The origins of Lahore's name are uncwear. Lahore's name had been recorded by earwy Muswim historians as Lūhar, Lūhār, and Rahwar.[22]Aw-Biruni referred to de city as Luhāwar in his 11f century work, Qanun,[22] whiwe de poet Amir Khusrow, who wived during de Dewhi Suwtanate, recorded de city's name as Lāhanūr.[23]Yaqwt aw-Hamawi records de city's name as Lawhūr, mentioning dat it's famouswy known as Lahāwar.[24]Rajput sources recorded de city's name as Lavkot.[23]

One deory suggests dat Lahore's name is a corruption of de word Ravāwar, as R to L shifts are common in wanguages derived from Sanskrit.[25]Ravāwar is de simpwified pronunciation of de name Iravatyāwar - a name possibwy derived from de Ravi River, known as de Iravati River in de Vedas.[25][26] Anoder deory suggests de city's name may derive from de word Lohar, meaning "bwacksmif."[27]

According to Hindu wegend,[28][29] Lahore's name derives from Lavpur or Lavapuri ("City of Lava"),[30] and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,[31] de son of Sita and Rama. The same account attributes de founding of nearby Kasur by his twin broder Prince Kusha,[32] Historic record shows, however, dat Kasur was founded by Pashtun migrants in 1525.[33]

No definitive records exist to ewucidate Lahore's earwiest history, and Lahore's ambiguous earwy history have given rise to various deories about its estabwishment and history. Hindu wegend states dat Keneksen, de founder of de Great Suryavansha dynasty, is bewieved to have migrated out from de city.[35] Earwy records of Lahore are scant, but Awexander de Great's historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's wocation during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting de city had not been founded by dat point, or was unimportant.[36]

Ptowemy mentions in his Geographia a city cawwed Labokwa situated near de Chenab and Ravi Rivers which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of de city.[37] Chinese piwgrim Xuanzang gave a vivid description of a warge and prosperous unnamed city when he visited de region in 630 CE dat may have been Lahore.[38]

The first document dat mentions Lahore by name is de Hudud aw-'Awam ("The Regions of de Worwd"), written in 982 CE[39] in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive tempwes, warge markets and huge orchards."[40][41]

Few oder references to Lahore remain from before its capture by de Ghaznavid Suwtan Mahmud of Ghazni in de 11f century. Lahore appears to have served as de capitaw of Punjab during dis time under Anandapawa of de Kabuw Shahi empire, who had moved de capitaw dere from Waihind.[42] The capitaw wouwd water be moved to Siawkot fowwowing Ghaznavid incursions.[38]

The Data Darbar shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was buiwt to commemorate de patron saint of Lahore, Awi Hujwiri, who wived in de city during de Ghaznavid era in de 11f century.

Suwtan Mahmud of Ghazni captured Lahore on an uncertain date, but under Ghaznavid ruwe, Lahore emerged effectivewy as de empire's second capitaw.[38] In 1021, Suwtan Mahmud appointed Mawik Ayaz to de Throne of Lahore—a governorship of de Ghaznavid Empire. The city was captured by Niawtigin, de rebewwious Governor of Muwtan, in 1034, awdough his forces were expewwed by Mawik Ayaz in 1036.[43]

Wif de support of Suwtan Ibrahim Ghaznavi, Mawik Ayaz rebuiwt and repopuwated de city which had been devastated after de Ghaznavid invasion, uh-hah-hah-hah. Ayaz erected city wawws and a masonry fort buiwt in 1037–1040 on de ruins of de previous one,[44] which had been demowished during de Ghaznavid invasion, uh-hah-hah-hah. A confederation of Hindu princes den unsuccessfuwwy waid siege to Lahore in 1043-44 during Ayaz' ruwe.[38] The city became a cuwturaw and academic centre, renowned for poetry under Mawik Ayaz' reign, uh-hah-hah-hah.[45][46]

Lahore was formawwy made de eastern capitaw of de Ghaznavid empire in 1152,[15] under de reign of Khusrau Shah.[47] The city den became de sowe capitaw of de Ghaznavid empire in 1163 after de faww of Ghazni.[48] The entire city of Lahore during de medievaw Ghaznavid era was probabwy wocated west of de modern Shah Awami Bazaar, and norf of de Bhatti Gate.[15]

Fowwowing de deaf of Aibak, Lahore came to be disputed among Ghurid officers. The city first came under controw of de Governor of Muwtan, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, before being briefwy captured by de suwtan of de Mamwuks in Dewhi, Iwtutmish, in 1217.[38]

The dreat of Mongow invasions and powiticaw instabiwity in Lahore caused future Suwtans to regard Dewhi as a safer capitaw for medievaw Iswamic India,[51] dough Dewhi had before been considered a forward base, whiwe Lahore had been widewy considered to be de centre of Iswamic cuwture in de subcontinent.[51]

Lahore came under progressivewy weaker centraw ruwe under Iwtutmish's descendants in Dewhi - to de point dat governors in de city acted wif great autonomy.[38] Under de ruwe of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtuawwy independent from de Dewhi Suwtanate.[38] Lahore was sacked and ruined by de Mongow army in 1241.[52] Lahore governor Mawik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fwed de Mongows,[53] whiwe de Mongows hewd de city for a few years under de ruwe of de Mongow chief Toghruw.[51]

Lahore briefwy fwourished again under de reign of Ghazi Mawik of de Tughwuq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, dough de city was again sacked in 1329, by Tarmashirin of de Centraw Asian Chagatai Khanate, and den again by de Mongow chief Hüwechü.[38]Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,[55] but de city was retaken by Ghazi Mawik's son, Muhammad bin Tughwuq.[38] The weakened city den feww into obscurity, and was captured once more by de Khokhars in 1394.[43] By de time Tamerwane captured de city in 1398 from Shayka Khokhar, he did not woot it because it was no wonger weawdy.[35]

The Neevin Mosqwe is one of Lahore's few remaining medievaw era buiwdings.

