The George Costanza Portfolio

This is a follow-up to my unintendedly long magnum opus on this quite painful year. It’s been only a few weeks, but things have continued to stink. I somehow feel that when I write a cathartic tome that I’m proud of, the universe is supposed to notice and immediately turn things around. Nope. Unfortunately, that’s just not how this works. These last few weeks have been particularly hard as systematic value, still the cause of much of our year-to-date pain, has in fact had a decent bounce back (though now fading again as I write this). While my description of this year to date was, and is, accurate, I have always been clear that we’re very much not a pure value investor. In fact, in the long piece I wrote:

Long-short systematic value investing (only a subset of what we do in individual stocks) is quite bad this year. In fact, it has been doing quite poorly since a little after the GFC ended. What's different this year versus prior years is that until 2018 other systematic long-short factors more than made up for it (after all, we only really care about the net).

That was me highlighting the good side of not being a one-factor bet (i.e., that we could do well for what’s been nearly a decade of poor value returns because the rest of our process was working more than enough to offset it). Of course, this also means the opposite can occur, particularly at short horizons.11CloseMomentum, by definition, is usually pretty bad at such inflection points. It’s over longer horizon value recoveries where the combination of value and momentum may be best realized.
In the last few days/weeks value has had a bit of a surge, again now fading, but the other factors (momentum and others) have done worse than value has done well.22CloseA secondary issue in the last few weeks has been, ironically as it has come under the most criticism, the traditional version of the value factor using price-to-book has come back more strongly than a composite of other value factors and thus any value “comeback” is more obvious in popular indices and academic measures that use price-to-book. Based on the realized life of our portfolios, even longer backtests, and a strong economic prior that favors robustness, we believe an industry-neutral composite of value measures is superior to simple price-to-book. But the short-term always has its oddities.
This is, of course, particularly difficult in an already trying year. But it’s also endemic to the process we believe in and that’s worked for us long-term. We are not just one bet. Again, had we just been a single bet on value, the last near decade would’ve been one of fairly steady pain, and not the overall success we’ve seen.

As I discuss in my giant essay, we are admittedly hard to characterize with one liners (“the market is up/down so of course this happens!,” “value is up/down so of course this happens!,” “momentum is up/down so of course this happens!,” etc.). That’s much of the idea. But during very tough times, many want simple explanations, even though we’ve designed a process that can be frustrating to that end.33CloseObviously, our goal is not to be hard to explain per se, but building a portfolio of truly uncorrelated positive returns that diversify traditional portfolios can lead to this. We’ve designed our process to seek as high a risk-adjusted return as we can make it (subject to some slightly different design goals and constraints in different portfolios). This leads us to diversify across some very different factors that also behave very differently than traditional asset classes. In turn, that leads to one-liners rarely being enough to explain us doing well or poorly.
Frankly, I often want simple explanations too! But only for a moment, until my more level-headed colleagues explain to me again what I’m now writing about to you… (often sending me excerpts of my own work!)

Another thing I wrote in the original tome was:

As a blunt example, in general we believe in choosing individual stocks with good value, good momentum (both price and fundamental), low risk, high quality (e.g., profitability, margins), and positive views from those we think are “informed investors.” We like to under-weight or sell their opposites. When it doesn't work, or even hurts a lot for a while, we don't suddenly prefer expensive stocks with bad momentum, high risk, low quality, and negative views from informed investors. What I'm saying is, admittedly, our base case is to rely on the (in our humble opinion) overwhelming evidence we started with.

In line with the above, two different clients came up with the idea for this short blog (one in fact coming up with the title). In one episode of the greatest sitcom ever,44CloseWhich, coincidentally, ended in 1998, the year we, and the longest data series we’ll show below, began.
George Costanza, a perennial loser at all things (love, work, etc.) decided he must, in all things, “do the opposite” of what he’d normally do, as his normal way clearly wasn’t working out for him. From big decisions all the way to actions as small as what sandwich and hot beverage to order, he would do the opposite of what his every instinct told him to do. So, our clients’ great suggestion was for us to illustrate the results of our own personal “Costanza” portfolios. In other words, let’s examine what it would look like if we ignored my comment above when I said, for example, “we don't suddenly prefer expensive stocks with bad momentum, high risk, low quality, and negative views from informed investors.” For portfolios that we know have been long-term successful, we admittedly know the result before we look (the opposite will be bad!). Yet, I still think carrying out the exercise suggested by our clients leads to some interesting intuition and, at the least, a fun conceptual illustration in a not-so-fun year.

