he history of the Jewish people in the close to three millennia
since the destruction of the first Beis Hamikdash is divided
into four phases. These are the arba galuyos-the four exiles-which,
with only a brief respite in the days of the Chashmonaim,
span all these years, to this very day.

In his prophetic dream, Yaakov Avinu saw a ladder with its base
on the ground and its top in Heaven and angels going up and down
its rungs. These angels are identified by the Midrash as the sarei
ha'umos, the patron angels of the four kingdoms that would
oppress Yaakov's descendants in their exile. Yaakov saw the sar
of Babylon ascend seventy rungs-representing the number of years
that nation held power over Jewry-and then descend. Next came
the sar of Medea, whose ascent of fifty-two rungs symbolized
the length of the Persian-Medean exile. Then came the sar
of Greece, who got as high as 180 rungs-the number of years Jews
suffered under the Hellenist yoke until their liberation on Chanukah.
It was only the ever-ascending sar of Edom that led Yaakov
to ask Hashem if this meant that the fourth exile would never
end. He was reassured that even if Edom-Rome and its heirs-reached
the stars, Hashem would bring it down.

This theme of the four kingdoms and the exiles they were to impose
upon Jewry is not encountered for the first or last time in Yaakov's
vision. There are at least half a dozen other references in Tanach.

Yaakov's dream is unique in pinpointing the length of each exile.
But all the other symbols and visions are alike in offering an
opportunity to analyze the nature of each kingdom. It is these
concise yet profound insights into the personality of each nation
that Chazal and Torah commentators throughout the generations
have developed into a fascinating picture of Jewish history.

The events described in Megillas Esther transpired during the
second of these four exiles, when Jews were ruled by the kingdom
of the Persians and Medes, with a Persian on the throne. We shall
therefore repeatedly refer to Chazal'sdescriptions
of these two nations in order to better understand their behavior
as reflected in the Megillah.

Daniel's nocturnal vision offers us a perspective on the king
whose power is the focal point of our first section. The second
animal that arises from the storm-tossed sea is similar to a bear.

With this background we approach our first section. Analyzing
the power of Achashveirosh, a self-made monarch who succeeded
Koresh as the second of the three Persian rulers of a mighty kingdom,
is indispensable to understanding the Megillah. It was his absolute
control over the entire inhabited world that made the threat of
Haman's genocide so menacing.

The magnificent banquet that occupies the first part of the Megillah
was motivated by a combination of factors. From a political point
of view it was an effort to achieve reconciliation with those
provinces whose rebellion had been crushed. The opulence of the
affair expresses the great wealth of king and empire while the
orgiastic indulgence reflects the appetites of the bear.

But perhaps most important, it represents the second kingdom's
hopes of succeeding where the first one failed. Belshatzar prematurely
celebrated the end of Jewish hopes for redemption and was punished
with the premature end of his Babylonian kingdom. Achashveirosh
follows his

example at this banquet, bringing forth the vessels of the Beis
Hamikdash to show that there is no longer any need to fear
that the Jews will ever have a second one. This Persian dream
of succeeding where others failed will recur at the great trial
at the end of days, as described by our Sages (Avodah Zarah
2b).

In the hereafter all the nations of the world will be summoned
before Hashem, who will point to the sefer Torah in His
lap and ask all those who studied that Torah to come forward and
claim their reward. The Romans, as the mightiest of empires, will
be first in line. They will claim to have established many marketplaces,
built many bathhouses, and amassed many great treasures of gold
and silver for the sole purpose of enabling Jews to study Torah.
But this contention will be rejected by the Divine Judge, who
will point out their selfish motivation in all of these achievements.

As the crestfallen Romans depart, their place will be taken by
the Persians, who-like them-will enjoy power until the Messianic
era. The Persians will feel confident of succeeding where the
Romans failed because it was one of their kings who granted permission
to build the second Beis Hamikdash, whereas it was a Roman
ruler who destroyed it. Their argument will be that they built
many bridges, conquered many cities, and waged many wars only
so Jews could study Torah. Once again, Hashem will shatter this
defense by exposing its selfish and vainglorious nature.

It is difficult to imagine how nations standing before the omniscient
Creator in the final hour of truth will dare to present such transparent
claims of being motivated in all their worldly achievements only
by the desire to promote Torah study among Jews!

The Brisker Rav, Rav Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik, z"l, offers
an explanation based on Rambam's famous mashal in his introduction
to his Mishnaic commentary. Why should a fool enjoy great wealth
and order his servants to build him a luxurious palace and plant
a lush vineyard nearby? Because one day a righteous man dying
of hunger and exhaustion will find comfort in the shade of the
palace walls and sustenance in the fruits of the vineyard. Although
the owner of the palace and vineyard had no intention of rescuing
any righteous traveler, it is this salvation that justified all
of his wealth and efforts.

Similarly, there is no doubt that Jews have been able to study
Torah with greater ease because of the commerce, transportation,
and other advances of civilization wrought by Romans, Persians,
and all the other nations of the world. But this is merely the
way the Creator arranged His world to ensure that those who study
and live by the Torah will have their needs provided for by others.
Credit and guilt, however, depend on one's intention. Each nation
is therefore discredited in that ultimate trial for having other
reasons in mind.

