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2 1.0. Introduction As indicated in Short Paper PCB1-2015, I am publishing another paper of low speed rear-end crash test analysis. I hope a detailed MARC1 analysis of specific crash tests may be of help to those who are new to MARC1 and those experts who may need a refresher. Crush depth measurements are not easily obtained from photographs. In many tests crush depth values are not published, and worse, often not even measured. I suspect that most reconstruction experts do not analyze low-speed crashes, and hence, experts are not familiar what input data are required to calculate impact speed. Conducting MARC1 crash testson-paper will in many cases shed helpful light on the facts involved. Photographs and measurements of crush depth are always important for an accurate reconstruction in low-speed cases. 2.0 Low-Speed Rear-End Crash Test: Nissan Micra K11 v. VW New Beetle A Nissan Micra K11 rear-ended a VW New Beetle in an inline low speed test. The impact configuration is shown in Figure 1. The impact speed was mph. The Nissan was braking at 0.59g deceleration during impact. The VW was stationary with its transmission in neutral. Figure 1. Nissan-VW Rear-end Pre-Crash Impact Configuration. The crash damage of the Nissan and VW are shown in Figures 2 and 3 below. The crush damage of the Nissan seems to be more extensive than that of the VW. No crush measurements were published. 2

5 The acceleration and velocity time histories are shown below for the reader to gain additional understanding of the low-speed inline crash test dynamics. Figure 4. Velocity and Acceleration Traces Crash Test-on-Pape Using MARC1 W2 We first run a simple crash-test-on-paper with MARC1-W2., which does not include any braking during impact. MARC1-W2 analyzes an inline collision with the use of conservation of energy across the impact, conservation of momentum across the impact (no external forces are considered such as tire-to-ground braking forces), and the coefficient of restitution. 5

6 The results show an acceptable data comparison when braking is excluded (W2) as shown below in Table 2. Table 2. Crash Test Data and MARC1 W2 Comparison Crash Test Data MARC1-W2 Crash Test-on-Paper Nissan Beetle Nissan Beetle Impact Speed mph Speed After Impact mph Velocity Change mph Crush Energy 8,703 7,466 lbft Impulse 1, * 1031 lbsec *Calculated for P 1 = (deltav 1 )(m 1 ) = (11.2)(1.466)(2195/32.2) = 1,119 lbsec) Inspection of the data comparison shows that the braking Nissan in the actual test does not push the VW forward as violently as the no-braking crash test-on-paper. Also, for the same reason, the after-impact speed of the Nissan is lower in the crash test with 2.74 mph versus 3.59 mph Crash Test Reconstruction For low-speed inline collision analysis see Section 33.0[8] of Limpert accident reconstruction book. For our reconstruction we do not know the impact speed of the Nissan. However, we have inspected the damage of both vehicles and know that the Nissan driver was braking during impact. We first run all data as provided in the MARC1-W4 low-speed rear-end collision. As the reader will find out, the software 6

7 cannot calculate the results. The reason is most likely a negative square root. The proper input shown in Table 1, while noticing the suggested input data ranges, are shown in the MARC1-W4 printout Data Comparison Crash Test and Reconstruction MARC1-W4 The data comparison is shown in Table 3. Which measured test data are important comparison measures and which are less critical may be a discussion topic by itself. However, based on my own experience, maximum accelerations for each vehicle, estimated crash damage and impulse time (Stosszeit in the German report) may be of importance. In this particular crash test no crush depth data were provided. The damage repair costs were published. Whether the Nissan repair cost of 12,258 CHF were due to an increase crush depth is not clear. I assumed a crush depth of 3.2 inches for the Nissan and 1.8 inches for the VW (1,947 CHF repair cost). I believe that acceleration, impulse time and crush energies should be used as an approximate guideline for input data analysis. MARC1-W4 predicts impact speed reasonably accurately. The user of the software must be careful not to over-extend its capability. As a safety measure, the reader must always use MARC1-W2 as a truth maker tool. Readers must remember, that nearly all tests involve to a large measure empirical data such as crush depth, crush energy, stiffness values, and others. While there are many high-speed crash test exceeding 35 mph, low speed crash tests are rarely conducted on a regular basis. 7

9 ARC-CSI Low Speed Crash Test Mazda 3 and Land Rover At the 2015 ARC-CSI crash conference five low speed inline crash tests were conducted. Only some results were presented. A 2005 Mazda 3 was driven into the trailer hitch of a stationary 2001 Land Rover. The impact speeds ranged from 1.1 1to 6.1 mph. For each test the longitudinal delta-v and vehicle axis acceleration time histories were measured. The vehicle weights were not measured specifically. Published data from 4N6PRT SYSTEMS (R) were provided. The purpose of our analysis is to study the effects of various crash parameters on low speed inline crashes Impact Speed 1.1 mph The static contact damage shown in Figure54 indicated within the blue marking. Figure 5. Minor Damage in 1.1 mph Hitch Impact. The data traces are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The maximum accelerations are approximately 0.45g for the Mazda and 0.38g for the Land Rover. The delta-vs are approximately 1.18 and 0.12 mph, respectively. 9

