There are more than 500 species of small flowering plants on Gibraltar. The Gibraltar candytuft is a flower native only to the Rock. Wild olive and pine trees grow on the Upper Rock. Mammals include rabbits, foxes, and Barbary macaques (often erroneously identified as apes). Barbary macaques have roamed the Rock for hundreds of years and are Europe’s only wild monkeys. Although free to wander,......

Neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Spain. The Gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves, many of which were at times occupied by Neanderthals during the late Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 126,000 to 11,700 years ago)....

...face. Adult males weigh about 16 kg (35 pounds), adult females 11 kg. The species was introduced into Gibraltar, probably by the Romans or the Moors. According to legend, British dominion over the Rock of Gibraltar will end only when this macaque is gone. Because it has no tail, this monkey is sometimes incorrectly called the Barbary ape....

channel connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, lying between southernmost Spain and northwesternmost Africa. It is 36 miles (58 km) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 km) in width between Point Marroquí (Spain) and Point Cires (Morocco). The strait’s western extreme is 27 miles (43 km) wide between the capes of Trafalgar (north) and Spartel (south), and the eastern extreme is 14 mi...

American tennis player who dominated women’s competition in the late 1950s. She was the first black player to win the French (1956), Wimbledon (1957–58), and U.S. Open (1957–58) singles championships....

American professional right-handed baseball pitcher, who was at his best in crucial games. In nine World Series appearances, he won seven games and lost two, and he posted an earned run average (ERA) of 1.92....

arid zone in the interior of Western Australia. The desert lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn between the Great Sandy Desert (north), the Great Victoria Desert (south), the Northern Territory border (east), and Lake Disappointment (west). The area now constitutes Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, and is a home to many desert animals. A vast, dry region of sandhills and Triodia desert grass, ...

April 3, 1928Shelby, N.C.Nov. 17, 2003Nashville, Tenn.American singer-songwriter who , was one of the creators of the “Nashville sound” and, because of his usually unhappy love songs, became known as the “sad poet.” Three of his songs—“Sweet Dreams,” “Oh Lonesome Me,” and “I Can’t Stop Lovi...

April 3, 1928Shelby, N.C.Nov. 17, 2003Nashville, Tenn.American singer-songwriter who , was one of the creators of the “Nashville sound” and, because of his usually unhappy love songs, became known as the “sad poet.” Three of his songs—“Sweet Dreams,” “Oh Lonesome Me,” and “I Can’t Stop Lovi...

...popular loyalty, and assaults on its position would arouse nationwide discontent. Walpole therefore determined to reach an accommodation with the church, and in 1723 he came to an agreement with Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London. Gibson was to ensure that only clergymen sympathetic to the Whig administration were appointed to influential positions in the Church of England. In return, Walpole......

Sept. 21, 1935Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.Sept. 14, 2009Malibu, Calif.American actor and comedian who won audiences over with his sly deadpan delivery as a placid reciter of ridiculous self-penned poetry in the 1960s television variety show Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-in. Gibson also...

...Thus, the first acknowledged professional hockey team in the world was formed in the United States, in 1903, in Houghton, Michigan. The team, the Portage Lakers, was owned by a dentist named J.L. Gibson, who imported Canadian players. In 1904 Gibson formed the first acknowledged professional league, the International Pro Hockey League. Canada accepted professional hockey in 1908 when the......

Jack the Rapper (Jack Gibson) helped open the first African-American-owned radio station in the United States, WERD in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1949. Gibson learned about radio while working as a gofer for deejay Al Benson in Chicago. He learned even more while at WERD, where he discovered that a white disc jockey received twice the amount of payola (in the form of “consulting fees”)......

American professional baseball catcher who was one of the most prodigious home run hitters in the game’s history. Known as “the black Babe Ruth,” Gibson is considered to be the greatest player who never played in the major leagues—owing to the unwritten rule (enforced until the year of his death) against hiring black ballplayers....

...in the city from less than one-fifth in 1950 to about three-fifths by the 1990s. African Americans obtained some political power in Newark in 1970, when the city elected its first black mayor, Kenneth A. Gibson. Newark has faced increasing rates of poverty, infant mortality, and citizens infected by the AIDS virus....

...who became the first player to win both Cy Young and Rookie of the Year awards in the same season, on his way to leading the Dodgers to their fifth World Series win, in 1981. Veteran slugger Kirk Gibson joined NL Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Orel Hershiser in 1988. At the end of that season, the Dodgers defeated the Oakland A’s in the World Series, which featured a dramatic......

