Acesulfam-K is a calorie-free sugar substitute (artificial sweetener), also known as Acesulfame K or Ace K. It is a food additive and sweetening agent for use in the bakery and beverage industry as well as in diary products.

Agar-agar, usually seen abbreviated as agar, is a gelatinous substance derived from certain types of red algae, or seaweed. There are a number of uses for it, although most people are familiar with it as the culture medium in petri dishes. This substance ...展開
Agar-agar, usually seen abbreviated as agar, is a gelatinous substance derived from certain types of red algae, or seaweed. There are a number of uses for it, although most people are familiar with it as the culture medium in petri dishes. This substance is also perfectly edible, and in addition to appearing in regional cuisine, it is also used as a thickening agent in candies and other foods. Since it is derived from plant material, it has the advantage of being suitable for vegetarians, unlike gelatin, which is derived from animal sources. 收起

Alginate (Sodium-, Potassium- & Calcium) is a salt made from algenic acid that is extracted from the cell walls of brown algae. It can be used as a gelling agent, thickening agent and stabilizing agent in a variety of puddings, beverages, jellies, jams, i...展開
Alginate (Sodium-, Potassium- & Calcium) is a salt made from algenic acid that is extracted from the cell walls of brown algae. It can be used as a gelling agent, thickening agent and stabilizing agent in a variety of puddings, beverages, jellies, jams, ice creams, meats, and dressings. 收起

Arabic Gum is a natural gum made from the hardened sap of trees native to the Middle East and parts of Western Asia. Food manufacturers often use it as a stabilizer in food and drinks that are designed to have a long shelf life, and the soft drink industr...展開
Arabic Gum is a natural gum made from the hardened sap of trees native to the Middle East and parts of Western Asia. Food manufacturers often use it as a stabilizer in food and drinks that are designed to have a long shelf life, and the soft drink industry is one of the world’s largest consumers. The gum also has uses outside of the kitchen, particularly as an additive in art products and cosmetics, and it has traditionally also been an important part of ink-on-paper printing. Basically any task that requires binding different substances together or holding ingredients in a stable suspension can benefit from the addition of gum arabic. 收起

Ascorbic acid is known for its antioxidant properties. It is a molecular bond of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Most people are familiar with L-ascorbic acid, more commonly referred to as vitamin C. When not in vitamin C form, ascorbic acid may be used in ...展開
Ascorbic acid is known for its antioxidant properties. It is a molecular bond of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Most people are familiar with L-ascorbic acid, more commonly referred to as vitamin C. When not in vitamin C form, ascorbic acid may be used in solutions to develop film. It oxidizes easily, but prevents the destruction of various cells - hence the term antioxidant. It must be stored in a cool dark place. It also oxidizes in the presence of metals, so it should not be stored in any type of metal container. As vitamin C, ascorbic acid was once invaluable in preventing diseases like scurvy, caused by lengthy ship voyages. To combat scurvy, sailors and passengers were often given oranges, which are high in vitamin C. While most animals synthesize this acid naturally, humans and primates do not. For this reason, supplementation is required, generally available through food sources. Along with citrus fruits, broccoli, spinach, and cranberries are all excellent sources of ascorbic acid. 收起

Biotin (Vitamin B7 / Vitamin H) is a B-complex vitamin, also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H. It is important in a number of metabolic functions in the human body, including cell growth, the synthesis of fatty acids, and the metabolism of the amino acid...展開
Biotin (Vitamin B7 / Vitamin H) is a B-complex vitamin, also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H. It is important in a number of metabolic functions in the human body, including cell growth, the synthesis of fatty acids, and the metabolism of the amino acid leucine. Biotin also assists in the Krebs cycle, through which the body converts food into energy, and in the transfer of carbon dioxide within the body. Intestinal bacteria naturally produce this vitamin, and a deficiency is therefore quite rare. 收起

Caffeine is a plant-based alkaloid which stimulates the central nervous system of any creature that ingests it. In nature, it serves as a form of pest control for certain plants such as cacao trees, coffee shrubs, yerba mate and tea trees. The caffeine ca...展開
Caffeine is a plant-based alkaloid which stimulates the central nervous system of any creature that ingests it. In nature, it serves as a form of pest control for certain plants such as cacao trees, coffee shrubs, yerba mate and tea trees. The caffeine causes insects and other pests to collapse from the effects of over-stimulation. Caffeine, also known as guaranine, mateine or theine depending on the source plant, is considered a psychoactive drug. However, it has not been designated a controlled substance, so its use in teas, coffees and sodas is not illegal. Coffee beans contain a significant amount, while tea leaves and yerba mate plants contain less. Cocoa beans also contain caffeine, but they contain much higher levels of another alkaloid called theobromine. When caffeine is removed from the source plant and reduced to its most natural state, it forms a white powder. This powdered form is actually the scientific definition of bitter, which is why many beverages containing caffeine also contain copious amounts of sugar or other sweeteners. That contained in stimulant pills such as No-Doz is not diluted with sugar, so the pills can be very bitter indeed. 收起

Calciferol is a synthetic form of vitamin D2 that can be taken as a supplement to improve or stabilize calcium levels in the body. When taken as directed, the supplement corrects low levels of available calcium so the blood does not have to rob minerals f...展開
Calciferol is a synthetic form of vitamin D2 that can be taken as a supplement to improve or stabilize calcium levels in the body. When taken as directed, the supplement corrects low levels of available calcium so the blood does not have to rob minerals from bones. People who suffer from parathyroid disorders, malnutrition, osteoporosis, or genetic conditions that impair calcium absorption may be prescribed daily supplies of calciferol along with special dietary instructions. Many health food stores and vitamin retailers offer over-the-counter calciferol tablets, but a person should speak with a doctor before starting a vitamin regimen to make sure it is safe. Vitamin D is a vital nutrient. It promotes strong bones and body systems by regulating the amount of calcium available in the bloodstream. When a person has a vitamin D deficiency such as rickets, his or her blood tries to compensate for low calcium by extracting the mineral from bones, leaving them soft, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury. Calciferol supplements can help to correct major vitamin D deficiencies when increasing dietary intake is not enough. 收起

Calcium lactate is a compound produced by exposing calcium carbonate to lactic acid. The result is a white, crystalline calcium salt found in various medicinal and food industry applications. Medicinally, the compound is used as an antacid, dietary calciu...展開
Calcium lactate is a compound produced by exposing calcium carbonate to lactic acid. The result is a white, crystalline calcium salt found in various medicinal and food industry applications. Medicinally, the compound is used as an antacid, dietary calcium supplement and as a component of several mouthwash products. Food industry applications of calcium lactate include raising agents in the baking industry and shelf life enhancer for fruits. Calcium lactate dietary supplements should only be taken under the supervision of a doctor because excessive calcium intakes may impair certain biological functions and even cause severe allergic reactions in rare cases. 收起

Carrageenan is a product derived from certain types of red algae, a seaweed found throughout the coasts of North America and Europe. The product is most often used as a thickening agent in place of animal-based products like gelatin, which is extracted fr...展開
Carrageenan is a product derived from certain types of red algae, a seaweed found throughout the coasts of North America and Europe. The product is most often used as a thickening agent in place of animal-based products like gelatin, which is extracted from animal bones. It is a common ingredient in many foods and gel-like products, and even has applications in biochemistry. Carrageenan is nearly identical to agar, another substance derived from several different species of red algae. 收起

