IntroductionAttempts were made to try to control the flow directions
of magnetic fields from magnets using electromagnetic fields. This magnetic
field direction control may perhaps be part of the operation or behavior of a
free energy, or over unity device. The electromagnetic fields such as in and
emitted by iron rods were to attract magnetic fields of nearby magnets 2
and at the same time (the electromagnet) magnetically repel magnetic fields of
magnets 4 to control the flow of magnetic fields of these magnets in iron rods
or bars. The electromagnetic field from a coil produced by an electrical
current through the coil wire would then draw and guide the magnetic field from
a magnet 2 at the pole of this electromagnet. The electromagnetic field in the
iron (of electromagnet) would then be reinforced in strength with the magnet's
(magnet 2) magnetic field. The electromagnetic field and magnetic field both
would follow the same path through the solid iron as a summed electromagnetic
and magnetic fields. A change in motion of a mass like a magnet 4 is an
indication of electrical energy input. By combining the magnetic and
electromagnetic field magnitudes without mechanical motion, some small amount
of electrical energy was to be produced from the local space-time of the
magnetic fields of the device and due to the increased magnetic field strength
in the iron. Stationary magnetic field generators may perhaps be free energy or
over unity devices. It is called a stationary magnetic field generator, because
there are no moving generator parts in the stationary magnetic field motor to
produce changing magnetic field amplitudes. Some energy from generator's local
four dimensional space-time may be transfered into three dimensional space-time
by and in its magnetic field B. This page may perhaps show some magnetic and
electrical devices for doing this.

Stationary Magnetic Field and Coil Electric GeneratorIn the stationary or motionless magnetic field and coil
electric generator abreviated s.m.f.c. generator, strips of steel or iron
sheets pass between the stationary magnet magnetic poles and the poles of an
iron core of an output coil. The metal strips redirect the magnetic
field of the magnet away from the iron core of the output coil. The redirected
magnetic field then flows away from the output coil core which produces a
changing magnetic field intensity in the coil core. This changing magnetic
field intensity in the output coil core induces and electric voltage and
current from the coil. Figure 1 shows the basic design of the electric
generator. It has a stationary magnet 2, the iron strips 3, the output coil
iron core 4 and the output coil 5. The stationary magnet 2 provides the
magnetic field intensity B. The iron strips 3 can absorb and redirect the
magnetic field with intensity B from the output coil core 4 as shown in figure
1(a). When the strips are not
present between the poles of magnet 2 and core 3, the magnetic field intensity
B follows the path through the iron core 4 of the output coil 5 as shown in
figure 1(b). The output coil 5 consists of a number of windings of copper
magnet wire.

S.m.f.c. Electric Generator

Figure 1.

The iron strips 3 are designed in the form of a rotor as shown in figure 1(c).

Solid State Generator
Y Test
This page may perhaps show a method for generating electricity with magnets and
electromagnets without moving mechanical parts. The solid state generator is designed to try to control the flow
direction of magnetic fields by electromagnetic fields such that the
electromagnetic field amplitude is reinforced by the magnetic field amplitude.
In the solid state electric generator, there is not relative motion between the
stator magnet and the output coil. The flow of the stator magnet magnetic field
is controlled by an electromagnetic field from a relatively stationary input
coil.
Direct electrical current may produce an electromagnetic field that is stronger
with the magnet.
Figures 2, 3 and 4 shows the basic design of an experiment for controlling the
flow direction of a magnetic field using an electromagnet. It has stator
cylindrical magnet 2 and stator electromagnet 3. It has movable disk magnet 4.

Simple Magnet and Electromagnet Stator Actuator Test Design
Figure 2.

The disk magnet 4 is placed over the rounded iron magnetic pole 6 of electric
input electromagnet 3. Stator magnet 2 can be moved closer or further from the
other magnetic pole of electromagnet 3. The magnet poles N and S directions are
as shown in figures 2, 3 and 4. Stator magnet 2 has length
Ls and diameter Ds.
Electromagnet 3 has soft iron core diameter Dc
and length Le. Electromagnet 3 has
copper coil 5 which receives electric current I
from an electric current supply 8.
Demonstration video 2 shows an experiment of possible magnetic force direction
control and amplification using an electromagnet of figure 2 design. In the
video 2, the electromagnet 3 without magnet 2 is activated with current
I, and magnet 4 does not move much. The current meter in the
background shows the current I magnitudes. Then magnet 2 is moved closer to
electromagnet 3 and magnet 4 moves with much larger magnitudes with current
I changes. Next magnet 2 is moved, without the electromagnet 3
electromagnetic fields. Movement of magnet 4 were less. The magnet 4 movements
are larger. The electromagnetic field from electromagnet 3 is not sufficient to
move the magnet 4 much, but when stator magnet 2 is moved closer to
electromagnet 3, the movable magnet 4 can be made to move. This indicates that
the electromagnetic field of electromagnet 3 can control the flow direction of
magnetic field of magnet 2 in such as way as to strengthen the magnet force
from the electromagnet 3 that moves magnet 4.

