Criminology (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

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This best-selling text provides a comprehensive analysis of criminological theory, crime typologies, and the criminal justice system. Renowned for its unbiased presentation of theories, issues, and controversies and for its exhaustive research base, this book presents cutting-edge, seminal research, as well as up-to-the-minute policy and newsworthy examples. In this latest edition, the author has updated the text to address the latest topics, and has rewritten it for clarity and impact. This edition provides students with a gateway to online and multimedia resources that capture the immediacy of the field through CNN? videos, a CD-ROM, and the Internet. And, to help students assess their mastery of key chapter concepts, CriminologyNow?-the ultimate web-based student tutorial for the criminology course-is available FREE when packaged with the text. With its updates and array of supplements, the Ninth Edition of CRIMINOLOGY presents a powerful set of teaching and learning tools for instructors and students alike.

Preface

xiv

PART ONE CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY

1

(94)

Crime, Criminology, and the Criminal Law

2

(26)

What Is Criminology?

4

(1)

Criminology and Criminal Justice

4

(1)

Criminology and Deviance

4

(1)

A Brief History of Criminology

5

(6)

Classical Criminology

6

(1)

Nineteenth-Century Positivism

7

(2)

Foundations of Sociological Criminology

9

(1)

The Chicago School and Beyond

9

(1)

Conflict Criminology

10

(1)

Contemporary Criminology

10

(1)

What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise

11

(3)

Criminal Statistics

11

(1)

The Sociology of Law

11

(1)

The Nature of Theory and Theory Development

12

(1)

Criminal Behavior Systems

13

(1)

Penology

14

(1)

Victimology

14

(1)

How Criminologists View Crime

14

(3)

The Consensus View of Crime

14

(1)

The Conflict View of Crime

15

(1)

The Interactionist View of Crime

16

(1)

Defining Crime

17

(1)

Crime and the Criminal Law

17

(3)

Common Law

18

(1)

Contemporary Criminal Law

19

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: The Elements of Criminal Law

20

(2)

The Evolution of Criminal Law

20

(2)

Ethical Issues in Criminology

22

(2)

Summary

24

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

24

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

25

(1)

Key Terms

25

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

25

(1)

Notes

26

(2)

The Nature and Extent of Crime

28

(40)

How Criminologists Study Crime

30

(3)

Survey Research

30

(1)

Cohort Research: Longitudinal and Retrospective

30

(1)

Official Record Research

31

(1)

Experimental Research

31

(1)

Observational and Interview Research

31

(1)

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

32

(1)

Measuring Crime Trends and Rates

33

(5)

Official Data: The Uniform Crime Report

33

(3)

Victim Surveys: The National Crime Victimization Survey

36

(1)

Self-Report Surveys

36

(1)

Evaluating Crime Data Sources

37

(1)

Crime Trends

38

(2)

Trends in Violent Crime

39

(1)

Trends in Property Crime

39

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends

40

(4)

Trends in Victimization Data (NCVS Findings)

42

(1)

Self-Report Findings

43

(1)

Comparative Criminology: International Crime Trends

44

(1)

What the Future Holds

44

(1)

Crime Patterns

45

(4)

The Ecology of Crime

46

(2)

Use of Firearms

48

(1)

Social Class and Crime

48

(1)

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Should Guns Be Controlled?

49

(6)

Age and Crime

52

(1)

Gender and Crime

53

(2)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Gender Differences in Development and Crime

55

(6)

Race and Crime

57

(3)

Criminal Careers

60

(1)

Summary

61

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

62

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

62

(1)

Key Terms

63

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

63

(1)

Notes

63

(5)

Victims and Victimization

68

(27)

Problems of Crime Victims

70

(2)

Economic Loss

70

(1)

System Abuse

70

(1)

Long-Term Stress

70

(1)

Fear

71

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Adolescent Victims of Violence

72

(1)

Antisocial Behavior

73

(1)

The Nature of Victimization

73

(4)

The Social Ecology of Victimization

74

(1)

The Victim's Household

74

(1)

Victim Characteristics

74

(2)

Victims and Their Criminals

76

(1)

Theories of Victimization

77

(1)

Victim Precipitation Theory

77

(1)

Lifestyle Theory

77

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Rape on Campus: Lifestyle and Risk

