Transcription

1 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND CHILDREN AN ROINN SLÁINTE AGUS LEANAÍ Quality and Fairness A Health System for You IRISH ENDOCRINE SOCIETY A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO INTEGRATED TYPE 2 DIABETES CARE by Dr. Velma Harkins

2 Acknowledgements The author acknowledges Dr. Richard Firth and the Irish Endocrine Society for their contribution and assistance in the production of this document. Thanks are also due to Dr. Margaret O'Riordan and the ICGP Quality in Practice Committee for their guidance; Dr. Eoin Bergin, Consultant Nephrologist, Carmel Brennan, Grainne NicGabhainn, Siobhan Meehan and Mairead Mannion of the Midland Diabetic Structured Care Scheme for their valuable contributions and to the Irish Diabetes Nurse Specialist Association and the Irish Nutrition & Dietetic Institute for their input into the document. The author is also grateful for the assistance given by James Conway, Assistant National Director, (Palliative Care & Chronic Illness) HSE and Dr. John Devlin, Deputy Chief Medical Officer, DoHC. Finally thanks to Ms. Diane Dagg for her work on the formatting and editing of the document. June 2008

3 Foreword The explosion in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, predominantly Type 2, has led to the recognition that the adequate care of such individuals requires a formal and more structured involvement of the primary care sector, together with the diabetes units and diabetes centres. In the past the care of diabetes has often been unstructured and sometimes delivered in an opportunistic manner, not reflecting the requirements of those with a chronic disease. This is partly because care was delivered primarily in hospitals which themselves were developed over the decades to deal with infectious disease and trauma. As the population has aged, the majority of interactions are with people with chronic diseases who require a more pro-active model of care and this requires flexibility to deal with the diverse demands of people at different stages of their disease. This has lead to the concept of INTEGRATED CARE which espouses the joint involvement of all levels of care, primary, secondary and tertiary, to optimise outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus. In practical terms this means that both primary and secondary care centres assume joint responsibility for the patients. The majority of patient visits will take place to their GPs with annual review taking place in the diabetes centre at a frequency to be agreed at a local level but certainly every 1-2 years. This concept of integrated primary and secondary care has been agreed by, and has the support of, the following bodies: Expert Advisory Group in Diabetes of the HSE (2007), Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health & Children, Irish College of General Practitioners, Diabetes Section of the Irish Endocrine Society, Diabetes Federation of Ireland, Diabetes Nurse Specialists of Ireland, Diabetes Interest Group of the Irish Nutrition and Dietetics Institute, and, we believe, the majority of people with diabetes mellitus in Ireland. Dr. Richard Firth Consultant Endocrinologist Page One

4 Presently one in twenty of the Irish population have Type 2 Diabetes. Our obesity epidemic is resulting in dramatic annual increases in this prevalence. The Expert Advisory Group in Diabetes in its 2007 report recognised the need for a new model of care for people with Type 2 Diabetes. This integration across primary, secondary and tertiary care requires agreed clinical guidelines. Dr. Velma Harkins of the Irish College of General Practitioners as leader, with Dr. Richard Firth of the Irish Endocrine Society and Dr. John Devlin of the Department of Health and Children, are to be congratulated on providing these guidelines. They provide clarity in regard to diagnosis, targets for clinical care and the interventions that are appropriate at each stage of the disease. We, at the Diabetes EAG see that these guidelines are not just a fundamental pillar of our integrated model of care but that they themselves will significantly improve the care of patients with type 2 diabetes. Dr. Colm Costigan Chairman, Expert Advisory Group on Diabetes Page Two

6 Type 2 diabetes is one of the commonest chronic diseases, affecting nearly five percent of Irish adults 1. The true prevalence of Type 2 is underestimated and many cases are undiagnosed because hyperglycaemia develops gradually and at earlier stages is often not severe enough for the patient to notice any of the classic symptoms of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes accounts for over eighty five to ninety percent of all cases of diabetes in European countries 2. The prevalence varies with age, sex, ethnic background and genetic susceptibility. Environmental risk factors such as nutritional status, lack of physical activity, central and overall obesity are associated with increased risk. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Ireland is increasing due to ageing population and increased rates of obesity. Page Four

