The Turtle supporting Mount Meru in Asian and Mesoamerican Art

By Bibhu Dev Misra

Note: A PDF version of the article has been published on Esamskriti.
In the Hindu legend of the Churning of the Milky Ocean, the gods and the demons churned the Milky Ocean in order to acquire the Nectar of Immortality. In this grand spectacle, Vishnu, the preserver of the cosmic order, had taken the form of a massive tortoise (Kurma Avatar) in the middle of the Milky Ocean. His humped shell acted as a pivot for Mount Mandara or Mount Meru, which served as the churning stick, while the serpent Vasuki was the cord for the churn.

This legend may have been known to the civilizations of Mesoamerica as well, for in the Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, I saw a carving of a turtle supporting a pillar on its back, looking breathtakingly similar to the depiction of Vishnu as a turtle supporting Mount Meru.

Now, it is well-known that the people of Mesoamerica venerated turtles, just as in Asia, where the turtle is a sacred animal and even worshipped in temples. The Maya had a concept of a double-headed turtle god whose image can be found carved on many Late Classic altars. The double-headed turtle was called the great Divine Lord, who had appeared at the dawn of creation. A Mayan inscription states:

It was from the cracked shell of this double-headed turtle that the Maya Maize God emerged. The Maize God, who is the source of fertility and abundance, is also the central World Tree, an axial symbol equivalent to the Mount Meru.

I was really surprised, however, when I came across the work of independent researcher Carl de Borhegyi, who has pointed out in his online publication titled Soma in the Americas[2] that the Churning of the Milky Ocean episode has been depicted in a number of Mesoamerican codices, murals and relief panels. For instance, a ball court relief panel from the archaeological site of El Tajin, in Veracruz Mexico, depicts a turtle supporting the central axis, whose circular top can be seen. The churning mechanism used is an intertwined serpent, pulled at both ends by a pair of sky deities. All the key symbolic elements of the churning episode are present in this relief panel. It indicates that only did the cultures of Mesoamerica use very similar turtle symbolisms as those found in Asia, but they even drew from the same mythological tales.

Fig 4: The Churning of the Milky Ocean depicted on a relief panel at El Tajin, Mexico. Source: www.mushroomstone.com

An interesting variant of the turtle symbolism can be seen in Chinese funerary architecture. It is a carved stone turtle called bixi, which serves as a base for holding memorial tablets that extol the virtues of the deceased. Bixi turtles were generally placed at the beginning of the ornate spirit way that led to the tombs of Chinese emperors. They were also installed at the entrances of palaces, temples, and walled cities. Tortoise-mounted funerary stele can be found in many other Asian countries influenced by China such Mongolia, Japan, Vietnam and Korea. From a visual perspective, bixi turtles supporting memorial tablets on their back resemble the form of Vishnu as the cosmic turtle supporting the Mount Meru on his back.

At the Classic Period Maya city of Uxmal in Mexico I saw a stele which looks very much like a bixi turtle supporting a memorial tablet on its back – like those found in China and the other Asian countries. If we look closely we can make out the outlines of the eyes and mouth of the turtle. The turtle is placed at the bottom of a flight of stairs within the enclosure known as Nunnery Quadrangle, which corresponds to the placement of bixi turtles near the entrances to buildings and tombs.

Fig 6: This stele at the Maya city of Uxmal in Mexico looks like a bixi turtle supporting a memorial tablet. Credit: Bibhu Dev Misra

Fig 7: A comparison of the turtle symbolisms in Asia and Mesoamerica. Credit: Bibhu Dev Misra

So, we find the same turtle symbolisms in the art and architecture of civilizations on either side of the Pacific. Even depictions of the Churning of the Milky Ocean, a quintessentially Hindu mythological tale, can be seen in the Mesoamerican codices, murals, and relief panels. This implies that there must have been long-standing cultural contacts between the civilizations on either side of the Pacific.

Betty Meggers, a research archaeologist at the Smithsonian Institution, believes that Asians have traveled to and from the Americas for thousands of years.

Betty Meggers

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Meggers

According to her, “Ancient man saw the ocean as a superhighway and not as a barrier.”[3] However, most American archaeologists continue to ignore the evidence for trans-pacific diffusion theories and view the Mesoamerican civilizations as an in-situ development. This dogmatic view is simply not tenable any longer. Modern archaeologists must revise their theories in accordance with the evidence, which strongly suggest Pre-Columbian Trans-Pacific contacts.

–end article–

Stone Stela at the Nunnery Quadrangle at the ruined Mayan city of Uxmal

END EMBEDDED ARTICLE

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Here starts my own further research into this specific turtle and pillar symbolism and its relations to Meso America.

The passage is very tight. It represents the yoni. You climb the steep tight stairway to the top platform and emerge on the top. The stairs are said to be steep in order to test the young girls’ of the community’s virginity. At the top, there is an offering area where the lingga may have once stood. However at the top on the floor is an inscription of a Yoni and a Lingam in Coitus, as a holy grail.

From the top, you survey the site as a whole. It is utterly unique and at your current location you have the vantage point that the ancient priests would have had looking down upon the faithful.

Java candi Sukuh

The turtles. They represent Kurma from Samudra Manthan – the churning of the ocean of milk (a very important story in Hinduism and a common theme in Hindu temples in Angkor as well). The pyramid represents Mount Mandarachala that, used as a churning rod, sat on the turtle Kurma’s back as the devas (gods) and asuras (titans), using Vasuki the king of the Nagas as the rope, churned the ocean of milk to find the fourteen ratnas (gems). One of these was the tirta amerta. When it appeared, the asuras and devas fought over it and Garuda snatched it and flew away with it.

Now look here below. It is Mayan site in Meso America. Two different sites an ocean apart. 😉 We find an almost identical setting of mount and turtle.

We also see the world pillar turtle in the culture of paquimé in chihuahua. North of Mexico. If you know what you are looking at its pretty obvious.