The differences in current I between without and with magnet 2 are
not very noticeable in the video 1. Adding magnet 2 to electromagnet 3 does
decrease the magnetic attraction force between magnet 4 and electromagnet 3.
When magnet 4 is replaced by a piece of iron that is not initially magnetized,
the magnetic field intensity of magnet 2 and electromagnetic field intensity of
electromagnet does add by about:

B=Be+Bs.
(5)

When an electromagnet like 3 is magnetized by a magnetic field from an external
magnet like 2, the impedance Z of the
electromagnet is expected to decrease. This decrease in impedance
Z is assumed to be due to the magnetic particles of the iron core of
the electromagnet being able to rotate less due to the incoming magnetic field
of magnet 2. The impedance of the electromagnet 3 copper coil is
Z=(X2+R2)1/2,
where R is the resistance of the copper
wire of the coil 9 of electromagnet 3. R=47
ohms in this design. The X=2×π×f×L
is the reactive impedance of the coil 9 of electromagnet 3. The
f is the electrical frequency of the input current
I into coil 9, L is the
inductance of the coil 9 of electromagnet 3, and π=3.141592654. Coil 9 has
N number of turns of copper wire that has enamel coating. Ammeter 11
displays the electric current I=V÷Z
from battery 8 to coil 9, where V is
the electric supply 8 voltage. V=9.0
volts. The electromagnetic field intensity of electromagnet 3 electromagnetic
field is Be, and magnetic
field intensity of magnet 2 magnetic field is Bs.
The electromagnetic field intensity be of electromagnet draws in the magnetic
field intensity Bs of stator
magnet 2 in such a way as to increase the magnetic field intensity
B of the electromagnet 3 by B=Be+Bs.
The B can be the combined magnetic
field intensity of Be and
Bs at the pole 6 of electromagnet 3.
Ls is 0.1 to 0.12 metre. Figures 3 and 4 shows the
assumed and approximate magnetic field flux line patterns in and around magnet
2 and electromagnet 3. In figure 3(a) the electromagnet has no electromagnetic
field intensity Be when
there is no electric current I in coil
9. Magnet 4 attracts with force Fm
to the iron core 10. In figures 3(a) and 3(c), the coil 9 are not drawn in
figures. In figure 3(b), electric current I
goes through coil 9 and as a result magnetic field intensity
Be is at iron core 10 pole 6. Magnet 4 is magnetically
repelled by magnetic force F. In figure
3(c) the magnetic field lines (blue colored dashed lines) from magnet 2 goes
through some of the iron core 10 of electromagnet 3 and then some of the lines
14 may come from the iron core 10. Very little magnetic lines of force reach
movable magnet 4 and magnetic field intensity from electromagnet 3 is
B<Bs. Only
some of the magnetic lines of force from magnet 2 reaches the magnetic field of
movable magnet 4 in figure 3(c). The magnetic field from magnet 2 that goes
into iron core 10 flows mainly out the sides of iron core 10 in figure 3(c). In
figure 4(a) when there is an electromagnetic field intensity
Be in electromagnet 3 due to electric current
I, more of the magnetic lines of force 15 from magnet 2 stays in
iron core 10 and reaches movable magnet 4. The magnetic field intensity B
working against the magnetic field intensity Bm
of movable magnet 4 is now: B=Be+Bs which produced
magnetic repulsion force F near pole 6
in figure 4(a). The electromagnetic field with intensity
Be from electromagnet 3 and Bs
of stator magnet 2 sum. The magnetic field intensity
Bs is likely to reduce the magnetic attraction forces
between iron core 10 and Bm which
allows the larger motion of magnet 4. The energy efficiency e is assumed to be:

e=(F×s)÷(Fe×se).
(6)

cE=F×s=Fe×se.
(7)

Where Fe is axial magnetic
force between electromagnet 3 and magnet 4 alone and dFe
is change in electromagnetic force by electromagnetic field from electromagnet
3 alone. Axial magnetic force is in the direction of the magnetic field
direction. The se is motion
of magnet 4 while receiving change in force dFe.
The s is movement of magnet 4 while
under the summed change in force dF.
Fe=A4×Bm×k4÷r2.
With A4 the surface area of
magnet 4 and length k4 of
magnet 4, and distance r between the
magnets.

Magnetic Flux Line Patterns Without and With Be
Figure 3.

Magnetic Flux Line Pattern With Intensities Bs
and Be and Flux Line Vectors
Figure 4.

Figures 3 and 4 shows magnetic flux line direction vectors
Xsi and Xei.
Figure 4(b) shows a two dimensional Cartesian coordinate graph of the resultant
vector Xi produced by summing
vectors Xsi and
Xei. The lengths of the arrows represent the magnetic flux
density amount at a point i in magnetic field, while the direction of the arrow
in the graph represents the direction of the magnetic flux line at the same
point i. Magnetic flux line density and direction vectors
Xsi and Xei are
summed in figure 4(b) graph, but the resultant vector
Xi is controlled by vector Xei.
Perhaps Xi=b×Xsi×Xsei.
This may be magnetic field vector amplification of Xsi
to Xi. Magnetic field directions
and intensities are manipulated by other electromagnetic or magnetic fields
like Xei at one location. The
Xi vector (arrow) is more horizontal than
Xsi which produces larger magnetic repulsion forces
F between B and
Bm at pole 6. The phenomenon of a magnetic field
direction being controlled by a weaker electromagnetic or magnetic field can be
called magnetic field vector amplification.
Iron core 10 of electromagnet 3 has a large electromagnetic permeability
uc.
The magnetic amplification A of the
device is assumed to be:

A=uc×Ds2÷Dc2=B÷Be∝dF÷dFe.
(8)A=uc×N×Ds2÷(L10×Dc2)=B÷Be∝dF÷dFe.

