1.
Domingo
–
Sunday is the day of the week after Saturday but before Monday. Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries, as a part of the weekend, for most Christians, Sunday is observed as a day of worship and rest, holding it as the Lords Day and the day of Christs resurrection. In some Muslim countries and Israel, Sunday is the first work day of the week, according to the Hebrew calendars and traditional Christian calendars, Sunday is the first day of the week. However, according to the International Organization for Standardization ISO8601, Sunday is the seventh, during the 1st and 2nd century, the week of seven days was introduced into Rome from Egypt, and the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day. Germanic peoples seem to have adopted the week as a division of time from the Romans, hence, the dies Solis became Sunday. The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis, the p-Celtic Welsh language also translates the Latin day of the sun as dydd Sul. Ravivāra is first day cited in Jyotish, which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day, in the Thai solar calendar of Thailand, the name is derived from Aditya, and the associated color is red. In Russian the word for Sunday is Воскресенье meaning Resurrection, the Modern Greek word for Sunday, Greek, Κυριακή, is derived from Greek, Κύριος also, due to its liturgical significance as the day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, i. e. The international standard ISO8601 for representation of dates and times, states that Sunday is the seventh and this method of representing dates and times unambiguously was first published in 1988. In the Judaic, some Christian, as well as in some Islamic tradition, a number of languages express this position either by the name for the day or by the naming of the other days. In Hebrew it is called יום ראשון yom rishon, in Arabic الأحد al-ahad, in Persian and related languages یکشنبه yek-shanbe, in Greek, the names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday mean second, third, fourth, and fifth respectively. This leaves Sunday in the first position of the week count, the current Greek name for Sunday, Κυριακή, means Lords Day coming from the word Κύριος, which is the Greek word for Lord. In Vietnamese, the days in the week are named as, Thứ Hai, Thứ Ba, Thứ Tư, Thứ Năm, Thứ Sáu. Sunday is called Chủ Nhật, a form of Chúa Nhật meaning Lords Day. Some colloquial text in the south of Vietnam and from the church may use the old form to mean Sunday. In Italian Sunday is called Domenica, which also means Lords Day, One finds similar cognates in French, where the name is Dimanche, as well as Romanian and Spanish and Portuguese. Slavic languages implicitly number Monday as day one, not two. For example, Polish has czwartek for Thursday and piątek for Friday, hungarian péntek is a Slavic loanword, so the correlation with five is not evident to Hungarians

2.
Lunes
–
Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. According to the international standard ISO8601 it is the first day of the week, the name of Monday is derived from Old English Mōnandæg and Middle English Monenday, originally a translation of Latin dies lunae day of the Moon. The names of the day of the week were coined in the Roman era, in Greek and Latin, in the case of Monday as ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης, most languages use terms either directly derived from these names, or loan-translations based on them. The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin lunae dies, japanese and Korean share the same ancient Chinese words 月曜日 for Monday which means day of the moon. In many Indo-Aryan languages, the word for Monday is Somavāra or Chandravāra, Sanskrit loan-translations of Monday. In some cases, the names are used, a tradition of numbering the days of the week in order to avoid the pagan connotation of the planetary names. In many Slavic languages the name of the day translates to after Sunday/holiday, russian понедельник, Croatian ponedjeljak, Serbian понедељак, Ukrainian понеділок, Bulgarian понеделник, Polish poniedziałek, Czech pondělí, Slovak pondelok, Slovenian ponedeljek. In Turkish it is called pazartesi, which means after Sunday. Historically, the Greco-Roman week began with Sunday, and Monday was the day of the week. It is still the custom to refer to Monday as feria secunda in the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. Quakers also traditionally referred to Monday as Second Day, the Portuguese and the Greek also retain the ecclesiastical tradition. Likewise the Modern Hebrew name for Monday is yom-sheni, in modern times, it has become more common to consider Monday the first day of the week. The international ISO8601 standard places Monday as the first day of the week, Monday is xīngqīyī in Chinese, meaning day one of the week. Modern Western culture usually looks at Monday as the beginning of the workweek, in Judaism Mondays are considered auspicious days for fasting. The Didache warned early Christians not to fast on Mondays to avoid Judaizing, in Judaism the Torah is read in public on Monday mornings, one of three days the Torah is read each week. Special penitential prayers are recited on Monday, unless there is an occasion for happiness which cancels them. In the Eastern Orthodox Church Mondays are days on which the Angels are commemorated, the Octoechos contains hymns on this theme, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Mondays throughout the year. At the end of Divine Services on Monday, the dismissal begins with the words, May Christ our True God, through the intercessions of his most-pure Mother, of the honorable, Bodiless Powers of Heaven…

3.
