1. Probability - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia probability is the likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen. probability theory is used extensively in areas such as statistics,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

Contents

edit Interpretations

The word probability does not have a consistent direct definition. Actually, there are two broad categories of probability interpretations Frequentists talk about probabilities only when dealing with well defined random experiments . The relative frequency of occurrence of an experiment's outcome, when repeating the experiment, is a measure of the probability of that random event. Bayesians , however, assign probabilities to any statement whatsoever , even when no random process is involved, as a way to represent its subjective plausibility.

2. Probability probability is introduced in this interactive lesson from Math Goodies. Learn probability at your own pace.http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol6/intro_probability.html

Probability Unit 6 Problem: A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow, blue, green and red. What are the chances of landing on blue after spinning the spinner? What are the chances of landing on red? Solution: The chances of landing on blue are 1 in 4, or one fourth. The chances of landing on red are 1 in 4, or one fourth. This problem asked us to find some probabilities involving a spinner. Let's look at some definitions and examples from the problem above. Definition Example An experiment is a situation involving chance or probability that leads to results called outcomes. In the problem above, the experiment is spinning the spinner. An outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment. The possible outcomes are landing on yellow, blue, green or red. An event is one or more outcomes of an experiment. One event of this experiment is landing on blue. Probability is the measure of how likely an event is. The probability of landing on blue is one fourth. In order to measure probabilities, mathematicians have devised the following formula for finding the probability of an event. Probability Of An Event P(A) = The Number Of Ways Event A Can Occur The Total Number Of Possible Outcomes The probability of event A is the number of ways event A can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.

Probability Problems

In a world as crazy as this one, it ought to be easy to find something that happens solely by chance. It isn't. Kevin McKeen The Orderly Pursuit of Pure Disorder. Discover, January, 1981 American Heritage Dictionary defines Probability Theory as the branch of Mathematics that studies the likelihood of occurrence of random events in order to predict the behavior of defined systems. Starting with this definition, it would (probably :-) be right to conclude that the Probability Theory, being a branch of Mathematics, is an exact, deductive science that studies uncertain quantities related to random events. This might seem to be a strange marriage of mathematical certainty and uncertainty of randomness. On a second thought, though, most people will agree that a newly conceived baby has a 50-50 chance (exact but, likely, inaccurate estimate) to be, for example, a girl or a boy, for that matter. Interestingly, a recent book by

4. Math Forum: Ask Dr. Math FAQ: Probability The study of probability helps us figure out the likelihood of something happening. For instance, when you roll a pair of dice, you might ask how likely youhttp://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.prob.intro.html

Ask Dr. Math: FAQ

I ntroduction to P robability Dr. Math FAQClassic ProblemsFormulasSearch Dr. Math ... Dr. Math HomeFor a review of concepts, see Permutations and Combinations. The study of probability helps us figure out the likelihood of something happening. For instance, when you roll a pair of dice, you might ask how likely you are to roll a seven. In math, we call the "something happening" an "event." The probability of the occurrence of an event can be expressed as a fraction or a decimal from to 1. Events that are unlikely will have a probability near 0, and events that are likely to happen have probabilities near 1.* In any probability problem, it is very important to identify all the different outcomes that could occur. For instance, in the question about the dice, you must figure out all the different ways the dice could land, and all the different ways you could roll a seven. * Note that when you're dealing with an infinite number of possible events, an event that could conceivably happen might have probability zero. Consider the example of picking a random number between 1 and 10 - what is the probability that you'll pick 5.0724? It's zero, but it could happen.

Shodor Interactivate: Experimental Probability Activity The activity will start momentarily Activity Description Experiment with probability using a fixed size section spinner, a variable section spinner, two regular 6-sided dice or customized dice. Appropriate for elementary grades. var data = "One moment please. The Experimental Probability uses JAVA technology. We are trying to determine whether you have this technology installed on your computer. This should only take a few moments." data = data + "Taking too long? You may also choose to skip this detection process."; document.write(data); JavaScript is Disabled Shodor Interactivate utilizes JavaScript technology, you must enable it to effectively use our site. If you wish to leave JavaScript disabled, you may attempt to view the activity . Here is some additional information about this activity that may not be accessible without JavaScript. Experimental Probability Place in mathematics curriculum: This activity can be used to:

give students experience generating sets of data using random number generators.

This introductory probability book, published by the American Mathematical Society, is available from AMS bookshop . It has, since publication, also been available for download here in pdf format. We are pleased that this has made our book more widely available. We are pleased to announce that our book has now been made freely redistributable under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) , as published by the Free Software Foundation. Briefly stated, the FDL permits you to do whatever you like with a work, as long as you don't prevent anyone else from doing what they like with it. This is the same license that is used for the Wikipedia. Here is the GNU version in pdf , and here is the source" Thanks: We owe our ability to distribute this work under the FDL to the far-sightedness of the American Mathematical Society. We are particularly grateful for the help and support of John Ewing, AMS Executive Director and Publisher. Our book emphasizes the use of computing to simulate experiments and make computations. We have prepared a set of programs to go with the book. We have Mathematica, Maple, and TrueBASIC versions of these programs. You can download the programs from this location. We also have

10. BBC - Skillswise Numbers - Probability How to show that some events are more likely to occur than others and express this using fractions, decimals and percentages with the probability scale of 0http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/handlingdata/probability/

