Revision as of 18:19, 24 February 2014

The Rizzo Research Group employ computational techniques to drug discovery projects. We are interested in both application and method development.
We use two primary tools: docking and molecular dynamics (MD). Types of studies we perform include MD used to probe the origins of activity (free energy calculations), virtual screening for lead identification, and testset development to evaluate our methods. The current major focuses of the laboratory are outlined as follows.

HIV/AIDS

GP41 and viral membrane fusion inhibitor

HIV, which causes AIDS, is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases today. The WHO estimated 1.8 million HIV-related deaths and around 2.6 million new infections worldwide in 2009. As the world is entering the fourth decade in its battle against AIDS, a series of clinical drugs has been designed to target different steps of the HIV life cycle. The current anti-HIV inhibitors fall into five major categories: fusion and entry inhibitors, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and other inhibitors such as integrase inhibitors.

HIV gp41 is a glycoprotein involved in viral membrane fusion. Our laboratory is interested in developing inhibitors that target gp41 and prevent the fusion event. To this end, we have constructed and all-atom model of T20 bound to gp41 and validated the model with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Virtual screening projects have also been performed to identify small molecule leads that target the hydrophobic pocket of gp41. Our collaborators have experimentally tested and identified molecules which exhibit strong activity.

Cancer

EGFR and ErbB family

The ErbB family members are drug targets for treating several types of cancers, including lung and breast cancers. ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), HER2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. Overexpression of EGFR is observed in 62% of NSCLC tumors (nonsmall cell lung cancer) and overexpression of EGFR and HER2 are important prognostic markers for breast cancer. Members of the ErbB family share a similar overall structural architecture comprising: (i) extracellular ligand binding domain, (ii) transmembrane domain, (iii) intracellular juxtamembrane domain, (iv) intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, and (v) C-terminal regulatory region where phosphorylation occurs. We are interested in targeting the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD). Approved small molecules of the TKD domain include erlotinib Tarceva, OSI Pharmaceuticals), gefitinib (Iressa, AstraZeneca), and lapatinib (Tykerb, Glaxo-SmithKline). A fourth compound called AEE788 (Novartis) is in development. Among them, erlotinib and gefitinib primarily target EGFR and lapatinib is a dual inhibitor of EGFR and ErbB2. Several cancer causing mutations or resistance mutations in EGFR and HER2 have been reported. We are interested in what is the driving force of binding and how these mutations affect binding. Through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, water-mediated interactions seem to be especially important for understanding affinity and specificity for these systems.

Method development

DOCK development

Docking is a very useful tool in drug discovery efforts by predicting binding poses of molecules and by enriching databases in virtual screening applications. DOCK is the oldest widely used docking program. The Rizzo Group co-develops the DOCK program and contributed to the latest two releases. The release v6.4, greatly improved the sampling behavior with the inclusion of internal energy during growth and minimization. The release v6.5 includes a new scoring function termed Footprint similarity score described below. Our method development projects are motivated by the application projects pursued by group members.

Docking Testset Development

Docking performs to tasks sampling and scoring. In pose reproduction experiments we ask can we generate the correct pose and can we rank it, among all the decoy poses, at the top of the list with our scoring function. To facilitate the development, in DOCK, of new scoring functions, sampling methods or improvement of current methods and docking protocols, our group has developed a large hand curated docking testset for pose reproduction termed SB2010. SB2010 consists of 780 protein-ligand systems processed from the pdb, this testset is partitioned in to subsets based on ligand flexibility and protein families. Family-based analysis and cross-docking experiments are facilitated by the inclusion of alined structure in the testset distribution. To obtain the testset visit Rizzo_Lab_Downloads.

Chemical Sampling Method

De novo design algorithms are useful for both drug discovery and lead optimization. In de novo design, candidate molecules are assembled or grown from fragment libraries in the binding site of a protein target. Then, the affinity of the molecule can be predicted, typically through molecular mechanics-based scoring functions. Presumably, those molecules that are predicted to have higher affinity to the target protein would make better drug candidates. By building molecules from fragments in this way, one is not limited by the size of publicly-available virtual screening databases (ca. 10^6-10^7 molecules), which are exceedingly small when compared to the predicted size of actual chemical space (ca. 10^65 molecules). However, de novo design can suffer from challenging obstacles including the inadvertent assembly of un-physical molecules, a combinatorial explosion in chemical space, and poor convergence. We have developed a novel de novo drug design method integrated into the infrastructure of the docking program DOCK6 which will be made available to the community in a future release.

Chemical Sampling using de novo disign

Docking Scoring Functions

Receptor flexibility is important for docking because biomolecules, including drug targets (receptors), are always in motion and docking to a static structure is a crude (but often sufficient) approximation. Currently DOCK accounts for receptor flexibility only in rescoring using AmberScore. In the Rizzo Group we are evaluating receptor flexibility using pregenerated ensembles from molecular dynamics simulations and from multiple Crystallographic entries from the pdb. We can then dock to multiple grids where each grid represent a alternative receptor conformation.

Dock Scoring

Leveraging information from existing inhibitors is a useful paradigm for the discovery of new drugs. One scoring function developed in our group and implemented in DOCK 6.5, footprint similarity (FPS) score, uses an energetic profile or footprint of, for example, a known drug to identify a ligand which make similar interactions and is thus likely to bind. Other ideas for computationally generated references include molecular dynamics weighted ensembles, transition states and more. We are expanding this work on several levels including abstracting this scoring method to a grid-based method. See the following paper for more information on this topic.