A Durable Memento(250 clicks)
Augustus Washington (1820/21 1875) is one of the few African American daguerreotypists whose work has been identified Charles Bulkeleyand whose career has been documented.

A Map of American Slavery(211 clicks)
One of the most important maps of the Civil War was also one of the most visually striking: the United States Coast Survey’s map of the slaveholding states, which clearly illustrates the varying concentrations of slaves across the South. Abraham Lincoln loved the map and consulted it often; it even appears in a famous 1864 painting of the president and his cabinet.

About African-American History(212 clicks)
Explore the history of African-Americans in the United States. This site has articles, relevant links, photographs, primary text documents, chat, and a forum.

African American Album, Vol. 2(199 clicks)
"The Black Experience in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County
Welcome to An African American Album, Vol. 2. This is your online photograph album of the lives of African Americans in Charlotte and in
Mecklenburg County from the 1940s through the 1990s."

African American Diversity Cultural Center Hawaii(160 clicks)
Establish a venue to bring the community together to share our culture and cultural values, in collaboration with businesses, to promote educational programs and hold community events.

African American Experience in Ohio, 1850-1920(213 clicks)
This selection of manuscript and printed text and images drawn from the collections of the Ohio Historical Society illuminates the history of black Ohio from 1850 to 1920, a story of slavery and freedom, segregation and integration, religion and politics, migrations and restrictions, harmony and discord, and struggles and successes.

African American Perspectives(265 clicks)
"The Daniel A. P. Murray Pamphlet Collection presents a panoramic and eclectic review of African-American history and culture, spanning almost one hundred years from the early nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries, with the bulk of the material published between 1875 and 1900. Among the authors represented are Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Benjamin W. Arnett, Alexander Crummel, and Emanuel Love."

African Missouri(198 clicks)
Blacks have a rich and varied history in Missouri; as slaves, freedmen and freedwomen, settlers, teachers, soldiers, farmers... It is a history little known or appreciated--even by native African Missourians. This project is intended to provide access to some of our sad and wonderful history.

African-American History and Archeology(162 clicks)
It is impossible to imagine our world without the contributions of
African Americans. Be it language, art, technology, food, or music,
African Americans have made a prodigious and immutable mark on
American culture. The Southeast Archeological Center conducts
projects that record and preserve the archeological and historical
record of these contributions. The following is a sampling of these
efforts.

African-American Lumbermen(269 clicks)
The East Texas Research Center's photo collection contains over 11,000 cataloged photographs and slides, arranged according to subject.

African-American Migration Experience(244 clicks)
For enhanced functionality download the free Flash plugin here: get flash
The African-American Migration Experience
New societies, new peoples, and new communities usually originate in acts of migration. Someone or ones decide to move from one place to another. They choose a new destination and sever their ties with their traditional community or society as they set out in search of new opportunities, new challenges, new lives, and new life worlds. Most societies in human history have a migration narrative in their stories of origin. All communities in American society trace their origins in the United States to one or more migration experiences. America, after all, is "a nation of immigrants."
But until recently, people of African descent have not been counted as part of America's migratory tradition. The transatlantic slave trade has created an enduring image of black men and women as transported commodities, and is usually considered the most defining element in the construction of the African Diaspora, but it is centuries of additional movements that have given shape to the nation we know today. This is the story that has not been told.
In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience presents a new interpretation of African-American history, one that focuses on the self-motivated activities of peoples of African descent to remake themselves and their worlds. Of the thirteen defining migrations that formed and transformed African America, only the transatlantic slave trade and the domestic slave trades were coerced, the eleven others were voluntary movements of resourceful and creative men and women, risk-takers in an exploitative and hostile environment.

African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship(235 clicks)
This Special Presentation of the Library of Congress exhibition, The African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship, showcases the Library's incomparable African-American collections. The presentation was not only a highlight of what is on view in this major black history exhibition, but also a glimpse into the Library's vast African-American collections. Both include a wide array of important and rare books, government documents, manuscripts, maps, musical scores, plays, films, and recordings.

Africans in America(288 clicks)
The Africans in America Web site is a companion to Africans in America, a six-hour public television series. The Web site chronicles the history of racial slavery in the United States -- from the start of the Atlantic slave trade in the 16th century to the end of the American Civil War in 1865 -- and explores the central paradox that is at the heart of the American story: a democracy that declared all men equal but enslaved and oppressed one people to provide independence and prosperity to another.

