Subsides were used to aid Boeing gain a first mover advantage into the emerging airline industry. They were given tax grants for R & D spending or money to develop military technology that could be transferred to civilian projects. Airbus, on the other hand, was able to enter the market through a $13.5 billion subsidy from governments in France, Great Britain, Germany, and Spain. According to a 1992 agreement between EU-US and the WTO "up to 33 per cent of the program cost was to be met through government loans which were to be fully repaid within 17 years with interest and royalties, but only if the aircraft was a commercial success. These loans are held at a minimum interest rate equal to the cost of government borrowing plus 0.25%, which would be below market rates available to Airbus without government support." Thus, without this subsidy Airbus would have never been able to break into the world market and compete with Boeing at such a strong level. It is only recently that Boeing was able to recapture the title of "world's largest civil aircraft company" in terms of sales from Airbus. However, Airbus is now able to compete with every model that Boeing has, so the advantage of first mover is no longer present. Thus it is clear that Boeing had benefited in its early stages, but it is Airbus - and its below market interest rates - that has led them to be the bigger beneficiary in present time. As well, the benefit of not having to repay loans if the aircraft is a flop gives them an advantage over Boeing with respect to R&D.

It is obvious that many countries are open to free trade, but it should be noted that governments will step in to protect the interests of politically important groups. The case presents the MFA, which was put into place to govern international trade and the allocation of production quotas to different nations. Quotas help domestic producers at the expense of hurting the consumer with higher prices. If one is to think back on...

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• • • • • History of Airbus History of Boeing Question 1 Question 2 Question 3
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ABSTRACT
The airline industry is a competitive environment in which a diversified array of stakeholders constantly strives to gain significant shares of the market. Among them are Boeing and Airbus, which are two aircraft manufacturers engaged in a fierce and long-standing rivalry. Over the years, this rivalry as produced many different products built at a record pace in which safety and money may be cause for concern. The purpose of this paper is to briefly examine the issues of safety within the news, major role players within the industry, the EU-US Trade agreement and the major concern pertaining to subsidies, and provide a set of options to resolve them.
NEWSWORTHY ISSUES
In 2014, there were a total of 111 reported plane crashes. According to the Bureau of Aircraft Accident Archives, (BAAA), it is one of the lowest numbers in the past 80 years. However, the casualties reported in these crashes are estimated to approximately 1,320. It is one of the highest death rates in the past 10 years (Yan, H. & Cripps, K.,2014).
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