7 Aims and Objectives of this Document Diabetes care aims to enable people with diabetes to achieve a quality of life and life expectancy similar to that of the general population by reducing the complications of diabetes. Primary diabetes care aims to deliver integrated, quality care uniformly to all affected people and their families. How to use this Document The guidance presented here is derived from previously developed full process guidelines, with updated evidence to support local implementation. The level of evidence is used as a basis for the grade of recommendations. Therefore it should be remembered that the grade of recommendation reflects the strength of the evidence (quality of the study methods) and not the clinical importance. The grading of recommendations involves assessment of evidence and processes of interpretation and consensus. A graded recommendation is made in the guideline, following considered judgement of the design and quality of each study and the consistency, clinical relevance and external validity of the whole body of evidence 3. This is general guidance for those involved in the care of patients with Type 2 diabetes. It should be applied in the context of the local health system and using clinical expertise and judgement when applied to individual patients. See Appendix 1 for levels of evidence. Page Five

8 one: Classification and Diagnosis Classification Type 2 is the commonest type of diabetes and is characterised by disorders of insulin action and secretion, either of which may be the predominant feature. Both are usually present at the time that this type of diabetes is clinically manifest. The specific reasons for the development of these abnormalities are not yet known 4. Type 2 diabetes has a long pre-clinical phase and may be asymptomatic until well after long term microvascular and macrovascular complications have occurred. Type 2 diabetes can be detected before the onset of symptoms and clinical signs by identifying people who are at risk, and performing diagnostic testing. Diagnosis The onset of Type 2 diabetes is subtle and early detection in general practice requires clinical suspicion combined with systematic and opportunistic case-finding, as diagnosis is frequently delayed until complications appear. Table 1: Criteria for Testing for Diabetes 5 Testing for diabetes should be considered in all individuals who are 45 years and above: particularly in those with a BMI > 25kg/m 2 *, and if normal should be repeated at 3-year intervals Testing should be considered at a younger age or carried out more frequently in individuals who are overweight (BMI > 25kg/m 2 *) and have additional risk factors: Are habitually physically inactive Have a first-degree relative with diabetes Are hypertensive ( >140/90mmHg) Have a HDL cholesterol level <0.90mmol/l and/or a Triglyceride level >2.82mmol/l Have symptoms of thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, dry mouth, tiredness, weight loss, unexplained abdominal pain Have repeated candidiasis, skin or urine infections Have established arterial disease (IHD, CVA, PVD) Are members of a high-risk ethnic population (e.g.african, African/American etc.) Have delivered a baby weighing >4.1kgs/9lbs or have a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) On previous testing had Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) or impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) Have other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance (e.g. polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthosis nigricans, long-term steroid use). Page Six *Note: BMI level may not be correct for all ethnic groups e.g. WHO Expert Consultation 2002 gives a guide BMI for Asian Population of 18.5 to 23kg/m 2 as normal range.

9 How to perform a 75g OGTT The test should be done in the morning after an overnight fast of between 8 and 14 hours and after at least 3 days of unrestricted diet (> 150g carbohydrate per day) and unlimited physical activity. The person should remain seated and should not smoke throughout the test. Blood should be drawn at T0 and 2 hours. 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Use: 75g glucose packs prepared by community pharmacist, dissolved in water 410 ml Lucozade TM Energy Original (2007 update for new formulation Lucozade Original) 116 ml of Polycal TM (available on GMS) diluted if necessary for taste Lesser Degrees of Glucose Intolerance Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) equals fasting blood glucose between 5.6 and 6.9mmols/L checked twice on separate days. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) equals a two hour plasma glucose between 7.8 and 11.0mmols/L during GTT. In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycaemia, the fasting criteria should be confirmed by repeat testing on a different day. For screening of Type 2 diabetes probably the best combination of specificity and sensitivity is afforded by the first test being a fasting blood glucose. If this is above 5.6mmol/l, the second test should be a 75g OGTT with bloods drawn at T0 and 2 hours. This will allow for identification of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and Type 2 Diabetes. Symptoms of diabetes plus random plasma glucose concentration > 11.1 mmol/l. Random is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last meal. The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. 2-hr post-load glucose >11.1 mmol/l during a 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. The test should be performed as described by W.H.O., using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. Fasting Plasma Glucose >7.0 mmol/l. Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours. 5% of the Irish population have Type 2 Diabetes Page Seven

