Women in Development and Gender Studyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/2190
Fri, 09 Dec 2016 13:27:12 GMT2016-12-09T13:27:12ZQualitative Assessment of Economic Mobility and Labor Markets in Turkeyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/25414
Qualitative Assessment of Economic Mobility and Labor Markets in Turkey
World Bank
Turkey has recently experienced
significant population growth, gross domestic product (GDP)
growth, and modernization. The economic structure in Turkey
has been changing rapidly due to privatization and global
growth. This report examines men and women’s perception of
factors that are perceived to shape their economic mobility,
access to labor markets, and entrepreneurship opportunities
across multiple community contexts in Turkey. Relevant
literature and data was first reviewed to inform the
hypotheses and survey analysis. Based on the review of the
relevant literature, it is expected that in terms of the
middle class overall, men and women will report a lack of
education and appropriate skills as barriers to both
employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. Economic
mobility, supported by a thriving and open labor market,
targeted policies, and an enabling environment for
entrepreneurs, is a key requisite for improving living
standards, wellbeing, and the reduction of unemployment and
poverty. The first section gives introduction. The second
section discusses research approach and defines hypotheses,
which are later addressed using the qualitative survey
information. The third section presents the results and
findings derived from the analyzed information and data. The
fourth section summarizes the main conclusions and provides
recommendations for policy makers. Finally, the annex covers
an overview of the country context with special emphasis on
the labor market in Turkey, women’s roles in society and
economy, and labor policy reforms in Turkey.
Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/254142015-12-01T00:00:00ZAn Analysis of Public Programs Related to Women’s Entrepreneurship and Access to Labor Marketshttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/25413
An Analysis of Public Programs Related to Women’s Entrepreneurship and Access to Labor Markets
Goksen, Fatos; Olcay, Ozlem Altan; Alniacik, Ayse; Deniz, G. Ceren
In the recent years, economic
performance in Turkey has been praised due to its
sustainedgrowth trends, stability and capacity to weather
the global financial crisis. However, a number of issues
related to the labor market and unemployment trends continue
to be the economic and political underbelly to these
positive trends. The conspicuously low labor
forceparticipation among women over the years deserves
special attention among these problems. The objective of
this report is to provide an institutional analysis of
public policies and programstargeting women’s access to
labor markets and entrepreneurial activities. The report
seeks to provide a comprehensive inventory of public
programs, targeting women’s employment and entrepreneurship
and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these programs
with respect to their sustainability, institutional
commitment, and their ability to address barriers to women’s
labor force participation. In Turkey, women’s participation
in the labor force has historically been low. While 34
percentof the women were in the labor force in 1990, the
rate declined to 26 percent over the courseof the following
decade and recovered up to 29 percent by 2012. Cross-country
comparisons show that women in Turkey participate in the
labor force at a much smaller rate compared to countries in
all income groups. This is the case even in comparison with
the lower-middle income countries, where women’s labor
participation rate is 40 percent. A final focus in this
study has been on the initiatives that aim to encourage
women’s entrepreneurship. Given that the percentages of
women among entrepreneurs in Turkey are even lower than that
of women in the labor force, if the barriers to women’s
entrepreneurial activities are removed, it appears that
there is substantial room for improvement. This report sets
its goal as interrogating in a holistic manner, programs’
objectives, contents,and ability to address problems
standing in the way of women’s labor force participation.
The aim of the report is not to conduct an impact analysis
of these public programs, but to provide an extensive
inventory of institutions and the specific departments and
the programs that are directly responsible to carry out the
public policies on the issue of women’s employment and
entrepreneurship. Programs evaluated in this report were
chosen on the basis of their scope both in terms of their
targets and funding schemes. Local programs with very narrow
scopes were not taken into the inventory. Only the programs,
which target to create new employment and entrepreneurship
opportunities for women with a wide sphere of influence,
were inc luded. The public programs covered in this report
can be also assessed based on the sectors ofeconomic
activity in which women’s employment and entrepreneurship is
promoted: Our report shows that the programs carry the
danger of repeating existing gendered divisions of labor and
the ensuing capacity to access the labor market. For
long-term positive results inchanging existing horizontal
and vertical segregations in the market, there should be
more focus on how to change gendered assumptions about
divisions of labor within the programs’design.
Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/254132015-12-01T00:00:00ZThe Gender Gap in the Use of Financial Services in Turkeyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/25412
The Gender Gap in the Use of Financial Services in Turkey
Klapper, Leora; Singh, Sandeep
The reach of the financial sector in
Turkey is wide - as measured by account penetration, use of
electronic payments, and credit card ownership - relative to
both developing and high-income countries. The gender gap in
Turkey for account ownership is 49 percentage points, the
highest rate among all middle-income countries. This paper
discusses environmental factors that may help explain the
significantly low use of financial services by women in
Turkey. The authors explore reasons for the large gender gap
in financial inclusion in Turkey and find that female
workplace participation is an important factor in explaining
financial inclusion among women. Men are more than three
times as likely as women to report using an account to
receive money from work and or the government. This paper is
organized as follows: section one gives introduction.
Section two summarizes account ownership and usage in
Turkey. Section three analyzes formal and informal saving
rates, section four discusses the use of formal and informal
credit and the high use of store credit cards. Section five
examines gender differences in enterprise financing.
Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/254122015-12-01T00:00:00ZPerformance of Female Employers in Turkeyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/25411
Performance of Female Employers in Turkey
Cebeci, Tolga
It is well documented that economic
participation of women is very low in Turkey compared to
that of men in the country. This gender disparity in
economic participation is valid not only for participation
in the labor market as a wage employee but also for
entrepreneurship. Using European Union statistics on income
and living conditions (SILC) dataset, this paper attempts to
provide new insights on the high gender disparity in
entrepreneurship in Turkey with giving special emphasis to
distinguishing characteristics of successful female
employers. SILC dataset covers the 2007-2010 period. This
paper focuses on employers due to its importance over
own-account workers (OAW) in creating jobs and increasing
the impact of women in the economy. All tables and figure in
this paper make use of the SILC dataset. The paper documents
that female employers are in minority in Turkey not only
among all working women but also among all employers in the
economy. Moreover, female employers earn less than their
male counterparts and their firms are generally smaller. As
for their background, there is a low churning among female
employers and majority of new female employers are
transformed from inactivity and very few from wage
employment. The paper confirms the importance of university
education in closing gender gap. Proportional income gap
between male and female employers is lowest among university
graduates and highest among primary school and vocational
high school graduates. It is also noteworthy that female
employers are less educated than female full-time employers
but male employers are more educated than full-time male
employees. Section one gives introduction. Section two
presents characteristics of female employers in comparison
to male employers and other female work groups. Section
three evaluates the success of female employers in terms of
income they generate. Section four presents features of
successful female employers. Section five discusses results
and concludes.
Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10986/254112015-12-01T00:00:00Z