a curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch to combine the duration

if one dot is on a note what value does the dot add

a dot on a note adds half the value of the note to the note eg a dotted half note in 4/4 time recieves 3 beats

if two dots are on a note what value does the note have

the first dot adds half the value of the note and the second dot adds half the value that the first dot added eg a doubble dotted half note in 4/4 time recieves 3.5 beats

define beat

the durational unit in music

define tempo

the speed of the beat

define accent

the stress or emphasas placed on certin notes

define tonal accent

a note is stressed because it is noticeably higher than the pitches around it

define agogic accent

a note is stressed because it is longer than the surronding pitches

define dynamic accent

a note is stressed because it is played more forcefully than the surronding notes

define meter

a regular pattern of accents

define measure

one complete cycle of accents

how are measures seperated from each other

bar lines

define anacrusis

a weak beat beginning of a measure

define time/meter signature

the way of knowing how many beats in a bar and what note gets what beat

define simple meter

where the number of beats in a measure is divisible into two parts eg 2/4 3/8 4/2 in 2/4 ^= 1 quarter note

eg 2/4 one measure is /^^/ since the simplest way to divide it is in2 parts it is in simple meter

define compound meter

a meter in which the number of beats in a measure is divisible by a factor of three of the one beat value eg 9/4 a quarter note gets one beat ^= 1 quarter note @= a dotted half note one measure would be as follows /^^^^^^^^/ or /@@@/ the simplest way of wrighting it divides it into 3rds

define asymmetric meter

the number of beats in a measure is not in a multiple of two or three 5/4

define borrowed division

when a piece in simple meter has a three part division of notes eg triplets in 4/4

define syncopation

the shift in accents to a normlly unaccented beat

eg in 3/4 meter an accent is usually on the 1st beat if it is on either of the other too the measure is syncopated also if the + beat of the 1st beat it is syncopated

define cross rythem

two or more conflicting rythems being played at the same time usually because of borrowed division eg eighth notes and triplets being played together

define hemiola

a rythemic relationship based on a 3:2 ratio usually occurs when three notes of the same value are played where two notes of the same value normally are eg in 6/4 (3= dotted half note , 2 = half note , 4= quarter note, 8= eighth note) /33/222/ the second bar is hemiola this can be done with alternating rythmic patters also in 3/4 time (the two quarters are tied) /21/18888/

in what meter do you not use double dotted notes

complex meter also double dots are rare in any piece of music

when can you add a dot to a note

on any note so long as the note does not exceed the length of a measure or obsucure the beat for too long eg if you have 4/4 time and /554/ the beat does not fall on too many notes consiter rewrighting it as this /58-44/ this lets you see the beat on a note instead of in the middle of one

when should a beam for a note smaller than a quarter note be broken

when the beats are obscured in a measure because they are all on the same beam eg on p 34

do beams for eighth notes or smaller usually expand through beats

usually in 4/4 beams do not span between the second and third beats in triple meters (like 3/4) either the 2nd and 3rd or 1st and 2nd can be beamed together eg on p 34

should notes in a beat be connected by beams

all notes whithin a beat that can be connected by a beam should be

After what number of notes are beams usually broken

usually after 6 notes beams are broken unless the notes are in one beat

Can rests be tied

rests are never tied

what is a whole rest indicate

one complete bar of silance regardless of time signature

define: dynamic

markings that indicate relative levals of volume know that dynamics are relative to the music and size of ensamble and instrument

define: ppp

pianississimo or extreamly soft

define: pp

pianissimo or very soft

define: p

piano or soft

define: mp

mezzo piano or moderately soft

define: mf

mezzo forte or moderately loud

define: f

forte or loud

define: ff

fortissimo or very loud

define: fff

extreamly loud

define: crescendo

gradually growing louder usually notated with

define: diminuendo

gradually growing softer usally notated with >

define: legato

a smooth connected style which one tone leads to another with litte or no break in sound and without strong attacks

define: staccatto

ashort detatched style in which a break occurs between pitches notated by dots placed over or under notes

define: accent

a forcefull attack with immediate loweing of volume

define: marcato

an accent and staccatto combined a seperated note that has a forcefull attack

if the book is reddaly available go to page 44 and do the excerises part a