Wednesday, May 31, 2006

A PINEDALE ANTICLINE PHOTOJOURNAL--Part II: The Raptors

Last year's exceptional rains nurtured a spectacularly successful generation of wildlife that has come back to roost (and nest) this year. It's hard to believe the current density of raptor nests on the Pinedale Anticline. Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are the top predator of the area, but are plentiful nonetheless. I found just a single cliff nest during my recent one day and two half days, but saw so many adult birds that I'm certain they are nesting at close to maximum density. I didn't want to get close enough to disturb the eyrie, but through a spotting scope I could see an adult bird either incubating or brooding very small young, meaning the birds won't fledge until mid-July at the earliest. One of these years I'd like to survey nest contents of Golden Eagles on the Anticline. I know the birds prey heavily on Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), and surely on White-tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii), too, but I'd be interested to see how closely reality matches my expectations (it usually tends to surprise me).The other American Eagle, the Bald Eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus), has become far more common in our area since the banning of DDT in the 1970s. This photo shows one of two Bald Eagle nests we found in Narrowleaf Cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia) along the Green River. Both nests appeared to harbor young bird(s), a few days old. Twenty-five years ago, nesting Bald Eagles here were unknown.One of my favorite predatory birds is the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis). This bird is the largest and most powerful North American member of the genus Buteo, and in many ways is more like a small eagle. These spectacular birds are said to prey almost exclusively on mammals, but a friend of mine had a tiercel Peregrine killed by a wild Ferruginous last year. The nests that I've seen have contained mostly remains of groundsquirrels (Spermophilus spp.).Ferrugies nest both in trees and on cliffs and bluffs. Most cliff nests are situated like the one in the photo (the incubating hen's head is just visible), on the top of a pinnacle--often at the very top of the cliff. Many of these nests can be walked right up to. I've even seen some that were built atop a simple knoll, with no cliff involved. A pair near Farson built a nest this year on top of a haystack. Incubating Ferruginous Hawks are very easily stressed, and their nests should never be approached before the eggs have hatched.In the Utah deserts, Ferruginous eggs usually hatch around the beginning of May. Up on the Anticline, it's usually a month later. The hen does most of the incubating, and the tiercel provisions her. He'll spend most of his time sitting at the top of a cliff, within sight of the nest. This year, Ferrugies are nesting in close to maximum density. I found five cliff nests, one big tree nest with a very dark hen incubating, and that haystack nest. In a week or so, I'll probably go back up to watch some eyries from a blind, just because I love these birds so.Swainson's Hawk (B. swainsoni), a relative of the Ferruginous, is another (I believe) beneficiary of the DDT ban. Today they are abundant in the Intermountain West, but in the '70s they were quite rare. I expect their largely insectivorous ways made them susceptible to DDT when that chemical was used widely in American agriculture, though I know of no studies to back this up. These slim, long-winged birds are perhaps the most variable American buteo. The typical adult has a white throat and belly, separated by a dark breast band. The pale wing linings contrast strongly with dark flight feathers. A bird that looks like this is easy to identify, but many individuals deviate wildly from the standard pattern. Some birds even lack the dark flight feathers, and, to confuse the issue further, some sport quite red tails. This incubating hen is uniformly dark. The best diagnosis for the bird is its distinctive slender build, erect posture and its long, thin wings. The photo shows one of two Swainson's Hawk nests I saw. The other pair had not yet layed eggs. Microecos has a very good recent post on this interesting bird.The best-known American buteo is the Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis), and it's as healthy on the Anticline as anywhere else. I found six nests of this generalist on my last trip to the Anticline: three in trees, three on cliffs. All of them appeared to have very small young.A particularly goofy-looking hen.

Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) are the only owl species I've seen on the Anticline. Here the hen roosts next to her three young birds in an abandoned Golden Eagle nest. I'm surprised to have never seen a Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) or even a Long-eared (A. otus). There is plenty of what passes in my eyes as good breeding habitat for the former species and good winter habitat for the latter, but I've never seen or heard either up here. I'm also a little surprised to have never seen or heard a Poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttalli) up here, either. It's probably just a bit too cold for any of these birds. I imagine that Screech Owls probably haunt the riparian areas, but I've yet to confirm that.Last of all is the Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus), a bird that is, to me, nearly as iconic of the region as the Sage Grouse. We found six Prairie Falcon eyries (in this photo, the tiercel scolds us, while the falcon incubates). These birds are close to the size and build of a Peregrine (F. peregrinus), but are not as wedded to birds as are their more widespread cousins. Prairies will take a wide range of prey. The other day I watched a tiercel snatch a chipmunk (Tamias sp.) from the valley floor, and haul it off to his waiting mate, harried the whole while by a much larger Swainson's Hawk. The Utah desert Prairie Falcons are fledging now; in the mountains they're all hatched (the early mountain eyrie I posted about earlier this year fledged two weeks ago), but Prairies on the Anticline are all still on eggs.

