THE AMERICAN STAFF OF THE FIELD
SERVICE COMPRISING THE NAMES OF THOSE WHO SERVED AT THE PERMANENT
AMERICAN HEADQUARTERS IN BOSTON, OR OFFICES IN NEW YORK, CHICAGO,
OR LOS ANGELES, AND OF THOSE WHO ACTED IN THE CAPACITY OF STAFF
MEMBERS BY THEIR DIRECTION, IN THEIR RESPECTIVE CITIES OR UNIVERSITIES,
IN RECRUITING OR COMBINED RECRUITING AND FINANCIAL EFFORTS FOR
THE SERVICE SUBSEQUENT OR CONTEMPORARY

An interesting account of the American Field Service from
its conception in 1914 up to the beginning of 1916. The stories
of the work of the various sections are told by the volunteers
themselves in articles, letters, and diaries. The first formal
history of the work of the American Field Service.

Amis de la France.Paris: Plon-Nourrit &
Cie . 1917

A French edition of the above book, translated by M. Firmin
Roz, with a preface by the French Ambassador to the United States,
M. Jules J. Jusserand. It contains several modifications and
additions not found in the American edition.

A collection of letters by A. Piatt Andrew written during
the first half of 1915. "These pages," says Mr. Sleeper
in his preface, "give little idea of the very difficult
task their author has successfully accomplished. Largely through
his perseverance against great odds the American Ambulance Field
Service has become a very distinguished organization, trusted
and relied upon by the Armies of France."

Ambulance No. 10. By Leslie Buswell. Houghton Mifflin
Company. 1916.

A volume of ambulance letters written from Section Two at
Pont-à-Mousson during the summer of 1915. This is a duplication,
somewhat augmented, of With the Ambulance Field Service in
France, privately printed in 1915.

The interesting and admirably written story of Section Two
of the Field Service at Pont-à-Mousson during the autumn
of 1915 and the early winter of 1916. The author was a member
of this Section.

At the Front in a Flivver.By William Yorke Stevenson.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1917

The author of this diary joined Section One in the Spring
of 1916, and he well describes the volume, which deals with the
history of the Section during that year, in these words taken
from his introductory "Note": "This little book
is merely a record of what one driver of a 'Tin Lizzie' happened
to see during some nine months spent on the Somme, around Verdun,
and in the Argonne."

From Poilu to Yank. By William Yorke Stevenson.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1918.

A continuation of the foregoing book, bringing down the history
of Section One to the time when it was taken over by the U.S.
Army, in September, 1917

Behind the Wheel of a War Ambulance. By Robert
W. Imbrie. New York: Robert W. McBride & Co. 1918.

This book treats most humanly of life in Section One and in
Section Three in the Orient during the earlier days of the service,
giving a full and vivid impression of the work of a conducteur.
The author has a pleasant straightforward style, a good eye
for color, and for the significance of events. The book is well
organized and hardly a phase of the ambulance life is overlooked.

A volume of home letters from two brothers, both of whom were
killed in the war. Coleman Clark was one of the veterans of Section
Three, and his letters cover the activities of that Section at
Verdun and in Lorraine in 1916, and in the Balkans in 1916 and
1917.

As the editor well says in his preface, "This record
is typical of the day's work of every section in the Field Service."
It throws many side-lights on the great struggle at Verdun, where
the Section was stationed during the summer and autumn of 1916.

Diary of S.S.U. 29. Privately printed. Paris.
1917.

A brief section history, covering the period from May, 1917,
to the following autumn, when the Section was "federalized,"
and affording glimpses of Verdun, where the Section did some
fine work, immediately after "the great days."

The author was a Princeton Freshman of seventeen, and a member
of Section Twelve from January to July, 1917; an excellent example
of the way our American college youth entered into the true spirit
of the contest on the Western Front. Many illustrations. The
introduction is by the Reverend Lyman Abbott.

An American Crusader at Verdun. By Philip Sidney
Rice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1918.

This little volume is made up of recollections of the work
during 1917

A continuation of the foregoing book, bringing down the history
of Section One to the time when it was taken over by the U.S.
Army, in September, 1917

Behind the Wheel of a War Ambulance. By Robert W. Imbrie.
New York: Robert W. McBride & Co. 1918.

This book treats most humanly of life in Section One and in
Section Three in the Orient during the earlier days of the service,
giving a full and vivid impression of the work of a conducteur.
The author has a pleasant straightforward style, a good eye
for color, and for the significance of events. The book is well
organized and hardly a phase of the ambulance life is overlooked.

A volume of home letters from two brothers, both of whom were
killed in the war. Coleman Clark was one of the veterans of Section
Three, and his letters cover the activities of that Section at
Verdun and in Lorraine in 1916, and in the Balkans in 1916 and
1917.

As the editor well says in his preface, "This record
is typical of the day's work of every section in the Field Service."
It throws many side-lights on the great struggle at Verdun, where
the Section was stationed during the summer and autumn of 1916.

Diary of S.S. U. 18. Privately printed. Paris. 1917

A brief section history, covering the period from May, 1917,
to the following autumn, when the Section was "federalized,"
and affording glimpses of Verdun, where the Section did some
fine work, immediately after "the great days."

Diary of S.S.U. 19. In three parts. Privately printed.
Paris. 1917 and 1918.

A brief history of Field Service Section Nineteen, from its
organization in May, 1917

The author was a Princeton Freshman of seventeen, and a member
of Section Twelve from January to July, 1917; an excellent example
of the way our American college youth entered into the true spirit
of the contest on the Western Front. Many illustrations. The
introduction is by the Reverend Lyman Abbott.

An American Crusader at Verdun. By Philip Sidney Rice.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1918.

This little volume is made up of recollections of the work
during 1917 in the Champagne region, at Verdun, and in Lorraine
of Section One, of which the author was a member. The Introduction
is by Major-General C. B. Dougherty, of the Pennsylvania National
Guard. It appeared originally as "An Ambulance Driver
in France" which was privately printed in 1918 at Wilkes-Barre,
Pennsylvania.

The author of this book was formerly a member of Section Thirty-One
of the Field Service, and its pages are made up of extracts from
his notebook kept during the Verdun offensive of the summer of
1917.

