Digital Library of Georgia (http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/)
Union Metadata Catalog item recordshttp://purl.galileo.usg.edu/meta/meta2012-02-24coll: wsbn16536350011ugabma_wsbn_4366943669wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43669yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips in which a reporter interviews Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; Louisiana legislators speak about court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest the integration of New Orleans schools; a white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 NovemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Race relationsSchool integration--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregation in education--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool boards--Louisiana--New OrleansReporters and reporting--Louisiana--New OrleansAttorneys general--LouisianaLawyers--Louisiana--New OrleansLegislators--LouisianaLegislative bodies--LouisianaSegregationists--Louisiana--New OrleansDemonstrations--Louisiana--New OrleansWhite Citizens councils--Louisiana--New OrleansCivil rights movements--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New OrleansWhites--Louisiana--New OrleansFederal-state controversies--LouisianaAfrican Americans--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Louisiana--Baton RougePortable radios--Louisiana--New OrleansChoirs (Music)--Louisiana--Baton RougeCourts--Louisiana--New OrleansNew Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryLouisiana. LegislatureOrleans Parish School BoardMen, White--Louisiana--New OrleansLouisiana State Capitol (Baton Rouge, La.)McDonogh 19 Elementary School (New Orleans, La.)Gremillion, Jack P. F.Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-Perez, Leander, 1891-1969Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005Byrd, Daniel Ellis, 1910-1984Redmond, James F.In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from November 1960, a reporter interviews school board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; state legislators speak against court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest school integration; an unidentified white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans, Louisiana.The clip begins with a reporter interviewing Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland following his November 8 reelection to the board. Sutherland explains that he views his reelection as an indication that "the people of New Orleans want the public schools open." He also believes that citizens accept pupil placement, since it was the only option to keep the schools open at election time. Asked if he believes New Orleans schools will be open Monday, November 14, the day of court-ordered desegregation, he expresses his uncertainty about the situation, citing the "contest between the state and the federal government."Next, several white men in suits are seen moving through an office and speaking to each other. At one point, Harry Booth, an attorney from Shreveport and a member of the state Democratic committee is seen standing to the right of another man to whom he is speaking. Later, State Representative Risley Triche from Assumption Parish, chair of the legislative committee appointed to replace the Orleans Parish School Board, sits in a conference room; Triche appears to be speaking, but his comments are not recorded. Other members of the committee included Representative Parvey P. Branton, Senator Charles E. Deichmann, Senator E. W. Gravolet, and Representative Val M. Deloney. Louisiana attorney general Jack P. F. Gremillion appears later in the meeting. After a break in the clip, white men leave a building and walk along the sidewalk; some of the men wear hats, others are bare-headed. One of the men in the group is Leander Perez, political boss of Plaquemine Parish and influential segregationist. The Louisiana state legislature attempted to prevent school desegregation by passing legislation removing the elected Orleans Parish School Board and replacing it with a committee appointed to lead the school board until a new board, presumably one that would maintain segregation, could be elected. The New Orleans Times-Picayune reported on November 10 that Representatives Branton, Deloney, and Triche and Senators Gravolet, and Deichmann had been appointed to the replacement school board. While the federal courts ruled against such action, on November 11, members of the committee met with members of the state sovereignty commission, the joint legislative segregation committee, and the "interposition" committee, which sought to place the authority of the state legislature between the federal government and local New Orleans officials as another way of preventing integration. The joint meeting consulted with several lawyers, including Girard Rault, C. C. Woods, Wade O. Martin, Jr., Scott Wilkinson, and J. R. Fuller. The meeting was guarded by state police detective sergeant Leon Kordek, lieutenant Ben Skidmore, and trooper Winton Bordelon.After this, a reporter interviews state attorney general Jack P. F. Gremillion. Gremillion, responding to a question that was not recorded, indicates that the transfer between the elected Orleans Parish School Board and the legislature-appointed replacement board went smoothly, and that the replacement board "is only following the dictate of the legislature and the governor of our state." Asked if he will resign as attorney general if the committee moves to close the schools, Gremillion states that he does have enough information to answer the question, but does not support closing the schools. Answering the next question, Gremillion reports that he himself does not know the names of the five African American girls the Orleans Parish School Board selected to transfer to white schools. Although five African Americans were originally selected to integrate New Orleans schools, the fifth girl withdrew her application when it was discovered her parents were not married when she was born.The clip breaks and then shows several white men standing together in a room. The men appear to be listening to a radio or recording device. Next, another man holds a radio or recording device to up to a microphone in a legislative chamber so the men in the audience can hear. An African American choir of students stands on the steps of the state capitol and later walks inside the building.Following this, several white men speak in a legislative chamber. The clip breaks several times; comments may not be completely recorded. The first man, a member of the House of Representatives, declares that only those who elected him have the right to restrain his activities. He asserts that the federal courts do not have the right to limit his activities and refuses to comply with an order he does not view as "valid, legal, or binding." The next man recognizes that federal judge J. Skelly Wright, the judge that ordered New Orleans school integration, was obligated to rule the way he did or he would have been removed from office. However, the speaker does not defend Judge Wright but instead condemns the federal court for preventing the legislature from speaking for the citizens of the state. The subsequent speaker chastises the Orleans Parish School Board for refusing to observe a school holiday implemented by the legislature on November 14, the day scheduled for school integration. The state department of education had declared November 14 a state-wide school holiday in an attempt to buy more time for the legal fight against desegregation. The Orleans Parish School Board was the only school system in the state that did not observe the school holiday, in part because of the court order they were under to desegregate the schools that day.The clip jumps to show McDonogh 19, one of the two schools in New Orleans integrated November 14. Cars and trucks drive down the street in front of the school; white demonstrators stand on the corner of a sidewalk protesting the school's integration. An African American mother and her daughter walk past police and up the stairs to the school entrance. White women walk along the sidewalk and over a bridge as a car drives past. Later police help a woman into a car as the protesters appear to yell at her. White people get out of a car and wave at the camera above them.Later an unidentified white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally held at the municipal auditorium in New Orleans on November 15, the day after the schools were integrated. The speaker praises the teachers in the Orleans Parish school system. He stresses that violence is not a good solution and will bring disgrace to the city. He urges parents to follow the governor's advice and boycott the integrated schools, insisting that there is no longer a compulsory education act in the state and that truant officers will not pick up parents or their children for staying home. Nearly all the parents from the two integrated schools, McDonogh 19 and William Frantz, followed the counsel of the Citizens' Council and of the governor and boycotted the integrated schools. Students in the fourth through sixth grades were allowed to enroll in the neighboring St. Bernard Parish schools, and parents created a cooperative school for first through third grade students that was eventually absorbed into the St. Bernard system. However, nearly three hundred white children from the two schools were not sent to school during the first year of integration.The clip ends with images from the United States District Court in New Orleans. The camera focuses on the outside of the building, showing the sign for the district court. Inside men sit on benches or walk around the room. New Orleans superintendent of police Joseph Giarrusso walks into another room. A reporter speaks to African American attorney Daniel Byrd, but his comments are not recorded at that time. Dr. James Redmond, superintendent of Orleans Parish schools is also seen in the hallway. Later a reporter interviews Matthew Sutherland of the school board. Sutherland states he believes the restraining order the judge issued against the legislature and the replacement school board allows the elected school board to continue running the schools. Next African American attorney Daniel Byrd refuses to comment on issues under the consideration of the court and indicates he does not know when the court will issue a ruling. Another man speaking to the reporter expresses that he does not doubt the governor's sincerity in school matters, but does think the governor has erred in some of the legislation he has supported. Finally a reporter asks Dr. Redmond about the schools' condition. Dr. Redmond's reply is not recorded.In 1956 federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. Legal maneuvering by the school board and the Louisiana state legislature delayed integration until Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade in the fall of 1960. The legislature held several special sessions both before and after the November 14 desegregation date and passed legislation seeking to prevent integration; all the legislation passed was eventually overturned by federal courts.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesGremillion, Jack P. F.Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-Byrd, Daniel Ellis., 1910-1984Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_436691 clip (about 14 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11New Orleans (La.)Orleans Parish (La.)Baton Rouge (La.)East Baton Rouge Parish (La.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips in which a reporter interviews Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; Louisiana legislators speak about court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest the integration of New Orleans schools; a white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0985, 44:10/58:24, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.2ugabma_wsbn_4480944809wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44809yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a paid newspaper advertisement urging community support for the Orleans Parish School Board and white demonstrators protesting court-ordered desegregation at McDonogh 19 and William Frantz elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November and DecemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)School boards--Louisiana--New OrleansDemonstrations--Louisiana--New OrleansWhites--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregationists--Louisiana--New OrleansCivil rights movements--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New OrleansElementary schools--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregation in education--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New OrleansNewspapers--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool children--Louisiana--New OrleansRace relationsPolice--Louisiana--New OrleansSigns and signboards--Louisiana--New OrleansPicketing--Louisiana--New OrleansPolice chiefs--Louisiana--New OrleansCrowds--Louisiana--New OrleansNew Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryOrleans Parish School BoardAdvertising, Newspaper--Louisiana--New OrleansNinth Ward (New Orleans, La.)William Frantz Public School (New Orleans, La.)McDonogh 19 Elementary School (New Orleans, La.)Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from New Orleans, Louisiana in November and December 1960, a newspaper advertisement urges community support for the Orleans Parish school board and white demonstrators protest the court-ordered desegregation of two elementary schools. Some images in the clip repeat and others are interspersed with scenes from other days.The clip begins focusing on a folded newspaper sitting on a table next to an ashtray with a cigarette in it. Although the text of the paid advertisement is not legible, several headings in the document are, including "We appeal to the citizens of New Orleans," "Segregation of the races," "Since the 1954 decision," "Because many citizens," and "But we recognize." The advertisement, reprinted in the Times-Picayune December 14, 1960, recognizes that most citizens prefer segregated education, and that the Orleans Parish School Board and the Louisiana legislature have done all in their power to try and maintain segregated schools. The article goes on to assert that "we are called upon to abide by the action of our legally constituted courts." It urges "an immediate end to threats, defamation and resistance to those who administer our laws," and appeals for "an end to the street demonstrations," asking that "support be given to the city officials, the police, and the duly elected school board of the parish of Orleans." Over one hundred white businessmen signed the petition reprinted in the advertisement.The next images come from the first days of court-ordered integration at William Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools in New Orleans. Some of the images repeat and are seen in different sequences. A white man, woman, and young girl stand on a sidewalk facing a corner as cars drive past. A group of demonstrators appear to yell as they wave their arms and picket signs while standing near parked cars; policemen on the other side of the cars watch the group. A policeman walks by the camera with a nightstick in his hand before the clip briefly returns to the newspaper advertisement. Then, the images of the people on the corner, the demonstrators, and the police are repeated. Later policemen lead demonstrators away. Another crowd fills a street corner and a white woman walks past men in hats and suits toward a building; the camera again focuses on the crowd and later a woman is seen leading a child out of William Frantz school. After showing the crowd again the camera returns to the man, woman, and girl seen earlier standing on the street corner. The man appears to kiss the girl on the cheek before grabbing the woman's hand and raising it in the air. White women demonstrators clap and appear to cheer.After this, the clip jumps to McDonogh 19, the second New Orleans public school integrated November 14 under a court-ordered desegregation plan. Men in suits walk in front of the school, and a federal marshal in a suit with a light-colored arm band appears to wait near the doorway for someone walking up the stairs of the school. New Orleans police chief Joseph Giarrusso stands under a tree in front of McDonogh 19. Later, two white women walk through a group of people standing on the sidewalk; each of the women carries several books in her arms. After another view of the crowd, two more women carrying books walk through the crowd and across the street. The clip ends with another group of women and children crossing the street and walking through the crowd.In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws and ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to begin school desegregation. Legal maneuvers by the school board and the Louisiana legislature delayed desegregation until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year plan beginning with the first grade that fall. On November 14, the first day of integration, white parents returned to the integrated schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19, and removed their children and their children's school books. For the rest of the year, white demonstrators, upset by the court-ordered integration and the choice of two of the poorest elementary schools in the community, gathered at the two integrated schools every morning and afternoon to protest. A Citizens' Council-organized boycott of the schools kept all white students out of McDonogh 19 most of the year and was almost as successful at Frantz school. Legislators in Baton Rouge met in special session throughout November and December, passing legislation aimed at preventing or reversing the school desegregation. The legislature's legal tactics against integrated schools included laws dismissing the locally-elected Orleans Parish School Board, creating a replacement school board with members selected by the governor, freezing school board assets, and threatening to revoke the charter of banks who did business with the school board. These efforts caused a financial crisis in the school system, and many teachers, principals, and other school system employees suffered from paychecks delayed a month or longer. After a December 12 ruling by the United States Supreme Court against reversing integration or further delays, local businessmen and community leaders who had previously maintained a "wait-and-see" attitude about the "school crisis" began publicly supporting the school board and urging other community members to do the same.Optical sound.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_448091 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11-01New Orleans (La.)Orleans Parish (La.)LouisianaSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a paid newspaper advertisement urging community support for the Orleans Parish School Board and white demonstrators protesting court-ordered desegregation at McDonogh 19 and William Frantz elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November and December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 57:58/01:00:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.3ugabma_wsbn_4500845008wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45008yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference held by the Orleans Parish School Board; the office of a news organization; a man reading a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett of Claiborne Parish speaking at a White Citizens' Council rally; white protesters and United States marshals at the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools; and comments by reporter Ray Moore about school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 NovemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool boards--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool board presidents--Louisiana--New OrleansNews agencies--Louisiana--New OrleansReporters and reporting--Louisiana--New OrleansWhite Citizens councils--LouisianaWhites--Louisiana--New OrleansUnited States marshals--Louisiana--New OrleansDemonstrations--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregation in education--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New OrleansRace relationsElementary schools--Louisiana--New OrleansCivil rights movements--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New OrleansFederal-state controversies--LouisianaSchool superintendents--Louisiana--New OrleansMapsTypewriters--Louisiana--New OrleansTelevision--Receivers and receptionLawyers--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregationists--Louisiana--New OrleansCrowds--Louisiana--New OrleansPolice--Louisiana--New OrleansPolice chiefs--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool crossing guards--Louisiana--New OrleansFlags--Confederate States of AmericaAutomobiles--Louisiana--New OrleansPickets--Louisiana--New OrleansSigns and signboards--Louisiana--New OrleansExecutions in effigy--Louisiana--New OrleansNew Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryOrleans Parish School BoardWilliam Frantz Public School (New Orleans, La.)McDonogh 19 Elementary School (New Orleans, La.)Garrett, John S.Moore, Ray, 1922-Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-Rittiner, Lloyd J., 1916-1991Redmond, James F.Rosenberg, Samuel I. (Samuel Irving), 1915-1993Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-.In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from November 1960, the Orleans Parish School Board holds a press conference; reporters work in the office of an unidentified news office; a man reads a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett speaks at a White Citizens' Council rally; white demonstrators protest the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools while United States marshals escort the four African American girls integrating the schools; and WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore comments on school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana.The clip begins with a silent section during which members of the Orleans Parish School Board sit around a table in an office. Recently reelected member Matthew Sutherland, wearing a bow tie, sits in the middle of the group; to the left sit school board president Lloyd Rittiner and superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond. The camera later focuses on Sutherland who appears to be speaking. Reporters in the room review handouts and take notes on the meeting; others record the conversation. Superintendent Redmond hands out papers to those at the press conference; behind him on the wall is a large map of the city of New Orleans. Later, he also is seen speaking to the press conference.Next, the camera focuses on white reporters working in the office of a news agency. One man sits at a typewriter. Behind him a woman also sits at a typewriter with her back to the camera, and another man is in a glass-enclosed room. Later four other white men walk around the room, and two televisions play in the background. The camera returns to the man at the typewriter. Behind a glass wall are machines with feeds from the Associated Press; above the machines are maps of the world and the United States. Elsewhere in the main room, reporters work at tables surrounded by stacks of newspapers. In another office, a man sits at a desk, looks through piles of papers, and types.After the images from the newsroom are scenes from another press conference. School board president Lloyd Rittiner stands behind school board attorney Samuel Rosenberg, who speaks to reporters. Rosenberg appears to refer to a legal document in his hands. Newsmen and women listen to Rosenberg, take notes, and film the news conference.Later state representative John S. Garrett from Claiborne Parish speaks to an audience gathered at the Municipal Auditorium for a Citizens' Council rally on November 15 against the court-ordered desegregation of New Orleans schools. Garrett, chair of the joint legislative committee on segregation, reportedly called for the arrest of federal judge J. Skelly Wright as well as the United States marshals escorting the African American students to the integrated schools. When the camera pans to show the auditorium, participants appear to clap and cheer for Garrett.Following the scenes of the rally are images from William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools. A United States marshal in front of Frantz school opens a door for an African American woman getting out of a car. Other cars drive down the street, and a mounted policeman watches the traffic. A reporter with a microphone stands near a group of white women and school-age children. The women appear to answer questions or shout. Crowds of mostly white people stand outside along the street, in front of homes; among the crowd are cameramen filming the scene and policemen. Later policemen in uniform stand at the bottom of the stairs leading to the entrance of McDonogh 19 Elementary School; more cars drive down the street past the school. More crowds stand on other corners and the camera again focuses on the group of women and children the reporter spoke to earlier. Three white men, including police superintendent Joseph Giarrusso, stand together under trees near McDonogh 19. The clip briefly shows marshals leading an African American girl and her mother into McDonogh 19 before showing a white mother leading her daughter down the street. Cars drive down streets lined with white protesters who are being watched by policemen. Men walk in front of McDonogh 19 School. Later a female crossing guard helps a mother and child across the street near Frantz School, and other white parents walk up the school steps. Outside of a home, more crowds stand on the sidewalk and groups of white parents stand in front of another unidentified building that appears to be a school. Joseph Giarrusso and another white man walk across the street. White mothers walk towards Frantz School, and policemen speak to members of a crowd and follow them as they walk down the street. A young woman holds a young boy on her lap; he later gets up and toddles toward the camera.The next sequence shows WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore sitting on a stool in front of a curtain and providing a recap of the school integration in New Orleans. Moore highlights the parallels between New Orleans and Atlanta, which was under court orders to integrate its schools the next fall. Moore reports on the defiance of Louisiana legislators who have called the federal judge "mentally un-right" and compared the federal marshals to Hitler's Storm Troopers. He suggests that even though legislators are defiant about the court-ordered integration, they also recognize "integration will surely come." According to Moore, several Georgia legislators have privately expressed the same sentiment. Moore explains that no one in the Louisiana legislature "has seriously talked of giving up public education" and believes Georgia legislators will behave similarly when Atlanta schools are integrated in the fall of 1961. The clip breaks, and Moore reports on the hatred demonstrated earlier in the day by white demonstrators witnessing the school integration. After another break in the clip, Moore reports that New Orleans citizens have "a begrudging admiration for a police force that worked forcefully to prevent bloodshed." He concludes by recounting seeing a well-dressed African American woman smile and wave while driving by booing crowds of demonstrators, and in return two white women "laughed and waved back."The clip ends with more scenes from the integration of Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools. Marshals escort an African American student into McDonogh 19, and across the street white demonstrators appear to yell in protest. Policemen stand along the sidewalk and on the other side of the street stand more demonstrators. An African American man stands near a sign advertising key-making, and later another African American man walks away between two white police officers. Among the crowd a white woman holds a child who has fallen asleep. Back at McDonogh 19 men walk in and out of the school, and several cars drive past the crowd across the street. Someone in the crowd waves a Confederate battle flag. A white man holds his daughter's hand as they walk on the sidewalk across the street from the crowd. Reporters in sunglasses stand across the street from the crowd near the school. A camera sits on the grass with a white rag over its lens. White women, some carrying flags, walk across the street. A crowd under a tree holds picket signs and hangs an effigy, possibly of a monkey, from the tree. White policemen stand around Frantz School while more white protesters stand on the sidewalk. The camera pans right and shows crowds gathered on several streets. School-age boys carry picket signs through the demonstrators. One sign has the slogan, "All I want for Christmas is a clean white school." Several white men stand together and appear to talk about something. Later several cars drive near Frantz School, and a white woman leaves the school with her daughter. A white policeman stands in the doorway of the school. Across the street, white parents and their children stand together and watch the school. The clip ends with a white woman and school-age girl walking down the street.In 1956 federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. Legal maneuvering by the state legislature and the Orleans Parish School Board prevented school integration until 1960, when judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade that fall. Four of the five members of the school board decided it was better to have open schools with token integration than to close all of New Orleans public schools. These board members began working with judge Wright to establish a pupil placement plan for integration. The legislature refused to accept the decision of the judge or of the school board and held several sessions before and after the November 14 integration to try and prevent or reverse the desegregation.Eventually, the Orleans Parish School Board chose four African American girls to integrate two elementary schools from the 135 applications for transfer they received. Officials from Southern communities who had already completed court-ordered desegregation warned the Orleans Parish School Board against desegregating poor neighborhoods first. The Orleans Parish School Board ignored this advice, and choose to desegregated two schools in the poor Ninth Ward, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. White parents, upset by the integration and by the school selection, pulled their children out of school. The boycott against McDonogh 19 was nearly complete for most of the school year. A few white parents, disregarding the boycott, tried to send their children to Frantz but eventually community pressure, including job loss, caused the families to leave Louisiana. Local White Citizens' Councils helped white parents set up a cooperative school located in nearby St. Bernard Parish for families from McDonogh 19 and Frantz schools; by the end of the year, the cooperative school was absorbed into the St. Bernard school system. Even with these accommodations, nearly three hundred children in New Orleans from the two effected schools did not attend school the first year of integration.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesMoore, Ray, 1922-Moore, Ray, 1922-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_450081 clip (about 13 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11New Orleans (La.)Orleans Parish (La.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference held by the Orleans Parish School Board; the office of a news organization; a man reading a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett of Claiborne Parish speaking at a White Citizens' Council rally; white protesters and United States marshals at the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools; and comments by reporter Ray Moore about school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1065, 36:54/49:30, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.4ugabma_wsbn_5392753927wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_53927yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of activities organized for Poor People's Campaign participants visiting Atlanta and a Poor People's Campaign rally with speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 9WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaHuman rights--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsHistoric buildings--Georgia--AtlantaBirthplaces--Georgia--AtlantaMemorials--Georgia--AtlantaCaravans--Georgia--AtlantaBuses--Georgia--AtlantaTour buses--Georgia--AtlantaExpress highways--Georgia--AtlantaStreets--Georgia--AtlantaRoads--Georgia--AtlantaTour bus parking--Georgia--AtlantaDinners and dining--Georgia--AtlantaBuffets (Cooking)--Georgia--AtlantaCasserole cooking--Georgia--AtlantaTables--Georgia--AtlantaTableStadiums--Georgia--AtlantaGymnasiums--Georgia--AtlantaCaravans--Georgia--AtlantaTravelers--Georgia--AtlantaSpectators--Georgia--AtlantaGrief--Georgia--AtlantaBereavement--Georgia--AtlantaStruggleFatigue--Georgia--AtlantaAffirmations--Georgia--AtlantaWomen--HistoryWomen--EthicsAfrican American women--HistoryAfrican American women--EthicsValues--Georgia--AtlantaAudiences--Georgia--AtlantaApplause--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneWe shall overcome (Song)Buffets (Cooking)--Georgia--AtlantaDinners and dining--Georgia--AtlantaUnited States--Social conditions--20th centuryPoor African Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryPoor--Social conditions--20th centuryPoor--Services for--Georgia--AtlantaPoor--United StatesPoverty--United StatesProtest marches--Washington (D.C.)African American clergy--Georgia--AtlantaClergy--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--Georgia--AtlantaIndians of North America--Civil rightsIndians of North America--ColoradoIndian reservations--ColoradoAfrican Americans--Civil rightsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Politics and government--20th centuryCivil rights movements--United States--History--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Economic conditions--20th centurySocial service--Citizen participationSocial movements--United StatesPolice brutality--Mississippi--MarksAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryMarks (Miss.)--Race relationsMarks (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relations--History--20th centuryWashington (D.C.)--Race relationsWashington (D.C.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryPoor People's CampaignSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceArcher Hall (Morehouse College)Model Cities ProgramSpeeches, addresses, etc.Economic assistance, Domestic--Citizen participationMorehouse College (Atlanta, Ga.)Civic Center (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--BirthplaceKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Homes and hauntsKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Childhood and youthKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--InfluenceKing, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006--Speeches, addresses, etc.Williams, Hosea, 1926-Williams, Hosea, 1926---TravelWilliams, Hosea, 1926---Speeches, addresses, etc.Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Speeches, addresses, etc.Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Political activityAbernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--TravelHughes, Langston, 1902-1967Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967--PoetryJohnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973Groppi, James, 1930-1985King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974--Speeches, addresses, etc.Creecy, Howard W., 1928-2008In this WSB newsfilm clip dated May 9, 1968, Poor People's Campaign participants traveling by bus make a stop in Atlanta before heading north to Washington, D.C. A caravan of tour buses drives along a highway; demonstrators serve themselves food inside of the gymnasium at Morehouse College; Alberta Williams King addresses a large group of people in front of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; and Coretta Scott King, Reverend Hosea Williams, and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speak at a Poor People's Campaign rally at the Atlanta Civic Center.The clip, which is approximately ten minutes long, opens with a procession of tour buses driving down a highway. This is followed by a shot of a tour bus parked on a street, and then by a shot of an African American man helping passengers off of a bus. Next, a line of people gather inside of Archer Hall (Morehouse College's gymnasium), and serve themselves food from a long row of tables stocked with casseroles and prepared dishes. Next, Alberta Williams King (Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s mother) speaks to a large group of people, predominantly African American, who have gathered outside of King's childhood home on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; she recalls some of her son's childhood activities in the neighborhood. As she speaks, she rests her hands on Reverend Howard Creecy, Sr.'s shoulder. The clip jumps, and for a moment, she appears to be taken over by grief. After another jump in the clip, the crowd gathered on Auburn Avenue sings "We Shall Overcome."The next shot is taken inside of an auditorium (presumably the Atlanta Civic Center) at a rally, where Coretta Scott King addresses a predominantly African American audience from a podium. She appeals to Atlanta residents to set an example for the rest of the nation by eradicating hunger, unemployment and inadequate housing, and notes ". . . right here in Atlanta, we are challenged to do something about these problems because we have the opportunity to become a model city to set the example for the other cities of this nation." Here, she is presumably speaking about Atlanta's participation in the Model Cities Program, an urban relief initiative administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development that emphasized community engagement, urban rehabilitation,and robust social services. In 1968, Atlanta became one of the first eleven cities selected to participate in the program. She addresses women directly, noting that they have a "special role to play" in fulfilling the dreams of Martin Luther King, and of instilling "true values" in their children. She warns her audience that the struggle will become more difficult, and recites Langston Hughes' poem of struggle and perseverance "Mother to Son," in which an African American mother informs her son "Life for me ain't been no crystal stair." Invoking the faith and determination of the poem's protagonist, King concludes that such qualities will bring about a new world "where men can really be free and live in peace." She receives a standing ovation from the audience as she leaves the podium. This is followed by several shots of the audience, interspersed with a brief shot of Reverend Hosea Williams speaking at the podium. As the camera captures shots of the audience, the audio track includes fragmented comments from Williams on the loudspeaker about traveling from Marks, Mississippi (one of the points of origin for many Poor People's Campaign participants), and a demonstrator being punched in the eye by a policeman. Coretta Scott King is shown seated in the audience listening to Williams. Due to constant breaks in the footage, none of Williams' comments are captured completely.Next, Reverend Ralph David Abernathy addresses the audience at the podium. He notes that he has marched approximately forty-five miles in the past several days, and remarks on his extensive travel and public speaking engagements in the four weeks since King's death. He states that he and other civil rights activists are "sick and tired of going to Washington" to demonstrate, and remarks that this is the last time they will be returning. Abernathy then enacts a scenario where President Lyndon B. Johnson asks his aides to look outside the windows of the White House to determine if demonstrators are approaching outside, and they confirm the arrival of Poor People's Campaign participants in increasing numbers. President Johnson then orders his aides to "look out of the east window and see if anybody is coming." Abernathy says that he can hear them saying "Mr. President, there is a number of them coming out of the east." Continuing, Abernathy says that he can hear President Johnson say "run over to the west window and see if anybody is coming from the west . . ." The aides report "Mr. President, they're coming up out of Milwaukee. Father Groppi has a group [a reference to the Midwestern Catholic priest and civil rights activist Father James Groppi]. They're coming out of Chicago, they're coming out of Cleveland. They're coming out of St. Louis." Abernathy then says that he can hear Johnson say "But I want you to check the far west and see if anybody is coming from the far west." His aides then report back "Mr. President, we see a whole Indian reservation coming from Colorado." After a jump in the clip, Abernathy once again portrays Johnson's staff exclaiming "In fact, Mr. President, they're coming from the east, they're coming from the west. They're coming from the north, they're coming from the south. In fact they're coming in such large numbers that no man can number." The clip jumps and Abernathy continues, noting "every day I look in the mirror, I love Ralph Abernathy more and more," a sentiment shared by his children and his wife. The clip jumps to a quick shot of the audience applauding Abernathy, then loses sound; the clip concludes with a silent shot of Abernathy continuing his speech.Following Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination on April 4, 1968, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference vowed to continue work on the Poor People's Campaign in his memory. Cooperating with other civil rights and relief organizations, SCLC members planned a six-week event in Washington, D.C. that lasted from May 2 to June 19 to emphasize the plight of the nation's poor and to persuade the passage of federal legislation that would improve the economic and social conditions of the impoverished. SCLC leaders organized several regional caravans to travel to Washington, D.C. A delegation of approximately five hundred people from Mississippi and Alabama arrived on buses in Atlanta on May 9 to rest before they resumed travel to Washington; food and lodging were provided by private Atlanta residents and members of local churches. While in Atlanta, Poor People's Campaign participants viewed King's birthplace and original burial site at South-View cemetery (his remains were transferred several times after his initial burial; as of 2011, they are at the King Center), and attended a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. The crowd at the rally drew an audience of approximately thirteen thousand people, and included speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams; musical performances were provided by Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, and Gladys Knight and the Pips. Poor People's Campaign demonstrators traveled onward to Washington, where they lived in Resurrection City, a tent settlement on the Mall, and protested at numerous federal agencies on behalf of economic justice. The Poor People's March on Washington, held on June 19, signified the end of the campaign.Title originally read "WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speaking at a Human Rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 June 17." Further research of events depicted in the clip determines that the event was a Poor People's Campaign rally which took place on May 9, 1968. Reverend Hosea Williams also spoke at the event.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Williams, Hosea, 1926-King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_539271 clip (about 10 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1968-05-09Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Auburn Avenue (Atlanta, Ga.)MississippiMarks (Miss.)Quitman County (Miss.)Washington (D.C.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of activities organized for Poor People's Campaign participants visiting Atlanta and a Poor People's Campaign rally with speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1468, 00:00/10:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.20111215 1359275ugabma_wsbn_4198941989wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41989yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American civil rights workers, Georgia National Guardsmen, and city officials in Albany, Georgia, 1961 DecemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American students--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanySegregation in transportation--Georgia--AlbanyMass meetings--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Georgia--AlbanyPress conferences--Georgia--AlbanyMusic--Georgia--AlbanyMayors--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Songs and musicLawyers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AlbanyGovernors--GeorgiaAfrican American women--Georgia--AlbanySinging--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyIntervention (Federal government)--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AlbanyBus terminals--Georgia--AlbanyReporters and reporting--Georgia--AlbanyArrest--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryUnited States. Interstate Commerce CommissionGeorgia. National GuardStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany State College--StudentsTrailwaysAlbany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Albany City Hall (Albany, Ga.)Shiloh Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Monroe High School (Albany, Ga.)--StudentsCarver Junior High School (Albany, Ga.)--StudentsKelley, Asa D., 1922-1997Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Jones, Charles, 1937-Hollowell, DonaldKing, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988Anderson, Norma L. (Norma Lee)Jackson, GoldieThis silent WSB newsfilm clip from December 1961 in Albany, Georgia, includes shots of a mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church; groups of African Americans entering city hall; Albany mayor Asa D. Kelley and police chief Laurie Pritchett each speaking to reporters from their offices; Georgia National Guardsmen gathering at the local armory building; and African American students in the Trailways bus station. The clip begins with police cars driving past Shiloh Baptist Church as groups of African Americans wait outside. Inside the meeting, movement activists sing and clap their hands with the crowd while a woman (possibly Goldie Jackson, Albany Movement corresponding secretary) and later an unidentified man sing from the pulpit; a young man (possibly Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member Charles Jones) also addresses the congregation. Interspersed with the scenes from Shiloh Baptist Church are shots of African American men and women entering Albany City Hall, often watched by white onlookers, presumably to represent Albany Movement concerns or supporters who may be in jail. They include Jones and attorneys Donald Hollowell and C. B. King. Also in the clip, Mayor Kelley speaks to reporters from his office. Next, footage of the Georgia National Guard Armory, identified by signs on and beside the building, precedes filmed segments that show white guardsmen in uniform exiting parked cars and entering the building; they listen to instructions from a man at a blackboard and collect their supplies from the "Company B" supply room. A man in a helmet holding a rifle stands guard outside the building. On Thursday, December 14, concerned with the increasingly frequent demonstrations, arrests, and the threat of violence, Mayor Kelley requested that Georgia Governor Ernest Vandiver send the Georgia National Guard to help restore order in Albany if needed. City and state officials ultimately cooperated to avoid violence and the threat of federal government intervention in Albany. Also in the clip, reporters and cameramen film African American students, probably from nearby Albany State College, Monroe High School, and Carver Junior High School, in the Trailways waiting room; the students buy tickets, read newspapers, and wait at tables in the bus station's dining area. Other African Americans stand in clusters outside the station (including Jones, Hollowell, and C. B. King) and speak to reporters. Next, Chief Pritchett speaks to Norma Anderson, active demonstrator and wife of Dr. William G. Anderson, who is standing with a group of African Americans in "Freedom Alley," a dead-end road beside city hall where demonstrators waited for processing after being arrested. Several students from the bus station watch Chief Pritchett and Mrs. Anderson as they speak. Later, police speak to a white man outside, then lead students from the bus station and help them into the paddy wagon as crowds watch. Finally, Chief Pritchett, back in his office, answers reporters' questions. Earlier in 1961, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation illegal on interstate buses and trains, and in stations that serviced interstate travelers. Several protests in Albany were directed at the bus station to test Albany's compliance with the ICC ruling which went into effect November 1. During one of those protests on Thursday, December 14, the Trailways terminal restaurant served ten black patrons before it was closed; Albany police then arrested them, allegedly for their own protection. City officials professed compliance with the ICC ruling, but continued to arrest activists for spurious offenses such as failure to obey an officer, disorderly conduct, blocking the sidewalk, and obstructing traffic.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_419891 clip (about 11 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-12Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American civil rights workers, Georgia National Guardsmen, and city officials in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0911, 8:12/18:56, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.6ugabma_wsbn_4481944819wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44819yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Albany Movement lawyers at the Federal Building in Atlanta, Georgia and of a mass meeting protesting the conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy in Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1962 JulyWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Lawyers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AlbanyLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaMass meetings--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American physicians--Georgia--AlbanyPhysicians--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American women--Georgia--AlbanyInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaInjunctions--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American prisoners--Georgia--AlbanyImprisonment--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanyCourthouses--GeorgiaClergy--FloridaRestraining orders--Georgia--AlbanyUnited States magistratesJudges--United StatesCourts--United States--Officials and employeesAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceAmerican Civil Liberties UnionAlbany (Ga.). Board of CommissionersShiloh Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Federal Building (Albany, Ga.)Federal Building (Atlanta, Ga.)Walker, Wyatt TeeAnderson, William G., 1927-King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988Hollowell, DonaldWard, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-Kunstler, William Moses, 1919-Elliott, J. Robert, 1910-Tuttle, Elbert P. (Elbert Parr), 1897-Jones, Clarence B., 1931-King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006Abernathy, Juanita Odessa JonesPritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Steele, C. K. (Charles Kenzie), 1914-1980King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Trials, litigation, etc.Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Trials, litigation, etc.In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from July 1962, attorneys working for the Albany Movement are seen entering and exiting the United States Federal Building in Atlanta, Georgia; the clip also shows a daytime mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany where Reverend Wyatt T. Walker, Dr. William G. Anderson, and Coretta Scott King speak; individuals protest the conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy by wearing black armbands.In the clip, lawyers representing the Albany Movement are seen outside the federal courthouse in Atlanta, entering and leaving the building, reading a newspaper, and being interviewed on the street by reporters. They include C. B. King of Albany, one of three African American lawyers outside of Atlanta and principal lawyer for the Albany Movement; Donald Hollowell of Atlanta, prominent civil rights lawyer and frequent adviser to the Albany Movement; Horace T. Ward of Atlanta, attorney in Hollowell's law firm; Clarence B. Jones of New York, attorney and King's speech writer and adviser; and William Kunstler of New York, a lawyer for the Gandhi Society.On July 20, 1962, Albany city officials obtained a federal injunction from Federal District Judge J. Robert Elliott against King, Abernathy, and Albany Movement leaders barring mass demonstrations. In response, lawyers representing the Albany Movement obtained a hearing with chief appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle on July 24 in Atlanta. Tuttle dissolved the restraining order until the time that Elliott could hold a hearing.The clip also includes a mass meeting held in Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany on July 10, 1962. In the mass meeting, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) executive secretary Reverend Wyatt T. Walker pins black arm bands on Coretta Scott King, Juanita Abernathy, and other participants.African Americans wore black arm bands to protest the convictions of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy on July 10, 1962 for "parading without a permit" on December 16, 1961. King and Abernathy were sentenced to serve forty-five days in jail or pay a $178 fine; the men chose jail and their wives, Coretta and Juanita, came to Albany.In the clip, the women are also seen entering the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Albany with attorneys Hollowell and C. B. King. Coretta Scott King speaks at the mass meeting, as do Reverend Walker and Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement. Anderson is also seen speaking with Reverend C. K. Steele, SCLC minister from Tallahassee, Florida. In addition to the mass meeting seen in the clip, groups of African Americans stand outside city hall, gathering on the building steps before Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett clears the doorway and speaks to an older, unidentified white man who enters city hall.Optical sound.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_448191 clip (about 7 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-01Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)GeorgiaSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Albany Movement lawyers at the Federal Building in Atlanta, Georgia and of a mass meeting protesting the conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy in Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 10:03/16:55, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.7ugabma_wsbn_4481144811wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44811yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 DecemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)School integration--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregation in education--Louisiana--New OrleansStudents--United StatesAfrican American children--Louisiana--New OrleansReporters and reporting--Louisiana--New OrleansSegregationists--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American women--Louisiana--New OrleansLegislative bodies--Louisiana--New OrleansPrivate schools--Louisiana--New OrleansInterviews--Louisiana--New OrleansLawyers--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American lawyers--Louisiana--New OrleansBoats and boating--Louisiana--New OrleansNews agencies--Louisiana--New OrleansWhite Citizens councils--LouisianaSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New OrleansRace relationsElementary schools--Louisiana--New OrleansCivil rights movements--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New OrleansFederal-state controversies--LouisianaNew Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryMississippi RiverLouisiana. LegislatureChildren, White--Louisiana--New OrleansMen, White--Louisiana--New OrleansMoore, Ray, 1922-Duvio, ArmandTate, LouiseTureaud, Alexander Pierre, 1899-1972Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-.In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from December 1960, students in an interracial classroom sit at desks; reporter Ray Moore interviews Armand Duvio about private education for white students and later speaks to Louise Tate, the mother of an African American student sent to a previously all-white school; an unidentified reporter talks about the role of the Louisiana state legislature in school desegregation; and Ray Moore records commentary on the court-ordered school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana.The clip begins by showing an interracial group of students in an unidentified classroom. The students sit at desks with their hands folded while they look at the camera. In the back of the room, an open book sits on a table with its pages blowing in the breeze. This clip appears to come from an area other than New Orleans. In New Orleans, only the first grade in two schools desegregated in 1960. However, after the schools integrated, the school board reclassified the two schools as "girl only" schools.Next, WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore interviews Armand Duvio, a New Orleans plumber with a central role in arranging private education for white students from the desegregated William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools. Duvio explains that since the courts will not reverse the order to integrate schools, parents who want segregated education have to provide alternatives for their children. He indicates that he is upset with the school integration partly because of the selection of poor schools and partly because those enforcing integration do not send their children to integrated schools. Duvio says he has no problem with parents who choose to send their children to the integrated schools as long as they are not paid to do so. His comment refers to Daisy Gabrielle and Reverend Lloyd Foreman, two white parents who ignored the school boycott and sent their daughters to William Frantz elementary school. He goes on to praise the alternative school organized by white parents with the help of the Citizens' Council and declares that it is better than the public schools in New Orleans. Duvio, who had been actively involved with parent-supported programs at Frantz school before the court-ordered integration, was instrumental in helping set up the Arabi Elementary Annex. With the aid of the White Citizens' Council, white parents from Frantz and McDonough 19 schools set up and ran the segregated, cooperative school. The school opened December 7 in a former automobile assembly plant and housed several hundred first-, second-, and third-grade students. It was later absorbed into the St. Bernard school system which also provided education for the fourth- through sixth-grade students from the integrated schools.After a break in the clip, Moore interviews Louise Tate, mother of Leona Tate, one of the three African American girls who integrated McDonogh 19 elementary school on November 14. Mrs. Tate sits with a young boy on her lap. The recorded interview begins with Moore asking Tate what she thinks will happen during the school integration crisis, as the media called it. Tate replies that she does not know what the outcome will be. Asked when she began thinking of Leona attending an integrated school, Tate reports that after they filled in the application and Leona passed the test, the family began considering the idea. She explains that she saw information about the application in the newspaper, and that she thinks Leona will get a better education at McDonogh 19 than in the school for African Americans she had attended before. She also indicates that before submitting the application, she did not know A. P. Tureaud, one of the African American lawyers involved in the school desegregation lawsuit. Tate also reports that she has not received any threats as a result of her daughter integrating the elementary school.The clip breaks again and then focuses on several white men sitting in a news office. An unidentified reporter speaks about the Louisiana state legislature which held several special sessions about the court-ordered desegregation in the fall of 1960. The reporter explains that while most legislators do not speak during the floor debate, nearly all the legislators vote for total segregation. Those who do speak denounce the federal courts, the mayor and police force of New Orleans, and the federal marshals protecting the African American students. One legislator "urged a lynch party for what he called 'integrationist white parents,'" a comment the reporter suggests was in poor taste but was not meant to be taken literally. As a whole, the legislature has asked parents to boycott integrated schools and to demonstrate peacefully. The reporter is unsure whether these legislative promptings have encouraged some of the "very minor incidents of violence" experienced in New Orleans. He is also unsure if the legislature will eventually change its attitude, even though many recognize the choice will eventually be between open, integrated schools or closed schools, with the option for private education. Legislators, he continues, feel responsible to the people they represent, who want them to fight for segregated education. After another break in the clip, the camera shows more images of the news office and Ray Moore speaking to others there.After another clip break, outtakes show Ray Moore preparing commentary on school integration in New Orleans as he stands on a boat in the Mississippi River. Because New Orleans was ordered to integrate the year before Atlanta schools, WSB-TV covered the integration closely in order to inform and prepare the community for the scheduled integration.In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright, responding to a lawsuit brought by African American lawyers A. P. Tureaud, Daniel Byrd with the help of Thurgood Marshall, overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. After several years of resistance by the Orleans Parish school board and the Louisiana state legislature, Wright ordered the board to begin desegregating the first grade in the fall of 1960. The state legislature continued its fight against integration even beyond the first day of integrated school, November 14, 1960. Legislators passed laws removing the school board and attempted to interpose their authority between the federal courts and New Orleans. Federal judges continually thwarted these legislative attempts by overturning the legislation and issuing injunctions banning the legislature, the governor, and other state officials from interfering with the schools. The majority of the school board recognized the inevitability of the court-ordered integration and began preparing for integration by implementing a pupil-placement plan and seeking applicants willing to transfer to white schools in the middle of the school year. From the 135 applications received, the board chose four African American girls to integrate two elementary schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. Both schools were located in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. Officials from Southern communities that had already begun desegregation warned the Orleans Parish school board against desegregating poor schools first. The school board ignored this advice. White parents, angered by the integration and the school selection protested outside the schools every morning and afternoon, boycotted the schools, and refused to send their children to Frantz or McDonogh 19. Although many of the one-thousand white students affected enrolled in the St. Bernard Parish schools or the private cooperative schools, an estimated three hundred students did not attend school that year.Optical sound.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesMoore, Ray, 1922-Moore, Ray, 1922-Duvio, ArmandTate, LouiseDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_448111 clip (about 12 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-12-01New Orleans (La.)Orleans Parish (La.)LouisianaSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 46:20/57:56, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.8ugabma_wsbn_3937339373wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_39373yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of civil rights movement leaders speaking to a mass meeting as well as other scenes typical of the Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, 1962WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyEverybody wants freedom (Song)African Americans--Civil rightsDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPress conferences--Georgia--AlbanyNegotiation--Georgia--AlbanyInjunctions--Georgia--AlbanyRestraining orders--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Songs and musicProtest songs--Georgia--AlbanyDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AlbanyMass meetings--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.). Board of CommissionersAlbany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)--Trials, litigation, etc.Mt. Zion Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Trials, litigation, etc.Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Trials, litigation, etc.Jones, Charles, 1937-Anderson, William G., 1927-Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Young, Andrew, 1932-Tuttle, Elbert P. (Elbert Parr), 1897-Elliott, J. Robert, 1910-In this WSB newsfilm clip, silent scenes show examples of Albany Movement programs in 1962 including marches, direct actions, mass meetings, and press conferences; sound scenes include crowds at a mass meeting singing and listening to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Albany attorney C. B. King, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson. Other civil rights leaders in the clip are Ralph D. Abernathy, Charles Jones, and Andrew Young. During a night march, Albany police and state patrolmen surround demonstrators as they walk downtown. Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speaks to the press from his office. C. B. King tells the crowd in Mt. Zion Baptist Church that movement leaders had submitted an appeal to the federal courts in which they complained about the mayor, city commission, and city manager, and asked that segregation be done away with in public facilities. Also in Mt. Zion, Anderson comments on the events of July 24, 1962, when chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle reversed the temporary restraining order against demonstration. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. expresses his disappointment of the injunction blocking demonstrations issued by federal district judge J. Robert Elliott and his gratitude for the reversal of that injunction by Judge Tuttle. He calls the audience to present their bodies as a significant witness by continuing to move and work for freedom and the crowd sings "Everybody Wants Freedom."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988Young, Andrew, 1932-Anderson, William G., 1927-King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_393731 clip (about 21 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of civil rights movement leaders speaking to a mass meeting as well as other scenes typical of the Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, 1962, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0250, 23:58/44:45, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.9ugabma_wsbn_4475844758wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44758yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a mass meeting as well as a civil rights march and the arrest of marchers in Albany, Georgia, 1961 DecemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Police--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Southern States--History--20th centuryCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyParades--Georgia--AlbanyProtest marches--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyReporters and reporting--Georgia--AlbanyPrayer--Georgia--AlbanyPublic worship--Georgia--AlbanyPhysicians--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American physicians--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyEverybody wants freedom (Song)Singing--Georgia--AlbanyMusic--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Songs and musicProtest songs--Georgia--AlbanyViolence--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American women--Georgia--AlbanyMass meetings--Georgia--AlbanyImprisonment--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.). Board of CommissionersSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleFreedom Alley (Albany, Ga.)Shiloh Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Anderson, William G., 1927-Anderson, Norma L. (Norma Lee)Walker, Wyatt TeePage, Marion S., d. 1971Hurley, RubyGay, BenjaminIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Albany, Georgia, in December, 1961, police detain African American civil rights protesters in an alley; a march leaves Shiloh Baptist Church and is met downtown by Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church and encourages listeners to continue their struggle against segregation.The clip begins with a group of African Americans gathered in an alley which is blocked by a car. Policemen are on one side of the car, and cameramen filming the incident are on the other. Several African American men carry an unconscious woman from the alley to the car where police help her inside. Some of the African Americans waiting in the alley examine a camera, comfort each other, and later kneel and pray. Next, images of a mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church are interspersed with scenes of a march leaving the church and continuing through the African American section of Albany. March leaders include King, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, and his wife, Norma Anderson. Chief Pritchett addresses the march participants with a bullhorn when they reach downtown. Other African Americans, raingear-clad police, and media representatives observe the march. On Saturday, December 16, 1961, after city officials refused to meet with local black leaders, more than 250 Albany residents joined King, Abernathy, and the Andersons, marched downtown, and were arrested. Finally, the audio portion of the clip begins with scenes of a standing-room-only mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church where the congregation sings "Pray on" in a call-and-response style, led by a man, possibly Reverend Benjamin Gay, chaplain of the Albany Movement. King also addresses the meeting, emphasizing that Albany needs to be informed that African Americans do not like segregation. He stresses that segregation is still the "Negro's burden and America's shame;" he notes that by pressing on with anti-segregation demonstrations, that activists could reach beyond Albany's African American community and prove the continuation of segregation to be too costly to the nation. Individuals identified on the dais in the clip include King; Dr. Anderson; Reverend Wyatt Walker, director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Marion Page, executive secretary of the Albany Movement; and Ruby Hurley, lawyer for the NAACP. At the conclusion of King's speech, the audience sings, "Everybody Wants Freedom." King's speech was probably given December 15, after his arrival in Albany and before his arrest December 16.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Gay, BenjaminDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_447581 clip (about 8 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-12Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a mass meeting as well as a civil rights march and the arrest of marchers in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1039, 46:39/54:23, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.10ugabma_wsbn_4164941649wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41649yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of scenes typical of the Albany Movement including the bus boycott, Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speaking with attorney C. B. King, and an interview with U.S. representative William F. Ryan of New York in Albany, Georgia, 1962WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyBoycotts--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American physicians--Georgia--AlbanyPhysicians--Georgia--AlbanyBus lines--Georgia--AlbanyBuses--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AlbanyLawyers--Georgia--AlbanyInterviews--Georgia--AlbanyIntervention (Federal government)--GeorgiaInjunctions--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AlbanyLegislators--New YorkNonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyCar pools--Georgia--AlbanySegregation in transportation--Georgia--AlbanyUnited States marshals--Georgia--AlbanyReporters and reporting--Georgia--AlbanyRace relationsAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceCongress of Racial EqualityStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)United States. Dept. of JusticeAlbany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Cities Transit (Albany, Ga.)Shiloh Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Kelley, Asa D., 1922-1997Jones, Charles, 1937-Anderson, William G., 1927-King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988Ryan, William F., 1922-1972Valeriani, RichardThis compilation of WSB newsfilm clips of Albany, Georgia, from 1962 includes scenes of the Albany Movement-led bus boycott; silent shots of Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, speaking with attorney C. B. King in a law office; and an in-the-street interview with U.S. representative from New York, William F. Ryan.The clip is divided into two parts. The first part begins with silent images of empty buses parked in the Cities Transit lot where an African American man cleans them. Next, Albany mayor Asa D. Kelley states that his greatest fear is a federal injunction on the city and the arrival of federal marshals. After this, scenes of mostly empty buses are interspersed with clips of African Americans cycling, walking, and using the carpools organized by SNCC; and of white and African American Cities Transit employees working on the bus lot. At one point, SNCC leader Charles Jones is seen standing on a corner speaking with other African American men.After the January 12, 1962 arrest of Albany State College student Ola Mae Quarterman, called by some the "Rosa Parks of Albany," and the continued segregation of the bus station's lunch counter, the movement had broadened its boycott to include the city's bus line. Moreover, Cities Transit did not employ any African American bus drivers. The success of the boycott caused the cessation of bus service during parts of February and again from March 6 through 1964.Later Albany Movement president William G. Anderson and local attorney C. B. King sit in a law office. Although the men appear to speak to one another, their comments are not recorded.The second part of the clip begins with white policemen speaking to marchers who were arrested after a night-time demonstration. The demonstrators then walk up the stairs and into a building. Next, reporters interview New York congressman William F. Ryan outside city hall. Ryan came to Albany at the request of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to report on local conditions to Congress and to help awaken the whole country to the situation in Albany. One of those interviewing Ryan is reporter Richard Valeriani. Ryan gives his full endorsement to the Albany Movement and its "peaceful demonstrations," and calls for Congress and the Justice Department to intervene. Ryan agrees to speak to a local news reporter, probably from the Albany Herald, as his schedule permits; he also offers to return to Albany if needed.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKelley, Asa D., 1922-1997Jones, Charles, 1937-Ryan, William F., 1922-1972Valeriani, RichardDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_416491 clip (about 12 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 11 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of scenes typical of the Albany Movement including the bus boycott, Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speaking with attorney C. B. King, and an interview with U.S. representative William F. Ryan of New York in Albany, Georgia, 1962, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0900, 25:59/37:51, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.11ugabma_wsbn_4573345733wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45733yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of street rioting, Savannah police headquarters, and a mass meeting attended by civil rights activists Andrew Young, James Bevel and Robert Spike, Savannah, Georgia, 1963WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Race relationsRace riots--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--SavannahAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--SavannahDirect action--Georgia--SavannahNonviolence--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American civil rights workersCivil rights workersClergy--GeorgiaAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaCivil rights--Georgia--SavannahArrest--Georgia--SavannahImprisonment--Georgia--SavannahSegregation--Georgia--SavannahAutomobiles--Cleaning--Georgia--SavannahPolice--Recreation--Georgia--SavannahAmusements--Georgia--SavannahDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--SavannahOffenses against the person--Georgia--SavannahRace discrimination--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American neighborhoods--Georgia--SavannahStreets--Georgia--SavannahNightclubs--Georgia--SavannahReporters and reporting--Georgia--SavannahPhotographers--Georgia--SavannahPhotojournalists--Georgia--SavannahMass meetings--Georgia--SavannahSinging--Georgia--SavannahRiots--Georgia--SavannahFires--Georgia--SavannahFire fighters--Georgia--SavannahPolice--Georgia--SavannahJails--Georgia--Chatham CountyBuses--Georgia--SavannahPolice vehicles--Georgia--SavannahGuitarists--Georgia--SavannahCycling--Georgia--SavannahCyclists--Georgia--SavannahSavannah (Ga.)--Race relationsSavannah (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceSavannah (Ga.) Police Dept.Chatham County (Ga.) JailNational Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Commission on Religion and Race.Chatham County Crusade for VotersSpeeches, addresses, etc.Flamingo Club (Savannah, Ga.)Young, Andrew, 1932-Bevel, James L. (James Luther), 1936-Spike, Robert W. (Robert Warren)This silent WSB newsfilm clip from 1963 includes shots of firemen extinguishing a dumpster fire; an African American man washing a Savannah police department squad car; police officers playing guitar, singing and dancing; Savannah police headquarters; local street and sidewalk activity; a police round-up of African American protestors; county jail; and a mass meeting with civil rights activists Andrew Young, James Bevel, and Robert Spike in attendance.The clip, which is about five minutes long, begins with a series of shots of a dumpster fire in a lot adjacent to a hardware store; first, a man tries to put out the fire with a canister extinguisher, next, a firetruck rushes by, and a group of firemen extinguish the blaze with firehoses, while a white cameraman steps into the shot as he films the activity. This is followed by several shots taken at the Savannah police station, which include an African American man washing a squad car; white police officers and employees enjoying downtime while singing, smoking, listening, and dancing to music played by a police officer on his guitar; and a closeup of the sign outside of the Savannah police station.Next, several scenes depict daily activity on the streets of Savannah, these include an African American youth bicycling down a residential street balancing a large box, a busy sidewalk populated by African American pedestrians, and several shots of Savannah's Broughton Street retail district. After a break in the clip, a large group of African American men exit a building in an orderly fashion, and are guided by police officers onto a bus; a small group of white onlookers watch from either side of the walkway as the African American men pass by. Printed on the side of the bus is the word "county," the rest of the writing on the bus is illegible. This is followed by shots of the county jail, which include the entrance sign, and the front door, covered by signs that display separate visiting hours for white and African American inmates.Scenes from a mass meeting follow another break in the clip, beginning with Robert Spike, the director of the Commission of Religion and Race, National Council of Churches (CORR), who chants between an unidentified African American man and Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) organizer James Bevel. The men are seated in front of a mural inside of what appears to be a nightclub, presumably Savannah's Flamingo Club, where a mass meeting is being held. The clip jumps to a shot of Spike, in the same seat, listening and looking around. Later, a group of African Americans seated in folding chairs sing and clap together; this is followed by several more shots of Spike exchanging words with people inside of the nightclub, including SCLC organizer Andrew Young. Next, James Bevel, wearing his trademark overalls and yarmulke, speaks emphatically to a large audience from a podium. The crowd in the club is predominantly African American; white reporters and photographers are clustered around the podium holding up microphones and taking photographs. Shots of Bevel's speech are interspersed with reactions from the crowd; the clip ends on a shot of the audience.African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, were engaged in confrontational anti-segregation demonstrations throughout the summer of 1963. In July of that summer, Martin Luther King dispatched Andrew Young and James Bevel, two Southern Christian Leadership Conference ministers, to Savannah to support demonstrations against the prison detainment of Hosea Williams, leader of the Chatham County Crusade for Voters (CCCV). Williams had been imprisoned indefinitely under an arcane Civil War ordinance designed to prevent facilitators from releasing runaway slaves, and was being held on additional warrants sworn out by white citizens of Savannah intent on obstructing his release. Due to a recent split between CCCV and the Savannah NAACP, the local NAACP branch did not support pro-Williams demonstrations, and local churches, in step with the NAACP, refused to accommodate Savannah Movement meetings, forcing them to be held underground at the Flamingo nightclub. Young and Bevel attended a mass meeting at the club on July 12, 1963, where they preached nonviolence, and members of the audience were encouraged to dispense of anything that could be used as a weapon. Robert Spike, the director of CORR, was also in attendance. That evening, after the meeting, Young and Bevel participated with their audience in a nighttime march that resulted in mass arrests. Following a season of demonstrations that jailed over five hundred protesters, Savannah business leaders agreed to a widespread desegregation plan that went into effect on October 1, 1963.