Book sources

This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10- or 13-digit ISBN number. Spaces and dashes in the ISBN number do not matter. In Wikipedia, numbers preceded by "ISBN" link directly to this page.

This page links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources where you will be able to search for the book by its International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, then the find links below search for the specific book using that ISBN. To search for a different ISBN, type it into this ISBN search box.

Spaces and dashes in the ISBN do not matter. Also, the number starts after the colon for "ISBN-10:" and "ISBN-13:" numbers.

An ISBN identifies a specific edition of a book. Any given title may therefore have a number of different ISBNs. See xISBN below for finding other editions.

An ISBN registration, even one corresponding to a book page on a major book distributor database, is not definite proof that such a book actually exists. A title may have been cancelled or postponed after the ISBN was assigned. Check to see if the book exists or not.

Online text

Google Books and Amazon.com may be particularly helpful if you want to verify citations in Wikipedia articles, because they often enable you to search an online version of the book for specific words or phrases, or you can browse through the book (although for copyright reasons the entire book is usually not available).

Important: Google Books and Amazon.com provide valuable information about a book, but they might not give you the specifics you need. Consult the resources below for other ways to locate the source.

Luxembourg

Montenegro

Netherlands

Find this book in the Dutch-Union Catalogue that searches simultaneously in more than 400 Dutch electronic library systems (including regional libraries, university libraries, research libraries and the Royal Dutch library)

Book-swapping websites

Non-English book sources

If the book you are looking for is in a language other than English, you might find it helpful to look at the equivalent pages on other Wikipedias, linked below – they are more likely to have sources appropriate for that language.

Find other editions

You can look up ISBNs for different editions of the same book, hardback or paperback, first print or a reprint, even re-editions where the title has changed using xISBN. xISBN's linkages are determined algorithmically, based on the concepts of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.

1.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

2.
WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities

3.
Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online LLC is a digital library founded in July 2000 and headquartered in Sebastopol, California, with offices in Boston and Scottsdale. Safari characterizes itself as a platform for technology and business learning, Safari Books Online originated in 2001 as a joint venture between OReilly Media and the Pearson Technology Group. In 2014 OReilly Media acquired Pearsons stake, making Safari Books Online a wholly owned subsidiary of OReilly Media, Safari has a variety of subscription plans for individuals and institutions. Professional Societies like IEEE Computer Society and ACM provide access as part of their membership benefits, Safari purchased PubFactorys Electronic Platform, an electronic publishing platform, from RDW Group in 2012

4.
Goodreads
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Goodreads is an Amazon company and social cataloging website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, II, a software engineer and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Chandler. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads database of books, annotations, users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions, surveys/polls, blogs, in December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members and over 10,000,000 books had been added. By July 2012, the site reported 10 million members,20 million monthly visits, on July 23,2013, it was announced on their website that the user base had grown to 20 million members, having doubled in close to 11 months. The websites offices are in San Francisco, on March 28,2013, Amazon announced its acquisition of Goodreads for an undisclosed amount. The Chandlers created Goodreads in 2006, Goodreads stated mission is to help people find and share books they love. To improve the process of reading and learning throughout the world, Goodreads also addressed what publishers call the discoverability problem by guiding consumers in the digital age to find books they might want to read. During its first year of business, the company was run without any formal funding, in December 2007, the site received funding estimated at $750,000 from angel investors. This funding lasted Goodreads until 2009, when Goodreads received two dollars from True Ventures. In October 2010 the company opened its application programming interface, which enabled developers to access its ratings, Goodreads also receives a small commission when a user clicks over from its site to an online bookseller and makes a purchase. After a user has rated 20 books on its five-star scale, Otis Chandler believed this rating system would be superior to Amazons, as Amazons includes books a user has browsed or purchased as gifts when determining its recommendations. Later that year, Goodreads introduced an algorithm to suggest books to registered users and had five million members. In October 2012, Goodreads announced it had grown to 11 million members with 395 million books catalogued, a month later, in November 2012, Goodreads had surpassed 12 million members, with the member base having doubled in one year. In March 2013, Amazon. com announced that it had reached an agreement to acquire Goodreads in the quarter of 2013 for an undisclosed sum. In September 2013, Goodreads announced it would delete, without warning, in January 2016, Amazon announced on Shelfari. com that it would be merging Shelfari with Goodreads and closing down Shelfari. To prepare Shelfari members for the move, Amazon posted on Shelfari. com a prominent announcement stating, IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT, although Shelfari discussion threads will not be migrated, users were advised, you may save your own data for your own records. In April 2016, Goodreads announced that over 50 million user reviews have been posted, once users have added friends to their profile, they will see their friends shelves and reviews and can comment on friends pages. Goodreads features a system of one to five stars, with the option of accompanying the rating with a written review

5.
LibraryThing
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LibraryThing is a social cataloging web application for storing and sharing book catalogs and various types of book metadata. It is used by authors, individuals, libraries, and publishers, based in Portland, Maine, LibraryThing was developed by Tim Spalding and went live on August 29,2005. As of December 2015, it has over 2,000,000 users and 100 million books catalogued. The primary feature of LibraryThing is the cataloging of books, movies, music and other media by importing data from libraries through Z39.50 connections and from six Amazon. com stores. Should a record not be available from any of these sources, each work may comprise different editions, translations, printings, audio versions, etc. Members are encouraged to add publicly visible reviews, descriptions, Common Knowledge and other information about a work, ratings, collections, discussion in the forums is also encouraged. LibraryThings social features have been compared to bookmark manager Del. icio. us, similar book cataloging sites include aNobii, BookLikes, Goodreads, Libib, Shelfari, and weRead. In 2016 LibraryThing launched TinyCat, an OPAC designed for the cataloging, TinyCat is marketed towards small independent libraries, such as religious institutions, schools, community centers, and academic departments, as well as individuals. LibraryThing is majority owned by founder Tim Spalding, online bookseller AbeBooks bought a 40% share in LibraryThing in May 2006 for an undisclosed sum. In January 2009, Cambridge Information Group acquired a minority stake in the company, at the end of June 2006, LibraryThing was subject to the Slashdot effect from a Wall Street Journal article. The sites developers added servers to compensate for the increased traffic. la Readgeek Wenzler, J. LibraryThing, a Workshop on Next Generation Libraries. San Francisco State University CARL NITIG, September 7,2007, cataloging with LibraryThing, as easy as 1,2,3. Library Hi Tech News,25, pp. 5–7

6.
National Library of South Africa
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The National Library of South Africa is the agency of the government of South Africa which maintains a national library of all published materials relating to the country. In 1818, Lord Charles Somerset, the Cape Colonys first civil Governor, issued a proclamation to control the wine trade, in 1820 the board of trustees decided to donate the Dessinian Collection to the new library. In 1873 the South African Public Library became a legal library for the Cape Colony. The Library continued as a deposit library until 1954, when this function was taken over by the City of Cape Town. Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited the library, then called the South African Library around 1833 and described it as once the pride and he noted that the library had approximately 10,000 volumes and called it a highly creditable place. The Staats-Bibliotheek der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek came into being thanks to a donation of books from the Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde and these books consisted of a complete library of Dutch works, mainly Dutch literature and language, to the Transvaal Republics government. The first consignment of eight chests of books arrived in 1883, on 21 September 1887 the Transvaal government approved the constitution of the Staats-Bibliotheek. As Pretoria began to grow in size, there arose a need for a public library, the first Pretoria Public Library had opened its doors in 1878, but because of ongoing financial problems was closed down in 1890. In 1893 strong public support and a collection of 700 saw another public library arise, from that time onward until 1964, the State Library performed a dual role as public library and national library. The first national librarian, the Afrikaans poet Jan Celliers, saw exchange agreements as a means of enriching the State Librarys collections, the first exchange agreement was entered into in 1898 with the Smithsonian Institution of Washington in the United States. In terms of the agreement the State Library would receive all American official publications in exchange for two copies of each publication of the South African republic. Until 1 November 1999, for reasons, South Africa had two national libraries, the South African Library, founded in 1818, in Cape Town. In South Africa legal deposit, in form or another. As a result, extensive collections of material of great scholarly value have been built up in the national libraries. During the 1990s the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology began a review of all legislation under its jurisdiction, including the National Libraries Act, No 56 of 1985. The Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in 1996 appointed a Working Group on the National Libraries of South Africa to advise him on the future of the two national libraries. The most important recommendation of the Working Group was that the two national libraries be amalgamated to form a national library, to be known as the National Library of South Africa. History of libraries in South Africa Official website Site by South African National Library, Cape Town, at SAHRA

7.
University of South Africa
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The University of South Africa is the largest university on the African continent and attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. The university has over 300,000 students, including African and international students in 130 countries worldwide, Unisa is a dedicated open distance education institution. Open distance learning entails a student-centred approach that gives students flexibility and choice over what, when, where, and how they learn, and provides them with extensive student support. In 1946, it was given a new role as a distance education university and today it offers certificate, diploma, in January 2004, Unisa merged with Technikon Southern Africa and incorporated the distance education component of Vista University. The combined institution retained the name University of South Africa, unlike other merged institutions and it is now organised by college and by school, see below. Unisas Muckleneuk Campus is located in Pretoria and is a landmark of the capital city. It was in 1972 that Unisa moved into its new home on Muckleneuk Ridge having vacated the old quarters in central Pretoria, the most striking feature is the long projection from the brow of the hill, supported by a giant steel girder resting on a massive column. Also in Pretoria is the Sunnyside campus, the area of student activity. The Florida campus in Johannesburg is Unisas science campus, the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and some departments of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology is housed here. The science campus contains 12 buildings, a library, two auditoriums and a study area. The university has seven regional centres in South Africa, servicing students in all nine provinces, the largest portion of these students are South African, being 91. 4% of the sum of the student enrollments. The College of Economic and Management Sciences is the largest of the eight colleges, according to the same HEMIS submission, Unisa had 5,575 staff members in 2013. The staff complement consisted of 3,261 females and 2,593 males,2011 figures from the Department of Institutional Statistics and Analysis at the university show that the majority of the staff employed are non-professional administrative staff, being 56. 8%. The number of professionals are 33. 2% of the sum of the staff employed. As an Open Distance Learning institution, and one of the world’s mega universities, in 2015, the University of South Africa was ranked the 6th best university in South Africa by the Times Higher Education. This makes the university the 6th best university in Africa, out of 30, Unisa received a Royal Charter in 1877. Its qualifications are registered with the South African Qualifications Authority, in other cases the publication of an institution’s name in specific authoritative publications forms the basis of accreditation. Students must however enquire from the specific foreign country/university whether Unisa’s qualifications are accredited/recognised, internationally, Unisa is listed in the Commonwealth Universities Handbook of 1999 and also in the International Handbook of Universities of 1998

