When I was in need for a portable M68k reassembler I remembered Tim Ruehsen's
IRA source, and put some effort in it to make it portable to any architecture
and any compiler. Some code was taken from Ilkka Lehtoranta's MorphOS port
of IRA 1.05, who already cleaned the code from all SAS/C dependencies, but
the most effort was put into making the reassembler endian-independant (which
means it would even compile and work on x86 machines now!).
HISTORY
-- Modifications for V2.00 --
Bug fixes:
- ENTRY and OFFSET directives from the config file have been ignored
- The BASEADR for base-relative addressing is always a real address now,
which is loaded to the base address register, and not an offset. This
caused some confusion when the binary's OFFSET is not 0.
- MACHINE directive in the config file was emitted multiple times.
- Fixed -M option to specifiy the CPU type.
- Fixed parsing of RELOC32SHORT hunks.
- Better support for raw binary input.
- Fixed illegal access when making a label from a ROMtag name, and another
one when running with -preproc over code which is not ended by an RTS or
similar.
New features:
- Use BASEREG instead of the PhxAss-specific NEAR directive for base-relative
addressing modes. There are more assemblers (including vasm 1.4 and PhxAss)
supporting it.
- Option -BASEABS. When specified, a label in base-relative addressing mode
is written as an absolute label, without the base register name (as with
IRA V1.05). The default behaviour now is to write base-relative references
as "(label,An)".
- Option -BITRANGE. Also recognizes bit-test/manipulation instructions as
valid when accessing bits 8-15 in memory (e.g. btst #14,DMACONR).
- Config file directive PTRS. Syntax: PTRS []. It defines a
single address or a range of addresses which contain 32-bit pointers to
addresses from the reassembled binary. This directive is especially useful
in data sections of a raw binary, which has no relocation information.
IRA will create a label for all the pointers in that range.
- Config file directive NBAS. Syntax: NBAS . Defines that the
area between and should not use base-relative addressing
modes (e.g. because the base register is used in another way here).
IRA will start this area with an "ENDB An", to disable basereg-mode, and
reenables base-relative mode with a BASEREG directive afterwards.
- I made sure that there is always a valid size extension as instruction
suffix and in indirect addressing modes. ".W" was mostly missing before.
- Output an ORG directive instead of SECTION when the -binary option had
been specified.
- Switched from PhxAss specific MACHINE/FPU/PMMU directives to MC680x0/
MC68881/MC68851, which is understood by more assemblers (e.g. vasm,
phxass, barfly, snma, etc.).
-- Modifications for V2.01 --
Bug fixes:
- Call fopen() in binary-mode where appropriate, for Windows support.
New features:
- " in strings are now encoded as "" by default. To get the PhxAss-specific
(and vasm-supported) " encoding, use the new -ESCCODES option.
- The string length is limited to 60 bytes, before a new line is started.
-- Modifications for V2.02 --
Bug fixes:
- Fixed NBAS config directive. Only the entry with the highest address worked.
- File buffers for binary and config file name were too small. Extended from
32 to 128 bytes (as source and target file name buffer already were).
- An immediate width-field in bitfield instructions showed up as '0' when
it should have been '32'.
- Multiple MACHINE directives in the config file confused IRA.
- Fixed DIVxL.L, DIVx.L and MULx.L.
- A new label is defined for the base-address, used in BASEREG. Using a
SECSTRT_n-offset is unreliable when optimizing.
New features:
- New/improved BASEREG handling. The base-relative section specifier (BASESEC)
has disappeared. It is sufficient to define base-relative addressing by
a base-register and a base-address (e.g. -BASEREG=4,$12340).
- New config file directive BASEOFF (also as optional third argument in the
-BASEREG option) defines an additional offset on the base-label (usually
32766).
- (d8,An,Rn) addressing modes may also be used for base-relative addressing.
- Always create a SECSTRT_n symbol when starting a new section, even when
this address is not referenced.
- After some modifications, Makefile.win32 was reported to work with VC6.
-- Modifications for V2.03 --
Bug fixes:
- Make sure that CODE areas, when read from a config file, are split at
section boundaries. Otherwise IRA cannot detect the start of a new section
during source generation.
- BASEADR didn't work correctly for raw binary files.
New features:
- Config file directive TEXT. To define a region in data as printable text.
This overrides the automatic text recognition.
Syntax: "TEXT $ - $".
- Config file directives JMPB, JMPW and JMPL for generating jump-tables
(or other offset-tables used to reference a program address).
Syntax: "JMP $ - $ [@ $]". may be B, W or L and
defines the width of the table entries (8, 16, 32 bit). The is
optional and same as , when missing. It defines the base address
where the table-offsets are added to.
- Option -BITRANGE, which was introduced in V2.00, was replaced by
-COMPAT= to allow multiple compatibility flags. Currently known:
b : Recognize immediate values of 8-15 for bit-instructions accessing
memory (former -BITRANGE option).
i : Recognize immediate byte addressing modes with an MSB of 0xff. Some
assemblers generated 0xffff instead of 0x00ff for #-1.
-- Modifications for V2.04 --
Bug fixes:
- Fixed automatic ROM tag detection routine. Handling of absolute 32-bit
function tables did not work when a relative 16-bit one was found before.
- Function names from ROM tag function tables were sometimes missing, when
the input file is a raw binary.
- Fixed SECSTRT_n symbol recognition with BASEREG directive and small data
addressing modes.
- Do not forget .W extension for word-sized LINK, MOVEA and MOVEP.
- Recognize BTST Dn,#x.
New features:
- Report about misplaced relocations in code (usually caused by a bad PTRS
directive).
- Print a warning when a symbol from HUNK_SYMBOL is not inside the current
section limits, and ignore this symbol.
