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The 165th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning August 1862 and mustered in for three-years service from August through December 1862 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Abel Smith, Jr.. Ten companies were eventually recruited for the regiment, but the last four companies recruited were consolidated with the first six companies.

The 165th New York Infantry was regarded as a sister regiment to the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry. The regiment wore the same uniform as the 5th New York Infantry with the exception of the tassel of the fez, which was dark blue instead of yellow-gold. Photographic evidence suggests that later in the war the 165th New York Infantry was given replacement sashes that were a solid red color without the light blue trim.

The regiment was attached to Independent Command, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. Dwight's Division, Department of the South, to September 1865.

The 165th New York Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1865.

Left New York for New Orleans, La., December 2, 1862. Expedition from New Orleans, La., to Ponchatoula March 21-30, 1863. Action at North Pass March 23. Capture of Ponchatoula March 24. Berwick Bay March 26. Expedition to Amite River May 7-19. Moved to Baton Rouge May 20-24. Siege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge July 22 and duty there until September. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4-11. Sabine Pass September 8. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City, then to Berwick. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Bayou Vermillion October 9-10. Carrion Crow Bayou October 11. Bayou Vermillion November 11. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, and duty there until March. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14-26. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13-20. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July. Movement to New Orleans, then to Fort Monroe, Va., and Washington, D.C., July. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Detached with the brigade as supply train guard for the army August 14 to October 27. Duty near Middletown and Newtown until December 1864, and at Stevenson's Depot and Winchester until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23-24. Moved to Savannah, Ga., June 30-July 7. Duty Savannah, Ga., and at Charleston, S.C., until September.

1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

2.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force

3.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice

4.
Siege of Port Hudson
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The Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana, was the final engagement in the Union campaign to recapture the Mississippi in the American Civil War. While Union General Ulysses Grant was besieging Vicksburg upriver, General Nathaniel Banks was ordered to capture the Confederate stronghold of Port Hudson, when his assault failed, Banks settled into a 48-day siege, the longest in US military history. A second attack failed, and it was only after the fall of Vicksburg that the Confederate commander. This left the Mississippi open to Union navigation from its source to the Gulf of Mexico, from the time the American Civil War started in April 1861, both the North and South made controlling the Mississippi River a major part of their strategy. The Confederacy wanted to keep using the river to transport needed supplies, particularly important to the South was the stretch of the Mississippi that included the mouth of the Red River. In the spring and early summer of 1862, the Union advanced their control of the Mississippi from both the north and the south, a second Union fleet commanded by Charles H. Davis occupied Memphis, Tennessee, after defeating Confederate riverine forces in Battle of Memphis. To make sure it could continue to use the section of the river. The initial idea of fortifying the heights of Port Hudson came from the master of fixed defenses, General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, Commander, Army of the Mississippi. ”In June 1862, Major General Earl Van Dorn wrote Jefferson Davis, “I want Baton Rouge and Port Hudson” A few days after the fall of Baton Rouge to the Union. Breckinridge with 4,000 men, carried out the wishes of General Van Dorn by occupying Port Hudson, soldiers of the 4th Louisiana Infantry arrived at the site on August 15,1862. According to historian John D. Winters, Port Hudson, unlike Baton Rouge, was one of the strongest points on the river and it was a position similar to that of Quebec City in the French and Indian War. The political momentum behind the Union actions against Port Hudson came from the elections of November 1862, the Republican base, centered in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, had been shaken by embarrassing Democratic victories. A dramatic letter from Indiana Governor Oliver P. Morton to Lincoln claimed “The fate of the North-West is trembling in the balance. ”His implication was that unless the independent trade of Union states along the Ohio River was restored by Union control of the entire Mississippi, further breakup of the Union was possible. Morton believed the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were in danger of breaking away from the Northeast to join the Confederacy, the threatening political fractures galvanized the Lincoln administration into action. Major General Nathanial Banks was diverted from an expedition to Texas and given Benjamin Butler’s command of the Department of the Gulf. ”On December 4,1862, Banks. In May 1863, Union land and naval forces began a campaign they hoped would give control of the full length of the Mississippi River. Banks simultaneously attacked Port Hudson, which stood at the southern end, Port Hudson was sited on an 80 feet bluff on the east bank above a hairpin turn in the Mississippi River 25 miles upriver from Baton Rouge. The hills and ridges in the area of the town represented extremely rough terrain, a maze of deep, thickly forested ravines, swamps, the town was a port for shipping cotton and sugar downriver from the surrounding area. Despite its importance, the city consisted of a few buildings and 200 people by the start of the war, the river had shifted south and the docks had been moved about.5 miles south

