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CELEBRATE MUSIC

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MUSIC SCHOOL INDIA : MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS LEARNING LESSONS

Music Instruments are of broadly divided into four types – String Instruments - String Bowing Instruments,
Percussion Instruments, Keyboard instruments and Wind Instruments. Musicians from different cultures all over the world
developed basic and advanced music technologies to devise the Indian musical instruments and Western
/ Global music instruments. Divya Music School presents details on a few traditional and modern marvels in
musical instruments available and in practice presently. Music School India Divya Music offers instrumental music training
courses / lessons on regular basis and DM live core – online instrumental music classes for learning to
play the following musical instruments:

String Musical Instruments

Veena

Veena : is a plucked stringed instrument used in Carnatic music. There are several variations of the veena,
which in its South Indian form is a member of the lute family. One who plays the veena is referred to as a
vainika.

Sitar

Sitar : The sitar is a plucked stringed instrument predominantly used in Indian classical music.
It derives its resonance from sympathetic strings, a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber.

Tanpura or Tambura

Tanpura or Tambura : The tambura, tanpura, tamboura or taanpura is a long-necked plucked lute (a stringed
instrument found in different forms and in many places).

Santoor

Santoor : Its origin is very old. In ancient sanskrit texts, Santoor has been referred to as Shatatantri vina
(100-stringed vina). In India, the santoor was used as an accompaniment instrument to the folk music of Kashmir.
Santoor is played in a style of music known as the
Sufiana Mausiqi. The Sufi mystics used it as an accompaniment to their hymns.
A typical santoor has two sets of bridges, providing a range of three octaves, which generally has 72 strings.

Sarod

Sarod : The sarod is known for a deep, weighty, introspective sound, in contrast with the sweet, overtone-rich
texture of the sitar, with sympathetic strings that give it a resonant, reverberant quality. It is a fretless instrument
able to produce the continuous slides between notes known as meend (glissandi), which is important to Indian music.

Swar Jhankar

Swar Jhankar : SWAR JHANKAR is a beautiful sounding instrument shaped like a Harp of the western counterpart.It has 15
strings which can be tuned to the scale one wishes to play. The drone can be maintained by plucking the 1st string with one hand
and the desired note with the other. Machine head screws are fitted for easy tuning. C-tuning is the best tuning.

Swar Mandal

Swar mandal : The swarmandal or
Indian harp is an Indian zither that is
today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Hindustani Classical music (the classical music of North India,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh). The name combines swara (notes) and mandal (group), representing its ability to produce a large
number of notes; it is also known popularly as Sur-mandal. Total 30 to 36 strings.

Surbahar

Surbahar : It is closely related to sitar, but it has a lower tone. Depending on the instrument's size, it is usually pitched
two to five whole steps below the standard sitar, but Indian classical music having no concept of absolute pitch, this may vary.
Professional full-size surbahar with a single gourd and 20 strings- Main-8 and Sympathetic-12 strings.
Surbahar sometimes known as bass sitar.

String Bowing Musical Instruments

Dilruba

Dilruba : The dilruba is found in the
north, where it is used in religious / spiritual music and light classical songs in the urban areas.
Its name is translated as "robber of the heart." It has a skin head sound box with 4 main strings and 18 sympathetic strings, 20 frets
with special bow and wooden box. There is also well known fact that The Dilruba originates from the Taus and some argue is the work of
the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, whilst that of the Taus was the work of Guru Hargobind (the sixth guru of the Sikhs)..

Esraj

Esraj : The esraj is found in the east and central areas, particularly Bengal (Bangladesh and Indian states of West Bengal
and Tripura) and it is used in a somewhat wider variety of musical styles than is the dilruba. It’s containing 4 main strings and
15 sympathetic strings and 20 frets. The neck is similar to a sitar in which the frets are tied with thread but it is played with a bow.

