Card Range To Study

524 Cards in this Set

Compare the social, political and cultural features ofh te Egyptian/Nile River civilizations to the Sumerian Civilization

*Egyptian civ. and Sumerian civ all centralized government, a system of writing, significant advances in technology, and religion.

Briefly describe the major components used to characterize civilization.

*Specialization-specialization of labor technological advancement, peoples occupations are what htey do best

Describe three major shifts emanating from the change from early Neolithic to Agrarian Civilizations.

*Revolution in state formation-People began to more readily come together and form a civilization and form ideologies on how a government should work.

Descrie three major technological developments and their impact during the Agricultutral Revolution.

*Wheel- The wheel allowed for increased transportation of goods, as carts with wheels could be drawn by horses. Also, allows for better farming equipment in the fields.

Describe three differences between agrarian and pastoral nomadic societies.

*Agrarian societies were generally settled, as they relied on farming (which you have to be settled to take part in, for the most part). Pastoral nomadic societies moved from place to place with their agriculture, never settling.

-Built 80 large ceremonial centers, which included pyramids, palaces, and temples; large centers included Palenque, Chichen Itza, and Tikal, the latter with a population of approximately 40000 people and the Temple of the Jaguar

Teotihuacan

-City built in Central Mexico because of the abundant supplies of Fish; developed agriculture by 500 BCE, rapid expansion after 200 BCE

Chavin

-Chavin cult began after 1000 BCE, peaked in popularity 900 to 800 BCE, spread through Peru, and vanished approximately 300 BCE

Achaemenid Empire

-Includes the Medes and the Persians, both people of sizable military power and equestrian skills

Achaemenid Adminstration

-Government relied on a balance between central adminstration and locally appointed governors

Persian Wars

-Fought between Greeks and Achaemenids(500-479 BCE)- led to demise of the empire began when Ionian Greek cities revolted against their governors

-Sophisticated government led to the development of a new class of educated bureaucrats who played an important role in the daily affairs of the empire

Economics of Classical Persia

-Agriculture was the foundation of the Persian economy - surpluses were necessary to support military forces, government administrators, and residents in the cities

Zoroastrianism

-A religion based on the teachings of Zarathustra, who left his family at the age of twenty in search of wisdom; after 10 years he proclaimed that visions revealed to him the supreme god, whom he called Ahura Mazda (&quot;wise lord&quot;); this supreme being had chosen him to be his prophet and spread his message

Confucius

-Lived in China during the Warring States period and sought to restore order to China

Confucianism

-One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought

Daoism

Daoist came up with an alternative solution to end the Warring States period -- contrary to Confucian beliefs, Daoists reflected in an effort to understand natural principles that governed the world and to achieve harmony with nature

Legalism

-One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period

Qin Dynasty

-Used Legalist philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring States period

Shi Huangdi

-Self-proclaimed &quot;first emperor&quot; of China- reigned fourteen years; established centralized rule through large scale political organization

-Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform system of public education

Later Han Dynasty

-Separated from the former Han as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 CE, the later Han lasted from 25 to 220 CE

Fall of the Han Dynasty

-Collapsed- divisions within the ruling elite limited the effectiveness of the government

Mauryan Dynasty

- A classical Indian dynasty that developed out of a political void created by the failed invasions of Persian emperor Darius- then controlled by the kingdom of Magadha for two centuries

Gupta Dynasty

-Chandra Gupta laid the foundations for empire by making alliances with powerful families in the Ganges; he conquered many; others chose to form tributary alliances with the Guptas

Jainism

-Indian belief system popularized by Vardhamana Mahavira (&quot;the great hero&quot;). Disciples referred to Mahavira as Jina(&quot;the conqueror&quot;) and called themselves the Jains.

Buddhism

-About 534 BCE, Siddharta Gautama, a Hindu of the Brahmin caste, left his family to live like a holy man

Hinduism

-World's oldest organized religion, originated in India

Mycenaeans

-Language combined Greek and Minoan

Polis

-A Greek word meaning city

Sparta

- A city state in classical Greece- conquered neighbors and forced them into servitude

Athens

-A city state in Ancient Greece whose government was based on democratic principles. However, only free adult males could participate in government

Macedonian Empire

-Supplied Greeks with grain timber and natural resources in exchange for olives, wine and finished products

Hellenistic Empire

-The period during the reign of Alexander the Great and the subsequent division into three large states(each led by one of Alexander's generals) is known as the Hellenistic age(after Greece, or Hellas)

Olympics

-Most famous of Pan Hellenistic festivals

Greek Philosophy-Socrates

-Socrates developed a method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality through a series of increasingly difficult questions; his student Plato recorded his thoughts in a series of writings called the dialogues

Greek Philosophy-Aristotle

-Plato believed that everything was based on forms or ideas. Definitions were not absolute because virtue, honesty, courage, truth and beauty all mean different things in different situations;so there is the imperfect reality of the definition in each individual situation and true definitions, which existed in the world of forms and ideas

Hellenistic Philosophies(i)

-Epicureans suggested that individual needs could be met through reflection

Hellenistic Philosophies (II)

-Skeptics doubted the existence of absolute certain knowledge and so did not espouse strong political, social, or moral beliefs. They taught that people should abandon their search for certain answers and find an inner peace

Roman Republic

-Republic- a form of government whose head of state is usually a president

Rome: From Republic to Empire

-87 BCE: invasion and subsequent occupation of Rome led by Marius until his death

Julius Caesar

-Named himself dictator of the Roman Empire (for life, not six months as was the past precedent)

Expansion of Roman Empire

During the republic the empire included Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian penninsula, and outposts in North Africa and Antoloia; Augustus added most of southeastern Europe and most of North Africa and increased control in Anatolia and southwestern Asia; at its height the empire included Britain and all of the land surrounding the northern and southern coast of the Mediterranean from Iberia to Mesopotamia

Roman Roads

-Roman engineers developed an intricate process for building roads -- prepared a deep bed, edged roads with curbs, provided for drainage, topped with large flat paving stones

Roman Law

-Roman law was first recorded in approximately 450 BCE. The Twelve Tables were meant to provide a standard system of law throughout the early empire

Trade in the Mediterranean

Grain from latifundia in North Africa, Egypt, Sicily, supported large cities in the empire and was also used for trade with Greece(for olives and vines) and with Syria and Palestine (for fruits, nuts, and wool fabrics); trade facilitated crop specialization throughout the climatically diverse empire

Jesus

-Major teachings: devotion to God and love for fellow man

Early Christianity

-Christians would not worship false gods of the Roman Empire

Silk Road

Southeastern Asia, China, and India traded: silk and spices west to consumers in central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman empire

Fall of Roman Empire

Problems;internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the throne), generals struggled for power and died violently, empire was simply too large, epidemics

Germanic Invasions

Ended imperial Roman power in western Europe by 476 CE ; power later shifts to Byzantium in the east

Early Byzantine Empire

-Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity in 313 CE. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and allowed him to spy on enemies in the East

