1.
Poland
–
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church

2.
Telephone number
–
A telephone number serves as an address for switching telephone calls using a system of destination code routing. Telephone numbers are entered or dialed by a party on the originating telephone set. The exchange completes the call either to another locally connected subscriber or via the PSTN to the called party, telephone numbers were first used in 1879 in Lowell, Massachusetts when they replaced the request for subscriber names by callers connecting to the switchboard operator. Telephone numbers are dialed in conjunction with other signaling code sequences, such as vertical service codes. When telephone numbers were first used they were short, from one to three digits, and were communicated orally to a switchboard operator when initiating a call. As telephone systems have grown and interconnected to encompass worldwide communication, in addition to telephones, they have been used to access other devices, such as computer modems, pagers, and fax machines. The number contains the necessary to identify uniquely the intended endpoint for the telephone call. Each such endpoint must have a number within the public switched telephone network. Most countries use fixed length numbers and therefore the number of endpoints determines the length of the telephone number. It is also possible for each subscriber to have a set of numbers for the endpoints most often used. These shorthand or speed calling numbers are translated to unique telephone numbers before the call can be connected. Some special services have their own short numbers The dialing plan in some areas permits dialing numbers in the local calling area without using area code or city code prefixes. For example, a number in North America consists of a three-digit area code, a three-digit central office code. If the area has no area code overlays, seven-digit dialing may be permissible for calls within the area, for each large metro area, all of these lines will share the same prefix, the last digits typically corresponding to the stations frequency, callsign, or moniker. In the international network, the format of telephone numbers is standardized by ITU-T recommendation E.164. This code specifies that the number should be 15 digits or shorter. For most countries, this is followed by a code or city code and the subscriber number. ITU-T recommendation E.123 describes how to represent an international telephone number in writing or print, starting with a plus sign and the country code

3.
Krosno
–
Krosno is a town and county in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland with 47,140 inhabitants, as of 30 June 2014. Krosno is a fortified town, a former Royal Free Town. Until recently it was a provincial capital, today it is a medium-sized town with a population of fifty thousand, ranking sixth among Polish towns with the best living conditions. This evident success appears understandable when one looks at the history of the town, center of regional and subregional levels. Notably Krosno is the site of the first oil well in the world, Krosno is on the river Wisłok. Slovakia is about 35 kilometres south, and Ukraine is about 85 kilometres east of the city and it is located in the heartland of the Doły, and its average altitude is 310 metres above sea level, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city. Neighbouring municipalities are, Korczyna, Krościenko Wyżne, Miejsce Piastowe, Chorkówka, Jedlicze, situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, previously it was the capital of Krosno Voivodeship. It is the capital of Krosno County, Krosno covers an area of 45 km2, and has seven separate town quarters and 5 housing estates. The historical centre is situated on a hill between the fork of the Lubatówka and Wisłok Rivers. The first mention of the town, which names Krosno as one of 34 estates in Małopolska granted to the Lubusz Bishopric, appears in a document signed by Leszek II the Black, Duke of Kraków, in 1282. However, the oldest traces of settlement in the fork of the Wisłok and Lubatówka Rivers, found during archaeological research, today it is difficult to clearly determine the etymology of the place-name of Krosno. Scholars give several versions explaining the origin of the name, finally an opinion was adopted that the original Polish name disappeared and the existing name is the result of a transformation of the German name Krossen. Krosno, a town from its origin, used the coat of arms of the Piasts from Kujawy and. During the reign of Casimir III the Great the construction of fortifications was begun to encircle the hill. But it was only under King Ladislaus Jagiello that the full-length stone, two gates led into the town, the Hungarian one from the south-east and the Kraków one from the north-west. The well-fortified and secure town provided perfect conditions for the development of craft, Krosno became an important production centre of cloths and fustians. The medieval town had waterworks and a system, which is evidence of its importance. The privilege granted by King Casimir IV Jagiellon in 1461 shows that Krosno, the archaeological research conducted recently, based on the dendrochronological method, enabled scholars to move the date of the systems installation back to the middle of the 14th century

4.
Tarnobrzeg
–
Tarnobrzeg is a city in south-eastern Poland, on the east bank of the river Vistula, with 49,419 inhabitants, as of December 31,2009. Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship since 1999, it had previously been the capital of Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship, Tarnobrzeg lies in the Sandomierz Basin, and directly borders the town of Sandomierz. Its history dates back to the year 1593, when it was granted Magdeburg rights, for centuries Tarnobrzeg remained a small town, which did not develop until the post-World War II period, when it became center of an industrial area, based on rich sulfur deposits. The name Tarnobrzeg refers to the founders of the town, the Tarnowski family, other names were suggested, such as Tarnodwor, Nowo Dwor, and Nowy Tarnów. Finally, Tarnobrzeg prevailed, and other towns, founded by the Tarnowski family, were named in a similar fashion, such as Tarnogród. Until the 20th century, however, the name Tarnobrzeg was not popular among residents, in common use were such names, as Dzików and Miechocin, as these two locations were older, larger and more important. After opening of a station called Tarnobrzeg, and creation of the Tarnobrzeg County. Nevertheless, patron saint of the region, is still called Our Lady of Dzików, Tarnobrzeg lies along National Road nr. 9, which also makes Polish part of the European route E371, the town also is a railroad hub, with five stations located within its limits. Rail lines stem from Tarnobrzeg into four directions, southwards towards Dębica, southeast towards Rzeszów, east towards Stalowa Wola, currently Tarnobrzeg is one of the largest towns of Poland in terms of territory. It covers the area of 85 square kilometres, and the distance between its northern and southern locations reaches 20 kilometres. This is because in 1975, Tarnobrzeg unexpectedly became the capital of a newly created province, to expand the town, local authorities initiated a policy of annexation of local villages. As a result, in the late 1970s the size of the town quickly grew, the Old Town and historic center of Tarnobrzeg covers a very small area of the town, as 80% of Tarnobrzeg was built after the war. Tarnobrzeg was founded in 1593, during the age of Poland. In that year, King Zygmunt III Waza granted Magdeburg rights to the village, the founder of the town was Stanislaw Tarnowski, Castellan of Sandomierz. In 1772, it part of the Austrian Empire and remained in the province of Galicia until November 1918. Tarnobrzeg, located close to the Russian-Austrian border, sustained heavy damage during World War I by invading armies. In the aftermath of World War I, the short-lived Republic of Tarnobrzeg was declared here, and in 1919, the city suffered significant emigration within the former Austrian empire and elsewhere during the interbellum years