Wednesday, November 28, 2012

This holiday season many of us will be purchasing toys for children. Boys like blue and girls like pink, right? GI Joes or Barbies? Miley Cyrus or Justin Bieber? Wait, both of those cater to pre-teen girls. Gift cards it is.

I am what some may consider a "girly" girl. I like pink; I wear heels and dresses. As a child I played "Pretty Pretty Princesses" and had an EZ Bake Oven. I loved shopping and Barbies, especially shopping for Barbies. Though my mother swears I always exhibited a clear, unequivocal preference for girly things, while my sister was much more of a tomboy, it is frustrating to think of the potential that was stifled because of the societal pressure to behave, dress, or play in a certain way.

Some gender stereotypes and perceptions have been embedded within American culture for decades. The continuation of these stereotypes and perceptions can be attributed to the media and pop culture, which utilize stereotypes for commercial purposes. As mentioned in a previousblogpost, genderizing products allows companies to charge more for one or the other (usually women's products), even though they are nearly identical.

One of the ways gender stereotypes have been implemented and maintained is through children's television commercials, in which advertisers develop marketing techniques that appeal to stereotypes of boys and girls in order to sell a product. Through the analysis of text and observation of linguistic features in Barbie Commercials and G.I. Joe commercials from several decades, it is evident that children's television commercials utilize gendered language and that these commercials have an effect on children's perceptions of gendered appropriateness.

All of this confusion could be avoided by gender neutral toys. The pitfalls of sexism should not be ingrained and reinforced in childhood. Gender neutral toys give every child the opportunity to explore their interests without the fear of being stigmatized or ostracized. The culture perpetuated by gender neutral toys will be more apt to embrace a modern, more fluid perspective on gender roles.

The gender of other children in toy commercials has an impact on children's perceptions of what gender should play with the toy. Nontraditional images were more likely to allow children to perceive that the presented toys are for both boys and girls, a significant conclusion when considering the limited exposure children have to these nontraditional images. The conclusion permeates to adults as well; non-traditional portrayals help foster less traditional and stereotypical gender role perceptions.

In Sweden the debate on gender neutral toys has gotten so strong that toy store chains have actually had to take notice (all you invisible hand nay-saying liberals cannot deny consumers are a guiding force in the economy). The Toys 'R' Us catalog in Sweden is unlike the other catalogs circulating in Europe. A comparison between this year's catalog in Sweden and Denmark, a boy wielding a toy machine gun in the Danish edition had been replaced by a girl in Sweden. Elsewhere a girl is photoshopped out of the Hello Kitty page. The chain is quoted as saying, "With the new gender thinking, there is nothing that is right or wrong. It's not a boy or a girl thing, it's a toy for children." This will give children the freedom to play with what they want, rather than being limited by gender. This is bound to foster creativity, tolerance, and over-all as they mature, well-adjusted adolescents who are not threatened by non-traditional gender roles.

Beyond the genderization of toys, even gender neutral toys can be sexist. Recently a six year old wrote a letter to Hasbro regarding the game "Guess Who?" The text of which can be found here. She complains there are only 5 female characters versus the 19 male characters in the game. She feels the game fails to recognize that girls are just as important as boys. I am sure this is not the only game this is true for.

Between this post and my last I am forced to say American feminism is bleak and depressing. Countries around the world are making leaps and bounds towards gender neutrality. I fail to recognize what specific to American culture is so resistant to change.

Violence against women is disturbingly prevalent globally. Women and girls are the primary victims of sex trafficking, honor killings, rape, assault, and domestic violence. Men perpetrate the majority of the violence against women, but not all men are bad.

I have often heard a picture is worth a thousand words, but usually been quite satiated after a mere handful. After seeing this picture, I was literally at a loss of words.

On September 27, 2012 at least 1,000 Toronto men took part in the annual "Walk A Mile In Her Shoes" march, bringing awareness to ending violence against women and girls. Based on the idea that, "You can’t really understand another person’s experience until you’ve walked a mile in their shoes". The event was organized by Canada's White Ribbon Campaign for the fourth year in a row.

The White Ribbon Campaign is the largest male effort to end violence against women. Men wear white ribbons as a commitment to never commit or condone violence against women. The organization was founded in 1991 and within six weeks over 100,000 men across Canada donned a white ribbon. I am saddened that I found this statistic shocking, as it is a testament to my lack of faith in American men.

A statemement on the White Ribbon Campaign's site explains that "'Walk a Mile in Her Shoes' isn't simply a stunt — it's a statement about men's role in ending violence against women; an issue that is connected to strict gender roles and expectations of men. By wearing heels and acting in solidarity with women, we want to show that we'll do whatever it takes to make this a safer world for everyone."

This goal is achieved by creating and disseminating educational resources aimed towards boys and men increasing awareness of sexual violence and harassment against women, as well as challenging the misogynistic norm of thoughts, actions, and even language.

This is a novel idea that in fact should be ingrained in every culture worldwide. This picture should not blow my mind, or anyone else's. Men have a responsibility to end violence against women. Men should take an active role to understand the experiences a woman faces, and maybe then progress will be less inertial. Every man should take this pledge.

