What are the hallmarks of the obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

unwelcome and distressing.
intrude on compulsions.
arise from within the person.
are very difficult to control.

Disorders that are characterized by a loss of physical functioning as a result of psychological conflict, not as a result of physical disorder, are called

somatoform disorders

A conversion disorder is best described as occurring when

psychological stress is turned into physical symptoms.

Complicated medical histories without any physical basis characterize

somatization disorder

The most common somatoform disorder today is

pain disorder (psychalgia).

Which of the following is characterized by complaints of pain in one or more areas of the body, causing marked distress or impairment of functioning?

Pain disorder (psychalgia)

An individual goes to see a therapist with a fear of contracting a serious disease. Even though there is no good reason for believing that the individual actually has the disease, it is likely that the therapist will look toward a diagnosis of

hypochondriasis

physical ailments stemming from psychological problems

somatoform disorders

the idea that treatment can and should consist of techniques from many different theoretical perspectives, without the clinician necessarily adopting the theoretical basis for those techniques

technical eclecticism

a drug which acts on the sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure

dopamine

an important part of the biochemistry of depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety. It is also believed to be influential on sexuality and appetite.

seratonin

a drowsiness-inducing hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness or low light levels

melatonin

released from the adrenal glands as a hormone into the blood, but it is also a neurotransmitter in the nervous system where it is released from noradrenergic neurons during synaptic transmission.

norepinephrine

Which of the following is not true about hypochondriasis?

The symptoms are intentionally produced, or feigned.

Malingering is characterized primarily by

the individual’s having voluntary control over her symptoms and occurring in order to get some obvious goal.

Factitious disorders are

characterized by voluntarily produced symptoms

Dissociative in dissociative disorders refers to the splitting of

memory

When one feels detachment from oneself, as if looking on oneself from outside one’s body, one is likely suffering from

depersonalization

A fugue state in amnesia refers to

travel away from home

Janet was brought to see her physician by her husband. He reported that ever since a catastrophic fire in their home, Janet has complained of feeling as though she is only observing herself moving through life, not actually living it. On the basis of this information, the physician tentatively diagnoses

depersonalization

Retrograde amnesia is to post-traumatic amnesia as

before is to after

Dissociative amnesia often occurs to people who are experiencing

family, marital, or career stress

In dissociative identity disorder, __________ almost always exists in some form.

amnesia

__________ may appear in more than 95 percent of cases of multiple personality disorder

A history of child abuse

There are still many controversies surrounding the actual existence of

dissociative identity disorder

Many people speak of being depressed; they are not, however, clinically depressed or do not have a depressive disorder. What does this normal, everyday depression share in common with depressive disorders?

In many ways, normal depression differs from depressive disorders in degree and severity, while sharing the same symptoms.

The classification DSM-IV identifies a depression as chronic when it lasts without significant interruption for at least

2 years

as depression worsens, physical symptoms begin to become apparent. what are the physical symptoms?

The text’s conclusion that age is negatively correlated with lifetime risk for depression is based on

cross-sectional correlational studies.

Research has shown that rates of depression in children compare how to the rates of depression in adults?

Rates of depression in children are as high (equal to) adults.

Woman with depression outnumber men with depression by __________ to 1.

2

Recent stressful loss

is a risk factor for depression.

According to research, before age __________, loss of one’s mother to death may predispose adult depression, but not after this age.

11

Moderately severe depression is expected to lift, on average, after approximately

3 months

Very serious depressions usually lift in

6 months

Of people with a serious depression, about __________ do not have another in the following ten years.

40 %

In terms of our current state of knowledge about genetics, we can say that a depressed relative is __________ unipolar depression.

a risk factor

Biological theories of depression focus specifically on the

brain and nervous system

All of these are clues that depression involves physiological factors except

depression is a side effect of some medications, somatic therapies are effective, depression can follow periods of physiological change, and symptoms are similar across cultures.

Two hormone deficiencies that have been implicated in the cause of depression are

hypothyroidism and low testosterone

A system that combines neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities as the cause for depression is the

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Helplessness is produced in laboratory animals by __________ events.

uncontrollable

Learned helplessness is shown by

reduced initiation of responses, reduced learning.

What type of explanation for a bad event leads to pervasive helplessness deficits?

Global

Suppose you do poorly on your midterm examination. According to the learned helplessness theory of depression, which of these is the most-depressing explanation you could offer?

“I’m bad at school.”

The MAO inhibitors work by increasing the availability of __________, tricyclics work by increasing the availability of __________, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., Prozac) work by __________ the availability of serotonin.

norepinephrine; norepinephrine; increasing

Drugs such as those in the same class as Prozac inhibit __________ of serotonin

the reuptake

Wellbutrin affects not only serotonin and norepinephrine, but also

dopamine

Overall, one of the most powerful affects of antidepressants comes from

the placebo effects

Although electroconvulsive shock as a treatment for depression presumably works by affecting the levels of norepinephrine in the brain, this conclusion is hampered because

shock has many effects.

In cognitive therapy, automatic thoughts are combated by __________ them.

testing

Reattribution training in cognitive therapy aims at

finding sources of blame other than the self.

Both drug therapy and cognitive therapy for depression are effective. According to the text, drug therapy is __________, and cognitive therapy is __________.