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A unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, known as a public IP address, is assigned to every computer that connects to the Internet. The IP addressing scheme makes it possible for computers to “find each other” online and exchange information. Within a private network, computers use addresses excluded by convention from use on the Internet.

The difference between a private IP address and a public IP address then, is that private IP addresses are reserved for private networks, and public IP addresses are reserved for the Internet.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a once-autonomous organization, now works within the purview of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). IANA is responsible for overseeing global allocation of IP numbers, among other related protocols. Within the range of publicly available IP addresses are specific, excluded ranges withheld for private network use. These private IP ranges are as follows:

A class 10.0.0.0 ...10.255.255.255

B class 172.16.0.0 ... 172.31.255.255

C class 192.168.0.0 … 192.168.255.255

Computers within a private network are each assigned a unique address in order to exchange files and share resources with one another. The network router, which routes information, will pass data back and forth among the connected computers, using the respective addresses. But how do computers on a private network connect to the Internet?

Assuming the network has Internet connectivity, the computer connected to the digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is assigned a public IP address by the Internet Service Provider (ISP). This single public IP address is used to identify the network on the Internet. Now the network’s router acts as a gatekeeper between the private network and the public Internet. Using a built-in Network Address Translator (NAT), the router passes requests to the Internet using the assigned public IP address. Returning data is routed back to the public IP address, with the router determining which private IP address requested the information. In essence, the private IP address is daisy-chained to the public IP address through processes in the router.

A public IP address can be static or dynamic. A static public IP address does not change and is used primarily for hosting webpages or services on the Internet. Some gamers also prefer static IPs for interactive gaming. A dynamic public IP address is chosen from a pool of available addresses and changes each time one connects to the Internet. Most people have a dynamic public IP address, as it is the standard type of public IP address assigned when purchasing Internet connectivity.

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