On a previous post by Heather she discussed romance novelists and their varied educational backgrounds. I am a big fan of women’s romance novels. I have read countless books and series of chick lit. If you ever are looking for a good recommendation, trust me I can point you in the right direction. In preparation for this weeks discussion on pornography I did some research into how pornography and the internet is now serving as a substitute sexual education for young adults. As pornography becomes the primary educator on sex it brings false expectations on what makes a healthy sexual relationship between adults especially for young boys.

For me romance novels were my first exposure to women’s sexuality. I specifically say women’s sexuality because romance novels are written by and for women. In a lot of ways these novels were my own first educators on what adult sexual relationships are. Just like pornography they set some unrealistic expectations about adult sexual relationships. I know that if you have a one-night stand with a man, he probably is not going to turn into the love of your life. You probably wont fall in love with a charming 28 year old millionaire with a host of emotional issue and a penchant for BDSM. Every relation doesn’t end with a HEA (Happily Ever After). However, these romance novels do feature some very good expectations to take into practice. Just about every sex scene includes a discussion regarding protection with condoms being the standard. Sex is about two adults and should include both giving and receiving. Women should be active and equal partners. These are just some of the healthy expectations that these novels have given me about sexual relationship.

Much like pornography technology is affecting and changing women’s erotic fiction. When I was in high school I never knew if a romance novel I was reading would somehow end up including a sex scene. It was always kind of the luck of the draw. Your best bet was if there was a pirate on the cover. Then you had to read somewhere where people wouldn’t stare at your book with the shirtless pirate on the cover. Now with e-readers offering privacy and anonymity as well as an easy searchable database all the guess work is gone.

Publisher’s who work exclusively with women’s erotic fiction have seen a huge jump in sales through e-readers. Nearly 40% of all romance novels sold are in electronic format. Just as pornography has become more acceptable, assessable, and affordable so has women’s erotica. Now sexual books like Fifty Shades of Grey are New York Times bestsellers. These are also not traditional romance novels although they still do all include a HEA (happily ever after), how they get there is vastly different. Fifty Shades of Grey has some pretty serious BDSM, a book like Tempted by Megan Hart is about the development of a polyamourous relationship between the protagonist’s husband and his best friend. These are not your typical “bodice rippers” and the kind of HEA they detail is not exactly what you would think soccer mom’s would be attracted to. They are much more open about the kind of sex they are going to be detailing. They aren’t even categorized as romance but as women’s erotica.

My take is that the rise of e-readers and women’s erotica reflects not only the anonymity of the internet age but maybe also the acceptance of women’s sexuality by women. All the authors of these romance erotica are women; some highly educated some stay at home moms who thanks to online publishing are able to find their audience.

Tuesday, November 20, 2012

Professor Lisa R. Pruitt in A Feminist Theory of the Rural, 2007 Utah L. Rev. 421, discusses the negative effects judicial decisions regarding abortion, including mandatory waiting periods, have on rural women. Many of these negative effects stem from the lack of abortion providers in rural communities. Rural women face many barriers to accessing abortion providers in distant metropolitan areas including limited or nonexistent transportation and burdensome distances that can entail hours or days of travel. With telemedicine, travel may no longer be a barrier for some rural women.

Telemedicine uses new technology like videoconferencing to provide rural communities greater access to medical services. More recently, clinics have utilized telemedicine for a controversial procedure- abortion. For the past four years, Planned Parenthood of the Heartland in Iowa has utilized telemedicine to increase access to abortions for rural women, and a new study of the program provides promising results.

Planned Parenthood of the Heartland was the first clinic to use telemedicine abortions. The procedure begins with the woman receiving an ultrasound to determine how far along she is in her pregnancy. Then a nurse inspects the patient before she has an interview with a doctor via a webcam. If the doctor decides that the procedure is appropriate, the doctor pushes a computer button that opens a small drawer in front of the patient, which contains a pill, usually the drug RU-486. The patient takes the first abortion pill while the doctor observes her via webcam. The patient then takes the rest of the pills at home.

A study the American Journal of Public Health published last week relayed the effects the new program has on abortions in Iowa. The study's lead author was Dr. Daniel Grossman, an assistant professor at the University of California, San Francisco and a senior associate with Ibis Reproductive Health, a research-based non-profit. The study tracked the number of abortions in Iowa for two years before the new telemedicine program began. According to USA Today,
the results of the study showed that the rate of abortions
declined in Iowa during the four-year period, while Planned Parenthood
reported a slight increase in abortions. The study also found a slight
decrease in the number of abortions in the second trimester, a time when
the risk for complications is higher, but the decrease was so slight
that it required further study. Finally, the study found that the
telemedicine procedure provided more rural women access to abortion
providers.

In another study that the journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology published in 2011,
Grossman followed 578 women who came to the Iowa Planned
Parenthood clinic to use the drug RU-486. According to an MSNBC report, the women were able to choose
telemedicine or face-to-face consultations, with 223 women signing up for telemedicine consultations and 226 women for face-to-face consultations. Termination of the pregnancy was successful in 99% of
the telemedicine patients as opposed to 97% of the face-to-face
patients, and there was no significant difference between the two when
it came to medical complications. In addition, 94% of the women who used telemedicine were "very satisfied" with the procedure. In addition, telemedicine patients were more likely to report satisfaction with their care than those receiving face-to-face care. Even so, 25% of the telemedicine patients said they would have preferred to have their doctor in the room.

