miércoles, 31 de octubre de 2012

Rossella Lorenzi
The giant stone statues in Polynesia's Easter Island may have just been "walked" out of quarry, according to a controversial new theory on how the monolithic human figures were transported to every corner of the island.
In a piece of experimental archaeology, a team of local and U.S. researchers showed that the massive statues, known as moai, can be moved from side to side by a small number of people, just as one might move a fridge.
"We constructed a precise three-dimensional 4.35 metric ton replica of an actual statue and demonstrated how positioning the center of mass allowed it to fall forward and rock from side to side causing it to 'walk,'" Carl Lipo, an archaeologist at California State University, Long Beach, and colleagues wrote in the Journal of Archaeological Science.ANALYSIS: Did Aliens Visit Easter Island?
Nearly 1,000 huge statues stand on the remote Rapa Nui, the indigenous name of Easter Island. With sizes ranging from about 6 to 33 feet in height, the rock effiges feature human-like figures ending at the top of the thighs with large heads, long ears and pursed lips.
Scholars have long debated how the multi-ton statues were moved from the quarry in Rano Raraku, an extinct volcano where they were carved, throughout the island's rugged terrain.
Claims ranged from extra-terrestrial intervention to molding in situ. However, most archaeologists agree that the colossal stone statues were moved by rolling them on logs. In doing so, the statue-obsessed Rapa Nui people would have depleted the island of its forests.
But according to Lipo's team, new evidence challenges the "longstanding notions of 'ecocide' and population collapse before European contact."
The researchers looked at the statues that were successfully placed on platforms on the island's perimeter, and others that the islanders abandoned on road sides in an apparently random fashion.NEWS: Easter Island Red Hat Mystery Revealed
According to Lipo, the position of the incomplete road moai shows that they fell over from upright positions, contradicting the theory that they were horizontally rolled on logs.
"The majority of statues are found facedown when the road slopes downhill, and often on their backs when going uphill," he said.
To test the walking hypothesis, Lipo and colleagues built a 4.35-ton concrete statue, which they say is a "precise proportionally scaled replica of an actual road moai shaped appropriately for transport."
Then they tested its upright movement at Kualoa Ranch in Hawaii.
Chanting "heave-ho," a team of 18 people managed to get the statue walking using three hemp ropes. ANALYSIS: Does Easter Island Hold Alzheimer's Cure?
One was tied from behind near the top of the head at the eyes to keep the statue from falling on its face. The other two, tied to the same location at the eyes, were stretched on either side and pulled in alternating fashion to rock the statue.
"Each roll caused the statue to take a step," Lipo said. In under an hour, the statue traveled 100 meters.
"In contrast to popular notions of sledges, rollers or sliders of trees, the evidence shows that moai were specifically engineered to 'walk' in an upright position achieved using only ropes, human labor and simple cleared pathways," wrote the researchers.
They noted that material for ropes was abundant on the island since they were made from a woody shrub. Therefore, "statue making and transport cannot be linked to deforestation," they said.
"Multiple lines of evidence, including the ingenious engineering to 'walk' statues, point to Easter Island as a remarkable history of success in a most unlikely place," they concluded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=yvvES47OdmY

A second skeleton found by archaeologists searching for the remains of King Richard III could be that of a friary's female founder.

The team carrying out the dig under the car park in Leicester city centre, which is thought to have been the site of the monarch's last resting place at the Church of Grey Friars, have not yet examined the a second set of remains.
Mathew Morris, University of Leicester Archaeological Services' site director said: "It wasn't unexpected finding the remains of a woman buried in the friary.
"We know of at least one woman connected with the friary, Ellen Luenor, a possible benefactor and founder with her husband, Gilbert.
"However, the friary would have administered to the poor, sick and homeless as well, and without knowing where Ellen Luenor had been originally buried we are unlikely to ever know who the remains are of, or why she was buried there."
Researchers are carrying out rigorous laboratory tests on the second set of remains.
The team is also analysing another set of human bones, believed to belong to Richard III, the last Plantagenet king, who was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
It was the site of the last major clash of the War of the Roses, fought between the Houses of Lancaster and York.
Archaeologists discovered the remains in what is thought to be the choir of the Grey Friars church, which is suggested in historical records to be the spot where the monarch was buried.
The skeleton has apparent battle wounds and curvature of the spine, researchers said.
A spokesman added: "The university has made it clear that it is not saying it has found Richard III - rather that the skeleton has characteristics that warrant extensive further detailed examination and that the search has moved from an archaeological to a laboratory phase."

The bones caused a row between MPs in the Commons last week - with a handful vying for them to be housed in their constituencies.
Labour MP John Mann (Bassetlaw), Labour colleague Jon Ashworth (Leicester South) and Labour's Hugh Bayley (York Central) openly bid for the monarch's remains - if tests prove they are his.
The University of Leicester, in association with Leicester City Council and the Richard III Society, is leading the Search for Richard III.
The outcome of the investigation is expected in January.PA

A multidisciplinary team from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) first entered a burial chamber in Temple XX at Palenque in southern Mexico, 13 years ago. The tomb contained the remains of one of the first rulers of the ancient city – K uk Bahlam I - who came to power in 431 AD and founded the dynasty which included the famous Mayan ruler Pakal.

Birthplace of a dynasty

Before the small group of specialists entered the tomb, a tiny video camera was inserted to view the condition of the frescoes last seen in 1999 during the work of the Institute of Pre-Columbian Art Research and again briefly in 2011.
Archaeologist Arnoldo Gonzalez Cruzwho who made the discovery of the tomb of the Red Queen in Palenque in 1994, along with restorer and fellow archaeologist, Rogelio Rivero Chong, decided to re-examine and further conserve the Temple XX tomb, located in the South Acropolis of Palenque in the land of Lakamha or “Place of the Great Waters”.We are at the birth of the Palenque dynasty, around 400 AD, and likely looking at the funerary enclosure of its founder; although this continues to be speculation pending further archaeological exploration,” explained Arnoldo Gonzalez. “Even this space could be an antechamber, we do not yet know if there are lower chambers. “
On the floor of the chamber, no skeletal remains have yet been spotted; however, already visible are eleven vessels and about a hundred smaller artefacts such as beads, mostly green stone, possibly jade and the rich red murals decorating the walls.

Brilliant red hues of the murals

Unlike the burial chambers of Pakal and the Red Queen, the chamber or antechamber of Temple XX has yet to reveal a sarcophagus, but the highlight is the brilliant red hues of the murals on three sides, with representations of the Nine Lords of Xibalba, a common theme in the tombs of Maya rulers.
The murals depict mythical characters wearing headgear, shields and sandals. The importance of burial sites from the Early Classic period (400-550 CE), are the rare fresco images and this is one of the few examples of murals discovered in funerary contexts at Palenque.

The murals had only been seen before on video,but now archaeologists, restorers, chemists, architects, photographers and graphic designers, have been able to directly observe the paintings and begin the task of preservation.
Although the multidisciplinary team consists of 60 individuals, the tomb can only contain two or three people at one time – who must also wear Tyvek coveralls (to avoid any contamination). Humidity and temperature, is strictly controlled to remain at 25 ° centigrade.

Conservation of the murals within the royal tomb. Image: INAH

The burial chamber is rectangular, measuring 3.40 m long, 1.43 wide and 2.50 m high and project members will enter this main chamber by a smaller one that is located on the west side.
Although the wealth of archaeological materials from the tomb of Temple XX is clear, they will not be retrieved during the stabilisation of the mural. Early studies show a high concentration of mercuric sulfide or cinnabar, a pigment that was highly valued in Mesoamerica and often used in funerary images.
The conservators will record, photograph and draw the murals before consolidating the weakened borders where collapse has

It's a bit like a mini with wings, says Dave Cowley,
aerial archaeologist with RCAHMS (the Royal Commission on the Ancient and
Historical Monuments of Scotland).

And as we walk down the small runway at Fife Airport towards the even smaller
Cessna plane, it seems it is an entirely apt description.
Dave and his colleagues make 40 to 50 trips a year in this four-seater plane
and today they are squeezing two more guests in - myself and cameraman Douglas
Macleod - to get a glimpse of their work.

Most archaeologists keep their feet firmly on the ground
but Dave is convinced you can see so much more from the skies.

As we shudder up to a couple of thousand feet above Glenrothes, he points out
crop markings in the fields below, remnants of ancient forts and other markings
unnoticed from ground level.
Surveyors and developers are grateful for views of the urban development.
Historians and academics can contrast current photos with much earlier ones
to see what has changed.
All are added to the massive photographic collection RCAHMS maintains -
upwards of 1.6 million photographs.
It's not for the faint-hearted. Dave has been doing this for 10 years so he
is blasé about throwing open the window and leaning forward for a better view.
As Ronnie the pilot banks the plane for a better view of the Forth Bridges,
Douglas and I let out a comedy shriek.
Hopetoun House is an amazing sight from the air - its formal gardens offering
perfect symmetry from the air. Neighbouring Mavisbank is a more poignant sight,
lying derelict, its gardens reclaimed by the natural landscape.
From the air it seems so much larger, so much less vulnerable to decay.
Over the Pentland Hills, Dave points out even older markings - ancient
fortifications made by man, other landscapes altered by time and weather.
Different times of year offer different weather conditions, and a chance to
examine certain kinds of formations.
Summer is good for buried archaeology. It also offer the sorts of clear,
clement conditions required for photographing water. Autumn with good light is
the best time for built heritage.

As we circle back to Fife, avoiding a scary thunderous rain shower on the
edge of Leith, there's a chance to look at one of Scotland's newest landscapes
from the air.
Charles Jencks's latest land sculpture is being built on a former open cast
mine in Fife.
The swirling green mound rises up from a sea of mud and rubble - an
extraordinary sight not yet properly visible from the ground.
With that, it's back down to earth with only the slightest of bumps. Ronnie
parks the aircraft and Dave packs up his photographic equipment and returns to
the office to download his latest images.
Many of his photos feature in a new exhibition at the Lighthouse in Glasgow -
a collaboration between RCAHMS and Architecture and Design Scotland.

Photos are enlarged and on tables beneath giant magnifying glasses, allowing
the visitor to have that same birds' eye view of Scotland, with their feet
firmly on the ground.

The Above Scotland exhibition will run until the 23
January 2013 in Gallery 2, The Lighthouse, Glasgow. Admission is free.

October 27. 2012 - Halloween brings trick-or-treaters, candy and rather macabre displays of skeletons and graves suddenly dotting suburban lawns.
All in fun, but for the ancient Celts who cooked up the autumn festival of Samhain, a predecessor to today's Halloween, a new study confirms such displays were serious business.
"The ancient Celts were most definitely head-hunters," prone to displaying these trophies, says anthropologist Mary Voigt, who has long headed the Penn Museum's excavations at the storied site of Gordion in modern-day Turkey. "And they were definitely Celts at Gordion."
What were those Celts (pronounced with a hard "K" sound) doing in Turkey? Well, in a forthcoming study in the Journal of Osteoarchaeology by archaeologist Page Selinsky of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, it seems they were definitely continuing some startling ritual murder practices. They decorated sacrifice sites with ghoulish entanglements of human bones, perhaps as a warning to foes and the folks theyGordion is the place where Alexander the Great famously severed the intractable "Gordian Knot," a knot so complex that legend has it that whoever undid the knot would rule all of Asia, on his conquests around 334 B.C. The death of Alexander also brought Celts, originally mercenaries and later conquerors, to Gordion, a citadel mound in central Turkey that was once ruled by the King Midas of the golden touch myth.
But by 240 B.C., the time examined in Selinsky's study, Gordion was ruled by a group of Celts called the Galatians (which very roughly means the "Greek Gauls," where the Gauls were the Celtic tribes who ruled today's France in the era when ancient Rome was a rising republic). Houses and pottery, loom weights and other artifacts at the site take on Celtic appearances from that time.
The other thing that takes on a Celtic appearance at the time, Selinsky reports in her study, is a graveyard. Bones and skulls from more than a dozen men, women and children arranged in odd ways appear to have been scattered around the site, in six clusters. Later Roman-era burials at the site, in contrast, are in rows of coffins and cremation urns, unlike the Galatian ones, with one exception.
"Understanding what they intended is the million-dollar question in Celtic ritual practices," Selinsky says. "These are big questions of life and death and what they believed. We may be seeing several different types of rituals."
In one case, a middle-aged woman's skeleton, her skull dented by three hammer blows, lay atop a younger woman's skeleton pinned under two large grinding stones. The bones of two children lay placed among them. In another, a teenager's clearly-decapitated head was arranged amid dog bones. Perhaps most bizarre, three skeletons mingled in doubled-over positions include the skull of a woman who appears to have been decapitated. Several men appear to have been decapitated among the bone clusters, their heads displayed singly in the manner of war trophies.
The Celts were big fans of skulls, Voigt notes in a chapter of the bookSacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, edited by Anne Porter and Glenn Schwartz. The Romans noted they collected heads of enemies to hang from their horses, and they sacrificed criminals and captured enemies, using their death throes to foretell the future. "The heads of those enemies that were held in high esteem they would embalm in cedar oil and display them to their guests, and they would not think of having them ransomed even for an equal weight of gold," wrote the ancient Greek historian, Strabo.

Voigt suggests that the bodies displayed by the Galatians, which would have been clearly visible to anyone living in the town below their citadel, were meant as a warning either to foes or the subject population of the town. Perhaps some were victims of ritual murder in attempts to tell the future when the Romans invaded their realm. While Selinsky is more cautious about attaching meaning to the bone displays than Voigt, her study does confirm violent death as the end for many of the skeletons, a suggestion that first made news a decade ago. "Here we see further investigation confirming a hypothesis, which is a good thing in science," Selinsky says.
It's worth noting that the Galatians didn't expose everyone who died this way. One young woman found near the ritual area was buried in a wooden coffin and was wearing lion-headed gold earrings, according to Voigt. The Romans who buried people so nicely after them weren't sweethearts either; they wiped out the Galatians in a war marked by genocide around 189 B.C.
As for the Halloween connection, some researchers see links, "but all we can say really is that there was a Celtic festival called Samhain in the fall when animals were slaughtered for the winter, that in some ways preceded the holiday," Voigt says. Any certainty about the deeper connection to today's trick-or-treating skeletons is as uncertain as the meaning of the curious bones left on a hillside below the ruins of Gordion.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/vergano/2012/10/27/celtic-sacrifice-gordion/1661011/

ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 2012) — In a landmark study, University of Otago researchers have achieved the feat of sequencing complete mitochondrial genomes for members of what was likely to be one of the first groups of Polynesians to settle New Zealand and have revealed a surprising degree of genetic variation among these pioneering voyagers.
The Otago researchers' breakthrough means that similar DNA detective work with samples from various modern and ancient Polynesian populations might now be able to clear up competing theories about the pathways of their great migration across the Pacific to New Zealand.
Results from the team's successful mapping of complete mitochondrial genomes of four of the Rangitane iwi tupuna (ancestors) who were buried at a large village on Marlborough's Wairau Bar more than 700 years ago will be published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Study director Professor Lisa Matisoo-Smith explains that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is only inherited through the mother's side and can be used to trace maternal lineages and provide insights into ancient origins and migration routes.
"We found that three of the four individuals had no recent maternal ancestor in common, indicating that these pioneers were not simply from one tight-knit kin group, but instead included families that were not directly maternally related. This gives a fascinating new glimpse into the social structure of the first New Zealanders and others taking part in the final phases of the great Polynesian migration across the Pacific."
The researchers discovered that the four genomes shared two unique genetic markers found in modern Maori while also featuring several previously unidentified Polynesian genetic markers. Intriguingly, they also discovered that at least one of the settlers carried a genetic mutation associated with insulin resistance, which leads to Type 2 diabetes.
"Overall, our results indicate that there is likely to be significant mtDNA variation among New Zealand's first settlers. However, a lack of genetic diversity has previously been characterised in modern-day Maori and this was thought to reflect uniformity in the founding population.
"It may be rather that later decimation caused by European diseases was an important factor, or perhaps there is actually still much more genetic variation today that remains to be discovered. Possibly, it may have been missed due to most previous work only focusing on a small portion of the mitochondrial genome rather than complete analyses like ours."
Professor Matisoo-Smith and colleagues including ancient DNA analysis expert Dr Michael Knapp used Otago's state-of-the-art ancient DNA research facilities to apply similar techniques that other scientists recently employed to sequence the Neanderthal genome.
"We are very excited to be the first researchers to successfully sequence complete mitochondrial genomes from ancient Polynesian samples. Until the advent of next generation sequencing techniques, the highly degraded state of DNA in human remains of this age has not allowed such genomes to be sequenced," she says.
Now that the researchers have identified several unique genetic markers in New Zealand's founding population, work can begin to obtain and sequence other ancient and modern DNA samples from Pacific islands and search for these same markers.
"If such research is successful, this may help identify the specific island homelands of the initial canoes that arrived in Aotearoa/New Zealand 700 years ago," she says.
This research is the most recent output from the Wairau Bar Research Group, a collaboration between Otago researchers and Rangitane-ki-Wairau. The Otago research team is led by archaeologist Professor Richard Walter (Department of Anthropology and Archaeology), and biological anthropologists Associate Professor Hallie Buckley and Professor Matisoo-Smith (Department of Anatomy).Background information
First excavated over 70 years ago, the Wairau Bar site is one of the most important archaeological sites in New Zealand because of its age and the range of material found there.
It is the site of a fourteenth century village occupied by some of the first generations of people who settled New Zealand. The material excavated from the site, most of which is now cared for in the collections at Canterbury Museum, provided the first conclusive evidence that New Zealand was originally settled from East Polynesia.
This discovery was first reported to the NZ public in 1950 by the late Dr Roger Duff, Director of Canterbury Museum, in his ground breaking book The Moahunter Period of Maori Culture. The principal evidence for his conclusions was in the artefacts found; however, the site also contained a large number of human burials.

