United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen
apparently stated in a press briefing, while commenting on new
technological threats possibly held by terrorist organizations: "Others
are engaging in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the
climate, set off earthquakes, (and) volcanoes remotely, using the use of
electromagnetic waves." Dr Begich's
news release adds: "While the
Secretary of Defense suggests this capability might be possessed by
terrorist organizations, the U.S. military continues to deny that they
also control such technology."
-Dr. Nick Begich

"Our school system increasingly teaches our
children how to memorize data and totally ignores teaching them how to
think, or analyze, for themselves! This is totally planned as a part of
the New World Order. Mark and I have been told by many people that our
book, which speaks out about mind-control, offers a thread in tying things
together. All of a sudden the New World Order has meaning; the erosion of
constitutional values and morality in this country begins to make sense
when the concept of mind-control is introduced into the picture."
- Cathy O'Brien and Mark Philips authors of the book
"TRANCE Formation of America"

Ground view of HAARP

Aerial view of HAARP taken 1998

Background of the HAARP Project

Prepared by Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., GNSH

Military interest in space became intense during and after World War
II because of the introduction of rocket science, the companion to
nuclear technology. The early versions include the buzz bomb and guided
missiles. They were thought of as potential carriers of both nuclear and
conventional bombs.

Rocket technology and nuclear weapon technology developed
simultaneously between 1945 and 1963. During this time of intensive
atmospheric nuclear testing, explosions at various levels above and
below the surface of the earth were attempted. Some of the now familiar
descriptions of the earth's protective atmosphere, such as the existence
of the Van Allen belts, were based on information gained through
stratospheric and ionospheric experimentation.

The earth's atmosphere consists of the troposphere, from sea level to
about 16 km above the earth's surface; the stratosphere (which contains
the ozone level) which extends from about the 16 to 48 km above the
earth; and the ionosphere which extends from 48 km to over 50,000 km
above the surface of the earth.

The earth's protective atmosphere or "skin" extends beyond
3,200 km above sea level to the large magnetic fields, called the Van
Allen Belts, which can capture the charged particles sprayed through the
cosmos by the solar and galactic winds. These belts were discovered in
1958 during the first weeks of the operation of America's first
satellite, Explorer I. They appear to contain charged particles trapped
in the earth's gravity and magnetic fields. Primary galactic cosmic rays
enter the solar system from interstellar space, and are made up of
protons with energies above 100 MeV, extending up to astronomically high
energies. They make up about 100 percent of the high energy rays. Solar
rays are generally of lower energy, below 20 MeV (which is still high
energy in earth terms). These high energy particles are affected by the
earth's magnetic field and by geomagnetic latitude (distance above or
below the geomagnetic equator). The flux density of low energy protons
at the top of the atmosphere is normally greater at the poles than at
the equator. The density also varies with solar activity, being at a
minimum when solar flares are at a minimum.

The Van Allen belts capture charged particles (protons, electrons and
alpha particles) and these spiral along the magnetic force lines toward
the polar regions where the force lines converge. They are reflected
back and forth between the magnetic force lines near the poles. The
lower Van Allen Belt is about 7700 km above the earth's surface, and the
outer Van Allen Belt is about 51,500 km above the surface. According to
the Encyclopedia Britannica, the Van Allen belts are most intense along
the equator, and effectively absent over the poles. They dip to 400 km
over the South Atlantic Ocean, and are about 1,000 km high over the
Central Pacific Ocean. In the lower Van Allen Belt, the proton intensity
is about 20,000 particles with energy above 30 MeV per second per square
centimeter. Electrons reach a maximum energy of 1 MeV, and their
intensity has a maximum of 100 million per second per square centimeter.
In the outer Belt, proton energy averages only 1 MeV. For compar-ison,
most charged particles discharged in a nuclear explosion range between
0.3 and 3 MeV, while diagnostic medical X-ray has peak voltage around
0.5 MeV.

Project Argus (1958)

Between August and September 1958, the US Navy exploded three fission
type nuclear bombs 480 km above the South Atlantic Ocean, in the part of
the lower Van Allen Belt closest to the earth's surface. In addition,
two hydrogen bombs were detonated 160 km over Johnston Island in the
Pacific. The military called this "the biggest scientific
experiment ever undertaken." It was designed by the US Department
of Defense and the US Atomic Energy Commission, under the code name
Project Argus. The purpose appears to be to assess the impact of high
altitude nuclear explosions on radio transmission and radar operations
because of the electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and to increase
understanding of the geomagnetic field and the behavior of the charged
particles in it.

This gigantic experiment created new (inner) magnetic radiation belts
encompassing almost the whole earth, and injected sufficient electrons
and other energetic particles into the ionosphere to cause world wide
effects. The electrons traveled back and forth along magnetic force
lines, causing an artificial "aurora" when striking the
atmosphere near the North Pole.

The US Military planned to create a "telecommunications
shield" in the ionosphere, reported in 13-20 August 1961, Keesings
Historisch Archief (K.H.A.). This shield would be created "in the
ionosphere at 3,000 km height, by bringing into orbit 350,000 million
copper needles, each 2-4 cm long [total weight 16 kg], forming a belt 10
km thick and 40 km wide, the needles spaced about 100 m apart."
This was designed to replace the ionosphere "because
telecommunications are impaired by magnetic storms and solar
flares." The US planned to add to the number of copper needles if
the experiment proved to be successful. This plan was strongly opposed
by the Intentional Union of Astronomers.

Project Starfish (1962)

On July 9, 1962, the US began a further series of experiments with
the ionosphere. From their description: "one kiloton device, at a
height of 60 km and one megaton and one multi-megaton, at several
hundred kilometers height" (K.H.A., 29 June 1962). These tests
seriously disturbed the lower Van Allen Belt, substantially altering its
shape and intensity. "In this experiment the inner Van Allen Belt
will be practically destroyed for a period of time; particles from the
Belt will be transported to the atmosphere. It is anticipated that the
earth's magnetic field will be disturbed over long distances for several
hours, preventing radio communication. The explosion in the inner
radiation belt will create an artificial dome of polar light that will
be visible from Los Angeles" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). A Fijian Sailor,
present at this nuclear explosion, told me that the whole sky was on
fire and he thought it would be the end of the world. This was the
experiment which called forth the strong protest of the Queen's
Astronomer, Sir Martin Ryle in the UK.

"The ionosphere [according to the under-standing at that time]
that part of the atmosphere between 65 and 80 km and 280- 320 km height,
will be disrupted by mechanical forces caused by the pressure wave
following the explosion. At the same time, large quantities of ionizing
radiation will be released, further ionizing the gaseous components of
the atmosphere at this height. This ionization effect is strengthened by
the radiation from the fission products... The lower Van Allen Belt,
consisting of charged particles that move along the geomagnetic field
lines... will similarly be disrupted. As a result of the explosion, this
field will be locally destroyed, while countless new electrons will be
introduced into the lower belt" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). "On 19
July... NASA announced that as a consequence of the high altitude
nuclear test of July 9, a new radiation belt had been formed, stretching
from a height of about 400 km to 1600 km; it can be seen as a temporary
extension of the lower Van Allen Belt" (K.H.A. 5 August 1962).

As explained in the Encyclopedia Britannica: "... Starfish made
a much wider belt [than Project Argus] that extends from low altitude
out past L=3 [i.e. three earth radiuses or about 13,000 km above the
surface of the earth]." Later in 1962, the USSR undertook similar
planetary experiments, creating three new radiation belts between 7,000
and 13,000 km above the earth. According to the Encyclopedia, the
electron fluxes in the lower Van Allen Belt have changed markedly since
the 1962 high- altitude nuclear explosions by the US and USSR, never
returning to their former state. According to American scientists, it
could take many hundreds of years for the Van Allen Belts to destabilize
at their normal levels. (Research done by: Nigel Harle, Borderland
Archives, Cortenbachstraat 32, 6136 CH Sittard, Netherlands.)

SPS: Solar Power Satellite Project (1968)

In 1968 the US military proposed Solar Powered Satellites in
geostationary orbit some 40,000 km above the earth, which would
intercept solar radiation using solar cells on satellites and transmit
it via a microwave beam to receiving antennas, called rectennas, on
earth. The US Congress mandated the Department of Energy and NASA to
prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment on this project, to be
completed by June 1980, and costing $25 Million. This project was
designed to construct 60 Solar Powered Satellites over a thirty year
period at a cost between $500 and $800 thousand million (in 1968
dollars), providing 100 percent of the US energy needs in the year 2025
at a cost of $3000 per kW. At that time, the project cost was two to
three times larger than the whole Department of Energy budget, and the
projected cost of the electricity was well above the cost of most
conventional energy sources. The rectenna sites on earth were expected
to take up to 145 square kilometers of land, and would preclude
habitation by any humans, animals or even vegetation. Each Satellite was
to be the size of Manhattan Island.

Saturn V Rocket (1975)

Due to a malfunction, the Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in
the atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced "a large
ionospheric hole" (Mendillo, M. Et al., Science p. 187, 343, 1975).
The disturbance reduced the total electron content more than 60% over an
area 1,000 km in radius, and lasted for several hours. It prevented all
telecommunications over a large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The
phenomenon was apparently caused by a reaction between the exhaust gases
and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction emitted a 6300 A airglow.
Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military began to design ways to
test this new phenomena through deliberate experimentation with the
ionosphere.

SPS Military Implications (1978)

Early review of the Solar Powered Satellite Project began in around
1978, and I was on the review panel. Although this was proposed as an
energy program, it had significant military implications. One of the
most significant, first pointed out by Michael J. Ozeroff, was the
possibility of developing a satellite-borne beam weapon for
anti-ballistic missile (ABM) use. The satellites were to be in
geosynchronous orbits, each providing an excellent vantage point from
which an entire hemisphere can be surveyed continuously. It was
speculated that a high-energy laser beam could function as a thermal
weapon to disable or destroy enemy missiles. There was some discussion
of electron weapon beams, through the use of a laser beam to preheat a
path for the following electron beam.

The SPS was also described as a psychological and anti- personnel
weapon, which could be directed toward an enemy. If the main microwave
beam was redirected away from its rectenna, toward enemy personnel, it
could use an infrared radiation wave- length (invisible) as an
anti-personnel weapon. It might also be possible to transmit high enough
energy to ignite combustible materials. Laser beam power relays could be
made from the SPS satellite to other satellites or platforms, for
example aircraft, for military purposes. One application might be a
laser powered turbofan engine which would receive the laser beam
directly in its combustion chamber, producing the required high
temperature gas for its cruising operation. This would allow unlimited
on-station cruise time. As a psychological weapon, the SPS was capable
of causing general panic

The SPS would be able to transmit power to remote military operations
anywhere needed on earth. The manned platform of the SPS would provide
surveillance and early warning capability, and ELF linkage to
submarines. It would also provide the capability of jamming enemy
communications. The potential for jamming and creating communications is
significant. The SPS was also capable of causing physical changes in the
ionosphere

President Carter approved the SPS Project and gave it a go- ahead, in
spite of the reservation which many reviewers, myself included,
expressed. Fortunately, it was so expensive, exceeding the entire
Department of Energy budget, that funding was denied by the Congress. I
approached the United Nations Committee on Disarmament on this project,
but was told that as long as the program was called Solar Energy by the
United States, it could not be considered a weapons project. The same
project resurfaced in the US under President Reagan. He moved it to the
much larger budget of the Department of Defense and called it Star Wars.
Since this is more recent history, I will not discuss the debate which
raged over this phase of the plan.

By 1978, it was apparent to the US Military that communications in a
nuclear hostile environment would not be possible using traditional
methods of radio and television technology (Jane's Military
Communications 1978). By 1982, GTE Sylvania (Needham Heights,
Massachusetts) had developed a command control electronic sub-system for
the US Air Force's Ground Launch Cruise Missiles (GLCM) that would
enable military commanders to monitor and control the missile prior to
launch both in hostile and non-hostile environments. The system contains
six radio subsystems, created with visible light using a dark beam (not
visible) and is resistant to the disruptions experienced by radio and
television. Dark beams contribute to the formation of energetic plasma
in the atmosphere. This plasma can become visible as smog or fog. Some
has a different charge than the sun's energy, and accumulates in places
where the sun's energy is absent, like the polar regions in the winter.
When the polar spring occurs, the sun appears and repels this plasma,
contributing to holes in the ozone layer. This military system is
called: Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN). (See The SECOMII
Communication System, by Wayne Olsen, SAND 78- 0391,Sandia Laboratories,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 1978.) This innovative emergency radio
system was apparently never implemented in Europe, and exists only in
North America.

Orbit Maneuvering System (1981)

Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for
reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding
rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981,
"a series of passes over a network of five ground based
observatories" in order to study what happened to the ionosphere
when the Shuttle injected gases into it from the Orbit Maneuvering
System (OMS). They discovered that they could "induce ionospheric
holes" and began to experiment with holes made in the daytime, or
at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo, Puerto Rico. They
experimented with the effects of "artificially induced ionospheric
depletions on very low frequency wave lengths, on equatorial plasma
instabilities, and on low frequency radio astronomical observations over
Roberval, Quebec, Kwajelein, in the Marshall Islands and Hobart,
Tasmania" (Advanced Space Research, Vo1.8, No. 1, 1988).

Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985)

An innovative use of the Space Shuttle to perform space physics
experiments in earth orbit was launched, using the OMS injections of
gases to "cause a sudden depletion in the local plasma
concentration, the creation of a so called ionospheric hole." This
artificially induced plasma depletion can then be used to investigate
other space phenomena, such as the growth of the plasma instabilities or
the modification of radio propagation paths. The 47 second OMS burn of
July 29, 1985, produced the largest and most long-lived ionospheric hole
to date, dumping some 830 kg of exhaust into the ionosphere at sunset. A
6 second, 68 km OMS release above Connecticut in August 1985, produced
an airglow which covered over 400,000 square km.

During the 1980's, rocket launches globally numbered about 500 to 600
a year, peaking at 1500 in 1989. There were many more during the Gulf
War. The Shuttle is the largest of the solid fuel rockets, with twin 45
meter boosters. All solid fuel rockets release large amounts of
hydrochloric acid in their exhaust, each Shuttle flight injecting about
75 tons of ozone destroying chlorine into the stratosphere. Those
launched since 1992 inject even more ozone-destroying chlorine, about
187 tons, into the stratosphere (which contains the ozone layer).

Mighty Oaks (1986)

In April 1986, just before the Chernobyl disaster, the US had a
failed hydrogen test at the Nevada Test Site called Mighty Oaks. This
test, conducted far underground, consisted of a hydrogen bomb explosion
in one chamber, with a leaded steel door to the chamber, two meters
thick, closing within milliseconds of the blast. The door was to allow
only the first radioactive beam to escape into the "control
room" in which expensive instrumentation was located. The radiation
was to be captured as a weapon beam. The door failed to close as quickly
as planned, causing the radioactive gases and debris to fill the control
room, destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment. The experiment
was part of a program to develop X-ray and particle beam weapons. The
radioactive releases from Mighty Oaks were vented, under a
"licensed venting" and were likely responsible for many of the
North American nuclear fallout reports in May 1986, which were
attributed to the Chernobyl disaster.

Desert Storm (1991)

According to Defense News, April 13 - 19, 1992, the US deployed an
electromagnetic pulse weapon (EMP) in Desert Storm, designed to mimic
the flash of electricity from a nuclear bomb. The Sandia National
Laboratory had built a 23,000 square meter laboratory on the Kirkland
Air Force Base, 1989, to house the Hermes II electron beam generator
capable of producing 20 Trillion Watt pulses lasting 20 billionths to 25
billionths of a second. This X-ray simulator is called a Particle Beam
Fusion Accelerator. A stream of electrons hitting a metal plate can
produce a pulsed X-ray or gamma ray. Hermes II had produced electron
beams since 1974. These devises were apparently tested during the Gulf
War, although detailed information on them is sparse.

High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, HAARP (1993)

The HAARP Program is jointly managed by the US Air Force and the US
Navy, and is based in Gakona, Alaska. It is designed to
"understand, simulate and control ionospheric processes that might
alter the performance of communication and surveillance systems."
The HAARP system intends to beam 3.6 Gigawatts of effective radiated
power of high frequency radio energy into the ionosphere in order to:

Conduct geophysical probes to identify and characterize natural
ionospheric processes so that techniques can be developed to
mitigate or control them

Generate ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of high
frequency energy, thus providing a means of triggering ionospheric
processes that potentially could be exploited for Department of
Defense purposes,

Electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical
emissions which could be used to control radio wave propagation
properties

Generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control the
reflection/scattering properties of radio waves,

Use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation,
thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric
enhancement technology.

Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present)

The Poker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of
Fairbanks, Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is operated by the
Geophysical Institute with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, under
NASA contract. About 250 major rocket launches have taken place from
this site, and in 1994, a 16 meter long rocket was launched to help NASA
"understand chemical reactions in the atmosphere associated with
global climate change." Similar experiments, but using Chemical
Release Modules (CRM), have been launched from Churchill, Manitoba. In
1980, Brian Whelan's "Project Waterhole" disrupted an aurora
borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February 1983, the
chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora borealis over
Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and two Nike Orion rockets
were launched over Canada, releasing barium at high altitudes and
creating artificial clouds. These Churchill artificial clouds were
observed from as far away as Los Alamos, New Mexico.