While the procedure purports many benefits, it is not without its critics. Cheryl Sullenger, a senior policy adviser for Operation Rescue, an anti-abortion group, criticized the procedure because licensed physicians do not physically examine the women and the women undertake a multi-day abortion process at home without easy access to a physician. Troy Newman, the president of Operation Rescue, says the decreases in abortions are part of a nation-wide trend and are the result of efforts of organizations like his who fight to curb the number of abortions. He also argued the pill used in the procedure has caused infections, which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration says is not true.

In addition, Dr. Morris Wortman, a professor at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and director of the Center for Menstrual Disorders and Reproductive Choice, said that telemedicine depersonalizes an emotional procedure. He believes it would be more difficult for a physician to console a patient who is not in the room.

Some states, including Arizona, Kansas, North Dakota, Nebraska, and Tennessee, have passed laws limiting telemdicine abortions. If new legislation passes in Texas, it will require physicians to personally administer both of the abortion drugs and have a follow up visit with the patient within 14 days. These requirements are in addition to the current requirement of having a physician conduct a sonogram on the patient 24 hours in advance of the administration of the first pill. If the law passes, it will in effect eliminate telemedicine abortions in Texas.

Proponents of the procedure claim that it is perfectly safe and legal. In addition, they point out that it is just a part of a larger trend in the medical field toward telemedicine and remote care. Arthur Caplan, a medical ethicist, also says the opposition to the procedure has little to do with the safety of women and more to do with an anti-abortion agenda. He argues that people should not attack a procedure that provides greater services to rural women and that we should celebrate telemedicine for its ability to help solve the problem of a dearth of primary care physicians in rural areas.

While there are disadvantages to not having a doctor in the room during a very emotional procedure, telemedicine is one way to give women in rural areas an opportunity to exercise their right to an abortion. The procedure may not be ideal; however, unless there is a way to attract more physicians to rural areas it is a better option than having the semblance of an option.

a real iPhone game in which players furtively
lift a woman's skirt to discover the color
of her underwear:
http://borderhouseblog.com/?p=1235

Most of you reading would agree that pornography, for the most part, degrades, objectifies, disrespects,
abuses, and generally harms women. You may be right. But a subversive,
pro-woman underbelly is slowly brooding to erupt into a refreshing alternative to mainstream man-made sexuality. I present to you a mind-expanding collection of such pro-woman internet pornography, courtesy of feministing.com.

thankfully, NOT the type of "porn for women" I subscribe to

Erotic Red (feminist menstruation porn by women of all sizes and shapes who are authentically and naturally on their period). The site creator posits that "In an industry where photos of women being throat-fucked and pissed on are commonplace portrayals of human sexuality, women enjoying themselves on their periods are viewed by most pornographers as horrifyingly obscene.” Erotic Red is out to change that.

VegPorn (a woman-owned enterprise featuring only vegetarian and vegan models, and seeking to include all gender and sexual diversity - such as hiring queer and transgender models)

No Fauxxx (fascinating site with self-proclaimed "radical porn" with a politicized sexual message, and is inclusive of all natural body types - especially queer and transgender people): "Porn that doesn't fake it!"

Good Dyke Porn (somewhat self-explanatory site with an all-lesbian/bisexual/queer women/transpeople performers): also remarkable because of the site's deep commitment to eroticizing safer sex. Videos and images often depict gloves, dental dams, condoms, lube, and consensual kink.

Furry Girl: founded by an all-natural, hairy feminist, this site really underscores the differences between the mainstream male-operated sex industry and the budding sex-positive world of feminist pornography.

Feminist pornography refers to a "genre of sex
films designed to appeal to people who feel put off by mainstream porn." In the
world of feminist porn, women come in all shapes, sizes, and sexual
orientations - these actresses “don’t necessarily conform to the typical big-boobed, tiny-waisted
ideal; some sport armpit hair.” Alas, women in feminist porn look more like the average woman walking down
the street or standing in line at Whole Foods than adult film stars. Feminist porn first surfaced in the 1980s with pioneers such a Annie Sprinkle and Nina Hartley - women who had both worked in the sex industry before becoming stars in the adult film industry. As Sprinkle puts it, “I was tired of simply exploring other people’s fantasies, or performing other people’s fantasies, and wanted to explore my own.”

These films also tend to be more plot-driven and are designed to appeal to straight women and couples. Specifically, films that qualify for the Annual Feminist Porn Awards (seven years running as of 2011) must have: 1) a woman in a significant production/writing/directing role, and must 2) challenge stereotypes about beauty and sex appeal in mainstream pornography, and must 3) depict women or transgender/transsexual/intersex individuals experiencing genuine sexual pleasure.

