07 October 2013

By applying the Copenhagenize Design Company concept of “Desire Lines” to an urban space, we were able to observe behaviours of cyclists, as shown in our latest research about the Bicycle Choreography of an Urban Intersection. We used the idea of "Desire Lines" to observe cyclists at Islands Brygge moving through a space shared with pedestrians, and we assessed the ways in which geography impacted movement. Recently, the municipality decided to divide this space by placing stones in the middle of it, with the intention of using the stones to channel the flow of cyclists. When looking at this new layout, we immediately noticed that this remodelling did not respect instinctive human desires. Our philosophy suggests that infrastructure should cater to the desires of cyclists and pedestrians as much as possible. The following illustrates what we observed in Islands Brygge, close to Bryggebroen - the cyclist/pedestrian bridge which is being used everyday by thousands of people. Here is a quick analysis that demonstrates the ways in which "Desire Lines" can be applied in order to better understand public space.

The increasing number of cyclists who use Bryggebroen

Approximately 8.000 bicycles cross Bryggebroen every day, as it is one of the best short-cuts joining the southern districts of Copenhagen. The elevated bike track called "the Bicycle Snake - Cykelslangen” will be launched in the near future, and the Municipality expects that its opening will encourage at least twice as many bikes to cross the bridge each day. Cyclists will join Dybbølsbro without carrying their bike down the stairs. What a relief!

Although Bryggebroen is a fantastic example of bicycle infrastructure, the spatial layout on either side of it does not effectively cater to the needs of cyclists and pedestrians when they continue their journeys after they have crossed the bridge. So far, the number of users creates a comfortable flow, and ensures safe interactions between cyclists and pedestrians. However, with the rising of cyclists using the bridge, this shared space will see a more complicated relationship between those who travel by foot and by bike.

It is likely that the use of stones was an attempt to organise pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The Municipality first placed stones in between the Gemini Residence and the Wennberg Silo in June. The stones were put in the middle of the shared space between cyclists and pedestrians in order to channel the different flows. Anticipating an increased flow was the right approach, but placing stones in the middle of a bike path is clearly not the ideal solution. Does this solution deliver the right results?

These stones force cyclists who are coming from the right side of the bike path and heading to the left, to perform a wide bend on the right before turning left. This means that cyclists are redirected away from their desired path, and are pulled in the opposite direction.

As for the pedestrians, they are invited to walk only in-between the stones. This is a strange way to divide the spaces allocated to each group. At first sight, it seems unnatural for a cyclist not to take the shorter way.

That's why Copenhagenize Design Co. has decided to apply its « Desire Lines » tool to this shared space in order to analyze the behavior of cyclists and the pedestrians.

We observed the space for two hours during a single day (one hour in the morning rush hour, and one in the afternoon rush hour) on July the 3rd. To cross this space, the cyclists followed no less than 14 different trajectories. Here are the results.

The cyclists follow 14 different desire lines

Looking at the cyclists' behavior, 14 different lines were observed: 11 in the morning, when most cyclists were heading to work, and 14 in the afternoon, including some very unique desire lines. In total, we counted:- from 8 to 9 o'clock: 876 cyclists going through the public space + 43 cycling along the water;- from 4 to 5 o'clock: 835 cyclists going through the public space + 60 cycling along the water.

Even if most of the cyclists follow the new lines that are organised by the stones, they will not be taking routes that are particularly suited to their behaviour. We can sum up the consequences of the stones on the cyclists' trajectories:

- In the morning, when cyclists were heading to work, 5% of them keep on using the shortest possible way to go through this space even if they risked bumping into the cyclists coming the other way (line G);

- 6% of cyclists took a short-cut even if the sidewalk is not lowered, therefore risking to damage their tires (line H);

- as in the Choreography of an Urban Intersection, 1% in the morning and 2% in the afternoon of the cyclists rode where they want (lines I, J, K, L);

In the morning:

- 87% of the cyclists followed the new rules driven by the stones (lines A, B, C,D, E, F);

- However, 26% did not have to adapt their behavior as they were riding straight (lines C, F, E);

- 73% have to start turning right when they want to head left (lines A,B) + (lines D, H, G);

A cyclist generally chooses his or her route in a way that guarantees the shortest distance. For instance, 77% take a bend as short as possible when they turn (line A). The ones who take a large bend, do it in order to avoid a pedestrian, or a cyclist coming in the opposite direction. A few cyclists do it without specific reason.

As many desire lines as the number of pedestrians

In general, fewer pedestrians (71 in the morning, 127 in the afternoon) than cyclists use this space, but our analysis did not include the pedestrians walking on the private ramp of the Gemini residence. Compared to cyclists, there are almost as many desire lines as pedestrians (or runners) walking in this space. That is why we have divided the pedestrians into 4 groups:

- The pedestrians walking in the gravel (not encountering the cyclists' path) – line A;

- The pedestrians using the space in between the stones (interacting with the cyclists to reach this zone) – line B;

- The pedestrians sharing the same zone as the cyclists – line C;

- The pedestrians crossing the stones and walking both in the pedestrian and cyclist zones – line D.

Thus, we can draw the following conclusions:

- The pedestrians do not use the space dedicated to them in between the stones. Approximately 6% of them used it from the beginning to the end in the morning, and 15% in the afternoon - line B;

- 76% (morning) and 72% (afternoon) of the pedestrians kept on using the space shared with the cyclists (walkinga few meters away from the pedestrian space or even right into their trajectories) - line C andline D;

- 8% (morning) and 13% (afternoon) walked on the gravel - line A.

To sump up, the new layout does not fit the pedestrians' behavior. The flows are not completely divided and the pedestrians and cyclists keep on sharing the space. The majority of the pedestrians weave through the stones, which is quite a nuisance for them. Moreover, there is no crosswalk in the continuity of the pedestrian area.

To conclude, this remodeling of the public space around Bryggebroen does not follow the basic behavior of the cyclists and does not bring obvious and relevant solutions for the pedestrians. That's why we would like to present a number of suggestions for a new layout (part two: Copenhagenize fixes).

4 comments:

An aside, but: How wonderful that it's so beautifully done. It brings Andy Goldsworthy's work to mind. Were it constructed with concrete blocks, I wonder if it would affect on how pedestrians and cyclists travel in relation to it, differently.

15 pro cent takes the route between the stones. Didn't think it was so high.Maybe add some curbs along the gravel to reserve some space for the pedestrians ? The white lines that was there before along the pedestrian area didn't do it.

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Copenhagenize.com is the blog of Copenhagenize Design Company. Online since 2007 and highlighting the cycling life in Copenhagen and around the world.

40 years ago Copenhagen was just as car-clogged as anywhere else but now 41% of the population arriving at work or education do so on bicycles, from all over the Metro area. 55% of Copenhageners themselves use bicycles each day. They all use over 1000 km of bicycle lanes in Greater Copenhagen for their journeys. Copenhagenizing is possible anywhere.