@article{Malone2017,
title = {Differences in morning–evening type and sleep duration between Black and White adults: Results from a propensity-matched UK Biobank sample},
author = {Susan Kohl Malone, Freda Patterson, Alicia Lozano, Alexandra Hanlon},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07420528.2017.1317639},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-05-10},
journal = {Chronobiology International},
abstract = {Biological evidence suggests that ethno-racial differences in morning–evening type are possible, whereby Blacks may be more likely to be morning type compared to Whites. However, population-level evidence of ethno-racial difference in morning–evening type is limited. In an earlier study, we reported that morning type was more prevalent in Blacks compared to Whites in the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank cohort (N = 439 933). This study aimed to determine if these ethno-racial differences persisted after accounting for an even broader range of social, environmental and individual characteristics and employing an analytic approach that simulates randomization in observational data, propensity score modeling. Data from UK Biobank participants whose self-identified race/ethnicity was Black/Black British or White; who did not report daytime napping, shift work or night shift work; who provided full mental health information; and who were identified using propensity score matching were used (N = 2044). Each sample was strongly matched across all social, environmental and individual characteristics as indicated by absolute standardized mean differences <0.09 for all variables. The prevalence of reporting nocturnal short, adequate and long sleep as well as morning, intermediate and evening type among Blacks (n = 1022) was compared with a matched sample of Whites (n = 1022) using multinomial logistic regression models. Blacks had a 62% greater odds of being morning type [odds ratio (OR) = 1.620, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.336–1.964, p < .0001] and a more than threefold greater odds of reporting nocturnal short sleep (OR = 3.453, 95% CI: 2.846–4.190, p < .0001) than Whites. These data indicate that the greater prevalence of morning type and short nocturnal sleep in Blacks compared to Whites is not fully explained by a wide range of social and environmental factors. If sleep is an upstream determinant of health, these data suggest that ethno-racially targeted public health sleep intervention strategies are needed.},
keywords = {3474, ethnicity, featured, sleep},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Biological evidence suggests that ethno-racial differences in morning–evening type are possible, whereby Blacks may be more likely to be morning type compared to Whites. However, population-level evidence of ethno-racial difference in morning–evening type is limited. In an earlier study, we reported that morning type was more prevalent in Blacks compared to Whites in the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank cohort (N = 439 933). This study aimed to determine if these ethno-racial differences persisted after accounting for an even broader range of social, environmental and individual characteristics and employing an analytic approach that simulates randomization in observational data, propensity score modeling. Data from UK Biobank participants whose self-identified race/ethnicity was Black/Black British or White; who did not report daytime napping, shift work or night shift work; who provided full mental health information; and who were identified using propensity score matching were used (N = 2044). Each sample was strongly matched across all social, environmental and individual characteristics as indicated by absolute standardized mean differences <0.09 for all variables. The prevalence of reporting nocturnal short, adequate and long sleep as well as morning, intermediate and evening type among Blacks (n = 1022) was compared with a matched sample of Whites (n = 1022) using multinomial logistic regression models. Blacks had a 62% greater odds of being morning type [odds ratio (OR) = 1.620, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.336–1.964, p < .0001] and a more than threefold greater odds of reporting nocturnal short sleep (OR = 3.453, 95% CI: 2.846–4.190, p < .0001) than Whites. These data indicate that the greater prevalence of morning type and short nocturnal sleep in Blacks compared to Whites is not fully explained by a wide range of social and environmental factors. If sleep is an upstream determinant of health, these data suggest that ethno-racially targeted public health sleep intervention strategies are needed.

Baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort study (N=109,397) were used to generate multigroup path analysis models to identify the direct, indirect, and total effects through which sleep duration (short ≤6hrs; adequate 7-8hrs; long ≥9hrs) mediates the relationship between BMI and T2D, for each sleep timing category. All pathways were adjusted for socio-demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Model fit was assessed.
Results:

Most participants were white (92%), female (55%) and did not attend college (66%). Short sleep duration was reported by 24%, adequate by 68% and long by 8%. Twenty-eight percent of the sample were morning, 64% were intermediate and 8% were evening type. The path models demonstrated small but statistically significant mediation for morning and intermediate types. Among morning types, short (versus adequate) sleep mitigated T2D as BMI increased (β=-0.001, p=0.032). Among intermediate types, long (vs. adequate) sleep exacerbated T2D as BMI increased (β=0.0004, p=0.005). The model provided a good fit to the data (CFI=0.998, TLI=0.839, RMSEA=0.013, WRMR=0.538).
Conclusion:

These data provide preliminary evidence that short sleep in morning type persons may not always be deleterious with regard to the BMI-T2D relationship. On the other hand, long sleep in intermediate type persons may be indicative of a worsened BMI-T2D relationship. Prospective work is needed to validate these findings and to examine the effects of sleep duration adjustment, for different sleep timing subgroups, on BMI and T2D outcomes.},
keywords = {3474, sleep, type 2 diabetes},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sleep duration and timing have independently been associated with body mass index (BMI) and type-2 diabetes (T2D). The extent to which sleep duration mediates the relationship between BMI and T2D for each sleep timing category (morning, intermediate, evening) remains unclear. Disentangling the complex relationship between sleep duration, timing, BMI, and T2D could shed light on sleep as intervention targets for reducing T2D risk among those with higher BMI.
Methods:

Baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort study (N=109,397) were used to generate multigroup path analysis models to identify the direct, indirect, and total effects through which sleep duration (short ≤6hrs; adequate 7-8hrs; long ≥9hrs) mediates the relationship between BMI and T2D, for each sleep timing category. All pathways were adjusted for socio-demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Model fit was assessed.
Results:

Most participants were white (92%), female (55%) and did not attend college (66%). Short sleep duration was reported by 24%, adequate by 68% and long by 8%. Twenty-eight percent of the sample were morning, 64% were intermediate and 8% were evening type. The path models demonstrated small but statistically significant mediation for morning and intermediate types. Among morning types, short (versus adequate) sleep mitigated T2D as BMI increased (β=-0.001, p=0.032). Among intermediate types, long (vs. adequate) sleep exacerbated T2D as BMI increased (β=0.0004, p=0.005). The model provided a good fit to the data (CFI=0.998, TLI=0.839, RMSEA=0.013, WRMR=0.538).
Conclusion:

These data provide preliminary evidence that short sleep in morning type persons may not always be deleterious with regard to the BMI-T2D relationship. On the other hand, long sleep in intermediate type persons may be indicative of a worsened BMI-T2D relationship. Prospective work is needed to validate these findings and to examine the effects of sleep duration adjustment, for different sleep timing subgroups, on BMI and T2D outcomes.

@article{Patterson2017,
title = {Interactive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiovascular risk factors.},
author = {F Patterson and SK Malone and MA Grandner and A Lozano and M Perkett and A Hanlon},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28371850},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-27},
journal = {European Journal of Public Health},
abstract = {Sleep duration and morningness/eveningness (circadian preference) have separately been associated with cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. tobacco use, physical inactivity). Interactive effects are plausible, resulting from combinations of sleep homeostatic and circadian influences. These have not been examined in a population sample. : Multivariable regression models were used to test the associations between combinations of sleep duration (short [≤6 h], adequate [7-8 h], long [≥9 h]) and morning/evening preference (morning, somewhat morning, somewhat evening, evening) with the cardiovascular risk factors of tobacco use, physical inactivity, high sedentary behaviour, obesity/overweight and eating fewer than 5 daily servings of fruit and vegetables, in a cross-sectional sample of 439 933 adults enrolled in the United Kingdom Biobank project. : Participants were 56% female, 95% white and mean age was 56.5 (SD = 8.1) years. Compared with adequate sleep with morning preference (referent group), long sleep with evening preference had a relative odds of 3.23 for tobacco use, a 2.02-fold relative odds of not meeting physical activity recommendations, a 2.19-fold relative odds of high screen-based sedentary behaviour, a 1.47-fold relative odds of being obese/overweight and a 1.62-fold relative odds of <5 fruit and vegetable daily servings. Adequate sleep with either morning or somewhat morning preference was associated with a lower prevalence and odds for all cardiovascular risk behaviours except fruit and vegetable intake. : Long sleepers with evening preference may be a sleep phenotype at high cardiovascular risk. Further work is needed to examine these relationships longitudinally and to assess the effects of chronotherapeutic interventions on cardiovascular risk behaviours.},
keywords = {3474, cardiovascular, circadian, sleep},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sleep duration and morningness/eveningness (circadian preference) have separately been associated with cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. tobacco use, physical inactivity). Interactive effects are plausible, resulting from combinations of sleep homeostatic and circadian influences. These have not been examined in a population sample. : Multivariable regression models were used to test the associations between combinations of sleep duration (short [≤6 h], adequate [7-8 h], long [≥9 h]) and morning/evening preference (morning, somewhat morning, somewhat evening, evening) with the cardiovascular risk factors of tobacco use, physical inactivity, high sedentary behaviour, obesity/overweight and eating fewer than 5 daily servings of fruit and vegetables, in a cross-sectional sample of 439 933 adults enrolled in the United Kingdom Biobank project. : Participants were 56% female, 95% white and mean age was 56.5 (SD = 8.1) years. Compared with adequate sleep with morning preference (referent group), long sleep with evening preference had a relative odds of 3.23 for tobacco use, a 2.02-fold relative odds of not meeting physical activity recommendations, a 2.19-fold relative odds of high screen-based sedentary behaviour, a 1.47-fold relative odds of being obese/overweight and a 1.62-fold relative odds of <5 fruit and vegetable daily servings. Adequate sleep with either morning or somewhat morning preference was associated with a lower prevalence and odds for all cardiovascular risk behaviours except fruit and vegetable intake. : Long sleepers with evening preference may be a sleep phenotype at high cardiovascular risk. Further work is needed to examine these relationships longitudinally and to assess the effects of chronotherapeutic interventions on cardiovascular risk behaviours.

