Marketing

Barter: To exchange goods/services for other goods/services instead of using money.

Dumpster: A large metal container used in the building industry for waste.

Livelihood: Something such as your work that provides the money that you need to live.

Consume: To use a supply of something such as time, energy, or fuel.

Factory farming: An intensive form of agriculture where animals have little space.

Sweatshop: A factory where people work very hard in bad conditions and earn very little.

(un) sustainable: (not) capable of continuing for a long time whit out harming the environment.

Unit 2. The Great Unknow

Future Passive

Example: We will be taken to the park by our parents

Space ( Vocabulary)

In orbit:

Gravity:

Docked:

Crew:

Shuttle:

Float:

Unit 3. Private Matters

PRIVACY (VOCABULARY)

Compile

Data

Access to

Invade your privacy

Database

Surveillance

OBJECT COMPLEMENTS

unit 4. New look at learning

Phrasal Verbs

Drop out of: a class/a group/college

Set: goals/a date/a schedule

Be faced with: problems/distractions/peer pressure

Take into: account/consideration

Get: a degree/into debt/a chance

Offer a broad: choices/classes/alternatives

Mixed Conditionals

It works to make a sentence shorter changing the order of it.

EXAMPLES

If I had better IT skills, I probably would have gotten a better job - I didn’t get a job because I don’t have good IT skills

- I would be unemployed now if i hadn’t studied IT. - I have a job now because I studied IT.

unit 5. Animals

Vocabulary Words related to stand

Where something/ someone stands:

Standing:

Stand out:

Stand back:

Stand a chance:

Standar:

Outstanding:

It stand to reason:

Modal Verbs in the Passive Voice

unit 6. more than machines

Future Perfect with "Will"

Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

unit 7. consumer

Adjectives ending in ABLE

Recyclable: to treat or process (used or waste materials) so as to make suitable for reuse

Perishable: subject to decay, ruin, or destruction

Affordable: believed to be within one's financial means

Biodegradable: capable of decaying through the action of living organisms

Accountable: subject to the obligation to report, explain, or justify something;responsible; answerable.

Returnable: that may be returned.

unit 8. critical eye

ADVERB CLAUSES

TIME:

After he did military service, he became a monk.

The sentence given above can be reduced to:

After doing military service, he became a monk.

CAUSE EFFECT:

Because she was late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.

This can be reduced to:

Being late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.

INVERSIONS WITH CONDITIONALS

Used in formal writing and in speaking to demonstrate a better command of the language.

One is with HAD

Had she not helped me, I would have been in trouble.

Same as: “If she hadn’t helped me…..”

One with were - second conditional

If I were the teacher, I wouldn’t ask for any homework

Were I the teacher…

One is in present - first conditional

Should you not wish to join them, you must let them know before 4 o’clock

If you don’t wish to join them, you must let them know before 4 o’clock

PREFIXES

ADJECTIVE PHRASE

unit 9. playing

VOCABULARY

INVERSIONS

Negative Adverbial expressions need an auxiliary before the main verb

Example: Seldom did we eat in such expensive restaurants.

Seldom.

Rarely.

Never.

Hardly.

Scarcely.

No sooner.

Only.

No.

Little

Negative Adverbial expressions

Hardly/Scarcely + WHEN

No Sooner + THAN

These are used at the beginning of a sentence to talk about one thing happening after another. Examples:

Hardly had I started work when the new boss arrived.

Scarcely had I put down the receiver when the phone rang again

No sooner had she had her first baby than the second was due

NEGATIVES

ONLY / NO / LITTLE

At the beginning of the sentence, they make it more formal and/or emphatic.

Little did they know that alcohol could have such an effect.

Only after eating up the food did he say a word.

On no account would I lend him any money.

SUBJUNTIVE

The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions (see below).

Examples:

I suggest that he study.

Is it essential that we be there

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

to advise (that)

to ask (that)

to command (that)

to demand (that)

to desire (that)

to insist (that)

to propose (that)

to recommend (that)

to request (that)

to suggest (that)

to urge (that)

unit 10. words spreeds fast

VOCABULARY

unit 11. music to my ears

ELLIPSIS WITH SUBSTITUTION

IDIOMS WITH THE WORD "TAKE"

Have what it takes: to have the necessary for something.

Take it seriously:

Take time out: to relax.

Take something for granted: without importance.

Take place: where happens

Take on a situation: to interview

Take into account:

Take out of context:

unit 12. the face of the earth

IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

With opinion verbs such as allege, believe, consider, estimate, expect, know, report, say, think, understand a passive construction is used when reporting people’s generalized opinions. This happens because the action referred to is more important than the subject who is doing the action, usually because it would be a weak subject (they, people). You can build this kind of sentences following both these structures: