ISA(9) BSD Kernel Developer's Manual ISA(9)NAME
ISA, isa_intr_alloc, isa_intr_establish, isa_intr_disestablish, isa_intr_evcnt,
isa_dmamap_create, isa_dmamap_destroy, isa_dmamem_alloc, isa_dmamem_free, isa_dmamem_map,
isa_dmamem_unmap, isa_malloc, isa_free, isa_dmastart, isa_dmaabort, isa_dmacount,
isa_dmadone, isa_dmamaxsize, isa_drq_alloc, isa_drq_free, isa_drq_isfree, isa_dmacascade,
isa_mappage -- Industry-standard Architecture
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/bus.h>
#include <dev/isa/isareg.h>
#include <dev/isa/isavar.h>
int
isa_intr_alloc(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int mask, int type, int *irq);
const struct evcnt *
isa_intr_evcnt(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int irq);
void *
isa_intr_establish(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int irq, int type, int level,
int (*handler)(void *), void *arg);
void
isa_intr_disestablish(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, void *ih);
#include <dev/isa/isadmareg.h>
#include <dev/isa/isadmavar.h>
int
isa_dmamap_create(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, bus_size_t size, int flags);
void
isa_dmamap_destroy(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
int
isa_dmamem_alloc(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, bus_size_t size, bus_addr_t *addrp,
int flags);
void
isa_dmamem_free(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, bus_addr_t addr, bus_size_t size);
int
isa_dmamem_map(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, bus_addr_t addr, bus_size_t size,
void **kvap, int flags);
void
isa_dmamem_unmap(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, void *kva, size_t size);
void *
isa_malloc(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, size_t size, int pool, int flags);
void
isa_free(void *addrp, int pool);
int
isa_dmastart(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan, bus_addr_t addr, bus_size_t size,
struct lwp *lwp, int flags, int bf);
void
isa_dmaabort(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
bus_size_t
isa_dmacount(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
void
isa_dmadone(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
bus_size_t
isa_dmamaxsize(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
int
isa_drq_alloc(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
int
isa_drq_free(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
int
isa_drq_isfree(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
int
isa_dmacascade(isa_chipset_tag_t ic, int chan);
paddr_t
isa_mappage(void *mem, off_t offset, int prot);
DESCRIPTION
The machine-independent ISA subsystem provides support for the ISA bus.
The ISA bus was introduced on the IBM PC/AT. It is an extension to the original bus found
on the original IBM PC. The ISA bus is essentially the host bus of the Intel 80286 proces-
sor, however the widespread acceptance of the bus as a de facto standard has seen it appear
on systems without Intel processors.
The ISA bus has a 16-bit data bus, a 24-bit memory address bus, a 16-bit I/O address bus,
and operates at 8MHz. It provides 15 interrupt lines and 8 DMA channels supporting DMA
transfers of 64KB or 128KB transfers depending on the width of the channel being used. His-
torically, some devices only decoded the 10 lowest bits of the I/O address bus, preventing
use of the full 16-bit address space.
On newer machines, the ISA bus is no longer connected directly to the host bus, and is usu-
ally connected via a PCI-ISA bridge. Either way, the bus looks the same to the device
driver.
DATA TYPES
Drivers for devices attached to the ISA bus will make use of the following data types:
isa_chipset_tag_t
Chipset tag for the ISA bus.
struct isa_attach_args
Location hints for devices are recorded in this structure. It contains the follow-
ing members:
bus_space_tag_t ia_iot; /* isa i/o space tag */
bus_space_tag_t ia_memt; /* isa mem space tag */
bus_dma_tag_t ia_dmat; /* DMA tag */
isa_chipset_tag_t ia_ic;
int ia_iobase; /* base i/o address */
int ia_iosize; /* span of ports used */
int ia_maddr; /* physical mem addr */
u_int ia_msize; /* size of memory */
int ia_irq; /* interrupt request */
int ia_drq; /* DMA request */
int ia_drq2; /* second DMA request */
void *ia_aux; /* driver specific */
FUNCTIONS
isa_intr_alloc(ic, mask, type, irq)
This function is generally not required by device drivers. It is used by bridges
attaching other busses to the ISA bus.
isa_intr_evcnt(ic, irq)
Returns the event counter associated with interrupt line irq.
isa_intr_establish(ic, irq, type, level, handler, arg)
To establish an ISA interrupt handler, a driver calls isa_intr_establish() with the
interrupt number irq, type type, and level level. When the interrupt occurs the
function handler is called with argument arg. Valid values for type are:
IST_NONE
Reserve interrupt, but don't actually establish.
