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Objective: to explore what information and knowledge the labour admission test is perceived to provide and what meaning the test carries in the daily work of practising midwives. Design: in-depth interviews transcribed verbatim and analysed using the grounded theory technique. Setting: four different labour wards in Norway. Participants: a theoretical sample of 12 practising midwives. Findings: the core category "experiencing contradictions" was identified during the analyses, indicating that the midwives found conflicting interests within themselves, or between themselves and others when using the labour admission test. They experienced contradictions between professional identity and the increasing use of technology, between feeling safe and feeling unsafe and between having power and being powerless. Key conclusions: the labour admission traces could be difficult to interpret, especially for newly qualified midwives. Some midwives thought that a labour admission trace could protect them in case of litigation. The hierarchy of power in the labour ward influences the use and interpretation of the labour admission test. Some midwives felt their professional identity threatened and that midwives in general are losing their traditional skills because of the increasing use of obstetric technology. Implications for practice: the findings of the present study should be taken into consideration when changing practice to not routinely perform the labour admission test. There is also a need for further research on what effect the increasing use of obstetric technology has on traditional midwifery skills.

The Purpose of this study was to examine what knowledge and which attitudes there are about environmental friendly food in the society. To do so an essay were constructed and distributed to five different working places. Altogether there were 50 essays distributed and 43 were returned. The main result; the respondents think that it is important for people to learn how to consume food in a more environmentally friendly way. The majority of the respondents recognized the eco-label KRAV but the European eco-label and Demeter were not recognized in a less extent. Few of the respondents knew what GMO stands for. Over half of the respondents thought that it is pretty important/important or very important to buy ecological food but only one third of them said that they commonly/always buy ecologic food. Slightly more than one third was shore that they could contribute to an environmental friendly development by consuming ecological food. Conclusion: the respondents know too little about what the eco-labels stands for. Far from everyone is convinced that it actually is environmental friendly to buy environmental friendly food.

The health of an individual depends on how well he or she can handle various stressors in his or her environment. One vulnerable period occurs during the transition from child to adult. The overall aim of this research project was to determine whether differences in the ability to deal with stress are related to various health indicators, aggression, and school marks during primary and upper secondary school. Data were collected class-wise and 253 Swedish upper secondary school pupils participated. Three well-established questionnaires [Sense of Coherence (SOC), Coping Resources Inventory (CRI) and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)] were used. In addition, blood pressure, teacher evaluation and school marks were collected. Some demographic data such as gender, age and type of study programme were also collected. Both SOC and Coping Resources Inventory correlated significantly positively with many of the primary and upper secondary marks, while the AQ had significantly negative correlations with the mark. Females obtained higher values than males in Coping Resources Inventory, but lower in SOC and AQ.

Research concerning the supervisor role in separate educational programmes has been undertaken, but cross-professional studies are few. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of supervising mentors in Sweden during the practice-based, off-campus sections of the education in teaching, nursing, and social care. The study used a participatory phenomenological approach in which four researchers and nineteen supervising mentors worked together in the research process which was accomplished in four different phases. The data collecting method used was interview. The results constituted a main essence entitled "Struggle of power and control of professional quality enhancement" built upon four themes: "Constitutes a motivating force", "Feelings of responsibility", "Feelings of frustration" and "Wishes for alteration". Conclusions from the study are that communication, information and contact between the professionals in the fields and university teachers need to be strengthen to keep up supervising mentors' motivating force and to give them support.

The report was an empirical qualitative interview study in which all four teachers who participated had some form of hearing problem. The aim of the study was to determine how teachers with hearing impairment perceive noise in their working environment. Furthermore, the aim was to examine teachers' ways of dealing with the problems that occur in their working environment due to their hearing impairment. The subjects were exposed to, in their view, high noise levels during 1-4 hours per working day. When questioned about how their disabilities affected them in the workplace, some positive effects where observed. In particular it led to increased discipline among the students as well as an improved working environment. Some negative effects were also observed. Such as having difficulties understanding conversations due to hearing impairment, fatigue and part-time sick leave. The informants handled auditory problems by lip-reading and adapting their educational techniques based on their specific hearing problems. The teachers in this study stressed the importance of maintaining good order during in the classroom in order to reduce noise, furthermore they informed their students about his or her hearing problem which encouraged students to minimize noise out of respect for the teacher's disability.

