70.
The object of this school being the individual and progressive
instruction of
the recruits, the instructor never requires a movement to be executed
until he
has given an exact explanation of it; and he executes, himself, the
movement
which he commands, so as to join example to precept. He accustoms the
recruit
to take, by himself, the position which is explained - teaches him to
rectify
it only when required by his want of intelligence - and sees that all
the
movements are performed without precipitation.

71.
Each movement should be understood before passing to another. After
they have been
properly executed in the order laid down in each lesson, the instructor
no
longer confines himself to that order; on the contrary, he should
change it,
that he may judge of the intelligence of the men.

72.
The instructor allows the men to rest at the end of each part of the
lessons,
and oftener, if he thinks proper, especially at the commencement; for
this
purpose he commands REST.

73.
At the command REST, the soldier is no longer required to preserve
immobility,
or to remain in his place. If the instructor wishes merely to relieve
the
attention of the recruit, he commands, in place-REST;
the soldier is
then not required to preserve his immobility, but he always keeps one
of his
feet in its place.

74.
When the instructor wishes to commence the instruction, he commands -
ATTENTION; at this command the soldier takes his position, remains
motionless,
and fixes his attention.

75.
The School of the Soldier will be divided into
three parts: the first,
comprehending what ought to be taught to recruits without arms; the
second the
manual of arms, the loadings and firings; the third, the principles of
alignment, the march by the front, the different steps, the march by
the flank,
the principles of wheeling and those of change of direction; also, long
marches
in double quick time and the run,

77.
This will be taught, if practicable, to one recruit at a time; but
three or
four may be united, when the number be great, compared with that of the
instructors. In this case the recruits will be placed in a single rank,
at one
pace from each other. In this part, the recruit will be without arms.

78.
Heels on the same line, as near each other as the conformation of the
man will
permit;

The
feet turned out equally, and forming with each other something less
than a
right angle;

The
knees straight without stiffness

The
body erect on the hips, inclining a little forward;

The
shoulders square and falling equally;

The
arms hanging naturally;

The
elbows near the body;

The
palm of the hand turned a little to the front, the little finger behind
the
seam of the pantaloons;

The
head erect and square to the front, without constraint;

The
chin near the stock, without covering it;

The
eyes fixed straight to the front, and striking the ground about the
distance of
fifteen paces.

REMARKS ON THE
POSITION OF THE SOLDIER.

Heels
on the same line;

79.
Because, if one were in the rear of the other, the shoulder on that
side would
be thrown back, or the position of the soldier would be constrained.

Heels
more or less closed;

Because,
men who are
knock-kneed, or who have legs with large calves, cannot, without
constraint,
make their heels touch while standing.

The
feet equally turned out, and not forming too large an angle;

Because,
if one foot were turned out more than the other, a shoulder would be
deranged,
and if both feet be too much turned out, it would not be practicable to
incline
the upper part of the body forward without rendering the whole position
unsteady.

Knees
extended without stiffness;

Because,
if stiffened,
constraint and fatigue would be unavoidable.

The
body erect on the hips;

Because,
it gives equilibrium to the position. The instructor will observe that
many
recruits have the bad habit of dropping a shoulder, of drawing in a
side, or of
advancing a hip, particularly the right, when under arms. These are
defects he
will labor to correct.

The
upper part of the body inclining forward;

Because,
commonly, recruits are disposed to do the reverse, to project the belly
and to
throw back the shoulders, when they wish to hold themselves erect, from
which
result great inconveniences in marching. The habit of inclining forward
the
upper part of the body is so important to contract, that the instructor
must
enforce it at the beginning, particularly with recruits who have
naturally the
opposite habit.

Shoulders
square;

Because
if the shoulders be advanced beyond the line of the breast, and the,
back
arched (the defect called round -shouldered, not
uncommon with
recruits,) the man cannot align himself, nor use his piece with
address. It is
important, then, to correct this defect, and necessary to that end that
the
coat should set easy about the shoulders and arm pits; but in
correcting this defect,
the instructor should take care that the shoulders be not thrown too
much to
the rear, which would cause the belly to project, and the small of the
back to
be, curved.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART I.

The
arms hanging naturally, elbows near the body, the palm of the hand a
little
turned to the front, the little finger behind the seam of the
pantaloons;

Because
these positions are equally important to the shoulder arms,
and to
prevent the man from occupying more space in a rank than is necessary
to it
free use of the piece; they have, moreover, the advantage of keeping in
the
shoulders.

The
face straight to the front, and without constraint;

Because,
if there be stiffness in the latter position, it would communicate
itself to
the whole of the upper part of the body, embarrass its movements and
give pain
and fatigue.

Eyes
direct to the front;

Because,
this is the surest means of maintaining the shoulders in line- an
essential
object, to be insisted on and attained.

80.
The instructor having given the recruit the position of the soldier,
without
arms, will now teach him the turning of the head and eyes. He will
command:

1.
Eyes- RIGHT 2. FRONT.

81.
At the word right, the recruit will turn the head
gently, so as to bring
the inner corner of the left eye in a line with the buttons of the
coat, the
eyes fixed on the line of the eyes of the men in, or supposed to he in,
the
same rank.

82.
At the second command the head will resume the direct or habitual
position.

83.
The movement of Eyes - LEFT will be executed by
inverse means.

84.
The instructor will take particular care that the movement of the head
does not
derange the squareness of the shoulders, which will happen if the
movement of
the former be too sudden.

85.
When the instructor shall wish the recruit to pass from the state of
attention
to that of ease, he will command:

REST.

86.
To cause a
resumption of the habitual position, the instructor will command:

1.
Attention. 2. SQUAD.

87.
At the first word, the recruit will fix his attention; at the second,
he will
resume the prescribed position and steadiness.

88.
Facings to the right or left will be executed in one time,
or pause. The
instructor will command:

1.
Squad. 2. Right (or left) -FACE.

89.
At the second command, raise the right foot slightly, turn on the left
heel
raising the toes a little, and then replace the right heel by the side
of the
left, and on the same line.

90.
The full face to the rear (or front) will be executed in two times,
or
pauses. The instructor will command:

1.
Squad. 2. ABOUT -FACE.

91.
(First time.) At the word about,
the recruit will turn on left
heel, bring the left toe to the front, carry the right foot to the
rear, the
hollow opposite to, and full three inches from, the left heel, the feet
square
to each other.

92.
(Second time.) At the word face, the recruit will
turn on both heels, raise
the toes a little, extend the hams, face to the rear, bringing, at the
same
time, the right heel by the side of the left.

93.
The instructor will
take care that these motions do not derange the position of the body.

94.
The length of the direct step, or pace in common time, will be
twenty-eight
inches, reckoning from heel to heel, and, in swiftness, at the rate of
ninety
in a minute.

95.
The instructor, seeing the recruit confirmed in his position, will
explain to
him the principle

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART I.

and
mechanism of this
step-placing himself six or seven paces from and facing to the recruit.
He will
himself execute slowly file step ill the way of illustration, and then
command:

1.
Squad, forward. 2. Common time. 3. MARCH.

96.
At the first command, the recruit will throw the weight of the body on
the
right leg, without bending the left knee.

97.
At the third command, he will smartly, but without a jerk, carry
straight
forward the left foot twenty-eight inches from the right, the sole near
the
ground, the ham extended, the toe a little depressed, and, as also the
knee slightly turned out; he will, at the same
time, throw the weight of the body forward, and plant flat the left
foot,
without shock, precisely at the distance where it finds itself from the
right
when the weight of the body is brought forward, the whole of which will
now
rest on the advanced foot. The recruit will next, in like manner,
advance the
right foot and plant it as above, the heel twenty-eight inches from the
heel of
the left foot, and thus continue to march without crossing the legs, or
striking the one against the other, without turning the shoulders and
preserving always the face direct to the front.

98.
When the instructor shall wish to arrest the march, he will command:

1.
Squad. 2. HALT.

99.
At the second command, which will be given at the instant when either
foot is
coming to the ground, the foot in the rear will be brought up, and
planted by
the side of the other, without shock.

100.
The instructor will indicate, from time to time, to the recruit the
cadence of
the step, by giving the command one at the instant
of raising a foot,
and two at the instant it ought to be planted,
observing the cadence of
ninety steps in a minute. This method will contribute greatly to
impress upon
the mind the two motions into which the step is naturally divided.

101.
Common time will be employed only in the first and second parts of the
School
of the Soldier. As soon as the recruit has acquired steadiness, has
become
established in the principles of shoulder arms and in the mechanism,
length and
swiftness of the stop in common time, he will be practiced only in
quick time,
the double quick time, and the run.

102.
The principles of the stop in quick time are the same as for common
time, but
its swiftness is at the rate of one hundred and ten steps per minute.

