They discovered high concentrations of hazardous elements including antimony, barium, bromine, cadmium, chromium, lead and selenium—which are chronically toxic to children at low levels over an extended period of time—in many building blocks, figures and items of jewellery that were typically either yellow, red, or black.

Further tests showed that under simulated stomach conditions (involving extraction in dilute hydrochloric acid) several toys released quantities of bromine, cadmium, or lead that exceeded limits set by the European Council's Toy Safety Directive, with the release of cadmium exceeding its limit value by an order of magnitude in some cases.

"This is the first systematic investigation of hazardous elements in second-hand plastic toys in the UK," Dr Turner said. "Second hand toys are an attractive option to families because they can be inherited directly from friends or relatives or obtained cheaply and readily from charity stores, flea markets, and the internet. But while the Toy Safety Directive applies to new products there is no regulation covering the recycling or re-sale of older toys.

"With the introduction and refinement of the Toy Safety Directive, the plastics industry has had to take steps to eliminate hazardous elements from new toys. However, consumers should be made more aware of the potential risks associated with small, mouthable, and brightly colored old plastic toys or components. Without that, the attractive cost, convenience, and recyclability of previously used toys has the potential to create a legacy of chemical contamination for younger children."

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