Wednesday, September 12, 2012

An accounting is now due

As this year's sea ice extent bottoms out, it's high time that more people recognize we're in a global crisis -- the Arctic crisis. I'm sorry if this sounds “alarmist”, but the Arctic, fundamental to the stability of our weather patterns, climate and agriculture, is rapidly coming apart. In the end, of course, this will just be a sub-plot to the bigger drama, the climate crisis, but by naming this the arctic crisis, I am suggesting that it needs to be treated independently, right away. It is the heart of the near-term climate issue, and its outcome could greatly alter the outcome of the larger story, which will be the saga of the century no matter what we do.

A crisis above all means this: a compression of time. In a medical crisis, for example, we expect that there will initially be the need to regain stability through some immediate means, and then other courses of treatment will be added subsequently to address the underlying problems. If the initial steps are not taken quickly enough, the whole trajectory can be different, rendering something quite manageable more dire, potentially even fatal. Because the arctic, which has received the brunt of warming, seems poised to pass a profound state shift in the very near future (in fact it's already underway), and because it offers such vital 'services' to the planet, one could say that the urgency of the larger climate crisis is for the time being mostly contained within this arctic crisis.

But before looking at what to do, or even describing what's at stake, there's another order of business to turn to. An accounting is now due. Today I want to look back at the most authoritative recent opinions suggesting that this isn't a crisis, and see how they've been holding up. In our pre-election season of fact-checking, let's call this the 'Arctic crisis debate' fact-checking 101. But since no one else has really been referring to an Arctic crisis, what we'll be looking at are some prominent statements from 2012 concerning the two great interrelated features of arctic stability: the state of its cryosphere, and the state of its carbon stocks. In particular, the sea ice and methane.

An accounting
is now due!

When I last wrote, it was after a flurry of methane articles, including the front page New York Times article last December on the danger of increasing arctic methane emissions, followed by David Archer's curious Much Ado about Methane piece in RealClimate, the leading climate science blog. That article put strangeness into high gear by essentially discounting the value of near-term climate altogether. But Much Ado about Methane was valuable, too, in that Archer unwittingly demonstrated, with all his authority, just how far from 'Nothing' reasonably likely arctic methane releases could be. Archer provided a graph in his follow-up showing the radiative impact of a 10Gt release, only about 20% of what leading researchers of the Eastern Siberian Shelf (ESAS) think could potentially come from that region alone in the relatively near future. [Very little methane hydrate need be involved, incidentally: imagine some seismic event there, where a little shallow hydrate, a mere .05% of the hydrate there, gets released, destabilizing just .5% of the permafrost cap along with it, which gets metabolized to methane, and all this creates increased gas migration pathways for just 1% of the free gas from below -- that's 10Gt.] Radiative forcing, the measure scientists use to describe global warming, would jump globally to about 300% of its current level of increase since industrialization, and this would begin to express itself in the climate system almost right away. Much ado, indeed: that methane wouldn't be nothing.

In my last piece, I said I would quickly follow up with another one discussing what should be done to avoid such dangers, but have since remained silent. That's for a variety of reasons, one of them being a growing involvement with a group based in the UK called the Arctic Methane Emergency Group (AMEG), focused on just this question. And almost as soon as this began, RealClimate published a piece on arctic sea ice predictions, in which AMEG -- which has projected that summer sea ice could approach an ice-free minimum just a few years from now -- seemed a primary target.

Called Arctic Sea Ice Volume: PIOMAS, Prediction and the Perils of Extrapolation, it was written by a guest, Axel Schweiger (with Ron Lindsay and Cecilia Bitz), part of the team that runs the PIOMAS sea ice model at the Polar Science Center. The 'perils' it discussed were those of AMEG's use (or misuse) of their PIOMAS model, and some of us were actually flattered that our ragtag army of citizen scientists, along with a few major climate figures willing to brave academic censure for taking positions outside the status quo, like renowned sea ice expert Peter Wadhams, were receiving cannonballs lobbed from the heart of the climate establishment.

Now, it's almost a half year later, the sea ice minimum is upon us, and the ice has been doing just what AMEG predicted. As Neven Acropolis, who runs the Sea Ice Blog, wrote last week, he's particularly at a loss for words because the 2007 record has been shattered without this summer's arctic temperatures being particularly conducive to such large ice loss, which perhaps suggests something about the extraordinary underlying nature of what is taking place.

Meanwhile, AMEG had already presented its case, both in writing and orally, before a panel of the UK Parliament, on both sea ice and methane release, back at the beginning of the year. AMEG's testimony was rebutted by Julia Slingo, Chief Scientist for the UK Met Office. Now, how has this Met Office testimony held up since?

Unlike RealClimate, the Met Office chief scientist dismissed PIOMAS modeling altogether, saying that she expected better data, fitting their Hadley Center climate models, to come in soon. That data hasn't come. Far from it. Instead, just last month, the media was filled with newspieces about how the European Space Agency's new CryoSat-2, a satellite designed to read ice volume, showed far greater volume losses than expected -- much in line with PIOMAS modeling, and supportive of AMEG's position. Near the opening of her testimony, Prof. Slingo said that the 2007 melting event was really an “advecting” of ice, coming from extreme weather over the arctic, and not really a melting event per se. Of course, we have just noted how that 2007 record has now been widely surpassed, without such weather (nor with losses coming primarily from advection).

And when it came to methane, and the danger of releases from the arctic seabed, the UK Met Office's chief scientist said: “I think there is a lack of clarity in thinking about how that heating at the upper level of the ocean can get down, and how rapidly it can get down into the layers of the ocean.”

The Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 has perhaps provided her with a little more clarity. Beyond that, the Chief Scientist's statement was embarrassing: after all, even those most convinced that there is little danger of large immediate methane releases do not doubt the well established and drastic warming of the sea bottom precisely in the most methane-rich areas (see this paper), and Lena river discharge also greatly impacts the seabed in some of this same region, providing yet another mechanism for seabed warming. Prof. Slingo said: “At the moment, our estimates are that the increases in sea floor temperatures that have been observed have at the most been about one-tenth of a degree, except in one or two regions, like the West Spitsbergen Current.”

Clearly, Prof. Slingo doesn't seem to have studied the ESAS, where anomolies of 5ºC at the seabed have been recorded, where almost all of it has warmed some 20 times more than she says (and is still currently warming, ten times more than she suggests per decade), where significant areas of permafrost cap are thawing or already thawed, and where methane is starting to be released (see my own last post on all these points). Unlike the phony “Climategate” scandal, this is a true embarrassment for climate science. And if such “expert” testimony helps the arctic climate to pass through some invisible gate without our society lifting a finger to stop it, it will also turn out to have been one of the greatest tragedies of modern times.

So, how now, for the ice and methane? Schweiger's Perils of Extrapolation piece clearly stated how PIOMAS shows September sea ice volumes having dropped by a breathtaking 75% over just the last few decades (1979-2011). It might even seem simple to deduce that ice-free minima would be arriving quite soon, given this. But it is, I would agree, a vastly complex situation. Fully coupled models - those that do not, like PIOMAS, leave out the atmosphere, the weather, etc., but that try to create a realistic world that can be run into the future -- almost all suggest an eventual dampening effect on the underlying feedbacks leading to ice loss once it is mostly gone, thus leading to a long 'tail' of one or more decades in which a small amount of thinner summer ice remains, rather than an imminent disappearance, as both AMEG's Peter Wadhams and Wieslaw Maslowski, whose work Gore cited in his 2007 Nobel speech, have suggested.

That dampening, however, isn't happening. One almost feels sorry for Gavin Schmidt at RealClimate these days. After their latest sea ice update, he repeated in its comment thread how there is no reason to extrapolate PIOMAS into the future using an exponential curve (which shows a collapse just a few years from now). RealClimate wants to deal with the real underlying physical mechanisms involved, not just take some simple line that best fits the ice's past behavior and then extrapolate that line into the future. But, darn! The newest PIOMAS data have just been released last week, and, again, that exponential curve is being eerily followed by the real world's sea ice! In fact, Wieslaw Maslowski has also developed a new model recently, a fully coupled model free from 'perilous extrapolations,' which shows much the same thing as his prior research -- that a summer sea ice collapse is likely in the coming years, not decades.

As you can see, the reasons for thinking that there isn't an arctic crisis are about as firm as cotton candy. Next you'll need to learn the more solid reasons for suspecting that there is one. Then, after that, the big questions -- What real climate perils could this entail? What should we be doing about it right now? -- are what one needs to turn to next.

How much heat shall we add to the atmosphere while building those thousands machines? Where will the heat released while producing ice go? There must be some cheaper and efficient ways to increase the albedo of arctic region to stop further warming.

Right now I am trying to understand where the next Russian Arctic station SP-40 is going to be set up. The boat is already on its way and they claim that will find some appropriate piece of ice somewhere around the De Long Islands. However, according to the sattelite images, there is no ice at all now!

