Kendall Nicole Jenner (born November 3, 1995)[2][3] is an American fashion model and television personality. Originally known for appearing in the E! reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Jenner is now also a model in a movement dubbed "the Instagirl era" by Vogue magazine, or "Social Media Modeling" by Harper's Bazaar, where models are chosen due to their online presence and social media following.[4][5]

After working in commercial print ad campaigns and photoshoots, Jenner had breakout seasons in 2014 and 2015, walking the runways for high fashion designers during the New York, Milan, and Paris Fashion Weeks. Jenner has done multiple editorials and cover shoots for LOVE and various international Vogue editions, walked for Victoria's Secret, and acts as brand ambassador for Estée Lauder's multimedia ad campaigns. Jenner made her debut at No. 16 on Forbes magazine's 2015 list of top earning models, with an estimated annual income of US$4million.[6] As of 23rd November, 2016, she is one of the top 10 most followed celebrities on Instagram[7] with 68.8 million followers.

Early life and family

Jenner was born in Los Angeles, California, to retired Olympic decathlete champion Bruce Jenner (now Caitlyn Jenner after a 2015 gender transition)[8] and television personality Kris Jenner. Jenner's middle name was a tribute to her mother's best friend Nicole Brown Simpson, who died just before Jenner was conceived.[9]

In November 2012, Jenner teamed with Victoria's Secret photographer Russell James for editorial work and joint projects. Over the course of 2013 and 2014, their work together surfaced in Kurv,[32]Miss Vogue Australia,[33] and Harper's Bazaar Arabia.[34] Jenner featured in James' Nomad Two Worlds: Australia book launches in Sydney[35] and Los Angeles.[36] Jenner's editorial work with James and Adam Franzino[37] signaled a change of direction to high fashion, and Jenner signed with The Society Management on November 21, 2013.[38][39]

Other ventures

Business ventures

Jenner created two signature nail lacquers for the 2011 Nicole by OPI Kardashian Kolors nail polish line,[143] for which the Jenner sisters eventually earned a combined US$100,000 in endorsement profit.[144] On March 16, 2012, the Jenner sisters were named Creative Directors of the Gillette Venus Gets Ready with Kendall & Kylie Jenner webisode series,[145] which was originally aired on Gillette's Facebook page. In July 2013, the Jenner sisters formed a partnership with Pascal Mouawad's Glamhouse[146][147] to create the Metal Haven by Kendall & Kylie jewelry collection. In February 2014, the Jenner sisters launched a shoe and handbag line under Steve Madden's Madden Girl line for Nordstrom.[148][149]

The Jenner sisters previewed The Kendall & Kylie Collection with PacSun on November 15, 2012;[150] the collection launched in February 2013. On February 3, 2015, the Jenner sisters confirmed Kendall + Kylie collaboration with Topshop,[151] which they unveiled in November 2015 at the Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne, Australia.[152] The collection launched in New York on February 8, 2016.[153][154] On April 27, 2016, the Jenner sisters previewed a summer swimwear collection.[155][156]

Beginning 2015, Jenner featured in a series of commercial ads for various products[157] including Jenner's signature Pure Color Envy Matte Sculpting Lipstick. Jenner has also promoted various other non-signature products from the product line throughout the year. In February 2016, Jenner and beauty blogger Irene Kim became guest editors for the Estée Edit,[158] accompanied by a signature Eyeshadow Palette.[159]

In 2016, Jenner began a career as a photographer, her first published work was photographing and styling Kaia Gerber, daughter of iconic supermodel Cindy Crawford, for the sixteenth anniversary issue of LOVE[165]

On February 10, 2016, lawyers representing Jenner Inc. filed a $10 million lawsuit against esthetic medical company Cutera at the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Jenner's legal team objected to the company using her brand without authorization. Cutera had featured Jenner in ad campaigns for its Laser Genesis acne treatment.[166] In May 2016, Jenner's attorneys dropped the charges.[167]

Writing

Seventeen magazine featured Kendall and Kylie Jenner as Style Stars of 2011[171] and selected them as "Style Ambassadors" for the magazine.[172] In 2014, the Jenner sisters co-authored novel Rebels: City of Indra with ghostwriter Maya Sloan.[173] On May 24, 2016, the Regan Arts division of Phaidon Press announced that the Jenner sisters, Elizabeth Killmond-Roman, and Katherine Killmond created Time Of The Twins as a sequel to Rebels: City Of Indra.[174] to be released November 15, 2016.

