For The Lord of the Rings film trilogy realistic looking PVCchainmail was made, not just for the lead actors, but also for the hundreds of extras that appeared throughout the films. PVC pipe was cut into rings, assembled by hand into armor, and then electroplated. A total of 12.5 million links were manufactured from 7 miles of PVC pipe.

The term "Bigature" is Weta Workshop's nickname for a very large miniature model.[3] They are used in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy, with the largest of them measuring some 9 metres high. Extensive computer graphics techniques and computer-controlled cameras were used to seamlessly mesh the Bigature photography with live actors and scenes. Weta also used Bigatures in Peter Jackson's King Kong.

The name "Weta Legs" is Weta Workshop's name for a "low profile, professional grade reverse leg stilt" developed by Kim Graham and Weta technicians and manufactured by Performing Legs Ltd. Designed and largely hand-made[4] by their sculptor-designer, Kim Graham, these digitigrade leg extensions are intended for "creature and costume performances in movies, television, theatre, circus, street performances and other creative performances."[5]

Originally reserved for "commercial film and television projects", Weta brought them to market – in relatively limited quantities – for online purchase by members of the public in 2010. With the ability to take extra prosthetics such as layers of fur or skin "to resemble a digitigrade leg, from canine and feline to fantastical demons, dragons, satyrs and even robots", these devices are promoted as being easy to get used to, partly because they "allow for realistic and natural movement as they are jointed at the knee and the ankle."[6]

Citing low pre-order numbers, Weta unceremoniously canceled the commercial production of Weta Legs by informing those who did pre-order by email. The Weta Legs page has since been removed from Weta's website.

The workshop now has a division, Weta Tenzan Chain Maille, making chainmail for film work. PVC injection was used for the armor in Kingdom of Heaven, giving better results than the process for Lord of the Rings.[7] Versions electroplated with a thin layer of metal have the same look as real chain mail, move like metal at one third the weight, and are much cheaper.[citation needed] Aluminium or steel mail for high-impact stuntwork is also produced.[8]

1.
Privately held company
–
More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy

2.
Animation
–
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich

3.
Wellington
–
Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840

4.
Richard Taylor (filmmaker)
–
Sir Richard Leslie Taylor KNZM is the founder, Creative Director and head of New Zealand film prop and special effects company Weta Workshop. Taylor is a graduate of the former Wellington Polytechnic, Peter Jackson, Taylor and his company created all of the props, costumes, prosthetics, miniatures and weaponry for Jacksons epic The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. For his work on the three films, he shared in winning four Academy Awards. This included two for The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring in Make Up and Visual Effects, Taylor can be seen and heard on all of The Lord of the Rings DVDs, in behind-the-scenes documentaries and on the audio commentaries on the extended edition DVDs. He also appeared on set to give direction to actors and stunt personnel in several fight scenes, both Richard Taylor and Weta Workshop appear in the documentary film Reclaiming the Blade, where they discussed the creative and technical process of how movie props are created at Weta Workshop. Swords created by Weta for films such as The Lord of the Rings, Weta Workshop has also worked on The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Richard Taylor and his crew designed and built all the armor, weapons, the company were also heavily involved in the making of Peter Jacksons interpretation of King Kong for which he won his fifth Academy Award, in Visual Effects. In April 2009, Richard Taylor won the award at the World Class New Zealand Awards. The awards honour New Zealands tall poppies who are successful on an international level, in the New Year Honours 2004 Taylor was appointed to an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to design and the film industry. In the New Year Honours 2010 Taylor was promoted to a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to film

5.
Peter Jackson
–
Sir Peter Robert Jackson ONZ KNZM is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter and film producer. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of The Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit trilogy and he also produced District 9, The Adventures of Tintin, The Secret of the Unicorn, and the documentary West of Memphis. Jackson began his career with the horror comedy Bad Taste. He shared a nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay with his partner Fran Walsh for Heavenly Creatures, Jackson has been awarded three Academy Awards in his career, including the award for Best Director in 2003. He has also received a Golden Globe, four Saturn Awards and his production company is Wingnut Films, and his most regular collaborators are co-writers and producers Walsh and Philippa Boyens. Jackson was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2002 and he was later knighted by Anand Satyanand, the Governor-General of New Zealand, at a ceremony in Wellington in April 2010. In December 2014, Jackson was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Jackson was born on 31 October 1961 in Wellington and was raised at the nearby coastal town of Pukerua Bay. His parents—Joan, a worker and housewife, and William Bill Jackson. Bill Jackson was a veteran of the Siege of Malta in World War II, as a child, Jackson was a keen film fan, growing up on Ray Harryhausen films, as well as finding inspiration in the television series Thunderbirds and Monty Pythons Flying Circus. After a family gave the Jacksons a Super 8 cine-camera with Peter in mind. Jackson has long cited King Kong as his film. Most notable though was a 20-minute short called The Valley, which won him a prize because of the shots he used. In school, Jackson expressed no interest in sports and his classmates also remember him wearing a duffle coat with an obsession verging on religious. He had no training in film-making, but learned about editing, special effects and make-up largely through his own trial. As a young adult, Jackson discovered the work of author J. R. R. Tolkien after watching The Lord of the Rings, when he was 16 years old, Jackson left school and began working full-time as a photo-engraver for a Wellington newspaper, The Evening Post. For the seven years he worked there, Jackson lived at home with his parents so he could save as much money as possible to spend on film equipment. After two years of work Jackson bought a 16 mm camera, and began shooting a film later became Bad Taste. Jackson has long cited several films as influences and it is well known that Jackson has a passion for King Kong, often citing it as his favourite film and as the film that inspired him early in his life

6.
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
–
The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings. It is the first instalment in The Lord of the Rings series, set in Middle-earth, the story tells of the Dark Lord Sauron, who is seeking the One Ring. The Ring has found its way to the young hobbit Frodo Baggins, released on 10 December 2001, the film was highly acclaimed by critics and fans alike who considered it to be a landmark in film-making and an achievement in the fantasy film genre. It has continued to be featured on lists of the greatest fantasy films ever made. The film was a box office success, earning over $871 million worldwide. As of January 2017, it is the 50th highest-grossing film of all time worldwide unadjusted for inflation and it also won four British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film and Best Director BAFTA awards. The Special Extended Edition was released to DVD on 12 November 2002, in 2007, The Fellowship of the Ring was voted No.50 on the American Film Institutes list of 100 greatest American films. The AFI also voted it the second greatest fantasy film of all time during their 10 Top 10 special, the film ranks #24 on Empire magazines 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time. Isildur is later killed by Orcs, and the Ring is lost for 2,500 years, found, the Ring is then found by a Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins. Sixty years on, Bilbo celebrates his 111th birthday in the Shire, Bilbo reveals he intends on leaving the Shire for one last adventure and leaves his inheritance to his nephew Frodo, including the Ring. Gandalf investigates the Ring, discovering its true identity and warns Frodo, learning Gollum was tortured by Orcs and told them that Bilbo took the Ring, Gandalf instructs Frodo to leave the Shire, accompanied by his gardener Samwise Gamgee. Gandalf rides to Isengard, meeting fellow wizard Saruman the White, but learns he is in league with Sauron, after a brief battle, Saruman imprisons Gandalf. The Hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths, one stabbing Frodo with a morgul blade, Arwen, an elf and Strider’s lover, comes to Frodo’s aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell where he is healed, meeting Gandalf who escaped Saruman on the back of a giant eagle. Arwen’s father, Lord Elrond, holds a council, deciding that the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom, Bilbo gives Frodo his sword, Sting. The Fellowship of the Ring sets off but Saruman’s magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria, the Fellowship find the dwarves within Moria have been slain, and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They defeat them, but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog, Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but its fiery whip drags Gandalf down into the darkness with it. The rest of the Fellowship, now led by Aragorn, reach Lothlórien, home to elves Galadriel, Galadriel privately informs Frodo that only he can complete the quest and one of his friends will try to take the Ring. Meanwhile, Saruman creates an army of Uruk-hai to track and kill the Fellowship, the Fellowship leave Lothlórien by river to Parth Galen

7.
Special effect
–
Special effects are illusions or visual tricks used in the film, television, theatre, video game, and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. Special effects are divided into the categories of optical effects. Mechanical effects are usually accomplished during the live-action shooting and this includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects, creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, etc. Making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building are examples of mechanical effects, mechanical effects are often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, a set may be built with doors or walls to enhance a fight scene. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background, since the 1990s, computer generated imagery has come to the forefront of special effects technologies. It gives filmmakers greater control, and allows many effects to be accomplished safely and convincingly and—as technology improves—at lower costs. As a result, many optical and mechanical effects techniques have been superseded by CGI, in 1857, Oscar Rejlander created the worlds first special effects movie by combining different sections of 30 negatives into a single image. In 1895, Alfred Clark created what is accepted as the first-ever motion picture special effect. While filming a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, as the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clark stopped the camera, had all of the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set. He placed a Mary dummy in the place, restarted filming. Techniques like these would dominate the production of special effects for a century and it wasnt only the first use of trickery in cinema, it was also the first type of photographic trickery only possible in a motion picture, i. e. the stop trick. Georges Méliès accidentally discovered the same stop trick, according to Méliès, his camera jammed while filming a street scene in Paris. When he screened the film, he found that the trick had caused a truck to turn into a hearse, pedestrians to change direction. Because of his ability to manipulate and transform reality with the cinematograph. From 1910 to 1920, the innovations in special effects were the improvements on the matte shot by Norman Dawn. With the original matte shot, pieces of cardboard were placed to block the exposure of the film, Dawn combined this technique with the glass shot. Rather than using cardboard to block certain areas of the film exposure, from the partially exposed film, a single frame is then projected onto an easel, where the matte is then drawn

