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Provides a comprehensive, one-stop reference for anybody wanting to get up to speed on the telecommunications industry.

Lillian Goleniewski is Founder and President of the LIDO Organization, Inc., an internationally acclaimed provider of education, information, and advisory services in the area of telecommunications technologies, services and networks.

Ms. Goleniewski lectures extensively on telecommunications technology and management topics throughout the world. She is the author and creator of LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® (www.telecomessentials.com). Ms. Goleniewski’s seminars and eLearning series have been conducted on an international basis since 1984, and are offered throughout Asia, Australia/New Zealand, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and South America.

Prior to forming the LIDO Organization, Ms. Goleniewski held the position of telecommunications operations manager at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the research and development arm of the U.S. utility industry. Before joining EPRI, Ms. Goleniewski was vice-president of operations for a San Francisco-based telecommunications consulting firm.

Ms. Goleniewski graduated Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. She holds a B.A. in psychology and has completed numerous post-graduate studies in information technologies as well as psychology. Ms. Goleniewski was the recipient of a NSF Award to conduct research in the area of human perception and information processing.

About the Author

xxi

About LIDO

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

Introduction: Understanding the Broadband Evolution

xxix

Part I Communications Fundamentals

1

(142)

Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals

3

(38)

Transmission Lines

3

(8)

Circuits

4

(2)

Channels

6

(1)

Lines and Trunks

6

(3)

Virtual Circuits

9

(2)

Types of Network Connections

11

(1)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Bandwidth

11

(7)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

11

(4)

Bandwidth

15

(3)

Analog and Digital Transmission

18

(5)

Analog Transmission

18

(1)

Digital Transmission

19

(1)

Analog Versus Digital Transmission

20

(1)

Conversion: Codecs and Modems

20

(3)

Multiplexing

23

(10)

FDM

26

(1)

TDM

26

(1)

STDM

27

(1)

Intelligent Multiplexing

28

(2)

Inverse Multiplexing

30

(1)

WDM, DWDM, and CWDM

30

(3)

Political and Regulatory Forces in Telecommunications

33

(8)

Regulatory Background

34

(1)

The Policy and Regulatory Players

34

(1)

The Main Regulatory Issues

35

(1)

Internet Governance

36

(1)

Standards Organizations

37

(4)

Traditional Transmission Media

41

(42)

Twisted-Pair

44

(7)

Characteristics of Twisted-Pair

44

(1)

Categories of Twisted-Pair

45

(2)

Applications of Twisted-Pair

47

(1)

Analog and Digital Twisted-Pair

47

(3)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Twisted-Pair

50

(1)

Coaxial Cable

51

(3)

Characteristics of Coaxial Cable

52

(1)

Applications of Coaxial Cable

53

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable

53

(1)

Microwave

54

(7)

Characteristics of Microwave

55

(1)

Traditional Applications of Microwave

56

(4)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave

60

(1)

The New Era of Microwave: Wireless Broadband

60

(1)

Satellite

61

(12)

Frequency Allocations of Satellite

63

(2)

Satellite Network Segments

65

(1)

Satellite Orbits

66

(4)

Applications of Satellite

70

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Satellite

72

(1)

Fiber Optics

73

(10)

Characteristics of Fiber Optics

73

(1)

Components of Fiber Optics

74

(2)

How Fiber-Optic Transmission Works

76

(1)

Innovations in Fiber Optics: EDFAs and WDM

77

(1)

Applications of Fiber Optics

78

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics

79

(4)

Establishing Communications Channels

83

(20)

Establishing Connections: Networking Modes and Switching Modes

83

(17)

Networking Modes

84

(2)

Switching Modes

86

(14)

The PSTN Versus the Internet

100

(3)

PSTN Characteristics

100

(1)

Internet Characteristics

101

(1)

Converging Networks: Next-Generation Networks

101

(2)

The PSTN

103

(40)

The PSTN Infrastructure

103

(11)

Service Providers

105

(1)

Network Access

106

(1)

Access Services

107

(2)

Transport Services

109

(2)

PSTN Architecture

111

(3)

The Transport Network Infrastructure

114

(15)

The PDH Infrastructure

114

(9)

The SDH/SONET Infrastructure

123

(6)

Signaling Systems

129

(6)

SS7 Architecture

132

(3)

