...include the primer Shakspere (1877), which was written for a nonacademic audience, and several edited collections of sonnets. He also provided the text to accompany the illustrations in Shakespeare Scenes and Characters (1876)....

...With longer casting capabilities and more line, a considerable tangle (called an overrun in Britain and a backlash in the United States) could result. Governors were devised to prevent this. In 1896 William Shakespeare, Jr., of Kalamazoo, Mich., devised the level-wind, a traveling bracket on the reel that automatically spread the line evenly as it was wound. The next significant tackle......

...company of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. In 1954, after two years as a stage manager for the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) television network in New York City, Papp founded the New York Shakespeare Festival, which became a unique institution in the New York theatrical milieu. The festival gave free performances of Shakespearean plays in various locations around the cit...

...wrote The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography (1922), one of the standard works in the nomenclature and classification of ciphers. Together, the Friedmans wrote The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined (1957), in which they denied Francis Bacon’s purported authorship of the William Shakespeare plays and sonnets....

...Laura—established and perfected the Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet, which remains one of the two principal sonnet forms, as well as the one most widely used. The other major form is the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet....

...at the University of Liverpool (1882–90), of English language and literature at the University of Glasgow (1890–1900), and of poetry at Oxford University (1901–06). His Shakespearean Tragedy (1904), praised not only for penetrating analysis but also for its lucid prose style, is recognized as a classic of modern Shakespeare criticism. His psychological analysis......

...Woman, in which she criticized many of the supposed gains of the women’s movement as being handed down by the male establishment. Her revisionist biography of Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare’s Wife (2007), casts doubt on earlier portrayals of Hathaway as being little more than an illiterate seductress with whom Shakespeare had an unhappy marriage; ...

Another product of the microworld approach was Shakey, a mobile robot developed at the Stanford Research Institute by Bertram Raphael, Nils Nilsson, and others during the period 1968–72. The robot occupied a specially built microworld consisting of walls, doorways, and a few simply shaped wooden blocks. Each wall had a carefully painted baseboard to enable the robot to “see”.....

...or Northern Alichur, on the east. Still farther south are the Southern Alichur Range and, to the west of the latter, the Shugnan Range. The extreme southwestern Pamirs are occupied by the Shakhdarin Range, composed of north-south (Ishkashim Range) and east-west elements, rising to Mayakovsky Peak (19,996 feet [6,095 metres]) and Karl Marx (Karla Marksa) Peak (22,067 feet [6,726......

Soviet gymnast who set a career record of 10 individual titles in the world championships and who also won gold medals at three successive Olympic Games. His tally of seven gold, four silver, and two bronze Olympic medals placed him among the most-decorated at the Games....

Oct. 4, 1924Baku, Transcaucasia, U.S.S.R. [now Baku, Azerbaijan]May 15, 2001Tula, RussiaArmenian-born Soviet political analyst who , as an advocate of glasnost and other political and social reforms, was one of Soviet Pres. Mikhail S. Gorbachev’s most loyal and trusted political advi...

...line, groves of trees grow on the northern slopes, while the drier, sheer southern slopes are almost devoid of vegetation. In Tajikistan the road between Ŭroteppa and Dushanbe crosses the Shakhristan Pass at 11,083 feet (3,378 m)....

city, eastern Ukraine. Shakhtarsk was established in 1953 by the amalgamation of three local settlements, two of which dated from the 18th century, and was granted city status in 1958. Located on the Donets Basin coalfield, the city features mines that historically have produced high-quality anthracite coal. The town also has produced building materials. Pop. (2001) 59,589; (200...

city, eastern Ukraine. Shakhtarsk was established in 1953 by the amalgamation of three local settlements, two of which dated from the 18th century, and was granted city status in 1958. Located on the Donets Basin coalfield, the city features mines that historically have produced high-quality anthracite coal. The town also has produced building materials. Pop. (2001) 59,589; (200...

city, Rostov oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the upper Grushevka River, 47 miles (75 km) northeast of Rostov-na-Donu. Shakhty developed in the early 19th century as a coal-mining centre and became a city in 1881. It is now the main city of the eastern end of the Donets Basin coalfield and is surrounded by many pits and their waste heaps. ...

