Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic addition reactions are an important class of reactions that allow the interconversion of C=C and C C into a range of important functional groups. Conceptually,

arboxylic Acids arboxylic acids have one property that distinguishes them from most other organic compounds they re acidic. Now not as acidic as fuming sulfuric acid, but still pretty darned acidic. The

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) is a substitution reaction usually involving the benzene ring; more specifically it is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as

Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis Alkynes Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds Acetylene, the simplest alkyne is produced industrially from methane and steam at high temperature

1. Define and understand the following terms. (I will go over these if you have questions, but will expect that you have attempted to understand them on your own.) a. yperconjugation b. Basicity c. Nucleophile

Alkynes An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contain a Carbon carbon triple bond. Acetylene, the simplest alkyne, widely used in industry for the synthesis of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, vinyl chloride O O H

Andrew Rosen Chapter 7 - Alkenes and Alkynes I 7.1 - Introduction - The simplest member of the alkenes has the common name of ethylene while the simplest member of the alkyne family has the common name

RADIALS Reactions with 2 : 2 3 Addition to an alkene with 2 2 No reaction when an aromatic molecule is mixed with 2 2 (in the dark) No Reaction 2 h (in the light) During a demonstration by Dr., the reactants

Alkynes and Their Reactions Naming Alkynes Alkynes are named in the same general way that alkenes are named. In the IUPAC system, change the ane ending of the parent alkane name to the suffix yne. Choose

Double Bonds What do we do with double bonds? We do addition reactions. In an addition reaction, something is added to both carbons involved in a double bond (or not involved in the double bond, in the

Chapter 8: Alkynes: an introduction to organic synthesis Alkynes contain a C C triple bond Acetylene: H-C C-H is the common name for ethyne, used as a torch fuel Alkyne nomenclature follows normal hydrocarbon

Worksheet Addition reactions The presence of electrons in alkenes allows addition reactions to take place. In general: In each case, the bond is broken and the e - are used to form a new bond in the product

hapter 4: Alkenes and Alkynes Unsaturated ydrocarbon: ontains one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds or benzene-like rings. Alkene: contains a carbon-carbon double bond and has the general formula

Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation

Benzene 1 NT 87 90 ompound 87 has the formula 6 6, is known as benzene, and it is a hydrocarbon derived from petroleum distillates. Benzene is the parent compound for a class of compounds known as aromatic

hapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Types of Bonds Alkanes and haloalkanes consist of atoms held together by bonds. These can also be called sigma bonds (σ bonds) which means that the orbitals of each atom overlap

Resonance Structures Arrow Pushing Practice The following is a collection of ions and neutral molecules for which several resonance structures can be drawn. For the ions, the charges can be delocalized

Substitution reactions of carbonyl compounds at the α-position Carbonyl compounds are acidic at α-c (e.g. C 2 C ); this is because of the electrophilic nature of carbonyl C= bond. The pka values of simple

zonolysis of Alkenes 1 When 2-methyl-2-pentene reacts with ozone, the initial 1,2,3-trioxolane product is 144, but this rearranges to ozonide 145. If 145 is treated with hydrogen peroxide as above, one

Chapter 16 Conjugation, resonance, and dienes Conjugation relies on the partial overlap of p-orbitals on adjacent double or triple bonds. A common conjugated system involves 1,3-dienes, such as 1,3-butadiene.

Formal harges Discussion: Ions bear a positive or negative charge. If the ion is polyatomic (is constructed of more than on atom), we might ask which atom(s) of the ion carry the charge? Knowledge of charge

Carboxylic Acids When a carbonyl carbon also bears a hydroxyl group, then these compounds are appreciably acidic, and are called carboxylic acids. R Carboxylic acids are classified according to the substituent

RGANIC CEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Elimination Reactions and Alkene Synthesis ) ne of the products that results when -bromo-,-dimethylcyclopentane is heated in ethanol is shown below. Give a mechanism

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring

. 0 onjugated Systems hapter 0 onjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems onjugated systems are those in which a π-bond is connected or conjugated (from the Latin conjugare which means to link r yoke

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination What does the term "nucleophilic substitution" imply? A nucleophile is an the electron rich species that will react with an electron poor species A substitution

RESONANCE, USING CURVED ARROWS AND ACID-BASE REACTIONS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Properly use curved arrows to draw resonance structures: the tail and the head of every arrow must be drawn in exactly

Substituted Alkanes While alkanes have very few reactions that occur, combustion and some radical reactions, substituted alkanes display a variety of reactions and properties X ften the amount of information

INTRDUCTIN T INIC MECANISMS PART I: FUNDAMENTALS F BRNSTED-LWRY ACID-BASE CEMISTRY YDRGEN ATMS AND PRTNS IN RGANIC MLECULES - A hydrogen atom that has lost its only electron is sometimes referred to as

Chapter 10 Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems Chapter 10 suggested problems: I. The allyl group Class Notes A. B. The allyl group is both a common name and an accepted IUPAC name 1. Allyl alcohol

A STUDENT SHULD BE ABLE T: ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTINS 1. Given the starting materials and reaction conditions, predict the products of the following reactions of alkenes and alkynes. Regioselective Markovnikov

9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic ring Some substituents activate the ring, making it more reactive than benzene

IDENTIFYING STUDENTS MISCONCEPTIONS IN A-LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Lim Choon Huat Bryan Innova Junior College Abstract In recent years, research in science education has been focused on identifying and addressing

hapter 18. Reactions of 1 Aldehydes and Ketones Reaction of a nucleophile with an aldehyde or ketone gives an alkoxide, and subsequent hydrolysis leads to an alcohol. This chapter will define differences

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and itriles Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: There are really only four things to worry about under this heading; acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides. We ll start with

YDRARB STRUTURE AD EMISTRY: ALKYES I. Introduction ydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of - and - bonds. arbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to complete its octet

ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTINS A STUDENT W AS MASTERED TE MATERIAL IN TIS SECTIN SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given the starting materials and reaction conditions, predict the products of the following reactions of

340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C= with loss of carbonyl oxygen Ph In Chapter 13 we saw this way of making a reaction go faster by raising the energy of the starting material. We also saw that the

Studying an Organic Reaction How do we know if a reaction can occur? And if a reaction can occur what do we know about the reaction? Information we want to know: How much heat is generated? How fast is

Carbonyl Condensation Reactions (Conjugate Addition) If we look at resonance structures for conjugated carbonyl compounds (often called α,β-unsaturated compounds), we ll see that there are TW sites for

NMR Spectroscopy I Reading: Wade chapter, sections -- -7 Study Problems: -, -7 Key oncepts and Skills: Given an structure, determine which protons are equivalent and which are nonequivalent, predict the

Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes Background and Application Substitution Nucleophilic First Order (SN1) reactions are one of the most

hapter 11 Free Radical Reactions A free radical is a species containing one or more unpaired electrons Free radicals are electron-deficient species, but they are usually uncharged, so their chemistry is

A STUDENT SHULD BE ABLE T: ARMATIC CMPUNDS 1. Name benzene derivatives given the structures, and draw the structures given the names. This includes: Monosubstituted benzenes named as derivatives of benzene:

John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions The α Position The carbon next to the carbonyl group is designated as being in the α position Electrophilic

hapter 11: onic Substitution eactions Note to students: This is a single chapter from a textbook that is under construction. Therefore you can ignore references to other textbook sections. 11.1 Why Should