2. consonantal/nonconsonantal: [+cons]. Consonantal
sounds are produced with a sustained vocal tract constriction at least
equal to that required in the production of fricatives; nonconsonantal
sounds are produced without such a constriction. (Obstruents, nasals,
liquids vs. vowels and glides.)

3. sonorant/obstruent: [ +
son]. Sonorant sounds are produced with a vocal tract configuration
sufficiently open that the air pressure inside and outside the mouth is
approximately equal. Obstruent sounds are produced with a vocal tract
constriction sufficient to increase the air pressure inside the mouth
significantly over that of the ambient air. (Vowels, glides, liquids,
nasals vs. stops and fricatives.)

4. coronal/noncoronal: [+cor]. Coronal sounds are
produced by raising the tongue blade toward theteeth or the
hard palate; noncoronal sounds are produced without such a gesture.
(Dentals,alveolars, palato-alveolars, palatals vs.labials,
velars, uvulars, pharyngeals.)

5. anterior/posterior: [+ant]. Anterior sounds are
produced with a primary constriction at or in front of the alveolar
ridge, while posterior sounds are produced with a primary constriction
behind the alveolar ridge. (Labials, dentals, alveolars vs.
palato-alveolars, palatals, velars, uvulars, pharyngeals.)

6. labial/nonlabial: [+lab]. As theterm
implies, labial sounds areformed with a constriction at thelips, while nonlabial sounds are formed without such a
constriction. (Labial consonants, rounded vowels vs. all other sounds.)

7. distributed/nondistributed: [+distr]. Distributed
sounds areproduced with a constriction that extends for a
considerable distance along the midsaggital axis of the oral tract;
nondistributed sounds are produced with a constriction that extends for
only a short distance in this direction. (Sounds produced with the
blade or front of the tongue vs. sounds produced with the tip of the
tongue. This feature may also distinguish bilabial sounds from
labiodental sounds.)

8. high/nonhigh: [+high]. High sounds are produced
by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate; nonhigh sounds are
produced without such a gesture. (Palatals, velars, palatalized and
velarized consonants, high vowels and glides vs. all other sounds.)

9. back/nonback: [+back]. Back sounds are
produced with the tongue body relatively retracted; nonback or front
sounds are produced with the tongue body relatively advanced. (Velars,
uvulars, pharyngeals, velarized and pharyngealized consonants, central
vowels and glides, back vowels and glides vs. all others.)

10. low/nonlow: [+low]. Low sounds are produced by
drawing the body of the tongue down away from the roof of the mouth;
nonlow sounds are produced without such a gesture. (Pharyngeal and
pharyngealized consonants, low vowels vs. all others.)

11. rounded/unrounded: [+round]. Rounded sounds are
produced with protrusion of the lips; unrounded sounds are produced
without such protrusion. (Rounded consonants and vowels vs. unrounded
consonants and vowels.)

12. continuant/stop: [+cont]. Continuants are formed
with a vocal tract configuration allowing the airstream to flow through
the midsaggital region of the oral tract; stops are produced with a
sustained occlusion in this region. (Vowels, glides, r-sounds,
fricatives vs. nasal and oral stops, laterals.)

13. lateral/central: [+lat]. Lateral sounds, the most
familiar of which is [1], are produced with thetongue placed
in such a way as to prevent the airstream from flowing outward through
the center of the mouth, while allowing it to pass over one or both
sides of the tongue; central sounds do not involve such a constriction.
(Lateral sonorants, fricatives and affricates vs. all other sounds.)

14. nasal/oral: [+nas]. Nasal sounds are produced by
lowering the velum and allowing the air to passoutward through
the nose; oral sounds are produced with the velum raised to prevent the
passage of air through the nose. (Nasal stops, nasalized consonants,
vowels and glides vs. all other sounds.)

15. advanced/unadvanced tongue root: [+ATR]. As its
name implies, this feature is implemented by drawing the root of the
tongue forward, enlarging the pharyngeal cavity and often raising the
tongue body as well; [-ATR] sounds do not involve this gesture. ([+ATR]
vowels such as [i,u,e,o] vs. [-ATR] vowels such as .)

16. tense/lax: [+tense]. Tense vowels are produced
with a tongue body or tongue root configuration involving a greater
degree of constriction than that found in their lax counterparts; this
greater degree of constriction is frequently accompanied by greater
length. (Tense vowels vs. lax vowels.) We note that this feature and
the last (ATR) are not known to cooccur distinctively in any language
and may be variant implementations of a single feature category.

17. strident/nonstrident: [+strid]. Strident sounds
are produced with a complex constriction forcingthe airstream
to strike two surfaces, producing high-intensity fricative noise;
nonstrident soundsare produced without such a constriction.
(Sibilants, labiodentals, uvulars vs. all other sounds.)The
feature [+strid] is found only in fricatives and affricates.

18. spread/nonspread glottis: [+spread]. Spread or
aspirated sounds are produced with the vocalcords drawn apart,
producing a nonperiodic (noise) component in the acoustic signal;
nonspread or unaspirated sounds are produced without this gesture.
(Aspirated consonants, breathy voiced or murmured consonants, voiceless
vowels and glides vs. all others.)

19. constricted/nonconstricted glottis: [+constr].
Constricted or glottalized sounds are produced with the vocal cords
drawn together, preventing normal vocal cord vibration; nonconstricted
(nonglottalized) sounds are produced without such a gesture. Ejectives,
implosives, glottalized or laryngealized consonants, vowels and glides
vs. all others.)

21. vocalic/nonvocalic [+vocalic]. Vocalic sounds are
produced with an oral cavity constriction no greater than that
associated with the vowels /i/ and /u and with adducted vocal folds.
Vocalic sounds include the vowels and liquids.