ANIMAL FARM THEME QUOTES

PRIDE - CHAPTER 1

And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into "Beasts of England" in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. (1.20)

The animals unite in their shared pride.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 2

"Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." (2.24)

The pigs are able to use the animals’ pride to motivate them into working.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 3

All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. (3.3)

The "success" of Animal Farm is defined primarily by intrinsic values of pride, not by material values.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 4

The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, "Animal Hero, First Class," which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on Sundays and holidays. There was also "Animal Hero, Second Class," which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. (4.16)

The animals take pride in victory, but also in sacrifice and injury for the cause of Animalism

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 7

The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal Farm was within their view– the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun. Never had the farm– and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property– appeared to the animals so desirable a place. (7.30)

Even through the hardship they have suffered and the decay of the ideals of Animalism, the animals maintain their pride in Animal Farm, believing still in the cause they struggle for

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 8

In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort– for the harvest had to be gathered at almost the same time– the windmill was finished. The machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running– when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. (8.10)

The animals take pride in the windmill, but it is a falsely placed pride in a work that, built on the sweat of oppressed laborers, will be destroyed as easily as the ideals of Animalism.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 8

"Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" (8.19)

Napoleon’s pride prevents him from accurately assessing reality.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 9

But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. ...by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. (9.6)

The pride that once helped the animals find the courage and strength to rebel has decayed, just as the ideals of Animalism. Pride now distorts reality, preventing the animals from seeing their current state of oppression.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 10

It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal. (10.7)

The animals’ pride lies in their distinction from others of their species. The principles of Animalism trick them into thinking theirs is the superior situation.

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PRIDE - CHAPTER 10

There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. (10.28)

While the pigs’ pride initially lay in besting the humans, Napoleon ultimately takes pride in gaining the approval of the humans with whom he once competed.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 1

"All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began" (1.5)

From the moment he is first introduced, Moses is an outsider, separate from the other animals.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 1

"Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,Beasts of every land and clime,Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming,Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of EnglandShall be trod by beasts alone.Rings shall vanish from our noses,And the harness from our back,Bit and spur shall rust forever,Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture,Wheat and barley, oats and hay,Clover, beans, and mangel wurzels Shall be ours upon that day.Bright will shine the fields of England,Purer shall its waters be,Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free.For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidingsOf the golden future time"

The song "Beasts of England" takes on a religious weight with its description of an Eden-like paradise.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 2

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. (2.3)

Although "Animalism" is in part a political system, its ideology suggests a religion-like importance.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 2

The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place.

Just as Squealer later deceives the animals as to the state of Animal Farm, Moses spins tales of a place too good to be true.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 2

Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer

Moses is tied to Mr. Jones by his love for alcohol, the same drink that later ties the pigs to Mr. Jones

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 2

Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. (2.12)

There is some sort of affinity between Moses and the humans, as he leaves with Mr. and Mrs. Jones.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 2

After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. (2.21)

"Animalism" takes on more religious tones with the introduction of "The Seven Commandments," which bring about a certain solemnity to the farm.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 3

After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism.

The oversimplification of the Seven Commandments is the first step in the decay of Animalism’s ideology.

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 8

Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye, Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All that thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin, He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be "Comrade Napoleon!"

The song about Napoleon paints him in a god-like stature. If Animalism is religion, Napoleon is its divine leader

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RELIGION - CHAPTER 9

In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. "Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak– "up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see– there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day.

Although he does no work, the pigs allow Moses to stay on the farm because he comforts the animals and distracts them from their plight

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 1

"And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come– cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond. (1.10)

Violence is initially presented as an act against animals on the part of the humans.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 4

Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. (4.8)

The violence of the Battle of the Cowshed is significantly different than that of the Rebellion. The stakes are higher and the injuries worse on both sides.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 4

"He is dead," said Boxer sorrowfully. "I had no intention of doing that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?" (4.10)

Boxer is the only animal to associate guilt with his violent actions.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 5

He [Snowball] was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. (5.14)

While violence in the text was at first only present in conflicts between animals and humans, it invades the world of Animal Farm and the interactions between the animals themselves.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 7

To the amazement of everybody, three of them [the dogs] flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. (7.24)

The sturdy, hard-working character of Boxer is able to defeat the threat of violence. Boxer, however, does not recognize his own power.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 7

When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. (7.25)

Violence in the text increases in severity, in accordance with Napoleon’s increasing corruption.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 7

And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. (7.26)

The death of the animals is meant to expunge their supposed crimes – but in fact represents a further moral decay and the crime of murder itself.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 8

Moreover, terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practiced upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making ***** fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades, and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. (8.8)

The animals’ rage at the supposed crimes of another farm is misdirected; they are unable to recognize the atrocities taking place on their own farm.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 8

This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. (8.23)

While in the Battle of the Cowshed, Boxer felt guilty at having accidentally killed a boy, he seems to have no qualms in the second battle at breaking the heads of three men.

