neurotransmitter released by adrenergic nerve terminals in the autonomic nerve system that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure

Glucocorticoids-

and of a group of steroid hormones like cortisone that are produced by the adrenal cortex which are involved in carb protein and fat metabolism

What do glucocorticoids like cortisone do in long term response to stress?

Ensure the availability of fuel molecules to support important bodily functions but can be negative because they can only make amino acids available for glucose synthesis by promoting the degradation of proteins in muscle, impair wound healing and suppress immune and inflammatory responses that use energy

Adipose tissue-

glucocorticoids cause this (fat tissue) and resting muscles to become resistant to the effects of insulin

What do hormones in the adrenal gland do?

Coordinate a response to short and long term stresses

Anterior pituitary-

hypothalamus makes many hormones that gets secreted into blood vessel to the anterior pituitary which then makes more hormones like the growth hormone, ACTH,TSH prolactin and FSH and LH

Growth hormone-

stimulates growth targets many tissues

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

targets adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-

targets thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin

Prolactin-

targets mammary glands for growth and milk production in females

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)-

targets testes or ovaries for the production of sex hormones and regulates menstrual cycle

It is used as an energy mobilizer in response to stress because it gets broken down and sends energy elsewhere (long-term tress)

What are the neg effects of cortical?

Inhibits immune function because it takes resources in immune system and redirects energy away from places that don’t need it to places that do

What is a rash?

Overactive immune system

What is epinephrine?

Energy mobilizer in response to short term stress that causes constriction of blood vessels and rises blood pressure

Which acts more quickly: cortisol or epinephrine?

Epinephrine

What are two characteristics of peptides?

Hydrophilic and lipophobic

What are two characteristics of steroids?

Hydrophobic and lipophilic

Receptors-

hormones bind to them in target tissue so responses can only happen with them present

What is the effect of steroid hormone on a target cell?

Hormone diffuses into cell, binds to intracellular receptor, binds to hormone response element which stimulates transcription and makes a new protein (it is slow to begin with but long lasting)

Hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis-

hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH which stimulates testes to secrete testosterone, and ovaries to secrete estradiol and progesterone which inhibit production of LH and GnRH by negative feedback so the level of hormone stays constant

Where are testosterone and estradiol secretes from and what do they do?

Gonads; they regulate development of secondary sex characteristics

What do peptides and most amino acid derived hormones bind to?

Plasma membrane bound receptors

Signal transduction-

hormone activates second messenger inside cell leading to a response resulting in an amplified response