The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral Stimulation
(HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of wires and a 15 meter
antenna, they have beamed high intensity signals into the upper
atmosphere, generating a controlled disturbance in the ionosphere. As
early as 1992, the Navy talked of creating 10 kilometer long antennas in
the sky to generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves needed for
communicating with submarines. Another purpose of these experiments is
to study the Aurora Borealis, called by some an outdoor plasma lab for
studying the principles of fusion. Shuttle flights are now able to
generate auroras with an electron beam. On November 10, 1991, and aurora
borealis appeared in the Texas sky for the first time ever recorded, and
it was seen by people as far away as Ohio and Utah, Nebraska and
Missouri. The sky contained "Christmas colors" and various
scientists were quick to blame it on solar activity. However, when
pressed most would admit that the ionosphere must have been weakened at
the time, so that the electrically charged particle hitting the earth's
atmosphere created the highly visible light called airglow. These
charged particles are normally pulled northwards by the earth's magnetic
forces, to the magnetic north pole. The Northern Lights, as the aurora
borealis is called, normally occurs in the vortex at the pole where the
energetic particles, directed by the magnetic force lines, are directed.

Conclusions

It would be rash to assume that HAARP is an isolated experiment which
would not be expanded. It is related to fifty years of intensive and
increasingly destructive programs to understand and control the upper
atmosphere.

It would be rash not to associate HAARP with the space laboratory
construction which is separately being planned by the United States.
HAARP is an integral part of a long history of space research and
development of a deliberate military nature.

The military implications of combining these projects is alarming.

Basic to this project is control of communications, both disruption
and reliability in hostile environments. The power wielded by such
control is obvious.

The ability of the HAARP / Spacelab/ rocket combination to deliver
very large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, anywhere on
earth via laser and particle beams, are frightening.

The project is likely to be "sold" to the public as a space
shield against incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a devise for
repairing the ozone layer.

Vandalism In The Sky

By
Dr. Nick Begich and Jeane Manning

Techno-Net is the protest form of the 1990s -- picketing on the
information highways. For example, a fast-growing assortment of men and
women around the world are using the InterNet (started by the U.S.
military for information transfer-and-exchange that would never be
interfered with) to draw attention to a questionable military project in
Alaska. Now these InterNetting, e-mailing, faxing folks are blowing
holes in the Department of Defense secrecy wall, by using the
government's own system.

The printed-word part of the protest started when Dennis Specht, an
anti-nuclear activist then living in Alaska, sent a news item to Nexus
on the topic of HAARP --- the High frequency Active Auroral Research
Program. Then an Alaskan political activist and science researcher in
Anchorage, Nick Begich, networked with Patrick and Gael Crystal
Flanagan, who are self-described TechnoMonks living in Sedona, Arizona,
and was told to check out that same Australian-based magazine. Begich
was surprised to see an item from his hometown in Nexus, and immediately
headed to the local library to dig out the documents cited in the
article.

That research led to articles and the book, Angels Don't Play
this HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology, which is 230 pages of
detailed information on this intrusive project. This article will only
give highlights. Despite the amount of research (350 footnotes), at its
heart it is a story about ordinary people who took on an extraordinary
challenge.

HAARP Boils The Upper Atmosphere

HAARP will zap the upper atmosphere with a focused and steerable
electromagnetic beam. It is an advanced model of an "ionospheric
heater". (The ionosphere is the electrically-charged sphere
surrounding Earth's upper atmosphere. It ranges between about 40- to 600
miles above Earth's surface.)

Put simply, the apparatus for HAARP is a reversal of a radio
telescope; antennas send out signals instead of receiving. HAARP is the
test run for a super-powerful radiowave-beaming technology that lifts
areas of the ionosphere by focusing a beam and heating those areas.
Electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto earth and penetrate
everything -- living and dead.

HAARP publicity gives the impression that the High-frequency Active
Auroral Research Program is mainly an academic project with the goal of
changing the ionosphere to improve communications for our own good.
However, other U.S. military documents put it more clearly -- HAARP aims
to learn how to "exploit the ionosphere for Department of Defense
purposes". Communicating with submarines is only one of those
purposes.

Press releases and other information from the military on HAARP
continually downplay what it could do. Publicity documents insist that
the HAARP project is no different than other ionospheric heaters
operating safely throughout the world in places such as Arecibo, Puerto
Rico; Tromso, Norway and the former Soviet Union. However, a 1990
government document indicates that the radio-frequency (RF) power zap
will drive the ionosphere to unnatural activities.

"...at the highest HF powers available in the West, the
instabilities commonly studied are approaching their maximum RF energy
dissipative capability, beyond which the plasma processes will
'runaway' until the next limiting factor is reached."

If the military, in cooperation with the University of Alaska
Fairbanks, can show that this new ground-based "Star Wars"
technology is sound, they both win. The military has a
relatively-inexpensive defense shield and the University can brag about
the most dramatic geophysical manipulation since atmospheric explosions
of nuclear bombs. After successful testing, they would have the military
megaprojects of the future and huge markets for Alaska's North Slope
natural gas.

Looking at the other patents which built on the work of a Texas'
physicist named Bernard Eastlund, it becomes clearer how the military
intends to use the HAARP transmitter. It also makes governmental denials
less believable. The military knows how it intends to use this
technology, and has made it clear in their documents. The military has
deliberately misled the public, through sophisticated word games, deceit
and outright disinformation.

The military says the HAARP system could:

give the military a tool to replace the electromagnetic pulse
effect of atmospheric thermonuclear devices (still considered a
viable option by the military through at least 1986).

replace the huge Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) submarine
communication system operating in Michigan and Wisconsin with a new
and more compact technology.

Be used to replace the over-the-horizon radar system that was once
planned for the current location of HAARP, with a more flexible and
accurate system.

provide a way to wipe out communications over an extremely large
area, while keeping the military's own communications systems
working.

provide a wide area earth-penetrating tomography which, if
combined with the computing abilities of EMASS and Cray computers,
would make it possible to verify many parts of nuclear
nonproliferation and peace agreements.

be a tool for geophysical probing to find oil, gas and mineral
deposits over a large area.

be used to detect incoming low-level planes and cruise missiles,
making other technologies obsolete.

The above abilities seem like a good idea to all who believe in sound
national defense, and to those concerned about cost-cutting. However,
the possible uses which the HAARP records do not explain, and which can
only be found in Air Force, Army, Navy and other federal agency records,
are alarming. Moreover, effects from the reckless use of these power
levels in our natural shield - the ionosphere - could be cataclysmic
according to some scientists.

Two Alaskans put it bluntly. A founder of the NO HAARP movement,
Clare Zickuhr, says "The military is going to give the ionosphere a
big kick and see what happens."

The military failed to tell the public that they do not know what
exactly will happen, but a Penn State science article brags about that
uncertainty. Macho science? The HAARP project uses the largest energy
levels yet played with by what Begich and Manning call "the big
boys with their new toys". It is an experiment on the sky, and
experiments are done to find out something not already known.
Independent scientists told Begich and Manning that a HAARP-type "skybuster"
with its unforeseen effects could be an act of global vandalism.

HAARP History

The patents described below were the package of ideas which were
originally controlled by ARCO Power Technologies Incorporated (APTI), a
subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield Company, one of the biggest oil
companies in the world. APTI was the contractor that built the HAARP
facility. ARCO sold this subsidiary, the patents and the second phase
construction contract to E-Systems in June 1994.

E-Systems is one of the biggest intelligence contractors in the world
-- doing work for the CIA, defense intelligence organizations and
others. $1.8 billion of their annual sales are to these organizations,
with $800 million for black projects -- projects so secret that even the
United States Congress isn't told how the money is being spent.

E-Systems was bought out by Raytheon, which is one of the largest
defense contractors in the world. In 1994 Raytheon was listed as number
forty-two on the Fortune 500 list of companies. Raytheon has thousands
of patents, some of which will be valuable in the HAARP project. The
twelve patents below are the backbone of the HAARP project, and are now
buried among the thousands of others held in the name of Raytheon.

Bernard J. Eastlund's U.S. Patent # 4,686,605 , "Method and
Apparatus for Altering a Region in the Earth's Atmosphere, Ionosphere,
and/or Magnetosphere" was sealed for a year under a government
Secrecy Order.

The Eastlund ionospheric heater was different; the radio frequency (RF)
radiation was concentrated and focused to a point in the ionosphere.
This difference throws an unprecedented amount of energy into the
ionosphere. The Eastlund device would allow a concentration of one watt
per cubic centimeter, compared to others only able to deliver about one
millionth of one watt.

This huge difference could lift and change the ionosphere in the ways
necessary to create futuristic effects described in the patent.
According to the patent, the work of Nikola Tesla in the early 1900's
formed the basis of the research.

What would this technology be worth to ARCO, the owner of the
patents? They could make enormous profits by beaming electrical power
from a powerhouse in the gas fields to the consumer without wires.

For a time, HAARP researchers could not prove that this was one of
the intended uses for HAARP. In April, 1995, however, Begich found other
patents, connected with a "key personnel" list for APTI. Some
of these new APTI patents were indeed a wireless system for sending
electrical power.

Eastlund's patent said the technology can confuse or completely
disrupt airplanes' and missiles' sophisticated guidance systems.
Further, this ability to spray large areas of Earth with electromagnetic
waves of varying frequencies, and to control changes in those waves,
makes it possible to knock out communications on land or sea as well as
in the air. The patent said:

"Thus, this invention provides the ability to put
unprecedented amounts of power in the Earth's atmosphere at strategic
locations and to maintain the power injection level, particularly if
random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better
controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly
by detonation of nuclear devices of various yields at various
altitudes..."

'..it is possible not only to interfere with third party
communications but to take advantage of one or more such beams to
carry out a communications network even though the rest of the world's
communications are disrupted. Put another way, what is used to disrupt
another's communications can be employed by one knowledgeable of this
invention as a communication network at the same time."

.'.. large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an
unexpectedly high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected and
unplanned drag forces with resultant destruction ...

" Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering
upper atmosphere wind patterns by constructing one or more plumes of
atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device. ...
molecular modifications of the atmosphere can take place so that
positive environmental effects can be achieved. Besides actually
changing the molecular composition of an atmospheric region, a
particular molecule or molecules can be chosen for increased presence.
For example, ozone, nitrogen, etc., concentrations in the atmosphere
could be artificially increased...

Begich found eleven other APTI patents. They told how to make
Nuclear-sized Explosions without Radiation", power-beaming systems,
over-the-horizon radar, detection systems for missiles carrying nuclear
warheads, electromagnetic pulses previously produced by thermonuclear
weapons and other Star-Wars tricks. This cluster of patents underlay the
HAARP weapon system.

Related research by Begich and Manning uncovered bizarre schemes. For
example, Air Force documents revealed that a system had been developed
for manipulating and disrupting human mental processes through pulsed
radio-frequency radiation (the stuff of HAARP) over large geographical
areas. The most telling material about this technology came from
writings of Zbigniew Brzezinski (former National Security Advisory to
U.S. President Carter) and J.F. MacDonald (science advisor to U.S.
President Johnson and a professor of Geophysics at UCLA), as they wrote
about use of power-beaming transmitters for geophysical and
environmental warfare. The documents showed how these effects might be
caused, and the negative effects on human health and thinking.

The mental-disruption possibilities for HAARP are the most
disturbing. More than 40 pages of the book, with dozens of footnotes,
chronicle the work of Harvard professors, military planners and
scientists as they plan and test this use of the electromagnetic
technology. For example, one of the papers describing this use was from
the International Red Cross in Geneva. It even gave the frequency ranges
where these effects could occur -- the same ranges which HAARP is
capable of broadcasting.

The following statement was made more than twenty-five years ago, in
a book by Brzezinski which he wrote while a professor at Columbia
University:

"Political strategists are tempted to exploit research on the
brain and human behavior. Geophysicist Gordon J. F.MacDonald --
specialist in problems of warfare -- says accurately-timed,
artificially-excited electronic strokes 'could lead to a pattern of
oscillations that produce relatively high power levels over certain
regions of the earth...In this way, one could develop a system that
would seriously impair the brain performance of very large populations
in selected regions over an extended period'...No matter how deeply
disturbing the thought of using the environment to manipulate behavior
for national advantages , to some, the technology permitting such use
will very probably develop within the next few decades."

In 1966, MacDonald was a member of the President's Science Advisory
Committee and later a member of the President's Council on Environmental
Quality. He published papers on the use of environmental control
technologies for military purposes. The most profound comment he made as
a geophysicist was, "The key to geophysical warfare is the
identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a
small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of
energy." While yesterday's geophysicists predicted today's
advances, are HAARP program managers delivering on the vision?

The geophysicists recognized that adding energy to the environmental
soup could have large effects. However, humankind has already added
substantial amounts of electromagnetic energy into our environment
without understanding what might constitute critical mass. The book by
Begich and Manning raises questions: Have these additions been without
effect, or is there a cumulative amount beyond which irreparable damage
can be done? Is HAARP another step in a journey from which we cannot
turn back? Are we about to embark on another energy experiment which
unleashes another set of demons from Pandora's box?

As early as 1970, Zbigniew Brzezinski predicted a "more
controlled and directed society" would gradually appear, linked to
technology. This society would be dominated by an elite group which
impresses voters by allegedly superior scientific know-how. Angels
Don't Play This HAARP further quotes Brzezinski:

"Unhindered by the restraints of traditional liberal values,
this elite would not hesitate to achieve its political ends by using the
latest modern techniques for influencing public behavior and keeping
society under close surveillance and control. Technical and scientific
momentum would then feed on the situation it exploits", Brzezinski
predicted.

His forecasts proved accurate. Today, a number of new tools for the
"elite" are emerging, and the temptation to use them increases
steadily. The policies to permit the tools to be used are already in
place. How could the United States be changed, bit by bit, into the
predicted highly-controlled technosociety? Among the
"steppingstones" Brzezinski expected were persisting social
crises and use of the mass media to gain the public's confidence.

In another document prepared by the government, the U.S. Air Force
claims:

"The potential applications of artificial electromagnetic
fields are wide-ranging and can be used in many military or
quasi-military situations...Some of these potential uses include
dealing with terrorist groups, crowd control, controlling breaches of
security at military installations, and antipersonnel techniques in
tactical warfare. In all of these cases the EM (electromagnetic)
systems would be used to produce mild to severe physiological
disruption or perceptual distortion or disorientation. In addition,
the ability of individuals to function could be degraded to such a
point that they would be combat ineffective. Another advantage of
electromagnetic systems is that they can provide coverage over large
areas with a single system. They are silent and countermeasures to
them may be difficult to develop... One last area where
electromagnetic radiation may prove of some value is in enhancing
abilities of individuals for anomalous phenomena."

Do these comments point to uses already somewhat developed? The
author of the government report refers to an earlier Air Force document
about the uses of radiofrequency radiation in combat situations. (Here
Begich and Manning note that HAARP is the most versatile and the largest
radio-frequency-radiation transmitter in the world.)

The United States Congressional record deals with the use of HAARP
for penetrating the earth with signals bounced off of the ionosphere.
These signals are used to look inside the planet to a depth of many
kilometers in order to locate underground munitions, minerals and
tunnels. The U.S. Senate set aside $15 million dollars in 1996 to
develop this ability alone -- earth-penetrating-tomography. The problem
is that the frequency needed for earth-penetrating radiations is within
the frequency range most cited for disruption of human mental functions.
It may also have profound effects on migration patterns of fish and wild
animals which rely on an undisturbed energy field to find their routes.

As if electromagnetic pulses in the sky and mental disruption were
not enough, Eastlund bragged that the super-powerful ionospheric heater
could control weather. Begich and Manning brought to light government
documents indicating that the military has weather-control technology.
When HAARP is eventually built to its full power level, it could create
weather effects over entire hemispheres. If one government experiments
with the world's weather patterns, what is done in one place will impact
everyone else on the planet. Angels Don't Play This HAARP
explains a principle behind some of Nikola Tesla's inventions --
resonance -- which affects planetary systems.

Bubble Of Electric Particles

Angels Don't Play This HAARP includes interviews with
independent scientists such as Elizabeth Rauscher. She has a Ph.D., a
long and impressive career in high-energy physics, and has been
published in prestigious science journals and books. Rauscher commented
on HAARP. "You're pumping tremendous energy into an extremely
delicate molecular configuration that comprises these multi-layers we
call the ionosphere." The ionosphere is prone to catalytic
reactions, she explained; if a small part is changed, a major change in
the ionosphere can happen.

In describing the ionosphere as a delicately balanced system, Dr.
Rauscher shared her mental picture of it -- a soap-bubble-like sphere
surrounding Earth's atmosphere, with movements swirling over the surface
of the bubble. If a big enough hole is punched through it, she predicts,
it could pop.

Slicing The Ionosphere

Physicist Daniel Winter, Ph. D. , of Waynesville, North Carolina,
says HAARP high-frequency emissions can couple with longwave
(low-frequency, or ELF) pulses the Earth grid uses to distribute
information as vibrations to synchronize dances of life in the
biosphere. Dan terms this geomagnetic action 'Earth's information
bloodstream'., and says it is likely that coupling of HAARP HF
(high-frequency) with natural ELF (extremely low frequency) can cause
unplanned, unsuspected side effects.

