Demonstrators gathered near the White House on March 11 to protest President Trump's travel ban on six Muslim countries.

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Originally published on March 16, 2017 10:58 am

Updated at 3:30 a.m. ET Thursday

Hours after a federal judge in Hawaii issued a nationwide temporary restraining order against President Trump's travel ban, U.S. District Court Judge Theodore D. Chuang, in Maryland, issued a nationwide preliminary injunction prohibiting the enforcement of the 90-day ban against travelers from Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen. Chuang's order denies the plaintiffs' request to block other parts of Trump's March 6 executive order, including the temporary ban on refugees.

Updated at 10:00 p.m. ET Wednesday

U.S. District Court Judge Derrick K. Watson has issued a nationwide temporary restraining order, preventing President Trump's revised travel ban from taking effect at midnight Wednesday. Trump's executive order would have temporarily halted the U.S. refugee program and travel from six Muslim-majority countries.

Trump, speaking at a rally in Nashville, Tenn., called the restraining order "unprecedented judicial overreach." He said, "The law and the Constitution give the president the power to suspend immigration — when he deems — or she, fortunately it will not be Hillary, 'she' — when he or she deems it to be in the national interests of our country."

He said he would fight all the way to the Supreme Court if necessary.

Department of Justice attorneys had argued that the ban was necessary to protect the nation's security and that it had been revised to address legal concerns. State attorneys general and immigrant rights activists argued the travel ban amounted to an unconstitutional Muslim ban.

Justice Department spokeswoman Sarah Isgur Flores released this statement after the ruling:

"The Department of Justice strongly disagrees with the federal district court's ruling, which is flawed both in reasoning and in scope. The President's Executive Order falls squarely within his lawful authority in seeking to protect our Nation's security, and the Department will continue to defend this Executive Order in the courts."

Executive order was revised after court defeat

After a federal district court and the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals blocked the first travel ban, the revised version temporarily suspended entry by travelers from six mostly Muslim countries, not seven, as the original did. (Iraq was dropped from the list.) And the new order made clear that it didn't apply to lawful permanent residents, also known as green card holders, or to people holding valid visas issued before the ban's effective date.

It still suspended the U.S. refugee program for 120 days. It also cut the number of refugees the U.S. would accept this year by more than half, from 110,000 to 50,000.

Refugees from Syria were no longer banned indefinitely. And the revised order dropped language that was intended to favor religious minorities, which Trump had signaled would apply to persecuted Christians from the Middle East.

Hawaii

Watson wrote that the state of Hawaii, challenging the executive order, has a strong likelihood of succeeding in pursuing the claims that the president's action would violate protections against religious discrimination and would hurt state businesses and universities, as well as the tourism industry.

The judge concluded, based on the historical context of the travel ban and public statements made by the president, that "a reasonable, objective observer ... would conclude that the Executive Order was issued with a purpose to disfavor a particular religion[.]"

Lawyers for the Justice Department had argued that Trump acted within his powers to set immigration policy and protect national security. They also argued that Hawaii's claims of harm were speculative.

But attorneys for Hawaii offered the case of Ismail Elshikh, the imam of a Honolulu mosque. His mother-in-law has applied for an immigrant visa from Syria. Elshikh said that she would be barred from the United States if the executive order were implemented.

Along with Hawaii, courts in Maryland and Washington state have heard challenges to the new revised travel ban.

Washington

Federal District Judge James L. Robart, who had blocked much of the White House's first travel ban last month in Seattle, is also handling two cases challenging the new ban. One case involves four citizens or permanent residents who argue that access to visas for their family members would be disrupted. The other challenge comes from Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson — along with his counterparts from Minnesota, New York, California, Maryland, Massachusetts and Oregon.

"What we're looking at is what Donald Trump said when he was running for president," Ferguson told NPR's Morning Edition. "He said he wanted to create a Muslim ban." Ferguson argues that's "strong evidence that the intent behind these executive orders was actually less about national security and more about a Muslim ban."

Maryland

In a case before U.S. District Judge Theodore D. Chuang in Maryland, Department of Justice lawyer Jeffrey Wall argued that the executive order "doesn't say anything about religion" and "doesn't send a religious message."

In that case, the plaintiffs are two refugee rights groups being helped by the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Immigration Law Center. They maintain the order is a Muslim ban, like Trump proposed on the campaign trail. Lee Gelernt of the ACLU tells NPR that the context of the order, including Trump's campaign statements, should be considered and makes the order's intent clear.