5.
Second Battle of Sabine Pass
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The Second Battle of Sabine Pass took place on September 8,1863, the result of a failed Union Army attempt to invade the Confederate state of Texas during the American Civil War. It has often credited as the most one-sided Confederate victory during the War. France was openly sympathetic to the Confederate States of America early in the Civil War, after Mexican forces were defeated by French forces in summer 1863, Mexican president Benito Juárez escaped the capital, and the French installed Austrian Maximilian as Emperor. The military Federal force was commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, bankss original intent was to launch a combined Army-Navy campaign in northwest Louisiana. Consequently, General Banks ordered his subordinate, Major General William B, after the Navy gunboats subdued the fort, the first wave of U. S. Army infantrymen riding the deck of one of the gunboats would debark at the fort. They were to take Sabine City, secure the area for the landing force. This action would deny the Pass and the natural shallow-water harbor Sabine Lake, upstream from the Gulf about 6 miles, Beaumont, on higher ground about 18 miles northwest of Sabine City, was the key to threatening Houston. Considering the dominant size of the Union expeditionary force, taking control of Sabine Pass, herron moved to Morganza as a diversion, that resulted in the Battle of Stirlings Plantation. They were stationed at the hastily built earthworks a mile upstream on the southwest bank of the Pass. When the battle began with the Union gunboats bombardment on September 8,1863, at the fort were forty-six men, all but two or three were members of the Davis Guards. Under the immediate command of Lieutenant Richard W. Dowling, the Davis Guards had mounted their units six old smoothbore cannon on the platform of the small earthen fort. On the afternoon of September 8,1863, U. S. Navy Lieutenant Frederick Crocker was in command of the advance squadron composed of four gunboats, Crocker was a veteran officer of considerable recent experience in Union river-gunboat actions and blockade duty. His ship was the Clifton, an ironclad steam-powered side-wheeler, besides Clifton, Crockers advance squadron included Granite City, Sachem, and Arizona, all recently commissioned ironclad warships. Less than three miles southeast downriver, well out of range of the Confederate forts cannons, were anchored seven U. S. Navy transports carrying most of the U. S. Army soldiers of the landing force. Suffolk, hosting invasion force commander U. S. Army Major General Franklin and his staff, outside the principal Gulf shore sand bar, an additional two miles downstream of this squadron, lay at anchor the remaining ships of the 22-vessel invasion fleet. The official reports of the battle generally reflect the maps information and this was a flat, often muddy area already cleared of brush by the Confederate garrison as a clear field of fire for the canister and grape of the forts artillery. The U. S. Armys invasion plan, therefore, absolutely required that the Confederate guns be silenced before any troops were debarked and this engagement was to be the largest amphibious assault on enemy territory in the history of the U. S. military up to that date. Dowlings well practiced Irish-Texan artillerymen, whose chosen and officially approved unit name was Jefferson Davis Guards, had placed range-stakes in the two narrow and shallow river channels and these were the Texas channel near the southwest shore and the Louisiana channel against the Louisiana shore

6.
Red River Campaign
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The Red River Campaign or Red River Expedition comprised a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22,1864. It was a Union failure, characterized by poor planning and mismanagement, Taylor successfully defended the Red River Valley with a smaller force. The Union had four goals at the start of the campaign, to capture Shreveport, Louisiana, Confederate headquarters for the Trans-Mississippi Department, control the Red River to the north, and occupy east Texas. To confiscate as much as a hundred thousand bales of cotton from the plantations along the Red River, to organize pro-Union state governments in the region. Union strategists in Washington thought that the occupation of east Texas, Texas was the source of much needed guns, food, and supplies for Confederate troops. Other historians have claimed that the campaign was motivated by concern regarding the 25,000 French troops in Mexico sent by Napoleon III. Shermans forces in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and under the command of Brigadier General A. J. Smith, Smiths forces were available to Banks only until the end of April, when they would be sent back east where they were needed for other Union military actions. Banks would command this force of 35,000, which would be supported in its march up the Red River towards Shreveport by Union Navy Rear Admiral David Dixon Porters fleet of gunboats. This plan was ready to be set in action in early March 1864, after somewhat belated communication initiated by Banks to inform Sherman, most of Banks men, accompanied by a large, poorly trained, cavalry force would march north toward the middle river. Banks would allow cotton speculators to come along, and Porter was bringing barges to collect cotton as lucrative naval prizes. The Confederate senior officers were confused as to whether the Red River, Mobile, Alabama, the commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, General Edmund Kirby Smith, nevertheless started moving many of his men to the Shreveport area. The Union forces consisted of four elements, the first three of which worked together,1,10,000 men from XVI Corps and XVII Corps from the Army of the Tennessee under A. J. Smith. The Mississippi flotilla of the US Navy, commanded by Admiral Porter, consisting of ten ironclads,7,000 men under General Steele in the Department of Arkansas. Confederate forces consisted of elements from the Trans-Mississippi Department, commanded by E. Kirby Smith, the District of West Louisiana, commanded by Richard Taylor, contained approximately 10,000 men, consisting of two infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and the garrison of Shreveport. The District of Arkansas, commanded by Sterling Price, contained approximately 11,000 men, as the campaign began, Smith ordered two of Prices infantry divisions to move to Louisiana. The District of Indian Territory, commanded by Samuel Maxey, contained approximately 4,000 men in three cavalry brigades, the District of Texas, commanded by John Magruder,15,000 men, mostly cavalry. As the campaign began, Smith ordered Magruder to send as many men as he could, over the course of the campaign almost 8,000 cavalry came from Texas to aid Taylor in Louisiana, however, it arrived slowly and not all together. The Confederate Navy based in Shreveport had the ironclad CSS Missouri, the gunboat Cotton, Franklin, commanding the advance divisions of Bankss Army of the Gulf, began his march from southern Louisiana on March 10

7.
Battle of Mansfield
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The Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, formed part of the Red River Campaign during the American Civil War, when Union forces were aiming to occupy the state capital Shreveport. The Confederate commander, Major General Richard Taylor chose Mansfield as the place where he would make his stand against the advancing Union army under General Nathaniel Banks, Taylor concentrated his forces at Sabine Crossroads, knowing that reinforcements were nearby. Banks prepared for a fight, though his own army was not fully assembled either, both sides were reinforced by stages throughout the day. After a brief resistance, the Union army was routed by the Confederates, consisting mainly of units from Louisiana and Texas, the engagement is also known as the Battle of Sabine Crossroads. During the second half of March 1864, a force from the Union Army of the Gulf. Banks ascended the Red River with the goal of defeating the Confederate forces in Louisiana, by April 1 Union forces had occupied Grand Ecore and Natchitoches. While the accompanying gunboat fleet with a portion of the infantry continued up the river, the force followed the road inland toward Mansfield. Major General Richard Taylor, in command of the Confederate forces in Louisiana, had retreated up the Red River in order to connect with reinforcements from Texas and Arkansas. Taylor selected a clearing a few south of Mansfield as the spot where he would take a stand against the Union forces. Sending his cavalry to harass the Union vanguard as it approached, the morning of April 8 found Bankss army stretched out along a single road through the woods between Natchitoches and Mansfield. When the cavalry at the front of the found the Confederates taking a strong position along the edge of a clearing. Riding to the front, Banks decided that he would fight Taylor at that spot and it became a race to see which side could bring its forces to the front first. These troops arrived late in the afternoon, after the battle had commenced, anecdotal evidence indicates that there were additional Louisiana men in the ranks. This included paroled soldiers from units that had surrendered at Vicksburg, historian Gary Joiner claimed that there may have been from several hundred to several thousand of them. Joseph Blessington, a soldier in Walkers division, wrote that, The Louisiana militia, under command of Governor Allen, was held in reserve, in addition, Blessington wrote that, from the surrounding communities, old men shouldered their muskets and came to our assistance. During the battle, the 3rd Division of the XIII Corps, commanded by General Robert A. Cameron, the battle ended when the pursuing Confederates met the 1st Division of the XIX Corps, commanded by Brigadier General William H. Emory, with approximately 5,000 men. Thomas E. G. Ransom commanded the XIII Corps during the engagement, during the morning, Taylor positioned Mouton’s division on the east side of the clearing. Walker’s division arrived in the afternoon and formed on Moutons right, as Greens cavalry fell back from the advancing Union forces, two brigades moved to Mouton’s flank and the third to Walker’s flank

8.
Battle of Pleasant Hill
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The Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, formed part of the Red River Campaign during the American Civil War, when Union forces were aiming to occupy the state capital Shreveport. This led the demoralised Union army to retreat the next day, for this reason, the result of the battle, technically a Union win, has been disputed by historians. After the success of the Confederates at the Battle of Mansfield, April 8,1864, Union forces retreated during the night, the road from Mansfield to Pleasant Hill was littered by burning wagons, abandoned knapsacks, arms, and cooking utensils. Federal stragglers and wounded were met by the hundreds and were rounded up and sent to the rear. Winters of Louisiana Tech University in his The Civil War in Louisiana, the Battle of Mansfield took place about 3 miles southeast of the town of Mansfield at Sabine Cross Roads. Pleasant Hill was located about 16 miles southeast of Sabine Cross Roads, Confederate reinforcements had arrived late on the April 8—Churchills Arkansas Division arrived at Mansfield at 3.30 p. m. and Parsons Missouri Division arrived at Mansfield at 6 p. m. Neither of these Divisions participated in the Battle of Mansfield — however, on the morning of the April 9, Franklin ordered the baggage train to proceed to Grand Ecore. It left Pleasant Hill at 11 a. m. and included pieces of artillery. Most of Franklins Cavalry and the XIII Corps left with it. This included the Corps DAfrique commanded by Colonel William H. Dickey and Brig. Gen. Thomas E. G. Ransoms detachment of the XIII Corps, Cameron — Ransom was also wounded on the April 8. The baggage train made progress and was still only a few miles from Pleasant Hill when the major fighting began later that day. Banks doesnt appear to have been aware of the exact orders Cameron had received from Franklin. The Union side lost 18 pieces of artillery at the Battle of Mansfield and these were turned on the Union forces the next day at Pleasant Hill. Confederate Brig. Gen. Jean Jacques Alexandre Alfred Mouton was killed during the Battle of Mansfield, April 8,1864, Brig. Gen. Camille J. de Polignac commanded Moutons forces at Pleasant Hill. Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department commander Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith and it informed him of the Battle of Mansfield. Smith then rode 45 miles to Pleasant Hill, but did not reach there in time for the battle — arriving around nightfall, the site of old village is today referred to as the Old town or Old Pleasant Hill. In 1864, the countryside in this part of Louisiana mostly consisted of pine forests, a newspaper described Pleasant Hill as a little village situated on a low ridge, containing in peace-times probably 300 inhabitants. It further stated that, The battle-field of Pleasant Hill. is a large, open field, which had once been cultivated, but is now overgrown with weeds and bushes

9.
Battle of Fort Stevens
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Early and Union Major General Alexander McDowell McCook. The battle is noted for the presence of President Abraham Lincoln observing the fighting. In June 1864, Gen. Jubal Early was dispatched by Gen. Robert E. C and they then turned east towards Frederick where they arrived on July 7. Ricketts, attempted to resist the Confederate advance at the Battle of Monocacy. The battle lasted from about 7 p. m. until around 13 a. m. but ultimately Earlys corps drove off the small Union force, despite the Union loss, the battle cost General Early precious time better spent advancing the forty miles toward Washington. After the battle Early resumed his march on Washington, arriving at its northeast border near Silver Spring at around noontime on July 11. Earlys invasion of Maryland had the effect on Grant, who dispatched the rest of the VI Corps. Gen. Robert E. Grant would be compelled to weaken himself so much for their protection as to afford an opportunity to attack him, or that he might be induced to attack us. The city of Washington, D. C. prepared for assault in the midst of one of the worst hot spells in its history, the Congress and prominent residents such as Montgomery Blair left town as much to escape the heat as much as the impending Confederate advance. Meanwhile, refugees from surrounding counties began to enter the safety of the city. Overall defense of the District was given to Major General Christopher Augur as commander of the XXII Corps, Major Generals Quincy Gillmore and Alexander McCook commanded the Northeast sector and the reserve post at Blagden farm, respectively. Augur commanded an impressive thirty one thousand troops and a cannon in one hundred sixty fortifications, batteries. Eighty seven fortifications were located north of the Potomac with 484 heavy guns and 13,986 troops, land was cleared surrounding the city to create battlegrounds and open areas for fire. Six companies of the 8th Illinois Cavalry were stationed in front of the Northern defenses, despite this impressive array of defenses, Washington was in truth rather lacking in its defensive capabilities. Bernard estimated that instead of 31,000, the number of usable troops was around 9,600. The Capital was more vulnerable to Confederate attack than it seemed, with around 10,000 troops, the arrival of the VI Corps brought desperately needed veteran reinforcements. It also added another high-ranking officer into a jumbled Federal command, the Washington defenses played host to a number of generals ejected from major theaters of the war or incapacitated for field command due to wounds or disease. Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook was one of the former, McCook was, however, placed in command of the Defenses of the Potomac River & Washington, superseding Christopher Columbus Augur, who commanded the Department of Washington

