Friday, August 3, 2012

Mishima Taisha UC

Maidono (right) and haiden of Mishima Taisha
(photo courtesy of the shrine)

Date founded: Possibly as early as the
eighth century, but 850 at the latest. The current buildings date from 1866.Address: 2-1-5 Omiya-cho,
Mishima-shi, Shizuoka 411-0035Tel/Information: 0559-75-0172. A
pamphlet on the history of the shrine is available in English.How to get there: JR Shinkansen, JR
Tokaido Honsen Line, or Izuhakone Sunzu Line to Mishima Station. From there
it’s about 15 minutes on foot.Enshrined kami: Oyamatsumi no
mikoto and (Tsumihayae) Kotoshironushi no mikoto, also known collectively as
Mishima Daimyojin.Prayers offered: Prayers from
people in forestry and agriculture. Prayers are also offered for safety on the
roadways and the sea, and also for good parent-child relationships.Best time to go: Late March to
early April when the cherry blossoms are at their best.

Important physical features: The
main building is in the gongen style, with the honden, heiden, and haiden
connected under one complex roof. The roof of the honden is in nagare-zukuri
style, with chigi and katsuogi, and the entire roof is surfaced in copper tiles
(dobuki-ita). The roof of the haiden contains both chidorihafu and karahafu,
giving it a commanding appearance. The building is made entirely of unpainted
Japanese cypress, with the honden at about 570 square feet and the haiden at 1,300
square feet and 75 feet tall (making it one of the largest in Japan and almost
as tall as Izumo Taisha). Another distinguishing feature is the extensive and
intricate carvings, mostly above the penetrating tie beams (nuki) of the haiden
and under the karahafu step canopy and the nosings (kibana). These carvings,
most extensive on the kaerumata (frog-leg struts) between the pillars
supporting the step canopy, are from around 1857–58 and
depict a number of scenes from Shinto mythology, including the story of
Amaterasu and the Heavenly Rock Cave. The haiden is encompassed by a veranda,
at the back end of which, to both the right and left, are beautifully
carved panels that bar passage to the rear of the building. The panels depict
the brothers Yamasachi and Umisachi, who were two of the offspring of Ninigi
and Konohanasakuya. The pierced carvings are in high relief, measuring about
five feet wide by eight feet tall.

Another
interesting feature of Mishima Taisha is the maidono(also
called a butai or kaguraden) that sits in front of the haiden. It is of the
same style as the main building and contains twenty-four carved transoms
depicting the “Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety,” classic stories of parent
and child that originated in China. The stage is used for, among other things,
the Otauchi, a rice-planting ceremony (at other shrines usually called Otaue).
It takes the form of a performance of ancient kyogen, thought to have
originated in the Heian period. The treasure house holds some interesting
objects, including one of the oldest copies of the Nihon shoki, from 1428.

Important spiritual features: While
Mishima Taisha now enshrines two deities, this was not always the case. In
fact, the identity of the original deity enshrined here has long been a point
of contention. Kotoshironushi is the son of Onamuchi no kami, who is in turn
the son of Susano-o. When the heavenly kami sent an emissary to demand that
Onamuchi relinquish the land, he consulted his son Kotoshironushi, who readily
consented. He is thus a male, earthly kami (kunitsukami) originally from Izumo.
The connection with Mishima seems to stem from a passage in the Sendai kuji
hongi (from about the tenth century) that says Kotoshironushi changed into the
form of a wani (literally
alligator, but referring to a mythical sea dragon) and
began to court Ikutamayorihime, the daughter of Mishima Mizokui no kami. Their
union produced a daughter, who later became the wife of the first emperor,
Jinmu. A similar story in the Kojiki states that Mishima no mizokui was the mother of Seyatatarahime. It further states that Omononushi (an alternate name for Onamuchi and Okuninushi) fell in love with Seyatatarahime and transformed himself into a red-lacquered arrow, striking her on the genitals and producing a child, Himetataraisukeyorihime, who became the consort of the first emperor Jinmu. (The Kojiki mentions

Ikutamayorihime in a tale about Omononushi but in connection with the kami of Omiwa Jinja in Nara.)

