PURPOSE: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has allowed optimization of three-dimensional spatial radiation dose distributions permitting target coverage while reducing normal tissue toxicity. However, radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity is a major contributor to patients' quality of life and often a dose-limiting factor in the definitive treatment of cancer with radiation therapy. We propose the next logical step in the evolution of IMRT using canonical radiobiological principles, optimizing the temporal dimension through which radiation therapy is delivered to further reduce radiation-induced toxicity by increased time for normal tissue recovery...

Antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and other receptor tyrosine kinases. As a result of toxicity, the clinical failures or the modest benefits associated with antiangiogenic TKI therapy may be related in some cases to suboptimal drug dosing and scheduling, thereby facilitating resistance. Most antiangiogenic TKIs, including pazopanib, are administered on a continuous daily basis. Here, instead, we evaluated the impact of increasing the dose and administering the drug intermittently...

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and has become a major health problem across the world. The root bark of Morus alba L. is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment and management of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the enzyme inhibitory potentials of three principle components, mulberrofuran G ( 1 ), albanol B ( 2 ), and kuwanon G ( 3 ) in M. alba root bark against diabetes, establish their enzyme kinetics, carry out a molecular docking simulation, and demonstrate the glucose uptake activity in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells...

Melatonin (MEL) is a hormone that is produced in the brain and is known to bind to MEL-specific receptors on neuronal membranes in several brain regions. MEL's documented neuroprotective properties, low toxicity, and ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier have led to its evaluation for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a condition for which there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the evidence surrounding the use of melatonin after TBI, as well as identify existing gaps and future directions...

The facultative anaerobe Salmonella strain VNP20009 selectively colonizes into tumors following systemic injection due to its preference for the hypoxia in the tumor cores. However, the Phase 1 Clinical Trial of VNP20009 has been terminated mainly due to its weak anti-tumor effects and exhibition of dose-dependent toxicity. Here we leveraged the advantages of VNP20009 biotherapy together with polydopamine-mediated photothermal therapy in order to enhance the antitumor efficacy toward malignant melanoma. VNP20009 was coated with polydopamine via oxidation and self-polymerization, which was then injected into tumor-bearing mice via the tail vein...

BACKGROUND: Eutectic mixtures of lidocaine and prilocaine are used during painful dermatological procedures. Poisoning is rarely reported in adults. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We report three cases of women who experienced lidocaine and prilocaine poisoning after laser-assisted hair removal. Plasma levels of local anesthetics were assayed by a fully validated liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. CASE REPORTS: The rules of application of the anesthetic cream were observed apart from the maximum dose and/or maximum surface area...

PURPOSE: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 90 Y-labelled and 177 Lu-labelled peptides is an effective strategy for the treatment of metastatic/nonresectable neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Dosimetry provides important information useful for optimizing PRRT with individualized regimens to reduce toxicity and increase tumour responses. However, this strategy is not applied in routine clinical practice, despite the fact that several dosimetric studies have demonstrated significant dose-effect correlations for normal organ toxicity and tumour response that can better guide therapy planning...

Objectives: Locoregional recurrence is the predominant pattern of treatment failure in advanced head and neck cancers. Reirradiation is a useful modality to treat inoperable head and neck cancer patients with recurrent disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the treatment toxicity and early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing reirradiation. Methods: Twenty patients of head and neck cancers with recurrences or second cancers were evaluated. Reirradiation was done using simultaneous integrated boost volumetric modulated arc therapy (SIB VMAT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), or conventional radiotherapy using 6MV photons...

Background: The aim of the study was to confirm the hepatotoxicity induced by small-sized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and evaluate the role of quercetin (Qur) and arginine (Arg) against hepatotoxicity caused by GNPs. Methods: Twenty-five healthy male Wistar-Kyoto rats were used. GNPs were administered intraperitoneally to these rats at the dose of 50 μL for seven consecutive days. The role of Qur and Arg antioxidants against toxicity induced by GNPs was detected through the measurement of serum liver function and oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissues...