Notice the double headed dragon?“The two heads in this snake is the symbol of dualism, which was a fundamental part of the Aztec religion. All the deities have a dual nature – male, female, birth, death, night, day, generation and destruction.” (Adriane Diaz Enciso)

But wait a minute that site is in JAVA…

This post will show clear similar turtle symbolism around the world. It will also show that there is a relation between the cardinal directions and the nose of the turtle as indicated by the mayas and also by the japanese, which in itself might elude to that the earth has flipped on its axis before. Something the chinese and other cultures also suggest with their Fuxi and Nuwa Legends.

QUOTE: “The earliest magnetic sculpture discovered in Mesoamerica was this carved turtle-head located about 30 m (100 ft) off the main pyramid of Group F at Izapa, identified by the author in 1975. In the inventory of monuments compiled at the site, this was catalogued as A 54.Once the sculpture’s magnetic properties had been identified and measured, I had my students undertake a survey of all the other exposed rock at the site to determine whether this was a unique or commonplace occurrence. When the survey revealed that this was the only magnetic sculpture which could be identified, I felt confident in concluding that its carver must have purposefully reserved this magnetite-rich boulder for his representation of a turtle. But then the question arose — what could have prompted him to associate magnetism with a turtle?” Source: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~izapa/CS-MM-Chap.%203.htm

Comment Stijn –> I know that answer. It has to do with a warning regarding our cardinal directions. The earth is a turtle. if the direction changes, continents will be on different places and massive upheaval of the earth is due. It is explained also in japanese turtle monuments. The turtle carries the world pillar or mount.

My own images I collected showing clear similarities between asia and the Mayas. Pyramids (mount meru) and turtles.

It was the East Vedic Cibilizations who discovered the Americas, not the west with Christopher Columbus. To think such a thing is clear disregard for the culture that was already there.

Sacrada Church Spain

Candi Sukuh Java

Copan,

Copan

Copan

Bixi Turtles

Sacrada Familia Church, Spain, a modern version of the pillar and the turtle

Kame-iwa or Kame-ishi Turtle Rocks and Turtles that Hold Up the World

There are many forms of Kame-iwa (亀岩 ) turtle rock- or Kame-ishi turtle stones in Japan, such as the Kame-ishi of Shikoku, Kameiwa-jinja, the Ohno Turtle Rock in Sado Island, but the best known one is the Turtle Rock located in the historic Asuka Village, Nara. This particular mega-sized megalith made of granite was carved into the shape of a tortoise which “currently faces south, but legend has it that it originally faced east and should it ever turn to face the west, the whole of Japan will be reduced to a sea of mud”(according to Asuka Park-Village authorities).

The Turtle Rock pictured above in Asuka Village (together with other megaliths of Asuka village and the Ishibutai dolmen tomb), has allegedly been deciphered as an ancient Star Chart that maps the constellation of Cassiopeia known as Five Emperors by the Chinese astrological-astronomical system (source: Andis Kaulins’ “Stars, Stones and Scholars: The Decipherment of the Megaliths“p. 355).
Gorai Shigeru writes in his paper “Shugendo Lore” of the Kame-ishi of Omine Mountains:

“Another “secret song” involves O-kame-ishi (“Turtle Rock”)，the site which follows Kanekake-iwa on the ura-gyoba route of Sanjo-ga-take. A great rock bulges from the earth there like the back of a tortoise. The site is understood as being the “Bosatsu-mon” (Bodhi­sattva Gate), one of the “Four Gates” of Omine (Omine shimon 大峰四 門 ).6 Since the rock is impossible to miss, present-day yamabushi pilgrims always pause at it, perform a ceremony and sing the “secret song.” However, neither Buchu hiden nor Konoha-goromo 木葉衣 men­tion it at all. The “secret song” shows that the rock was considered taboo:

o-kame ishi Turtle Rock: tread it not, strike it not.fumu na tataku na Make a detour around it, you who are new tsue tsuku na to this path,yokete tore yo tabi no shinkyaku

According to the sendatsu, O-kame-ishi continues below ground all the way to Kumano. The terms yogd-ishi 影 向 石 （“rock where the god appeared”）or gohd-ishi 護 法 石（“rock of the protector spirit”）are no longer associated with it, but they must have been in the past—perhaps the deity who appeared there was Kumano Gongen. At first glance, the rock reminds one of the legendary island of Horai, which is supported on the back of a turtle, or of the fabled longevity of the tortoise. However, in this case these associations are implausible.
O-kame-ism probably has to do with the idea, widespread in Shugen­do, that mountain rocks are directly connected with the ocean and with the rise and fall of the tides. This belief ties together the mountain-god cult of Shugendo and the sea-god cult of the coast.”

There is also a Kameiwa sacred rock on Mt. Fuji which is said to look like a turtle crawling on the ground, and which is situated on the left side of the way to the summit from the lodge. The Kame-iwa rock is believed to enshrine Hachidai Ryuo who is a water deity, probably an archaic native deity from pre-Buddhist times, but later assimilated into Buddhist pantheon. The Kameiwa rock has been traditionally maintained by the people of Fujiko faith of Mt.Fuji, and its deity specifically worshiped at the large household-altar of Horai-Kan (Horai Inn). Horai-Kan is situated at the 8th station of Mt.Fuji, 3,150m above sea level.A new stele marks out the Horai Kameiwa Dairyuzin of Mt FujiWhere does the practice of turtle rock veneration originate from and what is the meaning behind turtle (tortoise) symbolism?
In southern Japan, there is a mythical tale (said to date back to the 8th century) of Urashima Taro (Older sources such as Nihon Shoki, Man’yōshū and Tango no Kuni Fudoki call him Urashimako), a man who protected a giant sea turtle from some boys who were torturing it. As a reward, the turtle takes the man to meet Ryujin, the King, who resides in Ryugujo, the Undersea Palace of the Dragon God. For his good deed, Urashima gets to marry his daughter, the princess. Other components of the story have Rip van Winkle-like loss of 300 years of his life – elements, and the story has been observed to bear a striking similarity to folktales from other cultures, including the Irish legend of Oisín (which Bryan Sykes has associated with the Y-DNA R1b clans of Oisin) and the earlier Chinese legend of Ranka. (Source: Urashima Taro)
Apart from the Urashima myth and iconic turtle rocks, there is a dearth of recorded turtle myths apart from the odd Jataka tale, compared to Japan’s neighbours, and so in search of an answer and for the closest parallels of similar practices and iconography, we take to examining the various forms of turtle (or tortoise) mythology and iconography that are present in regions adjacent to or surrounding the Japanese archipelago :
We begin first with the most archaic turtle tales and traditions:Egypt:
Art representations of turtles in Ancient Egypt were common and amulets and magical charms to secure health and life and the warding off of evil were some of the earliest representations of the Nile turtle dating back to pre-dynastic times. Although Turtle deities (such as Ptah’s Shetw (Tortoise, Turtle) do not appear to have been much revered, there were also ceremonial ritual acitivity involving great quantities of turtle and tortoise bones associated with archaeology at the great ceremonial complex at Heirakonpolis in Upper Egypt. In mythology, the turtle was associated with Set and the Underworld(source), and with the enemies of Ra who tried to stop the solar barque as it traveled through the underworld. Since the XIXth Dynasty, and particularly in the Late and Greco-Roman periods, turtles were known to have been ritually speared by kings and nobles as evil creatures. See also a turtle-headed messenger of Osiris from a Theban royal tomb in the Valley of Kings, 1325 BC here.Greece:
The tortoise was the symbol of the ancient Greek city of Aegina, on the island by the same name: the seal and coins of the city shows images of tortoises. The word Chelonian comes from the Greek Chelone, a tortoise god. The tortoise was a fertility symbol in Greek and Roman times, and an attribute of Aphrodite/Venus (Source: Cultural depictions of Turtles (Wikipedia)Early modern accounts: Stacked turtles and the Deluge
In 1854 the discussion or sermon as quoted below, was attributed by bible skeptic Joseph Barker to preacher Joseph Frederick Berg:

My opponent’s reasoning reminds me of the heathen, who, being asked on what the world stood, replied, “On a tortoise.” But on what does the tortoise stand? “On another tortoise.” With Mr. Barker, too, there are tortoises all the way down. —Barker, 1854

Turtles all the way down (Wikimedia Commons photo)
A rather sophisticated use of stacked turtle (or “turtles all the way down”) symbolism turns up in temple architecture, such as in the cremation towers of Bali, Indonesia:

“The cremation tower is a high structure solidly built of wood and bamboo, bound together with rattan and covered with coloured paper ornaments and cotton-wool dyed in bright colours, and glittering with tinsel and small mirrors.

Shaped like the temple gates and the sun altars, the tower represents again the Balinese conception of the cosmos: a wide base, often in the shape of a turtle with two serpents entwined around its body, the symbol of the foundation upon which the world rests, supporting three gradually receding platforms-the mountains, with bunches of paper flowers and leaves on the corner of each platform to represent the forests. Then comes an open space, the bale balean, ” rather like a house,” the space between heaven and earth. This consists of four posts backed with a board on one side, and with a protruding platform to which the bodies are fastened.”The bale balean is topped by a series of receding roofs like a pagoda to represent the heavens.” — The Island of Bali, Indonesia

A Nov30, 1961 newspaper reported that the elaborate 60-foot-edifice of a cremation tower of a deceased Balinese king “rested on a base of bamboo poles, perhaps 20 feet square. Eight or 10 life-sized figures stood around the edge of the base, the rest of it being occupied by an enormous turtle. From the back of the turtle rose the tower, story on story,.. ” — The Fredonia Censor, NY
Another early attribution was made in 1838 by L. Vernon Harcourt (in his “The doctrine of the Deluge: vindicating the scriptural account from the doubts which have recently been cast upon it by geological speculations” (1838 London: Longmans. pp. 250) to the tortoise Chukwa supporting Mount Meru. Chukwa is often conflated in Hindu versions with Maha-padma (or Maha-pudma) the world-elephant mentioned in the Ramayana.
Nor was this the earliest record in modern times of the tale, in 1678-1680 Jaspar Danckaerts is said to have recorded the World Turtle myth of the Lenape Delaware Indians as follows

“First there was only water, then the Great Turtle gradually rose above water level and the Creator placed mud on his shell. The mud dried and a Great Tree grew in the middle of the earth. As the Tree grew towards the sky, a sprout became a man then Great Tree bent down and in touching the earth, caused a sprout to become a woman. From this man and woman, all of humanity descended”.

The Huron however have a snapping turtle tale where various animals are sent diving to find earth. Unfortunately all of the animals drown except for toad who makes it back with earth in its mouth, which is then set on the back of the turtle and which then grows into land.
Another native American Indian tradition with the turtle motif is the Iroquois Creation Myth that goes as follows:

Long before the world was created there was an island, floating in the sky, upon which the Sky People lived. They lived quietly and happily. No one ever died or was born or experienced sadness. However one day one of the Sky Women realized she was going to give birth to twins. She told her husband, who flew into a rage. In the center of the island there was a tree which gave light to the entire island since the sun hadn’t been created yet. He tore up this tree, creating a huge hole in the middle of the island. Curiously, the woman peered into the hole. Far below she could see the waters that covered the earth. At that moment her husband pushed her. She fell through the hole, tumbling towards the waters below.Water animals already existed on the earth, so far below the floating island two birds saw the Sky Woman fall. Just before she reached the waters they caught her on their backs and brought her to the other animals. Determined to help the woman they dove into the water to get mud from the bottom of the seas. One after another the animals tried and failed. Finally, Little Toad tried and when he reappeared his mouth was full of mud. The animals took it and spread it on the back of Big Turtle. The mud began to grow and grow and grow until it became the size of North America.