David Yarrow of Albany, New York, is a researcher with a background
in electronics. He described possible interactions of HAARP radiations
with the ionosphere and Earth's magnetic grid:

"HAARP will not burn 'holes' in the ionosphere. That is a
dangerous understatement of what HAARP's giant gigawatt beam will do.
Earth is spinning relative to thin electric shells of the multilayer
membrane of 'ion-o-speres' that absorb and shield Earth's surface from
intense solar radiation, including charged particle storms in solar
winds erupting from the sun. Earth's axial spin means that HAARP -- in
a burst lasting more than a few minutes -- will slice through the
ionosphere like a microwave knife. This produces not a 'hole', but a
long tear -- an incision."

Crudely Plucking The Strings

"Second concept: As Earth rotates, HAARP will slice across
geomagnetic flux...a donut-shaped spool of magnetic strings -- like
longitude meridians (on maps). HAARP may not 'cut' these strings in
Gaia's magnetic mantle, but will pulse each thread with harsh,
out-of-harmony high frequencies. These noisy impulses will vibrate
geomagnetic flux lines, sending vibrations all through the geomagnetic
web."

"The image comes to mind of a spider on its web. An insect
lands, and the web's vibrations alert the spider to possible prey. HAARP
will be a man-made microwave finger poking at the web, sending out
confusing signals, if not tearing holes in the threads."

"Effects of this interference with symphonies of Gaia's
geomagnetic harp are unknown, and I suspect barely thought of. Even if
thought of, the intent (of HAARP) is to learn to exploit any effects,
not to play in tune to global symphonies."

Among other researchers quoted is Paul Schaefer of Kansas City. His
degree is in electrical engineering and he spent four years building
nuclear weapons. "But most of the theories that we have been taught
by scientists to believe in seem to be falling apart," he says.

He talks about imbalances already caused by the industrial and atomic
age, especially by radiation of large numbers of tiny, high-velocity
particles "like very small spinning tops into our environment. The
unnatural level of motion of highly-energetic particles in the
atmosphere and in radiation belts surrounding Earth is the villain in
the weather disruptions, according to this model, which describes an
Earth discharging its buildup of heat, relieving stress and regaining a
balanced condition through earthquakes and volcanic action.

'Feverish' Earth

"One might compare the abnormal energetic state of the Earth and
its atmosphere to a car battery which has become overcharged with the
normal flow of energy jammed up, resulting in hot spots, electrical
arcing, physical cracks and general turbulence as the pent-up energy
tries to find some place to go."

In a second analogy, Schaefer says "Unless we desire the death
of our planet, we must end the production of unstable particles which
are generating the earth's fever. A first priority to prevent this
disaster would be to shut down all nuclear power plants and end the
testing of atomic weapons, electronic warfare and 'Star Wars'."

Meanwhile, the military builds its biggest ionospheric heater yet, to
deliberately create more instabilities in a huge plasma layer -- the
ionosphere -- and to rev up the energy level of charged particles.

Electronic Rain From The Sky

They have published papers about electron precipitation from the
magnetosphere (the outer belts of charged particles which stream toward
Earth's magnetic poles) caused by man-made very low frequency
electromagnetic waves. "These precipitated particles can produce
secondary ionization, emit X-rays, and cause significant perturbation in
the lower ionosphere."

Two Stanford University radio scientists offer evidence of what
technology can do to affect the sky by making waves on earth; they
showed that very low frequency radio waves can vibrate the magnetosphere
and cause high-energy particles to cascade into Earth's atmosphere. By
turning the signal on or off, they could stop the flow of energetic
particles.

Weather Control

Avalanches of energy dislodged by such radio waves could hit us hard.
Their work suggests that technicians could control global weather by
sending relatively small 'signals' into the Van Allen belts (radiation
belts around Earth). Thus Tesla's resonance effects can control enormous
energies by tiny triggering signals.

The Begich/ Manning book asks whether that knowledge will be used by
war-oriented or biosphere-oriented scientists.

The military has had about twenty years to work on weather warfare
methods, which it euphemistically calls weather modification. For
example, rainmaking technology was taken for a few test rides in
Vietnam. The U.S. Department of Defense sampled lightning and hurricane
manipulation studies in Project Skyfire and Project Stormfury. And they
looked at some complicated technologies that would give big effects. Angels
Don't Play This HAARP cites an expert who says the military
studied both lasers and chemicals which they figured could damage the
ozone layer over an enemy. Looking at ways to cause earthquakes, as well
as to detect them, was part of the project named Prime Argus, decades
ago. The money for that came from the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA, now under the acronym ARPA.)

In 1994 the Air Force revealed its Spacecast 2020 master plan which
includes weather control. Scientists have experimented with weather
control since the 1940's, but Spacecast 2020 noted that "using
environmental modification techniques to destroy, damage or injure
another state are prohibited". Having said that, the Air Force
claimed that advances in technology "compels a reexamination of
this sensitive and potentially risky topic."

40 Years Of Zapping The Sky?

As far back as 1958, the chief White House advisor on weather
modification, Captain Howard T. Orville, said the U.S. defense
department was studying "ways to manipulate the charges of the
earth and sky and so affect the weather" by using an electronic
beam to ionize or de-ionize the atmosphere over a given area.

In 1966, Professor Gordon J. F. MacDonald was associate director of
the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of
California, Los Angeles, was a member of the President's Science
Advisory Committee, and later a member of the President's Council on
Environmental Quality. He published papers on the use of
environmental-control technologies for military purposes. MacDonald made
a revealing comment:

"The key to geophysical warfare is the identification of
environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of
energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy."

World-recognized scientist MacDonald had a number of ideas for using
the environment as a weapon system and he contributed to what was, at
the time, the dream of a futurist. When he wrote his chapter, "How
To Wreck The Environment", for the book Unless Peace Comes,
he was not kidding around. In it he describes the use of weather
manipulation, climate modification, polar ice cap melting or
destabilization, ozone depletion techniques, earthquake engineering,
ocean wave control and brain wave manipulation using the planet's energy
fields. He also said that these types of weapons would be developed and,
when used, would be virtually undetectable by their victims. Is HAARP
that weapon? The military's intention to do environmental engineering is
well documented.

U.S. Congress' subcommittee hearings on Oceans and International
Environment looked into military weather and climate modification
conducted in the early 1970's. "What emerged was an awesome picture
of far-ranging research and experimentation by the Department of Defense
into ways environmental tampering could be used as a weapon," said
another author cited in Angels Don't Play This HAARP.

The revealed secrets surprised legislators. Would an inquiry into the
state of the art of electromagnetic manipulation surprise lawmakers
today? They may find out that technologies developed out of the HAARP
experiments in Alaska could deliver on Gordon MacDonald's vision,
because leading-edge scientists are describing global weather as not
only air pressure and thermal systems, but also as an electrical system.

'Small Input, Big Effect'

HAARP zaps the ionosphere where it is relatively unstable. A point to
remember is that the ionosphere is an active electrical shield
protecting the planet from the constant bombardment of high-energy
particles from space. This conducting plasma, along with Earth's
magnetic field, traps the electrical plasma of space and holds it back
from going directly to the earth's surface, says Charles Yost of Dynamic
Systems, Leicester, North Carolina.

"If the ionosphere is greatly disturbed, the atmosphere below
is subsequently disturbed.".

Another scientist interviewed said there is a super-powerful
electrical connection between the ionosphere and the part of the
atmosphere where our weather comes onstage, the lower atmosphere.

What about HAARP? Energy blasted upward from an ionospheric heater is
not much compared to the total in the ionosphere, but HAARP documents
admit that thousandfold-greater amounts of energy can be released in the
ionosphere than injected. As with MacDonald's "key to geophysical
warfare", "nonlinear" effects (described in the
literature about the ionospheric heater) mean small input and large
output. Astrophysicist Adam Trombly told Manning that an acupuncture
model is one way to look at the possible effect of multi-gigawatt
pulsing of the ionosphere. If HAARP hits certain points , those parts of
the ionosphere could react in surprising ways.

Smaller ionospheric heaters such as the one at Arecibo are underneath
relatively placid regions of the ionosphere, compared to the dynamic
movements nearer Earth's magnetic poles. That adds another uncertainty
to HAARP - the unpredictable and lively upper atmosphere near the North
Pole.

HAARP experimenters do not impress common sense Alaskans such as
Barbara Zickuhr, who says "They're like boys playing with a sharp
stick, finding a sleeping bear and poking it in the butt to see what's
going to happen."

Could They Short-Circuit Earth?

Earth as a spherical electrical system is a fairly well-accepted
model. However, those experimenters who want to make unnatural power
connections between parts of this system might not be thinking of
possible consequences. Electrical motors and generators can be caused to
wobble when their circuits are affected. Could human activities cause a
significant change in a planet's electrical circuit or electrical field?
A paper in the respected journal Science deals with manmade ionization
from radioactive material, but perhaps it could also be studied with
HAARP-type skybusters in mind:

"For example, while changes in the earth's electric field
resulting from a solar flare modulating conductivity may have only a
barely detectable effect on meteorology, the situation may be different
in regard to electric field changes caused by manmade
ionization..."

Meteorology, of course, is the study of the atmosphere and weather.
Ionization is what happens when a higher level of power is zapped into
atoms and knocks electrons off the atoms. The resulting charged
particles are the stuff of HAARP. "One look at the weather should
tell us that we are on the wrong path," says Paul Schaefer,
commenting on HAARP-type technologies.

Angels Don't Play This HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology
is about the military's plan to manipulate that which belongs to the
world - the ionosphere. The arrogance of the United States government in
this is not without precedent. Atmospheric nuclear tests had similar
goals. More recently, China and France put their people's money to
destructive use in underground nuclear tests. It was recently reported
that the US government spent $3 trillion dollars on its nuclear program
since its beginnings in the 1940's. What new breakthroughs in life
science could have been made with all the money spent on death?

Begich, Manning, Roderick and others believe that democracies need to
be founded on openness, rather than the secrecy which surrounds so much
military science. Knowledge used in developing revolutionary weapons
could be used for healing and helping mankind. Because they are used in
new weapons, discoveries are classified and suppressed. When they do
appear in the work of other independent scientists, the new ideas are
often frustrated or ridiculed, while military research laboratories
continue to build their new machines for the killing fields.

However, the book by Manning and Begich gives hope that the military-
industrial- academic- bureaucratic Goliath can be affected by the
combined power of determined individuals and the alternative press.
Becoming informed is the first step to empowerment.

Ground-Based 'Star Wars'

Disaster Or 'Pure' Research?

"The earth is delicately balanced, and seeks to restore balance
when disturbed. No one really knows how ionospheric experiments will
affect that balance, or what the earth will do in response to try to
restore balance."

These words are from Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., of Toronto, Canada,
founder of the International Institute of Concern for Public Health. Dr.
Bertell was commenting on a U. S. military experiment named HAARP (High
Frequency Active Auroral Research Program). HAARP may be the test run for
a ground-based 'Star Wars' defense system. Military documents say it is
intended to disrupt portions of the ionosphere (electrically active layer
above the upper atmosphere) by heating it with powerful pulsed radio
frequency beams. Radiation that bounces back to the surface of the planet
would be in the longwave ELF (extremely low frequency) range.

Intended to be the most powerful ionospheric heater ever built, HAARP's
ground-based apparatus - an array of 48 antennae each powered by its own
transmitter - sits in the remote Alaskan wilderness northeast of the city
of Anchorage. HAARP is much more than the auroral (Northern Lights) and
radio-communications research project as is claimed by researchers at the
University of Alaska's Geophysical Institute and their financial backers -
the U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force. Any weapons system in its early stages
can be easily disguised as "pure" research. The fact is however,
that HAARP is a military experiment aimed at invasively manipulating the
ionosphere by beaming high energy upward from the ground. Such activity
could potentially disrupt natural systems on the earth and high above it.

Individual members of the European Parliament are among the growing
number of people worldwide who have been startled to hear about HAARP.
Voices expressing various levels of concern are being heard in many
countries. For example, in contrast with the cautiously-worded comment of
Dr. Bertell, a Germany-based researcher in the field of quantum
electrodynamics, Al Zielinski, paints an apocalyptic word-picture. (He
says HAARP technology could trigger a disaster with a global impact -
electromagnetic waves causing destruction "when interacting with
protective layers of the earth and its gravitational field".)

The ionosphere seems very far away, but even when undisturbed by humans
it affects our everyday lives. For example, radio broadcasts are bounced
off this electrically charged layer which lies between forty and six
hundred miles above the surface of the earth, just above the ozone layer.
The ionosphere is alive with electrical activity, so much so that its
processes are "non-linear". This means that the ionosphere is
dynamic, and its reactions to experiments are unpredictable.

The concept of non-linear is important in understanding the concerns of
independent scientists who are knowledgeable about advanced physics and
who warn against brash high-energy experiments on the ionosphere.
Non-linear processes can change suddenly and unexpectedly, or they can
increase in power dramatically. Some theorists such as Zielinski say that
a non-linear process can under certain conditions tap into the background
energy of space, which is also called "zero-point fluctuations of the
vacuum".

Studying radio communications by using a tool as powerful as HAARP is a
worthy scientific task in the opinion of the authors, but some independent
researchers question whether the means justifies the end. Is it wise to
poke holes in Earth's electrical umbrella? Is it wise to prod a dynamic
natural system without knowing how it might react?

HAARP-Type Technology Could Perform A Variety Of Tricks

HAARP is intended to heat and lift a portion of the ionosphere above a
selected location or locations on the planet in order to make a huge
invisible "mirror" for bouncing electromagnetic radiation back
to the surface of Earth. Why? The answer is that the U.S. military wants
to:

communicate with its submerged submarines by penetrating the oceans
with ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) radiations.

penetrate the land with ELF in order to search for hidden tunnels or
other sites of military interest (a process known as earth-penetrating
tomography).

What else could a HAARP-type project do in the near future? If the
technology is scaled up in size, it could:

Shield a territory from intercontinental ballistic missiles

Fry satellites

Discriminate between incoming objects (missiles)

Enhance communications

Disrupt communications over a large area of the globe

Change the chemical structure of the upper atmosphere and possibly
alter the weather

Affect human mental functioning

Impact the health of humans and other biological systems.

Ionospheric heaters as a class of research instruments are nothing new;
they have operated in Puerto Rico, the former Soviet Union and Tromso,
Norway (operated by Max Planck Insitut fur Aeronomie) as well as at
another site in Alaska. But what is being tested in the Alaskan wilderness
since 1994 is new -- a tool that can focus and steer the radio frequency
energy upward. This makes it capable of hitting the ionosphere with a far
greater impact than possible from the previous design of heaters.

As HAARP's focused radio-frequency beams heat and boil targeted
locations of the ionosphere, Earth's electrical system will be injected
with a further excess of high-energy particles. What happens when a
saturated system is infused repeatedly with too much energy? This question
has been raised by independent physicists.

Each experiment with the HAARP is a test run for what can later be a
powerful multi-purpose tool for the United States military. When
completely built, the tool will beam an immense amount of focused
radio-frequency energy upward, heating and therefore lifting a part of the
ionosphere. To picture how HAARP works, imagine a radio telescope in
reverse; antennas that send out signals instead of receiving them. Then
imagine an array of the most powerful of such instruments, working
together to focus a beam upward.

How can a lay person understand what such a tool could do? Alaska state
legislators are not necessarily trained in science, so in the spring of
1996 their State Affairs committee called in representatives of both sides
of the HAARP controversy. (Following publication of the book Angels Don't
Play This HAARP, many Alaskans became aware of the experiment in their
backyard and asked their lawmakers to look at it.)

Alaska Lawmakers Hear Scientists' Concerns

One of the experts who testified at the State Affairs Committee hearing
was Richard Williams of Princeton, New Jersey. He has a doctorate degree
in physical chemistry from Harvard University and worked for 30 years as
an industrial scientist in solid state electronics, electronics, structure
of clouds, water evaporation and other environmental problems. Dr.
Williams is an independent scientist; he's not dependent on funding from
the military. This lends him a degree of independent judgment which
compels us to quote him at length:

"I want to alert the legislature to an activity now going on in
Alaska that, in addition to any local effect, might become a global
threat to the atmosphere. That is HAARP. The initial experiment, as
Mr.(project manager John) Hecksher said, will be done using modest power
levels and are not a cause for concern. However, the project's internal
documents indicate that plans include the eventual use of power levels
up to ten billion watts. This is an enormous power level, more than 200
times the total electrical power level used by the city of Juneau. There
could be a serious impact in the atmosphere that might result from
energies of this magnitude. Effects might include drastic alteration of
the thermal, refractive, scattering and emission character of the
atmosphere over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum."

"Experiments at this power level would produce large changes in
the concentration of charged particles in the ionosphere that would
persist for some time and might even lead to permanent changes."

Dr. Williams told the committee that he is a supporter of the armed
forces, but as a scientist he wanted to explain how "unintended
consequences of innocent and beneficial human activities can cause serious
changes on a global scale".

We introduced two examples of activities earlier this century which
caused unintentional and serious changes in the atmosphere, with effects
worldwide. The first example he cited was the growing concentration of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. "What we don't know yet is how this
will affect the delicate balance of life on earth."

The second unintended change that he cited is damage to the ozone
layer, that shields us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. "In
neither of these examples would an Environmental Impact Statement have
identified the problem in time. Do we have any way to judge what (HAARP's)
energy can do to the upper atmosphere?"

Excess Of Charged Particles, A Product Of HAARP

Perhaps, Dr. Williams offered, we do have an indicator: results of
high-altitude nuclear explosions by the US and USSR during the Cold War.
Intended to produce artificial radiation zones and possibly counteract a
threat of intercontinental ballistic missiles, the explosions resulted in
global interruptions of radio communications and profound disturbances of
the upper atmosphere, including greatly increased concentrations of
charged particles.

Following one of these tests, in July of 1962, James Van Allen used
specially-instrumented satellites to monitor the electron population in
the upper atmosphere. He reported a large initial increase in electron
population, followed by a slow decrease, with significant disturbances
still observable a year after the explosion.

"But this was just one injection of energy," Dr. Williams
said. "To develop a military system, such as the one proposed by
HAARP to communicate with submerged submarines, takes many tests, even if
the system is never used in combat. For example, for test purposes over
the years, the nuclear armed countries have exploded more than 2,000
nuclear weapons, mostly near the Earth's surface or under ground. A single
massive injection of energy into the atmosphere violently disturbs its
properties, and as Van Allen showed, the effect can last for a year or
more."

"What would be the effect of repeatedly injecting high energy
thousands of times? I believe the answer is that no one knows."

Those were changes of the atmosphere on a global scale, Dr. Williams
noted. He pondered the possibility of additional, special, effects for
polar regions, where the upper atmosphere has unique properties. Showers
of charged particles coming from storms on the sun veer toward the poles,
where they enter the atmosphere and produce the northern lights; some
changes in the ozone layer have been most extreme over Antarctica and the
far North. "Any future global changes in the atmosphere might well be
noticed first in polar regions. Alaska may get the first warning of coming
changes. And serve as the miner's canary for the rest of the world. If
this happened, Alaska's state motto, 'North to the Future', would take on
an unintended and ironic meaning."

"For any program that might damage the atmosphere on a global
scale, we need to have full warning of the plans in advance, and informed
public discussion, to justify the activity and identify all possible
hazards."

Controversial Views

Dr. William Gordon (Ph.D. at Rice University, an electrical engineer
specializing in radio communications) has worked on an ionospheric heater
project and said there is "no convincing evidence" that exposure
to low frequency electric or magnetic fields causes monitorable health
hazards. He said the U.S. Navy has sponsored a series of studies asking if
their ELF transmitters in the states of Wisconsin and Michigan have caused
harm.

"The results are not all in, but from the material I have looked
at, operation of the ELF facility does not produce ecological
effects..." While testifying at the legislative hearing he claimed
that operation of very powerful transmitters have no adverse health
effects.

Dr. Patrick Flanagan of Arizona disagrees. Dr. Flanagan also gave
telephoned testimony. Since the proponents of HAARP focused attention on
whether those questioning the project have prestigious academic
backgrounds, Dr. Begich introduced Patrick Flanagan at length:

He has a doctorate in both medicine and physics and has experience in
government weapons projects: he developed and sold a guided missile
detector to the U.S. military when still a youth. Later he developed an
electronic device for communication with the brain. Dr. Flanagan worked
with a Pentagon think tank that was run by the former head of the Office
of Scientific Research. He also developed speech encoding systems. He has
worked for NASA, Tufts University, the Office of Naval Research, and at
the Aberdeen Proving Grounds for the Department of Unconventional Weapons
and Warfare.

The major portion of Dr. Flanagan's life work, however, has been on
electromagnetic fields and their effects on living systems. In 1968 he
turned his back on government-sponsored research, and since then has done
independent research in his own laboratory.

Max Planck Institute Points To Health Effects

Possible effects of future HAARP fields on living systems is a concern
that should be discussed, Dr. Flanagan told the committee. "One of
the purposes of HAARP is to develop ELF (extremely low frequency)
capability, for transmitting high-energy ELF waves, from .001 HZ all the
way up to 40 Kilohertz, as described in (the military's) literature."

In the meantime, new research by other scientists shows that ELF
signals may have profound effects on living organisms. Dr. Flanagan cited
the example of known effects of ELF on the Circadian rhythms, which is the
biological clock, of all living organisms including humans.

"The Max Planck Institute in Germany has done quite a bit of work
on this, showing that very low energy levels - in fact, energy levels that
are one tenth of the strength of the earth's magnetic field, can have
profound effects on these rhythms... Mr. Hecksher and his colleagues may
say that ELF fields from HAARP are not harmful, but remember -- our
government once sprayed DDT (pesticide) on school children while they were
eating lunch, and said this was not harmful..."

Dr. Flanagan in his brief testimony cited a study by a researcher at
Catholic University which showed that coherent ELF fields, which is what
HAARP will generate, can have an effect on DNA. For example they create
abnormal development in chicken embryos and "possibly in
humans".

In reply to denial by a military representative, Dr. Flanagan said
there are thousands of papers written by reputable scientists on the
negative effects of ELF fields on living systems. The Environmental
Protection Agency released a report in 1991 linking electromagnetic fields
to leukemia and brain cancer in children, for example. Flanagan continues,
"we have a paper here that was just published in 1996 entitled Superimposing
Spatially Coherent Electromagnetic Noise Inhibits Field-induced
Abnormalities in Developing Chick Embryos. The paper shows that
very low energy ELF fields develop abnormalities in developing chick
embryos." (The fields could be counteracted by applying a white noise
field.) "There is a tremendous amount of background literature on
this. So ELF fields are not just harmless, as is being implied.... I don't
think the question of electromagnetic safety has been entered at
all."

No National Flags Waving In The Ionosphere

Mark Farmer, a journalist from Juneau, Alaska, also testified. Farmer
prefaced his testimony by reminding the military representatives that he
quotes statements from their own documents. Farmer's articles have been
published in the prestigious defense magazine, Janes Defense Weekly, and
in Popular Science magazine.

Farmer agreed that HAARP needs independent monitoring but he is not
opposed to HAARP and appreciates the instrumentation. Particularly because
it is currently only one-tenth of its eventual size "...the actual
transmitter, as Mr. Hecksher says, is going to be a complex of incoherent
scatter radars, some imaging devices. The super computer from UAF
(University of Alaska, Fairbanks) is going to be tied in I imagine, for
diagnostics. There's a spun liquid mercury mirror that's being put in.
This is cutting-edge stuff and we in Alaska are lucky to have it, in some
respects. I am generally in favor of the program, but the oversight
(monitoring of the project) stinks."

"There is no supranational treaty that deals with the upper
atmosphere or the ionosphere like there is for Antarctica or outer
space," Farmer continued.

"I doubt if the power levels of HAARP are going to do anything
really bad, but I don't know. Back in the 1950s and 1960s we blew up
hydrogen bombs in the upper atmosphere... that delivered a lot more energy
than HAARP can. But with (HAARP's) beam-steering, the pulsing
capabilities, and maybe some instigation from secret organizations or
counterproliferation groups within the U. S. government, there could be
some bad effects."

"So there needs to be oversight other than the military."
Farmer noted that Phillips laboratory, where HAARP's project manager is
based, does basic research, as does the Office of Naval Research. But they
also build secret weapons.

Most of Farmer's writing involves a covert testing base in Nevada
called Area 51; he has spent much time in that area and in observing
military secrecy tactics. He does not see HAARP itself as a secret
project, but added that he does believe there are some secret initiatives.
HAARP documents are unclassified "at least that I've been able to
find. But there are classified documents dealing with 'Star Wars'
(Strategic Defense Initiative) related projects such as using ionospheric
heaters, back in the '1980s, which HAARP is actually a spinoff from."

HAARP technology could be used for beneficial purposes, Farmer said.
However, if people outside the military lose interest in asking that
HAARP's power levels and purposes be monitored by independent science
councils, then the hidden world of defense corporations will probably step
in. "The black programs will probably seep in from the side. And
there will be secret initiatives."

Could Other Countries Build Powerful Zappers?

One of the legislators, Representative Green, asked if HAARP is opening
a "Pandora's box" - other countries would soon have whatever
technology is developed in HAARP. Could what begins in its simplistic
form, safe and controllable, later be used as a weapon by increasing the
level of energy, and possibly detrimental effects, over selected areas?

Edward Kennedy, from Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., who
is a technical interface between the contractor for HAARP (Raytheon
Corporation) and the government, said that is difficult to answer.
"We in the United States have no control over what other countries
might do." However, he said, most other countries probably would not
be able to finance building such a powerful instrument.

HAARP project manager John Hecksher told the committee that the
ionospheric heater in Norway is comparable to HAARP: it has an antenna
array very much like what HAARP will have. However, regarding HAARP's
ability to create a narrow beam, Norway's instrument is two or three times
less powerful than what HAARP will become.

Dr. Begich wanted the discussion to focus on the unique features of
HAARP technology, not merely on power levels transmitted from the ground.
The significant feature which distinguishes HAARP from other ionospheric
heater projects operating around the world is the focusing capability of
this particular design. The ability to focus radio-frequency energy into a
narrow beam and to steer that beam gives it a powerful advantage in
"perturbing the ionosphere".

Dr. Siun Akasofu, head of the University of Alaska's Geophysical
Institute, argued that speaking about the focusing is misleading and that
even if the radio-frequency beam is focused, "...the amount of energy
going into the ionosphere is so little that you cannot see any light
coming from the ionosphere. One of most sensitive instruments in the world
cannot see it. On the other hand, look at the aurora; you can see it with
your naked eye." (We experienced Dr. Akasofu's statement as being
strange, because the scientific literature on ionospheric heaters is full
of references to "enhanced airglow" from the experiments.)

Dr. Begich and Dr. Flanagan asked the committee to look at the absence
of independent biological scientists and people with backgrounds in
electrophysiology, in the think tanks where HAARP-type experiments are
hatched. People with those backgrounds are also concerned, he said, that
using a tool for disturbing the ionosphere is not a decision that should
be made only by the United States; it's a global issue.

Alaska may acquire a defense shield in the form of an advanced
HAARP-type technology, Dr. Begich noted. "But it has to be reviewed
from a biological standpoint, not just a mechanical standpoint."

Changing Statements About Power Levels

At the legislative hearing, HAARP employees focused on HAARP's current
power levels, while the researchers on the other side of the controversy
focused attention on the direction in which the power levels for the
project are heading.

Has the military decided to downsize this current program they call
HAARP because of public attention to it? At the legislative hearing, a
representative of the military said the current developmental prototype of
HAARP is capable of 3.6 kilowatts of radiated power. The full scale
prototype will provide up to ten times that, or about 3,600 kilowatts, he
said.

Dr. Patrick Flanagan noted that "the power levels described by Dr.
Hecksher aren't consistent with a statement he made on a TV show
(Sightings). When he was interviewed, (Dr. Hecksher) said the HAARP system
can punch holes through the ionosphere and these holes would heal shortly
after a HAARP system was turned off."

To punch a hole through the ionosphere would take more than the alleged
3,600 kilowatts, Dr. Flanagan indicated. He did mention, however, that
there was another disturbing possibility: the "maser amplification of
the HAARP energy. For example, if HAARP is applying 3,600 kilowatts to the
ionosphere, there's a possibility of what is called maser amplification of
that energy by charged particles in the ionosphere...the energy is powered
by the energy from the sun. So that these charged particles in the
ionosphere can be caused to mase... So that puts out more energy than
HAARP is putting in."

What do the military planners have in mind? Technical Memorandum 195,
an unpublished 613-page compilation concerning the HAARP Workshop on
Ionospheric Heating Diagnostics, (held in 1991 at Hanscom Air Force Base,
Massachusetts) includes this piece of information: the desired level of
power for HAARP is 100 billion watts, vastly greater than what the
military is now claiming as a goal. Other documents from the military were
openly published and refer to power levels between one and ten gigawatts
(billion watts).

Whatever the eventual power level it does not take much power bouncing
back to the surface of the earth to affect living organisms. Dr. Nick
Begich also told the State Affairs Committee about a substantial amount of
science literature on the topic that has been published as recently as the
early 1990s. The findings suggest that lower levels of energy (lower than
previously believed) can affect human physiology. These studies are the
most significant aspect of what has not been properly disclosed by those
responsible for the HAARP project's safety, he testified. The project
began when the debate over effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
was still in its infancy. Since then, many scientists have come to the
conclusion that lower energy densities, when pulsed in the right frequency
range, will have profound health effects.

Biohazards of Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)

In reporting on the HAARP project the issue of extremely low
frequency (ELF) impacts on human health has been raised. The debate on
the impact of ELF is still ongoing in international medical circles.
However, recent research points to the fact that these frequencies when
shaped and transferred to humans cause significant reactions. In our
book, Angels Don't Play this HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology,
we explore some of these reactions.

HAARP is not the only system available for taking advantage of these
new technologies. The military has developed smaller weapon systems for
use in battlefield applications. These new weapons were disclosed in
documents authored and compiled by the United States Air Force. The Air
Force documents indicate that these weapons can be used for mind
control, inducing heart attacks, causing electronic failures and
creating computer malfunctions. More recently these new weapons have
been revealed in International Red Cross documents and in other press
reports. In a CBS - 60 Minutes broadcast on February 11, 1996 a report
on some of these new systems was shown. The program discussed some of
the effects of these new weapons which included disorientation and
"flu-like symptoms".

This new classification of weapons has created some level of concern
on the part of military planners in trying to find a way to introduce
these systems. The United States Army has developed a concept called the
Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) which begins to unfold the weapons
introduction plan. What this document points out is that many of these
weapons will operate in a way which is in conflict with American values.
The Army realizes that the conflict with our values exists and openly
discusses the problem it presents. The Army then goes on to describe a
number of ways to reshape those values so that these new weapons can be
used. The basic problem, from this writers perspective, is that the U.
S. Army's role in the American scene is not intended to "shape and
form public values", rather it is supposed to "reflect"
American values. The idea that any branch of government should see their
role as one of setting the national ethic is wrong.

The United States military has taken advantage of the basic research
which demonstrates the effects of various types of electromagnetic
radiation. This research is being used for weapons development. These
new technologies have been, in part, transferred to the United States
Justice Department for use in domestic police actions. The technology
transfers have been made over the last several years. Three conferences
were held between 1985 and 1993 in order to gradually introduce the
technologies. The last conference included discussions of pulsed radio
frequency systems and was considered so sensitive that the entire
meeting was classified by the Department of Defense and the program
sponsor -- Los Alamos Laboratory. This last meeting has led to policy
development which now permits technology transfers from the military to
the United States Department of Justice.

There are a number of documented effects of these low levels of
electromagnetic radiation. The effects can be positive or negative
depending upon the intent of the operators. In Europe, and elsewhere,
the use of these low levels of electromagnetic radiations are being
applied to the development of very effective healing systems. In future
articles we will be discussing the findings of researchers and
clinicians who are using these new electromedical systems. Significant
work has been done in nonsurgical applications for treating heart
disease, cancer, diabetes and numerous other disorders. However, on the
dark side of these technologies is the military. The Department of
Defense uses the same basic information for developing weapons which
attack health.

The use of these new weapons in altering and manipulating human brain
functions is startling. In November, 1995, I asked Dr. Patrick Flanagan
if there was a way to guard against low level radiations in the ELF
range. These are the frequency ranges which can cause disruptions in the
human brain. He considered the question and then described the following
equipment configuration for use in a home or work place:

Dr. Flanagan suggested that a circuit be constructed. The system he
described would start with a "white noise" generator. (These
are available from organizations like the Sharper Image.) The white
noise generator speaker would be disconnected and the speaker's wire
leads would be connected to the input side of a power amplifier. The
output side of that power amplifier would then be connected to an
insulated copper wire which would be looped once around the area which
was to be protected against ELF. This circuit would provide protection
for low power density ELF signals. The purpose of the system is to
create a situation where the ELF signals cannot "lock" onto
biological systems -- like human beings. The effectiveness of the system
would be based upon its actual construction and the ELF power levels in
the area. The components for construction can be readily obtained from
electronic supply houses and can be built by people skilled in
electronics to assure that the components sizes match correctly.

While we realize that many people will not be able to construct these
devices themselves we looked into the possibility of producing them. Dr.
Flanagan has designed two systems. One for personal use has been
designed which can be kept close to your body and kept with you
throughout the day. The device does not have any physical effect on the
user it only serves to dissipate radiations which would otherwise have a
negative physical effect. This device is about the size of a cassette
tape. A second device has been designed for use in the home. This device
is intended to remain in the house or work location in a fixed position.
Both of these devices will be made available in the next several months.
The cost of the home unit will be about $300. The cost of the personal
unit will be about $100.

It is also important to note is that this system will also guard
against other ELF sources which may be present in the home which are
created by appliances, power lines, etc.

If you have an interest in obtaining either of these devices we are
maintaining an "interest file" for the release of the first
production run on this device. Send a self addressed stamped envelope to
the Earthpulse Press and when these units are available we will notify
you. The initial production quantities will be limited but the device
will continue to be manufactured as long as there is a demand.

Waking up the Military

Editor's Note: The following letter is reprinted with
permission of Trustees for Alaska. This organization is pursuing inquiries
into the HAARP program. We are cooperating with them in their attempt to
help in this matter. The letter encapsulates the latest information on
this project.

