krashen

opinion: discussion on language
learning using the OLPC 2B1 might start
with the research of Stephen Krashen..
LANGUAGE ACQUISTION
The distinction between acquiring and learning
was made by Stephen Krashen (1982). According to
Krashen, the acquisition of a language is a
natural process; whereas learning a language is
a conscious one.. second language acquisition

affective filter

Experiments demonstrated that learners do not
learn well when they are affected by negative
feelings such as boredom, anxiety or low self-esteem.
According to this hypothesis these negative emotions
activate a filter that prevents efficient processing
of the learning input. The hypothesis is unproven,
yet also unchallenged.. affective filter

comprehensible input

The COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT hypothesis argues that
acquisition takes place when the student is
exposed to meaningful and a variety of input..
comprehensible input

natural order

Krashen also proposed the NATURAL ORDER hypothesis
whereby the acquisition of language is in developmental
stages.. basic sounds, vocabulary, negating phrases,
forming questions, using relative clauses, and so on..
similar to the learning stages that babies go through
when acquiring the first language: babbling (bababa),
vocabulary (milk then later milk drink), negation (no play),
question forming (where she go), etc.. natural order

instructional scaffolding

language learners must build on their knowledge through
processing language at a level slightly beyond their
ability: 'current competence + 1' (i +1) ] This is also
known as INSTRUCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING..

methods in sync w/ krashen

krashen does approve of some methods which are
used with success, even in testing-obsessed
classrooms:

TPR

"total physical response" is an interactive, kinesthetic
approach uncovered by accident and developed in 1960's by
James Asher.
Students respond to commands that require physical movement.
The method relies on the assumption that when learning a
second or additional language, that language is internalised
through a process of codebreaking similar to first language
development and that the process allows for a long period of
listening and developing comprehension prior to production.
"TPR is based on the premise that the human brain has a
biological program for acquiring any natural language on
earth - including the sign language of the deaf. The process
is visible when we observe how infants internalize their first
language." --James J. Asher, Ph.D.
The child responds physically to the speech of their parent.
The responses of the child are in turn positively reinforced
by the speech of the parent. For many months the child absorbs
the language without being able to speak. It is during this
period that the internalisation and codebreaking occurs. After
this stage the child is able to reproduce the language
spontaneously. With TPR the language teacher tries to mimic
this process in class.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPRhttp://tpr-world.com/ABC.html

TPRS

total physical response storytelling or
teaching proficiency in reading and storytelling
developed by blaine ray and others
1. Introduction of target grammatical structures through
personalized questions and answers directed to individual students,
2. Telling of the main story using a circling technique of asking
questions (resulting in multiple repetitions of the target structures), and
3. Reading stories where the target structures are used in various contexts.
http://blaineraytprs.com/explanationpage.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPRS
opinion: "tprs" moniker may damage an effective
method.. a more apt name may be "storyasking"..

criticism

Much of Krashen's model has been criticized, for example,
the vagueness of the model, or the lack of empirical studies.
However, many students and teachers feel the difference
between learning and acquisition.. criticism

krashen links

practice

question: do you know many people who
study "foreign" language for years
without really learning much?
experience: here in mexico, many people
i meet hate english because the
classes are dull and they don't end up
learning much, or worse:
opinion: many "language methods" end up
teaching people that they are "no good"
at "foreign" language.. new solutions that
suck less might be helpful..
Duke 12:59, 24 October 2006 (EDT)