Abstract In order to evaluate the adherence of healthcare providers and parents to the current recommendations concerning fever and pain management, randomized samples of 500 healthcare providers caring for children and 500 families were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. The 378 health care providers HCPs responding to the survey 75.6% included 144 primary care pediatricians 38.1%, 98 hospital pediatricians 25.9%, 62 pediatric residents 16.4%, and 71 pediatric nurses 19.6%; the 464 responding parents 92.8% included 175 whose youngest or only child was ≤5 years old 37.7%, 175 whose youngest or only child was aged 6–10 years 37.7%, and 114 whose youngest or only child was aged 11–14 years 24.6%. There were gaps in the knowledge of both healthcare providers and parents. Global adherence to the guidelines was lower among the pediatric nurses than the other healthcare providers odds ratio 0.875; 95% confidence interval 0.795–0.964. Among the parents, those of children aged 6–10 and 11–14 years old, those who were older, and those without a degree answered the questions correctly significantly less frequently than the others. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the dissemination of the current recommendations concerning fever and pain management among healthcare providers and parents in order to avoid mistaken and sometimes risky attitudes, common therapeutic errors, and the unnecessary overloading of emergency department resources. Pediatric nurses and parents with older children, those who are older, and those with a lower educational level should be the priority targets of educational programmes. View Full-Text