The primary support for our efforts in opposing the HAARP program has
come from conservative organizations who have, over the last year, asked
us where the environmental community was on the issue. We are pleased to
be joined in our opposition to HAARP with what is quickly becoming a
coalition of both conservative and liberal organizations. The true
American character is demonstrated when issues of mutual importance can
be embraced by diverse interest groups and, most importantly, by
remarkable individuals.

Trustees for Alaska, on behalf of itself, Greenpeace, National
Audubon Society, Alaska Center for the Environment, Sierra Club, Alaska
Wildlife Alliance, Northern Alaska Environmental Center and National
Wildlife Federation, hereby request that the United States Air Force
prepare a supplement to the July 1993 Final Environmental Impact
Statement (FEIS) for the operation of the High-frequency Active Auroral
Research Program (HAARP). As you have correctly noted in various fora
(including at the recent State of Alaska House of Representatives, State
Affairs Committee HAARP Oversight Hearing), the Air Force has a
continuing duty to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
by preparing a supplemental EIS should certain conditions be met.

As detailed below, given the apparent substantial changes in the
project and significant new information relevant to environmental
concerns about HAARP, we believe this duty has been triggered. Should
the Air Force disagree as to the mandatory nature of this duty, we still
request that a supplemental EIS be prepared using your discretionary
authority to do so. Finally, the Air Force should fund and support an
independent review and monitoring effort to alleviate the public's
concerns about the project.

I. The National Environmental Policy Act

To put our request in context, and before we enter into a discussion
of the changed factual circumstances mandating the preparation of a
supplemental EIS, we set out a brief overview of the relevant legal
structure. As you know, NEPA requires a federal agency to prepare an EIS
whenever it undertakes a "major...action significantly affecting
the quality of the human environment." 42U.S.C.'4332(2)(C). The Air
Force recognized that HAARP triggered the NEPA duty to prepare an EIS
and, in the summer of 1993, the Air Force, in cooperation with the Navy,
released the Final Environmental Impact Statement for HAARP. See FEIS
Volumes I and II (July 15, 1993). Later that year, the Air Force issued
its decision to proceed with the project. See Record of Decision (ROD)
(October 18, 1993).

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is the principal agency
responsible for the administration of NEPA. 42U.S.C.'4342. CEQ has
enacted regulations implementing NEPA. 40 C.F.R. 1500.1 et seq. The CEQ
regulations require federal agencies to supplement an EIS when: (i) The
agency makes substantial changes in the proposed action that are
relevant to environmental concerns; or (ii) There are significant new
circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns and
bearing on the proposed action or its impacts. 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.9(c)(1).

In addition to the CEQ regulations, each federal agency has its own
set of regulations adapting the CEQ regulations to the activities of
each agency. See e.g. 32 C.F.R. Part 187 (Department of Defense); 32
C.F.R. Part 989 (Department of the Air Force); 32 C.F.R. Part 775
(Department of the Navy). Consistent with the CEQ regulations, the
Department of Defense regulations require EIS supplementation when:
substantial changes to the proposed action are made relative to the
environment of the global commons or when significant new information or
circumstances, relevant to environmental concerns, bears on the proposed
action or its environmental effects on the global commons. 32 C.F.R.
Part 187, Enclosure 1, para. D4; see also 32 C.F.R. Part 18, Enclosure
1, para. D4 (requiring supplementation for Department of Defense actions
with effects in the United States); 32 C.F.R. 989.20(b) (same for the
Air Force).

As the United States Supreme Court has stated, the test for
supplementation is based on a "rule of reason": If there
remains a "major federal action" to occur, and if the new
information is sufficient to show that the remaining action will
"affect the quality of the human environment" in a significant
manner or to a significant extent not already considered, a supplemental
. . . [impact statement] must be prepared. Marsh v. Oregon Natural
Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 373-74 (1989).

Finally, an agency also has the discretion to prepare a supplement to
an EIS if it "determines that the purposes of [NEPA] will be
furthered by doing so." 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.9(c)(2).

II. Factual Background

As you know, in late 1993, the Air Force, in cooperation with the
Navy, began construction of HAARP in Gakona, Alaska. The main element of
HAARP is a large radio wave transmitter which "utilize[s] powerful,
high frequency (HF) transmissions and a variety of associated
observational instruments to investigate naturally occurring and
artificially induced ionospheric processes that support, enhance or
degrade the propagation of radio waves." ROD at 1. Construction of
the HAARP facility is currently scheduled to be completed within six or
seven years and presently it runs at about ten percent of projected
power levels. See O'Harra, HAARP's Mixed Signals; Solid Research Or
Menace To Alaskans, Anchorage Daily News (April 7, 1996).

As the Air Force originally explained, HAARP is aimed at studying the
ionosphere, "with particular emphasis placed on being able to
better understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance
systems for both civil and defense purposes." FEIS Vol. I at iii.
As an example, one touted potential military benefit from the project is
the development of a communication system for use with submerged
submarines.

The Air Force, in the FEIS, detailed its view of the impacts of the
project. The Air Force focused almost exclusively on the local and
regional impacts of HAARP, primarily on things such as impacts to
animals, degradation of air quality and vegetation loss due to
construction activities. FEIS at 3-1 to 3-165. The Air Force deemed
HAARP's effects to the atmosphere and biological effects to be
non-existent or insignificant. See id; see also ROD at Table 2.4-1. The
only admitted potentially significant impact is "interference to
radio communication systems and electroexplosive devices during
transmitting periods." Id.

In the years since the EIS process was completed, several groups and
individuals have raised questions concerning the uses to which HAARP
will be put and the likely effects flowing from those uses. Some of
these assertions are set forth in a book, published in 1995, called Angels
Don't Play This HAARP. Manning, Begich, Angels Don't Play
This HAARP, Earthpulse Press (1995).1 In this book, the authors
set forth a detailed and fully-referenced description of HAARP and its
potential uses and effects. During the course of their research for the
book, the authors found that, rather than the innocuous project
described by the Air Force, HAARP represents a technology which could
lead to a new class of weapons that could change our world profoundly -
an all-purpose military tool. If misused, the tool could mess up the
weather. It could be used against humanity in a way that would change
what people think, believe and feel. . . . [HAARP could]:

manipulate global weather;

hurt ecosystems;

knock out electronic communications; or

change our moods and mental states.

A detailed recitation in this discussion of the assertions and facts
contained in Angels Don't Play This HAARP would serve no
useful purpose; the book stands on its own as a question mark affixed to
the Air Force's contrary description of the uses and effects of HAARP.2
As set out below, this request is based upon questions and concerns
about HAARP raised by facts surrounding both the Air Force's current
intended uses for the project and scientific evidence raising questions
about HAARP's effects.

III. The Air Force Should Supplement the HAARP EIS

The following discussion is organized into three sections. In the
first section we set out the information, gathered since the completion
of the FEIS, which suggests that substantial changes have been made to
the purposes of the project as originally described and analyzed in the
FEIS. These changes implicate environmental concerns with HAARP and
require supplementation of the EIS.

In the second section we describe the significant new information
concerning HAARP, information which is relevant to environmental
concerns about the project. The data in this section also leads to the
conclusion that the EIS must be supplemented.

Third, even if the Air Force does not determine that NEPA mandates it
to supplement the EIS, it should do so voluntarily. As the Air Force is
well aware, HAARP has resulted in a tremendous outpouring of concern
about its purposes and potential effects. This controversy -
well-founded in science or not - convincingly demonstrates that the
public participation purposes of NEPA have not been satisfied. Thus, it
is highly advisable for the Air Force to re-do the process, reaffirming
its oft-stated position that HAARP is an open and above-board project
and quelling the fears and concerns of so many people.

A. HAARP Has Undergone Substantial Changes

Again, as described by the Air Force, HAARP is a "scientific
endeavor aimed at studying basic properties and behavior of the
ionosphere, with particular emphasis placed on being able to better
understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems
for both civil and defense purposes." (FEIS Vol. I at iii). As the
Air Force has stated both in the ROD and FEIS, the environmental
concerns which flow from this rather benignly-presented project are not
significant. (See e.g., ROD at Table 2.4-1).

Clearly, the Air Force's treatment of HAARP has been less than
confidence-building. For example, it is incongruous for the Air Force to
conclude that no significant effects will flow from HAARP (with the
exception of electromagnetic and radio frequency interference which the
Air Force has pledged to mitigate when an EIS is required only for those
federal actions which have a "significant impact on the quality of
the human environment." 42 U.S.C. ' 4332(2)(C); compare 40 C.F.R.
'' 1501.4(b), 1508.9 (1988) (EIS unnecessary for major federal action
that does not significantly affect the environment). Certainly, the Air
Force should recognize this incongruity and realize that it provides a
reasonable basis for the public to question the accuracy of other
assertions made by the Air Force.

In any event, plentiful evidence exists that raises questions about
HAARP and its current and intended uses and effects. In 1994, for
example, the Senate Committee on Armed Services stated the following in
a report attached to its passage of the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1995: The committee is aware of the promising
results of the high frequency active auroral research program (HAARP).
This transmitter in Alaska, besides providing a world class research
facility for ionospheric physics, could allow earth-penetrating
tomography over most of the northern hemisphere. Such a capability would
permit the detection and precise location of tunnels, shelters, and
other underground shelters. The absence of such a capability has been
noted as a serious weakness in the Department of Defense plans for
precision attacks on hardened targets and for counterproliferation. 103d
Congress, 2d session, Report 103-282 at 86 (June 14, 1994).The Armed
Services Committee went on to state that it would condition future funds
for a "full-scale HAARP facility" on the Department of
Defense's commitment to exploring the counterproliferation possibilities
of HAARP.

The very next year, the Committee on Appropriations recommended
passage of the Department of Defense Appropriation Bill for 1996, with
specific recommendation that the Senate include substantial monies for
HAARP. 104th Congress, 1st session, Report 104-24 at 190 (July 28,
1995). This appropriation appeared under the heading "Counterproliferation
support - advanced development."

Nowhere in the HAARP FEIS does the Air Force so much as mention, much
less evaluate, the earth-penetrating tomography aspects of HAARP or its
use for counterproliferation purposes. Indeed, the Index to the FEIS
does not even contain a reference to these terms. (See FEIS Vol. I at
8-1.)

In response to a letter from a concerned citizen who raised this
issue, the Air Force admitted that earth-penetrating tomography was
"not specifically documented in the EIS" yet stated that this
use is "within original design and operating parameters which have
been identified in the FEIS." (Letter from John Heckscher, Air
Force, to Arthur Gray, NTIA November 17, 1994). Given the total lack of
reference to earth-penetrating tomography and counter-proliferation in
the FEIS, this statement does not appear supported by the record. (See
40C.F.R.'1502.8 EIS' "shall be written in plain language . . . so
that decisionmakers and the public can readily understand them");
40 C.F.R. ' 1502.13 (agency shall "briefly specify the underlying
purpose and need" of the proposed action). Indeed, given the
attention focused on this specific application of HAARP and the
substantial federal monies apparently dedicated to it, the Air Force
should not so easily dismiss this issue.

In the same Senate Report referencing the counterproliferation
purposes of HAARP, the Senate also recommended substantial
appropriations for HAARP under the heading "advanced weapons."
104th Congress, 1st session, Report 104-24 at 190 (July 28, 1995). The
Committee provided no explanation for this appropriation. Available
literature on advanced weapons systems seems to support the ability of a
HAARP-type facility to be used for these purposes. See e.g.,
International Committee of the Red Cross, Expert Meeting on Certain
Weapons Systems and on Implementation Mechanisms in International Law
(July 1994); see also Metz, Kievit, The Revolution In Military Affairs
And Conflict Short Of War, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College at 9 (July 1994); Heating Up The Air Waves, Jane's Defense
Weekly, Vol. 23, No.13; Hayeslip, Preszler, NIJ Initiative On
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons, National Institute of Justice! at 16-18 (March
1993); Edwardson, The Right To Prevent The Commission Of International
Crimes, International Health And Alternative Medicine Conference
(October 9-10, 1993); Smith, Best, Electromagnetic Man, Chapter 10 (St.
Martin's Press, N.Y. 1989).

Nevertheless, "advanced weaponry" is certainly not within
the Air Force's claimed purposes for HAARP. See FEIS. Further, in
several fora, the Air Force and other project participants repeatedly
have assured the public that there is no "classified" aspect
to HAARP. See e.g., Tape of Alaska State House of Representatives,
Committee on State Affairs, HAARP Oversight Hearing (April 2, 1996); see
also O'Harra, "HAARP's Mixed Signals; Solid Research Or Menace To
Alaskans", Anchorage Daily News (April 7, 1996). Thus, if indeed
there is an "advanced weaponry" aspect to HAARP, the Air
Force's "open-project" pronouncements counsel that such use
would be public knowledge.

Consequently, it appears that HAARP has indeed taken on a different
direction than the Air Force originally reported. NEPA thus requires
supplementation of the EIS to address these uses of HAARP and their
effects on the environment. 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.9(c)(1)(i)

B. Significant New Information Exists Concerning HAARP

The question whether significant new circumstances or information
will require EIS supplementation turns on several factors. These factors
include the environmental significance of the circumstances or
information, its probable accuracy and the degree to which the agency
had considered the circumstances or information and evaluated its
impact. See e.g., Warm Springs Dam Task Force v. Gribble, 621 F.2d 1017
(9th Cir. 1980).

Based on three draft and final reports concerning the Radiofrequency
Radiation (RFR) bioeffects of HAARP, the Air Force concluded in 1993
that there would be "[n]o bioeffects from RFR." (ROD at 9; see
also FEIS Vol. I at 3-146, 3-149, 3-150.) The primary concern with non
ionizing radiation such as RFR, as outlined by the Air Force, is the
potential for "gross heating"; that is, heat produced at
relatively high RFR intensities exceeding the thermoregulatory
capabilities of a given animal and thus causing deleterious effects. See
FEIS Vol. I at 3-147.

The Air Force also noted, however, that "[s]ome researchers have
reported bioeffects at RFR levels below those giving rise to gross
heating." The Air Force dismissed these effects because "such
reports are not universally accepted by the large majority of the
research community."

New scientific information, gathered since the 1992 date of the
studies relied upon by the Air Force, strongly counsel that the Air
Force rethink this conclusion and reexamine the bioeffects of HAARP. As
an initial matter, it is important to note that while HAARP generates
electromagnetic waves at frequencies "between approximately 3
kilohertz (kHz) and 300 gigahertz (Ghz)," (FEIS Vol. I at 3-146,4)
it does have a secondary effect in the ELF range. (HAARP Research and
Applications, A Joint Program of Phillips Laboratory and the Office of
Naval Research, Executive Summary at June 6, 1995). Specifically, the
Office of Naval Research stated that HAARP, "using the ionosphere
as an active medium, can provide secondary radiation sources in the IR,
visible, and ULF/ELF/VLF ranges."

Indeed, the Air Force itself, at least at some levels, is aware of
the biological effects of ELF fields. For example, Dr. Cletus Kanavy,
chief of the biological effects group of the Phillips Laboratory's
Electromagnetic Effects Division at Kirkland Air Force Base in New
Mexico has stated that "the entire issue of human interaction with
electromagnetic (RF & microwave) radiation is...a major national
population health concern." Biological Effects of Microwave
Radiation: A White Paper, Microwave News at 12 (September/October 1993).
Dr. Kanavy noted the "large amount of data [], both animal
experimental and human clinical [], to support the existence of chronic,
nonthermal effects." Id. These effects include behavioral
aberrations, neural network perturbations, fetal (embryonic) tissue
damage (inducing birth defects), cataractogenesis, altered blood
chemistry, metabolic changes and suppression of the endocrine and immune
systems.

Dr. Kanavy also notes that:

"[r]esearchers stress the chronic, nonthermal nature of these
effects as opposed to acute exposure level thermal effects.6 Ample
experimental evidence exists from credible researchers from
well-established and highly regarded institutions, both government and
university, to justify a national research program into the full
spectrum of biological effects of electromagnetic radiation".

Further, the Air Force's reliance on standards established by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to downplay the
likelihood of adverse bioeffects, FEIS Vol. I at 3-149, is seriously
misplaced. In discussing the IEEE and the issue of bioeffects, Dr.
Kanavas states:

"The U.S. has lagged behind badly in this kind of research.
Initially, the principal concern for human exposure to microwave
radiation was that of thermal heating of the tissues. Permissive
exposure limits were based on such criteria. These
limits...are...derived by the...IEEE. Under IEEE, a blue-ribbon panel
of experts periodically reviews the research database and assesses the
need to revise the standards. Until 1991, these standards did not
consider the possible biological effects of "pulsed"
microwaves. The 1991 standards do address the pulse condition (rather
shabbily, I believe), place [some] restrictions...and continue to use
the continuous wave time averaging technique for thermal criteria. The
existence of non-thermal effects is essentially denied by
omission...The literature published in the late 1980s is abundant with
information on nonthermal effects which are produced at levels below
the [IEEE-derived] standards."

Perhaps the Air Force rejected full consideration and analysis of the
biological effects of ELF fields in 1993 (when the Air Force issued its
ROD for HAARP) due to the rather cutting-edge nature of then-available
information. This excuse no longer exists. Scientific understanding of
bioeffects has evolved now to the point where the Air Force can no
longer deny its existence or simply dismiss this information as
"not universally accepted by the large majority of the research
community." FEIS Vol. I at 3-147. This is especially true when the
Air Force's own expert states that bioeffects are a "major
population health concern." White Paper at 12.