So, how do you construct “the opposite”? Well, it’s a bit more complicated than you might guess.

Take our real-life returns gross of estimated transactions and financing costs and fees (i.e., starting with total gross-of-fee returns, add back estimated transactions and financing costs—don’t worry we’re going to subtract them again soon), and take out a cash hurdle.55CloseTo add back (and later subtract out) transactions costs, we take the average, annualized estimated transactions and financing costs for these portfolios, assume they were realized equally over each business day in the year, and adjust each day’s return accordingly.

Negate that number and then subtract transactions and financing costs (we’re not going to subtract out fees from the “Costanza” portfolio as that would mean charging investors for an ex ante bad portfolio, gilding the lily making it look too bad — so the below is the “great deal” of getting this bad portfolio for free). That is the result if every long position was an equal magnitude short, and vice versa, and the transactions and financing costs of doing the opposite were the same as in the real-life portfolio (an imperfect, but we think very reasonable, assumption).

Add that negated number back to cash to get the total return on “the opposite,” or “Costanza,” version.

Compound the returns in 3) over time. Take the log of this compounded wealth (so as not to make recent returns artificially large or small versus older returns) and subtract out the log of similarly compounded cash (so as not to credit the Costanza portfolio with the simple cash return).

Sorry if (1) – (4) is a little pedantic or unclear. In English, all we’re basically doing is graphing the excess over cash for a manager implementing precisely the opposite of our real-life portfolios (and facing the same implementation costs but not charging fees).

We’ll look at three AQR portfolios that are in pain this year, and, for the longest horizon view, one sub-strategy of a broader fund, all through October 18, 2018. They all have some similarity as they share exposure to our market neutral equity strategy.

Let’s start with the hypothetical Costanza version of our portfolio (called “SSP” for Stock Selection Portfolio) that does only market-neutral stock selection around the world:

Source: AQR. For illustrative purposes only. Hypothetical data has inherent limitations, some of which are described in the disclosures. See detailed explanation in the body of this article, and additional disclosures at the end.This hypothetical performance does not reflect the deduction of any management fees, which as mentioned, would further reduce the actual return. It should not be assumed that the inversion of these charts is illustrative of actual portfolio performance.

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Well, I told you we knew what we’d see going in, right? Even without paying investment management fees, I don’t think there would be many takers for this investment! It had a rather exciting melt-up in the “Quant Quake” of August 2007 as it was short quant big time (and short-lived, as the quake rapidly reversed). It’s had a few very small bounces along the way, with the most notable one outside of 2007 being this year. Still, it’s pretty darn ugly overall…

Now let’s look at our hypothetical “Costanza” styled DELTA and Style Premia Portfolios (these are over somewhat shorter periods than the SSP’s approximately eighteen years):

Source: AQR. For illustrative purposes only. Hypothetical data has inherent limitations, some of which are described in the disclosures. See detailed explanation in the body of this article, and additional disclosures at the end of this article.This hypothetical performance does not reflect the deduction of any management fees, which as mentioned, would further reduce the actual return. It should not be assumed that the inversion of these charts is illustrative of actual portfolio performance.

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Source: AQR. For illustrative purposes only. Hypothetical data has inherent limitations, some of which are described in the disclosures. See detailed explanation in the body of this article, and additional disclosures at the end of this article. This hypothetical performance does not reflect the deduction of any management fees, which as mentioned, would further reduce the actual return. It should not be assumed that the inversion of these charts is illustrative of actual portfolio performance.

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You get it. This year is a pretty minor blip in a long-term disastrous strategy.

While not a stand-alone portfolio, we can go back a little further and do this same hypothetical analysis for the “contribution of market-neutral stock selection” to a broader portfolio since 1998 (we don’t have a stand-alone only market-neutral stock selection portfolio going that far back, and that’s the culprit this year that we really want to examine).

