The gastrointestinal tract starts at the mouth, travel down the tunnel (esophagus), which connects to the stomach, which then empties into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum---the three parts of the small intestine (@25 feet). This empties into the colon or large intestine (about 5 feet), which then becomes the sigmoid colon, rectum and out the anus. So, every morsel eaten goes on long journey.
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2

Large intestine:
The large intestine primarily absorbs water from the stool mixture, associated with ions, nutrients, and vitamins produced by the gut bacteria. By absorbing the water, it changes the stool from liquid to its final solid form. Hope that helps.
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6

Varies with the type:
Of food. After consuming a typical solid meal, there is a lag time of 20 to 30 minutes in which there is minimal gastric emptying. This is followed by a phase in which the rate of emptying is roughly linear. In contrast, liquids are generally transported out of the stomach at an exponential rate.
See this site:http://www.Vivo.Colostate.Edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/emptying.Html.
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7

Common bile duct:
Bile is made in the liver and is a by-product of liver metabolism (generally broken down red blood cells cleared from the blood stream). The bile collects in the biliary system of the liver and flows to the larger bile ducts - one for the left and right lobes of the liver. These join as the common bile duct which exits the liver. The duct joins the pancreatic duct and flows into the duodenum.
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8

See below:
The small intestine is the primary absorptive surface to allow nutrients to enter the blood stream for your nutrition. The colon or large intestine primarily absorbs water & stores waste until eliminated.
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9

Depends:
On where the blockage is and whether it is partial or complete and what is the underlying cause of the blockage, be it adhesions, inflammation or tumor. See a surgeon for the specific answer to the specific problem.
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11

May reach...:
...both the 3rd portion of the duodenum from the top procedure, and terminal ileum from the bottom testing. That still however leaves most of the small bowel non-visualized by the routine studies you mentioned.
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13

Normal transit time:
In general, we should poop as many times per day as we eat. In-to-out transit time should be 8-12 hours. Dinner today should be out in the morning for a healthy gut that is working as it should, and being treated to food it should see. Transit time may be decreased with too much red meat, sugar, wheat, potato, and pain medication.
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14

None:
Pepsin, the powerful enzyme in gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, or dairy products in the stomach. Once in the small intestine, the ph is higher rendering pepsin inactive in further digestion of proteins. Absorption of proteins occurs primarily in the small intestine.
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15

Variable, but...:
Roughly large intestine (colon) is 5 feet long & small intestine is 20 feet long. Figure 4-6 hours to empty stomach completely, 17 hours to digest food thru small bowel, & 1-3 days to absorb thru colon. This calculates to a bell-curve distribution of GI transit such that normal american stool frequency varies from 3x/day to once every 3-4 days. Calculate yours by examining stool for "marker" food.
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