NEPA regulations mandate the preparation of a supplemental EIS when
there "are significant new circumstances or information relevant to
environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its
impacts." 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.9(c)(1). The scientific information on
the bioeffects of ELF fields, coupled with the fact that HAARP causes
ELF fields, mandates that the Air Force supplement the HAARP EIS.

C. NEPA Purposes Counsel Supplementation

The increasing controversy over the type and range of HAARP's effects
and public concern and outright fear of the project, especially among
those who live near the HAARP site, counsel that the Air Force reopen
the EIS process, if only to quell these fears and concerns. Indeed, NEPA
and its implementing regulations contemplate just this type of action.
The Air Force "may also prepare supplements [if it] determines that
the purposes of [NEPA] will be furthered by doing so." 40 C.F.R. '
1502.9(c)(2). As described below, NEPA purposes would certainly be
furthered by supplementing the EIS.

Congress established through NEPA that it is the policy of the
federal government to "create and maintain conditions under which
man and nature can exist in productive harmony." 42 U.S.C. '
4331(a). The goals of NEPA, intended to further this policy, are to
"place upon [a federal] agency the obligation to consider every
significant aspect of the environmental impact of [a] proposed action
[and to] ensure[] that the agency will inform the public that it has
indeed considered environmental concerns in its decisionmaking
process." Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. NRDC, 462 U.S. 87
(1983). An EIS, furthermore, "serves as an environmental full
disclosure law, providing information which Congress thought the public
should have concerning the particular environmental costs involved in a
project." Silva v. Lynn, 482 F.2d 1282 (1st Cir. 1973); see also
Sierra Club v. Hodel, 848 F.2d 1068, 1094 (10th Cir. 1988); City of
Aurora v. Hunt, 749 F.2d 1457, 1465 (10th Cir. 1984).

As the CEQ states, "public scrutiny [is] essential to
implementing NEPA" and "NEPA's purpose is not to generate
paperwork -- even excellent paperwork -- but [rather] to foster
excellent decisions." 40 C.F.R. ' 1500.1(b), (c). CEQ speaks to the
importance of the public participation purposes of NEPA in various
regulations. For example, the regulations provide that federal agencies
"shall to the fullest extent possible . . . [e]ncourage and
facilitate public involvement in decisions which affect the quality of
the human environment." 40 C.F.R. ' 1500.2(d); see also 40 C.F.R. '
1505.5(a) (agencies should make diligent efforts to involve the public).

Evidence of this concern emanates from Alaska, where some long-time
members of the State legislature have stated that they have never had so
many constituents voice fear and concern on one topic. (See e.g., Tape
of Alaska State House of Representatives, Committee on State Affairs,
HAARP Oversight Hearing, April 2, 1996); see also O'Harra, "HAARP's
Mixed Signals; Solid Research Or Menace To Alaskans", Anchorage
Daily News (April 7, 1996). In response to the concerns of their
constituents, several members of the State Legislature have held
oversight hearings on HAARP and stated that they would seek agreement
from the Air Force for a thorough, public, review of the project.

Furthermore, significant public debate about HAARP has occurred in
many other areas of the globe, including a significant debate played out
on the internet over the last couple of years. See Att. A at F-11.
Indeed, HAARP has been the subject of numerous documentary and
investigative television programs aired in Canada, Great Britain, Japan
and the United States. Additionally, radio talk shows have held
innumerable programs focused on HAARP.

The vast majority of these programs have focused on the types of
concerns expressed above; that the purposes and effects of HAARP were
never fully disclosed and that the effects have the potential to be much
more far-reaching than those noted in the FEIS.

In contrast, the EIS process resulted in comments from the public
primarily focused on construction, physical presence and
radio-interference effects of HAARP. See e.g. FEIS Vol. II, sec. 11.0.
The commenting public was most concerned with issues such as gravel
source, specific siting questions, impact on migrating birds and impact
to communication and transportation from HAARP.

In the end, NEPA's integrity is tied to the participation of the
public in the process. Sierra Club v. Hodel, 848 F.2d 1068 (10th Cir.
1988); Note, The Tenth Circuit Rediscovers NEPA's Public Participation
Policies In Sierra Club v. Hodel, 30 Natural Resources J. 203, 215
(1988). While the Air Force may have made a good faith effort to further
the purposes of NEPA through the EIS process, for whatever reason,
intense controversy about the HAARP continues. Therefore, we request
that the Air Force exercise its discretion to supplement the EIS through
a NEPA process which addresses the concerns of the affected public.

IV. The Air Force Should Support Independent Review And Monitoring

Finally, regardless of whether the Air Force agrees to supplement the
HAARP EIS, the Air Force should establish and support an independent
review and monitoring effort for HAARP. This effort would be aimed at
objectively confirming for the public the Air Force's representations
about HAARP. In this manner, the concerned public's distrust and fear of
HAARP could be directly confronted and diffused. An independent
monitoring effort would result in increased confidence among both the
local people, who must live with HAARP in their backyard, and those far
away but who are concerned about the reach of HAARP, that it cannot and
will not cause the biological and other effects of which they are so
concerned.

Such a program need not be complicated. The purpose of the effort
would be to independently verify that the HAARP facility is operating in
the manner espoused by the project participants and to make independent
determinations about whether the facility is operating with safe levels.
This is exactly the type of program members of the State legislature
have requested and is also supported by many concerned members of the
public and the scientific community.

Specifically, the Air Force could work with the public, the State
Legislature and perhaps the University of Alaska to convene a conference
on HAARP. Different viewpoints could be represented at such a
conference, which could then provide a foundation for an independent
review and monitoring effort.

V. Conclusion

While seemingly benign if one were to look solely to the government's
description of the purpose, use and effects of HAARP, information from
the popular press, independent scientists and investigative researchers
raises flags of caution. This information suggests that HAARP might be a
government project with potential impacts on many levels, including
far-reaching and little understood biological effects on humans and
animals.

Despite the data supporting the claims of these project critics, the
Air Force has not analyzed these admittedly Jules Verne-esque qualities
or potentials of HAARP. Nevertheless, an evaluation of the history of
the technology used in HAARP suggests the possibility of exactly these
kind of uses for HAARP. To the extent that the government is either
unknowingly or intentionally exploring and implicating these types of
uses and effects of HAARP, HAARP represents a potentially significant
global threat.

To be perfectly clear, we do not suggest by this request that the Air
Force, the United States or other project proponents have intended to
deceive or otherwise mislead the public about HAARP, its purposes and
effects. The fact of the matter is, however, that there simply is not
enough information about HAARP to answer all the questions raised and
referenced above and in various other fora. Perhaps it is, as the ROD
and FEIS suggest, an environmentally-benign project which may bring only
beneficial effects to mankind. If this is the case, Alaska would
rightfully be proud to be the site for such a worthy endeavor. On the
other hand, significant controversy has surrounded the project since its
inception and, as detailed above, the questions raised about HAARP have
a reasonable basis in fact.

The continuing and serious questions about HAARP reveal that,
regardless of the attempts of the Air Force to comply with the law and
otherwise inform the public, these efforts have failed. Supplementing
the EIS to address these concerns, and establishing an independent
review and monitoring program to provide objective evidence of the Air
Force's honesty and good faith, would go a long way in changing the
current climate of uncertainty and mistrust.

Thank you very much for your careful consideration of this request.
Given the rather lengthy time it can take for an agency to consider a
request such as this, we would appreciate some indication of the time
frame in which you feel it would be reasonable for us to expect a
decision. For this purpose, and to direct any comments, questions or
further information having to do with this request, please contact:

cc (w/out att.): Vice President Al Gore
Governor Tony Knowles
United States Senator Ted Stevens
State of Alaska Representative Gene Kubina
State of Alaska Representative Jeannette James
Tim Wirth, United States State Department
Katie McGinty, United States Council on Environmental Quality

We assume that the Air Force is familiar with this book and has a
copy of it. If this is not the case, please let us know and we will
gladly provide one for the record. Throughout the remainder of this
request letter, we reference multiple authorities, most of which,
due to their HAARP-focused subject matter, we assume the Air Force
has in its possession. To the extent this is not true, again, just
let us know and we will provide copies for the record. Other, less
HAARP-specific or more recent references are provided as attachments
to this request.

Several other popular press articles have raised similar questions
about HAARP and its purpose and effects. See e.g., Farmer,
"Mystery in Alaska", Popular Science (September 1995);
Zickuhr, "Project HAARP: The Military's Plan To Alter the
Atmosphere", Earth Island Journal (1994). Most recently, the
Anchorage Daily News presented a cover story on HAARP in its We
Alaskans Sunday magazine. O'Harra, "HAARP's Mixed Signals;
Solid Research Or Menace To Alaskans", Anchorage Daily News
(April 7, 1996).

The Air Force recently stated that "biologists and
environmental specialists advising HAARP indicated that there is no
rational reason to be concerned" about biological and
geophysical issues regarding ionospheric facilities. Letter from
John Heckscher, Air Force, to NTIA (Nov. 17, 1994).

A recent report from the Office of Naval Research describes
HAARP's operating frequency somewhat narrower than the FEIS:
"the primary energy of [HAARP] is confined in the frequency
range from 2.8 to 10 Mhz." HAARP Research and Applications, A
Joint Program of Phillips Laboratory and the Office of Naval
Research, Executive Summary at 6 (June 1995).

There are over 50 references dealing with the topic of
electromagnetic fields and bioeffects cited in this article alone.
See id. at 415-16.

HAARP Updates

HAARP continues to occupy a significant amount of our attention and
has remained the focus of much of our current work. We have had the
opportunity to speak out about this project in numerous radio and
television programs. In addition, a number of news articles have begun
to be published throughout the country on this very important subject.
We are thankful to all of the media people which have granted us time to
bring our work out in front of the citizenry. The issue has not slowed
down in terms of general interest in the topic. The story has served as
a catalyst for involvement in political and governmental affairs for
many individuals.

We have received a number of articles and news clippings from across
the country which has provided a good deal of material for use in this
publication. One of the most interesting pieces of information arrived
just after the book was published.

An article, "Behind the Russian SDI Offer: A Scientific,
Technological, and Strategic Revolution", appeared in the magazine
21st Century in the summer of 1993. The article was based on a front
page story appearing in a Soviet government newspaper, Izvestia, on
April 2, 1993. The article disclosed a whole new area of science and
invited the United States to participate in the joint development of
this new technology in a "Star Wars" weapons program. The
initiative indicated that the Russians were far ahead in many of the
areas important to the development of this "Star Wars"
technology. One of the key components of the Russian technology was
their greater understanding of "nonlinear" processes involved
in the generation, propagation and absorption of powerful pulses of
electro-magnetic radiations.

What are "nonlinear" processes? This relates to the idea of
a small input of additional energy creating a disproportionally larger
output of energy. A research scientist, Al Zielinski, recently sent us
the following example of nonlinear effects:

Experiment #1

Imagine we had an unlimited amount of dominoes and we lined them up
from here to, let's say, Paris. Then we could tip the first domino with
10 grams; it will fall down and cause the second domino to tumble, too,
etc. The first action of 10 grams will cause all the dominoes to tumble
including the last domino in Paris.

From this experiment we should understand that it is not the 10 gram
action that causes all the dominoes to tumble, but the 10 gram action
just creates an imbalance of the first domino. It is the gravity,
however, that causes the dominoes to fall. In other words: only a 10
gram action is required to trigger a gravitational activity of all our
dominoes from here to Paris.

Experiment #2

Imagine we had an unlimited amount of special dominoes of which only
the first one we line up here is of normal size, and all the subsequent
dominoes we line up again from here to Paris are of continuously
increased size. By the time we reached Paris, the last domino block
would be 1000 meters high and weigh millions of tons. Again we tip the
first domino here with 10 grams, which will fall down causing all the
subsequent dominoes to tumble. By the time the gravitational action
reaches Paris, the last domino in Paris will smash the Eiffel Tower.

From this experiment we should understand that it is not the 10 gram
action here that will smash the Eiffel Tower in Paris, but it is the
gravitational energy that is picked up on the way to Paris that smashes
the Eiffel Tower.

In other words: only a 10 gram action is required to trigger a
non-linear gravitational activity which will cause the destruction of
the Eiffel Tower.

With the above examples in mind imagine the nonlinear effects of 1
billion watts of effective radiated power being directed at the
ionosphere by the HAARP transmitter. This is the first phase capability
of the project. The second phase will increase the effective radiated
power levels even further -- to 4.7 billion watts! In our book we point
out that energy in certain frequencies when reaching the outermost
portions of the ionosphere can be amplified up to 1000 times by natural
processes. This phenomena has been recorded by scientists at UCLA who
have observed the results of these power amplifications at a fraction of
the power level which HAARP will transfer to this region. This is
extremely important in considering what may occur with this level of
energy. A serious environmental disaster may well be the result.

The earlier referenced article from 21st Century magazine goes on to
describe the implications of the use of phased array antennas and their
potentials at 1 billion watt power levels. This is the antenna array
HAARP uses and the level of power it is designed to broadcast. What the
article describes is a system which can be used for knocking down
missiles and aircraft by effecting their guidance systems and creating
atmospheric disturbances which lead to them crashing. They also talk
about the ability, at lower power levels, to be able to look down from
the ionosphere and detect cruise missiles and other incoming objects
utilizing what was described as an advanced form of radar. Again this is
exactly what has been described in the HAARP patents.

Plasma is a term for an electrically conductive state of matter
generated from a gas. It can be created by action of extreme heat,
powerful electromagnetic fields and by high levels of focused radio
frequency energy such as the energy created with the HAARP instrument.
21st Century magazine suggests that, "The term plasmoid refers to
the fact that under certain conditions a plasma can develop a
self-contained, self-stabilizing structure based on the magnetic and
other effects of internal configurations of electric currents within the
plasma." This particular concept is important when referring to the
concept of "painting the ionosphere" which was described by
the military in the HAARP documents. This is in fact what the military
will do with HAARP for certain applications. These plasmas are much
different than those described in fusion research in that they involve
very low electron energies. What is known is that although they are
"cool" by comparison to fusion plasmas they are remarkably
long lived and strong when generated in certain gases. Those specific
gases include nitrogen and oxygen, the major components of the earth's
atmosphere!

So what does all of this translate into? According to the article it
is suggested that this technology can be used for modifying the
ionosphere over very large areas for "over-the-horizons"
telecommunications disruption, creating computer errors and perhaps even
creating negative biological effects. What is known from other
government documents, HAARP planning documents and International Red
Cross documents is that all of this is possible with these new systems.
What is also known now is that a single complex system can combine radar
tracking with a speed-of-light means of destruction - the plasmoid. This
is but one application of HAARP. The writers of the 21st Century article
were not acquainted with the patents regarding HAARP or they would have
recognized that the United States military was not interested in the
Russian overture of cooperation because we already possessed the means
to produce these effects. What also rings throughout the article brings
us back to where we began our research into the HAARP system two years
ago - to the ideas of Nikola Tesla. A New York Times article of December
8, 1915 says:

"Nikola Tesla, the inventor, has filed patent applications on
the essential parts of a machine, possibilities which test a layman's
imagination and promise a parallel of Thor's shooting thunderbolts
from the sky to punish those who had angered the gods...Suffice it to
say that the invention will go through space with a speed of 300 miles
a second, a manless ship without propelling engine or wings sent by
electricity to any desired point on the globe on its errand of
destruction, if destruction its manipulator wishes to effect."

'It is not a time,' said Dr. Tesla yesterday, 'to go into the
details of this thing. It is founded upon a principle that means great
things in peace; it can be used for great things in war. But I repeat,
this is no time to talk of such things.'

'It is perfectly practicable to transmit electrical energy without
wires and produce destructive effects at a distance. I have already
constructed a wireless transmitter which makes this possible, and have
described it in my technical publications, among which I refer to my
patent number 1,119,732 recently granted. With transmitters of this
kind we are enabled to project electrical energy in any amount to any
distance and apply it for innumerable purposes, both in war and peace.
Through the universal adoption of this system, ideal conditions for
the maintenance of law and order will be realized, for then the energy
necessary to the enforcement of right and justice will be normally
productive, yet potential, and in any moment available, for attack and
defense. The power transmitted need not be necessarily destructive,
for, if distance is made to depend upon it, its withdrawal or supply
will bring about the same results as those now accomplished by force
of arms.'

A second article also appeared in the New York Times, on September
22, 1940 and read:

"Nikola Tesla, one of the truly great inventors, who
celebrated his eighty-fourth birthday on July 10, tells the writer
that he stands ready to divulge to the United States government the
secret of his 'teleforce', with which, he said, airplane motors would
be melted at a distance of 250 miles, so that an invisible Chinese
Wall of Defense would be built around the country..."

"This 'teleforce', he said, is based upon an entirely new
principle of physics that 'no one has ever dreamed about', different
from the principle embodied in his inventions relating to the
transmission of electrical power from a distance, for which he has
received a number of basic patents. This new type of force, Mr. Tesla
said, would operate through a beam one one hundred-millionth of a
square centimeter in diameter, and could be generated from a special
plant that would cost no more than $2,000,000 and would take only
about three months to construct."