IST_EDGE
Edge-triggered interrupt.
IST_LEVEL
Level-triggered interrupt.
IST_PULSE
Pulse-triggered interrupt.
isa_intr_establish() returns an opaque handle to an event descriptor if it suc-
ceeds, and returns NULL on failure.
isa_intr_disestablish(ic, ih)
Dis-establish the interrupt handler with handle ih. The handle was returned from
isa_intr_establish().
isa_drq_alloc(ic, chan)
Reserves the DMA channel chan for future use. Normally, this call precedes an
isa_dmamap_create() call. It is an error to start DMA on a channel that has not
been reserved with isa_drq_alloc().
isa_drq_free(ic, chan)
Marks the DMA channel chan as available again.
isa_dmamap_create(ic, chan, size, flags)
Creates a DMA map for channel chan. It is initialised to accept maximum DMA trans-
fers of size size. Valid values for the flags argument are the same as for
bus_dmamap_create() (see bus_dma(9)). This function returns zero on success or an
error value on failure.
isa_dmamap_destroy(ic, chan)
Destroy the DMA map for DMA channel chan.
isa_dmamem_alloc(ic, chan, size, addrp, flags)
Allocate DMA-safe memory of size size for channel chan. Valid values for the flags
argument are the same as for bus_dmamem_alloc() (see bus_dma(9)). The bus-address
of the memory is returned in addrp. This function returns zero on success or an
error value on failure.
isa_dmamem_free(ic, chan, addr, size)
Frees memory previously allocated by isa_dmamem_alloc() for channel chan. The bus-
address and size of the memory are specified by addr and size respectively.
isa_dmamem_map(ic, chan, addr, size, kvap, flags)
Maps DMA-safe memory (allocated with isa_dmamem_alloc()) specified by bus-address
addr and of size size into kernel virtual address space for DMA channel chan.
Valid values for the flags argument are the same as for bus_dmamem_map() (see
bus_dma(9)). The kernel virtual address is returned in kvap. This function
returns zero on success or an error value on failure.
isa_dmamem_unmap(ic, chan, kva, size)
Unmaps memory (previously mapped with isa_dmamem_map()) of size size for channel
chan. The kernel virtual address space used by the mapping is freed.
isa_malloc(ic, chan, size, pool, flags)
This function is a shortcut for allocating and mapping DMA-safe memory in a single
step. The arguments correspond with the arguments to isa_dmamem_alloc() and
isa_dmamem_map(). The argument pool is a pool to record the memory allocation.
This function returns a pointer to the DMA-safe memory.
isa_free(addrp, pool)
This function is a shortcut for unmapping and deallocating DMA-safe memory in a
single step. It replaces isa_dmamem_unmap() and isa_dmamem_free(). The argument
addrp is the pointer to the DMA-safe memory returned by isa_malloc(). The argument
pool is the same as the value passed to isa_malloc().
isa_dmastart(ic, chan, addr, size, lwp, flags, bf)
Load DMA memory specified by address addr of size size into the DMA controller at
channel chan and set it in motion. The argument lwp is used to indicate the
address space in which the buffer is located. If NULL, the buffer is assumed to be
in kernel space. Otherwise, the buffer is assumed to be in lwp lwp 's address
space. The argument flags describes the type of ISA DMA. Valid values are:
DMAMODE_WRITE
DMA transfer from host to device.
DMAMODE_READ
DMA transfer to host from device.
DMAMODE_SINGLE
Transfer buffer once and stop.
DMAMODE_DEMAND
Demand mode.
DMAMODE_LOOP
Transfer buffer continuously in loop until notified to stop.
