Spirit finds evidence of Mars' violent past

Opportunity rover, meanwhile, continues to inch out of trap

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An exposure of bedrock dubbed "Larry's Outcrop" on the flank of "Husband Hill" inside Mars' Gusev Crater shows little layering in this view. NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit used its panoramic camera in May 2005 to take the images combined into this mosaic.

Explosions and falling rock once peppered the Martian hills that NASA’s Mars rover Spirit currently calls home, astronomers said Tuesday.

Spirit, currently scaling Husband Hill above its Gusev Crater landing site, has found evidence of an explosive period in the region’s history, in which volcanoes or a massive impact showered the land with debris and possibly unearthed magma. Whether they were volcanic or impact explosions, however, is not yet known.

“Earlier in its history, this part of Gusev Crater was a violent place,” said Steven Squyres, lead scientist from Cornell University for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission. “There were explosions going and there was stuff raining from the sky, and some of it was altered to a significant degree by a fairly modest size of water.”

Squyres and his fellow rover team members announced the find, which is based on a trio of rock outcrops observed by Spirit’s cameras, during a Tuesday press conference at an American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana.

NASA / JPL / Cornell / USGS

This mosaic of 24 frames from Spirit's microscopic imager shows the texture of a target called "Keystone" on the "Methuselah" outcrop of layered rock on "Husband Hill" inside Mars' Gusev Crater. The target area shows fine layers that may have been deposited by wind or water.

“Really, for the first time since the start of the Spirit mission, we’ve got the kind of geology we can sink our teeth into,” Squyres said. “The last six weeks, I’d say, have probably been the most productive of the whole Spirit mission.”

Spirit’s sister rover Opportunity has also made progress, though not altogether scientific, at its Meridiani Planum. The rover is slowly but surely inching its way out of a deep sand dune, though mission managers don’t expect to free the robot for another few weeks.

The secret’s in the rocks
It took the Spirit rover months to clamber up Husband Hill’s steep, slippery side, during which time the robot found little to suggest the region differed from the volcanic rock remains scattered across the rest of Gusev Crater.

“All of a sudden, we have geologic structure ... everything changed,” Squyres said. “It was nothing more than you had to look at it from a different angle.”

Analysis by Spirit of rock outcrops known as “Larry’s Lookout,” “Methuselah” and “Jibsheet” contained signs of the Gusev’s tumultuous past, researchers said.

“Their chemical composition is very distinct from what we found out on the plains,” said rover science team member Richard Morris, of NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, adding that there are signs of the mineral ilmenite – which is often formed in magma.

“This is the first appearance of this mineral we’ve seen.”

While the rocks around Spirit share some compositional traits, the amount of weathering due to water differs among the outcrops, as do their textures.

At “Methuselah,” for example, astronomers found the finest rock layers seen by Spirit to date, while “Jibsheet” sported a bulbous, globular look.

NASA / JPL / Cornell

A false color image of the "Jibsheet" outcrop, which has a more bulbous look than its neighbors.

“Gusev has certainly turned out to be different than we expected it to be,” Squyres said, adding that he still believes that the crater was once the watery lake suggested by orbital photographs.

The rocks of the Columbia Hill chain, which includes Husband Hill, may completely predate that Gusev lake, rising like an island above the plains, Squyres added.

Opportunity ekes forward
While Spirit continues to explore Husband Hill, its robotic twin Opportunity is slowly but surely crawling out of a sandy quagmire on the other side of Mars.

The rover has moved about 10 inches (27 centimeters) – though its wheels turned enough to travel 157 feet (48 meters) – which mission controllers say is good progress. [An animation of Opportunity’s wheel-spinning is available by clicking here.]

“We’re only traveling about half a percent of what we’re commanding,” explained Jim Erickson, rover project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “So it’s a very low number, but very consistent.”

At the current rate, it may be two more weeks before Opportunity once again reaches safe ground, Erickson added.

Opportunity is currently stuck in the outskirts of a region known as the “etched terrain” which contains - scientists hope - exposed bedrock that could shed more light on water’s role in the history of Meridiani Planum. Astronomers know that the region was once awash with the liquid stuff.

“We’re learning that’s it’s a tough place to do business,” Squyres said of the area.

Now well past the one-year mark, NASA’s Spirit and Opportunity rovers are still going strong.

“We’re still trying to decide exactly how long they’ll go by running them until they wear out,” Erickson said. “We just don’t know how long these things are going to last.”