About face ... A Muslim woman wearing the niqab in Montreuil, outside Paris, France in 2010 as the French Constitutional Court condemned the full-face Islamic veil (niqab or burqa) in public areas.Source: AFP

FRANCE

France, home to about five million Muslims, was the first European country to ban the public use of veils, both face-covering niqabs and full-body burqas, in 2011.France made it illegal for anyone to cover their face with anything that obscures their identity — including the burqa, balaclavas and hoods — in a public place.The French Government claims the laws are not aimed solely at the burqa or veil but that the laws were aimed at “helping everyone to integrate”.

People who wear scarfs, veils and turbans must remove them for security checks.

Then president Nicholas Sarkozy has controversially described Islamic dress as reducing women to “prisoners behind a screen, cut off from all social life, deprived of all identity.”France had already passed a law in 2004 that banned “symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation” in educational establishments.

BELGIUM

​The Belgian government introduced a similar ban in 2011 when it banned the Islamic full-face veil and any clothing that obscured a person’s identity in a public place.Prior to this, the burqa had already been banned in several districts.The Belgian government claims Muslim face-covering garments are “incompatible” with the rule of law.The Belgian government echoes the French Government in saying that the laws are also beneficial for social integration.

TURKEY​Last year Turkey’s decades-long restriction on wearing the headscarf in state institutions were relaxed to allow Turkish women who want to wear the hijab - the traditional Islamic headscarf covering the head and hair, but not the face - to civil service jobs and government offices.

The ban was lifted to address concerns that the ban was discouraging women who wear it from eking government jobs or higher education.

The laws were originally established to keep religious symbolism out of the civil service due to Turkey’s attempt to be a modern, secular state.

TUNISIABack in 1981 Tunisia banned women from wearing Islamic dress, including headscarves, in schools and state offices.

But the ban was largely ignored until 2006 when the government cracked down on those wearing the hijab in an attempt to deter extremism.

Taking a stand ... A pro-Islam rally in Sydney where Muslim women defended their right to wear headscarves such as the hijab and niqab. Source: News Corp Australia

SPAIN

The city of Barcelona is among more than a dozen cities to ban Muslim full-face coverings in some public spaces such as council buildings, markets and libraries since 2010.

But Spain’s Supreme Court threw out the ordinances - which also applied to any headwear, including helmets and balaclavas - that impeded identification in 2013.

A number of smaller towns in Spain have also banned Muslim face-coverings claiming the law was “unconstitutional”.

ITALYCovering the face in public has been illegal in Italy since the 1970s due to security concerns.​The law isn’t nationally enforced when it comes to Muslim face coverings but the government regularly debates expanding the decades-old law to impose special penalties on women who wear the burqa, niqab or any other garment that covers the face.

Islamic veils have also been banned in several towns in Italy such as Novara.

A journalist wearing a full-length burka and niqab in the Melbourne CBD in 2006. Photo: News Corp.Source: News Limited

GERMANY

Wearing Muslim veils is not nationally outlawed in Germany but in 2003 the federal constitutional court ruled that state governments could impose such restrictions on school teachers.

As a result half of Germany’s 16 state governments have since banned teachers from wearing Islamic veils and headscarves.

The state of Hesse banned all civil servants from wearing headscarves or veils in 2011.

Reasons cited for the bans range from social integration to road safety.

RUSSIAIn 2013 the Stavropol region was the first to impose a ban on Muslim face coverings. The Ticino region also banned face veils in public places.

But in Chechnya, the authorities have defied Russian policy on Islamic dress and order women to headscarves in state buildings.

In 2007 The Netherlands prohibited the full veil in schools and on public transport.​The ban has since been extended to universities and specific professions where face-to-face communication and eye contact is required.

Law court staff are also prohibited from wearing Muslim face-coverings on the grounds of ‘state neutrality’.