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As a startup founder, it’s important to understand the process of raising capital from institutional investors.

In the early stages of your startup, it’s recommended to secure investment from family and friends. However, once you get to the stage where you’re seeking institutional investment, it becomes a much more complex process.

To shed some light on this topic, one of Betatron’s founding partners, Roland Yau (Managing Director of CoCoon Ignite Ventures) spoke to our startups and shared his advice on the typical due diligence process.

For early stage startups (Seed), the main DD focus is on the target market and your team.​For later stage startups (Series A), the DD has more of a focus on your financials.

2. The Investment Process

The following is an example of a common investment process between a VC firm and a startup.

1. First Meeting. Investors meet the startup for the first time, with the goal of learning as much as possible about the business and it’s team.

2. Initial Investor Due Diligence. If the investor is interested in learning more, then they go away and perform their own due diligence. They test the assumptions made by the startup by validating topics such as the market size, researching competitors, and asking for references.

3. Indication of Interest (IOI). If the investor is potentially interested in investing, an Indication of Interest (IOI) will be sent to the startup. This is a non-bindingindication and should come in written form. IOI’s usually provide an approximate target company valuation and outlines general conditions for completing a deal.

4. Two - Four Week Follow Up Meetings. If the startup decides to proceed, meetings with the investor will be arranged to dig deep into items like the financials, product roadmap, customer pipeline, and company structure. This process can take anywhere between 2-4 weeks.

5. Term Sheet. If the investor likes what they see, a term sheet will be sent outlining an investment. The term sheet usually covers items such as valuation, equity option pools, liquidation preferences, participation rights, control, and investor rights. Don’t forget, though, term sheets are also non-binding documents.

6. Formally Binding Agreement. Once the term sheet is signed, the lawyers then step into perform more due diligence and create a formally binding agreement between both parties. Once this is signed, the investment capital can finally be deployed.

​3. The Lifecycles Of VC Funds

Venture Capital firms invest using funds. These funds are pools of money which the VC firm invests on behalf of their own investors. The funds have a defined lifecycle of usually 10 years.

Years 4-7 - VC firm grows the startups and manages their investments.​Years 8-10 - VC firm “harvests” their investments and plan their exits, via methods such as acquisition or IPO.

It’s important to understand the typical lifecycle of an investment fund. VCs don’t want to invest in startups which only have the potential to exit after their fund is scheduled to close.

Ideally, they look for an exit in the next 4-5 years.

Therefore, when you speak with an investor, it’s important to talk about your 4-5 year vision.​In terms of your execution plan, you should use a timeframe of the next 12 months. If you talk about a timeframe much longer, it’s unlikely to be relevant.

​4. Understand Your Legal Documents

Institutional investors look into the legal structure of your startup before investing because they may want to understand the corporate governance of a company. It is therefore crucial to know your company’s structure before you talk to an investor. If you don’t, it becomes a big red flag.

Your Articles of Association (AoA) and your Shareholders’ Agreement are key corporate governance documents of your company and you must fully understand them both. In particular, you must understand the relationship between your AoA and Shareholders’ Agreement and make sure both documents do not conflict with each other.

It is common to state in the Shareholders’ Agreement that if there are conflicts between the AoA and the Shareholders’ Agreement, the Shareholders’ Agreement should prevail.

In general, it is best to make sure you know what both documents say and keep yourself up to date on any changes made to either document.

During the legal DD process, you’ll be expected to know the answers to the following questions:

Do you have a founders’ agreement in place?

What does your Shareholder’s Agreement look like?

Do you have different share classes?

Are any dividends offered?

Do you know the difference between your directors and the shareholders?

Do you own all of your technology?

It’s also important to point out that your founding team must have control of the company at this early investment stage. Otherwise, you’ll become too diluted during later funding rounds, which can make your company uninvestable.

To give an example, by your Series A, your team should ideally have at least 66+% equity.

​5. Know More About Your Market Than Your Investor

When evaluating your startup, an investor will assess how well you know your target market.

Do you (or anyone in your team) have previous experience in the sector? Have you conducted in-depth market research?

If your investor knows more about your target market than you do, it significantly reduces the likelihood of securing a deal.

By not knowing your target market in depth, however strong your tech or sales team is, you’ll lose the ability to convince investors that you’re the right team to execute your startup’s vision.

Your business model may change in the future and your product will constantly evolve. But your target market (will likely) always stay the same!

About The Author

Sam Ameen is the Head of Digital Marketing at IC Studio, one of the founding partners of Betatron. He's passionate about helping companies acquire new customers using unique growth hacking and user acquisition strategies. Sam is also a contributor to Forbes Magazine and covers Entrepreneurship & Startups in Hong Kong.