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VIOLENCE - CHAPTER 8

They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. (8.24)

Although they are unable to grieve for the comrades that have fallen at the hands of Napoleon, the animals recognize the losses in battle.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 2

This was early in March. During the next three months there was much secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. (2.2)

Intelligence is the primary discriminating factor for leadership before the Rebellion.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 3

Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. (3.2)

Initially, the pigs’ cleverness is advantageous to the animals.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 3

The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took advantage of it. (3.6)

Snowball’s good intentions fail the others, just as old Major’s idealism eventually fails Animal Farm.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 3

"A bird's wing, comrades," he (snowball) said, "is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." (3.10)

While Squealer’s powers of persuasion are used for manipulation, Snowball’s are logical and legitimate.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 5

Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones– 'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House', 'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. (5.10)

Snowball gains fame and prestige from his intellect that Napoleon is later only able to acquire through brute force and blatant machinations

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 5

In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. (5.17)

The animals’ inferior status on the farm is the direct result of their inferior intellect.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 7

Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. (7.18)

The animals are made complete subjects to the pigs in every way – even their memories are no longer theirs to control.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 8

"What victory?" said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg."What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil– the sacred soil of Animal Farm?""But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two years!""What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. And now– thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon– we have won every inch of it back again!""Then we have won back what we had before," said Boxer."That is our victory," said Squealer. (8.26-8.33)

Squealer’s ability to manipulate the other animals lies in his manipulation of terms. He uses his superior intellect to alter definitions, creating false arguments out of flimsy claims.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 9

Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment, and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. (9.27)

Squealer tries to conceal his own suspicions of Benjamin’s knowledge. He needs to make sure that his lies about Boxer are going over well with the majority of the animals.

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CUNNING AND CLEVERNESS - CHAPTER 10

Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on such things now. (10.6)

Squealer conceals actual knowledge from the other animals by stuffing their heads full of false information – frivolous numbers and figures.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 1

"Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you." (1.6)

Old Major establishes a theme of inevitable future outcomes by predicting his own death

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 1

"Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious. (1.11)

Just as old Major must die, so must die the control of Jones. This inevitability extends into the rest of the story, but shifts towards negative outcomes.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 1

"Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,Beasts of every land and clime,Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming,Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of EnglandShall be trod by beasts alone.Rings shall vanish from our noses,And the harness from our back,Bit and spur shall rust forever,Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture,Wheat and barley, oats and hay,Clover, beans, and mangel wurzels Shall be ours upon that day.Bright will shine the fields of England,Purer shall its waters be,Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free.For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidingsOf the golden future time"

The world painted by "Beasts of England" is an world idealized to the point of impossibility. Because of his impending death, old Major carries no personal responsibility to actually see the dream through to its realization.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 3

Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. (3.4)

Like old Major, Benjamin too recognizes certain inevitable events. However, while old Major proclaims idealistic outcomes, Benjamin is strictly grounded in reality

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 3

The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. (3.5)

The pigs and other animals assimilate the dreams of old Major after his death.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 5

Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on– that is, badly. (5.11)

While the other animals have blindly positive visions of the future, Benjamin is blindly negative.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 6

All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. (6.1)

Orwell contrasts the animals’ visions of the future with reality.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 10

Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. (10.1)

Despite visions of a better future, the years progress with little or no change.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 10

Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse-hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life. (10.6)

Benjamin’s clear vision of the future is the product of his unadulterated memory of the past.

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DREAMS, HOPES AND PLANS - CHAPTER 10

"Gentlemen," concluded Napoleon, "I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen, here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm! " (10.32)

The inevitability of Animal Farm’s reversion to its original state of corrupt leadership is made clear by the reversion of its name back to "Manor Farm."

