The core group of generic top-level domains consists of the com, info, net, and org domains. In addition, the domains biz, name, and pro are also considered generic; however, these are designated as restricted, because registrations within them require proof of eligibility within the guidelines set for each[clarification needed].

Historically, the group of generic top-level domains included domains, created in the early development of the domain name system, that are now sponsored by designated agencies or organizations and are restricted to specific types of registrants. Thus, domains edu, gov, int, and mil are now considered sponsored top-level domains, much like the themed top-level domains (e.g., jobs). The entire group of domains that do not have a geographic or country designation (see country-code top-level domain) is still often referred to by the term generic TLDs.

The initial set of generic top-level domains, defined by RFC 920 in October 1984, was a set of "general purpose domains": com, edu, gov, mil, org. The net domain was added with the first implementation of these domains. The com, net, and org TLDs, despite their originally-specific goals, are now open to use for any purpose.

In November 1988, another TLD was introduced, int. This TLD was introduced in response to NATO's request for a domain name which adequately reflected its character as an international organization. It was also originally planned to be used for some Internet infrastructure databases, such as ip6.int, the IPv6 equivalent of in-addr.arpa. However, in May 2000, the Internet Architecture Board proposed to exclude infrastructure databases from the int domain. All new databases of this type would be created in arpa (a legacy domain from the conversion of ARPANET), and existing usage would move to arpa wherever feasible, which led to the use of ip6.arpa for IPv6 reverse lookups.

By the mid-1990s there was discussion of introduction of more TLDs. Jon Postel, as head of IANA, invited applications from interested parties. In early 1995, Postel created "Draft Postel", an Internet draft containing the procedures to create new domain name registries and new TLDs.[4] Draft Postel created a number of small committees to approve the new TLDs. Because of the increasing interest, a number of large organizations took over the process under the Internet Society's umbrella. This second attempt involved setting up a temporary organization called the International Ad Hoc Committee (IAHC). On February 4, 1997, the IAHC issued a report ignoring the Draft Postel recommendations and instead recommending the introduction of seven new TLDs (arts, firm, info, nom, rec, store, and web). However, these proposals were abandoned after the U.S. government intervened.[citation needed]

biz, info, and museum were activated in June 2001, name and coop in January 2002, pro in May 2002, and aero later in 2002. pro became a gTLD in May 2002, but did not become fully operational until June 2004.

ICANN added further TLDs, starting with a set of sponsored top-level domains. The application period for these was from December 15, 2003 to March 16, 2004; it resulted in ten applications.[5] Of these, ICANN approved asia, cat, jobs, mobi, tel and travel. In March 2011, xxx was approved[6] (one year after an independent review found ICANN had broken its own bylaws by rejecting the application in 2007).[7] Of the remaining applications (post, mail and an alternative tel proposal), post was introduced in 2012.

On June 26, 2008, during the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris,[8] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as a new application and implementation process.[9][10] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered.[11]

The introduction of several generic top-level domains over the years had not stopped the demand for more gTLDs; ICANN received many proposals for establishment of new top-level domains.[12] Proponents argued for a variety of models, ranging from adoption of policies for unrestricted gTLDs (see above) to chartered gTLDs for specialized uses by specialized organizations.

In 2008, a new initiative foresaw a stringent application process for new domains, adhering to a restricted naming policy for open gTLDs, community-based domains, and internationalized domain names (IDNs).[13] According to a guidebook published by ICANN,[13] a community-based gTLD is "a gTLD that is operated for the benefit of a defined community consisting of a restricted population." All other domains fall under the category open gTLD, which "is one that can be used for any purpose consistent with the requirements of the application and evaluation criteria, and with the registry agreement. An open gTLD may or may not have a formal relationship with an exclusive registrant or user population. It may or may not employ eligibility or use restrictions."

The establishment of new gTLDs under this program required the management of registrar relationships, the operation of a domain registry, and demonstration of technical (as well as financial) capacity for such operations.

