1.
Science
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Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations, disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine, may also be considered to be applied sciences. However, during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws, over the course of the 19th century, the word science became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other, for example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and they were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature was seen by scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear-cut distinction between formal and empirical science was made by the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides, although his work Peri Physeos is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay on method in natural science. Parmenides ἐὸν may refer to a system or calculus which can describe nature more precisely than natural languages. Physis may be identical to ἐὸν and he criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. He was particularly concerned that some of the early physicists treated nature as if it could be assumed that it had no intelligent order, explaining things merely in terms of motion and matter. The study of things had been the realm of mythology and tradition, however. Aristotle later created a less controversial systematic programme of Socratic philosophy which was teleological and he rejected many of the conclusions of earlier scientists. For example, in his physics, the sun goes around the earth, each thing has a formal cause and final cause and a role in the rational cosmic order. Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, while the Socratics insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being, they did not argue for any other types of applied science

2.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817

3.
Ode of Remembrance
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The Ode of Remembrance is an ode taken from Laurence Binyons poem, For the Fallen, which was first published in The Times in September 1914. Laurence Binyon wrote For the Fallen, which has seven stanzas, a stone plaque was erected at the spot in 2001 to commemorate the fact. A quotation appears on the Calgary Soldiers Memorial, a plaque on a statue dedicated to the fallen in La Valletta, Malta, is also inscribed with these words. They went with songs to the battle, they were young, straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow. They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted, They fell with their faces to the foe and they shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old, Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning and they mingle not with their laughing comrades again, They sit no more at familiar tables of home, They have no lot in our labour of the day-time, They sleep beyond Englands foam. The second line of the stanza, Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn, draws upon Enobarbus description of Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra, Age cannot wither her. There has been debate as to whether the line Age shall not weary them. Contemn means to treat with contempt, when the poem was first printed in The Times on 21 September 1914 the word condemn was used. This word was used in the anthology The Winnowing Fan. If the original publication had contained a misprint, Binyon would have had the chance to make amendments, the issue of which word was meant seems to have arisen only in Australia, with little debate in other Commonwealth countries that mark Remembrance Day. The Ode of Remembrance is regularly recited at memorial services held on days commemorating World War I, such as ANZAC Day, Remembrance Day, and Remembrance Sunday. In Australias Returned and Services Leagues, and in New Zealands numerous RSAs, in Australia and New Zealand it is also part of the Dawn service at 4.28 a. m. Recitations of the Ode of Remembrance are often followed by a playing of the Last Post, in Canadian remembrance services, a French translation is often used along with or instead of the English ode. The line Lest we forget, taken from Kiplings poem Recessional, is added as if were part of the ode and repeated in response by those listening. Several Boer War memorials are inscribed with the phrase showing its use pre WWI, in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, the final line of the ode, We will remember them, is repeated in response. In Canada, the stanza of the above extract has become known as the Act of Remembrance. The ode is read at the Menin Gate, every evening at 8 p. m. after the first part of the Last Post

4.
Times New Roman
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Although no longer used by The Times, Times New Roman is still very common in book and general printing. Through distribution as a computer font, it has become one of the most widely used typefaces in history. Times New Romans creation took place through the influence of Stanley Morison of Monotype and this matched a common trend in printing of the period. Morison proposed an older Monotype typeface named Plantin as a basis for the design, in particular, contrast between strokes was enhanced to give a crisper image. The new font was drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the department of The Times, with Morison consulting. The new design made its debut in The Times on 3 October 1932, after one year, the design was released for commercial sale. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman typeface, in commercial sale, Times New Roman became extremely successful, becoming Monotypes best-selling typeface of all in metal type. Although Morison did not literally draw the design, his influence on its concept was sufficient that he felt that he could take credit for it as my one effort at designing a fount. In Times New Romans name, Roman is a reference to the style of a conventional serif font, or what is called its roman. Roman type has some roots in Italian printing of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Times New Roman has a robust colour on the page and influences of European early modern and Baroque printing. The design is slightly condensed, with ascenders and descenders. This style is sometimes categorised as part of the old-style of serif fonts, Morison admired this style for its solid structure and clarity. Other changes from Plantin include a straight-sided M and W with three terminals not Plantins four, both choices that move away from the old-style model. It has, indeed, more in common with the eighteenth century, Morison himself told Harry Carter that the italic owes more to Didot than dogma. Morison wrote in a letter of Times New Romans mixed heritage that it has the merit of not looking as if it had been designed by somebody in particular. The development of Times New Roman was relatively involved due to the lack of a specific pre-existing model – or perhaps a surfeit of possible choices. Walter Tracy, who knew Lardent, suggested in the 1980s that Morison did not begin with a vision of the ultimate type. During the project, Monotype and The Times examined research on legibility of type, Rhatigan has said that Lardents originals show the spirit of the final type, but not the details

