SAB: Select and Better

S4S: Surfaced Four Sides

Saber Saw

Safety

See Shop Safety

Sandblasting:

[in
progress 4-9-07]

For decorating, engraving or cutting wood, glass or
other hard materials -- using air or steam for pressure -- a stream of
fine sand is projected upon a hard surface. Also for removing scale
and/or rust from iron and steel.

Historically,
sandblasting emerges in the latter part of the nineteenth century as a
technique used in mining. As a technique in woodworking, sandblasting's
first application is ?

The
example on the
left, from Making of America database, is for 1880. (My Barnhart
Etymological Dictionary and the OED
claim the first use of "sand-blasting" circa 1871, although exact
source is obscure.)

Our first adventure
into texturing was
in the mid-1980s, when we were making wooden fruit, mainly apples....
[A]n order to make 500 apple-shaped boxes in applewood for the New York
Times (the Big Apple), with "New York Times" engraved on them.
Sandblasting seemed a possibility for the engraving. ... While trying
out sandblasting as a technique for putting letters on wood, we
realized it had a greater potential for surface decoration. We explored
the effect on various types of wood, both side grain and end grain,
looking at pattern and texture, trying different types of masking and
stencils, creating surfaces that ranged from a weathered driftwood look
to finely detailed designs with crisp, hard edges.

Sander

According to Michael Ettema, research curator at Grand Rapids Public Museum,

"Powered sanding machines probably appeared in furniture factories in the latter part of the nineteenth century, together with power transmission systems."

Early versions of power sanders -- simple devices --
consisted of sandpaper sheets attached to a rotating disk or drum, or a
sandpaper belt rotated between two cylinders. Actual sanding operations
required that workpieces be hand-held or placed on a table and advanced
to the sandpaper by hand. Gauging the amount of wood to be removed
depended on the operator's judgment. More complex variations of the
machine included a rotating sandpaper disk or belt mounted on a
flexible frame moved by hand across a large, flat workpiece such as a
table top. "Machines that automatically fed the work to sanding drums
appeared in trade literature by the 1880s."

Sandpaper

Saw

Saw Horses

also known as Carpenter's Trestles. On Carpenter's Trestles, "In 'ripping' planks or pieces of wood of a few feet in length, a pair
of carpenter's
trestles will be required; and these will allow
a knee to be placed on the plank to hold it steady, if necessary,
either in ripping or cross-cutting."

Scratch Stock

Screw

Evidently borrowed from Middle French escroue nut, cylindrical socket, hole in which a screw turns. Traces from Gallo-Romance; but even earlier, scroba, altered from Latin scrobis hole.

Germanic forms apparently derived through Low German schruve from Old French. The spelling with -ew was influenced by dew, flew, etc. The figure tive sense of a means of pressure or coercion is found in English in 1648-49. —v. to turn as one turns a screw. twist. 1599, in Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour, from the noun.

Sources: W L Goodman, The History of Woodworking Tools, London: Bell, 1966; Robert K Barnhart, ed., The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology New York: H W Wilson, 1988; Witold Rybczynski, One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw, 2000; M Shayt, "One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw", Technology and Culture 2001.

Screwdriver

1799 screwdriver, as noun.

Sources: Robert K Barnhart, ed., The Barnhart
Dictionary of Etymology New York: H W
Wilson, 1988; Witold Rybczynski, One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw, 2000; M Shayt, "One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw", Technology and Culture 2001.

Witold Rybczynski, One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw, 2000

M Shayt, "One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw", Technology and Culture 2001

Scroll Saw

A saw with a fine wire or narrow flat blade. Used to cut intricate
shapes and inside contours. The blade has a short, up-and-down stroke
like a sewing machine. For more click here

Seasoning of wood

(Adapted from Mario
Dal Fabbro's How to Build Modern Furniture,
1951, page 3: It is essential that
wood be well seasoned before it is used. The usual methods are as
follows:

Natural
seasoning (sometimes called Air Drying):
In this method sawn wood is exposed to free air after it has been
carefully stacked, through a procedure called Sticking,
best illustrated with a photo. While the seasoning is slow, wood
processed in this way is the least subject to splitting, warpage, or
decay.