103.
The instructor wishing the squad to march in quick time, will command:

104.
The length of the double quick step is thirty-three inches, and its
swiftness at
the rate of one hundred and sixty-five steps per minute.

105.
The instructor wishing to teach the recruits the principles and
mechanism of
the double quick step, will command:

1.
Double Quick Step. 2. MARCH.

106.
At the first command, the recruit will raise his hands to a level with
his
hips, the hands closed, the nails toward the body, the elbows to the
rear.

107.
At the second command, he will raise to the front his left leg bent, in
order
to give to the knee the greatest elevation, the part of the leg between
the
knee and the instep vertical, the toe depressed; he will then replace
his foot
in its former position with the right leg he will then execute what has
just
been prescribed for the left, and the alternate movement of the legs
will be
continued until the command:

1.
Squad. 2. HALT.

108.
At the second command, the recruit will bring the foot which is raised
by the
side of the other and dropping at the same time his hands by his side,
will
resume the position of the soldier without arms.

109.
The instructor placing himself seven or eight paces from., and facing
the
recruit, will indicate the cadence by the commands, one and two, given
alternately at the instant each foot should be brought to the ground,
which at
fir-it will be in common time, but its rapidity will be gradually
augmented.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

110.
The recruit being sufficiently established in the principles of this
step, the
instructor will command.

1.
Squad, forward. 2. Double Quick. 3. MARCH.

111.
At the first command, the recruit will throw the weight of his body on
the
right leg.

112.
At the second command, he will place his arms as indicated No. 106.

113.
At the third command he will carry forward the left foot, the leg
slightly
bent, the knee somewhat raised -will plant his left foot, the toe
first,
thirty-three inches from the right, and with the right foot will then
execute
what has just been prescribed for the left. This alternate movement of
the legs
will take place by throwing the weight
of the body on the foot that is planted, and by allowing a natural,
oscillatory
motion to the arms.

114.
The double quick step may be executed with different degrees of
swiftness.
Under urgent circumstances the, cadence of this step may be increased
to one
hundred and eighty per minute. At this rate a distance of four thousand
yards
would be passed over in about twenty-five minutes.

115.
The recruits will be exercised also in running.

116.
The principles are the same as for the double quick step, the only
difference
consisting in a greater degree of swiftness.

117.
It is recommended in marching at double quick time, Or the run, that
the men should
breathe as much as possible through the nose, keeping the mouth closed.
Experience has proved that, by conforming to this principle, a man can.
pass
over at much longer distance and with less fatigue.

120.
The recruit being placed as explained in the first lesson of the first
part,
the Instructor will cause him to bend the right arm slightly, and place
the piece
in it, in the following manner:

121.
The piece in the right hand-the barrel nearly vertical and resting in
the
hollow of the shoulder-the guard to the front, the arm hanging nearly
at its
full length near the body; the thumb, and fore-finger embracing the
guard, the
remaining fingers closed together, and grasping the swell of the stock
just
under the cock, which rests on the little finger.

122.
Recruits are frequently seen with natural defects in the conformation
of the
shoulders, breast and hips. These the instructor will labor to correct
in the
lessons without arms, and afterwards, by steady endeavors, so that the
appearance of the places, in the same line, may be uniform, and this
without
constraint to the men in their positions.

123.
The instructor will have occasion to remark that recruits, on first
bearing
arms, are liable to derange their position by lowering the right
shoulder and
the right hand, or by sinking the hip and spreading out the elbows.

124.
He will be careful to correct all these faults by continually
rectifying the
position; he will sometimes take away the piece to replace it the
better; he
will avoid fatiguing the recruits too much in the beginning, but labor
by
degrees to render this position so natural and easy that they may
remain in it
a long time without fatigue.

125.
Finally, the
instructor will take great care that the piece, at a shoulder, be not
carried
too high nor too low; if too high, the right elbow would spread out,
the
soldier would occupy too much space in his rank, and the piece be made
to
waver; if too low, the files would be toomuch
closed, thesoldier

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

would
not have the
necessary space to handle his piece with facility, the right arm would
become
too much fatigued, and would draw down the shoulder.

126.
The instructor, before passing to the second lesson, will cause to be
repeated
the movements of eyes right, left, and front,
and the facings.

127.
The manual of arms will be taught to four men, placed, at first, in one
rank;
elbow to elbow, and afterwards in two ranks.

128.
Each command will be executed in one time (or
pause), but this time will
be divided into motions, the better to make known the mechanism.

129.
The rate (or swiftness) of each motion, in the manual of arms, with the
exceptions herein indicated, is fixed at the ninetieth part of a
minute; but,
in order not to fatigue the attention, the instructor will, at first,
look more
particularly to the execution of the motions, without requiring a nice
observance of the cadence, to which he will bring the recruits
progressively,
and after they shall have become a little familiarized with the
handling of the
piece.

130.
As the motions relative to the cartridge, to the rammer and to the
fixing and
unfixing of the bayonet, cannot be executed at the rate prescribed, nor
even
with a uniform swiftness, they will not be subjected to that cadence.
The
instructor will, however labor to cause these motions to be executed
with
promptness, and above all, with regularity

131.
The last syllable of the command will decide the brisk execution of the
first
motion of each time (or pause). The commands two, three,
and four,
will decide the brisk execution of the other motions. As soon is the
recruits
shall well comprehend the positions of the several motions of a time,
they will
be taught to execute the time without resting on its different motions;
the
mechanism of the time will nevertheless be observed, as well to give a
perfect
use of the piece, as to avoid the sinking of, or slurring over either
of the
motions.

132
The manual of arms will be taught in the following progression: The
instructor
will command:

Support-
ARMS.

One
time and three motions.

133.
(First motion.) Bring the piece, with the right
hand, perpendicularly to
the front and between the eyes, the barrel to the rear; seize the piece
with
the left hand at the lower hand, raise this hand as high as the chin,
and seize
the piece at the same time with the right hand four inches below the
cock.

134.
(Second motion.) Turn the piece with the right hand,
the barrel to the
front; carry the piece to the left shoulder, and pass the fore-arm
extended on
the breast between the right hand and the cock; support the cock
against the
left fore-arm, the left hand resting on the right breast.

135.
(Third motion.) Drop the right
hand by the side.

136.
When the instructor may wish to give repose in this position, he will
command

REST.

137.
At this command, the recruits will bring up smartly the right hand to
the
handle of the piece (small of the stock), when they will not be
required to
preserve silence, or steadiness of position.

138.
When the instructor may wish the recruits to pass from this position to
that of
silence and steadiness, he will command:

1.
Attention. 2. SQUAD.

139.
At the second
word., the recruits will resume the position of the third motion of
support
arms

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and three motions.

140.
(First motion.) Grasp the piece with the right hand
under and against
the left fore-arm; seize it with the left hand at the lower band, the
thumb
extended; detach the piece slightly from the shoulder, the left
fore-arm along
the stock.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

141.
(Second motion.) Carry the piece vertically to the
right shoulder with
both hands, the rammer to the front, change the position of the right
hand so
as to embrace the guard with the thumb and fore-finger, slip the left
hand to
the height of the shoulder, the fingers extended and joined, the right
arm
nearly straight.

142. (Third
motion.)
Drop the right hand quickly by the side.

Present-
ARMS

One
time and two motions.

143.
(First motion.) With the right hand bring the piece
erect before the
centre of the body, the rammer to the front; at the same time seize the
piece
with the left hand half-way between the guide sight and lower band, the
thumb
extended along the barrel and against the stock, the fore-arm
horizontal and
resting against the body, the hand as high as the elbow.

144.
(Second motion.) Grasp the small of the stock with
the right hand below
and against the guard.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

145.
(First motion.) Bring the piece to the right
shoulder, at the same time
change the position of the right band so as to embrace the guard with
the thumb
and fore-finger, slip up the left hand to the height of the shoulder,
the
fingers extended and joined, the right arm nearly straight.

146.
(Second motion.) Drop the left hand quickly by the
side.

Order-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

147.
(First motion.) Seize the piece briskly with the
left hand near the
upper band, and detach it slightly from the shoulder with the right
hand;
loosen the grasp of the right hand, lower the piece with the left,
reseize the
piece with the right band above the lower band, the little finger in
rear of
the barrel, the butt about four inches from the ground, the right hand
supported against the hip, drop the left hand by the side.

148.
(Second motion.) Let the piece slip through the
right hand to the ground
by opening slightly the fingers, and take the position about to be
described.

Position
of order arms.

149.
The hand low, the barrel between the thumb and fore-finger extended
along the
stock; the other fingers extended and joined; the muzzle about two
inches from
the right shoulder; the rammer in front; the toe (or beak) of the butt,
against, and in. a line with, the toe of the right foot, the barrel
perpendicular.

150.
When the instructor may wish to give repose in this position, he will
command:

REST.

