Journal of Plant Protection Research

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Description

4 issues per year.

The online version of Journal of Plant Protection Research (JPPR) is
the original one.

Rejection rate – over 70%.

Journal of Plant Protection Research is an international
peer-reviewed journal that publishes original papers, rapid
communications, reviews, covering all areas of plant protection.
Subjects include phytopathological virology, bacteriology, mycology and
applied nematology and entomology as well as topics on protecting crop
plants and stocks of crop products against diseases, viruses, weeds etc.

The Journal is published by Institute of Plant Protection – National
Research Institute and Committee on Agronomic Sciences of the Polish
Academy of Sciences. By 1997 under the title Prace Naukowe Instytutu
Ochrony Roślin and Annals of Agricultural Sciences - Series E - Plant
Protection).

Journal scope

JPPR publishes original research papers, rapid communications, critical
reviews, and book reviews covering all areas of modern plant protection.
Subjects include phytopathological virology, bacteriology, mycology and
applied nematology and entomology as well as topics on protecting crop
plants and stocks of crop products against diseases, viruses, weeds etc.
We publish papers which use an interdisciplinary approach showing how
different control strategies can be integrated into pest management
programmes, which cover high and low input agricultural systems
worldwide, within the framework of ecologically sound and economically
responsible land cultivation.

Relevant topics include: advanced methods of diagnostic, and
computer-assisted diagnostic plant research and new findings, biological
methods of plant protection, selective chemical methods of plant
protection, the effects of plant-protecting agents and their toxicology,
methods to induce and utilize crop resistance, application techniques,
and economic aspects of plant protection.

Journal of Plant Protection Research is also available on:

http://www.plantprotection.pl/

The Journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor
article submission charges.

Journal of Plant Protection Research is published based on the Open
Access model.

JPPR is a member of CrossRef – the citation-linking backbone for
online publications.

Abstract

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element present in the
lithosphere, and it constitutes one of the major inorganic nutrient
elements of many plants. Although Si is a nonessential nutrient element,
its beneficial role in stimulating the growth and development of many
plant species has been generally recognized. Silicon is known to
effectively reduce disease severity in many plant pathosystems. The key
mechanisms of Si-mediated increased plant disease resistance involve
improving mechanical properties of cell walls, activating multiple
signaling pathways leading to the expression of defense responsive genes
and producing antimicrobial compounds. This article highlights the
importance and applicability of Si fertilizers in integrated disease
management for crops.

Abstract

Bollworms comprise the most harmful and economically relevant species of
lepidopteran. Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (D.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is
native to America and affects many crops. Tobacco is an industrial crop
in which methods of pest control rely mainly on the application of
insecticides. To develop new eco-friendly strategies against insect
pests it is very important to overcome the side effects of insecticides.
The utilization of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes is a new
perspective that may accomplish good results. The present study aimed to
evaluate the ability of endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.)
Vuill. to affect H. gelotopoeon life parameters and feeding behavior on
tobacco plants. Beauveria bassiana LPSC 1215 as an endophyte did not
reduce the amount of vegetal material consumed by H. gelotopoeon larvae
but affected the life cycle period of the plague, particularly the
larval and adult stages. Also, egg fertility was affected since adults
laid eggs that were not able to hatch. The results of this investigation
provide new information on endophytic entomopathogen potential to be
incorporated in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.

Abstract

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii is an economically significant insect
pest infesting various important crops and vegetables. The
neonicotinoid, acetamiprid was recommended against aphids with excellent
results. Resistance emergence and environmental pollution makes
acetamiprid a favorable alternative to conventional insecticides. The
aims of the present work were to predict acetamiprid resistance risk in
A. gossypii, investigate cross resistance to other tested insecticides
and explore acetamiprid stability in the absence of selection. A
field-collected population from Sharqia governorate, Egypt was selected
with acetamiprid. After 16 generations of selection, there was a
22.55-fold increase in LC50 and the realized heritability (h2) of
resistance was 0.17. Projected rates of resistance indicated that, if h2
= 0.17 and 50% of the population was killed at each generation, then a
tenfold increase in LC50 would be expected in 12.2 generations. If h2
was 0.27 then 7.63 generations would be needed to achieve the same
level. In contrast, with h2 of 0.07 it necessitates about 30 generations
of selection to reach the same level. Cross resistance studies exhibited
that the selected strain showed obvious cross resistance to the other
tested neonicotinoid members, moderate cross resistance to
alpha-cypermethrin and no cross resistance to pymetrozine. Fortunately,
resistance to acetamiprid in the cotton aphid was unstable and
resistance reverses the nearby susceptible strain throughout five
generations without exposure to acetamiprid. Our results exhibited
cotton aphid potential to develop resistance to acetamiprid under
continuous selection pressure. The instability of acetamiprid makes A.
gossypii amenable to resistance management tactics such as rotation with
pymetrozine.

