Food and Nutritional Scienceshttp://hdl.handle.net/10468/742018-02-22T06:35:03Z2018-02-22T06:35:03ZRehydration behaviour of spray-dried micellar casein concentrates produced using microfiltration of skim milk at cold or warm temperaturesCrowley, Shane V.Burlot, EstherSilva, Juliana V. C.McCarthy, Noel A.Wijayanti, Heni B.Fenelon, Mark A.Kelly, Alan L.O'Mahony, James A.http://hdl.handle.net/10468/54392018-02-12T12:00:56Z2018-02-02T00:00:00ZRehydration behaviour of spray-dried micellar casein concentrates produced using microfiltration of skim milk at cold or warm temperatures
Crowley, Shane V.; Burlot, Esther; Silva, Juliana V. C.; McCarthy, Noel A.; Wijayanti, Heni B.; Fenelon, Mark A.; Kelly, Alan L.; O'Mahony, James A.
Microfiltration (MF) of skim milk, when combined with diafiltration (DF), facilitates the manufacture of liquid micellar casein concentrate (MCC), which can be spray-dried into high-protein (≥80% protein, dry-basis) powders. MCC powders rehydrate slowly, which is typically considered a defect by end-users. This study compared the impact of cold (<10 °C) or warm (50 °C) MF/DF on the rehydration characteristics of MCC powders (MCCcold and MCCwarm, respectively). The wetting properties of the MCC powders, measured using optical tensiometry, were found to be equivalent. Pronounced differences in dispersion characteristics were measured, and, after 90 min rehydration at 50 °C, liberated casein micelles accounted for only 7.5% of particle volume in MCCwarm compared with 48% in MCCcold. Due to its superior dispersion characteristics, MCCcold yielded 50–60% less sediment during analytical centrifugation experiments. Cold MF/DF may improve the solubility of MCCs by accelerating the release of casein micelles from powder particles during rehydration.
2018-02-02T00:00:00ZAdiposity associated plasma linoleic acid is related to demographic, metabolic health and haplotypes of FADS1/2 genes in Irish adultsLi, KaifengBrennan, LorraineBloomfield, Jack F.Duff, Dan J.McNulty, Breige A.Flynn, AlbertWalton, JanetteGibney, Michael J.Nugent, Anne P.http://hdl.handle.net/10468/54462018-02-13T12:00:56Z2018-02-01T00:00:00ZAdiposity associated plasma linoleic acid is related to demographic, metabolic health and haplotypes of FADS1/2 genes in Irish adults
Li, Kaifeng; Brennan, Lorraine; Bloomfield, Jack F.; Duff, Dan J.; McNulty, Breige A.; Flynn, Albert; Walton, Janette; Gibney, Michael J.; Nugent, Anne P.
Scope: This study examined to what extent plasma linoleic acid (LA) is modified by adiposity, and explored any association between plasma LA, demographics, dietary intakes, markers of metabolic health and haplotypes of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1/2 genes. Methods and results: 820 participants with fasting blood samples from Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey were studied. Plasma fatty acids were determined using GC-MS. 15 SNPs of FADS 1/2 genes were genotyped. Plasma LA decreased while γ-linoleic acid and dihomo-γ-linoleic acid increased in overweight/obese participants (P ≤ 0.002). Participants in the highest quartile of plasma LA showed decreased plasma markers of de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance and of inflammation (TNF-α, PAI-1) (P ≤ 0.005). Adiposity (waist circumference and body fat) was strongly inversely associated with plasma LA accounting for 11.8% of variance observed, which was followed by FADS1/2 haplotypes (3.9 %), quantity and quality of carbohydrate intakes (3.8 %), dietary PUFA intakes (3.7 %), systolic blood pressure (3.6 %) and age (3.2 %). Conclusion: Plasma LA was inversely associated with adiposity, followed by haplotypes of FADS1/2 genes, carbohydrate intakes and dietary PUFA intakes. The association observed between plasma LA and adiposity may be linked to decreased de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance and inflammation.