Interestingly, while the internet has hindered the profit
margins of the mainstream porn industry because there is so much free porn
everywhere, the internet has helped feminist pornographers. Because feminist
porn is the work of small, specialized companies that focus on quality,
casting, and storytelling, they use the internet to reach viewers through
personal computers than having to distribute large quantities of their films to
compete with major mainstream producers.

a still-shot of "Anal Agony," a movie made by porn director and
distributor Max Hardcore, aka Paul F. Little, who was recently sentenced
to four years in prison over obscenity charges

Decades after the feminist sex wars of the 1980s, the dichotomous battle at the core of the conflict survives to the current day. Anti-pornography feminists continue to denounce pornography, including feminist pornography, which includes scenes depicting "women hog-tied while having sex that looks painful,
or women suspended from the ceiling while men penetrate them.” Indeed, some feminists feel that “anyone willing to feed off women’s bodies and use them as raw materials to make a profit has no right to call themselves feminists.” (Gail Dines, an anti-porn activist and the author ofPornland: How Porn Has Hijacked Our Sexuality).“Even porn without overt violence is a form of exploitation since it reduces women to a series of body parts.”

On the other hand, sex-positive feminists today rely on the assertion that feminist pornography liberates female sexuality by showing the diversity of kinks and sexual scenarios that appeal to female viewers. Proponents laud these films for featuring performers who are more diverse in shape, size, sexual
orientation, age, and race than in mainstream pornographic movies. One pornographer explains that "some women are turned on by being submissive, [and] we need to respect that their choice for themselves is not degrading or sexist.” This sentiment echoes the main message of sex-positive feminism, that shaming female sexuality in its genuine manifestations is a patriarchal tool of oppression. True liberation emerges when real women and real people feel positive about their true desires. Annie Sprinkle notes, "sex doesn't always look politically correct." Sex may not always look feminist, either.

Additionally, feminist pornographers make an effort to have their performers engage in sexual behaviors that they personally enjoy. Directors and producers often ask the actors what they like to do - a freedom unheard of in the mainstream porn world.

I close with the following questions:

Can mainstream pornography ever become a space where women's bodies, identities, turn-ons, authentic experiences, and sexualities are treated with respect and legitimacy?

Is there an argument to be made for women who may legitimately enjoy pornography in which women are degraded, kicked, beaten, and disrespected - and that in the spirit of artistic freedom, these depictions don't necessarily impact real life?

Sunday, November 18, 2012

For me, feminism and atheism have always been inextricably connected. They both came from a rejection of non-evidence-based reasoning, a rejection of the fallacies of tradition and faith. For my last post, I want to briefly try and make a more controversial argument: all feminists should be atheists.

First and foremost, feminists should be atheists because religion harms women. Elizabeth’s account of Irish abortion laws and Symphysiotomy provides an excellent contemporary example of this. However, Christianity has always been this way.

Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.

In the Old Testament, the Ten Commandments list wives as their husband’s property. (Exodus 20:17.) Women who do not cry out when raped in cities are to be stoned to death. (Deuteronomy 22:22-24.) Women who are raped in the countryside are required to marry their rapists. (Deuteronomy 22:28-29.) And let’s not forget the story of Sodom and Gomorra, where Lot gives up his virgin daughters to be raped by a mob of men. (Genesis 19:8.)

In the New Testament, women are not permitted to either speak or teach in church. (1 Corinthians 14:34; 1 Timothy 2:12.) Women are not allowed to hold authority over men. (1 Timothy 2:12.) And women are required to submit to their husbands in the same way Christians submit to God. (Ephesians 5:22-24.)

But Christianity is not the only religion that harms women. They all do. Both the Quran and the Book of Mormon perpetuate very negative views of women. Even Eastern religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, have similar track records with women’s rights.

However, all of these suffer from the same fatal flaw: they maintain the concept of “faith.” Now, defining “faith,” and debating which definition is the best, could take up an entire Ph.D thesis, but for the sake of symplicty, I will use the definition in Hebrews 11:

Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

After giving this definition, Hebrews 11 gives various biblical examples of people trusting in God no matter the absurdity of the situation. If one requires evidence before one believes in something, such as Thomas requiring that he physically see Jesus before he believed that he had been resurrected (John 20:24-29), one does not have faith. Therefore, faith is supporting a proposition without requiring sufficient evidence and with minimal critical thinking.

Faith is the enemy feminism. It is only through faith one can continually harm and subordinate half the human population. It is only through blind acceptance that anti-feminism can flourish. When subject to thorough criticism and evidence-based reasoning, anti-feminism always loses.

Friday, November 16, 2012

The tragic recent death of an Indian woman in Ireland resulting from the denial of an abortion has brought Irish abortion law to the forefront of world news. Savita Halappanavar was a dentist living in Galway with her husband Praveen Halappanavar. On October 21, 2012, she entered the University Hospital Galway in extreme pain and clearly miscarrying her 17 week old fetus. The doctor told Ms. Halappanavar and her husband that the amniotic fluid was leaking and the baby would not survive.

The couple requested that the pregnancy be terminated several times over the 3-day hospital stay. A nurse told them that there was no way they could do anything to end the pregnancy while there was a fetal heartbeat present. The doctors refused to perform an abortion, stating “this is a Catholic country.” Ms. Halappanavar responded that she was "neither Irish nor Catholic," but the hospital staff still refused to act. On the third day, the fetal heartbeat stopped. They tried to treat her, but it was too late. Ms. Halappanavar passed away that evening of septicaemia, a severe infection of the bloodstream. Dr. Kimberly Gecsi, an obstetrician at University Hospital in Cleveland, said "when an infection occurs in a pregnant woman's uterus, the only way to treat it is to terminate the pregnancy." Mr. Halappanavar sadly stated, "[i]t is hard to believe that religion can mean somebody's life."

