3 Present simple actions which happen regularly Habits StatesThe simple present is used for two main types of action:actions which happen regularlyon SundaysFrequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often –every day, every week, Once a month, etc.HabitsStatesThings which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc)present continuousThe present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:A temporary action happening now :Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future)Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro)A definite plan for the future :Something we intend to do, usually in the near future.Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

4 Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbsThere are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as inSpanish.Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these:verbs describing thought processes and opinions: think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree…verbs describing emotions: want, like, love, hate, adore, detest…verbs describing the senses: see, hear, taste, feel, smell…This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous.It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particularsituation.

5 Frequency adverbs and time expressionsAt the end of the sentenceHow often..?I do yoga twice a weekAlwaysUsuallyOftenSometimesHardly everNeverEvery dayOnce a day / week / month..Twice a day / week / month..Three times a day / week / month..Twelve times a day / week / month..Before the verbShe often plays golfAfter to beThey are always hungry

6 Use Past Simple + - ? Suj + I played 2nd col I sang I didn´t playMonosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double consonStop—stopped2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, double consonantPermit—permittedV ending in conson + y i + edStudy—studiedVowel + y ed play - playedI playedUse+Suj +V+ -ed2nd colI sang-Suj + didn´t + verbPast and finished actions.We visited the museum last weekA series of completed actions in the pastWhen I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman.Past states.The old lady lived in this house in 1887I didn´t playI didn´t sing?Did+ Suj + verb ?A+S+V ?Did you play?Did you sing?TIME EXPRESSIONSYesterday last week/year2 days ago In in the 80s when then

13 Present perfect continuous Use Time expressions + + - ?of “to be”Have beenHas been+V-ing( llevar + gerundio)Time expressionsI have been workingShe has been studying+For a year , since 2002 ,how long..?All day / night / week …I haven´t been workingShe hasn´t been studying-Have you been working ?Has she been studying ??UseAn action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción)You´re out of breath. Have you been running?She has been working here for 2 yearsActions repeated over a period of time.She´s been playing tennis since she was 8An action whose results are still apparent.I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night

14 Present Perfect and Present Perfect ContinuousPeriod of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wetCompleted action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner nowThe CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going onThe SIMPLE focuses on the result of the actionContinuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ?How long have you been reading that book?Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times?How many pages of the book have you read?Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all dayMary has written ten letters today.Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONTLive & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLEJohn has been living/has lived in London for a long timeWith “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London

15 Past perfect Use Time expressions + By + a time = no later than - ?V-ed3ª colHad +Time expressionsAlready , by the time, after ,Before, Until , never , just+I had workedBy + a time = no later thanI´ll have finished my work by 11:30(I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30)-I hadn´t worked?UseHad you worked ?A completed action which took place before another action in the pastBy the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already startedPresentFuturePastPerfectPast

18 Use FUTURE perfect Use FUTURE CONTINUOUS Time expressionsFuture de “to be” + V-ingTime expressions+At this time, at this time next…On Thursday , in the next decadeI will be studying-I won´t be studying?Will you be studying ?An action in progress at a certain time in the futureAt this time next year, I will be studying Law in MadridUseFUTURE perfectV-ed3ª colFuture de “have” ++I will have studiedTime expressions-I won´t have studiedUseBy this time next week,by 10 o´clock…, In three months?Will you have studied?A completed action at a certain time in the future.By the end of June, we will have finished our exams

19 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.Use a present, past or future tense.1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry in the bags.2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French very well.3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday?4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening.5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally knocked it over.6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me.7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British Museum in London.will helpwill be speakingDidpaydon’t usually eatwas reachingis going to visit/ is visitingis taking /is going to take

21 Cambios en los tiempos verbalesTenseDirect SpeechIndirect SpeechPresent simple“He works as an editor”Past simpleHe said that he worked as an editorPresent continuous“He is working as an editor”Past continuousHe said that he was working as an editor“He worked as an editor”Past perfectHe said that he had worked as an editor“He was working as an editor”Past perfect continuousHe said that he had been working as an editorPresent perfect simple“He has worked as an editor”Present perfect continuous“He has been working as an editor”simple“He had worked as an editor”“He had been working as an editor”Future simple“He will work as an editor”Would + infin.He said that he would work as an editor

34 Oraciones temporalesSe forman como las de 1st conditional : Present Simple , Future Simple.Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when ,the moment (that) , etcShe´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving testWhen I get home, I´ll help you with your homework

35 Wish Clauses Wish / if only + Past simple Wish / if only +Situaciones presentesque quisiéramoscambiar/mejorarHe wishes his house were biggerIf only I lived near the schoolWish / if only+Past PerfectHechos pasadoslamentando loOcurridoPam wishes she and Tom hadn´tbroken upIf only Sarah had arrived earlier+ base formWish / if only+CouldWouldDeseos sobresituaciones futuras,indicando q es pocoprobable q ocurranI wish I could improve my marksIf only he would call me

40 Complete the passage with relative pronouns.I work at an animal shelter (1) ……………………… takes in homeless animals. The shelter is the place (2) ……………………… the animals are fed and taken care of. On the day (3) ……………………… animals are brought to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet (4) ……………………… examines them and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5) ……………………… pet is lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there.whichwherewhenwhowhoseCombine the sentences using a relative clause.Here is the box. I keep my discs in it.2.Look at that park. I used to play there.3.I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day.4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad.5.My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor.Here is the box where I keep my discs.Look at that park where I used to play.I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university.We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner.My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.

42 Have to (no modal:has to) They have to wear a uniform USEMODALEXAMPLEOBLIGATIONtengo la obligación de,debo, tengo queMust#Have to (no modal:has to)They have to wear a uniformI must finish this exerciseNECESSITYNeed to (no modal)(+)She needs to speak to youNO OBLIGATIONNo hace falta queNeedn´t=Don´t have to(no modal)You needn´t come if you don´t want toYou don´t have to come if you don´t want toPROHIBITIONno puedesMustn´tYou mustn´t smoke at schoolABILITYSe, puedo, soy capazCan (presente)Could (pasado)Be able to-todos los tiemposI can play the pianoI could climb mountainsI will be able to drive a busPOSSIBILITYMay (puede que)Might (pudiera ser que)(posib + remota)Could (puede que)They may begin acting like criminalsHe might comeThey could be on the train nowDEDUCTION/CERTAINTYMust (I´m sure)Can´t (It´s imposible)That must be your mother(esa debe ser tu madre)That can´t be true(eso no puede ser verdad)

43 ModalUsoExampleCanHabilidadPermisoPosibilidadPedir algoI can drive a busCan I go to the toilet?She can come to the partyCan you lend me some moneyCan´tImposibilidadDeducciónI can´t lift this box Those can´t be my keys. I´ve got themCouldHabilidad en el pasadoPreguntar formalmenteEspecularSugerirI could play the guitar when I was fiveCould you tell me the time, please?Whose could these glasses be?We could go to the theatreCouldn´tImposibilidad en el pasadoI couldn´t ride a bike when I was fiveBe able toI will be able to pass this subjectMay / MightIt might rain tomorrowMayPedir algo educadamenteMay I borrow your book, please?WouldPedir algo formalmenteOfrecer (con like)Hábitos en pasado(used to)Would you come with me to the wedding?Would you like some tea?She would tell us storiesMustObligación,You must be quiet in the libraryJohn must be very busy. He didn´t comeHave toObligaciónI have to study hard if I want to passNeed toI need to buy some meat for dinnerNeedn´tNo obligaciónYou needn´t do all the exercisesDon´t have toWe don´t have to attend the conferenceMustn´tProhibiciónYou mustn´t step on the grassShould /ought toConsejo , opiniónYou should tell the truth