The heat will be allowed to go to space again because the energy the tunnels produce is far more than all the fossil fuel energy combined world wide. Meaning no more GHG''s being produced from fossil fuels. There are three modes of operation to them.

1.)Cooling phase which is used to make power while at the same time it upwells cooler water from below to mix with surface water to cool the net average sea surface temperature. This can restore the Arctic Ice as well as weaken hurricanes threatening to make landfall by as much as three categories.

2.) Non-Cooling phase which uses just the warm surface water to produce electrical power.

3.) Blended cooling phase which can regulate SST'S anywhere between 70-90 degrees F. in order to regulate climate. TV-026 will modulate to control SST based on SETPOINT input into TIC-26. This gives us the unique ability to regulate our climate based on what computer models tell us.We are unable to do now with fossil fuel use and that is why we have lost control of it...

The electrical power they produce is far greater than all the fossil fuels used combined therefore no more Co2 or other GHG's are produced and the heat is once again allowed to escape Earths atmosphere and go into space. This allows Earth to cool again thus restoring the Arctic Ice at the top of the world. The cool water they upwell if needed to the sea surface can be regulated anywhere between 70 to 90 degrees F. depending what set point you place in the temperature control loop of TIC-029.. http://i149.photobucket.com/albums/s54/hurricanedude/001.jpg

Electrical power will be generated in both cooling phase or non-cooling phase of operation or both simultaneously...

Fantastic Article. How I wish Gavin and you could have a back and forth discussion on the points you raise here. Would he dare? This is exactly the kind of discussion that needs to occur to bring in a few more of the fence sitters who still think that 2070, 2040, or even 2030 is a reasonable time frame to think about a the "long-tail" to an ice-free summer Arctic. There isn't going to be any such tail-- I think this summer is pretty clear proof of that. There's going to to be shocking decline to an ice-free summer Arctic before 2020. There are no models (except perhaps Maslowski's)that can show t his because this hasn't been a series of "black swans" that have taken us down so quickly but a Dragon King event that has changed the Arctic and no model (even Maslowski's) can fully capture such a shift to to new regime.

Many believe that climate is a global thing that is measured over long periods. Many models therefore tend to average things out, both globally and over long periods, which can effectively mask and therefore overlook the sometimes very high local impact of sudden changes that can occur rather abruptly, ecosystems responses, feedbacks, etc.

But rather than accommodating such impact, some models deliberately throw away some of the most important factors and events, as if they were outliers that should be ignored as part of natural variability.

Well, reality does not appear to fit in with their model. Variability works both ways, what is seen as an 'outlier' could in fact be an important indication that things are getting a lot worse. Moreover, such seemingly marginal local factors can reinforce each other, or come with domino effects or tipping points, resulting in exponential trends. The Diagram of Doom identifies ten such feedbacks and they can all reinforce each other at a given time and location in the Arctic.

Indeed, exponential trends are precisely what sea ice volumes appear to follow. Many people are still not getting the picture. Exponential trends point at a three-months ice-free period in 2015. Exponential trends tell us that, before the start of the year 2020, there will be zero sea ice for the six months from June through to November. And by the looks of it, December will join in as well, so that will be a seventh month.

This ice-free period is also the warmest period in the Arctic. At the peak of summer in the Northern Hemisphere, insolation at the North Pole is higher than anywhere else on Earth. This again is something that is all too often averaged out in models, but it further increasing the danger that one of the worst feedbacks of all can kick in, i.e. large abrupt methane releases triggering accelerated local warming in a vicious circle that makes things a lot worse, with the threat of spiraling into runaway warming.

There are some fundamental problems, not only with some of the models used by some climate scientists, but also with their attitude. Instead of cherishing the good scientific approach of seeking to improve their models, they have created a climate in which "peers" quote each other (one hand washes the other) for the purpose of obtaining citations rather than that their work had any real relevance. And while I'm not naming any specific people, I applaud Nathan for having the courage to write about this, and I just hope this will lead to a better scientific approach with more input from the real world.

News - methane in the Arctic

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News - methane

Global temperatures are rising fast. In the Arctic, temperatures are rising even faster (interactive charts below and right). For 2010 and 2011, NASA recorded anomalies of over 2°C at higher latitudes (64N to 90N), with anomalies of over 3°C at latitudes 79N and 81N in 2010.

For November 2010, anomalies of 12.5°C were recorded at latitude 71N, longitude -79 (Baffin Island, Canada). At specific moments in time and at specific locations, anomalies can be even more striking. As an example, on January 6, 2011, temperature in Coral Harbour, located at the northwest corner of Hudson Bay in the province of Nunavut, Canada, was 30°C (54°F) above average.