10 Classification and Diagnosis Prevention/Delay of Type 2 Diabetes There is now substantial evidence that Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed. Individuals at high risk of developing diabetes can be identified easily. Knowledge of the early stages of hyperglycaemia and research into the prevention of Type 2 diabetes clearly show that individuals at high risk can be identified and diabetes delayed, if not prevented. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) note that the cost-effectiveness of intervention strategies is unclear, but the huge burden resulting from the complications of diabetes and the potential ancillary benefits of some of the interventions suggest that an effort to prevent diabetes may be worthwhile 6. The individual with lesser degrees of glucose intolerance (IFG and IGT) are subject to two major potential consequences: 1. A risk of premature cardiovascular disease almost equivalent to that conferred by Type 2 diabetes (especially for IGT). Thus risk factor intervention should be as aggressive as in those with Type 2 diabetes (e.g. smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, etc). 2. There is a risk of progression from IGT to Type 2 diabetes of approximately 5% per year. This can be reduced by up to 60% by lifestyle modification and by 30% by the use of Metformin. Thus individuals at high risk for developing diabetes and particularly those with IGT or IFG should be made aware of the many benefits of modest weight loss and regular physical activity and should be counselled and instructed in these areas. Follow up counselling and monitoring for the development of diabetes by glucose tolerance testing should be performed every 1-2 years. If there appears to be a progression in the degree of glucose intolerance on follow up testing despite lifestyle modification or if the individual is unable or unwilling to implement such lifestyle medication then the use of Metformin at a dose of 500mgs b.d. should be considered. If Metformin is used then repeat glucose tolerance testing should be performed annually following withdrawal of the Metformin for 1 month beforehand. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Ireland is increasing due to an ageing population and increased rates of obesity. Page Eight

11 How to perform a 100g OGTT 100g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Use: 100g glucose packs prepared by community pharmacist, dissolved in water 548 ml Lucozade TM Energy Original (2007 update for new formulation Lucozade) 155 ml of Polycal TM (available on GMS) diluted if necessary for taste (This 100g OGTT screening test is probably the most commonly used in the Republic of Ireland. Some centres use a 50g glucose challenge test (GCT) without regard to fasting as the initial screening test and progress to a full 100g glucose tolerance test if the 1 hour value is greater than 8mmol/l). The criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes are currently being reviewed. Screening for undiagnosed or new (gestational) diabetes in pregnancy Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as the onset or first recognition of glucose intolerance during pregnancy. GDM is associated with increased risks for mother and baby during pregnancy and longer term risk of diabetes in both mother and baby. Women known to be at high risk of developing diabetes include those who: Have had previous gestational diabetes, Have had a baby weighing over 4.5kilos, Have a strong family history (parent or sibling with diabetes), Have marked obesity - especially abdominal obesity, Are members of a population group with a high prevalence of diabetes. Have a macrosomic foetus, polyhydramnios or glycosuria in their current pregnancy. Risk assessment for GDM should be undertaken at the first ante-natal visit 5. At their first ante-natal visit, women found to be at high risk of GDM, should be: Provided with healthy lifestyle advice (nutrition and physical activity) Checked for hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose) and proceed to 100g OGTT if indicated. At weeks women at high risk who are found not to have GDM at the initial screening should be rescreened 5. Diagnosis of GDM with a 100g oral glucose load 1 Fasting Glucose 5.3 mmol/l 2-hr Glucose 8.6 mmol/l 1-hr Glucose 10.0 mmol/l 3-hr Glucose 7.8 mmol/l Two or more of the venous plasma concentrations must be met or exceeded for a positive diagnosis. Page Nine

