Final Multicultural Psyc

Most people draw a distinguish between emotions and feelings, but most researchers do not.

False

___ is/ are a transient, neurophysiological reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare, and require(s) an immediate behavioral response.

Emotions

Research regarding emotion on nonhuman primates has shown that:

humans share a small set of basic emotions with other nonhuman primates

Self-conscious emotions, such as shame, pride, embarrassment, and guilt :

are unique to humans

The seven basic emotions that are expressed universally in all humans are:

anger, disgust, contempt, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Although philosophers have argued and discussed the possible universal basis of facial expressions of emotions for centuries, contemporary cross-cultural research on facial expressions of emotion stems from the writings of:

Charles Darwin

According to early research, facial expressions of emotion have both communicative and adaptive value. they ensure the survival of the species by providing both ____ information to the individual, about well-being and person-environment relationships, and _____ information for others in the community.

Intrapsychic, social

When emotions are triggered, they recruit a coordinated system of components, which includes subjective experience (feelings); ______; physiological reactions;______; and cognition.

expressive behavior, action tendencies.

Winning the lottery would probably elicit happiness for most people. This is an example of:

an emotion antecedent

Which of the following is defined as the process by which people evaluate the events that lead to experiencing emotions?

emotion appraisal.

____ refers to the idea that the various response components- face, voice, physiology, etc,- are related to each other in a meaningful way.

emotion response system coherence

True or False.

One important aspect of basic emotions theory is the idea that emotions are universally expressed, but they are not universally recognized.

False, they are universally recognized.

In the study, Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen (1983) demonstrated that each of the _____, when signaled by the _____, had a distinct and discrete physiological signature in the autonomic nervous system.

universal emotions, universal expressions

What is the underlying appraisal that elicits the emotions of anger?

goal obstruction

What is the underlying appraisal that elicits the emotions of disgust?

Contamination

Cultural calibration and adaptation of the core, biologically-based emotion system refers to _____ on the core emotion system,while display rules refer to ______.

front-end cultural influences, back-end influences.

Which of the following are (is) culturally prescribed rules that govern how universal emotions can be expressed?

Cultural display rules

Ekman and Friesen (1969) suggested that there are multiple ways in which display rules can modify expressions. when a person expresses an emotion less than she actually feels it, this is referred to as:

To further research on display rules, Matsumoto and colleagues created the ______ in which participants choose a behavioral response when they experience different emotions in different social situations.

Display Rule Assessment Inventory

A lexicon refers to:

words contained in a language, the vocabulary

semantics refers to:

What words mean

In Japan, the english words for "I","we", and "you" can have different meanings because:

in Japanese what you call yourself and others is totally dependent on the relationship between you and the other person.

The syntax and grammar of a language refer to:

the system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances.

Carroll and Casagrande's study (1958) involving low-income African American children and European American children provided early support for the idea that:

the language we speak influences the kind of thoughts we have

According to fishman's classification of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which level is the most complex?

Level 4

True or False.

All humans have an innate ability to acquire language and the exact mechanisms are now well understand. However, language acquisition does not occur in all individuals.

False

What are the smallest and most basic units of meaning in a language?

Morphemes

______ refer(s) to nonverbal gestures that carry meaning, like a phrase or sentence.

Emblems

Which of the following is most accurate regarding infants and language?

through interactions with others, infants' sound production is shaped and reinforced so that certain sounds are encouraged while certain others are not.

Many cultural differences in pragmatics can be summarized in terms of ____. for example, some languages are very direct others very indirect.

communication style

The sapir-whorf hypothesis, also referred to as ______, suggests that speakers of different languages think differently, and that they do so because of the differences in their languages.

Linguistic relativity

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that people who speak more than one language may actually have _______ when speaking different languages.

different thought patterns

In their study of cultural effects on color perception Berlin and Kay (1969) suggested:

That people in different cultures perceive colors in much the same way despite radical differences in their language.

nonverbal behaviors are:

all the behaviors that occur during communication other than words.

In the Dani lexicon of the Irian Jaya tribe in Indonesian New Guinea, how many words are there for colors?

2

Berlin and Kay (1969) examined 78 languages and found that 11 basic color terms form a universal hierarchy. Further, they noticed an evolutionary order in which languages encode these universal categories. for example:

if a language has three color terms, those three terms describe black,white and red.

Research has shown that the bulk of messages that occur in communication are conveyed _____; thus, these channels are most important in understanding meaning and especially the emotional states of the speakers.

nonverbally

Watson (1970) found that ______ cultures engaged in more gazing and had more direct orientations when interacting with others, less interpersonal distance, and more touching.

contact

in this chapter, ____ is defined as a set of behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, and predispositions that people use within different situations, contexts, and interactions, which contribute to differences among individuals.

personality

Personality is believed to be ___ across time and consistent across contexts, situations, and interactions.

relatively stable

When an individual views their behavior and relationships with the environment and others as beyond their control, this individual possesses a(n) _______ locus of control

external

When researchers group items on a questionnaire using a statistical technique, this is called:

factor analysis

A national character refers to:

the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in the culture share aspects of it.

