Saturday, April 14, 2012

In the Roman Catholic religion (I'm most familiar with this branch of Catholicism), ancient pre-Christian practices were incorporated wholesale into "the Church" in order to attract and appease new worshippers. Despite subsequent purges and councils and what not (I believe the most recent one was Vatican II, which did nothing to make "the Church" more popular), many customs, beliefs, practices and rituals that are not part of the Official Catechism persist in everyday Roman Catholicism around the world.

Whether by design or due to the intransigence of the human spirit, so too it is with Islam -- we just don't read it about it too often in the western popular press. I have a feeling that such articles/reports rarely, if ever, make it into the popular press, or even into the academic press, in very many countries where Islam is the predominant religion. Although the religion of Mohammed is a mere 600 years younger than "Christianity" (give or take some years), Islam has a lot of growing up to do relative to it. But you know, once the genie is let out of the bottle, you cannot put him back in...

Art Daily has put together a very good summary of recent articles on this study:

MIAMI, FL.- Harvard University educated
anthropologist and president of the Paleontological Research Corporation, Dr.
Joel Klenck, conducted a study of Bedouin sacrificial rituals that reveal a
diversity of beliefs in Arab populations in the Levant. Sponsored by a grant
from the Joe Alon Museum, Klenck conducted a study of Bedouin sacrificial
rituals completed in 2012 and featured in a forthcoming publication.

Rarely revealed by Western researchers, Arab pastoral nomads practice
several types of sacrificial rituals other than the main feast of sacrifice or
“Id al ‘Adha” that occurs the tenth day of the Hadj or “Dhul Hijjah” and is
practiced by all observing Muslims. Three other rituals include sacrifices to
spirits or “ginn”, ritual slaughters to ward off curses and bless newly married
couples, and commemorations to deceased family members. Another type of
sacrifice practiced by Bedouin in the Levant comprises sacrifices to a “weli” or
revered person. Klenck states, “Bedouin sacrifice sheep, goats, cattle and
occasionally a camel to a weli to redeem vows, incur healing, give thanks or
insure fertility. Individuals performing the sacrifices believe the weli will
act as a mediator between them and Allah to facilitate their requests.”

Around 1771, Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, a cleric who traveled
throughout Saudi Arabia and Iraq, began to influence the ruler of Dara’iya,
Muhammad Ibn Sa’ud, whose tribe created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The
religious leader al-Wahhab formed a movement that denounced Bedouin believing in
the special powers of a weli, punished individuals performing sacrificial
rituals to these revered persons and largely eradicated these practices.

Although sacrifices to Bedouin saints are mostly forbidden in Saudi
Arabia, these rituals continue to be practiced by Muslim pastoral nomads in the
Levant and North Africa. Klenck states, “I was able to observe Bedouin
venerating the tombs of Sheikh Abu-Hurreira, Ibrahim, Hussein, Falougie, Nebi
Musa, and the adjacent sepulchers of Al-Azzam and Al-Nabari. The sheikhs’ tombs
vary in their size, care and decoration. The tombs often feature sticks of wood
mostly of palm with white or green cloth tied to each structure. According to
the Bedouin, the white cloth represents peace and goodwill and is a beneficial
omen for those petitioning Allah through a weli. The Bedouin consider the color
green to be very holy as its significance stems from their traditions and
because they allege the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad and the Kabbah in Saudi
Arabia are covered with green tapestries. At the tombs the Bedouin often light
candles and sometimes leave salt, sugar, matches, and coins in the sacred area.”

While Bedouin women perform prayers and light candles at the tombs, the
men perform animal sacrifices near the sepulchers. At the tombs of Al-Azzam and
Al-Nabari, the trees surrounding the sacred areas exhibit slash marks where
Bedouin hang animal carcasses during butchery activities. After the sacrifice,
the meat is boiled and everyone participates in the subsequent feast, especially
the poor. Several Bedouin stated that in past centuries, individuals left
valuable possessions at the sheikh’s tombs knowing that no Bedouin would dare
steal from the tomb for fear of being cursed. Klenck concludes, “Studies of
Bedouin animal sacrifices reveal a diversity of beliefs and are important in
understanding cultures and ritual activities in the Levant.”

