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Increased accessibility of employment in new areas.Rapid technological change may be responsible for a more abrupt price decline in skill-intensive industries rather than in unskilled-labor- intensive.NEGATIVE IMPACTSOF GLOBALIZATIONON LABOURDifficulties of integration into the host community.Increase in poverty as a result of the

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concentration of low skilled and low paying jobs .Dramatic income inequality between the more and the less skilled in some countries.Unemployment among the less skilled in other countries.Limited employment protectionOF NOTE: What explains the differences in wages and employment across countries is their labor market structures .In countries with relatively flexible wages set in decentralized labor markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the decline in relative demand for less-skilled labor has translated into lower relative

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wages for these workers.In contrast, in countries with relatively rigid wages set in centralized labor markets, such as France, Germany, and Italy, it has meant lower relative employment.(Matthew J. Slaughter and Phillip Swagel) INDUSTRYIMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ON

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INDUSTRYThe reduction of barriers to cross-border trade and capital flows, along with progress in transport and communication, has made it easier for firms to move parts of their production to less costly foreign locations—a process referred to as offshoring.The location of production has become much more responsive to relative labor costs across countries.Imports of intermediate manufacturing and services inputs (excluding energy) accounted for about 5 percent of gross output and about 10 percent of total intermediate inputs in advanced economies in 2003.IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ON

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INDUSTRYOffshoring is relatively limited in the United States and Japan, in the same way that trade openness is usually low in large and booming economies.In 2003 , the offshoring intensity in manufacturing ranged from 4 percent in Japan to a high of about 25 percent in Canada. Interestingly, the rise in offshoring in advanced economies has been driven mostly by imports of skilled rather than unskilled inputs.The manufacturing sector has been most affected by offshoring.IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ONINDUSTRY

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Domestic manufacturers produce more efficiently due to their international specialization.An actively trading country benefits from the new technologies that “spill over” to it from its trading partners, such as through the knowledge embedded in imported production equipment.For the advanced economies as a whole, trade with developing countries has led to about a 20 percent decline in the demand for unskilled labour in manufacturing.IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ON

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INDUSTRYGoods traditionally produced in unskilled sectors (e.g., textiles) are more likely to be imported as final goods rather than intermediates.The bulk of advanced economies’ imports (of both final and intermediate products) still comes from other advanced economies and likely includes more skilled rather than unskilled products.The productivity- enhancing effect from trade in intermediates is large and trade in intermediates reduces the costs of production. COMMERCE Trade can be viewed as effectively shippingfrom one country to another the services of the workers engaged in the production of traded goods.

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(Matthew J. Slaughter and Phillip Swagel)IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ONCOMMERCEMore and more output in the advanced economies consists of largely non- tradable services : education, government, finance, insurance, real estate, and wholesale and retail trade.Perhaps it would be more accurate to measure the importance of international trade by considering merchandise exports as a share of the production of tradable goods only.The share of imports and exports in overall output provides a ready measure of the extent of the globalization of goods markets.

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IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ONCOMMERCEDeveloping countries’ imports have been growing faster than those of advanced economies and the share of advanced economies’ exports going to developing countries has been rising.IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ONCOMMERCEChanges in product prices are the result of trade rather than other, purely domestic, influences.

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Global competition has brought down international trade prices.The United States tends to specialize in skilled-labor-intensive products and to import unskilled-labor-intensive products. RESPONSESRESPONSE OFLABOUR TOGLOBALIZATIONDecentralization of labour market to industry hubs.Persisting large cross-country

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differences.Reductions in the tax wedge.Deregulation of product marketsRESPONSE OFINDUSTRY TOGLOBALIZATIONChanges in product prices brought about by competition from imports.Firms shift resources toward industries in which profitability has risen and away from those in which it has fallen.Governments often:

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prohibit or reduce selected imports by introducing quotas make imports more expensive and less competitive by imposing tariffs.RESPONSE OFCOMMERCE TOGLOBALIZATIONPolicies should seek to: improve the functioning of labor markets strengthen access to education and training; ensure adequate social safety nets that cushion the impact on those adversely affected, without obstructing the process of adjustment.The adjustment costs can be minimized by: encouraging flexible labor markets and by reducing structural rigidities facing firms such as onerous work rules

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staffing requirements, and hiring and firing costs.CONCLUSIONSThere is a common belief that globalization harms the interests of workers, especially unskilled workers, either directly through immigration or indirectly through trade and capital mobility.Moreover, the belief that globalization threatens wages and jobs is contradicted by the historical evidence that free trade along with labor and capital mobility improve global welfare and tend to improve national welfare for all countries involved.Finally, cheaper imports have increased the size of real total labor compensation, implying that workers have participated in the benefits of the