Tables

Baseline characteristics of intervention and control arms of the study

Mean (SD)

P

Control group

Intervention group

Age, y

72.2 (7.7)

71.3 (6.4)

0.664

Body mass, kg

82.2 (8.1)

83.1 (10.9)

0.736

Height, cm

173.1 (6.6)

172.4 (6.9)

0.694

BMI, kg/m2

27.4 (2.7)

28.0 (3.2)

0.533

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.96 (0.07)

0.96 (0.05)

0.985

Exercise behavior (Godin LSI)

15 (10)

13 (9)

0.612

Systolic BP, mmHg

148.1 (18.8)

146.7 (19.0)

0.803

Diastolic BP, mmHg

84.0 (11.4)

85.9 (7.8)

0.500

PSA, ng/mL

5.0 (10.2)

3.3 (6.8)

0.907

Length of AST, mo

30 (31)

30 (31)

0.972

Gleason score

7 (1.1)

7 (1.3)

0.981

No. of patients with metastatic disease

7

6

Table 2.

Dietary intake at baseline and end point in the intervention and usual care groups

Variable

Mean (SD)

Group mean difference in Δa (95% CI)

Pb

Baseline

End point

Usual care

Intervention

Usual care

Intervention

Total energy, kcal

2,012.4 (622.6)

1,957.2 (456.5)

1,983.2 (559.9)

1,669.4 (350.7)

−258.5 (−32.5 to −484.5)

0.005

Macronutrients

Total fat, g

77.9 (28.0)

75.6 (23.7)

82.4 (25.7)

60.4 (16.9)

−19.8 (−32.3 to −7.3)

<0.001

Saturates, g

27.8 (11.2)

26.5 (7.5)

30.7 (11.5)

20.8 (7.3)

−8.6 (−13.5 to −3.7)

<0.001

Monounsaturates, g

24.4 (11.1)

22.5 (7.7)

25.7 (7.9)

17.2 (6.1)

−6.6 (−11.2 to −2.0)

<0.001

Polyunsaturates, g

11.3 (4.7)

10.3 (4.5)

10.4 (3.1)

8.8 (4.0)

−0.53 (−2.9 to 1.8)

0.21

Cholesterol, mg

273.8 (141.9)

247.6 (97.7)

272.7 (130.5)

209.4 (74.5)

−37.1 (−115.5 to 41.3)

0.064

Omega 3, mg

0.15 (0.19)

0.24 (0.40)

0.18 (0.35)

0.17 (0.23)

−0.11 (−0.29 to 0.07)

0.48

Omega 6, mg

0.87 (0.92)

0.84 (0.80)

0.78 (0.95)

0.81 (1.10)

0.07 (−0.56 to 0.69)

0.85

Carbohydrate, g

238.2 (55.7)

230.3 (56.4)

227.9 (61.3)

208.7 (50.9)

−11.3 (−39.8 to 17.3)

0.28

Sugars, g

106.7 (37.0)

100.4 (42.3)

98.9 (39.4)

93.6 (35.7)

1.1 (−18.1 to 20.3)

0.87

Starch, g

127.5 (26.9)

125.3 (35.0)

124.5 (25.7)

112.7 (28.9)

−9.2 (−28.2 to 8.9)

0.14

Alcohol, g

14.5 (23.0)

12.6 (12.8)

12.5 (21.9)

8.0 (11.2)

−2.7 (−8.6 to 3.19)

0.26

Fiber, g

15.7 (5.5)

14.4 (5.7)

15.0 (6.9)

15.1 (6.0)

1.4 (−1.6 to 4.41)

0.48

Protein, g

80.0 (29.1)

81.8 (18.7)

75.3 (16.7)

72.5 (15.1)

−4.6 (−16.5 to 7.3)

0.38

Micronutrients

Vitamin E, mg

7.8 (3.2)

7.4 (2.9)

7.2 (3.0)

6.6 (2.4)

−0.26 (−1.6 to 1.1)

0.51

Vitamin C, mg

130.5 (81.4)

105.4 (99.6)

121.7 (94.1)

118.6 (93.7)

22.0 (−25.0 to 68.9)

0.56

aΔ (delta) from baseline in intervention group minus Δ from baseline in usual care group. A negative score indicates a greater decrease in the intervention group, and a positive score a greater increase.

bANCOVA of end point score adjusting for baseline score, effect of group.

Table 3.

Fatigue and QoL outcomes at baseline, end point, and 6-month follow-up in the intervention and usual care groups

Mean (SD)

Group mean difference in Δa (95% CI)

Adjusted Pb

Mean (SD)

Group mean difference in Δa (95% CI)

Adjusted Pc

Baseline

End point

6-mo follow-up

Usual care

Intervention

Usual care

Intervention

Usual care

Intervention

FACT-P

125 (19)

127 (13)

121 (25)

128 (14)

5.5 (−4.2 to 15.3)

0.21

122 (26)

125 (20)

1.0 (−8.6 to 10.6)

0.45

FACT-G

89 (13)

91 (9)

86 (18)

91 (10)

3.6 (−3.9 to 11.0)

0.25

87 (17)

90 (13)

1.8 (−5.1 to 8.6)

0.36

FACT-F

43 (8)

44 (6)

42 (8)

48 (4)

5.4 (0.8–10.0)

0.002

40 (8)

43 (7)

3.1 (−0.3 to 6.4)

0.006

NOTE: Because 95% CI in the previous column is calculated on unadjusted data, the P value, which is adjusted for baseline score, will not necessarily be consistent with the CI.

aΔ (delta) from baseline in intervention group minus Δ from baseline in usual care group. A negative score indicates a greater decrease in the intervention group, and a positive score a greater increase.

bANCOVA of end point score adjusting for baseline score, effect of group.

cANCOVA of end point and 6-month follow-up scores adjusting for baseline score, effect of group.