Justinian's Code

-Justinian(reigned 527-565 CE) was a very important emperor during the early Byzantine empire; his wife, Theodora, advised him on political, religious, and diplomatic issues

Byzantine economy and society

-Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the empire

Legacy of Classical Greece

Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the Byzantine Empire

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

-Turks invaded the east and conquered Constantinople(later renamed it Istanbul)

Byzantium and Russia

-Russia created several trade centers including Kiev along the Dnieper River

Long-Distance Trade

-Specialized labor and efficient means of transformation encouraged trade between groups such as the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians as early as 3500 BCE

Spread of Epidemic Diseases

-Smallpox and measles were the most pervasive; bubonic plague also broke out

Muhammad

-About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and travelled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah

Expansion of Islam

- Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad's death was the work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages

Abbasid Dynasty

-In 750 the Umayyad Dynasty ended after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu al-Abbas who founded the Abbasid dynasty, the main source of power in the dar-al-Islam

Trade within the Eastern Hemisphere

-Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhura, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road (perpetuated by Muslims)

The Quran and Women

-The Quran helped and hurt women

Influences on the Dar-Al Islam(Persian, Indian, and Greek)

-Arabic term referring to the &quot;house of Islam&quot; and the lands under Islamic rule

Islam in northern India

-Muslim forces reached India by the mid-seventeenth century

Sui Dynasty

-After centuries of turmoil following the Han dynasty, the Sui emerged to restore peace and order

Tang Dynasty

-Restored peace and stability after the fall of the Sui dynasty

Song Dynasty

-Followed the Tang Dynasty; first emperor, Song Taizu, started policy of distrust of military leaders- focused on civil service exams (based on Confucian philosophy), industry, education, and the arts

Technological Development of Tang and Song Dynasties

-Advances were made possible as a result of abundant food supplies

Neo-Confucianism

-Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism

Early Japan

-Earliest inhabitants of Japan, nomadic peoples from northeastern Asia came with their language, culture, and religion

Medieval Japan

-Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods

Merchantilism

I. A new economic theory adopted by many European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance-whereby a country exports more than it imports.

I. Franks built a society based on agriculture in the northern region of Europe (France, Germany, and Low COuntries) and oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas.

Decline of Carolingian Empire

I. Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor from the pope in 800 but died short thereafter, in 814.

Establishment of Nationstates in Western Europe

I. New strong nations with centralized authority emerged after the feudal period in Italy, Spain, France, and England.

Hanseatic League (Hansa)

I. A trade that developed in the Baltic and North Sea (1400's to 1600's); encompassed the comertial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to the Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube Rivers.

Mongol- Christian Deplomacy

I. Large imperial states were connected by expansice trading networks. For transactions between states to go smoothly, it was imperitive that political and diplomatic ties be strong.

Results of the Crusades

I. Increased cultural diffusion- Europe was reintroduced to Greco- Roman culture, which had been preserved by the Byzantine Empire, and, in addition, discovered eastern goods such as silk, rice, glass, and coffee.

Ghana

I. Primary state of West Africa: located between the Senagal and Niger rivers ca. 750-1250.

I. Aboriginal people of Australia, isolated from other societies, created trade and exchange networks with other hunting and gathering societies as far away as 1,000 miles.

Development of Pacific Islands

I. Owing to the expanse of the Pacific Ocean, trade networks did not easily develop allowing for limited contact with other societies. There was some cultural diffusion, such as the spread of sweet potatoes.

Sufis

I. Sufis focused on personal relationship to Allah rather than a strict interpritation of Islam. They allowed worship of traditional gods, who they believed were manifestations of Allah.

I. Between the 1500's and the 1700's, Europeans explored the Pacific motivated by trade.

Commertial Revolution

I. The changing nature of trade in this period was known as the Commercial Revolution.

Medival Colonization

I. Once regional states emergen in Europe, Vikings looked to colonize elsewhere.

Influence of Christianity in Europe

I. Franks solidified Christianity as a foundation of the empire when Clovis converted; Charlemagne continued the commitment to Rome.

British Economic interests in India

-Beginning in the early 1600s, Mogul emperors granted concessions to allow the British to trade in India

Russian Empire: rise and expansion

-After breaking free of Mongol control in the late 1400s, Muscovite princes began to take control over much of Russia, eliminating the authority of local princes

Ivan the Terrible

-Russian czar(r. 1533-1584) who continued to expand the empire and to consolidate the czar's absolute authority

The Romanovs

Following a period of civil unrest in Russia, Mikhail Romanov's election as czar established the Romanovs as the new royal family

Westernization

-Occurs as societies are influenced by Western culture and assimilate and/or adopt western ideas

Peter the Great

-Russian czar (r. 1682-1725) best known for centralizing his authority and bringing Western ideas to the Russian Empire

St. Petersburg

-Located on the Baltic Sea, was established as the capital of the Russian empire by Peter the Great

Catherine the Great

- A Russian czarina(r. 1763-1796), she continued Peter the Great's policy of modernization while ensuring the absolute authority of the monarch

Serfdom in Russia

-As a result of the unpaid debts, many peasants were forced into serfdom

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

-Technological innovations in the 1700s led to industrialization, the mass production of goods using machine power (rather than hand power)

Industrial Revolution: new machines

-The advent of mechanization revolutionized the production of goods

Effects of Industrial Revolution on Society

-Mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, and the resulting increase in demand encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production. The standard of living rose

-Developed as a way to house large and expensive machines in a single location, near a source of power, in order to mass-produce goods

Factory System: Social Impact

-Prior to industrialization, societies were agriculturally based. Although in some places in Europe the domestic system existed, in which individuals worked on one part of production (for example, making cloth from wool), most people still worked on farms

American Revolution:Causes

-The 13 British colonies in North America resented legislation passed by the British Parliament levying taxes and infringing on their rights

American Revolution:Impact

-War began, and with the aid of France, the colonists forced the British to surrender in 1781

French Revolution:causes

-In 1789, King Louis XVI summoned representatives to a meeting of the Estates General to convince them of the necessity of raising taxes

National Assembly

-In June 1789, the Third Estates broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the National Assembly

French Revolution: convention to Napoleon

-A new constitution gave the convention power to govern; the convention abolished the monarchy

Napoleon Bonaparte

-A general in the French army who gained control of France in a coup d'etat in 1799, seizing control from the Directory, a small group of governing aristocrats

Congress of Vienna

-A meeting held from 1814 to 1815 in Vienna and attended by representatives of the nations that had defeated Napoleon Bonaparte

Latin American independence movements

-The American and French revolutions and the ideals of the Enlightenment inspired independence movements in Latin America

Simon Bolivar

-A creole form South America, he led a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule

Haitian Revolution

-The French colony of Saint Domingue was the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence

Touissant-Louverture

-A slave who helped lead a revolt in Haiti against white settlers

Conservatism in Europe

A political philosophy that sought to return things to the way they were prior to the political revolution that spread across Europe in the 19th century and to maintain traditional ways

Liberalism in Europe

-A political ideology asserting that individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights

Nationalism

-Feeling of pride in one's nation

Socialism

-Utopian socialists believed that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal

Karl Marx

- A 19th century philosopher, he developed a socialist theory with Friedrich Engels in response to the changing nature of the workplace that resulted from the industrial revolution

Unification of Germany

-Independent German-speaking states in Germany united to form a single nation

Otto von Bismarck

-Chancellor of the German state of Prussia, he worked to united the German-speaking states into a single nation

Italian Unification

-Independent states in Italy united to form a single nation

Zionism

- A nationalist movement that emerged in the late 1800s with the stated goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine; led in part by Theodore Herzl

Emancipation of Serfs in Russia(1861)

-Following a humiliating defeat by Western powers in the Crimean War, Russian czars sought to reform society

New Imperialism: Causes

-Beginning in the late 1800s, modern industrial nations sought economic control (and sometimes political and social control) over weaker nations

Crimean War (1853-1856)

-In the mid 19th century, war between Russian and an alliance of British, French, and Ottoman troops broke out after Russia had threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire by seeking to take Ottoman-controlled territory in the Balkans

White Man's Burden

-Poem by Rudyard Kipling, that explained why white Europeans (and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nations

Social Darwinism

-A theory based in part on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection

Direct vs. Indirect Control (of colonial possessions)

-As European nations sought to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if rule was to be direct or indirect

Sepoy Rebellion

-A revolt led by Indian soldiers against the British Eats India Company (BEIC) in protest of rules that threatened their religious traditions

Indian National Congress (INC): Origins

-A nationalist group formed in British India in 1885 by upper-class Hindus

King Leopold

-King of Belgium who established a colony known as the Congo Free State in Africa

Berlin Conference(1884-1885)

- A meeting of European powers in which the rules for colonizing Africa were established: European powers had to notify one another of their intentions to take control of an area

Opium War:Causes

- A conflict fought between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British sale of opium in China

Opium War: Results

-Britain's superior military led to a decisive victory over the Chinese and the signing of a series of unequal treaties

Taiping Rebellion (1850s and 1860s)

- A rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing dynasty

Self-Strengthening Movement

-Following the signing of a series of unequal treaties and a number of internal rebellions in the 19th century, the Qing enacted a series of reforms

Spheres of Influence

-An area of economic influence/control

Boxer Rebellion

An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence

Monroe Doctrine

-Articulated in 1823 as a part of US foreign policy, it sought to limit European interference in the Americas

Spanish American War

-In response to the destruction of a US ship in Havana's harbor and under the guise of protecting American business interests in Cuba, as well as the interest of those Cubans suffering under Spanish rule, the United States declared war on Spain

US Open Door Policy

-US foreign policy that sought equal trading rights for all nations trading in China and commercial advantages for US business

Panama Canal

-A canal built through the Isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Opening of Japan

-Following over 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan was forced to open its doors to the world following the arrival of US Commodore Matthew Perry

Meiji Restoration

-After Japan ended its isolation, rebellion led to the overthrow of the shogun who was replaced by an emperor, who initiated a series of social,economic, and political reforms

Sino-Japanese War

- A war fought between China and Japan for control of Korea

Russo-Japanese War

-Imperial rivalries led to armed conflict between Russia and Japan for control of parts of Korea and Manchuria

Bloody Sunday

-In 1905 a peaceful demonstration at the Russian czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg turned violent when the czar's guards opened fire on the unarmed crowd

Fall of the Qing

-Despite the Qing's enacting of a series of reforms in the second half of the 19th century, the signing of a number of unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak, and in 1911 revolution broke out in China

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

-In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, now small, weak, and in debt, became known as the Sick Man of Europe

Muhammad Ali

-Emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798

Armenian Genocide

-The massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians by the Ottoman Turks

Mexican Revolution: causes

-discontent after decades of limited social reform led Mexicans to demand change

Mexican Revolution:Results

-In 1917 Mexico adopted a new constitution that established land reform and granted rights to workers and women

Background causes of World War I

-By 1900 nationalism was a powerful global force, sometimes urging people to unite for a common purpose and at others acting to break groups up. Ethnic minorities living in the multinational empires of the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary were seeking independence

Immediate causes of World War I

The crisis sometimes referred to as the &quot;spark&quot; that started the war came on June 28, 1914. While on a visit to Sarajevo (in Bosnia) Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. Almost immediately, Germany pledged its support to Austria-Hungary, and with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia a month later. Russia mobilized forces against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. A few days later, Germany declared war on Russia and then on France. Following the German invasion of Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany and world war was well on its way.

Total War

-When all of a nation's resources are dedicated to the war effort and both civilian and military populations mobilize to defeat an enemy

21 demands

-In 1915 Japan, at war with Germany, invaded German-held territory in one of China's provinces

Technology of World War I

-World War I was the world's first truly modern war: new weapons of revolutionist warfare

Results of World War I

-Cities throughout Europe were destroyed and millions were dead, injured, or homeless.

Paris Peace Conbference

The Allied nations met in Paris in 1919 to settle peace terms with the Central Powers. Five treaties in all were negotiated; the most significant was the Treaty of Versailles, between the Allies and Germany

Treaty of Versailles

-The peace settlement negotiated by the Allies with Germany at the end of World War I focused on ensuring that Germany would never again be a threat to the security of Europe

League of Nations

-Created after World War I, the League of Nations was the first permanent international organization dedicated to maintaining peace

Mandate System

- An article in the covenant of the League of Nations stated that colonies and territories needed assistance as they prepared themselves for self-government and that more advance nations would act as guides for the less experienced ones

Russian Revolution (March 1917)

In february 1917, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne and ended nearly 300 years of Romanov rule

October Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution)

-The second part of the Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party

V.I. Lenin

-A student of Marxism, Lenin saw in revolutionary Russia the seeds of a communist revolution

New Economic Policy

-Introduced to the USSR by V.I. Lenin, the policy provided limited private business

War Communism

-Nationalization on a massive scale

Age of Anxiety

-The period after World War I when doubt was cast upon previously existing ways of life

Great Depression

-In 1929 economic depression spread across the world as the US stock market crashed and European countries struggled to rebuild their damaged postwar economies

New Deal

-In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt proposed legislation aimed at economic recovery

Origins of World War II

-Axis Powers: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan; Allied powers:France and its empire, Great Britain and its empire, Commonwealth allies (Canada, Austailia, New Zealand), Soviet Union, China, and the United States

Rise of Fascism

-Fascism emerged in both Italy and Germany in the interwar period; both nations were faced with economic depression and in desperate need of strong leaders. Powerful dictators emerged, greatly influenced by fascist ideology

Adolph Hitler: Rise to Power

-Rose to power in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s

Adolph Hitler at war

-In the late 1930s, Europe felt compelled to respond to the aggressive actions of Hitler, who had rearmed Germany and taken control of the Rhineland and Austria

Benito Mussolini

Responsible for the establishment of the world's first fascist state

Indian National Congress (INC): In action

-Partnered with the Muslim League to lead a mass movement to gain self-rule from Great Britain for the Indian subcontinent

