<p><b>Abstract</b>—This survey gives an overview of the use of importance, an adjoint of light, in speeding up rendering. The importance of a light distribution indicates its contribution to the region of most interest—typically the directly visible parts of a scene. Importance can therefore be used to concentrate global illumination and ray tracing calculations where they matter most for image accuracy, while reducing computations in areas of the scene that do not significantly influence the image. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the various uses of adjoints and importance in rendering by unifying them into a single framework. While doing so, we also generalize some theoretical results—known from discrete representations—to a continuous domain.</p>