► The thesis examines the representations of Ottoman sultans in texts produced during the Elizabethan period. The study covers Elizabethan travelogues, historical writing, and drama. The…
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▼ The thesis examines the representations of Ottoman sultans in texts produced during the Elizabethan period. The study covers Elizabethan travelogues, historical writing, and drama. The analysis shows that diverse factors related to authors, context and the nature of genres influenced the portrayal of the sultans and generated multiple and inconsistent representations of this Eastern figure. The thesis reads English texts alongside Eastern sources; these include letters sent from members of the Ottoman dynasty to Queen Elizabeth I and an Arabic historical work written by the Mamluk historian Shihab al-Din Ibn Iyas. The inclusion of such material in the study allows for the exploration of an Eastern point of view and provides an alternative narrative that contrasts with, and sheds light on, English perspectives. The thesis also explores the textual characteristics of the genres under discussion and considers critical and cultural issues such as authorial subjectivity, Otherness and cross-cultural encounters.

► Community engagement (CE) is a key focus of UK museum policy and practice, increasingly used as a strategy to democratise museums and position them as…
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▼ Community engagement (CE) is a key focus of UK museum policy and practice, increasingly used as a strategy to democratise museums and position them as social agents. However, the practices of CE have not evolved far beyond what I call the ‘contributory museum’, which focuses on how communities can benefit the museum. In this thesis I propose the distributed museum as an alternative contribution to museological theory and practice, and call for a conceptual and practical reconfiguration that focuses on how museums can benefit communities.
This concept arises from a deep investigation of the politics of CE practice at Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums. The research takes a unique organisational perspective, focusing on museum professionals’ perspectives to examine how CE is constructed and managed across the museum’s different departments, and highlighting varying practices, competing meanings and discourses, and the operational and cultural barriers to this work. Using a novel collaborative-ethnographic methodology, the research examines how the museum’s Outreach Team negotiates institutional barriers, and how their practices have evolved towards more collaborative ways of working with community organisations and localities.
Arising from this close examination of practice, the thesis finds evidence for the distributed museum in some elements of current Outreach practice, but it is yet to be realised across the whole museum institution. It suggests that two distinctive practices make the distributed museum: care and craft. These practices are analysed drawing on the geographies of care literatures, and actor-network and assemblages theories. Critically, this thesis presents a politics of practice that works from within the logics of the museum and therefore attends to the competing demands that are currently placed on museums. I argue that if CE is reconfigured in these ways – as a practice of care and as craft – then community engagement will enable a new basis for collaborative practice with communities. The thesis ends with implications for museum policy and practice, and further research.

► Global climate change is an important threat to biodiversity and is predicted to be a major driver of wildlife population extinctions throughout the current century.…
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▼ Global climate change is an important threat to biodiversity and is predicted to be a major driver of wildlife population extinctions throughout the current century. Across a wide range of taxa, a well-documented response to climate change has been changes in species distributions, often towards higher latitudes and altitudes. Species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to predict further range changes in future but their use has often focused on discrete geographical areas. Moreover, SDMs have typically been correlative, ignoring biological traits. Here, I use SDMs to project future ranges for the world’s terrestrial birds under climate change. To improve the realism of projected range changes, I incorporate biological traits, including species’ age at first breeding and natal dispersal range. I use these projections to predict large-scale patterns in the responses of terrestrial birds to climate change, and to explore the implications of these models for avian conservation.
There is little consensus on the most useful predictors for SDMs, so I begin by exploring how this varies geographically. With this knowledge, I develop SDMs for the world’s terrestrial birds and project future species ranges using three different global climate models (CCSM4, GFDL-CM3, HadGEM2-ES) under a low (rcp26), a medium (rcp45) and a high (rcp85) representative concentration pathway. The projected ranges are used to identify species most at risk from climate change and to highlight global hotspots where species are projected to experience the highest range losses. I explore how the projected range changes affect global species communities and I identify areas where species communities are projected to change or novel communities will emerge. I assess how projected changes will affect the ability of the global Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) network to confer protection on the world’s terrestrial bird species. Additionally, I highlight - based on projected range loss and suitable habitat and climate space beyond the dispersal range - species that will be unable to track climate change and that could be candidates for Assisted Colonization (AC). Finally, I explore the divergence between global species richness (SR) patterns and phylogenetic diversity (PD) for the world’s terrestrial birds, to assess if measuring biodiversity and setting conservation targets based on SR can be expected to cover their PD as well.
Identifying the global consequences of projected range changes can inform future conservation efforts and research priorities. Changes in range extent and overlap were projected for the vast majority of the world’s terrestrial birds, with one-fifth projected to experience major range losses (>75% decline in range extent projected). This has far reaching consequences for the IBA network, with an overall trend of species moving out of the IBA coverage. Furthermore 13% of the world’s terrestrial birds are projected to have severe range losses that, combined with an inability to follow suitable habitat and…

