Protected areas: a key element of Europe's sustainable future http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/protected-areas-a-key-element
Europe's protected areas play a key role in protecting biodiversity. But they are also a critical component of the continent’s economy, contributing over EUR 15 billion a year in jobs, food, and other services for the people of Europe. 2012 marks both the 20th anniversary of the most important international multilateral agreement on Biodiversity, the UN's Convention on Biological Diversity and of the most important EU piece of legislation on nature and biodiversity, the EU's Habitats Directive. As today, 22 May, is international biodiversity day, it provides an ideal opportunity to examine the state of protected areas today and the many benefits they provide.Protected areas are clearly defined geographical spaces, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. They are also elements of the broader national territorial planning system.

They have long been established to conserve wild game, or to protect natural beauty so it can be enjoyed by visitors. However, the current rationale for designating a protected area in Europe combines two main motivations. Firstly, there has been a growing recognition of the role protected areas play in safeguarding biodiversity. But in addition to this concern for biodiversity there has been an acknowledgement that protected areas are vital parts of the European economy.

Economic benefits of protected areas

The production of food and creation of employment within their boundaries are the most easily measured economic benefits of protected areas. But there are a host of indirect services provided by protected areas that also contribute to our economy. These include so-called 'ecosystem services', such as the provision of clean water as well as the regulation of the water cycle carried out by forests, wetlands and watersheds, all of which help to mitigate flooding. Well-managed protected areas also prevent soil erosion and desertification, and help sequester carbon. In marine environments, protected areas can maintain fisheries stocks at sustainable levels by providing areas for fish to breed and grow without being caught. On land they can ensure safe environments for pollinating insects, which ensure the viability of much of Europe's agriculture.

All of these indirect beneficial impacts of protected areas are difficult to measure in terms of monetary value. But recent research for the European Commission suggests that the economic benefits from the largest European network of protected areas – the Natura 2000 network - are between three and seven times its annual running costs of EUR 5.8 billion.

This position at the intersection of the economy and nature makes protected areas a key part of Europe's drive for sustainable development and for the creation of a green economy.

Protected areas in Europe

Protected areas today cover a relatively large part of Europe, with almost 21 % of the territory of EEA member countries consisting of protected areas. This compares to roughly 13 % in the USA, 17 % in China and more than 26 % in Brazil.

Where Europe differs from these countries is the relatively small size of its protected areas. The average size of a protected area in Europe is 50 km2, compared to 900 km2 in Africa and 500 km2 in the Americas. This is largely due to the relatively large size of Europe's population and the continent's long history of habitation and development. This has meant that a large part of Europe's territory has been fragmented by infrastructure and urbanisation. This human presence has not harmed biodiversity. On the contrary, some of the richest areas of biodiversity (such as the Mediterranean region) have been in full contact with human occupation for millennia. In establishing protected areas, Europe is also protecting the role that humans have played in preserving biodiversity.

Aiguamolls natural parc, Spain (c) angelafermin, flickr.com

In Europe today there are two main networks of protected areas: the Natura 2000 network, established as part of the 1992 Habitats Directive; and the Emerald Network, set up in 1996 by the Council of Europe, and comprising 45 countries, many of which are outside the EU. The Natura 2000 Network also includes the Special Protected Areas established under the Birds Directive, which dates to 1979, making it the EU's oldest piece of nature legislation.

Protected areas cover a wide variety of ecosystems within Europe, encompassing eleven biogeographic regions, including Arctic polar deserts in the north, arid matorral zones in the south, heathland in the west and the steppic zones in the east. They also cover parts of the Atlantic, as well as the Mediterranean, Baltic and Black seas.

The Natura 2000 network is by far the more comprehensive system of protected areas. It covers more than 26,400 sites with a total surface area of 986,000 km2. Roughly 70 % of protected areas in the EU are part of the Natura 2000 network, which co-exists and often overlaps with nationally designated protected areas. Approximately 18 % of land in the EU is covered by Natura sites, but only 4 per cent of seas and oceans under jurisdiction of EU countries. The Emerald network is still in its initial phase and has nominated 1,280 sites covering almost 95,000 km2.

