Friday, May 16, 2014

Revenue Finds Taxpayer Failed to Show that Audit's Treatment of Inter-divisional Loan was in Error

Excerpts of Revenue's Determination follow:

Taxpayer is a distribution and manufacturing division of a Parent Company. Parent Company makes tobacco and related products. Parent Company has various other subsidiaries which provide marketing, sales, warehousing, and manufacturing services.

Taxpayer has employees in Indiana. The employees act as representatives, work from their homes, and are provided with various equipment and supplies enabling them to conduct their work. Among other responsibilities, these representatives replace stale goods and organize retail displays.
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The Department's audit made an adjustment for 2008, 2009, and 2010 original returns to combine Taxpayer with its subsidiaries in order to "fairly reflect [Taxpayer's] income from Indiana sources."

According to the audit report, "Alternatives to computing the adjusted gross income tax liability using combination were explored and it was concluded that combination fairly reflects the [Taxpayer's] Indiana adjusted gross income tax liability."

Taxpayer argues that the Department failed to fully consider combined return alternatives, that the decision requiring it to file a combined return was unwarranted, and asks the Department to "set aside [the] erroneous and unsubstantiated audit findings and accept [its] returns prepared in accordance with Indiana law . . . ."
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The audit found that Taxpayer and its subsidiaries shared a "unitary relationship" thereby meeting the threshold issue found at IC § 6-3-2-2(m). Taxpayer readily agrees and does not dispute this portion of the audit's conclusion.

The audit concluded that the Taxpayer's income, as reported, did not reflect Taxpayer's Indiana source income because of the financial effects of a 700 million dollar inter-divisional loan between Parent Company and its United States affiliates.

Taxpayer pays 100 percent of all interest costs on the Parent Company's loan. However, the audit found that loan proceeds "flowed to all of the subsidiaries . . ." and that none of the subsidiaries were required to repay any portion of the Parent Company's loan. Portions of the loan were used to pay off a 98 million dollar loan owed by one of the subsidiaries. Portions of the loan were used to pay off a 234 million dollar loan owed by yet another of the subsidiaries.

In effect, Taxpayer was paying 48 million dollars a year in interest or a loan for which Taxpayer was not the sole beneficiary. As stated in the audit report, "Since [Taxpayer] is the only company of the group filing in Indiana its income is distorted because it bears all the expense of the other affiliates."

Thereafter, the audit considered various alternatives to combination as required under IC § 6-3-2-2(p). The audit concluded that (1) "separate accounting" did not apply because Taxpayer "and its affiliates are a single economic entity acting together toward a common goal" and because "most of the affiliates do not have an actual presence in Indiana . . . ." The audit concluded that (2) "[e]xcluding one or more factors" did not address the distortive effects of the inter-divisional loan because "the transactions of the affiliates do not have a direct impact on any of the apportionment factors." The audit found that (3) "disallowing or allocating expense deductions" did not address the distortive effect of the loan because "this option is applicable when the distortion can be traced directly to a specific expense" and because "this could result in a distortion to the detriment of [Taxpayer] since such a method does not provide factor relief . . . ."

During the course of the audit, Taxpayer was notified of the audit's preliminary conclusions and "asked to provide any alternative methods." The audit report indicates that Taxpayer "did not present any alternatives to the combination."

Nonetheless, Taxpayer argues that the audit's conclusion was "erroneous and unsubstantiated" and that "the auditor . . . failed to support his contention that Indiana income is distorted by any means other than saying 'we determined.'"

Taxpayer objects to the audit's characterization of the inter-divisional loan. Taxpayer notes that the loan agreement names Taxpayer as the "sole party legally responsible for its repayment. The subsidiaries have no such responsibility, and therefore there is no legal basis for requiring them to pay."

Taxpayer explains "having all of the debt at the parent company . . . level simplifies its administration as well" and that the purpose of the loan was "to balance [Parent Company's] investment in [Taxpayer] between debt and equity."

Taxpayer further explains that the loan "was not created haphazardly" and that [s]tudies were performed by outside consultants" before structuring the loan as Parent Company did.

In addition, Taxpayer argues that "[n]one of the other subsidiaries have any activities in, or tax nexus with Indiana" and that it has "fully supported [its] separate company filing position, which is in accordance with Indiana law . . . ."

The Department is unable to agree with Taxpayer's argument that the audit's conclusion was unwarranted. The audit raised legitimate and quantifiable concerns over the distortive effects of the inter-divisional loan when Taxpayer assumed responsibility for payment of 100 percent of the Parent Company's loan and when the proceeds of that loan clearly benefited the outlying affiliates. As a result, the audit was correct when it required that Taxpayer file a combined return with its corporate subsidiaries.
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Having found that Department's audit was fully justified in requiring that Taxpayer and its corporate affiliates file a combined return because of the distortive effects of the inter-divisional loan, Taxpayer nonetheless questions whether the Department resorted to a "combined return" without considering a more measured response.

IC § 6-3-2-2(p) clearly requires that the Department consider various alternatives before requiring that a taxpayer report its income "in a combined income tax return for any taxable year . . . ."

Notwithstanding subsections (l) and (m), the department may not require that income, deductions, and credits attributable to a taxpayer and another entity not described in subsection (o)(1) or (o)(2) be reported in a combined income tax return for any taxable year, unless the department is unable to fairly reflect the taxpayer's adjusted gross income for the taxable year through use of other powers granted to the department by subsections (l) and (m).

In support of its argument, Taxpayer cites to, AE Outfitters Retail Co. v. Indiana Dept. of State Revenue, No. 49T10–1012–TA–66, 2011 WL 5059896 at *2 (Ind. Tax Ct. 2011), "[B]efore the Department issues a combined return mandate, it must ascertain whether application of each of the following [IC § 6-3-2-2(l)] methodologies would result in an equitable allocation and apportionment of the taxpayer's income . . . ." (Emphasis in original).

As explained by its representative, Taxpayer proposes an alternative to the audit's conclusion that Taxpayer file a combined return with its subsidiaries. As explained by Taxpayer, its alternative is "a better and more accurate test . . . ." In effect, Taxpayer proposes to reallocate Taxpayer's interest expense based "upon the subsidiaries pre-existing loan balances." According to Taxpayer:

By reallocating the interest expense pro-rata based upon the subsidiaries' pre-existing loan balances, the subsidiaries (which do not file in Indiana) would have greater expenses and lower income while [Taxpayer] (which files in Indiana and would now be deducting 68 [percent] rather than 100[percent] of the interest) would have lower expenses and, therefore, greater income (by approximately $16 million per year) to report in Indiana.

As noted in Part I above, IC § 6-8.1-5-1(c), places upon Taxpayer the burden of establishing that the proposed assessment is "wrong." The Department is not prepared to agree that Taxpayer has necessarily established that it has met this burden. Nonetheless, the Department is well aware of its statutory responsibility to fully explore reporting alternatives before requiring a combined return. Therefore, the Audit Division is requested to review Taxpayer's interest expense allocation methodology in order to determine whether this alternative fully addresses the audit's original concerns while arriving at a conclusion which "fairly reflect the taxpayer's adjusted gross income for the taxable year[s] . . . ." IC § 6-3-2-2(p).

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