Big Brother is a television reality game show based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997.[2] The series follows a group of contestants, known as HouseGuests, who are living together in a custom-built home under constant surveillance. The HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world, and can have no communication with those not in the house. The contestants are competing for a $500,000 grand prize, with weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show. The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). The series launched on July 5, 2000 to a successful start, though ratings and critical reaction continued to grow increasingly negative. This led to the second season being a revamp of the show, featuring a more competition based challenge. The series has since continued to be a hit for CBS, and is the longest-running adaption of the series to date.

Since its inception, the show has been hosted by television personality Julie Chen. It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly on the Wall Entertainment.[3] The series also airs in Canada through Global.[4] The success of the series has spawned several spin-offs. The series airs once a year, during the Summer, with the exception of the ninth season which aired in Spring of 2008. Currently, sixteen seasons of the show have aired, with an additional two seasons ordered by CBS spanning to 2016.[5] The show has aired a total of 538 episodes since it premiered, with the September 5, 2013 airing marking the 500th episode.[6] To date, there have been a total of 195 HouseGuests compete in the series. Upon entering the house, the HouseGuests are not permitted to leave the house at any time. HouseGuests are free to leave the house, but doing so would signify them quitting the game, and they would not be allowed re-entry. Should a HouseGuest break the rules set in the house, they can be expelled from the house. To date, there have been a total of four HouseGuests expelled from the house due to acts of violence or rule-breaking. There have only been two HouseGuests who have voluntarily left the game for reasons relating to personal matters.

History[edit]

Main series[edit]

The rights to the series were bought by CBS in early 2000 for an estimated $20 million.[7] The United States version of the series officially premiered on July 5, 2000 when the original ten housemates entered the house.[8] The first edition followed the original format, in which a group of housemates lived together in a house under constant surveillance.[9] Each week, they would select two housemates to nominate for eviction, and the public would then vote to banish one of these nominees.[10] When only three housemates remained, the viewers would vote to select the winner of the series; Eddie McGee was the winner of the first season.[11] Dave Walsh was the narrator for the first season.[12] For the show's second season, the format underwent dramatic changes. The contestants were now referred to as HouseGuests, and would vote each other off rather than the public voting.[13] For this new format, one HouseGuest would become the weekly Head of Household, and would be required to nominate two HouseGuests for eviction.[14] All of the other HouseGuests excluding the Head of Household and nominees would then vote to evict one of the nominees.[14] When only two HouseGuests remained, all of the previously evicted HouseGuests would select a winner.[15]Will Kirby was the winner of the second edition.[16] Chuck Riley was the narrator for the second season.[17] The following year, the third season began airing and followed the same format as the previous season. A new feature added to the third season was the Power of Veto, in which the holder of this power could remove one HouseGuest from the block, with the Head of Household having to name a replacement nominee; the Power of Veto holder could not use the Power of Veto to remove themselves from the block.[18]Lisa Donahue was the winner of the third season.[19]Phil Proctor was the narrator for the third season, and would continue to narrate the series until its sixth season.[20]