ARP stands for “Absolute Return Portfolio” and this “carve out”66CloseScaled to 8% annualized volatility.
is for the relevant market-neutral equity strategy:

Source: AQR. For illustrative purposes only. Hypothetical data has inherent limitations, some of which are described in the disclosures. See detailed explanation in the body of this article, and additional disclosures at the end. This hypothetical performance does not reflect the deduction of any management fees, which as mentioned, would further reduce the actual return. It should not be assumed that the inversion of these charts is illustrative of actual portfolio performance.

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Not surprisingly, this is very similar to the SSP shown above. But the longer period shows that George C. did enjoy an additional heyday back in the tech bubble of 1999-2000. That would’ve been a much more fun starting contribution than what we really got when we lost a lot of money out of the box during that crazy period!77CloseRecall AQR was born into a time still reasonably tougher than the one we’re experiencing now.
And while smaller looking, due to scaling, you still see that exciting few days for this opposite portfolio in August of 2007. And, of course, the recent 2018 period of Costanza-style moderate joy.

OK, admittedly again, the above was all kind of obvious given the long-term success of these live strategies. But we still find it edifying to consider what if I had turned out to be Evil Spock and the rest of AQR my loyal henchmen. It would not have been pretty.

Of course, the dream is to have our portfolio most of the time but with the ability to perfectly time a move to the “Costanza” portfolio for the few and far between years like this. We’ve written before about how we’re mostly (not entirely) skeptical about market-, and its close cousin factor-, timing. We believe the mostly untimed portfolio (what we do) can still be a great long-term addition to investor portfolios, and we’ll continue our long-running efforts to come up with active timing strategies we believe in more than “a little.” But again, like for timing the market, we are somewhat pessimistic about great breakthroughs. Taking a process that can yield significant risk-adjusted diversifying returns and adding really great timing to avoid the bad times, which are part of those returns, would obviously improve things further, perhaps substantially. It’s a nice dream, but still a dream, and a dream we think hurts more investors than it helps (whose version of timing is too often getting out at the bottom and in at the top!).

To be fair, you don’t have to choose between AQR’s portfolios and George Costanza’s versions. You’re allowed to do neither.88CloseSince both face transactions costs, this is reasonable if you think the factors aren’t perverse (Costanza style) but simply don’t work. Obviously, we think the evidence against these things not working is gigantic.
Obviously, repeating the above, we still believe in choosing individual stocks with good value, good momentum (both price and fundamental), low risk, high quality (e.g., profitability, margins), and positive views from those we think are “informed investors” and underweighting or shorting their opposites. We think the historical evidence is overwhelming (and barely nicked by adding in this excruciating year). We think we’ve explored every reasonable hypothesis for why now might be different.99CloseOthers knowing about a strategy or factor (and remember, while many of the factors are now well-known, we don’t think the world has figured out everything!) itself doesn’t make that strategy go away. Of course, that can happen, but it’s not through their knowledge but through their potential actions. Among many other possibilities we’ve explored, in particular, we’ve looked hard at whether these strategies are much more expensive to pursue (in price differential between long and short, or in trading costs) and found no evidence of any substantial change. And recall that even if a strategy goes away (which we don’t see any story for!) it doesn’t result in a very bad year. It just results in a weaker strategy going forward. That wouldn’t be good, and we’ll keep an open mind in continuing to explore this possibility. But it does mean that this very hard year is actually not that relevant for the question of whether things are now permanently different than before. That question is about the mean, not the variance. Again, we need long-term evidence or a testable hypothesis for why now is different, not one bad year that doesn’t move the long-term dial.
So, while it’s certainly not a proof you should stick with our versions, sadly we don’t get to do proofs in our field, we do think the “Costanza Portfolio” is a neat way to see the folly of fighting these, in our belief, very real long-term money makers. The long-term evidence (across geographies, asset classes, and time) and argument (theory and intuition) is intact. No specific hypothesis other than a very bad “draw” this year, which we expect on occasion and have seen in the past, for our factors has been found to hold any water (my giant essay explored many of these hypotheses).

So, while we know you didn’t doubt this, we, for one, do not intend to do “the opposite” a la George Costanza.

