The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is miles km long and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province.By volume the Columbia is the fourthlargest river in the United States it has the greatest flow of any North American river draining into the Pacific. The rivers heavy flow and relatively steep gradient gives it tremendous potential for the generation of electricity. The hydroelectric dams on the Columbias main stem and many more on its tributaries produce more than 44% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation – much more hydroelectric power than those of any other North American river.The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the regions culture and economy for thousands of years. They have been used for transportation since ancient times linking the many cultural groups of the region. The river system hosts many species of anadromous fish which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. These fish—especially the salmon species—provided the core subsistence for native peoples in past centuries Indigenous peoples traveled across western North America to the Columbia to trade for fish.In the late 18th century a private American ship became the first nonindigenous vessel to enter the river it was followed by a British explorer who navigated past the Oregon Coast Range into the Willamette Valley. In the following decades fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route. Overland explorers entered the Willamette Valley through the scenic but treacherous Columbia River Gorge and pioneers began to settle the valley in increasing numbers following both routes to enter it. Steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century many running along the river supplemented these links.

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erugliotherium is a genus o/ /ossil mammals /rom the Campanian and/or Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous, around 70 million years ago) o/ Argentina in the /amily /erugliotheriidae. It contains a single species, /erugliotherium windhauseni, which was /irst described in 1986. Originally interpreted as a member o/ Multituberculata, an extinct group o/ small, rodent-like mammals, on the basis o/ a single brachydont (low-crowned) molar, it was recognized as related to the hypsodont (high-crowned) Sudamericidae a/ter the discovery o/ additional material in the early 1990s. A/ter a jaw o/ the sudamericid Sudamerica was described in 1999, these animals (collectively known as However, in 1990 David W. Krause and Bonaparte argued that Gondwanatheria, including /erugliotherium (/amily /erugliotheriidae), Gondwanatherium, and Sudamerica (/amily Sudamericidae), should be placed within Multituberculata. Two years later, Krause, Bonaparte, and Zo/ia Kielan-Jaworowska described additional material o/ /erugliotherium (which they tentatively placed in the multituberculate suborder Plagiaulacoidea) and suggested that the supposed upper molars o/ Vucetichia were in /act heavily worn /irst lower molari/orms (m/1) o/ /erugliotherium. In 1993, Krause described an unworn m/1 o/ /erugliotherium and con/irmed that Vucetichia was based on worn specimens o/ /erugliotherium and there/ore a synonym o/ the latter. In the same year, he and Bonaparte argued once again that /erugliotherium, Gondwanatherium, and Sudamerica /ormed a closely related group o/ multituberculates, which they called the super/amily Gondwanatherioidea. Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte described a lower jaw /ragment with a multituberculate-like lower /ourth premolar (p4) /rom Los Alamitos in 1996 and tentatively identi/ied it as /erugliotherium. On the basis o/ the morphological /eatures o/ the jaw /ragment, they arg

prominent city-state in ancient Greece. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (ΛακεδαÎ¯μων, LakedaímÅn), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at a great cost of lives lost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. However, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. It then underwent a long period of decline, especially in the Middle Ages, when many Spartans moved to live in Mystras. Modern Sparta is the capital of the Greek regional unit of Laconia and a center for the processing of goods such as citrus and olives.Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which configured their entire society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, and completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), perioikoi (free residents, literally "dwellers around"), and helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical antiquity.Sparta was the subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning.[n 1] This love or admiration of Sparta is known as Laconism or Laconophilia. At its peak around 500 BC

On 24 June 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother Countess Teresa and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava, thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso then turned his arms against the Moors in the south.Afonso's campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique, and straight after was unanimously proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal, as a fief ofthe Kingdom of León, was transformed into the independent Kingdom of Portugal.Afonso then established the first of the Portuguese Cortes at Lamego, where he was crowned by the Archbishop of Braga, though the validity of the Cortes of Lamego has been disputed and called a myth created during the Portuguese Restoration War. Afonso was recognized in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.During the Reconquista period, Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Moorish domination. Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors. At this time, Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve and complete expulsion of the last Moorish settlements on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions.In one of these situations of conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Dinis I of Portugal signed with the king Fernando IV of Castile (which was represented, when being a minor, by his mother the queen Maria de Molina) the Treaty of Alcañices (1297), which stipulated that Portugal abolished agreed treaties against the kingdom of Castile for supporting the infant Juan de Castilla. This treaty established inter alia the border demarcation between the kingdom of Portugal and the kingdom of Leon, where the disputed town of Olivenza was included.The reigns of Dinis I (Denis I), Afonso IV (Alphons IV), and Pedro I (Peter I) for the most part saw peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia.