Chapter 27 Study Guide

Chapter #27:IdentificationsRichard Olney- President Cleveland’s secretary of state, waded into affair between Britain and Venezuela with a combative note to Britain invoking the Monroe Doctrine; haughtily informed the world’s number one naval power that the United States was now calling the tune in the Western HemisphereAlfred Thayer Mahan- author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783 in 1890, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;Valeriano Weyler- Spanish general; “Butcher;” undertook to crush Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed wire reconcentration camps, which lacked proper sanitation and turned into deadly pestholesde Lôme Letter- Hearst publicized a private letter from Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme; letter described president McKinley in unflattering terms; led to Lôme’s resignation and further infuriated the American publicEmilio Aguinaldo- commander of Filipino insurgents, who helped captured Manila; part-Chinese; captured in a guerilla camp, which broke backbone of Filipino insurrectionJingoism- the Spanish-American war advertised that the nation was already a world power; Britain, France, Russia, and other great powers pointedly upgraded their legations in Washington D.C., which had previously been regarded as a diplomatic backwaterTeller Amendment- proviso proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom—a declaration that caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically Rough Riders- part of the invading army to be sent out to Cuba in from the rear to drive out Spanish ships; consisted largely of western cowboys and other hardly characters, with a sprinkling of ex-polo players and ex-convicts; commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood; organized by Theodore Roosevelt, who resigned from the Navy Department to serve as lieutenant colonelAnti-Imperialist League- sprang into being to fight the McKinley administration’s expansionist moves; members were some of the most prominent people in the U.S., included presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities and novelist Mark Twain, labor leader Samuel Gompers, and steel titan Andrew CarnegieForaker Act- 1900; accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government, and outlawed cockfightingInsular cases- for Puerto Rico, badly divided Supreme Court decreed, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, and the outdistanced document did not necessarily extend with full force to the new windfallPlatt Amendment- Cubans forced to write into their Constitution; were forced to agree not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence and not to take on debt beyond their resources; further agreed that the U.S. might intervene with troops to restore order when it saw fit; promised to sell or lease coaling or naval stations, ultimately two and then only one, to their powerful “benefactor”Spheres of Influence- European powers, notably Russia and Germany, began to tear away valuable lease holds and economic spheres of influence from Manchu government in China; merchants feared Europeans would monopolize Chinese marketsPhilippine Insurrection- bitterness toward the occupying American troops; U.S. forced to deploy some 126,000 troops; guerilla warfare; some American soldiers adopted “water cure;” Americans broke back of insurrection when they cleverly infiltrated a guerilla camp and captured Aguinaldo, but fighting dragged on for many months, claiming the lives of 4,234 Americans and as many as 600,000 FilipinosOpen Door Policy- Secretary of State John Hay’s idea; urged all great powers to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition; Hay did not bother to consult the Chinese themselvesBoxer Rebellion- superpatriotic group; training in martial arts; cried “Kill Foreign Devils;” murdered more than two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians and besieged the foreign diplomatic community in the capital, BeijingBig Stick Policy- policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs; his big stick represented authority and readiness to use military force if necessary; a way of intimidating countries without actually harming themRoosevelt Corollary- Roosevelt’s version of the Monroe Doctrine to keep European countries out of affairs with the Americas; had more intervention than the Monroe Doctrine; preventive interventionPortsmouth Conference- in New Hampshire, TR guided warning parties to a settlement that satisfied neither side and left the Japanese angry; Japan forced to drop its demands and Russian evacuation of Sakhalin Island Gentlemen’s Agreement- about the school board issue in San Francisco, California; Californians induced to repeal offensive school orderRoot-Takahira Agreement- U.S. signed with Japan in 1908; pledged that both powers had to respect each others’ territorial possessions in the Pacific and uphold the Open Door in China

Chapter #27: Guided Reading QuestionsAmerica Turns OutwardKnow: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement 1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?Factors that caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond was the popular appetite for overseas involvement, the development of a new steel navy, the “Big Sister” policy, a number of diplomatic crises or near-wars, and the country’s bursting of new sense of power generated by population, wealth, and productive capacity—and it was trembling from the hammer blows of labor violence and agrarian unrest.Spurning the Hawaiian PearKnow: Queen Liliuokalani2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?President Cleveland did not want to annex Hawaii because he suspected that the U.S. had gravely wronged the deposed Queen Liliuokalani and her people. Also, an investigation determined that a majority of the Hawaiian natives opposed annexation.