8.
University of the Witwatersrand
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The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg. It is more known as Wits University. The university has its roots in the industry, as do Johannesburg. It was desegregated once again prior to the abolition of apartheid in 1990, several of apartheids most provocative critics, of either European or African descent, were one-time students and graduates of the university. The university has an enrolment of 33,711 students as of 2015,65 percent of the universitys total enrolment is for undergraduate study, with the remaining 35 percent being postgraduate. The university was founded in Kimberley in 1896 as the South African School of Mines, eight years later, in 1904, the school was moved to Johannesburg and renamed the Transvaal Technical Institute. The schools name changed yet again in 1906 to Transvaal University College, in 1908, a new campus of the Transvaal University College was established in Pretoria. The Johannesburg and Pretoria campuses separated on 17 May 1910, each becoming a separate institution, in 1920, the school was renamed the University College, Johannesburg. Finally, on 1 March 1922, the University College, Johannesburg, was granted university status after being incorporated as the University of the Witwatersrand. The Johannesburg municipality donated a site in Milner Park, north-west of Braamfontein, to the new institution as its campus and construction began the same year, on 4 October. True to Hofmeyrs words, from the outset Wits was a university with a policy of non-discrimination on racial or any other grounds. Initially, there were six faculties—Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Law and Commerce—37 departments,73 academic staff, and approximately 1,000 students. In 1923, the university began moving into the new campus, slowly vacating its former premises on Ellof Street for the first completed building in Milner Park, in 1925, the Prince of Wales officially opened Central Block. The universitys first library, housed at the time in what was meant to be a construction, was destroyed in a fire on Christmas Eve in 1931. Following this, an appeal was made to the public for ₤80,000 to pay for the construction of a new library, and this resulted in the fairly rapid construction of the William Cullen Library, completed in 1935. During this period, as the Great Depression hit South Africa, nonetheless, it continued to grow at an impressive rate. From a total enrolment of 2,544 students in 1939 and this growth led to accommodation problems, which were temporarily resolved by the construction of wood and galvanised-iron huts in the centre of the campus. During World War II, Wits was involved in South Africas war efforts, the Bernard Price Institute of Geophysical Research was placed under the Union of South Africas defence ministry, and was involved in important research into the use of radar

9.
University of Zimbabwe
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The University of Zimbabwe in Harare, is the oldest and formerly largest university in Zimbabwe. It was founded through a relationship with the University of London. The university has ten faculties offering a variety of degree programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher, english is the language of instruction. Although once a successful university, UZ has been facing challenges since 2008. Major work is being done to uplift the status of the University, refurbishments are being carried out on the Main campus and many facilities are being upgraded to make the university an International Academic Brand. The university has faced criticism for awarding fraudulent degrees to members of the Mugabe regime particularly the obscure PhD given to Grace Mugabe. In 1945, Manfred Hodson formed the Rhodesia University Association, inspired by the promise of £20,000 by J. F. Kapnek for establishing such a university, the Governor of Southern Rhodesia established the Rhodesia University Foundation Fund in 1947. The Legislative Assembly accepted an offer of land in Mount Pleasant from the City of Salisbury for the construction of the campus in 1948, four years later a bill was enacted for the incorporation and constitution of the university. First classes began for some 68 students on a site at 147 Baker Avenue. In 1955 the British government formally adopted the institution, establishing the University College of Rhodesia, the college was admitted to the privilege of Special Relation with the University of London the following year and in 1957 all activities were transferred to the Mount Pleasant campus. The following year the college was granted pieces of land upon which the college farm, in 1963 the Medical School opened and was affiliated to the University of Birmingham. After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the University College continued as an independent institution of education and research. In 1981, the first black Principal, Prof Walter Kamba was appointed, student numbers rose from 1,000 in 1980 to 2,000 by 1985. The University of Zimbabwe Act was controversially amended in 1990, giving the government more powers and, according to faculty, students and observers. The late 1980s and most of the 1990s saw a rise in student protest, resulting in several closures, despite the ongoing tensions, the university continued to grow and the student population had reached 8,000 by 1995 and 10,139 by 2001. As the 2000s began, the university struggled to meet lecturers and professors expectations on salary levels, many donors, including the Government of Sweden, which had previously been a major financer of UZ, cut or cancelled their aid. As the economic crisis grew in Zimbabwe, UZ began to fail to recruit lecturers and professors to fill vacancies, by 2007, the shortage of staff was preventing the teaching and examination of some programmes

10.
University of the West Indies
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The aim of the university is to help unlock the potential for economic and cultural growth in the West Indies, thus allowing for improved regional autonomy. The University was originally instituted as an independent external college of the University of London, since the Universitys inception, students and faculty have been recognized in fields ranging from the arts and sciences, to business, politics, and sports. Notable alumni and faculty include three U. W. I, nobel Laureates, sixty-one Rhodes Scholars,18 current or former Caribbean Heads of Government, and an Olympic medalist. The universitys cricket team participated in West Indian domestic cricket. This university consists of three campuses at Mona in Jamaica, St. Augustine in Trinidad and Tobago, Cave Hill in Barbados. There are satellite campuses in Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago and Montego Bay, Jamaica, the other contributing countries are served by the Open Campus which has a physical presence and Heads of Sites in each of the 18 countries. The university was founded in 1948, on the recommendation of the Asquith Commission through its sub-committee on the West Indies chaired by Sir James Irvine, the Asquith Commission had been established in 1943 to review the provision of higher education in the British colonies. Initially in a relationship with the University of London, the then University College of the West Indies was seated at Mona, about five miles from Kingston. The university was based at a used by evacuated Gibraltarians during the war. The University College achieved independent university status in 1962, the St Augustine Campus in Trinidad, formerly the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, was established in 1960, followed by the Cave Hill Campus in Barbados in 1963. Before the establishment of the Open Campus, University Centres, headed by a Resident Tutor, were established in each of the other thirteen contributing territories, each of the physical campuses has faculties common to all of the campuses, such as Humanities & Education and Social Sciences. Cave Hill, Barbados and Mona, Jamaica and St. Augustine, Trinidad, both Mona, Jamaica, and St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, have the Faculty of Medicine. In 2008 Cave Hill accepted the first students at their Faculty of Medicine, previously, they only accommodated students in the final two years in the medical program at their School of Medicine which was located at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital. St. Augustine also has the Faculty of Engineering, in 1950, HRH Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, the last surviving granddaughter of Queen Victoria, became the first Chancellor of the University College of the West Indies. Sir William Arthur Lewis was the first Vice-Chancellor under the UWI’s independent Charter, a native of St Lucia, he served as the first West Indian Principal of the UCWI from 1958 to 1960 and as Vice-Chancellor from 1960 to 1963. He was succeeded by Sir Philip Sherlock who served as Vice-Chancellor from 1963 to 1969, Sir Roy Marshall, a Barbadian, was the next Vice-Chancellor, serving from 1969 to 1974. He was succeeded by Dr Aston Zachariah Preston, a Jamaican, the fifth Vice-Chancellor was Sir Alister McIntyre, who served from 1988 to 1998, followed by alumnus and Professor Emeritus Rex Nettleford who served from 1998 to 2004. The current Vice-Chancellor is Professor Sir Hilary Beckles, who succeeded Professor E. Nigel Harris in May 2015, current enrollment across the four campuses is 56,000

11.
National Autonomous University of Mexico
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The National Autonomous University of Mexico is the largest university in Latin America. In 2016 it had a rate of only 8%. As a public university in Mexico City, UNAM is regarded by many university world rankings as the leading university of the Spanish-speaking world. UNAM was founded, in its form, on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra as a liberal alternative to its predecessor. UNAMs autonomy, granted in 1929, has given it the freedom to define its own curriculum and this has had a profound effect on academic life at the university, which some claim boosts academic freedom and independence. The UNAM generates a number of different publications in areas, such as mathematics, physics. Besides being one of the most recognized universities in Latin America and it is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexicos best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera. The project initially unified the Fine Arts, Business, Political Science, Jurisprudence, Engineering, Medicine, Normal, and this opposition led to disruptions in the function of the university when political instability forced resignations in the government, including that of President Díaz. Internally, the first student strike occurred in 1912 to protest examination methods introduced by the director of the School of Jurisprudence, by July of that year, a majority of the law students decided to abandon the university and join the newly created Free School of Law. In 1914 initial efforts to gain autonomy for the university failed, in 1920, José Vasconcelos became rector. Efforts to gain autonomy for the university continued in the early 1920s, in the mid-1920s, the second wave of student strikes opposed a new grading system. The strikes included major classroom walkouts in the law school and confrontation with police at the medical school, the striking students were supported by many professors and subsequent negotiations eventually led to autonomy for the university. The institution was no longer a dependency of the Secretariat of Public Education, during the early 1930s, the rector of UNAM was Manuel Gómez Morín. The government attempted to implement socialist education at Mexican universities, which Gómez Morín, many professors, Gómez Morín with the support of the Jesuit-founded student group, the Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos, successfully fought against socialist education. UNAM supported the recognition of the academic certificates by Catholic preparatory schools, in an interesting turn of events, UNAM played an important role in the founding of the Jesuit institution in 1943, the Universidad Iberoamericana in 1943. However, UNAM opposed initiatives at the Universidad Iberoamericana in later years, the first stone laid was that of the faculty of Sciences, the first building of Ciudad Universitaria. President Miguel Alemán Valdés participated in the ceremony on 20 November 1952, the University Olympic Stadium was inaugurated on the same day

12.
University of Trinidad and Tobago
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The University of Trinidad and Tobago, also known as UTT, is a state owned university in Trinidad and Tobago established in 2004. Its main campus, currently under construction, will be located at Wallerfield in Trinidad, presently, its campuses are an amalgamation of several former technological colleges throughout the country. It is one of three universities in Trinidad and Tobago, the others being the University of the West Indies, the University is headed by a Board of Governors. The current Board consists of, Chairman - Professor Kenneth S. Julien Professor Clement A. C, construction has started, but the complex is not yet finished