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_457331 clip (about 5 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963Savannah (Ga.)Chatham County (Ga.)Broughton Street (Savannah, Ga.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of street rioting, Savannah police headquarters, and a mass meeting attended by civil rights activists Andrew Young, James Bevel and Robert Spike, Savannah, Georgia, 1963, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1118, 37:42/42:59, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.12ugabma_wsbn_3884038840wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38840yesSeries of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of the state of community race relations including civil rights demonstrations, a funeral procession, and interviews in Americus, Georgia, 1965 JulyWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights movements--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights--Georgia--AmericusFuneral rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AmericusReporters and reporing--Georgia--AmericusMayors--Georgia--AmericusGovernors--GeorgiaSegregation--Georgia--AmericusInterviews--Georgia--AmericusPolice vehicles--Georgia--AmericusProtest marches--Georgia--AmericusRain and rainfall--Georgia--AmericusBoycotts--Georgia--AmericusRace relationsPicketing--Georgia--AmericusSigns and signboards--Georgia--AmericusDirect action--Georgia--AmericusHearses (Vehicles)--Georgia--AmericusCoffins--Georgia--AmericusAmericus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryManhattan Shirt CompanyPolice, State--GeorgiaKwik-Chek (Americus, Ga.)First Baptist Church (Americus, Ga.)Wiggins Sing Station (Americus, Ga.)Colonial Store (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003Walker, T. Griffin (Thomas Griffin), 1910-1994Bolden, Willie, 1938-Whatley, Andrew A., 1941-1965Brokaw, TomWhatley, Lyda M., 1911-2001King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968In this series of WSB newsfilm clips from July 1965, African Americans demonstrate for equal rights and members of the white community attend the funeral for Andrew Whatley, a white youth killed during racial unrest earlier in the week.The clip begins with a silent portion in which a funeral procession drives down a wet street, a black hearse among the line of cars. Next the camera shows scenes from a civil rights demonstration at a grocery store, possibly a Kwik-Chek in Americus. First, demonstrators push grocery carts through the isles of the store. After this demonstrators walk outside a building led by three African American girls; the demonstrators appear to be singing. Next an interracial group is seen outside of a Kwik-Chek in Americus. A white man stands in front of doors facing a crowd of African Americans. There is some scuffling before state troopers step in and separate the white and African Americans in the group. An African American is seen carrying another man over his shoulder as he walks away from the group.Later the clip returns to the funeral for Andrew Whatley, a white young man who was shot during racial unrest earlier in the week. White pallbearers carry a casket out of First Baptist Church. Two men walk away from the church with a woman dressed in black between them. Other mourners follow the three out of the church and the hearse drives past the building. Several white policemen in shirtsleeves stand near a car and put their hats on as they walk away. A man is seen lying in the backseat of a car. A police car drives away with several officers inside it.Next, images of the demonstration inside the store are repeated, interspersed with images of a Colonial Store. The steeple of the First Baptist church is seen through some trees as cars drive past the church; images of the funeral seen earlier are also repeated. Outside the church, a sign advertises the First Baptist church. After this the camera shows scenes from the downtown area of Americus including the Sumter County Courthouse and the state patrol building. Outside the state patrol building is a sign indicating that it is post number ten. Later men are seen outside of the Wiggins Sing Station. The Wiggins Sing Station, on the corner of Lamar and Hampton Streets, was where Andrew Whatley was standing when he was shot and killed.The sound portion of the clip begins with an interview between reporter Tom Brokaw and Lyda Whatley, the mother of the young man killed during the racial unrest earlier in the week. Mrs. Whatley indicates that her son worked two jobs and sometimes would go out to eat before coming home after work. Whatley reports that her son worked during the day at the Manhattan Shirt Company and in the evenings at the drive-in in town. According to Whatley, she has lived in Americus for thirty-two years and her son was born and raised in the community. The camera briefly focuses on a Georgia State Patrol car before returning to the interview with Brokaw and Mrs. Whatley. Mrs. Whatley explains that her son had been inducted into the Marine Corps the week before and was scheduled to report in November. Brokaw then ends the interview, thanking Mrs. Whatley for her time and expressing his sympathy at her loss. Following a break in the clip Brokaw interviews Americus mayor T. Griffith Walker who implies the demonstrations were uncalled for and asserts "the question which is at issue is really for the courts." Walker also reports that the city police and state troopers are providing protection for the demonstrators.Next, an African American civil rights leader, possibly Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) worker Willie Bolden, speaks to a gathering of African Americans as state troopers stand behind the crowd. Bolden rejects the idea that demonstrations caused the violence in the community. As he speaks, the camera shows the listening audience. After more images of demonstrators and state troopers, as well as demonstrators singing "Keep your eyes on the Prize," Bolden again speaks to the audience. He expresses regret at the death of Andrew Whatley and reminds his listeners that following the news of Whatley's death, the civil rights movement stopped demonstrating for twenty-four hours. However, Bolden expresses regret that neither the halt in demonstrations nor the death of Whatley has brought any changes in the community. He asserts the demonstrators' desire to be free He also criticizes mayor Walker for taking a personal vacation during the demonstration. Bolden then relates a conversation he had with SCLC leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in which he told King to prepare to come to Americus because "unless we can solve the problems of this city today, somebody will die very soon." Bolden speaks about asking friends from around the country to "remove this ill from this society." Later another civil rights worker speaks, relating the counsel from Governor Carl Sanders that the civil rights workers should solve their problems through the courts instead of demonstrations. The speaker disagrees with this advice and suggest that "there are also some things that you don't need to work through the courts."After this is another silent portion where men from the Georgia State Patrol stand together in a wooded area and receive instruction from a uniformed officer, drive in patrol cars, and lead an African American man through a doorway. Later Atlanta businessman and segregationist Lester Maddox speaks to a white crowd in a gymnasium. The audience listen and applauds Maddox's speech and is later seen standing outside in the dark. Following a break in the clip the camera focuses on a building with a sign over the doorway announcing the "Freedom Center." An African American boy sits on the bed of a truck; the truck bed is filled with melons. African American demonstrators participate in a daytime march. One of the signs carried by the demonstrators has the slogan "I don't want to keep my money but you are keeping my rights." African Americans sitting on a porch watch the demonstrators. The protesters walk past a state patrol car, through the downtown area, and near the Sumter County Courthouse. At one point the demonstrators stand in a circle and clap their hands and appear to sign. The clip ends with patrolmen and white citizens observing the demonstration.On July 20, four African American women were arrested for standing in the whites-only line during a county-held special election for Justice of the Peace in Sumter County, Georgia. One of the women arrested was Mary Fishe Bell, the first African American political candidate in Sumter County. After the women's arrest, the Sumter County Movement, the local civil rights organization, held demonstrations three times a day to draw attention to race relations in Americus and to protest the arrest and the mishandling of the election. On July 28, Andrew Whatley, a 21-year-old white Marine recruit was shot to death from a passing car occupied by two African American men. Whatley had been standing with a crowd of whites at Wiggins Sing Station; some of the crowd were throwing rocks at black drivers as they passed. Whatley's funeral was held on July 31 at First Baptist Church in Americus. After ten days of increasing racial tensions and demonstrations, federal judge W. A. Bootle ordered that the incarcerated women be released and that segregated elections end in Sumter County. African Americans agreed to halt demonstrations in Americus on August 13, 1965.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesWalker, T. Griffin (Thomas Griffin), 1910-1994Bolden, Willie, 1938-Brokaw, TomWhatley, Lyda M., 1911-2001Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_388401 clip (about 28 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-07Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of the state of community race relations including civil rights demonstrations, a funeral procession, and interviews in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0148, 00:00/27:45, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.13ugabma_wsbn_4147441474wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41474yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a African American students holding a lunch counter sit-in and policemen arresting the demonstrators in Nashville, Tennessee, 1960 February 27WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights movements--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American civil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American civil rights workers--Tennessee--Nashville--Violence againstCivil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleSit-ins--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--NashvillePolice--Tennessee--NashvilleArrest--Tennessee--NashvilleRestaurants--Tennessee--NashvilleSegregationists--Tennessee--NashvillePolice vehicles--Tennessee--NashvilleWhites--Tennessee--NashvilleDiscrimination in restaurants--Tennessee--NashvilleNashville (Tenn.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryIn this WSB newsfilm clip from February 27, 1960, African American students conduct a sit-in at a lunch counter, and policemen arrest the protesters in Nashville, Tennessee.The clip begins with police motorcycles parked along a sidewalk and a crowd walking in front of a building. Inside a store, a group of people seem to wait in line to sit at a lunch counter. White people try to pull the African American demonstrators out of their seats at the lunch counter and later try to prevent African American boys from hiding behind the counter for safety. Next, a police paddy wagon pulls up, and a policeman gets out of the vehicle. The African American demonstrators are led to the paddy wagon with policemen on the sidewalk blocking the view of people behind them. Back inside at the lunch counter, African Americans sit and later stand up, gather their belongings, and walk outside past white people lined up on the other side of the room.After four African American students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University were arrested for conducting a sit-in at a F.W. Woolworth's store in Greensboro, North Carolina, sit-ins spread to other communities around the state and the country. In Nashville, Tennessee, African American students trained in nonviolence by James Lawson, a divinity student at Vanderbilt University, began holding sit-ins February 13, 1960. Previously, the Nashville Christian Leadership Council had conducted small sit-ins in two department stores the previous December. The first group of demonstrators was arrested February 27, 1960, after white teenagers responded violently to the sit-ins; the police were unexpectedly absent until they arrived to arrest eighty-one demonstrating students. On March 3, Nashville mayor Ben West announced the formation of a seven-man community relations committee, which had been urged by both white and African American community leaders. The committee recommended voluntary lunch counter integration on April 6, 1960, but the suggestion was rejected by the white and African American communities. Community leaders reached a compromise on May 10 when six downtown lunch counters desegregated.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_414741 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-02-27Nashville (Tenn.)Davidson County (Tenn.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a African American students holding a lunch counter sit-in and policemen arresting the demonstrators in Nashville, Tennessee, 1960 February 27, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0893, 46:28/47:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.14ugabma_wsbn_3182431824wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_31824yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a burned out Greyhound bus and injured Freedom Riders in the hospital in Anniston, Alabama, 1961 May 14WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in transportation--Southern StatesCivil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--AnnistonAfrican American civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--AnnistonCivil rights workers--Alabama--AnnistonAfrican American civil rights workers--Alabama--AnnistonViolence--Alabama--AnnistonRace riots--Alabama--AnnistonReporters and reporting--Alabama--AnnistonHospitals--Alabama--AnnistonMobs--Alabama--AnnisonBuses--Alabama--AnnistonBuses--Fires and fire prevention--Alabama--AnnistonWheelchairs--Alabama--AnnistonDiscrimination in medical care--Alabama--AnnistonAnniston (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryCongress of Racial EqualityGreyhound CorporationFreedom Rides, 1961Howard, Mae FrancesDevree, CharlotteMcDonald, Jimmy, 1931-2000Bigelow, Albert, 1906-In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 14, 1961, a Greyhound bus smolders, and injured Freedom Riders wait in the hospital and speak of a mob attack earlier in the day in Anniston, Alabama.The clip begins with the destroyed Greyhound bus, the company logo partially visible. The bus is extensively damaged by fire, and all of the windows are broken. Later in a hospital emergency room, African American Freedom Rider Mae Frances Moultrie (Howard), a twenty-four-year-old student at Morris College in South Carolina, sits in a wheelchair. Another woman, probably freelance writer and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) activist Charlotte Devree, wears a print dress and appears to speak to a reporter. Her comments are not recorded. The camera again focuses on Moultrie sitting in the wheelchair; also in the picture is an African American young man who sits on a bench near Moultrie. The young man may be Jimmy McDonald, a folksinger from New York City and one of the Freedom Riders. Next, Freedom Rider Bert Bigelow, a former Navy captain and anti-nuclear activist, holds a microphone and speaks to off-screen reporters. He indicates that during the attack he saw four or five mob members with clubs or pieces of pipe. He also reports that there were no police on hand during the attack. Bigelow credits a Greyhound company agent and the bus driver with keeping mob members off the bus, calling it "suicide" to have left the bus.The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized the 1961 Freedom Ride to test compliance in the South with a United States Supreme Court ruling against segregation in transportation crossing state lines. In 1960, the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in interstate transportation in Boynton v. Virginia. The ride began in Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961 and was scheduled to reach New Orleans by May 17. The riders planned to join a celebration in New Orleans commemorating the 1954 Supreme Court ruling Brown v. Board of Education. The riders, divided into two groups, traveled either by Greyhound or by Trailways buses from Washington D.C. and through Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia before arriving in Alabama on Mother's Day, May 14. The first bus, a Greyhound that left Atlanta, Georgia at eleven that morning, was attacked by a white mob in the Anniston bus terminal. Mob members beat on the side of the bus, broke windows, and slashed the bus tires. Two members of the Alabama Highway Patrol, Corporals Ell Cowling and Harry Sims, kept mob members off the bus and protected the seven Freedom Riders until local police arrived at the scene and cleared a path for the bus to leave the station. A police escort followed the bus to the city limits, then turned around and left the bus. Carloads of mob members followed the bus and attacked it again when flat tires caused it to pull off the road. Patrolmen Cowling and Sims again protected the riders. At one point, two other highway patrolmen arrived on the scene; the new arrivals did not attempt to disperse the mob. After the mob's unsuccessful attempts to overturn the bus by rocking it and demands that riders come out of the bus, one mob member threw a bundle of flaming rags through a broken window on the bus. All of the passengers were able to get off the bus, and eventually the observing patrolmen dispersed the mob. Thirteen passengers were taken to the hospital in Anniston where several were treated for smoke inhalation before hospital employees, fearful of a threatening mob that had gathered outside, ordered the riders to leave the hospital as soon as possible. Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth of Birmingham, Alabama led a caravan of African Americans who rescued the riders and took them to Birmingham.The two groups of Freedom Riders reunited in Birmingham. The Trailways bus and its riders had been told of the attack on the Greyhound bus in Anniston and were able to avoid the mob. However, when the Trailways bus arrived in Birmingham, a mob brutally beat the riders and several bystanders. The Birmingham police had agreed to give the mob fifteen minutes to attack the Riders before the police ended the attack. The next day, May 15, Attorney General Robert Kennedy tried to organize protection for the riders for the Birmingham to Montgomery portion of their journey. Unable to reach a compromise with Alabama officials, the riders were eventually flown to New Orleans that evening. A replacement group of Freedom Riders, organized by Nashville student civil rights workers including Diane Nash, traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20 where they were again met by a white mob and brutally beaten. On May 24, riders were heavily protected during the trip from Montgomery, Alabama, to Jackson, Mississippi. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under "breach of peace" charges as they got off the bus. Throughout the summer, subsequent groups of riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesBigelow, Albert, 1906-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_318241 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-14Anniston (Ala.)Calhoun County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a burned out Greyhound bus and injured Freedom Riders in the hospital in Anniston, Alabama, 1961 May 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0713, 32:13/33:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.15ugabma_wsbn_6957669576wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_69576yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a bus boycott in Albany, Georgia, and a civil rights demonstration against proposed legislation at the Georgia Capitol Building in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American college students--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentArrest--Georgia--AlbanyBoycotts--Georgia--AlbanyBus lines--Georgia--AlbanyBuses--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Southern States--History--20th centuryDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyGovernors--GeorgiaParades--Georgia--AtlantaPicketing--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaWe shall overcome (Song)Legislative bodies--CommitteesAfrican Americans--Songs and musicSinging--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation in transportation--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia--Politics and government--1951-Georgia. General Assembly. Senate. Bill to prohibit demonstrations on or near state propertyCommittee on an Appeal for Human RightsAtlanta University Center (Ga.)--StudentsGeorgia State University--StudentsGeorgia. General Assembly. House of Representatives. Committee on the State of the RepublicPolice, State--GeorgiaBills, Legislative--GeorgiaAssembly, Right of--GeorgiaAlbany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Georgia State Capitol (Atlanta, Ga.)Cities Transit (Albany, Ga.)Central Presbyterian Church (Atlanta, Ga.)Morehouse College (Atlanta, Ga.)--StudentsBurson, Robert Harold, 1910-2001Moseley, J. L.Black, Charles A.In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from January and February, 1962, sparsely populated Cities Transit buses travel around Albany, Georgia; at the state capitol building in Atlanta, students protest a Senate bill prohibiting picketing on state property.The clip begins with Cities Transit buses in Albany, seen first on a major road and then in a residential area; the buses have very few passengers. Downtown, a bus traveling the Pine Street Stadium route stops, but no passengers board or exit the bus. The Albany Movement initiated a bus boycott movement after the January 12, 1962 arrest of Albany State College student Ola Mae Quarterman, called by some the "Rosa Parks of Albany." The boycott's success brought Albany bus services to a halt, beginning with short interruptions in February 1962, and followed by a much longer cessation of service that spanned from March 6, 1962 through 1964.Next, a group of approximately seventy students, primarily African Americans, march to the state capitol building in Atlanta on Monday, February 12, 1962 to protest Senate bill 278, which would prohibit picketing on state property. The students approach the capitol from Hunter Street (now Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive), where they march past what is probably Silver Leaf Baptist Church, and cross an overpass. A picket sign carried by one of the students reads: "Senate bill 278 is unconstitutional. C.O.A.F.H.R." The Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAFHR), created by students at the Atlanta University Center in 1960, directed several anti-segregation protests in Atlanta. In the clip, about forty Atlanta policemen and a similar number of Georgia state troopers meet the marchers. Near the capitol, Lieutenant Colonel R. H. Burson, deputy director of the state patrol, speaks to state troopers. The police, led by Atlanta police captain J. L. Moseley, direct traffic and divert the students to the west sidewalk along Washington Street, near the Central Presbyterian Church. Charles Black, a Morehouse College student and civil rights activist, talks to Atlanta police. Students are also seen inside the capitol where they appear to be singing as they walk. From the mezzanine balcony, white onlookers observe the students, who are followed by state troopers; outside, white students, possibly from nearby Georgia State University, observe the proceedings. Existing newspaper reports describe the demonstrators as having approached the capitol building from Hunter Street, where they then crossed to the sidewalk on the west side of Washington Street, rounded the corner to Mitchell Street, and then walked up Capitol Street back to Hunter Street. About one-third of the students entered the capitol building without their signs, and sat in the segregated section of the House gallery for a few moments before the session adjourned. Members of the House Committee on the State of the Republic who heard students singing "We Shall Overcome," approved the Senate bill without comment. Students returned to the capitol Tuesday, February 13; eleven were arrested. The House passed the Senate's anti-picketing bill February 15, and on February 17, the bill was sent to Governor Ernest Vandiver.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_695761 clip (about 6 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962Albany (Ga.)Atlanta (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a bus boycott in Albany, Georgia, and a civil rights demonstration against proposed legislation at the Georgia Capitol Building in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0929, 39:02/44:40, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.16ugabma_wsbn_5817858178wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_58178yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a city official blaming Hosea Williams for stirring up racial unrest in Columbus, Georgia, 1971 June 21WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--ColumbusRace riots--Georgia--ColumbusRace relationsPolice--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Georgia--ColumbusLegislators--United StatesGeorgia--Politics and governmentCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican American civil rights workersAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaClergy--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaCivil rights--Georgia--ColumbusDemonstrations--Georgia--ColumbusCivil rights movements--Georgia--ColumbusDirect action--Georgia--ColumbusRiots--Georgia--ColumbusRiots--Georgia--Columbus--History--20th centuryRace riots--United States--History--20th centurySocial conflict--Georgia--ColumbusRacism--GeorgiaRacism--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Georgia--ColumbusWhites--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Politics and government--20th centuryWhites--Politics and government--20th centuryRace discrimination--Georgia--ColumbusPrejudices--Georgia--ColumbusPolarization (Social Sciences)--Georgia--ColumbusIntervention (Federal government)--Georgia--ColumbusIndictments--Georgia--ColumbusGovernmental investigationsAfrican Americans--Georgia--Columbus--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Columbus--Social conditions--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Georgia--Columbus--Social conditions--1964-1975Whites--Georgia--Columbus--Social conditions--1964-1975Reporters and reportingUnited States--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsColumbus (Ga.)--Race relationsColumbus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia--Social conditions--1960-1980Columbus (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th centuryColumbus (Ga.)--Politics and governmentGeorgia--Politics and government--1951-Columbus (Ga.)--Politics and government--1951-Williams, Hosea, 1926-Brinkley, Jack.In this WSB newsfilm clip from Monday, June 21, 1971, U.S. representative from Georgia Jack Brinkley blames civil rights activist Hosea Williams for inciting civil unrest that ensued after a protest march in Columbus on June 19th, 1971.The clip begins with Representative Brinkley calling the participation of non-local civil rights activists "wrong," stating his objections to black or white community members engaging nonlocal residents as part of a protest strategy. Describing Columbus as a place where people were "getting along," he asserts that it is wrong for someone to "come out and create and precipitate trouble." A reporter asks Brinkley if he is "putting the finger" on Williams as the reason for the "weekend trouble in Columbus;" the official then acknowledges that he "very specifically" implicates Hosea Williams as the cause of trouble, and refers to Williams as "chief racist of them all." The reporter follows up by asking Brinkley if he thinks that laws should be enacted to prevent non-local activists from entering a community and "inflaming" it; he responds by stating that he thinks that there is already a "good" federal law in place that "deals with people who cross state lines in order to inspire riots," presumably referring to the federal anti-riot act of 1968. Brinkley says he is unsure where Hosea Williams is from, guesses that he is from Atlanta, then adds "but he travels all across the United States." He expresses hope that Williams' recent activity in Columbus could be "looked into." The clip ends.Violence broke out in Columbus, Georgia during the spring and summer of 1971 following a series of racially motivated suspensions and firings in the Columbus police department. On Saturday, June 19, 1971, Hosea Williams, regional vice president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), helped organize a protest march in support of demands made in a class-action lawsuit against the city, and to protest the city's failure to address grievances of the Afro-American Police League. The lawsuit's plaintiffs sought to eliminate longstanding discriminatory practices in the department, and to reinstate officers who had protested against said practices. Although the protest march was peaceful, racial tensions were high in Columbus, and violence escalated dramatically after the demonstration. Rioting reached a height on June 21, 1971, when a white officer, L. A. Jacks, shot and killed a twenty-year old African American youth named Willie J. Osborne after an alleged armed robbery. Riots, arson attacks, police violence, and further protests impacted the city for several months, prompting the Columbus City Council to invoke an emergency ordinance, and Columbus mayor J. R. Allen to declare a state of emergency. Williams, a prominent figure who demanded accountability from white officials in a vigorous and sustained manner, was vilified as an outside agitator and a racist by politicians who sought a swift return to the status quo.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesBrinkley, Jack.Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_581781 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-06-21Columbus (Ga.)Muscogee County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a city official blaming Hosea Williams for stirring up racial unrest in Columbus, Georgia, 1971 June 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1598, 6:03/06:56, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.17ugabma_wsbn_6407764077wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_64077yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a civil rights demonstration as well as a press conference with Ben Lucas, chair of the Board of Commissioners, in Rome, Georgia, 1971 September 15WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Fires--Georgia--RomeAfrican Americans--Georgia--RomeAfrican American students--Georgia--RomeAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--RomeProtest marches--Georgia--RomePolice vehicles--Georgia--RomePolice--Georgia--RomePress conferences--Georgia--RomeSchool integration--Georgia--RomeDiscrimination in housing--Georgia--RomePolice brutality--Georgia--RomeDiscrimination in employment--Georgia--RomeAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentPrisoners--Georgia--RomeRome (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryRome (Ga.). Board of CommissionersEast Rome High School (Rome, Ga.)--StudentsLucas, BenjaminIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Rome, Georgia, September 15, 1971, African Americans watch a burning building from across the street; African American students march on the sidewalks; and Ben Lucas, chair of the Board of Commissioners, speaks from the police building.The clip is divided into two parts. The first part begins with the remains of a building burning. African Americans standing nearby watch the burning building. Next, African American students from East Rome High School enthusiastically march on the sidewalks of Rome; a police car and a fire truck drive parallel to the students. Three hundred African American students from East Rome High School participated in a walk-out and demonstration asking for greater representation in student affairs, particularly in extracurricular activities. White policemen stand outside of the Rome Police department, while inside, two white men, including Ben Lucas, chair of the Board of Commissioners, sit at a desk and speak to a press conference. Lucas reports that the city has met for nearly two weeks with African Americans, recognizes the need for improved communication, and distills the original list of eleven grievances down to three. The city has agreed to establish a biracial committee, to place African Americans on the city's Urban Renewal and Zoning boards, and to hire more black police and fire officers. Lucas reports that he has heard reports of police brutality, although he has not seen any, and that each complaint is investigated.The B-roll portion of the clip begins with two white policemen standing outside. In the background someone laughs. Through prison bars, a prisoner wearing a white tank top and wearing a gold cross is seen. Someone suggests that the reporter ask the guard if it was necessary to put "fourteen men in one cell without any ventilation."During the racial unrest of the 1960s, Rome made a relatively smooth transition to desegregation, choosing to learn from the experiences of other communities in Georgia and the South. Racial tensions increased after the alleged August 15, 1971 rape of a seventeen-year-old white girl by eight African American males, ages fourteen to twenty-three. Community buildings, including schools and several white businesses, were bombed or burned over the course of several weeks, leading the city to impose a curfew for a week in September 1971. Also during this time, members of the African American community in Rome brought their concerns to city leaders, meeting several times with the Rome Board of Commissioners, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Education. Business leaders took steps to increase employment opportunities, and students at both East and West Rome High Schools voted to include African American cheerleaders on the football and basketball cheerleading teams.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesLucas, BenjaminDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_640771 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-09-15Rome (Ga.)Floyd County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a civil rights demonstration as well as a press conference with Ben Lucas, chair of the Board of Commissioners, in Rome, Georgia, 1971 September 15, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1764, 26:48/28:14, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.18ugabma_wsbn_4481644816wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44816yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a civil rights march and resulting arrest; civil rights preachers and local officials speaking at mass meetings; groups of Albany city officials as well as civil rights leaders entering the federal courthouse; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy at a press conference in Albany, Georgia, 1962 JulyWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American students--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanyPress conferences--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyNeighborhood--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American prisoners--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Songs and musicNonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyViolence--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American physicians--Georgia--AlbanyPhysicians--Georgia--AlbanyMass meetings--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American clergy--Georgia--AlbanyCourthouses--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AlbanyLawyers--Georgia--AlbanyPolice brutality--Georgia--Dougherty CountyArrest--Georgia--AlbanyPolice chiefs--Georgia--AlbanyProtest marches--Georgia--AlbanyCentral business districts--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceHarlem (Albany, Ga.)Freedom Alley (Albany, Ga.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Freedom Singers (Musical group : Albany, Ga.)Mt. Zion Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Shiloh Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--ImprisonmentAnderson, William G., 1927-King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--ImprisonmentPritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Walker, Wyatt TeeKing, Slater, 1927-1969Jones, Charles, 1937-Durden, A. N. (Adie Norman), 1898-1979Alford, RobertSteele, C. K. (Charles Kenzie), 1914-1980Young, Andrew, 1932-In this mostly silent WSB newsfilm clip from July 1962, demonstrators leave Shiloh Baptist Church, march through Albany's Harlem neighborhood, and are arrested when they reach downtown; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Dr. William G. Anderson, Rev. Ralph Abernathy, and Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speak at mass meetings at Mt. Zion and Shiloh Baptist Churches; and King and Abernathy speak at a press conference after their July 12 release from jail.The clip is divided into two segments. The first segment, which lasts about nine minutes, begins with silent images of mass meetings at Shiloh Baptist Church led by Wyatt Walker, then the executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), interspersed with footage of a march through Harlem led by Albany minister Reverend Robert Alford and SCLC minister Reverend C. K. Steele of Florida. Some of the demonstrators wear black armbands to protest King's and Abernathy's July 10th conviction for "parading without a permit." The protesters are flanked by Albany police as they march through downtown and are eventually arrested. They are led into Freedom Alley, where they sing while they wait.The series of images from the march is followed by silent footage of King speaking at a mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church. During the meeting, the Freedom Singers sing. King's remarks are followed by speeches by Dr. William G. Anderson and Rev. Ralph Abernathy. Slater King and an unidentified African American man briefly converse with police chief Laurie Pritchett before he addresses the congregation about the rock-throwing incident the previous evening, July 10. Pritchett's remarks are followed by an additional silent segment of King speaking. Among the men seated or standing on the dais are Charles Jones and Dr. William Anderson.Next, at a July 12 press conference in Shiloh Baptist Church, King and Abernathy pledge to stay in Albany until charges are dropped against all who were arrested in December for civil rights protests. King expresses his frustration at his early release from jail. He states that he does not "appreciate the subtle and conniving tactics used to get us [King and Abernathy] out of jail." On July 10, Albany Judge A. N. Durden had ordered King and Abernathy to spend forty-five days in prison or pay a $178 fine for parading without a permit on December 16, 1961; both chose to go to jail rather than pay the fine. King and Abernathy were released from prison July 12 when their fine was reportedly paid by an unidentified stranger. Wyatt Walker is seen sitting behind the two men. More scenes of the march in Albany and of Freedom Alley follow.The second segment of the clip, which is about eight minutes long, returns to the press conference at Shiloh Baptist Church where King and Abernathy are again seen expressing their frustration at their early release from prison. There are also more scenes from the mass meeting where Slater King and Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speak to the audience.Optical sound.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesPritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_448161 clip (about 9 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 8 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-01Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)GeorgiaWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a civil rights march and resulting arrest; civil rights preachers and local officials speaking at mass meetings; groups of Albany city officials as well as civil rights leaders entering the federal courthouse; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy at a press conference in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 16:57/25:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.19ugabma_wsbn_5598055980wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_55980yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaMonuments--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaPeace movements--Georgia--AtlantaAssassination--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaMemorialization--Georgia--AtlantaMemorial rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaProtest movements--United States--History--20th centuryProtest movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--United StatesCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--United StatesCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workersAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaClergy--GeorgiaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryAnti-war demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaProfiteering--United StatesWar--Economic AspectsDraftDraft--United StatesDraft--Georgia--AtlantaUnited States--Social conditions--20th centuryGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centuryPeaceCounterculture--United StatesCounterculture--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical activists--Georgia--AtlantaPacifists--Georgia--AtlantaHippies--Georgia--AtlantaYouth--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaBanners--Georgia--AtlantaV symbolWe shall overcome (Song)Singing--Georgia--AtlantaProtest songs--Georgia--AtlantaAudio amplifiers--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophonePhotographsFuneral rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaChurch buildings--Georgia--AtlantaFacades--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American churches--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaEpitaphs--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryVietnam War, 1961-1975Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United StatesVietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--Georgia--AtlantaVietnam War, 1961-1975--Public opinion--Georgia--AtlantaVietnam War, 1961-1975--Youth--Georgia--AtlantaVietnam War, 1961-1975--Economic aspectsEbenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)South View Cemetery (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, dated April 4, 1969, demonstrators protest the Vietnam War on the one-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination; King is also memorialized in a video montage.The clip is divided into two segments, both containing audio. The first segment opens with a shot of a protest march; a group of mostly white demonstrators make their way down the street, some carry handmade or printed signs. Some of the signs read: "War profit is blood money," "Make his dream a reality end war poverty racism," "Dr. King died April 4, 1968 for all mankind," "Amnesty fOr all war protestors," "Anti-war, pro GI," and "End war now." Audio for the clip consists mostly of background noise until the camera pans left across the parade of demonstrators; the shot ends on a group stalled by a bottleneck in the procession route. At this point, an amplified voice sings "We Shall Overcome," a group of demonstrators shout "Peace now!" and a reporter instructs the sound engineer to keep the microphone on the crowd noise. The next shot in the first segment includes a large gathering of African American and white demonstrators as they listen to a speaker calling for an end to the war in Vietnam. The camera pans across the crowd to the right; the shot then breaks and the camera pans in the opposite direction while the crowd sings "We Shall Overcome." Throughout the crowd, demonstrators hold signs and banners; some raise their fists or make v-signs for peace.The second segment of the clip is a b-roll montage memorializing King that begins with a shot of the facade of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, followed by several shots from the inside of the church that include a portrait of King, the church pulpit, and a close-up of a prayer book. The montage continues with a still photograph of King's funeral cortege amidst a crowd of mourners, then a motion shot of King's grave and the eternal flame that accompanies it. A second shot of King's grave zooms in on the inscription on King's tombstone, and closes in on the year 1968, the year King died. The last shot in this clip is of a cemetery, presumably Atlanta's South-View Cemetery, where King was originally buried (his remains were removed from South-View in 1970). The audio for this segment consists mostly of background noise and conversational fragments.On Easter Sunday, April 6, 1969, a march dedicated to King was held in Atlanta on the one-year anniversary of his assassination. The march began at Ebenezer Baptist Church on Auburn Avenue, paused at the state Capitol to pick up vigil-keepers, proceeded through the Five Points business district, and ended at Hurt Park, where Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and others addressed approximately four thousand participants at a rally. Some of the other speakers at the rally included Dave Dellinger, chairman of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; Luis Melendez, an organizer for California grape pickers, and Jeannette Rankin, former Georgia congresswoman and anti-war activist.Title originally read "WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 4." Further research of events in the clip determine that the footage was recorded on April 6, 1969.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_559801 clip (about 2 min.): color, silent ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll): color, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1969-04-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1536, 49:43/51:18, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.20ugabma_wsbn_4732947329wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_47329yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discussing an alleged Republican plot to encourage African Americans to write-in King's name in the presidential election during a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on 1964 November 2WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaPresidents--United States--Election--1964Voting--United StatesPolitical campaigns--United StatesAfrican Americans--SuffrageAfrican Americans--Civil rightsElections--Corrupt practices--United StatesAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentSocial justice--United StatesRepublican Party (U.S. : 1854- )Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris), 1909-1998Young, Andrew, 1932-In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on November 2, 1964 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses an alleged Republican plot encouraging African Americans to write-in King's name in the upcoming presidential election. The clip's audio track is inconsistent; some comments may not be completely recorded.The clip begins as King criticizes the write-in plot which he views as a desperate attempt to pull votes away from President Lyndon B. Johnson. King points out that there are six and one half million African Americans registered to vote in the United States and that in many large cities in the nation, the African American vote rivals the white vote. He believes that those who initiated the write-in scheme are seeking to "keep the election from being the kind of landslide that it should be." King recognizes that Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater may not be responsible for the conspiracy, but does blame the "ranks of the Republican party and the anti-Democratic and anti-Johnson" forces for the trickery. Three white reporters sitting at the edge of the room take notes as does a black reporter; a reel-to-reel recording machine runs in the back.Andrew Young, a minister for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, sits beside King; both Young and King appear to speak but no audio is recorded. The camera focuses on a Western Unity telegram although the text cannot be read. When the audio returns to the clip, King asserts that encouraging African Americans to write-in his name as a candidate for president takes votes away from the Democratic Party. While King and those working with him have not found the source of funding for the advertisements, he suggests that those supporting Barry Goldwater are responsible. He hopes that "no responsible officials of the Republican Party would approve such a gesture" and blames action for encouraging "the worst racist elements in the country to flood the [Republican] party ranks." King found out about the campaign when a California radio station informed him that an advertising agency was buying radio time and encouraging African Americans to write-in King's name. The Washington office of the SCLC also found that "millions of handbills" were being passed out with the same message. King emphasizes that he is not a candidate for president and encourages African Americans to vote for one of the candidates on the ballot. The plot to confuse black voters and cause them to cancel their votes "is a new low in national politics" and all the more obviously a plot since it was begun so close to the election date.King reviews some of the challenges overcome by African Americans seeking to vote and announces that since the last election over a million African Americans registered to vote for the first time. Because many of the newly registered voters have little experience with voting, King declares "it is therefore all the more damnable that anyone attempt to employ such chicanery to deprive them of a voice" in the presidential election. King reviews his efforts to make his position for Johnson clear; he believes Johnson's election is a collective effort leading to "a massive victory" in part because Americans realize that Goldwater's philosophy "would take us backward."A reporter appears to ask King about civil rights demonstrations, although the reporter's question is not completely recorded. King announces that there will be demonstrations as long as there is segregation, discrimination, and racial injustice. He lists Alabama and Mississippi as states with "pockets of resistance" where more African Americans need to register to vote. He also identifies problems in the North including "jobs, housing, and also quality integrated education" that civil rights organizations should address. Another reporter begins asking King a question that is not completely recorded. Finally, King supports Johnson because of his stand in favor of civil rights. King praises Johnson for the evolution of his opinion on civil rights, who, "though a Southerner, has been emancipated on this issue." He describes Johnson as an emancipated Southerner who sees the moral issue of civil rights. On November 3, Lyndon Johnson won the 1964 presidential election, beating Barry Goldwater by one of the largest percentages in history and winning ninety-six percent of the African American vote. Goldwater won in Arizona, his home state, as well as Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_473291 clip (about 10 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964-11-02Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discussing an alleged Republican plot to encourage African Americans to write-in King's name in the presidential election during a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on 1964 November 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1211, 4:54/15:15, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.21ugabma_wsbn_4261942619wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_42619yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Georgia Highway Patrolman talking about riot control in Savannah, Georgia, 1963WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--SavannahRace relationsRace riots--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--SavannahDiscrimination--Georgia--SavannahSegregation--Georgia--SavannahViolence--Georgia--SavannahViolence--ForecastingPolice--Georgia--SavannahRiot control--Georgia--SavannahRiot control agents--Georgia--SavannahPublic safety--Georgia--SavannahPeace officers--Georgia--SavannahPolice administration--GeorgiaCommunication in law enforcement--GeorgiaPolice patrol--Specialized unitsPolice--Training of--GeorgiaPolice--Equipment and suppliesSelf-defense for police--GeorgiaInterpersonal confrontation--Georgia--SavannahPolice--Violence against--Georgia--SavannahPolice--Supply and demand--GeorgiaDemonstrations--Georgia--SavannahReporters and reporting--GeorgiaInterviews--GeorgiaTelevision camera operators--GeorgiaTelevision journalists--GeorgiaTelevision camerasMicrophoneSavannah (Ga.)--Race relationsSavannah (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia State PatrolPolice, State--GeorgiaIn this WSB-TV newsfilm clip dated 1963, an unidentified Georgia state patrolman, presumably a senior officer, answers questions related to having recently dispatched fifty officers to Savannah in response to events that have taken place there. The audio track on the clip is inconsistent; some portions of the questions posed by the reporter are inaudible.The first few shots in the clip are silent, and capture the officer from several different angles and distances. In the following portion of the clip which contains audio, the officer responds to a reporter (off-screen) that fifty Georgia State Patrolmen have been dispatched to Savannah; some were called late the previous evening, others early in the morning. The clip breaks to a brief shot of a cameraman looking through a television camera, and back to the officer, who says that he believes that the officers are "fully equipped" for what he describes as "this kind of uprising" with "hand grenades, night sticks, crash helmets, gas masks, and necessary firearms."In response to a question about whether the officers are capable of dealing with riots (not all of which is audible), the officer explains that some of the patrolmen who have been chosen to handle this event are part of a select group who have received training to address strikes and similar disturbances; he assures that they possess the basic training necessary to respond.Next, the reporter asks if the officers have been enlisted with any special instructions in regards to what he describes as the "trouble" in Savannah. The patrolman replies that they have been given instructions by the officer in charge on the scene; he emphasizes that Georgia state patrolmen will not move into action "until it is apparent that the local law enforcement officers are unable to cope with the situation," and explains that their role is to serve on alert until they are needed. The reporter follows up by asking if law enforcement capabilities in other portions of the state will be impacted by placing so many patrolmen in Savannah; the officer answers that that there is some impact from pulling officers off of traffic enforcement and patrol duty, but overall, there haven't been any significant problems.At the conclusion of the interview, the reporter steps into the camera frame and asks the officer to "just sit there for a few more seconds." The camera is then turned off and back on again. In the next shot, the officer is no longer present; the reporter then re-records two of his interview questions, this time inside the camera frame.During the summer of 1963, African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, engaged in numerous confrontational civil rights demonstrations to desegregate the city; these were led primarily by the Savannah National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Chatham County Crusade for Voters (CCCV). Savannah mayor Malcolm MacLean requested state troopers from Georgia governor Carl Sanders; the governor also placed the National Guard on alert. Fifty state patrolmen were called in on a nine-day assignment that lasted from June 18 to June 26; state troopers were asked to return again during a July 11 riot that took place after a demonstration protesting the arrest of Hosea Williams, head of the CCCV. These demonstrations, where more than five hundred protesters were jailed, finally compelled white business leaders to agree to a wide-spread desegregation plan that went into effect on October 1, 1963.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_426191 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963Savannah (Ga.)Chatham County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Georgia Highway Patrolman talking about riot control in Savannah, Georgia, 1963, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0941, 28:24/31:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.22ugabma_wsbn_3362433624wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_33624yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a group of demonstrators, mostly African American students, protesting against lunch counter segregation in town, as well as the York County prison camp where arrested protesters chose to stay in jail rather than posting bail, Rock Hill, South Carolina, 1961 February 12WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--South Carolina--Rock HillCivil rights movements--South Carolina--Rock HillAfrican Americans--Civil rights--South Carolina--Rock HillAfrican American civil rights workers--South Carolina--Rock HillCivil rights workers--South Carolina--Rock HillPolice--South Carolina--Rock HillBoys--South Carolina--Rock HillPrisons--South Carolina--Rock HillBail--South Carolina--Rock HillSit-ins--South Carolina--Rock HillPicketing--South Carolina--Rock HillSigns and signboards--South Carolina--Rock HillSegregation--South Carolina--Rock HillDiscrimination in public accommodations--South Carolina--Rock HillDiscrimination in restaurants--South Carolina--Rock HillArrest--South Carolina--Rock HillPrisons--South Carolina--York CountyCentral business districts--South Carolina--Rock HillRock Hill (S.C.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Rock Hill, South Carolina on February 12, 1961, a group of mostly African American students demonstrate against lunch counter segregation downtown; later the clips show the York County prison camp where protesters arrested for demonstrating chose to stay in jail rather than posting bail.The clip begins with a line of demonstrators, primarily African American students, holding picket signs and walking back in forth in front of a store in downtown Rock Hill, South Carolina. At one point, the students stop walking, hold their signs over their heads, turn around, and walk the other direction. Slogans on the signs include, "Please be a good American--don't buy discrimination here," "McCrory's sent our freedom to the chain gang. Please do not support this action by sitting in this store," and "We want equal rights now." Several young white boys stand on the other side on the demonstrators and try to get the cameraman's attention. Later, two white policemen stand together and speak to one another. Finally, the camera looks through a chain-link fence to the York County Prison Camp.Sit-in demonstrations against segregated lunch counters began in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960 when four African American students from North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University sat down at a lunch counter in a F.W. Woolworth's store and refused to leave when they were denied service. From the first demonstration sit-ins grew in size in Greensboro and spread to other communities throughout North Carolina and around the country. In Rock Hill, South Carolina, sit-in demonstrations began in February 1960, but were not successful in getting the lunch counters integrated. After nearly a year of demonstrations, on January 31, 1961, ten African American students from Friendship College sat-in at the lunch counter at McCrory's Variety store. The students were arrested, and nine of the ten chose to stay in jail rather than post bail. The actions of the "Friendship Nine" sparked a wave of "jail, no bail" responses to arrest among civil rights workers. Four leaders from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Diane Nash, Ruby Doris Smith, Charles Jones, and Charles Sherrod, traveled to Rock Hill and were also arrested. The four followed the new policy of "jail, no bail."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_336241 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-02-12Rock Hill (S.C.)York County (S.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a group of demonstrators, mostly African American students, protesting against lunch counter segregation in town, as well as the York County prison camp where arrested protesters chose to stay in jail rather than posting bail, Rock Hill, South Carolina, 1961 February 12, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0749, 00:51/01:41, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.23ugabma_wsbn_5512455124wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_55124yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a man talking about the low number of African Americans in a retirement community, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 November 27WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Race relationsDiscrimination in employment--GeorgiaDiscrimination in employment-Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in housingDiscrimination in housing--Illinois--PeoriaRetirement--Illinois--PeoriaOlder African AmericansOlder African Americans--Illinois--PeoriaOlder African Americans--HousingOlder African Americans--Housing--Illinois--PeoriaAfrican Americans--HousingAfrican Americans--Housing--Illinois--PeoriaOlder blacksOlder blacks--Illinois--PeoriaOlder blacks--HousingOlder blacks--Housing--Illinois--PeoriaMinority older people--United States.Minority older people--Housing.Minority older people--Housing--Illinois--Peoria.Minority older people--Illinois--Peoria.Minorities--Housing.Minorities--Housing--Illinois--Peoria.Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Illinois--PeoriaAfrican Americans--Civil rightsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Illinois--PeoriaAfrican Americans--Segregation--Illinois--PeoriaSegregation--Illinois--PeoriaAfrican Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Illinois--Social conditions--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Social conditions--1964-1975Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Illinois--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Social conditions--1964-1975Race discrimination--Illinois--PeoriaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Illinois--PeoriaPrejudices--Georgia--AtlantaPrejudices--Illinois--PeoriaSupermarkets--Georgia--AtlantaSupermarkets--Employees--Georgia--AtlantaSupermarkets--ManagementGrocery trade--Georgia--AtlantaGrocery trade--Employees--Georgia--AtlantaGrocery trade--ManagementEmployee selectionEmployee selection--Georgia--AtlantaEmployees--Georgia--AtlantaOlder people--HousingOlder people--Housing--Illinois--PeoriaOlder people--CareOlder people--Care--Illinois--PeoriaOld age homesOld age homes--Illinois--PeoriaCongregate housingCongregate housing--Illinois--PeoriaCongregate housing--AdministrationHousingHousing--Illinois--PeoriaHousing managementHousing management--Illinois--PeoriaHousing policyHousing policy--Illinois--PeoriaOld age home trusteesOld age home trustees--Illinois--PeoriaPersonnel management--Georgia--AtlantaCorporations--Sociological aspects--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaTelevision journalists--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American television journalists--Georgia--AtlantaPress-Georgia--AtlantaCash registers--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryPeoria (Ill.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centuryIllinois--Social conditions--20th centuryUnited States--Race relationsBuehler's Super Markets (Atlanta, Ga.)Pruitt, JohnReporter: Pruitt, John.In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 27, 1968, an unidentified spokesperson from Buehler's Super Markets, a grocery store chain with four stores in Atlanta, describes the hiring and management practices of the company to three reporters. The interview is conducted at a cash register inside of a grocery store, presumably Buehler's. The spokesperson reports "out of our seventy-one employees, fifty-three of them are negroes, we have several assistant managers who are negroes, and we are placing one as store manager at 90 Broad Street as of December the first." The clip jumps, truncating a question posed by an African American reporter who asks the Buehler's spokesperson to account for why there are African Americans who "have never been in the retirement home." The spokesperson responds that, based on the information he has received from the trustees who operate the retirement home, "there were very few black people whom ever made application to make this their home." He is cut off in mid-sentence by another jump in the clip. The next section of the clip has no audio track; it shows the Buehler's spokesperson and a reporter filmed from behind, while WSB reporter John Pruitt, listening intently, is filmed from the front.On November 27, 1968, executives of Buehler's Super Markets dropped a one million dollar lawsuit against the Concerned Clergymen of Atlanta. The lawsuit charged the organization with attempting to extort fifty thousand dollars in donations on an annual basis from the supermarket chain. The suit was brought in response to demonstrations organized by the Concerned Clergymen of Atlanta, who challenged the employment practices, wage scale, and the price and quality of the goods sold at Buehler's. An additional complaint that fueled the demonstrations was that Buehler's also held interests in a retirement home in Peoria, Illinois that was not integrated.The Concerned Clergymen of Atlanta rejected ever having made such a request to Buehler's management; the group noted that an individual clergyman had suggested that fifty thousand dollars a year be donated to local Atlanta charities, but that the suggestion was not accepted by other members of the organization. Furthermore, a proposal had never been presented to anyone from Buehler's. An agreement was reached between the two parties when Buehler's management pledged to make improvements in their stores and to recommend integration of the retirement home in Illinois.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesPruitt, JohnPruitt, JohnDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_551241 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1968-11-27Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Peoria (Ill.)Peoria County (Ill.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a man talking about the low number of African Americans in a retirement community, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 November 27, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1509, 00:00/01:00, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.24ugabma_wsbn_3519935199wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35199yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Mass meetings--Alabama--MontgomeryFreedom songs--Alabama--MontgomeryRace riots--Alabama--MontgomeryNonviolence--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights movements--Alabama--MontgomeryBaptist church buildings--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights workers--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican American civil rights workers--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights demonstrations--Alabama--MontgomeryIntimidation--Alabama--MontgomeryMontgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlabama. National GuardFreedom Rides, 1961First Baptist Church (National Baptist Convention : Montgomery, Ala.)King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968In this WSB newsfilm clip from First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961, participants at a mass meeting sing a hymn, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence while a riot goes on outside.The clip begins with the audience singing "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms." As Dr. King stands at the podium, a man takes his picture. King informs the audience that members of the National Guard are on their way to Montgomery to protect the church from the mob outside and asks people to stay inside the church. He also encourages the audience to remain nonviolent to achieve "the moral victory."On May 4, 1961, two groups of students trained in nonviolence left Washington D.C. bound for New Orleans on a "Freedom Ride," an attempt to test the 1960 United States Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation in travel between states. The groups were ambushed in Anniston, Alabama on May 14; one of the groups was attacked again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. King flew to Montgomery May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. Rioting white crowds outside kept the congregation in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks transported the African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials moved the Freedom Riders from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi where the original group of Freedom Riders and their reinforcements were arrested and jailed in Parchman Penitentiary, ending the Freedom Ride before it reached New Orleans.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_351991 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-21Montgomery (Ala.)Montgomery County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0781, 00:00/01:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.25ugabma_wsbn_6344963449wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_63449yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a meeting between the Bibb County Board of Commissioners and members of a special committee of the local branch of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) urging equal employment opportunities for African Americans; also Mayor Ronnie Thompson speaks to a meeting of the Optimists Club, Macon, Georgia, 1971 July 20WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Race relationsAfrican Americans--Georgia--MaconAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--MaconRace discrimination--Georgia--MaconDiscrimination in employment--Georgia--MaconMayors--Georgia--MaconClubs--Georgia--MaconAfrican American clergy--Georgia--MaconMinorities--Employment--Georgia--MaconCivil service--Minority employment--Georgia--MaconMacon (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryBibb County (Ga.)--Officials and employeesBibb County (Ga.). Board of CommissionersNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleOptimists Club (Macon, Ga.)Hope, Julius C., (Julius Caesar), 1932-Zimmerman, EarlThompson, RonnieGreene, F. Emory, 1930-1990In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 20, 1970, members of a special committee of the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) meet with the Bibb County Board of Commissioners to discuss equal employment opportunities for African Americans in Macon, Georgia; also Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson speaks to a meeting of the Optimists Club.The clip is divided into two segments, part 1 and b-roll. Part one of the clip begins with a brief view of the Bibb County Courthouse in downtown Macon. Inside the county building, African American and white men sit down around a table. A white man in a brown suit appears to speak. His comments are not recorded. Next Reverend Julius C. Hope, Macon minister and president of the Georgia NAACP, opens with the proverb of walking a mile in another person's shoes. Hope explains that African Americans in the community are tired of living with unfulfilled promises for so long. He believes that consideration of the situation is "long overdue." Bibb County commissioner F. Emory Greene, responds to Hope's comments and agrees that African Americans should be represented at all levels of government. However, Greene asserts that that people should not be fired because they are of the "wrong" race. He concludes officials should consider hiring "qualified Blacks as the vacancy exists" but does not support creating vacancies just for African Americans. Behind Greene, men and women sit in two rows aong the wall of the conference room. The camera looks through a doorway into the conference room, focuses on Reverend Hope sitting at the conference table, and later moves to another unidentified African American man at the meeting. Bibb County Board of Commissioners chairman Earl Zimmerman, stands in front of a mural to speak to the meeting. Zimmerman points to the number of employers seeking qualified African American employees as one reason for the shortage of African American county employees. Zimmerman explains that the county is also limited in the wages it can pay and cannot compete with private industries. After Zimmerman's comments, the meeting appears to end, and the participants push their chairs back from the table and stand up.The next portion of the clip records comments made by Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson at a meeting of the Optimists Club. Thompson recalls his youth in a "laboring family from a mill town." He explains that he knows the discrimination of poverty and declares that "the best way that I know to fight poverty is to go to work." Thompson claims he knows of white and African American people who have had worked hard and have made good. After Thompson's comments, the camera shows the audience. As Thompson finishes his comments, the audience gives him a standing ovation, and Thompson returns to his seat. The b-roll shows more of Thompson's speech at the Optimists Club. Thompson declares that the city of Macon will fight for its citizens and businesses. He asserts that it is right for the community to "stand up for all the things that have been labored for by those gone on before us."During the summer of 1971, racial unrest flared in Macon, Georgia. At the end of June, Jimmie Lee White, an African American city employee, was shot and killed by white police officer John R. Beck. Another African American man, John George Turner, was found hanged in a city jail cell after having been picked up on a disorderly conduct charge; Turner's death was ruled a suicide. Mayor Ronnie Thompson issued a dusk-to-dawn curfew during the next several days of unrest and banned the sale of alcohol, guns, and ammunition. Violence in the community included several fire bombing attempts, although the only two bombs to explode burned empty houses. On July 5, Mayor Thompson lifted the curfew and authorized the resumption of alcohol, gun, and ammunition sales. On July 5, a biracial committee formed at the beginning of Thompson's term as mayor held a meeting to find ways to calm the city. Thompson played an active role in leading the city's response to the racial unrest, especially that of the police department. At one point, Thompson carried a machine gun while leading police on a hunt for a suspected sniper.On July 12, members of the Macon NAACP chapter, led by Reverend J. Lorenzo Key, launched a three-prong program aimed at bettering the situation of local African Americans. The program employed pickets, economic moves, and a massive voter education campaign. African American leaders arranged a series of six meetings with leaders of community government and civic organizations. On July 20, a special committee of the NAACP met with the Bibb County Board of Commissioners and county department heads. The two-hour meeting was the second of the six meetings arranged with government and civic leaders. During the meeting the NAACP leaders asked that African Americans be given equal employment opportunities. After the meeting, Bibb County Commissioners urged all county offices to take necessary steps to eliminate racial discrimination in hiring. The board also urged measures to ensure appropriate employment of Blacks in several public functions. The Board offered its facilities and assistance for that purpose.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHope, Julius C., (Julius Caesar), 1932-Zimmerman, EarlThompson, RonnieGreene, F. Emory, 1930-1990Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_634491 clip (about 4 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-07-20Macon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a meeting between the Bibb County Board of Commissioners and members of a special committee of the local branch of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) urging equal employment opportunities for African Americans; also Mayor Ronnie Thompson speaks to a meeting of the Optimists Club, Macon, Georgia, 1971 July 20, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1746, 48:48/53:09, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.26ugabma_wsbn_4377143771wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43771yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a member of the Committee on Education of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia reading from a prepared statement regarding applications of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes to the University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 21WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Reporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--GeorgiaUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity System of Georgia. Board of Regents--Officials and employeesHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-Hunter-Gault, CharlayneIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on October 21, 1960, an unidentified member of the Committee on Education, presumably, part of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, reads from a prepared statement about the University of Georgia applications filed by Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, African American students applying to attend the segregated university. The committee member reports that the group carefully reviewed the applications of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter and determined the applications were incomplete. As such university officials were unable to consider the two for entrance to the University. He recommends that the applications be denied, recognizing the right of Holmes and Hunter "to renew and pursue their applications." Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were rejected based on "lack of space." After renewing their applications several times, the students and their lawyers filed a lawsuit in federal court against the university. When the trial opened in the fall of 1960, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the Board of Regents to rule on the application; their ruling is reported here. On January 6, 1961, judge Bootle ordered the University of Georgia to admit the two African Americans students, ending 176 years of segregation at the university.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_437711 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-10-21Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a member of the Committee on Education of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia reading from a prepared statement regarding applications of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes to the University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0989, 54:07/54:50, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.27ugabma_wsbn_5170851708wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_51708yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Restaurants--EmployeesRestaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSegregationists--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryGovernment, Resistance to--Georgia--AtlantaMen, White--Georgia--AtlantaPickrick (Atlanta, Ga.)Lester Maddox Cafeteria (Atlanta, Ga.)Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003Hollowell, DonaldJohnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973Briggs, Fred, 1932-Reporter: Briggs, Fred, 1932-.In this WSB newsfilm clip from 1965, a reporter comments on the segregationist polices at the Lester Maddox cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia and interviews Lester Maddox and civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell about the situation.The clip is divided into two segments. The clip begins with two white men walking through a door into the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. A sign on the door indicates that the business does not serve integrationists. Inside the restaurant, white men and women sit at tables around the room. An African American man in a uniform buses tables, and a white man uses the telephone. Lester Maddox walks by carrying a pitcher in each hand. Next, African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell sits in an office.After a break in the clip, reporter Fred Briggs stands outside the Lester Maddox Cafeteria and comments on the situation. He explains that the Lester Maddox Cafeteria used to be the Pickrick Restaurant. He mentions that the Pickrick sign is now covered. The covering, seen in the clip, reads "This light turned out by L.B.J." The sign refers to President Lyndon B. Johnson who had a reputation for turning off lights at the White House and who signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which outlawed racial discrimination by businesses. Briggs reports that since September 1964 the restaurant has been known as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. Although the name has changed, Briggs continues, the trademarks of the Pickrick remain, including the same recipes and a table of segregationist literature. Briggs indicates that many customers have returned to the Pickrick, but that while business appears to be doing well, Maddox says it is not all returned.Following a break in the clip, Lester Maddox comments further on the situation, blaming "the agitation and the confusion caused by the agitators" for a fifteen to twenty percent decline from normal business. Maddox claims that if agitators leave him and his business alone, it can return to being "a successful part of the American free enterprise system." Briggs outlines Maddox's business policy. While Maddox cannot legally refuse service to patrons because of "race, creed, or color," he claims he does not have to serve "integrationists." Briggs clarifies that an African American who wants to eat at the cafeteria would be an integrationist, because a segregationist would not want to eat there. The clip breaks again, and Briggs reports that following the December 1964 Supreme Court ruling in Heart of Atlanta v. United States, African Americans have not tried to patronize the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, and according to lawyer Donald Hollowell, they probably will not try in the future.The clip returns to Hollowell sitting in his office. Hollowell comments on the international publicity surrounding the state and federal court cases against Lester Maddox and his restaurant. Hollowell believes that since African Americans know of the cases against Maddox, they are content to "let that matter rest" and "let the courts take care of it." Hollowell also recognizes that other restaurant owners do comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Reporter Briggs concludes by repeating Maddox's hope that the courts and African Americans will continue to leave him alone.During the b-roll of the clip, Maddox again walks around the restaurant with a pitcher in each hand. Men sit at tables with food in front of them. Pro-segregation literature sits on a table in the front of the room. A sign near a pond encourages patrons to "make a wish and a gift for segregation." Maddox, employees, and patrons walk around the room.Lester Maddox ran the Pickrick with his wife, Virginia, from 1947 until 1965. The restaurant, located near the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology, or Georgia Tech, became well-known for its good food and reasonable prices. Maddox used his position as a businessman to speak out in favor of segregation. During the civil rights demonstrations in the early 1960s, Maddox refused to serve African American patrons. He kept ax handles--called "Pickrick drumsticks" near the restaurant's front door to discourage African Americans seeking to eat at the restaurant. Following the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Maddox chased two African Americans away from the Pickrick at gunpoint. Maddox publicly announced he would go to jail before serving African Americans, even after being charged in court for pointing a gun at the men. On July 22 in a case against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act and issued an injunction beginning August 11 against both businesses prohibiting them from denying service to customers based on color or race. Lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court which heard the case in October; while waiting for the court to hear the case, the Heart of Atlanta began accepting African American customers, and Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13. On September 26 Maddox opened the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in the Pickrick's old location and announced he would serve "acceptable" Georgians. During a trial for contempt of court on September 29, Maddox argued that he was not in contempt because he was no longer offering service to out-of-state travelers or integrationists. In December 1964 the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Civil Rights Act. On February 5, 1965 a federal court ruled Maddox was in contempt of court for failing to obey the injunction and ordered him fined two hundred dollars a day for failing to serve African Americans. Maddox closed the restaurant February 7, 1965 blaming president Johnson and communism for putting him out of business.