Table 4.

Physical function, fitness, and anthropometric outcomes at baseline, end point, and 6-month follow-up in the lifestyle intervention and usual care groups

Mean (SD)

Group mean difference in Δa (95% CI)

Adjusted Pb

Mean (SD)

Group mean difference in Δa (95% CI)

Adjusted Pc

Baseline

End point

6-mo follow-up

Usual care

Intervention

Usual care

Intervention

Usual care

Intervention

Fitness and function

Exercise tolerance, s

368.6 (129.1)

351.1 (110.8)

379.8 (129.2)

495.8 (125.0)

133.4 (92.4–174.4)

<0.001

351.0 (114.4)

435.8 (118.5)

102.2 (56.8–147.6)

< 0.001

Chair-sit-to-stand (reps)

12.3 (3.7)

11.1 (2.3)

13.4 (4.3)

16.0 (3.7)

3.79 (1.68–5.90)

0.002

13.6 (3.8)

16.1 (4.1)

3.66 (1.71–5.60)

0.001

MVT, Nm

170.8 (52.0)

181.9 (42.7)

169.2 (48.8)

190.3 (40.9)

9.97 (−0.92 to 20.8)

0.033

176.2 (53.8)

195.5 (43.6)

8.20 (−0.90 to 17.3)

0.035

Anthropometry

Weight, kg

82.2 (8.1)

83.1 (10.9)

82.0 (8.1)

82.2 (10.4)

−0.72 (−1.8 to 0.35)

0.20

81.5 (8.2)

81.8 (10.2)

−0.64 (−2.2 to 0.87)

0.27

BMI, kg/m2

27.4 (2.7)

28.0 (3.2)

27.0 (3.2)

27.6 (3.0)

0.09 (−0.85 to 1.01)

0.76

27.3 (2.7)

27.6 (3.1)

−0.23 (−0.67 to 0.22)

0.88

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.96 (0.07)

0.96 (0.05)

0.95 (0.06)

0.96 (0.05)

0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)

0.39

0.95 (0.05)

0.95 (0.05)

0.001 (−0.02 to 0.02)

0.56

NOTE: Because 95% CI in the previous column is calculated on unadjusted data, the P value, which is adjusted for baseline score, will not necessarily be consistent with the CI.

aΔ (delta) from baseline in intervention group minus Δ from baseline in usual care group. A negative score indicates a greater decrease in the intervention group and a positive score a greater increase.

bP value for effect of group from an ANCOVA of end point score adjusting for baseline score.

cP value for effect of group from an ANCOVA of end point and 6-month follow-up scores adjusting for baseline score.

Table 5.

Blood markers at baseline and end point in the intervention and usual care groups

n

Mean (SD)

Group mean difference in Δa (95% CI)

Pb

Baseline

End point

Usual care

Intervention

Usual care

Intervention

Insulin, mU/L

42

10.8 (12.7)

10.4 (13.2)

11.7 (14.2)

8.91 (8.4)

−2.3 (−12.5 to 7.8)

0.46

IGFBP-3, ng/mL

42

3,052.5 (750.7)

3,098.1 (738.2)

2,964.7 (796.2)

2,875.7 (827.3)

−134.6 (−503.9 to 234.6)

0.49

IGF-1, ng/mL

42

77.6 (25.8)

74.5 (21.5)

79.4 (27.2)

78.3 (22.6)

1.9 (−6.9 to 10.8)

0.72

IGFBP-1, ng/mL

42

34.5 (24.4)

32.6 (25.9)

38.4 (26.2)

36.4 (26.4)

−0.18 (−12.1 to 11.7)

0.91

PSA, ng/mL

50

5.02 (10.2)

3.32 (6.83)

6.24 (13.6)

4.55 (8.74)

0.01 (−2.2 to 2.2)

0.61

Serum testosterone, nmol/L

40

3.19 (6.97)

4.12 (8.69)

3.85 (8.67)

4.50 (8.01)

−0.28 (−1.8 to 1.2)

0.68

Free androgen index

39

8.52 (19.4)

12.4 (24.3)

9.44 (21.5)

13.5 (22.8)

0.22 (−3.3 to 3.8)

0.87

Sex hormone–binding globulin, nmol/L

40

45.1 (13.6)

41.6 (13.2)

46.8 (14.0)

40.8 (11.8)

−2.5 (−6.4 to 1.5)

0.13

aΔ (delta) from baseline in intervention group minus Δ from baseline in usual care group. A negative score indicates a greater decrease in the intervention group and a positive score a greater increase.

bANCOVA of end point score adjusting for baseline score, effect of group.