These letters from France covering a period extending from
August to November, 1917, are edited by the author's uncle, United
States Senator James D. Phelan, of California. Mr. Sullivan was
a member of Section Sixty-Five of the Field Service.

A small volume of verses touching on the ambulance-driver's
life in France. The book is by two former Leland Stanford students
who were volunteers in Section Seventy, and later Section Eighteen,
of the Field Service. There is an amusing preface by the authors,
and a humorous glossary of war terms. The introduction is by
Lieutenant-Colonel A. Piatt Andrew.

A collection of poems published previously in four separate
volumes. One group, "With the Armies of France" is
made up chiefly of verses written in France and while the author
was a member of Section Nine. With sincerity and success they
express the fine fire of the French Army.

The editor of this charming little book was one of the official
agents in America of the Field Service. It is made up of the
home letters of a dozen college men at the front who were acting
as motor-transport drivers with the French Armies during 1917.

Written with graphic and humorous touches, these letters,
by a young American truck-driver of the American Field Service,
give a somewhat exaggerated picture of life near the front.

Camion Cartoons.By Kirkland H. Day. Boston:
Marshall Jones Co. 1919.

A little volume of cartoons of life in the Camion Service,
with humorous home letters accompanying them, by a cartoonist-writer
who went to France in July, 1917, with the first Technology Unit,
and later enlisted in the U.S. Motor-Transport Service.

Sketches that bring to life moments and men of "every
day over there." Their range of subject and manner is exceptionally
broad, and Mr. Baldridge, one of the early volunteers in the
transport branch of the Field Service, catches unerringly in
his drawings the spirit not only of the Camion Service
and the French soldiery, but also of that Franco-American camaraderie
which was such a wonderful, strong outgrowth of the American
Field Service. The occasional verses are the work of a fellow
private in the A.E.F.

A Stop at Suzanne's.By late Second Lieutenant
Greayer Clover. New York: George N. Doran & Co. 1919. Sketches
originally published in Collier's, etc.

Letters and sketches describing the life of our boys in France,
by a Yale student who served with the French Camion Service
and later in the American Aviation Corps.

The Story of the First Flag.Compiled by Clara
E. Kimber. San Francisco. 1920.

An account compiled from his letters and other documents of
the mission of Arthur Clifford Kimber, killed in action September
26, 1918, who in May, 1917, carried to France the first American
flag authorized by the United States Government to be borne at
the front. This flag, destined for the first Stanford unit, Section
Fourteen, was presented on June 4, 1917, at Tréveray,
France.

As the sub-title reads, we have here "personal records
of experience in military ambulance and hospital service."
A half-dozen of the chapters of this admirable story of worthy
deeds are from the pens of members of the American Field Service.

This book tells briefly what Americans did for the Allies
before the United States entered the war officially. Chapters
10, 11, and 12 are devoted to an account of the work of the Field
Service, "whose extraordinary services will not be forgotten,
any more than the splendid impulse which gave it birth."

The American Volunteers with the Allies.By PauI-Louis
Hervieu. Paris: Edition de La Nouvelle Revue. 1918.

An English version of the book just mentioned.

Our Part in the Great War.By Arthur H. Gleason.
New York: Frederick A. Stokes. 1917

The opening section of this book, one of the first published
in the United States which fearlessly exposed the crimes of Germany
in her conduct of the war, is entitled "Americans Who Helped,"
and contains chapters devoted to the American Field Service,
whose activities the author pronounces "the most brilliant,
the most widely known of any we are doing in France, a powerful
factor in rescue work."

The Latin at War.By Will Irwin. London: Constable
& Company. 1917

A most admirably written and moving book, dwelling on the
first two years of the war along the Franco-Italian front. Some
of the author's most interesting episodes, especially in Chapter
6, "Beyond Verdun," and Chapter 7, "A Drive with
the Kid," are based on his relations with Sections Two,
Three, Four, and Eight of the American Field Service.

The Vanguard of American Volunteers.By Edwin
W. Morse. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. 1918.

This book tells briefly what Americans did in the Great War
before the United States entered the struggle officially. Part
IV, entitled "American Ambulances in France," is largely
devoted to the American Field Service. The frontispiece is a
group of the early ambulance drivers of Sections One and Two.

Phillips Academy, Andover, in the Great War.Edited
by Claude Moore Fuess. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1919.

A record of Andover and Andover men in the Great War. There
is a chapter on the Field Service Unit from Andover, telling
of its work at the front and the individual records of the men.

New England Aviators.Houghton Mifflin Company.
1920.

This book contains the war record of nearly a score of men
who began their world war career in the American Field Service.

ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

"With the American Ambulance in France." By J. R.
McConnell. New York: The Outlook, September 15, 1915

The author of this illustrated article, who was a graduate
of the University of Virginia and member of Section Two of the
Field Service, gives here some account of the early days of the
Field Service, aiding "the brave French people in their
sublime struggle." Mr. Roosevelt. in an introduction to
the article, speaks of "the splendid work of the American
Ambulance in France." Later, Mr. McConnell met his death
in the Lafayette Escadrille.

The ambulance in question was in Section Two of the Field
Service, of which the author of the article ---a resident of
Memphis, Tennessee, and a student of Sewanee University---was
a member. Two somewhat modified extracts from this interesting
article are found in the body of this history.

"An American Ambulance at Verdun." By W. Kerr Rainsford.
New York: The World's Work, December, 1916.

The author belonged to Section Three of this Service. The
article is made up of extracts from his diary kept during the
great Verdun battle. Portions of this diary will be found, in
a slightly different form, in the chapter devoted to Section
Three in this History.

"America's Men." New York: The Bookman, October,
1916.

A book review of Friends of France.

"For Love of France." By Lieutenant-Colonel A. Piatt
Andrew. New York: The Outlook, December 27, 1916.

The Inspector-General of the American Field Service in France
gave here, in a few pages, the history of the conception, growth,
and character of the organization which he founded and did so
much to develop,

"Friends of France." Supplement, New York Herald
(Paris Edition), December 17, 1916.

An illustrated supplement based on the book bearing the same
title and noted above, "an enduring monument to the gallant
youths who have shown their love for France."

One of the earliest articles published in France describing
and praising the Field Service. The Bulletin was edited
at the French War Office for circulation in the trenches. "All
these volunteers," writes the author of the article, "are
prudent, brave, intrepid, and devoted beyond measure. We shall
never forget the great service they have rendered our dear wounded."