8.
Theatrical property
–
A prop, formally known as property, is an object used on stage or on screen by actors during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, consumable food items appearing in the production are also considered props. The earliest known use of the properties in English to refer to stage accessories is in the 1425 CE Morality play. The Oxford English Dictionary finds the first usage of props in 1841, during the Renaissance in Europe, small acting troupes functioned as cooperatives, pooling resources and dividing any income. Many performers provided their own costumes, but special items—stage weapons, furniture or other hand-held devices—were considered company property, some experts however seem to think that the term comes from the idea that stage or screen objects belong to whoever uses them on stage. There is no difference between props in different media, such as theatre, film, or television, bland Wade, a properties director, says, A coffee cup onstage is a coffee cup on television, is a coffee cup on the big screen. He adds, There are definitely different responsibilities and different vocabulary, the term theatrical property originated to describe an object used in a stage play and similar entertainments to further the action. Technically, a prop is any object that gives the scenery, actors, or performance space specific period, place, props in a production originate from off stage unless they have been preset on the stage before the production begins. Props are stored on a prop table backstage near the entrance during production then generally locked in a storage area between performances. The term has readily transferred to television, motion picture and video game production, in recent years, the increasing popularity of movie memorabilia has added new meaning to the term prop, broadening its existence to include a valuable after-life as a prized collectors item. Typically not available until after a premiere, movie props appearing on-screen are called screen-used. However, a prop must read well from the house or on-screen, in some cases, a prop is designed to behave differently from how the real object would, often for the sake of safety. A mop, representing a string mop, but built out of a shape covered with fabric. A prop weapon that reads well but lacks the intentional harmfulness of the real weapon. In the theater, prop weapons are almost always either non-operable replicas, guns fire caps or noisy blanks, swords are dulled, and knives are often made of plastic or rubber. In film production, fully functional weapons are used. Real cartridges with bullets removed are still dangerously charged which has caused several instances when used on stage or film. The safety and proper handling of weapons used as movie props is the premiere responsibility of the prop master

9.
Miramar, New Zealand
–
Miramar is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand, south-east of the city centre. It is on the Miramar Peninsula, directly east of the isthmus of Rongotai, Miramar means sea view in Spanish. The name was chosen by the first European to settle in the area, Crawford was a former Royal Navy officer turned businessman and colonist, who arrived in Wellington in 1840. Crawford established a farm on the peninsula, which at the time was known as Watts Peninsula and this lagoon covered much of the low-lying land on the peninsula, now this area is occupied by suburban houses, streets, parks and shops. The original Māori name for the area when it was still an island was Te Motu Kairangi, on 18 November 1904 Miramar Borough was formed. In April 1921, Miramar was incorporated into the City of Wellington, the records of the Miramar Borough Council were transferred to the City of Wellington at the time of amalgamation and can still be accessed today through Wellington City Council. It was called the National Film Unit, in 1979 the NFU moved to Avalon, Lower Hutt, NZ, next to the national television entity Avalon. In the late nineties, Sir Peter Jackson purchased the Film Unit, as it was then known and he used the NFUs facilities to an extreme degree while making Braindead. Since then, Jackson has brought the Film Unit back to Miramar, Jackson filmed the studio scenes of The Lord of the Rings trilogy and King Kong in Miramar. Miramar has been hailed by Mexican film director Guillermo del Toro as Hollywood the way God intended it, Miramar is the home of the Miramar Handball Club, the Oriental Rongotai Football Club and the Miramar Rangers

10.
Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941

11.
Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides

12.
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
–
Hercules, The Legendary Journeys is an American television series filmed in New Zealand. It was produced from January 16,1995 to November 22,1999 and it ran for six seasons, producing action figures and other memorabilia as it became one of the highest rated syndicated television shows in the world at that time. The series is set in a version of ancient Greece not precisely located in historical time. Although set in ancient Greece, the show also has a mixture of Oriental, Egyptian, the show stars Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and regularly features Michael Hurst as his sidekick Iolaus. Rotating as Hercules other regular companion, particularly in earlier seasons, is Salmoneus, typical plot lines involve Hercules and Iolaus saving rustic villagers from monsters, evil warlords, or the often selfish whims of the gods. There was also comedy and episodes often had in-jokes about modern themes, as the series progressed, a wider range of enemies was used, notably Hercules half-brother, the malicious god of war Ares replaced Hera as the shows primary antagonist. Although Zeus, Hercules father, is cited by Hercules as a neglectful father. Indeed, Hercules is often referred to as the son of Zeus. Zeus makes several appearances on the show, even saving his sons life, the show had two spin-offs, Xena, Warrior Princess and Young Hercules, with which it shared recurring characters such as Ares, Autolycus, Salmoneus, Aphrodite, Deimos/Strife and Callisto. Both shows, although produced in New Zealand using mostly local actors who put on American accents, were syndicated worldwide, a sci-fi series, Cleopatra 2525, was also produced as a result of the series influence. Thirteen years later, Legend of the Seeker was produced by the same team, Hercules Iolaus Anchor Bay Entertainment released all 6 Seasons of Hercules, The Legendary Journeys on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2003-2005. As of 2010, these releases have now discontinued and are out of print. On January 12,2010, Universal Studios Home Entertainment announced that they plan on re-releasing Hercules and they have subsequently re-released the first five seasons. Season 5 was re-released on July 22,2014, in Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all 6 seasons on DVD in Australia. NOTE, The Season 1 release in both regions 1 &4 includes the 5 tele-films preceding the series, the region 1 re-release does not include the TV movies. com Hercules, The Legendary Journeys at MobyGames

13.
Xena: Warrior Princess
–
Xena, Warrior Princess is an American fantasy television series filmed on location in New Zealand. The series aired in syndication from September 4,1995, until June 18,2001, the series was created in 1995 by writer-director-producer Robert Tapert under his production tag, Renaissance Pictures with executive producers being R. J. Stewart and Sam Raimi. In 2012 star Lucy Lawless confirmed her character Xena was from ancient Bulgaria, aware that the character of Xena had been very successful among the public, the producers of the series decided to create a spin-off series based on her adventures. Xena was a show which has aired in more than 108 countries around the world since 1998. In 2004 and 2007, it was ranked #9 and #10 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever, Xenas success has led to hundreds of tie-in products, including, comics, books, video games and conventions, realized annually since 1998 in Pasadena, California and London. The series soared past its predecessor in ratings and in popularity, in its second season it was the top rated syndicated drama series on American television. For all six years, Xena remained in the top five, cancellation of the series was announced in October 2000, and the series finale aired in the summer of 2001. On August 13,2015, NBC Entertainment chairman Bob Greenblatt confirmed a Xena reboot is in development, with Raimi and Tapert returning as executive producers and it was announced from Entertainment Weekly that Javier Grillo-Marxuach will serve as writer and producer for the reboot. Xena, Warrior Princess is set primarily in a version of ancient Greece and was filmed in New Zealand. The settlements are presented as a mixture of walled villages and rural hamlets set in a lush green and they are often seen under attack from warlords, and travelling between them involves frequent encounters with small bands of outlaws. As the show progressed, however, events took place throughout more modern times and places, the mythology of the show transitioned from that of the Olympian Gods to include Judeo-Christian elements. Eastern religions were touched on as well, with regard to accurate time-and-place concerns. Mythological and supernatural locations are presented as real, physical places. They include the Elysian Fields, Tartarus, the River Styx, Valhalla, Heaven, the inhabitants of such places – gods, mythological beings and forces – are for the most part manifested as human characters who can move at will between their domains and the real world. The flexible fantasy framework of the show accommodates a range of theatrical styles, from high melodrama to slapstick comedy, from whimsical and musical to all-out action. The show often addresses ethical dilemmas, such as the morality of pacifism, however, Xena freely borrows names and themes from various mythologies around the world, primarily the Greek, anachronistically adapting them to suit the demands of the storyline. Each god, or set of gods, controls a different part of the world and this quirky mix of timelines and the amalgamation of historical and mythological elements fueled the rise of the show to cult status during the 1990s and early 2000s. It was one of the first shows to tap into its Internet following, allowing fans all over the world to discuss