151.
At this command, the recruits will not be required to preserve silence
or
steadiness.

152.
When the instructor may wish the recruits to pass from this position to
that of
silence and steadiness, he will command:

1.
Attention. 2. SQUAD.

153.
At the second word,
the recruits will resume the position of order arms.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

154.
(First motion.) Raise the piece
vertically with the right hand to the hight of the right breast, and
opposite
the shoulder, the elbow close to the body; seize the piece with the
left hand
below the right, and drop quickly the right hand to grasp the piece at
the
swell of the stock, the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard;
press the
piece against the shoulder with the left hand, the right arm nearly
straight.

155.
(Second motion.) Drop the left hand quickly by the
side.

Load
in nine times.

1.
LOAD.*

156. (First
motion.)
Same as the first position of present arms No.
143.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Whenever
the loadings and firings are to be executed, the instructor will cause
the cartridge
box to be brought to the front.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

(Second
motion.) Carry the piece to the left side with the left
hand-butt upon the ground-barrel
to the front-piece inclined to the right and front resting upon the
left thigh,
muzzle six inches in front of the centre of the body-right hand
grasping the
piece just below the upper n=band, and left hand extended
upon the piece.

(Third
motion.) Seize the piece with the
left hand at the muzzle and carry the right hand to the cartridge box.

2.
Handle-CARTRIDGE.

One
time and one motion.

157.
Seize the cartridge with the thumb and next two fingers, and place it
between
the teeth.

3.
Tear-CARTRIDGE.

One
time and one motion.

158.
Tear the paper to the powder, hold the cartridge upright between the
thumb and
first two fingers, near the top; in this position place it in front of
and near
the muzzle- the back of the hand to the front.

4.
Charge- CARTRIDGE.

One
time and one motion.

159.
Empty the powder into the barrel; disengage the ball from the paper
with the
right hand and the thumb and first two fingers of the left; insert it
into the
bore, the pointed end uppermost, and press it down with the right
thumb; seize
the head of the rammer with the thumb and fore-finger of the right
hand, the
other fingers closed, the elbows near the body.

5.
Draw- RAMMER.

One
time and three motions.

160.
(First motion.) Half draw the rammer by extending,
the right arm; steady
it in this position with the left thumb; seize the rammer between the
thumb and
fore-finger of the right hand the thumb under and the finger over the
rammer;
fingers extended, palm of the hand to the front.

161.
(Second motion.) Clear the rammer from the pipes by
extending the arm;
the rammer in prolongation of the pipes, palm of the hand to the front.

162
(Third motion.) Turn the rammer by closing the
fingers, the little end
passing near the left shoulder, turning the back of the hand to the
front;
steady it by extending the forefinger of the right hand; place the head
of the
rammer on the ball, the rammer in prolongation of the barrel.

6.
Ram- CARTRIDGE.

One
time and one motion.

163.
Insert the rammer as far as the right, and steady it in this position
with the
thumb of the left hand; seize the rammer at the small end with the
thumb and
fore-finger on the right hand, the back of the hand to the front; press
the
ball home, the elbows near the body.

7.
Return- RAMMER.

One
time and three motions.

164
(First motion.) Draw the rammer half-way out, and
steady it in this
position with the left thumb; grasp it near the muzzle with the right
hand, the
thumb under and fore-finger above the rammer, the fingers extended;
clear the
rammer from the bore by extending the arm, the palm to the front, the
rammer in
the prolongation of the bore.

165.
(Second motion.) Turn the rammer, the head
passing near the left shoulder, the fingers closed, the rammer
held between the thumb and fore-finger-nails to the front; insert the
rammer,
until the hand reaches the muzzle.

166.
(Third motion.) Force the rammer home by placing the
little finger of
the right hand on the head of the rammer; extend the left hand down the
piece
without depressing the shoulder.

8.
PRIME.*-

One
time and two motions.

167.
(First motion.) With the left hand raise the piece
till the hand is as
high as the eye, grasp

*If
Maynard's primer be
used, the, command will be: load in eight times and the eighth command
will:

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

the
small of the stock
with the right hand; half face to the right; place, at the same time,
the right
foot behind and at right angles with the left; the hollow of the right
foot
against the left heel. Slip the left hand down to the lower band, the
thumb
along the stock, the left elbow against the body; bring the piece to
the right
side, the butt below the right forearm- the small of the stock against
the body
and two inches below the right breast, the barrel upwards, the muzzle
on a
level with the eye.

168.
(Second motion.) Half cock with the thumb of the
right hand the fingers
supported against the guard and the small of the stock-remove the old
cap with
one of the fingers of the right band, and with the thumb and
fore-finger of the
same hand take a cap from the pouch, place it on the nipple and press
it down
with the thumb; seize the small of the stock with the right hand.

9.
Shoulder- ARMS

One
time and two motions

169.
(First motion.) Bring the piece. to the right,
shoulder and I'll support
it there with the left hand, face to the front; bring the right heel to
the
side of and on a line with the left; grasp the piece with the right
hand as
indicated in the position of shoulder arms.

170. (Second
motion.)
Drop the left hand quickly by the side.

READY.

One
time and three motions.

171,
(First motion.) Raise the piece slightly with the
right hand, making a
half face to the right on the left heel; carry the right foot to the
rear, and
place it at right angles to the left, the hollow of it opposite to, and
against
the left heel; grasp the piece with the left hand at the lower band and
detach
it slightly from the shoulder.

172.
(Second motion.) Bring down the piece with both
hands, the barrel
upwards, the left thumb extended along the stock the butt below the
right fore-arm,
the small of the stock against the body and two inches below the right
breast,
the muzzle as high as the eye, the left elbow against the side; place
at the
same time the right thumb on the head of the cock, the other fingers
under and
against the guard.

173.
(Third motion.) Cock, and seize the piece at the
small of the stock
without deranging the position of the butt.

AIM.

One
time and one motion.

174.
Raise the piece with both hands, and support the butt against the right
shoulder; the left elbow down, the right as high as the shoulder;
incline the
head upon the butt, so that the right eye may perceive quickly the
notch of the
hausse, the front sight, and the object aimed at; the left eye closed,
the
right thumb extended along the stock, the fore-finger on the trigger.

175.
When recruits are formed in two ranks to execute the firings, the front
rank
men will raise a little less the right elbow, in order to facilitate
the aim of
the rear rank men.

176.
The rear rank men, in aiming, will each carry the right foot about
eight inches
to the right, and towards the left heel of the man next on the right,
inclining
the upper part of the body forward.

FIRE.

One
time and one motion.

177.
Press the fore-finger against the trigger, fire, without lowering or
turning
the head, and remain in this position.

178.
Instructors will be careful to observe when the men fire, that they aim
at some
distinct object, and that the barrel be so directed that the line of
fire and
the line of sight be in the same vertical plane. They will often cause
the
firing to be executed on ground of different inclinations, in order to
accustom
the men to fire at objects either above or below them.

be,
shoulder arms and executed from return
rammer, in one time and
two motions, as follows:

(First
motion.) Raise the piece with the left band, and take the
position of
shoulder arms, as indicated No. 146.

(Second
motion.) Drop the left hand quickly by the side.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

LOAD.

One
time and one motion.

179.
Bring down the piece with both hands, at the same time face to the
front and
take the position of load as indicated No. 156.
Each rear rank man will
bring his right foot by the side of the left.

180.
The men being in this position, the instructor will cause the loading
to be
continued by the commands and means prescribed No. 156 and following.

181.
If, after firing, the instructor should not wish the recruits to
reload, he
will command;

Shoulder-ARMS.

One
time and one motion.

182.
Throw up the piece briskly with the left hand and resume the position
of shoulder
arms, at the ' same time face to the front, turning on the
left heel, and
bring the right heel on a line with the left.

183.
To accustom the recruits to wait for the command fire,
the instructor,
when they are in the position of aim, will command:

Recover-ARMS.

One
time and one motion.

184.
At the first part of the command, withdraw the finger from the trigger;
at the
command arms, retake the position of the third
motion of ready.

185.
The recruits being in the position of the third motion of ready,
if the
instructor should wish to bring them to it shoulder, he will command:

Shoulder-ARMS.

One
time and one motion.

186.
At the command shoulder, place the thumb upon the
cock, the fore-finger
on the trigger, half-cock, and seize the small of the stock with the
right
hand. At the command arms, bring up the piece
briskly to the right
shoulder, and retake the position of shoulder arms.

187.
The recruits being at shoulder arms, when the instructor shall wish to
fix
bayonets, he will command :

Fix-
BAYONET.

One
time and four motions.

188.
(First, second, and third motions.) Same as in
first, second, and third
motions in the first time of loading, except in the third motion, the
right
hand is carried to the bayonet, grasping it, with the little finger up.