It's nice to be able to report such positive ecological health from this area. The density of raptor nests was staggering. Many nests were just a hundred yards or so apart. The Swainson's Hawk nest pictured above was in direct view of nesting Prairie Falcons and Ferruginous Hawks. Kestrels (Falco sparverius), and Marsh Hawks, or Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus) were fairly abundant, and I saw an Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and a possible Merlin (Falco columbarius). I'll wrap this little series up in part iii, which will cover all the stuff that isn't a raptor or grouse...well, okay...some of it._____________________All photographs in this post were taken by CPBvK on the Pinedale Anticline, May 15-17, 2006

Tuesday, May 30, 2006

CIRCUS OF THE SPINELESS UP AT BURNING SILO

The ninth edition of Circus of the Spineless, the invertebrate blog carnival, is up at Burning Silo. This is the most interesting time of year to be outside, and I've really been slouching on my blogging duties, not to mention housekeeping. I wish I'd posted something appropriate in the past month to send Bev, because this edition seems to be especially good.

Saturday, May 27, 2006

VANISHING CIRCLES

In an earlier post I covered my acrylic painting technique in a step-by-step demonstration of the painting of a Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agasizii). The painting was commissioned for Vanishing Circles, a project for the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson, Arizona. At the time, I promised to post more about the Vanishing Circles project, and it's taken me until now to actually do that. Vanishing Circles is the brainchild of Priscilla Baldwin, a trustee of the Museum. About the project, she says:

"It is a collection of paintings depicting the threatened and endangered species and places of the Sonora desert area. This includes the southern part of Arizona, The whole of Sonora, Mexico, the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California) and most of Baja California. Places as well as species are included because species are endangered for the most part due to what is happening to their habitat.

"This collection, which I hope will become a book and a traveling collection, is intended to bring attention to these species and their predicament in the world today. I am hoping that this collection will be a role model for other institutions to use art to further their and our efforts to conserve and preserve the world we live in today. Also, if a species does become extinct in the future, we will have an accurate recording of that species and information about it which is current for today.

"I just learned that the national botanical illustration organization wants to start a collection (for tour) of threatened and endangered plants. They, however, are not confining this collection to one region as I have done with Vanishing Circles. I believe they have learned of the idea of Vanishing Circles and changed it to fit their criteria, as I have asked some of their members to do the plants that are threatened in the Sonoran desert region. This is exactly the kind of event that I had hoped would happen as I cannot do it all, but other organizations in other regions of our country can bring attention to the threatened species in their region."

I'm currently at work on a Mexican Beaded Lizard for the collection. This is a particularly enjoyable task for me, after having worked closely with my old pal Dan Beck in illustrating the cover for his fabulous book, Biology of Gila Monsters and Beaded Lizards.

Before the tortoise and beaded lizard, I painted a pair of interesting lizard species for Vanishing Circles. The San Esteban Chuckwalla (Sauromalus varius), a cousin of the well-known Common Chuckwalla (S. ater=obesus) of the American Southwest, is found only on three small Islands in the Gulf of California: San Esteban, Roca Lobos and Pelicanos. Also known as the Piebald Chuckwalla, Painted Chuckwalla, or Giant Chuckwalla, this species can top two feet in length, making it by far the largest member of its genus, and a textbook example of insular gigantism, the tendency of small animals to increase in size once they're established on an island. In 1964, J. Bristol Foster published his Island Rule, which essentially states that larger creatures are more vulnerable to capture by predators, and on an island, where terrestrial predators are often lacking, small creatures tend to grow large, and fill new niches, while large creatures tend to become smaller, and less of a burden on limited food resources. Foster's Rule has been ammended and fine-tuned by Robert MacArthur, E. O. Wilson, Ted Case and others, but its basic principles are still generally accepted. An interesting contemporary example of insular gigantism is taking place on Gough Island, in the South Atlantic, where introduced House Mice (Mus musculus) have tripled in size in just a few decades. The giant mice prey on seabird chicks. Because of its extremely limited habitat, the San Esteban Chuckwalla was listed as an endangered species in 1980. The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum maintains a sizeable colony of these reptiles, and has been responsible for a great deal of important research on the species.