The fourth season began airing in 2003. This season featured the "Ex-Factor" twist, in which ten HouseGuests were living with their ex-boyfriend or girlfriend.[21] This season was the first to feature the Golden Power of Veto, in which a nominee could use it to remove themselves from the block.[22] This was also the first season to be aired in the United Kingdom on E4.[23]Jun Song was the winner of the fourth season.[24] In 2004, the fifth edition of the series began to air. The season was dubbed "Project DNA", and saw a set of twins trading places in the game with the goal of making it to the fifth week; doing so would allow them to play as individuals.[25] Another twist this season saw HouseGuests Michael and Nakomis learn that they were siblings who shared the same father.[26][27]Drew Daniel was the winner.[28] For the sixth season, all of the fourteen competing HouseGuests entered the game with a secret partner,[29] and later learned that if a couple made it to the end together then the prize money would be doubled.[30] Though none of the pairs made it to the end together, Maggie Ausburn was the winner.[31] Following much speculation, it was confirmed in 2006 that the next edition would be an All-Stars cast comprised of former HouseGuests.[32] This was the first season to feature returning HouseGuests, and is the only season to date to be comprised solely of former HouseGuests. Mike "Boogie" Malin was crowned the winner.[33] Clayton Halsey became the narrator during this season, and would narrate all subsequent seasons.[34] In 2007, the eighth season began, and featured six rivals in the house competing against one another.[35][36] Yet another twist this season saw HouseGuest Eric Stein playing as America's Player, in which he would vote to evict the HouseGuest that the viewers chose, as well as campaign to get the viewer selected HouseGuest nominated.[37]"Evel" Dick Donato was the winner, while his estranged daughter Daniele Donato was crowned the Runner-up.[38][39] Following the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, the ninth season aired in the Winter of 2008.[40] This season initially saw the HouseGuests competing as couples, however, they were broken up after a few weeks and competed as individuals.[41][42]Adam Jasinski was the winner.[43] This became the second, and currently final, season to air in the United Kingdom.[23]

Despite a ratings decline during the ninth season, the show later returned that Summer for its tenth season.[44] This season saw the series return to a "Back to Basics" format, with no major twists impacting the game.[45]Dan Gheesling was the winner,[46] and is the only HouseGuest to win in a unanimous jury vote to date.[47][48] The eleventh season, which aired in 2009, featured a previous HouseGuest returning to compete for a second time.[49] This season also featured the "Cliques" twist, in which HouseGuests competed on teams for the first few weeks.[50][51]Jordan Lloyd was crowned the winner of this season.[52] In 2010, the twelfth season began airing. This season featured the Saboteur twist, in which one HouseGuests entered the house with the sole purpose of causing drama in the game; if they made it to the fifth week without being discovered, they would leave the game with $50,000.[53][54] The original Saboteur later became the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the house, resulting in the viewers selecting a new Saboteur.[55] Ultimately, Hayden Garrett Moss was the winner.[56] The thirteenth season aired the following Summer, and saw six former duos returning to compete against eight new HouseGuests.[57][58] This season also introduced the Golden Key twist, in which a HouseGuest who survived an eviction vote would earn the key, resulting in their automatic safety until only ten HouseGuests remained.[59] Returning HouseGuest Rachel Reilly was the winner.[60] The fourteenth season, which began airing the following year, saw four former HouseGuests returning as "coaches" to twelve new HouseGuests.[61] Despite this, a twist in the game later allowed them to become official HouseGuests.[62]Ian Terry became the winner,[63] while former HouseGuest Dan Gheesling became the Runner-up and the first HouseGuest to make it to the Final Two twice.[64] The fifteenth season saw a total of three nominations selected per week, and also allowed viewers to vote for the M.V.P. each week, granting that HouseGuest a special power.[65] This was the first season since the third to feature a Jury consisting of nine HouseGuests. Andy Herren was crowned the winner, making him the first openly gay HouseGuest to win.[66] The sixteenth season launched the following year, and featured two HouseGuests holding the title of Head of Household per week, with a total of four nominations. Derrick Levasseur was crowned the winner.[67] Following this season, it was confirmed that the series had been extended for two more seasons, which means the show is set to last until the Summer of 2016.[68]

Spin-offs[edit]

Since its premiere, there have been numerous spin-offs to the main series. In 2004, the spin-off web series House Calls: The Big Brother Talk Show (2004–08) began airing.[69] The series, which lasted for thirty minutes and aired on weeknights, allowed fans to call in and discuss the events of the game.[70] This made House Calls the first live Internet talk show produced exclusively for a television network.[71] The series was initially hosted by Gretchen Massey and Big Brother 3 (2002) HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds during its first two seasons.[72] Beginning with the show's third season, a new co-host was featured on the series each day, with some returning more than once.[73] During the show's fifth and sixth seasons, each co-host was given a designated day of the week to host alongside Gretchen.[74] Following the show's sixth season, it was confirmed that it would not be renewed.[75]Big Brother: After Dark, a second spin-off series, was debuted in 2007 and aired on Showtime Too nightly from 12 a.m. to 3 a.m. Eastern Time.[76] The series continued this schedule until 2013, when it was announced that the series would now air on TVGN.[77][78] Former HouseGuest Jeff Schroeder began hosting the Big Brother: Live Chat online spin-off in 2012, where he interviews the HouseGuests both before they enter the house and following their evictions.[79] Though not an actual spin-off, the Canadian edition of the series is the first and currently only series to adopt the format of this version.[80]

