structure of light

The book describes the conflict between Science and observable Reality. The conflict arose as a result of the basic postulate of the Standard Model, which eliminated the rest mass of a photon of light and built the concept of the structure of matter from quarks, colors, flavors and Higgs particles. The author offers the only way to resolve the conflict by restoring the rest mass of a photon of light and build photonic structure of the Universe.

In this book, I apply the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy translations to intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebras, ideals, H-ideals in BCK/BCI-algebras. I also apply the concept of t-norm T to fuzzy structure of B-algebras and the concept of t-norm T and t-conorm S to intuitionistic fuzzy structure of B-algebras. I have introduced fuzzy dot structure of B-algebras and intuitionistic fuzzy structure of BG-algebras. I also introduced interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy structure of BG-algebras.

The author points out what he considers to be some erroneous assumptions in Einstein's theories of relativity. This allowed going beyond these theories in the development of a non-relativistic, unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism. What causes gravity and establishes the speed of light is described. The possibility of faster than light travel is discussed. Included are new ideas about the structure of atoms, the emission of photons and the interaction of gravity with atoms and photons. Also presented is the part played by gravity in the formation of black holes, the Big Bang, the expanding Universe and dark matter. A structure of the Cosmos is described that could lead to future Big Bangs.

This book aims to investigate the effect of capital structure on firms’ profitability with special emphasis on Ethiopian large private manufacturing firms. This book contributes a piece of empirical evidence for a theory of capital structure, in Ethiopian context. The decision regarding firm’s capital structure choice is an important issue for financial managers, because it is very much influential on the firm’s profitability and value. In today’s dynamic business world, for a sound operation the companies, financial managers’ decision regarding capital structure should have to have a greater consideration on searching of its optimum level. In general, the firm’s capital structure decision affects the two major objectives of financial management, i.e. firm’s profit maximization and shareholders’ wealth maximization.

Structure and physiological systems of the eye allows light perception. Human visual system functions when lens focuses the light onto the retina. Thus, any defect in the structure and function of the lens leads to vision loss. Lens malformations especially cataracts are the major cause of blindness worldwide and accounts for 10% of all childhood blindness. Low vision is any chronic visual condition which cannot be corrected by spectacles or contact lenses and becomes lower every day. Abnormalities in the lens, retina or any other part of the visual system leads to low vision. A retrospective, analytical study was performed on all congenital cataract cases from Lahore seen during ophthalmologic consultation at the Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust. The objective of this research was to determine the environmental as well as genetic factors causing congenital cataract.

Thousands of years ago, Jewish Kabbalists establish a divine schematic called the Tree of Life. Composed of Sefirot, it showed the relationships of the Divine qualities to be sought within humanity. Legend says that the Divine tree has its roots in the Heavens, while the human tree has its roots in Earth; the two touch at the had or top of the tree.Like the ten planets used by astrologers in horoscopes, the Sefirot symbolize qualities of being and human development. Unlike the Sefirot, the growth, awareness,and spiritual development of humanity is included in horoscopes by using more recently discovered planets.Alice Miller begins by explaining the theory and structure of the planetary principles. In the center is the Identity Structure, with the Consciousness Structure on one side and the Creativity Structure on the other. Each of these is represented by several planets that receive and channel energy and a chapter is devoted to each, including the planets in the elements and signs.• Sun—Identity Structure• Mercury—Basic Consciousness• Venus—Attraction• Moon—Identity Structure• Earth/Ascendant• Mars—Identity Structure• Chiron—Personalized Consciousness• Pluto and Eris—Healing for Humanity’s Future• Jupiter—Expanding Consciousness• Saturn—Outlining Creativity• Uranus—Identity Structure• Neptune—Higher Consciousness• Pluto—Higher Creativity

In his work The AI Matrices, the author discusses his discoveries of structure in AI. He then wrote Chemical Theory of Natural Life and AI that explains the basic science necessary to understand to understand The AI Matrices. This work continues where we left off with, more discoveries of structure in AI.

