Few discussions in geology or evolution can occur
without reference to geologic time. In this article, the
standard time scale used by geologists is depicted and
described. See also Niel Brandt's Evolutionary and Geological
Timelines.

Radiometric dating and stratigraphic principles are
combined to establish the conventional geological time
scale. Scientists apply these principles to date rocks,
which can then be used to assign ages to fossils.

The isochron radiometric dating technique (and related
ones) is widely used in isotope geology, and does not fall
prey to many common creationist criticisms of radiometric
dating. This essay introduces the technique and shows why
it is so reliable.

This essay discusses the ICR's Grand Canyon Dating
Project, as proposed and executed by the ICR's Steve
Austin. Austin has obtained some bad Rb-Sr isochron dates,
although there are several serious questions regarding his
methodology.

John Woodmorappe has examined numerous studies of
radiometric dating in the scientific literature and
concludes that radiometric dating techniques are invalid.
This essay, however, raises serious questions about
Woodmorappe's methods.

This document is the result of an attempted "formal"
Usenet debate, with orderly turns between speakers, length
limits, and a predetermined topic (the age of the earth).
The participants were Bob Bales and Chris Stassen, both
high-profile talk.origins participants at the time of the
debate.

Light arriving from galaxies billions of light years
away attests to the ancient age of the universe. Some
young-earth creationists have tried to explain this
evidence away by claiming that the speed of light has
changed substantially.

It is argued that both the Earth and Moon should be
covered with a great layer of space dust if the Earth were
as old as the standard models imply. As usual, creationists
base their argument on faulty data and unwarranted
extrapolations.

One of the common arguments made in support of a young
Earth is that the Earth-moon system could not be billions
of years old. This article examines the physics of the
system and shows why the creationists are wrong.

Nuclear fusion is the only process reasonably capable
of powering the sun, and one product of this fusion is
invisible particles called 'neutrinos'. But why don't we
observe as many solar neutrinos as theory would
predict?

Young-earth creationist Robert Gentry has offered a
theory to replace the standard Big Bang cosmological model
of the universe, but his model is flawed by a number of
deficiencies, errors and inconsistencies.

A discussion of the methods for determining the ages of
ancient ice cores. Ice cores found in Antarctica date back
about 160,000 years, presenting somewhat of a problem for
young-earth creationists and catastrophists.

Young-earth creationists are occasionally heard to
claim that, if the universe is as old as mainstream science
holds it is, we should see far more supernova remnants -
the cinders of exploded stars - than we actually do. This
article discusses supernova physics at length and explains
why these claims are faulty.

Some creationists have claimed that anomalous amounts
of radioactive carbon-14 in ancient coal deposits indicates
that standard dating techniques, and by extension possibly
the geologic timescale, are flawed. This essay explains the
real reason C-14 is found in coal.

Answers in Genesis claims that paleontologist Mary Schweitzer found
"obvious, fresh-looking blood cells" and traces of blood protein
hemoglobin in a Tyrannosaurus rex bone. It further claims that this
demonstrates that the dinosaur could not have lived millions of years
ago. This essay documents that all these claims are absolutely false.
They are the result of selective quoting and misrepresentation of popular
science articles. Also see Dino Blood
Redux on dinosaur blood vessels and cells and
Ancient Molecules and Modern Myths
on osteocalcin claims.

Young-Earth creationists consider the helium diffusion studies of
D. Russell Humphreys
and others to be one of their greatest achievements in arguing for a 6,000
year old Earth. A geologist shows that these studies are extensively
flawed and include: serious miscalculations in their data, sampling the
wrong rock type, failing to eliminate possible
contamination, using equations that are based on
invalid assumptions and relying on questionable data.

A classic and often-referenced 1984 paper by G. Brent Dalrymple. The
paper contains short but accurate expositions of radiometric dating
methods and discussions of creationist criticisms and attempts to date
the Earth as young. It includes material difficult to find elsewhere,
such as the discussion of mixing isochrons and the effect of
neutron-capture reactions.

This article covers the evidence which leads cosmologists to believe the
Big Bang happened, deals with common objections to the theory, and discusses
alternative models and questions that still remain to be answered.

Astronomers can measure distances to objects in the universe whose light
took thousands, millions, or even billions of years for their light to
reach us. This has obvious implications for those who believe the universe
is under ten thousand years old. This article explains how scientists measure
distances to various types of astronomical objects and how young-earth
creationists deal with large astronomical distances.