With length L10 of iron core 10, and N
the number of copper wire turns of coil 9. Perhaps in part:

B=(Be+Bs)×Bei
(9)

at magnetic pole 6. Exponent i is : 0<i<1. Then magnetic force F against
magnet 4 from magnets 2 and electromagnet 3 is:

F=B×Bm÷r2.
(10)

The r is the distance between pole 6 surface and magnet 4 surface.
The change in force:

dF=dB×Bm÷r2
(11)

appears to be larger with the inclusion of magnet 2 magnetic field intensity
Bs. This may be due to the larger magnetic attraction
force between Be and
Bm. From video 2 there can be seen that the magnetic
repulsion forces between Be and
Bm alone (without stator
magnet 2) are small, and that the difference between magnetic and
electromagnetic field intensities B and
Be (with stator magnet 2) is relatively large. Magnetic
field intensity Be produced
by the electric current I in the
electromagnet 3 core 10 appears to draw some of the magnetic field intensity
Bs of the stator magnet 2 through iron core 10 to the
magnetic pole 6 of electromagnet 3 where magnet 4 is closely at.
Magnetic force F between magnet 4 and iron core 10 may be:
F2=uc×Bm÷r2,
where u is electromagnetic permeability
of iron core 10. The internal energy or potential between iron core 10 and
magnet 4 may perhaps be: Ei=F2×se2
where Ei is a constant which
is different than the energy equation (6). The se2=se.
Demonstration video 3 shows an experiment using the same magnetic and
electromagnetic actuator design as in figure 2. In video 3 the magnet on weight
scale is first pushed magnetically in verticle directions by electromagnet
3 (beige colored part). Then the cylindrical rod magnet ( black
colored disks) was added over electromagnet 3
pole producing larger swings of weight indication on scale. In this
case, the magnetic repulsion forces between magnet 4 and electromagnet 3, and
electromagnet 3 with magnet 2 are measured by a weight scale. The dFe
is a small change in magnetic force of electromagnet 3 alone on magnet 4. In
video 3 there can see the small change in force dFe
with electromagnet 3 alone. Then a larger change in force dF
with magnet 2 at other pole of electromagnet 3 can be seen. There can be seen
that the change in magnetic force dF with
magnet 2 is larger than dFe with
only electromagnet 3. Electromagnet 3 does seem to control the magnetic flux
line flow of stator magnet 2. The small cylindrical black colored object is
ferrite magnet 4 with electromagnet 3 about 0.025 metre above it. Demonstration
video 3b is similar as video 3 except there is a smaller distance between the
pole 6 and magnet 4.

The weight scale meter near centre of the video 3 can be made to
change through a larger range by electromagnet 3 with magnet 2 in use. Moving
electromagnet 3 iron 10 alone over magnet 4 on weight scale did not show a
noticeable weight or force Fe change. This would indicate
that the dF>dFe
or increased motion of magnet 4 was not due to reduced magnetic attraction
between iron 10 of electromagnet 3 and magnet 4. This may indicate that
F×s and
Fe×se from above equation (7) are not
equal. A question is: will the larger weight or force swings increase the
electrical efficiency of the generator Y design? Larger weight or force
F variations may indicate that:

F×s>Fe×se.
(12)

The current meter on the left side is ammeter 11 and shows input current
I into coil 9. Sometimes the weight scale meter does not return to
its orginal positions indicating that the iron 10 has some magnetic memory.
Using calculus integration mathematics, the potential energy difference of
equation (12) becomes:

The symbol ∫ is the calculus integration sign. The
k is the spring constant of the spring 17 of the weight scale 16
that works against the magnetic forces F
and Fe. The tension force of
the spring 17 of the weight scale 16 on which magnet 4 rests on is made
mathematically equal to F or
Fe. Variable sei
is initial position of magnet 4 which is also the stretch distance of the
spring 17 with spring constant k. This
is initial displacement with magnetic field intensity
Be alone. Fe=Be×Bm÷r2.
Variable Sef is the final
position of magnet 4 with magnetic field intensity be alone from electromagnet
3 alone. Variable Si is
position of magnet 4 and stretch distance of metal spring of weight scale with
magnetic field intensity Bs only
of stator magnet 2. Variable sf is position of magnet 4 due to
magnetic force F caused by magnetic
field intensity B=(Be+Bs)×Bei
when stator magnet 2 and electromagnet 3 are both used to produced a magnetic
repulsion force F on magnet 4.
Examples: k=3×101 newton/metre,
sei=0.0 metre,
sef=0.0017 metre, si=0.0025
metre, sf=0.0055 metre of
video 3b magnetic actuator design. Copper coil 9 outer diameter
Do=0.040 metre, uc=300
to 500, and core 10 diameter Dc=0.016
metre. The E and
Ei are expected to be equal, but seem not to be equal
with Ei=Ee.
Possibly E=Ei+Ee,
but where does Ei go to?
Perhaps the energy E is also
E= , A4=2.8×10-4
metre2, k4=0.0096
metre.
∫ F×ds=(m÷2)×v2,
where m is the mass of magnet 4 and
v is the average vertical velocity of the magnet 4. The moving speed
v may also be an indication of energy E
as well as its motion magnitude s. The
speed v of motion may be measured by
counting the amount of times distances s
and se are done within a
certain time period t. The time period
for 20 s span motions is
t= , and for 20 se
motions is te= . The
m=0.0131 kilogram. The oscillation frequency is
f=1÷T, and distance
s moved should be proportional to average velocity
v. The T=t÷20
cycles, and Te=te÷20
cycles. The device may be working as an electromagnetic field vector or
intensity and direction amplifier. The magnetic field flux line directions from
a magnet like 2 may be redirected by another electromagnetic or magnet field
like Be in such a manner as
to sum the magnetic field strengths of both magnetic fields. There seem to be
little required electromagnetic field intensities to re-direct a magnetic field
polarities or flux lines from a magnet like 2. Figure 5 may show the assumed
and inaccurate magnet 4 displacements se
and s, and input currents
I versus time t. Figure 5(a)
shows the displacements se of
magnet 4 and input current I without
stator magnet 2. Figure 5(b) shows the displacements
s and input current I versus
time t with magnet 2.

