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“NOT A SECOND TIME”

(John Lennon / Paul McCartney)

“Harmonic interest is typical of their quicker songs, and one gets the impression that they think simultaneously of harmony and melody, so firmly are the major tonic sevenths and ninths built into their tunes, and the flat submediant key switches, so natural is the Aeolian cadence at the end of 'Not A Second Time' (the chord progression which ends Mahler's Song of the Earth).”

This is a quote from William Mann, the then music critic of The Times in London.The article, titled “What Songs The Beatles Sang…”, was printed on December 23rd, 1963, just over a month after the release of the album “With The Beatles” in Great Britain.This critical analysis was unlike any media exposure The Beatles were getting up to this time, most of which consisted of reports on the mass hysteria that accompanied their appearances.

What this article did was add an enormous amount of credibility to The Beatles music.It helped to squelch the complaints from parents that their teenagers were idolizing long-haired talentless noise-makers.John Lennon referred to the article in interviews many times over the years, emphasizing that this review was responsible for “starting the whole intellectual bit about The Beatles.”

The term “Aeolian cadence” became an often mentioned term in the tabloid press at the time, which sounded very impressive with respect to The Beatles’ music, but was viewed as humorous by the band.“I can’t help having a quiet giggle when straight-faced critics start feeding all sorts of hidden meanings into the stuff we write,” Lennon remarked in 1965.“William Mann wrote the intellectual article about The Beatles.He used a whole lot of musical terminology and he’s a twit.”

In the 1970’s, John seemed to change his attitude about this review.“I still don’t know what it means at the end, but he made us acceptable to the intellectuals.It worked and we were flattered.I wrote ‘Not A Second Time’ and, really, it was just chords like any other chords.”McCartney agreed, saying “we hadn’t been conscious of any of that.We just did our songs in hotel rooms, whenever we had a spare moment, John and I, sitting on twin beds with guitars.”

Instinct is what propelled Lennon and McCartney to write what they did over the years, being that they had no formal musical training.They wrote by feel, which Lennon testified to in 1973: “Intellectuals have the problem of having to understand it.They can’t feel anything.The only way to get an intellectual is to talk to him and then play him the record.You couldn’t put a record on and just let him hear it.”

The effect of William Mann’s review had such a lasting impact that the subject was still raised in a 1980 interview shortly before John's death.His last words on the subject of Aeolian cadences were, “To this day I don’t have any idea what they are.They sound like exotic birds!”

Smokey Robinson and the Miracles

Songwriting History

It has been confirmed by both Lennon and McCartney that “Not A Second Time” was written entirely by John.Both of them also confirmed in interviews that John was influenced by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles for the song.This can clearly be detected in the melody Lennon wrote, as well as the ‘trapped in a controlling relationship’ lyrics, as evidenced in “You've Really Got A Hold On Me,” which was also recorded by The Beatles for the same British album.

It can be presumed by listening to the finished product that the song was written shortly before being recorded.It appears that John is the only Beatle that is fully acquainted with the song, as Paul and George’s parts are faintly heard and rudimentary.No vocal harmonies are heard in the song although they could have been utilized to great effect.George Martin can easily be recognized as contributing the bulk of the musicianship to the song, as his piano parts dominate throughout.Although no records or interviews exist that detail when the song was written, it can be assumed that the song was composed sometime in early September of 1963.

Paul and John in EMI Studio Two, circa 1963

Recording History

Both afternoon and evening sessions were scheduled in EMI Studio Two on September 11th, 1963.The evening session ran from 7:00 to 10:15 pm, which began with The Beatles introducing and completing the entire song.Five takes were made of the basic track, which consisted of John singing and all four Beatles playing live.Take five was deemed the best, ready for overdubs.

It has been suggested by some sources that McCartney did not participate in the song at all, since the piano part (which was overdubbed afterward by George Martin) focuses on the bass notes of the song.The same has been said about George Harrison’s contribution, since only one guitar can easily be heard.We do know with certainty that both McCartney and Harrison were present earlier this day for the recording of “All I’ve Got To Do,” in which their contributions can easily be heard.Surely Harrison would have also been present for the evening session, since his first composition “Don’t Bother Me” was premiered that day.All evidence suggests, therefore, that these five takes of the basic track were recorded by all four Beatles.

