Some might say the internet was built on anonymity, paving the way for a place where free speech reigns supreme.

But after years of learning about who's snooping into everything we do online, privacy on the web is a more popular topic than ever. But it's not just about government spying; it's also about how much big companies like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft have collected in order to serve up targeted ads.

There are always going to be good reasons for people to go online without being tracked. It may be the only way for a real whistle-blower to get by now, considering how some have been treated.

Is it even possible to take control of your own personal privacy online? Some 28 percent of Americans are "not confident at all" that the federal government can keep their personal information safe from the prying eyes of unauthorized users, and 24 percent lack any confidence that social media sites can either, according to Pew.

Ultimately, the only way to stay truly anonymous online is to not go online at all. Since that's not really an option for most of us, here's a rundown of what you can do to minimize the spying, the targeted advertising, and ID theft as you explore the world online.

Check Your System

Phone Call ConfidentialityIf you want to be anonymous, forget the smartphone. The big-name OS makers are control freaks (Apple) and ad servers (Google). If you want to be anonymous on a phone, your choice is a prepaid phone, a.k.a., a burner.

Even with a burner, call records exist, and you could be triangulated via a GPS. The upside of a burner is not having your real name associated with the device. And as you see in the movies, you can always throw the phone into a passing truck and lead whoever might be tracking you on a merry goose chase.

Build the FirewallIs your desktop or laptop computer connected directly to a broadband modem? That's a very bad idea. Hackers are constantly bombarding IP addresses to see if they can get onto a system.

You should always have a router on your home network that can mitigate that with its built-in firewall. A router uses Network Address Translation, or NAT, to assign an IP address to every device on your home network, which are then only visible on that network. Direct attacks can sometimes be stopped dead right there. Plus, you need the router for sharing the internet connection and Wi-Fi.

Some ISPs' modems come with a built-in router, so that should keep you covered. For more, see our roundup of Best Wireless Routers, any of which will help protect your home.

You can also use firewall software installed on your PC. Windows 7, 8, and 10 all come with a pretty decent solution called, you guessed it, Windows Firewall. You can also find firewalls as part of suites like Symantec Norton Security Premium But as PCMag's security expert Neil J. Rubenking explains, you don't really need a firewall if you use the one that ships with Windows.

If you want real anonymity based on your OS, stop using Windows or macOS on the desktop, and go to a Linux distro that specializes in all forms of keeping you secret. Your best bet is Tails: The Amnesic Incognito Live System.

Sleuth Your Own StealthWhat does your computer (or tablet or smartphone for that matter) give away about you when you visit websites? At the very least, the site knows your IP address (and that's necessary, otherwise you'd get no results). In most cases, it also knows your approximate physical location (by checking where your ISP supplies those IP addresses—see it in action at IPLocation), and probably your time zone and what language you speak—all good info for advertisers. Your browser can also report on your operating system, browser type, and what versions of software you run for browser plug-ins. It even reports on the fonts you have installed. All of which can add up to giving your system a unique fingerprint.

Safe SurfingMake sure your browser isn't storing too much about you. In the settings menu, turn off the ability for the browser to store the passwords you use to access websites and services. That can be a pain, as you should have a different password for every service you use. The best alternative is to use a password manager, like PCMag's 4.5-star Editors' Choice, LastPass.

Browsers also store things like images, surfing history, and what you've downloaded, as well as cookie files, which can remember helpful things like settings and passwords. Obliterate that info occasionally—in Chrome, IE, and Firefox, type Ctrl+Shift+Del to get a pop-up that helps you get rid of them. Use a product like SlimWare Utilities SlimCleaner (Windows only) to nuke such files for all the browsers you run.

Major browsers also have anonymous surfing modes. In Google Chrome it's called Incognito (Ctrl+Shift+N to access); in Firefox it's Private Browsing and in Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer it's In Private browsing (Ctrl+Shift+P for the latter two). That will prevent the browser from saving info on pages visited, whatever you search for, passwords, cookies, downloads, and cached content like images. You should also turn on the Do Not Track option in your browser's privacy settings if it's offered. It's not used by all sites, but it can't hurt. Better yet, install the Ghostery browser, which blocks all sorts of trackers—it's a lot like Privacy Badger, but gives you a little more control.

There are also a number of browsers that bill themselves as privacy-focused. Of course, they all use the same rendering engines as the big names, especially Google's Chromium engine, but the difference is the browsers don't share any info with Google.

If you're looking for a more mainstream browser with some extra security, consider getting Opera—it has a free VPN built right in. (Note that it only protects the browser traffic, not the other apps that utilize the internet.)

You should also start using a different search engine than Google, Bing, or Yahoo, all of which want to sell, sell, sell you. Instead, try DuckDuckGo—which doesn't track you or sell your info, it says—or these other options.

Keep in mind, using stealth modes and special browsers don't make you completely anonymous on the web, but they do prevent sites from writing info to your computer, including cookies, which can later be read by other sites to figure out your browsing habits.

Proxies and VPNs and Tor, Oh My

The way to ensure outsiders don't gather information about you while you're browsing the web is to appear to be someone else in a different location. This requires a proxy server and/or a virtual private network (VPN) connection. With the right combo, you can not only be anonymous, but surf sites in other countries as if you're a native.

Proxies aren't for newbies, but FoxyProxy can get you started. It works with Firefox, Chrome, and IE and offers proxy services and VPN tools.

VPN services are everywhere. They have the advantage of not only securing the traffic between your computer and servers but also masking your IP address and location. For example, by connecting through my work VPN, sites believe I'm at corporate HQ, even though I work from home.

VPNs also double as a way to get access to location-blocked content—if you are in a country that can't get the BBC iPlayer or Netflix, for example, a VPN could be your ticket. Netflix, however, has cracked down on this.

No discussion of anonymity online is complete without mentioning Tor. The name comes from once being the acronym for "The Onion Router"—the implication being there are many layers of security offered.

Tor is a free network of tunnels for routing web requests and page downloads—it's not the same as a VPN, but might be even more secure when it comes to your identity. It's supposed to make it impossible for the site you access to figure out who you are. But does it?

The NSA's spying controversy leaked by Edward Snowden in 2013 included what some thought was a workaround to identify users of Tor. But it wasn't that simple. As explained by security expert Bruce Schneier in The Guardian, the NSA actually monitors what's called the Tor "exit nodes"—they could tell users were using Tor, but not who the users were. By setting up a "man in the middle" attack, the NSA pretended to be the site the user wanted (Google, for example) and could send data back to the user that would take advantage of exploitable holes in the browser—not a hole in Tor.

The lesson there: keep your browsers up to date, or use one of the previously noted anonymizing browsers.

Guess who else has an anonymizing browser? Tor, that's who. It's a browser bundle for Windows (run it off a flash drive to take with you), macOS, or Linux; it's available in 16 languages. There's also Tor's own Orbot proxy app for Android, and a free third-party Onion Browser for iPhone and iPad.

Tor is still not entirely foolproof, perhaps—the theory is you could still be tracked by someone skilled enough (even if they can't read what you send). Thankfully, MIT researchers are already working up a brand new protocol called Riffle that would use the same techniques as Tor on a more advanced scale. No word on when, or even if, it will become available.

Anonymous Email

As nice as it is to remain anonymous as you surf, it is far more essential for your email to go unnoticed if you want to avoid spam or surveillance. The problem is, email simply wasn't built with security in mind.

There are secure email services, of course, which use encryption to scramble what you send and require the recipient to have a password that decrypts your message. Edward Snowden used a service known as Lavabit, which was so secure the government insisted that it hand over the private keys of users.

If you want a Webmail service that's going to handle encrypted messages, ProtonMail is considered the top of the heap. With a data center in privacy-minded Switzerland, the service has a free tier or charges 5 euros a month for the full service. It keeps all your email info secure from search and has a connection directly through the Tor network (once you set it up).

You might think your Gmail account is safe since you see that lock icon on the browser, and access it with a secure sockets layer (SSL) connection (indicated by the https:// in the URL). But SSL only encrypts data as it is transferred from your device to the server. Google still needs to read your email a little bit to tweak the advertising it places on Gmail. And that is always going to be a problem with web-based services.

That said, there are tools to encrypt web-based email. Streak makes a Google Chrome extension called SecureGmail that does the job, asking you for a key to encrypt sent messages. The recipient will be prompted to also install SecureGmail. You give them the key and you've got end-to-end encryption. Mailvelope is another extension (for Chrome and Firefox) that will secure Gmail, Outlook.com, and Yahoo Mail.

Perhaps the smart move is to eschew web-based mail and stick with desktop clients. Outlook 2007 and up have some built-in encryption tools, while Thunderbird for Windows has add-ons such as Engimail to handle message encryption/decryption.