Martes
–
Tuesday is a day of the week occurring after Monday and before Wednesday. According to some commonly used calendars, it is the day of the week. According to international standard ISO8601, however, it is the day of the week. The English name is derived from Old English Tiwesdæg and Middle English Tewesday, meaning Tīws Day, the day of Tiw or Týr, Tiw was equated with Mars in the interpretatio germanica, and the name of the day is a translation of Latin dies Martis. The name Tuesday derives from the Old English Tiwesdæg and literally means Tiws Day, Tiw is the Old English form of the Proto-Germanic god *Tîwaz, or Týr in Norse, a god of war and law. *Tîwaz derives from the Proto-Indo-European base *dei-, *deyā-, *dīdyā-, meaning to shine, the Latin name dies Martis is equivalent to the Greek ἡμέρα Ἄρεως. In most languages with Latin origins, the day is named after Mars, in some Slavic languages the word Tuesday originated from Old Church Slavonic word въторъ meaning the second. Bulgarian and Russian Вторник is derived from the Bulgarian and Russian adjective for Second - Втори or Второй, in Japanese, the word Tuesday is 火曜日, meaning fire day and is associated with 火星, Mars, literally meaning fire star. Similarly, in Korean the word Tuesday is 화요일, also meaning fire day, in the Indo-Aryan languages Pali and Sanskrit the name of the day is taken from Angaraka a style for Mangal, the god of war, and for Mars, the red planet. In the Nahuatl language, Tuesday is Huītzilōpōchtōnal meaning day of Huitzilopochtli, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Tuesdays are dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. The Octoechos contains hymns on this theme, arranged in an eight-week cycle, the same is true in the Spanish-speaking world. For both Greeks and Spanish-speakers, the 13th of the month is considered if it falls on Tuesday. In Judaism, on the hand, Tuesday is considered a particularly lucky day. In the Thai solar calendar, the day is named for the Pali word for the planet Mars, which also means Ashes of the Dead, in the folk rhyme Mondays Child, Tuesdays child is full of grace. The night clubs go up on a Tuesday, according to popular hip hop song by Makonnen called Tuesday Tuesday is associated with the planet Mars and shares that planets symbol, as Mars rules over Aries and Scorpio, these signs are also associated with Tuesday. Tuesday is the day for elections in the United States. However, political scientists today suggest that moving elections to a day such as Sunday might increase voter turnout, Black Tuesday, in the United States, refers to Tuesday, October 29,1929, part of the great Stock Market Crash of 1929. This was the Tuesday after Black Thursday, patch Tuesday is the second Tuesday of every month when Microsoft releases patches for their products

4.