189.
(Fourth motion.) Draw the bayonet form the scabbard,
fix it, seize the
piece with the right hand at the muzzle, the left hand resting on the
barrel,
arm extended.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

190.
(First motion.) Raise the piece with the left hand
and place it against
the right shoulder, the rammer to the front; seize the piece at the
same time
with the right hand at the swell of the stock, the thumb and
fore-finger
embracing the guard, the right arm nearly extended.

191.
(Second motion.) Drop briskly the left hand by the
side.

192.
The recruits being at ordered arms, if the
instructor should wish to fix bayonets, he will give the command:

Fix
Bayonets,

when
the pieces will be
brought to the left side at one motion, and held as prescribed in No.
188. At the second motion the bayonets will be
fixed as in No. 189; immediately resume the position of ordered
arms.

Charge-
BAYONET.

One
time and two motions.

193.
(First motion.) Raise the piece slightly with the
right hand and make a half
face to the right on the left heel; place the hollow of the right foot
opposite
to, and three inches from the left heel, the feet square; seize the
piece at
the Same time with the left hand a little above the lower band.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

194.
(Second motion.) Bring down the piece with both
hands, the barrel
uppermost, the left elbow against the body; seize the small of the
stock, at the
same time, with the right hand, which will be supported against the
hip; the
point of the bayonet as high as the eye.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

195.
(First motion.) Throw up the piece briskly with the
left hand in facing
to the front, place it against the right shoulder, the rammer to the
front;
turn the right hand so as to embrace the guard, Slide the left band to
the
height of the shoulder, the right hand nearly extended.

196.
(Second motion.) Drop the left hand smartly by the
side.

Trail-
ARMS

One
time and two motions.

197. (First
motion.)
The same as the first motion of order arms.

198.
(Second motion.) Incline the muzzle slightly to the
front, the butt to
the rear and about four inches from the ground. The right hand
supported at the
hip, will so hold the piece that the rear rank men may not touch with
their
bayonets the men in the front rank.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

199.
At the command shoulder, raise the piece
perpendicularly in the right
hand, the little finger in rear of the barrel; at the command arms,
execute what has been prescribed for the shoulder
from the position of order
arms.

Unfix-
BAYONET.

One
time and four motions.

200. (First
and
second motions.) Same as in fix bayonet.

201.
(Third motion.) Same as in fix bayonet,
except turn the bayonet
clasp with the right thumb, grasp the shank of the bayonet with the
right hand,
palms under thumb and fingers extended well at the blade of the bayonet.

202.
(Fourth motion.) Wrench off the bayonet,
return it to the
scabbard, grasp the piece at the upper band with the right hand, lower
the left
hand along the barrel, the arm extended without depressing the shoulder.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

203. (First
and
second motion.) The same as from fix bayonet,
Nos. 190 and 191.

Secure-
ARMS.

One
time and three motions.

204.
(First motion.) The same as the first motion of support
arms, No.
133, except with the right hand seize the piece at the small of the
stock.

205.
(Second motion.) Turn the piece with both hands, the
barrel to the
front; bring it opposite the left shoulder, the butt against the hip,
the left
hand at the lower band, the thumb as high as the chin and extended on
the
rammer; the piece erect and detached from the shoulder, the left
fore-arm
against the piece.

206.
(Third motion.) Reverse the piece, pass it under the
left arm, the left
hand remaining at the lower band, the thumb on the rammer to prevent it
from
sliding out, the little finger resting against the hip, the right hand
falling
at the same time by the side.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and three motions.

207.
(First motion.) Raise the piece with the left band,
and seize it with
the right. hand at the small of the stock. The piece erect and detached
from
the shoulder, the butt against the hip, the left fore-arm along the
piece.

208.
(Second motion.) The same as the second motion of shoulder
armsfrom
a support.

209.
(Third motion.) The same as the third motion of shoulder
arms from a
support.

Right
shoulder shift-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

210.
(First motion.) Detach the piece perpendicularly
from the shoulder with
the right band, and seize it with the left between the lower band and
guide-sight, raise the piece, the left hand at the height of the
shoulder and
four inches from it; place, at the same time, the right hand on the
butt,

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

the
beak between the
first two fingers, the other two fingers under the butt plate.

211.
(Second motion.) Quit the piece with the left hand,
raise and place the
piece on the right shoulder with the right hand the look plate upwards;
let
fall, at the same time, the left hand by the side.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

212,
(First motion.) Raise the piece perpendicularly by
extending the right
arm to its full length, the rammer to the front, at the same time seize
the
piece with the left hand between the lower band and guide-sight.

213.
(Second motion.) Quit the butt with the right hand,
which will immediately
embrace the guard, lower the piece to the position of shoulder arms,
slide up
the left hand to the hight of the shoulder, the fingers extended and
closed.
Drop the left hand by the side.

214.
The men being at support arms, the instructor will sometimes cause
pieces to be
brought to the right shoulder. To this effect, he will command:

Right
Shoulder shift-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

215.
(First motion.) Seize the piece with the right hand,
below and near the
left fore-arm, place the left hand under the butt, the heel of the butt
between
the first two fingers.

216.
(Second motion.) Turn the piece with the left hand
the lock plate
upwards, carry it to the right shoulder, the left hand still holding
the butt,
the muzzle elevated; hold the piece in this position and-place the
right hand
upon the butt as is prescribed No. 210, and let fall the left hand by
the side.

Shoulder-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions.

217.
(First motion.) The same as the first motion of
shoulder arms,
No. 212.

218.
(Second motion.) Turn the piece with both hands, the
barrel to the
front, carry it opposite the left shoulder, slip the right hand to the
small of
the stock, place the left fore-arm extended on the breast as is
prescribed No.
134, and let fall the right hand by the side.

Arms-
AT WILL.

One
time and one motion.

219.
At this command, carry the piece at pleasure on either shoulder, with
one or
both bands, the muzzle elevated.

Support-ARMS.

One
time and one motion.

220.
At this command, retake quickly the position of shoulder arms.

221.
The recruits being at ordered arms, when the instructor shall wish to
cause the
pieces to be placed on the ground, be will command

Ground-
ARMS.

One
time and two motions

222.
(First motion.) Turn the piece with the right hand,
the barrel to the
left, at the same time seize the cartridge box with the left hand, bend
the
body, advance the left foot, the heel opposite the lower band ; lay the
piece
on the ground with the right hand, the toe of the butt on a line with
the right
toe, the knees slightly bent, the right heel raised.

223.
(Second motion.) Rise up, bring the left foot by the
side of the right,
quit the cartridge box with the left hand, and drop the hands by the
side.

Raise-ARMS

One
time and two motions.

224.
(First motion.) Seize the cartridge box with the
left hand, bend the
body, advance the left foot opposite the lower band, and seize the
piece with
the right hand.

225.
(Second motion.) Raise the piece, bringing the left
foot by the side of
the right; turn the piece with the right hand, the rammer to the front;
at the
same time quit the cartridge box with the

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

left
hand, and drop this
hand by the side.

226.
The recruits being at ordered arms, with the bayonet in the scabbard,
if the
instructor wishes to cause an inspection of arms he will command:

Inspection-ARMS.

One
time and four motions.

(First
and second motions.) Same as in fix
bayonet, No. 192, except that
the left hand remains at the muzzle, and the rammer head is seized
between the
thumb and fore-finger, as in draw rammer.

227.
(Third motion.) Spring rammer as prescribed in loading;
lower the
left hand along the piece to full extent of arm, grasping the piece at
the
muzzle band with the right hand.

228.
(Fourth motion.) Bring the piece to position of order
arms.

229.
The instructor will then inspect in succession the piece of each
recruit, in passing
along the front of the rank. Each, as the instructor reaches him, will
raise
smartly his piece with his right hand, seize it with the left between
the lower
band and guide-sight, the lock to the front, the left hand at the
height of the
chin, the piece opposite to the left eye; the instructor will take it
with the
right hand at the handle, and, after inspecting it, will return it to
the
recruit, who will receive it back with the right hand, and replace it
in the
position of ordered arms.

230.
When the instructor shall have passed him, each recruit will retake the
position proscribed at the command inspection arms,
return the rammer,
and resume the position of ordered arms.

231.
If, instead of inspection of arms, the instructor
should merely wish to
cause bayonets to he fixed, he will command:

Fix-BAYONETS.

232.
Take the position indicated in No. 192, fix bayonets as has been
explained, and
immediately resume the position of ordered arms.

233.
If it be the wish of the instructor, after firing, to ascertain whether
the
pieces have been discharged, he will command:

Spring-RAMMERS.

234.
Put the rammer in the barrel as has been explained above, and
immediately
retake the position of ordered arms.

235.
The instructor, for the purpose stated, can take the rammer by the,
small end,
and spring it in the barrel, or cause each recruit to make it ring in
the
barrel.