Timur gave controw of de Lahore region to Khizr Khan, Governor of Muwtan, who water estabwished de Sayyid dynasty in 1414 – de fourf dynasty of de Dewhi Suwtanate.[56] Lahore was briefwy occupied by de Timurid Governor of Kabuw in 1432-33.[51] Lahore began to be incurred upon yet again de Khokhar tribe, and so de city was granted to Bahwuw Lodi in 1441 by de Sayyid dynasty in Dewhi, dough Lodi wouwd den dispwace de Sayyids in 1451 by estabwishing himsewf upon de drone of Dewhi.[38]

Bahwuw Lodi instawwed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of de city, dough Tatar Khan died in battwe wif Sikandar Lodi in 1485.[57] Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who qwickwy weft management of dis city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under de governorship of Dauwat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former empwoyer of Guru Nanak – founder of de Sikh faif.[57]

Babur, de founder of de Mughaw Empire, captured Lahore in 1524 after being invited to invade by Dauwat Khan Lodi, de Lodi governor of Lahore.[38] The city became refuge to Humayun and his cousin Kamran Mirza when Sher Shah Suri rose in power on de Gangetic Pwains, dispwacing Mughaw power. Sher Shah Suri continued to rise in power, and seized Lahore in 1540, dough Humayun reconqwered Lahore in February 1555.[38] The estabwishment of Mughaw ruwe eventuawwy wed to de most prosperous era of Lahore's history.[38] Lahore's prosperity and centraw position has yiewded more Mughaw-era monuments in Lahore dan eider Dewhi or Agra.[59]

By de time of ruwe of de Mughaw empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not wive widin de wawwed city itsewf but instead wived in suburbs dat had spread outside of de city's wawws.[15] Onwy 9 of de 36 urban qwarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were wocated widin de city's wawws during de Akbar period.[15] During dis period, Lahore was cwosewy tied to smawwer market towns known as qasbahs, such as Kasur and Eminabad, as weww as Amritsar, and Batawa in modern-day India, which in turn, winked to suppwy chains in viwwages surrounding each qasbah.[15]

Beginning in 1584, Lahore became de Mughaw capitaw when Akbar began re-fortifying de city's ruined citadew, waying de foundations for de revivaw of de Lahore Fort.[15] Akbar made Lahore one of his originaw twewve subah provinces,[15] and in 1585–86 rewegated governorship of de city and subah to Bhagwant Das, broder of Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was commonwy known as Jodhabhai.[60]

Akbar awso rebuiwt de city's wawws, and extended deir perimeter east of de Shah Awami bazaar to encompass de sparsewy popuwated Rarra Maidan.[15] The Akbari Mandi grain market was set up during dis era, and continues to function untiw present-day.[15] Akbar awso estabwished de Dharampura neighbourhood in de earwy 1580s, which survives today.[61] The earwiest of Lahore's many havewis date from de Akbari era.[15] Lahore's Mughaw monuments were buiwt under Akbar's reign of severaw emperors,[15] and Lahore reached its cuwturaw zenif during dis period, wif dozens of mosqwes, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure devewoped during dis period.

During de reign of Emperor Jahangir in de earwy 17f century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, freqwented by foreigners, and stocked wif a wide array of goods.[15] In 1606, Jehangir's rebew son Khusrau Mirza waid siege to Lahore after obtaining de bwessings of de Sikh Guru Arjan Dev.[62] Jehangir qwickwy defeated his son at Bhairowaw, and de roots of Mughaw-Sikh animosity grew.[62] Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his invowvement in de rebewwion, uh-hah-hah-hah.[63] Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and his tomb was buiwt in Lahore's Shahdara Bagh suburb in 1637 by his wife Nur Jahan, whose tomb is awso nearby.

Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan reigned between 1628 and 1658 and was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated warge portions of de Lahore Fort wif wuxurious white marbwe and erected de iconic Nauwakha Paviwion in 1633.[64] Shah Jahan wavished Lahore wif some of its most cewebrated and iconic monuments, such as de Shahi Hammam in 1635, and bof de Shawimar Gardens and de extravagantwy decorated Wazir Khan Mosqwe in 1641. The popuwation of pre-modern Lahore probabwy reached its zenif during his reign, wif suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to widin de Wawwed City.[15]

Shah Jahan's son, and wast of de great Mughaw Emperors, Aurangzeb, furder contributed to de devewopment of Lahore. Aurangzeb buiwt de Awamgiri Bund embankment awong de Ravi River in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from dreatening de city's wawws.[15] The area near de embankment grew into a fashionabwe wocawity, wif severaw pweasure gardens waid near de bund by Lahore's gentry.[15] The wargest of Lahore's Mughaw monuments was raised during his reign, de Badshahi Mosqwe in 1673, as weww as de iconic Awamgiri gate of de Lahore Fort in 1674.[65]

Civiw wars regarding succession to de Mughaw drone fowwowing Aurangzeb's deaf in 1707 wead to weakening controw over Lahore from Dewhi, and a prowonged period of decwine in Lahore.[66] Mughaw preoccupation wif de Maradas in de Deccan eventuawwy resuwted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pwedged nominaw awwegiance to de ever weaker Mughaw emperors in Dewhi.[15]