Miércoles
–
Wednesday is the day of the week following Tuesday and before Thursday. According to international standard ISO8601 adopted in most western countries it is the day of the week. In countries that use the Sunday-first convention Wednesday is defined as the day of the week. It is the day of the week in the Judeo-Christian Hebrew calendar as well. The name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, day of Woden, in other languages, such as the French mercredi, the days name is a calque of dies Mercurii day of Mercury. It has the most letters out of all the Gregorian calendar days, Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday. See Names of the days of the week for more on naming conventions, the name Wednesday continues Middle English Wednesdei. Old English still had wōdnesdæg, which would be continued as *Wodnesday, by the early 13th century, the i-mutated form was introduced unetymologically. The name is a calque of the Latin dies Mercurii day of Mercury, the Latin name dates to the late 2nd or early 3rd century. The Latin name is reflected directly in the name in Romance languages, Mércuris, mercredi, mercoledì, miércoles, miercuri, dimecres, Marcuri or Mercuri. The German name for the day, Mittwoch, replaced the former name Wodenstag in the tenth century, the Dutch name for the day, woensdag has the same etymology as English Wednesday, it comes from Middle Dutch wodenesdag, woedensdag. Most Slavic languages follow this pattern and use derivations of the middle, the Finnish name is Keskiviikko, as is the Icelandic name, Miðvikudagur, and the Faroese name, Mikudagur. Some dialects of Faroese have Ónsdagur, though, which shares etymology with Wednesday, in Welsh it is Dydd Mercher, meaning Mercurys Day. In Japanese, the word Wednesday is 水曜日, meaning day and is associated with 水星, Mercury. Similarly, in Korean the word Wednesday is 수요일, also meaning water day, in most of the languages of India, the word for Wednesday is Budhavãra—vãra meaning day and Budh being the planet Mercury. From Armenian, Georgian, and Tajik languages the word means as four from Saturday. Portuguese uses the word quarta-feira, meaning day, while in Greek the word is Tetarti meaning simply fourth. Similarly, Arabic أربعاء means fourth, Hebrew רביעי means fourth, yet the name for the day in Estonian kolmapäev, Lithuanian trečiadienis, and Latvian trešdiena means third day while in Mandarin Chinese 星期三, means day three, as Sunday is unnumbered

5.
Jueves
–
Thursday is the day of the week following Wednesday and before Friday. According to the ISO8601 international standard adopted in most western countries, in countries that use the Sunday-first convention, Thursday is defined as the fifth day of the week. It is the day of the week in the Judeo-Christian liturgical calendar. It is often abbreviated to Th or Thu, see Names of the days of the week for more on naming conventions. The name is derived from Old English Þūnresdæg and Middle English Thuresday meaning Thors Day and it was named after the Norse god of Thunder, Thor. Thunor, Donar and Thor are derived from the name of the Germanic god of thunder, Thunraz, Estonians did not work on Thursdays and Thursday nights were called evenings of Tooru. Some sources say Estonians used to gather in holy woods on Thursday evenings, in most Romance languages, the day is named after the Roman god Jupiter, who was the god of sky and thunder. In Latin, the day was known as Iovis Dies, Jupiters Day and this is also reflected in the p-Celtic Welsh dydd Iau. The astrological and astronomical sign of the planet Jupiter is sometimes used to represent Thursday, finnish and Northern Sami, both non-Germanic languages, uses the borrowing Torstai and Duorastat. In the extinct Polabian Slavic language, it was perundan, Perun being the Slavic equivalent of Thor, there are a number of modern names imitating the naming of Thursday after an equivalent of Jupiter in local tradition. In most of the languages of India, the word for Thursday is Guruvara – vara meaning day and guru being the style for Bṛhaspati, guru to the gods, in Thai, the word is Wan Pharuehatsabodi – referring to the Hindu deity Bṛhaspati, also associated with Jupiter. En was an old Illyrian deity and in his honor in the Albanian language Thursday is called Enjte, in the Nahuatl language, Thursday is Tezcatlipotōnal meaning day of Tezcatlipoca. In Slavic languages and in Chinese, this name is fourth. Hungarian uses a Slavic loanword csütörtök, in ancient Chinese, it is 木曜日. In Estonian its neljapäev, meaning day or fourth day in a week. The Baltic languages also use the fourth day. Greek uses a number for this day, Πέμπτη Pémpti fifth, as does Portuguese, quinta-feira fifth day, Hebrew, יום חמישי often written יום ה, in Catholic liturgy, Thursday is referred to in Latin as feria quinta. Icelandic also uses the fifth day

6.