10.
First Battle of Deep Bottom
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A Union force under Maj. Gens. Winfield S. Hancock and Philip H, Deep Bottom is the colloquial name for an area of the James River in Henrico County 11 miles southeast of Richmond, Virginia, at a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river known as Jones Neck. It was a convenient crossing point from the Bermuda Hundred area on the side of the river. Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant began a siege of the city of Petersburg, Virginia, after initial assaults on the Confederate lines, June 15–18,1864, failed to break through. Hoping to increase the chances for success at Petersburg, Grant planned a movement against Richmond that Gen. Robert E. Lee would likely counter with troops taken out of the Petersburg line. A division of the X Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. Robert S. Foster, had crossed on a second pontoon bridge just upstream to secure a bridgehead on the north bank of the river. Grants plan called for Hancock to pin down the Confederates at Chaffins Bluff and prevent reinforcements from opposing Sheridans cavalry, the Confederate fieldworks protecting Richmond were commanded by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell. When Lee found out about Hancocks pending movement, he ordered that the Richmond lines be reinforced to 16,500 men, the four brigades of Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaws division joined Col. John S. Fultons brigade of the Department of Richmond, James H. Lane and Samuel McGowan from Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcoxs division. The reinforcements moved east on New Market Road and took up positions on the face of New Market Heights. Hancock and Sheridan crossed the bridge starting at 3 a. m. The II Corps advanced with the division of Maj. Gen. John Gibbon on the left, barlow in the center, and Brig. Gen. Gershom Mott on the right. They broke through the Confederate rifle pits on the New Market Road, captured four cannons, Sheridans cavalry rode to the high ground on the right, overlooking the millpond. The cavalry division of Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert captured the high ground near Fussells Mill, the Confederate works on the west bank of Baileys Creek were formidable and Hancock chose not to attack them, spending the rest of the day performing reconnaissance. While Hancock was stymied at Baileys Creek, Robert E. Lee began bringing up reinforcements from Petersburg. He assigned Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson to take command of the Deep Bottom sector and sent in Maj. Gen. Henry Heths infantry division, troops were also hurriedly detailed from the Department of Richmond to help the man the trenches. Sheridans men attempted to turn the Confederate left with an advance against Gravel Hill, three brigades—Lanes, McGowans, and Kershaws —attacked Sheridans right flank. The Union cavalrymen formed a line in which they were lying prone just beyond a shallow ridgeline

11.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty

12.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions

13.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864

14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

15.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

16.
Lieutenant colonel (United States)
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In the United States Army, U. S. Marine Corps, and U. S. Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the rank of commander in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5, in the United States armed forces, the insignia for the rank consists of a silver oak leaf, with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Navy/Marine Corps version. While often written as Lt. Colonel in orders and signature blocks, as a courtesy, lieutenant colonels are addressed simply as colonel verbally, the U. S. Army uses the three letter abbreviation LTC. The United States Marine Corps and U. S. Air Force use the abbreviations LtCol and Lt Col respectively. The U. S. Government Printing Office recommends the abbreviation LTC for U. S. Army usage, LtCol for Marine Corps usage, the Associated Press Stylebook recommends the abbreviation Lt. Col. for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force. Slang terms for the historically used by the U. S. military include light colonel, short colonel, light bird, half colonel, bottlecap colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel has existed in the British Army since at least the 16th century and was used in both American colonial militia and colonial regular regiments. The Continental Army continued the British and colonial use of the rank of lieutenant colonel, the lieutenant colonel was sometimes known as lieutenant to the colonel. In British practice, regiments were commanded by their lieutenant colonels. The conversion was never completely effected and some regiments remained commanded by colonels throughout the war, from 1784 until 1791, there was only one lieutenant colonel in the US Army, who acted as the armys commanding officer. In the Continental Army aides to the Commander in Chief, viz, Lieutenant General George Washington, were lieutenant colonels. Additionally, certain officers serving under the Adjutant General, Inspector General, such was the case of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, who commanded a Maine regiment as both a lieutenant colonel and later as a colonel. Such was the case with George A. Custer, who was a lieutenant colonel in the regular army, a lieutenant colonel may also serve as a brigade/brigade combat team, regiment/regimental combat team, Marine Aviation Group, Marine Expeditionary Unit, or battalion task force executive officer. These staff positions may include, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, usage of The G-n may refer to either a specific staff section or the staff officer leading a section. Lieutenant colonels may also be junior staff at a variety of higher echelons, Lieutenant colonels may also serve on general staffs and may be the heads of some wing staff departments. Senior Lieutenant colonels occasionally serve as group commanders, in US Army and Air Force ROTC detachments, the commanding officer is typically a lieutenant colonel, along with several majors, captains, and non-commissioned officers serving as assistants. However, some detachments are commanded by full colonels, the rank of lieutenant colonel is also used by many large American police departments for officers in senior administrative positions

