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Posts Tagged ‘heat’

Oppressive heat dwells in China’s “three furnaces”

“Air-raid shelters, once used to protect Chongqing residents from air attacks during the war against Japanese aggression, have turned out to be an ideal place to escape from the scorching heat,” a report said.

Chongqing, formerly Chungking, is a major city in southwest China and the most populous Chinese municipality with a population over 30 million as of 2015. It has an urban population of 18.38 million including 8.5 million people who live in Chongqing city proper.

“During the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Chongqing, then China’s temporary capital, was bombed by over 9,000 Japanese planes between 1938 and 1944. Its many bomb shelters cover an area of more than 1 million square meters.”

The city has opened 96 air-raid shelters, which provide basic comfort, entertainment and medical help, the report said.

“Some days, the city temperature is over 40 degrees Celsius, but inside the shelters it is as low as 27 degrees Celsius,” a resident said.

The mountainous city of Chongqing, located on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, is known as one of China’s “three furnaces” — the other two being Wuhan and Nanjing — because of the sweltering summer heat, the report said.

“Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.” —Essay

“Indeed, absent a significant adjustment to how billions of humans conduct their lives, parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable, and other parts horrifically inhospitable, as soon as the end of this century,” according to an essay titled The Uninhabitable Earth.

“The end of this century?” Really? How will they make it over the next 80 years?

So humans can survive for another four generations?

Is it still politically incorrect to state categorically that the greedy, fearful humans, the dumbest animals capable of intelligence, just can’t make it?

Scientists are warning that global warming would present great challenges on the way to produce more food in the future.

“There certainly are going to be lots of challenges in the future. Temperature is one of them, water is another,” said Lisa Ainsworth, a molecular biologist with the United States Department of Agriculture.

“In Northeastern China, low temperatures, a short growing season and lack of water limit production, so rising temperatures in the future may have beneficial impacts there,” said Ainsworth.

“However, in the southern parts of the country, higher temperatures will likely cause yield losses,” she told the reporters.

Higher temperatures coupled with ground-level ozone, which is produced as a result of sunlight interacting with greenhouse gases, added to extremes of floods and droughts is a recipe for disaster.

Ozone is a growing problem in the northern hemisphere and is already costing farmers billion of dollars in crop damage.

Effect of increasing ozone concentration (left to right: about 15, 80 and 150 ppb) on growth of (A) Pima cotton and nutsedge grown in direct competition with one nutsedge per cotton; (B) tomato and nutsedge
grown in direct competition with nutsedge (two-to-one); and (C) yellow nutsedge grown in the absence of competition. (Photo and caption: David A. Grantz & Anil Shrestha, UC Kearney Agricultural Center )

“In the major rice-growing regions, which are India and China, ground-level ozone concentrations even today are very high and certainly exceed the threshold for damage. Ozone is already decreasing yield potential in many areas,” Ainsworth said.

Significant amounts of rice yield are lost annually due to various abiotic stresses (e.g., salinity, droughts). Rice is the staple diet for about half of the world population, and about 90 percent of the world’s rice is produced in Asia.

The atmospheric CO2 levels have now reached about 388 parts per million from about 280 ppm prior to the Industrial Revolution.

“There is still a lot of uncertainty in the climate modeling when it comes to the regional level,” said Reiner Wassmann coordinator of the Rice and Climate Change Consortium at IRRI. “But it was clear temperatures would rise.”

A train travels along the flooded Darbhanga-Sitamadhi railway line in Bihar in this August 2, 2007 file photo. Massive monsoon floods in eastern India damaged vast areas of corn and affected the rice crop, government officials and farm experts said on Tuesday, adding that losses are being assessed. REUTERS/Krishna Murari Kishan (image may be subject to copyright!) See FEWW Fair Use notice.

“The other mega trend we see is that we will have more climate extremes. In some places there might be more drought, in others it may be submergence, from floods, in some places it might be both,” said Wassmann.

“That is really a new challenge for development of cropping systems and I don’t want to limit it to only plant breeding. We have to be clear that this is no silver bullet and that if we speed-up plant breeding everything will be fine. Certainly not.

“We also have to improve crop management and water saving techniques have come into the picture to cope with drought,” he said. (Source)

High ozone levels can damage leaves on trees and crops (such as corn, wheat, and soybeans), reducing growth rates and crop yields. In 1995, ground-level ozone caused $2.7 billion in crop damage nationwide, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Due to its reactive nature, ozone also can prematurely degrade and wear out rubber, paints and other materials. (Source)