Mood

Tenses

Simple tenses:

simple present

simple past

remote past

nonpast

pluperfect

simple future

future anterior

future-in-the-past

Compound tenses:

compound present

dramatic present

compound future

Conjugation

Verbs conjugate according to their class, mood, tense, number, person, gender and polarity. The conjugations are expressed with suffixes. There are two main ways to form the suffixes. Each letter/sound in a suffixes marks its own characteristics.

Suffix formation

Suffixes are made up of the so-called suffix filaments. Each filament marks another characteristic.

Suffix filaments

Below tables show the suffix filaments.

Mood filaments

Mood

Filament

Geminate

Indicative

-l

-ll

Generic

-m

-mm

Conditional

-n

-nn

Subjunctive

- š

-ss

Optative I

-k

-kk

Optative II

-h

-ðð

Optative III

-r

-rr

Presumptive

-g

-gg

Potential

-f

-ff

If-potential

-v, -s

-vv

Admirative

-t

-tt

Interrogative

-þ

-þþ

Tense filaments

Tense

Filament

Simple present

-a

Simple past

-e

Remote past

-ē

Nonpast

-o

Pluperfect

- ø

Simple future

-i

Future anterior

-y

Future-in-the-past

-u

Number and class filaments

Number

Filament

-VIJ

-LAJ

-VAJ

Singular

-k

-s

-v

Dual

-t

-k

-j

Plural

-n

-m

-p

Person filaments

Person

Filament

Firs person

-a

Second person

-e, -ē

Third person

-o, ø

Gender and polarity filaments

Gender

Polarity

Affirmative

Negative

Common

-/

-je

Masculine

-i

-ji

Feminine

-u

-ju

Neuter

-y

-jy

Suffix composition

There are two main ways to create suffixes, type I and type II.

Type I is used when the verbal stem ends on a vowel which is not the same as the following vowel in the suffix.

Type II is used when the verbal stem ends on a consonant or on a vowels that is the same as the following vowel in the suffix.

Type I

Composition

mood

tense

number + type

person

gender + polarity

Type II

Composition

tense

mood

number + type

person

gender + polarity

Combinations between tense and number/class filaments

These combinations occur only in the type II suffix composition, they are consonant combinations and there are some mutations and it's important to know where they occur.

Mood

Number

Class

-VIJ

-LAJ

-VAJ

Indicative

Singular

lk

sl

lv

Dual

lt

ll

lj

Plural

ln

lm

lp

Generic

Singular

mk

ms

pp

Dual

mt

ml

mj

Plural

mn

mm

mp

Conditional

Singular

nk

ns

nv

Dual

nt

nl

nj

Plural

nn

nm

np

Subjunctive

Singular

šk

ss

šf

Dual

št

šl

šj

Plural

šn

šm

šp

Optative I

Singular

kk

ks

kv

Dual

kt

kl

kj

Plural

kn

km

kp

Optative II

Singular

hk

hs

xv

Dual

ht

hl

hj

Plural

hn

hw

hp

Optative III

Singular

rk

rs

rv

Dual

rt

rl

rj

Plural

rn

rm

rp

Presumptive

Singular

gg

gz

gv

Dual

gd

gl

nj

Plural

ng

gm

gb

Potential

Singular

fk

fs

ff

Dual

ft

fl

fj

Plural

fn

fw

fp

If-potential

Singular

sk

sf

vv

Dual

st

þþ

vj

Plural

sn

sm

sp

Admirative

Singular

tk

ts

tv

Dual

tt

tl

tj

Plural

tn

tm

tp

Interrogative

Singular

þk

ðð

ðv

Dual

þt

þl

þj

Plural

þn

þm

þp

Conjugations

According to the analogy above, virtually all moods can have all the possible tenses. However, some moods have their own basic or common tenses. See the main page for the complete overview of the main verb conjugations.

Modal verbs

the full meaning verb is conjugated and the modal verb is attached to the verb as a clitic.

Modal participle

Number

-VIJ

-LAJ

-VAJ

Singular

-tja

-atja

-tje

-atje

-tjo

-atjo

Dual

-tjai

-atjai

-tjei

-atjei

-tjoi

-atjoi

Plural

-tjau

-atjau

-tjeu

-ateju

-tjou

-atjou

Modal verbs

Full form

Clitic

English

álvaj

-lá

to wish

élvaj

-lé

to wish

évivaj

-vé

have to, must

ivírvij

-ví

can

óvelaj

-ló

to be willing

ovélaj

-vó

can

újelaj

-jú

to want

-

-ttǿ

to like

Phaseal verbs

Phaseal verbs express a phase in the event.

The combination of a modal and a full meaning verb can be made in two ways, although one is now more or less obsolete:

fully conjugated modal verb plus supine of the full meaning verb,

the full meaning verb is conjugated and the phaseal verb is attached to the verb as a clitic.

Supine:

-vij -> -vvi

-laj -> -lla

-vaj -> -vva

Phaseal verbs

Full form

Clitic

English

mâješvaj

-šá

to finish

mâjevaj

-má

to finish

néčetlaj

-né

to stop

onódvaj

-nó

to start

óntodvaj

-tó

to start again

tonínovaj

-ní

to continue

véšetlaj

-té

to stop

wôjevaj

-wó

to finish

Reflexive verbs

There are two types of reflexive verbs, the véj verbs and the víj verbs. Their forms change depending on the person and number. There are three types: vocal, non-vocal (or consonantal) and clitic form.