Never heard of the Mapuche before. Apparently there was an independent, indigenous tribal confederation of some sort in the middle of the Chilean coast throughout the colonial period and well into the late 19th century, finally conquered by the post-colonial Chilean republic, which was strikingly expansive and aggressive. Central North America was full of confederations like the Mapuche - the Apache, Comanche, Utes, Kiowas and so forth - nominally under the control of the viceroys, but in practice totally outside of the Spanish imperial system. I'm just surprised to find one sitting right there on the Pacific coast, next door to a relatively well-organized colonial heartland.

Sounds like they're partially Catholicized today, which means that the Jesuits were at them.