(Please note that this page is actively updated when new
information becomes available and any errors found are corrected).

There is much information, and unfortunately misinformation, on
colloidal silver. I will attempt to set the record straight in this
document. Absolutely no funding was received for the creation of
this document, I have researched the information, run experiments,
and am writing this document for the benefit of mankind.
Reproduction of this document is permitted as long as credit is
given and a link to this url is provided so that any corrections or
updates to the document can be easily found by others.

This document is in several parts.

Definitions

What is EIS

Making LVDC EIS

Why use distilled water

What happens when you take silver compounds

What happens to EIS when taken internally

How does H2O2 affect EIS

How does Gatorade affect EIS

Why is the ionic component important

Why is the colloidal component important

How does it kill pathogens

What is this about Argyria?

Definitions

The following definitions will be used throughout this document:

EIS - Electrolytically isolated silver. This is what
most people call colloidal silver, but is a combination of both
colloidal and ionic silver.

CS- Colloidal silver. A colloid is a mixture of solid
particles and a liquid. The particles are so small and support a
charge, called the zeta potential, that they can stay suspended
as a colloid indefinitely. With colloidal silver the particles
of silver range from 2 atoms (.2 nm) to thousands of particles
(100 or so nm) in size.

Ionic Silver - Silver compounds that disassociate
when in water to form an Ag+ or Ag2+ cation and an anion. For
EIS this will be a mixture of silver hydroxide [Ag2(OH)2] and
silver oxide [Ag2O] and usually small amount of silver
carbonate.

Particle - In this document a particle referes to a
silver crystal suspended in water by mutual repulsion of a
charge. Although an atom, molecule or ion could be called a
particle, we are only using the term for silver crytals to avoid
confusion.

ppm - parts per million, for EIS this is expressed in
milligrams of silver per liter or water.

What is EIS?

EIS is a combination of ionic silver and colloidal silver. It is
typically about 90% ionic and 10% colloidal by weight, but can vary
between 5% and 20% colloidal depending on how it is made.

There are two general methods of making EIS. The easiest method
is to use pure silver electrodes (silver strips or wire) and apply a
DC voltage between them. These are inserted into distilled water and
the process is allowed to run until the desired ppm of the EIS is
reached. This is the LVDC method.

The second method uses HVAC, typically 10,000 volts at 60 hertz
once again in distilled water. To maintain the voltage with
reasonable currents the electrodes can be either placed just above
the water, so that the electrostatic field pulls the water up to the
electrodes, or they can be placed inside of insulating glass tubes
so that only the tip of the wire is exposed and submerged in the
water. We will not be discussing the HVAC method any more since it
is more difficult to build, operate, and has deadly voltages, plus
if not done properly will produce nitrogen compounds.

Making LVDC EIS

The basic method of taking from one to 3 nine volt batteries and
hooking up two electrodes placed into distilled water works, but has
some major limitations. First the initial conductivity of the water
is very low, but as ionic silver is produced increases.

Since increased conductivity increases the current, EIS is
produced faster as time goes on. The result is basically an
exponential where the conductivity increases exponentionally, and
the production (integral of the current) will also increase
exponentially. This creates two problems, the first is that the
appropriate brew time for a certain ppm will vary widely depending
on the initial conductivity and temperature, and second the the high
currents toward the end causes an excessive increase in the particle
size of the colloidal portion, making the brew less than optimum for
both stability as well as effectiveness. Brewing a good quality EIS
of over 5 or so ppm is almost impossible with this simple setup.

The best EIS is made by using a constant current source where the
current is equal to 1 mA per square inch of anode material. For 14
gauge wire about 1 foot 4 inches of length is 1 square inch.
Secondly it is best to limit the concentration of the colloid at any
point, so it is best to stir it as well. Although the stirring can
be gentle, the closer the electrodes are to each other, the more
vigorous it should be. Stirring can be accomplished by placing a
Christmas light bulb under the container, using a soda straw
submerged into the water attached to a motor, or an aquarium bubbler
or pump. Using a light bulb to generate thermal currents is likely
the least expensive method to use, but will result in a less optimum
brew than using any of the other methods. Or one can stir it by hand
every few minutes if you don't mind being bored. It will typically
take an hour or more to make EIS of 10 ppm or so. Making EIS over 20
ppm becomes increasingly difficult so stick with less than 20 ppm.

