One year later Livytsky became head of the UNR government and went with it into exile in Tarnów, Poland. At the end of 1921, after the tragic outcome of the Second Winter Campaign, he persuaded his colleagues to set up the Government-in-exile of the Ukrainian National Republic. While living in Warsaw he collaborated with Symon Petliura, the leader of the Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic, in managing the government's diplomatic, political, and military affairs. After Petliura's death in 1926, Livytsky succeeded him as vice-president of the Directory and supreme otaman of the Army of the Ukrainian National Republic and thenceforth headed the government-in-exile. During the Second World War he was confined to Warsaw by the Germans. On his express instructions Viacheslav Prokopovych (and the head of the government, Oleksander Shulhyn) in Paris assumed the temporary presidency of the Directory and declared the UNR government's support of France, Britain, and Poland against Germany. In 1945 Livytsky reactivated the Government-in-exile of the Ukrainian National Republic and invited representatives of the new emigration to join it. In 1946 he instructed Isaak Mazepa to unite all political parties around the state center of the UNR, and that union eventually resulted in the organization of the Ukrainian National Council (1947). At the first session of the council Livytsky was elected president of the Government-in-exile of the Ukrainian National Republic for life. In 1965 his remains were transferred to the Ukrainian cemetery in South Bound Brook, New Jersey.

Kost Pankivsky

[This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993).]

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