Researchers from the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom have called into question a 40-year-old theory explaining the periodic speeding up, or “glitching,” of pulsars.

A pulsar is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star formed from the remains of a star that went supernova. It emits a rotating beam of electromagnetic radiation, which can be detected by powerful telescopes when it sweeps past Earth, rather like observing the beam of a lighthouse from a ship at sea.

Pulsars rotate at extremely stable speeds, but occasionally they speed up in brief events described as “glitches” or “spin-ups.” The prevailing theory is that these events arise as a rapidly spinning superfluid within the star transfers rotational energy to the star’s crust, the component that is tracked by observations. However, Southampton academics have used a mathematical model to disprove this.

“Imagine the pulsar as a bowl of soup with the bowl spinning at one speed and the soup spinning faster,” said Nils Andersson from the University of Southampton. “Friction between the surface of the bowl and its contents, the soup, will cause the bowl to speed up. The more soup there is, the faster the bowl will be made to rotate.

“This analogy describes the concept behind the accepted theory of why pulsars suddenly increase speed or ‘spin-up.’ However, our research shows that these pulsar glitches are too large to be explained in this way. The amount of superfluid, or ‘soup,’ available in the crust of a pulsar is too small to cause the kind of friction needed to create this effect.”

Andersson and Wynn Ho from the University of Southampton used their calculations, in conjunction with data from radio telescopes and recent results from nuclear physics theory, to challenge current thinking on this subject.

The background shows the Vela supernova remnant at optical wavelengths with location of the Vela pulsar indicated. The inset shows an artist's impression of the pulsar's interior, and the interaction between superfluid vortices and the nuclei that make up the star's crust. // Credit: CTIO/AURA/NSF

Researchers from the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom have called into question a 40-year-old theory explaining the periodic speeding up, or “glitching,” of pulsars.

A pulsar is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star formed from the remains of a star that went supernova. It emits a rotating beam of electromagnetic radiation, which can be detected by powerful telescopes when it sweeps past Earth, rather like observing the beam of a lighthouse from a ship at sea.

Pulsars rotate at extremely stable speeds, but occasionally they speed up in brief events described as “glitches” or “spin-ups.” The prevailing theory is that these events arise as a rapidly spinning superfluid within the star transfers rotational energy to the star’s crust, the component that is tracked by observations. However, Southampton academics have used a mathematical model to disprove this.

“Imagine the pulsar as a bowl of soup with the bowl spinning at one speed and the soup spinning faster,” said Nils Andersson from the University of Southampton. “Friction between the surface of the bowl and its contents, the soup, will cause the bowl to speed up. The more soup there is, the faster the bowl will be made to rotate.

“This analogy describes the concept behind the accepted theory of why pulsars suddenly increase speed or ‘spin-up.’ However, our research shows that these pulsar glitches are too large to be explained in this way. The amount of superfluid, or ‘soup,’ available in the crust of a pulsar is too small to cause the kind of friction needed to create this effect.”

Andersson and Wynn Ho from the University of Southampton used their calculations, in conjunction with data from radio telescopes and recent results from nuclear physics theory, to challenge current thinking on this subject.