007014
0.006888
0.0067M
0.006646
0.»XX»5.V»
0(H427
o! 007292
0.007136
0.110703
0.00688
CHI7II70
0.006.S9.S
0.006758
ll.lKH.'as
0.1KI6780
0.006642
0.006815
0.006662
0.006530
0.0066%
0.006550
0.00M24
0.006584
0.00(r»47
0.006319
0.0(Hv»75
0.0063.17
0.006218
0.(KX>3(k8
0.0(X>231
0.006116
0,IKl62<o
0,tHX.132
0.006020
0.006037
0.005930
0.005941
0.005S37
0.00S8S
0.005749
THE EI.KCTRICAI. WORLJU.
Vol. XXIV. No. 1.
Experiments on Two=Phase<l Hotors.
BY LOUIS nUNCAN, S. H. BROWN, W. 1'. .VNDKKSON AND S. Q.
HAYKS.
Within the last few years rotary field motors have been greatly
iinprovefl, and the conditions for successful design are moderately
well understood. The problem has been attacked mathematically,
and results have been obtained, which, while interesting, have not
l)een submitted to the test of experiment. The mathematical treat-
ment is difficult, unless many essential phenomena are omitted;
indeed, it is only lately that the solution of the case of a motor
.supjjlied from a constant potenti.il circuit has been undertaken, and
as this is the condition of actual ])racticc, tlie results, even with
their evident limitations, are important and interesting. The phe-
nomena that occur in the armatures of these motors are of special
importance, but they have not yet been sub:nitted to experimental
investigation.
The experiments of which this article is a description were in-
tended for the purpose of developing a method of obtaining the
current and electromotive force curves of multiphase motors, and
DIAGRAM OF CONNECTIONS
Fig. 1.
of applying it to a two-phase 2-h. p. Tesla motor kindly furnished
by tlie Westinghouse Electric Manufacturing Company. While the
results are probably correct for the machine tested, yet as the motor
was small, with inward projecting pole pieces, the results will differ
considerably from those that would have been obtained on a larger
machine, or one without projecting pole pieces. It was impossible
for us to get any other machine, and the development of a method is,
we think, of as great importance as the results themselves.
In a rotary field motor, if the resultant field is not exactly uni-
form, but presents some irregularities, then if the difference between
the speed of the field and the .speed of the armature is not a nnilti-
ple of both, the armature electromotive force will not in general
be a periodic curve, because if we consider an armature coil enclos-
ing a maximum number of lines of induction, then when it again
includes the maxinunn number the field will be in a different posi-
tion with respect to the poles, and its maximum value m.-iy be
Fig. 2.
different. Or, to put it another way, if the difference of the .speeds
of the field and armature is not a multiple of both, then any par-
ticular anuature coil will not have the same relative position with
respect to l)oth the field and the pole pieces in its successive posi-
tions of maximum induction. It is necessary, then, in order to
obtain periodic armature currents, that some fonii of gearing be
employed.
»A paper re.-\d at the I'hilailtlphia meeting of the American Institute of Klec-
trical Kugineers.
If large machines are to be tested where it would be inconvenient
to transmit a large amount of jjower by gearing, the motor may be
loaded until the desired speed of te.st is approximately attained,
when a very light gearing between the dj-nanio and motor will
serve to keep this speed constant, the gearing serving simply to
check any small tendency toward a change of speed. In our own
experiments, the power to be transmitted was small, and the con-
FiG. 3.
struction of the motor was such that we had no room for a gearing
and for a coupling to a load. We consequently geared the motor to
the dynamo, the motor energy being given back to the dynamo.
The apparatus experimented on consisted of a 2S-h. p. two-phased
(Unamo, an ordinary constant current machine, .supplied with four
(4) collecting rings, and one (1) two-phase, S-pole, 2-h. p. Tesla
motor. The electromotive force of the dynamo, as may be seen
from the curves, was practically a sine curve. In our work the
motor was not run up to its full capacity, as we were limited by the
amount of power the gearing would safely transmit. We cannot
better describe the armature winding of the motor than by quoting
part of a letter written me by Mr. Charles F. Scott, of the Westing-
house Company: —
"The one you have, has, however, 41 slots. The odd slot was
placed in this motor so that the relation of the annature teeth to
the field poles was different in different parts of the circumference.
A - 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1
,Syi - -'^Av- IJ 1^?'-* voia« J1\,'k«
. L,„^.''!'>\:n armature^cu^e^ -i-\,'
\J ' Vl* 6 t;o ? GEARING i\l\l
k' V "" ■ ^
,/ V S- .- ?■""
' -kl- ^\ ■ n
on DjnimV D.s4'\ ^ ,. ' *
" .«i> a: xt lulfl.l«r\j«J 0! >'i-uj »-.vo i«,jJ^.o,j » ju, ;v 40 «. Yl""'"'!"""")"^'"'- »,-V)SJ
= --^ •• s V •:; J - i-
-- t- ^ i^ _ v ■'
^-. it-^v^"^ it
\ v.. A\' I
• L A i^-i\. -J / •
\ ^Va l\\f ~fW\'T-U- ~ '
1
Fm. 4-
and the forty (40) incipient dead points which might have occurred
were avoided by the addition of the extra slot. The winding con-
sists of four ( 4 ) layers. The first and third are exactly similar and
coincident in the slots occupied, and the second and fourth are
similarly related. The four coils in each layer are connected in
series and short circuited. ' '
The idea was to make the mutual induction of an annature coil,
with respect to the poles, a sine curve. Of course, with a limited
number of slots it is impossible to have the mutual induction of the
field and armature exactly a sine curve. Hut it is pos.sible to verj-
nearly accomplish this, e.specially in large annatures, and the im-
portance of it is beginning to be appreciated. Mr. Scott, of the
Westinghouse Company, was one of the first to ajipreciate the im-
portance of the armature winding and the proper method of doing
it, anil he deserves much credit for his quiet and persistent work,
which luLS resulted in the production of exceMent motors, instead of
voluminous papers. It is, of course, true that the period of the
armature current is the sum of the periods of the field and the
armature. As we wished to obtain the curve of the armature cur-
Jn.Y
XHB ELECXRICAL WORLD.
9
rent by the contact method, it became necessary to get contacts
whose period was the sum of the field and armature periods. Tliis
was obtained by aji arrangement of apparatus shown in Fig. 1. In
the figure, S and S' are the two sprocket wheels which gear the two
machines together and give them the desired relative speeds. S"
and S'" are two others, which gear the graduated discs which carry
the brushes.- D and D' are the two instantaneous contact di.scs,
one mounted on each shaft, and a, b, c, a', b' are the wiping
brushes. K is a condenser, and B a charging battery; b and c
make the circuit through the battery and condenser once ever}'
revolution, thus keeping the condenser charged. When a and a'
make sinniltaneous contact, the battery circuit is broken and the
condenser is discharged through the movable coils of the dynamom-
eter, which are all connected in series. F and F' are the motor
fields; R and R' the rings of the motor and dynamo respectively.
E is a double-pole, double-throw .switch, to which are connected
the terminals whose potential difference curves are desired. M is
the motor armature, and A is a switch in the circuit of the current
instrument. B' is a battery which sends a steady current through
the large coils of a dynamometer. This dynamometer is used as a
eter which has been described before, and which was invented by
one of us for obtaining such curves. It con.sists of a stationarj' coil
carrying the current whose curves are to be obtained, and a movable
coil through which passes an instantaneous direct current, obtained
by making the circuit on the armature discs before described. If
this instantaneous current occurs when the alternating current is
zero, we will get no deflection of the instrument. If it occurs when
Fig. S.
correcting instrument, and the resistance in the condenser circuit is
regulated to keep its deflection constant. If the brushes are set
together on the contacts, and then the two machines revolve with a
given speed ratio, say 4 to 3, the brushes will again be simnltaneon.sly
on the contacts when the machines have made respectively 4 and 3
revolutions. If the ratio was 7 to 6, the machines would make 7
and 6 revolutions before the contacts would again be coincident.
In this way we obtained the needed instantaneous current.
After obtaining one point on the curve in this way, and wi.shing
to obtain another point, we must shift our brushes through angular
distances proportional to the speed ratio of the two machines; other-
wise they would npt make simultaneous contact again. Having
shifted them in this ratio (say, if the ratio is 6 to 7, we would shift
10 degrees on the dynamo discs, and 6-7th of 10 degrees on the
motor di.sc), we obtain another point on the curve. To accomplish
the alteruating current is maximum, we will get a maximum
deflection, and in general the deflection will be proportional to the
instantaneous value of the alteruating current. The dynamometer
used had a long period, and was well dampened, and we had no
difficulty in reading, even when the period of the armature current
was as much as one-quarter second.
If very efficient machines were to be tested, where the period of
the armature is very large indeed, then some electrometer method
or a telephone method would be used, or the deflection of a gal-
vanometer needle in the field of the current could be easily photo-
graphed.
The curves we have obtained are as follows: The electro-motive
force applied to the armature; effective electro-motive force of the
armature; the counter electro-motive force of the armature; the
armature current; the value of field electro-motive force and current
for open and closed annature circuit. These for ratios of 3 to 4 and
6 to 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 6.
this easily, we gear the brushes together in the same ratio as the
armatures are geared, as is shown in Fig. 1. Our gearing, both for
the brushes and armatures, consisted of sprocket wheels and chains
and was very satisfactory.
As the machine we tested was small, and was run much below its
rate.d electromotive force, it was not of course particularly' efficient,
and as the armature efficiency is approximately the ratio of the
armature speed to the field speed, this ratio was comparatively
small, thus enabling us to use for measuring it a form of dynamom-
We also obtained the various currents and electro-motive forces
when the armature was held stationary, with and without resistance
in the outside circuit. There are really three distinct sets of curves
— those relating to the 3-to-4 gearing, those for the 6-to-7 gearing,
and those in which the armature was stationarj-. The angular
positions do not correspond for the first two sets. For the second
and third they very nearly correspond. This is due to the fact that
we did not at first clearly appreciate the importance of permanentlv
fixing the relative positions of the armatures of the two machines.
Afterward we made marks on each annature, and if for any reason
we took off the gearing, we replaced it so these marks came opposite
points which we fixed on the frames of the two machines. It
should also be remarked that the curves for the two sets of arma-
ture coils marked A and B should not in general present the same
irregularities, as their relative positions, with respect to the poles
and the resultant field, are different. The dynamo being a fonr-
pole machine, this must be taken account of in calculating the
angles on the base line. In Figs. 3 and 4, the contact positions
should be multiplied by two. The length of an armature curve,
in terms of the position of the dynamo brush, should be 360x4-2=
7,200, in the case of the 3 to 4 gearing, and 360x7-2^12,60 for the
6 to 7 gearing. We have not the same confidence in the results of
the 3 to 4 gearing as for the 6 to 7 gearing, the latter being taken
from several sets of observations, which checked very well.
The curves of the applied electro-motive force (Curves V and VI,
Fig. 3, and II and VI, Fig. 7) are obtained in the following man-
THE EIvECTKICAU WORLD.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 1.
iier: The armature was held stationary, while the field revolved at
its normal rate. The reading of our electro-motive force dynamo-
meter then gave us a point on the electro-motive force curve. The
armature was then moved through a given angle, while the brush
on the dynamo disc was moved through an angle corresponding to
the ratio of gearing of the two machines. What we obtained was
the electro-motive force applied to the armature when there was no
current (lowing through it and when the gearing was 3 to 4 or 6 to
7, according to the relative movement we gave the motor armature
Fig. 10.
and the dj'uamo brush. It should be remarked that all of the
armature curves marked electro-motive force curves are obtained
when the armature circuit is open, and therefore do not correspo:id
to the actual condition of affairs when the armature is closed, as
they do not contain the effects of armature reaction and self-
induction.
The effective electro-motive force of the armature given in Curves
III and IV, Fig. 3, and III and IV, Fig. 7, were simply measured
by opening the armature circuit and getting the potential difference
on the motor terminals when the motor was geared to the dj'uamo
with ratios of 6 to 7 and 3 to 4. The difference between these
curves and the curves of impressed electro-motive force is the
counter electro-motive force, and is given by Curves I and II, Fig.
3. and I and IV, Fig. 7. We could have obtained the counter elec-
tro-motive force by supplying the fields with continuous currents
whose ratio to one another would be that of the two-phase currents,
and varying the relative values of these currents as we vary the
point of contact of our instantaneous current. This would have
been a laborious task, and was not necessary. It was not possible
Fic. 11.
to obtain tlu-sc (juantilics liy direct ob.servation when the aruiature
circuit was closed and when the machine was running under normal
conditions.
In F^ig. 4 is given the annature current of the motor with a gear-
ing of 6 to 7. If we compare these curves with those ob-
tained when the gearing is 3 to 4. we will .see that the current
is more irregular with the higher efficiency than with the lower.
Again, comparing the curves of effective electro-motive force for the
two gearings, we see again that the irregularity is greater with the
higher efficiency. If we consider that the current would follow this
curve of effective electro-motive force, but for the armature reactions
and self-induction, we can see that these effects have their good as
well as evil side. The effective electro-motive force is of course the
difference between the applied and the counter eleclro-niotive forces,
and if these are irregular their difference becomes the more irregu-
lar as they are the more equal in value, that is, as the efficiencj' of
the motor is higher. .So that, while in this machine, whose maxi-
nuim armature efficiency was made about 87 per cent. , the irregu-
larity is considerable, it would be very much exaggerated in a
larger motor whose annature efficiency might be 97 per cent, or 98
per cent. ; and in this ca.se great care should be taken to produce a
perfectly regular field. The effect of the armature reaction and self-
induction is to decrea,se these irregularities.
If we consider for a moment the theory of the two-phased motor, we
will remember that the armature efficiency is theoretically ( leaving
out losses in the field iron )p ^ p\ where p and ^' are respectively the
angular velocities of the field and of the motor armature. We will
also remember that the lag of the annature current behind the
effective electro -motive force is taken as tan = — If
we look at the curves, however, obtained with the motor experi-
mented on, we will see that the annature current is irregular, and
therefore the actual heating would be greater than that calculated
from sine curves — that is, the armature efficiency is always less and
the drop in speed is alwajs greater than the theoretical value, and
may be very much less if the armature current is irregular. As has
-'' "^-111 i 1 TC-LAluoio'n: 11 /^ -^
vM M M'^pf r°ri''i 1 1 — -/ -■ ■'
/ Vi lELlCURRtNT AND ^M ^, /
-*>
V X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 /
t V Af MATURE SI ATIONARY /
-70
\\. \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,
\ \ A and 8. armattjfs short-clrcw.tat /
-»
\ aU ^mw„ oi>!,o -«i.<! L _|_
,"'j^. ^i^ ± I
-^ A v. 4_ 4 "v L
-*l)
^:/^ X itit 2
-^ t- )- ^ ^ X 4
<■ \/^ I \ .. ^ t J
J \t \_ i it-^ J
/ ^ \ y / i
, .^f\^,^\ .--V--j\ / / /
>_
^■3 A -pfi V ^ ilt V ^-
. it 4:^3:?^^ 3 ^S ^ ' IZ.
\\ 0^ Ir \ ^.' \r-<r f ^\
<. /L^^ \ \ ^^ \ 1 "-^ f\ >^ T 1
j' "t-^ \ \ ^•^ \ 1 1 -^^r^ 1
\ \ ' '^V'T*"^ ^ / "— 1 /j — '
\ \ \ I / 1/ ! i 1
'I V \ f\ ^ / 1
:Z '4- ^ -t 7t\y X zz
.u
n - I- \ N I / \ / /
. \ \\ / /\ jy
,', - r ' , ^ y \ N /-'^
^
\ \ / ' ' /
V ^ / ■ !
-™
\ \ / 1 i
\ \/ 1 /
-«,
\ X !
\ A\ y
^. / ^ /
\ A \ r \ y
N^,^ M .^
Fig. 9.
been pointed out, this fliictuation in the annature current would be
exceedingly great if the self-induction and annature reaction of the
motor did not tend to wipe it out, the effect of the self-induction
l)eing to damp the most the waves of shorter period — that is, the
irregularities.
It seems to us that the most important curves we have obtained
are those of applied and counter electro-motive forces, effective
electro-motive force, and the annature current. They show at once
the great importance of designing a machine whose applied and
counter electro-motive forces are both sine curves, and the method
may be easily used to experiment on actual machines and to find
out if this condition is fulfilled. .Again, the comparison of tlie
effective electro-motive forces, with no annature current, with the
fall of potential due to the annature current, shows us that there is
some beneficial effect from .self-indiu-tion in the armature. The
principal results show that the special machine does not give us
regular currents and electro-motive forces, but it is to a large extent
due to the fact that in these small machines considerations of econ-
omy make it necessary to wind the field coils on spools, instead of
winding them through slots cut in the field iron.
In designing a motor to give absolutely regular electro-motive
force curves, we mu.st take two things into account: The field due
to the dynamo current must be regular, and the armature winding
July 7, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
11
must be such that it will give a regular electro-motive force in a
regular field. To satisfy this condition in the field windings, pro-
jecting pole pieces shou'ld certainly be avoided. To satisfy the con-
dition in the armature would require an infinite number of armature
windings, but it can be practically satisfied in the higher machines
with a reasonable number of windings. It must not be under.stood
that it is specially easy to accomplish this. Figs. 5 and 6 give us
the input of the motor at full load and with an open armature, with
a 6 to 7 gearing. Figs. 9 and 10 show the field and armature
electro-motive forces and currents when the armature is stationary,
and in one case short circuited, and in the other case has outside
resistances in its circuit. Fig. 11 gives in arbitrary units the induc-
tion through a coil wound around one of the pole pieces, under the
conditions stated.
We do not wish to add to an already lengthy paper a prolonged
discussion of the curves we have given, especially as we hope to be
able to experiment on a larger machine, the results from which will
be of much greater importance; but we think that the curves we
have given show that the design of rotary field motors requires care-
ful experimental study, and we believe that such a study may be
easily made, even for machines of large capacitj'.
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculations.— VIII.
By ALFRED E. WIEXER.
d. — Total Energy Loss in Ar»iaiuie.
The total energy transformed into heat in the armature is the sum
of the energies consumed by the winding, by hysteresis, and by
eddy currents:
Wa.^We,+.Wb+ We .(42)
/fa = total watts absorbed in armature;
Wa. = watts consumed by armature winding, formula (35);
ail = watts consumed by h\steresis, formula (39);
7Ve = watts consumed by eddy currents, formula (41).
For comparison, in the following Table XXVIII. , the energy losses
due to In-steresis and eddy currents, expressed in various units of
the metric as well as the English system, are compiled:
TABLE XXViri.— SPECIFIC ENERGY DISSIPATION IN ARMATURE CORE.
Magnetic
Density.
Hysteresis Toss for sheet iron
at frequency of 1 magnetic
cycle per sec.
Eddy current loss for .030"
(.075 era.) lamination, at
1 cycle per second, proportional
to frequency.
ui
Lines
t;
of
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Force.
Per sq.
cm3
cu. ft.
kg-
lb.
cm-''
cu. ft.
kg-
lb.
inch
Watts.
Watts.
Watts.
Watts.
Watts.
Watts.
Watts.
Watts.
2000
12900
.ooa)7
1.98
.0091
.0041
.0000004
.011
.000051
.000023
.'(100
19350
.00013
3.68
.0140
.0077
.0000009
.026
.000119
.000054
•HXX)
25S«I
.00020
5.75
.0265
.0120
.0000016
.046
.000212
.001X196
5(HX)
32250
.00029
8.20
.0378
.0171
.0000025
.071
.000327
.000148
(itKK)
3X7(X)
.000.-9
11.03
.0508
.0230
.0000036
.102
.000471
. 01X1213
VOX)
4SL50
.00050
14.15
.0652
.0295
.0000049
.139
.0(X1640
.000290
WXXI
SUM
.00062
17.S
.0806
.0305
.0000064
.181
.000833
.tXI0377
■XKXI
S.S050
.00074
20.9
.0963
.0431.
.(XXXX181
.229
.1X11054
.000478
IIXXX)
M.51X)
.00087
24,6
.1133
.0513
.0000100
.283
.001303
.000590
lUXX)
709S0
.00102
28.3
.1303
.05<»
.0000121
.343
.001580
.000715
12000
■nnyo
.00118
33.1
.1524
.0690
.0000144
.408
.001878
.000850
l.MXW
83850
.00134
37.9
.1745
.07'X1
.0000169
.479
.002204
.000998
14(XK)
<X).3(X)
.IX)1.50
42.7
.19(*
.0890
.0000196
.555
.(X)25S3
.001157
l.^dlHl
01,7.50
.IX1H.S
47.5
.2193
.09'X)
.0000225
.637
.002923
.001328
luKBI
IIC.JKI
11111x7
52.9
.2440
.1103
.0000256
.725
.00.1340
.001512
17IBI0
1II9(,5II
58.3
.2680
.1212
.000028';
.818
.003770
.001708
ISIKKI
lll.UHl
(K)2''5
63.7
.2932
.1328
.0000324
.917
.00422C
.001911
IWOO
1225.50
.1X1246
69.6
.3200
.1450
.000036!
1.022
.00471C
.1X121.0
2001X)
12901X)
.00267
7S.6
.3480
.1575
.0000400
1.133
.005225
.002362
77. — Radiating Surface of Armature.
The radiating surface, or cooling surface, of an armature is that
portion of- its superficial area which is in direct contact with the
a. — Radiating Surface of Drum Armatures.
In drum armatures the dead portion of the winding forms two
"heads" at the ends of the cylindrical body, and the external area,
extending over the cylindrical part, as well as over these two conical
heads, is the radiating surface of the armature. In order to calcu-
late the cooling area of a drum armature, it is therefore necessary
to first determine the size of the armature heads.
The length of the heads, /•"■ Fig. 17, depends upon the diameter
of the armature, the size of the shaft and the height of the winding
space, and can be found from the empirical formula:
4— /fe? X < + 2 X /,„, (43)
where: Ai ^ length of armature heads, in inches;
k-. = constant, depending upon the size of the armature (see
Table XXIX. ) ;
d" = external diameter of aimature, in inches;
Att = height of winding space, in inches.
The coefficient k-, in this formula varies with the slope of the
head, and this, in turn, depends upon the ratio between the diame-
ter of the armature and the thickness of the shaft. For in large
h-iH-t
Fig. 17.
surrounding air, and which consequently gives off the heat gener-
ated in the winding and in the iron core. It is evident that the
shape and the construction of the armature and the arrangement of
the field determine the size of this radiating portion of the armature
surface. In drum armatures, for instance, only the external surface
is liberating heat, while in ring armatures, according to design,
either the external .surface only or any two or three sides of the cross
section, or even the entire superficial area may act as cooling sur-
face.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
machines the shaft bears a smaller proportion to the armature
diameter than in small ones, and therefore in large armatures there
is comparatively much more room between the shaft circumference
and the body periphery than in small armatures, and .since the
diameter of the head must never exceed that of the armature itself,
it is evident that the slope of the head is smaller, and consequently
its relative length is larger in the smaller armature.s. The following
Table XXIX. gives the values of this coefficient for the various sizes
of drum armatures:
TABLE XXIX.— LENGTH OF HEADS IN DRUM ARMATURES.
External Diameter
of Armature.
Value of
k.
Averag^e Length
of heads.
Ih
Inches.
Up to 6"
.60 to ..50
lh=.SS X da" -1- aba
•' " 12"
..55 to .45
= .50Xdtt"-f 2ha
" IX"
.50 to .40
=.4S X da" -^ 2 ha
" " 24"
.45 to .35
=.40 X d«" -) 2 ha
" " 30"
.40 to .30
= .35 X da" -1-2 ha
As to the diameters at the ends of the heads, that of the front
head, (/i,, at commutator end of armature, is generallj^ made from
0.75 d'^ to rf^', while the diameter of the end washer of the back
head, (/h, ranges in size from 0.5 d,^io 0.75 d^. Taking rfj, =0.9 </„
as the average diameter of the front head, and rfj, = 0.6 </„ as
that of the back head ( Figs. 18 and 19) we obtain the following
formula for the radiating surface of a drum armature:
Oa = rf^ X n
or, approximately: —
Oa^
X(..1.4XJ.^.(4")^'
flf^ X jr X /' /a -f 1.8 X /,, "^
(44)
Oa = radiating surface of armature,[iii square^^inches;
d" a = external diameter of armature, in inches;
= rfa + 2 X Aa ;
/a = length of armature body, in inches, formula (12);
/h = length of armature head, in inches, from formula (43).
(To be continued. )
An English Electrical Invention.
A recent Knglish patent has the following title: "Improvements
in Portland cement in union with petroleimi ; for the incandescence
of electric gases; in man's, animals' and birds' excrescences in air,
land and water. ' '
12
THE ICLECTRICAI. WORI^IX
Vol.. XXIV. No. 1.
♦»»•>"
bDLDS
% ^(MZHT..,.
^ y>.
_- .^g0UPc..^^
N^' <\>^^^^'^l llrL^^ --.1-=-.^-' VvVtv!'^' •- ■>-
KI.KCTRO-PHYSICS.
/;'()/((• ()/■ //cr/r.— The lecture of Prof. Lodge is continued in the
r,ond. "Klec. ,"]une 15; a number of interesting experiments are
described, and illustrations given. It is written in a rather abbreviated
style, and assumes a knowledge of the subject.
I| Dilcctin- of JClcclric ]Vaves.— In ^n editorial on Prof. Lodge's
lecture, the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June IS, describes an instrument
(illustrated in the Lond ."Elec.," June 15), which he has devised, which
is called a coherer; two knobs so close together that the air gap is not
able to stand any such voltage as an electroscope can show, will actually
cohere when a spark passes between them, and the joint thus completed
closes the circuit of an electric bell and battery. On this phenomena
he founded a theory of vision, in which the retina of the eye is supposed
to be furnished with cohesive contents which allow an electric current
to flow in the nerves when acted upon by the electro-magnetic waves of
light; mechanical vibration supplied by the tissues restores the sensi-
tiveness of the contact at intervals of a tenth of a second ; a model was
constructed to illu.strate the theory.
Theory of I'ision.See abstract under " Detector of Electric
Waves. ' '
UNn\S, MEASUREMENTS -\ND INSTRUMENTS.
Sfirriyic. Coiniiif/ifi/j'.—A paper by Mr. Teichraueller, read
before the Union of German Electrical Engineers, is published in full
in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 'i. He discusses the three different ways in
which specific conductivity is given, namely by reference to pure copper
considered as 10() per cent. , by reference to mercury and by representing
it in mhos per unit length and cross-section and concludes in favor of
the latter; although this method was the one used least, he believes it
was due to the want of a name of the unit, which has now been sup-
plied; he concludes in favor of expressing coudnctivities in mhos and
specific conduetivites in meganihocentimeters ; the number for copper
will have values of about 0.58 and 0.5')5; these values are based on the
absolute system but depend on the value of the ohm. The arguments in
the article are contained more at length in an article by the same author
abstracted in the Digest April 2H. He recommends that the society take
action by appointing a committee to consider and report on the subject.
(ialvanoHieh-r.—A paper by Messrs. du Bois & Rubens, describ-
ing .some new forms of sensitive galvanometers, is published in the
"lilek. Zeit.," June '), including several illustrations and a table of
constants.
Pholonulry. — .\\\ article by Mr. Henry on the pupil and photo-
metry is begun in "La Lum. Elec," June y, the present portion being
devoted to the pupil and its measurements.
Brillif Mrlcr.—.\ well illustrated description of the improved
form of this nuti r, wliieli is one of the principal meters used in I'rance,
is given in "I,a I.uni. Eke.," June ').
DYNAMOS AND MOTORS.
Ciirrcut CiiiTrs of Allirnalors. — A paper by Messrs. Roessler &
Wedding, read before the Union of (Urman Electrical En-
gineers, is published in full, together with numerous curves, tables and
illustrations in the "Elek. Zeit. ," June '). The object of the paper is
'o show the inflnence of the shape of the curves on the candle-power of
alternating arc lamps ; the second part of the paper, which is devoted to
arc lights, is abstracted below under "arc lights." Three machines
were tested, the curve of the alternating current being measured by the
usual method of making momentary connection between a fixed brush
and a mov.ible contact piece which may be placed in any position with
respect to the field. The method used is described in detail. Three
machines were used, a four-pole Ganz, the armature of which consisted
of four radial magnets terminating opposite the pole pieces; a Wechsler,
consisting of a sort of a Gramme ging winding, the ring revolving
between opposite poles of four pairs of magnets ; the third, a machine
of Siemens & Halske,'in which the armature and field magnet coils were
all radial. The results for the Ganz machine showed a very abrupt
increase in the voltage, followed by an almost equally abrupt, and an
apparently long period of practically no voltage, the latter forming
about two-thirds of the whole wave. In the Siemens machine the
increase is gradual, the voltage remaining nearly constant for about half
the period, and then falls again, including a slight rise just before fall-
ing; for the Wechsler machine the curves were between the others and
corresponded very closely with a sine cun-e. A number of conclusions
are drawn from these, among which it is claimed that the large aii-gap
in the Wechsler machine is that to which the approximate sine curve
is due, there being no abrupt changes as in the others, and it is con-
cluded that a large air-gap is a very good feature when a sine curve is
desired ; the flat part of the curve of the Siemens & Halske is due to
the very large pole piece, in which it differs from the Ganz machine.
.\nother conclusion is that with alternating current arc lamps, electro-
motive forces of a different phase than that of the acting voltage do not
arise.
Unipolar Dynamos. — The Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June 15, contains
an editorial on non-polar dynamos in America, presumably criticising
the recent in.stitute paper of Prof. Crocker and Mr. Earnley, in which,
however, the main features of the paper are not considered ; it is claimed
that the suggested designs will be found to be old, and to have been
often proposed. Foncault currents are said to exist without doul>t,
because the armatures of such machines get warm on open circuits ;
armature reaction takes place to a great extent, as is claimed to have
been proven some time ago by direct experiment. It is claimed that
the efiiciency of the non-polar dynamo and storage battery transformer
combination could not possibly be higher than mi per cent.
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTS.
Alleriialing Cnnenl Arc Lam/>s. — A paper by Messrs. Roessler
& Wedding, read before the Union of German Electrical Engi-
neers, is publi.shed in full in the "Elek, Zeit., " June 'f. The first part
of the paper treats with the curves of different alternators, and is
abstracted under "Dynamos and Motors." The second portion treats of
the arc lamp. The influence of the character of the eunent curves on
the regulation of the lamps is discussed; a differential lamp was used,
with both shunt and series coils ; it was found that the regulation had
to be altered very considerably when the lamp was used with three
different machines described in the first part of the article, and when
continuous currents were used it was not possible to effect !i regulation,
as the pull and the heating of the coils then became too great. The
shunt coil affects the regulation for different curves of current by virtue
of its self-induction, and because the pull exerted by these currents will
be different, which batter will also be the case with the series coils; it
is concluded that if an arc lamp is to be adapted for a number of differ-
ent machines it is better to use the iron of the coils at as low a satura-
tion as possible. The photometric tests are described in detail, the
results being given in tables and curves; the lamp was in each case
adjusted so that it would burn with the greatest constancy, when it was
found that the maximum variation of the voltage was less than 0.3 volts;
the voltages used were between 2S..S and 31.1; the lamps were measured
with a white reflector, and the light was measured only below the hori-
zontal plane. When run with the Ganz machine the mean spherical
candle-power per watt, below the horizontal, \vi\s 0. 71(>; with the
Wechsler machine it was 1.03, and with the Siemens & ll.alske, 1.078;
owing to the sudden change in the curves of the Ganz machine the
energy was not so well utilized to produce light ; by virtue of the gradu-
ally changing sine curve the increase in the light for the Wechsler
machine was about 44 per cent, or for the same current, voltage and
light, three lamps would have to be used with the Ganz machine, and
only two with the Wechsler. With the Siemens & Halske an increase
of 6 per cent, in the light was obtained, with an increase of 33 per cent,
in the frequency. The ratio of the simple mean of the current to the
square-root of the mean square is 0.b56 with the Ganz machine, 0.W7 for
the Wechsler, and 0.<)11 for the Siemens & Halske. For a true sine
XHB ELBCTRICAIv WORLO.
13
curve it would be O.<)00; the difference between the first two is about 28
per cent. J while the photometric nieasureiuents show a difference of 30
per cent., from which it is concluded that the generation of light in the
ordinar5- alternating current arc depends on the mean value of the cur-
rent as distinguished from the square-root of the mean of the squares.
The above ratio w-ill be unity when the curve consists of two rectangles,
one above and the other below the line, for which the development of
light would then be a ma.ximum, which curve is approached by the
Siemens machine ; but there are objections to designing machines with
such curves; a very loud and disagreeable noise accompanied the run-
ning of the lamps with the Ganz machine, while with the Siemens machine
this noise ceased, but the humming of the alternating current became
greater; but with the Wechsler machine the lamps burned silently.
Taking this noise into account, it is concluded that the best ideal is a
true sine curve. In conclusion they show that the energy in a continu-
ous current lamp is much greater than in an alternating current lamp for
the same current strength. In the former 2.84 mean spherical c. p. were
obtained per watt, which was partly due to a very thin carbon, and
partly to a greater consumption of energy ; with about the same consump-
tion of energy this figure was 2.65, showing that the efficiency in a con-
tinuous current lamp is very materially higher; pait of the difference is
due to the 30 per cent, loss in the reflector. With two continuous cur-
rent lamps in series on 110 volt mains, 1,528 c. p. were obtained, while
with 4 alternating current lamps in series on 110 volts, consuming about
the same energy, 1,175 c. p. were obtained, showing that even under
these conditions the continuous current arc is the more efficient.
Mulliple Filament Lamps. — According to a statement in the
Lond. "Elec," June 15, expeiiments with these lamps are said to have
shown that there is practically no afterglow when the current is shut
off, as there is with single filament lamps, and that the English Admir-
alty have therefore directed that the multiple filament lamp be adopted
for mast head flashing lanterns on all the higher class ships.
Life and Efficiency Tes/s oj Iiicandesceni Lamps. — A translation of the
article abstracted in the Digest June 9, is published in the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," June IS, giving also the table of results.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
Accnmulaloy Traction. — According to a coriespondent in the Lond.
"Elec. Rev., " June 15, one ton of batteries of the Theryc-Oblasser
tj'pe, in a certain trial test ran a car 46.5 miles at 1M to 9>J miles per
hour.
CENTRAL .STATIONS, PLANTS, SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES.
Electrical Engineering in England. — A paper by Mr. Kapp,
read before the Union of German Electrical Engineers, is pub-
lished in full in the "Elek. Zeit.," Jtme 5. After discussing the his-
tory, the early development and the different conditions in that coun-
try and elsewhere, he gives, among others, the following figures. At the
present time the number of lamps operated with alternating current, as
compared with continuous cuirent, is as 4 to 5; as a mean of 18 continu-
ous current stations he finds that every kilowatt-hour sold per year rep-
resents an investment of capital in the installation of about $1.12: a
mean for ten alternating current stations gives $1.30; these figures were
for the past year, but the stations are not fully loaded; making a correc-
tion for an increased number of lamps without increasing the machinery,
the figures will be 0.72 and 1.10 respectively; the greater cost of the
alternating current station is due to the fact that the distances of the
transmission are greater ; these figures include all the costs, but for new
stations constructed at the present time, and assuming the complete
output of lamps, he estimates that the following figures are fair means ;
for continuous currents $0.62 for the first part of the installation, and
$0.50 when the station is completed, and for alternating currents, $0.88
and $0.62 respectively. For an equal amount of light the capital required
in the largest gas works is about one-third as great, while for small gas
works it is about equal to that for an electrical installation. The aver-
age time of lighting of the lamps in the last year was 480 hours. On the
basis of 50 watts per lamp there were, during the past year, 825,250 lamps
connected to 84 stations, the total power of which was 74,700 indicated
h. p. ; out of these 467,000 are in lingland ; to light London completely
with electric lamps would require from 4 to 5 million lamps, therefore
the lighting at present is one-tenth of this. The total capital invested
is about 30 million dollars, not including four million invested in the
Deptford station ; the cost of municipal works per lamp is .smaller than
that for private companies' plants. The average price charged for the
current is about 12 cts. per kilowatt hour, and the average receipt pet
50 watt lamp installed per year, is $2.50 to $3. Electricity for electro-
chemical purposes is not used much in England ; transmissions of power
for longer distances is not common, but the" application for coal cutting
machinery is quite common. He states that, strange to say, the multi-
phase system is not meeting with favor in England, and many of the
companies will have nothing to do with it.
Power Dfslribution.—ln. the concluding part of Mr. De Seguu-
do's article, in the Lond. "Elec. Eng.," June 15, he discusses, among
other things, the Van Rysselberghe system, to be used in Antwerp (in
which power is distributed hydraulically and transformed into electrical
energy at small distribution centers), some figures are given, and it is
stated that there is no doubt that power can be produced and delivered
hydraulically at a smaller cost than electrically, and that the reason is
that a more efficient engine can generally be used, and it can be worked
more efficiently, as it always works at full load to full stroke, and there
is also a much greater efficiency in distribution through pipes. In dis-
cussing gas engines he dwells at some length on a combination of elec-
tric light and gas interests, which he thinks would solve the problem of
electric supply in many cities. He recommends using the gas works as
an already constructed power station, and establishing distribution
.stations at suitable points in the town, where the electric currents aiV-
generated by means of gas engines. The following figures are given,
taken from the weekly records of a plant at Bradford supplying 300
lamps ; the total cost per kilowatt-hour is 4 cts. , the price of the gas being
about 80 cts. per 1000 cb. ft. ; allowing 5 per cent, for loss in mains,
and 0.6 cts. per kilowatt-hour for depreciation in plant and buildings,
it brings the cost up to 4.8 cts., adding a liberal allowance of 1.2 cts. per
kilowatt-hour for management expenses, the total cost will be 6 cts. per
kilowatt-hour delivered, which is a lower figure than that usually
realized in practice by any purely electric supply company working
under those conditions. He discusses the light efficiency of gas burned
in a burner, which, according to Prof. Tyndall, is 0.317 percent., and
shows that when used in a gas engine and dynamo, the efficiency is
increased 2.5 times, notwithstanding the three-fold transformation. He
believes that in a sj'stem such as that proposed the cost of maintenance,
superintendence and management will be less than under conditons of
independent electric supply.
Three- Wire System witli a Single Dynamo.— K paper by Mr.
von Dolivo Dobrowolski is published in full with illustrations in
the "Elek. Zeit.," June 9. He describes his ingenious device
(described and illustrated in the Digest, Feb. 3, and referred to May
12), in which the neutral wire is connected to the armature through self-
induction coils. In addition to what was given in that abstract, he states
that such machines can also be used as motors, and, therefore, as equal-
izers, in which capacity they may be used to advantage in installations
in which it is desired to omit the neutral wire for the more distant dis-
tricts. The neutral wire of this district is extended only to this motor;
with the circuits unequally loaded one-half of the armature acts as a
motor and the other as a dynamo. Such a machine will operate only
when the difference between the two circuits is not too great in propor-
tion to the output of the 'dynamo. If the loss of voltage in the dynamo
at full load is 4 per cent, the voltages in the halves, when the differ-
ence between the two loads is 10 per cent., will be only 0.4 per cent,
different from the mean, besides 0.5 per cent, additional in the self-
induction coils. It is not possible in this system to increa,se the voltage
on one side, as is possible with two dynamos, but the same result can
be accomplished by inserting resistances in the main line to absorb a
few volts; or it can be accomplished by inserting a small dynamo in the
neutral wire, which will regulate both sides. It need regulate for only
half of the difference of potential, and will be sufficient to proportion
its wires to carry one-tenth of the current in the outside circuit.
Three- If'ire System.-*-The article by Mr. Claude, abstracted in
the Digest June 23, under "Advantages of Constant Voltage," is con-
cluded in "La Lum. Elec," June 9. He discusses the disadvantages
inherent in the three-wire system, concluding that in any case the regu-
lation for constant voltage cannot be accomplished as perfectly as in the
simple system. He shows that in case the drop in volts in the neutral
wire for the extreme lamp is greater than the loss in one of the outside
wires, the apparently paradoxical result may be that the voltage is higher
at the extremity of the line than at its origin. He cites another case in
which some arc lamps were run between the outside mains, and in
which the voltage in one of the circuits suddenly fell to zero, and after
a few minutes rose again to its normal value ; it was found that one of
the brushes of one of the machines did not touch the commutator, which
was the cause of the trouble ; the total charge had thereby I)een thrown
on the other dynamo, increasing its output to a point beyond the char-
acteristic, thus reducing the voltage to zero, and the arc lights had then
only 100 volts, which was not sufficient to start the arcs, but they formed
a connection between the outside wires which reversed the faulty dyna-
mo, after which the dynamos were running simply in multiple arc. He
calculates that the actual cost of the wire for the two-wire system at 100
volts, is only 25 to 30 per cent, higher than that for three wires, and as
the cost of the wires is only about one-fourth of the total cost of the
installation, this increase corresponds to only 7 per cent, increase in the
total; this, though .small, is often considered sufficient to justify the
adoption of the three-wire system, notwithstanding the poorer regula-
tion. He suggests using a simple two-wire system at 200 volts, and con-
necting two lamps in .series, believing that the regularity in the voltage
will then enable the lamps to be run more brilliant and more economi-
cal ; also that the output of a station will then probably increase rapidly,
as it enables a reduction in the selling price to be made. Such a system
is particularly applicable to the alternating current, in which a small
self-induction coil can be arranged to be cut into the circuit to replace
one of the two lamps in series,
WIRES, WIRING AND CONDUITS.
.Safely L'lises. — A paper by Mr. Feldmann, read before the Union
of German Electrical Engineers, is published in full in the "Elek
Zeit.." June 9. Regarding the safety factor in fuses he states that in
America, a factor of 2 is usual, but that it should be different for
different kinds of circuits; for overhead wires, for instance, it could
very w'cll be 2.5, and even 3, but for underground cables it is much loo
high for alternating currents, when the current is used for electro-mag-
14
THE EIvECTRICAL WORLD.
Voi,. XXIV. No. 1.
iielic i)urposcs, the fuses should be calculated, not for the working cur-
rent, but for the total current, including the working and the wattless
current, which, in some cases, may be very great; when used only for
inductionless apparatus a factor of 2 can be used for secondary circuits,
and 2.5 for the primary, it being preferable to have the secondary fuse
blow first ; when several transformers are used for several consumers,
the possibility of short circuits is greater, and he suggests 2.5 for the sec-
ondaiy, and 3 for the primary. When there are a number of large trans-
formers supplying mains in common, the factors should be taken still
larger, dcpendingon the equality of the voltage of the different trans
formers ; the same is true of fuses for dynamos in parallel. Regarding
the size of the fuses, he states that the minimum fusing current is pro-
portional to the 3-2 power of the diameter and inversely proportional to
the 4th root of the length, and that the size of the radiating surfaces of
the clamps affect the fusing current very greatly; in two cases the sur-
faces, were as 1 to 5, and the fusing currents for otherwise identical
conditions were as 1 to 1.35; when one of two like fuses was cooled to
10° C, and another heated to 60° C, the currents were as 1. 1 to 1, showing
the influence of extf-rnal temperature. Lead is most unsuitable for such
fuses as it o.\idizes, the oxides forming an infusible tube. Mr. Preece
recommends platinum, which melts like wax, while tin and copper
melt with an explosive action; the most common alloy is lead and tin-
with or without bismuth and antimony; iron is quite unsuitable; he
recommends highly the Scliuckert fuses, made of a band cut into a num-
ber of thin strips connected at their ends and bent apart so as to allow
access of the air ; also the Cockburn fuses of tin, with 5 per cent, of
phosphor, and a weight suspended from the middle part. These are said
to differ in their fusing currents only by 5 to 10 per cent. They are
especially to be recommended for small currents, as the wiie may be
taken slightly larger. The weak point of fuses lies in the poor contacts.
Prof. Heim found that the loss of volts due to these contacts varied from
0.06 to 0.4 volts, and for poor contacts these might be much greater. In
conclusion he recommends that the Society adopt the uniform practice
of marking fuses with their fusing current, and not with a safe carrying
current, because the latter differs for different conditions.
CalculaticiH of Mains. — An article by Mr. Frick on a simplified
method for calculating the distribution of current in networks of con-
ductors, is begun in the "Zeit. fuer Elek.," May 15. The article does
not admit of being abstracted ; a table is given serving as a guide for
preliminary determinations ; it gives the relation between the cross-sec-
tion of the wire, the load in amperes per metre, considered as being
uniform, and the resulting allowable distance between the feeding points
for the three-wire system and a maximum loss of 3 volts; the formula
for the calculation of this table is given; having made preliminary
determinations with the aid of this table, the distribution of the current
through the network for a given amount of current may then be deter-
mined; he mentions four methods of doing this, one involving equations,
which is too complicated, another by means of graphical calculations,
another by mechanical devices, and another — presumably his own —
which is discussed more in detail ; if the distribution of the current thus
determined involves more than the maximum allowable loss, the various
cross-sections must be modified; the problem is simplified by assuming
the potential at the feeding points to be everywhere equal and constant.
iri>c Compiiliiiv;. — A correspondent in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.,"
Jime 12, recommends the following method as being a quick solution of
certain problems.. A table is calculated, giving the cross-sectional area
of copper wire for every number of yards per ohm from one to nine ; if,
for instance, the cross-section of a conductor is required, such that a given
number of yards has a certain resistance, dividing the former \>y the
latter gives the number of yards per ohm ; if, for instance, this was 526,
the cross-sectional area taken from that table for 500 (100 times that for 5)
is added to that for 20 (10 times that for 2), and to that for 6, the sum
will give the total cross-sectional area. It is suggested that this method
of tabulating constants might be extended to other electrical calcula-
tions. >
KLECTRO-CHEMISTRY.
Nolc : Owing to fhe fioivdcd condition of these colitmns, mticttw and notes tte/ong-
ins more properly to the department of Chemistry than to the department of Electric-
ity will hereafter not be inbodiiccd in the Digest, unless they are of special interest*
U'txiciiioiise Electrolytic Meter. — The English journals for June
15 contain an illustrated description of this new and interesting
meter ; the best description, with the largest number of illustrations,
is given in the I.ond. "Klcc. Rev.," in which the meter is spoken of
as "the best of its class yet brought to our notice; the curves
made out by the inventors are wonderfully straight, and show extreme
acctiracy throughout the whole range of the meter;" the description in
the Lond. "Elec. " is rather brief. A description of the apparatus
will be found elsewhere in these columns.
Hcriiiite I'rocess. — A report from the medical journal, "Lancet,"
is published in part in the Lond. "Elec. Eng. ."Juncl. ,\mong other
things it is stated that the liquid deodorizes but does not destroy organic
matter ; ordinary paper rapidly reduces the strength of the solution, as
does also other materials in the sewers; deodorization is complete only
* The attention of electro-chemists is called to the "KlektroChemische Zcit-
sctirift" iji tlie German langiiage), which we believe is the only journal devoted
exclusively to the subject of electro-chemistry; each nnnilier, t)esides containing
orij<inal articles, iuchules also a digest of the principal articles on electro-chemis-
try published in other journals. Tt was started in April of this year and is published
monthly by Dr. N. von Klol»ukow. in Berlin. Koetliener St., No. 44. The sub-
scription pric in tliis country is 18.41) marks, nr al>ont $4,.=;o.
when the chlorinated body is in excess, but in that case it is not admis-
sible to discharge it into rivers; it is .stated that the adoption of the
Hermite process in towns would no doubt lead to a sanitary condition of
things hitherto unreached, but that the cost is excessive; the antiseptic
value may be estimated in terms of the available chlorine or oxidizing
power, and that, therefore, a solution of bleaching powder of equivalent
strength might be substituted for it, and might be much less expensive.
The Hermite solution, as an antiseptic, is much more efficient than
carbonic acid, even in more dilute solutions, the only other substance
which is better, in the latter respect, being corrosive sublimate ; the
solution seems to be used up and destroyed to a much less extent by
organic matter than any other disinfectants which were known to the
experimenters; between 0.50 and 0.60 gram of chlorine per litre is all
that is considered necessary for sewage treatment.
The report of Dr. Ruffer is summarized in "Ind. and Iron," June II.
The conclusions are that solutions containing less than 0.75 gram pe-
litre are useless for the sterilization of sewage ; but with such a solution
the sewage can be made quite sterile, provided the solution is intimately
mix-^d; also that the deodorization is immediate. With 250 amperes at
six volts, it took 90 to 100 minutes to develop 0.5 gram per litre in a
quantity of 7.50 litres. He finds that in a 0.5 gram solution the amount
of chlorine diminished 90 per cent, in 24 hours' standing, but in solu-
tions of 0.75 the lo.ss was only 34 per cent. ; when the current is
increased 100 per cent, the increase in the yield of the chlorine is only
50 per cent., thus increasing the cost considerably. Experiments arc
described, showing that in certain cases sterilization was complete, but
the action of the air on the liquid after sterilization again contaminates
it; the bacillus subtilis seems to be the most resisting. No general con-
clusions are drawn, except those given above, and the fact that it is
essential to disintegrate the sewage and make a thorough mixture with
the solution.
The Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June s, quotes in part the report from the
"Lancet, " giving, however, some other parts of it; it is claimed in that
report that the magne'sium compounds play the most important part,
which statement is criticised in this journal, and figures are given tend-
ing to prove that the sodium chloride plays more than the part of a con-
ductor.
New Acctimulalor. — Mr. Tauleigne in "Cosmos," June 2, desciibes
an accumulator, the negative electrode of which is formed of car-
bon in a porous cup, surrounded with chloride of lead firmly packed
around it; the positive electrode surrounding the porous cup is also
made of carbon, and the electrolyte is a 60 per cent, solution of proto-
chloride of iron ; in this condition it is ready to receive a charge ; the E.
M. F. is 1.40 volts, the capacity per pound of "metal" (as there is no
metal, probably the carbon is meant) is 71 ampere hours; the energy
stored per pound of "metal" is 75-foot pound hours; a horse-power hotir
is said to be obtained with about 7.3 pounds of "metal;" he claims to
have obtained 23 ampere hours per pound of active material ; no gas is
disengaged at charging.
Electrolysis. — An article on this subject, elementar)' in character,
is published in the Lond. 'Elec," June 15, by Jlr. Waddell ; some inter-
esting analogies are given.
Electrolytic Gold Lea/.—liU. Swan, before the Royal Society of
London, exhibited several specimens of electro-deposited gold leaf
four millionths of an inch thick ; the gold is deposited on a thin, highly
polished electro-deposited sheet of copper, which is then dissolved off
with per chloride of irofi ; it reflects like a yellow mirror, and is per-
fectly transparent, transmitting a greenish light.
Electrolytic Iron. — .According to the Lond. "p;iec. Rev," June
15, Mr. Lockyer finds from the spectnini of electrolytic iron that it con
tains calcium and manganese, as well as traces of other metals.
MlSCl-;i.I..\NE()tiS.
Ketort Carbons. — In a report to the German Gas Society, Mr. Herapel
calls attention to the high price of large retort carbons as used
ill electrolytic processes, and suggests that it might be possible to manu-
facture such plates in the retorts themselves, by supplying smooth flat
surfaces on which the carbon is deposited ; it might be possible to intro-
duce the contact wires in the plates during the process of their formation.'
Death tiy l'.lcctricil\ — Dr.d' Aisonval, in a communication to the
Paris .^cndemy of Sciences, -states that death from the electric cur-
rent is like that in drowning, and is often only apparent; in such cases
the treatment should, therefore, be like in cases of drowning; he
believes that the criminals executed electrically in New York are really
alive, and die only in the absence of restoratives. He cites the case of a
workinan in St. Denis who was subjected to 4. .500 volts, and was restored
to consciousness in a short time, although he had been left three-quar-
ters of an hour under the supposition that he was dead. He was restored
by artificial respiration.
liaclcriology. — According to a note in "Cosmos," June 2. Prof. Ward,
in a Royal Institute paper, shows that light rays and not heat rays
are what kill bacteria; also that among the different colored rays the
blue are the most effective.
Saturn's Kings. — A note in "La Nature," May 19, discusses the
possibility of the maintenance of these rings by the magnetic action of
that planet, supposing that the rings are composed partly of a dia-mag-
nelic substance ; it is thought possible that the magnetic field of that
planet is 100 times as great as that of the earth.
Jl LY 7, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL W^ORIvI>.
15
New Books.
THE PRINCiri.KS OK ELUrTIC AND HYPERBOLIC ANALYSIS. By Alex-
ander Macfarlane, M.A., D. Sc, LL-D. Boston: J. S. Cushiug & Co. 47 pages,
IS diagrams. Paper. Price 50 cents.
This pamphlet, like the one by the same author "On the Definitions
of the Trigonometric Functions," already reviewed in these columns, is
H reprint of a paper read before the Mathematical Congress at Chicago,
Aug. 24, 1H<)3, with the addition of new matter relating to the trigonome-
trj- of the general ellipsoid and hyperboloid. The work is another con-
tribution to the system of vector analysis developed by the author, being
the fifth publication on the subject. The part of the subject here treated
is the extension of the versor analysis from the simpler cases pertaining
to the circle, equilateral hyperbola and logarithmic curve, which were
treated in the preceding papers, to the more complex cases involved in
the geometry of the sphere, the general ellipsoid and the general hyper-
boloid.
The author aims to construct a system to take the place of the Hamil-
tonian quaternious, to be at once simpler (that is, less inscrutable) and
more rational and logically consistent with the rest of mathematics. In
this we are inclined to think he has succeeded {although it must not be
thought that his method can be mastered without patient study), and he
certainly shows power as an original and independent thinker.
NOTES.
We have received a pamphlet entitled "The Coming Railroad; the
Chase-Kirchner Aerodromic Sj'Stem of Transportation," which describes
a system of transportation denoted as a "compromise between the present
railroad and aerial navigation." One of the inventors is Lieut. George
N. Chase, of the United States Army.
The system consists of an elevated iron structure with four girder rails
and two trolley conductors for a single-track road. The driving wheels
planes) the weight so compensated for may be left out of further consid-
eration, and "if the grade should be too steep for the remnant of the
weight to preserve the requisite traction, suificient artificial friction can
be generated by the air pumps and friction wheel beneath the car."
As the driving wheels, however, run upon the upper rails, it is not
made clear how any driver beneath the car will maintain the requisite
traction when the planes lift the car or even tend to lift it. It is well
known to locomotive engineers that the higher the speed tlic greater
must be the traction. There is a disclaimei to any advantage of the
aeroplanes for straight roads, in which case thesystera would be an elec.
trie elevated railroad, using four rails instead of the ordinary two. The
pamphlet is interesting for the statistical railroad data and atmospheric
resistance tables which it gives, as well as for its discussions of the
principle laid down by Langley, Maxim and others in relation to aero-
planes.- -(St. Louis, Mo.)
The Proceedings of the Electrical Society of Cornell University for
1894 contain a number of papers on various electrical subjects, most of
which are resumes or reviews, and apparently represent studies supple-
mentary to the college text book course. The titles areas follows: "Lead
Secondary Batteries," "The Counter Electromotive Force of the Voltaic
Arc," "The Design and Construction of Power Stations, " "Pow-er Station
Switchboards," "Feeder .Systems," ';^he Development of the Incan-
descent Lamp, " "High Speed Electric Railroading," "Notes on Some
of the Work of Nikola Tesla," "The Tesla High Frequency Phenomena,"
"Long Distance Transmission of Power." In almost all of the papers
the subject is historically treated, and in many references are made to
various sources of information, in most ca=es authoritative ones. The pres-
ent brochure is the first issued by the Electrical Society, which was organ-
ized on Nov. 20, 1893, and whose meetings for the reading of papers and
discussion of live topics are held semi-monthly. This first volume of its
publications gives promise that the society will fulfill the hope of its
New Home of the Central Electric Company. -Bookkeeping Department.
with direct connected electric motors, run upon the upper girder rails,
while idle wheels are arranged beneath the lower girder rail, and controlled
by compressed air for use in case of necessity to prevent derailment and
also to brake the car by throwing the wheels into contact with the rails,
and at the same lime into contact with a brakeshoe on the car body.
The projectors undertake the construction of a car which will be able
to "run upon the air" at great speed, guided by a track and supplied by
electric power from central stations. For this purpose they have sets or
banks of adjustable aeroplanes, the area of which may vary for different
kinds of cars, from 2,000 to 4,000 square feet; the adjustment of their
pitch is regulated by the engineer in charge. It is proposed to introduce
grades when necessary to avoid lateral curves and utilize the planes for
assisting them over grades by lifting the cars to the extent of the lift of
the aeroplanes. They argue that if on a grade the maximum lift for a
level can be maintained by calling into action a reserve of power (the
founders, if indeed it does not already do so, of ranking "among the
foremost engineering societies in .•Vmerican universities. " — (Ithaca, N. Y.)
The New Mome of the Central Electric Company.
The history of every successful concern is one of change, a gradual
evolution from small beginnings to the greater proportions which ma-
turity and prosperity bring. With the growth of business there comes
the necessity for more convenient and commodious quarters. Starting
with very humble accommodations, the successful company soon finds
itself in a comfortable home. The well-known supply house, the Cen-
tral Electric Company, of Chicago, affords a good illustration of this.
The company has not only moved once, but thrice. .\t the time of
its organization in 1887 it occupied small salesrooms on the second floor
16
THFC BI^BCTRICAU WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 1.
:it .18 and 40 La Salle street. Tlic following year it moved only a short
ilistance to 42 I<a Salle street, where it found more comfortable accom-
modations. Two years later, however, these were found inadequate,
and in J.inuary, 1890, the company again moved, this time to locate at
116 and 118 Franklin street, which soon became a well-known center for
electrical supplies. The rapid growth of the business, however, soon
demanded another change. The company desired this time to choose a
site that might serve as a moie permanent home, and after careful con-
sideration, located at 173 and 17? Adams street. The Edison General
lilcctric Co. , and later the General Klectric Company, formerly occupied
this building. The Central Ulectric Company took possession in April
List, after the building had been somewhat remodelled, and placed in
good condition for its occupation. The location is a fine one, being
accessible to the various depots and freight houses, and to the different
cable lines, and situated in the central part of the business portion of
the city.
On the spacious ground floor of the building the offices, salesrooms
and shipping department of the company are located. To the left of the
main entrance are the offices, while the sales offices are on the right.
Room has been provided for tlie display of many of the finer grades of
are included among the stock of the company. Special facilities are
provided whereby the shipment of goods is easy and rapid. Okonite
wire is one of the commodities for which the company is widely known.
Interior conduit is also one of the staple articles, and special provision
has been made to illustrate this method of wiring by a .sample installa-
tion on the main floor.
To the effort-s of George A. McKinlock, the energetic president and
general manager, the success of the company is in no small measure
dtie. Mr. Charles K. Brown is the secretary of the company, and has
been connected with it for several years. Tlie staff throughout is an
able and efficient one.
An Amateur's Practical Work.
The result of a beginner's effort, is illustrated in a complete little elec
trie lighting plant, designed, constructed and installed, unassisted, by
Mr. G. K. Dunton, of Augusta, Maine. The accompanying illustrations
are taken direct from photographs of the machines and switchboard.
Becoming interested in the elementary principles of applied electricity,
Mr. Duntonjiaturally read and studied such"literature5treating^this'sub-
New Home of the Central Electric Company.— Retail Department.
goods in show cases, an<l on sami)le tables. Sample fi.xtures of \arious
kinds will be shown in a room which is being fitted up for that purpose
for a fi.vlure department. The rear of the main floor is occupied by the
shipping department, and an alley at the back of the building makes it
convenient for loading and unloading trucks. The elevator is so situated
that goods from the different floors may be loaded directly from the ele-
vator to the tnick. The president's office is readily accessible, but at
the same time, of course, has the desired privacy.
The various departments are each in charge of an experienced sales-
man, who is able to furnish infonnation to customers in regard to his
own department,, and who is familiar with the methods of manufacture
and the condition of trade in his particular line.
W. H. Huddlestone is in charge of the motor department, the companj-
being the agents for the well-known Lnndell motor. The hou.se goods
department, including hotel and office electrical goods, is in charge of
W. K. Pinckard. .\ complSe line of annunciators, bells, batteries, etc..
jeet as came within his grasp, with a itsult that he has, with a small
lathe and a few tools, constructed the ajjparalus shown herewith. The
dynamo is of the two-pole, double-magnet tyl>c, with a .series wound
field, and cores eight inches long. The cap.acity is 20 amperes, at^f^
volts. Tlie weight of the dynamo complete is 156 pounds, giving an
electrical efficiency of 6.41 watts per pound of metal used in construc-
tion. The total height is 18 inches from floor to top of eye-bolt, and the
.space occupied by the base 10*y 15 inches. The little motor on 55
volts, and from nine-tenths to two and one-half amperes, develops over
one-eighth of a commercial horse-power, and has driven two sewing
machines, a large planing machine, and a thirty-six inch grindstone,
for business, starting each from a standstill. It will drive a twelve-
inch, six-bladed ventilating fim, placed directly on the shaft, in place of
the pulley, at 3,500 revolutions per minute. It is compound wound, of
the two-pole, double-magnet type, the core being made from a piece of
two and oue-half inch, ordinary steam pipe, two and one-half inches
July 7, 1894.
THE KLECXRICAL WORLO.
17
long. The total h:
of the base to the
■ight is five
top of the
and three quarters inches from the bottom
eye -bolt. The base occupies a floor space
.'Xmateur Dynamo and Motor.
of four and one-half by five and three-quarters inches. The motoi
weighs, complete, nine and three quarters pounds.
The simplicity of construction, positive action and sensitive balance
Amateur Switchboard and Instriimrnt.s.
are marked features of the instruments, and highly creditable. The
volt-meter (at the left, on the switchboard) has a range of from
to 60 volts. The meter, on the extreme right, as adjusted, has a capacity
of 60 amperes. Both these instruments have direct reading scales, and
are positively dead beat in action, no springs or geais being used in
their movements. The circuit tell-tale, or alarm indicator(in the center)
will automatically ring a continuous alarm upon any unusual interrup-
tion of the current in the circuit. The bell is rung moderately on an
open circuit, but violently upon too much current or a short circuit, and
will continue ringing until relieved or switched out. The adjustment
is for 20 incandescent lamps ; should one -more be turned on, the alarm
will sound. The movement of this instrument is so sensitive in adjust-
ment that when the arc lights are thrown into circuit, the pointer will
show the least variation in the arc, hardly perceptible to the eye. The
pointers in these instruments are hung on pivoted balances. The scales
are of white enamel on copper. The switches are laid on slate bases,
and their alignment is good. The double-throw is of original design,
called the "quick-lightning." The rheostat is in a fire-proof, iron and
slate box. It contains about 810 feet. No. 16 iron wire, divided into
100 coils. The .segments to which the coils connect are all "cold-chis-
elled" out from three-sixteenths sheet copper and filled up.
Mr. Dunton in all his construction has displayed much ingenuity;
without any instruction or previous experience, he drew his own plans,
made all patterns required for castings used, shaped and fitted all parts
(as far as machinery at his disposal would permit), and did all his
winding unaided.
A Compact Plant.
The accompanying illustration shows one of the four compact plants
which the General Electric Company has recentU- installed in the Man-
,\ C()Mi'.\cT Plant.
hattan Life Insurance Building, New York. It consists of a six-pole, 25-
kilowatt, 300-revolutioii iron-clad generator, connected to the shaft of
an Armington & Sims vertical 40-h.p., 9 54 x 10 inch engine. The other
three consist of 50-K.W. generators, and 30-h.p. engines.
These small direct connected generating sets are now being built in
large numbers by the General Electric Company at its Schenectady
works, the demand for them having become very urgent. They occupy
but comparatively little space, and this feature alone would recommend
them highly for all isolated plant or marine work ; they are solidly and
substantially reliable, and wherever they have been installed have given
perfect satisfaction.
Electric Alarm and Pressure Gage.
The object of the invention we illustrate, manufactured by The E. G.
Bernard Company, Troy, N. Y., is to provide an electric alarm signal
or high or low pressure that can be atached to all forms of pressure gages.
At the same time, it is provided with a simple means of testing the gage
and signal apparatus to see if they are in working condition at all times.
18
XHK ELECTRICAL WORLD.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 1.
Fig. 1 is a view of Uie face of a common form of a pressure grage pro-
vided with the alarm attachment. The small lever or finger to the right,
if pressed either up or down, will test the gage in either direction for
Fig. 1. — Ai..\RM AND Prk.ssiire 0.\gf..
high or low alarms, thus showing that both the gage spring and the
electric signal apparatus are in perfect order. The value of this attach-
ment is obvious, as any device of this kind, which cannot be easily and
Fig. 2. — Di.\GR.\M of Connection.s.
constantly tested is always held in distrust on account of actually increas-
ing instead of diminishing danger.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of connections, which makes evident the simplicity
of the system. Besides its use on steam boilers the gage is peculiarly
adiyjted for both wet and dry sprinkler .systems, both to indicate if the
apparatlis is in working order and give an alarm in case of leaks.
The Waterhouse Electrolytic Meter.
to the differential action of the two cells; a special tlevice is added
which cuts off the shunt current when all the lamps are turned out, and
starts it again as soon as one of the lamps is turned on ; only pure water
is used in refilling the cells, and this is required only once every three
months. Several other arrangements differing in the connections
The i>rinciple of the Waterhouse electrolytic meter, which has
recently been brought out, is shown in the accompanying illustrations,
Figs. 1 and 2. IClcctroly.sis of a 12 per cent, solution of sulphuric acid
takes place beneath a suspended glass bell jar, having a siphon attached
to the top as shown; as the gases are collected the bell jar rises, and
when the quantity of gas is sufficient to force the liquid out of the
siphon tube, the gases will discharge themselves through this tube, the
bell jar will sink, and in doing so will register on a suitable integrating
device, which will, therefore, register the number of times that the gas
collector has been filled and emptied. As the loss of voltage in the
meter is limited to i).^ volts, which is too little for electrolysis, the
current for producing electrolysis in the meter is taken from the positive
main, as shown in Fig. 2, passes through a resistance of 1,200 ohms,
then divides, passing through two of these electrolytic measuring devices
1 and 2, and thence to the points, x, and, y, at the extremities of the
resistance R. thiougli which the main current to be measured passes,
the maximum dilTercnce of potential between x and y being 0.5 volts;
the meters 1 and 2 operate dilTerentially, only their diiTcrcncc being
registered ; when no current is required for the lamps, the same current
will pass through the two meters, and nothing will be registered, but
when a current passes through R to the lamps, a difference of potential
will be produced between, x, and, y, which will cause one meter to regis-
ter more than the other, the difference, which is shown on the dial,
being then a measure of the current in the main circuit. By this device
any effect due U* clianges of resistance caused by heat, or change in the
specific density of the liquid, are counteracted, and thereby some of the
chief difficulties of electrolytic meters are overcome ; owing to the dif-
ferential action, extreme sensitiveness is obtained, besides a great range;
it is free from complications of resistances or parts requiring careful
measurements ; is easy to calibrate and cheap to construct. A change
in the voltage of the mains does not materially affect the meter, owing
O^
UlWJ!
Fic.s. 1 .\ND 2. — Electrolytic Meter.
between the cells and the mains are described and illustrated in the
foreign journals, but the form shown in Fig. 2 herewith is the
one which will probably be adopted, as it has very important
advantages over the others. It is also proposed to apply this volta-
meter principle for producing non^wasteful shunts, safety shunts for
series motors run at constant current circuits, etc.
A Mammoth Armature Star.
In the accompanying illustration is shown one of a pair of probably
the largest armature stars or carriers in the world. A pair of them
have recently been made by the Wells & French Companj", for the
Siemens & Halske Electric Company, of America, who will install
them at Toronto, Ontario, for street railway ser\'iee.
The machines when completed will weigh about hO tims each, and
tv of 1200 kw. or 1600 electrical h. p. each, under
.•\ T^.VKC.K .\RM.\Tl'RE ST.XR.
500 volts pressure, and will be over-compounded for 12 per cent, drop
in the lines. They are to be directly connected to a pair of horizontal
cross compound condensing engines making HO turns per minute.
The armature stars are 1.1 feet in diameter, and weigh something over
U) tons each. The brush carriers will be about 14 feet (i inches in diam-
eter, being made by the same concern. The castings came from the
mouUl absolutely perfect, without a warp, crack, fiaw or blow lu)le, and
are now being finished for the armature.
Jfi.v 7, 1S04.
XHE KLBCXRICAL WORLD.
19
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE.
The Electrical Stock Market.
New York, June 30, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL STOCK MARKET, ill coimiion with all speculative mar-
kets, is apparently awaiting the distribution of the large dividend and interest
payments on July 1, before developing any decided turn to quotations. Just at
present there is no appreciable outside interest to speculation, but it is argued
that a new impetus must be given to all kinds of securities by the endeavor to
place the large July disbursements— New York, Boston. Philadelphia and Chi-
cago are expected to pay out on that date something like $125,0()0,000— renumera-
tively, and, while traders are disposed to feel bearish on one or two securities,
the odds just now are all against any continued bear campaign.
AMERICAN BELL TELEPHONE has furnished the chief topic of gossip and
thought in financial electric circles, by rea.son of the veto by Governor Green-
halge,.of Massachusetts, of the bill permitting the company to increase its
capital stock to SBO,000,000, and the refusal of the Massachusetts Legislature
to pa.ss the bill over the veto. The Governor's action was. to put it
mildly, unexpected. To the friends of the Bell Company the veto came like
a thunderbolt from a clear sky, as it was thought that, after the approval given
by the Legislature to the matter, the Governor would not block the way. Specu-
lative sentiment condemns the Governor; naturally so, as it effectually wipes
out a good many "plums, " long and fondly anticipated. Public sentiment on
the matter is divided, though there is a general disposition to regard the veto as
a wholesome check to a species of legislation hardly in accord with the safest and
most conservative modern ideas. The effort to secure the legislation to allow it to
issue some $30,000,000 new stock to stockholders, 'at par, has cost the American
Bell Telephone Company a pretty penny. It is current gossip that $250,000 were
expended in lobbying and other necessary means of "expediting" legislation.
This is now all clear loss. On the day when the Governor's veto was made
public the stock closed at 303. On Wednesday morning it opened at 190, a loss
over night of 12 points. It went down further to 18S, but recovered later on, and
is now 195, a net loss for the week of 7 points. There is no real reason why the
stock should sell much lower. It can still earn and pay 3 per cent, quarterly,
although business just now is not over good. This is proved by the statement
of iustrument output for the month ending June 30. which sliows: Gross output,
9.126; returned, 6,316: net, 2,810; a decrease of 1,668. Since December 20, the
record for six months shows: Gross output. 41,025: decrease, 11.324; returned
34,605; increase, 6,761; net output, 6,330; decrease. 1,S,08S.
GENERAL ELECTRIC, though not very ptominent in the tradings, has been
strong at odd times divring the week on covering of short contracts. The bears
have become disgusted with their inability to create a serious depression in the
stock's price, and have determined to close out their contracts. This has lead to
some buying, enough at all odds to lend a species of firmness to quotations. People
wlio are bullish on the stock say that, when the whole stock market turns, Gen-
eral Electric will be one of the leaders. They point to its increasing business;
llie contract to equip the Chicago Metropolitan Elevated Railroad being particu-
larly profitable, and general trade, especially the item for supplies and re-
panies, being also very good. With every note paid
nrwals tr) subordinate c
ami with SI>I)0,01X) cash c
unusually strong finani
favorable opportunity i
II hand, the General Electric Company has assumed an
al position, and is now able to take advantage of every
1 the electrical trade that may present itself. Apropos
of the recent sharp advance noted in the stock, a pretty piece of gossip conies
from Boston. It is asserted that the little boom was largely due to buying for
the account of people who had the tip that some sort of an alliance with the
Westinghouse Company was shaping. As the story goes, they held patiently on
to their purchases, awaiting developments; but, as these did not materialize, and
as the officials on both sides hastened to deny the existence of any negotiations
1 > )king to any such consolidation, the people who had loaded up unloaded again
and at a loss. And now there are some people down East whO-are very sore
and whose belief in the value of "outside tips" has been rudely shaken. No
importance is attached here to the receivership of the Western Electric Com-
pany, as all it owed to the General Electric Company was well secured.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC common stockholders continue to be regaled,
as a sort of antidote for their disappointment at not receiving this time the long
expected quarterly dividend with stories of big business and prosperity. Last
month's manufacturing output is stated to foot up about $550,000. with orders re-
ceived for about the same amount of new apparatus. From headquarters conies
cunfirmation of the statement made in these columns two weeks ago, that an
active campaign was contemplated in the local electric lighting field in New
York city. The district is to be flooded with the new lamps now being turned
out at Briuton at the rate of 4.000 a day by reason of the success of the new glass
works. The lamps will be offered at 25 cents to users of Westinghouse appa-
ratus, with a discount of 30 per cent, for large tots, the value of the return bulb
being placed at 4 cents, instead of 10 cents. When the new factory is in com-
plete operation by October 1, next, it will have a capacity of 30.000 lamps. There
have just been bought at Brinton 14 more acres of land, making 37 acres for the
new works, and everything will be complete by the date specified. The pay roll
of the company is said to show a continuous increase.
FT. WAYNE ELECTRIC matters still occupy some prominence, though there
is absolutely nothing doing in the stock. It is charged that the old company has
not, as asserted, sold out to the Ft. Wayne Electric corporation, and some inter-
esting developments are awaited when one or two ♦opposing stockholders will
take the whole matter to the courts for ventilation.
THE STRB;prr railway & ILLUMIN.VriNO PROPERTIES have purchased
another 507 shares of preferred stock at an average price of 98.6 per cent., and
are in the market for more.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH is absolutely featureless, though there are
rumors of a bull pool being formed to lift the stock at an early date into activity
and higher prices.
THE INTERIOR CONDUIT AND INSULATION CO. have declared a 5 per
cent, scrip dividend, which is convertible into fully paid capital stock. The
transfer books will be closed at 3 p. m. July 16, and the dividend will be paid
August I, 1894. This is the first dividend of the company, and it is somewhat of a
surprise to the .stockholders. The company has been doing aii excellent business
in fan motors and other of its specialties, so that it was supposed a good cash div-
idend would be declared. The sales on one day last week, for instance, amounted
to 345 fan motors, and in addition 30 motors of a large size. The directors say
that while the company has earned enough to pay about 10 per cent., it is con-
sidered best to use the money in the business and in accumulating a surplus.
ELECTRICAL STOCKS.
Par. Bid. Asked.
Brush III., New York .50 10 30
Cleveland General Electric Co IIX) 80 90
Detroit Electrical Works 10 3 4
Ea.st River Electric Light Co 100 ~ 50
* Edison Electric III., New York 100 99 100
* " " " Brooklyn 100 101 102
Bo.ston 100 116 115
Chicago 100 135 145
* " " " Philadelphia >';' 100 128 130
Edison Electric Light of p:urope 100 1 3
Edison Ore Milling 100 10 15
Electric Construction & Supply Co., coin ........ 15 IS 17)^
pref. ...••... IS IS 17)6
Fort Wayne Electric 100 1 2
General Electric 100 36 36)^
Interior Conduit & Ins. Co 100 45 55
Mount Morris Electric 100 25 SO
Westinghouse Consolidated, com SO 35 36
pref SO .50^; S\V,
BONDS.
Edison Electric 111., New York 1.000 KV.J-i 107
Edi.son Electric Light of Europe 194 75 85
General Electric Co.. deb. 5's LOW) 8(.!4 St,?:}
TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE.
American Bell Telephone 100 195 1%
American District Telegraph KID — 45
American Telegraph & Cable UK) 88 89
Central & South American Telegraph li»i 105 110
Commercial Cables !"<» 125 —
Gold & Stock Telegraph mo 102 104
* Mexican Telegraph loo I'H) 200
* Western Union Telegraph li"i 83 .^ 83%
*Ex. div.
New Incorporations,
THE DRAWBAUGH TELEPHONE COMP.\NY, Boston, Mass., capital stock
$10,000,000, has been incorporated.
THE NORTH JERSEY STRP:f:T RAILWAY' COMPANY', Newark, N. J., cap-
ital stock $5,000,000, has been incorporated.
THE OHIO HARRISON .TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, Nor-
walk, O.. capital stock $30,000, has been incorporated.
THE ELECTRIC MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF WEST VIRGINIA. Wheeling,
W. Va., has been incorporated with a capital stock of $5,000.
THp; CORAOPOLIS p:lECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY. Coraopolis, Pa., capital
stock $5,000, has been incorporated by W. H. Guy and others.
THp; ROGERS PARK LIGHTING COMP.\NY. Chicago, III., capital stock
$30,000, has been incorporated by Henry Heistand and others.
THE PHILADELPHIA & TRENTON STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Phila-
delphia, Pa., capital stock $150,000, has been incorporated.
THE ELECTRIC FIRE PROOFING COMPANY'. New York, capital stock
$150,000, has been incorporated by Edwin A. Bradley and others.
THE COVER CURRENT MOTOR COMPANY, Everett. Wash., capital stock
$100,000, has been incorporated by John M. Cover and M. O. Tibbits.
THE ECONOMIC ENGINE COMPANY. Chicago, 111., capital stock $UX1.0tX). has
been incorporated to manufacture electric motors and engines, etc.
THE ROXBOROUGH, CHESTNUT HILL & NORRISTOWN TR.^CTION COM-
PANY', Philadelphia, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $S.O(X>.
THE MICHIGAN HARRISON TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION COMP.\NY.
Grand Rapids, Mich., has been incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000.
THE INFINITY MANUFACTURING COMPjiNY', New Y'ork, capital stock
$4,0<X), has been formed to manufacture dry batteries. J. J. Solomon, 59 East
111th street, Davis B. Hart, 146 West 48th street, and J. I. Hart, 47 West 56th
street. New York, are the promoters.
THE CLEVELAND & ELYRIA RAILWAY COMP.A.NY. CI<
stock $100,000, has been formed to build and operate a street
ated by electric or other motive power, etc. B. F. Phinney, J;
Coffinberry, J. M. Gasser and Dallas Beebe are the organizers.
KANSAS CITY ELECTRIC STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Kansas City, Kan.
capital stock $1,000,000, has been formed to construct and operate a street railway
E. L. Luggren, Benj. Jones, Ozone Park, N. J. ; F. B. Wilcox, Kansas City, Mo.
L. Hummel. West Chester, Pa. ; J. F. Parrott, R. A. Kope and P. F. Spickler, o
Kansas City, Kan., are interested.
THE LEAVENWORTH ELECTRIC RAILRO.\D COMP.\NY, Leavenworth
Kan., capital stock $300,000, has been formed to construct and operate a railroat
by steam, electricity, or other motive power; also telegraph and telephont
lines. The promoters are W. D. Bethel, Memphis. Tenn. ; N. H. Smith, Boston
Mass., and Newman Erb. New York.
^^CIAL CORRESPONDENCE.
New York Notes.
eland, O.. capital
ailway to be oper-
-■ Comstock. H. D.
Okfice of The Electrical Wokld,
253 Broadway. New York, July 3, 1894.
NIKOLA TESL.4 has received the degree of M. A. from Yale College.
THE RUGGLES-COLES ENGINEERING COMPANY', 29 Cortlandt street,
agents for the Pittsburg Gage Co., is meeting with very gratifying success
with water columns and gage cocks, especially for n.se in electric light plants.
L. .\UERB.\CHER, of the Automatic Electrical Speciality Company. 136
Liberty street. New York, has recently been appointed agent for the sale of the
New Beacon lamp. Mr. Aucrbacher reports business exceedingly good in all his
specialties.
H. G. ISSERTEL, late manager of the street railway department of the A.
B. C. Company, has accepted a position with the H. W. Johns Manufacturing
20
THE EI^ECTRICAL W^ORLU.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 1.
Company. Mr. Issc-.tc-1's lliorough knowledge of the street railway and general
electrical trades will have through this connection a fine field for its exercise.
T. J. MURPHY & CO., 136 Liberty street, have recently made an addition to
its factory, 810 Greenwich street, this city, where the coinpany will keep a
large stuck of slate and marble constantly on hand, which can be cut to the re-
quired size. This new departure has been made in order to provide for its cus-
tomers who may not be able to wait long enough to get what they require from
the quarry.
MR THOS A. EDISON met with a severe accident last week which, though
causing considerable suffering, fortunately entailed no serious consequences.
While sitting on a porch the hind legs of his chair slipped over the edge,
throwing Mr. Edison backward to the ground several feet below. Owing to his
weight the fall might have been fatal, and at one time it was thought that some
internal injury had been received: after several days' confinement to his room.
however, Mr. Edison is rapidly convalescing.
New England Notes.
Branch Oi'i-icis of Thk Electkicai, World,)
Room 91, Hathaway Huilding, 030 Atlantic Ave., (-
BOSTON, Mass., June 30, 1894. )
Tin; riil'TINOELL-ANDRKWS COMPANY. Boston, Mass., have recently
added to their varied list of specialties those of the Hillings & .Spencer Co., of
Hartford, Conn., for the Eastern district, and have already secured several very
large orders for the well-known commutator bars manufactured by this com-
pany. Oeiieral Manager Price reports business generally as being unusually good.
The motor department is making an extrao.^iuarily good showing, and .so is the
railway department, quite a number of good-sized contracts for overhead equip-
ments having been booked recently.
Canadian Notes.
!30.
OTTAWA. Ju
ST. JOHN. N. B.— The St. John Electric Street Railway has elected the follow-
ing directors: Sir Wm. Van Home, president; James Ross, J. J. Tucker, H. P.
Timmernian and H. H. McLean.
HAMILTON.— At a meeting of the directors of the Hamilton Street Car Com-
pany it was decided to try the experiment of a limited Sunday car service. For a
few Sundays about half the regular number of cars will be run from 10 to 1,
from 2 to S. and from 6 to 10.
OTTAWA. ONT.— At a meeting of the Railway Committee of the Dominion
Parliament, an act to incorporate the New York, New England & Canada Com-
pany was adopted. The preamble of the bill to incorporate the Boynton
Bicycle Electric Railway Company, projected to run from Winnipeg to Lbuis-
burg. Cape Breton, was adopted. The further consideration of the bill was
adjourned until the promoter was able to give fuller information.
OTTAWA, ONT. —Letters patent have been issued to Messrs. David Maclaren,
of Ottawa, lumber merchant ; Alexander Maclaren. of Buckingham, lumber
merchant, as the Gibbs-Franchot-Maclaren Company, the works to be on the
Lievre River, to manufacture and produce chlorates, acids, alkalis and other
things. Their charter gives them power to operate mines, electric light and to
manufacture packages and keys, the capital stock to be $50,000.
OTTAWA. ONT. -A meeting of the directors of the Chaudiere Electric Light
Company was held in the office of Messrs. Ahearii & Soper, Monday evening.
A dividend of 8 per cent, was declared, payable on July 1. The annual report
showed that there were 26.000 lights in operation, and that 8,000 had been
installed during the year. The board was re-elected as follows; G. P. Brophy
W. Y. Soper. J. W. McRae. T. Ahearn, T. Workman. Robert Hurdman. W. G.
Hurdman. William Scott and William Hutcheson.
English Notes.
(From our own Correspondent.)
London, June 20, 1894.
HLKCTRTC KAILWAVS IN LONDON,- Work on the electric railway, which
will run from Waterloo under the Thames into the city, has been commenced.
KLKCTRIC RAILWAY ENTERPRISE IN LONDON.— As I foreshadowed in a
recent Iftler. the London County Council has succeeded in killing yet another
scheme. By its injudicious insistance upon the insertion of onerous clauses in
the bills of several schemes, they have already succeeded in maintaining the
majority of these projects in a state of suspended animation. The British pub-
lic is long-suffering, but it has not yet been disciplined into gratuitously provid-
ing money for the comfortable carriaj;e of the Hvitish workman from his subur-
ban residence to his daily labors.
ELECTRIC LIOHTHOUSES.— Another instance of the failure of the electric
light to pierce a fog was recorded at a recent Hoard of Trade inqnin* into the
wreck of the steamship Jasper. This vessel was carried out of her course in a
dense fog, and struck the rocks within 500 yards of the May Island electric light ;
the glare of the light being only noticed two minutes before the vessel struck.
The May Island light was erected about eight years ago, and in clear weather
can be seen for a distance of 20 miles. A sailor who gave evidence at the in-
quiry stated that on a previous occasion, when he was about a mile off the
island, he could not see the electric light, although he could .see the oil light on
the P'ifeshire coast, 2% miles off.
NEWS OF THE WEEK.
Telegraph and Telephone.
PITTSBURGH, PA.— The American Telephone Company has purchased a
and will erect a three-story building for a telephone exchange.
OCALA, FLA.— The Ocala Telephone Company has lieeu orgaiuze.! w
a capital stock of JIO.CKX). J. C. Carlisle is president.
ST. JOHNSVILLE, N. Y., is agitating the question of organizing a n
telephone coinpany connecting different villages.
BANGOR, ME.— It has been decided to build a telephone line from Gardii
to Camden, thence to Bangor, and from there to Bar Harbor. The line to Cam-
den will be entirely new, and from there to Bangor the old one will be rebuilt.
Electric Light and Power.
HAWKINSVII.LE, GA.— Address J. M. Burrows concerning electric light plant
to be established.
FRONT ROYAL, VA— Address the Mayor concerning J6.000 electric light plant
to be established.
FRANKLIN, O.— A movement is on foot to organize another electric
light company.
JOPLIN. MO— The Southwestern Electric Light and Power plant of Grand
Falls is to be removed to Joplin.
OSAGK, IOWA.— Fire, caused by spontaneous combustion, destroyed the
plant of the Osage Electric Light Company. Loss, S50.000. with no insurance.
I'ENSACOLA. FLA.— The [Citizens' Electric Light & Power Company. T. E.
Welles, president, is in the market for an entire outfit for an electric light plant.
SUMMIT, N. J —Summit capitalists are about to form a stock company
and erect an electric light plant, which will cost $100,000 and have sufficient
capacity to light Short Hills and Milburn.
BROOKLYN. N, Y.— The Aldermanic Committee on I.,amps and Gas, Alder-
man Walkley, chairman, is considering the proposition of the Municipal Electric
Light Company to extend its .system over the entire city.
CRANFORI), N. J.— Bids will be opened by the Township Committee for light-
ing the streets of Cranford by either electricity or gas on July 9. The contract
will be for two or five years, .and R. C. Plume is the town clerk.
GRAND ISL.\ND. NEB— After July 10. unless something new turns up
in the interval. Grand Island will be without the electric light. The Light &
Fuel Co.'s contract expires July I, and its new bid has been rejected.
LYONS. lA. — The Electric Light Committee was ordered to purchase the
following supplies, which they reported as needed : 4,500 feet of line wire, one
and a half dozen pulleys, one pair splicing pliers, one pair blocks, 300 wood
insulating pins. ,
ROME. N. Y'. — Sealed proposals for lighting the streets with electric
light will be received until August 6. Proposals must be for one. three and six
years, for ISO arc lights, more or less, of 2,000 candle power each, R. S. Putnam
is chamberlain.
WASHINGTON, D. C— Plans have been prepared by T. f>. Schneider,
Eighteenth and Q streets, for the erection of a $130,000 fire-proof hotel building
for Judge A H. Lowery. An engine and dynamo for lighting will be placed in
the buildftlg.
HARRISBURG, PA.— The Tremont & Pinegrove Heat" & Power Co. has
received its charter, and commenced work excavating for the erection of the
plant, which will be located between Pinegrove and Tremont and will be run
by water power.
NORWOOD. PA.— Proposals for lighting the borough of Norwood with from
SO to 100 lights for two years, from August 1, 1894, will be acted upon by the
borough council. July 12. 1894. Address G. C. Skelton. secretary. Box 4".
Norwood, Delaware Co., Pa.
CRANFORD, N. J..— R. C» Plume, town clerk, may be addressed in regard to
sealed proposals for lighting the streets on a two or five-years' contract, with
either electricity or gas. Bids to be opened by the Township Committee at its
meeting July 9 at 8 p. in.
PALMYRA. N. Y.— At a meeting of the village Board of Trustees, the parties
holding a franchise for erecting a plant in this place were given two weeks in
which to decide whether they will erect the plant or not. In the former case
work will be commenced at once, and a plant put in operation by September 1.
WASHINGTON. D. C— Sealed proposals will be received until July
6 for furnishing and delivering at the building for the Library of Congress
about 90.000 feet of rubber-coated electric wire. Specifications, general condi-
tions and instructions and blank forms of proposal may be obtained on applica-
tion to Barnard R. Green, superintendent and engineer.
MAUCH CHUNK, Pcnn.— The Mauch Chunk Heat, Power & Electric Com-
pany has issued bonds for $20,000. and purchased two 23-iuch and one 24-inch
.special McCormick horizontal turbines. It is the intention to add a 1.200-Iight
alternator and a 60 h. p. I). C. generator, which will make the capacity of the
plant .'.(XXl iucaiulesccnts, 60 arcs and 00 h. p. for power.
The Electric Railway.
JOPLIN. MO -The Joplin Eleclric7Railway & Motor Company is to extend its
lines to Velena.
STEVENS' POINT. WIS.— The Stevens Point Lighting Company is ask-
ing for a franchise for a car system.
Nf;w 0RLE.\NS. L.\.— The St. Charles Street Railway Company has applied
for a franchise to change its motive power to electricity.
AI.VIN. TF'X.— The building of an electrical railroad from .Mvin to Velasco is
proposed. W. A. Rowan, of Alvin. can give information.
CHATTANOOGA. TENN.— The Chattanooga Cotton Oil Company will put in
an electric light plant to furnish its own light. Address G. E. Richmond.
NEW CASTLf;, del— The New Castle and Wilmington electric railway will
not be built under the charter granted at the last session of the Legislature.
FORlvST CITY. P.\.— .\ttoriiey S. P. Weedman and Justice W. J. Maxey
are interested in the proposed electric railroad to run from DundafT to Nicholson.
ST. LOUIS, MO. — The St. Louis & Kirkwood Electric Railway Company has
obtained a franchise to build an electric road. Address J. D. Hous for any
information.
CL.\YTON, MO.— A franchise has been granted to the Clayton & Creve Coenr
Electric Railway Company to construct an electric road from Clayton to Creve
Coeur Lake. Philip Denser is iiitereste<l.
KINGSTON, N. Y.— Reed S: McKibben. the contractors who are building the
Colonial Electric Railicid. to-day filed a $10,000 lien on the finished property of
the citnipauy.
J.VCKSON. TENN.— It is conteuiiilated to reorganize the Jackson & Suburban
July 7, 1894.
THE EI^ECXRICAL WORLD.
21
street Railroad Company, and change its road to electric power. P. J. Murray
can be addressed.
POWHATTAN. MO.— The Walbrook. Gwynn Oak & Powhaltan Railway has
executed a mortgage for $100,000 to obtain funds to build and equip a single track
electric railway.
TROY, N. Y.— $15,000 has been subscribed to the stock of the proposed electric
railroad from Troy to Sandlake. As soon as $35,000 shall have been subscribed
other capitalists will furnish an equal sum.
CLAYTON. MO.— The Clayton & Creve Cceur Electric Railway Company has
obtained a franchise to construct an electric road. The president of the com-
pany is Philip Dueser, who will give information regarding same.
WASHINGTON. D. C— A project for an electric railroad between Wash-
ngton and New York city has been brought before Congress in a bill for the
incorporation of the National Rapid Transit Railway. Ex- Representative Hemp-
hill, of South Carolina, is interested.