► Molecular migration, segregation and self-organisation in polymers are phenomena that govern the processing, performance and life-time of many materials and formulations. Despite the widespread use…
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▼ Molecular migration, segregation and self-organisation in polymers are phenomena that govern the processing, performance and life-time of many materials and formulations. Despite the widespread use of oligomer/polymer mixtures for industrial purposes, such as in paints, coating, packaging and adhesives, relatively little can be found in literature regarding the characterisation of such asymmetric systems. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to determine the causes and consequences of the surface segregation of low molecular weight components in simplified adhesive formulations. In addition, it focuses on producing data for the validation of a new model that bridges the gap evidenced in the existing theories.
First, the key-parameters impacting such surface segregation were hypothesised by extrapolating the conclusions from the research conducted on polymer blends. Then, model systems were defined in order to mimic the molecular migration in hot-melt adhesives. Experimental evidence was generated which showed that the glassy polystyrene domains can be neglected in the model formulations. Hence, binary mixtures of oligomer and rubbery polymer were chosen to evaluate the impact of the oligomer molecular weight and volume fraction, interaction parameter as well as temperature. A systematic evaluation of the compatibility was conducted and correlated with similarity in saturation and solubility parameter. The results were compared with the predictions of the Flory-Huggins theory, for polymer blends. A clear relationship between surface segregation and bulk compatibility was evidenced by comparing the compatibility study with results obtained by ion beam analysis and neutron reflectometry. In some systems, a nearly pure surface wetting layer of well-defined few nm thickness was observed, which was surprisingly independent of sample thickness. In others, lateral segregation on scale of few µm was characterised by atomic force microscopy. While surface segregation is driven by disparity in molecular weight in highly compatible systems, this trend reverses as the critical point is approached. Oligomers of higher molecular weight can phase-separate from the bulk and form a wetting layer at the surface. The impact of surface segregation on mechanical surface and bulk properties was also assessed by atomic force microscopy and oscillatory rheology. It was found that the mechanical bulk properties of the polymer were greatly affected by the presence of oligomer, due to plasticisation effects.

► This thesis develops a composite index to evaluate takeover efficiency and deal quality, and then examines the impact of social connection on takeover process and…
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▼ This thesis develops a composite index to evaluate takeover efficiency and deal quality, and then examines the impact of social connection on takeover process and acquisition performance with U.S mergers and acquisitions (M&A).
Initially, Chapter 2 constructs a composite indicator (“M&A index”) to measure takeover efficiency and evaluate the overall deal quality based on stochastic frontier analysis. The M&A index is computed for each takeover transaction and standardised between 0 and 1. Deals with a higher M&A index imply higher takeover efficiency. The empirical results show that the M&A index is significantly and positively associated with the probability of deal completion and post-acquisition performance in the short run and even in the long run, indicating that the M&A index is effective and forward-looking indicator.
Then Chapter 3 examines social connections between bidders and targets and its impact on acquisition premium. Consequently, acquirers, who are closely connected with targets, pay significantly lower premium and tend to use stock as the method of payment. The findings indicate that social connection enhances information transfer and reduces information asymmetry between connected firms. Therefore, acquirers with social connections have better access to target information and enhanced bargaining power in negotiations.
Finally, Chapter 4 addresses the connection between acquirers and their M&A advisors. Investment banks are further classified into full-service advisors and boutique advisors. Consequently, it is found that acquirers are more likely to hire closely connected boutique advisors, especially domestic boutique advisors, in takeover deals while connections between bidding firms and full-service advisors reduces the probability of full-service banks being appointed. Moreover, boutique advisors, who have strong social linkage with bidders, serve the interests of bidders, negotiate lower acquisition premiums and deliver higher deal quality. In contrast, full-service banks act against the interests of the connected acquirers, leading to higher premiums paid and inferior long-run acquisition performance.

► Protein disulphide isomerase is a member of the thioredoxin superfamily, resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and catalyses the formation of disulphide bonds within or…
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▼ Protein disulphide isomerase is a member of the thioredoxin superfamily, resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and catalyses the formation of disulphide bonds within or between polypeptides, enabling protein quality control. PDILT is a member of the PDI family that specifically resides in the testes and is expressed under developmental control. Recent work has found that, unlike PDI (which possesses the classical CXXC sequence), PDILT has an SXXC domain. This suggests that PDILT does not function fully as a disulphide oxidoreductase but may work as a chaperone. We wished to investigate PDILT and compare it with other PDI proteins, to study the evolution of the PDILT gene and to decipher its protein-protein interactions.
Using sequence analysis of PDILT using the BLAST program, the PDILT protein was compared with other PDI proteins in homosapiens and in other species. We then probed further to investigate the expression and interaction of PDILT with other proteins. A transfected cell line model to investigate wt and mutant PDILT was established, and mouse testis tissue lysate was also used to study PDILT interactions. Using immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation techniques, it was established that PDILT forms intermolecular-disulphide complexes and interacts with other chaperones such as CALR3 and CLGN.
Sequence analysis demonstrated conserved amino acids in the b and b’ domains that reflect the specialised roles of the a-a’-b-b’ domains of PDILT. The cysteine residues responsible for inter-molecular disulphide bond formation were identified and found to be important in the interaction of PDILT with CLGN. Lastly, a novel function of the unique tail domain of PDILT was found. The work in this thesis suggests that the tail may be important for the integrity and half-life of the PDILT protein. These studies will help to elucidate the role of PDILT in governing male fertility.

► This thesis examines the administrative impact of dynastic rule in the Roman Near East. It compares administrative practice under kings and princes with the provincial…
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▼ This thesis examines the administrative impact of dynastic rule in the Roman Near East. It compares administrative practice under kings and princes with the provincial administration that eventually followed. By contrasting these two manifestations of Roman imperialism, it conceptualises dynastic rule as a distinct form of governance and evaluates its role within the context of Roman imperialism in the East.
Previous scholarship has maintained that dynastic rule was an intermediate stage in the development of Roman provincial territory. According to this interpretation, kings and princes, either consciously or unconsciously, were maintained in order to affect particular changes on the territories under their control, making them more suitable for direct rule. This study provides a critical evaluation of this influential perspective.
The thesis thus consciously moves away from the study of kings and princes and focuses on the study of kingdoms and principalities. Each chapter deals with a different administrative activity essential to governance in the Roman world – political organisation, arbitration and enforcement, and taxation – and first considers practices under kings and princes before contrasting these with the provincial administration that followed. The study concludes that dynastic rule was, by its very nature, heterogeneous; kingdoms and principalities were organised and governed in a variety of different ways. By highlighting the contrasts between different kingdoms and principalities, on the one hand, and between dynastic and provincial rule, on the other, this thesis demonstrates that no single process of development can encapsulate the history of kingdoms and principalities in the Near East.

