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The post-communist transformation of the Ukrainian political economy Issues to be addressed: Performance under post-communism: economic growth and social progress Performance under post-communism: economic growth and social progress Instruments of control and regulation Instruments of control and regulation What type of capitalism for Ukraine? What type of capitalism for Ukraine?

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What is a ‘chaotic capitalism’? “A chaotic social formation may be defined as a social and economic system which lacks institutional coordination and promotes social fragmentation: goals, law, governing institutions and economic life lack cohesion. Its characteristics are uncertainty about the future, elite disunity, the absence of a dominant and mediating class system, a mixture of media of exchange, criminalisation and corruption, rent-seeking entrepreneurs, inadequate interest articulation and an economy in decline characterised by inflation, unemployment and poverty. Whereas ‘disorganised capitalism’ does not lead to breakdown, a chaotic social formation is perverse and system is precarious” (Lane 2000: 497-98). “A chaotic social formation may be defined as a social and economic system which lacks institutional coordination and promotes social fragmentation: goals, law, governing institutions and economic life lack cohesion. Its characteristics are uncertainty about the future, elite disunity, the absence of a dominant and mediating class system, a mixture of media of exchange, criminalisation and corruption, rent-seeking entrepreneurs, inadequate interest articulation and an economy in decline characterised by inflation, unemployment and poverty. Whereas ‘disorganised capitalism’ does not lead to breakdown, a chaotic social formation is perverse and system is precarious” (Lane 2000: 497-98).

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Ukraine’s post-communist modes of regulation: from ‘chaotic’ to ‘combine’ MoR spheres of guidance and stabilisation: MoR spheres of guidance and stabilisation: a) the role of the state and form of state economic management b) the form of capital – labour relations c) the nature of competition between firms (from plan to market?) d) motivational system (values, profits, investments) e) the place of national economy within the international system

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‘Chaotic’ mode of regulation: major features a rapid withdrawal of the state from the economy and de-statisation of social welfare; ‘no industrial policy is the best industrial policy’ a rapid withdrawal of the state from the economy and de-statisation of social welfare; ‘no industrial policy is the best industrial policy’ the most unbalanced monetary and credit arrangements; repeated monetary validation of ever-continuing inflationary shocks; deficit budget spending accommodated via escalating money emissions (= cash printing) the most unbalanced monetary and credit arrangements; repeated monetary validation of ever-continuing inflationary shocks; deficit budget spending accommodated via escalating money emissions (= cash printing) no mediating role for the state within increasingly antagonistic industrial relations; the hegemony of capital over labour → no wage bargaining occurs; earned wages and salaries are regularly unpaid to be used by the owners and managers as a cushion against bankruptcy; the minimum wage, if exists at all, is set by the state at a level far below the physical subsistence level no mediating role for the state within increasingly antagonistic industrial relations; the hegemony of capital over labour → no wage bargaining occurs; earned wages and salaries are regularly unpaid to be used by the owners and managers as a cushion against bankruptcy; the minimum wage, if exists at all, is set by the state at a level far below the physical subsistence level under macroeconomic instability accompanied by the privatisation drive, microeconomic competition is not carried out though the price mechanism within the regulated market place between various firms, but is conducted in a form of ungoverned and physically most brutal struggle between individual entrepreneurs themselves for the chunks of state-owned property and for free or even negatively charged loans issued directly by the central bank under macroeconomic instability accompanied by the privatisation drive, microeconomic competition is not carried out though the price mechanism within the regulated market place between various firms, but is conducted in a form of ungoverned and physically most brutal struggle between individual entrepreneurs themselves for the chunks of state-owned property and for free or even negatively charged loans issued directly by the central bank motivational system is based upon rent-seeking and assets-stripping motivational system is based upon rent-seeking and assets-stripping on a global scale, the national economy which is governed by the chaotic mode of regulation fails to diversify its major trading partnership and remains on the periphery of the international economy on a global scale, the national economy which is governed by the chaotic mode of regulation fails to diversify its major trading partnership and remains on the periphery of the international economy

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Changing the role of the post-communist state in Ukraine: slowing down the state’s withdrawal

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Facilitating the business environment The Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (World Bank and EBRD). The Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (World Bank and EBRD). Qualitative assessments of the business environment: average score by dimension on a scale from 1 (=minor obstacle) to 4 (=major obstacle) 19992002 Ukraine2.772.22 Post-communist countries’ median 2.672.08

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Ukraine’s Five Grand National Masters “Five players have appeared on Ukraine’s business field. The five players who have reached not only the level of masters but that of grand masters. We would like the rest to catch-up with them. We should also draw a thick line and not allow foreign penetration into strategic sectors. Foreign penetration could be a threat to this state’s national economic interests” - Mykhailo Chechetov Head, The State Property Fund of Ukraine (press-conference in Kyiv, 26 December 2003)

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The ‘combine’ mode of regulation: mixed signs of success a) the return to pro-active developmental state (=economic nationalism) and the increased level of intervention through industrial policy; yet hindered by low level of public spending b) the suspension of unregulated labour market policies and the establishment of certain neo-corporatist arrangements c) the combination of markets, indicative planning, and networks (hybrid contracting); two-tier corporate structure → competition of conglomerates within international markets and negotiation between the conglomerates within the domestic market + competition of small and medium firms on domestic and world markets d) the return to accumulation of capital through profit and investment as the basis of value system e) the insertion of the national economy into the international system, occupying low value-added niches  Will the ‘combine capitalism’ accelerate Ukraine’s social progress?

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What type of capitalism for Ukraine? The shift from ‘chaotic’ to ‘combine’ capitalism → economic recovery and growth The shift from ‘chaotic’ to ‘combine’ capitalism → economic recovery and growth However, the pace of catching-up is sluggish; human and social development indicators are still far below the pre- transformation levels However, the pace of catching-up is sluggish; human and social development indicators are still far below the pre- transformation levels There is a need for enhancing the state capacity, if industrial policies to be made effective There is a need for enhancing the state capacity, if industrial policies to be made effective More state ‘steering’ of conglomerates towards the high value-added technological style More state ‘steering’ of conglomerates towards the high value-added technological style New sources of capital investment to intensify the national regime of accumulation New sources of capital investment to intensify the national regime of accumulation