Appendix
Biographical Sketches of Contributors

Lise Bathum is a specialist in clinical biochemistry and chief physician in the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at Slagelse Hospital in Region Zealand, Denmark. Previously she was associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Southern Denmark and also biobank director of the Danish Twin Registry (2002-2006). She has conducted numerous studies in the field of pharmacogenetics. Her main research fields are twin studies and genetic research on aging-related phenotypes in order to estimate the impact of genes on aging. She has an M.D. and a Ph.D., both from the University of Southern Denmark.

Daniel J. Benjamin is assistant professor in the Department of Economics at Cornell University. His research focuses on psychological economics, incorporating ideas and methods from psychology into economic analysis. Currently his work includes an empirical analysis of the importance of politicians’ charisma (as measured by laboratory subjects) in determining election outcomes and a theoretical analysis of how individuals’ concern for fairness affects the efficiency of economic exchange. Ongoing work addresses how economic preferences are influenced by psychological/biological factors, such as cognitive ability, social identity (ethnicity, race, and gender), and specific genes. He has an M.Sc. in mathematical economics from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University.

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Appendix
Biographical Sketches of Contributors
Lise Bathum is a specialist in clinical biochemistry and chief physician in
the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at Slagelse Hospital in Region
Zealand, Denmark. Previously she was associate professor of epidemiol-
ogy at the University of Southern Denmark and also biobank director
of the Danish Twin Registry (2002-2006). She has conducted numerous
studies in the field of pharmacogenetics. Her main research fields are
twin studies and genetic research on aging-related phenotypes in order
to estimate the impact of genes on aging. She has an M.D. and a Ph.D.,
both from the University of Southern Denmark.
Daniel j. Benjamin is assistant professor in the Department of Economics
at Cornell University. His research focuses on psychological economics,
incorporating ideas and methods from psychology into economic analy-
sis. Currently his work includes an empirical analysis of the importance
of politicians’ charisma (as measured by laboratory subjects) in deter-
mining election outcomes and a theoretical analysis of how individuals’
concern for fairness affects the efficiency of economic exchange. Ongoing
work addresses how economic preferences are influenced by psychologi-
cal/biological factors, such as cognitive ability, social identity (ethnicity,
race, and gender), and specific genes. He has an M.Sc. in mathematical
economics from the London School of Economics and Political Science
and a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University.
0

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gary g. Berntson is professor of psychology, psychiatry, and pediatrics
at Ohio State University. He is coeditor of the Social Neuroscience Book
Series, the Handbook of Psychophysiology, and the Handbook of Neurosci�
ence for the Behavioral Sciences. He is an officer and board member of the
Society for Psychophysiological Research and a fellow of the American
Psychological Society, the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, and the International Organization for Psychophysiology. His
research interests include functional organization of brain mechanisms
underlying behavioral and affective processes, multiple levels of organi-
zation and analysis in neurobehavioral systems, bottom-up and top-down
processes in autonomic regulation, and the social neuroscience of health
and disease. He has a Ph.D. in psychobiology and life sciences from the
University of Minnesota and spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher
at Rockefeller University.
john T. Cacioppo is the Tiffany and Margaret Blake distinguished service
professor at the University of Chicago and director of the University of
the Chicago Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience. He is also pres-
ident of the Association for Psychological Science. His current research
is in the area of social neuroscience, with an emphasis on the effects of
social isolation and the mechanisms underlying effective versus ineffec-
tive social connection. Among his many awards, he received the Distin-
guished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological
Association, the Campbell Award from the Society for Personality and
Social Psychology, and the Troland Award from the National Academy of
Sciences. He is the former editor of Psychophysiology and a former associ-
ate editor of Psychological Review, Perspectives on Psychological Science, and
Psychophysiology. He has a Ph.D. from Ohio State University.
Christopher F. Chabris is assistant professor in the Department of Psy-
chology at Union College. Previously he was lecturer and research associ-
ate in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University. His research
interests include individual differences in human cognition and their rela-
tionship to brain function and structure, molecular genetics of cognition
and decision making, and behavioral economics and cognitive biases. His
work has been published in such journals as Nature, Psychological Science,
and Neuropsychologia, and has been covered by news media worldwide.
He has a Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University.
Ming-Cheng Chang is chair and professor in the Institute of Healthcare
Administration at Asia University and a scientific adviser to the Bureau
of Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, in Taiwan. His past academic
working experiences include senior associate, School of Hygiene and