Which is a type of control in which one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group, and the group serves as the agent of control?

Collective Control

Cross-cultural psychologists describe culture-specific _____ as constellations of personality traits and characteristics found only in a specific culture.

indigenous personality

A beneficial way of understanding the relationship between culture and personality may be to see indigenous and universal aspects of personality as ______ rather than ______.

co-existing, mutually exclusive

The _____ view of personality attributes more importance to the learning of psychological mechanisms and personality through cultural practices than to biological and evolutionary factors.

anthropological

A ____ is a characteristic or quality distinguishing a person. it refers to a consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts that a person would usually display in relevant circumstances.

trait

According to McCrae and Costa(1999), the core components of the FFT are basic tendencies, _____, and the self concept, which is actually a sub-component of ______.

characteristic adaptations

The FFM is a conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be:

universal for all humans

Terraciano et al. (2005) asked respondents in 49 cultures to describe the "typical member" of a culture. They found that there was relatively high agreements about the national character perceptions of the various cultures; further these perceptions _____ with the actual personality trait levels of the individuals of those very same cultures.

were not correlated

one of the most contentious parts of the FFT is its suggestion that the origin of the personality traits are almost entirely, if not entirely:

biologically determined

According to the study of McCrae et al.(1998), culture is "undeniably relevant in the development of ______ and _______ that guide the expression of personality in thoughts, feelings and behaviors" and the characteristic adaptations vary greatly across cultures.

Characteristics, adaptations

true or false

Culture is unrelated to adaptations

false

Characteristic adaptations help to produce a _____, as well as a(n) ______. For example a person low in depression, with a facet of neuroticism, may develop a low self-esteem, irrational perfectionistic beliefs, and pessimistic or cynical attitudes about the world.

self-concept, specific behavior

____ is viewed as a universal psychological mechanism, a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation.

Personality structure

In the evolutionary view, traits such as _____(which refers to the degree of organization, persistence, control and motivation in goal-directed behavior), _______(tendency to experience negative emotions, vulnerability to stress, emotional stability), and the other components of the FFM are considered to reflect stable variations in systems that serve critical adaptive functions.

Conscientiousness, Neuroticism

Which view suggests that culture and psychopathology are inextricably intertwined, and that disorders can be understood only in cultural framework within which they occur?

Cultural relativism

The world health organization's (WHO) large-scale global studies of ____ that started in the 1970s used the present state examination (PSE) to diagnose _____.

schizophrenia

_____ are more likely to experience depression than ______, and this difference has help up across race, ethnicity , socioeconomics, and culture.

Women, Men

There is evidence that the incidence of depression has ______ over the past few decades, especially among _______.

risen, adolescents

One important goal of psychology is to use the knowledge gained through research to help people suffering from _____(psychological disorders that encompass behavioral, cognitive, and emotional aspects of functioning) to rid themselves of symptoms and lead more effective, productive, and happy lives.

psychopathology

Ignoring the ways in which psychological disorders are bound within the context of culture may lead to _______, with potentially harmful consequences to the individual.

Over-diagnosis, under-diagnosis, and/or misdiagnosis

True or False

Unlike the cross-cultural work on schizophrenia, the literature on depression points to both universal and culture-specific ways in which the disorder may be expressed and experienced across cultures.

False

What are the main features of ADHD?

hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentiveness

The approach used in cross-cultural studies of depression, schizophrenia, and ADHD can be characterized as ______; that is , it assumes universally accepted definitions of abnormality and methodology.

etic

True or false

According to the international ADHD working group, ADHD is a valid disorder found in both developed and developing cultures. it has a neurobiological basis, and is unrecognized, underdiagnosed, and subsequently, left untreated in many countries.

False

Some of the changes from th DSM-III to DSM-IV represent the field's response to:

heavy criticism by cross-cultural psychiatrists that the DSM ignored the importance of a patient's cultural background.

One study found that in ____ % of the cases, there was a difference in diagnosis of depression with chinese patients using the DSM-IV versus CCMD-3

10

According to Lopez(1989),______ may occur when the clinician, unfamiliar with the client's cultural background, incorrectly judges the client's behavior as pathological, when in fact, the behaviors are normal variations for that individual's culture.

overpathologizing

_____ refers to bodily symptoms as expressions of psychological distress

Somatization

The process of _____ is key to understanding the mental health of migrants. Berry and Sam report that depression anxiety, and psychosomatic problems are common among individuals undergoing _______.

acculturation

Psychological disorders observed only in certain Sociocultural Milieus are

culture-bound syndromes

to address its criticisms, several modifications were made to the DSM-IV to increase its cultural sensitivity. _______ is an example of this.

