FustanellaFustanellaFustanella (for spelling in various languages, see chart below) is a
traditional pleated skirt-like garment that is also referred to as a
kilt worn by men of many nations in the
BalkansBalkans (Southeast Europe). In
modern times, the fustanella is part of Balkan folk dresses. In
Greece, a short version of the fustanella is worn by ceremonial
military units like the Evzones, while in
AlbaniaAlbania it was worn by the
Royal Guard in the interbellum era. Both
GreeceGreece and
AlbaniaAlbania claim the
fustanella as a national costume.[1]Contents1 Origins
2 Evolution2.1 Greece
2.2 Albania
2.3 Republic of Macedonia3 Status and practicality
4 Name4.1 Name in various languages5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References7.1 Citations
7.2 Sources8 External linksOrigins[edit]A young man with a chiton
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Souliotes
The
SouliotesSouliotes were an Orthodox Christian community of the area of
Souli, in Epirus, known for their military prowess, their resistance
to the local Ottoman ruler Ali Pasha, and their contribution to the
Greek cause in the Greek War of Independence, under leaders such as
Markos BotsarisMarkos Botsaris and Kitsos Tzavelas. The
SouliotesSouliotes established an
autonomous confederacy dominating a large number of neighbouring
villages in the remote mountainous areas of Epirus, where they could
successfully resist Ottoman rule
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Akritai
The
Akritai (Greek: ἀκρίται, singular: Akritēs,
ἀκρίτης) is a term used in the
Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire in the
9th–11th centuries to denote the army units guarding the Empire's
eastern border, facing the Muslim states of the Middle East. Their
exploits, embellished, inspired the Byzantine "national epic" of
Digenes AkritasDigenes Akritas and the cycle of the Acritic songs.
The term is derived from the Greek word akron/akra, meaning border;
similar border guards, the limitanei, were employed in the late Roman
and early Byzantine armies to guard the frontiers (limes). In official
Byzantine use, the term is non-technical, and used in a descriptive
manner, being generally applied to the defenders as well as the
inhabitants of the eastern frontier zone, including their Muslim
counterparts
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Akrites
The
Akritai (Greek: ἀκρίται, singular: Akritēs,
ἀκρίτης) is a term used in the
Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire in the
9th–11th centuries to denote the army units guarding the Empire's
eastern border, facing the Muslim states of the Middle East. Their
exploits, embellished, inspired the Byzantine "national epic" of
Digenes AkritasDigenes Akritas and the cycle of the Acritic songs.
The term is derived from the Greek word akron/akra, meaning border;
similar border guards, the limitanei, were employed in the late Roman
and early Byzantine armies to guard the frontiers (limes). In official
Byzantine use, the term is non-technical, and used in a descriptive
manner, being generally applied to the defenders as well as the
inhabitants of the eastern frontier zone, including their Muslim
counterparts
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Manuel I Komnenos
Manuel I
KomnenosKomnenos (or Comnenus; Greek: Μανουήλ Α'
Κομνηνός, Manouēl I Komnēnos; 28 November 1118 – 24
September 1180) was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who
reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and
the Mediterranean. His reign saw the last flowering of the Komnenian
restoration, during which the
Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire had seen a resurgence
of its military and economic power, and had enjoyed a cultural
revival.
Eager to restore his empire to its past glories as the superpower of
the Mediterranean world, Manuel pursued an energetic and ambitious
foreign policy. In the process he made alliances with the Pope and the
resurgent West. He invaded the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, although
unsuccessfully, being the last Eastern Roman Emperor to attempt
reconquests in the western Mediterranean
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Pottery Sherds
In archaeology, a sherd, or more precisely, potsherd,[1] is commonly a
historic or prehistoric fragment of pottery, although the term is
occasionally used to refer to fragments of stone and glass vessels, as
well.[citation needed]
Occasionally, a piece of broken pottery may be referred to as a shard.
While the spelling shard is generally reserved for referring to
fragments of glass vessels, the term does not exclude pottery
fragments. The etymology is connected with the idea of breakage, from
Old English sceard, related to Old Norse skarth, "notch", and Middle
High German scharte, "notch".[citation needed]
A sherd or potsherd that has been used by having writing painted or
inscribed on it can be more precisely referred to as an ostracon.
