explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of brain maturation.

D)

explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of maturation of the central nervous system.

23

_________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.

A)

Sensation

B)

Perception

C)

Intermodal perception

D)

Perceptual-motor coupling

24

Was William James right when he proclaimed that newborns experience a "blooming, buzzing" world of confusion?

A)

No, because infants' perception of visual information is more advanced than previously thought.

B)

Yes, because infants' visual acuity is less than that of adults.

C)

Yes, because infants sense the world but do not perceive it.

D)

No, because infants' reflexes allow for organization into perceptual categories.

25

Robert Fantz (1963) found that infants as young as 2 days old:

A)

were able to focus on their mothers' eyes.

B)

were able to distinguish contour.

C)

showed a preference for patterned stimuli over plain stimuli.

D)

began to perceive the oval shape of the head.

26

In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual cliff refused to go to their mothers who were coaxing them from the other side. This result was cited as evidence for:

A)

depth perception.

B)

failure of visual acuity.

C)

inability to hear at a distance.

D)

inability to crawl.

27

What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear?

A)

A fetus moves when a loud noise occurs.

B)

Newborns prefer their mother's voice to strangers' voices.

C)

Hearing is more sensitive and better developed among newborns who have been experimentally stimulated before birth

D)

Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them in their mother's womb.

28

One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves:

A)

the use of small amounts of cocaine to stimulate the heart rate of sluggish neonates.

B)

the rule of now allowing mothers to hold their at-risk low-birthweight neonate immediately after birth.

C)

not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants.

D)

the fact that a mother's opinion outweighs a father's when it comes to a decision of whether a child should be given a heart transplant.

29

Which of the following smells do infants like the LEAST?

A)

vanilla

B)

fish

C)

their mother's milk

D)

strawberries

30

Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates ________ perception.

A)

depth

B)

intermodal

C)

auditory

D)

visual

31

Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by:

A)

reviewing the literature on cognitive development.

B)

surveying thousands of parents.

C)

observing his own children.

D)

testing hundreds of children in his laboratory.

32

In a Piagetian model, __________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences.

A)

a memory

B)

an image

C)

cognition

D)

a scheme

33

Piaget's theory is a qualitative theory of cognitive development, which means that it:

A)

uses standardized tests to measure and describe thought.

B)

explains what kinds of knowledge are typical of children at different ages.

C)

identifies different kinds of thinking children perform at different ages.

D)

provides ways to determine how well children think at different stages.

34

According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviours are:

A)

reflexive.

B)

maladaptive.

C)

unchanging.

D)

reinforced.

35

By chance, Abigail shook her rattle. She then began to repeat this action of shaking her rattle. As a normal infant, Abigail is in which substage?

A)

reflexive

B)

first habits and primary circular reactions

C)

secondary circular reactions

D)

coordination of secondary circular reactions

36

Laurent has problems retrieving a ball that rolled out of reach, so he uses a Tinkertoy stick to hit it. He is in which substage?

A)

primary circular reactions

B)

secondary circular reactions

C)

coordination of secondary circular reactions

D)

tertiary circular reactions

37

When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of:

A)

object permanence.

B)

self-differentiation.

C)

assimilation.

D)

schemata.

38

Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that:

A)

Piaget's view was accurate.

B)

Piaget's view was wrong.

C)

Piaget's view needs to be modified.

D)

it is impossible to replicate Piaget's research because it was done primarily on his three children.

39

Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that:

A)

infants as young as 4 months of age have intermodal perception.

B)

infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent.

C)

equipment for testing children under 4 months of age is not yet sophisticated enough to provide useful information about perception.

D)

infants are not able to see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background until they are at least 4 months old.

40

Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1987) has demonstrated:

A)

young infants' inability to learn from classical conditioning.

B)

young infants' inability to learn from operant conditioning.

C)

how infants can retain information through classical conditioning.

D)

how infants can retain information through operant conditioning.

41

________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus.

A)

Habituation

B)

Object permanence

C)

Transference

D)

Dishabituation

42

Canadian psychologist Megan Easterbrook and her colleagues (1999) examined newborns' ability to perceive images of normal and scrambled faces. They found that:

A)

newborns habituated quicker to normal faces.

B)

newborns habituated quicker to scrambled faces.

C)

newborns showed a preference for both normal and scrambled faces over a blank card.