236.
Each recruit, after the instructor passes him, will return rammer and
resume
the position of ordered arms.

Remarks on the Manual
of Arms.

237.
The manual of arms frequently distorts the persons of recruits before
they
acquire case and confidence in the several positions. The instructor
will
therefore frequently recur to elementary principles in the course of
the
lessons.

238.
Recruits are also extremely liable to curve the sides and back, and to
derange
the shoulders, especially in loading. Consequently the instructor will
not
cause them to dwell too long, at a time in one position.

239.
When, after some days of exercise in the manual of arms, the four men
shall be
well established in their use, the instructor will always terminate the
lesson
by marching the men for some time in one rank, and at one pace apart,
in common
and quick time, in order to confirm them more and more in the mechanism
of the
step; he will also teach them to mark time and to change step; which
will be
executed in the following manner:

To Mark Time.

240.
The four men
marching in the direct step, the instructor will command:

1.
Mark time. 2. MARCH.

241.
At the second command, which will be given at the instant a foot is
coming to
the ground, the recruits will make a semblance of marching, by bringing
the
heels by the side of each other, and

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

observing
the cadence of
the step, by raising each foot alternately without advancing.

242.
The instructor
wishing the direct step to be resumed will command:

1.
Forward. 2. MARCH.

243.
At the second command, which will be given as prescribed above, the
recruits
will retake the step of twenty-eight inches,

To change step.

244.
The squad being in
march, the instructor will command:

1.
Change step. 2. MARCH.

245.
At the second command, which will be given at the instant either foot
is coming
to the ground, bring the foot which is in rear by the side of that
which is in
front, and step off again with the foot which was in front.

To march backwards.

246.
The instructor
wishing the squad to march backwards, will command:

1.
Squad backward 2. MARCH.

247.
At the second command, the recruits will stop off smartly with the left
foot
fourteen inches to the rear, reckoning from heel to heel, and so on
with the
feet in succession till the command halt, which
will always be preceded
by the caution squad. The men will halt at this
command, and bring back
the foot in front by the side of the other.

248.
This step will always be executed in quick time.

249.
The instructor will be watchful that the recruits march straight to the
rear,
and that the erect position of the body and the piece be not deranged.

250.
The object of this lesson is to prepare the recruits to load at will,
and to
cause them to distinguish the times which require the greatest
regularity and
attention, such as charge cartridge, ram cartridge
and prime. It
will be divided as follows:

251.
The first time will be executed at the end of the command; the three
others at
the commands, two, three and four.

The
instructor will command:

1.
Load in four times. 2. LOAD.

252.
Execute the times
to include to charge cartridge.

TWO.

253.
Execute the times
to include ram cartridge.

THREE.

254.
Execute the times
to include prime.

FOUR.

255.
Execute the time of
shoulder arms.

To load at will.

256,
The instructor will next teach loading at will, which will be executed
as
loading in four times, but continued, and without resting on either of
the
times. He will command:

1.
Load at will. 2. LOAD

257.
The instructor will habituate the recruits, by degrees, to load with
the
greatest possible promptitude, each without regulating himself by his
neighbor,
and above all without waiting for him.

258.
The cadence prescribed No. 129, is not applicable to loading in four
times, or
at will.

259.
The firings are direct
or oblique, and will be executed as follows:

The direct fire.

260.
The instructor will
give the following commands:

1.
Fire by squad. 2. Squad. 3.
READY. 4. AIM. 5. FIRE 6. LOAD.

261.
These, several commands will be executed as has been proscribed in the Manual
of arms. At the third command the
men will come to the position of ready as
heretofore explained. At the
fourth they will aim according to the rank in which each may find
himself
placed, the rear rank men inclining forward a little the upper part of
the
body, in order that their pieces may reach as much beyond the front
rank as
possible.

262.
At the sixth command they will load their pieces and return immediately
to the
position of ready.

263.
The instructor will recommence the firing by the command:

1.
Squad. 2. AIM. 3. FIRE. 4. LOAD.

264.
When the instructor
wishes the firing to cease he will command:

Cease
firing.

265.
At this command the men will cease firing but will load their pieces if
unloaded, and afterwards bring them to a shoulder.

Oblique Firing.

266.
The oblique firings will be executed to the right and left, and by the
same
commands as the direct fire, with this single difference - the command aim
will always be preceded by the caution, right or left oblique.

Position of the two
ranks in the Oblique
Fire to the right.

267.
At the command ready, the two ranks will execute
what has been
prescribed for the direct fire.

268.
At the cautionary command, right oblique, the two ranks will throw back
the
right shoulder and look steadily at the object to be hit.

269.
At the command, aim, each front rank man will aim
to the right without
deranging the feet; each rear rank man will advance the left foot about
eight
inches toward the right heel of the man next on the right of his file
leader
and aim to the right, inclining the upper part of the body forward and
bending
a little the left knee.

Position of the two
ranks in the Oblique
Fire to the left.

270.
At the cautionary command, left oblique, the two
ranks will throw back the
left shoulder and look steadily at the object to be hit.

271.
At the command, aim, the front rank will take aim to the left without
deranging
the feet; each man in the rear will advance the right foot about eight
inches
toward the right heel of the man next on the right of his file leader,
and aim
to the left, inclining the upper part of the body forward and bending a
little
the right knee,

272.
In both cases, at the command, load, the men of
each rank will come to
the position of load as prescribed in the direct fire; the rear rank
men
bringing back the foot which is to the right and front by the side of
the
other. Each man will continue to load as if isolated.

To
fire by file.

273.
The fire by file will be executed by the two ranks, the files of which
will
fire successively, and without regulating on each other, except for the
first
fire.

274.
The instructor will command:

1.
Fire by file. 2. Squad. 3.
READY. 4. COMMENCE FIRING.

275.
At the third command, the two ranks will take the position prescribed
in the
direct fire.

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

276.
At the fourth command, the file on the right will aim and fire; the
rear rank
man in aiming will take the position indicated No. 176.

277.
The men of this file will load their pieces briskly and fire a second
time;
reload and fire again, and so on in continuation.

278.
The second file will aim at the instant the first brings down pieces to
reload,
and will conform in all respects to that which has just been prescribed
for the
first file.

279.
After the first fire, the front and rear rank men will not be required
to fire
at the same time

280.
Each man, after loading, will return to the position of ready, and
continue the
fire.

281.
When the instructor wishes the fire to cease, he will command:

Cease-FIRING.

282.
At this command, the men will cease firing. If they have fired they
will load
their pieces and bring them to a shoulder; if at the position of ready,
they will half-cock and shoulder arms. If in the position of aim,
they
will bring down their pieces, half-cock, and shoulder arms,

To fire by Rank.

283.
The fire by rank will be executed by each entire rank, alternately.

285.
At the third command, the two ranks will take the position of ready,
as
prescribed in the direct fire.

286.
At the seventh command, the rear rank will execute that which has been
prescribed in the direct fire, and afterwards take the position of ready.

287.
As soon as the instructor sees several men of the rear rank in the
position of
ready, he will command:

1.
Front Rank. 2. AIM. 3. FIRE. 4. LOAD.

288.
At these commands, the men in the front rank will execute what has been
prescribed for the rear rank, but they will not step off with right
foot.

289.
The instructor will recommence the firing by the rear rank, and will
thus
continue to alternate from rank to rank, until he shall wish the firing
to
cease, when he will command, cease firing, which
will be executed as
heretofore prescribed.

290.
In this exercise the squad will be supposed loaded and drawn up in one
rank.
The instruction will be given to each man individually, without times
or
motions, and in the following manner.

291.
The instructor will command:

FIRE
AND LOAD KNEELING,

292.
At this command, the man on the right of the squad will move forward
three
paces and halt; then carry the right foot to the rear and to the right
of the
left heel, and in a position convenient for placing the right knee upon
the
ground in bending the left log; place the right knee upon the ground ;
lower
the piece, the left fore-arm supported upon the thigh on the same side,
the
right hand on the small of the stock, the butt resting on the right
thigh, the
left hand supporting the piece near the lower band.

293.
He will next move the right leg to the left around the knee supported
on the
ground, until this leg is nearly perpendicular to the direction of the
left
foot, and thus seat himself, comfortably on the right heel,

294.
Raise the piece with the right hand and support it with the left,
holding it
near the lower band, the left elbow resting on the left thigh near the
knee;
seize the hammer with the thumb, the fore-finger under the guard, cock
and
seize the piece at the small of the stock; bring the piece to the
shoulder, aim
and fire.

295.
Bring the piece
down as soon as it is fired, and support it with the left hand, the
butt
resting against the right thigh; carry the piece to the rear rising on
the
knee, the barrel downwards, the butt

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART II.

resting
on the ground;
in this position support the piece with the left hand at the upper
band, draw
cartridge with the right and load the piece, ramming the ball, if
necessary,
with both hands.

