HIV virus is the Human Immunodeficiency virus that is capable of causing AIDS. There is another type of virus, HTLV-1 referred to as the Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus that is capable of causing T-cell lymphoma. People who are either mono-infected with HIV or co-infected with HTLV-1/HIV were monitored using CD4+ T-cell counts and HIV-1 RNA viral loads.

The authors compared both the counts and confirmed that co-infected patients had a higher CD4+ T-cell counts prior to treatment initiation and had no immunologic benefit, these results were well documented in literature.

The differences in the CD4+ T-cell counts are expected to disappear once they are co-infected and mono-infected patients fail to their antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens.

Instead, the authors found that HTLV-1/HIV co-infected patients continued to have elevated CD4+ T-cell counts, on average 115 cells/μL higher than their HIV mono-infected counterparts, over the two-year study period. But when the authors compared the HIV viral loads over the same period, they could not find any statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients.

HIV viral load testing is currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an accurate strategy for monitoring a patient's response to ART. Nevertheless, CD4+ T-cell testing is often used in resource-limited settings because it is perceived to be more affordable. The continued use of CD4+ T-cell testing has implications for the clinical management of HIV-positive patients. Results from the present study suggest that HTLV-1/HIV co-infection could delay the identification of patients who are failing ART with adverse consequences.

Against this background, recent scientific research has begun to show that HIV viral load testing can be both an accurate and cost-effective treatment monitoring strategy. The present study was based in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa and used patient data from a poor and rural community at the epicentre of the global HIV epidemic.

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