“Vegetables” is خضراوات (khaḍrāwāt), which comes from the root خضر, “to be green.” A particular vegetable (especially if you’re growing it and are referring to it in the botanical sense) could also be called نَباتي (nabātī), from the root نبت, “to grow, sprout.”

artichoke: خُرشوف (khurshūf)

asparagus: هِليَون (hilyawn)

avocado: أفوكادو (afūkādū)

beets: بَنجَر (banjar, From Greek, I think? Where beetroot is “panjar,” apparently?)