13.
Library and Archives Canada
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Library and Archives Canada is a federal institution tasked with acquiring, preserving and making Canadas documentary heritage accessible. LAC reports to Parliament through Mélanie Joly, the Minister of Canadian Heritage since November 4,2015, the National Library of Canada was founded in 1953. Freda Farrell Waldon contributed to the writing of the brief which led to the founding of the National Library of Canada, in 2004, Library and Archives Canada combined the functions of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. It was established by the Library and Archives of Canada Act, a subsequent Order in Council dated May 21,2004 united the collections, services and personnel of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. Since inception LAC has reported to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage, LAC is expected to maintain effective recordkeeping practices that ensure transparency and accountability. Some of this content, primarily the collection, university theses. Many items have not been digitized and are available in physical form. As of May 2013 only about 1% of the collection had been digitized, representing about 25 million of the more popular, genealogists account for 70% of LACs clients. The building at 395 Wellington Street in downtown Ottawa is the physical location where the public may access the collection in person. The building was opened on June 20,1967. With the de-emphasis on physical visits, in-person services have been curtailed, for example since April 2012 reference services are by appointment only, there are also administrative offices in Gatineau and preservation and storage facilities throughout Canada for federal government records. It was built at a cost of CDN$107 million, and the opening took place on June 4,1997. It is a building containing 48 climate-controlled preservation vaults and state-of-the-art preservation laboratories. In 2000, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada named it one of the top 500 buildings constructed in Canada during the last millennium. A Nitrate Film Preservation Facility on the Communications Research Centre campus in Shirleys Bay, on the outskirts of Ottawa, the collection contains 5,575 film reels dating back to 1912, including some of the first Canadian motion pictures and photographic negatives. The film material is sensitive and requires precise temperatures for its preservation. The facility will feature a high bay metal shelving system with an environment to better protect Canadas published heritage. RSS feeds provide links to new content on the LAC website, a new modernized website is being developed and is scheduled for completion in 2013, with both new and old websites accessible during the transition period. e

14.
National Research Council of Canada
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The National Research Council is the primary national research and technology organization of the Government of Canada, in science and technology research and development. The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the National Research Council, the transformation of the NRC into an RTO that focuses on business-led research was part of the federal governments Economic Action Plan. With these services, NRC intends to shorten the gap between early research and development and commercialization. NRC now has over 30 approved programs, NRC is a Government of Canada organization. It’s mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act, in 2011, NRC President John R. McDougall, began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industrial-relevant research. This included the development of programs, shifting research budget out of existing research. The NRC was not involved in this area of prior to the arrival of Mr. McDougall. The Canadian Wheat Improvement Program is a collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the University of Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre. Working with breeders and scientists at the Crop Development Centre and at AAFC, the GaN Electronics program supports partner research and development activities with a goal of ensuring that GaN technology will create wealth and a greener future for Canadians. NRC is the only Canadian foundry for GaN electronics, and offers both normally-on and normally-off devices, the GaN500v2 Foundry Design Kit was released on June 28,2014. The NRC is managed by a governing council, current members of the council are, Patricia Béretta, PhD. Wayne Gulliver, dermatologist, President Newlab Clinical Research Inc. James P, louise Proulx, PhD, Vice-President, Product Development, Topigen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Close to 4,000 people across Canada are employed by the NRC, in addition, the Council also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. The NRC was established in 1916 under the pressure of World War I to advise the government on matters of science, in 1932, laboratories were built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa. With the impetus of World War II, the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes became a military science, a special branch known as the Examination Unit was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. According to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service website, the NRC headquarters in Ottawa was a prime target during the Cold War. The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at the Montreal Laboratory, post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Atomic research went to the newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946

15.
CISTI
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The National Science Library, formerly known as the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information or CISTI, began in 1917 as the library of the National Research Council of Canada. NRC is the Government of Canada’s premier research and technology organization, working with clients and partners to provide support, strategic research, scientific. The library took on the role of national science library unofficially in 1957, the National Science Library is located in Ottawa, Ontario, and houses one of the worlds most comprehensive collections of publications in science, technology, engineering and medicine. It is part of NRC’s Knowledge Management Branch and provides NRC and Canada’s research community with information and information services to accelerate discovery, the NRC Research Press joined the Library in 1992. On September 1,2010, NRC Research Press became a company called Canadian Science Publishing and is no longer directly affiliated with CISTI or the NRC. The Library currently provides services to four federal departments/agencies, including licensing and acquisitions, cataloguing, reference, library website and it also provides all technical library support services to Health Canada as part of a partnership that began in 2010. A three-year FSL implementation project was launched in October 2014, with the NSL serving as the technical lead. WorldWideScience Alliance- the Library has been a member of global science search engine since June 2008. DataCite- NRCs National Science Library is a member of this worldwide consortium for allocating DOIs to datasets. In June 2011 the Library launched the CISTI Mobile website which provides location and search services to mobile devices including Android, Blackberry. The mobile website provides federated searching across several science and technology information sources at, the site was likely the first Canadian federal library mobile website. NRC researchers are able to combine searches with these and other publisher sites and databases that the NSL licenses on their behalf. It contains tens of thousands of freely available scientific articles, technical reports, book chapters, in May 2012, the Library launched DataCite Canada, a data registration service that allows Canadian data centres to register research data sets and assign Digital Object Identifiers. From the late 1990s until 2010, the Library was one of the largest providers of documents in the areas of science technology, in 2009 the Library announced that document delivery services would be provided in partnership with Infotrieve. As of June 2010, access to the National Science Library and they are also responsible for onsite access to the Library collection at NRC’s main library, located in Ottawa Ontario. To order documents, users must have a CCC account, ordering through Canadian National Science Library - Order documents

16.
Barrie, Ontario
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Barrie is a city in Central Ontario, Canada, on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay, the western arm of Lake Simcoe. Although located in Simcoe County, the city is politically independent and it is part of the Huronia region of Central Ontario. Barrie is within the part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. In 2011 census, the population was originally reported as 135,711. The citys 2011 population was revised to 136,063. The Barrie census metropolitan area had a population of 187,013 residents, the portage linked Kempenfelt Bay through Willow Creek, connecting Lake Simcoe to the Nottawasaga River which flows into Georgian Bay off Lake Huron. Barrie played a role in the War of 1812. Today, the Nine Mile Portage is marked by signs along roads in Barrie and you can follow the scenic path from Memorial Square all the way to Fort Willow. The city was named in 1833 after Sir Robert Barrie, who was in charge of the forces in Canada and frequently commanded forces through the city. Barrie was also the destination for one branch of the Underground Railroad. In the mid-19th century, this network of secret routes allowed many American slaves to enter Barrie and this contributed to the development of nearby Shanty Bay. By 1869, Barrie was the county seat of Simcoe in the Township of Vespra with a population 3,000 and it was a station of the Northern Railway. It was pleasantly situated on Kempenfelt Bay, Lake Simcoe, there were steamers to the Muskoka Territory Orillia & Stages to Penetanguishene. During World War II, the Royal Canadian Navy named a Flower class corvette HMCS Barrie. On 7 September 1977, an aircraft dropped altitude to 500 feet in dense fog, struck the 1, 000-foot CKVR-TV tower, killing all five on the plane and destroying the tower. The stations 225-foot auxiliary tower was destroyed and there was some damage to the main studio. CKVR were back on the air using a temporary 400-foot tower and reduced power of 40,000 watts at 8, the new 1, 000-foot tower was rebuilt in 1978. On 31 May 1985, an F4 tornado struck Barrie and it was one of the most violent and deadliest tornadoes in Canadian history

17.
Calgary Public Library
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The Calgary Public Library is a distributed library system featuring 18 branch locations including the Central Library. It is the second most used system in Canada and the sixth most used system in North America. This is despite the fact that the Calgary Public Library has one of the lowest per capita funding in the country, the Calgary Public Library Board of Trustees was established on May 18,1908. Bennett, who would serve as Prime Minister of Canada, was among the five people appointed to the board. The first public library opened on January 2,1912, thanks in part to the generosity of Scottish / American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie funded $80,000 of the $100,000 cost of Calgary’s Central Library, pressuring City Hall to fund the rest. The building was the first purpose-built public library in Alberta and it was designed by Boston architects McLean & Wright, and built out of local Paskapoo Sandstone. This library branch is a copy of a library in Attleboro, in 1929 the formal Victorian-style park surrounding the Central Library was dedicated to the honour of those who had died in the Great War. During construction of the building, the Calgary Library Board sought out a librarian to oversee the opening of its new library. In January 1911, Alexander Calhoun, a graduate of Queens University, was appointed Calgarys Librarian. Calhoun served as the head of the Calgary Public Library until his retirement in 1945, when a new downtown central library was constructed in the early 1960s, the original branch was renamed the Memorial Park branch, and still operates today. An addition to the 1960s Central Library was built in 1974, preliminary planning and public consultation for a new central library have been completed, and the project is expected to cost between C$225 million and C$250 million. City Hall has allocated C$175 million to the project, in 2013, CNOOC subsidiary Nexen donated 1. 5M dollars to the Calgary Public Library. The company has secured the rights for high tech learning commons of the New Central Library. CNOOC CEO Li Fanrong reiterated the gesture was motivated by the companys corporate responsibilities to Calgary, there have been concerns of censorship as CNOOC is a Chinese state run company, however McIntyre Royston library foundation head assures that the librarys collection wont be censored. The location of the new library will be in the Downtown East Village, on February 25,2013, City Hall has approved the master plan to have the new library be built at the forementioned location at Downtown East Village at the overall cost of C$245 million. The planned 286, 000-square foot complex is slated to be completed by 2018, list of Carnegie libraries in Canada Official Website Annual reports and other publications Branch locations and hours Canadian Library Association - A Pocket History of Calgary

18.
Edmonton Public Library
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The Edmonton Public Library is a publicly funded library system in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, available for use by any member of the public. Library cards are free to all Edmontonians, as part of its centennial, University of Alberta and MacEwan University students can receive free access using the L-Pass program. In 2014, more than 14.1 million visits were made to the Edmonton Public Library,10.4 million items were borrowed, and 347,995 people participated in 13,532 library-run programs. EPL has more than 16.6 million items in its collection including books, CDs, DVDs, magazines, video games, there are 20 branches, the oldest of which is the Old Strathcona Branch, opened in 1913. The newest is eplGO McConachie, opened in March 2016, the history of the Edmonton Public Library begins in 1912, when the cities of Edmonton and Strathcona began to consider the creation of two public libraries in the region. By the time the two opened in 1913, Edmonton and Strathcona had amalgamated, and so one fledgling library system started with two branches. The Strathcona branch was the branch to the south of the North Saskatchewan River that divides the city of Edmonton. The branch on the side of the river was temporarily located in the Chisholm Block, above a meat shop. Between the years of 1914 and 1923, the Edmonton branch operated out of buildings in the downtown area. In 1923, the Central Library building was opened with help from a Carnegie library grant and it would remain in service until 1967, when the Centennial Library opened on Sir Winston Churchill Square, only a few blocks away, remaining in downtown Edmonton. Beginning in 1941, the Edmonton Public Library began to operate traveling services to meet the needs of the community, the first service operated out of a streetcar. In 1947, trucks and buses were pressed into service as bookmobiles and these were replaced by book trailers in 1974, some of which were decommissioned in 1982 as a cost-saving measure. These decommissioned trailers were replaced by the more traditional bookmobile format,1982 also saw the implementation of data radio in the bookmobiles, which enabled them to communicate directly with the main EPL database. This allowed staff to utilize the electronic database and to review customer accounts from the bookmobile itself, the bookmobiles remained in service until 1991, when they were decommissioned. In 2014, traveling services were reintroduced with the launch of epl2GO literacy vans, between 1950 and 1970, seven branches were opened throughout the city of Edmonton, followed by five more between 1970 and 1990. Currently, the Edmonton Public Library operates 20 branches and continues to expand with the City of Edmonton, Edmonton Public Library currently has 20 branches across Edmonton, including two new branches opened in 2014 in Clareview Town Centre and The Meadows. These combine library branches with sports and recreation centres, the newest branch, eplGO McConachie, opened March 2016. In 2000,5 branches were in malls, and they were Abbotsfield, Capilano, Londonderry, Mill Woods, the first to leave was Southgate which closed in 2002 and became Whitemud Crossing

