Phenology

More info on this topic.Red spruce vegetative buds begin growth from May 26 to June 3 [8]. Needles are shed early in summer [12]. Reproductive cones open in late April to early May [29,72]. Red spruce cones mature the first autumn from mid-September to mid-October [29,39]. Dissemination of seeds begins soon after cones are ripe and continues until March [29].