Employer Bias Thwarts Many Blind Workers

by David Crary

From the Editor: The following Associated Press story appeared March
16, 2008, in a number of newspapers around the country. Suddenly the topic of
employment for blind people was of broad, if fleeting, interest. The reason
was the swearing in as governor of David Paterson, who had been the legally
blind lieutenant governor of New York. Here is the story:

Technology and training have improved to the point that blind people can adeptly
perform a dazzling array of jobs--soon to include the governorship of New York.
The biggest obstacle still in their way, advocates say, is the negative attitude
of many employers.
The most recent available statistics suggest that only about 30 percent of working-age
blind people have jobs. That figure was calculated more than ten years ago,
but the major groups lobbying on behalf of blind Americans believe it remains
accurate despite numerous technological advances. "Most people don't know
a blind person, so they assume that blind people are not capable of doing most
jobs when in fact that's not true," said Chris Danielsen, spokesman for
the National Federation of the Blind.

Exhibit A, for the moment, is David Paterson, the legally blind
lieutenant governor of New York from Harlem who will be sworn in Monday as governor,
replacing scandal-tarnished Eliot Spitzer. However, blind people hold all sorts
of jobs these days--judge, fitness trainer, TV show host, registered nurse,
lawyer, and so on.

"Unfortunately we're still living in an age of misperceptions
of what blind people can do," said Carl Augusto, president of the American
Foundation for the Blind. "We're hoping that an employer considering hiring
a blind person will say that, if David Paterson can be governor and be legally
blind, maybe this applicant who is blind can be a good computer programmer."

There are an estimated ten million visually impaired people in
the United States, including about 1.3 million who are legally blind, according
to Augusto's foundation. The foundation says legal blindness is generally described
as visual acuity of 20-200 or less in the better eye, with a corrective lens.
Paterson has enough sight in his right eye to walk unaided, recognize people
at conversational distance, and read if the text is close to his face.

In theory those people are covered by the Americans with Disabilities
Act, which among its many provisions requires employers to give fair consideration
and treatment to visually impaired employees and job applicants. But Augusto
said employers routinely turn down blind applicants without incurring legal
sanction. "The ADA is a wonderful law, but many employers find a way not
to seriously consider blind people," he said. "They look at themselves
and then say, `I can't imagine how a blind person can be a computer programmer.
They can't possibly do it.'"

Advocacy groups work persistently to change such attitudes, with
employer education programs and public appearances by successful blind people
to discuss their capabilities. One component of such campaigns is to raise awareness
of the ever-evolving technology that helps blind people handle more types of
jobs--including software that reads aloud information on a computer screen and
scanners that can convert printed material into Braille or an accessible electronic
format.

"The assisted technology has made the playing field as level
as it's ever been for blind people," said Kirk Adams, president of Seattle's
Lighthouse for the Blind, a nonprofit agency that provides job help. "There
are fewer and fewer jobs a blind person can't do." Adams, forty-six, said
being blind seemed a hindrance when he first began postcollege job hunting,
but he was hired as a securities broker and later served in various nonprofit
fundraising jobs before moving to the Lighthouse, which has 190 blind people
on its payroll.

One problem he notes is the difficulty many young blind people
face in getting short-term or part-time work during high school and college.
"There's a real divergence with sighted kids," Adams said. "It's
very typical that a blind kid at sixteen or eighteen is not having success finding
that first employment--we see a lot of frustration around that age because employers
may not be thinking about making those short-term jobs accessible."

The American Foundation for the Blind says its latest research
indicates that, once young blind people complete top-notch training and education
programs, they attain an employment rate not much lower than sighted people.
But Augusto said the overall portion of blind people with jobs remains low because
many older workers who lose vision in middle age drop out of the workforce rather
than undergo retraining.

"You get a bunch of people in their fifties who all of a
sudden are visually impaired--they can't drive anymore, they'll get Social Security
benefits and maybe disability insurance," Augusto said. "They say,
`The heck with it, we're not going back to work. We don't want to go through
the rehabilitation training--it's too hard.'"

Kevan Worley, a blind Coloradan, runs a company that provides
thousands of meals a day to Army troops at Fort Carson in Colorado Springs.
About 70 percent of his two hundred employees are blind or otherwise disabled.
"There are still stereotypes of blind people," he said. "When
employers, educators, even parents of blind kids have those stereotypes and
low expectations, many are being kept down and out."

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which tracks workplace
discrimination cases covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act, says 455
such complaints were filed last year by visually impaired workers--the highest
number since 1995. "If someone's blind, there's a huge stigma to overcome
and all kinds of myths and fears in the employer community," EEOC spokesman
David Grinberg said. "The fact is that in the twenty-first century workplace
people who are blind are just as able to do a job as anyone else--they just
need to be given a chance," he said. "They know the deck is stacked
against them. They work harder than others, and they end up being more effective
workers."