May 1, 1930Trinity, TexasFeb. 19, 2011Los Angeles, Calif.American football player and track star who possessed a lightning speed that resulted in his winning two Olympic track medals in 1952 (a bronze in the 400-m dash and a silver in the 4 × 400-m relay) and plaudits in the National...

The temple of Matsu, Goddess of the Sea, at Pei-kang, attracts multitudes of pilgrims from all over Taiwan for annual celebrations. Tou-liu is the administrative seat of the hsien and is linked by road and railway with T’aichung to the north and with Chia-i to the south. Area 498 square miles (1,291 square km). Pop. (2008 est.) 725,672....

small island under the jurisdiction of Taiwan in the East China Sea, lying off the Min River estuary of mainland China and about 130 miles (210 km) northwest of Chi-lung (Keelung), Taiwan. Matsu is the main island of a group of 19, the Matsu Islands, which constitute Lien-kiang (Lienchiang) hsien (county). The island has a hilly terrain of...

city, Ōsaka fu (urban prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies along the Yamato River. The city was an early road transport centre and is rich in historic relics, including the ancient tomb mound of Ōtsuka. In the gradual urbanization of the area after the late 19th century, Matsubara became a residential suburb south of Ōsaka. Its small-scale industries p...

Jan. 28, 1922Hiroshima, JapanJuly 10, 2002Tokyo, JapanJapanese corporate executive who , served as president (1970–77) and chairman (1977–80) of the Mazda Motor Corp. and from 1970 owned and managed the Hiroshima Toyo Carp professional baseball team. His grandfather, Jujiro Ma...

The ancestors of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Edo bakufu, were the Matsudaira, a Sengoku daimyo family from the mountainous region of Mikawa province (in present Aichi prefecture) who had built up their base as daimyo by advancing into the plains of Mikawa. But when they were attacked and defeated by the powerful Oda family from the west, Ieyasu’s father, Hirotada, was killed....

one of the primary Japanese political figures in the events preceding the Meiji Restoration—i.e., the 1868 overthrow of the feudal Tokugawa shogunate and the establishment of a centralized regime under the Japanese emperor....

Japanese minister who instituted the Kansei reforms, a series of conservative fiscal and social measures intended to reinvigorate Japan by recovering the greatness that had marked the Tokugawa shogunate from its inception in 1603. Although traditional historians have paid tribute to them, Matsudaira’s reforms are now generally considered to have been a vain resuscitation ...

Japanese diplomat and statesman who helped secure an increase in the naval strength allotted to Japan at the 1930 London Naval Conference. The increase, however, was not large enough to satisfy the Japanese Navy. From 1936 to June 1945, as imperial household minister, Matsudaira was an adviser to the emperor. As such he initially tried unsuccessfully to influence Japanese policy, which seemed head...

one of the primary Japanese political figures in the events preceding the Meiji Restoration—i.e., the 1868 overthrow of the feudal Tokugawa shogunate and the establishment of a centralized regime under the Japanese emperor....

city, Chiba ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the Jōban Line (railway), east of the centre of Tokyo. During the Tokugawa era (1603–1867), Matsudo was a post town on the Mito-kaidō (Mito Highway) and a port on the Tone-gawa (Tone River) and the Edo-gawa. After World War II it became a residential and industrial suburb of the Tokyo–Yokohama Met...

capital, Shimane ken (prefecture), southwestern Honshu, Japan, on Shinji-ko (Lake Shinji) and the Tenjin-gawa (Tenjin River), near the Sea of Japan. Known as the “city built on water,” Matsue retained its feudal character into the 1970s. Many of the buildings were designed by the feudal lord Fumai, who promoted the lacquer ware and pottery industries and the...

...Series by defeating the defending champion Philadelphia Phillies 7–3 in game six on November 4 in New York’s new Yankee Stadium to win the best-of-seven series by four games to two. New York’s Hideki Matsui tied a World Series record by batting in six runs in a single game and was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP). It was pitcher Andy Pettitte’s third victory in a...

The destruction of Nanjing—which had been the capital of the Nationalist Chinese from 1928 to 1937—was ordered by Matsui Iwane, commanding general of the Central China Front Army that captured the city. Over the next several weeks, Japanese soldiers carried out Matsui’s orders, perpetrating numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the...

