Can. 124 §1. For
the validity of a juridic act it is required that the act is placed by a
qualified person and includes those things which essentially constitute the act
itself as well as the formalities and requirements imposed by law for the
validity of the act.

§2. A juridic act placed correctly with respect to
its external elements is presumed valid.

Can. 125 §1. An
act placed out of force inflicted on a person from without, which the person
was not able to resist in any way, is considered as never to have taken place.

§2. An act placed out of grave fear, unjustly
inflicted, or out of malice is valid unless the law provides otherwise. It can
be rescinded, however, through the sentence of a judge, either at the instance
of the injured party or of the party’s successors in law, or ex officio.

Can. 126 An act
placed out of ignorance or out of error concerning something which constitutes
its substance or which amounts to a condition sine qua non is invalid.
Otherwise it is valid unless the law makes other provision. An act entered into
out of ignorance or error, however, can give rise to a rescissory action according
to the norm of law.

Can. 127 §1. When
it is established by law that in order to place acts a superior needs the
consent or counsel of some college or group of persons, the college or group
must be convoked according to the norm of ⇒ can. 166
unless, when it concerns seeking counsel only, particular or proper law
provides otherwise. For such acts to be valid, however, it is required that the
consent of an absolute majority of those present is obtained or that the
counsel of all is sought.

§2. When it is established by law that in order to
place acts a superior needs the consent or counsel of certain persons as
individuals:

1/ if consent is required, the act of a superior who
does not seek the consent of those persons or who acts contrary to the opinion
of all or any of them is invalid;

2/ if counsel is required, the act of a superior who
does not hear those persons is invalid; although not obliged to accept their
opinion even if unanimous, a superior is nonetheless not to act contrary to
that opinion, especially if unanimous, without a reason which is overriding in
the superior’s judgment.

§3. All whose consent or counsel is required are
obliged to offer their opinion sincerely and, if the gravity of the affair
requires it, to observe secrecy diligently; moreover, the superior can insist
upon this obligation.

Can. 128 Whoever
illegitimately inflicts damage upon someone by a juridic act or by any other
act placed with malice or negligence is obliged to repair the damage inflicted.