Abstract

Barley scald, caused by Rhynchosporium commune is one of the most
prevalent diseases in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide. The primary
loss from scald is reduced yield, which can exceed 25% in dry areas. In
our earlier studies, we developed a low-resolution linkage map for
recombinant inbred lines of the cross Tadmor/WI2291. Quantitative trait
loci (QTLs) for scald were localized on chromosomes 2H and 3H flanked by
Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers HVM54 and Bmac0093b on 2H and
HVLTPP8, HVM62 and Bmag0006 on 3H. These chromosome 3H markers were
found to be located close to the Rrs1 − R. commune resistance gene(s) on
chromosome 3H. In this study, 10 homozygous resistant and 10 homozygous
susceptible plants each from the F7 population of Tadmor/ Sel160, a
panel of 23 barley varieties used routinely in the International Centre
for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) breeding program and
three populations were used for scald resistance screening using 25 DNA
markers that are located very close to scald resistance gene(s) on
barley chromosomes. Only five of those markers clearly discriminated
co-dominantly between resistant and susceptible plants. These markers,
Ebmac0871- SSR, HVS3-SCAR, Bmag0006-SSR, reside on different arms of
barley chromosome 3H. Ebmac871 is localized on the short arm of 3H and
HVS3 and Bmag0006 are localized on the long arm of 3H. This result
indicates that the scald resistance genes which they tag are probably
close to the centromeric region of this chromosome. Scald resistance
from several sources map to the proximal region of the long arm of
chromosome 3H, forming the complex Rrs1 locus. The availability of
highly polymorphic markers for the discrimination of breeding material
would be extremely useful for barley breeders to select for the trait at
the DNA level rather than relying on phenotypic expression and infection
reaction.

Abstract

The “second generation” of glyphosate-tolerant soybean (GT2 soybean) was
developed through a different technique of insertion of the
glyphosate-insensitive EPSPs gene, in comparison with “first generation”
of glyphosate-tolerant soybean. However, there is not enough information
available about glyphosate selectivity in GT2 soybean and the effects on
the quality of seeds produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate
tolerance to glyphosate and seed quality of soybean cultivar NS 6700
IPRO (GT2) with cp4-EPSPs and cry1Ac genes, after application at
post-emergence (V4). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block
design with four replicates and seven treatments, or rates of glyphosate
(0; 720; 1,440; 2,160; 2,880; 3,600; 4,320 g of acid equivalent − a.e. ·
ha−1). Assessments were performed for crop injury, SPAD index and
variables related to agronomic performance and seed quality. A
complementary trial with the same cultivar and treatments in a
greenhouse was conducted in a completely randomized design with four
replications. Data analysis indicated no significant effect of
glyphosate on V4 on agronomic performance and physiological quality of
seeds, for two growing seasons. The soybean cultivar NS 6700 IPRO (GT2),
with cp4-EPSPs and cry1Ac genes, was tolerant to glyphosate up to the
maximum rate applied (4,320 g a.e. · ha−1) at post-emergence (V4). The
quality of soybean seeds was not affected by glyphosate up to the
maximum rate applied (4,320 g a.e. · ha−1) at post-emergence (V4).

Abstract

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) constitutes a diverse group of
bacterial strains that cause canker of stone fruits, blight of cereals
and red streak of sugarcane. The purpose of this study was to determine
how diverse Iranian strains of Pss are when they come from different
hosts. We compared a total of 32 Pss strains isolated from stone fruits,
barley, wheat and sugarcane from different geographical regions of Iran
based on their phenotypic and molecular properties. Strains showed some
variation regarding carbon and nitrogen utilization. Pss strains were
similar in their protein banding patterns. Additional bands were found
in sugarcane strains. Most strains showed one indigenous plasmid DNA and
a few had two and some none. The genes of syrB and syrD encoding
syringomycin synthesis and secretion, respectively, were amplified using
specific primers in polymerase chain reaction. Syringomycin, producing
strains amplified two DNA fragments of 752 and 446 bp representing syrB
and syrD genes, respectively. Primer specificity was shown for Pss using
various genera. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that
Pss strains from different hosts and geographical regions show diversity
in phenotypic and molecular characters. It is thought that phenotypic
variation is due to adaptation to specific hosts and niches for survival
and pathogenicity.