...of culture, science, and philosophy. In the summer of 1928 the new course was signaled by the public trial in Moscow, amid vast publicity, of 53 engineers on charges of sabotage in the so-called Shakhty Case. The theme, repeated in endless propaganda over the following years, was that bourgeois specialists could not be trusted. Large numbers were subsequently arrested. By 1930 more than half......

city, eastern Ukraine. Shakhtarsk was established in 1953 by the amalgamation of three local settlements, two of which dated from the 18th century, and was granted city status in 1958. Located on the Donets Basin coalfield, the city features mines that historically have produced high-quality anthracite coal. The town also has produced building materials. Pop. (2001) 59,589; (200...

town, Oyo state, western Nigeria. It lies near the source of the Ofiki River (the chief tributary of the Ogun River), about 40 miles (60 km) from the Benin border. Originally part of the Oyo empire, Saki became a Yoruba refugee settlement after the destruction in 1835 of Old Oyo (Katunga), 70 miles (113 ...

...can be effectively separated in a flowing stream of water on horizontal or inclined planes. Most systems employ additional forces—for example, centrifugal force on spirals or impact forces on shaking tables. Spirals consist of a vertical spiral channel with an oval cross section. As the pulp flows from the top to the bottom of the channel, heavier particles concentrate on the inner side....

Intuitive divination presupposes extraordinary gifts of insight or ability to communicate with beings in an extramundane sphere. The “Shaking Tent” rite of the Algonquians of Canada illustrates the use of uncanny phenomena to lend credence to a mediumistic performance. The diviner, bound and cloaked, is no sooner placed in his barrel-shaped tent than the tent begins to shake with......

Buddhist teacher recognized as the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū (True Pure Land School), which advocates that faith, recitation of the name of the buddha Amida (Amitabha), and birth in the paradise of the Pure Land. For centuries Jōdo Shinshū has been one of the largest schools of Buddhism in Japan. During his life...

...the grenade, and accidents were not uncommon. Grenadiers earned higher pay, received special privileges, and were distinguished by their height, dashing uniform, and tall, mitre-shaped headdress (shako). Armed with heavy hatchets for chopping through barricades and other obstructions, they were employed particularly in siege and trench warfare....

April 3, 1936Lahore, India [now Lahore, Pak.]April 9, 2001LahorePakistani cricket umpire who , was at the centre of one of the most famous confrontations in cricket history—a finger-pointing shouting match with England captain Mike Gatting on the second day of the second Test in Fais...

...at Queen’s College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin, Dowden became professor of English literature at Trinity in 1867 and lectured at Oxford (1890–93) and Cambridge (1893–96). His Shakspere: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art (1875) was the first book in English to attempt a unified and rounded picture of Shakespeare’s development as an artist, stud...

...of more than 40 books. A Confident Tomorrow (1899) is considered his best novel. His sound scholarship was revealed in such works as Molière: His Life and His Works (1910); Shakspere as a Playwright (1913), a work notable for its consideration of Shakespeare as a theatrical rather than a literary figure; and French Dramatists of the 19th Century (1881). His......

...female counterpart, she inherits some of Shiva’s more fearful aspects. She comes to be regarded as the power (shakti) of Shiva, without which Shiva is helpless. Shakti is in turn personified in the form of many different goddesses, often said to be aspects of her....

The Tantric movement is sometimes inextricably interwoven with Shaktism, which assumes the existence of one or more shaktis. These are “creative energies” that are inherent in and proceed from God and are also capable of being imagined as female deities. Shakti is the deciding factor in the salvation of the individual and in the processes of the....

worship of the Hindu goddess Shakti (Sanskrit: “Power” or “Energy”). Shaktism is, together with Vaishnavism and Shaivism, one of the major forms of modern Hinduism and is especially popular in Bengal and Assam. Shakti is conceived of either as the paramount ...

...and bodhisattvas. After World War II, Sōka-gakkai, under the leadership of Toda Jōsei (1900–58), grew rapidly through a technique of evangelism called shakubuku (Japanese: “break and subdue”), in which the resistance of the other person is destroyed by forceful argument. Although its practice of ......

a Japanese end-blown bamboo flute that was originally derived from the Chinese xiao in the 8th century. The shakuhachi’s blowing end is cut obliquely outward, and a small piece of ivory or bone is inserted at the edge so that subtle varieties of tone colour can be produced. The bell (flared end) consists of the trunk of the bamboo plant with its root ends. The body is naturall...