Sarangi

Sarangi : The sarangi is a bowed, short-necked string instrument of north India which originated from ajasthani folk instruments.
It plays an important role in India's Hindustani classical music tradition. Of all Indian musical instruments, it is said to most resemble the
sound of the human voice – able to imitate vocal ornaments such as gamakas (shakes) and meend (sliding movements). Professional sarangi
made from well seasoned tun wood with 39 strings.

Wind Musical Instruments

Shruti Box

Shruti Box : A shruti box (or sruti box) is a small wooden instrument that traditionally works on a system of bellows. It is
similar to a harmonium and is used to provide a dronein a practice session or concert of Indian classical music.

Shennai or Mangal Vadya

Shennai or Mangal Vadya : is an aerophonic (wind) instrument, a double reed conical oboe, common in North India, West
India and Pakistan, made out of wood, with a metal flare bell at the end. The South Indian equivalent of the shehnai is the nadaswaram.

Flute or Bansuri

Flute or Bansuri : The bansuri is a transverse flute of India made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with six or seven finger holes. A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument creates a vibration of air at the hole. The flute player changes the pitch of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument, thus changing the effective length of the resonator and its corresponding resonant frequency. By varying the air pressure, a flute player can also change the pitch of a note by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a harmonic other than the fundamental frequency without opening or closing any holes. The Bansuri is revered as Lord Krishna's divine musical instrument, and is often associated with Krishna's Rasa lila; mythological accounts tell of the tunes of Krishna's flute having a spellbinding and enthralling effect not only on the women of the Braj, but even on the animals and birds of the region.

Tabla

Tabla : The term 'tabla is derived from an Arabic word, tabl, which simply means "drum." It’s a very popular Indian
percussion instrument (of the membranophone family, similar to bongos), used in Hindustani classical music and in popular and
devotional music of the Indian subcontinent.

Dholak

Dholak : The dholak is mainly a folk music instrument, lacking the exact tuning and playing techniques of the tabla or the pakhawaj. It’s a South Asian two-headed hand-drum. It is widely used in qawwali , kirtan and Bhangra.

Damru

Damru : A damaru or damru is a small two-headed drum, used in Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism, In the Hindu mythology it’s
known as a power drum, and when played, it is believed to generate spiritual energy. It is associated with the Hindu deity Shiva.

In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, the damaru is part of a collection of sacred implements and musical instrument was adopted from
the tantric practices of ancient India. These reached the Land of Snows from the 8th to 12th century, persisting in Tibet as the
practice of Vajrayana flourished there, even as it vanished in the subcontinent of India.

Mizhavu

Mizhavu : A mizhav or mizhavu is a big copper drum played as an accompanying percussion instrument in the Koodiyattam and Koothu,
performing arts of Kerala . It is played by the Ambalavasi Nambiar community.

Mridangam

Mridangam : It is the primary rhythmic accompaniment in a Carnatic music ensemble. The mridangam is also played in Carnatic
concerts in countries outside of India, including Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, and the
United States. During a percussion ensemble, the mridangam is often accompanied by the ghatam, kanjira, and the morsing.

Ghungroo

Ghungroo : A Ghungroo, also known as Ghunghroo or Ghungur (Bengali) or Salangai (Tamil) is one of many small metallic
bells strung together to form Ghungroos, a musical anklet tied to the feet of classical Indian dancers. Ghungroos or Salangais
are worn in traditional performances of the classical Indian dance forms: Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, and Odissi etc.

Ghatam

Ghatam : the ghatam (Sanskrit: ghatam "pot", Tamil: katam, Kannada: ghata, Telugu: ghatat) is a percussion instrument used
in the Carnatic music of South India. Its analogue in Rajasthan is known as the madga and pani mataqa "water jug". The ghatam usually
accompanies a mridangam.

Khartal

Khartal :is found three kind of in society.1. Kartals (blocks). It consists of a pair of wooden blocks with jingles or crotales (kartals mean crotales). One pair is used
in one hand of the musician. These pieces can be clapped together at high speeds to make fast complex beats.
2. Kartals (small sheets). It consists of a pair of thin, hard wooden pieces similar to the percussion bones (instrument).
These are used in Rajasthan.3. Kartals (cymbals). The karatalas are small cymbals, also known as manjeera. These are used in devotional chants.

