Excerpt:.....decrees, execution of, in british india - executing court, power of, to question validity of decree--decree passed in absontom, effect of--native state, decree of, whether foreign decree--civil procedure code (act v of 1908), section 44, order xxi, rules 6, 7. - section 3: [s.b. mhase, d.s. bhosale & a.s. oka, jj] offences of atrocities - complaint under held, merely because the caste of the accused is not mentioned in the fir stating whether he belongs to scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, it cannot be a ground for quashing the complaint. after ascertaining the facts during he course of investigation it is always open to the investigating officer to record tht the accused either belongs to or does not belongs to schedule caste or scheduled tribe. after final opinion is formed,..........the decree had jurisdiction to do so. the argument, however, seems to me fallacious in the case of foreign decrees, for, if rules 6 and 7 of order xxii be read together and in the light of the defining section, section 2 of the code, it is clear that rule 7 applies only to decrees of british courts. this view was expressed by the chief justice in the course of the arguments in harchand panaji v. gulabchand kanji 26 ind. 265 : 16 bom. l.r. 39, and the decision in this latter case seems to me to supply further support to the opinion which i am expressing. for if mr. desai's argument was sound, then in harchand's case 26 ind. 265 : 16 bom. l.r. 39 the decision should merely have been that it was not open to this court to question whether the baroda court had or had not jurisdiction to pass.....

Judgment:

Stanley Batchelor, J.

1. In the Shimoga Court in the Mysore State the opponents obtained a personal decree ex parte against the present appellant in his absence. That decree was afterwards sent by the Shimoga Court to the Court of the Subordinate Judge of Bagalkot for execution.

2. Two questions arise, first, whether it was open to the executing British Court to enquire whether the Shimoga Court's decree was passed with jurisdiction, and secondly, if it is so open, then whether the Shimoga Court had or had not jurisdiction to make this decree in absentem against the appellant who is a resident of British territory.

3. In Haji Musa Haji Ahmed v. Purmanand Nursey 15 B. 216, Mr. Justice Farran held that the Court executing a foreign Court's decree was entitled to exercise a judicial discretion as to whether it would put into force the provisions of Section 229B of the Civil Procedure Code of 1862. Section 229B of that Code is produced in Section 44 of the present Coda and deals with the power of the Governor-General in Council by notification to declare that the decrees of foreign Civil Courts may be executed in British India as if they had been passed by the Courts of British India. Dealing with that provision Mr. Justice Farran says that the section does not remove the decree of a Native State falling within its purview from the category of foreign judgments. It merely alters the procedure by which such a judgment can have effect given to it in British India. Notwithstanding the section, such a decree still remains a foreign judgment, and its effect is removed by showing want of jurisdiction in the Court which passed it. This Court is, therefore, not precluded from ascertaining whether a foreign Court had jurisdiction merely because that Court has itself decided an issue upon that point in its own favour.'

4. Mr. Desai has contended that the grounds upon which Mr. Justice Farran's decision was based can no longer be sustained since the change made in Section 225 of the Civil Procedure Code, as re-enacted in Order XXI, Rule 7. For under the old Section 225 it was open to the executing Judge for any special reason to call for proof of the jurisdiction of the Court which passed the decree, while under Order XXI, Rule 7, which is now the law, it is not so open to the Judge. It is argued, therefore, that in all cases the Judge has no longer any power to investigate the question whether the Court which passed the decree had jurisdiction to do so. The argument, however, seems to me fallacious in the case of foreign decrees, for, if Rules 6 and 7 of Order XXII be read together and in the light of the defining section, Section 2 of the Code, it is clear that Rule 7 applies only to decrees of British Courts. This view was expressed by the Chief Justice in the course of the arguments in Harchand Panaji v. Gulabchand Kanji 26 Ind. 265 : 16 Bom. L.R. 39, and the decision in this latter case seems to me to supply further support to the opinion which I am expressing. For if Mr. Desai's argument was sound, then in Harchand's case 26 Ind. 265 : 16 Bom. L.R. 39 the decision should merely have been that it was not open to this Court to question whether the Baroda Court had or had not jurisdiction to pass the decree then in question. The Court's decision, however, is not based upon that ground. On the contrary, the Chief Justice and my learned brother Shah determined that the Baroda Court had jurisdiction because the defendant submitted himself to that jurisdiction. This decision, therefore, is an instance where the Court, neglecting the argument now advanced by Mr. Desai, did in fact examine whether the foreign Court passing the decree had jurisdiction to do so. For these reasons upon the first point the decision must, in my opinion, be in the appellant's favour.