The colloidal portion of the EIS is easily seen by using a laser
pointer and sending the beam through the water in a darkened room.
If you can see the beam then you have colloid. This is referred to
as Tyndall. The ionic portion can be measured with a dissolved
solids meter, and a number of colloidal silver generator sites sell
those.

A more advanced system can be made by using a flow through
process, where the EIS is drained off and new distilled water is
added continually. Also, during electrolysis there will be a black
buildup of silver powder on the cathode, and brown silver oxide on
the anode. Reversing the polarity of the voltage every minute or so
will cause these buildups to dissipate during the cycle. If you do
not reverse polarity during brewing, then the electrodes should be
cleaned after each use without using any soap or detergent.

Why use distilled water?

If you do not use distilled water, or add a salt or other ionic
component to the water before brewing, then the time it takes to
make something is greatly reduced. However what you make will not be
good. What happens is that instead of making colloidal silver, you
will make 100% silver chloride or other salts (from the salt, or
chlorine in the water, or silver fluoride from the fluoridation). As
the silver chloride builds up it begins precipitating out (it has a
solubility of only about .89 ppm). If you drink this you will not
only not be getting any colloidal silver, but will be getting a
silver salt which by itself can cause argyria. Stan Jones is a prime
example of this happening, he was making a witch's brew of silver
compounds by not using distilled water.

What happens when you take silver compounds?

A silver compound will typically become silver chloride as soon
as it hits the stomach. The silver chloride is sparingly soluble,
about .8 ppm. The dissolved silver chloride will move into the blood
stream and once there will be exposed to chemicals that will induce
the silver to plate out on any other silver particles present.
However initially there will be no other silver particles present,
so the silver chloride circulates in the blood until exposed to
light in the skin, where they are photo reduced to silver atoms.
This is the photographic process that occurs when you take a picture
(with a film camera). Once the silver atoms are produced in the
skin, then the rest of the silver chloride will begin reducing onto
those particles making them grow very fast, and resulting in many of
them getting stuck in the skin. Since the particles are so small,
they will appear as black or blue, giving the skin a bluish cast.
This is called argyria, and can result from taking silver compounds
without any colloidal component.

What happens to EIS when taken internally?

Since there are two components to EIS, then two different things
happen.

The colloidal portion diffuses through the stomach wall rather
quickly and enters the blood stream as long as the particles are
small enough.

The ionic portion is a combination of silver hydroxide and silver
oxide. While in solution they continually convert from one to the
other and back again. Each has a solubility of about 13 ppm, so any
EIS which is less than about 26 ppm and a pH of 7 will be totally
dissolved. Upon contact with the HCl (hydrochloric acid) of the
stomach both of these compounds will immediately form silver
chloride. The silver chloride has a solubility of .8 ppm, so most of
the silver chloride will precipitate out, but the remaining part
will quickly move into the blood stream. As it does, that which
precipitated will redissolve and move into the blood stream as well.
The end result is that most of the silver chloride will move into
the blood stream over time, but at a lower rate than the colloidal
portion.

Once it is in the blood stream it is exposed to the same effects
we discussed for silver compounds above. Basically it will try to
plate out on any silver particles it finds. Since there will be
colloidal silver which already passed into the blood, there will be
lots of particles for it to plate out on. So in short order the
silver in the silver chloride plates out onto the colloidal
particles already there, and they grow by a small amount. Typically
for an EIS of 10% particulate content, the particles should grow to
about double in size. This is insufficient to cause them to get
caught up into tissues, and they eventually get removed by the
kidneys.

So, as it turns out. colloidal silver is actually a prophylactic
against argyria, instead of a cause as some would have you believe.

How does H2O2 affect EIS?

When H2O2 is added to EIS (one or two drops per glass of EIS), it
will be noted that there is an immediate clearing effect. The
Tyndall (what you see if you shine a laser pointer though the
liquid) will become very faint as well. If the ppm of the EIS is
sufficiently high (25 to 30 ppm) a white cloudy precipitate may form
as well.

There are a number of reactions that occur. H2O2 is normally
thought of as an oxidizer, but it can act as a reducer as well. Also
silver is considered a catalyst for H2O2, but in actuality gets
directly involved in the reactions.