BROOKYLN, N. Y.— An application has been made to the State Railroad Com-
missioners by the Coney Island & Brooklyn Railroad Company, to substitute the
trolley as a means of motive power on the line from Flatbush and Ocean
avenues to Greenwood Cemetery.
SPRINGFIELD. O.— General Manager S. L. Nelson, of the Springfield
Street Railway Company, is securing estimates for improving the line. The
proposed improvements are $40,000 for retracking, $15,000 for new machinery in
the power house, $15,000 for new cars, and $5,000 for other expenses.
PITTSFIELD, ME.— It is probable that the proposed electric railroad from
Showhegan to Norridgewock will be built. The Worcester Construction Company
ofier to build and equip the road all in first-class shape for $45,000. If the town
will take $10,000 of the stock Mr. Gerald guarantees the building of the road.
WATERTOWN, N. Y.— A certificate of consolidation of the Watertown
Street Railway and the Watertown & Brownville Street Railway Company, form-
ing the Watertown & Brownville Street Railway Co., capital $100,000, was filed
with the Secretary of State in Albany. June 25. The directors are Byron B.
Taggart, Senator Joseph MuUin and others.
SYRACUSE, N. Y— The .Syracuse Street Railway Company has decided to
extend its line to Solvay. and a contract has been signed. It was also decided
that the company purchase 35 new electric cars and a contract will be made as
soon as possible. Specifications and plans for a power house KM by 150 feet,
with a capacity at the start of 1,500 horse power, have been
of the plant will be 3.000 horse power.
The ultimate
Miscellaneous Notes.
LOCOMOTIVE TESTING AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY is the subject of a
pamphlet recently issued by that institution, briefly describing the facilities for
that class of work which the university is now prepared to offer students. The
pamphlet contains a number of views of the laboratories and locomotives, and
it is evident that admirable facilities for locomotive testing are now offered by
the engineering course. The engineering laboratory is in charge of Prof. Win.
F. M. Goss.
THE NORTHWESTERN ELECTRICAL ASSOCIATION will hold its Summer
meeting in St. Paul July IS, 19 and 20. At the last meeting, held in Milwaukee,
150 were present, and a larger number is expected at this meeting. Representa-
tives from Illinois, Iowa. Michigan, Wisconsin and North and South Dakota
have written they they will be present. An excellent programme has been pre-
pared. Current will be furnished to illustrate lectures as well as to accommo-
date exhibitors. Manufacturers and supply houses will be accorded every
courtesy by the association.
TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL NOTES.
S. MORGAN SMITH, York, Pa., has sold to the Mauch Chunk (Pa.) Heat,
Light & Power Co. two 23-inch and one 24-iiich McCormick special horizontal
turbines.
THE CHERRY' CHEMICAL COMPANY, manufacturers of the red seal boiler
compound, has removed its main office to the Heed Building, 1215 Filbert .street.
Philadelphia. In our last issue it was incorrectly stated that the removal was to.
instead of from, the Betz Building.
J. E. M'GILLIVRAY. 209 Sabine street, Austin, Tex., will shortly be in the
market for a stock of elect' ical goods. Mr. M'Gillivray proposes to handle every-
thing electrical, but most of his work will be in wiring and repairing for lights,
bells and annunciators, and installing and repairing motors and fans.
THE OHIO BRASS COMPANY, of Mansfield, O., has issued a neat price list
of railway motor bearings. It includes all the different styles of bearings for
the various types of railway motors, and makes a very attractive circular. This
company is pushingjthis line of material actively, and is meeting with excel-
lent success
THE NATIONAL LEAD COMPANY, No. 1 Broadway, New York, has issued
a little pamphlet on anti-friction or babbitt metals, containing technical as well
as trade information on the subject. The babbitt metal of this company is made
according to a standard formula, which it is guaranteed does not change to
suit a price.
THE 8TANLEY.ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Pittsfield, Mass..
has issued a large" 60-page catalogue, devoted to the description of apparatus and
system for the transmission of light and power by two-plant alternating currents.
The explanatory portions have considerable technical value, and will be of
assistance to those desiring to investigate this newer branch of electrical appli-
cation. Every part of the system is well illustrated by excellent cuts, made by
Bartlett & Co., and the paper, press-work and binding are in keeping with
these, and the importance of the text.
THE WESTON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT COMPANY. Newark, N. J..
has issued a fourth edition of its catalogue of the Weston standard portable,
direct-reading voltmeters and ammeters, containing illustrations, price list, etc.
Commendable features of the catalogue are the concise manner, devoid of the
usual bombast of commercial publications, in which the merits of the instru-
ments are presented, and the brief notes to assist in selecting instruments for
desired uses. The testimonials in the final pages are such as but few manufac-
turers in any branch of industry can boast of having received, whether the
standing of the writers or their flattering comments are considered.
THE BALL & WOOD CO. has again been successful in securing, through
its secretary and treasurer, Mr. Vincent, one of the largest power con-
tracts which has recently been placed. The order comprises six Ball & Wood
improved cross compound condensing engines of 300 h. p. each, for the Hart-
ford Street Railway Company, of Hartford, Conn. It is this type and make of
engine which has proved efficient at the Grand Street station of the Consolidated
Traction Company in Jersey City, where the duty has been most severe and the
engines subjected to almost constant overloads of from 20 to SO per cent., pending
the increase of the power plant. The factory of The Ball & Wood Co. has been
running twenty-four hours per day since about June 1, and this Hartford con-
tract will permit no diminution of its force for some weeks.
THE PETTINGELL ANDREWS COMPANY, 72 Federal street, Boston, has
issued a S2-page pamphlet, which will be found useful as a technical hand-book
by street railway men. About half of the pnges are devoted to tables of useful
information for the construction of electric railways. The first part contains
tables relating to track construction, giving weights and other data relating to
rails, rail fastenings, ties. etc. The second part takes up the electrical side and
gives much detailed information on line construction and tables for the calcula-
tion of line conductors, etc. The remainder of the pages contain illustrations
and matter relating to the complete line of electric railway material, manufac-
tured and sold by this enterprising firm.
BUSINESS NOTICES.
BATTERY CUT-OUT CHEAP.— Sensitive, reliable, never requires attention.
Gas lighting much improved by its use. Elefctric Supply Company, of 105 South
Warren street, Syracuse, N. Y.
OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT CELLS— The Haydeii carbon porouscup No. 1:
the Hayden carbon porous cup No.2 cell; a Leclanche clay porous cup cell; a
standard Fuller cell; a No. 2 Fuller cell; a single cylinder carbon cell; a double
cylinder carbon cell. All reliable and eflicient, and at prices lower than ever.
THE HAYDEN-BOOKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 214J DeKalb
street, St. Louis, Mo.
ILLUSTRATED RECORD OF ELECTRICAL PATENTS.
U. S. PATENTS ISSUED JUNE 26, 1894.
(In charge of Wm. A. Rosenbaum, 177 Times Building, New York.)
11,423 (REISSUE). ELECTRIC BURGLAR ALARM; A. Stromberg, Chicago, 111.
Application for reissue May 31, 1894. In an electric burglar alarm circuit,
the combination with a flexible surface, of a series of pliable conducting
strips, the strips being folded longitudinally and attached by one of the
free ends thereof to the flexible surface, and electrical connections between
the strips.
521.798. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; S P. Johnson. Schenectady, N. Y. Applica-
tion filed December 20, 1892. This comprises an arm actuated by shunt spools,
a lever linked to the arm at one end and the other end actuated by a series
spool, in combination with a clutch linked to the lever near its centre a's
described.
521.799. ELECTRIC MOTOR; J. Lee. Brooklyn, N. Y. Application filed August
2, 1893. This comprises elongated electro-magnets having cores and curved
facing flanges, combined with a hollow speed regulator in the magnetic
field, a revoluble armature within the regulator, commutator and commuta-
tor brushes, the conductor being wound around from the obverse to the re-
verse face of one of the cores and from the reverse to the ooverse of the other
of the cores.
521.800. SOUND CONDUCTING APPARATUS; G. A. Leech, New York, N. Y.
Application filed August 19. 1893. This comprises a resonator having curves
complementary to those of the ear. and adapted to be secured thereto, and
an electrode attached thereto.
531,808. PUSH BUTTON; J. P. McLaughlin, Philadelphia, Pa. Application
filed March 22, 1893. This comprises a switch and spring tending to open
the same, in combination with # push piece and intermediate mechanism
for closing the switch, and a trip timed with reference to the intermediate
mechanism to uncouple the switch from the latter when it arrives in the
closed position, whereby the switch is automatically open after having been
momentarily closed.
.809. ELECTRIC LAMP LIGHTER; J. F. McLaughlin, Philadelphia, Pa.
Application filed March 23, 1893. A lamp lighter composed of two electro-
magnets, connected in series in a shunt around the lamp terminals, one fixed
and the other constituting an armature for the first; a circuit breaking and
making wheel in the lamp circuit actuated by the armature, and a push
button or key in the shunt, at a distance from the lamp, tor closing and
opening the shunt.
1,843. RHEOSTAT; B. E. Baker, Bridgeport, Conn, .\pplicatioii filed No-
vember 27, 1893. This comprises cores having screws extending from their
ends and resistance wires wound around them and connected to the screws.
1,867. CONTROLLER FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT M.\CHINES; E. B.
V. Seaverns, Brookline, Mass. Application filed March 29, 1893. The com -
' bination with an alternating current machine having a composite field, one
winding of which is traversed by a continuous current and is in series cir-
cuit with the main line traversed by the alternating current of a switch or
circuit controller located in the field winding traversed by the continuous
current.
1,877. ELECTRIC ARC L.iMP; W. J. Davy, London, England. Application
filed .\pril 14, 1894. A gravity friction device, consisting of a system of link.
22
THE KI^ECFRICAL WORI^D.
Vol. XXIV. No. 1.
pivoted together to form a closed frame, grip jaws tending to grip the feed-
ing cord of the lamp, the jaws being attached to a jointed frame in such a
position that they approach one another as the frame elongates in a vertical
direction, a stop on which the lower end of the link frame rests, and means
for determining the position of the npper end of the frame relatively to the
stop, according to the resistance of the lamp.
521.891. CONDUIT KLKCTRIC RAILWAY; C. J. Reed, Orange, N. J. Appli-
cation filed April 14, 1892. A pair of positive and negative trolley wires
located in a slitted conduit and crossing each other at intervals so as to form
succeeding sections in alignment, and beneath the slit of the conduit.
521.892. CONDUIT ELECTRIC RAILWAY: C. J. Reed, Orange, N. J. Appli-
cation filed Ecbruary 13, 1893. A trolley consisting of a two-part trolley
wheel, one of which parts is provided with an inwardly extending boss or
No. 522,067. — Motor Suspension.
projection, which constitutes the axle of the trolley, in combination with a
trolley arm journaled upon the axle, and held between the two parts.
521,906. MAGNETIC SEPARATOR; H. Carmichael, Maiden, Mass. Application
filed November 29, 1893. The combination of a movable carrier or support
and a magnet pivotally attached thereto, and a receptacle through which
the magnet is pas.sed.
521,908. AUTOMATIC SAFETY JOINT FOR ELECTRIC WIRES; J. H. Curry,
Wilkinsburg, Pa. Application filed November 22. 1893. This consists of a box
or support having two insulated anchorage pins, and two arms connected
with the pins by a loose-slotted connection with supporting seats for sustain-
ing the arms when under tension, and a bridge connection for the two arms
tor electrically connecting them when supported by tension in these seats.
521,914. FXEOTIMC StilJUvRING TOOL; J. F. McLaughlin. Philadelphia, Pa.
Application (ilol M,i> D, 1S93. The combination of a heating coil and a per-
forated inel.i^iiii; inanilL for the same, with means for controlling the radia-
tion of heat tlirough the perforations.
521,924. TRANSFORMER ELECTRIC-LIGHTING SYSTEM; Peter Wright,
Philadelphia. Pa. Application filed December 9, 1893. In a transformer
sy.stem of electrical distribution, mechanical and electrical devices for break-
ing and making the primary circuit, and a manual switch and connections
for cutting out, and in the secondary circuit, and for controlling the me-
chanical and electrical devices.
521, '»25. TRANSFORMER SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION; Peter
Wright, Philadelphia, Pa. Application filed January 3, 1894. In a trans-
former system of electrical distribution, a switch tending to make and break
the primary and secondary circuits of a transformer and a thermostatic de-
vice responding to changes in current and adapted to release the switch.
521,936. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; L. B. Marks, New York. Application filed
March 30, 1894. An arc lamp having the arc surrounded by a transparent or
translucent inclosure, and a plug in the inclosnre provided with a closely
fitting opening for transit of the moving electrode, the opening being en-
larged at an intermediate point for the purpose.
521,952. ADJUSTABLE CARRIER FOR ELECTRIC LAMPS: R. Paries, De-
catur, 111. Application filed February' 23. 1894. An arm for electric lamps,
comprising a bracket or support, having an aperture, a rod, one end of
which is curved and adapted to the aperture of the support, a lamp socket
on the swinging end of the rod and a lamp cord or circuit wire connecting
with the lamp socket through a longitudinal aperture in the rod.
521.970. ACCUMULATOR PLATE: C. J. Barbier, Lyons. France. Application
filed January 12, 1894. An improved accumulator plate, comprising a flat
lead box for containing the active matty, the box having its opposite sides
provided with alternately arranged pins overlapping or projecting past each
other, the walls of the box having perforations opposite the points of the
pins.
521.976. THICKNESS GAGE FOR PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; O. W. Theo-
dor Am Ende, Bad Harzburg. Germany. Application filed November 10,
1893. This comprises an adjustable graduated slide, carrying a contact point,
the means for adjusting the slide, the frame in which the slide is movable^
the arms pivoted in the frame and depending from their pivotal points, the
cross bar at the lower ends of the arms opposite the end of the graduated
slide and the contact carried thereby, and the roller carried by the depending
arm to bear on the pulp cylinder to move the pivoted depending arms toward
the graduated slide.
522,022. THERMAL ALARM; H. F. Maxim, Norfolk. Va. Application filed
August 31, 1893. The combination of the index, pivoted pointer, having a
slotted heel, a thermostat bar actuating the pointer, and a bar adjustable on
the thermostat bar, and having a projection lying in the slot.
522.051. BRUSH HOLDER FOR DYNAMO f:lECTRIC MACHINES; R. Fuljer,
Detroit. Mich. Application filed March 19, 1894. In a brush holder, the
combination of a brush-holding socket, having the central transverse guide
Searing thereon, a lateral arm extending from the socket, and adjustable
laiulard in the end of the arm, and a spring secured in the standard, and
dapted to engage in the guide bearing of the socket upon the luush.
2. COMMUTATOR; J. D. Fyfe. Chicago, 111. Application filed April 14,
>4. A commutator composed of segments insulated from each other and
arranged in the form of a cylinder, and provided with an annular groove in
the face or end thereof, a metallic assembling ring adapted to fit into the
groove and insulated from the segment, caps located on opposite sides of the
segments and insulated from them and the ring, the caps adapted to secure
the assembling ring in the grooves of the segments.
2,055. CIRCUIT-MAKER; D. F. Hall. Schenectady, N. Y. Application filed
October 16, 1893, A circuit-maker, comprising a bracket, a support in arm piv-
oted thereto, a battery receptacle having circuit wires secured thereto, and
in which receptacle the elements forming the battery are held normally
apart, and adapted to coalesce when rhe receptacle is inverted.
2.057. TROLLEY STAND; E. F. A. Heastiugs, Avalon. Pa. Application filed
April 12, IS'M. A trolley stand, comprising a base, adapted to be secured to
a car, a pivot post mounted in the base, a bracket journaled on the pivot
post and provided with upwardly extending arms, a .second bracket held in
the arms of the first one and adapted to carry a pole, and bow springs con-
necting the two brackets.
2,067. MEANS FOR SUSPENDING ELECTRIC MOTORS FROM CARS; R.
Lundell. Brooklyn. N. Y. Application filed September 4. 1893. A motor,
sustained beneath the body or frame of a car upon yielding supports, with its
armature shaft located in the direction of the length of the car and sprocket-
chain gearing connecting the armature shalt with an additional rotary s.jaft.
which in turn is geared through speed-reducing gearing to two independent
car axles. (See illustration.)
;2,083. DYNAMO OR MAGNETO ELECTRIC M.\CHINE; L. Paget. New
York. Application filed June 20. 1889. This machine has a rotary part with
projecting pole pieces in combination with a fixed or stationary part, having
corresponding projecting pole pieces and a single coil wound about the fixed
or stationary part.
2,097. f;lECTRICALLY OPERATED ADDING MACHINE; R. Baumann. St.
Louis. Mo. Application filed September 4, 1893. This machine has grouped
within its casing in a horizontal line a series of electro magnets, each elon-
gated in cross sections, and constructed with flat opposite sides closely ad-
jacent, a series of adding disc spindles with ends adjacent the magnets, and
in the same plane with them, mechanical connections for rotating the spin-
dles when the magnets are energized, the last mentioned connections being
also in the same horizontal plane as the magnets.
2,113. ELECTRICALLY OPF:rATF:D REGISTER; S. J. Glass. Milwaukee
Wis. Application filed October 23. 1891. A register of that class employed
for counting the movement of a reciprocating, oscillating or rotary device or
the successive production of various articles, the same comprising a series of
counters geared in train to indicate arithmetical progression in the order of
units, tens, and multiples of ten, a ratchet connected to the units counter,
an actuating lever for the ratchet, another lever linked to the first mentioned,
an armature carried by the second lever, an electro magnet for the attraction
of the armature, and a supplemental electro magnet for the retraction of the
armature, each of these electro magnets being in independent circuit and
automatically cut out prior to the energization of the other.
2,127. VOLTAIC BATTERY; H. Timin. New York. Application filed April
19, 1894. This is composed of two ab.sorbent layers, enclosing a dry layer of
a soluble electrolyte, a series of metallic plates of different polarity in close
No. 522,151.— Heating Metals Electrically.
contact with the absorbent layers; two other absorbent layers are placed on
the outside of faces of the metallic plates; a second series of metallic plates
of different polarity in close contact with the last-mentioned absorbent
layers, metallic connections between the outside metallic plates, and metallic
connections between the inside metallic plates.
522.151. METHOD OF HEATING METALS ELECTRICALLY; C. L. Coffin.
Detroit. Mich. Application filed November 16, 1893. This consists in dip-
ping a heated piece of metal into a liquid, passing an electric current
through it and the liquid, and establishing a voltaic arc between the elec-
trodes. (See illustration.)
522.175. INSULATOR; J. M. Anderson, Boston. Mass. Application filed March
22, 1894. This is composed of a body portion of insulating metal, a metal
crown having upright arms or ears, forming a slot or channel for the recep-
tion of the conductor to be supported, and a cap or cover detachably secured
to the arms to close the slot or channel at its top or npper portion.
522.180. TROLLEY WIRE HANGER ; T. J. McTighe, New York. Application
filed January 23, 1893. A trolley wire attachment, consisting of an car or
casting of suitable shape, having a slotted screw threaded stud, adapted to
receive the trolley wire, a fiat plug substantially filling the slot, and a screw
cap adapted to fit the stud, and i>ress the plug against the trolley wire.
622,02<>. ELFXTRIC TIME SIGNALLING SYSTEM AND APPARATUS; W. A.
Purcell, Newark. N. J. Application filed November 16. 1892. The combina-
tion with a circuit wheel or drum, provided with a scries of contact ribs of
definite width, of another rib or ribs of greater width, and a circuit breaker
wired to the last mentioned rib or ribs.
The Electrical World.
Voi,. XXIV.
NEW YORK, JULY 14, 1894.
No. 2.
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teadv
nward r
narch in
this
depa
rtrt
lent of bu
siness. The fir
t issue of
1880 contains
d 25 differen
adV
;s
1.<W7
-ontained 154 different adv't
1881
28
IXKH
175
1883
45
1S89
334
1883
63
1890
289
1884
83
1891
335
1885
100
1893
316
188S
138
1893
317
The fir
St issue
of 1894 con
tai
ned
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THE ELECTRICAL WORLD,
253 Broadway, New York.
Vol. XXIV. NEW YORK, JULY 14, 1894.
CONTENTS.
Editorial 23
Charles Proteus Steinmetz , 25
Meeting of the Union of German Electricians 25
Laboratory Notes, by Lieut. F. Jar\'is Patten 26
Inductance of Lines, by G. M. Warner 27
Polyphased Transmission, by Bruce Ford • 28
Photog-raph of a Ligrhtning- IJolt 28
Moonlight Tables for August, 1894 28
Central Lighting and Power Stations of Chicago, by Charles Des-
mond - 29
Permeability of Steel, by M. Osterberg and M. Miller 31
Practical Notes o.i Dynamo Calculations— IX, by Alfred E. Wiener 32
Economical .Steam Engines atid Wasteful Boilers 34
Digest of Current Technical Electrical Literature, compiled by Carl
Hering 35
An Electric Deck Planer, by C. J. Dougherty 38
A New Switch, by P. E. Marchand 39
Electromagnetic Turbine Supporter 39
Fan Motors i 39
Iron Armored Insulating Conduits 39
Electric Elevated Railroad in Chicago 40
Combined Switch and Rheostat 40
DEPARTMENTS ;
Financial Intelligence 41
Special Correspondence 42
News of the Week 43
Trade and Industrial Notes 44
Business Notes 45
Illustrated Record of Patents 45
INDUCTANCE OF LINES.
Elsewhere in this issue Mr. G. M. Warner discusses inductance
drop, which is a matter of increasing importance in connection with
alternating conductor.s. Kennelly has treated this subject thor-
ouglily in a paper read before the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers and in an article in our columns last week, but the
practical examples worked out by Mr. Warner will be found of
much assistance in getting a good grasp of the principles. It will
be noted that stress is laid upon the necessity of taking into con-
sideration phase differences in E. M. F. , caused by capacity or by
motor loads. The ordinary tables of inductance co-efScieuts are
based upon non-inductive loads, and therefore raaj' lead to consid-
erable errors in calculation if applied to lines whose capacity cannot
be neglected or which carry current for motors whose inductance
throws the current and E. M. P. out of phase.
PERMEABILITY OF STEEL.
Some months ago Mr. H. P. Parshall pointed out in a paper read
before the Franklin Institute, an abstract of which appeared in our
columns, the great variations in the permeability of steel resulting
from the presence of different proportions of carbon and manganese,
and of impurities like sulphur, phosphorus and silicon. We print
elsewhere an article by Messrs. Osterberg and Munroe containing
the result of careful experiments made by them at Columbia College
on two different steels, which, in connection with the chemical
analyses given, forms another useful contribution to the -.subject,
and strongly confirms the experiments of Mr. Parshall. The conclu-
sions arrived at are of much importance, and besides pointing out
the absurdity of basing calculations on conventional perraeabilitv
curves, they itnplj' that for even the most ordinary commercial
work permeability tests of the magnetic material to be used should
be made, or, at least, a chemical analysis furnished from which to
judge of its magnetic quality. It would be very useful if chemical
analyses were made, where possible, of iron or steel subjected to
permeability tests, for by so doing it is ver}' probable that the effect
of different limiting proportions of carbon and other elements
would be finally so definitely determined that the magnetic quality
of a material could be approximately determined from a chemical
analysis alone.
DOES ELECTRICITY KILL?
In the Digest will be found an abstract of a paper recently pre-
sented by Dr. D'Arsonval to the French Academy of Sciences on
resuscitation after electric shocks. As D'Arsonval is one of the
very greatest living authorities on electro-physiology, his conclusion
that in case of electric shock unaccompanied by lesions the subject
can be resuscitated by means of artificial respiration is of the
utmost importance. Still more startling is his assertion that electro-
cution, as practiced in this country, does not cause actual death,
but merelj' produces asphyxiation and syncope, from which the
criminal may be revived. The latter statement, coming from such
a source, cannot be passed over lightly, and should cause the New-
York State authorities to make the necessary test on the next crimi-
nal electrocuted. The case he adduces to support his statement is a
remarkable one, for the man who was resuscitated was subjected to
an alternating voltage of 4,500 for some minutes, with, it would
seem from the description, a contact that could not during the
entire time have been of any relatively considerable resistance. It
is seven years since Dr. D'Arsonval, from laboratory experiments,
formed his conclusions in regard to the effect of electric shocks, and
the confirmation received through the case just noted seems to be
most complete, and, therefore, his system'of treatment is one with
which every person engaged in electrical pursuits should be familiar.
24
THE EI^ECXRICAI^ WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 2.
D'Arsonval give.s the practical fonnula, A man shocked by elec-
tricitv should be heated as if drowned. In addition to the well-
known methods for the resuscitation of the drowned, he recom-
mends the electrical excitation of the laryngeal nerves or rhymthic
traction of the tongue. While in a given case D'Arsonval finds that
real death may occur from the lesion or destruction of tissues by
disruptive or electrolytic effects of a current, these, he adds,
seldom occur with the alternating current, and may not follow a
shock from a continuous current. As a consequence, every elec-
trician should be prepared in case of an accident to apply the
necessary treatment, and to this end should make himself familiar,
if not already so, with the method of resuscitating the drowned.
Regardless of what the future might show, the actual evidence is
now sufficient, aside from the great authority of D'Arsonval, to
render it a duty for the electrician to be thus equipped for the saving
of human life.
GAS ENGINES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
In Europe gas engines are much employed in isolated electric
lighting, and in several central stations on the Continent they
furnish the entire motive power. At Dessau, Germany, for exam-
ple, the power plant consists of two gas engines of 120 h. p. and
60 h. p. respectively, which charge accumulators of 1,700 ampere-
hours' capacity, the annual output being 49,869 kw. -hours. Mr.
E. C. Segundo, in the London Electrical Review, has recently
given some calculations as to the cost of generating current with
gas engines, both in private and central station lighting plants,
which are rather favorable and show at least that the matter is well
worth looking into, particularly in connection with isolated and
accumulator station plants. It is stated that a certain English
manufacturer will guarantee his gas engines of large power to
generate a brake horse power on 18 cubic feet of coal gas per hour,
and with an 80 per cent, electrical efficiency this gives 13,200
candle-hours, as against 3,200 if the gas were burned in jets — a
ratio of 4. 125. Using Dowson gas, the same manufacturer states
that his engines will develop one brake horse power on one pound
of anthracite coal. We doubt if there is any steam engine now
used in electric lighting that will develop a horse power on less
■than two pounds of coal, so that the saving is here very pronounced,
so far as fuel consumption is concerned. With a smaller plant it
would be a pretty poor gas engine that would require a consump-
tion greater than 40 cubic feet of gas to the brake horse power.
With gas at $1.25, 3-watt lamps, and an electrical efficiency of 80
per cent. , this would bring the cost of a 16-c. p. incandescent lamp
to S-12 cent per hour, exclusive of labor and incidentals, while the
cost of a 16-c. p. jet, using five cubic feet of gas per hour, would
be 5-8 cents. The saving here is 33>'3 per cent, over burning gas
direct, which in a 150-light plant would amount to 31 cents per
hour, against which should be charged the cost of water and labor;
with a gas engine using 25 cubic feet per h. p. per hour this saving
becomes SO cents. As most establishments that would require 150
lights would have some one about the premises who could look out
for the electrical plant with little or no extra expense, and as gas
engine electrical plants take up but little room and do not require
constant attention, their use for isolated plants presents an advan-
tage aside from the immense superiority of the incandescent light
over gas light.
THEORY.
One of the most abused of words is "theory," not only from
being made the otiject of the sneers of the "practical man" and the
worshipper of ' ' horse sense, ' ' but even more so from its misapplica-
tion to designate the wildest speculations and the most absurd
fancies. It is singular, but none the less true, that those who most
inveigh against theorj' and theorists are the very ones wto have
brought the words into disrepute. Given a half-educated man, and
therefore possessed of that little knowledge which is dangerous, or
an uneducated man, but who is considered "bright" and "brainy"
in a narrow community or by an uncultured circle of acquaintances,
and we have in either case a theorist in the sense in which the word
is condemned, and one, who, with the slightest encouragement,
will glibly reel off by the yard what he supposes to be theory, and
which his hearers accept as such. We constantly receive smartly
written or ungrammatical manuscripts giving the "true theon.-" of
electricity, of magnetism, of the causes of various electrical phe-
nomena, and we do not remember a single one of these which ever
contained a real experimental fact upon which to rest the conclu-
sions arrived at. In looking over our newspaper exchanges, par-
ticularly those containing an electrical column — that medium for the
dissemination of so much electrical misinformation — we can find in
a year more theories in number than have been fathered by scien-
tists in a centurj'. We have before us now, in a clipping, a typical
example of this class of productions, in which the writer demon-
strates to his satisfaction that the rotation of the earth on its axis is
due to electrical action. In a manner very characteristic of his
type, who invariably treat the theories of others with the loftiest
disdain, regardless of their authority, he disposes of the accepted
scientific opinions as to the cause of the earth's rotation with the
statements that they are ' ' the silliest nonsense, not worthy of a
"serious thought," which "might do for monkej-s, but should find
"no place in the minds of men. " "Let reason have a chance and
"electricity a hearing, " he demands, and then, after describing
how a shaft with radial arms may be given motion by the action of
static discharges from points on these arms and at right angles to
them, he proceeds to develop his theory as follows: "The earth is a
"spherical rotating magnet, the electricity coming to it at its north
"and south poles, meeting at and going off into space over its equa-
"tor. These electrical currents move in spirals. Imagine yourself
"off and facing the north magnetic pole of the earth. With your
"pencil begin at the pole and make circles to the right, with the
"sun, as you face the latter, and each circle nearer the equator.
"Not a complete circle, but a continuous line called a spiral. The
' ' electricity coming from space moves with that system of circles
' ' which is called right-handed spirals. Now face the -south pole of
' ' a terrestrial globe, or imagine yourself off and facing the south
"pole of the earth, and this time draw a left-handed spiral. Begin
' ' at the south magnetic pole and circle from right to left, with the
"sun, as you face it, never lifting the pencil, each circle nearing
"the earth's equator, and you will have the left-handed spiral,
"the movement of the electrical current in the earth's surface as it
"comes from space and nears the earth's equator from the south
"pole. You will readily see that both north and south of the
"earth's equator, the electrical currents, as explained above, would
' ' move from east to west, and this is in accord with the magnetic
' ' records in the geodetic sur\'eys. It will further be readily observed
"that the currents coming from the north and south poles of the
"earth are moving toward sunset, while the earth revolves toward
' ' sunrise, and if they go off into space they act upon the earth as
"explained in reference to the wheel, and the impact on the earth
' ' would cause the latter to rotate eastward. ' ' The complacent man-
ner in which utterly false premises are laid down will be noticed,
and also the seductive flattery to the reader in the remarks as to how
"readily he can see" an impossibility. From .sad experience,
however, we can add that such benignity may also be united with
rancor, and the editor who declines such manuscripts informed that
if he had an iota of brains or the slightest knowledge of the science
he wouldn't make an ass of himself by denying what anj- fool could
see must be true.
Nomenclature.
Our esteemed contemporary, the London " Electrician, " has
generally been opposed to burdening anj' science with new and
unintelligible terms which have to be learned, but it seems to have
changed its opinion lately, as we find in a recent editorial that the
comparatively simple and inoffensive tenn "Congo red" is referred
to as "amidosulphonaphthaleneazodiphenylazonaphthyl.Tmine sul-
phonic acid. "
Improving the Human Eye.
"It is just conceivable that at ."fomc distant date, sa\' by dint of
inserting gold wireS or powder in the retina, we may be enabled to
see waves which at present we are blind to. ' ' — Prof. Oliver Lodge.
July 14, 1894.
XHE ELECTRICAL ""^ORLD.
25
Charles Proteus Steinmetz.
Few indeed of those who have followed the advances of modern
electricity are not more or less familiar with the important contri-
butions of Mr. Charles Proteus Steinmetz, both to the theorj- and
practice of electrical engineering, and there are few, even among
those who had not had the pleasure of personal acquaintance with
him, who will not be glad to know something of a more than usually
interesting and useful life.
Charles Proteus Steinmetz was bom in the city of Breslau, in
Southeastern Germany, in the month of April, 186S. After pa.ssing
through the gj-mnasium ( high school ) in his native city, he entered
the University of Breslau, and devoted himself especially to the
subject of mathematics, which he has put, in later years, to such
splendid use. In particular he was a pupil of Prof. Schroeter, then
the greatest living authoritj' in synthetical geometr}', and Prof. Galle,
the great astronomer, who is universally known as the discoverer of
the planet Neptune.
After leaving the university, Mr. Steinmetz, having no .special
inclination for the professions, determined to devote himself to his
favorite sciences, and rendering himself independent by becoming
an instructor in mathematics,, he took up the study in Breslau, and
afterwards in Berlin, of various branches of physical science, while
not neglecting the study of pure mathe-
matics to which he at first gave his at-
tention. He worked in the physical
laboratory with especial success, and
undertook an investigation on the secular
variation of terrestrial magnetism, untor-
tunately never finished. Of course, anent
his investigations, he has divers amusing
reminiscences, "particularly on one occa-
sion when, with the help of some friends,
he made, with the temperature far below
zero, magnetometer readings on the ice of
the frozen river Oder, to escape local
magnetic disturbances. After a little, his
less enthusiastic friends went away ' ' for
a few minutes to warm themselves, ' ' and
after an hour's patient work, Mr. Stein-
metz determined to find out what had
become of them, and they were finally
discovered in a comfortable room playing
skat, and waiting for him to finish his
observations, which he says eventually
proved to be useless because he had
forgotten to take off his .steel -rimmed
eye-glasses.
During this period, -too, Mr. Steinmetz
worked indvistriously in the chemical
laboratory, and paid attention to miner-
alogy and other natural sciences, includ-
ing a casual study of medicine.
At that time, all young Germany was intensely interested in
the great problems of national economy which have been coming
to the front in the last quarter of a century. Mr. Steinmetz, ever
enthusiastic, and with high ideals of ethics in government, became
imbued with revolutionary ideas, and even edited for a time a
somewhat revolutionary paper which came to an untimely end for
lack of the "sinews of war. '' After what was left of the paper had
been confiscated by the government, the editor drifted to Au.stria, and
later to Switzerland, and there entered the Polytechnical School
at Zurich, and took up the study of mechanical engineering. He
then made a short visit to France, and thence in 1889 came to
America, where he settled down to apply the knowledge which he
had acquired through so long and active a period of student life.
He first connected himself with the Eickemeyer Company, in
Yonkers, N. Y. , and remained there four years, filling the period with
scientific investigations of rare value, in which he says, with char-
acteristic modesty, that he was greatly assisted by the personal co-
operation of Mr. Eickemeyer. At the end of this time, he left
with regret his first American home in Yonkers, and joined the
forces of the General Electric Company, at Lynn, Mass.
Mr. Steinmetz 's writings have been of a very varied and interest-
ing character, as might be imagined from the wide range of his
studies. Much of his work has been in pure mathematics, and is
consequently less known to the electrical fraternity than .some of
his later researches. Among his various works may be mentioned
a popular hand-book of astronomy, published in Germany in 1888,
Charles Proteus Steinmetz,
and various articles to the "Theory of Synthetical Geometry;"
"On Twisted Curves," contributed to the American Journal of
Mathematics, and divers researches on pure mathematics, contributed
to the ' ' Zeitschrift fur Mathematic und Physik. ' '
Most of Mr. Steinmetz's electrical work has been published since
his arrival in this countrj', so that we may be proud to reckon him
as being, to all intents and purposes, an American electrician, as
he surely is in spirit.
As to his most important electrical researches, we mention "The
Theory of the Alternate Current Transformer, ' ' three elaborate and
valuable papers on "The law of Hysteresis, " comprising the results
of nearly two years of careful investigation, and presented to the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers; a paper on the "Dis-
ruptive Strength of Dielectrics," and a large number of minor
papers on dielectric hysteresis, inductance and kindred subjects.
Perhaps the most important of all his contributions to literature
was a very complete and beautiful study of the application of the
vetor analysis as expressed in complex quantities to problems of
alternating current work. This was read before the 'international
Electrical Congress in Chicago, 1893, and has since been expanded
into a formal treatise on the .subject, which will soon be published.
As a practical electrician Mr. Steinmetz is a most expert and
intelligent designer of both direct and alternating current ma-
chinery, and is well equipped and ready for the solution of every
sort of problem which comes before the
modern electrical engineer. It may be
truly said of him that he has not an
enemy in the worid, and that every one
who is brought into jiersonal communica-
tion with him feels toward him the
strongest feelings of friendliness — even
those who have suffered at his hands in
debate; at which, as the members of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
well know, he is mo.st expert. Much as
all those who have read his papers respect
him by reason of his ability, still more
do those who have known him admire
the gentle and kindly spirit of the man.
neeting of the Union of German Elec
tricians.
(From our special Correspondent.)
Tlie second annual general meeting of
the Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker,
or Union of German Electricians, took
place at Leipzig between the 7th and 9th
of June.
The meeting was formally opened on
June 8 by Baurath Stiibben, of Cologne.
After several addresses of welcome had
been read in the name of the city of
Leipzig and its technical societies, the
electrical exhibition that had been formed in connection with the
occasion was opened by the honorary president, Privy Councillor
Prof. Dr. G. Wiedemann. A round of inspection was then made of
the exhibition. The rest of the day was devoted to a dinner,
attended by all the delegates to the meeting, and to the reading of
papers. On Saturday, June 9, the business discussions came on,
under the presidency of Prof. Dr. Slaby. The proceedings began
with the presentation by the secretary, Herr Sluzewski, of the gen-
eral report for the past year and the estimate of expenditures for the
j'ear 1894-95. This was followed by discussion of the new regula-
tions. The organization is to be known henceforth as the "Ver-
band Deutscher Elektrotechniker, " with headquarters in Berlin,
and its business to be conducted . b}' a secretarj' general, to which
office Mr. Gisbert Kapp, so well known in the electrical field, was
elected. Several papers were then read, one of the most interesting
of which was by Prof. Dr. Buddc, on tlie influence of electric tram-
way currents on institutes for physical research. Prof. Kohlrausch
and Prof. Wiedemann engaged in the discussion which followed.
All were of opinion that these institutes should be subordinate to
the requirements of traffic, and that if it was necessary for the
carrying on of scientific investigations to have the surroundings
absolutely quiet and uninfluenced by extraneous currents, such
establishments should be situated away from the town.
.\ report was also read by Prof. Dr. Budde on the position to be
taken by the union in respect to the proposed industrial exhibition
in Berlin in 1896 Dr. Budde urged that they should abide by the
26
THK BIvECTRlCAI^ WORI.D.
Vor.. XXIV. No. 2.
decision come to at the CoIokhc- meeting last year, viz. : That light
and power should only be sii])ijlicd aj^ainst payment, a syndicate
being formed for the purpose amongst the members of the union,
under the direction of a special committee, in order to secure fair
terms and division of the work. vSimilar action was proposed with
regard to the forthcoming exhibition at Karlsruhe.
The exhibition in connection with the meeting at Leipzig, to
which reference has been made above, contained nothing specially
new. Small types of dynamos and motors were shown, mostly by
local firms. The motors were applied to workshop tools, pumps,
printing presses, etc. They were all of the two-pole type, rather
large in relation to their capacity, and ran at very high speeds, so
that countersliafting was employed in every ca.se. Me.ssrs. Siemens
& Halske had some small dynamos, which, however, were not in
operation. There was one novelty in the shape of an in.strument
for testing different qualities of iron, constructed by Dr. Kupsel and
described some little time ago in the Klectrotechnische Zeitschrift.
The -■Mlgenicine Klcktricitaets-Ge,sell.schaft, of Berlin, had installed
two induction motors and a stationary transformer, but these were
not in operation either. Their exhibit included further an electric
meter, with pendulum and automatic winding arrangement, an
invention of Hefner-Alteneck. The apparatus was shown at the
World's Fair. Several types of the well-known Aron meter were
also on view. Mention should be made of an 8-h. p. horizontal
steam engine by Ducommun, of Mulhouse, Alsace-Lorraine, which
made 400 revolutions per minute and ran very quietly, although its
regulation under varying load was slow, owing to throttling.
The next general meeting of the Union of German Electricians
will be held at Munich in 1895.
BERLIN, June 16, 1894.
It would be a very inefficient dynamo on which l.S per cenl. to 20
per cent, of its entire output were used for field excitation. In this
case the telephone current is used; the separate field-exciting
current of the dynamo and the armature is driven by independent
power external to the system. We should, therefore, expect an
armature current of far greater .strength than the original telephone
current. In other words, the armature .should reproduce the tele-
phone current accurately, so far as its fluctuations are concerned,
but of far greater intensity. We should, therefore, have in such a
machine a telephone current amplifier or nmltiplier, as well as a
mere repeater, and if this were found true for one machine, the
new current could be used to excite the field of another, and so on
until ihe current were increased to any desired limit. Evidently
this could not, however, be carried very far, as there is undoubtedly
a tendency in such continued transformations to bring the alter-
nating current wave to a pure sine form, which would eventually
destroy the delicate superimposed fluctuations of the telephone
current.
The general plan is shown by a diagram i Fig. 1 i, which gives
the operative parts and circuits. Ti is a telephone transmitter. Its
line goes to the field coils, Ci, Cj, of the field magnet, N S, the
air gap between the poles of which was less than an eighth of an
inch. The coils, Ci, Cj, were ordinary telephone coils, their
resistance in series being about 80 ohms of No. 32 magnetism, or
about the same as a telephone receiver. The field magnet, N S,
was a round bundle of very soft annealed iron wire, the entire
magnetic circuit being about six or seven inches long. A battery,
B, with its circuit, C3, coiled about the yoke of this magnet, was
used with a variable resistance to give the field, N S, a sufficient
degree of magnetization to bring the iron to the point of maximum
Laboratory Notes. — XIX.
HV LIEUT. K. J.^RVLS P.\TTEN.
AN EXPERIMENT THAT FAILED.
Many experiments, and sometimes mere trials of plans that on
llie surface appear to be not only good, but practical, inventions,
fail to give the results expected, and prove a source of vexation and
disappointment to the person who gives time and money to the
investigation. I have known quite a number of such cases of rather
unusual interest, some of my own contrivance and some that others
have gained dearly-paid experience from and then invited me to
tell them why their .scheme would not work. It would be really a
good thing if all .such experiments, however unsuccessful, were
described. Many an inventor and e.xperinienter would be saved
l)oth di.sappointment and expense could he be shown tliat there was
no reasonable expectation of success in a. work he was about to
undertake, or that the .scheme had been tried on the intended, and
had f.'iiled.
The experiment described here is selected from a number of inter-
esting cases that I have witnessed, and I consider it interesting
becau.se I cannot give a reason entirely satisfactory to myself why
the plan .should not work. Yet it was carefully tried with many
modifications, and all without encouraging results.
Though the object in view — ^namely, to make a "telephone
repeater" — was a rather ambitious one, the particular plan upon
which it was attempted to solve the problem, as well as the under-
lying principles of the solution, were comparatively .simple, and
seem almost certainly operative on paper. The general plan was
simpl)' this: A telephone transmitter, no matter what the form, so
far as this description is concerned, generates a current that goes to
line.- It is, of course, a very weak current, but there is some, and
.sensitive apparatus like a telephone receiver (Bell magneto) is vari-
ably magnetized by such a current, and its energy is retran.sformed
to mechanical energy in the moving diaphragm and given to the
ear as waves of .sound. The energy of the current must, however,
produce magneti.sm to do this, and in producing magnetism it cer-
tainly creates' a magnetic field, varying in strength directly as the
current. It produces then an alternating magnetic field, and an
armature revolved in such a field should generate an alternating
. urrent having an impressed electronuitive force that follows in
period or rate, and intensity or amplitude the fluctuations of the
field magneti.sm produced, .say, by the current from a distant tele-
phone transmitter to which words were spoken. That is to say, it
was designed to use a telephone current as a separate excitation of
the field of a very small dynamo, the armature of which was to be
driven by independent power in the usual way.
.Such an armature should yield an alternating current .similar to
the telephone current, but of greatly increased intensity, because
we have a new source of power.
^Hpf
Telephone Repe.\ter.
permeability — where it would, in fact, be most susceptible to very-
slight changes of field cuiTents, such as those received from the
telephone transmitter. In the field, N S, was placed an armature
consisting simply of a thin disc of silver, with brushes bearing at
the periphery, b,, and at the spindle, bj, bs, thus completing a
very small and simple form of unipolar dynamo of the Barlow
wheel or Faraday disc type. This armature could be driven at any
desired speed up to 12,000 revolutions a minute by an electric
motor, M.
Of course, the voltage given by such an armature, liaving prac-
tically but a single turn of wire, would be exceedingly low, no
matter what the speed or the field excitation. But as it revolves in
a variable or alternating field, it must necessarily yield an alternating
current, and, therefore, by connecting a circuit from its brushes to
the primary, Py, of a transformer or induction coil, the voltage
could be raised to any desired value in a secondary, Sy, which
latter circuit was connected to a line with a telephone receiver, Ti,
at the distant end. It may be well to explain why a unipolar
machine was fir.st selected for this experiment, instead of some other
direct current type of drum or ring armature capable of generating
a higher voltage.
The reason is that most any such annaiure, having a commutator,
mu.st necessarily produce a fluctuating current — as, for instance,
when the brushes of such an armature bear on two con.secutive
conunutator segments, two coils of the winding (meaning many
turns) are cut out of circuit, and when they are each on a single
segment these coils are in circuit again. This changing resistance
causes all such armatures to yield a fluctuating current, which
would destroy the delicate fluctuations of the telephonic current.
The unipolar, or di.sc machine, on the contrary, yields at a constant
ii-I.V 14, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAIv WORLO.
speed a perfectly smooth aud uniform current as long as the field is
constant, and if this is altered the current in the armature must
follow the fluctuations of the field. The disc machine as described,
which was probabh' the smallest unipolar machine ever built, was
tried under a great varietj- of conditions, but without encouraging
results, and I am at a loss to say definitely what the trouble was.
The machine generated current, but the telephone in the secondary
circuit of the induction coil, I, gave no response.
A Gramme ring armature that gave a perfectly smooth current,
without fluctuations of any kind, was then devised, built and sub-
stituted for the disc. Its construction, being novel, deserves
descHption. A soft iron wire ring (core of the artnature) was
encased in fibre, and in a miller, 240 slots, large enough to take a
No. 18 wire, were cut on both the inner and outer periphery. The
core was then covered with a single layer of 240 turns of bare copper
wire, each turn being thus air spaced from its neighbor, and the
brushes were arranged to run on the bare wire. Thus, each single
urn of wire was its own commutator segment, and the amount of
wire cut in and out as the brushes would bear first on one and then
on two turns would only be the half of a single turn, but the
brushes were made so as to extend over three or more turns, so that
there was always the same amount of wire in the armature circuit,
and a current free from any fluctuations could be obtained; and
this was proven by the failure of the telephone to give any sound
when connected in the armature circuit. The results were not more
promising with this armature than with the disc pattern.
metres. Hence, for the table where I have used millihenrys per
mile, the formula becomes:
.1609 ^.5 + 2 log—)
Size of
wire.
per mile.
Inductance in
niiJUhenrys per mile for d =
=
B. &S.
1S.S° C.
8"
12"
16"
20"
24"
0000
.259
1.22
1.35
1.44
1.52
.324
1.26
1.39
1.48
1.S6
1.43
1.52
1.59
1 64
1.47
1.56
1.63
1.68
1.37
1.50
1.60
1.67
2
1.41
1.54
1.63
1.71
1 76
1.58
1.67
1.74
1.49
1.61
1.71
1.78
1 83
1.65
1.7S
1.82
1.56
1.68
1.78
1.85
1 91
'
1.72
1.82
1.89
1.63
1.76
1.86
1.93
4.186
1.67
1.80
1,90
1.97
5.280
1.71
1.83
1.93
2.00
2.06
The Power Plant of the Midwinter Fair.
We present herewith a plan of the power plant of the California
Midwinter Exposition, from which the arrangement of the machin-
ery will be apparent. The original plan was to have all the engines
Tables have been published giving impedance factors of wires at
various distances and cycles, and perhaps a few examples of the
difference between these tables and the above will be of interest.
1 will take a case where we have a line, say one mile Icng,
with 1,000 volts and 50 amperes at the receiving end, and work out
the voltage required at the generator under various conditions,
supposing 'he line to be of No. 3 B. & S. wire and 12" apart,"
using 125 cycles per second.
No. 3 wire has a resistance of 1.04 ohms per mile, and, from the
table, an inductance of 1.57 m. p. per mile at 12" apart.
The resistance drop, for the two miles of wire is SO X 2 x 1.04
volts, and the inductance drop equals 2 tt n L C vf =2 x 3.14 X
125 X 1.57 X 10"' X 2 X SO = 107.S volts, but is not in phase with
I'l.AN OK Power Pl.-^nt of the Midwinter F.\ir.
in line parallel to the boilers and as near the back walls of the
building as possible, all belts running parallel and the dynamos
placed in line under the break of the gallery. The miners' exhibit,
however, was allotted space which interfered with this and necessi-
tated a change in the plans. Furthermore, the dynamos are all
operative exhibits, and it was desirable to concentrate the displays
of the various companies as far as pos.sible. Considering the num-
ber of belts necessary, it would perhaps appear that it might be
difficult to move about in the plant, but the :irningcment is .such
that any point can easily be reached.
Inductance of Lines.
the resistance drop, differing by 90 degrees; compounded by the law
of resultant forces, the total drop would be
I
107
— -= 149. S volts, or 74.8 volts per wire.
BY G. M. WARNER.
Having repeatedly found occasion in the calculating of lines for
alternating current power transmission to use the inductance of one
wire on the other, which as we know appears as a loss of voltage by
increase in the apparent resistance of the line, and never finding a
table embodying ju.st what I wanted, I calculated some time ago an
extra column to my wire table.
The formula used is one which can readily be found in text
books ;
L =.5+2 log —
r
where (/ is the distance between the wires and r is the radius of the
wire, both being expressed in the same units, and L is the co-
efficient of self-induction per centimetre of wire, expressed in centi-
From a table of impedance factors we would obtain for these same
conditions 1.44, giving as the drop 1.04 X 1.44 = 149.5,
the same as before; but what I wish to show is that, while this drop
does actually occur, it may not necessarily be in phase with the
line potential, and hence will not appear as a loss of voltage— that
is, the difference between the voltage of the dynamo and that
received at the end of the line may be less than this drop of 149.5
volts.
First, we will assume that we are feeding a non-inductive load.
Here the C R of the load = 1,000 volts, and the total C R = 1,000 ^
104^ 1104; the inductive drop of the load = 0, and of the line =
107.5; hence the total inductive drop =: 107.5 + = 107.5. Com-
bining these by the same method as before gives as the generator
potential :
I
We see in this case that the actual loss in voltage in, the trans-
mi.ssion is 1,110 — 1,000 = 110, or 39.5 less than the drop simply
due to the lack of agreement in phase.
We will take another case where the load is inductive, causing a
lag of 46°— that is, its inductive component is 120 volts and its
28
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD-
Vol. XXIV. No. 1.
energy component 696 volts, giving the total voltage of the load
still:
/ — ? i_ — 2 -1 000.
-J 720 ^ 696
Then our total C R drop is 696 + 104 = 800 volts, and the total
inductive drop = 720 + 107.5 = 827.5, and the generator voltage
equals
1 + 800 =^-^5'''
giving a loss in voltage of l.lSO - 1,000 = 150, or the same as given
l)y the impedance factors.
Suppose we feed a condenser load having an advance of 46 — tnat
is, an energy component of 696 volts and a wattless component ot
720 volts, giving as a resultant:
/__? + (— 720)^ = 1,000.
^J 696
Then our total C R drop is 696 + 104 = 800, and the total wattless
jrop = 720 =— 107.5 = — 612.5, and the resultant E. M. i-.
at the generator
Photographing a Lightning Bolt.
The accompanying illustration is taken from a photograph made
by an amateur, Mr. W. B. Getchell, of Augusta, Me., during an
electrical storm in that vicinity. The bolt seemed to go across the
heavens in an irregular line, until reaching a point at about the
center of the top of the illustration, when it took an almost perpen-
dicular course to the earth, where it struck at a point about a
quarter of a mile distant. The white dots in the background are
the arc lights on the opposite side of the river. At the time of the
= J
800
+ (-612.5)= =1,075,
eivine a loss of voltage of only 75 volts.
In fact it is often the case that the E. M. F. at the generator is
less than that at the end of the line. The above examples, I think,
illustrate the method of calculating lines, which, in a few words,
consists of resolving all the various E. M. Fs. and currents into
their two components-one the energy and the other the wattless
component-and finally combining the sums of these two compo-
nents by the law of resultant forces. No account is here taken ot
the extra resistance due to the "skin" effect, for it is usually very
slight. _^ — ^ —
Polyphased Transformation.
To the Editor of the Electrical World :
Recent articles in The Electrical World on the transformation of
currents of one phase into currents of another phase have been par-
ticularly interesting to me as I had been working on this problem
iust previous to their publication. Believing that a description of my
device may prove of interest at this time, I send the accompanying
sketch, which, I think, will nearly explain itself.
Strictly speaking, this is not a transformer, but rather a " translat-
ing device," as the current is changed in phase only and there is
Photograph of Lightning Flash.
exposure everything was in darkness, and the whole illumination
came from the lightning flash.
Moonlight Tables for August, 1894.
Herewith we give Mr. H. W. Frund's tables of lighting hours for
the month of August under his modified form of moonlight schedule.
TABLE NO. 1.
Standard Moonlight
System.
rol.YrHA.SKI) Tran-svormation.
but one winding on the cores. I take the ordinary ring cores and
wind one of them with a single coil, the other core serving to com-
plete the magnetic circuit.
As an example, take a case where a three-phased current is to be
converted to one of four phases; the rotary field is produced by the
three-phased current connected to the terminals a\ a\ a', and the four
phased current can then be drawn off from the same wire as at ter-
minals A', b', 6^ b*.
It is quite evident that with this device currents of any phase
whatever can be changed to any other phase.
Johnstown, Pa. URt*-'K roRB-
Light.
Date.
7.40 P. M.
2
7.40 "
3
7.40 ■•
7.40 "
S
7.40 "
6
9.00 "
7
9.20 "
8
9.50 "
9
10.30 "
10
U.IO "
11
12.00 M.
12
-rr"
No light.
7.20 P. M.
7.20 "
7.20 "
7.20 "
7.20 "
7.20 "
7.20 "
7.10 "'
7.10 "
7.10 "
7.10 •'
7.10 "
7.10 ••
7.10 "
7.00 "
Exting.
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.10
4.10
4.10
TABLE NO. 2.
Frund's New Moonlight
System.
4.10 A. M.
4.10 "
No light.
8.40 P. M.
9.00 ••
9.20 •'
9.40 '•
10.00 "
10.30 "
11.10 "
12.00 M.
12.S0 A. M.
2.10 '"
3.20 ••
4.20 "
4.30 '•
4.30 "
4.30 •'
Light.
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.30
7.30
7.30
7.30
7.30
7.30
7.30
7.20 "
20
7.20 "
21
7.20 "
22
7.20 ••
23
7.10 •'
24
7.10 "
26
1.00 A.M.
7.10 "
27
1.50 ■•
7.10 "
28
3.20 ■■
7.10 "
29
4.20 "
7.10 "
30
4.30 "
7.10 •'
31
'*
7.00 ••
1
Total No. of hours, 162.00. ■
Note —These schedules are made up on sun time. Where standaid
time is used and it varies considerably from sun timC; the proper
deduction or addition must be made to all the times here given.
July 14, 1804.
THE ELECTF.ICAL WORLU.
29
Central Lighting and Power Stations of Chicago.
BY CHARLES DESMOND.
Chicago is about as well supplied with electric light and power as
any city in the United States, a great part of which is furnished
from central stations, the largest and most numerous of which are
owned and operated by the Chicago Edison Company, which has
six separate and distinct stations located in different parts of the
city. One of these stations has an annex which contains machinery
with a capacity' of 600 kilowatts, and another station now being built
is to be fitted with the latest improved machines with a total capac-
ity of 8, 000 kilowatts.
The Chicago Edison Company commenced business in 1886 with a
small station located in a basement and having but small capacity.
The service given and the rapidly increasing demand for light soon
compelled it to seek larger quarters and install more capacious
machines. The station on .Adams street, which is now known as
Station No. 1, was then erected and equipped with the best machines
for the purpose which could be procured.
The following named gentlemen are the present officers of the
by 18 inches, four Mcintosh & Seymour 18 J^ inches by 18 inches,
and two others of the same make 19 inches by 23 inches, aggregat-
ing about 5,500 h. p.
The engine room floor is supported on very heavy iron floor sills,
which are laid on the smoothed surface of substantial stone walls,
which, in turn, are supported by a solid foundation which is so firm
that scarcely a tremor is felt from the movement of the machines
when all the engines, and dynamos are in action. This part of the
design of this station is especially meritorious, as it is seldom that the
operation of so much machinery is carried on so quietly that no
noise or vibration is noticeable in adjoining rooms of the same
building. This is largely due to the fact that the engine room floor
does not touch and is not supported by the side walls.
Directly above the engines are the dynamos, 32 in number, each
engine driving two d^^namos, one from either fly-wheel, by the use
of double leather belts, which incline but a few degrees from the
vertical. This style of driving is found most suitable, as the dynamos
are run in pairs, on the three-wire system, but are so arranged that
any two machines can be operated together, cross-connections being
supplied and each machine equipped with reversing switch.
The dynamo plant consists of twenty No. 32 and twelve No. 60
Interior View, Chicago Edison Station.
company: Samuel Insull, president; F. S. Gorton, secretary and treas-
urer; G. H. Wilmerding, general superintendent; W. H. Anthony,
comptroller; W. L. Church, superintendent of low tension, and P.
L. Kelsch, superintendent of high tension systems; L. A. Furgeson,
electrical engineer; R, W. Francis, chief engineer.
Station No. 1 was erected in 1888 near the centre of the business
district, and was designed not only for the amount of business that
was apparent at the time, but with a knowledge that it would in-
crease considerably, and calculations were made accordingly. The
style of the building is ornamental, having an arched front, sup-
ported by Corinthian columns, and is built of red, pressed brick,
three stories high, with a capacious basement. The frontage is 44 feet,
with a depth of 200 feet. The front portion, which contains the
offices, store room and testing room, is 26 feet in depth. Back of
the offices, on the ground floor, is the engine room, 100 by 44 feet,
in which is very compactly installed 16 high-speed engines, consist-
ing of eight Amiington & Sims, four of which are 18;^ inches by
18 inches and four of 18 inches by 24 inches, two Ideals 18;^ inches
Edison machines, arranged in two rows, the centre line between
the rows being directly over the line of the crank shafts of the en-
gines; the engines being set so that the shafts are in line and each
alternate engine faces in the opposite direction.
The dynamo room, of the same size as the engine room, has a
verj' high ceiling, and the roof is composed almost entirely of heavy
plate glass, aflfording plenty of light during the day and ample Tenti-
lation at all times, so that the room is never uncomfortably warm — a
feature that is beneficial to the machines as well as to the attendants.
Ranged along one side of the room are the bus bars, to which the
machines are connected by heavy copper bars that lead from the
machines to the ceiling, then across to the wall and down to the
bars. The bus bars are 2'; inches by }-i inch, and are in multi-
ple to a capacity of 25,000 amperes, j^bove the bus bars are arranged
the feeders, supplied with the necessarj' ammeters and cut-outs,
which lead to the centres of distribution about the city, of which
there are 36 supplied from this station, some of them being located
as far as nine blocks, or more than a mile awaj-. The feeders, after
30
XHK KI^ECXR'CAU WORLJJ.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 2.
leaving the dynamo room, are of rubber covered and braided cable
to where they enter the subways, which are of the Edison type,
consisting of iron tubes containing tlie insulated wires embedded in
insulating composition, composed mainly of asphaltum. Each of tlie
))ipes contain two pressure wires in addition to the three wires of
that circuit, but tlie middle, or neutral, conductor is only one-third
the sectional area of the others, but is of sufficient size to carry the
load that would be thrown on it in case of a break down to one of
the other conductors. Each .set of pressure wires is fitted with in-
dicators, which are in plain sight at all times and marked with the
number of the circuit to which it belongs.
This station supplies current under low tension only, the voltage
at the generators being 240 with an average of 230 at the centres
of distribution.
.•\11 the feeders leave the station on the Adams street side at a
depth of eight f^et below the .surface, but soon rise to within twelve
inches of the pavement, being buried at a sufficient depth to escape
accidental injury while still being convenient for repairs.
The distribution boxes, which are of the usual Edison type, are
for all the requirements. The down-draught furnaces were put in
but a short time ago, a different kind having been previously in
use, but constant trouble with the city smoke inspectors made a
smokeless furnace necessary.
Coal storage is provided for on the third floor, above tlie boilers,
and has a capacity sufficient for a four days' supply. .A.t the present
time the consumption of fuel is at the rate of 110 tons per day of 24
hours, but this is less than the amount that was required during the
past winter. The coal is raised to the storage room by electric
elevators.
The heating of the building is by the use of exhaust steam, by
the Williams system, which provides circulation by pumping out
the returns.
City water is used for supplying the boilers, and is partly purified
before use by being passed through a 2,000-h. p. Baragwanath
heater, where the temperature is raised to about 210 degrees and a
portion of the mineral impurities precipitated before it enters the
boiler. This heater contains 2, 000 square feet of heating surface
and weighs 11.5 tons. It is the largest heater built by the Barag-
INTERIOR VlKW, CHIC,\Gt) ElHSON ST.VTIUN.
located at the street intersections, a few feet from the curb, in the
immediate vicinity of the buildings to which current is to be
supplied. In some cases the demand for current has been so great
that the carrying capacity of some of the circuits, owing to their
great length, has been overtaxed; but this difficulty has been over-
come by connecting a "boosting" circuit from another .station to
that particular centre of distribution, thus more nearly equalizing
the potential all around.
Ten Heine boilers are required for furnishing the steam for this
plant. These consist of four of 325 h. p. , one of 500 and five of 375
h. p. The boilers are located on two floors, five on each, and each
boiler is separately connected to the mains, so that any one can be
laid off when desired without interfering with the others. The
boiler rooms are each 74 by 44 feet. Two steam pipes, IS inches in
diameter, are arranged .so that either or both may be u.sed as the
conditions require, and an S-inch supply pipe connects with each
engine.
Ilavvley down-draught furnaces are used under all the boilers.
These are connected with a chimney ISO feet high, which i^ive a
draught equal to a pressure of three-quarters inch of water, ample
wanath Company. There is also a l,O00-li.p. Berrymati heater in
use in connection with the one described.
There are four boiler feed pumps of the Worthington duplex tpye.
each being 10 inches b^- 6 inches by 10 inches.
The engines are all ready for use at a moment's notice, being
kept hot by being open to the exhaust when not in use. This
precaution is absolutely necessary, for sometimes the load comes on
with amazing rapidity, requiring the utmost exertions of the attend-
ants for a few moments, as was the case one day latelv when the
load increased 8,000 amperes within ten minutes' time. Similar
large increases of load within a few minute are not uncommon
when thunderstorms are coming up, for then it gets quite dark.
Under the present management the service of this compau}' has
been all that could be desired, as there have been but very few
interruptions of service from any cause.
The average load of tliis station during the past winter was 9,000
amperes, supplied mostly to lamps, but the amount used for power
purposes has been considerable, as there are l..=;00 h. p. of motors
attached to the circuits. The motors are used for all conceivable
purposes, a number being employed for operating elevators, and
July 14, 1894.
THE EIvECTRICAL W^ORI^D.
31
many for driving machinery and hoisting. The maximum load was
19,000 amperes.
A complete set of records of all happenings to the plant is kept
in a most sj'stematic manner, and such "troubles" as do occur are
attended to without delay, the men for this purpose being on duty
or within call at all times, although their services are seldom called
for to attend anything of a serious nature. The worst difficulty
that has occurred for some time was a slight fire among the cables,
one afternoon some weeks ago, when some one without authority
turned in the fire alarm. The department responded with their
usual alacrity, and before it could be prevented deluged the cables,
makiug things lively for the station men, but not interrupting the
service except for a couple of hours. The bravery and energetic
actions of our fire departments are well known and commendable,
but their knowledge of electricity is not as great as is sometimes
desired.
An annex is connected with this station. It contains two Arming-
ton & Sims engines, each of 450 h. p., and four No. 60 Edison
dynamos, which are kept in continual service to help the main
plant. This annex was built in November, 1892, and the installa-
tion of the machinery called for the most careful and competent
engineering ability, as the only place that could be found for it
in that neighborhood was in a basement, just across the alley in
rear of the station.
To get the machines into this place required that a portion of the
foundation walls of the building be removed. The machines, taken
apart as far as was advisable, were first lowered to the tunnel, which
had been prepared for the 10-inch steam pipes from the boiler plant,
and then passed through on rollers to the position they now occupy.
This was a diflicult task, as the timnel was small, and the space
that could be utilized no mc^re , than required, but the task was
finally accomplished without accident.
This station has done good work during its time, but the locality
has outgrown its capacity, and it will be discontinued when the
new Harrison street station is finished, for the work can be done
more economicalh' in the new station with triple expansion engines
and latest improved devices than with the engines with which
this station is now equipped. The station bus bars are ready for
being connected to the 1J4 inch by S inch conductors which lead
underground and through the company's private tunnel under the
river to the Harrison street station, but as this station will not be
ready for some months, the old station will continue its accustomed
activity, and be held in reserve for some time.
An Electfically Cooked Banquet.
A banquet was tendered recently in London by Sir David Salo-
mons and the directors of an electric lighting company, in which
cents per kilowatt-hour, which is what that company intends to
charge for electricity for cooking purposes, makes the cost of the
heat four cents per person^for ten courses. The banquet is described
in detail b}' some of our English contemporaries.
Permeability of Steel.
BY MAX OSTERBERG AND MILBOURNE MUNROE.
The samples of steel whose magnetic properties are given in the
accompanying curves and tables were generously furnished by the
Bethlehem Iron Company, together with a complete chemical analy-
sis of each specimen. The samples are of regular commercial
grades, and formed part of the exhibit of this company at the Chi-
cago World's Fair.
The method followed in determining the magnetic properties was
that usually known as Hopkinson's. A large forging of the shape
and dimensions indicated in Fig. 1 was used, ser\-ing as a short-
circuiting device for the magnetic lines of force, so that only that
length of bar is considered which goes from 3/ to M of the block.
Fig. 1.
which in the present case was eight inches. The coils which ser\ed
as a primary had first 900, then 2,000 turns, while the current used
was varied from .07 to 6 amperes. The secondary, or exploring
coil, consisted of 90 turns of small wire wound on a spool of hard
rubber. The test pieces were cut in two and joined right at the
end of the exploring coil, so that when one part of the piece was
pulled away, the exploring coil, being attached to a spring, would
fly out. A d'Arsouval ballistic galvanometer, the complete period
of which was fifteen seconds, a reversing switch in the primary,
which served as an excellent device with which to bring the gal-
vanometer to rest, an ammeter and variable resistances formed the
rest of the apparatus.
The experiments were performed as follows: A steady current was
passed through the primarj', and then the movable piece was pulled
24000
T^
H.S.
"io ■
^^
^S-.
^_.,
^
--rr.-
:nrf5
1 --
19503
^
^-■
^'
....
,AOH
s^
-*=■-
O'
10V»
.-Kr-
- — •
^^
^^^
3=^
r-— rt
:»*
^K^
1
1G500
^;
^
^
^^
_^^^
.--
^
""^
Jb-'"^
240_
tL—
-^
-jA
'f^
__,.
^^
__-cr
"^
—-■
y'"^
^
^
«aQ
^.\
^^
^-
— ^
^--
-^
f
>
y^'^-
U"^
-0-'
"^
1',
^'
^^
^
^
—
9000
7500
1
i
/:
,'0
^^i
■^
^
1
-4^
'o/
/
/
1'
/
1/
/
3000
6
1
ac
everything was cooked by electricity; there were 120 guests, and
the number of kilowatt-hours used was 60, for cooking ten courses,
or one-half a kilowatt-hour per persou; this, at the cost of eight
out. The exploring coil necessarily cut all the lines of force in
flying out, thus generating a current which gave the galvanometer
needle a kick. The number of scale divisions multiplied by th§
32
THB KUKCXKICAL WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 2.
galvanometer constant, previousl)' determined, gave then the quan-
tity (Q) of electricity which was induced in the secondary. From
the theory of the ballaslic galvanometer,
10 g/i
where /t" = resistance of the secondary circuit;
Z^ number of turns of exploring cojl ;
* = flux.
Knowing * we can find /', for
4 TV NC 10"'
* =
/
_ 10 / g-
• '• '' ~ 4 TT NCs
where iVC= ampere turns in primary;
/ = length of test piece ;
s = cross-section test piece.
We can also find cR from 'l", for * -r- s = (P,
where (B = number of lines of force per sq. cm, or gausses;
(B " = (B X 6.45 = " " " " inch.
Finally we determine JC, for 3C = (B -i- Z'.
The following tables give the results of experiments:
A.. — BASIC OPEN HEARTH STEEL COMPOSITION.
M-ineaiiese* ' "
. .22
Plin'iiilinrii';
. . .008
. .032
. .053
Annealed, 10 S
Plai
n, 10
(B
/'
K.
&"
(B
H-
x:
&,"
I . . . . 9,110
1,052
8.67
58,760
11,466
937
124
73,956
i . . . . 11,498
929
12
74,162
13,883
362
38
89,546
.5 . . . . 14,626
197
74
94,338
14,721
238
r62
94,950
4 . . . . 15,993
129
llA
103,148
16. 114
130
124
103,935
S . . . . 17,852
72
248
115,145
17,943
72
249
115,733
6 . . . . 19,525
S3
369
126,007
19,616
51
384
136,533
7 . . . . 21,693
35
620
139,920
21.630
35
618
139,514
8 . . . . 22,592
30
753
145,718
22,506
30
750
145,104
Hardened and Annealed,
10 HS
Hardened, 10 H
(B
/'
3C
t&"
(B
/'
,1C
&"
1 . . . .11,219
1007
11
72,363
5.422
438
12
34,973
2 . . . 13,574
488
28
87,552
13,387
361
37
86,346
3 . . . . 14.689
237
62
94,744
15,000
20
74
96.750
4 . . . . 15,371
160
96
99,143
16.177
131
124
104,343
5 . . . . 16,052
115
139
103,535
18,253
74
247
117,733
1, . . . . 16,982
85
200
109.534
20,948
42
499
135.114
7 . . . . 21.631
42
515
139,520
22.066
36
613
143,336
8 . . . . 23.3»1
31
753
150,549
22.655
305
743
146.135
B.-
-ACID
)PEN HEARTH STEEL COMPOSITION .
Carbon
Silicon
. . .077
Annealed, 140 S
Plai
1, 140
iV,
/'
oc
&"
(B
/^
X
<&"
1 . . . . 4,401
395
11
28,386
3,946
319
12
35 453
2 . . . . 7,685
363
21
49,So8
8,863
339
37
57,166
3 . . . . 9,607
265
37
61, %S
10, 165
164
62
65.564
4 . . , . 11.403
128
89
73,549
13.078
106
133
84.353
? . . . . U.520
94
133
80,754
15,080
61
347
97,366
14.00,S
56
250
90,351
16.444
44
374
106,0<)4
7 . , . . 17,757
35
507
114.533
17.665
36
490
113,939
8 . . . . 18,904
31
610
121.931
20. 050
27
743
139,333
Hardened and Anne.iled, 140 ,X'.S
Harden
ed, 140JC
('^
/'
K
(B"
tB
/'
X
(B"
1 . . . . 7,996
323
25
51,574
2 . . . . 11,498
1,86
62
74,162
4,5,50
92
49
39.3+8
3 . . . . 13,203
107
124
85, 159
8.554
69
134
55,173
4 . . . . 14,972
60
250
%,569
11,6,82
47
249
75,349
5 . . . . 16,735
45
372
107,941
13,426
36
373
86,598
6 . . . . 17,807
36
495
114,855
15,000
30
502
97,137
7 . . . . 19,090
616
123 131
16,152
26
621
104.180
8 . . . . 20,2113
27
748
130,309
17,331
23
749
111.140
The curves in Fig. 2 represent only two different qualities of steel,
each of which was treated in four different ways. Seven
distinct curves were obtained, some entirely different at low
points of saturation and intersecting at somewhat higher points.
These two qualities furnish ample proof of the fact that all curves
used nowadays — that is, those to which the general public has
access — are almost useless. There is at least as large a difference in
different makes of wrought iron as in steel, and, therefore, to u.se
a conventional curve which happens to be found in textbooks is not
only very unscientific, but it is also misleading and inaccurate.
Prof. Kwing states: "At every stage the susceptibility and pennca-
bility aie less in steel than in iron, " but this is in practice by no
means the case. Of course, if a good quality of wrought iron is
compared with a poor quality of steel this will be true, but it is safe
to say that a great deal of the wrought iron used commerciallv is
less impure than the quality of steel ( No. 10) tested. In a paper
read at the Chicago meeting of the American Institute of Klectrical
Engineers by Messrs. Thompson, Knight and Bacon, a number of
ca.st steel curves are to be found which intersect the conventional
Hopkinson wrought iron curve and those of wrought iron .samples
tested by these gentlemen themselves. This phenomenon may be
due to the chemical constitution of the specimens tested, as the im-
purities in wrought iron are not as deleterious at lower saturations
as at high ones, while in steel the reverse might be true.
In the course of experimenting it was invariably found that, the
softer the steel, the more difficulties were encountered in getting
satisfactory results. A little heating at the end of the test pieces
would make quite a marked difference, while in the hard steel it
was comparatively easy to get good results. Mild steel is probably
more susceptible to magnetic influences, and anj- slight variation
might have considerable bearing. It might be said that mild steel
is in a kind of unstable equilibrium.
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculations. IX.
BY ALFRED E. WIENER.
b. — JRadia/iiig Siir/ace of Ring Arinalurcs.
In ring armatures the construction and mounting of the core may
be such that either one, two, three, or all four sides of the cross
section are in contact with the air, but in modem machines, almost
?1 1-
(.+3A.-
• t —
Fig. 20.
without exception, all four, or at least three, of the surfaces consti-
tuting the ring are radiating areas (Fig. 20).
In the first mentioned case (four sides) we have the formula;
Oa = 2 X rf" X rr X (/g -f «^ -f 4 X A„ ), (45)
and in the latter case (three sides):
C\ •= dl>^ ^ X i l^ + 2 h^ ) + 2 y. d"^ y. -r X ( t,^ 4- 2 h^ ) (46)
(^a ^ radiating surface of armature, in square inches;
(/a = external diameter of armature, in inches;
d'" = mean diameter of armature core, in inches;
/a = length of armature core, in inches;
4n = radial depth of armature core, in inches;
//a = height of winding space, in inches.
/S. — Specific Energy Loss. Rise of Armature Temperature.
While the amount of the consumed energy, IW , formula (42),
determines directly the quantity of heat generated in the armature,
the amount of heat liberated from it depends upon the size of its
radiating surface, upon its circumferential velocit}-, ami upon the
ratio of the pole area to the radiating surface.
The most important of these factors in the heat conduction from
an armature naturally is the size of the radiating surface, while the
speed and the ratio of polar embrace are of minor influence onlv;
and it is, therefore, the ratio of the energy- con.sumed in the arma-
ture to the size of the cooling surface, that is, the specific euergv
loss, which limits the proportion of heat generated to heat radiated,
and which consequently affords a measure for the degree of the
temperature increase of the annature.
A. H. and C. R. Tiinmermann,* of Cornell t'niversity, who made
the armature radiation the subject of their paper read before the
.•\mcrican Institute of lilectrical Kngineers, in May, 1893. from a
series of elaborate experiments drew the following conclusions:
(1.) An increa.se of the temperature of the armature causes an
increa.sed radiation of heat per degree rise in temperature, but the
ratio of increase diminishes .is the temperature increases, and an
increase of the amount of heat generated in the annature increases
the temperature of the armature, but less than proportionate'}-.
(2. ) As the peripheral velocity is increased, the amount of heat
liberated per degree rise in temperature is increased, but the rate of
increase becomes less with the higher speeds.
(3.) The effect of the field poles is to prevent the radiation of
heat; as the percentage of the polar embrace is increased, the
amount of heat radiated per degree rise' in temperature becomes less.
*.^. H. and C. E. Timraermanu, Transactions Am. Inst, of Elec. Eng., Vol.
X., p. 336. (1893.)
July 14, 1894.
XHE EIvECXRICAL WORI^D.
33
Combming these results with the data and tests of various d\iia-
mos, the author finds the following values given in Table XXX of
the temperature increase per unit of specific energy loss, that is, for
every watt of energy dissipated per square inch of radiating surface,
under various conditions of peripheral velocity and polar embrace:
TABLE
XXX.— SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN
ARMATURES.
Rise of temp, per unit of specific energy loss,
in degrees Centigrade, t-_
In Fig. 21 these temperatures are represented graphically ; Curves
I., II VII., corresponding to Columns 2, 3 ... 8, of Table
XXX. , respectively.
Multiplying this specific temperature increase b)' the respective
k-
FiG. 21 — Specific Temperature Increase in Armatures.
specific energy loss, the rise of temperature in any armature can be
found from:
JK (47)
Oa
where: /a = rise of temperature in armature, in degrees Centi-
grade;
Ta = specific temperature increase, or rise of armature tem-
perature, per unit of specific energy loss, from Table
XXX. or Fig. 19;
Wa. = total energy consumed in armature, in watts, formula
(41);
Oa ^ radiating surface of armature, in square inches, from
formula (44), (45) or (46) respectively;
Oa
= specific energy loss, i. e. , watts energy loss per square
inch of radiating surface.
Empirical Formula for Heating of Drum Ariitatitrcs.
From te.sts made with drum armatures, Ernst Schulzf derived an
empirical formula, which, when translated into our symbols and
units, becomes:
(Bj X /"x 7VX ,1/ (48)
.00045 X
Oa
/a = rise of armature temperature, in degrees Centigrade ;
t Ernst Schulz, " Elektrolechn. Zeiischr.,'' Vol. XIV. , p. 367 (June 30, 1893).
'• The Electrical World," Vol. XXII, p. 118 (Aug. 12, 1893).
9>a. = magnetic density in armature body, in lines per square inch;
P^ number of pairs of magnet poles;
N = Number of revolutions per minute;
j1/ = mass of iron in armature core, in cubic feet;
Oa. = armature surface, in square inches. (In his calculations, Mr.
Schulz, for convenience, takes the external surface of the
cylindrical part, rf^T x /^ + ^l_q — , instead of the radiating
surface proper, formula (44), but no fault arises from this, as
the constant takes care of the difference. )
The numerical factor depends upon the units chosen, upon the
ventilation of the armature, upon the quality of the iron, and upon
the thickness of the lamination, and consequently varies consider-
ably in different machines. For this reason, it is advisable not to
use formula (48). except in case of calculating an annature of an
existing tj-pe for which this constant is known by experiment. In
the latter case, Schulz 's formula, although not as exact, is even
more convenient than the direct equation (47), which necessitates
the separate calculation of the energy losses, w-hile (48) contains
the factors determining these losses, and therefore will give the
result quicker, provided that the numerical factor has been previ-
ously determined from similar machines. For various drum arma-
tures experimented upon by Mr. Schulz, the constant variecf between
.0003 and .0005, and averaged about .00045.
/p. Circumferential Current Density of Armature.
An excellent check on the heat calculation of the armature, and
in most cases all that is really necessary for an examination of its
electrical qualities, is the computation of the circumferential current
density of the armature. This is the sum of the currents flowing
through a number of active armature conductors corresponding to
unit length of core-periphery, and is found by dividing the total
number of amperes all around the armature by the body circumfer-
ence:
f= .-^^ 149)
y^Circumferential current density, in amperes per inch length
of core-periphery ;
A'^Total number of armature conductors, all around periphery ;
C=Total current generated in armature, in amperes ;
2/'=Number of electrically parallel armature portions (number
of poles) ;
C
^p=^ Current flowing through each conductor, in amperes;
A'X — =1 Total number of amperes all around armature; this
quantity is called "Volume of the armature current,"
by W. B. Essou, and " circumilux of the armature,"
by Silvanus P. Thompson ;
da = diameter of armature-body, in inches; in case of a toothed
armature, on account of the considerably greater winding depth,
the external diameter, d,i ", is to be taken instead of </<,, in order
to bring toothed and smooth armatures to about the same basis; for
a similar reason, for an inner-pole dynamo, the mean diameter,
da '", should be substituted for da •
By comparing the values of J found from (49); with the average
given in the following Table XXXI, the rise of the armature tem-
perature can be approximately determined, and thus a measure for
the electrical quality of the armature be gained. The quality of the
proportion between the armature winding and the dimensions of
the core is indicated by tlie amount of increase of the armature
temperature. If the latter is too high, it can be concluded that the
winding is proportioned excessively, and either should be reduced
or divided over a larger armature surface.
TABLE XXXL— RISE OF ARM.\TURE TEMPER-\TURE,
CORRESPONDING TO VARIOUS CIRCUMFERENTIAL
CURRENT DENSITIES.
circumferential
Current
Density.
Rise of Armature Temperature.
High-speed (belt-driven)
Slow-speed (direct-driven)
dynamos.
dynamos.
15° to 25°C
10° to ao°c
20 •■ 35
15 •• 25
30 " SO
20 " 35
40 " 60
25 •• 40
50 " 70
30 " 45
60 " SO
35 " so
70 " 90
40 ■' 60
80 •' 100
SO " 70
34
THE ELBCXRICAIv \VORLI3.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 2.
The diflereuce in the temperature-rise at same circumferential
current density for high speed and low speed dynamos ( Columns 2
and 3 respectively, of the above table J is due to the fact that, other
conditions being equal, in a slow speed machine less energy is
absorbed by hysteresis and eddy currents; that, consequently, less
total heat is generated in the armature, and, therefore, more cooling
surface is available for the radiation of every degree of heat
generated.
20- Load Limit and Maximum Safe Output of Armatures.
From Table XXXI also follows that, according to the temperature
increase desired, the load carried by an armature varies between SO
and 800 amperes per inch of circumference, or between about ISO
and 2,500 amperes per inch of annature diameter. As a limiting
value for safe working, Esson* gives 1,000 amperes per inch diame-
ter for ring annatures, and 1,500 amperes for dnin.si. Kappt
allows 2,000 amperes diametral current density for diameters over 12
inches as a safe load.
Taking 1,900 amperes per inch diameter (= 600 amperes per inch
circumference) as the average limiting value of the armature-load,
corresponding to a temperature rise of about 70 to 80 degrees Centi-
grade (see Table XXXI), we have:
A'X^-^=1,900 X rf„, (50)
and since, for the output of a dynamo we can write (see Part
II., chap. 1.)
Economical Steam Engines and Wasteful Boilers.
IV=EX C =
KX ^X N
X C,
(51)
/■xio'xeo
in which
lj^= The output of dynamo, in watts ;
£ = Total E. M. F., generated in armature, in volts ;
C = Total current, " " " " amperes;
K = Number of armature conductors ;
* ^ Number of useful lines of force ;
/\/ = Speed in revolutions per minute ;
P z= Half number of parallel armature-circuits (number of
pairs of poles) ;
We obtain for the limit of the output, by inserting (50) into
(51):
1,900 X (/a X * X A' 63 X (/a X * X A^
W =
(52)
10» X 30 10*
But the useful flux, *, is the product of gap area and field-density,
or
^_ daX^ d'.Xt., XX,
2 ^
and, consequently, (52) becomes
JK= 63 XdaX ^^ X P' X taX XXN
(S3)
10*
= dlx taX ?' X X X A^ X 10*;
W=^ Maximal safe output of armature, in watts ;
da = Diameter of armature core, in inches ;
la = Length " " ■ "
/3 = Percentage of useful gap-circumference ; to be taken some-
what higher than percentage of polar arc, to allow for
circumferential spread of the lines of force, see table
XXXII.
3C = Field density, in lines of force per square inch :
A^ = Speed in revs, per minute.
Average values for ji' taken from practice, are given in the
following table :
TABLE XXXII.— PERCENTAGE OF EFFECTIVE GAP CIR-
CUMFERENCE FOR VARIOUS RATIOS OF POLAR ARC.
Percentage of Effective Gap Circumference.
Percentage
of
/?'
li
2 poles.
4 to 6 poles.
8 to 13 poles.
14 to 30 poles.
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.95
.98
.97
.965;
.%
.90
.%
.94
.93
.92
.85
.94
.905
.89
.88
.80
.91
.87
.85
.84
.75
.88
.835
.81Sj
.80
.70
.85-
.80
.78
.76
.65
.82
.765
.74
.72
.60
.78
.73
.70
.68
.55
.74
.69
.665;
.64
.50
.70
.65
.625
.60
{To be Continued.)
* Esson, Journal I. E. E. XX. p. 142. (1890.)
t Kapp, S. P. Thompson*s Dynamo Electric Machinery, 4th Ed. p. 439.
According to Mr. Rosenthal, one of the speakers in the discus-
sion on Mr. Crompton's recent paper, says the London Electrical
Review, Lancashire boilers in Lancashire factories only give an ev-
aporation of 6 to 7 lbs. per pound of coal. Now the ordinary Lan-
cashire factory, with compound steam engines, secures a horse power
hour for 134" lbs. of coal, from which it follows that compound engines
use only 10 J^ to 12 lbs. of steam per horse power hour. If, therefore,
Mr. Rosenthal be correct, it would be found possible, by the exer-
cise of that "great skill and unwearying attention" spoken of by
Mr. Cronipton, to get 1 horse power hour from only about 6 lbs. of
steam. Mr. Rosenthal shouldmake further inquiries into the prac-
tice of the ordinary co-operative concerns in coal consumption, for
his figures won't stand criticism. He also make thefurther error of
classing Lancashire water-tube and ordinary tubular boilers on the
same plane, as regards smoke prevention. Now there is absolutely
no similitude whatever. The water-tube boiler resembles the upright
boiler in these respects,for in both the flames and gases from the fur-
nace rise vertically from the fire surface, whereas in the Lancashire,
the marine, the underfired,and similar furnaces the gases sweep along
the fire surface and mingle at one common area over the bridge,
and it is just this important difference that non-experts entirely
overtook. Take, for example, the locomotive boiler without a brick
arch, and where can there be found a boiler that produces smoke so
freely? The furnace is of the same class as that of the vertical or
water-tube boiler. Add the brick arch, and at once there is intro-
duced an entirely different regime, for the brick arch gives m effect
the common commingling point of the flue boiler, and smokeless-
ness results.
In Broadbent's modification of the vertical boiler, an immense
improvement is effected as regards smoke, simply because the above
principle is carried into effect. The Lancashire and marine boilers
are correct in form for smoke prevention, but they are wrong in
material, for they have water-cooled combustion boxes. The ideal
boiler, so far as we can read the results of practice, is one with the
whole, or a great part, of its furnace lined with firebrick, and with
Serve ribbed tubes beyond the flaming point. Experience alone
could decide how far to carry the brick lining, but from the fact
that even now. with care, Lancashire boilers are smokeless, it is
only a matter of adding a margin to cover the mistakes of the fire-
man. If makers of water-tube boilers could divorce their minds
from the vulgar error that a furnace must be hugged by cold sur-
faces, and would redesign their boilers on sounder lines, they would
probably beat the Lancashire boiler at all points except that of
steady steaming, which they could only secure by adding to their
water capacity, and the power to use dirtj- wate'r, when this is com-
pulsory. Unless they do this, they will continue to demand costly
smokeless fuel, which is of all fuels most distant from the majority
of the power-using centers of this country.
It will be noted that, while Mr. Crompton has said much on the
subject of forcing boilers, he has, even in his corrected reply, not
given a single figure bearing upon the rate of fuel combustion per
foot of grate. Vague generalities about doing 50 per cent, beyond
its normal power tell nothing. The normal horse power of a Bab-
cock boiler is based on 30 llis. of steam per horse power hour; put
such a boiler to drive a 15-lb. engine, and at once it is doing 100
per cent, beyond its normal.
It is simply begging the question to omit the amount and rate of
coal consumption when bragging about results in forcing a boiler.
Rated horse power is simph- a later form of the old nominal horse
power — utterl)- valueless. Of what possible good can it be to talk
in one breath of a boiler horse power which means 30 lbs. steam
and a Willans, Sulzer or other modern engine horse power which
means 12 lbs. of steam, more or less.
We had hoped that the nominal horse was a dead one, and little to
be expected at a meeting of electrical engineers. It is to be
regretted that Mr. Crompton in his reply adheres to the statement
that an economizer can cover a stoker's mistakes. The idea is as
mischievous in practice as it is erroneous in conception. Never
miud, we are told in effect, how cold you allow the furnaces to
become, so long as you have an economizer to take the heat up — to
absorb heat never generated! When the stoker is firing badly, he
is wasting no heat to the economizer — he is not producing any heat
to waste. How, then, can the economizer pick up what has not
been dropped? Bad firing is bad for every class of boiler, and
equally so for the feed heater, and Mr. Crompton's ideas on this
question are entirely opposed to all known physical facts, and it
would be interesting to have him explain how he arrives at his con-
clusions.
JfLY 14, 1804.
THE ELECTRICAL V^ORLD.
35
Y\U^^T"<J'^t:.^
ELECTRO-PHYSICS.
A New Phenomenon. — In a paper by Mr. Lehmann in "Wied. Ann.,"
vol. 52, No. 7, a translation of which is given in the Lond. " Elee.,"
June 22, he describes the following phenomenon ; if a 70 volt current is
passed through an aqueous solution of Congo red, a sharply marked halo
is formed around both electrodes, having a blue color at the anode ?nd
"somewhat paler (red?) than the rest of the solution" at the cathode,
but divided from it by a dark boundary ; the two halos extend rapidly
and finally meet in the middle, at which moment a dark blue pigment
is precipitated at that point on the side toward the anode, while toward
the cathode the solution becomes colorless; at the same time the liquid
shows great disturbance where the dark blue and the colorless strata
meet, while the rest remains perfectly quiet ; the experiment is more con-
veniently made by thickening the solution with gelatine, sugar or
glycerine. He describes the nature of the phenomenon as follows : the
dissociated molecules appearing at the electrodes are given charges of
the same sign by contact with them, and approach each other along the
lines of force until they encounter molecules with which they combine
chemically. The examination of a large number of other solutions gives
precisely corresponding results, sometimes with very interesting details,
among them being gelatinous aqueous solutions of marine blue, saffranin,
chrysoidin, etc. Whether colorless solutions also show the phenomenon,
it is difficult to say, since the migration of the halos is only indicated by
the formation of color, not by the formation of stripes. If the solution
contains fine dust particles, a jerky motion of these is often observed
where the edge of such a halo passes a particle. By filling a liquid with
numerous small particles, the migration of the halos may be observed
by means of changes in their density of distribution with nearly the same
ease, commercial liquid India ink being especially suited for this purpose,
if thickened with sugar or glycerine.