5. The second point admits, I think, of no doubt, for upon the facts stated it is directly governed by the Privy Council decision in the Faridkot case Gurdyal Singh v. Raja of Faridkot 22 C. 2222 : 21 I.A. 171 : 4 M.L.J. 267 : 6 Sar. P.C.J. 503 : 112 R.R. 1894 : (1894) A.C. 670 : 11 R.R. 340 : 11 Ind. Dec. 149. It was there laid down that in a personal action a decree pronounced by a Court of a foreign State in absentem, the absentparty not having submitted himself to its authority, is by international law a nullity. I am of opinion, therefore, that so far as regards the Courts in British India this decree of the Shimoga Court against the present appellant is a nullity. The result is that the order under revision must be reversed and the application for execution must ha dismissed with costs throughout.

Shah, J.

6. I agree that the Rule should be made absolute and the application for execution rejected with costs throughout. The first point in this application is whether the executing Court has power to consider the validity of the decree of the foreign Court sought to be executed in British India or not. It seems to me that under Section 44 of the Civil Procedure Code, which is substantially a reproduction of Section 229B of the Code of 1882, the Court has the power to consider that question, as it is discretionary under that section for the executing Court to proceed with the execution of the decree. Despite the omission in Rule 7 of Order XXI of the words or of the jurisdiction of the Court which passed it, which occurred in Section 225 of the old Code, it appears that the power of the executing Court with reference to the decrees of foreign Courts is not in any way altered or modified. On this point it seems to me that the reasons given for the decision in Haji Musa Haji Ahmed v. Purmdnand Nursey 15 B. 216 still hold good, and that the Court is not precluded from ascertaining whether the foreign Court had jurisdiction or not. No doubt Section 225 is referred to and relied upon in the judgment. But the main ground of the decision seems to me to be independent of that section and is not affected by the alteration in that section in the new Code.

7. Mr. Desai has relied upon the case of Hari Govind Kulkarni v. Narsingrao Nouherrao 23 Ind. Cas. 123 : 16 Bom. L.R. 30 : 38 B. 194. But in that case the decree supposed to have been transferred for execution was passed by a British Court. To such a decree undoubtedly Rule 7 of Order XXI would apply, and the alteration already noted clearly points to the conclusion, which is accepted in the case. But that decision does not, in my opinion, justify the argument advanced by Mr. Desai that the same limitation with regard to the powers of the executing Court must be deemed to exist with reference to the decrees of those Courts in respect whereof the Governor-General in Council may have made the declaration contemplated by Section 44 of the Civil Procedure Code.

8. It is true that this point is not decided in Harchand Panaji v. Gulabchand Kanji 26 Ind. 265 : 16 Bom. L.R. 39 , but the fact remains that, in spite of the argument based upon Order XXI, Rule 7, and the case of Har Govind Kulkarni v. Narsingrao Nouheriao 23 Ind. Cas. 123 : 16 Bom. L.R. 30 : 38 B. 194, the Court did consider the question as to whether the decree of the Baroda Court, which was sent to a British Court for execution, was valid or not.

9. It seems to me, therefore, that in this case the question whether the decree under execution is a valid decree binding upon the defendant in British India can be and ought to be considered.

10. The second point relates to the validity of the decree in question, and does not present any difficulty. Having regard to the decision in Gurdyal Singh v. Raja of Faridkot 22 C. 2222 : 21 I.A. 171 : 4 M.L.J. 267 : 6 Sar. P.C.J. 503 : 112 R.R. 1894 : (1894) A.C. 670 : 11 R.R. 340 : 11 Ind. Dec. 149, it is clear that in a personal action a decree pronounced in absentern, by a foreign Court, to the jurisdiction of which the defendant has not in any way submitted himself, is an absolute nullity.

11. The decree in question has been obtained in the absence of the defendant, who lives in British India and is a British subject and who is not alleged to have submitted to the jurisdiction of the foreign Court The decree under execution is, therefore, a nullity in British India and cannot be executed.