MACLENNAN, D. (2018). Administrative Development in the Kingdoms and Principalities of the Near East under the Aegis of Rome. (Doctoral Dissertation). Durham University. Retrieved from http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12464/

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

MACLENNAN, DONALD,ALAN. “Administrative Development in the Kingdoms and Principalities of the Near East under the Aegis of Rome.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Durham University. Accessed March 19, 2018.
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12464/.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

MACLENNAN, DONALD,ALAN. “Administrative Development in the Kingdoms and Principalities of the Near East under the Aegis of Rome.” 2018. Web. 19 Mar 2018.

Vancouver:

MACLENNAN D. Administrative Development in the Kingdoms and Principalities of the Near East under the Aegis of Rome. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Durham University; 2018. [cited 2018 Mar 19].
Available from: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12464/.

Council of Science Editors:

MACLENNAN D. Administrative Development in the Kingdoms and Principalities of the Near East under the Aegis of Rome. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Durham University; 2018. Available from: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12464/

► The research aims at investigating contacts and connections between the translation of children’s literature and feminist translation theory. More specifically, the study explores the possibility…
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▼ The research aims at investigating contacts and connections between the translation of children’s literature and feminist translation theory. More specifically, the study explores the possibility of translating with a gender-sensitive approach. By focusing mainly, but not exclusively, on children’s classics translated by women, the research examines if, how and to what extent a gendered approach to the translation of children’s literature can be identified and verified if in translating classics for children an increasing attention has been paid to gender and gender-related issues. The research was further limited in genre and addressee terms to classic novels aimed at school-age readers. We also decided to work within a diachronic and comparative frame so as to identify linguistic, textual and paratextual strategies adopted with regards to gender-related aspects when translating for children. The analysis of the relations between gender and the translation of children’s classics was divided into two different but complementary parts. A quantitative study was first carried out on a collection of 1,136 Italian translations of 4 French and 4 English classics published from 1930 onwards. Drawing on this quite extensive collection, three specific case studies have been identified (La petite Fadette, Poil de Carotte, and The Secret Garden) and fifteen Italian translations have been selected for a qualitative textual analysis of gender-related translational practices. While the qualitative textual analysis highlights the strategies through which the relations between gender and translation are textually constructed and revealed, the quantitative study gives an overview of the presence of male and female translators in that specific field of children’s books, that is children’s classics. The main linguistic, textual and paratextual strategies identified in the translation of gender-related aspects in children’s classics are grouped into four main sections: representation of characters; representation of mother figures; linguistic remarks; and paratextual spaces.

▼ This thesis focuses on understanding the aggregation behaviour of lyotropic chromonic
liquid crystals in aqueous solution. Molecular simulation methods are used to provide
structural and thermodynamic information on the self-assembly of chromonic
mesogens, and the results used to re-interpret data from previous experimental studies
of these systems.
Extensive atomistic level molecular dynamic simulations have been performed
on three chromonic dyes in solution: 5,5'-dimethyoxy-bis-(3,3'-di-sulphopropyl)-
thiacyanine triethylammonium salt (Dye A), 5,5'-dichloro-bis-(3,3'-di-sulphopropyl)-
thiacyanine triethylammonium salt (Dye B), and Bordeaux dye. The results are
compared to key experimental data, such as X-ray scattering and cross-sectional
areas and aggregation free energies. Previously suggested chromonic aggregation
models, such as a double-width column and a brickwork layer structure, have been
discounted based on the simulation results. Instead the simulations of dyes A and
B demonstrate an anti-parallel stacking arrangement providing columns in which
solubilizing sulphonate groups lie on alternate sides of the column as the column is
traversed. In addition, a new type of chromonic smectic layered phase is predicted
for these molecules. For dye A, a novel chiral column structure is seen within isolated
columns in isotropic solution. For Bordeaux dye a stable single-molecule column
is seen, along with a number of meta-stable structures including a double-width
column in which two single-molecule columns are linked via a salt bridge.
In an attempt to simulate larger time and length scales, two bottom-up coarsegraining
techniques, iterative Boltzmann inversion (IBI) and force matching (FM),
were tested on simple hexane/water systems and then applied to Dye A. Both of
these methods proved to be largely unsuccessful in reproducing the same aggregation
behaviour seen in the atomistic simulation work.

► This thesis investigates the conceptual relationship between laws of nature and free will. In order to clarify the discussion, I begin by distinguishing several questions…
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▼ This thesis investigates the conceptual relationship between laws of nature and
free will. In order to clarify the discussion, I begin by distinguishing several questions with respect to the nature of a law: i) do the laws of nature cover everything that happens? ii) are they deterministic? iii) can there be exceptions to universal and deterministic laws? iv) do the laws of nature govern everything in the world?
In order to answer these questions I look at three widely endorsed accounts of
laws: "Humean" regularity accounts, laws as relations among universals, and the
dispositional essentialist account. I argue that there is nothing in the very nature of
a law - in any of the accounts surveyed - that implies a positive answer to questions (i) and (ii). I show that this has important consequences for the free will problem. I then turn to the compatibility of free will and determinism. I focus on the
Humean view and the dispositional essentialist account of laws. And the bulk of this discussion concerns the consequence argument, especially the question of whether the laws of nature are "up to us". I show that, on the dispositional conception of laws, there is no sense in which the laws of nature are up to us, contrary to the Humean view. However, this does not mean that there is no room for free will on the dispositional account. I argue that free will requires the laws of nature to be limited in scope, rather than being indeterministic. I conclude by showing that this allows one to resist the claim that indeterminism rules out free will.

