Wednesday, July 27, 2016

Erythina zeyheri, the Ploegbreker (Plowbreaker)

Erythrina zeyheri

Erythrina x bidwellii

Erythrina is a genus of mostly trees of tropical climates. Some of our native species do produce a thickened lignotuber from which they can resprout after fire or frost, but in South Africa there is a species which never produces persistent stems above ground. This species, E. zeyheri, is known in Afrikaans as ploegbreker, the plow breaker, on account of the massive sizes the lignotuber can achieve. I saw this species from a distance during a trip to South Africa in 1993 when I was travelling with the late Charles Craib, an extremely knowledgeable person who produced many detailed descriptions of the habitats for a large number of rare and localized South African plants. He also wrote some books which are hard to get a hold of now, including one on tuberous pelargonium species which I now wish I had acquired when it was first published. We were driving through the Free State on our way to the midlands of Natal where we were to stay overnight with an expert grower of South African streptocarpus, Martin Kunhardt. As we drove by the dry fields of grass I spied some bright red flowers popping above the grass. They reminded me of bright red lupines, but we didnt have time to stop and look closer. Later on Charles sent me seeds of E. zeyheri, and I grew several plants for the NYBG where I worked at the timee. Some are still there, years later and from what I hear none have flowered in pots. When grown in pots they need plenty of water during their growing season and they can be dried off for winter. The enormous prickly leaves and short stems turn yellow and dehisce as the plant enters dormancy. New shoots arise from the surface of the lignotuber in spring. In pots it its also prone to spider mites.
So when I was growing three more of them in pots at home, I did some research and noted they grow in the highveld which would experience freezing temperatures during winters. I also found out that they tend to grow in wet areas like ditches or near water. So I decided to experiment with one plant, placing it near the front wall of our house and covering it with dried grass and plastic for winter. We had a very cold winter, and despite the plastic the tuber was definitely wet during winter as the plastic did not stop water flowing downslope past the spot where it is planted. I saw a flower spike appear when the plant emerged but it aborted. Yet I did get to see the enormous leaves grow even larger and there were no spider mites to contend with. Inspired, I planted my two remaining plants in an area that has become my South African garden. While I have South African plants in every garden, this area is exclusively for African plants with rare exceptions (such as a Goodenia that was recently given to me and that has some cold hardiness but is from Australia). One of the plants flowered soon after planting and produced one large seed in a bean like pod. All three plants were planted so that the top of the lignotuber is several inches below the ground and a foot or more of bark chips were placed over them for this winter. I find that they can take lots of cold and wet but I am not sure if they can take deep freezing so I protect them in a way that should protect the lignotubers from deep frost. This spring all three came up, but only the one in front of the house decided to flower. It produced numerous spikes of vivid red flowers and, with hand pollination, is currently producing several pods of seeds.
More experience is needed growing this species outside of South Africa, and perhaps even in its native land. I wonder what exactly regulates flowering in this species. How much cold can it take during winter? I have heard that it did not survive in Raleigh North Carolina which has much milder winters than we do, but I imagine the extremely hot summers there might be too much for it. As far as I know no one else other than the person who tried it in NC is growing it in the eastern US and on a recent short trip to California it appears to either not be common or cultivated at all on the west coast. It is worth growing even for its foliage alone, and when the flowers do appear it is a visual treat. I have read that there are albino forms and hope that seed of these variations might one day become available.
I also grow another Erythrina right next to the wall, E. x bidwellii. This is a cross of two American species and it can die back to the root during cold. It needs a very protected spot and some mulch over it for winter in order to survive in NY. It produces long whip like stems with rather wicked thorns and long spikes of red flowers during the summer rather than right after it comes up as does E. zeyheri. It is also fairly brittle so the stems do break easily and are a bit unruly, at least for me. But in spite of these faults it does produce some really pretty flowers and is not particularly difficult to grow. I understand that it can become a small tree or large shrub in places like Texas and Florida where it does not die back to the roots.

5 comments:

I first saw this last year when you posted pictures of this plant. It's a very interesting thing and good job on trying it outside! Being susceptible to spider mites sounds like it wants plenty of moisture. Do you think it's winter dry in it's native haunts?

probably is somewhat dry where it grows in winter but only because rain is rare during that season in the areas it grows. I have noted that the two plants out back do have spider mites, no doubt due to the recent hot spell we had, and I will spray them with miticide (floramite) soon.

I always enjoy your blog. I tried it outside at DBG around 2006 in a protected microclimate against the cactus and succulent house but lost it the first winter. I didn't mulch it as other tender items had survived there quite well. It would be fun to try it again.

I am so jealous of your success with this, Ernie: I'm sure there are very hardy forms as I've seen it in very cold areas in the wild...

Just getting those sources would be the first step--you've been a champion to have done this! Bravo. (Marc ought to have them plant your old collections out at NYBG where they have lots of warm pockets!)...

About Me

I'm a high school biology teacher with a passionate interest in plants for as long as I can remember. I have two horticulture degrees, BS and Ph.D. from Cornell and I've worked at the New York Botanical Garden in the past. My plant interests are quite simple: everything! Still, I have a special affection for South African plants, including, of course, pelargoniums (aka "geraniums").