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Grammatically? "Das" is usually an article coming before a noun, or sometimes functions as "it" when standing alone in a sentence. "Dass" introduces clauses meaning "that." I'm not sure how close the pronunciation is for those two words.

No, not really. because "Dieses Buch, das meine Mutter mir geschenkt hat, ist sehr schwer." "The book that my mother gave to me is very heavy" This is an example of ", das" with the verb at the end of the clause.

The point is that "das" points to a noun (Buch) and has to fit with the gender of that noun.
", dass" refers to..., what can I call them, concepts rather than to things.
eg "I know that it's cold today" "its a fact that, ..." "I hope that" dass
the table/flat/house that der/die und das

"later" (später) is more general; "afterwards" (danach, hinterher) is with respect to a particular event, i.e. more or less immediately after that event rather than at some vague point in the future relative to a reference point.