Many elements of an organization's structure are clearly visible, such as organizational charts, categorizations such as a partnership or corporation, job descriptions, and various legal documents yet these still fall short of illustrating how an organization is designed, interacts with its environment, learns, and evolves. The analogy of the blind men feeling various parts of an elephant and coming up with different perspectives is a real phenomenon with organizational structure as well given that various stakeholders will interact with the organizational structure and come away with very distinct views of how the organization is structured. A single or few perspectives of organizational structure then are insufficient to describe a given organization. Systems and the view of structure as recurring activities are the underlying themes of this book.

A comprehensive guide to making better capital structure and corporate financing decisions in today's dynamic business environment Given the dramatic changes that have recently occurred in the economy, the topic of capital structure and corporate financing decisions is critically important. The fact is that firms need to constantly revisit their portfolio of debt, equity, and hybrid securities to finance assets, operations, and future growth. Capital Structure and Corporate Financing Decisions provides an in-depth examination of critical capital structure topics, including discussions of basic capital structure components, key theories and practices, and practical application in an increasingly complex corporate world. Throughout, the book emphasizes how a sound capital structure simultaneously minimizes the firm's cost of capital and maximizes the value to shareholders. Offers a strategic focus that allows you to understand how financing decisions relates to a firm's overall corporate policy Consists of contributed chapters from both academics and experienced professionals, offering a variety of perspectives and a rich interplay of ideas Contains information from survey research describing actual financial practices of firms This valuable resource takes a practical approach to capital structure by discussing why various theories make sense and how firms use them to solve problems and create wealth. In the wake of the recent financial crisis, the insights found here are essential to excelling in today's volatile business environment.

Particle Damper is Passive Vibration Reduction Method. In This Method Container With The Metal Particles Is Attached To Vibrating Structure. When The Structure Vibrates Kinetic Energy Of That Structure Absorbed By The Particles And Vibrational Energy Converts Into Heat And Noise. Thus Vibrations Of Any Vibrating Structure Can Be Reduced By Particle Damping Method Of Vibration Reduction Method. This Method Is Used To Reduce The Vibration Of Flutters In Aircraft, Tall Antennas ETC.

Diploma Thesis from the year 2003 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,1 (A), European Business School - International University Schloß Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel (Endowed-Chairf for Corporate Finance and Capital Markets), language: English, abstract: The idea that the general characteristics of a firm's ownership structure can affect performance has achieved considerable attention and related research brought forward relatively consistent empirical evidence e.g. on the positive impact of managerial ownership on firm performance. However, the evidence on the relation between ownership and capital structure is less consistent and numerous, although there are good reasons to believe that there may be such a relationship.Since the capital structure irrelevance propositions of MODIGLIANI/MILLER economists have devoted considerable time to studying cross-sectional and time-series variations in capital structure. More recent work following the seminal contribution by JENSEN/MECKLING has employed an agency theory perspective in the search for an explanation of capital structure variations. With this managerial perspective capital structure is not only explained by variations in internal and external contextual factors of the firm, but also by the values, goals, preferences and desires of managers. Corporate financing decisions are influenced by managers' incentives and the incentives for managers to act opportunistically can be influence...

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,3, University of Hohenheim (Lehrstuhl für Bankwirtschaft und Finanzdienstleistungen), language: English, abstract: The question about capital structure is one of the most important issues which the management of a company faces in implementing their daily business. Therefore, the question of which factors affect capital structure decisions attracts high attention in the past and recent literature on capital structure. There are many papers providing valuable insights into capital structure choices, starting with the paper of Modigliani and Miller (1958). The MM-Theorem is generally considered a purely theoretical result since it ignores important factors in the capital structure decision like bank-ruptcy costs, taxes, agency costs and information asymmetry. Based on this paper many other theories which consider factors neglected by Modigliani and Miller have been evolved. Two major theories are the Tradeoff- and the Pecking-Order-Theory. The former loosens assumptions stated in the MM-Theorem by including bankruptcy costs and taxes while the latter introduces information asymmetry into the capital structure discussion. Chapter 2.1 will give a brief overview of these theories. For complexity reasons these models cannot capture all relevant factors affecting the capital structure policy of a company. However, all these theories disregard one cru-cial fa...