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APPENDIX
Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; research fellow, Institute of
Economics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; and director, Taiwan Provincial
Institute of Family Planning. He has a Ph.D. in demography from the
University of Pennsylvania.
kaare Christensen is professor of epidemiology in the Institute of Public
Health at the University of Southern Denmark and senior research scien-
tist at the Terry Sanford Institute at Duke University. He is also director
of the Danish Twin Registry and deputy director of the international
research program the Oldest-Old Mortality. He has served on numerous
working groups and advisory panels of the National Research Council
and the National Institute on Aging. He has conducted a long series of
studies among twins and the elderly in order to shed light on the con-
tribution of genes and environment in aging and longevity. He has a
long-standing interest in the relation between early life events and later
life health outcomes and is engaged in interdisciplinary aging research
combining methods from epidemiology, genetics, and demography. He
has M.D., Ph.D., and D.MSc. degrees from the University of Southern
Denmark.
Lene Christiansen is associate professor at epidemiology in the Institute
of Public Health at the University of Southern Denmark and director of
the biobank in the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Danish Twin Reg-
istry. She also heads the associated genetic laboratory. Her main focus of
research is in the study of the genetics of aging and longevity. She has an
M.Sc. and a Ph.D. from the University of Southern Denmark.
Shah Ebrahim is an epidemiologist with a clinical background in geriatric
medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. His
research spans interests in the use of genetic polymorphisms to test the
effects of environmental exposures (termed Mendelian randomization),
the causes of heart disease and stroke in women, the effects of migra-
tion on obesity and diabetes in India, and the determinants of locomotor
disability in old age. He is coordinating editor of the Cochrane Heart
Group and coeditor of the International Journal of Epidemiology. He has an
M.Sc. and a D.M., both from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine.
Douglas C. Ewbank is research professor at the Population Studies
Center at the University of Pennsylvania. His current research involves
the application of demographic methods to the study of differences in
mortality by genotype. Previously he worked on African demography,
American historical demography, and Alzheimer disease. He has served

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many professional organizations, including on the board of directors of
the Population Association of America, the Steering Committee for the
Health and Retirement Committee, and the National Institutes of Health
Study Section SNEM-3. He has M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton
University.
Elizabeth Frankenberg is associate professor in the Department of Public
Policy Studies at Duke University. Her research interests include health
and mortality, family decision making, developing economies, and South-
east Asia. She has authored and coauthored many publications and arti-
cles on such topics as health care, health and mortality, labor economics,
and fertility and reproduction. She has an M.P.A from Princeton Univer-
sity, and a Ph.D. in demography and sociology from the University of
Pennsylvania.
Edward L. glaeser is the Fred and Eleanor Glimp professor of econom-
ics on the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, where he
has taught since 1992. He is also director of the Taubman Center for State
and Local Government and director of the Rappaport Institute of Greater
Boston. He teaches urban and social economics and microeconomic the-
ory. He has published papers on cities, economic growth, and law and
economics. In particular, his work has focused on the determinants of
city growth and the role of cities as centers of idea transmission. He edits
the Quarterly Journal of Economics. He has a Ph.D. from the University of
Chicago (1992).
Dana A. glei is a research demographer at the University of California,
Berkeley, where she currently serves as project coordinator for the Human
Mortality Database project. She also works as a research consultant on the
Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan. Over the
past 13 years, she has published articles on a variety of topics related to
health, marriage and the family, and poverty. She has a Ph.D. in sociology
from Princeton University.
Noreen goldman is the Hughes-Rogers professor of demography and
public affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School and acting director of the
Office of Population of Research at Princeton University. She conducts
research in areas of demography and epidemiology, and her current
research examines the role of social and economic factors on adult health
and the physiological pathways through which these factors operate.
She has designed several large-scale health surveys in Latin America
and Taiwan. She has served as a member of the board of the Guttmacher

