The mid-Atlantic ridge is the divergent plate boundary between North and South America to the west and
Europe and Africa to the east. Plate spreading is accompanied by intrusion of dikes and eruption of lava along
the ridge axis. The dikes are fed by magma chamber (s) located beneath the ridge. It has been suggested
that the depth of magma chambers is related to the rate of spreading. In order to examine this hypothesis we
determined the depths of magma chambers beneath the slow spreading Reykjanes Ridge that extends form
the Charlie Gibbs fracture zone at 53° north to the southern tip of Iceland at 64° north and the
Kolbeinsey Ridge that extends from north of Iceland at about 66° north to the west Jan Mayon ridge at
about 71° degrees north in the North Atlantic . Pressures of partial crystallization were calculated from the
compositions of natural liquids (glasses) with those of liquids in equilibrium with olivine, plagioclase, and
clinopyroxene different pressures and temperature. Chemical analyses of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB)
glasses collected along the Reykjanes and Kolbeinsey Ridge were used as liquid compositions. The glasses
form by rapid cooling of magma when quenched by contact with seawater, and provide unambiguous samples
of natural basalt liquids The calculated pressures were used to estimate the depths of partial crystallization of
liquids in sub-crustal chambers or reservoirs. The results indicate that the depth of magma chambers of the
Reykjanes Ridge decreases from 4 to 8 km (±0.8 km) near the Charlie Gibbs fracture zone to
1.2±0.5 km at 55.67° N. As the Ridge approaches Iceland the depth of chambers increases to
9.7±3 km. The limited data available for the Kolbeinsey Ridge provides only an approximate estimate of
the depth of magma chambers (average, 8.2km) but the depths also seem to increase towards Iceland.. The
shallow depths obtained for chambers beneath the southern part of the Reykjanes ridge and the average
depth of chambers beneath the Kolbeinsey ridge is in contrast with results obtained for slow-spreading ridges
elsewhere. This may reflect increased magma flux associated with the Iceland plume, and this is consistent
with crustal thickening towards Iceland as suggested by the northerly increase in the maximum depths of
chambers along the Reykjanus ridge. The influence of the Iceland plume is apparent from the chemical
analyses of the glasses. The abundances of Ti, Na, K, P, and Fe increase whereas the abundances of Si, Mg,
Al, and Ca decrease as Iceland is approached. These chemical data can also be interpreted in terms of
increased magma flux reflecting the thermal effects of the Iceland plume.

V33A-02

Provisional Depths of Magma Chambers Below Kverkfjöll

* Kelley, D F (kelley.196@osu.edu), The Ohio State University
School of Earth Sciences, 275 Mendenhall Laboratoy
125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
Kabbes, J E (kabbes.1@osu.edu), The Ohio State University
School of Earth Sciences, 275 Mendenhall Laboratoy
125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
Garcia, M O (garcia@soest.hawaii.edu), University of Hawaii
Department of Geology and Geophysics, 2525 Correa Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
Panero, W R (panero.1@osu.edu), The Ohio State University
School of Earth Sciences, 275 Mendenhall Laboratoy
125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
Barton, M (barton.2@osu.edu), The Ohio State University
School of Earth Sciences, 275 Mendenhall Laboratoy
125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States

Rifting along mid-ocean ridges (MOR) is facilitated by injection of dikes and formation of magma chambers
within the crust in rifting events which occur at discrete times and locations along the axis of the rift zone.
Volcano-tectonic events in Iceland's rift zones are often accompanied by outpouring of lava at the Earth's
surface. We have used mineral-melt equilbria relationships to determine the pressure and temperature of
magmas erupted from Mt. Upptyppingar and other localities along the Kverkfjöll volcanic system, which is
located along the eastern margin of the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ). This volcanic system consists of a
central volcano, Kverkfjöll, and lavas erupted from a series of fissures extending northward 50 km to Mt.
Upptyppingar, a large mound of hyaloclastites and pillow lavas. Pressures and temperatures were calculated
for melts lying along the olivine, plagioclase and augite cotectic. Input data included published glass analyses
from the Kverkfjöll volcano as well as hyaloclastite ridges along the eruptive fissure system extending
northward toward Mt. Upptyppingar. The results provide evidence for partial crystallization at an average
pressure of 426 MPa. We conclude that these samples represent magmas that were erupted from magma
chambers at a depth of ∼15 km. This depth is consistent with seismic data for recent swarms of
microseismicity beneath Upptyppingar (February 2007-May 2008). The seismic activity is interpreted to reflect
influx of magma into a dike at a depth of 15-18 km. Ongoing analysis of samples from Mt. Upptyppingar will
lead to estimation of magma chamber depths beneath that locality. The seismic unrest at Upptyppingar might
signal a rifting episode in the NVZ of Iceland. The latter accommodates the full ∼20 mm/yr spreading in
this portion of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, but it has been over 20 years since the last major rifting episode in the
NVZ at Krafla. Eruption of magmas from relatively deep chambers in Icelandic crust will promote rapid
degassing and may lead to explosive activity that could inject volcanic aerosols sufficiently high in the
atmosphere to affect the Earth's climate.

