in aquatic biome, communities of plants and animals are distributed according to what 2 factors?

depth and distance

littoral zone

shallow and close to shore where floating aquatic plants flourish

limnetic zone

farther from shore occupied by phytoplankton consisting of algae and cyanobacteria

profundal zone

deep aphotic region where detritus sink down

microbes in profundal and benthic zones...

use oxygen for cellular respiration as they decompose detritus

oligotrophic

deep and nutrient poor, phytoplankton in the limnetic zone not productive

eutrophic

shallow and nutrient rich, phytoplankton are very productive, waters are murky

mesotrophic

moderate amount of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity, between the oligotrophic and eutrophic extremes

runoff from fertilized lawns and agricultural fields and the dumping of wastes do what to the lakes?

"cultural eutrophication", enrich lakes with excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus with algae population explosion and depletion of oxygen supplies

littoral community consist of...

attached algae, grazing snails, arthropods, fishes, and amphibians

photosynthesis occurs which lake zone?

limnetic zone

deep waters are unsuitable for most organisms because...

decomposers deplete the oxygen supply in the profundal zone

biannual turnover

brings oxygen to the profundal zone and nutrients to the limnetic zone

clear water and oxygen rich supporting diverse populations of fish and invertebrates

oligotrophic lakes

high organic content in the benthos leading to high decomposition rates and low oxygen supplies

eutrophic lakes

rivers and streams

nutrient content determined by the terrain and vegetation nearby, fallen leaves add amounts of organic matter, weathering of rocks increase the concentration of inorganic nutrients, the turbulent flow oxygenates the water

wetland

area covered with water that supports aquatic plants, range from periodically flooded regions to soil that is permanently saturated during the growing season

types of wetlands

marshes, swamps, bogs, pools

hydrophytes ("water plants")

floating pond lilies, emergent cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce grow in water or in soil that is periodically anaerobic due to the presence of water

seasonal drought, occasional fires, and grazing by mammals prevent establishment of woody shrubs and trees, soil is deep and rich in nutrients

temperate deciduous forests

deciduous trees, occur in midlatitudes where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees, distinct vertical layers, drop leaves before winter, hibernation and migration

coniferous forests

cone-bearing trees such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock dominate, warm and moist air, dominated by a few tree species, known as taiga, largest terrestrial biome, heavy snowfall, conical shaped trees prevent too much snow from accumulating on branches