1.) Many drugs have been used for medical purposes at one time or another. Pick two drugs that have been utilized in this capacity and explain the medical rationale behind their use. Conclude your answer with a description of why each drug was later banned from medical usage. - Besides being an extremely addictive and dangerous narcotic, cocaine has some medicinal use. Cocaine has been used as a local anesthetic for eye and nasal surgery. Besides being an anesthetic, it also is a potent vasoconstrictor (constricts the blood vessels around the area where injected [eye or nose]). The vasoconstriction helps reduce bleeding and the systemic circulation of cocaine (into the heart, specifically). More recently, the use of cocaine as an anesthetic for eye and nasal surgery has diminished, and has been replaced by other local anesthetics. These newer (and safer) local anesthetics have to be combined with a vasoconstrictor in order to do the same effect as cocaine. Pharmaceutical grade cocaine is available in a 4% solution for injection. Studies comparing cocaine to other local anesthetics most often reveal that newer local anesthetics are more effective in reducing pain during surgeries and safer. It is generally accepted by the medical community that the use of cocaine for medical procedures should be limited. However, the need for it to be available is still there. [ (Toor, 2007) ] Cocaine was later banned due to the complications that come with the usage. There are enormous medical complications associated with cocaine use. Some of the most frequent complications are cardiovascular effects, including disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks; respiratory effects such as chest pain and respiratory failure; neurological effects, including strokes, seizure, and headaches; and gastrointestinal complications, including abdominal pain and nausea. It has also been linked to many types of heart disease. Cocaine has been found to trigger chaotic heart rhythms, called ventricular fibrillation; accelerate heartbeat and breathing; and increase blood pressure and body temperature. Physical symptoms may include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions and coma. [ (About.com, 2009) ] - Marijuana, or cannabis, as it is more appropriately called, has been part of humanity's medicine chest for almost as long as history has been recorded. Of all the negative consequences of marijuana prohibition, none is as tragic as the denial of medicinal cannabis to the tens of thousands of patients who could benefit from its therapeutic use. Modern research suggests that cannabis is a valuable aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical applications. These include pain relief -- particularly of neuropathic pain (pain from nerve damage) -- nausea, spasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorders. Marijuana is also a powerful appetite stimulant, specifically for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or dementia. Emerging research suggests that marijuana's medicinal properties may protect the body against some types of malignant tumors and are neuroprotective [ (Norml, 2011) ]. The most potent argument against the use of marijuana to treat medical disorders is that marijuana may cause the acceleration or aggravation of the very disorders it is being used to treat. It seems that the potential dangers presented by the medical use of marijuana may actually contribute to the dangers of the diseases which it would be used to combat. Marijuana can damage the cells in the bronchial passages which protect the body against inhaled microorganisms and decrease the ability of the immune cells in the lungs to fight off fungi, bacteria, and tumor cells. For patients with already weakened immune systems, this means an increase in the possibility of dangerous pulmonary infections, including pneumonia, which often proves fatal in AIDS patients. Studies further suggest that marijuana is a general "immunosuppressant" whose...

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...Drugs and CrimeMidterm
Shon P. Skinner
Professor Judith Revels
CJ432 Drugs and Crime
3 April 2011
Outline
The following essay is divided into the following sections:
1. Introduction
2. Drugs
Types of drugs
i. Medicated
ii. Hallucinogen
a. Examples of drugs
i. Amphetamines
ii. Heroine
iii. Methamphetamines
3. Anti-drug legislation
i. Harm reduction as compared to Zero tolerance
4. Conclusion
5. References
Introduction
Drugs are chemical substances comprising substances that alter the way our bodies work. Some boost the response while others dull the user’s mind. Drug use can lead to a couple of dangerous choices, because the one using the drug usually has a poor lack of judgment when called upon to make a decision while under the influence of the drug.
Drug usage is a characteristic expression of inner dissatisfaction leading to an urge that drives many users to continue abusing them, whenever the feeling comes back to them. They numb their senses to avoid coming to terms with the reality of the situation at hand, but fail to realize that drug use is not a solution but another addictive habit with no ultimate achievement...

...head: DRUG ABUSE AND CRIMEDrug Abuse and Crime
Charlene Bright
University of Phoenix
Abstract
This report focuses on the overwhelming problems related to the abuse of drugs in America. Problems include drug addiction; vandalism and destructive behavior; rape and other sexual offenses; gang-related violence; drug trafficking; vehicular accidents and injuries and other violent and property crimes. This report will discuss the correlation between drug abuse and crime and the challenges crime has on our society how drug use is affecting our youth. The primary sources of information for this report are the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention and the US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistics and the author’s empirical perspectives. This report also uses data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report.
Drug Abuse and Crime
Over 14 million people, age 12 and over, currently use illicit drugs, and the availability of illicit drugs remains high. (Coombs and Ziedonis) Despite the high social and personal costs associated with mood altering drugs, drug abuse remains firmly ingrained in the United States of...