Hertzian Waves. — In connection with the subject mentioned in the
Digest, June 30, under "Causes of Short Circuits," the Compiler has
received a communication from Prof. Elihu Thomson, in which he states
that as early as 1877, while working with a Ruhmkorff induction coil,
one terminal of which was grounded and the other attached to an insu-
lated metallic body, he and Prof. Houston noticed that when sparks were
passing between the terminals of the coil, it was possible to obtain
minute sparks from all the metallic bodies in the immediate neighbor-
hood in the same room, and that delicate sparks could be obtained
between small pieces of metal held in the hand near metallic bodies in
any part of the building, even though the pieces were not grounded ;
these, he said, could only have been Hertzian effects. In connection
with Prof. Lodge's coherer (see Digest July 7). Prof. Thomson relates
the case of an electro-plater who found that he could not conduct his
silver plating operations during thunder storms ; it was found that he
had considerable excess of batterj- power, and that his connections
included a number of bad contacts of high resistance ; under these cir-
cumstances a flash of lightning would cause coherence at the bad contacts,
thus increasing the conductivity so as to cause an excess of flow of cur-
rent. He suggests the use of Dr. Lodge's instrument in the study of
waves propagated during thunder storms, about which practically very
little knowledge exists.
M'ork of //tv7r.— Prof. Lodge's lecture is concluded in the Lond.
."Elec," June 22; he gives some interesting experiments with his coherer
(see Digest last week) and describes some optical and other experiments.
Electrostatic Rotation in Rarified Gases.— K translation of a paper by
Mr. Arno is published in the Lond. "Elec." and "Elec. Rev.," June 22;
he uses a small miUwheel made of four verj- delicate brass vanes,
mounted in a glass bulb containing very highly rarified air; by using a
completely metallic mill-wheel, he was sure of eliminating all direct
action of the rotating field upon the %'anes of the wheel and of ascertain-
ing the new effects due to the presence of the rarified gases; this appa-
ratus is introduced between two pairs of couper strips arranged like a
cylinder around this bulb cut longitudinally int" four pieces; the brass
vanes then commence to rotate in the same direction as the field itself ;
with an alternating current of a frequency of 40, a distance [of 15[cm.
between the strips, and a difference of potential of 7,500 volts, the
intensity of the field was 1.67 C. G. S. electrostatic units, and the metallic
wheel acquired a velocity of 50 turns per minute. Experiments showed
that in the open air no such rotation will take place even iu very intense
fields, and that the cause of the phenomenon must therefore be looked
for in the forces developed inside of the bulb, which are indirectly
excited by a special action exercised by the rotating field upon the rare-
fied gases.
MAGNETISM.
Magnetization of Iron. — A Royal Society paper by Messrs. Hopkinson
& Wilson is abstracted very briefly in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June
2 ; the object was to investigate the effects of the electric currents induced
in the iron in delaying the reversal of the magnetism in the centre of
the core when the magnetizing current is reversed; the solid cylindrical
magnet had a diameter of four inches and formed a closed magnetic cir-
cuit; exploring coils of fine wire were embedded in the iron, and the cur-
rents in the coils were observed when the main current was reversed,
these currents in some cases lasted over half a minute , in cylinders of
dift'erent diameters similar events occur, but at times proportional to the
squares of the diameters of the cylinders; some conclusions are drawn
regarding the effects of local currents in the cores of transformers and
armatures, but they are not given in the abstract.
Simple^Eqiiation for Magnetic Resistance. — A paper by Mr. Joubin is
mentioned briefly in the Lond. "Elec," June 22; he transforms Van der
Waal's well known formula for the density and pressure of gas into cor-
responding quantities in magnetic terminology and arrives at Froelich's
formula ; as there is an abrupt change in the curve for a fluid when the
vapor tension becomes zero and a change of state occurs, so there is an
abrupt change in the magnetic curve at saturation, and it is the intention
of the author to investigate this point in order to obtain, if possible, a
simple fundamental equation for the magnetic resistance.
Intense Magnetic Field. — The magnet for producing the most intense
field that has been generated, mentioned in the Digest June 30, is illus-
trated in "L'Ind. Elec," June 10.
UNITS, MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS.
Finding Faults in Coils.— X\ie following method is described by Mr.
Campbell in the Lond. "Elec," June 22; it applies more particularly when
the fault between some unknown part of the coil and its bobbin has a
variable resistance. A high resistance galvanometer is connected with
the bobbin, and with first one and then the other of the free ends of the
coil another coil is wound aiound the coil to be tested and is used as a
primarj' through which a battery current is made to pass, the faulty coil
acting as the secondary ; the throw of the galvanometer is observed first
for one terminal and then for the other, the number of turns up to the
fault is then proportional to these two deflections, from which the fault
is then localized. If the resistance of the fault is variable the galva-
nometer resistance ought to be high as compared with it: a ballistic gal-
vanometer should be used if possible ; if not sensitive enough, an iron core
should be inserted and should preferably be laminated ; this will also
make the method more accurate ; the primary coil may then be wound
around the iron core instead of around the coil, the iron circuit being
completed ; an alternating current maj- also be used. A rough test may
be made by placing a compass needle at the centre of the coil and noting
the deflections when a battel y is connected, first between the bobbin and
one end of the coil and then between the bobbin and the other end.
Grassot Meter.— An illustrated description is given in "L'Ind. E'ec,"
June 10, a translation of which, together with the illu.strations, is given
in the Lond. "Elec. Eng. ," June 15. It is extremely simple but appears
to be intended only for small powers. A vertical silver wire, accurately
calibrated in diameter, has its lower end resting on a glass plate, the end
being immersed in a solution of nitrate of silver; a plate in the solution
forms the other electrode ; as the current passes, the end of the wire is
consumed and a weight attached to the wire forces it down as fast as con-
36
THE ELECXRICAI^ WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 2.
sumcd; a simple regristering device operated by the descending wire
indicates the current consumed in ampere-hours. The working potential
is obtained by inserting a resistance in the lighting circuit which, for a
meter of a maximum of three amperes, is equal to 0.4 ohm; a high
resistance, in this case 2,750 ohms, is placed in scries with the silver
wiie, and as this forms the greater part of the resistance, the ratio of the
currents may be taken as equal to that of these resistances; the error in
this meter is 6 per cent, for 0.5 amperes, 2 per cent, for 1.5 amperes and
for 3 amperes; these meters can be used in installations of from 1 to
6 lamps and their cost is quite small.
Bolnmelet.—Thi: Edelmann bolometer is described and illustrated in the
Lond. "Elec. Rev., " June 22 ; four thin blackened iron wires are stretched
between suitable contact blocks, forming the four arms of a Wheatstone
bridge, a resistance being inserted to bring about the balance; a differ-
ence of temperature of 0.0001° C. between two of the wires will give a
deflection of 20 mm. at one meter, with a current of 0.25 ampere in the
main circuit.
Lippmann Electrometer.— Mr. Bouty, in a paper read before the French
Academy of Sciences, abstracted in "I/Ind. Elec." June 10, stated that
the initial capacity of mercury is 140 microfarads per square centimetre
after it has been in contact for some time with acidulated water, and that
it decreases from that value to 28.
Spark Photographing.— An instrument for photographing falling
bodies, or the splash of a drop, for instance, is briefly described and
illustrated in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June 22.
DYNAMOS AND MOTORS.
Dynamos for Charging Accumulators. — In an article by Mr. Rech-
niewski in"L'Elec.," June 16, a translation of which together with the
illustrations is given in the Lond. "Elec. Eng.," June 22. he describes
an interesting improvement in the construction of such machines. When
a dynamo is to be used for charging accumulators during the day and for
direct lighting at night, it should run properly at, say, 110 volts for small
loads, direct lighting, 120 volts for full load, direct lighting, and 170 volts
for charging accumulators; to comply with these conditions and have the
machine run in a stable manner and without sparking, is difficult; it
constructed for 170 volts it will be unstable if run at 110 volts, that is,
for the slightest variation in the velocity or in the output, the voltage
will vary considerably ; if constructed for 110 volts it is almost impos-
sible to run without sparking at a higher voltage ; the result could be
accomplished by changing the speed, but this is impracticable; it could
be accomplished by separate excitation from the accumulators but it will
be difficult in that case to run without sparking. Referring to the adjoin-
ing figure, the tangent of the angle B O B is proportional to the resist-
y
Volts
1
1 G
D
L •
'
/
' y^
/
I'll
/c/
// /
/ /
//
Y 1 *
/
d'
b'
Dynamos for Charging Accumulators.
ance of the exciting circuit; this can be varied with a rheostat under the
conditions that the angle is smaller than that .of the tangent T O to the
curve at the origin, for if larger, the machine will not be stable; for this
reason the excitation cannot be reduced below the point A and preferably
not below the point C ; as heating would occur above an excitation of
11,000 ampere turns corresponding to 130 volts, this machine has a range
of only 30 volts; if, however, from the point C the characteristic can be
changed to the dotted line, a range of 50 volts can be obtained without
too much heat ; this is aoomplished by using very small teeth on the
armature, so small that they are not saturated at 100 volts, while the field
and armature are then still far from saturation ; the saturating of the teeth
gives the first part of the characteristic, after which the teeth will act as
an air space and the characteristic will again become nearly straight, but
with a different inclination; the same principle caij be applied to over-
compounded dynamos.
Synchronous Alternating Current Motor. — A paper by Piof. Ferraris
is abstracted in "L'Ind. Elec," June 10; it is theoretical in character and
leads to a new possible combination resulting in a synchronous alter-
nating motor with an alternating field, the possibilities of which have as
yet not been pointed out by any one ; the theory is promised in a subse-
quent article. In a simple alteniating current motor with a constant field,
imagine that the field in which the armature turns, instead of being con-
stant is altcinatiiig, and has the same frequency as the current traversing
the armature ; it is easily shown that in this case the machine can act as
a dynamo, or as a synchronous motor, the armature revolving at an angu-
lar velocity equal to double the frequency ; it is thus possible to con-
struct a synchronous alternating motor with an alternating field; such a
motor may be started by using temporarily a di-phasc current until
synchronous speed is obtained, by means similar to those suggested by
Mr. Brown.
A translation from the Italian of an article by Mr. Arno is published
in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June 22; he gives a very complete table of
13 columns of data, the results of 14 tests of a 15 h. p. single phase
synchronous motor of the Brown type, for 150 volts, 800 revolutions, 40
periods and weighing 1200 lbs. ; curves for some of the principal measure-
ments are also given ; the first test was when the motor was at rest, thus
giving the starting torque, the second when it was running at full speed
but unloaded, and the others when loaded up to full load; the results do
not admit of being abstracted; when delivering 0.78 h. p. the efficiency
was 0.49 and when it gave 15.47 h. p. the efficiency was 0.82; the high-
est efficiency, 0.88, was obtained when running at 9 to 14 effective h. p. ;
the force on the lever arm of the brake while at rest is about 1-7 that
when it ran at its normal load.
See also abstract under "Diphase Transmission of Power."
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTS.
Gas vs. Electricity. — In an inaugural address bv the president of a Gas
Institute, published in the Lond. "Elec. Eng.," June 22, an argument is
given in favor of using gas and it is claimed that light from gas can be
produced from 3 to 3'/i percent, cheaper than the price for which the
equivalent electric light can be sold so as to produce the same profit that
is being derived from the manufacture of gas.
The same journal contains the first part of a paper by Mr. Chew, read
before a gas institute, which is very elementary in character and argues
in favor of gas for the city of Blackpool. See also abstract under "Elec-
tric Light from Gas Engines."
Incandescent Gas Burners. — A report from the German by Mr. Muer-
chall is referred to editorially in the Lond. "Elec," June 22; his expe-
rience is based on 37 to 471 burners; he thinks the mantels are strong
enough to withstand the natural shocks ; 60 c. p. can be obtained from
3.5 cu. ft. of gas per hour; the chimneys^ costing 6 cts. , have to be re-
newed about every 600 hours, and the mantles, costing 6 cts., every 500
hours, during which time they lose 4 per ctnt. in candle-power.
TRANSMISSION OF POWER.
Diphase Transmission of Power. — A very full description, together
with a large number of illustrations, of a plant at the Decizee collieries
in France is given in "L'Ind. Elec," June 10; a brief abstract is given
in the Lond. "Elec. " and Lond. "Elec. Eng., " June 22, but without illus-
trations. The generating station is over three miles from one of the
extreme points and almost two miles from the other, and has a capacity
ot 200 kilowatts, the generators consisting of a sort of twin alternator;
the current is transmitted almost entirely on overhead wires. The motors
have the stationary parts like the dynamos of the same power, but with
double the number of poles; for thos; of 30 h. p., the illustrations of
which are given, the number of poles is 16, that is, 8 for each circuit
connected in series ; the induction in the cores is 4. 5 kilogausses ; ihe cur-
rents create a rotating field of a velocity of 630 revolutions per minute ;
the moving armature has a hollow cylinder as core, carrying tangential
coils in grooves; for normal running the armature is short-circuited; for
starting, the two currents are led out through sliding contacts to two
resistances, consisting of metallic plates immersed in a solution of sul-
phate of copper. When not loaded the speed is only 1 per cent, below that
of synchronism, for half the charge it is 2.5 per cent, and for full charge
from 5 to 6 per cent. ; the induced currents in the armature represent almost
the entire work corresponding to this loss of velocity; the efficiency is
80 per cent, at half charge and 88 per cent, at full charge; the motors
require attention only once in 6 or 8 hours.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
Gas Power Traction. — The Lond. "Elec," June 22, refers editorially
to recent experiments in Croydon. The car contains three cylindrical gas
holders with a sufficient supply for an 8-mile run ; the car is 18 ft. long,
and weighs, with machinery, 5!j tons; an Otto motor, constructed spe-
cially for tramway work with slow and quick speed, is used; the ignition
is effected electrically', and a condenser is used ; an 8 h. p. gas engine at
the station compresses the gas taken from the city mains into the cylin-
ders, this power being sufficient for 5 cars ; the pressure in the cylinders
is about 20 lbs. per sq. in. at starting, and the cost of the gas is said to be
2 cts. per mile, run with a fully loaded car. It is thought that the capi-
tal per horse-power is relatively greater than for electric traction, and that
the starting effort is more disadvantageous for gas motors than for elec-
tric motors; also that the <-ooling of the cylinders must involve some
difiicultici.
Tramuays in Germany.— An itemized estimate of costs of a small
horse car line and an electric line in Germany is gi^'en in the Lond.
"Elec," June 22; the total cost of the former is about $37,000 for a
length of about 8 miles, and the co«t of operation 5.44 cts. per car mile;
while for the latter the figures are about $56,000 and 3.44 cts.
Hamburg Tramway. — .\n illustrated description of this road, equipped
by the Thomson-Houston Company, is published in the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," June 22.
Lyons. — The illustrated description of this trolley line is concluded in
"L'Elec," June 9 and 16; a number of details are illustrated.
July 14, 1894.
THE EIvECTRICAIv WORLD.
37
CENTRAL STATIONS, PLANTS, SYSTEMS AND APPLLA.NCES.
Elect ric Light Gas Engines. — In an article by Mr. de Segundo, in the
Lond. "Elec. Rev.," Jnne 22, he shows the great economy in using gas
engines for generating current for lighting, giving all the details in his
estimates, and making due allowance for all losses; he finds that 33.3 cu.
ft. of g« correspond to the production of one kilowatt-hour, which, how-
ever, is not likely to be realized continuallj' in practice ; on the basis of
2.5 watts per candle of an incandescent lamp, he shows that 1,000 cu. ft.
consumed per hour in a gas engine corresponds to 10,000 candle -hours,
while if burnt in a gas burner at the rate of 5 cu. ft. per hour, per 16 can-
dles, it will yield only 3,200 candle-power-hours, thus show-ing a very
considerably greater efficiency in the transformation of gas into light by
means of gas engines. He quotes at some length from an article by Mr.
Bourquien, published in "La Lum. Elec," Jan. 13-20 (see Digest, Feb.
10, 17, and March 3) on the basis of 18 cu. ft. per brake h. p. per hour^in
large engines, he obtains 13,200 candle-hours electrically and 3,200 when
burned in burners, showing a ratio of 4.125, from which he concludes
that it is not unreasonable to say that it is practically possible to get four
times the illuminaiion per cubic foot from a gas engine, and using it for
electric lights ; he shows that in a very large station the saving in fuel
would be nearly 200 tons of coal per annum. A similar comparison is
made between arc lamps and high candle-power gas burners; for the
former he assumes one watt per effective caudle, and for the latter 6. 71
candles per cu. ft. per hour in the Wenham gas burner, in which case
also a very marked economy is shown in favor of the arc lamps. In
referring to the article by Mr. Bourquin, he mentions the equation from
which the equivalent number of arc and Wenham lamps for equal total
cost can be calculated ; he works out some figures and shows that, for
instance, if a building requires more light than from 24 Wenham lamps
of 130 candle-power each, it is cheaper to put down a gas engine plant
and run arc lamps, than to use eas lamps, a result which he thinks should
be accepted with much reserve, as the limit of candle-power, he thinks,
is too low.
The Lond. "Elec. Eng. ," June 22, contains a translaHon of an article
by Mr. Wizt, given somewhat more fully in "L'Ind. Elec," June 10,
on the price of energy supplied by gas engines ; with gas at three cents
per cu. m. the annual price of 150,000 lamp-hours, with 15 c. p. lamps,
is 1.06 cents pei hectowatt-hour, for 450,000 it is .836 cent and for 1,500,-
000 it is .704 cent; these figures are based on balance sheets, in which
provision has been made for interest and redemption at IS per cent., but
without allowing any profit ; the expenses, however, are reduced, because
the leads are short, it being proposed to erect stations consisting of a
dynamo and a gas engine in the immediate neighborhood of a small col-
lection of houses; for a group of 1,000 lamps requiring 65 kilowatts, he
gives the detailed estimate of the cost of installation and the cost of run-
ning for a total of 97,500 kilowatt-hours, the results being an initial cost
of $13 per lamp and 7 cents as the cost per kilowatt-houror 0.5 cent per
16 c p lamp-hour.
Re/itse Destrttctors. — In an editorial in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June
22, a paper by Mr. Baker is referred to; from his experiments he con-
cludes that one pound of "breeze" sifted from the Paddington refuse will
evaporate 21 M lbs. of water; the average consumption was six tons of
breeze and one ton of coal, costing $10.50, which did the work of three
tons of coal costing $15.75; he places no reliance on refuse used alone,
nor does he favor its use unsifted ; in order to obtain a red heat temper-
ature he introduces an additional furnace burning some high class fuel ;
of q^total of 100 tons of refuse, 70 disappeared in the furnace, Being prob-
ably mostly water.
In a communication to the Lond. "Elec. Eng.," June 22, by Mr. Sil-
cock, it is concluded that however successful the system of storage of
power may be, there is not even sufficient power in the refuse of a town
for public lighting alone, without considering the question of private
lighting; a few figures are given to prove this.
Centra! Stations in Germany. — "L'Ind. Elec," June 10, publishes
at some length, including large double page tables, the results given in
the German articles referred to in the Digest, June 2, 16 and 23.
Brussels. — A description of this station, with a few illustrations, is
begun in "L'Elec. , " June 16.
Glasgmc: — The discussion of Mi. Arnot's paper on this station is given
in the Lond. "E'ec. Eng.," June 22.
WIRES, WIRING AND CONDUITS.
Cable for Ships.— KX. the Royal Society Exhibition Mr. Wimshurst
showed a swivel for avoiding the kinks in cables attached to lightships ;
it consists essentially of two coils which are capable of turning on a com-
mon axis, mechanically connected but electrically disconnected, by mean^
of which the current is transmitted over the swivel joint by induction.
TELEGRAPHY, TELEPHONY AND SIGNALS.
Duplex. — Another communication in the discussion which has been
going on in the Lond. "Elec. Rev." is published in the issue of June 22.
Telegraph belzveen India and Europe. — A short article on the reduced
rate of such telegraph is published in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June 22.
Pacific Cable. — .Several other letters are published in the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," June 15. The Lond. "Elec. Eng.," June 22. containsan editorial
on this subject.
ELECTRO-CHEMLSTRV.
Primary Battery for Lighting. — The Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June 22,
mentions but does not describe a new battery which has been used with
some success in England; it is called the "Fulgur" and i^ an improved
form of Daniel's cell ; the chief improvement in the cell is in the septum,
which consist of a preparation of cork somewhat resembling a certain
floor cloth ; the installation consisted of 50 lamps of 10 c p. A storage bat-
tery is used and is divided into six sets, which are charged four hours at
a time, one after the other in succession, once in 24 hours, the connections
being made by an automatic switch operated by a clock ; proper circu-
lation of the fluids and the supply of copper sulphate and water ate pro-
vided for; no figures regarding costs are given.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Resuscitation ajter Electric .Shocts. — Some weeks ago an article was
abstracted in these colums stating that Dr. d'Arsonval claims that a man
apparently killed b5- an electric shock should be treated like one who
has been drowned: in an article by that author in fie Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," June 22, ' L'Ind. Elec. ," June 10 and 'L'Elec," June 9," this is
modified by the statement that he had shown in 1887 that electricity occa-
sions death in two very different manners : by lesion or destruction of the
tissues (disruptive and electrolytic effects of the charge) or by excite-
ment of the nerve centres, producing the arrest of respiration and syn-
cope, but without material injuries; in the former case death is final,
while m the latter it is merely apparent, and it is then possible to
resuscitate the victim by artificial respiration, as in drowning; he claims
that the alternating currents used in the execution of criminals in New
York State produce nearly always the second kind of death.
Electric Cooking. — In an editorial in the Lond. "Elec," June 22, it
is suggested that instead of using an expensive kettle or an inefficient hot
plate, an ordinary kettle could be used with an apparatus called a boil-
ing stick, which is simply placed in the water to be heated, like a red
hot poker ; a silver tube with double walls containing a resistance of about
14 ohms ought to boil a pint of water in five minutes.
Sonometer. — At the Royal Society Exhibition Mr. Hawksley showed an
instrument for measuring the acuteness of hearing, based on a note pro-
duced in a telephone by means of a make and break current in a soit of
transformer in which the primary may be moved relatively to the second-
ary, the distance between the coils at which the sound appears to cease
being a measure of the acuteness of hearing.
New Book.
ELECTRICITY' ONE HUNDRED Y'EARS AGO AND TO-DAY. With
Copious Notes and Extracts. By Edwin J. Houston, Ph. D. (Prince-
ton). New Y'ork : The W. J. Johnston Company, Ltd. 199 pages, illus-
trated. Price $1.00.
Professor Dolbear in a recent address referred to the prevalent saying
"Electricity is in its infancy'"' in the following words: "Electricity is
not in its infancy. Despite what has been done, there is nothing in the
present u-se of electricity but what has been known for many years. Arc
lights were known eighty years ago ; the telegraph is sixty years old, the
telephone thirty, and the incandescent lamp ditto. We are not at work
with new things or on new principles. If you are running a motor with
electricity, it is not a new discovery in electricity to apply the same
power to the operation of a lathe or a street car." At the present time,
when the belief is so widespread that electrical science has sprung up
in a day, it is convenient to have at hand an historical resume to check
the many statements made to this effect, and the work b}* Prof. Houston
serves this purpose admirably, besides being a most agreeably written
book for general reading.
In tracing the history of electrical science from practically its birth to
the present daj*, the author states he has, wherever possible, consulted
original sources of information, and he was fortunate in having at his
disposal for this purpose the excellent library of the Franklin Institute,
containing, as it does, perhaps the most complete collection of scientific
publications of the last century- to be found in this country.
.\s a result of these researches, several rei'isions as to the date of dis-
covery of some important principles in electrical science are made neces-
sary. For example. Prof. Houston finds that Sir Humphrey Davy was
anticipated in the discovery of the electric arc by many others, and in
fact did not claim to have been the first discoverer of the brilliant
effects of the arc. Proper credit is given to Gilbert for his inductive
methods and in an appendixseveral writers are quoted to show that Bacon
has been honored above his merit in this respect.
While, as the author states, the compass of the book does not permit
of anj- other than a general treatment of the subject, yet numerous refer-
ences are given in foot notes, which also in many cases quote the words
in which a discovery was first announced to the world, or give more
specific information in regaid to the subjects mentioned in the main por-
tion of the book. This feature is one of interest and value, for often a
clearer idea may be obtained from the words of a discoverer of a phe-
nomenon or principle than is possible through other sources.
An examination shows that the work is not a mere catalogue of subjects
and dates, nor is it fouched in technical language that only appeals to a
few. On the contrary, one of its most admirable features is the agreeable
style in which the work is written, its philosophical discussion as to the
cause and effect of various discoveries, and its personal references to
great names in electrical science. Much information as to electrical phe-
nomena aiay also be obtained from the book, as the author does not seem
to be satisfied to merely give the history of a discovery, but also adds a
concise and clear explanation of it.
NOTES.
The Buyers' Reference has appeared, in its issue for the second quarter
of 1894, in a new form. The size has been sufficiently enlarged to include
38
THE BLECTRICAI^ WORLO.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 2.
a finted column running through the book, which contains an alphabet-
ical classified list of manufacturers of all apparatus, machineries and
supplies used by the electrical street railway and allied industries. The
typographical excellence of the publication continues to be maintained.
Portable Electric Deck Planer.
BY CH-iV-S. J. DOUGHEKTV.
The portable electric deck planer mentioned recently in an article on
"Klcctricity at Cramp's Shipyard" and herewith illustrated, was imported
from London by The Wm. Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Co. ,
of Philadelphia, to plane the decks of men-of-war and transatlantic
steamers now in course of construction at their yard. Being a novelty, it
has created quite a little curiosity among the workmen and visitors, and
at present is in use planing the decks of the Government cruiser Minne-
apolis. It was manufactured by Mavor & Coulson, Glasgow, after
Sayer's patent.
The motor rests upon a strong rectangular cast-iron frame, supported on
the front end by a solid cylindrical roller 3M inches in diameter, and at the
any desired depth of cut by means of a thumb screw attached to the lever.
The handles for propelling the machine are bolted directly to the frame.
The K-inch rods hold the handles in position, and attached to the upper
part of the right hand handle is placed the single pole knife switch
mounted upon a small slate block. Brass couplings are also on this
bl.ick for attaching the conducting wires, which consist of the lengths of
flexible hemp cable about 100 feet long to allow suflScient run for the
machine.
An ordinary rosette with fuse is attached to the cable, and the power is
given to the motor by attaching the rosette to any of the temporary wires
supplying current to the incandescen. lamps throughout the ship. From
the block two 8-stranded wires conduct the current to the mo' or, and are
held in place by five brass clips secured into the frame handle and insu-
lated from the same by hard fibre. A square brass box is fitted over the
slate block at the handle and offers a protection from injury to the wires
or switch. The motor is entirely incased when in use, although the illus-
trations do not show it, so that it is impossible for shavings or dust to
touch the commutator or interfere with the machine. The wooden han-
dles made to fit over the iron have been introduced to protect the opera-
S ^1^ . '^ . J
Electric Deck Pl.vner.
far end by the 4-inch wheels connected by a K-inch shaft. The motor is
bolted down to this frame, and its weight with that of the roller is sufii-
cient to give the machine a solid bearing surface upon the deck. The motor
is series wound, of the iron-clad type; the fields and armature are incased
in a M-inch solid casting,in the top or which is screwed a 2-inch eye bolt
to facilitate the handling of the heavy machine from place to place. It is
designed for twenty amperes at 100 volts and has a speed of 3,000 revolu-
tions per minute. The commutator consists of twenty segments aud the
armature is of the drum type. Copper gauze Ifrushcs were used on the
commutator at first, but owing to the rapid wearing of the copper, causing
the circuit to open at the brushes and throwing the machine out of com-
mission by necessitating the removal of the covering at the commutator
end, solid carbon brushes were substituted, and have given perfect sat-
isfaction.
The motion of the armature shaft is transmitted through a train of three
gears, without any reduction, to the shaft, upon which arc mounted the
knives, and located immediately under the armature. There are two
knives bolted to this shaft, set at 90 degrees apart. The cut of the knives
is regulated by the rear wheels, which support the fianie of the machine,
and the shaft connecting these wheels is raised or lowered in the cast-
iron frame by the action of an eccentric, whose throw is 3-16 of an inch,
and operated by a small lever, as seen in the illustration, at the back of
the motor. This lever moves in a slotted arc and is made stationary for
tor's hand from soreness consequent from constantly pressing ag^ainst the
planer when working.
Very little power is required to propel the machine over the deck; the
operator by pressing the lever at the handle closes the switch, the motor
starts, the knives in turn revolve, and pushing the planer along by hand "
the sharp steel knives plane down the rough deck to the smoothness of a
ball room floor. The machine can do the work of fitty men in one day,
and while it may .seem on this account that it should be considered an
enemy by the workingmen, on the contrary, its coming was heralded
with delight, for the hardest and most tedious part of ship joiner work
is the olaning down of decks by hand.
Ignorance of American Practice.
In arecent preliminary report made for the city of Newcastle, England,
the cable system was recommended as preferable to electricity, on the
grounds that there was difficulty in "applying any electric system to
towns where there are hills to surmount." The engineer. Ml. Laws, who
made this statement, and who appears to be a mechanical, and not an
electrical engineer, has evidently never seen nor heard of the electric
lines in this country. We would suggest that he take advantage of the
first opportunity to inspect the electric railways of the United States.
JlT.Y 14, 18')4.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLIJ.
39
A New Switch.
BY P. E. MARCHAND.
It is sometimes desired to have three or four switches to control the
sa6ie light or group of lights from different points. Having had to work
out the case of three independent switches on a hall light some time
ago, and seeing no multiple switches advertised except the three-way
switch, which only covers two points, I made the following switch,
which works in series with the ordinary three-way switches, and allows
Fig. 1. — New Switch.
nber of switches to be used independently on the same light
a and b are ordinary three-way switches, c and d are the
two wires running between them, and, as shown in the diagram, these
two wires enter into every intermediate switch, so that there are four
terminals in each of the latter; •?, e, e, e, are four binding posts, to
which wires are attached, as shown, and carrying at their base double
of any nur
or group :
contact pieces, betvseen which the arms, /, /, «, «', and h, h, slide alter-
nately ;y;y; and j" are insulated from one another and from the hub, to
which they are firmly secured ; g, g is also firmly secured to the hub
and carries at its ends well insulated sectdrs, /(, //.
The action of the switch is through one-quarter' of a turn, cither way:
as will be seen by the diagram, one motion transposes the line and the
other straightens it, so that on whatever contact the three-way switches
may be, a single motion of these intermediate switches will either tuni
the light on or off.
Electromagnetic Turbine Supporter.
Turbines used for driving dynamos are frequently constructed with a
vertical shaft, the armature moving in a horizontal plane ; in such aa
arrangement the pressure due to the weight of the turbine shaft and the
greater part of the dynamo must be taken upon some part of the rotating
involves the construction of the turbine it cannot be applied to existing
installations. To overcome this, the Oerlikon Company, of Switzerland,
has constructed a very simple apparatus, of which they have sent us a
description. It consists essentially of an electro-magnet, as shown in the
adjoining figure, made of one coil and a circle of alternate poles;
this encircles the shaft and is firmly supported from the lower part of a
suitable foundation ; th ? shaft has fastened to it the armature in the form
of a ring madi^ of laminated iron consisting of a coil made of a band of
iron ; the attraction of this electromagnet for the armature is adjusted so
as to relieve the bearings of the vertical pressure due to the weight. It
can be constructed to support a weight of 110,000 lbs. The largest at pres-
ent constructed is for about 30,000 lbs., and is in use at the in.stallation of
the Rhone Land and Water Power Company, Bellegarde, France. The
power consumed is about one-third horse-power per ton pull, which is
small as compared with the energy otherwise lost in an end bearing. It
will readily be seen that such an apparatus is independent of the power,
speed, water pressure, etc., and is readily adjustable by a resistance
inserted in the circuit of the coil. The pull exerted by the magnet on
the armature is about 42.6 lbs. per square inch, .■^n apparatus for 12 to
14 tons requires about 20 amperes at 80 volts.
Fan rtotors.
The fan we illustrate, manufactured by the Wagner Electric Mfg.
Company, St. Louis, Mo., is designed for both direct and alternating
currents, and embodies the result of the improvements which three
years of manufacture and service have suggested. The motors have self-
feeding carbon brushes, w-hich will run a season without renewing, and
self -oiling bearings, which hold an ample supply of oil for several
months' run. All motors are adjustable in speed by means of a button
Wac.nkr Fan Motor.
conveniently placed They are finished in black enamel with gilt trim-
mings, and have a polished brass fan and end caps. These brass end
caps cntiiely inclose the ends of the motor, protecting the armature,
commutator and bearings from dust and dirt. They are fastened to the
motor frame by a simple bayonet joint, requiring a slight twist onlj' to
disengage them entirely, withoivt the aid of screw'-driver or wrench.
When removed they in no way interfere with the running of the motor,
and the brushes and oil caps may be examined under normal running
conditions. The weight and spread of legs make any fastening unneces-
sary, and rubber feet effectuiilly prevent noise and vibration.
iron Armored Insulating Conduits.
The notable tendency in architecture of late years has been toward the
u^e of the most subst.intial materials obtainable, and in keeping witli
steel internal structure is the iron conduit system for wiring ; by its means
electric wiring, whether in the main conductors or in the smallest
branches, has been brought to a most satisfactory state of efficiency.
Herewith we illustrate sonic <if the material used for this purpose, which
Turbine .Supporter.
Fig. 1 — Iron .Armored Insulating CoxDnT.
shaft; this is sometimes accomplished, as in the Niagara Falls plant, by
supporting this weight on a water column pressing upward near the
bottom of the turbine shaft, but with very great weights and small falls
this arrangement is not always practicable. Furthermore, it depends on
the height of the w.iter column, is not capable of regulation, and as it
is manufactured by the Interioi Conduit and Insulation Company, 44 Broad
street, New- York, the pioneer with insulated iron-anuored conduit, as
it was in the use of brass-armored conduit.
The tubing consists essentially of plain insulating Interior Conduit tub-
ing placed within a heavy wall of lap-seamed, wrought iron pipe, which
thus furnishes an armor 'i in. in thickness. The union between the
40
The KIvECXRlCAL WOi^UlJ.
Vol. XXIV. No. 2.
inner lube and its iron wall is finuly consolidated and welded together,
and yet each is integral, the outer for protection from mechanical injury
and the inner for electric insulation.
The flexibility of the system is maintained by the U'^e of iron armored
iMC. 2.— Iron .Armored Insi'latino Conduit.
insulatiuK junction boxes, elbows, couplings, etc. The conduit possesses
the qualities of gas or water pipe, and by means of the tools furnished
for cutting, threading, etc., can be installed with equal ease. It can be
used under concrete, tiled or mosaic floors, etc., without the precautions
means of a "third rail" placed at the outside of each service track. A
sliding shoe contact, hanging from the truck of each motor car, will take
up the necessary current for the motor.
The first order covers fifty-five complete equipments, to comprise at first
two powerful motors with the necessary controlling apparatus, and elec-
trical air pump for the air brake, and the subsidiary apparatus and
appliances. The motors will be to a great extent similar to those used at
the Exposition. Two motors only to each motor car are to be used at
present, but eventually two additional motors will be placed on each
motor car. With the two motor cars four car trains will be run during
the crowded hours of the morning and evening, and three car trains dur-
ing the hours of slack travel, at a speed of thirteen miles an hour, includ-
ing stops. With the four motor cars the trains will consist of six
cars and the speed will be increased to fifteen miles an hour.
According to the present indications, the electric cars should be run-
ning on the elevated by the middle of November next.
Combined Switch and Rheostat.
In installing motors the switch and rheostat are generally placed side
by side, and being entirely separate from each other, it oftentimes
FiG.s. 3 .i^ND 4. — Iron Armored Insulating Conduit.
necessary with plain or brass-armored conduit; and at the same time a
great saving in labor is due to the fact that it can be installed at an early
stage in the construction of a new building, without anxiety as to the
rough usage it may have to sustain.
Fig. 1 shows the actual size of 3-8 inch (inside diameter) iron conduit.
Fig. 2 shows an ordinary and continuous insulating nipple, with the
application of the latter to a junction box, illustrating how the continuity
of the insulating system may be maintained if the tube should be too
short by inaccuracy of measurement. Fig. 3 is a junction box; Fig. 4
illustrates the flexibility of the system and shows corner elbows and
outlet boxes.
Electric Elevated Railroad in Chicago.
The West Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago is to be operated entirely by
electricity. Influenced by the success of the Intramural electric railway
at the World's Fair, which transported during the short time the Exposi-
tion was opened not less than 5,803,895 passengers, without a single acci-
dent and without any serious stoppage, and has proved an agitating leaven
in the minds of the steam rail^'oad men, only wedded to their steam power
until a more economical system can be found, and after careful and
thorough investigation of every possible system of passenger car propul-
sion, the president and directors of the West Side road decided that elec-
tricity was the most economical system. The generators and motors
are already uudcr construction in the Schenectady shops of the General
Electric Company, where those for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com-
pany art also nearing completion.
The company operating this road is the Metropolitan Elevated Railway
of Chicago, the president of which is Mr. R. Summers Heycs, President
of the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad, Chairman of the Reorganization
Committee of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc road and Director of
the Metropolitan Traction Company, New York. The West Side Koad,
which connects that part of Chicago with the main city transit system,
is to be a four track road for a greater part of the way, to allow of an
express service. The line will cross the river on a four track way laid
upon a drawbridge.
The power is to be generated by four dynamos. Two of these arc to be
of 2.000 h. p. each, and will be counterparts of the huge machine which
ran in the Intramural power house during the Fair. This, at that time,
was the largest ever built, but since these four have been installed in
Brooklyn, N. Y. , and three in Philadelphia, Pa. The two smaller dyna-
mos are to be of 1,000 h. p.
The current will be carried from the power house over the line by
happens that through liaste or carelessness the current is thrown on by
the switch before the resistance is cut in by the rheostat, and as a con-
sequence the motor armature is burned out or the fuses blown. The W.
S. Hill Electric Co., of Boston, Mass., have placed on the market a self-
locking starting switch, which we illustrate, in which the switch and
Combined Switch and Rheost.\t.
rheostat are combined, as shown, in such a manner that the former can-
not be thrown in without first putting in all of the resistance, thus
obviating accidents of this kind. .\n additional advantage is that the
cost of the combination is less than that of a switch and rheostat separate.
July 14, 1894.
THE ELECTRICA^Iv WORLD.
41
financial 3ntclHgcncc,
The Electrical Stock Market.
New York, July 7, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL STOCK MARKET'S course these days is governed by much
the same causes that bring about the dullness at present characterizing all
speculative markets. Just in the same way, though, electrical stocks, like the
whole stock market, betray an inherent strength that has much of promise
in it in the way of improving quotations. The whole situation is governed by
the strike news, the uncertainty attending the fate of tariff legislation, the gold
export question, etc., and until these disturbing influences are so far removed
as to leave commerce uninterrupted, electrical stocks must continue to reflect
the dearth of business by remaining inactive.
GENERAL ELECTRIC has displayed great strength within the last day or two.
On Friday especially, there was good buying to the stock, purchases in many
instances being directly traceable to insiders. There is an influential bull pool
at work, but they have not been doing anything of late by reason of the inac-
tivity in the stock market. But with the first signs of revival General Electric
will be found to be a leader in the spurt toward higher quotations. It is well
kuown that the business of the company has picked up a good deal of late. In
addition to securing the contract for equipping the Metropolitan Elevated Rail-
road of Chicago, the company announced this week that it has closed a contract
with the West Side Electric Railway of Chicago, to equip its entire line with
electricity on a principle similar to that employed last year on the Intramural
Railway at the World's Fair. The contract price is understood to be a little
over $300,000, and was awarded to the General Electric Company after spirited
bidding with the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, of Pitts-
burg; the Siemens & Holske Electric Company, of Chicago; the Walker Manu-
facturing Company, of Cleveland, and the Electric Construction Company, of
London, Eng. Boston advices are that these two large contracts are only sam-
ples of tlie company's enterprise. It is said to be now doing more than
$10,000,000 gross manufacturing business per annum, and, if there is 20 per cent,
profit in this— and there ought to be— the accumulation of a surplus for distribu-
tion among stockholders does not seem very far distant. The railroad business
for May was the largest month's business in the history of the company, and
June's total is likely to eclipse even May's big record. The shops at Schenectady
have already begun work on the Metropolitan Elevated contract, and the
force will now be increased to take up the West Side job. There are hints in
many quarters that much of the new business is taken at a loss, but most of the
derogatory rumors concerning General Electric now afloat are directly traceable
to disgruntled bear sources.
THE STREET RAILWAY AND ILLUMINATING PROEPRTIES' trustees
knew what they were about when they bought last year some $12,000,000 General
Electric treasury assets for one-third their face value. They managed to have
enough money on hand this week from interest and dividend payments on their
holdings to buy in 456 additional shares of the preferred stock, paying $98.48 per
share. This makes a total of 11,943 preferred shares cancelled to date, while
another $60,000 have been set aside to buy in more on July 11. The assets of the
trust are certainly good, and had the General Electric been allowed to retain
them there would be no occasion for the necessity of capital reduction or the
talk of reorganization.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC issues have been unsually quiet since the deter-
mination of the Board of Directors not to make any distribution of profits among
common stock holders at this juncture. Quotations have fluctuated only frac-
tionally, and hardly any interest has been manifested either in the preferred or
common shares. Official statements as to business conditions continue encour-
aging, as entire satisfaction with the situation and prospects is expressed. The
new works at Brinton, near Pittsburg, are being hurried to completion, and the
installation in the fall of the new factory plant means an era of increased
prosperity.
THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY'S stock-
holders, in pursuance of a call signed by Directors John E. Hudson, James D.
Davis, Edward J. Hall, W. D. Sargent and John Jameson, held a special meeting
in this city yesterday "for the purpose of voting upon a proposition to increase
the capital stock of said company to $12,000,000, consisting of 120,000 shares of
the par value of $100 each." The officers of the company declined to divulge
the business accomplished at the meeting.
ELECTRICAL STOCKS.
Par. Bid. Asked.
Brush 111., New York SO 10 30
Cleveland General Electric Co 100 80 90
Detroit Electrical Works 10 3 4
East River Electric Light Co 100 — SO
■►Edison Electric 111., New York 100 100 11X%
* •• ■■ " Brooklyn 100 101 102
" Boston 100 116 lis
Chicago 100 13S 145
* Philadelphia 100 128 130
Edison Electric Light of Europe 100 1 3
Edison Ore Milling 100 10 IS
Electric Construction & Supply Co., com IS Is 17j^
" pref IS IS 17)^
Fort Wayne Electric 100 1 2
General Electric 100 36>.4 36^
Interior Conduit & Ins. Co 100 45 55
Mount Morris Electric 100 25 SO
Westinghouse Consolidated, com SO 35 36
.. •• pref SO 501^ SlJs
BONDS.
Edison Electric III., New Y'ork I'-OOO 106!^ 107
Edison Electric Light of Europe 194 <5 85
General Electric Co., deb. S's 1.000 S6>4 S6}^
TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE.
American Bell Telephone . . . .' 100 195 1%
American District Telegraph 100 — 45
American Telegraph & Cable 100 88 89
Central & South American Telegraph 100 105 110
Commercial Cables 100 125 —
Gold & Stock Telegraph 100 102 104
• Mexican Telegraph 100 190 200
* Western Union Telegraph 100 83>^ 83%
THE INTERIOR CONDUIT AND INSULATION COMPANY'S Board of
Directors, in declaring the 5 per cent, scrip dividend, touched on in these coluras
last week, pointed out that the iiet earnings that have accumulated for the past
three years are now, after charging off to profit and loss account some $38,000
arising from expenditures for experimental purposes, hitherto carried as an asset,
in excess of $100,000, represented by bills receivable, material and manufactured
goods on hand. Pending the conversion of the scrip into fully paid capital stock,
when an increase of capital stock has been provided for, the scrip possesses, so
far as legal, all the qualities of stock and is entitled to all such dividends and
privileges as may hereafter be declared upon the outstanding capital stock. It
is further provided that the scrip shall be converted into stock before the declara-
tion of the first cash dividend. The dividend was made payable in scrip
instead of cash because the directors deemed it "sound policy to keep the com-
pany in strong financial condition by retaining its earnings in the form of quick
available assets, instead of distributing any part in cash at this time."
BELL TELEPHONE is to have its $50,000,000 capita! after all. Governor
Greenhalge having signed a new bill permitting the company to sell $30,000,000
new stock at auction. Naturally stockholders who anticipated getting the new
stock at par are somewhat disgruntled, and are expressing their disappointment
by selling stock bought some weeks ago. There is a strong movement in favor
of bringing the company to this State, where there is no statute preventing the
issue of new capital at par, when the market price is higher, and the agitation
in favor of removal may lead to something definite. It is charged that the
lobbying and other expenses attending the recent legislation cost the Bell
Telephone Company over $250,000.
New Incorporations.
THE HERCULES ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY, Salt Lake City, Utah, has
been incorporated.
THE CEBOLLA RAILWAY COMPANY, Denver, Col., capital stock $100,000,
has been incorporated.
THE FANNER ELECTRIC COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., capital stock $60,000,
lias been incoruorated.
THE UNION TELEPHONE COMPANY, Plum City, Wis., capital stock
$250, has been incorporated.
THE JOHNSON ELECTRIC SERVICE COMPANY, Milwaukee, Wis., capital
stock $150,000, has been iuctirporated.
THE HUMPHREY MANUFACTURING & PLATING COMPANY, Kalamazoo,
Mich,, capital stock $15,000, has been incorporated.
THE AMBLER ELECTRIC RAILWAY' COMPANY, Reading, Pa., capital stock
$12,000, has been incorporated by W. B. Krick and others.
THE EMMONS ELECTRIC COMPANY, Chicago, 111., capital stock $15,000,
has been incorporated by Charles P. Emmons and others.
THE OTTAWA MUTUAL TELEPHONE COMPANY, Ottawa, 111., capital stock
$15,000, has been incorporated by C. H. Hamilton and W. F. Heath.
THE GAS, HEAT AND POWER COMPANY, Mechanicsburg, Pa., capital
stock $50,000, has been incorporated by Amos Z. Meyers and others.
THE WESTERVILLE & WORTHINGTON STREET RAILW.W COMPANY,
Columbus, O., has been incorporated with a capital stock of $35,000.
THE COUNCIL BLUFFS & LAKE MANAWA ELECTRIC RAILWAY COM-
PANY, Council Bluffs, la., capital stock $40,000, has been incorporated.
THE NORTHWESTERN MILLING & POWER COMPANY, Spokane, Wash.,
capital stock $750,000, has been incorporated for operating mills, electric Hues,
etc.
THE MOMENCE ELECTRIC BELL STORAGE COMPANY, Momence, III..
capital stock $15,000, has been incorporated by C. H. Lettigh, Lincoln Walker
and Frank E. Lane,
THE ELECTRIC BOILER COMPANY, Rochester, N. Y., capital stock $50,000,
has been incorporated by J. Henry Howe and others, to manufacture boilers and
steam heating apparatus.
THE FREDERICKTOWW ELECTRICAL AND MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY, Fredericktown, Md., capital stock, $6,000, has been incorporated and will
erect an electric light and power plant.
THE DARRIETT ELECTRIC MOTOR & DYNAMO COMPANY. New York,
capital stock $20,000, has been incorporated by J. R. Anderson, of Montclair,
N. J., and others, to manufacture electric dynamos and motors.
THE CHICAGO CROSS ARM COMPANY, Chicago, 111., capital stock $6,000,
has been formed to manufacture, buy and sell cross arms and electrical
machinery and specialties. The promoters are H. M. Angle, E. H. Willard and
C. S. Marshall.
THE ZUCKER. LEVETT & LOEB COMPANY, New York, capital stock
$100,000, has been incorporated by Alexander Levett, Charles Loeb, W. R. W.
Hentz and Henry L. Haas, to manufacture electrical apparatus, platers' sup-
plies and polishing material,
THE CO-OPERATIVE HEAT, LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, Sioux Falls,
S. D., capital stock $50,000, has been formed to manufacture and sell electricity,
etc. J. H. Drake, Chicago, I!!. ; W. C. Bolton, New Y^ork, and Jno. Sunback,
Stoux Falls. S. D.. a.-e the interested parties.
THE OSBORNE SWITCH COMPANY', Newark, N. J., capital stock $100,000,
has been formed to manufacture and sell machinery and appliances, e'c. The
promoters are L. A. Osborne, D. Demarest, H. C. Hines, J. P. Beatty, F. E.
Osborne, R. D. Beatty and Wm. C. Morton, all of Newark.
THE K.\NSAS CITY ELECTRIC RAILWAY COMPANY. Kansas City, Kan ,
capital stock $1,000 000, has been incorporated by E. L. Euggrow, Ozone Park,
N. Y'. ; F. B. Wilcox, Kansas City, Mo. ; Louis Hummer, West Chester, Pa., and
J. H. Parrott, R. A. Kope and P. F. Spickler, Kansas City, Kan.
THE UNITED ELECTRIC CORPORATION, Minneapolis, Minn., capital slock
SlO.OOO.has been formed to manufacture, buy and sell electrical apparatus for
light, heat and power purposes and to construct and operate electric railways
and power plants. The promoters are Samuel Grant, Faribault; George R.
Kibbe, Paul W. Bossart and John H. Finney, St. Paul, Minn.
THE ELLICOTT ELECTRIC HE.\TING COMP.\NY', Buffalo, N. Y., capital
stock $25,000, has been formed to manufacture apparatus for utilizing electricity
for heating and power purposes. The directors are C. W. Pardee, John M.
Schatcard, Daniel O'Day, Edwin T. Evans, G. Barrett Rich, George Urban, Jr.,
42
THE KLECTRICAL WOUl^U.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 2.
Jos. L. Huusicker, Charles k. HuntlL-y, John J. Albright, Kdinund Hayes and
Franklin D. Locke, Buffalo. N. Y.
Pittsburgh Notes.
Special Corrcsponbcncc.
New York Notes.
Office of Tiik Elkctrical World,
253 Broadway. New York, July 9. 1894.
KILLED BY ELECTRICITY.— Lawrence Arnold, a porter in a store at 777
Broadway, was killed on July 3 while oiling an electric fan, installed on an arc
light circuit.
THE NASSAU ELEcrkIC RAILROAD COMPANY, of Brooklyn, will erect
a one-story brick power house on the whart between Thirty-ninth and Fortieth
streets, 100 by 150. with a corrugated iron roof.
MR. JOHN D. CRIMMINS is authority for the statement that a new trolley
hue will be built and be in operation on Jerome avenue in the next twelve
months. The road will begin at MacComb'sDam Bridge, and run to Woodlawn.
THE WADDELL-ENTZ COMPANY. Bridgeport. Conn., has, through its re-
ceiver, applied to the court ior permission to lease its works to E. P. BuUard,
and a hearing on the application will be had at the Superior Court room, Bridge-
port, on July 13.
MESSRS. HENRY HOLGATE and George. W. Hunt, of The Royal Electric
Company, Montreal. Quebec, were callers at the offices of The Electrical World
on Tuesday. July 3. They expressed themselves as being highly pleased with
the many interesting features of New York and Brooklyn.
MR. F. A. MASON, formerly secretary and treasurer of the Interior Conduit
& Insulation Co.. like all who stray from the flock, is now desirous of returning
to his first love, "electricity." Mr. Mason's experience will make him valuable
to any electrical concern with which he may become identified.
MR. JAMES E. M'ELROY, head of the firm of James E. McElroy & Co., of
Chicago, formerly of New York, died suddenly on Saturday, July 7. He will be
succeeded by his brother, Mr. Robert L. McElroy, the resident partner in Chi-
cago. There will be no other changes in the management of the corporation.
New England Notes.
Branch Office of The Electrical World,)
■ Room 91, Hathaway Building. 620 Atlantic Ave., V
Boston, Mass. , July 7, 1894. j
THE BROWN ELECTRIC COMPANY. Boston. Mass., has just issued an illus-
trated catalogue covering its various electric light and railway supplies and
general electrical specialties. The catalogue has evidently been carefully com-
piled, is neatly printed, and will be found to contain in "nutshell" form valu-
able information for the electrical trade.
THE HOLTZER-CABOT ELECTRIC COMPANY has issued a new edition of its
descriptive catalogue of electrical house goods and supplies, which is in keeping
with the current advance in catalogue work, the paper and press work being ex-
cellent and the cover tasteful in design and tint. A number of cuts are printed
in colors on special paper, including views of a 300-number return call Keno
annunciator, and a switchboard designed and built for the new Ames Building,
Boston. The numerous cuts, as a rule, are excellent, as well as the descriptions
and arrangement of matter.
AMONG THE RECENT REMOVALS of electrical firms in Boston, by no
means the least important is that of Ziegler Bros., who now occupy the upper
part of the Channmg Building, in which is also located the establishment of
The Pettingell-Andrews Company, the entrance to the office and factory being
at 141 Eranklin street, where they have a home of which they may justly feel
proud. The office is spacious, with abundance of light and affords splendid
opportunities for the display of its various marmfactures. and the manufacturing
department is a model in every respect, embracing about 34.000 square feet, with
abundance of light also, and plenty of room for the locating of its machinery.
As is well known, the firm of Ziegler Bros, manufacture all kinds of electrical
and mechanical apparatus. In its particular line of electrical specialties for
schools, colleges and laboratories, the finest and most correct electrical and
mechanical testing instruments, railroad .signals, fire alarm and general pro-
tective apparatus, and, in fact, electrical and mechanical goods of all kinds, the
firm enjoys deserved prominence. Its manufactures include from the smallest
and most simple device to that of one and one-half tons weight, and it possesses
all the facilities now tor quick and satisfactory work. It is also kept very busy
with repairing of all kinds, which is done promptly. Another important fea-
ture of the firm's business is the help it renders to invyMitors in the completion
of new electrical ideas and models for patenting.
MR. HRED. A. SWAN, ISO Summer street, Boston, Mass., has recently com-
pleted the installation of an electric plant on Mr. W. H. Crane's yacht "The
Senator, " which for general design, neatness and workmanship certainly re-
flects great credit upon him. The plant installed consists of one "^ h. p. verti-
cal engine, connected directly to a 3J^ kilowatt dynamo. This apparatus was
constructed especially for Mr. Crane's yacht, and is very compact, the whole
taking up only three feet in length. The switchboard is of polished black
slate, mounted with nickel-plated knife switches and instruments, and is very
compact and unicjue in design. There are (lO cups of storage battery capable of
running forty 1(> c. p. incandescent lights, which are to be used in case of acci-
dent or when it is not convenient to run the engine and dynamo. The cabin
and pilot house are each fitted with four bull's eye nickel-plated fixtures, put in
Hush with the ceiling. All other parts of the boat are .supplied with an abund-
ance of light, there being a row of lights completely around the boat under the
edge of the awning, and a three-light cluster in the centre of the awning over
the entrance to the cabin. On the top of the pilot house there is mounted one
4.000 c. p. search light, capable of penetrating the darkness and bringing
objects plainly to view at a distance of one mile. All of the electrical apparatus
was designed by Mr. Swan; the dynamo was built by the Adams Electric Com-
pany, Worcester, Mass. ; the engine by the Fore River Engine Company, Weymouth,
Mass. ; the switchboard by the Consolidated Electric Manufacturing Company.
Boston ; the storage battery by the Eastern Electric Light & Storage lialtery
Company, of Lowell, Mass.
Pittsburgh. July 7, 18*t.
TllK PENNSYLVANIA GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY has entered suit
against the Citizens' Passenger Railway Company, of McKeesport, to recover
$13,356.22. The amount is claimed to be due for electrical appliances sold and
delivered to the defendant company. A similar suit has also been entered by
the same plaintiff against the McKeesport Light Company for $39,118.47 for
amount dne on electrical appliances.
STREET RAILWAY STATISTICS.— The following figures give a very fair
idea as to the condition of the electric railroads in this city, being receipts and
expenses for one year;
Receipts. Expenses.
Central Traction Company SIiS3,721 5171,677
Citizens' Traction Company 711.677 387 6-H
Duquesne Traction Company . . ■ 387,714 2£6'oo4
Pleasant Valley Traction Company 397.123 312 326
Manchester Traction Gortijiftliy 482.347 274 6t!7
Pittsburgh Traction Company 422.£<j0 365,784
Birmingham Traction Colnpnny 332,049 171874
Second Avenue Traction Company 111,379 71 686
West End Traction Company 121. S76 72^726
' The number of passengers carried by these companies were : Central. 3,926,521 ;
Citizens', 14,S'M.850; Duquesne, 6,889,970; Pleasant Valley, 7,942,480; Manchester,
9 646,946; Pittsburgh, 8.364,852; Birmingham, 6,875,378; Second Avenue, 2,362 %2
West End, 2,528,177.
Canadian Notes.
Ottawa, July 7.
MONTREAL.— The Electric Surface Company of Canada (Limited) has taken
an action for $10,000 damages against the Merchants' Electric & General Ser\ice
Company (Limited). This is an outcome of the recent difficulties between the
two companies.
MONTREAL.— The city has entered an action against the Montreal Street Rail-
way Company for $26,354. The city claims this amount under the by-law
which provides for the company paying half the cost of clearing snow during
the Winter. The company's lawyers interpret the by-law differently.
MONTREAL —The Montreal Street Railway Company is making extensive
alterations to its buildings on Cheneville and Vitre streets. It is the companv's
intention to transfer the motor and repair shops from Hochelaga to this place
when the changes are completed, which will probably be in about two months.
MONTREAL— A number of Canadian and American capitalists met recently.
and discussed at some length the advisability of organizing a new line of street
cars which would be propelled by gas instead of electricity, as at present. The
necessary plans will be shortly drawn and submitted to a committee for ap-
proval.
BELLEVILLE, ONT.— The City Council has granted a franchise to S. E. Legier
& Sons to build, equip and run an electric street railway in Belleville: also for
the privilege of erecting poles for stringing wires for supplying light, power
and heat. The promotors are well known business men of this city, and the
work will be begun at once.
ST. GEORGE. N. B.— Notice of application for the issuing of letters patent
to incorporate "the Saint George Electric Light Company (Limited)" is pub-
lished this week. The object of the company is to light St. George and adjoin,
ing districts with electricity. The applicants are Albert T. Dunn. T. H. Esta-
brooks, Fred. B. Dunn, A. P. Banhill and Wm. Bayard, M. D., all of Saint
John.
OTTAWA. ONT.— The annual meeting of the Ottawa Electric Railway Com-
pany was held last week. The report declared a dividend of 4 per cent, for the
half year, and gave the following figures: During the year there have been
2. 7')7.a81 passengers carried, against 2.395,504 during the previous year. This
gives 8,900 for every working day. The receipts are given as $129,484.02. the
expenses being $83,324.64. The cars traveled 759,433 miles T8e company now
operate 23 open cars. 31 closed, 3 postal, 2 closed and 2 open trailers, 5 sweepers
and S3 electric equipments.
TORONTO.— A report was read at the last meeting of the Fire and Light
Committee, showing that the cost of operating a city electric plant would be
$103 per year per lamp for 1.300 lamps. Aid. Hubbard favored adopting Mr.
Keatillg's report, which estimates the cost of operating the plant at S81.7.S per
lamp per year, but he was defeated. In the secretary's report four engineers
are said to be necessary, at a total for .salaries of $6,500 per year; seven inspec-
tors, tweiitv trimmers, several foremen, clerks, siorekeepers. machinists and
other employees are reckoned as necessary, and altogether a staff large enough
to run a plant sufficient to light a city six times the size of Toronto is provided
for in Mr. McCowan's liberal estimates.
OTTAWA, ON'r.— The bill now before the Dominion Parliament bringing
electric lighting under Government inspection provides that an electric company
before commencing to supply light to a purchaser must declare to the purchaser
the constant pressure at which they propose to supply the eiiergj* at his termi-
nals. No variation greater than 3 per cent, from this pres.sure to be peimitted.
The bill authorizes electric companies to inspect purchasers' premises in ca.sc of
a dangerous connection. They may also discontinue a supply of electricity until
the defect has been remedied. For every default in complying with any of these
provisions a penalty not exeeding $20 for every day during which the default
continues is provided. Any person fraudulently using or diverting any elec-
tricity is to be deemed guilty of theft. Officers of electric companies are author-
ized to enter consumers' premises to inspect or remove apparatus belonging to
the companies. If t'he consumer so desires, the quantity ol electricity he uses
shall be ascertained by means of a meter. Inspectors appointed to carry out the
provisions ol the act are to certify to the correctness of all meters before they
are put in operation.
English Notes.
{From our own Correspondent.)
London, June 27. IS94.
MULTIPLE-FILAMENT LAMPS.- Experiments with multiple-filament lamps
having proved that there is practically no after-glow when the current is
July 14, IS'U.
TUB BI^KCXRICAL WORLD,
43
switched off, the Admiralty have directed that they shall be adopted throughout
the service for uiast-head flashing lanterns.
MUNICIPAL STATIONS.— Two municipal electric light stations have been in-
augurated duriug the past month. At one of these, viz., Portsmouth, Mr. Ferranti
has introduced several novel features. His flywheel alternatorH are the first to be
used in this countrj-. and his alternate current rectifiers, which were used on the
arc light circuits, have proved to be a great success. By means of these recti-
fiers Mr. Ferranti obtains a uni-directional constant current from an alternating
constant potential, enabling the arcs to be run in series. The transformers at
Portsmouth are of special design, being arranged so that by means of a key the
windings may be altered for half or full load. The transformers are placed in
pits below the foot pavements. At Burton, where the municipal station was in-
augurated May 25. transformer pits are also used, and a man is sent round with
a key to connect or disconnect them as the load rises or falls. This station is
run in conjunction with the gas works, and uses the refuse coke breeze from the
latter.
A MYSTERIOUS PHENOMENON.— The Portsmouth municipal electric light-
ing station was recently opened with the usual ceremony and feasting. Af*er
the feast the corporation and their guests proceeded to the central station, and
were there subjected for some time to a somewhat trying after-dinner phenome-
non. The station plant consists of two Ferranti flywheel alternators, and is
illuminated by arcs, current for which is obtained from the alternators, but
made pulsating and uni-directional by means ot an appropriate commutator.
The result was that the feasters witnessed the mysterious phenomenon of a
steam engine driving ahead full speed, whilst the dynamo connected to it re-
mained unconcernedly at rest. Worse, however, was to follow. The arcs were
next run off another machine; the result was that the alternator, which had
been previously remaining at rest, appeared to move first one way and then
another, to rush suddenly round from left to right, pull up, and revolve slowly
back from right to left. No ill consequences are reported.
AIR MOTORS FOR TELEGRAPH WORK.— At the last Royal Society Conver-
sazione the Postmaster-General exhibited a Hughes telegraph and a Wheatstone
transmitter, each of which was driven by a little Willmott air motor. The
adoption of this means of driving these instruments results in an important
gain. In the case of the Hughes apparatus, the air motor enables the 132 pounds
weight, the winding gear, and practically all the train of wheel work to be dis-
pensed with. In the case of the Wheatstone high speed transmitter the 42 pound
weight, which requires rewinding every few seconds, together with its complicated
train of wheel work, is also got rid of. The motor for the Hughes instrument
consists of a fan with radial vanes, the air being admitted at one end of a
diameter, and following the fan round the circle; this motor is practically self-
regulating, since any interference with the motion causes the air pressure to be
pulled up behind. The Hughes apparatus, although invented by an English-
man, has not till now been used in this countrj-. although its use has been
widely extended on the continent. When, however, the submarine cables between
England and France were taken over by the joint Governments, our French
neighbors insisted that the line to Paris should be worked by the Hughes appa-
ratus. The result has been that Prof. Hughes' invention has been forced upon
the notice of the Post Office officials, and some of our busiest lines are now, or
shortly will be, provided with Hughes apparatus, it being found that they can
be worked out under conditions which entirely stop the working of other in-
struments.
WOODHOUSE & RAWSON UNITED (LIMITED).— The public examination of
the directors, managers and auditors of Woodhouse & Rawson United, which
went into litigation some time ago, has recently been taking place,
considerable interest being shown in the proceedings by the general pub-
lic. So far as the matter has gone up to the present it would appear as if on
the occasion of the numerous progeny of small Woodhouse & Rawson concerns
being taken over by a single big concern, to which the public were invited to
subscribe, transactions of a somewhat peculiar kind took place. As usual the
new directors of the big concern (Woodhouse & Rawson United) made no in-
quiries until the public had been invited to, and had actually subscribed, though
they then became .so uneasy with regard to the whole matter that they promptly
retired, leaving the new concern eutirely in the hands of gentlemen interested
in the old concerns. The good will of the old businesses was valued at i;75,000
by, the vender of them, and this valuation was accepted without demur by the
purchasing company; one of the directors of the concern blandly admitting in
court that if he had been purchasing property with his own money, and for him-
self, he should not tamely accept the vender's estiraale of its value. The auditor
appears to have certified the general correctness of various balance sheets, sup-
plementing his certificates by reports which were of course suppressed. The
law at present seems to be that an auditor is bound to address these sort of re-
ports to the shareholders, but is not empowered to see that they get them. It is
a great pity for the electrical industry that the firm of Woodhouse & Rawson
should have obtained the reputation of being an electrical manufacturing firm,
where their business was little more than that of company promoting.
Heirs of t\}^ IDeck
Electric Light and Power.
HASTINGS, NEB.— The electric light plant will be improved. H. W. Miller
is manager.
NASHVII.I.E, TENN.— The Cumberland Light and Power Company is prepar-
ing U) enlarge its plant.
OSHKOSH. WIS.— Address the city clerk concerning the mtmicipal electric
light plant to be established.
SPRINGFIELD. O.— The Hess Storage Battery Company will establish a plant
to construct the Hess battery.
MT. CARROLL. ILL.— Address the town clerk for information concerning an
electric light plant to be established.
FT. DODGE, lA.— The City Council has granted a franchise for 21 year^ to
S. T. Meservj' for a street railway and electric lighting plant.
HILLSBORO, TEX.— The Hillsboro Investment and Electric Company intends
erecting an electric plant, and is in the market for the apparatus.
NORWALK, CONN.— The Norwalk and South Norwalk Electric Light Com-
pany is about to be placed in the hands of a receiver, who has been applied for.
BRUNSWICK, MO.-The Franklin Electric Company, of Kansas City, has been
awarded a contract to erect an electric light and water works plant at a cost of
$10,600.
PENSACOLA. FLA.— The Citizens' Electric Light and Power Company has
given out a contract for the erection of buildings, and is now in the market for
the necessary apparatus.
AUGUSTA, GA.— C. V. Walker, Dyer Building, will give information in re-
gard to free sites for manufacturing purposes. Power will be supplied at SS.SO
per horse power per year.
JAMESTOWN, N. Y.-O. E. Jones asked that the Board of Public Works be
empowered to employ an architect to assist in preparing plans and estimates
for the electric light building.
JACKSONVILLE, FLA.— Commissioner King has presented plans and specifi-
cations for an electric light plant on which to base advertisements for bids at the
meeting of the Board of Public Works.
BEL AIR. MD.— The Record Manufactnring Company will construct an elec-
tric light plant to light the town. The plant will be installed two liiiles from
the village, and will be operated by water power.
HOPKINS. lA. -Hopkins has decided to have electric lights, and the council
has passed an ordinance giving to Peter Milroy the exclusive franchise to main-
tain an electric light plant there for a term of twenty years.
BINGHAMTON, N. Y.— The State Hospital trustees held a special meeting, at
which time Capitol Commissioner Perry's plans for an extension of the present
el^tric lighting .system to the adjoining farms were adopted, and Secretary
Rogers was instructed to advertise for proposals for the construction of the same.
BAY CITY, MICH.— It was erroneously stated in these columns in the issue of
June 30, that the Common Council had decided to expend $13,000 on its munici-
pal plant. We are informed by the superintendent of the plant that this is a
mistake, as the Common Council has concluded not to expend any money on the
plant this year.
NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y.— At the last meeting of the Common Council the
petitions of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company and
the Niagara Falls Power Company for franchises to erect poles and string wires
for the transmission of power and heating, lighting and manufacturing purposes
by electricity were finally terminated by granting both of these companies the
desired franchises under restrictions.
The Electric Railway.
HANOVER, MASS.— Hanover citizens are agitating the question of building a
new electric railroad.
EAST MA^CH CHUNK, PA.— The citizens of East Mauch Chunk have decided
on the extension of the electric railway.
CHESTER. PA.— The Crozier property, in South Chester, has been sold to a
company that will erect an electrical engine works.
CHICOPEE. MASS.— The Chicopee Street Railway Company has petitioned
for a franchise to construct a line from Holyoke to Springfield.
HUMMELSTOWN, PA.— The Citizens* Railway Company of Harrisburg has
asked permission to build an electric railway through the borough.
JOPLIN, MO.— It is proposed to form a syndicate to buy the property of the
JopUn Electric Railwayand Motor Company and to extend the railway to Galena.
BALTIMORE. MD.— The Walbrook, Gwynn Oak and Powhattan Railroad
Company has executed a mortgage for $100,000 to secure funds to build il-s elec-
tric road.
YOUNGSTOWN. O.— Sealed proposals wilt be received at the office of the
Board of City Commissioners of Youngstown until July 14, for the construction and
operation of a street railway line. Howard Edwards is city clerk.
BROCKTON, MASS.— A number of citizens, with Mr. J. C. Snow, the real
estate man, as prime mover, have associated together as the We.st Side Street
Railway Company to build and operate a new line of electric street railway in
this city.
OMAHA, NEB.— L. W. Hardy, of Chicago, and T. J. Peachy, of Omaha, have
invented an underground trolley system, consisting of a conductor in a trough,
covered by a flexible rubber diaphragm, heads of rivets which are pressed
against the conductor by a traveling device underneath the car. thus making
contact for the motor current.
STROUDSBURG, N. Y.— The Delaware Valley Electric Railway Company.
stock $1,000,000, all of which has been subscribed for by wealthy Philadelphia
parties, will construct the electric road from Stroudsburg to Port Jervis. It is
expected that a portion of the road between Port Jervis and Milford and Bushkill
and Stroudsburg will be completed by October 1 of the present year, and be-
tween Milford and Bushkill on or before June 1, 1895.
WHITE PLAINS, N. Y.— The Board of Trustees has finally adopted the Elec-
tric Railroad Committee's report. The companies desiring the franchises to
construct a railroad from Mamaroneck to White Plains and from Elmsford to
White Plains must deposit $5,000, to be forfeited if the roads are not built within
a year, and must give a $20,000 bond for fifteen years, asa guarantee to fulfil every
requirement exacted by the village authorities. The vote granting franchises to
the New York, Elmsford & White Plains & Mamaroneck Railway Company
were reconsidered.
PORT JERVIS, N. Y.— The Delaware Valley Railway Company, of Pennsyl-
vania, capital 51,000.000, has been chartered. The treasurer, Simon Friedberger,
is also treasurer of the Wakefield Electrical Engineering Company, of Philadel-
phia; Mr. Ellicott Fisher is president, and Mr. Michael W. O'Boyle, secretary.
Among other incorporators are G. H. Lang, Joseph S. Potsdamer and Louis
Lang. This company will construct and operate forty miles of road, from Port
Jervis, N. Y., to Stroudsburg. A large force of men will equip the work at both
ends of the line at once, and at least twenty-five miles will be built before the
end of the year.
POTTSVILLE. PA.— The Car Equipment Company of Philadelphia has pur-
chased the controlling interest of the Schuylkill Electric Railway Company, of
Pottsville, Pa., and intends to extend the line about twenty-five miles in and
around Pottsville, connecting St. Clair, Middleport. Tremont, Schuylkill Haven
and other towns near by. Jesse Newlin and Robert Alliston have retired from
the old Board of Directors, and W. A. Barritt, Jr., and Charles H. Barritt, presi-
dent and treasurer respectively of the Car Equipment Company of Philadelphia
44
THE EIvECTRICAI^ WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 2.
have been elected to fill the vacancies. J. B. Stuart, of Philadelphia, has been
appointed electrician and general superintendent, and his success in the con-
struction of the Pottslown, Camden and Gloucester roads will assure an efficient
system for the roads at Pottsville. The Schuylkill Electric Railway Company
has a capital stock of $150,000, which was raised by popular subscription from the
residents of Pottsville and fully paid in. The road was originally built out of
the capital stock, and the improvements or betterments from time to time were
contracted for out of an issue of bonds. The road has a bond indebtedness of
J95.000. The Schuylkill Electric Railway proper consists of ten miles of road
with eighteen car equipments, about half of which are new and the remainder
consisting of Short apparatus, which will be no doubt replaced in the very near
future with a more modern equipment. New feeder wire will be put in on the
entire system to supply suflicient and additional power for the extra car equip-
ment that will be added, and a new car barn will be built at Palo Alto. The
entire system will be overhauled and will be put in a first-class position as soon
as possible.
Personal Notes.
TWO NAMES well known u:
thronghout New England and the
Ziegler and J. Oscar Ziegler. mei
electrical circles, not only in Boston, but
whole country as well, are those of A. Arthur
libers of the firm of Ziegler Bros., of Boston,
Mass., manufacturers and dealers in elec-
trical specialties for schools, colleges and
laboratories. Mr. A. Arthur Ziegler is now
about 31 years of age, was born in Sw'it-
zerland, and was about 7 years of age when
his parents came to this country. He was
given a good public school education, and
at the early age of 16. in the year 1879, he
commenced his electrical apprenticeship
with the old establishment of Charles Wil-
liams, Jr., of Boston, where his brother. J.
Oscar Ziegler. was foreman of the instru-
ment and experimental department. This
was in the early days of electric work,
when the telegraph was supreme and the
telephone just entering. He remained with
Charles Williams and the Western Elec-
tric Company, which succeeded him, until
just previous to the removal of the plant
to New York, in all about six years, dur-
ing which time, through close applica-
tion and well-directed energy, he acquired a thorough knowledge of the busi-
ness. Desiring to familiarize himself with large macliinery, he afterwards iden-
tified himself with the South Boston Ironworks. Fn.ni Ih^rncL- he became ns^^oci-
ated with the SchaefTer Electric Manufac-
turing Company, afterwards known as
the Germania Electric Company, leaving
this company to connect himself with A.
L. Russell, of Boston, who succeeded to a
portion of the business of Charles Wil-
liams, with whom he remained for a num-
ber of years. He was also identified for a
short period with the Holtzer-Cabot Elec-
tric Company. On May 1, 1889, he organ-
ized the present firm of Ziegler Bros.,
composed of himself and his brother, J.
Oscar, Mr. J. Oscar Ziegler was also
born in Switzerland, and is now about 43
years of age. He was given an excellent
school and college education in Switzer-
land, and at the age of 17 was appren-
ticed to A. Saurer & Sons, in the city of
Arboxi, on I.,ake Constance, who are large
manufacturers of steam engines and silk
embroidery machinery. He was about 20
years of age when his parents located in this country, and began his
here with the American Safe Company, confining himself particularly to the
intricate mechanism of "time locks." In 1873 he associated himself with Charles
Williams, Jr., of Boston, and was closely identified through this connection with
Prof. Bell in all his early experimental work upon the telephone. He was also in
these early years brought into intimate contact with Moses G. Farmer. Previous
to the organization of the firm of Ziegler Bros., like his brother, he was associ-
ated with A. L. Russell and the Holtzer-Cabot Electric Company.
Miscellaneous Notes.
JUDGE RICH'S DECISION in the case of the Buckeye Company, of Cleveland
O., was sustained by Judge Dallas in an opinion handed down from'the bench
of the United States Circuit Court at Lancaster, Pa.
THE VIADUCT MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Baltimore. Md., lost its ex-
tensive electric manufacturing plant liy fire on June 30. During a .storm the
buildings were twice struck by lightning, the second stroke shattering the
machine shop and starting the fire. The damage is estimated at S.^0, 000, on which
there is $35,000 insurance. About 125 workmen are thrown out of employment,
but temporary quarters will be occupied at once, as the company has many
orders ahead. Presideni Davis and his associates have our sympathy, but their
well-kuowu business enterprise will doubtless meet with a stimulus from this
misfortune, which will more than counterbalance it.
Crabc gnb Snbustnol Hotcs,
WILMINGTON, DSL.— Worrell & Ryon, electrical engineers, have dissolved
partnership.
J. JONES & SON. 67 Cortlandt street. New York, report that they have just
closed a contract with one of the large motor companies to furnish them with a
year's supply of their Anti-Thunderbolt paper. They will also in the near
future keep in stock a com^plete supply of the Kester lamps, made by the F. B.
Little Company, of Buffalo.
THE J.T. CARPENTER TAP & DIE COMPANY, Pawtucket, R. I., has issued a
new catalogue and price list containing illustrations, descriptions of its taps,
dies, tap wrenches and other goods manufactured by it.
THE HARRISON INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION COM-
PANY will move its general offices to the Chamber of Commerce Building.
Chicago, this week, the general offices of The Harrison International Telephone
Company remaining here. This change is made imperative from the great
growth ol the Western business of this flourishing company.
THE ST. LOUIS RAILWAY COMPANY, of St. Louis, Mo., have placed the
order for their new car barn with the Berlin Iron Bridge Company, of East
Berlin. Conn. The building will be 64 feet in width, and 185 feet in length, with
brick walls, the roof being of iron covered with The Berlin Iron Bridge Com-
pany's patent anti-condensation corrugated iron roof covering. It is the inten-
tion of the railroad company to make -this station absolutely fireproof and
thereby save insurance.
THE ELECTRIC APPLIANCE COMPANY, Chicago, states that it started into
the Summer season without any special arrangement on a direct current fan
motor, intending to devote all of its energy to the sale of the Meston alternating
current outfit. A heavy demand set in, however, for a direct current fan motor,
and it has succeeded in getting hold of such a desirable article in the Acme direct
current fan motor that it is pushing them extensively, and claims to have the
best direct current fan motor introduced thi:
THE STANDARD ELECTRIC TIME COMPANY, on and after June 30, IS'M,
will have its main office and factory located at 23 Jefferson street, Waterbury,
Conn., where all communications, express and freight, should be sent, instead
of to New Haven, as heretofore. The company will here have greatly increased
facilities for the manufacture of its electric time system, self-winding clocks,
electric tower clocks, and electric dial system, all of which have established
an enviable reputation for simplicity and reliability.
THE MASON TELEPHONE COMPANY is the name of a new concern which
has just been organized in Richmond. Va.. to manufacture telephones. Messrs.
C- T. and W. A. Mason are the inventors of the telephone, and have perfected
an exchange system that has been introduced with success in several cities. The
advantages claimed for the new system are non-infringement, simplicity of con-
struction and superiority of transmission of sound. A number of the most
prominent men in Richmond are interested in the company.
THE WAKEFIELD ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, No. 731
Reading Terminal. Philadelphia, Pa., is very busy in railway work; it is just
finishing a seven mile extension from Harleigh to Freeland, Pa., for the Lehigh
Traction Company, and have started work On an eight-mile road from Tamaqua.
through Lansford, to Summit Hill, Pa., and has also closed contracts for a
40-niile road from Port Jer\'is, N. Y., to Stroudsburg, Pa. Mr. Charles E. Hague,
formerly with the Pennsylvania General Electric Company, is general u'.anager
of the Wakefield Electric Engineering Company,
QUEEN & CO., INCORPORATED, of Philadelphia, have a new form of cen-
tral station voltmeter, the dial of which is arranged in the shape of a semi-
circle 14 inches across, the scale covering 180 degrees. Thus it will be eWdent
that the divisions are far apart so that small fractions of a volt can be easily
read at some distance. An adjustable index, which can be set at any desired
point, is also supplied. This voltmeter can be left in circuit all day long with-
out injur>-. and is described in circular No. 535, which the makers will mail
upon request. They also have a full line of switch-board instruments for isolated
plants.
THE E. G. BERNARD CO., 43 Fourth street, Troy, N. Y., have bought out
the stock of material, completed and partly completed machines and special
tools of the Adams Electrical Company, of Worcester, and will continue the
manufacture of the Adams dynamos and motors, making a specialty of sizes up
to 10 k.w. capacity, both high and low speed. The above stock of completed
and partly completed machines will enable the E. G. Bernard Co. to continue
the business at once. Mr. A. D. Adams, late manager of Adams Electrical
Company, will be connected with the E. G. Bernard Co. in the manufacture
and sale of the machines.
BARTLETT & CO.. engravers and printers. 21 Rose street, have issued a beau-
tiful pamphlet entitled "A Modern Triumvirate." which describes in an agree-
able style the different departments of their business. The exceeding fine char-
acter of the work done by this firm is well illustrated in this brochure, not only
in engraving but in press work and binding. The embossed cover and title page
are works of art in every sense, and the whole production is one that could
scarcely be equalled outside of France, though even there we know of no firm
that can rival Bartlett & Co. in commercial catalogue work. Though the Ger-
mans have recently issued some ver>* elaborate commercial catalogues, they lack
the artistic element so predominant in the work of this firm.
THE ELECTRIC STOR.\GE BATTERY COMPANY. Drexel Building. Phila-
delphia, has issued a new edition of its catalogue of the chloride accumulator,
which contains considerable new matter, including some particulars of the
Paris-St. Denis storage batterj- tramway, an account of which appeared in our
columns several months ago. Five types of cells are now listed, ranging in
capacity from 12J-^ to 5.000 ampere hours. Types C and I) have been added, the
plates of these being 4x4 inches and 6x6 inches respectively. An appendix
contains a number of flattering testimonials to the merits of the chloiide
accumulator, among the writers of which are Professors Houston, Chandler,
Callender and Barker. A. E. Keunelly, the North American Phonograph Com-
pany, the American Graphophonc Company, the electrical engineer of the
Edison Kiuetoscope, and users of the battery for isolated and central station J
lighting purposes, and some others.
.THE CHAS. E. GREGORY COMPANY. Chicago. HI., report the followingj
sales for June: Fifty light D 12 Thomson-Houston arc dynamo, to P. Norcross.r
Janesville. Wis. ; two 30 and one 20 light Sperry arc dynamo, to B. Marks.i
Chicago: one 6-light Sperr>' arc dynamo, to Jas. I. Ayer. New York, N. Y.j
one 3-liRht Excelsior arc, to J. P. Karr. Reynolds. Ind.; one 500-light 1.000-vo
Thomson-Houston alternator, to P. Milroy. Hopkinton, la. ; two 180 ampen
Westinghouse generators, to International & Wells Packing Company
180 ampere Westinghouse generator, to W. T. Osborne & Co.. Kansas City
Mo.; one 210- light Edison generator, to Geo. B. Weiss & Son, Chicago; ond
July 14, 1894.
THK BlvECTRICAI^ \VORivl3.
45
25-h. p. direct-connected Westinghouse motor, to O. H. Parker, Auuistou, Ala. ;
three 3-h. p. and cue 5-h. p. Westinghouse motors, to Andrews & Johnson,
Chicago ; one 2-h. p. Sperry series generator, to John Raber. Chicago ; one 3 kw. ,
SOO-volt Edison motor, to M. Schu, Aurora, III.; one 3 kw. 220-volt Edison
motor, to Chicago Braid and Embroidery Company; one 1 h. p. Crocker-Wheeler
motor, to Four JLakes L. & P. Company. Madison, Wis. ; one I h. p. C. & C.
motor, to A. L. Daniels, Marion. la. ; one 1-h. p. Jenney motor, to E. J. Davis,
Aurora, 111.; one 1-h. p. Rockford motor, to George Wolfe, Chicago; one 1-h. p.
Detroit motor, to Baltimore Cafe. Chicago; one 1-h. p. Crocker-Wheeler, to Lyon
& Healy, Chicago; one 1-h. p. Edison motor, to Goltz & Sinclair, Milwaukee,
Wis. ; 14 Edison arc lamps, to W. T. Osboru & Co., Kansas City, Mo. ; 6 Knowles
D. C. arc lamps, to Kuh, Nathan & Fischer, Chicago; 15 Edison arc lamps, to
Max Eichberg, Chicago; 6 Edison arc lamps, to B. F. Harris, Jr., Champaign,
111. ; and a total sale of 47 fan motors of various sizes and inds.
Business Hotices.
BATTERY CUT-OUT CHEAP.— Sensitive, reliable, never requires attention.
Gas lighting much improved by its use. Electric Supply Company, of 105 South
Warren street, Syr
OPEN AND CI,OSED CIRCUIT CELLS.— The Hayden carbon porous cup No. 1;
the Hayden carbon porous cup No. 2 cell; a Leclanche clay porous cup cell ; a
standard Fuller cell; a No. 2 Fuller cell; a single cylinder carbon cell; a double
cylinder carbon cell. All reliable and efficient, and at prices lower thaii ever.
THE HAYDEN-BOOKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 2140 DeKalb
street, St. Louis, Mo.
ILLUSTRATED RECORD OF ELECTRICAL PATENTS.
UNITED STATES PATENTS ISSUED JULY 3. 1894.
(In charge of Wm. A. Rosenbaum, 177 Times Building, New York.)
532,189. ELECTRIC RAILWAY TRUCK; F. O. Blackwell, Lynn, Mass. Appli-
cation filed May 1, 1891. The combination with the driving axle of a rail-
way truck and motor shaft connected thereto through flexible coupling and
gearing, of a gear wheel casing having ji portion flexibly mounted to follow
the movement of the motor shaft.
522,209. ORGAN; R. Hope-Jones, Birkenhead, England. Application filed
Application
rent,
acid,
Application
No. 522,241. — Alternating Current Dynamo
Electric Machine.
September 18, 1891. The combination of a portable console frame, a key
frame adjustable as a whole thereon, and a separable portable pqdal frame.
522.231. AUXILIARY FIRE ALARM SIGNAL SYSTEM; J. Sachs, New York,
N. Y. Application filed November 8, 1893. This comprises an alarm box,
an auxiliary releasing circuit, a working generator, an automatic switch for
throwing said generator into circuit, a tell tale signal, and a circuit breaker
in the circuit, the generator being operated by the tell-tale mechanism.
522.232. ELECTRIC SAFETY FUSE; J. Sachf, New York, N.
filed April 10. 1893. This comprises a strip melted by an i
in combination with a material surrounding the strip, such a
that will combine with the metal and form a non-conductor.
522.233. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; A. Schweitzer, Alleghany. Pa.
tiled December 28. 1893. The combination with oppositely extending i
supporting the carbons, oneof the arms having a hinged joint, of means for
adjusting the hinged section laterally to align and bring the carbon points
in coincidental relation.
522.241. ALTERNATING CURRENT DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE; Elihu
Thomson, Swampscott, Mass. Application filed October 21, 1893. The
method of varying the periodicity of an electric current, which consists in
successively and continuously changing the points of line connection in
either direction around a rotating commutator independently of its own
rotation. (See illustration.)
522.242. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING INSULATING MATERIAL; A. F.
Tinnerholm and C. F. Paterson, Schenectady. N. Y. Application filed July
31, 1880. A sheet composed of scales or pieces of mica, and made up by
adding less than 10 per cent, of powdered gum or resin between the scales.
522.274. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE; C. E- Scribner, Chicago, HI. Appli-
cation filed June 1, 1889. The two pole pieces of a dynamo, each provided
with two cores, each pole being on opposite sides thereof, and the coils
thereof being included in a shunt around the translating devices which are
being supplied with current from the machine, in combination with a third
core for each pole piece connected with a projecting portion of each pole
piece, the extra pole pieces being on opposite sides of the armature and in
the same plane, and with the other cores in a plane at right angles to the
axis of the rotation of the armature, the extra pole pieces being provided
with coils included in the main circuit.
523.275. REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES; C. E- Scribner,
Chicago, 111 Application filed October 14, 1889. This comprises a brush
carrier constantly impelled in one direction by a constant force, and an
intermittently acting motor adapted to impel it in the opposite direction,
the frequency of the operation depending upon the strength of the main
532,276. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; A. W.Smith.San Francisco. Cal. Application
Sled April 2, 1894. This comprises a sliding frame, a solenoid coil, a core,
bell cranks fulcrumed upon yielding springs, gripping shoes and links
connecting the bell cranks with the core.
523,377, WINDOW SPRING FOR BURGLAR ALARMS: J. Steiner, Brooklyn,
N. Y. Application filed November 4. 1893. A window spring provided with
a lever and a circuit spring carrying upon one side of it an insulating disc.
and a contact point to make connection with a base, and upon its other side
a distance post to hold it at a fixed distance from the lever.
!,286. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE OR MOTOR; Charles S. Bradley,
Avon, N.Y. Application filed October 29, 1893. A dynamo electric machine
or motor having its field magnet circuit in series relation to the armature
circuit and provided with an electrical connection at a point intermediate of
the terminals with the frame. (See illustration.)
:.294. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; E- and F. W. Heymann, Boston, Mass. Appli-
cation filed April 14, 1893. A carbon for arc lamps consisting of a block
provided with grooves alternately arranged on its opposite faces.
;,302. SELF LOCKING CLEAT FOR ELECTRIC WIRES; E- Nashold. Chicago,
111. Application filed February 23, 1894. This consists of a block having
recesses adjacent to its support and grooves extending obliquely across the
cleat, and with a vertical bend therein, and terminating in flaring openings.
2,337. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; J. F. Kester, Buffalo, N. Y. Application
filed November 23, 1893. The combination with the frame and feed mechan-
ism, of a magnet controlling the movement of the frame, rock lever having
one arm connected with the armature of the magnet, and a block adjustably
secured to the oth'er arm of the lever and connected with the carrying frame.
1,332. ELECTRIC SWITCH; John Van Vleck, New York, N. Y. Application
filed May 28, 1894. In combination with a three wire distributing system,
three pairs of contact fingers respectively connected to the terminals of each
conductor, a rotary support, and three circuit closing plates on the periphery
thereof; with each of said plates each pair of fingers makes contact, the
fingers connected with the neutral conductor of the system being of such
length relatively to the' fingers connected with the other two conductors as
that when said contact plates are moved by the rotation of said support into
contact with said fingers, circuit shall be closed through said neutral con-
ductor before it is closed through the remaining conductors.
2,344. ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR; John F. Kelly. Pittsfield. Mass.
Application filed February 6, 1894. An alternating current motor consisting
of an inducing system having, when energized by an alternating current,
a symmetrical single phase alternating current magnetic field in com-
bination with a closed symmetrical induced system, the two systems being
relatively movable.
2,346. AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM; C. A. Mann, Buffalo, N. Y. Application
filed March 16, 1894. The combination of a base and terminals of a switch
spring adapted to connect the contacts on the terminals, a supporting rod in
front of the terminals, and a laterally sliding fusion link mounted on the rod
and engaging with the switch spring.
2,349. RAIL JOINT AND BOND FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS; J. Meyer,
New York, N.. Y. Application filed October 21, 1893. This comprises a base
plate, angle plates connected to the rail ends and to flanges on the base
plate, a bond connecting the base of the rail ends, and a filling of asphalt
run into the trough of the base plate.
3,356. ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR; William Stanley. Jr., Pitts-
field, Mass. Application filed April 3, 1894. An alternating current motor,
No. 522,286. — Dynamo or Motor.
consisting of a field magnet, the energizing coils of which do not coincide as
to their average centre with the centre of the figure of their pole piece and
the field of which, when energized, is of single or uniform phase, in com-
bination with an induced system symmetrical about an axis, around which
one of the members is free to rotate. (See illustration.)
522,363. SUSPENSION CLIP FOR TROLLEY WIRES; W. F. D. Crane, East
Orange, N. J. Application filed March 10, 1894. The means for applying a
trolley wire clip having opposed hooks, consisting of a handle with projec-
tions adapted to engage the upper side of the wire and the under side of
the clip.
522,370. DISTRIBUTING BOARD FOR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS: Rienhold
Herman, Crafton, Pa. Application filed December 14, 1893. A terminal for a
46
THE ELECXRICAI^ WORl^l).