One variant version is where the Turtle instead of diving down for earth , is a Creator of land by pushing up the earth from the ocean bed (you could say this is a case of splitting hairs or semantics)… and we find this version among the Austronesian-speaking Orokolo of Kerema in southern New Guinea (see Orokolo genesis: an account of the origin of the world and of the people of Niugini as told in Hiri Motu).India and its legacy of Vedic or Hindu myths have diverse versions of the world turtle known as Kurma or Kurmaraja, as well as turtle iconographic ideas and symbolism. The Shatapatha Brahmana identifies the earth as its lower shell, the atmosphere as its body and the vault of heaven as its upper shell. A particularly important version is the Legend of the Churning of the Ocean Milk (a.k.a. Samudra manthan myth), is the account where the gods have lost the kingdom of heaven and their immortality and to regain the elixir, they must churn the Ocean, and in which the serpent Vasuki is used as the churning rope, Mount Mandara as the churning staff, and Vishnu taking the form of the turtle Kurma, bore the mountain on his back as they churned the waters from which the elixir of immortality among other things, finally emerge. Japan also has a Churning of the Ocean myth as well but in which the turtle does not feature at all, which could be suggestive of either the easterly limits of the distribution of the turtle cosmology and that since the Japanese Izanagi and Izanami myth cycle that is a type of Ocean Churning myth, pre-dates the version that is seen on the Cambodian Angkor Wat temple reliefs, it may represent the more archaic version before the consolidation of themes, or else … the Turtle actor was transformed en route with the transmission of Buddhism to the edges of East Asia. The story of the Historical Buddha’s birth as a tortoise (in his past lives, before becoming the Buddha) is featured in Indian reliefs of the first gallery balustrade, where a total of five panels present the culminating scenes from a story called the Kaccapavadana. According to Hindu scriptures, the great sage Kasyapa (Sanskrit for tortoise) is the father of Aditya, the Sun. The legacy of the Indo-European or Indo-Iranian solar kings, Kasyapa as a Buddhist motif absorbs the solar symbolism of the Surya-sun princes, and is appropriated as an iconic representation of the past life of the Sakyamuni, who was sometimes called the “Kinsman of the Sun” (Adityabandu).

Jataka tales, turtle on a Borobodur temple relief, Indonesia’s Indian legacy (Source): The Turtles of Borobodur

Close by India is the Santal oral tradition and version (Santals are a Mundaic tribe of Bengal):

“… Thakur Jiu asked a number of sea creatures to raise the land above the sea but they were all unsuccessful. Finally the earthworm who swallowed earth only to pass it out from his rear end, suggested asking Prince tortoise from the sea. The subterranean land was hitched up by four chains to the turtle and raised as an island. The birds landed and laid their eggs, which were then eaten by ‘Raghop Buar’. Thakur Jiu then sent ‘Jaher-era’ to guard the eggs. Finally the eggs hatched to produce two human beings, a male and female, ‘Pilchu Haram’ and ‘Pilchu Budhi’ who were the progenitors of the species.” — Stephen Oppenheimer, “Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia” p 376

“A version of the churning of the Sea of Milk from India is shown in Figure 15.9. Here, the demons appear animal-headed, on the right, holding the heads of Vasuki. Sun, Moon, and Lotus appear below the turtle with a number of other figures, many known in other contexts as asterisms. That may be what is intended here. Turning now to cosmic turtles in other contexts, Figure 15.10a shows the Indian turtle as world supporter, with the cobra wrapped around its neck. The layers of heaven and earth are clearly shown with supporting elephants all surmounted by a pyramid.
“Vishnu’s second avatar was Kurma the Turtle. Kurma the Turtle came to help the Devas obtain the nectar of immortality. To churn the sea into nectar, a giant snake was used as a rope and Mount Mandara was used as a rod. When the mountain began to sink, they called upon Vishnu to help them. He incarnated as a turtle and supported the mountain on his back, so that the nectar of immortality could manifest…” — Turtle Stories
David H Kelley makes a detailed scrutiny of the turtle theme:

“These [zodiac] ideas eventually penetrated India and ultimately China, Japan , and other Asian areas. However, in those areas, they never entirely replaced the elaborate complex of ideas surrounding the turtle as cosmic supporter of the universe, accompanying a more arithmetical concept of astronomy. These ideas were found in Tibet, China, Korea, Japan, India and the derivative southeast Asian cultures, New Guinea, Polynesia, Mesoamerica, and most of northern North America. The distribution is essentially continuous. Whether South America is part of this complex is not determinable on evidence known to us. The oldest archaeological evidence for such beliefs is from China, and tradition there associates the appearance of a cosmic turtle with a story of a great flood.

The concept of the cosmic turtle with a story of a great flood.

The concept of the cosmic turtle was treated by Schuster and Carpenter (1988, III, pp. 63 (f), who established much of the distribution and discussed many associated traits. There is, however, no systematic discussion of which traits co-occur in different areas nor of possible meanings of the associated tales and concepts. They mention no astronomical references to the turtle except for the axis mundi insofar as that can be considered astronomical. It is their belief that the distribution in Asia, Oceania, and North American indicates a spread in “extreme antiquity” (long before the Vedas). This idea is not supported by any direct evidence but is more acceptable to many anthropologists than is the view that the ideas spread widely in more recent times. DHK will try to show that some fairly sophisticated astronomical ideas are involved in these conceptions, which are unlikely to be earlier than the 3rd millennium B.C. They also contain arbitrary components that are unlikely to have arisen independently in different areas.

Although many conceptions associated with cosmic turtles are widely attested, the representations fall into subgroupings, none of which give a complete representation of the imagery even in a single area.

