Schoenberg’s “Mis-Handel-ing” and Other Curiosities

Richard Strauss was very fond of François Couperin’s music. He penned three works, a Dance Suite, Verklungene Feste, and the Divertimento after Couperin, Op. 86, because he believed Le Grand’s Pièces de clavecin ought to be better known. Respighi had a similar idea; thus, the three Ancient Airs and Dances suites. When orchestrating or arranging, composers generally treat another’s work with respect, sincerely believing that they’re either improving upon the original or creating new listening opportunities. Conductors have also gotten into the act, altering music to suit their available forces.

Let’s consider several famous and not-so-familiar arrangements and transcriptions. Mozart’s pumped-up Messiah enjoys a life on CD and the concert stage. Rimsky-Korsakov reworked Mussorgsky’s instrumentation. Mahler completely rescored Schumann’s four symphonies and mixed and matched movements from Bach’s orchestral suites. Bach frequently rethought his contemporaries’ work, transcribing for organ Vivaldi’s string concertos. Stokowski famously or infamously supplanted Bach’s “king of instruments” with his Technicolor orchestra in continuance of a long tradition. On Chandos CHAN 9835, Leonard Slatkin and the BBC Philharmonic perform a large batch of Bach orchestrations by Bantock, Elgar, Holst, Honegger, Joachim, Reger, Respighi, Schoenberg and Vaughan Williams. Bach’s didactic keyboard works have been variously recast: Mozart arranged preludes and fugues from the Well Tempered Clavier for string trio, the Goldberg Variations has been reincarnated for strings, and you can choose from a quartet of saxophones, modern strings or viols for The Art of Fugue.

Orchestrations of piano works are common, some of them well loved. Charles Avison fashioned concertos from Scarlatti’s sonatas; Berlioz breathed new life into Weber’s Invitation to the Dance; with Raff’s help, Liszt transmuted his Mazeppa and other etudes for large forces. One of the all-time great orchestrators, Ravel, worked his magic on Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition and his own La Valse, Le tombeau de Couperin, Pavane, etc. Edmund Rubbra’s instrumentation of Brahms’ Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Handel is less familiar but gloriously effective. (Try Vladimir Ashkenazy and the Cleveland Orchestra on London 436 853-2.)

Out of practical necessity, composers often delivered reductions of larger canvasses to their publishers. Churning out home-bound arrangements was a big industry, and many listeners’ first exposure to works now considered symphonic classics was through transcriptions for piano four-hands or two. Beethoven, who complained about others’ reductive efforts, rescored his Second Symphony for piano trio. Busy composers often fobbed off such tasks to their students, but several virtuoso pianist-composers relished distilling the symphonic palette onto 88 keys. Liszt arranged Beethoven’s nine symphonies for piano, and along with Busoni, he happily paraphrased operas, a tradition Michael Finnissy continues to this day. Barber’s familiar Adagio has become a choral Agnus Dei; from Mahler’s Fifth Symphony, Gérard Pesson grafted August von Platen’s words for an a cappella Adagietto (both on Naïve V 4947).

Some composers have recomposed older works according to their taste. Original artifacts remain, but the results sit squarely in the adapter’s style and idiom. Webern’s orchestration of Bach’s six-voice Ricercare best illustrates such a hybrid. Hans Zender’s remarkable Schubert’s Winterreise (Kairos 0012002KAI, discussed here) and Henri Pousseur’s Dichterliebesreigentraum (Cyprès CYP7602) are elaborate reworkings of iconic song cycles. The interludes that punctuate Salvatore Sciarrino’s chilling opera Luci mie traditrici (Kairos 0012222KAI, discussed here) gradually distort an elegy by Claude Le Jeune. Say what you will about them, these rethinkings are well-intentioned. (Like the road to hell…?)

Let’s depart the concert hall to gaze in wonderment at some of the strangest transcriptions and arrangements ever. We’re not going to dwell on Spike Jones’ joyous shenanigans or the worthy who compressed Wagner’s Parsifal into a pantomime for clarinet, accordion and double-bass. I have no qualms with Cage, Kagel, Schnittke or Rochberg about borrowings and hijinks consistent with their aesthetic, nor do I object to Wendy Carlos’ deliciously camp “Switched-On Bach,” even though her 25th-anniversary remake, “Switched-On Bach 2000,” is dreadful.