Vol. XXIV. No. 2.
distributing board having in combination a socket portion provided with a
shoulder or flange, a threaded stem, a holding nut and a lock nut fitting on
the threaded stem.
522.374. HLECTRIC RAILWAY SUPPLY CIRCUIT; Rudolph M. Hunter,
Philadelphia, Pa. Application filed May «, IS94. In an electric railway the
combination of two railway tracks, feeding conductors connecting respect-
ively with the conductor of similar polarity of the two railways, separate
generators having their similar poles respectively connected with the two
supply conductors; and a common return circuit connecting conductors of
other polarity in parallel and in electrical connection with the other termi-
nals of the said generators.
J.'.388. ELECTRIC RAILWAY SWITCH AND TROLLEY: Frederick S.
Perrin. Lynn, Mass. Application filed March 12, 1892. The combination with
tlae trolley wheel of side arms whose ui)per ends are arranged to extend
No. 522,345. — Production of Continuous Motion by Alternat-
ing Currents.
over the trolley wire, and are movable toward and from each other, and
rollers on the ends of said arms, the axes of said rollers being inclined.
522,404. TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER; William R. Cole, Detroit, Mich.
"Application filed April 30,1894. The combination with the transmitting
diaphragm of a curved spring bar ananged across the diaphragm and
carrying one of the electrodes centrally in contact with the diaphragm, the
inward' movement of the diaphragm tending to straighten the bar, and a
bell crank lever against one arm of which one end of the spring bar bears,
and a spring bar forming the long arm of the bell crank, and carrying the
other electrode bearing against the electrode on the spring bar.
522 428. INSULATOR; Romaine Mace, New York. N. Y. Application filed May
3,1804. A tubular insulator inserted in an opening in a timber or support and
provided with a lug or extension in combination with means for securing
said lug or extension to the timber or support.
.•^22.431. ELECTRIC ALARM SIGNAL FOR RAILWAY CROSSINGS; James J.
Ross, Detroit, Mich. Application filed April 17, 1894, In an electric railway
signal, the combination of two normally closed rail circuits at opposite
sides of a cnwsing, each including a track relay, adapted to be short cir-
cuited by the train while passing over the rails of an electric alarm circuit
having two branches containing normally open breaks, controlled by the
track relays, a controlling relay provided with a main and shunt circuit.
insulating material arranged parallel with .said stringers and on the ties, an
electric conductor on the lop of said strip and the lower part of the conduit,
openings being provided between the ties and leading into said lower part.
522,461. CONDUIT FOR TROLLEY ARMS; Albert T. Fay. Minneapolis,
Minn. Application filed July 26. 1892. The combination with a car, of the
track for the same, an underground conduit provided with a surface
slot, a trolley arm having the thin flattened portion and the yoke to receive
the trolley wheel, and a breakable section of weaker metal arranged lietween
the top of the conduit and the car.
522,473. TORPEDO MACHINEOR APPAR.Vl'US FOR RAILW.\Y SIGNAI.ING;
Jacob W. Lattig, Easton, Pa. Application filed February 15. 1894. In combina-
tion, the pivoted track lever, the upright rod pinned to said lever, the vibra-
tory armature lever carried by the upright rod, the toe or projection against
which said vibratory arm acts, the rock shaft on which said toe is mounted, a
hammer mounted upon the same shaft and an electromagnet whereby said
armature lever may be influenced.
522.470. ELECTRODE FOR SECOND.\RY BATTERIES; William Morrison, Des
Moines, la. Application filed April 25, 1894. An electrode for secondary
batteries, the body of which is formed by a band composed of a plurality of
lead ribbons in close contact throughout, said band being folded and refolded
flatwise of the ribbons, and having spaces within the folds to provide for the
thickening of the ribbons by the expansion of the lead.
522,500. TELEGRAPH REPEATER; Aldred Dee Pinckney Weaver. Jackson.
Miss. Application filed December 26, 1893. A telegraphic repeater, com-
prising a sounder consisting ot the combination of an armature lever, two
independent .sets of electromagnets, both arranged upon the same side of
the fulcrum of said armature lever and both in local circuits, a frame, and a
spring contact combined with and interposed between the armature lever
and frame, and the circuits and batteries arranged.
522,506. ELECTRIC CONVERTER; George D. Burton, Boston, and Edwin E.
Angell, Somerville. Mass. Application filed November 14, 1893. In an
No. ,522,3.%.— .^I.Tl■:RNATI^(•. Current Motor.
two normally open breaks in branches of the shunt circuit controlled by the
track relays, a normally open break in the shunt circuit controlled by the
controlling relay, and a normally closed break in the alarm circuit con-
trolled by the controlling relay.
522,440. CONDUIT ELECTRIC RAILWAY; John H. Tyrell, New York, N. Y.
Application filed January 23, 1804. The combination with the car of the
trolley arm suspended beneath it, a support momited on the lower end of the
arm and adapted to swing relatively thereto and transversely of the car, and
a trolley on the said support.
522,454. MACHINE FOR TEACHING TELEGRAPHY; Thomas Mortimer
Crepar, Clare, Mich. Application filed March 20, 1804. The combination
with the case, the pulleys therein, the circuit breaker and the belt carried
by the pulleys and adapted to actuate the circuit breaker, of the hanger
having pulleys to carry the outer end of the belt, and the longitudinally
adjustable rails supporting the hanger and extending into the case.
522.460. ELECTRIC RAILWAY CONDUIT; Albert T. Fay, Minneapolis. Minn.
Application filed April 15, 1804. In an electric railway conduit, the com-
bination with the cross ties and the rails thereon, of the stringers resting
upon the tops of said cross tics, surface plates secured upon the tops of said
stringers, a slot being left between the inner edges of said plates, a strip of
□ □
No. 522,564. — Mui,TlPi*K TklKPHONV.
electric transformer, the combination of two conuected standards composed nf
magnetic material and provided with eyes at their upper ends, a core sup-
porjed at its opposite ends in said eyes, and primary and secondary coils
on said core.
:,S07. ELECTRIC CONVERTER; George I). Biirtou, Boston, and E<iwin E.
Angell, Somerville. Mass. Application filed November 2*). 1892. An electric
transformer having a secondary coil composed of a series of incomplete
rings, and a movable brush for completing the circuit of any one or more of
said rings.
!.S27. ELECTRIC AUTOMATIC CIRCUIT BREAKER; C. W. Larson. Lynn,
Mass. Application filed October 17, 1893. This comprises fixed contacts, a
sliding rod carrying a bridging contact, a spring, an electromagnet arranged
in circuit, a yielding armature carrying a catch, a toggle lever fixed at one
end and connected at its other end to the sliding rod, and a hook carried by
the toggle lever and adapted to engage the catch.
1,528. ELECTRIC TORPEDO APPARATUS AND SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY
SIGNALING; J. W. Lattig, Easton, Pa. Application filed February 27, 1804.
This comprises a track circuit and relay, a toipedoapparattis having a break
in its exploding mechanism, a magnet controlling the same, and a circuit
including the torpedo magnet, a branch circuit, a torpedo track section and
connections whereby, by and during the passage of a train over the torpedo
i put in condition to cause the torpedo mag-
break in the torpedo exploding mechanism.
F. Fullner. Chicago, III. Application filed
of a zinc clement in a solution of potash, the
proportions being substantially one pound of potash to seven quarts of water,
and a carbon element in a porous cup containing a solution of sulphuric
acid and nitrate of soda, the proportions being substantially four parts of
sulphuric acid, three parts of water, and oue part of nitrate of soda.
2.564. MULTIPLE TKLFIPHONY; Maurice Hutin and Maurice Leblanc.
Paris, France. Application fil d June 1, 1S94. The improvement in the art
of telephony, which consists in transmitting vocal or other sounds by gener-
ating electrical undulations similar in form to the sound waves, and select-
ing therefrom and charging a line with components of these electrical
undulations. (See illustration.)
tjack section the branch circuit :
net to maintain or restore the br
t.559. GALVANIC BATTERY;
August 28. 1893. This consist;
The Electrical World.
Vol. XXIV.
NEW YORK, JULY 21, 1894.
No. 3,
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Dntained 154 different adv'ts
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Vol. XXIV.
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CONTKNTS.
Editorial
Judge Rick's Decision
Fort Wayne vs. General Electric
New French Electric Launch
Electro-Dynamic Machinery, by Honston and Kennelly
Resonance Analysis of Alternating and Polyphase Currents, by M. I.
Pupin
The Meeting of the Canadian Electrical Association
.Susmie, Magnetic and Electric Phenomena
How the Telephone Company Reaches a Subsciiber, by W. L- Heden-
berg
.\inateur Motor Building— I., by G. E. Dutiton
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculation — X. , by A. E. Wiener . . . .
The Electrical World's Digest of Current Technical Electrical Litera
ture, by Carl Hering
A .Simple Fire Alarm
The Hamilton Elevator •
A Diminutive Battery
Safety Automatic Gauge Cock
New Telephone .\pparatus
Trolley Wheel
Automatic .Switch for Charging Storage Batteries
Electric Heating . .
Portable .Alternating Current Meter
Small Motors
Wenstrora Direct Connected Outfit
DEPARTMENTS:
Financial Intelligence .
AMATEUR MOTOR BUILDING.
The article on amateur motor building, in another column, will
be found of interest by those who have the time and opportunity to
indulge in the very profitable, from an educational standpoint,
pleasure of constructing amateur apparatus. The actual construction
of such a model will convey a better idea of the technical principles
concerned than a small library of books, and in this case the maker
will have the satisfaction of possessing, when completed, a motor of
good efficiency, which can be utilized for a fan or for experimental
purposes. The directions given are so minute that there should be
no difficulty in any one carrying them out, whether with respect to
the mechanical construction or the electrical details, which latter
will be given in the next section of the article.
ELECTRIC RAILWAY NETWORKS.
Every few months one or more of the New York dailies has an
article of some length on New Jersey networks of electric railways, all
of which almost seem to be written from the same original copy.
Sometimes rumors in regard to a network from Camden approaching
to connect with one in Northern New Jersey are elaborated, and
the impression likely to be received bj' the lay reader is that there
is something both wonderful and mysterious in these "network"
schemes. As far as we can learn, however, towns between which
the traffic is likely to be profitable have been connected by electric
railways, and the only significance of "networks" is that these
lines, on a map, may present such an appearance. If the traffic between
towns north of Camden and south of Jerse}- City is likely to be
large enough to justify the construction of lines, they will probably
some time meet at Trenton, or some other place, and then we will
have what might be called a network system between those ex-
tremes, but it does not seem that this implies any strange develop-
ment of electric traction.
THE ORIGIN OF UPPER HARMONICS.
In another column we print an abstract of the valuable paper read
by Dr. Pupin at the Philadelphia meeting of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers, in which, however, only the conclusions
are given. Those who would like to know the details of the beau-
tiful method of resonance analysis employed are referred to the
original in the Transactions of the Institute. The paper has an
important practical bearing, for it clearly shows how the presence
of the upper harmonics accounts for rupture of insulation of alter-
nating machines, and it is pointed out that lines should be con-
structed in such a way that conditions favoring resonance with the
frequency of the fundamental, or with one of its odd upper har-
monics, will seldom occur, or, when they do occur, there will be
no resonant rise of potential capable of doing damage. To the
same end, slotted armatures and armatures with projecting pole
pieces should be avoided, and the magnetization kept as low as
possible. Another conclusion of interest is that hj'steresis will not,
as has been claimed, account for the abrupt cyclic changes which
may be the cause of the upper harmonfcs. The resonance analysis
of a rotar\' field, described in the paper, proves that rotary magnetic
fields, if produced b}' reasonably well constructed machines, are
not accompanied by fluctuations in their intensitj-, which should
definitely settle a question which had no reason for its existence.
Special Correspondence ....
News of the Week
Trade and Industrial Notes .
Business Notes
Illustrated Record of Patents
THEORETICAL VS. PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY.
We have frequently referred in these columns to the dubious
advantage of a technical education, in which the teaching of prin-
ciples is subordinated to purely practical training, and our views
receive another confirmation in some remarks by Prof. Ostwald in
an introduction to a paper to which we quote elsewhere. He refers
48
THE El^KCXRlCAIv WORIvD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
to the fact that the bulk of benzol made in England i.s exported to
Germany, wliere it serves for the preparation of colors, perfumes
and drugs, and then asks the cause that leads to another country
obtaining thus the greater share of a profit, all of which might he
retained in England where the raw material is produced. The
ans\\cr he found during a visit to that country, where he learned that
the English student has too great a belief in the value of "practi-
cal" subjects to waste time in learning pure cheuiistr}'. Wishing to
become a technically trained dyer, he learns dyeing instead of the
chemical principles upon which d5-eing depends, and the natural
result is that at the first notable departure from the art of dyeing,
as he learned it, he is utterly at a loss, and has to begin learning
new empirical methods, instead of applying that general knowledge
which the technical man, who has studied chemistry before dyeing,
has fully acquired. The Professor states that the secret of German
industrial success is that Germans have grasped the fact that science
is the best practice. That this is true with respect to chemistry
there is abundant evidence in the fact that Germany, which pays
immeasurably more attention to the teaching and investigation of
chemical theory than any other country, also controls the chemical
trade of the world, while her chemical graduates find profitable
employment the world over.
ELECTRO-DYNAMIC MACHINERY.
Under the above caption we begin in this issue the publication of
a series of articles by Houston and Kennelly, in which will be
considered the principles underlying the construction and use of
apparatus for the production, distribution, utilization and measure-
ment of electrical energy. This series of articles will, we think, be
one of the jnost valuable to the student of any treatise of the kind
that has yet appeared, not only from the exceedingly clear manner in
which it is written, but from the logical sequence of the subjects,
the numerical examples based upon practical data and used as illus-
trations, and the fact that it will be up to date in all the matters
treated. The series will lack a common fault of much technical
writing, which too often has no perspective, treating .some subjects
at much greater length than necessary, while others of importance
are passed over, mere whims often appearing to have dictated the
choice and arrangement of matter, rather than logical considera
tions. No attempt will be made in these articles to treat of the
actual construction of machines and apparatus, which is a subject
that would be out of place where the object is the development of
general principles, whose application in most cases is an engineer-
ing question in which commercial and other considerations fre-
quently demand notable modifications. The modern tendency is to
give an increasing importance to the study of principles, and that
this is based upon sound wisdom cannot be denied. The practice
of the constructive branches of a profession consists largely, as
intimated before, in compromises between conflicting principles, or in
modifications to suit given conditions. In other words, principles
are the raw material which have to be worked and fitted to meet
the recjuirements of practice. As a consequence, to be successful,
one should have a thorough knowledge of the elements he is thus
required to deal with, or otherwise he becomes helpless when a new
set of conditions presents itself. The object of this series is to
teach these underlying elements of the profession of the electrical
engineer; not, however, in the language of the matheni.<itician and
the physicist, as usually attempted, but in the terms cni])loyeil hv
the engineer.
ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.
In the Digest will be found an abstract of an important German
paper, by Prof. Ostwald, in which it is pointed out that electro-
chemistry contains possibilities that are startling in their scope. It
is asserted that if we had a cell in which electrical energy was pro-
duced by the direct oxidation of carbon ( not with heal, however i,
and with an output approaching the theoretical, we would be on
the brink of an industrial revolution, compared with which the
invention of the steam engine sinks into insignificance. Numeri-
cally, as a pound of carbon contains 14,000 heat units, this is equiv-
alent to saying that S.4 hourly horse power would be obtained
from each pound of carbon used in this way. Prof. Ostwald says
that the one essential for such a cell is a suitable electrolyte to inter-
pose between the carbon at one end and the oxygen at the other,
which will pennit the occurrence of the necessary electrical inter-
actions and itself suffer no permanent change. This, of course,
offers us no solution, but it is encouraging to have the problem
assume a definite shape with definite requirements pointed out,
for then the mind has something tangible upon which to bring its
forces to bear. While Prof. Oswald thus indicates the direction in
which it will be profitable to explore, he also warns against expect-
ing to obtain notable economy in the production of electricity from
coal through the intermediary of heat. An apparatus of this kind
would be a thermo-dynamic machine, and therefore subject to the
law of thermo-dynamic efficiency, which is that the portion of heat
energy utilized cannot be greater than the ratio of the working
range of temperature to the extreme absolute temperature. Another
problem offered to the electro-chemist is the utilization in a storage
battery of a metal having a low electro-chemical equivalent. For
example, it is .shown that, if aluminium were available for this
purpose, the weights of the electrodes could be reduced to one-
eleventh of their present amount. It seems to be the opinion of
Prof. Ostwald that the fundamental problem in electro-chemistry is
that of osmotic pressure, as he asserts that a galvanic cell is nothing
more than a machine driven by this pressure. While the origin of
osmotic pressure is yet a mysterj-, its existence has been proved by
interposing a septum between two solutions, to one of which it is
impervious; a solution of sea water, it is stated, thus gives a pressure
of 20 atmospheres. It will be seen that the field of modem electro-
chemistr}' is one with boundless possibilities, and would even appear
to offer greater inducements to a young man seeking a professional
career than any other branch of electrical science. Unlike most of
the other branches, however, it involves a theoretical training of
the highest order, and is of all the least likely one to prove profita-
ble to the empiric and dabbler.
Judge Ricks' Decision Sustained.
We referred last week to Judge Dallas' decision in the United
States Circuit Court at Lancaster, Pa., sustaining Judge Ricks'
opinion in the Buckeye lamp case, and we give below the full text:
"This is a motion for a preliniinar)- injunction to restrain the
defendant from using certain electric lamps in alleged violation of
the rights of the complainants under what is known as the Edison
patent for incandescent lamps. The substantial question is as to
the weight which should, upon this application, be accorded to the
action of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Ohio, on
certan motions made in that court, for, and to dissolve, preliminary
injunctions in suits upon the same patent. In disposing of the
motions referred to. Judge Ricks' delivered three opinions, which
have been discussed at length by counsel, and attentively read by
me; but I do not deem it necessary or advisable to express any
opinion of my own upon the subjects with which they deal. It is
enough to say that he has decided that the lamps now involved
could he lawfully made and sold by the defendant's vendor, and,
(([noting authorities) the user of a patented article is not liable as
an infringer, where he purchased it of a person who had a legal
right to sell it. Nothing is now indicated as to the view which
may be taken of this case when considered upon pleadings and
proofs, but I am of opinion that, because a preliminary injunction
against the maker of these lamjis has been refused in the Sixth
Circuit, this court should not, upon interlocutory application, enjoin
the use of them by a defendant who bought them from that maker.
The motion for a preliminary injunction is denied. ' '
The Calculation of Alternating Current Motors.
The interesting serial by Jlr. 'B. Arnold on this subject, which
has appeared in these Columns during the past year, has been
reprinted from the " IClek Zeit.,"and in pamphlet form by the j
Poljtechnischen Buchandlung, A. Seydel, Berlin. The treatise is]
there given in full, and developed considerably beyond the point it I
reached in our columns. Those who have followed the series will ]
undoubtedly be interested in the complete work.
July 21, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WOKLU.
49
Fort Wayne vs. General Electric.
The Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, in the New York ' ' World" of
last Sunday, has an article of more than a page in length devoted
to a history of the company and a description of its works, from
which we extract the following account of Mr. R. T. McDonald's
recent coup d'etat.
The article states that it was know'n that for some months Mr.
McDonald and President Cofiin, of the General Electric, had been
considering various fonns of a contract to be entered into between
their respective companies. Mr. Coffin's idea was to close up the
Fort Wayne factories and to manufacture their apparatus at Schenec-
tady. Mr. McDonald had in mind three points he was bound to
accomplish, and which he would not compromise on.
The first was that he insisted on the General Electric Company
guaranteeing the paper of the Fort Wayne Electric Company which
he had indorsed. The second was that the minority stockholders,
many of whom were Mr. McDonald's friends, and some of whom
had bought Fort Wayne stock on that account, should be fully
protected. This it was proposed to do by buying their stock and
adding it to the already large, though not controlling, holdings of
the General Electric Company. The latter company would then
own the Fort Wayne outright, and could do with it as it pleased.
Mr. McDonald was willing to leave the company under these
circumstances, or he was willing to serve the company for one year
without salary. The third point insisted on by Mr. McDonald was
that the works at Fort Wayne should be kept running. The pay-
roll of the company, as already stated, amounts to about $20,000 a
month, and it can be easily seen that this is not a small item to a
city the size of Fort Wayne. Mr. McDonald's course throughout
these transactions was of a most commendable character. As a
business man, he wanted to protect himself; as a friend, he insisted
on taking care of the minority stockholders, and as a citizen, he
desired to help Fort Wayne all he could.
After numerous contracts had been drafted and considered, the
negotiations came to naught, and the matter rested where it had
started. Finally, about May 25 last, a meeting was held in New
York, at which were present, among others, Mr. Coster, of Drexel,
Morgan & Co. and the General Electric Company; President R. T.
McDonald and his counsel. At this meeting, Mr. Coster told
President McDonald that further negotiation was ui>ele.ss; that the
General Electric Company intended to send its own men to Fort
Wayne on June 9, when the annual meeting of the Fort Wayne
Electric Company's stockholders would be held, and that a Board
of Directors satisfactorj- to the General Electric Company would be
elected. This ended the meeting, but it did not take long for
President McDonald and his counsel, Mr. Putney, to get their heads
'ogether and evolve a scheme to checkmate the General Electric.
With only two weeks before the annual meeting to work in, Mr.
McDonald immediately set about getting proxies from his friends
among the minority .stockholders. He found many such among the
ex-officers and employes of the old Thomson-Houston Company.
The Thomson -Houston people had come into possession of a large
block of stock for the regulator patent, the validity of which they
had sustained against Mr. Wood, the Fort Wayne Company's
inventor. The par value of Fort Wayne Company's stock was $25
a share. President McDonald owned about 3,000 shares. Among
the proxies which he secured were those from ex-President Pevear,
of the Thomson-Houston Company, representing 8,000 .shares, and
from Mr. J. N. Smith, a former director, and at one time the
largest stockholder in the Thomson-Houston Company, representing
1,600 shares. Proxies of many other persons were secured. The
General Electric Company had about 42 per cent, of the stock. Mr.
Coffin had a considerable block, and it was thought that the holdings
of the General Electric Company, together with the holdings of others
immediately connected with it, would control the election. There-
upon Mr. McDonald made application to the Court for the appoint-
ment of receivers.
E. J. Hathorne, of Boston, and H. J. Miller, of Fort Waj-ne,
were appointed receivers, and simultaneously came the organization
of the Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, which is at present con-
ducting the business. It has made a contract with the receivers to
continue the business of the old Fort Wayne Electric Company.
Its capital stock is $1,500,000, paid in cash, and the stockholders,
who are widely scattered, are practicalh' the holders of the old Fort
Wayne stock, with the exception of the General Electric Company.
The contract with the receivers has been sanctioned by the courts.
The officers of the new Fort Wayne Electric Corporation are:
Ronald T. McDonald, president; C. S. Knight, vice-president, and
C. C. Miller, secretary and treasurer.
About the first of the year an expert from the General Electric
Company went over the books of the Fort Wayne Company and
decided that the stock was worth $4.80 per share. The Fort Wayne
Company's expert at the same time figured that the stock was worth
$6 per share. It is predicted that when the receivers wind up the
Fort M'ayne Electric Company the assets will be sufficient to meet
all the debts and leave a considerable surplus.
New French Electric Launch.
The accompanying illustrations represent an electric launch
recently constructed in Paris for use at a pleasure resort on the
Mediterranean. The boat is said to be an exceedingly trim little
craft, and the trial trips in Paris a few weeks ago are said to have
been exceedingly satisfactory from every point of view. The launch
is 29 feet 3 inches over all, and it has three feet three inches
breadth of beam. Under the seats, which are shown at A in the
drawing, and which are designed to accommodate fifteen pas.sen-
gers, is located a battery of 52 accumulators of the Gadot type.
The cells are slipped into place at the sides of the seat, the panels
being removable. The batteries are contained in wooden boxes
carefully sheathed with lead. The tops of the containing cells' are
closed b)- lids which press against a rubber gasket. When it is
necessary to replenish the liquid it is poured into the cells through
openings in the covers which are ordinarily closed by rubber
buttons.
The motor, which is installed slightly abaft of amidship, is a
Gramme machine of a capacity of 44 amperes at 100 volts. The
propeller shaft is driven with a single reduction gear, the speed
being reduced in the ratio of 4 to 1. As the armature makes from
1100 to 1200 revolutions per minute, the propeller is driven at the
A French Elfxtric L.\unch.
rate of about 300 revolutions. The pinion on the annature .shaft is
of rawhide, a material which has been used little for this purpose
in France; it is found to be especially useful in this special case,
as the noise is found to be much less than if a metal pinion were
employed.
The motor is sheltered by a case of varnished wood, and just aft
of it sits the operator. He has in front of him the necessary'
switches, and an ammeter and voltmeter, so that he can at all times
keep informed of the state of the accumulators. A rheostat is also
provided, but this is seldom used.
To charge the accumulators there has been installed a Gramme
dynamo, having an output of 41 amperes and 140 volts. This
machine is driven by a two-cylinder vertical gas engine of 20 horse
power capacity. The dynamo at the time it charges the 52 cells on
the launch also furnishes current to a battery of 56 accumulators
which supply 100 16 c.p. lamps arranged about the owner's house.
The charging process occupies about ten hours, and the launch
is then ready for a trip of four hours. The average speed, as deter-
mined by the tests at Paris, was about 6J4 miles per hour.
The weight of the launch, with its cells, is about 10,800 lbs.
This is not great enough to prevent the builders fiom constiucting
a frame on wheels, or moving the launch from the waterside to a
store hou.se.
Practice vs. Theory.
' 'The secret of the success of the chemical industry in Germany
lies in the fact that it has learned that science is the best practice. "
—Dr. Ostwald.
so
THE ELECXRICAL AVORLO.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
Electro-Dynamic Machinery.
BY KDWIN J. HOUSTON AND A. E. KENNELIvY.
I. GP^NERAI, PROPERTIES OF DYNAMOS.
1. By electro-dynamic machinery is meant any apparatus for the
]7iO(hiction, transference, utilization or measurement of energy
through the medium of electricity. Electro-dynamic machinery
may, therefore, be classified under tlie following heads:
(1.) Generators, or apparatus for converting mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
(2.) Tran.smission circuits, or apparatus designed to receive,
modify and transfer the electrical energj' from the generators to the
receptive devices.
(3. ) Devices for the reception and conversion of electrical energy
into some other de-sired form of energy.
( 4. ) Devices for the measurement of electrical energy.
Under generating apparatus are included all forms of continuous
or alternating current dynamos.
Under transmission circuits are included not only conducting
lines or circuits in their various forms, but al.so the means whereby
the electric pressure ma\' be varied in transit, or the capacity of
the line altered between the generating and receptive devices. This
would, therefore, include not only the circuit conductors proper,
but also various types of transformers, either stationary or rotar)'.
Under receptive devices are included any devices for converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy. Stricth' -speaking, how-
ever, it is but fair to give to the term mechanical energy a wide
interpretation, such as would, for example, permit the introduction
of any device for translating electrical energy into telephonic or
telegraphic vibrations.
Under devices for the measurement of electrical energy would be
included all electrical measuring and testing apparatus.
In this series of articles the principles underlying the construc-
tion and vise of the apparatus described under the preceding heads
will be considered, rather than the technique involved in their
application.
2. A consideration of the foregoing classification will show that
in all cases of the application of electro-dynamic machinery,
mechanical energy is transformed by various devices into electrical
energy, and utilized by various electro-receptive devices that are
connected with the generators b}' means of conducting lines of vari-
ous descriptions. The engineering problem involved in the, practi-
cal application of electro-dynamic machinery can therefore be
resolved into the simple case of economically generating a current
and transferring it to the point of utilization with as little loss in
transit as possible. The best economic conditions under which to
solve any particular problem will necessarily depend largely upon
the conditions of the case, but, generally speaking, all such prob-
lems resolve themselves into a variety of general cases, which will
hereafter be discussed.
3. A dynamo electric generator is a machine in which conductors
attached to a moving part, generally the armature, are caused to
cut magnetic flux paths under conditions in which an expenditure
of energy is required to maintain the motion. Under these condi-
tions, electromotive forces are generated in the conductors.
Since the object of the electromotive force generated in the arma-
ture is the production of a current, it is evident that, in order to
make the current strength as great as may be desired, either the
electromotive force must be increased, or the resistance diminished,
as far as practicable.
Electromotive sources must be regarded as producing, not electric
currents, but electromotive forces, and, other things being equal,
that type of dynamo will be the best which produces, under given
conditions of resistance, speed, etc., the highest electromotive force.
In designing a dynamo, therefore, the electromotive force of which
is fixed by the character of the work it is required to perform, the
problem resolves itself into obtaining a machine which will .satis-
factorily perform its work at a given efficiency, and without over-
heating.
4. There are various ways in which the electromotive force of a
dynamo may be increased.
(1. ) By increasing the speed of revolution.
(2. ) By increa.sing the magnetic flux through the machine.
(3. J By increasing the number of turns on the annature.
The increase in the speed of revolution is limited by well-known
mechanical considerations. Such increase in speed means that the
same wire is brought through the .same magnetic flux more rapidly.
To double the electromotive force from this cause, we require to
double the rate of rotation, which would, in ordinary cases, carry
the speed far beyond the limits of safe commercial practice.
Since the E. M. F. produced in any wire is proportional to its
rate of cutting magnetic flux, it is evident that to double the E. M.
F. in a given wire or conductor, its rate of motion through the flux
nuist be doubled. This can be done, either by doubling the
rapidity of rotation of the armature, or by doubling the density of
the flux through which it cnts, leaving the rate of motion the
same.
Since the total E. M. I", in any circuit is the sum of the separate
E. M. Fs. contained in that circuit, if the number of separate wires,
each the seat of an E. M. F. , be connected in series, the total E.
M. !•". will be the sum of their separate E M. Fs If, therefore,
several loops of wire be moved through the magnetic field, and
these loops be connected in .series, it is evident that, with the same
rotational .speed and flux density, the E. M. F. generated will be
proportional to the number of turns.
,\n increase in E. M. F. under any of these heads is limited by
the conditions which arise in actual practice. As we have already
seen, the speed is limited by mechanical considerations. An
increase in the magnetic flux is limited by the permeability of the
iron — that is, its capability of conducting magnetic flux — and the
increase in the number of turns is limited by the space of the arma-
ture which can properly be devoted to the winding.
5. It will subsequently be shown that a definite relation exists
between the output of a dynamo, either for continuous or alter-
nating currents, and the relative amounts of iron and copper it
contains — that is to say, the type of machine being determined
upon, given dimensions and weight should produce, at a given
speed, a certain output. The conditions under which these relations
exist will form the subject of future consideration.
6. Generally speaking, there exists in the case of everj' machine
a constant relation between its electromotive force and resistance,
E-
which may be expressed by the ratio, — where E is the E. M.
F. of the machine at its brushes, and r the resistance of the
machine; i.e., its internal resistance. In any given machine, the
above ratio is nearly constant, no matter what the winding of the
machine may be; i.e., no matter what the size of the wire em
ployed.* This ratio may be taken as representing the electrical
activity of the machine, on short circuit, in watts, and may be
conveniently designated the electrical capability of the machine.
For example, in a 200-kw. (200,000 watts) machine — /. e., a
dynamo, whose output is 200 kw. (about 267 h. p. ), the value of
its electrical capability would be about 10,000 kw. , so that, if its
E. M. F. were 155 volts, its resistance would be 0.0024 ohm.
7. Hitherto we have considered the energj' absorbed by the
dynamo, independently of its external circuit — that is, we have
considered only the electrical capability of the machine.
When the dynamo is connected with an external circuit, two
extreme cases may arise.
(1. ) When the resistance of the external circuit is verj' small, so
that the machine is practically short circuited. Here all the elec-
trical energy is liberated within the machine.
(2. ) When the external resistance is so high that the resistance
of the machine is negligible in comparison. Here practically all
the energy in the circuit appears outside the machine. Between
these two extreme cases an infinite ninnber of intermediate cases
may arise.
8. By the output of a dynamo is meant the electrical activity of
the machine in watts, as measured at its terminals; or, in other
wbrds, the output is all thfe available electrical energy. Thus, if
the dynamo yields a steady current of 500 amperes at a steady pres-
sure or E. M. F. , measured at its terminals, of 110 volts, its output
will be 110 X 500 = 55,000 watts, or .55 kilowatts*.
The intake of a dynamo is the mechanical activity it absorbs,
measured in watts. Thus, if the dynamo last considered were
driven by a belt which ran at a speed of 1,500 feet per minute, or
25 feet per second, and the tight side of the belt exerted a stress or
pull of 2,500 pounds weight, with the tension on the slack side of
710 pounds weight, the effective force, or that e.xerted in driving
the machine, would be 1,790 pounds weight. This force, moving
through a distance of 25 feet per second, would do an . amount of
work represented by 1,790 X 25 = 44,750 foot-pounds per second;
and one foot-pound per second is usually taken as 1.356 watts, so
that the intake of the machine is 60,680 watts, or 60.68 kw.
By the commrniat efficiency of a dynamo is meant the ratio of
its output to its intake. In the case just considered, the commer-
55
\
cial efficiency of the machine would be
60.680
: 0.9064.
•This ratio would be constant if the ratio of insulation thickness to diameter
of wire remained constant through all sizes of wire.
4B
July 21, 18'»4.
THE ELECXRICAJU WORLO.
51
By the electrical efficiency of a dynamo is meant the output,
divided by the total electrical activity in the circuit. Thus, if the
dynamo just considered had a total electrical energy in its circuit
of 57 kw. , of which 2 kw. was expended in the machine, its
. 55
electrical efficiency would be -^ = 0.965.
9. The output of the machine would be greatest when the
external resistance is equal to the resistance of the machine. In
this case, the output would be just one-quarter the electrical capa-
bility, and the electrical efficiency would be 0.5. Thus, the resist-
ance of the dynamo considered above would be 0.008 ohm, and the
110-
electrical capability of the machine x-^^ttt,^ 1,512,500 watts, or 1,512.5
kw. ; and if the external resistance were equal to the internal
resistance — namel}-, 0.008 ohm — the total activity in the circuit
would be 756.25 kw. ; the output would be 378.12 kw. , and the
electrical efficiency 0.5.
That is to say, in order to obtain a maximum output from a
dynamo machine, the circumstances are such that half the electrical
energj' must be developed in the machine and half in the external
circuit; or, in other words, the electrical efficiency can be only 0.5.
In practice, however, it would be impossible to operate a machine
of any size under these circumstances, since the amount of energ)'
dissipated in the machine would be so great that the consequent
heating effects would destroy the machine.
10. We have seen that whenever the resistance in the external
circuit is indefinitely great, compared with that of the machine, the
electrical efficiency of the machine .will be 1.0, or 100 per cent. It
is evident, therefore, that in order to increase the electrical effi-
ciency of the dynamo, it is necessary that the resistance of the
external circuit be made great, compared with the internal resist-
ance of the machine. For example, if the external resistance be
made nine times greater than that of the internal circuit, then the
electrical efficiency will be , - =0.9; and, similarly, if the exter-
nal resistance be nineteen times that of the internal resistance, the
9
electrical efficiency would be raised to .■„,.. = 0.95.
11. Care must be taken not to confound the electrical efficiency
of a machine with its electrical output. The electrical output of a
machine would reach a maximum when the electrical efficiency was
0.5, or 50 per cent., and the output would be zero when the electri-
cal efficiency reached 1.0.
The electrical efficiency of large d)nanios is verj' high, about
0.985. Indeed, the electrical efficiency of such machines must
necessarily be made high, since otherwise the loss of energy within
them would cause them to overheat.
The commercial efficiency of a dynamo is always less than its
electrical efficiency, since all mechanical and magnetic frictions,
such as air resistance, journal-bearing friction, hysteresis and eddy
currents come into account among the losses. The commercial
efficiency also depends upon the type of machine, whether it be
belt-driven, or directly mounted on the engine shaft. It will also
vary with the character of the iron employed in its field magnets
and armature, and with the care exercised in securing its proper
lamination. in large machines, of sa}' 500 kw. capacit}', the
commercial efficiency may be as high as 0.95. In very small
machines, of say 0.5 kw. , the highest commercial efficiency may be
only 0.65.
Laboratory of Houston and Kenneli,y-, Philadei.phia.
(To be continued. )
Resonance Analysis of Alternating and Polyphased Currents.
UV M. I. PUPIN.
The method described in this paper of analyzing alternating cur-
rent waves by electrical resonance is one suggested by Dr. Pupin in
a paper which appeared in the American Journal of Science, of May,
1893. The aim of the experiments was to detect the presence of
harmonics, to trace their origin, and to study their variations with
the variation of the load, and of other elements of the circuit on
which these harmonics seem to depend. For the details of the
experiments, and of the resonance apparatus employed, the reader is
referred to the original paper.
The presence of upper harmonics in an alternating current wave
is a fact which deserves careful consideration, both on account of
the purely scientific interest which is attached to it, and also on
account of the technical bearing of electrical resonance upon the
* Abstract of a paper read before the Philadelphia meeting of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers.
construction of conductors po.ssessing appreciable distributed capa-
city.
That alternating current and electromotive force waves of a great
variety of fonns can be produced by properly designing the pole
pieces of the field magnet and the iron core of the armature of an
alternator is a fact nearly as old as the discovery of electromagnetic
induction. Fully as old is also the knowedge that a great variety of
alternating current and electromotive force waves can be obtained by
means of the induction of an intermittent current.
The first .set of experiments to locate the origin of higher har-
monics was performed with a 10 h. p. Fort Wayne 8-pole alternator
with a smooth core armature and a vStanley 5 kw. transformer.
The general conclusion of this group of experiments is summed
up as follows:
I. A ferric self-inductance in circuit with an alternator which
gives a simple harmonic electromotive force distorts the current by
introducing higher odd harmonics, principally the harmonic of
three times the frequency of the fundamental.
II. This harmonic (and" in all probability all other harmonics)
increases at the same rate as the fundamental when the excitation
increases, the rate of increase being up to 4,000 C. G. S. lines of
force per sq. cm. proportional to the intensity of magnetic induction
in the core of the ferric inductance.
III. When this ferric induction is a transformer, then the distortion
appears, but not seriously, in the induced secondary electromotive
force if the transformer has an open magnetic circuit; it does not
appear there to any extent worth considering if the magnetic circuit
is a closed one.
IV. A practically simple harmonic electromotive force is produced
by alternators with smooth core armatures, even if the machine is
worked at considerable degrees of magnetization of the armature
core.
Another set of experiinents was performed with the same object,
using a oiie-h. p. 16-pole' alternator with a Crocker-Wheeler slotted
core armature wound for 500 volts, but run at a spee<l giving 1,500
volts.
The transformer connected with it was of induction coil type, with
a cylindrical iron core made up of very carefully insulate<l thin iron
wire. As a result of the experiments made with this apparatus the
following conclusions can be added to the above:
v. An alternator with slotted core armature produces a complex
harmonic electromotive force in which the upper harmonic of three
times the frequency of the fundamental is generally by far the
strongest.
VI. The amplitudes of the fundamental and the harmonic
increase at the same rate with the increase of excitation ; this rate
is proportional to the excitation, that is to say, proportional to the
magnetization of the armature.
VII. A ferric inductance in circuit with a slotted iron core aniia-
ture introduces no new harmonics. It seems to strengthen those
already existing in the electromotive force, that is odd harmonics,
especially the first Odd harmonic.
The same conclusions will evidently hold true for alternators of
ordinary types, that is alternators whose armature is made up of
coils wound on iron cores which are bolted to a cylindrical iron
drum common to all of them.
It is a well-known fact that the distortion of the primary current
disappears gradually with the increase of the secondary load, that
is when the external part of the secondary circuit is a non-self-
inductive resistance. The question arises now, what becomes of the
harmonics which produce the distortion in the primary when the
secondary current increases? To answer this question experiments
were performed with the large alternator and 5 kw. transformer,
the more important conclusion being that the harmonic which mani-
fests itself in the distortion of the primary current when there is no
load in the secondary' is present at all loads, if not stronger, then
certainly with about the same strength. At full load this harmonic
could not possibly be detected by Joubert's method of sliding con-
tact, being so exceedingly small in comparison to the fundamental.
This persistence of harmonics at all loads, even when completely
hidden by the fundamental wave, holds true also when their origin
can be traced to the action of the armature of the generator, as in the
case of the machine with slotted iron core armature. In all cases their
strength seems to depend upon the mean intensity of magnetization
of the magnetic circuits to which they owe their origin and upon
nothing else.
Whatever the ultimate meaning of the appearance and the per-
sistence of the odd harmonics in an alternating current wave may
be, Dr. Pupin says he is not quite prepared to state with any
high degree of confidence. One thing is certain and that is that
they are present at all loads with almost undiminished strength.
52
THE ELECXRICAIv WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
Their presence is hidden by the fundamental wave at heavy loads,
but when conditions favoring resonance with any one of them arise,
they will certainly come out and do all the mischief they can to the
insulation. The self-induction of a motor or that of a clo-sed mag-
netic circuit transformer has practically no bearing upon the con-
ditions of their resonance. The.se conditions depend in such circuits
solely upon the self-induction of the alternator on the one hand and
the self induction .ind static capacity of the line on the other.
According to the experiments just described, the resonant current is
confined entirely to the alternator and the line, the di-electric form-
ing a part of its circuit. These observations will be modified in the
case of transformers with open magnetic circuits and their equiva-
lents, that is, closed m.ignetic circuits possessing considerable mag-
netic leakage, especially when the conditions of the line favor
resonance with the fundamental frequency, this frequency being
low; such magnetic circuits possess much less magnetic sluggishness
and can influence considerably the conditions of resonance with a
low frequency.
It was pointed out that the superposition of harmonics upon the
fundamental wave was confined to the primary circuit when the
secondary is closed by a non-self-inductive resistance, that is, if the
transformer is of closed magnetic circuit type. With an open mag-
netic circuit transformer the deviation of the primary current wave
from the simple harmonic form, due to action of the generator or
the transformer or both, is felt more or less in the secondary current
also. If, however, the secondary is closed by a ferric self-induc-
tance, then odd harmonics will appear in this circuit also in both
types of transformers. In fact, the secondary circuit should now, as
far as the harmonics are concerned, be considered as a separate
circuit in which the secondarj' coil of the transformer and the
ferric inductance in the secondary circuit play the same part as
the armature of the alternator and the transformer play in the pri-
mary circuit.
The series of experiments which related to the origin and growth
of harmonics in the secondary circuit was exactly the same as the
one described above, by means of which the so-called distortion of
the primary current was studied. The results were the same. The
presence of harmonics is due to the action of the ferric inductance;
their strength increases proportionally to the intensity of magnetiza-
tion of the iron in the ferric inductance. They seem to be entirely
independent of hysteresis, that is, if by hysteresis the process be
understood by means of which most of the heat is generated in a
very finely laminated, well insulated and well annealed iron core,
when such a core is subjected to rapid reversals of magnetism. An
experiment is then described which seemed to demonstrate that the
theory which ascribes the origin of harmonics to the hysteretic action
of iron is completel}- untenable.
While Dr. Pupin does not think th'at the proper time has arrived
for the formulation of a physical theory which will give a complete
account of the peculiar behavior of iron, by means of which it
superposes odd harmonics upon the wave of a simple harmonic
current, yet the view which irresistibly suggests itself to his mind
is as follows: Upper harmonics will be generated whenever more
or less abrupt changes of the magnetic state in any part of the mag-
netic field through which an alternating current flows occur. A
slotted core armature or an armature made up of coils with iron
cores distriVnited over a drum common to all of them will introduce
such abrupt changes. An alternating current motor, especially
when it is not of a. smooth core armature type, will also cause
abrupt changes of magnetism and hence cause strong deviations of
the feeding current from the simple harmonic form. Bui if this
view be correct, then every complete C3'cle of magnetization to
which iron is subjected when under the inductive action of a simple
harmonic current must be accompanied by some abrupt changes
in magnetism, and that, too, whether the mean magnetic inten.sity
of the cycle be large or small. A great many things maj' be
suggested which could account for such cyclic abrupt changes. One
thing is certain, and that is, that hysteresis, as commonly under-
stood, will not account for them; for these peculiar abrupt cyclic
changes, if they really exist and are the cause of harmonics, are not
affected by mechanical vibrations by which, as is well known, all
hysteretic effects are influenced very much. Hut whatever the real
theory underlying these upper harmonics may be, the bare fact
which the engineers have to face is: There is no cure against har-
monics as long as the circuits contain iron. Hence construct your
lines in such a way that conditions favoring resonance with the
frequency of the fundamental or with one of its odd upper har-
monics will seldom occur, and whenever they do occur the resonant
rise of potential .should not be capable of producing any damage.
Avoid slotted arm.itures and armatures with projecting pole pieces
and keep the magnetization down as much as possible.
The closing section of the paper is a description of the application
of the re.sonance method of analysis to the study of the intensity
fluctuations of a rotary magnetic field. The method, briefly stated,
is this: A suitable number of turns of wire are subjected to the
induction of a rotary magnetic field. These turns form part of a
resonator. Whatever fluctuations there be in intensity of the rotary
field they will be periodic, their period bearing a perfectly definite
ratio to the periodicity of the current which produces the rotary
field. For instance, in a three-phase combination of alternating
currents, the intensity of the rotary field will, according to theory,
show six maxima and six minima during each complete revolution,
the maxima differing from the minima by about 14 per cent. A
circuit subjected to the inductive action of such a field should have
a periodic electromotive force induced in it whose frequency will be
either three or six times the frequency of the fundamental, accord-
ing to the shape of the curve of fluctuations. Similarly in a rotary-
magnetic field produced by a two-phase combination of alternating
currents. If such electromotive forces were induced the resonator
would detect them, and from the resonant rise of potential the
extent of the fluctuations producing these electromotive forces could
be estimated.
No electromotive forces of this type were detected in either a
tripha,se or a two-phase combination. Hence the inference: Rotary
magnetic fields produced by reasonably well constructed machines
are not accompanied by fluctuations in their intensity.
The Meeting of the Canadian Electrical Association.
The next convention of this association will be held in Montreal
the latter part of September, and will be one of unusual interest.
The date of the convention will, if possible, be arranged to suit the
usual fall railroad excursions to Montreal and Quebec. The meet-
ings will be held in Mechanics' Institute, and will extend over
three days. The following papers will be read:
"The Possibility of Securing Better Regulation at Central Light
and Power Stations by means of Fly Wheel Accumulators of
Improved Construction," by Mr. John Gait, Toronto; "A Method
of Distribution with Equalization of Potential Difference," by Mr.
D. H. Keeley, of the Government Telegraph Ser\'ice, Ottawa;
"The Application of Electricity for Medical and Kindred Purposes,
from Light and Power Circuits," by Mr. W. B. Shaw, Montreal;
"Electrolysis," by Mr. J. A. Baylis, Bell Telephone Company,
Toronto; "Telephone Cables, their Construction and Maintenance,"
by Mr. F. J. F. Schwartz, Bell Telephone Company, Montreal;
" Alternating Motors, " by Mr. L. M. Pinolet, Montreal; and papers
by Mr. E. C. Breithaupt, Beriin, Out., Mr. T. R. Rosebrugh,
Lecturer in Electricity, School of Practical Science, Toronto, and
Mr. John Langton, Toronto.
The social part of the programme will be looked after by the
Montreal Committee, and will include vi.sits to McGill University,
the power station of the Montreal street railway, and other elec-
trical works; an excursion to Lachine and down the Rapids; drive
to Mount Royal Park; trip over the Montreal Island Railway, and
inspection of the docks and ocean steamers, etc., etc.
Seismic, Hagnetic and Electric Phenomena.
The current issue of the Seismological Magazine contains an inter-
esting article on "Seismic, Magnetic and Electric Phenomena,"
by John Milne, I'rofessor of Mining and Geology in the Imperial
University of japan. Perhaps no one is so well qualified to speak
upon this subject as Prof. Milne, and consequently his conclusions
given below will be read with interest:
"Although in this and other papers I have brought together a
considerable number of obser\'ations that would lead us to believe
that there might be a connection between earthquake and magnetic
and electric phenomena; that hypotheses have been fonnulated to
assist in the conception of the possibility of such connection; that
a variety of experiments and investigations have been made to test
whether earthquakes were preceded, accompanied, or followed by
magnetic or electric phenomena, the results obtained do not guar-
antee the exi.stence of such connections.
"It does not seem likely that earthquakes can result from electric
discharges, and it has not yet been proved that they give rise to j
electric phenomena. When they have resulted in the displacement I
of large masses of rocky strata, as happened in 1891 in Central
Japan, slight local changes in magnetic curves have resulted, but
beyond this and effects due to the mechanical shaking of earth
plates, our certain knowledge is exceedingly small."
JUI.V21, 1894.
THE ELECXRICAL WORLD.
Ho.v the Telephone Company Reaches a Subscriber.
BY \V. h. HEDENBERG.
The telephone is in such general use at the present day, not only
for business purposes, but for social intercourse as well, that it ma}-
be of interest to describe the usual method of reaching a subscriber
from a central station, and to point out, at the same time, a few
improvements that have recenth- been made in this city in house-
top construction work.
Many of raj- readers have no doubt visited telephone exchanges,
and there seen a number of girls busily engaged in answering calls
and connecting different subscribers. The attention of an operator
The L.^rgkst Pole Line in the Wori^d.
is called to the want of a patron by the falling of a little brass drop.
This drop is worked by a small mechanical device, too intricate to
discuss at length in this article; and we will simply pass over it
with the statement that the subscriber, in ringing his bell, causes a
current of electricity to pass through a small coil of wire with an
interior core, which core, when electrified, attracts a small lever,
and this lever, in moving, allows the above mentioned drop to fall.
Consequently, when a person becomes impatient and rings the bell
of his telephone long and hard, he does not startle the telephone
office by the noise, as he might be led to suppose; the drop simplv
falls.
The wires are brought to the switchboard in an oval-shaped cable,
the ends being fanned out and connected with the various drops.
The other end of this cable terminates, in the new e-xchanges which
are now being built in this city, in what is known as an interme-
diate distributing board. This consists of an iron frame, in which
all of the wires are numbered. Another cable starts from the other
side of this frame and terminates on one side of the main distribut-
ing board. The ends of the two cables just mentioned are con-
nected across the intermediate distributing board by insulated wires.
The cable then starts from the main distributing board, being con-
nected with the cable on the opposite side, as in the intermediate
board, and next passes through the lightning arresters. At this
point the wires of the cable are connected directly with the subway'
cable, which terminates in a cable head.
The intermediate distributing board is something comparatively
recent, its principal advantage being the ease with which a number
of subscribers may be transferred from one operator to another, in
case the first operator receives more calls than she can readily
answer.
The method of connection just described may seem to be com-
paratively simple; but the difficulties rapidlj' increase when there
are some 15,000 wires to be looked after, as is the case in the Cort-
landt street exchange of the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph
Company.
Under the streets of New York city, as every one is aware, there
is a network of subways. They have all been built in recent years,
and others are in course of construction. The New York Board of
Electrical Control is steadilj' forcing all overhead wires and pole
lines under ground. Bj' the end of this year no pole lines will
exist in New York city, except the great east and west pole lines,
the latter being, b}- the way, the largest pole line in the world
carrying twenty -eight cross arms. As soon as a -new subwaj- is
completed in a street where a pole line exists, the overhead wires
arc ordered down, and are placed in the subway, in the form of a
lead cable. These cables contain usually fifty-one pairs of wires,
and are pulled through the three-inch subwaj' iron pipe, called a
duct.
The method of drawing a cable through a long stretch of subway
between two manholes is quite ingenious. A man stands in the
manhole with a bundle of short rods, about three feet in length,
with brass ends so constructed that one will fit into another and
stand a large amount of pushing or pulling without parting. A rod
is inserted in a duct; another one is then clamped on and pushed
forward, this process of joining being continued until the first rod
appears at the next manhole. The last rod has a small rope fastened
to it, the latter being, in turn joined to a No. 6 wire, which is made
fast to the end of the cable. A man in the second manhole discon-
nects the rods and draws the rope and wire through. The latter is
made fast to a windlass, and by this means the lead cable, weigh-
ing about six pounds per foot, is slowlj' unreeled and drawn through
the duct.
We will now go back a step and follow a cable after it leaves the
cable head above mentioned. On emerging from the basement of
Old Style Link vSuitort.
the central station, it enters a manhole, where it is spliced to
another cable having the same number of wires, but running at
right angles to it. After each wire has been connected with the
corresponding one in the other cable, hot paraffine is poured over-
the loose wires; a lead sleeve is slipped over the joint, each end of
the sleeve being sealed with hot lead, thus making a water and air
tight connection with the lead covering of each cable. Great care
must be exercised to prevent the wires of the cable from becoming
moist or damp, due to poorly connected joints, for there would then
he electrical leakage, or the resistance of the wires would be
reduced, as water, saturated with impurities is a good conductor of
electricity.
After passing through a mile or so of subway, the cable finally
arrives in the district where the wires are to be distributed. A roof
privilege is then obtained; or, in other words, the roof of some
=;4
'PHK KLECTR^CAU WOl-fLI).
Vol.. XXIV. No. 3.
liij;h buiUliiig, centrally located, is rented for a stiiJiilated length of
time. A fixture to hold the wires is then placed on the roof.
Until within a short time, the fixture used was of wood, a.s shown
in the illustration. This, however, was found to be clumsy and
unsightly, and an advance was made in the adoption of a light iron
fixture (see illustration below), constructed of hollow iron pipe.
This structure has many advantages over the old wooden one, as
will appear later on.
Having reached the house selected, the cable is run up eitlier the
front or rear of it, in an iron pipe, to the roof, where it is boxed.
It then enters the lower end of the cable box, as shown in the
illustration of the wooden fixture. The end of the cable is fanned
out, and the wires are fastened to brass binding posts; are then
passed through lightning arresters, and finally come out of openings
in the right and left-hand lower corners of the bo.x. These wires
are called bridle wires, and are heavily in.sulated. On the wooden
fixtures, the bridle wires are taken up to the cross arms in a bunch,
then fastened to the glass insulators, and conducted to any desired
building in the neighborhood.
With the new iron fixture, the method of procedure is somewhat
different. On leaving the cable box, the wires enter an oblong
Amateur Motor Building.
j\K\v .STsi.i-; l.iNi-: jsrri'okT.
hole in one of the hollow iron uprights. Passing up the upright,
a certain number of wires branch off and pass through each of the
hollow cross arms. Near each insulator, and on the imder side of
the arm, there is a small opening, out of which the bridle wire is
drawn, then fastened to the glass and run wherever required. It
will thus be seen that the iron fixture has advantages over the older
form in having the wires protected from the weather, and being
decidedl3' more sightly in general appearance.
Iron fixtures for house tops have long been in use on the Conti-
nent; but until recently there has been a prejudice against their use
in this country, owing to the fear that a telephone wire might
become cros.sed with an electric light or other high-voltage wire,
and thus be the means of electrifying the whole fixture. This is
now remedied to a large extent, however, by the use of a heavily
insulated telephone wire. The type of iron fixture which has just
been described has been in use, in connection with the telephone
plant of this city, for a number of months, and it has proven to be
entirely satisfactory. There are now about 160 of them in working
order, and additional ones are being erected nearly every day.
Subways are now being constructed throughout some of the
principal streets in such a manner that subscribers may be served
directly from the ducts, without any overhead wires whatever, so
that in the near future even the roof fixtures may be a thing of the
past.
A Definition of Darkness.
A German police regulation is said to require that every vehicle
must have a lighted lantern from the beginning of darkness, dark-
ness being defined as beginning when the street lamps are lighted.
This reminds us of another police regulation in the same country
which states that the lamps .should not be lighted when the almanac
says that the moon ought to .shine; whether it is cloudy or not on
.such theoretically bright nights does not seem to make any
difference.
II V G. K. DINTON.
In the foltowing article a complete and clear description is given,
with working plans and drawings, of a small electric motor, which
an}' amateur of ordinary ability may be able to construct. The
reader is not presumed to have any previous experience in electrical
construction, or even any knowledge of electricity. Some of the sim-
ple laws, however, that are found in beginners' text books will
be of benefit to the amateur, but all descriptions and methods
used in these articles will be made so simple and concise that the
beginner can, with their aid, understandingly construct an electric
motor that will give as satisfactory' results as the model described.
The only condition presumed is that the amateur has some mechani-
cal knowledge, though not necessarily being a technical machinist ;
also, that he possesses or has the use of a good engine lathe with
jaw chuck that will hold work two and three-quarter inches in
diameter, an assortment of drills, a vise and files.
The mechanical part of the constrtiction will first be taken u]).
From a piece of good wrought iron steam pipe, two and one-half
inches internal diameter, cut off a length of two and five-eighths
inches. Wrought iron pipe of quarter inch stock will give better
results, although the model illustrated is made from pipe of one-
eighth inch stock. Put the piece into the lathe chuck, and at very
slow speed bore out or turn the inside smooth from end to end,
using a stiff diamond pointed tool. One very light cut will give
the surface required. Square up both ends, round off the edges,
and make the extreme length of the finished piece exactly two and
one half inches.
. The next step will be to drill the necessary holes in this, which
will now be called the "magnet core;" seventeen in all will be
necessar)', biU; we will now drill nine only. With a small square
butted across the end, draw a line with a scratch awl, down the
outside from end to end. Turn the core over and at a point dia-
metrically opposite draw a second line parallel to the first. Particular
pains should be taken to have these lines come exact in relative
position. Mark off points on each line half an inch from each end
and "prick punch" the centres. Four quarter-inch holes may now
be drilled on these centres and countersunk for flat head 14-20
machine screws. The pole pieces (see Fig. 1, A) are to be fastened
to the core through these holes, so it will be at once apparent that
it is important to have them come exactly opposite. We shall now
need to draw two more lines, one on each side and exactly half
wa)' between the two already drawn. Prick punch on these lines
for holes half an inch from each end of the core, and on one line
only, a hole in the centre of its length. Drill the five holes, two
on one line and three on the other or opposite line, which will be
the top of our core. Use a No. 37 drill for these holes as they will
be tapped for a 6-32 screw.
The easiest way to make the pole pieces is to make a pattern and
have them cast; though unless a steel or wrought iron casting
can be procured, the\' cannot be made nearly as efficient as those
shaped from wrought iron. The pole pieces on the model are
shaped out of Norway bar iron, and although it takes more time
and patience, the writer believes that the builder will feel belter
satisfied in the end if he uses the wrought iron. From a piece of
the best Norway bar iron, one inch by one and one quarter inches
and eight inches long, cut into two pieces four inches long. .\
flat arbor half an inch thick, as w^ide as our bar (a little wider will
do no harm ) and about six or eight inches long will be needed. .\
boring bar will do. The two pieces of iron .should now be placed
on the opposite and wide flat sides of the arbor and .strapped on
.solidly, putting a piece of tin between each piece and the arbor.
Fasten the straps on well out at the ends (see Fig. 2) and do not
remove both strajis at one time until the pole pieces are fitted to
the core finally. In turning up the ends, remove one strap at a
time, setting it up into the middle while that en<l is being turned.
Carefully turn down the pieces to a snug fit to the inside of the
core. Aftdr this has been done nix:ely, and before the pieces have
been taken off the arbor, square up both ends, turning as near
down to the arbor as it is safe to run the lathe tool. The teats
remaining may be taken off with a hack-saw. The finished length
of the pole pieces should be just three and one-quarter inches.
After taking them off the arbor, draw a line on each of the rounding
sides which have been turning, up and down through the centre of
the length and continue it across the ends. On the .sides and on
this line centre for a hole seven-eighths of an inch from each end;
<lrill these four holes with an eleven sixty-fourths of an inch, or
a No. 15, drill and lap out with a No. 14-20 tap. Centre
on each end on the line for a hole one-fourth of an inch from the
July 21, 1894.
THK KLECTRICAIv WORLI^.
55
rounding side, and <lrill in just five-eighths of an incli, using the
same drill, and tap with a 14-20 bottoming tap ^see Fig. 1, 15 I.
Before boring out our pole pieces, by planing the sides and also
channelling out a V-.shaped groove up and down the sides, a better
looking job will result, but is not absolutely necessary. The groove
should be made one-quarter inch deep at the centre and bevelled
flush up to the rounding side, or its edge, and to a line half an
inch from the bottom edge. (See Fig. 1, C. ) Much of the stock
may be also planed from where the bore will be made, thus saving
much time. The pole pieces should be firmly bolted into place in
the core and numbered, to insure their being returned to the same
side after they are taken out. Do not use the machine screws
intended for permanent or final use, but find some hexagon cap
screws for temporary use. Place the core in the lathe chuck, centre
very accurately, and at the slowest speed proceed to bore out
between the poles, using a pretty stiff inside diamond tool. The
4 fully illu.strates the front hanger or yoke, and Fig. 5 the back
yoke. It will be noticed that the bearing boss or journal is most
all on one side of the yoke in Fig. 4; the outside of this will be
turned down to allow the brush yoke to swing around on it. The
journal on the back or pulley end is longer and more evenly divided
on each side of the yoke. ( .See Fig. 5. ) The bosses on the ends
should be centred and drilled with quarter inch holes, to allow the
ends of the studs, shown in Fig. 3, to pass through easily. To
insure greater accuracy in locating these stud holes, with the studs
in their respective places in the pole pieces, take the exact measure
from centre to centre of the stud ends. Set your dividers to exactly
half this measure. Centre the bearing boss, and then with the
dividers the centres of the holes for the stud ends can be located
very nicely.
The castings should be all finished up smooth, and held in place
with some little nuts made from three-eighths inch hexagon iron
d d d
-(Bj (^
Fig.l
-L
l-
-^^-=--
--^■-4-
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fe@- o^ m^ 1 1 ^^-.^-^^
Fig. 2
Dkt.\ii,s of Motor.
finished bore should caliper one and three-eighths inches, exact
diameter. The studs that support the yokes and bearings for the
armature shaft are made from a piece of five-eighths of an inch,
round, refined iron, one foot long, which is cut into four pieces,
making two of them three and three-eighths inches loiig, and
the others two and three-eighths inches long. Each piece is
centred and turned up, as shown in F'lg. 3, and nicely polished;
threads are then cut on the ends of each with a 14-20 die or screw
plate.
The best way to make the bearing yokes or hangers, and the only
way to insure a neat and finished result, is to make the patterns
and have them cast, either of brass or phosphor bronze; if of brass,
a phosphor bronze or steel bushing should be put in for the shaft
to run in as the motor will have a speed of 3,500 revolutions per
each minute, and should have an extra good wearing journal. The
entire yoke could not be made from either steel or iron, as it must
be some non-magnetic material, but the bushing can be steel. Fig.
bar, tapped to the thread on the studs. The little brush yoke cast-
ing should also be of brass.
All patterns for small castings the writer makes of lead, such as
electrot3pers use in their casting, turning out all the bosses and
soldering together with bismuth solder; this makes an elegant
pattern. The armature will run very snug between the magnet
poles, having only three sixty-fourths of an inch total clearance.
This will necessitate the bearings being bored perfectly true with the
centre of the polar boie, which may be done by drilling a five six-
teenths of an inch hole through the centre of the diameter of a cast-
iron plug two inches long and one and one-half inches in diameter
from end to end. Put the plug on an arbor and turn down to one and
three-eighths inches, so it will just fit the polar bore snugly; place
Ibis in the bore and drill one hanger at a time through it, mark it
and take off. Put the other hanger on its respective end and
do the same. Of course the drill is to go through the cast-iron
guide first, drilling through the bearing from the inside. In this
way the hole cannot fail to centre with the bore of the poles. If
the beginner tries to locate these hole centres by measurements, he
will find he has quite a difficult task to perform, and very likely
not strike it exact after all. The hangers should be put in the lathe
on an arbor, and all the bosses faced up nice and true. The outside
of the bearing boss on the commutator, or front end hanger,
should be turned down to seven-sixteenths of an inch, to allow the
brush yoke to slip on over the outside of it. The dotted lines in
Fig. 4 illustrate this.
For the armature shaft use a piece of half inch round tool steel
eight and one-halt inches long. Centre very accurately and turn
down to seven-sixteenths of an inch. On the commutator end, for
a distance of two and one-half inches /rom the end of the shaft,
turn down to five-si 'steenths of an inch. On the pulley end do the
same, for a distance of two and five-eighths of an inch from the
end of the shaft. (See Fig. 7, A. ) In building up the armature
core, a washer one and three-eighths inches in diameter, about
seven sixty-fourths of an inch thick, and which has a seven-six-
teenths of an inch hole, can be purchased at the hardware stores.
(Fig. 8, A. ) This kind of a washer was used in the model and
gives perfect .satisfaction, although the writer would recommend
the builder to use the thinnest charcoal or Russia stove iron if he
is able to shape the washers readily. On each end of the hub, or
larger part of the shaft, which should be just three and three-
eighths inches long, cut a fine machine thread one-eighth of an
inch long, forty to the inch if the lathe will cut this fine. Two
56
XHE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
washers, one-eighth of an inch thick, and one inch in diameter,
tapped to screw on to this tliread on these hub ends will be needed;
one edge should be nicely rounded off on one side only. (See
Fig. 7, C. )
The armature core may now be built up. Mix up some shellac
and lampblack, quite thick; get some thin tissue toilet paper, cut
into pieces about one and one half inches square, and punch or cut
a seven-sixteenths of an inch hole through the middle. Take the
end washers, that have been tapped out, and file a key-way through
the thread, one thirty-second of an inch deep and one-sixteenth
of an inch wide, also throiigh the thread on the .shaft to corre.spoiul ;
drill two one-eighth inch holes in each of the end washers, half way
between the edge of the central hole and the outer edge, on a
diametrical line through the centre. (See Fig. 9. ) This is for the
use of a spanner in screwing the washers on. .Screw one of the
washers on to the shaft tight, bringing the key -ways in line, the
rounded side facing the end of the shaft, and drive in a key of
The'ArmaTure.'
soft iron, filing each end smooth (Fig. 7, D). Slip on over the
shaft four sheets of the paper, and paint with the shellac mixture.
Then dip one of the larger washers into the shellac and slip it down
over the shaft on to the paper. The washer should slide down over
the shaft readily and still fit tight. Put on two thicknesses of the
paper, dip another washer, bringing it down on to the paper as
before, and so on until the core is built up; putting only two thick-
nesses of paper between each washer, until the last one is reached,
and then put in four as at first. This core will require about thirty-
two washers besides the two end or set ones. The washers will set
down some and should be squeezed up as hard as possible before
the end washer is screwed home and keyed. The core should be
thoroughly dried out in some gentle heat, but do not heat too
much; steam heat is the best. After it is all dry, put it in the lathe
and turn down very slowly and carefully to caliper exactly one
and twenty-one sixty-fourths of an inch. In the middle of its
length, and three-eighths of an inch from each end around the
periphery of the core, turn grooves three sixty-fourths of an inch
deep, and three-eiehths of an inch wide. These are for the arma-
ture binders. (See Fig. 7 and also the picture of the finished
armature. ) The lathe should be fitted with centres that can be
attached to the tool carriage in place of the tool rest, one centre
lieing provided with an index and stop. Place the armature
between the cenlres, and with a milling cutter or metal slitting saw,
one-eighth of an inch wide on the cutting edge, running in the
lathe, mill out twelve grooves or channels up and down the length
of the core on its periphery, three-sixteenths of an inch deep and
wide as shown in the washer in Fig. 8, B.
The connnutator is one of the most particular and trying parts of
the entire motor to nsake and get perfect. Most writers describe a
commutator that in practice is worthless. The one herein described
is one of the best, if the Ijuilder will only have the perseverance to
construct it properly. The shell or sleeve is turned from a piece of
.seven -eighths inch round brass bar; cut off a piece one and one-
eigths inches long, and drill a five-sixteenths of an inch hole through
the centre of its length. Put this on the arbor and turn down to a
diameter of half an inch, leaving a .shoulder or hub on one end
thirteen-sixteenths of an inch in diameter by one quarter wide or
deep. (See Fig. 7, E. ) This hub should be turned beveling from
its outer edge in to the sleeve, one-eighth of an inch on the sleeve.
On the other end of the .sleeve a No. 24 thread should be cut one
([uartir of an inch from the end. A brass collar must now be
turned out, thirteen-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, one quarter
of an inch wide, concaved or bevelled on the inner side the same
as the hub of the sleeve, and tapped out with a No. 24 thread to
screw on to the end of the sleeve. A neat little hexagon nut
may be .shaped on the outer end, being careful not to file in
nuire than one-sixteenth of an inch; or two one-sixteenth
inch holes may be drilled on this end for a spanner to use in
setting it up. (See Fig. 7, E. ) In making the bars or .segments
of the commutator, it will be found much ca.sier to proceed as
follows. From a one and three-eighths inch round bar, cut off a
piece to finish up three-quarters of an inch in length, and drill a
hole five -eighths of an inch through the centre of the length. Put
on an arbor and turn down to orre and one quarter inches in diame-
ter. Square up the ends to make the finished length three-quarters
of an inch. On each end shape a bevelled lip or flange, projecting
from the end, with its bottom resting on the arbor. ( See Figs. 7 ,
F, and 10. ) This beveled flange should be one-eighth of an inch
deep, and three thirty-seconds of an inch long on the under side
(on the arbor). Again turn the face of the piece down to a diame-
ter of one inch, leaving a hub projecting radially on one edge
three-sixteenths of an inch wide; turn a slight groove around the
middle of this hub one thirty -second of an inch deep , by one-six-
teenth wide. When the ring is sawed into segments, this hub will
form the lugs into which to solder the wires coming from the arma-
ture. Divide the ring into twelve equal parts around its circumfer-
ence, and with a hack-saw saw down through the divisions nearly
to the central hole, but not quite separating the bars. With the
very finest saw that can be obtained (a bracket saw will do very
nicely), saw a slot down through the middle of each lug (one
thirtj'-second of an inch deep), into which the ends of the commu-
tator wires are to be soldered. The bars may now be separated, and
the rough surfaces, where thej- were sawed apart, smoothed off
with a file. In putting the commutator together, cut out two rings
of fibre one thirty-second of an inch thick and seven-eighths of an
inch in diameter, and cut a half-inch hole in the centre. Then
soak them in warm water for about twenty minutes, when the fibre
will become perfectly pliable. Cut some pieces of mica the shape
of the bar to go in the spaces between the bars that have been sawed
out. A thickness of one good heavy piece of mica or one sixt\-
fourth of an inch between each bar will do. Put one of the fibre
washers on over the brass sleeve, pressing it well down into the
groove. Cut a strip of thin asbestos paper exactly as wide as the
The Completed MtiToK.
connnutator bar is long on its bottom, and wrap twice around the
brass sleeve, butting snug up against the fibre collar. The bars,
with a thickness of mica between each, may now be put in place
around the paper and two or three turns of fine wire wound around
the outside of the bars to keep them from falling apart. Put on the
other fibre washer, .screw on the end washer I the brass collar) and set
it down firmly (See Fig. 7, F). Test each bar with its neighbor
and also each bar with the brass to see that there is no short circuit
anywhere. If proper care has been used it will be perfect. Shoidd
there be a short circuit found, however, it must be located and the
cause removed. The little commutator when all completed should
be just one inch long. The material of which the bars are made
should be phosphor bronze or tempered copper; either common bar
copper or brass is not fit. The segments of the comnnitator in the
model are made from a piece of cast steel. This has been in use al-
most daily for over a year and is as smooth at this writing as the day
put on ; it has not been turned down or smoothed off once during that
time. The commutator may be keyed on to the shaft or have a
one-sixteenth inch set screw go through the end collar and the
sleeve into the shaft. Set the commutator with its front end seven-
eightlis of an inch from the end of the shaft. (See Fig. 7. )
The construction of the biush holders and studs will give the
amateur an opportunity to display his ingenuity. Drill a hole
July 21, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAIv W^ORLD.
57
through the centre of the boss on each end of the brush holder yoke
three-sixteenths of an inch, and plug with hard rubber or fibre;
finish off smooth with the face of the boss, then centre and drill a
one-eighth of an inch hole through the centre of each plug. (See
Fig. 6. ) Make four fibre washers five-sixteenths of an inch in
diameter, and one thirty-second of an inch thick, and drill an
eighth of an inch hole through the centre of each. Four brass or
copper washers, one-quarter of an inch in diameter, one thirty-
second thick, with a one-eighth hole drilled through the centre of
each. Small copper rivet burrs make these very nicely. (Fig. 11,
B. ) Make the brush holder studs of two pieces of three-sixteenths
of an inch round brass rod, one and one-eighth of an inch long;
turn down to a diameter of one-eighth of an inch, in a distance of
three-eighths of an inch from one end. Cut a 6-32 thread on this
extreme end, extending one-eighth of an inch from the end and
provide two three-sixteenths hexagon brass nuts, tapped to that
thread. (Fig. 11 A. ) Put one of the metal washers on the stud,
then a fibre washer. Put the stud through the already insulated
hole in the end of the brush yoke, then put on another fibre washer,
then a metal one, and screw the nut on. The end of the brush
cable goes on, and the tension springs of the brush holders are to be
adjusted before the nut is set up finally.
The brush holders are made from half-inch sheet or bar brass, as
shown in Fig. 12, drilled with a three-sixteenth hole to go on over
the studs, mortised out five-sixteenths of an inch by three thirty-
seconds of an inch, with a small thumb screw through the top to
hold the brushes in place. The uniform tension is given the brush
by an eight turn coil of No. 24 brass spring wire, slipped on
over the stud between it and the yoke. One end passes through a
small hole drilled through the stud for it, and the other is bent
around the under side of the brush holder. The brushes are made of
very thin stencil copper, eight-ply, one and one-half inches long,
one-sixteenth of an inch thick and nine thirtj'-seconds of an inch
wide. (See Fig. 14. ) The wearing end should be cut to the shape
of the commutator, and the butt end have a short lap bent round its
end and soldered.
The brush yoke must have a set or check screw ; shape this out of
a piece of three-sixteenths of an inch brass rod seven-eighths of an
inch long. Cut a 6-32 thread on the end, extending one-eighth of an
inch from the end to screw through the little boss on the top of
the brush yoke, which should be tapped out for it. (See Fig. IS. )
The oil cups are turned from five-sixteenths of an inch round brass
rod, are three-quarters of an inch long, and have a 6-32 thread to
screw into the little bosses on the upper side of the bearings, which
should be drilled and tapped out for them. (Fig. 16.) The cables
connecting the brushes with the fields are made from ordinary
flexible lamp cord, each a single strand four inches long, the ends
cleaned of their covering and fitted into pieces of small fish rod
ferrule one-half inch long; the ends are flattened, then soldered,
and a one-eigl?lh inch hole drilled in each. (Fig. 17. )
The best way to make a pulley is to turn it out of a piece of
round cast iron, one and one-half inches in diameter, and one and
one-quarter long. Drill a five-sixteenth hole through the centre of
its length and put it on an arbor. It is a very easy matter to turn
it to the shape shown in section in Fig. 7, G. Cut a key-way in the
pulley and shaft one-sixteenth of an inch wide, and one thirty-
second deep in each, and key on with a nicely made iron key.
The construction of the base will depend on the use the motor is
to be put to. If wholly for a fan motor, a taller base will be neces-
sary. A light standard with spreading feet at the base would be
very good. If to supply motive power, through a belt or gear, a
base like that on the model will be the best. (See cut of the com-
plete motor. ) The pattern is made from a piece of two inch pine
plank, five and three-quarters of an inch long and four and one-half
inches wide at the bottom. The pattern must be in halves, split
up and down throughout the centre of its length from bottom to
top and have core prints at the top and bottom, as the base must
be hollow. The dotted line in Fig. 18 shows this. Four three-
eighths of an inch holes are drilled through the front side of the
casting and bushed with hard rubber tube. A piece of fibre two
and one-half inches long, one-half inch wide, and one quarter inch
thick, mortised into and screwed to the casting over the insulated
holes, holds the binding posts and field armature connections.
Drill two holes at points on each side, and tapped out for a 6-32
threaded machine screw. Make out of black walnut two sections
°f 'egging two and one-half inches long, two inches wide and one
quarter of an inch thick, shaped to fit the periphery of the core
nicely, and to be fastened in place with four machine screws, as
shown in the picture of the finished motor. The two lower screws
should be a little longer, as one end of the brass straps, holding the
motor to its base, is fastened under these. Cut two more pieces of
this lagging the same length and thickness as the first two pieces,
but half an inch wide. Drill the holes to correspond with the screw
holes in the magnet core. The edges should be beveled off radi-
ally with the diametrical centre of the core. Make the bottom side
only three-sixteenths of an inch wide, and the- upper one a full
half inch. (See Fig. 1, D. ) This practically completes the machine
work on our motor, as it cannot be fitted to the base until the field
is wound, and a brass collar, which goes on the pulley end of the
armature shaft had better be left until the armature has been
wound. The next section will take up the electrical details.
(To be continued. )
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculation.— X.
BY ALFRED E. Vl'IENER.
2t. Running Value of Armature.
In order to form an idea of the efficiency of an armature as an
inductor, its "running value" has to be determined.
In forming the quotient of the total energy induced by the pro-
duct of the weight of copper on the armature and the field density,
the number of watts generated per pound of copper at unit field
density is obtained, an expression which indicates the relative
inducing power of the armature:
9= ^ ^ ^ = 20,000 X f^ ^ ^ . (=4,
3C Iba
Iba X
20,000
p = Running value of armature in watts per pound of copper, at
unit field-density (20,000 lines of force per square inch) ;
E ^ Total E. M. F., generated in armature, in volts ;
C = Total current, " " " " amperes;
Iba = Weight of copper in armature, in lbs.; formula (28);
,TC = Field density, in lines of force per square inch ;
The value of p for a newly designed armature being found, its
relative inductor efficiency can then be judged at by comparison
with other machines. The running value of modern dynamos,
according to the kind of armature, varies between very wide limits,
and the following are the averages:
TABLE XXXIII.— RUNNING VALUES OF VARIOUS KINDS
OF ARMATURES.
Kind of Machine.
Slow
speed.
Bipolar
Ring
Multipolar
Drum
Ring
Bipolar
Drum
Ring
Multipolar
Kind of
Armature,
Ring
Running Value.
(Watts per lb. of copper.
at 20,000 lines per sq. inch.)
300 to 600
200 " 400
200 " 400
ISO •• 300
ISO •■ 300
100 ■■ 200
100 ■' 200
7S
22. Artnature Torque.
The work done by the armature of a dynamo can be expressed in
two ways: electrically, as the product of E. M. F. and current
strength,
IV = £ X C watts;
and mechanically, as the product of circumferential speed and
turning moment, or torque,
746
IV-.
X A^ X r X - ^"- = .142 X A'X T watts ;
33,000
IV = Total energy developed by machine, in watts ;
E = Total E. M. F. generated in armature, in volts ; '
C = Total current " " " •' amperes;
A' = Speed, in revolutions per minute ;
T = Torque, in foot-pounds.
Equating the above two expressions, we obtain :
Ex c=.u2 X A'x r,
from which follows:
^ X C _ ., „^, ^ EjiS .
N
r=-
. = 7.042 X
foot-pounds
(55)
.142 X jV
But the E. M. F. generated in an armature can be expressed,
compare formula (51), by:
A-" X * X iV
£=:t
hence:
r= 7.042 X
PX 10^X60
C 11.74 _ C
X ^ X A' X* foot-pounds (56)
R' X^ X N^ C„ 11.74
PX 10^X60 J\'
From this follows that in a given machine the torque depends in
nowise upon the speed, but only upon the current flowing through
the armature, and upon the magnetic flux. ,
58
THB EIvECTRICAL WORLD.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 3.
2}. Peripheral Force of Armature Conductors.
By means of the armature torque we can now calculate tlie draj;
of the armature conductors in a generator, respectively the pull
exerted by the armature conductors in a motor.
The torque divided by the mean radius of the armature windiuf;,
in feet, gives the total perii)heral force acting on the armature; and
the latter, divided by the number of effective conductors, gives the
peripheral force acting on each armature conductor:
r ^ T 24 X r
j'^:
j2- X A- X /J'
" at' X A- X /?'
pounds.
Inserting in this equation the vaUie of 7" from formula (55), we
obtain :
/,. =
^X c
24 X 7.042 X N
_ 2 X 7.042 X 1^
~ 60
k
EX C
N d' X
X -^
60 12
/„ = .7375 X
ExC
sx Kx jy
pounds
X A' X li'
(57
y;, = Peripheral force, per armature conductor, in pounds ;
E X C^Total output of armature, in watts ;
6"= Mean conductor velocity, in feet per minute;
A'= Total number of armature conductors ;
/3'=: Percentage of effective armature conductors, see Table
XXXII.
A second expression of the peripheral force can be obtained by
substituting in the original equation for/' the value of T, from
formula (56), thus:
24 X 11.74 C K * 2 82 C X *
/„ = X - X X ;i7 = X p^ ^, ^ a, lbs. (58)
10 ■" P A'X /<' a 10« PX a^X li
Replacing in this the total useful flux, *, by its equivalent, the
product of gap area and field density, we find a third formula:
2.82 CX '^a X 2 X fi' XlaX X •*-43 , C
f„X X
lO"
PXd' XP'
10»
^ •— X /a X 3C (59)
/], = Peripheral force, per armature conductor, in pounds ;
_:^ = Total current flowing through each armature conductor,
2P .
in amperes ;
/„ ^ Length of armature core, in inches ;
,1C= Field density, in lines of force per square inch.
It is on account of this peripheral force exerted by the magnetic
field upon the armature conductors that there is need of a good
])()sitive method of conveying the driving power from the shaft to the
conductors, or vice versa; in the generator it is the conductors,
and not the core-discs that have to be driven; in the motor it is
they that drive the shaft. Thus the construction of the armature is
aggravated by the condition that, while the copper conductors mu.st
be mechanically connected to the shaft in the most positive way,
yet they nuist be electrically insulated from all metallic parts of the
core. In drum annatures the centrifugal force still more compli-
cates matters in tending to lift the conductors from the core; it has
therefore been 'found necessary to employ driving horns, which
either are inserted into uicUs in the periphery of the di.scs, or are
supported from hubs keyed to the armature shaft at each end of the
core. In ring armatures the centrifugal force presses the conductors
attheinner circumference towards the armature core, and thus helps
to drive, while the spider arms, by interlocking into the annature
winding, serve as driving horns. If toothed di.scs are used, no
better means of driving can be desired.
2/. Artnature Thrust.
If the field frame of a dynamo is not symmetrical, which is par-
ticularly the case in most of the bipolar types (see Figs. 22 to 31),
unless special precautions are taken there will be a denser magnetic
field at one side of the armature than at the other, and an attractive
force will be exerted upon the armature, resulting in an armature
thrust toward the .side of the denser field.
The force with which the annature would be attracted, if only
one half of the field were acting, in absolute (C. G. S. ) units, is:
/.=
/' = 2.X^-x(-5^^'y=^'xfl dynes;
X, in square centim
ensity, in lines of :
h measure, 1 squa
ind equal to 444,980
(^/'^Gap area, in square centimeters ;
.■(C/= Field density, in lines of force per cm'-.
Or, in English measure, 1 square inch being equal to 6.45 cm.',
and 1 pound equal to 444,980 dynes.
6.45 X
— = 7 X 10 ' X 6" X
pounds (60)
16 TT X 444980
G = Gap area, in square inches ;
3C 1= Field density, in lines of force, per square inch ;
Expressing the gap area, 6", by the dimensions of the armature,
we obtain :
/, =7 X 10 ' X "^^^ Xla X P' X 3c;'
= 11 X 10 » Xda X laX P' X ^C," pounds (61)
If, now, both halves of the field are in action, but one half is
Figs. 22, 23 and 24.
FIGS.2S, 26 AND 27.
FiG.s 28, 29, 30 AND 31.
stronger than the other, the annature will be drawn towards the
stronger side by the amount of the difference of their attractive
forces. The armature thrust, therefore, is:
/.=/. —/•.!= 11 X 10 » X </,. X /„ X y X (.It.' .''-aC;') pounds (62)
/,i = Attracting force acting on annature, due to unsymmetrical
field, or armature thrust, in pounds;
da = Diameter of armature core, in inches;
la = Length " " " " "
fi' = Percentage of effective gap circumference, see Table
XXXII.;
^ = Density of field, on stronger side, in lines of force per
square inch ;
3C= Density of field, on weaker side, in lines of force per square
inch.
In such tjpes, where the attracting force of the field manifests
itself as a downward thrust, as in those shown in Figs. 23, 25, 27
and 30, the value obtained by (62) is to be added to the dead
weight of the annature, in order to obtain the total down thrust
upon the bearings. If, however, /„ is an upward thrust, as is indi-
cated in Figs. 22, 26, 29 and 31, the down thrust upon the bearings
is the weight of the annature, diminished by the amount of/, .
In the c;ises illustrated by Figs. 24 and 28, the action of the field
causes a sideward thrust, which has to be taken care of by a proper
design of the bearing pedestals, or of the journal brackets.
(To be continued. )
I
I
July 21, 1894.
XHK KLKCTRICAL W^OFll^T).
SO
ELECTRO-PHYSICS.
Pliosphoresence. — A chemical society paper by Mr. Jackson is men-
tioned in the London " Elec. Eng.." June 2'). In many cases it
cannot be ascribed to impurities ; he attempts to show that fluorescence,
phosphorescence in air on exposure to light, and phosphorescence of sub-
stances in a vacuum under the influence of electric discharge, are of the
same nature, namely, a response on the part of the substances to the
operation of radiant energy propagated like light in undulations of short
length; some substances require very short undulations to which air is
opaque, and they therefore phosphoresce in high vacua; the results of a
very large number of experiments seem to indicate a close connection
between phosphorescence of air and in vacua.
Transforming Mechanical into Electrical Energy. — An Academy
paper by Mr. Vaschy is abstracted in "L'Ind. Elec." June 2.S, and some-
what more fully in "L' Elec," and "La Lum Elec. ." June 30. In the
displacing of a conductor in an electric field, he establishes the fact that
the work done by the dielectric on the conductor is the transference of
the electric energy in the form of elastic energy or otherwise, localized
in the volume abandoned bj' the dielectric; he discusses also the dis-
placement of a dielectric body and of a magnet in a magnetic field.
Hertzian ll'at'es. — A paper by Mr. Zehnder from the "Wied. Ann.,"
vol. 52, p. 34, is abstracted in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 14. He describes
modified apparatus which enable the Hertzian researches to be demon-
strated with much greater ease than heretofore. In place of the mirror
of sheet metal he uses one made of woven wire, which may be made
about one-third as large; the asphalt prisms are therefore also reduced
in size ; for a current interrupter he finds that the Deprez form answers
best.
Magnetization by Hertzian Currents. — The researches of Dr. Birke-
land are given briefly in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 14.
Magnetic Deflection oj Cathode Rays. — Mr. Leonard's paper, mentioned
in the Digest June 16 and 30, is abstracted in the "Elek. Zeit.," June
14, and "L'Ind. Elec," June 10. A French translation of the article,
together with the illustrations, is published in "L'Elec," June 16.
Conductivity of Gases. — A note on a recently published article is given
in the London "Elec. Rev." June 29.
MAGNETISM.
Variation of Hysteresis with Temperature. — A French translation of
the complete article by Mr. Kunz, mentioned in the Digest May 12,
together with the illustrations and tables, is published in "La Lum.
Elec," June 9.
UNITS, MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS.
Nomenclature. — In an article in "L'Ind. Elec," June 25, written
undoubtedly by Mr. Hospitalier, he approves very highly of the recent
decisions of the .American Institute of Electrical Engineers in adopting
the names for the magnetic units, and remarks that in a few years these
names will be as familiar to the electrician as ohm, volt and ampere.
He also expresses approval of the recently adopted definitions, defining
the meanings in which the words "inductance" and "reactance" are to
be used. He gives a resume of the quantities used in connection with
alternating currents, most of which are already well known ; among
2 TT
them may be mentioned the following: u ^ called the pulsa-
T
tion or angular velocity of the current, measured in radians per
second (radians are numbers for representing angles and are obtained by
dividing the arc by the radius), 7" being the time of a complete period
in seconds; u, the difference of potential in volts at any in.stant /; the
subscript efl'm connection with the letters /, E and I', for the effective
values of these quantities; he uses the subsciipts s and in with the letter
L for self and mutual inductances respectively ; w Ls for reactance of
1
self-induction in ohms; for reactance of capacitv in ohms, t" being
w C
the capacity in farad
tion and capacity expressed in ohms ; and
for the reactance of self indue-
j-(-^r
for the impedance of a circuit iti ohm'^.
Phase Meter. — A paper by Mr. V. Dobrowolski is reprinted in full
with illustrations in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 21. After indicating the
well-known subdivision of an alternating current into its two compo-
nents, the effective current and the idle or wattless current, he describes
an instrument which is being introduced in Germany for indicating the
phase difference; it is really an instrument for measuring the wattless or
idle component of the current, but indicates indirectly the phase differ-
ence ; it not only measures this current but indicates its direction, which
is of importance when there is a capacity in the circuit. The apparatus
resembles in principle a rotary phase motor and consists of an iron disc
pivoted so as to enable it to rotate, containing a spiral spring to bring
it to the zei o position and provided with a pointer. Around it are placed
two fixed coils at right angles to each other, through which the two
currents pass; when there is a difference of phase a torque will be pro-
duced, which, for a given frequency, is proportional to the product of the
currents and the sine of the phase difference ; if one of the coils is a fine
wire shunt coil and the other a series coil, the instrument will indicate
the phase difference between the voltage and the current, and by its
direction will indicate which is in advance of the other. If used for the
same voltage and frequency the torque will be directly proportional to
the idle current ; for a small difference in the voltage or frequency the
correction will be proportional to the difference. The principal appli-
cation of the instrument is in central stations with alternators running
in parallel, as also in the transmission of power with synchronous
motors ; when alternators run in parallel there is a current, formerly
called a synchronizing current, which it is required to reduce to zero
before disconnecting a machine; by means of this instrument it is there-
fore possible to see whether the alternator is running with any idle cur-
rent or not, and if so, to indicate when this is zero. A diagram is given
showing how this phase meter is introduced on the switchboard for
facilitating the connecting and disconnecting of alternators in parallel.
In a similar manner, by means of this instrument, the best exciting
current can be determined for synchronous motors, thus giving the
minimum current. in the line wires and thereby reducing the loss in the
line to the minimum. In the discussion, Mr. Goerges stated that in his
opinion it is preferable to use a wattmeter in central stations in which
alternators are run in parallel, as the wattmeter indirates the load on the
engine directly ; when a machine is disconnected the wattmeter must
first read zero ; this is the system used with success in a number of
installations of the Siemens & Halske Company ; he also describes an
apparatus consisting of a small electric motor, which acts on the centrif-
ugal governor of the steam engine, reducing the power delivered by the
engine without reducing its speed, and used in disconnecting alternators
in parallel ; he also calls attention to the fact that the phase meter
assumes a sine current which is not always correct. In reply, Mr.
Dobrowolski believes the phase meter to be preferable for this purpose
as it indicates also the direction in which adjustments should be made,
while with the wattmeter it is necessary to adjust by trial.
Direct Reading fnstrumcnts. — A paper by Dr. Bruger, read before a
recent meeting of German electricians, is published in full, together
with a number of illustrations, in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 14. He describes
some of the recent instruments made by the firm of Hartmann & Braun.