Casein is a protein that is found in milk and used independently in many foods as a binding agent. Technically, it is part of a group called phosphoproteins, collections of proteins bound to something containing phosphoric acid. It may also be called case...展開
Casein is a protein that is found in milk and used independently in many foods as a binding agent. Technically, it is part of a group called phosphoproteins, collections of proteins bound to something containing phosphoric acid. It may also be called caseinogen, particularly in European foods. A salt, meaning it has no net ionic charge, of the element calcium, casein has a number of interesting properties that make it useful in foods and cooking. Many people believe proteins are healthier if consumed when not denatured — one of the major lines of reasoning used in supporting a raw food diet. Denaturing occurs when a protein loses its inherent structure, due to high heat or acid for example, at which point it no longer acts in the ordinary manner. Casein, because of its structure, is not susceptible to denaturing. Casein can be found in two main types: edible and technical. Edible casein is widely used in both medicine and food, both for nutritional value and as a binder. The technical type is used in an enormous range of products, including paints, cosmetics, and many types of adhesives. A significant number of people are allergic to this protein and may find themselves experiencing reactions both to food products and to products such as nail polish that contain it. 收起

Usually produced in powder form, citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits. It easily mixes into liquids, making it a valuable acid. Lemons and limes have high concentrations of citric acid, accounting for their bitter taste. Oranges and tangerines ...展開
Usually produced in powder form, citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits. It easily mixes into liquids, making it a valuable acid. Lemons and limes have high concentrations of citric acid, accounting for their bitter taste. Oranges and tangerines are also high in citric acid, though lower than the more bitter citrus fruits. You can find citric acid present in certain berries too, particularly raspberries and blackberries. Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric acid can be used to make good “natural” cleaners, though some may still contain chemicals that are not exactly natural. It’s also now commonly used in preparing photographs. 收起

Creatine is an acid produced in the liver that supplies some energy to muscle cells. It is typically found in vertebrates. The liver makes this substance out of three amino acids called arginine, glycine, and methionine. Most of the creatine the human bod...展開
Creatine is an acid produced in the liver that supplies some energy to muscle cells. It is typically found in vertebrates. The liver makes this substance out of three amino acids called arginine, glycine, and methionine. Most of the creatine the human body makes is then stored in the muscles that support the skeleton. Many people confuse creatine with creatinine. Creatinine is actually the broken down form that the kidneys process and dispose of. Normal measurement of creatine evaluates creatinine through blood tests. High creatinine levels may mean a person is severely dehydrated and also helps indicate if a person is experiencing kidney failure. One of the more interesting uses of synthesized creatine is when top athletes use it. It is not a banned substance and many athletes claim they use it because it enhances performance naturally. Though tests have not shown it to be unsafe, there have not been enough tests to indicate that long-term use is safe. 收起

Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble member of the B family of vitamins which is more commonly referred to as vitamin B12. This vitamin doesn’t occur naturally. Instead, it is synthesized by the conversion of hydroxocobalamin, which is produced from various ...展開
Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble member of the B family of vitamins which is more commonly referred to as vitamin B12. This vitamin doesn’t occur naturally. Instead, it is synthesized by the conversion of hydroxocobalamin, which is produced from various strains of bacteria through an exchange of cyanide molecules and then purified with exposure to activated charcoal. Since this nutrient is considered the most air-stable member of the vitamin B family, it is also the most commonly used form of vitamin B12 utilized in the food and dietary supplement industries. It should be noted that while cyanocobalamin is recognized as a form of vitamin B12, it isn’t the only one. In fact, the two terms are not necessarily interchangeable. Vitamin B12 actually represents a class of chemically related vitamins that exhibit similar pharmacological characteristics. Still, since cyanocobalamin is the form most stable and easily absorbed form, it’s likely to be included in the list of ingredients on a bottle of multivitamins where the vitamin B12 content is given. 收起

D-Xylose is a form of sugar that comes from woody substances such as straw, corn cobs, pecan shells, and cottonseed hulls. There are a number of benefits to using xylose instead of regular table sugar. It is safe, healthy, toxin-free, and allows people to...展開
D-Xylose is a form of sugar that comes from woody substances such as straw, corn cobs, pecan shells, and cottonseed hulls. There are a number of benefits to using xylose instead of regular table sugar. It is safe, healthy, toxin-free, and allows people to indulge their appetites for sweet food without weight gain and other issues commonly associated with sugar. The sweetener may help fight infections, restore hormonal imbalances, and treat other health problems. This sugar substitute became popular in Japan and throughout Europe in the 1960s. It was successfully introduced in the United States upon approval by the FDA in 1963. Since that time, the substance has served as both a food sweetener and as a remedy for certain health problems. As a sweetener, it provides a much healthier alternative to regular sugar. The rate at which the body absorbs table sugar is much higher than the rate of xylose absorption. People can consume far more of this product without any ill effects. 收起

DL-Methionine is a protein-based amino acid and lipotropic compound that helps with metabolism and breaks down fat. It can also help with chelation, which is the removal of heavy metals from the body to ensure that the liver, kidneys, and bladder remain h...展開
DL-Methionine is a protein-based amino acid and lipotropic compound that helps with metabolism and breaks down fat. It can also help with chelation, which is the removal of heavy metals from the body to ensure that the liver, kidneys, and bladder remain healthy. This amino acid preserves artery function and maintains healthy nails, hair, and skin. Additionally, it is essential for muscle growth and energy. 收起

Dextrose, fructose, and glucose are all monosaccharides, known as simple sugars. These sugars can combine to form more complex sugars, including the disaccharide known as sucrose, or table sugar. The primary differences between these sugars have to do wit...展開
Dextrose, fructose, and glucose are all monosaccharides, known as simple sugars. These sugars can combine to form more complex sugars, including the disaccharide known as sucrose, or table sugar. The primary differences between these sugars have to do with the ways in which they are metabolized by the body, and they all play important roles in body function. Fructose is an extremely sweet sugar that is found in many fruits. The flavor is sometimes intensely cloying, as anyone who has eaten an overripe piece of fruit knows, and it is believed to be the most sweet of the naturally occurring sugars. Fructose can also be obtained through the breakdown of sucrose, which is made from linked fructose and glucose molecules. It has a low glycemic index, which means that it takes a long time for the body to break down, resulting in a slow release of sugar, rather than a sudden rush. A diet high in fructose as been linked to health problems like diabetes and obesity, although there is as of yet no proof that it causes these conditions. 收起

Dicalciumphosphate is a dibasic calcium phosphate formed by a reactive combination of calcium oxide and phosphoric acid. As a dietary supplement, it is commonly used as a source of calcium and phosphorus for both humans and animals. In this role, the comp...展開
Dicalciumphosphate is a dibasic calcium phosphate formed by a reactive combination of calcium oxide and phosphoric acid. As a dietary supplement, it is commonly used as a source of calcium and phosphorus for both humans and animals. In this role, the compound is either used as an additive in the preparation of cereal and grain products or purchased as a meal supplement. It is also virtually insoluble in water and is sometimes used as a delayed release component in the pharmaceutical industry. Although calcium and phosphorous supplements are fairly safe, dicalcium phosphate should ideally be used under the supervision of a medical professional. 收起

Ethyl-vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead...展開
Ethyl-vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is now more often used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Vanillin and ethylvanillin are used by the food industry; ethylvanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note. It differs from vanillin by having an ethoxy group (–O–CH2CH3) instead of a methoxy group (–O–CH3). Artificial vanilla flavoring is often a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol. Today, artificial vanillin is made either from guaiacol or from lignin. The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods. The ice cream and chocolate industries together comprise 75% of the market for vanillin as a flavoring, with smaller amounts being used in confections and baked goods. 收起

Folic acid is a form of vitamin B that helps the body stay healthy. It is the man-made version of folate, which supports the body's ability to produce red blood cells. Initially, it was used during the 1930s to treat anemia in pregnant women. The vitamin ...展開
Folic acid is a form of vitamin B that helps the body stay healthy. It is the man-made version of folate, which supports the body's ability to produce red blood cells. Initially, it was used during the 1930s to treat anemia in pregnant women. The vitamin gets its name from the Latin word folium, which means "leaf," because the vitamin is found in leafy vegetables. The synthetic version is available as a supplement. Everyone can benefit from taking folic acid, but it is especially important for women of child bearing age. The vitamin can help prevent abnormalities in a developing baby's spine, which can lead to spina bifida. It can also reduce the likelihood of anencephaly, a condition in which the brain doesn't develop. Women who plan on becoming pregnant should start taking supplements that include this vitamin at least three months before conception, since it is most important during the first few weeks of pregnancy. Those who are already pregnant should begin taking it as soon as they find out about their condition. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), pregnant women need 600 mcg daily. 收起

GDL / Glucono-Delta-Lactone, also known as gluconolactone, is a food additive with the E number E575[3] used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. It is a lactone (cyclic ester) of D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL is a whit...展開
GDL / Glucono-Delta-Lactone, also known as gluconolactone, is a food additive with the E number E575[3] used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. It is a lactone (cyclic ester) of D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL is a white odorless crystalline powder. GDL is commonly found in honey, fruit juices, personal lubricants, and wine[citation needed]. GDL is neutral, but hydrolyses in water to gluconic acid which is acidic, adding a tangy taste to foods, though it has roughly a third of the sourness of citric acid. It is metabolized to glucose; one gram of GDL yields roughly the same amount of metabolic energy as one gram of sugar. Upon addition to water, GDL is partially hydrolysed to gluconic acid, with the balance between the lactone form and the acid form established as a chemical equilibrium. The rate of hydrolysis of GDL is increased by heat and high pH. The yeast Saccharomyces bulderi can be used to ferment gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The pH value greatly effects culture growth. Gluconolactone at 1 or 2% in a mineral media solution causes the pH to drop below 3. 收起

GDL / Glucono-Delta-Lactone also known as gluconolactone, is a food additive with the E number E575[3] used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. It is a lactone (cyclic ester) of D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL is a white o...展開
GDL / Glucono-Delta-Lactone also known as gluconolactone, is a food additive with the E number E575[3] used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. It is a lactone (cyclic ester) of D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL is a white odorless crystalline powder. GDL is commonly found in honey, fruit juices, personal lubricants, and wine[citation needed]. GDL is neutral, but hydrolyses in water to gluconic acid which is acidic, adding a tangy taste to foods, though it has roughly a third of the sourness of citric acid. It is metabolized to glucose; one gram of GDL yields roughly the same amount of metabolic energy as one gram of sugar. Upon addition to water, GDL is partially hydrolysed to gluconic acid, with the balance between the lactone form and the acid form established as a chemical equilibrium. The rate of hydrolysis of GDL is increased by heat and high pH. The yeast Saccharomyces bulderi can be used to ferment gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The pH value greatly effects culture growth. Gluconolactone at 1 or 2% in a mineral media solution causes the pH to drop below 3. 收起

Glycine is the smallest of the 20 nonessential amino acids that make up the building blocks of plant and animal proteins. A sweet-tasting crystalline solid, it is the primary amino acid in sugar cane. In the body, it is found mainly in muscle tissue, conn...展開
Glycine is the smallest of the 20 nonessential amino acids that make up the building blocks of plant and animal proteins. A sweet-tasting crystalline solid, it is the primary amino acid in sugar cane. In the body, it is found mainly in muscle tissue, connective tissue and skin. This substance has several important functions in the body, including helping to regulate blood sugars by breaking glucose down into energy, helping to regulate the synthesis of bile acids to break down fats, and acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, primarily in the spinal cord and brain stem where it acts as a transmitter of nerve impulses. Abbreviated as Gly or G, glycine consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a carbon atom. It's a naturally-occurring organic compound with a chemical formula of NH2CH2COOH. The compound was first isolated in 1820 by Henri Braconnot, a French chemist and pharmacist who discovered this “gelatin sugar” by mixing gelatin with sulfuric acid and bringing it to a boil. 收起

Guar gum can best be described as a natural food thickener, similar to locust bean gum, cornstarch or tapioca flour. It is said to have significantly more thickening ability than cornstarch, at a fraction of the cost. This has made it a popular additive i...展開
Guar gum can best be described as a natural food thickener, similar to locust bean gum, cornstarch or tapioca flour. It is said to have significantly more thickening ability than cornstarch, at a fraction of the cost. This has made it a popular additive in products such as puddings and ice creams. Until recently, it was also an ingredient in non-prescription diet pills designed to create a sense of fullness. The guar plant, also known as a cluster plant, grows primarily in Pakistan and the northern regions of India. It thrives on the drought/monsoon cycles present in those areas. The plants are harvested after the monsoon season and the seeds are allowed to dry in the sun. The seeds are then manually or mechanically separated and processed into a flour or sold as split seeds. Guar gum is an important cash crop for the Indian and Pakistani economies. 收起

Inositol is a naturally occurring nutrient that is usually classified as a carbocyclic polyol. The most common form is sometimes referred to as myo-inositol. In the human body, it plays a major role in preventing the collection of fats in the liver, as we...展開
Inositol is a naturally occurring nutrient that is usually classified as a carbocyclic polyol. The most common form is sometimes referred to as myo-inositol. In the human body, it plays a major role in preventing the collection of fats in the liver, as well as promoting healthy hair growth. The presence of the nutrient also aids in efficient processing of nutrients into the conversion of energy, which in turn helps the body to maintain a healthy metabolism. It also can be considered brain food, as the nutrient is necessary to properly nourish the brain. The sweet nature of inositol comes in part from the properties that make up the nutrient, in particular the component of cyclohexanehexol. While still a form of sugar, it works differently from glucose. It is required to keep the body running smoothly, and can cause a number of side effects when levels are low. A deficiency can lead to constipation, high cholesterol, problems with vision and general eye health, and hair loss. While there is no doubt that inositol is helpful to the normal operations of the human body, studies continue to be conducted to determine if there is any definitive proof that adding more to the diet will reverse any major health issue. Some studies indicate that it may affect illnesses like depression and cancer. Some researchers believe that it can work in conjunction with other nutrients to help a body recover from illness. 收起

Isomaltole is a sugar substitute and a sugar alcohol made from beets. Despite its natural origins, the compound is generally considered artificial, at least in so far as it has been extensively chemically manipulated. It is most commonly used in commercia...展開
Isomaltole is a sugar substitute and a sugar alcohol made from beets. Despite its natural origins, the compound is generally considered artificial, at least in so far as it has been extensively chemically manipulated. It is most commonly used in commercial food manufacturing, and items that contain it can be labeled “sugar free.” It has also been shown to extend the shelf-life of certain products, which has led to its widespread use as a preservative. By far the most common use of isomalt is as a sweetener in “sugar free” candies, cough drops, and other commercially-prepared foods. Food manufactures can often achieve the same sweetness with the compound as they could with sugar, but without the blood sugar and caloric concerns. This is not to say that the substitute is completely without calories — it contains roughly half the calories of sugar. As a result, it's not used in zero calorie products. It doesn't cause tooth decay in the way that regular sugar does, though, and some toothpastes use it to improve taste without promoting cavities. 收起