"The beam, he states, involves four new inventions, two of
which already have been tested. One of these is a method and apparatus
for producing rays 'and other manifestations of energy' in free air,
eliminating the necessity for a high vacuum; a second is a method and
process for producing 'very great electrical force'; the third is a
method for amplifying this force and the fourth is a new method for
producing 'a tremendous electrical repelling force'. This would be the
projector, or gun, of the system. The voltage for propelling the beam
to its objective, according to the inventor, will attain a potential
of 50,000,000 volts."

"With this enormous voltage, he said, microscopic electrical
particles of matter will be catapulted on their mission of defensive
destruction. He has been working on this invention, he added, for many
years and has recently made a number of improvements in it."

As the ideas reverberate through my mind I cannot help but to feel
that we again are walking down a darkened road of destruction. We are
again on a path which may in fact lead to greater problems than those we
seek to solve by tampering with the ionosphere.

In March 1996 the military begins to demonstrate the
earth-penetrating-tomography applications of this technology --the idea
of "x-raying" the earth with ELF waves generated by HAARP.
These waves will pass through every living thing in the path and may
have perceptible effects on people's health. This demonstration of this
capability is critical for the military to gain the additional funding
for the second phase of their project. That phase was originally
estimated at $175 million dollars and will give the military power
levels of 4.7 billion watts of effective radiated power.

Politically, things are only beginning to move as the opposition to
this project continues to grow. Researchers, independent scientists and
most importantly lay people all over the world are beginning to let
their ideas be felt on this very important issue. Elsewhere in this
microbook is an essay on creating political realities. We ask all of our
readers to consider taking a step for change and activating some of the
ideas contained in that essay.

Terrorists In The News

Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
DoD News Briefing
Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen

Monday, April 28, 1997 - Cohen's keynote address at the Conference on
Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy at the Georgia
Center, Mahler Auditorium, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. The event is
part of the Sam Nunn Policy Forum being hosted by the University of
Georgia. Secretary Cohen is joined by Senator. Sam Nunn and Senator.
Richard G. Lugar.

Secretary Cohen: Senator Nunn, thank you very much. As Senator Nunn
has indicated, he and I have worked for many years together, along with
Senator Lugar. The two of these gentlemen I feel are perhaps the most
courageous and visionary to have served in the Senate. They were largely
responsible, of course, for adopting the so-called Nunn/Lugar
legislation.

I'll comment on that later during the course of the morning, but I've
had occasion to meet with a number of Russian counterparts, and as we go
through various translations of the communications that we're having,
the two words they are able to articulate very clearly, they say 'Nunn/Lugar,
Nunn/Lugar. So they know exactly what that means, and that means the
Cooperative Threat Reduction Act that these two gentlemen were
indispensable in shepherding through the United States Congress.

It was Nunn/Lugar I that dealt with the reduction of nuclear weapons
between the United States and the Soviet Union in terms of trying to
come to grips with how we helped the Russians dismantle hundreds of
their nuclear weapons, and also helped them with their destruction of
chemical weapons. But they, of course, have looked beyond simply that
particular relationship, which is very important, but also looking to
the future that we face as far as the rise of terrorism ­ both
international and domestic; and finding ways in which the Department of
Defense can become involved in helping local states and local agencies
to deal with the threat of terrorism which is quite likely to increase
in the coming years.

It's a pleasure for me to be here. Both Senator Nunn and Senator
Lugar are close friends and I look forward to, I think, a very
productive seminar. Once again demonstrating that although Senator Nunn
has left public service in the Senate, he has not left public service as
far as the nation is concerned.

It's a pleasure for me to be here, Sam.

Senator Nunn: Thank you very much, Bill.

...Let me ask if there are any questions for Secretary of Defense
Cohen.

Q: The dual containment policy in Iran and Iraq, do you think that's
conducive to regional stability in that region? And do you think (it)
can cause further terrorism in the United States? That type of
containment policy in the Middle East.

A: I think Secretary Albright articulated our policy as far as
dealing with Iraq, that it's clear that we have been unable to strike
any kind of a productive relationship with Saddam Hussein, and as soon
as Saddam Hussein is no longer the head of that government, that there's
new regime that follows him, that we will look forward to finding ways
in which we could engage them in a much more productive fashion,
particularly after they comply with all of the UN sanctions. There's an
eagerness on our part to do that. But I think as long as he remains in
office as the head of that state, it's unlikely that we could have
anything but the current policy in place, with very little prospects for
relief.

With respect to Iran, I think Iran continues to present a long term
threat to the region. They are acquiring and have acquired weapons of
mass destruction, substantial levels of chemicals and we believe
biological weapons as well. They have made an effort to acquire nuclear
capability. So I think that our policy of dual containment is the right
one, and we are going to encourage our allies to support that one.

Q: What does it mean that Clinton (inaudible) proliferation?

A: To the extent that we see the level of communication available
today, the Internet and other types of interwoven communicative skills
and abilities, we're going to see information continue to spread as to
how these weapons can be, in fact, manufactured in a home-grown
laboratory, as such. So it's a serious problem as far as living in the
information age that people who are acquiring this kind of information
will not act responsibly, but rather act in a terrorist type of fashion.

We've seen by way of example of the World Trade Center the
international aspects of international terrorism coming to our home
territory. We've also seen domestic terrorism with the Oklahoma bombing.
So it's a real threat that's here today. It's likely to intensify in the
years to come as more and more groups have access to this kind of
information and the ability to produce them

Q: How prepared is the U.S. Government to deal with (inaudible)?

A: I think we have to really intensify our efforts. That's the reason
for the Nunn/Lugar II program. That's the reason why it's a local
responsibility, as such, but the Department of Defense is going to be
taking the lead as far as supervising the interagency working groups,
and to make the assessments as to what needs to be done. So we're going
to identify those 120 cities and work with them very closely to make
sure that they can prepare themselves for what is likely to be a threat
well into the future.

Q: Let me ask you specifically about last week's scare here in
Washington, and what we might have learned from how prepared we are to
deal with that (inaudible), at B'nai Brith.

A: Well, it points out the nature of the threat. It turned out to be
a false threat under the circumstances. But as we've learned in the
intelligence community, we had something called ‹ and we have James
Woolsey here to perhaps even address this question about phantom moles.
The mere fear that there is a mole within an agency can set off a chain
reaction and a hunt for that particular mole which can paralyze the
agency for weeks and months and years even, in a search. The same thing
is true about just the false scare of a threat of using some kind of a
chemical weapon or a biological one. There are some reports, for
example, that some countries have been trying to construct something
like an Ebola Virus, and that would be a very dangerous phenomenon, to
say the least. Alvin Toeffler has written about this in terms of some
scientists in their laboratories trying to devise certain types of
pathogens that would be ethnic specific so that they could just
eliminate certain ethnic groups and races; and others are designing some
sort of engineering, some sort of insects that can destroy specific
crops. Others are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they
can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through
the use of electromagnetic waves.

So there are plenty of ingenious minds out there that are at work
finding ways in which they can wreak terror upon other nations. It's
real, and that's the reason why we have to intensify our efforts, and
that's why this is so important.

Q: What response to (inaudible)?

A: We hope we will have access to the defector. In fact I was
recently in South Korea and talked with various officials in South
Korea. As soon as they complete their own interrogation of this
defector, we will have access to that individual. But much of what he
has said to date is reflected in the writings that he prepared last
year. This is prior to his defection. One would not expect a potential
defector to be writing about anything other than what the official
doctrine or dogma is of the North Korean government at that time. He is
saying essentially what we have known for a long, long time. Namely,
that North Korea poses a very serious threat against South Korea, and
potentially even Japan, by virtue of having the fourth largest army in
the world, by having 600,000 or more troops poised within 100 kilometers
of Seoul, of possessing many SCUD missiles, also the potential of
chemically armed warheads, the attempt to acquire nuclear weapons. So we
know they have this potential, and the question really is going to be
what's in their hearts and minds at this point? Do they intend to try to
launch such an attack in the immediate, foreseeable future? That we can
only speculate about, but that's the reason why we are so well prepared
to defend against such an attack to deter it; and to send a message that
it would be absolutely an act of suicide for the North Koreans to launch
an attack. They could do great damage in the short run, but they would
be devastated in response. So we're hoping we can find ways to bring
them to the bargaining table ­ the Party of Four Talks ­ and see if we
can't put them on a path toward peace instead of threatening any kind of
devastating attack upon the South.

Q: ...a little bit about the situation in (inaudible)?

A: I really don't have much more information than has been in the
press at this point. The Department has not been called upon to act in
this regard just yet, so I'm not at liberty to give you any more
information than you already have

Q: ...the Administration's plans to expand NATO to more European
countries. Is there a terrorism element? Or will expanding NATO help you
in any way in terms of (inaudible)? Or is it really unrelated?

A: I think the two are unrelated. There is a legitimate debate that
will take place in terms of the pace of enlargement or whether there
should be enlargement. Secretary Albright and I testified last week
before the Senate Armed Services Committee, and it was a very, I think,
productive debate. It's something that Senator Nunn, I think, feels very
strongly about as well. The two of us, I think, found ourselves on the
Senate Floor last year saying it was time for the American people to
start debating this issue. So it's very important and there will be
legitimate differences of opinion, but it's important that we bring this
to the Senate for full debate and disclosure, and bring it to the
American people. But I doubt if it's related to the spread of terrorism
whatsoever.

Star Wars, Star Trek and Killing Politely

by Dr. Nick Begich

Over the last several years Earthpulse has been investigating the
latest developments in technology. We explore subjects related to
improving the human condition and expose projects which we believe are
risky and unnecessary. This essay is about some of the science being
developed and contemplated by military planners and others which could
profoundly effect our lives. The intent of this essay is to focus
discussion on these new systems by bringing them into the light of day.

Is it possible to trigger earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or weather
changes by man-made activities? Is it possible to create and direct
balls of energy at lightning speeds, to destroy an enemy? Is it possible
to manipulate the behavior, and even the memories, of people using
specialized technologies? The United States military and others believe
that this is the case. Many of these systems are well on their way to
being used in the battlefield.

Zapping the Adversary

There are many new technologies being explored that will cause people
to experience artificial memories, delusions and physical problems.
These new technologies are being designed to minimize death (although
death is possible) and to be virtually undetectable. Many of these new
weapons are being called "non-lethal" in terms of their effect
on people.

In a recent hearing in a Foreign Affairs Subcommittee of the European
Parliament1 the issue of these new technologies was
discussed. I was one of those called to testify along with a number of
other people. One of the most interesting speakers was from the
International Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland, who gave an excellent
presentation on "non-lethals". One of the points which he made
involved the definition of "non-lethal". Part of the
definition involved the idea that such weapons would result in a less
than 25% kill factor for those exposed to them. He explained the fallacy
in this by noting that land mines would even fit this definition because
they did not kill over 25% of their victims. He explained that lasers
which could permanently blind a person could also fit the definition. He
also gave the example of "sticky foam" being used on an
adversary and that this might not kill the person unless it landed on
the victim's face and caused a slow and agonizing death by suffocation.
The main point made was that non-lethals could indeed be lethal. Many of
the panelists concluded that the term non-lethal was not accurate in
describing these new systems and seemed more like a ploy to gain
acceptance for the new technology.

Another relevant point made in the hearing was the frequency of use
of these weapons in non-combat situations or policing actions.
Comparisons between Bosnia and Northern Ireland were made. It was
pointed out that in conflicts where rubber bullets and other non-lethal
systems were available they tended to be used with greater frequency
because the troops using them believed that they would not kill. Others
in conflict situations using weapons clearly designed for killing used
much greater restraint. As of the date of the hearing "peace
keepers" armed with modern weapons had not fired a shot in Bosnia
whereas in Northern Ireland there were often injuries and deaths from
the use of "non-lethals".

One of the most revealing documents I have found regarding these new
technologies was produced by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Air
Force. The Air Force initiated a significant study to look forward into
the next century and see what was possible for new weapons. In one of
the volumes published as a result of the study, researchers, scientists
and others were encouraged to put together forecasts of what might be
possible in the next century. One of those forecasts shockingly revealed
the following:

"One can envision the development of electromagnetic energy
sources, the output of which can be pulsed, shaped, and focused, that
can couple with the human body in a fashion that will allow one to
prevent voluntary muscular movements, control emotions (and thus
actions), produce sleep, transmit suggestions, interfere with both
short-term and long-term memory, produce an experience set, and delete
an experience set."2

Think about this for a moment - a system which can manipulate
emotions, control behavior, put you to sleep, create false memories and
wipe old memories clean. Realizing this was a forecast and not
necessarily the current state of technology should not cause one to
believe that it is not a current issue. These systems are far from
speculative. In fact, a great deal of work has already been done in this
area with many systems being developed. The forecast went on to say:

"It would also appear possible to create high fidelity speech
in the human body, raising the possibility of covert suggestion and
psychological direction. When a high power microwave pulse in the
gigahertz range strikes the human body, a very small temperature
perturbation occurs. This is associated with a sudden expansion of the
slightly heated tissue. This expansion is fast enough to produce an
acoustic wave. If a pulse stream is used, it should be possible to
create an internal acoustic field in the 5-15 kilohertz range, which
is audible. Thus, it may be possible to "talk" to selected
adversaries in a fashion that would be most disturbing to them."3

Is it possible to talk to a person remotely by projecting a voice
into his head? The forecaster suggests that this would be
"disturbing" to the victim - what an understatement, it would
be pure terror. A weapon could intrude into the brain of an individual
represents a gross invasion of his private life. The idea that these new
systems could be created in the next several years should be cause for
significant discussion and public debate.

From National Defense to the Justice Department

On July 21, 1994, Dr. Christopher Lamb, Director of Policy Planning,
issued a draft Department of Defense directive which would establish a
policy for non-lethal weapons. The policy was intended to take effect
January 1, 1995, and formally connected the military's non-lethal
research to civilian law enforcement agencies.

The government's plan to use pulsed electromagnetic and radio
frequency systems as a nonlethal technology for domestic Justice
Department use rings the alarm for some observers. Nevertheless, the
plan for integrating these systems is moving forward. Coupling these
uses with expanded military missions is even more disturbing. This
combined mission raises additional constitutional questions for
Americans regarding the power of the federal government.4

In interviews with members of the Defense Department the development
of this policy was confirmed.5 In those February, 1995,
discussions, it was discovered that these policies were internal to
agencies and were not subject to any public review process.

In its draft form, the policy gives highest priority to development
of those technologies most likely to get dual use, i.e. law enforcement
and military applications. According to this document, non-lethal
weapons are to be used on the government's domestic
"adversaries". The definition of "adversary" has
been significantly enlarged in the policy:

"The term 'adversary' is used above in its broadest sense,
including those who are not declared enemies but who are engaged in
activities we wish to stop. This policy does not preclude legally
authorized domestic use of the nonlethal weapons by United States
military forces in support of law enforcement."6

This allows use of the military in actions against the citizens of
the country that they are supposed to protect. This policy statement
begs the question; who are the enemies that are engaged in activities
they wish to stop, what are those activities, and who will make the
decisions to stop these activities?

An important aspect of non-lethal weapon systems is that the name
non-lethal is intentionally misleading. The Policy adds, "It is
important that the public understand that just as lethal weapons do not
achieve perfect lethality, neither will 'non-lethal' weapons always be
capable of precluding fatalities and undesired collateral damage".7
In other words, you might still destroy property and kill people with
the use of these new weapons.

In press statements, the government continues to downplay the risks
associated with such systems, even though the lethal potential is
described in context of their own usage policy. In Orwellian double
speak, what is nonlethal can be lethal.

International Red Cross

Questions are not being raised just by the author of this article,
they are being raised by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
In their report from mid-1994,8 a number of points were
raised.

The idea of "war without death" was not new but began in
the 1950's, according to the report. The military interest in these
systems dealt with chemical weapons, later advancing to radiation
weapons. The report looked at the ramifications of international law
regarding use of these new technologies. It pointed out weaknesses in
the international conventions regarding the use of chemical weapons:

"Therefore, when the Convention (Chemical Weapons Convention)
comes into force next year, activities involving them - activities
such as development, production, stockpiling and use - will become
illegal, unless their purpose is a purpose that is expressly not
prohibited under the Convention. One such purpose is 'law enforcement
including domestic riot control purposes'9Unfortunately, the
Convention does not define what it means by 'law enforcement' (whose
law? what law? enforcement where? by whom?), though it does define
what it means by 'riot control agent', namely 'any chemical...which
can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical
effects which disappear within a short time following termination of
exposure'. States parties are enjoined 'not to use riot control agents
as a method of warfare' ".10

In other words, we can use on our own citizens what we cannot use in
warfare with real enemies who are threats to national security. This
explains why the development of some types of non-lethals has moved out
of the Department of Defense into the Department of Justice. For the
Department of Defense to continue to work on some of these weapons, as
instruments of war, is now illegal under international law. The Red
Cross report went on to discuss the shift from weapons of war to police
tools which they called - "riot control agents".

What does this mean for Americans? This places Americans, and
citizens of other countries, in a lesser protected class than
individuals seeking to destroy our countries - our real adversaries.
This language really represents a way for countries to continue to
develop these weapons. This is a loop-hole in the agreement. So while
the treaty looks good on the surface, it is hollow rhetoric underneath.

In another section of the report, "Future Weapons Using High
Power Microwaves" are discussed at length. This section describes
microwave frequencies developed for use in weapons against machines and
people.