► Arguably, existing literature has hitherto offered no socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection in the context of Turkey. Most studies have focused either on the legal…
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▼ Arguably, existing literature has hitherto offered no socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection in the context of Turkey. Most studies have focused either on the legal or on the sociological aspects of conscientious objection. As such, the impacts of social norms on the legal process remain largely neglected. This research, therefore, offers a socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection, with a particular focus on the domestic law’s compatibility with international standards and the impacts of militarism on society. It takes interviews as a method to explore the cultural tools maintaining the compulsory military service. The findings of the research illustrate that the military’s influence is the product of Turkey’s specific cultural, social, and political structures.

▼ This research tests empirically the theoretical assumption that scaling issues make small-scale flume debris flows unrepresentative of natural debris flows. Here, results from a small-scale debris-flow flume (8 m long, 0.2 m wide) were compared with similar experiments carried out using a large-scale USGS flume (95 m long, 2 m wide) and field observations. In total, 40 experiments were carried out at different slope angles (29, 30, and 31) and different viscosities (from 0.001 Pa.s to 0.005 Pa.s) to provide a quantitative analysis of scaling relationships of debris flows of different sizes.
Dimensionless parameters, used for assessing debris-flow scaling, were typically within the range of natural debris flows: The Bagnold number was 73 – 1.9x104, the Savage number was 2x10-1 – 2.4x102, and the Friction number was 8x101 – 4.7x103. The Savage number was larger than expected based on USGS data, but this is attributed to the larger value for grain-size/flow-depth. Inherent variability of debris-flow behaviour was highlighted in the basic characteristics such as mean deposit length (150.30±44.96 cm), mean width (50.104.86 cm), and mean velocity (3.881.35 m s-1). Therefore, initial conditions are insufficient to make accurate predictions of debris-flow behaviour. There was considerable variation in flow behaviour with small changes in slope angle and viscosity. With each 1 degree change in slope, flow velocity increased by an average of 1.06 m s-1 and runout distance increased by an average of 16.35 cm. Small changes in viscosity (±0.002 Pa.s) altered the debris-flow rheology to such an extent that no lateral levees formed. Such effects can only be investigated in small-scale flumes which are free from the constraints of large flume models where initial conditions are difficult to vary.
Compared to natural and USGS flume debris flows, the reduced-scale debris-flow model used here provides results which broadly reproduce the behaviour of natural debris flows.

► UK legislation aims to conserve and enhance biological diversity within the UK and so accurate measurements of forest biodiversity are important to assess efficacy of…
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▼ UK legislation aims to conserve and enhance biological diversity within the UK and so accurate measurements of forest biodiversity are important to assess efficacy of management activities in this context. Forest structural diversity metrics can be used as indicators of biodiversity and airborne LiDAR data provide a means of producing these metrics. Forest structure metrics derived from LiDAR can be significantly affected by the canopy conditions the datasets are collected under. Existing studies have combined and compared leaf-on and leaf-off LiDAR datasets in existing analyses, however the majority of these utilise field sites where climate, species and terrain are very different to those found in the UK. Additionally, studies comparing leaf-on and leaf-off LiDAR over forested areas assess the changes in pulse penetration through the canopy and how this effects forest structure metrics and not the effect on modelled forest structure diversity. The novel aim of this research is to assess and compare the accuracy of forest structural diversity modelled from two LiDAR surveys collected under leaf-on and leaf-off conditions, and do so in a UK forest environment.
A robust methodology for correcting the absolute and relative accuracy between datasets was adopted and comparative analysis of ground detection and return height metrics (maximum, mean and percentiles of return height) and return height diversity (L-CV, CV, kurtosis, standard deviation, skewness and variance) was undertaken. Regression models describing the field tree size diversity measurements were constructed using diversity metrics from each LiDAR dataset in isolation and, where appropriate, a mixture of the two.
Both surveys were consistently effected by growth and differing survey parameters making the isolation and assessment of the effects of seasonal change difficult. Despite this, models created using diversity variables from both LiDAR datasets were generally very similar. Both leaf-on and leaf-off LiDAR dataset models described 65% of the variance in tree height diversity (R² 0.65, RMSE 0.05, p <0.0001), however models utilising leaf-off LiDAR diversity variables described DBH diversity, crown length diversity and crown width diversity more successfully than leaf-on (leaf-on models resulted in R² values of 0.68, 0.41 and 0.19 respectively and leaf-off models 0.71, 0.62 and 0.26 respectively). When diversity variables calculated from both LiDAR datasets were combined into one model to describe tree height diversity and DBH diversity their efficacy was increased (R² of 0.77 for tree height diversity and 0.72 for DBH diversity). The results suggest strongly that tree height diversity models derived from airborne LiDAR collected (and where appropriate combined) under any seasonal conditions can be used to differentiate between single and multiple storey UK forest structure with confidence. However, leaf-off LiDAR acquisitions can generate models with the ability to better explain the diversity of crown shapes in a forest stand than leaf-on, with no…

14.
DE-VREEZE, MICHEL.
Pottery Ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods.

Degree: PhD, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health > Archaeology, Department of <http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/view/departments/DDD6.html>, 2017, Durham University

► This thesis uses phylogenetic methods such as cladistics to address and revaluate the evolution of ceramic data. Evolution is often implied in ceramic studies but…
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▼ This thesis uses phylogenetic methods such as cladistics to address and revaluate the evolution of ceramic data. Evolution is often implied in ceramic studies but its exact operation in relation to cultural transmission is rarely specified. This thesis asks how phylogenetic methods can be used to study ceramic evolution and how these can reform our perception on the narrative of ceramic change. It does this by forming a theoretical approach based on current anthropological and archaeological theories on ceramics, in conjunction with insights from evolutionary methods. A synthesis of ceramic theory tries to outline the different theoretical approaches and how they might fit with evolutionary perceptions of material cultural change. It suggests that the chaîne opératoire of ceramic production is critical in identifying ceramic characteristics to use in evolutionary analysis, and forms the key conceptual framework to address the meaning of ceramic evolution relating to cultural processes. Subsequently the methodology and application of phylogenetic methods is discussed. The following chapter uses a phylogenetic approach based on the general idea of ‘descent with modification from a common ancestor’ to gain insight into the suggested evolution of Tell el-Yahudiya ware in the Eastern Mediterranean. A second case study focusses on the Middle Bronze Age in south-east Arabia and examines the evolution of Wadi Suq vessels, focussing on shapes associated with communal drinking. In the discussion, the results of both areas are brought together and synthesized with a view to evaluating the use and application of phylogenetic methods and their implications for our understanding of ceramic development and what they reflect in terms of the distinct social changes in these regions. Finally, the thesis seeks to evaluate both the use of evolutionary approaches to ceramic change, and the challenges these methods pose to the way archaeologists have traditionally processed ceramic data and analysed ceramic change.

► This thesis reports the findings of a mixed-method case study of female and male academics’ perceptions of gender inequality in a higher education workplace in…
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▼ This thesis reports the findings of a mixed-method case study of female and male academics’ perceptions of gender inequality in a higher education workplace in Afghanistan. Despite some positive changes in women’s position within the family and within the economic and political spheres in the Post-Taliban era, women remain marginalised and discriminated against in public spaces. Currently, there is no research on academics’ perceptions of gender inequality in their workplace. This study employs social survey and in-depth interview methods to understand academics’ interpretations of gender inequality in their workplace, drawing on the concepts of public versus private patriarchy, inequality regimes, intersectionality and gender performativity. The data were collected from two universities in Afghanistan. The study shows the complexity of gender relations in an academic environment in Afghanistan. The findings reveal that gender inequality exists in higher education institutions, but that its existence has been normalised. Deep and longstanding gender inequalities in the wider socio-cultural context of Afghanistan, combined with aspects of university policies and practices, render gender inequalities in academia invisible to many, but not all, academics; both women and men. The findings suggest that the private realm of the family provides the support that encourages women to undertake education and career work, while retaining their responsibilities within the family.

► Abstract Strategic Flexibility has been widely cited as a critical success factor and capability for navigating today’s complex and dynamic business landscape. Despite this recognition,…
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▼ Abstract
Strategic Flexibility has been widely cited as a critical success factor and capability for navigating today’s complex and dynamic business landscape. Despite this recognition, there remain considerable challenges in the conceptual understanding and implementation of this strategic principle. Strategic flexibility has also been linked to strategic decision making as the extent to which new and alternative options in strategic decision making are generated and considered. This relationship plays a key role in effective firm response and when combined with a strategically designed leadership pipeline it can result in a valuable source of competitive advantage. Yet we know very little about the interplay between particular environments and the factors that influence executives’ strategic frames as little empirical research has been conducted in this area.
Therefore, this study extends knowledge of these relationships by investigating the strategic frames of senior executives, the contexts and the factors that influence their capability for cognitive strategic flexibility. The study explores strategic thinking and decision-making at the individual and organizational levels. Thus, it falls under the Individual and Organizational Minds research stream with significant influence by the two cognitive branches of Information Processing Perspective and Ideological Perspectives. A qualitative and inductive case study method was employed with the use of the Kelley Repertory Grid Interview technique. Consistent with the interpretivist philosophy, this qualitative research focuses on the perceptions and experiences of the participants in the work context.
The study revealed multiple factors inhibiting the cognitive strategic flexibility of the individual executives. It also develops new conceptual connections between the Strategic Flexibility and Ambidexterity research streams that show promise for enabling strategic thinking in practice. The inductive creation of the new iSCOPE Framework from this research provides a useful tool that integrates academic theories and facilitates the development of intervention solutions that are concrete, mutually reinforcing and systematic.

Nadur, G. A. (1967). Some aspects of the urban geography of Chester le Street and Houghton le Spring and other small urban settlements in north Durham. (Doctoral Dissertation). Durham University. Retrieved from http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8790/

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Nadur, George A. “Some aspects of the urban geography of Chester le Street and Houghton le Spring and other small urban settlements in north Durham.” 1967. Doctoral Dissertation, Durham University. Accessed March 19, 2018.
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8790/.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Nadur, George A. “Some aspects of the urban geography of Chester le Street and Houghton le Spring and other small urban settlements in north Durham.” 1967. Web. 19 Mar 2018.

