From September 2006, it became possible to register domain names directly under .kr (although this is currently only possible for internationalized domain names). Trademark holders and public bodies benefited from an "early registration period", after which the owners of .kr third-level domains had priority to get the corresponding second-level domains.

1. Sunrise I (September 18–November 20, 2006)

Governmental Bodies only

2. Sunrise II (November 21–February 27, 2007)

A holder of 3rd level .kr domain

The registered 3rd level domain and the 3rd level domain should be registered before March 13, 2006

The full name of registered trademark using same alphabetical order

3. Landrush (March 28–April 11, 2007)

Anyone or any business entity who has an address in the territory

4.General Registration (from April 19. 2007)

First-come first-served basis

In 2011 a new top-level domain was registered for South Korea, intended for domain names in the local language. The top-level domain is .한국 Domain names and working sites became active during 2011.

1.
South Korea
–
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula

2.
Domain name
–
A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System, any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes, in 2015,294 million domain names had been registered. Domain names are organized in levels of the DNS root domain. The registration of domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public. A fully qualified domain name is a name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS. A domain name may represent entire collections of resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called host names, the term host name is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Host names appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators for Internet resources such as web sites, Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol, the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, an important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the topology of the network. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource, Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a name that corresponds to their name. A generic domain is a name that defines a category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example. Some examples of names are books. com, music. com. Companies have created brands based on names, and such generic domain names may be valuable. The use of names in commerce may subject them to trademark law. The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a hosts numerical address on a computer network dates back to the ARPANET era, before the advent of todays commercial Internet

3.
Internationalized domain name
–
These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the Internet. IDN was originally proposed in December 1996 by Martin Dürst and implemented in 1998 by Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong under the guidance of Tan Tin Wee. After much debate and many competing proposals, a system called Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications was adopted as a standard, in IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII algorithm can be successfully applied. In March 2008, the IETF formed a new IDN working group to update the current IDNA protocol, in May 2010 the first IDN ccTLD were installed in the DNS root zone. Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications is a defined in 2003 for handling internationalized domain names containing non-ASCII characters. These names either are Latin letters with diacritics or are written in languages or scripts which do not use the Latin alphabet, Arabic, Hangul, Hiragana and Kanji for instance. Although the Domain Name System supports non-ASCII characters, applications such as e-mail, IDNA specifies how this conversion between names written in non-ASCII characters and their ASCII-based representation is performed. An IDNA-enabled application is able to convert between the internationalized and ASCII representations of a domain name and it uses the ASCII form for DNS lookups but can present the internationalized form to users who presumably prefer to read and write domain names in non-ASCII scripts such as Arabic or Hiragana. Applications that do not support IDNA will not be able to handle domain names with non-ASCII characters, but will still be able to access such domains if given the ASCII equivalent. ICANN issued guidelines for the use of IDNA in June 2003, several other top-level domain registries started accepting registrations in 2004 and 2005. IDN Guidelines were first created in June 2003, and have been updated to respond to phishing concerns in November 2005, mozilla 1.4, Netscape 7.1, Opera 7.11 were among the first applications to support IDNA. A browser plugin is available for Internet Explorer 6 to provide IDN support, Internet Explorer 7.0 and Windows Vistas URL APIs provide native support for IDN. The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a name are accomplished by algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the name as a whole. For example, if the name is www. example. com, then the labels are www, example. ToASCII or ToUnicode are applied to each of three separately. The details of these two algorithms are complex, and are specified in RFC3490, the following gives an overview of their function

4.
Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990

5.
Country code
–
Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have developed to do this. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes and this standard defines for most of the countries and dependent areas in the world, a two-letter a three-letter, and a three-digit numeric code. For more applications see ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. S. government and in the CIA World Factbook, on September 2,2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by NIST as a Federal Information Processing Standard. GOST7.164 international telephone dialing codes, list of country calling codes with 1-3 digits and these prefixes are legally administered by the national entity to which prefix ranges are assigned. Diplomatic license plates in the United States, assigned by the U. S. State Department, north Atlantic Treaty Organisation used two-letter codes of its own, list of NATO country codes. They were largely borrowed from the FIPS 10-4 codes mentioned below, in 2003 the eighth edition of the Standardisation Agreement adopted the ISO3166 three-letter codes with one exception. The following can represent countries, The initial digits of International Standard Book Numbers are group identifiers for countries, areas, the first three digits of GS1 Company Prefixes used to identify products, for example, in barcodes, designate numbering agencies. A comparison with ISO, IFS and others with notes United Nations Region Codes

6.
Internationalized domain
–
These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the Internet. IDN was originally proposed in December 1996 by Martin Dürst and implemented in 1998 by Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong under the guidance of Tan Tin Wee. After much debate and many competing proposals, a system called Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications was adopted as a standard, in IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII algorithm can be successfully applied. In March 2008, the IETF formed a new IDN working group to update the current IDNA protocol, in May 2010 the first IDN ccTLD were installed in the DNS root zone. Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications is a defined in 2003 for handling internationalized domain names containing non-ASCII characters. These names either are Latin letters with diacritics or are written in languages or scripts which do not use the Latin alphabet, Arabic, Hangul, Hiragana and Kanji for instance. Although the Domain Name System supports non-ASCII characters, applications such as e-mail, IDNA specifies how this conversion between names written in non-ASCII characters and their ASCII-based representation is performed. An IDNA-enabled application is able to convert between the internationalized and ASCII representations of a domain name and it uses the ASCII form for DNS lookups but can present the internationalized form to users who presumably prefer to read and write domain names in non-ASCII scripts such as Arabic or Hiragana. Applications that do not support IDNA will not be able to handle domain names with non-ASCII characters, but will still be able to access such domains if given the ASCII equivalent. ICANN issued guidelines for the use of IDNA in June 2003, several other top-level domain registries started accepting registrations in 2004 and 2005. IDN Guidelines were first created in June 2003, and have been updated to respond to phishing concerns in November 2005, mozilla 1.4, Netscape 7.1, Opera 7.11 were among the first applications to support IDNA. A browser plugin is available for Internet Explorer 6 to provide IDN support, Internet Explorer 7.0 and Windows Vistas URL APIs provide native support for IDN. The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a name are accomplished by algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the name as a whole. For example, if the name is www. example. com, then the labels are www, example. ToASCII or ToUnicode are applied to each of three separately. The details of these two algorithms are complex, and are specified in RFC3490, the following gives an overview of their function

7.
Seoul
–
The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century

8.
Busan
–
Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950

9.
Daegu
–
Daegu is the principal city of the surrounding North Gyeongsang Province. The two areas combined are referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population of over 5 million. Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 kilometres from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, the Daegu basin, where the city lies, is the central plain of the Yeongnam region. In ancient times, there was a proto-country named Jinhan, to which the current Daegu area belonged, Later Daegu was part of the Silla Kingdom which unified the Korean Peninsula. During the Joseon Dynasty period, the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do which was one of the eight provinces of the country. Daegu was a motor of Korea during the 1960s–1980s period and was especially known for its electronics industry. The humid subtropical climate of Daegu is ideal for producing high quality apples, thus the nickname, Daegu is also known as Textile City. Textiles used to be the industry of the city. With the establishment of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone, Daegu is currently focusing on fostering fashion, Daegu was the host city of the 22nd World Energy Congress of 2013, the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the 2003 Summer Universiade. It also hosted four matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Daegu hosts World Masters Indoor Championships on March 19–25,2017. More than 4600 athletes worldwide including 101 athletes from the USA will compete, archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun Pottery Period. In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo have been excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong, Dongcheon-dong is one of the substantial Mumun agricultural villages that have been excavated. The Dongcheon-dong site dates back to the Middle Mumun and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit-houses, megalithic burials have also been found in large numbers in Daegu. It was absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later than the fifth century, the vestiges of the wall can be seen, and relics have been excavated in the current Dalseong Park. Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean peninsula by defeating the other kingdoms of Baekje and Koguryo in the late 7th century, shortly thereafter, in 689, Sillas King Sinmun considered moving the capital from Gyeongju to Daegu but was unable to do so. The city was given its current name in 757, in the late 1990s archaeologists excavated a large scale fortified Silla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu. The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system, the excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Silla village dating to the 6th to 7th centuries AD at Siji-dong, during the Later Three Kingdoms period, 892–936, Daegu was initially aligned with Hubaekje

10.
Incheon
–
Incheon, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east. Inhabited since the New Stone Age, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became a port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan. The citys growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its due to its natural advantages as a coastal city. It is part of the Seoul Capital Area, along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province, Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world, ushering in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as Korea’s first free economic zone, as an international city, Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences, such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009. The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014, Incheon has established itself as a major transportation hub in northeast Asia with the world-renowned Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port. The city is home to the Green Climate Fund, an international organization addressing environmental issues. The first historical record of the Incheon area dates back to 475 AD, during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo, by the name of Michuhol, the area underwent several name changes with successive kingdoms and dynasties. In Goryeo era, Incheon was called Gyeongwon or Inju, the current name was turned to Incheon in 1413. Later, Incheon County became Incheon Metropolitan Prefecture, old Incheon consisted of todays southern Incheon and northern part of Siheung City. The city centre was Gwangyo-dong, where the office and the local academy were located. Another historical name of the city, Jemulpo, was not widely used until the opening of the port in 1883, after the opening of the Incheon port, the city centre moved from Gwangyo to Jemulpo. Today, either Jemulpo or Gwangyo-dong is considered Deep Incheon and it was renamed as Jinsen during Japanese rule in Korean peninsula. In 1914, the Japanese colonial government merged outer parts of old Incheon with Bupyeong County, through 1936 and 1940, some part of Bucheon County was recombined into Incheon City, by which some part of old Bupyeong was annexed into Incheon. Incheon was originally part of Gyeonggi Province, but was granted Directly Governed City status on July 1,1981, Incheon was known as Inchon prior to South Koreas adoption of a new Romanization system in 2000. The city was the site of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay, during the Korean War, Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 September 1950. Eleven days later, Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon, the result was a decisive UN victory and it was recaptured on 19 September 1950

11.
Gwangju
–
Gwangju is the sixth largest city in South Korea. It is a metropolitan city under the direct control of the central governments Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005. Gwang means light and Ju means province, areas of scenery along the outskirts of the city gave birth to gasa, a form of Korean classical poetry. Located in the center of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is famous for its rich. The city was established in 57 BC and it was one of the administrative centres of Baekje during the Three Kingdoms Period. Modern industry was established in Gwangju with the construction of a railway to Seoul, some of the industries that took hold include cotton textiles, rice mills and breweries. Construction of an industrial zone in 1967 encouraged growth in industry. In May 1980, peaceful demonstrations took place in Gwangju against a head of Shingunbu, the demonstrations were suppressed by military forces, including elite units of the Special Operations Command. The situation escalated after a violent crackdown, resulting in the Gwangju Uprising, by the time that the uprising was suppressed, many hundred civilians and several policemen / soldiers were dead. After civilian rule was reinstated, a cemetery was established honouring the victims of the incident. In 1986, Gwangju separated from Jeollanam-do to become a Directly Governed City, Gwangju is the main campaign capital of the liberal Democratic United Party, and its predecessors. Arts, culture, Automobile, food and democracy are some of the keywords that can represent Gwangju, Gwangju is divided into 5 districts. According to the census of 2005, of the people of Gwangju 32. 7% follow Christianity and 14. 4% follow Buddhism,52. 9% of the population is mostly not religious or follow Muism and other indigenous religions. The population model of Gwangju is as follows, Chonnam National University, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Honam Univ, Gwangju University, Gwangshin University, Gwangju Womens University, Nambu University, Chosun University, and Honam Christian University are private universities. The average number of students per household is 0.8, the city is served by the Gwangju Subway. An extension was completed in April 2008 with another due for completion in 2012, there are two KTX stations in the city, Gwangju Station and Gwangju Songjeong Station. Gwangju Songjeong station connects to the Gwangju Subway and local bus system, now the Songjeong station is mainly used