We dwell rather on a few monstrous creations by composers who should have known better. Step at your own risk behind a dingy sideshow curtain to gawk at a shelf of specimens in dirty jars.

Arnold Schoenberg was a skilled arranger. For the short-lived Society of Musical Performances (Verein für Musikalische Privataufführungen), he and his students fashioned chamber music arrangements of Bruckner, Busoni, Debussy, Mahler, Ravel, Reger, Johann Strauss and Luigi Denza (“Funiculi, Funicula”). His Brahms G-minor Piano Quartet orchestration brims with admiration for the elder master. His transcription of Bach’s St. Anne Prelude and Fugue, despite quirky textures, is duly respectful. The Cello Concerto after Monn is unassuming. Well and good. But then we have the Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra after Handel, one of Schoenberg’s most curious creations, “grotesque and horrible” in a colleague’s words.

I’m well-acquainted with Schoenberg’s “Style and Idea,” so my dismay that he actually took the time to write this out can’t be dismissed as a too-easy shot at a much-maligned composer. Some works, like the rarely heard Kol Nidre, quirky combinations of tonality and non-tonality notwithstanding, are internally consistent. The 12-tone Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte closes awkwardly in C major for a reason.

Schoenberg generally made his choices conscientiously. We know he had no sympathy for Handel’s original: “… in the third and fourth movements, whose insufficiency with respect to thematic invention and development could satisfy no sincere contemporary of ours, I have acted quite freely and independently, and, while employing what was usable, undertaken an entirely new structure.” Given Schoenberg’s attitude and mad results, why did he bother at all? The adaptation is a monument to bad taste, a squandering of effort and ink, exasperating when we consider the serious work Schoenberg never finished.

The music clearly bewilders the American String Quartet with Gerard Schwartz and the New York Chamber Symphony on Nonesuch 9 79145 2 (O/P). Strauss’ docile Divertimento after Couperin, Op. 86, completes the program. Completists will need the Schoenberg Quartet’s sadly inconsistent five-CD brick (Chandos CHAN 9939) containing every Schoenberg composition written or arranged for strings.

Luciano Berio’s modus operandi included reworking his and others’ music. His masterful orchestrations include Brahms’ First Clarinet Sonata and songs by Mahler and Berg. Several of his Sequenzas mutated into Chorales. Most famously, an entire Mahler symphonic movement became the backdrop for an elaborately stunning collage in Sinfonia. Berio provided a nondescript ending for Puccini’s Turandot. However, his Rendering, ostensibly a “restoration” of Schubert’s unfinished Tenth, is a disturbing postmodern fantasy.

Rendering begins with several nice themes (Schubert left incomplete pages in piano score) including a Sullivan-like (as in “Gilbert &”) gesture. But this scrim soon lifts to reveal two-by-fours, canvas backs and stagehands pushing brooms. When there’s not enough real Schubert, Berio concocts “connective tissue” and the harmony goes funny under a twinkling celesta. Suddenly we’re in a polytonal waiting room where other Schubert passages loiter as if warming up for an audition. The opening was an illusion, a clever assemblage. Then the jangling celesta stops and the time machine deposits us back in Schubertville, though the spell has been broken and we’re now wise to Berio’s tricks. The celesta also suggests Der Rosenkavalier, wherein Strauss was playing at being Mozart. Berio folded another celesta into his Turandot completion. This must be what footnotes sound like. I am glad to know these Schubert tunes, and have grown fond of Rendering. Several spots, such as the last movement’s rising-fourth motif, are filled with radiant promise.

Brian Newbould’s realization of the same sketches is in three movements (Hyperion CDA 67000). The opening, conjuring a music-hall stage, is hard to reconcile with other final Schubert works (Winterreise, the String Quintet, Schwanengesang, et al.). The scherzo bits are delightful. Of course, now that Berio has poisoned my ear, even scholar Newbould’s fleshing-out has its suspect moments, such as the strong trombones in the Andante. That’s the problem with such tinkering: My faith in the printed page and any editor’s work is compromised.