Sept. 17, 1941Sacramento, Calif.Jan. 1, 2005Bethesda, Md.American politician who , was U.S. congressman from the 5th district of California from 1979 until his death. From 1942 to 1945 the U.S. government confined Matsui and his family in an internment camp on suspicion of disloyalty becaus...

city, Nagano ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan, in a mountain basin on the Narai-gawa (Narai River). It is noted for its silk industry, which dates from feudal times. Mulberry and fruit trees are grown on terraces encircling the floor of the basin. The city is a tourist centre with hot springs and skiing resorts in the surrounding mountains. Near Matsumoto are two c...

Japanese school of naturalistic painting that was founded in the late 18th century by Maruyama Masataka (Ōkyo) and was made popular by his pupils, among them Matsumura Gekkei, called Goshun, from whose residence on Fourth Street (Shijō), in Kyōto, the movement took its name. Among the most important artists associated with the school were Matsumura Keibun and Okamoto......

Japanese school of naturalistic painting that was founded in the late 18th century by Maruyama Masataka (Ōkyo) and was made popular by his pupils, among them Matsumura Gekkei, called Goshun, from whose residence on Fourth Street (Shijō), in Kyōto, the movement took its name. Among the most important artists associated with the school were Matsumura Keibun and Okamoto......

...family (1490–1558). In the 16th century actual power devolved into the hands of their retainers, the Miyoshi family (1558–65), until it was finally usurped by their own retainers, the Matsunaga family (1565–68)....

renowned Japanese scholar and haikai poet of the early Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who founded the Teitoku (or Teimon) school of haikai poetry. Teitoku raised haikai—comic renga (“linked verses”) from which the more serious 17-syllable haiku of Bashō were derived—to an acceptable literary standard and made them into a popular poet...

renowned Japanese scholar and haikai poet of the early Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who founded the Teitoku (or Teimon) school of haikai poetry. Teitoku raised haikai—comic renga (“linked verses”) from which the more serious 17-syllable haiku of Bashō were derived—to an acceptable literary standard and made them into a popular poet...

...down the Burma Road to China for three months, isolating Chiang Kai-shek. Japanese militarists then arranged a new government in Tokyo under the weak Konoe Fumimaro, expecting that Foreign Minister Matsuoka and War Minister Tōjō Hideki would dominate. On July 27 the Cabinet decided to ally with the Axis and strike into Southeast Asia even as it sought to resume normal trade with t...

Teika is credited also with a novel, Matsura no miya monogatari (“Tale of Matsura Shrine,” Eng. trans. The Tale of Matsura). Though it is unfinished and awkwardly constructed, its dreamlike atmosphere lingers in the mind with the overtones of Teika’s poetry; dreams of the past were indeed the refuge of the medieval romancers, w...

(Japanese: “festival”), in general, any of a wide variety of civil and religious ceremonies in Japan; more particularly, the shrine festivals of Shintō. Matsuri vary according to the shrine, the deity or sacred power (kami) worshipped, and the purpose and occasion of the ceremony and often are performed in accordance with tr...

...such ensembles being hayashi. During the Tokugawa period the Shintō shrines of Edo (Tokyo) developed festival ensembles (matsuri bayashi) for the various major districts of the city. Most of these combine a bamboo flute with two folk-style taiko stick drums, an......

...decaying wood. Armillaria ponderosa, an edible mushroom with an interesting cinnamon flavor, is found in Northwest coastal forests; it is avidly collected by Japanese-Americans, who call it matsutake, after the matsutake of Japan (Tricholoma matsutake). Tricholoma also contains a number of inedible forms, including the very poisonous T. pardinum. Pholiota is.....

Buddhist teacher recognized as the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū (True Pure Land School), which advocates that faith, recitation of the name of the buddha Amida (Amitabha), and birth in the paradise of the Pure Land. For centuries Jōdo Shinshū has been one of the largest schools of Buddhism in Japan. During his life...

capital, Ehime ken (prefecture), northwestern Shikoku, Japan. It is a seaport that faces the Inland Sea and lies on the fertile Dōgo Plain. Matsuyama is the largest city on Shikoku, covering an area of 80 square miles (207 square km). Its industries produce textiles, petrochemicals, paper, and machinery. The city is also a trade centre for local handicrafts (potter...

