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National Institutes of Health (May 15, 2018): Mediterranean Diet May Slow Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

May 15, 2018

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia that occurs with aging. Experts estimate that more than 5 million Americans are currently living with the disease. But scientists know little about what lifestyle factors might protect people against developing Alzheimer’s disease. They do know that brain changes associated with the disease can occur decades before symptoms are seen.

In previous work, a research team led by Dr. Lisa Mosconi from Weill Cornell Medicine found differences in brain imaging scans between people who reported eating a Mediterranean diet and those who ate a standard Western diet. A Mediterranean diet is high in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and lean protein. In contrast, a standard Western diet contains an excess of red meat, saturated fats, and refined sugar. The differences that the research team found may signal early Alzheimer’s disease.

In a new study, Mosconi and her colleagues measured changes in brains over time.

They performed baseline brain imaging in 34 people who ate a Mediterranean diet and 36 people who ate a Western diet. The volunteers ranged in age from 30 to 60 and showed no symptoms of dementia when the study began. The researchers then repeated the scans at least two years later. The study was supported by NIH’s National Institute on Aging (NIA). Results were published online in Neurology on April 13, 2018.

The brain scans taken at the beginning showed that the people who ate a Western diet already had more beta-amyloid deposits than those who ate a Mediterranean diet. Beta-amyloid is a protein known to collect in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. The brains of those who ate a Western diet also showed lower energy use - a sign of brain activity - at the beginning of the study than those who ate a Mediterranean diet. Both these differences suggest the early development of dementia.