September 18, 2016

Buddhist Economics - Economics as if People Mattered - Part 1

In Buddhist economics there is the concept of "right livelihood." Work is considered an essential component of human life just as play and leisure time are. Work of a craftsmanlike nature, work which is satisfying, not work which is of the stultifying, assembly line nature, work which nourishes the soul - this is the kind of work which results in right livelihood. By the same token there is "right consumption." This is as contrasted with the unlimited consumption which advanced Western societies push on their citizens through advertising and other means in order to have economic "growth" and to increase GDP.

US GDP is 70% consumption. The purpose of the Federal Reserve's policy of low and even negative interest rates is to make it attractive to consumers to go into debt, albeit to go into debt cheaply, in order to buy more stuff. In western societies work is considered a necessary evil and labor is simply another input to the productive process. It would be considered ideal by both producers and consumers if automation could eliminate the need for labor altogether. Then unfettered consumption could proceed without hindrance. However, since well paying jobs are being eliminated by automation, the only way to consume more is to go into debt. If consumers don't continually stuff themselves to the gills with more stuff, the US economy will collapse. The purpose of low interest rates is to prevent that collapse by encouraging more people to go into more debt by borrowing more money to pay for more stuff.

E.F. Schumacher has written a beautiful book, Small Is Beautiful, in which he expounds on the theory of Buddhist economics. In Western societies Schumacher says, "Hence the ideal from the point of view of the employer is to have output without employees, and the ideal from the point of view of the employee is to have income without employment." Not so in Buddhist economics. Instead of labor being considered as a necessary evil, human labor, when undertaken as right livelihood, is something which adds to the dignity and enjoyment of life.

He goes on:

The Buddhist point of view takes the function of work to be at least threefold: to give a man a chance to utilize and develop his faculties; to enable him to overcome his ego-centeredness by joining with other people in a common task; and to bring forth the goods and services needed for a becoming existence. Again, the consequences that flow from this view are endless. To organize work in such a manner that it becomes meaningless, boring, stultifying or nerve-wracking for the worker would be little short of criminal; it would indicate a greater concern with goods than people, an evil lack of compassion, and a soul-destroying degree of attachment to the most primitive side of this worldly existence. Equally, to strive for leisure as an alternative to work would be considered a complete misunderstanding of one of the basic truths of human existence, namely that work and leisure are complementary parts of the same living process and cannot be separated without destroying the joy of work and the bliss of leisure.

Buddhist economics would approve of the smallholder, the self-subsistent farmer of intermediate rather than high tech technolgy. Industrial agriculture which undersells and replaces small scale stakeholders destroys jobs except for a few low level menial ones such as meat cutters and gutters in poultry factories where animals are treated cruelly and humans are subjected to grueling and demeaning labor. Contrast this with an organic farm in which the animals are treated with respect and have the enjoyment of a natural life right up to the end which is the same in either case.

All over the world small farmers are being forced off their land from which they move into cities swelling the ranks of favelas and urban slums.

Most of those in Poverty are Small Scale Farmers

In an interesting Ted talk anti-hunger activist Andrew Youn states that half the world's most impoverished people are small farmers. His talk was entitled, 3 Reasons Why We Can Win the Fight Against Poverty. It's not about high tech farming, GPS tractors or Monsanto's glyphosate. His group One Acre Fund is delivering intermediate technology to the roughly half a billion small farmers who represent the most impoverished people on the planet. Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way especially for children.

Andrew's bio:

Andrew Youn has lived in rural Africa for the last ten years, learning from the largest group of poor people in the world: smallholder farmers. When he first visited Kenya in 2006, he was an MBA student who knew very little about farming. During that first trip, Andrew met two farm families. One family was harvesting two tons of food on a single acre of land and thriving; the other was going hungry. He began asking questions.

Ten years later, the organization he founded, One Acre Fund, serves more than 400,000 farm families, providing them with the financing and agricultural training they need to increase their yields and climb out of poverty. Youn is also the co-founder of D-Prize, an organization that funds early-stage startups that are innovating better ways to distribute proven life-enhancing technologies.

Youn graduated from Yale magna cum laude, is a former management consultant at Oliver Wyman, and received his MBA from Kellogg School of Management.

According to Andrew small holder farmers don't need high tech. They don't need automation. They don't need robots. They don't need mega US corporations to come in and solve their problems for them. And for sure they don't need "Free Trade" which allows large scale American corporations to come in and undersell small scale farmers forcing them off their land and into urban slums.