BACKGROUND: A previous randomized trial in recurrent Head and Neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has shown re-irradiation combined with chemotherapy after salvage surgery significantly improved disease-free survival (DFS). The objective of this randomized trial was to compare two methods of re-irradiation in terms of toxicity and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with recurrence/second primary in previously irradiated area were randomly allocated to receive either 60 Gy over 11 weeks with concomitant 5FU - hydroxyurea (VP-arm), or 60 Gy (1...

BACKGROUND: Tumor-promoting inflammation is an emerging hallmark of cancer, which participates in both cancer progression and immune escape. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation-related cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. Frankincense and myrrh are anti-inflammation agents commonly used in clinic. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether extract of frankincense and myrrh (FM) downregulates inflammatory microenvironment of HCC and thereby restores antitumor immune responses...

Human exposure to (certain forms of) crystalline silica (CS) potentially results in adverse effects on human health. Since 1997 IARC has classified CS as a Group 1 carcinogen [1], which was confirmed in a later review in 2012 [2]. The genotoxic potential and mode of genotoxic action of CS was not conclusive in either of the IARC reviews, although a proposal for mode of actions was made in an extensive review of the genotoxicity of CS by Borm, Tran and Donaldson in 2011 [3]. The present study identified 141 new papers from search strings related to genotoxicity of respirable CS (RCS) since 2011 and, of these, 17 relevant publications with genotoxicity data were included in this detailed review...

Tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is one of the most diffused phosphorus flame retardants in the environment and is highly persistent and abundant in residential dust samples. To date the cellular targets and mechanisms underlying its toxic effects are not completely understood. The aim of this work was to study the effects of TDCPP on ion transport mechanisms fundamental for the cellular ionic homeostasis, such as Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Cl- transport. HeLa cells were used as experimental model. TDCPP showed a dose-dependent effect on cell viability in cells exposed for 24h as assessed by MTT test (IC50 = 52...

The present study for the first time demonstrated the interactions of metal oxide (MO) nano-pollutants (CuO and Al2 O3 -NPs) with tissues and cellular DNA of tomato plants grown in soil sand: silt: clay (667:190:143) and Hoagland-hydroponic system and assessed the hazardous effects of NPs on cell physiology and biochemistry. Results of SEM equipped with EDX revealed attachment of variably shaped CuO-NPs (18 nm) and Al2 O3 -NPs (21 nm) on roots, and internalization followed by translocation in plants by ICP-MS and TEM...

A variety of colloid stabilizers and cryoprotectants confer improved nanoparticle (NP) colloidal stability and redisperability. However, the discounted tumor targetability, delivery efficacy and possible side effects limit the application in the vascular delivery of NPs. Here we present the water-soluble silk sericin (SS) not only as a material for the preparation of NPs, but also both a dispersion stabilizer and a cryoprotectant. In the absence of any stabilizers, SS-based NPs (SSC@NPs) could resist to the serum protein adsorption, preventing the formation of particle agglomerates...

Accumulation of genome and macromolecule damage is a hallmark of aging, age-associated degeneration, and genome instability syndromes. Although processes of aging are irreversible, they can be modulated by genome maintenance pathways and environmental factors such as diet. Selenium (Se) confers its physiological functions mainly through selenoproteins, but Se compounds and other proteins that incorporate Se nonspecifically also impact optimal health. Bruce Ames proposed that the aging process could be mitigated by a subset of low-hierarchy selenoproteins whose levels are preferentially reduced in response to Se deficiency...

Cationized starch-based flocculation processes are the subject of increasing attention because of their non-toxicity, biodegradability and relatively low price synthesized. The study aimed to evaluate the flocculability of different cationic starches using different concentrations of glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC) with different degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 0.13 to 0.57. Cationized starch were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and toxicity checked using experimental animal procedure...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to report the tolerability and toxicity of a regimen consisting of intravenous (IV) docetaxel and intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin and paclitaxel with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with surgical stage II-IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma treated with an outpatient IP chemotherapy regimen consisting of docetaxel 75 mg/m IV and cisplatin 75 mg/m IP day 1 followed by paclitaxel 60 mg/m IP day 8 every 21 days...