The major components in the cosmic turtle imagery include:

(1) association with one or two snakes, often wrapped around the turtle;(2) the snakes are sometimes dragon-like, and one of them may be five-or seven-headed;(3) a pillar or tree or lotus on the turtle(s carapace (the snakes are sometimes wrapped around this pillar);(4) the snake used as a rotator of the pole to stir the Sea of Milk (Milky Way);(5) opposing “teams ” of “gods and “demons”pulling on the snake;(6) a god, born from the carapace or from the lotus;(7) symbols of Sun and Moon, close by;(8) representations of asterisms, particularly the 28 lunar mansions and the 12 zodiacal signs;(9) an associated god in dance position;(10) magic squares, especially those of 3 and 5;(11) identification of Orion’s Belt as part of the turtle;(12) association with a fire god;(13 association with a fire god;(14) orientation to the cardinal directions.

There are two depictions of the “Churning of the Sea of Milk” at Angkor Wat, but we will emphasize the main one. The pole of the churn, here Mt. Mandara, at the center of the composition rests on tethe back of Kurma, the center of the composition, rests on the back of Kurma, the king of the “tortoises”, wearing a crown. He is surrounded by parts of crocodiles and fish destroyed in the churning (Mannika 1996 fig. 2.21, p. 49). In front of the mountain, we see Vishnu in a central role. To the left are 91 asuras (sometimes called “demons”) pulling the body of the five-headed snake, Vsuki, toward the south. To the right are 88 devas (sometimes called “gods”) pulling hte body of the five-headed snake, Vasuki, toward the south. To the right are 88 devas (sometimes called “gods”) pulling to the north. A single deva is leaping above the central pivot. The king of the devas is a monkey-headed figure, identified as Sugriva, holding on to the tail of Vasuki. At the other end, Bali appears as as king of the asuras, holding the crowned heads of Vasuki. Lighting effects emphasize Vishnu, Kurma, and the Churn at equinox sunrises. Sugriva is marked out at the summer solstice and Bali at the winter solstice, but in a somewhat different manner from Vishnu. The contrast between 88 debas and 91 asuras clearly suggests the inqequlaity of the seasons. However, a check of the inequality of the seasons at -1000 A.D. indicates that the intervals would be more appropriate if the devas and asuras were reversed (see Table 2.3, 2.3.1). A parallel phenomenon is the alighment as viewed from the extreme west edge of the site, from the ewest end of the bridge across the moat surrounding the site to the south end gateway of the western entrances where the Sun rises at the winter soltistice. Because the site is aligned east-west and is symetrical, the Sun would rise behind the north end gateway at the summer solstice. From the juncture of the causeway and the bridge, the Sun rises directly above the central tower at the equinoxes.

Mannikka emphasizes repeatedly the importance of the 28 lunar mansions. Together with the four directional gods, the gods of these mansions make up the major set of 32 deities (when Brahma is added, this gives 33. See 9.1.1. 9.1.3, 9.3.2 for the significance of this number).Manikka (1996 p. 33) points out points out that Kurma was one of the incarnations (avatars) of Vishnu and is described as “half a globe,” She also emphasizes (pp. 36-37) that Varahamihira refers to the Earth as a “ball” in the “starry sphere” and identifies the asuras with the South Pole and the devas with Mt. Sumeru or Meru as the North Pole. She says that Khmers tended to identify Meru with Mt Mandara (mannikka 1996, Ch 2, fn 8, p. 305), but she maintains that “Meru is the north-south axis of the world and Mandara is not”. Mandara is said to be the mountain that was “uprooted and brought to the shores of the Sea of Milk to serve as the churning pivot.” In the context that Mannikka has shown, it would seem that the uprooting of Mt Mandara should have an astronomical significance. It would also seem that the identification of Mandara and Meru might be related to the Khmer contention that Suryavarman II was inaugrating a new World Age–a return tto the conditions before the uprooting of Mandara at the beginning of the Kali-Yuga era.

Whatever this scene may have had for other cultures, its representation seems to be extraordinarily widespread.

In Figure 15.6a. we have Schuster’s version of the churning frp, the SW pavilion at Angkor Wat. he shows a gigantic pole as a lotus surmounted by a deity figure (Brahma) and with a dancing four-armed detiy figure (Vishnu) on the pole, Sun and Moon appear on either side.

A five-headed serpent is being used to turn the churn, tugged in opposite directions by gods and demons.

In a Totonac verson (Figire 15.6b), the pole (in this case, a flower stem) is shown in plan rather in front of the structure. The snakes are intertwined around the pole. On some Mayan pots, the snakes are replaced by water lilies, a Mesoamerican approximation to the lotus. This Totonac depiction was regarded as a war standard (Ringle, Gallareta, Negron, and Bey 1998), which seems to DHK unlikely.

This is the site with the Pyramid of the [35] Niches, certainly suggesting the importance of solar phenomena there. Schuster and Carpenter (1998, Vol. III, pp 74-75), compared the Sea of Milk” at Angkor Wat with the highland Mexican representations of Mayauel, goddess of the milky drink, pulque, seated on a turtle.

A very elaborate Balinese version shows Tintiya, their highest god, in dance position above a turtle. The turtle is bound by two snakes that are looped together in an elaborate and intricate manner (see Figure 15.7a). The binding snakes prevent the turtle, as fulcrum of the world pillar, from causing earthquakes (Schuster and Carpenter 1988, vol. III. p. 225). The pillar is curiously missing. The turtle from India in Figure 15.7b shows an emphasis on eight directions in four sets, as can be argued also for the Balinese and Batak representations of Figure 15.7.

The Batak turtle (Firgure 15.7c) shows an elaborate cosmogram apparently marking the cardinal and the intercardinal points as two squares, one superimposed on the other. Two snakes encircle the entire scene, and a ladder appears between their tails. According to Schuster and Carpenter (1988, Vol III, p. 78), “this ladder symbolizes often simultaneously, a sacrificial pole, Tree of Trees, and Ladder of Ascension.” They point out (p. 66) that the Samsani tribe on the “Siamese-Malayan” border places a turtle diagram uder a house post when it is being built, thus, replicating the Cosmic Pole on the Cosmic Turtle.