Friday, April 13, 2012

The report is rather understated, I think! This is in incredibly important discovery. I sincerely hope the government will do everything (and I do mean everything) to protect those tombs and, as is quite apparent from the photographs that accompany the article, the artifacts that have already been removed from the tombs, including one or more absolutely priceless Han Dynasty bronze "mirrors." Sad to say, the originals of these artifacts have probably already disappeared into the "private collections" of high mucky-muck Communist Party Politburo princes.

More than 50 ancient and rare relics were uncovered in a tomb excavation in Guxian County, Anhui province. The 53-tomb complex is believed to have been under construction over many dynastic periods dating back to the Eastern Han Dynasty nearly 2,000 years ago.

The tomb complex was discovered accidentally on a construction site. It contains over 50 brick tombs from the Eastern Han, Tang and Song dynasties.

Experts identified the type of people who were buried there.

Zhao Lanhui, deputy researcher of the Bengbu Cultural Relics Institute, said, "lying south to north would perhaps be people of four generations. Due to its size, we know the tombs come from the Song Dynasty. It's small with a simple style.

The tombs hold a unique character that were built in an animal shape."

Though some tombs have been plundered over the years, precious relics have emerged, such as bronze mirrors, gold and silver garments, along with pottery boxes.

﻿﻿

This is a photo from the article. Not captioned, so it could be "any" Bronze Mirror rather than one
recovered from one of the Han Dynasty tombs. Bronze Mirrors went out of fashion at the
end of the Han Dynast; they were tied to Taoist philosophy and the Queen Mother of the West, and were
used for divination. I am not able to tell from this photo if this is a TLV mirror or a "cloud" pattern mirror.

Many people buried here were considered common people, until the discovery of a special, delicate and well-preserved mirror.

Zhou Chongwen, archaeologist, said, "It's a relatively large bronze mirror, which means the owner held social status."

An archeological study is continuing on into its history and the people who lived here.

It's generating much interest in local heritage and cultural identity.

I received a report from Brian Raymer, one of the organizers of the Grand Pacific Open:

Another great GPO. Nino was 2nd place this year. 5/6 Her only loss to Nakamura who came 1st with 6/6. 120 players 10 women this year. A few others who could not make it last minute. Here is a video of Nino playing blitz with a couple of our young women. http://youtu.be/pptZ3hX08qs Nino had 1 minute her opponents 5 minutes. Nino is a great ambassador for chess. I hope she is able to make it again to the next GPO. Maybe the Canadian Open as well.

Wednesday, April 11, 2012

A bronze, Viking-era "piggy-bank" containing thousands silver coins dating from the 11th century has been unearthed on the Baltic island of Gotland in what Swedish archaeologists have described as a "fantastic" treasure find.

The silver treasure was found last Thursday during an archaeological examination of a field in Rone, on southern Gotland.

"We had an expert out there with a metal detector who got a signal that he's found something pretty big," Per Widerström, an archaeologist with the Gotland Museum, told The Local.

The same field has yielded previous treasure finds, including a well-known discovery from the 1880s, when a collection of nearly 6,000 coins dating from the 11th century were uncovered.

The field's reputation made it a target for amateur treasure hunters and plunderers, prompting the Gotland county administrative board to commission a survey of the area as a preventative measure against any further plundering of valuable archaeological finds.

After being alerted to the new find, Widerström and colleague Majvor Östergren went back out to the field to figure out exactly what lay beneath the surface.

"What we found was a bronze, Viking-era bucket filled with silver coins," he said.

A preliminary analysis of one of the coins revealed that it was likely minted in Germany some time between 1000 and 1040.

X-rays also indicate that the bucket, which measures 23 centimetres in diameter and has a depth of about 17 centimetres, likely contains "thousands" of coins.