Related Thinking

The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of AQR Capital Management, LLC (“AQR”), its affiliates or its employees. This document has been provided to you solely for information purposes and does not constitute an offer or solicitation of an offer or any advice or recommendation to purchase any securities or other financial instruments and may not be construed as such. The factual information set forth herein has been obtained or derived from sources believed by the author and AQR to be reliable but it is not necessarily all-inclusive and is not guaranteed as to its accuracy and is not to be regarded as a representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the information’s accuracy or completeness, nor should the attached information serve as the basis of any investment decision. Past performance is not a guarantee of future performance.

This material is not research and should not be treated as research, and does not represent valuation judgments with respect to any financial instrument, issuer, security or sector that may be described or referenced herein and does not represent a formal or official view of AQR. The views expressed reflect the current views as of the date hereof and neither the author nor AQR undertakes to advise you of any changes in the views expressed herein. It should not be assumed that the author or AQR will make investment recommendations in the future that are consistent with the views expressed herein, or use any or all of the techniques or methods of analysis described herein in managing client accounts. AQR and its affiliates may have positions (long or short) or engage in securities transactions that are not consistent with the information and views expressed in this document.

The information contained herein is only as current as of the date indicated and may be superseded by subsequent market events or for other reasons. Charts and graphs provided herein are for illustrative purposes only. Nothing contained herein constitutes investment, legal, tax or other advice nor is it to be relied on in making an investment or other decision.
There can be no assurance that an investment strategy will be successful. Historic market trends are not reliable indicators of actual future market behavior or future performance of any particular investment which may differ materially and should not be relied upon as such. This material should not be viewed as a current or past recommendation or a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any securities or to adopt any investment strategy.

The information in this document may contain projections or other forward-looking statements regarding future events, targets, forecasts or expectations regarding the strategies described herein and is only current as of the date indicated. There is no assurance that such events or targets will be achieved, and they may be significantly different from that shown here. The information in this document, including statements concerning financial market trends, is based on current market conditions, which will fluctuate and may be superseded by subsequent market events or for other reasons. Performance of all cited indices is calculated on a total return basis with dividends reinvested.

INVESTMENT IN ANY OF THE STRATEGIES DESCRIBED HEREIN CARRIES SUBSTANTIAL RISK, INCLUDING THE POSSIBLE LOSS OF PRINCIPAL. THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT THE INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGIES WILL BE ACHIEVED, AND RETURNS MAY VARY SIGNIFICANTLY OVER TIME. INVESTMENT IN THE STRATEGIES DESCRIBED HEREIN IS NOT SUITABLE FOR ALL INVESTORS. HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE MANY INHERENT LIMITATIONS, SOME OF WHICH, BUT NOT ALL, ARE DESCRIBED HEREIN. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY FUND OR ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFITS OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN HEREIN. IN FACT, THERE ARE FREQUENTLY SHARP DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND THE ACTUAL RESULTS SUBSEQUENTLY REALIZED BY ANY PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM. ONE OF THE LIMITATIONS OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS IS THAT THEY ARE GENERALLY PREPARED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. IN ADDITION, HYPOTHETICAL TRADING DOES NOT INVOLVE FINANCIAL RISK, AND NO HYPOTHETICAL TRADING RECORD CAN COMPLETELY ACCOUNT FOR THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL RISK IN ACTUAL TRADING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND LOSSES OR TO ADHERE TO A PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM IN SPITE OF TRADING LOSSES ARE MATERIAL POINTS THAT CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS. THERE ARE NUMEROUS OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE MARKETS IN GENERAL OR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANY SPECIFIC TRADING PROGRAM WHICH CANNOT BE FULLY ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE PREPARATION OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS, ALL OF WHICH CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS.