Viernes
–
Friday is the day after Thursday and the day before Saturday. In countries adopting Monday-first conventions as recommended by the international standard ISO8601, in countries that adopt a Sunday-first convention, it is the sixth day of the week. In other countries, Friday is the first day of the week-end, in Afghanistan and Iran, Friday is the last day of the week-end, with Saturday as the first day of the working week. In Iran, Friday is the only week-end day, in Saudi Arabia and the Maldives, there are two week-ends where Friday is the first week-end of the week while Saturday is the second week-end. The same holds for Frīatag in Old High German, Freitag in Modern German, the expected cognate name in Old Norse would be *friggjar-dagr. However, the name of Friday in Old Norse is frjá-dagr instead, the modern Scandinavian form is Fredag in Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish, meaning Freyjas day. The distinction between Freyja and Frigg in some Germanic mythologies is contested and this is also reflected in the p-Celtic Welsh language as Gwener. The Sardinian word chenàpura also figures as an exception among all the other Romance languages and this name had been given by the Jewish community exiled to the island in order to designate the food specifically prepared for Shabbat eve. In Arabic, Friday is الجمعة al-jumah, from a root meaning congregation/gathering, in languages of Islamic countries outside the Arab world, the word for Friday is commonly a derivation of this. In modern Greek, four of the words for the week-days are derived from ordinals, however, the Greek word for Friday is Paraskevi and is derived from a word meaning to prepare. Like Saturday and Sunday, Friday is named for its significance as the day of preparation before Sabbath. In both biblical and modern Hebrew, Friday is Yom Shishi meaning the sixth day, in most of the Indian languages, Friday is Shukravar, named for Shukra, the Sanskrit name of the planet Venus. In Japanese, 金曜日 is formed from the words 金星 meaning Venus, in the Korean language, it is 금요일 in Korean Hangul writing, as is pronounced of the written word 金曜日 in Chinese characters, as in Japanese. In the Nahuatl language, Friday is Quetzalcōātōnal meaning day of Quetzalcoatl, the Hungarian word péntek is a loan from Pannonian dialect of Slavic language. The n in péntek suggests an early adoption from Slavic, when many Slavic dialects still had nasal vowels, in modern Slavic languages only Polish retained nasal vowels. Friday is considered unlucky in some cultures and this is particularly so in maritime circles, perhaps the most enduring sailing superstition is that it is unlucky to begin a voyage on a Friday. This superstition is the root of the urban legend of HMS Friday. In modern times, Friday the 13th is considered to be especially unlucky, such a Friday may be called a Black Friday

7.
Sábado
–
Saturday is the day of the week following Friday and preceding Sunday. The Romans named Saturday Sāturni diēs no later than the 2nd century for the planet Saturn, however, the name was selected as a calque of the god Saturn, after whom the planet was named. The day was referred to as Sæternes dæġe in an Old English translation of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. In Old English, Saturday was also known as sunnanæfen, between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. The astrological order of the days was explained by Vettius Valens, according to these authors, it was a principle of astrology that the heavenly bodies presided, in succession, over the hours of the day. The association of the weekdays with the deities is thus indirect, the days are named for the planets. The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans but glossed their indigenous gods over the Roman deities in a known as interpretatio germanica. Otherwise Old Norse and Old High German did not borrow the name of the Roman god, the Octoechos contains hymns on these themes, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Saturdays throughout the year. For the Orthodox, Saturday — with the exception of Holy Saturday — is never a strict fast day. When a Saturday falls during one of the seasons the fasting rules are always lessened to an extent. The Great Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross and the Beheading of St. John the Baptist are normally observed as strict fast days, but if they fall on a Saturday or Sunday, the fast is lessened. For Jews, Messianics, Seventh Day Baptists and Seventh-day Adventists, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches distinguish between Saturday and the Lords Day. Other Protestant groups, such as Seventh-day Adventists, hold that the Lords Day is the Sabbath, from Scriptures, Jesus rested in the grave on the Sabbath day, which is the day after the day of preparation. In this way, Jesus rested as God rested after creating the world, quakers traditionally referred to Saturday as Seventh Day, eschewing the pagan origin of the name. In Islamic countries, Fridays are considered as the last day of the week and are holidays along with Thursdays, Saturday is called Sabt and it is the first day of the week in many Arab countries. In Scandinavian countries, Saturday is called lördag, lørdag, or laurdag and this is due to the Viking practice of bathing on Saturdays. The roots lör, laugar and so forth are cognate to the English word lye, the Finnish and Estonian names for the day, lauantai and laupäev, respectively, are also derived from this term. Today, Saturday is officially called Samstag in all German-speaking countries, Samstag is always used in Austria, Liechtenstein, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and generally used in southern and western Germany

8.