Intelligent Networks

135

(3)

AINs

136

(2)

SS7 and Next-Generation Networks

138

(5)

Next-Generation Networks and the PSTN

140

(3)

Part II Data Networking and the Internet

143

(166)

Data Communications Basics

145

(28)

The Evolution of Data Communications

145

(7)

Data Communications Architectures

145

(5)

Data Communications Traffic

150

(2)

Data Flow

152

(13)

The DTE, the DCE, the Transmission Channel, and the Physical Interface

152

(2)

Modems and Modulation

154

(5)

Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Data Transmission

159

(1)

Coding Schemes: ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, and Beyond

160

(2)

Transmission Modes: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

162

(2)

Error Control

164

(1)

The OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Reference Model

165

(8)

The OSI Seven-Layer Reference Model

166

(2)

The TCP/IP Four-Layer Reference Model

168

(2)

The TCP Stack Versus the OSI Model

170

(3)

Local Area Networking

173

(28)

LAN Basics

173

(3)

LAN Concepts and Benefits

174

(1)

LAN Components

175

(1)

LAN Characteristics

176

(11)

LAN Transmission Media

176

(1)

LAN Transport Techniques and Standards

177

(5)

LAN Access Methods

182

(3)

LAN Topologies

185

(2)

LAN Interconnection and Internetworking

187

(14)

Hubs

187

(2)

LAN Switches

189

(2)

VLANs

191

(1)

Bridges

192

(2)

Routers

194

(4)

IP Switches

198

(3)

Wide Area Networking

201

(44)

Circuit-Switched Networks

203

(12)

Networks Based on Leased Lines

203

(9)

Networks Based on ISDN

212

(3)

Packet-Switched Networks

215

(30)

X.25

219

(2)

Frame Relay

221

(8)

ATM

229

(9)

IP and ATM

238

(7)

The Internet and IP Infrastructures

245

(64)

Internet Basics

245

(23)

A Brief History of the Internet

247

(4)

What the Internet Is and How It Works

251

(3)

Internet Protocols

254

(10)

Internet Network Architectures

264

(4)

Internet Addressing and Address Resolution

268

(16)

Addressing and Routing Schemes

269

(2)

IPv4 Addressing

271

(4)

IPv6 Addressing

275

(5)

DNS

280

(4)

The Organization of the Internet

284

(11)

The Evolution of the POP Architecture

285

(4)

Internet Challenges and Changes

289

(2)

Service Providers and Interconnection

291

(4)

IP QoS

295

(8)

QoS Mechanisms

295

(1)

Queuing Mechanisms

296

(3)

The IP QoS Continuum

299

(4)

What's Next on the Internet

303

(6)

The Next-Generation Internet

303

(1)

The Interplanetary Internet

304

(1)

Internet-Enabled Devices

305

(1)

RFID Applications

305

(1)

SIP Telephony

306

(1)

Digital Objects and Libraries

306

(1)

The Semantic Web

306

(3)

Part III The New Generation of Networks

309

(238)

IP Services

311

(72)

The Evolution to IP Services

311

(2)

IPT

313

(29)

The IPT Evolution

314

(4)

The IPT Network

318

(6)

Standards for IP Voice

324

(6)

VoIP Call-Signaling Protocols

330

(9)

ENUM: Telephone Number Mapping

339

(3)

IPTV

342

(3)

IPTV Versus Streaming Media

343

(1)

The IPTV Architecture

344

(1)

VPNs

345

(38)

Key VPN Concepts

347

(12)

Types of IP VPNs

359

(15)

VPN Security

374

(9)

Next-Generation Networks

383

(68)

The Broadband Evolution

384

(5)

Communications Traffic Trends

384

(1)

Communications Backbone Trends

385

(1)

Communications Bandwidth Trends

386

(1)

Communications Application Trends

387

(1)

Broadband Applications

388

(1)

Multimedia Networking Requirements

389

(20)

Digital Video

390

(6)

Television Standards

396

(13)

The Broadband Infrastructure

409

(2)

Converging Public Infrastructures

410

(1)

Broadband Service Requirements

410

(1)

Next-Generation Networks and Convergence

411

(7)

Convergence in Different Industry Segments

412

(2)

Arguments for Convergence

414

(1)

Regulatory Effects on Convergence

414

(1)

