Weschler Memory Test (WMS) is one of the most important tests to distinguish normal aging from cognitive impairment. Logical Memory Test is the subtest in the WMS. The Three Words and Three Shapes (3W3S) test is a frequently used memory and learning test in our country. 3W3S has both visual and verbal modalities and it is also short and easy to use. This test allows us to easily distinguish normal aging from other dementias. In this study, normative data were collected for both tests. The aim of the study is to identify normative values of our country using the two subtests with new addition of recognition and cue recall subtests to the Logical Memory subtest. In this study we have 389 participants and their ages are 50 years and above. According to the results, it was found that both the 3W3S and the Logical memory Test performances were predicted by age, gender and education variables. Apparently, the scores of the 3W3S subtests for both shapes and words sections and Logical Memory Tests decrease when age increase and education level decrease.

There is sparse information available in the literature regarding attachment styles and theory of mind functions with somatoform pain disorder. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between somatoform pain disorder and attachment styles, theory of mind functions and alexithymia. Thirty consecutive somatoform pain disorder patients and age, education level and gender ratio matched 30 controls enrolled for the study. SCID-I Structured Clinical Therapy Patient Form, Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), Toronto Alexithymia Scala (TAS-20) Reading Mind from the Eyes Turkish Form (Eyes Test) procedures were applied to the somatoform pain disorder patients that are investigated. According to results; scores of somatoform pain disorder patients with regards to AAS avoidant subscale score, Difficulty Describing Feelings subscale, Difficulty Identifying Feeling subscale, Externally-Oriented Thinking subscale, total Alexithymia Scale scores have been found significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001); Eyes Test scores, AAS close and depend subscale scores revealed significantly lower scores than that of control (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.05). Eyes Test scores are found to be significantly correlated with AAS avoidant subgroup scores and pain severity (p<0.05). Somatoform pain disorder patients revealed avoidant attachment and less secure and dependent characteristics more than the healthy controls. In this patients, avoidant attachment style is categorically more apparent. Their theory of mind functions have been affected significantly and this effect has been found to be correlated with avoidant attachment style and pain severity. These results indicate that developmental factors might be important in clinical manifestation of Somatoform pain disorder.

Momordica charantia has various bioactive compounds. In this study cytotoxic effects of the root, seed, leaf and fruit parts of the plant against neuroblastoma cells were investigated. Also total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different parts of Momordica charantia extract. According to cytotoxicity results, higher concentrations of all parts of Momordica charantia showed similar cytotoxicity against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. However, cytotoxicity of the root extract was higher than 50% in 500 µg/ml concentration, and also at the same concentration induces proliferation of ECV304 control cells. According to our results, the leaf part of Momordica charantia plant is rich with flavonoid and phenolic contents. However, its cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells is lower than the root extract. Also, while Momordica charantia root extract increased Akt1 gene expression, it decreased expression levels of BAD and caspase-3 genes in these cells. In conclusion, Momordica charantia root extract can induces apoptosis through p38 MAPK pathway in SH-SY5Y cells by considering the results.

MS-specific disease progression and emerging symptoms are heterogeneous, it is difficult to diagnose and find treatment. The abundance of immune cells, such as products of T lymphocytes and MS patients with CNS lesions, supports the view that MS is an immunomodulatory disorder. Th17 cells appear to play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of EAE and MS. Th17 cells are a subset of cells independent of Th1 and Th2. Although the Th17 cells in steady state are important for host defense, pathogenic Th17 cells play a role in the development of many diseases. Th17 cells are known to secrete IL-17 cytokines. IL-17 secreting cells have been identified in MS and many other diseases. In addition, IL-17 levels were found to be high in cerebrospinal fluid from MS patients. Probiotic bacteria are known to be important in terms of human health and have therapeutic properties. Many studies have suggested that probiotics have the ability to inhibit proinflammatory IL-17 production and activation in Th17-related diseases.

Sexual violence has been defined as all kinds of sexual acts against the will of the victim. It is considered as one of the most traumatic experiences with regards to its physical, psychological and social effect. Although in the legal system, the laws are enforced to penalize the perpetrator, in society, people have a number of stereotypes and myths against the victim. While sexual assault already triggers many mental illnesses on the victim; accusing attitudes towards the victim generates a great risk for repetitive traumatic effect. Thus, it is drastically important to investigate rape myths. Rape myths are biased false beliefs and directly target the victim. They create a large amount of risks to legitimize rapes, to perceive crime and perpetrators relatively positive, to decrease the amount of penalty, and to encourage masculine sexual violence. Accusing the victim restrains the victim from applying to judicial authorities and medical institutions to seek for his/her rights, along with disrupting the healing and rehabilitation process of the victim. A number of studies demonstrated that individuals with high just word belief were more likely to legitimize rapes. Believing that the world is a just place and everybody gets what they deserve leads to look for reasons, that is, rape victims deserve what happened to them. This study aims to review the literature on sexual violence, to focus on the negative consequences of the accusing attitudes towards the victim in terms woman’s right and mental health and to increase the awareness of this issue as an addition to the limited number of studies in Turkey.

The transport of organelles through an axon into the cell is very important for the maintenance and function of a neuron. Antherograde axonal transport plays a role in the supply of distal synapse and mitochondrial proteins and lipids for local energy requirements, and is involved in intracellular transport of retrograde transport, misfolded and aggregated proteins from the axon and distal trophic sites to the somatic. Axonal transport can be affected by changes to various components of the transport mechanism. Here we review the available information about axonal transport defects that may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative diseases.

Controversies emerged in linking middle cranial fossa-arachnoid cyst to psychosis. Despite the anatomical association between such cyst and psychosocial behaviour, still several features of the cyst itself hamper causation. I report a case of a young female labeled refractory schizophrenia who presented with antipsychotic toxicity overlooking an arachnoid cyst in the middle cranial fossa. Due to the paucity of information in the literature on such association here I discuss further implications from a first medical encounter, from a patient’s perspective and from a disposition perspective as well.

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