Format[edit]

Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants, referred to as HouseGuests, live in a custom built "house", constantly under video surveillance.[81] While in the house, the contestants are completely isolated from the outside world, meaning no phone, television, internet, magazines, newspaper, or contact with those not in the house.[82] This rule could be broken, however, in the event of a family emergency or passing.[83] The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment, and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals, beliefs, and prejudices.[84][85] While a competition, the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests.[86] Though locked in the house, the HouseGuests are free to quit the game, though will not be allowed entry back into the house.[87] Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game, they could be expelled from the house, and unable to return.[88][89] The contestants compete for a $500,000 grand prize.[90][91] The premiere season used the original format of the series, which originated in the Netherlands. HouseGuests were required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential banishment, and the two with the most votes would be nominated.[1] Should multiple HouseGuests receive the most nominations, then all of the HouseGuests were marked for banishment.[92] This process was mandatory for all HouseGuests, and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house.[93] The HouseGuests were forbidden from discussing nominations, and doing so could result in punishment.[94][95] The public, through a vote conducted by phone, would vote to banish one of the nominated HouseGuests from the house, and the HouseGuest with the most votes from the viewers would be banished from the house.[96] When only three HouseGuests remained, the viewers would vote for which of them should win the series, and the HouseGuest with the most votes would become the winner.[97] The format this season was plagued with a negative reception from both critics and viewers.[98]

Having spent millions on the series, CBS issued a second season of the series and announced that various changes would occur with the format.[99] The current format of the series is focused more on competition and strategy than the original series. At the start of each week in the house, the HouseGuests compete for the title of Head of Household.[100] The Head of Household for each week is given luxuries such as their own personal bedroom and free laundry service, but is responsible for nominating two HouseGuests for eviction. The Head of Household would not be able to compete in the following week's Head of Household competition, meaning that a HouseGuest could not hold the title for two weeks in a row.[14][15] The winner of the Power of Veto could choose to save one of the nominated HouseGuests, forcing the Head of Household to nominate someone in their place.[14][101] All HouseGuests excluding the Head of Household and nominees later vote to determine which of the two nominees should be evicted, and the nominated HouseGuest who received the most votes is evicted during a live episode.[14] If there is a tie in the voting, the reigning Head of Household is required to make the tie-breaker decision.[102] Unlike other versions of Big Brother, the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely.[14] The HouseGuests also competed in Have-Not competitions, in which the losers were required to solely eat slop for the rest of the week, as well as sleep in a special bedroom.[103] Upon reaching a point in the game, the evicted HouseGuests go on to become members of the Jury; the Jury is responsible for choosing who wins the series. The members of the Jury are not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations.[104] Once only two HouseGuests remain, the members of the Jury cast their votes for who should win the series.[105]

