Tribute
A tribute (/ˈtrɪbjuːt/)[1] (from
LatinLatin tributum, contribution) is
wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of
respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of
submission or allegiance. Various ancient states exacted tribute from
the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened
to conquer. In case of alliances, lesser parties may pay tribute to
more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to
finance projects that benefited both parties
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Amami Islands
The
Amami IslandsAmami Islands (奄美群島, Amami-guntō)[1] is an archipelago in
the Satsunan Islands, which is part of the Ryukyu Islands, and is
southwest of Kyushu. Administratively, the group belongs to Kagoshima
Prefecture, Japan. The Geospatial Information Authority of
JapanJapan and
the
JapanJapan Coast Guard agreed on February 15, 2010, to use the name of
Amami-guntō (奄美群島) for the Amami Islands
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Ryukyuan Mon
The
Ryukyuan monRyukyuan mon (琉球文, Ryūkyū mon, Okinawan: Ruuchuu mun) was
the currency of the
Ryukyu KingdomRyukyu Kingdom from 1454 to 1879, when the kingdom
was annexed by the Empire of
JapanJapan and the currency was replaced by
the Japanese yen. The
Chinese characterChinese character for mon is 文, which was
widely used in the Chinese-character cultural sphere, e.g. Chinese
wén, Vietnamese văn, and Korean mun. The Ryukyuans produced their
own coins until the 15th century, but became dependent on Chinese
coins until the 19th century when they briefly minted their own coins
again. From 1862 the minting was outsourced to Kagoshima City, Satsuma
Domain and were based on the Japanese mon (specifically on the "Kan'ei
Tsūhō" copper coins)
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Cash (Chinese Coin)
Cash was a type of coin of
ChinaChina and East Asia, used from the 4th
century BC until the 20th century AD. Originally cast during the
Warring StatesWarring States period, these coins continued to be used for the
entirety of Imperial
ChinaChina as well as under Mongol, and Manchu rule.
The last Chinese cash coins were cast in the first year of the
Republic of China. Generally most cash coins were made from copper or
bronze alloys, with iron, lead, and zinc coins occasionally used less
often throughout Chinese history. Rare silver and gold cash coins were
also produced. During most of their production, cash coins were cast
but, during the late Qing dynasty, machine-struck cash coins began to
be made.
In the modern era, these coins are considered to be Chinese “good
luck coins”; they are hung on strings and round the necks of
children, or over the beds of sick people
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Japanese Mon (currency)
The mon (文) was the currency of
JapanJapan from the
Muromachi periodMuromachi period in
1336, until the early
Meiji periodMeiji period in 1870. It co-circulated with the
new sen until 1891. The
KanjiKanji for mon is 文 and the character for
currency was widely used in the Chinese-character cultural sphere,
e.g. Chinese wen, Korean mun. Throughout Japanese history, there were
many different styles of currency of many shapes, styles, designs,
sizes and materials, including gold, silver, bronze, etc. Coins
denominated in mon were cast in copper or iron and circulated
alongside silver and gold ingots denominated in shu, bu and ryō, with
4000 mon = 16 shu = 4 bu = 1 ryo. In 1869, due to depreciation against
gold, the new fixing officially was set for 1 ryo/yen = equal to
10.000 mon
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Japanese Language
Japanese (日本語, Nihongo, [ɲihoŋɡo] or
[ɲihoŋŋo] ( listen)) is an
East Asian language spoken by
about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national
language. It is a member of the Japonic (or Japanese-Ryukyuan)
language family, and its relation to other languages, such as Korean,
is debated. Japanese has been grouped with language families such as
Ainu, Austroasiatic, and the now-discredited Altaic, but none of these
proposals has gained widespread acceptance.
Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first
appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a
few Japanese words, but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th
century. During the
Heian periodHeian period (794–1185), Chinese had
considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old
Japanese
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Middle ChineseMiddle ChineseMiddle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun
system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the
Qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by
several revised and expanded editions. The Swedish linguist Bernard
Karlgren believed that the dictionaries recorded a speech standard of
the capital
Chang'anChang'an of the Sui and Tang dynasties. However, based on
the more recently recovered preface of the Qieyun, most scholars now
believe that it records a compromise between northern and southern
reading and poetic traditions from the late Northern and Southern
dynasties period. This composite system contains important information
for the reconstruction of the preceding system of Old Chinese
phonology (1st millennium BC).
The fanqie method used to indicate pronunciation in these
dictionaries, though an improvement on earlier methods, proved awkward
in practice
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Regent
A regent (from the
LatinLatin regens,[1] "[one] ruling"[2]) is "a person
appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor, is
absent or is incapacitated."[3] The rule of a regent or regents is
called a regency. A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or
in accordance with a constitutional rule. "Regent" is sometimes a
formal title. If the regent is holding his position due to his
position in the line of succession, the compound term prince regent is
often used; if the regent of a minor is his mother, she is often
referred to as "queen regent".
If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a
temporary basis, a
RegentRegent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap.
In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons,
but may also be elected to rule during the interregnum when the royal
line has died out
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TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan (/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ ( listen)), officially the Republic
of
ChinaChina (ROC), is a state in East Asia.[15][16][17] Its neighbors
include the People's Republic of
ChinaChina (PRC) to the west,
JapanJapan to the
northeast, and the
PhilippinesPhilippines to the south. It is the most populous
state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations.
The island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, was inhabited by
aborigines before the 17th century, when Dutch and Spanish colonies
opened the island to mass Han immigration. After a brief rule by the
Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the
last dynasty of China. The Qing ceded
TaiwanTaiwan to
JapanJapan in 1895 after
the Sino-Japanese War
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East Asia
East
AsiaAsia or
Northeast AsiaNortheast Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian
continent, which can be defined in either geographical[3] or
pan-ethno-cultural[4] terms.[5][6] Geographically and geopolitically,
the region constitutes Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan,
Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and
Taiwan.[7][8][9][10][11][3][12][13][14][15]
The region was the cradle of various ancient civilizations such as
Ancient China, ancient Japan, ancient Korea, and the Mongol
Empire.[16][17] East
AsiaAsia was one of the cradles of world
civilization, with China, an ancient East Asian civilization being one
of the earliest cradles of civilization in human history
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