17.
5th New York Volunteer Infantry
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The 5th New York Volunteer Infantry, also known as also known as Duryées Zouaves, was a volunteer infantry regiment of the Union Army, during the American Civil War, led by Colonel Abram Duryée. Modeled, like other Union and Confederate infantry regiments, on the French Zouaves of Crimean War fame, its tactics, the 165th New York Volunteer Infantry was regarded as a sister regiment and known as the Second Battalion, Duryee Zouaves. The 165th wore the uniform as the 5th with the exception of the tassel of the fez. Photographic evidence suggests that later in the war the 165th was given replacement sashes that were a red color without the light blue trim. The regiment was formed on April 12,1861, by a group of enthusiasts in Manhattan and deployed from Fort Schuyler at Throgs Neck. Colonel Abram Duryée was appointed as the commander of the regiment, the majority of the soldiers were educated and above average height. On May 24, the regiment boarded a transport to reach the Virginia Peninsula, immediately at Fort Monroe, the regiment began making scouting expeditions. By the end of July, the regiment moved to Baltimore, Maryland, Duryée was promoted to general rank, so Gouverneur Kemble Warren took over command of the regiment. There, the regiment continuously drilled, until General George McClellan ordered the regiment to join the Army of the Potomac in the campaign to capture Richmond, Virginia. McClellan said that, upon seeing the colorful New York regiment, at the Battle of Hanover Courthouse on May 27,1862, the regiment played only a minor role. However, they fought in a major role in the Battle of Gaines Mill of the Seven Days Battles. As McClellan moved his base to the James River on June 27,1862, in a counterattack, the regiment defeated the initial Rebel attack. In August 1862, the regiment fell under the control of General John Pope, at the Second Battle of Bull Run, the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry regiment was forced to withstand the advancing forces of General James Longstreet. In underestimating the size of the Confederate army, Pope ordered the regiment to support Hazlett’s Battery, longstreet’s soldiers easily outnumbered the small regiment, and the Texas Brigade quickly inflicted over 330 casualties in the regiment. One hundred twenty Zouaves were killed within eight minutes, the greatest single battle fatality of all Federal volunteer infantry regiments in the entire Civil War, the entire Color Guard was killed, except for one man. The only officer to survive the battle was Captain Cleveland Winslow, later, at the Battle of Antietam, September 17, the unit was held in reserve. On December 15, the fought at the Battle of Fredericksburg. At the Battle of Chancellorsville under Joseph Hooker, the unit saw its final combat, in the fall of 1862, officers of the 5th detailed on recruiting duty had organized the 165th New York Volunteer Infantry, or Second Battalion Duryees Zouaves

18.
Department of the Gulf
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The Department of the Gulf was a command of the United States Army in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and of the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. The department was constituted on February 23,1862 when the United States War Department issued General Orders No. 20, the department consisted of. all of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico west of Pensacola harbor, on March 20,1862, Butler activated his command at Ship Island, Mississippi by issuing General Orders No.1 assuming his new command. United States Navys West Gulf Blockading Squadron captured New Orleans, Louisiana on April 29,1862, the department, sometimes referred to as the Army of the Gulf, became a union occupying force in the region. 2, its area was defined as the coast from the Pearl River to the Apalachicola River northward to latitude 32° north, on November 3,1863, the northern boundary was extended to latitude 33° north. On July 25,1863, the department/district was transferred to the Department of Mississippi and it remained in that department only until January 28,1864, when it was transferred to the Department of Alabama and Eastern Mississippi. The department/district surrendered on May 4,1865, john H. Forney, July 2,1862 – December 8,1862 William W. Mackall, December 8,1862 – December 14,1862 Simon B. The order specified that the department was to include the states of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. All of the states had previously been included in the Department of the East except Texas which had been the sole state in the Department of Texas. The depart was redesignated as the Department of the South on March 12,1898, brigadier General William M. Graham assumed command of the department on March 14,1898. The department was headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, on October 25,1899, the department was merged with the Department of the East. It was reestablished in December 1903, proclamation, Headquarters, Department of the Gulf, New Orleans, May 1st,1862 United States. General Orders from Headquarters, Department of the Gulf, Issued by Major-General B F Butler, from May 1st,1862, camps and prisons, Twenty months in the department of the Gulf

19.
XIX Corps (Union Army)
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XIX Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent most of its service in Louisiana and the Gulf, XIX Corps was created on December 14,1862, and assigned to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, the commander of the Department of the Gulf. The corps comprised all Union troops then occupying Louisiana and east Texas and it originally consisted of four divisions, numbering 36,000 men. In April 1863, the corps was involved in the actions at Fort Bisland and it operated the Siege of Port Hudson from April 27–July 9,1863, the fall of which, along with that of Vicksburg, Mississippi, closed off the Mississippi River to Confederate shipping. Banks Chief of Staff, BG George L. Andrews, BG Charles P. Stone In spring of 1864, franklin, who was wounded at Mansfield. After its conspicuous role in the failure, two divisions under William H, emory were sent to Virginia to join Phillip Sheridans operations in the Shenandoah Valley against Jubal Early. These troops took part in all of the engagements of Sheridans campaign, most notably at Opequon. After this, the corps was sent Savannah, Georgia, where it remained until the end of the war. The XIX Corps was officially disbanded on March 26,1865, but the corps took part in the Grand Review in Washington, and some of its units remained in Savannah and Louisiana until 1866