The analysis of sherds is widely used by archaeologists to date sites
and develop chronologies, due to their diagnostic characteristics and
high resistance to natural, destructive processes
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Warrior
A warrior is a person specializing in combat or warfare, especially
within the context of a tribal or clan-based warrior culture society
that recognizes a separate warrior class or caste.Contents1 History
2 Women as warriors
3
WarriorWarrior communities
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External linksHistory[edit]
Warriors seem to have been present in the earliest pre-state
societies. Along with hunting, war was considered to be a definitive
male activity. No matter the pretext for combat, it seemed to have
been a rite of passage for a boy to become a man. Warriors took upon
costumes and equipment that seemed to have a symbolic significance;
combat itself would be preceded by ritual or sacrifice. Men of
fighting age often lived apart in order to encourage bonding, and
would ritualise combat in order to demonstrate individual prowess
among one another
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Mace-bearer
A mace-bearer, or macebearer, is a person who carries a mace, either a
real weapon or ceremonial.One of the functions of the Viscount in
JerseyJersey is to act as
mace-bearerContents1 Armed
2 Ceremonial
3 See also
4 SourcesArmed[edit]
When the mace was still in actual use as a weapon, it was deemed fit
for close-protection, and hence a mace-bearer could be a bodyguard.
Thus in French and Dutch, a massier (armed with a masse d'armes
'weapon-mace') could be a member of a formally so-styled guard corps,
as in the court of the Dukes of Brabant.
In Spain, a macero were originall
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Chain-mail
[1]
"Chain mail" redirects here. For other uses, see Chain mail
(other).
"Maille" redirects here. For other uses, see Maille (other).Riveted mail and plate coat zirah bagtar.
ArmourArmour of this type was
introduced into India under the Mughals.Mail or maille (also chain mail(le)[2] or chainmail(le)) is a type of
armour consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to
form a mesh
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Charles Du Fresne, Sieur Du CangeCharles du Fresne, sieur du CangeCharles du Fresne, sieur du Cange or Du Cange (French: [dy
kɑ̃ʒ]; December 18, 1610 in
AmiensAmiens – October 23, 1688 in Paris)
was a distinguished philologist and historian of the
Middle AgesMiddle Ages and
Byzantium.Contents1 Charles du Fresne
2 Works
3 Notes
4 Further readingCharles du Fresne[edit]
Educated by Jesuits, du Cange studied law and practiced for several
years before assuming the office of Treasurer of France. Du Cange was
a busy, energetic man who pursued historical scholarship alongside his
demanding official duties and his role as head of a large family.
Du Cange's most important work is his Glossarium mediae et infimae
Latinitatis (Glossary of medieval and late Latin, Paris, 1678)
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Pope Urban VPopePope Urban V (Latin: Urbanus V; 1310 – 19 December 1370), born
Guillaume de Grimoard,[1] was
PopePope from 28 September 1362 to his death
in 1370 and was also a member of the Order of Saint Benedict. He was
the sixth
AvignonAvignon Pope, and the only
AvignonAvignon pope to be beatified.
Even after his election as pontiff, he continued to follow the
BenedictineBenedictine Rule, living simply and modestly. His habits did not
always gain him supporters who were used to lives of affluence.
Urban V pressed for reform throughout his pontificate and also oversaw
the restoration and construction of churches and monasteries
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CorinthCorinthCorinth (/ˈkɒrɪnθ/; Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos,
pronounced [ˈkorinθos] ( listen)) is an ancient city
and former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in
south-central Greece
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Archaeological Record
The archaeological record is the body of physical (not written)
evidence about the past. It is one of the core concepts in
archaeology,[1] the academic discipline concerned with documenting and
interpreting the archaeological record.[2]
Archaeological theoryArchaeological theory is
used to interpret the archaeological record for a better understanding
of human cultures. The archaeological record can consist of the
earliest ancient findings as well as contemporary artifacts. Human
activity has had a large impact on the archaeological record.
Destructive human processes, such as agriculture and land development,
may damage or destroy potential archaeological sites.[3] Other threats
to the archaeological record include natural phenomena and scavenging.
ArchaeologyArchaeology can be a destructive science for the finite resources of
the archaeological record are lost to excavation
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Byzantine ArtByzantine artByzantine art is the name for the artistic products of the Eastern
Roman (Byzantine) Empire, as well as the nations and states that
inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged
from Rome's decline and lasted until the Fall of
ConstantinopleConstantinople in
1453,[1] many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to
some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved
many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward.
A number of states contemporary with the
Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire were
culturally influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the
"Byzantine commonwealth")
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Byzantine Empire
The
ByzantineByzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire,
was the continuation of the
Roman EmpireRoman Empire in the East during Late
Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was
ConstantinopleConstantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as
Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western
Roman EmpireRoman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an
additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in
1453.[2] During most of its existence, the empire was the most
powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe
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