14.
Meet the Feebles
–
Meet the Feebles is a 1989 New Zealand musical black comedy film directed by Peter Jackson, and written by Jackson, Fran Walsh, Stephen Sinclair, and Danny Mulheron. It features Jim Henson-esque puppets in a comic satire. Like Hensons Muppets, the Feebles are animal-figured puppets who are members of a stage troupe and it is the first Jackson film that was co-written by his future wife Fran Walsh, who has gone on to act as co-writer for all his subsequent films. A commercial failure on release, the film went on to win a cult following, during his acceptance speech at the 2004 Academy Awards, Jackson mentioned Meet the Feebles, joking that it had been wisely overlooked by the Academy. The eponymous theatre troupe is rehearsing the song with hopes of finding success through being picked up for a syndicated television show. Heidi, the star of the show, is insulted by pornographic director Trevor and complains to her boss and lover, Bletch, meanwhile, Robert, the newest member of the team, arrives at the theatre and immediately falls in love with another newcomer, Lucille. Samantha confronts Heidi, insults her, and reveals her relationship with Bletch, Robert confesses his love to Lucille, and the two become engaged. Sid receives a visit from his ex-wife Sandy with his alleged son Seymour, Sandy informs him she will be preparing a paternity case against him. At the toilet, the second most important star of the show, meanwhile, drug-addicted knife thrower Wynyard tells Robert his story of Vietnam, and convinces Robert to give him $50 to buy drugs from Trevor. After seeing Trevors latest porno film, Bletch decides they need a new porn star, when he walks in on the scene Robert thinks that Lucille was drinking and throwing herself at Trevor, and tells her he never wants to see her again. After a good beginning – the Feebles sign with a TV chain to appear in a television show – Bletch confesses to Heidi that he actually hates her. After trying unsuccessfully to attempt suicide, Heidi goes on a shooting spree, Love Triangle A distraught Heidi runs to Bletch after being insulted by Trevor. Bletch is having sex with Samantha, but hides the tryst, although Bletch is physically disgusted by Heidi, he insincerely comforts her since he needs her talent on the show. Later Samantha insults Heidi, claiming Bletch really wants Samantha, distraught, Heidi drowns her sorrows in an entire chocolate cake, as she reminisces about her past romance with Bletch in a black-and-white flashback to her days as a lounge singer. Belching caused by the cake causes Heidi to lay waste to the set during the rehearsal of a feature number, Heidi rushes to Bletch for emotional affirmation, but he is unable to spare her the sight of Samantha performing oral sex on him. Heidi locks herself in her room and refuses to perform, Heidis performance helps secure the Feebles a syndicated series. Shortly afterwards, Heidi attempts to seduce Bletch in his office, unfortunately, Bletch is unaware of Heidis extremely fragile mental state. Robert and Lucille Robert shows up for his first day as a cast member, arthur rescues Robert and shows him around, where Robert sees Lucille for the first time

15.
Heavenly Creatures
–
The film features Melanie Lynskey and Kate Winslet in their screen debuts with supporting roles by Sarah Peirse, Diana Kent, Clive Merrison, and Simon OConnor. The main premise deals with the relationship between two girls, Pauline Parker and Juliet Hulme who murder Parkers mother. The events of the cover the period from their meeting in 1952 to the murder in 1954. The film opened in 1994 at the 51st Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Lion, reviewers praised most aspects of the production, with particular attention given to the performances by the previously unknown Winslet and Lynskey, as well as for Jacksons directing. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay and they bond over a shared history of severe childhood disease and isolating hospitalizations, and over time develop an intense friendship. Pauline admires Juliets outspoken arrogance and beauty, together they paint, write stories, make Plasticine figurines, and eventually create a fantasy kingdom called Borovnia. It is the setting of the novels they write together. Over time it begins to be as real to them as the real world, Paulines relationship with her mother, Honora, becomes increasingly hostile and the two fight constantly. This angry atmosphere is in contrast to the intellectual life Juliet shares with her family. Pauline spends most of her time at the Hulmes, where she feels accepted, Juliet introduces Pauline to the idea of the Fourth World, a Heaven without Christians where music and art are celebrated. Juliet believes she will go there when she dies, certain actors and musicians are saints in this afterlife. During a day trip to Port Levy, Juliets parents announce that they are going away and her fear of being left alone makes her hysterical, culminating in her first direct experience of the Fourth World, perceiving it as a land where all is beautiful and she is safe. She asks Pauline to come with her, and the world that Juliet sees becomes visible to Pauline, Juliet is diagnosed with tuberculosis and is sent to a clinic. Again her parents leave the country, leaving her alone and desperately missing Pauline, Pauline is desolate without her, and the two begin an intense correspondence, writing not only as themselves, but in the roles of the royal couple of Borovnia. During this time Pauline begins a relationship with a lodger. For both of them, their life becomes a useful escape when under stress in the real world. After four months, Juliet is released from the clinic and their relationship intensifies, Juliets father blames the intensity of the relationship on Pauline and speaks to her parents, who take her to a doctor. The doctor suspects that Pauline is homosexual, and considers this a cause of her anger at her mother as well as her dramatic weight loss

16.
Weta Digital
–
Weta Digital is a digital visual effects company based in Wellington, New Zealand. It was founded by Peter Jackson, Richard Taylor, and Jamie Selkirk in 1993 to produce the special effects for Heavenly Creatures. In 2007, Weta Digital’s Senior Visual Effects Supervisor, Joe Letteri, was appointed as a Director of the company. Weta Digital has won several Academy Awards and BAFTAs, Weta Digital is part of a number of Peter Jackson co-owned companies in Wellington which includes Weta Workshop, Weta Productions, Weta Collectibles and Park Road Post Production. The company is named after the New Zealand weta, one of the worlds largest insects, Weta Digital has developed several proprietary software packages to achieve groundbreaking visual effects. To recreate 1933 New York for King Kong, Weta created CityBot, kong’s fur also required the development of new simulation and modeling software. A set of tools that combined procedural and interactive techniques added wind to the 460 billion individual strands of fur, New shaders were written that accounted for the scattering of light from within each hair that added to the volumetric quality of the fur. Large chunks of fur were ripped out and filled in with scars, blood, each frame of fur took 2 gigabytes of data

17.
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
–
The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, the films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. They were distributed by New Line Cinema, each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the general storyline, they do omit some of the novels plot elements and include some additions to. The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile, Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Gondor, Legolas, Gimli, Merry, and Pippin, the series was a major financial success, with the films collectively being among the highest-grossing film series of all time. The films were acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations. The series received praise for its innovative special and visual effects. Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshis 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings, Jackson enjoyed the film and wanted to know more. Afterwards, he read an edition of the book during a twelve-hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen. In 1995, Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project, with the new developments in computer-generated imagery following Jurassic Park, Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real. Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong, Weinstein was furious, and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit, United Artists, which was in the market, did. By April 1996, the question was still not resolved. It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began, but due to location problems, he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead. When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997, Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein, Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book. Two to three months later, they had written their treatment, Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond, Sam looks into Galadriels mirror, Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall. They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein, the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book and they agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million. During mid-1997, Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair, sinclairs partner, Philippa Boyens, was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment

18.
Reclaiming the Blade
–
Reclaiming the Blade is a documentary written and directed by Daniel McNicoll and produced by Galatia Films on the topic of swords. Reclaiming the Blade was a one movie rental on iTunes. The feature-length film was distributed by Starz and Anchor Bay Entertainment, notable interviewees from the film industry include Viggo Mortensen, Karl Urban, Richard Taylor, and Hollywood sword master Bob Anderson. Interviewed as an expert on swordmaking was bladesmith Paul Champagne, narration is by British actor John Rhys-Davies. The documentary was produced with the support of Peter Jackson, Weta Workshop, Skywalker Sound, the soundtrack for the film, which included major label artists and an orchestral score from David James Nielsen, was released on Lakeshore Records. Commentary track from director Daniel McNicoll and John Rhys-Davies included details on the making of the film, historical European Martial Arts Combat in film Official website Reclaiming the Blade at the Internet Movie Database Reclaiming the Blade at AllMovie Reclaiming the Blade at Rotten Tomatoes

