Shortage of available training data is holding back progress in the area of automated error detection. This paper investigates two alternative methods for artificially generating writing errors, in order to create additional ...

Hedge cues were detected using a supervised Conditional Random Field (CRF) classifier exploiting features from the RASP parser. The CRF’s predictions were filtered using known cues and unseen instances were removed, ...

We propose a novel word embedding pre-training approach that exploits writing errors in learners' scripts. We compare our method to previous models that tune the embeddings based on script scores and the discrimination ...