In 1997, Pargament published The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, and Practice which documented the power and prevalence of religious and spiritual involvement in the coping process. Since then, considerable psychological research has been conducted on a variety of spiritual problems. One spiritual problem that has received considerable attention is spiritual struggles.

Major life stressors affect people not only psychologically, socially, and physically, but spiritually as well. Natural disasters, accidents, illnesses, and other stressful events can threaten or harm people spiritually, triggering spiritual struggles.

Spiritual struggles in coping represent efforts to protect or transform peoples’ relationships with whatever they hold sacred, including their connection to God/Higher Power, their spiritual identity, and their connections to a religious community.

Terminology. Much of the research on spiritual struggle is referring to as “negative religious coping” but we and other researchers have begun to use the term “spiritual/religious struggles.” Why

Spiritual struggles may be pivotal points in the time or “forks in the road” in human development. Some studies suggest that people who are able to resolve spiritual struggles over time benefit and grow from those struggles. Others may choose to disengage from spirituality or religion involvement temporarily or permanently. Still others who remain stuck in their struggles decline emotionally and physically.

Even atheists & people who are not engaged in organized religion may experience spiritual struggles, such as feeling distant, unhappy, angry, cut off from, or abandoned by God

Spiritual struggles refer to conflicts over spiritual matters with God/Higher Power, within oneself, and with other people. These conflicts generate distressing emotions and questions about one's spiritual journey.

This definition points to three types of spiritual struggles:

Divine struggles with God/Higher Power - conflict with God/Higher power

What systematic empirical research has been done on Spiritual Struggles in Coping with Parenting Stressors?

Despite extensive research on spiritual struggles on other topics, almost no systematic research has focused directly on spiritual struggles with parenting stressors. Nevertheless, the Relational Spirituality Framework highlights that parenting stressors may trigger spiritual struggles, with God, within the self, or with a religious community. Parenting stressors include having a child with a difficult temperament or developmental, emotional or behavioral difficulties; parent-child conflict; poor parenting preparation and skills; & insufficient economic or social supports.

Prior quantitative studies on spirituality and coping with parenting stressors has relied on indirect measures, such as frequency of religious attendance or overall importance of religion in daily life, to gauge whether low income or unmarried mothers experience spiritual struggles with parenting. Yet in qualitative interviews, many parents report using faith to cope with parenting stressors. To encourage more in-depth research on specific spiritual resources to cope with parenting stressors across diverse families, we draw on research on spiritual resources with non-family stressors.

Practically speaking, our transition to parenthood project has focused on Divine Spiritual Struggles to cope with parenting stressors, rather than Internal or Interpersonal Spiritual Struggles.

How do we define Divine Spiritual Struggles in Coping with Parenting Stressors?

We define Divine Spiritual Struggles in coping with parenting stressors as having conflict with God when interpreting and reacting to parenting stressors. To unpack this definition, it is useful to define conflict. We define conflict as an individual experiencing disagreement within the self or with others about his or her goals in life and/or pathways to reach those goals. Much like people can be in conflict internally or with other people, individuals can be in conflict with God when problems arise. Parenting stressors during infancy, such as having a colicky or temperamentally difficult baby, can threaten cherished goals in life. An individual may experience conflict with God in interpreting why the parenting stressors have occurred and how to respond to the difficulties in parenting an infant. These struggles with God can create distressing emotions and thoughts about one’s relationship with God.

How do we measure Divine Spiritual Struggles in Coping with Pregnancy Stressors?

In our transition to parenthood study, we used the following three sub-scales (three items each) from Pargament’s R-COPE to assess divine spiritual struggles with parenting stressors. These nine items were mixed in with items from other sub-scales from the R-COPE. See Constructs/Our Measures for more information about the history and development of the R-COPE and Spiritual Struggles Sub-scales.

3 Subscales from the RCOPE on Divine Spiritual Struggles

Instructions: The following statements describe specific ways that people might cope with stressors when being the parent of an infant. As you think of the stressors you have faced in parenting, how much do you use each of the following things to cope? To cope with parenting, I ..

Spiritual discontent subscale

Wonder whether God had abandoned me.

Voice anger that God didn’t answer my prayers.

Question God’s love for me.

Punishing God subscale

Wonder what I did for God to punish me.

Decide that God was punishing me for my sins.

Feel punished by God for my lack of devotion.

Reappraisal of God’s power’s subscale

Question the power of God.

Think that some things are beyond God’s control.

Realize that God cannot answer all of my prayers

Spiritual struggles are most commonly measured by the 7-item Negative Religious Coping subscale from the Brief RCOPE (Pargament, Feuille, & Burdzy, 2011). See Constructs/Our Measures for all items on the Brief RCOPE & longer scales to more fully assess spiritual struggles for all types of stressors.

How do Divine Spiritual Struggles in Coping with Parenting Stressors during Infancy help or harm?

To our knowledge, our transition to parenthood study represents an initial effort to examine how much married, first-time parents experience spiritual struggles in coping with parenting stressors, and if spiritual struggles increase the problems in parenting, and parent or infant adjustment.

In an initial study headed by Steve Lucero, we found that greater reliance on spiritual resources were correlated with both parents believing that they had grown personally due to dealing with pregnancy difficulties. Contrary to our expectations, however, greater religious resources were not related to lower parental depression or anxiety about labor, delivery, or medical difficulties with the pregnancy.

We are still conducting analyses and will post additional findings when available.

How do Spiritual Struggles in Coping with Parenting Stressors during Childhood or Adolescence help or harm?

Greater spiritual struggles with parenting stressors is associated with more poorer parenting adjustment and well-being. See Mahoney 2013 for more information of available data.

Additional Readings

Lucero, S. (2010, April). Religious coping with the stressors of a first time pregnancy as a predictor of adjustment among husbands and wives. Master’s thesis. Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green Ohio.

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