In the early 1970s, Sunyaev became interested in astronomical X-ray sources. He and Shakura in 1973 described the physics of matter falling on the accretion disk around a black hole. The Shakura-Sunyaev model became the basis for much of the subsequent theoretical work that described cataclysmic variable stars and quasars....

...to oligarchy, as in the case of Vaishali, the nucleus of the Vrijji state. Apart from the major states, there also were many smaller oligarchies, such as those of the Koliyas, Moriyas, Jnatrikas, Shakyas, and Licchavis. The Jnatrikas and Shakyas are especially remembered as the tribes to which Mahavira (the founder of Jainism) and Gautama Buddha, respectively, belonged. The Licchavis......

the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries before the Common Era....

the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries before the Common Era....

...in the form of a great bull. He was the son of Nanna (Akkadia: Sin), the moon god. When portrayed in human shape, he often holds his symbol, the lightning fork. Ishkur’s wife was the goddess Shala. In his role as god of rain and thunder, Ishkur corresponded to the Sumerian deities Asalluhe and Ninurta. He was identified by the Akkadians with their god of thunderstorms, Adad....

lake in south-central Ethiopia, lying in the Great Rift Valley. It is some 16 miles (26 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, and in parts it exceeds a depth of 850 feet (260 metres). The lake has no outlet and its water is saline. A hot spring situated in the lake’s northeastern corner is a popular attraction. Hornbills, starlings, sparrow-weavers, and other bird species t...

...against his foes, brought darkness, want, and death. Adad’s father was the heaven god Anu, but he is also designated as the son of Bel, Lord of All Lands and god of the atmosphere. His consort was Shalash, which may be a Hurrian name. The symbol of Adad was the cypress, and six was his sacred number. The bull and the lion were sacred to him. In Babylonia, Assyria, and Aleppo in Syria, he...

any of a group of fine-grained, laminated sedimentary rocks consisting of silt- and clay-sized particles. Shale is the most abundant of the sedimentary rocks, accounting for roughly 70 percent of this rock type in the crust of the Earth....

natural gas obtained from sheetlike formations of shale, frequently at depths exceeding 1,500 metres (5,000 feet). Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks consisting of silt- and clay-sized particles that were laid down hundreds of millions of years ago as organic-rich mud at the bottom of ancient seas...

In modern usage the word naphtha is usually accompanied by a distinctive prefix. Coal-tar naphtha is a volatile commercial product obtained by the distillation of coal tar. Shale naphtha is obtained by the distillation of oil produced from bituminous shale by destructive distillation. Petroleum naphtha is a name used primarily in the United States for petroleum distillate containing principally......

in fossil fuel production, either a synthetic crude oil that is extracted from oil shale by means of pyrolysis or a naturally occurring crude oil that is extracted from underground shale deposits by means of fracking (hydraulic fracturing)....

geologist known for his studies of crustal tectonics (structure) and Earth history. He was a professor of paleontology at Harvard University (1868–87) and director of the Kentucky Geological Survey (1873–80). Beginning in 1884, he was also geologist in charge of the Atlantic division of the U.S. Geological Survey. He wrote The Story of Our Continent, Interpretation of Nature (...

Shaley facies generally represent deeper-water environments, such as those under which the Road River Group in the Yukon, the Aberystwyth Grit Formation in Wales, and the Longmaqi Formation of southern China accumulated. Fossils of graptolites—small, colonial, planktonic animals—are abundant in these dark Silurian shales. Graptolites were colonial hemichordates that secreted a......

American actor who was perhaps best known for his comedic roles, most notably the “defective detective” (a sufferer from obsessive-compulsive disorder) Adrian Monk in the USA network television series Monk (2002–09)....

American actor who was perhaps best known for his comedic roles, most notably the “defective detective” (a sufferer from obsessive-compulsive disorder) Adrian Monk in the USA network television series Monk (2002–09)....

...was thriving in Kashmir and Vaishnavism in the southern part of India. The great philosophers Mimamshakas Kumarila (7th century), Prabhakara (7th–8th centuries), Mandana Mishra (8th century), Shalikanatha (9th century), and Parthasarathi Mishra (10th century) belong to this age. The greatest Indian philosopher of the period, however, was Shankara. All these men defended Brahmanism agains...