Mohandas Gandhi: early years

-An Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence from Great Britain

Mohandas Gandhi: an Indian nationalist

-He quickly became a popular leader among the ordinary citizens of India, and the support of an extensive segment of the population made the Non-Cooperation and the Civil Disobedience movements largely successful

Chinese Civil War

-A conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist parties

Mao Zedong

-A nationalist leader in China, he successfully defeated the Kuomintang in a civil war in large measure because of the support of the peasants

Cultural revolution

-Known as the Great Proletarina Cultural Revolution, it was launched in CHina in 1966 by Mao Zedong in order to seek out and silence opposition to Mao's leadership and his vision of communism

Joesph Stalin

Following the death of V.I. Lenin, Stalin, the &quot;man of steel,&quot; became the totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union

Soviet five-year plans

-An economic policy initiated by Joesph Stalin that set high quotas in an attempt to improve Soviet agricultural and industrial output

Mukden/Manchurian Incident

-Occurred in Manchuria in September 1931, when Japanese troops blew up part of the South manchurian Railway

In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, allowing people to travel freely from east to west; soon the entire wall was torn down, symbolizing the end of the Cold War.

Fall of Soviet Union

-Failed invasion of Afghanistan contributed to the decline as resources were strained to support an unpopular and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to expand Soviet influence.

Nuclear Arms Race since the Fall of the Soviet Union

-With the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the United States and Russia dramatically reduced their nuclear weapons spending

Genocide

-The killing of a specific group of people based on specific ethnic, religious, or racial characteristics

Feminism

-Women make up 40 to 50 percent of workforce in industrialized societies, 20 percent in developing countries. Jobs characterized as &quot;women's work&quot;: teaching, clerical work

Islamic Fundamentalism

-The term is often used by western sources to describe an extreme movement to replace secular states wtih Islamic ones

Intifada

-Part of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the struggle for control of Israel that began as a result of U.N. Resolution 181, in which the United Nations created Israel from lands claimed by Palestinians

Persian Gulf War (1991)

-Saddam Hussein's Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait and took control of its oil fields

Asian Tigers

-Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan enjoyed rapid growth rates and were major economic powers by the 1980s.

Global Problems

-Poverty: Unequal distributions of resources and income (scarcity) leads to poverty, especially in underdeveloped areas of Africa, Latin America, eastern Europe, and Asia. People in these areas lack food, clean water, and adequate shelter.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

-Established in 1949, as a military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression

Warsaw Pact

-A defensive military alliance of communist nations designed to counter the collective defense formed by the democratic nations of NATO

Geneva Conference

-Cold War peace conference held in 1954

Korean War

-Following World War II, Korea, which had been annexed by Japan, was occupied by both the Soviet Union and the US-- the Soviet Union north of the 38th parallel and the US south of it. The occupation was to be fo a limited time while the terms of uniting the country were negotiated.

-Leader of communist Cuba, Fidel Castro, formed an alliance with Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, after the Bay of Pigs Incident and an attempted assassination by rebels funded by the US

Nonalignment

-Nations did not take a side in the Cold War

Arab Nationalism

Former Arab colonies easily gained independence from their mother countries post-World War II

Creation of Israel

-Created by the United Nations in 1947 as a result of UN Resolution 181

Decolonization

-In the post- World war II world, mother countries could no longer maintain control of their colonies as they attempted to repair their own war-torn lands.

Indian Independence

Post-World War II, overseas empires became increasingly difficult to maintain, Great Britain held on, but election of the Labour Party ushered in a movement toward home rule.

Pan-Africanism

-Pan-African movements first emerged in the US and the Caribbean and the ns pread to French West as the Negritude

Jomo Kenyatta

-A kenyan nationalist leader, who led a moement to gain independence from Great Britain. He was jailed in 1953 by the British government in its effort to suppress all nationalist movements.

European Community

-Formed in 1957, six founding member nations: France, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands; characterized by a common market and free trade

Detente

-Policy adopted by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War in an effort to reduce tensions between the two superpowers over the arms race and control of developing countries

Vietnam War

-The United Statees intervened in the conflict on the side of noncommunist South Vietnam after the French were defeated

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

-Muslim-controlled Afghanistan maintained a position of nonalignment in the Cold War until 1978, when a pro-Soviet coup dragged the country into a civil war

Apartheid

-Established by the Afrikaner National Party in 1948 in an effort to maintain control over the black African majority

Nelson Mandela

-A leader of the ANC (African National Congress), arrested for military protests against apartheid and sentenced to jail for life

Iranian Revolution

-1941: Muhammed Reza Pahlavi declared himself shah. Backed by the US and Britain, he modernized and westernized Iran

Iran-Iraq war

-1979: Saddam Hussein became the leader of Iraq and seized control over disputed border area

Deng Xiaoping

-1976: replaced Mao Zedong as leader of communist China; introduced new economic reforms but little extension of individual political rights

Globalization

-Goal: a global economy to facilitate the movement of goods and trade associated with the term free trade (trade unrestricted by state limits as it crosses borders)

Japanese Invasion of China (1937)

-Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China in the hopes of gaining control of China's extensive natural resources

Rape of Nanking

-Following Japan's invasion of mainland China in 1937, China experienced mass death and suffering; Japan began aerial bombing of major Chinese cities (especially Shanghai, where people died by the thousands)

Blitzkreig (&quot;Lightning War&quot;)

-Germans invaded Poland unannounced on September 1, 1939. Their strategy included a preemptive air attack, to weaken resistance, followed by land forces - Panzer (&quot;armored&quot;) columns, which were fast and mobile

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor

-In an attempt to destroy American naval forces in the Pacific, Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941

Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

-The war in Europe ended in May 1945 but waged on in the Pacific

US Occupation of Japan

-Following Japan's unconditional surrender in World War II, Japan was occupied by US forces under General Douglas MacArthur

Jewish Holocaust

-Nazi regime killed over 6 million Jews and an additional 5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, and other &quot;undesirables&quot;-a human disaster on a previously unknown scale

United Nations

-Created at the end of World War II as a coalition dedicated to maintaining world peace and security. had more power than the League of Nations, which had been ineffective in preventing World War II

Cold War: Origins

-The Cold War was an ideological war between two ideologically opposed superpowers

Iron Curtain: Creation

-First articulated in a 1946 speech by English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the term refers to the symbolic division of Europe following the end of World War II

Nuclear Arms Race

-as the Cold War progressed, a new reality emerged: the struggle between the US and the Soviet Union to claim polical hegemony across the globe led to an expensive arms race and the proliferation of nuclear weapons

Satellite Nations

-Soviet-occupied nations at the end of World War II: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Soviets set up a communist government in Poland

Trumane Doctrine

-Established March 12, 1947 by President Harry Truman-- an economic and military program intended to help nations resist Soviet aggression and prevent the spread of communism

Marshall Plan

-Also known as the European Recovery Program, a massive economic aid package, part of the containment policy, designed to strengthen democracy and lessen the appeal of communism (developed after WWII)

Compare the social, political and cultural features ofh te Egyptian/Nile River civilizations to the Sumerian Civilization

*Egyptian civ. and Sumerian civ all centralized government, a system of writing, significant advances in technology, and religion.

