Table 3–Odds ratios for determinants of longitudinal changes in physical activity in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)#

Baseline physical activity

Low

Moderate

High

Increase (95% CI)

Decrease (95% CI)

Increase (95% CI)

Decrease (95% CI)

Subjects with COPD

1.672 (1.127–2.477)

0.507 (0.346–0.741)

0.553 (0.400–0.765)

FEV1 L

Age years

0.980 (0.963–0.998)

Sex

Female

0.602 (0.428–0.848)

Male

1.0

Smoker

Yes

0.536 (0.355–0.811)

No

1.0

Cohabitation

With others

1.456 (1.006–2.109)

Alone

1.0

Smoking years

1.020 (1.001–1.041)

Subjects without COPD

FEV1 L

0.811 (0.690–0.953)

0.817 (0.720–0.927)

Age years

1.008 (1.001–1.015)

Sex

Female

1.441 (1.150–1.806)

0.614 (0.542–0.694)

Male

1.0

1.0

Smoker

Yes

1.319 (1.077–1.616)

1.340 (1.096–1.639)

0.891 (0.780–0.999)

1.381 (1.189–1.605)

No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Marital status

Married/cohabiting

1.064 (1.009–1.123)

0.847 (0.731–0.981)

Other

1.0

Education years

0.883 (0.841–0.928)

1.039 (1.006–1.073)

0.951 (0.918–0.986)

Comorbidities

Yes

1.530 (1.281–1.828)

1.161 (1.009–1.336)

No

1.0

1.0

BMI kg·m−2

>25

1.218 (1.047–1.416)

20–25

1.0

FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; BMI: body mass index. #: adjusted for age and sex. The complete models are included in tables E4 and E5.

Table 4–Crude and adjusted associations between longitudinal changes in physical activity and all-cause mortality in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Physical activity level

Crude HR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted HR (95% CI)#

p-value

Baseline

Follow-up

Subjects with COPD

Low (n = 235)

Low (n = 95)

1

1

Moderate (n = 99)

0.798 (0.590–1.079)

0.142

0.835 (0.605–1.151)

0.270

High (n = 41)

0.853 (0.567–1.262)

0.425

1.012 (0.669–1.531)

0.953

Moderate (n = 602)

Low (n = 84)

1.644 (1.271–2.126)

<0.001

1.729 (1.335–2.239)

<0.001

Moderate (n = 351)

1

1

High (n = 167)

1.183 (0.962–1.455)

0.112

1.174 (0.952–1.447)

0.134

High (n = 329)

Low (n = 34)

3.307 (2.202–4.966)

<0.001

2.351 (1.516–3.646)

<0.001

Moderate (n = 148)

1.253 (0.957–1.639)

0.101

1.048 (0.790–1.390)

0.746

High (n = 147)

1

1

Subjects without COPD

Low (n = 1116)

Low (n = 390)

1

1

Moderate (n = 512)

0.745 (0.636–0.874)

<0.001

0.707 (0.592–0.844)

<0.001

High (n = 214)

0.777 (0.637–0.949)

0.013

0.747 (0.599–0.931)

0.009

Moderate (n = 4007)

Low (n = 520)

1.518 (1.355–1.700)

<0.001

1.224 (1.091–1.373)

0.001

Moderate (n = 2342)

1

1

High (n = 520)

1.120 (1.024–1.225)

0.013

0.961 (0.878–1.053)

0.727

High (n = 2020)

Low (n = 148)

1.642 (1.302–2.070)

<0.001

1.256 (1.000–1.590)

0.050

Moderate (n = 742)

1.071 (0.932–1.230)

0.331

1.007 (0.876–1.159)

0.919

High (n = 1130)

1

1

HR: hazard ratio. #: multivariate model adjusted for sex, age and confounders of the association between physical activity and all-cause mortality, including self-reported comorbidities, smoking, smoking years, education, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and body mass index. The complete models with all covariates are included in tables E8 and E9.