Nadur GA. Some aspects of the urban geography of Chester le Street and Houghton le Spring and other small urban settlements in north Durham. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Durham University; 1967. Available from: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8790/

Durham University

18.
Adcock, C.An analysis of high energy muons in extensive air showers.

► Calculations have been made to investigate the effects on high energy muon showers of varying some of the more important parameter of high energy nucleon-air…
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▼ Calculations have been made to investigate the effects on high energy muon showers of varying some of the more important parameter of high energy nucleon-air nucleus collisions. The effects of different assumptions concerning the primary mass composition have also been investigated. The majority of the calculations have been deigned to enable a comparison to be made with the experimental results of the Utah group on underground muons with threshold energies of the order of 1000 GeV, and above, and zenith angles in the region of 60º. Assuming the primary composition to be similar to that found at primary energies ~ 10 GeV, it is concluded that if the multiplicity of secondary particles varies as E(p)(^¼) then the value of the mean transverse momentum is 0.67 ± 0.1 GeV/c at primary energies ~2 10 (5)GeV, and if the multiplicity varies as E(p)(^½) a value of ~0.5 GeV/c is obtained at energies ~ 4 10(5)GeV. Using a value of 0.4 GeV/c for the mean transverse momentum, all the models predict significantly more muons than observed. An increase in the mean transverse momentum and/or the energy loss coefficient, b, are considered the most likely parameter changes to give better agreement. The present work favours a multiplicity law varying as E(p)(^¼) rather than one varying as E(p)(^½) but this cannot be regarded as conclusive. As yet, due to lack of experimental data, no conclusion have been made possible concerning the primary mass composition but there is no evidence for an increase in the proportion of heavy nuclei above 10(12)eV as concluded by Grigorov et al. (1967). The present work does not rule out the possibility of some muons in E.A.S. being produced by a process other than the decay of pions and kaions.

► Measurements have been made of the electrical resistivity of four light-heavy rare earth alloy systems, ie-La-Dy, Nd-Dy,Nd-Y,Pr-Tb in the temperature region 2.7-300(400 K).The resistivity variation…
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▼ Measurements have been made of the electrical resistivity of four light-heavy rare earth alloy systems, ie-La-Dy, Nd-Dy,Nd-Y,Pr-Tb in the temperature region 2.7-300(400 K).The resistivity variation with temperature in the different crystallographic phases has been explained as follows: 1) in the hop phase - the main contribution comes from spin disorder scattering which may be described theoretically by the RKKY theory. The parameters which are most likely to vary in the series are discussed. 2) in the d-hex phase there are two contributions to the resistivity which are of the same order, ς phon. and ς c.f. These are due to phonon scattering and crystal field scattering. The phonon resistivity ς phon has been approximated to ς La. ς c.f. has been calculated theoretically, for Pr, and Fr-Tb in the d-hex structure and qualitatively discussed for Nd, Nd-Y and Nd-Dy. 3) in the Sm-phase, the resistivity can be discussed in a similar way to the resistivity in the hcp phase or in the d-hex phase, depending on the effective Fermi surface area and the magnetic moment. La and La-Dy alloys in the d-hex phase have been explained in terms of rapid changes of the density of states at the Fermi energy. The residual resistivity in the hep phase has been found to, agree, at low concentrations of the light rare earths, with the previously published results, being dependant of AS(2)(eff), suggesting that the magnetic scattering varies as S(S+1) at these concentrations rather then (g-1) (2) J(J + 1). ς redidual has been found to change only slightly in the Sm phase while in the d-hex structure it shows a normal behaviour for nonmagnetic alloys which order or become superconducting. The variation of the total resistivity with temperature is presented for all the alloys measured on the following four figures 1- 4.

► A phenomenological investigation of soft mesonzeros is performed. Our motivation comes from the suggestion by Lovelace of a connection between Chlral Symmetry and the Dual…
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▼ A phenomenological investigation of soft mesonzeros is performed. Our motivation comes from the suggestion by Lovelace of a connection between Chlral Symmetry and the Dual Resonance Model. The low energy theorems relating to the particular processes with which we are concerned are discussed in detail in chapter two. We find, in chapter three, for the Pi-Pi interaction, that the experimental phase shift data, when taken in conjunction with rigorous crossing sum rules, demand the soft meson zeros. In chapter four the soft meson zeros in J-decay are discussed in the framework of the generalised pole model. The rate problem is re-examined and a satisfactory description of both the rate and the spectrum for the decay is obtained. Using the value of the weak 2vertex, g(M(2)), obtained in chapter four, we discuss, in chapter five models for other kaon decays, namely kº˪→2ɤ and the magnetic dipole radiation in decay k(^±)→π(^±)πº ɤ and obtain results in agreement with experiment. In chapter six we return to the notorious problem of the zeros in η→3π. A solution is proposed based on the variation of the coefficients of the Veneziano sum as the external pseudoscalar mesons are taken off mass shell.

► Simultaneous records of precipitation current density, potential gradient and wind speed have been obtained with mobile equipment mounted on a Land-Rover and with fixed equipment…
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▼ Simultaneous records of precipitation current density, potential gradient and wind speed have been obtained with mobile equipment mounted on a Land-Rover and with fixed equipment located at a field station in the Pennines. Measurements were made in quiet precipitation with the two sets of equipment separated by horizontal distances of up to 8 km in a direction in line with the cloud movement. Maximum cross-correlation between the precipitation current density records at the two stations was usually for time lags corresponding to the time of travel of the clouds between the stations. On one occasion of low wind speed, simultaneous precipitation current correlation was obtained at the two stations when separated by 5 km. It was deduced that the time variations of electrical parameters observed at a ground station would normally be the result of movement of the cloud system rather than its electrical development. Analysis of the effects of wind speed has shown that rain electrification is more intense at sites more exposed to the wind and that the effects may be due to a process operating from ground level up to a height of several hundred metres. The persistence of potential gradient and of precipitation current density has been shown to be inversely proportional to cloud speed. The horizontal dimensions of cloud across which persistence exists at a given point in time has been shown to be independent of wind speed and to be of the order of several kilometres. It is suggested that these dimensions may be a characteristic of cloud type and may be used as a criterion for their identification. A theoretical model to explain the electrical structure of nimbostratus clouds has been proposed, and it has been shown to be consistent with observations. The model satisfactorily explains the inverse relation between precipitation current density and potential gradient and it explains observed differences in phase between precipitation current-time and potential gradient-time curves in terms of the periodicity of the electrical changes within the cloud.