10 Figure 6. Mazda Data Traces Figure 7. Land Rover Data Traces. The in-put and out-put data of our own crash-test-on-paper are shown in MARC1-W2 printout. Using a coefficient of restitution e = 0.70 yields reasonable data correlation, particularly for the Mazda. The crush energy is 36 lbft. The minor impact damage is reflected in Figure 5. MARC1-W2 does not consider any 10

11 external tire forces. For example, a tire rolling resistance coefficient of indicates a braking deceleration of (0.015)(32.2) = 0.48 ft/sec 2. In connection with a given impact speed of 1.1 mph (1.10 mph or 1.14 mph?) and published vehicle weights (the test vehicles were apparently not measured), any further data analysis seems meaningless. However, we can conclude that the coefficient of restitution is approximately 0.7 and the crush energy 36 lbft Impact Speed 6.1 mph The impact damage to the Mazda bumper is shown in Figures 8 and 9. Figure 8. Mazda Impact Damage. 11

13 Figure 11. Data Traces for Land Rover. As before, we run our own crash test using MARC1-W2. The results are shown in the data output. For a coefficient of restitution e = 0.23 reasonable data correlation is achieved. The crush energy is 2,032 lbft. It appears that the influence factors such as tire rolling resistance are of little influence at an impact speed of 6.1 mph versus 1.1 mph. A coefficient of restitution e = 0.23 is consistent with the initial and final velocities indicated in Figure 10 and 11 (Eq of Limpert book) 13

14 The Mazda static crush depths shown in Figure 8 and 9 surprisingly were not measured by the Lantz Engineering, et al. crash test teams. Crush depth is a critical reconstruction parameter for any accident, particularly for a low speed crash. The reasons are very simple. In a high speed accident there typically are several other reconstruction parameters besides momentum such as vehicle linear and rotational runout dynamics, pre-crash dynamics, crash depth measurements and documented crash tests. In a low speed accident, if the static crush depth is not carefully measured and documented, we have practically nothing to work with Low Speed Crash Reconstruction The purpose of the detailed 6.1 mph low speed crash test analysis is to show the reader what data analysis is available with the MARC1-W4 software. In Section 3.2 we ran a crash-test-on-paper. Now we are trying to reconstruct the crash test based upon measured data and static crush depth estimates based upon vehicle photographs. We assume that the Land Rover hitch assembly is very stiff, the foam-filled bumper of the Mazda fairly soft. It would have been very helpful to measure the bumper stiffness in terms of force displacement versus deflection in a simple load cell test. However, it appears we made reasonable assumptions. The calculated delta-vs for the Mazda and Land Rover are 4.75 and 2.75 mph, respectively. The measured delta-vs are 4.7 and 2.7 mph for the Mazda and Land Rover, respectively. The measured maximum accelerations are 6.3g (203 ft/sec 2 ) and 5.1g (164 ft/sec 2 ), respectively. Minor input data variation most likely will bring the acceleration for the Mazda (203 versus 239 ft/sec 2 ) in better correlation. The control parameters measured are longitudinal acceleration, delta-vs and impact speed. Based upon the MARC1-W2 data, we had some guide lines, namely coefficient of restitution, crush energy and impulse. 14

15 IPTM Low Speed Crash Test Analysis of Bus Ford Car A city bus rear ends a stationary car at four different speeds The impact configuration is shown is in Figure 12. We will only analyze the 3.8 mph impact test. The measured output data are shown in Figure 13. Our own crash test data are shown in the MARC1 W2 printout. As an inspection shows, calculated and measured data are in excellent agreement. The MARC1-W2 output data show a total crush energy is 864 lbft. How it is ditributed among both vehicles is not known from our analysisi thus far. However, it is safe to say that the largest cruch energy is associated with the car. For a crash test with e = 0(fully plastic impact) crush energies are distributed according to the respective deltavs.. 15

17 . Figure 14. Buse Acelleration Trace. In Figure 14 the actual input screen of MARC1 W4 is shown. In the printed version the decimal points are limited to three places behind the period. For example, the static crush depth for the bus bumper was assumed to have been ft or inches and not zero (0.000 as the reader might assume). When we first introduced MARC1 W4 we thought three digits behind the period was sufficient. The calculations are done with the four decimal places, however not printed. This sould probably be corrected. 17

19 Inspection of the measured and calculated data shows good agreement. W4 also shows that practically all crush energy is associated with the car (866 vs. 0.7 lbft) Low Speed Reconstruction Help If any reader needs any assistance, please contact Rudy Limpert at I can also provide a large list of published apers including dissertaions, etc. on low speed crashes. 19

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