A fourth version of the draft applicant guidebook (DAG4) was published in May 2011.[14] On June 20, 2011, ICANN's board voted to end most restrictions on the creation of generic top-level domain names (gTLDs) -- at which time 22 gTLDs were available.[15][16] Companies and organizations would be able to choose essentially arbitrary top-level Internet domains. The use of non-Latin characters (such as Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) would also be allowed in gTLDs. ICANN began accepting applications for new gTLDs on January 12, 2012.[15] A survey by registrar Melbourne IT considered entertainment and financial services brands most likely to apply for new gTLDs for their brands.[17] The initial price to apply for a new gTLD was $185,000.[16] ICANN expected that the first batch of new gTLDs would be operational by September 2013.[18] ICANN expected the new rules to significantly change the face of the internet. Peter Thrush, chairman of ICANN's board of directors, stated after the vote: "Today's decision will usher in a new internet age. We have provided a platform for the next generation of creativity and inspiration. Unless there is a good reason to restrain it, innovation should be allowed to run free."[19]
Industry analysts predicted 500–1000 new gTLDs,[16] mostly reflecting names of companies and products, but also cities, and generic names like bank and sport. According to Theo Hnarakis, chief executive of Melbourne IT, the decision would "allow corporations to better take control of their brands. For example, apple or ipad would take customers right to those products."[16] In agreement, Nick Wood, Managing Director of Valideus, suggested "Your own gTLD demonstrates confidence and vision and may accelerate your brand and its value. An internet address at the Top Level is far better than registration at the 'low rent' Second Level." [20] However, some companies, like Pepsi, ruled out a branded gTLD.[21]

Unrestricted generic top-level domains are those domains that are available for registrations by any person or organization for any use. The prominent gTLDs in this group are com, net, org, and info. However, info was the only one of these, and the first, that was explicitly chartered as unrestricted. The others initially had a specific target audience. However, due to lack of enforcement, they acquired an unrestricted character, which was later grandfathered.

The term sponsored top-level domain is derived from the fact that these domains are based on theme concepts proposed by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility of registrants to use the TLD. For example, the aero TLD is sponsored by the Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques, which limits registrations to members of the air-transport industry.

The new gTLD programme saw the arrival of many such top-level domains, with a restricted open policy, eligible to those active in a regulated industry, such as .pharma or .bank, or in other industrial domains such as .safety

A geographic TLD (or GeoTLD) is a generic top-level domain using the name of or invoking an association with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic or cultural community. As of 2009, only two GeoTLDs existed: the sponsored domains .cat, for the Catalan language and culture and .asia; as of 2014 there were many more, including .kiwi, .paris, .scot and .gal, but many others are being added regularly.

Brands have also applied to get their brand as a top-level domain. Specification 13 is an addendum to the registry contract that describes specific provisions to brands to run their Top Level Domain in a closed fashion.[23] 517 applications to qualify to Spec 13 were made to ICANN, 36 requests were rejected by ICANN or withdrawn by the applicant, 4 are pending review.

In 2018, Spamhaus rated .men as the worst top-level domain in terms of spam and scamming. .men comes top with 60.6 per cent of its 73,000 domains identified as "bad", resulting in a badness index of 6.48. The company that runs .men, Famous Four Media also runs the third worst registry - .loan – with 59 per cent bad domains and a 6.22 index.[24]

The new generic top level domain (gTLD) application system opened on January 12, 2012. The application window was initially to close on April 12, 2012. However ICANN's Chief Operating Officer, Akram Atallah, stated there was a glitch in the TLD application system leaving applicants' information visible to others. The system was shut down to protect applicants' information, and measures were taken to resolve the situation.[25]

ICANN re-opened the TLD Application System on May 21, allowing applicants to submit and review their applications until May 30, 2012.[26]

On "Reveal Day" June 13, 2012, it was announced that ICANN received about 1,930 applications for new gTLDs, 751 of which were contested.[27]

It was expected for the new gTLDs to go live on June 2013. However, as of March 2013 only non Latin domains have gone through Initial Evaluation. The updated timeline suggested the new TLDs will go live in November 2013.[28][29][needs update] On November 26, first seven new generic top-level domains, .bike, .clothing, .guru, .holdings, .plumbing, .singles, and .ventures, have entered the Sunrise period.[30]

A lottery was held in December 2012 to determine the order in which ICANN would evaluate the 1,930 applications.[31]