12.
Daejeon
–
Daejeon is South Koreas fifth-largest metropolis. Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010, located in the central region of South Korea, Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes. The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by high-speed train, Daejeon is one of South Koreas administration hubs with the Daejeon Government Complex. The Korean administration in the 1980s decided to relocate some of its functions from Seoul, Korea Railroad Corporation, Korea Water Resources Corporation, and Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation are also headquartered in the city. Daejeon has earned its name as Asias Silicon Valley and high technology city, the city hosted the Taejon Expo 93 and the International Mathematical Olympiads in 2000. Several important research institutes are based in the city, Daedeok Innopolis is composed of 28 government-funded research institutions, as well as 79 private research institutes with as many as 20,000 researchers. In addition, Daejeon established the World Technopolis Association in 1998 with the view of realizing regional development through international cooperation with world science cities. The WTA has grown to have 67 members from 32 countries, human beings first settled in the Daejeon region during the Stone Age. During the Joseon Kingdom period, it remained occupied by the Hoideok-hyeon and Jinjam-hyeon of Gongju Mokha, in 1895, most of the area was made part of Hoideok-gun and Jinjam-gun, excluding some parts that belonged to Gongju-gun. The Daejeon area was known as Hanbat, a native Korean term for large field. Daejeon simply means the thing in Hanja. Historically, Daejeon was a village without many residents. However, in 1905, the Gyeongbu Railway began operations from Seoul to Busan, in 1926 under the rule of the Japanese government, the Honam Railway was built between Mokpo and Daejeon, transforming the latter into a major transportation hub. Because of its location and proximity to means of transportation, Daejeon grew quickly, in 1932, the capital of Chungnam province was moved from Gongju to Daejeon. During the Korean War, the city was the site of a major conflict. Since then, changes have made to the citys boundaries. Its official names have evolved, as well, among the boundary modifications include one that effectively made the nearby town of Daedeok a part of the city in 1983. Then, in the late 1980s, Daejeon was elevated to the status of Special City, in 1995, all South Korean Special Cities were again renamed as Metropolitan Cities, which is reflected in the current official name of Daejeon, Daejeon Metropolitan City

13.
Ulsan
–
Ulsan, officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City, is South Koreas seventh largest metropolis with a population of over 1.1 million. It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboring Busan to the south, in 2012, Ulsan had a GDP per capita of $79,623, the highest of any region in South Korea. Up to 1962, Ulsan operated as a port and market centre. As part of South Koreas first five-year economic plan, Ulsan became an open port, additionally, major industrial plants and factories were developed, including in particular an oil refinery, fertiliser plants, automobile production and heavy industries. The shipbuilding port Bangeojin became part of the city in 1962, the city transport department plans to build a light-rail line and the public transportation system is as good as any other major Korean city. The bus system shows a particular ETA at most bus stops, Ulsan Airport, constructed in 1970 and expanded in 1997, has more than 20 flights per day to and from Seouls Gimpo International Airport and 4 flights per week to and from Jeju International Airport. In November 2010, Koreas high-speed train network, the KTX, was extended to Ulsan and this provides a high-speed link to Seoul, with a running time of just over 2 hours. The new KTX station is in nearby Eonyang, with a series of buses as well as some city buses serving the new station. The original city station has been renamed Taehwa River Station, Ulsan was home to another football team, Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin FC, which played in the Korea National League until 2016, when it was dissolved. It is also home to the University of Ulsan, Ulsan also hosts Korean Basketball League team Ulsan Mobis Phoebus. Their home ground is Dongchun Gymnasium, which located in jung-gu ulsan, Ulsan is bounded on the east by the Sea of Japan. Busan is 70 km to the south, Ulsan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate, with somewhat cold but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly means range from 2.0 °C in January to 25.9 °C in August and its location on the Korean peninsula results in a seasonal lag, with the warmest days being in August and averaging very near 30 °C. Precipitation is relatively low in the months, but is made up by the high rainfall falling from April to September. Yeongnam Alps There are 7 tall mountains over 1, 000m above sea level, sinbulsan Ridge, which changes to a fantastic silver grass field in autumn, is one of the best sights to see in the Yeongnam Alps. Eoksae festival is held every early October in Ganwoljae which is best known for its colony of silver grass, oegosan Onggi village Koreas largest traditional folk Onggi village creates a unique scene as the whole village is made of earthware. You can see the first-hand traditional Onggi manufacturing process including Onggi workshops, try your hand at making Onggi. The Ulsan Onggi museum offers a variety of related to Onggi

14.
Gyeonggi-do
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Gyeonggi-do is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, Gyeonggi means the surrounding capital. Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul, seoul—South Koreas largest city and national capital—is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon—South Koreas third largest city—is on the coast of the province and has been administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions collectively cover 11,730 km2, with a population of 25.6 million—amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea. Gyeonggi-do has been an important area since 18 BCE, when Korea was divided into three nations during the Three Kingdoms period. Afterward, the current location of Gyeonggi-do, one of the nine states of Later Silla, was called Hansanju, the Gyeonggi region started to rise as the central region of Goryeo as King Taejo of Goryeo set up the capital in Gaesong. Since 1018, this area has been officially called Gyeonggi, since the period of King Taejong and Sejong the Great, the Gyeonggi region has been very similar to the current administrative area of Gyeonggi-do. In 1895 the 23-Bu system, which reorganized administrative areas, was effected, the Gyeonggi region was divided into Hanseong, Incheon, Chungju, Gongju, and Kaesong. During the Japanese colonial period Hanseong-bu was incorporated into Gyeonggi-do, on October 1,1910, it was renamed Keijo and a provincial government was placed in Keijo according to the reorganization of administrative districts. After liberation and the foundation of two Korean governments, Gyeonggi-do and its capital, Seoul, were separated with partial regions of Gyeonggi-do being incorporated into Seoul thereafter. Additionally, Kaesong became North Korean territory, the city to change control after the countries were divided at the 38th parallel. In 1967 the seat of the Gyeonggi provincial government was transferred from Seoul to Suwon, after Incheon separated from Gyeonggi-do in 1981, Gyeonggi regions such as Ongjin County and Ganghwa County were incorporated into Incheon in 1995. Gyeonggi-do is the central region of the Korean Peninsula, which is vertically situated in Northeast Asia and is between east longitude of 126 and 127, and north latitude of 36 and 38. Its dimension is 10% of Korea’s territory,10,171 square kilometres and its provincial government is in Suwon, but some of its government buildings are in Uijeongbu for the administrative conveniences of the northern region. The climate of Gyeonggi-do is the climate, which has a severe differentiation of temperature between summer and winter, and has distinctions of four seasons. Spring is warm, summer is hot and humid, autumn is cool, the annual average temperature is between 11–13 °C, where the temperature in the mountainous areas to the northeast is lower and the coastal areas to the southwest is higher. For January’s average temperature, the Gyeonggi Bay is −4 °C, the Namhangang Basin is −4 – −6 °C, and it becomes colder and higher in temperature differentiation from coastal to inland areas