12 two: Diabetes Care For most people diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes their condition is life-long and while new types of medication and medical devices are constantly being produced, the basic foundation for good diabetes care still focuses on healthy eating and physical activity, monitoring blood glucose levels and taking medication. The management of Type 2 diabetes involves behavioural change best achieved through integrated care and education. General practice is increasingly providing this service supported by current national policy 7. Integrated Care Three of the key components of a comprehensive diabetes service are patient registration, recall and regular review. Integrated care also includes allocation of protected time and adherence to a standard management protocol 8. An annual and comprehensive review is regarded as the crucial element of integrated diabetes care 9. Routine integrated care involves the patient, GP, practice nurse, diabetologist, clinical nurse specialist in diabetes, dietician, ophthalmologist and podiatrist. All patients with Type 2 diabetes should have access to specialist services such as endocrinology, vascular, cardiology, nephrology and psychology as needed. Care provision begins with initial assessment and follows with regular review that includes a comprehensive annual review. In order to provide this level of care, protected time is required and this has funding implications for all levels of service (primary, secondary and tertiary care). Diabetes Register A practice-based diabetes register facilitates the provision of quality diabetes care through improved processes of care. To expedite and facilitate integrated care, information using a standard format should be shared between the primary care and allied secondary or tertiary care centre to enable sharing of information for the benefit of the patient. Such a register would also allow collection of data at local, regional or national levels to allow audit and planning for resource allocation. The register should contain: Address and other contact details Type of diabetes or related hyperglycaemic condition (including GDM, IFG and IGT) Other details such as the presence of complications only as required to facilitate audit and care planning. A disease register carries responsibilities relating to patient consent and the Data Protection Act. Page Ten

13 Initial assessment Initial assessment includes the following elements Record taken of: Blood Pressure Weight/Height (Calculate BMI), waist circumference Family History/Drug history and current medication Medical History Complications Lifestyle, including smoking status, physical activity, diet Foot status, eye review Investigations: Provision of education and psychological support: HbA1c Fasting Lipid profile Full blood count Microalbuminuria Serum creatinine Serum Iron Serum Transferrin Thyroid Function Tests 12-lead ECG Explain Advise Follow-up Organisation of care: Encourage patient to join integrated care programme with registration in both a primary care practice and nominated secondary centre agreed between patient and GP (usually involving signing consent), Add patient to practice register and give follow-up appointment. Patient should see ophthalmologist, podiatrist and dietician. Consider the need for review by diabetic nurse specialist. Set up a management plan for the control of glycaemia, lipid levels and blood pressure with defined targets appropriate for the individual patient as outlined later in this guideline. Identify lifestyle issues that need to be addressed. Issue patient with glucose monitor and instruct in its use. Page Eleven

14 Diabetes Care Regular/Ongoing Care There is a paucity of evidence base around the regularity with which the patient with Type 2 diabetes needs review. It is a generally accepted rule that regular review is needed every three months or more frequently during efforts to bring risk factors under control. Regular review includes a review of: Recent life-events / new symptoms New difficulties in self-management of diabetes Self-monitored results; discussion of their meaning Dietary behaviours, physical activity and smoking Diabetes education, skills and foot care Blood glucose, lipid and blood pressure therapy and results Other medical conditions and therapy affecting diabetes Psychological, lifestyle and social aspects Arterial / foot risk factors identified at annual review Complications and other problems identified at annual review While it is anticipated that the practice nurse will be able to deal with the routine investigations, it is important that the GP also sees the patient regularly. Annual Review Along with all of the areas monitored at regular review, the annual review also includes surveillance of the following: Symptoms Feet Eyes Kidney Arterial risk Attendance ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease - neuropathy, erectile dysfunction. All patients with symptoms that might reflect vascular disease, particularly ischaemic heart disease, should be investigated. footwear, deformity/joint rigidity, poor skin condition, ischaemia, ulceration, absent pulses, sensory impairment. visual acuity and retinal review by ophthalmologist / retinal screening programme. renal damage, albumin excretion and serum creatinine blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, and smoking status podiatry / dietician / other as indicated. Integrated care mandates joint care at primary and secondary levels. As outlined above, review of the patient in the Diabetes Centre should take place at 1-2 yearly intervals. This interval should be agreed locally between the integrated care partners at primary and secondary levels depending on their circumstances and resources. Page Twelve

15 Non routine or emergency visits to hospital Agreed mechanisms should be set in place to allow the fast tracking of patients requiring urgent assessment and care within the nominated diabetes centre. Such assessment will be carried out by a specialist consultant or senior registrar. For added protection The ADA recommends that flu vaccination is offered annually to all patients with diabetes and that pneumococcal vaccine should also be offered. Encourage adequate health protection, including vaccinations, prior to foreign travel. Register Review Recall Page Thirteen

