Coinage Act Of 1857
The
Coinage Act of 1857Coinage Act of 1857 (Act of Feb. 21, 1857, Chap. 56, 34th Cong.,
Sess. III, 11 Stat. 163) was an act of the United States Congress
which ended the status of foreign coins as legal tender, repealing all
acts "authorizing the currency of foreign gold or silver coins".
Specific coins would be exchanged at the Treasury and re-coined. The
act is divided into seven sections.Contents1 Background
2 History
3 Effects
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External linksBackground[edit]
Before the Act, foreign coins, such as the Spanish dollar, were widely
used[1] and allowed as legal tender by the Act of April 10, 1806.[2]
The
Coinage Act of 1857Coinage Act of 1857 also discontinued the half cent. Furthermore,
the penny was reduced in size
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CopperCopperCopper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and
atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very
high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of
pure copper has a reddish-orange color.
CopperCopper is used as a conductor
of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent
of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry,
cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan
used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
CopperCopper is one of the few metals that occur in nature in directly
usable metallic form (native metals) as opposed to needing extraction
from an ore. This led to very early human use, from c. 8000 BC. It was
the first metal to be smelted from its ore, c. 5000 BC, the first
metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c
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Library Of Congress
The
Library of CongressLibrary of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially
serves the
United StatesUnited States Congress and is the de facto national library
of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in
the United States. The Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol
Hill in Washington, D.C.; it also maintains the Packard Campus in
Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual
Conservation Center.[3]
The
Library of CongressLibrary of Congress claims to be the largest library in the
world.[4][5] Its "collections are universal, not limited by subject,
format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all
parts of the world and in more than 450 languages
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JSTORJSTORJSTOR (/ˈdʒeɪstɔːr/ JAY-stor;[3] short for Journal Storage) is a
digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back
issues of academic journals, it now also includes books and primary
sources, and current issues of journals.[4] It provides full-text
searches of almost 2,000 journals.[5] As of 2013, more than 8,000
institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JSTOR;[5] most
access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is
freely available to anyone.[6] JSTOR's revenue was $69 million in
2014.[7]Contents1 History
2 Content
3 Access3.1
Aaron SwartzAaron Swartz incident
3.2 Limitations
3.3 Increasing public access4 Use
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External linksHistory[edit]
William G
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Digital Object Identifier
In computing, a Digital Object Identifier or DOI is a persistent
identifier or handle used to uniquely identify objects, standardized
by the
International Organization for StandardizationInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO).[1] An
implementation of the Handle System,[2][3] DOIs are in wide use mainly
to identify academic, professional, and government information, such
as journal articles, research reports and data sets, and official
publications though they also have been used to identify other types
of information resources, such as commercial videos.
A DOI aims to be "resolvable", usually to some form of access to the
information object to which the DOI refers. This is achieved by
binding the DOI to metadata about the object, such as a URL,
indicating where the object can be found. Thus, by being actionable
and interoperable, a DOI differs from identifiers such as ISBNs and
ISRCs which aim only to uniquely identify their referents
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American MemoryAmerican MemoryAmerican Memory is an Internet-based archive for public domain image
resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content. It is
published by the Library of Congress. The archive came into existence
on October 13, 1994, after $13 million was raised in private
donations.[1]
History[edit]
The pilot for the
American MemoryAmerican Memory project was a digitization program
which started in 1990. Selected
Library of CongressLibrary of Congress holdings including
examples of film, video, audio recordings, books and photographs were
digitized and distributed on
LaserdiscLaserdisc and CD-ROM. When the World Wide
Web accelerated in 1993, the pilot program was refocused to deliver
digitized materials by way of the internet.[2][3]
The National Digital Library was created through bipartisan support in
the United States Congress
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Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos ["alone" or "single"] and
πωλεῖν pōleîn ["to sell"]) exists when a specific person or
enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. This
contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control
of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which
consists of a few sellers dominating a market.[2] Monopolies are thus
characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or
service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a
high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads
to a high monopoly profit.[3] The verb monopolise or monopolize refers
to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or
exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller
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Money Supply
In economics, the money supply (or money stock) is the total value of
monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time.[1] There
are several ways to define "money", but standard measures usually
include currency in circulation and demand deposits (depositors'
easily accessed assets on the books of financial institutions).[2][3]
MoneyMoney supply data are recorded and published, usually by the
government or the central bank of the country. Public and private
sector analysts have long monitored changes in the money supply
because of the belief that it affects the price level, inflation, the
exchange rate and the business cycle.[4]
That relation between money and prices is historically associated with
the quantity theory of money. There is strong empirical evidence of a
direct relation between money-supply growth and long-term price
inflation, at least for rapid increases in the amount of money in the
economy
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Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character.[1] An alloy may be
a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of
metallic phases (two or more solutions).
Intermetallic compounds are
alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl
phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types
(see also:
Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangleVan Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying
bonding in binary compounds).
Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications. In some cases, a
combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material
while preserving important properties. In other cases, the combination
of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal
elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength
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NickelNickelNickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It
is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel
belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel,
powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant
chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under
standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and
prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel
is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic
rocks,[4][5] and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites
that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the
origin of those elements as major end products of supernova
nucleosynthesis
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James B. Longacre
James Barton Longacre (August 11, 1794 – January 1, 1869) was an
American portraitist and engraver, and from 1844 until his death the
fourth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint. Longacre is best
known for designing the Indian Head cent, which entered commerce in
1859, and for the designs of the Shield nickel, Flying Eagle cent and
other coins of the mid-19th century.
Longacre was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania in 1794. He ran
away to Philadelphia at age 12, becoming an apprentice in a bookstore.
His artistic talent developed and he was released to apprentice in an
engraving firm. He struck out on his own in 1819, making a name
providing illustrations for popular biographical books. He portrayed
the leading men of his day; support from some of them, such as South
Carolina Senator John C
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United States Mint
The
United StatesUnited States Mint produces circulating coinage for the United
States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the
movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money; that
responsibility belongs to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The
Mint was created in
PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other
centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There
are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver,
San Francisco, and West Point.Contents1 History
2 Current facilities2.1 Philadelphia
2.2 Denver
2.3 San Francisco
2.4 West Point
2.5 Fort Knox3 Functions
4 Mintmarks
5 See also
6 References
7 External linksHistory[edit]The First US Branch Mint in California is located at 608–619
Commercial Street, San Francisco, San Francisco County. The branch
opened on April 3, 1854
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Andrew JacksonAndrew JacksonAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American
soldier and statesman who served as the seventh president of the
United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the
presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army
and served in both houses of Congress. As president, Jackson sought to
advance the rights of the "common man"[1] against a "corrupt
aristocracy"[2] and to preserve the Union.
Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade
before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier
lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He served briefly in the
U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate representing
Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee
Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later
known as the Hermitage, and became a wealthy, slaveowning planter
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