1. Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. On appeal, the Court of Appeals
applies the same standards as the trial court.

2. The interpretation and legal effect of a written instrument is a matter of law over which
an appellate court exercises unlimited review.

3. If the language of a written instrument is clear and can be carried out as written, there is
no room for rules of construction.

4. When a surety's bond for a subcontractor names only the general contractor as obligee
and explicitly excludes the possibility of any third party being able to claim that it was
an intended beneficiary with a right to sue, the subcontractor's supplier has no cause of
action against the surety.

Appeal from Barber District Court; ROBERT J. SCHMISSEUR, judge. Opinion filed
September 15, 2000.
Reversed and remanded with directions.

BEIER, J.: As surety for a highway project subcontractor, defendant-appellant
Western Surety Company (Western) seeks review of a judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellee and
landowner Harry Dawson, who sued Western to recover for the subcontractor's negligence and
breach of a borrow pit agreement. Western contends Dawson, as a supplier to the subcontractor,
cannot recover on a performance and payment bond issued for the sole benefit of the general
contractor. We agree, and we reverse and remand for entry of summary judgment in favor of
Western.

The following essentially undisputed facts inform our analysis.

Popejoy Construction Company, Inc., and its successor, Ritchie Corporation,
(collectively Popejoy) had a contract with the State of Kansas for highway improvements.
Popejoy provided a bond issued by Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland for the benefit of the
State and third-party claimants to secure Popejoy's performance of the general contract, as
required by K.S.A. 68-410.

Popejoy subcontracted with Givens Construction Company, Inc. (Givens), for excavation
and piping work on the project. Givens provided a combination performance and payment bond
issued by Western, naming Popejoy as the sole obligee. The bond further stated: "No right of
action or recovery shall accrue on this bond to or for the use of any person or entity other than
the Obligee named herein, its heirs, executors, administrators or assigns."

Givens entered into a borrow pit agreement with landowner Dawson to acquire fill
material to perform its work under the subcontract. The agreement required Givens to pay for
soil removed and to perform certain other removal-related tasks on Dawson's land.

Dawson alleged that he suffered damages when Givens filed for bankruptcy without
completing payments or work called for in the borrow pit agreement. He first filed a claim for
damages against the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT). KDOT acknowledged his
claim and notified him that KDOT would take no further action. KDOT further advised
Dawson that his claim was against the general contractor and referred him to K.S.A. 68-410.

Rather than suing Popejoy, Dawson obtained relief from the bankruptcy stay and sued
Givens, Western, and Givens' liability insurance carrier. It is uncontroverted that, shortly after
the filing of the amended petition naming Western for the first time, Western's vice president
wrote to Dawson's counsel, pointing out that Dawson had no cause of action under Western's
bond. The letter stated in pertinent part:

"[Y]our client has no right of action against the payment bond issued to Givens
Construction Company. That bond is for the exclusive benefit of Popejoy
Construction Company/Ritchie Paving, Inc. Subcontractors and suppliers are
afforded no protection under the bond. Western Surety Company has reserved
all of its rights, remedies and defenses in this matter, including the defense that
your client has no right of action against this bond.

"Although Western Surety Company is still willing to negotiate an
out-of-court settlement with your client, we cannot consent to suit, since your client
has no right against the bond. A copy of the bond is enclosed for your review.
. . . Western Surety Company reserves the right to request appropriate sanctions
in the event the Court determines this suit to have been filed without merit.

"As always, Western Surety Company reserves all rights, remedies and
defenses under the bond, the contractual documents, the General Indemnity
Agreement executed by Givens Construction Company and its individual
indemnitors in favor of Western Surety Company, and all applicable law."

The amended petition included no allegations regarding Western other than its service
address, its surety status, and its refusal to accede to plaintiff's demand for payment. Western's
answer included admissions of these three vanilla allegations. It also included a general denial of
all claims not specifically enumerated; an affirmative defense of prevention of performance; and
a reservation of any defenses, counterclaims, or cross-claims discovery might unearth. It did not
explicitly repeat Western's position from the earlier letter to Dawson's counsel, i.e.,
that the
bond provided Dawson no cause of action against Western. The amended petition had not
explicitly pleaded the converse.

The parties proceeded with discovery. A few weeks before trial, Western filed a motion
for summary judgment, again arguing, among other things, that Dawson could not recover under
the express terms of the surety bond.

Western apparently also filed a motion for leave to amend its answer on the same day.
We say that a motion for leave to amend (referred to in the district court as a "motion to amend")
Western's answer was "apparently" filed because the motion itself is not contained in the record
on appeal. We are able to rely on this fact because the parties do not dispute the timing or the
content of the motion for leave to amend Western's answer. The motion for leave to amend
sought to add, among other things, two paragraphs under the caption "Affirmative Defenses."
One asserted that Dawson had failed to join Popejoy as a necessary party and the other asserted,
again, that Western was obligated only to indemnify Popejoy under the terms of the bond.