The ampere and volt meters are similar in principle to the Weston
instruments ; the wattmeter differs in principle from the usual form ;
the construction is shown in the adjoining illustration, which also shows
the damping device; by diminishing the cross section of the ring shaped
series solenoid toward tlic ends and by ns-'ng two fine wire coils, one of
60
THK EJUKCXRICAL WORI^U.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
which moves from the middle toward the end, while the other moves
from the end toward the middle, a nearly regular scale is obtained ; the
coils are mounted on agate bearings and the connections are made by
means of strips of silver foil, a flat spiral spring acting as the opposing
Direct Reading Wattmeter.
force. To overcome the objections inherent to the spiral spring, he
suggests using a quartz fibre, which is stretched in the inside of the coil
frame along the centre line of the coil axis, and is so secured that its
torsion and its length are adjustable; the self-induction coeiEcient of
the movable coils is about .001 henry; the mutual induction is small as
the planes of the coils are parallel and the current circulates in opposite
directions in the two coils; the same constant is therefore obtained for
alternating as for direct currents. An ohmmeter is described, consisting
of two coils at an angle of about 60 degrees with each other, moving in
a magnetic field like in a d'Arsonval galvanometer, the polar faces of
which, however, are peculiarly shaped, as is also the iron core, so as to
produce a field whose density is different in different parts; one form is
made for measuring resi.stance from 10,000 ohms to 1 megohm, but the
same instrument can be adjusted for different ranges. A hot wire
instrument is also described, modified so as to be used as an ampere
meter, the instrument containing a shunt ; connections to the wire are
made at a number of points so that the different parts are connected in
parallel, thus requiring a small difference of potential and therefore a
comparatively small shunt ; they are constructed for currents up to 500
amperes.
Portable Watlmetfr. — A Brillie wattmeter is described and illustrated
in "L'Ind. Elec.," June 25. Its principle is the same as usual, it being
a zero reading, torsional instrument ; in construction it appears to em-
body a number of improvements ; the illustrations explain these ; they
arc constructed to read from 1 to 10 kilowatts.
Mirror Galvanometer.— TXx^t London "Elec. Rev.," June 29, contains
results of some experiments of Mr. Perkins, showing that it is erroneous
to suppose, as is often done, that it is a matter of indifference in what
position a mirror galvanometer is set up relatively to the earth's field,
and that the jieedle can always be brought to zero by the adjusting
magnet, the sensitiveness remaining the same. The results are given in
a table which shows that in two positions the instrument is unstable, it
being impossible to bring and keep the spot of light to the zero position
on the scale without reducing the sensitiveness considerably ; in all
other cases the sensitiveness and rate of oscillation could be made sub-
stantially the same. Another table is given showing the diminution in
sensitiveness when the position of the instrument and the angular
position of the magnet were altered, the height of the magnet remaining
the same.
Damping. — A mathematical article on the calculation of the damping
and the application to galvanometers, from the "Wied.Ann,. " vol. 51, p.
156. by Mr. Riecke, is published in "I.a Lum. Elec," June 9.
,Thcoretical I'atue of the Ohm. — In an Academy paper of Mr. Ledue,
published in "L'Elec. , " June 30, abstracted in "L'Ind. Elec," June
25, and mentioned in the London "-Elec. Rev.," June 29, he states that
the theoretical value is 106.32, which he deduces from a determination of
Wuilleumier.
Direct .Measure of Electromolive Force. — In an Academy paper by Mr.
Limb, abstracted in "L'Ind. Elec," June 10, and "L'Elec. ," June 23,
he describes a method for the absolute measurement of the E. M. F. by
direct comparison with an E. M. F. of induction, whose value can be
calculated ; he uses a coil and a permanent magnet revolving in the
interior of it; the method and the apparatus are described and some data
is given.
// 'lieatxtoiie llridge zvith Alternating Currents. — An Academy paper by
Mr. .'Vbraham is published in "L'Elec," June 30, and abstracted in
"L'Ind. Elec," June 25. He discusses the general cases in which the
four arms contain self-induction and the particular case in which one of
these self-inductions is zero; if the arms of the bridge are known he
shows that the arrangement will enable one to calculate the frequency of
the current; some calculated and observed results show a very close
agreement.
.Synchronising Ctoc/;s for .Meters. — In an article by Mr. Jones in the
London "Elec," June 29, he calls attention to an error in meters of the
.\ron type, in which current is measured by means of the difference in
the rate between tw'o clocks ; when no current is flowing it is very
important that the two clocks should h.-ive the same rate, as otherwise
they will register a current. He suggests accomplishing this by con-
necting the two pendulums by a string with a weight attached to its
middle point, but as there aje attending disadvantages he prefers two
small magnets attached to the two pendulums with their unlike poles
opposed to each other, their attraction and repulsion will then tend to
make the pendulums synchronize ; this method is at present used with
clocks on about 700 meters of a company in London.
fnfliience Machine. —In a c<jmmunieation to the French Society of
Physics, by Professor Holtz, mentioned in "L'Ind. Elec," June 25, he
claims the priority of invention of the new machine of Mr. Bonetti, as
also of the Winishur.st machine, giving references to his first published
descriptions.
Rheostat. — The Cance rheostat is described and illustrated in "L'Elec,"
June 30 ; it consists of a spiral of bare wire wrapped around a supporting
frame, similar to the old Wheatstone rheostat, and a contact piece which
is-njoved by a crank making contact with any desired point of the wire;
the cross section of the wire increases from the high to the low resistance
ends.
TRANSFORMERS.
Current Rushes in Transformers. — An article by Mr. Hay on "Impul-
sive Current Rushes in Inductive Circuits, " is begun in the London
Elee. ," June 29; he investigates theoretically and experimentally the
phenomena of the abnormal rushes of current which sometimes occur
when a transformer is suddenly switched on to live mains. In the
present portion he describes the apparatus which enables him to studj-
the action in detail and trace the various stages through which the cur-
rent passes before arriving at a steady state; he defines a "current
rush" as the ratio of the maximum value reached by the current during
any half-wave to the normal maximum when a steady state has been
reached ; in a comparatively simple mathematical discussion he shows
that the current rushes will be greatest when the switch is closed at the
instant when the voltage is passing through its zero value and that the
current rush, as defined above, must always be less than two; by means
of his special switching arrangement, he obtains the actual shape of the
current curves, both normal and abnormal ; no further results are given
in the present portion.
Predetermination of Transformer Curves. — The "Elek. Zeit.," June
21, contains an article by Mr. Korda, on the graphical determination of
the '■nrrent curves of transformers with closed magnetic circuits. The
well-known methods of Kapp & Hopkinson assume that certain factors
may be neglected and that the specific induction of the iron follows the
sine law, which though simpler is not strictly correct. In the present
article he gives a general graphical solution of the problem ; the article
is mathematical in its nature.
Transformer Systems. — The leading editorial in the London "Elec.
Rev.," June 29, discusses a system in which transformers are automati-
cally cut out of circuit when not in use ; it claims that such a system is
only a makeshift and that in good engineering practice the problem is
being solved by building transformers having low magnetizing currents
at no load, and it believes that transformers exist in which this loss is
not more than 1 per cent, of the full load ; it is claimed that the scat-
tered small transformer system is a thing of the past and that sub-stations
with banked transformers is the correct system.
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTS.
Arc Ligfits in London. — According to an official report the number
of arc lights used for public lighting in London at present is 479, the
length of thoroughfares lighted being thirteen miles; from the number
of gas lamps which have been replaced by the electric light, it appears
that 2.74 gas lamps are replaced by each arc lamp.
Lewis Arc Lamp. — An illustrated description is given in the London
"Elec. Rev.," June 29; the arc is formed and the carbons are fed by the
same apparatus, and governed by the same electromagnetic device but
the two operations are absolutely independent of each other; a solenoid
operates a train of three beveled gears, -the feeding apparatus being con-
trolled by a fly escapement, which is locked when there is no feeding.
Cored Carbon Litigation. — The recent decision is given at some length
in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 14.
Incandescent Lamp Manufacture. — In the serial of Mr. Bainville in
"L'Elec," he discusses the subjects of the treating of the filaments, the
mounting and the production of the vacuum, in the issues of June 9, 23
and 30, respectively.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
Railways and Central Stations. — In a paper by Mr. Hammond, briefly
abstracted in the Lond. "Elec, "June 29, he recommends the coribina-
tion of the power houses of electric railways with the central lighting
station ; he recognizes that the two loads overlap for a part of the time,
and suggests that either accumulators might be used at the station during
that time to supply the necessary current in order to level the load line,
or that it would be still more economical to use horses for the railways
during the overlapping time ; in any case he believes that the overlapping
difficulty is not insuperable.
Electric Railways in £Kn>/ic.— According to a paper by Mr. Ham-
mond, abstracted in the London "Elec," June 29, there are at present
in Europe 47 electric roads in operation, the total length being l')4ii
miles, and the horse power used 14,579.
Budapest i'nderground Railroad. — A note in the "Elek. Zeit.,"
June 14, gives some further data about this projected road, regarding the
concession but not including any engineering data.
Accumulator Traction.— Some scant data regarding the Sydney line is
July 21, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
61
given in the Lond. "Elec. Eng,," June 29; Epstein accumulators are
used with an output of 20 horse power for five hours.
Wormifhcel Gi'aring. — Some additional remarks regarding the article
abstracted in the Digest June 9 and 16, describing Reckenzaun's gearing,
are given by Mr. Dawson in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," June 29.
CENTRAL STATIONS, PLANTS, SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES.
High z's. Low Tension. — Mr. Crompton, in a discussion abstracted in
the London "Elec. ," June 29, strongly advocates the low tension con-
tinuous current system in preference to the high tension alternating cur-
rent system ; although the latter requires less capital for the plant this
is more than counterbalanced by the higher working costs; he claims
that the results in England show this to be the case.
Central Stations in Germany. — A translation of the article mentioned
in the Digest June 2, 16, 23 and July 14, together with four full-page tables
of data, is given in the London "Elec. Kev.," June 29.
Alternators in Parallel. — See abstract under "Phase Meter."
Bradford. — A paper on the results of four years' working by Mr.
Shoolbred, giving a number of curves and tables of data, is reprinted in
the London "Elec. Eng.," June 29.
Brussels. — The descriptive article of this station is concluded in
"L'Elec, " June 23.
WIRES, WIRING AND CONDUITS.
Insulators. — A novel flbim of insulator for exposed indoor wiring is
described and illustrated in "L'Ind. Elec," June 10; it consists of a
small cylindrical piece of rubber having a transverse hole through it,
and a slot enabling a wire to be slipped sideways into this hole; after
inserting the wire the insulator is fastened to the wall or ceiling by
means of a suitable staple, which encircles the insulator and closes up
the gap through which the wire was introduced, thus forming an equiva-
lent of an insulator having a wire passing through a hole through its
middle part.
TELEGRAPHY, TELEPHONY AND SIGNALS.
Telephones in Railroad Service. — According to the "Elek. Zeit.,"
June 21. the telephone is being introduced largely on the French railroads
in place of the telegraph. An Ader microphone, with an iron line wire
and earth return, can be used up to distances of 84 miles, but in practice
it is not used for more than 30 miles; for this reason copper wires and
metallic returns are introduced, the wires being crossed about every 1,600
feet; on the main lines one-quarter of the service is done by telephone,
while on many smaller lines the telephone is used exclusively.
Telephone Induction Coils. — Mr. Pierard, in a recent paper on the
rendering of telephone induction coils, mentioned in the London "Elec.
Rev.," June 29, concludes from experiments, that the rendering of such
coils for telephone currents does not vary appreciably with the charge
and that the rendering is small and does not appear to reach 50 per rent.
Simultaneous Telegraphy and Telephony. — The Pickernell system is
described and illustrated in "La Lum. Elec," June 9.
ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.
Electro-Chemistry. — An interesting papei by Professor Ostwald,
entitled "The Scientific Electro-Chemistry of the Present and the
Technical Electro-Chemistry of the Future," read at a recent meeting in
Germany, is published in the "Elck. Zeit.," June 14, a full abstract being
given in the London "Elec," June 29, in which journal it is also dis-
cussed editorially and is commented on in the editorial notes. He points
out the advantages of a .scientific education, claiming that the education
of the engineer should be the same as that of the professor and that it is
only at the completion of his studies that the student needs to decide
which vocation to follow; he believes that the success of the chemical
industry in Germany is due to the fact that it is appreciated there that
"science is the best practice." He discusses the subject of electrolytes
from a theoretical standpoint, and states that in every electrolyte the
conductivity is proportional to the number of ions per unit of volume
and depends furthermore on two constants, which might be called the
velocity of propagation of the ions ; the latter is greatest with hydrogen.
If a layer of water is poured over a concentrated solution of salt, diffu-
sion will take place until the whole mass is equally concentrated; the
cause of this motion, which has the property of a pressure, he calls the
"osmotic pressure"; it can be surprisingly great in a solution of salt,
like in seawater, a pressure of 20 atmospheres can be obtained ; for each
material there will be a maximum of this pressure, which will depend
on the solubility of the solid body; this pressure is quite analogous to
steam pressure, and just as steam pressure can be used to drive an engine,
so can osmotic pressure be caused to drive a corresponding machine ; he
defines a galvanic cell as nothing more than a machine driven by osmotic
pressure; the zinc, for instance, is dissolved, forming zinc sulphate ; the
voltage of a Daniell cell depends on the difference between the osmotic
pressures of the zinc and the copper ions; for each metal this pressure,
which he calls dissolving pressure, is a perfectly fixed quantity, but a
cell does not depend on this alone, but also on the liquid, as for instance
on the concentration. He calls attention to the very poor efficiency of
the transformation of the energy of fuel into mechanical energy, saying
that in the very best case the efficiency is only 10 per cent. He points
out the great field for improvement and believes the problem must be
solved by electro-chemistry. He describes the following experiments,
showing that some of ths views held are quite erroneous; Two vessels
containmg sulphate of potassium are connected bya U tube, one contains
an electrode of zinc and the other one of platinum ; no current is
obtained until acid is added, but it is generally believed that the acid
should be added to the vessel containing the zinc, which should be dis-
solved by the acid ; he shows that this is erroneous as no current is ob-
tained under those circumstances, while if the acid is poured in the
vessel containing the platinum a strong current is obtained; in this con-
nection he shows that Jablochkoff's recent experiment, in which he
obtained a current from the direct combustion of carbon in a battery, was
based on wrong principles; he places the carbon in fused saltpetre, and
the failure of the experiment is claimed to be due to thj fact that the salt-
petre should not be placed around the oxidizable electrode, but around
that one which is not attacked by the oxygen ; in the future carbon cell
the oxidizing material will not be placed around the carbon, but around
the other pole ; in a cell of this sort the chemical process will be the
same as in an ordinary stove ; what is still wanting";is a suitable electro-
lyte which will merely act as a medium, but will not be consumed; he
believes that the solution of this problem is not impossible. Regarding
the question of the storage of electrical energy, he shows that if alumi-
nium could be used the weight of an accumulator would be only one-
eleventh of that of the lead accumulator but he does not believe that the
aluminium accumulator will ever become a practical one. Regarding
electrolysis, he does not recommend separating the reactions into pri-
mary and secondary, as is often done. In an editorial mention of this
paper in the Lond. "Elec.," it is stated that a carbon cell, such as that
referred to, should yield theoretically nearly 6 h. p. hours or 4 kilowatt
hours per pound of carbon.
Aluminium. — A paper by Mr. Verrier on the present state of the
aluminium industry is publishrd in "L'Elec," June 30, and abstracted
in "!,'' Lum. Elec, "June 9. He states that itis hardly probable that the
price of this metal will fall below 36 cents per pound when it is made by
electrical processes, but that it is possible that cheaper chemical pro-
cesses will be found ; he calls attention to the process based on the
reduction of the sulphide of aluminium. (In this conection the com-
piler calls attention to the fact that there exists a primary battery in
which metallic aluminium is obtained as a by-product ; possibly some
development might be expected in this direction.)
Decomposition of Hater. — The Lond. "Elec. Eng.," June 29, mentions
a paper by Mr. Leblanc, in which he upholds the view of the primary
decomposition of water.
Polarization. — An explanation of the phenomenon of polarization by
Mr. Wiedeburg is given in the Lond. "Elec Eng.," June 22.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Concentration of Sulphuric Acid. — An editorial in the Lond. "Elec
Rev.," June 29, calls attention to a paper in the "Chemiker Zeituug,"
vol. 17, p. 1,907, in which it was shown that in using the direct current
electrolysis took place, producing sulphur and sulphuretted hydrogen ,
much better results were obtained by using the alternating current; 190
grams of sulphuric acid at 60 degrees C. were concentrated to 65.8 degrees,
with a loss of 35 grams in 3.25 hours, the temperature rising and remain-
ing at 286 degrees C; no visible sulphur was deposited; the current was
transformed down to 6 to. 7 volts and 14 amperes, and the energy con-
sumed for 155 grams of concentrated acid was 296 watt-hours, or 1,490
per kilogram.
Tempered Copper. — "La Lum. Elec.,'.' June 9, extracts from a recent
book by Mr. de Rochas a description of the process used by the
ancients.
Electric Log. — A translation of the article mentioned in the Digest,
June 30, describing Fleuriais's log is published in the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," June 29, including the illustrations.
Biographical. — The death of Edmund Carre is announced in the French
journals; short biographical notices are given in "L'Ind. Elec,"
June 25, and "L'Elec, " June 30; he was the first to manufacture electric
light carbons as usually made by the process invented by his brother,
Ferdinand Carre.
Photography. — ^In color photography the hygrometric state of the plates
has an important influence on their sensitiveness; according to "La
Lum. Elec," June 9, a French photographer has obtained good results
by an electric process of heating the plates.
A Simple Fire Alarm.
A New York village of some 9,000 inhabitants 4Peekskill), desiring to
install an inexpensive system of fire alarm, the apparatus described
below was devised bv Mr. Louis Miller, Superintendent of Fire .Alarms,
for this purpose and installed at small cost. The contract with the village
required five miles of line through eight districts and connecting the
houses of five hose companies, the electric light station, .at which there
w'as a whistle to be used for night alarms, and a nlauing mill where
there was a whistle to be used for day alarms ; in all 47 signal boxes were
required. For indicators, needle annunciators were employed. To ring
the local bell it w-as intended to have the needle close the circuit by
contact with its attracting magnet ; but this was found to be impracticable
and a special instrument, shown in Fig. 1, was designed. It consisted
of an electro -magnet, a, and its frame attached to a bar, K (the side of the
annunciator), an armature, b, lever, c, pivoted to the base independent!}-
of the magnet and armature, and a spring, d. independent of the other
devices. The operation of the several parts will be plain. Even a slight
impulse through the magnet, a, would lift the armature, b, allowing the
lever, c. to fall, and in falling press its spring, d, in contact with
spring, d' .
The arrangement of the circuit was as follows : I represents the needle
62
XHK EIvECXRTCAI^ WORLn.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
of the annmiciator, and y its attracting magnet, k is the local bell, 1 the
local battery; I! is a hard rubber handle furnished with springs, m m,
and suspended by flexible cord from the ceiling just over the fire
apparatus. The springs, m m, are clasped over some metallic part of the
hose carriage, represented by n.
."Vn alarm would cause the needle, i, to make -contact with the magnet,
closing the local circuit through them, allowing it to pass over the cir-
cuit represented by a solid line, through the magnet, a, out of the mag-
net into the magnet frame and armature, b, through the line, c, thence to
the battery. The result would be the drniipin<r of the lever, c. causing it
(Qi
1
/o)
//
I
C--^w
■::(0^^
-^ I
tUf. World
FiG.S. 1, 2 AND 3.
to make contact with the spring and changing the course of the circuit,
cutting out the needle and magnet, a, establishing the circuit
through the broken line, which includes the bell, k.
Moving the fire appar.itus from its place will cause the handle, B, to
swing clear, which will open the battery circuit, there being no longer
any occasion for ringing the bell. On the return of the apparatus the
annunciator must be tripped before the other instruments in circuit can
be reset.
Fig. 4 is an illustration of the signal bo.x. It measured five inches
high, three and one-quarter inches wide, and two inches deep. The sides
and back were integral and all the box of cast iron. The front was held
to the box by a single screw set in from the back, so that when the box
was fastened in place with staples over the pipes, the box could not be
opened. The front had a hood over the hinge of the drop cover to shed
water.
The open front under the drop cover was closed by a plate of glass,
in.serted by pu.shing it up through a slot at the bottom, provided between
of battery were used, but when put in oper.-iting trim the main battery
was made to consist of forty cells.
The system worked admirably, the chief objection to it being that the
glass of the boxes was frequently broken by mischievous boys and false
alarms sent in. This, of course, could be easily remedied by having
locked boxes.
The Hamilton Elevator.
The great extent of space required by the present elevator systems in
which a single elevator car, while occupying but a few feet vertically.
1
m.
H HECr/t/CHL .VVDHttJ, /V.y.
monopolizes a shaft running from top to bottom of the building, becomes
a serious question in modem office buildings when size compels the use
Fig. 4. — Sh.nai. I'.d.n.
the front and the box, as shown in Figs. .1 and 4. The glass was easily
inserted, but could only be removed by breaking it. Fig. 4 shows how
a pair of levers pivoted to the side of the box were manipulated to
insert a glass. The lever, a, was pushed back so the lever, b, would yield
to the pushing of the glass. When the glass reached its topmost limit
the lever, b, would be released and would fall to a horizontal position
with its joint under the glass. .Vt the .same instant the lever, a, would
fall to a vertical position and lock the lever, b, as shown in Fig. 3. The
drop front was lettered with directions, thus: "Raise Cover, Break Glass,
Press Key. ' '
Within the box illustrated the rubber button of a key is visible. It is
a brass kev lever, having connection with the insulated wire passing out
the pipe at the top of the box. The pipe extended above the box
far enough to guard the wire from being tampered with. The key
made contact with a spring connected to the pipe attached to
the bottom of the box. This pipe extended several feet into the
ground, and constituted the "ground" for most of the boxes.although to
get a good ground for .some of them it was necessary to bury copper '
plates. The wire from the box extended up the poles to the line, to
whicli it was thoroughly soldered. In the preliminary tests fifteen cells
of a great number of cars to properly supply the public. Annoyances,
perhaps not so serious as the loss of space, but still material, are involved,
July 21, 1894.
THE EIvECTRICAL WORI^D.
63
though indicators be used, in the confusion resulting from the same shaft
having at one time an up-going and the next a descending elevator car.
It would obviate all of these annoyances to have all up-going cars in one
shaft and all descending cars in another. And the great height of the
modern office building allows the adoption of such a method of opera-
tion without changing the speed or headway of the cars as they are at
Fig. 3.
present operated. In the system which we illustrate, the invention of
John R. Hamilton, 831 East 170 street, New York, the cars all travel up
one shaft, and are at the top automatically shilted without stoppage to
an adjoining shaft, whence they descend to the lower or ground floor,
where they are in a similar manner transferred to the up-going shaft. In
Fig. 4.
each car is an indicator which shows the operator the exact position of
the neighboring cars, but sole dependence is not alone placed upon the
alertness of the attendant. Electric stopping devices are employed to
entirely prevent the possibility of accident from collision. It is found
that with ordinary speed, headway and number of cars by the use of this
system, two elevator shafts will give the same serA'ice as five or more
operated- according to the old plan, with a large saving in horse power
required and great increase of convenience and efficiency in serving the
public.
The system, besides, is applicable to freight and mining elevators as
well as to passenger elevators, and in its application to mines may be
made a valuable adjunct to the mine ventilating devices if the ascending
and descending shafts be boxed off so that the elevator platforms will
act as air pistons. In the accompanying illustrations Fig. 1 is a view in
elevation of an elevator operating on the Hamilton system. Separate
racks, A and B, are provided, the former for ascending, the latter for
descending cars, C. At top and bottom the racks and the guide tracks, D,
are inclined to direct the cars from one side of the shaft to the other.
Fig. 2 represents the automatically operating switches for effecting their
shifting movement. Fig. 3 shows the mechanism at the upper part of
the car. Worm geais, B, are operated by an electric motor, F, which
takes current by trolleys, G, from wires, H. The worms on the two
sides of the car ate pitched in opposite directions, thus doing away with
end thrust of shaft. On the countershaft, I, is arranged a circuit breaker,
J, connected to the indicator, K, of its own ca*- and by trolley, L, and wire,
M, with the indicator of the car ahead. The divergence of the indicator
arrows shows the distance in feet or time of the car from the car next
ahead, so that the elevator men can maintain a substantially even head-
way between the cars. .\ rod, N (Fig. 3), extending both above and below
the car, controls the rheostat lever and so governs the motor, promptly
stopping the car if it approaches too near another one.
A Diminutive Battery.
The limit of "multura in parvo" in primary batteries appeirs to have
been reached by the Nassau Electrical Company, 106 Liberty Street. New
York, in its new "Capo-Farad" sealed battery, as improved by Mr. J. J.
Pearson, manager of the cciiiipaiiy. The problem of high efficiency, com-
I iiMiNrTi\]-; r,ATTi;K\ .
bined with mechanical reliability and small weight and dimensions, is a
very important one, and this cell, shown in the accompanying illustration,
which at 1-10 volt yields a current of two amperes, and is only a little
over Ja inch in diameter, less than 2H inches long, and weighs less than
one ounce, seems to have solved the question very satisfactorily.
Safety Automatic Gauge Cocl<.
The gauge cock illustrated, manufactured by Frank M. .\shley, 1.%
Liberty street. New York, is especially adapted to locomotive and port-
able boilers, and screws into the boiler or water column as shown. The
sectional view shows two valves, and two valve seats in the cock, one
behind the other; one valve is cast with the central stem as shown,
having a pin projecting from its centre, designed to strike against the
face of the second valve. The operation is as follows : Steam being on
AUTOM.\TIC G.\UGK CoCK.
the boiler, the pressure forces both valves to their seats, as shown. To
open the valve the handle is turned from right to left, which advances
the central stem ; then, by pushing the handle in toward the boiler the
latter slides inward, forcing the first valve from its seat a short distance,
while the pin attached to the back of the first valve strikes the face of
the second valve and forces it from its seat. The steam then flows
through the spiral wings of the second valve and through the first valve
into the atmosphere, causing the second valve to rapidly revolve, and
by its action on the spiral w-ings or flanges cuts loose all scale or sedi-
ment which may have lodged in the valve chamber, which is carried off
by the steam blowing through. When the engineer lets goof the handle
the pressure of steam instantly forces the valves to their sea*s, but as the
second or flanged valve comes to its seat a little before the first valve,
and as it is being rapidly rotated by the action of the steam on its flanges,
it strikes the seat while revolving and regrinds the valve seats lightly
64
THB KJUKCri^lC^L WOl^Ll).
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
each time the valves are closed. Another feature is the arrangement of
the second valve and its seat. Suppose the gauge cock should be broken
off of the boiler by a blow, it would of course break just outside of the
boiler sheet, the weakest part, which would leave the second valve
within tlie boiler closed, and consequently the engineer would not be
scalded, and if it should happen when his engine was running, he would
not have to stop, as it would otherwise be necessary. A screw fits
into the groove of the central stem and keeps the stem from revolving.
.\fter the valves have automatically closed by the pressure of steam the
engineer can screw up the handle which draws the fir"=t valve to its seat,
so that it cannot be accidentally forced open by being pressed against.
Trolley Wheel.
New Telephone Apparatus.
A new design of the Westiughouse type of trolley wheel, in which
oil is used as a lubricant for the steel spindle in addition to the gra-
phite bushing, is being manufactured by the Ohio Brass Company,
of Mansfield, Ohio. The centre of the hub of the wheel is hollowed
out around the graphite bushing and the recess filled with felt
packing. Holes are provided so that the felt maybe kept saturated with
oil, which in turn feeds through the bushing to the spindle, keeping the
graphite moist and lubricating the bearing thoroughly. It is advisable
that a few drops of oil be poured into the oil well every few days. It is
claimed that this adds fully 2.=; per cent to the life of the wheel. The
wheels are made from extra hard quality l)ron7.e metal and proportioned
so as to give the longest possible wear. They are balanced and trued,
and in consequence will run smoothly on the trolley wire.
In the accompanying illustration is shown the telephone which the
Columbia Telephone Manufacturing Company, 136, 138 and 140 Front
street, New York City, is placing upon the market. The instrument is
manufactured under the patents of Jas. W. McDonough, H. H. Eldred
and other pioneers in the telephone field, and "non-infringement" is
one of the strongest claims of ihe company. The receiver, it will be
seen from the cut, is somewhat more compact than the ordinary form,
and the connections are made inside ihe rubber shell, avoiding here, as
well as elsewhere on the insliiiiiR til, thi.- exposure of unsightly thumb
An Automatic Switch for Charging Storage Batteries.
One of the most important adjuncts, if not the most important,
to a storage battery plant, is the automatic charging switch, for
the most serious results would occur if this instrument should
refuse to act at the critical moment. The Electric Bell and
Resistance Company, Newark, N. J., has recently placed on the
COI.UMBI.V TlCLlvrilOMJ.
.\lITOMATIC ST0R.\GK B.\TTKRY SWITCH.
screws. .V multiple contact carbon transmitter is used, consisting of a
series of pencils resting on bearings and having their bearing points rose
shaped so as to afford a number of sharp contact points. The carbons are
attached to the under side of a thin wooden diaphragm, against which
the speaker's voice is directed.
One of the interesting features is the batterj- switch. The receiver,
when not in use, is suspended on a hook, at the top of which the switch
is placed. When the receiver is suspended on the hook an alarm bell
rings and can only be stopped by throwing the switch over, a movement
which cuts out the battery and prevents its running down. A dry bat-
teiy is employed. The company is also to bring out in the near future
an automatic telephone exchange, by which the subscriber can place
himself in connection with any other subscriber, and the ordinary switch
board and telephone girl be dispensed with. The means of accomplish-
ing this is exceedingly simple; two electro-magnetic operating ratchets
by the attraction of their armatures, secures the necessary movement
The apparatus is positive in its action and so simple that it requires
little or no attention. In the first form the subscriber made his connec-
tions by depressing keys marked "hundreds," 'tens," "units" and
"release," respectively; by an ingenious device of Mr. H. H. Kldred,
the keys have been replaced by wheels projecting slightly above the
containing case, and whose coriugated rims permit them to be ea'^ily
revolved by the hand, while at the same time figures plainlj- indicate to
the eye whether connection is being made with the proper number.
Such an automatic switchboard would find its greatest field of application
in the smaller cities and towns, in factories, offices and other places,
where the number of subscribers is not sufficiently large to warrant the
presence of a day and night central exchange operator.
market a new form of automatic switch for this purpose, illustrated here-
with, which is claimed to be absolutely reliable, and speciallj- adapted
where there are great variations in the voltage of the charging source.
The action of this switch is positive and reliable, closing the circuit at
any set voltage and opening it when the charging current falls to nearly
zero or before it can commence to flow in a reverse direction.
Electric Heating.
A patent has been issued, under date of July 10, 1894, to Mr. H. Ward
I,eonard, for an electric heater which involves quite a radical change
from present practice. The device is perhaps best explained in the fir.st
claim of the patent, which reads as follows: "A device in which electri-
cal energy is converted into heat, having a thinly insulated conductor
embedded in and completely surrounded by a closely applied mass of
metal."
One of the objections to electrically heated tools hitherto has been that
the conductor was surrounded by a considerable thickness of fireproof
insulation made of various materials which are b.ad conductors of heat,
and the heat developed in the resistance is conducted but slowly through
this bad conductor. The conductivity for heat, however, through such
insulation would be greatly increased by means of strong mechanical
presstire. Another great difficulty has been the gradual deterioration of
the heated resistance because of its oxidation by more or less perfect con-
tact with the air through the intervening insulation. The necessity of a
resistance which would stand a very high temperature has been such
that platinum wire is often used in the construction of electric tools, the
July 21, 1894.
THE EIvECXRICAL WORLD.
65
expense of which is of course extremely high, but even this has failed
under such conditions.
Mr. Leonard has many modifications of the general principles of his
invention, but the description of one modification will give a general
idea of the invention: The resistance, which is a metal wire, is thinlj-
coated with some form of fireproof insulation which hermetically seals
the conductor from the air, such as enamel or glass. The wall of insula-
tion around the conductor is quite thin. The conductor so insulated is
placed in a mould, and a suitable metal is cast about the insulated resist-
ance so as to completely embed it in the cast metal. This surrounding
body of metal as it cools subjects the insulated conductor to .-strong pres-
sure, insuring perfect mechanical contact throughout. The surrounding
metal also hermetically seals the resistance from any possible contact
with the air and from all chemical action. While the insulation surround-
ing the conductor is of comparativeU- poor quality as a conductor of
heat, the wall of this insulation is so thin that it affords the least pos-
sible resistance to the flux of heat from the heated resistance of the sur-
rounding metal body, consequently the temperature of the heated resist-
ance and the temperature at the surface of use will be as nearly the same
as possible, and the resistance is therefore not subjected to a temperature
appreciably higher than that of the surface of use.
It is possible to operate tools heated by the Leonard system at a bright
red head without any destructive effect whatever, and this possibility
opens up a wide field for the application of electricity to various tools
used in the various arts and industries which have heretofore necessarily
been heated by gas, charcoal stoves, etc. The Carpenter Enamel Rheo-
stat Company, of which Mr. Leonard is president, will manufacture
apparatus under this patent.
Among the various kinds of apparatus which will soon be on the market
due to this invention are the following; All kinds of soldering irons and
embossing irons, all kinds of flat irons and tailors' gooses, all kinds of
cooking utensils, such as chafing dishes, broilers, griddle cake bakers,
coffee pots, electric stoves, electric ovens, egg boilers, etc ; also many
applications to small appliances such as curling irons, sealing wax
heaters, etc. Also all kinds of atmospheric heaters such as street car
heaters, and heaters for dwellings where the cost of electric current is
sufficiently low to make it possible for electric heating to compete with
fuel directly. In this regard Mr. Leonard estimates that where power
can be had, which does not cost more per horse-power per annum than
the cost of two tons of good coal, electric heating can compete on the
score of economy alone with heat from fuel direct, and the many advan-
tages of electric heaters are so pronounced that they will frequently be
applied for atmospheric heating even though the actual direct cost be
much greater than that due to heating by fuel.
effect in the remotest corner. This motor is particularly applicable for
use in cooling the cabins of steamships and j-achts, and also for ventilat-
ing the holds of vessels. It weighs about fifteen pounds, is self-lub-
Portable Alternating Current Meter.
A portable instrument, by means of which accurate measurements maj*
be made of alternating currents, is now being placed upon the market by
Al.TERN.\TING ClKKKNT METER.
the General Electric Company. It is small and handy, and combines
strength, permanency and reliability with compactness of form and
excellence of workmanship. The scale is unusually long and reads to
fine divisions. The instrument, although designed for alternating cur-
rent measurements, may also be used for measuring direct currents, but
for this work it requires special calibration. It is made in 25, 50, 100 and
200 ampere sizes.
Small Motors.
It is but a few years since small motors have been made with any
efficiency worth speaking of, and among the first who considered the
question of economy worthy of study was the Porter Standard Motor
Company, now at 35 Broadway, New York. We illustrate herewith
some of the latest types of motors manufactured by this firm, including
a double rotating overhead ceiling fan motor recently placed on the
market.
In order to obtain the best results, a fan motor should be so constructed
as to run continuously without attention, and circulate the air in such a
manner as to produce the needed relief without discomfort. This is
accomplished in the double fan rotating motor, which, if suspended from
the ceiling in the centre of a room 40 feet square, will, it is claimed,
keep the air in motion in all parts of the room without creating uncom-
fortable drafts, even in close proximity to the motor, and yet have an
Sm.\i.l Motors.
ricating, and will run continuously for a whole season without any care.
It has 12-inch aluminiimi fans, and runs at 2,000 revolutions per minute
on a llO-volt circtiit, requiring, it is stated, less than one-half ampere of
current to operate it.
Wenstrom Direct Connected Outfit.
The demand for direct coupled apparatus, especiallj- for isolated plants,
is constantly increasing. The greatest hindrance to its introduction in
the past has been the high speed at which it has been necessary to drive
Direct Connected Outfit.
the generator. The Wenstrom Electric Company has devoted special
attention to the solution of this problem, and its new outfit, an illustra-
tion of which is shown herewith, practically eliminates this difficulty.
The Wenstrom dynamo has been familiar to the public for some time and
its excellence of construction and high efficiency are well known. .1 glance
at the accompanying illustration will show how admirably it is adapted
for direct connection. The dynamo is of multipolar construction and
will run successfully at a low rate of speed, for which the Wenstrom
Company makes a special claim. The company has recently subjected
a 15 kw. outfit to l^a test which proved very successful aad showed good
results. Mr. Henry B. Oakman, 136 Liberty street, New York, is the gen-
eral Eastern agent for the Wenstrom Company.
(,(y
XHE KIvKCXRICAL WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. i.
financial 3ntcUigcnce,
The Electrical Stock iyiARKET.
NfW York, July 14, 1894.
THE p;i,ECTKICAI. STOCK MARKET has shared with the other speculative
markets in the stagnation of business that has resulted from the paralysis con-
sequent upon the hig Western labor troubles. While having no direct bearing
upon the electrical industry, the strike has completely killed all demand, either
lor maTiufacturcd articles or for securities, and, while large bank funds now on
hand after the large July dividend and interest disbursements have sought some
temporary investment in securities, the demand is nothing like that which
ticcurs at this period in normal years.
r.ENER.\I, ELECTRIC has been the strongest of the low-priced stock.s, and, in
.1 market where transactions have been generally absolutely lacking in signifi-
cance, has been freely taken the last few days by a new pool that has of late
been absorbing the floating supply of stock. With the beginning of operations
of this pool have naturally appeared a lot of reports tending to increase confi-
dence in the company and to inspire further belief in its renewed march of pros-
jierity. Thus, at the beginning of the week, it was bruited that negotiations
were pending between Ihe Manhattan Elevated Railroad Company and the
C.eneral Electric Company for a plant to take the place of steam motors on the
New York system, and though it was afterwards announced that the Manhattan
Company had decided not to adopt electricity as a motive power, because of the
expense of %S,000,000 involved in making the change, the story had sufficient
circulation to strengthen General Electric's quotation. Then it was announced
that the General Electric has of late managed to create a demand of large
dimensions for power motors from shoe manufacturers in the East, owing to
the prevailing disposition among them to save on labor and other details wherever
practical, and the opening of this new field of profit has led to calculations as to
how General Electric apparatus will be used to great advantage in many indus-
tries, thereby assiiring a large business to the company. .\s a result of all these
encouraging reports, quite a tone of strength is lent to the stock. But the mar-
ket is very narrow, and there is no telling how far or how little quotations
reflect anything but the manipulation of interested members of some pool or
another.
THE EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY OF NEW YORK
furnishes The Electrical World, through Treasurer Joseph Williams.some figures
of comparative earnings for June, and for the si.x moulhs ended June 30, 18*>4.
Gross earnings for June were $101,351, an increase of iIS,740; net earnings wera
S52.S04, an increase of St8,30j. For the six months gross earnings were $687,754,
an increase of $77,899, and net earnings were $375 644, an increase of $93,341.
With these evidences of prosperity the stock holds very firm.
THE BROOKLYN EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY reports
comparative earnings for June as follows: Gross earnings, $24,004, an increase
of $3,598; expenses, $17,822, an increase of $4,S2b; net earnings, $0,182, a decrease
of $928; other income, $5,604, an increase of $4,417; amount applicable to divi-
dends, after deducting $2,100 for interest due on bonds. $9,686, an increase of
$3,489. The expense account of June. 1894, carries the operating expenses of five
weeks, and in addition about $800— incurred in preparing for and lighting on the
city contract, from which no revenue appears until July. Net earnings of six
months have been: 1894, $%.470; 1893, 572,595; 1892. $43,641; 1891, $22,615.
THE STREET RAILWAY AND ILLUMINATING PROPERTIES' trustees
have, as intimated in these columns last week, purchased, according to agree-
ment, 608 more shares of preferred stock at 97,'s. making the total purchased to
date, 12,551 shares. The value of the securitiesobtained from the General Elec-
tric Company and held in the trust is every day being more fully established.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC issues, with the exception of a good demand
for the preferred noted in Boston in the last day or two, have been very quiet,
but quotations are very well held on the reports of continued good business.
AMERICAN HELL TELEPHONE stock holds very firm. The Board of Direc-
tors of the company held a meeting this week, but it was announced that noth-
ing but routine matters were considered. This, together with the fact that Mr.
Hudson, president of the company, is going to Europe, gives rise to the impres-
sion that nothing will be done just at present in the matter of issuing the
$30,000,000 new capital stock authorized by the Massachusetts Legislature to be
sold at auction. But nothing official relative to the matter is made public.
ELECTRICAL STOCKS.
Par. Bid. Asked.
Brush 111., New York .SO 10 30
Cleveland General Electric Co 100 80 90
Detroit Electrical Works 10 3 4
Ea.st River Electric Light Co. 100 — SO
*Edi.sou Electric 111., New York 100 Irtl 100}^
* '■ " " Brooklyn 100 loti 102
" " " Boston 100 116 lis
Chicago 100 135 145
* " '• " Philadelphia 100 128 130
Edison Electric Light of Europe 100 1 3
Edison Ore Milling 100 10 IS
Electric Construction & Supply Co., com IS IS 17J^
' pref )5 IS 17H
Fort Wayne Electric 100 1 2
General Electric IIX) yifit 37K.
Interior Conduit & Ins. Co UX1 45 55 "
Mount Morris Electric KXI 25 SO
Westiiighouse Consolidated, com SO 35 36
pref 50 SOH SIH
BONDS.
Edison Electric 111., New York l.tXlO lOfiK- 10"
Edison Electric Light of Europe VH 75 " 8S
General Electric Co., deb. S's 1,000 .SoJ-j 86}<;
TELEGR.\PH AND TKLEPHONE.
American Bell Telephone 100 195 i%
American District Telegraph 100 — 45
American Telegraph & Cable 100 89'. *J0
Central & South .American Telegraph 100 105 lU)
Commercial Cables 100 125 ~
Gobi & Stock Telegraph IIK) 100 102
* Mexican Telegraph 100 190 2iX)
* Western Union Telegraph UX> 849y H4%
* Ex. div.
ERIE TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH stock has enjoyed some bit of life
on the announcement that the telephone service in all its divisions is to be
greatly extended.
FORT WAYNE ELECTRIC stock has been higher this week on the belief that
the company will yield more in liquidation to stockholders than has been ex-
jiected. The receivers are making an effort to present at an early date some
statement of its affairs.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH has been very firm all week and shorts have
been rendered very ner\'Ons on finding that the amount of offerings has been
largely reduced by the withdrawal from the street of certificates bought by actual
investors. The $550,000 additional stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange
this week was issued for the purpose of the American Rapid Telegraph Com-
pany, which had previously been operated by the Western Union on a lease, but
which was purchased under foreclosure on March 11. 1891. by a committee of
bondholders, and then resold to the Western Union. With the $500,000 received
from the Western Union and with $300,000 in the receivers hands, the bond-
holders of the Rapid Telegraph Company will receive a dividend of about 27 per
cent, on their $3,000,000 bonds. The $3,000,000 common stock is frozen out. The
Rapid Telegraph has 20,370 miles of wire extending from New York city to Bos-
ton, Buffalo, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Chicago. Washington and intermediate points,
and before being sold to the Western Union was leased to it by the receiver at a
rental of $60,000 per year. Dividends of S per cent, on $500,000 call for but $25,000
per year, so that the purchase saves the Western Union $35,000 a year.
New Incorporations.
THE JOSEPH TELEPHONE CO.MPANY, Joseph, Ore., capital stock $500, has
been incorporated.
THE MURPHY POWER COMPANY, Chicago. III., capital stock $3,000, has
been incorporated by S. M. Murphy and others.
THE SPENCER MOTOR COMPANY', Glastonbury, Conn., capital stock $2,000.
has been incorporated by S. P. Turner and others.
THE ECONOMIC LIGHT. HEAT AND POWER COMPANY, Snohomish,
Wash., capital stock $25,000. has been incorporated.
THE LITTLE CYCLONE FAN COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo., capital stock
$10,000, has been incorporated by W. P. Waite and others.
THE ELECTRIC BRUSH PORTRAIT COMP.^NY', San Francisco, Cal., capi-
tal stock $10,000, has been formed to make portraits, frames, etc.
THE BRODIE ELECTRIC COMPANY', Manchester, N. H.. capital stock
$25,000. has been formed to manufacture electrical apparatus, etc.
THE FREEPORT ELECTRIC COMPANY, Freeport. 111., capital stock
$150,000, has been incorporated by R. S. Brown, J. B. Taylor and Gep. H. Currie.
THE BLUFF CITY ELECTRIC STREET RAILWAY* COMPANY'. Waukegan.
111., capital stock $200,000, has been incorporated. The promoters are DeWitt
L- Jones, S. D. Talcott and Chas. Whitney.
THE TR.\CTION CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, Denver, Col., capital stock
$50,000, has been incorporated by Geo. E. B. Hart and others to construct aiuj
operate electric and cable railways, street railways and tramways.
THE LITTLE CY'CLONE FAN COMPANY. Kansas City, Mo., capital stock
$10,000, has been formed to operate electric fans, etc. The organizers are W.
T. White, F. E. Weidman and Win. W. McCall, Kansas City, Mo.
THE NASH-EDDY' COMPANY', Cleveland, O., capital stock $12,000, has been
formed to manufacture and deal in all kinds of mechanical and electrical appa-
ratus, devices, etc, Nathan E. Nash. Geo. .\. Eddy, F. G. Botstord, H. W.
Wolcott and L. H. Winch.
THE FIRE AND POLICE TELEGR.^.PH COMPANY, Louisville, Ky.. capital
stock $50.0tX). has been formed to deal in electrical machinerj-, apparatus and
supplie.-i, and to do general electrical business. The promoters are C. A. Ray.
W. S. Hogue and H. C. Stanclifle.
THE PEOPLE'S GAS AND ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY' OF SARATOGA
SPRINGS, Saratoga Springs, N. Y'.. capital stock $7.5,000, has been formed to
manufacture and supply gas, electricity and other lights. Chas. H. Moore, H.
Carpenter and Warren Dake, Saratoga Springs, are the incorporators.
THE ELBRIDGE ELECTRIC M.\NI'F.\CTURING COMP.-VNY', Elbridge, N.
Y'. , capital stock $10,000, has been formed to manufacture and sell electrical
apparatus and engines, boilers, etc. Wm. C. Ranney. L. B. Domau. A. E.
Doiiiau. Elbridge. N. \'.. and .-V. Blair Frazee, Kipple. Pa. .are interested.
THE NORTH AND SOUTH ELECTRIC RAILWAY. Yonkers, N. Y., capital
stock $.'^,(X)0, has been formed to operate a street railway in Yonkers, either by
electricity or horse power, or both, the road to be five miles long. W. D. Baldwin
S. T. Hubbard, Jr., J. C. Shotts. J. J. Devitt, T. H. Silkman. J. S. Fitch. L. M.
Saunders, W. E. Hodgmau, Yonkers, and R, B. Kelly, New York, are
interested.
Special ^orrcsponbciuw
Western Notes.
Bkancii Offick of The Electrical World J
936 Monadnack Buildinp. Chicago, July I4, 1894. \
JOHN R. MARKLK. whose name is faniiliar to our readers, lias been placed
in clinrge of all the Western business of the Electric Storage Battery Company,
of rhiladelpliia. Mr. Markle makes his headquarters at 1409 Manhattan Build-
ing, where he can be found almost any time buried in work.
THE WEST CHICAGO STREET RAILWAY COMPANY will soon let con-
tracts for the erection of an immense electric power liouse at the intersection
of California avenue and Roscoe Boulevard to furnish the motive power for the
trolley lines of the company, to be operated in connection with the Milwaukee
avenue cable system. The structure will be one stor>- and a half high, and will
cover 100 x 125 feet of ground.
THE AMERICAN ET-ECTRICAL WORKS, of Providence, is one of the
large houses of the country which has come to the conclusion that Western busi-
ness justifies a branch office in this city. They now have handsome quarters at
July 'A, 1894.
TTHE EIvEiCXRICAL WORLD.
6i
241 Madison street, where Mr. T. E. Donohoe is in charge. Mr. Donohoe is busy
getting things in shape and is ready to receive friends of the company.
THE JENNEY ELECTRIC MOTOR COMPANY, of Indianapolis, Ind.. has
been reorganized on a very strong financial basis. It is now arranging for the
erection of new works in the city of Indianapolis to cover many acres of ground,
as its business has recently grown to huge proportions. Western Manager
Goode reports business excellent considering the times, and the new fortunes of
the company will be welcomed by its thousands of friends.
THE ABENDROTH & ROOT MANUFACTURING COMPANY has opened an
office at 1422 Monadnock Building, and placed it in charge of Mr. George K.
Hooper. This firm is well-known in the West by reason of its famous water tube
boiler; but it appreciates that to have a manager on the ground will materially
assist in closing many of the large orders that will soon be placed in this vicinity.
Mr. Hooper will find many words of praise for his boiler throughout the West.
THE WESTERN TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, whose offices
on the fifth floor of the Monadnock are the busiest in the building, seem to be
overwhelmed with business in the shape of new exchanges and orders for pri-
.'ate line telephones. Manager Stitch and President Keelyu are always at their
desks, while Treasurer Kennedy is busy with the books. Its factory on the
West Side is overcrowded with work, and it seems to be on the increase. One
of its latest successes was the securing of a large order from the Metropolitan " ■ L' '
road, which has ordered an equipment for everj' station on its line.
Hetps of tf?e IDeck
Telegraph and Telephone.
Canadian Notes.
Ottaw.a., July 14.
TORONTO.— The street railway revenue shows an increase in spite of the
hard times. The total earnings for June were $88,335, of which the city's share
was S7.066. In June, 1892. the city's share was $6,729, and in June, 1893. $6,039.
WINNIPEG.— The Judicial Committee of the Imperial Privy Council have
given judgment in the case of the Winnipeg Street Railway Company vs. the
Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company and the city of Winnipeg, affirming
the judgments appealed against.
MONTREAL.— The Railway Committee has passed the contested bill respect-
ing the Montreal Park & Island Railway Company, and made the capital stock
$1,000,000. against the protest of Mr. Williams, the promoter of the bonus for the
road, who has $125,000 of stock given him for his services.
OTTAWA. ONT.— At a meeting of the newly appointed directors of the Elec-
tric Street Railway, J. W. McRae was elected president, and Mr. G. P. Brophy
vice-president. After the Governor-General assents to the bill for the amalga-
mation of the two roads, the shareholders of each will be called to elect a new
board of directors and reorganize.
MONTREAL. — Electrical railway construction is making wonderfully rapid
headway on the island of Montreal. Last fall the Montreal and Island Park
Co. built a road to the Back River, a distance of six miles, and now the same
system is being extended round the mountain to Cote des Neiges. the intention
being to further extend the railway to Notre Dame de Grace, and connect with
the Montreal Street Railway at Cote St. Antoiue.
OTTAWA, ONT.— The agreement between the corporation and the amalga-
mated lighting companies for the lighting of the city for ten years after the
expiration of the present contract has been signed by Messrs. G. P. Brophy,
president: D. R. Street, secretary, and W. Y. Soper, director, of the Chaudiere
Electric Lighting Company; Messrs. E. H. Bronson, president, and G. B. Pattee,
director, of the Standard Electric Lighting Company, and City Clerk Henderson.
English Notes.
(From our own Correspondent.)
London, July 4, 1S04.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND THE FACTORY ACTS. -At the Westminster
Police Court recently there was a batch of prosecutions against the owners
of several small workshops for permitting women to work on their premises
after the authorized time, and not providing sufficient cubic space. One of the
defendants made a somewhat ingenious pleading, which was to the effect that
as he had adooted the electric light, which did not vitiate the atmosphere, he
considered that overtime on his premises could not be injurious to the workers
from the respiratory point of view. This ingenious pleading was not, however,
of any avail.
HORSE TRACTION AS AN AID TO ELECTRIC TRACTION.— At a recent
meeting of the Association of Municipal Engineers a paper was read by Mr. R.
Hammond on the subject of electric traction, and it must be confessed that
although for the most part it contained nothing but generalties, there was at
least one startling idea. Mr. Hammond advocated the combination of the elec-
tric lighting with the electric traction business. He pointed out that for a few-
hours every day the heavy traction load and the heavy lighting load would coin-
cide. He made several suggestions as to how this difficulty might be overcome,
and ended up by pointing that the best way out of the difficulty was to tem-
porarily horse the cars.
INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION AND TRADE-UNIONISM.— The Technical Ed-
ucation Doard recently appointed by the London County Council has instituted
a series of conferences between the members of the board and representatives
of the industries of the Metropolis, with the laudable object of discovering
exactly what it is the British workman requires in the way of technical oi in-
dustrial training. There was a general consensus of opinion amongst the dele-
gates of the engineering and allied trades that the law should oblige employers
to afford their apprentices time during the day to attend classes for systematic
instruction in the principles of their craft; that these classes should be
in touch with the trade; that the in.structors should be practical work-
men; that no one but those actually engaged in the trade should be allowed
to attend these classes The demand that the technical clas.ses should be in
touch with the trade generally took the form that they should be controlled by
the trades-unions, and the demand that no one but those actually engaged in
the trade should be allowed to attend the classes went so far as to exclude ex-
perienced gas fitters and house carpenters from adding to their earning powers
by obtaining that modicum of electrical knowledge necessary to make them effi-
cient wiremen. Up to the present the average electrical wireman may. for
aught we know, be a very efficient electrician, but he certainly is uncommonly
clumsy in getting about the house, and in that respect an electrically compe-
tent gas fitter or carpenter would probably make a much better workman than
the so-called electric light ■
NEWBERNE, N. C— Address P. H. Pelletier regarding :
change to be established.
telepho
SALISBURY, N.C.— A franchise for constructing a telephone system has been
granted to J. Allen Brown and others.
DANBURY, CONN.— Hoyt & Russell, manufacturers of telephones, are re-
ported to have dissolved partnership.
AMERICUS. GA.— The Bell Telephone Company will construct a line to
Albany, Ga. Jeff. D, Peacock is manager of the exchange.
SHELBY'VILLE, IND. -Franchises have been granted to the Mutual Telephone
Company, in which George C. Piatt and D. C. Vowell are interested.
CHESTERTOWN, N. Y.— The Chestertown Telephone Company has built a
line to the Palisades, a new hotel on the shores of Brant Lake, kept by Smith
Barton. This company is about to extend its line to Warreniiburgh. All the
hotels at Fieand's Lake are connected with Chestertown.
PHILADELPHI.I, PA. -A number of business men visited the Bullitt Building
and inspected the workings of the automatic switchboard of the Mu-
tual Automatic Telephone Company, which by ordinance of Councils has
been given authority to cover the entire city by the new system.
Electric Light and Power.
WILLIAMSVILLE, ILL.— The citizens are agitating the question of an electric
lighting plant.
DALLAS, TE-X.— Judge T. F. Nash may be written to in regard to an electric
wiring contract.
LOS ANGELES. CAL.— Franchises have been granted to Chas. Walton to put
in an electric plant.
ELBERTON. GA.— Address D. A. Matthews regarding the establishment of
an electric power plant.
NORWOOD, PA.— Address G. C. Skelton regarding electric lighting contract
to be given out August 1.
FRONT ROYAL, VA.— The Council is considering the matter of establishing a
municipal lighting plant.
LAFAYETTE, COL.— A franchise has been granted to J. S. Spencer to furnish
light, heat and power to the town.
CAPE GIRARDEAU, MO.— Franchises have been granted to R. W. and T. W.
Gannon to put in an electric light plant.
ESTHERVILLE, lA.-N. B. Egbert, city clerk, can be addressed regarding
construction of an electric light plant.
PAWNEE CITY, NEB.-A movement is on foot to establish an electric light
plant ill connection with the water works.
MARSHALL, MINN.— The vote to bond Marshall for $^,000 for electric light
and water bonds was carried by 73 majority.
KALAMAZOO. MICH.— Address Chauncey Strong, city clerk, regarding the
construction of an electric light plant for the city.
CLARKSBURG, W. VA.— Address D. P. Morgan, president Traders' Company,
concerning the installation of an electric light plant.
GONZALES, TE.X.—F. R. Starr. Jr.. may be addressed regarding a iOO-light
dynamo to be put in by the Goliac Water Power Company.
WELLS. MINN.— The village has called a special election for July 24 to vote
on the question of issuing S20.000 electric light and water bonds.
BALTIMORE. MD.— The Viaduct Manufacturing Company is about to erect a
new electrical plant to replace the one recently burned at Relay, Md.
SHAWANO, WIS.— An ordinance is before the Council for establishing an
electric plant. Final action will be taken July 30. A. C. Weber is city clerk.
YATES CITY, ILL.— A franchise has been granted to the Elmwood Electric
Light Company to establish an electric plant. T. J. Knightlinger is city clerk.
KEY WEST, FLA.— The Key West Gas and Electric Light Company has in-
creased its capital stock from $75,000 to $250,000 for the purpose of enlarging its
plant.
CARROLL, ILL.— An ordinance has been passed granting ten years franchise
to C. P. Woodworth to operate an electric light plant. Aaron Smith is city
clerk.
BALTIMORE, MD.— During the Summer a new 12 h. p. electric motor will be
put in the Baltimore Colored Manual Training School, on Fremont avenue,
near Lombard street.
WASHINGTON, D. C— Horace S. Cumniings. acting for a syndicate, is re-
ported as having purchased a $14,000^tract of land on which a large electric
plant will be erected.
CROWLEY, LA.— The Council has secured O. H. Landreth to prepare plans
and specifications for an electric light and water plant. The contract will be
let as soon as the specifications are ready.
NEW YORK CITY. N. Y — The United Electric Light and Power Company,
108 Fulton street, will erect a one-story brick electric light station at No, 407 to
419 East Twenty-eight street, to cost $80,000
ALBERT LEA. MINX— The electric light and power house. C. G. Edwards
manager and principal owner, has been burned. The dynamos were entirely
destroyed. The loss is $8.(XX). with no insurance.
SHELBYVILLE, KY — The Shelbyville Water and Light Company is in the
market for engines, dynamos, apparatus, lamps, poles, wiring, etc., of the elec-
tric light plant to be constructed by that company.
W.\KEFIELD. MASS.— .\ meeting will be held July 16 for the purpose of pro-
viding for an issue of bonds to the amount of $144,680. to be used for the pur-
chase of the Citizens' Gas and Electric Company's plant.
HENDERSON. MINN —Sealed proposals for an electric light plant for the
city of Henderson. Sibley County, will be received until August 1, 1894. Plans
and specifications on file with the city clerk J. J. Mohre.
NAPOLEON, O,— Sealed proposals will be received until July 34 for electrical
68
THE ELKCXRICAL WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
apparatus, one 60-light dynamo, and one 1,500 incandescent light dyna
including a first-class electric light plant, J, Koller is city clerk.
Miscellaneous Notes.
The Electric Railway.
SAN KRANCISCO, CAL.— Address J. A. Russell, city clerk, regarding street
railway franchises.
SKOWIIKOAN, MR.— The town has voted $10,000 in aid of an electric road from
Norridgewock to this place.
DKI-AWARR. O.— A franchise has been granted to the Delaware Electric Rail-
way Company to extend its lines.
ROMR. N. Y.— The Rome City Street Railway Company is about to change
its system to electric motive power.
MONTGOMRRY. ALA.— The Montgomery Street Railway Company has been
granted a franchise to extend its lines.
RUTHERFORD, N. J, —It is proposed to construct a trolley line from this
place to connect with the main line to Jersey City.
PROVIDENCE. R. I.— The Union Railroad Company proposes to extend its
line from Exchange to Smith's Hill, by way of Francis street.
LEWISTON, ME.— The Lewiston & Auburn Horse Railroad Company has de-
cided to adopt electricity as a motor power on its lines at once.
COLUMBUS, GA.— The North Highlands Railroad Company, operating an
electric railway, has been granted a franchise to extend its lines.
PHILADELPHIA. PA.— Charles McCaul is receiving bids f<5r the new power
house of the Electric Traction Company, which is to be a large structure.
LEWISTON. N. Y.— The Lewiston & Youngstown Electric Railroad will be
reorganized and will build an electric railroad from Lewiston to Youngstown.
DRACUT. MASS.— The Lowell, Lawrence & Haverhill Street Railroad Com-
pany has received a permit to construct an electric road within the city limits.
CUMBERLAND HILL, R. L— The Woodsocket Electric Power and Machine
Company has asked for permission to construct an electric road from Manville
to Cumberland.
WASHINGTON. D. C— The Alexandria & Mount Vernon Electric Railway
has permission to construct an electric road through Arlington reservation to
this place.
WASHINGTON. D. C— The Eckington & Soldiers' Home Railroad has been
granted permission to put down an underground electric system, invented by
Malone Wheless.
BALTIMORE, MD.— The Baltimore, Conton & Point Breeze Railway Com-
pany contemplates constructing an electric road from Battle Monument to the
eastern city limits.
GUTHRIE, OKLA.— Address Charles Fitzgerald in regard to a street railway,
for which he has been granted a franchise, but for which the equipment has
not yet been purchased.
RUTHERFORDTON, N. J.— Jonah White writes: "It is now an assured fact
that an electric railway will be built from Rutherfordton to Chimney Rock, a
distance of seventeen miles.
HARTFORD. CONN.— An electric railway between this city and Rockville
before the end of the year is assured, and Manchester will be connected with
Hartford by an electric line by October 1.
ST. AUGUSTINF^, FLA.— Address Charles Sperry. superintendent St. Augus-
tine Railroad and Steamboat Company, 12 West Thirty-6rst street. New York,
concerning an electric railway to be constructed.
SAND LAKE. N. Y.— It is now an assured fact that an electric road is to be
built between Sand Lake and Troy. J. K. Averill has been appointed a com-
mittee to interview the stockholders in regard to the stock, etc.
KNOX VILLE, TENN.— It is reported that Messrs. Eperandieu and Cramer,
representing the Niagara Power and Development Company, are endeavoring
to form a company to build a five-mile electric road to Spring Place.
BLOOMFIELD, N. J.— A petition from the North Jersey Street Railroad Com-
pany for a franchise for an electric line from the Newark passenger line to the
Monticello line was referred to the Committee on Law and Franchises.
RUTLAND, VT.— A meeting of the stockholders of the new street railway
company, to be known as the City Electric Company, was held, and following
directors elected : E. A. Morse, E. M. Woodruff, J. E. Creed and others.
LANCASTER, PA.— The Pennsylvania Traction Company, operating the entire
electric railway system of Lancaster County, has decided to extend its lines
through the county. The contract for the work will be awarded next week.
KP:y west, FLA.— John J. Philbrick, of Key West, is completing arrange-
ments in New York City for the transfer of the street railway property to the
Key West Electric Street Railway Company. Horse power will be superseded
by electricity.
CRISFIELD, MD.— The Somerset Electric Light and Railway Com-
pany was chartered by the last Legislature with Thomas S. Hodson, of 6 East
Lexington Street, Baltimore, as president. About two and one-half miles of
road will be built.
NORTHAMPTON. MASS.— Business has .so rapidly increased on the electric
railroad that the company is now to petition the aldermen for the privilege of
double tracking the road on Main street. The line will be built this year if
request is granted.
BRISTOL. CONN. -The directors of the Bristol & Plainfield Tramway Com-
pany and the borough committee have reached an agreement in regard to the
construction of the proposed line. The incorporators are N. E. Pierce, Tread-
way St Muzzy, of Bristol, and others.
BALTIMORE, MD.— The Mai-yland Central Railroad Company is reported to
be seriously considering the operation of its line by electricity. In this connec-
tion it is stated that the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad trains will be run through the
belt tunnels by powerful electric motors.
BRADFORD, PA.— 'The city councils passed the ordinance granting the Brad-
ford Electric Street Railway Company exclusive right and privilege to construct
and operate a street car line from the American House, in East Bradford,
through the Third and Fourth Wards, etc.
PROFESSOR HELMHOLTZ. as we go to press, is reported by cable to be
dying.
THE STREET RAILWAY ASSOCIATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
has issued the report of its eleventh annual meeting, he'd at Rochester. Sep-
tember 19, 18'>3. Only one paper was read at his meeting. "The Return Circuit of
Electric Railways." by T. J. McTighe, but this with its discussion is a valuable
contribution to the subject.
MR. JOHN B. M'CORMICK, the well-known Holyoke. Mass., manufacturer of
turbines, has written a pamphlet entitled "Reasoning from Cause to Effect."
and containing his opinions on the economic and indu.strial situation. Mr.
McConnick is a firm believer in free trade, and this pamphlet is a remarkable
contribution to the subject.
KILLED BY LIGHTNING. —Two men were recently killed at the Norfolk
Na\'>- Yard by lightning under peculiar circumstances. A number of men had
sought shelter beneath the steel cruisei Raleigh, which lay in dry-dock there,
when suddenly two of the men fell dead and others were knocked senseless 'dj-
an electric shock, which was not felt by the officers on the deck. All the com-
passes were affected, and the vessel was magnetized.
FULL OF ELECTRICITY. -A young man employed at the Edison Lamp
Works, Harrison, N. J., recently received a severe shock from an electric cur-
rent, rendering him unconscious, in which state he remained, notwithstanding
the efforts of physicians to restore him. It was finally decided by the doctors
and an aunt of the young man that his body was full of electricity, which if re-
nioved would permit him to recover. An insulated wire was therefore grounded
to a water pipe and a wet sponge at the other end applied to the body of the
young man, when, to the delight of the aunt and the medical attendants, he re-
gained consciousness, and a new principle in electro-therapeutics was estab-
lished. What the effect of sponging alone would have been we are unfortunately
left in the dark.
Cmbc anb 3nbnstv\al Hotcs.
THE BERLIN IRON BRIDGE COMPANY, East Berlin. Conn., has received
an order from the United Electric Light. Heat and Power Co., of New York City,
for an iron roof, with anti-condensation corrugated iron roof covering, for a
switch board building.
THE UNITED STATES HEADLIGHT COMPANY. Utica, N. Y., has made
arrangements with I. A. Williams & Co., Utica, N. Y., and Chicago, 111., to
act as one of its agents for the sale of its locomotive, electric, cable and motor
car and other headlights.
THE JONES MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 1820 and 1822 Mechanic street.
Norwalk. Conn., manufacturer of typewriter supplies of every description,
claims that its factory is one of the most complete in the United States, and that
every month shows a large increase in business, notwithstanding the hard times.
ARMATURE WINDING.— We have received a communication from the
Chelsey Manufacturing Company, of Hoboken, N. J., claiming that the system
of Spiral winding, or angular advance of section, described in these columns as
devised by S. W. Rushraore, was invented and patented by Mr. George Hoare. of
Brooklyn; that it has also been used by the Excelsior Electric Company, and
that it is only applicable to armatures wound with a single turn of wire.
THE GENERAL INCANDESCENT ARC LIGHT COMPANY. 572-578 First
Avenue, New York City, has received a verj- flattering letter from Hilton.
Hughes & Co., expressing the greatest satisfaction with the 500 incandescent arc
lamps installed in their large establishment. Hilton, Hughes & Co. state that
the lamps are not only sightly in appearance, but the light is absolutely steady
and agreeable, and particularly well adapted to show off goods like theirs; in
fact, that the lighting is beyond criticism.
"MODERN TURRET LATHE PRACTICE*' is the title of a pamphlet issued
by the Gisholt Machine Company, Madison. Wis. The pamphlet gives illustra-
tions taken from actual practice of some of the uses to which the company's
turret lathes are put. and it is the intention to issue it monthly in the belief that
the range of application of the turret lathe is so large, and that many of the most
successful operations are so different from accepted practice, that the publication
will be welcomed by superinteudents.foremen and proprietors of manufacturing
machine shops.
THE PERU ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Pern. Indiana, has
issued a 38- page general catalogue of its various electrical porcelain manufactures
and the Laclede and Hercules carbon batteries. Unlike other porcelain and
carbon manufacturers, this finn gives undivided attention to the making of
electrica,! goods, and therefore naturally pays particular attention to the elec-
trical properties of the material. The porcelain, we learn from the catalogue.
is burnt with natural gas, the temperature being 4,000 degrees Fahr.. thus
producing an excellent insulating glaze, and the carbon used in the batteries is
also made from natural gas.
THE ELECTRIC APPLIANCE COMPANY, Chicago, appreciating the fact tha
users of colored and frosted incandescent lamps have undoubtedly frequently
suffered considerable inconvenience from inability to get their orders for fancy
goods filled promptly froih stock, has perfected plans for frosting and coloring
lamps of all kinds in Chicago and established a coloring room for doing this
work, and can now furnish colored and frosted lamps promptly on receipt of
orders. By the use of improved coloring compounds and methods of treating
results have been secured in colored and frosted lamps, fully equalling those
obtained from genuine colored and fr'jsted glass. Customers will undoubtedly
show their appreciation of prompt deliven,' on these goods.
THE ALTOONA MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Altoona. Pa.. reporU the
following orders received during June: One 280-h. p. engire, for the Akron
Street Railway Company, of .\kron. O.. to be direct-coupled to a 250-h. p. gen-
erator built by the Walker Manufacturing Company, of Cleveland O. ; one 150-h.
p.. inctosetl type self-oiling engine for the Watson Mining and Manufacturing |
Company, of Monongnhela City. Pa., for an electric mining and haulage plant;
one 65-h. p. inclosed type, self-oiling engine for the Lyceum Theatre, Philadel-
phia; one 175-h. p. standard centre-crank engine for the Freeport Electric Com-
July 21, 1894.
THE KI^KCTKICA^L WORI^IJ.
69
pany., Freeport, 111.; one 6S-h. p. inclosed type, self-oiling engine for Knight
Bros., Fayette, la. There is considerably more inquiry and with a settlement
of the railroad strike it is believed that a substantial improvement in business
will result. ,
THE WENSTROM APPARATUS, for which Henry B. Oakmau, 136 Liberty
Street, New York, is the general eastern agent, is meeting with exceptional
success, and the following sales for the past mouth are reported: Two 30 k.w.
generators lor the St. James Hotel. N. Y. ; one 35 h.p. motor to the American
Grocery Company, X. Y. ; one 50 and one 30 kw. to the Empire Hotel, N. Y. ;
one 30 kw. to the Stevens .apartment House. N. Y. ; one 10 kw. to the Adams
House, N. Y. ; one 30 kw. to the Lake View Brewing Company, Buffalo, N. Y. ;
two 50 kw. to the Gould Coupler Compauy. Depew, N. Y. ; one 25 kw. to Earle's
Hotel, Richfield Springs. N. Y., and one 15 kw. to the Co-operative Brewing
Company, Buffalo, making a total of over 7.000 lights capacity.
THE "ACME" PORTABLE VOLTMETER.— Queen & Co., of Philadelphia,
have for mouths past held back from the market a new type of portable volt-
meter tor both alternating and direct current circuits, in order to give it a thor-
ough time test. They are now satisfied that the instrument is thoroughly
adapted to laboratory as also station measurements, and are preparing to manu-
facture it in sufficient quantities to meet the large demand which seems assured
so soon as the merits of the voltmeter become known. It operates on the "hot-
wire" principle and is absolutely' free from hysteresis error, thus being correct
for alternating circuits of any frequency. It is dead beat without a mechanical
brake— a most important feature— and is the most compact reliable instrument
of its class made. Twenty different ranges cover potentials from two volts to
three thousand, and by means of a special interchangeable adapter which fits
the Edison, Thomson-Houston or Westinghouse systems, measurements can be
made very rapidly. The "Acme" Voltmeter received the highest World's Fair
award because "It possesses high sensibility over the entire scale, and its zero
is not affected by changes of temperature. The in.strument is unusually compact
and portable." The instrument was fully described in The Electrical World of
March 3, 1894.
P. AND B. BUILDING AND INSULATING PAPER. -The validity of United
States Patent No. 378.520, under which this paper is manufactured, has been
established in case of the Standard Paint Company vs. Henn,* J. Bird and James
L. Reynolds, where after an exhaustive litigation extending over four and a
quarter years, and after consideration of a printed record of upward of 1,000
pages, the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of New Jersey, on
July 5, 1894, made and entered a decree adjudging that the patent was valid and
had been infringed by the defendants and directing an injunction against the
defendants and an accounting. The opinion of the court, written by George M.
Dallas, Circuit Judge, holds that the patent covers any paper coated with a
solid residuum obtained from the distillation of petroleum, and that the manu-
facture and sale of any substantially similar paper is an infringement of the
patent. The coating mentioned, and which, as established by the evidence in the
case and by decree of the court, was first used by this company, and protected
by the United States patent referred to, makes an odorless, water, acid and
alkali proof and thoroughly insulating paper, as is well known. The court holds
that papers possessing these essential characteristics, which were new up to the
time of their introduction under the name of P. &B., made by others, area viola-
tion and infringement of the complainant's.rights.
EDWARD F. AUSTIN, contracting engineer and manufacturers' agent, 95
Fifth Avenue. Pittsburgh. Pa., has just completed the installation of a 50 h. p.
M. A. Green improved automatic engine to operate a 500-Iight Westinghouse
dynamo in the Christ M. E. Church of that city. The plant possesses more than
usual interest on account of its being one of the first to be installed in a church
for lighting purposes. The following sales of M. A. Green engines in that
vicinity are also reported: One SO h. p. to the New Castle Car Manufacturing
Company, of New Castle, Pa. ; one 50 to 180 h. p. to Jones & Lockwood, Pitts-
burgh, for the operation of electric crane.s, with which their mills have been
equipped; two 60 h. p. for the Mclutosh-Veruer Building, Pittsburgh; one 150
h. p. to the Watson Mining and Manufacturing Company, of Monongahela
City, Pa., and one 12x14 to the Lorch-Eble Machine Company, of Pittsburgh.
Business Hoticcs.
BATTERY CUT-OUT CHEAP.— Sensitive, reliable, never requires attention.
Gas lighting much improved by its use. Electric Supply Company, of 105 South
Warren street, Syracuse, N. Y.
OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT CELLS.— The Hayden carbon porous cup No, 1;
the Hayden carbon porous cup No. 2 cell; a Leclanche clay porous cup cell; a
standard Fuller cell; a No. 2 Fuller cell; a single cylinder carbon cell; a double
cylinder carbon cell. All reliable and efficient, and at prices lower than ever.
THE HAYDEN-BOOKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 2140 DeKalb
street, St. Louis, Mo.
3Uustratcb Kccorb of (f Icctrical Patents.
UNITED STATES PATENTS ISSUED JULY 10, 1894.
(In charge of Wm. A. Rosenbaura, 177 Times Building. Newr York.)
REISSUE 11,428. ELECTRIC SIGNALLING APPARATUS; J. P. Coleman,
Swissvale, Pa. Application filed Decembers, 1893. In an apparatus for con-
necting a signal with its primary actuating mechanism, the combination,
with the signal and its conaecting rod, of a pivoted lever which forms one of
the mechanical connections between the signal and the actuating mechan-
ism, the lever being movable on its pivot into and out of connection with the
signal connecting rod, and an electromagnet which acts on the lever to hold
it in connection with the signal connecting rod.
522,580. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE; L. Bell, Lynn. Mass. Application
filed September 19. 1892. An alternating current motor having the adjacent
faces of its armature and field magnet poles provided with coil chambers,
. No. 522,580— Dynamo Electric Machine.
teeth and channels of such shape and so arranged that the reluctance of the
magnetic path through them is uniform at all positions of the moving parts.
(See illustration.)
522,581. controller FOR; ELECTRIC MOTORS; J. B. Flood, Lynn, Mass.
Application filed December 18, 1393. A switch adapted to start the motors
in one direction and regulate their movement from rest to highest speeds,
and in the reverse direction to start and cause them to operate at lowest
speed.
,522.597, ELECTRIC SWITCH; J. Hutchinson, New York, N. Y. Application
filed June 14, 1893. This comprises a tube, an insulating saddle, stationary
contacts carried thereby, a spindle passing through the saddle, and a movable
contact-bearing part carried by the spindle.
522,621. COirBINED HANGER AND AUTOM.-VTIC SWITCH FOR TROLLEY
WIRES; R. Schefbauer, Paterson, N. J. Application filed July IS, 1893.
This comprises a body of insulating material, two levers attached thereto, a
hanger from which the insulating body is suspended, and two sets of contact
jaws on the hanger.
522.632. CIRCCITCLOSING DEVICE; P. J. Walsh, Jr.. Philadelphia, Pa. Appli-
cation filed May 3, 1894. This comprises a supporting case plate, a tongue
pivoted thereto, a spring acting on the block, and terminals, the point of
contact of the terminals being so disposed that in making contact they will
simply abut without sliding friction.
522,655,. CONDUIT RAILWAY TROLLEY; J. L. Creveling, Auburn, N. Y.
Application filed April 5, 1894, This consists of a depending plate in com-
bination with trolleys supported on eithei side thereof by a pair of pivoted
522,664. ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION BOX; O. D. &
waukee. Wis. Application filed April 5, 1894, Tl
insulating base therein, and a series of pairs o'f contact sections h „
extended through the insulating base to be electrically connected with
strands of cables,
ileinsteuber, Mil-
prises a box. an
2,670. D.\NGER SIGNAL FOR RAILWAY CROSSINGS; M, W. Parrish,
Detroit, Mich. Application filed October 30. 1893. This comprises a signal,
electrical actuating mechanism therefor, and contact devices operated by a
passing train to set the signal in operation.
2,674. ELECTRIC METER ; G. A. ScheefTer. Peoria, 111. Application filed
April 12, 1894. The combination of a stationary multipolar magnet, provided
with three polar or magnetic surfaces and a metallic cylindrical rotating
armature magnetized thereby.
!,680. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; M. S. Okun, New York, N. Y'. Application filed
September 1, 1892. The combination of a carbon carrying rod, a lever, a
sliding rod carried by the lever to support the first rod, and a counterbalance
to equalize the weight of the lever.
2,690. ELECTRIC LAMP HOLDER; M. P. Meyer, Rochester, N. Y. Appli-
cation filed February 27, 1894. The combination of an insulated holder, a
lamp guard constructed of wire, and a shade on the holder.
!,707. TELEPHONY; P. R. Colvin, New York, N. Y. .Application filed May 22,
1894. This comprises a telephone in permanently closed relation to the line
terminals, and a call receiving instrument in shunt relation to the telephone
the shunt including contacts electrically bridged by a contact piece carried
by the telephone and removable therewith to open the shunt when the tele-
phone is removed.
!,709. CONTACT SHOE FOR ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES; J. J. Green, Boon-
ton, N. J. Application filed July 5, 1893. This consists of separate end pieces,
side strips of flexible material secured thereto, and a flexible or yielding
central bar to which the insulated end piece are loosely attached. (See illus-
tration.)
!,710, CONTACT BAR FOR ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES; J, J. Green, Boon-
ton, N. J. Application filed October 9, 1893. This consists of flexible side
No. 522,709- CoNT.\cT Shoe for Electric Locomotives.
strips connected together at or near their ends bj' loose or sliding connec-
tions and rigidly connected at or near the middle.
2.711. SUPPLY' SY,STEM FOR ELECTRIC RAILW.AYS: J. J. Green. Boonton,
N. J. Application filed October 9, 1893. A shoe for electric railways having
plates or strips with side contact faces arranged in or about the same vertical
plane, one above the other.
1,718. ELECTRIC HE.\TER; H. W. Leonard, New York. N. Y. Application
filed March 22. 1.893. .-V heater having a thinly insulated conductor imbedded
in and completely surrounded by a closely applied mass of metal.
!,724. ELECTRIC SYNCHRONIZER FOR CLOCKS; L. Von Orth, Berlin, Ger-
many. Application filed May 6, 1892. The combination of a pendulum, a
70
XHB BIvECTRICAI^ WORI^O.
Vol. XXIV. No. 3.
verge rod provided with a pivoted lever iix separable comicction with the
pendulum, an armature lever, ati electromagnet, and a cam adapted to con-
trol the motion of the lever.
2.727. KLJiCTRIC LAMP LIGHTp:R: J. C. Chambers, Detroit, Mich. Appli-
cation filed February 10, 1894. This comprises a rigid support, a framework
pivoted thereto, a swinging lamp, a contact device carried by the frame-
work, and a contact device carried by the lamp.
2,733. ELECTRIC DOOR OPENKR: H. F. Keil, New York, N. Y. Application
filed January 30. 1804. The combination of magnets, an insulating plate, an
armature, a locking dog shaft having one end conically bored and the other
tapered and held in place, and a lock latch having a spring.
2,735. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP: P. Kirkegaard, Brooklyn, N. Y. Application
filed September 2H, IM93. A carbon holder consisting of a U-shaped yoke
pivotally connected with the end of the carbon rod, in combination with two
jaws pivoted respectively to the arms of the yoke. (See illustration.)
2,745. INSULATING COMPOSITION; J. L. Truslow. Summit, N.J. Appli-
cation filed July 27. 1893. A composite mass for insulating purposes, consist-
ing of ground cork and infusorial earth, and a binder of rosin.
2,757. I)I-;VICK FOR PREVENTING RAILROAD COLLISIONS ; C. Holtmann
and N. Schmidt. Pittsburg. Pa. Application filed November 14, 1893. This
comprises a track battery for each "'block'* and an instrument in connection
with the air brake v.-hich will set the brakes when any two trains enter
the same block at the same time.
2,7'X). ELECTRIC ARC LAMP; E. F. Gwynn. Delaware, Ohio. Application
filed April 2S. 1893. This comprises a carbon rod. gearing for feeding the
same mounted on a movable lever controlled by a magnet in the main circuit.
and a friction clutch arranged in the gearing, and a stationary device adapted
by the movement of the lever to operate the friction clutch and thus disen-
gage the carbon rod from the gearing to permit the carbon rod to feed inde-
pendent of the gearing.
2,820. MEANS FOR REGULATING ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS:
E. M. IJentley, Boston. Mass. Application filed Apil 17. 1893. The method
ol changing the relative phase periods of primary and secondary alternating
currents which consists of passing such primary current through the pri-
mary of a transformer and shifting the points of connection of the secondary
and the line relatively to the polarity of the primary. (See illustration.)
2.834. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE; E. Hopkinson, Manchester, England.
Application filed July 21. 1891. The combination with the driving axle of
the motor having its armature built upon an axle, and its magnets and polar
pieces suspended beneath the axle from journals thereon.
2.835. ELECTRIC CRANE; E. Hopkinson, Manchester, England. Application
filed July 21, 1888. The combination with the motor shaft serving as an axle,
traveling wheels and lifting barrel, of clutches by which the axle can be
connected to or disconnected from the traveling wheels and be connected
to or disconnected from the lifting barrel.
2,83f). GALVANIC BATTERY; L. F.Johnson, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Appli-
cation filed April 7, 1894. An electrolyte composed of sulphuric acid, water
No. 522,735— Klectric Arc Lamp.
having chromate of calcium dissolved therein, and nitric acid, the said com-
ponents being unmixed and arranged in the cell in the order named.
522,837. CURRENT SEPARATOR; L. F. Johnson. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Appli-
cation filed April 7, 1894. This comprises connections for the main circuit,
a common connection for one side of the local circuit to one side of the main
circuit, independent connections for the other side of the local circuits, and
means for interposing resistance between the connections for the main cir-
cuit and at the same time connecting in one or more of the local circuits,
whereby the local current receives the shunt from said resistance.
522,841. ELECTRIC BELT: W. E. J. Lawlor, Portland, Ore. Application filed
September 14, 1893. Thi-* comprises a copper plate bent into a link and pro-
vided with a slot and tongue, a slide fitted to the plate, a perforated zinc
plate and a porous septum.
522.844. TOLLEV EAR; C. A. Lieb, New York, N. Y. Application filed .\pril
12, IS'M. A trolley ear having a sheet metal portion with an upwardly
extending fin or fold and a cast metal bolt portion secured to the fin or fold.
522.845. TROLLh:Y WHEEL: C. A. Lieb. New York, N. Y. .Application filed
April 12. 1894. A trolley wheel having a central core of copper or bronze and
provided with steel flanges having stiffened edges.
2,851. MOTOR SAFETY DEVICE; A. W. K. Peirce, Plymouth, Mass. Appli-
cation filed October 29, 1892. The combination of a dynamo with a shunt
atound its field circuit comprising a non-inductive resistance, a switch con-
trolling the main circuit of the machine, and an auxiliary switch in the
shunt circuit controlled by the main switch.
2,859. INSULATED ARMATURE COIL; J. H. Shugg. Boston, Mass. Appli-
cation filed April 21. 1894. An electric coil the conductors of which are bound
together and insulated by two layers o! tape between which is interposed an
oiled fabric.
2.865. CURRENT INTERRUPTER FOR HIGH POTENTIAL CIRCUITS; E.
Thomson, Swampscott, Mass. Application filed February 6. 1893. The com-
bination with two separable terminals of a spring actuated drum connected
with one of said terminals and an electromagnet adapted to disconnect said
terminals.
2.892. TELAUTOGRAPH: E. Gray, Highland Park. III. Application filed
March 8. 1893. The method of transmitting and recording a character by
the movements of a transmitting pen and a receiving pen by transmuting
the movements of a transmitting pen into electric pulsations, sending to line
No. 522,820— Means for Regulating Alternating Current
Motors.
in the reversing circuit a current of changed strength upon reversal of the
transmitting pen in one or two crosswise directions of motion, and a cur-
rent of changed polarity upon reversal in the other of the two crosswise
directions of motion of the transmitting pen, thereby reversing the move-
ment of the receiving pen in said two directions respectively.
522.893. TELAUTOGRAPH; E. Gray. Highland Park. 111. Application filed
February 27, 1894. The combination in a telautograph of a power mechan-
ism, a torsional spring, and means for maintaining constant the tension of
the spring, a reversing mechanism and a receiving pen.
522.894. CLOSED CONDUIT FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS; C. I. Greer. Wash-
ington. D. C. Application filed .\pril 16, 1894. This comprises a slot cover,
composed of a series of plates of rigid material having central-depending
webs, which are pivotally linked together.
522,8%. HANGER FOR ELECTRIC LAMPS; H. C. Henley, St. Louis. Mo.
Application filed July 27, 1893. This comprises an externalh-Jthreaded pipe.
an internally threaded shell having a chamber into which the pipe dis-
charges moisture, and an ann\ilar insulator fitting upon the pipe and within
the shell out of reach of the moisture discharged from the pipe.
522.915. TROLLEY POLE; A. S. McBean, Montreal, Canada. Application filed
April 10. 1894. A trolley wheel support composed of a metal section rigidly
secured to the trolley pole, an adjusting platform and a frame piece, the
latter carrying the trolley wheel or runner, with a swiveling connection be-
tween the adjusting platform and the frame piece.
522,919. ELECTRIC CKiAR LIGHTER: C. F. ReifF and H. Munk. Fremont, O.
Application filed January 25. 1894. This comprises a wick tube, a contact
point carried thereby, an over-balance tube hinged to the wick tube, a
plug in the »ipper end thereof, an arm secured thereto and carrying a spring
contact, and electric conductors connected with the tube and arm.
522,925. OPERATOR'S TELEPHONE CIRCUIT; T. C. Wales. Jr. Application
filed December 2, 1893. This comprises a transmitting telephone in the local
circuit, an induction coi! having a single primaiy winding, included in the
local circuit, and two secondary windings in circuit serially with the main
line conductors, together with a branch extending from a point between
them to earth, and a receiving telephone in a branch of the local circuit,
shunting the primary windings.
522.934. ELECTRIC CIGAR LIGHTER; J. J. Eberhard and C. G. Schimkatt.
Fremont. O. Application filed Sept. 25, 1893. This comprises a cross bar,
depending hangers, a lamp pivoted to the lower end thereof, carrj-iug a con-
tact device adapted in the swinging of the lamp to engage with a contact
device on the supporting framework of the lighter.
522.948. ELF:CTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT; K. Wcstou, Newark,
N. J. Application filed October 3, 1892. This comprises a vibrating lever,
a coil supported on one arm thereof, a fixed coil in inductive proximity to
the movable coil, a means of equilibrating the movable coil and a spring
opposing the vibration of the lever.
522.949. WATT METER; E. Weston. Newark, N. J. Application filed April
26. 1893. The combination of a fixed coil, a movable coil in the field of the
fixed coil, a spiral spring opposing the movement of the movable coil.
fixed resistance, a pole hanger and circuit connections.
522.950. ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT: E. Weston, Newark, N.
J. Application filed February 21, IS'M. The combination with a wall or
support, of an electrical measuring instrument movable about a pivot on
the support, and means for adjusting the instrviment so that its face may be
disposed at various angles to the support.
The Electrical World.
Vol. XXIV.
NEW YORK, JULY 28, 1894.
No. 4.
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Larirest Circulation of any electrical periodical in the world, and is the
.Advertising Medium.
In the growth of the paper in circulation, size and general improvem
the value of its columns for reaching those engaged in electrical pur
not failed to be appreciated by adv
steady onward march in this departn
18.S0 contained 35 different adv'ts
The
1S81
1882
1883
1884
1885
1885
45
following table
3f business. The first issue of
1887 contained 154 different adv'
1889
1890
1891
175
234
1893 " 317
The first issue of 1894 contained 320 different Advertisements.
No announcements of the Publisher are included in this list.
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Address and make drafts, orders, etc., payable to
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD,
253 Broadway, New York.
Vol. XXIV.
NEW YORK, JULY 28, 1894.
CONTBNTS.
.uflel.
Wieii
Editorial
The Measurement of Polyphased Currents, by A.
Hlectricity on the Sound Steamer Priscilla
Polyphase Transformations, by G. M. Warner . . .
Invention by the Telegraph
.\mateur Motor Building— II., by G. E. Dunton . .
Practical Notes on Djnanio Calculation — XL, by
Deato of Kdmond Julien
Digest of Current Technical Electrical Literature, Compiled by Call
Hering
The Scenograph
Some Interesting Patents
The Lewis Train Electric Lighting .System
Single Post Elevated Railway
Direct Connected Multipolar Generators
Improved .\rc Lamp
.\ New Cotiimutator Lubricating Compound
New Telephone Switchboard
Motor-Driven Radial Drill
The Buffalo Grip
A New Dry Battery
DEPARTMENTS:
Financial Intelligence
Special Correspondence . . .
News of the Week
Trade and Industrial Notes
Business Notes
Illustrated Record of Electrical Patents
NE-W ELECTRICAL INVENTIONS.
Whether by a mere coincidence or as indicating a revival of the
inventive faculty in the higher ranks of electricians, our patent
record this week contains an unusual number of patents coupled
with well-known names, most of which recall the first years
of electrical development. Among these names we find Thomson,
HoiLston, Jenney, .Scribner, R. M. Hunter, E. H. Johnson, J. F.
Kelley, Cuttriss, Silvey, Haskins, Kester, A. Langstaff Johnston,
Doane and several others well known in electrical circles. We give an
extended account in our columns of several of the inventions, and
others of interest that might have been added are omitted from lack
of space. One of the most interesting of the various devices is the
thermostat of Mr. Chas. Cuttri.ss, which seems to be the first time
the rcniarkal)ly simple principle upon which it is based has been
applied to this purpose.
DEATH BY ELECTRICITY.
