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The history of Serbian art is often unjust towards artists, especially women who did not show ambition to emphasize their creation at all costs, or to make it more visible in the public eye. They most often lived in the shadows of their famous husbands, fathers or brothers. That is the case of Draginja-Draga Marić, better known as Liza Križanić, a beautiful, educated artist and the muse of many significant painters, sculptors and writers. According to Vera Jovanović, who wrote a comprehensive monograph about the author, despite her active presence in the artistic life of Belgrade, Liza Križanić appeared on the Serbian artistic scene more prominently just before World War II as an already accomplished artist. Even though she and her husband were friends with many other prominent artists of that age, Liza never took them as direct role models and tried to remain true to her artistic expression, always trying to find her own path. Aside from her own literary opus of around four hundred works, she was also the muse of many famous artists and her image can be found on some forty paintings. Some historians of Serbian art place Liza Križanić as one of the more significant representatives of poetic impressionism of the first half of the twentieth century.

The aim of this paper is to show how Ling Shuhua (凌叔华 , 1900‒1990) developed her literary career as a feminist writer in unfavorable environments, and to point to the strategies she used in order to adapt to the given circumstances. Instead of openly rebelling against the patriarchy and tradition, Ling Shuhua wrote stories in a style specific for classical literature which was unpopular at the time because of the efforts of the community to break with tradition, but with an ironic perspective on the flaws of the patriarchal traditional society. By doing so, she fulfilled the expectations of society, i.e. to write as an educated bourgeois lady, but at the same time succeeded in her intention to write in the name of silent female voices in China. On the other hand, she wrote her autobiography Ancient Melodies in English and, encouraged by Virginia Woolf (1882‒1941), published it in Great Britain. The language she used in this book and the manner in which she portrayed her childhood show that Ling Shuhua agreed to exotify herself in to order to please English readers and enter the foreign market, while simultaneously presenting her feminist views in another effort to establish herself as a feminist writer, this time in a foreign country.

The collective work contains 37 analytical texts in the field of Bulgarian and European works of literature and cultures. The main ideologies, aesthetical trends and literary languages are observed in the articles.

In the paper, the authors present and explain their conducted research on the origin of Lujza St. Jakšić, a teacher at the Higher School for Girls in Belgrade and the author of the first English grammar book in Serbian. The genealogical research was sparked by one particular detail from literature – Letters from Salonika by Jelena Dimitrijević, to be exact. The research was carried out in several gradually described phases, pointing to numerous incongruences of the biographical data within the corpus of sources and documents that were searched. Even though the presented research is not placed within the horizon of final answers and solutions, the authors explain the epistemic value of the personal document, the significance of digital content and the scientific relevance of similar research in the context of humanities.

The author follows the professional successes and the personal experience of the one of the first women in the modern science – the Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevska. The dialogue between her strong will, energy and intellect in the male world of science and her delicate sensibility and deep emotionality in her literary works has been analysed and the conflict points has been outlined. The author tries to answer to the question why despite of her professional successes Sofia Kovalevska felt unhappy, why the question of happiness is key question in her literary works and memoirs. Due to the tension between the profession-al and personal discourses a sense of polyphony and lack of satisfaction is marking her narratives. An attempt has been made to place Kovalevska in the trends of the Russian feminism in the second half of the 19th century.

As it was indicated by S. N. Zamyatnin, works of art could have significant meaning for separation of local differences in Upper Palaeolithic of Europe, which are widely represented both in cultural layers of settlements and the walls of the shelter and grotto. Due to the separation, geographical and chronological distribution of two most imposing and valuable in biological and social sense objects of Palaeolithic art are considered mammoth and woman. This allows to show a significant difference between them in space and time. The female image in mobile art is represented on Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas, where there is no image of mammoth at all. Within near-glacier zone in the Upper Palaeolithic period, these objects are quite rare; in the Middle period, they are widely spread, especially in Central and Eastern Europe; at some Czech and Russian sites, realistic sculptures of mammoths and women are found together; in later period, these objects are absent in Central and Eastern Europe, but common in Western Europe, where joint co-spreading of gravings at stone plates could be mentioned. Pictures of mammoths and woman are fully absent in rock art in Mediterranean region and could be met only in Cantabrian and France. An image of mammoth is commonly accompanied by female symbolic images: vulvae and claviforme, existing from early stages up to the Upper Palaeolithic. Chronological separation of rock art is awkward, however it is possible to say that the image of mammoth, appearing early, gets more distribution in the Magdalenian. A special style of Ardeche is singled out, belonging probably to the Solutrean. Associations with female realistic image are rare and took place at different times. At present time all these facts could not be properly interpreted, but hopefully, continuation of other associations analysis will help to determine certain natural development of Palaeolithic art.

The review presents the first “feminist walk” in Blagoevgrad (23 April 2016) organized by University teachers from the South-West University “Neofit Rilsky”. The route was initiat-ed as a part of the project of the Bulgarian Association of University Women to outline the women contribution in the history and to connect places of the women’s cultural memory in the urban spaces. Such “feminist walks” were organized in Sofia (2015), Rousse (2016), Blagoevgrad (2016) and will continue in other towns in Bulgaria.