296.
When loaded bring the piece to the front with the left hand, which
holds it at
the upper band; seize it at the same time with the right hand at the
small of
the stock; turn the piece, the barrel uppermost and nearly horizontal,
the left
elbow resting on the left thigh; half-cock, remove the old cap and
prime, rise,
and return to the ranks.

297.
The second man will then be taught what has just been prescribed for
the first,
and so on through the remainder of the squad

Fire and load lying.

298.
In this exercise the squad will be in one rank and loaded: the
instruction will
be given individually and without times or motions.

299.
The instructor will command:

FIRE
AND LOAD LYING.

300.
At this command, the man on the right of the squad will move forward
three
paces and halt; he will then bring his piece to an order, drop on both
knees,
and place himself on the ground flat on his belly. In this position he
will
support the piece nearly horizontal with the left hand, holding it near
the
lower band, the butt end of the piece and the left elbow resting on the
ground,
the barrel uppermost; cock the piece with the right hand, and carry
this hand
to the small of the stock; raise the piece with both hands, press the
butt
against the shoulder, and resting on both elbows, aim
and fire.

301.
As soon as he has fired, bring the piece down and turn upon his left
side,
still resting on his left elbow; bring back the piece until the cock is
opposite his breast, the butt end resting on the ground; take out a
cartridge
with the right hand; seize the small of the stock with this hand,
holding the
cartridge with the thumb and two first fingers; he will then throw
himself on
his back still holding the piece with both hands; carry the piece to
the rear,
place the butt between the heels, the barrel up, the muzzle elevated.
In this
position, charge cartridge draw rammer, ram cartridge, and return
rammer.

302.
When finished loading, the man will turn again upon his left side,
remove the
old cap and prime, then raise the piece vertically, rise, turn about,
and
resume his position in the ranks.

303.
The second man will be taught what has just been prescribed for the
first, and
so on throughout the squad.

304.
The bayonet exercise in this book will be confined to two movements,
the guard
against infantry, and the guard against cavalry.
The men will be
placed in one rank, with two paces interval, and being at shoulder
arms, the
instructor will command:

1.
Guard against Infantry. 2. GUARD.

One
time and two motions.

305.
(First motion.) Make a half face to the right
turning on both heels, the
feet square to each other; at the same time raise the piece slightly,
and seize
it with the left hand above and near the lower band.

306.
(Second motion.) Carry the right foot twenty inches
perpendicularly to
the rear, the right heel on the prolongation of the left, the knees
slightly
bent, the weight of the body resting equally on both legs; lower the
piece
with. both hands, the barrel uppermost, the left elbow against the
body; seize
the piece at the same time with the right hand at the small of the
stock, the
arms falling naturally, the point of the bayonet slightly elevated.

Shoulder-ARMS.

One
time and one motion

307.
Throw up the piece with the left band, and place it against the right
shoulder,
at the same time bring the right heel by the side of the left and face
to the
front.

1.
Guard against Cavalry. 2. GUARD.

One
time and two motions.

308.
Both motions the
same as for guard against infantry, except that the
right hand will be

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

supported
against the hip, and the bayonet held at the hight of the eye, as in charge
bayonet.

Shoulder-ARMS.

One
time and one motion.

309.
Spring up the piece with the left hand and place it against the right
shoulder,
at the same time bring the right heel by the side of the left, and face
to the
front.

310.
When the recruits are well established in the principles and
mechanism of
the step, and the position of the body, the manual
of arms, the
instructor will unite eight men, at least, and twelve men, at most, in
order to
teach them the principles of alignment, the principles of the touch of
elbows
in marching to the front, the principles of the march by the flank,
wheeling
from a halt, wheeling in marching, and the change of direction to the
side of
the guide. He will place the squad in
one rank elbow to elbow, and number the men from right to left.

311.
The instructor will at first teach the recruits to align themselves man
by
mail, in order the better to make them comprehend the principles of
alignment;
to this end, he will command the two men on the right flank to march
two paces
to the front, and having aligned them, he will caution the remainder of
the
squad to move up, as they may be successively called each by his
number, and
align themselves successively on the line of the first two men.

312.
Each recruit, as designated by his number, will turn the head and eyes
to the
right as proscribed in the first lesson of the first part, and will
march in quick
time two paces forward, shortening the last, so as to find
himself about
six inches behind the new alignment, which he ought never to pass; he
will next
move up steadily by steps of two or three inches, the hams extended, to
the
side of the man next to him on the alignment, so that, without
deranging the
head, the line of the eyes, or that of the shoulders, he may find
himself in
the exact line of his neighbor, whose elbow he will lightly touch
without
opening his own.

313.
The instructor seeing the rank well aligned, will command:

FRONT.

314.
At this, the recruits will turn eyes to the front, and remain firm.

315.
Alignments to the left will be executed on the same principles.

316.
When the recruit shall have thus learned to align themselves man by
man,
correctly, and without groping or jostling, the instructor will cause
the
entire rank to align itself at once by the command:

Right
(or left)- DRESS.

317.
At this, the rank, except the two men placed in advance as, a basis of
alignment, will move up in quick time, and place themselves on the new
line,
according to the principles prescribed No. 312.

318.
The instructor, placed five or six paces in front, and facing the rank,
will
carefully observe that the principles are followed, and then pass to
the flank
that has served as the basis, to verify the alignment.

319.
The instructor seeing the greater number of the rank well aligned, will
command:

FRONT.

320.
The instructor may afterwards order this or that
file forward
or back, designating each by its number. The file
or files designated,
only, will slightly turn the head towards the basis, to judge how much
they
ought to move up or back, steadily place themselves on the line, and
then turn
eyes to the front, without a particular command to that effect.

321.
Alignments to the rear will be executed on the same principles, the
recruits
stopping back a little beyond the line, and then dressing up according
to the
principles prescribed No. 312, the instructor commanding:

Right
(or left
) backward-DRESS.

322.
After each alignment, the instructor will examine the position of the
men, and
cause the rank to come to ordered arms, to prevent too much fatigue,
and also
the danger of negligence at shouldered arms.

323.
The men having learned, in the first and second parts, to march with
steadiness
in common time, and to take steps equal in length and swiftness, will
be
exercised in the third part only in quick time, double quick
time, and
the run; the instructor will cause them to execute
successively, at
these different gaits, the march to the front, the facing about in
marching,
the march by the flank, the wheels at a halt and in marching, and the
changes
of direction to the side of the guides.

324.
The instructor will inform the recruits that at the command march,
they
will always move off in quick time, unless this
command should be
preceded by that of double quick.

To
march to the front.

325.
The rank being correctly aligned, when the instructor shall wish to
cause it to
march by the front, he will place a well instructed man on the right or
the
left, according to the side on which he may wish the guide to be, and
command:

1.
Squad, forward. 2. Guide right
(or left.) 3. MARCH.

326.
At the command march, the rank will step off
smartly with the left foot;
the guide will take care to march straight to the front, keeping the
shoulders
always in a square with that line.

327.
The instructor will observe, in marching to the front, that the men
touch
lightly the elbow towards the side of the guide; that they do not open
out the
left elbow, nor the right arm; that they yield to pressure coming from
the side
of the aide, and resist that coming from the opposite side; that they
recover
by insensible degrees the slight touch of the elbow, if lost; that they
maintain the head direct to the front, no matter on which side the
guide may
be; and if found before or behind the alignment, that the mail in fault
corrects himself by shortening or lengthening the step, by degrees.
almost
insensible.

328.
The instructor will labor to cause recruits to comprehend that the
alignment
can only be preserved, in marching, by the regularity of the step, the
touch of
the elbow, and the maintenance of the shoulders in a square with the
line of
direction; that if, for example, the step of some be longer than that
of
others, or if some march faster than others, a separation of elbows,
and a loss
of the alignment, would be inevitable; that if (it being required that
the head
should be direct to the front) they do not strictly observe the touch
of
elbows, it would be impossible for an individual to judge whether he
marches
abreast with his neighbor, or not, and whether there be not an interval
between
them.

329.
The impulsion of the quick step having a tendency to make men too easy
and free
in their movements, the instructor will be careful to regulate the
cadence of
this step, and to habituate them to preserve always the erectness of
the body,
and the due length of the pace.

330.
The men being well established in the principles of the direct march,
the
instructor will exercise them in marching obliquely. The rank being in
march,
the instructor will command

1.
Right (or left) oblique.
2. MARCH.

331.
At the second command, each man will make a half face to the right (or
left),
and will then march straight forward in the new direction. As the men
no longer
touch elbows, they will glance along the shoulders of the nearest files
towards
the side to which they are obliquing, and will regulate their steps so
that the
shoulders shall always be behind that of their next neighbor on that
side, and
that his head shall conceal the heads of the other men in the rank.
Besides
this, the men should preserve the same length of pace, and the same
degree of
obliquity.