The Giant Spotted Whiptail (Cnemidophorus burti stictogrammus) is another giant lizard restricted to a few small locales. Although it has a larger range in the Mexican state of Sonora, its US range is restricted to the Pajarito, Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, San Luis and Baboquivari Mountains, and part of the Santa Cruz River Basin of Arizona, and Guadalupe Canyon in southwestern New Mexico. Presumably, the lizard was formally distributed throughout the region. It's not clear why it died out in most of its American range, leaving these few disjunct, relict populations. It's thought to have been extirpated by human development in the Tucson Basin and the Santa Cruz Basin between Tucson and Nogales. At a length of as much as a foot and a half, the Gaint Spotted Whiptail is by far the largest whiptail found in the U.S., although other large members of its genus are found south of the border, and its South American cousins the tegus (Tupinambis spp.) and Caiman Lizards (Dracaena spp.) can exceed a yard in length. The taxonomic designation of the Giant Spotted Whiptail has been the subject of some controversy. It has usually been considered one of four subspecies of the Canyon Whiptail (C. burti), two of which occur in the U.S., two in Mexico, but some authorities prefer to conflate it with the Mexican species C. sacki, and there is a growing school advocating full species status._____________________upper: SAN ESTEBAN CHUCKWALLA (2005) acrylic 30" x 20"lower: GIANT SPOTTED WHIPTAIL (2006) acrylic 30" x 20"

Wednesday, May 24, 2006

CARNIVALERT #5

Tangled Bank is the blog carnival of the Life Sciences. Edition #54 is up on Science & Politics, where it will be Coturnix' last carnival before moving to Scienceblogs. There are lots of fascinating posts there. I intend to go back when I get some time to read them all.I and the Bird will go up tomorrow morning right here. Gotta get back to work and make sure that happens. See you then.

Tuesday, May 23, 2006

LAST CALL FOR CARNIVAL!

It's your last chance to be included in the next edition of I and the Bird, the carnival for birds and the people they attract. Send the URLs for your bird-oriented posts to CARELBvK at GMAIL dot COM by tonight (best to get them in before 9pm Mountain Daylight Time). The carnival will be posted right here on Rigor Vitae Thursday morning, May 27th. Be here or be squeer.

Monday, May 22, 2006

IN COLD BLOOD

Last week I hiked along a pallid limestone trail by the light of the moon. I was just beyond the 7,000 foot lower elevation limit for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and hiking in comfort mandated the donning of a second sweatshirt. The air temperature was just a few degrees above freezing, so I was more than a bit surprised to see a snake crawling along the stony soil. It was a big Rubber Boa (Charina bottae), about 30 inches long. I have hiked in these mountains all of my life, and have caught only a handful of these interesting snakes. Thinking over my previous captures, it occurs to me that they all took place during abnormal cold snaps. I never realized it before, but it appears to me that the ideal body temperature for Rubber Boas must be extremely low.

It's a gross oversimplification to describe animals as either “warm-blooded” or “cold-blooded,” since there are a multitude of techniques creatures use to thermoregulate. When driving through the country in the morning or evening, it's common to see lizards and snakes stretched out on the warm pavement, often permanently. This is the sort of behavior we normally think of when considering reptile thermoregulation, but for animals like the Rubber Boa, life is more of an exercise in avoiding heat than seeking it. A number of reptiles function best at low temperatures. A little rattler called the Midget Faded Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor) is rather common in the eastern part of Utah, and is also only seen on very cool nights. In Florida, Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon corais) spend the summers deep underground, emerging only when cold weather drives the other resident snakes beneath the surface. The relictual Tuataras (Sphenodon punctatus) of New Zealand are the most cold-blooded reptiles of all, with an optimum body temperature of around 10ºC (50ºF). Amphibians tend to have lower optimum body temperatures than reptiles.Reptiles, amphibians, and other animals that are poikilothermic (meaning their body temperature varies with the ambient temperature) can raise their temperature in ways more sophisticated than simply basking on a rock. Muscle contractions release heat, and movement is often used in thermoregulation. Sphinx moths (family Sphingidae) vibrate their wings on cool evenings in a pre-launch warm-up. As an animal increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, and heat loss slows down. A boxy, half-ton Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) can increase its body temperature significantly simply by swimming. This is assisted by heat exchangers in the reptile's circulatory system. Such devices are also present in some sharks, and are most highly-developed in tuna of the genera Thunnus and Katsuwonus. These fish can maintain a temperature in the swimming muscles of their upper tails about 14ºC (25ºF) higher than the ambient water temperature. The veins and arteries inside the muscles branch into tiny intertwining vessels. As it passes through the body, heat diffuses from the muscle-warmed blood in the veins into the cold, oxygenated arterial blood.