15.
Gangwon-do (South Korea)
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For the province in North Korea that bears the same name but different romanisation, see Kangwon Province. Gangwon-do is a province of South Korea, with its capital at Chuncheon, before the division of Korea in 1945, Gangwon and its North Korean neighbor Kangwŏn formed a single province. In 2010 actor So Ji-sub was appointed an ambassador for tourism for Gangwon Province. Gangwon-do was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, the province was formed in 1395, and derived its name from the names of the principal cities of Gangneung and the provincial capital Wonju. In 1895 Gangwon-do was replaced by the Districts of Chuncheon in the west, in 1896 Korea was redivided into thirteen provinces, and the two districts were merged to re-form Gangwon-do Province. Although Wonju rejoined Gangwon-do province, the capital was moved to Chuncheon. In 1945 Gangwon-do was divided by the 38th parallel north in 1945 into U. S, american and Soviet zones of occupation in the south and north respectively, which led to Wonsan joining the provinces northern half in 1946 to serve as its administrative center. In 1948, the half of the province became part of the new Republic of Korea. As a result of the Korean War Armistice Agreement of 1953, the provinces landscape is dominated by the Taebaek Mountains which almost reach the sea. As a consequence the coast is steep, Gangwon-do and its North Korean counterpart Kangwŏn are together referred to as the Gwandong region. The region west of the Taebaek Mountains is called Yeongseo, while the region east of the mountains is called Yeongdong, the term Yeongdong is frequently used in reference to transportation services from Seoul, the national capital. Thus, one might catch a bus or train on the Yeongdong Line, the area of Gangwon-do is 20,569 km2, of which four fifths are woodland. Edible alpine plants and mushrooms are harvested in these forests, the province is renowned for its agricultural produce, in particular potatoes and fish. Mineral resources of the province include iron, coal, fluorite, limestone, there are hydroelectric and thermoelectric power plants. The main cities in the province are Chuncheon, Gangneung, Sokcho, Wonju, seoraksan and Mt. Odae with its ski run, attract a large number of national tourists. Both are located in parks in the Taebaek Mountains. South Koreas largest limestone cave, Hwanseongul, receives over one million visitors a year, the climate of Gangwon-do is influenced by the latitude. In summer along with the temperature and there is high humidity

16.
Chungcheongbuk-do
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North Chungcheong Province, officially Chungcheongbuk-do, is a province in the centre of South Korea. It was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Chungcheong province. Chungcheongbuk-do is the only land-locked province in South Korea, the province is mostly mountainous, dominated by the Noryeong Mountains to the north and the Sobaek Mountains to the east. Agricultural products includes rice, barley, beans, and potatoes, the tobacco was introduced from the US in 1912, transplanted from Virginia. There are mineral reserves of gold, iron, coal, steatite, fluorite, silk weaving plays an important role. The main attractions in the province are Mount Songni in the Sobaek mountains, beopjusa, the site of one of the oldest temples of Korea is located in this national park, as in Guinsa, the headquarters of the Cheontae sect. There is another national park around Mount Worak, Chungcheongbuk-do is divided into 3 cities and 8 counties. Each entity is listed below in English, Hangul, and Hanja, according to the census of 2005, of the people of Chungcheongbuk-do 23. 8% follow Buddhism and 25% follow Christianity. 51. 2% of the population is not religious or follow Muism

17.
Chungcheongnam-do
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South Chungcheong Province, officially Chungcheongnam-do, is a province in the west of South Korea. In 2012, the capital moved from Daejeon to Hongseong. Chungcheongnam-do is South Koreas richest province, with a 2012 GDP per capita of $56,133 and it is by far South Koreas fastest growing region, with an average GDP growth of 9. 7% in 2001-2007 that accelerated to 12. 4% in 2010. Such rapid growth transformed it from an agricultural to a highly industrialized economy in the 21st century. Along with Gangwon, Chungnam is the province outside the Seoul Capital Area to be served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. Its area is 8,204 km2 as of 2012, one third of the provinces area is under cultivation. Aside from agriculture, marine products are of importance, there are 220 square kilometres of exposed beach which is used to produce salt by solar evaporation. There is coal mining, but gold and silver mines are found in Chungcheongnam-do, as is Monazite. At 845 metres, Mount Gyeryong is the most notable elevation and it is located in a national park which is noted for its unique rock features. Apart from the formations there are a number of old temples. These include Gwanchok-sa, a temple which is home to the largest stone Buddha in Korea, in 1978 the Taean Marine National Park was opened. It includes some of the countrys best bathing beaches, in early 2007, the Republic of Korea government decided to create a special administrative district out of part of the present Chungcheongnam-do Province, near what is now Daejeon. The new district was named Sejong Special Self-Governing City, and was to replace Seoul as the capital of the Republic of Korea. However, in 2009, it was determined that replacing Seoul as new capital would violate the South Korean Constitution by Constitution Court. Chungcheongnam-do is divided into 8 cities and 7 counties, the city and county names below are given in English, Hangul, and Hanja. According to the census of 2005, of the people of Chungcheongnam-do 20. 5% follow Buddhism and 28. 7% follow Christianity,50. 8% of the population is mostly not religious or follow Muism and other indigenous religions

