Two of the major factors are the increase in the ratio of surface area to volume, and the size of the particle moving into the area where quantum effects predominate. The increase in the surface area to volume ratio, which is a gradual progression as the particle gets smaller, leads to an increasing dominance of the behavior of atoms located on the surface of a particle over that of those located in the interior of the particle. This affects both the properties of the particle as such and its interaction with other materials.

Two of the major factors in this are the increase in the ratio of the surface area to volume, and the size of the particle. The increase in surface area-to-volume ratio, which increases as the particles get smaller, leads to an increasing dominance of the behavior of atoms on the surface area of particle over that of those interior of the particle. This affects the properties of the particles when they are reacting with other particles.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is a type of testing that is performed on samples to determine the amount and rate of change in the weight of a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. Measurements are used primarily to determine the composition of materials and to predict their thermal stability at temperatures up to 1000°C. The technique can characterize materials that exhibit weight loss or gain due to decomposition, dehydration, or oxidation. TGA is commonly employed in research and testing to determine characteristics of materials such as polymers, in order to determine: degradation temperatures, thermal stability of material, oxidative stability of material, moisture and volatiles content of materials, the level of inorganic and organic components in materials, decomposition points of explosives, and solvent residues. It is also often used to estimate the corrosion kinetics in high temperature oxidation.

Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a type of testing that is performed on samples to determine changes in weight in relation to change in temperature.

[...]
TGA is commonly employed in research and testing to determine characteristics of materials such as polymers, to determine degradation temperatures, absorbed moisture content of materials, the level of inorganic and organic components in materials, decomposition points of explosives, and solvent residues.
[...]
Simultaneous TGA-DTA/DSC measures both heat flow and weight changes (TGA) in a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere.

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of fluid to an applied stress. Viscosity essentially describes a liquid’s internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of its internal friction.

What is viscosity?

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of fluid to an applied stress. In everyday terms it is like the “thickness” of a fluid or gas. For example, water has a low viscosity so it appears “thin”. In comparison honey has a higher viscosity so it appears “thick”. Viscosity essentially describes a liquids internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of its internal friction.

Ceria has been extensively looked at over the past 15 years as a solid oxide electrolyte mainly due to its higher ionic conductivity at lower temperatures than Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the more widely used solid oxide electrolyte.

Ceria has been extensively looked at over the past 15 years as a solid oxide electrolyte [2] mainly due to its higher ionic conductivity at lower temperatures than YSZ, the more widely used solid oxide electrolyte.

Figure 4.1 Structures of the α- and γ-forms of PA6 and PA66. The left side shows the view of
the hydrogen-bonding planes, and the right side shows the view down the chain axis. For the α-
form of PA6, the adjacent chains are antiparallel and the hydrogen bonding is between adjacent
chains within the same sheet (bi-secting the CH2 angles). For the γ-form of PA6, the chains are
parallel and the hydrogen-bonding is between chains in adjacent sheets. In PA66, the chains
have no directionality [155].

Figure 1. Structures of the α and γ forms of nylon-6 and of nylon-6,6. The left side shows the view of the hydrogen-bonding planes, and the right
side shows the view down the chain axis. For the α form of nylon-6, the adjacent chains are antiparallel and the hydrogen bonding is between
adjacent chains within the same sheet (bisecting the CH2 angles). For the γ form of nylon-6, the chains are parallel and the hydrogen-bonding is
between chains in adjacent sheets. In nylon-6,6, the chains have no directionality.

Anmerkungen

The pointer "[155]" possibly is a typo and should read "[156]".

However, it is not clear that the reference is meant to cover to the entire caption as well as the figure, and not only the statement "In PA66, the chains
have no directionality"