332.
The instructor, wishing to resume the primitive direction, will command:

1.
Forward. 2. MARCH.

333.
At the second command, each man will make a half face to the left (or
right),
and all will then march straight to the front, conforming to the
principles of
the direct march.

To march to the front
in double quick time.

334.
When the several principles, heretofore explained, have become familiar
to the
recruits, and they shall be well established in the position of the
body, the
bearing of arms, and the mechanism, length, and swiftness of the step,
the
instructor will pass them from quick to double
quick time, and

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

the
reverse observing
not to make them march obliquely in double quick time, till they are
well
established in the cadence of this step.

335.
The squad being at a march in quick time, the instructor will command:

1.
Double quick. 2. MARCH.

336.
At the command march, which will be given when either foot is coming to
the
ground, the squad will step off in double quick time. The men will
endeavor to
follow the principles laid down in the first part of this book, and to
preserve
the alignment.

337.
When the instructor wishes the squad to resume the step in quick time,
he will
command:

1.
Quick time. 2. MARCH.

338.
At the command march, which will be given when either foot is coming to
the
ground, the squad will retake the step in quick time.

339.
The squad being in march, the instructor will halt it by the commands
and means
prescribed Nos. 98 and 99. The command halt, will
be given an instant
before the foot is ready to be placed on the ground.

340.
The squad being in march in double quick time, the instructor will
occasionally
cause it I to mark time by the commands prescribed No. 240. The men
will then
mark double quick time, without altering the cadence of the step. He
will also
cause them to pass from the direct to the oblique step, and
reciprocally,
conforming to what has been prescribed No. 330, and following.

341.
The squad being at a halt, the instructor will cause it to march in
double
quick time, by preceding the command march, by double
quick.

342.
The instructor will endeavor to regulate well the cadence of this step.

To face about in
marching.

343.
If the squad be
marching in quick, or double quick time, and the instructor should wish
to
march it in retreat, he will command:

1.
Squad right about. 2. MARCH.

344.
At the command march, which will be given at the
instant the left foot
is coming to the ground, the recruit will bring this foot to the
ground, and
turning on it, will face to the rear; he will then place the right foot
in the
new direction, and step off with the left foot.

To
march backwards.

345.
The squad being at a halt, if the instructor should wish to march it in
the
back step, he will command:

1.
Squad backward. 2. Guide left (or
right). 3. MARCH.

346.
The back step will be executed by the means prescribed No. 247.

347.
The instructor, in this step, will be watchful that the men do not lean
on each
other.

348.
As the march to the front in quick time should only be executed at
shouldered
arms, the instructor, in order not to fatigue the men too much, and
also to
prevent negligence in gait and position, will halt the squad from time
to time,
and cause arms to be ordered.

349.
In marching at double quick time, the men will
always carry their pieces
on the right shoulder or at a trail.
This rule is general.

350.
If the instructor shall wish the pieces carried at a trail, he will
give the command
trail arms, before the command double quick.
If, on the contrary,
this command be not given, the men will shift their pieces to the right
shoulder at the command double quick. In either
case, at the command halt,
the men will bring their pieces to the position of shoulder
arms. This
rule is general.

351.
The rank being at a
halt, and correctly aligned, the instructor will command:

1.
Squad, right-FACE. 2. Forward.
3. MARCH.

352.
At the last part of
the first command, the rank will face to the right; the even numbered
men,

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

after
facing to the right,
will step quickly to the right side of the odd numbered men, the latter
standing fast, so that when the movement is executed, the men will be
formed
into files of two men abreast.

353.
At the third command, the squad will step off smartly with the left
foot; the
files keeping aligned, and preserving their intervals.

354.
The march by the left flank will be executed by the same commands,
substituting
the word left for right, and
by inverse means; in this case, the
even numbered men, after facing to the left, will stand fast, and the
odd
numbered will place themselves on their left.

355.
The instructor will place a well-instructed soldier by the side of the
recruit
who is at the head of the rank, to regulate the step, and to conduct
him; and
it will be enjoined on this recruit to march always elbow to elbow with
the
soldier.

356.
The instructor will cause to be observed in the march, by the flank,
the
following rules:

That
the step be executed according to the principles prescribed for thedirect step;

Because
these principles, without which men, placed elbow to elbow, in the same
rank,
cannot preserve unity and harmony of movement, are of a more necessary
observance in marching in file.

That
the head of the man who immediately precedes, covers the headsof all who are in front;

Because
it is the most certain rule by which each man may maintain himself in
the exact
line of the file.

357.
The instructor will place himself habitually five or six paces on the
flank of
the rank marching in file, to watch over the execution of the
principles
prescribed above. He will also place himself sometimes in its rear,
halt, and
suffer it to pass fifteen or twenty paces, the better to see whether
the men
cover each other accurately.

358.
When he shall wish to halt the rank, marching by the flank, and to
cause it to
face to the front, he will command:

1.
Squad. 2. HALT. 3. FRONT.

359.
At the second command, the rank will halt, and afterwards no man will
stir,
although he may have lost his distance. This prohibition is necessary,
to
habituate the men to a constant preservation of their distances.

360.
At the third command, each man will front by facing to the left, if
marching by
the right flank, and by a face to the right, if marching by the left
flank. The
rear rank men will at the same time move quickly into their places, so
as to
form the squad again into one rank.

361.
When the men have become accustomed to marching by the flank, the
instructor
will cause them to change direction by file for this purpose, he will
command:

1.
By file left (or right). 2.
MARCH.

362.
At the command march, the first file will change direction to the left
(or
right) in describing a small are of a circle, and will then march
straight
forward; the two men of this file, in wheeling, will keep up the touch
of the
elbows, and the man on the side to which the wheel is made, will
shorten the
first three or four steps. Each file will come successively to wheel on
the
same spot where that which preceded it wheeled.

363.
The instructor will also cause the squad to face by the right or left
flank in
marching, and for this purpose will command:

1.
Squad by the right (or left) flank.
2. MARCH.

364.
At the second command, which will be given a little before either foot
comes to
the ground, the recruits will turn the body, plant the foot that is
raised in
the new direction, and step off with the other foot without altering
the
cadence of the step; the men will double or undouble rapidly.

365.
If, in facing by the right or left flank, the squad should face to the
rear,
the men will, come into one rank, agreeably to the principles indicated
No.
360. It is to be remarked that it is
the men who are in rear who always move up to form into single rank and
in such
manner as never to invert the order of the numbers in the rank.

366.
If, when the squad has been faced to the rear, the instructor should
cause, it
to face by the

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

left
flank, it is the even numbers who will double
by moving to the right of the odd numbers; but if by the right flank,
it is the
odd numbers who will double to the left of the even numbers.
Observe the two following rules in the
facings, viz:

1.
Never gain ground to
the front in doubling.

2.
Never reverse the
order of the numbers in undoubling.

The
front referred to,
is the original or real front. The
numbers would be reversed, if in counting, beginning on the right of
the
company, number two should call before number one. These
rules apply to all facings, whether the company be marching
or at a halt.

367.
This lesson, like
the preceding one, will be practiced with pieces at a shoulder; but the
instructor may, to give relief by change, occasionally order support
arms,
and he will require of the recruits marching in this position, as much
regularity as in the former.

The
march by the flank in double quick time.

368.
The principles of
the march by the flank in double quick time, are the same as in quick
time. The
instructor will give the commands prescribed No. 351, taking care
always to
give the command double quick before that of march.

369.
He will pay the
greatest attention to the cadence of the step.

370.
The instructor will
cause the change of direction, and the march by the flank, to be
executed in
double quick time, by the same commands, and according to the same
principles
as in quick time.

371.
The instructor will
cause the pieces to be carried either on the right shoulder
or at a trail.

372.
The instructor will
sometimes march the squad by the flank, without doubling the files.

373.
The principles of
this march are the same as in two ranks, and it will always be executed
in
quick time.

374.
The instructor will
give the commands prescribed No. 351, but he will be careful to caution
the
squad not to double files.

375.
The instructor will
be watchful that the men do not bend their knees unequally, which would
cause
them to tread on the heels of the men in front, and also to lose the
cadence of
the step and their distances.

376.
The various
movements in this lesson will be executed in single rank. In the
changes of
direction, the leading man will change direction without altering the
length or
the cadence of the step. The instructor will recall to the attention of
the
men, that in facing by the right or left flank in marching, they will
not
double, but march in one rank.

LESSON
IV.

WHEELINGS.

General
Principles of
Wheeling.

377.
Wheelings are of
two kinds: from halts, or on fixed pivots, and in march or on moveable
pivots.

378.
Wheeling on a fixed
pivot takes place in passing a corps from the order in battle to the
order in
column, or from the latter to the former.