To keep the series intriguing, each season typically features a new twist to change the format of the game. This began with Big Brother 3 (2002) and the "Expect the Unexpected" twist.[106] Other seasons feature smaller twists than have a smaller impact on the game, usually affecting that sole week. The most notable example of this is Pandora's Box, a twist that originated in Big Brother 11 (2009).[107] The twist sees the current Head of Household for that week being tempted by the box, and can choose to either open the box or leave it. Should a HouseGuest choose to open Pandora's Box, both good and bad consequences could be unleashed into the house; these can affect not only the Head of Household but the other housemates.[108][109] Secret powers have also appeared in the past. Mike Malin was the first HouseGuest to receive a secret power, earning the Coup d'État during Big Brother: All-Stars (2006).[110] The Coup d'État allowed the holder to remove one or both nominees from the block on eviction night, as well as choose who is nominated in their place.[111] Malin chose not to use the power, and it subsequently returned during Big Brother 11 (2009) when Jeff Shroeder was given the power by the viewers.[112] Matt Hoffman was given a Diamond Power of Veto during Big Brother 12 (2010), which allowed him to remove one HouseGuest from the block and choose the replacement nominee.[113] During Big Brother 14 (2012), HouseGuest Ian Terry won a second Power of Veto, which could be used the same as the normal Power of Veto.[114]

Broadcast[edit]

Julie Chen has hosted the series since its premiere.

Since its launch in the United States, Big Brother has aired on CBS.[115] The show airs in Canada during the Summer as well through Global Television Network.[116] The fourth and ninth seasons have both aired in the United Kingdom, the latter airing in the Spring season.[117] The first season featured a total of six episodes per week, though all future installments would air three nights per week.[118] Of these three episodes, the weekly eviction episode is the only one that is live; this is the only episode to feature host Julie Chen.[119] To date, there have been a total of 545 episodes of the series to air.[120] With the exception of the ninth season, the series typically airs once a year during the Summer season.[121][122] The first fifteen seasons aired in standard definition, with the sixteenth season being the first to integrate to HD.[123][124] Before the series made the transfer, it was the last remaining regularly scheduled Primetime series to remain in standard definition.[125][126] CBS released the entire third season as a nine-disc set on Region 1 DVD.[127] This made it the first season to receive an official release, and has since become a rare item to find.[128] The fourth season saw the release of a two-disc highlights DVD, featuring previously unseen footage deemed too racy for the main broadcast.[129] To date, these are the only seasons to see a physical release. Beginning with the seventh season, all future seasons are available for purchase on digital retail sites.[130] With the fifteenth season, TVGN began airing re-runs of the series at later dates, making it the first season to be aired following its premiere; this continued with the sixteenth season.[131]

One of the main aspects of the series is the live feeds, in which viewers can view inside the house at any time.[132] The live feeds have been a part of the series since its inception, initially being offered as a free service during the first season.[133] From the second season onward, a subscription to the live feeds has been required, with the price ranging each year.[134] The first season's feeds were available on the show's official site, hosted by AOL.[135] From the second season to the fourteenth season, the feeds were available through RealNetworks either as a subscription or as a free addition for Gold members.[136] With the fifteenth season onward, the live feeds have aired on the official CBS website, again requiring a subscription from users.[137] Though advertised as being available at any time, the feeds are shut off during the weekly nomination ceremony, Power of Veto ceremony, and the competitions and evictions for that week; this is to provide suspense for the series.[138] Slanderous statements and singing of copyrighted music are also blocked for legal reasons.[139][140][141]

Competitions[edit]

Head of Household[edit]

The Head of Household competition is held at the beginning of each week, and is most often performed on the live eviction episode.[142] Most often, the first Head of Household competition will require HouseGuests to participate either in pairs or in teams.[143] While the fourth, fifth, and eighth seasons had the HouseGuests competing in pairs,[144] the sixth, seventh, eleventh, twelfth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth editions all saw HouseGuests competing as part of a group.[145][146] The live Head of Household competitions are typically question based, and will see HouseGuests eliminated each round.[147] Competitions such as "Majority Rules" have been used numerous times, with the game being played in the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth seasons;[148][149] a variation of the competition was used in the seventh season.[150] Some competitions will attempt to cause drama in the house, such as the "En Garde" Head of Household competition in which the winner of each round selected the next two to face off against one another.[151] This competition was later used in the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth seasons.[152][153] Various competitions throughout the season will be endurance, requiring HouseGuests to be the last one remaining in the competition.[154] Endurance competitions are often held after game changing announcements, such as when a previously evicted HouseGuest returns.[155] Various endurance competitions may have punished or reward contestants who either fall off first or last.[156] Skill based competitions also appear frequently throughout the season, some of which may last for numerous hours.[157] Skill competitions, such as the thirteenth season's "Big Brother Open", are finished during the live eviction broadcast.[158] The final Head of Household competition of each season features three rounds; the first is endurance, the second is skill, and the final is question based.[56] The record for most Head of Household competitions won in a single season is held by Frankie Grande, who won a total of five during the sixteenth season.,[159] however he was dethroned twice due to the Dual HoH twist that was in play that seasion. If only complete reigns are counted then the record would be four, which is held by former houseguests Drew Daniel, Janelle Pierzina, Hayden Moss, Rachel Reilly, Ian Terry, Aaryn Gries and Caleb Reynolds. Ian Terry has the record for most consecutive Head of Household wins, with four.[160]