20.
Union Army of the Shenandoah
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The Army of the Shenandoah was a Union army during the American Civil War. First organized as the Department of the Shenandoah in 1861 and then disbanded in early 1862, it became most effective after its recreation on August 1,1864, under Philip Sheridan. Its Valley Campaigns of 1864 rendered the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia unable to produce foodstuffs for the Confederate States Army, the new Army of the Shenandoah was composed of the Union VI Corps, XIX Corps, and George Crooks Army of West Virginia. It was placed under Sheridans command with orders to repel Early, deal with Confederate guerillas, and press on into the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Early, ever the cunning strategist, kept his force moving so as not to be trapped by Sheridans vastly superior force, his raid had, if anything, a good deal of success for southern morale. Confederate General Robert E. Lee, coming to the conclusion that Early had done all that was practical, ordered Early to return two of his divisions to Richmond and remain to tie up Sheridan. Learning of this, Sheridan waited until Early weakened himself and then attacked at the Third Battle of Winchester on September 19, reinforced again in reaction to the threat of Sheridans 31, 000-man army, Early moved against Sheridan once more. Initially successful, the Confederates were repelled by a Union counterattack, following their victory, portions of the Army of the Shenandoah were detached to Grant at Petersburg and to William Tecumseh Sherman in Georgia. Command of the army passed to Brig. Gen. A. T. A. Torbert until June 27,1865. April 27 - July 25,1861, Major General Robert Patterson July 25,1861 - March 18,1862, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks 21 May –3 July 1864, Major General David Hunter August 7 – October 16,1864, Major General Philip Sheridan October 16 – October 19,1864, Major General Horatio G

21.
Department of the South
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The Department of the South was a military department of the United States Army that existed in several iterations in the 19th century. During the American Civil War, the Department of the South comprised Union Army troops occupying the states of Florida, Georgia and this included troops stationed at Hilton Head, Morris Island, Savannah, Georgia and Pensacola, Florida. Until 1864, its command was co-terminus with that of the X Corps and this iteration of the Department of the South consisted of posts in the Carolinas, in what was then the Second Military District. It was commanded by General Daniel Sickles, in this iteration, the Department of the South consisted of reconstructed states in the former Confederacy. It was subordinate to the Military Division of the South until 1876, major General George G. Meade, August 1868–March 12,1869

22.
Grand Review of the Armies
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The Grand Review of the Armies was a military procession and celebration in Washington, D. C. on May 23 and May 24,1865, following the close of the American Civil War. On May 10, Johnson had declared that the rebellion and armed resistance was virtually at an end, one of his side goals was to change the mood of the capital, which was still in mourning following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln the month before at Fords Theater. Three of the leading Federal armies were close enough to participate in the procession, the Army of the Tennessee arrived via train. It had arrived in Washington on May 12, at 9,00 a. m. on a bright sunny May 23, a signal gun fired a single shot and Maj. Gen. The infantry marched with 12 men across the road, followed by the divisional and corps artillery, grant, senior military leaders, the Cabinet, and leading government officials awaited. At the head of his troops, Meade dismounted when he arrived at the stand and joined the dignitaries to salute his men. On the following day at 10,00 a. m, for six hours under bright sunshine, the men who had marched through Georgia and those who had defeated John Bell Hoods army in Tennessee now paraded in front of joyous throngs lining the sidewalks. People peered from windows and rooftops for their first glimpse of this western army, at the very end was a vast herd of cattle and other livestock that had been taken from Carolina farms. Within a week after the celebrations, the two armies were disbanded and many of the regiments and batteries were sent home to be mustered out of the army. Although there would be further guerrilla actions and racial violence in the South, Grand Review of the Armies - photos and brief story CivilWarHome. com The Grand Review of the Armies 1865 - Photographs of the Grand Review of the Armies in chronological order

23.
Second lieutenant
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Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1b rank. Like the United Kingdom, the rank of second lieutenant replaced the rank of ensign, the rank of second lieutenant was phased out in the Australian Regular Army in 1986. The Canadian Forces adopted the rank insignia of a single gold ring around the service dress uniform cuff for both army and air personnel upon unification in 1968 until the late 2000s. For a time, naval personnel used this rank but reverted to the Royal Canadian Navy rank of acting sub-lieutenant, currently, the Canadian Army insignia for second lieutenant is a pip and the Royal Canadian Air Force insignia for lieutenant is one thick braid. The equivalent rank for the Royal Canadian Navy is acting sub-lieutenant, also known as an Ensign in the Foot Guards units. The insignia consists of a bar in accordance with the color of the ceremonial uniform buttons. For cavalry or forest rangers, ceremonial dress buttons were silver, as was the horn on the forest commissioned officers képi. The insignia consists of a silver star. Officers holding this rank should be addressed as Kyrie Anthypolochage by their subordinates, in Indonesia, Second lieutenant is known as Letnan Dua which is the most junior ranked officer in the Indonesian Military. Cadets who graduate from the Indonesian Military Academy achieve this rank as young officers, senior Non-commissioned officers promoted to becoming commissioned officers go to the Officers Candidate School in Bandung for achieving the Second Lieutenant rank. The Lieutenant rank has two levels, which are Second lieutenant and First lieutenant, lieutenants in Indonesia usually command a Platoon level of troops and are referred to as Danton abbreviated from Komandan Pleton in Indonesian. Since 1951 in the Israel Defense Forces (סגן-משנה (סגמ segen mishne has been equivalent to a second lieutenant, from 1948 –1951 the corresponding rank was that of a segen, which since 1951 has been equivalent to lieutenant. Segen mishne means junior lieutenant and segen literally translates as assistant, typically it is the rank of a platoon commander. Note that the IDF uses this rank across all three of its services, the equivalent rank in Norway is fenrik. This is the first rank, where they are commanding officer, Fenriks are usually former experienced sergeants but to become a fenrik one has to go through officers training and education. Fenriks fill roles as second in command within a platoon, Fenriks are in some cases executive officers. Most fenriks have finished the War Academy as well, and are fully trained officers, to qualify for the Military Academy, Fenriks are required to do minimum 6 months service in international missions, before or after graduation. The Pakistan Army follows the British pattern of ranks, a second lieutenant is represented by one metal pip on each shoulder in case of khaki uniform and one four quadric printed star on the chest in case of camouflage combat dress

