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Abstract

We explore nine different combinations of fluorescence, light scattering, and polarization spectral imaging approaches in the near-infrared spectral region toward the diagnosis of pathologic and normal esophageal lesions. The combinations of all the imaging techniques were evaluated for maximal sensitivity and specificity. The results suggest that this multimodal approach is capable of highly accurate detection of the presence of pathologic tissue.

Figures (5)

Fig. 1. Schematic of imaging system. Illumination is provided by compact laser sources at 408, 532, and 633 nm and a broadband light source that is wavelength-filtered by a filter wheel (FW) containing bandpass filters at 700, 850, and 1000 nm before being transmitted through a fiber bundle (FB) and polarizer. The collected light passes through an analyzing and a 700 nm longpass filter (LP) before being imaged onto a cooled CCD detector via a camera lens (CL).

Fig. 4. Plot of raw image intensities from each biopsy set as a function of imaging modality. Intensities were normalized to maximum and minimum for each respective imaging modality. Labels correspond to excitation/illumination wavelength (in nm) and imaging technique: (F) fluorescence, (∥) parallel-polarized light scattering, (+) cross-polarized light scattering, and (D) degree-of-polarization. A general trend of higher intensities among the high-risk samples is evident in most of the imaging modalities, but none of the individual modalities provide a clear differentiation of the two risk classes.

Fig. 5. Plot of output scores from the logistic discriminant algorithm for all of the 40 biopsy sets studied. Scores correspond to the probability of high-risk classification, with those scoring above 0.5 classified as high risk and those scoring below 0.5 classified as low risk. Arrows indicate the three misclassified samples: one pathologically normal sample scored at 0.89, one adenocarcinoma and one high-grade dysplasia scored very near zero.

Tables (1)

Table 1. Pathologies of all the biopsy sets included in the study, with designated (a priori) risk category, and the predicted risk category as determined by logistic discriminant analysis of the combination of background-corrected mean intensities from the 1000 nm parallel- and cross-polarized, 633 nm fluorescence, 850 nm cross-polarized, and
700 nm degree-of-polarization images.

Metrics

Table 1.

Pathologies of all the biopsy sets included in the study, with designated (a priori) risk category, and the predicted risk category as determined by logistic discriminant analysis of the combination of background-corrected mean intensities from the 1000 nm parallel- and cross-polarized, 633 nm fluorescence, 850 nm cross-polarized, and
700 nm degree-of-polarization images.