Adding guidelines for in-depth assessment of the individuals cultural background.

True or False

One of the definitions of abnormality focuses on whether an individual's behavior is associated with impairment or inefficiency when carrying out customary roles.

true

A person's behavior that might appear disordered if it occurred on a street corner in the United States, could also appear appropriate and understandable if it occurred in a shamanistic ceremony. What principles might we use to better understand and identify abnormality is such behaviors?

Cultural relativism to abnormality

Cultures that believe in supernatural interventions are _____ to clearly distinguish when trance states and talking with spirits are an acceptable part of a healer's behavioral repertoire and when the same behaviors would be considered _______.

able, a sign of disorder

Traditional psychotherapy has its origins in western Europe and can be traced to _____; the father of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Freud discovered that patients under the influence of ____ would talk more freely and emotionally about their problems, conflicts, and fears

hypnosis

What is the comprehensive theory on the structure of personality that contributes to our knowledge about the origins of psychopathology ?

psychoanalytic model

_____ interventions emphasize the development of strategies for teaching cognitive skills.

Cognitive-behavioral

The recognition that psychotherapy is distinctively _____ approach, has led some psychologists to challenge the use of psychotherapy with individuals of non-________ backgrounds.

western

In a diverse world, many psychologists have come to see psycho-therapeutic approaches as effective for some people, but less so for others, particularly those of _____ decent.

non-European

Cognitive behavioral therapy approaches originated in the treatment of _____, in which individuals presumably maintain negative thoughts and evaluations of themselves, the world, and the future.

depression

If the goal of psychotherapy is to help people to become more functional within their society, then functionality itself is _____; that is, different cultures and societies would necessitate different outcomes.

culturally determined

The development of other psychotherapeutic approaches, such as behavioral or humanistic approaches, could be considered a "______" of traditional psychoanalysis to American culture and society.

culturalization

In examining the roots and history of the development of psychotherapy, some writers have suggested that psychoanalysis---the basis for contemporary psychotherapy---was developed specifically within a ______ cultural framework that it shares features with ____ mysticism?

Jewish

much attention has been focused on the _____ population as studies have found they tend to be the least likely to seek treatment

Asian American

Although _____ developed specifically within a western cultural context, this particular type of therapy has been successfully implemented with diverse populations, especially within the last decade

cognitive behavioral therapy

True or False

Contrary to popular belief, many indigenous treatments are rooted in bio-medical science, not religion and spirituality

false

A study of a clinical trial of low-income African Americans and Latino women found psychotherapy to be _____ for depression, even one year later.

an effective treatment

true or false

individuals from countries with fewer economic resources are less likely to receive mental health treatment and services than those with greater economic resources.

true

Even after controlling age, sex, family factors (such as caregiver depression, caregiver stress), family resources (income, college education), insurance status, and DSM-IV diagnosis, researchers found that African Americans and Asian American youth were only ____ as likely as European American youth to utilize mental health services.

one-half

A study by Bui and Takeuchi (1992) found that ____ adolescents were more likely to remain in treatment longer than European American adolescents, and the _______ adolescents remained in treatment for the shortest time.

Asian American, African American

Although data is more limited for the elderly, racial/ ethnic group disparities in mental health appear to ____ old age.

continue into

_____ are an important aspect of psychological ad physical healing for some Latino communities, and it may be the case that only when religious and folk healers cannot help are mental health professionals acknowledged.

Prayers

For some groups, there is a stigma attached to seeking mental health services. For Asian Americans _____ associated with mental illness treatment may explain low mental health service utilization rates.

feelings of shame and loss of face

Sussman, Robins, and Earls (1987) found that ______ were more likely than European Americans to voice mistrust towards formal mental health services, fearing hospitalization and treatment.

African Americans

definition of self-concept?

The idea or image that one has about oneself and how and why one behaves.

What is correct in regards to the self?

A sense of self is critically important to determining our own thoughts, feelings, and actions, and how we view the world and ourselves and others in that world.

True or False

The self is by definition a conscious part of ourselves

false

True or False

Cultural worldviews are belief systems about one's culture.

true

_____ refers to the cognitive and effective evaluations we make about ourselves.

self-esteem

Markus and Kitayama described two fundamentally different senses of self, contrasting the ______ construal of self as an independent, separate entity with a ____ construal of self more common in _____, collectivistic cultures, in which the individual is viewed as inherently connected or interdependent with others and inseparable from a social context.