What next?

These networks of protected areas amount to more than the sum of their parts as they promote the exchange of information, and transfer of know-how and experience. This improves the effectiveness of protected area personnel and protected area policy.

But these networks need to be improved and extended. Better coordination of data collection would improve the quality of information available to stakeholders and scientists. Also, given the success of many protected area policies in a variety of fields, these measures could also be extended beyond protected areas.

The European Environment Agency will publish a more comprehensive report on protected areas later this year.

]]>No publisherprotected areasNatura 2000Birds DirectiveHabitats Directive2012/05/22 09:00:00 GMT+1ArticleTurning the urban challenge into an opportunityhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/turning-the-urban-challenge-into
Copenhagen, 2 July 2011. Up to 150 mm of rainfall in two hours – a city record since measurements began in the mid-1800s. Homes destroyed. Citizens and emergency services struggled to cope. This is one example of how excessive extreme weather events can affect a European capital – events that are expected more often under climate change. A forthcoming report from the European Environment Agency (EEA) highlights this stark reality facing Europe’s cities and urban areas regarding the need to prepare for climate change.

The report,Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe, acknowledges that climate change is taking place and that mitigation efforts will limit but not prevent it. It states that there will be severe consequences for cities if adaptation efforts are not forthcoming. As cities are the backbone of Europe’s economy, urban climate change impacts will affect Europe as a whole. It provides examples of innovative adaptation practices and where they are taking place. In highlighting such activity the report hopes that other urban administrations can take guidance in view of their own adaptive activity, supported by national governments and the EU.

Providing advice on successful delivery of adaptation solutions to groups as varied as governments, the private sector and research bodies, the report stresses the need to follow a systematic adaptation planning process at and interlinked between all levels – local, regional, national and European - and to take into account a number of key principles.

Increased impacts from climate change across Europe

Events in recent years make for sobering reading. The European heatwave during the summer of 2003 was estimated to have caused up to 70 000 excess deaths during a four month period in Central and Western Europe. 2002 proved to be a record year for major flood events in six EU countries - Austria, Czech Republic, France Germany, Hungary and Romania. The total number of deaths was 78 with material damage rising to more than USD 21 billion.

Meanwhile, the total area, within the EU, affected by water scarcity and droughts has doubled from 6 to 13 % during the last 30 years with related economic impacts being estimated at EUR 100 billion.

Expected increases in severe heatwaves, flooding and water scarcity can all affect cities. The report analyses the potential impacts of expected increases in such climatic events and assesses how the European urban environment could potentially be affected

Copenhagen city’s cloudburst plan

Copenhagen’s reaction to the extreme rainfall event of July 2011 is highlighted within the report. This event really forced the city to sit up and take notice. The emergency services were within minutes of having to evacuate the city’s two biggest hospitals because of flooding and power cuts. Insurance damages alone were estimated at EUR 650-700 million.

The city’s immediate reaction and subsequent planning can now be viewed as a European good practice model. Preparation focused on a so-called ‘cloudburst plan’ containing the following four steps:

a new rescue plan from the emergency services;

improving communication with citizens, businesses and public institutions;

optimising the city’s existing sewage system;

using a system of small canals to divert excess water either to streams, the harbour or other areas for subsequent storage.

Working with nature - rather than battling against it

The new report highlights the need to raise awareness about urban vulnerability to climate change as well as the opportunities that exist. Reflecting on efforts to improve cities’ interaction with nature rather than via additional construction is displayed in the use of green infrastructure. One example illustrating this comes from the United Kingdom, where the city of Manchester has increased green spaces in order to reduce average surface temperatures.

