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0:00

Hello.My name is Patricia Fast.I'm a pediatrician who's worked for
about 20 years on AIDS vaccines,trying to develop an AIDS vaccine.Currently, I'm senior technical
advisor for the International AIDSVaccine Initiative,
which is a nonprofitdedicated to the proposition that
the world needs an AIDS vaccine.And I also teach part time as
an adjunct associate professorat Stanford University.

0:26

As soon as the new lentivirus
HIV-1, was discovered in 1984as the cause of AIDS, there
was great hope that a vaccinewould soon be discovered.You probably know that
lentiviruses are RNA viruses thatinsert a copy of their
genome into the hostgenome as a way of replicating.There are two HIV
viruses, HIV-1 and 2.Most of the research
has been done on HIV-1and I'll generally call
it, in this lecture, HIV.The discovery soon afterward of a
related lentivirus that caused AIDSin non-human primates,
macaque monkeys,focused attention on this Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus, or SIVmodel.Much later, it became evident that
focusing on the dominant model,which was a strain of SIV called
mac239, in rhesus macaques ledto a bias in the research because
SIV 239 is almost impossibleto neutralize so it tended
to minimize the importanceof neutralizing antibodies.But we'll come back to that.Eventually, a hybrid virus was
constructed between HIV and SIV.It's called SHIV.And rhesus monkeys could then be
infected with a virus that carriesthe HIV envelope or
the major proteinon the surface of HIV, which
it uses to access cells.So that allowed research
into the importanceof neutralizing antibodies.A little bit of work
was originally donein chimpanzees, which
can be infected with HIV,but seldom become ill.But antibodies were shown
to prevent infection.But because chimpanzees
are a protected species,the model was abandoned.