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Institute, a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral
Sciences, the Institute of Medicine’s Board on Global Health, the National
Research Council’s Committee on National Statistics, and the Population
Research Subcommittee of the National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development. She has also served in various capacities at the
Population Association of America and the International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population. She has a D.Sc. from Harvard University.
Harald H.H. göring is an associate scientist in the Department of Genet-
ics at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio,
Texas. He has a Ph.D. from Columbia University, where he worked on
statistical methods for gene mapping. He continued his training as a
postdoctoral scientist at the Southwest Foundation, where he expanded
his research focus to quantitative traits. His research now focuses on the
localization and characterization of genetic variation influencing human
traits, with an emphasis on the development of statistical methods and
study designs. To complement his methodological work, he is involved
in applied gene mapping studies with collaborators worldwide, focusing
on a wide variety of human characteristics, including rare Mendelian
disorders, complex diseases, and quantitative traits.
Tara L. gruenewald is an assistant professor in the Department of Medi-
cine/Geriatrics at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research
interests focus on psychological and social factors that impact function-
ing and health outcomes across the life span, including the biological
pathways through which psychosocial variables influence health. She
has a Ph.D. in psychology and an M.P.H. in health services, both from the
University of California, Los Angeles.
vilmundur gudnason is director of the Icelandic Heart Association
Research Institute and an associate professor in cardiovascular genet-
ics at the University of Iceland. He worked for nine years as a senior
research fellow at the Centre for Genetics of Cardiovascular Disorders
at the University College London School of Medicine. For the past seven
years, he has worked on obtaining detailed and extensive phenotypes in
large population-based samples to study genetic contributions to traits
of common complex chronic diseases. The work takes advantage of the
homogenous Icelandic population. He is the principal investigator for the
AGES Reykjavik study, based on the 40-year-long Reykjavik study, and
for the REFINE Reykjavik study of younger generations. He has a medi-
cal degree from the University of Iceland and a Ph.D. in genetics from
University College London.

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jennifer R. Harris is a senior researcher in the Department of Genes of
Environment, Division of Epidemiology, at the Norwegian Institute of
Public Health (NIPH) in Oslo. She is the founder of the NIPH twin study,
which merges her interests in life-span development with genetics. Cur-
rently she is involved in several twin research projects of physical health,
mental health, and epigenetics. She leads the European Union FP6 coordi-
nation action promoting the Harmonization of Epidemiological Biobanks
in Europe and also led the Norwegian participation in the GenomEUtwin
project, in which she focused on studies of body mass index and was in
charge of the GenomEUtwin Ethics Core. She is also a special expert at
the U.S. National Institute on Aging, developing research directions inte-
grating genetics/genomics with behavioral and social research. She has a
Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
Tamara B. Harris is chief of the Geriatric Epidemiology Section, Epidemi-
ology, Demography, and Biometry Program, in the National Institute on
Aging of the National Institutes of Health. Prior to this she worked at the
Office of Analysis and Epidemiology at the National Center for Health
Statistics. Her research interests focus on how the role of the geriatric
epidemiology section integrates molecular and genetic epidemiology with
interdisciplinary studies of functional outcomes, disease endpoints, and
mortality in older persons. This includes identification of novel risk fac-
tors and design of studies involving biomarkers, selected polymorphisms,
and exploration of gene/environment interactions. The section has been
particularly active in devising methods to integrate promising molecu-
lar or imaging techniques in ways that begin to explore the physiology
underlying epidemiological associations, including adaptation of imaging
protocols to epidemiological studies. She has an M.S. in epidemiology
from the Harvard School of Public Health, an M.S. in human nutrition
from Columbia University College of Physician’s and Surgeons, and an
M.D. from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
john Hobcraft is professor of demography and social policy at the Uni-
versity of York. He is also a visiting research fellow at Princeton Uni-
versity. He chairs the Consortium Board and the International Working
Group for the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s Gen-
erations and Gender Programme. He is an elected member of Academia
Europaea and was an editor of Population Studies for 25 years. His research
interests include intergenerational and life-course pathways to adult social
exclusion; understanding human reproductive behavior; the role of gender
in human behavior; population policies; and understanding genetic, evo-
lutionary, mind, brain; and endocrinological pathways and their interplays