An African American Album, the Black Experience in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County(170 clicks)
"An African American Album, the Black Experience in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County was published
by the Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County in 1992. The book, now out of print, is made up of
photographs donated by community members. These compelling images reflect African-American Life in the
years before 1950."

An African-American Bibilography: Education(211 clicks)
An African-American Bibilography: Education
(12445 total words in this text)
(read: 887 times)
January 1993,
The University of the State of New York,
The State Education Department,
The New York State Library

Been Here So Long(246 clicks)
The Works Progress Administration funded the collection of American Slave Narratives during 1936-1938. The interviews reflect the times in which they were conducted.

Biographical sketch of Cyrus Bustill(210 clicks)
Cryus Bustill was born in Burlington in 1732, the son of an English attorney and an African slave. After learning the baker's trade from Thomas Prior, a local baker and member of the Friends Meeting, Bustill gained his freedom at age 36. During the Revolutionary War, he was commended for supplying American troops with baked goods at the Burlington docks, and reportedly given a silver piece by General Washington.

Biographical Sketch of Oliver Cromwell, Revolutionary Soldier(242 clicks)
Oliver Cromwell was born near Burlington in 1752. Raised a farmer, he served in several companies of the Second New Jersey Regiment between 1777 and 1783. After seeing action at the battles of Trenton and Princeton in 1776 and 1777, Brandywine in 1777, Monmouth in 1778 and Yorktown in 1781, he left the military at war's end. George Washington personally signed Cromwell's discharge papers, and also designed a medal which was awarded to Cromwell.

Birmingham Civil Rights Institute(279 clicks)
Every journey begins with a first step. The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute takes its visitors on one of this nation's most significant journeys by capturing the spirit and courage of countless individuals who, during the 1950's and 1960's, dared to confront the bigotry and racial discrimination of American society.

Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism(202 clicks)
Compiled from Archive, library and Internet source documentation, this timeline on Slavery and in part the History of Racism, has been used to guide the direction of independent research into the history of enslaved Americans of African descent at historic sites located at the National Zoo, in Washington, DC. Hopefully, this compilation of American history will help others who undertake similar tasks.

Discovering African-American History in Rural Ohio(194 clicks)
Knox County, Ohio has been home to Black residents from the earliest days of settlement of the region by non-indigenous persons. As a consequence of their small numbers, the history of Black folks of the area was largely over-looked, if not outright ignored, by the mainstream press, academicians, and local historians. Although living and working closely with their White neighbors, the Black community, forced by custom and convention and inspired by other "colored" people living in communities both large and small, built parallel, albeit segregated, institutions to meet their social, economic, and spiritual needs. The establishment of these archives was intended to open a window into the fascinating world of African American life and experience in rural Ohio as well as advance the reclamation of the proud histories of the invisible people who occupied "the community within."

Documenting Our Past: The Teenie Harris Archive(209 clicks)
"Teenie Harris' photographs are unsurpassed in the range of subjects they portray and for their ability to evoke the spirit of an era and to display the humanity of a people. Harris' 40-year career with the Pittsburgh Courier, one of the largest and most influential Black newspapers in the country, began as the nation emerged from the Depression and ended with the Civil Rights Movement. Numbering upwards of 80,000 images, this archive represents the largest single collection of photographic images of any Black community in the United States—or the world, for that matter."

Freedmen and Southern Society Project(175 clicks)
Drawing upon the rich resources of the National Archives of the United States, the project's editors pored over millions of documents, selecting some 50,000. They are presently transcribing, organizing, and annotating them to explain how black people traversed the bloody ground from slavery to freedom between the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 and the beginning of Radical Reconstruction in 1867. The documents vividly speak for themselves, and interpretive essays by the editors provide historical context.

Friend of Man(219 clicks)
"
The Friend of Man at Cornell University Library
The Friend of Man cover
Friend of Man is one of the most significant and little studied newspapers documenting early anti-slavery and other reform movements. The periodical is of special significance because with the exception of religion, scholars know little about the resources of social movements in rural areas such as Central New York, where Friend of Man was published.
Cornell is truly fortunate to have a close to complete set of Friend of Man , 281 issues, published from 1836 - 1842."