After the Application Window there was a public comment period from June 13, 2012, to September 26, 2012, in which the public could express their views on the individual new gTLD applications submitted.[32]

Concerns were raised over Closed Generic applications in which the applicant would be the sole registrant for the TLD. In particular objections were raised by publishers over Amazon's .book application.[33]

Of the technology giants, Google has filed for 101 new gTLDs, Amazon comes 2nd with 76, and Microsoft has filed for 11.[34] The more specialized domain name companies include Donuts submitting the most (307) applications and Uniregistry pursuing 54 gTLDs.[35][36]

On July 30, 2018, whistleblower and writer for the Register Kieran McCarthy exposed the systematic refusal of ICANN to create the .islam and .halal gTLDs through the willful breaking of the organization's own bylaws. McCarthy coined the 6-year refusal as "the internet's very own Muslim ban" after ICANN kowtowed to Middle Eastern governments by not approving the domain name additions.[37]

On July 10, 2014 the 330th gTLD was delegated.[1]
On November 9, 2014, the 400th gTLD was delegated in the root.[39]
As of 3 May 2015, the number of new gTLDs available is 605.[1]

The most popular gTLD has been .guru, launched in February 2014 and reaching 50,000 domains in April 2014, briefly surpassed by .club between June 2 and June 9, 2014, with around 55,000 domains; .club was then surpassed by .xyz, which had more than 300,000 domains after one and a half months of existence. The growth of .xyz has been concentrated on one registrar due to a promotion they ran.[40] Recently, SBI bank has started using gTLD as "Bank.SBI" on February 20, 2017.

Some browsers and software applications do not properly recognize new gTLDs as top-level domains.[41] For example, some browsers do not recognize many new gTLDs and instead treat them as a search query. Prefixing the domain with "http://", or including a trailing slash, will usually force the browser to perform a DNS lookup rather than a search.[42]

Following the vote to expand gTLDs, many trade associations and large companies, led by the Association of National Advertisers, formed the Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight. The coalition opposes the expansion of gTLDs, citing "its deeply flawed justification, excessive cost and harm to brand owners."[43] In a statement to the US Congress on December 9, 2011, National Restaurant Association vice president Scott DeFife stated, "Even beyond the financial toll the gTLD program will exact on millions of U.S. businesses, the Association believes that ICANN’s program will confuse consumers by spreading Internet searches across hundreds or even thousands of new top-level domains."[44]

Another opponent is Esther Dyson, the founding chairperson of ICANN, who wrote that the expansion "will create jobs [for lawyers, marketers and others] but little extra value."[45]

1.
Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990

2.
NATO
–
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party, three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATOs headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons. NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries across North America and Europe, an additional 22 countries participate in NATOs Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total, Members defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. N. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Unions Defence Organization in September 1948. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. He got a hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. In 1948 European leaders met with U. S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, marshalls orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty and it included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, the creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. The members agreed that an attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor, although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily, the treaty was later clarified to include both the members territory and their vessels, forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including some Overseas departments of France. The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, the roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved

3.
Jon Postel
–
Jonathan Bruce Postel was an American computer scientist who made many significant contributions to the development of the Internet, particularly with respect to standards. He is known principally for being the Editor of the Request for Comment document series, in his lifetime he was known as the god of the Internet for his comprehensive influence on the medium. The Internet Societys Postel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at Information Sciences Institute and his obituary was written by Vint Cerf and published as RFC2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society, the Channel Islands Domain Registry building was named after him in early 2016. Postel attended Van Nuys High School, and then UCLA where he earned his B. S. as well as his M. A. in Engineering. He then went on to complete his Ph. D. there in Computer Science in 1974, Postel started work at UCLA on 23 December 1969 as a Postgraduate Research Engineer where he was involved in early work on the ARPANET. He worked there until 24 August 1973 when he left to join MITRE Corporation and he assisted with Network Information Center which was being set up at SRI by Elizabeth Feinler. In March 1977, he joined the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California as an Assistant Professor, between 1982 and 1984 Postel co-authored the RFCs which became the foundation of todays DNS which were joined in 1995 by RFC1591 which he also co-wrote. In total, he wrote or co-authored more than 200 RFCs, Postel served on the Internet Architecture Board and its predecessors for many years. He was the Director of the names and number assignment clearinghouse and he was the first member of the Internet Society, and was on its Board of Trustees. He was the original and long-time. us Top-Level Domain administrator and he also managed the Los Nettos Network. ROOT-SERVERS. NET to IANAs DNSROOT. IANA. ORG. Though usage of the Internet was not interrupted, he received orders from senior government officials to undo this change. On October 16,1998, Postel died of complications from surgery in Los Angeles. He was recovering from a surgery to replace a heart valve. ARPANET Computer Networks, The Heralds of Resource Sharing History of the Internet Jonathan B. Postel Service Award STD8 Jon Postel at DMOZ postel. org Research center at USC/ISI created in his honor

