CONJ.PREF – conjunctive prefix (bi, analogous to Persian be as in be-khwaanam)

1P, 2P, 3P – first person, second person, third person

ERG – ergative, when subject and object are inverted – subject is oblique case and object is indirect case (for the transitive verbs in past tenses)

COMP – comparative form of adjective

INTERJ, interjection

In the case Kurdish has a combination of preposition and postposition with a single meaning it is translated in this way – to1… to2, for1…. for2

If several grammatical or lexical formants are agglutinated (i.e. united in the way that they can be easily distinguished), they are connected with “minus” sign (-), but if two or more grammatical or lexical meanings are fusioned, it is they are marked by a single element that cannot be further analyzed or decomposed they will be connected in English translation by “plus” sign (+)

great many archer many charioteer many elephant rider, ?? rider, many pig rider, many from fox rider many dog rider many on snake on lizard whoever these then flying went like vulture somewhere many upside-down headed below towards

great lots of archers, lots of charioteers, many riders on elephant and on ??, many riding on foxes, dogs, snakes, lizards, many of them flied like vulture, some times head upside down

And fragrant raxsh the rustam awoke, rose the rustam from sleep, quickly clothed the leopard skin clothing, quiver bound, mounted on raxsh hurried to dew direction when the rustam from remote the dew army saw, the raxsh thus spoke master come and little little flee…

Raxsh who had a fragrant smell awoke Rustam. Rustam rose from sleep, quickly put on his garment from leopard skin, attached quiver to his waist and hurried to the direction of the dews’ army. When from the distance he saw the army of dews, Raxsh spoke to him thus, “come and [pretend] to flee a little backwards…<>

this-time returned rustam bearing forces on dews like fiery lion on wildgoat or hyena on cattle flock like falcon on rabbit or eagle? on snake and-them started…

And this very moment Rustam went back. With all his force he threw upon dews like a fiery lion on a wild goat, or a hyena on a cattle flock, a falcon on a rabbit or an eagle(?) on a snake and he started them..

Pashto nouns are declined and have two cases – direct and oblique – in both singular and plural. For the most masculine nouns ending on consonant, the singular direct and oblique are the same. For the most of the nouns, it is singular oblique and plural direct which have the same form. The plural oblique is usually formed by adding –o to the final consonant of the plural direct, or if the direct plural ends in a vowel, changing this vowel into -o

Typical declensions

1) masculine nouns, mostly animate with plurals on –aan

Direct shaagérd(sg) – shagerdáan(pl) (student)

Oblique shaagérd – shagerdáano

dost – dostáan (friend)

dost – dostáano

halék – halekáan (boy)

halék – halekáano

xarijí – xaarijiyáan (foreigner)

xarijí – xaarijiyáano

ashnáa – ashnaayáan(close friend)

ashnáa – ashnaayáano

leewé – leewáan (wolf)

leewé – leewáano

2) masculine nouns, mostly inanimate, with the plural ending –una

kor – korúna (house)

kor – korúno

laas – laasúna (hand)

laas – laasúno

kitáab – kitaabúna (book)

kitáab – kitaabúno

zangun – zanganúna (knee)

zangané – zanganúno

ghar – ghrúna (mountain)

ghar – ghrúno

merré – merrúna (husband)

merré – merrúno

zre – zrúna (heart)

zre – zrúno (heart)

3) masculine nouns with ending – ay

sarráy -sarrí (man)

sarrí – sarró, sarréyo

malgéray – malgéri (friend)

malgéri – malgéro

psarláy – psarlí (spring – season)

psarlí – psarló

4) masculine with plural ending – gaan

maamáa – maamaagáan (uncle)

maamáa – maamaagáano

chaaqú – chaaqugáan (knife)

chaaqú – chaaqugáano

5) masculines with the plural in accented – e (only a few words)

xar – xre (donkey)

xre – xro

ghal – ghle (thief)

ghle – ghlo

shpun – shpaané (shepherd)

shpaané – shpaanó

paxxtun – paxxtaané (Pashtoon)

paxxtaané – paxxtaanó

Feminine

1) femminines with non accented –a(some of them have dropped –a)

xxédza – xxédzi (woman)

xxédzi – xxédzo

wrádz – wrádzi (day)

wrádzi – wrádzo

2) feminines with accented –á

shpa – shpe (night)

shpe – shpo

kottá – kotté (room)

kotté – kottó

3) feminines with –ey

njeléy – njeléy (girl)

njeléy – njeléyo

koranéy – koranéy (family)

koranéy – koranéyo

(grammar books mentions other plural forms for this type as well such as koraneygáane, koranyáane)