In a broader sense this idea can be applied to all of Jewish history.
The Romans provided us not only with marketplaces and money but
with the soul-searing lesson of destruction and exile. Persia
provided not only bridges and conquests but the catalyst of teshuvah,
in the form of Haman's plot. Each nation that has plagued Israel
has served as the rod of Divine anger, so mercifully applied to
awaken us before we destroy ourselves with our sins. But Rome
and Persia, like Babylon and Greece before them, will be punished
for their intention to harm a people they hated without justification.

This is the true perspective of the Purim story. The royal ring
transferred from the hand of Achashveirosh was a blessing in disguise
for a Jewish nation in need of a shock. But it was also the instrument
of a monstrous plan for a "final solution," which inevitably
resulted in the downfall of the planner and the triumph of his
intended victims.

Days of Anguish

"'And it happened in the days ( )' is always an expression
of anguish" (Gemara Megillah 10b).

The power of Achashveirosh was a source of anguish for his Jewish
subjects. "And it happened in the days of Achashveirosh"
suggests the he, rather than the general situation, was the catalyst
for the painful events of his epoch.

This same expression is found in Tanach regarding four earlier
periods. "It happened in the days of Amrafel" (Bereishis
14:1) introduces the anguish of history's first war. Its catalyst
was the wicked Nimrod, who gained the name Amrafel because he
said (rnt) to cast (kup) Avraham into the fiery furnace for refusing
to worship his idols. This Amrafel, who leads three other kings
into battle against five kingdoms and then against Avraham, also
represents the Babylonian empire, which ruled in the first exile.
His three allies symbolize the three kingdoms that followed, Kedarlaomer
signifying the Persian-Medean empire.

"It happened in the days of the judging of the judges"
(Ruth 1:1) introduces the anguish of a famine in Eretz Yisrael,
which was Heavenly retribution for the corruption of the judges
who had grown vulnerable to the judgment of those whom they themselves
were to judge.

"It happened in the days of Achaz" (Yeshayahu 7:1) introduces
the anguish of an invasion of Yehudah by the armies of Aram and
Yisrael, suggesting that the peace of the Jews in their Holy Land
was endangered by the idolatrous ways of faithless kings. The
climax of this anguish-churban Beis Hamikdash and galus-is
signaled by "It happened in the days of Yehoyakim" (Yirmiyahu
1:3).

All the anguish of these earlier eras seems to be relived in the
days of Achashveirosh. The word vayehi, which introduces
all of them with a combination of two classic expressions of woe,
vay and hi, was exceedingly appropriate to a period
that was a composite of all its predecessors. The outcry of vay
following invasion and churban in the days of Achaz and
Yehoyakim is echoed in the vay the Jews cried when Achashveirosh
halted the construction of the second Beis Hamikdash begun
by Zerubavel under license from King Koresh. The vay of
famine is heard once again in the three-day fast initiated by
Esther, and the vay of war in the battle of the Jews against
the enemies bent on their destruction.

Vay is an expression of pain but it is also a form of prayer.
It is this prayer that ultimately puts an end to the anguish caused
by the power of Achashveirosh.

Partners in Hatred

Amalek was the first nation to attack Israel (Bamidbar
24:20), and played a central role in all the attacks launched
against Israel. The Amalekites may thus be the great enemy of
Jewry but they certainly have no monopoly on anti-Semitism. What
is the origin of anti-Semitism? Our Sages give a surprising answer.

"Why is it called Mount Sinai?" Rav Kahana was asked
by one of the Sages. "On this mountain," came the reply
"sinah [hatred] descended upon the nations of the
world" (Shabbos 89a).

This was Heaven's way of communicating to the people who had accepted
the challenge of being "a nation of kohanim"
(Shemos 19:6) that there was no retreat from the role.
They would always remain a unique nation, set apart from others
and inspiring them with their example. This uniqueness and example
could be achieved in one of two ways - Sinai or sinah.

The pleasant, ideal way was that of Sinai - following the Torah
guidelines for personal and national perfection, which would inspire
the entire universe to follow suit. But if Jews balked at this
responsibility and attempted to assimilate into universalistic
mediocrity, there would always be some non-Jewish enemy around
to remind them of their identity. That enemy's sinah would
help the Jews fulfill their role as an example by showing what
happens to a nation that abandons its God. Inevitably it would
also inspire teshuvah, repentence, which would return Jews
to Sinai and bring an end to sinah.

Amalek was the first to attack Israel and therefore he is destined
to be destroyed by it (Bamidbar 24:20). Haman, the instigator
of the genocidal plot against the Jewish people, was indeed destroyed,
while his partner in hatred - Achashveirosh - was permitted to
continue his reign and grant power and pride to a nation returning
to Sinai.

The Power of the Ring

The king removed the ring from his hand and gave it to Haman...
(3:10)

All the exhortations of forty-eight prophets and seven prophetesses
from the beginning of Jewish history were not as powerful in moving
the Jews to teshuvah as the transfer of the king's ring
to Haman. When news of this gesture reached them, they were inspired
to fast and repent, which achieved the miracle of salvation.