4.
Internationalized domain name
–
These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the Internet. IDN was originally proposed in December 1996 by Martin Dürst and implemented in 1998 by Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong under the guidance of Tan Tin Wee. After much debate and many competing proposals, a system called Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications was adopted as a standard, in IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII algorithm can be successfully applied. In March 2008, the IETF formed a new IDN working group to update the current IDNA protocol, in May 2010 the first IDN ccTLD were installed in the DNS root zone. Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications is a defined in 2003 for handling internationalized domain names containing non-ASCII characters. These names either are Latin letters with diacritics or are written in languages or scripts which do not use the Latin alphabet, Arabic, Hangul, Hiragana and Kanji for instance. Although the Domain Name System supports non-ASCII characters, applications such as e-mail, IDNA specifies how this conversion between names written in non-ASCII characters and their ASCII-based representation is performed. An IDNA-enabled application is able to convert between the internationalized and ASCII representations of a domain name and it uses the ASCII form for DNS lookups but can present the internationalized form to users who presumably prefer to read and write domain names in non-ASCII scripts such as Arabic or Hiragana. Applications that do not support IDNA will not be able to handle domain names with non-ASCII characters, but will still be able to access such domains if given the ASCII equivalent. ICANN issued guidelines for the use of IDNA in June 2003, several other top-level domain registries started accepting registrations in 2004 and 2005. IDN Guidelines were first created in June 2003, and have been updated to respond to phishing concerns in November 2005, mozilla 1.4, Netscape 7.1, Opera 7.11 were among the first applications to support IDNA. A browser plugin is available for Internet Explorer 6 to provide IDN support, Internet Explorer 7.0 and Windows Vistas URL APIs provide native support for IDN. The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a name are accomplished by algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the name as a whole. For example, if the name is www. example. com, then the labels are www, example. ToASCII or ToUnicode are applied to each of three separately. The details of these two algorithms are complex, and are specified in RFC3490, the following gives an overview of their function

5.
.org
–
The domain name org is a generic top-level domain of the Domain Name System used in the Internet. The name is truncated from organization and it was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was intended for non-profit entities, but this restriction was not enforced and has been removed. The domain is used by schools, open-source projects, and communities. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, the domain. org was one of the original top-level domains, with com, us, edu, gov, mil and net, established in January 1985. It was originally intended for organizations or organizations of a non-commercial character that did not meet the requirements for other gTLDs. The MITRE Corporation was the first group to register an org domain with mitre. org in July 1985, the TLD has been operated since January 1,2003 by Public Interest Registry, who assumed the task from VeriSign Global Registry Services, a division of Verisign. Registrations of subdomains are processed via accredited registrars worldwide, anyone can register a second-level domain within org, without restrictions. In some instances subdomains are being used also by commercial sites, in some cases subdomains have been created for crisis management. Some cities, among them Rybnitsa in Transnistria) also have org domain names, such second-level domains are usually named org or or. In 2009, the org domain consisted of more than 8 million registered domain names,8.8 million in 2010, the Public Interest Registry registered the ten millionth. ORG domain in June,2012. When the 9.5 millionth. org was registered in December 2011. org, the org domain registry allows the registration of selected internationalized domain names as second-level domains. For German, Danish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, spanish IDN registrations have been possible since 2007. This allows the verification of the authenticity and integrity of DNS data by conforming DNS clients. As of June 23,2010, DNSSEC was enabled for individual second-level domains, the Public Interest Registry charges its accredited registrars US $7.70 for each domain name. The registrars may set their charges to end users without restrictions