16 Diabetes Care Diabetes Patient Education Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate globally. It is a complex, chronic condition that affects all areas of a person s life and requires high quality care. To this end, diabetes education is of critical importance and should be considered an integral part of diabetes prevention and care. A combination of lack of access to quality medical management and diabetes education can lead to poor clinical outcomes, reduced quality of life and high health-related costs due to service utilisation and the costs of treatment. Education is a key component in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. It is considered best practice for diabetes education and care to be provided by an integrated multi-disciplinary team including, at a minimum, the person with diabetes, a nurse, a dietician and physician who are skilled in diabetes management. (E) 10,11 The following table is a comprehensive list of areas to be covered and facilitates the tailoring of an education programme to the patient s individual needs. Diabetes Self-Management Training For people affected by diabetes, self-management education training is important as patients and their families provide 95% of own their care. Without appropriate education people cannot make the complex daily medical decisions required for good health, quality of life and survival. The goal of diabetes self-management training is to support the efforts of people with diabetes to: Understand the nature of their illness and its treatment, using established principles of adult education Identify emerging health problems in early, reversible stages; Adhere to self-care practices; Make needed changes in their health habits. Healthcare providers must be active participants in facilitating quality diabetes self-care and in motivating their patients to undertake the demanding daily regimen associated with their illness. Quality Control Several models of quality control including evaluation and audit of diabetes education have been used in Ireland and elsewhere. Any diabetes education programme set up should undergo assessment for quality control at predefined periods. Page Fourteen

18 Diabetes Care Glycaemic Control Tight control of blood glucose with diet and/or medication reduces long-term complication rates and is central to the overall management of diabetes. Composite criteria by the major organisations (IDF, EASD, ADA, Diabetes UK) recommend: Target HbA1c for Type 2 diabetes should be set under 6.5%, which equates to fasting glucometer levels at home mainly in the 5s and 6s. A target Pre-prandial capillary glucose of less than 6.0mmol/l. Peak post-prandial capillary glucose should if possible be less than 8.0mmol/l. Clinical Monitoring The ADA recommends that HbA1c should be tested: At least twice per year in patients who are meeting treatment targets and who have stable glycaemic control. (E) Every three months in patients whose therapy has changed or who are not meeting glycaemic targets. (E) They also state that point-of-care testing allows for timely decisions on therapy changes when needed. (E) Patient Self-Monitoring NICE recommend that self-monitoring should not be considered as a stand-alone intervention but used in conjunction with appropriate therapy as part of integrated self-care and that it should be taught if the need/purpose is clear and agreed with the patient 19. Patients on insulin should strive to record their home blood glucose readings four times a day (before each meal and at bedtime). Patients with satisfactory HbA1c levels should test at least once daily between fasting levels and 1 hour post-prandial levels. Glucometers It is important that the quality control of the monitor should be checked four times a year at a minimum. Monitors should be changed / upgraded every two years. Patients should be advised to record home glucose readings in their patient record book, and to bring their book to each of their diabetic reviews. Key Point The ADA recommend (E): Achievement and maintenance of normal glycaemic goals Initial therapy with lifestyle interventions and metformin Rapid addition of medications and transition to new regimens when target glycaemic goals are not achieved or sustained Early addition of insulin therapy in patients who do not meet target goals 22. Page Sixteen

19 Lifestyle Management The main lifestyle management issues for people with Type 2 diabetes are healthy eating and physical activity and there is ample evidence (of varying levels) to support this.the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) recommend that: Diet Patients with diabetes should be offered lifestyle interventions based on a valid theoretical framework Education programmes, computer assisted packages and telephone prompting should be considered as part of a multidisciplinary lifestyle-intervention programme 12. Nutritional advice and information is an essential component of the overall management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. The aim is to keep blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and weight within a normal range. Healthy eating is recommended as it is encouraged for the entire population. Some of the most successful programmes for long-term weight control have involved combinations of diet, exercise and behaviour modification 13. Patients should be advised to maintain a healthy weight in order to maintain a BMI of between 20 and kg/m 2 The following are general recommendations in relation to referral to the dietetic service: Ideally all newly diagnosed patients need to be advised within 4 weeks of diagnosis. All patients should be reviewed every 3 months during the 1st year after diagnosis 14. Obese patients should see a dietician on a monthly basis during the first 6 months and then with reduced frequency over the next 6-12 months. It is advisable that all people with type 2 diabetes should have an annual dietetic review 14. Target HbA1c for type 2 diabetes should be set under 6.5% Page Seventeen

