As dinosaurs are pretty well known, the in-universe explanation for they to be mostly undiscovered all this time often involves a Lost World somewhere in the far and unexplored regions of Earth, or even below the surface of the Earth, where dinosaurs manage to remain untouched. In some cases they evolved into something new, often The Reptilians or Ultraterrestrials.

Examples:

In Dragon Ball, dinosaurs are seen freely roaming around the modern day world, despite Beerus claiming to have wiped them out the last time he visited Earth.

Comic Strips

Dilbert introduces dinosaur characters after Dilbert proves mathematically that it's impossible for the dinosaurs to have become totally extinct. Turns out they've just been hiding this entire time. (Incidentally, Dilbert's conclusion is approximately correct: some dinosaurs survived by, more or less, evolving into birds)

Film - Animated

In Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Mesozoic creatures such as dinosaurs survived the K-T extinction in a Lost World beneath Earth's surface, which the protagonists, a gang of prehistoric mammals, visit.

The Good Dinosaur takes place in a world where the dinosaurs never went extinct and developed a primitive society, while humans remained wild, feral creatures.

Godzilla and other of his fellow Kaiju have many origins, and sometimes are implied to be surviving dinosaurs or related to them. But the most straight use of this trope was in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, where Godzilla's origin is retconned as a surviving dinosaur living in an Island of the Pacific that interrupted an American-Japanese battle. Later mutated due to radiation from a hydrogen bomb test on the island.

Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend: A couple of young scientists discover the last remaining sauropods in the African jungle. Based on the myth of Mokele-mbembe, a Real Life African cryptid thought by locals to be a surviving race of brontosaurs.

The Beast of Hollow Mountain starts off as a Western film, then makes an abrupt Genre Shift into a monster movie when the creature killing livestock around a small Mexican town is revealed to be an Allosaurus. It beat Valley of the Gwangi to the "cowboys vs. dinosaurs" concept by a few years.

Dinosaurs surviving to modern times and developing sapience is the central plot behind the TV show Dinosapien.

Recurring culture the Silurians/Sea Devils/Homo reptilianote The first two of these are technically Fantastic Slurs, the last is more PC but would give any biologist hives in Doctor Who are sentient, vaguely-human-shaped dinosaurs from Earth. In order to escape an expected planetary catastrophe that never materialised, they either left to colonise other planets or went into hibernation deep underground. There have been several violent confrontations between them and the humans who evolved millions of years later and took over "their" planet. In some stories, they even have pet non-sentient dinosaurs.

The Voth in Star Trek: Voyager are descendants of hadrosaurs that left Earth after discovering space travel, reaching the other extreme of the Galaxy, or Delta Quadrant. But, except for some scientists, they are totally unaware of their Earthly origins, as their religion says they are natives of that region of space.

The Sliders's episode "Dinoslide" shows a parallel world where dinosaurs never became extinct, becoming an endangered species.

In the Chilean puppet show 31 Minutos, one of the songs of the show is Dinosaur Anacleto, the only surviving dinosaur on the Earth that even became a showbiz personality. The song is in general a melancholic one, since the main theme of the song is how lonely Anacleto is because all his dinosaur friends are dead and he wants friends again.

Religion & Myths

Some Creationists believe that dinosaurs survive up to historical times and co-exist with modern humans. Some even think that dinosaurs still exist and are the origin of several cryptids like the Loch Ness Monster.

As mentioned in the film section, some cryptids around the world are thought to be living dinosaurs. The first one was probably the Loch Ness Monster. Africa has several, especially around the Congo region with Mkele Mbembe as the most famous one. There's also the Ropen (an alleged living pterodactyl) in Indonesia. Most modern cryptozoologists do not take these claims serious and, although they do believe some of these animals could be undiscovered species, most of them do not think they are literally [non-avian] dinosaurs.

Tabletop Games

In Pathfinder, dinosaurs exist as powerful apex predators in the primeval Realm of the Mammoth Lords and the trackless Mwangi Expanse. They serve as the most powerful animals to exist without magical backing.

Western Animation

A surviving pterodactyl appears in the Jonny Quest episode "Turu the Terrible".

You qualify your write-up to be about non-avian dinos, but you should also probably mention explicitly that avian dinosaurs have, indeed, never left, and that, as far as contemporary science is concerned, modern birds are dinosaurs.

That's closer. Yet I feel is too broad, it has examples from magic and using of time travel to bring back creatures, with this been a case of surviving the mass extinction up to present time or as in Doctor Who and Star Trek becoming an alien civilization.

In fact some of the examples there could be brought here instead. For example the one of Pirates in an Adventure with Scientists!

Dilbert introduces dinosaur characters after Dilbert proves mathematically that it's impossible for the dinosaurs to have become totally extinct. Turns out they've just been hiding this entire time. (Incidentally, Dilbert's conclusion is approximately correct: some dinosaurs survived by, more or less, evolving into birds)

World Of Warcraft: Set in the fantasy world of Azeroth, the game features a few beasts clearly based on dinosaurs, coexisting with both modern animals and fantasy creatures. This includes enormous, scaly Raptors, the tyrannosaur-like Devilsaurs, the stegosaur-like Stegodons and the Dimetrodon-like Diemetradon.

The Beast Of Hollow Mountain starts off as a Western film, then makes an abrupt Genre Shift into a monster movie when the creature killing livestock around a small Mexican town is revealed to be an Allosaurus. It beat Valley of the Gwangi to the "cowboys vs. dinosaurs" concept by a few years.

In Pathfinder, dinosaurs exist as powerful apex predators in the primeval Realm of the Mammoth Lords and the trackless Mwangi Expanse. They serve as the most powerful animals to exist without magical backing.

In the Chilean puppet show Treinta Y Un Minutos, one of the songs of the show is Dinosaur Anacleto, the only surviving dinosaur on the Earth that even became a showbiz personality. The song is in general a melancholic one, since the main theme of the song is how lonely Anacleto is because all his dinosaur friends are dead and he wants friends again.

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