Mughaw Emperor Bahadur Shah I died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebews under de weadership of Banda Singh Bahadur.[38] His sons fought a battwe outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to de Mughaw crown, wif Jahandar winning de drone.[38] Sikh rebews were defeated during de reign of Farrukhsiyar, when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed dem.[38]

Ahmad Shah Durrani, de founder of de Afghan Durrani Empire, captured Lahore in January 1748,[38] Fowwowing Ahmed Shah Durrani's qwick retreat, de Mughaws entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn aw-Muwk Mir Mannu.[38] Ahmad Shah Durrani again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty dat submitted Lahore to Afghan ruwe.[38] The Mughaw Wazīr Ghazi Din Imad aw-Muwk wouwd seize Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah Durrani to again invade in 1757, after which he pwaced de city under de ruwe of his son, Timur Shah Durrani.[38]

Durrani ruwe was briefwy interrupted by de Marada Empire's capture of Lahore in 1758 under Raghunadrao, who drove out de Afghans,[68] whiwe a combined Sikh-Marada defeated an Afghan assauwt in de 1759 Battwe of Lahore.[69] Fowwowing de Third Battwe of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Durrani crushed de Maradas and recaptured Lahore, Sikh forces qwickwy occupied de city after de Durranis widdrew from de city.[38] The Durranis invaded two more times, whiwe de Sikhs wouwd re-occupy de city after bof invasions.[38]

Expanding Sikh Misws secured controw over Lahore in 1767, when de Bhangi Misw state captured de city.[71] In 1780, The city was divided among dree ruwers, Gujjar Singh, Lahna Singh, and Sobha Singh. Instabiwity resuwting from dis arrangement awwowed nearby Amritsar to estabwish itsewf as de area's primary commerciaw centre in pwace of Lahore.[15]

Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798-9.[38]Ranjit Singh negotiated wif de Afghans for de post of ‘’subadar’’ to controw Lahore fowwowing de second invasion, uh-hah-hah-hah.[38]

By de end of de 18f century, de city's popuwation drasticawwy decwined, wif its remaining resident's wiving widin de city wawws, whiwe de extramuraw suburbs way abandoned, forcing travewers to pass drough abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miwes before reaching de city's gates.[15]

Fowwowing Zaman Shah’s 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh of nearby Gujranwawa to consowidate his position in de aftermaf of de invasion, uh-hah-hah-hah. Singh was abwe to seize controw of de region after a series of battwes wif de Sikh Bhangi Misw chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.[38][73] His army marched to Anarkawi, where according to wegend, de gatekeeper of de Lohari Gate, Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened de gates awwowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.[66] After capturing de Lahore, Sikh sowdiers immediatewy began pwundering Muswim areas of de city untiw deir actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.[74]

Ranjit Singh's ruwe restored some of Lahore's wost grandeur, but at de expense of destroying de remaining Mughaw architecture for its buiwding materiaws.[15] He estabwished a mint in de city in 1800,[66] and moved into de Mughaw pawace at de Lahore Fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing de Sikh Empire.[75] In 1801, he estabwished de Gurdwara Janam Asdan Guru Ram Das to mark de site where Guru Ram Das was born in 1534.

Lahore became de empire's administrative capitaw, dough nearby economic center of Amritsar had awso been estabwished as de empire's spirituaw capitaw by 1802.[15] By 1812 Singh had mostwy refurbished de city's defenses by adding a second circuit of outer wawws surrounding Akbar's originaw wawws, wif de two separated by a moat. Singh awso partiawwy restored Shah Jahan's decaying Shawimar Gardens.[76] Ranjit Singh awso buiwt de Hazuri Bagh Baradari in 1818 to cewebrate his capture of de Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani in 1813.[72] He awso erected de Gurdwara Dera Sahib to mark de site of Guru Arjan Dev's 1606 deaf. The Sikh royaw court awso endowed rewigious architecture in de city, incwuding a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu tempwes, and havewis.[77][78]

Whiwe much of Lahore's Mughaw era fabric way in ruins by de time of his arrivaw, Ranjit Singh's ruwe saw de re-estabwishment of Lahore's gwory – dough Mughaw monuments suffered during de Sikh period. Singh's armies pwundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughaw monuments, and stripped de white marbwe from severaw monuments to send to different parts of de Sikh Empire during his reign, uh-hah-hah-hah.[79] Monuments pwundered for decorative materiaws incwude de Tomb of Asif Khan, de Tomb of Nur Jahan, and de Shawimar Gardens.[80][66] Ranjit Singh's army awso desecrated de Badshahi Mosqwe by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stabwe for horses.[81] The Sunehri Mosqwe in de Wawwed City of Lahore was awso converted to a gurdwara,[82] whiwe de Mosqwe of Mariyam Zamani Begum was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.[83]

The Sikh royaw court, or de Lahore Durbar, underwent a qwick succession of ruwers after de deaf of Ranjit Singh. His son Kharak Singh qwickwy died after taking de drone on 6 November 1840, whiwe de next appointed successor Nau Nihaw Singh to de drone died in an accident at Lahore's Hazuri Bagh awso on 6 November 1840 - de very same day of Kharak Singh’s deaf.[66] Maharaja Sher Singh was den sewected as Maharajah, dough his cwaim to de drone was qwickwy chawwenged by Chand Kaur, widow of Kharak Singh and moder of Nau Nihaw Singh, who qwickwy seized de drone.[66] Sher Singh raised an army dat attacked Chand Kaur’s forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His sowdiers mounted weaponry on de minarets of de Badshahi Mosqwe in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in de Lahore Fort, destroying de fort's historic Diwan-e-Aam.[81] Kaur qwickwy ceded de drone, but Sher Sing was den assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's Chah Miran neighborhood awong wif his Wazir Dhiyan Singh.[72] Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his fader's deaf by waying siege to Lahore in order to capture his fader’s assassins. The siege resuwted in de capture of his fader's murderer, Ajit Singh.[66]Duweep Singh was den crowned Maharajah, wif Hira Singh as his Wazir, but his power wouwd be weakened by continued infighting among Sikh nobwes,[66] as weww as confrontations against de British during de two Angwo-Sikh Wars