The song then continued through takes six through nine, first for double-tracking John’s vocals, and second for overdubbing George Martin’s piano work.The piano solo was no doubt overdubbed separately, which made take nine the keeper.All of this took place between the estimated time of 7:00 and 8:30 pm.

The mono mix of the song was made from take nine on September 30th, along with four other tracks for the album.This mix was performed by George Martin with engineers Norman Smith and Geoff Emerick.The stereo mix was performed quickly, along with the rest of the entire album, on October 29th by George Martin, Smith, Emerick and B.T.The fade out of the songs were each performed at their respective mixing sessions.

Song Structure and Style

Lennon has been known to stray drastically from the conformities of songwriting structures, but it is not usually detected this early on in The Beatles’ career.This song has quite a number of unorthodoxies which can become confusing when analyzed.

To generalize the song, we see a 'verse/ verse/ refrain' structure (or aab) which, on the surface, seems not unlike the structure for “All My Loving.”But, first of all, the second verse is a variant of the first, which makes the second verse unique.Also, as stated above, a solo section is included in the song but, in this case, it is played over the refrain chords, which is quite unusual, especially since it appears right after the true refrain is heard. We then hear an exact repeat of this pattern with the same lyrics, so in essence, we hear the same song twice in a row.Then we have a conclusion, or ‘outro’ if you will, which is a variation on the initial verse but is actually quite different.So, if we’re going to be exact, the complete structure of this song is ‘initial verse/ variant verse /refrain/ refrain/ initial verse/ variant verse/ refrain/ outro’ (or abccabcd).And if we’re all not confused already, each verse is an unusual seven bars long, while each refrain is an equally unusual ten bars long.

Is this to say that Lennon didn’t know what he was doing?Or was he a genius?The verdict is actually both.While it is true that he wasn’t musically trained and couldn’t read music, John was gifted with an ability to express the emotions of what he heard in the music he listened to.If he was currently enamored with Smokey Robinson at a given time (as he was during this album), he could vividly express the emotions and sentiments of what those songs portrayed.If Bob Dylan was his latest inspiration (as evidenced in late ’64 and early ’65), then we can easily hear the influence.Lennon may have downplayed his songwriting abilities, as he once stated, “It’s a bit haphazard; there’s no rules for writing,” he’s also admitted that he wrote by “feel.”Those feelings, tempered by the structural collaborations from McCartney, made them the outstanding songwriting partnership that they are known for today.In the instance of “Not A Second Time,” we see the example of songwriting by "feel" in its rawest form, since Lennon wrote the song completely on his own.

A step-by-step run through of the song starts off with an abrupt beginning of the first ‘initial verse’ with no introduction.We get the impression of an introduction because of Ringo not coming in on the drums until the fifth measure, which is also a very unique feature for The Beatles.After this seven bar ‘initial verse,’ we immediately go into a seven bar ‘variant verse’ which begins the same (almost sounding like a continuation of the first verse) but veers to a minor chord in the sixth bar.This variation of the verse creates an expectation of the refrain which it naturally proceeds to.

The ten bar refrain is also unique in that it doesn’t have the catchy tuneful melody that similar songs have, such as “All My Loving” and “A Taste Of Honey.”It does contain the gist of the song’s message, as well as ending with the title of the song, but since it ends in an E minor instead of the expected signature chord G major, this downbeat turn suggests that the sentiments of the song are more painful than the lyrics are actually saying.This will be analyzed in more depth when we consider the lyrics.The refrain ends with a Beatles ‘break’ in which Ringo utilizes a precise drum fill in the absence of all other instrumentation.