Día
–
In common usage, it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime, the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon. The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day, several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context, need and convenience. In 1960, the second was redefined in terms of the motion of the Earth. The unit of measurement day, redefined in 1960 as 86400 SI seconds and symbolized d, is not an SI unit, but is accepted for use with SI. The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a date, as in answer to the question. The life patterns of humans and many species are related to Earths solar day. In recent decades the average length of a day on Earth has been about 86400.002 seconds. A day, understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one rotation with respect to the celestial background or a distant star, is called a stellar day. This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours, mainly due to tidal effects, the Earths rotational period is not constant, resulting in further minor variations for both solar days and stellar days. Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different lengths to Earths, besides the day of 24 hours, the word day is used for several different spans of time based on the rotation of the Earth around its axis. An important one is the day, defined as the time it takes for the Sun to return to its culmination point. Because the Earth orbits the Sun elliptically as the Earth spins on an inclined axis, on average over the year this day is equivalent to 24 hours. A day, in the sense of daytime that is distinguished from night-time, is defined as the period during which sunlight directly reaches the ground. The length of daytime averages slightly more than half of the 24-hour day, two effects make daytime on average longer than nights. The Sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc, additionally, the atmosphere refracts sunlight in such a way that some of it reaches the ground even when the Sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. So the first light reaches the ground when the centre of the Sun is still below the horizon by about 50 minutes of arc, the difference in time depends on the angle at which the Sun rises and sets, but can amount to around seven minutes. Ancient custom has a new day start at either the rising or setting of the Sun on the local horizon, the exact moment of, and the interval between, two sunrises or sunsets depends on the geographical position, and the time of year. A more constant day can be defined by the Sun passing through the local meridian, the exact moment is dependent on the geographical longitude, and to a lesser extent on the time of the year

9.