This concept of ‘green infrastructure’ has been defined by the European Commission as ‘a strategically planned and delivered network of high quality green spaces and other environmental features. It should be designed and managed as a multifunctional resource capable of delivering a wide range of benefits and services.’ (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm)

At the EEA, we have profiled urban issues over recent years – highlighting the potential of clever, far sighted urban design to an audience that ranges from school children to the international press and the EU Environment Commissioner.

In 2010 our living façade project ‘Europe in bloom’ drew a map of Europe, illustrating the relative diversity of flowering plant species across the continent. This project brought together the UN Biodiversity Year and to highlight the potential of urban areas in terms of providing green spaces and urban gardens. For most urban dwellers, the perception of ‘greenery’ in or nearby their cities is an integral part of what constitutes quality of life.

Such areas can improve air quality and noise conditions and despite being highly artificial can, by intelligent design, offer additional habitats for pollinators and birds, help to maintain ecosystems services and thus limit the ecological footprint of cities and provide climate mitigation and adaptation opportunities.

The façade attracted pollinators and butterflies not seen in the city before and was the basis for a surge in interest in the interconnectedness between urban and green issues amongst the international press, locals and visitors, architects and town planners. The project was widely covered in the international press including the Guardian in the United Kingdom, which listed the project third in its top 10 global events celebrating the International Day for Biodiversity.

Making Copenhagen buzz

It even aroused the interest of bee enthusiasts and resulted in an additional project with ByBi is a prize-winning and ground-breaking social enterprise that is bringing millions of bees to the city. From May 2011 the EEA made the heart of Copenhagen buzz with life, when 120 000 bees moved into their new home in an apiary on the roof of the Agency.

In addition to its environmental value, the project provides new opportunities for disadvantaged people who can be trained to look after the bees around Copenhagen. Bybi also aims to educate residents and businesses about the opportunities to contribute to a greener, more colourful and sweeter city. Our Bybi project also received widespread public and press attention including an article in Danish sustainability magazine Samvirke a year after the project’s birth.

Climate change adaptation could provide the impetus for urban renewal and rethinking

Climate change and the need for cities to adapt to it may provide a model for city planning of the future. Adaptation-based urban initiatives need to be innovative and provide multi-level benefits in order to allow for their subsequent implementation.

In general, climate adaptation should not be considered as just a reactive or defensive response strategy but rather as a proactive implementation of a long-term economic and sustainable development strategy.

The floating houses of the new island neighbourhood IJburg in Amsterdam for instance are a response to the demand of houses near or in water. This reflects growing awareness of the need to build away from areas at risk from flooding and is certainly one solution to address sea level rise. This example demonstrates the great potential of climate change adaptation to act as a stimulus for innovation.

Other examples illustrating good practice within European cities are available. In Rotterdam there are plans for so-called water squares - low-lying public spaces which can be used for temporary water storage during heavy precipitation or flooding events. Meanwhile, in Vienna the sewage system itself provides storage. The loading of the sewer system is monitored continuously and interventions are possible through centrally controlled sluices and pump stations to optimise the full storage capacity of the 2300 km long system and prevent outflows during high precipitation events.

Planning for the future

Cities need to adapt, but a supportive national and European framework is crucial in this regard. Europe’s future depends on strong and resilient cities working towards a joint approach to cope with climate change.

The examples outlined above can indeed be taken as sources of information and good practice. Yet, as the forthcoming EEA report acknowledges, anticipative planning has to take place in order for people and infrastructure within our urban areas to be sufficiently prepared to address the risks of a changing climate.

Starting action now ensures preparedness to climate change and lower costs for adaptation. Massive investments in infrastructure are required in cities anyway – climate change adds the need for robust and flexible solutions.

