Manuel Zelaya, in full José Manuel Zelaya Rosales (born Sept. 20, 1952, Catacamas, Honduras) Honduran politician who served as president of Honduras (2006–09). In 2009, after having proposed constitutional changes that would have allowed presidents to serve two consecutive terms, he was deposed by the national military in a coup backed by the National Congress.

Zelaya studied civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Honduras (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras; UNAH) but dropped out before finishing his degree, which he never completed, to work in the agroforestry sector. Throughout the 1970s and ’80s, Zelaya managed logging and cattle businesses, and in 1987 he became manager of the Honduran Council of Private Enterprise as well as president of the National Association of Wood Processing Enterprises. A member of the Liberal Party of Honduras (Partido Liberal de Honduras; PL) since 1970, Zelaya—popularly known as Mel—was elected to the National Congress for the first time in 1985. He served in the National Congress until 1998, when he became minister of investment (1998–2002) in the presidential administration of Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé.

In the 2005 presidential election—one of the closest races in the country’s history—Zelaya narrowly defeated Porfirio Lobo Sosa of the National Party of Honduras (Partido Nacional de Honduras; PN). Zelaya’s administration focused on fighting crime, particularly the ongoing illicit drug trade in the country, but during his term crime remained an intractable problem. In May 2007, in response to media reports on the government’s inability to handle crime, Zelaya ordered a propaganda campaign to be broadcast on radio and television stations for at least two hours a day—a move that was criticized by the international community. Among the president’s other efforts were the improvement of rural food production and reforestation projects.

During his term Zelaya slowly moved away from the PL’s centre-right stance, and he began to lose his party’s support. He looked to Venezuela’s leftist president, Hugo Chávez, for aid to combat his country’s dire poverty—a situation exacerbated by rising food prices. In 2008 Honduras joined the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas [ALBA; Alternativa later changed to Alianza (“Alliance”)]), a leftist alliance formed in 2004 by Venezuela and Cuba.

In 2009 Zelaya organized a national referendum that, if passed, would have allowed him to revise the constitution and run for reelection, but on the morning of June 28—the day the referendum was to be held—the military ousted him from office. The military and the National Congress had opposed the referendum, which also had been declared illegal by the Supreme Court. Later that day, after the military flew Zelaya to Costa Rica, the National Congress voted him out of office and elected congressional leader Roberto Micheletti as acting president. Arrest warrants were subsequently issued for Zelaya, and the nearly 20 charges against him included treason and abuse of power. The United Nations, condemning the ouster, passed a resolution that continued to recognize Zelaya as the rightful Honduran president. The Organization of American States showed support for Zelaya by suspending the OAS membership of Honduras.

A week after the coup, Zelaya attempted to return to Honduras, but military vehicles blocked the runway in Tegucigalpa where his plane was trying to land. He then spent the next few months in exile in Nicaragua. On Sept. 21, 2009, after a 15-hour trek through the mountains, Zelaya furtively reentered Honduras. He took refuge in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. Shortly after his return was made known, thousands of his supporters gathered in front of the embassy. In early November a U.S.-brokered pact, whereby Zelaya and the interim authorities would have formed a unity government, failed to be implemented. In mid-November the National Congress decided not to vote on Zelaya’s reinstatement until after the country’s scheduled national elections on November 29. Zelaya remained in the embassy during the vote, in which Zelaya’s old rival Lobo won the presidency.

On Dec. 2, 2009, an overwhelming majority of National Congress members voted against reinstating Zelaya to serve out the remaining two months of his term. Zelaya left Honduras for exile in the Dominican Republic on Jan. 27, 2010, the day that Lobo was inaugurated as president. In March 2011 three of the arrest warrants for Zelaya were dismissed by a Supreme Court judge in Honduras, but the former president continued to face corruption charges. In May 2011, however, those charges were dropped too, as Zelaya and Lobo signed an agreement in Cartagena, Colombia, that set the stage for Zelaya’s return to Honduras and for the country’s reinstatement in the OAS. In July the Honduras Truth and Reconciliation Commission established by the Organization of American States to investigate the circumstances of Zelaya’s ouster determined that his removal from power was indeed an illegal coup and not a constitutional succession, as some had argued. At the same time, the commission found that Zelaya’s insistence on holding the referendum that had been canceled by the Supreme Court was also illegal.

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