"We can't say for sure because the x-rays couldn't penetrate all the silver. There might be other silver artefacts in there, but as it looks now, the bucket appears filled to the brim with coins," said Widerström.

He explained that the find is unusual in that it was a complete treasure was found intact, something which is likely due to the fact that it was nestled just over 30 centimetres deep in the earth.

"Ploughs only go down about 29 centimetres, which means this treasure has managed to escape damage from all agricultural activity over the centuries," Widerström explained.

He compared the bronze bucket to a Viking-era "piggy bank" or "cash box", adding that the size of the find may be one of the first indications of a consolidation in the market of Viking merchants.

"Treasures found before this time are usually much smaller, while those found after, while fewer in number, tended to be much larger," Widerström said.

"We hope to be able to determine if the bucket was filled all at once, or one several occasions over time."

He refused to place a monetary value on the find, although museum head Sjövärd explained that even one of the silver coins could be worth "thousands" of Swedish kronor.

Widerström hopes to commence with more detailed examination of the treasure next week assuming additional resources are made available from the Swedish National Heritage Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet).

He added that the field where the coins were found has likely yielded its last Viking-era treasure.

The surprise of the Canadian tournament season was the appearance of 6th in the world GM Hikaru Nakamura at the GPO! Well of course they broke an attendance record, darlings :) People were eager for a chance to see Nakamura in action, even if they didn't get near him on the table!

With the advent of Nakamura it didn't seem likely that last year's champion, WGM Nino Maisuradze, would repeat as champion. She did, however, have a very creditable tournament, going 5.0/6 and finished in clear second place. Nakamura was 6.0/6. I would have fallen over in a faint if he hadn't finished with that score.

Congratulations to the winners of the Goddesschess prizes for chess femmes!

There are two token European players, so the lower rated Chinese women that the sports ministry is trying out to see who rises up the ranks will get to beat-up on them; the Chinese women are notoriously under-rated -- that's what happens in the female chess ghetto, particularly in China where those lower in the ranks rarely play against anyone other than each other.

Monday, April 9, 2012

A treasure hunter with a metal detector has unearthed a 3,000-year-old piece of ornate gold jewellery from a bog in Northern Ireland.

Ronald Johnston first thought the Bronze Age torc was an old car spring, he told the BBC.

The coiled metal, typically worn around the neck or waist, would actually have belonged to a Celt who had “access to extreme wealth,” said Armagh County Museum’s Andrea Kennedy.

Johnston had cleaned the mysterious metal and stuffed it in a drawer in his home in Enniskillen until he saw a photograph of another Celtic torc in a magazine. His brother Charlie Johnson took it to the museum.

A symbol of the Celts’ “delight in gaudy ostentation,” according to the ancient Greek philosopher Poseidonius, torcs carried distinctive designs created by local blacksmiths. The word torc comes from the Latin for “to twist” or torque.

Ribbon torcs such as the one found by Johnston were typical of north Ulster and north Connaught.
It is only the second one discovered on the Irish isle that is coiled like a spring as well as carrying the distinctive ribbon twist design, said Kennedy. Stretched out, it’s unusually large — 47 inches or 119 centimetres — so it would likely have been worn around the waist rather than the neck.

“Perhaps it was buried when the owner died and the coiling was a type of decommissioning so that it could no longer be worn,” she said.
“Alternatively it could have been an offering to the gods.”

The Treasure Valuation Committee at the British Museum in London will determine how much the ancient artifact is worth.

I'm no fan of Zahi Hawass. This is so bogus though, I don't even know where to begin. Right now at the Milwaukee Public Museum through April 22, 2012, an exhibit relating to Queen Cleopatra - from Egypt. Guess these corrupt new rulers are pissed off because they didn't get a cut of the money the second Tut exhibit has raised and is continuing to raise during it's journey around the USA.