Briefly describe the major components used to characterize civilization.

*Specialization-specialization of labor technological advancement, peoples occupations are what htey do best

Describe three major shifts emanating from the change from early Neolithic to Agrarian Civilizations.

*Revolution in state formation-People began to more readily come together and form a civilization and form ideologies on how a government should work.

Descrie three major technological developments and their impact during the Agricultutral Revolution.

*Wheel- The wheel allowed for increased transportation of goods, as carts with wheels could be drawn by horses. Also, allows for better farming equipment in the fields.

Describe three differences between agrarian and pastoral nomadic societies.

*Agrarian societies were generally settled, as they relied on farming (which you have to be settled to take part in, for the most part). Pastoral nomadic societies moved from place to place with their agriculture, never settling.

-Built 80 large ceremonial centers, which included pyramids, palaces, and temples; large centers included Palenque, Chichen Itza, and Tikal, the latter with a population of approximately 40000 people and the Temple of the Jaguar

Teotihuacan

-City built in Central Mexico because of the abundant supplies of Fish; developed agriculture by 500 BCE, rapid expansion after 200 BCE

Chavin

-Chavin cult began after 1000 BCE, peaked in popularity 900 to 800 BCE, spread through Peru, and vanished approximately 300 BCE

Achaemenid Empire

-Includes the Medes and the Persians, both people of sizable military power and equestrian skills

Achaemenid Adminstration

-Government relied on a balance between central adminstration and locally appointed governors

Persian Wars

-Fought between Greeks and Achaemenids(500-479 BCE)- led to demise of the empire began when Ionian Greek cities revolted against their governors

-Sophisticated government led to the development of a new class of educated bureaucrats who played an important role in the daily affairs of the empire

Economics of Classical Persia

-Agriculture was the foundation of the Persian economy - surpluses were necessary to support military forces, government administrators, and residents in the cities

Zoroastrianism

-A religion based on the teachings of Zarathustra, who left his family at the age of twenty in search of wisdom; after 10 years he proclaimed that visions revealed to him the supreme god, whom he called Ahura Mazda (&quot;wise lord&quot;); this supreme being had chosen him to be his prophet and spread his message

Confucius

-Lived in China during the Warring States period and sought to restore order to China

Confucianism

-One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought

Daoism

Daoist came up with an alternative solution to end the Warring States period -- contrary to Confucian beliefs, Daoists reflected in an effort to understand natural principles that governed the world and to achieve harmony with nature

Legalism

-One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period

Qin Dynasty

-Used Legalist philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring States period

Shi Huangdi

-Self-proclaimed &quot;first emperor&quot; of China- reigned fourteen years; established centralized rule through large scale political organization

-Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform system of public education

Later Han Dynasty

-Separated from the former Han as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 CE, the later Han lasted from 25 to 220 CE

Fall of the Han Dynasty

-Collapsed- divisions within the ruling elite limited the effectiveness of the government

Mauryan Dynasty

- A classical Indian dynasty that developed out of a political void created by the failed invasions of Persian emperor Darius- then controlled by the kingdom of Magadha for two centuries

Gupta Dynasty

-Chandra Gupta laid the foundations for empire by making alliances with powerful families in the Ganges; he conquered many; others chose to form tributary alliances with the Guptas

Jainism

-Indian belief system popularized by Vardhamana Mahavira (&quot;the great hero&quot;). Disciples referred to Mahavira as Jina(&quot;the conqueror&quot;) and called themselves the Jains.

Buddhism

-About 534 BCE, Siddharta Gautama, a Hindu of the Brahmin caste, left his family to live like a holy man

Hinduism

-World's oldest organized religion, originated in India

Mycenaeans

-Language combined Greek and Minoan

Polis

-A Greek word meaning city

Sparta

- A city state in classical Greece- conquered neighbors and forced them into servitude

Athens

-A city state in Ancient Greece whose government was based on democratic principles. However, only free adult males could participate in government

Macedonian Empire

-Supplied Greeks with grain timber and natural resources in exchange for olives, wine and finished products

Hellenistic Empire

-The period during the reign of Alexander the Great and the subsequent division into three large states(each led by one of Alexander's generals) is known as the Hellenistic age(after Greece, or Hellas)

Olympics

-Most famous of Pan Hellenistic festivals

Greek Philosophy-Socrates

-Socrates developed a method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality through a series of increasingly difficult questions; his student Plato recorded his thoughts in a series of writings called the dialogues

Greek Philosophy-Aristotle

-Plato believed that everything was based on forms or ideas. Definitions were not absolute because virtue, honesty, courage, truth and beauty all mean different things in different situations;so there is the imperfect reality of the definition in each individual situation and true definitions, which existed in the world of forms and ideas

Hellenistic Philosophies(i)

-Epicureans suggested that individual needs could be met through reflection

Hellenistic Philosophies (II)

-Skeptics doubted the existence of absolute certain knowledge and so did not espouse strong political, social, or moral beliefs. They taught that people should abandon their search for certain answers and find an inner peace

Roman Republic

-Republic- a form of government whose head of state is usually a president

Rome: From Republic to Empire

-87 BCE: invasion and subsequent occupation of Rome led by Marius until his death

Julius Caesar

-Named himself dictator of the Roman Empire (for life, not six months as was the past precedent)

Expansion of Roman Empire

During the republic the empire included Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian penninsula, and outposts in North Africa and Antoloia; Augustus added most of southeastern Europe and most of North Africa and increased control in Anatolia and southwestern Asia; at its height the empire included Britain and all of the land surrounding the northern and southern coast of the Mediterranean from Iberia to Mesopotamia

Roman Roads

-Roman engineers developed an intricate process for building roads -- prepared a deep bed, edged roads with curbs, provided for drainage, topped with large flat paving stones

Roman Law

-Roman law was first recorded in approximately 450 BCE. The Twelve Tables were meant to provide a standard system of law throughout the early empire

Trade in the Mediterranean

Grain from latifundia in North Africa, Egypt, Sicily, supported large cities in the empire and was also used for trade with Greece(for olives and vines) and with Syria and Palestine (for fruits, nuts, and wool fabrics); trade facilitated crop specialization throughout the climatically diverse empire

Jesus

-Major teachings: devotion to God and love for fellow man

Early Christianity

-Christians would not worship false gods of the Roman Empire

Silk Road

Southeastern Asia, China, and India traded: silk and spices west to consumers in central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman empire

Fall of Roman Empire

Problems;internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the throne), generals struggled for power and died violently, empire was simply too large, epidemics

Germanic Invasions

Ended imperial Roman power in western Europe by 476 CE ; power later shifts to Byzantium in the east

Early Byzantine Empire

-Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity in 313 CE. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and allowed him to spy on enemies in the East

