positive reinforcement of behaviors that move closer and closer to the target behavior (ex: learning how to ride a bike)

Reinforcer

conditioned- stimuli that become reinforcing because of experiences where they are assoicated with other reinforcers, it is learned or secondaryUnconditioned - Inherieted capacity to be reinforced by some stimuli, it is primary or unlearned

retrieval method that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time. this quantifies retrieval

Sex

a biological classification based on genetic compostiton, anatomy, and hormones.

Tolman

early cognitive theorist, argued that reinforcement has more impact on performance than on learning.

Instrumental

Response is the instrument that produces the outcomeResponse is the intrumental behaviorchange the rate of behavior based on contingenciesthere will be an increase or decrease in behavior the outcome of the behavior is the "reinforcer"

resurgence

The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement.

Neurons

Nerve fibers, collect and process incoming information

Latent Learning

learning that remains hidden or concealed until a later time

Reinforcement

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

cognitive maps

a mental representation, of something, (rats in a maze with food)

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

something that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Episodic

personal experience Ex: where were you on 9/11?

acquisition

initial stage of learning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

CS+US

sensory preconditioning

Two neutral stimuli are repeatedly presented together in a neutral context. Then one of these stimuli is paired with the US resulting in both of the previously neutral stimuli acquire eliciting properties.

Secondary Reinforcers

Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

Lifespan Developmental Psychology

concerned with the systematic physical, cognitive, and psychosocial processes that lead to these changes that occur throughout life.

E.L. Thorndike

his experiments established the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior

Skinner Box

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded unsupervised

Skepticism

our mental copies do not correspond to reality

effort info processing

effort of the conscious processor

positive punishment

weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus

Connectionist model

Cognition as networks of uninformed, unlabeled connections between "nodes"; help to integrate neuroscience with psychology; distributed representation (golden retriever/dog overlap)

Conditioned responce

A learned responce to a previousaly neutral stimulus

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

how are phobias maintained?

through avoidance conditioning (under operant learning)

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

a stimulus that is associated with reinforcement for a particular behavior in a particular situation (e.g., key pecking in a Skinner box)

Classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

semantic encoding

type of encoding that encodes meaning of things and words

observational learning

learning by watching others such as models: parents, teachers, and others who are influential to us.

fixed interval

reward follows after a defined period of time (ex: quiz every friday)

Law of Effect

As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in", while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out".

schedules of reinforcement

timeline that determines when a behavior will be rewarded

critical periods

limited age ranges in which particular kinds of environmental stiumuli have their greatest impact in aspects of brain development. ex. children who began musical training before age 10 show greater activation in a certain part of their brains than those who began their training at an older age; also learing a new language

Materialism

first blow, belief that there is no soul at all, we are just complex animals LaMettrie

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Difference image

Subtract image of baseline brain from the image of a brain engaged in specific activity- shows which brain regions change or remain constant

Neutral Stimulus

The sight or sound that the organism will later learn to assoc. with a reinforcement.

Rhesus macaque monkey are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact ofA. observational learning
B. immediate reinforcement
C. spontaneous recovery
D. respondent behav

A. observational learning

Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

A reinforcement schedule that delivers a reinforcer after a variable and unpredictable number of responses.

what are the two types of learning?

associative and non-associative

chained schedule

A schedule that consists of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each of which has its own SD and the last of which results in a terminal reinforcer.

Classical Conditioning Concepts

The CS (neutral) must come before the UCS.2. The CS and UCS must come very close together in time—ideally, only several seconds apart. 3. The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before conditioning can take place.

ratio schedule

giving a reward based on the number of responses

Interval Schedule

based on a specific unit of time, as when a behavior is reinforced when it is is performed every minute or hour

S substitution model

organism comes to respond to CS in same way as responded to US

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

a sudden realization of a solution or leap in understanding new concepts

-behaviors learned from other individuals

-customary/habitual: shown by relevant individuals

- not trial and error; not a result of eco or geo factors

- present in one site and absent in another eco-similar site

What is an 'animal culture' trait or behavior?

The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning

The Neural Elements of Classical Conditioning

Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?
A. a dog conditioned to salivate to a low-pitched tone
B. a little boy who doesn't run into the street after being reprimanded by his mother
C. a rat that has developoed a taste aversio

E. a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark