Two hundred twenty-two years ago, George Washington and the gang argued their way to the Constitution’s approval, causing Ben Franklin to sigh, “It’s a republic, if you can keep it.”

This old piece of parchment defines the limits of federal government and guarantees the self-determination of its citizen benefactors. But make no mistake: Although those ideas have been around for a while, they’re very much alive today – and part of current heated debates.

This summer has put America's "owner's manual" to the test. Government reforms, bailouts, Second Amendment rights, and the quarrel over White House “czars” all touch on constitutional points. And in many ways, the debate revolves around how President Obama has handled the issues of the day.

In the eyes of many liberals, Obama is expanding the Constitution’s notions of “general welfare” for the common good. For conservatives, Obama’s initiatives amount to one of the greatest challenges to the Founders’ intent to limit the scope of federal government.

The philosophical battle under way may even come to define the Obama presidency.

“It’s in our national psyche basically, after so many years of fighting communism and socialism and collectivism, to have someone in such a prominent position proposing things that, while not socialist, have the same feel – a common good, greater welfare of all people,” says Michael Boldin, director of the Tenth Amendment Center, which espouses limited federal government. “When people hear that, there’s a natural resistance to it.”

Liberal groups have begun to refer to people drifting to federalist ideals as “tenthers” for focusing on the 10th Amendment directive that all powers not granted to the federal government were reserved to the states or the people.

“Such retreat to fringe constitutional theories is one of the right’s favorite tactics during times of historic upheaval,” writes Ian Millhiser in a recent issue of the liberal American Prospect magazine.

To be sure, thanks to slavery being settled, the rhetorical stakes today aren’t nearly as high as in the mid-1800s.

But to disregard the debate is also a mistake, experts say. A Zogby poll released this week finds that 35 percent of Americans could see secession as an acceptable solution to the nation’s problems versus 50 percent strongly opposing it – an affirmation, in the view of social psychologist Thomas Pettigrew at the University of California-Santa Cruz, that the president has “lost” a large percentage of the population.

In “The Audacity of Hope,” Obama writes that the constitutional documents “seem so incredibly right that it’s easy to believe they are the result of natural law if not divine inspiration.”

But he also sides with the view that the Constitution “is not a static but rather a living document, and must be read in the context of an ever-changing world,” pointing to how the 14th Amendment, in its original wording, would allow discrimination on the basis of gender and race.

“President Obama has no apparent sense of the limits of what he can and should do – and that will reduce his effectiveness in addressing those issues within his clear authority,” wrote the libertarian Cato Institute’s William Niskanen after Obama’s inauguration speech in January.

But as the debate goes on about the direction of the country, many Americans ultimately see Constitution Day as an affirmation of the American experiment, and the tenacity – and, yes, “audacity” – of a nation free to debate its future and glean hope from its past.

“This idea of historic things that happen overshadows the fact that this document just plugs on and on and that we just expect it to work,” says Sally Rider, director the Rehnquist Center in Tucson, Ariz. “We have grown to expect that, and that’s remarkable, and I think it would have been remarkable to the founders.”