In this issue the Digest gives an account of some experiments
on the effect of alternating electric currents on animal organisms,
described in a paper read before a recent medical congress at Rome,
Italy, and which corroborate the views of D' Arson val, referred to
recently in these columns. The current used was an alternating
one, and it was found that animals subjected to from 1,500 to 2,000
volts were not eas'ily killed, and that death resulted mostly from
asphy.xia cau.sed by the sudden stoppage of respiration. Frequently
breathing started again spontaneously and the animal recovered
completely. In no case was there any physiological change noted,
though in a few there were mechanical lesions, in themselves
cause for death. This further confirmation of D'.^rsonval's
formula, " .\ man shocked by electricity should be treated as if
dro%vned, " renders it still more important that the electrician
should make himself acquainted with the proper means of resuscita-
tion from the effects of electric shock.
STORAGE BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS.
We recently commented upon the use of storage batteries in the
power station of a street railway at Zurich, Switzerland, and the
Digest this week gives some further particulars in regard to the
same plant. The saving in this case, if we can accept the figures
given as strictly correct, is very marked, being no less than 2.2 lbs.
of coal per h. p. hour, which amounts to more than a ton a day, or
sufficient to pay for the storage battery plant in four years. As the
adoption of the battery system, however, actually reduced the first
ccst of the plant on account'of replacing more expensive machinery,
the saving is a direct one, and in a comparison should be credited
with the interest charges on the reduction in first cost and with
the maintenance charges of the machinery displaced. It will be
noted that the voltage of the discharge side is kept constant by
automatically cutting in and out regulating cells, which are ap-
parently charged from a separate dynamo. This does not seem to
be actually necessary, though the economy of operation in keeping
the line voltage constant is somewhat increased thereby. The
results achieved with this plant are very encouraging, and strongly
confirm the conclusions stated in the excellent paper on storage bat-
teries for power stations read at last year's annual convention of the
American .Street Railway .Association by Mr. C. O. Mailloux. \\'e
trust that it will, not take so long for the matter to be taken up on
this side of the Atlantic as did the use of storage batteries in central
station work.
ELECTRICAL DUPES.
Barnuru's saying that "Americans love to be humbugged" cer-
tainly seems to apply in electrical matters, though in this respect
the distinction made in regard to nationality is questionable, for
72
THE ELECXRICAI^ WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
Europeans appear to bite as eagerly at an electrical hail as Ameri-
cans. We must confess to having little sympathy with most of these
victims, for as a rule they seem to have become the prey of their
own vanity — thinking that their crude habits of thought are suf-
ficient to form a judgment of greater weight than that of .scientific
authorities. One of the most barefaced electrical swindles in exist-
ence has been reaping a harvest from this class for seven or eight
years, and although it has been so repeatedly exposed that few or
any of those who invest in its promises can be ignorant of the man-
ner in which it is regarded by all electricians, yet the returns seem
to be as flourishing to-day as at the beginning. The sy.stem to
which we refer claims among other things that by means of its
apparatus 20 horse power can be put into a boat and "100 hor.se
power — yes, 209 horse power" delivered to the propeller shaft. It
is interesting to note the arguments used, which have been remark-
ably successful in their results. There seem to be onl}' two of
these, one to dispose of critics and the other to cover up the im-
probability of the claims. The former one is that the system would so
entirely annihilate all of the established electrical companies that
these have entered into a conspiracy among themselves and with
the electrical press to depreciate the invention and persecute the
inventor, which accounts for the ridicule of the former and the
defamation of the latter. In an.swer to critici-sms as to the improba-
bility of the invention, it is pointed out that all great inventions
have been similarly regarded; that the incandescent lamp, the tele-
phone and everything that was new to the theoretical fellows were
called impossibilities, but nevertheless netted great fortunes to the
shrewd investors who were not imposed upon by book twaddle. It
is a curious commentary upon the weakness of human nature that
these arguments, in the face of the fact that the apparatus has been
before the public for years without demonstrating its claims, should
have the potency thej' have, and apparently always will have. The
dupes who are imposed upon by such specious means are to be
classed in the same category with of the hayseed customer of
the "green goods" man, and, from electrical people at least, are
likely to receive as little synipath)-.
CONSULTING VS. CONTRACTING ENGINEERS.
Our esteemed London contemporary, TItc Electrical Rcideiv, has
again returned to the subject of contracting engineers acting as
professional consultants, against which practice it is emphatically
opposed, and good reasons are offered for the ground which it
takes. The contractor, it is stated, must, by the very nature of his
business, be necessarily biased in his judgment, and with a human
tendency to recommend what will best further his firm's present or
future interest. For the purchaser to get the most perfect plant and
that most suitable to the conditions under which it will have to
work, the employment always of a competent professional mechani-
cal and electrical engineer — one with unbiased, independent and
wide views and in no way connected with any manufacturer or con-
tractor — is urged, thereby enabling full advantage to be taken of
the wide field of electrical science and its continuous development.
That this should be the course of the purchaser seems obvious, but
in this country it is nevertheless seldom the one adopted. Until
quite recently the engineers of electrical selling companies were al.so
the engineers of the purchaser, and one result has been tliat, owing
to competition and therefore the necessity of cutting down a bid to
the last penny, the plants tlnus designed have as a rule been far
from what they would have been if laid out by disinterested engi-
neers inclined to take other matters into consideration than the
lowest possit)le first cost. It is very much to the credit of the vari-
ous manufacturing companies that the result of tlii.s system has not
been much worse than it has proved, for the tendency would seem
to be almost irresistible to sacrifice ever\ thing to bring the figures
of a bid to the lowest po.ssible notch. It has often been remarked
that in the United .States electrical plants are far inferior to Euro-
pean ones in engineering design and efficiency, and it is natural
that this should follow from the system above referred to. Although,
of course, the cost of such jjlants has been much less relatively than
in Europe, yet the lack of other important elements in most caSfes
has overbalanced this, for in laying out and installing machinery,
low first cost is usually a bad criterion to follow exclusively.
Another disadvantage is that such a system discourages develop-
ment, for it leads to the adoption of so-called standards in order to
cheapen manufacture, with the consequence that frequently new
principles cannot be adopted at once without an expense that would
often not offer an equivalent advantage in the judgment of a pur-
chaser lacking disinterested professional advice. This is probably
the reason why in central .station machinery we were some years
behind European practice, and why the adoption of improvements
like direct-connected machinery and others has been by jumps
rather than by a gradual process of amelioration. While, therefore,
it seems to be the part of wisdom for a purchaser to employ an
engineer as a professional adviser, it does not follow that the latter
.should be deaf to suggestions from the engineers of contractors,
who, in this country at least, are often the most competent men in
the profession, and with exceptional opportunities to keep thor-
oughly posted in all details. The role of the former should rather be
confined to that of referee, and though it might sometimes be advis-
able for him to draw up a skeleton plan, most of the details could
with advantage be left open until the suggestions of contractors had
been carefully weighed. This, we believe, is the course usually^
followed in preparing the specifications for electrical machinery, but
the opposite rule appears to obtain in contracting for the wiring of
large office buildings, though this is the case where most advantage
might be gained from meeting the contractor half way. To draw
up satisfactory wiring specifications for a large building from archi-
tects' plans is not a simple matter to one not actually engagc<l in
installing such work, and in almost every case better results would
probably be obtained by asking for bids on contractors' own plans,
based on general requirements as to drop, materials and workman-
ship. Owing to compe.ition, it would be to the interest of the latter
to be guided by economical considerations throughout, and the
saving in this respect would perhaps justify the offer of prizes, as in
architects' competitions, to defra}' the cost of preparation of the
specifications not accepted but nevertheless found to be meritorious.
The Measurement of Polyphased Currents.
To the Editor of The Electrical H 'orld :
Sir: — ^In a recent article, published in your journal in the issue
of June 23, on "The Measurement of Polyphased Currents," by
A. D. Lunt, I see my name cited (p. 832) in relation to a certain
formula. From the way in which Mr. Lunt pre-sents the matter, it
might be supposed by the readers that he is the author of the more
general formula,
P= 1 -=, /' / (:■ - v„ ) dt, (p. 805)
■' ■ o
applicable to all known sj'stems of polpyhased currents, for he fol-
lows it with this remark (p. 832): "Hitherto the above results have
been reached, either in a less natural way, or on an assumption
based upon the form of the circuit in which the energy is utilized. "
Mr. Lunt also seems to present as his own the method of multiple
wattmeters (mechanical combination of wattmeters).
In reality, this method, the above general formula, and all the
deductions have, on the contrary, been brought out in my paper in
/.a Lniiiii'rc Eleclriqiic, January 21, 1893, page 139 (Sur la Mesure
des Courants l'olyphasi5s), from which Mr. Lunt claims to have
borrowed only one formula of small interest. My article even ends
with words which are almo.st identical with tho.se of Mr. Lunt:
"The foregoing denumstration is more general than those given
heretofore; it does not make any assumption on the form of the
circuit of utilization. " I beg you to kindly call the attention of
the readers of your esteemed journal to this fact, in order to avoid
a misundcr-standing.
This entire question is, besides, so extraordinarily simple that it
is difficult to understand the protracted search that has been made
for com|)licateil formulas and demonstrations. I would not have
thought of writing this letter, referring to a matter of so little
importance, if Mr. J. D. E. Duncan, after a complicated and less
general deuiou.stration, had not recently formulated this -suqjrising
opinion: ".\n analytical proof for a perfect general ca.se is too com-
plicateil to be followed easily" ( E. W., June 9, 1894, p. 763); but it
seemed to me that this statement should not remain unanswered.
.\. BI.OXDEL.
Ecole Nationale des I'onts et Chau'^sfes, Paris, I'rance.
July 28, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL W^ORLD.
73
Electricity on the Sound Steamer Priscilla.
Of all the imposing sights which the traveler over the great
liriilge suspended in midair between New York and Brooklyn can
behold, none is more singularly striking than the procession of
steamers which passes beneath that airy arch a few minutes after
half-past five each evening, carrying hundreds of busy people from
New York and her sister cities to different points on the eastern
coast, thence to be disseminated into the bustling New England
States. The deep boom of a steam whistle sounds upon the air
from a source hidden b)' the massive buildings of the southern end
of the city, and in a few short seconds the huge nose of a huger
steamer is pushed into the field of vision as it rounds the point of
apertures of the smoke stacks, and much fluttering bunting, which
passes rapidly, and strikes out into relief as tier upon tier of her
galleried and decorated stern, set in a foaming, eddying mass of
seething water, rise and move forward from beneath the suspended
roadway. The smaller craft on each side of her rock madly in the
waves which the huge mass propelled through the water creates,
but she recks little of them as she passes grandly on, a marine
object of singular beauty, more stately than any other floating
thing on sea or ocean, until she disappears from sight behind the
extreme easterly point of the island.
Such is the Priscilla as she moves at the head of the evening
procession. She is the grandest and largest of her class, and her
appearance is the signal for a cessation of pedestrian travel on the
I J ' i I
1 t
^I'^'Pnnn.ni
'I l\lti'
Grand Staircase from Main Saloon.
the Battery, and a broadside view is momentarily had of an immense
leviathan, whose storied sides glisten white in the western sunlight
against the sombre green of Governor's Island and the purple
uplands of Staten Island as a background, as it moves across and
slowly turns in a wide sweep into the East River. Another whistle,
and the coughing tugs and lumbering ferry craft of antique and
uncouth pattern take to flight.
The tall structure advances, throwing from her sharp bow two
curling narrow white ribbons of water which pass down either side
and are swallowed up in the heavy foam, churned up by the feath-
ering paddles of the side wheels and passing in converging lines
into the distance.
Her advance is now swift, although she is traveling at modulated
speed, and the spectator on the bridge soon distinguishes the indi-
viduals in the crowded mass of living freight upon her decks, out-
side, like himself, to witness and enjoy the pas.sing show. Still
nearer, and as he looks down, he sees beneath him through the
bewildering network of the bridge structure a long, gray ellipse,
whose even surface is broken only by the two black cavernous
bridge. Man, woman and child stop to watch her progress between
the great gateway of gray masonry and iron which spans the open-
ing to the Sound.
The Priscilla is the latest addition to the Fall River Line fleet,
and embodies within herself all the latest improvements, archi-
tectural, mechanical and electrical, and exemplifies the high pitch
to which the ship building art has been brought in this country.
Following the lines of structure of purely .American design, she
differs radically in appearance from any steam or sailing craft to be
found in foreign waters, and while she affords a pleasing spectacle
to American eyes, she is something more than a surprise to those
from other lands who have just come hither. Seen from the deck
of a ferry boat, she looms up like a many-storied hotel, and her huge
yet graceful proportions dwarf mto insignificance everything near
her afloat:
Her dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 440 feet 6 inches;
length on water line, 423 feet 6 inches; breadth over gu;irds, 93
feet; breadth of hull, 52 feet 6 inches; depth of hull, 20 feet 6
inches; tonnage, 5,398.
74
THE ELECTRIC A I. WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. Ifo. 4.
She is made just narrow enough to admit her to the widest dry
dock in New York. Mild steel enters into the construction of this
boat in every part. Her double liuU is of steel, and in framework
and structure it plays the leading role. In the saloons and cabins,
hidden by the architectural and artistic effects, steel trusses spring
from the decks at the bases of the walls on either side, and develop
into arches upon which the different superstructures rest. Braces
and knees of steel are placed everywhere where they can add to the
strength and resistance, and all this metallic skeleton work renders
the Priscilla one of the staunchest of marine edifices.
As the passenger crosses the gang plank laid from the wharf,
A Panel in thk Dining Room Ceiling.
which is no exception to all the wharves which disgrace the mag-
nificent water front of the metropolis, he steps upon the quarter-
deck, which i.s the entrance hall to this most sumptuous of peri-
patetic hotels. This is of generous proportions and .stretches aft of
the engine room from side to side of the vessel. The floor is laul
with a purple gray Venetian conglomerate with an elaborate border.
The walls are of a delicate cream color, the salient cur\-es and foli-
ates being emphasized by judicious gilding. As this is the first
room entered, it may as well be noted that the entire interior
decoration of the saloons, with one exception, which will be noted
hereafter, is in delicate half-tones, creams and pearl grays deepen-
ing into light browns.
Kight stanchions or round pillars of steel .spring from the quarter-
Between the windows are large mirrors, framed in ornamental
woodwork. The scheme of decoration is sombreness and richness.
The carpets are dark, the highly decorative woodwork is of mahog-
any, and the chair and window seat coverings are of dark olive-
green leather. The scheme of lighting is bold and successful. Over
each window is a box with stained glass sides, upon which is
workeil a beautiful design, each of which contains ten 16 c. p.
lamps. .Similar glass receptacles are placed over the doors and mir-
rors at each end of the room. The ceiling is finished in beams and
straps of mahogany, and panelled. Each panel has a medallion in
the centre, and each alternate panel an electric "pendant. " This
pendant is an elliptical bowl of opalescent glass, held in a rope net
of bra.ss and containing two 16-c. p. lamps. There are six rows of
these from side to side of the cabin. On each .side of the sideboard
at the after end are two niches, in front of each of which hangs a
basket pendant of opalescent glass containing an incandescent
lamp.
Still further aft, and on each side, are two private dining-rooms,
each lighted by five elliptical bowls forming quincunx, a large one
in the centre, and four others, one at each corner in the panel im-
mediately over the table. Aft of these are the ladies' cabins.
The lights in the dining-room are controlled from two panel
switchboards set under one sideboard on each side. These panel
boards will be described when we speak of the electrical equipment.
Altogether there are 305 lights in this room.
Returning and pas,sing through the dining-room and quarter-
deck, the passenger ascends the staircase, with wrought iron and
mahogany balustrade, into the main saloon, which runs the entire
length of the vessel. The stairway is lighted b)- three bull's eyes
in the arch. This saloon is the drawing-room of the vessel. It is
decorated and furnished in most pleasing style, and yet all the
ceiling and mural decorations are of nothing more than moulded
papier-mache, which has been found more durable than wood and
better capable of lending itself to artistic effect. It is all colored in
half-tones of creams and light browns, picked out with gilt. The
carpets and upholstery are of a warm tint, admirably contrasting
with the delicate colors on the walls. A wide elliptical opening aft
of the engine room causes the ceiling of the dome to be in part
that of the saloon. The lighting of the saloon other than from the
dome is effected bj' three eight-light electroliers set between the
stanchions, and a series of two-light brackets set all around between
the state-room doors. The mast passes up through the saloon and
lli^;ii^ii;[(i-|j
ClKCUIT.S OK G.\LLEKV DECK.
deck and support part of the .saluou deck above. Kach stanchion,
colored deep mahogany red, has a capital of light, which is made
up of a polished ornamented bra.ss tub]), the petals of which are of
opalescent glass, in the interior of which, like the stamens of the
flower, are twelve incandescent lamps. Around the hall is a dado
and above this is a succession of twelve panels, of which two are
curved, all especially designed lor the Priscilla. They are suppose<l
to be emblematic of the differents arts and .sciences which contri-
buted to the construction and purposes of the boat. Commerce,
Machinerv, Architecture, Electricity, Music, Dancing, etc., etc.,
and, as befits the case, one is devoted to rH.scilla herself turning
her spinning wheel in her cottage of Coloni.al days. The frieze is
highly ornate and runs entirely ;ironnd the hall. On each side of
the hall is a room, one the ]nirscr's ofTice and the other the bar-
ber's shop, lighted by a four-light cliamliiier .nid four two-light
clu.sters.
Between the quarter-deck ami the dining rtoui, which is al.so on
the main deck, is a vestibule, to which entrance is gained through
swinging glass doors. From this the passenger passes into the din-
ini;-room. This is a spacious and lofty room running aft, provided
with Inoad windows opening out upon the water u])on each side.
carries a highly ornaniental fixture at the height of the gallery
deck. In this fixture, from a central band, branches bend down
and out and carry at tluir terminals frosted inci.ndescent lamps set
in opalescent globes. In the forward saloon the mast has no fix-
ture.
.\t the forward end of the main .saloon is the grand staircase
leading to the gallery deck. The bulkhead at the head of this is
the chief ornamental feature of the whole boat. It is an imita'ion
1)1 Siaxdc of an old-time liicmhiir, with tw^isted columns on either
.side of a large central mirror, a floral device lying within the con-
volutes. Over the mirror is a gilded clock, .set in a semicircular
mosaic, in which the only example of bad t.aste on the whole boat
is to be found. This mosaic is a mixture of blues, reds and greens
in glaring tonality, which jars on the nerves and (juarrels with all
the other delicate half-tones which prevail. A four-light bracket
with upright lights is set on each .side of this mirror. The pas.sages
are lighled by means of pretty sprays, each carrying three lights,
and the toilet rooms are indicated by red globes with the usual
legend. .Staterooms lighted by one-light brackets <ipen out on either
side of the s;iloon and gallery.
The scheme of lighting of the dome is both beautiful, intricate
I
JfLV 28, 1894.
THB ELECTRICAL WORLO.
75
ami effective. The principal feature is the central fixture, which
takes the fonn of an inverted dome of brass work of complex
pattern, in which are framed panels of opalescent glass. This is
dependant from the ceiling half-way between the bulkhead of the
gallery staircase and the mast. Within this inverted dome are 48
lights. It is set in the ceiling in a quadrangular medallion, at each
The lighting of the gallery saloon is carried out on a similar plan
to that of the main saloon. It of course benefits from the lighting
of the fixtures just mentioned. In addition it has one twelve-light
electrolier in the forward saloon, and a row of twelve incandescent
lamps around the mast. Forward of the gallery saloon are the
cabins of the president, captain and the principal officers, lighted
i>YNA/mo ANp> ENQi'NC
'/ ' O 6 ^<: 6 o / '.
Direct Connected D^'namo.s, M.\in anh Panel Switcuboakd.s.
corner of which is a much smaller inverted op<ilescent dome.
Further aft is another large inverted dome of somewhat smaller
proportions, attended by two lesser .satellites, one forward and one
aft of it, and still further aft another single inverted dome. Start-
ing at the bulkhead is an inverted ridge of frosted lights in the
ceiling, the sockets being set in metal tulips. This breaks into a
quadrangular bower around the large central fixture, a circle around
the mast, a narrow quadrangle around the second dome fixture, and
a circle around the third. In the forward saloon two eight-light
electroliers are the main features.
by electroliers and brackets. Upon the dome <leck are constructed
the cabins of the lesser dignitaries and the pilot house.
The lighting of the decks and all the other p.irts of the vessel in
which the public is not supposed to penetrate, such as the crew
and waiters' quarters, kitchens, boiler rooms, etc. — in other words,
the working quarters — is effected !)}■ means of lanterns, some hung
as pendants, others arranged horizontally again.st the ceilings,
all protected by cages and wherever moisture can reach them with
watertight globes and sockets. Those on the decks which could be
confused with the ship's signal lights are obscured in front by
7f>
THE EI^ECXRICAU WOHIvn.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
curved pieces of sheet iron, which effectually prevent the light from
streaming forward. In a<ldition to the lights just nientioned. there
are the side lijil'ts, masthead, bow and .stern lights.
The distribution of the lighting is as follows; Dome deck, 9 cir-
cuits, 55 lights; gallery deck, 68 circuits, 5% lights; saloon deck,
44 circuits, 360 lights; main deck, 78 circuits, 748 lights; lower
deck, 12 circuits, 92 lights; hold, 18 circuits, 136 lights; total, 229
circuits, 1,987 lights.
I'roui these figures some idea may be gained of the intricate con-
struction work which liad to be effected.
Turning now to the mechanical equipment of the Priscilla, the
engine room is its most important feature. This is a spacious room,
rising clear into the dome, and from its floor the engineer looks
down upon the two pairs of long .steel piston rods, and two pairs of
similar rods running from the knuckle joints to the huge cranks.
The engine is double inclined compound, with two Sl-inch high-
pressure cylinders forward, and two 95-inch low-pressure cylinders
aft of the crank shaft. The piston stroke is 11 feet. These were
built by the W. and A. Fletcher Co., of Iloboken, the contractors for
the vessel complete. This room is lighted by four five-light elec-
troliers and numerous bulkhead fixtures, 129 lights in all.
Iron stairways lead down to the level of the cylinders, and in this
part of the engine room the temperature becomes torrid, and the
serviceable little Lundell fan motor is called into requisition. The
condensers occupy each side of the room, as do two circulating
pumps; the bilge pump is placed on the port side.
The ten boilers in the hold are Scotch return tubular, each having
three corrugated furnaces, giving a total grate surface of 850 square
feet. The boilers are 14 'i feet long and 14 feet in diameter, are
constructed for a working pressure of 150 pounds per square inch,
and have an indicated horse power of 8,500. They are arranged for
natural or forced draught.
The electrical equipment of the Priscilla is a masterpiece of elec-
trical engineering skill. It forms the most extensive isolated marine
electric light plant ever in.stalled, and consists primarily of three
direct driven units located forward of the boiler room in a space in
which it would be difficult to swing the traditional feline. Stand-
ing with his back to the switchboard, the spectator sees three
engines arranged radially with the cylinders almost touching him,
one directly in front and one on either side. These are 11x12 Har-
risburg Ideal engines, with outboard bearings, from the Harrisburg
Machine Works, a type which has become very widely known in
connection with direct connected work. The automatic self-oiling
arrangement is entirely enclosed, and the motion of the piston is so
smooth as hardly to occasion a tremor. The engines are both con-
den.sing and non-conden.sing, and are bolted to yellow pine frames
fastened to the inner hull.
Upon the bed plate of each engine is arranged a SO kw. six pole
275 revolution General Electric multipolar generator having a
capacity of 400 amperes at 125 volts. These are of a type also
widely known as highly efficient machines. They have ironclad
armatures, that is, the copper bar armature windings are embedded
in the armature body, and the movement of the brushes is simul-
taneousl}' effected by means of a hand wheel. Rising from each
dynamo are spiralled cables, which pass along the ceiling to the
switchboard. This is of marble, framed in mahogany. At the base
of the board are the three hand wheels which operate the contact
arms passing over the clips of the field regulators standing on the
floor behind it. Above these are the three dynamo switches, flanked
by the two voltmeter switches, and over these are the five main
switches. A Weston illuminated dial voltmeter stands on each .side
of the board, and three 450-ampere ammeters are arranged in a line
along the upper portion. The vessel is wired throughout on the
two- wire sy.stem.
On each side and back of tlie switchboard is a 10 h. p. Sturtevant
blower, each directly driven by its own vertical engine. The
dynamo room is lighted by four three-light electroliers and .several
lamps fixed in the ceiling.
From the switchboard run five feeders to the main deck. At four
points of the vessel risers mount to the upper decks. These are
connected to the circulating mains, one of which is on each deck,
by means of four centre of distribution safety fuse holders to each
circulating main. At six points in each circulating main, whence the
smaller wires branch off to the state-rooms, saloons and dining-rooms,
are set marble panel cutout boards. These panel boards
are of special design, and each has its own peculiar form to fit into
the position where it could most conveniently be placed. They are
fitted with knife bhule switches, which bring the current to two
pair of strips of flat copper, between which are .set fuse carriers of
porcelain. Connection is made behind the board with a snapswitch
for almost every circuit. These Hutchinson-Herrick panel boards are
handsome and ingenious devices, doing away with a cumbersome
system of cutouts. The fuse carrier is a porcelain box, from each
.side of which jjrojects a small flat coi)])er bar, tlie inside ends of
which have set .screws for holding the fuse. The lid is held in
place by a pin, and when the carrier is charged it is simply pressed
into the clips fastened to the upright strips which run the length of
the board. There are 25 of these panel boards. Those on the
saloon and gallery decks are set in the transoms of the doors of the
pa.ssages, those in the dining-room under two of the sideboards,
that in the engine room facing the engines, and the others in places
where it is most convenient. The two largest are that in the engine
room with 24 circuits, and that on the gallery deck controlling the
lighting of the dome, which has also 24 circuits.
All the wiring appliances u.sed are those which have been devised
by the General Electric Company to meet Government requirements.
All the junction boxes, switches, cutout bo.xes used in the deck and
exposed wiring are absolutely watertight, and are all finished like
the lanterns, in black. In all parts of the vessel where the wiring
might be exposed to moisture, the wire is lead covered, and all the
PL.\N' of I''EE1)ER.S .\nd M.\ins.
wire larger than No. 6 B. & S. is stranded. Forty-five miles of
wire in all is used in the vessel, and in accordance with .American
marine practice wires are used for the return. The wire used is a
special white core luarine wire manutactured by the General Electric
Company and conlomiing to Government specifications. The lights
are so divided that ten in each circuit is the limit. A series of chaits
showing the location of each circuit, each light and each appliance,
is hung in the engine room, so that the electrician's liability to
error may be almost entirely prevented.
The entire electricil equipment was furnished and in.stalled l)y
the General Electric Company, while every one of the lighting
fixtures, from the most artistic to the mo.st simple, was designed
and made by the General Fixture Company, of New York.
lixception should be nuide of the 364 electric call bells, 610 auto-
matic fire alanns, and the watchmen's clocks, which were put in bv
the American Fire Alarm Company, of Hoston.
The Priscilla cost a million and a half, is licensed to carry 1,500
passengers and 35 car loads of freight. She makes the trip between
New York and Fall River in ten hours, and burns 50 tons of coal
a night. She has a crew of 206 men, and to effect a complete
circuit of the vessel one and one-eighth miles would have to be
covered. She is commanded by Capt. Abram G. Simmons.
July 28, 1804.
THE EIvECTRICAIv WORI^O.
77
Polyphase Transformations.
BY G. M. W.\RNER.
There have been lately several methods of transfonuing tiiulti-
phase currents into single phase currents advanced, purporting to
tax equally the several phases of the system, and, perhaps, a few
figures on the subject may not be amiss.
Let us investigate a quarter phase system: Assuming our
E. M. Fs. and currents to vary according to a curve of sines, we
may represent them by a sin .i' and /> sin ;i' in one phase and
a sin ( .1- -(- 90 ) and d sin ( .i' + 90 ) in the other, when working on
non-inductive loads.
The power of these circuits would be ( a sin r ) ( b sin v ) = a b
sin- r and (a sin \ x -{-90 \) (b sin | x -|- 90 \ ) = a 6 cos '-'.r, adding
gives a b ( sin -.f + cos -.i" ) =: a /5 = a constant ; that is, the total
flow of energy in the sj'stera is a constant.
If the currents in each phase lag behind their respective E. M. Fs.
45°, we would have
b
( a sin -I" ) ( b sin | .i' + -*S [■ ) ^ ( a sin .r ) — ( sin ,r + cos x
n/2
a b a b
and = sin ''.r -| sin x cos-i*
x/2 s/2
( a sin ■; X + 90 ; ) X ( 6 sin [1 .r + 90 ; + 45 ] )
= ( « cos X ) ( sin ( .1- 4- 90) + cos ( x + 90)
v/2
a b a b
= ( cos -x sin X cos x,
v/2 v/2
a b ah
adding, we get ( sin -x -\- cos -.i' ) = and still a constant.
n/2 v/2
This is true of any nmltiphase system of circuits equal in every
respect.
Now we will look at the single phase system with E.M.F. c sin
^ and current, in same phase, d sin x; the power would be (c
sin .r ) ( i/ sin .r ) = <:(/ sin -.r,or no longer a constant, but rather
varies from zero to twice its average twice in one cycle.
The same is true if the current lags behind its E. M. F.
From this, it would seem that it would be impossible to transform
from one system to the other by static transformers, for in the pri-
mary we would have a constant flow of energy, and in the second-
ary a variable flow, hence the transformer would have to store up
energ}' at times.
."^ny storage of energy b)' magnetic means has as yet been very
inefficient, and the only recourse has been to a heavy rotating pari.
Taking up the method of winding the primary with two circuits,
one in each phase, aud taking off only one secondary, obtaining
thus a single phase current.
While I grant that if we are feeding a non-inductive load both
of the phases will be equally loaded, I do not agree that the effect
on the generator will be the same.
In a winding, as above, I believe the currents in the two phases
are in the same phase — that is, in one circuit the current lags 45°
behind the E. M. F. , while in the other the current is in advance of
its E. M. F. by 45°, and in proof we have
[ a sin i .V + 45 ) ] {b sin x ]
= I sin
W2
1 b sin.r
and
[ a sin ( .r — 45 )
adding we have
[ b sin A' ] =
a b sin '.r
^2
a b sin-
v/2
A, cos .1'
v/2 /
ab
-\ sin X cos X
V'2
— sin .1 cos.r.
v/
a constant times sin -.r or the
\/ 1 a b sin '
same as a single phase circuit.
It will be noticed that the E. M. Fs. a sin (.r-j- 45), and a sin
(^—45) are 90° apart in phase, giving the quarter phase distribu-
tion, and the current b sin x lags 45° behind one, and precedes the
other by 45°.
This angular difference being the same in both circuits, the
power will also be the same; but this should be noticed, one has a
powerfully "inductive" load, while the other is feeding an equal
"capacity" load, tending to unbalance the armature reaction in the
dynamo
Supposing in addition each phase is loaded with an equal load
which is inductive, causing a lag of 45°, then in circuit No. 1 we have
two equal currents, each differing from the E. M. F. by 45° lag,
while in the other we have two currents, one lagging 45", while the
other is in advance 45".
The effect of this would be that in one circuit we would have a
current equal to 2, while in the other a current equal to v/2, which,
though equally loading the two phases, would not necessarily equally
effect the regulation of the dynamo.
Invention of the Telegraph.
In a communication under this head, which appeared in The
Electrical World of July 7, an unfortunate typographical error
occurred which changed the author's meaning. In the second para-
graph of the second column, instead of reading "Alfred Vail sought
in court to obtain the justice which he knew was due him," it
should have read "Alfred Vail sought no court to obtain the justice
which he knew was due him." In the first line of the following
paragraph the word "evening" should be substituted by "morning. "
Amateur Motor Building II.
BY G. E. DUNTON.
The armature and fields of the motor whose mechanical construc-
tion was described in the previous issue will be wound for a com-
pound high-speed machine of 55 volts, to be used on an incandes-
cent circuit, and without a rheostat. This machine may be used for
either a higher or a lower potential or to run on a battery current
by merely changing the gauge and number of turns of wire on both
field and armature. As the potential grows higher more turns of
finer wire are needed, there being, of course, certain limitations
which enter as to speed and regulation, .^s the potential decreases
the volume of current may be safely increased, fewer turns of
coarser wire being used and the field wound in series with the
armature, using a wire four times larger than the armature wire.
The field core must be carefully taped between the sections of lag-
ging, winding the tape, on up through the inside and around down
the outside the length of the core. The edge of each layer should
Fig. 21 Fig. 20 (f^ J-
Fig. 22
DETAIL.S OF Arm.\ture Winding.
overlap the one before it about half its width; this will give really
two thicknesses of tape, which w'ill be sufficient. Thin Kerite or
Okonite tape is the best. In winding the field coils, a wooden
shuttle one foot long, shaped so that it will pass through between
the pole pieces easily, will be needed. Make this of three strips cut
from a cigar box, rounding off the ends and sides and making the
capacity for holding wire as great as possible. (See Fig. 19. )
The theory and practice of electrical construction requires so
much exercise of judgment that it makes it impossible for the
beginner to attain the result he desires by theoretical methods. In
designing a motor to run on a circuit in multiple arc without a
rheostat, it will be found almost impossible for the amateur to figure
out the exact gauge and amount of wire to use and attain the result
desired and expected. Taking the model as a guide to follow and
using the amounts and gauges the same results should be attained.
The compound wound, so-called "self regulating" motor lias two
distinct and separate coils wound "upon its fields; one, called the
series coil, has few turns of coarse or low resistance wire carrying
the whole current and is in series with the armature; the other,
called the shunt, consists of many turns of fine wire of high resist-
ance, and is connected across the circuit in parallel, or in multiple,
with the armature, carrying a small portion of the whole current.
Contrary to usual custom, the field will first be wound and
the .series coils put inside next to the core. About one-half pound
of No. 22 B. & S. double cotton covered, and one pound of No.
28 copper wire will be needed; this will allow something
extra in case of accident. If a compound known to electricians .is
insulac can be procured, purchase one pint ; if not, get some good
clear orange shellac and a small, flat, soft brush. Carefully wind
the No. 22 wire on the shuttle read)- for use. Paint the end of the
wire for about one inch with asphaltum varnish or some quick black
drier. Begin from the front or commutator end of the top side of the
7S
IHK i:i.KCTR''CAT. WOKIvI).
Vol.. XXIV. No. 4.
core to wiiiil, lL:iviiij( about tinlit iiiclii-s of wire which twist U)osi.-ly
around the loiij; lieariiiji stud on the left side t)f the core; ]):iss the
sliuttlc ilown through between the jiole jiieces from tlie front to the
hack, around tlic end and up on the outside, hiving tlie wire down
close to the top .side of the wide wooden lagging on the left hand
side of the core. Pas-s the shuttle down between the pole-pieces
again, laying the second strand snug beside the first one, and con-
tinue around and around, winding slowly and laying the .strands
snug and even until the narrow or top lagging is reached; the last
strand should lay right in sung to this, go around on the inside of
ThK .^K.MATl K1..
the core, and the next time the wire couits around on the outside
it .should be on the other side of this lag. Continue the winding
until the wide lag is reached on the other side of the core. Then
the layer, inside and out, should be given a good coat of the insu-
lac, and another layer may then be wound on over it, back to the
starting point and insulaced. The end of the wire may now be cut,
leaving about eight inches spare and twisted around the stud on
the pulley end. Do not paint this end, as the first was painted
simply to make a distinction between the two. In winding on the
other series coil proceed in just the same waj-, .starting on the
opposite side of the core, not next to the other side of the same
wide lag the coil just wound was started beside, but the other lag
on the opposite side of the core. It should be wound precisely
like the one just put on, having the same numbers of la\'ers and
turns of wire. In winding on both the series and shunt coils, the
shuttle should pass between the pole pieces always from the front
side. Now wind a layer of tape around and completely cover both
these coils, proceeding in just the same way as in taping the bare
core. The remaining wire on the shuttle should be taken off and
carefully coiled, or better reeled, and put away.
About four ounces of the No. 28 wire should now be wound on
the shuttle and the winding of the shunt coils begun in the same
places and proceeded with in exactly the same manner as with the
series coils, laying on eight layers carefully and smoothly. It will
be found rather trying to lay this fine wire on smooth and even
with a shuttle at first starting, but it will go all right after a little
has been wound; each layer should be painted with insulac. If
.shellac has been used the whole coil should be placed in some
gentle heat and thoroughly dried out before any current is put
through the wires.
There will be now four ends of wire on each side of the coil, two
coming from each end of the core. Untwist all the ends from the
studs and l>riiig them up into the middle of the coil, so that the
front and back ends will meet. On the coil finst wound, the ends
will be found to be on the upper side of the lagging, whereas thev
should to connect come up on the underside. Take the wood off and
cut a groove across the inside large enough to allow the four wires
to lay in; a piece of asbestos paper and tape should then be laid
over the iron core where these wires will cross it, it being best to
cut the paper the size of the lag. The wires should never be allowed
to touch the iron at any spot, and should be taped where they cress
under the wood, so as not to touch each other. Care is necessary
in hanijling these ends not to break them off. Bring the four ends
across under the groove and screw the lag back in ])lace, being
careful not to jam any of the coil wires or break the insulation in
any place; the coils can now be placed aside to dry out.
To get the armature ready to wind, cut two washers from thick
a.sbestos paper, or, better, a piece of the .so-called "leather board"
used by printers; make the washers one inch in diameter with a
five-.sixteeuths of an inch hole and slip one on over each end of
the shaft, bringing it up close to the end of the armature core. Cut
off a piece of tape about one foot long and split it up and down
through the midiUe, making two pieces. Wrap a piece around. the
shaft, beginning snug up against the collar ( leather board ), and
extend out on the shaft about three-fourths of an inch on each end,
letting the edges overlap. Cut from the .same board twelve strips
nine-sixteenths of an inch w-ide and three and one-()uarter inches
long; divide the width of each one into thirds and crease up and
down its length on the marks with a knife point but do not cut in
much, if any. This is done to let the sides bend up nicely and
evenly. The sides are then bent u]) on all the strips, making
twelve little troughs, which should be slipped down into the grooves
in the armature core. The ends will protrude a trifle beyoi.d the
ends of the armature core, but shoulil not be cut off but the bot-
tom bent down so that it ju.st laps over the end washer, and the
sides will cover the corners of the projecting tooth of the core.
The armature, with a dog on the pulley end of the shaft, should be
placed in the lathe with the commutator end toward the tail stock.
Take the belt off and turn by hand, taking hold of the face plate; it
will only have to be moved through half a revolution and back.
There are many sj'Stems of winding, but in this case the Hefner-
."Mteneck .system offers advantages to the beginner for annatures
with even coils, so it will be adojited. There are twelve grooves in
the core, but as one coil of wire will wind through two grooves,
this only gives six complete coils or loops of wire, and as the end-
ing wire of one coil connects up with the beginning wire of the
next coil, this would give only six connecting wires to go to the
commutator and there are twelve bars; besides, these wires are all
on one side of the coil. This is balanced, however, by wh.U is
called splitting the coils. Only half of the total number of layers is
wound at this fiist winding, the second half or second .set being
wound on over the first ones, starting them on the other side of
the armature, which gives twelve connections, extending completely
around the armature. With the remainder of the No. 28wirewoun<l
on a reel suspended over the lathe and turning freely, the beginner
stands in front of the lathe, taking the wire in his right hand and
grasping the face plate with the left, and connnences to wind. Many
winders stand on the back side, but the writer thinks it easier to
work from the front; the re.sult, however, is the same. The end of
the wire should be painted black, and about three inches of the eiiil
left sticking out, which may be bent round into the next groove
temporarily. Commencing on the top side and in, at the commu-
tator end, call "the groove number one; wind the wire down through
groove number one, over the pulley end of the core; turn the face
plate from you, from left to right, and bring the wire back
through the oppposite groove, or nundier seven ; pull the face
plate toward you and bring the wire up over the front end of the
core, down through the first groove again, laying the second wire
close lieside the first .strand, over the back end, through groove
number seven, and so on until eight strands have been wound in.
Thk CoMPi.KTKii Motor.
which will just cover the bottom of the groove. The layer and the
ends of the wire must be shellaced. In crossing the heads it will be
better to let the first four strands cross each head on one side of
the shaft, and the remaining four on the other side; this will make
the hea<ls more even. Now the second layer may be wound on over
the first and shellaced, the third over the second, and the fourth
over this, shellacing each one. I-ig. 20 shows the first layer of this
coil wound in place. The end of the wire should be cut off, leav-
ing four inches to spare, which .should be brought across the end
and twisted up temporarily with the beginning end, but not painted.
The second coil should be begun in groove number two, and wound
through that and groove number eight; shellac each layer and cut
and twist up the ends precisely as with the fir.st coil. Wind in four
more coils in exactly the same way; when these are wound in it
will be seen that the twelve grooves are half filled with wire, and
the ends come out of grooves number one, two, three, four, five
I
Jui.v 28, 1894.
THE EI^ECTRICAL WORLD.
79
and six. Now six more coils of four layers each will be wound
directly over and on top of the first ones. The first coil in this
second layer, or set, of coils will commence in groove number
seven, and the other side of it will lay in groove number one,
in which the first coil was started. It will now be .seen at a glance
how nicely the windings will come out. The next coil starts in
number eight and winds around into number two, the next in num-
ber nine, and so on until all are wound in. Figs. 21 and 22 show
the armature head with the first six coils and the whole number
wound in. The ends that were twisted up mereh' as a convenience,
and to prevent them from being broken, should now be untwisted
and straightened out nicely. Take the plain, unpainted end of the
tirst or number one coil and twist it up with the painted end of coil
number two; the unpainted end of coil number two and twist it up
with the painted end of coil number three; the unpainted end of
coil number three and twist with the painted end of the fourth coil,
and so around the whole armature. This connects the ending of
one coil to the beginning of the ne.xt, forming the wire into one
great loop over three hundred feet long. The ends are twisted
permanently this time, and moderately tight up to the coils, where
they come out of the armature.
We must now determine which way our motor armature is going
to run, which, like the model, we will suppose to be from right to
left, or in the opposite direction from that of the hands of a clock.
The commutator should have a so-called "lead" of one bar in the
direction which it shall run, in this case to the left.
In connecting the armature wires to the bars, bring the end out,
and instead of connecting it to the bar directly in front of the coil,
carry the wire over to the next bar to the left; cut the ends off,
leaving a little more than is actually needed to solder into the bar-
lug. Scrape the insulation carefully off the ends, and bring the
two wires down into the little slot sawed in the lug, and solder
firmly. Each end of the two wires should be brought to its respec-
tive bar and soldered into the slot in the lug, A neat little hood
of thin linen should be made to draw on over these connections. It
should be turned wrong side out, and the smaller end put on over
the commutator lugs and bound down into the groove cut around
them with thread; then it may be drawn on over itself, turned
right side out and pulled up over the armature, being held in place
under the end armature binder. The superfluous ends of the connect-
ing wires protruding from the side of the lugs should be trimmed
off nicely. Put a strip of thin asbestos paper around in each of the
grooves turned around the armature, and over this wind on eight
turns of No. 26 brass spring wire and solder it in at least six places.
Trim the extra solder off smooth, and do not allow the binders to
set out beyond the armature core. Cut away any tape left on the
shaft on the pulley end, and put on a brass collar to prevent the
wire from hitting on the end of the bearing. Set the collar with a
small screw.
The armature is now complete, and should be placed in some
gentle heat, to thoroughly dry out al! the moisture before any cur-
rent is put through the wires. If shellac is used this drying process
.should be continued for at least twenty -four hours. The field coils
may now be connected up, and the finishing touches put on. Two
.small binding posts, and four 6-32 brass machine screws, three-
quarters of an inch long, with four little brass set nuts, two on each,
will be needed, and can be purchased at any electrical supply store.
The screws go in the two middle holes, and the binding posts go in
the end holes in the piece of fibre set into the base.
As the armature is to run from right to left, a north pole must be
created in the left hand pole piece, and a south pole in the right
hand. The builder should learn Ampere's law for the creation of
magnetic poles, which is very simple, and is given in most of the
electrical books for beginners; he will then understand why he
makes the following connections. Untwist the ends of the field coil
wires and bring them all down well under the lower coil, almost to
the middle, or within a quarter of an inch of the narrow bottom
lagging. A piece of tape should be put in between them and the
coil wires they cross over. Take the shunt or fine wires first, and
bring the painted or starting end wires of each coil together across
the narrow bottom lagging, cutting a little groove across it for the
wire to lay in; scrape the insulation off the wires where they cross,
twi.st them up tight, solder and snip off the ends. A piece of tape
should be put in under this wire. Now the coils should be taped
over by winding on two layers, equalling four thicknesses, in the
same manner as in taping the core, covering over the narrow top
and bottom lags, but not the side lags. The wire ends should come
through the tape near the centre of the bottom side. The top part
of the base casting should be chipped out to fit up to the curve of
the under side of the field, .so that it rests firmly, and held in place
by the four brass straps, two of which are shown in the picture of
the finished motor. Put in a couple of thicknesses of asbestos paper
between the iron and the field coil.
To complete connecting up, take the unpainted ends of the series
coil wires (the larger ones), scrape the insulation off nearly to
the core, say to within one inch of it, and solder the ends to the
binding post .screw.s. Do not draw the wires tight, but leave quite
a sag, and slip on a piece of soft rubber tube over each before
soldering. The left wire goes to the left hand binding post screw,
the right to the right hand binding post screw. The painted or
beginning ends of the series coils, and the unpainted or ending ends
of the shunt coils, should be joined to each other and to the
brushes. Take those on the left hand side first; scrape off the in-
sulation of the series and .shunt wires, twist together tight and
solder; slip on over a piece of soft rubber tube and again solder to
the end of the screw holding the cable going to the lower brush.
The two corresponding wires on the right hand side should be
treated in the same way, and the ends soldered to the end of the
screw holding the cable going to the top brush.
The motor is now practically completed, and may be tested on
any direct current of from fifty to fifty-five volts, and will work all
right if these instructions have been carefully followed. The paint-
ing maybe done to suit the builder; the model illustrated was given
four coats of blue black enamel and then baked. The supply of
current may be taki n from any lamp socket by using a plug, screw-
ing in to the socket in place of a lamp, with cord attached. It makes
no difference at which binding post the current enters, the result
being the same. The motor just described is no toy, but a power-
ful and practical machine, developing on a fifty-five volt current a
power of over an eighth of a horse-power, though considerably less
than half the size of any of the one-eighth horse-power motors now
on the market In belting from the motor, connect to as large a
pulley as possible and practical, and use a heavy duck tape, one
inch wide, such as printers use on their large presses.
This motor is of the style known as the two-pole, double-magnet
type, and the model weighs nine and three-quarters pounds.
The builder may enlarge this motor, keeping the proportions in a
relative ratio and make a much heavier field core, having it cast from
steel, thus making a nuich more powerful machine. The pole
pieces can then be cast in one piece with the field core. In building
an)' larger motors, the writer advises, if they are to be run in mul-
tiple, that a rheostat, or a starting box be used, placed in series
with the armature, even if the motor is self-regulating.
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculation. — XI.
}3V .\LFRKD E. WIKNKK.
^S- Types of Artnaturc Winding.
a. Closed Coil Winding and Open Coil Winding.
If, in a continuous current dynamo, the reversal of the current
would take place in all the conductors at once, considerable fluctua-
tion of the E. M. F. would be the result. In order to obtain a
Fu;s. 32 .\ND 33.
steady current, the armature conductors are, therefore, to be .so
arranged, relative to the poles, that a portion of them is in the
strongest part of the field, while others are exposed to a weaker
field, and some even are in the neutral position.
.\fter having thus arranged the conductors, their connecting can
be effected by one of the following two methods;
I. All conductors are connected among each other so as to form
an endless winding, closed in itself, and consisting of two or more
*Err.\ta. — In section 24, page FiH, of the last issue, the simplified
,fc.-'.
16 - '
form of the attraction formula in ('.. C. .S. units sliciuld read = 6" X
in formula (60), same pagf, the term ( 1?^' ] should be replaced by
( r ) : Figs 22 and 24, same page, should be exchanged; Fig. 22 is
intended for a horizontal machine and should be in a horizontal position,
in place of Fig. 24, and vice versa.
80
XHB ICLKCXRICAL WORLO.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 4.
|);irallcl braiiclit'S, in each of which all tlic single K. M. F's.
iiidiiccil liavc the same direction, and in which the reversal of the
current occurs in such conductors only that at the time are in the
neutral position. ,\n armature with such connections is called a
"closed coil armature. "
II. The conductors are joined into groups, each group containing
all such conductors in series wliich, relative to the fiehl, have
exactly the same position; and the current is taken off from such
groups only which at the time have the maximum, or nearly the
maximum, K. !\I. F. , all other groups being at that time cut out
altogether. .An armature wound in this manner is styled an "open
coil armature. ' '
/>. Spiral IVhidini;, /.ap tl'inditig; aiid Wave Winding.
According to the manner in which the connecting of the con-
ductors by the above two methods is performed, the following tj'pes
of armature windings can be di.stinguished: (1) Spiral winding, or
ring winding. Figs. 32 and 33; (2) lap winding, or loop winding.
Figs. 34 and 35; (3) wave winding, or zigzag winding. Figs. 36
and 37.
In the spiral winding. Figs. 32 and 33, which can be applied in
the case of ring armatures only, the connecting conductors are
Fig. 36.
carried through the interior of the ring core, and the winding thus
constitutes either one continuous spiral. Fig. 32, from which, at
equal intervals, branch connections are led to the commutator — or
a set of independent spirals, Fig. 33, wliich are separately connected
to the conunutator.
The lap winding, as well as the wave winding, is executed
entirely exterior to the core, and can be applied to both drum and
ring arm.'iturcs.
In the lap winding, Figs. 34 and 3.^, the end of each coil, con-
sisting of two or more conductors .situated in fields of opposite
polarity, is connected through a commutator segment to the begin-
ning of a coil lying within the arc embraced by the former. With
reference to the direction of connecting, therefore, the beginning
of every following coil lies back of the end of the foregoing, and
^"^9:^^^$^^$:^.
the winding, consequently, forms a .series of loops, which overlap
each other. Fig. 34 represents such a lap winding for a four-pole
drum armature, the development of which, Fig. 35, more clearly
shows the forming of the loops and the manner of their overlapping.
In the wave winding. Figs. 36 and 37, the connecting continually
advances in one direction, the end of each coil being connected to
the beginning of the one having a corresponding position under the
next magnet pole; and the winding, in consequence, represents
itself in a zigzag, or wave shape. The wave winding is illustrated
in Fig. 36, and for better comparison the same four-pole drum
armature is chosen that in Fig. 34, is shown with a lap winding.
The development given in Fig. 37 distinctly shows the zigzag form
of the wave winding.
In multipolar machines, the wave winding can be used for series
as well as for parallel connection; the lap winding, however, for
parallel grouping only.
While the lap winding necessitates as many sets of brushes as
(f^
2_
r^
|4_
f^
6
f^
8
P
10
f^
,2
f\
14
f]
16
f"
18
r\
20^
s
N
s
N
\
■
^
\
X
/
-
K
s
s
J
S<
¥
i
y
<
\
k
I-lG. 3S.
there are magnet poles, the wave winding for any number of ])oles
invariably needs but two .sets of brushes.
For series-parallel connection, either wave winding may be used
or lap and wave windings may be combined. Fig. 38 represents the
development of such a "mixed winding, " the coils partly being con-
nected in the lap and partly in the wave fashion. This winding,
like the wave winding, has the peculiarity of requiring but two sets
of brushes, independently of the number of magnet poles.
(To be continued. )
Death of Edmond Julien.
ICdniond Julien, the distinguished engineer and founder of what
is known in this country and Fhirope as the Julien system, ex])ired
at his home in Hrussels on the 5lli <lay of this month. Mr. Julien
was born at Ardenne, on the 31st day of .August, 1838. He was bv
profession a civil engineer, -and in that capacity built a number of
railroads in Russia and Spain. He had the reputation of being of
the first rank as a railroad engineer. He ainas.se<I considerable
wealth in railroad building, and embarked almost all of it in the
storage battery business, in connection with Faure and I*hilli])art.
He built what was probably the first .storage battery factorv in
luirojie, at Hrussels, and in 1,SS5 his .storage battery car took the
first prize in mechanical traction at the .Antwerp I%xposition. Mr.
Julien was highly esteemed by his fellow citizens at Brussels, and
King Leopold knighted him in 1889. He was a man of most im-
po.sing appearance, being nearly 6 feet 4 inches in height, and of
splendid proportions.
July 28, 1894.
THE EIvECXRICAL WORLD.
81
The ELii^iCAi^^DLDS
■4}^^^< , <-^
5li^^Q\T0P£
a.
'KM
EI,ECTRO-PHYSICS.
I'kosfhoi-cscence at Loic Ti'iiififralurc. — According to the I, end.
"Elec." and "Elec. Eng. ," July 6, Prof. IJewar, in his experiments with
temperatures of 180 degrees C below zero, found that although chemical
action almost ceases, photogiaphic action does not, but is diminished by
«0 per cent. ; gelatine, celluloid and other substances were very lumin-
ous when exposed for a second to the beam of a strong electric light ;
from his experiments he is led to the generaliyation that the more coiu-
plex a body is in structure the more likely it is to phosphoresce; pure
water is weakly phosphorescent, but if very sightly impure it becomes
strongly so; phosphorescence is due to some kind of molecular change
i'l the oxygen, which is demonstrated by the fact that ozone is formed
during the process.
Xatiii e of Electric Conductivity. — In a paper by Mr. Vasehy from
"Coraptes Rendus," vol. 118, p. 1,324, abstracted in "La Lum. Elec,"
June 30, he points out that electric conductivity appears to be a tendency
of the electric field established in a body to dissipate in a greater or less
time; magnetic conductivity does not exist, as a field once created is
permanent, thus forming a characteristic difference between the proper-
ties of electric and magnetic forms of energy.
.( iialy~ing Periodic Fii net ions. — A number of instruments for perform -
iiig such analysis are described and illustrated by Mr. Hess in "La Lum.
Elec," June 23.
Influence of Pressure on titc Dielectric Constant. — A paper by Mr. .
Roentgen from "Wied. Ann.," vol. 52, p. 5V2, is abstracted in "La Lum.
Elec," June 23.
Afterglow in Gcissler Tubes. — The article abstracted in the Digest,
June 23, is abstracted at greater length in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 28.
Tlie U'ori- of Hert:. — The Lond. "Elec," July 6, publishes some cor-
rections and explanations by Dr. Oliver Lodge, in connection with his
recent lecture, which was referred to recently in these columns.
I'ortex Theory of Electro-dynamics. — The article by Mr. Blondin is
continued in "La Lum. Elec," June 23 and 30.
M.\GNETISM.
.Magnetic Lag. — In a paper by Prof. Dechant, abstracted in the "Zeit.
futr Elek.," April 15 (just received), he discusses the lag in the propa-
gation of magnetism generated by currents of different phases encircling
a common core ; the propagation of the magnetic waves is calculated
from the distance between the magnetizing coils divided by the phase
flifference in seconds; it was found to be 12 metres (per second) with an
alternating current of 40 periods, a phase difference of one-third period,
and a distance of 10 cm. between the coils; the most sensitive means of
showing the existence of these waves was a thin round disc of iron, 0.1
mm. thick : he showed that the rotation of this disc can be explained
only by hysteresis; also that the disc also rotated externally to the coils,
which is possible only when the diminution in the magnetization along
the rod does not follow a geometric progression : with a closed magnetic
circuit he showed that this diminution is an important factor in the pro-
duction of the magnetic lag.
Magnetization of Alloys. — A Royal Society paper on "The Effect of
Mechanical Stress and of Magnetization on the Physical Properties of
.".Hoys of Iron and Nickel and Manganese Steel," by Mr. Tomlinson, is
published in abstiact in the Lond. "Elec," July 6.
Tlie Effect of MagnetizalioH on the Dimensions of Wires and Rings. —
.\ Royal Society paper by Mr. Bidwcll is abstracted in "L^ L«m. Elec,"
June 30.
Magnctisaiion by Rapid Electric (Oscillations.— f\.-pa-per by Mr. Klem-
encic, on the magnetization of iron and nickel wires, is abstracted in
"La Lum. Elec," June 23.
Magnetization by Hertzian Currents and a .^fai:netic Dielectric. —
The article by Mr. Birkeland from "Comptes Rendns. " vol. 118, p. 1,320,
is abstracted in "La Lum. Elec," June 23.
UNITS, MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMliNTS.
.Measuring the Efficiency n/ a Large Motor.— \\\ a paper by Mr. Rey ill
the "Bui. Soc. Int." for June, abstracted in "La Lum. Elec. " June Id,
he describes in detail the testing of a 720 h. p. motor, made for the sub-
marine boat "Gustave-Zede, " by the Hopkinson method ; the motor had
six poles and two identical armatures, coupled in parallel and keyed to
the shaft; these armatures were connected in series and in opposition as
in the Hopkinson method. The theory is discussed at some length and
the results of the tests given; he deduces two approximate formulas as
also the complete formula.
Measuring the Magnetic Qualities of Lron. — A translation of the
article by Dr. Koepsel, mentioned in the Digest May 12, is given in
abstract in the Lond. "Elec. " July 6, together with the illustrations.
In an editorial discussiort attention is called to the fact that a small error
in B may produce a large variation in the area of the curve, a point which
is important in connection with transformers ; it is suggested that it
might simplify matters to make it a torsional, zero reading instiunieiit.
thus doing away with the compensation.
Measuring the Resistance of Electrolytes. — .A translation of Prof. Kolil-
rausch's article, from "Wied. Ann." vol. 51, page 34", is given in "La
Lum. PUec. ," June 16; .several forms of electrodes are described and
illustrated for facilitating the determination of the resistance of elec-
trolytes.
Platinized Glass Resistances. — .\ccording to the Lond. "Elec," July 6,
Mr. Mergier before the Erench Physical Society recommends the use of
platinized glass for high resistances; a sheet 3 by 4';- inches will give a
resistance varying from 25 to 100,000 ohms; they are mouiiled in a closed
bottle containing petroleum and a layer of mercury at the bottom,
enabling the resistance to be varied.
Photometric .Standard. — In the recent Physical Society paper by Cap-
tain .\bney, abstracted briefly in the Lond. "Elec," July 6, he states that
from photographs he finds that when used with a slit as a photometric
standard the Argand burner is unsuitable, for portions of different lumi-
nosity come into view when the slit is approached or receded fiom; the
ordinary fishtail burner was better in this respect.
Pupillometry and Photometiy. — Mr. Henry's article is continued in
"La Lum. Elec," June 16, the present portion being devoted to the eye
and the pupil. The article appears to be concluded in the issue of June
30.
Resistance of Pure Water. — The article by Profs. Kohlrausch and Heyd-
weiller, abstracted in the Digest June 16, i abstracted in Uie "Elek.
Zeit.," June 28.
Conductivity of Salts in Aelliyl and Methyl Alcohol.— kn article by
Mr. Voelmer is abstracted briefly in the "Elek. Zeit.," June 28.
Physical Quantities. — A paper by Mr. Rovida, summarizing the laws of
the actions and the systems of the dimensions of physical quantities, is
published in "La Lum. Elec," June 30.
Electrolytic Meters. — "Ind. and Iron, ' June 22, publishes an article on
this subject, containing, however, nothing new.
DYNAMOS AND MOTORS.
Classification of Dynamos and Ti ansfor»iers. — \\\ a short aiticle by
Prof. Blondel, in " La Lum. Elec," June 16, he points out the inipoit-
ance of more specific and more rational terms in connection with gener-
ators and transformers, and suggests the following classification, lie
divides generators, including alternaling as well as continuous, into two
classes, those with a discontinuous winding and those with a continuous
winning, each class being divided into types with ring, drum or disc
armatures and into those with exterior and interior armatures; when
machines generate at the same time continuous and alternaling currents
he recommends the term "polymorphic." suggested by Mr. Hospitaller;
the terms "di-alternator and tri -alternator" or "duplex" and "triplex"
alternators are suggested when the machines deliver two or threc-ph.asc
currents. Transforming apparatus he divides into "redrcsseis" (also
known as rectifiers); "transformers" which transform by induction a
primary into a secondary current of the same nntiire, divided again into
continuiius cuirent, simple alternating current and polyphase current
82
THB i:ui:crwicAi. world.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
transformers; "converters" for converting by induction a primary into
a secondary current of a different nature, divided into rotating converters
with continuous current windings and converters with stationary flux ("a
liux fixe") such as those of Scott and of Hutin it I.eblanc.
S/nc Curve AlletnaUtrs. — \'\\e Lond. "ICkc," July 6, ridicules the
practice of some American companies in building true sine curve alter-
nators : "probably an alternator with a true sine curve, even though it
may disdain to run in parallel with a machine having a more bactriau
characteristic, is little or no better intrinsically in a commercial point of
view than a less highly bred article."
New Synchrnuous Miilor.—"1& Lum. Elcc," June 23, contains a short
description and discussion of the new motor suggested by Prof. Ferraris,
mentioned in the Digest, June 16.
Starling Single Phase Molars. See abstract under "Transforming
Single-phase into Three-phase Currents."
TRANSFORMKKS.
Trans/orming Singlepliase inlu Three-phase Ctirrenls.—ln lhe"Elek.
Zeit.," June 28, Mr. Deri describes the following method. He states
that in order to produce a rotating field of the greatest possible effect,
the differences in phases must be symmetrical and the maximum values of
the currents, and therefore also of the fields, must follow at equal inter-
vals. In the method described by Prof. Ferraris, in which a difference
of phase is obtained by a .self-induction, he shows that the shifting must
always be less than 90 degrees, the closer it is to this value the more will
the resistance of the self-induction weaken the current and therefore the
field; it is therefore impossible to obtain symmetrj' by this means in a
two-pha.se sy,stem, and the use of condensers with the other current is
excluded as they are impracticable and costly ; such an arrangement
would not produce a continuous rotating field, but a pulsating one.
Mr. Deri instead of producing a two-phase current with which to start
motors, uses a three-phase cuirent, which he obtains from a single-phase
current as follows : In the adjoining figure curve 1 represents the
i7«. BorU
Tr.\NSFORMINC, SiNGLK-Ph.\SKD into ThRHK-PHA.SKD Cl'RRENT.S.
ongnuil current, curve 3 is a shunt from this in which the phase has
been shifted 60 degrees by means of a self-induction; the effect of the
intermediate phase, curve 2, is obtained by two equal windings, through
one of which current 1 is passed in the reverse direction, and through the
other of which current 3 is passed in the reversed direction, as shown by
the dotted lines ; the combination of the two currents shown in dotted
lines is equivalent to the curve 2, shown in full lines; he assumes that
the currents follow the sine law ; strictly speaking the current 3 is shifted
through 60 degrees and the connections reversed, so as to reverse the cur-
reut, thus producing a shifting of 240 degrees. A simple theoretical
deduction is given. In order to meet the condition that the niaxinium
intensities of the fields and the currents 1 and 3 are equal, he either
inserts a resistance in one of them, or uses different voltages in the two
branches. (Precisely the same invention was described and illustrated
under "Alternating Current Motor" in the Digest, Nov. 11, 18')3.)
Currenl- Rushes in Transformers. — Mr, Hay's article, abstracted in
the Digest last week, is continued in the Lond. "Elec," July 6; curves
and results are given showing a general agreement between the theoret-
ical and experimental results; for con.stant permeability, he sums up the
knowledge regarding such rushes as follows: (1) "The phenomenon of a
"Current-rush' (accompanied by a corresponding 'rush' of magnetic
induction) consists in the appearance, at the instant of closing the cir-
cuit, of certain abnormal waves, which gradually become modified so as
to assume the normal form. 12) The distortion of the initial waves con-
sists in an enlargement of one set of half-waves, accompanied by a
reduction of the other set. As time goes on, the abnormal half-waves
diminish in size, and the abnormally small ones increase, until a state
of equality is reached, which is the normal state. (3) The current-rush
is a function of the resistance and inductance of the circuit; it increases
with the latter and diminishes with the former. In no case, however,
can it attain the value 2. (4) The change from the abnormal to the nor-
mal stale takes place comparatively rapidly at first, then more and moic
slowly. In all eases where there is a considerable rush, an interval of
time corresponding to several periods must elapse before an even approx-
imately normal state can be reached. (S) The dauiping of the abnormal
waves is due entirely to the resistance of the circuit." If the circuit
could be deprived entirely of resistance, he shows tiiat the waves would
preserve their initial type without undergoing any modification, and that
they would lie entirely above the time axis, or in other words, a simple
harmonic \\. M. 1'. would pr'Hluce, not an alternating, but a uui-direc-
tioiial fluctuating current, and that the magnetic induction would always
be of the same sign ; by increasing the time constant, eurrent-ru.shes can
be obtained which do not fall far short of two, and the waves of which
will preserve their type for a considerable number of periods.
In the same issue Prof. I'Uining calls atteiilion to the fact that he was
the first to point out the effect of current-rushes in a paper read in 1892;
he believes that Mr. Hay will find that the experimental evidence is not
quite in accord with the simple theory which he advances, and that he,
Fleming, had abandoned that theory long ago, as it did not explain well
asceitained facts.
Transformer Syslems. — The Lond. "Flee. Rev.," July 0. contains a
communication from Mr. Whitcher, advocating a sj-steni in which a third
main is used, making two circuits, one of which can be completely cut
off fluriug tile hours of light load.
AKC AND INCANDFSCHNT LICHTS.
Ineandescenl Lamp. — A long paper by Mr. Larnaude on the present state
of its manufacture is published in the "Bui. Soc. Int." for June, a long
abstract being reprinted in "L'lud. Klcc," June 25. The article is
interesting reading, but contains little that is new ; he points out the
advantages in forcing the lamps, staling that at the present low price of
the lamps it is more economical to force them and replace them more
frequently; curves are given showing the variation in the candie powei
for a range of 20 volts on each side of the normal ; also the efficiencies in
watts per candle. From some experiments of which he gives the results,
he shows that the loss in the light of a lamp after it has been run for
some time is due about equally to the consumption of the filaiuer'.t and
to the blackening of the bulb; in these experiments the bulbs were
cleaned by admitting the air to the blackened bulb, the bulb being then
healed to a nearly red heat, which causes the carbon deposit to disappear,
after which the lamp was again sealed, the air exhausted, and the test
made. He speaks of the advantages and disadvantages of using metallic
oxides in place of the carbon for the filament, suggesting that some such
material as silicide of carbon might be used, stating that the recent
experiments of Mr. Moissan have show-n that this material could prob-
ably be manufactured without the same difficuUy as heretofore. He
gives the temperature of volatilization nf carbon as 1,700 degrees C, stat-
ing that incandescent lamps must be run below this temperature. He
speaks favorably of a process of making the filament, which he describes,
in which a plastic carbon mixture is pressed out in the form of wires
through dies. In comparing the cost of the light from an arc and an
incandescent light, each of 500 candles, he concludes that the cost of the
latter is twice as great.
Electric Liglit in Waifare. — According to the Lond. "Klec. F^ng.,"
July 6, an ingenious device is used in the German army to prevent the
enemy from locating the position of the plant used for an electric search
light; the light from the projector is thrown on a mirror about 600 feet
distant, from which it is reflected to the required point; the mirror is
operated by an electric motor, which is controlled from a distance. (The
moisture so often found in the atmosphere of Germany, or a small
amount of smoke would, however, soon reveal the position of Ihe
reflector itself.)
J'rojecloiyi. — A number of systems are described and well illustrated by
Mr, Richard in "La Lura. Elec," June 23.
TRANSMISSION OF POWER,
A Continuous Alternating Current Transmission System. — Prompted
by some comments made in the Digest last year regarding the laboratory
nature of the inventions of Messrs, Hutin and Leblanc, Mr. Guilbert pub-
lishes in " La Lum. Elec, " June 16, a profusely illustrated description
of a novel plant which has been in regular operation for several months in
transmitting power from La Chapelle to FJpinay, In .\mcric,an journals,
he states, there is a tendency to publish artistic illustrations of the outside
of a machine, which give no idea of its principle or of its operation,
while in France it is preferred to give detailed descriptions in an intel-
ligent manner, showing the principle and operation ; (these remarks
intended presumably as a reply to the comments above referred to, do
not, however, meet the case, which referred to practical apparatus as dis-
tinguished from mere suggestions). In this plant a low tension, contin-
uous current is converted into a high tension three-phase alternating cur-
rent bj- the machine called a "panchahuteur" ; these are transmitted over
the line and in a similar machine are again transformed down to a con-
tinuous low tension current and used for charging accumulators for light-
ing a railway station ; the original continuous current voltage is between
110 and 170. the alternating current voltage is between 4,000 and 5,000,
the line currents about 1 ampere, the distance almost 5 miles and the
final voltage about the same as the original ; the original current is from
60 to 70 amperes, and the final current from 40 to 50; the efficiency of the
transmission without considering the line loss is between 75 and 78 per
cent, for about 12.5 kilowatts delivered at the farther end; including the
line losses, the total efficiency of the plant appears to be about 60 to 68
per cent, : it is believed that by making changes and improvements in
the apparatus, the efficiency can be increased to 40 per cent, ; the import-
ant loss of energy is that in the motors, which can be greatly reduced if
desired. The general principle of the transforming machines, which are
similar to each other, is that the continuous current is transformed into
a tri-phase alternating current by means of a cominutator driven by a
motor, these currents being then transformed into high tension currents.
The article contains 20 illustrations showing the connections in the appar-
atus, several external views and a number of curves of etBcicncie": under
various conditions. The receiving appaiatus is driven by a synchronous
motor, absolute .syiichronisni being obtained by a special device; the
moving of the brushes for different loads is accomplished automatically
and there is said to be no sparking; the motor does not start by itself,
but it is said that a few turns by hand are sufficient; even this difficulty
however can be overcome; it is believed that the apparatus can be sim-
July 28, 1894.
THE EIvECTRICAI^ WORLD.
83
plified very greatly, this being the first installation ; he believes this sys-
tem can be used with success for considerably increasing the carrying
capacity of feeders. Several tables giving quite complete experimental
data under various conditions, are included. Regarding Mr. Scott's sys-
tem for transforming di-phase into tri-phase currents, he believes that
too much stress has been put on this invention, staling that the principle
is so simple that it is quite probable that it has been indicated before ;
he explains briefly a solution of the problem by Messrs. Hutin and
I.eblanc. A short abstract of this article is published in the Loud. "Elec.
Hug.," July 6.
Coiiliinioiis Curretit Transmission —The installation at Sigmaringen
IS illustrated and described in the "Elek. Zeit.." June 28. A very brief
abstract is given in the Lond. "Elec. Eng," June 6. Two series dyna-
mos of 90 h. p. are driven by turbines generating a continuous current of
1.100 volts and fal amperes; they are connected in series but as a precau-
tion a third wire is used, making it a true three-wire system ; the arrange-
ments of the switchboard connections are given ; the distance is 3 miles,
the wires being overhead ; at the secondary station the current is trans-
formed by continuous current transformers; the starting is done entirely
at the primary station, a shunt to the magnet winding being adjusted
after the turbines are started so as to generate a gradually increasing cur-
rent, the motors beginning to start with a current of 20 amperes and 200
volts: to stop them this operation is reversed. Safety apparatus is pro-
vided, there being an automatic current interrupter to provide against
open circuits and a field short-circuiting apparatus to provide against short
circuits.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
Accumnlalors in Power Houses.— The interesting railway from Zurich
to Hirslanden is described and illustrated in the "Elek. Zeit.," June
28; it is said to be the first railway plant in which accumulators are used
at the power houses to equalize the load, and the installation is said to
be very successful. The article includes a diagram of the complete con-
nections at the station ; the dynamo delivers a current of constant
intensity, accumulators being charged or discharged as the load on the
line is less or gieater than that of the dynamo; by means of automatic
arrangements, shown in the diagram, the number of cells at the end of
the accumulators is automatically cut into or out of the circuit to keep
the voltage constant; the dynamo charges all but the cells at the extreme
end, the latter being charged by a separate small dynamo with the aid of
an automatic device. Results are given showing that there is a saving
due to the use of accumulators of 2.2 lbs. of coal per h. p. hour, amount-
ing to almost a ton of coal a day, representing a saving of about $2,500
a year ; the cost of the accumulators with the accompanying apparatus
was about $7,400; allowing for interest and repairs of accumulators, it is
shown that their cost is saved in about 4 years by the saving of the coal ;
this saving is due chiefly to the fact that it is not necessary to keep in
reserve a second boiler and steam engine, and that by this arrangement
the steam engine is running continually at its best efficiency; besides
this, the total installation is cheaper than without accumulators, as the
latter cost less than the machinery and increased plant which they
replace. The present plant contains two main dynamos and engines of
90 h. p. each, one set serving as a reserve.
Accuniulaior Traction on Ordinary Roads. — "Ind. and Iron, " June 15,
gives the opinions of several accumulator manufacturers on this subject.
Mr. Epstein does not think there is any insuperable objection, stating
that he is at present constructing several electric vehicles in the shape of
the "Victoria" intended for 4 passengers; the vehicle weighs 1 cwt.,
accumulator 4, motor of 1.5 h. p., 3 cwt., and 4 passengers at 5.5. making
a total of 13.5 cwt. ; on account of the dead weight he believes that only
small vehicles are practicable. He believes that improvements in
accumulators will be made, and states having obtained results which open
up great prospects. Mr. Niblett believes that accumulators will have to
be greatly improved before such travel becomes practicable ; he has very
little hope for the efforts that are being made with such vehicles ;
although only about 4 amperes (presumably ampere hours) per pound are
obtained, he believes that 18 to 20 will be attainable; which he bases on
his experiments with lithanode plates. He believes that the time is
rapidly approaching when every vehicle in the street will be propelled
by stored electricity, but states that first the defects in existing accumu-
lators must be removed. Mr. Drake concludes that traction with accumu-
lators on anything but a level is a practicable impossibility, either now
or at any future period. The issue of June 22 contains a communication
by Mr. Ward, who favors such traction, basing his opinion on ijractice ;
he ran the first electrical omnibus in London for over 5 000 miles. The
issue of June 29 contains another correspondence by Mr. Niblett.
Electric Rail-ways. — The paper by Mr. Hammond, mentioned in the
Digest last week, is published in abstract in the Loud. "Elec. Eng.,"
July 6. It appears to be made up largely, if not entirely, of information
already published; it is discussed unfavorably in the leading editoiial of
the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," together with several recently established .'•ys-
tems of a complicated nature, among them being the I'atton system,
which is being tried in Chicago.
Heilmann Lnconwtive. — "La Lum. Elec," June lb, gives a diagram
of the complete connections, and describes an improvement in which it
is intended to proportion the power of the steam engine to the variable
resistance of the train by exciting the magnets of the generator by a
■special dynamo run by a separate engine.
The Uchr High Speed System. — "\a Lum. Elec." June Id, publishes
a number of good illustrations, together with a short description, of the
high speed system which is being exploited by Mr. Behr in England ; it
is a single rail system.
Underground Railway at B)idapest.—Th\s underground road is to be
laid immediately below the pavement, and is therefore not in the nature
of a tunnel road; the contact rail will be fastened along the sides of the
road and not between the rails.
CENTRAL STATIONS. PLANTS. SYSTEMS AND APl'LIANCICS.
Alternating- Arc Light Installation. — The installation at Hastings is
described briefly in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," July 6: the lamps are
arranged in parallel across the 2.000 volt mains, a small transformer in
each lamp performing the necessary conversion; "the lamps may be
turned on or off from the central stations by using one return wire only. "
a further description of which, however, is not given ; the difficulty lies
in insulating the lamp as a whole.
Ping Switch. — A switch devised by Dr. May. which is said to comply
with all the requirements of the German insurance companies, is illus-
trated and described in the "Elek. Zeit.." June 28.
Gas t'S. Steam /or Central Stations.— An article in the Lond "Elec
Eng.." July 6, gives the detailed e,stimates of the prime cost and the cost
of operation of a large and a small plant, using in one ca.se sleam and
in the other a Dowson gas plant, showing a balance in favor of steam in
both first cost and cost of operating.
Turbine. — The Seger steam turbine is briefly described and illustrated
ill "La Lum. Elec," June 16. According to the issue of June 23. the
Oerlikon Company has reSently constructed a 5 h p. Laval turbine
dynamo, the speed of which is 30,000, that of the dynamo 3,000, and the
steam consumption 36.5 lbs. per h. p. hour.
Petrolenm Motors. — A recent set of competitive tests made in Paris
with small petroleum motors is mentioned in "La Lum. Elec." June
16; the highest prize was awarded to the Merlin motor.
WIRES, WIRING AND CONDUITS.
Ship Wiring. — A new system is described in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.,"
July 6, and termed an almost jointless one ; mains are run from a distrib-
uting board, from which the whole lighting is manipulated ; from there
mains are run to small subsidiary boards placed in accessible parts of the
ship, each for groups of from 6 to 8 lamps, the switching on and off being
usually done from these boards; from these, separate leads run to each
lamp, so that the only joints are at the distribution boards. The
increased co.st is said to be only 10 per cent, of the cost of the wire,
which extra cost is said to be compensated for in other ways, among them
being the saving in labor in making connections.
Underground Cable Jor Low Tension Currents. — A new cable of
Messrs. Felten and Guillaume, in which the conductor is made in the
form of a composite tube, is described and illustrated in "La Lum.
Elec," June 30.
Deflection of Poles for Overhead Lines. — A mathematical article on
this subject is published by Mr. Colard in "La Lum. Elec," June 23.
TELEGRAPHY. TELEPHONY AND SIGNALS.
Telegraph Between Egypt and the Cape. — "La Lum. Elec," June X,
discusses Mr. Rhodes's proposal to connect Egypt with the Cape by a
transcontinental line.
Pacific Cable. — A note regarding the Ottawa Conference is contained in
the Lond. "Elec. Eng., "July 6. Several letters from the Canadian Blue
Book are published in the same issue.
A'eiv Caledonian Cable. — A long illustrated paper by Mr. Reynier giv-
ing the history, construction and laying of this cable, is published in
the "Bui. Soc Int." for June.
Automatic Block System. — The Seaton and the Tyer systems are
described and illustrated in "La Lum. Elec," June 23.
ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.
Primary Batteries for Lighting. — The Bariuet system is described
and illustrated in "La Lum. Elec," June 23; it has been in use for
several years; the cost per kilowatt is not given ; but is admitted to be
greater than that obtained with dynamos, but not too great for instal-
lations, in which the cost is not the principal consideration; a modified
sulphate of copper battery with circulating liquids is used to charge
accumulators successively, in groups of two or three, by an automatic
apparatus. (In an article in "Ind. and Iron," June 29, the Fulgur battery,
quite similar to the above, is briefly described.) The London "Elec.
Rev. ."July 6, discusses the Fulgur and Barruet primary batteries,
expressing its opinion that there is no great future of primary batteries
for lighting purposes.
Schvop Accumulator. — Devices for keeping the liquid in constant circu-
lation are illustrated and briefly described in "La Lum. Elec." June .30.
Minimum E. M. F. of Electrolysis. — .A paper hy Mr. Noursison is
abstracted briefly in the "Elek. Zeit., "June 28; he demonstrates that the
minimum E. M. F. for the electrolysis of alkaline salts in solution is con-
stant for all the salts of the same acid ; the calculated and observed values
are given, the former being: for acid compounds of chlorine. 2.02;
bromine, 1.75; iodine, 1.16; sulphate, 2.15; nitrate,2.07, and chlorate, 2.07.
Electric Tanning. — The Humy system is illustrated in "T.a- Lum.
Elec," June 16; the leather passes between rolls, which act as the elec-
trodes; the electrothermic action of the current facilitates the penetration
and subsequent action of the tannin, as also the absorption of the mate-
rials intended to increase Ihe weight.
84
THE ELBCXRICAI^ WORLO.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
Electric Pickling ^a/A.— Pickling baths become saturated, thus entail-
ing an expense for renewal; to avoid this Mr. Hcathficld, according to
"La Lum. IJlec," June 23. uses an electric current in such a bath, the
piece to be pickled forming the anode ; the acidity of the bath is thus
maintained indefinitely.
Ilrcwcry Analysis. — An electrical process, which is said to have shown
remarkable accurac}', is mentioned in the I.ond. "Ivlec. Rev.," July 6;
the amount of invert sugar, which it is very important to determine, is
measured by means of a copper solution, the quantitative determination
being made by means of electrolysis.
MISCKLI.ANEOUS.
Death by Electricity.— tXvt "Hick. Zeit.." June 2H, abstracts a paper
read at the recent Medical Congress at Rome. Experiments were made
with animals, the current being an alternating one ; death resulted mostly
by the sudden stopping of respiration, which stoppage caused death by
asphyxia; the heart action continues for about two minutes, after which
secondary cessation of heart action takes place, causing death ; frequently
however, breathing .started again spontaneously and the animal recovered
completely; with a current of 1,500 to 2,000 volts, the killing was not sure
and easy; the danger increases in proportion to the higher development
of the brain and therefore human beings are more easily affected than
animals. Sometimes death takes place suddenly through the instan-
taneous cessation of heart action ; a gradual paralysis of heart action, as
noticed in human beings, could not be produced experimenlallj' ; in none
of these eases was there anj* anatomical change to which death could be
ascribed; in a few cases there was mechanical lesion in the form of a
rupture of the blood vessels and internal hemorrhage, in which case the
animals died of pressure on the brain after quite a number of hours.
Ealal Accident. — The English journals of July 6 report a fatal accident
which occurred at the 10,000 volt mains at the Deptfoid plant.
Trealntent of Trigeminal Neuralgia. — A more or less successful
electrical treatment is described in an ab.stract from the "Lancet" in the
Lond. "Elec. Rev.," July 6.
Discovering Flaws in Iron and Steel. — .'Vn apparatus is mentioned
but not described in "Ind. andiron," June 29 ; it appears to consist oi small
pneumatic tapper, worked by hand, which is made to tap over the piece
lo be tested : it is in some way connected with a telephone in which a
false sound, quite distinguishable from the normal sound, is heard when
a Spot in the neighborhood of a flaw is reached.
Electric Brake. — A band brake operated by an electromagnet for
instantly stopping machinery is mentioned in " La Lum. Elec," June
16; in case of an accident the workmen in a factory need only break the
glass cover of an apparatus in order to stop ordinary machinery in about
one second, and the most powerful machinery in from two to tliiee
seconds.
Electric Flying Machine. — According to the "Elec. Tech.," June 15,
some recent experiments made at the high school at Bruenn, with a small
model, proved successful and promising; a double wheel with sails,
driven by an electric motor, raises itself and could be propelled horizon-
tally. The same journal states that the 50 foot wheel for the Wellner
ilying machine has been completed and will soon be used for making
tests.
Automatic Steering Compass.— T\k device mentioned in the Digest
June 2 is described in the Lond. "Elec. Eng. ," July 6.
Artificial Rain. — According to a quotiition from "Comptes Rendus, "
vol. 117, p. 566, Mr. Baudouin has succeeded in producing rain by con-
ducting the electricity from the clouds by means of a kite.
Fire Damp. — According to "La Lum. Elec," June 30, Mr. Delaurier,
in a note before the French Academy, suggests igniting the fire damp in
mines, as quickly as it is produced, by means of electric sparks.
Inde.v lo Literature. — .According to "La Lum. Elec," June 16, a pub-
lication is to be started in Vienna in July, in the form of a universal
index of scientific and technical literature ; each number is to contain a
list of the periodic publications classified according to subjects and giv-
ing the titles, table of contents, subscription price, place of publication,
etc.
Entropy. — A statement by Prof. Lodge advocating the conception of
entropy to engineers is given in the Lond. "Elec," July 6.
Hioirraphical. — .\ translation of the memorial address by Prof. Ebert
on "Iloinrieh Hertz" is published in the Lond. "Elec," July 6.
The Scenograph.
The scenogr.aph is the Latest development of the cycloramie art. It is
now on exhibition at the Madison Square Garden, where it is attracting
considerable attention by the brilliancy of its effects and the fidelity of
its representations. The scene depicted is the World's Kair, and the spec-
tator gazes at the White City from the point of view of the ;cronaut
whose balloon is some .100 feet off shore and 600 feet above the lake.
The view is at night, of course, and every building on the grounds is
sparkling with light. Every electrical effect is produced in miniature
precisely as the larger real effects were produced at the I'air. Even the
McMonnies Fountain is a practical fac-simile of the original. Tlie boat
on the lake arc independent affairs who'e propellers are worked by their
own little motors. There is a small search light on the Manufactures
Building whose hundred-candle-power liglit sends its beams into the
IK-rspective distance. In the background the Midway Plaisance with the
big Ferris wheel is shown. Tlie wheel goes ar<mud and nearby
Ihe captive b.iUoon rises up and dmvn al inUivals. due feature of the
evhibitio'i is that the modeled and painted houses are geographically
correct. It is said that every hotel near the grounds can be pointed oul
and most of the houses in Chicago are represented, even to the one in
which Carter Harrison was «hot. On the right, Mackaye's ill-fated Spec-
tatorium is shown, while on the left the moving sidewalk is seen.
The electrical effect is very beautiful. There are 600 16 c. p. lamps in
operation besides the myriads of miniature specks of flame which light
up the side«-alks. Mr. D. J. Buckley, the electrician, is authority for
the statement that there are one thousand separate 122 volt circuits. The
McMonnies fountain is done in five colors and even the lighthouse has
its revolving lamp ju'-t as do its prototypes on a larger scale. The powt-r
is supplied from the Madison .Square Garden plant.
Everything is built on a scale of one to sixty, and so accurate is the
representation that every night people bring with th<-m opera glasses and
succeed in pointing out the house, or hotel, in which they .stopped while
in Chicago. The creator of this exhibition, Mr. E. J. Auslon, has been
identified for many years with nearly all the principal cycloranias in
America, including "The Battle of Gettysburg," "The Chicago Eire,"
"The Crucifix," etc.
Some Interesting Patents.
The budget of electrical patent.s issued on July 17 contains an unusual
number granted to well-known inventors. The activity in this direction
is gratifying, and brings to mind the early days of electrical develop-
ment.
Prof. Elihu Thomson is represented by a patent for a commutator, in
which ready means are provided for renewing the insulation between the
P'lG. 1. — Rf.new.\ble Commut.\tor.
segments or of correcting the defects in the face of the commutator by
removing a few of its segments without turning down the whole commu-
tator. To this end the commutator is divided into a set of sub-segments
and a set of wearing or surface segments, upon which the brushes bear
and which are insulated from one another. In Fig. 1, A and B show two
forms of commutators, the segments in the second case being secured by
a binding wire. The manner in which the insulation, which may be of
mica or mica paper sheets, is applied is shown in C, the upper half
representing all of the segments with insulating material, while in
the lower half each alternate segment would be directly attached by screws
to the sub-segineiit without insulation underneath.
A system of electric distribution forms the subject of a patent issued to
Prof. p;dwin J. Houston, the application for which was filed November
I'lc. 2. — Continuous Current Tr.\nsformkr.
17, 1HS7. The object of the invention is to enable electric currents of low
IC. M. F. to be readily converted into currents of high E. M. F. , thus
extending the application of those sources of electrical energy which are
limited to the generation of low E. M. Fs. The current from a unipolar
dynamo electric machine, therino electric pile, combustion carbon bat-
tery, or other source capable of generating electric currents of great
quantity but low E. M. F. , is passed through the primary of an induction
coil of any of the well known forms. This current is caused to vary in
intensity or direction by any of the well known methods, such as ate
employed in connection with induction coils, so .as to develop secondary
currents of higher E. M. V. in the secondary coils. .\t the same time
the secondary coils of the induction apparatus are provided with a suit
able eomnuitator acting in unison with the devices providing changes in
the (iirectittn or intensity tif the primary current, so as to commute or
July 28, 1894.
THE KIvECTRICAL WORLD.
85
turn into one and Lhe same direction the high potential alternating currents
developed in the induction apparatus. Referring to Fig. 2, A is an
induction coil and B is an electric source of low E. M. F. ; C is a cora-
uuitator of any construction suitable for varying, interrupting, changing
or reversing the currents from the source B, the source B is placed in a
circuit whose terminals are provided w'th brushes resting on the commu-
tator, as shown, the primary of the induction coil being similarly pro-
vided. In order to commute the alternating current thus formed there
is in the secondary circuit of the induction coil a third set of brushes,
while a fourth set transfers the current to the working circuit. Con-
densers D and F may be used in the primary and secondary circuits so as
to secure greater uniformity in the current.
\ patent granted to John F. Kelly, of the Stanley Laboratory Company,
relates to a method and apparatus for transforming alternating into con-
tinuous currents, and is based upon the fact that if two alternating K. M.
I-'s. in quadrature be made to vary respectively as the sine squares and
the cosine scpiares of the angle traversed, their sum will always l)e con-
.■^tant, and therefore produce a nndirectional constant current.
If the conductor, D, Fig. 3, in the form of a coil, such as the secondary
of a transformer, be divided up into a certain number of sections of
proper lengths and a brush caused to travel at a uniform rate in contact
Figs. 3 .\nd 4.
-Apparatus for Transforming .\i,ternating
INTO Continuous Currents.
with the terminals of such sections, it is evident that the proportionate
part of such conductor included between such brush and a stationary
brush connected with one end ot the conductor will depend upon the
relative lengths of the sections. These sections are proportioned in the
following manner : Suppose that there are Jl/ sections in the conductor,
and that the whole number of turns or length of the conductor, which we
will represent by /,, be taken as corresponding to the sin i tt or ninety
degrees, then the number of turns included in the first section begin-
ning with the largest will be
'.A/
L the number included in the
first two sections, sin .^tt /., in the first three sin
2 A/
2 71/
up to .1/ — 1 sections
m ■
2M
.\ series of insulated contact plates is provided which are designated by
the letters a, b, c, d, e and a', b', c', d', e', and a continuous plate f so
arranged that two brushes, h, k, making one complete revolution in the
time occupied by a complete cycle of the current to be transformed,
may be caused to sweep over them, the disposition of the plates being
such that during one-half of the cycle of movement one brush, as h, will
remain in contact with f, while brush k passes successively over plates
a. b, c, d, e, and during the remaining time the brush k remains in con-
tact with f while brush h passes successively over plates a', b', c', d'. e'.
One terminal of the conductor D is connected with plate f and the
terminals of the several sections are connected in order to plates a, b,
and c. If, therefore, the brush k be caused to traverse in succession the
contacts a, b, c in a quarter period, brush h meanwhile remaining on
plate t, all of the conductor, D, will have been traversed in that time, the
number of turns included in the circuit varying as above described so that
the electromotive force between the brushes h and k will be equal,
at any instant, to E sin- 2 ^ n t. If the brushes be then moved back the
sections of conductor, D, will cut out in reverse order; but this is more
readily accomplished by causing the bru.shes to continue their motion
so that brush k passes oyer plates c, d, e, while brush h remains on plate
f, said plates d and e being connected with the sections of D but in the
opposite order to a and b, so that a forward motion of brush k from c to
e is equivalent to a backward motion from c to a. The two brushes being
carried around together, one in contact with the continuous plate f, pass
from file point A, when they include no section to B, where tliey include
all the sections of conductor D, and hence to .1', where they again in-
clude no section.
At .\' the continuous plate and the sections change places with refer-
ence to the brushes, so that the brushes in traveling onward reverse the
connections of the conductor with respect to the external circuit.
