We model hooligans as persons who derive utility from conflict. Legal penalties for conflicting with non-hooligans drive hooligans to form a kind of “fight club” where they fight only one another.

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TESI

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it attracts ultra-violent persons we call “sadists.” If the proportion of fight-club members who are sadists grows sufficiently high, the fight club self-destructs.

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SADICI

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Rules that regulate the form club conflict can take, but don’t eliminate conflict, can prevent the club from self-destructing even when populated exclusively by sadists.

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REGOLE

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1 Introduction

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T

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Conflict is a means, not an end.

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TRADIZIONE

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With hooligans things are different. Hooligans don’t conflict to get more of a contested resource. They conflict to conflict. For hooligans, fighting is a source of utility.

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CNFLITTO IN SÈ

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2 The “English Disease”

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aT

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Hooligans are distinct from “ordinary” football fans who might occasionally drink too much and find themselves in altercations with the fans of opposing teams. The former persons see conflict with likeminded rival fans as one of their primary ends.

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TIFOSI E HOOLIGAN

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In the words of one hooligan, “being involved in football violence is the most incredibly exciting and enjoyable thing. To anyone who has not been a part of it, that will probably be an astonishing statement but nevertheless, it is the truth” (Brimson 2000: 56).

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PAROLE

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“I go to a match for one reason only: the aggro [i.e., fighting] . . . . I get so much pleasure when I’m having aggro that I nearly wet my pants . . . I go all over the country looking for it . . . every night during the week we go around town looking for trouble”

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TESTIM

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However, they’re similar to most other people in that they don’t enjoy being seriously injured. Hooligans aren’t masochists. Hooligans are willing to subject themselves to a reasonably small probability of serious injury, which naturally attends any altercation.

many hooligan fights are ritualistic and non-violent (Marsh 1978a; Marsh et al. 1978). They involve verbal conflicts, such as taunting, name calling, and chasing. Even physically violent hooligan conflicts, which may involve punching, kicking, and weapons, rarely result in serious injuries.

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RITUALE

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Hooliganism is an activity known for violent conflict. It threatens to attract sadistic persons— persons who enjoy seriously injuring others in violent conflicts. Thus we would expect hooliganism to suffer from uncontrolled conflict and generate rampant serious injuries.

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IL RISCHIO

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3.2 “Fight Club” Formation and its Sadistic Spoilers

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T

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3.3 Regulating Conflict

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T

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Sadists spoil the fight club and put all hooligans back “in the wild” where they’re unable to realize the gains from trade available from fighting one another. This reduces brawlers’ welfare. But it reduces sadists’ welfare too. Sadists prefer to seriously injure their opponents when they can. But short of that, they would rather fight persons who won’t prosecute them for assault than be unable to fight at all.

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IL DANNO DEI SADICI

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4 Ordered Disorder: A Hooligan Code of Conduct

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T

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“There is . . . a certain code of honour among the firms, one which draws specific boundaries marking what is and is not acceptable behaviour” (Brimson 2000: 71).

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CODICE D ONORE

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4.1 “Fronting Up:” The Rules of Initiating Conflict

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T

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hooligans seek to fight other hooligans— not ordinary football fans or other members of the non-hooligan public, who are likely to bring them legal trouble.

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EVITARE SCONTRI COI CIVILI

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hooligans have historically seated themselves in particular areas of football stadiums known to be inhabited by hooligans

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ZONE DELLO STADIO PRE DETERMINATE

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seating areas immediately behind the goals

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pubs,

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train stations,

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Traditionally, hooligans have worn scarves around their wrists and shirts in their team’s colors and Doc Marten boots

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DIVISA

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members of the Chelsea Headhunters became known for wearing “Armani pullovers and other designer clothes” (Haley 2001). Other hooligans sport gear from CP Company, Paul & Shark, Ralph Lauren, Stone Island, and Versace (Thornton 2003). 10

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CHEALSEA

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When non-hooligans come into the danger area amidst a “fight-club” foray, hooligans may even cease fighting to avoid the legal repercussions

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PAUSA

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Once a fellow “fight-club” member has been identified, to initiate a fight the hooligan code requires a clear challenge to be made and accepted by the rival hooligan( s)

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SFIDA

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Fight initiation may involve behavior as simple as staring intently at a rival hooligan without diverting one’s eyes, to name calling, chanting or singing threats or boasts, or, at matches, the invasion of rival hooligans’ seating area— their

hooligan rules for initiating fights permit hooligans who on a particular occasion aren’t up to a fight, perhaps because they’re severely outnumbered, physically weak, or suffering from some other circumstance that would render them less capable of more evenly defending themselves, to decline physical conflict

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DIRITTO A DECLINARE

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4.2 “Booting and Nutting:” The Rules of Conflict

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T

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Most physical fights between hooligans are with fists and feet. However, certain weapons are also permitted.

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MEZZI

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“Glasses and bottles are acceptable . . . anything you can get hold of, you know, a bar stool, ashtray, bottle, because they’ve got the same chance; but knives are out of order”

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TAGLIO OCCASIONALE

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Everyday objects lying about in the space where a physical fight occurs are available to both adversaries.

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OGGETTI CASUALI

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A final rule of fighting is that a fight may be ended at any time by either fighter. According to the hooligan code, when a hooligan indicates that he’s had enough, the conflict must cease

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FINE

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refraining from action, keeping quiet, looking down at the floor, and running

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SEGNI DI RESA

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4.3 Enforcing the Hooligan Code

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T

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Hooligans use reputation to enforce the rules that regulate “fight-club” conflict.

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REPUTAZIONE

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the reputation of his firm and his reputation as an individual within his firm.

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INDIVIDUALE E COLLETTIVA

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reputation for not being rule-breaking cowards.

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CODARDO

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For example, the “Blades Business Crew” not only didn’t carry knives. They considered anyone who did carry them weak and cowardly and so ostracized them

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COLTELLI

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“Bringing a Knife . . . by your own supporters sometimes it’s looked down on as being a form of, you know, cowardice”

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ESTERNALITÀ REPUTAZIONALI

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Indeed, to protect their reputations, hooligan firms are unlikely to admit simply anyone expressing an interest to join them. Rather, membership is restricted, requiring a lengthy process through which a would-be firm member must demonstrate his character to existing firm members (Brimson and Brimson 1996: 73).