18.
Jeollabuk-do
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North Jeolla Province or Jeollabuk-do is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Jeolla province. The provincial capital is Jeonju, which was the capital of all of Jeolla before 1896, Jeollabuk-do has the most fertile fields in the Republic of Korea. Its mountains and fields have been a source of life, providing the fine foods of Korea and it preserves and passes down traditional Korean tastes, fashions, and culture, and is a beautiful land filled with magnificent scenery and nature. During the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, Jeolla region was the center of the Mahan confederacy among Samhan, there were 15 tribal countries out of 54 in the region. During the period of the Three States, this came to belong to Baekje when it absorbed Mahan. Baekje was destroyed by the Silla and Chinese Tang dynasty allied force in 660 and it became a part of Silla when Tang was expelled in 676. When there were nine states and five small capitals in Unified Silla in 685, there were Wansan-ju, in 892, when General Gyeon Hwon founded Hubaekje, this area was the center of the country for about 50 years. In 936, during the rule of Singeom, it was attributed to Goryeo Dynasty, from 900 to the time when Hubaekje was attributed to Goryeo, Wansan-ju had been its capital, and the country ruled the whole Jeolla-do region. In 996, this region was named Gangnam province and the Korean government established the four states in thr North Jeolla region, gangnam-do and Haenam-do were combined and titled as Jeolla-do in 1018. In 1896, the country was divided into 13 provinces. Jeolla-do was divided into Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do, in 1963, Geumsan-gun was incorporated into Chungnam, and Wido-myeon of Jeonnam was incorporated into Jeonbuk. Jeongju-eup and Namwon-eup were raised to cities in 1981 and Gimje-eup was raised to city status in 1989, wansan-gu and Deokjin-gu were established in Jeonju-city in the same year. Due to establishment of cities in the type of city-farming area in 1995, Okgu, Jeungeup, Namwon, Gimje. Gimje and Iksan-guns were merged and Gunsan, Jeonju, Namwon, Gimje, through repeated reorganizations of administrative districts, now the region consists of the administrative districts of six cities and eight counties. The total area of Jeollabuk-do is 8,067 square kilometres, Jeonju International Sori Festival is a high-quality worldwide music art festival based on Pansori, Korea’s Intangible Cultural Heritage. It is designed to promote Korean music to the world and exchange diverse musical heritages of many nations though sounds as meditation, the festival was selected as one of the ‘Best 25 International Festivals’ by the world famous UK music magazine Songlines in 2012 and 2013. The International Fermented Food Expo is the only extra-large international food market where Jeollabuk-do’s abundance of good food and it is an industrial exhibition where new fermented products, technical information, and recent industry trends can be gleaned

19.
Jeollanam-do
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South Jeolla Province or Jeollanam-do is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Jeolla province, remained a province of Korea until the countrys division in 1945. Gwangju was the capital of the province, until the office moved to the southern village of Namak. The province is part of the Honam region, and is bounded on the west by the Yellow Sea, on the north by Jeollabuk-do Province, on the south by Jeju Strait, and on the east by Gyeongsangnam-do. There are almost 2,000 islands along the coastline, about three quarters of which are uninhabited, the coastline is about 6,100 kilometres long. Some of the products, in particular oyster and seaweed cultivation, are leading in South Korea. The province is only partially mountainous, the plains along the rivers Seomjin, Yeongsan and Tamjin create a large granary. There is abundant rainfall in the area, which helps agriculture, the province is also home to the warmest weather on the peninsula. This helps to produce amounts of agricultural produce, mainly rice, wheat, barley. Vegetables, cotton and fruits are grown in the province. A small amount of gold and coal is mined in the province, Jeollanam-do is divided into 5 cities and 17 counties. Listed below is the name of each entity in English, hangul,53. 4% of the population is mostly not religious or follow Muism and other indigenous religions. 31st, Heo Kyung-man - 1st term, 32nd, Heo Kyung-man - 2nd term. 33rd, Park Tae-young - died in office 34th, Park Jun-young - 1st term, 35th, Park Jun-young - 2nd term. 36th, Park Jun-young - 3rd term, 37th, Lee Nak-yon List of Korea-related topics South Jeolla travel guide from Wikivoyage Jeollanam-do provincial government English-language home page

20.
Gyeongsangbuk-do
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North Gyeongsang Province, also known as Gyeongbuk, is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Gyeongsang province, remained a province of Korea until the countrys division in 1945. Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981, but has not been a part of the province since 1981, in 2016, the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong. The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres,19. 1% of the area of South Korea. The province is part of the Yeongnam region, on the south by Gyeongsangnam-do, on the west by Jeollabuk-do and Chungcheongbuk-do Provinces, during the summer, Gyeongsangbuk-do is perhaps the hottest province in South Korea. This is helped by the fact that the province is surrounded by mountains, the Taebaek Mountains in the east. Gyeongsangbuk-do is the homeland of the kingdom of Silla and has retained much of its cultural tradition. A number of artists, political leaders and scholars have come from the province, according to the census of 2005, of the people of North Gyeongsang 33. 9% follow Buddhism and 18. 6% follow Christianity. 47. 5% of the population is not religious or follow Muism. Gyeongsangbuk-do is divided into 10 cities and 13 counties, the names below are given in English, hangul, and hanja. List of Korea-related topics Liancourt Rocks Gyeongsangbuk-do provincial government in English Alsace/Gyeongsangbuk-do North Gyeongsang Province travel guide from Wikivoyage

21.
Gyeongsangnam-do
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South Gyeongsang Province is a province in the southeast of South Korea. The provincial capital is at Changwon and it is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan. There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana, automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province, extending from Ulsan through Busan, Changwon, and Jinju. The name derives from Korean Gyeongsang, meaning joyous furthermore, from gyeong 경, 慶, meaning happy, the name derives from the names of the principal cities of Gyeongju and Sangju. Before 1895, the corresponding to modern-day Gyeongsangnam-do was part of Gyeongsang Province. In 1895, southern Gyeongsang was replaced by the districts of Jinju in the west, in 1896, they were merged to form Gyeongsangnam-do. The provincial capital was originally at Jinju, it moved in 1925 to Busan, in 1948, Gyeongsangnam-do became part of South Korea. In 1963, Busan separated from Gyeongsangnam-do to become a Directly Governed City, in 1983, the provincial capital moved from Busan to Changwon. In 1995, Busan became a Metropolitan City, and Ulsan separated from Gyeongsangnam-do to become a Metropolitan City in 1997. The province is part of the Yeongnam region, on the north by Gyeongsangbuk-do province, on the west Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces, most of the province is drained by the Nakdong River and its tributaries. The total area of the province is 10,533 square kilometres, the Nakdong delta plain around Gimhae is one of the best granaries in South Korea. Agricultural products form Gyeongsangnam-do include rice, beans, potatoes, the area is renowned for its cotton, sesame, and fruits which are grown along the southern seaside. A number of products are caught. The province is one of the countrys leading fisheries, the largest cities in the region are Busan and Ulsan, which are separately administered as provincial-level Metropolitan Cities. Apart from the capital Changwon, other large or notable cities include Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do is the home of Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists. It is in the park around Jirisan on the border with Jeollabuk-do. The temple was first built in 802, changnyeong county contains three major tourist attractions for the province, Upo wetland, Bugok natural hotsprings, and Hwawang mountain. Gyeongsangnam-do is divided into 8 cities and 10 counties, the names below are given in English, hangul, and hanja

