Marriage and Immigration Law Blog

This blog, focusing on common situations, updates in the field, unique cases, procedural issues, and experiences that may prove useful and humorous (and hopefully not dull!) as encountered by private immigration attorney, Heather L. Poole, who practices federal U.S. immigration law exclusively in the areas of family-based immigration & U.S. citizenship law.

Tuesday, October 01, 2013

In the latest news from AILA (American Immigration Lawyers Association), filing a DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) case - which doesn't lead to a green card but the chance for a two year work permit - at the same time as a VAWA (Violence Against Women Act) immigrant visa case may slow down the issuance of a DACA work permit:"The Vermont Service Center (VSC) only adjudicates DACA applications in which a VAWA-related application is also identified . . . .

If there is a VAWA-related filing at the VSC, a DACA application filed elsewhere for the same applicant will be forwarded to the VSC. Per the VSC, if the VAWA-related application is close to its normal processing time, it will be adjudicated first. If the VAWA-related application is not close to the normal processing time the DACA application will be adjudicated first. According to VSC the transfer process may cause a slight delay in adjudications. The delay appears more significant where the VAWA-related filing occurs after the DACA application is already pending, though some members have experienced faster VAWA-related adjudications where the VAWA-related application is filed first.Because the DACA processing time is significantly shorter than that for a U/T/VAWA petition, members may want to consider filing clients’ DACA applications first and waiting until the application is adjudicated before filing a VAWA-related application. Posted on AILA InfoNet Doc. No. 13093006 (posted Sep. 30, 2013)

Monday, July 29, 2013

Snowbirds are usually those in their 60s and above who are
retired and live in the US for part of the year when the weather is bad in
their home country during the winter months (common for Canadians).
Traditionally, it has been easy for many Canadians to do this, often spending 6
months at a time or repeatedly entering the US for 3-4 months at a time
frequently through the year, without worry that CBP would stop them and turn
them around. These snowbirds blend in well with American culture, many opening
bank accounts, owning a summer or vacation home in warm places such as Fort
Lauderdale, Florida and Palm Springs, California, and lacking the traditional
accent of those from Eastern European, Asian, and Spanish-speaking
countries. But the very things that help
these individuals blend so seamlessly into American life are now evidence for
CBP to start enforcing traditional dual intent doctrine against Canadians, now
that a clear policy tightening down on unlawful presence for Canadians has been
announced.

In April 2013, US
Customs & Border Protection clarified its policy on Canadian visitors and
unlawful presence. Since 2009, US CIS and US consulates under the purview of
the Department of State, have agreed that unlawful presence for Canadians is
not triggered for purposes of the 3 and 10 year bars for unlawful presence when
a Canadian is waived in with their passport at the border. At consulate
interviews in Montreal, Canada’s Immigrant Visa issuing post, officers have
felt bound to follow the findings in the system entered by CBP concluding that
an unlawful presence bar was triggered or unlawful presence has occurred.

In
its latest memo, CBP indicates that Canadians are not treated as D/S (duration
of stay) for purposes of unlawful presence but instead, are treated as having
the equivalent of 10 year visitor visas with a maximum authorized stay of 6
months per visit, assuming they are waived in at the border, which remains up
to CBP discretion.

This has a significant impact on many Canadian citizens who
have often stayed well beyond the 6 months and may have unwittingly even
triggered the ten year bar (which is triggered by 1 year of unlawful presence –
not consecutive – cumulative overstays can up to this 1 year!) and are turned
around at the border on their next attempted entry for having Immigrant intent
(living in the US) and unlawful presence.

For many Canadians experiencing this
for the first time, they find themselves stuck abroad, with their lives,
girlfriend, work, real property, and family obligations left behind in the US
in an instant and without warning. CBP
has been more traditionally lax in enforcing the Immigrant intent issue against
Canadians or tracking Canadian entries. No longer the case. Canadian visitors must now weigh paths topotential permanent residency, in the US instead of relying on the visitor visa
status they have been used to. But even US permanent residency comes with its
own challenges and the fear of abandoning residency by filing taxes abroad in
Canada or living in Canada for more than half of the year.

