A: Chapter 4: Cell Reproduction

404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 96. Cell Reproduction Why a tur tle, not a chicken? sections A sweet potato plant can be grown from just 1 Cell Division and Mitosis Lab Mitosis in Plant cells one potato, but turtles and most other ani- mals need to have two parents. A cut on 2 Sexual Reproduction and your finger heals. How do these things hap- Meiosis pen? In this Chapter , you will find answers 3 DNA to these questions as you learn about cell Lab Mutations Reproduction . Virtual Lab What is the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis? Science Journal Write three things that you know about how and why cells reproduce. 96 . A. Zig Zig Leszcynski/Animals Leszcynski/Animals Animals Animals 404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 97. Start-Up Activities How and Why cells Divide Make the following Foldable to help you organize information Infer About Seed Growth from the Chapter about cell Reproduction .

A 97 How and Why Cells Divide Make the following Foldable to help you organize information from the chapter about cell reproduction. Draw a mark at the midpoint of a

Transcription of A: Chapter 4: Cell Reproduction

1 404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 96. Cell Reproduction Why a tur tle, not a chicken? sections A sweet potato plant can be grown from just 1 Cell Division and Mitosis Lab Mitosis in Plant cells one potato, but turtles and most other ani- mals need to have two parents. A cut on 2 Sexual Reproduction and your finger heals. How do these things hap- Meiosis pen? In this Chapter , you will find answers 3 DNA to these questions as you learn about cell Lab Mutations Reproduction . Virtual Lab What is the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis? Science Journal Write three things that you know about how and why cells reproduce. 96 . A. Zig Zig Leszcynski/Animals Leszcynski/Animals Animals Animals 404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 97. Start-Up Activities How and Why cells Divide Make the following Foldable to help you organize information Infer About Seed Growth from the Chapter about cell Reproduction .

2 Most flower and vegetable seeds sprout and STEP 1 Draw a mark at the midpoint of a grow into entire plants in just a few weeks. vertical sheet of paper along the Although all of the cells in a seed have infor- side edge. mation and instructions to produce a new plant, only some of the cells in the seed use the information. Where are these cells in seeds? Do the following lab to find out. 1. Carefully split open two bean seeds that have soaked in water overnight. STEP 2 Turn the paper horizontally and fold 2. Observe both halves and record your the outside edges in to touch at the observations. midpoint mark. 3. Wrap all four halves in a moist paper towel. Then put them into a self-sealing, plastic bag and seal the bag. 4. Make observations every day for a few days. 5. Think Critically Write a paragraph that describes what you observe.

3 Hypothesize STEP 3 Use a pencil to draw a cell on the which cells in seeds use information about front of your Foldable as shown. how plants grow. Analyze As you read the Chapter , write under the flaps how cells divide. In the middle section, list why cells divide. Preview this Chapter 's content and activities at A 97. Zig Zig Leszcynski/Animals Leszcynski/Animals Animals Animals 404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 98. Cell Division and Mitosis Why is cell division important? What do you, an octopus, and an oak tree have in common? You share many characteristics, but an important one is that you Explain why mitosis is are all made of cells trillions of cells . Where did all of those important. cells come from? As amazing as it might seem, many organisms Examine the steps of mitosis. start as just one cell. That cell divides and becomes two, two Compare mitosis in plant and become four, four become eight, and so on.

4 Many-celled organ- animal cells . isms, including you, grow because cell division increases the List two examples of asexual Reproduction . total number of cells in an organism. Even after growth stops, cell division is still important. Every day, billions of red blood cells in your body wear out and are replaced. During the few sec- Your growth, like that of many onds it takes you to read this sentence, your bone marrow organisms, depends on cell division. produced about six million red blood cells . Cell division is important to one-celled organisms, too it's how they repro- Review Vocabulary duce themselves, as shown in Figure 1. Cell division isn't as sim- nucleus: organelle that controls ple as just cutting the cell in half, so how do cells divide? all the activities of a cell and con- tains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA The Cell Cycle New Vocabulary A living organism has a life cycle.

5 A life cycle begins with the mitosis chromosome organism's formation, is followed by growth and development, and finally ends in death. Right now, you are in a stage of your asexual Reproduction life cycle called adolescence, which is a period of active growth and development. Individual cells also have life cycles. Figure 1 All organisms use cell division. Many-celled organisms, Like this dividing amoeba, a one-celled organism such as this octopus, grow reaches a certain size and then reproduces. by increasing the numbers of their cells . 98 A. (l)Dave B. Fleetham/Tom Stack & Assoc., (r)Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited 404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 99. Figure 2 Interphase is the Cell Cycle longest part of the cell cycle. Identify When do chromosomes duplicate? Interphase Cell grows and DNA is copied;. functions, organelles chromosomes duplicate.

