Teach courses in communications, such as organizational communications, public relations, radio/television broadcasting, and journalism. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.

English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.

89

Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.

87

Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.

65

Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

57

Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

54

Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

52

Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins.

Law and Government — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.

46

Clerical — Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology.

Philosophy and Theology — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.

History and Archeology — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

37

Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.

36

Fine Arts — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.

35

Therapy and Counseling — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.

30

Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

28

Foreign Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.

26

Economics and Accounting — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

20

Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

19

Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.

18

Transportation — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.

17

Engineering and Technology — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

15

Design — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

12

Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.

8

Chemistry — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.

8

Physics — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub- atomic structures and processes.

7

Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.

6

Food Production — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

6

Medicine and Dentistry — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

4

Building and Construction — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.

Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.

75

Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.

75

Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

75

Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.

75

Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.

72

Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.

72

Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

66

Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

60

Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.

56

Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

53

Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

50

Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.

50

Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

50

Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.

47

Memorization — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.

47

Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.

44

Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.

41

Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.

31

Speed of Closure — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.

28

Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.

28

Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).

28

Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without 'giving out' or fatiguing.

25

Auditory Attention — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.

25

Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.

25

Mathematical Reasoning — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.

25

Number Facility — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.

25

Visualization — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.

19

Visual Color Discrimination — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.

16

Hearing Sensitivity — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.

10

Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.

10

Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.

10

Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.

6

Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.

Glare Sensitivity — The ability to see objects in the presence of glare or bright lighting.

0

Gross Body Coordination — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.

0

Gross Body Equilibrium — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.

0

Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.

0

Night Vision — The ability to see under low light conditions.

0

Peripheral Vision — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.

0

Rate Control — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.

0

Reaction Time — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.

0

Response Orientation — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.

0

Sound Localization — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

0

Spatial Orientation — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.

0

Speed of Limb Movement — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.

0

Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.

Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

60

Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

57

Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.

54

Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.

54

Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

51

Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.

23

Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.

23

Performing General Physical Activities — Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials.

21

Controlling Machines and Processes — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).

Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?

80

A lot of freedom

15

Some freedom

Face-to-Face Discussions — How often do you have to have face-to-face discussions with individuals or teams in this job?

66

Every day

34

Once a week or more but not every day

Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?

69

Constant contact with others

21

Contact with others most of the time

Structured versus Unstructured Work — To what extent is this job structured for the worker, rather than allowing the worker to determine tasks, priorities, and goals?

66

A lot of freedom

29

Some freedom

Public Speaking — How often do you have to perform public speaking in this job?

61

Every day

38

Once a week or more but not every day

Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in environmentally controlled conditions?

75

Every day

13

Once a week or more but not every day

12

Never

Coordinate or Lead Others — How important is it to coordinate or lead others in accomplishing work activities in this job?

57

Extremely important

13

Very important

24

Important

Work With Work Group or Team — How important is it to work with others in a group or team in this job?

46

Extremely important

34

Very important

Telephone — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?

50

Every day

24

Once a week or more but not every day

12

Once a year or more but not every month

Letters and Memos — How often does the job require written letters and memos?

26

Every day

39

Once a week or more but not every day

35

Once a month or more but not every week

Frequency of Decision Making — How frequently is the worker required to make decisions that affect other people, the financial resources, and/or the image and reputation of the organization?

37

Every day

32

Once a week or more but not every day

12

Once a month or more but not every week

14

Once a year or more but not every month

Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — How do the decisions an employee makes impact the results of co-workers, clients or the company?

36

Very important results

25

Important results

15

Moderate results

23

Minor results

Physical Proximity — To what extent does this job require the worker to perform job tasks in close physical proximity to other people?

11

Very close (near touching)

60

Moderately close (at arm's length)

20

Slightly close (e.g., shared office)

Time Pressure — How often does this job require the worker to meet strict deadlines?

17

Every day

51

Once a week or more but not every day

23

Once a month or more but not every week

Spend Time Sitting — How much does this job require sitting?

46

More than half the time

38

About half the time

Deal With External Customers — How important is it to work with external customers or the public in this job?

29

Extremely important

28

Very important

11

Important

22

Fairly important

Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job?

15

Extremely important

45

Very important

16

Important

18

Fairly important

Duration of Typical Work Week — Number of hours typically worked in one week.

50

More than 40 hours

19

40 hours

31

Less than 40 hours

Importance of Repeating Same Tasks — How important is repeating the same physical activities (e.g., key entry) or mental activities (e.g., checking entries in a ledger) over and over, without stopping, to performing this job?

26

Extremely important

21

Very important

14

Important

17

Fairly important

21

Not important at all

Frequency of Conflict Situations — How often are there conflict situations the employee has to face in this job?

12

Every day

27

Once a week or more but not every day

15

Once a month or more but not every week

45

Once a year or more but not every month

Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?

30

Highly competitive

19

Moderately competitive

31

Slightly competitive

12

Not at all competitive

Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?