Abstract

This work was carried out during two successive seasons (2016 and 2017)
on cucumber fruits from a plastic greenhouse and from open field
cultivation in El Gharbeia and El Giza Governorates, Egypt. Isolation
trials from spoilage fruit samples of plastic greenhouse cultivation
recorded high frequency of Alternaria tenusinium, Fusarium spp.
and Pleospora alli. The most common fungi of rotten cucumber
fruits from an open field were Galactomyces spp. and Fusarium spp.
Pathogenicity tests proved that, Fusarium solani from El-Gharbeia
followed by A. tenusinium from El-Giza were the most frequent isolates
responsible for rot of cucumber fruits from plastic greenhouse
cultivation. Moreover, the most frequent isolates causing postharvest
disease of cucumber fruits of the open field were Galactomyces candidium
from El-Giza followed by Geotrichum sp. and F. fujikuroi
from El-Gharbeia Governorates, respectively. This is the first report of
several fungi causing postharvest fruit rot disease of cucumber i.e., G.
candidium, Geotrichum sp., A. tenusinium, P. alli and Fusarium
spp. (F. fujikuroi, F. verticiolides, F. solani, F. geraminearium and
Fusarium incarnatum). Fungal isolates were identified according
to cultural, morphological and molecular characterization based on
sequencing of internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1). All the ITS
nucleotide sequences of fungi were applied and conserved in GenBank.

Abstract

In this study the effect of different grassland managements (cattle
grazing with different intensities and mowing) on soil mesofauna, i.e.
mites (Acari) and springtails (Collembola), was studied. Mites and
springtails are the most numerous representatives of soil mesofauna
organisms living in the upper soil layers (up to 5 cm). Soil mesofauna
groups or species are commonly used as bioindicators of soil health. The
experiment was carried out from 2007 to 2009 in the West Sudety
Mountains, Poland. Pastures and meadows were under organic farming
management, without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, and restricted
livestock density. Soil samples were taken three times a year (in
May−June, July and October) from pastures grazed at different
frequencies: once, twice and four times a year, alternate management
(grazed and mown pasture) and mown meadow. Mites were identified
according to orders or suborders (Oribatida, Gamasida, Prostigmata,
Astigmata), while springtails to the species level. The data were
analysed using a general linear model (GLM). The mesofauna taxa in
relation to the treatment and date were analysed with the canonical
correspondence analysis (CCA). The data from three years showed that
most soil mesofauna assemblages occurred in significantly higher numbers
on the pasture grazed once or twice and on alternate managed pasture
than in pasture grazed four times a year and mown meadow. The CCA
analysis showed the preference of most springtail species to pasture
grazed once a year, while mites preferred pasture grazed twice a year
and alternate management. The number of species and the abundance of the
most numerous species (Protaphorura pannonica, Desoria
multisetis and Folsomides parvulus) did not differ
significantly between treatments. To summarize, cattle grazing once or
twice a season or alternate management (grazing and mowing once a
season) have a positive impact on soil mesofauna.

Abstract

The molluscicidal activity of six monoterpenes and two phenylpropenes
against Theba pisana adults was evaluated using fumigation and
direct contact methods. In the fumigant toxicity assay, (-)-citronellal
showed the highest toxicity with LC50 value of 7.79 μl · l−1 air after
24 h of treatment, followed by (-)-terpinen-4-ol (LC50 = 12.06 μl ·
l−1), (-)-menthone (LC50 = 12.28 μl · l−1 air) and p-cymene (LC50 =
16.07 μl · l−1 air). Eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde were the most
potent contact toxicants against T. pisana. Their LD50 values
were 0.18 and 0.29 mg · snail−1 after 24 h of treatment, respectively.
These two compounds were more toxic than a reference molluscicide,
methomyl. In contrast, α-terpinene and (-)-citronellal were the least
toxic compounds. In another experiment, the synergistic effect of
piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on tested monoterpenes and phenylpropenes by
topical application was examined. The results showed that the toxicity
of the tested compounds was increased when mixed with PBO at a ratio
[compound/PBO (1 : 2)] except for α-pinene and (-)-terpinen-4-ol in
which the toxicity of binary mixtures was less than for single
compounds. The synergistic effect of PBO improved with increased
exposure time. The highest synergistic effect was observed with
(-)-menthone and α-terpinene with synergistic ratios of 9.25 and 4.37,
respectively. Monoterpenes and phenylpropenes and their mixtures with
PBO described herein merit further studies as potential T. pisana
control agents.