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with behavior. He has a B.Sc. in economics from the London School of Eco-
nomics and Political Science.
Christine M. kaefer is a scientific information analyst in the Office of
Centers, Training, and Resources at the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
of the National Institutes of Health. Previously she was a presidential
management fellow at NCI, and in this capacity she worked with a variety
of NCI divisions, offices, and centers, including the Nutritional Sciences
Research Group in the Division of Cancer Prevention and the Behavioral
Research Program in the Division of Cancer Control and Population Sci-
ences. Her interests include health communication, especially as it relates
to disease prevention and health promotion through healthy lifestyles,
consumers’ perceptions of health risks, health-related decision making,
and behavior change. She is a registered dietitian and has an M.B.A. from
Virginia Polytechnic and State University and a B.S. in nutritional sciences
from Cornell University.
David I. Laibson is professor of economics in the Department of Econom-
ics at Harvard University. Previously he was Paul Sack associate professor
of political economy there. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of
the European Economics Association and is co-organizer of the Russell Sage
Foundation Summer School in Behavioral Economics. He is also advisory
editor for the Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, as well as the Q.R. Journals of
Macroeconomics. His awards and honors include the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Ely Lectures, a National Science Foundation grant, and a National
Institutes of Aging grant, and he was keynote speaker at the Austrian
Economics Association annual meeting. He has an M.Sc. in econometrics
and mathematical economics from the London School of Economics and
a Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lenore j. Launer is chief of the Neuroepidemiology Section in the Labora-
tory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry at the National Institute
on Aging of the National Institutes of Health. Her main research interests
are the metabolic, inflammatory, vascular, and genetic factors that interact
and lead to pathological brain aging and function. She is one of the princi-
pal investigators on the Age Gene Environment Susceptibility–Reykjavik
Study and principal investigator of the Action to Control Cardiovascular
Risk in Diabetes: Memory in Diabetes trial, which is investigating the
effects on the brain of standard versus intensive treatment of cardio-
vascular risk factors. She also collaborates closely on the Honolulu Asia
Aging Study. She has a Ph.D. in epidemiology and nutrition from Cornell
University.

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Stacy Tessler Lindau is an assistant professor of obstetrics and gyne-
cology and medicine-geriatrics at the University of Chicago. Her work
combines biomedical and social scientific techniques to study health and
health behavior in the population setting. Her primary interest is deci-
phering the biological pathways linking sexual relationships to health,
particularly in the context of aging and illness. She is one of the principal
investigators of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, which
has collected detailed questionnaire data in respondents’ homes in con-
junction with a unique panel of minimally invasive biophysiological data.
She also directs the Chicago Core on Biomarkers in Population-Based
Research at the Center on Economics and Biodemography of Aging. She
has an M.D. from Brown University and an M.A. in public policy from
University of Chicago.
Michael Marmot has led a research group on health inequalities for the
past 30 years. He is principal investigator of the Whitehall Studies of
British civil servants, investigating explanations for the striking inverse
social gradient in morbidity and mortality. He leads the English Longi-
tudinal Study of Ageing and is engaged in several international research
efforts on the social determinants of health. He chairs the Department
of Health Scientific Reference Group on tackling health inequalities. He
was a member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
for six years. In 2000 he was knighted for services to epidemiology and
understanding health inequalities. He is a vice president of the Academia
Europaea, a member of the RAND Health Advisory Board, a foreign asso-
ciate member of the Institute of Medicine, and chair of the Commission on
Social Determinants of Health set up by the World Health Organization
in 2005. He won the Balzan Prize for Epidemiology in 2004 and gave the
Harveian Oration in 2006. He graduated in medicine from the University
of Sydney and has an M.P.H. and a Ph.D. from the University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley.
gerald E. McClearn is Evan Pugh professor of health and human devel-
opment and biobehavioral health in the Department of Biobehavioral
Health at the Pennsylvania State University and director for developmen-
tal and health genetics. His research interests focus on the application of
quantitative genetic models to analysis of phenotypes relevant to health
and development. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin.
Thomas W. McDade is the Weinberg College board of visitors research
and teaching professor at Northwestern University. He is also director
of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research and associate director
of Cells to Society (C2S): the Center on Social Disparities and Health

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at the Institute for Policy Research. He specializes in population-based
research on human physiological function and health, with an emphasis
on biomarkers of immune function and inflammation. He has a Ph.D. in
anthropology from Emory University.
john Milner is chief of the Nutritional Science Research Group in the Divi-
sion of Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute of the National
Institutes of Health. His current research focuses on substances in foods
and cancer prevention and the molecular mechanism by which bioactive
food constituents influence cancer risk and tumor behavior. He recently
received the David Kritchevsky Career Achievement Award in Nutrition
from the American Society for Nutrition. This award recognizes research-
ers who devote their careers to promoting interaction among and support
for nutrition researchers in government, private, and academic sectors. He
has a B.S. in animal sciences from Oklahoma State University and a Ph.D.
in nutrition, with a minor in biochemistry and physiology, from Cornell
University.
Shaun Purcell is a member of the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmen-
tal Genetics Unit, part of the Center for Human Genetic Research at
Massachusetts General Hospital. His work focuses on developing statisti-
cal and computational tools for the design of genetic studies, the detection
of gene variants influencing complex human traits, and the dissection
of these effects in the larger context of other genetic and environmental
factors. In particular, he currently works on whole genome association
studies of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and the development of
tools for whole genome studies. He is an associate member of the Broad
Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
its Psychiatric Disease Initiative. He has degrees from the University of
Oxford and University of London and a Ph.D. from the Social, Genetic
and Developmental Psychiatry Centre in the Institute of Psychiatry at
King’s College London.
Sharon Ross is a program director in the Nutritional Science Research
Group in the Division of Cancer Prevention of the National Cancer Insti-
tute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health. She is responsible for
directing, coordinating, and managing a multidisciplinary research grant
portfolio in diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention. Previously she worked
at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition in the Food and Drug
Administration and was a cancer prevention fellow in the Division of Can-
cer Prevention and Control. Her doctoral dissertation research was carried
out in the Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion at
NCI, where her research topic concerned the effects of retinoids in growth,

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differentiation, and cell adhesion. She has an M.S. in nutritional sciences
from the University of Connecticut, a B.S. in nutrition and dietetics from
the University of New Hampshire, a Ph.D. in nutritional sciences from the
University of Maryland, College Park, and a M.P.H. from Johns Hopkins
University School of Public Health, with an emphasis in epidemiology.
Teresa Seeman is professor of medicine and epidemiology in the Schools
of Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, Los Ange-
les. Her research interests focus on the role of sociocultural factors in
health and aging, with specific interest in understanding the biologi-
cal pathways through which these factors influence health and aging. A
major focus of her research relates to understanding how aspects of the
social environment, particularly socioeconomic status and social rela-
tionships, affect biology and through that overall health and aging. She
has extensive experience with developing and implementing commu-
nity-based collection of biomarker data and has been a leading figure in
research on cumulative biological risk indices. In collaboration with Bruce
McEwen and Burton Singer, she has taken a lead in empirical research
on the new concept of allostatic load as a cumulative index of biological
aging. She has bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees from University
of California, Berkeley.
george Davey Smith is professor of clinical epidemiology at the Uni-
versity of Bristol, visiting professor at the London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, and honorary professor at the University of
Glasgow. He is also director of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents
and Their Children and of the Medical Research Council’s Centre for
Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology. His main research inter-
ests relate to how socially patterned exposures acting over the entire life
course shape health of individuals and populations and also influence
long-term trends in health. He is particularly concerned with integrating
genetic epidemiology into such life-course studies to strengthen the abil-
ity to make causal inferences in observational studies. He has also worked
on sexually transmitted disease/HIV infection prevention in India and
Nicaragua and on methodological issues in epidemiology. He is coeditor
with Shah Ebrahim of the International Journal of Epidemiology. He has an
M.Sc. in epidemiology from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine.
Andrew Steptoe is British Heart Foundation professor of psychology in
the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College
London. Previously he was professor of psychology at George’s Hospi-
tal Medical School in the University of London (1988-2000). He is past