20 Diabetes Care Physical Activity Along with diet and medication, exercise has long been considered as a key component of diabetes management. There is consistent evidence that programmes of increased physical activity and modest weight loss reduce the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in individuals with IGT 15,16,17,18. Physical activity also helps those diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes to maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of CVD. Key Point Before beginning a programme of physical activity more vigorous than brisk walking, people with diabetes should be assessed for conditions that might be associated with increased likelihood of CVD or that might contraindicate certain types of exercise or predispose to injury, such as severe autonomic neuropathy, severe peripheral neuropathy, and pre-proliferative or proliferative retinopathy. The patient s age and previous physical activity level should be considered 18. The universal recommendation with regard to physical activity is that all individuals should aim to accumulate at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most days of the week 20. This has been adopted as the minimum requirement for health benefits. However, 30 minutes spread over the entire day is equally beneficial as one 30-minute walk. Activities of daily living such as housework and using stairs are valuable in increasing physical activity 21. SIGN (level of evidence) recommend that exercise and physical activity involving aerobic and/or resistance training, should be performed on a regular basis. They also recommend that advice about exercise and physical activity should be individually tailored and diabetes specific and should include implications for glucose management 12. The ADA recommends: 19 At least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity and/or at least 90 min/week of vigorous aerobic exercise in order to improve glycaemic control, assist with weight maintenance and reduce the risk of CVD. They further recommend that the physical activity be distributed over at least 3 days a week with no more than 2 consecutive days without physical activity. (A) Performing >4hrs/week of moderate to vigorous aerobic and/or resistance exercise physical activity is associated with greater CVD risk reduction compared with lower volumes of activity. (A) For long term maintenance of major weight loss (>13.6kg/30lbs), larger volumes of exercise (7hrs/week of moderate or vigorous aerobic physical activity) may be helpful. (B) Page Eighteen

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. Over the years, high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels, which can

Diabetes Definition Diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. Causes Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused

Kidney Complications Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy is detected clinically by the presence of persistent microalbuminuria or proteinuria. The peak incidence of nephropathy is usually 15-25 years

Causes, incidence, and risk factors Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. To understand diabetes,

Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Lipids Hypercholesterolaemia is an important reversible risk factor for cardiovascular disease and should be tackled aggressively in all diabetic patients. In Type 1 patients,

Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for 90 95% of cases. 1 Charts 1 and 2 reflect the effect of increasing prevalence on prescribing and costs of products used

Type 2 diabetes Definition Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. Causes Diabetes

Managing diabetes in the post-guideline world Dr Helen Snell Nurse Practitioner PhD, FCNA(NZ) Overview Pathogenesis of T2DM Aims of treatment The place of glycaemic control Strategies to improve glycaemic

Diabetes Introduction The attached paper is adapted from the initial background paper on Diabetes presented to the Capital and Coast District Health Board Community and Public Health Advisory Committee

DIABETES MELLITUS By Tracey Steenkamp Biokineticist at the Institute for Sport Research, University of Pretoria What is Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes ) is a chronic medical

CME Test for AMDA Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes Mellitus Part I: 1. Which one of the following statements about type 2 diabetes is not accurate? a. Diabetics are at increased risk of experiencing

Glycaemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Aim(s) and objective(s) This document aims to provide guidance on good clinical practice in managing glycaemic control in adult patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes in Primary Care course MCQ Answers 2016 Diagnosis of Diabetes HbA1C should not be used as a diagnostic tool in the following situations: (answer each TRUE or FALSE) 1. Gestational Diabetes TRUE

National Diabetes Statistics What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

Diabetes Fundamentals Prevalence of Diabetes in the U.S. Undiagnosed 10.7% of all people 20+ 23.1% of all people 60+ (12.2 million) Slide provided by Roche Diagnostics Sources: ADA, WHO statistics Prevalence

and Hypertension Care For Adults in Primary Care Settings What is Type 2? The carbohydrates including sugar and starch which we take become glucose after digestion. It will then be absorbed by the small