Motherhood got into focus of social researchers in 1960—1970s. Since that time it is a rich and rapidly developing debate. This article provides an overview of contemporary Western sociological discussion about motherhood.The author identifies three key vectors of research of motherhood: a public/private motherhood, “bad”/“good” motherhood, oppression/possibilities of motherhood. In the first discussion researchers are focused on the production of motherhood in public discourses and institutions, they consider as well how public ideals of motherhood affect women’s experience and identification. The significant part of the discussion consists of the research devoted to the study of combining work and motherhood by women. The second area of research examines how women are labeled as good or bad mothers, how women are proving for themselves the correctness of their own motherhood, and how they redefine the stigmatizing label of “bad” mother at the level of narration and practices.And the last area discussion, deeply rooted in feminism, is built around the analysis of cultural oppression to motherhood and of the subjective and objective resources of motherhood in a woman’s life. The author understands the genre limitations of the review and does not claim to cover the whole rich and contradictory discussion. She offers the reader her own view of the contemporary debate about motherhood, highlighting important, from her point of view,conceptions, research categories, and interpretations.

An international conference on the subject of women's literary works and their cultural impact entitled What is Knjiženstvo? was held at the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade on October 16 and 17, 2015.Forty two experts from universities and institutes from Serbia and a total of 16 foreign colleagues – from Austria, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic and Switzerland – took part in the conference.

The article is based on a massive of poorly known archival documents dating from1888 and 1889 and preserved at the Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. These handwritten documents provide information for the population of Bulgaria on its entire territory and describe the different varieties of local costumes atthe end of the 19th century. Photographic images are also added to illustrate the written descriptions. The author focusses her attention on those documents in the massive which indicate that some of the Gagauz women wore shalwars and finds that by theend of the 19th century the garment under consideration was quite popular amongthem. The pattern and manner of wearing such shalwars clearly shows that they wereearlier worn predominantly by Muslim women but were further “adopted” by theOrthodox Gagauz women in the period of modernization of the Ottoman Empire.

The article presents the results of а didactic diagnostic test which was conducted among students of VI degree in 138. „Prof. Vassil Zlatarski“ School. The results of the diagnostic study reveal the students’ abilities to work with images, such as explaining the causes and consequences of historical events, comparing images and compilation of short text answers.

Ends the period allowed for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals in the 2000-2015 biennium, including the purpose and the number 3 -. The achievement of gender equality. Results and prospects of the development of mankind in the context of gender equality in an article.

“Crossense” is an innovative gaming technique that can successfully find its place in history and civilization classes in Bulgarian schools. It is best suited to keep students’ previous knowledge up-to-date as well as to motivate the new topic, but it is also applicable in other components of the lesson. This way a students’ creative and critical thinking has been formed through “Crossense”.

The article considers such a layer of everyday life of Russian women belonging to the bourgeois class, which was associated with their dependence on their husbands. Such a dependence was established through the need to obtain an internal passport, which made it possible to move around the Empire, only with the consent of their husbands. Both the tactics and strategies of daily resistance of women to this legally provided form of dependence are investigated. The modernizing Russian city and the gradual destruction of patriarchal family relations in the period of widely conducted reforms forced women to actively seek work necessary for survival. This was prevented by the “passport addiction” from husbands and from local authorities. The cut of everyday women’s bourgeois practices allows us to see how the woman was emancipated from her social environment, using small tactics for adaptations to her social “caste” and family status.

Authors reveal the main trends in reproductive behavior of noblewomen in the second half of XIX and the beginning of the XX c. The noblewomen are in the center of the research, because the modernization of reproductive behavior was the most pronounced in this social stratum. The study is based on the women’s private documents, case histories and cases described by physicians.Among approaches and methods employed one should mention the following: socio-constructivist, micro history, gender history, social and cultural anthropology, biographical method, case studies.Modernization of Russian society, the destruction of the patriarchal family,emancipation, availability of new areas for gender identity in the second half of the XIX c. contributed to the creation of a new type of mating behavior of noblewomen.It was the revolutionary process of autonomization of sexual and procreative behavior of noblewomen. Rationalization of reproductive behavior was reflected in significant reduction of births, increasing the age of marriage and the age of first pregnancy, widespread dissemination of contraception.A new type of fertility was formed very quickly — within one generation.The reduction of births in woman’s life in terms of social construction of“conscious motherhood” led to the growth of maternal roles value in female perception and dissemination of child centrism. Planning of a family became an important component of the Russian noble families. Sexual life of a married woman became more and more independent of her reproductive abilities.

Even in the beginning and later in the course of its development, IMARO generated a number of program documents that turn in some written rules regulating behaviour, both in its personnel constituted and among the Christian population in Macedonia and Adrianople region. These documents became a kind of “laws”. A system of control and enforcement of established rules was implemented.

The article considers the ways of Moscow International Film Festival representation rules change in 1960s in «The Soviet Screen» («Sovietski Ekran») magazine pages. The author analyzes the interconnection between the official authorities’ attitude towards the event, and visual and verbal canons of masculinity and femininity in the pages of one of the most popular magazines devoted to the cinema in the Soviet space.

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