19.
Hamilton Public Library (Ontario)
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The Hamilton Public Library is the public library system of Hamilton, Ontario. In recent years, the HPL’s collection of resources has expanded rapidly. Hamilton and Gore Mechanics Institute was one of a series of Mechanics Institutes that were set up around the world after becoming popular in Britain, the Mechanics Institutes libraries eventually became public libraries when the establishment of free libraries occurred. Hamilton city council voted to fund the construction and operation of a library in 1889. This building opened in February 1890, Hamilton was the first city in Canada to erect a new building for the express purpose of housing a library. A HPL branch opened on Hamilton’s Barton Street in 1908, andrew Carnegie funded a new main library, which opened in 1913. This was in turn replaced by a new, six-storey central library in 1980, today, only one half of the building houses public collections. Once restricted to the city of Hamilton, the HPL service area was expanded when the townships were amalgamated into the City in 2001. The now-amalgamated City of Dundas had had its own library in operation since 1822, the outlying rural towns had previously been served by the Wentworth Libraries system. Freda Farrell Waldon List of Carnegie libraries in Canada Hamilton Public Library website

20.
London Public Library
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The London Public Library is the public library system of London, Ontario, Canada. All locations offer art exhibits, programs for adults, teens and children, including readings, summer reading program, health-oriented activities. In addition to borrowing print books, books on CD, videos, DVDs and music CDs and it housed a subscription library that allowed members who paid a fee to borrow books. The Mechanics Institutes libraries eventually became public libraries when the establishment of free libraries occurred, the London Public Library opened in November 1896. The present-day Central Library was built in a space that formerly housed a Bay outlet. The Central library opened in this location on August 25,2002 and this not only allowed for an economical expansion of the branch but also offered the library a more central location in the citys downtown core. Additional outside donations enabled the construction of the Wolf Performance Hall, the Central Library is also home to the Reading Garden which is equipped with seating and multiple water features. Susanna Hubbard Krimmer is currently the 11th CEO of the London Public Library, the London Public Library now has 16 branches open to the public. The branches are, Beacock 1280 Huron Street Byron 1295 Commissioners Rd. W. Carson 465 Quebec St, Central 251 Dundas St. Cherryhill 301 Oxford St. W. Crouch 550 Hamilton Rd. East London 2016 Dundas St. Glanworth 2950 Glanworth Dr. Jalna 1119 Jalna Blvd, the Landon Branch Library is home to a collection of stained glass windows that incorporate poetry by local artists. These were created by artist Ted Gooden, four locations, Beacock, Sherwood, Jalna and Central, offer settlement support centres for newcomers to Canada. The committee did not allow these three organisations presentation to be on the agenda, only the committee members saw the presentation. The presentation convinced the committee to support the two proposed courses of action, mental health professional Dan Lenart opposed the proposal to put content-control software on computers in public libraries, calling the software an attack on the poor and impoverished. List of public libraries in Ontario http, //www. londonpubliclibrary. ca/node/229 London Public Library Website and Catalogue London Public Library Photos

21.
Markham Public Library
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Markham Public Library is a library system operated by the municipal government of the City of Markham in Canada. There are seven branches in the city, serving about 250,000 residents in Markham, the libraries are managed by the Administration Centre, located at 6031 Highway 7. In 2008, the system was renamed to the singular Markham Public Library to reflect its status as one unified system and its current director is Catherine Biss. The Markham Village branch was to first to develop its own classification system called the Customer Centred Classification. Compared to the Dewey Decimal Classification or Library of Congress Classification, the Thornhill Village branch started the migration to C3 in 2009, and C3 is used by the Thornhill Community Centre branch when it re-opened in 2011. People who work, live, or attend a school in York Region may apply a free membership, otherwise, a $60.00 annual membership fee will apply. A temporary library card can be issued for the period of 21 days conditionally, during this period, the member could only borrow a maximum of 3 books. Like many other libraries across Ontario, the Markham Public Library system allows members to check out books and other media

22.
Mississauga Library System
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The Mississauga Library System is the public library system of Mississauga, Ontario. The system has 18 branches, consisting of the Mississauga Central Library and 17 smaller neighbourhood libraries, the Library offers many services and programs such as story times, March Break activities and a telephone dial-a-story service. Resources range from advice to parents on choosing books to internet resources for kids, Ontario Public Libraries Ask Ontario Official website

23.
Montreal Public Libraries Network
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The Montreal Public Libraries Network is the public library system on the Island of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. It is the largest French language public library system in North America and it also has items in English and other languages. Its central branch closed in March 2005 and the collections were incorporated into the collections of the Grande Bibliothèque. The municipally-run Montreal Public Libraries Network includes 67 libraries, including 44 libraries in the city of Montreal and 12 branches in other municipalities on the Island of Montreal, there are several additional branches which are privately funded public libraries within the system and which require a nominal membership fee. It housed a library that allowed members who paid a fee to borrow books. The Mechanics Institutes libraries eventually became public libraries when the establishment of free libraries occurred, atwater Library of the Mechanics Institute of Montreal Montréal Libraries Network Montréal Libraries Network 2006 data from Canadian Urban Libraries Council

24.
Ottawa Public Library
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The Ottawa Public Library is the library system of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and is the largest bilingual library in North America. The library was founded in 1906 with a donation from the Carnegie Foundation, in January 2005, it upgraded three branches to Windows XP. The rest received that operating system by April of that year, in March 2014, Windows 7 was rolled out and the software was upgraded to Office 2007, but WordPerfect is now absent. Children accounts are filtered, while adults have the option of choosing unfiltered or filtered Internet access, later, they added Wi-Fi hotspots at their branches. It is also possible to free downloadable e-books, Zinio magazines, audiobooks. The citys active Local Council of Women took up the cause of a library for all. They announced, just before the election of 1896, that the mansion of George Perley, however, the city voted down the motion to build a library, as well as another motion to build a firehall, the city just didnt have any money to spare for luxuries. Only in 1901, when letters were mailed to Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie replied that he would offer $100,000 to the city to build the library if they provided a site and a pledge of $7,500 a year to maintain it. They eventually agreed in January 1903, and within a few years the library was built, several of the Corinthian columns from the old Carnegie library survive in the Rockeries in Rockcliffe Park, a rock garden maintained by the National Capital Commission. The library now has branches spread throughout urban and rural Ottawa. Today, the library is divided into district branches Nepean Centrepointe, Cumberland and Greenboro, community branches such as Sunnyside, Ruth E. Dickinson and Carlingwood and several rural branches. Patrons throughout the new city have greatly benefited from the 2001 merger as they can now easily order almost items from another branch, ordering items via the library website for pickup at a local branch has been very popular, with over 5 million visitors to the website in 2007. The new system is centralized, which has meant a loss of decision-making power in many ways, including the choice of books for purchase. Patrons can however suggest items for the library to purchase, the current CEO of OPL is Danielle McDonald. The OPL is governed by a board of fourteen members appointed by the City of Ottawa, six city councillors. The Library is funded mainly by the city through local tax revenues, some revenue also comes from the province, and traditional library sources of fees, fines, and fundraising. The library system has 2.3 million items,91. 7% percent of which are books, the library also has a large audio-visual collection including DVDs, CDs, VHS tapes and downloadable books and music. Since Ottawa has a significant francophone population, a portion of the collection is in French

25.
Thunder Bay Public Library
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The Thunder Bay Public Library serves the citizens of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada and surrounding areas. Membership fees were $20.00 for life or $2.00 per year, the present building at 285 Red River Road opened on June 1,1951 as the Port Arthur Public Library. Fees were $1.25 per year for CPR employees, non-employees were required to pay $1.25 for use of the tub. With the assistance of a $50,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation, the Fort William Library moved to its new location at 216 South Brodie Street in 1912, with Mary J. L. Black as the librarian. The Fort William Library saw its first major change when an addition was added to the side of the building in 1955. In 1966 the front entrance was rebuilt, when the Westfort branch library at 151 West Brock Street opened in 1938, it was named for Black, who had also been the first woman president of the Ontario Library Association. The present Thunder Bay Public Library officially came into being in 1970, after the amalgamation of the Port Arthur and Fort William branches. The inaugural meeting of the Library Board was held in January,1970 and it was also deemed essential that a logo should be created for use on stationary, posters, signs and cards. A contest was held requesting designs from the public, and in March,1971 the first prize design was adopted, the logo was revised in March 1992 by Barry Smith to reflect a more modern outlook. Although the service was popular with users, the prohibitive cost of the vehicle. In 1980 the Brodie Street Library received a renovation, and in 1981, its collection was rearranged with the adult fiction materials. The branch, which opened on June 25,1981, housed fiction, a small collection of childrens materials. On February 27,1982, the citys Local Architectural Conservation Advisory Committee designated the Brodie Street Library as a significant building. Over the next few years, work focused on the automation project, the GEAC online circulation system was launched on June 4,1986, and in 1994, the library upgraded its automation system to the GEAC Advance system. Meanwhile, circulation of materials at Victoriaville did not reach the levels that the library had expected, at this time the fiction collection was returned to Brodie, which was again renovated in order to make room for these materials. In December 1995, the County Park Branch Library, located in County Fair Mall, customer service is an ongoing priority for Thunder Bay Public Library with training for all staff members and development of standards based on customer feedback. Public libraries in Ontario Ask Ontario Thunder Bay Public Library Ontario Public Libraries Book a Library Computer Online Online fine payment Social Web Sites FaceBook Page

