The main focus of this report is designed in three parts: literature review of Export and Impport LC and Overview of Eximbank - Hanoi Branch; the current situation of L/C payment at Eximbank - Hanoi Branch; development orientation and proposal and improve the international settlement sevices of Eximbank - Hanoi Branch.

Exporter makes sure the L/C is valid and corresponds to the timetables agreed
with the Importer regarding both the delivery of the goods and payments. Another
question: can the documents be negotiated or transferred within the term of the
L/C? Can the Exporter accept all the restrictions and limitations of the L/C? Are
there any impossible conditions (for instance, in contravention of the foreign
exchange regime) or wrong details (name of a port which does not exist, etc.)

Over time, social funds have proven that they effectively can coordinate
among entities, channel resources, develop social infrastructure, pro-
mote the participation of local authorities and the community, and inte-
grate the private sector and civil society in their programs. Their trans-
parency in operations is widely acknowledged and has resulted in
financial and technical support from international entities. Impacts of
social funds are commensurate with the budgets that are allocated to
them.

The Transaction Finding a market for the goods (market research) Selecting the marketing channels Negotiations Pricing Distribution channels Order Contract Commercial Invoice Commercial Invoice must include (minimum): Payment Terms Mode of Payment Division of Costs Details of Carrier Details of Receiving Party Details of Buyer Other Details For best results use the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) Standard Commercial Invoice Packing List must include (minimum): Contents of the Packaging (=of the shipment) If more than one package or outer and inner packing – all contents per each pac...

The rights of the insured party are NOT effected if it BONA FIDE forgot or had no time to declare to the insurer as per above, or if it gave the insurer a declaration containing wrong information. The right declaration can be filed even after the goods are lost or delivered

Like other GCC countries, Saudi Arabia, as the world’s largest producer and
exporter of oil, has benefitted from increasing oil revenues in recent years. Although
Saudi Arabia has not formally established a SWF, its central bank holds a significant
amount of international investments outside of traditional foreign reserves, and thus
is not reflected on the previous chart. Separately, the Saudi central bank controls an
estimated $320 billion in foreign assets, with “additional reserves that are not made
public for national security reasons.

A standard, commercial letter of credit (LC) is a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking. The letter of credit can also be source of payment for a transaction, meaning that redeeming the letter of credit will pay an exporter. Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade transactions of significant value, for deals between a supplier in one country and a customer in another.

Liquidity Monitoring Ratios
a) The Debt Service Ratio is the proportion of exports of goods and non
factor services that is absorbed for debt service payments, i.e., interest,
principal and other payments. The basic ratio refers only to long and
medium-term debt which covers all loans with an original maturity of
one year and above.
b) The Interest Service Ratio is the ratio of interest payments to exports
of goods and non-factor services.

Second, China is a developing country, and lacks strong purchasing power for foreign goods.
Expanding exports to China depends on the healthy development of Chinese economy and
the country's balance of payments situation. China' wool imports, for example, made a record
of NZ$ 522 million in 1988, then fell to a low of NZ$ 70 million in 1990 because of the
economic retrenchment in China, but subsequently recovered in 1991. Demand from China
depends very much on the domestic economy.
Third, some of New Zealand products are not fully suitable to the needs of China.

On this issue the review drew from best practices in the individual
sectors examined. The first issue in O&M arrangements has already
been mentioned: the need for clear ownership of the infrastructure
and accountability for who will operate and maintain the project.
The third issue, which is not always elaborated as much, is the need
for a formal backstopping arrangement if the community is expected
to carry out O&M. A good system is needed to give the community
support when it has problems and when issues arise, for example
the issue of mobilization of recurrent financing....

The Committee evaluated the impact of its regulatory regimes on trade finance for low
income countries. For those countries, confirmed letters of credit are of specific importance.
Confirmed letters of credit provide exporters with additional protection against any losses
incurred from importers’ and issuing banks’ failure to meet their obligations of payments.