A spirited account of an adventurous visit to the Verdun front
in the company of the Inspector-General of the American Field
Service; glimpses are afforded of four of the Field Service sections
in action.

"The Harvest of the Night." By John Masefield. New
York: Harper's Magazine, May, 1917

The British poet, naval writer, and Red Cross worker gives
in this article a striking picture of the American Field Service
as he saw it at work on the Western Front. "To this company
of splendid and gentle and chivalrous Americans," he says,
"be all thanks and greetings from the friends and allies
of sacred France."

"In the Vosges." By John Masefield. Philadelphia:
Saturday Evening Post, July 21, 1917

The story, as told to John Masefield, of an American ambulance
driver's first night under fire.

"Les Ambulances Américaines." Paris:
L'Illustration, April 14, 1917

An illustrated article on the Field Service. "At this
moment, when America enters the war on the side of the Allies,
special honor should be rendered to those of her sons who, during
two years and a half, shared the dangers and glories of our troops."

"The First American Belligerents." By George H. Seldes.
Paris: L'Ambulance, April and May, 1918.

Two articles devoted to the praise mainly of the Field Service.
"France will never forget these three thousand Americans."

"With the American Ambulance in France." By Grenville
Keogh. New York: Red Cross Magazine, July and August, 1918.

A series of home letters giving a good idea of the ambulance
life and work.

"Letters from the War." By Will Irwin. Philadelphia:
Saturday Evening Post, July 28, 1917

This, one of a series of letters and articles from France,
deals with the work of the then newly organized Camion Service,
and the Meaux School.

.

Appendix L

GLOSSARY OF FRENCH EXPRESSIONS USED
IN THE TEXT

N. B. Unless otherwise designated, all the words or
phrases in the first column are French.

abri: dugout, bomb-proof shelter. May consist of anything
from an elaborate system of underground rooms with accommodations
for many men, in which case it is usually called a sape, to
a cellar of a ruined house offering but slight protection against
shells.

"à droite:" to the right," a cry
of ambulance and truck drivers trying to make their way along
roads obstructed with traffic.

"à gauche:" to the left."

aide-major: assistant military surgeon with the rank
of first or second lieutenant.

alerte: alarm. Usually employed to designate the alarm
sounded in towns and villages to signal the presence in the vicinity
of enemy airplanes. The alerte is sounded by means of a
bell, siren, or whistle.

allemand: German, a word seldom used in conversation
during the war, the word "boche " being preferred both
as noun and adjective.

ambulance: a field hospital consisting of a small number
of military surgeons and their personnel in charge of a médecin-chef.
It may be attached to a division or a base hospital. The word
ambulance in French does not designate a vehicle.

ambulancier: strictly speaking, one of the personnel
of an ambulance. Frequently used here to designate an ambulance-driver.

argot: slang.

Armand (le Vieil): "Old Armand," the name
given by the poilus to Hartmannsweilerkopf, a word the
sound of which suggested to these soldiers Armand Fallières,
the venerable ex-president of France.

"armes sur épaules ": "shoulder
arms "; a military command.

arrivé: incoming shell.

as: ace; the popular term for a champion aviator.

aspirant: a cadet; a candidate for a second-lieutenancy.

assis: sitting case; a slightly wounded man who can
sit up.

atelier: workshop; used here to designate the automobile
repair shop of an ambulance section.

"attendez": " wait."

attente des couchés: waiting-room for stretcher
cases.

"Attention!": "Look out!"

auberge: small inn.

"au beau milieu": " right in the middle."

aumonier: chaplain.

avant-garde: vanguard. Marechal Joffre has spoken of
the Field Service as the avant-garde of the United States
Army.

avion de chasse: aeroplane especially designed and equipped
for fighting.

avion de bombardement: aeroplane especially designed
and equipped for dropping bombs.

avion de reconnaissance: aeroplane especially designed
and equipped for taking photographs and reconnoitring.

bague: ring. Finger rings made of aluminum, obtained
from German shell-fuses, were made by French soldiers as a pastime.
Sometimes these were more or less artistically inlaid with designs
in brass or copper, or set with fragments of colored glass from
church windows.

barrage: curtain of artillery fire thrown ahead of advancing
forces to protect them or to repel an attack. It is also used
by both sides during an attack to cut off the enemy's communications
with the rear.

grosse Bertha(German): popular name for the
long-distance cannon which fired on Paris, beginning March 23,
1918, and continuing off and on for six months.

bidon: tin can used to carry gasoline, water, or. oil
on a car; small canteen worn by soldiers to carry wine or drinking-water.
bistro: cheap drinking-place and restaurant.

blessé: a wounded man.

bleu, bleuet: popular name for a young French recruit
recently called to the ranks; since the present war bleu has
given way to bleuet, as the new recruits are two or three
years younger than in time of peace. These terms, familiar in
the metropolitan press, were seldom used at the front. Literally
the word designates a blue wild flower prevalent in France.

boche: popular name for a German since the outbreak
of the present war. The authorities do not all agree as to the
etymology of the word, but the generally accepted explanation
is that it is a corruption of alboche, an early French
slang term for allemand, German. Les alboches has
been turned popularly and wittily into les sales boches.

bonnet de police: French military fatigue cap, similar
to our overseas cap.

boue: mud.

boyau: communication trench. The word literally means
intestine, and the military usage is derived from the resemblance
of the tortuous zigzags of the trenches.

brancard: stretcher or litter for carrying wounded.

brancardier: stretcher or litter bearer.

brassard: an arm band bearing insignia indicating the
kind of service rendered by certain troops. Stretcher-bearers,
for instance, wear white brassards with a red cross, indicating
to the enemy their non-combatant activity.

brigadier: a corporal in artillery, cavalry, and automobile
service.

briquet: a pocket cigarette or pipe lighter usually
containing a wick immersed in gasoline. These were made by the
French soldiers during their idle hours from every possible kind
of material, such as shell-cases, fuses, medals, coins, and even
sardine tins.

brisque: popular name for service or wound stripe. In
the French Army, when worn on the left arm one stripe means a
year's active service, and each subsequent stripe represents six
months' additional service. If worn on the right arm, it means
that the wearer has been wounded or gassed. See chevron.

brouette: wheelbarrow; wheel-litter; stretcher hung
between two large light wheels and pushed by hand. Used to transport
wounded back to the poste de secours where they can be
loaded into an ambulance.

bureau: office; in an ambulance section, the office
and headquarters of the section.

cafard: popular name for a cockroach; French Army slang
for the "blues."

