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The goals of TG4 are to: Provide an evaluative overview of the analytical methods that are or may be useful for detection and characterization of nanoparticles in these systems, including methods under development or existing methods for conventional materials that could be modified to be used for nanoparticles Identify conditions and types of particles for which these various methods are applicable. Identify gaps in the methods or methods development needs with respect to measuring nanoparticles and their transitions in the alimentary tract. Task Group 4 – Charges TG4 - Measurement Methods 2 www.riskscience.org

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1.Introduction 2.Overview of detection methods requirements 3.Detection and characterization of nanomaterial release from food contact materials 4.Detection, characterization and quantification of nanomaterials in foods 5.Detection and characterization of nanomaterials in the alimentary tract 6.Conclusions This presentation focuses on the main findings from the chapters above Task Group 4 – White Paper Chapters TG4 - Measurement Methods 4 www.riskscience.org

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Setting the scene A critical integrative need with respect to understanding measurement needs will be to combine measurement methods with alimentary tract modeling approaches and methods. Methods will need to incorporate particle detection and characterization methods in fluid and tissue matrices that extend to the nanoscale range. Many of the methods to detect and measure in this size range are likely to be new or in development, however, some methods may be well established but not recognized as nano-capable methods. Other methods may need modification to allow them to be useful for nanomaterial detection and characterization. Chapter 1: Introduction TG4 - Measurement Methods 5 www.riskscience.org

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It would not be appropriate to develop experiments to study NPs in food packaging, food, or the alimentary tract if the characteristics of the starting NPs are insufficient. Sizing of starting NPs should be accomplished with more than one method (if possible, three methods among TEM, AFM, DLS, and FFF) Outside of sizing information, phase information can be attained with diffraction-based STEM Confirmatory elemental information can be obtained with one of the hyphenated ICP techniques (e.g.ICP-MS) However, both organic and inorganic pristine NP characterization is not well standardized/validated and may in and of itself be one of the areas of largest benefit from continued study Chapter 2: Overview of detection methods requirements TG4 - Measurement Methods 6 www.riskscience.org

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Confidence in the preliminary material measurements is a requirement before measurement attempts in more complex matrices can be trusted analytically Comparisons can then: 1)relate to the original starting materials, 2)answer questions of whether commercial test materials are relevant to those used in foods/food packaging, 3)identify predictive behavior of the NPs in foods based on characteristics such as water-based or fat-based, 4)provide predictive properties of the NPs both after industrial processing and in food-based and alimentary tract-based temperatures and viscosities, 5)distinguish the consistency amongst the NP starting materials for large batches, and 6)differentiate natural NMs vs. deliberately added NMs. Chapter 2: Overview of detection methods requirements TG4 - Measurement Methods 7 www.riskscience.org

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Assuming that the NPs are well-characterized, a brief overview of current NP and/or NM-based characterization methods are presented as they may relate to food-based, food packaging-based, and alimentary tract-based complex matrices: Compositional analysis: how much is there? and is it there at all ICP-MS, SP-ICP-MS, AAS, SPR, HPLC, FFF, UV-vis, surface-based techniques for aggregates. MOSTLY developed for inorganic NPs/NMs; organic relatively limited and needed Imaging analysis: where is it? TEM, SEM-EDS, CARS, CLSM, some MS for aggregates Emerging methods: what can we answer later that we cannot answer now? Microchannel resonators coupled with others above, SIMS/XPS, APT, DART, LTP, DESI, LMJ-SSP Chapter 2: Overview of detection methods requirements TG4 - Measurement Methods 8 www.riskscience.org

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Large amount of work exhibited; methods with best chance for success or standardization Some limited examples exhibited; methods in need of immediate investigation Isolated examples exhibited; methods of promise for future study and development Unknown ability for detection; lack of available methods for detection *Note: this decision tree is based on nanoparticle and nanomaterial analysis either in the pristine state or within simplified matrices and does not take into account differences due to nanomaterial extraction from the surrounding matrix nor the effects of the matrix on ultimate detection limits. Because of the complexities of food, food packaging, and the alimentary tract as an analytical matrix, the resulting utility of the decision tree may need to be augmented. Rather than this being a comprehensive representation of nanomaterial characterization, an emphasis was placed on what methods can yield near-term accomplishments as well as where considerable amounts of additional research are needed. Decision Tree for Choosing Measurement Methods for the Oral Uptake of Engineered Nanomaterials 9 www.riskscience.org

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An area of community need is in the validation of the pristine NP and NM methods in terms of uncertainties, limits of detection, and potential measurement flaws – if the characterization is not quantifiable with appropriately known error ranges, it will be near impossible to make any quantitative claims for detected NPs and NMs in the more complex matrices. Chapter 2: Overview of detection methods requirements TG4 - Measurement Methods 10 www.riskscience.org

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Inorganic ENMs have been the most heavily scrutinized materials and nanosilver products have received the greatest attention. The dissolution of ENMs embedded within nanocomposites has not been directly studied, but some literature data imply dissolution is significant. No studies were found that reported ENM diffusion through non- food materials into water. It should be noted that NP environmental release data remains very limited and there is disagreement over whether existing methods to assess small molecule migration are adequate for measuring migration of nanoparticles. This deficiency hinders our ability to comprehensively assess and manage the risk associated with nanoscale materials in drinking water and food packaging areas. Chapter 3: Detection and characterization of nanomaterial release from food contact materials TG4 - Measurement Methods 13 www.riskscience.org

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Nanomaterials in the gut may be of exogenous and endogenous origin There are situations when it is unclear on whether nanomaterial gets absorbed as particles or (and also) as ions Prevailing conditions within various compartments of the alimentary tract may exert a wide spectrum of effects on passing nanoparticles There may be low rates of nanoparticulate matter absorption in the alimentary tract Chapter 5: Detection and characterization of nanomaterials in the alimentary tract TG4 - Measurement Methods 17 www.riskscience.org

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There is no single definitive method for characterization of nanoparticles in the alimentary tract Analyses should not depend on only one method; instead, several complementary methods should, if possible, be used. Coupled techniques should be further developed and increasingly applied Chapter 6: White Paper Conclusions TG4 - Measurement Methods 21 www.riskscience.org