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president of the International Society of Behavioral Medicine and of the
Society for Psychosomatic Research. He was founding editor of the British
Journal of Health Psychology and an associate editor of Psychophysiology,
the Annals of Behavioral Medicine, the British Journal of Clinical Psychology,
and the Journal of Psychosomatic Research. He is author or editor of numer-
ous books, including Psychosocial Processes and Health and Depression and
Physical Illness. His main research interests are in psychosocial aspects of
physical illness, health behavior, and psychobiology. He graduated from
Cambridge in 1972 and completed his doctorate at Oxford University in
1975.
Ronald A. Thisted is professor in the Departments of Health Studies,
Statistics, and Anesthesia and Critical Care at the University of Chicago.
He has been a faculty member in statistics at Chicago since 1976, and since
1999 he has also chaired the Department of Health Studies, the home of
biostatistics, epidemiology, and health services research at Chicago. His
research involves statistical computation, the design and analysis of clini-
cal trials and epidemiologic studies, and development of new computa-
tional and statistical methods. He is a past editor of the Current Index to
Statistics and was associate editor of the Journal of the American Statistical
Association. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has M.S.
and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University.
Duncan Thomas is professor of economics at Duke University. His
research centers on the dynamics underlying individual, household,
and family behavior, particularly in low-income populations. This work
explores how resources are allocated in families and the responses of
individuals and their families to unanticipated shocks. His research on
the association between health and socioeconomic status includes design-
ing and fielding a randomized treatment-control nutrition intervention in
Indonesia, the Work and Iron Status Evaluation, to measure the impact of
health on economic prosperity. He has a Ph.D. in economics from Princ-
eton University.
Elaine B. Trujillo is a nutritionist in the Nutritional Science Research
Group of Division of Cancer Prevention at the National Cancer Institute
of the National Institutes of Health. She is responsible for promoting the
translation of information about bioactive food components as modifiers
of cancer. Previously she was a senior clinical and research dietitian in
the Metabolic Support Service of Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Har-
vard Medical School. She received the 2007 Huddleson Award by the
American Dietetic Association Foundation for her article, “Nutrigenom-

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ics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and the Practice of Dietetics.” She has a
B.S. in nutritional science from the University of Delaware and an M.S.
in nutritional science from Texas Woman’s University, where she also
completed a dietetic internship.
james W. vaupel is the founding director of the Max Planck Institute
for Demographic Research in Rostock, Germany, and director of Duke
University’s Population Research Institute. He oversees multinational re-
search initiatives in Germany, Denmark, the United States, Italy, Russia,
Mexico, Japan, and China. He has coauthored or coedited seven books
and has written numerous research articles published in refereed journals.
He is best known for his research on mortality, morbidity, population
aging, and biodemography, as well as for research on population hetero-
geneity, population surfaces, and other aspects of mathematical and sta-
tistical demography. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences
and of the National Research Council’s Committee on Population. He has
bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees from Harvard University.
george P. vogler is director of the Center for Developmental and Health
Genetics at Pennsylvania State University and professor of biobehavioral
health. His research interests include genetic epidemiology of complex
traits, quantitative trait loci mapping, cardiovascular disease, method-
ological issues in genetic models and structural equation models, and
behavioral moderation of expression of biological traits. His applied inter-
ests span human development, with interests in childhood development
of cognitive abilities, substance use and abuse in adolescence, cardiovas-
cular risk factors in adulthood, and maintenance of functional abilities in
aging. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, Boulder.
kenneth W. Wachter is chair of the Department of Demography at the
University of California, Berkeley. Previously he taught at Harvard Uni-
versity and has published numerous articles and books on mathematical
demography, statistical analysis, historical demography, nutrition, aging,
and kinship models. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences and received the Mindel Sheps award in 1988 from the Popula-
tion Association of America. He serves on the board of directors of the
Social Science Research Council and has served on the special advisory
panel on 1990 census adjustment for the U.S. Department of Commerce
and on the National Science Foundation Panel on Measurement Methods
and Data Resources. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences
and the current chair of the National Research Council’s Committee on
Population. He has a master’s degree in applied mathematics from Oxford
University and a Ph.D. in statistics from Cambridge University.