Konjac Gum is derived from the konjac plant of Asia produces a starchy fiber used in many health foods of Japan. It often exists in a gelatinous form, though it also can be produced with a stiff, rubbery finish similar to Western fruit leather. Some commo...展開
Konjac Gum is derived from the konjac plant of Asia produces a starchy fiber used in many health foods of Japan. It often exists in a gelatinous form, though it also can be produced with a stiff, rubbery finish similar to Western fruit leather. Some common foods that include konjac include vegan gelatin, flour, and herbal supplements. Konjac is typically known by more colloquial monikers. The most common is devil's tongue. The plant is also referred to as snake palm, elephant yam, and voodoo lily. In addition to Japan, the perennial plant can be found growing in China and Indonesia. In Japan, when the plant is used in cooking, it is known as konnyaku. Konnyaku is largely tasteless. The slightly salty, grey mass is prized for its texture rather than its taste. It is typically firmer than traditional Western gelatin, and often served in the form of thin strips or a thicker, rectangular bar. Many signature Japanese cuisine dishes and snacks contain konnyaku as an ingredient. Fruit jellies, such as lychee cups or candies, are made from the plant. Noodles, tofu alternatives, and Japanese oden all contain konjac. 收起

L-arginine is a form of the amino acid arginine that is naturally produced by the body. This form of arginine may also be used to treat a number of health conditions, or as a dietary supplement. It is vital in the synthesis of certain proteins, like creat...展開
L-arginine is a form of the amino acid arginine that is naturally produced by the body. This form of arginine may also be used to treat a number of health conditions, or as a dietary supplement. It is vital in the synthesis of certain proteins, like creatine and insulin, and helps the body to dispose of waste products like ammonia and nitrogen. The body also uses this amino acid together with oxygen to synthesize nitric oxide, a gaseous signaling molecule that acts as a biological messenger, transmitting information from cell to cell. L-arginine is helpful in promoting faster healing and also helps to lower blood pressure. The L-form of the amino acid arginine is one of the 20 most commonly occurring amino acids. Arginine also has a D-form, but the L-form is more compatible with human body chemistry. This amino acid is considered non-essential or semi-essential because it is normally produced by the human body in usable quantities. L-arginine is also found in a number of foods, including dairy products, poultry, pork, wheat germ, nuts, seeds, and chickpeas. Despite the fact that l-arginine is synthesized by the body and is available in many nutritional sources, some individuals suffer from a deficiency of the amino acid, and present with symptoms including slow healing, hair loss, and constipation. 收起

L-carnitine, sometimes referred to as simply carnitine, is a nutrient manufactured from the amino acids methionine and lysine in the liver and kidneys and stored in the brain, heart, muscles tissue, and sperm. Most people produce sufficient amounts of thi...展開
L-carnitine, sometimes referred to as simply carnitine, is a nutrient manufactured from the amino acids methionine and lysine in the liver and kidneys and stored in the brain, heart, muscles tissue, and sperm. Most people produce sufficient amounts of this nutrient to stay healthy. Certain medical disorders, however, may prevent carnitine biosynthesis or inhibit its distribution to tissue cells, such as intermittent claudication, heart disease, and certain genetic disorders. Some medications may also adversely affect carnitine metabolism in the body. The primary function of L-carnitine is to convert lipids, or fats, into fuel for energy. Specifically, its role is to move fatty acids into the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells that reside within the protective membranes that surround cells. Here, the fatty acids undergo beta oxidation and break down to form acetate. This event is what kicks off the Krebs cycle, a series of complex biological reactions that are essential to provide energy for every cell in the body. 收起

L-cysteine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is classified as a protein amino acid. One of the main functions of l-cysteine is the promotion of stomach lining health and also the correction of situations where the absorption of essential nutrients ...展開
L-cysteine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is classified as a protein amino acid. One of the main functions of l-cysteine is the promotion of stomach lining health and also the correction of situations where the absorption of essential nutrients from food sources takes place. Many people are able to obtain as much of this protein source as they need without taking any type of supplement. L-cysteine can be found in a number of foods ranging from meats to dairy and vegetable sources. L-cysteine in the form of cysteine is found in many different protein sources. Chicken, turkey and pork are all good sources of cysteine. Even many varieties of processed luncheon meats contain this amino acid. Cooking does not destroy the presence of cysteine and in some cases may even help to enhance the absorption. When it comes to dairy products, l-cysteine as cysteine can be obtained from eggs and milk. Products such as ricotta and cottage cheese are also good sources. Plain yogurt and whey protein products also provide cysteine in a natural form. Onions, garlic, and broccoli are just a few of the vegetables that contain cysteine and provide good dietary resources when there is a need to augment l-cysteine levels in the body. 收起

-Lysine is an essential amino acid that is available as a nutritional supplement. It helps the body absorb calcium, and supports the creation of collagen. Evidence suggests that lysine may help treat cold sores and help prevent osteoporosis. Amino acids s...展開
-Lysine is an essential amino acid that is available as a nutritional supplement. It helps the body absorb calcium, and supports the creation of collagen. Evidence suggests that lysine may help treat cold sores and help prevent osteoporosis. Amino acids such as L-Lysine are required to maintain good health. These acids are not manufactured by the human body. People get their required amount of amino acids from food, nutritional supplements, and herbs. Natural sources of this amino acid include red meat, chicken, fish, eggs, tofu, and legumes, such as beans and peas. L-Lysine is linked to the production of carnitine. Carnitine converts fatty acids into energy, which in turn reduces cholesterol in the bloodstream. Lysine has also been used to treat cold sores. Several studies were completed to test the effectiveness of taking L-Lysine supplements on a regular basis to control cold sore and genital herpes outbreaks. These studies had mixed results. While some groups concluded that this supplement prevented outbreaks, other studies showed that the Lysine supplements had no effect on the duration or timing of outbreaks. Since it is connected to the production of collagen, athletes sometimes take lysine supplements. Collagen builds connective tissues and helps the human body maintain lean muscle tissue and burn fat. No major studies support this use of the lysine supplement. 收起

L-Serine is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is required for the human body to properly function, but does not need to come from an outside source. Instead, it is typically produced within the body from metabolites, such as glycine. Serine,...展開
L-Serine is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is required for the human body to properly function, but does not need to come from an outside source. Instead, it is typically produced within the body from metabolites, such as glycine. Serine, also known as Ser, is a proteinogenic amino acid. This means it is one of the 22 amino acids that are part of the standard human genetic code. The word proteinogenic is derived from the Latin for 'protein-building.' In 1865, this amino acid was first isolated from protein contained in silk. Silk has a large concentration of it, and the amino acid was named using the Latin word sericum, which means silk. By 1902, the the chemical structure of serine had been determined. The main uses of serine in the human body are to assist in the function of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as with general brain operation. It is present in the myelin sheaths that cover the nerves located in the brain. Without sufficient serine, these sheaths become thin or disappear altogether, leading to an inability for the nerves to transmit messages to other parts of the body. 收起