Justinian's Code

-Justinian(reigned 527-565 CE) was a very important emperor during the early Byzantine empire; his wife, Theodora, advised him on political, religious, and diplomatic issues

Byzantine economy and society

-Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the empire

Legacy of Classical Greece

Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the Byzantine Empire

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

-Turks invaded the east and conquered Constantinople(later renamed it Istanbul)

Byzantium and Russia

-Russia created several trade centers including Kiev along the Dnieper River

Long-Distance Trade

-Specialized labor and efficient means of transformation encouraged trade between groups such as the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians as early as 3500 BCE

Spread of Epidemic Diseases

-Smallpox and measles were the most pervasive; bubonic plague also broke out

Muhammad

-About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and travelled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah

Expansion of Islam

- Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad's death was the work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages

Abbasid Dynasty

-In 750 the Umayyad Dynasty ended after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu al-Abbas who founded the Abbasid dynasty, the main source of power in the dar-al-Islam

Trade within the Eastern Hemisphere

-Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhura, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road (perpetuated by Muslims)

The Quran and Women

-The Quran helped and hurt women

Influences on the Dar-Al Islam(Persian, Indian, and Greek)

-Arabic term referring to the &quot;house of Islam&quot; and the lands under Islamic rule

Islam in northern India

-Muslim forces reached India by the mid-seventeenth century

Sui Dynasty

-After centuries of turmoil following the Han dynasty, the Sui emerged to restore peace and order

Tang Dynasty

-Restored peace and stability after the fall of the Sui dynasty

Song Dynasty

-Followed the Tang Dynasty; first emperor, Song Taizu, started policy of distrust of military leaders- focused on civil service exams (based on Confucian philosophy), industry, education, and the arts

Technological Development of Tang and Song Dynasties

-Advances were made possible as a result of abundant food supplies

Neo-Confucianism

-Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism

Early Japan

-Earliest inhabitants of Japan, nomadic peoples from northeastern Asia came with their language, culture, and religion

Medieval Japan

-Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods

Merchantilism

I. A new economic theory adopted by many European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance-whereby a country exports more than it imports.

I. Franks built a society based on agriculture in the northern region of Europe (France, Germany, and Low COuntries) and oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas.

Decline of Carolingian Empire

I. Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor from the pope in 800 but died short thereafter, in 814.

Establishment of Nationstates in Western Europe

I. New strong nations with centralized authority emerged after the feudal period in Italy, Spain, France, and England.

Hanseatic League (Hansa)

I. A trade that developed in the Baltic and North Sea (1400's to 1600's); encompassed the comertial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to the Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube Rivers.

Mongol- Christian Deplomacy

I. Large imperial states were connected by expansice trading networks. For transactions between states to go smoothly, it was imperitive that political and diplomatic ties be strong.

Results of the Crusades

I. Increased cultural diffusion- Europe was reintroduced to Greco- Roman culture, which had been preserved by the Byzantine Empire, and, in addition, discovered eastern goods such as silk, rice, glass, and coffee.

Ghana

I. Primary state of West Africa: located between the Senagal and Niger rivers ca. 750-1250.

I. Aboriginal people of Australia, isolated from other societies, created trade and exchange networks with other hunting and gathering societies as far away as 1,000 miles.

Development of Pacific Islands

I. Owing to the expanse of the Pacific Ocean, trade networks did not easily develop allowing for limited contact with other societies. There was some cultural diffusion, such as the spread of sweet potatoes.

Sufis

I. Sufis focused on personal relationship to Allah rather than a strict interpritation of Islam. They allowed worship of traditional gods, who they believed were manifestations of Allah.

I. Between the 1500's and the 1700's, Europeans explored the Pacific motivated by trade.

Commertial Revolution

I. The changing nature of trade in this period was known as the Commercial Revolution.

Medival Colonization

I. Once regional states emergen in Europe, Vikings looked to colonize elsewhere.

Influence of Christianity in Europe

I. Franks solidified Christianity as a foundation of the empire when Clovis converted; Charlemagne continued the commitment to Rome.

British Economic interests in India

-Beginning in the early 1600s, Mogul emperors granted concessions to allow the British to trade in India

Russian Empire: rise and expansion

-After breaking free of Mongol control in the late 1400s, Muscovite princes began to take control over much of Russia, eliminating the authority of local princes

Ivan the Terrible

-Russian czar(r. 1533-1584) who continued to expand the empire and to consolidate the czar's absolute authority

The Romanovs

Following a period of civil unrest in Russia, Mikhail Romanov's election as czar established the Romanovs as the new royal family

Westernization

-Occurs as societies are influenced by Western culture and assimilate and/or adopt western ideas

Peter the Great

-Russian czar (r. 1682-1725) best known for centralizing his authority and bringing Western ideas to the Russian Empire

St. Petersburg

-Located on the Baltic Sea, was established as the capital of the Russian empire by Peter the Great

Catherine the Great

- A Russian czarina(r. 1763-1796), she continued Peter the Great's policy of modernization while ensuring the absolute authority of the monarch

Serfdom in Russia

-As a result of the unpaid debts, many peasants were forced into serfdom

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

-Technological innovations in the 1700s led to industrialization, the mass production of goods using machine power (rather than hand power)

Industrial Revolution: new machines

-The advent of mechanization revolutionized the production of goods

Effects of Industrial Revolution on Society

-Mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, and the resulting increase in demand encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production. The standard of living rose

-Developed as a way to house large and expensive machines in a single location, near a source of power, in order to mass-produce goods

Factory System: Social Impact

-Prior to industrialization, societies were agriculturally based. Although in some places in Europe the domestic system existed, in which individuals worked on one part of production (for example, making cloth from wool), most people still worked on farms

American Revolution:Causes

-The 13 British colonies in North America resented legislation passed by the British Parliament levying taxes and infringing on their rights

American Revolution:Impact

-War began, and with the aid of France, the colonists forced the British to surrender in 1781

French Revolution:causes

-In 1789, King Louis XVI summoned representatives to a meeting of the Estates General to convince them of the necessity of raising taxes

National Assembly

-In June 1789, the Third Estates broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the National Assembly

French Revolution: convention to Napoleon

-A new constitution gave the convention power to govern; the convention abolished the monarchy

Napoleon Bonaparte

-A general in the French army who gained control of France in a coup d'etat in 1799, seizing control from the Directory, a small group of governing aristocrats

Congress of Vienna

-A meeting held from 1814 to 1815 in Vienna and attended by representatives of the nations that had defeated Napoleon Bonaparte

Latin American independence movements

-The American and French revolutions and the ideals of the Enlightenment inspired independence movements in Latin America

Simon Bolivar

-A creole form South America, he led a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule

Haitian Revolution

-The French colony of Saint Domingue was the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence

Touissant-Louverture

-A slave who helped lead a revolt in Haiti against white settlers

Conservatism in Europe

A political philosophy that sought to return things to the way they were prior to the political revolution that spread across Europe in the 19th century and to maintain traditional ways

Liberalism in Europe

-A political ideology asserting that individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights

Nationalism

-Feeling of pride in one's nation

Socialism

-Utopian socialists believed that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal

Karl Marx

- A 19th century philosopher, he developed a socialist theory with Friedrich Engels in response to the changing nature of the workplace that resulted from the industrial revolution

Unification of Germany

-Independent German-speaking states in Germany united to form a single nation

Otto von Bismarck

-Chancellor of the German state of Prussia, he worked to united the German-speaking states into a single nation

Italian Unification

-Independent states in Italy united to form a single nation

Zionism

- A nationalist movement that emerged in the late 1800s with the stated goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine; led in part by Theodore Herzl

Emancipation of Serfs in Russia(1861)

-Following a humiliating defeat by Western powers in the Crimean War, Russian czars sought to reform society

New Imperialism: Causes

-Beginning in the late 1800s, modern industrial nations sought economic control (and sometimes political and social control) over weaker nations

Crimean War (1853-1856)

-In the mid 19th century, war between Russian and an alliance of British, French, and Ottoman troops broke out after Russia had threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire by seeking to take Ottoman-controlled territory in the Balkans

White Man's Burden

-Poem by Rudyard Kipling, that explained why white Europeans (and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nations

Social Darwinism

-A theory based in part on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection

Direct vs. Indirect Control (of colonial possessions)

-As European nations sought to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if rule was to be direct or indirect

Sepoy Rebellion

-A revolt led by Indian soldiers against the British Eats India Company (BEIC) in protest of rules that threatened their religious traditions

Indian National Congress (INC): Origins

-A nationalist group formed in British India in 1885 by upper-class Hindus

King Leopold

-King of Belgium who established a colony known as the Congo Free State in Africa

Berlin Conference(1884-1885)

- A meeting of European powers in which the rules for colonizing Africa were established: European powers had to notify one another of their intentions to take control of an area

Opium War:Causes

- A conflict fought between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British sale of opium in China

Opium War: Results

-Britain's superior military led to a decisive victory over the Chinese and the signing of a series of unequal treaties

Taiping Rebellion (1850s and 1860s)

- A rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing dynasty

Self-Strengthening Movement

-Following the signing of a series of unequal treaties and a number of internal rebellions in the 19th century, the Qing enacted a series of reforms

Spheres of Influence

-An area of economic influence/control

Boxer Rebellion

An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence

Monroe Doctrine

-Articulated in 1823 as a part of US foreign policy, it sought to limit European interference in the Americas

Spanish American War

-In response to the destruction of a US ship in Havana's harbor and under the guise of protecting American business interests in Cuba, as well as the interest of those Cubans suffering under Spanish rule, the United States declared war on Spain

US Open Door Policy

-US foreign policy that sought equal trading rights for all nations trading in China and commercial advantages for US business

Panama Canal

-A canal built through the Isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Opening of Japan

-Following over 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan was forced to open its doors to the world following the arrival of US Commodore Matthew Perry

Meiji Restoration

-After Japan ended its isolation, rebellion led to the overthrow of the shogun who was replaced by an emperor, who initiated a series of social,economic, and political reforms

Sino-Japanese War

- A war fought between China and Japan for control of Korea

Russo-Japanese War

-Imperial rivalries led to armed conflict between Russia and Japan for control of parts of Korea and Manchuria

Bloody Sunday

-In 1905 a peaceful demonstration at the Russian czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg turned violent when the czar's guards opened fire on the unarmed crowd

Fall of the Qing

-Despite the Qing's enacting of a series of reforms in the second half of the 19th century, the signing of a number of unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak, and in 1911 revolution broke out in China

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

-In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, now small, weak, and in debt, became known as the Sick Man of Europe

Muhammad Ali

-Emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798

Armenian Genocide

-The massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians by the Ottoman Turks

Mexican Revolution: causes

-discontent after decades of limited social reform led Mexicans to demand change

Mexican Revolution:Results

-In 1917 Mexico adopted a new constitution that established land reform and granted rights to workers and women

Background causes of World War I

-By 1900 nationalism was a powerful global force, sometimes urging people to unite for a common purpose and at others acting to break groups up. Ethnic minorities living in the multinational empires of the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary were seeking independence

Immediate causes of World War I

The crisis sometimes referred to as the &quot;spark&quot; that started the war came on June 28, 1914. While on a visit to Sarajevo (in Bosnia) Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. Almost immediately, Germany pledged its support to Austria-Hungary, and with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia a month later. Russia mobilized forces against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. A few days later, Germany declared war on Russia and then on France. Following the German invasion of Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany and world war was well on its way.

Total War

-When all of a nation's resources are dedicated to the war effort and both civilian and military populations mobilize to defeat an enemy

21 demands

-In 1915 Japan, at war with Germany, invaded German-held territory in one of China's provinces

Technology of World War I

-World War I was the world's first truly modern war: new weapons of revolutionist warfare

Results of World War I

-Cities throughout Europe were destroyed and millions were dead, injured, or homeless.

Paris Peace Conbference

The Allied nations met in Paris in 1919 to settle peace terms with the Central Powers. Five treaties in all were negotiated; the most significant was the Treaty of Versailles, between the Allies and Germany

Treaty of Versailles

-The peace settlement negotiated by the Allies with Germany at the end of World War I focused on ensuring that Germany would never again be a threat to the security of Europe

League of Nations

-Created after World War I, the League of Nations was the first permanent international organization dedicated to maintaining peace

Mandate System

- An article in the covenant of the League of Nations stated that colonies and territories needed assistance as they prepared themselves for self-government and that more advance nations would act as guides for the less experienced ones

Russian Revolution (March 1917)

In february 1917, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne and ended nearly 300 years of Romanov rule

October Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution)

-The second part of the Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party

V.I. Lenin

-A student of Marxism, Lenin saw in revolutionary Russia the seeds of a communist revolution

New Economic Policy

-Introduced to the USSR by V.I. Lenin, the policy provided limited private business

War Communism

-Nationalization on a massive scale

Age of Anxiety

-The period after World War I when doubt was cast upon previously existing ways of life

Great Depression

-In 1929 economic depression spread across the world as the US stock market crashed and European countries struggled to rebuild their damaged postwar economies

New Deal

-In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt proposed legislation aimed at economic recovery

Origins of World War II

-Axis Powers: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan; Allied powers:France and its empire, Great Britain and its empire, Commonwealth allies (Canada, Austailia, New Zealand), Soviet Union, China, and the United States

Rise of Fascism

-Fascism emerged in both Italy and Germany in the interwar period; both nations were faced with economic depression and in desperate need of strong leaders. Powerful dictators emerged, greatly influenced by fascist ideology

Adolph Hitler: Rise to Power

-Rose to power in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s

Adolph Hitler at war

-In the late 1930s, Europe felt compelled to respond to the aggressive actions of Hitler, who had rearmed Germany and taken control of the Rhineland and Austria

Benito Mussolini

Responsible for the establishment of the world's first fascist state

Indian National Congress (INC): In action

-Partnered with the Muslim League to lead a mass movement to gain self-rule from Great Britain for the Indian subcontinent

