1.
Public utility
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A public utility is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service. Public utilities are subject to forms of control and regulation ranging from local community-based groups to statewide government monopolies. The term utilities can also refer to the set of services provided by these organizations consumed by the public, electricity, natural gas, water, broadband internet services are increasingly being included within the definition. As a result, they are government monopolies, or if privately owned. The first public utility in the United States was a grist mill on Mother Brook in Dedham, developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects of traditional public utilities. Public utilities can be owned or publicly owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities, municipal utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city. Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve and they are usually found in rural areas. Private utilities, also called investor-owned utilities, are owned by investors, Public utilities provide services at the consumer level, be it residential, commercial, or industrial consumer. For example, the California Public Utilities Commission is an operating in the state of California, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the state, private firms, and charities ran the traditional public utilities. For instance, the Sanitary Districts were established in England and Wales in 1875 and they are regulated by Ofgem, Ofwat and Ofcom. Disabled community transport services may occasionally be included within the definition and they were mostly privatised in the UK during the 1980s. World Bank report on Water, Electricity and Utility subsidies Latest News in Utilities and Information Technology Latest in UK business utility news

2.
Electric power distribution
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Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power, it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customers premises, Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household appliances and typically feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the distribution lines through service drops. Customers demanding a larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary distribution level or the subtransmission level. Electric power distribution only became necessary in the 1880s when electricity started being generated at power stations, before that electricity was usually generated where it was used. Both were supplanting gas lighting systems, with arc lighting taking over large area/street lighting, the Edison DC system needed thick copper conductor cables, and the generating plants needed to be within about 1.5 miles of the farthest customer to avoid excessively large and expensive conductors. With much cheaper transmission costs and the economies of scale of having large generating plants supply whole cities and regions. Edisons propaganda campaign was short lived with his company switching over to AC in 1892, in the first half of the 20th century, the electric power industry was vertically integrated, meaning that one company did generation, transmission, distribution, metering and billing. Starting in the 1970s and 1980s, nations began the process of deregulation and privatisation, the distribution system would remain regulated, but generation, retail, and sometimes transmission systems were transformed into competitive markets. Electric power begins at a station, where the potential difference can be as high as 13,800 volts. However, High-voltage DC can be advantageous for isolating alternating-current systems or controlling the quantity of electricity transmitted, for example, Hydro-Québec has a direct-current line which goes from the James Bay region to Boston. From the generating station it goes to the generating station’s switchyard where a step-up transformer increases the voltage to a suitable for transmission. Once in the system, electricity from each generating station is combined with electricity produced elsewhere. Electricity is consumed as soon as it is produced and it is transmitted at a very high speed, close to the speed of light. Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35kV or more, down to primary distribution voltages and these are medium voltage circuits, usually 600-35,000 V. From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the power off in multiple directions. The bus distributes power to distribution lines, which fan out to customers, urban distribution is mainly underground, sometimes in common utility ducts

3.
Gas
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Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter. A pure gas may be made up of atoms, elemental molecules made from one type of atom. A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air, what distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer, the interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. One type of commonly known gas is steam, the gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention, high-density atomic gases super cooled to incredibly low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either a Bose gas or a Fermi gas. For a comprehensive listing of these states of matter see list of states of matter. The only chemical elements which are stable multi atom homonuclear molecules at temperature and pressure, are hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. These gases, when grouped together with the noble gases. Alternatively they are known as molecular gases to distinguish them from molecules that are also chemical compounds. The word gas is a neologism first used by the early 17th-century Flemish chemist J. B. van Helmont, according to Paracelsuss terminology, chaos meant something like ultra-rarefied water. An alternative story is that Van Helmonts word is corrupted from gahst and these four characteristics were repeatedly observed by scientists such as Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, John Dalton, Joseph Gay-Lussac and Amedeo Avogadro for a variety of gases in various settings. Their detailed studies ultimately led to a relationship among these properties expressed by the ideal gas law. Gas particles are separated from one another, and consequently have weaker intermolecular bonds than liquids or solids. These intermolecular forces result from interactions between gas particles. Like-charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract one another, transient, randomly induced charges exist across non-polar covalent bonds of molecules and electrostatic interactions caused by them are referred to as Van der Waals forces. The interaction of these forces varies within a substance which determines many of the physical properties unique to each gas. A comparison of boiling points for compounds formed by ionic and covalent bonds leads us to this conclusion, the drifting smoke particles in the image provides some insight into low pressure gas behavior