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesBriggs, Fred, 1932-Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003Hollowell, DonaldBriggs, Fred, 1932-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_517081 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1390, 31:28/34:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.28ugabma_wsbn_5205152051wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_52051yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a panel of African American leaders including Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson, Reverend J. D. Grier and attorneys Horace T. Ward and William H. Alexander explaining recent demands to the Board of Education, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 September 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in education--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Education--Georgia--AtlantaSchool management and organization--Georgia--AtlantaSchool boards--Georgia--AtlantaPetitions--Georgia--AtlantaTrials--Georgia--AtlantaTrials (Civil rights)--Georgia--AtlantaTrials (Civil rights)--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryFederal-state controversies--GeorgiaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American politicians--Georgia--AtlantaPoliticians--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaCivic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaClergy--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rightsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaEducation--Georgia--AtlantaCoalitions--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in education--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in education--Southern StatesSegregation in education--GeorgiaSegregation in education--Southern StatesSchool integration--United StatesSchool integration--Southern StatesSchool integration--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th centuryRace discrimination--Law and legislation--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th centuryRace discrimination--Law and legislation--Southern States--History--20th centuryRace relationsGeorgia--Race relationsNonviolenceDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophonePoliticians--Tobacco useSmoking--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.).--Board of EducationAtlanta Community Relations CommissionNAACP Legal Defense and Educational FundGovernment, Resistance to--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.). Board of Education--Trials, litigation, etc.William A. Fountain Elementary School (Forest Park, Ga.)Ward, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-Johnson, Leroy R., 1928-Alexander, William H. (William Henry), 1930-2003Grier, J. D.Creecy, Howard W., 1928-2008Williams, Sam, 1912-1970Williamson, Q. V.Calhoun, VivianCalhoun, Vivian--Trials, litigation, etc.Latimer, Pete, 1914-1971Latimer, Pete, 1914-1971--Trials, litigation, etc.In this WSB newsfilm clip dated Saturday, September 25, 1967, a panel of seven Atlanta African American community leaders, including Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson, attorney Horace T. Ward, attorney William H. Alexander, and Reverend J. D. Grier answer questions about a petition that has recently been presented to the Atlanta Board of Education with regard to its delay in desegregating the city'sschools. Three members of the panel are unidentified.The clip, which is about six minutes long, begins with a shot of Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson explaining that the group of African American community leaders and civil rights activists who have banded together to protest the inaction of the Atlanta Board of Education in desegregating Atlanta schools have made a commitment to wait for the Board of Education's decision that upcoming Monday. After that date, he is not certain what will happen if the Board of Education decides against granting the demands listed in the petition. Atlanta attorney William H. Alexander adds that there is a consensus that, after Monday's deadline arrives, they are willing to use all of the power at their disposal to "resolve the issue," but will have to wait until Monday to respond to anything specific.A member of the audience then asks Senator Johnson if he thinks a protest movementmight come (the question is truncated by a break in the clip); Johnson replies that any protest movement in Atlanta will be a nonviolent movement, confirms that those opposed to the Board of Education may be at a negotiating impasse and that people are ready to protest. He notes that fifty citizens asked Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to come into Atlanta, and that on Monday, September 25, a group of fifteen hundred to two thousand people met at Reverend Howard Creecy's Mount Moriah Baptist Church in Atlanta to protest against the acts of the Board of Education. He reminds the audience that if protests ensue, it is because of the inaction of "those who could have granted the relief, but did not."Next, in response to a question that was not captured in the recording, Senator Johnson says that he has not reviewed an incomplete list of five answers given by the Atlanta Board of Education, that body's response to an eleven-demand petition submitted to them by a local alliance of civil rights groups. The list was delivered to Reverend Samuel Williams, chairman of Atlanta's Community Relations Commission (an organization established to communicate race discrimination grievances to City Hall) by the Board of Education. He then suggests that Mr. Williamson (presumably Q. V. Williamson, member of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen) may have more to say on the issue. Johnson reiterates that he is waiting until Monday, October 2 to acknowledge the Board's response, as that remains the deadline for the Board of Education to respond fully to the petition. When asked by a reporter if the panel would respond to a partial fulfillment of demands on the Board of Education's part, he replies that he would prefer to not answer anyhypothetical questions.Next, William H. Alexander, responding to a question about jobs, reiterates that the panel members are willing to use all of the power at their disposal, but does not believe that he can define specific actions at this time. Next, Atlanta attorney Horace T. Ward explains to reporters that the petition has grown out of "an accumulation of frustration and efforts" to improve educational opportunities for African American children. As Ward begins to speak, Johnson lights up a cigarette and begins to smoke. The camera closes in for a tighter shot of Ward, who notes that this is not the first time such an effort has been made, nor has the petition been precipitated by any single event, rather, the endeavor to eliminate double sessions and to improve educational facilities in Atlanta schools is consistent with "the original desegregation suits." He is presumably referring to the 1958 lawsuit Calhoun v. Latimer, where the NAACP Legal Defense Fund assisted in filing a federal lawsuit against the Atlanta Board of Education requesting the elimination of the city's segregated school system.Next, Senator Johnson emphasizes that it was the spirit of the Board of Education and their subsequent actions that prompted the delivery of the petition and the request that the board act on the eleven demands. A member of the audience asks "Did the William Fountain High School...Elementary School figure into this?" Johnson acknowledges that the school was mentioned as a complaint in the statement (They are probably referring to William A. Fountain Elementary School in Forest Park, Georgia). After one more break in the clip, Reverend J. D. Grier adds that there are more African American students in schools that have fewer African American staff to support those students; he goes on to say that he does not see "any reason why Washington High should be on triple session and Northside not on double sessions." Grier then recommends that the Board of Education look at the overall space available in all of the Atlanta schools.In 1967, thirteen years after the Supreme Court ruled the unconstitutionality of school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Atlanta schools were still insufficiently desegregated. Attempts to integrate the Atlanta public schools began in 1958 with the Atlanta lawsuit Calhoun v. Latimer, however, sustained resistance from the Atlanta Board of Education and segregationist state and local government officials necessitated decades of constant legal pressure before meaningful integration of the school system was achieved. The Atlanta schools operated under a "freedom of choice" plan throughout most of the 1960s, which in theory allowed African American parents to request transfers for their children to attend predominantly white schools. In practice, however, African American students were screened based upon unfair criteria, few transfers were granted, and African American students remained in inferior and overcrowded schools. On September 11, 1967, a coalition of Atlanta civil rights groups that included members of the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) presented a list of eleven grievances to the Atlanta Board of Education. Their list of demands included requests to eliminate overcrowded schools, double session schedules, and racial discrimination in student, faculty, curriculum, and administrative matters. The Board of Education, led by chairman Ed S. Cook, responded that five items on the list would be addressed as soon as paperwork could be completed; the remaining six items on the list would be discussed with civil rights activists in two weeks. The timeframe of the Board of Education's response caused a rift amidst members of the coalition of civil rights leaders; some members were satisfied by the two-week deadline for a response, some were not and demanded an immediate reply instead. Tensions were further exacerbated when the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce extended invitations to representatives of the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference to negotiate with Board of Education officials, but excluded other civil rights organizations. Despite these disagreements, the pressure against the Board of Education continued. Pickets and sit-ins took place at Board of Education superintendent John W. Letson's office, evening rallies were held at local African American churches, further legal action was pursued by the NAACP, and the potential threat of mass demonstrations remained constant. The Board of Education ultimately responded to the eleven demands on Monday, September 25th; however, nearly all of their answers were rejected as insufficient by the coalition of civil rights groups.Former title "WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a panel of African American leaders explaining their demands to the Board of Education, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 September 30." Further research of the events in the clip determine that the datedepicted is September 25, 1967.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesWard, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-Johnson, Leroy R., 1928-Alexander, William H., 1930-2003Grier, J. D.Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_520511 clip (about 6 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1967-09-25Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Forest Park (Ga.)Clayton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a panel of African American leaders including Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson, Reverend J. D. Grier and attorneys Horace T. Ward and William H. Alexander explaining recent demands to the Board of Education, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 September 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1411, 00:00/05:40, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.29ugabma_wsbn_5599955999wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_55999yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a peace and civil rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsAssassination--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaMemorialization--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaProtest movements--United States--History--20th centuryProtest movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--United StatesCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--United StatesCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workersAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaClergy--GeorgiaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryAnti-war demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaPeace movements--Georgia--AtlantaProfiteering--United StatesWar--Economic AspectsDraftDraft--United StatesDraft--Georgia--AtlantaPeaceCounterculture--United StatesCounterculture--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical activists--Georgia--AtlantaPacifists--Georgia--AtlantaHippies--Georgia--AtlantaYouth--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaBanners--Georgia--AtlantaWe shall overcome (Song)Singing--Georgia--AtlantaProtest songs--Georgia--AtlantaAudio amplifiers--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneApplause--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsUnited States--Social conditions--20th centuryGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centurySouthwide Mobilization to End the War in VietnamVietnam War, 1961-1975Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United StatesVietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--Georgia--AtlantaVietnam War, 1961-1975--Public opinion--Georgia--AtlantaVietnam War, 1961-1975--Youth--Georgia--AtlantaVietnam War, 1961-1975--Economic aspectsGeorgia State Capitol (Atlanta, Ga.)Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--AnniversariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--AssassinationIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, dated April 6, 1969, civil rights and anti-war demonstrators protest the Vietnam War with a march and rally on the Sunday following the one-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination.The clip opens with Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy marching in the street amidst a crowd of African American and white demonstrators; this shot is silent. Next, demonstrators march down the street, this time with the Georgia state capitol building in the background. A row of demonstrators march down the street with their arms linked together; behind them, protesters carry both homemade and printed signs that read "War profit is blood money," "Honor Dr. King end racism," "Support your boys in Vietnam bring them home now," and "Dr. King died April 4, 1968 for all mankind." This is followed by another shot of Abernathy's place in the procession; next, participants in the march move past the state capitol. A demonstrator carrying a bullhorn leads the crowd in singing "We Shall Overcome." Next, at another location on the march route, a crowd shouts chants of "Peace now;" this is followed by a group of young men carrying a large banner along the route that reads "Southwide mobilization," presumably representing the organization Southwide Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam. Next, African American and white demonstrators are gathered together at an outdoor rally. Members of the audience raise their right fists in the air; a voice emanating from a loudspeaker says "We are not divided." The last shot in the clip shows demonstrators at the rally breaking into applause; the camera pans back and forth across the audience.On Easter Sunday, April 6, 1969, a march dedicated to King was held in Atlanta to commemorate the one-year anniversary of his assassination. The march began at Ebenezer Baptist Church on Auburn Avenue, paused at the state Capitol to pick up vigil-keepers, proceeded through the Five Points business district, and ended at Hurt Park, where Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and others addressed approximately four thousand participants at a rally. Some of the other speakers at the rally included Dave Dellinger, chairman of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; Luis Melendez, an organizer for California grape pickers, and Jeannette Rankin, former Georgia congresswoman and anti-war activist.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_559991 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1969-04-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a peace and civil rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1537, 15:33/16:38, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.30ugabma_wsbn_5884158841wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_58841yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a political cartoon drawn by Bill Daniels portraying Georgia governor Lester Maddox and Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson protesting school integration at the expense of a child in Georgia, 1970 FebruaryWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights movements--GeorgiaGovernors--GeorgiaIntervention (Federal government)--Georgia--MaconMayors--Georgia--MaconRace discrimination--Georgia--MaconSchool integration--Georgia--MaconSegregation in education--Georgia--MaconSchool children--Georgia--MaconSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia--MaconSchool choice--Law and legislation--Georgia--MaconGovernment, Resistance to--Georgia--MaconMaddox, Lester, 1915-2003Thompson, RonnieThis silent WSB newsfilm clip from February 1970 shows a political cartoon drawn by Bill Daniels portraying Georgia governor Lester Maddox and Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson protesting school integration at the expense of a Georgia school child. The cartoon is shown in parts, focusing first on a cliff and a banner, tied to the end of a pen, with the slogan "Official defiance of courts." Governor Maddox and mayor Thompson use the pen to push a red-haired white boy off the cliff. According to the cartoon, the edge of the cliff leads to "chaos in Georgia schools." Governor Maddox is depicted as saying "We'll defy 'em if it takes th' last school child in Georgy!" The clip ends by showing the whole cartoon. Macon city and Bibb County schools were first desegregated by United States district court judge William A. Bootle in 1964. Although African Americans sought to increase the pace of desegregation, the Bibb county school board implemented a "Freedom of choice" plan, allowing African American parents to request school transfers although relatively few were granted. In late 1969 judge Bootle approved the school board's freedom of choice plan only to be reversed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in December which ordered a full integration and faculty merger by the beginning of the 1970 school year. Responding to a petition by the Macon branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the United States Supreme Court ordered full integration without additional delays on January 14, 1970. A compromise plan approved by judge Bootle required immediate integration of elementary schools and desegregation of middle and high schools by the end of the year. Parents opposed to the integration plan invited Georgia governor Lester Maddox to speak at a Macon rally where he encouraged parents to keep their children home from school rather than accept the integration plan. The February 16 integration took place without violence, although nearly five hundred parents, including mayor Thompson, refused to take their children to the newly-assigned schools. After a week of parents taking their children to the old schools, judge Bootle issued a restraining order blocking schools from issuing credit to students who were not assigned to that school and creating the possibility of fines and imprisonment for uncooperative parents. Mayor Thompson announced his decision to obey court orders, encouraging others to do the same, and filed a lawsuit which continued the fight for "freedom of choice" schools. Political cartoonist Bill Daniels worked with WSB-TV in Atlanta from 1968 until 1974; during that time he drew editorial cartoons that were incorporated into local broadcasts.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_588411 clip (about 2 min.): color, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1970-02GeorgiaMacon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a political cartoon drawn by Bill Daniels portraying Georgia governor Lester Maddox and Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson protesting school integration at the expense of a child in Georgia, 1970 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1617, 41:35/43:10, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.31ugabma_wsbn_3496334963wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34963yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Alabama--MontgomeryReporters and reporting--Alabama--MontgomeryRace riots--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights movements--Alabama--MontgomeryFederal-state controversies--AlabamaViolence--AlabamaUnited States marshals--Alabama--MontgomerySegregation in transportation--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesCivil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--MontgomeryGovernors--AlabamaMontgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern States-Race relations--History--20th centuryCongress of Racial EqualityFreedom Rides, 1961Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921-King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Montgomery, Alabama on May 23, 1961, Alabama governor John Patterson demands that "agitators" Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Freedom Riders leave Alabama immediately and condemns the Freedom Riders for seeking to cause racial trouble.The clip begins with Alabama governor John Patterson, wearing a suit with a flower in the lapel, and sitting in a chair in front of several microphones and with a curtain behind him. An off-screen reporter appears to ask governor Patterson a question. His comments are not completely recorded. Later, governor Patterson begins speaking, condemning Martin Luther King, Jr. as "the worst of all the agitators in this country." He asserts that King came to Montgomery in order to cause a race riot and that he was assisted by the federal government. Patterson declares that "the best thing for King and all of the so-called Freedom Riders is to return to their homes, go back to their books, and mind their own business."After a break in the clip, Patterson continues his criticism of the Freedom Ride. He counters the Freedom Riders' claim of interstate travel, reporting that the Freedom Riders are not traveling as interstate travelers but are instead buying tickets from one community to another. Additionally, he claims the riders, African American men and white women, seek to "force themselves into situations which tend to inflame the local people." He accuses the Freedom Riders of violating tradition and city ordinances in order to provoke violent reactions. Although he recognizes the state's responsibility to protect travelers, he insists that Freedom Riders are instigators, not traditional interstate passengers.In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial "Freedom Ride" through the South to test compliance with federal regulations against segregated travel. Beginning in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, the riders traveled in two groups through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia with relatively little opposition. Upon reaching Alabama on May 14, the two groups were attacked by white mobs; in Anniston, the mob attacked and burned the Greyhound bus and in Birmingham the mob brutally beat the Trailways riders. After the United States Justice Department was unable secure a guarantee that Alabama officials would protect the riders as they traveled through the state, the riders were flown to New Orleans on May 15. Students from the Nashville Civil Rights movement, unwilling to let mob violence defeat the ride, organized a group to travel from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. This second group of riders were met by another mob in Montgomery, and several riders and bystanders were severely beaten. Among those attacked in Montgomery was John Seigenthaler, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy's personal assistant. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew from Alabama to Montgomery, his former home, to try and assist the riders. During a May 21 mass meeting held at First Baptist Church in Montgomery where King was scheduled to speak in support of the riders, a white mob tried to attack the church. President John F. Kennedy sent federal marshals to Montgomery, and Governor Patterson later declared martial law in the city and sent the Alabama National Guard to the church to protect the meeting participants and to escort them home in the morning. After more negotiations between federal officials and leaders from Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under "breach of peace" charges as they got off the bus. Subsequent groups of riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested throughout the summer. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesPatterson, John Malcolm, 1921-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_349631 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-23Montgomery (Ala.)Montgomery County (Ala.)AlabamaWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0775, 10:00/12:17, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.32ugabma_wsbn_4996949969wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_49969yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizes the Georgia Legislature for not seating Julian Bond in the House of Representatives in Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 13WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Georgia--AtlantaFreedom of speech--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Suffrage--Georgia--AtlantaGovernors--GeorgiaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaLegislators--GeorgiaSegregationists--GeorgiaGeorgia--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia. General Assembly. House of RepresentativesVietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movementsKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Bond, Julian, 1940-In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 13, 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizes the Georgia legislature for refusing to allow Julian Bond to take his place in the House of Representatives. The clip begins with a silent portion where Dr. King appears to speak, reporters take notes, and the camera shows a reel-to-reel recorder. King begins to speak, but his comments are not completely recorded before a break in the audio. When King speaks again, he condemns the legislature's refusal to allow Julian Bond to serve as an act with "obvious racial overtones." King asserts that many of those in the legislature are the same people who "through irresponsible statements and actions" encouraged a riot at the University of Georgia and who urged "defying, evading, and circumventing the United States Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in the public schools." The University of Georgia riot King refers occurred on January 11, 1961 riot when students protested the university's integration by throwing rocks and bottles at the dormitory of Charlayne Hunter, the first female African American student on campus. Georgia legislators also worked to keep Georgia schools segregated after the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. In November 1965 Julian Bond was elected to the serve as the representative from the 136th district in the Georgia House of Representatives. Julian Bond, SNCC communications director, was elected to the 136th district of the Georgia legislature in November 1965, one of ten African Americans elected to the legislature that year. After Bond publicly endorsed the SNCC anti-Vietnam statement and said he respected those who burned their draft cards, members of the House of Representatives voted one hundred eighty-four to twelve to not allow Bond to serve in the House on January 10, the first day of the legislative session. Later that year the United States Supreme Court ruled that Bond's statement was within his first amendment rights, and the Georgia legislature had to seat him. Bond served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_499691 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1966-01-13Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizes the Georgia Legislature for not seating Julian Bond in the House of Representatives in Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 13, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1346, 20:33/21:51, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.33ugabma_wsbn_3895338953wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38953yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speak after King and Abernathy were mysteriously released from jail in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 12WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyRace relationsSegregation--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American prisoners--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rightsCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPress conferences--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyNegotiation--Georgia--AlbanyPolitical crimes and offenses--Georgia--AlbanySegregation in transportation--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.). Board of CommissionersSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceAlbany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Anderson, William G., 1927-Walker, Wyatt TeeKing, Slater, 1927-1969In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speak at a press conference on July 12, 1962 upon their release from jail.Both King and Abernathy were released from serving a forty-five-day jail sentence when an unknown person purportedly paid their fines. King and Abernathy had been arrested in Albany, Georgia during a march in December 1961, and decided to serve time rather than pay a fine if they were found guilty. Albany city officials, aware of the media attention King received while in jail, arranged a plan and released the two leaders saying a "well-dressed Negro" had paid their fines. Although released from jail, Abernathy affirms that he and King will stay in Albany to continue working with the Albany Movement as private, concerned citizens interested in settlement and discussion of the dismissal of charges against seven hundred Albany citizens who had also been arrested. Anderson says that the Albany Movement is open to negotiations with the city of Albany. Behind King, Abernathy, and Anderson, Wyatt Walker, Executive Secretary for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Slater King, vice-president for the Albany Movement, are seen. City leaders repeatedly refused to negotiate while demonstrations persisted, but during the press conference, King asserts that the movement will not be intimidated into inaction or retreat. The concerns of the Albany Movement, according to King, will be resolved when the city of Albany accepts integration as the law of the land. Accepting the "Albany Manifesto" with its five proposals of the Albany Movement regarding the desegregation of parks, train and bus stations, and release of citizens arrested in the protests would be a temporary solution that would clear the way for discussion. King was, in part, upset because his own jail release had been accelerated by city officials (who paid his bail) in an attempt to minimize his publicity; he had been counting on serving the jail time to offset the criticism of other activists who claimed he was unwilling to suffer the discomforts that he encouraged others to endure for the movement. The clip ends with King speaking at a mass meeting held at Mt. Zion Baptist Church.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesAbernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Anderson, William G., 1927-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_389531 clip (about 8 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-12Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speak after King and Abernathy were mysteriously released from jail in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 12, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0156, 7:36/15:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.34ugabma_wsbn_5714857148wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_57148yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where leaders from the Students for a Democratic Society speak against candidates for mayor in the election in Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 October 8WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Counterculture--Georgia--AtlantaLocal government--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--Georgia--Atlanta--ElectionWorking class--United States--Political activityPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaStudent movements--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Politics and governmentUnited States--Politics and governmentAtlanta (Ga.)--Economic conditionsUnited States--Economic conditionsAtlanta (Ga.)--Public opinionUnited States--Public opinionStudents for a Democratic Society (U.S.)Men, White--Georgia--AtlantaCook, RodneyMassell, SamIn this WSB newsfilm clip from October 8, 1969, leaders of the Students for a Democratic Society speak against candidates for mayor in the election in Atlanta, Georgia.The clip begins with three white men sitting at a table under bright lights for the press conference. Reporters sit in the audience and take notes during the press conference. The man in the middle begins speaking. He asserts that the police, courts, and elections serve the needs of the rich, not the needs of the masses. He condemns mayoral candidate Rodney Cook, who he claims is supported by the Bank, for announcing plans to suppress the Students for a Democratic Society. The speaker continues by declaring that people in the country are becoming aware of these divisive political tactics and will no longer allow the rich such control and pwoer. The young man also believes that the country will support the aims of the youth movement and will "stop listening to the likes of men like Rodney Cook." At one point, the camera focuses on a button pinned on the young man's shirt that depicts a raised fist.After a break in the clip, a female reporter asks the students if they will support the candidacy of Sam Massell, Cook's opponent in the run-off election. The student denies that they will be supporting either candidate. He claims that there is little difference between the two candidates as they both serve only the interests of the business community. Another reporter asks a question that is not completely recorded. The student replies that the Students for a Democratic Society will not be running candidates in upcoming elections. He explains that the organization believes the way to bring change is to build a movement among the working-class people in the country who will fight against businesses.Students for a Democratic Society was a youth-led movement in the 1960s that worked for participatory democracy and student power through direct action. On the eve of the 1969 mayoral election in Atlanta, Georgia, the group held a press conference to denounce the candidates and the election. Candidate Sam Massell won the election becoming the first Jewish mayor of Atlanta. Maynard Jackson won the election for vice-mayor and four years later became the first African American mayor of Atlanta.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_571481 clip (about 2 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1969-10-08Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where leaders from the Students for a Democratic Society speak against candidates for mayor in the election in Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 October 8, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1571, 51:55/53:51, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.35ugabma_wsbn_4259942599wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_42599yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where state senator Leroy Johnson speaks about an upcoming fact-finding mission to Crawfordville, Georgia, from Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 October 2WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Georgia--AtlantaLegislators--GeorgiaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--CrawfordvilleRace relationsCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--CrawfordvilleCrawfordville (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryJohnson, Leroy R., 1928-In this WSB newsfilm clip from October 2, 1965, state senator Leroy Johnson speaks at a press conference in Atlanta, Georgia about visiting Crawfordville, Taliaferro County on a fact-finding mission with African American leaders from around the state.The clip begins with a press conference during which Georgia State Senator Leroy Johnson sits at a table with microphones in front of him. Senator Johnson repeats reports that African Americans in Crawfordville are being fired from their jobs, evicted from their homes, and targeted for police brutality, because civil rights demonstrations took place in the city. He explains that he has been invited to visit Crawfordville and, recognizing the importance of the situation, has invited African American leaders from communities around Georgia to go to Crawfordville with him on a fact-finding mission. In newspaper reports of the press conference, Johnson promises to report the findings of the visit "to the proper authorities."Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, a small community with a majority of the population African Americans, began experiencing racial problems in the spring of 1965. That spring, the local school board refused to renew the contracts of six African American teachers. While the board did not give a reason for its refusal, members of the African American community asserted it was because of the civil rights activities of the teachers. The teachers had advocated the chance for African American students to use the only gym in the county, located at the white high school. Also that spring, eighty-eight African American students applied to transfer from the local African American school to the all-white Alexander Stephens Institute. Although the school was scheduled to desegregate that fall, all of the white students transfered from the Taliaferro County school to schools in surrounding counties. With no white students enrolled in the local school, the county school board closed the white school and sent all of the students who applied for transfer back to Murden High School, the African American high school. Unfortunately, the African American students were not told of these arrangements until after the registration period had passed for the schools in neighboring Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties. African American students protested the continued segregation by refusing to attend the local high school, establishing a Freedom School under the direction of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and holding demonstrations every morning at the central location where school buses picked up white students to transport them to schools in neighboring counties. Finally, a federal court appointed state school superintendent Claude Purcell to administer the Taliaferro County schools. Purcell ordered schools in Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties to admit the African American students who had originally applied for school transfers in Taliaferro County. On November 17, 1965, African American students from Taliaferro County began riding the buses with white students to integrated schools in neighboring counties.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesJohnson, Leroy R., 1928-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_425991 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-10-02Crawfordville (Ga.)Taliaferro County (Ga.)Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where state senator Leroy Johnson speaks about an upcoming fact-finding mission to Crawfordville, Georgia, from Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 October 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0939, 00:00/49, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.36ugabma_wsbn_4096240962wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_40962yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference with Bob Moses and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee about the upcoming Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights movements--MississippiAfrican American civil rights workers--MississippiCivil rights workers--MississippiPress conferences--United StatesReporters and reporting--United StatesRace relationsAfrican Americans--Mississippi--Politics and governmentAfrican Americans--Civil rights--MississippiAfrican Americans--Suffrage--MississippiPresidents--United States--Election--1964Mississippi--Race relations--History--20th centuryUnited States. Constitution. 24th AmendmentStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Mississippi Freedom ProjectMoses, Robert ParrisForman, James, 1928-2005In this WSB newsfilm clip from the spring of 1964, Bob Moses and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) hold a press conference about plans for the upcoming Mississippi Freedom Summer.The clip begins with three African Americans sitting at a table with microphones in front of them. James Forman sits at the right end of the table; Bob Moses is in the middle; and the individual on the left is unidentified. For a time Moses appears to speak, but his comments are not recorded. Later, a newsman adjusts dials on a piece of equipment.During the audio portion of the clip, Moses speaks about the Mississippi Freedom Summer and explains that civil rights organizations working together on the project hope to send over one thousand "teachers, ministers, lawyers, and students from all around the country" to help. Moses outlines the components of the project, including Freedom Schools, community programs, voter registration, research, and work in the white community. Moses expresses civil rights workers' desire to "get the country to actually take a look at Mississippi." He also indicates that they hope to bring "real change in the state" and to help African Americans vote in the 1964 election. Moses points out that with the ratification of the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, which ruled poll taxes illegal in federal elections, African Americans in Mississippi should be able to vote in the 1964 presidential election. The 24th Amendment was ratified on January 23, 1964. The only state to reject the amendment was Mississippi, which was one of five states with a poll tax when the amendment was ratified.Mississippi Freedom Summer was a cooperative effort of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) under the direction of the local coalition of civil rights organizations, the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). The project was headed by Bob Moses of SNCC and David Dennis of CORE and brought over one thousand students to over eighty counties in Mississippi beginning in June 1964.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesMoses, Robert ParrisDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_409621 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964United StatesMississippiWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference with Bob Moses and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee about the upcoming Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0871, 3:19/04:50, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.37ugabma_wsbn_3504535045wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35045yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican American civil rights workers--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights workers--Alabama--MontgomerySegregation in transportation--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights movements--Alabama--MontgomeryReporters and reporting--Alabama--MontgomeryCamera operators--Alabama--MontgomeryDirect action--Alabama--MontgomeryPassive resistance--Alabama--MontgomeryViolence--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican Americans--Violence against--Alabama--MontgomerySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceFreedom Rides, 1961King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Lewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-Walker, Wyatt TeeIn this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference about the continuation of the Freedom Ride held in Montgomery, Alabama, on May 23, 1961, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discusses the imperative to continue the struggle. The clip begins with Dr. King, Reverend Abernathy, and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) president John Lewis sitting down at a table; Lewis has a bandage on his head from injuries he received on May 21 when he and a group of students from Nashville were beaten after arriving in Montgomery. Wyatt Walker, SCLC executive secretary stands in the background. A group of cameramen and reporters line up in front of the table; the group of reporters includes an African American man as well as a white woman. King, apparently responding to a reporter's question, declares that encouraging African Americans to wait passively for their citizenship rights is impractical and immoral and asserts that "the time is always right to do right." He criticizes those who would say civil rights demonstrations and violent white resistance hurts the image of the United States in the international community, replying that "the thing that is hurting us most is the continued existence of segregation and discrimination." The clip ends with King's emphasizing that the struggle for civil rights "is a struggle to save the soul of America." The Freedom Rides, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) during the summer of 1961, tested federal laws outlawing segregation in travel between states. Two groups of volunteers trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans, leaving May 4. On May 10 both buses were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham, injuring Freedom Riders, newsmen, and bystanders. Student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee, went to Montgomery, Alabama to continue the freedom ride and were also beaten. Federal officials sent National Guard troops to Montgomery to restore order and protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_350451 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-23Montgomery (Ala.)Montgomery County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0776, 58:02/59:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.38ugabma_wsbn_5729057290wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_57290yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a production of "The Cage" produced by the Barbwire Theater in front of an audience in Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 October 24WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Prisoners--United StatesSocial reformers--Georgia--AtlantaSocial change--Georgia--AtlantaTheater--Georgia--AtlantaMen--Georgia--AtlantaPrison reformers--Georgia--AtlantaActors--Georgia--AtlantaPolice brutality--Georgia--AtlantaPolice--Georgia--AtlantaViolence--Georgia--AtlantaPrison administration--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical playsPrisons in literaturePrisoners in literatureImprisonment in literatureTheater--Political aspectsBarbwire Theater (Theater group)Cluchey, Rick, 1933-Cluchey, Rick, 1933- . CageIn this WSB newsfilm clip from October 24, 1969, members of the Barbwire Theater troupe put on the play "The Cage" in front of an audience in Atlanta, Georgia.The clip begins with the actors on the stage, men representing prisoners in white suits and the guards wearing dark cloaks. In the audience, men wearing suits sit in chairs with papers in their laps. Rick Cluchey, who portrays one of the prisoners, speaks to the audience about the play. Cluchey, who wrote the play while serving a life sentence, explains to the audience that the play "is an indictment of a system that has failed." He reveals the play receives authority from the prisoners who have helped develop it. While the play is allegorical and begins in fantasy, it does include "a tremendous amount of reality." Next, actors perform a scene from the play in which the prisoners fight and are beaten by the guards. Later, Cluchey speaks again about the role of the Barbwire theater troupe to "create an awareness in the community" of what is really going on in the universal world of prisons. He asserts that prisons destroy people. The play attempts to show the "myth of rehabilitation" and show "exactly what does happen."Rick Cluchey was sentenced to life in prison for robbery and kidnapping. While serving time in San Quentin State Prison, Cluchey and fellow prisoner Kenneth Whelan formed the San Quentin Drama Workshop. The prisoners used plays to call attention to the poor conditions in United States prisons. Governor Jerry Brown pardoned him in 1966 for his work with prison reform. Cluchey created the Barbwire Theater troupe with other former inmates and toured the country with performances of "The Cage" to publicize the plight of prisoners.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesCluchey, Rick, 1933-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_572901 clip (about 4 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1969-10-24Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a production of "The Cage" produced by the Barbwire Theater in front of an audience in Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 October 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1575, 44:17/47:54, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.39ugabma_wsbn_5162751627wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_51627yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a protest against segregation at a YMCA while an official tries to explain policy, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 15WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Young Men's Christian associations--Georgia--AtlantaYoung Men's Christian associations--MembershipAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaClubs--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--SegregationAfrican Americans--Segregation--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Segregation--Southern StatesDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaSegregationists--GeorgiaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Southern StatesRacism--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryPrejudices--Georgia--AtlantaPrejudices--Southern StatesRace relationsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesCivil rights--Southern StatesCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers.African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American musiciansAfrican American musicians--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American musicians--Social conditions--20th centuryAfrican American jazz musiciansAfrican American jazz musicians--Georgia--AtlantaJazz musicians--Georgia--AtlantaJazz musiciansMusicians--Georgia--AtlantaMusiciansChristian ethicsChristian ethics--Southern StatesChristian ethics--Georgia--AtlantaMembership cardsFires--Georgia--AtlantaFire--Symbolic aspectsReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaPress-Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryUnited States--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsSouthern States--Race relationsGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)Associations, institutions, etc.--MembershipAssociations, institutions, etc.--Membership--Georgia--AtlantaAssociations, institutions, etc.--African American membershipAssociations, institutions, etc.--African American membership--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta YMCA (Atlanta, Ga.)McCann, Les, 1935-Carmichael, StokelyIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, dated June 15, 1967, Les McCann, an African American YMCA member from California, describes his experience being turned away by the downtown Atlanta YMCA because the club had not integrated; McCann and SNCC members including Stokely Carmichael protest the downtown Atlanta YMCA facilities; and a downtown Atlanta YMCA spokesperson explains the institution's segregation policy.The clip begins with three silent shots. The first is of Les McCann, an African American jazz musician and resident of Hollywood, California, reading a written document, surrounded by members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC), who organized a protest against the club after it refused to let McCann use its facilities.The next shot is of the facade of the downtown Atlanta YMCA building; this is followed by a shot of McCann from behind, standing amidst the same group of people. The next shot opens with sound; here, Les McCann, standing with a small group of SNCC members, describes how staff at the downtown Atlanta YMCA refused to honor his YMCA membership. He recalls his arrival at the club on Tuesday morning, where he visited the membership office and presented his membership card. He was then denied services by a member of the YMCA staff, who informed him that the club was not integrated. He expresses surprise and disbelief at being denied service by an organization representing Christianity.In several silent shots that follow, McCann speaks to a small group of SNCC members, which includes SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael; next, he opens up his wallet, pulls out his YMCA membership card and presents it to the camera. In the next shot, McCann and Carmichael light his membership card on fire in front of the YMCA building entrance. In two more silent shots, a white spokesperson from the downtown Atlanta YMCA speaks to a reporter in front of the YMCA building; this is followed by a closeup shot of the letters "YMCA" on the building's facade. Next, in a shot containing an audio track, the same YMCA representative defends the club's segregation policy to a reporter by stating that there is already a very large membership for a very limited facility.On June 15, 1967, SNCC organized a news conference with African American musician Les McCann to protest the segregation of Atlanta's downtown YMCA facility. McCann, a resident of California, and a California YMCA member, was denied access to the downtown Atlanta YMCA on Tuesday, June 13, 1967. Although the YMCA's national board had established a policy of integration in 1946, the desegregation of YMCA facilities was controlled at the local level, and implemented in varying degrees and timelines. As late as 1968, twenty local YMCA affiliates still practiced segregation. Administrators at the downtown Atlanta YMCA asserted that their facility was a private organization, and therefore not subject to national policies on integration.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesMcCann, Les, 1935-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_516271 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1967-06-15Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a protest against segregation at a YMCA while an official tries to explain policy, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 15, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1388, 21:53/23:07, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.40ugabma_wsbn_6112661126wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_61126yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a racial demonstration in Savannah, Georgia, 1970 October 16WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--SavannahDemonstrations--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--SavannahSocial historyRace relationsBlack American Heritage FlagPan-AfricanismLegislators--GeorgiaLegislators--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American legislators--GeorgiaAfrican American legislators--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American state legislators--GeorgiaAfrican American state legislators--Georgia--SavannahLawyers--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--SavannahPolice vehicles--Georgia--SavannahMotorcycles--Georgia--SavannahPedestrians--Georgia--SavannahCity traffic--Georgia--SavannahMunicipal courts--Georgia--SavannahJudges--Georgia--SavannahPolice--Georgia--SavannahJails--Georgia--Chatham CountyArrest--Georgia--SavannahImprisonment--Georgia--SavannahBail--Georgia--SavannahAppellate procedure--Georgia--SavannahContempt of court--Georgia--SavannahReporters and reporting--Georgia--SavannahSavannah (Ga.) Race relationsSavannah (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySavannah (Ga.). Police Dept.Chatham County (Ga.) JailHill, Bobby L. (Bobby Lee), 1941-2000Mulling, Victor H., 1916-1994In this WSB newsfilm clip from October 16, 1970, demonstrators in Savannah, Georgia protest the incarceration of Georgia state representative Bobby L. Hill; one of Hill's attorneys comments on his arrest and appeal for release.The clip begins with a shot of a group of African American men walking down the sidewalk; one man in the group waves a red, green and black Pan-African flag on a pole. Next, a Savannah police officer directs street traffic from a motorized tricycle; on the opposite side of the street, a steady crowd of African American pedestrians walk along the sidewalks and crosswalks. Three young African American boys play around by jumping into the camera shot and waving their arms. Next, an unidentified African American attorney speaks to a reporter who is off-camera. The attorney reports that Hill was frisked, handcuffed, then taken to the county jail, where he is currently residing. He says that a motion for an appeal bond is pending with Judge Victor Mulling, the presiding municipal judge who cited Mr. Hill for contempt. The reporter then asks the attorney what his feelings are for Mr. Hill's alleged actions, which involve instructing his defendants that they were free to leave the courtroom without the judge's permission. The attorney responds that it remains to be decided whether or not Mr. Hill actually said such things, and therefore he does not have an opinion to state on the matter.On Thursday, October 15, 1970, Georgia state representative from district ninety-four in Chatham county Bobby L. Hill, a practicing Savannah attorney, was arrested and jailed for contempt of court by Savannah Municipal Court judge Victor H. Mulling. Hill was representing six African American high school students who were arrested after interracial fighting broke out at newly-integrated Savannah High School. No white students were arrested in the incident. In trying the case, Judge Mulling noted that the defendants had not been issued correct warrants, and called a recess in order to reissue them. During this time, Hill allegedly notified his clients that they could not be held on illegal warrants, and were therefore not required to stay in court. As several of the defendants attempted to leave the courtroom, they were stopped by deputies with blackjacks; the sight of this scene caused the entire courtroom to break out in disorder. For his alleged role in the courtroom disturbance, Hill was held in Chatham County Jail for four days. While Hill's attorneys requested his release on bond, several demonstrations were held in protest of his incarceration, including marches on the Chatham County Jail, which attracted hundreds of demonstrators. In defiance of the demonstrations, Judge Mulling refused to rule on the bond motion for Hill. Hill's attorneys filed a petition for habeas corpus in Superior Court; they were granted a hearing, but could not immediately secure a bond for Hill's release. Ultimately, Hill was released on Tuesday, October 19, by order of U.S. District Court judge Alexander A. Lawrence.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_611261 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1970-10-16Savannah (Ga.)Chatham County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a racial demonstration in Savannah, Georgia, 1970 October 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1682, 52:23/53:21, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.41ugabma_wsbn_3295932959wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_32959yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a rally in support of the Freedom Riders held at Battery Park and at the foot of the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York City, New York, 1961 August 13WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Reporters and reporting--New York (State)--New YorkSegregation in transportation--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--New York (State)--New YorkCivil rights workers--New York (State)--New YorkAfrican American civil rights workers--New York (State)--New YorkFerries--New York (State)--New YorkCongress of Racial EqualityFreedom Rides, 1961Statue of Liberty (New York, N.Y.)In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 13, 1961, an interracial group of demonstrators hold a rally at Battery Park and on Liberty Island at the foot of the Statue of Liberty in support of the Freedom Riders.The clip begins in Battery Park and focuses on a box of buttons with the slogan "Freedom Ride" and on armbands with the slogan "Fast for freedom." An African American man takes a button from the box and pins it on his shirt as other demonstrators walk behind him. Hands of African American and white people take buttons and armbands. A white woman pins a "Fast for freedom" armband on another white woman. Next, the demonstrators line up and wait to board the Statue of Liberty Ferry. Several policemen standing nearby watch the demonstrators. A sign advertises information about the ferry which appears to travel between Battery Park and Liberty Island. Several groups of people, some wearing arm bands, board the ferry. On the ferry an interracial group of women wearing armbands sits in a row. Other demonstrators on the ferry watch the Statue of Liberty. Later, on Liberty Island, a park ranger watches the the demonstrators get off the ferry. The demonstrators walk around the island and sit and stand at the base of the Statue of Liberty.In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a test of interstate transportation dubbed the Freedom Ride. The ride, patterned after the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. The trip met little resistance through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the two groups of riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. Although the riders eventually flew to New Orleans on May 15, student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee organized replacement riders to continue the journey. After several days of delay, on May 20, 1961, the reorganized Freedom Riders traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery. In Montgomery, the riders were again attacked by a white mob that beat the riders and several bystanders, including John Seigenthaler, personal assistant to attorney general Robert F. Kennedy. Following several more days of negotiations attempting to guarantee the riders' safety, the group traveled from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi on May 25. Mississippi officials promptly arrested the May 25 Freedom Riders and every subsequent group of riders that came to Jackson. Many riders, following the "jail, no bail" policy of civil rights workers, would stay in jail the thirty-nine days required for appeals before being bailed out. On August 13, the New York CORE branch held a rally supporting the local Freedom Riders who were scheduled to return to Jackson the next day to appeal their arrest. The rally began at Battery Park in Manhattan and then moved to Liberty Park until the park closed. Many demonstrators vowed to "fast for freedom" for the twenty-four hours of the demonstration to show solidarity with the arrested riders.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_329591 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-08-13New York (N.Y.)Battery Park (New York, N.Y.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a rally in support of the Freedom Riders held at Battery Park and at the foot of the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York City, New York, 1961 August 13, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0733, 53:46/54:51, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.42ugabma_wsbn_3800538005wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38005yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing Mayor Maynard Jackson on the impact of the Civil Rights movement, Atlanta, Georgia, 1980 January 3WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Mayors--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American men--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaOffices--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American mayors--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryJENKINS, HERBERTKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--InfluenceIn this WSB newsfilm clip from January 3, 1980, Atlanta, Georgia mayor Maynard Jackson speaks about the impact on the Civil Rights movement on the country and on his life.The clip begins with Mayor Jackson sitting in an office in a high-backed leather chair. A female reporter begins to say something to Jackson. He interrupts her to suggest that she close the door to block excess noise. After a break in the clip, the camera focuses on Jackson's hands. The reporter asks Jackson about the impact of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. Jackson points to politics as the "last nonviolent role for the masses of people." Jackson explains that while he does not believe in violent social change, he does believe "that politics, even though it is imperfect, affords the best opportunity for change. The Civil Rights movement made possible the laws that made possible the political change we are now seeing." The reporter next asks Jackson if he feels the Civil Rights movement is still alive. Jackson responds that the movement is still alive and in a new phase focusing on fulfilling promises and producing change. Asked about the future of African Americans in the Civil Rights movement, Jackson predicts a growth in African American political activity. He points out that there are ninety-seven African American mayors in the United States and over two thousand African American elected officials. According to Jackson, that number represents about one percent of all elected officials in the United States. He expresses his confidence that those numbers will grow, saying "we have no where to go but up. And I'm confident that we are going up."Next, the reporter asks Jackson about the role of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the Civil Rights movement. Jackson calls King's role "profound" and "the backbone of the advances we have made." Jackson refers to King as "a friend of all people" and "a friend of my family for many generations." Jackson does believe in the conspiracy theory about King's death and he blames a few white people who did not understand King for killing him. Jackson recounts that his daughter Brooke was born the day King was buried. Jackson says he left the hospital and joined the march to Morehouse College. He says that during the march he began to realize his work as a lawyer was not enough to bring about the social change he hoped to achieve, so he entered politics, qualifying in an election against United States senator Herman Talmadge less than two months later.Maynard Jackson, grandson of the Atlanta community leader John Wesley Dobbs, was the first African American mayor of a major Southern city in the United States. During Jackson's three terms as mayor of Atlanta, he worked to increase opportunities for African Americans in the community and to foster biracial cooperation.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesJENKINS, HERBERTDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_380051 clip (about 4 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1980-01-03Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing Mayor Maynard Jackson on the impact of the Civil Rights movement, Atlanta, Georgia, 1980 January 3, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0017, 34:40/38:55, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.43ugabma_wsbn_5973959739wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_59739yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing students about the future of the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at Emory University while students vote about the future of the program, Atlanta, Georgia, 1970 May 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Student activities--Georgia--AtlantaReferendum--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaSocial movements--Georgia--AtlantaMilitary education--Georgia--AtlantaAir force--Officers--Training of--United StatesVoting--Georgia--AtlantaPost office buildings--Georgia--AtlantaPeace movements--Georgia--AtlantaPublic opinion--Georgia--AtlantaUnited StatesEmory UniversityUnited States. Air Force ROTCUnited States. Air Force ROTC--Public opinionEmory University--StudentsIn this WSB newsfilm clip from May 25, 1970, students at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia vote on the future of the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the school and share their feelings about the program with a reporter.The clip begins with students walking out of the post office and up a nearby flight of stairs. Other students stand around a table set up outside the post office. Men and women students fill out ballots and place the forms into a box. Next, a reporter interviews an African American woman. The woman expresses her support for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program. She feels the program has a right to be on the campus and that students have the right to take the class for credit. After this the reporter speaks to a young white man who is a member of the ROTC. The young man suggests that the university should follow the social structure of the nation, the military should be included in the campus. However, he also believes that by giving credit to ROTC classes, the university is sanctioning the program which he disagrees with. Finally, the reporter interviews another white young man who does not believe the military should be on campus at all. The young man feels that the military on campus is "paranoid" and "powerful". He believes that if the ROTC remains on campus, it "would still be using their power to influence opinion in a way that I don't think they should." The clip ends with another view of students voting in front of the post office.During the spring of 1970, faculty and students reviewed the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program at Emory University. On May 25, 1970, students were asked if the ROTC should be kept as a credit-granting department or if the program should become an extracurricular activity. Several days later, the school's faculty voted to no longer allow the ROTC program to provide college credit for participation. Emory's administration did not immediately end the ROTC program on campus but did agree to reconsider the issue in 1974 when the newest class to enter the program neared graduation. The school's Board of Trustees placed the program under the jurisdiction of the vice president and dean of faculties. Over the next several years, interest in the program declined and the program was terminated in June 1974. Emory students who wished to participate in the ROTC program were permitted to take courses at Georgia Institute of Technology.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_597391 clip (about 3 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1970-05-25Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing students about the future of the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at Emory University while students vote about the future of the program, Atlanta, Georgia, 1970 May 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1641, 31:51/34:21, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.44ugabma_wsbn_4601646016wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_46016yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing University of Mississippi history professor James W. Silver about Mississippi race relations in Oxford, Mississippi, 1964WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College teachers--Mississippi--OxfordHistory teachers--Mississippi--OxfordReporters and reporting--Mississippi--OxfordInterviews--Mississippi--OxfordRace relationsCivil rights movements--MississippiAfrican Americans--Civil rights--MississippiCollege integration--Mississippi--OxfordCollege students--Mississippi--OxfordSegregation--MississippiFreedom of speech--MississippiMississippi--Race relations--History--20th centuryUniversity of Mississippi--Faculty--AttitudesUniversity of MississippiUniversity of Mississippi--Faculty--Dismissal ofSilver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-In this WSB newsfilm clip from 1964, an unidentified reporter interviews history professor James W. Silver of the University of Mississippi about race relations in Oxford, Mississippi.The clip begins in the middle of a comment by Professor James W. Silver to the unidentified reporter. Silver indicates that he is less pessimistic about race relations in Mississippi than he was several months ago, in part because he feels the people of Mississippi know changes are coming rapidly. Silver goes on to recognize that city and state officials in Mississippi have not changed their stance towards African American civil rights and integration.Asked about student opinions of the integration of the University of Mississippi, Silver clarifies that the school is not currently integrated. While James Meredith was admitted to the school in October 1962, he graduated in August 1963, and the second African American student admitted, Cleve McDonald, was expelled from the school September 24, 1963 for "perfectly legal reasons," according to Silver. He continues, expressing the students' preference for not being the center of media attention and for maintaining the University as it is, although Silver recognizes it will be impossible to do so. He adds that he is unaware of any more African Americans applying to enter the school at this time.After a break in the clip, the reporter conducts a sound test before turning back to Silver and asking him if he advocates more integration in his classroom teaching. Silver replies that he does not consider himself a "propagandist," but as a teacher of history, feels the need to prepare students for "the inevitability of things to come which includes desegregation, and which somebody has to find some way to prepare Mississippi for." Asked about student reaction, Silver explains that he allows students to have their opinions and does not shove his views down anyone's throat. The reporter asks Silver if his recognition of the inevitability of integration jeopardizes his position at the University of Mississippi, to which Silver responds that he cannot predict the future and defers to the people of Mississippi, the Board of Trustees, and the legislature. He does admit that there has been "agitation to get rid of me for a good many years." Finally, the reporter asks Silver what he thinks of the United States president Lyndon Johnson being a Southerner. Silver believes it is inevitable for the extremist leadership in Alabama and Mississippi to turn against Johnson because the president has pledged to follow Kennedy's civil rights program. The clip ends with the reporter asking a question that is not completely recorded.History professor James W. Silver began teaching at the University of Mississippi in 1936. Although Silver was born in the North, his wife was from Alabama and a graduate of "Ole Miss," as the University of Mississippi is commonly known. Silver's liberal approach to race relations included supporting James Meredith after the University's integration. In his farewell address to the Southern Historical Association at the end of his term as association president in November 1963, Silver called Mississippi a "closed society" and compared its actions in response to the Civil Rights movement to its actions before and during the Civil War. Mississippi officials, outraged at Silver's comments, began demanding his removal from the school. University trustees created a committee to gather evidence to fire Silver even though he had been tenured for more than twenty years. The committee mailed Silver the charges against him in late April 1964. Silver arranged for a leave of absence to teach at Notre Dame University that fall and left before the trustees had a chance to review the charges against him. Silver never returned to teaching at the University of Mississippi, instead teaching at Notre Dame and the University of South Florida until the end of his career.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesSilver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_460161 clip (about 5 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964Oxford (Miss.)Lafayette County (Miss.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing University of Mississippi history professor James W. Silver about Mississippi race relations in Oxford, Mississippi, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1131, 11:47/16:31, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.45ugabma_wsbn_6284562845wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_62845yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter John Philp conducting street interviews with civilians and soldiers outside the commissary following the conviction of lieutenant William Calley for his role in the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War, Fort Benning, Georgia, 1971 March 30WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Courts-martial and courts of inquiry--United StatesTrials (Murder)--United StatesInterviews--Georgia--Fort BenningReporters and reporting--Georgia--Fort BenningPublic opinion--Georgia--Fort BenningMy Lai Massacre, Vietnam, 1968Vietnam War, 1961-1975--AtrocitiesVietnam War, 1961-1975--Public opinionVietnam War, 1961-1975--United StatesVietnam War, 1961-1975--CasualtiesCalley, William Laws, 1943- --Trials, litigation, etc.Calley, William Laws, 1943- --Public opinionPhilp, JohnDaniel, AubreyKennedy, ReidLatimer, GeorgeCalley, William Laws, 1943-Reporter: Philp, John.In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 30, 1971, reporter John Philp interviews civilians and soldiers outside the commissary at Fort Benning, Georgia following the conviction of lieutenant William Calley for his role in the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War.The clip begins focusing on a building on the fort. A man and woman, seen from behind, walk up steps and into the building. During the street interviews, the clip pauses between each person and the reporter is not seen. The first interviewee is a young woman who holds a grocery bag. The young woman, whose husband is a second lieutenant, feels that lieutenant William Calley should not have been convicted for his role in the My Lai massacre. She explains that "this could happen to any one of" the soldiers serving in Vietnam. Next, an Asian American woman expresses regret at the massacre, but continues that "many people do something wrong in the war." The next interview is with a young soldier who feels that Calley's conviction is the result of external pressure. He hopes that in the appeals process Calley will eventually be let off. Next, a male African American commissary employee criticizes the verdict because "they are judging him for what they sent him over there for." A white young man in civilian clothes offers the one dissenting opinion, explaining that the conviction was the only just decision because civilians who were not resisting the soldiers were killed. A white commissary employee strongly disagrees with Calley's conviction and declares he would have helped Calley if he had been in Vietnam with him. Finally, reporter John Philp comments on the situation, recognizing the overwhelming support for lieutenant Calley at Fort Benning. According to Philp, most people feel the "verdict was too harsh and feel there is nothing to be gained by putting Calley in jail for the rest of his life or executing him." Philp reports that people more closely associated with the trial say it was fair. Philp praises captain Aubrey Daniel for his work for the prosecution and Colonel Reid Kennedy for his work as the trial judge. He also mentions George Latimer, the defense attorney, has a background in appeals and that lieutenant Calley feels that the verdict may be reversed on appeal. Philp recognizes that in a purely legal sense, there is no question of Calley's guilt. But he also recognizes that the situation is more complicated than that.Second lieutenant William Calley was a member of the Charlie Company, 1st battalion, 20th infantry regiment, 11th infantry brigade while in Vietnam. While in there, he participated in the March 16, 1968 attack on the hamlet of My Lai. During the attack between three hundred and five hundred unarmed Vietnamese, mostly women and children, were killed. Lieutenant Calley was charged on September 5, 1969 with premeditated murder of Vietnamese civilians. His trial lasted from November 17, 1970 until March 29, 1971; two days later, Calley was sentenced to life in prison. In the end, Calley served three and a half years of house arrest at Fort Benning, Georgia. The details of the of the My Lai massacre helped turn public opinion in the United States against the Vietnam War.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesPhilp, JohnPhilp, JohnDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_628451 clip (about 3 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-03-30Fort Benning (Ga.)Muscogee County (Ga.)Chattahoochee County (Ga.)Russell County (Ala.)GeorgiaAlabamaMy Lai 4 (Vietnam)VietnamWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter John Philp conducting street interviews with civilians and soldiers outside the commissary following the conviction of lieutenant William Calley for his role in the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War, Fort Benning, Georgia, 1971 March 30, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1729, 19:39/22:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.46ugabma_wsbn_3495934959wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34959yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter speaking to Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia and about the Freedom Rides, Washington, D.C., 1961 May 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Mayors--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--Southern StatesReporters and reporting--Washington (D.C.)Interviews--Washington (D.C.)Civil rights movements--United StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rightsSegregation in transportation--Southern StatesRace riots--AlabamaRace relationsPresidents--United StatesViolence--Southern StatesUnited States--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryCongress of Racial EqualityFreedom Rides, 1961Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963Hartsfield, William BerryIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Washington D.C. on May 25, 1961, Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield speaks to a reporter about the Freedom Rides and about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia.The clip begins with Mayor Hartsfield standing outside near an unidentified building. An off-screen reporter asks Hartsfield about his reaction to the Freedom Ride. The Freedom Ride began as an interracial journey through the South testing segregated transportation facilities and was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New York-based Civil Rights organization. Hartsfield reports that he did not hear about the Freedom Ride until after they passed through Atlanta. Blaming "publicity that put some people under tension," he recognizes that both the Freedom Riders and the white community made mistakes in the situation. Hartsfield acknowledges that African American citizens deserve full freedom everywhere; he also calls for restraint and compares efforts to force confrontation to digging holes in wet sand. Although he is saddened by the violence and arrests in Alabama and Mississippi, Hartsfield expresses pride that there were no confrontations with the Freedom Riders while they were in Atlanta or in Georgia. He explains that people in Atlanta are too busy building a great city to hate others. Continuing, he asserts that he and other leaders in Atlanta are working together to improve race relations and help African Americans obtain their rights.The reporter then asks Hartsfield about his recent meeting with United States president John F. Kennedy. On May 25, Hartsfield and three other leaders of the Mayors-of-American-Unity Committee presented President Kennedy with a scroll signed by nearly 1,500 mayors expressing their support of him. Kennedy was preparing to travel to Europe the following week to meet with French president Charles de Gaulle and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. Referring to the meeting, the reporter asks Hartsfield if the mayors discussed the Freedom Rides with the president during the meeting. Hartsfield responds that the mayors met with Kennedy to express national unity; that there was not much time in the brief meeting for discussion; and that he would not have brought up the topic unless the president did. Asked if Southern mayors have had any communication about the Freedom Rides, Hartsfield replies that they have not, noting the unique situation of each community and suggesting most communities work with their state governments. Hartsfield points out that although most Southern mayors are members of the United States Conference of Mayors and the American Municipal Association, "each mayor is sort of a product of his own town." Focusing on Atlanta, Hartsfield extols the community as a "great crossroads city" with people from all over the country. He claims that this diversity leads to "a more liberal approach and a more tolerant approach to everything." Hartsfield declares Atlanta is an American city with national reputation and influence, one that cannot obsess about race any more than other major communities throughout the United States.In 1961, CORE organized a Freedom Ride to test Southern compliance with orders to desegregated interstate transportation. Patterned after the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the ride started in Washington D.C. on May 4. It continued without major interruption until May 14 when riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. Mobs also attacked reinforcement riders from Nashville who traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama, on May 20. The next night, May 21, another mob of white Montgomery citizens laid an all-night siege to First Baptist Church during a mass meeting held in support of the Freedom Ride. In response, the federal government sent marshals to Alabama; eventually governor John Patterson declared martial law and sent in members of the Alabama National Guard. After further negotiations, Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Upon reaching Jackson the riders were arrested. In September the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled segregation in interstate transportation, as well as facilities serving interstate travelers, illegal.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHartsfield, William BerryDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_349591 clip (about 5 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-25Washington (D.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter speaking to Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia and about the Freedom Rides, Washington, D.C., 1961 May 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0775, 00:00/04:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.47ugabma_wsbn_3308833088wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_33088yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Buses--Mississippi--JacksonCentral business districts--Mississippi--JacksonBus terminals--Mississippi--JacksonPolice--Mississippi--JacksonAfrican American women--Mississippi--JacksonAfrican American civil rights workers--Mississippi--JacksonCivil rights workers--Mississippi--JacksonTrailwaysPolice dogs--Mississippi--JacksonArrest--Mississippi--JacksonPolice vehicles--Mississippi--JacksonLuggage--Mississippi--JacksonPhotographers--Mississippi--JacksonSegregation in transportation--Mississippi--JacksonDirect action--Mississippi--JacksonJackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryCongress of Racial EqualityFreedom Rides, 1961Humbles, Julia AaronThompson, Jean C. (Jean Catherine), 1942-In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, police observe a Trailways bus as it parks at the Jackson, Mississippi, station and then arrest two African American female Freedom Riders.The clip begins with a Trailways bus driving through a downtown area of Jackson, Mississippi. Several uniformed police officers stand on the sidewalk and watch as the bus pulls into the station. Later, more policemen are seen; one of the policemen holds the leash of the dog next to him. Policemen escort two African American women, Julia Aaron and Jean Thompson, from the bus station to a waiting paddy wagon. The women carry suitcases, and a photographer takes pictures of the two as they approach the vehicle.In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a "Freedom Ride" beginning in Washington, D.C. on May 4 with the plan to arrive in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 17. In New Orleans, the riders planned to join a celebration of the seventh anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education United States Supreme Court case ruling against segregated public education. During the journey, the Freedom Riders planned to test compliance with another Supreme Court ruling, Boynton v. Virginia. The Boynton case banned segregation in transportation facilities serving passengers traveling across state lines. The 1961 Freedom Ride was patterned after a 1947 "Journey of Reconciliation" during which CORE activists traveled through the upper South testing compliance with the Boynton decision. During the 1961 Freedom Ride, civil rights workers traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways buses. On Mother's Day, May 14, the group traveling by Greyhound was attacked in Anniston, Alabama. A mob slashed the bus tires and firebombed the bus. Later in the day, a white mob met the Trailways riders in Birmingham and beat both the riders and several bystanders. By arrangement with local law enforcement, the mob had fifteen minutes to attack the Freedom Riders before the police would come to return order. Following the attacks, officials at the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert Kennedy, stepped in and tried to work with Alabama officials to guarantee protection for the Freedom Riders. When negotiations failed, the riders flew to New Orleans on May 16. Diane Nash and members of the Nashville Christian Leadership (NCLC) recognized the importance of continuing the Freedom Ride and arranged for subsequent groups of riders to continue the journey. A reorganized Freedom Ride traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama on May 20, 1961. Montgomery law enforcement again agreed to not interfere as a white mob beat the riders. The following evening, local African Americans gathered at First Baptist Church in Montgomery for a mass meeting in support of the Freedom Riders. During the meeting, a mob surrounded the church and prevented the participants from leaving. The next morning, the Alabama National Guard and United States Marshals dispersed the crowd and escorted the meeting participants home. Over the next few days, civil rights leaders, Freedom Riders, Justice Department officials, and Alabama and Mississippi officials negotiated a plan for the riders to safely travel from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi. On May 24, two groups of riders boarded one Greyhound and one Trailways bus bound for Mississippi. Unbeknownst to the riders, they would be arrested in Mississippi as they exited the buses. After the arrests in Mississippi, most of the riders, following the "jail, no bail" policy began earlier the year as part of on-going sit-in demonstrations, refused bail in Mississippi and were sent to Parchman Penitentiary. Subsequent groups of riders throughout the rest of the summer also traveled to Mississippi and were arrested and sent to Parchman. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) finally passed policies against racial segregation in transportation that went into effect in November 1961.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_330881 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-24Jackson (Miss.)Hinds County (Miss.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0736, 45:11/45:45, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.48ugabma_wsbn_5356353563wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_53563yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of a viewing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s coffin at Spelman College and a midnight meeting held in his memory, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Funeral rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaDeath--Georgia--AtlantaAssassination--Georgia--AtlantaSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceSpelman CollegeKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Death and burialThe Southern Christian Leadership Conference organizes viewing of Dr. King's coffin at Spelman College; midnight meeting in his memoryTitle supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_535631 clip (about 10 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 10 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1968-04-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a viewing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s coffin at Spelman College and a midnight meeting held in his memory, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1455, 00:00/10:22, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.49ugabma_wsbn_4374743747wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43747yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American attorney Donald Hollowell speaking to reporters about the imprisonment of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 27WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaArrest--Georgia--AtlantaSit-ins--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaHabeas corpus--Georgia--AtlantaImprisonment--Georgia--AtlantaDeKalb County (Ga.)--Officials and employeesRich's (Retail store)Georgia State PrisonHollowell, DonaldKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Trials, litigation, etc.In this October 27, 1960 WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, African American attorney Donald Hollowell speaks to reporters about the imprisonment of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. after his October 19 sit-in arrest at Rich's Department store in Atlanta and efforts to secure his release.The clip begins by showing a parking lot; a sign on a back wall indicates there is a shop to the left. Next, attired in a hat and standing outdoors, attorney Hollowell reports that lawyers filed a motion to vacate the imprisonment order against King. He indicates that although he informed DeKalb County officials of his desire to have King at a hearing scheduled for that day, county officials reported that they had already submitted papers to have King moved from the over-crowded county prison to state custody at Georgia State Prison in Reidsville.Before his lawyers were able to file the writ of habeas corpus objecting to King's imprisonment that they had prepared, King was moved to Reidsville at four o'clock in the morning. On October 19 student-led demonstrations at several lunch counters around Atlanta led to massive arrests. City officials arranged an end to the sit-ins that included a release of prisoners arrested on city property. However, King and others arrested at Rich's Department Store were arrested in DeKalb County and were out of the city's jurisdiction. King had been arrested in DeKalb County in February 1960 for driving without a valid Georgia license and sentenced to four months in jail; the judge suspended King's sentence and placed King on probation. DeKalb County officials asserted that the sit-in arrest violated King's probation and ordered him to serve his sentence. Although the judge at first refused to allow King to be released on bond and had him transferred to Georgia State Prison, pressure from a variety of sources including the campaign of presidential candidate senator John F. Kennedy led the judge to release King into the custody of Hollowell on two thousand dollar bond later in the day on October 27.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHollowell, DonaldDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_437471 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-10-27Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)DeKalb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American attorney Donald Hollowell speaking to reporters about the imprisonment of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 27, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0988, 41:44/43:35, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.50ugabma_wsbn_3497534975wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34975yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American children and their mothers apparently registering to attend previously all-white Catholic elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1962 June 5WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in education--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Louisiana--New OrleansRace relationsCatholic schools--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American women--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American students--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New OrleansRace relations--Religious aspectsNew Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryWomen, White--Louisiana--New OrleansIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip, possibly from June 5, 1962, three African American women with four African American children appear to register for classes in previously all-white Catholic elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana.The clip begins with three African American women walking with the four African American children down a sidewalk and up the stairs of a school, apparently called Lafayette School. The African American children are dressed in all-white. Inside the building, a white teacher hands cards to the mothers as they enter a room. A chalkboard behind the teacher has "Tuesday, June" written on it; the rest of the writing on the chalkboard is obscured. The African American mothers appear to speak to a white woman sitting at a desk. The camera focuses on the three African American boys and the African American girl as they wait for their parents. The clip ends with the children and their mothers walking down the steps of the school.Although federal judge J. Skelly Wright ruled New Orleans school desegregation laws unconstitutional in 1956, legal maneuvering by the Louisiana State Legislature prevented the public schools in New Orleans from integrating until ordered by federal courts in November 1960. During this time, leaders of the Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, especially Archbishop Joseph Rummel, indicated their support of integrated education but also announced that "certain difficulties" made immediate school desegregation impossible. The New Orleans Archdiocese was home to the largest group of African American Catholics in the United States but also faced stiff opposition to integration from white Catholics, including Plaquemine Parish boss Leander Perez and Orleans Parish School Board member Emile Wagner. On March 27, 1962, the Archdiocese of New Orleans announced plans to integrate kindergarten through the eighth grade that fall. On September 4, 1962, the first day of classes that fall for the Catholic schools, between 150 and 200 students integrated thirty-two parochial schools in New Orleans.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_349751 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-06-05New Orleans (La.)Orleans Parish (La.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American children and their mothers apparently registering to attend previously all-white Catholic elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1962 June 5, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0775, 28:07/28:44, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.51ugabma_wsbn_3485334853wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34853yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American civil rights leaders including congressman Adam Clayton Powell and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, Washington, D.C., 1957 May 17WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Legislators--United StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rightsAfrican American civil rights workersCivil rights workers--United StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Washington (D.C.)Civil rights movements--United StatesCameras--Washington (D.C.)Public worship--Washington (D.C.)Elections--United StatesUnited States. Civil Rights Act of 1957United States--Politics and government--1953-1961Lincoln Memorial (Washington, D.C.)Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957 : Washington, D.C.)Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom held in Washington D.C. on May 17, 1957, congressman Adam Clayton Powell and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speak about African American attempts to gain civil rights in the United States.The clip begins by showing the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. the audience fills the area between the monument and the reflecting pool and back towards the Washington Monument. A man in a wide-brimmed hat takes a picture with a camera. An unidentified man appears to speak although his comments are not recorded at first; later he indicates the influence Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, Democratic majority leader, can have on the 1958 election, and the crowd cheers and waves handkerchiefs in response. Leaders of the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom had asked the audience to focus on the event's religious nature by waving handkerchiefs instead of clapping during the speeches. An African American man with a white beard stands among those listening to the speakers. Next, New York congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. says that he cares more about civil rights than about other issues discussed in congress including tidelands oil, natural gas, and private versus public hour; the crowd cheers again. The listening crowd includes many people who are sitting and standing near the memorial, including nurses in caps who line the sidelines. Finally, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wearing his formal church robes, declares that if African Americans are given the right to vote they will be able to obtain many of the basic rights they seek. The clip ends with the crowds again cheering in response.After its 1957 creation, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization of African American ministers promoting civil rights, announced plans for a prayer pilgrimage to Washington. Pilgrimage sponsors included the SCLC and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as other civil rights movement leaders. The pilgrimage's goals included demonstrating black unity; providing an opportunity for northerners to demonstrate their support; protesting ongoing legal attacks by southern states on the NAACP, protesting violence in the South; and urging the passage of civil rights legislation. An estimated twenty-five thousand people from thirty states attended the pilgrimage, held on the third anniversary of the United States Supreme Court Brown vs. Board of Education decision outlawing segregation in public education.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesPowell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_348531 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1957-05-17Washington (D.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American civil rights leaders including congressman Adam Clayton Powell and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, Washington, D.C., 1957 May 17, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0772, 47:10/49:06, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.52ugabma_wsbn_3901439014wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_39014yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in education--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Louisiana--New OrleansRace relationsElementary schools--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American girls--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American women--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican American students--Louisiana--New OrleansUnited States marshals--Louisiana--New OrleansPolice--Louisiana--New OrleansCivil rights demonstrations--Louisiana--New OrleansAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New OrleansNew Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryNinth Ward (New Orleans, La.)McDonogh 19 Elementary School (New Orleans, La.)In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 14, 1960, two African American girls integrate the previously all-white McDonogh 19 Elementary School in New Orleans, Louisiana, watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans.The clip begins with a car driving past the camera; inside a young African American girl with a white bow in her hair looks out the window. Next, white policemen in dark uniforms get off a bus. A white federal marshal walks with an African American woman and young girl up the stairs of McDonogh 19 school. The clip then shows African American women cheering and clapping their hands before the camera turns back to the African American woman and girl entering the school. Another woman and girl climb the steps and also enter the school. Finally, the camera again focuses on policemen as they get off a bus.During the clip, an unseen reporter narrates the action. The clip audio is inconsistent and comments may not be completely recorded. The reporter indicates that the four African American girls integrating the two elementary schools in New Orleans were driven by United States marshals, who "made sure no harm came to the children or their parents as they entered and left school." The reporter also explains that while white policemen were there "to see that integration took place without trouble," segregationist spectators yelled at the children and their mothers, and African American spectators applauded the integration.Although federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws in 1956, pressure from the Louisiana state legislature helped the Orleans Parish School Board resist integration until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan, starting with the first grade, that fall. The school board accepted 135 applications from African Americans seeking to transfer to white schools and then chose four first-grade girls to attend two schools in the Ninth Ward. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had undergone a court-ordered integration in 1959, warned the Orleans Parish School Board against integrating poor schools first. The board rejected this advice and assigned the girls to William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. On November 14, 1960, about 150 federal marshals were in New Orleans to ensure integration would proceed as ordered by the courts and against the wishes of the Louisiana legislature. Federal marshals wearing yellow armbands escorted the four girls and their mothers into the two schools. African American demonstrators applauded and cheered as the girls entered school while white demonstrators, tipped off by the presence of police at the schools, protested the integration by screaming at the children and their mothers. The "cheerleaders" as they came to be known, protested the same way every morning and afternoon throughout the school year. The girls, Leona Tate, Tessie Prevost, and Gaile Etienne at McDonogh 19 and Ruby Bridges at William Frantz, later reported that the noise and the crowds at the schools made it seem like Mardi Gras. By the end of the first day of integration, so many parents had taken their children out of the schools that only forty students remained at McDonogh 19. The Citizens' Council encouraged parents to boycott the integrated schools, and for most of the year the only students at McDonogh 19 were the three African American girls.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_390141 clip (about 0 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11-14New Orleans (La.)Orleans Parish (La.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0160, 47:38/48:05, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.53ugabma_wsbn_3884138841wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38841yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American high school students protesting continued segregation of local schools following the transfer of all local white students to schools in neighboring counties, Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia; also African American students prevented from entering a school in Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia, 1965 September 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Busing for school integration--Georgia--CrawfordvilleSchool integration--Georgia--CrawfordvilleSegregation in education--Georgia--CrawfordvilleBusing for school integration--Georgia--WarrentonSchool integration--Georgia--WarrentonSegregation in education--Georgia--WarrentonAfrican American students--Georgia--CrawfordvilleStudents--Georgia--WarrentonRace relationsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--CrawfordvillePolice--Georgia--Warren CountyAutomobiles--Georgia--CrawfordvilleAutomobiles--Georgia--WarrentonPolice vehicles--Georgia--WarrentonCrawfordville (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryPolice, State--GeorgiaIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, on September 25, 1965, African American high school students protest continued segregation of local schools following the transfer of all white students from the local school to schools in neighboring counties; and in Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia, white students enter a school and African American students are prevented from doing so by state highway patrolmen.The clip begins in Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, where African American students held daily protests against white students who avoided school integration by transferring to schools in nearby counties. During the first portion of the clip, white spectators watch as white students gather, wait for, and board three school buses. An African American man, possibly a reporter, takes photographs of the scene, and writes down the name and badge number of a state highway patrolman. White Georgia highway patrolmen observe the scene and keep order.After a break in the clip, the camera again focuses on the Crawfordville make-shift bus stop. White parents continue to watch the white students and the school buses as they drive away. A man, possibly a plain-clothes officer, leads away the African American man who earlier took pictures. Patrolmen direct the buses as they drive away. After the buses drive away, African American students walk in a line two-by-two down the street; many of the students hold books in their arms. A patrolman in a helmet walks beside the students. Later a line of patrolmen walks slowly down the street.The clip jumps to what appears to be the high school in Warrenton, Warren County. Several white men surround a car as it pulls up. One man tugs on the handle and unsuccessfully tries to open the car door. The men continue to walk beside the car for a few moments and then it drives further down the street. The school is a one-story building with cars parked in the lot in front. More cars park along the sides of the road in front of the school. African American students are kept in their car by a patrolman. Another group of African American students are escorted back to their car by another patrolman. At one point, the camera focuses on a broken egg on the street.The clip breaks again and returns to show several cars including a highway patrol car driving down the street or parked along the side of the road. A local policeman in a hat with a gun in his holster stands near a car. Five African American students get out of a car. Later, the same car drives away. Following another clip break, the camera focuses on signs for the city limits of Warrenton and warning of a school crossing. Behind the school crossing sign and later seen on its own is the same one-story school seen earlier. Several buses with signs from Warren County pull up to the school and students get off the bus and enter the building. After another break, a school bus from Taliaferro County pulls up to the school, and white students get off the bus and enter. The bus is followed by highway patrol cars. Patrolmen stand in front of the school. Later, the patrolmen escort African American students from the high school towards cars parked along the road in front of the school. The camera briefly focuses on the hands of a patrolman holding a baton. The clip breaks for a final time and returns to patrolmen standing in the road in front of the school. African American students stand near a patrolman and later walk towards and get in a waiting car. A patrolman sits in the front seat of the car and talks to the students sitting in the backseat. Next the African American students get out of the car and talk to a white man. The patrolmen watch the car as it pulls away. The clip ends with the camera focusing on signs for Warren County, Taliaferro County, and the Crawfordville city limits.Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, a small predominantly African American community,began experiencing racial problems in the spring of 1965. That spring, the local school board refused to renew the contracts of six African American teachers. While the board did not give a reason for refusing to renew the contracts, members of the African American community asserted it was because of the civil rights activities of the teachers. The teachers had advocated the chance for the use of the only gym in the county, located at the white high school, by the county's African American students. Also that spring, eighty-eight African American students applied to transfer from the local African American school to the all-white Alexander Stephens Institute. Although the school was scheduled to desegregate that fall, all of the white students transferred from the Taliaferro County school to schools in surrounding counties. With no white students enrolled in the local school, the county school board closed the white school and sent all of the students who applied for transfer back to Murden High School, the African American high school. Unfortunately, the African American students were not told of these arrangements until after the registration period had passed for the schools in neighboring Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties. African American students protested the continued segregation by refusing to attend the local high school, establishing a Freedom School under the direction of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and holding demonstrations every morning at the central location from which white students were transported to schools in neighboring counties. Finally a federal court appointed state school superintendent Claude Purcell to administer the Taliaferro County schools. Purcell ordered schools in Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties to admit the African American students who had originally applied for school transfers in Taliaferro County. On November 17, 1965, African American students from Taliaferro County began riding the buses with white students to integrated schools in neighboring counties.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_388411 clip (about 12 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-09-25Crawfordville (Ga.)Taliaferro County (Ga.)Warrenton (Ga.)Warren County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American high school students protesting continued segregation of local schools following the transfer of all local white students to schools in neighboring counties, Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia; also African American students prevented from entering a school in Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia, 1965 September 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0148, 27:50/39:50, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.54ugabma_wsbn_4475444754wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44754yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American high school students protesting continued segregation of local schools following the transfer of all white students in the county to schools in neighboring counties, Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia; also African American students prevented from entering the school in Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia, 1965 October 1WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Busing for school integration--Georgia--CrawfordvilleSchool integration--Georgia--CrawfordvilleSegregation in education--Georgia--CrawfordvilleBusing for school integration--Georgia--WarrentonSchool integration--Georgia--WarrentonSegregation in education--Georgia--WarrentonAfrican American students--Georgia--CrawfordvilleStudents--Georgia--WarrentonRace relationsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--CrawfordvillePolice--Georgia--Warren CountyAutomobiles--Georgia--CrawfordvilleAutomobiles--Georgia--WarrentonPolice vehicles--Georgia--WarrentonCrawfordville (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryPolice, State--GeorgiaIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, on October 1, 1965, African American high school students protest continued segregation of local schools following the transfer of all white students from the local school to schools in neighboring counties; and in Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia, white students enter the school and African American students are prevented from doing so by state highway patrolmen.The clip begins on a wet day in Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, near the location where white children gather to board the buses to schools in neighboring counties. State highway patrolmen stand in clusters; many are wearing dark rain coats. A couple of patrolmen stand at the corner and direct traffic. Cars driving white students to the bus stop are allowed to stop and let the children out before they are directed to turn the corner and drive down a perpendicular street. The patrolmen directing traffic open the car doors for the children to get out. White children stand on a porch to avoid the rain as they wait together for the bus. When a school bus approaches the patrolmen at the intersection, the police move out of the way to let the bus continue straight down the street. At later points, students board the bus, and other students peer through the bus windows. At one point, an off-screen voice appears to speak to the cameraman, commenting on the news crews driving back and forth from Atlanta every day and expressing a desire not to participate in violence. Another comment is recorded when students are boarding the bus and one student expresses his displeasure with the camera filming the scene. Several patrolmen stand together and keep a group of African American students away from the bus and the boarding area. The African American students begin clapping and chanting, "Freedom now!"After a break in the clip two buses with their headlights on are seen behind a patrol car. The patrol car pulls forward, and the buses pull away. Later three buses drive down the street. Patrolmen in rain coats appear to stand near someone who is on the ground. The group moves, and the African American protesters get up and walk away towards a car parked along a dirt road. White parents are seen standing in groups on grass along the side of the road. The clip jumps to Warrenton High School in Warren County. For a few moments as the camera focuses on the high school and buses driving towards the school, the clip is washed out. When the image quality returns, cars are seen parked along the road in front of the school and driving down the school. Patrolmen direct traffic and speak to drivers through car windows. At one point a patrolman slams the door of a car before the driver is able to get out of the car. African Americans get out of some of the cars that are parked along the side of the road. A patrolman asks a driver to move on and later asks a group of African Americans for their cooperation.The clip ends with an exchange between an African American student and a patrolman. The student, Frank Fay, answering the patrolman's questions, explains that he attends a Freedom School this year but last year attended Murden High School in Crawfordville. He expresses his desire to register for school at Warrenton High School. The patrolman forcefully reviews that he told the students the previous day what they had to do to be able to register for school. The students, he continues, cannot register for classes today for the same reasons they could not register the day before. He suggests the students return to their cars and go home. When the students ask why they have to attend "a segregated school and get a second-class education" the patrolman replies that the students need to take the issue to the courts. He asserts that he is going to "keep law and order in Warren County this morning."Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, a small predominantly African American community,began experiencing racial problems in the spring of 1965. That spring, the local school board refused to renew the contracts of six African American teachers. While the board did not give a reason for refusing to renew the contracts, members of the African American community asserted it was because of the civil rights activities of the teachers. The teachers had advocated the chance for the use of the only gym in the county, located at the white high school, by the county's African American students. Also that spring, eighty-eight African American students applied to transfer from the local African American school to the all-white Alexander Stephens Institute. Although the school was scheduled to desegregate that fall, all of the white students transferred from the Taliaferro County school to schools in surrounding counties. With no white students enrolled in the local school, the county school board closed the white school and sent all of the students who applied for transfer back to Murden High School, the African American high school. Unfortunately, the African American students were not told of these arrangements until after the registration period had passed for the schools in neighboring Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties. African American students protested the continued segregation by refusing to attend the local high school, establishing a Freedom School under the direction of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and holding demonstrations every morning at the central location from which white students were transported to schools in neighboring counties. Finally a federal court appointed state school superintendent Claude Purcell to administer the Taliaferro County schools. Purcell ordered schools in Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties to admit the African American students who had originally applied for school transfers in Taliaferro County. On November 17, 1965, African American students from Taliaferro County began riding the buses with white students to integrated schools in neighboring counties.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_447541 clip (about 12 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-10-01Crawfordville (Ga.)Taliaferro County (Ga.)Warrenton (Ga.)Warren County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American high school students protesting continued segregation of local schools following the transfer of all white students in the county to schools in neighboring counties, Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia; also African American students prevented from entering the school in Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia, 1965 October 1, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1039, 00:00/11:38, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.55ugabma_wsbn_4378143781wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43781yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American lawyers commenting on the University of Georgia's integration, students' replies to a reporter's questions, and African American students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American lawyers--Georgia--AthensLawyers--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensCollege students--Georgia--Athens--AttitudesAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensReporters and reporting--Georgia--AthensInterviews--Georgia--AthensLegislators--GeorgiaCommittees--Georgia--AtlantaSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--GeorgiaCollege integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinionPublic opinion--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--Athens--Press coverageUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia--Students--AttitudesGovernment, Resistance to--GeorgiaWard, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-Hollowell, DonaldHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-Hunter-Gault, CharlayneTate, William, 1903-1980In this WSB newsfilm clip from the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia on January 9, 1961, African American lawyers comment on the university's integration; a reporter questions several white students from the University of Georgia about the university's integration; and African American students Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter integrate the university.The clip begins with African American attorneys Horace T. Ward and Donald Hollowell standing beside Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes at a press conference. Attorney Hollowell states that they have not requested special protection for Hunter and Holmes as they begin attending the university, believing that the city police with the assistance of appropriate state and federal forces will handle the situation. He continues with his belief that the "the people at the university and around the university are sufficiently fair minded to want to see any Georgia citizen get the best education possible at the facilities which are provided by the state."Next, as Ward and another African American get into a car parked near the Arch, reporters question the men about the appeal process. The watching white crowd makes comments about the leaving car and the lawyers; one student suggests they have a "nice trip back to Africa."After the car leaves, a reporter interviews white students about the university's integration. The first student, identified as Ross Butler, feels that if the university is going to integrate, it should be done soon because of the short length of the current quarter. He also believes that the school should be left open even if integrated so all students can continue their education. Edward Stone, the next student interviewed, views integration as something that is happening throughout the South, although he says he will probably transfer to a different school if the University of Georgia integrates. Stone, who says he is working his way through school, says he is willing to give up his education at the University of Georgia.Next, the reporter interviews an unidentified young man who is willing to accept "token integration" to preserve his education, although he says he is willing to give up his education if integration occurs on a mass scale. When asked about the court-ordered stay of the integration process, the young man replies that he hopes the state's lawyers are able to reverse the integration order but believes that integration is inevitable.Student Chris Howes thinks that accepting integration is the only feasible thing to do; he emphasizes that "violence won't solve a thing." He reports that while other young men in the dormitories have differing opinions, most want to keep the university open. Howes also views the quietness on campus through the African American students' first visit as the result of "a lot of level headed students on the campus." After the interviews, white crowds mill on campus.Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, the first two African American students at the University of Georgia, walk into Meigs Hall, the psychology building (Holmes' major). Holmes is also seen getting into a car. University officials, including Dean of Men William F. Tate, and students stand on the steps of the library. Finally, a reporter interviews Charlayne Hunter who says that while she has been jeered at, she hasn't had much time to pay attention to the reactions of white students on campus.African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed "lack of space" and refused to admit the two for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation. The students registered for classes on January 9 and attended their first classes January 11.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHollowell, DonaldWard, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-Hunter-Gault, CharlayneDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_437811 clip (about 9 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-09Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American lawyers commenting on the University of Georgia's integration, students' replies to a reporter's questions, and African American students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0990, 8:15/16:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.56ugabma_wsbn_5821158211wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_58211yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American leader Joseph E.Boone speaking for victims of police assault in Columbus, Georgia, 1971 June 24WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Police--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Violence against--Georgia--ColumbusPolice brutality--Georgia--ColumbusRace relationsAssault and battery--Georgia--ColumbusRace riots--Georgia--ColumbusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--ColumbusOffenses against the person--Georgia--ColumbusPolice--Complaints against--Georgia--ColumbusFirst aid in illness and injury--Georgia--ColumbusBandages and bandagingCivic leaders--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--ColumbusCommunity activists--Georgia--ColumbusPolitical activists--GeorgiaAfrican American political activists--GeorgiaAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaClergy--GeorgiaCommunities--Georgia--ColumbusCommunity leadership--Georgia--ColumbusCommunity power--Georgia--ColumbusSocial conflict--Georgia--ColumbusInterpersonal confrontation--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--CommunicationCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican American civil rights workersAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--ColumbusCivil rights--Georgia--ColumbusCivil rights movements--Georgia--ColumbusAfrican Americans--Georgia--Columbus--Social conditions--20th centuryRiots--Georgia--ColumbusRiots--Georgia--Columbus--History--20th centuryRace riots--United States--History--20th centuryPublicity--Georgia--ColumbusPress conferences--Georgia--ColumbusReporters and reporting--Georgia--ColumbusPress--Georgia--ColumbusMicrophoneColumbus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryUnited States--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsColumbus (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centuryColumbus (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th centuryBoone, Joseph E., 1922-2006In this WSB clip from Thursday, June 24, 1971, Atlanta civil rights activist Reverend Joseph E. Boone speaks on behalf of victims of a police assault that took place during several days of rioting in Columbus, Georgia.The silent clip begins with Atlanta civil rights activist Reverend Joseph E. Boone speaking at a small press conference. Joining him at a table are an African American woman and a young African American man, with a bandaged head and cut lip. This is followed by several close-up shots of each person sitting at the table. The clip ends with a shot of three young African American men gathered around the table with the conference interviewees; one of the young men is taking notes.Violence broke out in Columbus, Georgia during the spring and summer of 1971 following a series of racially motivated suspensions and firings in the Columbus police department, and consequent protests against the city for its failure to address the grievances of black police officers. Members of the Atlanta-based Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) helped organize protest marches and demonstrations in Columbus. Even though these events were peaceful, acts of violence still rose throughout the city, and Columbus officials blamed out-of-town SCLC members for inciting the violence themselves. Racial conflicts escalated on June 21, 1971, when a white officer, L. A. Jacks, shot and killed a twenty-year old African American youth named Willie J. Osborne after an alleged armed robbery. The city erupted in numerous riots and arson attacks for days, prompting the Columbus City Council to invoke an emergency ordinance, and Columbus mayor J. R. Allen to declare a state of emergency. Although the state of emergency was lifted after a couple days, the emergency ordinance remained in place for several months.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_582111 clip (about 0 min.): color, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-06-24Columbus (Ga.)Muscogee County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American leader Joseph E.Boone speaking for victims of police assault in Columbus, Georgia, 1971 June 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1598, 57:59/58:26, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.57ugabma_wsbn_4223142231wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_42231yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American ministers arrested for trying to integrate bus service and their lawyers in Macon, Georgia, 1962 FebruaryWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Courthouses--Georgia--MaconAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--MaconAfrican American clergy--Georgia--MaconAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--MaconAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--MaconBoycotts--Georgia--MaconBuses--Georgia--MaconCivil rights--Georgia--MaconCivil rights movements--Georgia--MaconClergy--Georgia--MaconCourthouses--Georgia--MaconDirect action--Georgia--MaconDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--MaconLocal transit--Georgia--MaconSegregation in transportation--Georgia--MaconCentral business districts--Georgia--MaconAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentMacon Post Office (Ga.)Macon-Bibb County Transit Authority (Macon, Ga.)Hollowell, DonaldWard, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-Paschal, Elisha B., d. 1962Malone, Van J.Evans, Ellis S. (Ellis Sylvanus), 1916-2000Rancifer, H. R. (Hosea R.), 1906-1989This mostly silent WSB newsfilm clip from Macon, Georgia in February 1962 shows scenes from the bus boycott as well as African American attorneys Donald Hollowell and Horace Ward standing outside the United States Post Office and Courthouse with Reverends Elisha B. Paschal, Van J. Malone, Ellis S. Evans, and H. R. Rancifer who were arrested for trying to integrate bus service on February 9.The clip begins by showing the United States Post Office and Courthouse in Macon, Georgia. Several African Americans exit the court building including Atlanta attorneys Hollowell and Ward. Four other African American men stand outside the courthouse; these are reverends Paschal, Malone, Evans, and Rancifer. The four men tested the Bibb Transit Company for enforcement of segregation in bus seating and were arrested February 9 for refusing to move to the back of the bus. Next scenes of downtown Macon are interspersed with scenes of the courthouse and statues. White citizens wait to board a bus; African Americans standing on the sidewalk appear to wait for cars that periodically stop at the curb. Signs have the slogan "Macon Ave.," "Houston Ave." and "Bellevue Hillcrest Hgts." Downtown another bus makes a stop, and two white women get off the bus before several other white citizens board the bus. A section of the clip appears to be inserted upside-down and backwards. Finally whites standing on the side of the road approach a waiting bus.On February 9, 1962 Reverends Paschal, Malone, Evans, and Rancifer sat in the front of the bus in Macon, Georgia and were arrested when they refused to move to the back of the bus. Macon African Americans organized an extremely effective bus boycott against the Bibb Transit Company beginning February 12. Groups of white Macon citizens tried to counteract the effects of the boycott by participating in "ride-ins" and by buying tokens from bus drivers who sold them door to door. On February 27, 1962 the United States Supreme Court declared all segregation in travel within or between states to be illegal. On March 2 United States district court judge William A. Bootle ruled unconstitutional a number of Georgia laws calling for the separate seating of races in buses. Bootle also restrained the Bibb Transit Company from enforcing segregated travel. The bus boycott ended March 4, 1962.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_422311 clip (about 9 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-02Macon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American ministers arrested for trying to integrate bus service and their lawyers in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0921, 1:09/09:49, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.58ugabma_wsbn_5589055890wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_55890yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American sanitation workers on strike as well as comments by African American leaders in Macon, Georgia, 1969 March 24WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Strikes and lockouts--Sanitation--Georgia--MaconAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--MaconLabor unions--Georgia--MaconLabor unions--Organizing--Georgia--MaconSanitation workers--Georgia--MaconAfrican Americans--Georgia--MaconLabor leaders--Georgia--MaconAfrican American television journalists--Georgia--MaconReporters and reporting--Georgia--MaconMacon (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceMacon (Ga.). Public Works Dept.--Officials and employeesMacon City Hall (Ga.)American Federation of State, County, and Municipal EmployeesHoward, JamesJelks, Lo, 1939-Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Reporter: Jelks, Lo, 1939-.In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 24, 1969, sanitation workers in Macon, Georgia strike for recognition of their chosen union, and African American leaders comment on the situation.The clip begins showing the Macon City Hall. Cars drive along the street in front of the building. An African American man carries a picket sign with the slogan "I am a man" as he walks down the street. The camera focuses on a patch on the man's shirt which reads "Macon Public Works Dept." Next it focuses on a street sign indicating "City of Macon Public Works Dept. and Stockade." Near the public works building, two African American men with picket signs walk down the sidewalk then turn and walk the other way. The men's picket signs read "No money, no work." Inside the public works department yard, two Macon garbage trucks are parked nose to nose. After this, an African American man, possibly Atlanta union organizer James Howard, explains to reporter Lo Jelks that there are over one hundred people from the Macon Public Works Department on strike. Howard hopes that the city will recognize a local branch of the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees union as desired by those on strike. However, he declares that he will follow the leaders of the African American community in Macon in order to achieve recognition. Later, another African American man expresses the African American community's support for the striking sanitation workers. He recognizes that "too often and too long they have gone with underpaid, poor working conditions, and we want to help them."Following these remarks, the camera again shows Macon garbage trucks driving down the street. Another man carries a picket sign with the slogan, "We shall overcome in spite of the mayor." Finally reporter Lo Jelks comments on the situation. He explains there are conflicting reports on the effectiveness of the sanitation strike. The core of the issue, according to Jelks, is that Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson has refused to recognize the union. Jelks reports that no one from the mayor's office was available to answer his request for an interview. Jelks explains that sanitation workers in Macon assisted striking sanitation workers in Atlanta and Memphis "some months ago" and that in those strikes, "the workers received some of their demands." According to Jelks, Ralph Abernathy, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), is aware of the strike in Macon and may come to town to support the striking workers. He concludes with the assertion that striking workers "seem to be saying, no union, no work."Macon sanitation workers began a strike on March 12, 1969 in which they sought city recognition of their union, the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees. At the city council meeting the night before, March 11, Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson refused to recognize the union and threatened to fire employees who went on strike. Mayor Thompson countered claims of low wages by pointing to a wage hike and work-week limits he helped establish the year before. During the strike, the city maintained garbage collection services by hiring new employees and by using prisoners from the city stockade. According to union organizers, the pay scale for employees of the Public Works Department was based on race, with white employees the highest paid workers. The union also claimed that more than 200 Public Works employees signed cards wanting union representation. After the March 28, 1969 death of former United States president Dwight D. Eisenhower, African American leaders agreed to a three-day pause of demonstrations out of respect to the former president. During that rest period, SCLC president Ralph Abernathy spoke at a meeting in Macon on Sunday, March 30 and pledged the SCLC's support for the striking employees. Late Monday, March 31, the mayor and African American leaders reached an agreement that ended the demonstrations and averted a planned economic boycott. Seventy-five striking employees returned to work April 1, 1969. According to an article in the Macon News, under the terms of the agreement, the city agreed to return striking workers to their jobs without prejudice or harassment; to pay the returning employees the same, higher wage as replacements hired during the strike; to drop trespassing charges against over thirty individuals who had been arrested during the strike; to provide lockers and daily changes of uniforms to employees; and to repair showers at the stockade. The city also agreed to discuss further improvements with employees individually or collectively. Yet it refused to recognize the union. Mayor Thompson did suggest the union seek recognition through the Georgia General Assembly following the example of workers in Savannah, Georgia. In return union representative James Howard agreed to withdraw the union representatives from Macon until the city was better able to discuss wage increases. The newspaper also reported that with the rehire of striking workers, the sanitation department had sufficient manpower for the first time.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesJelks, Lo, 1939-Howard, JamesJelks, Lo, 1939-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_558901 clip (about 3 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1969-03-24Macon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American sanitation workers on strike as well as comments by African American leaders in Macon, Georgia, 1969 March 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1534, 4:13/07:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.59ugabma_wsbn_4333343333wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43333yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter and other white students walking around campus and a white man speaking to reporters and handing out cards at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 16WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensReporters and reporting--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensCamera operators--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--Athens--Press coverageUniversity of GeorgiaHunter-Gault, CharlayneIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia on January 16, 1961, Charlayne Hunter, one of the first African American students at the university, walks around campus as do white students; an unidentified white man appears to speak to reporters and hand out cards. The clip begins with students walking on the University of Georgia campus. Charlayne Hunter walks up the steps next to Meigs Hall, and cameramen observe the scene. Next reporters and cameramen speak to an unidentified white man who is wearing a hat. He appears to speak and hand out business cards. Finally, students again walk around campus; some watch from the windows of a building, possibly Old College. A man leaving a building holds the door open for Hunter as she passes.Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were denied based on lack of space according to the university. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers for the two students filed a federal lawsuit against the university. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race; Hunter and Holmes began attending classes at the University of Georgia on January 10, ending 176 years of segregation.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_433331 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-16Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter and other white students walking around campus and a white man speaking to reporters and handing out cards at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0974, 1:43/03:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.60ugabma_wsbn_4314643146wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43146yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 JanuaryWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensReporters and reporting--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensUniversity of GeorgiaPolice, State--Georgia--AthensHunter-Gault, CharlayneIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia in January 1961, Charlayne Hunter, one of the first African Americans to attend the University of Georgia walks on campus. The clip begins with students, including Hunter, leaving Meigs Hall where Hunter's psychology class was held. As Hunter begins walking away from the building, a cameraman takes pictures. A man in a suit, possibly a plain-clothes police officer, watches her as she walks. Hunter passes the law school and enters the main library building. Finally, the science building is seen with a car parked in front of it. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed "lack of space" and refused to admit the two African American students for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes January 9, and attended their first classes on campus January 11. Plain-clothes officers escorted Hunter and Holmes to class during the first weeks they were on campus.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_431461 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0967, 10:10/12:47, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.61ugabma_wsbn_4323243232wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43232yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking with other students on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--GeorgiaCollege integration--Georgia--Athens--Press coverageUniversity of GeorgiaHunter-Gault, CharlayneIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia on January 17, 1961, Charlayne Hunter, one of the first African American students to attend the University of Georgia, walks across campus with other students. The clip begins with students walking on campus and standing beside a building. Students, as well as men with cameras, stand on a campus lawn. Charlayne Hunter walks up a flight of stairs beside Meigs Hall, the psychology building and location of one of her classes. Cameramen film Hunter as she walks into Meigs Hall; other students also enter the building or wait outside. Finally, more images of campus buildings and students walking are shown.Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were denied based on lack of space according to the university. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers for the two students filed a federal lawsuit against the university. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race; Hunter and Holmes began attending classes at the University of Georgia on January 11, ending 176 years of segregation. After a riot by white students on January 11, university officials suspended Hunter and Homes "for their own protection." Bootle ordered the students readmitted and they returned to campus January 16.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_432321 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-17Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking with other students on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 32:04/33:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.62ugabma_wsbn_3623736237wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_36237yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student protesters singing as they are arrested by police at the Albany Carnegie Library in Albany, Georgia, 1962 August 2WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American students--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyRace relationsNonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rightsAin't gonna let nobody turn me around (Song)Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Albany Carnegie Library (Albany, Ga.)In this WSB newsfilm clip, African American student protesters kneel on the steps of the Albany Carnegie Library and sing the freedom song "Ain't gonna let nobody turn me 'round," as they are arrested by Albany police, Thursday, August 2, 1962. Students had been active in protesting segregation with the Albany Movement since the arrival of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) members Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon in August, 1961. While the Albany Movement leaders had repeatedly requested that the Albany City Commissioners begin dialog with them about concerns of the African American community, the commission refused to compromise. After the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) desegregation rule went into effect desegregating bus and train service stations, students began actively testing public facilities, protesting segregation. Albany Police Chief Laurie Pritchett, aware of the negative effects of images of police violence on peaceful protesters, instructed Albany officers to respond nonviolently to protesters. In this segment, officers carry limp demonstrators away from the library steps. In response to desegregation efforts, the Albany Carnegie Library closed in 1962. The desegregated library reopened a year later, but did not have any chairs.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_362371 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-08-02Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student protesters singing as they are arrested by police at the Albany Carnegie Library in Albany, Georgia, 1962 August 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0799, 40:23/42:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.63ugabma_wsbn_4481244812wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44812yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students arrested after a kneel-in at city hall in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyBoycotts--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyNonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American students--Georgia--AlbanyRace discrimination--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany City Hall (Albany, Ga.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Jones, Charles, 1937-Hansen, WilliamHarris, Rutha MaeIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1962, police monitor a group of mostly African American students who have gathered in front of the city hall in Albany, Georgia for a "kneel-in"; afterwards the police lead demonstrators away.The clip begins with small numbers of students, including Charles Jones, William Hansen, and Rutha Harris, congregating in front of Albany City Hall under the watchful eye of police. As the demonstrators kneel and pray, the police officers walk back and forth in front of students while onlookers observe from an alley beside the city hall building.Large-scale demonstrations in Albany began after the arrival of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) volunteers Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon in the summer of 1961. Atlanta-based SNCC sent the two to Albany to evaluate the possibility of a voter registration project. Sherrod and Reagon found local high school and college students interested in the Civil Rights movement and taught principles of nonviolence to many of them. In November, 1961 the Albany Movement, created from the civil rights efforts of several local clubs, began leading civil rights demonstrations and protests. Albany demonstrations followed other civil rights efforts in the South by confronting segregation with direct action tactics such as marches; boycotts of the bus system and downtown businesses; and tests of the public library, public parks, and other segregated facilities. As in this clip, the Albany protesters also staged "kneel-ins," public prayers for the city and its leaders often held near City Hall. Civil rights activists frequently submitted to arrest rather than leave when confronted by police in order to demonstrate resistance against laws they considered unjust and to increase pressure on city officials. Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett, aware of the sympathetic national attention demonstrators gained by scenes of police violence during civil rights protests, instructed Albany officers to respond nonviolently to passive resistance.Optical sound.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_448121 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-27Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)GeorgiaWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students arrested after a kneel-in at city hall in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 43:04/44:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.64ugabma_wsbn_3513735137wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35137yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students arriving on campus as well as the reaction of white students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensReporters and reporting--Georgia--AthensSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--GeorgiaSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinionPublic opinion--Georgia--AthensPicketing--Georgia--AthensUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia--Students--AttitudesGovernment, Resistance to--Georgia--AthensHolmes-Hunter Academic Building (Athens, Ga.)Hunter-Gault, CharlayneHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-In this WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia on January 9, 1961, the University of Georgia's first two African American students, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, arrive on campus to register for classes; two unidentified white students express their opinions regarding the university's integration. The clip begins with a crowd of white students and reporters walking on a campus sidewalk; a few of the students walk on a slope beside the sidewalk. Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, the university's first two African American students, walk on campus and up the steps of the Academic Building; they are both surrounded by people. Next, a reporter interviews two unidentified (white) students about the university's integration as they stand on the steps of the Academic Building. The first student affirms his belief that open schools, even integrated schools, are the best thing; he expresses that most of the students on campus also prefer open schools and hopes that the Georgia state legislature will vote in agreement with the students. The second student expresses his confidence in the legislature and its ability to choose the school's fate; his preference is to wait and see how the legislature decides to act and adds that he favors keeping schools open on a segregated basis. After these opinions, white students are seen chanting, "Two, four, six, eight, we don't want to integrate." Students and reporters stand at the Arch at the entry to campus. Reporters also interview Hamilton Holmes as he walks on campus. Holmes expresses the desire to pursue a bachelor's degree in science and to continue with his studies; he chose to apply to the University of Georgia because "it is the best school in this region that I could go to." Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes applied for admission to the University of Georgia in 1959; university officials refused to admit the students, citing an insufficient amount of space. Hunter and Holmes both renewed their applications at every opportunity for the next year, without success. In 1960, attorneys for the two students filed a lawsuit in the federal courts, alleging that the University was not admitting the students based solely on their race. On January 6, 1961, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the University of Georgia to admit the two students immediately. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes on January 9, and matriculated on January 11. Although a 1956 law prevented the state from funding integrated schools, the legislature, led by Governor Ernest Vandiver, chose instead to permit the university's integration rather than close it down.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_351371 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-09Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students arriving on campus as well as the reaction of white students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0779, 45:20/47:10, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.65ugabma_wsbn_3617236172wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_36172yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students attempting to integrate the Albany Carnegie Library in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 18WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights movements--Georgia--Albany--History--20th centurySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American students--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Albany Carnegie Library (Albany, Ga.)In this WSB newsfilm clip, African American students attempt to use the all-white Albany Carnegie Library on Wednesday, July 18, 1962 and are observed by the police; they avoided arrest by leaving the library. Two female students enter the library, use library books, and leave with a group of several women and one man. Students had been active in protesting segregation with the Albany Movement since the arrival of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) members Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon in August, 1961. SNCC leader Charles Jones worked with Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) director Wyatt Walker to arrange for students to test segregation policies at several facilities, including lunch counters, public parks, and the bus station grill. Such tests, which had been led intermittently since November, had begun again with greater strength after Albany city officials refused to meet with leaders of the Albany Movement.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_361721 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-18Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students attempting to integrate the Albany Carnegie Library in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 18, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0798, 24:48/25:45, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.66ugabma_wsbn_3358033580wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_33580yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensUniversity of GeorgiaPolice, State--Georgia--AthensHunter-Gault, CharlayneHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia on January 17, 1961, the University of Georgia's first two African American students, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, walk across campus to attend classes. The clip begins with Hamilton Holmes with a bandage on his right eyebrow, followed by three men who may be plain-clothes police officers. Holmes and the men pass between white students who are standing on either side of the doorway to Meigs Hall, the psychology building. Next, Charlayne Hunter walks up a flight of stairs beside Meigs Hall before she too, enters the building. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes applied for admission to the University of Georgia in 1959, but university officials claimed they were unable to admit the two because of a lack of space. After reapplying for admission several times, lawyers for Hunter and Holmes filed a federal lawsuit. On January 6, 1961, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students immediately. Hunter and Holmes began attending classes at the university on January 11, 1961, ending over 176 years of segregation at the school.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_335801 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-17Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0748, 8:59/09:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.67ugabma_wsbn_4322343223wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43223yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes registering for classes at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--GeorgiaAfrican American lawyers--GeorgiaUniversity of GeorgiaHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-Hunter-Gault, CharlayneWard, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-In this WSB newsfilm clip from the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia on January 9, 1961, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, the first two African American students to attend the university, register for classes. The clip begins with Hamilton Holmes sitting at a desk with an unidentified white man. Next, Holmes walks from a car with a white man. Holmes also crosses a street and walks up stairs with a white man and one of his lawyers, Horace T. Ward. Finally, Holmes and Charlayne Hunter are seen filling out forms.Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were denied based on lack of space according to the university. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers for the two students filed a federal lawsuit against the university. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race; Hunter and Holmes began attending classes at the University of Georgia on January 11, ending 176 years of segregation.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_432231 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-09Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes registering for classes at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 18:09/19:22, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.68ugabma_wsbn_4324443244wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43244yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students from the Atlanta University Center picketing segregated downtown stores in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American college students--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaPassive resistance--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSinging--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta University Center (Ga.)Morris Brown CollegeRich's (Retail store)S.H. Kress & Co.W.T. Grant (Retail store)Stores, Retail--Georgia--AtlantaIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from November 25, 1960, African American students from the Atlanta University Center leave the campus of Morris Brown College to picket segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The clip begins with African American students marching toward an unidentified building on the campus of the Atlanta University Center. A young man in a hat stands outside smoking. One marching student appears to have a bundle under his arm. Students stand around outside the building while others walk into the building. Later an interracial group of students appears to sing as they walk past cars and across a street watched by observers, including an African American woman in an apron who stands in a storefront. A few students hand out picket signs to others; the picket signs have the slogans "Don't buy here," "Wear old clothes with new dignity don't buy here," "Don't buy at Kress," "Christ died for all," and "Don't buy at W.T. Grant." Students lined up along a sidewalk wave to someone or something off camera. The camera also shows the Morris Brown clock tower. The demonstrators march up a sidewalk heading downtown; the streets appear to have a light amount of snow. Many of the signs carried by the students have the slogan "Rich's sells segregation" and "Don't buy at Rich's." Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University Center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to organize segregation protests in Atlanta. The two groups organized a "Fall Campaign" beginning on October 19, 1960; on October 22, African American leaders agreed to a month-long truce in which city officials, business owners, and African Americans worked toward a compromise. When no agreement was reached by November 25, African American students joined by white students from Emory University and Agnes Scott College resumed demonstrations and flooded downtown stores including Rich's, Woolworth's, and McCrory's.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_432441 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11-25Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students from the Atlanta University Center picketing segregated downtown stores in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 58:29/01:00:29, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.69ugabma_wsbn_4199841998wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41998yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter as well as white students rioting over integration at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 11WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensRace riots--Georgia--AthensRace relationsSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--GeorgiaAthens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryUniversity of Georgia--StudentsHolmes, Hamilton, 1941-Hunter-Gault, CharlayneMoore, Ray, 1922-Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-.In this WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia on January 11, 1961, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter become the first African American students at the University of Georgia, and white students riot over the university's integration.Several nighttime shots of a January 11 riot are interspersed throughout the clip. Car headlights and a police car are seen on Athens roads; a crowd on campus mills in the darkness. Firecrackers and smoke light up a sidewalk. University president O. C. Aderhold speaks to reporters, possibly from inside the library. African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes load their luggage into a car before getting into the car themselves. Daytime clips include students, reporters, and cameramen on campus. A sign on a door of Myers Hall reads, "This dormitory is closed to young men today. Please buzz for your date and wait out side!" Hunter, surrounded by a crowd, speaks to a reporter. President Aderhold walks down the library steps followed by cameras and reporters. Also, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter are interviewed by a reporter as they sit on a couch inside. Holmes explains they are attending the university "to acquire a sound education" more than "to break down any barriers or to make history or things of that sort." Various trophies won by Holmes, who was on the football and track teams in high school, sit on a mantle in his parents' home.African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed "lack of space" and refused to admit the two for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation and on January 11 the two attended their first day of classes at the university. President Aderhold and the deans of the university met in the library for three hours that day but did not make any statements at the end of the meeting. That evening after the school basketball team lost to Georgia Institute of Technology, students rioted outside of Myers Hall, Charlayne Hunter's dormitory. University officials suspended Hunter and Holmes "for their own protection" and sent them back to Atlanta that night. January 13, Judge Bootle ordered the students readmitted to the university and the two returned to campus January 16.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesMoore, Ray, 1922-Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-Moore, Ray, 1922-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_419981 clip (about 5 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01-11Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter as well as white students rioting over integration at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 11, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0911, 45:47/50:54, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.70ugabma_wsbn_3475034750wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34750yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students holding a kneel-in at city hall in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American students--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyImprisonment--Georgia--AlbanyKneel-ins--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPolice brutality--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Complaints against--GeorgiaPolice--Georgia--AlbanyPrayer--Georgia--AlbanyPublic worship--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyArrest--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyReligion and politics--Georgia--AlbanyNegotiation--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany (Ga.). Board of CommissionersAlbany City Hall (Albany, Ga.)Harris, Rutha MaePritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000Hansen, WilliamJones, Charles, 1937-In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1962, a group of primarily African American students hold a "kneel-in" at Albany City Hall and demonstrate passive resistance as they are arrested by the police. The clip begins with small groups of students approaching city hall and kneeling in a line outside the building. The individuals include Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) members Charles Jones and Bill Hansen, and Albany resident Rutha Harris. With notes in his hand, Charles Jones leads the prayer. Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett attempts to direct the students to enter city hall; he begins tapping people on the shoulder when no one gets up. Although most of the students stand up and walk into the building, a few remain outside kneeling. These students are eventually carried inside on stretchers by police officers, who jostle them intentionally. Charles Jones and two other black students are treated this way, as is Bill Hansen, the only white student seen in the clip. Demonstrating passive resistance, the students submit to arrest without assisting the process in any way. Earlier that same day, althought not seen in this clip, local and national leaders had led a kneel-in requesting direct communication with the Albany Board of Commissioners. Pritchett informed the demonstrators that the next commission meeting was scheduled for August 7; he warned them that they had three minutes to leave or would be subject to arrest. Rather than leave, the participants in the kneel-in remained while Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy led them in prayer; the group was then arrested.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_347501 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-27Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students holding a kneel-in at city hall in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0770, 55:33/56:54, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.71ugabma_wsbn_4315443154wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43154yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students picketing several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American college students--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaPassive resistance--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSinging--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta University Center (Ga.)Morris Brown CollegeRich's (Retail store)S.H. Kress & Co.W.T. Grant (Retail store)Stores, Retail--Georgia--AtlantaIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from November 25, 1960, African Americans and whites picket several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta including Rich's, W.T. Grant, J. Newberry Co., and the National Shirt Shops. The clip begins with an interracial group of students walking along a sidewalk and down steps on the campus of Morris Brown college, part of the historically African American Atlanta University Center. The students continue walking on a sidewalk up a hill carrying signs with the slogans "Don't shop at Rich's" and "Rich's sells segregation." In downtown Atlanta people cross busy streets and two white women appear to watch something. Picketers walk in front of a store, carrying signs with the slogans, "Khrushchev can eat here???" "Wear old clothes with new dignity. Don't buy here!" "Christ died for all," and "Don't buy at W.T. Grant." Other African Americans walking in front of the J. Newberry Co. also carry picket signs. Other picket sign slogans include "Don't buy at Kress, Don't buy at W.T. Grant," Don't buy segregation" and "Stay away--segregation sold here." The camera focuses on a street sign for Peachtree Street N.E. and Pryor Street before again showing a downtown intersection and students walking on the Morris Brown campus. The Rich's building is also shown as is a long line of more picketers, most of whom carry signs with the slogan "Wear old clothes with new dignity. Don't buy here!" White picketers are also seen with the signs "Rich's sells segregation." Later, an African American man walks in front of a shoe store with the sign "Don't buy segregation"; other African Americans observe the picketers. Marchers, probably on their way downtown from campus, walk around a corner, and other demonstrators protest in front of the Newberry Co. as well as the National Shirt Shops and an unidentified shoe shore. White observers, including two male students, watch the demonstrators; white women appear to ignore them. Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to organize segregation protests in Atlanta. The two groups organized a "Fall Campaign" beginning on October 19, 1960; on October 22, African American leaders agreed to a month-long truce in which city officials, business owners, and African Americans worked toward a compromise. When no agreement was reached by November 25, African American students joined by white students from Emory University and Agnes Scott College resumed demonstrations and flooded downtown stores including Rich's, Woolworth's, and McCrory's.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_431541 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11-25Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students picketing several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0967, 31:32/34:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.72ugabma_wsbn_4385843858wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43858yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students protest segregation outside of an anniversary open house at Leb's Restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 18WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American college students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaPassive resistance--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaGovernors--GeorgiaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Leb's Restaurant (Atlanta, Ga.)--Anniversaries, etc.Lebedin, Charles, 1901-1989Griffin, Marvin, 1907-1982Forman, James, 1928-2005In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on July 18,1962 African American students protest segregation outside Leb's Restaurant during an open house celebrating the restaurant's thirteen years in business. The clip begins by focusing on a man holding the full-page newspaper advertisement for the open house at Leb's restaurant. According to the Atlanta Journal, the advertisement invited "come one, come all" to the anniversary celebration. Next Charles Lebedin, the restaurant's owner, speaks to a younger white man as customers walk through the doorway; seen through the doorway, a young African American woman works inside the restaurant. Later two African American women and an African American man cross the street, walking away from the restaurant, and the camera focuses on the restaurant's sign showing bunting hanging below. The camera again focuses on the restaurant's doorway where Lebedin and the younger man seen earlier greet customers. Former Georgia governor Marvin Griffin comes to the restaurant and appears to encourage Lebedin; the image in this section is slightly washed out and hard to see. After this, Lebedin stands outside the restaurant speaking to James Foreman, executive secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Foreman also speaks to an African American woman who stands outside the restaurant with him. Across the street white people watch the exchange before the camera again focuses on the restaurant's sign. An African American woman stands below the sign but she is obscured in the darkness. James Foreman holds the newspaper advertisement seen earlier and the camera briefly focuses on the "Leb's" sign before more white patrons are seen walking through the restaurant's door.African American students working with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began protesting segregated lunch counters in March 1960. Although the groups were not running any organized campaign against Atlanta segregation during the summer of 1962, a small group of African Americans stood outside Leb's for three hours protesting the deceptive "come one, come all" open house advertisement. Charles Lebedin protested that he would integrate when other downtown restaurants did and did not thing it fair to make him a "guinea pig." Thirty-five downtown restaurants agreed to desegregate in June 1963 after two months of sit-ins and protests although many resegregated by the end of the year. Leb's Restaurant, like many other Atlanta restaurants, integrated in 1964 following the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act which required businesses to desegregate.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_438581 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-18Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students protest segregation outside of an anniversary open house at Leb's Restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 18, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0993, 26:18/28:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.73ugabma_wsbn_3937639376wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_39376yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students protesting continued school segregation in Crawfordville, Taliferro County, Georgia, 1965 October 5WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Busing for school integration--Georgia--CrawfordvilleSchool integration--Georgia--CrawfordvilleSegregation in education--Georgia--CrawfordvilleAfrican American students--Georgia--CrawfordvilleRace relationsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--CrawfordvilleAutomobiles--Georgia--CrawfordvilleCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--CrawfordvilleAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--CrawfordvilleCivil rights workers--Georgia--CrawfordvilleBuses--Georgia--CrawfordvilleStudents--Georgia--CrawfordvilleFreedom schools--Georgia--CrawfordvilleCrawfordville (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceSummer Community Organization and Political Education (Organization)Police, State--GeorgiaAlexander Stephens Institute (Crawfordville, Ga.)In this WSB newsfilm clip from Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia on October 5, 1965, African American students protest continued school segregation at the bus stop for white students, at the county's former white school, and by holding a nighttime march.The clip begins with a brief image of African American students sitting on the lawn in front of a building. Next, a Taliaferro County school bus drives down a street, and Georgia Highway Patrolmen watch the bus as it drives by. Other patrolmen surround a group of African American high school students who are protesting continued school segregation in the county. White students watch the patrolmen and African American students through the school bus window as it drives by. After eighty-eight African American students applied to transfer from the African American Murden High School to the white Alexander Stephens Institute as part of scheduled school desegregation, all of the white students from the county transferred to schools in neighboring counties, and the county school board closed the white school. All this was done without telling the African American students; by the time the African American students found out, school registration in neighboring counties had already closed. The African American students protested the transfers and avoidance of school desegregation by gathering every morning at the bus stop where white students boarded buses to travel to school in neighboring counties. The African American students were kept off the buses by Georgia Highway Patrolmen who were sent to Crawfordville to maintain law and order.After a break in the clip, the camera again focuses on the African American students standing in a cluster surrounded by highway patrolmen. Later, the students still gather together as the patrolmen stand in a group with their backs to the students. One of the students wears a jacket with the slogan "Freedom S.C.L.C." written on the back; a patrolman wears a "Georgia State Patrol" patch on his shoulder. Next, white students get out of cars stopped at an intersection and walk toward the house being used as a bus stop. The white students pass patrolmen who stand in front of the African American students. At one point, the camera focuses again on the patrolmen. The image is fuzzy for a few moments. The clip breaks again, and the patrolmen continue to surround the African American students as the group moves around. Patrolmen also stand in front of students and appear to take notes or write tickets. One patrolman stands in front of an African American young man. He asks the boy his age and address. After this exchange, the patrolmen walk away, and the African American students walk the other direction towards cars parked along the side of the road. The students get into cars and drive away.Next, the African American students march along the outside of the Alexander Stephens Institute, the white school the county closed that fall. The students sing, "Give me that old time religion" as they march. The students walk under an awning surrounding the building and then gather in front of the school. Someone directs the students to sit down outside the building. Later a man talks about the future of the school, warning that the county may continue to bus white children to surrounding counties and sell the building or tear it down. He then instructs the students to "get comfortable" and look at the books they brought or share with someone who brought a book. One girl reads an article in the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. African American students who had applied for transfer to the county's white school also protested the school's closing by refusing to attend Murden High School and holding a "Freedom School" under the direction of volunteers from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).Finally, the clip ends with silent scenes of a nighttime demonstration. African American demonstrators, including students, appear to listen to speakers and later appear to clap. A white patrolman in a helmet and a white man speak to the demonstrators at one point. An African American man wearing a jean jacket, possibly a member of SCLC delegation, also speaks to the crowd. A contingent of the SCLC spent time during the summer and fall of 1965 in Crawfordville under the direction of Hosea Williams as part of the SCOPE (Summer Community Organization and Political Education) project. They continued to try and help the African America community in Crawfordville throughout the demonstrations that fall. Later on, African Americans leave a building and head into the darkness. A white man speaks to an African American man who appears to be leading the demonstration. Two African American men stand together and listen to a radio. The demonstrators walk in the darkness and appear to be singing. Following a break in the clip the demonstrators, both African American and a few whites, march in the darkness; two young boys walk with a blanket over their shoulders. The clip ends with a patrolman directing the marchers.Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, Georgia, a small predominantly African American community, began experiencing racial problems in the spring of 1965. That spring, the local school board refused to renew the contracts of six African American teachers. While the board did not give a reason for refusing to renew the contracts, members of the African American community asserted it was because of the civil rights activities of the teachers. The teachers had advocated for use of the only gym in the county, located at the white high school, by the county's African American students. Also that spring, eighty-eight African American students applied to transfer from the local African American school to the all-white Alexander Stephens Institute. Although the school was scheduled to desegregate that fall, all of the white students transferred from the Taliaferro County school to schools in surrounding counties. With no white students enrolled in the local school, the county school board closed the white school and sent all of the students who applied for transfer back to Murden High School, the African American high school. Unfortunately, the African American students were not told of these arrangements until after the registration period had passed for the schools in neighboring Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties. African American students protested the continued segregation by refusing to attend the local high school, establishing a Freedom School under the direction of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and holding demonstrations every morning at the central location from which white students were transported to schools in neighboring counties. Finally a federal court appointed state school superintendent Claude Purcell to administer the Taliaferro County schools. Purcell ordered schools in Greene, Wilkes, and Warren Counties to admit the African American students who had originally applied for school transfers in Taliaferro County. On November 17, 1965, African American students from Taliaferro County began riding the buses with white students to integrated schools in neighboring counties.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_393761 clip (about 13 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-10-05Crawfordville (Ga.)Taliaferro County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students protesting continued school segregation in Crawfordville, Taliferro County, Georgia, 1965 October 5, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0251, 00:00/13:13, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.74ugabma_wsbn_3522935229wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35229yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Vivian Malone and James Hood after registering for classes at the formerly segregated University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1963 June 11WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College integration--Alabama--TuscaloosaAfrican American college students--Alabama--TuscaloosaIntervention (Federal government)--Alabama--TuscaloosaReporters and reporting--Alabama--TuscaloosaSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Alabama--TuscaloosaUniversity of AlabamaAlabama. National GuardJones, Vivian Juanita Malone, 1942-2005Hood, James A.In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama campus in Tuscaloosa, Alabama on June 11, 1963, African American students Vivian Malone and James Hood speak to reporters after registering for classes and integrating the university. The clip begins with soldiers standing in the doorway of Foster Auditorium. White people are seen leaving the building; they are followed by the two African American students Malone and Hood. Malone tells a group of waiting reporters that she is glad registration is over, and that her main purpose in coming to the university is to receive an education. Next, Hood indicates that neither he nor Malone will give further press conferences beyond their statements of that day, indicating that he, too has come to the university to study. The two students make their way through the crowd and walk away. Several years previously, in 1956, Autherine Lucy became the first African American student to matriculate at the University of Alabama, after having won a three-year court battle. However, after three days of constant rioting, the university suspended her, purportedly for her own protection; Lucy was later expelled after her lawyers accused University of Alabama officials for conspiring with the rioters. In 1963, federal courts ruled that the university would have to admit Vivian Malone and James Hood. On June 11, governor George Wallace followed through on a 1962 campaign promise to "stand in the schoolhouse door" to preserve segregation in Alabama by standing in the entrance of Foster Auditorium in an orchestrated and high profile attempt to block the way of federal officials escorting Malone and Hood. Wallace only stepped aside after a presidential order was presented directly to him by members of the Alabama National Guard. Wallace implemented tight security on campus and made a plea for Alabama citizens to stay away in order to avoid a repeat of the rioting and violence that characterized the 1956 Autherine Lucy affair and the 1962 integration at Ole Miss. After Wallace left campus, Malone and Hood successfully registered for classes that afternoon. Two days later, another African American student, Dave M. McGlathery, was admitted to the University of Alabama's graduate school at the Birmingham campus. Neither the Tuscaloosa nor the Birmingham campuses experienced violence or rioting with the 1963 integration.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesJones, Vivian Juanita Malone, 1942-2005Hood, James A.Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_352291 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-06-11Tuscaloosa (Ala.)Tuscaloosa County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Vivian Malone and James Hood after registering for classes at the formerly segregated University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1963 June 11, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0782, 10:01/11:33, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.75ugabma_wsbn_3722237222wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_37222yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students--the "Little Rock Nine"--integrating Central High School and white students burning an effigy in protest in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 October 3WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American students--Arkansas--Little RockHigh school students--Arkansas--Little RockExecutions in effigy--Arkansas--Little RockDemonstrations--Arkansas--Little RockSegregation in education--Arkansas--Little RockRace riots--Arkansas--Little RockViolence--Arkansas--Little RockPolice--Arkansas--Little RockGovernors--ArkansasSchool integration--Arkansas--Little RockRace relationsLittle Rock (Ark.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryCentral High School (Little Rock, Ark.)Southern Governors' Conference. Conference (1957 : Sea Island, Ga.)Faubus, Orval Eugene, 1910-1994In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from October 3, 1957, African American students integrate Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas; white students later leave the school in protest and hang and burn an effigy of a black student. As the clip begins, several African American female students exit a station wagon and walk between police toward the high school. A group of white students is seen walking through the doors of the school and down the front steps. Next, a crowd stands around a tree where an effigy of an African American is hung from one of the branches. Boys tear the effigy and light it on fire. A military police officer takes the effigy down and tries to put the fire out by stomping on it. Finally, the clip ends with Arkansas governor Orval Faubus sitting behind a table with microphones, surrounded by other men. Governor Faubus was at a conference of southern governors in Sea Island, Georgia, during the September 23 integration attempt.The Little Rock school board voted to integrate the school system in 1957; on September 4, 1957, Governor Faubus ordered Arkansas National Guard troops to prevent African American students--the "Little Rock Nine"--from attending Little Rock Central High School. Federal courts ordered Governor Faubus to remove the troops and permit the nine students to enter the school on September 23, 1957. However, because of the rioting that continued outside, the students were removed from the school after three hours. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered troops from the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to restore order and to protect the students. On October 3, a crowd of students walked out of class fifteen minutes after the opening bell and hung and burned the effigy seen here. After a single year of integration, Governor Faubus closed the Little Rock public high schools to avoid further integration. The United States Supreme Court declared Faubus' action illegal and the public schools reopened August 1959.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_372221 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1957-10-03Little Rock (Ark.)Pulaski County (Ark.)Sea Island (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students--the "Little Rock Nine"--integrating Central High School and white students burning an effigy in protest in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 October 3, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0821, 12:28/13:26, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.76ugabma_wsbn_3467334673wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34673yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American women arrested for picketing in Albany, Georgia, 1962WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American women--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AlbanyBoycotts--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanyImprisonment--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyPicketing--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanyRace discrimination--Georgia--AlbanyRace relationsReporters and reporting--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyArrest--Georgia--AlbanyPolice vehicles--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights--Georgia--AlbanyFreedom of speech--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAssembly, Right of--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany City Hall (Albany, Ga.)Lane Drug (Albany, Ga.)Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from 1962, African American women in Albany, Georgia, are arrested for picketing in front of Albany City Hall and nearby Lane Drugs. The clip begins with African American women marching in front of city hall in with signs whose slogans include: "Freedom to speak--enforce the 1st amendment," "Freedom of speech for Negroes too?" and "Freedom to pray, speak, assemble, picket, NOW!" White reporters and bystanders observe the protesters; Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett directs the women towards the building while another officer seizes their signs. The women enter city hall followed by Pritchett, the officer, and another man who has been taking notes. Finally, two women are seen in front of Lane Drugs with signs that read "Shop in dignity" and "Segregation sold here." The clip ends with police directing women into a paddy wagon and locking the doors.Civil rights demonstrators in Albany were often arrested for offenses such as failure to obey an officer, disorderly conduct, blocking the sidewalk, and obstructing traffic.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_346731 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American women arrested for picketing in Albany, Georgia, 1962, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0769, 20:42/21:27, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.77ugabma_wsbn_3181531815wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_31815yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans being arrested following a night-time march for civil rights in Danville, Virginia, 1963 July 11WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Virginia--DanvilleAfrican American civil rights workers--Virginia--DanvilleCivil rights workers--Virginia--DanvilleAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Virginia--DanvilleCivil rights--Virginia--DanvilleCivil rights movements--Virginia--DanvilleCivil rights demonstrations--Virginia--DanvilleProtest marches--Virginia--DanvilleArrest--Virginia--DanvillePolice--Virginia--DanvilleSegregation--Virginia--DanvilleDiscrimination--Virginia--DanvilleDanville (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryPolice, State--Virginia--DanvilleIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Danville, Virginia, on July 12, 1963, policemen and state patrolmen arrest African Americans protesting segregation during a night-time march for civil rights.The clip begins with a white man wearing a suit and hat facing the African American demonstrators and using a megaphone to speak to them. Beside the man are white policemen who also face the protesters. Another policeman walks up to the demonstrators and points; he appears to continue speaking to them as he follows the line of demonstrators down the street and around the corner. The African Americans begin to move forward, and police lead an African American man away. Several officers escort another man down the street. A group of police and state patrolmen walk down the sidewalk and intercept African American female demonstrators and lead the women away by the arm. One African American man is roughly picked off the ground and carried away by three policemen.Civil rights demonstrations in Danville, Virginia, a community of nearly fifty thousand with a third of the population African American, began on May 31, 1963. Local African American civil rights leaders had tried negotiating with city officials the year before without much success. Although demonstrations were at first peaceful, local judge Archibald M. Aiken issued an injunction banning further racial demonstrations in the city. After Aiken issued the injunction, policemen began arresting demonstrators, and on June 8, three African American leaders were arrested and indicted on charges of "inciting the colored population to violence," a slavery-era law called "John Brown's Law." On June 10, city officials turned high-pressure fire hoses on a small group of demonstrators and then sent in police officers and deputized trash collectors who used night sticks on the demonstrators. Forty-seven protesters were taken to the hospital following the demonstration. Mayor Julian R. Stinson formed a Mayor's Racial Advisory Committee on June 12; the three-man committee was all white. The mayor also announced that he would not negotiate with African American leaders who had been arrested in the civil rights demonstrations, calling them "irresponsible" and "criminals." While an approved group met with the mayor shortly after that, the city council passed an ordinance severely limiting demonstrations in the community. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) visited Danville on July 11 and at a mass meeting attended by 1,200 African Americans that night urged the community to "fill the jails for freedom." Eighty African Americans participated in a demonstration following the meeting and were arrested. Although demonstrations and court cases continued off-and-on throughout the summer, it was not until October that the city appointed its first African American fireman and not until November that the city agreed to a nondiscriminatory hiring policy.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_318151 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-07-11Danville (Va.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans being arrested following a night-time march for civil rights in Danville, Virginia, 1963 July 11, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0713, 25:10/26:14, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.78ugabma_wsbn_4459144591wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_44591yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans celebrating and demonstrating as they prepare for the Poor People's March on Washington, 1968WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaPoverty--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaStadiums--Georgia--AtlantaGymnasiums--Georgia--AtlantaWe Shall Overcome (Song)Caravans--Georgia--AtlantaTravelers--Georgia--AtlantaSpectators--Georgia--AtlantaDinners and dining--Georgia--AtlantaBuffets (Cooking)--Georgia--AtlantaCasserole cooking--Georgia--AtlantaTables--Georgia--AtlantaTableChurch buildings--Georgia--AtlantaChurch doors--Georgia--AtlantaChurch doorways--Georgia--AtlantaChurch attendance--Georgia--AtlantaChurch membership--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American churches--Georgia--AtlantaGrief--Georgia--AtlantaBereavement--Georgia--AtlantaBirthplaces--Georgia--AtlantaMemorial rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaMemorial serviceSepulchral monuments--Georgia--AtlantaMonuments--Georgia--AtlantaHistoric buildings--Georgia--AtlantaMemorials--Georgia--AtlantaHistorical markers--Georgia--AtlantaBand musicians--Georgia--AtlantaBands (Music)--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rightsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Politics and government--20th centuryCivil rights movements--United States--History--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Economic conditions--20th centurySocial service--Citizen participationSocial movements--United StatesAfrican American musicians--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaMusicians--Georgia--AtlantaSoul musicians--Georgia--AtlantaRhythm and blues musicians--Georgia--AtlantaEntertainers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American entertainers--Georgia--AtlantaBanners--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaEpitaphs--Georgia--AtlantaElderly poor--Georgia--AtlantaOlder people--Georgia--AtlantaOlder African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American neighborhoods--Georgia--AtlantaTour buses--Georgia--AtlantaTour bus parking--Georgia--AtlantaSchool buses--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaCamera operators--Georgia--AtlantaLuggage--Georgia--AtlantaBundles of personal belongings--Georgia--AtlantaBurial--Georgia--AtlantaCrying--Georgia--AtlantaHandkerchiefs--Georgia--AtlantaPassersby--Georgia--AtlantaAudiences--Georgia--AtlantaPoor African Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryPoor--Social conditions--20th centuryPoor--Services for--Georgia--AtlantaPoor--United StatesPoverty--United StatesFoodMotorcycles--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryWashington (D.C.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsUnited States--Social conditions--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferencePoor People's CampaignMotown Record CorporationGladys Knight and the PipsGladys Knight and the Pips--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaTemptations (Musical group)Temptations (Musical group)--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaDiana Ross and the SupremesDiana Ross and the Supremes--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaArcher Hall (Morehouse College)Economic assistance, Domestic--Citizen participationMorehouse College (Atlanta, Ga.)Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)South-View Cemetery (Atlanta, Ga.)Civic Center (Atlanta, Ga.)Auburn Avenue (Atlanta, Ga.)Atlanta Stadium (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968.King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--BirthplaceKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Death and burialKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Homes and haunts--Georgia--AtlantaKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--InfluenceKing, Martin Luther, 1899-1984King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006--Speeches, addresses, etc.Knight, Gladys, 1944-Knight, Gladys, 1944--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaWonder, StevieWonder, Stevie--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaGordy, BerryRoss, Diana, 1944-Ross, Diana, 1944---Performances--Georgia--AtlantaAbernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Boone, Joseph E., 1922-2006King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974--Speeches, addresses, etc.Patten, EdwardPatten, Edward--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaKnight, MeraldKnight, Merald--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaGuest, WilliamGuest, William--Performances--Georgia--AtlantaIn this WSB newsfilm clip dated 1968, Poor People's Campaign participants stop in Atlanta en route to Washington D.C., where protests are scheduled; they eat at Morehouse College, view Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace and grave site, and attend a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. Alberta Williams King speaks to an audience in front of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue; Reverend Joseph E. Boone speaks to mourners at King's original burial site at South-View Cemetery; Coretta Scott King addresses a Poor People's Campaign rally at the Atlanta Civic Center; and Gladys Knight and the Pips and Stevie Wonder perform for the rally audience. Some images in the clip repeat.The clip, which is approximately seven minutes long, begins with several shots taken of a march in Atlanta that precedes the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C. Shots of the march are interspersed with a close-up shot of a group of spectators; several people carry a banner that reads "I'm on my way Poor people's march on Washington." Next, a large group of African American people serve themselves food from a series of tables filled with casseroles and prepared foods inside of the Archer Hall gymnasium at Morehouse College. A reporter (off camera) asks an unidentified elderly African American woman from Mississippi how far she is traveling; she tells him that she is going to Washington, D.C., that she will stay there "for a while," then return to Mississippi; she then agrees that she may have to return to Washington "again and again," in the reporter's words. This is followed by a brief shot of Ebenezer Baptist Church, taken from a distance; the Atlanta skyline is visible, and several buses are parked in front of the church.Next, Martin Luther King, Sr., Coretta Scott King, and several of the King children are gathered together amidst a crowd on what is presumably the unveiling of a plaque memorializing King's birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue on May 9, 1968; this is followed by a shot of passersby looking down at the ground, and then by a shot of the plaque, which reads "Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in this house January 15, 1929." Next, an eleven-piece Motown band performs at the Poor People's Campaign rally in front of a banner that reads "Poor People's Campaign benefit"; the band was flown in by Motown Record Corporation president Berry Gordy, along with several prominent Motown acts that included Diana Ross and the Supremes, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Stevie Wonder, and the Temptations. Shots of Gladys Knight and the Pips performing are interspersed with shots of the audience; fragments of songs are recorded on the audio track. Next, Coretta Scott King addresses the audience from a microphone; she says "I'm sure my late husband is smiling on the city of Atlanta tonight for . . . this enthusiastic and overwhelming welcome that you are displaying in your presence here and for the support of the Poor People's Campaign . . ." The audience sings "We shall overcome," accompanied by the band onstage.Next, in a silent section of the clip, two school buses are parked alongside South-View Cemetery. The camera pans to the right, towards Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s original burial site at the cemetery, where a large crowd has gathered beneath an awning beside King's grave. Reverend Joseph E. Boone speaks to the crowd as he stands next to King's headstone; one mourner wipes away tears with a handkerchief. There are several more shots of the crowd at the cemetery, of passengers returning to the buses, of Boone, of the eternal flame at King's grave, and a close-up of King's epitaph, which reads "Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968 'Free at last free at last, thank God almighty I'm free at last.'" This is followed by a school bus pulling into the Atlanta Stadium parking lot, and a crowd of people marching down the street past the stadium. People stand in a parking lot, unload their luggage from the tour buses and wait in lines with their luggage on the ground. The sound returns, and background noise is audible as several shots from the march shown at the beginning of the clip are repeated. Next, a group of people wait outside of what appears to be an academic building, presumably at Morehouse College; this is followed by people serving themselves food from large tables, and sitting down to eat inside of the Archer Hall gymnasium at Morehouse College.The clip returns to footage of the audience at the Poor People's Campaign rally, interspersed with shots of Gladys Knight and the Pips (William "Red" Guest, Edward Patten, and Merald "Bubba" Knight), and a shot of Stevie Wonder performing. The audio track is uneven; fragments of songs are heard along with background noise. Next, Coretta Scott King is introduced to the audience; she says "At this time in our nation there is a need to rededicate ourselves and recommit ourselves to bring about the kind of society and the kind of world where men and women, boys and girls can really live in dignity and freedom and justice and in peace." This is followed by several close-ups of members of the audience singing "We Shall Overcome." As the song ends, Ralph David Abernathy, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), makes his way through the audience.Next, Alberta Williams King, mother of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks to a group of people in front of her son's birthplace on 501 Auburn Avenue; due to several breaks in the clip, her comments are not completely recorded. This is presumably back at the unveiling of the memorial plaque in front of King's birth home; cameramen film the plaque, next, Alberta Williams King describes the Auburn Avenue neighborhood and community as ". . . unpretentious, honest, and plain. And so were the people who lived here, people from all walks of living lived here together, and there existed a wonderful friendship, fellowship, and closeness to one another." There is a shot of a group of African American police officers, then a shot of Martin Luther King, Sr. and Coretta Scott King standing amidst the crowd on Auburn Avenue. Alberta Williams King's voice is recorded over the shot. This is followed by an overexposed shot of a walkway in front of a building with columns and large windows; the last shot in the clip is of the front of Ebenezer Baptist Church. The church doors are open, several clusters of people are gathered in front of the church, and two motorcycles are parked in front of the building.Following Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination on April 4, 1968, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference vowed to continue work on the Poor People's Campaign in his memory. Cooperating with other civil rights and relief organizations, SCLC members planned a six-week event in Washington, D.C. that lasted from May 2 to June 19 to emphasize the plight of the nation's poor and to persuade the passage of federal legislation that would improve the economic and social conditions of the impoverished. SCLC leaders organized several regional caravans to travel to Washington, D.C. A delegation of approximately five hundred people from Mississippi and Alabama arrived on buses in Atlanta on May 9 to rest before they resumed travel to Washington; food and lodging were provided by private Atlanta residents and members of local churches. While in Atlanta, Poor People's Campaign participants viewed King's birthplace and original burial site at South-View cemetery (his remains were moved to the King Center in 1970), and attended a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. The crowd at the rally drew an audience of approximately thirteen thousand people, and included speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy, and Hosea Williams; musical performances were provided by Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, and Gladys Knight and the Pips. Poor People's Campaign demonstrators traveled onward to Washington, where they lived in Resurrection City, a tent settlement on the Mall, and protested at numerous federal agencies on behalf of economic justice. The Poor People's March on Washington, held on June 19, signified the end of the campaign.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974Knight, Gladys, 1944-Knight, MeraldGuest, WilliamPatten, EdwardDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_445911 clip (about 7 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1968Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Washington (D.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans celebrating and demonstrating as they prepare for the Poor People's March on Washington, 1968, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1027, 17:37/24:22, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.79ugabma_wsbn_4220342203wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_42203yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans demonstrating against segregation and reporter Tom Brokaw interviewing mayor T. Griffin Walker in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July 29WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusReporters and reporting--Georgia--AmericusInterviews--Georgia--AmericusMayors--Georgia--AmericusPolice--Georgia--AmericusCamera operators--Georgia--AmericusProtest marches--Georgia--AmericusKeep your eyes on the prize (Song)Race relationsNegotiation--Georgia--AmericusBoycotts--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Songs and musicDemonstrations--Georgia--AmericusSinging--Georgia--AmericusDirect action--Georgia--AmericusCity councils--Georgia--AmericusAmericus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceAmericus (Ga.). City CouncilSumter County Courthouse (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)Walker, T. Griffin (Thomas Griffin), 1910-1994Bolden, Willie, 1938-Brokaw, TomReporter: Brokaw, Tom.In this WSB newsfilm clip from Americus, Georgia, on July 29, 1965, African Americans demonstrate against segregation and reporter Tom Brokaw interviews city mayor T. Griffin Walker about demonstrations and race relations in Americus. The clip begins with law enforcement officers and cameramen watching African American demonstrators as they march. The demonstrators then stand in a circle in front of the Sumter County Courthouse, where they clap and sing, "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize." Willie Bolden, a Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) member working in Americus, addresses the gathering on the local, regional and global manifestations of racial conflict. "All you have to do," he says, "is go into a community and you will find problems when it comes to black-white relationships." Bolden asks the audience and the mayor to engage Americus directly as it remains a source for these problems. After a break in the clip, Mayor Walker responds vaguely to Tom Brokaw's question about plans for a conference with civil rights leaders; he clarifies that any discussions conducted with African Americans will take place with local leaders. When asked about reactions to a white demonstration held at the fairgrounds the previous evening, he conveyed appreciation that the meeting emphasized adherence to the law. Walker explains to Brokaw that some of the African American community demands, such as integrated voting, are county issues over which he has no control as mayor. He dismisses the activist strategy of boycotting white merchants, and announces that the city council will meet as necessary to address concerns. Civil rights demonstrations in Americus took place periodically beginning in the summer of 1963, and lasting through the summer of 1965. On July 20, 1965, four African American women were arrested for attempting to integrate a county-held special election, where the first African American woman candidate in Sumter County was included on the ballot; the arrest revived demonstrations. On July 30, the women were released on order of federal judge W. A. Bootle, and on August 13, demonstrations were halted by the Sumter County Movement, the local civil rights organization.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesBrokaw, TomWalker, T. Griffin (Thomas Griffin), 1910-1994Bolden, Willie, 1938-Brokaw, TomDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_422031 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-07-29Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans demonstrating against segregation and reporter Tom Brokaw interviewing mayor T. Griffin Walker in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0919, 17:43/20:37, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.80ugabma_wsbn_4850248502wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_48502yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans demonstrating against segregation in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July 30WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusProtest marches--Georgia--AmericusPolice--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Songs and musicPicketing--Georgia--AmericusPrayer--Georgia--AmericusPublic worship--Georgia--AmericusSinging--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AmericusSuffrage--Georgia--AmericusAmericus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySumter County Courthouse (Americus, Ga.)Sumter County Movement (Americus, Ga.)Friendship Baptist Church (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)Campbell, J. R. (Joseph R.), 1924-2006In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from July 30, 1965, African Americans demonstrate against segregation in Americus, Georgia. The clip begins with a night march of mostly African Americans, led by Reverend Joseph R. Campbell, head of the Sumter County Movement, and other men in white shirts. Law enforcement officers walk beside the marchers, who sing and clap as they walk. A man speaks to the crowd, which consists of several white and African American demonstrators. Children and teenagers are seen among the crowd, including one young boy who plays with a helmet while sitting on the ground. After a break in the clip, protesters also march during a daytime demonstration, following a police car as they walk. The demonstrators march from Friendship Baptist Church on Cotton Avenue to the Sumter County Courthouse. Signs in the crowd have the slogans, "Help us end this evil system," "One man, one vote," and "I don't want to keep my money but you are keeping my rights." Law enforcement officers again protect the marchers. The demonstrators also kneel and appear to pray near the Sumter County Courthouse. Earlier in the day, the four women arrested July 20 for standing in a "white" line at a Sumter County election were released from jail by federal judge W. A. Bootle; after being released, the women immediately joined a protest march at the Sumter County Courthouse. After sporadic civil rights demonstrations from 1963 through 1965, the Sumter County Movement intensified protests after the July 20 arrest of four African American women for standing in a "white" line at a Sumter County election. Three-times-daily protests continued from July 21 through August 13, when the movement agreed to end demonstrations to ease tensions in the city with the hope of later forming a biracial committee to discuss African American demands.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_485021 clip (about 6 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-07-30Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans demonstrating against segregation in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July 30, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1306, 14:36/20:30, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.81ugabma_wsbn_4845448454wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_48454yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans picketing against racial discrimination in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August 2WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American children--Georgia--AmericusAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Songs and musicCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusClergy--Georgia--AmericusPicketing--Georgia--AmericusPolice--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusWade in the water (Song)Singing--Georgia--AmericusGrocery trade--Georgia--AmericusSigns and signboards--Georgia--AmericusBoycotts--Georgia--AmericusRace discrimination--Georgia--AmericusBuses--Georgia--AmericusStores, Retail--Georgia--AmericusStores, Retail--Georgia--AmericusKwik-Chek (Americus, Ga.)Piggly Wiggly (Americus, Ga.)Sumter County Courthouse (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 2, 1965, African Americans protest racial discrimination by picketing local stores in Americus, Georgia. African American boys appear to be waiting for a bus which pulls up to the roadside; a racially mixed group exits the chartered bus. Picketers in front of a Kwik-Chek in Americus carry signs with slogans that include, "Do not buy segregation," and "Will you help us stop this war? Don't buy anything downtown." Police watch the picketers as they walk, standing between the store and the demonstrators. The group is led by a man in a clerical collar, and includes two young children who march with the protesters and carry their own signs. An interracial group of picketers also protest in front of a Piggly Wiggly grocery store. A group of African Americans stand in a circle and sing, "Wade in the Water" in front of the Sumter County Courthouse. On August 2, 1965, twenty-three demonstrators were arrested for picketing stores in Americus and charged with trespassing for declining to remain in "picket-approved" areas. The Americus Times-Recorder reports that demonstrators were arrested in front of the Kwik-Chek store at 10 am and at 1 pm, with another group expected to arrive later that same afternoon. Civil rights demonstrations occurred sporadically in Sumter County between 1963 and 1965. After the July 20, 1965 arrest of four African American women for standing in a "white" line during an election, the Sumter County Movement, assisted by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), increased the frequency of protests.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_484541 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-08-02Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans picketing against racial discrimination in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1305, 51:10/52:46, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.82ugabma_wsbn_4298242982wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_42982yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans protesting for the release of arrested women in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July 28WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusProtest marches--Georgia--AmericusPolice vehicles--Georgia--AmericusClergy--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Songs and musicPolice--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Suffrage--Georgia--AmericusAfrican American women--Georgia--AmericusArrest--Georgia--AmericusImprisonment--Georgia--AmericusSuffrage--Georgia--AmericusLocal elections--Georgia--AmericusSinging--Georgia--AmericusSigns and signboards--Georgia--AmericusRace relationsPolice--UniformsPolice--Equipment and suppliesHelmets--Georgia--AmericusRifles--Georgia--AmericusSouthern Christian Leadership ConferencePolice, State--Georgia--AmericusSumter County Courthouse (Americus, Ga.)Sumter County Movement (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)Campbell, J. R. (Joseph R.), 1924-2006Williams, Hosea, 1926-Lewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Americus, Georgia, on July 28, 1965, an organized group of mostly African Americans protest day and night for the release of four African American women who were arrested for standing in the "white" line during an election on July 20. The clip begins with a night demonstration where Georgia state highway patrolmen walk beside the marchers, one of whom has her hair in curlers. The march stops at the Sumter County courthouse, where some of the demonstrators, carrying umbrellas and other rain gear, sit on blankets spread along the sidewalk. Law enforcement officers watch the demonstration; they are equipped with helmets and rifles with bayonets. The demonstrators sing, clap their hands, and listen to Reverend Joseph Campbell, leader of the Sumter County Movement, and Reverend Hosea Williams from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Next, during a day march, demonstrators follow a police car, protected by nearby law-enforcement officers. John Lewis, another SCLC minister, speaks to the listening crowd. Protesters carry signs with slogans including, "Charges dropped and election void," "Break the segregation by voter registration," and "Open registration with a Negro registrar or clerk and additional hours." On July 20, four African American women were arrested at a county-held special election for Justice of the Peace; one of the women arrested was Mary Fishe Bell, the first African American political candidate in Sumter County. After the women's arrest, the Sumter County Movement organized three demonstrations daily to protest the arrest of the women and the mishandling of the election, and to draw attention to race relations in Americus. Finally, during another night march, police trail demonstrators, including John Lewis and Hosea Williams, as they gather at Sumter County Courthouse. The protesters again spread blankets on the sidewalk before singing, clapping, and listening to speakers. After ten days of increasing racial tensions and demonstrations, federal judge W. A. Bootle ordered that the incarcerated women be released and that segregated elections end in Sumter County on July 30. African Americans agreed to halt demonstrations in Americus on August 13.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_429821 clip (about 15 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-07-28Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans protesting for the release of arrested women in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July 28, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0959, 30:09/45:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.83ugabma_wsbn_3402634026wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34026yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans protesting segregation by conducting a lunch counter sit-in, possibly in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1958WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityAfrican American civil rights workers--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityCivil rights demonstrations--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CitySit-ins--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CitySegregation--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityDiscrimination in restaurants--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityDiscrimination in public accommodations--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityCivil rights movements--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityPolice--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityWaitresses--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityAfrican Americans--Oklahoma--Oklahoma CityOklahoma City (Okla.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleIn this WSB newsfilm clip from 1958, African Americans hold a sit-in at a lunch counter to protest segregation, possibly in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.The clip begins outside a building, with the camera facing the doorway. Cars are parked along the street, and people appear to gather in a crowd near the doors of the store. Inside the building, a policeman in shirtsleeves stands among the store goods, and later a white waitress leans against a counter. African Americans sit on stools along the lunch counter, and behind them two policemen converse. Another white waitress wipes down the counter in front of a girl; down the lunch counter, every seat appears taken, but no one has anything in front of them. The clip ends with two boys at the lunch counter sitting near a man who appears to be their father. One boy drinks from a glass, and another younger boy appears to eat something out of a bowl.The direct action technique of sitting at a lunch counter until given service was used by a handful of African Americans during the 1950s to protest segregation. In 1958, sit-ins were held by local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Wichita, Kansas, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Both campaigns were eventually successful; in Oklahoma, where the sit-ins spread to Enid and Tulsa, nearly forty stores across the state had integrated their lunch counters by the end of the year. Sit-in campaigns the following year in Miami, Florida, and Saint Louis, Missouri, were not as successful. In Saint Louis, stores chose to remove their lunch counters rather than integrate. On February 1, 1960, four African American students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro, North Carolina sat down at a lunch counter in a F.W. Woolworth's store and declined to leave when they were refused service. The next day, several more African American students sat down at the same lunch counter and again refused to leave when they were not served. As word of the direct action protests against segregation spread, the number of African American students conducting similar protests around the country grew. By the fall of 1961, over one hundred communities in every Southern and border state had experienced sit-ins, and over seventy thousand demonstrators had been arrested. The excitement and determination of young civil rights workers led to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) holding a conference for the students at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina April 1960, where the students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), an organization influential in the Civil Rights movement for the next several years.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_340261 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1958Oklahoma City (Okla.)Oklahoma County (Okla.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans protesting segregation by conducting a lunch counter sit-in, possibly in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1958, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0758, 9:30/10:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.84ugabma_wsbn_4589745897wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45897yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans protesting segregation in daytime and nighttime demonstrations, damage following a race riot, and police in Savannah, Georgia, 1963 JulyWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights movements--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights workers--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--SavannahRace relationsRace riots--Georgia--SavannahPolice--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American prisoners--Georgia--SavannahArson--Georgia--SavannahFires--Georgia--SavannahChurch buildings--Fire and fire prevention--Georgia--SavannahSegregation--Georgia--SavannahBaptists--Georgia--SavannahPolice vehicles--Georgia--SavannahPhotographers--Georgia--SavannahAfrican American children--Georgia--SavannahShoe shiners--Georgia--SavannahPrisoners--Georgia--SavannahSavannah (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryMen, White--Georgia--SavannahBaptist Bible Church (Savannah, Ga.)In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from July 1963, African Americans protest segregation in daytime and nighttime demonstrations, police sit at their headquarters, men repair a broken window, and a white man examines the damage in a burnt building. The clip contains both daytime and nighttime scenes and frequently jumps between scenes. It also contains several long pauses with both black and white screens.The clip begins by showing damage from a recent riot. A car windshield and a storefront window each have a hole in them. Two African American young men walk by the storefront; one stops and points to the broken window. Other African American men stand on the corner of Saston Street near a barbecue restaurant. Next, an African American man wearing a prison uniform shines the shoes of a white police officer. Other white police officers stand nearby. One white officer, seen through a window, drinks from a cup; another officer walks behind him. Later, two white men file a window ledge of a smashed out window. The camera focuses on a sign for "Baptist Bible Church." A white man walks through the doorway under the sign and walks down the street. Another white man is seen through a broken out window frame. The man looks through a fire-damaged book. The edges of the book are charred but some of the pages appear to be fine. The man shows the damaged book to the camera. Later the man walks out of a one-story fire-damaged building.Next, African American demonstrators sit on the ground clapping and singing during a nighttime demonstration. A white photographer takes a picture of the demonstrators. Demonstrators rush to sit down in front of a car with its headlights on. There are brief images of tear gas in the air and of people rushing through doors. Policemen pull demonstrators off of a police car; one of the demonstrators falls to the ground.The clip returns to a daytime image of a white man walking away from the burnt building seen earlier. The man shows the camera fire damage on the inside of the door. Next, a white policeman is briefly seen near African American demonstrators in downtown Savannah. When the clip returns to the night scene, white policemen and an African American man try to direct African American children while other African Americans stand around singing and clapping. The clip pauses for a period, showing a blank white screen and then a blank black screen. The clip shows a brief view of white policemen at night wearing black rain coats before returning to the two white policemen in the garage. An African American prisoner shines the shoes of one of the officers. Later a pane of glass sits in the back of a truck, and the camera shows the storefront with the broken window that will be replaced. Two white policemen approach a group of African Americans standing on a street corner, and two African American young men stand on the corner of Saston Street. The camera returns to the police garage where a policeman looks through a window and a police car is parked.After the daytime scenes, the clip returns to the nighttime demonstration. African Americans lie on the ground. White policemen help some of the demonstrators up. Other demonstrators block a police car, and policemen try to remove the demonstrators. A white policeman sits in a police car with its lights on, waiting for the demonstrators to move. Following another long pause in the clip, the white policeman is seen again sitting in his car as he is blocked by demonstrators. A white policeman and African American adults try to pull African American children off of the back of a police car. Several white firemen in dark coats stand together. African American women talk to a white policeman through a car window. A large group of African American demonstrators sit on the ground and sing and clap their hands. As protesters get up from the ground in front of the car, others take their place. After another break in the clip, demonstrators try to escape tear gas by running inside a building. Policemen move through the darkness and later push back African Americans. In the darkness, lights shine, and cars drive down the road. The clip ends inside a police building although the camera is at odd angles.During the summer of 1963, African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, engaged in confrontational civil rights demonstrations. Chatham County Crusade for Voters leader Hosea Williams directed several daytime and nighttime demonstrations against segregation. A July 11, 1963 demonstration was broken up by tear gas and fire hoses, prompting bystanders to riot. Georgia governor Carl Sanders sent members of the Georgia State Patrol to Savannah and put the National Guard on alert. Following the demonstrations that jailed over five hundred protesters, business leaders agreed to a wide-spread desegregation plan that went into effect on October 1, 1963.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_458971 clip (about 7 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-07Savannah (Ga.)Chatham County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans protesting segregation in daytime and nighttime demonstrations, damage following a race riot, and police in Savannah, Georgia, 1963 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1125, 30:23/37:02, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.85ugabma_wsbn_6429664296wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_64296yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting negatively to mayor Sam Massell's speech on politics and government, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Race relationsAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--Georgia--AtlantaForums (Discussion and debate)--Georgia--AtlantaWhites--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Segregation--Georgia--AtlantaUrban-rural migration--GeorgiaWhites--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--GeorgiaWhites--Georgia--Atlanta--Migrations--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Georgia--AtlantaPrejudices--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical candidates--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical campaigns--Georgia--AtlantaMunicipal government--Georgia--AtlantaElectoral coalitions--Georgia--AtlantaElections--Georgia--AtlantaPolarization (Social sciences)--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--ElectionsJewish mayors--Georgia--AtlantaJewish politicians--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American politicians--Georgia--AtlantaCity councilmembers--Georgia--AtlantaMunicipal officials and employees--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical participation--Georgia--AtlantaCity dwellers--Georgia--AtlantaTaxation--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Economic aspectsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Political aspectsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race RelationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Board of AldermenSpeeches, addresses, etc.Speeches, addresses, etcGovernment, Resistance to--Georgia--AtlantaMigration, Internal--GeorgiaButler Street YMCA (Atlanta, Ga.)Hungry Club Forum (Atlanta, Ga.)Massell, SamLewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-In this WSB newsfilm clip from October 6, 1971, several African Americans, including Atlanta city alderman Henry Dodson and civil rights leader and future U.S. Representative John Lewis comment negatively on a speech recently given by Atlanta mayor Sam Massell.The clip begins with Atlanta city alderman Henry Dodson telling a reporter that "coming from the other side," he is "glad" that Massell "made the speech like he made." Although the mayor may have told him that he had to "think white to get along in this society," he asserts "I can think black and get along in this society." Dodson notes that he represents both black and white people in his district, and insists that, by thinking black, he can serve his constituents just as well as the white politicians that preceded him. He concludes "I'm not going to think white." Next, John Lewis confesses that he is "very disappointed" with Massell's speech, and thinks "it is wrong for the mayor of a city like Atlanta to suggest that black people should not be concerned about their own political destiny." Next, an African American woman disagrees with the mayor "outlining what we as blacks should do" and is skeptical that he has "thought it all through." She opines that Massell has instructed African Americans to "get to work on what he is thinking we should do." Her overall impression of the speech is that African Americans "were still proving ourselves as black people in this city," and she remarks "I thought that we had come further than that."On October 6, 1971, Atlanta mayor Sam Massell addressed the Hungry Club, a community forum held weekly at Atlanta's African American Butler Street YMCA, to gain support from the African American community for political measures that would encourage white residency and reduce the loss of municipal tax revenue garnered from white middle-class Atlantans. In his speech, the mayor expressed his concerns about white flight and its negative financial impact on the city. In addition to suggesting that black leaders "think white" and favor working "to make the city more attractive as an inducement for them to stay," he asked that they "challenge the militant minority" and "rise above the inferiority complex that only blacks will politically support blacks." Massell alienated the majority of his African American audience with this speech; he did so by suggesting that African American behavior, rather than white racism, caused white flight, and that electing African American candidates was secondary to appeasing white Atlanta residents. His refusal to take questions at the conclusion of the speech was equally unpopular.Sam Massell, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, and, as of 2010, Atlanta's last white mayor, initially adopted the strategy of the city's previous mayors, William Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, who had bridged the city's racial gap by building a coalition of African Americans and liberal and moderate whites. This changed, however, when African American vice mayor Maynard Jackson began to surpass Massell's popularity as a candidate in the black community. As re-election drew closer, Massell abandoned the coalition approach of his predecessors, and spent his efforts on gaining white support. He conducted a racially divisive campaign embodied by the slogan "Atlanta's Too Young To Die," a warning to voters that a black mayor would kill the city. When Jackson defeated Massell in 1973, the racial polarization that had been cultivated in the election yielded a highly segregated result, with African Americans voting overwhelmingly for Jackson, and whites for Massell.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesLewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-Dodson, Henry D., 1932-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_642961 clip (about 3 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-10-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting negatively to mayor Sam Massell's speech on politics and government, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1770, 24:23/27:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.86ugabma_wsbn_6427964279wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_64279yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting to a speech by mayor Sam Massell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Race relationsDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--Georgia--AtlantaPublic opinion--Georgia--AtlantaForums (Discussion and debate)--Georgia--AtlantaWhites--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Segregation--Georgia--AtlantaUrban-rural migration--GeorgiaWhites--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--GeorgiaWhites--Georgia--Atlanta--Migrations--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsPrejudices--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical candidates--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical campaigns--Georgia--AtlantaMunicipal government--Georgia--AtlantaElectoral coalitions--Georgia--AtlantaElections--Georgia--AtlantaPolarization (Social sciences)--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--ElectionsMayors--Georgia--AtlantaJewish mayors--Georgia--AtlantaJewish politicians--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American politicians--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical participation--Georgia--AtlantaCity dwellers--Georgia--AtlantaTaxation--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race RelationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Economic aspectsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Political aspectsAtlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th centurySpeeches, addresses, etc.Government, Resistance to--Georgia--AtlantaMigration, Internal--GeorgiaButler Street YMCA (Atlanta, Ga.)Hungry Club Forum (Atlanta, Ga.)Massell, SamLewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-Mays, Benjamin E. (Benjamin Elijah), 1894-1984In this WSB newsfilm clip from October 6, 1971, several African Americans, including civil rights leader and future U.S. Representative John Lewis comment on a speech recently delivered to the Hungry Club by Atlanta mayor Sam Massell.The clip begins with John Lewis speaking to a reporter; he comments that black Atlantans have lived in the city a long time, represent its resources, and should have an interest in controlling the city, noting "we are a majority of the city, and we should control it." Next, Dr. Benjamin Mays, president emeritus of Morehouse College and president of the Atlanta Board of Education, describes Mayor Sam Massell's speech as "sincere;" he goes on to say that overall, the speech was good, and that "there are many good things in the speech which I think we need to consider very seriously." The reporter asks Mays if there were any parts of the speech that he considered "objectionable;" he responds that there were not. Next, an unidentified African American man calls the speech "an insult to all blacks who think," and criticizes Massell's departure from the podium without taking questions from the audience as "cowardice;" he suggests "frankly, if he's a statesman, he should have been talking to the Chamber of Commerce, or to the Kiwanis Club, or to the Lion's Club. This is the wrong group." He concludes "We are not responsible for white folks running from the city of Atlanta."On October 6, 1971, Atlanta mayor Sam Massell addressed the Hungry Club, a community forum held weekly at Atlanta's African American Butler Street YMCA. Here, Massell hoped to gain support from the African American community for political measures that would discourage white flight from the city and reduce the loss of municipal tax revenue garnered from white middle-class Atlantans. In his speech, Massell suggested that black leaders "think white" and favor working "to make the city more attractive as an inducement for them to stay." He also asked that they "challenge the militant minority" and "rise above the inferiority complex that only blacks will politically support blacks." By suggesting that African American behavior, rather than white racism, caused white flight, and that electing African American candidates was secondary to appeasing white Atlanta residents, Massell alienated the majority of his African American audience with this speech. His refusal to take questions at the conclusion of the speech was equally unpopular.Sam Massell, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, and, as of 2010, Atlanta's last white mayor, initially adopted the strategy of the city's previous mayors, William Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, who had bridged the city's racial gap by building a coalition of African Americans and liberal and moderate whites. This changed, however, when African American vice mayor Maynard Jackson began to surpass Massell's popularity as a candidate in the black community. As re-election drew closer, Massell abandoned the coalition approach of his predecessors, and spent his efforts on gaining white support. He conducted a racially divisive campaign embodied by the slogan "Atlanta's Too Young To Die," a warning to voters that a black mayor would kill the city. When Jackson defeated Massell in 1973, the racial polarization that had been cultivated in the election yielded a highly segregated result, with African Americans voting overwhelmingly for Jackson, and whites for Massell.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesLewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_642791 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-10-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting to a speech by mayor Sam Massell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1769, 58:59/01:00:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.87ugabma_wsbn_3530935309wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35309yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama governor Georgia C. Wallace standing in the doorway to prevent registration of African American students at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1963 June 11WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)College integration--Alabama--TuscaloosaAfrican American college students--Alabama--TuscaloosaIntervention (Federal government)--Alabama--TuscaloosaReporters and reporting--Alabama--TuscaloosaSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Alabama--TuscaloosaFederal-state controversies--AlabamaUniversity of AlabamaAlabama. National GuardGovernment, Resistance to--AlabamaWallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998In this WSB newsfilm clip from Foster Auditorium on the University of Alabama campus in Tuscaloosa, Alabama on June 11, 1963, Alabama governor George C. Wallace stands in the doorway of the auditorium to prevent the integration of the university before receiving and complying with a presidential order to step aside. The clip begins with a crowd standing on the sidewalk leading to Foster Auditorium. Wallace, standing at a podium, appears to be speaking, although his comments are not recorded. Led by Lieutenant General Henry Graham, Alabama National Guard soldiers walk up to the podium and hand the printed presidential order to Wallace. Wallace then walks away from the building, enters a car, and waves as the car drives away. After his departure, African American students James Hood and Vivian Malone are escorted to the building where they will register for classes; two soldiers escort Hood first; then three more soldiers escort Malone. Several years previously, in 1956, Autherine Lucy became the first African American student to matriculate at the University of Alabama, after having won a three-year court battle. However, after three days of constant rioting, the university suspended her, purportedly for her own protection; Lucy was later expelled after her lawyers accused University of Alabama officials for conspiring with the rioters. In 1963, federal courts ruled that the university would have to admit Vivian Malone and James Hood. On June 11, governor George Wallace followed through on a 1962 campaign promise to "stand in the schoolhouse door" to preserve segregation in Alabama by standing in the entrance of Foster Auditorium in an orchestrated and high profile attempt to block the way of federal officials escorting Malone and Hood. Wallace only stepped aside after a presidential order was presented directly to him by members of the Alabama National Guard. Wallace implemented tight security on campus and made a plea for Alabama citizens to stay away in order to avoid a repeat of the rioting and violence that characterized the 1956 Autherine Lucy affair and the 1962 integration at Ole Miss. After Wallace left campus, Malone and Hood successfully registered for classes that afternoon. Two days later, another African American student, Dave M. McGlathery, was admitted to the University of Alabama's graduate school at the Birmingham campus. Neither the Tuscaloosa nor the Birmingham campuses experienced violence or rioting with the 1963 integration.DigiBeta preservation master.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_353091 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-06-11Tuscaloosa (Ala.)Tuscaloosa County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama governor Georgia C. Wallace standing in the doorway to prevent registration of African American students at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1963 June 11, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0783, 58:01/59:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.88ugabma_wsbn_3355233552wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_33552yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama National Guardsmen protecting an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive at the Greyhound bus terminal in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 24WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in transportation--Alabama--MontgomeryRace relationsAfrican American college students--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentAfrican American civil rights workers--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights workers--Alabama--MontgomeryCollege teachers--Alabama--MontgomeryCollege chaplains--Alabama--MontgomeryBuses--Alabama--MontgomeryAutomobiles--Alabama--MontgomeryPolice--Alabama--MontgomeryMotorcycles--Alabama--MontgomeryClergy--Alabama--MontgomeryAfrican American clergy--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights demonstrations--Alabama--MontgomeryMontgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryJohnson C. Smith University--StudentsAlabama. National GuardFreedom Rides, 1961Men, White--Alabama--MontgomeryWesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.)--FacultyCarter, Clyde L. (Clyde Larocque)Maguire, John DavidSwift, David Everett, 1914-King, A. D. (Alfred Daniel), 1930-1969In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, members of the Alabama National Guard protect an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive in Montgomery, Alabama, and leave the Greyhound bus terminal.The clip begins with soldiers holding guns as they get out of the back of a truck; the soldiers then walk toward a line of buses. Two police officers on motorcycles escort a Greyhound bus into the parking lot. The sign on the bus indicates it is continuing on to New Orleans, Louisiana. Across the street a crowd watches the bus's arrival as soldiers and state troopers line the sidewalk in front of the bus terminal. Other observers are seen in upstairs windows of the building across the street.Next, reverend A. D. King, brother of Martin Luther King, Jr., gets into the front seat of a waiting car. Another African American man, Clyde Carter, a student at Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina, gets into the backseat. Two white professors from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut are also in the car; John Maguire sits in the front seat and David Swift sits in the backseat. Troops stand between crowds on the sidewalk and the cars as they drive away from the bus station. The clip ends as a caravan of cars leaves the bus station.On May 23, 1961, a group of professors from Yale and Wesleyan Universities met up with Charles Jones and Clyde Carter, students from Johnson C. Smith University in North Carolina. The students and the professors met in Atlanta, Georgia, and decided to join the ongoing Freedom Rides; riders had been beaten after arriving in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961. The students and professors held a press conference in Atlanta on May 24 before their 12:30 pm departure to Montgomery. Although the bus was scheduled to make stops along the way, the bus driver and bus company avoided the possibility of further violence following the May 14 attack on two buses in Anniston, Alabama and instead drove directly to Montgomery. The bus and the seven Freedom Riders were met in Montgomery by several hundred Alabama National Guardsmen who held back a crowd of white observers. Reverends Ralph Abernathy and Fred Shuttlesworth drove the men from the bus station to private homes for the evening. The next day, May 25, the seven freedom riders, joined by Abernathy, Shuttlesworth, Wyatt Walker, and Bernard Lee sought service at the "white-only" lunch counter at the Montgomery bus station and were arrested for disorderly conduct, preventing them from traveling to Jackson, Mississippi as they had planned.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_335521 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-24Montgomery (Ala.)Montgomery County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama National Guardsmen protecting an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive at the Greyhound bus terminal in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0747, 35:36/36:42, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.89ugabma_wsbn_3957339573wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_39573yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama state court trial judge George C. Wallace about a case involving the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, Montgomery, Alabama, 1959 January 26WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Press conferences--Alabama--MontgomeryJudges--Alabama--MontgomeryReporters and reporting--Alabama--MontgomeryContempt of court--Alabama--MontgomeryCamera operators--Alabama--MontgomeryState rightsIntervention (Federal government)--AlabamaAfrican Americans--Suffrage--AlabamaVoter registration--AlabamaUnited States Commission on Civil RightsUnited States. Dept. of JusticeWallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Montgomery, Alabama on January 26, 1959, Alabama state court trial judge George C. Wallace speaks to reporters after being acquitted of contempt of court charges in a case involving the United States Civil Rights Commission. The clip begins with Wallace standing in front of a curtain in the Jefferson Davis Hotel in Montgomery, Alabama, where cameramen are setting up for the press conference. Wallace tells reporters that he did not keep the voting registration records from the Civil Rights Commission in order to hide anything. Instead, he asserts that the situation was one of "federal authority against state authority" and proclaims he was willing to risk his freedom in order to maintain state rights. Wallace announces that the "evil" Civil Rights Commission and the United States Justice Department were "hunting for a way out" and so backed down after he and others defied them. He continues, "This 1959 attempt to have a second Sherman's march to the sea has been stopped in the cradle of the confederacy." The Civil Rights Commission, created as part of the 1957 Civil Rights Act, announced in September 1958 the investigation of six Alabama counties on charges that registrars had deterred African Americans from voting. In defiance of the Commission, George Wallace, then a state court trial judge, announced an investigation into alleged misrepresentation leading to the registration of unqualified people in two counties the Commission was investigating. Wallace continued to obstruct the Commission's investigation by refusing to turn over records, delaying appointments with commission agents, and requiring complicated reports before finally turning the records over to a hastily convened grand jury who then shared the records with the Civil Rights Commission. Federal judge Frank Johnson charged Wallace with contempt of court but after a January 26 trial ruled that Wallace was not guilty. Wallace made the statement seen here from the Jefferson Davis hotel in Montgomery several hours after the trial's conclusion.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesWallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_395731 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1959-01-26Montgomery (Ala.)Montgomery County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama state court trial judge George C. Wallace about a case involving the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, Montgomery, Alabama, 1959 January 26, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0836, 19:12/20:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.90ugabma_wsbn_6230962309wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_62309yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an African American man identified as Mr. Mitchell speaking about civil rights probably in Atlanta, Georgia, 1971WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American men--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSocial integration--Georgia--AtlantaLaw enforcement--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryIn this WSB newsfilm clip probably from 1971, an African American man, identified as Mr. Mitchell, speaks about progress in obtaining civil rights to a white female reporter. The clip begins with Mr. Mitchell who sits in an office with several plaques on the wall. A woman off-screen asks a question that is incompletely recorded. Mr. Mitchell declares that law and court decisions provide for nearly all of the rights African Americans have traditionally sought. According to Mitchell, protection against violence, fair housing legislation, school desegregation, access to public accommodations, equal access to federal funds, and fair employment legislation have been already addressed legally. Mitchell recognizes that even with the law supporting these rights the challenge is to ensure fair application. Mitchell reproaches the country for not living up to the "requirements of the law in the courts." He suggests that two continuing tasks in achieving civil rights are to "close any gaps and loop holes that there are in existing law and also to insist that the whole body of law be enforced in the country."Part 2 of the clip shows the white female reporter who interviewed Mr. Mitchell.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_623091 clip (about 2 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an African American man identified as Mr. Mitchell speaking about civil rights probably in Atlanta, Georgia, 1971, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1715, 00:00/01:59, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.91ugabma_wsbn_4165941659wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41659yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an an African American man being interviewed, Savannah, Georgia, 1961 March 23WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--SavannahCivil rights movements--Georgia--SavannahSegregation--Georgia--SavannahRace relationsSavannah (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryBlack man being interviewed and with other BlacksTitle supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_416591 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-03-23Savannah (Ga.)Chatham County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an an African American man being interviewed, Savannah, Georgia, 1961 March 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0901, 11:17/12:36, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.92ugabma_wsbn_4785347853wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_47853yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an Atlanta civil rights march protesting alleged police brutality in Selma, Alabama, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 March 16WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaProtest songs--Georgia--AtlantaSinging--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Songs and musicCourthouses--Georgia--AtlantaPolice brutality--Alabama--SelmaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaNuns--Georgia--AtlantaFlags--United StatesCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American college students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentPrayer--Georgia--AtlantaPublic worship--Georgia--AtlantaEverybody wants freedom (Song)We shall overcome (Song)Clergy--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta University Center (Ga.)Metropolitan Atlanta Civil CouncilSt. Martin Human Relations CouncilEbenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)Federal Building (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Martin Luther, 1899-1984Bond, Julian, 1940-Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973Clark, JimIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on March 16, 1965, civil rights demonstrators march from Ebenezer Baptist Church and from Atlanta University Center to the federal courthouse to protest alleged police brutality in Selma, Alabama. The clip is frequently dark, and the audio is inconsistent. A group of demonstrators including African Americans, white citizens, and nuns in religious habits appear to line up behind someone carrying an American flag; many of the demonstrators carry picket signs. Picket sign slogans throughout the march include "Let's make [President] Johnson's words reality," "Jim Clark [Dallas County, Alabama sheriff] must go!" "One man one vote"; "Stop police killings"; "Gas is Nazism," and "State Police don't beat registered voters." A man stands in front of a banner for the "Metropolitan Atlanta Civil Council"; later another man uses a microphone attached to a car to read from a text, and afterwards the demonstrators begin to march. Cars appear to follow the protesters who walk on the road's median, and people stand on the overpass above the demonstration. A few demonstrators carry a banner with the phrase "Atlanta U Students are here." A small amount of protesters wear armbands with an "M" on them, possibly signifying that they are marshals for the demonstration. Another banner has the slogan "St. Martin's Human Relations Council." St. Martin's was the archdiocese in Atlanta. The demonstration had two branches, one leaving from the Atlanta University Center and the other from Ebenezer Baptist Church. Both meet at the federal courthouse downtown. After the march reaches downtown, the demonstrators march near the federal courthouse, and spectators watch from across the street. A white man in a convertible appears to wait for the demonstration to cross the street so he can continue driving. More observers watch from the open windows of a tall building. White reporters and two African American men, one holding an envelope, stand together away from the crowd. The marchers seem to gather in an alley beside the federal courthouse where Martin Luther King, Sr. appears to pray, and the crowd sways and links their hands. According to a report in the Atlanta Journal, King urged the marchers to be grateful the demonstration occurred without incident. Interspersed with scenes of the crowd in the alley an African American man walks in front of a crowd on the sidewalk with several signs including "Jesus says we must be born again," "Prepare to meet thy God," and "Repent or live in hell." Audio portions within the clip record the demonstrators clapping, chanting, exclaiming "Freedom!" and singing "We shall overcome" and "Everybody wants freedom" while horns honk. Women with children in strollers and clergy also participate in the demonstration. The crowd stands in front of another building, and Julian Bond, former head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, walks through the crowd. The camera focuses on the interracial group as they sing, sway, and hold hands. The clip ends with a sign for the Clark Howell School, and white men and women sit in a room. Civil rights protests focusing on African American voting rights in Selma, Dallas County, Alabama began early in 1965 as part of a larger campaign in Alabama's "Black Belt." On February 18, 1965 eighteen-year-old civil rights worker Jimmy Lee Jackson was shot in Marion, Alabama following a voter registration demonstration. He died of his wounds on February 26. On March 4 the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. announced a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, about fifty miles away, to honor Jackson and to petition for fairer voting laws. In response, Governor George Wallace on March 7 proclaimed he would not let the demonstrators march and ordered Al Lingo, director of the state highway patrol, to prevent the march. On Sunday, March 8 state police violently prevented demonstrators from leaving Selma for Montgomery. In Atlanta, Georgia, students from the historically African American Atlanta University Center picketed the federal courthouse in sympathy to the civil rights workers in Selma and asked for sheriff Jim Clark's arrest as well as federal troops to protect civil rights workers. On March 16 in Atlanta a crowd of between one thousand and three thousand marched downtown again seeking action in Selma from the federal government. President Lyndon B. Johnson federalized the Alabama National Guard March 20 to protect marchers because governor Wallace claimed he was "willing but unable to pay." The march reached Montgomery March 24.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_478531 clip (about 16 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-03-16Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Selma (Ala.)Dallas County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an Atlanta civil rights march protesting alleged police brutality in Selma, Alabama, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 March 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1250, 41:02/57:02, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.93ugabma_wsbn_4568845688wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45688yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of civil rights students turned away after attempting to integrate S & W Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 June 9WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American college students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaRestaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSit-ins--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryS & W Cafeteria (Atlanta, Ga.)In this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from June 9, 1963, an interracial group of civil rights student demonstrators are turned away in their attempt to integrate the S & W Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia. The clip begins with an interracial group of student demonstrators walking down the street. The men wear white shirts and ties and the women wear dresses; an African American woman and a white man have their arms around each others' waists. Outside a downtown building a group of white men confronts the students, and a white man pushes the students away from a doorway as he tries to close it. The students appear to speak to a white man in sunglasses; the African American woman has her arms draped around an African American man and a white man. The students try to maneuver themselves into the restaurant when the door opens. White patrons who leave try and avoid the demonstrators; a crowd on the sidewalk watches the exchange. Next the camera focuses on a broken glass panel at the bottom of the door. People walk on the sidewalk in front of the S & W Cafeteria between the demonstrators in front of the building and observers on the edge of the sidewalk. The demonstrators hold hands and stand in a line with their backs to the camera. The camera focuses on a white man in sun glasses who paces near the observers. The demonstrators again speak to the white men in front of the building before they walk away. Integration efforts in Atlanta focusing on restaurants and lunch counters began April 17, 1963 led by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR). Students demonstrated at the S & W Cafeteria, Leb's Restaurant, and Ship Ahoy. On May 29 the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce called upon member businesses to desegregate as soon as possible. On June 25, 1963 thirty-five eating establishments agreed to quietly desegregate on a thirty-day trial basis. Some whites picketed the integrating restaurants, and eventually most of the restaurants resegregated. Most Atlanta-area restaurants desegregated following the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_456881 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-06-09Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of civil rights students turned away after attempting to integrate S & W Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 June 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1116, 34:42/36:18, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.94ugabma_wsbn_3828338283wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38283yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of Freedom Riders holding a press conference before leaving Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 24WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American college students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaFolding chairs--Georgia--AtlantaCollege teachers--Georgia--AtlantaCollege chaplains--Georgia--AtlantaPhotographers--Georgia--AtlantaPiano--Georgia--AtlantaBuses--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation in transportation--Georgia--AtlantaStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Johnson C. Smith University--StudentsYale University--FacultyYale University--StudentsMen, White--Georgia--AtlantaFreedom Rides, 1961Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.)--FacultyJones, Charles, 1937-Carter, Clyde L. (Clyde Larocque)Swift, David Everett, 1914-Maguire, John DavidSmith, George Bundy, 1937-Coffin, William SloaneNoyce, Gaylord B.In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, an interracial group of Freedom Riders including Reverends Gaylord Noyce and William S. Coffin, Jr., professors John Maguire and David Swift, and African American students George B. Smith, Charles Jones, and Clyde Carter speak to reporters in Atlanta, Georgia before traveling by bus to Montgomery, Alabama. The clip begins with several people leaving a building; the image is obscured, and the individuals cannot be identified.Next an interracial group of men walk into a building and sit down in a room with folding chairs and a piano. The men sit around a table and appear to hold a press conference; their comments are not recorded. The men at the table are, from left to right, Dr. John Maguire, professor at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut; Clyde Carter, student at Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina; Dr. David Swift, professor at Wesleyan; William Coffin, chaplain at Yale University; George Smith, Yale University law student; Charles Jones, also a student at Johnson C. Smith University; and Gaylord Noyce, professor at Yale Divinity school. While the camera focuses on different men in the group, a photographer takes pictures, and reporters take notes. One of the microphones in front of the men is identified by a sign as from the WAOK station, an African American station in the Atlanta area. After the press conference, the men walk outside and stand with several other men while a reporter appears to interview them again; the clip is again dark, and it is hard to identify everyone. The camera focuses on a cross outside a building, possibly a church. The men from the press conference are seen briefly before a Greyhound bus as it backs out of a parking spot. Finally the camera focuses on a building with many windows before showing two men in front of a car, apparently trying to fix something.On May 23, 1961, a group of professors from Yale and Wesleyan Universities met up with Charles Jones and Clyde Carter, students from Johnson C. Smith University in North Carolina. The students and the professors decided to join the ongoing Freedom Rides; riders had been beaten after arriving in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961. The students and professors held a press conference on May 24 before their 12:30 pm departure from Atlanta to Montgomery. Although the bus was scheduled to make stops along the way, the bus driver and bus company apparently decided to avoid the possibility of further violence following the May 14 attack on two buses in Anniston, Alabama and instead drove directly to Montgomery. The bus and the seven Freedom Riders were met in Montgomery by several hundred Alabama National Guardsmen who held back a crowd of white observers. Reverends Ralph Abernathy and Fred Shuttlesworth drove the men from the bus station to private homes for the evening. The next day, May 25, the seven freedom riders, joined by Abernathy, Shuttlesworth, Wyatt Walker, and Bernard Lee sought service at the "white-only" lunch counter at the Montgomery bus station and were arrested for disorderly conduct, preventing them from traveling to Jackson, Mississippi as they had planned.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_382831 clip (about 6 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05-24Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of Freedom Riders holding a press conference before leaving Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0052, 53:23/58:58, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.95ugabma_wsbn_4026040260wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_40260yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with civil rights lawyer and city councilman Alexander Looby after his home was bombed in Nashville, Tennessee, 1960 April 19WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American lawyers--Tennessee--NashvilleLawyers--Tennessee--NashvilleReporters and reporting--Tennessee--NashvilleInterviews--Tennessee--NashvilleCity council members--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American civic leaders--Tennessee--NashvilleCivic leaders--Tennessee--NashvilleBombings--Tennessee--NashvilleOffenses against property--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights movements--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Tennessee--NashvilleRace relationsSit-ins--Southern StatesSit-ins--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights movements--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Violence against--Tennessee--NashvilleSegregation--Tennessee--NashvilleSegregation--Southern StatesIntimidation--Tennessee--NashvilleNashville (Tenn.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern States--Race relations--History--20th centuryLooby, Z. Alexander (Zephaniah Alexander), 1899-Looby, Z. Alexander (Zephaniah Alexander), 1899- --Home and haunts--Tennessee--NashvilleIn this WSB newsfilm clip from April 19, 1960 an unidentified reporter interviews civil rights lawyer and city councilman Z. Alexander Looby after his home in Nashville, Tennessee was bombed.The clip begins in the middle of the reporter's question to Z. Alexander Looby about the increased racial tension in Southern cities caused by student-led sit-ins. Looby recognizes that some communities, including Nashville, have experienced heightened racial tension since the sit-ins began in February. However, he attributes the bombing of his home to "the hoodlum element in our community," declaring it an isolated incident. Asked if the sit-ins and other civil rights direct action has been worth the growth of racial tension and the threat of violence and mob action, Looby expresses his hope that there will not be violence and asserts that the movement is worth the risk of "some possible violence." He cautions that African Americans no longer accept continued segregation despite fears of possible violence.The home of Nashville city councilman Z. Alexander Looby was bombed early in the morning of April 19, 1960. Looby and his wife were not harmed in the attack. Looby, a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), served as chief council for the 153 Nashville students that had been arrested in the two months of sit-in demonstrations. The bomb caused damage to other homes in the neighborhood and blew out nearly one hundred fifty windows in Meharry Medical College across the street. In response to the bombing, over two thousand African Americans marched downtown to city hall to protest police failure to halt racial violence where Nashville mayor Ben West met the protestors. In response to a question by movement leader Diane Nash, mayor West said he favored ending segregation at lunch counters downtown. Community leaders reached an agreement to begin desegregating Nashville lunch counters May 10. According to newspaper reports, as of June 25, police had not arrested anyone in connection of the Looby bombing.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesLooby, Z. Alexander (Zephaniah Alexander), 1899-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_402601 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-04-19Nashville (Tenn.)Davidson County (Tenn.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with civil rights lawyer and city councilman Alexander Looby after his home was bombed in Nashville, Tennessee, 1960 April 19, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0852, 26:28/27:30, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.96ugabma_wsbn_4568245682wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45682yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. following the assassination of president John F. Kennedy in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 November 22WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Reporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaPresidents--United StatesPresidents--United States--Election--1960Presidents--Assassination--Texas--DallasPolitical campaigns--United StatesAttempted assassination--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Assassination attemptsKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Assassination attemptsKennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963--AssassinationKennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on November 22, 1963, a reporter interviews Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. following the assassination of United States president John F. Kennedy. The reporter suggests that Dr. King's support helped President Kennedy get elected and asks King if he regrets that support in light of Kennedy's assassination. King recognizes that some African Americans voted for Kennedy, because he called King's wife while King was imprisoned. However, King feels that Kennedy "created a climate of civil rights concern in Washington and in the nation," as evidenced by the civil rights legislation he introduced. The clip breaks, and King is seen sitting in a room in front of a window although the clip does not record what he says at first. When asked about previous attempts on his life, King responds that he has taken a philosophical position to the threat, recognizing "that unmerited suffering is redemptive"; he indicates he would be willing to die if his death brought more freedom to the country. The reporter thanks King and the clip breaks. Next, the reporter asks King how he heard about Kennedy's assassination. King reports that he heard the news while he was on the telephone with a member of his congregation; afterwards, he heard more about it on the television. He relates that the news "was very shocking and upsetting" and that he began thinking about several meetings he had had with the president earlier in the year. Asked about a pleasant memory of Kennedy, King recalls a time Kennedy took him on a tour of the White House. While in the Lincoln Room, King suggested the president issue a second emancipation proclamation freeing African Americans from segregation. King notes that Kennedy was not offended and adds that he appreciated the president's sense of humor. King and the reporter repeat part of the exchange about the election before the clip ends. In October 1960, while King was held in jail by Georgia's DeKalb County, presidential-candidate Kennedy called Mrs. Coretta Scott King to express sympathy. Many African Americans, aware of Kennedy's gesture, voted for him in the presidential election a few weeks later. Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_456821 clip (about 8 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-11-22Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. following the assassination of president John F. Kennedy in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 November 22, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1116, 22:35/30:13, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.97ugabma_wsbn_5196851968wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_51968yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with Robert Kennedy as he arrives in Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 September 29WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Legislators--United StatesPolitical campaigns--United StatesElections--United StatesPresidents--United States--Election--1968Presidential candidates--United StatesLow-income housing--United StatesInner cities--United StatesPoor--Housing--United StatesInternational tradeReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaAirports--Georgia--AtlantaDemocratic Party (U.S.)Democratic Party (U.S.)--1960-1970Atlanta Chamber of CommerceWilliam B. Hartsfield-Atlanta International AirportPresidents--Elections, 1968Speeches, addresses, etcVietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest Movements--United StatesVietnam War, 1961-1975--CampaignsTet Offensive, 1968Democratic National Convention (1968 : Chicago, Ill.)World Trade Conference (1967: Atlanta, Ga.)Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973--Public opinionHumphrey, Hubert H. (Hubert Horatio), 1911-1978McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005Lowenstein, Allard K.In this WSB newsfilm clip from September 29, 1967, New York senator Robert F. Kennedy greets passersby in an Atlanta airport while he fields questions from reporters about President Lyndon Johnson, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and his own plans for national office.The clip begins with Kennedy shaking hands with bystanders as he makes his way through an Atlanta airport. Next, a reporter poses a question to Kennedy; he notes that recent Harris polls show that Kennedy would make a better vice presidential candidate than the incumbent Hubert Humphrey. He then asks Kennedy if he would accept a draft movement at the convention (presumably the 1968 Democratic convention); Kennedy responds that he has no plans to do so. Next, another reporter asks Kennedy if he thinks that the "Dump LBJ" movement could work in 1968, referring to the national "Dump Johnson" movement organized by political activist Allard Lowenstein and anti-Vietnam War members of the Democratic party. Kennedy replies that he does not think so. When asked to elaborate upon his answer, Kennedy says that he believes that if Johnson runs, Johnson will receive the presidential nomination.On September 29, 1967, Robert Kennedy visited Atlanta to address the World Trade Conference of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. In a forty-five minute speech, Kennedy sought support for low income housing, private sector investment in ghetto neighborhoods, and trade expansion in undeveloped countries. Upon his arrival to Atlanta, Kennedy was greeted by crowds, and during his visit, he was prompted by reporters to respond to questions about seeking higher office. As American involvement in the Vietnam war intensified, many Democrats sought Senator Kennedy's leadership of the party as an anti-war candidate. Early on, Kennedy turned down these appeals. Although he had become increasingly critical of the war, he still supported President Johnson's domestic policies, and saw little to be gained from causing a split in the Democratic Party by challenging Johnson's leadership. This changed after the Tet Offensive, in February of 1968, however, when it became clear that the war would not be winding down as Johnson had previously insisted. Anti-war sentiment intensified, and Johnson was nearly beaten in the New Hampshire Democratic primary by anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy. With evidence that Johnson could be unseated, Kennedy announced his candidacy for president in March of 1968.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_519681 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1967-09-29Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with Robert Kennedy as he arrives in Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 September 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1407, 9:45/10:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.98ugabma_wsbn_4147541475wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41475yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with Senators Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania and Ken Keating of New York early in a Southern-led filibuster against proposed Civil Rights legislation in Washington, D.C., 1960 February 29WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights--United StatesCivil rights movements--United StatesLegislators--United StatesFilibusters (Political science)--United StatesInterviews--Washington (D.C.)Reporters and reporting--Washington (D.C.)Politicians--New York (State)Politicians--PennsylvaniaSegregation--United StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rightsSegregation--Law and legislationUnited States--Race relations--History--20th centuryRepublican Party (U.S. : 1854- )United States. Congress. SenateUnited States. Congress. Senate--Rules and practicesUnited States. Civil Rights Act of 1960Keating, Kenneth B. (Kenneth Barnard), 1900-1975Scott, Hugh, 1900-1994In this WSB newsfilm clip from February 29, 1960, a reporter interviews two Northern Republican senators, Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania and Ken Keating of New York, early in a Southern-led filibuster over proposed civil rights legislation in Washington, D.C.The clip begins with the camera focusing on Senator Hugh Scott, a Republican from Pennsylvania. An off-screen female reporter asks the senator about the around-the-clock sessions the Senate began that day. Senator Scott calls the filibuster "the Senate's version of the pajama game." The reporter then asks Senator Scott the secret of breaking a filibuster or an extended debate. Scott explains that it is important to be near the Senate chambers to answer quorum calls. Southern senators will call for a quorum to get some rest and to test the opposition; if the fifty-one senators needed to make a quorum cannot be found the Southern senators have a chance to defeat the Civil Rights bill.The reporter next turns to Senator Ken Keating, a Republican from New York. In response to the reporter's question, Senator Keating estimates the filibuster will go on for two or three weeks, with votes for cloture, ending the debate and moving to voting, happening once a week. Keating indicates that two-thirds of the senators have to vote for cloture in order to end the Southern senators' filibuster. Both Senators Keating and Scott feel their experience in politics in their home states indicate they can put up with the filibuster.The United States Senate began debate on the proposed Civil Rights bill on February 15, 1960 after it was debated and passed by the House of Representatives. On February 29, eighteen Southern senators began an around-the-clock filibuster, which lasted until April 8 and had just one fifteen-minute break. The bill was finally passed in the Senate on a vote of seventy-one in favor, ten against, and eighteen abstaining. The bill was signed into law on May 6, 1960 by president Dwight Eisenhower, becoming the Civil Rights Act of 1960.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKeating, Kenneth B. (Kenneth Barnard), 1900-1975Scott, Hugh, 1900-1994Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_414751 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-02-29Washington (D.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interview with Senators Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania and Ken Keating of New York early in a Southern-led filibuster against proposed Civil Rights legislation in Washington, D.C., 1960 February 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0893, 47:35/49:02, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.99ugabma_wsbn_5137651376wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_51376yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified African American man commenting on the need for African American leaders to help the youth of Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 April 26WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American children--Georgia--AtlantaPublicity--Georgia--AtlantaSocial influenceCommunity activists--Georgia--AtlantaCivic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaCommunities--Georgia--AtlantaCommunity leadership--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American leadership--Georgia--AtlantaCommunity power--Georgia--AtlantaPolarization (Social Sciences)--Georgia--AtlantaCommunication--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--CommunicationWhites--CommunicationRace relationsRiots--United StatesRiots--Georgia--AtlantaRace riots--United StatesRace riots--Georgia--AtlantaRiot control--United StatesRiot control--Georgia--AtlantaSocial conflict--Georgia--AtlantaInterpersonal confrontation--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical violence--Southern States--History--20th centuryPolitical activists--Georgia--AtlantaMayors--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesCivil rights movements--Southern StatesCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Southern StatesAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Southern StatesAfrican American neighborhoods--Georgia--AtlantaUrban African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaYoung adults--Employment--Georgia--AtlantaYoung adults--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American youth--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American youth--Employment--Georgia--AtlantaWork ethic--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Economic conditions--20th centuryRich people--Georgia--AtlantaSocial service--Citizen participationSocial responsibility of business--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American business enterprises--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American capitalists and financiers--Georgia--AtlantaBusinessmen--Georgia--AtlantaBusinesspeople--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American businesspeople--Georgia--AtlantaOpportunity--Georgia--AtlantaShame--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaUnemployment--Georgia--AtlantaGeorgia--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Economic assistance, Domestic--Citizen participationAllen, Ivan, 1911-Carmichael, StokelyJohnson, Leroy R., 1928-In this WSB newsfilm clip from April 26, 1967, an unidentified African American man criticizes Atlanta civil rights leaders for seeking publicity at the expense of community responsibilities during the 1966 Summerhill riots, proposes that young African Americans appeal to Atlanta's wealthier African Americans instead of white employers for job opportunities, and criticizes members of the African American community for not working to earn first class citizenship.In the clip, an unidentified African American man remarks that he is "depressed with the type of situation that is going on today, especially in the Negro community." He blames African American civil rights leaders for entering communities and "starting trouble," for leaving once "trouble" begins, and for returning when news cameras cover the aftermath. Here, he may be referring to Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) chairman Stokely Carmichael, who, in September of 1966 was present during a neighborhood confrontation with Atlanta police that took place in the city's Summerhill section, though when the situation degenerated into street rioting, Carmichael had already left town. Despite expressing disapproval for Carmichael and SNCC, Atlanta's moderate African American leaders were disinclined to criticize either in the press by name. Next, the man blames Atlanta civil rights leaders for abdicating the responsibility of restoring order when demonstrations break down in African American neighborhoods. He refers specifically to the Summerhill riots as an example of failed African American leadership where, in his view, crowds were left to be appeased by Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. He poses the question "Where are the Leroys, or the other so-called leaders that say that they are the leaders?" This is possibly a reference to Leroy Johnson, an African American state senator from Fulton County and prominent Atlanta civil rights advocate.He proposes that activists concerned with the African American community "try to offer a program" that provides opportunities for young African American adults seeking employment instead of "depending upon the so-called 'great white father'" to give them a job. He continues by describing Atlanta as a place that is "blessed with a host of influential Negroes" who possess the financial means to do something constructive for the African American community, and believes that making an appeal to these affluent African Americans is better than "depending so on the white power structure to give them something." To further illustrate his point, he describes how he would he would be ashamed if he were given something that he didn't earn; he then criticizes members of the African American community for not working hard enough, stating "we expect something for nothing. We say we want first class citizenship, but we don't want to earn it."Atlanta's Summerhill riots, which took place on September 6, 1966, began as a neighborhood demonstration against police brutality in the shooting of a suspected African American car thief. Tensions escalated after policemen arrested SNCC staffers for refusing to turn off a loudspeaker brought in for residents to voice their personal observations of the shooting. Angered by these arrests, the crowd reacted by throwing bottles and rocks at police. As the situation deteriorated, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. made attempts to appease demonstrators by climbing on top of a police car to address their demands, but he was heckled by the crowd and knocked off of the vehicle. SNCC headquarters were subsequently raided by Atlanta police, and SNCC chairman Stokely Carmichael was convicted of inciting to riot and disorderly conduct. SNCC rejected the claims against Carmichael, and asserted that the rioting was caused instead by the failure of the mayor and other city officials to address longstanding complaints about substandard housing and municipal services. Although the charges against Carmichael were ultimately overturned on appeal, Atlanta's white establishment held SNCC responsible for the violence at Summerhill, and moderate African American civil rights leaders distanced themselves from the organization. In response to the Summerhill riots, Mayor Allen and other politicians established the biracial Community Relations Commission in November of 1966 for residents of Atlanta's African American neighborhoods to communicate grievances with City Hall.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_513761 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1967-04-26Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Summerhill (Atlanta, Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified African American man commenting on the need for African American leaders to help the youth of Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 April 26, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1381, 13:21/15:29, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.100ugabma_wsbn_3527335273wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35273yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified African American man interviewed about boycott tactics borrowed from the Albany Movement, 1962 August 5WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights movements--Southern States--History--20th centurySegregation--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rightsDirect actionPassive resistanceBoycottsInterviewsSouthern States--Politics and governmentSouthern States--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany Movement (Albany, Ga.)--InfluenceIn this WSB newsfilm clip, an unidentified African American man is interviewed by a white reporter on August 5, 1962, and describes how he plans to use boycott tactics used by the Albany Movement leaders. These plans for his city include public attention for those who do not follow the boycott. To encourage citizens to follow the boycott organized by local leaders, photographs of those not following the boycott were taken and displayed to the public. A similar public display was arranged for leaders who compromised the movement's position by accepting concessions made by community leaders.DigiBeta preservation master.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_352731 clip (about 0 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-08-05United StatesAlbany (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified African American man interviewed about boycott tactics borrowed from the Albany Movement, 1962 August 5, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0783, 20:16/20:40, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.101ugabma_wsbn_3571035710wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35710yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified man commenting on the progress of school desegregation in the South and the closing of schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1959 SeptemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in education--Southern StatesSegregation in education--Virginia--Prince Edward CountySchool integration--Southern StatesSchool integration--Virginia--Prince Edward CountySchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyPublic school closings--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyPrince Edward County (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryPrince Edward School Foundation (Farmville, Va.)In this WSB newsfilm clip from September 1959, an unidentified man comments on the progress of school desegregation in the South and on the closing of schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia.The clip begins with the man sitting at a desk with flags behind him. He indicates that there is progress in school desegregation in the current school year compared with the previous year. He reports that thirteen schools that were closed during the 1958 to 1959 school year are now open and that fifteen more school districts are operating on an integrated basis. He adds that schools in Florida are desegregating for the first time. He cites the Prince Edward County's school closures as a step backwards and says that "this action repudiated our tradition of providing free education for all." He mentions that the Prince Edward School Foundation is providing education for the 1,500 white students in the county. After a break in the clip, he notes that there are 1,700 African American students in the county, and no arrangements have been made for their education for the upcoming year, a situation he deplores.On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education ruled against segregation in public school systems, a move that effected seventeen states in the South and border region. While some of the effected states began desegregating schools that fall, most waited until the court issued its implementation decision the following year. By the fall of 1959, five states--Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina--had not integrated any public school. All of the other states effected by the Supreme Court ruling had at least some token desegregation, with Florida schools integrating for the first time that fall. Although some states had vigorously opposed integration through such programs as the "massive resistance" movement in Virginia, most recognized the importance of maintaining public education and the inevitability of desegregation. As mentioned in the clip, Prince Edward County, Virginia remained a stronghold for segregationists. White leaders in the county closed all twenty-one public schools rather than allow integration. Instead, they established a all-white private school system funded by tax cuts, donations, state and county tuition grants, and funds from the white families. While some African American students went outside of the county to be educated, most did not attend classes until the schools reopened in the fall of 1964.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_357101 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1959-09United StatesPrince Edward County (Va.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified man commenting on the progress of school desegregation in the South and the closing of schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1959 September, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0790, 51:36/52:55, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.102ugabma_wsbn_3355133551wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_33551yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or JuneWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Reporters and reporting--New York (State)--New YorkOffices--New York (State)--New YorkSegregation in transportation--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesClerks--New York (State)--New YorkTypewriters--New York (State)--New YorkAttorneys general--United StatesPresidents--United StatesViolence--Southern StatesCivil rights workers--Southern StatesBuses--Southern StatesDirect action--Southern StatesSouthern States--Race relations--History--20th centuryCongress of Racial EqualityCongress of Racial Equality--Officials and employeesFreedom Rides, 1961Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) headquarters in New York City, New York, in May or June, 1961, an unidentified CORE official speaks to a reporter about the ongoing Freedom Rides.The clip begins outside the CORE offices. A white man, seen from behind, opens the door and walks into the office. Inside the office, office workers sit in front of typewriters at several desks throughout the room. An African American woman speaks on the telephone while a white woman and an African American man sit at typewriters.After general office scenes, an off-screen reporter interviews an unidentified CORE official. The CORE official, a white man wearing a dark suit, suggests several reasons Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy may have requested a cooling-off period in the Freedom Rides, including the threat to prestige of the United States in foreign countries. Specifically, because President John F. Kennedy is heading to a conference with international leaders, civil rights workers should "refrain from doing anything that might reflect badly on this nation." The official counters this idea, declaring that the "cancer of segregation" hurts the country's prestige more than Freedom Rides, and asserting that it is more important to solve the problem of segregation than to ignore it.After a break in the clip, the reporter asks the CORE worker about the possibility, presented by the attorney general, that more Freedom Rides might incite more violence in the South. The official replies that the state leaders in Mississippi have shown that the police can protect people from violence without the aid of federal marshals. The reporter then asks the CORE worker about the goals of the Freedom Rides. The man announces that CORE hopes to integrate Greyhound and Trailways bus terminals, lunch counters, and waiting rooms. The reporter asks when the integration might happen; the reply is not recorded.In 1961, CORE organized the Freedom Ride as a test of bus facilities for interstate passengers. According to the 1960 Boynton v. Virginia United States Supreme Court ruling, segregation in interstate bus facilities was illegal. CORE hoped to test compliance by sponsoring a Washington-to-New Orleans trip through several Southern States. Patterned after the 1947 "Journey of Reconciliation," the trip began in Washington D.C. with three days of nonviolence training before the May 4 departure. The riders divided into two groups, one traveling by Greyhound and the other by Trailways buses. The ride met little resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the Trailways bus was attacked and burned in Anniston, Alabama, and the Greyhound riders were beaten by a white mob in Birmingham, Alabama. In both cases, local law enforcement officers allowed the mob to attack the riders for several minutes before ending the riot. Attorney General Robert Kennedy and the Justice Department tried to arrange safe passage for the rest of the ride, but on May 20 another group of riders traveling from Birmingham to Montgomery were met by a mob in Montgomery, and the riders and several bystanders, including Kennedy's personal representative John Seigenthaler, were severely beaten. On May 24, riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi with heavy police escort the whole way. Unfortunately, under a secret arrangement between Mississippi officials and the Justice Department, the riders were arrested immediately in Jackson and charged with breach of peace. That same day, concerned about the reputation of the United States and President John F. Kennedy's upcoming conferences with European leaders, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy called for a "cooling-off period" and asked civil rights workers to stop subsequent Freedom Rides. Several civil rights organizations, including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Nashville Christian Leadership Conference (NCLC), and the National Student Association, joined with CORE to form the Freedom Ride Coordinating Committee (FRCC) and arrange for continuing attacks on segregated transportation throughout the South and especially in Jackson, Mississippi. After several months of rides, arrests, and ongoing trials, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in September ruled that interstate buses and facilities must desegregate beginning November 1.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_335511 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-06New York (N.Y.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0747, 34:03/35:34, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.103ugabma_wsbn_3624236242wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_36242yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified white female civil rights worker describing the challenges she faces in rural southwest Georgia from Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1962 August 1WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Keep your eyes on the prize (Song)Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanyIntimidation--Georgia--AlbanyRace relationsCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyNonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyWomen civil rights workers--Violence against--GeorgiaAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Mt. Zion Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)Shiloh Baptist Church (Albany, Ga.)In this WSB newsfilm clip, an unidentified white female civil rights worker speaks to a mass meeting at Mt. Zion Baptist Church, August 1, 1962, and describes the challenges she has faced in rural southwest Georgia near Albany. These include acts of harassment, such as turning off her phone and destroying her borrowed-car. She also mentions that local African Americans were intimidated by the sheriff, and that black farmers were threatened with eviction by white landowners for associating with civil rights workers. Also included are scenes of a group of protesters praying outside and being lead into City Hall by police officers, as well as the participants of a mass meeting, possibly at Shiloh Baptist Church, singing the freedom song, "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_362421 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-08-01Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified white female civil rights worker describing the challenges she faces in rural southwest Georgia from Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1962 August 1, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0799, 53:28/55:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.104ugabma_wsbn_4849748497wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_48497yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified white man speaking of the possibility of federal voting registrars in Americus, Georgia, 1965 AugustWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Voting--Georgia--AmericusVoter registration--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Suffrage--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusFederal-city relations--Georgia--AmericusAmericus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAmericus Movement (Americus, Ga.)In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 1965, an unidentified white man addresses the possibility of federal voter registrars in Americus, Georgia. The man explains that since the voting-related racial protests in Americus stemmed from the use of segregated voting lines in a polling place, federal voting registrars, who primarily assist in facilitating voting registration, will not be sent into the town. During a county-held special election for Justice of the Peace in Sumter County, Georgia, on July 20, 1965, four African American women, including the first female African American candidate in the county, were arrested for standing in the "white" line at a polling station. On July 31, federal judge W. A. Bootle ordered the cessation of racially segregated elections as well as the release of the four women. After the 1965 Voting Rights Act was passed, 1,700 African American residents of the county registered to vote within a few days time, nearly doubling the previous total of registered African Americans.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_484971 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-08Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified white man speaking of the possibility of federal voting registrars in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1306, 24:32/25:07, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.105ugabma_wsbn_4391243912wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43912yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Archie "Bullfrog Millhouse" Campbell waiting for a bus ride as part of the White Citizens' Council "Freedom Ride North" to Detroit from Macon, Georgia, 1962 May 16WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American men--Georgia--MaconBus terminals--Georgia--MaconBuses--Georgia--MaconWhite Citizens councils--Georgia--MaconBus drivers--Georgia--MaconMacon White Citizens Council for the Betterment of America (Macon, Ga.)Campbell, ArchieIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 16, 1962, African American Archie "Bullfrog Millhouse" Campbell waits at the Greyhound bus station before leaving Macon, Georgia for Detroit, Michigan on a one-way ticket a "reverse freedom ride." The clip begins with Archie Campbell wearing a hat with the phrase "Bullfrog Millhouse" standing outside a bus. Signs on the bus include "Detroit Express" and "Super Scenicruiser." Campbell appears to dance for the camera and shake his head; the bus driver also stands outside the bus. Later Campbell precedes a white woman off the bus, and the bus driver stores luggage under the bus. The Greyhound station's waiting area is shown beside the bus, although the clip is very dark. Also seen in the darkness is the neon Greyhound terminal sign. Finally Campbell again gets off the bus and stands beside it. Archie Campbell, an African American laborer in his forties, was the first African American from Macon, Georgia to accept the Macon's White Citizens Council for the Betterment of America offer for free transportation to California or any point north of Washington, D.C. as part of a summer campaign dubbed the "Freedom Ride North." George Singlemann of the White Citizens Council of Greater New Orleans introduced the Macon council to the idea of "reverse freedom rides" at a meeting held Thursday, May 10. The Macon Citizens Council began advertising the free bus ticket and five dollars spending money on the radio and television Saturday, May 12, and by Wednesday, May 16 had eight applicants in addition to Archie Campbell. Ross Lindsay, president of the Macon White Citizens Council, pledged to use treasury money if required to fund the "freedom rides north" as long as other southern states participated in the program. Campbell was reportedly beaten by other African Americans for riding the Macon bus during the February bus boycott earlier in the year. After arriving in Detroit, Campbell wanted to return to Macon but was afraid to do so. Citizens in Macon and Detroit volunteered to help Campbell return to Macon but first wanted assurance that he would not be harmed for returning. Other White Citizens Councils in Little Rock, Arkansas, Montgomery, Alabama, and New Orleans and Shreveport, Louisiana provided one-way tickets and five dollars spending money to send African Americans north. By May 27 nearly one hundred African Americans had participated in the "Freedom Rides North."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_439121 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-05-16Macon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Archie "Bullfrog Millhouse" Campbell waiting for a bus ride as part of the White Citizens' Council "Freedom Ride North" to Detroit from Macon, Georgia, 1962 May 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0996, 14:32/16:35, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.106ugabma_wsbn_3520035200wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35200yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaking to reporters about the presence of federal marshals following an attack on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 MayWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Government attorneys--United StatesReporters and reporting--Alabama--MontgomeryUnited States marshals--Alabama--MontgomeryRace riots--Alabama--MontgomerySegregation in transportation--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesCivil rights workers--Southern StatesAirplanes--Alabama--MontgomeryCivil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--MontgomeryGovernors--AlabamaCamera operators--Alabama--MontgomeryFederal-state controversies--AlabamaMontgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryFreedom Rides, 1961White, Byron R., 1917-2002Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921-In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 1961, Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaks to reporters about the presence of federal marshals in Montgomery, Alabama, following an attack on the Freedom Riders.The clip begins with White walking from an airplane hangar; several cameramen take pictures of White as he walks on the tarmac. White stands in front of an airplane with several microphones in front of him and a reporter standing on either side. An off-screen reporter asks White about the danger of further violence in Montgomery, to which White replies that while he believes the possibility of further violence is remote, the marshals will stay in Montgomery for a few days in case of violence in the community or surrounding areas. The reporter then asks if White still thinks marshals are necessary in Montgomery. White declares that "it was a wise decision" to send marshals to the city after mob violence indicated law and order was not maintained in the community. In the end, White points out, Alabama governor John Patterson declared martial law and brought in members of the Alabama National Guard.The 1961 Freedom Ride, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 and traveled through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia with only minor disturbances. The interracial group of riders tested compliance with a 1960 Supreme Court ruling against segregation in interstate travel in these Deep South states. On May 14, Mother's Day, the two groups of Freedom Riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. A second group of riders arranged by the Nashville, Tennessee student movement, was also attacked on May 20 in Montgomery, Alabama. During the riot in Montgomery, John Seigenthaler, Attorney General Robert Kennedy's personal assistant, was severely beaten. The riot in Montgomery following the riders' arrival lasted several hours, and President John F. Kennedy finally authorized federal marshals to go to the city and protect the riders. White mobs again gathered and threatened the riders at a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church on May 21. The mobs were finally dispersed early in the morning of May 22, after Alabama governor John Patterson declared martial law and sent members of the Alabama National Guard to the church where they escorted the weary meeting participants home.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_352001 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-05Montgomery (Ala.)Montgomery County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaking to reporters about the presence of federal marshals following an attack on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0781, 2:54/03:54, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.107ugabma_wsbn_4606246062wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_46062yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Municipal government--Georgia--AtlantaCity council members--Georgia--AtlantaMunicipal officials and employees--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in public accommodations--Southern StatesDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Southern StatesDiscrimination in medical care--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in medical care--Southern StatesRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Southern StatesSegregation--Southern StatesSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSegregationists--Georgia--AtlantaSegregationists--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Segregation--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Segregation--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaHospitals--Georgia--AtlantaHospitals--Southern StatesRestaurants--Georgia--AtlantaRestaurants--Southern StatesHotels--Georgia--AtlantaHotels--Southern StatesMotels--Georgia--AtlantaMotels--Southern StatesCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesCivil rights movements--Southern States.Civil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Southern States.Race relationsCity halls--Georgia--AtlantaBuildings--Georgia--AtlantaPublic buildings--Georgia--AtlantaPoliticians--Georgia--AtlantaMeetings--Georgia--AtlantaAudiences--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophonePicketing--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaPamphlets--Georgia--AtlantaSouthern States--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern States--Race relations--History--20th centuryRacism--Georgia--AtlantaGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centurySouthern States--Social conditions--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.). Board of AldermenUnited States. Civil Rights Act of 1964Atlanta (Ga.)--Buildings, structures, etc.Atlanta City Hall (Atlanta, Ga.)Massell, SamCook, RodneyIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip from 1964, civil rights demonstrators protest the segregation of Atlanta public facilities at Atlanta City Hall while the Atlanta Board of Aldermen conduct a meeting inside.The clip begins with a view of Sam Massell, president of Atlanta's Board of Aldermen, presiding over a meeting of the Board of Aldermen at Atlanta City Hall. This is followed by a close-up shot of Massell speaking into a microphone. Unidentified members of the Board of Aldermen speak amongst themselves and to the the public; these shots are interspersed with close-up shots of the white audience in attendance. Next, a group of African American demonstrators are gathered silently outside of the doors of the meeting room of the Board of Aldermen; they are holding placards and carrying protest leaflets. Some of the signs read "End discrimination in public places" and "Down segregation."After a break in the clip, members of the Board of Aldermen continue to make public statements and conduct smaller conversations with their colleagues; there is also one quick shot of the backs of African American demonstrators waiting outside of the Board of Aldermen's doorway. Coverage of the protest outside the meeting continues after another break in the clip; as the protestors continue to demonstrate, a white man carrying documents walks through the line of demonstrators and into the meeting. As the demonstrators continue to wait outside of closed doors, the camera slowly pans over protest signs, which include "End discrimination in hospitals," "End discrimination in public places." The clip ends when a white man enters a doorway adjacent to the demonstrators, and a young African American woman carrying a sign hands him a leaflet as he passes through the hallway.Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Atlanta still had not managed to pass a public accommodations ordinance that would desegregate public facilities; in failing to do so, Atlanta had fallen behind many Southern cities in progressive civil rights legislation. Although he was also under considerable pressure from local civil rights groups, mayor Ivan Allen personally believed that segregation would drive national business opportunities away from the city. In January of 1964, Allen called upon the the city's Board of Aldermen to create local ordinances that would desegregate Atlanta public facilities. After some disagreement, the Board of Aldermen voted in favor of asking city businesses to desegregate, though the city's legal counsel later advised that the legislative body was not granted such authority in the city charter. In an attempt to overcome this legal obstruction, lone African American state senator Leroy Johnson proposed a bill to the state's General Assembly that would empower the Board of Aldermen to pass a public accommodations ordinance; it was struck down by segregationists. Reluctantly, Allen finally accepted that the only solution to the problem would be the public accommodations section of the federal civil rights bill that would ultimately become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Ivan Allen was the only elected official from the South that testified before Congress in support of the public accommodations section of the bill before it became law.