The earliest Arab writer, who may perhaps be regarded as a genuine historian, in
contrast to the previous romancers, was Al Biruni (973-1048). But Al Biruni was far more
than an historian; he was a leading scientist of his day and also a geographer, his work
on "India" being almost as celebrated as his "Chronology."

Praise be to God who is high above all things, and blessings be on Muhammed, the
elected, the best of all created beings, and on his family, the guides of righteousness
and truth.

One of the exquisite plans in God's management of the affairs of his creation, one of
the glorious benefits which he has bestowed upon the entirety of his creatures, is that
categorical decree of his, not to leave in his world any period without a just guide, whom
he constitutes as a protector for his creatures, with whom to take refuge in unfortunate
and sorrowful cases and accidents, and upon whom to devolve their affairs, when they seem
indissolubly perplexed, so that the order of the world should rest upon---and its
existence be supported by---his genius. And this decree (that the affairs of mankind
should be governed by a prophet) has been settled upon them as a religious duty, and has
been linked together with the obedience toward God, and the obedience toward his prophet,
through which alone a reward in future life may be obtained---in accordance with the word
of him, who is truth and justice---and his word is judgment and decree, "O ye
believers, obey God, and obey the prophets, and those among yourselves who are invested
with the command."

Era of the Creation.

---The first and most famous of the beginnings of antiquity is the fact of the creation
of mankind. But among those who have a book of divine revelation, such as the Jews,
Christians, Magians, and their various sects, there exists such a difference of opinion as
to the nature of this fact, and as to the question how to date from it, the like of which
is not allowable for eras. Everything, the knowledge of which is connected with creation
and with the history of bygone generations, is mixed up with falsifications and myths,
because it belongs to a far remote age; because a long interval separates us therefrom,
and because the student is incapable of keeping it in memory, and of fixing it (so as to
preserve it from confusion). God says: "Have they not got the stories about those who
were before them? None but God knows them." (Surahix, 71.) Therefore it is
becoming not to admit any account of a similar subject, if it is not attested by a book,
the correctness of which is relied upon, or by a tradition, for which the conditions of
authenticity, according to the prevalent opinion, furnish grounds of proof.

If we now first consider this era, we find a considerable divergence of opinion
regarding; it among these nations. For the Persians and Magians think that the duration of
the world is 12,000 years, corresponding to the number of signs in the zodiac and of the
months; and that Zarathustra, the founder of their law, thought that of those there had
passed, till the time of his appearance, 3,000 years, intercalated with the day-quarters,
for he himself had made their computation, and had taken into account that defect, which
had accrued to them on account of the day-quarters, 'till the time when they were
intercalated and made to agree with real time. From his appearance to the beginning of the
Era of Alexander, they count 258 years; therefore they count from the beginning of the
world to Alexander 3,258 years. However, if we compute the years from the creation of
Gayomard, whom they hold to be the first man, and sum up the years of the reign of each of
his successors---for the rule of Iran remained with his descendants without
interruption--this number is, for the time 'till Alexander, the sum total of 3,354 years.
So the specification of the single items of the addition does not agree with the sum
total.

A section of the Persians is of the opinion that those past 3,000 years which we have
mentioned are to be counted from the creation of Gayomard; because, before that, already
six thousand years had elapsed---a time during which the celestial globe stood motionless,
the natures (of created beings) did not interchange, the elements did not mix---during
which there was no growth, and no decay, and the earth was not cultivated. Thereupon, when
the celestial globe was set a-going, the first man came into existence on the equator, so
that part of him in longitudinal direction was on the north, and part south of the line.
The animals were reproduced, and mankind commenced to reproduce their own species and to
multiply; the atoms of the elements mixed, so as to give rise to growth and decay; the
earth was cultivated, and the world was arranged in conformity with fixed forms.

The Jews and Christians differ widely on this subject; for, according to the doctrine
of the Jews, the time between Adam and Alexander is 3,448 years, whilst, according to the
Christian doctrine it is 5,180 years. The Christians reproach the Jews with having
diminished the number of years with the view of making the appearance of Jesus fall into
the fourth millennium in the middle of the seven millennia, which are, according to their
view, the time of the duration of the world, so as not to coincide with that time at
which, as the prophets after Moses had prophesied, the birth of Jesus from a pure virgin
at the end of time, was to take place.

Era of the Deluge.

---The next following era is the era of the great deluge, in which everything perished
at the time of Noah. Here, too, there is such a difference of opinions, and such a
confusion, that you have no chance of deciding as to the correctness of the matter, and do
not even feel inclined to investigate thoroughly its historical truth. The reason is, in
the first instance, the difference regarding the period between the Era of Adam and the
Deluge, which we have mentioned already; and secondly, that difference, which we shall
have to mention, regarding the period between the Deluge and the Era of Alexander. For the
Jews derive from the Torah, and the following books, for this latter period 1,792 years,
whilst the Christians derive from their Torah for the same period 2,938 years.

The Persians, and the great mass of the Magians, deny the Deluge altogether; they
believe that the rule of the world has remained with them without any interruption ever
since Gayomard Gilshah, who was, according to them, the first man. In denying the Deluge,
the Indians, Chinese, and the various nations of the East, concur with them. Some,
however, of the Persians admit the fact of the Deluge, but they describe it in a different
way from what it is described in the books of the prophets. They say, a partial deluge
occurred in Syria and the West at the time of Tahmurath, but it did not extend over the
whole of the then civilized world and only a few nations were drowned in it; it did not
extend beyond the peak of Hulwan, and did not reach the empires of the East. Further, they
relate, that the inhabitants of the West, when they were warned by their sages,
constructed buildings of the kind of the two pyramids that have been built in Egypt,
saying: "If the disaster comes from heaven we shall go into them; if it comes from
the earth, we shall ascend above them." People are of opinion that the traces of the
water of the Deluge, and the efforts of the waves, are still visible on these two pyramids
half-way up, above which the water did not rise. Another report says, that Joseph had made
them a magazine where he deposited the bread and victuals for the years of drought.

It is related that Tahmurath on receiving the warning of the Deluge---231 years before
the Deluge--ordered his people to select a place of good air and soil in his realm. Now
they did not find a place that answered better to this description than Ispahan.
Thereupon, he ordered all scientific books to be preserved for posterity and to be buried
in a part of that place least exposed to obnoxious influences. In favor of this report we
may state that in our time in Jay, the city of Ispahan, there have been discovered hills,
which, on being excavated, disclosed houses, filled with many loads of that tree-bark with
which arrows and shields are covered and which is called Tuz, bearing inscriptions, of
which no one was able to say what they are and what they mean.

These discrepancies in their reports inspire doubts in the student, and make him
inclined to believe what is related in some books, that Gayomard was not the first man,
but that he was Gomer ben Yaphet ben Noah, that he was a prince to whom a long life was
given, that he settled on the Mount Dumbawand, where he founded an empire, and that
finally his power became very great, whilst mankind was still living in elementary
conditions, similar to those at the time of creation and of the first stage of the
development of the world. Then he, and some of his children, took control of the guidance
of the world. Toward the end of his life, he be came tyrannical, and called himself Adam,
saying: "If anybody calls me by another name than this, I shall cut off his
head."

Scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, Cal. State Fullerton. The text has been modernized by
Prof. Arkenberg.

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