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The Market and Land Use An Introduction to Regional Economics ( Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani) The foundations for a systematic understanding of the principles of land use were laid more than a century and a half ago by a scientifically minded North German estate owner named Johann Heinrich von Thünen. 9 He set himself the problem of how to determine the most efficient spatial layout of the various crops and other land uses on his estate, and in the process developed a more general model or theory of how rural land uses should be arranged around a market town. The basic principle was that each piece of land should be devoted to the use in which it would yield the highest rent. 9

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The Market and Land Use The Interaction of the Land Use and Transportation Markets in the MEPLAN Framework Source: Johnston, Rodier, Choy, and Abraham (2000).

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What Is Land-Use Planning? As population and human aspirations increase, land becomes an increasingly scarce resource, calling for land-use planning. Land-use planning is important to mitigate the negative effects of land use and to enhance the efficient use of resources with minimal impact on future generations. Land-use planning is defined as a systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and the economic and social conditions

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LAND-USE PLANNING Land and water resources are essential for farming, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism, urban development, transport infrastructure, and other environmental functions. The increasing demand for land, coupled with a limitation in its supplies, is a major cause for more conflicts over land use throughout the world. The Watershed Perspective Each type of land use has a varying effect on the hydrologic cycle, thereby affecting the people and the natural resources on a landscape. A watershed perspective can be used to scientifically study the effect of land uses on water and downstream ecosystems. A watershed is defined as a topographically delineated area drained by a stream system; that is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point.hydrologic cycle A watershed acts as a receiver, collector, and conveyer of precipitation on a landscape. Land uses affect these pathways by altering surface runoff and groundwater infiltration, thereby changing the quantity and quality of water resources.groundwater Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human

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IMPACTS AND BENEFITS OF LAND USES Natural vegetation, such as forest cover, is usually the most benign of land uses, with higher infiltration and reduced runoff rates. The opposites of forest cover are urbanized areas, where large surface areas are impermeable, and pipes and sewer networks augment the natural channels. The impervious surfaces in urban areas reduce infiltration and can reduce the recharge of groundwater. In addition, urban runoff contributes to poor water quality. Agricultural activities are major forms of land use, including row crops, rangelands, animal farms, aquaculture, and other agribusiness activities. Cropping activities involve soil and water manipulation through tillage and irrigation, thereby affecting runoff water and groundwater resources. If improperly used, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals in agricultural operations can affect water resources and ecosystems.aquaculture Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human

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LAND USE, TRANSPORTATION, AND GROWTH The complex relationship between transportation, land use, and growth in a REGION context. It describes the causes of growth generally and the link between transportation and growth specifically. Highway projects can affect the location, rate, type, or amount of growth in an area. Some types of development may be directly induced by a project (e.g., projects serving specific types of land development). However, most land use changes in a REGION are not direct consequences of a highway project, but rather occur indirectly due to changes in travel time and increased land accessibility in areas that may be ripe for development. The result may be a change in spatial distribution of development over time, such as commercial development around a new highway interchange. These types of growth-land use-transportation relationships are more complex and difficult to analyze than those for a project specifically designed to encourage or facilitate land use change and development.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT Source: FHWA May An Overview: Land Use and Economic Development in Statewide Transportation Planning. An Overview: Land Use and Economic Development in Statewide Transportation Planning

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GENERALIZED PROFILE OF LAND USE BY ECONOMIC VALUE.

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EKONOMI GUNA-LAHAN Land has some characteristics that make it quite different to other goods: 1. There is a fixed supply (vertical supply curve), and 2. It is costless to produce (the producer surplus starts at a price of zero).

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The Supply and Demand of Land Undeveloped land, or ‘pure’ land, refers solely to the land mass provided by nature. For example, the land mass across the earth’s surface, or more particularly the area of a Local Authority District, can be considered to be in fixed supply. Remember, your economics supply and demand curves – the land supply curve would be a vertical line on the graph where the x-axis is quantity and the y-axis is price.

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..LANDUSE CHANGE.. Land use changes can have positive and negative effects on human well-being, and on the provision of ecosystem services (great increases in the human population and density, increased productivity, higher incomes and consumption patterns, and technological, political and climate change). Indeed, activities such as agriculture, forestry, transport and housing use land and alter its natural state and functions. Also, many environmental problems are rooted in the use of land; it leads to climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air.biodiversity

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Economic Rent = Price of Resource in its Native State Among the factors of production, land is fundamentally different from labor and capital, because the supply of labor and capital depends on its price in the marketplace while the supply of land does not. Land rent has no incentive function because the supply of land is not dependent on the rent paid. Land rent is considered to be a surplus payment, because even if no rent was paid, land would still be available.

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Economic Rent and The Market for Land The price of a one- acre parcel of land is determined by the intersection of a vertical supply curve and the demand curve for the parcel. The sum paid for the parcel, shown by the shaded area, is economic rent.

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Land Use Change: Bio-Physical and Socio-Economic Drivers The analysis of land use change revolves around two central and interrelated questions: "what drives/causes land use change" and "what are the (environmental and socio-economic) impacts of land use change".

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Components of land suitability assessment The assessment of land quality for a specific type of land use should be based on land use requirements and constraints. Such requirements and constraints are then used as the basis for establishing what are termed ‘evaluation criteria’ or ‘decision criteria’. The matching procedure (FAO, 1976) then gives rise to a ranking of the potential of land for a given purpose, whether categorical or continuous grades.

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LAND SUITABILITY INDEX. There are at least two important groups of land attributes for land suitability analysis: inherent qualities of soils and external characteristics. The former are soil attributes which have the function for accommodating plant growth, while the latter are those determining the level of ‘workability’ (FAO, 1976), runoff, sedimentation, and erosion in the catchment.

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Factor rating of land quality for low land rice The land qualities to be used in this evaluation thus include a number of land characteristics : 1.Water Availability (W), 2.Nutrient Availability Index (NAI), 3.Water and Nutrient Retentions(R), 4.Salt Hazard (S) and 5.Topography (T) Selengkapnya lihat: r/Application/ArticleView.aspx ?aid=145#sthash.8WT6KYuv.d puf

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. Suitability evaluation of rice. The diagnostic factors of each thematic layer were assigned values of factor rating. The evaluation model is defined using the value of factor rating as follows: Suitability = W x NAI x R x S x T. These five layer are then spatially overlaid to produce a resultant polygon layer. Application of the model to the resultant layer yields a suitability map with 4 classes according to the resultant values proposed in the following table. Value Evaluation Highly suitable (S 1 ) Moderately suitable (S 2 ) Marginally suitable (S 3 ) <0.025Unsuitable (N) - See more at:

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Land suitability evaluation for watershed pond A hierarchical modeling scheme with multi criteria land evaluation (MCLE) and multi objectives land allocation (MOLA) to evaluate suitability of location for watershed pond aquaculture and to resolve associated conflicts.