Magnet
4 Displacements s And Input Currents
I Versus Time t
Figure 5.

The currents I amplitudes in figures
5(a) and 5(b) are similar, but current I
in figure 5(b) exists a little longer in time t.
There is a minimum input current Imin
level to move movable magnet 4 from the iron core 10 of electromagnet 3, which
is: Imin=Bm÷(Bs×l),
where l is coil 9 copper wire length
that carries the input current I.
Figure 6 shows a similar design to the design of figures 2, 3 and 4. Figure 6
design has a stator magnet 2 and and input electromagnet 3. The coil 9 of
electromagnet 3 is slightly smaller in size relative to the iron core 10
diameter Dc than the design
of figures 2 and 3. A movable magnet 4 operates as a projectile. The input coil
receives a larger current I relative to
the size of the coil 3.

Electromagnet Actuator For Larger relative Input Current
I
Figure 6.

Electromagnet 3 coil 9 has about N=400
turns of copper wire, with coil 9 copper wire resistance
R=4 ohms, and Dc=0.006
metre, l=45 metres. The length
L4 of the movable cylindrical shaped magnet 4 must be
large enough. Demonstration video 4 shows the magnetic actuator of figure 6 in
operation. This magnetic actuator is also a magnet accelerator. The movable
magnet 4 travels vertically further with the magnet 2 than without magnet 2
with electromagnet 3 is energized with input current
I. This and the vertical speed of magnet 4 indicates that the
magnetic actuator will work for smaller time periods
T and Te of
figure 5 graph. The ammeter at lower left on the screen shows the input current
I. In video 4, the current I
is initially applied to coil 9 (the copper colored wire), and little movement
of magnet 4 is seen. Then when magnet 2 is placed underneath electromagnet 3 of
coil 9, magnet 4 is quickly electromagnetically repelled by electromagnet 3
iron core 10. The lower magnet 2 reduces the magnetic attraction force between
magnet 4 and iron core 10 which permits magnet 4 to be pushed away by
electromagnetic field of electromagnet 3. Maximum current
I in both tests seems to be about I=
ampere.

Without magnet 2 there was less change in motion of magnet 4.
Smaller time periods T and
Te appear to require larger input currents
I. I=1÷T.
Adding stator magnet 2 underneath electromagnet 3 reduces the magnetic
attraction force between movable magnet 4 and iron core 10 of electromagnet.
This enables magnet 4 to leave core 10 easier, but the purpose of video 4
experiment is to see if smaller time periods Te
between peaks of se will also work. The vertical upwards
acceleration ay of magnet 4
in video 4 at a moment of time is assumed to be:

ay=(Fe-(Fm-F2)-Fw)÷m,

where F2 is the magnetic
repulsion force between magnets 2 and 4 at magnetic pole 6. The
m is the mass of magnet 4, and Fw=m×g
is the weight of the magnet 4. The Fe
can be the magnetic repulsion force between magnet 4 and electromagnet 3 alone
when input current I is applied is
applied to electromagnet 3 coil 9. Force F2
reduces Fm. Examples:
m=3×10-2 kilogram, g=9.81
newtons/kilogram, F2=0.01
newton, ay=1 metre/second2.
When a smaller magnet 3 with a stronger magnetic field intensity B3
is close to another larger magnet 2 with a weaker magnetic field intensity B2,
the smaller magnet's magnetic field attraction force may overcome the weaker
magnetic field repulsion force as shown in figures 8(a), 8(b) and demonstration
video 5. The smaller magnet 3 will be magnetically attracted to magnet 2
ferrite material even if magnets are at magnetic repulsion orientation (north
to north poles N). Magnetic field intensity B3
magnetic flux lines (green colored lines) of smaller magnet 3 push aside the
magnetic flux line (blue colored dashed lines) of magnetic field intensity
B2 of the larger magnet 2. The magnetic lines of force
shown as dashed lines are at an imaginary plane 4 intersecting magnet 2.
B3>1.5×B2,
B2=0.01 tesla. Figures 8(a) and 8(b) may show a more correct model
of magnetic field flow patterns between repelling magnetic fields when one
magnetic field intensity (B3)
is much stronger. the stronger magnetic field intensity like
B3 dominates over a weaker magnetic field intensity like
B2. Figure 8(c) may show a less correct model of magnetic
field flux line flow directions for B3>1.2×B2.
The repelling magnetic lines of force are bend away from each other by each
other. Magnet 2 diameter D2=0.04
metre with length L2=0.008
metre, magnet 3 diameter D3=0.003
metre with length L3=0.0015
metre.

When the distances r between the magnets are further, there is some magnetic
repulsion forces. When the distance r is shorter, magnetic attraction between
magnet 3 and magnet 2 iron can dominate the magnetic repulsion force. This type
of magnetic lines of force behavior must be taken into consideration when
designing a magnetic actuator.