Japanese professional baseball pitcher who became a star player in both Japan and the United States. In 2007, his first season of Major League Baseball (MLB), he helped the Boston Red Sox win a World Series championship....

first of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the Hindu god Vishnu. In this appearance Vishnu saved the world from a great flood. Manu, the first man, caught a little fish that grew to giant size and revealed himself as the god. When the flood approached, Manu saved himself by tying his boat to the horn on the fish’s head. Some early accounts refer to the fish-saviour as Praj...

The Kekayas, Madras, and Ushinaras, who had settled in the region between Gandhara and the Beas River, were described as descendants of the Anu tribe. The Matsyas occupied an area to the southwest of present-day Delhi. The Kuru-Pancala, still dominant in the Ganges–Yamuna Doab area, were extending their control southward and eastward; the Kuru capital had reportedly been moved from......

...Brahmanic sources held that the gods appointed the ruler and that a contract of dues was concluded between the ruler and the people. Also prevalent was the theory of matsyanyaya, which proposes that in periods of chaos, when there is no ruler, the strong devour the weak, just as in periods of drought big fish eat little fish. Thus, the need for a......

first human guru, or spiritual teacher, of the Natha, a popular Indian religious movement combining elements of Shaivism, Buddhism, and Hatha Yoga, a form of yoga that stresses breath control and physical postures....

...and Recreation Centre”), or COC, was founded in 1946 in Amsterdam. In the United States the first major male organization, founded in 1950–51 by Harry Hay in Los Angeles, was the Mattachine Society (its name reputedly derived from a medieval French society of masked players, the Société Mattachine, to represent the public “masking” of homosexuality),......

former township in Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies adjacent to the city of Kochi (Cochin) on the Arabian Sea coast. In 1970 Mattancheri township was incorporated with the Kochi urban agglomeration. The township is notable chiefly for the impressive Pardesi synagogue of the Jewish community as well as for the palace of the rajas of ...

...population at the time of European settlement range roughly from 14,000 to 22,000 in the Tidewater region alone. Today only two reservations remain in the state, one each for the Pamunkey and Mattaponi peoples, respectively situated along the Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers near West Point, where the two waterways join to form the York River at the western edge of the Middle Peninsula.......

Jewish priest and landowner of Modein, near Jerusalem, who in 167 defied the decree of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria to Hellenize the Jews; he fled to the Judaean hills with his five sons and waged a guerrilla war against the Syrians, being succeeded by his son Judas Maccabeus. Because, according to Josephus, Mattathias’ great-great-grandfather was called Hasmoneus, the...

...of Chicago in 1916. He built his first mass spectrometer in 1918, and he began teaching at the University of Chicago in 1919. In 1936, with Kenneth T. Bainbridge of the United States and J.H.E. Mattauch of Austria, he developed a double-focusing type of mass spectrograph, a device used to measure the mass of atomic nuclei. Dempster devoted much of his career almost exclusively to a single......

...both of which have been used in a variety of commercial instruments, were built by Mattauch and Richard Herzog in West Germany and by the American physicist Alfred O. Nier and his collaborators. The Mattauch-Herzog geometry is shown in Figure 4. Ions of all masses focus along a line that coincides with the second magnetic field boundary. Many versions of this design have been used when high......

...drawn-out war, which began with the defeat of the Pallavas. Apart from his campaigns, Mahendravarman was a writer and artist of some distinction. The play associated with him, Mattavilasaprahasana, treats in a farcical manner the idiosyncrasies of Buddhist and Shaiva ascetics....

...such effects as characters flying through the air. Ordinary superimposition cannot be used for this effect because the background will bleed through as the character moves. To create a traveling matte shot, it is necessary to obtain an opaque image of the foreground actors or objects against a transparent background. This is done by exploiting film’s special sensitivity to blue light. In...

crude mixture of molten sulfides formed as an intermediate product of the smelting of sulfide ores of metals, especially copper, nickel, and lead. Instead of being smelted directly to metal, copper ores are usually smelted to matte, preferably containing 40–45 percent copper along with iron and sulfur, which is then treated by converting in a Bessemer-type converter. Air is blown into the ...