Additional information

Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe, a new EEA report will be officially launched at the Resilient Cities congress in Bonn, Germany on 14 May 2012. The congress will focus on the themes of urban risk, resilience and financing. The EEA report will be available for download here:

The European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT) (a joint activity between the European Commission and EEA) is a web-based platform to support policy-makers at EU, national, regional and local levels in the development of climate change adaptation measures and policies. The platform can also support cities in their adaptation actions. (http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/major-new-website-to-assist)

Key urban messages:

In Europe, where the overwhelming majority of people live in urban areas, tackling the interlinked challenges between biodiversity and its network of towns and cities is crucial to help halting biodiversity loss.

Urban areas can be an opportunity or a threat for biodiversity. Seizing the opportunity demands that we mix high quality urban green areas with dense and compact built up zones.

Quality of life in cities depends on the existence of sufficient attractive urban green areas for people and wildlife to thrive. But equally important for urban life are the ecosystem services delivered by biodiversity in green areas outside city boundaries.

Although biodiversity and ecosystem services are global common goods, local and regional authorities have the legal power to designate conservation areas and to integrate biodiversity concerns into their urban and spatial planning. Public commitment is apparent in the numerous participatory Local Agenda 21 processes aimed at building sustainable communities that identify biodiversity as a precondition for resilient cities.

Besides protecting areas, it is essential to integrate biodiversity into spatial planning at regional and local levels, including cities. Developing the European Green Infrastructure concept presents an opportunity to do this.