Figure 9 may show a superior and similar design to figures 2, 3, and 4
design. In this similar the design, both magnetic poles of stator magnet 2 are
used. In this design the stator magnet 2 has a u shaped design. Stator magnet 2
consists of two magnets 2a and 2b and an iron magnetic flux guide 2c. Movable
magnet 4 also has its south S and north n poles used. Movable magnet 4 has two
magnets 4a , 4b and an iron magnetic flux guide 4c. Electromagnet 3 now has two
iron cores 10a and 10b and two corresponding input coils 9a and 9b.
Electromagnet 3 also has a third curved shaped iron core 10c that is between
cores 10a and 10b. Between cores 10c, and 10a is an air gap with span y.

Dual Pole Magnet and Electromagnet Stator Actuator Design
Figure 9.

The electromagnet 3 core section 10b needs an air gap span y of sufficient
width, because the electromagnet repulsion force at 20 are not easily
redirected. Magnetic repulsion force vectors may not be easily re-directed. as
shown in figure 10. In figure 10(a) the magnets are far apart with magnetic
repulsion force vectors as shown. When the magnets are brought closer together,
the magnetic repulsion forces or force vectors do not vary much.

Magnetic Repulsion Force Vectors
Figure 10.

Electric current Io induction
by magnetic and electromagnetic fields may be: Io=Lr×dH/dt,
where Io is varying direct
current. Where H=B×π×Dr2,
Lr is inductance of output
or secondary coil 11, and Dr
is diameter of secondary iron core 12 of coil 11.
Magnetic reluctance is the ability of a ferrous materials to resist
the flow of magnetic fields through it. Reluctance is the opposition produced
by a magnetic substance to magnetic flux; specifically the magnetic potential
difference to the corresponding magnetic flux in the same material. In
this case the magnetic reluctance ґ has
units of metre2 tesla/newton. Figure 10b may show a design of a
magnetic reluctance meter that uses these units of measure. It has a stator
magnet 2 with magnetic field intensity β
and surface area A2 at its
magnetic pole. A rotor 3 can be used to measure the magnetic force. Magnetic
materials (rods) 4 and 5 under test which transfer the magnetic field from
magnet 2 to rotor 3.

Electric Motor Type YThe magnetic actuator effects and design of figures 2 through 4 can
be used and made into an electric motor design called electric motor type Y.
The movable magnet 4 of figures 2 through 4 can become part of a piston and
crank shaft assembly 16 in figure 11(a) which turns the reciprocating motion of
magnet 4 into rotary motion. Magnet 4 is attached to aluminum piston 18. The
piston transfers the magnetic repulsion force F
causes by electromagnet 3 and magnet 4 onto flywheel 20 via cranks shaft 19.
The electric motor type Y of figure 11(a) has similar parts to the design of
figures 2 and 3. The motor has stator electromagnet 2 and stator magnet 2. A
commutator and switch assembly 17 produces the required current input
I timing T. Magnetic
repulsion force F=Bm×(Bs+Be)÷r2.
Magnetic field from stator 2 can produce magnetic repulsion forces with the
piston magnets 4 through iron core 10, and reduce magnetic attraction force
between piston magnet 4 and electromagnet 3 iron core 10. There may be a small
air gap z between electromagnet 3 iron
core 10 and stator magnet 2 to help reduce these magnetic repulsion forces as
the magnet 4 approach the electromagnet 3 pole 6. Figure 11(b) shows the
electric circuit schematic diagram of the coil 9 input circuit. Input voltage
V into input coil 9 can be V=+18
to +20 volts.

Principle of Magnetic Amplification
Magnets of increasing size but with similar magnetic field intensities B are
permitted to rotate about a fixed axis each. Figure 13 shows the design of
magnets of increasing sizes as a linear array of cylindrical magnets or linear
array of magnet rotors of magnets of decreasing size. The linear array of
rotors has magnets 2, 3, 4, and 5 of increasing size that are permitted to spin
about their fixed axii 7a, 7b, 7c, and 7d respectively. The magnet spin speed
is w. The rotating magnet array should have at least 4 magnets which have their
magnet pole axii being able to be aligned as these spin at speed w. The axii of
rotation of the magnets are parallel to each other and on the same imaginary
horizontal line. The magnetic poles like N or S of ferrite magnet 5 can attract
magnetic poles of adjacent magnets like 4. Rotating magnet 5 abouts is spin
axis 7d can rotate magnet 4 due to attracting magnetic forces between the two.
The same occurs between magnets 4 and 2 and then also between magnets 3 and 2.
Rotating the largest magnet 5 will rotate then rotate the smallest magnet 2 via
magnets 4 and 3. Rotating magnet 5 by applying forward torque
Tsf can rotate magnets 2, but rotating magnet 2 with
forward torque Tof may not
rotate large magnet 5.

Linear Array Of Magnet Rotors
Figure 13.

