Peripheral

Brawny edema is a much more severe form of non-pitting edema and usually present in later stage of non-pitting edema. Brawny edema can affect any part of the body, though mostly occur in the lower extremities. The chronic condition causes the skin to become thick, brown colored, induration, liposclerosis, atrophic and even necrotic.
Causes of brawny edema The primary cause of brawny edema is metabolic abnormality which leads to fibrotic changes that occur in the subcutaneous tissue on the outer layer of the skin.

Kidney is one of our vital organs. It removes excess fluid, waste, toxic substances from the blood, regulates blood volume and controls our blood pressure. Click here for more detail about the kidneys and how they work. When the kidneys fail to function normally because of some factors, many symptoms will be present. One of the symptoms is water retention or swelling especially in the legs, feet or ankles and potentially in the hand, face or body cavity.

In chronic liver disease, the liver is scarred and damaged thus it can not function as normal as it should. One of the complications of this condition is excessive water retention build-up in the body. Abdominal fluid retention or ascites occurs mostly in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, although other liver disorders can cause it too. Abdominal fluid retention may be accompanied by swelling in the ankles.
There’re two main factors or causes of fluid retention in patients with chronic liver disease:

Liposuction can be done on various body parts, which includes the stomach or abdominal area, hips area, neck, breasts, buttocks, arms, thighs, calves, face, or back. You also have the option of getting liposuction done on more than one area at the same time.
Liposuction can be performed on people of all ages, but older patients do not receive the same result, as their skin elasticity is less than a younger person who has tighter skin.

Peripheral edema is an abnormal fluid retention in the lower legs that cause swelling of tissues in the calves, ankles, legs and feet. Read Thigh Swelling – Upper Leg Swelling to learn about swelling in the upper legs.
Certain medical reasons might cause ankle and leg edema whereas some conditions might contribute to excessive swelling of ankles and feet too. In other words, the fluid retention occurs as a direct or indirect reaction to an underlying disease or condition.

We already known that medical reason is not the only cause of swelling feet and legs but some hormonal factors and certain bad condition can also trigger it. This is the second part of Peripheral Edema article and we’ll look at some hormonal and condition causes of ankle and leg edema below. For information about the causes of thigh swelling, visit Thigh Swelling – Upper Leg Swelling.
Pregnancy An increase of body fluid volume, pressure on the vena cava and hormone fluctuations during pregnancy all contribute to the occurring of water retention in legs during pregnancy.

This is the third part of Peripheral Edema article, you can find a list of drugs which can affect certain functions of the body and cause lower leg edema includes the legs, feet and ankles. For causes of swelling in the upper leg, you can visit Thigh Swelling – Upper Leg Swelling. Read also Swollen Face Allergy.
Anabolic steroid Anabolic steroid is a natural or synthetic endocrine which helps to build muscles and body mass.

Swelling on bottom of feet at the toes or on the ball of foot is a quite common condition and often causes discomfort. It may also accompanied by other symptoms such as muscle cramps, red itchy toes, swollen skin, numbness, etc. depending on the causes of the swelling. Below are several conditions that may trigger swollen foot pads, especially at the toes areas.
Bunions
Bunion is a bony swelling caused by thickened tissue overlying the joint at the bottom of feet at the big toe.

Swelling in the upper leg or thigh is not water retention / edema instead it can occur for a number of reasons. Let’s see some possible causes of thigh swelling.
Refer to Fluid Retention in Legs - Peripheral Edema to learn about peripheral edema.
Diabetic Muscle Infarction
Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a very rare but serious complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus. In most cases, it occurs in diabetic patients with established vascular disease and systemic inflammation.

There are two reasons why water retention occur in patients with lung diseases:
The flow of the blood from the heart to the lung backs up because of increased pressure in the blood vessels. The blood buildup will leak into the surrounding tissues and lead to pulmonary edema, abdominal fluid retention, ankle and feet swelling, etc. The lung capillaries become leakier and cause fluid retention in lungs (pulmonary edema). Chronic lung disease is a general term of persistent lung disorders that impairs the function of the lungs.