Hernia

Definition

A hernia is a sac formed by the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). The sac comes through a hole or weak area in the strong layer of the belly wall that surrounds the muscle. This layer is called the fascia.

Which type of hernia you have depends on where it is:

Femoral hernia is a bulge in the upper thigh, just below the groin. This type is more common in women than men.

Hiatal hernia occurs in the upper part of the stomach. Part of the upper stomach pushes into the chest.

Incisional hernia can occur through a scar if you have had abdominal surgery in the past.

Umbilical hernia is a bulge around the belly button. It occurs when the muscle around the belly button does not close completely.

Inguinal hernia is a bulge in the groin. It is more common in men. It may go all the way down into the scrotum.

Alternative Names

Causes

Usually, there is no clear cause of a hernia. Sometimes, hernias occur with heavy lifting, straining while using the toilet, or any activity that raises the pressure inside the belly. Hernias may be present at birth, but the bulge may not be noticeable until later in life. Some persons have a family history of hernias.

Babies and children can get hernias. It happens when there is weakness in the belly wall. About 5 out of 100 children have inguinal hernias. They are more common in boys. Some children do not have symptoms until they are adults.

Any activity or medical problem that increases pressure on the tissue in the belly wall and muscles may lead to a hernia, including:

Chronic constipation and pushing hard (straining) to have a bowel movement

Symptoms

There are usually no symptoms. Some people have discomfort or pain. The discomfort may be worse when standing, straining, or lifting heavy objects. In time, the most common complaint is a bump that is sore and growing.

When a hernia gets bigger, it may get stuck inside the hole and lose its blood supply. This is called strangulation. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting and not being able to pass gas or have bowel movements. When this occurs, surgery is needed right away.

Exams and Tests

The health care provider can usually see or feel a hernia when you are examined. You may be asked to cough, bend, push, or lift. The hernia may get bigger when you do this.

The hernia (bulge) may not be easily seen in infants and children, except when the child is crying or coughing.