The H2O2 reacts with the silver particles, producing ionic
silver, a combination of silver hydroxide and silver oxide. This
makes the large particles disappear, reducing the tyndall. However
H2O2 also reacts with the silver oxide and silver hydroxide
producing a 2 atom colloid of silver plus oxygen (and water in the
case of silver hydroxide). Over time this 2 atom colloidal particle
can end up being converted back to silver oxide and silver
hydroxide, and so forth. The final result is a mixture of ionic
silver (hydroxide and oxide) and very small colloidal particles.
Thus if you add H2O2 to freshly made EIS, you can sometimes see the
oxygen bubble off, and the tyndall may change significantly. But
more importantly, the particulate portion of the EIS will go from
being medium or large particles to many more very small particles,
and the particle content will increase from a typical 5-15% to
around 30-50%. If you have a strong tyndall from large particles, it
will decrease, and if you have a weak or no tyndall it will increase
with the formation of the 2 atom particles. This enhances
absorption, as well as effectiveness. Note that it is recommended to
let the EIS sit for 5 or more minutes if you do add H2O2 to it to
let it stabilize.

How does adding Gatorade to EIS affect it?

One study group, as reported by Brooks Bradley, found that mixing
1/3 EIS with 2/3 Gatorade enhanced the absorption of the EIS
significantly. I undertook an analysis to find why this is so and
believe it is due to the solubility of AgCl in water with additional
chlorine ions present. Normal theory indicates that in the presence
of chloride ions, the solubility of silver chloride drops. In fact
it drops from about .8 ppm to about .2 ppm in the concentration of
these ions in the stomach and blood.

However that ignores that silver will form soluble complexes of
chloride when there is an excessive amount of chlorine in the
liquid. The result is that as you increase the hydrochloric acid or
salt in water the solubility of silver chloride decreases
significantly, but then begins increasing again, so that when it
reaches the level in the stomach and blood it is right back to .8
ppm again.

So if you take EIS by mouth, it dilutes the stomach acid so that
the solubility of silver chloride is reduced to below .8 ppm. But if
you mix it with an electrolyte solution, such as Gatorade, it forms
complexes with the chlorides so that solubility is maintained and
that improves the absorption into the blood by several times.

An alternative theory proposed by Ode Coyote is that water is
absorbed slowly by the stomach since the body has to maintain the
correct electrolyte balance in the blood. However Gatorade with the
proper electrolyte content is absorbed much faster since it matches
the blood levels, and thus carries the colloidal portion into the
blood immediately, and also allows transfer of the silver chloride
at a much faster rate as well. Although both theories are completely
different, fact is that the actual action is most likely due to
both.

Note that adding Gatorade increases the speed that EIS is
absorbed into the blood. Thus for food poisoning, or attacking
pathogens in the stomach or intestines, Gatorade should NOT be used
since you want the EIS to remain in the stomach as long as possible.

Can I do both?

If you add a small amount of H2O2 (1 drop to 4 to 8 oz) to the
EIS and let site for 15 minutes, then add the Gatorade and drink
immediately, then you should be able to get both effects. Do NOT add
the H2O2 and Gatorade at the same time, or you will end up changing
all the colloidal silver to silver chloride which would NOT be good.

Why is the ionic component important?

Ionic silver has the proven ability to cause DNA to
dedifferentiate or revert back to stem cells (See The Electric Body
by Robert Becker). Normally once DNA has expressed certain genes, it
cannot return, so once a cell is skin, or a blood cell, it cannot
morph to another cell type. Now, if you apply silver ions to a burn
or an injury, the blood cells can convert to the necessary skin,
nerve and other cell types as needed. Without it, they can only form
scar tissue. So using an EIS that has ionic content promotes healing
without scarring. I personally cut the end off of my thumb and kept
the stub wet with EIS for days. The result was a complete regrowth
with fingerprint, so now I can't even tell which thumb was cut.
Burns, even 3rd degree burns, can heal without scarring when silver
ions are present. This is used by many burn units now, with such
products as Silverlon bandages and acticoat.

Why is the colloidal component important?