...in Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim (1901); Ranjit Singh’s buildings and mausoleum; the Shāhdara gardens, containing the tomb of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr; and the magnificent Shālīmār Garden, laid out east of the city in 1642 by Shāh Jahān as a refuge for the royal family. Jahān’s refuge consists of about 8...

...in Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim (1901); Ranjit Singh’s buildings and mausoleum; the Shāhdara gardens, containing the tomb of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr; and the magnificent Shālīmār Garden, laid out east of the city in 1642 by Shāh Jahān as a refuge for the royal family. Jahān’s refuge consists of about 8...

...of essays he wrote between 1992 and 2002 on subjects from the September 11 attacks to The Wizard of Oz, was issued in 2002. Rushdie’s subsequent novels include Shalimar the Clown (2005), an examination of terrorism that was set primarily in the disputed Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent, and The Enchantress of......

...Hepburn. It was one of Hepburn’s string of mid-1930s commercial failures, though the film later drew praise from contemporary viewers. Sandrich reunited with Astaire and Rogers on Shall We Dance (1937); while the formula was beginning to fray around the edges, the songs by Ira and George Gershwin, including They All Laughed and ......

Suo’s next major success, the 1996 comedy Shall We Dansu? (Shall We Dance?), is about a disillusioned middle-aged businessman who finds escape from his tedious routine by surreptitiously taking ballroom dance classes at night. The film was a box-office hit in Japan and helped to revive the long-stagnant Japanese motion picture industry. It a...

Suo’s next major success, the 1996 comedy Shall We Dansu? (Shall We Dance?), is about a disillusioned middle-aged businessman who finds escape from his tedious routine by surreptitiously taking ballroom dance classes at night. The film was a box-office hit in Japan and helped to revive the long-stagnant Japanese motion picture industry. It a...

lake in south-central Ethiopia, lying in the Great Rift Valley. It is some 16 miles (26 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, and in parts it exceeds a depth of 850 feet (260 metres). The lake has no outlet and its water is saline. A hot spring situated in the lake’s northeastern corner is a popular attraction. Hornbills, starlings, sparrow-weavers, and other bird species t...

(species Allium cepa L., var. aggregatum, and A. oschaninii), mildly aromatic herb of the family Alliaceae or its bulbs, which are used like onions to flavour foods, particularly meats and sauces. The shallot is a hardy bulbous perennial that is closely related to onion and garlic and is probably of Asiatic origin. Its leaves are short, small, cylindrical, an...

The shallot of a beating reed pipe is roughly cylindrical in shape, with its lower end closed and the upper end open. A section of the wall of the cylinder is cut away and finished off to a flat surface. The slit, or shallot opening, thus formed is covered by a thin brass tongue that is fixed to the upper end of the shallot. The tongue is curved and normally only partially covers the shallot......

...solo exhibition (1988), at the now-defunct Carlisle Gallery in Islington, she showed four sculptures: Closet, Mantle, Shallow Breath, and Torso. Each was a plaster cast of some interior space, an effect roughly comparable to the casts made of those who died at Pompeii. ......

Most parts of the world experience at least occasional shallow earthquakes—those that originate within 60 km (40 miles) of the Earth’s outer surface. In fact, the great majority of earthquake foci are shallow. It should be noted, however, that the geographic distribution of smaller earthquakes is less completely determined than more severe quakes, partly because the availability of.....

...1987 he made his directorial debut with the television movie Scout. He directed various other television projects before helming his first feature film, Shallow Grave (1994). The crime thriller—written by John Hodge, who became a frequent collaborator—was noted for its energetic visual style, which became a trademark of Boyle...

...inactive and lethargic in behaviour, with a slightly depressed body temperature. The chipmunk (Eutamias) is an example of what has been termed a shallow hibernator, as are bears and raccoons. Superficial hibernation, apparently a compromise between the minimum energy requirements of a deep hibernator and the high energy expended by an animal that remains active during the winter, saves.....

...from Earth—those asteroids that can cross the orbit of Mars but that have perihelion distances greater than 1.3 AU—are dubbed Mars crossers. That class is further subdivided into two: shallow Mars crossers (perihelion distances no less than 1.58 AU but less than 1.67 AU) and deep Mars crossers (perihelion distances greater than 1.3 AU but less than 1.58 AU)....

A technique called shallow-depth sedimentation is often applied in modern treatment plants. In this method, several prefabricated units or modules of “tube settlers” are installed near the tops of tanks in order to increase their effective surface area....

