4 The actual injection shot should be within 80% of the nominal injection volume 0.8M>MS MS =plastic molding weight (including runner) M=Nominal injection volume weight 2. Injection pressure Injection pressure: the pressure exerted by the screw on the plastic injection machine. Function: to overcome the flow resistance from the nozzle, flow channel and the cavity. The injection pressure of the injection molding machine should be larger than the injection pressure required by plastic molded. And it is related to the plastic variety, shape and size of the plastic parts, injection molding machine type, nozzle, the resistance of the mold flow channel and so on. In fact, the injection pressure of thermoplastic injection molding can be determined by theoretical analysis, and the flow simulation analysis with the software (mold flow) is more reasonable and accurate. Clamping force The clamping force is used to overcome the force tend to open the mould due to high pressure along the parting surface. Pc=k*P Pc=cavity pressure, MPa; P=injection pressure, MPa; k=pressure loss coefficient(from 0.25 to 0.5)

5 T>Pc*k*A T=injection molding machine clamping force, kn; k=safety coefficient, usually 1.1 ~ 1.2; A=total projected area on the cavity of molded part and runner; Pc=cavity pressure, normally MPa Insufficient clamping force-->pl opening-->material leakage 3.mold cavity number Small batch production, just need the single cavity mold; As for the mass production, it is advisable to adopt multi cavity mold. As to large size plastic products, number of cavities will be decided by the limit of the max shot volume and the max projected area. by the maximum injection volume of the injection molding machine n=(k*mc-mf)/mi Mc= the maximum injection volume (weight) Mf=runner weight (g) Mi=weight/unit (g) k=injection coefficient ( crystallized polymers : 0.85;Non-crystallized polymers:0.93) Because of the different molding conditions and the no uniform flow path of the melt to the different cavity, it is difficult to get the same filling. As to the close tolerance (g); parts molding, it isn't a good idea to choose more cavities. Injection molding process parameters Add the polymer pellets and granules into the hopper of plastic injection molding machine, heated inside the barrel and get melted. Under the pressure, it enters into the cavities via nozzle, runner and gate. After cooled down and solidified in the cavities, the molded parts are removed from the plastic mould by ejection system.

6 Injection molding Advantage: short Automatic molding cycle, high production efficiency, easy automatic production, plastic parts with the complex shape, precise size, and metal or non-metal inserts Stable product quality Wide application: So far, almost all thermoplastic plastics can be molded by injection molding. In addition, some thermosetting plastics can also be used with injection molding. Disadvantages: The costly equipment like: injection machines and the other axillary equipment. complex structure injection mould high production cost, long production cycle, not suitable for small batch production

7 Material inspection: the plastic color, pellets size and uniformity, fluidity (melt index, viscosity), thermal stability and shrinkage. Pre-heat and drying: Remove the excessive moisture and volatile material in the material to prevent the plastic parts surface defects or degradation, which would affect the appearance and the quality of plastic parts. Barrel cleaning: When changing the product, raw material and the color, the barrel need to be cleaned. Insert pre-heat: Reduce the temperature difference between the material and the insert, to reduce the shrinkage stress around the insert, and ensure the plastic parts quality.

8 Release agent: The common mold release agents include zinc stearate, liquid paraffin, and silicone oil. Injection molding cycle Feeding: through the Hopper to add granular or powdery plastic to injection machine. Plasticization: By bands heating of the injection machine, the plastic material in the screw can be melted and become plasticized with good plasticity. Filling: The melted plastic driven by the injection molding machine plunger or screw, with a certain pressure and speed, goes through the nozzle and the mold running system and fill the mold cavity. holding: after the cavity filled full, the injection machine plunger or screw still drive forward to maintain the pressure to fill material, so that the molted material in the barrel can continue to enter the mold cavity to compensate the shrinkage to prevent the melted plastic flow back cooling after gate solidified: After a period of time, the molten plastic in the cavity is solidified, which ensures that the plastic part has enough rigidity when released from the mold to prevent the deformation and wrap. Ejection: after cooling enough, the molded parts would be ejected out of the plastic mold Treatment after molding Internal force after molding Causes of internal stress: Due to the uneven plasticization or the crystallization orientation in the cavity and uneven cooling; or because of the metal inserts or improper secondary operation. The hazard of internal stress: Lead to deformation or crack during the loading. Annealing treatment The plastic part under constant heating in the liquid medium,like hot water, hot oil or in hot air circulation oven for a period of time, and then slowly cooled to room temperature. Temperature: 10 degrees ~15 degrees higher than the usage temperature or 10 degrees ~20 degree below the deformation temperature Time: In general, about half an hour per the mm thickness. Function: eliminate the internal force, stabilize the size, and improve the crystal structure, the elastic modulus and hardness.