As stated above the colloidal component provides sites for the
silver chloride to precipitate out on that are numerous, and in the
blood. Without them, they would be photoreduced in the skin, then
plating out on those few particles can cause them to grow rapidly
and get caught causing argyria.

How does it kill pathogens?

Now we are getting into an area that is not nearly as clear cut
as the above. That it does kill microbes, and disable viruses is a
fact, but how it does it is still up to dispute. The following are
some theories.

Silver particles are an oxidizing catalyst, and as such
oxidize pathogens killing them. This is how H2O2 works as well.

Silver interferes with the microbe's respiration.

Silver ties up or disables the sulfur in the microbe.

Silver short out the electrostatic fields in the cell

Most of the above would not apply to viruses though. Instead the
possibilities for disabling viruses are:

Silver particles are an oxidizing catalyst and oxidize the
virus killing it.

Silver causes the virus DNA or RNA to revert back to being
undifferentiated, and without the proper expression for that
host is disabled.

Silver repairs the broken (segment of) DNA of a virus,
making it complete, but no longer a functional virus which by
design has an incomplete DNA.

What is this about Argyria?

As outlined above argyria is caused by the photographic process.
Silver salts/compounds are exposed to light in the skin and reduced
to silver atoms. If the level of salts is sufficiently low, the
atoms are swept out of the skin by the blood flow and everything is
fine. If however the level of salts in the blood is over some
minimum level the atoms will increase in size as the silver salts
plate out on them, growing so rapidly that they will become stuck in
the tissues. This is the photographic development process. To
prevent argyria it is essential to keep blood levels of silver
compounds below a threshold value. This is done by taking a
combination of both silver compounds and colloidal silver (the
composition of EIS), so that when the silver salts plate out, there
are huge numbers of silver particles in the colloid present so that
growth of any particle (even those formed in the skin by the sun) is
minimized, and no particle grows large enough to get stuck.

Some people who have taken large amounts of IES (several quarts
or more a day) have reported blueing of the moons of their
fingernails. This can occur when the level of EIS exceeds some
amount, which seems to vary depending on the person, and whether
they are deficient in vitamin E and selenium or not. Vitamin E and
selenium have a prophylactic effect on argyria, and on the blueing
of the fingernail roots. Apparently taking silver over time can also
cause a loss of selenium and even a deficiency. If you take EIS over
long periods of time it is suggested that you supplement your
selenium intake ( Natural sources of selenuim are listed at Dietary
Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium, and Brazil nuts are very high in
selenium). Anyway, the body disposes of silver by several routes (
see
http://www.silvermedicine.org/AltmanStudy.pdf ), the kidneys,
the liver, sweating, and by putting metals into hair and nails. The
body collects excess amounts of metals in the nail bed to allow it
to put those in the nails. If concentrations exceed some amount in
the nail bed, then aggregation can occur, causing the nail bed to
turn blue. Although this appears to be argyria of the fingernail
moons, the mechanism is totally different. Also it is probably a
pretty good warning that you might be taking more silver than you
should, and unless you are taking it for a cronic condition, should
cut back, and/or you should supplement with selenium.

Note that although the medical community considers argyria
permanent, there have been some successes reported by taking
selenium, Vitamin E and Vitamin C. Because of the nature of argyria,
EIS will not cause argyria, but can make it worse if you already
have it. The reason is that EIS contains particles that quickly
reduce any silver salt levels in the blood so that any silver seed
particles formed in the skin are unable to grow enough to get stuck.
However if you already have particles in the skin that are stuck,
then ANY silver compounds in the blood at all will over time plate
out on those particles making them grow even larger. That is why
some people who have gotten argyria (from other sources than EIS,
such as silver citrate, attempting to make EIS with tap water,
silver nitrate nose drops, silver acetate smoking gum/lozenge or MSP)
and have managed to get rid of the argyria's color using selenium,
vitamin A and C, find that it tends to return even when taking high
quality EIS. That is because the protocol is reducing the particle
sizes to where they no longer absorb light, but not to the point of
getting them unstuck in the skin. If the protocol is continued
without any silver intake over a long enough period it might be
possible to eliminte these seed particles completely, but at this
point there is no data on this.