One of the uses described is an Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) weapon
which gives an operator the same ability to wipe out electronic circuits
as a nuclear blast would provide. The main difference is that this new
technology is controllable, and can be used without violating nuclear
weapons treaties.

This section of the report then described energy levels needed for
the following to occur:

"Overheats and damages animal tissue."

"Possibly affects nervous system."

"Threshold for microwave hearing."

"Causes bit errors in unshielded computers."

"Burns out unprotected receiver diodes in antennas."

The effects are based on radio frequency radiation being pulsed
"between 10 and 100 pulses per second". The report confirmed
that non-thermal effects were being researched. These non-thermal
effects included damage to human health when the effects occurred
"within so-called modulation frequency windows (10 Hertz is one
such window11) or power density windows12".

The way these weapons work was clearly described when the report
noted their effect on machines:

"A HPM (High Power Microwave) weapon employs a high power,
rapidly pulsating microwave beam that penetrates electronic
components.The pulsing action internally excites the components,
rapidly generating intense heat which causes them to fuse or melt,
thus destroying the circuit...HPM (weapons) attack at the speed of
light thus making avoidance of the beam impossible, consequently
negating the advantage of weapon systems such as high velocity
tactical missiles."

In other words, with this kind of weapon there is no machine which
could get by this invisible wall of directed energy.

Another report on non-lethal technologies, issued by the Council on
Foreign Relations points out that, "The Nairobi Convention, to
which the United States is a signatory, prohibits the broadcast of
electronic signals into a sovereign state without its consent in
peacetime."13

This report opens discussion of the use of these weapons against
terrorists and drug traffickers.14 The CFR report recommends
that this be done secretly so that the victims do not know where the
attack is from, or if there even is an attack. There is a problem with
this approach. The use of these weapons, even against these kinds of
individuals, may be in violation of United States law in that it
presumes guilt rather than innocence. In other words the police, CIA,
DEA or other enforcement organization becomes the judge, jury and
executioner.

Going to another document by a Captain Paul Tyler, we can look at the
debate between classical theories and recent research. There is a gulf
of conflict between these two schools of thought. The debate centers on
the classical idea that only ionizing radiation (that which generates
heat in tissue) can cause reactions in the body, while new research
indicates that subtle, small, amounts of energy can cause reactions as
well. What Tyler wrote in 1984, as an officer in the Air Force, puts the
debate simply. He said,

"Even though the body is basically an electrochemical system,
modern science has almost exclusively studied the chemical aspects of
the body and to date has largely neglected the electrical aspects.
However, over the past decade researchers have devised many
mathematical models to approximate the internal fields in animals and
humans. Some of the later models have shown general agreement with
experimental measurements made with the phantom models and animals.
Presently most scientists in the field use the concept of specific
absorption rate for determining the Dosimetry (dosages) of
electromagnetic radiation. Specific absorption rate is the intensity
of the internal electric field or quantity of energy absorbed...
However, the use of these classical concepts of electrodynamics does
not explain some experimental results and clinical findings. For
example, according to classical physics, the frequency of visible
light would indicate that it is reflected or totally absorbed within
the first few millimeters of tissue and thus no light should pass
through significant amounts of tissue. But it does. Also, classical
theory indicates that the body should be completely invisible to
extremely low frequencies of light where a single wave length is
thousands of miles long. However, visible light has been used in
clinical medicine to transilluminate various body tissues."15

In other words, the classical theories are partially wrong in that
they do not fully explain all of the reactions which are observed in the
body. The Navy has abstracted over a thousand international professional
papers by private and government scientists which explore these issues.

Tyler continues,

"A second area where classical theory fails to provide an
adequate explanation for observed effects is in the clinical use of
extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Researchers have
found that pulsed external magnetic fields at frequencies below 100
Hertz (pulses/cycles per second) will stimulate the healing of
nonunion fractures, congenital pseudarthroses, and failed arthroses.
The effects of these pulsed magnetic fields have been extremely
impressive, and their use in orthopedic conditions has been approved
by the Food and Drug Administration."16

Even the FDA, one of the most vigorous regulatory authorities in the
country, accepts these non-thermal effects. Tyler adds,

"Recently, pulsed electromagnetic fields have been reported to
induce cellular transcription (this has to do with the duplication or
copying of information from DNA, a process important to life). At the
other end of the non ionizing spectrum, research reports are also
showing biological effects that are not predicted in classical
theories. For example, Kremer and others have published several papers
showing that low intensity millimeter waves produce biological
effects. They have also shown that not only are the effects seen at
very low power, but they are also frequency-specific."

Tyler goes on to discuss the results of this new thinking and the
possible effects of these low energy radiations in terms of
information transfer and storage, and their effects on the nervous
system. Research has shown that very specific frequencies cause very
specific reactions, and, once a critical threshold is passed, negative
reactions occur.17

Institute for Non-Lethals

It has been fourteen years since Tyler's paper was delivered and the
controversy began to take form. Now there is even more energy being
pressed into the anchoring of the newest means of killing and maiming
one another. "Imagine a world where land mines don't blow up but
give off an eerie sound that makes intruders feel sick. Or a war where
attackers don't use missiles to stop tanks but microwaves to shut down
engines."18 The Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies at
Penn State College has been established in cooperation with the United
States Marines. The institute was created to evaluate weapons created by
organizations outside the military. The new institute will look at
legal, ethical, political, environmental and physical effects of these
new technologies.

Manipulating the Environment

There has been a good deal of speculation about the possibilities of
creating artificial weather and of controlling the weather. This it not
new and has been the subject of on-going military research for decades.
Moreover, in 1976 the United States signed international treaties
calling for a ban on "geophysical warfare".

The use of new weapons is not limited to governments and
sophisticated science laboratories. In April ,1997, the United States
Secretary of Defense, William Cohen made the following comment:

"Others are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby
they can alter climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely
through the use of electromagnetic waves."19

This is not new either but has its roots in 1960-70's era research by
American scientists and continues to appear in numerous articles and
reports. The idea of creating artificial weather including cyclones is
being explored. In a recent article in the Wall Street Journal it was
reported that "a Malaysian company, BioCure Sdn. Bhd., will sign a
memorandum of understanding soon with a government-owned Russian party
to produce the Cyclone."20 The deal with the Russians
was set up so that if the technology did not work the Malaysians did not
have to pay for the attempt. There have been other reports of Russian
research into this area.

Nukes for the Bad Guys?

It was reported in the Jerusalem Post that Iran paid $25 million for
two tactical nuclear weapons smuggled out of the former Soviet Union in
the early 1990's and that technicians from Argentina were involved in
the secret operation.21 This was an interesting report
because these kinds of weapons are relatively small. The U.S. government
has been concerned about these kinds of weapons being launched at the
country or one of our allies. While this is a concern, perhaps a bigger
concern might be the fact that these small weapons could be smuggled
into the country. Is this possible? Could this happen in the United
States? Considering the fact that our government can not keep boatloads
of drugs out I suggest that the landing of a small tactical weapon is
not only possible but highly probable and that someone with the will to
do so would be successful in his attempt.

Photon Torpedoes

What else might be on the way? In a 1989 patent a most interesting
bit of science is revealed. The development of new energy weapons has
occupied the imaginations and resources of our national and private
laboratories. One such weapon idea is owned by the United States
Department of Energy. It is a new kind of weapon which allows
electromagnetic or acoustic energy to be focused into a tight package of
energy which can be projected over great distances without dissipating.
When scientists think of this energy being projected through the air it
was always assumed that the energy would dissipate, dispersing at such a
rapid rate that no weapon's effect could be realized. What has been
discovered is that there is a way to create such a system. In a U. S.
patent the following summary appears:

"The invention relates generally to transmission of pulses of
energy, and more particularly to the propagation of localized pulses
of electromagnetic or acoustic energy over long distances without
divergence."22

"As the Klingon battle cruiser attacks the Starship
Enterprise, Captain Kirk commands "Fire photon torpedoes".
Two darts or blobs of light speed toward their target to destroy the
enemy spaceship. Stardate 1989, Star Trek reruns, or 3189, somewhere
in intergalactic space. Fantasy or reality. The ability to launch
localized packets of light or other energy which do not diverge as
they travel great distances through space may incredibly be at
hand."23

The patent describes the energy effect as "electromagnetic
missiles or bullets" which could destroy almost any object in their
path.

Star Wars

Remember Star Wars? That weapon concept would move the theater of war
to space. In 1995, the funding for Star Wars was widely reported as a
dead issue when full funding was defeated by the United States Congress.
Star Wars did not end. As many unpopular programs do - they just get new
names.

"This year the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (once
called the Strategic Defense Initiative) got $3.7 billion. That's up
from $2.8 billion in 1995, and is very near the peak level spent
during the Cold War."24

What is interesting is that - the billions spent on Star Wars
systems, which these became known as, were only for "research"
according to the military's mission statement. The technology is being
advanced in the hope that a system might be developed early in the next
century. The external threats are now being characterized as rogue
states and terrorist organizations which might gain delivery
technologies. While the threats are not imagined and need to be
addressed, it is not responsible to create word games which end public
debate and allow systems thought to be discontinued the latitude to
proceed.

In another "offshoot of the Reagan administration's Strategic
Defense Initiative" satellite-disabling lasers have been developed.
A test, at less than full power, was performed at the end of 1997 to
demonstrate the ability of the system to hit its target. The
demonstration was a success and now many are concerned that this may
provoke an arms race in space.25 This is the same concern
which was raised when this technology was first discussed in public
forums. There was a good deal of objection and yet here we are two
decades later delivering on the "impossible" technology.

One of the things which has always bothered me as a researcher is how
the little guy is always held to a high standard of accountability while
big organizations get away with murder. I am not suggesting that
individuals should be held to a lesser standard - quite to the contrary.
Organizations responsible for the security of the nation should be held
to the highest standards. We must ask ourselves what these agencies are
charged with protecting and whether their actions follow the values
expressed in law. Are there reasons that the government should be
excused from meeting the requirements of the law? Is there good cause
for hiding behind laws which allow for the exploitation of other laws?
An article appeared recently which illustrates the point, as follows:

"A former CIA officer from the agency's top secret 'black bag'
unit that breaks into foreign embassies to steal code books was
charged with espionage Friday for tipping off two countries about the
CIA's success in compromising their communications."26

Douglas Groat was fired in 1996 from the CIA's Science and Technology
Directorate and could now face the death penalty. These super secret
teams are sent around the world to break into embassies and other
locations to steal codes and other information so that the National
Security Agency (NSA) can intercept a country's classified
communications and know their contents. The article concluded,

"The CIA has never publicly acknowledged the existence of its
black-bag teams because their operations are by their nature illegal.
And they not only target America's adversaries but embassies of
friendly powers."27

Consider the contents of this article from the perspective of one of
our allies. Remember a few years ago the outrage of our government when
we discovered that the State of Israel was using its intelligence
gathering resources in the U.S. It was an outrage - or was it just the
game we all play? Why should we expect anything less of our allies then
we expect of ourselves?

Lost in the Illusion

In this essay I hoped to disclose some of the technology which is
here now and advancing rapidly. More than this, I am hopeful that the
information would be useful in assessing the state of technology from
what appears in some of the open literature. What has happened in the
United States which has allowed segments of our government to set
agendas which run counter to the values most of us hold?

The transparency of government - the idea that we should be able to
look into our government and see clearly the values of the population
reflected there is an absolute expectation. Are there risks in
transparent government? Yes, an open society necessitates that certain
risks be taken.

As technology advances, the ability to control populations and
manipulate outcomes also advances. Because we know how to control the
weather, create earthquakes, force behavioral changes and manipulate the
physiology of people does not mean that we should do it. The age we are
in requires even greater safeguards of personal freedoms, not further
constraints upon it. If freedom is what is being defended than freedom
is what must be inherent in the actions our governments take in creating
aspects of our reality.

New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century -
Ancillary Volume; Scientific Advisory Board (Air Force), Washington,
D.C.; Document #19960618040; 1996; pages 89-90.

Ibid.

Department of Defense Directive, Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons,
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Draft July 21, 1994.

Interviews in late February by Nick Begich.

Department of Defense Directive, Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons,
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Draft July 21, 1994.

Ibid.

"Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on
Implementation Mechanisms in International Law", Report of the
International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland, May
30 - June 1, 1994. Issued July 1994.

Chemical Weapons Convention, Article II.9(d).

"Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on
Implementation Mechanisms in International Law", Report of the
International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland, May
30 - June 1, 1994. Issued July 1994.

Discussion with Dr. Patrick Flanagan on August 2, 1995.

"Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on
Implementation Mechanisms in International Law", Report of the
International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland, May
30 - June 1, 1994. Issued July 1994.

"Non-Lethal Technologies; Military Options and
Implications", Report of an Independent Task Force sponsored by
the Council on Foreign Relations, Malcom H. Weiner, Chairman,
released June 22, 1995.

Ibid.

Low-Intensity Conflict and Modern Technology, Lt Col. David J.
Dean USAF, Editor, Air University Press, Center for Aerospace
Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama,
June 1986.

Ibid.

Low-Intensity Conflict and Modern Technology, Lt Col. David J.
Dean USAF, Editor, Air University Press, Center for Aerospace
Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama,
June 1986.

Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Department of
Defense News Briefing, Secretary of Defense William Cohen, April 28,
1997. Conference on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S.
Strategy at the Georgia Center, Mahler Auditorium, University of
Georgia, Athens, Ga.

The Wall Street Journal; "Malaysia to Battle Smog With
Cyclones"; by Chen May Yee; page A19, November 13, 1997.

U.S. Patent #4,959,559; "Electromagnetic or Other Directed
Energy Pulse Launcher"; Inventor: Richard W. Ziolkowski;
Assigned to the United States of America as represented by the
U.S.Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

Ibid.

Investor's Business Daily; "Star Wars: Force Not with Us, US
Remains Defenseless Against Missile Attack; August 25, 1997; page 1.

Silently yet quickly encroaching on our
personal freedoms, unchecked technology is being used by
governments and research groups placing us all as unwitting
subjects for control and experimentation. Dr. Nick Begich
returns in an expose so shockingly comprehensive it is certain to
create a storm of debate and action around the globe. By revealing
these initiatives, Dr. Begich and co-author Jim Roderick blow
the lid off ongoing and potential modern world atrocities
of disastrous consequences to us all. This book is a must-read
for anyone who believes in protecting their personal rights and
freedoms as individuals.

Earth Rising The RevolutionToward a Thousand Years of Peaceby Dr. Nick Begich and Jim Roderick

Earth Rising – the Revolution Toward a
Thousand Years of Peace is about technology and its impact on
humanity. This book is about the basis of freedom, human dignity,
sovereign individuality, and self-determination. The material will
be shocking to all. This is an expose on technological advances
which may reshape the destiny of mankind in the next millennium.
This book covers a number of separate areas with extensive
documentation from governmental, academic, and major media
reports, including:

The revolution in military affairs and its impact on freedom.

Mind control and the manipulation of human
health through the use of drugs, electromagnetic weapons, and
other means.

Non-lethal weapons and their use and impact
on people.

Environmental weather control.

New technologies which will virtually
eliminate privacy from the world scene.

Militarization of law enforcement around the country.

The HAARP story updated, showing additional evidence of the
military's plans to manipulate the environment.

This book concludes solutions that could be initiated in the next
few years which could change the implications of these
technologies from negative to positive. This book carries a
message about our humanity and our reach toward higher purpose.

We are spirit, energy, atoms, molecules,
chemicals, cells, body organs and components and then we are body.
These new technologies attack the essence of who we are - they
attack the very foundation of our being by wounding the human
spirit.

The computer problems which have captured the
attention of the world as we leave this millennium have made us
all question technology and its impact on the world. We will not
know the result for a few weeks of what the transition means and
its impact on the subject of this book - technology is the
subject. In each potential disaster there are even greater
possibilities for solutions which redeem the human spirit and will
help propel us into the next century. This book is about those
solutions.

The Fantastic Inventions of
Nikola Teslaby Nikola Tesla

This book is a readable and affordable virtual compendium of
patents, diagrams, photos and explanations of the many incredible
inventions of the originator of the modern era of electrafication.
In Tesla's own words, are such topics as wireless transmission of
power, death rays, and radio controlled airships. In addition rare
material on German bases in Antarctica and South America, and a
secret city built at a remote jungle site in South America by one
of Tesla's students, Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi's secret group
claims to have built flying saucers in the 1940s and to have gone
to Mars in the early 1950s! Incredible photos of these Tesla craft
are included. The Ancient Atlantean system of broadcasting energy
through a grid system of obelisks and pyramids is discussed and a
fascinating concept comes out of one chapter that the Egyptian
engineers had to wear a protective metal head-shields while in
these power-plants, hence the Egyptian Pharoah's head covering as
well as the Face on Mars.

Highly illustrated with 100's of rare photos, drawings and
patents, The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla
tells in Tesla's own words:

His plan to transmit free electricity into the atmosphere.

How electrical devices would merely have small antennas on
them.

Why unlimited power could be utilized anywhere on earth.

How his inventions could utilize this free energy in the
atmosphere.

How anti-gravity airships could draw power from the towers
he was building.

How radio and radar technology can be used as death-ray
weapons in Star Wars.

Includes an appendix of Supreme Court documents on
dismantling of his free-energy towers.

Includes an appendix of Supreme Court documents on
dismantling of his free-energy towers.