“What we have to learn to do, we learn by doing.” (Aristotle, 384BC – 322BC) While the new Multi Crew Pilots Licence (MPL) embodies some good ideas, these could be implemented without creating an entirely new qualification with entirely new problems. It began when, at the request of the airlines, ICAO set up the Flight Crew Licensing and Training Panel (FCLTP) to review the system by which pilots become qualified to fly air transport aircraft as co-pilots for an airline. Some airlines believed the traditional system was outdated and irrelevant (Matschnigg, 2011). The emphasis for the solution was to be on better use of technology and better Crew Resource Management – essentially teamwork. This resulted in the creation of the MPL which was added to ICAO Annex 1 in 2006. The MPL is designed to train ab-initio students in airline procedures from the outset with increased use of simulators and overarching Threat and Error Management (TEM) and Crew Resource Management (CRM) principles. There are four phases – the core stage is conducted in a light aircraft, then the basic, intermediate and advanced stages are primarily conducted in simulators. Students are contracted to an airline from the beginning and procedures for that airline are taught throughout. Then after completing between six and twenty landings in an actual airliner the student begins initial operating experience (IOE) with their airline flying actual segments (ICAO, 2006). MPL graduates are averaging just 286 hours experience on completion of their course including 196 hours in simulators and just 15 hours as pilot in command (Matschnigg, 2011). This is an alternative to the traditional Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) where a student completes a minimum of 200 hours in real aircraft in real environments including at least 100 hours as pilot in command experience (CAA, 2011). Progression then requires an instrument rating, a type rating and in most cases experience is gained by working in general aviation before a candidate can become a new-hire first officer.

Advantages of the MPL over the CPL include safer training due to less actual flying, less pollution from simulators than real aircraft, less weather disruption to training, less noise near airports and less airspace congestion. The most controversial feature is the reduction of minimum hour requirements which Matschnigg (2011) regarded as “regulatory hurdles” and “box ticking.” A finished MPL also includes a type rating but a graduate can’t fly for any airline other than the airline they are contracted to until the IOE is complete. This caused problems for the first group of MPL students who began work for Sterling Airlines which subsequently folded before they had completed their IOE (Chandler, 2009). In this situation a student has to retrain for a CPL.

One hallmark of the MPL is the high dependency on simulators. The idea that real experience is the best way to learn is not new and explains why the MPL has drawn criticism and has been dubbed the “Microsoft Pilots License”. According to Chandler (2009), the cost of running a simulator is four times less than that of running a real aircraft but supporters say that economic motivation is not the reason for the increased simulator usage. Schroeder & Harms (2007) claim the real motivation is to fully utilise increasingly high-fidelity simulators, although much of the training uses cheaper low-fidelity simulators (ICAO, 2006). Schroeder & Harms (2007) also concede that the “operations-oriented training approach could also reduce the duration and cost of pilot training.”

A stronger motivation for the MPL concept is to avoid pilots reverting to the first practices they learned as student pilots flying small aircraft because some of these practices can be hazardous if reverted to in airliners (Matschnigg, 2011). Regression is a psychological defence mechanism...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...MPLS Tutorial: What is MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)?
Chapter 1
Introduction
The exponential growth of the Internet over the past several years has placed a tremendous strain on the service provider networks. Not only has there been an increase in the number of users but there has been a multifold increase in connection speeds, backbone traffic and newer applications. Initially ordinary data applications required only store and forward capability in a best effort manner. The newer applications like voice, multimedia traffic and real-time e-commerce applications are pushing toward higher bandwidth and better guarantees, irrespective of the dynamic changes or interruptions in the network.
To honor the service level guarantees, the service providers not only have to provide large data pipes (which are also costlier), but also look for architectures which can provide & guarantee QoS guarantees and optimal performance with minimal increase in the cost of network resources.
MPLS technology enables Service Providers to offer additional services for their customers, scale their current offerings, and exercise more control over their growing networks by using its traffic engineering capabilities. On the other hand, Diffserv using its scalable differentiation enables differential pricing scheme for providing differential QoS. Putting it simply, MPLS is a switching technology used to get...

...﻿
The professional formation of Pilots in Yemen
Table of Contents
Research Proposal 1
A. Proposed study 1
(1) Title 1
(2) Abstract 1
(3) Introduction 1
(4) Literature 1
(5) Significance 1
B. The Research Plan 2
(1) The research questions 2
General question 1: What are the stakeholder perspectives on the role of Pilots in the market? 3
General question 2: What are the stakeholders perspectives on the role of pilots education? 3
General question 3: What are the employment expectations of aviation students and other stakeholders and what do these students and stakeholders see as barriers to achieving their expectations after a period of employment? 3
(2) The conceptual framework 3
Strategy: 3
The study sample or participants: 3
Data collection: 3
(3) Parameters of study 4
C. Bibliography 4
D. Facilities 4
E. Timeline 5
F. References 5
A. Proposed study
(1) Title
Teaching the professional formation of Pilots and early employment in Yemen with their obstacles.
(2) Abstract
Pilots have long been faced with technological challenges but in 2001 they are faced with more than just changes to the aircrafts technology but also to the management type in their respective companies
These changes impact on the way pilots training takes place in universities. Pilots...