Converging Public Infrastructures

415

(1)

Convergence in the Service Environment

416

(2)

The Next-Generation Network Infrastructure

418

(33)

The IP Multimedia Subsystem

420

(5)

The Next-Generation Network Architecture

425

(7)

The Multiservice Intelligent Edge

432

(5)

Quality of Service

437

(8)

The MPLS Architecture

445

(6)

Optical Networking

451

(38)

Optical Networking Today and Tomorrow

451

(5)

Drivers of Optical Networking

452

(1)

Network Reality Today

453

(3)

Bandwidth Abundance

456

(1)

End-to-End Optical Networking

456

(15)

Optical Line Amplifiers: EDFAs, Raman Amplifiers, and SOAs

457

(1)

WDM Equipment

458

(5)

OADMs

463

(1)

Optical Switches

464

(5)

Integrated Photonic Circuits

469

(1)

Optical Network Management

470

(1)

The Optical Edge

471

(2)

Next-Generation Digital Loop Carriers

471

(1)

PONs

472

(1)

MSPPs

472

(1)

The Optical Core: Overlay Versus Peer-to-Peer Networking Models

473

(10)

The Overlay Model

476

(2)

The Peer-to-Peer Model

478

(5)

The Overlay and Peer-to-Peer Models Compared

483

(1)

The IP+Optical Control Plane

483

(5)

GMPLS

485

(2)

UNI

487

(1)

ASON

487

(1)

The Migration to Optical Networking

488

(1)

Broadband Access Alternatives

489

(58)

Drivers of Broadband Access

489

(3)

DSL Technology

492

(17)

How DSL Works

493

(1)

Characteristics and Properties of DSL

494

(5)

HDSL

499

(1)

SDSL

500

(1)

G.SHDSL

501

(2)

ADSL

503

(2)

ADSL2

505

(1)

ADSL2+

506

(1)

ADSL2-RE

507

(1)

RADSL

507

(1)

VDSL

508

(1)

VDSL2

508

(1)

Cable TV Networks

509

(13)

HFC Architecture

510

(2)

Cable Modems and CMTSs

512

(1)

Cable Modem Standards

513

(8)

The Future of Cable TV Networks

521

(1)

Fiber Solutions

522

(7)

FTTx

523

(2)

PONs

525

(4)

Wireless Broadband

529

(1)

Broadband PLT

530

(4)

PLT Architecture

530

(2)

The Future of PLT

532

(2)

HANs

534

(13)

The HAN Market, Applications, and Elements

535

(1)

Types of HANs

536

(8)

HAN Gateways and Servers

544

(1)

Planning for the Future of HANs

544

(3)

Part IV Wireless Communications

547

(168)

Wireless Communications Basics

549

(30)

A Brief History of Wireless Telecommunications

550

(3)

Wireless Communications Regulations Issues

553

(1)

Wireless Impairments

554

(2)

Antennas

556

(4)

Phased-Array Antennas

557

(1)

Magnetic Polarization Antennas

558

(1)

MIMO Antennas

558

(2)

Wireless Bandwidth

560

(1)

Wireless Signal Modulation

560

(3)

Single-Carrier Modulation Techniques

561

(1)

Multicarrier Modulation Techniques

562

(1)

Spectrum Utilization

563

(16)

Using the Available Radio Spectrum

563

(12)

Duplexing Techniques

575

(1)

Compression Techniques

576

(3)

Wireless WANs

579

(38)

Analog Transmission

581

(5)

1G Analog Cellular Networks

581

(2)

1G Wireless Data Networks

583

(3)

Digital Cellular Radio

586

(6)

GSM

588

(2)

UWC

590

(1)

cdmaOne

590

(2)

PDC

592

(1)

Enhanced Data Services

592

(5)

HSCSD

593

(1)

GPRS

593

(2)

EDGE

595

(1)

GERAN

596

(1)

Messaging Services Standards

596

(1)

Moving Toward Broadband Wireless

597

(14)

3G Standards

599

(10)

3G Deployment Issues

609

(2)

Beyond 3G

611

(1)

Wireless Broadband

612

(2)

Intelligent Technologies

614

(3)

WMANs, WLANs, and WPANs

617

(70)

WMANs

618

(20)

BFWA

619

(2)

IEEE 802.16 (WiMax)

