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Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba; in Chinese and Japanese , pinyin romanization: yín xìng), also spelled gingko, also known as the Maidenhair Tree, is a unique species of tree with no close living relatives. The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo. Ginkgos are very large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66–115 feet), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (164 feet). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, and then fall. A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos long-lived, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old. Ginkgo is the only extant species within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a living fossil, because Ginkgoales other than G. biloba are not known from the fossil record after the Pliocene. Although Ginkgo biloba and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, the tree currently occurs in the wild only in the northwest of Zhejiang province in the Tianmu Shan mountain reserve in eastern China, but even its status as a naturally occurring species there is questionable. In other areas of China it has been long cultivated and it is common in the southern third of the country. The tree is the national tree of China. It has also been commonly cultivated in North America for over 200 years, but during that time it has never become significantly naturalized.

The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have aphrodisiac qualities.

Ginkgo biloba leaf Extract (GBE) contains Ginkgo flavone glycosides and Terpene lactones, and have been used pharmaceutically. The flavone glycosides, such as keampferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, have anti-oxidant and free radical properties. The ginkgolides, which are trilactonic diterpenes, include ginkgolide A, B, C. GBE is standardized to contain 24% Ginkgo flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones including Ginkgolide A,B,C and bilobalide. Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day.Both the leaves and the seeds have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This ancient remedy has been recommended for coughs, asthma and inflammations due to allergies. Today the clinical experience in China has focused on using tablets or injectable drug forms in the treatment of angina pectoris, chronic bronchitis, and its effect on lowering serum cholesterol levels.

The standardized extract of the leaves has been used extensively in Europe for two decades. Because of wide restorative effects, its excellent safety, also with the increasing population of the aged, the standardized extract of the leaves will surely have more and more important function for people's health and lives. In a study of mountain climbers on a Himalayan expedition, GBE was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing acute altitude sickness and cold-related vascular problems (Roncin et al., 1996). Also in a randomized, controlled, double-blind, German study, GBE was significantly superior to placebo in improving symptoms of intermittent claudication (a type of peripheral arterial disease that causes pain in the legs due to obstructed blood flow (Peters, 1998).Ginkgo leaf extract (GBE) is now among the leading prescription medicines in both France and Germany, where they account for 1.0 and 1.5 percent, respectively, of total prescription sales.

The Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract used in dietary supplements is derived from the leaves of the plant Ginkgo biloba L..

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