But why did the transfer of the ring alarm the Jews so much more
than Haman's decree itself?

Because it revealed Achashveirosh's hatred for his Jewish subjects,
a hatred that may have surpassed even Haman's. Until now the Jews
had reassured themselves that the king, who had never openly shown
any antagonism towards them, would not be a party to Haman's genocide.
The transfer of the signet, with which royal documents were sealed
with irreversible finality, shattered this illusion.

The king was so anxious to sell out the Jews that not only did
he demand no money of Haman, but he even gave him his ring. This
brought home to them that they had a vicious enemy on the all-powerful
throne. And even if the notoriously fickle Achashveirosh could
be persuaded to sign and seal another decree rescinding the first,
he had entrusted the signet to Haman, so no such document would
be forthcoming. With their last natural hope gone, they turned
to Heaven for help.

The Hill and the Hole

The king said to Haman: "The silver is given to you as well
as the people, to do with them as you see fit." (3:11)

Achashveirosh's hatred for the Jews, already signaled in the transfer
of his ring to Haman, came to full expression when he informed
Haman that could keep all the money he offered and do as he wished
with the people they both despised. This scene has been compared
to a dialogue between a man who had a hill in his field, which
obstructed his cultivation of it, and another who had the same
problem with a hole in his field. Each of them longed for what
was in the other's field as a solution to his own problem. One
day the man with the hole offered to buy the hill from his neighbor
and use it to fill his hole. The man with the hill graciously
declined the offer of money and begged him to take away the hill
for the sake of both of them.

Achashveirosh and Haman both hated the Jews, but for opposite
reasons. To the haughty king, this wise and noble people represented
a hill that threatened his own stature. To Haman they were lowly,
contemptible creatures to look down upon as one would a hole in
the ground.

In another sense, these two symbols represent the two classical
approaches to overcoming anti-Semitism throughout the ages. Jews
who have believed that they are hated because they are different
have discovered that assimilation only earns them the disrespect
of those they try to imitate. These people now look down on them
even more than before - the hole. Others have tried to win the
affection of non-Jews by reminding them how much they owe the
Jews, who have enriched their commerce, science and arts. This
only produces an irritating hill of debts our enemies are glad
to eliminate.

The inevitable conclusion is that teshuvah is the only
solution to this problem.

Blessed be Mordechai the Jew

"For Mordechai the Jew...[was] accepted by most of his
brethren [as] a seeker of good for his people and a spokesman
of peace for all his posterity" (Verse 10:3).

"By 'most of his brethren' but not 'by all' - this teaches
that some members of the Sanhedrin distanced themselves from him"
(Gemara Megillah 16a).

With all its opportunities for saving Jewish lives, Mordechai's
rise to power was not without its drawbacks. His preoccupation
with communal matters forced him to spend less time learning Torah.
As a result, some of his colleagues in the Sanhedrin withdrew
from him.

This would seem to indicate that these sages considered Torah
study more important than saving lives. Indeed, in Sefer Ezra
(2:2) Mordechai is mentioned after four other names while in Sefer
Nechemiah, concerning events that took place twenty-four years
later, his name appears after five others. This demotion is interpreted
as Heavenly support for the sages' decision to abandon Mordechai
after he neglected Torah for lifesaving communal work.

Yet the poskim (Turei Zahav, Yoreh Deah 251:4) state
that one is obligated to put aside learning Torah in order to
save lives. The same halachic principle obliges a community to
take funds collected for the support of Torah study and utilize
them for taxes if evasion could endanger Jewish lives. Mordechai
therefore had no alternative but to assume the responsibility
thrust upon him.

Nonetheless, if one Jew must sacrifice his learning in order to
save lives while another can continue his learning undisturbed,
the latter is greater.

This idea, interjected into the last words of the Megillah and
in the midst of such elaborate praise for Mordechai, is the Megillah's
way of reinforcing its readers' Torah perspective. Of course every
Jew, like Mordechai, must be prepared to put aside every personal
consideration-even the greatness he can achieve through learning
Torah-if Heaven has put him in a position where he alone can save
Jewish lives. But what is even greater than such heroism, and
is the only guarantee that dangers such as Hamanic decrees will
not threaten the Jewish people? The learning of Torah.

Those members of the Sanhedrin who distanced themselves from Mordechai
after he took on his new responsibilities were demonstrating for
their generation and all future generations that Jewish survival
is guaranteed not by Jews like Mordechai in high places in the
government, but by Jews who are deeply committed to uninterrupted
Torah study. Mordechai, who unshirkingly accepted the lifesaving
responsibility for which Heaven had singled him out, was certainly
the first to appreciate the significance of their gesture. Nevertheless,
he was capable of proudly continuing as "a seeker of good
for his people and a spokesman of peace for all his posterity."

You can find the other 123 other Insights in Rav Weinbach's
book 127 Insights into Megillas Esther. Rav Weinbach is
also the author of Turnabout, which is the Purim Megillah
written in novel format based on the commentary of the Malbim. Both books are published by Targum Press/Feldheim
.

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