Between 1938 and 1959 a total of 44 graves were excavated from the site and the grave contents taken to Canterbury Museum for study. For many years Marlborough Iwi, Rangitane, sought to have the remains repatriated so they could be reburied in the site and an agreement was reached with Canterbury Museum.
The reburial took place in April 2009, following earlier archaeological investigations of the site undertaken in collaboration with Rangitane.
A University of Otago-led multidisciplinary team of scientists have been analysing tooth samples recovered from the koiwi tangata (human remains) of the Rangitane iwi tupuna prior to their reburial. This work includes studies of the diet and health of the tupuna.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121022162552.htm

Historian believes the 10,000 victims of the Battle of Hastings may be buried in
a field one mile north west of the official site at Battle.

Are bodies of 10,000 lost warriors from Battle of Hastings buried in this
field?

Historian believes the 10,000 victims of the Battle of Hastings may be
buried in a field one mile north west of the official site at Battle.

The North side of Caldbec Hill,
identifiable by the white windmill, seen center top of the image. The line of
trees at the bottom is the site of a hudge ditch where 10,000 warriors are
believed to be buried. Photo:
BNPS

The site of where the Battle of Hastings has been commemorated for the last
1,000 years is in the wrong place, it has been claimed.

Ever since the 1066 battle that led to the Norman Conquest, history has
recorded the event as happening at what is now Battle Abbey in the East Sussex
town.

But although some 10,000 men are believed to have been killed in the historic
conflict, no human remains or artefects from the battle have ever been found at
the location.

This has given rise to several historians to examine alternative sites for
the battle that was a decisive victory for William the Conqueror and saw the
death of King Harold.

Now historian and author John Grehan believes he has finally found the actual
location - on a steep hill one mile north west of Battle

It is documented that Harold assembled his English army on Caldbec Hill
before advancing on Senlac Hill (Battle Hill) a mile away to meet the invading
Normans.
But Mr Grehan believes his research shows Harold never left his defensive
hilltop position and the Normans took the battle to the English.
He has studied contemporaneous documents in the national archives and built
up a dossier of circumstantial evidence that, when put together, make a more
than convincing argument in his favour.
Witness accounts from 1066 state the battle was fought on steep and
unploughed terrain, consistent with Caldbec Hill. Senlac Hill was cultivated and
had gentle slopes.
The Normans erected a cairn of stones on the battle site to commemorate their
victory, known as a Mount-joie in French. The summit of Caldbec Hill is still
today called Mountjoy.
One English source from the time, John of Worcester, stated the battle was
fought nine miles from Hastings, the same distance as Caldbec Hill. Senlac Hill
is eight miles away.
Harold is supposed to have abandoned his high position to meet William on
lower ground, a tactical move that makes no sense at all as he would have been
moving away from his reinforcements.
Furthermore, Mr Grehan believes he has identified the site of a mass grave
where the fallen soldiers were buried after the battle at a ditch at the foot of
Caldbec Hill.
He is now calling for an archaeological dig to take place there straight
away.
If he is proven right, the history books published over the last millennium
may have to be re-written.
Mr Grehan, a 61-year-old historian from Shoreham, West Sussex, has made his
arguments in a new book about to be published called 'The Battle of Hastings -
The Uncomfortable Truth'.
He said: "I assumed everything was known about the Battle of Hastings but I
found that almost nothing is known by way of fact.
"The evidence pointing towards Caldbec Hill as the scene of the battle is, at
present, circumstantial, but it is still more than exists for the current Battle
Abbey site.
"Excavations have been carried out at Battle Abbey and remnants pre-dating
the battle were found but nothing relating to the conquest.
"The Battle of Lewis took place 200 years later 20 miles down the road and
they dig up bodies by the cart load there.
"Some 10,000 men died at the Battle of Hastings; there has to be a mass grave
somewhere.
"You would have also expected to find considerable pieces of battle material
like shields, helmets, swords, axes, bits of armour.
"Having carried out the research, there are 11 main points which suggest the
battle was fought in the wrong place.
"Harold is supposed to have abandoned his assembly point on Caldbec Hill to
take up a position on the lower ridge of Battle Hill even though many of his men
had still not arrived.
"This means that even though he could see the Normans approaching he moved
further away from his incoming reinforcements. This makes no sense at all.
"The primary sources state Harold was taken by surprise.
"This means he could not have been advancing to meet the Normans as his
troops would have been in some kind of formation.
"The only possible interpretation of this can be that Harold was not
expecting to fight at that time and was taken unawares at the concentration
point with his army unformed.
"This must mean that the battle was fought at the English army's assembly
point."
Mr Grehan said he believes the human remains from the battle were hastily
rolled down the hill and buried in an open ditch by the victorious Normans.
He said: "Two days after the battle the Normans moved on towards Winchester.
They had two days to get rid of the thousands of bodies. You can't dig that many
graves in such a short space of time.
"At the bottom of Caldbec Hill is Malfose ditch, I believe the bodies were
rolled down the hill and dumped in this ditch which was filled in.
"A proper archaeological dig of that ditch now needs to happen.
"Whatever the outcome, it doesn't make a difference which hill the battle was
fought on.
"But history books may need to be re-written if I am proved right."
Roy Porter, the regional curator for English Heritage which owns Battle
Abbey, said they were obliged to look into alternative theories for the battle
site.
But he said the spot the abbey is built on was not the most obvious at the
time as it required major work to dig into the hill.
He said: "Archaeological evidence shows that the abbey's impractical location
required extensive alterations to the hill on which it sits.
"Any suggestion that the battle occurred elsewhere needs to explain why this
difficult location for the abbey was chosen instead.
"The tradition that the abbey was founded on the site of the Battle of
Hastings is based on a number of historical sources, including William of
Malmesbury and is documented before 1120.
"It would be premature to comment on Mr Grehan's thesis until the book is
published.
"The interpretation of our sites is subject to periodic revision and this
process involves our historians reassessing the available evidence and
considering new theories.
"Battle Abbey will be the subject of this work in due course but at the
present time there is little reason to discount the scholarly consensus
regarding the site."

