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9.
Hydrosphere<br />All liquid and solid water on the Earth.<br />Oceans<br />Lakes <br />Rivers<br />Groundwater…and <br />Polar and high altitude ice caps.<br />Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Only 3% of that water is fresh water.<br />

17.
Making Accurate Map Projections<br />The earth has a curved surface. This makes it very difficult to accurately depict true distances and directions on flat maps, or map projections.<br />

18.
Mercator Projections<br />show the whole world as one contiguous map. <br />True distances are straight lines<br />Problem: High latitudes are enlarged tremendously. Greenland looks like it is the same size as north America! It’s really only 1/12 as large. <br />

20.
Polyconic Projections<br />look as if a cone of paper were laid over the north or south poles. <br /> Latitude and longitude lines have a slight curve. <br /> Good for making topographic maps. <br />

21.
What is the best map of the earth’s surface? <br />A globe<br />Best model of earth’s shape= ping pong ball!<br />

23.
How do we communicate an exact location on earth’s surface to another person?<br />What information do you need to locate a point on the earth’s surface?<br />You need a coordinate system!<br />

24.
Coordinate System<br />A system or group of defined imaginary lines forming a grid <br />used for the determination or location of a point on the surface of an object.<br />Two intersecting lines are needed to locate a point on a 2d surface.<br />latitude/longitude system used to determine exact locations on the surface of the Earth<br />

25.
Latitude and Longitude<br />How can positions on a sphere be located?<br />

26.
Latitude<br />Angular distance north or south of the equator, measured from the center of the earth [the core].<br />They are Horizontal Lines running east-west, but, measure north-south.<br />Measured in degrees, minutes, and second.<br />

27.
Latitude<br />Like climbing a ladder, N is up the ladder S is down<br />The equator is 0 degrees and the poles are at 90 degrees.<br /><ul><li>Latitude

31.
if you drive east or west along a line of latitude, the altitude of Polaris remains the same

32.
Recall the Altitude of Polaris equals the latitude of the observer</li></li></ul><li> <br />

33.
Longitude<br />Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured from the center of the earth [the core].<br />Vertical Lines running north-south through the poles, but, measure east-west.<br />180° east or west or the prime meridian is the largest longitude there is<br />The prime meridian is 0 degrees and the International Date Line is 180 degrees.<br />

49.
Equator<br />An imaginary horizontal line circling the Earth halfway between the north and south poles. It is a<br />referenceline for latitude.<br />0° latitude <br />

50.
Prime Meridian<br />Imaginary vertical line from the N pole to S pole that passes through Greenwich England<br />Reference line for longitude<br />0° Longitude on the Earth.<br />

51.
Other Reference Points<br />North Pole – The point at 90°North of the equator. Very top of earth<br />South Pole – The point 90°South of the equator. Very bottom of earth<br />

52.
International Date Line<br />180° East or West of the Prime Meridian<br />On the direct opposite side of the earth from the prime meridian.<br />The Prime Meridian and the International Date form a vertical circle that cuts the earth in ½ vertically<br />

53.
East of the International Date Line is a day earlier with the same time. West of the International Date Line is a day later with the same time<br />

54.
Time Zones<br />The Earth rotates from west to east at a rate of 15°/hour.<br />Time zones are divided up by 1hour/15°<br />Travel to the west and the time gets earlier and travel to the east and the time gets later.<br />

57.
If it is 3:00 PM for a person located on the tip of India, what time is it for people in the following locations?<br />New York:______________<br />Middle of Australia:________<br />Florida: _________________<br />Italy:___________________<br />California: ________________<br />5 AM<br />7 PM<br />5 AM<br />11 AM<br />2 AM<br />

58.
The diagram on the right shows the sun’s path in NY during different seasons. On this diagram to the right, label the following:<br />-Summer Solstice<br />-Equinox<br />-Winter Solstice<br />-12PM on each path<br />-9 AM on each path<br />-3 PM on each path<br />-Approximate time of sunrise and sunset<br />

60.
Earths Fields and Field Maps<br />What is a field?<br />What is a field map?<br />

61.
Describing Earth’s Fields<br />Field – a region which contains measurable quantities at every location. (i.e. elevation, temperature, pressure…)<br />Field Value – the value of what is being measured. (i.e. temperature, elevation, pollution concentrations…)<br />Magnitude – Value for a point on a field.<br />

62.
Field Values (cont.)<br />Scalar Field – A field described in terms of magnitude alone (i.e. temp., pressure, humidity)<br />Vector Field – A field described with both magnitude and direction (i.e. wind velocity, gravity, magnetic fields)<br />

63.
Isolines<br />A line on a field map that connects all points of equal value.<br />Note: ES0304<br />

65.
Types of Isolines<br />Contour Line – Isoline that connects points of equal elevations on a contour map.<br />Isotherm - Isoline that connects points of equal temperature on a field map.<br />Isobar – Isoline that connects points of equal pressure on a field map.<br />

74.
Scale<br />The ratio of a model to the object. (i.e. globe to earth)<br />Use the scale on the map as the ruler to measure that map.<br />

75.
Angle of Declinationor Magnetic Declination<br />The angle between true north (geographic north, north pole) and magnetic north.<br />The angle of declination variesdepending on your position on the earth.<br />

76.
General Contour Map Rules<br />Rule of ‘V’s – as contour lines cross a stream they bend uphill.<br />The steeper the slope the closer the lines are to each other.<br />

107.
Calculate the gradient of the slope along the line drawn in the diagram. Assume that elevations are given in feet. Show work including formula below:<br />Steep area<br />Gentle area<br />1km=1cm<br />

113.
Profiles<br />Profile – a side view of an area showing elevation.<br />

114.
TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES<br />TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS SHOW THE ELEVATION OR VERTICAL DISTANCE ABOVE SEA LEVEL OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH<br />TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE IS A SIDE VIEW OF AN AREA CUT ALONG A PARTICULAR LINE. <br />

125.
Next, decide what the HIGHEST and LOWEST elevation values are that line AB crosses on your topographic map and create a scale. You may wish to increase your scale by the contour interval on the map to make things easier. In this case, we are going up by 10’s, because our contour interval on the map is 10 meters.<br />

134.
This is what you might expect the “profile” or cross section view of line AB to look like! <br />Notice how the line dips below 250m where it crosses Long Creek<br />

135.
Does it make sense? SURE! There is a creek flowing through this region. Think about where it would flow on your profile. We also recognize the V shaped contour lines that indicate the direction of water flow.<br />

136.
The contour lines point up the page (orange), but Long Creek flows down the page.<br />

137.
Contour lines point upstream. Stream flows from high elevation to low elevation. So a stream flows in the opposite direction the contours point.<br />

138.
Or… if you are lucky enough to be able to do your profile on the same page as the topographic map…<br />You can use the: <br />“Drop down a dotted line” method!<br />Example<br />