Semi-presidential System
A SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM is a system of government in which a
president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the
latter two being responsible to the legislature of a state . A
semi-presidential system differs from a parliamentary republic in that
it has a popularly elected head of state , who is more than a purely
ceremonial figurehead , and from the presidential system in that the
cabinet , although named by the president, is responsible to the
legislature , which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion
of no confidence . While the German Weimar
RepublicRepublic (1919–1933) exemplified an early
semi-presidential system, the term "semi-presidential" was introduced
by a 1959 article by journalist
Hubert Beuve-Méry and popularized
by a 1978 work by political scientist
Maurice Duverger , both of which
intended to describe the French Fifth
RepublicRepublic (established in 1958).
CONTENTS * 1 Subtypes
* 2 Division of powers
* 3 Cohabitation
* 4 Republics with a semi-presidential system of government
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes and references
* 7 External links SUBTYPESThere are two separate subtypes of semi-presidentialism:
premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism. Under the PREMIER-PRESIDENTIAL system, the prime minister and cabinet
are exclusively accountable to parliament
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Republic
A REPUBLIC (Latin : _res publica _) is a form of government in which
the country is considered a "public matter" – not the private
concern or property of the rulers – and where offices of state are
elected or appointed, rather than inherited. It is a form of
government under which the head of state is not a monarch . In American English, the definition of a republic can also refer
specifically to a government in which elected individuals represent
the citizen body, known elsewhere as a representative democracy (a
democratic republic ), and exercise power according to the rule of
law (a constitutional republic). As of 2017 , 159 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word
"republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are
republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all
nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their
names. Both modern and ancient republics vary widely in their ideology,
composition, and practicality. In the classical and medieval period of
Europe, many states were fashioned on the
Roman RepublicRoman Republic , which
referred to the governance of the city of Rome, between it having
kings and emperors. The Italian medieval and
RenaissanceRenaissance political
tradition, today referred to as "civic humanism ", is sometimes
considered to derive directly from Roman republicans such as Sallust
and
TacitusTacitus[...More...]

Presidential System
A PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM is a democratic and republican system of
government where a head of government leads an executive branch that
is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is
in most cases also the head of state , which is called _president _. In presidential countries, the executive is elected and is not
responsible to the legislature, which cannot in normal circumstances
dismiss it. Such dismissal is possible, however, in uncommon cases,
often through impeachment . The title "president " has persisted from a time when such person
personally presided over the governing body, as with the
President of
the Continental Congress in the early
United States , prior to the
executive function being split into a separate branch of government. A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where
the head of government is elected to power through the legislative .
There is an intermediary system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of
government are not the exclusive users of the title of president.
Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most
cases, are called presidents. Dictators or leaders of one-party states
, popularly elected or not, are also often called presidents
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Parliamentary Republic
A PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC is a republic that operates under a
parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the
government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the
legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of
parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the
head of government and the head of state , with the head of government
holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies . Some have
combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like
presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.
For the first case mentioned above, the form of executive-branch
arrangement is distinct from most other parliamentary and
semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state (usually
designated as the "president ") from the head of government (usually
designated as "prime minister ", "premier " or "chancellor ") and
subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient
tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and
investing either office with the majority of executive power
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Parliamentary System
A PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM is a system of democratic governance of a
state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy
from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch,
typically a parliament , and is also held accountable to that
parliament. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a
different person from the head of government . This is in contrast to
a presidential system , where the head of state often is also the head
of government and, most importantly, the executive branch does not
derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature. Countries with parliamentary systems may be constitutional monarchies
, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is
almost always a member of parliament (such as the
United KingdomUnited Kingdom ,
DenmarkDenmark ,
SwedenSweden and
JapanJapan ), or parliamentary republics , where a
mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of
government is regularly from the legislature (such as Ireland ,
GermanyGermany ,
IndiaIndia and
ItalyItaly )
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Monarchy
A MONARCHY is a form of government in which a group, generally a
family representing a dynasty , embodies the country's national
identity and its head, the monarch , exercises the role of
sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely
symbolic (crowned republic ), to partial and restricted
(_constitutional_ monarchy ), to completely autocratic (_absolute_
monarchy ). Traditionally the monarch's post is inherited and lasts
until death or abdication. In contrast, elective monarchies require
the monarch to be elected. Both types have further variations as
there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining
monarchy. For example, in some elected monarchies only pedigrees are
taken into account for eligibility of the next ruler, whereas many
hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age,
gender, mental capacity, etc. Occasionally this might create a
situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective
election. There have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign is
either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved:
an invasion being repulsed, for instance. Richard I of England
being anointed during his coronation in
Westminster Abbey , from a
13th-century chronicle. Monarchic rule was the most common form of government until the 19th
century
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Constitutional Monarchy
A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY is a form of monarchy in which the
sovereign exercises their authorities in accordance with a written or
unwritten constitution .
Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy differs from
absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power), in that
constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and
authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal
framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as
MoroccoMorocco , where the constitution grants substantial discretionary
powers to the sovereign, to countries such as
SwedenSweden or
DenmarkDenmark where
the monarch retains very few formal authorities. A constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch
acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution ,
whether written or unwritten . While most monarchs may hold formal
authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's
name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally
sets public policy or chooses political leaders. Political scientist
Vernon Bogdanor , paraphrasing
Thomas Macaulay , has defined a
constitutional monarch as "a sovereign who reigns but does not rule"
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Absolute Monarchy
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, or DESPOTIC MONARCHY, is a form of monarchy in
which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not
restricted by any written laws, legislature , or customs. These are
often, but not always, hereditary monarchies . In contrast, in
constitutional monarchies , the head of state 's authority derives
from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or
legislature . Some monarchies have weak or symbolic legislatures and other
governmental bodies the monarch can alter or dissolve at will.
Countries where monarchs still maintain absolute power are:
Brunei ,
Oman ,
Saudi Arabia ,
Swaziland ,
Vatican City and the individual
emirates composing the
United Arab Emirates , which itself is a free
association of such monarchies – a federal monarchy . CONTENTS* 1 Historical examples * 1.1 Outside
Europe * 1.2
Europe * 1.2.1 France
* 1.2.2
Denmark-Norway
* 1.2.3 Prussia
* 1.2.4
Russia
* 1.2.5 Sweden * 2 Contemporary monarchies * 2.1 Current absolute monarchies * 2.1.1
Saudi Arabia * 3 Scholarship
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading HISTORICAL EXAMPLESOUTSIDE EUROPEIn
Ancient Egypt , the
Pharaoh wielded absolute power over the
country and was considered a living god by his people
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Military Dictatorship
A MILITARY DICTATORSHIP (also known as a MILITARY JUNTA ) is a form
of government different from civilian dictatorship for a number of
reasons: their motivations for seizing power, the institutions through
which they organize their rule, and the ways in which they leave
power. Often viewing itself as saving the nation from the corrupt or
myopic civilian politicians, a military dictatorship justifies its
position as “neutral” arbiters on the basis of their membership
within the armed forces. For example, many juntas adopt titles, such
as “National Redemption Council", “Committee of National
Restoration", or “National Liberation Committee".
Military leaders
often rule as a junta, selecting one of them as the head. CONTENTS * 1 Types
* 2 Creation and evolution
* 3 Justification
* 4 Current cases * 5 Past cases * 5.1
Africa
* 5.2 North America
* 5.3 South America
* 5.4 Asia
* 5.5 Europe
* 5.6 Oceania * 6 See also
* 7 References TYPES _
This section DOES NOT CITE ANY SOURCES . Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed . (April 2016)_ _(Learn how and when to
remove this template message )_Since 1945 Latin America, Africa,
Southern Europe , and the Middle
East have been common areas for all military dictatorships
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One-party State
A ONE-PARTY STATE, SINGLE-PARTY STATE, ONE-PARTY SYSTEM, SINGLE-PARTY
SYSTEM is a type of state in which one political party has the right
to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.
