Posts Tagged
‘synthesis’

In the fluid-restricted patient, the high caloric density of fat allows TPN to be delivered in volumes of 1 L without resorting to high osmolarity dextrose infusions. Full consideration of the individual patient and his or her needs can be aided by a case management approach.’

The proportion of carbohydrate, amino acid, and fat is dictated by a few basic principles. Dextrose provided at a rate of 7 mg/kg/min, once glycogen stores have been repleted, engenders a lipogenic response. This is evidenced by a respiratory quotient of […]

Furthermore, direct delivery of glutamine, the small bowel enterocytes preferred oxidative fuel, can preserve the barrier function of the mucosa and reduce endotoxin leakage into the circulation. Short-chain fatty acids are the preferred substrate of the colonic enterocyte, and their intracolonic infusion has improved diversion colitis in humans. When total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is indicated, a 3-in-1 delivery offers advantages over separate lipid, dextrose, and amino acid infusions. In […]

During sepsis, cardiac output often rises, with between 17% and 28% going to the splanchnic region. The oxygen extraction of the liver, however, increases dramatically to over 40% of total body oxygen consumption, compared to 30% in injured but nonseptic patients. With the high oxygen extraction required, the hepatocyte may be vulnerable to ischemic injury; higher flow would therefore be more appropriate to meet this demand. An improvement in effective […]

The trace elements and essential minerals, including zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, and iron, are required for important coenzymes in nucleic acid metabolism and for protein synthesis. Zinc deficiency has been associated with impaired […]

Glutamine is the preferred oxidative fuel for the small bowel endothelium, and enteral administration of a glutamine-supplemented diet has been shown to preserve mucosal cellularity, to promote recovery, and to improve nitrogen balance in animal studies. Finally, branched-chain amino acids are used as energy sources during the acute phase of injury. When given alone or with glucose to postoperative patients, branched-chain amino acids improved nitrogen balance and increased whole-body […]