Immersive experience

“This is the first time we have a digital model of Paris, and this is a big advantage over what we’d had in the past,” says Mehdi Tayoubi, VP of design and experimental strategy at Dassault Systèmes. “It can be adapted as archaeologists make new discoveries. It’s a kind of living world; we’re going to add other monuments, make other representations.”
Users can take guided tours from the Paris 3D web browser or on the corresponding iPad app.
The experience was revealed earlier this month in Paris as part of a giant virtual reality show, featuring nine screens with different clips of the city during various periods with 15,000 Parisians attending the launch.“We demonstrated that virtual reality is a real tool for research, education and cultural exploration for the general public,” Mehdi says.
Most of the documents used for Paris 3D were 2D drawings or black and white photographs, so the archaeologists had to fill in the blanks.
Before creating Paris 3D, which the Dassault team spent two years building, they had already created Giza 3D , released in May 2012 that explored and allowed the virtual exploration of the Giza Plateau in Egypt.
“The Paris 3D project is logical continuation of the Giza 3D project,” Mehdi says. “It was a great opportunity for us as a French company to collaborate, lead a scientific project and see Paris in the past like never before.”
Mehdi says Dassault has now received requests from several cities to create virtual reality versions of their histories, to be used in documentary films, set up in museums and to add a new dimension to mobile apps.

Augmented reality book

In addition there is a 3D reality book, which presents the story of Paris for the first time in augmented reality.
Readers use their computer webcams in combination with some of the illustrations in the book and get a true in-depth look at Paris over the centuries, with 3D animation and augmented reality techniques the past literally comes to life.
http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/10/2012/2000-years-of-history-paris-in-3d
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=x0wte8OP5C4

The discovery of a skeleton in a
shallow grave has raised new questions about Wales in the age of the Vikings.

The skeleton, found at Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey, has forced experts to revise
the theory that five earlier skeletons were the victims of a Viking raid.
Evidence now suggests the men may have spent the first part of their lives in
Scandinavia.
Experts say artefacts discovered confirm Llanbedrgoch as a 10th Century
manufacture and trade centre.
The site was discovered in 1994, and in the late 1990s, five bodies - two
adolescents, two adult males and one woman - were found.
The bodies were thought to be victims of Viking raiding, which occurred
throughout the Viking period (850 to 1,000).
However, the new skeleton discovered this summer was buried in a shallow
grave, which National Museum Wales archaeologists say was unusual for the
period.
They say the "non-Christian orientation of the body" and its treatment "point
to distinctions being made in the burial practices for Christians and other
communities during the 10th Century".
Analysis indicates the males were not local to Anglesey, but may have spent
their early years - at least up to the age of seven - in north west Scotland or
Scandinavia.
Excavations this year also produced 7th Century silver and bronze sword and
scabbard fittings.
Archaeologists believe it suggests the presence of a "warrior elite and the
recycling of military equipment" during a period of rivalry and campaigning
between kingdoms Northumbria and Mercia.
Excavation director, Dr Mark Redknap, said: "Other finds from the excavation,
which include semi-worked silver, silver-casting waste and a fragment of an
Islamic silver coin - exchanged via trade routes out of central Asia to
Scandinavia and beyond - confirm Llanbedrgoch's importance during the 10th
Century as a place for the manufacture and trade of commodities."

Denpasar, Indonesia - Construction workers in Bali have discovered what is thought to be the biggest ancient Hindu temple ever found on the Indonesian island, archaeologists said.