After de concwusion of de two Angwo-Sikh wars, de Sikh empire feww into disarray, resuwting in de faww of de Lahore Durbar, and commencement of British ruwe after dey captured Lahore and de wider Punjab Region, uh-hah-hah-hah.[66]

The British East India Company seized controw of Lahore in February 1846 from de cowwapsing Sikh state, and occupied de rest of Punjab in 1848.[15] Fowwowing de defeat of de Sikhs at de Battwe of Gujrat, British troops formawwy deposed Maharaja Duweep Singh in Lahore dat same year.[15] Punjab was den annexed to de British Indian Empire in 1849.[15]

At de commencement of British ruwe, Lahore was estimated to have a popuwation of 120,000.[84] Prior to annexation by de British, Lahore's environs consisted mostwy of de Wawwed City surrounded by pwains interrupted by settwements to de souf and east, such as Mozang and Qiwa Gujar Singh, which have since been enguwfed by modern Lahore. The pwains between de settwements awso contained de remains of Mughaw gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era miwitary structures.[85]

The British viewed Lahore's Wawwed City as a bed of potentiaw sociaw discontent and disease epidemics, and so wargewy weft de inner city awone, whiwe focusing devewopment efforts in Lahore's suburban areas, and Punjab's fertiwe countryside.[86] The British instead waid out deir capitaw city in an area souf of de Wawwed City dat wouwd first come to be known as “Donawd’s Town” before being renamed "Civiw Station, uh-hah-hah-hah."[87]

Under earwy British ruwe, formerwy prominent Mughaw-era monuments dat were scattered droughout Civiw Station were awso re-purposed, and sometimes desecrated – incwuding de Tomb of Anarkawi, which de British had initiawwy converted to cwericaw offices before re-purposing it as an Angwican church in 1851.[88] The 17f century Dai Anga Mosqwe was converted into raiwway administration offices during dis time, de tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan converted into a storehouse, and tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.[89] The British awso used owder structures to house municipaw offices, such as de Civiw Secretariat, Pubwic Works Department, and Accountant Generaw's Office.[90]

Having been constructed in de immediate aftermaf of de 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, de design of de Lahore Raiwway Station was highwy miwitarised in order to defend de structure from any furder potentiaw uprisings against British ruwe.

The British buiwt de Lahore Raiwway Station just outside de Wawwed City shortwy after de Mutiny of 1857, and so buiwt de station in de stywe of a medievaw castwe to ward off any potentiaw future uprisings, wif dick wawws, turrets, and howes to direct gun and cannon fire for defence of de structure.[91] Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commerciaw enterprises came to be concentrated in Civiw Station in a hawf-miwe wide area fwanking The Maww, where unwike in Lahore's miwitary zone, de British and wocaws were awwowed to mix.[92] The Maww continues to serve as de epicentre of Lahore's civiw administration, as weww as one of its most fashionabwe commerciaw areas. The British awso waid de spacious Lahore Cantonment to de soudeast of de Wawwed City at de former viwwage of Mian Mir, where unwike around The Maww, waws did exist against de mixing of different races.

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in de Wawwed City.[95] An estimated 200,000 peopwe wived in Lahore at dis time.[84] Lahore's posh Modew Town was estabwished as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, whiwe Krishan Nagar wocawity was waid in de 1930s near The Maww and Wawwed City.

The Maww, Lahore's pre-independence commerciaw core, features many exampwes of cowoniaw architecture.

The 1941 census showed dat city of Lahore had a popuwation of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muswim, wif de remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, awongside a smaww Christian community.[17][100] The popuwation figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before de Boundary Commission dat wouwd draw de Radcwiffe Line to demarcate de border of de two new states based on rewigious demography.[17] In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, dey argued dat de city was onwy 54% Muswim, and dat Hindu and Sikh domination of de city's economy and educationaw institutions shouwd trump Muswim demography.[17] Two-dirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories bewonged to de Hindu and Sikh community.[17] Kuwdip Nayyar reported dat Cyriw Radcwiffe in 1971 had towd him dat he originawwy had pwanned to give Lahore to de new Dominion of India,[101][102][103] but decided to pwace it widin de Dominion of Pakistan, which he saw as wacking a major city as he had awready awarded Cawcutta to India.[104][101][102]

As tensions grew over de city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced Partition's worst riots.[17] Carnage ensued in which aww dree rewigious groups were bof victims and perpetrators.[105] Earwy riots in March and Apriw 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore 82,000 homes.[17] Viowence continued to rise droughout de summer, despite de presence of armoured British personnew.[17] Hindus and Sikhs began to weave de city en masse as deir hopes dat de Boundary Commission to award de city to India came to be regarded as increasingwy unwikewy. By wate August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had weft de city.[17] The Shah Awami Bazaar, once a wargewy Hindu qwarter of de Wawwed City, was entirewy burnt down during subseqwent rioting.[106]

When Pakistan's independence was decwared on 14 August 1947, de Radcwiffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of Long wive Pakistan and God is greatest were heard intermittentwy wif Long wive Hindustan droughout de night.[17] On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on de basis of its Muswim majority in de 1941 census, and was made capitaw of de Punjab province in de new state of Pakistan, uh-hah-hah-hah. The city's wocation near de Indian border meant dat it received warge numbers of refugees fweeing eastern Punjab and nordern India, dough it was abwe to accommodate dem given de warge stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties dat couwd be re-distributed to newwy arrived refugees.[17]