All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a
limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term
_DE FACTO_ ONE-PARTY STATE is used to describe a dominant-party system
that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally)
democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance
of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning the
elections. CONTENTS * 1 Concept * 2 Examples * 2.1 Current one-party states * 2.2 Former one-party states * 2.2.1 Former big tent one-party states * 2.2.2 Former left-wing one-party states * 2.2.2.1 Former Marxist-Leninist one-party states * 2.2.3 Former right-wing one-party states * 2.2.3.1 Former fascist or nationalist one-party states * 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links CONCEPTOne-party states explain themselves through various methods. Most
often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of
separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the
one party is the vanguard of the people, and therefore its right to
rule cannot be legitimately questioned
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Politics
POLITICS (from Greek: Politiká: _Politika_, definition "affairs of
the cities") is the process of making decisions applying to all
members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and
exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human
community, particularly a state . Furthermore, politics is the study
or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given
community (this is usually a hierarchically organized population) as
well as the interrelationship(s) between communities. A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include
promoting or forcing one's own political views among people,
negotiation with other political subjects, making laws , and
exercising force , including warfare against adversaries.
Politics is
exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of
traditional societies, through modern local governments , companies
and institutions up to sovereign states , to the international level .
It is very often said that politics is about power. A political
system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods
within a given society.
History of political thought can be traced
back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as
Plato 's _Republic
_,
Aristotle 's _
Politics _ and the works of
Confucius[...More...]

Index Of Politics Articles
This is a list of political topics, including political science
terms, political philosophies, political issues, etc. POLITICS is the process by which groups of people make decisions.
Although the term is generally applied to behavior within civil
governments , politics is observed in all human group interactions,
including corporate , academic , and religious institutions. Politics
consists of "social relations involving authority or power" and
refers to the regulation of a political unit, and to the methods and
tactics used to formulate and apply policy . POLITICAL SCIENCE (also
known as political studies) is the study of political behavior and
examines the acquisition and application of power . Related areas of
study include political philosophy , which seeks a rationale for
politics and an ethic of public behavior, and public administration ,
which examines the practices of governance
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Politics By Country
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide
to politics and political science: POLITICS – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people
make collective decisions .
Politics is the art or science of running
governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil
governments ), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such
as the corporate , academic , and religious segments of society. POLITICAL SCIENCE – the field concerning the theory and practice of
politics and the description and analysis of political systems and
political behavior. CONTENTS * 1 Fields of study of political science
* 2 Related disciplines
* 3
Political theory
* 4 Elections
* 5 Political parties
* 6 Political strategies and tactics
* 7
Political corruption
* 8
Government
* 9 Political philosophies
* 10 Governments of the world
* 11 Political issues * 12
Politics by region * 12.1 Foreign relations by region
* 12.2 Political parties by region * 13 History of politics
* 14 Political scholars
* 15 Influential literature
* 16 See also
* 17 Further reading
* 18 References
* 19 External links FIELDS OF STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE *
Area studies
*
Coalition studies
*
Comparative politics
*
Development studies
*
Domestic politics (e.g
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Politics Of Country Subdivisions
This list summarises the country subdivisions which have a separate
article on their politics. Countries where significant powers
delegated to federal units or to devolved governments and where the
political system is multi-party democracy are more likely to have
articles on the politics of their subdivisions. Entities listed in the article
List of countries are shows in the
article
Politics of present-day nations and states
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Political Economy
POLITICAL ECONOMY is a term used for studying production and trade ,
and their relations with law, custom , and government, as well as with
the distribution of national income and wealth . _Political economy_
originated in moral philosophy . It was developed in the 18th century
as the study of the economies of states, or _polities _, hence the
term _political_ economy. In the late 19th century, the term _economics _ came to replace
_political economy_, coinciding with the publication of an influential
textbook by
Alfred Marshall in 1890. Earlier, William Stanley Jevons
, a proponent of mathematical methods applied to the subject,
advocated _economics_ for brevity and with the hope of the term
becoming "the recognised name of a science." Today, _political economy_, where it is not used as a synonym for
economics, may refer to very different things, including Marxian
analysis, applied public choice approaches emanating from the Chicago
school and the Virginia school , or simply the advice given by
economists to the government or public on general economic policy or
on specific proposals. A rapidly growing mainstream literature from
the 1970s has expanded beyond the model of economic policy in which
planners maximize utility of a representative individual toward
examining how political forces affect the choice of economic policies
, especially as to distributional conflicts and political
institutions
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