DMAMODE_LOOPDEMAND
Transfer buffer continuously in loop and demand mode.
The argument bf is the bus-space flags. Valid values are the same as for
bus_dmamap_load() (see bus_dma(9)).
isa_dmaabort(ic, chan)
Abort a DMA transfer on channel chan.
isa_dmacount(ic, chan)
Returns the offset in the DMA memory of the current DMA transfer on channel chan.
isa_dmadone(ic, chan)
Unloads the DMA memory on channel chan after a DMA transfer has completed.
isa_dmamaxsize(ic, chan)
Returns the maximum allowable DMA transfer size for channel chan.
isa_drq_isfree(ic, chan)
If the ia_drq or ia_drq2 members of struct isa_attach_args are wildcarded, then the
driver is expected to probe the hardware for valid DMA channels. In this case, the
driver can check to see if the hardware-supported DMA channel chan is available for
use.
isa_dmacascade(ic, chan)
Programs the 8237 DMA controller channel chan to accept external DMA control by the
device hardware.
isa_mappage(mem, offset, prot)
Provides support for user mmap(2)'ing of DMA-safe memory.
AUTOCONFIGURATION
The ISA bus is an indirect-connection bus. During autoconfiguration each driver is required
to probe the bus for the presence of a device. An ISA driver will receive a pointer to
struct isa_attach_args hinting at "locations" on the ISA bus where the device may be
located. They should use the ia_iobase, ia_iosize, ia_maddr, and ia_msize members. Not all
of these hints will be necessary; locators may be wildcarded with IOBASEUNK and MADDRUNK for
ia_iobase and ia_maddr respectively. If a driver can probe the device for configuration
information at default locations, it may update the members of struct isa_attach_args. The
IRQ and DMA locators can also be wildcarded with IRQUNK and DRQUNK respectively.
During the driver attach step, the I/O and memory address spaces should be mapped (see
bus_space(9)).
DMA SUPPORT
Extensive DMA facilities are provided for the ISA bus. A driver can use up to two DMA chan-
nels simultaneously. The DMA channels allocated during autoconfiguration are passed to the
driver during the driver attach using the ia_drq and ia_drq2 members of struct
isa_attach_args.
Before allocating resources for DMA transfers on the ISA bus, a driver should check the max-
imum allowable DMA transfer size for the DMA channel using isa_dmamaxsize().
A DMA map should be created first using isa_dmamap_create(). A DMA map describes how DMA
memory is loaded into the DMA controllers. Only DMA-safe memory can be used for DMA trans-
fers. DMA-safe memory is allocated using isa_dmamem_alloc(). The memory allocated by
isa_dmamem_alloc() must now be mapped into kernel virtual address space by isa_dmamem_map()
so that it can be accessed by the driver.
For a DMA transfer from the host to the device, the driver will fill the DMA memory with the
data to be transferred. The DMA-transfer of the memory is started using isa_dmastart() with
flags containing DMAMODE_WRITE. When the DMA transfer is completed, a call to isa_dmadone()
cleans up the DMA transfer by unloading the memory from the controller.
For a DMA transfer from the device to the host, the DMA-transfer is started using
isa_dmastart() with flags containing DMAMODE_READ. When the DMA transfer is completed, a
call to isa_dmadone() cleans up the DMA transfer by unloading the memory from the con-
troller. The memory can now be access by the driver.
When the DMA resources are no longer required they should be released using
isa_dmamem_unmap(), isa_dmamem_free() and isa_dmamap_destroy().
CODE REFERENCES
The ISA subsystem itself is implemented within the files sys/dev/isa/isa.c and
sys/dev/isa/isadma.c.
SEE ALSOisa(4), autoconf(9), bus_dma(9), bus_space(9), driver(9), isapnp(9)HISTORY
The machine-independent ISA subsystem appeared in NetBSD 1.2.
BUGS
The previous behaviour of isa_intr_establish() was to invoke panic() on failure.
isa_intr_establish() now returns NULL on failure. Some old drivers written for the former
behaviour discard the return value.
BSD January 29, 2006 BSD