* Johnson, B W (ben.w.johnson@utah.edu), Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 South 1460 East
F.A. Sutton Bldg - Room 383, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0011, United States
Bowman, J R (john.bowman@utah.edu), Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 South 1460 East
F.A. Sutton Bldg - Room 383, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0011, United States
Valley, J W (valley@geology.wisc.edu)
AF:
The Alta Stock in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah provides an excellent opportunity to test new geochemical
approaches for investigating the assembly history of plutons. Oxygen isotope values of quartz were analyzed
and compared with quartz crystallization temperatures using the newly calibrated TitaniQ (titanium-in-quartz)
geothermometer. Oxygen isotope values range from 8.8‰ to 10.0‰, and do not correlate in any
obvious way with location within the stock, nor do they correlate with rock type (i.e. granodiorite, mafic enclave,
aplite, etc.). In addition, quartz-magnetite pairs yield sub-solidus equilibrium temperatures (~625°C),
suggesting that some part of the measured variations in δ18O of quartz may result from sub-solidus
exchange. We are obtaining oxygen isotope data for whole rock, feldspars, and biotites to test this possibility.
However, if the measured variations in δ18O values of quartz are largely primary, their lack of
correlation with rock type suggests that measured variations in δ18O values reflect primary variations
in isotopic composition of magma rather than magma mixing or fractional crystallization. If so, this suggests
that both the border and central phases of the stock were assembled by the amalgamation of distinct aliquots
of magma from slightly different sources. TitaniQ temperatures vary, showing both sub-solidus (615-
630°C) and magmatic ranges (700-825°C). Distinct temperatures are measured in different rock
types (e.g., granodiorite vs. mafic enclave) at the same sample locations, but averaged over the whole stock
temperatures are lower in the border phase (757°C) and higher in the central phase (787°C).
Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of quartz grains used in TitaniQ temperature calculations reveals complex
patterns. Clear core-to-rim zoning is present only in quartz phenocrysts from the central phase and in one
sample of the border phase adjacent to the central phase. Most grains exhibit tile-like and mottled domains,
and less often, enigmatic, irregular zoning. Tile-like domains are defined by irregular, bright CL bands
interpreted as annealed fractures. These patterns suggest multiple periods of quartz growth, resulting from
either synkinematic emplacement of the stock and/or fracturing and annealing during sub-solidus
(>600°C) hydrothermal alteration of the quartz. Brighter CL domains typically correspond with higher
TitaniQ temperatures, but occurrences of the inverse correlation (bright CL and low Ti) also occur. The initial
geochemical data suggest a complex assembly and cooling history for the Alta stock.

We present the results from an InSAR survey of volcanic activity in South America. We use data from the
Japanese Space Agency's ALOS L-band radar satellite from 2006-2009. The L-band instrument provides
better coherence in densely vegetated regions, compared to the shorter wave length C-band data. The survey
reveals volcano related deformation in regions, north, central and southern, of the Andes volcanic arc. Since
observations are limited to the austral summer, comprehensive coverage of all volcanoes is not possible. Yet,
our combined observations reveal volcanic/hydrothermal deformation at Lonquimay, Llaima, Laguna del
Maule, and Chaitén volcanoes, extend deformation measurements at Copahue, and illustrate temporal
complexity to the previously described deformation at Cerro Hudson and Cordón Caulle. No precursory
deformation is apparent before the large Chaitén eruption (VEI_5) of 2 May 2008, (at least before 16 April)
suggesting rapid magma movement from depth at this long dormant volcano. Subsidence at Ticsani Volcano
occurred coincident with an earthquake swarm in the same region.