24.
Abraham G. Mills
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Mills was born in New York City and lived there until 1862, when he enlisted with the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry upon the onset of the Civil War. While in the service, Mills continued to play baseball and later recalled that he would always pack his bat, a reported 40,000 soldiers were in attendance. In 1864, Mills was appointed 2nd lieutenant and was discharged a year later. After the war, Mills enrolled in Columbian Law School in Washington, while in Washington, Mills presided over the Olympic Base Ball Club for which he was also an occasional player. During his tenure, Mills tried unsuccessfully to recruit a young pitcher, Albert Spalding, in 1872 Mills married Mary Chester Steele, and the couple had three daughters. After being admitted to the bar in 1876, he relocated his family to Chicago, during the late 19th century, it was common practice for professional leagues to sign players already under contract with non-league teams. Usually, several teammates were recruited together, forcing the depleted non-league team to disband, Mills attacked the questionable ethics of the practice in a newspaper article and outlined a plan to prevent the raiding of non-league teams. William Hulbert, then president of the NL, noticed the article and solicited Mills for his advice on drafting an official solution, Mills contribution impressed the league, and he was hired on as an advisor. Following Hulberts death in 1882, the unanimously elected him president. Mills primary objective as president sought to prevent players switching from one professional league to the next. Mills reacted by threatening the defecting players with permanent expulsion and heavy fines, unfortunately, heavy financial losses and low attendance caused the UA and several participant teams to fold only after one season. UA players later attempted to rejoin the NL, but Mills was particularly adamant about sticking to his word, in spite of Mills objections, the league saw opportunity for boosting profits, and voted to allow the former UA players back in. However, Mills continued to serve as a consultant on league matters. In 1888, Spalding accompanied a group of players on a world tour to promote the game of baseball. Upon their return the following year, a dinner was held to honor the players, the dinner, held at Delmonicos Restaurant in New York, was attended by an eclectic and prestigious crowd of 300 guests, among them Mark Twain and Theodore Roosevelt. The events main theme focused on the sport as Americas ambassador to the world, also emphasized was the notion that baseball had not, as many believed, evolved from the British game of rounders. Reportedly, at points throughout the evening, audience members broke out into rousing chants of No rounders. The display of patriotism intrigued Spalding and inspired a debate concerning baseballs origins, the debate came to a head in 1903 when Henry Chadwick published a widely read article tracing baseballs evolution from rounders

25.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association

26.
Major general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general, a major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers. Major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps, some of these slots are reserved or finitely set by statute. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for review before it can be sent to the President, through the Secretary of Defense for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once confirmed, the nominee is promoted to rank on assuming a position of office that requires an officer to hold the rank. For positions of office that are reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, since the grade of major general is permanent, the rank does not expire when the officer vacates a two-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, and/or when the officer receives a new assignment or a promotion, in the case of the Air National Guard, they may also serve as The Adjutant General for their state, commonwealth or territory. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement of general officers, all major generals must retire after five years in grade or 35 years of service, whichever is later, unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense may defer a general officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, because there are a finite number of General Officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, general officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. The rank of general was abolished in the U. S. Army by the Act of March 16,1802. Major general has been a rank in the U. S. Army ever since, to address this anomaly, Washington was posthumously promoted by Congress to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The position of Major General Commanding the Army was entitled to three stars according to General Order No.6 of March 13,1861

27.
Abner Doubleday
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Abner Doubleday was a career United States Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the battle of the war. Gettysburg was his finest hour, but his relief by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade caused lasting enmity between the two men, in San Francisco, after the war, he obtained a patent on the cable car railway that still runs there. In his final years in New Jersey, he was a prominent member and later president of the Theosophical Society, Doubleday has been historically credited with inventing baseball, although this is untrue. Doubleday, the son of Ulysses F. Doubleday and Hester Donnelly, was born in Ballston Spa, New York, in a house on the corner of Washington. As a child, Abner was very short, the family all slept in the attic loft of the one-room house. His paternal grandfather, also named Abner, had fought in the American Revolutionary War and his maternal grandfather Thomas Donnelly joined the army at 14 and was a mounted messenger for George Washington. His great grandfather Peter Donnelly was a Minuteman and his father, Ulysses F. Doubleday, fought in the War of 1812, published newspapers and books, and represented Auburn, New York for four years in the United States Congress. Abner spent his childhood in Auburn and later was sent to Cooperstown to live with his uncle and he practiced as a surveyor and civil engineer for two years before entering the United States Military Academy in 1838. He graduated in 1842, 24th in a class of 56 cadets, in 1852, he married Mary Hewitt of Baltimore. Doubleday initially served in garrisons and then in the Mexican–American War from 1846 to 1848. In 1858 he was transferred to Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor serving under Colonel John L. Gardner, by the start of the Civil War, he was a captain and second in command in the garrison at Fort Sumter, under Major Robert Anderson. He aimed the cannon fired the first return shot in answer to the Confederate bombardment on April 12,1861. He subsequently referred to himself as the hero of Sumter for this role and he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on February 3,1862, and was assigned to duty in northern Virginia while the Army of the Potomac conducted the Peninsula Campaign. His first combat assignment was to lead the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Doubleday again led the division, now assigned to the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac, after South Mountain, where Hatch was wounded again. At Antietam, he led his men into the fighting in the Cornfield and the West Woods. Remarkably cool and at the front of battle. He was wounded when a shell exploded near his horse