In a Mayan picture (Figure 15.8a) from the Madrid Codex, gods hold the body of a snake that passes over an elevated structure on whcih the turtle appears to be precariously perched. Hieroglyphs of the Sun and Moon appear on the body of the snake. A Mayan pointing at Bonampak shows a turtle with three “star” hieroglyphs of the Sun and Moon appear on the body of the snake. A Mayan painting at Bonampak shows a turtle with three “star” hieroglyphs on its back (Figure 15.8b). Given colonial Mayan identifications of the turtle with Orion’s Belt, it seems highly likely that this was intended here.

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The Chinese tradition of myths has an account of the creator goddess Nüwa cut the legs off the giant sea turtle Ao and used them to prop up the sky after Gong Gong damaged the Buzhou Mountain that had previously supported the heavens.
According to the myth, Gong Gong, a Chinese water god was responsible for the great flood. Gong Gong was ashamed that he lost the fight to claim the throne of heaven that he smashed his head against Mount Buzhou, a pillar holding up the sky. To fix the situation, the goddess Nu Gua cuts off the legs of a sea turtle to take the place of the mountains in propping up the sky. In this sense, the turtle’s shell with the flat underside and the rounded top represents the idea of the flat earth and domed sky. See: Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China by Richard E. Strassberg

It also has great significance in Chinese Taoist ideas and cosmology. The I-Ching or Book of Changes, an ancient Chinese code, was said to have been inspired by the King Tsang Hieh, when walking along the banks of the river Loh, and a turtle rose from the water and on its back were beautiful markings which suggested to the king all the different combinations of things and so he invented the I-Ching. The turtle is thus probably the inspiration for the sacred geometry behind the I-Ching code. The I-Ching is actually mathematically or geometrically identical in structure to the genetic code – a 64 permutation binary system. In the Taoist tradition, one of the early figures associated with Taoist writings is Fu Hsi ,who is depicted with Ba Gua trigrams as well as a turtle below. Legend has it that Fu Hsi divined the underlying pattern of the cosmos from the strange markings on the back of a turtle (source: The real origin of the Tao by Derek Lin)Black Tortoise – Genbu / Xuanwu / Hyeonmu / Huyen Vu

Mural painting of Genbu tortoise on the wall of Takamatsuzuka Kofun (Photo courtesy of Bunkacho,Nara National Research Institute of Cultural Properties and Asuka Municipal Board of Education)

On the North-facing wall inside the Takamatsu Zuka Kofun in Asuka Village there is a tomb mural painting of “Genbu” (The Black Tortoise ). In particular, the turtle features importantly in the cosmic scheme of things. In the heavenly world, the Black Tortoise (or more accurately the Dark Warrior of the North) is one of the four celestial animals (Dragon, Phoenix, Tiger and Tortoise) of Chinese constellations, symbols of ancient starry as well as earthly orientations which have survived today as modern Feng Shui practices of the Chinese. It is the guardian of the north quadrant of the heaven known as Genbu in Japan, Xuanwu in Chinese, Hyeonmu in Korean(see below) and Huyền Vũ in Vietnamese. As the Black Warrior, the tortoise was an important emblem for martial arts and warriors. Revered as a powerful and high-ranking Taoist deity who was able to control the elements and capable of great magic, Xuanwu-Genbu was also the patron saint of Hebei, Manchuria, and Mongolia. The Cantonese and Minnan/Hokkien-Fujian peoples who fled south from Hebei during the Song Dynasty, brought their Xuan Wu veneration to Fujian and Guangdong Provinces.

The Hyeonmun on a Korean tomb mural

What was the provenance of the Genbu Black Tortoise figure? According to (one version of) the Xuanwu legend:

Xuanwu was a prince of Jing Le State in northern Hebei during the time of the Yellow Emperor who was seeking penance for his sins and told by a deity that he could redeem himself by washing out his stomach and intestines, he promptly dug out his own stomach and intestines to washed them in the river, whereupon they were transformed into a demonic turtle and snake which began to terrorize the people of the land. Xuanwu achieved divine status and became an Immortal known with the title of Xuan Tian Shang Ti, but had to borrow a magical sword with which he subdued the demonic snake and turtle, whereupon they began instead to serve Xuanwu as the “Tortoise General” and “Snake General”, and they assisted Xuánwǔ on his quests. Xuanwu is thus usually depicted as being seated on a throne with red face and bulging eyes, sword in the right hand and with the right foot stepping on the snake and left leg extended stepping on the turtle. bulging eyes. — The Legend of Xuanwu

The North gates of palaces in ancient palaces were commonly named Xuanwu or Genbu gates after the mythological creature. Its element is water and it is considered as significant as the dragon. It is the greatest sign of longevity, stability, steadiness, good fortune, support and protection. Originating from China, the tortoise or the Dark Warrior, standing as a symbol of power, tenacity, and longevity, as well as that of north and winter. The Chinese Imperial Army carried flags with images of dragons(or Cosmic Serpent) and tortoises as symbols of unparalleled power and inaccessibility, as these animals fought with each other but both remained alive. According to Chinese tradition, the dragon cannot break the tortoise and the latter cannot reach the dragon/Heavenly Serpent (one cannot help but wonder … could this have been a reference to the Chinese encounters with and observations of the martial strategies of the Roman army which was said to have used the fishscale-or-turtle carapace formation of defense… or perhaps an early allusion to Greek/Roman forces never reaching China (represented by the Dragon)? (The tortoise was also a fertility symbol of the Greeks and Romans).
The Xuanwu Black Tortoise as a symbolic icon is often placed in the north such as the Han dynasty tile eave protective decoration above.