The order of the plates a', b', c' is also reversed again in t'le third
quadrant so that the last section of D cut out in the second quadrant is
the first brought in in the third, and it will be understood that the plates
in the third quadrant are connected in the same order as those in the first,
while those in the fourth quadiant are connected in the same order as
those in the second.
As the pair of brushes are rotated synchronously with the impressed
frequency, they will include between thetn a number of turns substantially
proportioned to the sine of the angle of rotation, and as the electromo-
tive force at the terminals of the conductor D is also varying as the sine
of the same angle, the electromotive force between the brushes will be
substantially proportional to the square of the tine.
A similar conductor, D', Fig. 4, and a commutator such as described,
but with the phase of the electromotive force shifted ninety
degrees, will give an electromotive force substantially proportional to
the square of the cosine, and if we connect the two sets of brushes so as
to superimpose the two electromotive forces their sum will be constant.
This is illustrated in Fig, 4, where V, W, indicate the leads from a source
of two alternating currents in quadrature and R the common return. Y
and P' are the primaries of transformers included in the two circuits
respectively and D, D' the secondaries, connected with the commutators
as above described. A small synchronous motor S for rotating the
brushes is indicated.
A thermostatic alarm is the subject of a patent granted to Charles Cut-
tnss, whose principle of operation is dependent upon the expansion in
a drum of a medium such as a cut, in which provision is made for a slow
escape or influx of the medium. These conditions being secured, any ex-
pansion of the confined air, which increases its volume more rapidly than
the leakage can compensate for, will result in the operation of the device,
without regard to the actual degree of temperature from wliich the rise
took place. In Fig. 5 A represents an ordinary sheet metal drum or case
with deep circumferential corrugations, closed at the top by a metal
plate or head, B, in which is set in an insulating bushing an adjustable
contact screw. Beneath the screw and .solder or fixed to the bottom of
the device is a conducting pin or stud, E. A circuit is made from the
metal case to the insulated screw, and includes a battery, F, and the mag-
net, G, of a relay controlling the circuit of a battery, K, containing an alarm
bell. In the head, B, is inserted a small body of porous material, H, such
as a section of the unglazed earthenware used for batteiy jars, or in any
other way pr<ivide a leak, or retarded passage for a slow escape and innu\
Fig. 5. — Thermo.static .-\i,arm.
of the air or other medium within the device. In practice the leak or
breathing hole, as it may be termed, is adjusted .so that a variation of
temperature of 1° a minute will not produce a separation of the points
of contact. Such a variation, while hardly possible fiom natural causes,
might reasonably be expected to be exceeded by almost any fire that
would be likely to occur in the neighborhood of a thermostat. .\ny
source of artificial heat, therefore, that would cause a rise of temperature
around such a thermostat, at a rate greater than 1° a minute, would pro-
duce an expansion of air within the instrument and sound the alarm by
producing an elongation of the case.
.\n important series, three in number, of patents, to which we will
refer in a following issue, relate to the Johnson-Lundell electric street
railway system, a general description of w'hich appeared in The Electri-
cal World of May 12.
The Lewis Train Electric Ligliting System.
In a paper read at the annual meeting of the Association of Railway
Telegraph Superintendents, in Detroit, last month, Mr. M. B. Leonard,
.Supt. Tel. C. & O. Railway, read an interesting paper on the electric
lighting of railway trains, from which we abstract the following de-
scription of the Lewis system, to which the greater part of the paper
is devoted, and wliieh receives high praise from Mr. Leonard.
This system, of which an account of its application to electric lighting
from windmills appeared in our issue of February 3, 1894, is the inven-
tion of Lieut. I. N. Lew-is, U. S. A., and consists of a dynamo fixed on
the car truck itself and flexibly belted to the car axle, which charges a
storage battery of 12 cells carried under the car and at the .same time,
if necessary, supplies current for lamps in the car. The illustration
shows the details of the connection between the dynamo and the car axle,
and also the arrangement of the varioiis circuits. The Lewis dynamo
86
THE ELECXRICAI. WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
employed is one having a maximum output of 25 volts and 50 amperes.
Rectangular carbon brushes are used, which are fixed in position. The
machine is iron clad, being fitted with a close iron cover protecting the
commutator, fields and the brushes. Graphite bearings are used for the
armature shaft and do away with the use of oil. The frame is bolted to
the bolster or truck beam, and connected by a rawhide licit three inches
wide to a 20-inch pulley on the axle, the armature shaft carrying a TM
inch pulley. The distance between pulley centres being small, the belt
is kept tight on the armature pulley by a pair of spring idlers, consisting
of two flanged pulleys 4\i inches in diameter, over which the belt runs,
revolving in graphite bearings and held together by the spiral spring on
each side with adjustable nuts.
The distinguishing feature of this system is the way the dynamo is
wound, through which it is made self-regulating for all speeds and gives
a nearly constant potential at the b.ittcry terminals without employing
any of the auxiliary regulating devices heretofore necessary in axle-driven
dynamos to obtain this constant R. M. ]•". at varying speeds of the train.
This regulation Lieut. Lewis accomplishes by a reverse winding of the
scries coil, the current passing through this coil going in an opposite
direction to that in the shunt ; the Latter is fed from the storage rjattery,
position the lever would thus be forced to take, it would, by means of the
brushes on 'ts end, reverse the relation between the armature and storage
battery poles, thus sending the current through the battery in the same
direction as before.
The cut-out switch consists of a pivoted electromagnet connected to the
storage battery circuit, facing another electromagnet through which the
armature current flows. When the current in the latter attains a certain
strength, the lever magnet is attracted against the face of a spring, thus
making the charging current, which is broken when the current falls
below the specified amount or is reversed.
The accompanying diagram, which shows the wiring of the car on Mr.
Leonard's road, illustrates the several features above described. The
battery in this case will furnish about eight hours' lighting when the car
is station.iry.
The storage batteries which according to Mr. Leonard have been the
most satisfactory are the chloride accumulators. The batteries are carried
in a box under the car out of the way, which is pierced with holes to allow
the gas evolved in charging to escape. With four or more cars they are
fitted with a special form of switch which opens the charging circuit
automatically whenever the battery is fully charged, thus preventing
DETAILS OF THE SPRINQ IDLEH
Tr.VIN Kl.liCTRIC LlOIlTINC. SVSTKM.
and its circuit automatically opened by a switch on the end of the arma-
ture shaft in order to prevent waste of the battery current when the car is
.standing still. By this means the E. M. F. docs not vary more than a
few volts, notwilhstandMig large variatiims in the speed of the train.
Next to the dynamo the important features of the system are the pole
changer and automatic cut-out. The former insures that the charging
current is always of the same polarity, and the latter cuts out or cuts in
the storage battery when the dynamo voltage falls below, or when it
attains a specified amount, thus preventing the battery from discharging
thiough the dynamo in the former case. Both of these are placed in a
small box with a glass face which may be put up anywhere in the car,
as no attention is required.
The pole chRuger consists of an electromagnet in llie fciin of a ver-
tically pivoted lever, with contact brushes on one end, and through
whose coils the armature current passes. The lever is so arranged as to
be controlled by two other electromagnets receiving their current from the
storage battery. Should the direction of the car be reversed, the reversal
of th-j armature current would follow, the polarity of the lever would be
changed, and it would be repelled from the magnet which fonnerly
attracted it and attracted by the one which before repelled it ; in the new
unnecessary drafts on the locomotive for power. As the apparatus does
not operate until the train has attained a speed of about 20 miles an
hour, no extra work is imposed on the locomotive in starting the train.
The entire apparatus is entirely automatic in its operation, requiring no
expert attention, except a periodical inspection at the terminal points,
and has given excellent satisfaction on the C. & O. Railway as well as on
the car that has been running for some time on the Brooklyn Bridge in
New Vork, where another one is about to be installed. In regard to the
dynamo-axle system employed, the Telegraph Superintendent of the
London, Brighton & South Coast road, where it has been used for
four years, states that there have been but two failures in that time; that
llie apparatus can be used for several weeks at a time without attention
e.^cept lubrication, and at the end of this time only a readjustment of
tile commutator brushes is necessary to put the machine in condition for
a like period. Mr. Leonard believes that there is no reason why the
Lewis dynamo-axle system will not show as good a record as this, if not
better, as no oil is required for lubrication and no adjustment of the car-
bon brushes is necessary.
The following is a synopsis of the cost with the different systems of
train lighting referred to in the paper, in which, however, the average
Jui,Y 28, 1894.
THK KLKCTRICAI. WOKT.n.
87
.cost given per car for the Pintsch does not include the proportional cost
ofgeueratingr and compressing apparatus.
System.
Ayg.
cost
pr. car
16 c. p.
Ayg.
lamp
pr. car.
Total
illlim-
inatioii
pr. car,
candles
Cost
pr. car
day.
Cost
pr. car
hour.in
cents.
Cost pr.
cents.
Com. dvnamo and storage bat-
tery ...■•■-..
Silvev battery (C. & 0. road). .
Storage battery (Pulhiian Co. .
Direct current. (C.,M. & .St. P.)
Lewis— operated from car axle.
$968.00
709.00
650.00
338.00
SOO.OO
400.07
72.00
"9^3
27.
18.
12.
360.
148.8
432.
288.
192.
148 8
148.8
Sl,99
0.944
1.694
0.977
0.479
0.943
0.636
19.90
9.44
16.94
9.70
4.79
9.43
6.36
.88
.82
.70
.54
.39
Oil
Single Post Elevated Railway.
The elevated railway system we illustrate, the invention of ]. P.
Hanlon, Baston, is intended especially for electric traction, though any
motive power can be used. The weight of the car or cars can be sus-
tained equally by the upper and lower rails or three -fourths carried by
one and one-fourth by the other, any of which dispositions will prevent
lateral oscillation or any undue divergence of the cars from their proper
path of travel ; hence by this system, it is claimed, a single post line for
an elevated railway can be employed with the advantages of the least
amount of friction, and safe, smooth and rapid transit.
Kig. 1 represents a side elevation of the superstructure and car placed
between the rails, the lower rail being supported by a series of columns
or posts arranged along the curbing of the sidewalks, or centrally of the
street, as may be preferred, or as circumstances dictate ; and the upper
The length of the car, including platforms, is 50 feet; width of car, 6
feet ; height, 8 feet. The seating capacity of each car is 7U passengers,
and the carrying capacity 110 passengers. The weight, iucluding wheels,
motors and 61) passengers is about 9 tons.
The claims made for the system are as follows r
A perfect natural poise and adjustment of the cars upon the rails, ren-
dering it possible to combine such ease and smoothness with the greatest
rapidity of motion that the impression received by a passenger or spec-
tator is that of a swiftly gliding motion ; the peculiar construction of the
superstructure, which offers the least possible obstruction to light and
air; the mechanical impossibility of the cars leaving the rails, rendering
an accident very improbable arid almost impossible ; the wheels being
but few in number and natural in position, this system can be operated
with one half the power required for any other system ; while all other
systems require a large section of the superstructure to be moved on a turn-
table to allow the cars to cross at right angles this system requires but a
small portion of the upper rail only to be moved ; in switching, all other
systems require that a large section of the superstructure be moved, while
in the Hanlon system switching is done by moving a small portion of the
upper superstructure only, as the lower rail moves without interfering
with the lower part of the superstructure.
This system of elevated railways has, we are inform-d, been critically
examined by competent and impartial engineering and electrical e.\perts,
who have pronounced it entirely free from all the dangerous and other
objectionable features of the systems that have been or are now being
/fr\)
l-'lV.S. 1 AND 2.— The H.ANI.ON ElJCVATiai R.mi.wav.
rail is supported by iron girders surrounding the car and resting on and
supported by said columns or posts. Fig. 2 represents an end view of
the superstructure and car between the rails with guard rails occupying
a position on either side of the car hanger and about midway between
the roof of the car and the upper rail.
In rounding or traversing curves, and to prevent any tendencj' of the
cars from leaving the rails, there are provided guard rails arranged con-
centric with the upper rail line and supported by a series of oval iron
girders. There are also two horizontally revolving anti-friction wheels,
which are so located as to impinge against the guard rails when the car
is traversing curves, and thus counteract any strain that may be brought
on the upper and lower wheels and theii connecting parts. The .system
is not confined to the particular disposition of the guard rails on curves
alone, since they may be introduced continuously along the line, with
equally good resu'.ts. In traversing curves, it w'U be understood that
each wheel of the upper and lower sets is not only journalled separately,
but also capable of motion within a pivoted truck, as is the case in
ordinary railway car trucks ; hence it is obvious that each wheel will
adjust itself to a curve of any radius, however small.
Fig. 1 also illustrates the position of two safety hangers marked S S,
which are attached to the car for the purpose of holding and sustaining
the car on the upper rail in case any or all the wheels should be broken
or displaced.
considered in the Massachusetts legislature in connection with Boston
rapid transit projects. It is the intention of the syndicate having charge
of this system to make application to the Massachusetts legislature for
a charter to construct, equip and operate said system through Bostou and
its adjacent cities and towns.
Direct Connected Multipolar Generators.
The new type of direct conuected multipolar generators for lighting pur-
poses which the General Electric Company has been manufacturing for
some time past with signal success is herewith illustrated. It will be
seen that a very large part of the material used is available for magnetic
purposes. The magnetic circuits are shortened and a greater output with
a higher efSciency can be obtained from a given weight and speed.
Their shape in itself is an advantageous feature as it allows of a great
saving in station space and consequent economy in real estate invest
nient.
The frames and pole pieces are cast from a special soft steel of very
high magnetic permeability, and the construction of the armatures is
such that a constant cuitent of air circulates through the core and wind-
ings and provides the necessar>- ventilation. The armature windings
consist of straight copper bars so connected as to render short circuits or
similar troubles practically impossible. The insulation is built up of
88
XHK KIvKCTRlCAl^ WOKI^L).
Vol.. XXIV. No. 4.
alternate lainiiiatioiis of touKli paper and sheet mica, joining liiKli spark-
re.sisting qualities with (treat mechanical strength and durability. The
Miachines are designed for very small rise in temperature at full load, the
limit on the st.-indard machines being only 40° C. above the surrounding
air after a continuous run of ten hours, while in the dynamos constructed
for the U. S. Government the limit is reduced to 2H° centigrade.
The General IClcctric Company's multipolar generators are divided into
two classes, the "smooth body" and the "iron clad, " the distinction
lying in the construction of the armatures, the field frame remaining the
same, with, of course, the number of poles differing with the capacity
of the generator. The smooth body armature is used for the larger and
the iron clad for the smaller sizes. In the smooth body armature the
bars are separated from each other, and the constant circulation of air
and the large surface area render the armature remarkably cool running.
The bars connecting the inner and outer winding form the commutator,
and as they are an integral part of the winding, the e.vtra resistance from
connecting leads, contact surfaces, etc., an important consideration in
large machines, is eliminated. Each of these armatures has practically two
commutators, one on each side, so that when one has worn down the
armature may be turned around and a new commutator be presented to
the brushes which are all in view of the dynamo attendant from the floor
of the engine room. These machines are spaikless.
The iron clad armature derives its name from the manner in which the
core is slotted. When the conductors are placed in the slots they becnme
or quadruple
engines of the
Corliss type or vertical engines of the marine type, tripli
compound. The smaller sizes may also be connected to
high speed type.
Improved Arc Lamp.
This lamp, shown in the accompanying illustrations, manufactured by
Samuel W. Kushinore, 89 Liberty street, New York, is designed to meet
the requirements of a simple and durable lamp for street lighting on the
constant current or arc dynamos. Its chief claims for improvement ovei
other forms lie in its extreme simplicity and solid construction, together
with a most perfect clulch feed mechanism, that works perfectly even
after very long use.
While the lamp contains a number of new features its most excellent
ones are due to the careful design and the proper adaptation of
devices that yearftof service have shown to be the best. The entire lamp
frame is a .single and very simple casting. The feed clutch is very
simple, and the electrical control of the feed is so powerful that it is not
at all necessary to have the clutch in the best condition for an even feed.
One of the greatest troubles with clutch lamps is the uneven wearing of
the rod, and in this lamp the rod is made of phosphor bronze, insuring
l)IKl'.l.T C<lNNi;CTI';i
practically embedded in the body, and thus the iron of the armature
being brought closer to the pole pieces, the reluctance of the magnetic
circuit IS reduced and the capacity for a given weight increased. The
copper when placed in these slots is not penetrated with magnetic lines,
the total flux passing through the teeth. Large solid copper bars may be
consequently used as conductors without loss from eddy currents, and the
armature winding becomes an ideally simple mechanical structure. The
ventilation, insulation and facility of repair are of similar excellence to
those of the smooth body type. The commutators arc bolted directly to
the body, and a flexible strip connects the sections of the windings with
the commutator bars. On the larger sizes the clamping ring holding
the commutator bars is made in sections. This allows of all the bars to
be held in place with rigidity, and in case of a cross, or burn out of
insulation between the bars, only a comparatively small section of the
commutator need be disturbed to remedy the defect. The brush holders
are all mounted on a spider or rocker arm, and may be all moved simul-
taneously by means of hand wheels. The brushes arc of woven metal
gauze, and upon which form of brush the General Electric Company
holds the fundamental patents.
These multipolar generators are made in sizes ranging from 25 kw. to
800 kw. and for speeds ranging from 300 revolutions in the smallest to
MO revolutions in the largest. They may be run at other speeds, giving
of course a change from the normal voltage. At any speed the voltage
of the generator maj- be raised 50 per cent, and loyvered 10 per cent, from
the normal value which corresponds to this .speed without impairing the
satisfactory operation of the machine.
These machines may be connected directly to horizontal engines of the
a much longer wear. The lamp has a positive cut-out that forms a part
of the feeding mechanism and when the carbons are consumed the lamp
is automatically short-circuited, in addition to the regular cut-out, .so
there is no chance of an open circuit on the line. This lamp is made to
burn fourteen hours on any constant current circuit. It has a hand switch
is entirely waterproof, and is neat in appearance for interior lighting.
New Commutator Lubricating Compound.
The Knott Manufacturing Company. 7")(> Seventh avenue. New York, has
placed upon the market a commutator lubricating compound that is meet-
ing with much success. It is compounded on new principles and is
claimed to avoid the objections urged against similar articles in the past.
It is made up only of vegetable substances and contains no vaseline,
parafliue, beeswax or glycerine. It is easily applicable to all descriptions
of commutators and is claimed to be a great economizer of brushes and
commutators. .\ feature to be considered in the use of such com-
pound is that the brush upon being removed does not require immersion
in benzine or other cleansing material, as the compound volatilizes upon
application and leaves on the commutator a Jiighly polished and carbon-
ized surface.
A Hopeless View of the Case.
"Improvements in primary batteries, while of considerable scientific
interest, are of little or no commercial value." — London "Electrical
Review."
I
July 28, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
89
New Telephone Switchboard.
We illustrate herewith a new switchboard for telephone exchange work
now being manufactured by the Western Telephone Construction Com-
pany, of Chicago. The illustration shows a one-hundred subscriber
exchange, 'which can be equipped either with metallic circuit or single
wire. It is claimed for this board that it is the simplest switchboard yet
circular movement of same all forward and backward speeds may be
instantly obtained. This, together w'ith the back gears, at the rear of
the swinging arm. gives not only a much wider range of speed than can
be obtained by a cone pulley, but a much more finely graduated speed.
The column swings around an internal stump and rests at its lower
flange, A. on balls to insure easy movement. The thrust on the elevating
screw at C and the drill spindle at B is also taken up on ball bearings.
The drill head is moved on (he arm by a hand wheel, rack and spiral
pinion, which is always within reach of the operator. The spindle is
spring balanced, and fed by a rack and pinion in connection with the
quick return, which can be instantly released, a valuable feature for tap-
ping. The feed is obtained by pin gearing and can be changed while
the drill is running.
The Buffalo Grip.
In the accompanying illustration is shown a simple but ingenious
device for linemen, which has been found especially useful in telephone
Telephone Switchboard.
The Buffalo Grip.
produced. Its compactness may be appreciated from the dimensions of
the one-hundred subscriber boaid. which are 10 in. in width. 15 in. in
length and 9 in. in depth, outside measurement, including cabinet. The
operation is very simple. The electromagnetic armature is back of the
jack, and the diop, or shutter, in front. The drop falls by gravity, and
the same movement which inserts the plug into the jack restores the
drop. It is also claimed for this exchange that it requires but one-third
the service for the same number of subscribers as required by the most
approved forms of board now in use. These switchboards are manufac-
tured in all sizes up to one-thousand subscriber capacity.
Motor Driven Radial Drill.
The accompanying illustration is of a new half radial drill, built by the
Lodge & Davis Machine Tool Company, of Cincinnati. O.. and designed
to be driven by a direct connected motor.
The motor is of the iron clad type, entirely covering the armature, pole
line construction. It has been styled the "Buffalo grip." The cut gives
a very clear idea of its construction and its method of operation can
readily be seen. This tool is sold exclusively by the Western Electric
Company, of Chicago and New York.
A New Dry Battery.
Since its introduction the popularity of the dry battery has been con-
stantly on the increase on account of its adaptability to places and pur-
poses for which a liquid cell would be impracticable. The dry cell will
stand much hard usage and still be ready for service when called upon.
In the accompanying cut is shown a cell of the Hiuimer dry battel y,
manufactured by Vitalis Himmer, Sr., 182 Fulton street, New York.
A recent improvement, invented by Vitalis Himmer, Jr., and embodied
in this battery, has made it possible to furnish from a single cell a dis-
THE
DRY '
batjerv
Vitalis HIMMER
'82 FULTON ST.
NEW YORK
Improved Dry Battery.
Motor Driven R.\dial Drill.
pieces and field coils, with commutator and brushes extending outside of
the motor housing. It is free from external magnetism, which is neces-
sary in order to keep small particles of steel and iron from adhering to
the drill. The armature is mounted on a bronze spider, which is attached
to the cone pulley.
The controlling lever is arranged on top of the motor, and by a semi-
charge of from 12 to 20 amperes at 1.5 to 1.8 volts and maintain it for a
considerable length of time. The depolarizing properties of the battery
are exceedingly good, reco\-ering itself very quickly. This battery is
particularly suited for cauterizing and other surgical purposes, as well
as blasting and firing heavy guns, and should come into very general use
for these purposes. In recent tests for the U. S. Navy, a battery of four
cells gave 45 explosions per minute and reached 1.000 explosions before
being exhausted. It is also being used for field telegraph and telephones,
giving excellent service.
thh: ki^kctkicai, \\'oui.i>.
Vol.. XXIV. No. 4.
financial 3ntclliaciK\\
The Electrical Stock Market.
alple
urface lines, the
If the system is
New York. July 21. 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL STOCK MARKET has shown evidences of new life. The
whole finnncial sitnation has been immensely eleared of recent days, and were
it not for the uncertainty in regard to the ultimate fate of the tariff hill, all
business quarters would be sure to feel a new impetus. As it is what trading;
there is in the stock market is purely professional and the course of quotations
reflects more the manipulation of the purely trading element than any specific
development in business conditions.
GENERAL ELECTRICS cour.se is a good indication of the effort to make quo
tations. Very little has been really doing in the stock, yet at times there is an
appearance of strength and activity more apparent than real. There is a big pool
at work trying to boost quotations, but, with trading everywhere restricted and
with outside interest in the market conspicuous only by its absence, it is hard
work to doanything more than to keep quotations .steady. In their endeavor to
put General Electric's price up a few points, the bulls on the property recite
all kinds of favorable stories to warrant the stand they are faking. Efforts were
made this week to revive the reports of a deal to equip the New York Elevated
Railroad system with electric motors, but. as stated last week, while such a
contract would be very pleasing to the General Electric people, the Manhattan
Elevated Railroad Company has determined to await entering on negotiations
to this end until the results of similar equipments on the two Chicago elevated
lines are more fully established. An announcement of more definite value to
General Electric stockholders is that the Metropolitan Traction Company has
decided to experiment with an underground trolley systeui for
patents of which are owned by tlie General Electric Company,
found practicable, the Metropolitan Traction will equip all its new lines in this
city with it.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC i.ssues continue strong without being over
active. There is a renewed disposition to buy the common stock in anticipation
of the beginning of dividends at the time of the next quarterly distribution on
the preferred stock; but the lifelessness characterizing the market prevents any
decided trading. An officer of the Westinghouse Company is quoted as saying:
"Business is keeping up better than was expected. The aompany expects to
occupy its new shops at Brinton. near Pittsburg within the next 60 days."
THE STREET RAILWAY AND ILLUMINATING PROPERTIES demonstrated
again this week the value of the bargain made with the General Electric Com-
pany by cancelling two_more lots of preferred stock out of the proceeds of divi-
dends and interest payments on treasury assets. t)n the 16th there were pur-
chased 506 shares at an average price of SIS.lb per share, as against S98.37S per
share paid for 60S shares on July 11, and on the 20th inst. SOS more shares were
bought at an average price of $09.10, making 13,561 shares purchased to date.
AMERICAN BELL TELEPHONE stock holds very strong; the firmness is re-
marked by interested traders, but no new developments have arisen to lend any
peculiar significance to quotations.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH is one of the strongest of the dividend-pay-
ing group of stocks. The recent rise is said to have been due not only to a con-
tinuance of the investment demand but to the operations of a small pool founded
on the strength of the semi-official assurances that the earnings of the company
were exceeding all expectations. In fact, it is understood that the revised
statement of June will show a considerable increase over the preliminary esti-
mate furnished at the quarterly meeting last month, while the receipts for July,
despite the big railway strike, are said to be nearly equal to those for the corre-
sponding period last year.
PT. WAYNE ELECTRIC stock continues strong on assurances that it will
realize in liquidation nearer $5.00 than $4.00 per share. The Fort Wayne Electric
Co!Upany is running its factory "in liquidation" an^l the new Fort Wayne Elec-
tric corporation is buying and reselling the output. A statement from the
minority .stockholders in defence of their action in wresting the control of the
compaiiy from the (General Electric is promised at an early date.
MEXICAN TELEPHONE stock has been weak a little on reports of aggres-
sive competition in the City of Mexico, but the Boston officials of the company
say that they know of no new concessions having been granted, and, as they
have the exclusive right to use Bell and Blake telephone patents in Mexico, it is
hard to see how any otlier company can occupy the field. The operations of the
company for the three months ended May 31 last show net earnitigs of $13,495,
an increase of $2,396 over. a similar period in 1S93.
ELECTRICAL STOCKS.
Par
Brush III., New York
Cleveland General Electric Co 100
Detroit Electrical Works 10
East River Electric Light Co 10(1
♦ b;dison Electric 111.. New York 100
* " " " Brooklyn 1(H)
" " " Boston 100
" " Chicago ItX)
• " " " Philadelphia 100
Edison Electric Light of Europe 100
Edison Ore Milling 1(X)
Electric Construction & Supply Co,, com 15
'' " pref IS
Fort Wayne Electric liHI
General Electric UX)
Interior Conduit & Ins. Co. , . . ; 100
Mount Morris Electric UX)
Westinghouse Consolidated, com 50
pref SO
BONDS.
Edison Electric 111., New York I.IXIO
Edison Electric Light of Europe I'M
General Electric Co., deb. 5's 1.000
TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE.
American Bell Telephone 100
American District Telegraph 100
American Telegraph & Cable lOO
Central & South American Telegraph 100
Bid. Asked.
'.old & Stock Telegraph . .
' Mexican Telegraph ....
' Western Union Telegraph .
•Ex. div.
New Incorporations.
CITIZENS' TELEI'HONI-; E.XCHANGE COMPANY. Jersey City, N. J., capital
stock $150,000, has been formed.
THE FIRE AND POLICE TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Louisville, Ky., has
been incorporated, capital stock $50,000.
THE MANSFIELD TELEPHONE AND ME-iSAGE COMPAVY. Mansfield. <>..
capital stock $.>0.000, h9s been incorporated.
THE GRAND RAPIDS MACHINE ELECTRIC COMPANY, Grand Rapids,
Mich., capital stock $10,000, has been formed.
. THE DELAWARE VALLEY ELECTRIC RAILWAY COMPANY, Philadel
phia. Pa., capital .stock $1,00(5,000, has been formed.
THE PNEUMATIC FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
Jersey City, N. J., capital slock $250,000. has been formed.
THE MUSICAL TFXEPHONE COMPANY, Saco, Me., capital slock $100,000.
has been formed to manufacture and deal in telephones, etc.
THE DIU'IANCE LJGHT AND RAILWAY COMP.'^NY. Defiance. <)., capital
stock 5100,000. has been formed to supply electricity and gas.
THE MURPHY POWER COMPA.NY, Chicago. III., capital stock $3,000. has
been formed to generate electricity for light, heat and power.
THE CO-OPERATIVE HEAT, LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, Sioux Falls,
S. D,, capital stock $50,000, has been formed to generate gas, etc.
THE NASCENT EXTR.-VCTION METAL CO.MPANY, Denver, Col . capital
stock $100,000, has been formed to extract metals from earth by electricity.
THE DULUTHSUPERIOR TRACTION COMPANY. Elizabeth, N. J , capital
stock $2,0(X),000, has been formed for the purpose of operating street railways.
THE UNITED ELECTRIC CORPORATION, Minneapolis, Minn., capital stock
$10,000, has been incorporated to manufacture electrical apparatus and to oper-
ate lighting, power and railway plants.
THE FARIES MANUF.ACTURING COMPANY. Decatur, III., capital stock
$^0,000, has been formed to manufacture electric light holders, etc, etc. Robl.
Faries, Wm. E. Surface and E. P. Irving are the promoters.
THE ELDRED ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Eldred N. V .
capital stock $10,000, has been formed to manufacture and sell electrical appli-
ances, engines, boilers and machinery. W. C. Ranney, L. B^ Doman and A. E.
Doinan are interested.
THE KEYSER ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Keyser, W. Va.. maximum
capital stock $50,000, has been formed to produce and distribute electricity for
lighting, etc. F. M. Reynolds, J. M. Templetou and Andrew Keenan, all of
Keyser, are the promoters.
THE SEATTLE HOME TELEPHONE COMPANY, Seattle. Wash. .capital stock
$100,000, has been formed to do a telephone, telegraph and general electrical
business. J. H. McGraw, J. D. Lowman, A. B. Stewart. A. M. Brooks and
George F. Guild, all of Seattle, are interested.
THE FIRE ALARM CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, New York, maximum capi-
tal stock $1,000,000, has been formed to construct, acquire and operate systems
of electric and other fire alarms, etc. Leopold Wallach. Henry >!■ Cross and
Maurice Maas, all of New York, are the promoters.
THE CINCINNATI ELECTRIC SERVICf; C0MP.\NY. Cincinnati, O., capital
stock $10,000, has been formed to build and operate electric lines for telephonic
communication and for other electrical service. M. T. Corcoran, Win. Cullcn,
J. F. Dougherty, E. D. Whitehead and P. J. Corcoran are the intxirporalors.
THE OSWEG.ATCHIE LIGHT AND P0W1-:R COMPANY. Gouverncur. N. Y.,
capital stock $60,000, has been incorporated by H. Walter Webb. A. G. Payne.
Wm. J. Arkell. A. L. McCrea, Jr., and A. J. McDonald to furnish electricity and
gas to Gouverneur. Edwards, Fowler and other towns in St. Lawrence CounI\'.
THE UNITED ST.\TES ELECTRIC FORGING COMPANY', New York, max-
imum capital stock $1,000,000. has been organized to l-uy and sell electrical ap-
paratus for heating, forging, welding and otherwi.se treating metals. E. Garcia.
New York, A. C. Garcia, Arlington, N, J., and B. J. Fredericks, New Y'ork. are
the incorporators.
ELIZABFVfH, N. J.— The Uuluth & Superior Traction Company has been in-
corporated. The capital is placed at $2,000,IKX). It will engage in the business
of constructing and operating electrical street railwaj-s in the cities of Duluth,
Minn., and Superior, Wis. The incorporators are Edward V. Douglas, of Phila-
delphia, John H. Davis, of New York, and Frank Bergen, of Elizabeth.
THE GREAT KANAWHA FALLS, W.iTER POWER. ELECTRICAL MANU-
FACTURING AND LAND COMP.'^NY, Charleston, W. Va., maximum capital
stock $2,000,000, has been incorporated to utilize the water power of the Great
Kanawha Falls and River for the production and transmission of electric power,
etc, O. A. Patten, W. W. Tompkins and \V. D. Scott, all of Charleston, are
interested.
Special Corrcf^poiibcnco.
New York Notes.
OiFici-: OF Thk Electrical Wokli>.
2S3 Broadway. New York. July 23. 1804.
II-: nO\Rn of 1-:STIMATK and appropriation, of Brooklyn, has aii-
izcd the issue ol 515,000 tor Ihe erection of new buildings for the fire deparl-
t. jukI for conduits for the fire alarm.
IK NASSAU ELECTRIC COMPANY, of Brooklyn, has begun to cart its ties
rails on Rockaway avenue, and work will be speedily pushed on the new
oad from Canarsie Shore to Brooklyn.
I
July 28, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
91
HIGHWAY COMMrsSIONp:R HORTON has given consent to the Coney Island,
Kort Hainiltoji & Brooklyn Railroad to constrnct and operate a railroad by either
horse or electric power in the varions streets of New Utrecht.
THK COMMERCIAL CABLE COMPANY, JS3 Broadway, announces that its
new and third Atlantic cable is completed and in working order. This is the
tenth year of the company's existence, atid it maintains its reputation for speed,
accuracy and reliability.
MR. ADOLPH LAMBERT, travelling salesman, representing the Infinity
Manufacturing Company, New York city, manufacturers of dry batteries, is
meeting with marked success during his Western trip the past two weeks, having
taken some very large orders.
THE MANHATTAN GENERAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, SO Broadway,
New York, the present agent for New York and vicinity of the Buckeye Elec-
tric Company, has just been appointed the exclusive agent of that company for
Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, in addition to the territory al-
ready covered by them. The Buckeye Electric Company has placed its interests
in good hands.
VITALIS HIMMER, SR., has resigned his position as geneial manager of the
Himmer & Anderson Dry Battery Company and opened a factory of his own at
182 Eulton street. New Y'ork. Having been for the past twenty-six years en-
gaged in the manufacture of electric clocks and the various kinds of batteries,
being the introducer of the Gastner dry battery, he is well qualified to conduct -
the business and produce a battery equal to the best. His son, Vitalte Himmer,
Jr., has recently brought out a valuable improvement in dry batteries described
elsewhere in these colunius.
phone exchange business will absolutely cease and determine in December, nil,
and all they will have to sell will be their plant, and even this the Gove
will be under no obligation to buy.
New England Notes.
Branch Office of The Ei-ECTRiCAt, Woki.d,")
Room 91, Hathaway Building, 620 Atlantic Ave., I
BOSTON, Mass., July 21, 1894. j
THE HARRISON SAFETY BOILER WORKS have established an Eastern
branch office under the management of Mr. Sumner B. Merrick, at No. 19 Pearl
street, Boston, Mass., who will give his personal attention to their interests
throughout the New England States.
GREENFIELD, N. H. -The town of Conway has voted to raise SS.OOO toward
the stock of the electric road from Conway to the depot. The road is primarily
for freight, but passengers will also be carried. Work will be begun at once.
The balance of capital, $20,000, has been raised by private subscription.
LAWRENCE. MASS.— The new extension of the Lowell, Lawrence & Haver-
hill Street Railway to Glen Forest. Methuen, has been opened to the public.
The line was christened by the annual excursion of the Meirimac River Boards
of Trade on July 10. Messr.s.Soule & Dillingham, the contractors, are receiving
much praise for the excellent style of the equipment.
MAYOR MATTHEWS is determined to precipitate action with reference to
burying wires within the corporate limits of the municipality in accordance wiUi
the law enacted by the last Legislature. The nomination of Hon. John R.
Murphy as Commissioner of Wires under the law was made bv the mayor in
order to hasten work, for it is the purpose of the latter to have matters in such
shape that preparatory work will have been finished in season to permit cor-
porations to place their wires beneath street surfaces early this Fall.
Enqlfsh Notes.
(From our own Correspondent.)
London, July 11, 1894.
THE FAURE PATENT. -The owners of the Faure patent in this country are
petitioning the Privy Council for an extension thereof.
A DAVY-FARADAY RESEARCH LABORATORY.— Mr. Ludwig Mond, of the
well-known firm of chemical manufactiirers, Brunner. Mond & Co., has just
made a munificent gift to the Royal Institution. He has purchased the large
house adjacent to the Institution, and proposes to erect therein a laboratory to
be called the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, which he also proposes to
equip and endow in a manner in consonance with the demands of modern
science, for the purpose of enabling research work in "physical chemistry" to
be carried on.
ELECTRIC RAILWAY- ENTERPRISE IN LONDON.— As I wrote to you some
time ago the onerous terms in connection with the running of workmen's trains,
which the London County Council sought to impose upon the promoters of the
proposed electric railway which was to run from the city to Epping Forest,
caused the promoters of the scheme to withdraw it. The withdrawal showed
the London County Council pretty plainly that the promoters were in earnest
when they said capital could not be raised under the conditions proposed, and
the result has been that the County Council reopened negotiations with the pro-
moters of the bill, and a compromise has been arrived at which will result in
the bill going forward during the present session of Parliament.
A PRACTICAL UTILIZATION OF CATHODE RAYS.— The curious rays eman-
ating from the cathode of a discharge tube, which as Dr. Phillip Lenard has
recently shown are both photographically active and magnetically .susceptible,
have not had long to wait before a more or less practical application has been
made of their properties. In a recent communication to the Academic des
Sciences. M. Albert Hess proposed to let a cathode beam fall upon a rapidly
moving photographic film, and to expose the beam en route to the action of a
rapidly varying magnetic field or fields. If this suggestion prove really practi-
cable, it would enable us toobtaiu a sort of inertialess Ewing curve tracer. The
Fiwing curve tracer has hitherto been limited, owing to its inertia, to a freq\iency
of about 20.
THE (loVERNMENT AND THE TELEPHONES.- The public pronounce-
ments and general attitude of the Post-Office towards the National Telephone
Company have all along been of a very ambiguous character, and it is some sat-
isfaction that an importunate member of Parliament at last should have suc-
ceeded in drawing something really definite from the Poslmaster-Ceneral.
There is, 1 believe, some slight doubt as to the terras upon which the Post Office
will be able to purchase the telephonic plant of the National Telephone Com-
pany, when its license expires in 1911, but, according to the Post Office reading
"I the license, the right of the National Telephone' Company to carry on tele-
Hctps of tl^e VOceh
Telegraph and Telephone.
MEMPHIS, TENN.— The Novelty and Electric Company, it is reported, has
assigned.
SALISBURY, N, C— J. Allen Brown and E. B. Neave have .secured a franchise
for constructing a telephone system, and are now in the market for the neces-
sary equipment.
PIKENIXVILLE, PA.— The Police Department has concluded to pnt in a pri-
vate telephone service, but has not yet deciiled upon the system it will use. Com-
munications may be addressed to the superintendent of police.
Council ol Baraboo is considering the ilitro-
cgarding purchase of electric
Building.
Electric Light a nd Power.
ST. GEORGE, N. B.-The peoplJ are agitating for electric lighting.
LONGUEUIL, CAN.— An electric light system is to be established here.
GUTHRIE. OKL.A. — It has been ordered that electric lights be placed in the
new county hall.
BAR.\BOO, WIS.— The Comn
duction of arc lights.
RICHMOND, IND.— Address Win. S. Kaufn
lighting outfit, bells, etc.
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.— Adclre.ss R. P. Daggett St Co., 28 Ma
concerning electric lighting outfit to be bought.
MEMPHIS, TENN. -Johnson, Carrnthers & Rand Co. may be addressed con-
cerning a 20-h. p. electric motor about to be purchased.
SPOKANF;, wash.— William Moore, city clerk, may be written to as to the
cost of furnishing that city with lights for street illumination.
PHILADKLPIIIA, PA. -The Yearsley- Harris Electric Company has changed
its title to the Harris Electric Company, Thomas \"earsley having retired.
HOPKINTON. lA.— Hopkinton has decided to have electric lights, and will
grant an exclusive franchise to maintain an electric light plant there for a term
of 20 years.
FLORENCE. S. C. -Address W. E. Sudlow & Co. regarding electric .supplies
wanted. Prices are desired on transformers 10s. 20s or 30s, or about 200 incan-
descent lights.
READING, PA. -The City Council is considering the advisability of the city
owning its own electric light plant, and has in.structed the city clerk to inquire
as to cost of same.
BOSTON, MASS.— Bo.ston is to have another new theatre on the site of l?ie old
Arena at Ferdinand and Isabella streets. South End. The theatre will have its
own electrical plant.
MASSILLON, O.— Sealed proposals will be received until August 9 for the erec-
tion of a power house for the Massillon State Hospital. Yost & Packard, Massil-
lon, O., are the architects.
GOODLAND. IND. -The Goodland Herald is publishing an advertisement for
sealed proposals for an electric light plant at Goodland of 35 arcs and 1.000 in-
candescent capacity. The bid is to be opened July 25.
PITTSBURG, KAN.— A charter was granted to the Pittsburg & Frontenac
Suburban Electric Railway Company. Capital $75,000. Samuel Barrett and A. L.
Chaplin, of Pittsburg, and Carl J. Simons, of Chetopa.
SPOKANE, WASH.— The Centennial Company's Cereal Factory is being im-
proved. The mill owns 250 h. p., and is only using 140. To make use of the
wasted power a complete electric light plant will be put in.
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.— Architect James Ireland has drawn plans for a
new one-story brick electric light station, 22x57, at Nos. 204 and 206 Elizabeth
street, to be built by the Brush Electrical and Illuminating Company.
WAUSAW, WIS.— At a meeting of the Council the special committee appointed
to ascertain the cost of an electric light plant reported that a plant could be put
in at a cost not to exceed $17,000. No definite action was taken by the Council.
ARCADIA. WIS.— At a meeting of the City Council it was decided to do awav
with kerosene lamps and use electricity exclusively. Arcadia has had an elec-
tric plant for some time, but it has been used only for lighting the business
houses.
B.AY'ONNE, N. J.— The new electric light company, in whose behalf a petition
for a franchise lyas presented to the Council, is composed solely of Bavonnc
stockholders— Messrs. Geo. Carragan, Edward F. White, J, S. Packart and Dr
Samuel Myers.
NORWALK, CONN.— The Norwalk and South Norwalk Electric Light Company
has had a receiver appointed in the person of L. C. Whitney on a petition brought
by the first mortgage holders. Mr. Whitney is superintendent of the New Britain
Electric Light Company and has filed bonds for $20,000.
MANITOU SPRINGS. COL.-C. W. Barker, of the Barker House, is interested
in the project of establishing a $600,000 sanitarium to be lighted from the com-
pany's own electric plant. Electricity will be used in every way as far as possi-
ble, p. Baer, of Philadelphia, is also interested.
FREDONIA. N. Y.— Robert S. Bishop, president of .\merican District Steam
Company— Holly undergouud system— is here looking over the plans of the
Electric Heat and Power Company, which proposes to put in the Holly heating
system in Fredonia. as well as an incandescent light plant.
WASHINGTON, D. C.-The syndicate of local and foreign capitalists, which
recently bought the major part of tht- "low grounds," and all of High Island,
intend to invest about $750,000 in the plant of the scheme and manufacture
enough electricity to supply the entire city with light and power.
TORONTO, ONT.- It was decided to call for tenders for lighting the citv on
the same conditions as at present, the tenders to be in by .\ugust I. ' When the-^e
92
THE EI^ECTTRICAL WORI^D.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
ttiiflers are in the cominitlee will consider whether the figures offered are such
as to make it advisable to have the lighting done by a private company.
TOMAHAWK. WIS.— Mr. nr.-idley will soon commence the erection of a build-
ing at the rear of Library Hall to be used as a power house to furnish electric
light and steam heat for the Mitchell House, the Irvington Stables, Library Hall
and the Tomahawk office. Address W. H, Bradley, president Tomahawk Hotel
Company.
SKATTLK, WASH.— A resolution was passed relative to the city lighting, di-
recting the city engineer and city electrician to submit to the City Council on or
before July IS a plan for the lighting of the streets. At present there are many
duplicate arc and incandescent lights, and the present contract with the com-
pany expires October 1.
ONTARIO, CANADA.— Address City Engineer K. H. Keating concerning a
proposed municipal vlectric liglrting system requiring a plant for l,.'iOO lights
of 2,0(MI candle-power each, to cost $310,000 and to be operated at an expense of
$106,000. the lamps burning all of every night, or equivalent to $82 per year per
lamp, against $109 now paid to private parties.
SPOKANK. WASH.— Sealed proposals will be received until August 8 for fur-
nishing the city of Spokane with light for its streets and public places. Bidders
will be required to .state the price per lamp per month, and candle power. All
lights must be furnished on what is known as the all-night schedule on each
and every nis^ht of the year. William Morse is city clerk.
ACKLEY.LA.— H.D.Bruening.who has managed the Eldora Electric Light plant
since the start, has severed his connection with the company, and will unite
with his brother. D. S. Bruening. of Ackley. and start an electric light plant at
that jjlace. The machine shops of S. D. Bruening will be fitted with dynamos.
etc.. and a three-wire Edison system will be put in in a short titne,
NEWARK. N. J.— Sealed proposals will be received until July 31 for plumbing,
gas fitting, piping and electric wire conduits for the United States Custom House
and Postoffice Building at Newark, N. J., in accordance with drawings and
specifications. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check in a sum not
less than two per cent, of the amount of same. Address Jeremiah O'Rourke,
Supervising Architect.
The Electric Railway.
WILLIAMSBURG, VA.— Address the Mayor regarding the proposition to con-
struct an electric railway.
CHATTANOOGA, TfiNN.— The Chattanooga Electric Railway is placed on
record as having appointed a receiver.
COLUMBUS, GA.— The North Highlands Railroad Company has been granted
a franchise for operating an electric railway.
SAUNDERSVILLE. GA.— J. N. Gimore may be addressed as to the proposed
electric railway from Saundersville to Tennile.
WESTMINSTER. MD.— The Baltimore Traction Company will extend its line
from Baltimore to Westminster and to Washington.
HAZEL HILL, N. S.— A project is on foot to run an electric railway from
Hazel Hill to Canso, N. S.. a distance of three miles.
PORTLAND, IND.— A franchise has been granted for an electric railway be-
tween Red Key and Dunkirk, and for lighting both with electricity.
WILLIAMSBURGH. VA.— The formation of a stock company to build an
electric railway to King's Mill Wharf is in contemplation.
RUTHERFORD, N. C— Address Jonah White concerning a proposed electric
railway to be built from Rutherfordton to Chimney Rock, a distance of 17 miles.
TURTLE CREEK, PA.— The Turtle Creek Valley Electric Railway Company
proposes to extend its line through Braddock, Turtle Creek, Wilmerding, and
out to Irwin.
SYRACUSE. N. Y.— The Syracuse, Eastwood Heights & DeWitt Railroad Com-
pany will complete the railroad which is partially constructed between this city
and East Syracuse.
SAGINAW. MICH.— An ordinance giving the River Park Railway the right of
way to construct and operate an electric street railway on certain streets was
passed with objection.
CANANDAIGUA, N. Y.— M. Dwight Munger, of the Canandaigua Electric
Light and Railway Company, has contracted to furnish electric lights for the
village of Palmyra, N. Y., for ten years.
BALTIMORE, MD.— Address Thos. S.Hodgson, 6 East Lexington street, presi-
dent Somerset Electric Light and Railway Company, concerning 2}^ miles of
electric railway, which is to be constructed.
CLEVELAND, O. — An ordinance has been passed granting the Cleveland
Electric Railway right to extend and operate its double-track street railway in
Quincy street from New street to Wilson avenue.
HOMER. N. Y.— A franchise having been granted to the Cortland & Homer
Traction Company to run its cars through this village by electricity, the
work of changing will begin as soon as possible.
KNOXVILLE, PA. — Kiioxville Borough Council met and discussed the question
of constructing a new electric line from that place to Mt. Lebanon and Castle
Shannon. A special meeting will be held Wednesday next to act on the scheme.
BOSTON. MASS. — Four pieces of land on Eagle street, near Eagle Square, in
East Boston, comprising in all 300.000 square feet of land, have been secured by
the West End Street Railway Company for the site of the new power house for
the electric railway system in East Boston.
MONTCLAIR. N. J.— Applications for franchises for electric street railways in
Moutclair over three designated courses were received Irom the North Jersey
Street Railway Company and referred to a .special committee, composed of
Messrs. Thompson, Sawyer. Simms and English.
TORONTO, CANADA.— Messrs. Eraser, Morton and H. H. Dewart, solicitors,
appeared before the York Township Council asking for the privilege of extend-
ing the City & Suburban Electric Railway from its present terminus at Toronto
Junction along the Weston road south to the village of Weston.
LAUREL. MD.— .\t a meeting of the City Council this week a franchise was
granted to Messrs. Phelps & Shaffer to build and operate a street railway, with
either electric or horse power. The road is to be completed in two years. Tlie
probability is that the road will be operated by electricity, generated by water
power.
DIXON. ILL.— The City Council has adopted an ordinance granting a fran-
chise to the electric railway company for the laying a-nd operating of a street
car line through the city of Dixon. The sy. stem is to bea part of the Rock River
Electric Railway from Rockford to this city, the light of way for which has
already been secured.
READIN(i, PA.— The Reading & Temple Electric Railroad Company hasasked
permission to extend its line, beginning at Front and Robeson streets, east on
Robeson to Centre avenue, to Bern street, connecting at that point with the
tracks of the Reading Passenger Railway Company on Centre avenue, and re-
turning by the same'route.
DOWNINGTOWN. PA.— A few days ago a group of Downinglown's roost in-
fluential citizens were talking about the borough needing an electric railway.
One of them said that he considered it would be a good investment for private
capital to build an L road between this borough and West Chester, and he
thought the road conld be built for about ?W.000 or $50,000.
M'KEESPORT, PA.— Attorney J. A. Henderson, Homer H. Sweeney, Jas. and
Dr. Suckstager, all of McKeesport. have made ajiplication for a charter, grant-
ing them right of way over Youghiogheny River at foot of Fifth street, and also
for the purpose of bridging the river and constructing an electric railway three
miles long, costing $600,000. to connect Glassport with this place.
ALLEGHENY. PA.— Work on the survey for an electric railway, which will
connect Pittsburg with Tarentum. Natrona. Springdale. Freeport and all the
numerous intervening towns on the north side of the Allegheny River, was re-
cently comp4eted. The -same company of Allegheny capitalists which* owns a
charter covering a proposed line to Butler by way of Etna and Glenshaw. is
said to be interested in the Tarentum and Freeport line.
WASHINGTON, D. C — In the House Mr. Baker introduced a bill authorizing
the Rock Creek Railway to extend a single track from V Street down Seven-
teenth, to P, to Fifteenth Street, and from Florida Avenue down Eighteenth
Street to R. to Fifteenth Street, to I, to Thirteenth, to B. ta Seventh; also on
U Street through Mt. Pleasant on or near Seventeenth Street, to Rock Creek and
Zoological Park. Cable or electric power may be used.
DIXON, ILL.— The City Council has granted a franchise to the electric rail-
way company for the laying and operating of a street car line through the city
of Dixon. The system is to be a part of the Rock River Electric Railway from
Rockford to this city. The right of way has already been secured. The fran-
chise gives the company the right to use the wagon bridge over the Rock River.
YONKERS, N. Y.— The North and South Railway Company has been incor-
porated to construct a street surface road about five miles in length, in Yonkers.
to run from the vicinity of Shonnard Place to the southern boundary of the city
of Y'onkers on South Broadway. The capital is $50,000, and the directors are
William Delavan Baldwin, S. T. Hubbard. John C. Shotts and T. H. Silkman,
of Yonkers, and others.
TRENTON, N. J.— The New York & Philadelphia Traction Company has been
incorporated. The capitalization is $10,0(X1.000. The incorporators are: Ex-Mayor
Frank McGowan and James P. Durrah. of Trenton, and Jos. H. Reall, of Bloom-
field. Associated with them are D. K. Bayne. of New York, and others. The
company proposes to construct ISO miles of track ia the State of New Jersey,
and to connect New York with Philadelphia by a trolley road. The route will
be through Newark, and thence by the most direct route to Trenton. Spurs will
be built to connect the main line with Paterson, New Brunswick. Rahway.
Elizabeth and other cities. The city has the right of way by two routes from
this city to Philadelphia. One is down the east bank of the Delaware to Cam-
den. The other is on the opposite bank.
« Personal Notes.
MR. HENRY B. OAKMAN, as his many friends will he pleased to le;
ccepted the general Eastern agency of the Wenstrom Electric Conipaii
Oakman is one of the youngest
Mr
the electrical field, having been born in
1S70 in Brooklyn. He received his early
education in the common schools of that
city, and at the age of 16 entered the elec-
trical field by going with the Electric
Supply Company, 17 Dey street. New-
York, as office boy. His energ>' and
ability soon pushed him to the front and
he rapidly rose to the position of salesman
and afterwards of buyer. Before he was
hS he accepted a position with the Long
Distance Telephone Company as special
agent and remained with that company
for one year. He then organized the Em-
piie Safety Manufacturing Company, oc-
cupying the position of treasurer, a place
which he held for about two years. In
January, 1801. he accepted an offer from
the Edison General Electric Company as
H. B. OAKM.^N. city salesman. b\tt in course of a few
weeks was promoted to the position of State agent for Connecticut, with offices
at New Haven. He remained here but a few months when he was sent to
Buffalo by the Edison Company to select a site tor a store and show rooms. Soon
afterwards he was appointed general Western agent of the Edison Company for
the State of New York. This place he filled most satisfactorily to the company,
but on the con.solidation of the Edi.son and Thomson-Houston companies he re-
signed, and believing in the future of the Wenstrom apparatus he accepted a
position with the Wenstrom iClectric Company. The result was that he has been
appointed its general Eastern agent. He also found it advisable to incorporate
a company to handle the specialties in which he has become interested, and
accordingly the Oakman Electric Company has been incorporated with Mr.
oakman as treasurer.
Miscellaneous Notes.
CHESTER, TA,— (".round has been broken on the left of Science Hall at
Swarthmore College for a new building, to be devoted to apparatus and lecture
rooms for an electrical department.
July 28, 1894.
THE EIvECTRICAL WORI^D.
93
THK S. K. TARIKF ASSOCIATION has. on the rccoiiiiiiemlatiou of its elec-
trician. Mr. A. M. Schoen, decided to adopt the rules of the Underwriters' In-
ternational Electric Association for the installation of electric apparatus. This
shouUI be gratifying news to the Southern electric workers,
AN KXPLANATION.— In this column of our issue of June 30 we printed a
humorous account, clipped from a local paper, of the alleged result of connect-
ing a trolley wire with a wire fence to keep out trespassing animals. We are
informed that the article does an injustice to a very worthy man and we regret
that it found a place in our columns.
MR. ALLEN RIPLEY FOOTE read a paper before the Northwestern Elec-
trical Association at St. Paul on July 18. entitled "A Question of Public Policy;
Shall Public Services be Rendered by Political or Private Monopolies." The
argument is an examination of the article in the platform of the Knights of
Labor calling for the Government control and operation of all means of trans-
porting intelligence, passengers and freight. The general principle is laid down
that non-competitive businesses should be owned and managed by private mo-
nopolies under properly guarded franchises and contracts, and a lengthy discus-
sion defines the character of these limitations.
feel (
iiiident at all tii
i that
ch specialty is the best of its
Crabc aiib 3nbustrtal Hotc5.
T. W. NESS & CO., electrical supply dealers, Montreal, Can., have failed with
liabilities of $40,000.
THE BALL ENGINE COMPANY, Erie, Pa., reports that its shop is rapidly
filling up with work, and that it has received some very large orders during
the past few days.
THE SOUTHERN ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY. At-
lanta, Ga.. of which E. W. Dutton is manager, has closed a contract with the
Atlanta Cotton Mills for a complete light plant of 400 lights.
THE OHIO VALLEY ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, 84 Johnston
Building, Cincinnati, O.. has been employed to build a fire and police alarm
system for the city of Clifton, one of Cincinnati's most beautiful suburbs.
SCRANTON, PA.— The Scranton Electric Construction Company has applied
for a charter for the purpose of manufacturing and furnishing electric plants.
Those who are interested are E. P. Sturges, F. E. Piatt, O. 3. Johnson and
others.
THE HARRISON SAFETY BOILER COMPANY. Philadelphia, is building one
8-inch and four 12-inch Cochrane high pressure horizontal separators for use on
the steam mains of the Philadelphia Electric Traction Company's Delaware
avenue power house.
THE ELECTRIC APPLIANCE COMPANY. 242 Madison street. Chicago, 111.,
has found a new field for its Packard-Mogul lamp in the special illumination of
parks by street railway companies, as an attraction to increase their passenger
traffic. The Mogul lamp is claimed to be particularly adapted for this class of
work.
THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY in April. 1891, installed four 100
kw. multipolar direct-driven dynamos in its Schenectady shops. These have
served as examples of the economy and ease of operation of this class of gener-
ator, and since then the company has sold nearly 30,000 kw., or about 40,000 h.
p., of these machines.
BRADLEY & COMBS, 7 Stone street, Rochester. N. Y., have issued a descrip-
tive pamphlet and price list of their universal telephone switch hook. This
hook does not. it is claimed, infringe any Bell Telephone patent, and is compact,
neat, universal in application and compulsory in operation, and is well made
both electrically and mechanically.
MR. L. W. COLLINS will hereafter be associated in business with Mr. C. E.
Lee. 65 Lees Building, 147-153 Fifth Avenue, Chicago, dealer in electrical special-
ties. Mr. Collins is too well and favorably known to need an introduction here.
The new firm will continue with the class of goods which Mr. Lee has hitherto
handled, adding occasionally other specialties of merit, according to the
demands of the trade, but it is not the intention to carry so large a line but that
class.
ARMATURE WINDING.— We take pleasure in publishing the following ex-
tract from a contribution received from Mr. S. W. Rushmore, 126 Liberty street.
New York, in reply to an iten: which appeared in these columns last week in
regard to his sy.stem of armature winding. Mr. Rushmore says- "My winding,
although resembling the method described^by this party, is radically different,
and the method described by them cannot be applied to the Edison armatures
with success, and that method can be used only on plating dynamos of a few
volts potential."
THE METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, of Chicago, had an interest-
ing experience in the great strike. They had on hand an order for a lot of rail-
way material that was particularly wanted for the4th of July, in order to enable
the railroad manager to fulfill his contract to run a special excursion. The first
blow of the strike was especially effective, and practically stopped the movement
of all freight trains. The Metropolitan Company, by working hard, succeeded in
loading the material on a special car and sending it out by express all right. It
reached its destination on time, and the excursion was run as though there were
no strike whatever.
THE POPPOWITSCH ELECTRIC COMPANY has purchased a tract of land in
New Haven and is proceeding to build thereon a factory which will accommo-
date 500 to 600 workmen. The company is, meanwhile, manufacturing on a
small scale at 215 Java street. Brooklyn. The new factory will be devoted to the
manufacture of a number of new inventions.among which may be mentioned the
"depotarite'' batteries, which are made for bell and other open circuit work,
and also for electroplating, electric lighting and motor work on a small scale.
George Zucker's Sons. 108 Fulton street, New York, are sole agents for all the
manufactures of the company relating to electroplating and galvanoplasty.
THE HARRISON INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION COM-
PANY, on account of the large deriiand for the Harrison telephone, has decided
to move its general offices to the Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago,
where, in future, all communications relating to the establishment and construc-
tion of exchanges or lease of telephones should be addressed. The general office
of the parent, or Harrison International Telephone Company, will remain as
heretofore, at 44 and 46 Wall street. New York. On the 1st of August the Harri-
son International Telephone Construction Company will place on the market
the Ford automatic switchboard, which is a device by which connection can be
automatically made, and the central office and operator dispensed with.
SAMUEL W. RUSHMORE. 126 Liberty Street. New York, reports that his fac-
tory in Jersey City is completely filled with orders for arc lamps, search lamps,
commutators and heavy dynamo repairs. He has just closed a contract to rebuild
the dynamos of the North -Attleboro Steam and Electric Company, of Pawtucket.
R.I., whose station was burned last February, and has also arranged to rebuild
the large and small machines that were but partly damaged in the fire of the
Electric Power Company at St. George, Staten Island. He has orders on hand
for twelve search lamps and Mangin mirror lamps, six for the Southern Pacific
Steamship Company, and for a number of prominent yachtsmen. Some of the
lamps are made specially for running on 500 volt circuits, and a number have
been sold this season to railroads for exhibitions. Mr. Rushmore is now putting
in some special machinery and will take on a dozen more men. He also reports
having great success with the new spiral armature winding.
Business Hottces,
BATTERY CUT OUT CHEAP.— Sensitive, reliable, never requires attention.
Gas lighting much improved by its use. Electric Supply Company, of 105 South
Warren street, Syracuse, N. Y.
OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT CELLS.— The Hayden carbon porous cup No. 1;
the Hayden carbon porous cup No. 2 cell ; a Leclauche clay porous cup cell ; a
standard Fuller cell; a No. 2 Fuller cell; a single cylinder carbon cell; a double
cylinder carbon cell. All reliable and efficient, and at prices lower than ever.
THE HAYDEN-BOOKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 2140 DeKalb street,
St. Louis, Mo.
3Uustratcb Jlecorb of (flectrtcal Patents.
U. S. PATENTS ISSUED JULY 17, 18<H.
522,964. MANUFACTURE OF INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS; H. D.
Burnett, Lynn, and S. E. Doane, Swampscott. Mass. Application filed
December 3, 1892. A fork for the manufacture of incandescent electric
lamps, provided with a screw threaded tang, and handle 61 non-conducting
material having a screw threaded socket to engage with this tang.
522,983. GALVANIC BATTERY; G. Hewitt, New York. Application filed Sep-
tember 19, 1S93. In a gravity battery, a carbon battery, a carbon porous cup
containing bichromate of potash crystals in combination with a solution of
bisulphate of soda outside the carbon porous cup.
522.986. SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION AND GENERATION; E. J.
Houston, Philadelphia, Pa. Application filed November 17, 1887. The com-
bination with a source of currents of low electromotive force of an induction
coil having a low tension primary and high tension secondary, the commu-
tator in the primary, the. commutator in the .secondary timed to change its
connection in unison with the changes in the primary, the condenser across
the terminals of the commutator, and the condenser across the terminals of
the primary,
522.999. ELECTRICAL CONNECTION CORD; A. H. McCulloch, Boston. Mass.
Application filed February 6, 1894. A flexible conductor consisting of a
flexible non-conducting tube and a fluid conductor such as mercury, filling the
same from end to end.
523.019. COMMUTATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES; E.Thomson,
Swampscott. Mass. Application filed February 10, 1894. In a commutator a
series of sub-segments surrounded by a band whereby the sub-segments are
held in place, in combination with an outer set of wearing segments secured
to the sub-segment?.
523.027. ARMATURE BaIr AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME; G. "Weber
and C. W. Marcley. Rotterdam, N. Y. Application filed Deceriiber 22, 1893.
An armature bar wrapped with mica paper having a smooth finished
surface,
J,055. PROCESS OF MAKING BATTERY PLATES: William L. Silvey. Day-
ton. O. Application filed September 9. 1892. The process of making second-
ary batterj' plates which consists in submerging a perfoiated cathode and
a lead anode in combined alkali and acetic acid solution, connecting the
cathode and the anode with a source of electrical supply and thereby deposit-
ing the metal of the latter in the perforations of the former, then removing
the plates from the solution, next subjecting them to pressure to compact
the spongy deposited metal, and finally washing them in water. (See illus-
tration).
J,074. ELECTRIC SWITCH; Jesse F. Kester, Buffalo. N. Y. Application filed
November 28, 1893. The combination with the contact block and the switch.
lever, of a face plate secured to the face of the contact block and consisting
of a non-sparking composition, and a contact plate secured to the lever and
adapted to pass from the block to the face plate upon opening the switch.
J.1D4. ELECTRIC RAILWAY SUPPLY SYSTEM: W. A. Butler. New York.
Application filed March 16, 1894. In an electrical railway system, a series of
contact devices arranged above the roadway at intervals and connected by a
guide in combination with an elongated conductor carried by the car and
having one or more grooved wheels running upon this guide.
5,119. QUADRUPLEX NEUTRAL RELAY; Charles D. Haskins, Brooklyn. N.
Y. .application filed April 3. 1893. The combination with an electromagnet
provided with a stationary core, of a pivotally mounted armature adapted to
be affected by the electromagnet and ser\-ing as the core of a stationary
helix of the electromagnet, the helices being equivalent as to magnetic in-
ductive influence upon their respective cores, these cores being equivalent
as to magnetic susceptibility : whereby reversal of the current flowing in the
helices causes the magnetization of the cores to fall, change sign and rise
in unison.
94
XHK ELECTRICAI^ WORIvD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 4.
523.120. KI.ECTRIC SIONALINC. ArPARATlS; W. W. Hibbard, Rochester. N.
Y. Applicatijii filed August 12. 1893. The combiualiou of a main circuit
pf-ovided with signal boxes, a side circuit, a magnet for controlling the side
circuit, a diflfcrentiating apparatus with which both circuits are electrically
contiected. a circuit breaker driven by suitable mechanism and restrained by
an electric stop, a magnet for releasing the stop, electrodes attached to the
differentiating apparatus in line with the circuit breaker, and a magnet for
operating a register at the central station.
523.121. IJLECTRIC SIGNAI.INC. APPARATUS: W. W. Hibbard. Rochester,
N. Y. Application filed August 12, 1893. The combination of a main circuit
X7_
,«*— '^J^-
No. 523,055.— Process oi- Making Battkky Pirates.
composed of two wires provided with signal boxes, a difTerentiating
apparatus having electrical connections with the main circuit, a signal box
attached to the main circuit, and a lateral circuit extending therefrom pro-
vided with thermostats or manuals.
523.122. DIFFERENTIATING APPARATUS FOR ELECTRIC SIGNAL SYS-
TEMh; W. W. Hibbard, Rochester, N. Y. Application filed August 12. 1893.
The combination with a main circuit of a differentiating apparatus, two
insulated electrodes with which the terminals of the main circuit connect, a
circuit breaker provided with contact points which rest in line with the
electrodes, and means for giving motion to the circuit breaker, the whole
so arranged as to close the circuit through the main line by the engagement
of the contact point with the electrodes and to open it by their disengagement.
523,1^3. ELECTRIC SIGNAL BOX; W. W. Hibbard. Rochester, N. Y. Applica-
tion filed August 12. 1893. The combination with a main circuit composed of
two wires, of a signal box attached thereto, a tripping device connected with
one wire, and suitable electrical connections, the whole capable, when in
action, of opening the wire, transmitting a signal over the other wire and
of closing the first wire again after transmitting the signal.
523.124. ELECTRICAL SIGNAL BOX; W. W. Hibbard, Rochester. N. \'. Appli-
cation filed August 12. 1893. The combination with a movable arm. resting
over the face of the box, two manual stops, one in advance of the other, for
restraining the movable arm, and an electrical stop succeeding the manual
stops for restraining the arm, the electrical stop being controlled by an elec-
tromagnet.
523.132. MAtiNETO CALL BOX; C. E. Scribner, Chicago. 111. Application
filed November 6, 1891. The combination with a calling generator, of a mov-
able contact piece and a movable block, a fixed contact anvil and a fixed
block mechanism in connection with the driving gear of the generator,
allowing the movable block to bear against the fixed block and to close the
movable contact piece upon the fixed contact piece when the generator is
idle, and circuit connections joining the fixed block to a telephone line, the
movable block and the movable contact piece to one end of the armature coil,
the fixed contact anvil to the other end of the armature coil and to earth.
523,140. ELECTRIC MOTOR; J. K. Denison. New Haven, Conn. Application
filed April 6. IS'M. A barrel shaped armature core having a face curved in
longitudinal section with alternate long and short ribs thereon, in the grooves
between which are to be wound the armature coils.
523,144. ELECTRIC ARC LAMP: W. E. Frost. Lewiston, Me. Application filed
July 31, 1893. The combination with top and bottom frame plates and posts
connecting the same, of insulated collars surrounding the posts, and two part
compound binding posts clamped together about the collars. ■
523,146. CONDUIT FILECTRIC RAILWAY; C. U. Jenuey. Indianapolis. Ind.
Application filed March 5, 1S94. The combination in a conduit railway
system of a conductor bar mounted to permit a vertical movement, frame
work carrying the conductor bar and capable of a lateral movement, and
springs attached to the bar and to the frame and operating lo support or
carry a portion of the weight of the bar.
523.160. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR: G. H. Ulakesley. Briston. Coiiii. (Vppli-
cation filed .\pril 7, 1893. A flexible conductor consisting of a body of flat
tape into the edges of which are incorporated previously insulated wires or
cables for transmitting electricity.
523.161. MEANS FOR VENTILATING ARMATURES: T. C. Coykendall. Ron-
dont, N. Y. Application filed October 17, 1893. The combination with a
dynamo-electric machine or motor, of a pulley having arms and fan blades
mounted on the inner face of the rim between the arms thereof.
523.164. SUPPLY SYSTFIM FOR ELFXTRIC RAILWAYS; K. H. Johnson. New
York, and Robert I.uudell. Brooklyn. N, Y. .\pplication filed December 19.
ia*)3. A conducting contact brush secured by a pair f>f links or amis to a
rigid support beneath the b..dy of a c;.r or veliicU-, the arms being located
in the same vertical plane and having parallel luovL-iueut therein.
523.165. SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS; E. H. Johnson. New
York, and Robert Lundell. Brooklyn. N. Y. Application filed January 16.
1894. A sliding contact brush detachably secured to a brush support having
pivoted connection through a cross bar or standard with the body of a car oi
vehicle, in combination with a spring connectilig the brush support and its
sustaining standard whereby the brush is given positive downward pressure
against the trolley conductor as the car advances.
523.166. SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS; E- H. Johnson. New
York, and Robert Lundell. Brcoklyn, N. Y. Application filed February 10.
1894. An electric railway provided with an insulating conduit and a series of
branch or suh-feeder insulating conduits, the feeder conduit being embedded
in the roadway and the sub-feeder conduits having their exterior ends
secured in an insulating stringer or support which sustains a series of sec-
tional trolley conductors.
523.172. ELFXTRIC RAILWAY CROSSING INSULATOR; H. B. Nichols and F.
II. Lincoln, Philadelphia, Pa. Application filed May 9, 1894. Thiscomprises
an arm of insulating material with a slotted and recessed body and having
channeled metal wings with projections and detachable clamps, a seat of
insulating material engaging the reces.ses portion of the arm, channelled
metal arms formed with a slotted or recessed casting provided with forked
ends engaging the arm and having cun,'ed projections on both sides thereof,
and detachable clamps connected with the metal arms.
523.204. INCANDESCENT LAMP:W. E. Forest. New York. Application filed
August 1. 1893. The combination of a globe provided with a conical neck, a
perforated stopper fitted to the narrower portion of the conical neck, a per-
forated stopper fitted to the wider portion of the conical neck, a glass tube
provided with leading wires inserted in the stoppers, and a body of
plastic cement surrounding the glass tube and filling the space between the
glass tube, the inner wall of the conical neck and the adjacent surfaces of
the conical neck.
523,247. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE: E. Tilmann. New York. Appli-
cation filed November 22, 1893. An armature for magneto machines com-
posed of a diametrical core, coils wound on the core, an insulating partition
separating the coils and core plates extending over the coils.
523.264. MATERIAL FOR MAKING ELECTRIC LIGHT FILAMENTS; G. A"
Cannot, London. England. Application filed December 12, 1893. This con-
sists of a thin yarn of peat fibre carbonized and treated in the ordinary way.
523.271. CONDUIT ELECTRIC RAILWAY: J. W. FCisenhuth, San Francisco, Cal.
Application filed March 12. 1894. The combination of supporting chairs, an
insulated conduit mounted thereon, an insulating partition dividing the
conduit, conducting the wires mounted on each side of the partition in the
conduit but in.sulated therefrom, and a trolley adapted lo engage the conduct-
ing wires.
523,276. TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER; T. Grissinger. Mechanicsburg. Pa.
Application filed May 24. 1894. In a telephone transmitter the combination
with a diaphragm and fixed electrodes laterally connected with conducting
wires, of a granulated variable resistance medium confined in contact with
the electrodes and a plunger connected with the diaphragm and arranged to
exert a varying pressure on the granulated material. (See illustration.)
523,278. ELECTRIC RAIL BOND; J. G. Hallas. Waterbur>-. Conn. Applica-
tion filed May 1, 1894. A bond tor rails of electric roads consisting of a body
of uniform size having one or more coils formed from the metal of the bond,
the ends adapted to be passed through adjoining rails, angular shoulders
formed by bending the metal at a right angle, and which are adapted to set
up against the under sides of the rails and the ends of the bonds to be headed
down on the upper sides.
523.284. BONDING JOINT FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS; A. L. Johnston. Rich-
mond, Va. Application filed May 5. 1894. The combination of a rail per-
No. 523,276.— Telephone Transmitter.
foratcd to receive a bonding connection, a bonding wire, with a nut adapted
to the hole in the rail, the nut having a flange adapted to bear against the
surface of the rail.
i.305. INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMP; J. E. Criggal. Springfield. Mass.
Application filed June 11, 1894. A tube of glass having the leading in wire
which is extended longitudinally through it. a vitrified substance in the lower
portion of the tube, a body of rubber cement next above and a body of plaster
closing the month at the top of the tube.
5.306. ELECTRIC RAILWAY; H. A.. Doty, Janesville. Wis. Application filed
March 27, 1894. A conductor for electric ralways. comprising a covered wire
and thin. flat. bare, projecting lugs rigidly secured to the wire and in longi-
tudinal alignment.
5,313. ELECTRIC RAILWAY SYSTEM; R. M. Hunter, Philadelphia. Pa.
Application filed March 14, 1889. The combination of a positive and nega-
tive working conductor for supplying current to the motors on the cars, a
generator having one of its poles connected to one conductor,, and its other
pole connected with the other conductor through a variable resistance.
(.319. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR FOR TROLLEYS; J. W. F:isenhnth. San
Francisco, Cal. This comprises a main conductor of low resistance and a
series of short tubular comluctors. each haviiii; permanent electrical con-
nection with trolleys, etc.
The Electrical World.
Vol. XXIV.
NEW YORK, AUGUST 4, 1894.
No. 5.
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the value of its columns for reaching those engaged in electrical pursuits has
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18X9
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1890
289
1884 " 82
1801
325
1885 " 100
1892
316
1885 •' 138
1893
317
The first iss
ueof 1894conta
ued
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Vol. XXIV. NEW YORK, AUGUST 4, 1894. No. S.
CONTKNTS.
Editorial
Pupin's System of Cable Working
Nikola Tesla
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculation — XII., by A. E. Wiener . . .
Earthquake in Tokyo
Convention of the Northwestern Electrical Association
A Question of Public Policy, by Allen R. Foote
Incandescent Lamps; Their Use and Abuse, by A. D. Patfe
Cost of Producing Electrical Energy, by B. J. Arnold
Another Inoperative Unipolar Machine
Treatment in Case of Accidents
Another Revolutionizing Railway System
Sine Form of Curves of Alternating E.M.F
An Experiment that Failed, by J. S. B
The Measurement of Polyphased Currents, by A. D. Lunt
Digest of Current Technical Electrical Literature, compiled by Carl
Hering
Moonlight Tables for September, 1894
New Books
A New Telephone Transmitter
Manchester Type .Slow Speed Motor
Railway Generator Switchboard Panel
Feeder Wire Splicer
Wireman's Corner Brace
Electric Launch Battery Controller
DEPARTMENTS:
Financial Intelligence
Special Correspondence
News of the Week
Trade and Industrial Notes
Business Notes
Illustrated Record of Electrical Patents
ENGLISH JOURNALISM.
We are so used to reading slandering, stinging and cutting
remarks in English journals about America and American inven-
tions, that we have ceased to notice them, except when tliey furnish
us amusement. They remind us of the snarling and barking of the
little dog while he is safely behind his master's fence. But it seems
to us that the editor of a prominent London conteniporan,', which
we esteem too highly to name here, has gone beyond the bounds of
courteous international criticism, when, in a recent issue, he replies
to an American author, who, with pardonable pride, referred to the
"American Republic" as "man's greatest political institution," by
saying that the "political institution" is a "gigantic failure," and
that it was converted "in one short century to a mere plutocratic
t3-ranny. ' ' We hope the editor felt a little remorse when he saw
his remarks in print, especially when hq noticed that a large share
of the articles in that very issue of his journal — three out of four of
the leading technical articles — were of American origin, the fourth
being an unacknowledged translation of a French article. While
we do not mean to argue that good technical articles could not
originate in a country which is a "gigantic failure" or a "mere
plutocratic tyranny, " yet it does seem to us that a country in which
so much good and original work is being done in electrical and
other branches of engineering deserves to be treated a little more
respectfully than to be called a "gigantic failure. " If the remarks
of the editor were caused by a fit of indigestion, chronic liver com-
plaint or some such ailment from which he was suffering, he ought
to get a substitute until he feels better. Such remarks can do no
technical paper any good.
RAPID TRANSIT IN BOSTON.
The majority of votes cast at the referendum election in Boston
last week for a combined elevated and subway scheme of rapid
transit finally gives sanction to that project, but judging from the
violent letters written to the local newspapers in regard to it. the
result seems far from producing general satisfaction. Both the sj-s-
tem and the methods used to promote its adoption are energetically
attacked, and there seems to be a prospect of a good-sized scandal
in the future. As we have remarked before in these columns,
underground electrical rapid transit plans seem to repel politicians
everywhere as they did in Boston, apparently for the reason that they
do not present the multifarious chances of "pickings" that elevated
roads involve through condemnation and damage proceedings,
street franchises, blackmail, etc. The rapid transit commission
appointed by the Governor of Massachusetts in 1891 reported against
underground roads for the reason that but little time could be saved
if passengers had to descend below the surface fifty or sixty feet,
and then reascend at the end of a mile or less, and the further
reason that the shock from plunging into the ' ' icy chill of these
damp sub-cellars" would render their adoption of more than doubt-
ful expediency^this in face of the success of electrically operated
underground roads in Europe! As to the arguments that had
weight in turning sole attention to the system adopted, the follow-
ing extract from a signed letter in the Boston -Pos/ is significant:
"In my opinion a bigger scheme for interior boodleism was never
"carried through the Legislature. What the modus operandi of
"securing and dividing the boodle will ultimately turn out to be I
"do not know, nor any one else outside of the cabal who manipu-
"lated the legislative wires and hypnotized the opponents of the
' ' deal in the Legislature, and nearly all the Boston press. The
■ ' history of the so-called rapid transit in this State is a disgrace to
"those who control such affairs, and I am convinced this last deal
' 'will capsheaf the whole unsavor)' monument of selfish grasping on
96
THK BLECTRICAL WORJLO.
Vol. XXIV. No. 5.
' ' the part of corporations and would-be corporations and the weakness
"ot IcKislators. "
THE NORTHWESTERN ELECTRICAL ASSOCIATION.
The recent meeting of the Northwestern Electrical Association at
St. Paul was so successful, not only in attendance, but in the
character of the papers read, and the interest maintained through-
out in the procceedings that the gentlemen at the helm whose skill-
ful work led to this result deserve unusual credit. There was a
noticeable lack of the merely perfunctory papers sometimes so
painfully predominant at similar meetings, and if this characteristic
is maintained there is no reason whj' the success of the present con-
vention may not be repeated, and even surpassed. No greater mis-
take can be made by such bodies than to place upon their pro-
gramme papers that contain no original value, and are merely
collections of commonplace remarks strung together for the occa-
sion. The paper that apparently came nearest to the interests of
most of those in attendance was the very able argument of Mr.
Allen Ripley Foote in favor of private against political ownership and
operation of non-competitive public enterprises. The convention
did well to order this paper printed for wide circulation, for the
tone of it is such as not to arouse violent prejudices on eithe r side
of the question. The arguments are of such a character that a par-
tisan on one side may quote them to an equal partisan on the other
with the assurance of a respectful hearing, and not with the usual
result of further confirming prejudices. It will be seen that the
position of Mr. Foote is not strictly an ex parte one, for while lay-
ing down the principles in favor of private ownership he also lays
down the necessary ones for the protection of the public against
possible abuses of such ownership. His contention is not that the
private ownership'and operation of non-competitive public enterprises
shall be exercised as would be a strictly personal and private busi-
ness, but that such owner shall have the advantage of the economic
principles which do not conflict with the public welfare, not as a
natural right, but because the public interests are thereby best
served. This puts the matter in a light that will go far toward dis-
arming the prejudice created in even perfectly fair rainds bj' the
intemperate claims of some opponents of public ownership. The
paper of Mr. Page is a contribution to the subject of incandescent
lamp economy which will be the more appreciated because it is not
written from any theoretical point of view, but considers the ques-
tion with reference only to the practical points involved, and the
way these clearly affect the station manager. His remarks on the
fallacies of giving undue weight to long life, and of expecting any-
thing but bad results from raising the voltage on old lamps, as well
as his observations on the desirability of uniformly maintained volt-
age, on keeping individual records of lamps, and on the relations to
customers, cannot be too deeply considered by central station mana-
gers. In a future issue we shall discuss some of the conclusions of
Mr. B. J. Arnold's paper.
FIRE ROOM ECONOMY.
The paper read by Mr. John C. McMynn at Chicago brings up a
subject that will soon receive more general attention than it has in
the past. Heretofore there have been so many other directions in
which obvious savings in central and power stations could be made
that the fire room has been neglected, but now that dynamo
machinery is practically perfect, and the economy of the steam
engine is receiving close attention, the considerable savings that
may be made in the boiler department will, in turn, be taken up.
It is well, therefore, to examine into the various factors influencing
the eflicieucy of this department in order to see in what directions
savings can be made, and the relative amounts. A lioiler trans-
forms the chemical energy of coal into the expansive energy of
steam, and like in all other transfonnatious of energy, perfect
efficiency cannot be attained. To consume the coal air must be
used, which at once introduces an element of inefficiency, for
almost ninety per cent, of the weight of gas admitted pa.sses off in
an ■unconibincd state, but with its temperature increased, and the
part of the oxygen utilized, as well as the gases from the coal, also
carry off heat. The less air admitted, therefore, and the lower its
temperature when it passes into the atmosphere, the less heat will
pass off. With mechanical stokers the former condition can be
approximately attained, and only the exact quantity of air necessary
for conibu.stion admitted to the furnace. Through their use, there-
fore, an undoubted gain may be made, which, however, it seems
high to place at 30 per cent, unless the hand firing superseded was
unusually inefficient. The gain from mechanical .stokers not only
results from allowing a proper regulation of air, but also from pre-
venting great wastes in opening furnace doors for firing, and in
permitting a more efficient combustion of fuel, if accompanied, as
we believe they always are, with means for mechanically working
the fires. By increasing the ratio of the heating to the grate surface
the outgoing gases will be further cooled, but as each square foot of
such surface added decreases in heat absorbing power on account of
the decrease in the difference of temperature between it and the
outgoing gases, a commercial limit is .soon reached, beyond which
it would not pay to add further surface, and as in practice it is
probable that such a limit has been attained, there is not much, if
anything, to look for in this direction. The difference of tempera-
ture between the ingoing and outgoing gases maj- be decreased by
heating the former, thus introducing a saving. but the reverse will be
theca.se, it should be needless to .say, if the steam in Ihe boiler
supplies the heat, as seems the condition in the case quoted in the
discussion of Mr. McMynn 's paper. The gases, after they have
passed by the steam surfaces of the boiler, ordinarily can be drawn
on for sufficient thermal units to heat both the entering air and
feed water, but even here there is a limit with natural draft, for the
gases must have a considerable temperature, depending upon the
height of the chimney, to furnish the necessary draft head. With
blowers, however, we have a different set of conditions, and their
use, in connection with mechanical stoking, seems to present ideal
conditions for efficiency. With blowers the air required can be
regulated to a nicetj', and for all rates of combustion; being
independent of natural draft, the gases, after doing duty in the
boiler, may be forced into a second chamber, and by passing over
feed water surfaces and finally over thin pipes through which the
air for combustion is drawn, their temperature may be reduced
below a point possible with natural draft. The pressure at which
the blowers should be worked will depend upon the mechanical
obstruction offered by the above surfaces, and their useful heat
absorbing area, so that-without these data it cannot be predicted.
For a given case it would be determined by the final temperature
of the escaping gases. The only economy in the use of blowers is
to reduce this temperature, and as the difference of temperatures
between the boiler surface and gases cannot be economically reduced
below a certain point it will be seen that feed water or air heating
surfaces, or both, are uecessarj- to attain this economy-. There are
cases, of course, where blowers may be used with economy, though
leading to a direct waste of heat, as in stations w'ith a sharp peaked
load line where the wa.ste, during the short time daily the blowers
are used, may be more than compensated for by less first cost of
boilers, less space occupied and less waste during the other hours
from radiation, banked fires, etc. ; also where a cheap grade of fuel
may thereby be substituted for a more expensive one. It is proba-
ble that with the combination here outlined a boiler efficiency of
probably 80 per cent, may be attained. At present 75 per cent, is
a very high figure for boilers in normal condition, while SO per
cent, is perhaps nearer the u.sual efficienc}', so that we have a mar-
gin of SO per cent, for savings, though, of course, this will be
reduced by the interest on, maintenance of, and cost of working
the increased apparatus. We have assiuued that condensing engines
would be used with the boilers, for otherwise the cost of change to
that type would ordinarily offer enough of an economical margin to
put off the fire room for future attention. It has also been assumed
that such obvious matters as boiler lagging and setting are attended
to, for it would seem to be useless to expect an intelligent interest
in any question from a man who loses IS per cent, by an inferior
boiler setting, though we doubt if such- cases are as frequent as Mr.
IMcMynn's remark would seem to imply.
August 4, 1894.
XHE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
Pupin's System of Cable Working.
Our esteemed American contemporary, The Electrical World, is
somewhat put out at some remarks which we recently made with
reference to Dr. Pupin's system of increasing the speed of working
of submarine cables. If we have exceeded the bounds of courteous
criticism in the remarks in question, we unreservedly withdraw
them, though, at the same time, we must adhere to the main facts
of our contention. When an invention is based wholly, or almost
wholly, on theory, it is often extremely difficult to point to where
the fallacy lies, and it is far better to bring forward the evidence of
practical knowledge and experience to prove the argument. In
the present case we chiefly based our remarks upon the results of
very numerous experiments which we happen to know have been
made during several years past by the electricians of the British
Postal Telegraph Department upon Wheatstone automatic fast speed
working. In order to obtain high speed on long circuits, it has
been found necessary to introduce "repeaters" at intermediate
points, so as to bring the working "K R" within the limits neces-
sary to give the high speed. The apparatus for this purpose is
somewhat complex, and in the course of the numerous experiments
which have been made, a very great number of trials were carried
out with shunted condensers at one or more intermediate points to
see whether the division of the line with such condensers would
not enable fast speed working to be obtained without the use of
repeaters. The result of the experiments was to clearly indicate
that the tendency of such contrivances was to reduce, and not to
increase, working speed. The actual arrangements tried were much
on the same lines as those indicated by Dr. Pupiu, though possibly
certain of the combinations suggested by the Doctor were not experi-
mented with. We should be the first to congratulate the inventor
if he could practically show that he has actually hit upon a method
which effects the object which he theoretically believes he has
arrived at; but in the absence of the application of the touchstone
of experiment we must remain incredulou,s. We shall, however,
look forward with interest to the development of Dr. Pupin's work,
and hope that we have been mistaken in our estimate of it. It has
been our fortune (or misfortune) on more than one occasion to have
to listen patiently to the enthvisia,stic arguments of inventors, who
with apparently perfect logic have conclusively- proved their
contentions, but in the end the disappointed inventor has
nearly always found that the result has not been what
he anticipated. Facts are stubborn things; an unfortunate
citizen had managed to get in the meshes of the law and to
be incarcerated in the county gaol; his legal adviser, who had been
sent for, and had carefully listened to his client's statement of woes,
after a little reflection assured him that he need not alarm himself.
"I have carefully considered your statements, and am perfectly
satisfied that you cannot possibly be imprisoned for what you have
done." The unfortunate citizen did not seem much comforted.
"What is the use of your telling me I can't be shut up? Confound
it, man, here I am." — London Electrical Review.
Nikola Tesla.
The Sunday World of July 22 prints an interesting half-page
article on Nikola Tesla, written by Mr. Arthur Brisbane, and
accompanied by a portrait which we reproduce, without, however,
the full caption which was as follows: "Nikola Tesla. Showing the
Inventor in the Effulgent Glory of Myriad Tongues of Electric
Flame After He Has Saturated Himself with Electricity." In de-
ference to the well-known modesty of Mr. Tesla, we will not re-
produce the newspaper writer's highly complimentary description
of his personality and achievements, but confine ourselves to the fol-
lowing extracts, containing his remarks on the future of electricit)'
and on the effects on the human body of high voltages coupled
with high frequencies.
In answer to a question from the interviewer as to what he hoped
to .see accomplished by means of electricity, Mr. Tesla replied :
"You would think me a dreamer and very far gone if I should tell
you what I really hope for. But I can tell you that I look forward
with absolute confidence to sending mes.sages through the earth
without any wires. I have also great hopes of transmitting electric
force in the same way without waste. Concerning the transmis.sion
of messages through the earth, I have no hesitation in predicting
success. I must first ascertain exactly how many vibrations to the
second are caused by disturbing the mass of electricity which the
earth contains. My machine for transmitting must vibrate as often
to put itself in accord with the electricity in the earth. ' '
When asked if he did not feel a little worried a,bout taking a cur-
rent of a quarter of a million volts, Mr. Tesla said. "I did at first
feel apprehensive. I had reasoned the thing out absolutely; never-
theless, there is always a certain doubt about the practical demon-
stration of a perfect!}' satisfactory theory. M}- idea of letting this
current go through me was to demonstrate conclusively the folly
of popular impressions concerning the alternating current. The
experiment had no value for scientific men. A great deal of non-
sense is talked and believed about 'volts, ' etc. A million volts
would not kill you or hurt you if the current vibrated quickh-
enough — say half a million times to the second. Under such con-
ditions the nerves wouldn't respond quickly enough to feel pain.
You see, voltage has nothing to do with the size and power of the
current. It is simply the calculation of the force applied at a given
point. It corresponds to the actual pressure per square inch at the
end of a water pipe, whether the volume of the water be great or
NlKOI^A Tksi,.\.
small. A million volts going through you doesn't mean much
luider proper conditions. Imagine a needle so small that the hole
it would make in going through your body would not allow the
blood to escape. Imagine it so small that you couldn't even feel it.
If )'ou had it put through j'our arm slowly, that would be, electri-
cally speaking, a very small voltage. If you had it stuck through
your arm with great rapidity, going, say, at the rate of a hundred
miles a second, that would be very high voltage. Voltage is speed
pressure at a given point. It wouldn't do you anj' more harm to
have a needle shot through your arm very rapidh- — that is to say,
with high voltage — than it would to put it through slowly. In fact,
if it hurt you at all, the slow operation would probably hurt more
than the other. The question of danger is simply the size of cur-
rent, and yet if a big enough current should be turned against you
and broken with sufficient rapidity — if it should, so to speak, jerk
back and forth an inconceivable number of times to the second —
it wouldn't kill you. Whereas, if applied continuously, it would
simply burn you up. ' '
98
THE ELECXRICAIv WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 5.