On the other hand, Oyamatsumi no
kami is considered a god of mountains and a child of Izanagi and Izanami. It is
not clear if this is the same Oyamatsumi who is the father of Konohanasakuya,
the wife of Ninigi, but Konohanasakuya is considered the kami of Mount Fuji,
which overlooks the town of Mishima. It is also happens that Mishima Taisha has
long been associated with Oyamazumi Jinja in Shikoku (located on the island of
Omishima) and with Mishima Kamo Jinja in Osaka, and that Oyamatsumi is
worshipped in both. (Some believe that the origin of what is said to be eleven thousand Mishima shrines throughout Japan is Omishima Island.) But in the early Meiji period, the Ministry of Religious
Education (kyobusho)was
put in charge of shrines, and under the influence of the nativist Hirata
Atsutane’s writings decided that Kotoshironushi was the main kami. Today however,
Oyamatsumi is given pride of place, though both kami are still worshipped and
collectively known as Mishima Daimyojin.

Description: Though in the middle
of a developed area, the grounds of Mishima Taisha are spacious enough (about
12.5 acres) to set it apart from the urban sprawl that surrounds it. It lies near
the northern side of the Izu Peninsula directly west of the famous hot-spring resort of Atami. The shrine grounds are entered from a long,
arrow-straight sando that leads from the first torii across a small bridge over
a lovely pond, through a somon gate and into the shrine grounds proper. Passing
directly through the chumon gate, you come to the maidonoand
then to the shrine itself just beyond. From both sides of the chumon a covered
corridor encircles the front of the grounds. The area in front of the shrine,
especially around the small lake, is filled with cherry trees that make it
quite lovely in the spring. The grounds contain tall evergreens, and a large
Osmanthus fragrans (kinmokusei) stands to the front right of the shrine. This
huge broadleaf evergreen is about fifty feet tall and twelve hundred years old,
with small yellow-white flowers that emit a heady fragrance around the end of
September.

The shogun who founded the first bakufu (tent government), Minamoto
no Yoritomo (1147–99), was exiled as a child by the Taira clan to Nirayama,
about six miles south of Mishima, instead of being executed after his father’s
defeat in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160. Throughout his life he held this shrine
in high esteem. As an adult, he fought the Taira clan and after his fist defeat, legend says that he
prayed for a hundred days consecutively at Mishima Taisha for his campaign to defeat the Taira to be successful (which it eventually was). When he established his government in
Kamakura, the whole Kanto area flourished for the first time in history (the
second being four hundred years later when the Tokugawa established their headquarters in Edo). The patronage of
Mishima by the Minamoto established it as one of the main shrines in the Kanto
plain, and many of its greatest treasures remain from that period. During the
Edo period (1603–1867) Mishima became an important post town on the Tokaido,
the road that linked Edo in the east to Kyoto in the west. This is probably one
reason why it continued to receive patronage, and Tokugawa Iemitsu rebuilt the
shrine sometime between 1624 and 1644.

The shrine itself is not originally
from this part of Izu. The Engi shiki (927) lists the Izu Mishima shrine as
being in Kamo on the southern part of the peninsula, but apparently even this
was not its first location. The current site was originally home to a Hachiman
shrine, but it is said that the kami yielded the site to Oyamatsumi. Be that as
it may, Mishima Taisha remains one of the most popular shrines in the
Izu-Shizuoka area.

Festivals: Mishima Summer Festival,
15–17 August. The largest festival in Mishima commemorates the victory of
Minamoto no Yoritomo over the Taira clan. Townspeople dressed in period costume
parade through the streets, along with large, wheeled, dashi floats. At night,
lanterns are lit, and the distinctive festival music known as shagiri, played
by musicians seated on the dashi, makes for a joyous atmosphere. Horseback
archery (yabusame) is also performed in honor of the kami.

Otauchi Shinji, 7 January. A rice-planting ritual is held at the maidono, consisting of a highly symbolic, dramatic performance handed down from the Heian period. The ceremony is carried out by fourteen actors, with one of the main characters wearing a black mask and the other a white one. Designated an Intangible Folk Property of the prefecture.

About This Blog

This blog is a guide to Shinto shrines throughout Japan. It is intended as a supplement to the book "Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion" which I co-authored with John Dougill. The book is published by University of Hawaii Press. It is also intended as a place to continue to publish my research into shrines and their history and as a forum for those interested in Shinto in general and shrines in particular.
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