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Tuesday, March 6, 2012

EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING TO CLIMATIC CHANGES.

"Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that
many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes,
particularly temperature increases.

Impacts of Global Warming

Global warming is already underway with consequences that must be faced
today as well as tomorrow. Evidence of changes to the Earth's physical,
chemical and biological processes is now evident on every continent.

To fully appreciate the urgency of climate change, it's important to
understand the ways it affects society and the natural environment. Sea
levels are rising and glaciers are shrinking; record high temperatures
and severe rainstorms and droughts are becoming increasingly common.
Changes in temperatures and rainfall patterns alter plant and animal
behavior and have significant implications for humans. In this section,
explore the connections between the climate data and the changes
happening around you—and those you can expect to see in the future—in
all parts of the globe, including your own backyard.
Not only are global warming-induced changes currently underway, but
scientists also expect additional effects on human society and natural
environments around the world. Some further warming is already
unavoidable due to past heat-trapping emissions; unless we aggressively
reduce today's emissions, scientists project extra warming and thus
additional impacts.
The Climate Hot Map arranges current and future climate impacts into five main groupings:

People

Freshwater

Oceans

Ecosystems

Temperature

Each of these major groupings, in turn, is divided into specific
categories that describe more fully some of the consequences we may
face.

Health

As our climate changes, the risk of injury, illness, and death from the
resulting heat waves, wildfires, intense storms, and floods rises.

Extreme heat. If high temperatures, especially
when combined with high relative humidity, persist for several days
(heat waves), and if nighttime temperatures do not drop, extreme heat
can be a killer. Of all climate-related projections by scientists,
rising temperatures are the most robust. Higher temperatures are also
the most influenced by human behavior: the fewer heat-trapping emissions
we release into the atmosphere, the cooler we can keep our planet.
Because winter temperatures are rising faster than summer ones,
cold-related deaths are likely to decline.

"Natural" disasters. Projected changes in
temperature and precipitation under global warming are likely to lead to
other effects that threaten human health and safety. For example,
changing precipitation patterns and prolonged heat can create drought,
which can cause forest and peat fires, putting residents and
firefighters in danger. However, a warming atmosphere also holds more
moisture, so the chance of extreme rainfall and flooding continues to
rise in some regions with rain or snow. In many heavily populated areas,
sea-level rise is more likely to put people in the path of storm surges
and coastal flooding. Warmer ocean waters may spawn more intense
tropical hurricanes and typhoons while ocean cycles continue to be a
factor in the frequency of tropical cyclones.

Poor air quality. Three key ingredients—sunlight,
warm air, and pollution from power plants and cars burning coal and
gasoline—combine to produce ground-level ozone (smog), which humans
experience as poor air quality. Higher air temperatures increase smog,
if sunlight, fossil fuel pollution, and air currents remain the same.

Allergens and other nuisances. Warmer temperatures
and higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stimulate
some plants to grow faster, mature earlier, or produce more potent
allergens. Common allergens such as ragweed seem to respond particularly
well to higher concentrations of CO2, as do pesky plants such as poison
ivy. Allergy-related diseases rank among the most common and chronic
illnesses that can lead to lower productivity.

Spreading diseases. Scientists expect a warmer
world to bring changes in "disease vectors"—the mechanisms that spread
some diseases. Insects previously stopped by cold winters are already
moving to higher latitudes (toward the poles). Warmer oceans and other
surface waters may also mean severe cholera outbreaks and harmful
bacteria in certain types of seafood. Still, changes in land use and the
ability of public health systems to respond make projecting the risk of
vector-borne disease particularly difficult.

People do not bear the health risks of climate change equally because:

Climate trends differ by region. People who live
in floodplains, for example, are more likely to see river or coastal
flooding. Similarly, people who live in regions with poor air quality
today are at greater risk from poor air quality days in the future.

Some people are more vulnerable to illness or death.
Young children, the elderly, and those who are already ill are less
able to withstand high temperatures and poor air quality, for example.
Temperature extremes and smog hit people with heart and respiratory
diseases, including asthma, particularly hard.

Wealthy nations are more likely to adapt to
projected climate change and recover from climate-related disasters than
poor countries . Even within nations, less economically fortunate
individuals are more vulnerable because they are less likely to have air
conditioning and well-insulated homes, and because they have fewer
resources to escape danger.