American professional right-handed baseball pitcher, who was at his best in crucial games. In nine World Series appearances, he won seven games and lost two, and he posted an earned run average (ERA) of 1.92....

In Gibson v. Florida Legislative Commission (1963) the Supreme Court held that a state legislative investigation of the Miami National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was a violation of First Amendment rights. Writing for the majority, Justice Arthur Goldberg stated that “groups which themselves are neither engaged in subversive or other illegal or......

Nov. 13, 1914Bronx, N.Y.Nov. 25, 2008Stockbridge, Mass.American playwright who won instant acclaim for his play The Miracle Worker (1959), which was based on the life of Helen Keller, a deaf and blind child whose determined teacher, Annie Sullivan, taught her to communicate by using ...

Protestant visionary and theosophist, who promoted the quasi-pantheistic teaching of the early 17th-century Lutheran mystic Jakob Böhme and compiled the first complete edition of Böhme’s works (1682–83, 10 vol.). Alienated from orthodox Lutheran doctrine and worship by his ascetic tendency (with the accent on celibacy) and by his ambiguous mysticism oscillating between monism an...

formal diagnosis given by mental health professionals to people who experience distress because of a significant incongruence between the gender with which they personally identify and the gender with which they were born. The GD diagnosis appears in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; 2013), the American Psychiatric Asso...

The most famous and perhaps most demanding of the narrative styles is gidayū, named after Takemoto Gidayū (1651–1714), who worked with Chikamatsu Monzaemon in the founding of the most popular puppet-theatre tradition (known as Bunraku) of Ōsaka. The gidayū samisen and its plectrum are......

traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest. Patterned on a circle, it is notable for the bodily grace of the women’s movements (especially of the arms and hands) and for the charming melody that accompanies it. ...

British political adviser and educator. Trained as a sociologist and social theorist, he lectured at universities in Europe, North America, and Australia before cofounding an academic publishing house, Polity Press, in 1985. In 1997 he became director of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), a position he held until 2003; he was later professor emeritus. An...

British political adviser and educator. Trained as a sociologist and social theorist, he lectured at universities in Europe, North America, and Australia before cofounding an academic publishing house, Polity Press, in 1985. In 1997 he became director of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), a position he held until 2003; he was later professor emeritus. An...

traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest. Patterned on a circle, it is notable for the bodily grace of the women’s movements (especially of the arms and hands) and for the charming melody that accompanies it. ...

In 1964 the American chemist J. Calvin Giddings, referring to a theory largely worked out for gas chromatography, summarized the necessary conditions that would give liquid chromatography the resolving power achievable in gas chromatography—that is, very small particles with a thin film of stationary phase in small-diameter columns. The development of the technique now termed......

...and somewhat impetuous, Davy had plans for a volume of poems, but he began the serious study of science in 1797, and these visions “fled before the voice of truth.” He was befriended by Davies Giddy (later Gilbert; president of the Royal Society, 1827–30), who offered him the use of his library in Tradea and took him to a chemistry laboratory that was well equipped for that......

a judge and hero-liberator of Israel whose deeds are described in the Book of Judges. The author apparently juxtaposed two traditional accounts from his sources in order to emphasize Israel’s monotheism and its duty to destroy idolatry. Accordingly, in one account Gideon led his clansmen of the tribe of Manasseh in slaying the Midianites, a horde of desert raiders; but, influenced by the cult of h...

organization of Protestant business and professional lay men that places copies of the Bible or New Testament in hotel rooms, hospitals, penal institutions, schools, and other locations. Organized by three travelling salesmen in Janesville, Wis., on July 1, 1899, the association began placing Bibles in November 1908. During World War II the Gideons supplied the U.S. armed forces with “Service Test...

...and Ferdinand Bol. Most of van den Eeckhout’s paintings have biblical subjects, but he also essayed events in ancient history and mythology. His earliest signed works, such as Gideon’s Sacrifice (1647), show the clear influence of Rembrandt in their subjects as well as in their brushwork and use of chiaroscuro. In their concern with light and atmosphere in......

...define the escapist style of television in the post-Golden Age era were being introduced. An assortment of new shows from the 1965–66 season reflects this transformation: Gidget (ABC, 1965–66), a beach comedy about an energetic 15-year-old playing in the California sun; F Troop (ABC, 1965–67), which offered up an......