Next we hear the solo section of the song which, as stated earlier, uses the chord pattern and melody line of the refrain that preceded it.After a repeat of the ‘break’ and drum fill, we hear the exact pattern again, lyrics and all, with only a slight variation in the melody line in the seventh bar of the ‘initial verse.’We then hear the ‘outro’ in which the first two chords of the song are repeated until the song fades, while Lennon repeats the song’s title in varying configurations.

During this ‘outro,’ Lennon’s double-tracked vocals stray from each other during the song's fade, displaying the results of a mistake that sounded too good to correct.Concerning these accidents, engineer Geoff Emerick explains, “When someone made a mistake like that and the others liked it, we’d often actually make it louder when we’d mix the song so as to accentuate it…It was all about playing a joke on the fans, giving them a treat, something to talk about.”

On the surface, Lennon’s lyrics portray being wounded by a lover who has ended the relationship, but then ‘changes her mind’ and tries to convince him using the “same old lines.”He can’t face the possibility of being hurt all over again so his resolve is not to allow her back into his life.But in the true fashion of Smokey Robinson, the context of the chord pattern that ends the refrain, as in Gustav Mahler's Song of the Earth, intimates that he is actually wavering in this resolve.Why else, it is suggested, would the refrain end in a minor chord when stating the key phrase “not a second time” instead of the expected major signature chord?Deep stuff!

We also see here another example of Lennon revealing his vulnerable inner self apart from his rough exterior.The word “cry” is highlighted many times in the song, as is evident in many Lennon songs throughout The Beatles career.

Lennon’s vocal work is painfully convincing throughout, with the double-tracking being utilized to good effect.Since the initial vocal track and Lennon’s acoustic guitar were recorded simultaneously, it can be easily seen how the song would stand alone as a singer/songwriter acoustic solo performance.

Ringo comes through as a trooper in a song which he was not very familiar with, and with great aplomb.His rock-steady beat and predetermined drum fills are appropriate for this classy and intellectual number.George Martin’s appearance as pianist makes the song appear as a keyboard-oriented track, although its writer no doubt intended it as an acoustic guitar song.Fortunately, Martin does not ‘showboat’ the song, which allows the intricate nature of the song to speak for itself.His lower register keyboard work throughout, including the solo, suited the emotional disruption of the lyrics.

Capitol's "Meet The Beatles!" album

American Releases

January 20th, 1964, was the first American release of “Not A Second Time,” which was on the Capitol album “Meet The Beatles!”Since the song wasn’t a hit and didn’t get substantial airplay, it did not make it onto any compilation or ‘greatest hits’ package to date.It remains a highly respected addition to their first Capitol album. This album was finally released on an individual compact disc on January 21st, 2014, both the mono and stereo mixes being contained on a single CD.

February 26th, 1987 saw the song released in mono on the original British "With The Beatles" album on compact disc. The remastered version released on September 9th, 2009 brought the album into stereo.

The box set “The Capitol Albums, Vol. 1” was released on November 15th, 2006 which contained the song in stereo and mono as first heard on the original "Meet The Beatles!" album.

September 9th, 2009 was also the date the box set “The Beatles In Mono” was released which features a crystal clear remastered mono version of “Not A Second Time.”

Live Performances

Like other songs of this period, such as “All I’ve Got To Do” and “It Won’t Be Long,” this song was not intended for live performances.Therefore, the song was never performed live by The Beatles or any of their individual members.They never performed it in any of their BBC radio performances either.As far as any sources can confirm, September 11th, 1963 was the first and last day they ever played the song, individually or collectively.

Conclusion

Far from being considered as ‘album filler,’ Lennon remained proud of this song, spurred on by William Mann’s positive appraisal of it in December of 1963.It is a serious piece of work from start to finish, this effect especially highlighted by it following the lighthearted and simple-minded lyrics of “Hold Me Tight” and “I Wanna Be Your Man” on the album.

Its less-than-flattering position on the British “With The Beatles” album of next to last on side two does not do this fine piece of work justice.It works extremely better as we’ve come to know it in the US:as their final word on their first album.It is as if they were saying, “We are serious songwriters with much future potential.”History has definitely proven this to be true.