379.
Wheels in marching
take place in changes of direction in column, as often as this movement
is
executed to the side opposite to the guide.

380.
In wheels from a
halt, the pivot man only turns in his place, without advancing or
receding.

381.
In the wheels in
marching, the pivot takes steps of nine or eleven inches, according as
the
squad is marching in quick or double quick time, so as to clear the
wheeling
point, which is necessary, in order that the subdivisions of a column
may
change direction without losing their distances, as will be explained
in the
school of the company.

382.
The man on the
wheeling flank will take the full step of twenty-eight inches, or
thirty-three
inches, according to the gait.

Wheeling from a halt,
or on a fixed pivot.

383.
The rank being at a
halt, the instructor will place a well-instructed man on the wheeling
flank to
conduct it, and then command:

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

1. By squad,
right wheel. 2. MARCH.

384.
At the second command, the rank will step off with their left foot,
turning at
the same time the head a little to the left, the eyes fixed on the line
of the
eyes of the men to their left; the pivot-man will merely mark time in
gradually
turning his body, in order to conform himself to the movement of the
marching
flank; the man who conducts this flank will take steps of twenty-eight
inches,
and from the first stop advance a little the left shoulder, cast his
eyes from
time to time along the rank, and feel constantly the elbow of the next
man
lightly, but never push him.

385.
The other man will feel lightly the elbow of the next man towards the
pivot,
resist pressure coming from the opposite side, and each will conform
himself to
the marching flank-shortening his step according to his approximation
to the
pivot.

386.
The instructor will make the rank wheel round the circle once or twice
before
halting, in order to cause the principles to be the better understood,
and he
will be watchful that the centre does not break.

387.
He will cause the wheel to the left to be executed according to the
same
principles.

388.
When the instructor shall wish to arrest the wheel, he will command:

1.
Squad. 2. HALT.

389.
At the second command, the rank will halt,
and no man stir. The instructor, going to the flank opposite the pivot,
will
place the two outer men of that flank in the direction he may wish to
give to
the rank, without however displacing the pivot, who will conform the
line of
his shoulders to this direction. The instructor will take care to have
between
these two men, and the pivot, only the space necessary to contain the
other
men. He will then command:

Left
(or right)-
DRESS.

390.
At this, the rank will place itself on the alignment of the two men
established
as the basis, in conformity with the principles prescribed.

391.
The instructor will next command FRONT, which will be executed as
prescribed
No. 314.

Remarks
on the principles of the Wheel from a halt.

392.
Turn a little the head towards the marching flank, and fix the
eyes on the
line of the eyes of the men who are on that side;

Because,
otherwise, it would be impossible for each man to regulate the length
of his
step so as to conform his own movement to that of the marching flank.

Touch
lightly the elbow of the next man towards the pivot;

In
order that the files
may not open out in the wheel.

Resist
pressure that comes from the side of the marching flank;

Because,
if this principle be neglected, the pivot, which ought to be a fixed
point, in
wheels from a halt, might be pushed out of its place by pressure.

Wheeling
in marching, or on a movable pivot.

393.
When the recruits have been taught to execute well the wheel from a
halt, they
will be taught to wheel in marching.

394.
To this end, the rank being in march, when the instructor shall wish to
cause
it to change direction to the reverse flank (to the side opposite to
the guide
or pivot flank,) he will command:

1.
Right (or left) wheel.
2. MARCH.

395.
The first command will be given when the rank is yet four
paces from the
wheeling point.

396.
At the second command, the wheel will be executed in the same manner as
from a
halt, except that the touch of the elbow will remain towards the
marching flank
(or side of the guide) instead of the side of the actual pivot; that
the pivot
man, instead of merely turning in his place, will conform himself to
the
movement of the marching flank, feel lightly the elbow of the next man,
take
steps of full nine inches, and thus gain ground forward in describing a
small
curve so as to clear the point of the wheel. The middle of the rank
will bend
slightly to the rear. As soon as the movement shall commence, the man
who
conducts the marching flank will cast his eyes on the ground over which
he will
have to pass.

397.
The wheel being ended, the instructor will command:

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

1.
Forward. 2. MARCH.

398.
The first command will be pronounced when four
paces are yet required to
complete the change of direction.

399.
At the command march, which will be given at the
instant of completing
the wheel, the man who conducts the marching flank will direct himself
straight
forward; the pivot man and all the rank will retake the step of
twenty-eight
inches, and bring the head direct to the front.

Turning,
or change of direction to the side of the guide.

400.
The change of direction to the side of the guide, in marching, will be
executed
as follows: The instructor will command:

1.
Left (or right) turn.
2. MARCH.

401.
The first command will be given when the rank is yet four
paces from the
turning point.

402.
At the command march, to be pronounced at the instant the rank ought to
turn, the
guide will face to the left (or right) in marching, and move forward in
the new
direction without slackening or quickening the cadence, and without
shortening
or lengthening the step. The whole rank will promptly conform itself to
the new
direction; to effect which, each man will advance the shoulder opposite
to the
guide, take the double quick step, to carry himself in the new
direction, turn
the head and eyes to the side of the guide, and retake the touch of the
elbow
on that side, in placing himself on the alignment of the guide, from
whom be
will take the step, and then resume the direct position of the head.
Each man
will. thus arrive successively on the alignment.

Wheeling
and changing direction to the side of the guide, in double quick time.

403.
When the recruits comprehend and execute well, in quick time, the
wheels at a
halt and in marching, and the change of direction to the side of the
guide, the
instructor will cause the same movements to be repeated in double quick
time.

404.
These various movements will be executed by the same commands and
according to
the same principles as in quick time, except that the command double
quick
will precede that of march. In wheeling while
marching, the pivot man
will take steps of eleven inches, and in the changes of direction to
the side
of the guide, the men on the side opposite the guide must increase the
gait in
order to bring themselves into line.

405.
The instructor, in order not to fatigue the recruits, and not to divide
their
attention, will cause them to execute the several movements of which
this
lesson is composed, first without arms, and next, after the mechanism
be well
comprehended, with arms.

406.
The instructor will cause to be resumed the exercises in double quick
time and
the run, with arms and knapsacks.

407.
He will cause long marches to be executed in double quick time, both by
the
front and by the flank, and by constant practice will lead the men to
pass over
a distance of five miles in sixty minutes. The pieces will be carried
on either
shoulder, and sometimes at a trail.

408.
He will also exercise them in long marches, 411. Number two of the rear
rank
will turn his piece, lock square to the front, and pass it to his front
rank
man, who will seize it with his right hand about the middle band and
incline it
forward, resting the neck of the bayonet on that of his own bayonet and
close
to the blade.

at
a run, the pieces carried at will; the men
will be instructed to keep as united as possible, without however
exacting much
regularity, which is impracticable.

409.
The run, in actual service, will only be resorted to when it may be
highly
important to reach a given point with great promptitude.

Stack
arms.

The
men being at order
arms, the instructor will command:

Stack-ARMS

410.
At this command, number two of the front rank will pass his piece
before him,
seize it with the left hand about the middle band; slope it across the
body,
barrel to the rear, the butt three inches

SCHOOL OF THE
SOLDIER-PART III.

above
the right toe of
the man on his left, muzzle six inches to the right of his right
shoulder.

411.
Number two of the rear rank will turn his piece, lock square to the
front, and
pass it to his front rank man, who will seize it with his right hand
about the
middle band and incline it forward, resting the neck of the bayonet on
that of
his own bayonet and close to the blade.
Number one of the front rank will turn the barrel of his piece square
to
the front, slope it across the body, place the neck of his bayonet,
above the
necks, and between the blades of the other two bayonets, holding the
piece with
the right hand at the middle band, the butt three inches form the
ground at his
right toe.

412.
Number two of the front rank will throw the butt of the rear rank man's
piece
about thirty inches to the front, at the same time resting the butt of
his own
piece on the ground on the left, and a little in rear of his left
toe. At the same instant, number one of the front
rank will rest the butt of his piece on the ground, a little on front
of his
right toe. Number one of the rear rank
will incline his piece on the stack thus formed.

413.
The men of both ranks having taken the position of the soldier without
arms,
the instructor will command:

1.
Break ranks. 2. MARCH.

To
resume arms.

412.
Both ranks being
re-formed in rear of their stacks, the instructor will command:

Take-ARMS.

413.
At this command number one of the rear rank will retake his
piece. Number two of the front rank will seize his
own piece with the left hand at the middle band, and his rear rank
man's piece
in like manner with his right hand; and number one of the front rank
will seize
his piece with his right hand in the same manner. These two
men will raise the stack, bring the butts together and
disengage the bayonets. Number two of
the rear rank will receive his piece from his front rank man, and all
will
resume the position of ordered arms.

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