4.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century

5.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different

6.
Statute
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A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city or country. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy, statutes are rules made by legislative bodies, they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, and regulations issued by government agencies. Statute law is written by a legislative body and signed into law by its executive. Before a statute becomes law in countries, it must be agreed upon by the highest executive in the government. A universal problem encountered by lawmakers throughout human history is how to organize published statutes, such publications have a habit of starting small but growing rapidly over time, as new statutes are enacted in response to the exigencies of the moment. Eventually, persons trying to find the law are forced to sort through a number of statutes enacted at various points in time to determine which portions are still in effect. In turn, in theory, the code will thenceforth reflect the current cumulative state of the law in that jurisdiction. In many nations statutory law is distinguished from and subordinate to constitutional law, statute is also another word for law. The term was adapted from England in about the 18th century, in the Autonomous Communities of Spain, the autonomy statute is a legal document similar to a state constitution in a federated state. The autonomies statutes in Spain have the rank of Ley Organica, leyes Organicas rank between the Constitution and ordinary laws. The name was chosen, among others, to avoid confusion with the term Constitution, in biblical terminology, statute refers to a law given without any reason or justification. The classic example is the statute regarding the Red Heifer. The opposite of a chok is a mishpat, a law given for a reason, e. g. the Sabbath laws, which were given because God created the world in six days. That which upholds, supports or maintains the order of the universe meaning the Law or Natural Law. This is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion, Constitution Legislation Legislature Organic statute Statutory law

7.
Rodolphe Forget
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Colonel Sir Joseph David Rodolphe Forget was an important Canadian business investor, stockbroker, and politician. He held national directorships and had investments in energy companies, as well as industrial concerns and railway companies in the Provinces of Quebec. Born at Terrebonne in what was known as Canada East, he was the only son of David Rodolphe Forget. His mother, Angele Limoges, was the half-sister of Sir Louis-Olivier Taillon, the Forgets were long settled in Quebec, having moved there from Normandy in 1650. Forget became one of the most influential and controversial businessmen of his era in Quebec, with wide-ranging business interests, one of his companies built the Manoir Richelieu hotel in 1899 at La Malbaie, Quebec. During the early 1900s, Rodolphe Forget with his uncle Louis-Joseph Forget and Forget family investments controlled the very important Montreal Light, Rodolphe Forget also served as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Montreal Stock Exchange from 1907 to 1909. In 1904, Forget was elected as a Conservative to the 10th Canadian Parliament for the Charlevoix riding and he was the father of Thérèse Casgrain and father-in-law of Pierre-François Casgrain, who was elected as a Liberal MP in Charleviox in 1917. Forget died in 1919 at the age of fifty-seven and was buried in the Roman Catholic Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal and his home in Montreals Golden Square Mile still stands today and is one of the buildings that are used by the Russian Consulate. His estate in Charlevoix is now part of Domaine Forget, Forget record at the Parliament of Canada Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Media related to Rodolphe Forget at Wikimedia Commons