The workers were digging a drain in the island's capital Denpasar at a Hindu study centre when they came across the remains of the stone temple.

They reported the discovery to the Bali archaeology office, which then unearthed substantial foundations of a structure that the excavation team believes dates from around the 13th to 15th centuries.

“We think this is the biggest ancient Hindu temple ever discovered in Bali,” Wayan Suantika, the head of the team, said late Wednesday.

He said the excavation was still in progress and the team did not yet know whether enough stones would be unearthed to allow them to reconstruct the temple.

The construction workers on Sunday found the first stone one metre underground, which was one metre long, 40 centimetres deep and 40 wide, said Ida Resi Bujangga Wisnawa Ganda Kusuma, owner of the Hindu centre.

The excavation team then found what they believe is the foundation of the structure's 20-metre-long east wing, Suantika said.

The popular resort island is a pocket of Hindu culture in a country with the biggest Muslim population in the world. - Sapa-AFP

TECOZAUTLA, MEXICO.- During the excavations in Pañhu, an archaeological
zone which will soon open its doors to the public in the municipality of
Tecozautla, Hidalgo, archaeologists registered a burn stucco floor, evidence
that its main pyramid was desacralized approximately 1,350 years ago. This
coincides with an astronomical event which was thought, by its inhabitants, to
be a cataclysm.

Archaeologist Fernando Lopez Aguilar, director of the
site’s investigation project promoted by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH –
Conaculta), informed that there was a solar eclipse at sunrise the 3rd of August
in the year 650 AD.

“To these old societies, the eclipse must have
represented a catastrophe which is why they made sacrifices in order to ‘keep
the star alive’, since they believed the black sun or hell’s sun had imposed on
their sun ‘a giver of life’. This event generated a gradual abandonment in
Teotihuacan and also had repercussions in Pañhu”, the investigator explained.

This phenomenon, Lopez Aguilar said, was interpreted as an omen to
leading to the end of the cycle, so in Pañhu they decided to desacralize the
main pyramid –to the north, over the plateau where the site is located– and to
dig and extract the offerings to the tutelary god. This god was probably the Old
Fire God, also known as Huehueteotl, Xiuhtecuhtli or the name he was called by
the Otomi people, Otontecuhtlu.

Over the remains of this construction
(400 – 650 AD) they built another in a different style which was appropriate to
the architecture of the Late Classic period (650 – 900 AD) in the region of
Huichapan, where other settlements where distributed (this includes Pañhu). The
Pañhu where characterized for settling over plateaus and for keeping extensive
economic links. Such has been confirmed by the finding of the turquoise
originated from New Mexico, the jadeite of Valle de Motagua (Guatemala) and
shells from the Gulf of Mexico.

This area, according to the
archaeologist, was also the scene where one of the most important myths (The
Snake) of Mesoamerican culture was created. This is where the god
Huitzilopochtli defeated his brothers, the Centzohuiznahua and the Coyolxauhqui.

“In the territory that goes from the Cerro del Aguila, next to Pañhu, to
Cerro del Astillero (towards the southeast and also identified as the mythical
Coatepec), a conflict ensued which in pre Hispanic times would give this region
the name ‘Teotlapan’, ‘Land of the Gods’, and which in modern day is Mezquital.”

The Pañhu Archaeological Project team infers the former vision that the
Otomi people contributed very little to the Mesoamerican culture “can be
attributed to the dominant culture: the Mexica, although Otomi speaking villages
that inhabited this place possibly since the year 400 AD, were already
identified with these sacred places (Cerro del Aguila, Coatepec, among other)
and hid their knowledge and their customs”.

After the archaeological
work carried out in the 80’s, when a preliminary exploration of Pañhu structures
was done in the Valle del Mezquital Project of ENAH, and after a period of five
years of uninterrupted labors (2007 – 2012), this archaeological zone is ready
to open to the public. The site will have an interpretative hall which will work
with a wind turbine and a solar panel, self-sustainable energy sources
http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=58512#.UIlYF8WHh8E

The world's oldest undeciphered
writing system, which has so far defied attempts to uncover its 5,000-year-old
secrets, could be about to be decoded by Oxford University academics.

This international research project is already casting light on a lost bronze
age middle eastern society where enslaved workers lived on rations close to the
starvation level.
"I think we are finally on the point of making a breakthrough," says Jacob
Dahl, fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford and director of the Ancient World
Research Cluster.
Dr Dahl's secret weapon is being able to see this writing more clearly than
ever before.
In a room high up in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, above the Egyptian
mummies and fragments of early civilisations, a big black dome is clicking away
and flashing out light.
This device, part sci-fi, part-DIY, is providing the most detailed and high
quality images ever taken of these elusive symbols cut into clay tablets. This
is Indiana Jones with software.
It's being used to help decode a writing system called proto-Elamite, used
between around 3200BC and 2900BC in a region now in the south west of modern
Iran.
And the Oxford team think that they could be on the brink of understanding
this last great remaining cache of undeciphered texts from the ancient
world.Tablet computer
Dr Dahl, from the Oriental Studies Faculty, shipped his image-making device
on the Eurostar to the Louvre Museum in Paris, which holds the most important
collection of this writing.