Water
seasoning: claimed as a "somewhat quicker method of seasoning
consists of immersing the wood in running water for about one month".
As this process occurs, "the water entering the pores of the wood
washes out the sap". Following this process with water, the wood is
dried in the open air.

Artificial
seasoning: The quickest method for seasoning, this method the
wood is placed in a drying Kiln. A current of hot
air is allowed to circulate continuously between the layers of wood. In
some cases steam is used.

Etymologically,
seasoning, that is as a verb, as in "the seasoning of wood" dates to
the 17th century -- the source being the oft quoted Joseph Moxon , in Mechanick
Exercises (London, 1703; reprint, New York:
Praeger Publishers, 1970) (the OED shows 1679, but my edition is 1703)b.
To become seasoned.

1679MOXONMech. Exerc.
ix. 155 They generally Rough~plain their Boards ... that they may set
them by to season.

1881Cassell's Fam.
Mag. VII. 511 An artificial
method ... which has the effect of ageing the wood in a few hours, as
well as if it had been kept seasoning for years. [from oed
too, but needs checking -- why
"artificial"?]

Title:
Encyclopedia of
architecture. A dictionary of the science and practice of architecture,
building, carpentry, etc., from the earliest ages to the present time,
froming a comprehensive work of reference for the use of architects,
builders, carpenters, masons, engineers, students, professional men,
and amateurs. By Peter Nicholson ... Edited by Edward Lomax and Thomas
Gunyon ... Illustrated with two hundred and thirty engravings on steel,
mostly from working drawings in detail. In two volumes.
Author: Nicholson, Peter, 1765-1844. Publication
Info: New York,: Johnson, Fry & co., [185-?].
Collection: Making of America Books

Click on this link DESICCATION, (Latin, desicco,
to dry), the act of making dry; it is the chemical operation of drying
bodies, and is effected in different modes, according to the nature of
the substance. The term, Desiccating Process, has been applied to a
patented invention, (Davison and Symington's Patent), for seasoning or
drying a great variety of substances. It is said to have been used with
success in seasoning wood.

Section

A drawing of an object showing how the object would appear if it were
cut apart at a given Plane. Section views appear on
Working Drawings to reveal the inner construction of
the object. home craftsman 4 march april 1935, p 172.

Select and Better

A lumber grade

Serpentine Front

A curved front, that, alternately, is concave and convex, of a piece of furniture as a Desk, Secretary
or Chest. home craftsman 4 march april 1935, p 172

Set

Shaft-driven

Relating to "line-shaft", an innovation of the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth
century, where "belt" power was needed to drive all of a
factory's power machine tools, a rotating "shaft", solid or hollow, to
which is attached pulleys, transmitted power or motion by rotation.
These operation were known then as being "shaft-driven". Between the
half century span, 1880 to 1930, the production and distribution of
mechanical power shifted rapidly from water and steam systems
-- with shafts and belt drive systems -- to electric motors driving
individual machines. According to Warren D. Devine, an economic
historian, "The use of electricity reduced the energy required to drive
machinery," but, significantly, this shift from shaft to individual
induction motors powering individual power tools "enabled industry to
obtain greater output per unit of capital and labor input." Among other
things, Devine continues, the "reduced energy needs and increased
productivity in manufacturing influenced the relationship between
energy consumption and gross national product in the first three
decades of the twentieth century."

Shank Hole

The
shank hole is to allow the shank part of a screw, that area with no
threads on it, to move effortlessly through the wood. Notice that bits
for predrilling screws have a narrow part on the end, then a wider
part, then some will have a tapered part, the last is the countersink
for flat headed wood screws, the middle is the shank area and the
narrow part is for the threads.

Shellac

Shim

Shooting Board

Shop Safety

Rule number one: Use common
sense! If your intuition tells you something is dangerous -- especially
for power tools, it's probably dangerous. Proceed with
caution.

Rule number two: Listen to your
machines while they are operating. Like operating your automobile, be
aware of strange sounds. While a machine is operating, if something
doesn't sound right, turn it off!

Rule number three: On tablesaws,
feed smaller workpieces into rotating blade with a Push Stick,
and/or use Featherboards. Always feed
work into the rotation of the blades and/or cutters. A rotating
circular blade on a tablesaw throws wood! Don't rip on a Radial Arm
Saw. A router bit, lose in its Collet, rotating at 24,000 RPMs, is a
lethal weapon.

Shopsmith

Speed-changer

[adapted from a post on SS10ERusers, 6-17-07; editing 8-16-08] The speed changer -- a very ingenious mechanism, a more generic term for it is a variator -- When set up correctly the belts do not slip and it does not (intentionally) induce drag. When you adjust the
crank, the axle of the pulley assembly is raised and lowered.
Since the belts do not stretch, when the pulley is
raised the motor belt pulls down into the groove forcing the center
floating portion of the pulley over.

This
narrows the groove of the upper belt taking up the slack created by
raising the assembly. It is beautiful in its simplicity but difficult
to describe. When the machines set unused for years it is common for
the center floating portion of the assembly to stick from rust or dried
grease.

Without knowing how the mechanism works
this creates real problems for new owners. If you crank the adjuster
too hard the aluminum supports for the adjuster rod will break off.
Sadly, I have seen way too many in that condition and have repaired a
bunch of them.

The speed changer has two
operating ranges depending on how you orient the belts. Low range gives
rpm from around 450 to 1800. High range from around 2000 to 6600 rpm.

One disadvantage is that most lathe and drill press work are
in the low range and the table saw operates in the high range so belt
changing is necessary when changing modes.

A
second disadvantage is that the two belt system creates a lot of power
loss between the motor and spindle.

When you
start with 1/2 HP that doesn't leave a lot. It still works pretty good
for most lathe and drill press work but really can be a problem in saw
mode.

Many users will remove the speed changer
pulley and go to direct drive for table saw use. Sadly, this requires
reversing the motor pulley orientation also so if you do it often it
can be a real pain.

That is why variable speed dc
or ac motors are really nice to have. They make the machine the best of
both worlds.

Since the table saw is also the most
compromised function of the multipurpose machine, the ideal shop in my
opinion will have a nice table saw to complement the 10ER, space
permitting of course.

[Below
is a cut=away of the speed changing mechanism used on Mark IV and later
models of Shopsmith. In addition, notice on the upper right portion of
the image a cutaway of the "quill and lever" setup.]

Snipe

Spindle

[under
construction] In
woodworking, the term, Spindle, has several meanings. In the furniture
field, a spindle is a slender rod, sometimes rounded, but -- in Arts
and Crafts designs -- also square. In its round format, usually
tapering toward each end, as in the Windsor chair. In the
tool
field, a spindle is a rotating rod or arbor; it can be solid or hollow.
A spindle, for example, is used in a drill press—at one end
is
the chuck and at the other is the drive wheel.

One meaning is for the mechanism on
shapers designed to hold shaper cutters securely while the motor
rotates the cutters at speeds that range from 4,500 to 10,000
revolutions per minute. Below, on left, is a spindle for a shaper, but
fitted with an adapter to make a shaper a "routertable".

A
second meaning identifies the "basic elements on the back of a Windsor
chair", that is the slender round pieces of wood that stretch from
"sockets" the Windsor's seat to the "hoop-back". Below the
seat are another set of slender pieces of wood, the "stretchers",
similar to spindles, whose function is to stabilize the
Windsor's legs.

Steel Square (Roofing, Rafter or Framing Square)

Stile and Rail

These are terms applied to the upright and lateral members of a framework, such as a cabinet door. Mostly, stiles run the full length of the door's frame, and rails are fitted between them, usually with mortise and tenon joints. (The space between the stiles and rails is filled in with a panel.) In a door, according to its mode of "hanging", stiles are often often identified according to whether the stile is the "hinge" stile or the "closing" stile.