22.
Jeju-do
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Jeju Island, and before the year 2000 as Cheju-do, is the largest island off the coast of the Korean Peninsula, and the main island of Jeju Province of South Korea. The island lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province, the island contains the natural World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes. Jejudo has a climate, even in winter, the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C. Before the Japanese annexation in 1910, the island was known as Quelpart to Europeans. According to Korean records, a fleet of seventy pirate craft attacked Quelpart Island, when Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910, Jeju then became known as Saishū, which is the Japanese reading of the hanja for Jeju. Before 2000, when the Seoul government established the official Revised Romanization of Korean, almost all written references to the island before that use that spelling. From April 3,1948 to May 1949, the South Korean government conducted a brutal anticommunist campaign to suppress an uprising on the island. The main cause for the rebellion was the election scheduled for May 10,1948, the elections were only planned for the south of the country, the half of the peninsula under UNTCOK control. Though atrocities were committed by both sides, the used by the South Korean government to suppress the rebels were especially cruel. On one occasion, American soldiers discovered the bodies of men, women. On another, American soldiers caught police in the act of carrying out an execution of seventy-six villagers. In the end, between 14,000 and 30,000 people died as a result of the rebellion, some 40,000 others fled to Japan to escape the fighting. In the decades after the uprising, memory of the event was suppressed by the government through strict punishment. Only in 2006, more than 60 years after the rebellion, although the government simultaneously promised reparations, as of 2010, nothing had been done to this end. In 2008, bodies of victims of a massacre were discovered in a grave near Jeju International Airport. Jejudo is an island, dominated by Hallasan, a volcano 1,950 metres high. The island measures approximately 73 kilometres across, east to west, the eruptions took place in the Cenozoic era. Step 1, About 1.2 million years ago, a chamber formed under the sea floor

23.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular

24.
Revised Romanization of Korean
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The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea proclaimed by Ministry of Culture and Tourism to replace the older McCune–Reischauer system. The new system eliminates diacritics in favor of digraphs and adheres closely to Korean phonology than to a suggestive rendition of Korean phonetics for non-native speakers. The Revised Romanization limits itself to the ISO basic Latin alphabet, apart from limited and it was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Koreas Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Proclamation No. 2000-8, which cites these reasons for the new system, It promotes consistent romanization by native Korean speakers by the transcription of important language characteristics. It reduces the confusion caused by the frequent omission of apostrophes and it rationalizes the Korean language with the plain ASCII text of internet domain names. Basic principles of romanization are, Romanization is based on standard Korean pronunciation, symbols other than Roman letters are avoided to the greatest extent possible. These are notable features of the Revised Romanization system, Vowels ㅓ/ʌ/ and ㅡ/ɯ/ are written as digraphs, however, ㅝ/wʌ/ is written as wo, and ㅢ/ɰi/ is written as ui. Unlike McCune–Reischauer, aspirated consonants have no apostrophe, k, t, p and their unaspirated counterparts are written with letters that are voiced in English, g, d, b, j. ㅅ/s/ is written as s regardless of the vowels and semivowels, there is no sh, 사 → sa. When followed by another consonant or when in position, it is written as t, 옷 → ot. ㄹ/l/ is r before a vowel or a semivowel and l everywhere else, 리을 → rieul, 철원 → Cheorwon, 울릉도 → Ulleungdo, other rules and recommendations include the following, A hyphen optionally disambiguates syllables, 가을 → ga-eul versus 개울 → gae-ul. However, few official publications make use of this provision since actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare, however, names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated, 설악산 → Seoraksan, 해인사 → Haeinsa Proper nouns are capitalized. Given names and commercial names are encouraged to change, but it is not required, all Korean textbooks were required to comply with the new system by February 28,2002. English-language newspapers in South Korea initially resisted the new system by citing its flaws, the Korea Times was the last major English-language newspaper to do so and switched only in May 2006. North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune–Reischauer system of Romanization, textbooks and dictionaries intended for students of the Korean language tend to include this Romanization. However, some publishers have acknowledged the difficulties or confusion it can cause for non-native Korean speakers who are unused to the conventions of style of Romanization. ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㄹ are usually transcribed as g, d, b, and r when appearing before a vowel, and as k, t, p, and l when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word. The revised romanization transcribes certain phonetic changes that occur with combinations of the consonant of a character

25.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
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They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internets country code top-level domains. They were first included as part of the ISO3166 standard in its first edition in 1974, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some cases they are not perfectly implemented, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in the following standards, Starting in 1985, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes have been used in the Domain Name System as country code top-level domains. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority currently assigns the ccTLDs mostly following the alpha-2 codes, but with a few exceptions. For example, the United Kingdom, whose code is GB, uses. uk instead of. gb as its ccTLD. The European Commission generally uses ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes with two exceptions, EL is used to represent Greece, and UK is used to represent the United Kingdom. This notwithstanding, the Official Journal of the European Communities specified that GR and GB be used to represent Greece, for VAT administration purposes, the European Commission uses EL and GB for Greece and the United Kingdom respectively. IETF language tags are also derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. The full list of ISO 3166-1 codes assigned to countries and territories are usable as region subtags, also, the exceptionally reserved alpha-2 codes defined in ISO 3166-1 are also usable as region subtags for language tags. Some other region grouping subtags are derived from other standards, under the newer stability policies, old assigned codes that have been withdrawn from ISO 3166-1 should no longer be reassigned to another country or territory. The following is a colour-coded decoding table of all ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, click on the cell to see the definition of each code. The following alpha-2 codes can be user-assigned, AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, for example, UN/LOCODE assigns XZ to represent installations in international waters. The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository assigns QO to represent Outlying Oceania, before the adoption of the macroregion code EU by ISO, CLDR also used QU to represent the European Union. The code XK is being used by the European Commission, the IMF, the code XA is being used by Switzerland, as a country code for the Canary Islands, although IC is already reserved for that purpose. The code XN is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for the Nordic Patent Institute, the codes XE, XS and XW are used by WhatsApp to represent the flags of England, Scotland and Wales as Emoji. Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable a user application of the standard. The reserved alpha-2 codes can be divided into the four categories, exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations. These codes may be used only during a period of at least five years while new code elements that may have replaced them are taken into use