Monday, July 22, 2013

I have been approached more frequently since March 2013 by
adult US citizen children wanting to sponsor their undocumented parents for
green cards, now that the new “provisional waiver” law is in effect. I
unfortunately have to explain the provisional waiver program is a policy, not a
law change, and more importantly, that it doesn’t apply to parents of US
citizens if they are hoping to qualify through their adult US citizen child,
who is often the only one of their children with legal status. The provisional I-601a waiver program allows an immediate relative to apply for the 10 year bar waiver
while still in the US to cut down on separation from their family due to
prolonged waiver adjudication that requires that the immigrant wait outside of
the US until the waiver is approved and the immigrant visa is issued. The 10
year bar waiver requires that the person being sponsored for the immigrant visa
and who is subject to the bar have a qualifying relative for the waiver – a US
citizen spouse or US citizen parent of their own. When both parents are
undocumented and have no parents of their own in LPR or USC status, even with a
USC child, the parents lack the qualifying relative necessary for the waiver.
They just don’t qualify.

So, I’m forced to look at other options.

The U visa has
turned out to be the remedy in many cases. If one of the parents can qualify
for the U visa and assuming they are not divorced, the other parent can be
added as to the main U visa petition as a “derivative.”

This is one of the only
areas in federal immigration law that allows a spouse to be included on the
same petition, which if approved, would also allow both undocumented spouses to
obtain work authorization for four years and potential to apply for a U visa
based green card after three years in U status.

The U visa has also one of the most generous waivers available, even
waiving the permanent bar (which is triggered by illegal entry after a removal
order or illegal entry after more than 1 year of cumulative unlawful presence
in the US). The permanent bar is otherwise non-waivable and requires that the
immigrant stay outside the US for a ten-year period, no exceptions.

U visas can be used for incidents of
workplace violence, even attempted robberies (being held at knifepoint to steal
a wallet), attempted car jackings, witnessing another get injured or being victimized by a mugging as well as
many other types of crimes – regardless of whether a crime is only classified
as a misdemeanor and even if no visible injury exists as long as the immigrant
can prove substantial mental harm from the threatened or actual violence.

Monday, July 15, 2013

In many cultures, allowing the parent to stay in the spare
bedroom for months at a time while visiting the immigrant in the US from their foreign country, is a
given. It would be expensive and insulting to stick mom at a hotel or motel.
But allowing mom to stay with you and your US citizen spouse can lead to
problems that you may not anticipate, especially if you have a conditionalgreen card. The stereotypical
mother-in-law is known to cause a rift between couples and when cultural issues
converge upon a US citizen from a different culture and your own, you may find
yourself in the middle of supporting your wife or your mother. I have had many consultations with both men
and women who are separated during the conditional period from their US citizen
spouse because their spouse couldn’t stand the mother-in-law’s interference,
whether real or imaginary.

If your spouse refuses to move back in with you and/or your
mother refuses to leave or you refuse to move her out, you may be forced to
file for divorce and file for a I-751 conditional green card waiver based on
good faith marriage due to the separation because your spouse is not willing to
file the joint I-751 petition with you. The
first problem you run into is:

You have to prove the separation was not your
fault. If you moved in your mother, took her side against your spouse, etc.,
then it’s nearly impossible to prove that your spouse moving out was not your
fault.

You run into is logistics of proving you
were in a real marriage, after the fact, and when your spouse is likely angry
with you for seemingly choosing your parent over the spouse. The divorce decree is not the most important
evidence for the waiver.

How are you going to document your commingled
financial and physical life with your spouse if s/he has cut off your access to
those accounts, refuses to speak with you, you can’t notify the bank without
her finding out, or all of the assets were in her name or your separate
names?

What if the tables are turned? Even if your US citizen
spouse moves in their brother or parent into your home, and you leave, how can
you prove it’s her fault, not your’s, when in many cultures, wives are expected
to live with their families or must financially support financially-strapped
family members who cannot afford to live on their own? Who looks like the bad
guy to CIS?

So, what can you do? Prevention is the best medicine. Be clear with your spouse about how long you
are expecting your parent to stay and agree on the timeline. Get this in
writing (a casual email agreeing to this – but don’t make it too obvious! - can
help you document this later if your spouse back-peddles within days of your
parent showing up). Have a conversation
with your parent about interfering and advising your spouse or you against your
spouse’s wishes – at least while s/he is visiting. If you can afford it, have your parent stay
at a hotel or stay with another relative and visit your parent instead of
having your parent live in your house.
There’s an old adage that new wives are especially nervous about their
role as a wife and may be more sensitive to any comments made by your parent.