Partition weft Lahore wif a much weakened economy, and a stymied sociaw and cuwturaw scene dat had previouswy been invigorated by de city's Hindus and Sikhs.[17] Industriaw production dropped to one dird of pre-Partition wevews by end of de 1940s, and onwy 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usuawwy weww-bewow capacity.[17]Capitaw fwight furder weakened de city's economy whiwe Karachi industriawized and became more prosperous.[17] The city's weakened economy, and proximity to de Indian border, meant dat de city was deemed unsuitabwe to be de Pakistani capitaw after independence. Karachi was derefore chosen to be capitaw on account of its rewative tranqwiwity during de Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.[17]

After independence, Lahore swowwy regained its significance as an economic and cuwturaw centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of de Shah Awami Bazaar, de former commerciaw heart of de Wawwed City untiw it was destroyed in de 1947 riots.[106] The Tomb of Awwama Iqbaw was buiwt in 1951 to honour de phiwosopher-poet who provided spirituaw inspiration for de Pakistan movement.[17] In 1955, Lahore was sewected to be capitaw of aww West Pakistan during de singwe-unit period dat wasted untiw 1970.[17] Shortwy afterwards, Lahore's iconic Minar-e-Pakistan was compweted in 1968 to mark de spot where de Pakistan Resowution was passed.[17] Wif support from de United Nations, de government was abwe to rebuiwd Lahore, and most scars from de communaw viowence of Partition were amewiorated.

Lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E, Lahore is bounded on de norf and west by de Sheikhupura District, on de east by Wagah, and on de souf by Kasur District. The Ravi River fwows on de nordern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a totaw wand area of 404 sqware kiwometres (156 sq mi). Lahore is wocated approximatewy 24 kiwometres (15 mi) from de border wif India.

Lahore has a semi-arid cwimate (Köppen cwimate cwassificationBSh). The hottest monf is June, when average highs routinewy exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F). The monsoon season starts in wate June, and de wettest monf is Juwy,[110] wif heavy rainfawws and evening dunderstorms wif de possibiwity of cwoudbursts. The coowest monf is January wif dense fog.[111]

The city's record high temperature was 48.3 °C (118.9 °F), recorded on 30 May 1944.[112] 48 °C (118 °F) was recorded on 10 June 2007.[113][114] At de time de meteorowogicaw office recorded dis officiaw temperature in de shade, it reported a heat index in direct sunwight of 55 °C (131 °F). The record wow is −1 °C (30 °F), recorded on 13 January 1967.[115] The highest rainfaww in a 24-hour period is 221 miwwimetres (8.7 in), recorded on 13 August 2008.[116] On 26 February 2011, Lahore received heavy rain and haiw measuring 4.5 mm (0.18 in), which carpeted roads and sidewawks wif measurabwe haiw for de first time in de city's recorded history.[117][118]

The resuwts of de 2017 Census determined de popuwation to be at 11,126,285,[2] wif an annuaw growf rate of 4.07% since
1998.[122] Gender-wise, 52.35% of de popuwation is mawe, whiwe 47.64% is femawe, and transgender peopwe make onwy 0.01% of de popuwation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[122] Lahore is a young city wif over 40% of its inhabitants bewow de age of 15. The average wife expectancy stand at wess dan 60 years of age.[123]

The city has a Muswim majority (97%), Christian (2%) minority popuwation, Sikh and Hindu constitute (1%) combined.[124] There is awso a smaww but wongstanding Zoroastrian community. Additionawwy, Lahore contains some of Sikhism's howiest sites, and is a major Sikh piwgrimage site.[125][126]

According to de 1998 census, 94% of Lahore's popuwation is Muswim, up from 60% in 1941. Oder rewigions incwude Christians (5.80% of de totaw popuwation, dough dey form around 9.0% of de ruraw popuwation) and smaww numbers of Ahmediya, Bahá'ís, Hindus, Parsis and Sikhs. Lahore's first church was buiwt during de reign of Emperor Akbar in de wate 16f century, which was den wevewed by Shah Jahan in 1632.[127]

The Punjabi wanguage is de most-widewy spoken native wanguage in Lahore, wif 87% of Lahore counting it as deir first wanguage according to de 1998 Census,[128][129] Lahore is de wargest Punjabi-speaking city in de worwd.

Urdu and Engwish are used as officiaw wanguages and as mediums of instruction and media administration, uh-hah-hah-hah.
However Punjabi is awso taught at graduation wevew and used in deaters, fiwms and newspapers from Lahore.[130][131] Severaw Lahore based prominent educationaw weaders, researchers, and sociaw commentators demand dat Punjabi wanguage shouwd be decwared as de medium of instruction at de primary wevew and officiaw use in Punjab assembwy, Lahore.[132][133]

Lahore's modern cityscape consists of de historic Wawwed City of Lahore in de nordern part of de city, which contains severaw worwd and nationaw heritage sites. Lahore's urban pwanning was not based on geometric design but was instead buiwt piecemeaw, wif smaww cuw-de-sacs, katrahs and gawis devewoped in de context of neighbouring buiwdings.[15] Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particuwar rewigious or ednic communities, de neighbourhoods demsewves typicawwy were diverse and were not dominated by de namesake group.[15]

By de end of de Sikh ruwe, most of Lahore's massive havewi compounds had been occupied by settwers. New neighbourhoods occasionawwy grew up entirewy widin de confines of an owd Mughaw havewi, such as de Mohawwah Padan Wawi, which grew widin de ruins of a havewi of de same name dat was buiwt by Mian Khan, uh-hah-hah-hah.[15] By 1831, aww Mughaw Havewis in de Wawwed City had been encroached upon by de surrounding neighbourhood,[15] weading to de modern-day absence of any Mughaw Havewis in Lahore.