19.
Historical European martial arts
–
Historical European martial arts refers to martial arts of European origin, particularly using arts formerly practised, but having since died out or evolved into very different forms. The term Western martial arts is sometimes used in the United States and in a wider sense including modern, during the Late Middle Ages, the longsword had a position of honour among these disciplines, and sometimes historical European swordsmanship is used to refer to swordsmanship techniques specifically. Modern reconstructions of some of these arose from the 1890s and have been practiced systematically since the 1990s. The so-called MS I.33, dated to ca,1300, is the oldest surviving fechtbuch, teaching sword and buckler combat. The central figure of medieval martial arts, at least in Germany, is Johannes Liechtenauer. Though no manuscript written by him is known to have survived, from the 15th century into the 17th, numerous Fechtbücher were produced, of which some several hundred are extant, a great many of these describe methods descended from Liechtenauers. Some Fechtbücher have sections on dueling shields, special weapons used only in judicial duels, important 15th-century German fencing masters include Sigmund Ringeck, Peter von Danzig, Hans Talhoffer and Paulus Kal, all of whom taught the teachings of Liechtenhauer. From the late 15th century, there were brotherhoods of fencers, most notably the Marx brothers, an early Burgundian French treatise is Le jeu de la hache of ca. The earliest master to write in the Italian was Fiore dei Liberi, in the 16th century, compendia of older Fechtbücher techniques were produced, some of them printed, notably by Paulus Hector Mair and by Joachim Meyer. In the 16th century, German fencing had developed sportive tendencies, the treatises of Paulus Hector Mair and Joachim Meyer derived from the teachings of the earlier centuries within the Liechtenauer tradition, but with new and distinctive characteristics. The printed fechtbuch of Jacob Sutor is one of the last in the German tradition, in Italy, the 16th century is a period of big change. It opens with the two treatises of Bolognese masters Antonio Manciolino and Achille Marozzo, who describe a variation of the eclectic knightly arts of the previous century. Towards the mid-century, however, polearms and companion weapons beside the dagger, in 1553, Camillo Agrippa is the first to define the prima, seconda, terza and quarta guards, which would remain the mainstay of Italian fencing into the next century and beyond. From the late 16th century, Italian rapier fencing attained considerable popularity all over Europe, the fencing styles practice also needed to conform with the new ideals of elegance and harmony. Significant masters of Destreza included Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza and Luis Pacheco de Narváez, Girard Thibault was a Dutch master influenced by these ideals. The French school of fencing also moves away from its Italian roots, developing its own terminology, rules, French masters of the Baroque period include Le Perche du Coudray, Besnard, François Dancie and Philibert de la Touche. Fabris was followed by Italian masters such as Nicoletto Giganti, Ridolfo Capo Ferro, Francesco Alfieri, Francesco Antonio Marcelli, the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras produce English fencing writers, such as the Gentleman George Silver and the professional fencing master Joseph Swetnam. The English verb to fence is first attested in Shakespeares Merry Wives of Windsor, the French school of fencing originates in the 16th century, based on the Italian school, and develops into its classic form in the Baroque period

20.
Weta
–
Weta is the common name for a group of about 70 insect species in the families Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to New Zealand. The word is from the Māori language, where singular and plural have the same form, many weta are large by insect standards and some species are among the largest and heaviest in the world. Their physical appearance is like a katydid, long-horned grasshopper, or cricket, because they can cope with variations in temperature, weta are found in a variety of environments, including alpine, forests, grasslands, caves, shrub lands and urban gardens. They are nocturnal, and all New Zealand species are flightless, most weta are predators or omnivores preying on other invertebrates, but the tree and giant weta eat mostly lichens, leaves, flowers, seed-heads, and fruit. Weta can bite with powerful mandibles, Tree weta bites are painful but not particularly common. Weta can inflict painful scratches, with the potential of infection, but their defence displays consist of looking large and spiky, and they will retreat if given a chance. Tree weta arc their hind legs into the air in warning to foes, pegs or ridges at the base of the abdomen are struck by a patch of fine pegs at the base of the legs and this action makes a distinctive sound. These actions are used in defence of a gallery by competing males. The female weta looks as if she has a stinger, but it is an ovipositor, some species of Hemiandrus have very short ovipositors, related perhaps to their burrowing into soil and laying their eggs in a special chamber at the end of the burrow. Fossilized orthopterans have been found in Russia, China, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, most weta of both families are found in the Southern Hemisphere. Weta were probably present in ancient Gondwanaland before Zealandia separated from it, Rhaphidophoridae dispersed over sea to colonize the Chatham Islands. Although they are of an ancient lineage, the present species are quite young, giant, tree, ground, and tusked weta are all members of the family Anostostomatidae. Cave weta are better called tokoriro, and are members of the family Rhaphidophoridae called cave crickets or camel crickets elsewhere, there is another genera in the same superfamily in the southwest of America. These are Jerusalem cricket belonging to the family Stenopelmatidae, Tree weta eggs are laid over the autumn and winter months and hatch the following spring. A tree weta takes between one and two years to adulthood, and over this time will have to shed its skin around ten times as it grows. The 11 species of giant weta, most significantly larger than other weta, are large by insect standards. They are heavy insects with a length of up to 100 mm excluding their lengthy legs and antennae. A captive giant weta filled with eggs reached a record 70 g, making it one of the heaviest documented insects in the world, the largest species of giant weta is the Little Barrier Island weta, also known as the wetapunga

21.
Mail (armour)
–
Mail is a type of armour consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. A coat of armour is often referred to as a hauberk. The earliest example of surviving mail was found in a chieftains burial located in Ciumești and its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC. Mail may have inspired by the much earlier scale armour. Mail spread to North Africa, West Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Tibet, South East Asia, the origins of the word mail are not fully known. One theory is that it derives from the Latin word, macula. Another theory relates the word to the old French, maillier, in modern French, maille refers to a loop or stitch. The Arabic words burnus, برنوس, a burnoose, a cloak, also a chasuble and barnaza, برنز, to bronze. The first attestations of the mail are in Old French and Anglo-Norman, maille, maile, or male or other variants. The modern usage of terms for mail armour is highly contested in popular and, to a lesser degree, since then the word mail has been commonly, if incorrectly, applied to other types of armour, such as in plate-mail. The more correct term is plate armour, civilizations that used mail invented specific terms for each garment made from it. The standard terms for European mail armour derive from French, leggings are called chausses, a hood is a mail coif, a mail collar hanging from a helmet is a camail or aventail. A shirt made from mail is a hauberk if knee-length and a haubergeon if mid-thigh length, a layer of mail sandwiched between layers of fabric is called a jazerant. A waist-length coat in medieval Europe was called a byrnie, although the construction of a byrnie is unclear. Only on artistic and some sources because of the lack of archaeological examples. It was also long, reaching below the hips and covering most of the arms. Other historians claim instead that the Carolingian byrnie was nothing more than a coat of mail, without more certain evidence, this dispute will continue. The use of mail as battlefield armour was common during the Iron Age, the Roman army adopted the technology for their troops in the form of the lorica hamata which was used as a primary form of armour through the Imperial period

22.
Electroplating
–
Electroplating is a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate. Electroplating is primarily used to change the properties of an object. The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition and it is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit, in one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part. Both components are immersed in a solution called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that it comprises, at the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they plate out onto the cathode. The rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated, in this manner, the ions in the electrolyte bath are continuously replenished by the anode. Other electroplating processes may use a non-consumable anode such as lead or carbon, in these techniques, ions of the metal to be plated must be periodically replenished in the bath as they are drawn out of the solution. The most common form of electroplating is used for creating coins such as pennies, the cations associate with the anions in the solution. These cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in the metallic, for example, for copper plating, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42− in the solution to form copper sulfate, at the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The result is the transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode. The plating is most commonly a metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be electrodeposited, notably brass and solder, many plating baths include cyanides of other metals in addition to cyanides of the metal to be deposited. These free cyanides facilitate anode corrosion, help to maintain a constant metal ion level, additionally, non-metal chemicals such as carbonates and phosphates may be added to increase conductivity. When plating is not desired on certain areas of the substrate, typical stop-offs include tape, foil, lacquers, and waxes. The ability of a plating to cover uniformly is called throwing power, initially, a special plating deposit called a strike or flash may be used to form a very thin plating with high quality and good adherence to the substrate

23.
Scale model
–
This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or property of the original object without examining the original object itself. The most familiar scale models represent the appearance of an object in miniature. Scale models are used in fields including engineering, architecture, film making, military command, salesmanship. While each field may use a model for a different purpose, all scale models are based on the same principles. The detail requirements vary depending on the needs of the modeler, in general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering similitude theory. However, other requirements concerning practical issues must also be considered, similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype performance from scale model observations. The main requirement of similitude is all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the model and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. Dimensionless quantities are generally referred to as Pi terms, or π terms, in many fields the π terms are well established. For example, in dynamics, a well known dimensionless number called the Reynolds number comes up frequently in scale model tests with fluid in motion relative to a stationary surface. An example of the Reynolds number and its use in similitude theory satisfaction can be observed in the scale model testing of fluid flow in a horizontal pipe, one method to determine the dimensionless quantities of concern for a given problem is to use dimensional analysis. Practical concerns include the cost to construct the model, available test facilities to condition and observe the model, the availability of certain materials, and even who will build it. Practical requirements are very diverse depending on the purpose of the scale model. As an example, perhaps an aerospace company needs to test a new wing shape, however, if a facility such as this one cant be used, perhaps due to cost constraints, the similitude requirements must be relaxed or the test redesigned to accommodate the limitation. In this case, concessions must be made for reasons to the similitude requirements. An example of this from fluid dynamics is flow of a liquid in a horizontal pipe, possible π terms to consider in this situation are Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, and Mach number. For this flow configuration, however, no tension is involved. Also, compression of the fluid is not applicable, so the Mach number can be disregarded, finally, gravity is not responsible for the flow, so the Froude number can also be disregarded. This leaves the modeler with only the Reynolds number to worry about in terms of equating its values for the scale model, in general, scale models can be classified into three classes depending on the degree of similitude satisfaction they exhibit