The Xuanwu Black Tortoise – the astronomical sign for the northern quarter of the sky is also found in the Beijing ancient astronomical observatory, which was built in 1442, but its technology goes further back to the Jin dynasty 1227 when its ancient instruments were transferred from Kaifeng to Beijing. The Black Turtle and Serpent motif is also likely the conflation of two ideas or spheres of influence – showing again the Chinese Taoist love of duality of ideas: the World Turtle (Indic) creation of the earth and Ouranos Cosmic (Heavenly) Serpent (also chthonic in nature), except that the Chinese appear to have moved the Serpent from the deep abyss in the Oceans into the Skies. In any event, the turtle and serpent have been both coopted into the Chinese heavenly design, and become a part of the ancient Chinese constellation Cassiopeia…see Stephen Maeda’s “Snake, Turtle and Sword: Ancient Chinese Constellations Identified” for a serious and detailed treatment of the area.The Tibetans too practised a sophisticated divination art using tortoise shells (ostensibly of Indian-provenance) as well, as evidenced by sutra drawings on one of the earliest Tibetan texts on Chinese-style astrology – Or.8210/S.6878, and kept in the Dunhuang caves’ collection of other Chinese scrolls (see the Golden Turtle). The Tibetans have an interesting variant tale of origins for the turtle called from the depths of the ocean, see the Tibetan Legend of the Golden Tortoise (The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs By Robert Beé at p. 115 ):

Manjushri[Manjusri], a Bodhisattva of wisdom is credited as calling forth from his mind the Giant Golden Turtle from the depths of the ocean, and then impaling the turtle with his golden arrow, he turns the turtle over and inscribes an astrological system and revealing to mankind his prognostications for the future for all time on the underside of the turtle.

The turtle clearly has a pivotal role in sacred geometry. In the Encyclopedia of Tibetan symbols and Motifs, it is suggested that the astrological calculation divination system of the Tibetans and Chinese, using the magic square of fifteen attributed to Padmasambhava, may have been transmitted via the Hebrew or semitic Arabic and Western magical traditions.“The same ideas, in very different form, are incorporated in the Tibetan turtle (Figure 15.10b). This shows one turtle within another. The inner turtle has the magic square of 9 on its plastron and is surrounded by the 12 animals of the rat zodaic....” — Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy (pp 487-489), by David H. Kelley, Eugene F. Milone, A.F. Aveni

In astronomy, Xuanwu-Genbu is also used to represent seven mansions that show the positions of the moon. The seven mansions are Dipper, Ox, Girl, Emptiness, Rooftop, Encampment, and Wall.
The Hindu-based Tibetan calendric use of solar and lunar symbols may also have been influenced by the alchemical traditions of the Chaldeans and ancient Egyptians. The astrological wheels is said to have been devised by Tibetan Nyingma scholar Khyung Nag Shakdar, and the left protection wheel is inscribed on the underside of a tortoise that holds the four jewels of earth in its hands.
Many cultures particularly in Central to South to East Asia also had versions of the Turtle Cosmology or World Turtle creation myth or practised the veneration of sacred turtle rocks. While the later Genbu tortoise astrological/astronomical ideas originated most likely directly from Tang China as well as via Japan’s neighbour ancient Korean lineages, the earliest ideas of turtle rock veneration appear to be closer to the Central Asian ones such as the ones seen in Baikal-Buryatia and Mongolia below:Lake Baikal, Siberian-Russia:
Above: The Sacred Turtle Rock, natural boulder of Cherepakha Bay 2.5 miles north of Turka, that resembles a turtle rising out of the water and moving onto the shore of Lake Baikal. (Source: Tahoe-Baikal Institute)Melkhii Khad site of Mongolia

Melkhii Khad, Gorkiinn-Telj National Park, Mongolia

Karakorum, Mongolia

Tortoise Stele, Karakorum

Karakorum in Mongolia was settled from early times (705) and is associated with the headquarters of Genghis Khan. It was an early centre of sculpture and is known for its many stone sculptures particularly of tortoises. ‘Kara’ means black and ‘korum’ is a corruption of Kunlun, the sacred mountain peak where immortals were thought to reside (source: Karakorum (Britannica).Longetivity and Cosmological-Afterlife Symbolism
Given the great deal of shared symbolism in respect of the turtle as a symbolic of longevity for the countries, (see Turtles – Asia’s symbols for Longevity); the above-mentioned World Cosmological ideology; the turtle or tortoise as an Afterlife and Underworld guardian figure became a popular iconic choice for tomb stele markers or burial monuments in Central Asia (Mongolia and China), as well as Vietnam, Korea and Japan.“Turtle-back tomb” in the Lingshan Islamic Cemetery Park of Quanzhou city, southern Fujian China (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
Turtles from the Yangtse River were thought to have divine powers, and those over a foot long were believed to be a thousand years old. Legend holds that the wooden columns of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing were built on the shells of live tortoises since people thought that these animals were capable of living for more than 3000 years without food or water and are adorned with a magical power that prevents wood from rotting. Turtles are said to be also life-giving symbols associated with archaic female goddess worship of the Queen of Heaven in China, alongside of the toad (Source: Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China pps. 82-83) . During Han Dynasty China, jade pendants shaped like tortoises were popular. And because of ancient Chinese influences upon Japan, honorific titles and badges in Japan often referred to the tortoise or images of tortoises.
Beyond longevity and immortality, ideas of reincarnation and Buddha’s past life as a turtle, and those of Genbu as Black Warrior as a symbol of power and valour as well as its role as one of the four gateway guardian-cardinal directions, apparently made the turtle the obvious choice as a tomb mural subject or tomb marker (see below).Vietnam:
The stone turtle carries stela on its back Văn Miếu in Hanoi, Vietnam.
The earliest types of beliefs revolved around open-air worship of natural spirits which included the veneration of primordial turtle rock, which led to totem worship and magical charms and miniature versions of the turtle rock, or portable amulets. Over time, spiritual beliefs evolved more abstract cosmological concepts and a once widespread worldview incorporating the complex interaction of a myriad of motifs often with multiple roles and functions — the above two megaliths of stela-bearing turtles are clearly visual representations of that ancient worldview of the World Turtle carrying the mountain=Cosmic Pillar.
The continental practice of using tortoise/turtle steles as tomb markers was adopted in Japan as well among the warrior Yoritomo clans of Kamakura Japan, see the tomb of Tomb of Oe Hiromoto (who was Yoritomo Minamoto’s counselor) below. This stele along with another nearby tomb with a similar tortoise-stele marking the tomb of his illegitimate son of Yoritomo Minamoto, Shimazu Tadahisa, are usually different from the continental versions, in that the tortoise is given a snake’s head, no doubt an overt visual reference to the Genbu Black Warrior emblem (Source reference: Shishin | Shijin (Onmark Productions).
(Tomb of Oe Hiromoto, Kamakura; 1225 AD)
Sources and references:

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Turtleback tombTurtle-back tombs or turtle shell tombs (simplified Chinese: 龟壳墓; traditional Chinese: 龜殼墓; pinyin: guī ké mù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ku-khak-bōng; Japanese: 亀甲墓, kamekōbaka) are a particular type of tombs commonly found in some coastal areas of China’s Fujian Province, and in Japan’s Ryūkyū Islands.
In the Chinese version, the tomb itself is made to look like the carapace of a tortoise, the vertical tombstone with the name of the deceased being put where the tortoise would have had its head, at the end of the grave where the feet of the buried body are. The tomb is surrounded by an Ω-shaped ridge, with its opening on the side where the tortoise’s head would have been, and where the tombstone is.
The Ryūkyūan version has the same overall shape and layout, but on a much greater scale, the body of the “tortoise” serving as a family burial vault. more from Wikipedia

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Turtle science and trivia

The round shape of a new species of fossil turtle, reported July 11, 2012, and found in Cerrejon coal mine in Colombia, would have meant more surface area to be warmed by the sun. by Liz Bradford

A newfound giant turtle that lived 60 million years ago in what is now northwestern South America would have been more than a mouthful for a neighboring predator, the world’s largest snake Titanoboa.

The turtle’s huge carapace, or shell, was nearly circular, like a tire, the researchers said.

The fossil turtle was discovered in Colombia’s La Puente pit in the Cerrejón Coal Mine, made famous for its other treasures, including the extinct Titanoboa cerrejonensis, two crocodile species, Cerrejonisuchus improcerus and Acherontisuchus guajiraensis, as well as two turtle species, the small-car-size Carbonemys cofrinii and the thick-shelled Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki. (C. improcerus would have been an easy meal for the 45-foot, or nearly 14 meters, Titanoboa snake, said researchers who discovered the 6- to 7-foot-long crocodile.)

Named Puentemys mushaisaensis after the pit where it was found, the turtle, whose shell would have extended 5 feet (1.5 m) across, adds to growing evidence that tropical reptiles ballooned after the dinosaurs were wiped out.

Even with its mouth wide open, Titanoboa wouldn’t have been able to down this turtle, not whole at least. And its round, low-domed shape would have increased the surface area exposed to the sun to keep the cold-blooded turtle warm, said study researcher Carlos Jaramillo of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.

“The shell was far more rounded than a typical turtle,” Jaramillo told LiveScience.

Various factors, including plentiful food, fewer predators, large habitat and climate change, would have worked together to allow turtles and other animals to reach such relatively gargantuan sizes, scientists have suggested.

For instance, the warm weather where would’ve been beneficial for P. mushaisaensis and other ectotherms that rely on their surroundings to regulate their body temperature.

The turtle and the mountain or the turtle and the pillar. 4 legs 4 directions, 4 pillars in vatican altar, 4 main evengalist, corners of the zodiac.

if you look at that from the top down. you will see a turtle with a circle on its back.

Quote: “Experts found (see this PDF: 0910.0128v1 )that the hole allows a single shaft of sunlight to illuminate the interior during the March and September equinox as well as on April 21 – the date Rome is said to have been founded. He explained that during the darker winter months the beam illuminates only the vaulted dome. However, at noon on the equinoxes it reaches the floor and on April 21 the beam fully illuminates the entrance at midday.The emperor would have been bathed by the sun’s rays as he entered the building on these auspicious occasions. Professor Giulio Magli, from the Polytechnic of Milan, said:’The role of the Pantheon is poorly understood and it’s function still remains uncertain, although we believe the sun has a significant role in the building. ‘We have drawn our conclusions by studying other Roman monuments in the city including the Domus Aurea or as it is also known the Emperor Nero’s Golden Palace which also had a similar domed roof. ‘The sun and time were both linked architecturally in the ancient Roman period and they were used as a form of cosmological signpost for them. By bathing the Emperor in sunlight this would have a dramatic effect on him and raise him to the status of a god.’

It was said the bronze roofplates / statues from the Pantheon where melted to create the altar in the Vatican and canons for the castle, how fitting as both related to time itself.

The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in Pliny’s Natural History. From him we know that “the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze”,[23] that “the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof,”[24] and that one of Cleopatra’s pearls was cut in half so that each half “might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome”.

Pope Urban VIII (1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon’s portico melted down. Most of the bronze was used to make bombards for the fortification of Castel Sant’Angelo, with the remaining amount used by the Apostolic Camera for various other works. It is also said that the bronze was used by Bernini in creating his famous baldachin above the high altar of St. Peter’s Basilica, but, according to at least one expert, the Pope’s accounts state that about 90% of the bronze was used for the cannon, and that the bronze for the baldachin came from Venice.[40]

If one was to build a building as a temple it should have fibonacci and pi math in all its construction, as that is the divine mathematical language of nature. It then should contain time, precession, constellations, lunar mansions and solar houses, polestars and the wobble of the earth into consideration and have polestars calculated far in advance to encode time itself. It also should show the sun through certain windows highlighting the equinoxes and solstices so it would operate as a giant clock. That is what I think stonehenge once was on a smaller scale.