26.
Toronto Public Library
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Toronto Public Library is a public library system in Toronto, Ontario. Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors compared to other large urban systems. Established as the library of the Mechanics Institute in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries and has over 12 million items in its collection, in 1830, a library was established in the York Mechanics Institute. In 1884, the became the Toronto Public Library. James Bain was the first chief librarian and he supplemented the collection with $15,000 worth of books purchased on a trip to England in late 1883, between 1907 and 1916, ten libraries were built with funds from the Andrew Carnegie Trust. Several of these Carnegie libraries continue to be used by the library, one. Henry Cummings Campbell was Chief Librarian of the Toronto Public Library from 1956 to 1978, and he is credited for having contributed to the expansion of the library and its adaptation to an increasingly dynamic and multicultural city. Prior to the Amalgamation of Toronto in 1998, each of the municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto operated their own public libraries. The merger caused the Toronto Public Library to become the largest library system in North America, in 2004, a new library was opened in the St. James Town neighbourhood of Toronto, bringing the total number of branches to 99. New branches are scheduled to open on Fort York Boulevard at Bathurst Street, the Municipal Affairs branch closed in September 2011, bringing the number of branches to back to 98. The Toronto Public Library is governed by a Board appointed by Toronto City Council, the Board is composed of eight citizen members, four Toronto City Councillors and the Mayor or his designate. The librarys collection count is approximately 11 million items, the Toronto Public Library technology services include public access computers and free wireless internet access in all branches. The Library also provides access to e-books and other electronic collections, the Toronto Public Library website allows users to reserve materials and have them transferred to the users preferred branch. The TPL operates two Bookmobile buses, targeting communities who lack access to a neighbourhood branch. There are 32 regular Bookmobile stops in Toronto, including one on Wards Island, the bookmobile concept was previously used in the library systems of the former municipalities of North York and Scarborough as well as in Toronto as far back as 1955. Since April 2016, the Parkdale branch has a collection of musical instruments you can borrow for free with your library card, the residents of Toronto can borrow museum passes with their library card. Each pass allows maximum 2 adults and 4 kids entering one site, for those popular sites, such as Toronto Zoo, ROM and Ontario Science Centre, you need to stay in line as early as possible. They are given out on a first-come, first-served basis, List of public libraries in Ontario List of Carnegie libraries in Canada Childrens Books History Society Myrvold, Barbara

27.
Vancouver Public Library
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Vancouver Public Library is the public library system for the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2013, VPL had more than 6.9 million visits with patrons borrowing nearly 9.5 million items including, books, ebooks, CDs, DVDs, newspapers and magazines. Across 22 locations and online, VPL serves nearly 428,000 active members and is the third-largest public library system in Canada. A, raymur, started the New London Mechanics Institute, a meeting room and library for mill employees. In March 1869, it was renamed the Hastings Literary Institute, no official records of the Hastings Literary Institute have survived, but it is known that membership was by subscription. The Hastings Literary Institute continued to exist until the Granville area was incorporated as part of the new City of Vancouver on April 6,1886. Following the Great Fire of Vancouver on June 13,1886,400 books from the now-defunct Hastings Literary Institute were donated to the newly established Vancouver Reading Room. In December 1887, the Reading Room opened at 144 West Cordova Street, above the Thomas Dunn and it was also known as the Vancouver Free Library and the Vancouver Free Reading Room and Library. By the late 1890s, the Free Reading Room and Library in the YMCA Building on West Hastings had become overcrowded, during this period, the American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie was giving money to cities and towns to build libraries. In 1901, the City of Vancouver approached Carnegie about donating money for a new library to replace the space in the YMCA Building. In 1901, American steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie agreed to donate $50,000 to build a city library if Vancouver would provide free land, a fight immediately developed between East and West side Vancouver as to who would get the new cultural institution. A public plebiscite fixed the site at Hastings and Westminster Streets, the building was designed by Vancouver architect George Grant and is in the style of Romanesque Renaissance, with a domed Ionic portico and French mansard roof. Granite for the foundation came from Indian Arm and sandstone for the 10 thick walls came from Gabriola Island, a fantastic marble, spiral staircase was built by Albion Iron Works of Victoria. It cost $2,279,000 and 9,888 pounds of steel, a large multi-panel stained glass window with 3 smaller windows below was designed and crafted by N. T. Depicted in the windows are Milton, Shakespeare, Spencer, Burns, Scott, the 3 small windows were removed in 1958 when the library was converted into the museum. They were missing for years but were located intact and returned to the building in 1985. Inside was hardwood panelled walls and ceilings and oak floors, the rooms were heated by eight fireplaces. The library opened in November 1903 and this branch is now primarily used as a community centre for residents of the Downtown East Side neighbourhood. The Vancouver Public Library continued to occupy the Hastings and Main site until the opening of a new library at 750 Burrard Street in 1957

28.
West Vancouver Memorial Library
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The West Vancouver Memorial Library is a public library that serves the District of West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded in 1950 as a memorial to honour those who gave their lives during the Second World War so future generations would have the freedom to pursue knowledge without let or hindrance. The Library has a rate of 21.32 per capita. By 1926, the collection grew to over 1000 books. Harsh economic times during the 1930s led to reductions in provincial funding, and in 1933. On December 16, the by-law was approved, and shortly after the end of the War, designed by West Vancouver architect R. A. D. Berwick, the library was opened on November 11,1950 with Elizabeth Musto as the librarys first official librarian. West Vancouver Memorial Library was only narrowly voted in as the municipalitys official War Memorial—a close second was a Civic Center, other possibilities included a hospital, a swimming pool, a chapel, a town clock, and a community gymnasium. The library is situated in the 1900 block of Marine Dr. and since it was opened in the year 1950. Oddly enough, the construction totalled $19,500. Since the end of the War, West Vancouvers population had risen steadily, and after just five years of being open, the library has continually maintained a high rate of circulation, and at present has the second highest circulation per capita in BC. West Vancouver Memorial Library has a number of Events and Programs for patrons of all ages, Children are welcome to attend Babytime, Tales for Twos, Storytime Fun, as well as Family Storytime—all of which feature a variety of stories, songs, action rhymes, and more. Teens aged 12–15 are welcome to join the librarys Teen Advisory Group, one general meeting is held every month, as well as one event, project or workshop per month. Teens are also welcome to participate in the librarys Book Buddies program, the library has a number of multilingual materials including those in Chinese, Tagalog, Japanese, Spanish, Korean, French, and Persian. With more than 2,500 books, West Vancouver Memorial Library has the largest and most comprehensive Persian collection in British Columbia, for over 15 years, the Gallery at the West Vancouver Memorial Library has been featuring exciting new artwork by emerging artists. Library patrons love the changing exhibits, to find out what is showing on the walls of the Gallery this month, visit the Gallery page on the West Vancouver Memorial Library website here. Through a generous bequest from Robert Leslie Welsh, the West Vancouver Memorial Library has been able to offer a number of music-related programs, materials, now in its fourth year, the Librarys Friday Night Concert Series features a wide spectrum of live music. With six concerts each season - September, October, November, January, February & June, there is a range of performances including Argentine tango, Cuban jazz, opera. Concerts are free and open to all, the library also offers Kodaly Orff Music for Children, a 6 week sampler for preschoolers, offered three times a year

29.
Carleton University
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Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The enabling legislation is The Carleton University Act,1952, S. O and it was founded on rented premises in 1942, and grew to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontarios first private, non-denominational college. It would expand further in the 1960s, consistent with government policy that saw increased access to education as a social good. Carleton is a university that offers more than 65 academic programs across a wide range of disciplines. It is named after the former Carleton County, Ontario, which included the city of Ottawa at the time Carleton was founded, Carleton County, in turn, was named in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, an early Governor-General of British North America. As of 2016, Carleton has enrollment of more than 22,000 undergraduate, the university is represented in U Sports by the Carleton Ravens. I learned very early the lesson that it is people, not buildings. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile, – Henry Marshall Tory Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, was founded in 1942 at the height of the Second World War by the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning. It began in a building and only offered night courses in public administration. When the war ended in 1945, the college began expanding to meet the needs of veterans coming home, the Faculty of Arts and Science was established, which included courses in journalism and first-year engineering. In 1946, the moved to First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. Its first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its programs in Journalism, for nearly a decade the college operated on a shoestring budget, with funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. During the war, student fees were low and Carleton gave special grants to veterans returning home who wished to continue their studies. The faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the Public Service, however, full-time teaching staff were still mostly young scholars at the beginning of their careers. In 1952 the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing its name to Carleton College. Carleton thus became the provinces first private, non-sectarian college, in the same year, the 62-hectare property nestled between the Rideau Canal and the Rideau River on which the current campus is located was acquired. Some of the land was donated by a prominent Ottawa businessman Harry Stevenson Southam, construction began on the new campus in 1953. In 1957 the Carleton University Act,1952 was amended, granting Carleton status as a public university, Carletons motto, Ours the Task Eternal, is taken from Walt Whitmans poem, Pioneers

30.
Concordia University (Quebec)
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Concordia University is a public comprehensive university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1974 following the merger of Loyola College and Sir George Williams University, as of the 2014-2015 academic year, there were 46,378 students enrolled at Concordia, making the university among the largest in Canada by enrolment. With four faculties, a school of studies and numerous colleges, centres and institutes, Concordia offers over 300 undergraduate and 100 graduate programs. The universitys John Molson School of Business is consistently ranked within the top 10 Canadian business schools, Concordia is a non-sectarian and coeducational institution, with more than 200,000 living alumni worldwide. The universitys varsity teams, known as the Stingers, compete in the Quebec Student Sport Federation of Canadian Interuniversity Sport, Loyola College traces its roots to an English-language program at the Jesuit Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal at the Sacred Heart Convent. In 1896, Loyola College was established at the corner of Bleury Street, Loyola College was named in honour of Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus. On March 10,1898, the institution was incorporated by the Government of Quebec, the same year, following a fire, the college was relocated, further west on Drummond Street, south of Saint Catherine. Although founded as a collège classique, Loyola began granting university degrees through Université Laval in 1903, the college moved into the present west-end campus on Sherbrooke Street West in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in 1916. The School of Sociology opened in 1918, in 1920, the institution became affiliated with the Université de Montréal, which began granting degrees instead of Université Laval. Memorial bronze honour roll plaques in the hall, administrative offices are dedicated to those from Loyola College who fought in the First and Second World Wars. The inter-war period was marked by the shift of education in the institution, the collège classique education was replaced by humanistic education in 1940, Loyola College never became a chartered university, and never had the ability to grant its own university degrees. Theology and philosophy were taught to all students until 1972, in 1940, the Faculty of Science and the Department of Engineering, which became a faculty in 1964, were created. In addition to providing the same programs as other colleges. Students could enrol in Academic majors starting in 1953 and honours programs in 1958, students graduating from Loyola could afterwards pursue graduate-level education in other universities, with a few earning Rhodes Scholarships. Starting in 1958, Loyola also began offering its first evening courses for students not being able to go to school full-time, new courses were given in library science and faith community nursing. Since its creation, Loyola College had welcomed almost exclusively young English-speaking Catholic men as students and it became co-ed in 1959 and became less homogeneous with the ever increasing number of foreign students. Obtaining a university charter was an important issue in the 1960s, although many wanted the Loyola College to become Loyola University, the Quebec government preferred to annex it to Sir George Williams University. Negotiations began in 1968 and ended with the creation of Concordia University on August 24,1974, in 1851, the first YMCA in North America was established on Ste-Helene street in Old Montreal