6 Duplicate. Cell grows and Cytoplasm prepares for mitosis. divides. Mitosis occurs. Length of Cycle The cell cycle, as shown in Figure 2, is a series of events that takes place from one cell division to the next. The time it takes to complete a cell cycle is not the same in all cells . For example, the cycle for cells in some bean plants Oncologist In most cells , takes about 19 h to complete. cells in animal embryos divide the cell cycle is well con- rapidly and can complete their cycles in less than 20 min. In trolled. Cancer cells , how- some human cells , the cell cycle takes about 16 h. cells in ever, have uncontrolled cell division. Doctors who diag- humans that are needed for repair, growth, or replacement, like nose, study, and treat can- skin and bone cells , constantly repeat the cycle. cer are called oncologists. Someone wanting to Interphase Most of the life of any eukaryotic cell a cell with become an oncologist must a nucleus is spent in a period of growth and development first complete medical called interphase.

7cells in your body that no longer divide, such school before training in as nerve and muscle cells , are always in interphase. An actively oncology. Research the sub- specialities of oncology. List dividing cell, such as a skin cell, copies its hereditary material and describe them in your and prepares for cell division during interphase. Science Journal. Why is it important for a cell to copy its hereditary informa- tion before dividing? Imagine that you have a part in a play and the director has one complete copy of the script. If the director gave only one page to each person in the play, no one would have the entire script. Instead the director makes a complete, separate copy of the script for each member of the cast so that each one can learn his or her part. Before a cell divides, a copy of the hereditary material must be made so that each of the two new cells will get a complete copy.

8 Just as the actors in the play need the entire script, each cell needs a complete set of heredi- tary material to carry out life functions. After interphase, cell division begins. The nucleus divides, and then the cytoplasm separates to form two new cells . SECTION 1 Cell Division and Mitosis A 99. 404-S1-MSS05_LBA 08/19/2004 11:23 AM Page 100. Mitosis Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited Chromatids Duplication Mitosis (mi TOH sus) is the process in which the Centromere nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei. Each new nucleus also is identical to the original nucleus. Mitosis is described as a series of phases, or steps. The steps of mitosis in order are named prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Unduplicated Duplicated chromosome chromosome Steps of Mitosis When any nucleus divides, the chromosomes (KROH muh sohmz) play the impor- Figure 3 DNA is copied during tant part.

9 A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus that con- interphase. An unduplicated chro- tains hereditary material. During interphase, each chromosome mosome has one strand of DNA. duplicates. When the nucleus is ready to divide, each duplicated A duplicated chromosome has two chromosome coils tightly into two thickened, identical strands identical DNA strands, called chro- called chromatids, as shown in Figure 3. matids, that are held together at a region called the centromere. How are chromosomes and chromatids related? During prophase, the pairs of chromatids are fully visible when viewed under a microscope. The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disintegrate. Two small structures called centrioles (SEN tree olz) move to opposite ends of the cell. Between the centrioles, threadlike spindle fibers begin to stretch across the cell. Plant cells also form spindle fibers during mito- sis but do not have centrioles.

10 Figure 4 The cell plate shown In metaphase, the pairs of chromatids line up across the cen- in this plant cell appears when the ter of the cell. The centromere of each pair usually becomes cytoplasm is being divided. attached to two spindle fibers one from each side of the cell. Identify what phase of mitosis will In anaphase, each centromere divides and the spindle fibers be next. shorten. Each pair of chromatids separates, and chromatids begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. The separated chro- matids are now called chromosomes. In the final step, telophase, spindle fibers start to disappear, the chromosomes start to uncoil, and a new nucleus forms. Cell plate Division of the Cytoplasm For most cells , after the nucleus has divided, the cytoplasm separates and two new cells are formed. In animal cells , the cell membrane pinches in the mid- dle, like a balloon with a string tightened around it, and the cytoplasm divides.

4 Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 2. Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes only from life (biogenesis).3. Growth and Development. Heritable programs stored in DNA direct the species-specific pattern of growth and development.

Page 1 of 9 Chapter 8 Notes: Social Relations Behavioral ecology: relationships between organisms and environments that are mediated by behavior. Sociobiology: branch of biology concerned with study of social relations. Evolutionary fitness: number of offspring (genes) contributed to future generations. Fitness can be substantially influenced by social relations within a population.