5.
The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually

6.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time

7.
Andrew Neil
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Andrew Ferguson Neil is a Scottish journalist and broadcaster and the editor of The Sunday Times for 11 years. He currently presents live political programmes Sunday Politics and This Week on BBC One and he is also the former editor-in-chief and current chairman of the Press Holdings group, which owns The Telegraph and The Spectator. Neil was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire and he grew up in the Glenburn area and attended the local Lancraigs Primary School. At 11, Neil passed his 11-plus examinations and obtained entrance to the then-selective Paisley Grammar School and his father was an electrician and member of the Territorial Army, and his mother worked in the local cotton mills. After school, Neil attended the University of Glasgow, while there, he edited the student newspaper, the Glasgow University Guardian and dabbled in student television. He was also a member of the Dialectic Society and the Conservative Club, in 1971, he was chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students. He graduated in 1971 with an MA with honours, in economy and political science. After his graduation, Neil briefly worked as a correspondent for local newspaper. In 1973, he joined The Economist as a correspondent and was promoted as editor of the publications section on Britain. A passionate follower of cricket, he is a member of Marylebone Cricket Club, Neil was editor of The Sunday Times from 1983 to 1994. It was argued that he was appointed by Rupert Murdoch over more experienced colleagues, such as Hugo Young, opposition to perceived public school and Oxbridge attitudes was a hallmark of Neils Sunday Times editorship. During his editorship, the newspaper lost a case over claims that it had made concerning a witness interviewed in the Death on the Rock documentary on the Gibraltar shootings. While at The Sunday Times in 1988, Neil met the former Miss India, Pamella Bordes, in a nightclub, the News of the World suggested Bordes was a call girl. Worsthorne argued in an editorial article Playboys as Editors in March 1989 for The Sunday Telegraph that Neil was not fit to edit a serious Sunday newspaper, Worsthorne effectively accused Neil of knowing that Bordes was a prostitute. Neil won both the case and £1,000 in damages plus costs, the Sunday Times was campaigning for an already-discredited claim that AIDS is neither an infectious disease and was not caused by HIV. In 1992 Neil was criticised by groups and historians like Hugh Trevor-Roper for employing, as a translator of the diaries of Joseph Goebbels. In 1988 he also became founding chairman of Sky TV, also part of Murdochs News Corporation, Neil was instrumental in the companys launch, overseeing the transformation of a down market, single channel satellite service into a four channel network in less than a year. Neil and Murdoch stood side by side at Skys new headquarters in West London on 5 February 1989 to witness the launch of the service at 18.00

8.
News UK
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News Corp UK & Ireland Limited, is a British-based American-owned newspaper publisher, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the American mass media conglomerate News Corp. It is the current publisher of The Times, The Sunday Times and The Sun newspapers and its former publications include the Today, News of the World, until June 2002, it was called News International plc. On 31 May 2011 the company name was changed from News International Limited to NI Group Limited, News UKs main competitor is DMG Media, which is in turn owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust. Between 1987 and 1995, News International owned, through its subsidiary News Ltd, Today, all of News Internationals newspapers were founded by other owners, in some cases hundreds of years ago. In October 2005 News International sold TSL Education, publishers of Times Higher Education, Times Educational Supplement, the Times Literary Supplement, previously part of TSL Education, has been retained by News International as part of this deal. Darwin Ltd, who had taken over the company, continued to produce the same product and it has been alleged that News Group staff, including Clive Goodman, illegally accessed voicemail for the mobile phones of thousands of public figures, including politicians and celebrities. Goodman was jailed in 2007 for tapping the mobile phones of three members of the staff, this is an offence under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act. It was stated by News International at the time that Goodman had acted without their knowledge, apparently, these activities were well-known within the News of the World, being openly paid for by the accounts department with invoices which itemised illegal acts. This occurred during the period that Rebekah Brooks was editor, on 7 July, British newspaper The Daily Telegraph alleged that the families of dead British service personnel were targeted by private investigators working for the News of the World. This led to The Royal British Legion severing ties with the paper until such allegations are proved false, on 7 July, James Murdoch announced the final edition of the News of the World would be published on Sunday 10 July 2011, due to the allegations. On 15 July Rebekah Brooks resigned as Chief Executive of News International, I have believed that the right and responsible action has been to lead us through the heat of the crisis. However my desire to remain on the bridge has made me a point of the debate. This is now detracting attention from all our honest endeavours to fix the problems of the past, therefore I have given Rupert and James Murdoch my resignation. While it has been a subject of discussion, this time my resignation has been accepted, ruperts wisdom, kindness and incisive advice has guided me throughout my career and James is an inspirational leader who has shown me great loyalty and friendship. I would like to them both for their support. The Guardian newspaper, citing official company accounts, claims Brooks received a £10. 8m payoff for leaving News International, in September 2015, Rebekah Brooks was reappointed as CEO of the company, now named News UK. The companys major titles are published by companies, Times Newspapers Ltd. The printing of the papers is now undertaken at Broxbourne, Knowsley, the News Building, where all of News UKs London operations are based, was opened on 16 September 2014 by the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson

9.
Simon Jenkins
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Sir Simon David Jenkins FSA FRSL is an English author and newspaper columnist and editor. He served as editor of the Evening Standard from 1976 to 1978, Jenkins chaired the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty from 2008 to 2014. He currently writes columns for both The Guardian and Evening Standard, Jenkins is the son of theologian and United Reformed Church minister Daniel Thomas Jenkins. He was educated at Mill Hill School and St Johns College, Oxford, after graduating from University of Oxford, Jenkins initially worked at Country Life magazine, before joining the Times Educational Supplement. He was then editor and columnist on the Evening Standard before editing the Insight pages of The Sunday Times. From 1976 to 1978 he was editor of the Evening Standard and he edited The Times from 1990 to 1992, but since then has primarily worked as a columnist. In 1998 he received the What the Papers Say Journalist of the Year award, on 28 January 2005, he announced he was ending his 15-year association with The Times to write a book before joining The Guardian as a columnist. He retained a column at The Sunday Times and was a blogger at The Huffington Post. He gave up both on becoming chairman of the National Trust in 2008, when he resumed an occasional column for the London Evening Standard. He said that they could be leased back under the auspices of the UN and he remarked that the 2,500 or so British islanders should not have an unqualified veto on British government policy. In March 2012, he stated on Question Time that Britain should begin negotiating the handover of the Falkland Islands to the Argentine government, only his fellow panellist Alexei Sayle agreed, the others and the audience disapproved. In 2010 Jenkins spoke disparagingly on the Radio 4 Today programme about the Shard and he was described as a professional miserabilist in The Londonist. Jenkins has expressed varying opinions on the subject of national defence, in a piece in The Guardian in 2010 he wrote that the government should cut, all £45 billion of it. With the end of the Cold War in the 1990s that threat vanished, however, he wrote in the same paper in 2016 in support of NATO membership, saying, It is a real deterrent, and its plausibility rests on the assurance of collective response. Jenkins has written books on the politics, history and architecture of England, including Englands Thousand Best Churches. More recently in his A Short History of England, he argues that the British Empire was an institution that dismantled itself in good order. He wrote that England is the most remarkable country in European history, Jenkins served on the boards of British Rail 1979–1990 and London Transport 1984–86. He was a member of the Millennium Commission from February 1994 to December 2000, from 1985 to 1990, he was deputy chairman of English Heritage

10.
News Corp
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News Corporation is an American multinational mass media company, formed as a spin-off of the former News Corporation focusing on newspapers and publishing. On June 28,2012, Rupert Murdoch announced that News Corporations publishing operations would be spun off to form a new, the move also came in the wake of a series of scandals that had damaged the reputation of multiple News Corporation-owned properties. The logo of the new News Corporation was unveiled at a presentation on May 28,2013. The shares fell in price by 3% to $14.55 per share, the new News Corp began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol NWS on July 1,2013, at the same time, the former News Corporation was renamed 21st Century Fox. The newspapers will be operated by GateHouse Media, a group owned by Fortress. Robert Thomson indicated that the newspapers were not strategically consistent with the portfolio of the company. GateHouse then filed for prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 27,2013, then GateHouse emerged from bankruptcy on November 26,2013. On May 2,2014, News Corp acquired romance novel publisher Harlequin Enterprises from Torstar for $415 million, the deal closed on August 1, it is now operated a subsidiary. On September 30,2014, News Corp announced its acquisition of Move, Inc. a real estate listings company, a 20% stake is owned by REA Group, a publicly-traded subsidiary of News Corp Australia. In October 2015, News Corp sold its digital education brand Amplify Education to a management team supported by a group of investors for an undisclosed sum. HarperCollins, a book trade publisher News America Marketing, a distributor of advertising and coupon promotions Wireless Group

Times New Roman is a serif typeface designed for legibility in body text. It was commissioned by the British newspaper …

A Ludlow Typograph specimen of Times New Roman Type Specimen from the metal type period. The design was altered in smaller sizes to increase readability, particularly obvious in the widened spacing of the six and eight point samples at centre right of the diagram.