26.
.af
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. af is the Internet country code top-level domain for Afghanistan. It is administered by AFGNIC, a service of the UNDP, registration is made directly at the second level, or on the third level beneath various categorized subdomains at the second level. Third-level domains have restrictions based on which second-level domain they are registered under, registration on second level is unrestricted, but more expensive. All fees are higher for international registrants, the domain was delegated to an Abdul Razeeq in 1997, this only a year after Taliban fighters had captured Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. NetNames of London initially maintained the following an agreement with the IANA. IANA. af whois information AFGNIC official site AfghanServer. af registrant

27.
.ag
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. ag is the Internet country code top-level domain for Antigua and Barbuda. Registrations can be made at the second level directly beneath. ag, there are no restrictions on who can register. Aktiengesellschaft, abbreviated AG, is a German term that refers to a corporation that is limited by shares, i. e. owned by shareholders, the term is used in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It also has a use for other domain hacks for English words that end in -ag. The Heritage Foundation uses. ag for URL shortening, a German court ruled in July 2004 in second instance that a. ag domain may only be registered by an Aktiengesellschaft and more precisely by an AG that has the same name as the domain. That means that a company with shareholders in Germany with the name X AG, list of. AG Registrars IANA. ag whois information

28.
.ar
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. ar is the Internet country code top-level domain for Argentina. It is administered by NIC Argentina, registering a. AR domain directly is not allowed, only the 8 second-level domains below are open to everyone, although a local presence in Argentina is required. As of January 2017 there are currently 9 second-level domains, the. gob. ar domain was also approved for government entities. NIC Argentina Resolution N° 904/2008 about tur. ar domains IANA. ar whois information

29.
.at
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. at is the Internet country code top-level domain for Austria. The. at top-level domain has a number of second-level domains, however, it is also possible to register directly at the top level. Given the number of English words that end with -at, this presents the possibility for many domain hacks, many Austrian domain names were registered for English words that end with at. Domain hacks treating at as a word in its own right are also widespread, as of today, there are very few such domain names left available on the domain prime market as the result of the domain name speculation. Most of them can be bought on the secondary market. Only a few of these names are actually used. Some known examples of the Austrian domain hacks are, donteat. at, registrations of internationalized domain names are accepted. In 2007, it was possible to register domain names containing only numbers. The. at-Domain started using DNSSEC in 2011 in order to guarantee the authenticity and integrity of the Domain Name Systems data, before August 2016, it was only possible to register. at-Domains with three or more characters. NIC. AT Website IANA —. at Domain Delegation Data Private Individuals. at Registrars Website

30.
.au
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. au is the Internet country code top-level domain for Australia. It was first created on 5 March 1986, Domain name policy is managed by. au Domain Administration, with the registry operated by AusRegistry. The domain name was allocated by Jon Postel, operator of IANA to Kevin Robert Elz of Melbourne University in 1986. After an approximately five-year process in the 1990s, the Internet industry created a body called. au Domain Administration to operate the domain. It obtained assent from ICANN in 2001, and commenced operating a new regime for domain registration on 1 July 2002. Since this new regime, any registration has to be ordered via a registrar, oversight of. au is by. au Domain Administration. It is an organisation whose membership is derived from Internet organisations, industry members. The organisation operates with the endorsement of the Australian Government and with the authority of ICANN. Policy for. au is devised by policy development panels and these panels are convened by auDA and combine public input with industry representation to derive policy. The day-to-day operation of the. au registry technical facility is tendered out by auDA, the current operator is AusRegistry who has performed this role since the initial tender in 2002. AusRegistry does not sell domain registration services direct to the consumer, rather consumers who wish to register a domain must do so via a domain name registrar, after the industrys liberalisation in 2002, there is an active competitive market in registrars with a variety of prices and services. In 2008 auDA changed its policy and allowed changes in ownership of. au domains. AuDA introduced the ISS in October 2013 as a mandatory requirement, discount Domain Name services, Cheaper Domains and Information Brokers, part of the Total Internet Group, are the first three auDA accredited registrars to achieve ISS compliance. The naming rules for. au require registrations under second-level categories that describe a type of entity. com. au and this follows a similar allocation policy to that formerly used in other countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Registrations are currently permitted below a second-level domain, such as yourname. com. au, in April 2016, auDA announced it would introduce registrations directly at the second level, such as yourname. au. Direct registrations are due to be implemented in 2017, registering a domain in the. au namespace requires registrants to have either an exact match or a “close and substantial connection” to their desired domain name. Registration of a. au domain is completed through a reseller, known as a registrar and these domains are managed by the. au Community Domains Trust on behalf of auDA. CGDNs use the state or territorys common abbreviation as the level of the domain

31.
.ax
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. ax is the Internet country code top-level domain of the Åland Islands, introduced in 2006. Previously, most Åland websites were under the. aland. fi subdomain, on February 17,2006, the Finnish parliament approved a modification of the laws regulating Finnish domain names to include the. ax top-level domain. On March 17,2006, Finnish president Tarja Halonen signed the bill into law, the government of Åland began accepting registrations immediately following the changing of the law. On June 9,2006, ICANN approved delegating the. ax top-level domain to the government of Åland, the. ax domain was added to the root zone on June 21,2006, and became active on August 15,2006. The code ax itself comes from the ISO3166 standard, and was assigned to Åland in 2004

South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in

1.
Flag

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Balhae and Silla, 830 CE

3.
Jikji, the first known book printed with movable metal type in 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris

Domain name
–
A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System, any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and

1.
channelsurfing.net

2.
The hierarchy of labels in a fully qualified domain name.

Internationalized domain name
–
These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the I

1.
Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non- Latin alphabet: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr

Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for inte

1.
The Internet Messenger by Buky Schwartz in Holon.

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An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet

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This NeXT Computer was used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.

Country code
–
Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have developed to do this. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes and this standard defines f

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Map of Oceania with country codes.

Internationalized domain
–
These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the I

1.
Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non- Latin alphabet: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr

Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the

Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas l

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Montage of Busan

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Gwangan Bridge

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Busan at night

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Panorama of Busan from Busan Tower

Daegu
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Daegu is the principal city of the surrounding North Gyeongsang Province. The two areas combined are referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population of over 5 million. Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 kilometres from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, the Daegu basin, where the city lies, is the central

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Daegu 대구시

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Reliquary from 8th century Silla, Daegu National Museum

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Daegu in the 18th century

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Daegu City Hall

Incheon
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Incheon, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east. Inhabited since the New Stone Age, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became a port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and

Gwangju
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Gwangju is the sixth largest city in South Korea. It is a metropolitan city under the direct control of the central governments Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005. Gwang means light and Ju means province, areas of scenery along the outs

Daejeon
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Daejeon is South Koreas fifth-largest metropolis. Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010, located in the central region of South Korea, Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes. The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by high-speed train, Daejeon is one of South Koreas administrat

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Daejeon 대전시

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National Government Complex, Daejeon.