Jacob Dahl wants the public and
other academics to help with an online decipherment of the texts

The clay tablets were put inside this machine, the Reflectance Transformation
Imaging System, which uses a combination of 76 separate photographic lights and
computer processing to capture every groove and notch on the surface of the clay
tablets.
It allows a virtual image to be turned around, as though being held up to the
light at every possible angle.
These images will be publicly available online, with the aim of using a kind
of academic crowdsourcing.
He says it's misleading to think that codebreaking is about some lonely
genius suddenly understanding the meaning of a word. What works more often is
patient teamwork and the sharing of theories. Putting the images online should
accelerate this process.
But this is painstaking work. So far Dr Dahl has deciphered 1,200 separate
signs, but he says that after more than 10 years study much remains unknown,
even such basic words as "cow" or "cattle".
He admits to being "bitten" by this challenge. "It's an unknown, uncharted
territory of human history," he says.Extinct
language
But why has this writing proved so difficult to interpret?
Dr Dahl suspects he might have part of the answer. He's discovered that the
original texts seem to contain many mistakes - and this makes it extremely
tricky for anyone trying to find consistent patterns.

TABLET TECHNOLOGY

Proto-Elamite is the name given to a writing system developed in an area
that is now in south-western Iran

It was adopted about 3200BC and was borrowed from neighbouring
Mesopotamia

It was written from right to left in wet clay tablets

There are more than a thousand surviving tablets in this writing

The biggest group of such texts was collected by 19th Century French
archaeologists and brought back to the Louvre

While other ancient writing, such as Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian and
Mesopotamian, have been deciphered - attempts with proto-Elamite have proved
unsuccessful

He believes this was not just a case of the scribes
having a bad day at the office. There seems to have been an unusual absence of
scholarship, with no evidence of any lists of symbols or learning exercises for
scribes to preserve the accuracy of the writing.

This first case of educational underinvestment proved fatal for the writing
system, which was corrupted and then completely disappeared after only a couple
of hundred years. "It's an early example of a technology being lost," he
says.
"The lack of a scholarly tradition meant that a lot of mistakes were made and
the writing system may eventually have become useless."
Making it even harder to decode is the fact that it's unlike any other
ancient writing style. There are no bi-lingual texts and few helpful overlaps to
provide a key to these otherwise arbitrary looking dashes and circles and
symbols.
This is a writing system - and not a spoken language - so there's no way of
knowing how words sounded, which might have provided some phonetic clues.
Dr Dahl says that one of the really important historical significances of
this proto-Elamite writing is that it was the first ever recorded case of one
society adopting writing from another neighbouring group.
But infuriatingly for the codebreakers, when these proto-Elamites borrowed
the concept of writing from the Mesopotamians, they made up an entirely
different set of symbols.
Why they should make the intellectual leap to embrace writing and then at the
same time re-invent it in a different local form remains a puzzle.
But it provides a fascinating snapshot of how ideas can both spread and
change.Mr One Hundred
In terms of written history, this is the very remote past. But there is also
something very direct and almost intimate about it too.
You can see fingernail marks in the clay. These neat little symbols and
drawings are clearly the work of an intelligent mind.

A set of 76 lights are used in
the capturing of images of surface marks in the ancient tablets

These were among the first attempts by our human ancestors to try to make a
permanent record of their surroundings. What we're doing now - my writing and
your reading - is a direct continuation.
But there are glimpses of their lives to suggest that these were tough times.
It wasn't so much a land of milk and honey, but porridge and weak beer.
Even without knowing all the symbols, Dr Dahl says it's possible to work out
the context of many of the messages on these tablets.

The numbering system is also understood, making it possible to see that much
of this information is about accounts of the ownership and yields from land and
people. They are about property and status, not poetry.
This was a simple agricultural society, with a ruling household. Below them
was a tier of powerful middle-ranking figures and further below were the
majority of workers, who were treated like "cattle with names".
Their rulers have titles or names which reflect this status - the equivalent
of being called "Mr One Hundred", he says - to show the number of people below
him.
It's possible to work out the rations given to these farm labourers.
Dr Dahl says they had a diet of barley, which might have been crushed into a
form of porridge, and they drank weak beer.
The amount of food received by these farm workers hovered barely above the
starvation level.
However the higher status people might have enjoyed yoghurt, cheese and
honey. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle.
For the "upper echelons, life expectancy for some might have been as long as
now", he says. For the poor, he says it might have been as low as in today's
poorest countries.
The tablets also have surprises. Even though there are plenty of pictures of
animals and mythical creatures, Dr Dahl says there are no representations of the
human form of any kind. Not even a hand or an eye.
Was this some kind of cultural or religious taboo?
Dr Dahl remains passionate about what this work says about such societies,
digging into the deepest roots of civilisation. This is about where so much
begins. For instance, proto-Elamite was the first writing ever to use syllables.
If Macbeth talked about the "last syllable of recorded time", the
proto-Elamites were there for the first.
And with sufficient support, Dr Dahl says that within two years this last
great lost writing could be fully understood.

Thank you for the very many offers of help. We've had so
many that we're closing this for now and will go through those submitted. A
number have been forwarded to Dr Dahl. Here is a small selection of your
comments.

Ireland has a rich history of stunning archaeological finds. From jewelry, to people, to ancient sites, here are some of the more recent artifacts discovered in and around Ireland.

1. Clonycavan Man

Clonycavan Man was discovered in Meath in February of 2003 after its remains dropped off of a peat cutting machine, reports the BBC. Most interesting about him is that his hair appeared to have a sort of hair gel in it, which slicked his hair up into a mohawk. The ingredients of the “gel” were traced back to either France or Spain. Judging by the deep wounds in his skull, Clonycavan Man appeared to have been brutally murdered, supposedly by an axe approximately 2300 years ago. Clonycavan Man has found a new home and is on display at the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.

