3 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION About 60% of all disasters costing one billion dollars or more in the United States were related to weather. Extreme weather events are occurring at an increasing frequency as experienced by devastating floods in recent years on the East Coast. Extreme weather events caused $208 billion of economic cost in the United States with more than 1,200 casualties between 2011 & Hurricane Katrina disaster on Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coast resulted in more than $100 billion in infrastructure and economic costs. Critical transportation infrastructure assets are under a continuous risk of flood hazards and subject to significant damage, such as washing away of pavements and bridges. 3

8 FLOOD INUNDATION SIMULATION RESEARCH APPROACH Traditional one-dimensional (1-D) models are inadequate and do not handle mixed flow regimes. In this study, a 2-D numerical flood modeling software CCHE2D- FLOOD is implemented by the National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering (). This approach can be implemented with any off-the-shelf geospatial software and Flood simulation software. 8

13 DEM USED IN FLOOD INUNDATION SIMULATION Absolute accuracy of elevation of 1.55 m Relative accuracy of elevation of 0.81 m Based on LIDAR topographic data used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the pilot study site 20,580 meters west-east by 17,260 meters north-south, corresponding to 2,058 columns and 1,726 rows of 10 m by 10 m size cells (which corresponds to a total of 3,552,108 cells) The simulation initiated when the water level was at the top of the levees and it reached its final shape after 0.44 hours. Typical flood inundation simulation from the start point to the west end of the simulation domain was 48 hours. 13

22 CONCLUSIONS Extreme flood simulation was performed for Sardis pilot study area and results were presented in terms of flood propagation, flood inundation depth, floodwater velocity and flood arrival time. Simulation results showed that: Total area of 31 sq miles (80 km 2 ) was inundated. Total of 24 bridges and 4 buildings were affected. Floodwater depth at infrastructure locations reached 40 ft (12 m). Selected transportation assets were completely inundated with standing floodwater up to 36 ft (11 m) above the feature. The floodwater overflowed as much as ft (4 5 m) above major roads and airfield. 2.6 miles of I-55, 4.9 miles of Rail, 2.9 miles of US-51, 10.6 miles Highway 35 and 3.3 miles of Highway 315 were inundated by the simulated flood. 22

23 CONCLUSIONS (continued) SCOURING OF BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS The flood simulation with the 3m DEM shows floodwater flow 3m above the I-55 highway. The local scour around the 10 ftdiameter I-55 bridge piers in the main channel is estimated as ft. Unless the pier foundations are sufficiently deep and/or appropriate local scour prevention measures are taken, the bridge may be at risk due to excessive scour. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES A detailed structural integrity analysis of US-51 highway concrete bridge model considered the overturning floodwater moment from lateral floodwater forces and the corresponding moment of resistance by the superstructure. The results show the most critical condition is when the factor of safety (FS) approaches about 1.34 when floodwater level is at the top of the bridge deck. 23

INTRODUCTION TO STORM SURGE Introduction to Storm Surge BOLIVAR PENINSULA IN TEXAS AFTER HURRICANE IKE (2008) What is Storm Surge? Inland Extent Storm surge can penetrate well inland from the coastline.

Chapter 10 Bridges Chapter 10 Bridges Bridg Bridges -- usually the best, but most expensive drainage crossing structure. Protect bridges against scour. BRIDGES ARE relatively expensive but often are the

Design of Bridges Introduction 3 rd to 4 th July 2012 1 FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE To connect two communities which are separated by streams, river, valley, or gorge, etc. 2 EVOLUTION OF BRIDGES 1. Log Bridge

Earth Data Science in The Era of Big Data and Compute E. Lynn Usery U.S. Geological Survey usery@usgs.gov http://cegis.usgs.gov U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Board on Earth Sciences

Safe & Sound Bridge Terminology Abutment A retaining wall supporting the ends of a bridge, and, in general, retaining or supporting the approach embankment. Approach The part of the bridge that carries

Structural Damage Due to Floods By Craig D. Rogers, P.E. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) reports that each year approximately 90 percent of all disaster-related property damage results from

Swannanoa River Flood Risk Management Study Measures Evaluated to Reduce Future Flood Damages City of Asheville U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Flooding History Part of the 132 square mile Swannanoa River

Small Dam Hazard Assessment Inventory What would happen if your dam were to fail? This is a question that most dam owners hope they will never have to answer. However it is a question you, as a responsible

Prattsville Berm Removal Project 1.0 Project Location The project site is located between the New York State Route 23 Bridge over the Schoharie Creek and the Schoharie Reservoir. The restoration plan encompassed

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FLOOD DAMAGE REDUCTION Lower Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Enhancement Project I. Description of the Project and its Relationship to Other Projects in the Proposal The Lower

Geographic Scope Organization/Sponsor Link Geographic extent the tool defines or covers (i.e. national, statewide, county ) The organization and/or sponsor of the mapping tool. The URL or link where the

The AIR Inland Flood Model for the United States In Spring 2011, heavy rainfall and snowmelt produced massive flooding along the Mississippi River, inundating huge swaths of land across seven states. As

Arapaho & Roosevelt National Forests 2013 Flood: Long-term Recovery in a Changed Landscape Spring 2014 The flood of September 2013 changed the landscape of the Boulder and Canyon Lakes Ranger Districts.

Walla Walla District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hurricane Katrina Response Briefer: Joseph Saxon Today s Briefing U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mission Events leading up to New Orleans flooding Corp s

4.14 Netherlands The Netherlands is flood prone for about 60% of its surface. 95 so-called dike-rings protect the polders from being flooded from the North Sea, rivers or lakes. The protection level has

EXTREME 1990 FLOODING From March 16 to 17, 1990, heavy rainfall in northwestern Florida sent surging flood waters throughout the region for days (Figure 1). An estimated 2,500 residents were evacuated,

C H A P T E R 14 Using GIS Data With HEC-RAS HEC-RAS has the ability to import three-dimensional (3D) river schematic and cross section data created in a GIS or CADD system. While the HEC- RAS software

MAPPING THE ST. FRANCIS DAM OUTBURST FLOOD WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS J. David Rogers Kevin James Department of Geological Engineering University of Missouri-Rolla St. Francis Dam was a 200-ft

GOVERNMENT OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LABOUR CHAPTER 3A Environmental Guidelines for STREAM CROSSING BY ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DIVISION Water Investigations