2. Parental strands unwind and separate at several points along the DNA molecule, forming replication forks

3. Each parental strand provides a template that attracts and binds complementary bases, A with T and G with C

4.Sugar-phosphate backbone of daughter strands closed. Each new DNA molecule consists of one daughter strand, as a result of semiconservative replication

name the two types of cellular division:

mitosis

meiosis

Process of somatic cellular reproduction whereby one parent cell divides to form two daughter cells with the same chromosome number and DNA content as the original parent cell:

mitosis

all body cells with the exception of reproductive cells:

somatic cells

death of the cell:

apoptosis

in general, cells are most radiosensitive in _______________ and most resistant in ______________.

late M and G2 phases

late S phase

in which phase of the cell cycle do many cancer drugs like taxol act, freezing the process and causing apoptosis?

M phase

when is the cell cycle of G1 begun?

when the cell senses growth signals or mitogens, starting the process of cell division

what occurs after 8-10 hours into the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

the cell crosses a restriction point that acts are the point of no return...the cell is committed to divide or die

at what point of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

S phase

(many cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs act here to disrupt DNA synthesis)

at what point of the cell cycle does the cell arrange and check chromosomes?

G2/M phase

how many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

four:

G1 restriction point

G1/S checkpoint

G2/M major checkpoint

M major spindle checkpoint

four key parts of prophase:

chromatin becomes filamentous and visible

chromatids become attached at the centromere

chromosomes are visible

spindle fibers appear

three key parts of metaphase:

nucleolus and nuclear membrane have disappeared

spindle fibers attach to each chromatid

chromatids align on the equatorial plate

three key parts of anaphase:

centromeres break apart

chromosomes move away from center of cell

furrow appears

three key parts of telophase:

the nuclear membrane and both nuclei appear

the cytoplasm and organelles divide equally

the process of cell division is complete

list the order of the four stages of mitosis:

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

a process by which the genome of a diploid germ cell, which is composed of long segments of DNA packaged into chromosomes, undergoes DNA replication followed by two rounds of division, resulting in four haploid cells:

meiosis

if meiosis produces gametes, these cells must ___________________________ before any new growth can occur.

fuse during fertilization to create a new diploid cell, or zygote

each of the four haploid cells resulting from the process of meiosis contains:

one complete set of chromosomes, or half of the genetic content of the original cell

23 chromosomes in each cell, allowing for 23 of each sex after fertilization is complete

suggest looking over this chart:

also, may wanna watch the youtube videos in the powerpoint. they're not included in this set of cards.

who invented the diode tube with a partial vacuum (which roentgen was using when he discovered x-ray)?

william crookes

who produced the first radiograph without knowing what caused a shadow of coins on a photographic plate?

author willis goodspeed (1890)

who discovered x-rays?

wilhelm conrad roentgen (1895)

who found that uranium emitted rays that passed through paper and darkened photographic film?

henri becquerel (1896)

who announced the discovery of radium, which also emitted penetrating rays, and applied the term radioactivity to the behavior of these materials?

marie and pierre curie (1898)

who noticed a skin reaction (reddening and irritation) induced by radium he had been carrying in a tube in his vest pocket?

henri becquerel (soon after 1898)

who deliberately exposed a small area of skin to radium and observed the effects?

pierre curie (soon after 1898)

who began experimental radiobiology by exposing rabbits' testes to x-rays and documenting effects?

j. bergonie and l. tribondeau (1904)

the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity (proliferation rate) and inversely proportional to their differentiation:

law of bergonie and tribondeau (1906)

who laid the groundwork for modern radiotherapy by placing the principle of fractionation on a firm clinical basis?

henri coutard (1932)

who invented the cyclotron, a machine capable of accelerating charged particles to very high speeds which were used as bullets and shot into the nuclei of target atoms to study nuclear structure (used today to produce radionuclides for nuclear medicine applications)?

e.o. lawrence (1932)

who studied indirect effects of ionizing radiation in 1936?

h. ficke

who studied indirect effects of ionizing radiation in 1947?

d.e. lea

who discovered that oxygen increases the effects of ionizing radiation on living matter (oxygen effect)?

thoday and read (1947)

who studied both indirect effect and oxygen effect of radiation?

l.h. gray (1953)

who produced the first successful culture of mammalian cells in artificial media (hela cells) and exposed these cells to radiation in vitro and plotted cell survival curves?

puck and associates (1956)

who showed that cells can sometimes recover from sublethal doses of radiation?