...the speed of wave propagation. Longer waves travel faster than shorter ones, a phenomenon known as dispersion. If the water depth is less than one-twentieth of the wavelength, the waves are known as long gravity waves, and their wavelength is directly proportional to their period. The deeper the water, the faster they travel. For capillary waves, shorter wavelengths travel faster than longer......

...Australian author younger than 35, for his first novel, An Open Swimmer (1982). He won the Miles Franklin Award, Australia’s most prestigious literary prize, for his second novel, Shallows (1984). More novels followed, and by the time his international best seller The Riders (1995) was short-listed for the Booker Prize, Winton had become Australia...

Shalmaneser IV (c. 783–773) fought against Urartu, then at the height of its power under King Argishti (c. 780–755). He successfully defended eastern Mesopotamia against attacks from Armenia. On the other hand, he lost most of Syria after a campaign against Damascus in 773. The reign of Ashur-dan III (772–755) was shadowed by rebellions and by epidemics of......

(from Latin calamus, “reed”; Old French: chalemie), double-reed wind instrument of Middle Eastern origin, a precursor of the oboe. Like the oboe, it is conically bored; but its bore, bell, and finger holes are wider, and it has a wooden disk (called a pirouette, on European shawms) that supports the lips and, on Asian instruments, holds them away from the reed. The ton...

June 7, 1928Vienna, AustriaJune 19, 2014Tel Aviv, IsraelIsraeli intelligence agent who was in the Israeli internal security agency, Shin Bet, for more than 35 years (1950–86), including a six-year stint (1980–86) as the organization’s director, but he was compelled to r...

in Judaism, the three occasions on which male Israelites were required to go to Jerusalem to offer sacrifice at the Temple and bring offerings of the produce from their fields. In the synagogue liturgy, special Psalms (called collectively Hallel) are read and prayers are recited that vary with the nature of the festival. Thus, the Song of Solomon is read on Passover, the Book of...

...ranges. Usually the range on the Sichuan border between the Dadu and Yalong rivers is called the Daxue Mountains, while the range beyond, between the Yalong and Jinsha rivers, is known as the Shaluli Mountains. The southern part of this range, however, which reaches elevations well above 20,000 feet and is permanently snow-covered, is also known as the Mula Mountains....

...kamiz combination—a long knee-length shirt (kamiz, camise) over loose-fitting pants (shalwar)—is the most common traditional form of attire. As a more formal overgarment, men wear a knee-length coat known as a sherwani; women......

...are still seen at weddings, where they are worn along with the turban. The sari is common among women, but girls and younger women, especially students, prefer the shalwar kamiz, a combination of calf-length shirt and baggy silk or cotton trousers gathered at the ankles....

...have officially finished the race in under two minutes. The course record was set in 1973 by Secretariat, who finished in 1:59 25. (The runner-up in that race, Sham, finished two and a half lengths behind Secretariat, which some observers believe meant that he also broke two minutes, but only winners’ times were then recorded.) The second horse to surpa...

city, capital of Syria. Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it has been called the “pearl of the East,” praised for its beauty and lushness; the 10th-century traveler and geographer al-Maqdisī lauded the city as ranking among the four earthly paradises. Upon visiting the city in 1867, Mark Twain wrote...

arid wasteland of southwestern Asia, extending northward from the Arabian Peninsula over much of northern Saudi Arabia, eastern Jordan, southern Syria, and western Iraq. Receiving on the average less than 5 inches (125 mm) of rainfall annually and largely covered by lava flows, it formed a nearly impenetrable barrier between the populated areas of the Levant and Mesopotamia until modern times; sev...

Hong Kong lacks a river system of any scope, the only exception being in the north where the Sham Chun (Shenzhen) River, which forms the boundary between Guangdong and Hong Kong, flows into Deep Bay after collecting a number of small tributaries. Most of the streams are small, and they generally run perpendicular to the northeast-southwest trend of the terrain. The construction of reservoirs......

hot and dry, dusty wind from the north or northwest in Iraq, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula. In June and July it blows almost continuously, but usually under 50 km (about 30 miles) per hour. The wind causes great dust storms, especially in July, when Baghdad may experience five or more such storms. The shamal is part of a widespread flow toward a low-pressure centre over Pakistan....