From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1822-1909(185 clicks)
396 pamphlets from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division, published from 1822 through 1909, by African-American authors and others who wrote about slavery, African colonization, Emancipation, Reconstruction, and related topics. The materials range from personal accounts and public orations to organizational reports and legislative speeches. Among the authors represented are Frederick Douglass, Kelly Miller, Charles Sumner, Mary Church Terrell, and Booker T. Washington.

George Washington Carver, The Legacy of(190 clicks)
"During the 1998-1999 academic year, Iowa State University celebrated the legacy of its first African American student and faculty member, George Washington Carver. Renowned for developing innovative uses for a variety of agricultural crops such as peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes, Carver's legacy at Iowa State is even more than academic achievement. He was an accomplished musician, artist, orator, athletic trainer and student leader. Iowa State's land-grant heritage provided a rich environment where he could take root and blossom. It is an environment that remains rich in academic, cultural, artistic and athletic opportunities."

Golden Fourteen, Plus(185 clicks)
Among the better known “firsts” in Afro-American military/naval history is the commissioning of the first group of Black Navy line officers during the Second World War. Although the episode in 1944 was a classic example of governmental tokenism, the men have been feted in recent years and become popularly known as the “Golden Thirteen”. Meanwhile, there existed another group of Black naval pioneers whose remarkable place in our history has remained all but forgotten. It has been difficult to determine their precise number, but they justly deserve to be heralded as “golden” in their own right. The “sailors” in question were the Black women of an earlier generation who served as enlisted “Yeomenettes” or, more correctly, “Yeomen (Female)” during the First World War.

H-Afro-Am(163 clicks)
"The main mission of H-Afro-Am is to provide an exchange of information for professionals, faculty and advanced students, in the field of African American Studies (also called Afrocentricity, Africology, Africana Studies, Afro-American Studies, Black Studies, and Pan-African Studies)."

Harlem: 1900-1940(154 clicks)
Detsils the history of this African American community. Includes resources for teachers.

I Have A Dream(205 clicks)
by Martin Luther King Jr
[Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on
August 28, 1963]

I Was a Negro in the South for 30 Days(182 clicks)
Fifty years ago, Ray Sprigle of the Post-Gazette posed as a black man to experience firsthand what life was like for 10 million people living under the system of legal segregation known as Jim Crow.

Lamin Sanneh, Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West Africa(146 clicks)
"The bibliography that follows is based on my book, Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West Africa, to be published by Harvard University Press, 1999. For reasons of economy, this bibliography now appears separately. Integrated with it are materials I obtained in missionary and government archives, from field trips, and primary sources, as well as extensive interviews and discussions with people in Africa, Europe, the U.S., the Caribbean and the Pacific."

Lest We Forget(216 clicks)
"Our agenda is simple. The contributors and I offer you the history, culture, preservation efforts, and current events of African-Americans, other ethnic, non-ethnic groups and individuals. We focus on and emphasize their sacrifices, relationships, interactions, patriotism as well as their contributions to the growth and development of this great nation. Let us never forget them."

Levi Jordan Plantation(195 clicks)
The plantation was built in 1848 by Levi Jordan, his family, and the people who worked for them as slaves and, later, as tenant farmers and sharecroppers. This web site attempts to discuss the lives of ALL of these people, and covers a period from 1848 until about 1888-1890.

Lift Every Voice and Sing (1900) by James Weldon Johnson(210 clicks)
Originally written by Johnson for a presentation in celebration of the
birthday of Abraham Lincoln. This was originally performed in
Jacksonville, Florida, by children. The popular title for this work is:
THE NEGRO NATIONAL ANTHEM

Living with the Hydra(191 clicks)
The Documentation of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Federal Records
By Walter B. Hill, Jr.
Two-part article.

Manuscript Collections Relating to Slavery(157 clicks)
The library of the New-York Historical Society holds among its many resources a substantial collection of manuscript materials documenting American slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. The fourteen collections on this web site are among the most important of these manuscript collections. They consist of diaries, account books, letter books, ships’ logs, indentures, bills of sale, personal papers, and records of institutions. Some of the highlights of these collections include the records of the New York Manumission Society and the African Free School, the diaries and correspondence of English abolitionists Granville Sharp and John Clarkson, the papers of the Boston anti-slavery activist Lysander Spooner, the records of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, the draft of Charles Sumner’s famous speech The Anti-Slavery Enterprise, and an account book kept by the slave trading firm Bolton, Dickens & Co.