Sleep duration has been implicated in the etiology of obesity but less is known about the association between sleep and other behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
PURPOSE:

The aim of this study was to examine the associations among sleep duration, chronotype, and physical activity, screen-based sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and dietary intake.
METHODS:

Regression models were used to examine sleep duration and chronotype as the predictors and cardiovascular risk factors as outcomes of interest in a cross-sectional sample of 439,933 adults enrolled in the UK Biobank project.
RESULTS:

Short sleepers were 45 % more likely to smoke tobacco than adequate sleepers (9.8 vs. 6.9 %, respectively). Late chronotypes were more than twice as likely to smoke tobacco than intermediate types (14.9 vs. 7.4 %, respectively). Long sleepers reported 0.61 more hours of television per day than adequate sleepers. Early chronotypes reported 0.20 fewer daily hours of computer use per day than intermediate chronotypes. Early chronotypes had 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables per day than late chronotypes.
CONCLUSIONS:

Short and long sleep duration and late chronotype are associated with greater likelihood of cardiovascular risk behaviors. Further work is needed to determine whether these findings are maintained in the context of objective sleep and circadian estimates, and in more diverse samples. The extent to which promoting adequate sleep duration and earlier sleep timing improves heart health should also be examined prospectively.},
keywords = {3474, screen time, sleep, smoking},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sleep duration has been implicated in the etiology of obesity but less is known about the association between sleep and other behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
PURPOSE:

The aim of this study was to examine the associations among sleep duration, chronotype, and physical activity, screen-based sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and dietary intake.
METHODS:

Regression models were used to examine sleep duration and chronotype as the predictors and cardiovascular risk factors as outcomes of interest in a cross-sectional sample of 439,933 adults enrolled in the UK Biobank project.
RESULTS:

Short sleepers were 45 % more likely to smoke tobacco than adequate sleepers (9.8 vs. 6.9 %, respectively). Late chronotypes were more than twice as likely to smoke tobacco than intermediate types (14.9 vs. 7.4 %, respectively). Long sleepers reported 0.61 more hours of television per day than adequate sleepers. Early chronotypes reported 0.20 fewer daily hours of computer use per day than intermediate chronotypes. Early chronotypes had 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables per day than late chronotypes.
CONCLUSIONS:

Short and long sleep duration and late chronotype are associated with greater likelihood of cardiovascular risk behaviors. Further work is needed to determine whether these findings are maintained in the context of objective sleep and circadian estimates, and in more diverse samples. The extent to which promoting adequate sleep duration and earlier sleep timing improves heart health should also be examined prospectively.

Sleep duration has been implicated in the etiology of obesity but less is known about the association between sleep and other behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
PURPOSE:

The aim of this study was to examine the associations among sleep duration, chronotype, and physical activity, screen-based sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and dietary intake.
METHODS:

Regression models were used to examine sleep duration and chronotype as the predictors and cardiovascular risk factors as outcomes of interest in a cross-sectional sample of 439,933 adults enrolled in the UK Biobank project.
RESULTS:

Short sleepers were 45 % more likely to smoke tobacco than adequate sleepers (9.8 vs. 6.9 %, respectively). Late chronotypes were more than twice as likely to smoke tobacco than intermediate types (14.9 vs. 7.4 %, respectively). Long sleepers reported 0.61 more hours of television per day than adequate sleepers. Early chronotypes reported 0.20 fewer daily hours of computer use per day than intermediate chronotypes. Early chronotypes had 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables per day than late chronotypes.
CONCLUSIONS:

Short and long sleep duration and late chronotype are associated with greater likelihood of cardiovascular risk behaviors. Further work is needed to determine whether these findings are maintained in the context of objective sleep and circadian estimates, and in more diverse samples. The extent to which promoting adequate sleep duration and earlier sleep timing improves heart health should also be examined prospectively.},
keywords = {3474, screen time, sleep, smoking},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sleep duration has been implicated in the etiology of obesity but less is known about the association between sleep and other behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
PURPOSE:

The aim of this study was to examine the associations among sleep duration, chronotype, and physical activity, screen-based sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and dietary intake.
METHODS:

Regression models were used to examine sleep duration and chronotype as the predictors and cardiovascular risk factors as outcomes of interest in a cross-sectional sample of 439,933 adults enrolled in the UK Biobank project.
RESULTS:

Short sleepers were 45 % more likely to smoke tobacco than adequate sleepers (9.8 vs. 6.9 %, respectively). Late chronotypes were more than twice as likely to smoke tobacco than intermediate types (14.9 vs. 7.4 %, respectively). Long sleepers reported 0.61 more hours of television per day than adequate sleepers. Early chronotypes reported 0.20 fewer daily hours of computer use per day than intermediate chronotypes. Early chronotypes had 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables per day than late chronotypes.
CONCLUSIONS:

Short and long sleep duration and late chronotype are associated with greater likelihood of cardiovascular risk behaviors. Further work is needed to determine whether these findings are maintained in the context of objective sleep and circadian estimates, and in more diverse samples. The extent to which promoting adequate sleep duration and earlier sleep timing improves heart health should also be examined prospectively.