CC: Abdominal pain.

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2 HPI42 year old male presents to the Emergency Department with severe epigastric pain that started 3 days ago. He describes the pain as constant and epigastric. It has been severe since its onset, and also is described as band-like and radiating to his back. He also complains of nausea and vomiting that started yesterday. His wife is present and reports increased agitation since he quit drinking alcohol after one last binge 1 week ago. She also reports that he has a hx of gall stones and was recently stung by a scorpion during a trip to Arizona. Denies fever, rash or headache. Denies diarrhea or constipation. No hx of GI bleeding.

3 HPI Family and Social Hx: Past Medical Hx:Mother with hx cholecystitis, hx of HTN and CAD.Father has hx of obesity and alcohol dependence.2 Brothers who are healthyMarried, lives at home with wife, two children and dog. Recent travel to Arizona for a hiking trip. Works in a beer bottling factory as a quality assurance engineer.Hx alcohol dependenceHx of choledocholithiasis tx with ERCPHx of scorpion sting 1 week agoHx of migraine headachesNo other past surgical hx

6 Classic and Other Concerning SymptomsGrey-Turner’s Sign: ecchymotic discoloration in the flank.Cullen’s Sign: ecchymotic discoloration in the periumbilical region.These signs occur in 1% of cases and reflect intraabdominal hemorrhage and are associated with poor prognosis.Jaundice is seen in cases of pancreatitis where inflammation is secondary to choledocholithiasis or edema at the head of the pancreas from obstruction of the common bile duct.Epigastric mass may be palpable due to pseudocyst formation.Subcutaneous nodular fat necrosis, thrombophlebitis in the legs and polyarthritis are also less commonly seen.

8 Acute Abdominal SeriesAbdominal Plain Film : helps to exclude other causes of abdominal pain, including bowel obstruction or bowel perforation.Localized ileus of a segment of the small intestine, aka “sentinal loop” may be seen.Generalized ileus can occur in severe disease.Ground glass appearance may indicate ascites.Chest Film: May see elevation of hemidiaphragm, pleural effusion or basal atelectasis, left sided or bilateral.LOCALIZED ILEUS WITH SENTINALLOOP SIGN

10 PancreatitisAlthough measurement of amylase and lipase are useful for diagnosis of pancreatitis, serial measurements are not useful to predict prognosis or to guide management.Important radiologic features may be seen on a plain film of the abdomen, chest radiograph, and spiral (helical) CT scan. CT scan is the most important imaging test for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and its intraabdominal complications and also for assessment of severity. And CT is best utilized in patients who do not improve with conservative management or in whom you suspect complications.

12 Histological Features Cont’dBelow see regions of fat necrosis and focal pancreatic parenchymal necrosis.Gross specimens reveal dark areas of hemorrhage in the head of the pancreas and focal areas of pale fat necrosis

13 TreatmentAcute pancreatitis can be divided into two broad categories: edematous, interstitial or mild acute pancreatitis and necrotizing or severe acute pancreatitisTreatment varies depending on the severity of the condition.Mild pancreatitis is treated for several days with supportive care including pain control, intravenous fluids, correction of electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities, and nothing by mouth.In severe pancreatitis, intensive care unit monitoring and support of pulmonary, renal, circulatory, and hepatobiliary function may minimize systemic sequelae.In patients with gallstone pancreatitis, we recommend early ERCP and sphincterotomy for those who have a high suspicion of cholestasis and those with cholangitis. Cholecystectomy should be performed after recovery in all patients with gallstone pancreatitis.The anatomic changes of acute pancreatitis strongly suggest autodigestion of the pancreatic substance by inappropriately activated pancreatic enzymes.