Congenital Heart Defect (Pulmonic Stenosis) in Cats

Pulmonic Stenosis in Cats

Pulmonic stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect characterized by the narrowing and obstruction of blood through the heart's pulmonary valve, which connects the right ventricle (one of the heart's four chambers) to the pulmonary artery. Depending on the severity of the obstruction, it can cause anything from a murmur to an arrhythmia to congestive heart failure. However, it is rather uncommon in cats, especially as an isolated defect.

Symptoms and Types

There are three types of pulmonic stenosis: valvular pulmonic stenosis (occurring in the valve), subvalvular pulmonic stenosis (occurring below the valve, and supravalvular pulmonic stenosis (just inside the pulmonary artery). Valvular pulmonic stenosis is the most common form seen in cats.

If the stenosis is mild, no clinical symptoms may be present, whereas severely affected patients may collapse with exertion or suffer from congestive heart failure (CHF). Other visible signs of pulmonic stenosis include:

Abdominal distention

Difficulty breathing

Inability to exercise normally

Causes

Congenital (present at birth).

Diagnosis

You will need to give a thorough history of your cat’s health, including the onset and nature of the symptoms, to your veterinarian. He or she will then perform a complete physical examination, as well a biochemistry profile, urinalysis, and complete blood count (CBC) -- the results of which are typically normal. Some cats may also be revealed to have polycthemia, a condition which causes an abnormally high number of red blood cells.

Other diagnositc procedures include thoracic X-rays (which may show heart enlargement), abdominal X-rays (which may show abnormal accumulation fluid in abdominal cavity (ascites), and echocardiography (which may show increase in size of right ventricle and other abnormalities related to ventricle). A more advanced version of echocardiography, Doppler Echocardiography, may be used to measure the speed of blood flow. Angiography, on the other hand, is an imaging technique used to visualize the inside of blood vessels and heart chambers, which can help identify the precise structural abnormalities before surgery.

Treatment

The course of treatment will ultimately depend on the severity of the valve obstruction. If the cat undergoes congestive heart failure (CHF), it will require immediate hospitalization. Balloon catheter dilation is relatively safe and common procedure that involves passing a catheter at the site of obstruction and inflating a balloon to dilate the obstruction. A more advanced surgical technique involves incising the obstructed cardiac valve to relieve the obstruction (valvuloplasty). However, the prevalence of complications and mortalities are much higher with this technique as compared to performing a balloon catheter dilation.

Living and Management

If long-term treatment is required, you must follow all the veterinarian's instructions and administer medication at the proper dosage and time. The cat will also need to rest in a stress-free environment -- away from children, pets, and noise -- to avoid putting undue stress on the heart. Diet restrictions often involve restricting foods with high salt content.

Cats with a mild form of pulmonic stenosis can life a normal lifespan, whereas patients with moderate and severe forms of the disorder have a more guarded prognosis, especially if congestive heart failure (CHF) has developed.

In addition, due to the genetic nature of this disorder, your veterinarian will typically recommend against breeding cats with pulmonic stenosis.

stenosis

The act of making an opening narrower.

pulmonary

Pertaining to the lungs

thoracic

Pertaining to the chest

urinalysis

An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

ventricle

a) A cavity in certain animals b) Term refers to a rear chamber in the heart or a cavity in the brain

prognosis

The prediction of a disease’s outcome in advance

distention

The process of making something larger by dilating or stretching it

ascites

The collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

artery

A large blood vessel that transports blood out of the heart.

dilate

To make something wider

dilation

The widening of something

abdominal cavity

The space in the abdomen that holds the major digestive organs in an animal. Normally referred to as the area between the diaphragm and the pelvis. Also referred to as the peritoneal cavity.

echocardiography

A procedure that is used to evaluate the health and structures of the heart