Western or individualistic, Composite, non western

Concerning the interdependent construal of the self, individuals may :

depend primarily on whether they can fit in and be part of a relevant ongoing relationship.

Markus and KItayama(1991) contended that, with a(n) _____, one's internal attributes such as abilities or personality traits are the most salient self-relevant information. THese internal attributes should be relatively less salient for those with _____, who are more likely to think about the self in particular social relationships.

independent construal of self, interdependent selves

Those wit interdependent selves do have knowledge of their internal attributes, such as personality traits, abilities, and attitudes. These internal attributes are relatively _____ in consciousness and thus are _____ to be the primary concerns in thinking, feeling and acting

less salient, unlikely

The _____ suggests that because humans have unique cognitive abilities, we are aware of the fact we will die eventually and are terrified of the inevitable death.

terror management theory

Kleinknecht and colleagues administered a scale to American and Japanese students and found:

The Americans were more interdependent than the Japanese.

there are differences on independent self-construals.

Cousins(1989) findings:

Americans may have felt awkward providing self-descriptions because their self-definitions typically are not qualified by specific situations.

Triandis proposed the existence of three types of selves:

the private, public, and collective self.

True or False

Triandis suggested that individuals sampled the same self-construals with regardless of the specific context in which they were

false

The cultural values of people of different cultures ______ depending on the specific context in which they are located

differ

Recent studies demonstrate that bi-cultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds, and access one or the other depending on the context in which they are in. This is known as:

cultural frame switching

Self-esteem ____ with objective standards of competence or performance

is not often correlated

True or False

The meanings afforded in cultural worldviews and the worth we place on ourselves arise because humans must balance a propensity for life with an awareness of the inevitability of death

true

Ideological cultural worldviews and self esteem serve as a ____ against the anxieties of living and provides humans with the ability to achieve a sense of value.

psychological defense

Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of ____ cultures had higher self esteem scores than members of _____ cultures.

individualistic, collectivistic

_____ refers to the process of forming impressions of others. This includes judgement of appearance, attractiveness, personality traits, and even recognizing others

person perception

_____ studies have demonstrated that many reliable impressions are formed from judgments of others, especially facial expressions.

monocultural

_____ is generally considered attractive, has been associated with leadership ability, competence, and high salary.

greater height

_____ refers to prejudicial, values, and beliefs that are unspoken and perhaps even outside of conscious awareness

prejudice

Conducting studies on prejudice using ______ measures is difficult because respondents may be biased to respond in socially desirable or politically correct ways, thus distorting findings.

explicit

In the ____, participants are usually shown pairs of stimuli such as faces of European Americans or African Americans, and adjectives such as good or bad, and are asked to make a simple evaluation of the pair.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

____ is defined as the process by which people adopt a different cultural system

Acculturation

_____ refers to how people adapt or change their behaviors or ways of thinking in a new cultural environment.

Intercultural adaptation

_____ refers to the subjective experiences people have as they adapt their behaviors and thinking.

Intercultural adjustment

_____ is discrimination that occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization, or institution.

institutional discrimination

True or False

Adults with baby-face features tend to be judged as warm,kind,naive, and submissive; adults with more mature facial features tend to be judged as strong, worldly, and dominant

True

Stereotypes about one's own group are called:

autostereotypes

Stereotypes about other groups are called:

hetero-stereotypes

Attracting someone who is already in a romantic relationship with someone else is called:

mate-poaching

in all regions studied, men were ____ likely to have attempted mate poaching and to be the victims of mate-poaching attempts by _______

more,others

____ refers to the unfair treatment of others based on their group membership

discrimination

True or False

Although prejudice can be either positive or negative in content, isms are usually negative and derogatory, used to justify inferior status on the part of people being categorized.

false

____ describes preferential thoughts and feelings held by an individual; ____ are prejudices that are held by one group of people about another

prejudice, isms

True or False

Prejudices constitute an ideology that can be communicated from one generation to the next, much as other elements of culture

True

The stereotype of Asian Americans that they are overachievers is an example of :

model minority stereotype

____ is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. With this definition, and knowledge about how we acquire those filters, it follows that just about everyone in the world is ____

ethnocentrism, ethnocentric

Stereotypes can be generally true or completely false. Stereotypes based on some degree of "factual" observation are called ____

sociotypes

True or False

The important issue defining discrimination revolves around the concept of fairness and treatment based on group membership

true

Chronic exposure to racial discrimination has been linked with greater daily discrimination and:

greater psychological distress

In a study by Wheeler and Kim, Korean students rated attractive faces as more socially and intellectually competent, better adjusted, more sexually interesting, and less modest. Contrary to previous research with North Americans, however koreans ____ attractive faces as more potent, and they ____ them as having more integrity and concern for others, which was not found in studies with Americans.