► Conductivity measurements in the lowest few metres of the atmosphere have been the subject of investigation of relatively few workers. Their results appear to be…
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▼ Conductivity measurements in the lowest few metres of the atmosphere have been the subject of investigation of relatively few workers. Their results appear to be confusing especially where the electrode effect is concerned. The present work was undertaken as a further contribution to the understanding of conduction in the lowest metre of the atmosphere, simultaneous measurements of the polar conductivities of opposite sign at ground level as well as conductivities of either sign at 20 cm. and 100 cm. above the ground were made together with the potential gradient at ground level. A mean value for the wind speed, and the wind direction during a period of recording could be obtained from the records of the Durham University Observatory where the work was undertaken. The conductivities were measured using two cylindrical condensers of the Gerdien type housed in a pit underground with their intakes flush with the surface. Air from the required height was drawn through a cardboard tube of that height slipped over the outer tube of the Gerdien condenser. To minimise the distortion to the lines of force resulting from the introduction of the cardboard tube in this manner, the intake of the cardboard tube was surrounded by a narrow aluminium band continuously maintained at the right potential of the surroundings, by utilising the output of the field mill at ground and a "continuous balance circuit" of a Honeywell Brown recorder. Results have shown that both positive and negative conductivities decrease with height in the lowest metre from ground, due to the effect of the radioactivity of the soil. The variation of the radioactive emanation in the air is directly affected by the role which the wind plays in the mixing of the air. It is suggested that in post conditions overland these factors combine against the enhancement of the electrode effect.

► Bathymetric data from the North Atlantic and other oceans reveal that, in addition to the well-documented variations of structure which occur at right angles to…
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▼ Bathymetric data from the North Atlantic and other oceans reveal that, in addition to the well-documented variations of structure which occur at right angles to the ocean ridge crests, variations of structure also exist parallel to the strikes of the ridges. A thermal model of sea-floor spreading, together with data concerning possible mineralogical phase changes, is used to generate synthetic ocean ridge topography. Comparison of this with observed bathymetric data indicates that a peridotitic composition including water is favoured for at least the top half of the lithosphere, and allows a picture of the variations of structure in the upper mantle to be built up. It is found that lateral inhomogenities in mantle temperatures are able to explain both the variation of ocean ridge dimensions and the uplift of different parts of the ocean basins relative to sea level which are evidenced by observed data. An empirical relationship between the calculated thicknesses of the lithosphere and the depths of the ocean basins is suggested. A major area of raised temperatures may underly the North Atlantic, stretching from the Azores to a focus at Iceland. There is evidence for the existence of other regional anomalies in mantle temperatures, but none of the magnitude of that suggested to lie beneath the northern North Atlantic. The time taken for thicker lithospheres to cool to equilibrium following their formation at the ocean ridges imposes a fundamental limitation on the capabilities of the model, and makes undisturbed bathymetric profiles essential if reliable measurements are to be made in areas of lower mantle temperatures. The results support suggestions that large scale mantle convection, not necessarily related geographically to the ridge crests, may occur, and indicate that active replenishment of the thermal anomalies may be required to sustain them over geologically significant periods of time.

► Spatially oriented behaviour is to a considerable extent calibrated by reference to stimulus norms and invariant relationships between inputs from different stimulus channels. Three sorts…
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▼ Spatially oriented behaviour is to a considerable extent calibrated by reference to stimulus norms and invariant relationships between inputs from different stimulus channels. Three sorts of experimental disruption of these normal relationships in the field of direction perception are examined and experiments are reported which attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the behavioural reaction to them in humans. The first two examples concern the visual perception of verticality and frontal plane tilt. The first is an examination of Gibson's concept of normalization and negative after-effect in spatial dimensions. A review is made of several attempts to subsume the behaviour which this theory was designed to explain under more elementary principles. The most serious of these attempts - that of Kȍhler and Wallach - is the subject of a series of experiments which are reported and from which it is concluded that the attempt must be considered a failure and that the postulation of some mechanism genuinely characteristic of the spatial dimension is required to explain the behaviour. The second issue is the role of non-visual gravitational cues in the visual judgment of the direction of gravity. The historical dispute about the relative importance of visual and postural cues is outlined. Then attention is focussed on the contribution of the various types of postural cue and it is concluded that some investigation have seriously misinterpreted the role of vestibular information. An experiment is reported in which the two main factors known to have disruptive effects on spatial behaviour - tilt of the visual field and tilt of the subject - are shown to have their effects considerably attenuated by the presence of vestibular cues. The third example concerns the disruption of azimuth-oriented behaviour by modification of the normal correlation between spatial inputs in two modalities. A critical scrutiny is made of theories concerning the location of the adaptive change in response to such disruption. A corollary of one of the theories - that active movement is necessary for adaptation - is tested and rejected in a series of experiments, and these in addition provide some evidence for an alternative theory.