]]>No publisherecosystem servicesbiodiversitygreen urban areasquality of lifebiodiversity lossprotected areasurban environmentclimate change adaptation2012/04/27 17:50:00 GMT+1ArticleNatura 2000 barometer statisticshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/document-library/natura-2000/natura-2000-network-statistics/natura-2000-barometer-statistics/statistics/barometer-statistics
The Natura 2000 Barometer gives an evaluation on the progress made in establishing the Natura 2000 network, both under the Birds and the Habitats Directives. It is based on information on number of sites and areas covered, as indicated by Member States and is published in the Natura 2000 Newsletter. No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV).protected areasnatura 20002011/12/01 20:05:00 GMT+1DataKey message 3 — SOER synthesishttp://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/synthesis/synthesis/key-messages/key-message-3-2014-soer-synthesis
Nature and biodiversity — Europe has established an extensive
network of protected areas and programmes to reverse the
loss of endangered species. However, widespread alteration
of landscapes, degradation of ecosystems and loss of natural
capital mean that the EU will not meet its target of halting
biodiversity loss by 2010. To improve the situation we must
prioritise biodiversity and ecosystems in policymaking at all
scales, particularly addressing agriculture, fisheries, regional
development, cohesion and spatial planning..
]]>No publisherSOER2010protected areasnature and biodiversityspecies2011/01/28 10:50:26 GMT+1SOER 2010 Message (Deprecated)Existing and proposed protected areas within the Cantabrian Mountains- Pyrenees-Alps Initiativehttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/existing-and-proposed-protected-areas
The map shows protected areas and Natura 2000 areas within the Cantabrian Mountains- Pyrenees-Alps corridor.No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Fundacio Caixa Catalunya.natura 2000mountainsprotected areas2011/01/03 15:22:40 GMT+1FigurePercentage of terrestrial protected areas in EU‑27http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/percentage-of-terrestrial-protected-areas
-No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).soer2010nature and biodiversitythematic assessmentsprotected areas2010/12/01 09:45:50 GMT+1FigureBiodiversity - key fact 2http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/biodiversity/key-facts/biodiversity-fact-2
Protected areas, including Natura 2000 sites in EU Member States, now account for 22 % of the terrestrial area of EEA member countries..
]]>No publisherprotected areasNatura 20002010/11/28 18:40:00 GMT+1SOER 2010 Key fact (Deprecated)Biodiversity — SOER 2010 thematic assessmenthttp://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/biodiversity
Biodiversity — the variety of ecosystems, species and genes — is essential to human wellbeing,
delivering services that sustain our economies and societies. Its huge importance makes
biodiversity loss all the more troubling. European species are threatened with extinction and
overexploitation. Natural habitats continue to be lost and fragmented, and degraded by pollution
and climate change. Despite actions taken and progress made, these threats continue to impact
biodiversity in Europe. The new global and EU targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2020
are ambitious but achieving them will require better policy implementation, coordination across
sectors, ecosystem management approaches and a wider understanding of biodiversity's value.No publisherSOER2010protected areasbiodiversity lossnature and biodiversityecosystem servicesecosystemsspeciesthematic assessmentshabitats2010/11/25 17:20:02 GMT+1PublicationStatus of fish stocks in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) fishing regions of Europehttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/status-of-fish-stocks-in-the-international-council-for-the-exploration-of-the-sea-ices-and-general-fisheries-commission-for-the-mediterranean-gfcm-fishing-regions-of-europe
The chart shows the proportion of assessed stocks that are overfished (red) and stocks within safe biological limits (blue).
The numbers in the circles indicate the number of stocks assessed within the given region. The size of the circles is
proportional to the magnitude of the regional catch.No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).fish stockprotected areas2010/11/08 13:45:00 GMT+1FigureEurope's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountainshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-ecological-backbone
Europe's mountain areas have social, economic and environmental capital of significance for the entire continent. This importance has been recognised since the late 19th century through national legislation; since the 1970s through regional structures for cooperation; and since the 1990s through regional legal instruments for the Alps and Carpathians. The European Union (EU) first recognised the specific characteristics of mountain areas in 1975 through the designation of Less Favoured Areas (LFAs). During the last decade, EU cohesion policy and the Treaty of Lisbon have both focused specifically on mountains.No publisherecosystem servicesbiodiversitywater towersmountainsland coverclimate changewater qualityhydropowerprotected areasfloodshabitatsecosystemsspeciesNatura 2000populationHabitats Directivemountain ecosystems2010/09/14 16:07:24 GMT+1PublicationDistribution of Natura 2000 sites across the 27 EU Member Stateshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-natura-2000-sites-across-eu-member-states-1
Distribution of Natura 2000 sites across the 27 EU Member StatesNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).10 messages for 2010natura 2000protected areas2010/06/21 09:38:34 GMT+1FigureGrouped threats to Posidonia oceanica beds as reported by Mediterranean EU Member States under the EU Habitats Directive http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/grouped-threats-to-posidonia-oceanica
Grouped threats to Posidonia
oceanica beds as reported by
Mediterranean EU Member States
under the EU Habitats DirectiveNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).10 messages for 2010soer2010biodiversityposidonia oceanicaseagrassmarine and coastalecosystemshabitats directivethematic assessmentshabitatsprotected areas2010/06/14 12:49:46 GMT+1Figure10 messages for 2010 — protected areashttp://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/10-messages-for-2010-2014