31.
McGill University
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McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain, the University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the universitys precursor, McGill College. Its academic units are organized into 11 main Faculties and Schools, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, with the highest average admission requirements of any Canadian university. Most students are enrolled in the five largest faculties, namely Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, as well as between faculties. Scholarships are generous, yet highly competitive and relatively difficult to attain, throughout its long history, McGill alumni were instrumental in inventing or initially organizing football, basketball, and ice hockey. In 1816 the RIAL was authorized to operate two new Royal Grammar Schools, in Quebec City and in Montreal and this was an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools. When James McGill died in 1813 his bequest was administered by the RIAL, the original two Royal Grammar Schools closed in 1846 and by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered. Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequest on behalf of the private college, since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a merchant in Quebec. Between 1811 and 1813, he drew up a will leaving his Burnside estate, a 19-hectare tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province. On March 31,1821, after protracted battles with the Desrivières family. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, the Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833, this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada. The Faculty of Medicine remained the only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building. The university also historically has strong linkage with The Canadian Grenadier Guards and this title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848 which is also the oldest of its kind in the nation,48 years later, the school of architecture at McGill University was founded. Sir John William Dawson, McGills principal from 1855 to 1893, is credited with transforming the school into a modern university. He recruited the aid of Montreals wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and their names adorn many of the campuss prominent buildings

32.
McMaster University
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McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 121 hectares of land near the neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale. The university operates six academic faculties, the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science and it is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Honourable William McMaster, a prominent Canadian Senator, McMaster University was incorporated under the terms of an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1887, merging the Toronto Baptist College with Woodstock College. It opened in Toronto in 1890, inadequate facilities and the gift of land in Hamilton prompted the institution to relocate in 1930. McMaster was controlled by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec until it became a privately chartered, the university is co-educational, and has over 25,000 undergraduate and over 4,000 post-graduate students. Alumni and former students of the university can be found all across Canada, notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, one Rhodes Scholar, and two Nobel laureates. The McMaster athletic teams are known as the Marauders, and are members of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport, McMaster University resulted from the outgrowth of educational initiatives undertaken by Baptists as early as the 1830s. It was founded in 1881 as Toronto Baptist College, in 1887 the Act to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College was granted royal assent, and McMaster University was officially incorporated. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies College, Toronto, were maintained in close connection, the new university, housed in McMaster Hall in Toronto, was sponsored by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec as a sectarian undergraduate institution for its clergy and adherents. The first courses—initially limited to arts and theology leading to a BA degree—were taught in 1890, as the university grew, McMaster Hall started to become overcrowded. By the 1920s, after previous proposals between various university staff, the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce launched a campaign to bring McMaster University to Hamilton, as the issue of space at McMaster Hall became more acute, the university administration debated the future of the university. The university nearly became federated with the University of Toronto, as had been the case with Trinity College, instead, in 1927, the university administration decided to transfer the university to Hamilton. The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec secured $1.5 million, the lands for the university and new buildings were secured through gifts from graduates. Lands were transferred from Royal Botanical Gardens to establish the campus area, the first academic session on the new Hamilton campus began in 1930. McMasters property in Toronto was sold to the University of Toronto when McMaster moved to Hamilton in 1930, McMaster Hall is now home to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Professional programs during the period were limited to just theology. By the 1940s the McMaster administration was under pressure to modernize, during the Second World War and post-war periods the demand for technological expertise, particularly in the sciences, increased

33.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians

34.
Queen's University
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Queens University at Kingston is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Founded on 16 October 1841 via a charter issued by Queen Victoria. Queens holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, Queens is organized into ten undergraduate, graduate and professional faculties and schools. The Church of Scotland established Queens College in 1841 with a charter from Queen Victoria. The first classes, intended to prepare students for the ministry, were held 7 March 1842 with 13 students, Queens was the first university west of the maritime provinces to admit women and to form a student government. In 1883, a college for medical education affiliated with Queens University was established. In 1888, Queens University began offering courses, becoming the first Canadian university to do so. In 1912, Queens secularized and changed to its present legal name, Queens is a co-educational university, with more than 23,000 students, and with over 131,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 Rhodes Scholars, Queens varsity teams, known as the Golden Gaels, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Queens was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s, a draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during a session in 1840. On 16 October 1841, a charter was issued through Queen Victoria establishing Queens College at Kingston. They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small wood-frame house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students. The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location, prior to Canadian Confederation, the college was financially supported by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government and private citizens. The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other created a fundraising campaign across Canada. The risk of financial ruin continued to worry the administration until the final decade. They actively considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s, with the additional funds bequeathed from Queens first major benefactor, Robert Sutherland, the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence. Queens was given university status on 17 May 1881, in 1883, Womens Medical College was founded at Queens with a class of three. Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queens main building throughout the late 19th century, in 1912, Queens separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queens University at Kingston

35.
Ryerson University
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Ryerson University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its urban campus surrounds the Yonge-Dundas Square, located at the busiest intersection in downtown Toronto, the university has a focus on applied, career-oriented education. The majority of its buildings are in the blocks northeast of the Yonge-Dundas Square in Torontos Garden District, the universitys most recent expansion, the Mattamy Athletic Centre, is in the historical Maple Leaf Gardens arena, formerly home of the Toronto Maple Leafs. The university is composed of 36, 000+ undergraduate students,2, 000+ graduate students, Ryerson is ranked 4th in Ontario and 10th in Canada by student enrollment. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education, in 1852 at the core of the present main campus, the historic St. James Square, Egerton Ryerson founded Ontarios first teacher training facility, the Toronto Normal School. It also housed the Department of Education and the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts, an agricultural laboratory on the site led to the founding of the Ontario Agricultural College and the University of Guelph. St. James Square went through various other uses before housing a namesake of its original founder. Egerton Ryerson was an educator, politician, and Methodist minister. He is known as the father of Ontarios public school system, howard Hillen Kerr was given control of nine Ontario Training and Re-establishment centres to accomplish this. His vision of what these institutions would do was broader than what others were suggesting, in 1943, he visited the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was convinced Canada could develop its own MIT over one hundred years. Along the way, such an institution could respond to the societys needs, when the Province approved the idea of technical institutes in 1946, it proposed to found several. It turned out all but one would be special purpose schools, only the Toronto retraining centre, which became the Ryerson Institute of Technology in 1948, would become a multi-program campus, Kerr’s future MIT of Canada. This vision is reflected in Ryersons Motto and its mission statement, the Toronto Training and Re-establishment Institute was created in 1945 on the former site of the Toronto Normal School at St James Square, bounded by Gerrard, Church, Yonge and Gould. The Gothic-Romanesque building was designed by architects Thomas Ridout and Frederick William Cumberland in 1852, the site had been used as a Royal Canadian Air Force training facility during World War II. The institute was a joint venture of the federal and provincial government to train ex-servicemen and women for re-entry into civilian life, the Ryerson Institute of Technology was founded in 1948, inheriting the staff and facilities of the Toronto Training and Re-establishment Institute. In 1966, it became the Ryerson Polytechnical Institute and that year, it also became a member of the Council of Ontario Universities. In 1992, Ryerson became Toronto’s second school of engineering to receive accreditation from the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board, the following year, Ryerson formally became a University, via an Act of the Ontario Legislature. In 1993, Ryerson received approval to grant graduate degrees

36.
Simon Fraser University
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Simon Fraser University, commonly referred to as SFU, is a public research university in British Columbia, Canada with campuses in Burnaby, Surrey, and Vancouver. The 1.7 km2 Burnaby campus on Burnaby Mountain, located 20 km from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and comprises more than 30,000 students and approximately 950 faculty members. Undergraduate and graduate programs at SFU operate on a year-round tri-semester schedule, SFU is the first Canadian research university with U. S. accreditation and is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. SFU is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Canada, placing first in Macleans annual University Rankings in 1993, 1996–1998,2000. To date, SFU faculty and alumni have won 43 fellowships to the Royal Society of Canada, Simon Fraser University was founded upon the recommendation of a 1962 report entitled Higher Education in British Columbia and a Plan for the Future, by John B. He recommended the creation of a new university in the Lower Mainland, the university was named after Simon Fraser, a North West Company fur trader and explorer. The original name of the school was Fraser University, but was changed because the initials FU evoked the profane phrase fuck you, in May of the same year, Gordon M. Shrum was appointed as the universitys first Chancellor. From a variety of sites which were offered, Shrum recommended to the government that the summit of Burnaby Mountain,365 meters above sea level. Architects Arthur Erickson and Geoffrey Massey won a competition to design the university, the campus faces northwest over Burrard Inlet. Eighteen months later, on September 9,1965, the university began its first semester with 2,500 students, the resolution to the crisis included the dismantling of the department into todays separate departments. In 2007, the university decided to both the old coat of arms and the revised coat of arms featuring the books. In 2007, a new marketing logo was unveiled, consisting of letters on block red. SFUs president is Andrew Petter, whose term began on September 1,2010, Petter succeeded Dr. Michael Stevenson, who held a decade-long post as President from 2000 to 2010. In 2009, SFU became the first Canadian university to be accepted into the National Collegiate Athletic Association, starting in the 2011-2012 season, SFU competed in the NCAAs Division II Great Northwest Athletic Conference and has now transitioned all 19 Simon Fraser Clan teams into the NCAA. On September 9,2015, SFU celebrated its 50th anniversary, over its 50 years, the university educated over 130,000 graduates. SFU has been rated as Canadas best comprehensive university in the rankings of Canadian universities in Macleans magazine since 1991. The Higher Education Strategy Associates ranked Simon Fraser University 6th in Science and Engineering, Research Infosource, Canadas leading provider of research intelligence evaluation, named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for publication effectiveness in 2006. Similar to most Canadian universities, SFU is a university, with more than half of funding coming from taxpayers