Practical Notes on Dynamo Calculation.— XII.
BY ALFRED E. WIENER.
26. Grouping of Armature Coils. Formula for Connecting.
A g^eneral formula for connecting the conductors of a closed
coil armature has been given by Arnold' as follows :
If K = Number of conductors arranged around armature core ;
a = Number of conductors per commutator segment ;
b = Number of bifurcations of current in armature ;
b = 1, single bifurcation, or 2 parallel circuits ;
b = 2, double " " 4 " " ; etc.
P = Number of pairs of magnet poles ;
y = "Pitch," or "spacing" of armature winding; i. e.. the
numerical step by which is to be advanced in connecting
the armature conductors;
then the number of armature conductors can be expressed by
K =.a X (/'X J'± *),
from which follows the connecting formula for any armature :
J- = ^ X (^ + 6 ). (63)
The general rule, then, for connecting any armature, is:
" Connect the end (beginning) of any coil, x, of the armature to
the beginning (end) of the (.r +>')"' coil."
For the various methods of grouping the armature coils, the
above formula is applied as follows :
a. Parallel Grouping. — In this method of connecting there are
as many parallel armature branches as there are poles, viz. : 2 P
circuits, or P bifurcations. Spiral winding, lap winding and
wave winding may be applied :
(1.) Spiral Winding and Lap Winding. — In this case the multi-
polar armature is considered as consisting of /^bipolar ones, and
independently of the number of poles, P—\ and 6 = 1 is to be
inserted in (63), and the formula applied to a set of conductors
lying between two poles of the same polaritj'.
(2.) Wave Winding. — Here the actual number of pairs of poles,
P, and the actual number of bifurcations, b = P, is to be intro-
duced in (63), and the formula applied to the entire number of
conductors.
/). Series Grouping. — This is characterized by having but two
parallel armature circuits, or one bifurcation, no matter what
the number of poles maybe; for series connecting, therefore,
we have b = 1.
In the special case of /* = 1, bipolar dynamos, the series con-
necting is identical with the parallel grouping, and the winding
maybe either a lap winding (spiral winding) or a wave winding;
the latter holds good also for P= 2 ; i. e.,for /our po\a.r machines.
For dynamos with more than four poles, P> 2, however, series
grouping is only possible by means of wave winding.
c. Series Parallel Grouping. — In the mixed grouping the num-
ber of bifurcations is greater than 1, and must be different from
P, hence in the connecting formula we have b > 1 and b ^ P.
In this case there are either several circuits closed in itself,
with separate neutral points on the commutator, or one single
closed winding with b parallel branches. The latter is the case
A'
ii y and — are prime to each other ; the former if they have a
common factor; this factor, then, indicates the number of inde-
pendent circuits.
.»7. .■Ipplication of Connecting Formula to Special Cases.
a. Bipolar Armatures.
(1.) For any bipolar armature the number of pairs of poles, as
well as the number of bifurcations, is = 1 ; furthermore, the
number of coils per commutator bar is usually = 1 ; consequently
rt = 1, if in the connecting formula the number of conductors,
A', is replaced by the number of coils, n. For ordinary bipolar
armatures, therefore :
P-\,a-\,b = \\ ^ = « + l (64)
(2.) If the number of commutator segments is half the number
of armature coils, i. e., two coils per commutator bar, then
P = 1, a ^ 2, b = I : y = -^ +1 (65)
b. Mtdtipolar Armatures with Parallel Grouping.
(1.) By multiplying the bipolar method of connecting, we have :
/•= 1, a = 1,6 = 1; jc = « + 1 (66)
This is a spiral winding ; beginning and end of neighboring
' E. Arnold, Die Ankenvicklunpen der Gleichstrom Dynamomaschineii.
Berlin, 1891.
coils are connected with each other, and a commutator connection
made between each two coils. The number of sets of brushes is
2P.
For multipolar parallel connection and spiral winding with
but two sets of brushes, either n divisions may be used in the
commutator, and the bars, symmetrically situated with reference
to the field, cross-connected into groups of /'bars each — or only
n
—p segments may be employed, and P coils of same relative
position to the poles connected to each bar by means of /"sepa-
rate connection wires.
(2.) In connecting after the wave fashion by joining coils of
similar positions in different fields to the same commutator
segment, the following formula is obtained :
P-P, a = 1, * = /';.... y
P
(« -f P)
(67)
If y and n have a common factor, this method of connecting
furnishes several distinct circuits closed in itself, the common
factor indicating their number.
(3. ) UP similarly situated coils are connected in series between
n
each two consecutive commutator bars, only -„■ segments, but
2/* sets of brushes are needed ; the winding is of the wave type,
and the connecting formula becomes :
P--
P,a = P,b = P; y=^(^ + p) = ^, + \
(68)
c. Multipolar Annatures with Series Grouping.
(1.) If all symmetrically situated coils exposed to the same
polarity, by joining the commutator segments into groups of P
bars each, are connected to each other, they can be considered as
one single coil, and we obtain :
P= P,a = \, b
y = p (« + l)
(69)
Each brush, in this case, short circuits /"coils simultaneously.
The same formula holds good, if beginning and end of every
coil are connected to a commutator bar each. The latter can
always be done if /"is an uneven number ; but if /" is even, the
number of coils, «, must be odd. In the case of /"uneven, if n is
even, the brushes embrace an angle of 180°; but if « is odd, an
180°
angle of only — p- is enclosed by the brushes.
(2.) Instead of cross connecting the commutator, the winding
»
itself can be so arranged that only -p" bars are required. In
this case the connections have to be made by the formula :
P=P,a = P,b = \; y=±-^JLj^ {^ (70)
Note. — In drum armatures the beginning and end of a coil
being situated in different portions of the circumference, thej'
should be numbered alike, and yet marked differently, in order
to facilitate the application of the above connecting formula-.
By designating the beginnings of the coils by 1, 2, 3, , and
the ends by 1', 2,3', , this distinction is attained.
(To he continued. )
Earthquake in Tokyo.
Mr. S. Katogi, of Tokyo, sends us an account of a violent earth-
quake which occurred at that place at 2 p. m. on June 20, in which
.several persons were killed and much damage done to electrical
overhead lines and central .station chimneys. .-Vlniost all telegraph,
telephone and fire alann service was interrupted, mostly through
contacts between lines. Nearly all the brick buildings in the town
were damaged more or less, while the brick chimney of the first
station of the Tokyo Light Company was cracked very badly and
the station put out of counni.ssion for three nights; the brick chim-
neys of the second, thirn and fourth stations were also cracked,
but that of the fifth is an iron one and was not injured. The brick
chimney of the Teikoku Station was damaged somewhat, but that
of the Shinagawa, a brick structure protected with iron, was unin-
jured, as was also the iron chimney of the Fukagawa Station. We
are informed that tlie les.sou in regard to the futility of builaing brick
chimneys in an earthquake country has been well learned this
time, and that hereafter it is probable that none other than iron
ones will be erected.
d
August 4, 1894.
THE EIvECXRICAIv WORI^D.
99
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THE second semi-annual convention of the Northwestern Elec-
trical Association, held at the Ryan Hotel, St. Paul, on
July 18, 19 and 20, was not onl}' an event of interest to the
section of the country most directly represented, but, from
the high character of the papers read, one of importance to the elec-
trical public generally. Leaving aside the many questions as to the
desirability of electrical associations and societies embracing the lo-
cal interests of various sections of the country, it cannot be denied
that the results of the meeting of the North Western Association
proved its usefulness and confirmed the expectations of those who
labored for its success.
Our readers are more or less familiar with the Northwestern Asso-
ciation, its scope and objects. It is now in its second year, and its
success seems assured. Though its second semi-annual meeting was
held in the midst of an unparalleled business depression, when rail-
road travelling in the west was fraught with many dangers, a very
large number of central station managers, owners and representa-
tives registered at the Ryan Hotel, in addition to a great number of
suppl)' men and manufacturers, some of whom had exhibits in the
coriidors of the hotel. The electrical journals were also well rep-
resented, and the whole affair was most gratifying to the officers
of the association.
The entertainment features of the meeting will long be remem-
bered, the people of the "Twin Cities" having taken special pains
to make their visitors welcome. All those who were present are
already pledged to attend all future meetings.
The sessions of the meeting were models of dispatch and thorough
ness. There was no lack of excellent papers, good talkers, and a
spirit of eager participation in ever3'thing that was going on. To
these features the success of the convention is largely due. We
give below a detailed account of the various sessions, and print
elsewhere in this issue the excellent papers of Mr. A. D. Page,
Mr. B. T. Arnold and M--. Allen R. Foote, the former in full.
WEDNESDAY MORNING.
The association met at the Hotel Ryan at 10:30 a. m. Wednes-
day, July 18, 1894. In the absence of the president, Mr. C. C.
Paige, of Oshkosh, Wis. , the first vice-president, Mr. W. R. Baker,
of Waupaca, Wis. , called the meeting to order with a few appro-
priate remarks, and after the transaction of considerable business
the session was adjourned to 2:30 p. m.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.
In the absence of the author, Mr. Fred. De Land read a paper
by Mr. John C. McMynn on "Economy in the Boiler Room."
Mr. McMynn referred to the desirability of good setting for boil-
ers, stating that a saving of at least 15 per cent, can be effected
in this respect with horizontal tubular boilers. The use of feed
water heaters is urged, and the temperature of the feed water should
be made to approach 212 degrees as nearly as possible, not only for
economy but also to render the deposition of .scale in them more
certain. It is recommended that boiler compounds be selected with
reference to the quality of feed water used, and a chemical analysis
made to determine the question. Mr. McMynn recommends that
whenever possible the fuel and water fed to boilers should be
weighed or measured, and that a water meter be installed for the
latter purpose ; he also thinks that it would be economical to have
the engineer make calorimetric tests of the quality of steam.
Without entering into the relative merits of water tube and horizon-
tal fire tube boilers, Mr. McMynn gives the following formula,
which, he says will enable a decision to be arrived at in a given case;
A + C+ IV +
B(\-\-b) + D + P(\ + b)
H N
where B = cost of boilers.
P =: " boiler plants.
b = rate of interest on above costs.
A = cost of attendance per h. p. hour.
C = " compounds and incidentals per h. p. hour.
IV = " fuel per h. p. hour.
D = yearly cost of repairs.
// = horse-power.
JV = number of hours plant runs per year.
The question of fuels is discussed, and it is stated to be econom-
ical to enlarge a plant to burn a cheaper fuel with less evaporation,
the limit being the point where the interest on the investment
equals the saving per year. While oil is approved, whether it will
prove economical depends on the price and the number of boilers in
a battery. It is stated that the Auditorium plant in Chicago saved
S6,000 per year by using natural gas. Reference is made to recent
improvements of the Pullman Company, which now employs the
Hawley down draft with great economy, burning the refuse of the
wood working shops and poor grades of coal, and has adopted the
Warren Webster vacuum system.
In the discussion Mr. Debell spoke of the good results from burn-
ing slack coal with blowers which drew hot air from above the
drum of the boilers, the temperature being raised to 200 degrees.
Mr. Rau commeuded the Sellers-Galloway boilers, but Mr. Stewart
thought that while this t^'pe was efBcient the tubes were difficult to
clean. Messrs. Stewart and Grover spoke highly of mechanical
stokers, the latter stating that he had saved 30 per cent, by their
use.
Prof. Shepardson then read a paper on "The Relations Between
Technical Schools and the Electrical Industries," which made an
earnest and manly plea for technical education. He referred to the
vast amount of capital invested in electrical interests — probably not
less than two billion dollars — and to the work of the various techni-
cal institutions throughout the country in educating young men
who will be competent in a technical sense to fill the many import-
ant positions in this great field in which a special technical knowl-
edge is necessary for success. He also referred to the wrong
impression of some practical men of the work done by the technical
schools, which is based upon the idea that the training is too theo-
retical and impractical. On the contrary, the technical schools are
more and more teaching the fact that success in engineering may be
obtained only by hard and unceasing work, and that the student
must learn theory and practice together, that he must temper his
theory with practice and govern his practice bj' theory. The
students are urged by their instructors to spend their summer vaca-
tions of three months in electrical factories, repair shops, electric
light and railway stations, in wiring or whatever way they may be
able to gain experience in practical work. Under favorable circum-
stances they are urged to continue their experience through a full
year before returning to complete their technical course, and in
many cases after graduation the .students return to work for the
same concerns with which they spent their vacations. While a
thorough grounding in theory is desirable, much importance must
be given to actual experience, and the work of the courses is there-
fore made as practical as possible. Prof. Shepardson suggests what
the relations betw^een a technical school ana the men engaged in
electrical business should be. The schools aim to help the latter
by educating men to help raise the standard of construction and
repair work, and to assist in developing new industries and be of
good service wherever they are located ; by offering the facilities
of libraries and laboratories for researches and original investiga-
tions; by providing the necessary facilities for making expert tests
of efficiency, strength of materials, etc. In turn it is asked of those
engaged in electrical industries to encourage the schools by encour-
aging the graduates, and to use the schools as employment bureaus.
He also suggests that they aid the schools by sending to them
samples and specimens, the results of peculiar accidents, and pieces
from scrap heaps showing how different materials and apparatus
stand use and abuse, pieces of discarded apparatus with reasons for
its disuse, specimens of historical interest showing the steps of
development, etc. The reading of the paper was followed by
applause, and considerable discussion took place between the mem-
bers as to the relative merits of correspondence and technical
100
THE ELECTRIC A I^ WOl^LU.
Vol. XXIV. No. 5.
schools, Prof. Shepardson advocating the latter, and Messrs. Brooks,
Thorn, Norcross, Stewart and Sullivan contributing their views. In
the evening a large party joined in an excursion to Lake Conio,
where a hand concert was given for their entertainment.
THURSnAY MORNING.
After .some discussion, upon the motion of Mr. E. L. IJebell, the
chairman, a committee of three, consisting of Messrs. Carroll Collins,
Pliny Norcross and W. N. Stuart, was appointed to consider the ad-
visability of making the secretaryship a salaried office, and their
report advising that $75 should be appropriated for this purpose was
adopted, though Mr. Thom, the present secretary, expressed a pref-
erence to give his services gratis.
After transacting various other matters of business, including in-
structions to the Committee on Schedule of Rates to make a com-
pilation of central station statistics within si.v months and print 500
copies, Mr. H. J. Arnold read a paper on "The Cost of Producing
Electrical P^nergy, " which is printed elsewhere in this issue. The
discussion which follows was participated in by Messrs. Kammeyer,
Cuneo and Markle.
Mr. Chas. H. Chalmers then read a paper by Mr. Gilbert Donald-
son, electrical engineer of the D. & D. Electric Company, on
"The Modern Dynamo." Mr. Donaldson's paper, after sketching
the general advance in dynamo construction, and referring to the
progress in multipolar machines in particular, dwells on the sub-
ject of the new type of multipolar direct constant current closed
coil arc dj-namo recently put on the market. He states that the
difficult point of these machines seems to be to get good automatic
regulation and sparkless commutation, and referred to the various
claims as to the proper shape of the pole pieces to obtain these
ends. In some experiments of his own along these lines he found
that so far as the sparking goes the shape of the pole pieces cuts a
very small figure except in one case, which, however, is a very
important one. If the dynamo is run, say, 25 or SO per cent, below
its real capacity, almost any pole piece will not spark, but above
this the case is altogether dififerent, and the shape has nmch to do
with the sparking. The real point is to get sparkless commutation
at maximum output. This can be done by putting plenty of iron
in the polar tips, the effect of which is to get a more uniform field
throughout, and also provide suiificient induction to balance the
self-inductance of the short circuited coil when the brushes are well
around toward the neutral plane, or line where the induced E. M. F.
changes sign. No special shape is nece.ssary, the requirement being
simply to make the tips heavy and rather full, which allows the
lines of force to spread out toward the tips and thus be of more uni-
form density. Another interesting way of securing a fairly uniform
field is to make continuous pole pieces, but this has the disadvan-
tage of reducing the capacity of the machines.
THURSDAY AFTERNOON.
The meeting was called to order by Mr. Debell, and Mr. C. K.
Stearns read his paper on the ' ' Economical Operation of Electric
Light Plants. ' ' Mr. Stearns insisted upon the necessity of the
installation of the most economical machinery and material, even
though the first cost is greater, and the desirability of a strict system
so organized that the manager ot a central station may know what
each item is costing from day to day ; he also strongly recommended
the use of recording meters, preferably wattmeters. Much atten-
tion is paid in the paper to the subject of charging for lights, and
it is held that the most economical method for both customer and
company is the meter system, as it not only protects the central
station, but checks extravagance on the part of the customer. It
has been found in a number of cases that with the meter system the
maximum load has been reduced at least 30 per cent. It is recom-
mended that the change from (lat rates to meters be made in the
sununcr time when the lamp bill of the cu.stomer is at its minimum,
as he will then have an opi)ortijnity to gradually introduce the
necessary economj- in the use of lamps before his bills are large.
If the meter basis of charge were adopted, aiul the rate so placed
that the cu.stomer would pay for the light really needed about what
was previously paid before by contract for the wa.steful service, the
consumer would speedily learn to so economize as to use onlj- what
was necessary, thus reducing the real consumption, while practicall)-
the same income would he received. Consumers are almost always
pleased with this arrangement because it leaves the amount of the
bill entirely dependent u])OU their own economy. Another advan-
tage of the wattmeter is that it will be a check not only upon
'.he coal pile, but on the line, by acting as a detector of leaks, and
on alternating circuits would indicate the loss of transformers, and
thus lead to their best disposition. Mr. Stearns concludes his paper
with descriptions of the various practical wattmeters on the market.
An interesting discussion followed, which was participated in by
Messrs, Cuneo, Stewart, Grover, Thom and Rau.
Mr. Page then read his paper on "Incandescent Lamps: Their
llse and Abuse, " which we reprint elsewhere in this issue. Those
joining in the discussion which followed were Messrs. Norcross,
Thorpe, Stewart, Markle, Tliom, Kammeyer, Arnold and Howell.
"A Question of Public Policy" was the title ot an able paper,
reprinted elsewhere in abstract, next read by Mr. Allen Ripley
I'oote, of Washington, D. C. Mr. Foote was interrupted several
times by applause, and at the conclusion of the paper cheers and
applause followed.
After tendering a warm vote of thanks to Mr. Foote for his
paper, which was enthusiastically commended, and adopting reso-
lutions thanking the various gentlemen who had contributed to
the success of the meeting, the secretary stated that the next con-
vention of the .Association would be held in Milwaukee in January,
1895. On motion by Mr. Norcross, the following named gentle-
men were elected to honorary membership: Prof. G. D. .Shepardson
and Messrs. A. D. Page, Allen Ripley Foote, Gilbert Doualdson,
C. K. Slearns, B. J. Arnold and John C. McMynn. The evening
was very enjoyably spent by the members as guests of Mr. Huey,
representing the General Electric Company, and of the Babcock-
Wilcox Company, in an excursion to Lake Harriet.
The da)- was pleasantly spent by the members in visits of inspec-
tion. Invitations were received to visit the central stations of the
St. Paul Gas and Light Company, the power houses of the Twin City
Rapid Transit Company, the electrical laboratory of the University
of Minnesota, the central stations of the Minneapolis General Elec-
tric Company and the Minneapolis International Electric Company,
the Electrical Engineering Company's store and offices, the D. i D.
Dynamo and Motor factory, and Siemens, Brush, Standard and D.
& D. isolated plants. An excursion to Minnehaha Falls was
kindly arranged by Mr. Morgan Brooks, of the Minneapolis
Engineering Company, and much enjoyed.
The following is a list of those in attendance:
BEAVER DAM, Wis. W. H. Thorpe. CHICAGO A. C. Bunce, W. N, Stewart,
H. F, Latimer. H. B. Morgan, L. W, Burch, Fred. DeLand, F, E. Donohoe. C. E.
Gregory, M. J. Sullivan, John R, Markle, Chas, S. Marshall. Chas, S. Cook,
J. Stedman, B, 8, Terry, M. C, Wheaton, J. B, James, Wm, Wilson, W. W. Low,
S. T, Well, E, G. Neiler, B. J. Arnold, C, F, Gage, B, F. O'Hara, C. Kammeyer,
CLEVELAND, O, B F. Miles, J. G. Pomeroy, GREEN BAY, Wis, Carroll Collins,
JANESVILLE, Wis, Pliny Norcross, E, P, Norcross. LA CROSSE. Wis, H.
Amundson. LA PORTE, Ind. J. H. Harding. MADISON, Wis. C, Gunderson,
M.'i.NK.\TO, Mich. R, E, Brown. MASON CITY, la. W. P, Filch.
MENOMINEE. Mich, E. T, Daniell, MILWAUKEE, Wis. H. C. Koch, O.
M. Rau, T, R, Mercien, H, Andrae. G, H. Finn, MINNEAPOLIS, Minn,, W.
N. Stewart, Robert W. Bruce, Morgan Brooks, J. W, Hardy, F, J, Cram, J, H.
Finney, A, S, Huey, Chas, Wilson. Prof. Sheparpson, A, M. Robertson, Gilbert
Donaldson. NEW YORK, W, S, Howell, K. D. Page, J, L, Bell. OCONOMOWOC,
Wis. Charles Cuneo. SHEBOYGAN, Wis, E. L. Debell. SIOUX CITY, la. H,
C, Woodruff. SPARTA, Wis. J, M. Newton, ST, PAUL, Minn. J, G, Robert-
.son, O. Claussen, W. J. Bonwell, F. S. Bradbury, J. J. Schoenleber, C. K, Slearns,
B. Howorth, C, S, Timberlake, WASHBURN. Wis. W. E. Renlfrew. WASH-
INGTON, D, C. Allen R, Foote. WAUPACA, Wis. W. B. Baker, I. P.
Lord, H, C, Thom, V. Irving WAUWATOSA. Wis. T. F, Grover, WILSON
CITY. la, W. P. Filch.
SEEN AND HEARD AT THE CONVENTION.
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, represented by Messrs. M.
Brooks and F. J. Cram, did themselves proud in the way of entertainment.
They were responsible for the delightful trip on the "Falher of Waters.*' and
the day visit to the various interesting points of Minneapolis. They received
many compliments,
THE FORT WAYNE ELECTRIC CORPORATION interests were well seri'ed
by Mr, John H. Finney, of Finney & Modisetlc, 811 New York Life Building,
Minneapolis, who was in constant and watchful attendance upon everything
that was going on.
WESTINGHOUSE, as usual, was «o the frort. Manager Cooke, of the
Chicago office, liad a brilliaiU little exhibit in the lobby, where he showetl a
bank of "stopper" lamps burning to perfection. He also had a Shallenberger
metei in action.
THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY had something of a monopoly in
way of attention. Messrs, Page and Howell did the honors for the lamp
department, Mr. Page's admirable paper being one of the literary features of
the convention. In addition to these two hustling and well. known experts,
Messrs. Bunce and Wheaton, of the Chicago oflice, and Messrs. Stearns and
Huey, of the Northwestern office, kept the name and specialties of this firm
very m\ich in evidence. Under the name "General Electric Company" were
displayed a most complete line of its literature, as well as many of its most
popular specialties,
HAHCOCK & WILCOX boilers had things about their own way as boilers
went. A very handsome model of this boiler was displayed, as well as sections
of the boiler itself, full size, Mr, Chas, Wilson was in charge.
THE ME'I'ROPOLIT.AN ELECTRIC COMP.\NY, of Chicago, sent their Mr.
I^. W. Burch, who succeeded in making a neat display of Metropolitan lamps.
N. I, R, and I, X. L. wires. P, & B, Paints and Compounds, and other leaders
handled by (his leading house.
FAYERWEATHER & LADKW, manufacturers of leather belting, kept th
name prominent at the hands of their Mr. H, B. Morgan, formerly with the
Munson belling interests. His cards were well circulated.
il
Al GUST 4, 1894.
XHE ELECTRICAIv W^ORIvD.
101
BRONNELL'S SODIUM PHOSPHATE was described and made prominent
through the medium of a neat little leaflet. The headquarters of this firm is at
Cragin, 111.
THE CHICAGO CROSS ARM COMP.^NY, through Mr. Chas. Marshal, of
their Monadnock ofBce, distributed some interesting data on woods used for
cross arms. If the attending delegates did not secure a copy they should do so
by writing the company.
THE SIOUX CITY ELECTRICAL SUPPLY COMPANY made a neat display
of some of their specialties, one of which was "Clarks Patent Pulley Block."
They also showed something new in the way of overhead insulating material. M r.
H. C. Woodruff looked after this interest very thoughtfully and energetically.
THE CENTR.\L ELECTRIC COMP.\NY had an unusually good representa-
tive in Mr. H. K. Latimer. While he did not always move last, he generally
"got there" in good shape. Many kind things were said of this house and its
specialties.
S.^LAMANDER" WIRE was cleverly described in an attractive pamphlet
entitled "Of Interest to All Parties Using Electric Wires." These were found
about the hall, having been distributed by the makers of this famous wire,
Messrs. Washburn & Moen, through their Chicago office. Mr. C. T. Gage, of
this company was in attendance.
THE ELECTRIC .\PPLIANCE COMPANY had many advantages over the other
exhibitors. In the first place. President Low, of that company, was one of Ih^
most popular men present, with his good cigars, and he was ably assisted by
Mr. Wm. Wilson. His display consisted of a Packard transformer, Packard
lamps. "O. K." aiid"Paranite" wires, and no end of assurances that the special-
ties of this house could always be relied upon. It developed that this company
had many friends in the association.
SWAN LAMPS were well handled by Mr. James G. Pomeroy, who made a
very neat still exhibit of many types of this lamp.
E. & D. MOTORS AND DYNAMOS came into prominence through the paper
of Gilbert Donaldson on "The Modern Dynamo." This apparatus is manu-
factured in Minneapolis, and is well known in the Northwest.
C. E. GREGORY, of Chicago, without whom an electrical convention would
have a missing link, was exceedingly popular, and succeeded in distributing
scores of his little "Handy Directory." Mr. Gregory is starting on quite an
extended pleasure trip.
GOODRICH HARD RUBBER SPECIALTIES were represented by several
placards, and that cleverest of all clever pamphlets, "Things Are Not Always
What They seem."
THE SIEMENS-HALSKE interests were handled by Mr. W. N. Stewart, who
came into prominence by his advocacy of the new 220-volt incandescent lamp.
HERM.\N ANDRAE, of Milwaukee, represented the elder Andrae, and made
J. R. MARKLS;. Western manager of the Chloride Battery interests, did much
to advance the cause of storage batteries in central stations, both in and out
of the convention hall.
THE WESTERN ELECTRIC HEATING COMPANY made a very handsome
display of their heating apparatus. This included a full line of electrically
equipped domestic devices. The exhibit was in charge of Mr. C. S. Timberlake,
the St. Paul special agent of the company.
F. E. DONOHOE, Chicago manager of the American Electrical Works,
Providence. R. I., was another convention favorite. Mr. Donohoe has started
in well with his Chicago office, and every one predicts for him a great success.
THE NATION.'VL CARBON COMPANY, Cleveland, sent Mr. B. F. Miles as
their representative. Their action proved a shrewd business move, as Mr. Miles
did the honors in great shape.
A. C. BUNCE, of Chicago, one of the leading spirits of the association since its
inception, and the chief jester of the St. Paul meeting, seemed to have no end
of friends, and made no end of fun.
THE OFFICIAL B.'VDGE of the convention was a very handsome affair. It
consisted of a pendant ring from a cross bar in the centre of which hung a
miniature incandescent lamp, this being attached to a bit of blue ribbon. Below
the ring the different grades of memoership were designated by the words
"Associate," "Active" and "Honorary."
E. G. NEILER. one of the World's Fair electrical engineering staff, repre-
sented the firm of Pierce & Richardson, of Chicago.
A Question of Public Policy.*
Sn.\LL PUBLIC SERVICES BE RENDERED BY POLITICAL OR PRIVATE
MONOPOLIES ?
BY ALLEN RIPLEY FOOTE.
Mr. Foote takes as his text a plank from the platfonn of the
Knights of Labor, which demands that the government shall obtain
possession, under the right of eminent domain, of all telegraphs,
telephones and railroads; and that hereafter no charter or license
shall be issued to any corporation for the con.struction or operation
of any means of transporting intelligence, passengers or freight.
The various economic questions concerned in the question of public
ownership are thoroughly discussed, and the arguments of Prof.
Richard T. Ely and his school dissected. It is maintained that if
all men were good, perfect results might tre attained, but that as we
must take human nature as we find it, our choice lies, in the man-
agement of public non -competitive enterprises, between political
monopolies controlled by imperfect men and managed by imperfect
men — just now known as political bosses — and private monopolies
owned and managed by the same kind of men. The former course
is likel}^ to lead to corruption, and finally to tyrannies, while the
latter is most likely to develop the inherent economic advantages,
♦Abstract of a paper read before the Northwestern
aul. Minn., July 19, 1894.
Electrical Association, St.
of which, however, the private owner by proper legislation may
only be permitted to enjoy those that result from the industry and
saving which he alone will exercise, which creates its own profit,
and which it is a natural right vest-
ed in him to enjoy. Mr. Foote
then lajs down a definite declara-
tion and statements of public policy
which we reproduce in full.
The best interests of the public
welfare require, whenever a mu-
nicipality can obtain a service for
the supply of a municipal need,
without creating a public debt or
the investment of tax payers'
money for such purpose, at a cost
to the users of the service not
greater than it would cost if sup-
plied from a plant owned and ope-
rated b)' the municipality, by con-
tracting with a private company
to supply such service, that
the municipality shall have au-
thority to make such a contract in accordance with the best
economic conditions. These conditions require, in consideration of
the investment of private capital for the purpose of supplying a
public service, and the organization by the owners of such capital
of a company responsible for the proper management and satisfac-
tory supply of such service, that the municipality shall secure to the
company by contract the full enjoyment of economic advantages
that shall be the equivalent in every re.spect of the economic con-
ditions that the municipality would enjoy if it owned and operated
on municipal account a plant for supplying the same service.
A municipality shall have authority to acquire the complete own-
ership of any plant owned by a private company and operated by
it under contract with the municipality for supplying a public ser-
vice, by pacing the full value of the same when judicially deter-
mined, whenever it has been demonstrated beyond a reasonable
doubt b)- judicial investigation that an economic gain for the
public welfare can be secured by such action, sufficient in amount
to justify such change in public policy, and then only.
To safeguard the public welfare, all contracts made under author-
ity of this provision shall stipulate that the company is to erect and
to extend its plant so as to supply the service, in the best known
manner and at the lowest practical cost to the users of the .service,
to every section of the municipalit\- whenever and wherever the
municipal authorities may from time to time require; that it shall
fix its charges for the public, commercial and private use of the ser-
vice it renders at such rates as shall be only sufficient to cover interest
on its outstanding shares of stock and bonds legally issued, at the
same rate the municipality pays on its bonded debt, a reasonable
allowance for the depreciation of the value of its plant from use,
accidents and contingencies, all operating expenses, and the value
of all material consumed in the processes of operation and ordinary
repairs, and a net profit for dividends of not to exceed 10 per cent,
per annum. All such contracts shall stipulate that the prices fixed
by the company for the service it renders shall be stibject to review
by the municipal authorities at the termination of regular periods
of five years each ; that the extension of the service plant, the
adoption of improved apparatus, methods of distribution or system
of management, designed to render the production or final use of
the service better or more economical, may be required by the
municipal authorities at any time.
To safeguard the welfare of the contracting company contracts
shall stipulate that no extension of the service plant, change of
apparatus, method of distribution or system of management shall
be required by the authorities of a municipality unless the rate of
charges for services rendered, and the income from the same actual
or prospective, be sufficient to fully pay the considerations for ser-
vice rendered herein specified, but the contracting company may-
consent to make extensions or changes of any kind whenever
requested to do so by the municipal authorities without reference to
the effect such changes may have upon investment in relation to
income.
In case of a disagreement of any kind between the authorities of
a municipality and a contracting company, such disagreement shall
be settled by a Board of Arbitration selected for the special purpose,
the company naming one, the municipal authorities naming another,
and the two members so selected naming a third, the findings of
the Board of Arbitration so selected to be final and binding upon
the company and upon the municipality.
102
THE ELECTRIC A Iv WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. S.
Incandescent Lamps: Their Use and Abuse.
BY A. D. PAGE.
In the present state of the art of incandescent lighting, in no way
can central station managers increase the efficiency of their invest-
ment more than by careful .study
of ways and means of operating
lamps in a manner which will in-
sure an average maxinmm light
for a uiininmni expenditure.
Too large a .percentage of cen-
tral stations judge the quality of
lamps sold them almost entirely
by their life, and even that poor
basis of calculation is still further
distorted by keeping no ampere
records nor averaging results, but
judging solely by the individual
records of such lamps as may fail
in the first hundred hours, or of
those which live hundreds of
hours past the point at which, from
an economical standpoint, thej'
should have been broken. The
importance to central station managers of judging lamps which are
sold to them from some better basis than individual or even average
life can be better appreciated by referring to Fig. No. 1, showing
curves of deterioration in candle power of lamps manufactured by
different companies. ( In considering deterioration in candle power,
it should be stated that it is a characteristic of every lamp which
has yet been manufactured and should be considered entirely inde-
pendent of blackening or discoloration of the bulb. Lamps may
deteriorate to SO per cent, of their initial candle power within two
hundred hours and still show scarcely a trace of blackening. ) All
lamps, the curves of which are shown, were purchased within six
months in the open market in lots of from ten to twenty-five, and
the curves are the average result obtained by starting each lamp at
the particular voltage which would bring the lamp to exactly 3
watts per candle, maintaining the voltage constant throughout its
life.
Curves 3, 5 and 6, Fig. 1, represent the best results obtained from
the product of numerous foreign manufacturers. Curves 4, 8, 9,
10, 11 and 12, each represent a different domestic manufacturer.-
While there is no reason to suppose that the average life of lamps
shown by curves 4 and 7 will be shorter than that of lamps repre-
v\\s
^
^
£\\\\
\
\N^
^^
^~H
^^^1
m\^
w
\^
r^"
-\
° \ \
\\\
\
, V
^^^
~~"~-^2
< \ N
\\
\^
5:;;--^
;4
^
\.
sVK
v^
6"
,
"-\
12\
m
,\10N
nTn.
^~~"'~~-
700 800
Fig. 1. — Curves of Candle Power.
sented by curves 10. 11 and 12, there is also no certainty that it will
be longer, and if a lamp is to be branded as poor by the central
station manager, because of the breakage of a small percentage of
lamps in the first one hundred hours, then the advantage is in favor
of the lamp which reached 50 per cent, of its original candle power
in the first two hundred hours, thus maintaining the carbon at a
high degree of incandescence with the necessarily greater strain of
the filament for only a few hours.
The carbon which maintains its candle power must continue to
bum at a higher temperature, nearer the point of vaporizing, and
is more likely to be destroyed by an abnormal increase in pressure
than one which cools within the first few hours to a point where
considerable increase in voltage is required to bring it to its initial
degree of heat or incandescence.
From the standpoint of the central station, one of the worst
guarantees that you could demand from the lamp manufacturer
would be an individual life (for each lamp) of one or two hundred
hours. The reason for such demand, when made on your part,
arises from the erroneous impression that the lamp which lives only
one to two hundred hours is necessarily defective. Nearlj' every
lamp sold you, and particularly those which show the best results,
rises in candle power for the first few hours (this is not shown in
Fig. 1, as in only one case was the first test after the lamps were
started made before the candle power commenced to drop).
On nearly every centra! station, particularly on alternating cur-
rent stations, during light load, the pressure on the primar>- is
abnormally high, .^dd to this the difference between drop in the
transformers and secondary wiring, as between full and light load.
3 K
S
CANDLE POWER iT
I 2 s
\J
V,^
^3-^^
>-i
1^
2
4//5
Fig.
-Curves of Candle Power.
* a paper read before the Northwestern Electrical Association, St. Paul,
Minn., July 19, 1894.
and the result which a test is quite certain to show is pressure on
the one or two lamps which the customer is burning during light
load from 6 to 10 per cent. high.
Referring to Fig. 2, we find that burning a new 16 c. p. 3'. watt
lamp 7 per cent, high would, for the first few hours, raise its candle
power to 25, and its efficiency to about 2.6 watts per candle. In
less than one hundred and fift\' hours, even maintaining the high
pressure mentioned, the candle power and efficiency would fall
below normal; but in the meantime, the new lamps which have
been burned under the above conditions have been abused to an
extent which would be quite certain to make the showing of some
individual lamps very poor, through no fault of the lamps.
After lamps have been in use about two hundred hours, under
average conditions, they could then be used where the pressure was
high, without bringing the carbon to a dangerous degrees of incan-
descence.
One of the best illustrations I can give of the importance of your
mdgiug lamps from some better standard than simply life, is to
refer to an incident of which I had reliable information, where a
representative of the lamp company, who manufactured the lamps
shown by curve 12, Fig. 1, exhibited the valuable qualitj' possessed
by his lamp standing very high pressure. With a rheostat it was
exhibited biiruing from normal to a very high candle power. He
represented it as the toughest filament ever placed in a lamp, and I
have no cause to disbelieve him.
If central stations run with a variation of from 6 to 20 per cent,
in pressure, they will find it necessary to demand tough lamps, the
uatuial product of the amateur lamp manufacturer. To bring a
product up, however, even from curves 9, 10 and 11 to curve 4,
means experience and thousands of dollars spent in experiments.
It also means that each one of over fifty different operations
through which the parts of a lamp pass from start to finish should
receive careful, intelligent handling or direction. Perfection in
any one particular will not attain even average results.
The manufacturer of lamps shown by curve 4 might have furnished
the same carbons to manufacturers of lamps represented bv curves
10 and 11, and the result which they would obtain would not differ
materially from that secured with their own make of carbons.
Curve 4, though it represents as high an average grade of lamp of
any voltage above 100 as has yet been furnished to the customers
of any lamp manufacturer, does not represent the highest point
which will be attained.
August 4, 1894.
THE EIvECXRICAL WORLO.
103
Curves 1 and 2 represent experimental lamps manufactured and
furnished for test by the same company, whose regular product is
represented by curve 4, and I am informed by reliable experts that
within a few months the entire product of the company will be
brought up to the standard represented by curve 1.
That the relative value of the lamps represented by these cur\'es
may be fully appreciated, let us take the average candle power of
curve 1, Fig. 1, which for six hundred hours is 14-19 candles, and
we find, to maintain the same average candle power, using other
lamps, wt should have to break lamps represented by curve 4 at
five hundred and thirt}- hours; curve 7 at one hundred and seventy
hours; curve 8 at one hundred hours; curve 9 at one hundred and
twenty hours; curve 10 at ninety hours; curve 11 at seventy-five
hours, and curve 12 at thirty-five hours.
All of the lamps represented by Fig. 1 are of voltages from 100
to 125 volts, and though started at a higher economy (vs. 3 watts
per candle) than is commonly practiced by central stations (the 3.1
100 200
HOURS
Fig. 3— Curves of C.\ndle Power.
standard of Edison illuminating companies being the highest of
which I have personal knowledge). Testing at 3 watts comes
nearer to results obtained by commercial practice than a lower in-
itial economy, as the tendency of the average central station is to
run high.
Fig. 3 represents lamps of from SO to 60 volts, started at 3 watts
per candle, and tested under the same conditions as the 100 to 120
volt lamps.
No. 1 is the product of the same factory as Nos. 1, 2 and 4, Fig.
1. No. 2 was manufactured by the same company as No. 9. No.
3 %vas manufactured by the same company as No. 11. No. 4 was
manufactured by the same company as No. 10.
As proven by these curves, and also, I believe, as generally
acknowledged, it is much easier to produce a fairly good SO volt
lamp than one of a voltage above 100; but, considering the progress
■which has been made within the past year in the high-volt lamps,
I believe that in a short time a large percentage of alternating
current central stations will find it to their advantage to use large
transformers and secondary mains on the three- wire svstem, cover-
ing one or more blocks from one transformer or bank of transformers,
and using only lamps of over 100 volts, thus greatly economizing
in copper and securing much better regulation than is now secured
with numerous small transformers and 50 volts on the secondary.
The importance of good regulation or a constant voltage at the
lamps is too little appreciated, the general opinion of central station
managers apparently being that so long as the life of the lamp is
satisfactory to themselves or their customers, if they increase the
voltage either temporarily or permanently, the result would be to
increase the average light. The facts are that burning lamps above
their normal rating decreases the entire average candle power on
the customers' circuits, and at the same time, if the station is on a
meter basis, increases the amount of the customers' bills. The
above statement is particularly true of lamps only of average
quality.
Referring to Fig. 2, curve S represents a 108 volt, 16 c. p., 3)4
watt lamp -burned at a constant voltage and reaching 11 candles at
five hundred hours. Starting the same lamp at 110 volts or at 17j-<
candles, 3.3 watts per candle, inside of two hundred hours the
candle power curve crosses the one burned at normal. Starting it
at 112 volts or at 19>^ candles, 3.1 watts per candle, in less than
two hundred hours the candle power curve crosses both the others.
Curves 1 and 2 follow the same general law. The higher we raise
the voltage the more rapid the drop in candle power, and when we
consider that the lamp represented by curve 1 must be kept at 116
volts in order to give 14 candles of light after two hundred hours,
and that should the voltage be brought back to normal or 108 volts,
the candle power would be only about 9 candles, we can appreciate
that on a station where the voltage varies even 7 per cent, the
result must be a very uneven and poor quality of light, even though
the life of the lamp is satisfactory.
The tendency of all central stations seems to have been to gradu-
ally raise their voltage with the intention of thus either burning out
or increasing the candle power of the old lamps on their circuits.
The result is only to either burn out an abnormal number of new lamps
or bring them down to the candle power level of the old ones within
two hundred hours.
The only practical method of keeping the average candle power
of lamps on a station at a point which will be satisfactory to cus-
tomers or on a competitive basis with other methods of lighting is
to keep records of the average life on the entire station where free
renewals are furnished and then to take out of the .soclcets and break
up all lamps which are dim, by this means keeping down the aver-
age life to whatever constant is decided as the best under local
conditions. Where lamps are sold to customers, to keep the candle
power of lamps in use on the circuit of a central station at a point
which will insure satisfaction or tend to keep the electric light
popular, is a difficult problem. Whether the customer is on a meter
or on a contract basis, it is poor economy for him to keep lamps in
his sockets which are giving only 50 per cent, of their initial candle
power, but for the corporation which sold him the lamps and sup-
plies him with current to call his attention to the fact that lamps in
his sockets are giving only about 8 candles, and to attempt to sell him
lamps at 50 or 60 cents each, is not likely to bring about the desired
result. To meet the above difficulties a number of central stations
in diflferent parts of the country are now selling lamps at retail to
their customers at cost, and a few stations even below cost, at the
same time doing all in their power to prove to them that only by a
liberal u.se of lamps can they obtain the greatest amount of light for
a given expenditure of mbne}-.
As the profit on the sale of 'amps is decidedly a secondary matter
as compared to the sale of current and the increa.sed quality of the
light, the above plan should commend itself to all central .stations
not on the basis of furnishing free renewals. It is also worthy of
consideration that by adopting the above plan the station controls
what lamps shall be used on its circuits without dictating to its
customers, an important point while lamps show such widely
different results as those shown by Fig. 1, and while customers
continue more likely to believe that the corporation is not .supplying
proper current than to believe that the (piality of lamps they have
been purchasing is at fault.
Another method of inducing customers to destroy dim lamps
which has found favor with a number of stations is to make a price
200 300
HOURS H.o.iwj
Fig. 4 — Curves of Candle Power.
for lamps of say 40 cents each, and agreeing with their customers
to exchange all dim lamps (which they have sold them) at half
price, that is, for every dim lamp which the customer returns before
the carbon is burned out he receives a new lamp for 20 cents.
Within the past few months the question has often been asked
ine by central station managers, "What economy of lamps should
we use?" This question should, I believe, be settled by central
station managers themselves on presentation of facts, they havino-
control of the regulation of their station and knowledge of local
conditions.
104
THE ELECXRICAI^ WORLD.
Vol. XXIV. No. 5.
Fiji. 4 shows llie same quality of laiiip manufacture as curve 2,
Fig. 1, and represents 16 c. p. lamps started at an initial economy
of 4, 3y2, 3 and 2}< watts per candle. The accompanying table
shows candle power, average candle power, average economy and
average candles per electrical horse power at one hundred hour
periods in their life.
In considering these curves and table it should be remembered
that the result would have been much less favorable to the higher
economy lam])s liad the test been made and the curves plotted with
a poorer (juality of lamp, and also that sati.sfactorj' results with
lamps of higher economy than 3}i watts per candle can only be
obtained b)' exercising the greatest care in maintaining a constant
voltage at the lamps. Referring to the table briefly, it will be
found that even at six hundred hours lamps of the highest initial
economy show the best average result as to average watts per candle
and average candles per horse power, and that at nine hundred
hours 3 watt lamps show better average results than lamps of 3.6
or 4 watts. The greatest objection which can be urged against the
high economy lamp is that while at nine hundred hours the 4 watt
lamp reaches a minimum candle power of 13}4 candles, and the 5)4
watt lamp about 12 candles, the 3 watt lamp reaches 10 candles and
the 2'4 watt lamp at six hundred hours reaches 8 candles. At the
present price of lamps, where fuel is high and the customers' bills
are made up on the basis of lamp hours, it would, without question,
pav the station to use high economy lamps, breaking them at a
point which would insure satisfaction as to average light and keep-
ing the average life comparatively short.
Whatever economy or make of lamp you decide to use, bj' no
means can you so greatly increase the efficiency of your station as
by making every possible effort in the direction of maintaining a
constant voltage at the lamps. This can only be accomplished and
maintained by constant use of reliable, portable instruiuents. No
switchboard instrument should be relied on, without often checking
it by some reliable standard, and it should also be borne in mind
that, owing to the varying drop at various loads, constant voltage
at the station is just what is not wanted. If you do not possess a
reliable, portable voltmeter, .such an instrument .should be your
next purcha.se, then by constant use on your circuits at different
loads and profiting by the knowledge thus obtained, you would soon
find a marked improvement in your lighting, and would he in a
position to judge which make and what economy of laniji is tlie
best for you to purchase.
64 WATTS
56 Watts
48 Watts
40 Watts
100 Hours— C.P..
17.28
17.44
16.8
16.16
Average C. P..
16.8
17.06
17.09
16.%
Average Watts per Candle. .
.1.0
3.28
2.8
2.36
Candles per /.H.P..
191.
227.
266.
316.
200 HoCRS— C.P..
17.12
16.32
15.2
14.08
Average C.P..
17.03
16.94
16.51
15.97
Average Watts per Candle. .
.176
3.3
2.9
2.S
Candles per /.H. P..
198.
226.
257.
298.
300HODRS- C.P..
16.64
15.04
13.92
12.
Average C.P..
16.96
16.53
15.86
14.%
Average Watts per Candle. .
3.77
3.39
3.03
2.67
Candle.sper/.H.P..
198.
220.
246.
279.
400 HOURS— C.P..
15.68
14.08
12.8
10.56
Average C, P..
16.74
16.
15.2
14.03
Average Watts per Candle. .
3.82
3.5
3.16
285
Candles per /.H. P..
19S.
213.
236.
262.
500 Hours— C.P..
IS.
13.28
11,68
9.12
Average C. P..
16.45
15.57
14.62
13.2
Average Watts per Candle. .
3.89
3.59
3.28
3.03
Candles per /.H.P..
192.
208.
227.
246.
600 Hours- C.P..
14.40
12.8
11.04
8.
Average C.P. .
16.
15.15
14.08
12.43
Average Watts per Caudle. .
4.
3.7
3.41
3.22
Candles per /.H. P..
187.
202,
219.
23i.
700 Hours- C.P..
13.92
12.32
10.56
Average C.P. .
15.84
14.78
13.23
Average Watts per Candle. .
4.04
3.79
3.52
Candles per /.H.P..
18S.
197.
212.
800 Hours— C.P..
13.6
12.
10.24
Average C.P. .
1.5.6
14.45
13.63
Average Watts per Candle. .
4.1
3.88
3.62
Candles per /.H. P..
182.
192.
206.
900 Hours— C.P..
13.28
11.84
9.92
Average C.P. .
15.36
14.18
12.88
Average Watts per Candle. .
4.17
3.W
3.73
Candles per /.H. P..
179.
189.
200.
American Fire Department Outdone.
It appears that the members of the Italian fire brigade are very
prompt in responding to alarms of fire. According to an illustration
in "L'Elettricita, " the firemen arrive at houses struck b)' lightning
before the lightning fla.shes disappear from view. — London Electrical
Engineer.
Cost of Producing Electrical Energy.*
BY B. J. ARNOLD.
The losses between indicated and electrical horse power in a
fairly well designed high speed, belted, direct current station, are
about as follows: Engines 10 per
cent. , belts 4 per cent. , dynamos
10 per cent., line 10 percent.,
making a total commercial efli-
citncy of 70 per cent.
In alternating direct belted
plants the losses on engines, belt
and dynamos are practically the
same as given above. The losses
in the primary circuit are u.sually
S per cent. Where there are
many small transformers and when
working under loaded, as they
usually are for a large portion of
the time in small central stations,
the average loss will be about 10
per cent. , although when they are
working at their rated load they
will give an efficiency of 93 per cent, to 95 per cent. The loss on
the secondary wiring is usually 2 per cent. Combinin these losses,
we find the average commercial efficiency of the alternating plant to
be 65 per cent. In stations operating large engines belted to a
countershaft the losses are practically the same as given above, ex-
cept that the loss between the power delivered by the engine and
the power delivered to the generators is usually about 20 per cent.,
making the commercial or industrial efficiency of the above systems
58 per cent, and 52 per cent, respectively, although there are many
cases on record in which the losses are far greater than these, caused
by uiLsoldered joints in the line construction, or defectivelj- designed
and operated machinery.
Table No. 1, published recently in L'Industrie Electrique, was
prepared by Mr. J. Laffargue. I have reproduced it here, as it con-
tains the mo.st complete infonnation regarding foreign central
stations that I have been able to secure. The stations are all located
in Gennany; two of them, those at Elberfeld and Hamburg, being
direct current plants, the one at Cologne an alternating station, and
those at Barmen, Hamburg and Dus,seldorf direct current stations
with accumulators as auxiliaries. The table enables us to compare
the relative merits of the three systems, and as will be noticed, the
alternating .station at Cologne produces 71 watt hours per pound of
coal, and delivers a kilowatt to the customer for 6.65 cents. The
station at Hanover produces the greatest number of watts per pound
of coal, viz., 219, and delivers a kilowatt hour to the consumer for
5.2 cents, while the best result of all is shown by the station at
Dusseldorf, producing, as it does, 1.S5 watt hours per pound of coal,
and furnishing a kilowatt to the customer for 4.54 cents. This
would seem to indicate that there is an advantage in using
accumulators.
It is also interesting to note that the average commercial effi-
ciency of the accumulators is 76.1 per cent.
Mr. Laffargue adds that the following percentages are allowed for
depreciation: lyi to 2 per cent, on the buildings; 4 to 5 per cent,
on the boilers and engines, and 6 per cent, on the accumulators; 3
per cent, on the mains, and 8 to 10 per cent, on the various auxil-
iaries of the plant. These figures are about correct for practice in
this country, except on the accumulator question, and as there are
now numerous strong companies entering the field in this country,
w'ho are willing to guarantee to maintain battery plants for 10 per
cent, per annum, it is possible that we can soon reach the state of
perfection in the Hue that is indicated by the.se figures.
In comparing the figures on a basis of cost per kilowatt hour
delivered to the con.sunier, the loss in the mains at the various
stations should be taken into consideration, as it will be noticed
that at Dusseldorf the loss between the station and the consumer is
over 30 per cent., at Hanover 20 per cent.. Barmen 15 per cent.,
while at Hamburg and Elberfeld it is but 5'> per cent, and 2"; per
cent, respectively. Were these allowances made, it would probably
bring the cost at Dusseldorf much below the present figure, but not
knowing the exact conditions it was impossible to make the
proper allowance in this paper.
The first part of table No. 2, marked "Direct Current," was pre-
pared from reliable information on file in the writer's office, and is
•Abstractor a paper read before the Northwestern Electrical Association. St.
Panl, Minn., Jnly 19, 1894.
Auc;usT 4, 1S94.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
105
llie result of tlie operation of fifteen large direct current stations In general, however, I will state that the expense of operating in
located in different parts of the United States. The three succeed- central lighting stations, is approximately as follows:
ing parts of the table marked "Direct Current," "Alternating p-uel 23l5nercent
Current" and "Combined Sj'stems, " have been compiled from Labor 31.20 '^
information secured from the report of the committee on statistics Repairli ......................'...........'.'.'.'..'. u'lo
of the National Electric Light Association, presented at its last General expenses 23.15 "
^ , . '^, . Other expenses 11.65 "
meeting, and figures were chosen only from such stations as seemed
to bear evidence of careful compilation. This report did not give '""" 100.00
the cost of coal per ton, nor the cost of coal per kilowatt hour, but The last portion of table No. 2 is a synopsis of table No. 1. Table
TABLE No. 1.
Direct Current.
Direct Current with Accumulators.
Alternating.
GENERAI. DATA.
Fifty watt lamps capable of being* supplied from the works
" " " " " " *' mains
Available power in kilowatts
EXPENSES OF FIRST ESTABLISHMENT.
Installation capital, in dollars
Specific expenditure, in dollars per kilowatt
" " " " '* lamp
RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES.
Duration of working, in years
Total receipts, in dollars
Receipts, per cent, of the capital
Total expenditure, in dollars
Expenditure, per cent, of the capital
Rough total profits, in dollars
Profits, per cent, of the capital
EXPENSES— COST.
Total energy in kilowatt hours, produced
" " " '• " distributed
Efficiency of the mains, per cent
Energy in watt hours per lb. coal, produced
" " *' *' " " " distributed
Salaries in cents, per kilowatt hour, produced
*' " " " " " distributed
Cost per kilowatt hour in cents, produced
" " '* " " " distributed
Mean selling price in cents per kilowatt hour, including all expenses
Charge without deduction for the kilowatt hour in cents
Price for cubic feet of gas, consumption above 3,000 cubic feet, cents
CO-EFFICIENTS OF I'TILIZATION — DURATION OF LIGHTING.
Number of SO watt lamps installed -
Maximum power utilized in kilowatts
Ratio of power utilized to power available
Duration of lighting, in hours, per annum
EMPLOYMENT OF ACCUMULATORS.
Energy expended for the charge, in kilowatt hours
Energy furnished by the discharge, in kilowatt hours
Industrial efficiency of the accumulators, per cent
Ratio of energy supplied by the accumulators to the total energy dis-
tributed, per cent
Loss in the accumulators, por cent, of the total energy distributed
Elberfeld. Hamburg.
272,829.96
545.25
24.25
5.
46,281.80
20.5
17,498.99
6.41
28.782.81
14.09
313.438.
305,794.
97.5
Barmen. Hanover. Dusseldorf.
473,912.90
816.93
3143
112.245.49
23.68
26.568.21
5.62
85,67'
18.05
204,425.53
908.50
31.43
23,995.08
11.74
8,365.67
114,996.
122,026.
84.16
194.
».).
3.28
3.90
5.76
685
19.85
17.65
.13
504,176.51
785.70
39.28
60,003.22
15.8
18,370.92
4.46
46,621.30
11.34
452,520.
365,115.
80.67
557,194.58
926.35
46.32
1.
54,710.04
9.8
15,338.13
39,38l!9r
484.111.
337,285.
69.68
1.63
2.33
3.15
4.54
16.20
20.95
.103
279,506.
216,561.
77,5
472,500.58
693.55
34.68
1.
5*,73S.6S
11.5
20,460.21
4.07
34,278.44
66S
17 81
16.%
15,329.
325.
O.SO
TABLE No. 3.-24 Hour Test on Coal.
Tempera-
ture.
C .
is
5«
Average Watts.
1
"
a"
B
U
.0
2-'
s-
S J.
o-I
«.-S
fa
(3
0.2
Evaporation per
Lbs.
Hour
0"
l|
|R= •
1-^
c g
"on
ill
^5
T3
Bo
0-
Per lb. Fuel
SfefS
<
Feb. 2.
125
'i25
125
116°
1280
118°
116°
110°
116°
118°
114°
640°
680°
■626°'
635°'
5.8
1.5
25
3.6
5.8
1.3
3.1
24.
39215
34100
41360
26620
2572
24640
40480
52.56
104.46
140.00
104.46
36.56
55.14
54.26
Coal
3264
937
2502
2874
3952
1049
1019
15597
'i3878
"
£ 55
$20.27
20626
7019
16849
3536
4433
6522
4053
5083
7474
6571
5471
3907
5225
5364
117.5
147.3
216.6
190.5
158.6
113.3
151.5
ISS.S
$3.72
1.27
3.04
3.79
5 03
.82
260
$20.27
$7.11
2.28
4.13
5.33
6.26
1.40
3.97
$30.48
Cents.
3.10
34650
38940
27170
16611
16500
9180
24140
24140
8160
1.53
31038] 5735
278451 4774
4544 3409
187
Feb. 3.
2.52
Entire run..
112348
4680
7.2b
8.2s
$.00543
2.4S
24 Hour Test on Oil.
Oil.
1
1
Feb. 6.
125
126°
124°
128°
480°
■526°'
6.5
1.0
2.4
3.6
S.S
.2
4'>
29631
43.2
106.0
128.0
100.0
35.3
77
42.2
63.3
137.0
158.0
130.0
8(..9
107.0
63.3
33.2
22.6
19.0
23.2
59.4
28.0
33.2
1912
371
10')1
1691
1993
lis
1398
8570
:^-a 1 238% 3677
'^u.c'S ■*"-" -"^s
.-=3*8 1"-'"', S-«
°S-=* 23889 4<.)')o
SsO* 1648 5834
U§ 14971 3551
$21.68 1103956 4332
4184
5195
7180
(.011
41,61
6627
4041
4930
121.3
4.98
1.03
3.18
4.04
4.98
.34
3.13
$21.67
8.80
1.81
4.19
5.58
6.20
.40
4.95
$31.93
4 31
32436i 35430 'IISO
33573 3')l(,(l 24141)
24193, 37170 24141)
660, 16S0O, 91.S0,
23980 16500 9180
33920l 1
150.6
213
174.3
2 03
Feb. 7.
'i2S
125
116°
124°
118°
122°
135.1
192.1
2.50
12.13
147.2
13.80 : 142.9
3 72
Entire run..
24.
r.::.::i
$.006324
2.83
24 Hour Test— Park Co. Coal.
Feb. 14 and 15.
_ \
I
$2. 1ST
24.
1
16930
101854
4244 4839
6.016
6.846
140.0
$.005417 $18.20 1 $28.43 1
1
Simply gave the watt hours produced per poiiml of coal. By assum-
ing a price per ton on the coal we have deduced the costs per kilo-
watt hour which are given, but not having the information necessary
to ascertain the operating expenses or fixed charges, the total cost
per kilowatt hour delivered to the consumer is omitted.
No. 3 is the result of three tests made under the direction of the
writer on a combined electric and lighting station, to ascertain the
relative economy on oil and coal for fuel. Inasmuch as the infor-
mation is quite complete, it has been thought advisable to insert it
in this paper. The station consists of two compound condensing
106
THE ICUKCTKICAI. W'OKl^U.
Vol. XXIV. No.
engines, coupled direct to a line .sluift. This sliafl runs two 90
kilowatt railway generators, two 16 kilowatt arc light machines,
two alternating incandescent dynamos of 30 and SO kilowatt capacity
respectively, or a total capacity of 392 kilowatts. The station is
considerably underloaded, delivering but 1,248 kilowatt hours.
Referring to table No. 3 it will be observed that the test began
at 10.20 a. m., and continued for 24 hours. As the load in this
.station varied greatly, one of the objects of the tesst was to ascertain
the cost of producing power during the different periods, and the
right hand column in the table shows the total cost per kw hour.
The railway portion of this station operates from four to six cars,
and during the time of the test but four cars were in f)peration. The
cars started at S:SO a. ni., and ran until 12 o'clock midnight, and
the lighting load was added as indicated by the figure.
The ilivision in the table shows the principal variation in the
load, and it is interesting to note the change in cost per kilow.itt
work there would be an additional revenue of $9 per day added to
this station, assuming that all the motors were running fully loaded.
As a matter of fact the following statement shows approximately
the average amount of power demanded from electric motors when
running on various kinds of work: Wood working machinery. 40
per cent, of rated capacity of machines in the plant; elevators, 80
per cent. ; printing presses, 55 per cent. ; machine shops, 40 per
cent., or an average of about 55 per cent. On this basis this plant
could drive safel)' 160 horse power in addition to its present railroad
load, which, at 2 cents per horse power hour would bring an addi-
tional revenue of $33 per ilay, and deducting S9, the cost of fuel,
leaves $24 per day additional net profit which this plant can be
made to earn, provided tlie full capacity of the motors is paid for.
In ca.se the additional load for electric motors is not available this
extra 90 horse power could be utilized in driving an ice plant. In
practice it takes about 2 horse power 24 hours to produce a ton of
Station
H. P.
Capacity.
Kilowatt r.?J).oy!^
capacity <^^^/^lf
Watt Hours
Per Day.
Coal.
Kind Used.
Cost Coal
Per Ton.
Watt Hrs.
Per lb.
Coal.
Co.st Coal
Pr. Kw.
Hour.
Cost Other
Exps.
Kw. Hr.
Total Cost
Per Kw.
Hr. Del. to
Customer.
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
14
IS
004,000
4IW,300
30S,.T00
29'J,000
I'M.l.W
140,000
120,700
105,700
8,5,100
53,700
,SO,.30O
47,800
37,100
33,000
33,400
$2.53
3.01
2.57
2.47
2.55
3.15
1.94
1.42
2.20
82
2.26
2.38
114.
88.
107.
122.
108.
53.
71.
65.
S3.
48.
82.
66.
Cents.
1.11
1.10
1.20
1.01
1.18
2.%
1.36
1.10
2.06
.85
2.24
1.38
1.80
.11
Cents.
4.94
4.06
5.16
4.72
5.76
5.92
337
3.61
3.05
5.07
4.69
5.71
4.42
Cents.
6.05
5.76
6.30
5.73
6.35
6.94
8.88
4.73
4.71
5.11
5.92
6.93
7.09
6.22
6.19
Averages. .
2.28
81.5
1.46
4.65
6.20
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
90.
25.
37.
17.
18.
20.
48.
33.
20.
20.
67.045
18.400
27.450
12.720
13.420
14.500
3,S.0S0
24.605
15.000
15.200
24.
IS.
10.
14.7
0.5
5.0
7.5
10.
9.
6.
1,609,070
270,000
274,500
187,860
87,230
72,800
207,375
240,057
135,000
91,368
Bitm. Slaclc.
Bitm. Block.
Authr. Pea.
Assumed.
$1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
4.50
ISO.
46.
SO.
M.
62.
40.
76.
46.
56.
65.
.SO
1.63
1.34
1.17
1.21
1.87
1.98
3.27
2.68
3.46
Averages..
66.
1.91
AUcnialintr Ciinent
26
27
a*
29
30
31
32
26.
295.
66.
38.
30.
30.
25.
19.000
220.000
49.220
28.000
22.000
22.300
18.480
8.
9.S
10.0
12.0
11.0
14.0
0.0
152,000
2,090,000
785,920
330,000
242,000
312,060
110,880
Bitm. Slack.
Indian Block
Bitm. '•
Anthr. I'ea.
$1.50
300
3.00
3.00
3.00
4.50
4 50
104.
52.
121.
%.
76.
108.
no.
.72
2.89
1.24
1.56
1.98
2.09
2.05
Averages . .
95.3
1.79
Combined Systems <
33
34
35
181.
440.
.12.
134.780
332.150
24,100
21.0
24.0
IS.S
2,843,760
7,971,600
373,520
Bitm. Block.
.\ntli. Scrns.
Bitm. Slack.
$3.00
1.50
1.50
104.
208.
111.
1.44
.36
.68
.
Averajres. .
141.
.83
Elberfeld
Hamburer
Colotrne
liarmen
Hanover
Dusseldorf
(direct current station)
{alternating current station)
313,438
542,900
307,074
148.
71.
104.
219.
185.
5.70
5.18
6.05
(direct cu
rrent with act
uinulator)
144,9%
452,520
484,111
6.85
5.02
4,54
hour produced, depending, of course, as it does, upon the quantity
of current delivered, as the cost remains practically constant, with
the exception of the fuel. From 7:20 a. m. to 4:10 p. m. , when
the railway load is being operated, the cost averages 3.1 cents per
kilowatt hour, and from 12 o'clock midnight until S a. m. the cost
per kilowatt hour is 3.96 cents, while during the heavy load, from
5 p. m, until midnight, the average co.st per kilowatt hour is but
1.75 cents, and after deducting the labor, which is a fixed charge,
the total cost per kilowatt hour for full load is but I'i cent.s. After
allowMiig for salaries, olTice expenses, loss in lines and depreciation
in the plant, the figures show that this station is delivering current
to the consumer for 6.4 cents per kilowatt hour, which corresponds
fairly well with the figures given in table No. 2. With a little
calculation we see that this plant could have furnished 681 addi-
tional kilowatt hours, or over 90 additional horse power in motors,
for ten hours from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m., for an additional cost of but
$9 for fuel, or at a cost of one cent per horse power hour, and as
a price of two cents per horse-power hour can be obtained for motor
ice, and on this basis the available capacity of th'S plant would
produce 20 tons of ice, which would sell for at least $3 per ton,
making an additional revenue of $60 per day for the plant, and
after deducting for extra fuel, labor and depreciation, leaves $40
per day profit.
The cost of ice-m.iking plants is about as follow.s, per ton of out-
put in 24 hours:
1 ton f2,70O
2 " 2.0.=il
6 " 1,210
12 " 'M2
20 " .875
40 " 800
In clo.sing this paper I will briefly call attention to the approxi-
mate results we are now getting from the dilTerent portions of power
stations, and what we ought to expect from future station.s.
rirst — lioilers — .\ large nimiber of stations running now are using
boilers with plain furnaces, from which they secure an evaporation of
5 pounds of water per pouiul of coal. By the introduction of water
AicusT 4, 1894.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLli.
107
tube or internally fired boilers or tubular boilers set in improved
furnaces, we will secure an evaporation of 8 pounds of water per
pound of the same fuel.
Second — Engine and Generators — While we now get an average
commercial efficiency of 60 to 70 per cent, in direct belted plants
and 50 to 60 per cent. in those using shafting, we can increase these
efficiencies to 70 and 75 per cent, respectively by the adoption of
fewer and larger direct coupled units. This will not only reduce
the cost of fuel and labor, but will decrease the amount of real
estate required and make the total investment less.
Third — Whi'e Europeans have recognized the advantage of the
use of accumulators with batteries as auxiliaries in central station
work, we have been slow to see this advantage, but the tendency
now among American engineers and central station men is to look
with favor upon this adjunct, and as there are many cases wherein
a battery plant as an auxiliary can be made to pay well, the prob-
abilitv is that we shall see in the next five j'ears many such plants
installed. Witli a properly designed direct connected plant we
may reasonabh- expect to deliver a kilowatt hour to the consumer
in .stations having a capacity of not over 1,500 kilowatts for S cetits per
kilowatt hour, which includes total cost of production and depreciation
on the plant, but excludes interest on the investment and profit, as-
suming that a good quality of bituminous coal can be had for $2.50 per
ton. In larger stations with cheaper fuel the cost can be brought to
5',2 cents.
Another Inoperative Unipolar Machine.
Sine Form of Curves of Alternating E. M. F.
According to an illustrated description in a German contemporary,
it appears that another German patent has been granted for a uni-
polar machine which will develop no current. Had the inventor
read a recent article in The Electrical World he would have saved
himself the expense of the patent and the embarrassment of finding
out, after it is too late, that his machine is of no use. We recom-
mend the German Patent Bureau to adopt the same plan that our
Patent Office has found so very effective in these cases, which is
simply to call for a working model before the patent will be
allowed.
Treatment in Case of Accidents.
The publication of Dr. d'Arsonval's valuable " formula, " namely
that a man shocked by electricity .should be treated as if drowned,
has called forth other articles on this subject, among which is a
recent one by a German doctoi in one of our contemporaries. With
genuine German thoroughness he states that the first thing to be
done is to get a physician, then to treat the burns like any other
burns, etc. , adding that they are not generally dangerous. As we
are mere laymen it may not seem proper for us to express any radi-
cally diflterent opinions on medical matters, yet, being Americans,
we venture to suggest that it would be far better to advise a person
to send some one else for the physician, and meanwhile try at once
to resuscitate the victim by artificial respiration, leaving the care
of the bums to the undertaker, or to the physician if resuscitation
is successful. Thoroughness is a good thing, but a little common
sense is sometimes better.
Another Revolutionizing Railway System.
A consulting engineer informs us that an enthusiastic inventor
came to him recently with the following idea: The rail for his street
railway is made of a flexible band, and large electromagnets are
placed behind each of the wheels, which, by their magnetic attrac-
tion, will raise up the rail behind each wheel, thus forming little
hills down which the car will move by gravity, these little hills
following the car as it travels along. As the rail neither advances
nor recedes from the magnet, no power will be required other than
a small amount of current to excite the magnets. He w'as told that
his mistake was to come to an engineer with his project; he would
no doubt be able to obtain financial assistance to form v. large com-
pany to introduce his invention if he went to some of the many-
capitalists who do not believe in .science or in the advice of an
engineer. It was suggested to him that even the power for the
magnets might be dispensed with if the flexible rails be made to
pass over pulleys directly behind the wheels. It reminds us of a
scheme for canal boat propulsion, due, we believe, to Mark
Twain, in which the canal was made in the form of an inclined
plane, down which the boats would slide by gravity; but, as that
involves difficulties for the return trip, he improves it by making
the boats themselves in the form of an inclined plane instead, and
they would then slide down in any direction in which they were
pointed.
Our American contemporary, the Electrical World, recently dis-
cu,s.sed in an editorial note the question of the value of sine curves
for the electromotive force of alternators. We have ourselves
already remarked on this question, and have expressed our opinion,
which we know to be shared liy alternator experts in this country,
that the elaborate attempts which are being made by some of the
American alternator builders to give this property to their ma-
chines are utterly useless, and a complete waste of time and energy.
Our esteemed conteraporar\', however, thinks differently, and bases
its conclusions on the deductions of Kennelly and some experiments
by Dr. Duncan on two-phase motors. It is, therefore, apparently
supported by both theory ami practice; jet, when we examine the
matter a little more closeh-, we are by no means inclined to agree
that our contemporary has sufficient grounds for its conclusions. In
the first place, theoretical considerations, especially of the intricate
phenomena of alternate current machinery, are apt to ignore those
influences which, though difficult to put into exact mathematical
form, are just the things which determine the truth or fallacy of
the conclusions. Again and again this has happened, and it has
been shown that mathematical inference, unsupported bj- experi-
mental evidence or based on insufficient data, cannot be relied on.
It may, perhaps, be argued that the results of Dr. Duncan's re-
searches afford this necessary experimental evidence. Let us see
what these researches amount to. Dr. Duncan commences by ob.serv-
ing that "the mathematical treatment is difficult, unless many essen-
tial phenomena are omitted. " He then describes some experiments
on a two-phase 2 h. p. Tesla motor. This motor was run from a
25 h. p. two-phase generator, which was believed to give practically
a true sine curve of electromotive force. The results obtained were
not compared with those which might have been obtained from anj'
other alternator; they therefore stand alone. Moreover, the motor
was not even run up to its full capacity, nor was it supplied with its
rated electromotive force; so that it was "not, of course, particularly
efficient. " In all of which, we may ask, is there anything to show-
that the motor was more efficient than it would have been in any
other case? Nor are the practical rules for design, which follow
from these deductions, any more comforting to the builder of alter-
nate current machinery. "To satisfy the condition in the armature
would require an infinite number of armature windings, but it can
be practically satisfied in the higher machines with a reasonable
number of windings. It must not be understood that it is especially
easy to accomplish this. " So much for the true sine armature; as
to the field windings, "projecting pole pieces should certainly be
avoided. " We should not be surprised to hear that the sine curve
should be carefully avoided, and that the "best" curve is of a very
different shape. — London Electrician.
An Experiment That Failed.
To the Editor of Tlw Electrical World :
Sir: — I was somewhat interested in reading Lieut. Patten's last
contribution on "An Experiment That Failed, " as I myself designed
a telephone repeater almost identical with Lieut. Patten 's more than
ten years ago, with just the same results. After a great many
experiments, I succeeded finally in producing an instrument on
altogether a different plan, of which it can be said that it was just
as easy to carry on conversation over a long line with the instru-
ment in circuit as without it.
SCHENECTADY, N. Y. J. S. B.
The Measurement of Polyphased Currents.
To the Editor of The Electrical World:
Sir: — Prom a note by Prof. A. Blonael in the issue of your jour-
nal for July 28, 1894, it appears that a misunderstanding exists as
to the paternity of the general formula which is quoted therein.
Mr. Blondel also quotes my aisclaimer to this formula and then
construes it in' a manner to make it appear quite the opposite of its
obvious meaning and intent. The statement discussed means sim-
ply ana only that to the writer the demonstration given by Mr.
Blondel did not seem as natural as the one given, aurt that beyond
the demonstration of Mr. Blondel the writer was not aware of any
which was not limited to some consideration of the form of the cir-
cuits in which the energy was utilized. More explanation than was
given did not seem necessary at the time the article was written.
A comparison of the methods of Prof. Blondel and myself will show-
that they are not the same, the same final result being reached in
either case, but in a different manner.
W.\sHiNGTON, D. C. Alexander D. Lunt.
ELECTRO-PHYSICS.
I'ni-Direclional front Alio natiiis Currents. — A Royal Society paper
by Major Cardew is published with illustrations, in the Lond. "Elec.,"
July 13. In making some tests of a high potential alternating current
system of about 1,000 volts, he found that in all cases there' was an appar-
ent E. M. V. of 5 to 6 volts, tending to cause a flow of positive electricity
to earth; a small copper voltameter showed the existence of a uni-direc-
tional current to earth. He explains the results by stating that when the
cables were charged with positive electricity the polarization is sufficient
during one alternation to considerably increase the resistance of the slight
leakage to earth by the formation of a film of oxides; this obstruction is
cleared off by the succeeding negative wave, which opens the leak, but
the time of an alternation is quite insufficient to produce this effect on
the water pipe earth and the result therefore is a passage of negative
electricity to earth through the cables and of a corresponding quantity
to earth by the water pipes.
FJeclricily and Gravilalion. — A correspondent to the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," July 13, states that there are very strong reasons for believing
that the ether obeys the ordinary laws of gravitation. "If we accept the
notion that ether attracts itself, and obeys the ordinary laws of gravita-
tion in regard to itself and to other forms of matter in a condensed form,
then it is not difficult to understand its whole phenomena of disturb-
ance. "
riioto-Electricity. — "Cosmos," June 16, contains an article by Mr. Ber-
Ihier, in which he gives a good summary of batteries or cells in which
light is converted into an electric current directly; quite a number of
devices are described, and in a few cases some quantitative data are given.
Plio/o-Electric Researches. — The Lond. "Elec," July 13, contains a
brief summary by Dr. Lodge of the researches of Mr. Righi.
Calculating Co-efficients uj Self-Induction. — "L'Ind. Elec," July Ki,
mentions a paper by Mr. Guye on the geometric distance between ele-
ments of an entire surface and its application to the calculation of the
co-efficient of self-induction.
I'rodnrtion of Hail. — The theory of Mr. Marangoni, in which elec-
tricity is an important factor, is briefly abstracted in the Loud "IClec."
July 13.
MAGNETISM.
/■'roetic/i's Magnetic Lau'. — \\\ an article by Dr. Froelich, in the "Elek.
Zeit.," July 5, he calls attention to the law which he recently deduced
(see Digest, Aug. 12. 1893, also Feb. 17, and The Electrical World, Feb. 24,
p. 23'*), stating that he has since endeavored to verify it by experiments,
obtaining good results, but finding that the calculated maximum flux
was always smaller than that which had been found experimentally with
high magnetizing forces. He concludes that the apparatus with which
such measurements are usually made involves a number of errors when
liii-h magnetizing forces are used; he refers to those usually used in
practice in which the iron is surrounded by a coil, its circuit being com-
pleted by an iron yoke; among them are: that the influence of the yoke,
as also that of the contact surface, is not eliniinaled with sufficient pre-
cision; that the magnetizing coil has an action not only on the sample
but also on the yoke, which action was not taken into account with
sufficient inecision; that the small test coil is affected not only by the
llux through the iion sample; but also by that in the yoke and in the air
space, and finally that the sharp ends in the iron give rise to leakage at
high magnetization. In order, therefore, to test his formulas, he calculates
a seiies of results and curves from the recent researches of Mr. Lehman,
published in "Wied. Ann.," vol. 48, page 405, in which the method of
KirchholT was used, which is free from the above named errors, and
which, it may be safely assumed, gives the true magnetization curve; in
tiiis method a complete iron ring surrounded by tie coil was used. Dr.
I'loclich gives his formulas, the deduced values of the con.stants and
seveial tables of results and curves, showing the dilTerence between the
calculated and observed values, the agreement being a very satisfactoiy
one ; the above refers to his more complicated but nu)re accurate formu-
las, and he therefore concludes that these formulas repiescnt the true
magnetizing law of iron; he finds from these results that the maximum
llux is very much higher than was usually supposed, and furthermore,
tliat it cannot be determined with any accuracy. He also applies his
simpler aijproximate formulas to these results and finds that they are
veiy reliable for magnetizing forces between H = (> and 11=40 — that is, f<ir
the lange used in practice— but that above and below these values they
do not apply (it will be remembered that this was a straight line law) ;
he concludes, therefore, that his simple formulas can safely be applied in
practice, but that the value of the ina.xinuim flux which enters in them
is not the true maximum, but is only an apparent one, and therefore has
the character of a mathematical constant.
UNITS, MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS.
The Arc as a .S'/anrfarrf.— See abstract under "Rotation of the Electric
Arc"
.Specific Resistance of Pure Copper. — A Royal Society paper by Messrs.
Swan and Rliodin is abstracted in the Lond. "Elec," July 13. Great care
was taken to obtain the purest electrolytic copper, only the best of a large
niiraber of samples being used and again refined electrolytically : the di-
ameters were determined by the specific gravity method ; the absolute spe-
cific resistance at 0° C. was calculated from the temperature co-efficients
which were carefully determined; the density was 8.9587 at 15° C. ; the
specific resistance in C. G. S. unitstpresumably at 0° C, although not so
stated) for one sample was 1,603 hard .as drawn, 1,566 for the same sample
annealed and 1,559 for another sample annealed; the temperature co-effi-
cients were respectively 0.00408. 0.00418, 0.00415; he believes that the mean
is the probable correct value, and gives the following as the true values;
hard 1,603. soft 1,563; temperature co-efficients 0.00408 and 0.0041(>
respectively. (Attention is called by the compiler to the determinations
of Mr. Lagarde, given in the Digest, Oct. 7, 1893. further references to
the original being given in the Digest, Nov. 18, 1893, and March 17, 1894.)
Magnetic Curve Tracer. ^Kccoxi\n% to an editorial in the Lond.
"Elec," July 13, Mr. Hess, before the French Academy, proposes to
make use of the peculiarities of cathode rays pointed out by Dr. Lenard
for obtaining a curve tracer with a pointer without inertia ; cathode rays
are made to fall "on a rapidly moving photographic film, the whole
"observing space," as Dr. Lenard calls it, being placed within the vari-
able electric field to be investigated.
Measuring Co-efficients of Induction. — An Academy paper by Mr. Abra-
ham, on the measurements and comparison of true co-efficients of induc-
tion by alternating currents of high frequency, is abstracted in "L'Ind.
Elec," July 10, and more fully in "L'Elec." July 7; a Wheatstoue
bridge and telephone are used ; the formulas for the relations are given.
Measuring the Efficiency of a Large Motor. — The article by Mr. Rey.
mentioned in the Digest last week, is given in abstract in "L'Ind.
Elec," July 10
Meter.— The Brocq meter is described and illustrated in "La Lum.
Elec," July 7; a solenoid operates a float in a sort of dashpot, the
motion of which is registered.
TRANSFORMERS.
Transformer System. — Mr. Whitcher. in the Lond. "Elec. Rev.,"
July 13, states that his method (see Digest July 28) is not as described in
that journal ; he does not, however, describe it clearly. He states that
an extra primary main is used in place of an automatic switch, on the
primary side as well as on the secondary, and that he disperses with all
automatic mechanism, using only the same number of mains: for large
sub-stations he proposes to use a method in which the currents in the
two sides of the three-wire system can be varied in phase relatively to
each other, from consonance through all values of nppositeness, by means
of which the engineer at the central station can control the transformer
capacity by the suitable alteration of the phase dilTerence ; he also speaks
of controlling it by varying the induction in some of the transformers.
Constant Current Transjormer System. — In a description of the Fer-
ranti system in "L'Elec," July 7 (see Digest. June -W, under "Ports-
mouth"). Mr. Meylan adds a theory of the action of such transformers,
showiue that it is questionable whether one can, by this means, obtain a
true automatic regulator of the current and concludes that the construc-
tion depends on the limits between which regulation is to be effected.
Current Ruslies in Tran.'forniers. — Mr. Hay's article is continued in
the Lond. "Elec," July 13; he discusses the effect of frequency and
finds that the current rushes increase with the periodicity (that is, fie-
quency). He then discusses experiments with inductive circuits con
taining iron and gives curves and tables; in a certain case the curient
rush was 6.74. In the same issue he replies to the comments of Dr.
F'leming mentioned in the Digest last week, in which he states th,at the
fact that his remarks applied to circuits without iron seems to have been
overlooked by that Clitic and hopes th.at his statements will have the
effect of shaking the confidence in some of Dr. FMeming's conclusions.
AFC AND INCANDE.SCENT LIGHTS.
Trojectors.— The "Elek. Zeit.." June 5, contains .an article of some
length by Mr. Nerz. He discusses at some length the various statements
made in the discussion of the .subject of photometry of projectors, which
was published in The Electiical World last year; regarding Prof. S. P.
Thompson's statement, he showed that according to that writer one square
millimetre of crater has an intensity of 11.1 candles, while the present
writer has obtained a maximum value more than ten times as great ; he
shows that with the large Schuckeit search light at Chicago, on the
assumption that the beam has an angle of 2 degrees, the theoretical point
August 4, 1894.
THE ELECXRICAIv WORLD.
109
from which the light appears to come will be only 43 metres behind the
mirror, an error which can readily be neglected in applying the law of
the inverse squares, as it is smaller than the' errors in the photometric
measurements. (Although he appears to consider the theory of the
inverse squares to apply to projectors he gives no experimental proofs of
its correctness, nor does he appear to intimate that such verifications
exist.) To show that the mirrors of the Schuckert Company are a suffi-
ciently close approximation to a true parabola, he describes three methods
for testing the same ; in one of these such a projector was compared directly
with a Mangin projector, and it was shown that the parabolic projector
was, in the worst case, 25 per cent, better and on an average 36 per cent,
better; the results being obtained from tests made by several Government
officials; in another case the calculated theoretical dispersion %vas com-
pared with that from photometric measurements and it was found to be
as 1 to 1.08, showing that the geometric foim of the reflector is a very
close approximation to the true parabola ; the third method, that of Tschi-
koleff, is an optical one in which certain images are photographed. A
large table is given, containing quite complete data for 8 different sizes
of projectors, including the light giving power under various conditions ;
for a 60 cm. (about 24 inches) projector, with 40 amperes, the candle power
is given as 24,900,000; the Austrian Government official, in a test, found
it to be 20,000,000 at a distance of 2,050 metres, from which he deduces
an absorption factor for the atmosphere, equal to 10.4 per cent, per ki-
lometre, which he thinks is well within the probable value. Some simple
theoretical deductions are given, from which a formula is deduced for
the illuminating power on distant objects, as seen with the eye stationed
at the projector; in an experiment made at the Gulf of Ismid with a 60
cm. projector, objects at a distance of 9.8 km. could be readily seen ; he
states that the absorption of the atmosphere may make a difference of
from 2 to 50 per cent. ; he shows that the former method of judging pro-
jectors by the discernment of objects as .seen from the projectors is a very
inaccurate one, and that theoretically an increase in this distance of 10
per cent, requires SO per cent, more light from the projector.
Rolalion of the Electric A,c. — A Royal Society paper by Mr. Trotter
is published in the Loud. "Elec," July 13; from experiments he finds
that the effective luminosity of the arc is neither constant nor uniform ;
his experiments showed that a bright spot existed at or near the crater
and that a periodic phenomenon accompanied its appearance, which,
although more marked with short humming arcs, he believes to be pres-
ent in all : under certain conditions he found that a bright patch, occupy-
ing one-fourth of the crater, appeared to be rapidly revolving ; it con-
sisted of a bright spot with a curved appendage, sweeping around in
different directions; he attributes the phenomenon to the refraction of
the light by the heated vapor; an unexpected difficulty is thus introduced
in the use of the arc as a .standard of light ; he intends to ascertain the
nature of the phenomenon and to find practical conditions under which
it is absent or negligible.
Alternating Current Arc Lamps. — In the "Elek. Zeit.," July 5, Mr.
Coerpei criticises unfavorably the recent article of Messrs. Roessler and
Wedding, abstracted in the Digest July 7, claiming tha" the results were
obtained with old and abandoned types of machines and that no practical
deductions should be drawn from them ; he states that the Helios alter-
nating current arc lamp has a hemispherical intensity below the hori-
zontal of 498 candles with a consumption of 310 watts, corresponding to
1.6 candles per watt.
TRANSMISSION OF POWKR.
Proposed Power Transmission Plant in Siceden. — The Lond. "Elec,"
July 13, gives some preliminary information regarding a proposed plant
for transmitting 20,000 h.p. over an industrial district and to a neighbor-
ing town by means of 15,000 volt alternating currents, it being a portion
of the power of a waterfall amounting to about 49,000 h. p. and belong-
ing to the Government ; it is proposed to charge about $22 per h. p. per
annum.
Allernalinc: Current Transmission of Power. — "I,a Lum. Elec,"
July 7, publishes a list of 31 installations, constructed or in course of con-
struction, by Brown, Boveri & Co., in which single, di-phase or tri-phase
currents are used ; some data is given but it does not include distances.
Di-Phase Transmission oj Power. — The article mentioned in the
Digest June 9 and 23 is abstracted quite fully, with the illustrations, in
"L'Ind. Elec," July 10.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
Roller Bearings for Railu'ays. — A paper by Mr. Purdon is abstracted
in the Loud. "Elec. Eng. ," July 13; he describes tests showing a great
saving of power in tiie use of roller bearings ; in a test in which two
trucks were started down a grade and continued on a level, the distances
which they ran were as 6.39 to I in favor of the roller bearings; a simi-
lar result was obtained in a starting test ; he calculates the savings in
per cent, in the use of roller bearings, for various grades, the results
varying from 15.2 per cent, on a grade of 1 in 20, to 50.7 per cent, on a
grade of 1 in 140; he assumes a frictional resistance of 25 lbs. per ton for
the ordinary bearings and 4.2 for cars fitted with roller bearings in accord-
ance with the results of the experiments ; he gives the extra cost of these
bearings at about $50 per axle, which, however, might be reduced for large
quantities.
Lyons Tramway. — A descriptive article is begun in the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," July 13; although not so stated it appears to be a translation from
the French article of Mr. Berthon, mentioned in the Digest June 30 and
July 14.
CENTRAL .STATIONS, PLANTS, SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES.
Gas vs. Steam for Central .Stations.— Mr. Threlfall, in the Lond.
"Elec. Eng.," July 13, calls attention to serious discrepancies in the
article mentioned in the Digest last week, claiming that if corrected the
results would prove that the gas plant will be very considerably more
economical, both in first cost and in working cost.
Tlie Cance Rheostat. — .\ translation of the description of the rheostat
mentioned in the Digest last week is contained in the Lond. "Elec.
Eng.," July 1.3.
Central Stations. — The "'Elek. Zeit.," July 5. abstracts at considerable
length, including a number of tables of data, from the leport on the run-
ning of the Cassel station for the year ending March, 1893. The alter-
nating current station in the city of Caen, France, in which sub-trans-
former stations are used, is described and illustrated in "L'Elec,"
July 14. .\n illustrated description of the Burton station is published in
"Ind. and Iron," July 13.
WIRES, WIRING AND CONDUITS.
Ship U'irin.!^. — According to the large number of replies published in
the Lond. "Elec. Rev.," July 13, the system described in that journal
and abstracted in the Digest last week does not appear to be new, as a
number of the correspondents claim to have used it for a number of years,
Siemens Bros. Sc Co. having used it on 53 vessels. It is stated that great
care must be taken to avoid low insulation of the distributing boards ;
one of the correspondents explains in detail the construction which he
uses, a sheet of rubber being used for insulation ; another writer thinks
that the estimate of 10 per cent, for the excess in the cost of the wire is
rather low, his experience being that it is about 15 percent, higher;
another claims that it requires an enormous quantity of cable compared
with the single or double wire system, but he thinks it well worth the
extra expense.
In an article by Mr. Leroy in "L'Elec," July 7, an abstract of which
is published in the Lond. "Elec. Eng. ."July 13, he discusses the merits
and demerits of the insulated and the ship-return systems, concluding in
favor of the latter, at least for the iron vessels of commerce, if not for the
war vessels.
TELEGRAPHY, TELEPHONY AND SIGNALS.
Cable Telegraphy and Telephony. — In an editorial in the Lond. "Elec.
Rev.," July 13, a reply is made to a recent editorial in The Electrical
World in referring to Dr. Pupin's system; the tone of the editorial is
decidedly more moderate than its former criticism ; the remarks were
based chiefly on the results of numerous experiments which have been
made during several years by the British Postal Telegraph Department
upon Wheatstone automatic fast speed working: it was found necessary
to introduce repeaters, so as to bring the working "K R" within the
neces.sary limits for highspeed; a large number of trials were made with
shunted condensers to see whether this would not enable fast speed
working to be obtained without the use of repeaters, but it was found
that the tendency of such contrivance was to reduce and not to increase
the woiking speed; it was added that although the arrangements were
uuich on the same lines as those indicated by Dr. Pupin, it was possible
that certain of the combination suggested by him were not used ; the
Editors add that they hope they have been mistaken in their estimate of
it.
.Subscribers' Telephones Without Batteries. — A system of Mr. Merino.of
Madrid, in which no battery is required at the subscribers' end of a tele-
phone line, is described briefly in the "Elek. Zeit.," July 5. Instead of
sending the battery current through the microphone and the primary
induction coil, the telephone being connected with the secondary and
line, the line is connected with the microphone and the primary coil,
while the telephone is connected only with the .secondarj- coil, the bat-
tery being then placed at the central station ; in this system it is very
easy to make the connections between the subscribers' and the central
stations, as well as among the subscribers.
Time Distribution — .\ccording to the "Elek. Zeit.," July 5, a com-
pany is about to start a regular time distribution system in Berlin, in
which ordinary well regulated clocks are used and are set from a central
station every four hours ; the rentage of such a cIock will be .50 cents per
month.
Telephole. — "Cosmos,"