Tudor Arghezi (pronunciation in Romanian: /'tu.dor ar'ge.zi/) (May 21, 1880 - July 14, 1967) was a major Romanian writer, noted for his contribution to poetry and children's literature. Born Ion N. Theodorescu in Bucharest (where he also died), he explained that his pen name was related to Argesis, the Latin name for the Argeş River. Arghezi's work addressed the rise of modernism in Romania during the first half of the twentieth century and the cultural tensions between modernity and traditional society.

Biography

Early life

Arghezi graduated from Saint Sava High School in October 1891, started working to pay for his studies,[1] and made his debut in 1896, publishing verses in Alexandru Macedonski's magazine, Liga Ortodoxă, under the name Ion Theo. Soon after, Macedonski publicized his praise for the young poet:

This young man, at an age when I was still prattling verses, with an audacity that knows no boundaries, but as of yet crowned by the most glittering success, parts with the entire old versification technique, with all banalities in images in ideas that have for long been judged, here and elsewhere, as a summit of poetry and art.[2]

He began his work by stating his admiration for Symbolism and other concurrent trends (such as the Vienna Secession), while polemicizing with Junimea's George Panu over the latter's critique of modernist literature.[3] In 1904, he and Vasile Demetrius published their own magazine, Linia Dreaptă, which folded after only five issues.[4] Arghezi, Gala Galaction, and Demetrius maintained a close friendship, as witnessed by the latter's daughter, the actress and novelist Lucia Demetrius.[5]

After a four year-long stint as an Orthodox monk at Cernica Monastery, he traveled abroad in 1905. He visited Paris and then moved to Fribourg, where he wrote poetry and attended courses at the University of Fribourg; dissatisfied with the Roman Catholic influence in the area, he moved to Geneva, where he was employed in a jeweler's workshop.[6] During the Romanian Peasants' Revolt of 1907, the poet, known for his left-wing discourse and vocal criticism of the violent repression of the peasant movement, was kept under surveillance by Swiss authorities; a local newspaper claimed that Arghezi's mail had been tampered with, causing a scandal that led to the resignation of several officials.[7] News he gathered of the revolt itself left a lasting impression on Arghezi: much later, he was to dedicate an entire volume to the events (his 1907-Peizaje, "Landscapes of 1907," which he described as "dealing with […] the contrast between a nation and an abusive, solitary, class").[8]

Early 1910s

He returned to Romania in 1910, and published works in Viaţa Românească,Teatru,Rampa, and N. D. Cocea's Facla and Viaţa Socială, as well as editing the magazine Cronica in collaboration with Galaction; his output was prolific, and a flurry of lyrics, political pamphlets and polemical articles gained him a good measure of notoriety among the theatrical, political and literary circles of the day.[9] Cocea contributed to his early fame by publishing one of Arghezi's first influential poems, Rugă de seară ("Evening Prayer").[10]

During the period, Arghezi also became a prominent art critic, and engaged in the defense of Ştefan Luchian, a painter who was suffering from multiple sclerosis and was facing charges of fraud (based on the suspicion that he could no longer paint, and had allowed his name to be signed to other people's works).[11]

After the outbreak of World War I, Arghezi wrote against the political camp led by the National Liberal Party (Romania) and the group around Take Ionescu, both of whom aimed to have Romania enter the conflict on the side of the Entente (as an attempt the wrest Transylvania away from Austria-Hungary); instead, he was a supporter of Bessarabia's union with the Romanian Old Kingdom, and resented the implicit alliance with Imperial Russia.[12] In 1915, he wrote:

A barbaric war. Once upon a time, we had pledged our duty to fight against the arming of civilized states. With every newborn baby, the quantity of explosive matter destined to suppress him was also being created. As progress and «rational outlook» were being viewed as calamities, arms and ammunitions factories were increasing the shell storages, were fabricating the artillery used in extermination.[13]

