The VLTI is a mode of ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) that can combine up to all four ATs or the 8.2-metre Unit Telescopes of the VLT to create a virtual telescope with a diameter of up to 130 metres, allowing incredibly high-resolution observations. Using the VLTI, astronomers can study stellar surfaces, active galactic nuclei, young stars, and a variety of other intriguing astronomical objects.

Developing NAOMI was a tremendously technically challenging endeavour. “The newly installed modules have to concentrate light into optical fibres only a few microns wide — barely a tenth of the width of a human hair!” explained Jean-Philippe Berger of the IPAG. “We also faced the formidable challenge of installing the four adaptive optics systems as quickly as possible in order not to disturb VLTI observations.”

Previously, the ATs were equipped with the less sophisticated STRAP system (System for Tip/tilt Removal with Avalanche Photodiodes), which observed the effects of atmospheric turbulence and corrected the tilt of the received wavefronts by rapidly adjusting a steering mirror. Despite the valuable corrections it provided under good atmospheric conditions, image quality decreased significantly when conditions were poor.

“Observing with the VLTI on the ATs was heavily dependent on atmospheric conditions and after every sunset we would anxiously wait to see if it would be a lucky night,” explained Julien Woillez, the VLTI Project Scientist. “NAOMI is changing all this — we can now observe efficiently even in less good seeing conditions.”

By using an advanced adaptive optics system [1], NAOMI will improve the precision of the measurements performed by the VLTI and achieve a better and more stable image quality. The VLTI’s razor-sharp new adaptive optics will enable efficient, long integrations even in degraded seeing — bringing out the best of the VLTI instruments under all atmospheric conditions.

“On some nights it looks like the atmosphere is virtually gone! We can now observe much fainter objects,” concluded Woillez. “With NAOMI, we can now use cutting-edge second-generation instruments like PIONIER, GRAVITY, and MATISSE to their full potential.”

Notes

[1] A key component of the NAOMI module is a deformable mirror from the company ALPAO — in a feat of optical engineering, the shape of this mirror is updated 500 times per second, ensuring that the VLTI’s view is almost free of atmospheric turbulence.