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C1. Comparable sentence parts must be structurally and logically similar/parallel.

C2. Parallel MarkersMarker StructureAnd X and Y X, Y and ZBoth/And Both X and YOr X or YEither…Or… Either X or YNot…but… Not X but YNot only…but also… Not only X but also YRather than X rather than YFrom…to… From X to Y

C4. Some verbs or forms derived from verbs have more than one word: …was opening…, …can lose…, …to increase… The expression can be split apart, so that first word(s) count across all elements.E.g. The division was opening offices, hiring people, and investing in systems.

C5. Parallel clauses should start with the same word. E.g. I want to go to a place where X and where Y.

C6. Each element should be complete. E.g. Jay likes both those who are good and those who are not.

C7. ListsX and YX, Y and ZX, Y, Z and W

C8. GMAT needs a comma before the AND in lists of 3 or 4 items. _________________

E14. The pronoun WHERE can be used to modify a noun place, such as area, site, country etc. WHERE can’t modify a metaphorical place, such as a condition, situation, case, circumstances or arrangement – ‘in which’ must be used instead.

E15. WHEN can be used to modify time, event, year, etc. ‘in which’ can also be used.

E16. Use WHO, WHOM, WHOSE to modify people. Do not use THAT or WHICH to modify people.

B1. If a sentence is missing subject or verb or both, it is a fragment, which is always a wrong answer choice.

B2. Sentence must have a “working” verb, which can run a sentence by itself.

B3. Clause – A group of words that contains a subject and a working verb.

B4. Main clause is a clause that could stand alone as a sentence as is, with its own subject and verb.

B5. Subordinate clause is a clause which cannot stand by itself. They are connected by subordinators such as “because” and “which”.

B6. Subject and verb must agree in number.

B7. Most of the time in construction such as …X of Y…, X is subject.

B8. Prepositional phrase is a group of words headed by a preposition. E.g. of mice, for milk, to the shop. Normally the subject is just after the preposition.

B9. Subordinate clauses that start with “who” or “which” must be eliminated.

B10. Modifiers must be eliminated to get the subject.

Addendum 1 - Valid Construction – One of the ‘noun’ (plural) + singular verb (is)E.g. One of the chairs is broken.

B11. The meaning should guide to connect subject with verb.

B12. ‘AND’ unites singular verbs to form compound plural subject.

B13. Additive phrases do not form compound subjects:

E.g. …along with zee…in addition to…as well as the boss…accompanied by me…together with a box…including ex and yai The number of subject remains same.E.g. Rajeev, as well as his friends, is going to disc.

B14. Only the word AND can change a singular subject into a plural one.

B25. Majority, minority, plurality – are either singular or plural depending on the context.

B26. Sometimes subject can be after the verb:E.g. - There are cats and dogs in the house.

B27. When in doubt, select singular.

B28. Subject phrases and clauses are always singular.E.g. - Whatever he wants to do is fine with me.

B29. A majority… is always right.A majority of students are always right.

B30. Ranging – moves from one “things” to otherRange of – consist of many “things”

B31. To quickly run (incorrect usage)When a word exists between ‘to’ and the ‘verb’, the choice is wrong.

B32. SINGULAR SUBJECTS PLURAL SUBJECTS IT DEPENDSA singular subject linked to other nouns by an additive phrase. Use ‘and’ Subjects joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’Collective nouns SANAMMost indefinite pronouns Other numerical words or phrasesSubjects preceded by each and every Subjects preceded by “the number of” “a number of” Subject phrases and clauses _________________

D1. The noun to which a pronoun “clearly” refers to is called ANTECEDENT of it.

D2. The antecedent must exist, function as a noun; the antecedent and pronoun must make sense together.

D3. The antecedent must be unambiguous.

D4. The antecedent and the pronoun must agree in number.

D5. Pronoun Case:a) ‘Subject’ pronouns can be subjects of sentences.I you he she it we they whob) ‘Object’ pronouns can be objects of verbs or prepositions.Me you him her it us them whomc) Possessive pronouns indicate ownership/similar relation.My/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, theirs/their, whose

D6. A pronoun in ‘subject’ position in one clause may be presumed to refer to subject of || clause, even if subject is relatively far away.

D7. Nouns in possessive case (with ‘s or s’) are poor antecedents.

D8. Possessive nouns can serve as antecedents only to possessive pronouns, not to subject or object pronouns.

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