Monday, July 08, 2013

Whether to sponsor a spouse now when you are a permanent resident or later when you become a US citizen does not have a
black and white answer and depends on many factors that must be weighed in the
particular immigrant’s situation. It’s important to ask:

(1)How
long will it take for the Petitioning spouse to become a US citizen? If a
Petitioner obtained their green card based on employment, asylum, U visa, or
any other part of the INA besides being married to a US citizen spouse or being
abused by one, the earliest the petitioner can apply for naturalization is 4
years and 9 months after the initial grant of permanent residency. If the Petitioner obtained their green card
through marriage to a US citizen, the petitioner is eligible for naturalization
only in 2 years and 9 months from the initial grant of residency if the
petitioner received their green card based on the Violence Against Women Act’s
self-petitioning provisions or I-751 conditional green card waiver based on
extreme mental cruelty or physical battery.
Otherwise, since the immigrant has to be divorced from their first
spouse to have married their current spouse, there is no other way to qualify
for the 3 year eligibility period.

(2)Does
the immigrant spouse (beneficiary of the eventual green card) have underlying
visa status now? If so, when does that run out? When does the I-94 expire? If the spouse is on an F-1, student visa,
which is valid for duration of stay and has an optional practical training
period for usually a year after program completion, you may be able to buy some
more time and allow your spouse to remain in valid nonimmigrant while you wait
for your citizenship eligibility. But if your spouse is at the end of her
program, has no job prospects, and may be falling out of status, filing an Immigrant
Visa may be helpful to a judge if she is placed in removal later; the judge may
take this piece of evidence as her eventual means to residency once you become
a US citizen.

(3)Look
to the future. What is your spouse’s future non-immigrant visa application
plans? The negative to filing an immigrant visa when an immigrant is on an NIV
(non-immigrant visa) such as an F-1 student visa or even a B-2 visitor’s visa
is that concurrently filing the IV violates the principal of dual intent, which
may affect the consulate’s willingness to issue another NIV in the future for
your wife. If they look up in the system and see that she has an Immigrant Visa
petition filed by her husband, this shows eventual permanent intent to stay in
the US, the opposite intent of someone who desires entry on an NIV(non-immigrant visa) for limited duration and which the immigrant must prove a
permanent intent to return back home to their country at the end of their
temporary stay in the US.

(4)Look
at the actual processing times and compare. When determining if it would be
faster to apply for your spouse when you are still a permanent resident, you
need to consult 3 different timelines to “accurately” predict the faster route:

·Review the CIS Service Center where the petition
will be filed – how long is CIS taking in the I-130 category filed by an
Immediate relative (USC) vs. the I-130 category filed by a permanent resident?
How quickly have these categories been moving over the past 6 months?

·Review the Visa Bulletin if you are filing as a
permanent resident. What is the current priority date (the date you filed the
I-130 package with the Service Center) that the 2nd preference (2A)
category is on for the country where your spouse is from? How quickly has this
category been moving over the past six months?
Add this to the CIS Service Center timing to guestimate how long it
could take before you can start the NVC process for your spouse (if your spouse
is consular processing) or start the AOS (adjustment of status) process with
USCIS?

·How long is USCIS taking on current adjustment
cases in your local district (where the immigrant spouse is located) if s/he is
eligible for adjustment? How long is NVC taking to issue packets 2 & 3 and
process payments and original documents to set up the consulate interview if
your spouse will be consular processing?
This last category is the most
unpredictable because you are projecting current processing times onto future
decision dates often many years off; processing times could obviously change at
the local CIS office or consulates or NVC by that time.

Remember,
though, it’s not just the fastest processing time that matters. Your spouse
must also be able to stay in status unless s/he qualifies for 245(i) or will be
willing to face the 10 year bar if there is a substantial overstay and the two
of you must be willing to undergo the waiver process which could add many more
months to total processing.

These are just some of the main factors to consider when applying for an immigrant visa for your spouse if you are a permanent resident. Always consult a competent immigration attorney in depth about your spouse's immigration history, goals, and timing needs. And make sure your spouse is in on the consultation as well. After all, you are planning your future together.