Bach probably shoulders the greatest quantity of arrangements. Alongside successes there are also denigrations. A recent release in David Cope’s “Experiments in Musical Intelligence” series targets Bach (Centaur CRC 2619). Cope programmed a computer with algorithms representing Bach’s gestures and quirks. Technically a success, though I can’t label the results as music. Coarse transitions feebly bind soulless chatter. Live musicians read passably through Cope’s generated drivel. Centaur’s rough presentation contains incorrect track lengths. Why listen to or perform this rubbish when there is so much great Bach, or, in desperation, Vivaldi or Torelli?

We abandon the sideshow for a pleasant visit with a harmless carny. Set against Cope’s crimes, Uri Caine’s toying is harmless fun. Caine’s Goldberg Variations (Winter & Winter 910 054-2) collects a suitcase full of noodlings sparked by Bach’s celebrated keyboard opus. Caine’s 72 variations include renditions of most of Bach’s 30 with two obligatory passes at the Aria. Caine assaults his audience with manic diversity: Plausible jazz riffs range from stomp to lounge, there are Swingle-Singers-style a cappella bops, and techno-computer variations ripped from video games. At one point he tries his hand at a period-style arrangement with a trio sonata for flute, violin, keyboard and gamba. But Bach is so good that anyone trading on his métier comes up a phony. The two CDs are a string of paste baubles the equal in seriousness to Spike Jones and His City Slickers. (See here for another take.)

Caine has also roughed up Beethoven, Schumann and Wagner. His Mahler concoctions are among his most successful work, even though purists will find them offensive: “Urlicht” (Winter & Winter 910 004-2), “Mahler in Toblach” (Winter & Winter 910 046-2), and “Dark Flame” (Winter & Winter 910 095-2). After studying the Austrian composer for a year, Caine uses Mahler as a welcome mat to bizarre arrangements and improvisations. A wildly melismatic singer romps through Das Lied von der Erde’s “Der Abschied,” and the First Symphony’s klezmer tunes succumb to tampering. The Fifth’s trumpet fanfare withers into the background, supporting something altogether unrelated. Caine has defaced Mahler: The fin-de-siècle mood shattered, we’re stuck in a nasty-smelling, dimly-lit elevator. But Caine’s Frankensteins don’t posture with the academic seriousness of Schoenberg’s Handel or Berio’s Schubert. Destructive, yes, but Caine rarely comes across as pretentious — foolish and misguided rather.

“Only a man who himself deserves respect is capable of paying respect to another man.”

I call out these orchestras for their ineptitude. I call them out for pandering, for being complacent and for providing a disservice rather than enrichment to the cultural life of their respective cities.

I call out these orchestras for their ineptitude. I call them out for pandering, for being complacent and for providing a disservice rather than enrichment to the cultural life of their respective cities.

Here are nine renditions of ten Holt’s most famous opus. Built from multi-measure cells which can be repeated ad lib, this may be the longest work constructed on an unbroken stream of quintuplets. It is also a potent dose of B-flat minor.

Here are nine renditions of ten Holt’s most famous opus. Built from multi-measure cells which can be repeated ad lib, this may be the longest work constructed on an unbroken stream of quintuplets. It is also a potent dose of B-flat minor.

Bach and Scarlatti on piano are intrinsically arrangements, music relocated to an instrument unanticipated by their composers. Some 19th and 20th-century composer-pianists found Bach and Scarlatti too spindly for the ivories. They added notes and fleshed out chords, and took other liberties such as composing new voices or adjusting harmonies.

Bach and Scarlatti on piano are intrinsically arrangements, music relocated to an instrument unanticipated by their composers. Some 19th and 20th-century composer-pianists found Bach and Scarlatti too spindly for the ivories. They added notes and fleshed out chords, and took other liberties such as composing new voices or adjusting harmonies.