"café chaud à toute heure":
"hot coffee at all hours."

cagnat: slang name rather affectionately used by a poilu
in referring to the bomb-proof hole in which he lives, in which
he has perhaps installed some such comforts as a shelf, a piece
of carpet, a small mirror, a photograph of his mother, or wife,
or family, pictures cut from a newspaper or more probably from
the "Vie Parisienne," and which for the time
being is his "home."

caleçon: underdrawers.

calvaire: a crucifix erected by a roadside or in a churchyard.

camion: motor-truck or lorry.

camionnette: a small motor-truck.

camouflage: means used to disguise objects of military
importance and to render them inconspicuous to the enemy's observers.

cantine: military refreshment station, usually located
in a railway station or near rest billets; an officer's trunk.

cantonnement: cantonment; billets; military quarters.

capot: military overcoat; hood of an automobile.

capote: the long blue outer coat worn by French infantrymen
except chasseurs, zouaves, and colonial troops.

carrefour: cross-roads; crossways.

carrière: quarry; abandoned quarries often serve
as excellent dugouts, being used as dressing-stations or staff
headquarters as well as soldiers' shelters.

caserne: military barracks.

casque: helmet.

cave: cellar; wine-cellar.

cave voûtée: vaulted cellar.

centime: monetary value about one fifth of a cent; five
centimes make one sou.

cercle: club; clubrooms. The French officers in towns
back of the lines frequently established officers' clubs with
a moderate priced restaurant, reading-rooms, and such comforts
as the circumstances allowed. In these clubs American and Allied
officers were always welcome.

"c'est défendu": "it is forbidden."

chambre à air: inner tube.

charge maximum: maximum load.

chasseur alpin: French mountain soldier; the chasseur
regiments are as a rule crack troops and excellent fighters.
They are known as the "blue devils" on account of their
distinctive dark-blue uniforms and bérets as opposed
to the light-blue uniform and képi of the ordinary
infantryman.

chef: the head of an organization; here used to designate
the American officer in command of a volunteer ambulance section.

chef d'escadron: an officer of the rank of Major in
certain branches of the French Army, such as cavalry and artillery.

chef de peloton: platoon commander.

chemin interdit: closed road.

chevaux de frise: iron saw-horses on which barbed wire
is coiled.

chevron: service stripe like an inverted V worn on the
left arm to show length of service. See brisque.

circulation interdite: closed to traffic.

circulation interdite de jour: traffic forbidden by
day.

citation à l'ordre: mention in orders.

de l'armée:

of an army.

du corps d'armée:

of an army corps.

de la division:

of a division.

du régiment:

of a regiment.

du service de santé:

of the medical corps.

Such mention carries with it the award
of the French war cross. See Croix de Guerre.

clef: key.

cocarde:
a small knot or button of ribbons of the national colors.

cochon:
pig; a very insulting appellation in French.

cognac:
a kind of brandy.

coiffeur:
barber; hairdresser.

commandant:
major.

commandant de la place: military commander of a town or village in the
war zone.

commissaire de gare:
military railway station-master.

communiqué:
the official statement concerning military events at the front,
issued daily from Army Headquarters.

concièrge:
janitor.

conducteur:
driver; ambulance-driver.

confiture:
preserves; jelly; jam.

contagieux:
contagious; a contagious case.

convoi:
convoy of wagons or automobiles.

coopérative:
quartermaster supply stores run on a coöperative basis and
attached to the various formations of the French Army. The object
of these stores was to supply the soldiers with all sorts of necessities
and extras at moderate prices, both in the trenches and at the
rear. Familiarly called the copé (kopay).

coquelicot:
wild poppy.

corvée:
fatigue duty; fatigue party; used to designate the squads of French
territorial soldiers detailed to load and unload trucks.

couché:
stretcher case; a severely wounded man who must be carried on
a stretcher.

coup de main:
trench raid for the purpose of reconnoitring and taking a few
prisoners from whom military information may be secured.

crapouillot:
a small trench mortar.

créneau.
a small aperture in a trench or wall through which one can fire
or observe.

croisement:
cross-roads.

Croix Rouge:
Red Cross.

Croix de Guerre:
French War Cross established by the law of April 8, 1915, and
awarded for bravery. When awarded by a regimental or brigade commander,
the red and green ribbon from which it is suspended bears a bronze
star; when by a divisional commander, a silver star; when by an
army corps commander, a gold star; and when by an army commander
a bronze palm branch.

C.S.A.
(Chef du Service Automobile): the officer in charge of
the automobile service of a division, army corps, or army.

cuisine:
kitchen.

cuisine roulante:
rolling kitchen.

cuistot:
slang for army cook.

curé:
Catholic priest.

débrouillard:
capable of getting out of difficulties or of avoiding red tape
and embarrassing regulations. See "système D."

débrouiller (se): to cut red tape, to get results regardless of
obstacles or regulations. See "système D. "

défendu de passer le jour: forbidden to pass by day.

défense d'allumer: lights forbidden.

défilé: procession; review; parade.

dégel:
thaw.

de même:
in the same way.

démerder:
slang for débrouiller. Toget cleverly out
of difficult situations.

départ:
outgoing shell.

de piquet:
on duty; on call.

dépôt de génie: dépôt of engineering supplies.

dépôt d'artillerie: artillery dépôt.

dépôt de munitions: ammunition dépôt.

descente dangereuse:
dangerous slope.

descente rapide:
steep slope.

"dis-donc": colloquial
and familiar word for calling any one's attention, like the English
word "say."

divisionnaire:
see médecin divisionnaire.

doucement:
slowly; gently.

douches:
shower baths. Villages, towns, or military cantonments in the
war zone are usually provided with a shower-bath establishment
for the use of the troops quartered there.

douille:
thin brass cylinder which envelops shell.

D.S.A.
(Direction du Service Automobile): office and staff of
officer, usually a major, in charge of the Automobile Service
of a French army.

dud(Eng.):
a faulty shell which does not explode.

eau de vie:
brandy.

eau potable:
drinking-water.

eau non potable:
water condemned for drinking-purposes.