12. Probability -- From Wolfram MathWorld probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given events together with the outcomes relative likelihoods andhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/Probability.html

AlgebraApplied MathematicsCalculus and AnalysisDiscrete Mathematics ... Interactive DemonstrationsProbability Probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given events together with the outcomes' relative likelihoods and distributions. In common usage, the word "probability" is used to mean the chance that a particular event (or set of events) will occur expressed on a linear scale from (impossibility) to 1 (certainty), also expressed as a percentage between and 100%. The analysis of events governed by probability is called statistics There are several competing interpretations of the actual "meaning" of probabilities. Frequentists view probability simply as a measure of the frequency of outcomes (the more conventional interpretation), while Bayesians treat probability more subjectively as a statistical procedure that endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution. A properly normalized function that assigns a probability "density" to each possible outcome within some interval is called a probability function (or probability distribution function), and its cumulative value (integral for a continuous distribution or sum for a discrete distribution) is called a

13. Electronic Journal Of Probability The Electronic Journal of probability publishes fullsize research articles in probability theory. The Electronic Communications in probability (ECP),http://www.math.washington.edu/~ejpecp/

HomeContentsSubmissions, editors, etc.Login ... EJP Home Vol. 13 (2008) open journal systems The Electronic Journal of Probability publishes full-size research articles in probability theory. The Electronic Communications in Probability (ECP), a sister journal of EJP, publishes short notes and research announcements in probability theory. Both ECP and EJP are official journals of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Bernoulli society Both EJP and ECP have been selected for coverage in Thomson ISI® services. Beginning with Volume 9 (2004), information on the contents of these two Journals are indexed in:  Science Citation Index Expanded®  ISI Alerting Services®  CompuMath Citation Index®  Current Contents®/Physical, Chemical, and Earth Sciences® This Journal has several mirror sites, which may not always be most current. The master site is located at the Department of Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA: http:www.math.washington.edu/~ejpecp , which carries the most updated version. Corrections to "On Lévy processes conditioned to stay positive" AbstractPDFPostScript Loïc Chaumont and Ronald Arthur Doney Pages: 1-4, Published on: January 6, 2008

14. Statistics Glossary - Probability The probability of an event can be thought of as its longrun relative frequency when the experiment is carried out many times.http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/probability.html

Probability

OutcomeSample SpaceEventRelative Frequency ... Index of all entriesOutcome An outcome is the result of an experiment or other situation involving uncertainty. The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment is called a sample space. Sample Space The sample space is an exhaustive list of all the possible outcomes of an experiment. Each possible result of such a study is represented by one and only one point in the sample space, which is usually denoted by S.

Examples

Experiment Rolling a die once:

Experiment Tossing a coin:

Experiment Measuring the height (cms) of a girl on her first day at school:

Sample space S = the set of all possible real numbers

Event An event is any collection of outcomes of an experiment. Formally, any subset of the sample space is an event. Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space is called an elementary or simple event. Events which consist of more than one outcome are called compound events.

Set theory is used to represent relationships among events. In general, if A and B are two events in the sample space S, then

(A union B) = 'either A or B occurs or both occur'

(A intersection B) = 'both A and B occur'

(A is a subset of B) = 'if A occurs, so does B'

15. Probability Authors/titles Recent Submissions Title A note on optimal probability lower bounds for centered random Title The Theory of Fallible probability and The Dynamics of Degrees of Beliefhttp://arxiv.org/list/math.PR/recent

Probability plc is at the forefront of mobile phone gambling services and technology, operating at the highest levels of social and regulatory responsibility in a fast growing market environment. Our proprietary technology delivers an integrated portfolio of Casino, Bingo! and Slots entertainment to players using over 2,700 models of mobile phone, built on a robust mobile gambing platform which has the highest level of regulatory approval. Our mobile e-wallet, approved by the FSA, handles all payments for customers seamlessly with the game play experience on the phone. Probability plc listed on AIM in August 2006 with ticker symbol PBTY. Investor information Our on-line Press Office contains up-to-date and archive news releases as well as our media contacts. Make money from your web or wap sites by joining our Lady Luck's affiliate programme. Become an affiliate var sc_project=2166846; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_partition=19; var sc_security="21e70f54"; var sc_remove_link=1; var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));

17. HyperStat Online: Probability by David Lane and Joan Lu Videos GCSE probability, Part 1 Introduction to probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Sheldon M. Ross.http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/probability.html

P O E T R Y, P R O B A B I L I T Y , L I G H T, P R I M A R Y F U N At the end of a rainbow lies a pot of gold. When Finnegan took us there we found sparkling gold coins. Those coins intrigued us. We began flipping them and noticed sometimes they landed on heads-sometimes on tails. Finnegan had us record our flips. He told us we were collecting data. We were fascinated with Collecting data allows students to experience what is to be a scientist. By examining it and then interpreting it, students work at a much higher level than merely reading about it. We designed this section of our site with the above in mind. There are online activities for students to examine (and yes, adults can play too) as well as ideas and activities for teachers to use in their classrooms. We hope you'll enjoy these projects. Introductory Lessons

How to Collect Data

There's an art to collecting data. Spend a few minutes reviewing with Finnegan how to go about getting your data.

19. Glencoe Mathematics - Online Study Tools What is the probability of choosing an oddnumbered card? Find the probability of the dart landing in the shaded region.http://www.glencoe.com/sec/math/studytools/cgi-bin/msgQuiz.php4?isbn=1-57039-850