Thuringia, German Thüringen, historic region and Land (state) of east-central Germany. Thuringia is surrounded by the German states of Lower Saxony to the northwest, Saxony-Anhalt to the northeast, Saxony to the southeast, Bavaria to the south, and Hessen to the west. The capital is Erfurt. Area 6,244 square miles (16,172 square km). Pop. (2006 est.) 2,334,575.

Geography

Thuringia extends eastward from the Werra River (a headstream of the Weser) to beyond the Saale River as far as the Pleisse and northward from the Thuringian Forest and the northernmost parts of the Franconian Forest to the southern foothills of the Harz mountains. Much of the landscape of southern Thuringia is characterized by the picturesque rounded hills of the Thuringian Forest, whose northern slopes reach elevations of about 3,000 feet (900 metres). Lying between the Thuringian Forest and the Harz range on the northern border is the Thuringian Basin, a fertile agricultural region whose eastward-flowing streams are tributaries of the Saale. The southeastern portion of the state consists of the mountainous region of the Franconian Forest and the Vogtland. Extreme eastern Thuringia is traversed by the westerly offshoots of the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), while the Rhön Mountains extend into western Thuringia. A large reservoir is located in Thuringia on the Saale, which flows basically northward. Regrettably, Thuringia has suffered high levels of damage to its forests from pollutants originating from industrial activities in nearly all wind directions. Still, a unique red beech forest habitat has been preserved in the Hainich National Park south of Mühlhausen. Like the rest of Germany, Thuringia has a relatively temperate climate.

Thuringia’s population is almost exclusively composed of ethnic Germans; there are no major indigenous ethnic minorities, and only a very small percentage of the population are foreign nationals. The state, which had been slowly losing population for decades, experienced a decrease in population of about one-tenth in the last decade of the 20th century.

Agriculture contributes only a relatively small amount to total economic output and employment, although half the state’s land is given over to farming. Wheat, barley, sugar beets, rape, fodder crops, and market vegetables predominate in the basin’s agriculture, and orchards and vineyards cover the slopes overlooking the Ilm River. The only notable industrial resources in Thuringia are deposits of lignite and potash worked in the northern part of the Thuringian Basin and natural gas pumped from the western part of the basin.

Thuringia is a relatively poor state by German standards, and, owing to severe economic problems following German reunification in 1990, its populace suffers from high levels of unemployment. The state’s economy is now largely dependent upon service-sector activities, but industrial production, though diminished since 1990, is still important. The principal manufactures are automobiles and auto parts, metalworking, precision machinery and instruments, optics, electrical equipment, a much diminished textile sector, and biotechnology. Glass, wood, and toy industries are found in some towns of the forest valleys. Despite the economic problems that came with unification, Thuringia has one of the most significant concentrations of ‘‘new economy’’ activities among the eastern German states, including a biotechnology industry and the production of microelectronics, optics, medical and electronic equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Auto manufacturing is also important.

Erfurt, Jena, Gera, and Weimar are the main urban localities in the state and serve as regional centres for service activities. A modest tourist industry that largely serves German travelers is focused on cultural activities and historical sites in Eisenach, Meiningen, and Weimar and on the scenic beauties of the Harz mountains and the Thuringian Forest.

The state of Thuringia is governed by a Landtag (parliament) and a minister-president, who is generally a leading member of the parliament’s strongest party. Jena, Erfurt, Ilmenau, and Weimar are sites of universities. Weimar is also a major historical and contemporary centre for culture in Thuringia. The city was home to some of Germany’s most important historical cultural figures, such as the writer and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the dramatist Friedrich von Schiller, whose former homes are now museums. Those museums, along with more than a dozen other buildings and parks throughout Weimar dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were collectively designated the UNESCO World Heritage site of Classical Weimar in 1998. Weimar has numerous other sights, notably the Bauhaus museum, also a World Heritage site (1996), as well as art galleries, archives, and theatres, several of which occupy buildings with historical and architectural significance.

Erfurt, another cultural centre, is particularly well endowed with historic architectural treasures. Meiningen is home to renowned theatre productions, which have a long tradition in the city. The Wartburg, a castle located just south of Eisenach, is a World Heritage site (1999) not only because of its feudal origins but also because of its cultural heritage: Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German while in exile there.

History

The Germanic Thuringians appeared after about ad 350 and were conquered by the Huns in the second quarter of the 5th century, but by 500 they had established a large kingdom stretching from the Harz mountains to the Danube. As a result of the defeat of their king, Irminfrid, at Burgscheidungen (in the present-day state of Saxony-Anhalt), on the Unstrut River, by the Frankish kings Theodoric I and Chlotar I in 531, their territory was reduced to the Harz mountains and Thuringian Forest region and was governed by Frankish dukes. In the early 8th century the duchy was divided into countships to reassert royal authority, and St. Boniface converted the Thuringians to Christianity. In 908 the Thuringian March (frontier district), set up by Charlemagne against the Slavs, was seized by Otto, duke of Saxony, whose son, Henry I, duke and German king, halted a Magyar invasion of Thuringia at Riade in 933 and strengthened the defenses of the region. After the Saxon royal dynasty died out in 1024, the Ludowing family, through Louis the Bearded, controlled Thuringia. The grandson of Louis was made landgrave of Thuringia by King Lothar II in 1130.

Landgrave Henry Raspe was elected German ‘‘antiking’’ (against Conrad IV) in 1246; he died the next year. After a war over the long-disputed succession (1256–63), Henry III (the Illustrious), margrave of Meissen, of the house of Wettin, made good his claim and invested his son Albert with Thuringia in 1265. Thuringia thereafter remained a possession of the Wettins, and in the 15th century it was divided between Ernestine Saxony, Hesse-Kassel, and several smaller states. Prussia also received sections of Thuringia at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) and after the Seven Weeks’ War (1866).

In 1920, under the Weimar Republic, several old Thuringian territories (chiefly the Ernestine Saxon duchies) were merged into a new Thuringia, a state of republican Germany, with Weimar as its capital. The frontiers remained anomalous: Erfurt was still attached to the Prussian province of Saxony; there were enclaves belonging to Prussian Saxony or to Prussian Hesse-Nassau surrounded by Thuringian territory; and, conversely, parts of Thuringia were enclaves within Prussian Saxony. After World War II all Thuringia fell to the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany. With the administrative dissolution of Prussia, an enlarged Thuringia state was constituted within East Germany, with rationalized frontiers, including the southwestern part of the former province of Saxony and all the former enclaves; the capital was Erfurt. In 1952, however, when the East German states were dissolved, Thuringia was divided between the Bezirke (districts) of Erfurt, Suhl, Gera, Halle, and Leipzig. Following the reunification of Germany, Thuringia was reconstituted as a state with boundaries similar to those of its post-World War II predecessor from the former East German districts of Suhl, Erfurt, and Gera and from small parts of Leipzig and Halle districts. (See alsoSaxony.)