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 2

The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. (2.3-2.7)

Just as animals such as Boxer are later blinded by their loyalty to the farm, Mollie is blinded by her obsession for useless trinkets. Mollie’s blindness is immediately recognized as foolishness, whereas the animals’ loyalty is not.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 3

Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two and walk round them admiring them. (3.8)

Mollie is unable to recognize the value of knowledge and learning as the other animals are.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 3

When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it. (3.11)

The sheep’s hunger for easy maxims is another brand of foolishness. Their desire for simplicity over complexity makes it easy for the pigs to manipulate them later on in the story.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 5

As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water (5.1).

Mollie has an obsession with personal appearance that has no place in the world of hard work and community that is Animal Farm.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 7

Instead– she did not know why– they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. (7.30)

Although Clover is more intelligent than some animals on the farm, her thoughts illustrate the foolishness of the working class of animals: they doubt and yet do nothing.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 8

Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon." He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, "Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days"; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!" (8.4)

While at the start of the text the animals mocked Mollie for her foolishness, their own blind loyalty has now eclipsed it.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 8

Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. (8.16)

Napoleon declares death to Frederick for committing the same crimes he himself commits: lies and manipulation.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 8

"Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" (8.19)

Much of Napoleon’s foolishness derives from his overbearing pride.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 8

But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! (8.37)

Napoleon’s ignorance with respect to alcohol makes him appear foolish.

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FOOLISHNESS AND FOLLY - CHAPTER 9

"Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" (9.19)

Benjamin is the only character who recognizes that most of the animals are fools. He is arguably the only character in the text that we as readers don't consider a fool.

60 of 101

RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 2

The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards.

Changing the name of the farm to ‘Animal Farm’ is representative of old Major’s ideology that all animals are equal, that the animals should run the farm together

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 2

THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. (2.22)

The Seven Commandments demonstrate a basic ideology of equality, camaraderie, and unity against the common enemy that is man

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 3

On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning...After the hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. (3.5)

Like all political systems, Animalism requires a set of laws and rules. Tradition and symbolism (the flag) quickly follow.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 6

Boxer passed it off as usual with "Napoleon is always right!", but Clover, who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel […]"Muriel," she said, "read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?" […]With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out... "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. (6.10-6.13)

As the rules against specific actions are violated and changed, so is the ideology that those rules represent. The problem is not that the pigs are sleeping in beds as humans did, it is rather that they are abusing their power in a manner similar to the humans.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 7

They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, "Beasts of England" had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. (7.32)

The abolishment of "Beasts of England" is representative of the real end of old Major’s idealism. Everything represented by the song – camaraderie, equality, a bright future – is abolished as well.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 8

A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered– or thought they remembered– that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal." And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." (8.1)

The pigs change the laws freely, much the same way they change the memories of the animals – by adding words, redefining terms, and manipulating the simple minds of the working class animals.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 9

For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. (9.4)

While the establishment of laws and traditions once served the purpose of giving Animal Farm order and reason, they quickly decay into another opportunity for the pigs to manipulate the other animals.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 10

It was a pig walking on his hind legs. (10.10)

With simple language and a dramatic, stark presentation, Orwell paints the pigs’ two-leg violation as the most dramatic

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 10

"My sight is failing," she said finally. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?" For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran:ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS (10.17, 10.18, 10.19)

Benjamin breaks his own rule to read aloud the Commandments, which reveal violations of the Commandments themselves. All order is falling apart.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 10

He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence stiff further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. (10.30)

The creation of new traditions is accompanied by the destruction of the old.

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RULES AND ORDER - CHAPTER 10

He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm." He could not of course know-for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it-that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm" – which, he believed, was its correct and original name. (10.31)

Orwell presents the name of the farm as the last tradition to go – the abandonment of "Animal Farm" is the culmination of all the other violations on the part of the pigs

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 2

All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white. (2.2)

Squealer’s deceptive abilities are initially harmless.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 3

"Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples." (3.14)

Squealer uses deception to convince the other animals that the pigs require special privileges. The theft of the milk dates from the very first moments after the Rebellion (2.28), and thus shows how early the pigs’ bad intentions manifest themselves.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 5

"Comrades," he said, "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of windmills– Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?" (5.19)

Squealer spins tales for the animals of supposed protection against their own ignorance.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 7

Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. (7.4)

Although they directly see Napoleon deceiving Mr. Whymper, the animals never suspect Napoleon’s treachery within the Farm.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 7

"That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded– I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember THAT, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. (7.17)

Even when faced with suspicions from the animals, Squealer uses deception to talk his way out of contradictions.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 7

Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. (7.25)

Because of violence and intimidation, the deception that was once limited to Napoleon and the other pigs is forced onto the other animals. They, too, become part of the lies. In this case, though, they are forced to lie simply to disguise the failures of the pigs themselves

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 8

Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. (8.11)

Orwell builds irony as the pigs spin deceptive tales about supposed "deception" that never actually happened.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 9

It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer," and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was how the mistake had arisen. (9.28)

The animals are so entrenched in Squealer’s lies that they accept the flimsiest of excuses for the most despicable act the pigs perform.