2018-02-01T00:00:00ZEffect of phytosterol enrichment on the crystallisation, physiochemical, and interfacial behaviour of bulk and emulsified milk fat triacylglycerol matricesZychowski, Lisahttp://hdl.handle.net/10468/54662018-02-16T06:00:52Z2018-01-01T00:00:00ZEffect of phytosterol enrichment on the crystallisation, physiochemical, and interfacial behaviour of bulk and emulsified milk fat triacylglycerol matrices
Zychowski, Lisa
Phytosterols possess the ability to significantly lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood, but their bioaccessibility is dependent upon the solubility of the phytosterol in the consumable food or pharmaceutical product. Phytosterols are one of the most commonly used groups of bioactive compounds in the functional food industry. However, very little research has examined how phytosterols crystallise within food systems or how the physiochemical properties of the food system change upon phytosterol addition. The studies in this thesis investigated phytosterol addition in bulk and emulsified milk fat matrices, as dairy products are a common matrix for phytosterol enrichment. The main objectives of the thesis were to: (i) characterise the collective crystalline behaviour of both milk fat and phytosterols; (ii) quantify how phytosterol enrichment influences the physiochemical properties of the food system; (iii) investigate how an oil-in-water (o/w) interface influences phytosterol and milk fat crystalline behaviour; and (iv) develop and assess the means by which phytosterol solubility could be improved in milk fat matrices. In both the emulsion and bulk milk systems employed, the level of phytosterol-enrichment in milk fat was either 0 (the control), 3, or 6%. In phytosterol-enriched emulsions, whey protein (1%) was employed as the emulsifier in emulsions with 10% oil and 89% water. During cooling, phytosterols addition altered the nucleation temperature of emulsions, but no such effect was identified in bulk milk fat. During the crystallisation process, emulsified milk fat triacylglycerols (TAG) packing expanded upon phytosterol enrichment, which was observed as an increase in the triple-chain length (3L). In bulk milk fat, both doublechain length (2L) and 3L TAG packing was seen during cooling; the 3L spacing also increased with phytosterol enrichment, but no differences were seen in the 2L packing. These results suggest that phytosterols can insert themselves into the milk fat TAG network during cooling; however, the overall polymorphic form did not change. After storage, the milk fat TAG network developed into more structured polymorphic forms, and phytosterols were no longer found within the TAG packing. Phytosterols were also found to be able to decrease the average size of droplets in an emulsion and participate in a synergistic interaction with whey protein at the emulsion interface. In addition, phytosterol enrichment was found to have no negative effect on the creaming behaviour of the emulsions. Phytosterol crystallisation was altered by the addition of low molecular weight surfactants, lecithin and monoacylglycerol (MAG), and by changing the average droplet size from 1.0 to 0.2 µm. Lecithin and MAG addition significantly decreased phytosterol crystallisation in the bulk form, but changes in phytosterol crystallisation behaviour in the emulsified form were mainly driven by the decrease in droplet size. The lecithin-containing emulsions with the smaller droplets, however, showed the greatest potential for improved phytosterol solubility; in addition, they possessed better emulsion stability, as compared to the control and MAG-enriched emulsions. As the crystallisation properties of an emulsion are greatly affected by the o/w interface, two purified milk fat TAG lipids without surfactants or emulsifiers were studied in a grazing incidence synchrotron system. Differences between the lipid droplets were distinguishable, but further work is needed on the droplet deposition. In conclusion, the studies conducted in this thesis provide important insight on the behaviour of phytosterols in a model TAG-based system and can be utilised by the functional food or pharmaceutical industries to improve the bioaccessibility of phytosterols and possibility other lipophilic bioactives.
2018-01-01T00:00:00ZLoss of skeletal muscle during systemic chemotherapy is prognostic of poor survival in patients with foregut cancerDaly, Louise E.Ní Bhuachalla, Éadaoin B.Power, Derek G.Cushen, Samantha J.James, KarlRyan, Aoife M.http://hdl.handle.net/10468/55022018-02-21T12:01:25Z2018-01-01T00:00:00ZLoss of skeletal muscle during systemic chemotherapy is prognostic of poor survival in patients with foregut cancer
Daly, Louise E.; Ní Bhuachalla, Éadaoin B.; Power, Derek G.; Cushen, Samantha J.; James, Karl; Ryan, Aoife M.
Background: Malnutrition, weight loss, and muscle wasting are common in patients with foregut cancers (oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and bile ducts) and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the changes in body composition that occur in these patients during chemotherapy and its impacts clinical outcomes. Patients and methods: A prospective study of adult foregut cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy between 2012 and 2016 was conducted. Computed tomography images were evaluated for cross-sectional skeletal muscle area (SMA) and adipose tissue area (ATA) at two time points [interval 118 days (IQR 92–58 days)]. Longitudinal changes in SMA and ATA were examined using paired t-tests. Sarcopenia and low muscle attenuation (MA) were defined using published cut-points. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality hazard ratios for key predictors. Results: A total of 225 foregut cancer patients were included (67% male, median age 66 years). At baseline, 40% were sarcopenic, 49% had low MA, and 62% had cancer cachexia. Longitudinal analysis (n = 163) revealed significant reductions in SMA [−6.1 cm2 (3.9%)/100 days, P < 0.001]. Patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy experienced greater losses in SMA and skeletal muscle mass compared with patients receiving palliative chemotherapy [−6.6 cm2 (95%, confidence interval, CI: −10.2 to −3.1), P < 0.001 and −1.2 kg (95% CI: −1.8 to −0.5), P < 0.001, respectively]. Neither sarcopenia nor low MA at baseline was associated with reduced survival. A loss of SMA >6.0%/100 days (highest fourth) independently predicted overall survival in patients receiving palliative chemotherapy [hazard ratio: 2.66, (95% CI: 1.42 to 4.97), P = 0.002]. Conclusions: Patients with foregut cancers, particularly those treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, experience significant losses of muscle during chemotherapy. A high level of SMA loss is prognostic of reduced survival in patients treated with palliative chemotherapy. Multimodal interventions to stabilize or increase muscle mass and influence outcome warrant further investigation.
2018-01-01T00:00:00Z