https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(memory)

Types

Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory
information. This means that people can convert the new information
that they stored into mental pictures

Elaborative encoding is the process of actively relating new
information to knowledge that is already in memory. how we remember
something depends on how we think about it at the time. Many studies
have shown that long-term retention is greatly enhanced by elaborative
encoding

Acoustic encoding is the encoding of auditory impulses. processing of
auditory information is aided by the concept of the phonological loop,
which allows input within our echoic memory to be sub vocally
rehearsed in order to facilitate remembering

Tactile encoding is the processing and encoding of how something
feels, normally through touch.

Organizational encoding is the course of classifying information
permitting to the associations amid a sequence of terms.

In general encoding for short-term storage (STS) in the brain relies
primarily on acoustic rather than semantic encoding.

Semantic encoding is the processing and encoding of sensory input that
has particular meaning or can be applied to a context. Various
strategies can be applied such as chunking and mnemonics to aid in
encoding, and in some cases, allow deep processing, and optimizing
retrieval.

Long-term potentiation

Encoding is a biological event that begins with perception. All
perceived and striking sensations travel to the brain's thalamus
where all these sensations are combined into one single experience.

Encoding is achieved using a combination of chemicals and electricity.

A phenomenon called long-term potentiation allows a synapse to
increase strength with increasing numbers of transmitted signals
between the two neurons.

Molecular perspective

The process of encoding is not yet well understood, however key
advances have shed light on the nature of these mechanisms.

These changes include the modification of neural synapses,
modification of proteins, creation of new synapses, activation of gene
expression and new protein synthesis. However, encoding can occur on
different levels. The first step is short-term memory formation,
followed by the conversion to a long-term memory, and then a long-term
memory consolidation process.

Synaptic plasticity

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of the brain to strengthen, weaken,
destroy and create neural synapses and is the basis for learning. In
the short term, synaptic changes may include the strengthening or
weakening of a connection by modifying the preexisting proteins
leading to a modification in synapse connection strength. In the long
term, entirely new connections may form or the number of synapses at a
connection may be increased, or reduced.

Encoding and genetics

Human memory, including the process of encoding, is known to be a
heritable trait that is controlled by more than one gene. In fact,
twin studies suggest that genetic differences are responsible for as
much as 50% of the variance seen in memory tasks.

Depth of processing

Different levels of processing influence how well information is
remembered. These levels of processing can be illustrated by
maintenance and elaborate rehearsal.

Maintenance and elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal is a shallow form of processing information
which involves focusing on an object without thought to its meaning or
its association with other objects.

elaborative or relational rehearsal is a process in which you relate
new material to information already stored in Long-term memory.

Maintenance rehearsal has been demonstrated to be important in
learning but its effects can only be demonstrated using indirect
methods such as lexical decision tasks,[23] and word stem completion
which are used to assess implicit learning.

Intention to learn

Studies have shown that the intention to learn has no direct effect
on memory encoding. Instead, memory encoding is dependent on how
deeply each item is encoded, which could be affected by intention to
learn, but not exclusively. That is, intention to learn can lead to
more effective learning strategies, and consequently, better memory
encoding

Optimal encoding

Organization can be seen as the key to better memory.

Mnemonics

Chunking

State-dependent learning

although the external environment is important at the time of encoding
in creating multiple pathways for retrieval, other studies have shown
that simply creating the same internal state that you had at the time
of encoding is sufficient to serve as a retrieval cue.

Encoding specificity

to truly be efficient at remembering information, one must consider
the demands that future recall will place on this information and
study in a way that will match those demands

Computational models of memory encoding

Computational models of memory encoding have been developed in order
to better understand and simulate the mostly expected, yet sometimes
wildly unpredictable, behaviors of human memory.