"The purpose of this was to ban Muslims and we are hopeful that the judge, like other courts, will ... not turn a blind eye to what's happening — that the administration just made certain tweaks to get around a court order but still has the same policy purpose," Gelernt said.

National security

When the White House announced the second travel ban last week, Attorney General Jeff Sessions offered some new support for the temporary freeze on refugee resettlement. "More than 300 people who came here as refugees are under FBI investigation for potential terrorism-related activities," Sessions said. But the Department of Justice declined to provide further information about the nature of those cases or which countries those refugees came from.

Refugee resettlement organizations argue that there's no legitimate reason for the ban. They say it would cause lasting harm to them and the people they assist.

"It's not just about picking up refugees at the airport," said Mark Hetfield, CEO of HIAS, one of the nine major resettlement agencies and a plaintiff in the Maryland case. On a conference call with reporters, Hetfield said that agencies like his offer a range of services, such as help locating and furnishing apartments, finding a job and getting kids signed up for school. If the refugee program is suspended, Hetfield says, it will be "very difficult to get things going again."

Lawyers for DOJ said a travel ban gives time to shore up vetting procedures for travelers from six countries that either are state sponsors of terrorism or have harbored terrorists.

Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:

President Trump's revised travel ban is set to take effect just after midnight. Before it does, immigrants - immigrant rights activists are asking courts across the country to block the order again. The measure signed by the president last week temporarily halts the U.S. refugee program in addition to travel from six majority Muslim countries. We expect at least one judge to rule today.

And NPR's Joel Rose joins us now with the latest. And, Joel, a federal judge in Maryland heard the first case this morning. Can you tell us what happened there?

JOEL ROSE, BYLINE: Sure. That case was brought by a refugee resettlement - by several refugee resettlement agencies and the ACLU. They argue that this is a Muslim ban like the one that candidate Trump talked about when he proposed a total shutdown of Muslims coming into the U.S., and they argue that the courts should take that into consideration. Mark Hetfield is the CEO of HIAS, the Jewish communities refugee resettlement organization, and one of the plaintiffs. Let's listen.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

MARK HETFIELD: You have to look at the statements that were made that led up to this ban. And candidate Trump was very clear what he was going to do, and he did it after being in office only for one week. And then he issues a second ban, which is almost the exact same effect as the first ban.

ROSE: Lawyers from the Department of Justice dispute that. They say the second travel ban is, quote, "substantially different" from the one that was blocked by a federal judge last month, and they also deny any religious basis for the ban. They say it's intended to protect national security - that the president is concerned about preventing the entrance of, quote, "radical Islamic terrorists."

The DOJ says that these six countries included in the travel ban are either considered sponsors of terror or have harbored terrorists and that it is perfectly legal for the president to do this regardless of what he said during the campaign. The judge said he would rule soon but not necessarily today.

CORNISH: Now, is a judge in Washington state that blocked President Trump's first executive order on these travel restrictions last month - what's the difference between that and this case?

ROSE: That case was a challenge led by the state of Washington, and it's since been joined by about half a dozen other states, including New York and California. And they want that judge, James Robart, to extend the injunction to cover the second travel ban.

The Department of Justice argues against that because they say this new executive order is narrower in a few important ways. There are only six countries on the list. Iraq is off. Green card holders, lawful permanent residents are exempt. Syrian refugees are not banned indefinitely, only for 120 days like all refugees. And people can apply for a waiver on a case-by-case basis.

The judge has not ruled on that case yet. But Judge Robart is holding a hearing on a separate challenge to the travel ban. This is a case that was brought by four citizens or green card holders in Washington who argue that their family members would not be able to get visas under the new travel ban.

CORNISH: And finally, a hearing before a judge in Hawaii taking place this afternoon. What are you expecting there?

ROSE: Well, this is a case that was brought by the state of Hawaii and an imam who is the head of the only mosque on the island of Oahu. And like the Washington case, the state is arguing here that the executive order discriminates against Muslims. Hawaii says the travel ban would also hurt the state's economy, including its tourism industry.

The Department of Justice rejects that claim as just speculation. A lawyer for DOJ argued again that the travel ban is based on nationality not religion and, therefore, is perfectly legal. The judge in Hawaii says he will issue a ruling before midnight Eastern Time.