"There are, however, secular ideologies and institutions which adopt rituals, vaunt transcendent explanations, make moral claims, focus loyalties, mobilize identities and create quasi-priesthoods. Some are billed as alternatives or successors to religion. Marxism and Nazism have been incandescent recent cases, now burnt out. Both were presented by their adherents as 'scientific' prescriptions which made religion dispensible. yet both were quasi-religions which borrowed heavily from religious tradition... They were united against religion and united in imitation of it. They placed God with history but both saw the course of the world as charted by an impersonal, dynamic force, of which indivudual lives are the plaything. They offered human sacrifices to history, speeding her purposes by immolating profane races and classes. They adopted the framework and imagery of Christian millenarianism, prmising the fulfilment of history in a 'classless society' or a 'thousand-year Reich'... "

"Marxism and Nazism were crude, looking-glass images of religion. Real religion has seen both off. but we still live in societies with worldly priorities, daunting anxieties, susceptibility to charisma and hunger for 'final solutions.' Some secular ideologies already seem to be practising in front of the mirror... "

"Although the Nazis were soundly defeated the Nazi ideal of a superior Aryan race still exists today. People who hold this belief are colled neo-Nazis, or new Nazis. In recent years, the neo-Nazi movement has grown in Europe and North America, where troubled economies, high unemployment, and strained resources have heightened tensions. "

"Location: Mozambique; Population: 18 million "; Pg. 316: "RENAMO used the traditional beliefs of Mozambicans to gain the respet of peasants and to influence soldiers. RENAMO commanders were often Ndua-speakers, among whom espiritistas (spirit mediums), curandeiros (healers), or feiticeiros (witch doctors) enjoyed great influence. such mediums were believed to give fighters courage, and many practiced rites to make warriors 'invisible' or 'bulletproof.' While the Ndaus constitute less than 2% of the Mozambique population, they were well known for their use of magic. "

"Ndebele: Location: The Mpumalanga and the Northern provinces of South Africa; Population: 403,700; Religion: Christianity; African Christianity "; Pg. 326: "Nineteenth century missionary activities by the Berlin Mission did little to change traditional Ndebele religion, especially among the Ndzundza. Although the Manala lived on the Wallmannsthal mission station from 1873 on, they were in frequent conflict with local missionaries. Recent Christian and African Christian church influences spread rapidly, and most Ndebel are now members of these churches: ZCC (Zion Christian Church), a variety of (African) Apostolic churches, Roman Catholic, etc. "

"Ndebele: Population: 2,500,000; Location: Zimbabwe, South Africa; Languages: Ndebele, English "; Pg. 138: "Although some of the Ndebele converted to Christianity during the British colonial rule, most still practice many of their older religious customs. An important element of these customs is the use of priestesses--older women who are thought to be prophets. These priestesses, called igosos, channel information between the Ndebele and their spirit ancestors, who in turn pass the prayers and wishes on to the Ndebele high god known as Nkulunkulu... "

"Location [of Frisians]: The Netherlands (province of Friesland); Germany; Denmark; North America; [Total] Population [of world's Frisians]: 600,000 "; "While only about one-third of all Netherlanders are Protestants, Protestantism is the majority religion in Friesland. About 85% of its residents belong to one of two Calvinist churches, the Dutch Reformed Church (Hervormde Kerk) or the Reformed Church (Gereformeerde Kerk)... "

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 709.

"While their numbers are small, the religions of such groups as the Negrito Semang on the Malay Peninsula... reflect, at least in part, an adaptation to a hunting-and-gathering mode of existence. "

Negrito Semang

Malaysia

-

-

-

-

1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 710.

"The Negrito Semang, a hunting-and-gathering people of Malaya, believe, for example, that the most important supernatural powers are the chinoi, humanoid yet invisible creatures who are equated in Semang thought with birds, flowers, and other natural phenomena, with human fetuses, and with the fertility of wild plants. Access to the power of this highly generalized class of beings is gained by the actions of shamans, called halak, who in trance-states become chinoi... "

"Table: Some surviving new religious orgs. in Japan "; "Membership figures, voluntarily reported..., as found in the 1979 ed. of the Shukyo Nenkan (Religions Yearbook). " Classified as Buddhist new religion (year of origin: 1925).

"Nentsy: Location: Russia; Population: 34,190; Religion: Native form of shamanism with elements of Christianity "; "The Nentsy religion is a type of Siberian shamanism... In some areas, elements of Christianity (especially from the Russian Orthodox church) were mixed with the traditional pantheon of gods. Although it was forbidden to conduct religious rituals during the Soviet period, the Nenets religion seems to have survived and is enjoying a strong revival today. "

"Neo-Confucianism lost its state sponsorship around the time the ancient system of government was discarded in favor of a republican form of government modeled on Western systems, about 1912. But the status of the Three Teachings did not change substantially until the People's Republic of China was established along Communist lines in 1949. The Marxist government discouraged religion but did not ban it outright; that prohibition occurred during the disastrous period of the Great Cultural Revolution, 1966-78. "

"Neo-Confucianism (c. 1100-1912), often called Tao-hsueh, combined Taoist and Buddhist concepts in a Confucianist setting... By 1237, Neo-Confucianism had become state orthodoxy, and Chu His's commentaries on Taoist and Confucian texts were de regueur when preparing for civil service examinations. Neo-Confucianism kept its privileged status until early in the 20th century, when it began to be persecuted by the Chinese Communists. It now continues in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the American Chinese community. "

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 527.

"Neo-Orthodoxy (Christian). Theological movement that emerged in the 1920s and dominated Protestant theology until the 1960s. It owed much to the theology of Karl Barth, and emphasized the sovereignty of God, fath and revelation as divine gifts, and the tragedy, sin, and finitude of human life. "

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Alabama %: 0.6

Neo-Paganism

Alaska

200

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Alaska %: 0.1

Neo-Paganism

Arizona

3,600

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Arizona %: 1.8

Neo-Paganism

Arkansas

400

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Arkansas %: 0.2

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; California %: 15.7

Neo-Paganism

Colorado

4,000

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Colorado %: 2

Neo-Paganism

Connecticut

4,200

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Connecticut %: 2.1

Neo-Paganism

Delaware

800

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Delaware %: 0.4

Neo-Paganism

Florida

7,400

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Florida %: 3.7

Neo-Paganism

Georgia, USA

5,600

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Georgia, USA %: 2.8

Neo-Paganism

Hawaii

400

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Hawaii %: 0.2

Neo-Paganism

Idaho

400

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Idaho %: 0.2

Neo-Paganism

Illinois

7,400

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Illinois %: 3.7

Neo-Paganism

Indiana

2,000

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Indiana %: 1

Neo-Paganism

Iowa

1,200

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Iowa %: 0.6

Neo-Paganism

Kansas

1,800

-

-

-

1992

Berger, Helen A. A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press (1999); pg. 9.

Table: "Distribution of Neo-Pagans Participating in Neo-Pagan Census in U.S. "; Cols: State; Number [of Census participants]; % [of particpants]; Pg. xvi: "[Received] more than 2,000 responses... survey was distributed through Wiccan & Neo-Pagan organizations..., published in journals,.. Internet [&] at festivals. [unable] to guarantee that the survey was randomly distributed. "; Pg. 10: "...actual % by state are at best an approximation. "; Raw number presented here based on state % from this table, as a portion of estimated 200,000 [1992] U.S. total (pg. 9).; Kansas %: 0.9

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