...be a pilot in the Air Force, it takes courageous people, lots of stamina, perfect vision, and brain power among other things. Stupid people can’t fly planes. More than just being physically fit, you need to be mentally fit as well. You also have to know all sorts of terminology in case of an emergency, or just being in battle. More than anything do I want to be a pilot, and the fastest course there is the Air force. Because of my burgeoning interest in this subject, I choose this as my research subject. I will find education needed to be a pilot, the different career paths after being enlisted you can take, and the different requirements needed.
Airforce.com states you need a masters degree in any area of study to be a pilot. Earning a masters leaves opportunities for career choices after the Air Force. I am considering is Fox Valley Technical College, because they offer a very well run course on piloting. fvct.com states
“a two year associate degree program one summer semester and four regular semesters.”
After becoming a Air force pilot, or other schooling options, many career choices lay ahead of you. Most people start off as cargo pilots, and work their way up the food chain going to commercial in the end. Based on statistics from wiscareers.com, 8% of pilots in the us are self employed (wiscareers wis.edu)
There are many requirements needed to be a...

...Abstract: This paper mainly discusses the outline of the MPLS VPN Layer 3. The information is about the MPLS introduction, VPN, MPLS VPN, Working, VRN Routing Information and BGP distribution. Disadvantages and future security recommendations are also mentioned in the report.
Introduction
Why MPLS?
Now a day’s technology is increasing rapidly. Every present technology has been further extended into new future technology.MPLS is mainly introduced to overcome the drawbacks of traditional IP Routing. For distributing Layer 3 routing data different routing protocols are used. Forwarding the packets is based on the destination address. So routing lookups are performed on every node that the packet is forwarded along the path. This routing lookup on each node is a time consuming process. Every router should have the total internet routing information which contains millions of routes.
So some requirements are aroused and need to develop a new technology which should satisfy some features.
1. Single infrastructure which supports multiple applications with protection
2. High scalability mechanism i.e. it should be topology driven rather than flow driven
3. Load Balancing traffic
4. Effective usage of network Bandwidth.
5. Simple forwarding paradigm
6. Low usage of Bandwidth.
MPLS:
Every client requires more, faster and better technology to run multiple...

...White Paper
Cisco MPLS Tunnel Builder
Introduction
Cisco MPLS Tunnel Builder is a Web-based graphical application that simplifies visualization,
configuration and management of MPLS tunnels on a network using MPLS Traffic Engineering
(TE). Without the use of a management tool, the complexities of a large network can limit the
benefits obtained from the implementation of MPLS TE. Configuring and managing a large
number of MPLS tunnels using the Command Line Interface (CLI) becomes tedious and error
prone. Furthermore, the CLI on an individual MPLS TE node generally provides only partial
information about nodes and links. The operator is forced to interact with multiple devices
separately to produce a complete solution.
Conversely, Cisco MPLS Tunnel Builder provides an integrated graphical interface in which
individual nodes and links can be configured and monitored within the context of a complete endto-end topology. Cisco MPLS Tunnel Builder integrates the configuration of the different Cisco
MPLS TE features (e.g. Auto-Route, Auto-Bandwidth, DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering, Fast
Re-Route, etc) on a single management tool.
Cisco MPLS Tunnel Builder can discover, configure and monitor links, nodes, and tunnels in an
MPLS TE-enabled network. Initially, the user only needs to identify a...

...efficiency of flight operations.
CRM - Overview
Crew (or Cockpit) Resource Management training originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety. The NASA research at that time found the primary cause of the majority of aviation accidents to be human error, and further showed the main problems to be failures of interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit. Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) has gained increased attention from the airline industry in recent years due to the growing number of accidents and near misses in airline traffic. Cockpit Resource Management is a far-reaching discussion of crew coordination, communication, and resources from both within and without the cockpit. CRM concepts have endured by not only integrating themselves into the fabric of training, but also expanding the team concept, evolving into new applications, and possibly most important to the original operators, inspiring development and integration of CRM into safety and quality assurance goals at the corporate level. A variety of CRM models have been successfully adapted to different types of industries and organizations, all based on the same basic concepts and principles. Crew Resource Management still continues to focus on CRM in the cockpit, but also emphasizes that the concepts and training applications provide generic guidance and lessons learned for a wide variety of...

...to "get your foot in the door." If it were, there would be tens of thousands of helicopter pilots out flying for a living. And that's not the case. It's very important to understand that earning a Commercial Pilot certificate and other advanced FAA ratings is just the first step down the road to becoming a Professional Helicopter pilot. But don't be discouraged!
What are the opportunities? What are the requirements? How long does it take? Where do you start? What does it cost? What kind of salaries do pilots earn? These are not simple questions with simple answers, so bear with me and read on.
Career Job Opportunities
There are some truly exciting jobs open to helicopter pilots. In the civilian area, there are opportunities with law enforcement, TV and radio news, traffic reporting, hospital patient transport, aerial photo, agricultural spraying, offshore oil work, heavy-lift, sightseeing, fire fighting, fish-spotting, pilot flight training, and corporate transportation -- just to name a few.
State and Federal governmental agencies also employ helicopter pilots for conservation, forestry, survey, research, search and rescue, etc. U.S. agencies like Customs, the Border Patrol, the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), the FBI, and others hire (and sometimes train) professional helicopter pilots.
In the military area, all branches of the Armed...