L-Threonine (T or Thr) is an amino acid, or a molecule that is one of the building blocks of proteins. It is an essential amino acid, meaning that it can’t be made by the body and therefore must be acquired through the diet. Many different foods contain t...展開
L-Threonine (T or Thr) is an amino acid, or a molecule that is one of the building blocks of proteins. It is an essential amino acid, meaning that it can’t be made by the body and therefore must be acquired through the diet. Many different foods contain threonine, including most meats, chicken, cottage cheese, mushrooms, and some leafy vegetables. This amino acid supports many different body functions. Threonine is required for the formation of healthy bones and teeth and plays a role in the immune system because it is a necessary constituent of antibodies. It is also present in large amounts in muscle and connective tissues. It is thought to help contribute to their strength and elasticity due to its high proportion in collagen and elastin. Finally, it is required for the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters, suggesting a role in neural health. It is well known that threonine is a necessary building block of many proteins, but its actual role in metabolism is not as well known. This amino acid can be converted to pyruvate or to alpha-ketobutyrate and eventually to succinyl-CoA, suggesting an association with the citric acid cycle. It is one of the amino acids that can be phosphorylated, which is a major mechanism by which cells control various signaling pathways. In addition, it is required for the body to synthesize two non-essential amino acids, glycine and serine, both of which play important roles in various physiological functions. 收起

Lactic Acid also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic or milk acid, is a compound formed when glucose is broken down under certain conditions in a living creature or by some types of bacteria. In a person, for example, it is an important part of producing energy f...展開
Lactic Acid also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic or milk acid, is a compound formed when glucose is broken down under certain conditions in a living creature or by some types of bacteria. In a person, for example, it is an important part of producing energy for strenuous exercise and helps with certain liver functions. During extremely intense exercise, it can buildup to excess and cause short-term burning sensations in muscles. This acid can also be found in certain dairy products, such as yogurt, as well as sourdough breads and some beers and wines as a result of fermentation. 收起

Leucine is an amino acid that is found in many types of protein and is considered to be necessary for the proper absorption of various types of nutrients. Leucine acid is also available in supplement form and is popular among people who engage in sports a...展開
Leucine is an amino acid that is found in many types of protein and is considered to be necessary for the proper absorption of various types of nutrients. Leucine acid is also available in supplement form and is popular among people who engage in sports activities on a regular basis. Leucine amino acid is also used as a food additive, as the compound can help to enhance the flavor of many different types of food. In the body, leucine is produced by the process of hydrolysis and can involve just about every type of food protein that is consumed. The acid is used in muscle tissue, the liver, and in adipose tissue. In the case of muscle and adipose tissue, leucine is one of the components needed to form sterols. There are several ways in which the leucine protein product helps maintain proper function of various organs and muscle groups. One important role of the amino acid involved helping the body to maintain a proper blood glucose level. Individuals diagnosed with Type I or II diabetes may benefit from making sure the diet is rich in protein while minimizing the intake of carbohydrates. 收起

Lutein is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Classified as a carotenoid, this nutrient has a reputation for helping the eyes to function properly, both in terms of general health and their ability to process ...展開
Lutein is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Classified as a carotenoid, this nutrient has a reputation for helping the eyes to function properly, both in terms of general health and their ability to process blue light. This antioxidant can be found in a number of different foods, notably dark green leafy vegetables such as kale and collards. One of the main claims for the medicinal properties of lutein is that the carotenoid aids in reducing the chance of developing macular degeneration. Because a fair amount of the nutrient is stored in the eyes, it is thought to have a direct impact on the condition of the macula, the portion of the retina that determines the quality of central vision. There is also some evidence that lutein helps protect the eyes from free radicals, thus minimizing damage caused by the rays of the sun. Along with fruits and vegetables, it is also possible to obtain lutein from various types of animal fats. Egg yolks are a particularly good source for the antioxidant, although the cholesterol content of the yolks sometimes inhibits using this resource. Consuming fruits such as kiwi and grapes along with turnip greens and similar vegetables is usually considered a better option. 收起

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid found in many sour or tart-tasting foods. When eaten, it produces a mellow and persistent sour taste. The most common source of this compound is unripe fruit. This acid is also produced within the human body as a part of ...展開
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid found in many sour or tart-tasting foods. When eaten, it produces a mellow and persistent sour taste. The most common source of this compound is unripe fruit. This acid is also produced within the human body as a part of the citric acid cycle. The salts of malic acid, known as maltates, are an important intermediary step in the cycle. The most common use of malic acid is in food products, notably in candy and potato chips. Sour candies often use it rather than its sweeter cousin, citric acid, as the sourness is more intense. Salt and vinegar flavored potato chips also use it to produce a tart, vinegar-like flavor. 收起

Mannitol is classified as a sugar alcohol; that is, it is derived from a sugar (mannose) by reduction. Other sugar alcohols include xylitol and sorbitol. Mannitol and sorbitol are isomers, the only difference being the orientation of the hydroxyl group on...展開
Mannitol is classified as a sugar alcohol; that is, it is derived from a sugar (mannose) by reduction. Other sugar alcohols include xylitol and sorbitol. Mannitol and sorbitol are isomers, the only difference being the orientation of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2. Mannitol increases blood glucose to a lesser extent than sucrose (thus having a relatively low glycemic index) and is therefore used as a sweetener for people with diabetes, and in chewing gums. Although mannitol has a higher heat of solution than most sugar alcohols, its comparatively low solubility reduces the cooling effect usually found in mint candies and gums. 收起

Mannose is a type of naturally occurring sugar that is sold as a nutritional supplement at many health food stores, supermarkets, and online specialty retailers. It is marketed as a remedy for bladder and kidney infections. According to manufacturers, the...展開
Mannose is a type of naturally occurring sugar that is sold as a nutritional supplement at many health food stores, supermarkets, and online specialty retailers. It is marketed as a remedy for bladder and kidney infections. According to manufacturers, the supplement helps to flush harmful bacteria from the urinary tract. It is important for consumers to remember that the efficacy of D-mannose has not been confirmed in clinical trials, and it is not currently approved by most national food and drug agencies as a remedy for urinary tract problems. An individual who experiences frequent infections should speak with his or her doctor before taking any supplement or medication. Most urinary tract infections are caused by buildups of a bacterium called Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. E. coli is normally present in the intestines and is usually harmless to humans. If some of the bacteria make it to the kidneys, however, they can adhere to the lining of the urinary tract and cause painful infections. D-mannose supposedly helps to prevent E. coli from becoming trapped. D-mannose is not easily absorbed by the body, so most of the substance makes it to the kidneys and bladder after it is ingested. Manufacturers claim that the supplement actively binds to E. coli in the urinary tract before the bacteria can embed into tissue lining. Excess bacteria can then be passed normally through the urine. 收起

Monosodiumglutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids. MSG was classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and by the European U...展開
Monosodiumglutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids. MSG was classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and by the European Union as a food additive. MSG has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621. Pure MSG does not have a pleasant taste until it is combined with a consonant savory smell. As a flavor and in the right amount, MSG can enhance other taste-active compounds, improving the overall taste of certain foods. MSG mixes well with meat, fish, poultry, many vegetables, sauces, soups, and marinades. 收起

Neotame is produced by adding a 6-carbon (neohexyl) group to the amine nitrogen of aspartame. It is a sugar substitute that is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than regular table sugar. Like other artificial sweeteners, only a small amount of the substance i...展開
Neotame is produced by adding a 6-carbon (neohexyl) group to the amine nitrogen of aspartame. It is a sugar substitute that is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than regular table sugar. Like other artificial sweeteners, only a small amount of the substance is needed to be an effective flavor enhancer. In fact, this is what makes neotame of great interest to manufacturers of food products, since it is considerably less expensive to use as a sweetener than refined sugar or high fructose corn syrup. In addition to use as a table sweetener, neotame has been approved for use in various processed foods, including pudding and gelatin mixes, canned fruits, fruit juices, jams, jellies, and syrup. It may also be found in baked goods, frozen desserts, soft drinks and chewing gum. Typically, many of these products are labeled as being sugar-less or sugar-free. 收起