Most of the farmers in Africa are women. They just have one problem: They lack basic tools and knowledge. Their tools date to the bronze age. They need hybrid seeds, conventional fertilizer, and practices which triple agricultural productivity. Humanity solved agricultural poverty a century ago. Ending poverty is a matter of delivering simple tools and services to farmers who lack them. The humble delivery guy is the key to ending poverty for at least half the world's most impoverished people. A simple solar panel, enough to power one light, makes doing homework at night possible for children who want to learn. Simple smokeless stoves eliminate unhealthful pollution which causes respiratory problems.

When delivery networks are set up, poverty is eliminated. Increasing productivity on small scale farms lifts families out of poverty and increases the food supply while not driving them off the land and their livelihood. Children are no longer stunted from lack of food. They can go to school instead of working in the fields. The delivery of simple items to make small scale farming more productive along with training helps these families to thrive.

E.F. Schumacher would be proud of the work Andrew and others are doing to bring small farmers out of poverty by allowing them to become more productive, not by removing them from their farms so large scale agriculture and corporate farming can intervene. Not by "Free Trade" which allows American corporations to undersell small scale farmers.

Buddhist economics is different from capitalist consumerism in that the essence of civilization is not a multiplication of wants to be pandered to but in the purification of human character. Work properly conducted under the right conditions of human dignity and freedom is inherently character building and satisfying. The self employed cabinet maker who is concerned with creating a thing of beauty is adding not only to the enjoyment of his customer, but is adding to his own self worth at the same time. Buddhist economics would not consider maximization of output or sales to be a worthy goal. Neither would it be acceptable to have even a small percentage of unemployed people since the unemployed are wasting time in which they could be employed in ennobling work. Idleness makes a mockery of leisure time and makes leisure itself unfulfilling.

In the Middle Ages craftsmanship and artisanry were considered noble callings. Many were employed creating wonderful and meticulous works of art. Think of the work of Machiavelli or Raphael. Talented stone masons built the great cathedrals which are unsurpassed for their beauty and grandeur. That is all gone today. There is no need for craftsmanship when factories can churn out limitless numbers of consumer products with little labor involved. Robots work 24 hours a day and don't require sick leave or vacation time. However, the products involved, while having utilitarian value, lack soul, lack something essential which only human labor can impart. While factories churn out a multiplicity of products, it becomes necessary by means of advertising to force them down the throats of the American public. The assumption is that a person who consumes more is better off than a person who consumes less and is of higher status to boot.

Comments

In Buddhist economics there is the concept of "right livelihood." Work is considered an essential component of human life just as play and leisure time are. Work of a craftsmanlike nature, work which is satisfying, not work which is of the stultifying, assembly line nature, work which nourishes the soul - this is the kind of work which results in right livelihood. By the same token there is "right consumption." This is as contrasted with the unlimited consumption which advanced Western societies push on their citizens through advertising and other means in order to have economic "growth" and to increase GDP.

US GDP is 70% consumption. The purpose of the Federal Reserve's policy of low and even negative interest rates is to make it attractive to consumers to go into debt, albeit to go into debt cheaply, in order to buy more stuff. In western societies work is considered a necessary evil and labor is simply another input to the productive process. It would be considered ideal by both producers and consumers if automation could eliminate the need for labor altogether. Then unfettered consumption could proceed without hindrance. However, since well paying jobs are being eliminated by automation, the only way to consume more is to go into debt. If consumers don't continually stuff themselves to the gills with more stuff, the US economy will collapse. The purpose of low interest rates is to prevent that collapse by encouraging more people to go into more debt by borrowing more money to pay for more stuff.

E.F. Schumacher has written a beautiful book, Small Is Beautiful, in which he expounds on the theory of Buddhist economics. In Western societies Schumacher says, "Hence the ideal from the point of view of the employer is to have output without employees, and the ideal from the point of view of the employee is to have income without employment." Not so in Buddhist economics. Instead of labor being considered as a necessary evil, human labor, when undertaken as right livelihood, is something which adds to the dignity and enjoyment of life.

He goes on:

The Buddhist point of view takes the function of work to be at least threefold: to give a man a chance to utilize and develop his faculties; to enable him to overcome his ego-centeredness by joining with other people in a common task; and to bring forth the goods and services needed for a becoming existence. Again, the consequences that flow from this view are endless. To organize work in such a manner that it becomes meaningless, boring, stultifying or nerve-wracking for the worker would be little short of criminal; it would indicate a greater concern with goods than people, an evil lack of compassion, and a soul-destroying degree of attachment to the most primitive side of this worldly existence. Equally, to strive for leisure as an alternative to work would be considered a complete misunderstanding of one of the basic truths of human existence, namely that work and leisure are complementary parts of the same living process and cannot be separated without destroying the joy of work and the bliss of leisure.