However, the senior partner in Ireland's ruling coalition, Fine Gael, told supporters that the coalition would not introduce new laws allowing abortion during its five-year term, despite pressure from its junior partner Labour to act. 4 out of 5 Irish voters support allowing abortion where the mother's life is at risk. But, much like in the United States, there is a very vocal anti-abortion contingency which supports the prohibition of abortion under all circumstances.

Ireland's abortion prohibition does not stop Irish women from ending their pregnancies. An estimated 4,200 women travel from the Republic to Britain and other European countries each year to end a pregnancy. Irish women have had the right to travel outside the country for an abortion only since 2002. In 2010, the European Court of Human Rights found that Ireland violated C, a cancer survivor's, human rights when she was forced to travel to England to get an abortion. The court condemned the failure of Irish leaders to legislate, and said the lack of legislative action has resulted in a "striking discordance between the theoretical right to a lawful abortion in Ireland on grounds of a relevant risk to a woman's life and the reality of its practical implementation."

Symphysiotomy involves breaking the pelvic bone to allow a woman to give birth in a difficult pregnancy, for example when the baby is breach. It is the barbaric alternative to a cesarean section. To put it more bluntly, Irish women experienced a doctor PULLING OUT A HACKSAW AND SAWING INTO THEIR PELVIC BONES while they were only under local anesthesia. Then the women, who were still in labor, would have to push the baby out with an unhinged pelvis. A survivor put it this way: “I saw the hacksaw, I know what hacksaws are. [The doctor] started cutting my bone and my blood spurted up like a fountain.” Some of the nurses around her were physically ill. The doctor just looked annoyed that she had gotten blood on his glasses.

Doctors performed symphysiotomies without consent of the women. The women did not know what was happening to them. Until she spoke to her son many years later, one woman who had a symphysiotomy thought she had actually had a cesarean section. The doctors kept women in the dark about the procedure, fueled by motivation from the Catholic Church. As one midwife who worked in the 1950s and 1960s put it, "the big thing was to have children even if you dropped dead." In 1931, the Vatican issued an encyclical which in essence said "Mothers who die in childbirth are martyrs...and should be happy to serve as such." The Catholic Church valued the life of the child over the life of the mother, and Irish doctors followed suit.

Symphysiotomy occurred in Ireland in the mid-twentieth century, “in the age of the Beatles” as the Lawyer for the Survivors of Symphysiotomy group puts it. The practice had ceased to be used in France in the late-Eighteenth Century. However, the practice continued in Ireland until 1984, which happens to be the year of my birth. It is absolutely shocking and reprehensible that the general public has not heard of this practice! Marie O’Connor, chairperson of the Survivors of Symphysiotomy, describes symphysiotomy as "arguably the biggest human rights scandal in Ireland since the foundation of the State."

Fortunately, a recently released documentary entitled Mothers Against All Oddsdetails this horrible practice and compares it to the awful treatment of mothers in Kenya today. Over 100 members of the Survivors of Symphysiotomy group gathered to watch the documentary in Dublin. They could recognize each other by the limp that resulted from the symphysiotomy. This barbaric procedure mutilated and disabled these women for life, all without their consent. Hopefully, the publicity around the documentary and advocacy by the Survivors of Symphysiotomy group will garner more attention to this atrocious episode in history. You can watch the trailer for the documentary below:

Ireland is a prime example of the dangers of a theocracy in practice. When religion dictates health policy, women are hurt and even killed. The Catholic Church continues to laud women who sacrifice themselves for their unborn child, as evidenced by an article published this year called Emotional goodbye for young Italian mother who died for unborn childpublished by the Catholic News Agency. This sentiment is dangerous to women everywhere. Savita Halappanavar is not a martyr, but at least her death will not be completely in vain if it results in actual legislation in Ireland to allow abortions where the mother's life in danger. This is not a women's issue or an Irish issue, this is a human rights issue.

At the time, the United States Senate
Judiciary Committee, acting under pressure, had called Professor Anita Hill to
testify about the nomination of Clarence Thomas for Supreme Court Justice.The radio was turned up loud, and Anita Hill's voice was riveting. The
calm, steady sound of her speaking flowed through everyone's life like a river.
And then her voice was filtered through the responses of the senators and their
expert witnesses. I remembered the two-step process of listening to Anita Hill
-- hearing her, and then hearing her not being heard.