- Base-relative symbols outside the small-data section's bounds are
referenced via SECTSTRT_n and a warning is printed (because the
instruction could be data, or the base register contains something
else at this point).
-- Modifications for V2.05 --
Bug fixes:
- Fixed a possible crash when a config file defines a SYMBOL where the
assigned value is not within the reassembled address range.
- Fixed a crash on encountering relocations at an odd address. This cannot
easily be supported at the moment, so IRA will just quit when it happens.
- Reverted some stupid changes of the last release. Always prefer a label
from the referring section in case both have the same address.
New features:
- Config file directive NOPTRS. Syntax is like PTRS, but it will prevent IRA
from taking any address in this region as a program pointer (which would
generate a label). Only works with binary input files!
-- Modifications for V2.06 --
Bug fixes:
- Make IRA compile and work on 64-bit systems (using a 64-bit compiler).
- An empty register list is now written as #0 instead of (NOREG!). This
makes it assemble (with vasm at least).
- Fixed label-generation for references into the middle of a data relocation
(e.g. use "label+2" instead of making a new label, which caused trouble).
- Put both sides of the subtract operation into parentheses, when generating
code for a jump table (to avoid problems with "label1-label2+2").
- Fixed some possible crashes.
-- Modifications for V2.07 --
Bug fixes:
- A lot more fixes to make IRA clean for 64-bit compilers. Seems to work
much better now.
- A base address of 0 should be allowed with binary files.
New features:
- Allow comments ';' and empty lines in the config file.
-- Modifications for V2.08 --
Bug fixes:
- Fixed problems with printf output formats for 64-bit compilers.
- $083c is illegal and was erroneously disassembled to BTST #n,CCR.
- Fixed CMP2, CHK2, CAS, CAS2.
New features:
- Do not overwrite an existing config file, when -preproc is specified.
- Make it work on Mac OSX 64-bit systems.
-- Modifications for V2.09 --
Bug fixes:
- Fixed possible crash with low memory.
- Fixed CINV and CPUSH (only "LINE" operations were recognized).
- Fixed input file names with deep paths.
- Fixed negative values on 64-bit systems.
- Fixed MOVE16 (only MOVE16 (Ax)+,(Ay)+ were recognized).
- Fixed MOVEC (incorrect control register).
- Fixed MOVES (extension word were ignored).
- Fixed BFINS (swapped operands).
New features:
- Support for extended memory attributes in Amiga executables.
- Improve CPU choice on command line.
- New general documentation file (ira2.doc).
- New documentation file about config file's directives (ira_config.doc).
- New directives for config file: COMMENTS, BANNER, EQU and LABEL (see
ira_config.doc).
- Improve error messages.
- Also support '0x' to denote hexadecimal addresses on the command line.
- New option -AW enforces 8-digit address output, when printing address
and data in the comment field.
- Support for 68060 instructions (except FPU).
- Support for MMU instructions.
INSTALLATION
Copy the binary for your architecture anywhere you want (e.g. C:) and rename
it into "ira".
ira_68k: IRA for AmigaOS2.x/3.x (680x0)
ira_os4: IRA for AmigaOS4.x (PPC)
ira_mos: IRA for MorphOS1.x/2.x (PPC)
SOURCE TEXT
Use "makefile" to compile the source with gcc on any architecture. It was
successfully tested on a Mac G4, Sun Sparcstation, an i386 system (all
running NetBSD kernels) and Win32 GNU.
- Use "Makefile" to compile IRA for any GNU tools.
- Use "Makefile.win32" to compile IRA for Windows (tested with VC6).
- Use "Makefile.osx" to compile IRA for Mac OS x.
- Use "Makefile.os3" to compile a native binary with vbcc for AmigaOS 2.x/3.x.
- Use "Makefile.os4" to compile a native binary with vbcc for AmigaOS4.x.
- Use "Makefile.mos" to compile a native binary with vbcc for MorphOS.
Note: On BSD systems use GNU's make command ("gmake") and not the
native one ("make").
USAGE
The original IRA was tuned for PhxAss, which might still work. The
recommended assembler is vasm/M68k V1.7 or greater though, which you
should call with the -no-opt option to avoid optimizations, for the
generation of an identical binary.
Other assemblers like DevPac, Barfly and SNMA can assemble IRA output
without error, but do not generate identical code. All of them convert
ADD/SUB/CMP/AND/etc. into their immediate form (ADDI/SUBI/CMPI/ANDI/etc.)
when possible, and DevPac additionally swaps registers in EXG.
Example: I'm using the following commands to reassemble AmigaBASIC and
to assemble an identical binary with vasm. The config file was manually
adjusted by me to reflect all valid code regions (create a config file
with -preproc first), then duplicated as NewAmigaBASIC.cnf. The diff test
reports no differences!
ira -a -compat=bi -config -keepzh AmigaBASIC
vasmm68k_mot -no-opt -Fhunkexe -nosym -o NewAmigaBASIC AmigaBASIC.asm
ira -a -compat=bi -config -keepzh NewAmigaBASIC
diff -s AmigaBASIC.asm NewAmigaBASIC.asm
The option -compat=bi is needed to allow bad btst instructions which
access a bit number > 7 in a byte (b) and to recognize immediate byte
addressing modes with an MSB of 0xff (i), which both appear frequently
in the program. The -keepzh option preserves empty sections, so that the
number of sections stays the same as before.
Refer to ira.doc for the original IRA V1.xx documentation.
Refer to ira2.doc for IRA V2.xx documentation.
Refer to ira_config.doc for a description of config directives.
Note that IRA is no longer Shareware, but Freeware! The initial author,
Tim Ruehsen, should not be contacted, as he left the Amiga and stopped
working on IRA many years ago.
For bug reports, suggestions, etc. contact Frank Wille (frank@phoenix.owl.de).