Better planning—through investments in infrastructure and public
health strategies—can help communities become more resilient in a
warming world. However, the costs of coping with health risks linked to
severe climate change are often higher than the costs of curbing
heat-trapping emissions in the first place.

Food

Climate-related threats to global food production include risks to grain, vegetable, and fruit crops, livestock, and fisheries.

Reduced yields. The productivity of crops and
livestock, including milk yields, may decline because of high
temperatures and drought-related stress.

Increased irrigation. Regions of the world that
now depend on rain-fed agriculture may require irrigation, bringing
higher costs and conflict over access to water.

Decreased arability. Prime growing temperatures
may shift to higher latitudes, where soil and nutrients may not be as
suitable for producing crops, leaving lower-latitude areas less
productive.

More pests. Insect and plant pests may survive or
even reproduce more often each year if cold winters no longer keep them
in check. New pests may also invade each region as temperature and
humidity conditions change. Lower-latitude pests may move to higher
latitudes, for example.

Risks to fisheries. Shifts in the abundance and
types of fish and other seafood may hurt commercial fisheries, while
warmer waters may pose threats to human consumption, such as increasing
the risk of infectious diseases.
Extreme ocean temperatures and ocean acidification place coral
reefs-—the foundations of many of the world's fisheries-—at risk.

As with health risks, nations and individuals do not bear threats to the global food supply equally.

Nations that lose arable land and critical fisheries may not have the
resources or climate to pursue reasonable-cost options for maintaining
food security. Some nations are also more vulnerable to unfavorable
international trade agreements and regional strife that may interrupt
food distribution.

Water Use

Humans use water for everything from drinking and bathing to growing
crops, supporting livestock and fish farms, shipping goods, generating
electricity, and simply relaxing and having fun. Yet climate change is
producing profound changes in this precious commodity, threatening water
availability, access, and even quality.

Decline in drinking water—both quantity and quality—is expected for these reasons:

Decline in irrigation supplies. Loss of mountain
snowpack reduces the amount of water available for irrigation
downstream, while earlier spring snowmelt affects the timing. Saltwater
intrusion may contaminate the supply from groundwater.

Higher shipping costs. Lower lake and river levels
may reduce the capacity of ships to carry freight safely due to the
danger of their running aground or preclude the use of large ships
altogether—both of which may increase shipping costs for food and other
commodities.

Disruptions to power supply. Lower lake and river
levels may threaten the capacity of hydroelectric plants, while higher
temperatures may mean that water is too warm to cool coal and nuclear
power plants, leading to power brownouts. Shrinking mountain glaciers
threaten electricity generation as well.

Effects on recreation. Reduced snowpack and
earlier spring snowmelt put traditional winter sports, such as skiing
and snowmobiling, at risk, while lower water levels in lakes and rivers
increase the costs of maintaining recreational amenities such as
pleasure boat docks and even beaches.

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Maneno ya kufikiri

1. A deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward a person, such as that arising from kinship, recognition of attractive qualities, or a sense of underlying oneness.
2. A feeling of intense desire and attraction toward a person with whom one is disposed to make a pair; the emotion of sex and romance.
3.
a. Sexual passion.
b. Sexual intercourse.
c. A love affair.
4. An intense emotional attachment, as for a pet or treasured object.
5. A person who is the object of deep or intense affection or attraction; beloved. Often used as a term of endearment.
6. An expression of one's affection: Send him my love.
7.
a. A strong predilection or enthusiasm: a love of language.
b. The object of such an enthusiasm: The outdoors is her greatest love.
8. Love Mythology Eros or Cupid.
9. often Love Christianity Charity.
10. Sports A zero score in tennis.
v. loved, loving, loves
1. To have a deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward (a person): We love our parents. I love my friends.
2. To have a feeling of intense desire and attraction toward (a person).
3. To have an intense emotional attachment to: loves his house.
4.
a. To embrace or caress.
b. To have sexual intercourse with.
5. To like or desire enthusiastically: loves swimming.
6. Theology To have charity for.
7. To thrive on; need: The cactus loves hot, dry air.

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