e. Kuhn: Science consists
of short revolutions between paradigms, followed by "normal science" within
a paradigm.
There is no research without puzzles, but puzzles can be reinterpreted
as need for new paradigm.

c.
Technology is neutral view: “a hammer can be used to murder or to build
a house. The technological artifacts themselves are therefore politically
neutral.”

d.
STS takes a 4th approach – the Social Constructionist view.

4)
Examples of the social constructionist view:

a.
Classist engineer Robert Moses constructs the bridges on Long Island such
that low clearance bridges lead to beaches and parks, preventing poor people
from cluttering up his nice areas reserved for the rich. After Moses dies,
the bridges are still doing his dirty work – impossible to analyze under
the “technology is neutral” view. Artifacts can have politics.

b.
Power stations built in 1923 in Berlin show strong centralization, but
those in London 1923 show strong decentralization – different “cultural
styles.”

c.
The first voice recognition software worked better on men than women –
not due to an individual’s sexist agency, but do the structural
sexism in the institutions.