The economic
theory of regulation, or Public Choice theory, asserts that Congress uses legislation
to broker wealth transfers from the unorganized public to discrete and
organized interest groups. Jonathan R. Macey, Some Causes and Consequences of the Bifurcated Treatment of Economic
Rights and “Other” Rights Under the United States Constitution, in Economic Rights 141 (Ellen Frankel
Paul, et al. eds. 1992). Under this theory, laws are commodities that Congress “sells” to private
interest groups. The “currencies” paid to politicians for those laws are “political
support, promises of future favors, outright bribes, and whatever else
politicians value”. Id. at
155-157. For such wealth transfers,
politicians endure low costs: the poorly informed public is unlikely to
withdraw their political support, especially if politicians suggest harmful
legislation actually advances the public’s interest. Since politicians stand to
gain a great deal without enduring great costs, they have an enormous incentive
to broker wealth transfers for the benefit of organized private interest
groups.

Here is the feminist
question: what does the economic theory of regulation suggest about the welfare
of women in our political system?

Many feminist
legal theorists have argued that women have a different voice than men. See e.g., Elizabeth M. Schneider, Hearing Women Not Being Heard: On Carol
Gilligan’s Getting Civilized and the Complexity of Voice, Fordham Law Review (Special Issue on
Women and the Law, 1994). Assuming women share an overarching voice, women’s
interests and concerns sometimes will overlap with those of men, and sometimes will
not. For those different issues that are of particular concern to women, men
are not the best advocates. The problem is, however, that men dominate
positions of power in the public sphere.

According to
Public Choice theory, the main players of law making are politicians and
private interest groups. It is therefore imperative that women are represented
in Congress and among lobbyists. Sadly, that is not the case. Today, women hold
16.8
percent of the seats in Congress. Women’s representation is even worse
among private interest groups: top lobbying firms that “actually
control the show” on Capitol Hill are still run by men. Of the top 30 trade
associations that lobbied during the Obama administration, only
four were led by female CEOs. Even more gloomy is that fact that lobbying
groups literally value women less
than men in their leadership: top male CEOs of lobbying firms in 2010 were
paid $1 million dollars more than their female counterparts. The fear that women’s
voices are being crowded out by the voice of men in politics is neither delusion
nor paranoia.

The first type
of “currency” paid to politicians for legislative wealth transfers is political
support from financial contributors. The federal political campaigns of
2011-2012 generated over $2.5 billion
in contributions from interest groups. These included the campaigns of
presidential and congressional candidates. Different sectors of political
interest groups did not contribute equally. Of those $2.5 billion in contributions,
over half came from five industries: financial, insurance, real estate,
lawyers, lobbyists, construction, energy and natural resources, agribusiness,
and other miscellaneous business sectors. These are market sectors that are
typically dominated by men, and therefore are void of the “woman’s voice.”
These masculine “buyers” of laws are less likely to consider the concerns of
women as they try to influence legislation. At the same time, sectors that have
greater representation of women made fewer contributions. Less than 30 per cent
of contributions were made by the education, health and labor sectors.
Moreover, even within sectors, the power of political influence was unevenly
distributed among sector members. Large contributions were made by very
discrete organized private interest groups.Goldman Sachs contributed an astonishing $7 million. The City of New York alone contributed $3.4 million.

The only people who
spends more money than campaign contributors to influence politics are
lobbyists. Spending over $30 billion in the last decade, lobbyists offer the
second type of currency paid to politicians: information and technical support, in addition to campaign contributions
of their own. Today, there are over 12,000 lobbyists
in the United States. The biggest spender is the US Chamber of Commerce, having
already spent a total of $95.7 million so far this year, and representing the
interests of over three million businesses.

The Chamber is a
powerful lobbying group that was established in the 1910s. Their mission is to
advance enterprise in America. While a healthy economy is certainly in the best
interest of all Americans, it cannot be the greatest or sole interest of
Americans. Since the biggest spender on Capitol Hill can “purchase” more wealth
transfers than anyone else, the interest of the Chamber will likely have huge
political influence – even if such a transfer would harm many Americans.

A brief
historical review of some of the Chamber’s activities demonstrates how the
advancement of enterprise sometimes requires wealth transfers to be made from
the poor and the marginalized to the rich and the powerful. In 1934, the
Chamber “strongly opposed legislation…that would strengthen the ability of
labor unions to organize workers.” Four years later, “over President
Roosevelt’s veto” the Chamber provided “strong support” when Congress “reduced corporate income
taxes.” Most recently, in 2010, the Chamber “oppose[d] the overall legislation” of the health care reform act. The
Chamber has worked hard to divest Americans of their economic rights in the
pursuit of enterprise.

If we, as women,
want a say in politics, we better have pockets as deep as the Chamber does. But
since no one has pockets as deep as the Chamber does, our best bet is to ensure
that the voice of women is integrated into the Chamber’s leadership and the
Chamber’s beneficiaries (that is, American businesses). As it stands, however,
woman’s voice has been astonishingly absent.

Women are
severely underrepresented in the US Chamber of Commerce. It wasn’t until 1944 that
women were appointed to chamber committees. But who is
running the show today over at the US Chamber of Commerce? Among the 134
members of the board of directors, only 11
are women (most of whom
are white women). That’s only eight
percent. None were executive board members.