Manjeera

Manjeera : is a traditional musical instrument in India. It is also known as manjeera, taal, jalra, khartàl or kartàl.
It is used in various religious ceremonies of India, especially with bhajans in temples. Manjira are usually made of bronze,
brass, copper zinc or Bell metal and connected with a copper cord which passes through holes in their center.

Jal tarang

Jal tarang : It consists of a set of ceramic or metal bowls tuned with water. The bowls are played by striking the edge with beaters,
one in each hand. In other words jal tarang means "waves in water" but indicates motion of sound created or modified with the aid of water.

Kanch tarang or Glass Harp

Kanch tarang or Glass Harp :It's not an Indian
classical instrument but it's like Jal - Tarang.
It is played by running moistened or chalked fingers around the rim of the glasses. Each glass is tuned to a different pitch, either
by grinding each goblet to the specified pitch, in which case the tuning is permanent, or by filling the glass with water until the
desired pitch is achieved.
The glass harp was created in 1741 by Irishman Richard Pockrich, who is known as the first virtuoso of the musical glasses.

Loh tarang

Loh tarang : It consists of a set of iron circular plates, of different sizes, held in a frame. Each plate is pitched to a
musical note and they are struck with sticks on each hand. 'Tarang' means waves. Plates sound depends on the different size of plate and
hand movement. Theory is based like Jal-Tarang.

Keyboard Musical instruments

Harmonium

Harmonium or Hand pumped : It's a free-standing keyboard instrument similar to a reed organ. Sound is produced by air being blown
through sets of free reeds, resulting in a sound similar to that of an accordion. The air is usually supplied by bellows operated by the
foot, hand, or knees.
In North America, the most common pedal-pumped free-reed keyboard instrument is known as the "American reed organ", (or "parlor organ",
"pump organ", "cabinet organ", "cottage organ", etc.) and along with the earlier melodeon, is operated by a suction bellows where air is
sucked through the reeds to produce the sound. A reed organ with a pressure bellows that pushes the air through the reeds is referred to
as a "harmonium". In India, generally refers to a hand-pumped instrument.

Synthesizer

Synthesizer or Keyboard : A sound synthesizer (often abbreviated as "synthesizer" or "synth") is an electronic instrument capable
of producing a wide range of sounds. Synthesizers use a number of different technologies or programmed algorithms to generate signal,
each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis, additive
synthesis, wavetable synthesis, frequency modulation synthesis, phase distortion synthesis, physical modeling synthesis and sample-based
synthesis.

Popular Musical instruments

Guitar

Guitar is a plucked string instrument played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck, to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. There are two primary families of guitars: acoustic and electric. Acoustic guitars (and similar instruments) with hollow bodies have been in use for over a thousand years. There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The classical guitar is often played as a solo instrument using a comprehensive finger picking technique. Electric guitars rely on an amplifier that can electronically manipulate tone. Electric guitars have had a continuing profound influence on popular culture. Guitars are recognized as a primary instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, reggae, rock, soul, and many forms of pop.

Violin

violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola, cello, and double bass. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of the type of music played on it, The parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and it is usually strung with gut, nylon or other synthetic, or steel strings. The violinist produces sound by drawing a bow across one or more strings (which may be stopped by the fingers of the other hand to produce a full range of pitches), by plucking the strings (with either hand), or by a variety of other techniques. The violin is played by musicians in a wide variety of musical genres, including Baroque music, classical, jazz, folk music, rock and roll, and Soft rock. The violin has come to be played in many non-Western music cultures all over the world.