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 10

Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours-circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy-that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly. (10.29)

Napoleon attempts to change and re-shape history in the minds of the humans exactly as the pigs have done with the animals on the farm

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LIES AND DECEIT - CHAPTER 10

But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. (10.34)

Napoleon and the humans are made similar in their deceptions; while we can not tell who played the false ace of spades, we can conclude, just as Clover, that there is ultimately no difference either way.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 1

Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. (1.1)

The character of Mr. Jones demonstrates that having power in no way means one is responsible or worthy of that power.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 3

The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. (3.2)

The pigs originally derive power from their intellect.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 5

(SNOWBALL & NAPOLEON'S SPEECHES AND SUBSEQUENT SUMMONING OF THE DOGS)

The speeches of Napoleon and Snowball allow us to directly see a conflict, not just between the pigs, but between two different kinds of power: persuasion and brute force.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 6

Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. (6.2)

The pigs misuse and re-define certain buzzwords like "voluntary" in order to give the animals the illusion of freedom.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 6

It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there...It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. (6.10)

While the pigs at first use their power for simple benefits such as food, their desires become more grandiose, as they seek also prestige and frivolous amenities.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 7

Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer. (7.5)

Napoleon later derives power from his own prestige – by separating himself from the rest of the animals, he heightens his importance.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 9

In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. (9.7)

Much of the pigs’ power derives from their being able to fake democracy – to give the animals the illusion that they are voting, that they have power themselves.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 10

But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. (10.4)

Napoleon uses the concept of Animalism to disguise his manipulations, but notice that he simultaneously denies all the initial dreams that went along with the concept of Animalism.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 10

Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. (10.25)

The humans and pigs measure power by its ability to oppress.

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POWER:LEADERSHIP & CORRUPTION - CHAPTER 10

Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. (10.35)

While the pigs change in many ways, it is not moving into the house, or wearing clothes, or walking on two legs that makes them like the humans – it is the abuse of their power.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters (3.10, 3.11)

The maxim of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which ultimately serves as a controlling device, arises because of the ignorance of the working animals. Its simplicity allows it to be easily altered and manipulated. This pig, however, would not agree.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad" both in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good, two legs bad" at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. (5.8)

As Snowball is more eloquent than Napoleon yet suffers later defeat, Animal Farm makes the argument that the ignorance of the masses can overcome the brilliance of an individual.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. (5.13)

The sheep have no consistency or loyalty to an individual. Their lack of intelligence or memory prevents it. They are the perfect pawns for a corrupt leader like Napoleon.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. (5.17)

Napoleon is able to harness the ignorance of the sheep and use it to his advantage.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money– had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. (6.7)

While the rest of the animals are portrayed as more intelligent than the sheep, it is interesting to note that the sheep, although they are unaware of it, still have the power to sway or distract creatures of greater intellect

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings. (7.28)

Boxer is too humble. All of the other animals look up to him in order to see what they should do. Yet they can't separate their admiration of Boxer’s work ethic from admiration of Boxer completely. Boxer is a simple-minded horse who can't understand how he is being manipulate by the pigs; he thus becomes a tool of Napoleon’s regime.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts; it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. (7.30)

Notice how the key phrase in this quote is "If she could have spoken her thoughts." The point is that Clover vaguely senses that something is wrong, but she cannot articulate it and so she remains loyal to the pigs. The pigs are extremely reliant on the inability of the animals to articulate their thoughts

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. (7.36)

The literal noise of the sheep silences the animals, just as metaphorically the bland repetition of a simple phrase silences any counterargument.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said, teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed. (10.8)

Squealer separates the sheep from the other animals to use them as tools, just as Napoleon separated the pups when they were born.

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POWER: CONTROL OVER THE INTELLECTUALLY INFERIOR -

But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-

It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. (10.13, 10.14, 10.15)

The pigs are able to reverse the idea of the saying "four legs good, two legs bad" by changing one simple word. Similarly, by making seemingly small changes to their stories and explanations, the pigs are able to control the minds of the rest of Animal Farm as well.