24.
King Kong (2005 film)
–
King Kong is a 2005 epic monster adventure film co-written, produced, and directed by Peter Jackson. A remake of the 1933 film of the name, the film stars Naomi Watts, Jack Black, Adrien Brody. Set in 1933, King Kong tells the story of a filmmaker who coerces his cast. There they encounter Kong, a giant gorilla, whom they capture. Filming for King King took place in New Zealand from September 2004 to March 2005, the projects budget climbed from an initial $150 million to a then-record-breaking $207 million. It was released on December 14,2005 in Germany and on December 16 in the United States and it also generated $100 million in DVD sales upon its home video release. The film garnered positive reviews critics and appeared on several top ten lists for 2005. It was praised for its effects, performances, sense of spectacle. It won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects, in 1933, during the Great Depression, New York City vaudeville actress Ann Darrow is hired by financially troubled filmmaker Carl Denham to star in a film. Ann learns her favorite playwright, Jack Driscoll, is the screenwriter, as their tramp steamer, the SS Venture, journeys to the mysterious Skull Island, Ann and Jack fall in love. Captain Englehorn has second thoughts about the voyage, prompted by crewmen Lumpy, deep in the southern waters, the Venture receives a radio message informing Englehorn that there is a warrant for Carls arrest due to his defiance of the studios orders to cease production. The message instructs Englehorn to divert to Rangoon, but the ship becomes lost in fog, Carl and his crew explore the island and are attacked by natives, who kill Carls sound technician as well as one of the sailors. Ann screams as she is captured, and a roar is heard beyond the wall. The matriarch of the tribe targets Ann, muttering the word Kong, Englehorn kills one of the natives and his crew break up the attack and return to the ship. They lighten their load to float off the rocks and carry out repairs, the natives offer Ann as a sacrifice to Kong, a 25 feet tall gorilla. The crew returns armed, but is too late as Kong takes Ann, Ann wins Kong over with juggling and dancing, and begins to grasp Kongs intelligence and capacity for emotion. Englehorn organizes a party, led by Hayes and Driscoll. They encounter and kill a Ferrucutus, the rescue party is then caught in the middle of a pack of Venatosaurus saevidicus hunting a herd of Brontosaurus baxteri, and six people are killed, including cameraman Herb

25.
Rohan (Middle-earth)
–
Rohan is a kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy setting of Middle-earth. It is mainly a grassland, and lies north-west of its ally Gondor, and further north-west of Mordor and it is inhabited by the Rohirrim, a people of herdsmen and farmers who are well known for their horses and cavalry. Rohan is also referred to as Riddermark or the Mark, the realm is of significant importance in the authors book, The Lord of the Rings. Much of the background of Rohan is grounded in Anglo-Saxon tradition, conceptualised as the Horse Lords of Rohan allied with Gondor in early drafts of 1939, the Rohirrim took their final form in 1942 when about one third of The Lord of the Rings was completed. Its countryside is described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland which is frequently windswept, the lands of Rohan are frequently described as appearing like seas of grass, and are therefore perfect for horses. At the time of the War of the Ring, Rohan was roughly a third the size of Gondor, the winds and air masses can come from almost any direction and the weather is highly variable in any season. The area of the border was known as the Gap of Rohan, here the Misty Mountains. However, following the conclusion of the Third Age. the realm was extended west beyond the Gap of Rohan as far as the Greyflood, the capital of Rohan is the hill fort of Edoras which is located on a hill in a valley of the White Mountains. Meduseld, the Golden Hall of the King of Rohan, is located there, Edoras is Old English for enclosures, which Tolkien held to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name of the same meaning. The city of Edoras was built by Rohans second King, Brego son of Eorl the Young, before Edoras was completed, Rohans capital was at Aldburg in the Folde. Meduseld is described as having a golden thatch, Edoras is built at the end of the valley of Harrowdale, which lies under the great mountain Starkhorn. The river Snowbourn flows past the city on its way east towards the Entwash, the city is protected only by a high wall of timber, and a one-way road allows access to the city. Just before the gates, two rows of line the road, which are the graves of the former Kings of Rohan. Meduseld, a form of the Old English Maeduselde, is similarly meant to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name meaning mead hall. Meduseld is a hall with roof that appears golden from far off. Edoras is Rohans only real city and it is at Meduseld that Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas, and Gandalf meet with King Théoden in the account of the early stages of the War of the Ring. Another settlement is Aldburg, capital of the Eastfold and original settlement of Eorl the Young, a third settlement is Snowbourne, named after the river of the same name which runs nearby. It is similar in appearance to the hill-fort of Edoras, Dunharrow is a refuge in the White Mountains

26.
Elf (Middle-earth)
–
In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Elves are one of the races that inhabit a fictional Earth, often called Middle-earth, and set in the remote past. They appear in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien had been writing about Elves long before he published The Hobbit. The modern English word elf derives from the Old English word ælf, Tolkien would make it clear in a letter that his Elves differ from those of the better known lore, referring to Scandinavian mythology. By 1915 when Tolkien was writing his first elven poems, the elf, fairy and gnome had many divergent. One of the last of the Victorian Fairy-paintings, The Piper of Dreams by Estella Canziani, according to Marjorie Burns, Tolkien eventually chose the term elf over fairy, but still retained some doubts. I hear the tiny horns Of enchanted leprechauns And the padded feet of many gnomes a-coming, as a philologist, Tolkiens interest in languages led him to invent several languages of his own as a pastime. In considering the nature of who might speak these languages, and what stories they might tell, Some of the stories Tolkien wrote as elven history have been seen to be directly influenced by Celtic mythology. For example, Flight of The Noldoli is based on the Tuatha Dé Danann and Lebor Gabála Érenn, john Garth also sees that with the underground enslavement of the Noldoli to Melkor, Tolkien was essentially rewriting Irish myth regarding the Tuatha Dé Danann into a Christian eschatology. The name Inwe, given by Tolkien to the eldest of the elves and his clan is similar to the found in Norse mythology as that of the god Ingwi-Freyr. Terry Gunnell also claims that the relationship between beautiful ships and the Elves is reminiscent of the god Njörðr and the god Freyrs ship Skíðblaðnir and he also retains the usage of the French derived term fairy for the same creatures. Tolkien wrote of them, They are made by man in his own image and likeness and they are immortal, and their will is directly effective for the achievement of imagination and desire. In The Book of Lost Tales Tolkien includes both the more serious type of elves such as Fëanor and Turgon alongside the frivolous, Jacobean type of elves such as the Solosimpi. Alongside the idea of the greater Elves, Tolkien also developed the idea of children visiting Valinor, Elves would also visit children at night and comfort them if they had been chided or were upset. This theme, linking elves with childrens dreams and nocturnal travelling was largely abandoned in Tolkiens later writing, I do know Celtic things, and feel for them a certain distaste, largely for their fundamental unreason. They have bright colour, but are like a broken stained glass window reassembled without design and they are in fact mad as your reader says — but I dont believe I am. Terry Gunner notes that the titles of the Germanic gods Freyr and Freyja are also given to Celeborn, according to Tom Shippey, the theme of diminishment from semi-divine Elf to diminutive Fairy resurfaces in The Lord of the Rings in the dialogue of Galadriel. Yet if you succeed, then our power is diminished, and Lothlórien will fade, and we must depart into the West, or dwindle to a rustic folk of dell and cave, slowly to forget and to be forgotten. Tolkien also notes an Elven bloodline was the only claim to nobility that the Men of Middle-earth can have

27.
Minas Tirith
–
Minas Tirith, originally named Minas Anor, is a fictional city and castle in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth writings. It became the fortified capital of Gondor in the second half of the Third Age. It was originally built to guard the capital, Osgiliath, from attack from the west, but became the capital when Osgiliath fell into ruin following the Kin-strife. It is often referred to as the White City and the City of the Kings, the Rohirrim sometimes translated this into their own language as the Mundburg. In the climax of The Lord of the Rings the city comes under a very large, the name Minas Tirith means The Tower of Guard or The Tower of Watch in the Elvish language Sindarin. It was originally named Minas Anor, The Tower of the Setting Sun, in connection with Minas Ithil, Minas Ithil was later conquered by orcs from Mordor and was renamed Minas Morgul, The Tower of Black Sorcery. The city of Minas Tirith covered an entire hill, the Hill of Guard, each level was about 100 ft higher than the one below it, and each surrounded by a white wall, with the exception of the wall of the First Circle, which was black. The outer face of this wall, the lowest, was made of black stone. Each wall held a gate, and each gate faced a different direction from the one in the lower wall. The citys main street snaked up the hill and through each of the gates, the Great Gate was the main gate on the first level of the City of Minas Tirith. It was in the City Wall — or Othram — facing eastward across the Pelennor Fields toward the Anduin, in front of the Great Gate there was a large paved area called the Gateway. The main roads to Minas Tirith met here, the North-way that became the Great West Road to Rohan, the South Road to the provinces of Gondor. The Great Gate was very strong, constructed of iron and steel and guarded by stone towers, the iron doors of the Gate rolled back to open. Passwords were required to enter the Great Gate and each of the six gates of Minas Tirith. The Great Gate was breached during the War of the Ring, Saurons forces under the command of the Witch-king of Angmar besieged the City on 13th March. Before dawn on 15th March, the battering ram Grond smashed into the Great Gate three times while the Witch-king spoke words of power. As if stricken by some blasting spell it burst asunder, there was a flash of searing lightning, and the doors tumbled in riven fragments to the ground. The Witch-king rode through the Gate where Gandalf awaited him, but then the Rohirrim arrived, a temporary barricade was erected in place of the Great Gate

