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Sumatran Orangutan Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827Indonesia(2000, 2002, 2004)The Sumatran orangutan is one of two species of the genus Pongo. While the viability of both is in question, the Sumatran orangutan faces a more immediate extinction risk than the Bornean, Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1760), and is considered Critically Endangered The species is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and is now restricted almost entirely to forests in the lowlands of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) and provinces in North Sumatra. More than 1,500 orangutans remain in the Singkil swamp. Sumatran orangutans are estimated to total about 7,500 individuals (based largely on 2002 satellite images), living in 13 fragmented habitat units stretching from northern NAD south to the Sibolga-Tarutung-Padangsidempuan area. It has been suggested that the southernmost population may be genetically distinct from its northern relatives. The largest populations live within NAD province, where recent political turmoi…

Pagai Pig-tailed Snub-nosed Monkey or Simakobu Simias concolor Miller, 1903Indonesia (2002, 2004)The genus Simias is known only from Indonesia’s MentawaiIslands, a small archipelago situated off the west coast of central Sumatra. Until humans arrived approximately two millennia ago, its only predators were probably large constricting snakes and birds of prey. Today, however,hunting and forest conversion are two substantial threats to the four indigenous Mentawaiprimates, all of which are endemic to these islands. Simias concolor was originally considered monotypic, but is now believed to include two subspecies, S. c. concolor from the Pagai islands and Sipora, and S. c. siberu Chasen and Kloss, 1927 from the island of Siberut. The common English name of this large monkey is derived from its short pig-like tail and its shortened nose, which very much resembles that of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) of Vietnam, another Critically Endangered species. S. concolor …

All four subspecies of the Asian colobine monkey Presbytis hosei are endemic to north Borneo. The high forehead and crest linking it with the white-fronted surili (P. frontata) from the southern part of the island, mark the crested grizzled surili, P. h. sabana (Thomas, 1893) from eastern Sabah (East Malaysia) as the most divergent subspecies. Its western neighbor, Everett’s grizzled surili, P. h. everetti (Thomas, 1893) is unique to the genus in being sexually dichromatic. The bandanna-like white tract of hair across the forehead of juveniles and male adults is reduced to a white spot in female adults. In the south-eastern subspecies, Miller’s grizzled surili (P. h. canicrus), all adults and juveniles much resemble adult female P. h. everetti, but have no frontal white spot. P. h. canicrus is known only from the north-east Indonesian part of Borneo as far south as the KutaiNational P…