éclairage permis: lights permitted.

éclat:
shell splinter or fragment of exploded shell.

"économisez l'essence":
"save gasoline."

embusqué:
a slacker.

emplacement:
gun-pit.

"en avant par quatres":
"right by squads" (a military command).

en arrière:
backwards; back; behind.

en panne:
in trouble; broken down; used in referring to an automobile, truck,
aeroplane, etc.

en permission:
on furlough; on leave.

en repos:
in rest billets behind the lines.

entonnoir:
literally a funnel; in military language, a very large shell-hole.

entrée:
entrance.

entrée interdite: entrance forbidden; no admittance.

entrée pour malades: the entrance of a hospital reserved for the sick
as opposed to the wounded cases.

essence:
gasoline.

état-major:
military staff.

"éteignez tous les feux":
" put out all lights."

"éteignez vos lumières,
vos phares": "put out your lights".

évacuation:
transportation of wounded to the rear or from one hospital to
another.

évacués: wounded brought from the front to the rear: also
civilians forced by military operations to leave their homes.

feuillée:
latrine.

fiche:
tag, or card. Every wounded or sick soldier before being evacuated
to the rear is supplied with a tag, carried in his pocket or attached
to his buttonhole, which states his name, matriculation number,
and the nature of his wound or illness.

fil-de-fer barbelé: barbed wire.

"fixe": "attention"
(military command).

fourgon:
supply or ammunition wagon.

fourragère:
a cord in the colors of the Croix de Guerre, Médaille
Militaire, or Légion d'Honneur, worn around
the left shoulder by all members of a military formation which
has been decorated a certain number of times by an army commander:
twice for the first, green and red; four times for the second,
yellow and green; six times for the third, red; nine times for
the first double fourragère composed of the red
of the Légion d'Honneur and the red and green of
the Croix de Guerre; twelve times for the second double
fourragère composed of the red of the Légion
d'Honneur and the yellow and green of the Médaille
Militaire; and fifteen times for the double red fourragère.
Section One of the American Field Service was, one of the
few American formations in France to be awarded the fourragère.

fourrier:
non-commissioned officer who provides for the feeding and lodging
of troops.

foyer du soldat:
canteens established wherever French troops were quartered, by
a benevolent organization like the American Y.M.C.A.

fromage:
cheese.

fumiste:
practical joker; literally a chimney-sweep.

fusant:
a shrapnel shell set with a time fuse to explode in the air.

fusée:
fuse; percussion cap of a shell.

fusée éclairante: illuminating rocket; star-shell.

fusil:
rifle.

fusilier marin:
French marine soldier. These came very largely from the sailors
and fishermen of Brittany.

galon:
gold or silver stripe worn on the sleeve just above the cuff to
indicate rank in the French Army. A second lieutenant wears one
galon; a first lieutenant, two; a captain, three; a major,
four: a lieutenant-colonel, five (alternately silver and gold);
and a colonel, five (gold for infantry, silver for cavalry and
other services, including the automobile service).

gamin:
child; youngster; street urchin (boy).

gamine:
same (girl).

"garde à vous":
"attention" (military command).

garde champêtre: rural policeman.

gare: railway
station.

gateau:
cake.

G.B.D. (Groupe
des Brancardiers Divisionnaire): corps of stretcher-bearers
attached to each division under the command of a médecin-chef
and including one or more assistant military surgeons. It
is the duty of this formation to superintend the evacuation of
the sick and wounded, and care for them from the time they leave
the regimental dressing-stations until they arrive at the hospital.

gelée blanche: hoar frost.

génie:
engineering corps.

gendarme:
military policeman. One of their duties was to direct traffic
at the front.

gentil:
nice, kind.

gniole:
slang term for brandy.

gosse:
a child; baby.

gotha(German):
the popular name in Paris for the big German bombarding planes
which began to appear in the winter of 1917-18 and continued until
September of the latter year.

gourbi:
the improvised hut or hole in the ground which serves as the poilu's
shelter and home at the front. See cagnat.

gradé:
non-commissioned officer.

G.Q.G.
(Grand Quartier Général): general headquarters.

grand blessé:
a severely wounded man.

grignoter:
to nibble; in army slang, to destroy slowly. General Joffre was
reported to have described his policy in the first years of the
war as "je les grignoterai ... .. I will nibble them."
For this he was frequently called the grignoteur (the nibbler).

grosse pièce:
heavy cannon.

groupement:
automobile formation corresponding to the regiment in the infantry.

haute paye:
extra pay allowance.

H.O.E.
(Hôpital d'Observation et d'Evacuation): evacuation
hospital back of the lines and situated at a railhead; familiarly
called the "hashoway" by American drivers.

"ils ne passeront pas":
"They shall not pass "; a declaration of General Pétain
in an ordre du jour promulgated at the most critical moment
of the battle of Verdun, which became a proverbial expression
of faith in the French Army.

infirmier:
hospital orderly.

infirmière:
hospital nurse.

inperméable:
raincoat.

intendance:
the quartermaster's corps; colloquially used for the place where
quartermasters' supplies were distributed.

intransportable:
a man too badly wounded to be carried farther.

jamais:
never; not at all; no.

jus: slang
for coffee.

képi:
French infantry cap.

kilomètre:
about five eighths of a mile.

Kultur:
German cruelty.

là-bas:
yonder; used here to designate the trenches.

laisser passer:
permit to circulate.

Légion d'Honneur: a civil and military order instituted by Napoleon
in 1802. The grades are chevalier, officier, commandeur, grand-officier,
grand-croix. Given to officers in the army for long or distinguished
service and more rarely to non-commissioned officers and privates.
Awarded to civilians for distinguished public service.

lessiveuse:
washing apparatus.

livret:
matriculation record book for soldiers or military automobiles.