6.
.net
–
The domain name net is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. However, restrictions were never enforced and the domain is now a general purpose namespace, as of 2015, it is the fourth most popular top-level domain, after. com. tk and. de. Verisign, the operator of net after acquiring Network Solutions, held a contract that expired on 30 June 2005. ICANN, the responsible for domain management, sought proposals from organizations to operate the domain upon expiration of the contract. Verisign regained the contract bid, and secured its control over the net registry for another six years, on 30 June 2011, the contract with Verisign was automatically renewed for another six years. This is because of an approved by the ICANN board. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and internationalized domain names are also accepted, list of net accredited registrars net WhoIS netDomain Name suffixes

7.
.gov
–
The domain name gov is a sponsored top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from the government, indicating its restricted use by government entities in the United States. The gov domain is administered by the General Services Administration, an independent agency of the United States federal government, the U. S. is the only country that has a government-specific top-level domain in addition to its country-code top-level domain. This is a result of the origins of the Internet as a U. S. federal government-sponsored research network, other countries typically delegate a second-level domain for this purpose, for example. gc. ca is the second-level domain for the Government of Canada and all subdomains. Some U. S. federal agencies use com, instead of gov, the Department of Defense and its subsidiary organizations use the mil sTLD. Some U. S. governmental entities use other domains, such as com domains by the United States Postal Service, usps. com, the US military repeats this pattern for recruitment websites of other branches. All governments in the U. S. were allowed to apply for delegations in gov before May 2012, for example, domains have been registered for the city of Atlanta, for the county of Loudoun, Virginia, and for the U. S. state of Georgia. This was not always possible, under a policy, only federal agencies were allowed to use the domain. Inconsistencies exist in addressing of state and local government sites, with some using gov, some us, some using both. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania uses www. pa. gov, www. pennsylvania. gov and www. state. pa. us for the web site. Use of the domain gov is restricted to government entities, the URL for registration services is www. dotgov. gov. To register a gov domain, a letter of authorization must be submitted to the GSA, for federal agencies, the authorization must be submitted by cabinet-level chief information officer. For state governments, authorization from the governor or state CIO is required, for Native Sovereign Nations, the authorization must come from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The GSA provides guidelines for naming of second-level domains, such as used by state. For states, the name must include the full state name or postal abbreviation. For example, invalid. gov for Idaho would be a domain name. For local governments, the name must include the state name or abbreviation. However, many. gov domain names do not conform to the convention because they were already registered before the GSA enacted this policy

8.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
–
Following ICANNs transition to a global multistakeholder governance model, the IANA functions were transferred to Public Technical Identifiers, an affiliate of ICANN. In addition, five regional Internet registries delegate number resources to their customers, local Internet registries, Internet service providers, a local Internet registry is an organization that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Internet service providers, IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as Request for Comments documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet, IANA maintains a close liaison with the Internet Engineering Task Force and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function. IANA is responsible for assignment of Internet numbers which are numerical identifier assigned to an Internet resource or used in the protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Examples include IP addresses and autonomous system numbers, IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to regional Internet registries. Each RIR allocates addresses for a different area of the world, collectively the RIRs have created the Number Resource Organization formed as a body to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally. The RIRs divide their allocated address pools into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers, since the exhaustion of the Internet Protocol Version 4 address space, no further IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA. IANA administers the data in the root nameservers, which form the top of the hierarchical Domain name system tree and this task involves liaising with top-level domain operators, the root nameserver operators, and ICANNs policy making apparatus. IANA administers many parameters of IETF protocols, examples include the names of uniform resource identifier schemes and character encodings recommended for use on the Internet. This task is performed under the oversight of the Internet Architecture Board, on March 26,1972, Vint Cerf and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC322. Network administrators were asked to submit a note or place a call, describing the function. This catalog was published as RFC433 in December 1972. In it Postel first proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the czar of socket numbers. The first reference to the name IANA in the RFC series is in RFC1083, published in December,1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, there was widespread dissatisfaction with this concentration of power in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft on IANA and the creation of new top level domains and he was trying to institutionalize IANA. In retrospect, this would have been valuable, since he died about two years later. Jon Postel managed the IANA function from its inception on the ARPANET until his death in October 1998, by his almost 30 years of selfless service, Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure

9.
.info
–
The domain name info is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from information, though registration requirements do not prescribe any particular theme, the info TLD was a response to ICANNs highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s, the seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the com domain. The info domain has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92. Info is a domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain under info for any purpose, similar to the com. This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu or coop, info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, though various other TLDs became that way as a de facto situation. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name, Afilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events. The info domain has been operated by Afilias since its creation, in 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. The launching of info involved a Sunrise Period for trademark owners, followed by an open to all

10.
.name
–
The domain name is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for use by individuals for representation of their name, nicknames, screen names, pseudonyms. The top-level domain was founded by Hakon Haugnes and Geir Rasmussen and initially delegated to Global Name Registry in 2001, verisign was the outsourced operator for. name since the. name launch in 2002 and acquired Global Name Registry in 2008. Subdomains of name may be registered at the second-level and the third-level and it is also possible to register an e-mail address of the form john@doe. name. Such a registration may require another address as destination, the second-level domain of third-level subdomains is shared, and may not be registered by individuals. When the TLD name was first launched, only third-level registrations, second-level registrations became available in January 2004. The original intended structure of domain names was first. last. name, the purpose of this sharing of second-level names was to ensure that the highest number of people possible could get an email address that included their last name. In November 2009, internationalized domain names available for second. IDNs are domain names that are represented by user applications in the character set of a language. The WHOIS service for name is available at the URL http, Domain name registrations are available from accredited ICANN registrars. In late September 2007, security researchers accused Global Name Registry of harboring hackers by charging fees per WHOIS lookup, the registry, however, offers unlimited free lookups through the free Extensive Whois access program. Domain name IANA. name whois information. name operator website. name Registry Agreement

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.jobs
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The domain name jobs is a sponsored top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. As indicated by its name, the domain is restricted to employment-related sites, the domain was approved by ICANN on April 8,2005 as part of the second group of new TLD applications submitted in 2004. It was installed in the DNS root in September 2005, for example, manufacturing. jobs could represent employment for a specific corporation, or market sector. In 2010, Employ Media LLC applied to ICANN to extend the charter under which Employ Media is authorized to sell the. jobs domains. If accepted, Employ Media plans to create hundreds of thousands and perhaps a new, niche job boards. The International Association of Employment Web Sites and dozens of other employment services organizations have objected and it has been suggested that subdomains of other domains, such as jobs. example. com, can be used without any new registrations on the part of the companies involved. In 2013, Employ Media partnered with Cnjobs Technology which is headed by Dr. Renjun Bao to expand to greater China, participating Registrars ICANN press release Marketwatch. com

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Internet Society
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The Internet Society is an American, non-profit organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet-related standards, education, access, and policy. It states that its mission is to promote the development, evolution. The Internet Society has its headquarters in Reston, Virginia, United States and it has a membership base of more than 140 organizations and more than 80,000 individual members. Members also form chapters based on either common geographical location or special interests, there are over 110 chapters around the world. The Internet Society was formed officially in 1992 by Vint Cerf, Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Lyman Chapin released a document, Announcing ISOC, which explained the rationale for establishing the Internet Society. To educate the academic and scientific communities and the public concerning the technology, use, to promote scientific and educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of educational institutions at all grade levels, industry, and the public at large. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet applications and to collaboration among organizations in their operation. Many of the forces of the Internet, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force. There was a growing need for support and organization structure. However, the Internet Society itself grew out of the IETF, the then Internet Activities Board sought to create a non-profit institution that could provide financial support for the IETF Secretariat among other things. CNRI served as the first host for the Internet Societys operation, the Internet Society conducts a great range of activities under three main categories, namely standards, public policy, access, and education. The Internet Society also seeks to promote understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open, transparent processes, the Internet Society has a prominent function in Internet governance discussions, including significant involvement in the World Summit on the Information Society and Internet Governance Forum. The Internet Society is the parent company for the Public Interest Registry, ISOC has joint offices in Reston, Virginia, United States and Geneva, Switzerland. It has also established Regional Bureaus for Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, North America, the Internet Society is governed by a board of trustees. The current list of trustees and their committee memberships is found on the organizations website