We tend to think of poikilothermy as being limiting, but it's not without its advantages. Our constantly-burning metabolic furnaces are expensive to run. A lizard or snake can devote practically all of its energy to the business of foraging and reproducing, and has no need for all the extra food required for metabolic thermoregulation. Because of this, poikilotherms tend to me more plentiful; a given parcel of land can support far fewer weasels, for instance, than carnivorous reptiles of similar size.One of the downsides of poikilothermy is the fact that internal chemicals often react differently at different temperatures. Reptiles tend to need lots of redundant chemical systems to function properly at different temperatures. Aside from this, though, the advantages of a steady internal temperature are often exaggerated. I can't speak for other homeotherms, but I probably work at least as hard at keeping myself surrounded by a favorable ambient temperature as your average Rubber Boa does, and it's not a bit unusual to find me stretched out, enjoying the heat of a nice, flat rock._____________________upper: RETICULATED PYTHON & MASKED FINFOOT (1999) acrylic 20" x 30"center: Rubber Boa Photograph by CPOBvK, May 16, 2006lower: BASKING BAJA CALIFORNIA COLLARED LIZARD (2003) acrylic 9" x 12"

Thursday, May 18, 2006

A PINEDALE ANTICLINE PHOTOJOURNAL--Part I: The Grouse

As a follow-up to my earlier post on the politics of energy extraction and conservation on Wyoming's Pinedale Anticline, I offer this report from a recent visit to the region with my friend, Steve Chindgren, who probably understands Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) better than anyone.

