position of diaphragm, bony attachments and things that pass through, natural openings.

Dorsal diaphragm is divided into left and right crus, both attach to ventral L3 and L4, ribs 8-13 and the xyphoid process. Ventral called cupula, which is the part that bulges into thorax. aortic hiatus is dorsal between crura, has aorta, azygous, and thoracic duct. Esophageal hiatus is central in right crus, has esophagus, vessels, and vagal trunks. Caval foramen is right side, caudal vena cava

Explain significance of serous cavities of the thoracic cavity in Hugo Young

Serous cavities should contain nothing but a small amount of fluid. In Hugo's case the delicacy of the visceral pleura caused the car impact to tear it and damage the alveoli of the lung, allowing air to escape into the pleural cavity and press on the lung, keeping it from inflating fully.

Mediastinum is the meeting place of the two pleura of the lungs, at the center line of the thoracic cavity. It encompasses the heart between the two sacs. The vena cavae exit the heart between it. The azygous vein enters the vena cava just before it enters the heart, near the spine, and enters the mediastinum around the same spot. The nerves are in the pleural space by the lung, the esophagus, aorta and trachea are all inside it.

use appropriate nomenclature to define Pericardium and explain why it is useful to you as a future veterinarian

serous membrane that wraps around the heart, attached to the parietal mediastinal pleura. Creates a sac around the heart that could fill with fluid or be an impediment to surgery or prevent unwanted things like bacteria that have gotten into the thorax from getting into the heart

on cadaver, ID pulmonary ligament, plica vena cavae, hilus. Give anatomical definition and one reason to understand as a vet

lateral mesoderm splits into splanchnic and somatic mesoderm, with space in between

embryo and amnion grow, yolk sac doesn't, causing folding. Folds in lateral and cranio-caudal directions at the same time. cranial brings heart from over head into ventrum, caudal brings gut and urinary into ventrum

How was the extraembryonic coelom incorporated into the embryo, forming what?

lateral folding, peritoneal, pericardial, pleural cavities

Trace a molecule of oxygen in the fetus from placenta to left subclavian artery. Compare to adult

Placenta to umbilical artery(?) to umbilicus, through posterior vena cava into right ventrical through ductus arteriosus to descending aorta, into left subclavian

An adult would breathe in O2 through the pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, exchange into capillaries to be picked up by hemoglobin, carried through pulmonary vein to left atrium, through tricuspid valve to left ventricle, through semilunar valve into aortic arch, descending aorta to subclavian artery

Diagram transverse view of early embryo at foregut, midgut, showing lateral folding, with all germ layers and including cavities

Distinguish between epithelial and mesenchymal cells

embryonic epithelial tissues fold, mesenchymal cells are connective tissue of embryo. Often change into each other during development

Why do most congenital diaphragmatic hernias occur on left side?

the left hole is larger and closes later. Liver is on the right, so that hole is smaller.

ductus arteriosus

shunt allowing fetus to carry oxygenated blood from placenta directly from right ventricle of fetus into systemic circulatory system (aortic arch)