6 Why Hydrogen? – Energy SecurityPetroleum demandGasoline and diesel fuel are currently above $3.00 per gallonNation’s previous high weighted average for all 3 grades was $1.38 a gallon in March 1981 ($3.03 in today’s dollars)Spikes have occurred despite declines in the cost of crude oilHurricane Katrina decimated refineries along the Gulf Coast cutting 11% of the refining capacity for all petroleum products

7 Why Hydrogen? – Energy SecurityPetroleum demandUS consumes approximately 20 million barrels per day (bpd)Over 97% of US transportation fuel comes from oilAlmost 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil is used for transportationOil consumption in 2004 was up 3.4% or 2.5 million bpdUS imports 55% of the oil it consumes; that is expected to grow to 68% by 2025Energy Information Administration, “Annual Energy Outlook 2004”“BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005: Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004”, Press Release from BP, June 2005

8 Why Hydrogen? – Energy SecurityEnergy demandWorld’s overall energy consumption grew by 4.3% in 2004Largest-ever annual increase in global energy consumption and is the highest percentage growth since 1984Chinese energy demand has risen by 65% over the past 3 yearsChina now consumes 13.6% of the world’s total energyBP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005: Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004”, Press Release from BP, June 2005

9 Why Hydrogen? – Environmental StewardshipEnvironmental protectionHydrogen can be used in vehicles powered by either internal combustion engines (ICEs) or fuel cellsNear-zero (ICEs) or zero (fuel cells) emissionsWhen produced from renewable sources, the entire chain of processes (fuel production through end-use in a vehicle) results in extremely low environmental impactsThis is what hydrogen will eliminate

10 Why Hydrogen? Resource flexibilityHydrogen can be generated from a variety of feedstocks like fossil fuels (oil, coal) and renewable sources (biomass, sunlight).Because hydrogen exists in many different forms, in any one region, there are a variety of local feedstocks from which the hydrogen can be extracted

11 Fuel cell design by Mond and Langer, 1889Hydrogen ExperienceHydrogen was first produced in the 1400s when early European experimenters dissolved metal in acidsSir William Robert Grove used electricity to split hydrogen and oxygen in 1839Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer coin the term “fuel cell” in 1889First fuel cell powered vehicle in the world is demonstrated in 1959Used since the early 1960s to power NASA’s space vehiclesFuel cell design by Mond and Langer, 1889

17 California Hydrogen HighwayGovernor’s VisionEvery Californian has access to hydrogen along the State’s major highways by 2010Early network of 150 to 200 fueling stations (1 station every 20 miles)Initial low-volume fueling network will cost $75 to $200 millionStation concentrations in LA, Sacramento, San Diego and San FranciscoCalifornia Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger

18 Illinois Hydrogen HighwayNetwork of demonstration projects to promote hydrogen-based technologiesFirst conceived as part of the Illinois 2H2 reportNorthwest Chicagoland International Airport in RockfordCombines solar, wind and hydrogen technologies for airport support vehiclesHeat and power for the airport buildingTerminal at Northwest Chicagoland International Airport in Rockford, IL

19 Northern H Project Hydrogen HighwayEstablish a multi-fuel hydrogen network in the upper MidwestProduce and provide hydrogen made from wind, biomass, solar, hydro and coal resourcesPlace 9 or 10 stations 125 miles apartStations would link urban centers along Manitoba, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin and link up with the Illinois Hydrogen HighwayProject still not fundedNorthern H Project Hydrogen Highway

23 International Hydrogen EffortsIcelandWorld’s first public commercial hydrogen fueling station in the Icelandic capital of ReykjavikEcological City Transport System (ECTOS)Operate a small fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses that run on hydrogen produced by waterHydrogen Fueling Station in Reykjavik, IcelandBramford, David, “Iceland Landmark Gas Station”, BBC News, April 2003

