Migraines rank as one of the top 20 most disabling medical illnesses in the world, affecting more than 36 million people in the United States alone and nearly three times as more women than men.

A Canadian study by Sarah Brennenstuhl and Esme Fuller-Thomson, published in Headache, revealed that exposure to parental domestic violence during childhood increased the risk of migraines, Salon.com reported.

Other studies have indicated similar trends, with an April 2014 study in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research by Suat Kucukgoncu, who also shows higher rates of childhood emotionalabuse in patients with migraine and also patients with regular tension-type headaches in this study. More physical abuse histories correlated with increased duration and chronicity of headache in these patients.

Other past studies like Dawn Buse’s in the November 2012 Journal of Neurology have also shown some correlation between PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) and migraine.