Public image

Jenner was named as one of People magazine's 50 most beautiful people in the world on April 9, 2014.[175]Time magazine named the Jenner sisters as two of the 30 Most Influential Teens, once in 2014[176] and again in 2015.[177] On December 16, 2014, Google named Jenner as the second most Googled model in the world.[178] Jenner debuted at No. 2 on FHM's annual 100 Sexiest Women in the World list at the end of April 2015.[179]Tumblr named Jenner as its most reblogged model for 2015.[180]

Impact of viral promotion upon fashion e-commerce

Jenner's rapid career ascent[181] led Dazed magazine's editors to rank her top creative to watch out for in 2015 on their annual Dazed 100 list,[182] Jenner collaborated with the editors on a Mean Girls-inspired "Burn Book" parody, which responded to her online bullies[183] and industry detractors.[184] The video was later shortlisted on September 22, 2015 for the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences' annual Lovie Awards in the Internet Viral Video category;[185]

The rapid ascension of the Instagirls has accelerated a decade-long reassessment of the interaction between fashion and mass consumption.[186] Jenner's adeptness at connecting with Millennials online has given her access to a large demographic market, with the ability to segment her fanbase and find ideal clients. Designer Sally LaPorte claimed Jenner's approval of her line helped the designer key into the particulars of her ideal buyers.[187] Former Calvin Klein Women's Creative Director Francisco Costa praised Jenner's social cachet: "Her social media reach is just incredible […] As a house, you become part of the culture by embracing someone like her."[188] Jenner's ongoing participation in Calvin Klein promotions have proven to be profitable, as parent company the Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation announced a 13% increase in Net Sales over the previous year's 1st quarter on May 26, 2016, with the financials also indicating a 10.5% increase in Revenue As Reported over the previous year's quarter, and a 20.1% increase in Constant Currency Earnings before Interest and Taxes over the previous year's quarter.[189] According to CEO Emanuel Chirico, increased earnings reflect restructuring of the company's global creative strategy for Calvin Klein and its associated #MyCalvins ad campaigns.[190]

Other brands have adapted in unique ways to the impact of high-profile influencers on their promotional efforts. Dear Frances footwear brand creative Jane Frances engineered an open-door branding strategy in such a way that her brand is able to successfully do promotional work either with or without influencer input.[191][192] European ice cream company Magnum moved aggressively into online branding initiatives by featuring Suki Waterhouse[193] and Jenner[194] as company spokesmodels.

In the midst of these changes, tech entrepreneur Frank Spadafora designed his company's D'Marie app as a fashion industry-specific Q Score alternative in order to effectly measure the monetary imprint fashion influencers and brand ambassadors are able to attain. The app's deployment worked to Jenner's advantage; she ranked as D'Marie's #1 fashion influencer across all categories as of February 19, 2016,[195] with the ability to earn between US$125,000 and US$300,000 for a single update to her social media platforms.[196][197]

Personal life

In May 2014, Jenner purchased a two-bedroom, 2.5-bath condominium in Los Angeles for US$1.4million.[198] Jenner acquired a US$100,000Chevrolet Corvette as a 20th birthday present in November 2015.[199] Jenner prefers not to comment to the media regarding her love life.[200] Jenner has admitted to having a shy personality on her blog[201] and wrote on her app, "I 100 percent identify as Christian."[202]

Charity

Jenner set up an eBay account where she auctions old clothing to raise money for the Children's Hospital Los Angeles. The Kardashian and Jenner sisters used eBay in this way to raise money for their charities in 2013.[203] Jenner joined her family in a charity yard sale on November 10, 2013.[204] Proceeds from the sale were donation-matched and sent to Share Our Strength: No Kid Hungry and the Greater Los Angeles Fisher House Foundation. Jenner and Kim Kardashian attended a Christmas Eve visit with the kids at Children's Hospital Los Angeles on Tuesday December 24, 2013.[205] Jenner joined Khloe Kardashian, Lil Twist, and The Game at PINZ bowling alley in Studio City, California for a charity bowling game on January 19, 2014. The event was held to raise money for The Robin Hood Foundation, a nonprofit for which The Game pledged to raise $1 million USD in donations.[206] The Jenner sisters participated in singer Chris Brown's two Kick'n It For Charity Celebrity Kickball games in Glendale, California on July 19, 2014[207] and on August 16, 2014.[208] Jenner, Ansel Elgort, Gigi Hadid, and Jenner's agent Ashleah Gonzales encountered unhoused model/actor John Economou in Venice Beach during a fashion shoot on January 31, 2015, a meeting which led to Economou being signed to a Two Management contract by company president Luc Brinker.[209] On February 14, 2015, Jenner appeared at Marc Jacobs' Bookmarc store in New York City for the launch of LOVE magazine issue 13. Jenner posed in a limited-edition T-shirt sale to raise proceeds for Designers Against AIDS.[210]