Since the beginning of life on Earth, the oceans have been the ecological keel of the biosphere. The marine environment, from the brackish waters where rivers flow into the sea to the deepest depths, consitutes roughly 90 percent of the world’s inhabited space. The oceans cover nearly 71 percent of the Earth’s surface, and the deepest trenches plunge lower below sea level than Mount Everest climbs above it. They hold 97 percent of the water on Earth, more that 10,000 times as much water as all the world’s freshwater lakes and rivers combined.

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