Women are also
underrepresented in businesses nationwide. In 2007, women owned 7.8 million nonfarm businesses in the United States (compared to the
13.9 million owned by men). Relegated to feminine spaces, women are most
competitive in the more feminine service sectors. Women-owned firms made up 45 percent
of the “repair, maintenance, personal, and laundry services” industries. Even
when women are in business, they face difficulty making it into positions of
power. A recent study concluded that women are offered fewer career advancing
“hot jobs” than men;
this could be “an underlying cause of the senior-level gender gap in business.”
The results of another study put the sad truth about the political
influence of women-in-business more clearly: “women and women-owned
businesses…are excluded in Congressional Committees and committee hearings.”
While the US Chamber of Commerce appears to have a gender neutral aim (pursuit
of enterprise), women do not make the decisions about their lobbying
strategies, women are not their major beneficiaries, and women are not their feared
competitors on Capitol Hill.

Today, the
chamber continues to lobby on behalf of (male) business interests. Such private
business interests are so strictly prioritized that the Chamber “oppose[d] the overall
legislation” of the health
care reform in 2010. (Emphasis added). The Chamber managed to “eliminate key
items that would have negatively impacted the business community including the
public option.” Of course, that “business community” overwhelmingly excludes
women. Worse, women would have been harmed
if the health care law were defeated by the Chambers’ lobbying efforts. Health care reform is in the interest
of most women because women
make “80 percent of health care decisions for their families,” use “more
medical services than men,” and suffer “greater disability from chronic
disease.” The Chamber of Commerce places its private interests before those of
half the population of this country, and actively seeks to promote male
dominated business interests at the cost of women’s health.

Should the
largest lobbying group be allowed to wage a “decade-long advocacy effort for private market-based
approaches to health care reform”?
If so, then how can dispersed and unorganized groups of women, women-business
owners or medical patients generally, compete on the political market? When laws
are traded as commodities that transfer wealth from the general public to
discrete private interest groups, the politically marginalized (women and
others) become the proverbial lowly paupers whom the brokers of wealth transfers
ignore and from whom they steal.

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

Over the past few years, there has been growing concern over websites and blogs that promote anorexia. Young women use these forums to document their weight loss, support each other in their common goal of consuming as few calories as possible and glamorize starvation. Recently social media sites such as tumblr and pintrest banned content from a webpage known as Thinspo. Thinspo features pictures of skinny models, celebs and everyday people for the purpose of providing thinsporation.

Supporters of the website claim that it’s designed to inspire women to lose weight. That may be so, but scrolling through and comparing yourself to pictures of sexualized, underweight women is not exactly healthy inspiration.

Typical Fitspo image

What bothers me is that several fitness and bodybuilding websites do the same thing, but no one seems to care! For example, content from thinspo’s fitness counterpart, fitspo, has not been banned from tumblr.

Similarly, no one seems to have a problem with people using bodybuilding forums to recommend supplements banned by the FDA, encourage each other to work out through the pain (mind over matter!), or manipulate your water intake to unhealthy levels before competitions. Young women use blogs to document their fitness evolutions and every calorie that enters their bodies, in a way that closely mirrors the pro-ano sites that people are concerned about.

While there is consensus that Thinspo is bad for young women's self esteem, there is genuine debate concerning whether fitspo type sites are unhealthy. For example, Cynthia Bulik, Ph.D., director of the University of North Carolina Eating Disorders Program and author of The Woman in the Mirror: How to Stop Confusing What You Look Like With Who You Are, argues that “a lot of fitspo is a thinly veiled version of thinspo, promoting the same obsessive tendencies and impossible appearance ideals, and that’s a trap.”

Conversely, fitness trainer Valerie Waters explains, “when you’re trying to develop the drive to get active and healthy, you need motivators, and pasting inspiring pictures on a board, online or otherwise, has really helped [her] clients.”

Fitspo motivational meme

There is no scientific consensus on whether addiction to exercise or obsession with healthy eating are disorders in their own right or simply symptoms of OCD or other established disorders. Obsession with a healthy diet is known as orthorexia, but it is not an officially recognized as a mental disorder

As I discussed last week, our society champions the ideal of fitness and health. It is difficult to fault criticize someone for being healthy. Amanda Mellowspring, an eating disorder specialist, explains, "One of the things that's tricky about our culture is that orthorexia is socially acceptable and often even heralded as a great statement of self-control and doing the right thing for your health."

My personal antidote about Vanessa was meant to illustrate the ways in which eating healthy and working out can be used as a cover for dangerous obsessive behavior. Dr. Bratman, author of Health Food Junkies, agrees. He argues that there is often a hidden agenda behind orthorexia: "A dietary theory can allow women to seek the culturally accepted norms of beauty without admitting it to themselves. … You can 'accidentally' live up to the Barbie image without admitting you believe in doing so." Dr. Bratman also highlights the underlying problem of people receiving positive feedback for their obsessive behaviors.

My friend Vanessa has a profile on the popular website fitocracy. She uploads pictures of her changing body, and gets "points" for how long she works out everyday. She has amassed a following of people who comment on her pictures and encourage her progress. While this type of positive feedback may be a great motivator for some to lose weight, it has led her down a path full of jack3d, OxyElitePro, and endless hours at the gym.