28.
Gondor
–
Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkiens writings, described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the Third Age. The third volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, is concerned with the events in Gondor during the War of the Ring. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book, according to the narrative, Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, after an early period of growth, Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord Sauron. The kingdoms ascendancy was restored only with Saurons final defeat and the crowning of Aragorn, the role of the kingdom emerged gradually, when a side adventure in the plot became the focus of later writings. The textual history was traced by Christopher Tolkien in The History of Middle-earth, the history of Gondor is described in several of Tolkiens works, with different levels of detail. Within the narrative of The Lord of the Rings, the kingdom is first introduced at the Council of Elrond, with a summary of the Second. The events of the latter are elaborated in the appendices to the book, retellings at an ample scale of some particular episodes are included in Unfinished Tales. The territory that would become Gondor had been colonised by the Númenóreans from around the middle of the Second Age. Within the South-kingdom, the hometowns of Isildur and Anárion were Minas Ithil and Minas Anor respectively, Sauron, however, had survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor just to the east of Gondor. Soon he launched a war against the Númenórean kingdoms, hoping to destroy them before their power was established and he captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped and fled by ship to Arnor, meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath. Elendil and the Elven-king Gil-galad formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, Sauron was overthrown, but the One Ring that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron was able to regain power in the next age. However, Isildur and his three sons were ambushed and killed by Orcs in the Gladden Fields. During the first millennium of the Third Age, Gondor was victorious in war and its wealth, after Saurons defeat, Gondor watched over Mordor. In T. A.490, Gondors centuries-old peace was ended by the first of many Easterling invasions and that war lasted into the following century, and from it Gondor conquered much territory in Rhûn north of Mordor. Under the rule of the four Ship-Kings, Gondor established a powerful navy, in 933, Gondor captured the southern port city Umbar, formerly held by the hostile Black Númenóreans. Later, the Haradrim defeated Gondor on land and besieged Umbar, but King Hyarmendacil I strengthened his army and navy, Mordor was desolate and guarded by fortresses. Gondor began to decline during the reigns of Atanatar and his two sons, who lived in ease and luxury, doing little to maintain Gondors strength, the first casualty of this period was the watch on Mordor, which was largely neglected

29.
Rivendell
–
Rivendell is an Elven realm in Middle-earth, a fictional world created by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is an important location in Tolkiens legendarium, and is featured in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, and Unfinished Tales. It was established and ruled by Elrond Half-elven in the Second Age of Middle-earth, and was protected by the powers of its lord and his elven ring Vilya. Elrond lived in Rivendell with his family — his wife Celebrían, their sons Elladan and Elrohir, in addition to the family of Elrond, notable Elves who lived in Rivendell included Glorfindel, Gildor, and Erestor. In some writings, featured in Unfinished Tales, Galadriel and Celeborn also lived in Rivendell for a time before they became rulers of Lothlórien, Rivendell is a direct translation or calque into English of the Sindarin name Imladris, both meaning deep valley of the cleft. The name Rivendell is formed by two English elements, riven and dell, making the whole word purport deeply cloven valley, Imladris was also rendered Karningul in Westron, the Common Tongue of Middle-Earth represented as English in the text of The Lord of the Rings. It is also referred to as The Last Homely House, alluding to the old cities, in Beleriand and Aman. Rivendell was located in eastern Eriador at the edge of a gorge of the river Bruinen. The climate was cool-temperate and semi-continental with moderately warm summers, fairly snowy — but not frigid — winters, seasons were more pronounced than in areas further west, such as the Shire, but less extreme than the places east of the Misty Mountains. Like Hobbiton, it is located at about the latitude as Tolkiens hometown Oxford. Rivendell was founded in the year 1697 of the Second Age, Sauron had invaded Eregion in S. A.1695 to wrest the rings of power from the Elven smiths. In response to attack, Gil-galad sent a force from Lindon, commanded by Elrond. After two years of fighting Eregion was utterly destroyed and they were relieved in S. A.1700 when an army of Elves from Lindon and their allies the Men of Númenor, in conjunction with the defenders, attacked the besieging force and annihilated it. After the siege was lifted it was decided to abandon Eregion, at the end of the Second Age it served as a mustering station for the forces of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men on their way to war in Mordor. After this war Rivendell enjoyed centuries of peace, but was attacked in the century of the Third Age by the armies of the Witch-king of Angmar. It again withstood a siege for years, but its enemies were finally driven off when reinforcements arrived from Lothlórien. Several centuries later, a force sent from Rivendell, commanded by Glorfindel, took part in the final battle against the armies of Angmar. Following the destruction of Arnor, the kingdom of the Númenórean exiles, in T. A.1974, Rivendell became an important location for the remnants of its people

30.
Elrond
–
Elrond Half-elven is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. He is introduced in The Hobbit, and plays a role in The Lord of the Rings. Elrond was Lord of Rivendell, one of the mighty rulers of old that remained in Middle-earth in its Third Age. His name was explained by Tolkien in a letter from 1958 to Rhona Beare as Elf of the Cave, later notes, reflected in The Silmarillion and The War of the Jewels, interpret the name instead as Star-dome or Vault of Stars. Elronds twin brother was Elros Tar-Minyatur, the first High King of Númenor, although Elrond was considered half-elven, that was not meant to be an exact percentage value. Through Lúthien, daughter of Melian the Maia, he and his brother Elros were also descended from the Maiar, both his mother and his father had mixed human-elf ancestry, and as a result Elrond himself was 6/16 human, 9/16 elf and 1/16 Maia. Elrond, along with his parents, his brother, and his children, were granted a choice between Elven or human fates by the Valar, Elrond chose to live as an immortal Elf, while his twin Elros chose the mortality of Men. As documented in The Silmarillion, Elrond was born in the First Age at the refuge of the Mouths of Sirion in Beleriand, not long afterwards the havens were destroyed by the sons of Fëanor, who captured Elrond and his brother Elros. Their parents feared that they would be killed, but instead they were befriended by Fëanors sons Maedhros, like his parents but unlike his brother, Elrond chose to be counted among the Elves when the choice of kindreds was given to him. When Beleriand was destroyed at the end of the First Age, Elrond went to Lindon with the household of Gil-galad, during the War of the Elves and Sauron in the Second Age, Gil-galad sent Elrond to the defence of Eregion against Sauron. Sauron destroyed Eregion and surrounded Elronds army, but Durin and Amroth attacked Saurons rearguard, causing the Dark Lord to turn, Elrond was able to retreat north to a secluded valley, where he established the refuge of Imladris, later called Rivendell. Elrond founded Rivendell in S. A.1697 and was its lord for thousands of years, including the events of The Hobbit, Elrond served as Gil-galads herald, and Elrond and Círdan were entrusted with the two Elven Rings that Gil-galad held. Elrond and Círdan were the ones to stand with Gil-galad when he fell. In the early years of the Third Age, Elrond married Celebrían, daughter of Celeborn, the union produced twin brothers Elladan and Elrohir, and a daughter, Arwen Undómiel. During the Third Age Elrond was an ally of Arnor, following its fall, Elrond harboured the Chieftains of the Dúnedain and sheltered the Sceptre of Annúminas, Arnors symbol of royal authority. Celebrían was captured and tortured by Orcs in the Redhorn Gate and thereafter left Elrond, after Aragorns father Arathorn was killed a few years after Aragorns birth, Elrond raised Aragorn in his own household and became a surrogate father to him. Aware of his daughter Arwens feelings for Aragorn, Elrond would permit their marriage only if Aragorn could unite Arnor and Gondor as High King, in The Hobbit, Elrond gave shelter to Thorins company, after which Elrond and Bilbo Baggins became friends. He received Bilbo as a permanent guest when Bilbo left the Shire some 60 years later

31.
Galadriel
–
Galadriel is a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien, appearing in his Middle-earth legendarium and she appears in The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, and Unfinished Tales. She was a royal Elf of both the Noldor and the Teleri, being a grandchild of both King Finwë and King Olwë, and was also close kin of King Ingwë of the Vanyar through her grandmother Indis. Her daughter Celebrían was the wife of Elrond and mother of Arwen, Elladan, Tolkien describes Galadriel as the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle-earth and the greatest of elven women. Stories of Galadriels life prior to The Lord of the Rings appear in both The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales, Galadriel was the only daughter and youngest child of Finarfin, prince of the Noldor, and of Eärwen, who was cousin to Lúthien. Her elder brothers were Finrod Felagund, Angrod, and Aegnor and she was born in Valinor during the Years of the Trees. Galadriel is described as having been blessed with the ability to peer into the minds of others, but in Fëanor, she only sees darkness. She had, however, long since parted ways with Fëanor and his sons, in Beleriand she lived with her brother Finrod Felagund at Nargothrond and at the court of Thingol and Melian in Doriath. In this account she met Celeborn, a kinsman of Thingol, after the War of Wrath, the Valar prohibited the leaders of the Exiles from returning to the Undying Lands, so as one of those leaders Galadriel remained an Exile in Middle-earth. At the end of the Third Age, when she refused the One Ring, Unfinished Tales gathers many other accounts of Galadriel and Celeborn. One of these highlights a second version of how Galadriel came to Middle-earth and she lived with her mothers kindred in the Telerin port of Alqualondë and there met Celeborn, who would become her husband and co-ruler. Celeborn, by account, was Olwës grandson. Galadriel and Celeborn sailed from the West and came to Beleriand separately from the two hosts of the Noldor. In Beleriand she and Celeborn were welcomed by Thingol and lived in Doriath, when the Noldor arrived in Beleriand, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers. In this version of the story, she is offered a pardon by the Valar, in even later accounts from Unfinished Tales, written not long before Tolkien died, Galadriel was not even subject to the Ban, and remained in Middle-earth of her own volition. In both versions Celeborn and Galadriel play no important role in the Battles of Beleriand, as judge the War of the Jewels to be hopeless against Morgoths strength. Little is told of their subsequent activities in the First Age and they travelled first to Lindon, where they ruled over a group of Elves, probably as a fiefdom under Gil-galad who was the last High King of the Noldor. According to Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn, they removed to the shores of Lake Nenuial