Rotating the largest magnet 5 rotates the second magnet (second largest magnet
4). This second magnet 4 in turn rotates the third larger magnet 3 beside it.
Rotating the smallest magnet 2 has very little affect on the largest magnet 5
rotation. The entire assembly has aluminum support 6 in which the physical axis
or axle 9 of magnet 5 can be allowed to rotate in. Frame 8 holds the magnet 5
onto axle 9. The frame 6 is not shown in the figures on the left of the draft
figure 13. If Tof is small,
then the rotor magnets 2 through 5 rotate in unisen and the
Tof=Tsf.
Magnetic field strength at the pole of each cylindrical shaped rotor magnet
like 2 and 3 is:

Hn=B×rn2×π÷4,

for n=1 to i magnets. Where rn
is the radius of the nth magnet of the array. The larger magnet 5 has a
larger magnetic field strength H5
than H3 of magnet 3, and so
magnet 5 is more difficult to rotate with magnet 3 via magnet 4. Magnet 3
cannot rotate magnet 5 via magnet 4, because the magnetic attraction is
stronger between relatively larger magnets 4 and 5 than between magnets 3 and
4. The difference between magnetic field strengths
H3 and H5
in the magnet array may perhaps cause magnetic amplification. Examples:
r5=0.013 metre, B=0.01
tesla, w=6 radians/second,
π=3.141592654, i=4 magnets, r3=0.009
metre, Tof=Tsf=0.0001
newton metre.
Can use an electrical transformer and replace the magnetic field with an
electromagnetic field. The affects are opposite to the magnets of figure 13.
Figure 14 shows and electrical transformer design. This transformer T is called
a variable or non-uniform core sectional area transformer. The iron core
sectional areas in the primary and secondary coils need not be the same. It has
a toroid shaped iron core 2 with core length or average circumference
c. The core 2 has two different sectional area dimensions. Primary
coil 3 has coil core 4 sectional area Ap.
Secondary coil 5 has iron core 6 sectional area Ao.

Electrical Transformer With Two Sectional Area Dimensions
Figure 14.

Apþp=Aoþs,þs/þp=R,

where þp is the
electromagnetic flux line density of primary coil electromagnetic field in
primary coil core sectional area Ap.
The þs is the
electromagnetic flux line density in secondary coil core sectional area
Ao of secondary coil. By placing iron filings or dust on
magnet poles, observations have shown that the magnetic flux density
þp or þs
is and is of core length c.
The peak output voltage Vs from
the secondary coil is:

Vs≈Vp×ls÷lp

for large Ii;

Vs≈Vp×Ns÷Np,

where Vp is the peak input
voltage into primary coil, lp
is length of coil wire of primary coil and ls
is length of secondary coil wire. Ii
is the primary coil 3 input signal current. Np
is primary coil 3 number of wire turns. Ns
is number of secondary coil 5 wire turns. Induced output voltage
Vs with no load RL
current Ii appears to be:
Vs∝Ls×Ii×dIi/dt.
Magnetic field strength Hp in
primary coil 3 iron core 4 is:

Hp=B×Ap.

Magnetic field strength Hs in
secondary coil 5 core 6 is:

Hs=B×Ao,

where B is electromagnetic field
intensity in iron core 2 of transformer.Ao>Ap.
This design works on the idea that the magnetic field intensity
B from a magnet's pole does decrease when the opposite magnetic pole
is attracted to a large piece of iron. A larger Ao
does not diminish B in primary coil
core sectional area Ap.
Primary coil 3 has input impedance:

Zp∝uo×u×(Ap/Pp)×Np2÷hp,

where Pp=2wp+2dp
is the perimeter of area Ap.
secondary coil 5 impedance:

Zs∝uo×u×(Ao/Ps)×Ns2÷hs,

for iron core electromagnetic permeability u>100. Where
hp is length of primary coil 3, and
hs is length of secondary coil 5.
Ps=2ws+2ds
is the perimeter of area Ao=ws×ds.
ws=ds.
Pseudo energy efficiency constant may be:

sE=(Hs×∂Hs/∂t)1/2÷(Hp×∂Hp/∂t)1/2,

with change ∂þs of
flux line density þs during time ∂t.
With change ∂þp of
flux line density þp during time ∂t.
Figure 15 shows one design. It is similar to the design of figure 14 except the
iron core is an H-core shape. The primary coils 3a and 3b working as one coil 3
have sectional areas Ap<Ao.
Ap=wp×dp.
The area of a rectangle like Ap
is largest when the side: wp=dp.
The secondary coil 5 is in the middle in the middle section of the transformer
T.

Variable Sectional Area Transformer With An H-Core Shape
Figure 15.

Vp and
Vs are forward voltages when the primary coil 3 is the
input coil, and secondary coil 5 is the output coil as normal.
Vrp is the reverse voltage from the primary coil when the
primary coil 3 becomes the output voltage and Vrp
is the reverse voltage into the secondary coil when secondary coil 5 becomes
the input coil of the transformer. Vrp can be less than
Vs even when Ns=Np=200
turns. Ns=Np=200,
300, and 350 turns. Demonstration video 8 shows this using the design of figure
15. The digital multimeter on the left back in video 8 measures input voltage
Vp=5.5 and 6.3 volts-peak. The green screen in the middle
shows the input currents Ii=1.2
ampere-peak and then Iri=0.48
ampere-peak. The meter on the right shows Vs=9.5
volts-peak and then Vrp=2
volts-peak. The H-core transformer T is shown last in video 8.

Then for the design of video 9, the Gi=22
amperes/ampere. Then the pseudo power gain of the variable core area
transformer T is:

Gw=Gv×Gi.