► Measurements have been made of the complex refractive index of thin films of several of the rare earth elements in the photon energy range from…
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▼ Measurements have been made of the complex refractive index of thin films of several of the rare earth elements in the photon energy range from 0,33 - 3.0eV, using a conventional ellipsometric method. The observations were carried out at various temperatures between 4.2 and 300ºK corresponding to the different magnetically ordered phases of the elements neodyraium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and ytterbium. In the elements which show helical ordering, no evidence was found for absorption at the gaps corresponding to the superzone boundaries. Instead the results suggest that magnetic ordering of any type is seen in a general way through direct transitions between the exchange split levels of the band structure. The exchange energies estimated this way are in reasonable agreement with theoretical values. Suggested locations are given for the regions in k space corresponding to these "magnetic transitions". The Drude contribution to the optical conductivity has been obtained and the variation of σ(w)(_w=o) for the different elements is in good agreement with static conductivity measurements although the magnitude of the optical constant is in general larger by about 15%.This is presumably due to the effects of the joint anisotropy of the electron relaxation times and velocities at the Fermi surface.

► During the work, which forms the basis of this thesis, 8 and 12 mole % Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) single crystals have been studied from…
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▼ During the work, which forms the basis of this thesis, 8 and 12 mole % Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) single crystals have been studied from the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (e.p.r.) and Optical Spectroscopy points of view, in both the as grown state and after current blackening by current passage at several current densities. Experimental factors limited the range of current density used to between 0.1-5 A/cm(2) for the study of optical spectroscopy and to between 1-25 A/cm(2) for e.p.r. The e.p.r, study was made at 35 GHz, using a cavity spectrometer, at 293ºK and 77ºK. These measurements were difficult because of the low spin densities encountered and because of the cavity damping caused by blackened crystals. They showed in as grown material, the presence of an "F-Centre," (e(-) + (0)(^..) + Y ion). This complex was also seen in blackened crystals. In addition, in both as grown and blackened crystals a second line was observed due possibly to Zr(3)+ or Y(2+). A third line, appearing only after current passage seemed to be more likely to arise from conduction electrons than from colour centres or paramagnetic ions. Prom optical absorption spectra the band gap energies were calculated to be 4.50 ev and 4.45 ev, at 293ºK for the 8 and 12 mole % as grown YSZ respectively. Attempts made to fit the absorption curves to the conventional formulae for semiconcluctors showed that the only near fit was for an indirect allowed transition and this only held for the tail region of the absorption edge. For absorption spectra of differently 'blackened samples, two methods (transmission-transmission and reflectivity-transmission) were applied at 293ºK. They showed that the absorption curves shifted non-linearly beyond 1.0 micron as compared with the absorption edge position for the as grown samples. An explanation of this is suggested as due to scattering of light from colloidal metallic Zr particles. From transmission spectra, made at 293ºK for both 8 and 12 mole % as grown YBZ, the Debye temperatures were calculated to be 660 ± 12 ºK and 666 ± 12 ºK respectively. Reflectivity and refractive index measurements were also made. Some general conclusions are given.

► A geochemical investigation of the West Cumberland meta somatic haematite deposits and related vein deposits in the central Lake District was carried out to establish…
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▼ A geochemical investigation of the West Cumberland meta somatic haematite deposits and related vein deposits in the central Lake District was carried out to establish the origin of the mineralizing fluids. Ore samples we re analysed for a variety of major and trace elements and were found to contain a simple geochemical assemblage characterised by the abundance of arsenic and locally barium. The lack of regional variation in ore geochemistry and the equally uniform mineralogy suggests that the replacement and vein deposits are cogenetic and belong to the same metallogenic province. Minor differences which do exist can be explained, by wallrock - ore fluid interactions. In the Eskdale area the veins are associated with a particular phase of the host granite containing an abundance of free haematite. Relative trace element enrichments in the ores are matched by sympathetic depletions in the adjacent haematized granite. The implied geochemical relationship is verified by a spatial correlation between areas of mineralization and. the distribution of concealed granite in the basement; as indicated by the gravity pattern. A more detailed gravity interpretation in the West Cumberland area shows that the zone of maximum mineralization in the limestones occurs directly above the faulted margin of a concealed, granite shelf extending outwards from the Ennerdale granophyre. Based on the combined/geological, geochemical and fluid, inclusion evidence a new model of haematite ore genesis is proposed which envisages the convective circulation of hot saline brines in the granite basement with the concomitant leaching of iron and its re deposition at higher levels as epigenetic haematite mineralization. The hypothesis is consistent with the known distribution of ore bodies and the observed spatial variation for arsenic and copper in the West Cumberland orefield. Baritic ores are related to the mixing of the ore fluids with formational waters from the Permo-Triassics.

Malpus, C. M. (1968). Investigations into the structure and function of nerve and skeletal muscle of anisoptebous odonata, with special reference to aeschnid nymphs. (Doctoral Dissertation). Durham University. Retrieved from http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8803/

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Malpus, C M. “Investigations into the structure and function of nerve and skeletal muscle of anisoptebous odonata, with special reference to aeschnid nymphs.” 1968. Doctoral Dissertation, Durham University. Accessed March 19, 2018.
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8803/.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Malpus, C M. “Investigations into the structure and function of nerve and skeletal muscle of anisoptebous odonata, with special reference to aeschnid nymphs.” 1968. Web. 19 Mar 2018.

Malpus CM. Investigations into the structure and function of nerve and skeletal muscle of anisoptebous odonata, with special reference to aeschnid nymphs. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Durham University; 1968. Available from: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8803/