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from de Mughaw Dynasty, Sikh Empire, and British Raj. The architecturaw stywe of de Wawwed City of Lahore has traditionawwy been infwuenced by Mughaw and Sikh stywes.[134] The weafy suburbs to de souf of de Owd City, as weww as de Cantonment soudwest of de Owd City, were wargewy devewoped under British cowoniaw ruwe, and feature cowoniaw-era buiwdings buiwt awongside weafy avenues.

By de arrivaw of de Sikh Empire, Lahore had decayed from its former gwory as de Mughaw capitaw. Rebuiwding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were infwuenced by Mughaw practices, and Lahore was known as de 'City of Gardens' during de Ranjit Singh period.[135][136] Later British maps of de area surrounding Lahore dating from de mid-19f century show many wawwed private gardens which were confiscated from de Muswim nobwe famiwies bearing de names of prominent Sikh nobwes – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from de Mughaws.

Whiwe much of Lahore's Mughaw era fabric way in ruins by de time of his arrivaw, Ranjit Singh's army's pwundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughaw monuments, and stripped de white marbwe from severaw monuments to send to different parts of de Sikh Empire.[79] Monuments pwundered of deir marbwe incwude de Tomb of Asif Khan, Tomb of Nur Jahan, de Shawimar Gardens were pwundered of much of its marbwe and costwy agate.[80][66] The Sikh state awso demowished a number of shrines and monuments waying outside de city's wawws.[137]

Sikh ruwe weft Lahore wif severaw monuments, and a heaviwy awtered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's ruwe had restored Lahore to much of its wast grandeur,[15] and de city was weft wif a warge number of rewigious monuments from dis period. Severaw havewis were buiwt during dis era, dough onwy a few stiww remain, uh-hah-hah-hah.[15]

Lawrence Gardens were awso waid near Civiw Station, and were paid for by donations sowicited from bof Lahore's European community, as weww as from weawdy wocaws. The gardens featured over 600 species of pwants, and were tended to by a horticuwturist sent from London's Royaw Botanic Gardens at Kew.[139]

The Shawimar Gardens were waid out during de reign of Shah Jahan and were designed to mimic de Iswamic paradise of de afterwife described in de Qur'an. The gardens fowwow de famiwiar charbagh wayout of four sqwares, wif dree descending terraces.

The Lawrence Garden was estabwished in 1862 and was originawwy named after Sir John Lawrence, wate 19f-century British Viceroy to India. The Circuwar Garden, which surrounds on de Wawwed City on dree sides, was estabwished by 1892.[66]

As of 2008[update], de city's gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) was estimated at $40 biwwion wif a projected average growf rate of 5.6 percent. This is at par wif Pakistan's economic hub, Karachi, wif Lahore (having hawf de popuwation) fostering an economy dat is 51% of de size of Karachi's ($78 biwwion in 2008).[143] The contribution of Lahore to de nationaw economy is estimated to be 11.5% and 19% to de provinciaw economy of Punjab.[144] As a whowe Punjab has $115 biwwion economy making it first and to date onwy Pakistani Subdivision of economy more dan $100 biwwion at de rank 144.[143] Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 biwwion by de year 2025, wif a swightwy higher growf rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.[143][145]

A major industriaw aggwomeration wif about 9,000 industriaw units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.[146] Some 42% of its work force is empwoyed in finance, banking, reaw estate, community, cuwturaw, and sociaw services.[146] The city is Pakistan's wargest software & hardware producing centre,[146] and hosts a growing computer-assembwy industry.[146] The city has awways been a centre for pubwications where 80% of Pakistan's books are pubwished, and it remains de foremost centre of witerary, educationaw and cuwturaw activity in Pakistan, uh-hah-hah-hah.[18]

The Lahore Expo Centre is one of de biggest projects in de history of de city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.[147] Defense Raya Gowf Resort, awso under construction, wiww be Pakistan's and Asia's wargest gowf course. The project is de resuwt of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Mawaysia. The rapid devewopment of warge projects such as dese in de city is expected to boost de economy of de country.[148] Ferozepur Road of de Centraw business districts of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers incwuding Kayre Internationaw Hotew and Arfa Software Technowogy Park.

Lahore's main pubwic transportation system is operated by de Lahore Transport Company (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Audority (PMTA). The backbone of its pubwic transport network is de PMTA's Lahore Metrobus and soon to be Orange Line of de Lahore Metro. LTC and PMTA awso operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of de city and acting as a feeder system for de Metrobus.

The Orange Line Metro Train is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore.[150][151] The Orange wine is de first of de dree proposed raiw wines proposed for de Lahore Metro. The wine spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) wif 25.4 km (15.8 mi) ewevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground and have a cost of 251.06 biwwion Rupees($1.6 biwwion).[152][153] The wine consists of 26 subway stations and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daiwy. CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive rowwed out de first of 27 trains for de metro on 16 May 2017.[154] Successfuw initiaw test triaws were run in mid 2018.[155] Since Lt Gen, uh-hah-hah-hah. (R) Asim Saweem Bajwa became de chairman of CPEC Audoriy,[156] he boosted de work awready going under his supervision and has announced de Orange Line Train wiww open as soon as 23 March 2020.[157]

Radio cab services Uber and Careem have been introduced by some private companies. These taxis need to be booked in advance by booking on apps or cawwing deir number.
Motorcycwe ride is awso avaiwabwe in de city which have been introduced by private companies. These motorcycwes need to be booked in advance by booking on apps

Auto rickshaws pway an important rowe of pubwic transport in Lahore. There are 246,458 auto rickshaws, often simpwy cawwed autos, in de city. Motorcycwe rickshaws, usuawwy cawwed "chand gari" (moon car) or "chingchi" (after de Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycwe Co. Ltd who first introduced dese to de market) are awso a very common means of domestic travew. Since 2002, aww auto rickshaws have been reqwired to use CNG as fuew.

The Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminaw serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by muwtipwe bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighboring provinces.

Under Punjab Locaw Government Act 2013, Lahore is a metropowitan area and under de audority of de Metropowitan Corporation Lahore.[167] The district is divided into 9 zones, each wif its own ewected Deputy Mayor. The Metropowitan Corporation Lahore is a body of dose 9 deputy, as weww as de city's mayor – aww of whom are ewected in popuwar ewections. The Metropowitan Corporation approves zoning and wand use, urban design and pwanning, environmentaw protection waws, as weww as provide municipaw services.

As per de Punjab Locaw Government Act 2013, de Mayor of Lahore is de ewected head of de Metropowitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directwy-ewected in municipaw ewections every four years awongside 9 deputy town mayors. Mubashir Javed of de Pakistan Muswim League (N) was ewected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsibwe for de administration of government services, de composition of counciws and committees overseeing Lahore City District departments and serves as de chairperson for meeting of Lahore Counciw. The mayor awso functions to hewp devise wong term devewopment pwans in consuwtation wif oder stakehowders and bodies to improve de condition, wivabiwity, and sustainabiwity of urban areas.

The peopwe of Lahore cewebrate many festivaws and events droughout de year, bwending Mughawai, Western, and oder traditions. Eid uw-Fitr and Eid uw-Adha are cewebrated. Many peopwe decorate deir houses and wight candwes to iwwuminate de streets and houses during pubwic howidays; roads and businesses may be wit for days. The mausoweum of Awi Hujwiri, awso known as Data Ganj Bakhsh (Punjabi: داتا گنج بخش) or Data Sahib, is wocated in Lahore, and an annuaw urs is hewd every year as a big festivaw. Basant is a Punjabi festivaw marking de coming of spring. Basant cewebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and peopwe from aww over de country and from abroad come to de city for de annuaw festivities. Kite-fwying competitions traditionawwy take pwace on city rooftops during Basant. Courts have banned de kite-fwying because of casuawties and power instawwation wosses. The ban was wifted for two days in 2007, den immediatewy reimposed when 11 peopwe were kiwwed by cewebratory gunfire, sharp kite-strings, ewectrocution, and fawws rewated to de competition, uh-hah-hah-hah.[171]

There are many havewis inside de Wawwed City of Lahore, some in good condition whiwe oders need urgent attention, uh-hah-hah-hah. Many of dese havewis are fine exampwes of Mughaw and SikhArchitecture. Some of de havewis inside de Wawwed City incwude:

Lahore is known as Pakistan's educationaw capitaw,[citation needed] wif more cowweges and universities dan any oder city in Pakistan, uh-hah-hah-hah. Lahore is Pakistan's wargest producer of professionaws in de fiewds of science, technowogy, IT, waw, engineering, medicine, nucwear sciences, pharmacowogy, tewecommunication, biotechnowogy and microewectronics, nanotechnowogy and de onwy future hyper high-tech center of Pakistan, uh-hah-hah-hah.[177] Most of de reputabwe universities are pubwic, but in recent years dere has awso been an upsurge in de number of private universities. It has de onwy AACSB accredited business schoow in Pakistan, namewy, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). The witeracy rate of Lahore is 74%. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's owdest and best educationaw institutes:

Lahore is home to severaw gowf courses. The Lahore Gymkhana Gowf Course, de Lahore Garrison Gowf and Country Cwub, de Royaw Pawm Gowf Cwub and newwy buiwt DHA Gowf Cwub are weww maintained Gowf Courses in Lahore. In nearby Raiwind Road, a 9 howes course, Lake City, opened in 2011. The newwy opened Oasis Gowf and Aqwa Resort is anoder addition to de city. It is a state-of-de-art faciwity featuring gowf, water parks, and weisure activities such as horse riding, archery and more. The Lahore Maradon is part of an annuaw package of six internationaw maradons being sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank across Asia, Africa, and de Middwe East. More dan 20,000 adwetes from Pakistan and aww over de worwd participate in dis event. It was first hewd on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More dan 22,000 peopwe participated in de 2006 race. The dird maradon was hewd on 14 January 2007.[179][faiwed verification] Pwans exist to buiwd Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on de bank of de Ravi River.[180][better source needed]

^Shewwey, Fred (16 December 2014). The Worwd's Popuwation: An Encycwopedia of Criticaw Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries. ABC-CLIO. p. 356. ISBN978-1-61069-506-0. Lahore is de historic center of de Punjab region of de nordwestern portion of de Indian subcontinent

^Haroon Khawid. "How owd is Lahore? The cwues wie in a bwend of historicaw fact and expedient wegend". Dawn. A wegend subseqwentwy grew dat connected de history of de city wif Vawmiki's Ramayana. According to dis narrative, Vawmiki wived on a mound on de banks of de Ravi when he hosted Ram's consort Sita after she was banished from Ayodhya. It is here dat she gave birf Lav and Kush, de princes of Ayodhya, who water founded de twin cities of Lahore and Kasur.

^Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭwovich (2003). History of Civiwizations of Centraw Asia: Devewopment in contrast : from de sixteenf to de mid-nineteenf century. UNESCO. ISBN9789231038761.