The theory of capital structure is one of the most exciting and complex topics in corporate finance. After many years of debate it is still extremely difficult to provide a conclusive answer to the question which capital structure maximises the value of a company and what factors determine the optimal mix of debt and equity capital.This book provides a comprehensive introduction to capital structure theory and investigates its practical relevance in the German market. The main objectives are to explore the link between capital structure theory and corporate practice and to test determinants of capital structure choice empirically.The book has been written for students, researchers, and academics, but also for practitioners seeking empirical evidence of capital structure theory and an empirical model that can be used to estimate the optimal level of debt for an individual company in relation to an existing industry optimum.

The proteins that gather light for plant photosynthesis are embedded within cell membranes in a site called the thylakoid membrane (or the «photosynthetic membrane»). These proteins form the light harvesting antenna that feeds with energy a number of vital photosynthetic processes such as water oxidation and oxygen evolution, the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome b6f complex, and ATP synthesis by ATP synthase utilizing the generated proton gradient. The Photosynthetic Membrane: Molecular Mechanisms and Biophysics of Light Harvesting is an introduction to the fundamental design and function of the light harvesting photosynthetic membrane, one of the most common and most important structures of life. It describes the underlying structure of the membrane, the variety and roles of the membrane proteins, the atomic structures of light harvesting complexes and their macromolecular assemblies, the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of light harvesting and primary energy transformations, and the broad range of adaptations to different light environments. The book shows, using the example of the photosynthetic membrane, how complex biological structures utilize principles of chemistry and physics in order to carry out biological functions. The Photosynthetic Membrane: Molecular Mechanisms of Light Harvesting will appeal to a wide audience of undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers working in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, plant science and bioengineering.

The proteins that gather light for plant photosynthesis are embedded within cell membranes in a site called the thylakoid membrane (or the «photosynthetic membrane»). These proteins form the light harvesting antenna that feeds with energy a number of vital photosynthetic processes such as water oxidation and oxygen evolution, the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome b6f complex, and ATP synthesis by ATP synthase utilizing the generated proton gradient. The Photosynthetic Membrane: Molecular Mechanisms and Biophysics of Light Harvesting is an introduction to the fundamental design and function of the light harvesting photosynthetic membrane, one of the most common and most important structures of life. It describes the underlying structure of the membrane, the variety and roles of the membrane proteins, the atomic structures of light harvesting complexes and their macromolecular assemblies, the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of light harvesting and primary energy transformations, and the broad range of adaptations to different light environments. The book shows, using the example of the photosynthetic membrane, how complex biological structures utilize principles of chemistry and physics in order to carry out biological functions. The Photosynthetic Membrane: Molecular Mechanisms of Light Harvesting will appeal to a wide audience of undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers working in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, plant science and bioengineering.

The research work titled “Analysis of the Spatial Structure of retail Trade in Pharmaceutical products in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria” is a detailed study of the evolution of spatial structure of retail trade in pharmaceutical products in a fast growing metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study is an in-depth retrospective analysis of the development of spatial structure of retail trade and the influence of policy dynamics in its evolution. Readers of this book, especially Geographers, governments, Urban and Regional Planners, businessmen and women and all those interested in the distribution and patterns of retail activities, will find this material very valuable.

The truth of our day in the era of the revolving door is that men and women keep on repeating the division within themselves and within our structure, which is from 5,008 thousand years ago, and is still causing harm to ourselves and our structure.