32.
Minor places in Middle-earth
–
The stories of J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium contain references to numerous places. Some of these places are described below. Aldburg is a fort and settlement in Rohan, in the region known as the Folde. Aldburg was initially the capital of the realm, where Eorl the Young, though his son, King Brego, moved to Edoras early in Rohans history, Aldburg remained the residence of the descendants of Éofor, Bregos third son. At the time of the War of the Ring, it was the home of King Théodens nephew Éomer, the All-welcome Inn was an inn located at the junction of the Northway and the East Road on the Hobbiton side of Frogmorton. It was much used by travellers, especially Dwarves from the Ered Luin, Amon Hen is a hill located on the western bank of the river Anduin, at the southern end of the long lake Nen Hithoel above the Falls of Rauros. It was one of the three peaks at the Falls of Rauros, the others being Amon Lhaw, the Hill of the Ear, and Tol Brandir, an island located between the two hills. The Seat of Seeing was built at the summit of Amon Hen and it was constructed in the early days of Gondor. In The Fellowship of the Ring, the Fellowship travelled down the Anduin from Lothlórien to Parth Galen, after Frodo escaped from Boromir, he sat upon the Seat of Seeing while still wearing the Ring, and was able to see events hundreds of miles distant. Amon Lhaw is one of the three peaks above the Falls of Rauros which drained the lake known as Nen Hithoel, it towered amongst the Emyn Muil on the banks of the Anduin. Its twin, Amon Hen, lay upon the western bank, between them, at the centre of the stream above Rauros, was the island peak Tol Brandir upon which none had ever set foot. Also called the Hill of Hearing and perhaps Hill of the Ear in Westron, Andrath is a narrow pass through which the North-South Road passed between the Barrow-downs on the west and the South Downs on the east. To the north of Andrath the road met the Great East Road, when the Nazgûl came north from Mordor to seek the Ring in the Shire at the end of the Third Age, their leader, the Witch-king of Angmar, camped in Andrath. It is mentioned in the appendices of The Return of the King that it is likely that the Witch-king aroused the Barrow-wights in the nearby Barrow-downs while camped at Andrath. Argonath is a monument comprising two enormous pillars carved in the likenesses of Isildur and Anárion, standing either side of the River Anduin at the northern approach to Nen Hithoel. Each of the two figures was shown wearing a crown and a helm, with an axe in its right hand, also known as the Gate of Kings or the Pillars of the Kings. See Dimrill Dale Bamfurlong is the farmland of Farmer Maggot, located in the Marish of the part of the Shire. The boggy nature of the land makes for above-ground habitation rather than the traditional hobbit-hole, Tolkien himself suggested the name Bamfurlong comes from Old English meaning roughly bean-field

33.
Isengard
–
Tolkiens legendarium, Isengard is a large fortress in the fictional universe of Middle-earth. It is a translation of the term Angrenost from the language of Sindarin. Additionally, Isengard can mean West Guard, in The History of Middle-earth, Tolkien states that Isengard was built in the Second Age around the tower of Orthanc by the Númenóreans in exile. Its location was at the corner of Rohan, guarding the Fords of Isen from enemy incursions into Calenardhon together with the fortress of Aglarond to its south. The river Angren began at Methedras behind Isengard, which formed its northern wall. Isengard was a green and pleasant place, with large trees and grass fields. Orthanc stood in the exact centre, during the early Third Age the land of Calenardhon became depopulated, and the last warden of Orthanc was recalled to Minas Tirith. Isengard remained guarded by a company, led by a hereditary captain. Bit by bit though the messages from Minas Tirith decreased until they ceased altogether, the small guard intermarried much with the Dunlendings, until the fortress became Dunlending in all but name. Orthanc however remained closed, as the Steward of Gondor alone held the keys, by T. A.2710 the line of hereditary Captains died out and during the rule of Rohans King Déor it was evident that Isengard had become openly hostile to the Rohirrim. The Rohirrim destroyed the invaders and blockaded Isengard, eventually taking it, a solution presented itself to the Steward of Gondor, Beren, as Saruman suddenly reappeared from the East, and he offered to guard Isengard. Beren gladly gave him the keys to Orthanc, and Saruman settled there, however at first he resided there as Warden of the Tower on behalf of Gondor. After him the valley known as Nan Curunír, or Valley of the Wizard. In T. A.2953, taking advantage of Saurons return, during the War of the Ring Isengard was Sarumans base of operations against the Rohirrim, and he defiled the valley, cutting down its trees. Isengards valley was destroyed by deep pits, used for breeding Uruk-hai, Isengard became home to countless Orcs, whom Saruman used to try to conquer Rohan. The Hobbits Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took, as the new doorwardens, received Théoden King of Rohan, Aragorn, during the Fourth Age Isengard was restored, and the entire valley granted to the Ents. The Ents tore down the walls of the ring, and named the new forest the Treegarth of Orthanc, Orthanc became again a tower of the Reunited Kingdom of Aragorn King Elessar. The Orcs of Isengard bore upon their shields a White Hand on a black field, a carved and painted White Hand of stone was set on a black pillar outside the gates of Isengard

34.
Saruman
–
Saruman the White is a fictional character and a major antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. His schemes feature prominently in the volume, The Two Towers. His earlier history is given briefly in the posthumously published The Silmarillion, the name Saruman means man of skill in the Mercian dialect of Anglo-Saxon, he serves as an example of technology and modernity being overthrown by forces more in tune with nature. Saruman is represented by a white hand, Saruman first appears in The Fellowship of the Ring, which is the first volume of The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings describes a quest to destroy the One Ring and he notes Sarumans great knowledge of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths. Shortly afterwards, Gandalf breaks an arrangement to meet Frodo and guide him out of the Shire to Rivendell to keep the Ring safe from Saurons agents, Frodo and Gandalf are reunited at Rivendell midway through The Fellowship of the Ring. The wizard explains why he failed to join Frodo, he had summoned to consult with Saruman but had been held captive. Saruman initially had proposed that the wizards ally themselves with the power of Sauron in order to eventually control him for their own ends. Saruman went on to suggest that they could take the Ring for themselves, when Gandalf refused both options, Saruman imprisoned him in the tower of Orthanc at Isengard, hoping to learn from him the location of the Ring. In The Two Towers, the volume of the story. Orcs from Sarumans army attack Frodo and his companions, and carry off two of Frodos closest friends, Merry and Pippin. The two escape into Fangorn Forest, where they meet the Ents, protectors of the trees, Gandalf frees Théoden from Wormtongues spell, however, just as Sarumans army is about to invade. Saruman is ruined when the Riders of Rohan defeat his army and Merry, Saruman himself is not directly involved, and only appears again in chapter 10, The Voice of Saruman, by which time he is trapped in Orthanc. He fails in his attempt to negotiate with the Rohirrim and with Gandalf, Gandalf casts him out of the White Council and the order of the wizards, and breaks Sarumans staff. Saruman makes his appearance at the end of the last volume, The Return of the King. After persuading the Ents to release him from Orthanc, he travels north on foot and he is accompanied by Wormtongue, whom he beats and curses. When they reach the Shire, Sarumans agents—both Hobbits and Men—have already taken it over, even after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo, Frodo lets him go. When Saruman blames Wormtongue for the damage done to the Shire and curses him, Wormtongue finally snaps, all were written in the mid-1950s