...1802, when Lieutenant John Murray and Captain Matthew Flinders visited the bay within a few months of each other. This area was then part of the colony of New South Wales, and the colony’s governor, Philip Gidley King, instructed the surveyor-general, Charles Grimes, to examine the shores of the bay with a view to identifying sites for future settlement. In 1803 Grimes and his party discovered....

July 27, 1906Minsk, Russia [now in Belarus]Sept. 14, 2000Paris, FranceRussian-born Polish editor and publisher who , saw the political value of literature and, while living in Warsaw, founded (1929) the right-wing magazine Bunt Mlodych (“The Rebellion of the Young”), which later (193...

English actor, producer, and director, who is considered one of the greatest performers of his generation on stage and screen, particularly as a Shakespearean actor. He was knighted in 1953 for services to the theatre. (Click here to hear and .)...

English actor, producer, and director, who is considered one of the greatest performers of his generation on stage and screen, particularly as a Shakespearean actor. He was knighted in 1953 for services to the theatre. (Click here to hear and .)...

The 23 pairs of chromosomes can be identified by using various staining techniques, such as Giemsa banding (G-banding), quinacrine banding (Q-banding), reverse banding (R-banding), constitutive heterochromatin (or centromere) banding (C-banding), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). G-banding is one of the most-used chromosomal staining methods. In this approach, chromosomes are first......

...woman near term, cesarean section is usually recommended. HSV-2 infections have also been associated by circumstantial evidence with the later development of cervical cancer. The Pap smear and Giemsa smear are two techniques commonly used to diagnose genital herpes. There is a blood test to measure the level of antibodies to the virus, but its results are not always conclusive....

legal philosopher who was a leader of the Germanist school of historical jurisprudence in opposition to the Romanist theoreticians of German law (e.g., Friedrich Karl von Savigny). An incomplete knowledge of his work led some advocates of a pluralistic, decentralized political system to claim him as their spokesman....

statesman and foreign minister of Russia during the reign of Alexander III (ruled 1881–94). He guided Russia into a rapprochement with France and thereby formed the basis of the Russo-Franco-British alliance that fought against the Central Powers in World War I....

Feb. 15, 1909Vienna, Austria-HungaryJan. 11, 2010Hoorn, Neth.Austrian-born heroine who was the last surviving member of the group of five non-Jewish people who concealed eight Jews, including Anne Frank and her family, from the Nazis in the secret annex above their Amster...

Most modern historians, however, have stressed their difference. According to J.K.L. Gieseler, a 19th-century German church historian, in Dogmengeschichte,Dogma is not doctrinal opinion, not the pronouncement of any given teacher, but doctrinal statute (decretum). The dogmas of a church are those doctrines which it declares to be......

city, Hessen Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies on the Lahn River between the Westerwald and Vogelsberg (mountains), north of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in 1197, it was chartered in 1248 and sold to the landgraves of Hesse in 1267. It was part of in...

digital file format devised in 1987 by the Internet service provider CompuServe as a means of reducing the size of images and short animations. Because GIF is a lossless data compression format, meaning that no information is lost in the compression, it quickly became a popular format for transmitting and storing graphic files....

The first successful airship was constructed by Henri Giffard of France in 1852. Giffard built a 160-kilogram (350-pound) steam engine capable of developing 3 horsepower, sufficient to turn a large propeller at 110 revolutions per minute. To carry the engine weight, he filled a bag 44 metres (144 feet) long with hydrogen and, ascending from the Paris Hippodrome, flew at a speed of 10 km (6......

Aug. 16, 1930Santa Monica, Calif.Aug. 9, 2015Greenwich, Conn.American football player and sports broadcaster who was an outstanding and versatile player for the NFL’s New York Giants in the 1950s and ’60s prior to achieving even greater fame as an announcer (1971–97) on A...

Aug. 16, 1930Santa Monica, Calif.Aug. 9, 2015Greenwich, Conn.American football player and sports broadcaster who was an outstanding and versatile player for the NFL’s New York Giants in the 1950s and ’60s prior to achieving even greater fame as an announcer (1971–97) on A...

Aug. 3, 1941Huntingdon, Eng.Feb. 9, 2012Findon, West Sussex, Eng.British racehorse jockey and trainer who was the trainer of the great steeplechase horse Aldaniti, which Gifford nursed back from what most observers believed to be career-ending injuries to victory in the 1981 Grand National ...

Aug. 3, 1941Huntingdon, Eng.Feb. 9, 2012Findon, West Sussex, Eng.British racehorse jockey and trainer who was the trainer of the great steeplechase horse Aldaniti, which Gifford nursed back from what most observers believed to be career-ending injuries to victory in the 1981 Grand National ...