78

(4)

Deviant Place Theory

79

(1)

Routine Activities Theory

80

(2)

The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life

82

(1)

Caring for the Victim

83

(3)

The Government's Response

83

(1)

Victim Service Programs

84

(1)

Victims' Rights

85

(1)

Comparative Criminology: Victims' Rights in Europe

86

(2)

Victim Advocacy

86

(1)

Self-Protection

87

(1)

Community Organization

88

(1)

Summary

88

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

89

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

89

(1)

Key Terms

89

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

90

(1)

Notes

90

(5)

PART TWO THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

95

(234)

Choice Theories

96

(36)

The Development of Rational Choice Theory

98

(2)

The Classical Theory of Crime

98

(1)

Choice Theory Emerges

99

(1)

The Concepts of Rational Choice

100

(4)

Offense- and Offender-Specific Crimes

100

(1)

Structuring Criminality

101

(1)

Structuring Crime

102

(2)

Is Crime Rational?

104

(1)

Is Theft Rational?

104

(1)

Is Drug Use Rational?

104

(1)

Is Violence Rational?

104

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Hector Vega: A Life in the Drug Trade

105

(2)

Eliminating Crime

107

(4)

Situational Crime Prevention

107

(4)

Comparative Criminology: CCTV or Not CCTV? Comparing Situational Crime Prevention Efforts in Great Britain and the United States

111

(5)

General Deterrence

112

(4)

The Criminological Enterprise: Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder?

116

(2)

Specific Deterrence

116

(2)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence

118

(4)

Incapacitation

120

(2)

Public Policy Implications of Choice Theory

122

(2)

Just Desert

122

(2)

Summary

124

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

124

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

125

(1)

Key Terms

125

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

125

(1)

Notes

125

(7)

Trait Theories

132

(44)

Foundations of Trait Theory

134

(2)

Impact of Sociobiology

134

(1)

Modern Trait Theories

135

(1)

Biosocial Trait Theories

136

(2)

Biochemical Conditions and Crime

137

(1)

Comparative Criminology: Diet and Crime: An International Perspective

138

(12)

Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime

142

(2)

Arousal Theory

144

(1)

Genetics and Crime

145

(3)

Evolutionary Theory

148

(1)

Evaluation of the Biosocial Branch of Trait Theory

149

(1)

Psychological Trait Theories

150

(6)

Psychodynamic Theory

151

(3)

Behavioral Theory

154

(1)

Cognitive Theory

155

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence

156

(3)

Psychological Traits and Characteristics

159

(3)

Personality and Crime

159

(2)

Intelligence and Crime

161

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality

162

(3)

Public Policy Implications of Trait Theory

165

(1)

Summary

166

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

166

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

167

(1)

Key Terms

167

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

167

(1)

Notes

167

(9)

Social Structure Theories

176

(40)

Socioeconomic Structure and Crime

178

(3)

Child Poverty

179

(1)

The Underclass

180

(1)

Minority Group Poverty

180

(1)

Social Structure Theories

181

(1)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Bridging the Racial Divide

182

(2)

Social Disorganization Theories

184

(4)

The Work of Shaw and McKay

184

(2)

The Social Ecology School

186

(2)

The Criminological Enterprise: Random Family

188

(5)

Strain Theories

193

(8)

The Definition of Anomie

193

(1)

Theory of Anomie

194

(1)

Institutional Anomie Theory

195

(1)

Relative Deprivation Theory

196

(1)

General Strain Theory

197

(2)

Sources of Strain

199

(1)

Coping with Strain

199

(2)

Evaluating GST

201

(1)

Cultural Deviance Theories

201

(3)

Conduct Norms

202

(1)

Focal Concerns

202

(1)

Theory of Delinquent Subcultures

203

(1)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Code of the Streets

204

(3)

Theory of Differential Opportunity

205

(1)

Evaluating Social Structure Theories

206

(1)

Public Policy Implications of Social Structure Theory

207

(1)

Summary

208

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

209

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

209

(1)

Key Terms

209

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

210

(1)

Notes

210

(6)

Social Process Theories

216

(38)

Socialization and Crime

218

(4)

Family Relations

218

(2)

Educational Experience

220

(1)

Peer Relations

221

(1)

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Keeping Kids in School: The Communities In Schools Program