...element from its compound as an impure molten metal and separates it from the waste rock part of the charge, which becomes a molten slag. There are two types of smelting, reduction smelting and matte smelting. In reduction smelting, both the metallic charge fed into the smelter and the slag formed from the process are oxides; in matte smelting, the slag is an oxide while the metallic charge......

...It lies at the foot of Mount Beacon, on the east bank of the Hudson River (there bridged to Newburgh), 58 miles (93 km) north of New York City. It became a city when the 17th-century villages of Matteawan and Fishkill Landing were united in 1913. The name was inspired by the fires that blazed atop Mount Beacon during the American Revolution to warn George Washington of British troop......

...technology in innovative and vital ways. A column in The Wall Street Journal newspaper noted that General Electric’s aviation unit prints fuel injectors and other jet engine components, Mattel, Inc., uses 3D printers to produce prototypes of toys, and Ford Motor Co. both prints auto part prototypes and “sees a future where customers will be able to print their own replaceme...

The son of a goldsmith, Orcagna was the leading member of a family of painters, which included three younger brothers: Nardo (died 1365/66), Matteo, and Jacopo (died after 1398) di Cione. He matriculated in the Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali in 1343–44 and was admitted to the guild of stonemasons in 1352. In 1354 he contracted to paint an altarpiece for the Strozzi Chapel in the left......

political confrontation between liberals and the Fascist government of Italy after the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist opposition deputy, by Fascist thugs in June 1924. The crisis had threatened to bring about the downfall of Fascist leader Benito Mussolini but instead ended with Mussolini as the absolute dictator of Italy....

Italian Socialist leader whose assassination by Fascists shocked world opinion and shook Benito Mussolini’s regime. The Matteotti Crisis, as the event came to be known, initially threatened to bring about the downfall of the Fascists but instead ended with Mussolini as the absolute dictator of Italy....

Change, for Aristotle, can take place in many different categories. Local motion, as noted above, is change in the category of place. Change in the category of quantity is growth (or shrinkage), and change in the category of quality (e.g., of colour) is what Aristotle calls “alteration.” Change in the category of substance, however—a change of one kind of thing into......

principle that the mass of an object or collection of objects never changes, no matter how the constituent parts rearrange themselves. Mass has been viewed in physics in two compatible ways. On the one hand, it is seen as a measure of inertia, the opposition that free bodies offer to forces: trucks are harder to move and to stop than less massive cars. On the other hand, mass is...

the body of stories and medieval romances, known as the matter of Britain, centring on the legendary king Arthur. Medieval writers, especially the French, variously treated stories of Arthur’s birth, the adventures of his knights, and the adulterous love between his knight Sir Lancelot and his queen, Guinevere. This last situation and...

...in The Gold Cell (1987). The poet presents arguments against her parents’ marriage in “I Go Back to May 1937” and explores their relationship in other poems in the collection. The Matter of This World: New and Selected Poems (1987) and The Father (1992) continue her intimate meditations—free of bitterness and self-pity—on her own life, as ...

...Liza finally fulfilled their dream of making a film together when exploitation movie king Samuel Z. Arkoff’s American-International Pictures agreed to finance the period fantasy A Matter of Time (1976)....

...of a wing to house Islamic art. The Guggenheim in Bilbao, Spain, unveiled one of the most ambitious and expensive sculptures in modern history when it installed in its vast ground-floor lobby A Matter of Time by American artist Richard Serra. Commemorative dates continued to frame many art exhibitions. The most important anniversary in 2005 was the centenary of the foundation of the......

any aspect of the behaviour or properties of a material object that varies in time or space in conformity with the mathematical equations that describe waves. By analogy with the wave and particle behaviour of light that had already been established experimentally, the French physicist Louis de Broglie suggested (1924) that particles might have wave properties in addition to particle properties. T...

any aspect of the behaviour or properties of a material object that varies in time or space in conformity with the mathematical equations that describe waves. By analogy with the wave and particle behaviour of light that had already been established experimentally, the French physicist Louis de Broglie suggested (1924) that particles might have wave properties in addition to particle properties. T...