In 1983 Philbin became host of New York City’s The Morning Show. Ratings of the struggling show began to climb, and, with the addition of Kathie Lee Gifford in 1985, Morning became a huge success. Much of its popularity centred on the on-air chemistry between Philbin and Gifford. The duo’s unscripted banter during the opening chat sequence......

English satirical poet, classical scholar, and early editor of 17th-century English playwrights, best known as the first editor (1809–24) of the Tory Quarterly Review, founded to combat the liberalism of the Whig Edinburgh Review. Gifford owed his editorship to his connection with the statesman George Canning on ...

in law, a present or thing bestowed gratuitously. The term is generally restricted to mean gratuitous transfers inter vivos (among the living) of real or personal property. A valid gift requires: (1) a competent donor; (2) an eligible donee; (3) an existing identifiable thing or interest; (4) an intention to donate; (5) delivery; i.e., a transfer of possession to or for the donee and a rel...

...significance for the community even if there were no direct economic benefits to the participants. This type of generalized exchange that links individuals indirectly to one another is also called network-generalized or chain-generalized exchange. In addition, this form of generalized exchange is sometimes referred to as a gift economy. However, generalized exchange systems do not have......

the transfer of goods or services that, although regarded as voluntary by the people involved, is part of the expected social behaviour. Gift exchange may be distinguished from other types of exchange in several respects: the first offering is made in a generous manner and there is no haggling between donor and recipient; the exchange is an expression of an existing social relationship or of the e...

...sociological Durkheimian tradition into the mainstream of anthropology, was multifaceted but is especially remembered for his Essai sur le don (1925; The Gift), an analysis of “the gift,” including an examination of the concepts of reciprocity and exchange. The long-term work on West African worldviews (Dieu......

...of Dada artists. Like Duchamp, Man Ray began to produce ready-mades, commercially manufactured objects that he designated as works of art. Among his best-known ready-mades is The Gift (1921), a flatiron with a row of tacks glued to the bottom....

novel by Vladimir Nabokov, originally published serially (in expurgated form in Russian) as Dar in 1937–38. It was published in its complete form as a book in 1952. The Gift is set in post-World War I Berlin, where Nabokov himself had been an émigré. Steeped in satiric detail about the Russian émigré community, the novel tells parallel stories of the protagonist Fy...

In “The Gift,” the best-known story, young Jody Tiflin is given a red pony by his rancher father. Under ranch hand Billy Buck’s guidance, Jody learns to care for and train his pony, which he names Gabilan. Caught in an unexpected rain, Gabilan catches a cold and, despite Billy Buck’s ministrations, dies. Jody watches the buzzards alight on the body of his beloved pony, and,......

an illustrated literary miscellany, or collection of verse, tales, and sketches. The giftbook was popular in England and the United States during the second quarter of the 19th century and was published annually in ornamental format. ...

any child who is naturally endowed with a high degree of general mental ability or extraordinary ability in a specific sphere of activity or knowledge. The designation of giftedness is largely a matter of administrative convenience. In most countries the prevailing definition is an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 130 or above. Increasingly, however, schools use multiple measures o...

city and prefecture (ken), central Honshu, Japan. It is landlocked and dominated by mountains except in the south, where the inner part of Nōbi Plain is drained by the Nagara, Hida, and Kiso rivers. The plain supports most of the area’s agriculture and contains the prefectural capital, Gifu, and other leading cities (Ōgaki, Seki, Mino). Economic ties with neighbouring Na...

Gifu city is noted for paper lantern manufacture and for sweetfish (ayu) fishing with cormorants in the summer. Takayama holds festivals (April and September) during which wheeled floats are paraded to the largest shrines in the town. Gifu University (1949) is located in Kamigahara city. There are numerous spas with hot springs, and recreation is provided at Chubu-sangaku National Park and Hida......

any of several members of a class of light, open, two-wheeled, one-horse carriages, popular in France, England, and America. The gig, which first appeared in Paris in the 17th century, is the ancestor of the cabriolet. Popular variations were the Tilbury gig and the Stanhope gig, both designed by Fitzroy Stanhope. The Stanhope gig was an elegant carriage with low wheels that therefore required sh...

...formal ballet style. The French gigue was a lively dance often in 64 or 68 time, while the Italian giga was faster and set in 128 time. As a musical form the gigue was often used in the stylized dance suite as the last movement. Invariably written in.....