Marcus Garvey Library(168 clicks)
Providing research awareness about work and philosophy of
Dr Marcus Mosiah Garvey with special reference to history of medicine as applied to; black hospital movement, malaria, public health, HIV, universal african black cross nurses,surgery...a special link has been added on Ethiopia to contribute knowledge regarding the antiquity of the culture and indigenous medical practice.

Mark E.Mitchell Collection of African American History(149 clicks)
The Mark E. Mitchell Collection of African American History is an unprecedented compilation of over 5,000 original historic manuscripts, documents, newspapers, books, photographs and artifacts, dating from the early 1600s through the present day -- referred to by some as a "National Treasure". The Collection vividly “brings to life” the African American experience from its origins in the great empires of Western Africa, through the terrible Slave Trade and Middle Passage, Slavery and Emancipation in America, Reconstruction, the Harlem Renaissance, the Civil Rights movement, and contemporary America.

Memphis: We Remember(175 clicks)
Articles about the 1968 Memphis sanitation workers' strike, full text of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech, and links to other African American labor history sites.

Message from the Wilderness of North America:Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, c. 1960(225 clicks)
Claude A. Clegg, III. "
Editors' Note: This radio talk by Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975), the subject of the following essay, was aired in the New York City
area on radio station WNTA on November 23, 1960. The recording of the broadcast comes from the New York State Archives, New
York State Police Non-Criminal Investigations Files. The original reel-to-reel tape on which the address was recorded was physically
restored and copied onto cassette audiotape. The analog recording was converted to digital RealAudio file format."

Museum of African American History, Boston(190 clicks)
The Museum of Afro American History (MAAH) is a not-for-profit history institution dedicated to preserving, conserving and accurately interpreting the contributions of African Americans during the colonial period in New England.

North American Slave Narratives(197 clicks)
"North American Slave Narratives, Beginnings to 1920" documents the individual and collective story of the African American struggle for freedom and human rights in the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. When completed, it will include all the narratives of fugitive and former slaves published in broadsides, pamphlets, or book form in English up to 1920 and many of the biographies of fugitive and former slaves published in English before 1920. The Editor of this series, William L. Andrews, E. Maynard Adams Professor of English and Chair of the English Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, selects the texts for this project, while the Editorial Board for Documenting the American South guides its development. The texts come from the Academic Affairs Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Duke University, North Carolina Central University, and from other repositories around the country. The project is funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities with additional support from the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation.

North American Slave Narratives(224 clicks)
"North American Slave Narratives" collects books and articles that document the individual and collective story of African Americans struggling for freedom and human rights in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. This collection includes all the existing autobiographical narratives of fugitive and former slaves published as broadsides, pamphlets, or books in English up to 1920. Also included are many of the biographies of fugitive and former slaves and some significant fictionalized slave narratives published in English before 1920.

Old Salem North Carolina(380 clicks)
Welcome also to Old Salem® Online, the official website for Old Salem (an outdoor living history town with restored historic buildings for touring, on the original site of Salem, founded 1766), the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (MESDA), The Gallery at Old Salem, and The Children's Museum at Old Salem, all in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Oral History: Louisville, KY(156 clicks)
The Oral History Center at the University of Louisville has long sought to aid in the documentation of the history of Louisville's African American community. This effort was bolstered in the 1970s by funding from the Kentucky Oral History Commission, which supported a number of the interviews included in this first online offering. The African American Oral History Collection includes interviews conducted as part of projects designed to document particular aspects of Louisville's history and/or important local institutions, such as the Red Cross (Community) Hospital and the Louisville Municipal College, as well as projects that sought to document African American life more generally. Most of the interviews were conducted in the late 1970s.

Paul Dunbar(226 clicks)
"Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906), the child of slaves, was the first African-American writer to achieve widespread recognition for his literature and poetry. Known in his day chiefly for his dialect poetry, Dunbar wrote in a variety of styles and originated several new modes that would be pursued by African-American writers in the next generation."

Persistence of the Spirit(177 clicks)
Persistence of the Spirit is an interpretive study of the people and events that contributed to the black experience in Arkansas. Developed in 1986-87 by a team of humanities scholars supported by grants, the project included a permanent exhibit at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, traveling exhibits, booklets, classroom guides, and a 30-minute video documentary.

