We measured the exposure to atrazine and selected non-persistent pesticides among corn farmers during a growing season; urinary atrazine mercapturate levels in farmers were largely driven by recent application of atrazine; therefore, the amount of atrazine applied is likely to provide valid surrogates of atrazine exposure in epidemiologic studies.

These findings suggest that, similar to adults, folate and cysteine facilitate arsenic methylation in children. However, the inverse correlation between total homocysteine and %monomethylarsonic, and positive correlation with %dimethylarsinic acids, are both opposite to our previous findings in adults.

In summary, our work suggests that the relationship between benzene in air and background-corrected metabolites measured in post-shift urine samples was non-linear for this population of 213 occupationally exposed workers from a shoe factory in the Tianjin region of China.

We report urinary biomarkers for occupational exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide and reveal dose-response relationships between their levels and liver injury, with males having a greater risk of injury.

This study is the first to assess associations of birth outcomes with multiple urinary biomarkers of exposure to triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides. Evidence of associations with adverse birth outcomes raises particular concerns for countries where atrazine is still in use.