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Robert B. Wallace is Irene Ensminger Stecher professor of epidemiology
and internal medicine at the University of Iowa Colleges of Public Health
and Medicine and director of the university’s Center on Aging. He is a
member of the Institute of Medicine, past chair of its Board on Health
Promotion and Disease Prevention, and current chair of its Board on
Military and Veterans Health. He is the author or coauthor of numerous
publications and book chapters and has been the editor of four books,
including the current edition of Maxcy-Rosenau-Last’s Public Health and
Preventive Medicine. His research interests are in clinical and population
epidemiology and focus on the causes and prevention of disabling condi-
tions of older persons. He has had substantial experience in the conduct
of both observational cohort studies of older persons and clinical trials,
including preventive interventions related to fracture, cancer, coronary
disease, and women’s health. He is the site principal investigator for the
Women’s Health Initiative and a co-principal investigator of the Health
and Retirement Study. He has been a collaborator in several international
studies of the causes and prevention of chronic illness in older persons.
He has B.S.M. and M.D. degrees from Northwestern University and an
M.Sc. in epidemiology from the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Maxine Weinstein is distinguished professor of population and health in
the Center for Population and Health of the Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences at Georgetown University, where she has been since 1987. She
is also principal investigator, along with Noreen Goldman, of the Taiwan
project, a study that explores the reciprocal relations among stress, health,
and the social environment among the elderly. Her work explores the
behavioral and biological dimensions of reproduction and aging. She is
also heading up the MIDUS II biology substudy at Georgetown. She has
M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in sociology from Princeton University.
David Weir is research affiliate in Population Studies Center of the Uni-
versity of Michigan and research professor in the Survey Research Center.
Previously he was research associate in the Harris School of Public Policy
at the University of Chicago. His current research interests include the
measurement of health-related quality of life; the use of cost-effectiveness
measures in health policy and medical decision making; the role of sup-
plemental health insurance in the Medicare population; the effects of
health, gender, and marital status on economic well-being in retirement;
and, the effects of early life experience on longevity and health at older
ages. He has a Ph.D. from Stanford University.

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BIOSOCIAL SURVEYS
kenneth M. Weiss is Evan Pugh professor of anthropology and genetics
and professor of biology in the Department of Anthropology at Pennsyl-
vania State University. His research interests focus on genetic epidemiol-
ogy and the genetic basis, nature, and evolution of complex biological
traits. These areas also raise issues about the nature of knowledge when
effects are rather weak and causation probabilistic and must largely be
approached through observational rather than experimental studies. His
research has concerned the amount and origin of human genetic variation
and the genetic basis of complex patterning during development of such
structures as the skull and dentition. He has a B.A. from Oberlin College
and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan.
Mary jane West-Eberhard is a senior scientist at the Smithsonian Tropi-
cal Research Institute, resident in Costa Rica. She studied zoology at the
University of Michigan, was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Univer-
sity, and has lived and worked since 1969 in Latin America (Colombia
and Costa Rica). Her research interests include fieldwork on the social
behavior of tropical wasps, the evolution of social behavior, kin selection
theory, sexual and social selection, speciation, and developmental plastic-
ity and evolution. She is a past president of the Society for the Study of
Evolution and a member of Phi Beta Kappa, the U.S. National Academy
of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National
Academy of Sciences of Costa Rica, and the Accademia Nationale dei
Lincei of Rome. She has B.A., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees, all from the Uni-
versity of Michigan.