In a single case report, abatacept produced both clinical improvement and normalization of laboratory parameters in a patient who had failed to respond to methotrexate, TNF inhibitors, steroid, immunoabsorption, plasmapheresis, and IL- inhibition.

Torre-Amione noted that although nonspecific immunoregulatory therapies such as plasmapheresis and immunoabsorption are unfamiliar to cardiologists, these therapies are scoring successes in other fields, particularly for autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases.

In another study by the same group, patients with advanced heart failure who had antibodies that fostered reduced calcium movement and depressed myocyte contractility responded to removal of these antibodies through immunoabsorption with an increase in ejection fraction; patients without these antibodies didn't respond.

This is also supported by the observation that the immunoabsorption of IgA-class autoantibodies against TGc by guinea pig TGc cannot completely abrogate antiendomysium activity (28), although these experiments should be repeated using calcium-activated human TGc because not all patients' antibodies may cross-react with the guinea pig antigen.

Before IgM and IgA were determined by IFA, antibodies of class IgG were removed from the patient's serum by antihuman IgG by using two immunoabsorption kits: EUROSORB (EUROIMMUN) for commercial IFA and GULLSORB (Meridian Bioscience Inc.

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