"long, dur, sûr":
"long, hard, certain," a prophecy attributed to General
Foch, in the early months of the war.

machine à écrire: typewriter.

magasin des pièces de rechange: automobile supply store.

maire:
mayor.

mairie:
town hall.

maison brûlée: house destroyed by fire.

major:
see médecin-major.

major de cantonnement: billeting officer; officer stationed in a town
or village to arrange for the billeting of troops.

malade:
sick; a sick man.

maréchal des logis: a non-commissioned officer with the rank of sergeant
in certain branches of the French Army, such as artillery, cavalry,
and the automobile service.

marmite:
literally, a kettle; trench slang for a big shell.

marraine:
godmother; it was common during the war for French women of all
classes to adopt one or more soldiers at the front for the purpose
of sending them regularly packages of little luxuries, such as
food and warm clothing, books, etc. The woman was known as the
marraine and the soldier thus adopted was her filleul
or godson. More often than not the marraine and her
filleul were total strangers, knowing each other only by
correspondence, and were of entirely different walks in life,
but there are many stories of such relationship ending in interesting
romances.

mauvaiscoin: bad corner.

M.C.A.
(Magasin Central Automobile): central automobile supply
dépôt.

Médaille Militaire: highest distinction medal, instituted by Napoleon
III in 1852 and awarded to enlisted men in the French Army for
bravery. A peculiarity of this medal is that only enlisted men
and generals of the highest rank can receive it.

médecin-chef:
military surgeon or doctor in the French Army in command of a
hospital, field hospital, or G.B.D.

médecin-divisionnaire: divisional surgeon; the medical officer in charge
of the medical corps of an army division.

médecin-major: a military surgeon or doctor with the rank of
captain or major.

médecin-principal: a military surgeon or doctor with the rank of
colonel or lieutenant-colonel.

"méfiez-vous": "beware."

merci:
thanks; thank you.

merci quand même: thanks all the same.

mitrailleuse:
machine gun.

"Mon centre cède, ma droite
récule, situation excellente, j'attaque!": My
centre yields, my right is retreating, situation excellent. I
am attacking!" General Foch's famous telegram to French headquarters,
on September 9, during the first Battle of the Marne.

"mon vieux": "old
man"; a familiar and friendly term of address. (Often abbreviated
to vieux.)

"On les aura": "We'll
get them." A popular expression of confidence in the outcome
of the war appearing frequently on posters and medals and in the
press.

ordre de mouvement:
order authorizing a deplacement of troops or individuals.

paillasse:
a rough mattress filled with straw or similar material and much
used at the front.

pain: bread.

palme:
see Croix de Guerre.

Panam:
soldiers' slang for Paris.

panne:
see en panne.

paperasse:
red-tape; official formality and delay.

parc: automobile
repair dépôt, one of which was attached to
every French army, and which served as a base for motor supplies
and repair work for the various automobile formations.

pâtisserie:
pastry; pastry shop.

patois:
dialect.

patronne:
woman proprietor, or wife of owner or proprietor of a hotel, restaurant,
boarding-house, or private home.

pavé:
pavement. Certain villages and country roads in France are paved
with large, uneven cobblestones, very difficult for automobiles
to travel.

peau de mouton:
sheepskin-lined coat.

peloton:
platoon.

péniche:
large barge, canal-boat.

pépère: a territorial, an old soldier.

perdu:
lost.

permis rouge:
pink pass issued by the army without which no automobile could
circulate. Each day's itinerary was supposed to be written on
the back of the pass, and signed by the commanding officer. permission:
leave; furlough. Colloquially shortened into perme.

permissionnaire:
a soldier on furlough.

petit blessé:
a slightly wounded man.

pétrole:
kerosene; coal oil.

pièce:
a cannon.

pinard:
trench slang for ordinary red wine which forms part of the French
soldiers' regular rations.

piste:
path, trail.

planche:
a board.

plaque d'identité: identification tag or disc; a piece of metal attached
to the soldier's wrist or about his neck, and inscribed with his
name, matriculation number, and the formation to which he belongs.

pneu: automobile
tire.

poilu:
popular term for a French soldier during the war. It is generally
supposed that this term, which means "hairy," "unshorn,"
came into use through the unkempt and unshorn appearance of the
soldiers in the early days of the war.

popote:
officer's or non-commissioned officer's mess.

"pourquoi s'en faire":
"why worry."

poste d'écoute: listening-post.

poste de secours:
dressing-station; first-aid station; generally used to refer to
the field dressing-stations just behind the lines where the wounded
are given first-aid treatment before being loaded into the ambulances
for transportation to the rear.

pourboire:
tip.

pour intransportable: sign over bunks reserved for men too badly wounded
to be carried farther than the first-aid station.

pousse-café:
a drink mixed with several different-colored liqueurs.

P. G. (prisonnier
de guerre): the abbreviation for "prisoner of war,"
which is stamped in huge white letters on the back of all captured
soldiers' coats.

R.A.T.
(réserve de l'armée territoriale): soldiers
of the old classes, over forty and often over fifty.

ravitaillement:
army supply service; the word is also used to designate the wagon
trains bringing up supplies to the lines.

reconquise:
reconquered.

réformé: a civilian not accepted for the army because of
physical defects; a soldier honorably discharged on account of
sickness or wounds.

réglage:
adjustment of artillery fire.

réglementaire: according to the rules.

relève:
relief, replacement of one troop of soldiers by another.

remorque.
trailer; automobile trailer.

"repos": "at ease
" (military command).

réserve:
a formation kept ready for use when and where most needed.

réserve automobile: a formation of motor trucks and mobile repair
shops, with mechanics and drivers, not assigned to any particular
army, but used for supplementary service in the most active sectors.

"rompez vos rangs": "break
ranks dismissed " (a military command).

Rosalie:
army slang for bayonet.

route gardée:
a road which on account of congested traffic is subject to special
military traffic rules and is under the supervision of military
traffic police.

R.V.F.
(ravitaillement de viande fraiche): the branch of the French
automobile service that directed old autobuses of Paris which
were used throughout the war to carry fresh meat from Paris and
other centres in the rear to the front.

sabot:
wooden shoe.

salaud, saligaud:
literally, a dirty person; a vulgar and insulting appellation
in French.

salle de triage:
the antechamber of a hospital; see triage; also called
salle d'attente, waiting-room.

sape: a
passage or chamber tunnelled underground.

saucisse:
literally, a sausage; the popular term for an observation balloon
on account of its sausage-like shape.

serre-fil:
file-closers, in military formation; sergeant-mechanic, in automobile
convoy.

service sanitaire:
medical and sanitary corps.

singe:
monkey; monkey-meat; soldier's slang for canned beef.

soixante-quinze:
seventy-five; the famous French seventy-five millimetre gun, about
the size of our three-inch piece.

solde:
soldier's pay.

sortie:
exit.

sou: the
smallest French copper coin, of the value of five centimes, equivalent
to one cent.

