Five Lessons in Human Goodness from “The Hunger Games”

In the dystopian future world of The Hunger Games, 24 teenagers are forced to fight to the death, their battle turned into televised entertainment.

This war-of-all-against-all scenario sounds as though it might reveal the worst in humanity—and to a degree, that’s true.

But what raises The Hunger Games above similar stories, like the cynical Japanese film Battle Royale, is that it is mainly preoccupied with how human goodness can flourish even in the most dehumanizing circumstances.

As I watched the film and read the book, I found the story kept reminding me of classic pieces in Greater Good
about the psychological and biological roots of compassion, empathy,
and cooperation. The vision of human beings as fundamentally caring and
connected is not merely wishful thinking on the part of Suzanne Collins,
the author of the novels on which the movie is based. In fact, it’s
been tested by a great deal of scientific research. Here are five
examples.

1. Killing is against human nature.

Katniss, a skilled hunter and the hero of The Hunger Games, is
indeed horrified by the prospect of dying—but her worst fears revolve
around needing to kill other people. “You know how to kill,” says her
friend Gale in the book. “Not people,” she replies, filled with horror
at the idea. When she actually does kill a girl named Glimmer, she’s
wracked with guilt and throws herself over the body “as if to protect
it.”

Research says that Katniss is the rule, not the exception. “The study
of killing by military scientists, historians, and psychologists gives
us good reason to feel optimistic about human nature, for it reveals
that almost all of us are overwhelmingly reluctant to kill a member of
our own species, under just about any circumstance,” writes Lt. Col.
Dave Grossman in his Greater Good essay, “Hope on the Battlefield.”

Sociologist Randall Collins comes to a similar conclusion in his massive study Violence.
“The Hobbesian image of humans, judging from the most common evidence,
is empirically wrong,” he writes. “Humans are hardwired for
interactional entrainment and solidarity; and this is what makes
violence so difficult.”

2. Wealth makes us less compassionate.

The citizens of the Capitol brutally exploit the 12 districts of the
country of Panem, giving themselves a very high standard of living while
deliberately keeping the rest in a state of abject poverty. The movie
and the book take pains to reveal how much this limits their ability to
empathize with the less fortunate—a situation confirmed by research,
some of which has been generated by the Greater Good Science Center here
at UC Berkeley.

“In seven separate studies,” writes Yasmin Anwar,
“UC Berkeley researchers consistently found that upper-class
participants were more likely to lie and cheat when gambling or
negotiating, cut people off when driving, and endorse unethical behavior
in the workplace.”

This doesn’t mean affluence makes you evil. According to the author of a related study,
Greater Good Science Center Hornaday Graduate Fellow Jennifer Stellar,
“It’s not that the upper classes are coldhearted. They may just not be
as adept at recognizing the cues and signals of suffering because they
haven’t had to deal with as many obstacles in their lives.”

3. People are motivated to help others by empathy, not reason or numbers.

“If you really want to stay alive, you get people to like you,” says
their drunken, traumatized mentor, Haymitch. It’s the first advice he
gives to the heroes, Katniss and Peeta, and a surprising amount of the
film’s action revolves around their efforts to win people’s sympathy,
which results in “sponsorships” that help them in their most desperate
moments.

Haymitch’s advice is supported by new research that suggests if you
want to encourage people to take humanitarian action, logic and big
numbers don’t help—as every ad copywriter knows, people are most moved
to help individuals with compelling personal stories.

When a team of psychologists ran a study of two fundraising
appeals—one emphasizing a girl’s story, the other the number of people
affected by the problem—they found “that people have more sympathy for
identifiable victims because they invoke a powerful, heartfelt emotional
response, whereas impersonal numbers trigger the mind’s calculator,” as
former GGSC fellow Naazneen Barma writes. “In a fascinating cognitive twist, this appeal to reason actually stunts our altruistic impulses.”

4. Power flows from social and emotional intelligence, not strength and viciousness.

Peeta proves particularly adept at manipulating the emotions of the
“Hunger Games” audience. He seldom actually lies to anyone, but he does
artfully reveal and conceal his emotions to maximize their impact and
win support for their survival (a trait illustrated in the clip above,
when he uses his crush on Katniss as the raw material for a compelling,
sympathetic story). In contrast, the characters who rely on brute force
and violent prowess find themselves isolated and defeated in the end.
It’s the most compassionate characters who ultimately triumph.

This is exactly what research in social and emotional intelligence
predicts will happen. “A new science of power has revealed that power is
wielded most effectively when it’s used responsibly by people who are
attuned to, and engaged with, the needs and interests of others,” writes
GGSC Faculty Director Dacher Keltner in his essay “The Power Paradox.”
“Years of research suggests that empathy and social intelligence are
vastly more important to acquiring and exercising power than are force,
deception, or terror.”

5. Social connection trumps power and independence.

“The upshot of 50 years of happiness research is that the quantity and
quality of a person’s social connections—friendships, relationships with
family members, closeness to neighbors, etc.—is so closely related to
well-being and personal happiness the two can practically be equated,”
writes Christine Carter in her Raising Happiness blog.

There’s another lesson we can learn from dogs and other
hierarchical mammals, like baboons: Social rank can cause stress,
especially where rankings are unstable and people are jockeying for
position. But social rank is not as important as social context. What
patterns of social affiliation do you have? How often do you groom, how
often does somebody groom you? How often do you sit in contact and play
with kids?

What’s clear by now is if you have a choice between being a
high-ranking baboon or a socially affiliated one, the latter is
definitely the one that is going to lead to a healthier, longer life.
That’s the baboon we want to be—not the one with power, but the one with
friends, neighbors, and family.

Katniss would very much like to be totally self-reliant. But she simply isn’t, and from a certain perspective, The Hunger Games is the story of how she comes to realize the importance of social connection and her interdependence with other people.

In the book, when one character tells her she’s a survivor, her reply
is telling: “But only because someone helped me.” Katniss is tough and
resourceful, but, in the end, it’s her ability to connect with others
that saves her.

Interested?

The historian has helped world religions unite behind a single
principle. But can a worldwide charter for compassion become more than
just a nice idea?

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