Data on drug abuse and memories of the childhood were collected through a self-report questionnaire from a group of current drug users and a group of non-using controls. Both samples were unidentified as groups by the society and were identified by the researchers throw snowball sampling. Earlier results of an unstable childhood and a poor social situation from studies that used other sampling methods were replicated. The drug users had an earlier nicotine and alcohol debut, and perceived themselves as unloved, physically abused children that were afraid of their parents during childhood. In addition, depression, suicide attempts and convictions were more common among the drug users.

12. The effects of inverting prisms on the horizontal-vertical illusion

Richter, Hans O.

et al.

University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research. University of Gävle, Department of Education and Psychology, Ämnesavdelningen för folkhälsovetenskap. Department of Optometry and Optical Science, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.

Wennberg, Patrik

Department of Optometry and Optical Science, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.

The purpose of this work is to compare the relative contributions from the extraocular and sensory systems on the magnitude of the horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI). The visual HVI refers to the general tendency to overestimate vertical extensions of small-scale lines on a picture plane relative to the horizontal by 4-16% depending on the method of measurement. The HVI line stimuli consisted of luminous vertical and horizontal lines forming "L-profiles" located in the frontoparallel plane at a 45 cm viewing distance, collinearly with a binocular gaze. The home position of gaze was aligned to the center of the screen with the ear-eye angle concordant with the environmental horizontal. Illusion strength was quantified when subjects fixated the HVI line stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field. The HVI was also viewed through prism lenses that inverted the retinal images by 180 degrees , thereby dissociating the sensory "up-down" direction from the oculomotor up-down frame of reference. The results revealed a systematically lower magnitude of the HVI in the bottom visual field regardless of whether subjects fixated the HVI with the distorting prisms or without. Taken together, these results suggest that the HVI is sensitive to small-angle gaze shifts. In agreement with several recent findings, these results are interpreted as implying that the brain imposes an enhanced analytic structure on the ascending sensory information during downward gaze.

More than a third of Swedens population is currently working odd hours. Nightshifts do increase risks of unhealth. The purpose of this intervention study was to describe and compare if the subjective and objective health of night working women was changed, before and after the introduction of a compendium with health and excercise advise, indicated by two health examinations. The sample consisted of women in the ages of 20 to 25 years. All of the women were regularly working nightshifts at a resturant during the weekends and had problems with eating and excercising. The result in the first health examination indicated that none of the women was in good shape nor did they have a healthy diet, which also was confirmed by the women. After the intervention the results indicated that the women had better routine regarding their diet and excercise, the women also decreased their stress and symptoms related to stress. They also perceived their health as better. Wilcoxon test showed significant differences, which confirmed their perceptions.

The aim of the present study is to examine whether the established fact that men by far outnumber women in leading positions is an inherent unintentional characteristic of a hierarchy where appointments happen one by one on an individual basis, as opposed to boards where the members are appointed as a group. The sample consists of those appointed to the hierarchies as well as the boards of 36 state universities in Sweden. The main finding is that significantly more men are appointed in hierarchies than to group-composed boards. When the gendered distribution of those in leading positions becomes fully apparent, the last and final position in the hierarchy is significantly more often given to a woman. However, these women are much older than their male counterparts, a fact that makes it harder for them to reach the final step of the ladder. The article concludes with a discussion of whether the higher probability of appointing a woman as vice-president when both chair and president are men is a fair acknowledgement of an unfair gender distribution, or if there are other possible explanations.

The aim of this article is to describe the drug career of 71 severely opioid-dependent women who had a history of selling sex and were enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, from medical records and reports from social agencies and correctional institutions. The sequential pattern could be described in the following order: initiation of the first drug of abuse, opioid onset, initiation of selling sex, first non-methadone treatment episode, first sentence and, finally, methadone maintenance treatment. There were significant age differences and correlations between most of the events. The main correlation (r = 0.70) was the one between debut of opioid use and selling sex, which was confirmed in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. In addition, a history of running away from home advanced the age at which the women started selling sex for those with an onset of opioid use at an older age than the mean of 18.4 years.