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You don't have a proper EFI installation; there are several things wrong with it. First, though, consider this: It looks as if you're dual-booting with Windows, and Windows is clearly installed in BIOS mode. If you intend to keep booting Windows from this disk, I strongly recommend against attempting an EFI-mode installation of Linux. Instead, I recommend booting a Linux recovery disk in BIOS/legacy mode and re-installing GRUB 2. That should get Linux booting in BIOS mode, and you should be able to dual-boot Windows in BIOS mode.

If you don't care about booting Windows, or if you want to convert it to boot in EFI mode, you'll have to correct some things about your installation:

The partition table uses the Master Boot Record (MBR) rather than the GUID Partition Table (GPT) system. Although some EFI-based computers seem to be able to boot from MBR disks, some have problems with this. I don't know what percentage have problems with this, but the vast majority of EFI installations use GPT. If you intend to convert Windows to boot in EFI mode, converting the disk to GPT is an absolute requirement. You can do an in-place conversion with GPT fdisk, which is available in the Ubuntu repositories as gdisk.

You have no EFI System Partition (ESP). It appears that your /dev/sda8 was intended as an ESP, but it has the wrong type code. On an MBR disk, an ESP has a type code of 0xEF. On a GPT disk, it's identified via a type code of EF00 in gdisk or by a "boot flag" in parted or GParted. (Note that the libparted "boot flag" means something entirely different on GPT disks than on MBR disks. Your /dev/sda8 does have an MBR "boot flag," but that does not identify it as an ESP!)

It's unclear if you've registered your EFI version of GRUB with the EFI. If not, you need to do this with the efibootmgr utility, as in:

efibootmgr -c -p 8 -l \\EFI\\ubuntu\\grubx64.efi -L Ubuntu

The installer should set this up, and you can type efibootmgr -v to see the existing entries to see if you've already got one.

There may be other things you'll need to do to get the system booting in EFI mode, but they're likely to be highly system-specific. The Ubuntu Boot Repair tool can do some of them automatically, but given the mixed nature of your current installation, I'm not sure I'd trust it until you've gotten things more in line with a standard installation.