German occupation and Văcăreşti prison

Eventually, he collaborated with the German authorities who had occupied most of Romania in late 1916, writing articles for the German-backed Gazeta Bucureştilor;[14] he was one among a diverse grouping of intellectuals to do so — which also included Galaction, Constantin Stere, Dumitru D. Pătrăşcanu, Alexandru Marghiloman, Ioan Slavici, Grigore Antipa, and Simion Mehedinţi.[15]

Arrested along with eleven other newspapermen and writers, among them Slavici, he was accused of "collaboration with the enemy" for his anti-Entente activities.[16] According to Arghezi himself, the Royal Commissioner charged with investigation had initially kept the group secluded in a Bucharest hotel, arguing that they were an ongoing danger to Allied forces in Bucharest.[17]

Sentenced and imprisoned in the Văcăreşti prison, Arghezi pleaded his cause in letters and petitions addressed to a "Mr. General," who has been tentatively identified with Premier Artur Văitoianu, asking for a conditional release after the illegimate son (b. 1905) of his union with Constanta Zissu left home and went missing.[18] Despite their political rivalry, Nicolae Iorga, who had given his full backing to the Entente during the war, repeatedly called on authorities to pardon Arghezi;[19] his plea was eventually granted, and Arghezi was released in late 1919.[20] Expressing his thanks to Iorga for his intervention,[21] he nonetheless continued to oppose him on several issues, and the polemic turned sarcastic and was prolonged over the next two decades.[22]

Interwar literature

In 1927, he published his first volume of collected poems, titled Cuvinte Potrivite ("Fitting Words" or "Suitable Words"), which caused the Poporanist paper Viaţa Românească's Mihai Ralea to hail Arghezi as "our greatest poet since Eminescu"[23] (while likening his "mixture of the sublime and the awkward"[24] to "nihilism").[25] The avant-garde magazine Integral celebrated Arghezi with a special issue in 1925. In it, Benjamin Fondane wrote: "Arghezi is against all things: In his poetry, against eloquence, in favour of reinstating modesty, decency […] [i]n his prose, against cowardice in expression, in favour of violence and indecency."[26]

Arghezi was in charge of the satirical newspaper Bilete de Papagal, publishing his first prose effort, Icoane de Lemn ("Wooden Icons"), in 1928. In 1932, he published Flori de Mucigai ("Flowers of Mildew") and Poarta Neagră ("The Black Gate")—collections of poetry inspired by the years he spent in detention (a theme never before used in Romanian poetry)[27] and influenced by the works of Charles Baudelaire and other Symbolists. He also began writing the works that made him most familiar to the public, his poems and short prose for children. Among the more famous are Cartea cu Jucării ("The Toy-Laden Book"), Cântec de Adormit Mitzura ("A Song to Get Mitzura to Sleep"), Buruieni ("Weeds"), and, the most popular of all, Zdreanţă ("Rag"), about a lovable mutt.

In 1933-1934, he completed two satirical pieces, the dystopian novel Tablete din Ţara de Kuty, povestiri swiftiene(Tablets from the Land of Kuty. Swiftian Stories) and Cimitirul Buna-Vestire (Buna-Vestire Cemetery—a large-scale pamphlet described as an "apparent novel" by George Călinescu),[28] as well as a long novel on the topic of maternal love and filial devotion, Ochii Maicii Domnului(Our Lord's Mother's Eyes).

He routinely visited art shows throughout the 1920s (accompanied by Vasile and Lucia Demetrius), helping to establish the artistic reputation of painters such as Oscar Han, Nicolae Dărăscu, Camil Ressu, Francisc Şirato, and Nicolae Vermont.[29] By the mid-1930s, Arghezi contributed the art chronicle to the newspaper Mişcarea—mouthpiece of the National Liberal Party-Brătianu.[30]