Conga / Congo

Conga, or more properly the tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum, used both in Afro-Caribbean religious music and as the principal instrument in rumba. Congas are now very common in Latin music, including salsa music, merengue music, and Reggae, as well as many other forms of American popular music. Most modern congas have a staved wooden or fiberglass shell, and a screw-tensioned drumhead. They are usually played in sets of two to four with the fingers and palms of the hand. Conga drums are tunable to different notes, have many kind of rhythms and have five basic strokes - Open tone, Bass tone, Slap tone, Touch tone and Muffled or Mute tone. Bongos are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument producing relatively high-pitched sounds compared to conga drums. The drums are of different size: the larger drum is called in Spanish the hembra (female) and the smaller the macho (male). They are membranophones, or instruments that create sound by a vibration against a stretched membrane.

Keyboard

A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument, particularly the piano. Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western musical scale, with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeats at the interval of an octave. Depressing a key on the keyboard causes the instrument to produce sounds, either by mechanically striking a string or tine (piano, electric piano, clavichord); plucking a string (harpsichord); causing air to flow through a pipe (organ); or strike a bell (carillon). On electric and electronic keyboards, depressing a key connects a circuit (Hammond organ, digital piano and synthesizer). Since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the "piano keyboard".

Drum

Drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments, which is technically classified as the membranophones. All types of drums such as timpani for example are always tuned to a certain pitch. Drums are usually played by the hand, or by one or two sticks. In many traditional cultures drums have a symbolic function and are often used in religious ceremonies. Drums are often used in music therapy, especially the hand drums. There are many different types of drums played all over the world. Each type of drum head serves its own musical purpose and has its own unique sound.

Piano

The piano is a keyboard musical instrument and is widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment; the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. Modern pianos have two basic configurations (with subcategories): the grand piano and the upright piano. The piano is a crucial instrument in Western classical music, jazz and most other complex western musical genres. A large number of composers are proficient pianists because the piano keyboard offers an easy means of complex melodic and harmonic interplay.

MUSIC - Vocal Ragas

Raga, Ragas or Raag – In the Indian Classical Music, Raga is the basis of melody and Tala is the basis of
rhythm. A raga may be described as a combination of Swaras or notes that conform to specific rules and
expression of melodies, the ragas were identified from melodies that conveyed different moods and gave
different vibrations to different energy centers. Ragas are a series of between 5 to 12 musical notes,
in theory divided into three categories Audav, Shadav and Sampurna Jati. Carnatic raga elaborations are
generally much faster in tempo and shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. Divya music offers
vocal music education on regular basis and DM Live core – online vocal music classes. Divya Music presents
details on a few Ragas -

9. Durga

Durga - The name Durga is derived from the name of the goddess Amba or
Parvati. She is the wife of Shiva, and is associated with great power. She is also referred to as "Ma Durga" or "Durga Mata",
which means "Mother Durga". She is said to represent patience and fearlessness. Same raga is in south called suddh Saveri.
There are two ragas as Durga 1. Bilawal that 2. Khamaj that, 1st is more popular in society.That - Bilawal,
Jati - Audav - Audav,
Varjit swar - Gandhar and Nishad in Aaroh and Avaroh both,
Vadi - Samvadi - Dhaivat and Rishabh ,
Time of singing - second part of the night,
Nature of Rag - Playful (shringar), Samprakirti rag - Jaldhar kedar.

30. Sohani

SohaniThat - Marwa,
Jati - Audav - Shadav,
Varjit swar - in Aaroha Rishabh and in Avaroha Dhaiwat,
Vadi - Samvadi - Dhaiwat & Gandhar,
komal & Tivra - komal Rishabh and Tivra Madhyam,
Time of singing - Fourth part of the night,
Nature of Rag - playful,
Samprakirti rag - Puria and Hindol,
Notation of Nyas - Ga, Dha and Tar Sa.Note : both komal and suddh Ni is used in this raga. In history, there is not any details about it,
according to Pt. Bhatkhande in (karmic pushtak part 4) is defined that it's the mixture of three ragas
Bageshwari, Adana and Mian Malahar.