The hypothetical performance results contained herein represent the application of the quantitative models as currently in effect on the date first written above and there can be no assurance that the models will remain the same in the future or that an application of the current models in the future will produce similar results because the relevant market and economic conditions that prevailed during the hypothetical performance period will not necessarily recur. Discounting factors may be applied to reduce suspected anomalies. This backtest’s return, for this period, may vary depending on the date it is run. Hypothetical performance results are presented for illustrative purposes only. In addition, our transaction cost assumptions utilized in backtests, where noted, are based on AQR’s historical realized transaction costs and market data. Certain of the assumptions have been made for modeling purposes and are unlikely to be realized. No representation or warranty is made as to the reasonableness of the assumptions made or that all assumptions used in achieving the returns have been stated or fully considered. Changes in the assumptions may have a material impact on the hypothetical returns presented. Actual advisory fees for products offering this strategy may vary.

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Hypothetical Illustrations

(1) The Opposite SSP example is the negated returns from the AQR Global Stock Selection strategy, (2) the Opposite DELTA example is the negated returns from the AQR DELTA strategy, (3) The Opposite Style Premia (SPP) example is the negated returns from the AQR Style Premia strategy and (4) the Opposite ARP Stock Selection example is the negated returns from a carveout derived from the AQR Global Stock Selection strategy’s attribution to the overall Absolute Return portfolio, scaled to an 8% annual volatility target; all hypothetical returns are excess of cash, net of estimated transactions costs and financing costs.

These hypothetical performance results do not represent the return to an actual fund or trading account that an investor could directly participate in and does not reflect the deduction of any fees or expenses, which would reduce the actual return.

Historical Performance

Actual performance figures contained below are denominated in USD, reflect the reinvestment of dividends and all other earnings, and represent unaudited estimates of realized and unrealized gains and losses prepared by AQR and are subject to review and revision. Past performance is not a guarantee of future performance.

Annualized volatility (standard deviation), correlations, and Sharpe ratios are calculated on an equal-weighted basis for accounts in a composite. The risk free rate used to calculate the Sharpe ratios is the U.S. 3-month Treasury Bill. Returns, correlation to S&P 500, annualized volatility, and Sharpe ratio are calculated using estimated net of fees monthly returns. Correlation and volatility are calculated on a total (gross of cash) return basis.

The DELTA Composite strategy attempts to capture the systematic components of dynamic trading strategies traditionally pursued by hedge funds using a rigorous, risk-controlled investment approach. The Composite's strategy targets the highest ex-ante volatility relative to all of the firm's DELTA strategy composites. Composite net of fees returns are calculated by deducting the maximum model management or advisory fee AQR could charge from the composite monthly gross returns. AQR’s asset-based fees for portfolios within the Composite may range up to 2.00% of assets under management and are generally billed monthly or quarterly at the commencement of the calendar month or quarter during which AQR will perform the services to which the fees relate. Composite assets may have been exposed to the impact of performance fees.

The Global Stock Selection Composite strategy utilizes quantitative return forecasting models and systematic risk-control methods to take long and short positions in various global equities. The accounts invest primarily in global equities, but also may invest in a broad range of instruments, including securities, currencies, futures and other derivative products. Composite net of fees returns are calculated by deducting the maximum model management or advisory fee AQR could charge from the composite monthly gross returns. Effective January 2018 AQR’s asset-based fees for portfolios within the Composite may range up to 1.00% of assets under management and 20.00% performance fee per annum. Prior to January 2018, the Composite’s model fee schedule was 1.33% management fee and 20% performance fee per annum. Fees are generally billed monthly or quarterly at the commencement of the calendar month or quarter during which AQR will perform the services to which the fees relate. Composite assets may have been exposed to the impact of performance fees.

The Style Premia Composite strategy seeks to deliver efficient exposure to a well-diversified portfolio of long-short style strategies across six asset group contexts including Stock and Industry Selection, Equity Indices, Bonds, Interest Rates, Currencies, and Commodities. AQR pursues these goals by investing in instruments not limited to stocks, futures, swaps, and currency forwards. The Composite's strategy targets the highest ex-ante volatility relative to all of the Firm's Style Premia Composites. Composite net of fees returns are calculated by deducting the maximum model management or advisory fee AQR could charge from the composite monthly gross returns. AQR’s asset-based fees for portfolios within the Composite may range up to 1.50% of assets under management and are generally billed monthly or quarterly at the commencement of the calendar month or quarter during which AQR will perform the services to which the fees relate. Composite assets may have been exposed to the impact of performance fees.

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