Zahi Hawass, the former minister of state for antiquities faces charges of breaking Egypt's antiquities law when he agreed to display rare Egyptian objects in Australia and the US

Ahram Online, Monday 2 Apr 2012

General Prosecutor Abdel Meguid Mahmoud on Monday referred charges of wasting public money and stealing Egyptian antiquities against Zahi Hawass, former minister of state for antiquities to the Public Fund Prosecution office.
Nour El-Din Abdul-Samad, Director of Archeological Sites, had filed the accusations against Hawass, and requested that the objects in question be returned to the Egyptian Museum.

The Public Funds Prosecution office also received other charges accusing Hawass of wasting public money and exposing Egyptian antiquities to stealing in collaboration with former regime members.
Hawass is accused of sealing a deal with the American Geographical Society to display rare Egyptian antiquities in exhibitions across the United States and Australia, violating the law of protecting antiquities.

Hawass admitted in a television talk show that he had a 17 million dollar deal with the American Geographical Society with regard to a Tutankhamun exhibition to raise donations for Suzanne Mubarak's association, wife of former president Hosni Mubarak. Suzanne Mubarak's association was a private association not a state body, and as such Hawass was not legally allowed to use his position as a state minister to raise funds for it.

The charges relate to Hawass agreeing to transfer and display 143 objects from the Egyptian Museum to Washington DC in 2003. The antiquities have yet to be returned to the museum. [Tut, tut. They are still on exhibit and touring the USA -- they will be in Seattle starting in May, 2012 through January, 2013. Now if I can find this information out simply by doing a quick google search, don't ya think the geniuses running Egypt could do the same thing and read all about it, heh?]

These exhibitions violate the antiquities law that prohibits renting Egypt's heritage. [BULLSHIT. That is, pure and simply, BULLSHIT. Like I said, it's all about the money, and the fact that the boys now running Egypt ain't getting any from the millions generated by the tour of the Tut-related artifacts and exhibition. Too bad, so sad. All of this was put in place LONG before the 'revolution.']

Sunday, April 8, 2012

Wow, I thought Zahi Hawass was thrown into prison or something. But now he's a "Chief Archaeologist." Well, good for him, and good for Egypt. Whatever else he may or may not be, he was damn good at his job.

The Old Kingdom queen’s chamber was badly damaged except for two inner walls covered with spells meant to help her travel to the afterlife, he said in a statement.

Ancient Egyptians believed that the souls of royalty could fly to heaven, or alternatively use stairs, ramps and ladders with the help of religious spells. Such engraved spells, known as Pyramids Texts, were common in royal tombs during the 5th and 6th Dynasties, Hawass said.

“Pyramid Texts were first discovered inside the burial chamber of King Unas’s pyramid at Saqqara, the last king of the 5th Dynasty,” he added.

The well-known necropolis of Saqqara, 30 km south of Cairo, served the nearby city of Memphis and was scoured in ancient times by thieves.

The 5th Dynasty is generally understood to have lasted from 2465 to 2323 BC, while the 6th Dynasty ran from 2323 to 2150 BC. The Old Kingdom collapsed soon after, amid social upheaval.

Philippe Collombert, who headed the French mission that excavated Behenu’s remains, said the team found her sarcophagus within the sprawling necropolis of Pepi I at Saqqara.

“It is a well-preserved granite sarcophagus engraved with the queen’s different titles, but says nothing about the identity of her husband,” Collombert said.

Archaeologists are unsure whether Behenu was the wife of Pepi I or Pepi II, both 6th Dynasty rulers.
One side of the sarcophagus bore the hieroglyphic inscription “the king’s wife and beloved.”

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"Advanced Chess" Leon 2002

About Me

I'm one of the founders of Goddesschess, which went online May 6, 1999. I earned an under-graduate degree in history and economics going to college part-time nights, weekends and summer school while working full-time, and went on to earn a post-graduate degree (J.D.) I love the challenge of research, and spend my spare time reading and writing about my favorite subjects, travelling and working in my gardens. My family and my friends are most important in my life. For the second half of my life, I'm focusing on "doable" things to help local chess initiatives, starting in my own home town. And I'm experiencing a sort of personal "Renaissance" that is leaving me rather breathless...