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_460621 clip (about 4 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1133, 17:20/21:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.108ugabma_wsbn_3812038120wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38120yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Junior College students who want charges against students dropped and an attorney comments on the situation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 June 22WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Universities and colleges--Georgia--AtlantaUniversities and colleges--Faculty--Georgia--AtlantaUniversities and colleges--Employees--Georgia--AtlantaUniversities and colleges--Complaints against--Georgia--AtlantaUniversities and colleges--Administration--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaCourts--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaBuildings--Georgia--AtlantaCourthouses--Georgia--AtlantaPublic buildings--Georgia--AtlantaFlags--United StatesBlack American Heritage FlagPan-AfricanismPamphlets--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaAudio amplifiers--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in employment--Georgia--AtlantaFascism--Georgia--AtlantaChildren--Georgia--AtlantaInfants--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical activists--Georgia--AtlantaPolitical activists--Family relationships--Georgia--AtlantaOffices--Georgia--AtlantaSidewalks--Georgia--AtlantaPedestrians--Georgia--AtlantaPolice--Georgia--AtlantaPolice brutality--Georgia--AtlantaPolice--Complaints against--Georgia--AtlantaPolice vehicles--Georgia--AtlantaStudents--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American students--Georgia--AtlantaStudent strikes--Georgia--AtlantaStudents--Political activity--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American students--Political activity--Georgia--AtlantaStudent protesters--Georgia--AtlantaStudent activities--Georgia--AtlantaStudent movements--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaJunior college students--Georgia--AtlantaCollege presidents--Georgia--AtlantaTeachers--Georgia--AtlantaCollege teachers--Georgia--AtlantaCollege teachers--Employment--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaClergy--GeorgiaContracts--Georgia--AtlantaTeachers' contracts--Georgia--AtlantaCollege buildings--Georgia--AtlantaCollege campuses--Georgia--AtlantaCollege facilitites--Georgia--AtlantaChurch buildings--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American churches--Georgia--AtlantaCommencement ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaIntimidation--Georgia--AtlantaArrest--Georgia--AtlantaImprisonment--Georgia--AtlantaTrials--Georgia--AtlantaLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaPossession (Law)--Georgia--AtlantaTrespass--Georgia--AtlantaRight of property--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaTelevision journalists--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American television journalists--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centuryAtlanta Junior CollegeAtlanta Junior College--History--20th centuryAtlanta Metropolitan CollegeAtlanta Metropolitan College--History--20th centuryKu Klux Klan (1915- )Atlanta (Ga.). Dept. of Parks and RecreationGeorgia. State Court (Fulton County)Georgia State PatrolUniversity System of Georgia. Board of RegentsPolice, State--Georgia--AtlantaPryor Street (Atlanta, Ga.)West Hunter Street Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)Thomas, JimThompson, Edwin A.Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Busbee, George, 1927-2004Wallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998Reporter: Thomas, Jim.In this WSB newsfilm clip from June 22, 1978, demonstrators protest arrests made at Atlanta Junior College graduation ceremonies by marching in front of the State Court of Fulton County; Atlanta Junior College students protest against the denial of summer teaching contracts for five instructors at the school; and an attorney representing the graduation ceremony protestors speaks about the circumstances surrounding their arrest.The clip, which is about sixteen minutes long, begins with several shots of a multiracial group of demonstrators greeting each other as they prepare to organize outside of the State Court of Fulton County. The group of demonstrators congregates, and a placard reads "Drop the charges against the 9 AJC student (sic)! It's right to fight the capitalist system!!! The source of all oppression!!" This is followed by a closeup shot of a student opening up a newspaper, then a shot of the facade of the State Court of Fulton County. Next, protesters continue to accumulate outside of the Fulton county courthouse; the camera then zooms in closely on a protest leaflet, legible text reads "Fight Discrimination." This is followed by more shots of protesters gathering around the courthouse facility.Next, two African American students carrying a red, black and green Pan-African flag lead a procession of multiracial protesters in a picket in front of the State Court of Fulton County. Some demonstrators have brought their children; one woman pickets with her baby in a harness carrier, and a man carries a little girl on his shoulders. The protesters engage in chants that include "Drop the charges, and we'll go home," "Police attack, we fight back," "Police attack, the people fight back," "One, two, three, four, we ain't going to take this shit no more, five six, seven, eight,we ain't going to live in a racist state" "One, two, three, four, we ain't going to take this shit no more, five, six, seven, eight, we ain't going to live in this fascist state," and "The people united can never be defeated." There are several chants that are unclear. Some of the protesters raise their fists while chanting; some carry protest placards, legible signs include the messages "Drop the charges,"Self determination for the Afro-American nation," "Wallace-Selma Busbee-AJC no more police brutality"(directed towards Georgia governor George Busbee and Georgia state patrolmen), "Busbee call off your goons stop police brutality," "Busbee's goons equal KKK cops and Klan work hand in hand," "Black and white unite fight racism," "Wallace and Selma Busbee and AJC," and "Drop the charges against the AJC 26."The audio drops out momentarily; next, the picketers are observed by a small group of bystanders, there is also a steady stream of pedestrian traffic continuing along the sidewalk, unperturbed by the picket line. A Georgia state patrol car is parked directly across the street from the gathering of picketers. There is a shot of an African American woman standing outside of the Fulton County parks and recreation department observing the protest, and several shots of people, including uniformed officers, looking at the demonstration from the windows in their office buildings. The number of picketers continues to grow, and the chants increase in volume as one of the protesters begins using a bullhorn. Two Georgia state patrolmen cross through the group of picketers to enter the Fulton county courthouse building, and the chant "Police attack, the people fight back" intensifies. Next, inside of the building on 160 Pryor Street, a Georgia state trooper, in silhouette, speaks to people in the building's front lobby. There are several aerial shots of the demonstration, filmed from several floors above. Next, the demonstration on the sidewalk ceases, the picketers drop their signs into a pile, and protesters enter the State Court of Fulton County building.The clip jumps to a segment filmed at the campus of Atlanta Junior College, where another protest is taking place. Demonstrators hold up placards, those that are legible read "Fight for the rights of black and other third world students" and "Four hundred years of oppression we demand (text illegible)." Next, several young African American men, all protesters, have gathered along a paved walkway; they discuss student support of the protests. Several of the men are holding protest signs. The camera closes in on two signs, one of which is partially legible "No Moureo No Ron No Charlayn, No Jabari, No Beverly (text illegible)."At another location on campus, three more young African American men carry placards as they walk down a paved walkway past a series of benches. One of the men shouts "Be a man" to someone off camera. The camera closes in on the shouting man, and, speaking to the camera, he says "Get back on the job." The clip breaks and cuts him off. When the clip resumes, he explains that he and other students are striking because the president of the school has not issued summer contracts to five instructors. He remarks that students support the five teachers, that the president of the school refuses to address racism at the school, and that they (the students) stand against the action taken against, in his opinion, the best instructors at the school. He is carrying a sign that reads "This time Thompson (text illegible) in the unemployment line," a reference to Atlanta Junior College president Edwin Thompson. There are several more scenes of students discussing events at the school, making protest signs, and picketing at different locations on campus; one protester carries a sign that reads "Dare to struggle dare to win."The clip returns to the protest outside of the State Court of Fulton County, where protesters chant "Free the nine, put the state on trial." An unidentified attorney defending the students remarks to African American WSB reporter Jim Thomas that, despite having being issued a continuance, they were ready to present their case that day, with all of their witnesses subpoenaed and lawyers present. Thomas asks the attorney what the defense case will be when he returns to court; the attorney responds that the students had the right to be on the facilities of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church, and that the charges of trespassing and disrupting activities on property brought by the state do not apply to the students, because they were on private, not state property. He notes that Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, pastor of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church, gave permission to Atlanta Junior College to hold commencement exercises at the church facilities. He specifies that this permission did not include giving the college, the Georgia Board of Regents or the state of Georgia complete control of the facilities. He explains that Abernathy also welcomed peaceful demonstrations, and, as agreed upon, those had been conducted in a common area on the church property. The attorney conveys Abernathy's displeasure and embarrassment caused by the state authorities' claim of possession of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church grounds, enacted so that they could invoke the authority to call in state troopers and arrest student demonstrators.When asked by Thomas if he thought the state troopers "had any business" at the commencement exercises, the attorney responds that he did not think so, noting that the presence of the troopers in the parking lot of the church discouraged guests of the commencement services from attending, and emphasizes that it was the state troopers, not the demonstrators, that were feared. He adds that service attendees confirm that the demonstration was peaceful and not disruptive. Thomas asks the attorney about his reaction to the trial continuance; the attorney responds that he thinks "the state is confused about how to relate to this particular situation." After a break in the clip, the attorney notes that he is "pleased by the response of other attorneys" who have offered to donate their time to the case.During the spring of 1978, Atlanta Junior College (AJC) president Edwin Thompson denied summer teaching contracts for five AJC instructors who engaged in activities protesting racial discrimination and insufficient desegregation plans at Georgia state colleges and universities. In response to this decision, student-organized demonstrations were held regularly on the AJC campus, and on the grounds of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church on June 8, 1978 during AJC graduation ceremonies. The Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, pastor of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church, had granted AJC use of the church's facilities on June 8 to house commencement exercises that were too large to be accommodated on campus; he had also granted permission for peaceful demonstration to take place on church property. The protest was held concurrently with the graduation events, and during the ceremony, nine demonstrators were arrested by Georgia state troopers. Abernathy spoke out against the arrests. Following the commencement day demonstration, another protest was held the following week at a Georgia Board of Regents meeting; seventeen protesters were arrested at this gathering. Demonstrators declared police brutality at both the West Hunter Street Baptist Church and the Board of Regents meeting protests.On Friday, June 22, 1978, a multiracial crowd of approximately eighty-five demonstrators marched in front of the Fulton County Courthouse to protest the arrests of demonstrators supporting the AJC instructors; the use of force by state troopers in the arrests of the aforementioned demonstrators; and to attend a preliminary court hearing for the nine protesters who were arrested on the grounds of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church on June 8.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesThomas, JimThomas, JimDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_381201 clip (about 16 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1978-06-22Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Junior College students who want charges against students dropped and an attorney comments on the situation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 June 22, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0030, 21:52/38:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.109ugabma_wsbn_4576645766wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45766yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney A. T. Walden and another African American man speaking to reporters about the work of the civil rights coordinating organization the Summit Leadership Conference in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 December 4WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaNegotiation--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in employment--Georgia--AtlantaSocial justice--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsAtlanta Chamber of CommerceSummit Leadership Conference (Atlanta, Ga.)Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965In this WSB newsfilm clip from December 4, 1963, A. T. Walden and an unidentified African American man speak to reporters about the work of the Summit Leadership Conference, an organization to coordinate civil rights work in Atlanta. The clip's audio is inconsistent; some statements may be recorded incompletely. The clip begins with African American attorney A. T. Walden, co-chair of the Summit Leadership Conference (SLC), reporting on meetings between the conference leaders and local organizations, such as the local hotel and restaurant associations and the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. During these meetings SLC members presented African American "areas of concern" in a document titled, "Action for Democracy." Walden states that after members of the Summit Leadership Conference met with the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber made a public statement approving the integration of public service businesses and supporting requests for improved economic opportunities for African Americans. Furthermore, the chamber stated it would cooperate with any groups seeking to address the issues outlined in SLC's report. Walden also speaks of a maeeting of nearly one hundred. The group agreed upon a set of unnamed principles. Walden concludes by speaking of an event that will be held before the fifteenth of December. When asked by an off-screen reporter asks if the event will be similar to the March on Washington held in August of that year, Walden affirms that it will resemble the march and expects it to be "quite as orderly in its deportment as was the Washington crowd." Another off-screen reporter asks a question that is hard to hear; Walden replies that while the number of participants in the event is difficult to anticipate, the conference hopes for "many thousands" since they are asking religious leaders to encourage and to lead members of their congregation in the event. On December 15 the Summit Leadership Conference held the "Pilgrimage for Democracy" march to Hurt Park in Atlanta with the stated goals of sharing the work of the committee with the community; providing a unity of purpose in the civil rights movement; and demonstrating a willingness to work until objectives are met. Civil rights leaders including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke at the "Pilgrimage for Democracy"; unfortunately unseasonably cold weather kept the total number of participants to around three thousand, much less than the amount for which the Summit Leadership Conference hoped. Next, an unidentified African American man explains that the Summit Leadership Conference is a coordinating group, and that the Summit Leadership Conference will be supportive if an organization wanted to hold a protest or demonstration before the December 15 event. Walden then confirms the conference will meet with the city's personnel board soon as the last scheduled meeting between the organization and city leadership. He also indicates that during discussions with other groups the conference was "received respectfully and cordially" and that they did not set up deadlines during their meetings. Finally Walden mentions the consensus of a meeting earlier was to pursue a course mentioned before; it is unclear to what meeting or to what decision Walden refers. The Summit Leadership Conference was created as a coordinating body for civil rights groups in Atlanta in October 1963. The group supported a document entitled "Action for Democracy" listing several areas of concern in the African American community including education, health, housing, political activity, public accommodations, and employment; leaders from the conference met with white city and business leaders and discussed the document in the first months of its organization.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesWalden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_457661 clip (about 7 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-12-04Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney A. T. Walden and another African American man speaking to reporters about the work of the civil rights coordinating organization the Summit Leadership Conference in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 December 4, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1119, 27:13/34:41, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.110ugabma_wsbn_4068140681wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_40681yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Charles J. Bloch speaking to an audience about boycotts and race relations in Macon, Georgia, 1962 FebruaryWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Lawyers--Georgia--MaconBoycotts--Georgia--MaconBuses--Georgia--MaconSegregation--Georgia--MaconSegregation in transportation--Georgia--MaconSegregationists--Georgia--MaconMacon (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryBloch, Charles J.Gray, James H., 1915-1986In this WSB newsfilm clip from Macon, Georgia in February 1962, local attorney Charles J. Bloch speaks to an audience about boycotts and race relations. The clip begins with Charles J. Bloch standing behind a lectern; another white man, possibly Albany Herald editor James Gray, sits behind Bloch. Bloch explains that he first heard the word "boycott" when he was a child. When one boy would get mad at another, he would try to convince other friends that they "ought to have nothing to do with him." Bloch says that he has never liked the idea of boycotts, either as a child or as an adult. He proposes that "good men and good women" should let those who are boycotted know of their support. Audience applause interrupts Bloch's comments for a moment before he continues by saying that the question of race "is purely a political, legal question." Speaking rhetorically, he asks the audience how segregation became "irreligious on May 17, 1954"--the day the United States Supreme Court ruled against segregation in the Brown vs. Board of Education court case. The clip ends with the audience again applauding Bloch. On February 9, 1962, four African American ministers sat in the front of the bus in Macon, Georgia and were arrested when they refused to move to the back of the bus. Macon African Americans organized a bus boycott against the Bibb Transit Company beginning February 12 which was nearly one-hundred-percent effective. Groups of white Macon citizens tried to counteract the effects of the boycott by "ride-ins" and buying tokens from bus drivers who sold them door to door. On February 27, 1962 the United States Supreme Court declared all segregation in travel within or between states to be illegal. On March 2 United States district court judge William A. Bootle ruled unconstitutional a number of Georgia laws calling for the separate seating of races on buses. Bootle also restrained the Bibb Transit Company from enforcing segregated travel; the bus boycott ended March 4, 1962. Macon attorney Charles J. Bloch was considered a constitutional authority who wrote in favor of states rights and was asked to testify before the United States Congress on several occasions.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesBloch, Charles J.Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_406811 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-02Macon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Charles J. Bloch speaking to an audience about boycotts and race relations in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0861, 34:50/36:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.111ugabma_wsbn_4258742587wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_42587yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Constance Baker Motley commenting on the lawsuit against Lester Maddox and the Pickrick restaurant for discrimination against African Americans, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaTrials--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsSegregationistsSegregationists--GeorgiaCivil rights--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesSegregation--Southern StatesSegregationists--Southern StatesOffenses against the person--Southern StatesRace discrimination--Southern StatesSouthern States--Race relationsDiscrimination in restaurants--Southern StatesRestaurants--Southern StatesInterstate commerce--Southern StatesOffenses against the person--GeorgiaInterstate commerce--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaRestaurants--Georgia--AtlantaMotels--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American lawyersWomen lawyers--United StatesLawyers--United StatesLawyers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American women lawyers--United StatesAfrican American women civil rights workers--United StatesCivil rights workers--United StatesWomen civil rights workersAfrican Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--AtlantaTrials--Civil rightsInjunctions--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleHeart of Atlanta MotelNAACP Legal Defense and Educational FundUnited States. Civil Rights Act of 1964United States. Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)United States. Supreme CourtGovernment, Resistance to--Georgia--AtlantaPickrick (Atlanta, Ga.)Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003Motley, Constance Baker, 1921-Alexander, William H. (William Henry), 1930-2003Rolleston, MoretonIn this WSB newsfilm clip from 1964, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund attorney Constance Baker Motley answers questions pertaining to the Willis vs. Pickrick Restaurant lawsuit and other cases related to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 posed at a press conference. Motley is accompanied by Atlanta attorney William H. Alexander, the local counsel and original attorney in the Willis vs. Pickrick case, who does not speak. The clip's audio track is inconsistent; some comments may not be completely recorded.The clip begins with Constance Baker Motley, seated at a microphone, reading from a prepared statement that outlines the Pickrick Cafeteria's violation of Section II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawing discrimination in public facilities engaged in interstate commerce. In this statement, she briefly describes the Pickrick Cafeteria's denial of service to her African American clients, the plaintiffs George Willis, Jr., Woodrow Lewis, and Albert Dunn. The clip jumps, and a reporter asks Motley to convey her opinion regarding Lester Maddox's statements of refusal to integrate his restaurant. She explains to the reporter that this is the reason that they are in court, and that Maddox has not only stated that he would not serve African Americans, but he has actively refused them. She hopes that the court will grant an order that will end Maddox's discriminatory practices. A reporter asks how long it ordinarily takes to receive a court order; Motley notes that a hearing has been set for July 17, 1964, and that it will take place on the same date as a hearing for a related case brought by the Heart of Atlanta Motel.Motley is then asked if she expects any further "tests" of the Pickrick, by which the reporter means do any more African Americans plan on trying to integrate the restaurant; she replies that she is not planning any tests, but she does not know if people will try to get served at the restaurant. Another reporter follows up by asking if others attempt to integrate the restaurant and are turned away in the same fashion as the current case's plaintiffs, would their complaints be handled in the same way; Motley replies that any others who would wish to intervene would only need to wait for the outcome of the current lawsuit.The clip jumps several times, truncating several inquiries from reporters, based on Motley's responses, the questions reflect an anticipation on the part of reporters that Maddox will act in contempt of court; that potential Civil Rights Act lawsuits are under way in Alabama; and that reporters expect additional lawsuits to be brought against Civil Rights Act violators. After another break in the clip, Motley explains to a reporter that the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund does not find cases to file themselves, but rather they respond to requests to assist local attorneys by joining a lawsuit on a plaintiff's behalf. Local attorneys seek the assistance of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and then the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund determines whether they will agree to help with the case. In some cases, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund assists individuals seeking local legal representation.The clip breaks again, and Motley notes that she is pleasantly surprised by Civil Rights Act compliance in Jackson, Mississippi; after another break in the clip, she explains that she seeks an injunction that will force Maddox to end discriminatory actions against African Americans. A reporter asks what will happen if Maddox acts against the injunction; Motley explains that it will be up to Maddox to comply, but if he does not, then it will be up the court to take further action against him. The clip breaks again, and Motley comments that there are African Americans that have been refused by other establishments, and that she expects that there are other areas in the South where there will be resistance to the implementation of the Civil Rights Act. The clip breaks again, and Motley explains that she can account for three actual cases that involve refusal of service, which include the Willis vs. Pickrick Restaurant case, and two cases the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund anticipates filing in Alabama. She cannot be sure, however, of how many African Americans have been refused service since the passage of the Civil Rights Act.Willis vs. Pickrick Restaurant was the first case brought under Section II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, enacted on July 2, 1964. In defiance of the Civil Rights Act, Lester Maddox, proprietor of the Pickrick Cafeteria, denied service to three black ministers, George Willis, Jr., Woodrow Lewis, and Albert Dunn on July 4. Maddox chased them out of his restaurant with a gun, accompanied by several of his white customers who threatened the ministers with axe handles. A federal district court ordered Maddox to serve black customers.Maddox and Atlanta businessman Moreton Rolleston, owner of the Heart of Atlanta Motel, both sued to challenge the constitutionality of Section II of the Civil Rights Act. The cases were paired and tried before a three-judge circuit court in Atlanta. On July 22, 1964, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act and issued an injunction beginning August 11 against both businesses prohibiting them from denying service to customers based on color or race. Both men were ordered to admit black patrons within twenty days. Rolleston appealed his decision to the Supreme Court (Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States), which unanimously upheld the lower court's injunction on December 14, 1964. Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13, and reopened the business on September 26 as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, where he pledged to serve only "acceptable" Georgians. During a trial for contempt of court on September 29, Maddox argued against the charges because he was no longer offering service to out-of-state travelers or integrationists. On February 5, 1965 a federal court ruled that Maddox was in contempt of court for failing to obey the injunction and assigned fines of two hundred dollars a day for failing to serve African Americans. Maddox ultimately closed his restaurant on February 7, 1965 rather than integrate it; he claimed that President Lyndon Johnson and communists put him out of business.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesMotley, Constance Baker, 1921-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_425871 clip (about 6Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Constance Baker Motley commenting on the lawsuit against Lester Maddox and the Pickrick restaurant for discrimination against African Americans, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0939, 19:30/25:14, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.112ugabma_wsbn_3534335343wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35343yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney general Robert Kennedy reporting on the racial conflict situation in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 May 13WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Nonviolence--Alabama--BirminghamViolence--Alabama--BirminghamRace relationsRace riots--Alabama--BirminghamSegregation--Alabama--BirminghamAttorneys general--United StatesBombings--Alabama--BirminghamBirmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlabama Christian Movement for Human RightsSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceProject C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 13, 1963 United States Attorney General Robert Kennedy reports on the situation in Birmingham, Alabama, and expresses his hope that the people of Birmingham will continue to work towards a solution to racial conflict. Kennedy, apparently answering a question from one of the reporters surrounding him, reports that "the situation [in Birmingham] is quiet at the present time." He echoes the hopes of President John F. Kennedy that "people of good will" in Birmingham will "get this very serious and difficult situation resolved." After mass civil rights demonstrations led by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in April and May 1963, black and white negotiators reached an accord on May 10. On May 11, the A.G. Gaston Motel and the home of Dr. Martin Luther King's brother, Reverend A. D. King, were both bombed. King and other SCLC leaders frequented the Gaston Motel when in Birmingham; businessman A. G. Gaston often provided them with complimentary office space. The bombings sparked riots by African Americans in a twenty-eight-block section of Birmingham. Local police officers and state troopers responding to the crisis beat rioters and bystanders, injuring over fifty people. In response to the violence, President Kennedy called for nonviolence, readied troops for riot control, and federalized the Alabama National Guard.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_353431 clip (about 0 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-05-13Birmingham (Ala.)Jefferson County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney general Robert Kennedy reporting on the racial conflict situation in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 May 13, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0784, 33:47/34:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.113ugabma_wsbn_3171531715wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_31715yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Moreton Rolleston speaking to a reporter following the United States Supreme Court ruling upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the integration of the Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 14WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Lawyers--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaMotels--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaFederal-state controversies--Georgia--AtlantaHeart of Atlanta MotelUnited States. Supreme CourtUnited States. Civil Rights Act of 1964Rolleston, MoretonIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on December 14, 1964, Moreton Rolleston, attorney and owner of the Heart of Atlanta Motel, speaks to a reporter about the United States Supreme Court decision upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The clip begins with an off-screen reporter asking Rolleston if the Supreme Court decision, announced earlier in the day, surprised him. Rolleston admits that when he thought the court would rule after the hearing in October or before the election in November, he expected the court to side with the government; when the court took six weeks to issue the ruling, he did not expect the decision they issued. The reporter comments that Rolleston has been under court order to serve African American patrons while waiting for the court's decision and asks Rolleston how many he has served. Rolleston responds that he has served very few African Americans, a fact that has had little effect on his business. He adds that he believes the court's ruling requiring integrated hotels will negatively effect the South's hotel business. He anticipates Southerners will never like the decision, but will eventually get used to it. Rolleston stands in an office in front of a map of Atlanta that the camera focuses on from time to time. Rolleston reports that he plans to continue operating the Heart of Atlanta Motel and complying with the court's integration order. The reporter and Rolleston repeat the exchange about admitting few African Americans since the law's passage and its lack of consequences. When asked if he has had many white patrons cancel because of the new policy, Rolleston replies that there have been few cancellations, but many more patrons have commented that they prefer the old policy. Rolleston reminds the reporter that the Heart of Atlanta has long had a practice of only admitting out-of-town guests with few exceptions. Asked if any civil rights group has tried to test the Heart of Atlanta policies, Rolleston acknowledges that he does not know of any such tests, but that the hotel has accepted all potential guests. The reporter asks Rolleston to estimate how many African Americans have stayed at the hotel since the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed in July of that year, and Rolleston says he does not know an exact number, but it has been few. The camera focuses on the Atlanta map behind Rolleston before he begins reading from a statement regarding the decision. Rolleston declares that the "decision nullifies the rights and principles which the constitution was designed to perpetuate," opening a door to "the unlimited power of a centralized government in Washington" which does not value personal liberty. He believes the decision could lead to "a socialistic state and eventual dictatorship." After a break in the clip, Rolleston again reads from the same prepared statement, and then the reporter and Rolleston repeat the exchange regarding the number of African American patrons served by the hotel. More of the office is seen, the off-screen reporter tests the microphone, and Rolleston speaks to the reporter although his comments are not well recorded. Rolleston and the reporter review Rolleston's statement regarding his reaction to the court opinion and the number of African American patrons served several times. The clip pauses and the reporter asks what comments white customers have made regarding the hotel accepting African American customers; Rolleston reports that the white customers have had very little to say about the new situation. After Rolleston again reviews his prepared statement about the decision, he expands on his position by saying that he is disappointed because the ruling gives more power to Congress to regulate individual behavior. Rolleston and the reporter review Rolleston's reaction to the Supreme Court decision, the number of African American patrons, and the South's eventual acclimation to the ruling. The clip ends shortly after Rolleston answers the telephone. United States president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act into law in July of that year. Rolleston, who operated the Heart of Atlanta Motel, and Lester Maddox, owner of the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta, filed a lawsuit against the act arguing that it violated the fifth and thirteenth constitutional amendments. The two cases were joined into the Heart of Atlanta vs. United States case, which was argued before the Supreme Court in October 1964. The court decided in favor of the United States and the civil rights act; Rolleston continued operating the Heart of Atlanta Motel but Maddox closed the Pickrick rather than integrate.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesRolleston, MoretonDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_317151 clip (about 9 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964-12-14Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Moreton Rolleston speaking to a reporter following the United States Supreme Court ruling upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the integration of the Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0710, 7:51/16:52, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.114ugabma_wsbn_6394063940wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_63940yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Ben Lucas, Board of Commissioners chair and an African American man discussing African American grievances in Rome, Georgia, 1971 September 2WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--RomeFire stations--Georgia--RomePolice vehicles--Georgia--RomeCentral business districts--Georgia--RomeAfrican American men--Georgia--RomeAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--RomeReporters and reporting--Georgia--RomeInterviews--Georgia--RomeRape--Georgia--RomeDiscrimination in housing--Georgia--RomeAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentRome (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryRome (Ga.). Board of CommissionersBlack Coordinating Committee (Rome, Ga.)Lucas, BenjaminHughes, Langston, 1902-1967. Dream deferredIn this WSB newsfilm clip from Rome, Georgia, on September 2, 1971, African American grievances are discussed by Ben Lucas, chair of the Board of Commissioners, and an African American man, possibly Jimmy Hardy, a twenty-two-year-old elected member of the Black Coordinating Committee.The clip is divided into two parts. The first part of clip begins with three white men standing outside a fire station. Two white men drive by in a police car, and other cars drive the streets of downtown Rome. Next, three African American men sit around a table covered with documents; a white reporter is seen speaking to them. One of the men, possibly Jimmy Hardy, answers the reporter's questions, calling it a mistake and a disservice to link the rape and African American grievances. He explains that the African American unrest began over a year ago. The rape mentioned was the alleged rape of a seventeen-year-old white girl by eight African American males, ages fourteen to twenty-three. The eight young men were arrested August 17, and reports of police brutality shortly followed.After these comments, two white men are seen speaking outside a building; Ben Lucas, chair of the Board of Commissioners faces the camera and the interviewing reporter stands with his back to the camera. Lucas also emphasizes that the alleged rape is not the cause of African American demands, although it "may have been the triggering mechanism." Lucas confirms the city's intention to continue to improve communication between African American and white residents. In response to the reporter's question regarding frustrations with conditions in Rome, Lucas affirms the validity of the African American community's request for an African American member of the housing authority and states the city's intention to appoint one.Finally, Hardy again speaks to the reporter, emphasizing the frustrations of African Americans in Rome, by quoting the Langston Hughes poem, "A Dream Deferred." The first part of the clip ends with an African American man and woman speaking outside, although their comments are not recorded.During the b-roll portion of the clip, the camera focuses on a bowling alley and the entrance to a building before showing a white man picking through some burnt debris. Next, two white people each hold a bottle in their hands, demonstrating the construction of a Molotov cocktail. Finally, a police car drives down a downtown street and an American flag waves above the street.The arrest of the eight African American men for the alleged rape of the seventeen-year-old white girl increased the visibility of racial unrest in Rome. Several buildings, including schools and white businesses, were bombed or burned; back in the community, leading city officials imposed a curfew for several days in September. African American leaders in Rome worked with the Board of Commissioners, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Education in Rome, seeking to resolve grievances in the African American community. Business leaders took steps to increase employment opportunities, and students at both East and West Rome High Schools voted to include African American cheerleaders on the football and basketball cheerleading teams.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesLucas, BenjaminDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_639401 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll) (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-09-02Rome (Ga.)Floyd County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Ben Lucas, Board of Commissioners chair and an African American man discussing African American grievances in Rome, Georgia, 1971 September 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1760, 25:44/26:43, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.115ugabma_wsbn_4072540725wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_40725yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of bomb damage done to the home of African American attorney Arthur Shores in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 September 4WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Bombings--Alabama--BirminghamRace riots--Alabama--BirminghamPolice--Alabama--BirminghamAfrican Americans--Alabama--BirminghamAfrican American civil rights workers--Alabama--BirminghamAfrican American lawyers--Alabama--BirminghamLawyers--Alabama--BirminghamRuined buildings--Alabama--BirminghamOffenses against property--Alabama--BirminghamIntimidation--Alabama--BirminghamShores, Arthur D. (Arthur Davis), 1904-1996--Homes and hauntsThis silent WSB newsfilm clip from September 4, 1963 shows the bomb damage done to the Birmingham, Alabama home of African American attorney Arthur Shores. The clip begins with African American men and women outside the home, some standing on a porch, some speaking to each other, and others walking up steps to the house. White men are also seen inspecting the home and speaking to one another. Damage to the home includes torn up blinds, a hole in the yard, and a wrecked corner of the house; no one had been injured in the bombing. Shores' house had also been bombed two weeks earlier, on August 21. Shores was the only African American lawyer in Birmingham during part of the 1930s and the 1940s. He was also one of few African American lawyers to argue his own cases in court during a time when most turned their arguments over to a white attorney. In 1956 Shores had successfully argued for the admittance of Autherine Lucy as the first black student at the University of Alabama, and was one of the lead lawyers during the integration campaigns earlier in the summer. The September bombing followed the otherwise peaceful integration of public schools in Birmingham earlier that day. African Americans responded to the bombing by rioting for several hours until they were dispersed by police. One African American died in the rioting and nearly twenty others were injured. Violent segregationists in Birmingham bombed homes and businesses of civil rights leaders so frequently that the city earned the nickname "Bombingham." Another bomb on September 15 killed four young girls and injured over twenty others at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a headquarters for the movement and site of mass meetings during the spring.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_407251 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-09-04Birmingham (Ala.)Jefferson County (Ala.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of bomb damage done to the home of African American attorney Arthur Shores in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 September 4, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0862, 31:29/32:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.116ugabma_wsbn_3953639536wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_39536yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of CBS reporter George Herman interviewing Jack Rathbone, executive secretary of the Tenth District Educational Corporation, about a private school set up to serve white children should the courts order school integration in Arlington County, Virginia, 1958 August 21WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in education--Virginia--Arlington CountySchool integration--Virginia--Arlington CountySchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Arlington CountyPrivate schools--Virginia--Arlington CountySchool buildings--Virginia--Arlington CountyFlags--United StatesSegregationists--Virginia--Arlingotn CountyInterviews--Virginia--Arlington CountyReporters and reporting--Virginia--Arlington CountyBlackboards--Virginia--Arlington CountyFederal-state controversies--Virginia--Arlington CountyArlington County (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryTenth District Educational Corporation (Arlington County, Va.)HIROHITO,Rathbone, John, 1904-1967Reporter: HIROHITO,.In this WSB newsfilm clip from Arlington County, Virginia in August 21, 1958, CBS reporter George Herman interviews Jack Rathbone about the creation of a private school for white children should the courts order school integration.The clip begins by showing a chalkboard with the phrase "George Mason School" written on it. The camera pans left to focus on a house with a United States flag hanging from the porch. CBS reporter George Herman interviews Jack Rathbone, who is wearing a suit and a bow tie. Reporter Herman asks Rathbone how he and his supporters got the idea to turn the building behind them into a school. Rathbone reports that his organization, the Tenth District Educational Corporation, is following the example set by Prince Edward School Foundation in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. Prince Edward County had used vacant buildings to set up an all-white private school. He continues that he views the private school as "a temporary bomb shelter for our children, as someplace for them to go when integration does strike Virginia." Asked if the foundation has enough money to run the school, Rathbone replies that it does. Herman asks about the education of African American children if the public schools close rather than integrate, and Rathbone reports that the white parents who organized the school have volunteered to share information with African American parents "so they can set up the same type of buildings for themselves." Herman asks if the African American parents would have to raise their own funds for the private schools. Rathbone's reply is not completely recorded. After a break in the clip, Rathbone asserts that Virginia schools will only integrate if federal forces make them do so. He declares that if the federal government forces schools to desegregate, a private educational system will be set up for white children in response. The clip breaks again and then ends with Rathbone emphasizing that "the South will never accept integration."Following the May 17, 1954 United States Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education, African American parents in Arlington County, Virginia hoped the local school board would begin desegregating local schools. However state officials, led by legislators from the more racially-charged, southern part of Virginia, built a state-wide plan of "massive resistance" to school integration. The laws passed by the Virginia aimed at preventing desegregation included denying state funding to integrated schools, creating tuition grants so white students could attend all-white private schools, and creating a state-wide pupil placement board to determine which schools students could attend. In response, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed lawsuits in Charlottesville, Norfolk, and Arlington and Warren Counties seeking to overturn these laws and to integrate the schools. In the Arlington County case, which involved both African American and white parents, federal judge Albert V. Bryan in 1956 ordered the elementary schools to integrate. The state appealed the ruling, delaying any attempted desegregation. On September 5, 1957, the first day of the school year, eight African American students not involved in the NAACP lawsuit tried to enroll in four all-white schools across Arlington County. The students were turned away. Later that month, Judge Bryan ruled that the Arlington County School Board must immediately admit seven of the eight students. More appeals by the school board and the state again delayed integration. The following summer, responding to the growing threats of integrated schools, Arlington County segregationists led by Jack Rathbone formed the Tenth District Educational Corporation to provide private schools for white students seeking to avoid integration. The first "model school," established in a former home near the county courthouse, was dubbed the "George Mason Grammar and Academic High School." On September 17, 1958, after reviewing assignments made under the Arlington County School Board's pupil placement plan, Judge Bryan ruled that four African American students should be admitted to Stratford Junior High School in February 1959. In January 1959, both state and federal appeals courts struck down a Virginia law requiring integrated schools to close. In a special session held at the end of January 1959, Virginia governor Lindsay Almond told the legislators that massive resistance was dead and that there was no way to stop desegregation in Arlington County and other Virginia communities. During the special session, the legislature repealed a compulsory education law and provided funds for tuition grants for white students who refused to attend integrated schools. On Monday, February 2, 1959, four African American students integrated Stratford Junior High School in Arlington County, Virginia; by the end of the week, seven previously all-white schools in various parts of the state were integrated with no reported violence.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHIROHITO,HIROHITO,Rathbone, John, 1904-1967Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_395361 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1958-08-21Arlington County (Va.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of CBS reporter George Herman interviewing Jack Rathbone, executive secretary of the Tenth District Educational Corporation, about a private school set up to serve white children should the courts order school integration in Arlington County, Virginia, 1958 August 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0835, 26:29/28:06, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.117ugabma_wsbn_4692546925wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_46925yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 JulyWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaBusiness enterprisesDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaFederal-city relations--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaInterviews--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta Chamber of CommerceUnited States. Civil Rights Act of 1964Shelton, Opie L. (Opie Lee), 1915-1999In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 1964, Atlanta Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton gives a statement encouraging local businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The clip begins by showing a sign for the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Shelton declares that while the Chamber of Commerce feels the federal government should not legislate public accommodations, the Chamber continues to urge its members "soliciting businesses from the general public to do so without regard to race, creed, or color." The clip breaks, and Shelton repeats that voluntary integration has been successful. The camera focuses on a picture of an Atlanta street scene on the wall behind Shelton; interspersed with this, Shelton repeats the statement about the Chamber's voluntary policy. The clip ends by showing a three-dimensional mural of people and a domed building. The Atlanta Chamber of Commerce encouraged members to voluntarily integrate their businesses both before and after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. While some restaurants integrated in June 1963, many had resegregated by the end of the year. Two Atlanta businesses fought the legality of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in cases eventually decided by the United States Supreme Court in favor of the law in December 1964. Following the ruling the Heart of Atlanta Motel desegregated, and segregationist and later Georgia governor Lester Maddox closed his restaurant rather than serve African Americans.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesShelton, Opie L. (Opie Lee), 1915-1999Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_469251 clip (about 5 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1964-07Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1186, 24:33/29:48, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.118ugabma_wsbn_5754557545wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_57545yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Charlayne Hunter speaking to reporter Dave Sisson about a visit to the University of Georgia and her feelings on African American students at the school, Athens, Georgia, 1969 November 21WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Interviews--Georgia--AthensReporters and reporting--Georgia--AthensAfrican American students--Georgia--AthensCollege integration--GeorgiaSegregation in education--GeorgiaUniversities and colleges--Georgia--AthensSocial integration--Georgia--AthensAfrican Americans--Study and teachingAthens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia--Alumni and alumnaeHunter-Gault, CharlayneSisson, DaveReporter: Sisson, Dave.In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 21, 1969, Charlayne Hunter speaks to a reporter about her recent visit to the University of Georgia and her feelings about African American students on the campus in Athens, Georgia.The clip begins with Charlayne Hunter speaking to a reporter. Both Hunter and the reporter sit in front of a red curtain. The reporter asks Hunter about her feelings after spending several days on campus, particularly from her perspective as one of the first African American students on campus. Hunter expresses pleasure that there are nearly 125 African American students on campus. She also recognizes a feeling of alienation that most of the current African American students still feel. She expresses regret that African American students still are not "considered an integral part of the larger campus community." Hunter explains that she would have expected that to be different after nine years of integration. The reporter then asks Hunter about the University of Georgia's Black Studies program. Hunter indicates that while she does not think the proposal she has seen is ideal, she thinks it is a start.Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes applied for admission to the University of Georgia in 1959; university officials refused to admit the students, citing an insufficient amount of space. Hunter and Holmes both renewed their applications at every opportunity for the next year, without success. In 1960, attorneys for the two students filed a lawsuit in the federal courts, alleging that the university was not admitting the students based solely on their race. On January 6, 1961, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the University of Georgia to admit the two students immediately. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes on January 9 and matriculated on January 11. Although a 1956 law prevented the state from funding integrated schools, the legislature, led by Governor Ernest Vandiver, chose instead to permit the university's integration rather than close it down. Holmes and Hunter graduated in 1963.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesSisson, DaveHunter-Gault, CharlayneSisson, DaveDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_575451 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1969-11-21Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Charlayne Hunter speaking to reporter Dave Sisson about a visit to the University of Georgia and her feelings on African American students at the school, Athens, Georgia, 1969 November 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1582, 47:06/48:18, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.119ugabma_wsbn_3473434734wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_34734yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of citizens commenting on the closure of public schools and education for African Americans in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1962 July 27WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in education--Virginia--Prince Edward CountySchool integration--Virginia--Prince Edward CountySchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyPublic school closings--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyAfrican American school children--Education--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyInterviews--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyReporters and reporting--Virginia--Prince Edward CountySchool buildings--Virginia--Prince Edward CountySchool buses--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyPrivate schools--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyChurch buildings--Virginia--Prince Edward CountyPrince Edward County (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryR. R. Moton High School (Farmville, Va.)Prince Edward Academy (Farmville, Va.)Griffin, L. Francis (Leslie Francis), 1916-1980In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1962, a reporter speaks to two unidentified men, one white and one African American, about the educational situation in Prince Edward County, Virginia, where local officials closed the schools rather than integrate and established a private school system for white children.The clip begins with a silent portion, showing a sign with the slogan, "Welcome to Farmville;" the sign has symbols for several community organizations including Rotary Club and the Lions Club. Next, the camera shows a chain attached to a post in front of the Robert R. Moton High School, previously the African American high school in Prince Edward County. Several school buses sit parked behind a barbed wire fence with "no trespassing" signs on it. Later, a man walks under an awning near a building with the sign "Prince Edward Academy." Prince Edward Academy was a private, whites-only school.After the initial silent portion of the clip, a reporter is seen interviewing an unidentified white man. The man explains that he is not sure how the African American students in the county are being educated with the public schools closed. He suggests that some are educated outside of the county, some are being educated at home, and that some may be working. Following these comments, the camera shows scenes from downtown Farmville, with cars parked on the side of the road and three African Americans approaching a store. Outside, in front of a church building, two people speak as they stand in the shade. A sign indicates that this is the First Baptist Church; it also shows church meeting times. An African American man, possibly Reverend L. Francis Griffin, pastor of the First Baptist Church in Farmville, speaking to the reporter explains that not having a public school system is a strain on African American families. Reverend Griffin, head of the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and petitioner in the Griffin v. School Board case says those mothers who do send their children outside of the county for education, "are never completely satisfied until they are returned for summer vacation."On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court in the Brown v. Board of Education case ruled against segregation in public schools. That case included a case against segregated education that was brought against Prince Edward County in 1951. After the Brown ruling, Virginia state officials instituted a plan of "massive resistance" to court-ordered integration, passing laws to close integrated schools and provide tuition grants to displaced white students. After both state and federal courts overturned the school closing law in January 1959, governor J. Lindsay Almond called a special legislative session and announced the end to the state's policy of massive resistance. That fall, leaders in Prince Edward County chose to close the public school system rather than allow integration. White citizens established the Prince Edward School Foundation as a private school system for the 1,500 white school children in the county. The 1,700 African American school children were left without educational opportunities in the county. Some were sent to live with relatives in other parts of Virginia and attend classes there, some began college early, and some accepted arrangements to attend school in other states; most remained out of school until the fall of 1964 when federal courts ordered Prince Edward County to reopen its public school system.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesGriffin, L. Francis, 1917-1980Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_347341 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-27Farmville (Va.)Prince Edward County (Va.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of citizens commenting on the closure of public schools and education for African Americans in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1962 July 27, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0770, 29:55/31:33, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Award Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.120ugabma_wsbn_3202032020wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_32020yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of citizens welcoming president John F. Kennedy to the city as well as of civil rights workers protesting segregation at two restaurants in Nashville, Tennessee, 1963 MayWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American college students--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Tennessee--NashvilleBuses--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights movements--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleDemonstrations--Tennessee--NashvillePresidents--United StatesRace discrimination--Tennessee--NashvilleSegregation--Tennessee--NashvilleSigns and signboards--Tennessee--NashvilleDiscrimination in restaurants--Tennessee--NashvilleRestaurants--Tennessee--NashvillePolice--Tennessee--NashvilleDirect action--Tennessee--NashvilleB & W Cafeteria (Nashville, Tenn.)Cross Keys Restaurant (Nashville, Tenn.)Vanderbilt University--Anniversaries, etc.Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963--TravelIn this silent compilation WSB newsfilm clip from Nashville, Tennessee on May 18, 1963, crowds welcome president John F. Kennedy to the city; and on May 13, African American students protest segregation at two restaurants in town. The clip begins with people walking on the sidewalk; a bus drives by with a sign with the slogan "Welcome President Kennedy." Kennedy came to Nashville to celebrate the ninetieth anniversary of Vanderbilt University. There were no racial incidents while he was in the city. Also in the clip men stand outside the B & W Cafeteria, and a white doorman outside the Cross Keys Restaurant. African American students march on the sidewalk and crowd around doorways where police forcefully push the demonstrators away and let white people through the crowds. On May 13, anti-segregation demonstrators clashed with police and white citizens after protesting discrimination in restaurants. On May 15, members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), including John Lewis, met with mayor Beverly Briley and with members of the Interim Biracial Committee and announced "signs of real progress."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_320201 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-05Nashville (Tenn.)Davidson County (Tenn.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of citizens welcoming president John F. Kennedy to the city as well as of civil rights workers protesting segregation at two restaurants in Nashville, Tennessee, 1963 May, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0716, 27:05/28:18, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.121ugabma_wsbn_2327023270wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_23270yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights activist Hosea Williams addressing a crowd of picketers and conducting an interview with Dick Horner regarding civil rights advocacy and negotiation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 August 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsDiscrimination--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Economic conditionsOlder people--Georgia--AtlantaOlder African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American neighborhoods--Georgia--AtlantaCity and town life--United States--20th centuryCommunity life--United States--20th centuryCommunity activists--Georgia--AtlantaPedestrians--Georgia--AtlantaSidewalks--Georgia--AtlantaCrutches--Georgia--AtlantaDemonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaProtest movements--Georgia--AtlantaProtest movements--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th centuryPolice vehicles--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryCivil rights--United StatesCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--United StatesCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workersAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaClergy--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--Georgia--AtlantaLabor leaders--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American labor leaders--Georgia--AtlantaNegotiation--Georgia--AtlantaRain and rainfall--Georgia--AtlantaDesks--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaCamera operators--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centuryUnited States--Social conditions--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceNational Urban LeagueNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleYMCA of the USAHorner, DickWilliams, Hosea, 1926-King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--InfluenceReporter: Horner, Dick.In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, August 6, 1973, Hosea Williams addresses a crowd picketing outside a building, differentiates grassroots and direct action activism from civil rights-related negotiations administered by more moderate civil rights organizations, and aligns his ongoing efforts with the work of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.The clip begins with several silent shots. First, an elderly African American gentleman sits and leans up against a pair of crutches. This is followed by several shots of busy city sidewalks and crosswalks populated mostly by African Americans. Next, Hosea Williams, the executive director of the DeKalb/Metro-Atlanta branch of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) speaks into press microphones amidst a crowd of picketers, reporters, and cameramen. He is standing at the entrance of a building, and is wearing a handwritten protest sign hung around his neck (it is not fully legible, but includes the words "Metro-DeKalb SCLC"); an African American cameraman is filming events with a camera wrapped in clear plastic to protect it from the rain. It is not clear what building is being picketed. Two Atlanta police department station wagons are shown parked along the curb; next, a group of protesters carrying umbrellas walk along the sidewalk in the rain; they are wearing signs around their necks (the text on the signs is not legible).The next shot begins with sound. Hosea Williams is seated behind a desk. Speaking to reporter Dick Horner, Williams describes the civil rights advocacy process as he sees it. He explains that, in order for organizations such as the National Urban League, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the YMCA to be able to effectively negotiate civil rights causes "at the table," there must be enough pressure created by a social demand for change. This pressure, Williams states, can only be cultivated through direct action in the street, which Williams generates by leading marches and demonstrations; he notes that "power is never relinquished; it is always taken." After direct action efforts successfully elevate the social pressure necessary to engage government officials and business leaders; these leaders will in turn negotiate with members of the aforementioned civil rights organizations and ultimately respond to demands. Williams asserts that his activism is consistent with the efforts led by the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., whom he acknowledges as his teacher; he points out that "Dr. King was out in the street. He taught me what I am doing." Williams emphasizes that he is continuing King's work.The last shot in the clip is silent; it is taken from behind Hosea Williams' desk. The back of Williams' head is shown as he continues to speak and gesture with his hands. Reporter Dick Horner is seated at the opposite side of Williams' desk, holding a microphone. The shot ends as the camera zooms in on Horner.In 1973, Hosea Williams, executive director of the DeKalb/Metro-Atlanta branch of SCLC, participated in more than nineteen strikes throughout the city of Atlanta, either as a strike coordinator, or as a consultant for others who sought his experience in handling labor disputes. The previous year, Williams founded the Poor People's Union of America to further combat racial discrimination and unfair labor practices in Atlanta-area businesses, and to help secure job stability, pensions, and health care benefits for Atlanta's working poor. By continuing to direct public attention to economic and labor disparities through nonviolent direct action, Williams upheld the late Dr. Martin Luther King's legacy by continuing the anti-poverty work that King had committed to at the end of his life.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHorner, DickWilliams, Hosea, 1926-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_232701 clip (about 2 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1973-08-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights activist Hosea Williams addressing a crowd of picketers and conducting an interview with Dick Horner regarding civil rights advocacy and negotiation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 August 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1957, 25:25/27:07, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.122ugabma_wsbn_3203732037wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_32037yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Civil Rights demonstrators protesting segregation at downtown movie theaters in Nashville, Tennessee, 1961 FebruaryWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights movements--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American civil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights workers--Tennessee--NashvilleCivil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--NashvilleMotion picture theaters--Tennessee--NashvilleDiscrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--NashvilleCentral business districts--Tennessee--NashvilleAfrican American students--Tennessee--NashvilleStudents--Tennessee--NashvilleMotion picture theaters--EmployeesSegregation--Tennessee--NashvilleNashville (Tenn.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryIn this WSB newsfilm clip from February, 1961, an interracial group of students protest segregation at downtown movie theaters in Nashville, Tennessee.The clip begins with an interracial group of students lined up outside of a theater. After an African American man walks away from the ticket booth, another man steps up to the window. Another African American man wears a tag on his lapel with a slogan about "Freedom Day February 1" and hands out flyers. A line of African Americans stretches down the street, with many of the demonstrators wearing similar tags on their lapels. A sign for the theater advertises "Herod the Great," a French film released in the United States in December 1960.Later the camera again focuses on the line of demonstrators waiting to try and enter the theater, and an African American man offers a flyer to a white man walking past. Inside the ticket window, a pre-printed sign reads "Momentarily closed due to technical difficulties" and white women are seen behind the sign. The clip ends with more images of the demonstrators waiting in line for the theater.In February 1961, African American civil rights workers in Nashville marked the February 1 anniversary of the sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina by organizing several hundred African Americans to seek admission to a number of segregated downtown theaters. The integration attempt was unsuccessful, and demonstrations continued at the theaters for several weeks after that. On April 29, 1961, downtown theater owners agreed to experimental integration in what one newspaper claimed was the first theater desegregation in the South; movie theaters in Nashville suburbs were not covered by the April agreement and remained segregated.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_320371 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-02Nashville (Tenn.)Davidson County (Tenn.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Civil Rights demonstrators protesting segregation at downtown movie theaters in Nashville, Tennessee, 1961 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0716, 38:52/39:24, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.123ugabma_wsbn_3516035160wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35160yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph D. Abernathy meeting with vice president Richard M. Nixon and Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, Washington, D.C., 1957 June 13WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Reporters and reporting--Washington (D.C.)Interviews--Washington (D.C.)Civil rights movements--United StatesCivil rights workers--United StatesAfrican American civil rights workersCamera operators--Washington (D.C.)United States. Civil Rights Act of 1957King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994Mitchell, James P., 1900-1964Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969In this WSB newsfilm clip from Washington, D.C. on June 13, 1957, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy meet with vice president Richard M. Nixon and Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, and afterwards King answers reporters' questions about the visit. The clip begins with King, Abernathy, and an unidentified African American man shaking hands with Nixon and Mitchell. In another room, reporters sit down, and King answers their questions. King states his belief that president Eisenhower, could do more to support and to promote civil rights than he has done. The clip breaks and records a portion of a reporter's question about a civil rights bill in Congress. King reports that during the meeting Nixon indicated Republican support for the civil rights bill under consideration in Congress. The clip ends with cameramen filming King sitting at a table. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had sought to meet with members of the presidential administration to promote civil rights for several months. After meeting Richard M. Nixon in Ghana during a celebration of the country's independence in March of 1957, King was able to arrange a meeting with Nixon and then later with president Eisenhower. Eisenhower introduced civil rights legislation in the Congress that was later passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_351601 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1957-06-13Washington (D.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph D. Abernathy meeting with vice president Richard M. Nixon and Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, Washington, D.C., 1957 June 13, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0779, 58:20/59:23, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.124ugabma_wsbn_2268622686wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_22686yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders Joseph Lowery, and J. D . Grier with Police chief John Inman as he announces efforts to recruit more African American policemen, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 June 29WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Police--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American police--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in employment--Georgia--AtlantaAffirmative action programs--Georgia--AtlantaRace relationsAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaPolice administration--Georgia--AtlantaPolice-community relations--Georgia--AtlantaPolice recruits--Georgia--AtlantaEmployees--Recruiting--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in law enforcement--Georgia--AtlantaMinorities--Employment--Georgia--AtlantaMunicipal officials and employees--Georgia--AtlantaMinority municipal officials and employees--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Social conditions--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Civil rights--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--History--20th centuryAfrican Americans--EmploymentBlacks--Employment--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in employment--GeorgiaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--GeorgiaClergy--GeorgiaCommunity leadership--Georgia--AtlantaCommunity activists--Georgia--AtlantaCivic leaders--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAtlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employeesAtlanta (Ga.). Police DeptAtlanta Community Relations CommissionCity Hall (Atlanta, Ga.)Elder, WaltInman, John F.Lowery, Joseph (Joseph E.)Grier, J. D.Reporter: Elder, Walt.In this WSB newsfilm clip dated June 29, 1973, civil rights leaders Reverend Joseph Lowery and Reverend J. D. Grier join Atlanta police chief John Inman in a press conference encouraging African Americans to apply for available positions as police officers.The clip is divided into three segments. The first segment begins at a press conference, where Reverend Joseph Lowery, vice chairman of Atlanta's Community Relations Commission, an organization functioning as a liason between City Hall and African Americans city residents, notes that only one hundred twenty-one African Americans have been hired in the Atlanta police department in the past year. He remarks that the disparity between black and white officers on the police force will never be eliminated if the rate of hire for African American remains the same. Lowery also notes that more than two hundred eighty-one white officers have been hired in the past three years, a number that is greater than the total number of African American officers on the force. Speaking on behalf of members of the Commission, Lowery emphasizes that their position does not demand a reduction in the number of white police officers, but rather serves as an urgent call to increase the hiring of African American officers, which, Lowery adds, are necessary for effective law enforcement and public safety in the Atlanta community. Next, Reverend J. D. Grier proposes a doubling of efforts to hire more African Americans, and pledges to place one hundred African American candidates among the one hundred seventy-two vacant officer positions. Next, Atlanta police chief John Inman expresses his disappointment in the number of African American applicants seeking employment in available patrolman positions. He appeals to prospective recruits by emphasizing that work as a patrolman is an important service to the Atlanta community, and remarks that the police department needs more African American applicants for the positions that are available.The second segment of the clip is b-roll footage that includes shots of several officials gathered behind the dais where Lowery, Grier and Inman are seated. The third segment of the clip includes assorted silent shots of the press conference and its preparation, taken from different locations.As with most Atlanta city departments in the early 1970s, the Atlanta police department was slow to integrate, and inadequate hiring and promotion practices left the city with a police force that was vastly underrepresented by African American officers. Reports of police brutality in black neighborhoods underscored the department's unpopularity with African American residents. Atlanta's Community Relations Commission attempted to initiate an affirmative action program throughout Atlanta's city agencies; however, the police department failed to implement these practices, and remained sharply divided along racial lines. Police chief John Inman exacerbated the bureau's tensions by replacing high-ranking African American department officials and demoting members of the Afro-American Patrolman's League who had participated in a discrimination lawsuit against the department.In an attempt to facilitate affirmative action within the police department and better represent the city's African American population, mayor Maynard Jackson reorganized the city's law enforcement divisions, and with a new Atlanta city charter, created a public safety department that superseded the authority of the police department. In doing so, Jackson effectively eliminated police chief Inman's ability to control hiring and promotion. Jackson's intervention greatly accelerated the integration of the Atlanta police force, although personnel shortages and ongoing disputes over the development and maintenance of a racially balanced, merit-driven police bureau continued to challenge the city well into future decades.