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Background: Sickness absence (SA) is becoming a major economic problem in many countries. Our aim was to investigate whether type of employment, including temporary employment or part-time employment, is associated with SA while controlling for familial factors (genetic and shared environment). Differences between men and women and across employment sectors were explored.

Methods: This is a prospective twin study based on 21 105 twins born in Sweden 1959-85. The participants completed a survey in 2005 with follow-up of SA (≥15 days), using register data, until end of 2013. The data were analyzed with logistic regression, with results presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Conclusions: Employment type is associated with SA, with temporary employment involving a higher risk compared to permanent full-time employment while both part-time employment and self-employment involved a lower risk. The associations vary between women and men and across sectors.

This article proposes a strength-based approach to vulnerability. Moreover, a mindfulness-based self-reflection intervention designed to enhance well-being and sustainability in high-performance coaches is described. The intervention organically uncovered the potential value and upside of vulnerability. Furthermore, in this article we highlight some of the recent criticisms and progress within the area of psychological strengths, before encouraging the reader to consider the value of self-awareness for exploring a more comprehensive understanding of vulnerability beyond its traditional association with weakness. We conclude with a suggested definition of the upside of vulnerability and invite practitioners and researchers alike to consider this within their work.

Background: High-level sports have been described as a risk situation for mental health problems and substance misuse. This, however, has been sparsely studied for problem gambling, and it is unknown whether problem gaming, corresponding to the tentative diagnosis of internet gaming disorder, may be overrepresented in athletes. This study aimed to study the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in national team-level athletes.

Results: Lifetime prevalence of problem gambling was 7% (14% in males, 1% in females, p < 0.001), with no difference between team sports and other sports. Lifetime prevalence of problem gaming was 2% (4% in males and 1% in females, p = 0.06). Problem gambling and problem gaming were significantly associated (p = 0.01).

Conclusions: Moderately elevated rates of problem gambling were demonstrated, however with large gender differences, and interestingly, with comparable prevalence in team sports and in other sports. Problem gaming did not seem more common than in the general population, but an association between problem gambling and problem gaming was demonstrated.

Two common objectives in sport and exercise psychology research are to determinate if there is a relationship between two or more variables or if an intervention is effective or not (i.e., casual effects). Based on results obtained from a research study we are often eager to conclude that there are strong (or weak) evidence for the proposed relationship or intervention. This procedure might seem straightforward but there are several problems and critical issues that influence researcher’s assessments of the level of evidence. Unfortunately many researchers in the sport and exercise psychology field does not acknowledge these problems and critical issues when interpreting study results, which leads to flawed conclusions about the level of evidence (Ivarsson & Andersen, 2016). In this article we will: (a) highlight what we believe are some of the most critical issues in the sport and exercise psychology field for assessing the level of evidence, and (b) provide suggestions for how to deal with these issues.

Coach-athlete sexual relationships (CASR) tend to be sensitive, complex and problematic as they intersect professional and private spheres. Moreover, they are surrounded by ambiguous boundaries and taboos, and profoundly relates to the welfare, safety, sport performance, power, ethics, trust, sexual desire and love of coaches and athletes (Bringer et al., 2002; Johansson, 2013). In this paper we aim to highlight and critically discuss legal CASR by adopting a coach perspective.

Our discussion raises implications for further research and questions on how to prevent harmful, abusive and dysfunctional CASR without casting (male) coaches as perpetrators of sexual abuse. Our suggestions are: 1) Initiate comprehensive research exploring positive and negative characteristics and effects of legal CASR to expand the knowledge of CASR beyond the sexual abuse context. 2) Facilitate transparency, a climate of open discussion and coach education about CASR and related ethical dilemmas. 3) Develop, examine and carefully implement scientifically and ethically sound policy and codes of practice to prevent and manage harmful CASR and sexual abuse.

Toftegaard Nielsen, J. (2001). The Forbidden Zone. Intimacy, Sexual Relations and Misconduct in the Relationship between Coaches and Athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 36, 165-182.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between self-report measures such as mood state, emotional recovery, and perceived exertion for a runner during a continental run. Second, the purpose was to examine psychological factors that enable an ultra-distance runner during an event. A case study report from a 49-year-old female ultra-distance runner, running a 3641 kilometre adventure event during a 10-week period was made. Data were collected during 15 weeks with three self-report questionnaires – more specifically, an initial report 3 weeks prior to the run, a weekly report during the 10 weeks of running, and, finally, a report 2 weeks after the run. In addition, a follow-up narrative interview was performed nine months after the run was completed. The main result showed that perceived exertion level had a statistically significant negative relationship with negative mood and a positive statistically significant relationship with positive mood. Results also showed a statistically significant difference between the three measurement points based on the variable perceived exertion level. In addition, the runner's narration suggested four main categories of psychologically assisting attributes: motivation, group cohesiveness, self-awareness, and mental stamina. The findings highlight the complex balance between extreme physical load and feelings of comfort and elevated mood. Another finding is that the joint effect of different psychological factors – especially the runner's high self-awareness, strong-minded attitude, and ability to use humour in problematic situations – was helpful during the run. Practical and methodological implications, as well strategies for further research, are provided.

This text briefly reviews and critically discusses three domains of importance and relevance to the psychological health of female athletes competing at the elite level: the psychological issues related to parenthood and to the coach–athlete relationship, and subjective wellbeing versus ill-being, which is interdependent with the other two domains. the relationship of perfectionism and performancebased self-esteem to wellbeing is also examined.

73.

Kenttä, Göran

Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Sport Psychology research group.

The article focuses on the psychological challenges faced by disabled athletes competing in the Paralympic Games, as explained within the framework of Self-Determination Theory. It advises coaches and sports psychologists to develop a nuanced mindset about physical difference for them to provide psychosocial support to disabled athletes. It also informs them that they can employ Acceptance Commitment Therapy to help Paralympians deal with the stresses of performing in stressful situations.