S. S.U.
(Section Sanitaire [Etats-] Unis): the official designation
of an American ambulance section serving with the French Army.
The letter "U" was an arbitrary abbreviation for "United
States" or "American," as "A" could not
be used on account of possible confusion with S.S.A. denoting
an English (Anglaise) ambulance section.

système D.:
a slang term used to designate the system by which the soldier
managed to adjust himself to any difficulty of army life. If he
needed another blanket, he would "borrow" one from his
neighbor's bunk; if he needed wood for a fire, he might dismantle
the door of a vacant house; or if a restriction was placed upon
him which he considered unnecessary or unreasonable, he would
manage to circumvent it without getting into trouble.

taube(German):
literally, dove; the common name among the Allied forces early
in the war for a German airplane.

"taisez vous! méfiez vous!
les oreilles ennemis vous écoutent!": "Silence!
Beware! Enemy ears are listening!" a warning posted during
the third year of the war in trains, street cars, railway stations,
public buildings, factories, and shops, printed in newspapers
and programs, and on leaflets of all sizes and sorts, and pasted
on billboards throughout France.

terrain:
ground; field.

territorial:
a member of the oldest classes of the French Reserve, usually
a man from thirty-five to forty-five years of age. Territorial
soldiers were used rather for labor purposes than for actual fighting,
on account of their age.

tirailleur:
a French colonial infantryman.

tir de barrage:
barrage fire.

T.M. (Transport
de matériel): the branch of the Automobile Service
engaged in the transportation of munitions and supplies.

tonneau:
cask; barrel; rear seat of a touring-car.

torpille:
torpedo.

"totos:"cooties";
body-lice.

"tous et tout pour la France":
"all and everything for France."

tout le monde:
everybody.

train sanitaire:
hospital train; ambulance train.

tranchée:
trench.

"très pratique":
"very practical."

"très commode":
"very convenient", "very handy."

triage:
sorting station; the act of sorting; or the field hospital where
the wounded are sorted and directed to various base hospitals
in the vicinity, according to the nature of their wounds or illness
and the treatment required.

T.S.F.
(télégraphie sans fil): wireless telegraphy.

vaguemestre:
the military postman.

vallée:
valley.

vin ordinaire:
ordinary unbottled wine.

voie sacrée:
literally, "Sacred Way"; the name of the road from Bar-le-Duc
to Verdun over which thousands of automobiles drove in incessant
convoys during the great battle of Verdun in 1916.

zouave:
soldier of a French infantry corps created in Algeria in 1831.
They have so famous a fighting tradition that faire le zouave
means to pretend to be a hero.

.

Appendix M

THE FIELD SERVICE AND THE FUTURE AMERICAN
FIELD SERVICE FELLOWSHIPS FOR FRENCH UNIVERSITIES

SINCE the termination of the war, the trustees
of the American Field Service, in order to provide an enduring
memorial for those of its members who gave their lives to the
Cause, and in order to perpetuate among future generations of
French and American youth the mutual understanding and fraternity
of spirit which marked their relations during the war, have united
with the trustees of the American Fellowships in French Universities
to establish an organization to be known as the American Field
Service Fellowships for French Universities. This organization
proposes to award fellowships for advanced study in France to
students selected from American colleges, universities, and industrial
establishments, as well as fellowships for advanced study in American
universities to French students. These fellowships will, when
endowed, be named after the men of the American Field Service
who died in France; and it is intended, if sufficient funds can
be obtained, to name a fellowship in memory of each one of these
men. The trustees of the American Field Service and a large number
of those who served in it, or who contributed to and worked for
it, feel that they could in no better way carry on in times of
peace the work undertaken during the war, and the trustees have
obtained from the courts authority to devote to this purpose the
funds remaining in their hands.

THE AMERICAN FIELD SERVICE ASSOCIATION

AT a reunion of some
six hundred members of the Field Service held in New York on May
7-9,1920, the American Field Service Association was organized,
a constitution adopted and officers elected. The objects of this
Association were defined in the constitution as follows:

The purpose of this Association shall be
in general to perpetuate the memory of our life and work as volunteers
with the French Army in the years from 1915 to 1917, to keep
alive the friendships of those years, and to promote in the future
mutual understanding and fraternal feeling between France and
the United States, and in particular to arrange for future reunions,
to publish and distribute the Field Service Bulletin, to coöperate
with the Trustees of the American Field Service Fellowships for
French Universities, to provide, through a committee in France,
information and assistance for members of the Association and
for Field Service Fellows when in France, and, as opportunity
offers, to arrange for addresses by, and the entertainment of,
Frenchmen visiting this country.

In opening the final session of the Reunion,
Mr. Andrew thus expressed the dominant sentiment of the reunited
Service:

We of the old Field Service have found
ourselves to-day more than ever glad to come together. We are
bound by the memories that we have in common of the greatest
hours, and days, and months, and years, that we shall ever know;
but we are bound also by the fact that we still speak in 1920
the same language that we spoke in the years from 1915 to 1918,
and that we still have the same point of view and the same sentiments.
We still have, and shall have until we die, the same reverence
and affection for the blue-coated soldiers who were our comrades
over there, and the same estimation and feeling for the valiant
people, and for the very soil of France.

Whenever you encounter a Field Service
man, you will find an ardent champion of the interests of France,
quick to defend her from ignorant complaint, keen to expatiate
upon her manifold virtues, above all, ready to repudiate and
denounce any reflections upon her character, no matter whence
they come.

A famous American general has said on several
occasions, and has repeated the statement quite recently, that
before he arrived in France the French people were ready to quit.
The Field Service men who were in France long before the general
came, know, and do not hesitate to say, that such a statement,
while flattering our national vanity, has certainly no foundation
in fact. And when any one, no matter how highly placed, characterizes
France as militaristic, because she seeks to protect her homes
and cities from future depredations, and her people from recurring
slaughter, one can count upon the men of this Service, who witnessed
the prodigious sufferings of France throughout the war, and who
sensed the gentle and chivalrous spirit of her army and of her
people, to be among the first to proclaim the falsity and injustice
of such a conception.