Power of Veto[edit]

The Power of Veto symbol, used since its creation.

The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3.[161] During its first season, it was referred to as the Silver Power of Veto, and did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use the Power of Veto on themselves.[162] The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto, and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block.[163] Following this, the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons.[164][165] The Diamond Power of Veto, used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block,[166] as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction.[167] Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition, with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature.[168] Competitions such as the "Pop Goes the Veto!" competition, which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word, have been used in numerous consecutive seasons.[169][170] Competitions such as the "Big Brother Boardwalk" competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition.[171][172] The "How Bad Do You Want It?" Power of Veto competition, first introduced in the seventh season, saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition.[173] Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons.[174] HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina and Daniele Donato currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season, with five wins each.[175] HouseGuests James Zinkand, Frank Eudy, and Shane Meaney all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins, with three each.[176]

Food and luxury[edit]

Food and luxury competitions have been a part of the series since it first premiered. In early seasons, the losers of the food competition would be placed on a peanut butter and jelly diet, and would not be permitted to eat any other foods.[177] Beginning in the seventh season, the losers of the competition were required to eat "Big Brother Slop" for food.[178] Slop has proven to be an issue for some HouseGuests; Hypoglycemic HouseGuest Amanda Hansen fainted and had a seizure after only a few days of being on the slop diet,[178] while HouseGuest Allison Nichols had an allergic reaction to the slop (both of these cases occurred in Big Brother 9).[179][180] Both women, from Big Brother 9, were medically evacuated from the house, though they returned the following morning.[181] Beginning in the eleventh season, the food competitions became known as the Have-Not competitions,[182] and the losers would have to sleep in a separate bedroom, take cold showers, and eat slop for the week.[183] The food competitions have been known as the Have-Not competition in all subsequent seasons.[184] HouseGuests who choose to break the slop rule are punished by Big Brother. HouseGuest Jen Johnson was the first HouseGuest to break the food restriction rules, and earned a penalty eviction vote for doing so; she was ultimately evicted that week.[185][186] HouseGuests Jeff Schroeder and Kevin Campbell also broke the rules, to a lesser degree, and earned an extra day on the slop diet.[187] The HouseGuests also frequently compete in luxury competitions during their time in the house. Most frequently, HouseGuests will compete for the right to watch a film or television show in the house.[188] When competitions for films or television shows occur, an actor or actress from the series may enter the house to host the competition or speak with the HouseGuests. Actors such as Jeremy Piven,[189]David Hasselhoff,[190] and Neil Patrick Harris have all entered the house to participate in luxury competitions or rewards.[191]

^1 For the first season only, the public voted for a winner between the three finalists.^2 The 14 returning HouseGuests were chosen among 20 candidates—eight through public vote, and six by the producers.^3 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among four candidates, determined by a competition.

Controversy and criticism[edit]

Since its inception, Big Brother has came under fire for reports of bullying,[192][193] racism,[194][195][196] production manipulation,[197][198] and the physical and mental strain of appearing on the series.[199]