With an average 60 frost-free days per year, spring comes late to the Anticline, but it is has most certainly arrived. This week midday temperatures soared up near 80ºF. The spectacular lekking displays of cock Sage Grouse are little more than a memory.May 16, 7:00am: A month ago more than 200 cocks displayed on this lek. Now, just a handful of desperate birds loiter unenthusiastically after having strutted the previous night away. Strutting hours are strictly enforced by the grouse's chief predator, the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), which doesn't begin hunting until the sun has warmed it. When the moon is full, the grouse take full advantage of eagle-free hours, and display through the night. All of the self-respecting hens are nesting now, and only ones that have already lost their eggs will visit the leks this late, trying for a second shot. At the peak of the season, fertilization of the hens is done by a tiny minority of cocks. Whether these late lekkers represent alpha birds or some other demographic has yet to be established.This lone hen has probably just lost her clutch of eggs. Soon she will group up with other lone females to visit what small leks are still active, then attempt a second nesting. Sage Grouse are very social birds, and they winter in huge mixed flocks. As the strutting season begins in February, the sexes segregate. Once bred, the hens beome solitary for the nesting season. Through the summer they will lead their chicks through good foraging areas, and in the fall the birds will regroup to head for the wintering grounds. Ravens (Corvus corax) are presumed to be the most important grouse egg predators, but practically nothing is known of the causes of nesting failure, since Sage Grouse nests are so incredibly hard to locate.To find a Sage Grouse nest, knowing a bit of scatology is helpful. Ordinary grouse droppings look like the ones on the left, a pile of buffy pellets. The density of these pellets can give important clues to the kind of grouse behavior that has taken place in a given spot. Incubating hens undergo a metabolic change. They defecate but once a day, producing a single groaner of a scat like the one on the right. Discovering one of these means a nest is within about fifty feet. The pattern of the Sage Grouse hen's back looks precisely like the shed leaves and twigs beneath a sagebrush, so even after finding a groaner, a couple of hours of careful searching are invariably required before the nest is located. The incubating hen sits close, flushing only when practically touched. Here a brooding hen faces the viewer. Click on the photo, and look carefully in the lower-right corner. The face of a chick, a couple of hours old, is visible. The young birds move under their mother, or away from her, depending on the ambient temperature. On a warm day like this one, even very young chicks will sit around the hen rather than underneath.Usually six to eight spotted, khaki-colored eggs are laid in a grass-lined depression under a sagebrush. Once the last egg is laid, incubation begins, which takes just under four weeks. Last summer was unusually wet on the Anticline, so breeding success of wildlife in general was very high. Despite the fact that it hasn't yet rained this spring, bird clutch sizes are above average. Here, a clutch of nine eggs is caught in the act of hatching. Of the nine eggs, one failed to hatch, and one chick died just after hatching. Sawing an eggshell apart requires a lot of energy from a chick, and a death at this time is not unusual.Within an hour, the chicks are dry and able to move about. They are extremely beautiful little birds, and their cryptic color pattern blends in perfectly with the dried grasses and shed sage leaves. This chick, about an hour and a half old, sits beside its mother.Once the chicks are five or six hours old, they have the strength to run about. The family will now leave the nest for good. As the young birds age and the weather warms, they will spend less time being brooded by the hen, who will lead them to moister areas with lots of young plant growth and small insects. As they grow up, invertebrates will make up an increasingly small portion of the omnivorous chicks' diet. By the first snow, all the birds will sustain themselves solely on sagebrush leaves (in the summer adult birds aren't at all above eating a bug or two, and I've watched them gorge themselves on Mormon Crickets [Anabrus simplex] when those insects are abundant). Of the seven chicks that left this nest, most will not survive the summer. A hen that produces two offspring that make it through to spring can be considered very successful. Once a bird is a year old, it is far less vulnerable to the ravages of nature. Aside from Golden Eagles, not many predators are capable of catching and killing one of these big, powerful and very fast-flying birds.Automobiles are as big a threat to Sage Grouse as they are to any wildlife. In the summertime, hens are particularly vulnerable, as the runoff from highways produces lush little bands of tender grasses and insects on either side, luring mother birds to lead their broods to their possible demise.Fences pose a less obvious but far greater hazard than highways. This cock has clearly had a collision with the barbed wire fence behind him. Blood can be seen trickling freely down his neck. From here, he walked off into the sagebrush, reluctant to fly. Whether this was because he was unable to or because he chose not to out of simple soreness is hard to say. Sage Grouse are powerful fliers that often move just over the sagebrush tops at speeds as high as 70 mph. At such velocity, a single strand of wire is very hard to see, and deadly to hit. Fences that cross popular flyways take out a high number of birds. Last year Steve and I counted an average of 15 dead grouse per mile along one stretch. This represents but a portion of the birds that perish, since many of them are not killed immediately, but wander off to die elsewhere. Coyotes learn to walk the fencelines, and they drag away many grouse carcasses. Last summer, Steve and I wired beer cans that had been donated by the local bar in Farson to this stretch of high-mortality fence. This year we did not find a single dead grouse along it--a simple solution to major problem.Overall, the Pinedale Anticline is very healthy. Last year's wet weather was good for the vitality of the system, and wildlife is abundant. This year's dry weather does not bode well for the short-term, and I don't expect it to be as good a summer for anything but the scavengers. Nothing abnormal here, though--this is a harsh ecosystem, full of tough residents that have dealt with worse for thousands of years. In part two we'll look at some of those other Anticline denizens._____________________All photographs in this post were taken by CPBvK on the Pinedale Anticline, May 15-17, 2006

I AND THE BIRD TO STOP BY NEXT WEEK

Just a quick reminder that Rigor Vitae will be hosting I and the Bird, the bird blog carnival, one week from today. Be sure to drop by for the festivities. Please bring something to share, as well--in the form of your own submission. Send a link to your bird-oriented post to CARELBvK at GMAIL dot COM by 9pm Tuesday night, May 23rd. Early submissions are appreciated and will be rewarded.

Saturday, May 13, 2006

MONKEYS IN THE NEWS

Most primates are big, conspicuous animals. They're often very hard to observe in a thick forest, but they're usually noisy and social, and tend to leave a lot of evidence of their presence. So it's always a bit exciting when a new species is discovered, like the Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala), discovered in the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh two years ago. Madagascar has yielded as many as six new species of lemur in the past few years, but the last new primate genus, as far as I know, was named in 1923 for the monotypic Allen's Monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) of Central Africa.

