Land

Most of the land in the Midwest is flat or gently rolling and is suited to mechanized agriculture. An exception is southwestern Wisconsin and the nearby parts of Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois, which are hilly and rugged. The Black Hills of west-central South Dakota are also rugged, with eroded mountains and heavily forested slopes. To the north of the Midwestern states are four of the Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, and part of Erie. (Lake Ontario is to the north of New York in the Middle Atlantic region.) All the Midwestern states touching the Great Lakes—Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio—have areas of sandy beaches, some with rocky shorelines. Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan each have more than 10,000 natural lakes within their borders.

Most of the Midwest has four distinct seasons: a cold, sometimes snowy winter; a generally cool, wet spring; a hot and humid summer; and a cool, dry autumn. The more northerly states, including North Dakota and Minnesota, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, tend to have longer winters. The Great Lakes often influence the weather, cooling nearby areas in the summer and warming them in the winter. Severe weather is always possible, especially tornadoes. Kansas and Nebraska are part of Tornado Alley, the large geographic area where tornadoes are frequent. Another area of frequent tornado occurrence is found across eastern Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, western Ohio, and the southern portions of Wisconsin and Michigan.

Economy

The Midwest is ideal for agriculture, with fertile soil, warm summer temperatures, and moderate rainfall. Corn (maize), soybeans, and wheat are principal crops. The upper Midwest, especially Wisconsin, Michigan, and parts of Minnesota, are dotted with dairy farms. Wisconsin is the country’s leading producer of cheese. Cattle, poultry, and pigs are among the farm animals raised in the Midwest. For more than 100 years, beginning in the mid-1800s, Chicago was the center of a large meat-packing industry.

Scott Olson—Getty Images/Thinkstock

In the 1800s the Midwest began to grow in population. Larger cities developed, and they became heavily industrialized. The nearness of the Great Lakes, acting as a transportation link to eastern markets, helped the growth. So too did the railroads and eventually the trucking industry. In the early 1900s Michigan, especially Detroit, became the center of a huge automobile industry. At the beginning of the 21st century the diversified manufactures of the Midwest included heavy machinery, food products, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, computers and electronics, and plastics. Finance, insurance, health care, and other service-related industries were also important.

Indiana is a major producer of building stone, quarried in the southwest-central part of the state. Michigan has one of the largest limestone quarries in the world. Ohio produces significant quantities of salt, most of it drawn from large rock salt mines. Traditional metal mining has included copper and iron ore in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Coal mining, both surface and underground, began to expand in Illinois and Indiana in the late 20th century. In the 21st century sand mining was undertaken; certain areas in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were found to have a rare sand used in fracking.

History

Native Americans lived in most of the Midwest region for at least 10,000 years before European settlement. Some of the tribes who occupied the area were the Ottawa, Ojibwa, Miami, Potawatomi, Huron, Kickapoo, Sauk, Fox, Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Menominee, and Sioux. Some of them had lived in the area a long time, but others moved to the area after European colonists pushed them out of their traditional lands in the east. In the 1600s French fur trappers and missionaries lived peacefully with Indians in many areas of the Midwest. Later, as British and then U.S. settlers poured into the area, many Native Americans were slaughtered defending their lands. The surviving Indians were pushed west as colonists continued to move into the region. (See alsoNortheast Indians; Plains Indians.)

The Northwest Territory entered the United States in 1783 at the end of the American Revolution. The Great Plains entered the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The Plains developed primarily agriculturally. The Northwest Territory was blessed with both fertile soil and valuable natural resources, such as coal, oil, iron ore, and limestone. It developed both agriculturally and industrially.

First water routes and then railroads linked the Northwest Territory with eastern markets. The connection helped establish the Northwest Territory as part of the industrially expanding North (which also included the Northeast region). The Northwest Territory also shared northern ideas against slavery. In the years leading up to the American Civil War, the Northwest Territory produced a new political party—the Republican Party—that was devoted to stopping the spread of slavery into the Kansas and Nebraska territories. The Northwest Territory also was the scene of the 1858 debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas for the U.S. senate seat from Illinois. The debates largely concerned the issue of the extension of slavery into the territories.

After the Civil War the Midwest experienced dramatic growth. Transportation, immigration, and industrialization played a part. The Great Plains, however, developed more slowly than the Northwest Territory. Most people who wanted to move west skipped over the Plains to settle on the West Coast. It was not until the late 1800s that farmers, ranchers, and tradespeople began to settle the Plains rapidly. By then most of the American Indians had been moved to reservations, barbed-wire fencing had been introduced, and railroads had penetrated the interior.

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The influence of the Midwest on national life has been significant. In the 1870s it was the main area of activity of the Granger movement and a major center of the labor movement that fought for workers’ rights. The area was home for many of America’s most famous industrial giants. It was an innovator in architecture and in retailing. The Midwest was a powerful force in the settlement-house movement, a center of temperance activity, and an inspiration to a new school of naturalistic writers. In the 1940s it helped usher in the atomic age when the world’s first self-sustained atomic chain reaction was set off at the University of Chicago. The Midwest continued to be important to the country’s politics and culture in the early 21st century. (See alsoUnited States, “North Central Plains”; “Great Plains.”)

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