9 Conditioning A post processing method for accelerating the moisture absorption speed in the hot medium (boiling water and potassium acetate solution) quickly after released from the plastic mold. Plastic (mainly for moisture absorption material, such as PA) Temperature: 100~121 degree Time: The conditioning time is related to the thickness of the plastic part, which usually takes 2~9 hrs. Purpose: Eliminate the residual stress; make the product reach the moisture absorption balance as soon as possible, stabilize the size. Injection molding process setting Temperature:

10 Barrel temperature: temperature should be between the viscous flow temperature (and melting point) and the decomposition temperature. Plunger type barrel temperature should be 10 ~ 20 degrees higher than that of screw style. The distribution of the barrel temperature generally follows the principle of high nozzle and low barrel end. Nozzle temperature: slightly lower than the barrel maximum temperature to prevent the nozzle drooling. But too low temperature on nozzle would lead to cold slugs to clog the nozzle, or the early solidified material would affect the quality. Mold temperature: The temperature of the mold is determined by the plastic characteristics, the size and structure of the plastic part, the property and other technological conditions. When the plastic mold temperature increases, the mobility increases. While density and crystallinity increases, shrinkage rate and productivity decreases Mold temperature control: The mold temperature is usually controlled by the cooling medium, also it relies on molten material leading to the mold natural heating and natural cooling to achieve the balance. Under special circumstances, the resistance heater can also be used to keep the temperature of the mold. Pressure Plasticization pressure (back pressure): refers to the pressure applied on the top surface of the screw when the screw rotate back(screw type injection molding machine).generally, under the circumstance of quality assured, the plasticization pressure should be as low as possible, maybe 6 Mpa about, but never more than 20MPa. Injection pressure: refers to pressure overcoming melt flow resistance during mould filling, which ensure the filling speed of the melt.backing pressure could compact the melt and prevent the flowing back. This pressure is determined by the injection molding machine type, plastic varieties, mold structure, mold temperature, plastic wall thickness and injection system' size and structure.

11 Time The time required to complete an injection molding process is called the molding cycle, it includes the following parts: Injection time, cooling time and the other time. Molding cycle time directly affects productivity and equipment utilization. Therefore, in the circumstance of the ensured quality, plastic molding should shorten the each step time as far as possible. Throughout the molding cycle, the injection time and cooling time are the most important, and they have a decisive influence on the quality of the products. The filling time of injection time is directly proportional to the filling speed, about 3-5 seconds. The holding time is the time of the pressure applied on the molten, which is usually about seconds (sometimes 5~10 minutes for thick wall).before the molten get frozen on the gates, the holding time would affect the accuracy of product size. Once the gate is frozen, it has no affect. The optimized holding time depends on the material temperature, plastic mold temperature, the size of the hot runner and gate.under the normal plastic molding process, the

12 holding time is a period that the minimum product shrinkage fluctuation occurs. The cooling time is mainly determined by the thickness of the products, the plastics thermal and crystalline properties and the mould temperature. After cooling, the plastic parts should be ejected out of the mould without deformation, and the cooling time is between 10 and 240 seconds. Too long cooling time not only reduces the production efficiency and makes trouble for complex parts ejection, but also leads to ejection stress on force ejection. The other time in the molding cycle is related to the continuity of the production process and the automation.

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