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is a water soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the human diet. Like other water soluble vitamins, the body expresses excess niacin, meaning that a continuous supply needs to be consumed. Common ...展開
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is a water soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the human diet. Like other water soluble vitamins, the body expresses excess niacin, meaning that a continuous supply needs to be consumed. Common sources of B3, along with other healthy vitamins and minerals, are meats, wheat germ, dairy products, and yeast. Under rare situations, a patient may need to take this vitamin as a supplement. Caution should be used when adding it to the diet, however, as an excess can be harmful. Vitamin B3 was discovered by chemists who were working with nicotine. When nicotine was oxidized, it produced nicotinic acid. As the chemists explored the properties of the substance, they realized that it had potential health applications. Since nicotinic acid is found in substances that do not contain nicotine, a new name was chosen to distinguish it from nicotine. Allegedly, niacin is a portmanteau of nicotinic acid vitamin. Further research showed that this vitamin played a crucial role in many biological functions, either in a pure form or in the form of chemicals derived from it. 收起

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is a water-soluble vitamin made from niacin in the body. When niacin exists in greater amounts than needed, it is converted into niacinamide. Both niacin and niacinamide are part of the B c...展開
Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is a water-soluble vitamin made from niacin in the body. When niacin exists in greater amounts than needed, it is converted into niacinamide. Both niacin and niacinamide are part of the B complex vitamins, making up vitamin B3. This vitamin is needed to keep cells healthy and to produce fatty acids. Niacinamide is a component of the coenzymes called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It combines with them to convert glycogen into glucose and to release energy from body tissues. Other functions include helping to heal broken DNA strands and keeping the central nervous system functioning well. Vitamin B3 is found in a large variety of foods, including yeast, milk, fish, eggs, meat, beans, green vegetables, and cereals. Often it is combined with the other B vitamins as a supplement. Proper amounts can usually be obtained by eating a healthy, varied diet. Deficiency can cause a condition called pellagra. Symptoms of this disease include diarrhea, skin irritations, and dementia. This is not frequently seen today because many foods are vitamin fortified. It was very common in the early 20th century, however. 收起

Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide with 34 amino acid residues used as a food preservative. Nisin is produced by fermentation using the bacterium Lactococcus lactis on natural substrates, such as milk or dextrose, and is not chemically synthesize...展開
Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide with 34 amino acid residues used as a food preservative. Nisin is produced by fermentation using the bacterium Lactococcus lactis on natural substrates, such as milk or dextrose, and is not chemically synthesized. It is primarily used in the production of meats, cheeses and soft drinks. 收起

Pectine is a complex carbohydrate, which is found both in the cell walls of plants, and between the cell walls, helping to regulate the flow of water in between cells and keeping them rigid. You’ll note some plants begin to lose part of this complex carbo...展開
Pectine is a complex carbohydrate, which is found both in the cell walls of plants, and between the cell walls, helping to regulate the flow of water in between cells and keeping them rigid. You’ll note some plants begin to lose part of this complex carbohydrate as they age. Apples left out too long get soft and mushy as pectin diminishes. In cooking, pectin is used as a thickening agent, and could be considered one of the most natural types around. The first version of this substance available for purchase was derived from apples, which have a high amount of it. There are other fruits that naturally contain this gelling agent, including many plums and pears. The properties of pectin were discovered and identified by the French chemist and pharmacist, Henri Braconnot, and his discovery soon led to many manufacturers making deals with makers of apple juice to obtain the remains of pressed apples (pomace) that were then produced in a liquid form. 收起

Polydextrose is a sugar substitute that is derived from dextrose, polydextrose is a food ingredient that can be used as a low calorie substitute in many recipes. Originally developed in Europe, it is now available worldwide. Assigned an E number of E1200 ...展開
Polydextrose is a sugar substitute that is derived from dextrose, polydextrose is a food ingredient that can be used as a low calorie substitute in many recipes. Originally developed in Europe, it is now available worldwide. Assigned an E number of E1200 in accordance with the International Numbering System, polydextrose is now found in packaged foods as well as being available for use around the house. The basic contents of polydextrose revolve around three ingredients. Along with the use of a portion of dextrose, the food ingredient also contains sortibol and a small amount of citric acid. The low caloric content makes it attractive to dieters, while the low glucose content makes the substance an excellent choice of sweetener for persons who are in a prediabetic state. In addition, this artificial sweetener also contains a very low fat content, which makes it attractive to people who wish to watch their cholesterol levels. Approved for use in the United States in 1981, polydextrose can be found in a number of different types of low calorie sweets. Puddings and gelatins often contain the substance. A growing number of soft and hard candies make good use of the sugar substitute. Even frozen desserts are increasingly making use of it as a way of helping people to enjoy a tasty treat while still watching the sugar and fat content. 收起

Potassium Sorbate is a commonly used food preservative. Specifically, it is the crystalline salt of sorbic acid, also a food preservative. It is used to preserve such foods as cheese, wine, meats and dried fruits. It also helps inhibit the growth of yeast...展開
Potassium Sorbate is a commonly used food preservative. Specifically, it is the crystalline salt of sorbic acid, also a food preservative. It is used to preserve such foods as cheese, wine, meats and dried fruits. It also helps inhibit the growth of yeast and mold in some herbal supplements and many cosmetic and personal care items, extending shelf life. Having a toxicity level comparable to table salt, it is generally considered safe for consumption; side effects are very rare but may include mild allergic reactions or nausea. 收起

Propionic Acid is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. It is a clear liquid with a pungent odor. Propanoic acid inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. Primarily used as ...展開
Propionic Acid is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. It is a clear liquid with a pungent odor. Propanoic acid inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. Primarily used as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts. As a food additive, it is approved for use in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. It is listed by its INS number (280) or E number E280. 收起

Propyl Gallate or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, it is used under ...展開
Propyl Gallate or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310. Propyl gallate is an anti-oxidant. It protects against oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals. Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats in products from oxidation. It is used in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants. 收起

Psyllium husk or isphagula is the covering of seeds grown on the plant, Plantago Psyllium, which flourishes in the Middle East. Psyllium husk has long been recognized as an excellent means of getting more dietary fiber into a person’s diet due to its high...展開
Psyllium husk or isphagula is the covering of seeds grown on the plant, Plantago Psyllium, which flourishes in the Middle East. Psyllium husk has long been recognized as an excellent means of getting more dietary fiber into a person’s diet due to its high fiber count in comparison to other grains. Oat bran, also a good source of fiber, has about five grams of fiber per a third of a cup. Psyllium husk, on the other hand, offers approximately 71 grams of fiber for that same third of a cup. This heavy dose of dietary fiber makes psyllium husk the choice of many who manufacture dietary fiber supplements and powders like Metamucil. For those suffering from constipation or diarrhea, appropriate daily dietary fiber intake can help improve these conditions. As psyllium husk travels through the human digestive tract, it absorbs water, but is not digested. This results in stool that is bulkier, but also softer, translating to fewer problems with passing stool. Although most associate psyllium husk with improving digestion, clinical studies on isphagula have also shown that it is beneficial in lowering blood cholesterol. Of course, cholesterol is more likely to be lowered when combined with a low fat diet. Yet even with a higher fat diet, psyllium husk, when taken regularly, lowers low-density lipoproteins, known as “bad cholesterol” by about 7%. 收起