Mohandas Gandhi: early years

-An Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence from Great Britain

Mohandas Gandhi: an Indian nationalist

-He quickly became a popular leader among the ordinary citizens of India, and the support of an extensive segment of the population made the Non-Cooperation and the Civil Disobedience movements largely successful

Chinese Civil War

-A conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist parties

Mao Zedong

-A nationalist leader in China, he successfully defeated the Kuomintang in a civil war in large measure because of the support of the peasants

Cultural revolution

-Known as the Great Proletarina Cultural Revolution, it was launched in CHina in 1966 by Mao Zedong in order to seek out and silence opposition to Mao's leadership and his vision of communism

Joesph Stalin

Following the death of V.I. Lenin, Stalin, the &quot;man of steel,&quot; became the totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union

Soviet five-year plans

-An economic policy initiated by Joesph Stalin that set high quotas in an attempt to improve Soviet agricultural and industrial output

Mukden/Manchurian Incident

-Occurred in Manchuria in September 1931, when Japanese troops blew up part of the South manchurian Railway

In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, allowing people to travel freely from east to west; soon the entire wall was torn down, symbolizing the end of the Cold War.

Fall of Soviet Union

-Failed invasion of Afghanistan contributed to the decline as resources were strained to support an unpopular and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to expand Soviet influence.

Nuclear Arms Race since the Fall of the Soviet Union

-With the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the United States and Russia dramatically reduced their nuclear weapons spending

Genocide

-The killing of a specific group of people based on specific ethnic, religious, or racial characteristics

Feminism

-Women make up 40 to 50 percent of workforce in industrialized societies, 20 percent in developing countries. Jobs characterized as &quot;women's work&quot;: teaching, clerical work

Islamic Fundamentalism

-The term is often used by western sources to describe an extreme movement to replace secular states wtih Islamic ones

Intifada

-Part of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the struggle for control of Israel that began as a result of U.N. Resolution 181, in which the United Nations created Israel from lands claimed by Palestinians

Persian Gulf War (1991)

-Saddam Hussein's Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait and took control of its oil fields

Asian Tigers

-Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan enjoyed rapid growth rates and were major economic powers by the 1980s.

Global Problems

-Poverty: Unequal distributions of resources and income (scarcity) leads to poverty, especially in underdeveloped areas of Africa, Latin America, eastern Europe, and Asia. People in these areas lack food, clean water, and adequate shelter.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

-Established in 1949, as a military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression

Warsaw Pact

-A defensive military alliance of communist nations designed to counter the collective defense formed by the democratic nations of NATO

Geneva Conference

-Cold War peace conference held in 1954

Korean War

-Following World War II, Korea, which had been annexed by Japan, was occupied by both the Soviet Union and the US-- the Soviet Union north of the 38th parallel and the US south of it. The occupation was to be fo a limited time while the terms of uniting the country were negotiated.

-Leader of communist Cuba, Fidel Castro, formed an alliance with Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, after the Bay of Pigs Incident and an attempted assassination by rebels funded by the US

Nonalignment

-Nations did not take a side in the Cold War

Arab Nationalism

Former Arab colonies easily gained independence from their mother countries post-World War II

Creation of Israel

-Created by the United Nations in 1947 as a result of UN Resolution 181

Decolonization

-In the post- World war II world, mother countries could no longer maintain control of their colonies as they attempted to repair their own war-torn lands.

Indian Independence

Post-World War II, overseas empires became increasingly difficult to maintain, Great Britain held on, but election of the Labour Party ushered in a movement toward home rule.

Pan-Africanism

-Pan-African movements first emerged in the US and the Caribbean and the ns pread to French West as the Negritude

Jomo Kenyatta

-A kenyan nationalist leader, who led a moement to gain independence from Great Britain. He was jailed in 1953 by the British government in its effort to suppress all nationalist movements.

European Community

-Formed in 1957, six founding member nations: France, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands; characterized by a common market and free trade

Detente

-Policy adopted by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War in an effort to reduce tensions between the two superpowers over the arms race and control of developing countries

Vietnam War

-The United Statees intervened in the conflict on the side of noncommunist South Vietnam after the French were defeated

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

-Muslim-controlled Afghanistan maintained a position of nonalignment in the Cold War until 1978, when a pro-Soviet coup dragged the country into a civil war

Apartheid

-Established by the Afrikaner National Party in 1948 in an effort to maintain control over the black African majority

Nelson Mandela

-A leader of the ANC (African National Congress), arrested for military protests against apartheid and sentenced to jail for life

Iranian Revolution

-1941: Muhammed Reza Pahlavi declared himself shah. Backed by the US and Britain, he modernized and westernized Iran

Iran-Iraq war

-1979: Saddam Hussein became the leader of Iraq and seized control over disputed border area

Deng Xiaoping

-1976: replaced Mao Zedong as leader of communist China; introduced new economic reforms but little extension of individual political rights

Globalization

-Goal: a global economy to facilitate the movement of goods and trade associated with the term free trade (trade unrestricted by state limits as it crosses borders)

Japanese Invasion of China (1937)

-Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China in the hopes of gaining control of China's extensive natural resources

Rape of Nanking

-Following Japan's invasion of mainland China in 1937, China experienced mass death and suffering; Japan began aerial bombing of major Chinese cities (especially Shanghai, where people died by the thousands)

Blitzkreig (&quot;Lightning War&quot;)

-Germans invaded Poland unannounced on September 1, 1939. Their strategy included a preemptive air attack, to weaken resistance, followed by land forces - Panzer (&quot;armored&quot;) columns, which were fast and mobile

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor

-In an attempt to destroy American naval forces in the Pacific, Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941

Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

-The war in Europe ended in May 1945 but waged on in the Pacific

US Occupation of Japan

-Following Japan's unconditional surrender in World War II, Japan was occupied by US forces under General Douglas MacArthur

Jewish Holocaust

-Nazi regime killed over 6 million Jews and an additional 5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, and other &quot;undesirables&quot;-a human disaster on a previously unknown scale

United Nations

-Created at the end of World War II as a coalition dedicated to maintaining world peace and security. had more power than the League of Nations, which had been ineffective in preventing World War II

Cold War: Origins

-The Cold War was an ideological war between two ideologically opposed superpowers

Iron Curtain: Creation

-First articulated in a 1946 speech by English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the term refers to the symbolic division of Europe following the end of World War II

Nuclear Arms Race

-as the Cold War progressed, a new reality emerged: the struggle between the US and the Soviet Union to claim polical hegemony across the globe led to an expensive arms race and the proliferation of nuclear weapons

Satellite Nations

-Soviet-occupied nations at the end of World War II: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Soviets set up a communist government in Poland

Trumane Doctrine

-Established March 12, 1947 by President Harry Truman-- an economic and military program intended to help nations resist Soviet aggression and prevent the spread of communism

Marshall Plan

-Also known as the European Recovery Program, a massive economic aid package, part of the containment policy, designed to strengthen democracy and lessen the appeal of communism (developed after WWII)