8.
Herbert Samuel Holt
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Sir Herbert Samuel Holt was an Irish-born Canadian civil engineer who became a businessman, banker, and corporate director with a ruthless business reputation. He was President of the Royal Bank of Canada, Montreal Light, Heat & Power, on his death, the Montreal Gazette described him as the richest man in Canada, but he was also one of the most reviled. Among his peers in the Golden Square Mile, everyone respected his business ability, Holt was one of the founders of the Town of Hampstead, Quebec Holt was born at Ballycrystal, near Geashill, Co. He was the son of William Robert Grattan Holt, of Carberry House. Kildare, inherited in 1742 from his ancestor, Hannah Colley of Castle Carberry, Holt grew up with his family at another family property, Ballycrystal, a grazing farm of 291 acres. Herbert Holts elder brother, Thomas Grattan Holt, succeeded to Ballycrystal and Carberry, in 1873, he emigrated to Canada, beginning work as an assistant engineer with the Toronto Water Works. In the early 1880s, he was employed to survey and construct portions of the Canadian Pacific Railway across the prairies and through the Rocky Mountains, Herbert Holt became a pioneer developer of the energy business in the Province of Quebec and owned the Montreal Gas Company. In 1901 he merged Montreal Gas with Rodolphe Forgets Royal Electric Company to create the Montreal Light, in 1944, their successful conglomerate was nationalized by legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. It came under the newly created Quebec Hydroelectric Commission, also known as Hydro-Québec, Holt served as president of the Royal Bank of Canada from 1908 to 1934, and the banks chairman from 1934 until his death. He was a co-founder of the Ritz-Carlton Montreal, a director of Montreal Trust Company, Canada Car and Foundry and he was appointed chairman of the Federal Plan Commission in 1913. In 1915, he was knighted by King George V. Herbert Samuel Holt died in 1941 and was interred in the Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal and his comparatively modest home on Stanley Street in Montreals Golden Square Mile was demolished after his death. Following its formation in 1979, Herbert Holts significant contribution to the Canadian economy was recognized through his election to the Canadian Business Hall of Fame, however, Holt was also one of the richest and most reviled Montrealers of his time. When his death was announced at a game in 1941. To many French Canadians, Holt was the epitome of les maudits anglais. Herbert is remembered for being a banker who enjoyed large profits while the common man suffered during the great depression. ”In 1890, Holt married Jessie. The Holts were the parents of three sons, Major Herbert Paton Holt M. C, M. P. educated at the Royal Military College of Canada, he inherited Send Grove and Ballycrystal. He fought in world wars and wrote a history of his regiment, the 3rd Dragoon Guards. He kept a house in Mayfair, London and in 1927 he purchased Lackham Manor, Wiltshire and he was High Sheriff of Wiltshire and Member of Parliament for Upton, Essex

9.
Saint Antoine Street
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Saint Antoine Street is a street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It runs to the south of Downtown Montreal and north of Old Montreal and Griffintown and it crosses the Quartier international de Montréal. Saint-Antoine Street is primarily a street with traffic running westbound only from Jean dEstrées Street. Between these two points, the flows in both directions. The western terminus of Saint Antoine Street is at Saint Jacques Street in Saint-Henri, at the east the street leads onto Boulevard Ville-Marie and onto Notre-Dame Street near the Jacques Cartier Bridge. West of the boundaries of Montreal, Saint Antoine Street was the main thoroughfare of a suburban area known as Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Since 1799, the street was known as rue des Menuisiers, the road passed above an old river that was converted into a canal after the dismantlement of Montreals fortifications. From 1817 to August 1976, this street was named Craig Street, after Sir James Henry Craig, Governor General of British North America, the street was renamed in 1976 to bear the same name as its western portion. Bell Centre Tour de la Bourse World Trade Centre Montreal Palais des congrès de Montréal Palais de justice Vieux-Montréal website Rue Saint-Antoine Ouest, Banque de noms de lieux du Québec

10.
Saint Urbain Street
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St. Urbain Street is a major one-way street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The street is named for Urbain Tessier, a farmer and carpenter who settled in the area, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the street was home to several of Montreals prominent British and French merchants, notably the explorer Alexander Henry the elder. By the turn of the 20th century, the area was industrialised and had run down. Writer Mordecai Richler immortalised the area as a centre of the Jewish community in Montreal, from roughly 1970 onwards, the Jewish community uprooted to Outremont and the street was settled by Greek, Portuguese and Caribbean immigrants. Today much of the street has been gentrified, historic Jewish Quarter, Montreal Baron Byng High School Mile End

A plaque dedicates the Daniel-Johnson dam, named to honour Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr., who died at this location, in September 1968.

Hydro-Québec's financial support was instrumental in the construction of the Churchill Falls Generating Station in Labrador. The company holds a 34.2% interest in the joint venture owning the 5,425-MW plant.