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Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants

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New York in the American Civil War
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The state of New York during the American Civil War was a major influence in national politics, the Union war effort, and the media coverage of the war. New York provided a key member of the Lincoln Administration, as well as several important voices on Capitol Hill. The press and media of the state, heavily concentrated in New York City, influenced not only state politics and the view on the war. Important periodicals based in New York included The New York Times, New York Tribune, Harpers Weekly, Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper, german-born illustrator Thomas Nast was among the early political cartoonists. In the decades after the war ended, numerous memorials and monuments were erected across the Empire State to commemorate specific regiments, units, several archives and repositories, as well as historical societies, hold archives and collections of relics and artifacts. Upstate New York was among the leaders in the revolutions in transportation, agriculture, turnpikes, canals, and railroads connected eastern cities with western markets. New Yorks farmland was some of the most productive in the nation, the Genesee country became known as the breadbasket of the nation for its extraordinary grain production. Rapid-flowing rivers offered power for industrial sites. Following these expanding economic opportunities, people poured into upstate New York and they came from several different cultures—New England Yankees, Dutch and Yorkers from eastern New York, Germans and Scots Irish from Pennsylvania, and immigrants from England and Ireland. New York provided 400, 000–460,000 men during the war, nearly 21% of all the men in the state, of the total enlistment, more than 130,000 were foreign-born, including 20,000 from British North American possessions such as Canada. 51,000 were Irish and 37,000 German, the average age of the New York soldiers was 25 years,7 months, although many younger men and boys may have lied about their age in order to enlist. By the time the Civil War ended in 1865, New York had provided the Union Army with 27 regiments of cavalry,15 regiments of artillery,8 of engineers, and 248 of infantry. Among the more prominent military units from the state of New York was the Excelsior Brigade of controversial former congressman Daniel Sickles. Several early volunteer regiments traced their origins to antebellum New York State Militia regiments, including the 14th Brooklyn, which became known for its bright red chasseur-style pants. The first organized unit to leave the state for the front lines was the 7th New York State Militia, the 11th New York Infantry, a two-years regiment of new recruits, departed ten days later. Among the earliest casualties of the Civil War was Malta, New York, native Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth, who was killed in May 1861 during an armed encounter in Alexandria, Virginia. New York had long played an important role in the U. S. military, macDougall Hospital at Fort Schuyler would become a leading wartime military hospital, and Davids Island was a significant prisoner-of-war camp for captured Confederates. Several wealthy New York industrialists played crucial roles in supporting the war effort through materiel, weapons, ammunition, supplies, railroad impresario Cornelius Vanderbilt used his growing network of rail systems to effectively move large quantities of troops through the state to staging and training areas

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Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival

31.
Frederick H. Dyer
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Frederick Henry Dyer served as a drummer boy in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in 1849, Dyer lost both his parents in childhood, in July 1863, at the age of 14, already two years into the civil war, Dyer and a friend ran away from school with the intention of joining the army. Although his friends aunt provided guardian consent for him to enlist as a minor, Dyer carefully assumed his friends surname, Metzger, to avoid being traced and returned to school. On July 25, having passed the physical examination, he became a drummer boy in Company H of the 7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment. Dyer continued to serve with Company H during the two years of the war. It is unknown whether he participated in any fighting. The 7th Connecticut was equipped with Spencer carbines in December 1863, Dyer stopped using his false name after the war. He attended Russell Military Institute and Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut, from the age of 18, he became a commercial traveller – an occupation he maintained for about fourteen years – moving between various cities in the states of Pennsylvania and New York. He moved to Philadelphia in 1870, where he manufactured and sold escutcheons to veterans, in 1875 he was married in Bridgeville, Delaware and moved to Pittsburgh until the fall of 1876, then moved to Washington, Pennsylvania. Whilst living in Washington he went into business with a H. Frank Ward, forming Dyer and Ward – Printers, Stationers and Binders, Dyer moved around on business, residing in several cities between 1885 and 1912, before settling his family in Cleveland, Ohio. Dyer remained in Des Moines until 1912, to promote the Compendium from his office, before moving to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1867, Dyer became a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a patriotic society of civil war Union veterans. It was around this time that he started to acquire details about Union regiments and his job as a commercial traveller brought him in touch with many veterans and officials, from whom he gathered official figures. The statistics he collected expanded into areas, from regiments to details of formations, battles, movements. Dyer utilized the materials available at the War Department, namely the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion. After 35 years of gathering, he moved into a single room in Des Moines to start producing a compendium worthy of print. He made seven revisions, each taking around seven months, as he sifted through piles of paperwork and notes, to produce an accurate account of the Union army. Working day and night, sleeping in a bed placed close to his desk, he toiled over the Compendium from 1904 until 1908, part II – Chronological record of the campaigns, battles, engagements, actions, combats, sieges, skirmishes. Etc. in the United States 1861 to 1865, the original Compendium, which was bound in morocco leather and pebbled cloth, sold at $10 apiece

Shoulder two-star rank insignia of major general for the above services.

Rank flag of a major general in the United States Army. The flag of a major general of the Army Medical Department has a maroon background; the flag of a chaplain (major general) has a black background.