Typically, the tools are installed as part of the Xcode package in /Applications (or wherever else you have the app itself). If you run xcode-select --print-path does it show the correct location for your Xcode?
– bmike♦Jul 25 '12 at 18:19

@bmike: yes, it shows /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer as expected. The command line tools actually seem to be in /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/usr/bin, can I just add that to my path? If so, why does Xcode say the Command Line Tools are an additional 115.1 MB?
– houbysoftJul 25 '12 at 18:21

@bmike: thanks, the stackoverflow answer worked. Still, I'd like somebody to answer the question as it stands. It's unacceptable if Apple really will officially require a special subscription just to get the tools.
– houbysoftJul 25 '12 at 18:56

Perfect - I don't think it's stupid or unacceptable, but I can see how many might feel that way. My guess is it's unintentional and due to a capacity or server side bug - but only time will tell if this is intended going forward.
– bmike♦Jul 25 '12 at 18:58

Odd - I've installed Xcode on several Mountain Lion macs and not yet needed to enter any Apple ID other than in the App Store to start the download. Glad it's resolved as a temporary issue on the server side nonetheless.
– bmike♦Jul 26 '12 at 21:15