Introduction: Religious Buddhism and ‘Secular’ Buddhism

The Dalai Lama has said that Buddhism and science are deeply compatible and has encouraged Western scholars to critically examine both the meditative practice and Buddhist ideas about the human mind. A number of scientists and philosophers have taken up this challenge. There have been brain scans of meditators and philosophical examinations of Buddhist doctrines. There have even been discussions of Darwin and the Buddha: Do early Buddhist descriptions of the mind, and of the human condition, make particular sense in light of evolutionary psychology?
This course will examine how Buddhism is faring under this scrutiny. Are neuroscientists starting to understand how meditation “works”? Would such an understanding validate meditation—or might physical explanations of meditation undermine the spiritual significance attributed to it? And how are some of the basic Buddhist claims about the human mind holding up? We’ll pay special attention to some highly counterintuitive doctrines: that the self doesn’t exist, and that much of perceived reality is in some sense illusory. Do these claims, radical as they sound, make a certain kind of sense in light of modern psychology? And what are the implications of all this for how we should live our lives? Can meditation make us not just happier, but better people?
All the features of this course are available for free. It does not offer a certificate upon completion.

教學方

Robert Wright

腳本

Hi. Welcome to my course on Buddhism and Modern Psychology. I'm Robert Wright and I'm here at Princeton University where, for the past couple of years, I've been teaching the seminar that this course will be based on. Now, I've never taught an online course before, so I'm very excited about this. It's kind of an adventure for me. And I want to thank you all for choosing to be part of it. I want to spend the f, the first segment of this first lecture just giving you an overview of, of the main themes of the course and then I'm going to talk a little bit about myself and what got me interested in this. Now one question you could ask about a course called Buddhism and Modern Psychology is which Buddhism are we're talking about. After all, as with other religions, there are varieties of Buddhism. Just as there are different denominations of Christianity. There are different versions of Buddhism in Asia, and in addition to that, in, in recent decades, we've seen the emergence of something that some people are calling a Western Buddhism. In the United States, where I am, in Europe and so on. Consisting of people who weren't born Buddhist. But have chosen to adopt Buddhist practice. In particular, meditation practice. Now, one distinctive feature of this Western Buddhism is that these people don't pay a lot of attention to what some people would call the supernatural. Parts of Buddhism. So, for example, if you took some of these Western Buddhists and showed them this. They'd say, what is that? Well the answer is, it's a hungry ghost. And many Asian Buddhists believe that you might be reincarnated as a hungry ghost in a kind of hell, if things don't go well. Or, if things go better, you might wind up in a, in, in, in a heaven and spend years there before. Being reincarnated again. But this, this Western Buddhism doesn't really pay much attention to these kinds of ideas. And in that sense, the focus of this course will have something in common with the Western Buddhism, because we won't be talking much about things like Buddhist deities or reincarnation. And the reason is simple. This course is about the scientific evaluation of Buddhist ideas. And reincarnation is just not an idea that's very susceptible to scientific evaluation. I don't know how you'd set up an experiment to kind of test the hypothesis of reincarnation. Now there are lots of ideas in, in Buddhism that are what you might call naturalistic. That is to say, they are susceptible to scientific evaluation. A lot of ideas about the human mind. So for example, Buddhism addresses questions like, why do people suffer? Why do we all feel anxiety? And sadness, and so on. Why do people behave unkindly sometimes? Does the human mind deceive people about the nature of reality? And can we change the way the mind works? In particular, through meditation? Now, I want to emphasize that this kind of naturalistic part of Buddhism is an authentic part of Buddhist heritage. It's found in the earliest writings. And it is common to Asian Buddhism and, and Western Buddhism. It's kind of a common denominator of Buddhisms. Now some people refer to this as a secular Buddhism, but that may be a little misleading. because, I think it's possible to have a wholly naturalistic world view that does address some of the questions that religions address and does do for people some of the things religion does for people. So for example, I think a naturalistic world view, including this naturalistic Buddhism, can in principle, give people a sense that their lives have meaning. Give them moral orientation. Give them consolation in times of sorrow. Give them equinimity as they encounter the turbulence of life. Now, whether that means that you could call this naturalistic version of Buddhism religious depends ultimately on how you are going to define religion. One of the, one of the broadest definitions I've seen comes from William James, the great American psychologist who said that the kind of animating essence of religion is the belief that there is an unseen order. And that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves thereto. Now, Buddhism does in a sense, say that there is an unseen order that we should adjust ourselves to. Now it's not talking about a kind of cosmic plan. The unseen order that is referred to, is the truth about the way things work. The