DermNet NZ

Hydrogen peroxide

Background

Hydrogen peroxide is a bleach and an oxidising agent, which means that when applied to tissues, oxygen is released. It is active against a wide variety of microorganisms. There are no known disease-causing bacteria or fungi that develop resistance to hydrogen peroxide.

Uses of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide at low concentrations has a variety of medicinal and domestic uses. At higher concentrations hydrogen peroxide has many commercial and industrial uses.

1-5% hydrogen peroxide is frequently used to clean cuts, scrapes, and other minor injuries. Although it effectively kills organisms in the laboratory, there is little evidence that it is effective in reducing bacterial counts in actual wounds.

Hydrogen peroxide 1% in stabilised cream (Crystacide®) can be used to treat acne. One study showed Crystacide® is as effective as benzoyl peroxide (a commonly used topical treatment for mild to moderate acne).

Domestic

3-6%

Disinfectant, contact lens disinfectant

Hydrogen peroxide is active against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and spores on inanimate surfaces. Contact lenses must be neutralised before use to avoid pronounced stinging and possible corneal damage.

Bleach for textiles, paper, and food; a component of rocket fuel; used in the production of chemicals and foam rubber; agricultural uses

Workers in these industries may be exposed to hydrogen peroxide through inhalation or contact with the skin. Hydrogen peroxide breaks down rapidly in water and soil so does not accumulate in the food chain.

Common uses of hydrogen peroxide

Adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide

Concentrated hydrogen peroxide can be toxic if taken by mouth, inhaled, or if it comes into contact with the eyes or skin. The main toxic effects of exposure to dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide are irritation at the site of contact. Exposure to more concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide is most likely to occur in an occupational setting; personal protective equipment is recommended for workers likely to be exposed.

Adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide

Route of exposure

Effects

By mouth

Ingestion of dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide may result in vomiting, mild gastrointestinal irritation, gastric distension (ballooning inside the stomach due to release of oxygen), and on rare occasions, gastrointestinal bleeding or air embolism (blockage of blood vessels by air bubbles).

Ingestion of solutions of 10-20% strength produces similar symptoms, but exposed tissues may also be burned. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, foaming at the mouth, vomiting (may contain blood), and gastric distension.

Ingestion of even more concentrated solutions, in addition to the above, may also induce rapid loss of consciousness and can result in death.