Protected areas provide a wide range of services in a context of increasing pressures and a rapidly changing environment. Europe is the region with the greatest number of protected areas in the world but they are relatively small in size. Europe's Natura 2000, unique in the world and still young, and the Emerald network under development, are international European networks of protected areas that catalyse biodiversity conservation.No publisher10 messages for 2010protected areasconservationbiodiversityhabitatsecosystemsNatura 20002010/05/26 16:56:54 GMT+1PublicationPercentage of Natura 2000 site area not protected under national instruments per EU Member Statehttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/percentage-of-natura-2000-site-area-not-protected-under-national-instruments-per-eu-member-state
Percentage of Natura 2000 site area not protected under national instruments per EU Member StateNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).10 messages for 2010natura 2000protected areas2010/03/01 13:01:36 GMT+1FigureDistribution of Natura 2000 sites across the 27 EU Member States (removed/hide version) http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-natura-2000-sites-across-the-27-eu-member-states
-No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).protected areas2010/03/01 12:40:48 GMT+1FigureDistribution of nationally protected sites (CDDA) in Europe according to their IUCN category classificationhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-nationally-protected-sites-cdda-in-europe-according-to-their-iucn-category-classification
Distribution of nationally protected sites (CDDA) in Europe according to their IUCN category classificationNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).10 messages for 2010cddaprotected areas2010/03/01 12:22:59 GMT+1FigureNationally designated areas (CDDA), status 2009 - site centre pointshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/centers-of-nationally-designated-areas-cdda-status-2009
The map is intended to show the distribution of point locations reported for nationally designated areasNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).etc/npbcddaprotected areas2010/01/15 11:34:42 GMT+1FigureNATURILIS - Smoothed values of designated areashttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/naturilis-smoothed-values-of-designated-areas-1
The NATURILIS dataset is an application of the CORILIS methodology on available geospatial data about designated areasNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).geospatial dataCDDAraster dataprotected areas2009/11/30 15:30:00 GMT+1DataArea coverage of nationally protected areas in EECCA and SEE countries, 2005http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/area-coverage-of-nationally-protected-areas-in-eecca-and-see-countries-2005
No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).protected areasbelgrade2009/11/12 22:04:15 GMT+1FigureDistribution of reported data of Nationally designated areas (CDDA) - pointshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-reported-data-of-nationally-designated-areas-cdda-points-3
The map is intended to show the distribution of point locations reported for nationally designated areasNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).etc/npbcddaprotected areas2009/11/12 21:55:00 GMT+1FigureDistribution of reported data of Nationally designated areas (CDDA) - pointshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-reported-data-of-nationally-designated-areas-cdda-points-2
The map is intended to show the distribution of point locations reported for nationally designated areasNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).etc/npbgeographicprotected areas2009/11/12 21:54:59 GMT+1FigureDistribution of reported data of Nationally designated areas (CDDA) - points.http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-reported-data-of-nationally-designated-areas-cdda-points-1
The map is intended to show the distribution of point locations reported for nationally designated areasNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).etc/npbgeographicprotected areas2009/11/12 21:54:57 GMT+1FigureDistribution of reported data of Nationally designated areas (CDDA) - points.http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/distribution-of-reported-data-of-nationally-designated-areas-cdda-points
The map is intended to show the distribution of point locations reported for nationally designated areasNo publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).etc/npbgeographicprotected areas2009/11/12 21:54:56 GMT+1FigureNationally designated areas (CDDA)http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/nationally-designated-areas-cdda-1
No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity (ETC/BD).etc/npbgeographicprotected areas2009/11/12 21:54:54 GMT+1FigureNationally designated areas (CDDA)http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/nationally-designated-areas-cdda
No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity (ETC/BD).etc/npbnatlangeographicprotected areas2009/11/12 21:54:47 GMT+1FigureSpecial Protection Areas under the EU Birds Directive in the Macaronesian Biogeographical Regionhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/special-protection-areas-under-the-eu-birds-directive-in-the-macaronesian-biogeographical-region
No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).biodiversitybirdsbiogeographical regionsprotected areas2009/11/12 21:51:56 GMT+1FigureDesignated areas under pressure from railwayshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/designated-areas-under-pressure-from-railways
No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).natlanland coverdismedrailgeographicprotected areaspressurescorine land cover2009/11/12 21:45:49 GMT+1FigureDesignated areas under pressure from agricultural areashttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/designated-areas-under-pressure-from-agricultural-areas
No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).natlanagricultureland coverdismedgeographiccorine land coverprotected areas2009/11/12 21:06:57 GMT+1FigureProtected areas in the Alpshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/protected-areas-in-the-alps
No publisherAccess is managed by the owner mentioned below. Please contact the owner for more information about their data policy.climate changealpsprotected areas2009/11/12 21:03:02 GMT+1FigureSpecial protection areas (SPAs) established under the EU birds directive (EU-25)http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/special-protection-areas-spas-established-under-the-eu-birds-directive-eu-25
As declared by Member States in the Standard Data Form (COM 97/266/EC)No publisherEEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).birdsprotected areas2009/11/12 20:44:49 GMT+1Figure