The real electric input power Wp
into primary coil 3 is:

Wp=Vp×Ii×cos
bi,

where bi is the phase angle
between the peaks of Vp and
Ii. The real electric output power
Ws from the secondary coil 5 is:

Ws=Vs×Is×cos
bs,

where bs is the phase angle
between the peaks of Vs and
Is which should be measured by an induction type
alternating current watt-hour meter.
If there are n number of transformers Tn, then the electrical
current input into each transformer is Iin+1,
and electrical input voltage to each primary coil is
Vpn+1. Ii1
is electrical current input without an electrical transformer T when load
RL is directly driven by Ii1.Ii2=Ii1/2.
The Nsn+1 is the number of coil wire turns of the primary coil
of nth non-uniform sectional area transformer Tn. Examples:
bi=bs=20
degrees, Ii1=0.2
ampere-peak, Vp1=9
volts-peak. Figure 16 shows a different electrical transformer T shape. The
primary coil 3 is the central coil, and secondary coil 5 is divided into two
equal coils 5a and 5b. The secondary coils 5a and 5b have a core sectional
areas that sum into Ao>Ap.
The larger primary coil 3 core sectional area Ap
is allowed to be larger in this design like in conventional electrical
transformer designs. When the magnetic field strength
Hp leaves the primary coil 3 iron core, it is divided
into two. One half goes to coil 5a core and the other half goes into coil 5b
core. Electrical power transfers less easily from the primary coil giving a
magnetic
amplifier.

Partial Toroid TransformerThis section may help explain some magnetic field flows in toroidal
transformers or partial toroid transformer that has an air gap in
the toroid core. Figure 16 shows the basic toroidal transformer design
with an air gap. The toroid transformer has a ferrous toroid core 2
with a small air gap 3 in figure 16(a). On the other side of the air gap 3 is
the primary coil 4 for electrical input Vi4×Ii4
. The primary coil 4 receives electrical input current Ii4.
There is a movable secondary coil 5 that can have its angular position ase
relocated during the test. The secondary coil collected electromagnetic power
from the electromagnetic field in toroid 2 and turns it into electrical output
to drive a light bulb 6. The air gap 3 then has at its centre a magnetic
neutral zone 9. This magnetic neutral zone is from the electromagnetic field
emitted by primary coil 4. Experiments shows that the electrical
output Pout5 from secondary coil 5 is largest with secondary
coil 5 is wound directly over the primary coil 4 in figure 16(a). The
electrical power from the secondary coil 5 is least when the secondary coil 5
is furthest from primary coil 4 and is (secondary coil 5) over the air gap
3 as shows in figure 16(b). The electrical power output is medium when
the secondary coil 5 is half between the air gap 3 and primary coil 4 centre as
shown in figure 16(c). Demonstration video 2c shows this. The light bulb 6 was
brightest when secondary coil 5 is just next to primary coil 4, and then
the light bulb is dimmest when close to the air gap 3 in video 2c.

The output wattage Pout5 in light bulb does not
seem to change with the inverse of the square root of the distance between
secondary coil 4 centre and primary coil 4 centre so that this equation (20)
may perhaps be more accurate. At ase= 180 degrees, the
secondary coil 5 centre is furthest from the primary coil and is over (or
within) the air gap 3. This would indicate that electromagnetic field
amplitude changes in one coil 4 can have reduced affects in
another coil 5 electrical current at ase=180 degrees
angular location. May perhap be able to use air gaps in toroidal cores
in stationary magnetic field generator designs. Variable Bi4
can be electromagnetic field intensity vector at centre of primary coil 4.
The electrical power Pout5 may perhaps be:

Pout5∝A2Bi4[(N÷(r2×ase
))+ (S÷(r2 ×(360º-ase )))]+z,

where N=+1 when secondary coil 5 is at the magnetic north pole, and S=-1
when seondary coil 5 is at the south magetic pole. This equation says that
the electromagnetic field is also determined by the magnetic polarities N
and S. The r2 is the radius of the toroid core
2. The A2=W2 ×d2 is the
surface area of the core 2 magnetic pole in figure 16(a). Variable y3
is the width of the air gap 3, and the output power reduced as air
gap y3 increases as shown near the completion of video 2c
such that:

Magnetic Field Direction Controlling Gate
The magnetic force Fx
is weakest at the magnetic neutral zone 6 in figure 2T. Figure 2T shows the
design of the experiment. The design has two similar ferrite magnets 2 and
3, that are spaced apart by a plastic or wood spacer 4. An iron sheet 5 is
allowed to move freely in the x-axis direction in linear path 7 between the
magnetic poles of magnets 2 and 3. The linear path 7 allows iron sheet 5 only
to move in the magnetic field nuetral zone 6. Iron sheet 5 would be
magnetically attracted two magnet 2 or 3. Demonstration video 2T shows the
experiment of figure 2T. Can see from video 2T that there is generally very
little magnetic force Fx
in x-axis direction and towards the central axis 8 of magnetic field of
By for thin sheets 5. Magnets 2 and 3 being similar
have width W and depth
d.

if the general direction of By
is perpendicular to Fx
direction in sheet 5. This is for small distances between iron sheet
5, and magnets 2 and 3 surfaces. Where By
is the magnetic field intensity of magnets 2 and 3 in the y axis direction and dp is the depth
of iron sheet 5 that is parallel to direction
d. The reason why variable dp is used
in equation (2) is that reducing iron sheet 5 depth length
dp bends magnetic flux lines of force toward
iron sheet 5 and increases the magnetic flux line concentration in iron sheet 5
which increases force Fx
. Variable a or ai
is angle between the directions of
Fx and By.
The magnetic field lines from magnets 2 and 3 poles should bend towards the
iron sheet 5 changing the angles ai. Variable
u is the electromagnetic permeability
of iron sheet 5 that has thickness Tp. Symbol
A represents the surface area of magnet
2 or magnet 3 that is perpendicular to By
direction; A=W×d
in this case. The direction By is
tangent to magnetic line of force at the particular starting point of
vector By
. The W in this case is in the
direction of x-axis. Some magnetic field lines of force do escape toward
the sides of magnets 2 and 3 and this lines of force have magnetic field
angles ai that
do not equal to 90 degrees. Magnetic force
F between a magnet and a sheet of iron 5 in general in
figure 3T is:

F=ABy2(cos
a)÷r82, F∝dBy2(cos
a)÷r82,

when magnetic field strengths Hv=Hv2,
Hv=Hv3
of stator magnets 2 and 3 respectively are identical or nearly
indentical. Where a is
the angle between directions of
F and By,
and r8 is the distance
between the iron sheet 5 and magnet.

Angle a Between
Force F and Magnetic
Field Vector By
Directions
Figure 3T.

The mechanical energy Ux
to move sheet 5 along distance sx in the
x-axis direction is:

Can use the transductor to generated a force
Fy that has a direction perpendicular to the
direction of Fx.
Figure 6T shows the basic design. It has two stator magnets 2 and 3 with magnet
lengths L2 and
L3 respectively. Magnets 2 and 3 may have similar
magnetic field intensites By
at points at the centre of their surfaces A which
(By) are
independent on size of the magnets. It has a movable magnet 8 that is free
to move up and down on a weight scale section 9 along the y-axis direction. The
weight scale can be used to measure verticle force
Fy. An iron plate 5 with dimensions a little
larger than W and
d can be inserted in the magnetic field nuetral zone between stator
magnets 2 and 3 to vary the magnetic field strength
Hv from
the same magnets 2 and 3. Where Hv
exists between magnets 3 and 8. Iron sheet 5 would be a magnetic field
direction controlling gate. It send much of the magnetic field from magnet 2
into magnet 3. Variable ym is the distance between the
surfaces of magnets 2 and 4 poles.

where Hv8
is the magnetic field strength of magnet 8 and r8 is the distance
between magnets 3 and 8 centres. The co is the
ability of a magnet like magnet 3 to conduct another magnetic field through
itself. The co=(Fv-Fv3)÷Fv2;
the force Fv produced
by two magnets 2 and 3 together, force Fv2
is force of magnet 2 alone and force Fv3
is force of magnet 3 alone. Magnet 2 length L2
is added to the length L3 of
magnet 3 with iron sheet 5 making magnets 2 and 3 somewhat operate as one
magnet against movable magnet 8. The Hv8 would
change the Hv of
magnet 3, so that equation (2) may not apply. The
Fx magnitude may be weaker than the Fy
magnitude. The mechanical energy efficiency would then be:

e=∫Fy
dsy ÷ ∫Fx
dsx,

with the x-axis origin on By axis.
Where sy is the
verticle displacement of magnet 8. Demonstration videos 2T and 3T shows
that iron sheet 5 thicknes Tpproduces
little difference in forcesFx,
and that most of the angles of ai are
close to 90 degrees. This may perhaps indicate that mechanical
efficiency e can be a little
larger than 1 joule/joule. This means that if force
Fx in direction a=90
degrees does not exist in above conditions, then changes in the force Fy is nearly a
free magnetic force. Each Hv of
both magnets 2 and 3 may not remain identical with changes in
Hv8, so equations (2) may not apply.
Fx amplitudes are much smaller
than magnetic attraction force in direction of
By even if magnetic
field strengths of magnets 2 and 3 are not identical. When displacement y
is going downwards in this case the y is positive and for reverse
displacement y, the y is negative (minus signed). The
magnitudes Fx
seem smaller than Fymagnitudes with
iron sheet 5 in between and close to magnets 2 and 3.
Imaginary examples: Fy=0.0007
newton ↓, Hv8=8×10-7
tesla metre3 , Hv=1×10-6
tesla metre3 ↑, r8=0.20
metre, L2=L3=0.008
metre, sy=0.006 metre ↓,
e=0.9 N. m./N. m., dsy=0.006
metre, dsx=sx,
ym≈Tp,
∆ym≈Tp/2, Fv=0.2
newton , Fv2=
0.1 newton,Fv3=0.1
newton.
There can be magnetic field intensity
Bx from a second magnet
that has a direction perpendicular to the direction of By
in an iron core. The resultant vector when magnetic memory in iron
core is neutralized is:

Bo=oBo=Bx+By

which also the orientation vector of an iron atom in the iron, where
magnetic field intensity magnitudes:

Bx=||Bx ||,
By=||By||,Bo=||Bo||.

Angle of resultant Bo from the y-axis:

b= tan (Bx/By).

Output:

Boy=Bo cos b.

Unit vector o can also represent the magnetic
field orientation of an iron atom in the iron. Increasing the angle b would
cause less magnetic field of By to
travel through the iron by:

Byy=By cos b.

This Byy is the magnetic field intensity
magnitude output through the iron and out of the iron along the
y-axis

Imaginary examples: 1 degree< b< 60 degrees,
Bx=0.02 tesla →.
Similarly, this effect seems to be able to be done
also by inserting a magnet between the poles of a C shaped iron core
whose pole width is longer than the magnet's width
W .