^"Short Cuts". The Economist. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016. For centuries Lahore was de heart of Mughaw Hindustan, known to visitors as de City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from de Mughaw period (de peak of which was in de 17f century) dan India's Dewhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are wess photographed.

^ abGwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. By de turn of de twentief century, Lahore's popuwation had nearwy doubwed from what it had been when de province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 peopwe in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901.

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. On de eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a fwat, debris-strewn pwain interrupted by a smaww number of popuwous abadis, de deserted cantonment and barracks of de former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British warge buiwdings in various states of disrepair.

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. The inner city, on de oder hand, remained probwematic. Seen as a potentiaw hotbed of disease and sociaw instabiwity, and notoriouswy difficuwt to observe and fadom, de inner districts of de city remained stubbornwy resistant to cowoniaw intervention, uh-hah-hah-hah. Throughout de British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we wiww expwore more fuwwy, de inner districts of its wargest cities were awmost entirewy weft awone. 5 The cowoniaw state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It shouwd not surprise us dat de main focus of imperiaw attention in Punjab was its fertiwe countryside rader dan cities wike Lahore.

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. What is more striking dan de fact dat Punjab's new ruwers (cost-effectivewy) appropriated de symbowicawwy charged buiwdings of deir predecessors is how wong some of dose appropriations wasted. The conversion of de Mughaw-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a nobwewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popuwarwy known as Anarkawi, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muswim tomb was first used as offices and residences for de cwericaw staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, de tomb was converted into de Angwican church

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. de mosqwe of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which de British converted first into a residence and water into de office of de raiwway traffic manager. Nearby was de tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highwy pwaced member of Akbar's court, which de raiwway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was de tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highwy pwaced member of Akbar's court, which de raiwway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acqwired earwier by de raiwway from de army, who had used it as a deater for entertaining officers. The raiwway provided anoder nearby tomb free of charge to de Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenf-century Mughaw viceroy of Punjab who had brutawwy persecuted de Sikhs whiwe he was in power, escaped demowition by de raiwway but was converted neverdewess into a private wine merchant's shop

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. wif an abundance of abandoned warge structures scattered droughout de civiw station on nazuw (state administered) property, de cowoniaw government often chose to house major institutions in converted buiwdings rader dan to buiwd anew. These institutions incwuded de Civiw Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was wocated in Ventura's former house; de Pubwic Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and de Accountant Generaw's office, headqwartered in a converted seventeenf century mosqwe near de tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Maww Road. In

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. The Lahore station, buiwt during a time when securing British civiwians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in de government's mind, fortified medievaw castwe, compwete wif turrets and crenewwated towers, battered fwanking wawws, and woophowes for directing rifwe and cannon fire awong de main avenues of approach from de city

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. We shouwd remember dat outside of cowoniaw miwitary cantonments, where ruwes encouraging raciaw separation were partiawwy formawized in de residentiaw districts of India's cowoniaw cities. Wherever government institutions, commerciaw enterprises, and pwaces of pubwic congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and sociaw cwasses was bof wegawwy accommodated and necessary. In Lahore dese kinds of activities were concentrated in a hawf-miwe-wide zone stretching awong Maww Road from de Civiw Secretariat, near Anarkawi's tomb, at one end to de botanicaw gardens at de oder (see.

^ abGwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. As a gesture of woyawty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of wocaw note, and de pubwic generawwy" formed a subscription to erect de "Victoria Jubiwee Institute for de Promotion and Diffusion of Technicaw and Agricuwturaw Education and Science" in Lahore, a compwex dat eventuawwy formed de nucweus of de city's museum and de Mayo Schoow of Art (compweted in 1894).

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. According to de 1901 census, derefore, de inner city of Lahore contained exactwy 20,691 "houses"

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. We shouwd remember dat outside of cowoniaw miwitary cantonments, where ruwes encouraging raciaw separation were partiawwy formawized in de residentiaw districts of India's cowoniaw cities. Wherever government institutions, commerciaw enterprises, and pwaces of pubwic congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and sociaw cwasses was bof wegawwy accommodated and necessary. In Lahore dese kinds of activities were concentrated in a hawf-miwe-wide zone stretching awong Maww Road from de Civiw Secretariat, near Anarkawi's tomb, at one end to de botanicaw gardens at de oder

^Kauw, Pyarewaw (1991). Crisis in Kashmir. Suman Pubwications. p. 42. Under Radcwiffe Award, Lahore was to have gone to India and not to Pakistan, uh-hah-hah-hah. The Arbitrator Radcwiffe, announced to de representatives of India and Pakistan dat Lahore had fawwen to de wot of India.

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. Montgomery Haww faced inward, toward de main avenue of what wouwd become a and reading room, a teak dance and "rinking"fwoor (skating rink), and room for de Gymkhana Cwub. Lawrence Haww was devoted to de white community in Lahore;de spaces and program of Montgomery Haww awwowed for raciaw interaction between British civiwians and officiaws and de ewites of Lahori society.

^Gwover, Wiwwiam (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Cowoniaw City. Univ of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4. Like Lawrence and Montgomery Hawws, moreover, de garden's major ewements were aww financed drough a combination of provinciaw, municipaw, and private funds from bof British carefuwwy isowated space of controwwed cuwturaw interaction underwritten by ewite cowwaboration, uh-hah-hah-hah. Bof de botanicaw garden and de zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controwwed dispway of exotic nature to de garden's overaww didactic program. The botanicaw garden exhibited over six hundred species of pwants, trees, and shrubs, aww carefuwwy tended by a horticuwturist sent out from de Royaw Botanic Gardens at Kew.