24 International Hydrogen EffortsJapanResearch fuel cell technologies since the 1980sCreated the Clean Energy Network Using Hydrogen Conversion in 1992Goal to facilitate the commercialization of fuel cells10 year program on hydrogen R&DReplaced by the New Hydrogen ProjectLiquid Hydrogen Storage & Hydrogen Supply Facility Ariake, Japan

25 Japanese Hydrogen ProductionArea covered by 100 km distribution around production siteShell Hydrogen

26 International Hydrogen EffortsCanadian Hydrogen HighwayCoincide with the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Whistler, BCCreate small number of hydrogen stations by 2008Focal point between Vancouver International Airport, the City of Vancouver, and Whistler with branches connecting Victoria, North Vancouver, University of British Columbia and SurreyPlan to link to similar projects in Alberta and California

27 International Hydrogen EffortsInternational Energy Agency’s (IEA) Hydrogen ProgramEstablished in 1977 with 15 member countriesGlobal resource for technical expertise in hydrogenVisionHydrogen future based on a clean sustainable energy supplyMissionAccelerate hydrogen implementation and widespread utilizationStrategyFacilitate, coordinate, and maintain innovative RD&D through international cooperation and information exchange

28 International Hydrogen EffortsInternational Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE)PurposeProvides a mechanism for partners to organize, coordinate and implement effective, efficient, and focused international research, development, demonstration and commercial utilization activities related to hydrogen and fuel cell technologiesprovides a forum for advancing policies, and common technical codes and standards that can accelerate the cost-effective transition to a hydrogen economyEducates and informs stakeholders and the general public on the benefits of, and challenges to, establishing the hydrogen economyInternational Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

30 Hydrogen Basics Diffuses RapidlyRises 2 times faster than helium and 6 times faster than natural gas (hydrogen will escape up and away from the user)Dilutes quickly into a non-flammable concentrationAt room temperature, hydrogen is a very light gasColorless, odorless, tasteless, nonpoisonous gasWill not contribute to groundwater pollutionSecond lowest boiling and melting points of all substances, second to heliumLiquid below its boiling point of 20K (-423F, -253C)Solid below its melting point of 14K (-434F, -259C)NucleiHydrogen Molecule0K (“absolute zero”) is the lowest temperature in the universe at which molecular motion stops. Temperatures below -100F are known as cryogenic temperatures and liquids below this temperature are cryogenic liquids

31 Hydrogen Basics Detectability Toxicity AsphyxiationOdorless, tasteless, and colorlessSensors can be used to detect hydrogen in enclosed areasNo known odorants, such as mercaptans and thiophanes (as used in natural gas), can be used with hydrogen since the sulfur contaminate fuel cellsToxicityNon-toxic and nonpoisonous; does not create “fumes”AsphyxiationHydrogen is of no more concern than other gasesIn open areas, hydrogen disperses rapidlyCollege of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

36 Hydrogen Combustion PropertiesFlashpoint of Comparative FuelsExplosionsAn oxidizer, like oxygen must be presentLittle chance to explode in air due to its buoyancyCannot occur in a tank or contained location that only contains hydrogenCollege of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

37 Hydrogen Combustion PropertiesWide Range of FlammabilityHydrogen can be combusted in a wide range of AFRs (34:1 to 180:1)Stoichiometry – 14.7:1 for gasoline, 34:1 for hydrogenCan run on a lean mixture (better fuel economy and more complete combustion)Lean mixture can reduce power output of the engineLower combustion temperatures result in lower NOx levelsCollege of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

38 Hydrogen Combustion PropertiesHandlingCan be handled as safely as any other fuelDifferent combustion properties than gasoline or dieselOctane Numbers of Comparative FuelsCollege of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

39 Hydrogen Combustion PropertiesLow Radiant HeatSignificantly less radiant heat than a hydrocarbon fireDue to low levels of heat near the flame, risk of secondary fire is lowerHydrogen FlamesHydrocarbon Flames