Concilio de Constanza
–
The Council of Constance is the 15th century ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants, the Council also condemned Jan Hus as a heretic and facilitated his execution by the civil authority. It also ruled on issues of sovereignty, the rights of pagans. The Council is important for its relationship to ecclesial Conciliarism and Papal supremacy, the councils main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy. After thirty years of schism, the Council of Pisa had sought to resolve the situation by deposing the two claimant popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V. The council claimed that in such a situation, a council of bishops had greater authority than just one bishop, therefore, many voices, including Sigismund, King of the Romans and of Hungary, pressed for another council to resolve the issue. That council was called by John XXIII and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in Constance, according to Joseph McCabe, the council was attended by roughly 29 cardinals,100 learned doctors of law and divinity,134 abbots, and 183 bishops and archbishops. Sigismund arrived on Christmas Eve 1414 and exercised a profound and continuous influence on the course of the council in his capacity of imperial protector of the Church, an innovation at the Council was that instead of voting as individuals, the bishops voted in national blocs. The vote by nations was in great measure the work of the English, German, the four nations consisted of England, France, Italy, and Germany, with Poles, Hungarians, Danes, and Scandinavians counted with the Germans. While the Italian representatives made up half of those in attendance, they were equal in influence to the English, many members of the new assembly strongly favored the voluntary abdication of all three popes, as did King Sigismund. Although the Italian bishops who had accompanied John XXIII in large numbers supported his legitimacy, partly in response to a fierce anonymous attack on his character from an Italian source, on 2 March 1415 he promised to resign. However, on 20 March he secretly fled the city and took refuge at Schaffhausen in territory of his friend Frederick, haec Sancta Synodus marks the high-water mark of the Conciliar movement of reform. The Church declared the first sessions of the Council of Constance an invalid and illicit assembly of bishops, the acts of the Council were not made public until 1442, at the behest of the Council of Basel, they were printed in 1500. The creation of a book on how to die was ordered by the council, in part because of the constant presence of the King, other rulers demanded that they have a say in who would be pope. This would pave the way for the end of the Western Schism, on 4 July 1415 the Bull of Gregory XII which appointed Malatesta and Cardinal Dominici of Ragusa as his proxies at the council was formally read before the assembled Bishops. The cardinal then read a decree of Gregory XII which convoked the council, thereupon, the Bishops voted to accept the summons. Prince Malatesta immediately informed the Council that he was empowered by a commission from Pope Gregory XII to resign the Papal Throne on the Pontiffs behalf and he asked the Council whether they would prefer to receive the abdication at that point or at a later date. The Bishops voted to receive the Papal abdication immediately, former Pope Gregory XII was then created titular Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Ruffina by the Council, with rank immediately below the Pope

10.
Cisma de Occidente
–
The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church which lasted from 1378 to 1417. Three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance. For a time these claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office. This reputation can be attributed to perceptions of predominant French influence and to the papal efforts to extend its powers of patronage. After Pope Gregory XI died in 1378, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope, on April 8,1378 the cardinals elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves. Urban VI, born Bartolomeo Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari, was elected, urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, reformist, and prone to violent outbursts of temper. Robert took the name Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon, the second election threw the Church into turmoil. The conflicts quickly escalated from a problem to a diplomatic crisis that divided Europe. In the Iberian Peninsula there were the Fernandine Wars and the 1383–1385 Crisis in Portugal, efforts were made to end the Schism through force or diplomacy. The French crown even tried to coerce antipope Benedict XIII, whom it nominally supported, the suggestion that a church council should resolve the Schism, first made in 1378, was not adopted at first because canon law required that a pope call a council. Eventually the cardinals of both factions secured an agreement that Benedict and Pope Gregory XII would meet at Savona and they balked at the last moment, and both groups of cardinals abandoned their preferred leaders. A church council was held at Pisa in 1409 under the auspices of the cardinals to try solving the dispute, at the fifteenth session,5 June 1409, the Council of Pisa attempted to depose both Pope and antipope as schismatical, heretical, perjured, and scandalous. But it then added to the problem by electing a second antipope and he reigned briefly from June 26,1409, to his death in 1410, when he was succeeded by antipope John XXIII, who won some but not universal support. Finally, a council was convened by Pisan antipope John XXIII in 1414 at Constance to resolve the issue and this was endorsed by Pope Gregory XII, Innocent VIIs successor in Rome, thus ensuring the legitimacy of any election. The Council elected Pope Martin V in 1417, essentially ending the schism, nonetheless, the Crown of Aragon did not recognize Pope Martin V and continued to recognize Benedict XIII. Archbishops loyal to Benedict XIII subsequently elected Antipope Benedict XIV and three followers simultaneously elected Antipope Clement VIII, but the Western Schism was by then practically over, Clement VIII resigned in 1429 and apparently recognized Martin V. The line of Roman popes is now recognized as the legitimate line, Pope Pius II decreed that no appeal could be made from pope to council, to avoid any future attempts to undo a papal election by anyone but the elected pope. No such crisis has arisen since the 15th century, and so there has no need to revisit this decision