With this spirit dominating the Field Service,
and the desire so deeply rooted in its members to correct mutual
misapprehensions and to promote mutual understanding and friendship
between France and the United States, what can be more natural
than the effort which has been launched to-day to transmit to
future generations of French and American youth, the same spirit
and the same desire! The fellowships that the Field Service hopes
ultimately to establish not only will promote science and learning,
but will tend to perpetuate, long after all of us are gone, the
fraternity and understanding between the youth of the two countries
which so strikingly characterized their relations in old Field
Service days. They will build a noble and enduring monument to
one hundred and twenty-seven comrades who gave all that they
were, and all that they might ever have hoped to be, to the cause
of America and of France. They will help to make immortal the
spirit in which these men gave their lives.

His excellency, the French Ambassador, Monsieur
Jusserand, who, from the very beginning of the War has been linked
with the Field Service by countless acts of friendship, honored
the reunion with his presence, and spoke in part as follows:

I have been for many years the Ambassador
of France to the United States, but I remember with particular
pleasure and pride that I was once the Ambassador in France of
a power for which I have a feeling of deep affection and gratitude,
viz., the American Field Service. I was asked by their
chief, Mr. A. Piatt Andrew, to go and meet one of the great leaders
of the world, Marshal Joffre, and to negotiate with him that
he consent to write a preface for the definitive account they
were preparing of their life in France. A most difficult task,
indeed. The Marshal flatly refused. "I am no writer,"
he said.

"Well," I retorted, "you
are a member of the French Academy."

"I was not elected there," he
replied, "for anything I had written."

There was no doubt as to this. What the
great warrior had written was not to be read black on white,
but red on green in the valley of the Marne, and many other valleys
and hills of France. I did not, however, admit defeat and I said:
"Think that it is for those young Americans who, before
their country came with all her might to the rescue, had enlisted
with us, giving the example, showing the way, arousing their
compatriots, helping our wounded."

"I shall write the preface,"
the Marshal answered.

Be assured that the feeling which dictated
the decision of the Marshal is one we all have in France for
you young Americans who have shown so much ardor for the great
cause, who have risked so much and worked so efficiently. We
owe you the life of many of our citizens who, without your timely
help, would have increased the immense number of those dead whose
tombs dot the ground all the way from Switzerland to Dunkirk.

The same warm-heartedness which caused
you to enlist in the earliest and gloomiest period of the war
is shown again by your decision to honor your dead and help toward
a closer union between young men of education in France and America,
by founding those 127 scholarships which will each bear the name
of one of your members who died for the common cause. I compliment
you from my heart. Accept, please, the thanks of a nation whose
losses have, to be sure, been immense, since over eight millions
of our youth served during the war and much more than half were
either killed or wounded, but a nation that will recover and
is already on the way to it, reclaiming the ravaged portions
of France, trebling her export trade by comparison with last
year, and that, in spite of the scarcity of coal and of machinery,
is paying prodigious taxes which a bill recently voted has still
increased by eight billion and a half of francs.

When you visit to-morrow the admirable
Saint Thomas's church, you will notice, on the balustrade of
the choir, a round medallion on which is engraved an image of
the Reims cathedral. This medallion ismade of a stone
from that cathedral, and three smaller ones with a "fleur-de-lis"
on each come, if I am not mistaken, from the cathedrals at Péronne,
Soissons, and Saint-Quentin, a touching remembrance and a symbol.
I feel confident that the monument of generosity and sympathy
built by you and your compatriots in French hearts, through your
labors and the valiance of your troops, willoutlive throughout
centuries even those of our sacred monuments which the fury of
the invader has been unable to raze to the ground. Such souvenirs
are of the sort that never dies.

SOME FRENCH TRIBUTES TO THE FIELD SERVICE

THE following cables were received by Colonel
Andrew and read by him at the Reunion Dinner held in the Hotel
Pennsylvania, New York City, on May 8:

The imperishable honor of the volunteers
of the American Field Service is that they gave their aid to
France in peril without other obligation than the voice of their
conscience. Their strong and continual efforts from the first
battles on to the final victory won the admiration of us all.
Proud to have worked with them, I send to them and their distinguished
leaders my fraternal regards.

I learn with emotion the noble initiative
taken by the American Field Service. After having faced from
the first hours of the universal tempest, all the combats, although
ten thousand kilometres from their own homeland, those who have
survived are now continuing to set an example, by adding generosity
to valor. They will be welcome among us, --- the young heroes
that you send us. We shall surround them, who have shown a spirit
at once so sensitive and so daring, with all the fraternal solicitude
in which our heart abounds. And Great France, victorious and
wounded, this France which holds in her scarred soil the bodies
of so many heroes that have disappeared, will be gentle and tender
to the young men who will come to enjoy her culture, to learn
her language, her customs, her spirit, and her conscience.

I have personally witnessed the magnificent
achievements of the American Field Service, and the splendid
courage displayed on the French fields of battle by your volunteers
even before the entry of their country into the A merican war.
Every Frenchman remains very grateful to the American Field Service,
and all will be happy to welcome the young Americans who will
come to receive in our institutions a part of their education.

I have known the precious aid which the
volunteers of the American Field Service, engaged upon our front
before the entry of the United States into the war, have furnished
to my country's cause, and I welcome with satisfaction this new
evidence of their sympathy in sending to France young Americans
to finish their education in our universities. This initiative
is destined surely to seal forever the friendship of our countries.

CLEMENCEAU

.

[Copy of Cablegram]

May 6, 1920

France is grateful to the American Field
Service, which intends to continue beyond the war the traditions
started during the war, when in the early days of the struggle
its original members had brought us such devoted help, the harbinger
of the great effort which led us together to definitive victory.

P. DESCHANEL

.

THE REPLY

[Copy of Cablegram]

New York, May 8, 1920

ELLIOT SHEPARD
224 rue de Rivoli
Paris, France

Six hundred Field Service men from all
parts of America reunited in New York, deeply moved by tributes
of appreciation from leaders of beloved France, Deschanel, Clemenceau,
Poincaré, Viviani, recall the immortal hours spent with
her heroic soldiers, and testify again in the midst of the problems
of peace to their undying reverence, confidence, and affection.