Ghost towns may result when the single activity or resource that created a boomtown e.g. nearby mine mill or resort is depleted or the resource economy undergoes a bust e.g. catastrophic resource price collapse. Boomtowns can often decrease in size as fast as they initially grew. Sometimes all or nearly the entire population can desert the town resulting in a ghost town.The dismantling of a boomtown can often occur on a planned basis. Mining companies nowadays will create a temporary community to service a mine site building all the accommodation shops and services required and then remove them once the resource has been extracted. Modular buildings can be used to facilitate the process. A gold rush would often bring intensive but shortlived economic activity to a remote village only to leave a ghost town once the resource was depleted.In some cases multiple factors may remove the economic basis for a community some former mining towns on U.S. Route suffered both mine closures when the resources were depleted and loss of highway traffic as US was diverted away from places like Oatman Arizona onto a more direct path.In other cases the reason for abandonment can arise from a towns intended economic function shifting to another nearby place. This happened to Collingwood Queensland in Outback Australia when nearby Winton outperformed Collingwood as a regional centre for the livestockraising industry. The railway reached Winton in 1899 linking it with the rest of Queensland and Collingwood was a ghost town by the following year.The Middle East has many ghost towns that were created when the shifting of politics or the fall of empires caused capital cities to be socially or economically unviable such as Ctesiphon.The rise of condominium investment caused for real estate bubbles also leads to a ghost town as real estate prices rise and affordable housing becomes less available. Such examples include China and Canada where housing is often used as an investment rather than for habitation.River rerouting is another factor one example being the towns along the Aral Sea.Ghost towns may be created when land is expropriated by a government and residents are required to relocate. One example is the village of Tyneham in Dorset England acquired during World War II to build an artillery range.A similar situation occurred in the U.S.

The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is miles km long and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province.By volume the Columbia is the fourthlargest river in the United States it has the greatest flow of any North American river draining into the Pacific. The rivers heavy flow and relatively steep gradient gives it tremendous potential for the generation of electricity. The hydroelectric dams on the Columbias main stem and many more on its tributaries produce more than 44% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation – much more hydroelectric power than those of any other North American river.The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the regions culture and economy for thousands of years. They have been used for transportation since ancient times linking the many cultural groups of the region. The river system hosts many species of anadromous fish which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. These fish—especially the salmon species—provided the core subsistence for native peoples in past centuries Indigenous peoples traveled across western North America to the Columbia to trade for fish.In the late 18th century a private American ship became the first nonindigenous vessel to enter the river it was followed by a British explorer who navigated past the Oregon Coast Range into the Willamette Valley. In the following decades fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route. Overland explorers entered the Willamette Valley through the scenic but treacherous Columbia River Gorge and pioneers began to settle the valley in increasing numbers following both routes to enter it. Steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century many running along the river supplemented these links.

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erugliotherium is a genus o/ /ossil mammals /rom the Campanian and/or Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous, around 70 million years ago) o/ Argentina in the /amily /erugliotheriidae. It contains a single species, /erugliotherium windhauseni, which was /irst described in 1986. Originally interpreted as a member o/ Multituberculata, an extinct group o/ small, rodent-like mammals, on the basis o/ a single brachydont (low-crowned) molar, it was recognized as related to the hypsodont (high-crowned) Sudamericidae a/ter the discovery o/ additional material in the early 1990s. A/ter a jaw o/ the sudamericid Sudamerica was described in 1999, these animals (collectively known as However, in 1990 David W. Krause and Bonaparte argued that Gondwanatheria, including /erugliotherium (/amily /erugliotheriidae), Gondwanatherium, and Sudamerica (/amily Sudamericidae), should be placed within Multituberculata. Two years later, Krause, Bonaparte, and Zo/ia Kielan-Jaworowska described additional material o/ /erugliotherium (which they tentatively placed in the multituberculate suborder Plagiaulacoidea) and suggested that the supposed upper molars o/ Vucetichia were in /act heavily worn /irst lower molari/orms (m/1) o/ /erugliotherium. In 1993, Krause described an unworn m/1 o/ /erugliotherium and con/irmed that Vucetichia was based on worn specimens o/ /erugliotherium and there/ore a synonym o/ the latter. In the same year, he and Bonaparte argued once again that /erugliotherium, Gondwanatherium, and Sudamerica /ormed a closely related group o/ multituberculates, which they called the super/amily Gondwanatherioidea. Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte described a lower jaw /ragment with a multituberculate-like lower /ourth premolar (p4) /rom Los Alamitos in 1996 and tentatively identi/ied it as /erugliotherium. On the basis o/ the morphological /eatures o/ the jaw /ragment, they arg

prominent city-state in ancient Greece. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (ΛακεδαÎ¯μων, LakedaímÅn), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at a great cost of lives lost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. However, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. It then underwent a long period of decline, especially in the Middle Ages, when many Spartans moved to live in Mystras. Modern Sparta is the capital of the Greek regional unit of Laconia and a center for the processing of goods such as citrus and olives.Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which configured their entire society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, and completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), perioikoi (free residents, literally "dwellers around"), and helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical antiquity.Sparta was the subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning.[n 1] This love or admiration of Sparta is known as Laconism or Laconophilia. At its peak around 500 BC