This book focuses on fabrication of ZnO/CdS optical sensor. Nanocrystalline ZnO/CdS core-shell optical sensors were fabricated by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods were firstly synthesized on silicon p-type (111) by CBD method with assist of microwave. The CdS were deposited on the ZnO nanorods to create core-shell structure by using CBD method with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) 0.15M as Cd2+ ion source at difference deposition time. ZnO nanorods were the core and CdS were the shell of this core-shell structure. The photoconductive testing was carried out to test this optical sensor light detection by shining ultraviolet (UV) light pulse on the devices. The devices affect the light absorption and have higher sensitivity to the light. The highest sensitivity reached 53% for the ZnO/CdS optical sensor while the ZnO optical sensor only 6.77% and ZnO/CdS can response to high frequency light pulse. The energy band gap of ZnO/CdS was also lowered to 3.3eV compared to ZnO, 3.38eV. These results demonstrate the existence of CdS has enhanced the ability and the properties of optical sensor compared to ZnO nanorods optical sensor alone.

The author presents his discovery of structure and form in AI and Natural Live, in the elemental characteristics of molar mass, density, and atomic number. One profound statement is made from a collection of profundities.

This book provides the fundamental basics for solving fluid structure interaction problems, and describes different algorithms and numerical methods used to solve problems where fluid and structure can be weakly or strongly coupled. These approaches are illustrated with examples arising from industrial or academic applications. Each of these approaches has its own performance and limitations. Given the book’s comprehensive coverage, engineers, graduate students and researchers involved in the simulation of practical fluid structure interaction problems will find this book extremely useful.

Ultimate capacity of the structure is the maximum base shear that the structure can resist the given load. These ultimate capacity will be changed in varying with Beam size, Beam reinforcement, Column size and Column reinforcement. In this book, it has been clearly shown the effects of these parameters to the ultimate capacity of RC framed Structures with different number of storey. Ultimate Capacity is found from the Pushover Analysis (Non linear Static Analysis). Ultimate capacity has been presented graphically and in tabulated form with changes of various parameters.

The book discusses Indian post-independence monetary history in the context of the country's development and the global changes of the period. The conceptual framework used is the SIIO (Structure, Ideas, Institutions and Outcomes) paradigm. That is, structure and ideas become embedded in institutions and affect outcomes. Narrative history, data analysis and research reports demonstrate the dialectic between ideas and structure with respect to monetary history, aspects of India's development, and the global institutions and events that impacted monetary choices. The history of the economy and of the global changes that affected it covers a time when major changes took place both in India and internationally.India's greater openness is important both for it and for the world, but it occurred at a time of major global crises. How did these impact monetary choices and how did the latter help India navigate the crises while maintaining its trajectory towards greater liberalization? The book explores these and other relevant but under-analyzed questions.The initial combination of ideas and structure created fiscal dominance and made monetary policy procyclical. An aggregate supply-and-demand framework derived from forward-looking optimization subject to Indian structural constraints is able to explain growth and inflation outcomes in the light of policy actions. Using exogenous supply shocks to identify policy shocks and to isolate their effects, demonstrate that policy...

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The proteins that gather light for plant photosynthesis are embedded within cell membranes in a site called the thylakoid membrane (or the «photosynthetic membrane»). These proteins form the light harvesting antenna that feeds with energy a number of vital photosynthetic processes such as water oxidation and oxygen evolution, the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome b6f complex, and ATP synthesis by ATP synthase utilizing the generated proton gradient. The Photosynthetic Membrane: Molecular Mechanisms and Biophysics of Light Harvesting is an introduction to the fundamental design and function of the light harvesting photosynthetic membrane, one of the most common and most important structures of life. It describes the underlying structure of the membrane, the variety and roles of the membrane proteins, the atomic structures of light harvesting complexes and their macromolecular assemblies, the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of light harvesting and primary energy transformations, and the broad range of adaptations to different light environments. The book shows, using the example of the photosynthetic membrane, how complex biological structures utilize principles of chemistry and physics in order to carry out biological functions. The Photosynthetic Membrane: Molecular Mechanisms of Light Harvesting will appeal to a wide audience of undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers working in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, plant science and bioengineering.