There have been reports that the following protocol is capable of
eliminating argyria:

1. 200mcg of selenium per day is a safe supplement to take on an
ongoing basis. 2. He also advises a high-quality,* mixed vitamin E,
at 1000 IU per day for people over 50 years of age who may be at
risk of stroke, and 2,000 IU per day for people under 50 who are not
at risk of stroke. I told Dr. Gruenn that I was taking 4,000 IU a
day. He replied that this was still safe for a strong healthy
person. The danger of high doses of vitamin E is that it thins the
blood. This could be dangerous in many situations where bleeding is
hard to stop. 3. Personally, I would also drink lots of water,
simply because that's how the body clears out debris. No one knows
if this therapy will prove efficacious, or if it does in how many
cases. If my liver spots are any kind of indicator, some lightening
of t he skin ought to be visible within six weeks if this therapy
really is working. Three to six months should be a sufficient amount
of time to completely eliminate argyria provided that no additional
silver is being ingested. (Since my conversation with Dr. Gruenn,
I've had some additional ideas for getting the most out of this
nutritional therapy for argyria.) 4. 2 tsp. of MSM per day. Sulfur (MSM)
binds with silver and can help to pull it from the body. More
information on silver and sulfur can be found on page 74. 5. 4,000
mg. of vitamin C per day. 6. 1 tablet a day of a good quality
multiple mineral since this therapy may deplete needed minerals from
the body.

* Most vitamin E supplements are of poor quality and some even
contain rancid oils that will be an additional burden rather than an
aid to the body. Dr. Gruenn recommends a vitamin E that has a mix of
d-alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols. (Avoid tocopheryls,
which are artifical and will not work).

D.M., Portland, ME (the argyria cure only)

Marshall Dudley

This paper is provided as a research tool for those wanting to
research and understand colloidal silver. No claims are made to it's
accuracy or suitability for any use. If there are any errors found
we will be happy to correct them.

F.A.Q.

Q: Which CS are we actually looking to create, mostly particular
or mostly ionic (which is the one that actual does something)?

A: Mostly ionic. (About 85% - 95%) All generators make mostly
ionic. Which part 'works' is still debatable. I think they both do.

A: You can make it with any voltage but generally lower voltage
are better/easier. If you try to make it with anything above 12v you
need to be pretty attentive.

Q: Does voltage need to alternate between electrodes and how
often > (60sec, 5min, 10min...)?

A: No. It doesn't need to but reversing polarity every couple of
minutes will keep the electrodes clean and probably make CS with a
slightly higher particle content. But I find that polarity reversal
is much slower. Personally I prefer straight DC.

Q: Is stirring necessary and how much (slow stirring, fast
stirring)?

A: Stirring is very helpful for making clearer CS. A nice steady
speed is fine. Doesn't have to be fast. Stirring gets the ions away
from the anode and away from each other.

Q: Is current limiting required and is the current limited to a
specific amount from the start (1mA, 2mA, 5mA...) using a fixed
current rectifier such as 1N529X/1N530X or is it some sort of a
dynamic process (which one and how)?

A: Its not essential but current limiting is just one more thing
that helps you make a good batch more often. It slows down the
process so the ions are released into a less saturated zone and the
batch wont go too conductive too fast. 1 mA is the ideal for the
average system but its just part of a whole range of variables such
as voltage, electrode spacing, electrode surface area, stirring etc
that effect the end result.

Q: How does one know the process is complete, is there a time
variable (run for four hours then stop) or some other factor (until
current reaches some value, ie. 3mA, but then how does current
limiting work)?

A: Stop just before it starts to change color. That takes
practice, or get a good EC meter and stop at around 15 ppm. An
auto-shut off generator that shuts off based on water conductivity
will solve a lot of your questions.

Q: Does one need to run the solution through a coffee filter(s)
after the "brewing" is done to get rid of large silver clusters?

A: Coffee filter paper will only remove the fuzzy deposits that
sometimes fall off an electrode. It won't remove any genuine
colloidal particles. But its best just to let the batch sit for an
hour then just use the paper to filter the last 10% of the batch.

Q: Should there be a (big) build-up on the electrodes (crystal
formations) during the process and at the end, and if so what color
should it be?

A: Some grey fuzz on one electrode (the - cathode) is common. The
less the better. The color of the fuzz is not important. Only the
color of the water is important. (But a black coating on the + anode
often indicates bad water).