Plum Thickets and Field Daisies(192 clicks)
"Rose Leary Love's
memoir of life in the lost Charlotte neighborhood of Brooklyn
during the early twentieth century. Brooklyn, a city within a
city, was lost to urban renewal soon after Love's death in
1969."

Records of the 105th. U.S. Colored Troops(203 clicks)
Civil War. "The following records of the 105th US Colored Troops are from the remaining Civil War files of Lt. Col. Rue Pugh Hutchins (Brevet Brigadier General), as transcribed by his great grandson, A. Donald Kelmers, of Louisville, Kentucky, on March 12-13, 1996. To the extent possible, the typed transcript follows the format, abbreviations, etc., of the original documents. Because the original documents are handwritten, in a few instances it was necessary to take a best guess at a word, based on the context of the sentence, or at a name."

Revealing African American Lives(145 clicks)
"Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute of African American History at Harvard University, speaks about the development of the African American National Biography, the largest African American biographical collection ever published, spanning more than four centuries, with 4,100 entries in eight volumes. The series presents African American history as told through the lives of its most notable historic actors, documenting and dramatizing the central role played by African Americans in our nation’s history, from the sixteenth through the twentieth centuries."

Review of Born in Slavery(187 clicks)
Claus K. Meyer says:
"Born in Slavery" provides unrestricted access to a large body of essential sources for the study of slavery. The accompanying essay by Norman Yetman provides a well-structured, balanced, and readable introduction to the collection. As might be expected from a resource produced by the Library of Congress, the site meets the highest technical standards of electronic editorship. It is easy to use and fast. Thus "Born in Slavery" is an achievement that exemplifies the potential of the Internet for the publication for historical sources.
"

Rhoda L. Martin Cultural Heritage Center(153 clicks)
Here you will find all of the historical background and fascinating information about Mother Rhoda L. Martin, the founder of the Jacksonville Beach [Florida] Colored School now housed within the walls of the center.

Seacoast New Hampshire Black History(224 clicks)
New Hampshire's black history begins in Portsmouth in 1645. But there are important stories to tell from across the Seacoast. Our goal is to tell those stories.

Seneca Village Web Site(186 clicks)
"Seneca Village existed from 1825 through 1857. It was located between 82nd and 89th Streets and Seventh and Eighth
Avenues. Today, this area is part of Central Park. Seneca Village was Manhattan's first significant community of African American property owners. By the 1840s, it had
become a multi-ethnic community African Americans, Irish, and German immigrants, and perhaps a few Native
Americans. In 1855, the New York State Census reported approximately 264 individuals living in the village. There
were three churches, as well as a school and several cemeteries. Within two years, Seneca Village would be razed and
its identity erased by the creation of Central Park."

Shadows in the Range of Light(192 clicks)
"Nearly 400 African-Americans traveled from the Presidio in San Francisco to Yosemite at the turn of the last century. Only one image and a handful of documents recorded their existence."

Slavery and the Early American Economy(143 clicks)
In this lecture Edward Ayers, President, University of Richmond, tackles myths about slavery and describes how it grew into an American -- not just Southern -- institution. He discusses slavery's integral role in driving the global economy in the early 1800s.

Slavery in the North(194 clicks)
"African slavery is so much the outstanding feature of the South, in the unthinking view of it, that people often forget there had been slaves in all the old colonies."

Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860(185 clicks)
Michelle Thick says: "
Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860, is part of the American Memory collection of the Library of Congress. It contains 105 documents that cover an assortment of trials and cases both from the United States and Great Britain and include some featuring prominent figures such as John Quincy Adams. The collection covers a wide aspect of the world of slavery and includes documents that contain the views of both slaveholders and the slaves themselves as well as abolitionists, politicians, and members of the justice system."

Slaves' Stories(237 clicks)
The year is 1780. In this year European traders will take thousands of Africans into slavery. This website follows four of those people. On the next screen you will meet them on board a transatlantic slave ship.

Still Cookin' by the Fireside: African Americans in Food Service(171 clicks)
"Historically, African Americans have used occupations in food service, such as prepared-food vendor, waiter and cook, to help in building an economic base for themselves, their families, and their communities. These activities have long provided a financial foundation and served as a source of economic empowerment--however limited--in times when the range of occupations was strictly limited for African American men and women."