Abstract

Eyespot is one of the most important fungal diseases of the stem base of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The presented study clearly
demonstrated that the Pch1 gene was the main effective source for
reducing the eyespot disease score in the analyzed winter wheat lines.
Nevertheless, Pch1 was present only in 8−9% of the investigated
lines. Using an isoenzymatic marker and molecular markers, the presence
of the Pch1 gene and lack of the Pch2 gene was identified
in six lines. Two lines, SMH 9409 and DL 358/13/4, were polymorphic in
an isoenzymatic marker study. In the remaining three lines, C 3373/11-1,
KBH 15.15 and KBP 1416, the Pch1 gene was identified only with the use
of an isoenzymatic marker. Both genes Pch1 and Pch2, as well as the
resistant variety Rendezvous, were found in three lines: DD 248/12, KBP
15.2 and STH 4431. In line DD 708/13, the presence of the Pch1
and Pch2 genes was identified, where the association between the Pch1
and the locus of the Xorw5 marker was broken. It was shown that the
presence or absence of Pch1 and Pch2 genes did not
significantly affect the grain yield (from the plot), although the yield
was highest in the presence of both genes. A significant effect of the
presence of the Pch1 gene on thousand kernel weight (TKW) was
observed. Lines with the Pch1 gene showed significantly higher
TKW values than lines without both genes or with the Pch2 gene only.

Abstract

The tuber necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVYNTN) causes
widespread disease and has severe negative effects on the growth and
yields of plants, especially those of the Solanaceae family. The
consequences of residual toxicity and non-biodegradation of synthetic
chemicals and pollution of the environment has led to investigations
into new non-toxic and biological treatments to control plant viral
diseases. Ethanolic extracts of Bowiea volubilis (bulbs), Cotyledon
orbiculata (leaves), Gomphocarpus fruticosus (leaves), Merwilla
plumbea (dry and fresh bulbs), Nerium oleander (leaves), and
the fruits and leaves of Strophanthus speciosus, were evaluated
against PVYNTN in vivo and in vitro. At a concentration of 20 mg · ml−1,
ethanolic extracts of Strophanthus speciosus (leaves) and fruits
(50 mg · ml−1) significantly reduced the expression of PVYNTN symptoms
on tobacco plants in vitro without affecting the normal growth and
development of the plant. Similarly, at 50 mg · ml−1, N.
oleander, C. orbiculata and B. volubilis (fresh bulbs) and S.
speciousus leaves at 20 mg · ml−1 extracts showed significant
differences in PVYNTN symptoms in the in vivo experiment. Strophanthus
speciosus leaf and fruit extracts showed significant inhibition in
the in vitro and in vivo assays and demonstrated that S.
speciosus has potential to be used as an antiphytoviral treatment.

Abstract

Two field experimental trials were carried out in central Italy, in 2005
and 2006, on biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in
order to assess weed control efficacy and selectivity to the crop of
some pre- and post-emergence herbicides applied at different doses and
in different mixtures. All herbicides showed good selectivity to the
crop, although postemergence treatments showed higher transitory
phytotoxicity effects than pre-emergence treatments, especially when
high temperatures occurred after treatments, decreasing the selectivity
of leaf herbicides (i.e. MCPA, 2,4-D, bromoxynil and dicamba).
Considering pre-emergence applications, terbuthylazine alone against
broadleaves or in mixtures at low doses with s-metolachlor against mixed
infestations (grasses + broadleaves), seemed to be the best options to
obtain a good selectivity to the sorghum and a high weed control level.
Aclonifen showed some limits in terms of weed spectrum and could be
recommended only against simplified broadleaf weed infestations without
the presence of less susceptible weeds, like Amaranthus retroflexus,
Portulaca oleracea and Solanum nigrum. Propachlor seemed not
to be advisable due to the low efficacy against all the major broadleaf
warmseason weed species in the Mediterranean areas. Considering
post-emergence applications, all treatments gave quite similar results
in terms of weed control, although, the mixture of terbuthylazine +
bromoxynil seemed to be the best option due to bromoxinil’s higher
efficacy than other foliar herbicides, such as MCPA, 2,4-D and dicamba,
which can increase the efficacy of terbuthylazine alone especially under
dry weather conditions. There were no significant differences in sorghum
biomass between herbicide treatments, although, the more selective
pre-emergence treatments showed, on average, a higher biomass yield
value than the less selective post-emergence treatments. For these
reasons, biomass values seemed to be more related to herbicide
selectivity than to herbicide efficacy, especially in cases of scarce
competitiveness of weed flora.

Abstract

This research was conducted to investigate the natural, quantitative
composition of the most common Fusarium species directly in
fields of northeastern Poland. The concentration of Fusarium spp.
and grain quality traits (yield, 1,000 kernel weight, test weight, grain
moisture, ergosterol content, protein content, gluten content and starch
content) were compared in four wheat varieties (Mandaryna, Struna,
Kandela and Arabella). Obtained results indicated a relation between
grain moisture, test weight, ergosterol content, yield and fungi
concentration. Protein, starch and gluten content was similar in all
wheat varieties. Fusarium culmorum was the most common pathogen
in Mandaryna and Struna and F. graminearum in Kandela and
Arabella. Fusarium avenaceum and F. poae occurred in low
amounts in all wheat varieties except Mandaryna. Fusarium oxysporum was
found in comparable concentrations in Struna, Kandela and Arabella.
Struna despite medium Fusarium spp. colonization possessed the
most desirable grain quality compared to other varieties. We carried out
real-time PCR detection of Fusarium spp. which is an efficient, cost
effective and time saving method in evaluating the development of fungal
diseases which are not visible in standard observations.

Abstract

The effect of monoterpenoid 1,8-cineol on the toxicity and physiology of
elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller under laboratory
conditions (26 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10% RH and 16L : 8D h) was investigated.
Initially, LC30 and LC50 values of the constituent were estimated to be
23.5 ppm and 31.9 ppm for the last instar larvae after 48 h,
respectively. Significant changes were observed in the values of
relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food
(ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), approximate
digestibility (AD) and consumption index (CI) between control and
treated larvae with 1,8-cineol. The amounts of protein, glucose and urea
decreased in the treated larvae in comparison with control. Similar
findings were observed in the activities of alkaline phosphatase and
lactate dehydrogenase while the activities of glutathione S-transferase
and esterase significantly increased in the treated larvae using CDNB
and α-naphtyl acetates as the substrates. Morphological and histological
changes brought about by 1,8-cineol in the present study are indicative
of growth inhibition targeting specific organs such as those of
reproduction. We believe that 1,8-cineol can be considered as a safe and
environmentally friendly compound.

Abstract

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
(Sacc. and Magnus) Lams-Scrib is one of the most devastating seed-borne
diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In the present
study, we evaluated the antifungal activity of Bunium persicum essential
oil (EO) and its main constituents on mycelial growth, sporulation and
spore germination inhibition of C. lindemuthianum. The main
objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EO and its main
constituents on decreasing the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes
(CWDEs) produced by C. lindemuthianum, which are associated with
disease progress. Also, the effects of seed treatment and foliar
application of EO and its main constituent, cuminaldehyde, on
anthracnose disease severity was investigated. The essential oil of B.
persicum, was obtained by using a clevenger apparatus and its major
constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). The EO was characterized by the presence of major compounds
such as cuminaldehyde (37.7%), γ-terpinene (17.1%) and β-pinene (15.4%),
which indicated antifungal effects against C. lindemuthianum.
This pathogen did not grow in the presence of EO, cuminaldehyde and
γ-terpinene, β-pinene at 1,500; 1,010 and 1,835 ppm concentrations,
respectively. Also, sporulation and spore germination of C.
lindemuthianum was completely inhibited by EO and cuminaldehyde.
Synergistic effects of the main constituents showed that combing
γ-terpinene with cuminaldehyde induced a synergistic activity against C.
lindemuthianum and in combination with β-pinene caused an additive
effect. Activities of pectinase, cellulase and xylanase, as main CWDEs,
were decreased by EO and its main constituents at low concentration
without affecting mycelial growth. Seed treatment and foliar application
of peppermint EO and/or cuminaldehyde significantly reduced the
development of bean anthracnose. We introduced B. persicum EO and
constituents, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, as possible control agents
for bean anthracnose.

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors

Manuscripts published in JPPR are free of charge. Only colour figures and
photos are payed 61.5 € per one colour page
JPPR publishes original research papers, short communications, critical
reviews, and book reviews covering all areas of modern plant protection.
Subjects include phytopathological virology, bacteriology, mycology and
applied nematology and entomology as well as topics on protecting crop
plants and stocks of crop products against diseases, viruses, weeds, etc.
Submitted manuscripts should provide new facts or confirmatory data.
All manuscripts should be written in high-quality English. Non-English native
authors should seek appropriate help from English-writing professionals
before submission.
The manuscript should be submitted only via the JPPR Editorial System (http://www.editorialsystem.com/jppr).
The authors must also remember to upload a scan of a completed License to
Publish (point 4 and a handwritten signature are of particular
importance). ALP form is available at the Editorial System.
The day the manuscript reaches the editors for the first time is given upon
publication as the date ‘received’ and the day the version, corrected by
the authors is accepted by the reviewers, is given as the date ‘revised’.
All papers are available free of charge at the Journal’s webpage (www.plantprotection.pl).
However, colour figures and photos cost 61.5 € per one colour page.

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The full name of periodicals should be given.
If possible, the DOI number should be added at the end of each reference.The following system for arranging references should be used:Journal articles
Jorjani M., Heydari A., Zamanizadeh H.R., Rezaee S., Naraghi L., Zamzami P.
2012. Controlling sugar beet mortality disease by application of new
bioformulations. Journal of Plant Protection Research 52 (3): 303-307.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-012-0049-9
Online articles
Turner E., Jacobson D.J., Taylor J.W. 2011. Genetic architecture of a
reinforced, postmating, reproductive isolation barrier between Neurospora
species indicates evolution via natural selection. PLoS Genetics 7 (8):
e1002204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002204
Books
Bancrof J.D., Stevens A. 1996. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques.
4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, 776 pp.
Book chapters
Pradhan S.K. 2000. Integrated pest management. p. 463-469. In: "IPM System in
Agriculture. Cash Crop" (R.K. Upadhyaya, K.G. Mukerji, O.P. Dubey, eds.).
Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, 710 pp.
Online documents
Cartwright J. 2007. Big stars have weather too. IOP Publishing PhysicsWeb.
Available on: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002204

Tables, Figures, Phothographs, Drawings

Tables and figures should be uploaded as separated files at the submission
stage. Their place in the manuscript should be clearly indicated by
authors. Colour figures are accepted at no charge for the electronic
version. In the hardcopy version of the journal, colour figures cost (65,5
€ per one colour page). When attaching files please indicate if you want
colour only in the online version or in both the online and the hardcopy.
Photographs and RGB bitmaps should be provided in JPG or TIFF file format.
They must have no less than 300 dpi resolution. The text column should be
8 cm wide and they must be at least 1000 pixels wide. Please send original
(not resized) photograph(s), straight from a digital camera, without any
text descriptions on the photo.
Bitmaps combined with text object descriptions should be provided in MS Word
or MS Powerpoint format. Text objects using Arial font-face should be
editable (changing font-face or font size).
Drawings should be provided in MS Word, MS Powerpoint, CorelDRAW or EPS file
format and stored with original data file. Text objects using Arial
font-face should be editable (changing font-face or font size).
Charts (MS Excel graphs) should be provided in MS Excel file format, and
stored with original MS Excel data file without captions but with the
number of the figure attached. Please do not use bitmap fills for bar
charts. Use colour fills only if necessary.
Captions and legends should be added at the end of the text, referred to as
"Fig." and numbered consecutively throughout the paper.

Rapid communications

Rapid communications should present brief observations which do not warrant
the length of a full paper. However, they must present completed studies
and follow the same scientific standards as original articles.
Rapid communications should contain the following sections:
Title
Abstract - less than 300 words
Key words - maximum 6
Text body
Acknowledgements
References
The length of such submissions is limited to 1500 words for the text, one
table, and one figure.

Reviews

Review articles are invited by the editors.Unsolicited reviews are also
considered. The length is limited to 5000 words with no limitations on
figures and tables and a maximum of 150 references.
Mini-Review articles should be dedicated to "hot" topics and limited to 3000
words and a maximum two figures, two tables and 20 references.

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