truth about the structure of reality, the truth about human beings, even the truth about yourself. According to Buddhism, these truths often go unseen because the human mind contains certain built-in. distortions, illusions. We don't see the word clearly. And Buddhism certainly does assert that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves to this normally hidden truth. And in fact Buddhism lays a path for the harmonious adjustment. it, it, it, it lays out what it considers to be the truth about reality. It tells us what we need to do to bring our lives in line with that reality. and, the claim, the Buddhist claim is, that we can thereby relieve our suffering even end our suffering. And in the process, align ourselves with moral truth. At least that's the claim. That is the Buddhist claim. Is it true? Is the Buddhist diagnosis of the human predicament, why they're are suffering through? And the prescription for for, for the human predicament powerful and effective? Well that's largely what this course is about. And, I hope it's not too much of a plot spoiler to say that I do think that modern psychology is in some respects lending support to Buddhist ideas. For example, I think psychology does show us that the, certain deceptions, distortions, are built into the human mind, and actually that we do suffer as a result. And I think even some of the more radical sounding Buddhist doctrines are, are getting some support. For example Buddhism says that there is a sense in which the self, that is the thing that I think of as running the show, the thing inside me does not exist. In a sense. And I think psychology is also raising real questions about the actual nature. Of what we think of as the self. Now, when I talk about modern psychology, I definitely mean to include evolutionary psychology. And that is the study of how the human mind was shaped by natural selection and I think there is evidence. That some of these delusions that the mind is subject to were actually built in by natural selection for reasons we'll come to. The mind is kind of programmed that way. But to say that something is natural, or was engineered by natural selection, isn't to say that it's not changeable. And in fact, part of the idea of Buddhism is to do what you might call kind of counter programming of, of the brain. In particular through such techniques as meditation. And kind of neutralize some of these tendencies that I would say were built into the brain By natural selection. And in fact one thing I like about Buddhism is the sheer audacity of it. You know, it's kind of like a rebellion against our creator. Natural selection it, it very much wants to, wants to run in opposition to some of the logic by which natural selection wired the brain. Now. Should emphasize that it's not a complete rebellion against natural selection. Buddhism does make use of some things natural selection engrained in us including, you know, love, compassion, rational thought, but still it's a pretty thorough going rebellion we're talking about. [COUGH] Now can the, can the rebellion be successful? I've already suggested that modern psychology lend support to, to some of the Buddhist diagnosis of the human predicament. But what about the prescription? Can the prescription laid out by Buddism end or greatly alleviate human suffering. By making us see the world more clearly? Well, we're going to be hearing from some people who say that it's worked for them. These are people I've talked to over the last few months. But I want to emphasize that I'm not just interested in the question of whether, whether meditation has made them happier, made them suffer less but whether it has done that. By helping them see the world more clearly. Whether dispelling these illusions that seem to be built into us is the key to happiness. Now in looking at this issue we will also be hearing from some prominent psychologists. That I've also been having conversations with other the last few months. And we'll be looking at various kinds of evidence. Brain scans, social psychology experiments. And we'll also be hearing a little bit from me about my experiences with meditation. I'm not a hardcore meditator, I don't meditate hours a day. But I do try to meditate everyday. and. Perhaps more important, I have done some of these one week silent meditation retreats, which are pretty, pretty intense. And involve a whole lot of meditation and not much else and they can have dramatic effects on your consciousness, and I think these have given me a glimpse of what some of these much more serious meditators. Experience and the conclusions they reach about how their mind is working. These retreats are really, probably the main thing that got me interested in this whole area, and, and, and they're the reason that I decided to research it and write about it and teach about it. At the same time, my interest also grows out of my. Previous work in a kind of natural way. About 20 years ago, I read a book called The Moral Animal, about evolutionary psychology when that term, evolutionary psychology, was just starting to circulate. And then I went to teach in a psychology department of Penn, the University of Pennsylvania, for a while. Meanwhile, I was getting more interested in religion. And I wrote a book called The Evolution of God about the emergence of the Abrahamic God. And in the last few chapters of that, I addressed the question of whether there can be a religion that is viable in the modern world, whether you could have something you could call a religion that is fully compatible with modern science. And now I'm kind of returning to that question here and I'm really looking forward to to sharing what, my thinking with you and my findings with you. So now let's dive into the course and move on to the second segment of lecture one. [BLANK_AUDIO]