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesElder, WaltInman, John F.Lowery, Joseph (Joseph E.)Grier, J. D.Elder, WaltDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_226861 clip (about 2 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (b-roll): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 0 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1973-06-29Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders Joseph Lowery, and J. D . Grier with Police chief John Inman as he announces efforts to recruit more African American policemen, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 June 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1947, 5:34/07:14, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.125ugabma_wsbn_4163041630wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41630yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders promoting nonviolence in a poolroom in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Nonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican Americans--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AlbanyPolice--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyMobs--Georgia--AlbanyCivil rights movements--United StatesPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanyNeighborhood--Georgia--AlbanyBilliard parlors--Georgia--AlbanyViolence--Press coverage--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAlbany (Ga.). Police Dept.Harlem (Albany, Ga.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph Abernathy and an unidentified civil rights worker visit Dick's Cue Room, Dick Gay's poolroom in Albany's Harlem neighborhood, on Wednesday, July 25, 1962, to explain the role of nonviolence in the movement, and to solicit support from members of Albany's African American community. On the night before, a crowd of African American onlookers, angry at the arrest of protesters, had thrown rocks and bottles at city police officers. Albany Movement leaders, working to encourage nonviolence and combat the damage that this violent outburst caused in the media, declared Wednesday a "day of penance" and cancelled all demonstrations. In speaking to the audience in the pool hall of young men and children, King says that in order for the civil rights movement to continue to be great, it needs to be nonviolent and peaceful. Violence will only bring shame on African Americans and will allow the city and state to dismiss the movement as violent. King asks for the support of his listeners and for their help to spread the word of nonviolence to their friends and family members, inviting them to the mass meeting that evening. Next, an unidentified speaker intimates that violence plays into the hands of Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett and the segregationists. Finally, Abernathy tells the audience that the movement is not asking them to stop resisting segregation but to fight it nonviolently because "nonviolence is the way of the strong."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesAbernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_416301 clip (about 8 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-25Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders promoting nonviolence in a poolroom in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0899, 22:46/30:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.126ugabma_wsbn_3746337463wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_37463yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders visiting with president Dwight D. Eisenhower and A. Philip Randolph, vice president of the AFL-CIO speaks to reporters about the visit, Washington D.C., 1958 June 23WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights workers--Washington (D.C.)African American civil rights workers--Washington (D.C.)Presidents--United StatesReporters and reporting--Washington (D.C.)Interviews--Washington (D.C.)Camera operators--Washington (D.C.)Meetings--Washington (D.C.)United States--Politics and government--1953-1961United States--Civil RightsEisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969Randolph, A. Philip (Asa Philip), 1889-1979Granger, Lester B. (Lester Blackwell), 1896-1976King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909-Rogers, William P. (William Pierce), 1913-2001Siciliano, Rocco C.Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981In this WSB newsfilm clip from the White House in Washington, D.C. on June 23, 1958, civil rights leaders visit with United States president Dwight D. Eisenhower, and A. Philip Randolph, vice president of the AFL-CIO and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, speaks to reporters about the visit.The clip begins with Randolph speaking to reporters as they stand outside. Randolph indicates the civil rights leaders were impressed with the president's attitude toward civil rights. He continues with his belief that the president is working towards "achieving first-class citizenship for Negroes." Next in a silent portion, civil rights leaders meet with the president and other administration officials in the Oval Office in the White House. In addition to Randolph and Eisenhower, the men include Lester B. Granger, secretary of the National Urban League; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); E. Frederic Morrow, White House administrative officer; Attorney General William P. Rogers; Rocco Siciliano, assistant to the president; and Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Cameramen and reporters wait for the men outside. African American civil rights leaders had sought the meeting with president Eisenhower and his administration in order to encourage support of the civil rights movement.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesRandolph, A. Philip (Asa Philip), 1889-1979Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_374631 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1958-06-23Washington (D.C.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders visiting with president Dwight D. Eisenhower and A. Philip Randolph, vice president of the AFL-CIO speaks to reporters about the visit, Washington D.C., 1958 June 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0825, 57:24/58:26, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.127ugabma_wsbn_4164641646wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_41646yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights movements and Albany city officials entering the Federal Building in Albany, Georgia, 1962 JulyWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AlbanyDirect action--Georgia--AlbanyPassive resistance--Georgia--AlbanySegregation--Georgia--AlbanyMeet the press (Television program)Injunctions--Georgia--AlbanyRestraining orders--Georgia--AlbanyNonviolence--Georgia--AlbanyViolence--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American lawyers--Georgia--AlbanyLawyers--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American physicians--Georgia--AlbanyPhysicians--Georgia--AlbanyAfrican American prisoners--Georgia--AlbanyAlbany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)--Trials, litigation, etc.Federal Building (Albany, Ga.)Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Trials, litigation, etc.Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Trials, litigation, etc.King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988Anderson, William G., 1927-Anderson, William G., 1927- --Trials, litigation, etc.Hollowell, DonaldIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip, several groups of civil rights movement leaders and Albany city officials are shown entering the Albany Post Office and Federal Courthouse in Albany, Georgia, late in July 1962. Individuals identified in the segment include Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett; Dr. Martin Luther King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); and Charles Jones, local leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) efforts. Also shown are attorneys Donald L. Hollowell and C. B. King with his head still bandaged from a beating he received July 28 from Dougherty County Sheriff D. C. Campbell. On Saturday, July 21, 1962, federal district judge J. Robert Elliott granted a temporary restraining order against King, Abernathy, and Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, barring further mass demonstrations in Albany. Judge Elliott scheduled a hearing regarding the restraining order for July 30. Civil rights leaders were able to get chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle to dissolve the restraining order on the movement on Tuesday, July 24. King, Abernathy, and Anderson were arrested with other demonstrators July 27 for praying outside city hall. Anderson was bailed out of jail so that he could appear on "Meet the Press" July 28; while King and Abernathy remained in jail until Friday, August 10. Judge Elliott's hearing regarding future demonstrations began July 30 and recessed Wednesday, August 8; no date was set to resume the hearing.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_416461 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07Albany (Ga.)Dougherty County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights movements and Albany city officials entering the Federal Building in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0900, 11:09/13:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.128ugabma_wsbn_3509135091wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_35091yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers arrested during the Freedom Ride going to court to appeal their arrests in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 August 14WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--JacksonCivil rights demonstrations--Mississippi--JacksonCourts--Mississippi--JacksonCivil rights workers--Mississippi--JacksonAfrican American civil rights workers--Jackson--MississippiCivil rights movements--Mississippi--JacksonAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Mississippi--JacksonCivil rights--Mississippi--JacksonBuses--Mississippi--JacksonPhotographers--Mississippi--JacksonPolice--Mississippi--JacksonCourthouses--Mississippi--JacksonRace relationsSegregation--Mississippi--JacksonJackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryCongress of Racial EqualityFreedom Rides, 1961In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 14, 1961, civil rights workers return to Jackson, Mississippi to appeal their conviction for participation in the Freedom Rides.The clip begins with a Greyhound bus driving down the street and parking along the side of the road. The bus's windows are down and people are seen through the windows. An African American woman and two white women get off the bus; later a white man gets off the bus. The interracial group of men and women walk up a flight of stairs. Cameramen and policemen observe the group as it walks up the stairs. The clip ends with spectators watching the group enter the building.In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a test of interstate transportation dubbed the Freedom Ride. The ride, patterned after the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. The trip met little resistance through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the two groups of riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. Although the riders eventually flew to New Orleans on May 15, student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee organized replacement riders to continue the journey. After several days of delay, on May 20, 1961, the reorganized Freedom Riders traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery. In Montgomery, the riders were again attacked by a white mob that beat the riders and several bystanders, including John Seigenthaler, personal assistant to attorney general Robert F. Kennedy. Following several more days of negotiations attempting to guarantee the riders' safety, the group traveled from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi on May 25. Mississippi officials promptly arrested Freedom Riders who arrived that day as well as every subsequent group of riders that came to Jackson. Many riders, following the "jail, no bail" policy of civil rights workers, would stay in jail the thirty-nine days required for appeals before being bailed out. Eventually over one hundred fifty people were arrested and convicted on charges of breach of the peace. Those convicted returned to Jackson on August 14 to appeal their convictions. In September 1961 the Interstate Commerce Commission issued a ruling banning segregation on interstate buses, trains, and stations that serviced interstate travelers. That ruling went into effect on November 1, 1961.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_350911 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-08-14Jackson (Miss.)Hinds County (Miss.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers arrested during the Freedom Ride going to court to appeal their arrests in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 August 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0778, 10:58/11:48, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.129ugabma_wsbn_4372143721wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43721yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers holding a sit-in and picketing in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Sit-ins--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American college students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaPassive resistance--Georgia--AtlantaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaRestaurants--Georgia--AtlantaF.W. Woolworth CompanyMcCrory CorporationStores, Retail--Georgia--AtlantaIn this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from November 25, 1960, African Americans hold a sit-in at a lunch counter and picket the McCrory's and F.W. Woolworth stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The clip begins with a group of two African American men and two African American women standing together on the sidewalk next to a building. Under a store's awning, other African Americans walk past the store or into the building. A small number of African Americans with picket signs walk back and forth in front of McCrory's store. In an unidentified store, African American students wait for service at a lunch counter sit-in. Outside, other protesters carry signs with the slogans, "Jim Crow must go" and "Don't pay to be segregated." The camera pans past the F.W. Woolworth store and a next-door parking lot. Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to organize segregation protests in Atlanta. The two groups organized a "Fall Campaign" beginning on October 19, 1960; on October 22 African American leaders agreed to a month-long truce in which city officials, business owners, and African Americans worked toward a compromise. When no agreement was reached by November 25, African American students joined by white students from Emory University and Agnes Scott College resumed protests and flooded downtown stores including Rich's, Woolworth's, and McCrory's.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_437211 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1960-11-25Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers holding a sit-in and picketing in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0988, 2:53/03:55, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.130ugabma_wsbn_4523245232wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45232yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers protesting segregation at Leb's Restaurant and S & W Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 May 20WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American college students--Georgia--AtlantaCollege students--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCentral business districts--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaPassive resistance--Georgia--AtlantaPolice--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaViolence--Georgia--AtlantaNonviolence--Georgia--AtlantaSit-ins--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryLeb's Restaurant (Atlanta, Ga.)S & W Cafeteria (Atlanta, Ga.)Lebedin, Charles, 1901-1989In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 20, 1963, white and African American students demonstrate against segregation at Leb's Restaurant and later S & W Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia. The clip is divided into two segments. The first segment, which is about 3 minutes long, begins with African American students and a white man pushing against each other in front of Leb's Restaurant as they are watched by a white audience standing in front of a service building across the street. An agitated, white Atlanta police officer and Charles Leb, the restaurant's owner, speak to the demonstrating students. The camera focuses on a broken window held together with tape and a cigarette burn in fabric. Scenes of the white audience across the street are interspersed with those of the demonstrators standing in front of the restaurant's door. A white student speaks to someone inside the restaurant before standing in front of the door with an interracial group of students who were pushed out of the building. At one point a black student is knocked over as the open door pushes him back. A policeman approaches the door and goes inside the restaurant. The clip ends showing the Leb's Restaurant sign and a man leading the demonstrators across the street.The second clip segment, which is about one minute long, begins with a two young men, one white and the other African American, standing in the doorway of Leb's. A white young woman stands behind the men. Cameramen taking pictures and film of the demonstrators are seen in the background. The students try to speak to someone through an open door and are pushed out when they try to enter the restaurant. One of the white men keeping them out appears to punch a demonstrator. Leb and the white man beside him shove the demonstrators when they try to push their way inside. One of the demonstrators, an African American young man, is knocked to the ground and covers his head with his arms to protect it. Next, the interracial group walks down the sidewalk; a white young man and an African American young woman walk beside each other. The group approaches the S & W Cafeteria and are again shoved away when the try to enter through the glass door. Later a man is seen through the window taping a crack in the lower half of the glass door. Finally the demonstrators walk away together.On March 9, 1960 students at the Atlanta University Center issued "An Appeal for Human Rights" citing segregation and discrimination in seven areas of the city; student-led sit-ins and other demonstrations began later that week. The Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), organized by students that March, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a national organization created in May of that year, led a significant number of the Atlanta demonstrations. Negotiations ended sit-ins in March 1961 on the condition that lunch counters integrate shortly after Atlanta schools desegregated in September. A second phase of the direct-action movement began in the spring of 1963 when students again began protesting segregated hotels and eating facilities. On May 20 students protested for over four hours at Leb's restaurant where an African American demonstrator claimed an employee threw him to the ground; court officials refused to issue a warrant against the employee for assault and battery because a policeman standing nearby had watched the exchange and had not agreed to file charges. Although the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors unanimously requested on May 30 that all businesses serving the public desegregate their facilities, most merchants ignored the request. On June 20, 1963 fifty restaurant owners reached an unofficial agreement with African American leaders for complete desegregation of facilities although most of the restaurants resegregated by the end of the year. Leb's restaurant integrated in July 1964 following the passage of the Civil Rights Act as did many of the other restaurants in the city.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_452321 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-05-20Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers protesting segregation at Leb's Restaurant and S & W Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 May 20, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1090, 25:17/28:11, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.131ugabma_wsbn_4593645936wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_45936yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers protesting segregation during a sit-in at two Toddle House restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 DecemberWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaRestaurants--EmployeesDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSit-ins--Georgia--AtlantaPolice--Georgia--AtlantaPolice vehicles--Georgia--AtlantaPhotographers--Georgia--AtlantaSinging--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaDirect action--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryToddle HouseStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)Lewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from December 1963, civil rights workers, primarily African Americans, protest segregation at two Toddle House restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia. The clip intersperses scenes from inside and outside the restaurants. It begins with a Toddle House sign advertising "Food you enjoy." Inside the restaurant African American and white demonstrators sit at one end of a lunch counter while white patrons sit at the other end of the counter. While the protesters appear to wait for service, an African American photographer takes pictures, and a white policeman watches the group. A white man, possibly a restaurant manager, speaks to the students sitting at the counter one by one and pushes a microphone away; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member John Lewis is seen sitting at the counter. An African American young man stands near two white men who are eating at a restaurant booth. Later a white photographer takes pictures of the demonstrators and a white restaurant employee takes coffee cups and glasses away from the demonstrators at the counter. Other African Americans stand by the door or sit on the floor apparently waiting for empty seats to fill and white employees gather together. SNCC's John Lewis, sitting in the restaurant, speaks to a reporter; his comments are not recorded. Outside the restaurant a white policeman appears to lead a group from the restaurant, several students, African American and white, sing and clap their hands, and an Atlanta police car pulls into a parking lot. The camera focuses on the Toddle House sign again as well as on customers exiting the building and standing outside as well as on another Atlanta police vehicle that drives past. A crowd gathers in front of the restaurant and white men walk down the sidewalk. Through the windows white employees are seen moving inside the restaurant. Next, a second Toddle House sign is seen and demonstrators crowd the entrance. White policemen supervise demonstrators as they walk away from the door and march on the sidewalk in front of Toddle House. On December 21 demonstrators began protesting segregation at the Toddle House on Peachtree. Twenty-one people were arrested; the imprisoned protesters later announced they would stay in jail for Christmas rather than pay the fine for violating anti-trespass laws. John Lewis was arrested Sunday, December 22 and was held with others on a one hundred dollar bond. On December 24 comedian Dick Gregory's pregnant wife, Lillian, and two other African Americans were arrested at the Toddle House on Peachtree. Demonstrators soon announced a new plan for legal defense; demonstrators had all purchased stock in Dobb's House, the parent company of Toddle House, and claimed rights to service as stockholders. They also planned to attend the January stockholders' meeting in Tennessee.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_459361 clip (about 4 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1963-12Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers protesting segregation during a sit-in at two Toddle House restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1128, 15:46/19:59, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.132ugabma_wsbn_6284362843wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_62843yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Clarence Coleman, southeast regional director of the National Urban League, asking for a biracial community relations committee in Augusta, Georgia, 1971 March 30WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)County government--Georgia--AugustaRace relationsAfrican Americans--Georgia--AugustaDiscrimination--Georgia--AugustaCounty government--Georgia--Richmond CountyAfrican Americans--Georgia--AugustaWhites--Georgia--AugustaAfrican Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryRace discrimination--Georgia--AugustaPrejudices--Georgia--AugustaSocial conflict--Georgia--Augusta.Interpersonal confrontation--Georgia--AugustaSegregation--Georgia--AugustaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AugustaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--GeorgiaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AugustaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaRiots--Georgia--AugustaRace riots--Georgia--AugustaRace discrimination--Georgia--AugustaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaSocial services--GeorgiaCommunity-based social services--GeorgiaSocial services--Georgia--AtlantaSocial services--Georgia--AugustaCommunity-based social services--Georgia--AtlantaCommunity-based social services--Georgia--AugustaCity and town life--Georgia--Augusta--20th centuryCommunity life--Georgia--Augusta--20th centuryCivic improvement--Georgia--Augusta--20th centuryPolitical culture--Georgia--Augusta--20th centuryMicrophoneAugusta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryRichmond County (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryNational Urban LeagueColeman, Clarence D.In this WSB clip from March 30, 1971, Clarence Coleman, southeast regional director of the National Urban League, addresses a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, and reports the findings of a National Urban League study focusing on racial discrimination in Augusta, Georgia.The clip begins with a silent shot of a biracial group of people gathered inside a conference room, where a press conference has been organized around a large table. At the head of the table are Clarence Coleman, an unidentified African American man and a white woman, seated in front of a row of microphones. Coleman, seated at the head and center of the table, acknowledges other attendees of the press conference by pointing to them as he speaks into a table microphone. A large banner with the National Urban League emblem hangs on the wall behind the table.The next section of the clip contains sound. Here, Clarence Coleman addresses the press conference, reading from a prepared statement. Coleman reports that the major findings of a study on Augusta conducted by the National Urban League determine that Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia, "like nearly all similar political units in the United States," is "fundamentally a dual community" divided by race: affluent whites possesses the decisionmaking power for the entire population; African Americans, on the other hand, are poor, and lack the power to determine city policy, goals, or priorities.Coleman notes that civil disturbances are a "sure way by which frustrated people can, at least temporarily, exert a rather commanding influence, negative though it may be, over the immediate directions and functions over the larger community." He goes on to report that the National Urban League's recommendations primarily address the immediate necessity to establish mechanisms that ensure the African American community shares an equal voice in creating and implementing policy, beginning with the upper levels of Augusta and Richmond County government. He concludes that the study calls for the establishment of a biracial community relations task force to be appointed by the mayor and county commission chairman, and granted full subpoena and enforcement powers to act on all matters involving racial and social discrimination.The National Urban League was founded in New York City in 1910 as a nonpartisan and interracial social service organization, formed to serve the growing African American population in search of employment and housing in New York City. Many of the city's new African American residents had arrived from the rural South as part of the Great Migration, and as they transitioned to city life, required vocational training and social guidance. Local affilates of the National Urban League were soon founded in cities throughout the country. While cultivating powerful alliances with American economic, political, and philanthropic institutions, the agency established itself as a resource for African Americans through social services and advocacy which included sponsoring vocational education programs, training African American social workers, negotiating increased African American employment throughout American corporations, and pressuring government services, labor unions, the military, and the defense industry to cease discriminatory practices. National Urban League staff also conducted investigations of the social, economic, and political conditions of urban African Americans, analyzed and interpreted the findings, and made government policy recommendations. During the 1960s, the National Urban League made advocacy for poor African Americans its top priority. Whitney Young, the organization's president from 1961-1971, proposed a "domestic Marshall Plan" in 1964, which influenced President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty legislation. The organization's tax-exempt status prohibited its full participation in political protests, differentiating it from political civil rights organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The National Urban League still aligned itself with the Civil Rights Movement by sponsoring leadership training and voter education projects, making office space available to civil rights leaders, and co-sponsoring events such as the 1963 March on Washington and the 1968 Poor People's Campaign. As of 2010, the National Urban League continues to advocate for policy on civil rights and racial justice issues, and provides programs and services for African Americans and urban communities.On March 30, 1971, the National Urban League delivered the results of a report commissioned by Augusta's city council as part of a response to a massive city crisis the previous year. In May, 1970, public outcry against the torture and murder of an African American teenager held in the Augusta jail by Augusta's African American community deteriorated into riots and police violence. Six African American men were shot in the back by policemen, and more than fifty fires were set in businesses owned by white and Chinese merchants in Augusta. Though most of the recommendations in the Urban League's report were ignored by the predominantly white city council, Augusta ultimately managed to establish biracial commissions to investigate racial inequality and division throughout the city.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesColeman, Clarence D.Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_628431 clip (about 2 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1971-03-30Augusta (Ga.)Richmond County (Ga.)Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Clarence Coleman, southeast regional director of the National Urban League, asking for a biracial community relations committee in Augusta, Georgia, 1971 March 30, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1729, 26:28/28:14, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.133ugabma_wsbn_5015650156wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_50156yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments by Sam Oni and Dr. Thomas Holmes following the decision of Tattnall Square Baptist Church to remain segregated and to dismiss Dr. Holmes as their pastor, Macon, Georgia, 1966 September 26WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Segregation--Georgia--MaconBlacks--Civil rights--Georgia--MaconClergy--Dismissal of--Georgia--MaconCivil rights movements--Georgia--MaconBaptist converts--Georgia--MaconBaptist universities and colleges--Georgia--MaconBaptist church buildings--Georgia--MaconRace--Religious aspects--BaptistsMacon (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleMercer UniversityTattnall Square Baptist Church (Macon, Ga.)Holmes, Thomas J. (Thomas Joseph)Oni, Sam, 1941-In this WSB newsfilm clip from September 26, 1966, Mercer University student Sam Oni and Dr. Thomas Holmes speak about the decision of Tattnall Square Baptist Church in Macon, Georgia, to remain segregated and dismiss Holmes as their pastor for advocating desegregation.The clip begins by focusing on the sign at the entrance to Mercer University. The camera moves to show several campus buildings and men walking on campus. A white reporter interviews Sam Oni in front of Tattnall Square Baptist Church. Oni, a Baptist convert from Ghana, was one of three Black men who integrated Mercer University in 1963. Later the camera shows the sign for Tattnall Square Baptist Church. The sign indicates that the pastor, Thomas J. Holmes, will be speaking on "My Impossible Dream" at 7 pm, although no date is given for the sermon. The clip begins recording in the middle of Oni's statement. Oni details why he felt obligated to try to integrate Tattnall Square Baptist Church. According to Oni, the church members do not understand that their decision to reject potential church members of African descent impedes the church's missionary effort in Africa and in the rest of the world. By trying to attend Tattnall Square Baptist church, Oni tried to "forestall this terrible tragedy that was about to take place."After this, the camera focuses on a mailbox with the sign "Thomas J. Holmes." The camera shows the front of the house. Inside, a name plaque indicates the desk belongs to Thomas J. Holmes. Holmes is sitting in an office in front of bookshelves speaking to an off-screen reporter. The reporter asks if Holmes would recommend Tattnall Square Baptist Church to someone seeking a church in Macon. Holmes indicates that he is not sure who the church will get to be its pastor and feels that "some things are going to have to be worked out before people could be happy in the church." He expresses his hope that the church works out its problems so "people can feel at home in the church." The clip audio breaks and returns to Holmes explaining that he had expressed his support of integration to the church before they called him to be pastor; at the time, he told the church he would not change his position. Asked about his future plans, Holmes says he has been a Baptist minister since his nineteenth birthday over thirty years earlier and plans to remain one. Holmes does not know if he will have a place to preach in the future.The clip returns to Oni speaking to a reporter. Oni mentions that he tried to speak with the leaders of Tattnall Square Baptist Church but found them "very impervious to reason." The leaders "kept telling me about the position which the church has taken, namely that Negroes are not to be allowed in the sanctuary." After this, the clip returns to the interview with Holmes. Holmes cites two reasons people may maintain segregation in churches. The first is that some white people feel they are diminished by associating with African Americans; the second, according to Holmes, is fear.Tattnall Square Baptist Church was the campus church of Mercer University. Land for the church had been given by the university to to the congregation in the early days of the school. Sam Oni, a Baptist convert from Ghana, integrated Mercer University along with two Macon African Americans in the fall of 1963. When Oni arrived in Macon, he was discouraged from attempting to join Tattnall Square Baptist Church as the membership had made it known they would not accept him. Oni's membership in Vineville Baptist Church was also initially contested. He was finally admitted to join the Vineville congregation because he was a foreigner from Africa and not an African American. In June 1966, two African Americans attended services one Sunday at Tattnall Square Baptist Church. Afterwards, the church voted not to permit African Americans to attend their services. Oni, who spent the summer in California, felt compelled to attempt to become affiliated with the church during his last year at Mercer. On September 25, 1966, Oni tried to attend Sunday service. He was met at the door by two deacons who wrestled him away from the church and into a waiting police car. Inside the church, the congregation voted to fire Pastor Holmes, the assistant pastor, and the church's music director because of their support for integrating the church. Oni tried again to attend Tattnall Square Baptist Church on October 2 and was again rejected; after his second rejection, he announced he would not try again. The church eventually gave up the university land and moved to a new location outside of town. They continued to maintain a white-only congregation for several years. Dr. Holmes, following his dismissal, was rehired as an assistant to a Mercer University administrator, a position he had held before he became pastor at Tattnall Square Baptist Church.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHolmes, Thomas J. (Thomas Joseph)Oni, Sam, 1941-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_501561 clip (about 4 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1966-09-26Macon (Ga.)Bibb County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments by Sam Oni and Dr. Thomas Holmes following the decision of Tattnall Square Baptist Church to remain segregated and to dismiss Dr. Holmes as their pastor, Macon, Georgia, 1966 September 26, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1350, 36:55/40:55, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.134ugabma_wsbn_4845548455wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_48455yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments made by Sumter County attorney Warren Fortson, Georgia Governor Carl Sanders, and two other unidentified people regarding recent racial conflicts in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August 4WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Lawyers--Georgia--AmericusGovernors--GeorgiaNegotiation--Georgia--AmericusCommittees--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Suffrage--Georgia--AmericusRace relationsAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights movements--Georgia--AmericusContested elections--Georgia--AmericusLocal elections--Georgia--AmericusWomen political candidates--Georgia--AmericusCity councils--Georgia--AmericusMunicipal officials and employees--Georgia--AmericusReporters and reporting--Georgia--AmericusDiscrimination in employment--Georgia--AmericusAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentAmericus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryAmericus (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th centuryAmericus (Ga.)--Officials and employeesAmericus (Ga.). City CouncilSumter County Movement (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)Fortson, Warren Candler, 1928-Sanders, Carl Edward, 1925-In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 4, 1965, Sumter County attorney Warren Fortson, Georgia Governor Carl Sanders, and two unidentified individuals present their opinions regarding recent racial conflicts in Americus, Sumter County, Georgia.The clip begins with Warren Fortson speaking about the possibility of establishing a biracial committee to discuss racial problems in Americus; he states his belief that the community will only be able to reduce racial tension "by sitting down with a committee of white people and a committee of Negroes." Although the creation of a biracial committee was one of the demands of the Sumter County Movement (the local civil rights organization), Americus city officials repeatedly refused to create such a body. In light of the city's failure to cooperate, Fortson eventually organized an independent biracial committee; however, city officials refused to recognize it. After a break in the clip, an unidentified Americus official states that racial problems should be worked out by elected officials and not private citizens; he emphasizes that if the city council does not "represent the sentiment of the people of Sumter County, then the ballot box is the place to solve it." Next, Georgia governor Carl Sanders reports that he has urged the city council to work with local African Americans to "seek a workable solution to this very serious problem." After this, Warren Fortson again speaks to the reporter. He explains that the Sumter County Movement's demand to void the results of the special election held July 20 (in which four African American women were arrested for standing in the "white" line) is something that must be handled by the county government. When asked about the Movement's demands for better job opportunities, Fortson agrees that community involvement can and will work out economic concerns, and states that local merchants who might be inclined to meet Movement demands are discouraged from doing so because they fear retaliation. Finally, the clip ends with an unidentified white woman speaking to reporters. The woman speaks of "very serious charges" that have been made against Warren Fortson. She explains that she knows Fortson personally and because of her high regard for him asked that nothing be done at the present time. She compares the tactics used against Fortson to those used in Nazi Germany.After sporadic demonstrations between 1963 and 1965, the aforementioned arrest of four African American women at the special election sparked demonstrations that targeted government, business, and religious institutions, and were increased in frequency to three demonstrations per day. Protests led by the Sumter County Movement leaders ended August 13; efforts to create a biracial negotiating committee did not succeed. By October 1965, Warren Fortson and his family had been pressured into leaving Americus because of his involvement in creating a biracial committee.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesFortson, Warren Candler, 1928-Sanders, Carl Edward, 1925-Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_484551 clip (about 4 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-08-04Americus (Ga.)Sumter County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments made by Sumter County attorney Warren Fortson, Georgia Governor Carl Sanders, and two other unidentified people regarding recent racial conflicts in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August 4, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1305, 51:48/56:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.135ugabma_wsbn_4316243162wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_43162yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris and House of Representatives members Frank Twitty and A'Delbert Bowen in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 JanuaryWSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Legislators--Georgia--AttitudesSchool integration--Georgia--AthensSegregation in education--Georgia--AthensCollege students--Georgia--AthensAfrican American college students--Georgia--AthensSchool boards--GeorgiaSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--GeorgiaCollege integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinionPublic opinion--Georgia--AthensSchool integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New OrleansSchool integration--Arkansas--Little RockSchool integration--Louisiana--New OrleansUniversity System of Georgia. Board of Regents--AttitudesUniversity of GeorgiaGeorgia. General Assembly. House of RepresentativesGeorgia. General Assembly. House of Representatives. Committee on EducationUniversity System of Georgia. Board of Regents--Officials and employeesGovernment, Resistance to--GeorgiaHarris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985Twitty, Frank Starling, 1907-1981Bowen, A'Delbert, 1919-1981Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-This WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia in January 1961 contains selections of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia made by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris to the House Education Committee, and selections of comments made to the committee and later to the full House of Representatives by Representatives Frank Twitty of Mitchell County and A'Delbert Bowen of Randolph County.The clip begins with representative Frank Twitty speaking to the House Education Committee. His comments are interspersed with those made by Roy V. Harris. Twitty explains that Georgia Governor Ernest Vandiver is proposing a package plan of legislation to oppose the most recent court decision for integration. Bill co-sponsor Twitty refers to the plan as "about the only thing left that we can fight with." Part of the plan Twitty outlines decentralizes the school board system, giving more authority back to local boards and allowing them to better counteract attacks on segregation. HB174 is "A Bill to be entitled an Act to provide for suspension and reopening of public schools; to provide for the call of an election on said issue; to prescribe the procedure relating thereto; to provide that teachers' and other contracts shall not be effected by such suspension but that the compensation thereunder shall continue under specified terms; and for other purposes." Twitty reminds the committee that governor Vandiver is pledging to support public education. He expresses his gratitude for the strength of character of members of the general assembly during the most recent integration crisis, as well as for their support. Twitty asks the committee to give the proposals a unanimous vote and to not be against public education.Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris also speaks to the House Education Committee. He wishes that a Southern governor would defy a federal court order to integrate, a move he believes would "create a revolt in the minds of the people all over this nation." Harris refers to the defiance of the Louisiana legislature in only making appropriations once a month and reminds his audience that no federal judge has yet put them in jail and that their actions have stood up in courts. Harris compares the South's resistance to reconstruction and integration to the Indian Self Determination movement, led by Gandhi. The Civil Rights movement, influenced by Gandhi's teachings on nonviolence and passive resistance, also frequently compared itself to Gandhi's struggle in India. Harris praises the "passive resistance" of southerners during the Reconstruction period in which acts of congress and federal judges ruled the South. He asserts that he has never advocated violence or closing Georgia schools. Harris refers to his role as the president of the States' Rights Council of Georgia and a visit he and governor Vandiver made to Little Rock after the integration crisis there in 1957. He declares that only local residents should be able to decide if they want their schools closed rather than integrating, criticizing the "election" portion of House Bill 174.Next, Twitty speaks from prepared remarks, portions of which are inaudible, to the whole House of Representatives. Twitty calls the proposed school legislation the most important of his seventeen-year career. The laws, Twitty says, are carefully reasoned ones that reasonable men can support and live with in the future. He asks the House members to give their unanimous endorsement to the bills and to governor Vandiver and the leadership that helped create them. Twitty decries those opposing the bills for not offering a workable plan. He proclaims that he wants what is best for Georgia children and to prevent another Little Rock or New Orleans crisis. He states that the members of the legislature will be judged in the future by their votes.Finally, representative A'Delbert Bowen from Randolph County speaks to the House. He refers to the plans offered by Twitty as "the easy way out," remarking that the white flag of surrender will be the symbol of the legislature. Bowen affirms that he is just as interested in the welfare of Georgia children, but he does not believe everything has been done to prevent integration. He asks the audience to stop insulting the intelligence of Georgians by calling the plan proposed by the governor anything but integration.Civil rights workers in Georgia attacked segregated education at colleges and universities as well as in public school districts around the state. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the University of Georgia's integration, leading state officials to choose between accepting integration and closing the school. On January 13, Bootle ruled unconstitutional a 1956 appropriations act preventing funding integrated schools. Also on May 9, 1960 federal judge Frank A. Hooper set a deadline for the desegregation of Atlanta schools as May 1, 1961. In response to pressure to integrate on Atlanta schools as well as on the University of Georgia, governor Vandiver proposed legislation to the Georgia legislature allowing greater control to local school boards and providing grants to students choosing to attend private schools rather than integrated public schools, moving the state from a position of massive resistance to one of "restructured resistance."Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesHarris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985Twitty, Frank Starling, 1907-1981Bowen, A'Delbert, 1919-1981Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_431621 clip (about 20 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1961-01Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Athens (Ga.)Clarke County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris and House of Representatives members Frank Twitty and A'Delbert Bowen in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0968, 14:03/34:12, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.136ugabma_wsbn_5356453564wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_53564yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King following the assassination of her husband, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American women--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American clergy--Georgia--AtlantaClergy--Georgia--AtlantaPress conferences--Georgia--AtlantaReporters and reporting--Georgia--AtlantaTables--Georgia--AtlantaMicrophoneGrief--Georgia--AtlantaFlags--United StatesSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceEbenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--AssassinationAbernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Lee, Bernard Scott, d. 1991Young, Andrew, 1932-In this WSB newsfilm clip from April 6, 1968, Coretta Scott King speaks at a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia following the assassination of her husband, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The clip begins with reporters standing around a table with microphones. Coretta Scott King walks towards the table and sits down followed by Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) president Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy. Bernard Lee, Dr. King's special assistant and SCLC member, stands beside Mrs. King and addresses the reporters, apologizing for the delayed beginning of the press conference. After a break in the clip Lee announces that Abernathy will hold a press conference with fellow SCLC leader Andrew Young at Abernathy's church, West Hunter Street Baptist Church, the next day. Lee indicates that Abernathy will answer reporter's questions following Mrs. King's comments. Next Abernathy speaks, thanking Lee for his introduction and introducing Mrs. King to the reporters. Mrs. King begins her comments by thanking Abernathy, Dr. King's "closest friend and associate," for his introduction and presence. She also emphasizes that Dr. King chose Abernathy to be his successor to head SCLC, partly because Dr. King felt Abernathy "could express and interpret his views on nonviolence better than anyone else." Mrs. King goes on to thank other "friends of goodwill" who have helped the family.After these initial comments Mrs. King reads from a prepared statement. Although Mrs. King declares that she "would have preferred to be alone at this time with my children," she chose to "put aside traditional family considerations" because of the importance of Dr. King's work on behalf of African Americans and all poor people. The clip breaks, and she concludes her statement by stressing that when people in bondage are free and war and poverty ends, "I know my husband will rest in a long-deserved peace." After reading her statement, Mrs. King gathers her papers and stands up. Reverend Abernathy kisses Mrs. King on the cheek before she and Lee walk toward the door. Andrew Young also briefly speaks to Mrs. King. Outside African American children and adults line up in front of a building, allowing a camera to pass them and walk through a door. A United States flag flies at half-mast.The clip breaks again, returning to Mrs. King's statement. Mrs. King affirms that Dr. King "faced the possibility of death without bitterness or hatred" while still struggling "with every ounce of his energy to save" a sick society from itself. She asserts that the religious nature of her home has helped ease the burden of Dr. King's death for the family. Mrs. King declares her determination to continue Dr. King's work, inviting those "who loved and admired him would join us in fulfilling his dream." The clip ends showing again the United States flag at half-mast.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was with other leaders from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) supporting local sanitation workers in a strike. Following Dr. King's death reverend Ralph D. Abernathy led SCLC for several years; Mrs. Coretta Scott King also became more active in the civil and human rights movement.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990Lee, Bernard Scott, d. 1991Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_535641 clip (about 13 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1968-04-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King following the assassination of her husband, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1455, 21:14/34:39, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.137ugabma_wsbn_2383723837wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_23837yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King speaking about nonviolent social change at a meeting held at Fort Benning, Georgia, 1971 September 11WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American women--Georgia--Fort BenningMen--Georgia--Fort BenningWomen social reformers--Georgia--Fort BenningAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--Fort BenningCivil rights workers--Georgia--Fort BenningNonviolence--Georgia--Fort BenningSocial change--Georgia--Fort BenningCivil rights movements--Georgia--Fort BenningRace relationsGeorgia--Race relations--History--20th centuryUnited States. ArmyMartin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social ChangeKing, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006In this WSB newsfilm clip from September 11, 1971, Coretta Scott King speaks about nonviolent social change at a meeting held at Fort Benning, Georgia.The clip is divided into two segments. The first segments begins with King sitting in front of a cinderblock wall. King indicates that she is representing the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. She explains that the King Center focuses on nonviolent social change and presents it as the theme for the meeting. In the second segment of the clip, white and African American men sit in folding chairs. King sits behind a table with an African American man and a white man. King appears to speak but the segment is silent and her comments are not recorded.Coretta Scott King, an Alabama native, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. met in Boston, Massachusetts where she was studying music and he was working on an advanced degree. The two married in 1953 and afterwards moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where Dr. King was pastor at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. The family moved to Atlanta in 1960 when Dr. King became co-pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church where his father served. During the 1950s and the 1960s, King's primary role was as a stay-at-home mother of their four children. After Dr. King's assassination on April 4,1968, King took a more active role in the public side of the Civil Rights movement. She founded the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, fought apartheid, and worked to have a national holiday established to honor Dr. King.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_238371 clip (about 0 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 1 min.): color, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1973-09-11Fort Benning (Ga.)Muscogee County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King speaking about nonviolent social change at a meeting held at Fort Benning, Georgia, 1971 September 11, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1967, 49:15/49:39, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.138ugabma_wsbn_3828038280wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_38280yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of crowds waiting outside of Ebenezer Baptist Church as the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., lies in state, Atlanta, Georgia, 1974 July 2WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African Americans--Georgia--AtlantaFuneral rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaCemeteries--Georgia--AtlantaAssassination--Georgia--AtlantaMurder--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaWomen--Violence against--Georgia--AtlantaWomen--Crimes against--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Violence against--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--AtlantaOffenses against the person--Georgia--AtlantaFuneral rites and ceremonies--Georgia--AtlantaFuneral decorations--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Funeral customs and rites--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Social conditions--20th centuryPolice--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American police--Georgia--AtlantaPolice patrol--Georgia--AtlantaPolice vehicles--Georgia--AtlantaMotorcycle police--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American police--Georgia--AtlantaCrowds--Georgia--AtlantaCrowd control--Georgia--AtlantaTraffic regulations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workersCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workersAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American churches--Georgia--AtlantaChurch buildings--Georgia--AtlantaBaptist church buildings--Georgia--AtlantaChurch signs--Georgia--AtlantaChurch ushersAfrican American neighborhoods--Georgia--AtlantaStreets--Georgia--AtlantaCoffins--Georgia--AtlantaLimousines--Georgia--AtlantaHearses (Vehicles)--Georgia--AtlantaPhotographers--Georgia--AtlantaCamera operators--Georgia--AtlantaTelevision camera operators--Georgia--AtlantaSpectators--Georgia--AtlantaPedestrians--Georgia--AtlantaChildren--Georgia--AtlantaSidewalks--Georgia--AtlantaAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryEbenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social ChangeSouth View cemetery (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Death and burialFarris, Christine King, 1927-Watkins, Angela FarrisKing, Martin Luther, IIIKing, Dexter, 1961-King, Bernice A.King, YolandaKing, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974King, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974--AssassinationKing, Alberta Williams, 1903-1974--Death and burialFarris, Isaac N. (Isaac Newton), 1962-In this WSB newsfilm clip dated July 2, 1974, a crowd of mourners and observers gather around Ebenezer Baptist Church for the viewing of the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as her body lies in state at Ebenezer Baptist Church the day before her funeral. A large crowd is gathered in the Auburn Avenue neighborhood surrounding the church; members of the King family, including Coretta Scott King and Christine King Farris are seen in attendance. The clip's audio track is comprised of background noise captured from the event.The clip begins with a shot of a hearse parked in front of the entrance of the Ebenezer Baptist Church; a stream of spectators and mourners are cordoned off on the sidewalk by the church. A close-up shot shows an unidentified African American man taking photographs with an instant camera. Onlookers have also gathered across the street as they observe activities at the church. Throughout the clip, footage of mourners and observers lined up in front of the church and on sidewalks along Auburn Avenue are interspersed with the activities taking place in front of thechurch. A police officer adjusts the cordon separating the crowd from the open church doors, while church ushers dressed in suits wait in front of the church entrance. Next, a police motorcycle escort leads several limousines down Auburn Avenue to park in front of Ebenezer Baptist Church; the limousines are then guided by church attendants into parking spots. Several members of the King family are helped out of the automobiles by ushers, including Christine King Farris, elder sister of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and daughter of Alberta Williams King. Farris is dressed in white and is wearing dark glasses; she is holding onto a large white purse. As she makes her way towards the church entrance, she grasps the hands of two children; presumably her children Isaac Farris, Jr. and AngelaFarris. After she enters the church, a large crowd of people follow behind her. The camera then turns its focus to the Ebenezer Baptist Church sign; the clip breaks, and then continues with another shot of the church sign.Next, the camera pans across Auburn Avenue, where a large crowd of onlookers are lined up across the street from Ebenezer Baptist Church. Large crowds of people are gathered on both sides of the street, and traffic is blocked by a hearse in the center of the road. The clip jumps to a shot of an usher carrying a large bouquet of white flowers towards the church entrance. The clip breaks again, and an unidentified member of the King family's party weeps as she is led by two ushers to a limousine. Next, in the foreground of the shot, an elderly woman is led to the same vehicle just as Christine King Farris exits the church in the background. The clip breaks to a shot of Coretta Scott King leaving the church, accompanied by her sons Dexter King and Martin Luther King III; she is followed by her two daughters Yolanda King and Bernice King. An unidentified African American man in an orange shirt extends his hand to her; she shakes it, then she waves to the crowd and seats herself in the car with the rest of her family. The clip breaks, and an usher opens the door to a limousine for another unidentified female member of the King family's party. This is followed by several shots of the crowd surrounding the church. Next, an African American police officer conducting traffic on Auburn Avenue instructs the camera operator to get out of the street; he then motions for several vehicles in the procession to pass. The clip breaks again; the next shot is of several pallbearers carrying a white casket out of the front of the church. There is an abrupt shot of several men standing in front of a hearse; a large floral arrangement is propped in front of its open back doors. The camera jumps to another shot of members of the crowd, then to Christine King Farris exiting the church with members of her family, and stepping into a vehicle (off-camera). There are several more shots of the crowd, followed by the pallbearers placing the white casket into the back of the hearse. Onlookers press their faces against the windows of the hearse to look at the casket; this is followed by a shot of the casket in the back of the hearse. Next, a man closes the door to the back of the hearse. The casket can be seen from the back window, and is framed by a white curtain. The clip ends with a shot of the sign hanging over the front doorway of Ebenezer Baptist Church.On June 30, 1974, during Sunday services at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Alberta Williams King was fatally shot by Marcus Chenault, a twenty-three-year-old African American man from Ohio who claimed "all Christians are my enemies" shortly after the murder. Chenault also killed the church deacon, Edward Boykin, and injured another member of the congregation. A retired church organist at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Alberta Williams King had returned to play for a reunion of former church choir members, and was leading a rendition of "The Lord's Prayer" when she was shot. In her honor, Atlanta mayor Maynard Jackson ordered the flags on all Atlanta city buildings to be flown at half-mast. A memorial service was held in Sisters Chapel at Spelman College at 7:00 pm, on July 2, where Morehouse president emeritus Dr. Benjamin Mays delivered the eulogy. Her body was then returned back to Ebenezer Baptist Church to lie in state for public viewing. Alberta Williams King's funeral was held the next morning at Ebenezer Baptist Church on July 3; U.S. representative from Georgia Andrew Young officiated at the service. Funeral attendees included members of the King family, second lady of the United States Betty Ford, Georgia governor Jimmy Carter, and Mayor Jackson. She was buried in the same double mausoleum at Atlanta's South-View cemetery that had previously held her son Martin Luther King, Jr.'s remains.Former title "WSB-TV newsfilm clip of crowds watching as the body of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is moved from Southview Cemetery to the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, 1974 July 2." Further research shows that the event taking place is for the viewing of the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as her body lies in state at Ebenezer Baptist Church the day before her funeral. The King family made careful arrangements to move Martin Luther King's body privately. Several transfers were conducted before daylight, and without the presence of cameras. The first of these transfers, which involved moving his remains from South-View Cemetery to a lot adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church, took place on January 13, 1970. These events are described in Christine Farris King's 2009 book Through It All: Reflections On My Life, My Family, and My Faith. New York: Atria Books, pp. 137-139.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_382801 clip (about 5 min.): color, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1974-07-02Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)Auburn Avenue (Atlanta, Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of crowds waiting outside of Ebenezer Baptist Church as the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., lies in state, Atlanta, Georgia, 1974 July 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0051, 54:30/59:37, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.139ugabma_wsbn_3257732577wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_32577yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in public accommodations--Southern StatesDiscrimination in restaurants--Georgia--AtlantaDiscrimination in restaurants--Southern StatesRace discrimination--Georgia--AtlantaRace discrimination--Southern StatesSegregation--Southern StatesSegregation--Georgia--AtlantaSegregationists--Georgia--AtlantaSegregationists--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Segregation--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Segregation--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Southern StatesAfrican Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican Americans--Georgia--Politics and government--20th centuryAfrican Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Politics and government--20th centuryWhites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th centuryCivil rights--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights--Southern StatesRestaurants--Georgia--AtlantaRestaurants--Southern StatesHotels--Georgia--AtlantaHotels--Southern StatesMotels--Georgia--AtlantaMotels--Southern StatesCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Southern StatesCivil rights movements--Southern StatesCivil rights movements--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaAfrican American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Southern StatesRace relationsCongresses and conventions--Georgia--AtlantaPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaPamphlets--Georgia--AtlantaPolice--Georgia--AtlantaCity traffic--Georgia--AtlantaTraffic signs and signals--Georgia--AtlantaPedestrians--Georgia--AtlantaRacism--Georgia--AtlantaSouthern States--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relationsGeorgia--Race relationsAtlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centurySouthern States--Race relations--History--20th centuryGeorgia--Social conditions--20th centurySouthern States--Social conditions--20th centuryNational Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People--CongressesJohnny Reb's Canteen (Atlanta, Ga.)In this silent WSB newsfilm clip dated July 6, 1962, African American delegates from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) convention in Atlanta, Georgia picket the segregated restaurant Johnny Reb's Canteen, while white men counterdemonstrate and hand out leaflets.The clip opens with a shot of African American demonstrators picketing on the sidewalk in front of Johnny Reb's Canteen, a segregated Atlanta restaurant. The picketers carry placards that read "Open restaurant policy in Dallas, Tex. Why not in Atlanta? N.A.A.C.P." A white man dressed in a Confederate soldier's uniform, presumably an employee of Johnny Reb's, marches alongside the African American protesters. In mock protest, he carries a sign that reads "Everybody loves Johnny Reb's ice cream." Next, a group of white observers watch the demonstrations from a nearby building. This is followed by another shot of African American protesters back at Johnny Reb's Canteen wearing signs that read "12 southern cities have open hotels why not Atlanta? N.A.A.C.P." Next, a police officer signals street traffic to continue moving forward. This is followed by footage of a white man handing out leaflets to white passersby; he withholds the leaflets as a group of young African American women walks by, and resumes distributing the leaflets as more white men pass by.In July 1962, the NAACP held its fifty-third annual convention in Atlanta, Ga. Although lunch counters had recently integrated, the majority of the city's public accommodations remained segregated and convention attendees were refused service in several downtown hotels and restaurants. Delegates picketed Johnny Reb's Canteen, one of ten hotels and six restaurants selected by the convention for denying African Americans service or accommodations. After the convention, further integration efforts focusing on restaurants and lunch counters continued in Atlanta, led by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR). Thirty-five downtown restaurants agreed to desegregate in June 1963 after two months of sit-ins and protests. On June 25, 1963 thirty-five eating establishments agreed to quietly desegregate on a thirty-day trial basis, although most resegregated by the end of the year, a result of white segregationists picketing the integrating restaurants. Most Atlanta-area restaurants desegregated following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_325771 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1962-07-06Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0725, 47:50/48:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.140ugabma_wsbn_4997349973wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_49973yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstration protesting the Georgia legislature's refusal to seat Julian Bond, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 14WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights workers--Georgia--AtlantaCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AtlantaProtest marches--Georgia--AtlantaLegislators--GeorgiaAfrican Americans--Politics and governmentPicketing--Georgia--AtlantaSigns and signboards--Georgia--AtlantaGeorgia. General AssemblyPolice, State--GeorgiaGeorgia State Capitol (Atlanta, Ga.)King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Bond, Julian, 1940-In this WSB newsfilm clip from a march held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 14, 1966, marchers protest the Georgia legislature's refusal to allow Julian Bond to serve in the legislature, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to the demonstrators. The clip begins with a silent portion where the crowd of demonstrators helps a car back through the group and then walks behind the car. People line the sidewalk and step over handbills on the ground. Georgia state troopers wearing helmets line the capitol steps; demonstrators cheer, talk, and walk past the troopers. Some of the demonstrators hold signs with the slogans "Dissent is not treason" and "Freedom of speech was lynched here Monday." A man hands out papers to the passing crowd in front of the capitol building. In an audio section of the clip, the crowd cheers and chants as they march past troopers on the capitol steps, and an African American man speaks to the troopers, but his comments are not recorded. At a podium in front of the crowd, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. proclaims the demonstrators' support for Julian Bond. He continues after a break in the clip by affirming that African Americans supporting Bond and working for civil rights love the United States. The love of America, King declares, leads demonstrators to work, suffer, and even die in order to right the wrongs in the country, including to help seat Julian Bond in the Georgia legislature. The crowd cheers in response to King's comments and sings freedom songs. Demonstrators passing troopers lined up on the steps of the capitol cheer and hold a sign with the slogan "Seat 136th," referring to the district which elected Julian Bond. King speaks again but his comments are not completely recorded. A young woman holds a sign with the slogan "Justice died in the House of Representatives;" the sign shows an empty chair. The clip ends with the crowd marching, cheering in front of the state troopers, and stepping over leaflets on the ground. Julian Bond, SNCC communications director, was elected to the 136th district of the Georgia legislature in November 1965, one of ten African Americans elected to the legislature that year. After publicly endorsing the SNCC anti-Vietnam statement stating respect for those who burned their draft cards, members of the House of Representatives voted one hundred eighty-four to twelve to not allow Bond to serve in the House on January 10, the first day of the legislative session. Later that year the United States Supreme Court ruled that Bond's statement was within his first amendment rights, and the Georgia legislature had to seat him. Bond served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968Digital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_499731 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1966-01-14Atlanta (Ga.)Fulton County (Ga.)WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstration protesting the Georgia legislature's refusal to seat Julian Bond, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1346, 15:13/18:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.141ugabma_wsbn_4845748457wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_48457yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrations and unsuccessful integration attempts at First Baptist Church and First Methodist Church in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August 1WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)African American civil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights workers--Georgia--AmericusCivil rights demonstrations--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusPolice--Georgia--AmericusAfrican American children--Georgia--AmericusWade in the water (Song)African Americans--Songs and musicMethodist church buildings--Georgia--AmericusBaptist church buildings--Georgia--AmericusCentral business districts--Georgia--AmericusProtest marches--Georgia--AmericusPrayer--Georgia--AmericusPublic worship--Georgia--AmericusSocial integration--Georgia--AmericusReligion and politics--Georgia--AmericusReligion and social problems--Georgia--AmericusSegregation--Georgia--AmericusBaptists--Georgia--AmericusGrocery trade--Georgia--AmericusMethodists--Georgia--AmericusDiscrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--AmericusPicketing--Georgia--AmericusAmericus (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryStores, Retail--Georgia--AmericusFirst Baptist Church (Americus, Ga.)First Methodist Church (Americus, Ga.)Kwik-Chek (Americus, Ga.)Americus Movement (Americus, Ga.)Brokaw, TomReporter: Brokaw, Tom.In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from August 1, 1965, African Americans demonstrate against segregation and unsuccessfully attempt to integrate First Baptist Church and First Methodist Church in Americus, Georgia. The clip begins with a mixed race crowd that appears to be on the verge of fighting surrounding police officers in front of a grocery store. Two men in suits appear to watch events in front of the Farr Appliance Company store. Next, a group of African Americans march in downtown Americus; they follow a car while flanked by law enforcement officers. A man in a white shirt speaks to an officer; afterward, two officers lead a white man away from a crowd. Later, images of the attempted integration of First Baptist Church and First Methodist Church are interspersed with each other. At First Baptist Church, a group of white people line up on the steps of the church. The group attempting to integrate the church stands with their backs to the camera; a white man speaks to them and appears to point toward the church before the group walks away. When the pro-integration group approaches First Methodist Church, they find a line of white parishioners blocking access at the top of the church stairs; the pro-integration group chooses to kneel and pray at the bottom of the stairs. Tom Brokaw and another white man also appear in the clip, and police officers direct traffic. On August 1, 1965, two six-person groups tried to integrate the two churches. The groups were turned away twice at First Baptist Church and once at First Methodist Church. The following week, August 8, sixteen civil rights workers including John Lewis also attempted to integrate the churches and were arrested. Finally, images of the march seen earlier in the clip include a young African American man speaking to the gathered crowd. After sporadic civil rights demonstrations between 1963 and 1965, the Sumter County Movement, assisted by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), stepped up demonstrations after the July 20, 1965 arrest of four African American women for standing in the "white" line during a county election. Demonstrations between July 20 and August 13, 1965 included marches, protests at the Sumter County Courthouse, economic boycotts, and attempts to integrate local churches. According to a New York Times article, integrated groups were turned away from First Baptist and First Methodist churches earlier in the year as well, although Americus Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches were all successfully integrated.Title supplied by cataloger.The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection.Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia and Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, University of Georgia LibrariesBrokaw, TomDigital Library of GeorgiaWalter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards CollectionCivil Rights Digital Library Collection (Digital Library of Georgia)2007Moving imagesNewsUnedited footagehttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/crdl/id:ugabma_wsbn_484571 clip (about 7 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm.Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection.Forms part of: Civil Rights Digital Library.1965-08-01WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrations and unsuccessful integration attempts at First Baptist Church and First Methodist Church in Americus, Georgia, 1965 August 1, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1305, 44:15/51:08, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.142ugabma_wsbn_3636036360wsbnugabmahttp://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/id:ugabma_wsbn_36360yesWSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting against de facto school segregation and of African American leaders Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)Civil rights demonstrations--New York (State)--New YorkCivil rights workers--New York (State)--New YorkAfrican American civil rights workers--New York (State)--New YorkAfrican Americans--Civil rights--New York (State)--New YorkDe facto school segregation--New York (State)--New YorkSegregation in education--New York (State)--New YorkBoycotts--New York (State)--New YorkPicketing--New York (State)--New YorkSigns and signboards--New York (State)--New YorkAfrican American students--New York (State)--New YorkAfrican American clergy--New York (State)--New YorkDirect action--New York (State)--New YorkAfrican American leadership--United StatesBlack power--United StatesNew York (N.Y.)--Race relations--History--20th centuryNew York (N.Y.). Board of EducationX, Malcolm, 1925-1965Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 16, 1964, an interracial group of demonstrators protests de facto school segregation in New York City, New York, and African American leaders Malcolm X and representative Adam Clayton Powell speak in favor of the school boycott.The clip begins with an interracial group of demonstrators marching down a street holding picket signs. Slogans on the signs include, "Segregation can't teach democracy," "A good school for all children," "Jim Crow Donovan Must Go" and a Spanish phrase that may be translated to "Integration is a great education." The crowd chants "Jim Crow must go!" The clip goes silent for a few moments during the march and later as African American students bundled in warm clothes walk past a fence and into a building. Sound resumes, and women enter the same building. Later, a crowd stands in front of another building, many holding picket signs.After the demonstration, a reporter interviews Malcolm X, who says he has come to see segregation exposed in the New York City school system, proving "you don't have to go to Mississippi to find a segregated school system." He goes on to explain that he supports the boycott because it shows that some of the problems for which the South has been condemned also exist in New York.Next, the reporter interviews to Adam Clayton Powell, minister and member of the House of Representatives. Powell declares that