The Black Experience in America(206 clicks)
Norman Coombs' book: "This volume depicts the immigrants from Africa as one among the many elements which created present-day America. On the one hand, they differ from the other minorities because they came involuntarily, suffered the cruelties of slavery, and were of another color. All of this made their experience unique. On the other hand, they shared much in common with the other minorities, many of whom also felt like aliens in their new land. "

The Face of Slavery & Other Images of African Americans(226 clicks)
"What we call "history" is born from a collage of glimpses and images, insights and documents. And while this Gallery does not presume to tell the comprehensive story of early photography and African Americans, it does offer tantalizing glimpses into the past. During the half-century covered by these photographs, African Americans fought slavery, withstood brutal racial hatred, and struggled to escape from poverty. Sometimes the camera was their ally... sometimes it was an instrument of prejudice... but often it was an observer, recording the images that we recognize today as the raw material of history."

The Freedmans Bureau Online(229 clicks)
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, often referred to as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of March 3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. The bureau records were created or maintained by bureau headquarters, the assistant commissioners and the state superintendents of education and included personnel records and a variety of standard reports concerning bureau programs and conditions in the states.

The King Institute(225 clicks)
The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute

The Matthew Gaines Memorial Homepage(146 clicks)
Former slave, community leader, minister, Republican
State Senator and courageous leader in the 12th Legislature,
which established free public education in the State of
Texas and enabled the founding of Texas A&M University
(S.B. 276 - April 4, 1871)

The Negro as an American(168 clicks)
The Negro as an American
(3959 total words in this text)
(read: 3134 times)
ROBERT C. WEAVER
JUNE 13 1963
[Robert C Weaver was the first black cabinet member, Johnson's Secretary of
Housing and Urban Development.]

The Scottsboro Boys(155 clicks)
The Scottsboro Boys (the young men were named after the Alabama town where they were tried for the first time) ranged in age from 13 to 21.

The Slave Consultant's Narrative: The life of an Urban Myth?(161 clicks)
In late 1993, I [Anne Taylor] added a (now infamous) article to the Library's gopher because I found it interesting. Over the past year, I have been contacted many times about its origin and authenticity. I can prove neither, but it remains on the gopher and now on the Web because it has struck a nerve in many African Americans, sparked debate between us, has been used in a major national event, and seems to be sparking a new word phrase.

The Virginia Runaways Project(217 clicks)
" The Virginia Runaways Project is a digital database of runaway and captured slave and servant advertisements from 18th-century Virginia newspapers. When a slave or servant ran away, masters often placed remarkably detailed advertisements for their return. Sheriffs and other county officials also often advertised the capture of runaways or suspected runaways. This project offers full transcripts and images of all runaway and captured ads for slaves, servants, and deserters placed in Virginia newspapers from 1736 to 1790."

The Wheels of War(260 clicks)
"In 1897 a unit of black infantrymen set out on a grueling expedition to demonstrate a unique means of military transport--the bicycle."

Third Person, First Person(204 clicks)
Slave Voices From The Special Collections Library, Broadside Collection, Special Collections Library, Duke University

Underground Railroad(213 clicks)
In 1990, Congress authorized the National Park Service to conduct a study of the Underground Railroad, its routes and operations in order to preserve and interpret this aspect of United States history. This study includes a general overview of the Underground Railroad, with a brief discussion of slavery and abolitionism, escape routes used by slaves, and alternatives for commemoration and interpretation of the significance of the phenomenon.

Virginia Runaways(209 clicks)
The Geography of Slavery in Virginia offers a new search interface and updated supporting materials for ads, 1736-1777. You can now search the ads by gender, age, skill, and intent, among other things.

Visualizing Emancipstion(247 clicks)
Visualizing Emancipation is a map of slavery’s end during the American Civil War. It finds patterns in the collapse of southern slavery, mapping the interactions between federal policies, armies in the field, and the actions of enslaved men and women on countless farms and city blocks. It encourages scholars, students, and the public to examine the wartime end of slavery in place, allowing a rigorously geographic perspective on emancipation in the United States.

Walk-A-Heaps: Black Infantrymen in the West(180 clicks)
".) Indeed, given their fine record, it seems that the black walk-a-heaps more than deserved to share this name with black cavalrymen as these "common" soldiers helped change the face of the West in the late 1800s."

West Ford - African American Son of George Washington(194 clicks)
This website is dedicated to West Ford - George Washington's African American Son. It provides relevant information on West Ford. The site receives 500-1,000 hits per month from universities, media, libraries, and genealogists searching for this missing piece of American history.