Effects of pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis who demonstrate a clinical insensitivity to topical corticosteroids: a randomized, multicentre vehicle-controlled trial

..The basic skin care including repair and protection of the skin barrier with proper hydration and topical anti-inflammatory therapy is important to control the severity of skin disease in patients with AD...

New insights into atopic dermatitis: role of skin barrier and immune dysregulation

..The basis for increased susceptibility of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) to develop disseminated viral skin infections such as eczema herpeticum (AD with a history of eczema herpeticum, ADEH(+)) is poorly understood...

Effects of pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis who demonstrate a clinical insensitivity to topical corticosteroids: a randomized, multicentre vehicle-controlled trial

..S100/A11 and p21 gene expression was also found to be significantly lower in acute and chronic AD skin. This study demonstrates an important role for S100/A11 and p21 in regulating skin barrier integrity and the innate immune response...

..These observations could explain the increased susceptibility of AD skin to microorganisms, and suggest a new fundamental rule that may explain the mechanism for frequent infection in other Th2 cytokine-mediated diseases...

..Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP-3alpha) is a C-C chemokine expressed by keratinocytes that exhibits antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi; however, its role in antiviral innate immunity is unknown...

..Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) with a history of eczema herpeticum have increased staphylococcal colonization and infections. However, whether Staphylococcus aureus alters the outcome of skin viral infection has not been determined...

..Additionally, treatment of AD skin explants with anti-IL-10 augmented the expression of both HBD-2 and LL-37. Thus, increased levels of IL-10 may contribute to the AMP deficiency in both IAD and EAD by reducing cytokines that induce AMP...

Defective killing of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis is associated with reduced mobilization of human beta-defensin-3

..aureus were exposed to human skin explants. Blocking peptide binding of HBD3 inhibited killing of the bacteria, indicating an essential role for beta-defensin 3 in the constitutive killing of bacteria by normal keratinocytes...

Immunologic features of infants with milk or egg allergy enrolled in an observational study (Consortium of Food Allergy Research) of food allergy

..AD skin lesions are often exacerbated by Staphylococcus aureus-mediated secretion of the virulence factor α-toxin. It is unknown whether lack of keratinocyte differentiation predisposes to enhanced lethality from staphylococcal toxins...

..In conclusion, this study identified the upregulation of MKP-1 by vitamin D as a novel pathway by which vitamin D inhibits LPS-induced p38 activation and cytokine production in monocytes/macrophages...

..01). These data support a role for cathelicidins in the inhibition of orthopox virus (vaccinia) replication both in vitro and in vivo. Susceptibility of patients with AD to eczema vaccinatum may be due to a deficiency of cathelicidin...

..Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by a defective skin barrier function. Recent studies have reported mutations of the skin barrier gene encoding filaggrin in a subset of patients with AD...

..Steroid-resistant (SR) asthma is characterized by airway inflammation that fails to resolve despite treatment with corticosteroids, raising concerns that resistance to steroid therapy in asthma could lead to airway remodeling...

Role of bacterial superantigens in atopic dermatitis : implications for future therapeutic strategies

..Progress in our understanding of the immunology of atopic dermatitis and autoimmune urticaria has also been made. These observations will likely contribute toward optimizing management of these common allergic disorders...

..The introduction of a new class of topical anti-inflammatory medications, topical calcineurin inhibitors, has significantly increased our treatment options and led to a rethinking of potential management approaches in atopic dermatitis...

Impaired immune response to vaccinia virus inoculated at the site of cutaneous allergic inflammation

..Understanding the events that control suppressive function of nTreg cells will allow manipulation of these cells to inhibit or enhance their functions in the development of novel therapies for autoimmune and allergic diseases...

Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2007

..The introduction of a new class of topical anti-inflammatory medications, topical calcineurin inhibitors, has significantly increased our treatment options and led to the rethinking of potential management approaches in AD...

..The treatment of these patients requires a systematic approach to rule out underlying conditions that lead to steroid resistance or treatment failure, as well as the use of alternative strategies to inhibit tissue inflammation...

Differential control of TH1 versus TH2 cell responses by the combination of low-dose steroids with beta2-adrenergic agonists

A multidisciplinary approach to evaluation and treatment of atopic dermatitis

Mark BoguniewiczDivision of Pediatric Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USASemin Cutan Med Surg 27:115-27. 2008

..This skin disease is often triggered by bacterial, fungal, or viral skin infections. The mechanisms resulting in this increased propensity for skin infections have been an area of active investigation...

..An increased prevalence of atopic dermatitis has generated increased interest and research into each of these areas, and new treatment strategies are being developed based upon an increased understanding of these issues...