The last institution I'd expect the identification of a new primate genus from is probably the University of Alaska, but they've released the word that that's exactly what they've done. Last year the discovery of a new monkey was announced from the mountains of western Tanzania. Thought to be a species of mangabey (Cercocebus spp.), it looks very much like a member of that genus (see photo below), in fact, many authorities were not convinced that it represented a new species. Samples from a dead specimen were sent to the lab in Alaska, where it was discovered the animal was more closely related to the baboons of the genus Papio (see painting above). The monkey has been christened Rungwecebus kipunji, after Mt. Rungwe, where it was found. (Thanks, Afarensis.)Just another reminder of how much we still don't know about the world around us. It was only 14 years ago that a new genus of ox, Pseudoryx, was found in the mountains near the Viet Nam/Laos border. These surprising events make the news, but very few of us hear about the dozens of new frogs, fish, shrews, bats and other less conspicuous critters that are identified each year--and the invertebrates--not even the experts can keep up with the new invertebrates.

Moving from the exciting to the ridiculous, a vaguely related new study finds that alcohol affects monkeys in ways similar to humans. Anyone who thinks this is news should take a look here and especially here._____________________upper: GRIPPING TAIL--YELLOW BABOON & WHITE-THROATED MONITOR (1994) acrylic 30" x 20"lower: Photograph of Rungwecebus kipunji by Tim Davenport

Friday, May 12, 2006

THE OLD STOMPIN' GROUNDS

I grew up in Emigration Canyon, in the Wasatch Mountains, east of the Great Salt Lake Valley. In 1847, Brigham Young and his Mormon entourage followed the canyon to the Promised Land, and since there were no canyons leading out of Nauvoo, Illinois (their point of departure) to give the name Emigration to, they gave it to ours. A small working-class community clung to a six-mile stretch of State Highway 36, which runs through the canyon. It was an ideal place for a boy with an interest in nature to grow up, with a limitless expanse of wilderness to explore. A horse trail followed a long secondary valley to the north of the canyon, and this was our access to the richest back country. The land belonged mostly to the BLM or to one of two sheep-ranching families whose younger generations were already looking to other occupations by the time I was born. Sheep were summered in the canyon for the last time in 1970, and within a decade, housing developers with dreams of dollar signs began buying up their land.

Today that horse trail is a two-lane paved road lined with hundreds of enormous homes and manicured yards. Twenty years ago, the powerful aroma of sagebrush and balsam-root were striking, but today they are completely masked by the perfume of chemical fertilizers. The road follows roughly the same course as the old horse trail, and I've continued to use it to access the back country each year.On my last trip, though, at least one resident was disturbed to see a man with a backpack walking up the road under his own power, and called the police. Deputy Sheriff Kyle Lowther was dispatched to solve the problem, but unfortunately he arrived after the perpetrator had already disappeared up a deer trail. On my return, just yesterday, Officer Lowther's timing was better. He detained me, explaining that although it was unmarked and ungated, the road was private property, and that I was to leave, and would be jailed if I was caught stealing another hike from the good citizens. Deputy Lowther was actually a very nice guy doing his job, and I got the feeling he understood how ridiculous his task was. He even posed for this nice picture.

Walking back to the highway, I felt indignant, and my gut response was to declare war, but I had no right to be too hard on these newcomers, however distasteful I found their values. My own family tore out a chunk of wilderness to build our house. Each time I hike up there and see another clump of aspens being bulldozed, and drilling mud or chlorinated, softened water being pumped into a creek, I have to temper my anger with the knowledge that the Canyon's blood stains my own hands, too.I mention this story not only to vent, but to illustrate two factors affecting our ever-changing relationship with the land. The most obvious is the enormous impact that members of a species as chronically successful as our own have with our each move, each decision. We've spent the past 10,000 years trying to hide it from ourselves, but our lives are still irrevocably dovetailed into that vibrating ecological matrix. Our every activity broadcasts a little ripple, and each ripple is amplified by a factor of six billion.

The second factor that comes to mind is the commodification of wilderness. That old maxim, “the best things in life are free” is becoming increasingly fallacious. One of the many drawbacks of a capitalist system is that it rewards and encourages the greedy. As wild country becomes more scarce, the charlatans will move from the woodwork to the woods, trying to find a way to sell it to us. What disturbs me is not so much that the gates of the wild will be closed to the poor, but that the land beyond those gates will be managed with an eye toward profit. The end result will be wildlands that are fit only for the wealthy, and that's a result I can live without._____________________upper: DISCIPLINE--FERRUGINOUS HAWK (1995) acrylic 40" x 30"center: Deputy Sheriff Lowther, May 11, 2006lower: The Brest van Kempens, c. 1965 (that's me in the center of the loader bucket)