Buddhist economics would approve of the smallholder, the self-subsistent farmer of intermediate rather than high tech technolgy. Industrial agriculture which undersells and replaces small scale stakeholders destroys jobs except for a few low level menial ones such as meat cutters and gutters in poultry factories where animals are treated cruelly and humans are subjected to grueling and demeaning labor. Contrast this with an organic farm in which the animals are treated with respect and have the enjoyment of a natural life right up to the end which is the same in either case.

All over the world small farmers are being forced off their land from which they move into cities swelling the ranks of favelas and urban slums.

Most of those in Poverty are Small Scale Farmers

In an interesting Ted talk anti-hunger activist Andrew Youn states that half the world's most impoverished people are small farmers. His talk was entitled, 3 Reasons Why We Can Win the Fight Against Poverty. It's not about high tech farming, GPS tractors or Monsanto's glyphosate. His group One Acre Fund is delivering intermediate technology to the roughly half a billion small farmers who represent the most impoverished people on the planet. Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way especially for children.

Andrew's bio:

Andrew Youn has lived in rural Africa for the last ten years, learning from the largest group of poor people in the world: smallholder farmers. When he first visited Kenya in 2006, he was an MBA student who knew very little about farming. During that first trip, Andrew met two farm families. One family was harvesting two tons of food on a single acre of land and thriving; the other was going hungry. He began asking questions.

Ten years later, the organization he founded, One Acre Fund, serves more than 400,000 farm families, providing them with the financing and agricultural training they need to increase their yields and climb out of poverty. Youn is also the co-founder of D-Prize, an organization that funds early-stage startups that are innovating better ways to distribute proven life-enhancing technologies.

Youn graduated from Yale magna cum laude, is a former management consultant at Oliver Wyman, and received his MBA from Kellogg School of Management.

According to Andrew small holder farmers don't need high tech. They don't need automation. They don't need robots. They don't need mega US corporations to come in and solve their problems for them. And for sure they don't need "Free Trade" which allows large scale American corporations to come in and undersell small scale farmers forcing them off their land and into urban slums.

Most of the farmers in Africa are women. They just have one problem: They lack basic tools and knowledge. Their tools date to the bronze age. They need hybrid seeds, conventional fertilizer, and practices which triple agricultural productivity. Humanity solved agricultural poverty a century ago. Ending poverty is a matter of delivering simple tools and services to farmers who lack them. The humble delivery guy is the key to ending poverty for at least half the world's most impoverished people. A simple solar panel, enough to power one light, makes doing homework at night possible for children who want to learn. Simple smokeless stoves eliminate unhealthful pollution which causes respiratory problems.

When delivery networks are set up, poverty is eliminated. Increasing productivity on small scale farms lifts families out of poverty and increases the food supply while not driving them off the land and their livelihood. Children are no longer stunted from lack of food. They can go to school instead of working in the fields. The delivery of simple items to make small scale farming more productive along with training helps these families to thrive.

E.F. Schumacher would be proud of the work Andrew and others are doing to bring small farmers out of poverty by allowing them to become more productive, not by removing them from their farms so large scale agriculture and corporate farming can intervene. Not by "Free Trade" which allows American corporations to undersell small scale farmers.

Buddhist economics is different from capitalist consumerism in that the essence of civilization is not a multiplication of wants to be pandered to but in the purification of human character. Work properly conducted under the right conditions of human dignity and freedom is inherently character building and satisfying. The self employed cabinet maker who is concerned with creating a thing of beauty is adding not only to the enjoyment of his customer, but is adding to his own self worth at the same time. Buddhist economics would not consider maximization of output or sales to be a worthy goal. Neither would it be acceptable to have even a small percentage of unemployed people since the unemployed are wasting time in which they could be employed in ennobling work. Idleness makes a mockery of leisure time and makes leisure itself unfulfilling.

In the Middle Ages craftsmanship and artisanry were considered noble callings. Many were employed creating wonderful and meticulous works of art. Think of the work of Machiavelli or Raphael. Talented stone masons built the great cathedrals which are unsurpassed for their beauty and grandeur. That is all gone today. There is no need for craftsmanship when factories can churn out limitless numbers of consumer products with little labor involved. Robots work 24 hours a day and don't require sick leave or vacation time. However, the products involved, while having utilitarian value, lack soul, lack something essential which only human labor can impart. While factories churn out a multiplicity of products, it becomes necessary by means of advertising to force them down the throats of the American public. The assumption is that a person who consumes more is better off than a person who consumes less and is of higher status to boot.