2.Oldcroghan Man

Oldcroghan Man was named for the location he was found, Croghan Hill in Offaly. This mummy had the distinguishing traits of being 6’6, quite tall for the time period he existed during, as well as neatly manicured nails. National Geographic reports that Oldcroghan’s body was preserved so finely that upon its discovery, a murder investigation was launched. Later, he was found to have been brutally murdered which was deducted from his lack of head and lower body. His stomach gave evidence of a wheat and buttermilk diet. He, along with Clonycavan Man (who was found only three months earlier and about 25 miles away), is on display at the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.

3.Linn Duachaill

Just this month, a Viking settlement village was discovered in Annagassan, County Louth. The village is presumed to be what was a Viking winter base, one of only two in Ireland. The untouched “virgin” site is said to be a massive discovery. After some testing by Dundalk’s County Museum, it was discovered that the site was in fact an area used to repair long ships, a base for inland raids and later, a trading site. Its importance is attributed to its early time period as it was founded in 841 among the earliest settlements of Vikings in Ireland.

4. Bog butter

This batch of butter was dug up in Tullamore and is believed to be a staggering 5,000 years old. The “butter” was discovered by turf cutters who found it seven feet underground it what appeared to be a “keg” or “urn” type capsule. They cut it open with a spade to find the butter inside. Presumably, the butter was buried as a form of refrigeration. Although ‘bog butter’ is a more common discovery around Ireland, the discovery in 2011 was remarkable for its size - 100 pounds! The substance was said to still have a “dairy smell,” though no one is positive what exactly the substance is.

After two thieves robbed a shop in Strokestown, Roscommon, they discarded the necklace and other documents in a dumpster in Dublin. Police, short on time before trash collection, luckily found the precious artifact which is believed to be 4,000 years old and a belonging of an early king of Ireland. The necklae, called a lunala, was originally found in 1945 when it was dug up in Roscommon. It was given to the Strokestown shopkeeper where he kept it locked away in a safe until the robbery.

6. Ancient Latin Psalter

In 2006, a mechanical digger unearthed a 1200 year old manuscript in Faddan More near Riverstown in Tipperary. The manuscript was made up of 60 vellum pages and had covers made from animal skin. It was found undisturbed and open to the Latin version of Psalm 83. The discovery was said to be of staggering impact, and changed the understanding of how old Irish manuscripts were created.7. Sacrificed king in Laois

A mummified body found in Laois became special interest to archaeologists when it was discovered on the boundary of two ancient Irish kingdoms, thus suggesting that the body may have been that of a king. The 3000 year old remains were found just moments before a Bord na Mona worker almost drove over it. In addition to its location, the body discovered had various cuts on it, suggesting a ritual sacrifice.

8. Mabel Bagenal, Ireland’s ‘Helen of Troy’

The remains of what is believed to be Ireland’s ‘Helen of Troy’ was discovered in Dungannon’s Castle Hill in Tyrone this past July. Evidence suggests that the body could be that of Mabel Bagenal, who died in 1596 and was the third wife of the Early of Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill. Ornate details in her burial point to her high societal status during her life, that of one fitting for the wife of an Earl.9. Burial Ground in North Dublin

In June, workers in North Dublin unearthed what appears to be a pre-Viking burial site. Scientists from Queen University conducted tests on the site and concluded that the site was created in the seventh century AD. With this information, it was deduced that the site is from the pre-Viking era landing it in the era of Christian conversion. Tests are still being done on the site in order to gather more information about its function.10. “Zombie” Graveyard

Just in time for Halloween! The Independent reports that a so-called “zombie” graveyard was discovered in September at a site overlooking Lough Key in Roscommon. The skeletal remains found there were discovered to have large rocks placed in their mouths, supposedly in hopes of preventing the souls raising up to terrorise the living. The findings at Lough Key will be the feature of a National Geographic special early next year.

A team of archaeologists are working to try and discover remains of a shipwreck from the Roman period, among other potential finds, in the Arade River in Portimão as part of an underwater archaeological campaign that started on Wednesday.

Archaeologist Cristóvão Fonseca explained that the fieldwork, which is due to last two weeks, will comprise an initial phase of visual prospection and data recording with photographs and drawings, and the excavation of artefacts that may be found on the surface. It is believed one of the locations identified for prospection may have been the site of a shipwreck during Roman times, due to the discovery of a large concentration of ceramic vases called amphora, some still intact. Despite this, the theory may only be confirmed with excavations, which depending on the results obtained during the next two weeks could take place next year. If confirmed, the area may become part of a tourist diving route, attracting more visitors to Portimão, which will see two decommissioned ships sunk at the end of this month as an underwater museum. “The antiquity of the artefacts and the possibility that they tell a story makes diving in that area more interesting,” said Mr. Fonseca. The archaeologist, along with José Bettencourt, are coordinators of the archaeological campaign carried out by the Sea History Centre of the Faculty of Social Sciences from Lisbon’s Nova University. The work, which should extend for the next three to four years, is part of an investigation project entitled ‘Between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic: getting closer to the underwater cultural heritage of the Arade River estuary.”Aside from that area, the archaeologists will dive in other sections of the river where the remains of five iron cannons and ammunition were found as well as bronze weapon artefacts from the 17th and 18th centuries.The study on the cannons and weapons, identified during the 1990s, point to a shipwreck in that area of a ship that may have sailed under the Spanish crown during the beginning of the 17th century. Another area to be explored appears to have the partially buried remains of a large wooden ship from the same time period. The team of archaeologists, supported by technicians from Portimão museum and volunteers from a diving centre, among others, aims to carry out two dives per day to a depth of between four and ten metres. The last archaeological prospection work to take place in the Arade River occurred five years ago.