Pyridoxine is a compound also known as vitamin B6. It shares this designation with the compounds pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. These substances have very similar chemical structures, and all operate in the human body in the same way. All forms of vitamin B6...展開
Pyridoxine is a compound also known as vitamin B6. It shares this designation with the compounds pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. These substances have very similar chemical structures, and all operate in the human body in the same way. All forms of vitamin B6 are based on the pyridine ring. These compounds are heterocylic in nature. This means that they are composed of at least one atom of carbon, one atom or compound that is not carbon, and are structured as a ring. Pyridoxine has hydroxyl and methyl compounds attached to it, in addition to a carbon atom. In total, there are six forms of vitamin B6. These include pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), and their three phosphate derivatives. Vitamin B6 is necessary to maintain the balance of sodium and potassium in the body, and also encourages red blood cell production. Also, pyridoxine assists the body in converting carbohydrates to glucose, which is used as the body's energy source. There are almost no individuals who are severely deficient in pyridoxine. The most common natural sources of this compound are meat and milk. Very few plants are a significant source of pyridoxine, with dragonfruit grown in southeastern Asia as one rare exception. Vegetarians may suffer from a lack of vitamin B6, but this can usually be offset by taking supplements. Vitamin B6 is soluble in water, which means that the human body does not store it. 收起

Shellac is an amorphous, thermoplastic and tough resin used to form high gloss films. In the food industry it is used as a releasing agent and brightener in chewing gum, chocolates, and also can be used in cosmetics and health care.

Sodium Ascorbat is one of a number of mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this chemical compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more...展開
Sodium Ascorbat is one of a number of mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this chemical compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more bioavailable than any other form of vitamin C supplement. Sodium ascorbate normally provides 131 mg of sodium per 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid (1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate contains 889 mg of ascorbic acid and 111 mg of sodium). As a food additive, it has the E number E301 and is used as an antioxidant and an acidity regulator. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA, and Australia and New Zealand. 收起

Sodium Benzoate is a sodium salt that occurring naturally in some foods, but is also widely used as a chemical preservative. Sodium benzoate is a common ingredient in highly processed foods such as carbonated sodas, vinegar, fruit juices; in mixed ingredi...展開
Sodium Benzoate is a sodium salt that occurring naturally in some foods, but is also widely used as a chemical preservative. Sodium benzoate is a common ingredient in highly processed foods such as carbonated sodas, vinegar, fruit juices; in mixed ingredients like salad dressings; and to stop the fermentation process in wines. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Health Protection Branch in Canada (HPB) report that in low doses it is safe for consumption, currently the FDA permits a maximum of 0.1% benzoate in foods. On its own, it is not considered toxic, and studies show no adverse health effects in humans under normal conditions. 收起

Sodium Cyclamate are artificial sweeteners developed in the 1930’s for use in a number of commercially manufactured foods and beverages. Considered to be in the range of thirty times sweeter than sucrose, cyclamate is derived from cyclohexylsulfamic acid....展開
Sodium Cyclamate are artificial sweeteners developed in the 1930’s for use in a number of commercially manufactured foods and beverages. Considered to be in the range of thirty times sweeter than sucrose, cyclamate is derived from cyclohexylsulfamic acid. Because cyclamate could be produced quickly and inexpensively, it became especially popular with manufacturers of soft drinks, baked goods, confectioneries and diet products. 收起

Sodium Isoascorbat, also known as Sodium erythorbate, is used in processed meats to help retain color. It does so by preventing meat oxidation, and is therefore classified as an antioxidant. Sodium erythorbate is virtually identical to vitamin C, but does...展開
Sodium Isoascorbat, also known as Sodium erythorbate, is used in processed meats to help retain color. It does so by preventing meat oxidation, and is therefore classified as an antioxidant. Sodium erythorbate is virtually identical to vitamin C, but does not have the same nutritional value. Erythorbic acid is made from sugar and sodium to create this salt. Sodium erythorbate is a source of sodium, which can increase blood pressure. Though it does so in the same way that sodium chloride does, sodium erythorbate is used in much lower quantities in foods, and is not a substantial source of dietary sodium. Foods made with sodium erythorbate tend to be high in overall sodium, however, because they are mostly processed meat products like bacon, sausage and cold cuts. 收起

Sodium Saccharine also referred to simple as saccharin, is most commonly known as a widely used artificial sweetener. Saccharin in its acid form is not water soluble so the sweetener is combined with sodium salt to help absorption. The compound is thought...展開
Sodium Saccharine also referred to simple as saccharin, is most commonly known as a widely used artificial sweetener. Saccharin in its acid form is not water soluble so the sweetener is combined with sodium salt to help absorption. The compound is thought to be from 300 to 500 times as sweet as conventional sugar, or sucrose. Sodium saccharin can be found in diet soft drinks, syrups, baked goods, ice cream, and other sweet foods and drinks. In food products, this sweetener is commonly used in combination with other artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame and cyclamate. When used with aspartame, sodium saccharin is useful because it has a longer shelf-life, so the drink will retain its sweetness. In the case of cyclamate, the combination is typically used because each sweetener serves to cover the other's off flavors. 收起

Sodium Tripolyphosphate/Pentasodiumtriphosphate is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. It is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triphosphoric acid. STPP is a preservative for seafood, meats, poultry, ...展開
Sodium Tripolyphosphate/Pentasodiumtriphosphate is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. It is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triphosphoric acid. STPP is a preservative for seafood, meats, poultry, and animal feeds. It is common in food production as E number E451. In foods, STPP is used as an emulsifier and to retain moisture. Many governments regulate the quantities allowed in foods, as it can substantially increase the sale weight of seafood in particular. The United States Food and Drug Administration lists STPP as "generally recognized as safe." 收起

Sorbic Acid is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula C6H8O2. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily. Sorbic acid and its salts, such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorba...展開
Sorbic Acid is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula C6H8O2. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily. Sorbic acid and its salts, such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate, and calcium sorbate, are antimicrobial agents often used as preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi. In general the salts are preferred over the acid form because they are more soluble in water, but it is the acid form that is active. Adding sorbate salts to food will, however, raise the pH of the food slightly so the pH may need to be adjusted to assure safety. It is found in many foods, such as cheeses and breads. 收起

Sorbitole, or glucitol as it is sometimes called, is a slow-metabolizing sugar alcohol derived from fruits, corn and seaweed. It's a sugar substitute found in foods such as frozen desserts, sugar-free chewing gum and diabetic candies. Sorbitol is only abo...展開
Sorbitole, or glucitol as it is sometimes called, is a slow-metabolizing sugar alcohol derived from fruits, corn and seaweed. It's a sugar substitute found in foods such as frozen desserts, sugar-free chewing gum and diabetic candies. Sorbitol is only about 60% as sweet as sugar, however. It is also used as a thickener and moisturizer in beauty products. Since it's very slow to be metabolized by the body, sorbitol does not cause insulin levels to increase as much as sugar. It also doesn't lead to tooth decay and is used in many sugar-free cough syrups. It is a popular addition to gel toothpastes as it helps add transparency. 收起

Stevia is a word both for a plant and for a sweetener extracted from the leaves of that plant. The stevia plant is a perennial shrub native to Paraguay and Brazil. Native Americans in these regions realized that the leaves were sweet, and used them to sea...展開
Stevia is a word both for a plant and for a sweetener extracted from the leaves of that plant. The stevia plant is a perennial shrub native to Paraguay and Brazil. Native Americans in these regions realized that the leaves were sweet, and used them to season teas and other foods. The plant is also sometimes called sweetleaf or sugarleaf, in a reference to the natural sweetness held in the leaves. Stevia is about 200 times as sweet as sucrose, with significant bitter taste and licorice-like taste at higher concentrations. Its onset is slower than sucrose, and its sweetness lingers. 收起