A curious number that appeared in the above discussion was the few parts in 109 asymmetry initially between matter and antimatter (or equivalently, the ratio 10−9 of protons to photons in the present universe). What is the origin of such a number—so close to zero yet not exactly zero?...

...revitalized the notion of amusement parks. Disney commissioned the Arrow Development Company (later Arrow Dynamics; now S&S-Arrow), led by Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon, to design the bobsled-style Matterhorn (1959), the first steel coaster. Tubular steel rails and nylon wheels expanded the possibilities of coaster design while making the rides themselves dramatically smoother....

one of the best-known mountains (14,692 feet [4,478 metres]) in the Alps, straddling the frontier between Switzerland and Italy, 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the village of Zermatt, Switzerland. Though from the Swiss side it appears to be an isolated horn-shaped peak, it is actually the butt end of a ridge; the Swiss slope is not nearly as steep or as difficult to climb as the g...

...including the Dufourspitze on the Monte Rosa massif, at 15,203 feet (4,634 metres) the highest point in Switzerland; the Weisshorn (14,780 feet [4,405 metres]), overlooking the valley called the Mattertal; the Dom (14,912 feet [4,545 metres]), above the village of Saas Fee; and the ice-sculpted Matterhorn (14,691 feet [4,478 metres]), long a symbol of Switzerland. The northern and southern......

...Charles Kite invented a precursor of the modern defibrillation device. Later studies, including those conducted by Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani in the 1790s and by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci in the 1840s, shed light on the electrical properties of animal tissues. In fact, Matteucci, in his studies of electricity detection in pigeons, was the first to detect an electrical...

Italian explorer who was the first European to traverse the whole of the African continent north of the equator from Egypt to the Gulf of Guinea. The journey took him through many parts of Africa that had been only marginally explored by Europeans. While his crossing is well remembered as an exploit, Matteucci failed to compile any significant geographical observations....

German football (soccer) player who set a world record by making his 144th international appearance—on Feb. 23, 2000, in a game against the Netherlands, the same national team against which he had made his debut for Germany 20 years previously. He finished his international career with 150 appearances. During that time he became the only field player in the world to play ...

German football (soccer) player who set a world record by making his 144th international appearance—on Feb. 23, 2000, in a game against the Netherlands, the same national team against which he had made his debut for Germany 20 years previously. He finished his international career with 150 appearances. During that time he became the only field player in the world to play ...

Passion music by Johann Sebastian Bach. Its earliest verified performance was April 11, 1727—Good Friday—at Thomaskirche in Leipzig. It is the longest and most elaborate of all works by this Baroque master and represents the culmination of his sacred music and, indeed, of Baroque sacred mus...

Passion music by Johann Sebastian Bach. Its earliest verified performance was April 11, 1727—Good Friday—at Thomaskirche in Leipzig. It is the longest and most elaborate of all works by this Baroque master and represents the culmination of his sacred music and, indeed, of Baroque sacred mus...

...Party, the Broad Social Movement, and the Citizen Left party—became the first two-time president of Chile since the end of the Pinochet regime when she won the December runoff election against Evelyn Mattheiof the ruling right-wing Alliance coalition (capturing about 62% of the vote to some 38% for Matthei). Bachelet had finished atop a nine-candidate field in the first rou...

...by 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) relative to the average temperature between 1000 and 2000 ce. The term Little Ice Age was introduced to the scientific literature by Dutch-born American geologist F.E. Matthes in 1939. Originally the phrase was used to refer to Earth’s most recent 4,000-year period of mountain-glacier expansion and retreat. Today some scientists use it to di...

East German swimmer who is considered one of the greatest backstrokers of all time. Undefeated in major backstroke competitions between 1967 and 1974, Matthes set 16 world records and won eight Olympic medals....

From rock and roll’s arrival in the 1950s to the heyday of the beat boom in the 1960s, British pop music fans were poorly served by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Before the advent of the BBC’s pop network, Radio 1, coverage of pop music was all but confined to two weekend morning shows on the Light Programme network: Saturday Club and Sunday’s Easy Beat...