...Drugs and CrimeDrugs and crime are literally everywhere. Drug abuse and crime go hand-in-hand. Drugs cause crime. Legalizing drugs is not the answer. Punishments should fit the crime. Repeat offenders should have harsher punishments. The history of drugs shows increasing drug use, abuse, and crime rates that relate to drug use and abuse.
The History of Drugs
“Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric.” Drug history, Drug Rehabs.Org. Drug use goes far back in history when people used “strong medicine” such as herbal remedies. Herbal remedies were used for pain killers and other healing purposes such as ointments for cuts and bruises and liniments for sore muscles and backs. Medicine men were also the people to go to for health problems and aches and pains. As society progressed, new drugs and “pain relievers” were being introduced into the mainstream. Tonics that were the “cure all for various problems like male and female pattern baldness, warts, acne, and the common cold were sold publicly and usually made with alcohol and gave the consumer an effect from taking the tonic, so they assumed it was working and did not...

...Drugs and crime
Author
Institution
What 2 theories did you select? Briefly identify and describe them
This paper will deal with biological and sociology theories. Biological theory Emerged in 19th century in response to the moralistic nature theories biological theories used a disease model to explain addiction. Sociology theory attempts to create an Understanding on how phenomena such as drug and alcohol use and abuse are defined is important in helping us to discover explanations and creating social policies.
How does this theory explain drug use and abuse? Explain in detail
For biological theory for the model as an illness, addiction was seen as one thing that was promptly spread. Drugs were seen as toxins that destroyed the body. More modern biological theories have targeted on the subsequent two areas as well as neurochemical bases for addiction and propagation bases for addiction. Neurochemical explanations determine the supply of addiction in neurotransmission, which may be outlined as, the mechanism by that signals or impulses are sent from one nerve cell to a different.
Briefly describe the individual, the offense, and the drugs used.
State prison inmate reported being under the influence of drugs when committing violent offenses including rape harassment and destruction of properties.
How much influence did drugs appear to have on the...

...disciplinary and therapeutic strategies in dealing with drugs?
Introduction:
The role of the prison can be described in various ways. Nevertheless, in a broader sense, prisons are meant to perform the varied objectives of punishment which include deterrence, retribution and rehabilitation. The generalized understanding of the function of the prison is however, at the least, to keep troublesome individuals away from the society. In this regard, the prison facility has traditionally been used in keeping away individuals who are regarded as being socially unfit given that they have been used in incarcerating those who either deserved punishment or perceived to be dangerous to the public. The statements regarding the prison goals reveal the combination of seemingly incompatible aims. Prisons are said to be aiming at containing prisoners and supervising offenders in a humane and cost effective way which meets the expectations of the society in regard to safety, compensation, and the encouragement of the offenders to adopt a law abiding lifestyle. The concept of humane and cost effective inevitably creates tensions. In real sense, the rehabilitative function of the prisons requires that there be significant resources for programs and education and this does not comfortably rhyme with the concept of cost effectiveness as well as punitive measure which is one of the core functions of the prison system. In relation to the drug abuse issue, the prison...

...Drugs, Crime and Prohibition
Do drugs really cause crime, or is it our governments way of controlling the communities? Many people blame drugs for every problem in our society, but is it the true evil in our society? No one person can answer that question. There are only opinions and supposed theories on this issue. We have been taught over the years that drugs were bad and that they only affected the poor and less fortunate, and turned them into crazy criminals, but this isn't true to any extent. The laws controlling and prohibiting drugs are the true reasons. Would our crime levels decline if drugs were legalized to some extent, or would we just increase the destruction of our country? Over the past fifty years, prohibition has been proven to actually increase crime and drug use instead of its intended purpose, which was to extinguish the use of illicit drugs in the United States. We constantly here of prison over crowding, and why is that? Most of our prisons are filled with drug offenders, ranging from use to distribution of supposed illicit drugs. What is our country coming to? The purpose of this research paper is to view the advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of illicit drugs in the United States. I will examine each side of this major problem...

...States, illegal drugs are related to crime in numerous ways. Most directly it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Drugs are also related to crime as drug trafficking and drug production and distribution are often controlled by drug cartels, organizedcrime, and gangs. Drugs are not only an issue for law enforcement officials; drug use affects families and communities as a whole. Drug addictions cause people to do things that they normally would not do such as stealing and even murder. The use of illegal drugs has become a huge problem in the United States and it has become a top priority of law enforcement officials to stop the production and manufacturing of drugs at all costs.
In examining crime in the United States, correlations are often established between drug abuse and criminal activities. The violence created by chronic, hardcore drug use is the most tenacious and damaging aspect of America’s drug problem. The sale and use of drugs have continued to plague our communities and nation, and a research continues to indicate the drug use fuels the criminal activity...

...CRIMINOLOGYDoes drug use cause crime, does crime cause drug use or is the relationship entirely co-incidental?INTRODUCTIONIn this paper I will look at the amount and type of crime caused by drugs, the relationship between drugs and crime and the relationship between alcohol and crime.
Crime is defined as:An act committed in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon convictionUnlawful activityA serious offence, especially in violation of moralityCauses of CrimeFirstly, let us explore crime and it's causes.
There are five main theories about what causes crime:1.The Classical TheoryCrime is caused by the individual's free will.
Human beings are rational and make decisions freely with understanding of the consequences.
Crime is an immoral form of behaviour.
Immoral behaviour will weaken society.
2.The Biological TheoryThe basic determinants of human behaviour are to a considerable degree determined by genetics.
These basic determinants may be passed on from one generation to the next, criminal behaviour is genetically inherited.
Human dna, environmental contaminants, nutrition, hormones, physical trauma and body chemistry all combine to contribute to criminal behaviour.
3. Psychobiological TheoryChromosomal anomalies, reactions to foods,...