Sucralose is an artificial sweetener used in place of sugar. It is much sweeter than many other artificial sweeteners, but is not easily absorbed by the human body. This chemical is not found in nature and is synthesized in manufacturing plants. It is no...展開
Sucralose is an artificial sweetener used in place of sugar. It is much sweeter than many other artificial sweeteners, but is not easily absorbed by the human body. This chemical is not found in nature and is synthesized in manufacturing plants. It is normally used in beverage and food products as a replacement for sugar and other natural and artificial sweeteners. Sucralose is made by adding chloride molecules to selective spots on a sucrose molecule. Hydroxyl groups consist of an oxygen and hydrogen molecule. Three chloride molecules are added. Acetylation and chlorination make the molecule replacement. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of this product in foods in 1998. Products containing it are widely available in grocery stores and food outlets. 收起

Thaumatine is a low-calorie sweetener and flavour modifier. The protein is often used primarily for its flavour-modifying properties and not exclusively as a sweetener. The thaumatins were first found as a mixture of proteins isolated from the katemfe fru...展開
Thaumatine is a low-calorie sweetener and flavour modifier. The protein is often used primarily for its flavour-modifying properties and not exclusively as a sweetener. The thaumatins were first found as a mixture of proteins isolated from the katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcus daniellii Bennett) of west Africa. Some proteins in the thaumatin family of sweeteners are roughly 2000 times more potent than sugar. Although very sweet, thaumatin's taste is markedly different from sugar's. The sweetness of thaumatin builds very slowly. Perception lasts a long time, leaving a liquorice-like aftertaste at high usage levels. Thaumatin is highly water soluble, stable to heating, and stable under acidic conditions. 收起

Thiamine mononitrate, often referred to as vitamin B1, is an essential human nutrient involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the synthesis of amino acids or the use of sugars as energy. Though the compound is required by the biology of all a...展開
Thiamine mononitrate, often referred to as vitamin B1, is an essential human nutrient involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the synthesis of amino acids or the use of sugars as energy. Though the compound is required by the biology of all animals on Earth, it is only generated in primitive organisms such as bacteria and plant life, so human beings must obtain it through their food or nutritional supplements. When thiamine mononitrate is added as a supplement to foods such as breakfast cereals, it is often referred to in a broader context as a B-vitamin complex. This is because its usually added in conjunction with other B vitamins, such as vitamin B2 or riboflavin, vitamin B3 or niacin, and vitamin B6 known as pyridoxine, as well as others. While vital to virtually every cellular function in the body where it is broken down into thiamin pyrophosphate, one of these areas is the proper function of the human nervous system. If there is a deficiency of thiamine mononitrate, inflammation of nerves near the brain known as peripheral neuritis can occur. The vitamin is also crucial to metabolic processes such as digestion, and supplements are often prescribed to alleviate diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, and other related conditions affected by the impaired metabolism of food into energy and nutrients. 收起

Tocopherol, better known as Vitamin E, is a fat soluble chemical essential to human health. In chemical form, it is a viscous liquid that varies in color from yellow to a reddish brown. As a naturally occurring component, it is found in a host of foods, i...展開
Tocopherol, better known as Vitamin E, is a fat soluble chemical essential to human health. In chemical form, it is a viscous liquid that varies in color from yellow to a reddish brown. As a naturally occurring component, it is found in a host of foods, including vegetable oils, nuts and nut oils, grains, green and yellow vegetables, some fruits, meat, eggs and dairy products. Breakfast cereals and many other prepared foods also are fortified with tocopherol, making them good sources of this vitamin. Vitamin E supplements also are readily available, alone or in multivitamins. Tocopherol helps with a number of functions in the human body, such as aiding in cellular respiration and clearing pollutants from the cells. It promotes better circulation by assisting in the function of red blood cells and preventing clots. Its most dramatic function, however, is as an antioxidant, a substance that limits damage done as the body uses oxygen. This process of oxidation produces free radicals, which cause wear and decay to the body and which can contribute to a number of serious degenerative disorders when left unchecked. Antioxidants such as tocopherol break up free radicals, preventing or slowing damage to the body. 收起

Triacetine is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid, and is the second simplest fat after triformin. It is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with...展開
Triacetine is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid, and is the second simplest fat after triformin. It is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518. It is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from triacetin. US Food and Drug Administration has approved it as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) food additive and included it in the database according to the opinion from the Select Committee On GRAS submission (SCOGS). 收起

Tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2. It is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL). Tricalcium phosphate is used in powdered spices as an anticaking agent. It is a...展開
Tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2. It is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL). Tricalcium phosphate is used in powdered spices as an anticaking agent. It is also found in baby powder. Calcium phosphate is also a raising agent (food additive) E341 and as an acidity regulator. It has many applications in tea's, soft drinks, dairy products and deserts. 收起

Trisodiumcitrate has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as sodium citrate, though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor. For this reason, citr...展開
Trisodiumcitrate has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as sodium citrate, though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor. For this reason, citrates of certain alkaline and alkaline earth metals (e.g. sodium and calcium citrates) are commonly known as "sour salt" (occasionally citric acid is erroneously termed sour salt). Sodium citrate is chiefly used as a food additive E331, usually for flavor or as a preservative. Sodium citrate is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda. Sodium citrate is common as an ingredient in Bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready to drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavour. 收起

Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. The largest use of vanillin is as...展開
Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods. The ice cream and chocolate industries together comprise 75% of the market for vanillin as a flavoring, with smaller amounts being used in confections and baked goods. 收起

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide that's commonly used as a food additive. The name is derived from the strain of bacteria used during the fermentation process that is used to make it, Xanthomonas campestris. This is the same bacteria responsible for causin...展開
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide that's commonly used as a food additive. The name is derived from the strain of bacteria used during the fermentation process that is used to make it, Xanthomonas campestris. This is the same bacteria responsible for causing black rot to form on broccoli, cauliflower and other leafy vegetables. The bacteria form a slimy substance which acts as a natural stabilizer or thickener. It was developed when the United States Department of Agriculture ran a number of experiments involving bacteria and various sugars to develop a new thickening agent similar to corn starch or guar gum. Xanthan gum is considered a polysaccharide in scientific circles, because it is a long chain of three different forms of sugar. What's important to know is that all three of these natural sugars are present in corn sugar, a derivative of the more familiar corn syrup. The Xanthomonas campestris bacteria eat a supply of this corn sugar under controlled conditions, and the digestion process converts the individual sugars into a single substance with properties similar to cornstarch. Xanthan gum is used in dairy products and salad dressings as a thickening agent and stabilizer; it prevents ice crystals from forming in ice creams, and also provides a "fat feel" in low or no-fat dairy products. 收起

Xylitole is a natural hydrogenated carbohydrate that in pure form resembles white crystals and can be used as a sugar substitute or artificial sweetener. An additional reason for xylitol's popularity is its similarity to table sugar, or sucrose, but it do...展開
Xylitole is a natural hydrogenated carbohydrate that in pure form resembles white crystals and can be used as a sugar substitute or artificial sweetener. An additional reason for xylitol's popularity is its similarity to table sugar, or sucrose, but it does not possess the level of sweetness of sucrose. While 1 teaspoon of the hydrogenated carbohydrate has about 10 kilocalories (kcals), the same amount of table sugar offers 15 kcals. Thus xylitol contains less energy than sucrose, which considerably lowers its impact on the blood sugar level of people with diabetes. The most well known use for this particular sugar alcohol is in chewing gum and hard candy. It is also known for its oral hygiene applications. 收起