Cubans Rise in RevoltKnow: General Weyler3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?Desperate insurgents sought to drive out their Spanish overlords by adopting a scorched-earth policy. The insurrectos torched cane fields and sugar mills and dynamited passenger trains. American business had an investment stake of $50 million in Cuba and an annual stake of about $100 million, all of it put at risk by revolutionary upheaval. Dewey's May Day Victory at ManilaKnow: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey 4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?Dewey had an easy victory over the Spanish fleet because he sailed boldly with his six warships at night into thefortified harbor of Manila, he trained his guns the next morning on the Spanish fleet. The Spanish vessels wereantiquated and overmatched.The Confused Invasion of CubaKnow: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.Spanish government ordered a fleet of decrepit warships to Cuba easily blockaded by the American fleet. An American army was sent in from rear to drive out Spanish ships. The invading force was led by General Shafter, but his troops were unequipped for war in the tropics. Shafter's landing near Santiago met little opposition. Brisk fighting broke out at El Caney and Kettle Hill, where Roosevelt's troops suffered heavy causalities. The American army outgunned the Spanish fleet, so Santiago surrendered. Spain signed an armistic. The American Army lost 400 in battle but over 5,000 succumbed to bacteria and other causes.America's Course (Curse?) of EmpireKnow: Anti-Imperialist League 6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?The arguments for the annexation of the Philippines would be that they would get to be self-governed and receive independence. Arguments against the annexation were that it was in violation of the Monroe Doctrine and the U.S. offered $20 million for the Philippines.Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?U.S. citizenship and affordable air travel made it easy for Puerto Ricans to get home. Thus far greater than most immigrant groups, Puerto Ricans kept one foot in the United States and one foot in their native island. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and CubaKnow: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.American Military Government was brought to Cuba under General Wood, who wrought miracles and Colonel Gorgas, who launched a frontal attack on yellow fever. The U.S. honored the Teller Amendment and withdrew from Cuba in 1902, and forced Cubans to write the Platt Amendment into their own Constitution, which forced Cubans not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence and not to take a debt beyond their resources. They also gave the U.S. Guantanamo.New Horizons in Two Hemispheres9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?The Spanish-American War caused Britain, France, Russia, and other great powers to pointedly upgrade their legislations in D.C. Mahan's big navyism energized popular support for more battleships. The Secretary of War Root established a general staff for the army and founded the War College in Washington. The happiest result of the war was the further closing of the "bloody chasm" between the North and South. The distant islands proved the United States' unwillinglyness to defend the appropriate naval and military outlays."Little Brown Brothers" in the PhilippinesKnow: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?Even though the United States stayed in the Philippines to help, the Filipinos became angry for them being there. The Filipinos hated Americanization and pined for liberty. However, many Filipinos emigrated to the U.S.Hinging the Open Door in ChinaKnow: Boxer Rebellion11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?American involvement in China was not beneficial because the Open Door led to the angry Chinese patriots. "Boxers" murdered 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians and besieged foreign diplomatic diplomatic community in Beijing. Makers of America: The Filipinos12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.Yes, because they were cheap agricultural labor. Emigrants would sign a three year contract with the growers in exchange for transportation back Hawaii, wages, free housing, and a return passage at the end of the contract. However many Filipinos did not return. There was only 1 female to 14 Filipino men and interracial marriage was a big issue.Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?13. What issues were important in the 1900 election? The issues were not of for or against imperialism, but for the two Ps: prosperity and protectionism.TR: Brandisher of the Big StickKnow: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?Roosevelt becomes the youngest president in history so far. TR believed the president should lead. He also had no respect for the delicate checks and balances among the three branches of government. Building the Panama CanalKnow: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas

15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?The French Canal Company was eager to salvage something from their costly failure at S-shaped Panama and engineer, Bunau-Varilla, and the New Panama Canal Company dropped the price from $109 million to $40 million. When the Colombian senate rejected the Panama route offer, Bunau-Varilla helped incite a successful rebellion. TR's Perversion of Monroe's DoctrineKnow: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?Both the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary were created to prevent European countries from getting involved with the Latin American countries. The Monroe Doctrine was non-intervention and the Roosevelt Corollary was preventive intervention. Roosevelt on the World StageKnow: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth 17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?Tokyo officials approached Roosevelt and asked him to help sponsor peace negotiations between the conflict of Russia and Japan. Japan was forced to drop its demands for cash indemnity and Russian evacuation of Sakhalin Island, though it received some compensation in the form of effective control over Korea. TR won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his actions with the Russian/Japan issue. Japanese Laborers in CaliforniaKnow: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?San Francisco's school board ordered the segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students in a special school to free space for the whites. This instantly became an international crisis, so Roosevelt invited the school board to White House. Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.I think America’s foray into imperialism was caused by our increasing power as one of the great nations. The American leaders wanted to help out other countries and usually it was a good idea, but sometimes it was bad. The U.S. also didn’t want to risk other countries getting a hold of a certain territory and becoming more powerful and using that power not for the greater good.