There has been little research concerning the dangers of obsession with health and fitness. Most of the scholarship focuses on male bodybuilding and steroids. With increased focus on exercise and strength training for women, it seems a new ideal of "perfect" is emerging. Through my research, I found that it is all too easy to fall down the rabbit hole of reading blogs and forums that inundate you with dangerous advice and pictures that are terrible for your self esteem. I am not arguing that such these websites should be taken down, but I do think that we need to be conscious of young women's workout and dieting behavior. An overemphasis on any type of "perfect" body is unhealthy.

Tuesday, November 13, 2012

Preconception care is not just another term for prenatal care. Prenatal care applies to women who are pregnant. Preconception care applies before a woman conceives. In fact, federal guidelines in 2006 "ask all females capable of conceiving a baby to treat themselves -- and to be treated by the health care system -- as pre-pregnant, regardless of whether they plan to get pregnant anytime soon." The health of a woman while she is pregnant is widely known, including a large list of dos and don'ts. Individuals who are actively trying to have a child often take precautions to ensure that they will have a better pregnancy and healthier child. For example, they may take folic acid supplements, maintain a healthy weight, keep chronic conditions under control, and refrain from smoking, drinking alcohol or using substances.

Preconception care applied to planned pregnancy is not particularly controversial. This feels like a thoughtful choice meant to stack the odds in your child's favor. However, preconception care becomes a more complicated issue when it is mandated to all woman who are simply capable of conceiving a child. Health experts claim it is important that women follow the health protocol of pregnant women throughout their reproductive lives. Three main arguments support the mandated preconception care: impact on perinatal outcomes, unplanned pregnancies, and equalizing access for those who cannot afford it.

The usual pathways to impact perinatal outcomes (prenatal and neonatal care) often start too late to achieve primary prevention. In 2002, congenital anomalies, low birth weight, preterm delivery, and maternal complications of pregnancy accounted for 46.4% of all infant deaths in the United States (12,996 infant deaths). Some of these infant deaths might have been prevented through interventions targeted at improving the health of mothers and modifying behaviors contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, poor maternal health, behaviors contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes, and maternal complications of pregnancy persist despite prenatal intervention.

Approximately half of pregnancies are unplanned. Health professional assert that damage can be done to a fetus between conception and the time the pregnancy is confirmed. Research shows that "during the first few weeks (before 52 days' gestation) of pregnancy" -- during which a woman may not yet realize she's pregnant -- "exposure to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs; lack of essential vitamins (e.g., folic acid); and workplace hazards can adversely affect fetal development and result in pregnancy complications and poor outcomes for both the mother and the infant." Of course not everyone with an unplanned pregnancy will decide to carry the fetus to term. However, some woman will. In the latter situation, women who follow preconception care protocol throughout their reproductive lives have ensured that their body will be prepared.

Lastly, without actively providing preconception care, women of lower socioeconomic status will be disadvantaged. A recent CDC report highlighted disparities in care, noting that approximately 17 million women lack health insurance and are likely to postpone or forgo care. These disparities are more prominent among minority groups and those of lower socioeconomic status, the report states. The NCHS data also reflect these disparities. Babies born to black mothers, for example, had the highest rate of infant death -- 13.5 per 1,000 live births. Infants born to white women had a death rate of 5.7 per 1,000. Finally, using the Perinatal Periods of Risk approach, researchers in three cities concluded that racial and ethnic disparities in feto-infant mortality were largely related to maternal health, and, interventions to reduce feto-infant mortality should include preconception care and improvements in women's health. --> As a society, we have a stake in the health of newborns. This applies to to fiscal conservatives as well, considering birth defects and natal health incur heavy financial burdens on all of us. Since the health of these babies is affected long before they are conceived, there is a compelling state interest to provide reproductive health care to all women of reproductive age.

Despite these logical explanations, I am hesitant when it comes to mandated preconception care. The notion that healthier women have healthier pregnancies leads some to think all women of childbearing age should be taking preconception health measures just in case. Because pre-conception targets women who reach child-bearing age, it assumes that all women should be concerned about future prenatal care. It assumes that all women should be planning for future children and should live their entire reproductive lives in the shadow of these potential future children. preparing their non-child lives for the sake of their future issue. Such policies are prone to pitfalls that reaffirm and strengthen already troubling stereotypes of women being defined by motherhood. (Not to mention a slew of other problems, such as parental/minor rights or absence of men in both research and health protocols.)

Further, preconception care could lead to societal, and even legal, implications and limitations on women. They get dirty looks when they indulge in a small glass of permissible wine or gain to much pregnancy weight. Some states, such as Alabama, have twisted existing laws. The negative actions a mother undertakes can result in criminal prosecutions if it leads to their infant's mortality. This is most often associated with drug use. While criminal convictions of women for their newborns’ positive drug tests are rare in other states, maternal drug use is considered a matter for child protective services. This is an alarming trend. If pre-pregnant health is truly has such an impact, it is easy to see how this can be applied to pre-pregnant women. Sometimes social stigma is worse than the legal ramifications. Any trek into expanding preconception care should be done with this in mind. Women should be able to live their own lives for themselves, without being judged for any potential harm to potential future children. Proper preconception care involves a great deal of education and access to the appropriate health care which is integrated with women's general health. For those woman who think they may want to be pregnant one day, this will allow them to make the choice for themselves without medical mandates, social stigma, or inability to pay for said services out of pocket.