International Space Station (ISS) is in trouble again. One of the two Thermal Control System (TCS) loops (Loop A) is malfunctioning due to a troublesome Flow Control Valve (FCV). This is nothing new for the ISS and such malfunctions have happened before (e.g. in 2010 during ISS Expedition 24).

So while there is no reason to worry about the safety and wellbeing of Expedition 38 crew, and I have no doubt they will manage to convince the misbehaving FCV to respect its operational limits, or replace it with another during an unplanned spacewalk if the ground controllers fail to tame it (pump module in question in on the external Temperature and Humidity Control, or THC loop), I do have two questions:

How long can a single US segment TCS provide adequate thermal control and some of its less mission critical client equipment and/or whole ISS modules need to be shut down?

Have any scientific experiments suffered permanent damage or serious delay during past such failures of the US segment TCS?

Additionally, is there any predetermined order in which equipment is to be shut down or unplugged from ISS's Temperature and Humidity Control, and how far in the list are ISS laboratories and their experiments?

Edit to add: For quick reference, here's a diagram of the ECLSS (Environmental Control and Life Support System):

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With the valve no longer closing, Loop A (of the External Thermal Control System) lost all of its thermal control capability. As a result, thermal loads on that channel had to be reconfigured to protect ISS systems. The Internal Cooling System that circulates water through a Low Temperature Loop and a Moderate Temperature Loop can be configured to operate in a single-loop mode for contingencies like this so that critical systems can remain powered-on.

Single-loop mode was configured for the US Lab, the Airlock and Node-3.
The Harmony node does not have single-loop capability so that half of its systems had to be switched off (all those connected to the Moderate Temp Loop) - one of two Multiplexer/Demultiplexers and four of eight Direct Current Converter Units. With that, half the systems of the Japanese Experiment Module and the Columbus module were deactivated.

All critical systems of ISS remain powered and in nominal condition, and ISS is in a stable thermal configuration using Loop B of the External Thermal Control System. However, operating on a single cooling loop leaves ISS in a non-fault tolerant configuration. Should Loop B fail for some reason, the situation would get much more serious for the crew members on board. That is why Mission Control is trying to restore full thermal control capability as quickly as possible.

So the system is not fully redundant: some of the systems in the Harmony node had to be switched off until repairs were made. And with half the power supply from Harmony unavailable, 'half the systems of the Japanese Experiment Module and the Columbus module were deactivated'.