The parties entered into an agreed pretrial conference order, which, as such
orders
uniformly do, included the statement that it superseded all pleadings and controlled the future
course of the action. The order also recited that Western had a pending motion for leave to
amend its answer, which would be decided before trial. The sections of the order containing the
parties' contentions and theories were factual in nature and did not mention Western's legal
theory regarding the limited coverage of the bond. However, the list of legal issues agreed to by
the parties before the motion for leave to amend was ruled upon included the
following:

"Is plaintiff entitled to recovery under the payment and performance
bond issued by Western Surety Company pursuant to the Borrow Pit
Agreement between plaintiff and Givens Construction Company?"

The trial judge waited until the day of trial to decide Western's motion for leave to amend
and its motion for summary judgment. He denied both.

With regard to the motion for leave to amend, the district judge's journal entry states that
the motion sought to add a defense known to Western when it filed its answer and that its late
assertion would prejudice the plaintiff, whose suit against Popejoy would be barred by the statute
of limitations.

With regard to the motion for summary judgment, Dawson had argued in his response
that the motion's focus was on the failure to join Popejoy, which, in Dawson's view, constituted
an affirmative defense required to be included in the original answer under K.S.A. 60-208(c). The
district judge stated the following reason for denying the motion on the day of trial:

"My rationale for denying the motion [for summary judgment] is
primarily that it is of a flavor of a statute of limitations defense that was not
[pled] and that if the issue had been raised at an early time the plaintiff would
have been in a position to file amended claims, pleadings, et cetera that the
equities of the matter make it unfair on the eve of trial to allow you to assert
defenses that were not asserted at an earlier time."

The matter proceeded to trial, and the jury awarded Dawson $214,225.72 in damages.

Western's first claim of error is dispositive of this appeal. It focuses on the district judge's
adverse ruling on summary judgment.

Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. On appeal, the Court of Appeals applies the
same standards as the trial court. See Bergstrom v. Noah, 266 Kan. 847, 871, 974
P.2d 531 (1999).
In addition, examination of this issue requires interpretation of Western's bond. The
interpretation and legal effect of a written instrument is a matter of law over which an appellate
court exercises unlimited review. See City of Topeka v. Watertower Place Dev.
Group, 265 Kan.
148, 152-53, 959 P.2d 894 (1998). If the language of a written instrument is clear and can be
carried out as written, there is no room for rules of construction. See In re Cherokee
County
Revenue Bonds, 262 Kan. 941, 953, 946 P.2d 83 (1997).

When a surety's bond for a subcontractor names only the general contractor as obligee
and explicitly excludes the possibility of any third party being able to claim that it was an
intended beneficiary with a right to sue, the subcontractor's supplier has no cause of action
against the surety. Western's bond named Popejoy Construction Company as the only obligee
and explicitly excluded the possibility of any third party being able to claim that it was an
intended beneficiary with a right to sue: "No right of action or recovery shall accrue on this
bond to or for the use of any person or entity other than the Obligee named herein, its heirs,
executors, administrators or assigns."

Under the bond, Western undertook to pay only Popejoy in the event it suffered a loss
because of Givens' nonperformance or nonpayment under the subcontract. The subcontract
between Popejoy and Givens was distinct from the borrow pit agreement between Givens and
Dawson. Western's bond was designed by the parties to back up Givens' obligations to Popejoy
under the subcontract, not Givens' obligations to Dawson under the borrow pit agreement.
Western could become liable in relation to the borrow pit agreement only if Givens' default on
the agreement caused loss to Popejoy. There being no loss to Popejoy, there was no right of
recovery against Western.

The district judge simply lost sight of this straightforward legal issue and thus missed the
inevitable conclusion that Western was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. This is
understandable, given the misdirections that bombarded him from both sides of the case.

Western, having made clear its position on its bond's coverage in its letter to Dawson's
counsel, should not have turned around 6 months later and treated the issue as a new "affirmative
defense" that had to be added to the case by means of a motion for leave to amend. It was
Dawson's burden to prove that Western owed him a duty and/or breached an agreement with
him, not Western's to prove the opposite.

For his part, Dawson should not have ignored the bond coverage issue in his response to
the motion for summary judgment and his response to the motion for leave to amend by telling
the district judge to focus instead on whether Western had ever argued that Popejoy was a
necessary party. Dawson and his counsel knew there was nothing surprising or prejudicial about
Western's assertion that the bond did not provide Dawson with a right of action against it.
KDOT had told Dawson from the beginning that he needed to look to Popejoy for satisfaction,
and Western's letter to Dawson's counsel could not have been more plain. In our view, the
agreed pretrial conference order's inclusion of the issue as one of the legal questions
awaiting
resolution speaks volumes about what Dawson and his counsel knew and when they knew it.
They did not need Western's motion for leave to amend to tell them that Western would defend
on the basis that the bond's sole obligee was Popejoy.