Interwar polemic

In 1934, his lyrical works were virulently attacked by Nicolae Iorga, who saw them as "comprising all of the most repulsive in concept and all of the most trivial in shape";[31] such accusations against Arghezi and the group of writers around him became commonplace in the Iron Guard's press. Writing in the Sfarmă Piatră paper, Vintilă Horia accused Arghezi of "a willing adhesion to pornography" and of "betrayal."[32] The latter statement centered on Arghezi's earlier collaboration with Gândirea—the newspaper published by Nichifor Crainic, an intellectual figure on the far right who shared Arghezi's initial religious traditionalism. Gândirea and its affiliated magazines alleged that the influence of Crainic's thought (Gândirism), had played a major part in Arghezi's early works,[33] while attacking his Jewish editors with anti-Semitic slurs (and implying that his works would have decreased in quality because of their influence).[34] To these, Argezi replied with a heavy dose of irony: "[…] I have never ever read Gândirea, not even when I was contributing articles to it."[35]

Shortly before his death, Arghezi reflected upon his status in the interwar period, rendering a dramatic picture:

[…] for a while, all the cultural institutions were associated against my writing: the University, the Academy, the poets, the press, the police, the courts, the censorship, the Gendarmerie and even the closest colleagues."[36]

His political attitudes at the time were more complex, and he continued collaboration with left-wing magazines such as Dimineaţa and Adevărul while expressing staunchly monarchist views and support for King Carol II of Romania.[37] According to some views, Arghezi developed a sympathy for the Iron Guard towards the end of the 1930 (his poem Făt-Frumos was contended to be a homage to the movement's leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, assassinated in late 1938).[38] This perspective, notably favored by essayist Alex Mihai Stoenescu,[39] was disputed by the literary critic Ion Simuţ, who argued that evidence to support it was sporadic and contradictory.[40]

World War II

In 1939, Arghezi became suddenly and severely ill, incapacitated by sciatica. The extreme pain and mysterious causes became topics of major interest, and it was rumored that his was an unprecedented disease.[41] Upon examination (made difficult by Arghezi's iatrophobia), some of Romania's top physicians, including Nicolae Gh. Lupu, George Emil Palade, and Constantin Ion Parhon, decided that Arghezi's sciatic nerve was being pressed on by an unknown body.[42] Dimitrie Bagdasar identified the cause as a cancerous tumor, and Arghezi underwent radiation therapy[43]—the suffering caused the poet to maintain a growing animosity towards Bagdasar, which he later expressed in writing.[44] After a period of deterioration, he regained his health unexpectedly.[45]

During World War II the newspaper, Informaţia Zilei, began publishing comments by Arghezi, in a column named after his former magazine, Bilete de Papagal. In 1943, it published virulent satires of the Romanian government, its military leader,Ion Antonescu, and Romania's allegiance to Nazi Germany. On September 30, 1943, Arghezi caused an outrage and a minor political scandal, after getting the paper to publish his most radical attack, one aimed at the German ambassador Manfred Freiherr von Killinger—Baroane ("Baron!" or "Thou Baron"). The piece centered on accusations of political and economic domination:

A flower blossomed in my garden, one like a plumped-up red bird, with a golden kernel. You blemished it. You set your paws on it and now it has dried up. My corn has shot into ears as big as Barbary Doves and you tore them away. You took the fruits out of my orchard by the cartload and gone you were with them. You placed your nib with its tens of thousands of nostrils on the cliffs of my water sources and you quaffed them from their depths and you drained them. Morass and slobber is what you leave behind in the mountains and yellow drought in the flatlands — and out of all the birds with singing tongues you leave me with bevies of rooks.[46]

The authorities confiscated all issues, and the author was imprisoned without trial in a penitentiary camp near Târgu Jiu.[47] He was freed in 1944, only days after the fall of the Antonescu regime.