621

(5)

WiBro

626

(1)

IEEE 802.20 (Mobile-Fi)

627

(1)

ETSI BRAN

628

(2)

iBurst

630

(2)

Flash-OFDM

632

(2)

DMB

634

(2)

VF

636

(2)

WLANs

638

(22)

Wi-Fi

640

(2)

IEEE 802.11x Standards

642

(4)

WLAN Security

646

(2)

VoWLAN

648

(3)

The Integration of WLANs and Cellular Networks

651

(3)

Mesh Networks

654

(6)

WPANs

660

(27)

IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)

661

(3)

IEEE 802.15.3 (WPAN-HR and WPAN-AHR)

664

(1)

UWB

665

(5)

IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)

670

(4)

RFID

674

(9)

NFC

683

(4)

Emerging Wireless Applications

687

(28)

The Handset Revolution

688

(5)

From Mobile Phones to Multimedia Handsets

689

(2)

Software-Defined Radio

691

(1)

Cognitive Radio

692

(1)

Mobile IP

693

(3)

The IP Multimedia Subsystem

696

(6)

Push-to-Talk

700

(1)

Presence-Based Services

701

(1)

Mobile Gaming

702

(4)

Mobile Game Categories

703

(1)

Mobile Game Platforms

704

(2)

Mobile Video

706

(1)

Mobile TV

707

(5)

DMB

708

(1)

DVB-H

709

(1)

ISDB

710

(1)

MediaFLO

710

(2)

Mobile Content

712

(3)

Glossary

715

(104)

Index

819

I love telecommunications. It is powerful and it empowers, with far-reaching consequences. It has demonstrated the potential to transform society and business, and the revolution has only just begun. With the invention of the telephone, human communications and commerce were forever changed: Time and distance began to melt away as barriers to doing business, keeping in touch with loved ones, and being able to immediately respond to major world events. Through the use of computers and telecommunications networks, humans have been able to extend their powers of thinking, influence, and productivity, just as those in the Industrial Age were able to extend the power of their muscles, or physical self, through the use of heavy machinery. Today, new inventions and developments are again poised to make telecommunications a force to be reckoned with, forever changing human communications and commerce, and introducing machines as members of the networked society. This is an exciting era, and we face a host of new telecommunications technologies and applications that bring breathtaking new opportunities, particularly in the industries of entertainment, education, health care, government, advertising, lifestyle, and, sadly, warfare. Although the information and communications technologies (ICT) industry has suffered greatly in recent years, exciting developments continue unabated in many areas that are key to the ongoing evolution of broadband devices, applications, and network infrastructures. These remarkable developments are propelling broadband evolution, creating good reasons to pursue next-generation networks. What This Book Covers The rapid progress in embedded devices, intelligent wearables, virtual reality, robotics, grid computing, and real-time communications is ushering in a new era of applicationsapplications that require enormous bandwidth, low latencies, minimal loss, guaranteed performance, wireless broadband, and converged infrastructures. This book provides a thorough foundation for understanding a wide range of telecommunications principles and technologies. It provides a concentrated, high-level overview of the terminology and issues that comprise telecommunications, and it discusses the major telecommunications infrastructures, including the PSTN, the Internet, cable TV, and wireless. It also examines the latest perspectives and developments governing next-generation networks, including next-generation architectures, infrastructures, IP telephony, VPNs, broadband access alternatives, and broadband wireless applications. Even though the ICT industry has gone through some hard times lately, logic dictates that we can only look forward to greater emphasis on the use of ICT. The book is divided into four parts: Part I, "Communications Fundamentals," explains the basics, the arts and sciences of telecommunications. It begins by explaining the factors that are contributing to the telecommunications revolution and talks about some of the exciting new technologies that are on the horizon. Part I gives you a good grounding in the basics of telecommunications technology and terminology, covering communications fundamentals, and including the characteristics and uses of the various transmission media. Part I also discusses the processes involved in establishing communications channels, examining the differences between circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, and it explores the nature of the traditional PSTN. Part II, "Data Networking and the Internet," introduces the basics of data communications and networking. It discusses today's local area and wide area networking alternatives, as well as how the public Internet is structured. It also explores next-generation network services, such as VPNs, VoIP, and IPTV. Part III, "Next-Generation Networks," explores the realm o