37.
Sherbrooke University
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The Université de Sherbrooke is a large university in Quebec, Canada with campuses located in Sherbrooke and Longueuil, a suburb of Montreal approximately 130 km west of Sherbrooke. It is one of two universities, and the only French-language university, in the Estrie region of Quebec, in 2007, the Université de Sherbrooke was home to 40,000 students and a teaching staff of 3,200. In all, it employs 6,400 people, the university has over 100,000 graduates and offers 46 undergraduate,48 masters and 27 doctoral programs. It holds a total of 61 research chairs, among which are the pharmacology, microelectronics, statistical learning, the Université de Sherbrooke has five campuses, The Main Sherbrooke Campus The Sherbrooke Health Campus The Longueuil Campus The Joint Campus in Saguenay The Joint Campus in Moncton. The Université de Sherbrooke was established as a French-speaking Catholic university in a region that was predominantly English speaking, initially there was a religious component to the pedagogical activities, but by the end of the 1960s the number of priests working for the university had greatly diminished. In 1975, the appointment of a layman as Rector marked the end of religious activity in the institution, the Department of Theology is still officially Roman Catholic, alone in Quebec in this regard. Université de Sherbrookes arms, supporters, flag and badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on January 15,2004, Université de Sherbrookes crest and Supporters were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on April 20,2007. The motto of the school is Veritatem in Charitate, in 2006, the university opened a branch of its medical facility on the campus of UQAC, where its students enroll for non-medical courses. The number of attending the Université de Sherbrooke continues to rise. Activities at the Université de Sherbrooke are mainly centred on teaching, 2009–present, Luce Samoisette 2001–2009, Bruno-Marie Béchard 1993–2001, Pierre Reid 1985–1993, Aldée Cabana 1981–1985, Claude Hamel 1975–1981, Yves Martin 1965–1975, Mgr. Today it offers more than 90 educational programs, primarily at the masters level, the campus is located on Montreals South Shore across from the Longueuil-Université-de-Sherbrooke subway station. The Joinytht Campus in Saguenay opened its doors in 1996 to medical students, also opening in 1996, the Joint Campus in Moncton, New Brunswick, offers medical training to French-speaking students. The university offers a variety of bachelors, masters, doctoral and post-doctoral programs as well as various certificates, Sports teams representing the Université de Sherbrooke are called Le Vert & Or. The university publishes the magazine UdeS, which has a circulation of 85,000 copies, published three times a year by the Communications Service, this magazine is distributed free to everyone in the central graduate database and to staff as well as friends of the institution. Copies are also distributed in a number of locations in Sherbrooke, the universitys student community puts out a student newspaper, the Collectif, and operates an FM radio station, CFAK-FM. A wide national survey was conducted across Canada in by the Globe and Mail, ADEEP Lassociation des étudiantes et étudiants en pharmacologie. This association is a group for the students, founded in 2007. FEUS Founded in 1955, the Fédération étudiante de l’Université de Sherbrooke represents all students in the university

38.
University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction among medium-sized universities in Canada by The Globe and Mail. It has held these rankings with its reputation, innovative research-intensive programs, according to Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the universitys Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canadas highest research index. The University of Guelph has also been ranked 50th by Times Higher Education in their list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old, the university has a key focus on life science and has ranked 76-100 in the world by ARWU. The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 39 Canada Research Chair positions in the areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, the Macdonald Institute was established in 1903 to house womens home economics programs, nature studies, and some domestic art and science. It was named after its financier, Sir William Macdonald, who worked to promote domestic sciences in rural Canada, the Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto in 1862, was moved to Guelph in 1922. Famous economist John Kenneth Galbraith was an undergraduate at the college, the Ontario Legislature amalgamated the three colleges into the single body of the University of Guelph on May 8,1964. The University of Guelph Act also brought about the Board of Governors to oversee operations and financial management. The non-denominational graduate and undergraduate institution was, and remains known especially for the agricultural, the Macdonald Institute would also be renamed the College of Family and Consumer Studies during the split. After this split, the University of Guelph started reorganizing into its present-day form, the College of Physical Science would be married to the OACs School of Engineering in 1989, creating the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences. The College of Social Science and the College of Family and Consumer Studies were joined to create the College of Social, finally, the College of Management and Economics would be established from the segregation of offered business, management and economic degrees and courses in 2006. The university is named after the city, Guelph comes from the Italian Guelfo and the Bavarian-Germanic Welf also known as Guelf. The main university campus spans 412 hectares, including the 165-hectare University of Guelph Arboretum, the campus also has a number of notable midcentury modernist buildings, mostly in the Brutalism style, which were constructed in the 1960s as part of the schools expansion plan. Complexes such as the MacKinnon arts building and the McLaughlin library, overseen by architect Josep Lluis Sert, the campus is well-populated with trees which line the main walkways, many of which are paved with red clay brick. Campus safety is provided by the University of Guelph Campus Community Police, First Response Team, at one time, courses were offered in English in Guelph, Kemptville and Ridgetown, and in French at Campus dAlfred near Ottawa. In 2014, the University of Guelph announced that academic programmes at the Alfred, in early 2017, the University of Guelph web site clearly indicated that this institution was no longer offering programs at either location

39.
Wilfrid Laurier University
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Wilfrid Laurier University is a Canadian public research university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Laurier has several campuses, including in Toronto, Ontario, Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, the University offers a full range of undergraduate and graduate programs in a variety of fields, with more than 17,000 full-time undergraduate students. The twin cities of Kitchener, Ontario and Waterloo, Ontario have the largest concentration of companies in North America apart from California. In 1910, the Lutheran Synod established a seminary, which opened to students in 1911, in 1914 the seminary developed non-theological courses under the name the Waterloo College School. In 1924, the Waterloo College of Arts was established, Waterloo College of Arts became affiliated with the University of Western Ontario in 1925 and soon began to offer honours degree programs in the arts. In 1960, the Lutheran church relinquished its sponsorship of Waterloo College, the seminary obtained a revised charter changing the name of the institution to Waterloo Lutheran University. On November 1,1973, Wilfrid Laurier University was established with Royal Assent by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Ross Macdonald, while Lauriers colours remain, it ended its affiliation with Western in 1960. Laurier opened a campus, in Brantford, Ontario, in 1999. The Brantford campus is centred on a number of properties in the downtown area which have been restored for university use. They include a former Carnegie library, Brantfords 1880 post office, and 1870 mansion, the Kitchener campus is located in the historic and fully renovated former St. Jeromes high school building. The university has enrollment of about 17,000 full-time and part-time undergraduate students,781 full-time and part-time graduate students, Laurier has been transitioning from a primarily undergraduate university to a mid-size research university. In the 2016 Macleans magazine survey of Canadian universities, Laurier was ranked 10th out of 15 comprehensive universities in Canada, among Ontario universities, Laurier was behind Waterloo, Guelph, York, and Ryerson but ahead of Windsor and Brock. In addition, Laurier is home to the Penderecki String Quartet - an internationally recognised group playing largely new compositions, the music faculty boasts two performance spaces, the Theatre Auditorium and the Maureen Forrester Recital Hall. The faculty also attracts a greater percentage of students from outside Ontario than any faculty at Laurier. Lauriers Music program offers the only degree in Music Therapy. Laurier is the headquarters of the Academic Council of the United Nations System which has been hosted by Yale, Brown, the ACUNS goal is to strengthen the study of international organizations and to create strong ties between the academic community and diplomats within international organizations. Laurier is also a prominent partner in the new Balsillie School of International Affairs, the school offers three programs, a masters in arts in global governance, a masters in international public policy and a PhD program in global governance

40.
University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept

International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 unde

1.
WorldCat

Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online LLC is a digital library founded in July 2000 and headquartered in Sebastopol, California, with offices in Boston and Scottsdale. Safari characterizes itself as a platform for technology and business learning, Safari Books Online originated in 2001 as a joint venture between OReilly Media and the Pearson Technology Group. In 201

1.
Safari Books Online

Goodreads
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Goodreads is an Amazon company and social cataloging website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, II, a software engineer and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Chandler. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads database of books, annotations, users can sign up and register books to generate library cata

1.
Goodreads

LibraryThing
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LibraryThing is a social cataloging web application for storing and sharing book catalogs and various types of book metadata. It is used by authors, individuals, libraries, and publishers, based in Portland, Maine, LibraryThing was developed by Tim Spalding and went live on August 29,2005. As of December 2015, it has over 2,000,000 users and 100 mi

1.
LibraryThing

National Library of South Africa
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The National Library of South Africa is the agency of the government of South Africa which maintains a national library of all published materials relating to the country. In 1818, Lord Charles Somerset, the Cape Colonys first civil Governor, issued a proclamation to control the wine trade, in 1820 the board of trustees decided to donate the Dessin

1.
National Library of South Africa, Cape Town campus (old postcard)

University of South Africa
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The University of South Africa is the largest university on the African continent and attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. The university has over 300,000 students, including African and international students in 130 countries worldwide, Unisa is a dedicated open distance education institution. Open distance learning e

1.
Unisa Muckleneuk campus at night

2.
University of South Africa

University of the Witwatersrand
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The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg. It is more known as Wits University. The university has its roots in the industry, as do Johannesburg. It was desegregated once again prior to the abolition of apartheid in 1990, sever

1.
University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg

2.
The Great Hall, on East Campus, where graduation ceremonies, ceremonial lectures, concerts and other functions are held.

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East Campus as seen from the north of the campus. Senate House and the high-rise buildings of Braamfontein are visible in the background.

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The badge of the South African School of Mines.

University of Zimbabwe
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The University of Zimbabwe in Harare, is the oldest and formerly largest university in Zimbabwe. It was founded through a relationship with the University of London. The university has ten faculties offering a variety of degree programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher,

1.
Council room of the University of Zimbabwe. Portraits of former Vice-Chancellors from left to right: Robert Craig, Leonard Lewis, Walter Kamba and Gordon Chavunduka.

2.
University of Zimbabwe

3.
Social gathering on the edge of the College Green, University of Zimbabwe

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Faculty of Engineering graduation ceremony, University of Zimbabwe, August 2005.

University of the West Indies
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The aim of the university is to help unlock the potential for economic and cultural growth in the West Indies, thus allowing for improved regional autonomy. The University was originally instituted as an independent external college of the University of London, since the Universitys inception, students and faculty have been recognized in fields ran

1.
University of the West Indies

National Autonomous University of Mexico
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The National Autonomous University of Mexico is the largest university in Latin America. In 2016 it had a rate of only 8%. As a public university in Mexico City, UNAM is regarded by many university world rankings as the leading university of the Spanish-speaking world. UNAM was founded, in its form, on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra as a liberal

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Justo Sierra, founder

2.
Official seal of the University, designed by Rector José Vasconcelos

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Palacio de la Autonomía, located off Moneda Street east of the Zocalo

4.
Rectory.

University of Trinidad and Tobago
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The University of Trinidad and Tobago, also known as UTT, is a state owned university in Trinidad and Tobago established in 2004. Its main campus, currently under construction, will be located at Wallerfield in Trinidad, presently, its campuses are an amalgamation of several former technological colleges throughout the country. It is one of three u

1.
The University of Trinidad and Tobago

Library and Archives Canada
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Library and Archives Canada is a federal institution tasked with acquiring, preserving and making Canadas documentary heritage accessible. LAC reports to Parliament through Mélanie Joly, the Minister of Canadian Heritage since November 4,2015, the National Library of Canada was founded in 1953. Freda Farrell Waldon contributed to the writing of the

National Research Council of Canada
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The National Research Council is the primary national research and technology organization of the Government of Canada, in science and technology research and development. The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the National Research Council, the transformation of the NRC into an RTO that focuses on business

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An inscription at the front entrance of the NRC Sussex Drive Research Facility in Ottawa.

2.
National Research Council

3.
A radiant heat panel for precision testing of quantified energy exposures at the Institute for Research in Construction of the NRC, near Ottawa.

4.
A fire house at the Institute for Research in Construction, used to provide information to aid building code and fire code development in Canada.

CISTI
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The National Science Library, formerly known as the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information or CISTI, began in 1917 as the library of the National Research Council of Canada. NRC is the Government of Canada’s premier research and technology organization, working with clients and partners to provide support, strategic research, sci

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NRC National Science Library

Barrie, Ontario
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Barrie is a city in Central Ontario, Canada, on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay, the western arm of Lake Simcoe. Although located in Simcoe County, the city is politically independent and it is part of the Huronia region of Central Ontario. Barrie is within the part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. In 2011 census, the population was originally reporte

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Downtown Barrie from Kempenfelt Bay

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Coat of arms

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Residential condominiums and houses in Barrie after a snowfall

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Ron Baird's The Spirit Catcher (1986), installed along the waterfront in Barrie

Calgary Public Library
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The Calgary Public Library is a distributed library system featuring 18 branch locations including the Central Library. It is the second most used system in Canada and the sixth most used system in North America. This is despite the fact that the Calgary Public Library has one of the lowest per capita funding in the country, the Calgary Public Libr

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Calgary Public Library

Edmonton Public Library
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The Edmonton Public Library is a publicly funded library system in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, available for use by any member of the public. Library cards are free to all Edmontonians, as part of its centennial, University of Alberta and MacEwan University students can receive free access using the L-Pass program. In 2014, more than 14.

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Old Strathcona Branch of Edmonton Public Library.

Hamilton Public Library (Ontario)
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The Hamilton Public Library is the public library system of Hamilton, Ontario. In recent years, the HPL’s collection of resources has expanded rapidly. Hamilton and Gore Mechanics Institute was one of a series of Mechanics Institutes that were set up around the world after becoming popular in Britain, the Mechanics Institutes libraries eventually b

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Hamilton Public Library

London Public Library
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The London Public Library is the public library system of London, Ontario, Canada. All locations offer art exhibits, programs for adults, teens and children, including readings, summer reading program, health-oriented activities. In addition to borrowing print books, books on CD, videos, DVDs and music CDs and it housed a subscription library that

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The Mechanics Institute in London,Ontario circa. 1860-1877

Markham Public Library
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Markham Public Library is a library system operated by the municipal government of the City of Markham in Canada. There are seven branches in the city, serving about 250,000 residents in Markham, the libraries are managed by the Administration Centre, located at 6031 Highway 7. In 2008, the system was renamed to the singular Markham Public Library

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Angus Glen Library

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Cornell Library

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Markham Village Library

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Thornhill Community Library

Mississauga Library System
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The Mississauga Library System is the public library system of Mississauga, Ontario. The system has 18 branches, consisting of the Mississauga Central Library and 17 smaller neighbourhood libraries, the Library offers many services and programs such as story times, March Break activities and a telephone dial-a-story service. Resources range from ad

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Mississauga Central Library

Montreal Public Libraries Network
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The Montreal Public Libraries Network is the public library system on the Island of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. It is the largest French language public library system in North America and it also has items in English and other languages. Its central branch closed in March 2005 and the collections were incorporated into the collections of the Grand

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Bibliothèque Saint-Michel; rue François-Perrault

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Bibliothèque Côte-des-Neiges; Côte-des-Neiges

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Bibliothèque Albert-Dumouchel, 10 300, rue Lajeunesse

Ottawa Public Library
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The Ottawa Public Library is the library system of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and is the largest bilingual library in North America. The library was founded in 1906 with a donation from the Carnegie Foundation, in January 2005, it upgraded three branches to Windows XP. The rest received that operating system by April of that year, in March 2014, Windo

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The original Ottawa Public library building, designed by Edgar Lewis Horwood (1903-5)

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Ottawa Public Library's Main Branch, designed by Bemi & Associates Architects

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The Rideau branch on Rideau Street

Thunder Bay Public Library
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The Thunder Bay Public Library serves the citizens of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada and surrounding areas. Membership fees were $20.00 for life or $2.00 per year, the present building at 285 Red River Road opened on June 1,1951 as the Port Arthur Public Library. Fees were $1.25 per year for CPR employees, non-employees were required to pay $1.25 for

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Brodie Street Library

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Thunder Bay Public Library

Toronto Public Library
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Toronto Public Library is a public library system in Toronto, Ontario. Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors compared to other large urban systems. Established as the library of the Mechanics Institute in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries and has over 12 million items in its colle

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Yorkville Library, one of several Carnegie libraries in Toronto

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TPL Bookmobile

Vancouver Public Library
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Vancouver Public Library is the public library system for the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2013, VPL had more than 6.9 million visits with patrons borrowing nearly 9.5 million items including, books, ebooks, CDs, DVDs, newspapers and magazines. Across 22 locations and online, VPL serves nearly 428,000 active members and is the third-larg

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The Carnegie Library

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Former library on Burrard Street

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The promenade of the library's central branch

West Vancouver Memorial Library
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The West Vancouver Memorial Library is a public library that serves the District of West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded in 1950 as a memorial to honour those who gave their lives during the Second World War so future generations would have the freedom to pursue knowledge without let or hindrance. The Library has a rate of 21.32

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A cabin at 15th St. and Ottawa Ave. in 1942. From the William Mcphee collection

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Friday Night Concert Series at West Vancouver Memorial Library

Carleton University
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Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The enabling legislation is The Carleton University Act,1952, S. O and it was founded on rented premises in 1942, and grew to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontarios first private, non-denominational college. It would expand fur

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Henry Marshall Tory, first President of Carleton College

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Coat of arms of Carleton University

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Lester Pearson, Chancellor, Prime Minister, Nobel Laureate

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A portrait of Guy Carleton

Concordia University (Quebec)
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Concordia University is a public comprehensive university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1974 following the merger of Loyola College and Sir George Williams University, as of the 2014-2015 academic year, there were 46,378 students enrolled at Concordia, making the university among the largest in Canada by enrolment. With four facul

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Loyola College in 1937.

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Concordia University

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Sir George Williams University's Henry F. Hall Building in 1970.

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Concordia's Loyola Campus in the fall.

McGill University
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McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain, the University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the universitys precursor, McGill College. Its academic units a

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James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University.

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McGill University

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Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University 1855-1893.

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The Arts Building, completed in 1843 and designed by John Ostell, is the oldest standing building on campus.

McMaster University
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McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 121 hectares of land near the neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale. The university operates six academic faculties, the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science and it is a membe

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McMaster Hall, located in Toronto, was the original location of the university. The building is currently used as the headquarters for The Royal Conservatory of Music.

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McMaster University

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Hamilton Hall was constructed in 1926 in preparation for the university's move to Hamilton and now houses the Department of Mathematics & Statistics

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Panoramic view of McMaster University from the southwest, taken on June 2008

Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inha

Queen's University
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Queens University at Kingston is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Founded on 16 October 1841 via a charter issued by Queen Victoria. Queens holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, Queens is organized into ten undergraduate, graduate and professional faculties a

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Theological Hall served as Queen's University's main building throughout the late 19th century

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Queen's University at Kingston

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Queen's University from the air 1919

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US President Franklin D. Roosevelt speaking at Queen's after receiving his honorary degree

Ryerson University
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Ryerson University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its urban campus surrounds the Yonge-Dundas Square, located at the busiest intersection in downtown Toronto, the university has a focus on applied, career-oriented education. The majority of its buildings are in the blocks northeast of the Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto

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The Normal School on Gould St. 1856

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The Normal School Today 2009

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Egerton Ryerson (1803-1882)

Simon Fraser University
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Simon Fraser University, commonly referred to as SFU, is a public research university in British Columbia, Canada with campuses in Burnaby, Surrey, and Vancouver. The 1.7 km2 Burnaby campus on Burnaby Mountain, located 20 km from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and comprises more than 30,000 students and approximately 950 faculty member

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The newly constructed university in 1967, with the Academic Quadrangle as a centre of the campus.

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Simon Fraser University coat of arms

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Gordon M. Shrum, the University's first chancellor.

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The Maggie Benston Centre, home to many of the administrative activities at SFU

Sherbrooke University
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The Université de Sherbrooke is a large university in Quebec, Canada with campuses located in Sherbrooke and Longueuil, a suburb of Montreal approximately 130 km west of Sherbrooke. It is one of two universities, and the only French-language university, in the Estrie region of Quebec, in 2007, the Université de Sherbrooke was home to 40,000 student

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Université de Sherbrooke

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Centre des technologies avancées BRP - Université de Sherbrooke

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George-Cabana Pavilion

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Energy central

University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction

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The Johnston Clock Tower at the main campus

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University of Guelph

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Engineering building

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Atrium in science complex

Wilfrid Laurier University
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Wilfrid Laurier University is a Canadian public research university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Laurier has several campuses, including in Toronto, Ontario, Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, the University offers a full range of undergraduate and gra

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Wilfrid Laurier University

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Laurier landmark sign, at the corner of King Street North and Bricker Avenue

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Laurier Food Court

University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Wa

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Constructed in 1958, the Douglas Wright Engineering Building is the oldest building that was erected for use by the university.

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University of Waterloo

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The Dana Porter Library holds the university's main collection for humanities and social science.

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The Mackenzie King Village residences, constructed in 2002, are the latest set of residences constructed by the university.

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The eastern façade of the Academic Health Sciences Building prior to the construction of the D Wing

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Plaque commemorating World War I veterans: "1914–1918 In Memory of All Ranks of the 46th Battalion C.E.F. They are too near to be great, but our children shall understand when and how our fate was changed, and by whose hand."

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Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders who from 1837 to 1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.

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Loading flour, Pillsbury, 1939

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Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society 's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.