Avoiding Spam, Spam, and Spam

Beyond the obvious things—like never, EVER clicking on a link in a spam message, or even opening a spam email—the best way to avoid spam is to never let them get your address. It's almost impossible, but there are methods to mitigate.

Number one is to utilize an alias or dummy email, which can be used with any service that requires an email address. You might be able to set one up if you own your own domain name. In G Suite, for example, you have your primary address, like bill@yoursite.com, but there's the option to use William@yoursite.com as an alias for online sign-ups, messages to which can be forwarded to the main address. When spam begins to collect, change or kill that second address; there can be up to 30 aliases per individual.

Gmail is a little more straightforward: to make an alias, you just append something to the user name. Turn bill@gmail.com into bill+alias-name@gmail.com. Once the alias in question accumulates spam, you can filter it right into the trash. Here's a video on how to do that in Gmail:

In Yahoo Mail, there are Disposable Addresses (under Settings > Security), which are similar to those used by Google—there's a base name then a secondary keyword appended, like bill-trash@yahoo.com. Outlook.com also supports aliases, up to 10 per account. Look for "Account Aliases" under the Account settings to create them. And if you have your own domain name, check the control panel at your Webhost—they're likely to have tools for creating aliases galore.

If you only need an alias for a short time, a disposable address is very handy. Free services like Airmail, GuerrillaMail.com, and Mailinator create an address you can check for just a short time.

Social (Network) Security

Should you care about security when it comes to social networks like Facebook? One word: Duh. Facebook isn't exactly an altruistic non-profit. It makes money by having lots of users looking at lots of ads. That occasionally means making your data available to questionable entities. Plus, you might not want all of your "friends" or their extended networks to know all of your business, right?

There are several steps you can take to regain some Facebook anonymity. First, on a desktop, go to the Account menu in the upper right and select Settings, then click Privacy on the left. You're going to want to click the "Edit" link on every choice on this page to personalize just who can see what, who can friend you, even who can look you up by phone number or email address. And you can make sure your posts are not spidered by search engines.

You can get as granular as you want, making sure, for example, that old boyfriends or girlfriends don't see your posts—even the old posts. To perform a full Facebook Privacy Checkup, click the question mark icon on the top right > Privacy Checkup. Also under Timeline and Tagging, ensure that you don't get tagged in images or posts without your express permission.

Finally, inspect your contact info. Go to your General Account Settings, and again click "Edit" next to every entry. Double check the email address and phone numbers you've entered. Minimize the list of who has access as much as possible to maximize anonymity.

Last year, Facebook added support for physical security keys, which typically take the form of USB dongles that use the Universal Two-Factor standard, or U2F. If you have one, you can use it to log in to Facebook just by tapping it after the site asks you for your username and password.

If you need out of Facebook entirely, delete the account. Deactivating it leaves your data on the site for your potential return. Go to this pageand follow the instructions. It'll deactivate your account for two weeks, just in case you really, really, really didn't mean it. After that, it's gone. However, even then, some digital photos may linger.

On LinkedIn, go to the Settings icon of your face in the upper right and select Settings & Privacy. In the center, select the Privacy tab.

Related

What about Twitter? Don't list your website or real email in your profile. Make sure your password is different from that of any other site. That's good advice across the board, but we know people don't follow it. You should with Twitter, which has had some security breaches in the past. You also have the option, under Settings > Security and Privacy, to protect your tweets, meaning only those followers you approve get access to them. Protected tweets aren't searchable, aren't retweetable, and you can't share permanent links to them with non-approved followers.

That said, you're fooling yourself if you think using social networking (or making any post online) is 100 percent safe—all it takes is an "approved follower" to take a screengrab of something you say and share it with the world for it to get out.

If you're worried about getting tracked as you surf, it also behooves you to sign out of the above services, as well as Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, and Apple when you're done using them. Otherwise, the ad servers and cookies and so forth that are run by them or their affiliates will pretty much know where and when you go online at all times. Not signing out is a pain—and exactly what they're counting on.

About the Author

Eric narrowly averted a career in food service when he began in tech publishing at Ziff-Davis over 25 years ago. He was on the founding staff of Windows Sources, FamilyPC, and Access Internet Magazine (all defunct, and it's not his fault). He's the author of two novels, BETA TEST ("an unusually lighthearted apocalyptic tale"--Publishers' Weekly) an... See Full Bio

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