The C Programming Language

The C Programming Language (sometimes referred to as K&R, after its authors' initials) is a well-known computer programmingbook written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the Unixoperating system with which development of the language was closely intertwined. The book was central to the development and popularization of the C programming language and is still widely read and used today. Because the book was co-authored by the original language designer, and because the first edition of the book served for many years as the de facto standard for the language, the book was regarded by many to be the authoritative reference on C.

History

The first edition of the book, published in 1978, was the first widely available book on the C programming language. C was created by Dennis Ritchie. Brian Kernighan wrote the first C tutorial. The authors came together to write the book in conjunction with the language's early development at AT&T Bell Labs. The version of C described in this book is sometimes referred to as K&R C (after the book's authors), often to distinguish this early version from the later version of C standardized as ANSI C.

The C++ Programming Language

The C++ Programming Language was the first book to describe the C++ programming language, written by the language’s creator, Bjarne Stroustrup, and first published in October 1985. In the absence of an official standard, the book served for several years as the de facto documentation for the evolving C++ language until the release of the ISO/IEC 14882:1998: Programming Language C++ standard on 1 September 1998. As the standard further evolved with the standardization of language and library extensions and with the publication of technical corrigenda, later editions of the book were updated to incorporate the new changes.

History

The first edition of The C++ Programming Language was published in 1985. As C++ evolved, a second edition was published in July 1991, reflecting the changes made.

The third edition of the book was first published on 30 June 1997; a hardcover version of the third edition, with two new appendices, was later published as The C++ Programming Language: Special Edition on 11 February 2000. Both the softcover third edition and the hardcover “special edition” have since undergone several reprintings, with corrections.

It was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search or SQL servers), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes). C++ is a compiled language, with implementations of it available on many platforms and provided by various organizations, including the FSF, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel and IBM.

C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest (and current) standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2014 as ISO/IEC 14882:2014 (informally known as C++14). The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, ISO/IEC 14882:2003, standard. The current C++14 standard supersedes these and C++11, with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979, as an extension of the C language as he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C, which also provided high-level features for program organization.

The earliest known programmable machine preceded the invention of the digital computer and is the automatic flute player described in the 9th century by the brothers Musa in Baghdad, at the time a major centre of knowledge. From the early 1800s, "programs" were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform), while other languages use other forms of program specification such as the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it).

The Language

(Intro)Let's do it!(Verse)The only thing they're scared is I'll walk so tallFor years and even now they pray to watch me fallTheir pretty words and ways give me the leading visionDoing like change, I just like to sum all the factorationTheir breath is wasted, such a bitter pill to choke onTheir time is fleeting back, they're waiting for my swan songTearing me down, won't love or raise you any higher(Bridge)Criticize, condemned, complainThe mirror shows who takes the blame(Chorus)The language you speak is deadDishonored, disgracedThe language you speak is deadDamaged, buriedThe language you speak is deadIndifference, forgottenThe language you speak is deadThere's never been a war where all they want such blood(Verse)Still dreaming demise and you'll see it, you'll see itThe last put our first signs, they believe it, believe it‘Cause deeper inside if you let it, you let itYou speak of the end and you'll get it, you'll get itCheering their wakes will never raise you higherYou only damn yourselfYou only damn yourself!(Bridge)Criticize, condemned, complainThe mirror shows who takes the blame(Chorus)The language you speak is deadDishonored, disgracedThe language you speak is deadDamaged, buriedThe language you speak is deadIndifference, forgottenThe language you speak is deadThere's never been a war where all they want such bloodWhen you kill trust

The C Programming Language

The C Programming Language (sometimes referred to as K&R, after its authors' initials) is a well-known computer programmingbook written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the Unixoperating system with which development of the language was closely intertwined. The book was central to the development and popularization of the C programming language and is still widely read and used today. Because the book was co-authored by the original language designer, and because the first edition of the book served for many years as the de facto standard for the language, the book was regarded by many to be the authoritative reference on C.

History

The first edition of the book, published in 1978, was the first widely available book on the C programming language. C was created by Dennis Ritchie. Brian Kernighan wrote the first C tutorial. The authors came together to write the book in conjunction with the language's early development at AT&T Bell Labs. The version of C described in this book is sometimes referred to as K&R C (after the book's authors), often to distinguish this early version from the later version of C standardized as ANSI C.

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