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Walking path along the Gap river

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Daejeon City Hall

Ulsan
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Ulsan, officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City, is South Koreas seventh largest metropolis with a population of over 1.1 million. It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboring Busan to the south, in 2012, Ulsan had a GDP per capita of $79,623, the highest of any region in South Korea. Up to 1962, Ulsan operated as a port and market cen

1.
Ulsan 울산시

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Ulsan Central market entrance

Gyeonggi-do
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Gyeonggi-do is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, Gyeonggi means the surrounding capital. Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul, seoul—South Koreas largest city and national capital—is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon

1.
Headquarters of the provincial governor, Joseon Dynasty

2.
Logo

3.
Suwon

4.
Yongin

Gangwon-do (South Korea)
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For the province in North Korea that bears the same name but different romanisation, see Kangwon Province. Gangwon-do is a province of South Korea, with its capital at Chuncheon, before the division of Korea in 1945, Gangwon and its North Korean neighbor Kangwŏn formed a single province. In 2010 actor So Ji-sub was appointed an ambassador for touri

1.
Seoraksan, one of the best-known mountains of Gangwon-do.

2.
Logo

Chungcheongbuk-do
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North Chungcheong Province, officially Chungcheongbuk-do, is a province in the centre of South Korea. It was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Chungcheong province. Chungcheongbuk-do is the only land-locked province in South Korea, the province is mostly mountainous, dominated by the Noryeong Mountains to the north and the Sobaek Mountains

1.
Logo

Chungcheongnam-do
–
South Chungcheong Province, officially Chungcheongnam-do, is a province in the west of South Korea. In 2012, the capital moved from Daejeon to Hongseong. Chungcheongnam-do is South Koreas richest province, with a 2012 GDP per capita of $56,133 and it is by far South Koreas fastest growing region, with an average GDP growth of 9. 7% in 2001-2007 tha

1.
Dangjin

2.
Logo

Jeollabuk-do
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North Jeolla Province or Jeollabuk-do is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Jeolla province. The provincial capital is Jeonju, which was the capital of all of Jeolla before 1896, Jeollabuk-do has the most fertile fields in the Republic of Korea. Its mountains and fields have been

1.
Logo

Jeollanam-do
–
South Jeolla Province or Jeollanam-do is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Jeolla province, remained a province of Korea until the countrys division in 1945. Gwangju was the capital of the province, until the office moved to the southern village of Namak. The province is part of

1.
Yeosu

2.
Logo

3.
Mokpo

Gyeongsangbuk-do
–
North Gyeongsang Province, also known as Gyeongbuk, is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Gyeongsang province, remained a province of Korea until the countrys division in 1945. Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981, but has not been a part of the province

Gyeongsangnam-do
–
South Gyeongsang Province is a province in the southeast of South Korea. The provincial capital is at Changwon and it is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan. There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana, automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along

1.
Yeongnamru in Miryang, province Gyeongsangnam-do. A pavilion from the Joseon Dynasty

2.
Flag

3.
Gimhae

4.
Tongyeong

Jeju-do
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Jeju Island, and before the year 2000 as Cheju-do, is the largest island off the coast of the Korean Peninsula, and the main island of Jeju Province of South Korea. The island lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province, the island contains the natural World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes. Jejudo has a climate, e

1.
Image of Jejudo

2.
Baengnokdam in Hallasan

3.
Waves crashing on Jeju seashore

Hangul
–
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in

1.
Korean writing systems

2.
Chosŏn'gŭl (top), and Hangul (bottom)

3.
A page from the Hunmin Jeong-eum Eonhae. The Hangul-only column, third from the left (나랏말 ᄊᆞ 미), has pitch-accent diacritics to the left of the syllable blocks.

4.
Calligraphy

Revised Romanization of Korean
–
The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea proclaimed by Ministry of Culture and Tourism to replace the older McCune–Reischauer system. The new system eliminates diacritics in favor of digraphs and adheres closely to Korean phonology than to a suggestive rendition of Korean phonetics for no

1.
Korean writing systems

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
–
They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internets country code top-level domains. They were first included as part of the ISO3166 standard in its first edition in 1974, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some case

1.
A map of Europe, with ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes in place of the names of countries and other territories

.af
–
. af is the Internet country code top-level domain for Afghanistan. It is administered by AFGNIC, a service of the UNDP, registration is made directly at the second level, or on the third level beneath various categorized subdomains at the second level. Third-level domains have restrictions based on which second-level domain they are registered und

1.
.af

.ag
–
. ag is the Internet country code top-level domain for Antigua and Barbuda. Registrations can be made at the second level directly beneath. ag, there are no restrictions on who can register. Aktiengesellschaft, abbreviated AG, is a German term that refers to a corporation that is limited by shares, i. e. owned by shareholders, the term is used in G

1.
.ag

.ar
–
. ar is the Internet country code top-level domain for Argentina. It is administered by NIC Argentina, registering a. AR domain directly is not allowed, only the 8 second-level domains below are open to everyone, although a local presence in Argentina is required. As of January 2017 there are currently 9 second-level domains, the. gob. ar domain wa

1.
.ar

.at
–
. at is the Internet country code top-level domain for Austria. The. at top-level domain has a number of second-level domains, however, it is also possible to register directly at the top level. Given the number of English words that end with -at, this presents the possibility for many domain hacks, many Austrian domain names were registered for En

1.
.at

.au
–
. au is the Internet country code top-level domain for Australia. It was first created on 5 March 1986, Domain name policy is managed by. au Domain Administration, with the registry operated by AusRegistry. The domain name was allocated by Jon Postel, operator of IANA to Kevin Robert Elz of Melbourne University in 1986. After an approximately five-

.ax
–
. ax is the Internet country code top-level domain of the Åland Islands, introduced in 2006. Previously, most Åland websites were under the. aland. fi subdomain, on February 17,2006, the Finnish parliament approved a modification of the laws regulating Finnish domain names to include the. ax top-level domain. On March 17,2006, Finnish president Tar