Kv1.1, a Shaker-like voltage-gated potassium channel, is strongly expressed in a variety of neurons in adult rodents, where it appears to be involved in regulating neuronal excitability. Here we show that Kv1.1 is also ...

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is one of the principal means for the destruction of misfolded proteins in the cell. In addition to the core enzymes within the ubiquitination cascade and the 26S proteasome, many ancillary ...

Ribosomes are a key component of cell cycle regulation and protein production. Proper control of ribosome synthesis is necessary for normal cellular functioning. Improper regulation can lead to cell death or uncontrolled ...

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is expressed in all animal cells and plays a key regulatory role in many diverse physiological processes. The PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer that exists as a dimer of regulatory ...

Mutations at the Drosophila Shaker locus cause motor hyperexcitability in flies, and allowed the cloning of the first voltage-gated potassium channel gene. Subsequently, at least sixteen different related potassium channel ...

Unlike the proadaptive effects of acute stress exposure, repeated stress exposure results in maladaptive responses by mechanisms that are not completely understood. These maladaptive responses can lead to debilitating ...

Neurotransmitters, hormones and growth factors act on ion channels to modulate excitable tissue. When a ligand binds a receptor it may activate ion channels in the membrane to initiate multiple intracellular events. One ...

Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for initiation and propagation of the action potential in vertebrate nerve and muscle. They are also the molecular targets for a large number of paralytic neurotoxins. ...

The Wnt/Ã -Catenin signaling pathway is a key regulator of proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death in stem and progenitor cells. Misregulated or aberrant signaling events in the pathway contributes to the ...

Cellular polarization is a process whereby a cell's structure and components are organized asymmetrically. Proper polarization is essential for cellular function in many different cell types. Immunocytochemical studies ...

Brown adipose tissue is a highly thermogenic, energy "wasting" organ that converts glucose and lipids into heat. Many of the critical metabolic and gene transcriptional processes, such as uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) mRNA ...

Adenylyl cyclases catalyze the synthesis of cAMP from ATP. Coupling of intracellular Ca$\sp{2+}$ to cAMP increases may be important for some forms of synaptic plasticity. The type 1 adenylyl cyclase (AC1) is a neural ...

Wnt/β-catenin and ERK/MAPK signaling regulate the balance of differentiation and proliferation in melanoma. Aberrant activation of ERK/MAPK signaling results from the BRAFV600E or NRASQ61X mutations in greater than 70% of ...

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate important functions in the periphery and in the central nervous systems. In the brain these receptors modulate many processes ...

Phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle $\alpha\sb1$ subunit of the L-type calcium channel has been proposed to regulate the calcium current, allowing increased calcium flux during tetanus and during $\beta$-adrenergic ...

The functions of the phosphodiesterase 8 family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been largely unexplored, primarily due to the lack of selective pharmacological inhibitors. The main function of PDEs is ...