Jutanugarn has an older sister, Moriya, who is also a professional golfer.[5] Their parents are father Somboon and mother Narumon and they have four older half-siblings through their father. The two sisters often play matches together and travel with their parents, who handle their business and financial affairs.[6] The parents own a professional golf shop at the Rose Garden Golf Course near Bangkok.[6]

Jutanugarn qualified for the 2007 Honda LPGA Thailand at age 11, making her the youngest player ever to qualify for an LPGA Tour event.[2] As of early May 2013, she had played in three LPGA tournaments and four Ladies European Tour (LET) tournaments and had five top-4 finishes.[5] In 2012, she was winner of the American Junior Golf Association (AFGA) girl Player of the Year for the second consecutive year.[1][7] She turned professional at the end of 2012[8] and joined the Ladies European Tour in 2013.

In a practice round at the 2013 Wegmans LPGA Championship, Jutanugarn injured her shoulder by tumbling down an incline while chasing her sister Moriya with a water bottle.[14] The injury required corrective surgery, which was performed in Bangkok.[15]

Despite a mid-season slump in 2017 where Jutanugarn missed five cuts plus one withdrawal in a seven-tournament stretch, she still managed to win her 6th and 7th Tour titles. Her second Tour title of the year was the CME Group Tour Championship, the last event of the year, where she won $500,000 after finishing the weekend with back-to-back 67s. In addition to her two Tour wins, Jutanugarn racked up three runner-up finishes, a third place showing, and a total of 10 top-10 appearances which saw her win $1,549,858 and bringing her career total to $4,583,332. This was the second consecutive season where she earned more than $1,500,000.

In 2018, Jutanugarn won three times, including the U.S. Women's Open on 3 June 2018. On 18 November 2018, Jutanugarn won the season-long Race to the CME Globe and the $1,000,000 bonus. For the 2018 season, Jutanugarn won the LPGA Player of the Year, the LPGA Vare Trophy with a scoring average of 69.415, the Leaders Top 10 competition with 17 top-10 finishes and the LPGA money title at $2,743,949. She also set single-season records in rounds in the 60s (57) and birdies (470). She ended the 2018 season ranked number one in the world.[20]