Arghezi and the Communist regime

A controversial intellectual, Arghezi is possibly best described as a fellow traveller of the communist regime. Although he was awarded several literary prizes under during the period of Soviet-induced transition to a people's republic, he became a harsh critic of censorship and "agitprop"-like state control in media,[48] and was targeted as a decadent poet very soon after the communist-dominated republican institutions took power (1948). A series of articles written by Sorin Toma (son of the Stalinist literary figure Alexandru Toma)[49] in the Romanian Communist Party's official voice, Scînteia, described his works as having their origin in Arghezi's "violent insanity," calling his style "a pathological phenomenon," and depicting the author as "the main poet of Romanian bourgeoisie;"[50] the articles were headlined Poezia Putrefacţiei sau Putrefacţia Poeziei ("The Poetry of Decay or the Decay of Poetry," in reference to Karl Marx's The Poverty (Misery) of Philosophy—the title of which in turn mocked Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Philosophy of Misery).

The writer had to retreat from public life, spending most of these years at the house he owned in Văcăreşti, Bucharest, the one he called Mărţişor (the name it still goes by today); his main source of income was provided by selling the yields of cherries the surrounding plot returned.[51]

However, as Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej consolidated his power over the state and Party post-1952, Arghezi was discovered as an asset to the new, more "national" tone of the regime—along with several other censored cultural figures, he was paid a visit by Miron Constantinescu, the Communist activist overseeing the rehabilitation process.[52]

Once exonerated, he was awarded numerous titles and prizes. Arghezi was elected a member of the Romanian Academy in 1955, and celebrated as national poet on his 80th and 85th birthdays. Although never became a Socialist Realist,[53] he adapted his themes to the genre's requirements, as he did in Cântare Omului ("Ode to Mankind") and 1907.[54] In 1965, Arghezi also won recognition abroad as a recipient of the Herder Prize.[55]

Arghezi's mysterious illness resurfaced with the same symptoms in 1955, and he was rapidly interned in the care of Ion Făgărăşanu.[56] He was diagnosed with a chronic infection that had originated in surgery he had underwent in 1934, provoking an abscess in the area around his lumbar vertebrae; he was released soon completing a treatment which included streptomycin injections.[57]

He died and was buried next to his wife Paraschiva in 1967 (she had died the previous year), with tremendous pomp and funeral festivities orchestrated by Communist Party officials. His home is currently a museum managed by his daughter, Mitzura.

Arghezi's work

Arghezi is perhaps the most striking figure of Romanian interwar literature, and one of the major poets of the twentieth century. The freshness of his vocabulary represents a most original synthesis between the traditional styles and modernism. He has left behind a vast oeuvre, which includes poetry, novels, essays, journalism, translations, and letters.

The impact of his writings on Romanian poetic language was revolutionary, through his creation of unusual lyrical structures, new sub-genres in prose—such as the poetic novel, the "tablet" (tableta) and the "ticket" (biletul).[58] He excelled at powerful and concise formulations, the shock value of which he exploited to startle lazy or conformist thinking, and his writings abound in paradoxes, as well as metaphysical or religious arguments.[59] Evidencing the satirical genre's leading role throughout Arghezi's literary career, George Călinescu argued that it had become a contributing factor to much of his poetry and prose fiction.[60]

Arghezi re-established an aesthetic of the grotesque, and experimented at length with prosody.[61] In much of his poetry (notably in his Flori de mucigai and Hore), Arghezi also built upon a tradition of slang and argot usage, creating an atmosphere which, according to Călinescu, recalled the universe of Anton Pann, as well as those of Salvatore Di Giacomo and Cesare Pescarella.[62] He introduced a vocabulary of intentional ugliness and decay, with the manifest goal of extending the limits of poetic language, the major theme in his Cuvinte Potrivite; nevertheless, the other half of Arghezi's poetic universe was that of family life, childhood, and small familiar spaces, rendered in minutely detailed poems.[63] In an era when the idea of the impossibility of communication was fashionable, he stood against his contemporaries through his strong belief in the power of the written word to communicate ideas and feelings—he was described by Tudor Vianu as "a fighting poet, subject to attacks as well as returning them."[64]

Despite his association with the Communist regime, Arghezi is widely acknowledged as a major literary figure. His work has traditionally been a staple of Romanian literature textbooks for decades.

External links

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