Red clover is relatively short-lived (2-3) years. Can cause bloat, however risk of bloat is less than for alfalfa. Can be difficult to cure for hay.

General Description:

Red clover is an introduced, commonly grown, tap-rooted, short-lived perennial legume. It can thrive in cooler temperatures and more acidic soils than alfalfa. It has deep tap roots that develop from a shallow, narrow crown, though not as deep as alfalfa, therefore reducing its drought tolerance.

Each crown produces many branched, hairy stems, which grow to 75 cm (30 in.) in length. Leaves are made up of 3 hairy leaflets attached at one point and often have white water markings on the green leaflets. Red clover produces globe-shaped, purple, cross-pollinated flowers. Seed pods are about 3 mm (1/8 in.) long with 1 to 2 yellow to purple hard seeds per pod.

Origin:

Originally from Europe and Turkey, although the commonly grown Altaswede variety was selected from Sweden.

Red clover is used for grazing, stockpiled forage, hay, silage, and green manure. It is palatable but can cause bloat. However, the risk of bloat is lower than for alfalfa. It is used for soil improvement in site rehabilitation in a variety of contexts.

Optimal time of grazing use:

Grazing should be delayed until a full canopy of leaves has developed. Experience with some custom graziers found that leaving red clover (and alfalfa) until full bloom before grazing prevented bloat and increased the stand persistence.

Recovery after use (rating):

M

Recovery after use:

Recovery after use may be mixed depending on the site and management. Some sources indicate red clover recovers well after mid-season cutting and can be left for fall grazing. Other sources say using red clover twice a season can reduce longevity. Still others advise against its use for grazing because of its inability to resist traffic from grazing animals. Recovery may depend on where the growing tip is in relation to cutting or defoliation from grazing. It is also dependent on available moisture and management history. It is recommended to leave at least 10 cm (4 in.) to allow for regrowth.

Red clover is highly palatable and may be grazed preferentially. When red clover is cut or utilized at 25% bloom: crude protein can be 19% and dry matter 65 to 70%.

Longevity (rating):

L

Longevity:

Red clover is relatively short lived (i.e., 1 to 3 years).

Persistence (rating):

L

Persistence:

Persistence tends to be low, limited to 2 to 3 years. Because crowns and roots are close to the surface and break down naturally, crowns are more easily damaged. However, it can be more persistent if rotationally grazed.

Invasiveness (rating):

L

Invasiveness:

Not invasive.

Competitiveness (rating):

H

Competitiveness:

Red clover tends to be vigorous and a good competitor with companion crops like timothy.

Erosion control (rating):

M

Erosion control:

Red clover has value for soil improvement in erosion control seeding.

Drought tolerance (rating):

M

Drought tolerance:

Red clover is more drought tolerant than alsike clover but less than alfalfa.

Can be applied with a variety of methods, including drill seeding, direct or sod seeding, and broadcast seeding. It can also be seeded by feeding directly to grazing animals in a salt mixture. (See page 39 for discussion).

Suggested mixtures:

Normally grown with less competitive grasses such as timothy.

Management considerations:

Seed should be inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii for better nodulation and nitrogen fixing. Stands may respond to fertilization. Red clover is short lived.