23

Very high responsibility

14

High responsibility

17

Moderate responsibility

23

Limited responsibility

23

No responsibility

Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements?

23

Once a week or more but not every day

23

Once a month or more but not every week

49

Once a year or more but not every month

Spend Time Standing — How much does this job require standing?

17

More than half the time

44

About half the time

38

Less than half the time

Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — How much does this job require using your hands to handle, control, or feel objects, tools or controls?

22

Continually or almost continually

15

More than half the time

11

About half the time

20

Less than half the time

32

Never

Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — How much does this job require making repetitive motions?

11

More than half the time

16

About half the time

26

Less than half the time

37

Never

Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — How often does this job require working exposed to sounds and noise levels that are distracting or uncomfortable?

25

Once a month or more but not every week

48

Once a year or more but not every month

19

Never

Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — How much responsibility is there for the health and safety of others in this job?

18

Moderate responsibility

37

Limited responsibility

36

No responsibility

Consequence of Error — How serious would the result usually be if the worker made a mistake that was not readily correctable?

11

Serious

27

Fairly serious

49

Not serious at all

Exposed to Disease or Infections — How often does this job require exposure to disease/infections?

14

Once a month or more but not every week

23

Once a year or more but not every month

53

Never

Spend Time Walking and Running — How much does this job require walking and running?

74

Less than half the time

20

Never

Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting — How often does this job require working in extremely bright or inadequate lighting conditions?

18

Once a month or more but not every week

34

Once a year or more but not every month

43

Never

Exposed to Contaminants — How often does this job require working exposed to contaminants (such as pollutants, gases, dust or odors)?

11

Once a month or more but not every week

27

Once a year or more but not every month

56

Never

Degree of Automation — How automated is the job?

17

Moderately automated

16

Slightly automated

60

Not at all automated

Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in non-controlled environmental conditions (e.g., warehouse without heat)?

14

Once a month or more but not every week

17

Once a year or more but not every month

63

Never

In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in a closed vehicle or equipment (e.g., car)?

25

Once a month or more but not every week

15

Once a year or more but not every month

60

Never

Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — How often does this job require working in very hot (above 90 F degrees) or very cold (below 32 F degrees) temperatures?

29

Once a year or more but not every month

57

Never

Outdoors, Under Cover — How often does this job require working outdoors, under cover (e.g., structure with roof but no walls)?

25

Once a year or more but not every month

69

Never

Spend Time Bending or Twisting the Body — How much does this job require bending or twisting your body?

42

Less than half the time

58

Never

Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions — How often does this job require working in cramped work spaces that requires getting into awkward positions?

16

Once a year or more but not every month

75

Never

Deal With Physically Aggressive People — How frequently does this job require the worker to deal with physical aggression of violent individuals?

27

Once a year or more but not every month

70

Never

Work Schedules — How regular are the work schedules for this job?

17

Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)

83

Regular (established routine, set schedule)

Outdoors, Exposed to Weather — How often does this job require working outdoors, exposed to all weather conditions?

16

Once a year or more but not every month

76

Never

Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling — How much does this job require kneeling, crouching, stooping or crawling?

23

Less than half the time

77

Never

Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous equipment?

90

Never

Exposed to High Places — How often does this job require exposure to high places?

90

Never

Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings — How often does this job require exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites, or stings?

12

Once a year or more but not every month

88

Never

Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles — How much does this job require climbing ladders, scaffolds, or poles?

90

Never

Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance — How much does this job require keeping or regaining your balance?

11

Less than half the time

89

Never

Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — How much does this job require wearing common protective or safety equipment such as safety shoes, glasses, gloves, hard hats or life jackets?

92

Never

Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment — How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.)

99

Not important at all

Exposed to Hazardous Conditions — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?

100

Never

Exposed to Radiation — How often does this job require exposure to radiation?

100

Never

Exposed to Whole Body Vibration — How often does this job require exposure to whole body vibration (e.g., operate a jackhammer)?

99

Never

In an Open Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in an open vehicle or equipment (e.g., tractor)?

100

Never

Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection — How much does this job require wearing specialized protective or safety equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness, full protection suits, or radiation protection?

Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).

Related Experience

Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.

Job Training

Employees may need some on-the-job training, but most of these occupations assume that the person will already have the required skills, knowledge, work-related experience, and/or training.

Job Zone Examples

These occupations often involve coordinating, training, supervising, or managing the activities of others to accomplish goals. Very advanced communication and organizational skills are required. Examples include librarians, lawyers, sports medicine physicians, wildlife biologists, school psychologists, surgeons, treasurers, and controllers.

Education

Credentials

Social — Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others.

61

Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.

50

Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.

45

Enterprising — Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.

39

Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.

0

Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.

Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.

78

Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.

78

Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.

72

Recognition — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status.

61

Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.

28

Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.

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