A study led by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital investigators has found the chemotherapy dose threshold below which male childhood cancer survivors are likely to have normal sperm production. The study appears in September 17 edition of the journal Lancet Oncology.By clarifying which patients are at highest risk for reduced sperm production as adults, researchers expect the findings to eventually increase use of pre-treatment fertility preservation methods such as sperm banking.The study involved drugs called alkylating agents that are widely used to treat a variety of pediatric cancers. Unlike other chemotherapy, alkylating agents are known to damage sperm production. Until this study, however, there was scant information about the risk associated with different cumulative exposures."Fertility preservation is important to patients and families, which is why at St. Jude we provide fertility counseling and preservation for active patients," said the study's first and corresponding author Daniel Green, M.D., a member of the St. Jude Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control. "Until now, however, there was little information to guide clinicians, families and patients trying to assess the risk alkylating agents will pose to sperm production years in the future."The U.S. is home to at least 328,000 cancer survivors who were age 20 or younger when their cancer was diagnosed. With overall childhood cancer survival rates in the U.S. now approaching 80 percent, that number is expected to grow.The study involved 214 men whose childhood cancer treatment at St. Jude included cyclophosphamide and other alkylating agents. Their treatment did not include radiation therapy, which may also impair fertility. On average, the survivors were almost 30 years old and almost 22 years from their diagnosis when their semen analysis was done. All were enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (LIFE) study, which brings childhood cancer survivors treated at St. Jude back to the hospital for several days of health screenings and other tests. St. Jude LIFE participants must be at least 18 years old and 10 years from diagnosis.The analysis found that 47.6 percent of survivors had normal sperm concentrations of at least 15 million per milliliter, 27.6 percent had low sperm counts and 24.8 percent produced no sperm. In the general public, less than 3 percent of men do not produce sperm.To track the impact of different alkylating agents on sperm production in survivors, St. Jude researchers developed a formula to calculate each survivor's cumulative treatment exposure to alkylating agents as a cyclophosphamide equivalent dose (CED). The method allowed investigators for the first time to compare how cumulative exposure to this class of drugs affected sperm production.Researchers identified no uniformly safe or toxic dose of the drugs, but reported that survivor sperm concentrations generally decreased as cumulative exposure to alkylating agents increased. CEDs of 4 grams per meter2 (g/m2) or less were associated with normal sperm concentrations. Almost 89 percent of survivors whose CED was 4 g/m2 or less had a normal sperm count. Their sperm were also more likely than sperm from other survivors to look and move normally."Based on these results, we would recommend pre-treatment fertility preservation be offered, whenever clinically possible, to any male whose projected treatment is expected to include a cyclophosphamide equivalent dose greater than 4 g/m2," Green said.While a lower cumulative dose of alkylating agents was associated with normal sperm production, Green said outcomes for individual patients were unpredictable and varied.The quest to develop safer, more effective treatments continues, since lower doses of alkylating agents are not an option for many patients, particularly those with rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, medulloblastoma and other sold tumors.Researchers are also trying to identify other factors that might impact fertility following treatment with alkylating agents, including inherited variations in genes.The other study authors are Wei Liu, Kyla Shelton, Wassim Chemaitilly, Ching-Hon Pui, James Klosky, Monika Metzger, DeoKumar Srivastava, Kirsten Ness, Leslie Robison and Melissa Hudson, all of St. Jude; Sheri Spunt, formerly of St. Jude and now of Stanford University School of Medicine; William Kutteh and Raymond Ke, both of Fertility Associates of Memphis; and Charles Sklar, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.The study was funded in part by a grant (CA21765) from the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health and ALSAC.

St. Jude Children's Research HospitalSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and cures childhood cancer and other life-threatening diseases. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20 percent to 80 percent since the hospital opened more than 50 years ago. St. Jude is working to increase the overall survival rate for childhood cancer to 90 percent in the next decade. St. Jude freely shares the breakthroughs it makes, and every child saved at St. Jude means doctors and scientists worldwide can use that knowledge to save thousands more children. Families never receive a bill from St. Jude for treatment, travel, housing and food-because all a family should worry about is helping their child live. To learn more, visit stjude.org or follow St. Jude at @stjuderesearch.

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