Guideline for members of the diabetes team and dietetic department for advising on insulin dose adjustment and teaching the skills of insulin dose adjustment to adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus

Sample Service Specifications SSS 1: Care of people with diabetes as part of essential services Service Description Certain aspects of diabetes care fall within the essential services element of the community

Group 1 notes Abi / Nicole Type 2 Diabetes workshop notes 4.1 Population The group discussed the following sub groups that may need addressing: Men-as they tend to die earlier compared with women, their

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 What is it? Diabetes is a common health problem in the U.S. and the world. In diabetes, the body does not use the food it digests well. It is hard for the body to use carbohydrates

Baskets of Care Diabetes Subcommittee Disclaimer: This background information is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific discussion of the topic, but rather an attempt to provide a baseline level

Contacts and further information Local contact Clinical pharmacy or visiting pharmacy Diabetes education service Director of Medical Services Visiting or local endocrinologist or diabetes physician For

Markham Stouffville Hospital Adult Diabetes Education Frequently Asked Questions What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. Most of the food we eat is turned

STATE OF THE NATION Challenges for 2015 and beyond England The state of the nation: diabetes in 2014 4 Care for children and young people 28 The challenges for 2015 and beyond: what needs to happen over

DIABETES A chronic, debilitating and often deadly disease Diabetes is a chronic condition that arises when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin

INFORMATION FOR PEOPLE WITH DIABETES Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition caused by too much glucose (sugar) in your blood. Your blood sugar level can be too high if your body does not make

Irish College of General Practitioners A Practical Guide to Integrated Type 2 Diabetes Care Dr Velma Harkins January 2016 IRISH COLLEGE OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS A Practical Guide to Integrated Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin-Treated Diabetes Guidelines for assessment of fitness to work as Cabin Crew General Considerations As with all medical guidelines it is important that each individual case is assessed on its own

Definition of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus consists of a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. U.S. Diabetes

What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is a disorder that happens when your body does not make enough insulin or is unable to use its own insulin properly. The inability to use insulin is called insulin

The Family Library Understanding Diabetes What is Diabetes? Diabetes is caused when the body has a problem in making or using insulin. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas and is needed for the

Insulin Pump Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Aim(s) and objective(s) This guideline has been developed to describe which patients with Type 1 Diabetes should be referred for assessment for insulin pump therapy

Diabetes in pregnancy. Scope: This guideline applies to the management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. This applies to obstetric, midwifery, neonatology and

Guidelines on Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) Developed in conjunction with Cumbria Diabetes August 2014 0 Type 1 Diabetes Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) is an integral part of treatment

Statistics of Type 2 Diabetes Of the 17 million Americans with diabetes, 90 percent to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes. Of these, half are unaware they have the disease. People with type 2 diabetes often

Connecticut Diabetes Statistics What is Diabetes? State Public Health Actions (1305, SHAPE) Grant March 2015 Page 1 of 16 Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. Blood glucose

Stroke Helpline: 0303 3033 100 Website: stroke.org.uk Diabetes and stroke Diabetes is a condition caused by too much sugar in your blood. There are over three million people in the UK who have diabetes.

Family History and Diabetes Practical Genomics for the Public Health Professional Outline Overview of Type 2 Diabetes/Gestational Diabetes Familial/Genetic Nature of Diabetes Interaction of Genes and Environment

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Part XII By James L. Holly, MD Your Life Your Health The Examiner September 15, 2005 As we approach the end of our extended series on cardiovascular disease risk factors,

Health Technology Appraisal- Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of diabetes (review) Submission on behalf of British Dietetic Association (BDA) Following consultation with the BDA

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 What is type 1 diabetes mellitus? Type 1 diabetes is a disorder that happens when your body produces little or no insulin. The lack of insulin causes the level of sugar in your

DCCT and EDIC: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse U.S. Department of Health and Human Services NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH What

KIH Cardiac Rehabilitation Program For any further information Contact: +92-51-2870361-3, 2271154 Feedback@kih.com.pk What is Cardiac Rehabilitation Cardiac rehabilitation describes all measures used to

Understanding Diabetes What is diabetes? Diabetes is a condition where there is too much glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood. Your blood glucose level is regulated with the help of insulin, a hormone