35.
Shelob
–
Shelob is a fictional giant spider from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. She appears at the end of the book, second volume. Her lair lies in Cirith Ungol leading into Mordor, Gollum deliberately leads Frodo Baggins there in hopes of recovering the One Ring when Shelob attacks Frodo. The plan is foiled when Samwise Gamgee greatly injures Shelob with Frodos Elvish dagger, Sting, Shelob was an evil thing in spider-form. Last child of Ungoliant to trouble the world, living high in the Ephel Dúath mountains on the borders of Mordor. There are numerous references to her predating the events of The Lord of the Rings by many ages, although she resided in Mordor and was unrepentantly evil, she was independent of Sauron and his influence. Her descendants include the Giant Spiders defeated by Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit, the Orcs of the Tower of Cirith Ungol called her Shelob the Great and Her Ladyship, and referred to Gollum as Her Sneak. Sauron himself was aware of her existence, but left her alone, as a guard on the pass. In the story, Gollum led the Hobbits into her lair to himself recover the One Ring after she consumed them and she cornered them, but Frodo used the Phial of Galadriels light to drive her off, and used Sting to cut the webs blocking the tunnel. Gollum waylaid the pair and tried to strangle Sam, while Shelob paralysed Frodo, whereafter Sam fought off Gollum, seeking to crush Sam, she instead impaled herself upon Sting, and was nearly blinded by the Phial of Galadriel, whereupon she fled. Thinking Frodo dead, Sam took the Ring from his friend and left his body behind, but discovered by listening to a pair of Orcs that Frodo was alive but senseless, under a minor influence of venom. As Tolkien admitted in a letter to his son, Shelob is of course only she + lob, - lob being an archaic English word for spider, the word is not related to cob nor cobweb. In the 1981 BBC Radio adaption of The Lord of the Rings, as part of the technical crew Lee had contributed sound effects elsewhere in the series, but received an acting credit for her work on Shelob. She also appears to have a mouth, equipped with four chelicerae. Of her eyes, only four are visible, in a DVD commentary, Jackson says Shelobs appearance is mostly based on the New Zealand tunnel-web spider. In the video game The Return of the King, based on the film, Shelob is one of the bosses, in The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II, Shelob is a hireable hero-unit of the Goblin faction. In the video game Lego The Lord of the Rings, she is the enemy of the level The Secret Stairs, briefly, as Frodo and Gollum run away from her. She then appears at the start of the level, Cirith Ungol, wherein the player can use the characters of Samwise Gamgee or the Orc

36.
Dead Men of Dunharrow
–
The Dead Men of Dunharrow are fictional characters in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. They were formerly known as the Men of the Mountains, at the end of the Second Age, their king, known as the King of the Mountains, pledged allegiance to Isildur at the Stone of Erech. However, these Men later refused to aid Isildur in his war against Sauron, they came to the aid of neither side and they had previously worshipped the Dark Lord during the Dark Years. As punishment, Isildur cursed them, saying that they would not have peace or rest till they fulfilled their oath upon his command or that of his heirs. Malbeth the Seer prophesied that a day would come when need and haste would drive one of Isildurs heirs to take the Paths of the Dead, thousands of years later, in the final years of the Third Age, that prophecy was fulfilled. In the War of the Ring, Aragorn, Isildurs heir and direct descendant, called upon the Dead, summoning them to the stone of Erech, and commanded them to fulfil their oath and be free. On this occasion, he first uses the royal banner of Gondor, made by Arwen and delivered to him by Halbarad and the Grey Company. They followed him through Gondors lands and fiefs south of the Mountains and their oath fulfilled, Aragorn granted them their freedom, and they vanished at last from the world. After this, Aragorn gathered the warriors of the region to him and they sailed to Minas Tirith on the Corsairs own ships, and turned the tide at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. The Men of the Shadow Host appeared to be grey shades, some still rode ghostly horses and they bore swords and spears and banners, and answered a horn-call with their own horns. However, they did not need weapons, for their weapon was fear. In the battle with the Corsairs, as recounted by Legolas and Gimli to Merry and Pippin, the Corsairs abandoned their ships in terror and those who did not flee drowned in the sea. In fact, they terrified Mordors and Gondors soldiers alike, in Peter Jacksons live-action adaptation, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, the Dead Men are only referred to as the Army of the Dead. Aragorn proves his authority to them with Andúril, and only Legolas and Gimli are with him, in the latter film, the Dead are depicted as green and glowing, and dwell in a Petra-like spectral, similarly coloured underground city, to which Aragorn and company visit. The film omits the second-to-the-last line of the verses, Until the time comes, rather than terrifying their foes, the Dead appear to suck the life out of them. The battle with the Corsairs occurs off-screen in the theatrical cut, the Army of the Dead also accompany Aragorn to Minas Tirith to destroy Saurons entire army on the Pelennor Fields. They kill every foe in sight—Orc, Man, and Oliphaunt alike—and move into the area of the city. Only after a scene of silent vacillation, where Gimli even suggests that they keep them, according to a magazine article, Peter Jackson hated the Dead Men, he thought it was too unbelievable

37.
Minas Morgul
–
Minas Morgul, also known by its earlier name of Minas Ithil, or in its full name Minas Ithil in the Morgul Vale, is a fictional fortified city in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth. Minas Ithil was also called the Tower of the Moon, the Tower of the Rising Moon, Minas Morgul was also called the Dead City and the Tower of Sorcery. In Tolkiens fictional elvish language, Sindarin, Minas Ithil means Tower of the Moon, the word ithil is a poetic name for the Moon from sil or thil meaning shine with white or silver light. The word morgul means black sorcery or black arts, the element mor means black, dark and gûl means sorcery, magic from the stem ngol- meaning long study, lore, knowledge. After the destruction of Númenor, the escapees landed in Middle-earth where they founded realms-in-exile, the sons of Elendil landed in Gondor, and Isildur was assigned its eastern province of Ithilien. There he built the city of Minas Ithil on the side of a pleasant valley in the mountains bordering Mordor. Isildur planted a sapling of the White Tree Nimloth outside his home in Minas Ithil, the citys white marble walls, buildings, and tower were designed to catch and reflect the moonlight, and shone with a soft silver luminescence. Sauron had survived Númenors destruction, but his return to Mordor was not known until he attacked the exiles of Númenor, the Dark Lords forces first struck and captured Minas Ithil in S. A.3429. Though the White Tree was burned, Isildur and his family managed to escape down the Anduin with a seedling, seeking his father Elendil, the city was later retaken, and Elendil, Isildur, Anárion proceeded north to assault Mordor via the Morannon. In the meantime Isildurs younger sons Aratan and Ciryon were left to garrison Minas Ithil, when the Last Alliance defeated Sauron in S. A.3441, Minas Ithil was restored as a city/fortress. Isildur elected not to replant the White Tree at Minas Ithil, instead he planted the seedling of the White Tree at Minas Anor in memory of his brother Anárion, then Isildur departed to take up the rule of his fathers kingdom in Arnor. Minas Ithil and the rest of Gondor was now under the rule of Anárions son Meneldil, little is mentioned of Minas Ithil until the Great Plague of T. A.1636 which killed most of the citys population. The city continued to be held by Gondor until the Ringwraiths returned to Mordor and attacked it in T. A.2000, the city only falling after a two year siege. Minas Morgul remained a menace to Gondor for the rest of the age, being the base for Orc attacks on Ithilien and Osgiliath until Sauron returned to Mordor. During the War of the Ring, Minas Morgul continued to act as the base of operations for the Witch-king and was a major garrison, the army of orcs and trolls that attacked Osgiliath and besieged Minas Tirith came from Minas Morgul. It seems that at point the orcs of Minas Morgul became isolated from those of the greater force of Mordor, utilizing not the Eye of Sauron as an emblem. It is possible there was a difference even in breeds of orc. The strain between them and the standard Mordor orcs at Cirith Ungol was critical in the quest to destroy the Ring of Power

38.
Sauron
–
Sauron /ˈsaʊrɒn/ is the title character and main antagonist of J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings. In the same work, he is identified as the necromancer, in Tolkiens The Silmarillion, he is also described as the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. The being later known as Sauron originated as an immortal spirit, in his origin, Sauron therefore perceived the Creator directly. As Tolkien noted, Sauron could not, of course, be a sincere atheist, though one of the minor spirits created before the world, he knew Eru, according to his measure. In the terminology of Tolkiens invented language of Quenya, these spirits were called Ainur. Those who entered the world were called Valar, especially the most powerful ones. The lesser beings who entered the world, of whom Sauron was one, were called Maiar, in Tolkiens letters, the author noted that Sauron was of course a divine person. Tolkien noted that he was of a far higher order than the Maiar who later came to Middle-earth as the Wizards Gandalf and Saruman. As created by Eru, the Ainur were all good and uncorrupt, as Elrond stated in The Lord of the Rings, rebellion originated with the Vala Melkor. According to a story meant as a parable of events beyond Elvish comprehension, Eru let his spirit-children perform a great Music, the Music of the Ainur, developing a theme revealed by Eru himself. For a while the choir made wondrous music, but then Melkor tried to increase his own glory by weaving into his song thoughts. Straightway discord arose around him, and many that sang nigh him grew despondent, but some began to attune their music to his rather than to the thought which they had at first. However, Sauron was not a beginner of discord, and he knew more of the Music than did Melkor, whose mind had always been filled with his own plans. Apparently Sauron was not even one of the spirits that immediately began to attune their music to that of Melkor, the cosmic Music now represented the conflict between good and evil. Finally, Eru abruptly brought the Song of Creation to an end, to show the spirits, faithful or otherwise, what they had done, Eru gave independent being to the now-marred Music. This resulted in the manifestation of the material World, Eä, entering Eä at the beginning of time, the Valar and Maiar tried to build and organize the world according to the will of Eru. Each Maia was associated with one of the powerful Valar whom they served, for example, Sauron was prominent among the Maiar who served Aulë the Smith, the great craftsman of the Valar. As a result, Sauron came to possess knowledge of the physical substances of the world, forging