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For scientists, engineers and others involved in real data collection, the situation often arises in which one or more of the measured values appears to be outside the usual range. The temptation to ignore this data with rationalisations such as blaming faulty recording equipment ( the equipment had a power surge, there was dirt in the lens) should be resisted. Instead of arbitrarily dropping data, Peirce's Criterion (1) may be applied.

The method is similar to the commonly used Chauvenet's criterion; however, Peirce's criterion is a more rigorous theoretical development based on the Gaussian distribution which can be applied to more than one suspect data value. In fact, Chauvenet refers to the prior work of Peirce, writing, in his original work: "What I have given may serve the purpose of giving the reader greater confidence in the correctness and value of Peirce's criterion."

The method can be applied using a table which lists R values corresponding to the number of data values. The possibility of more than one suspect experimental data value is also included. The table in reference 2 allows for up to 60 data measurements.