King Henry VIII

What: English King
When: 1500's
Where: England
Significance: King who was cut off from the Roman Church because he impregnated his future wife (who gave birth to Queen Elizabeth). Started the Anglican Church which he was the head of in order to play part in the church.

Elizabeth I

ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.

Peace of Westphalia

What: treaties that officially ended the 30 years' war in Germany
When: 1648
Where: Germany
Significance: Said that every German state was free to choose its own religion, pretty much end of HRE, splits in religion made permanent

Enlightenment

What: the movement that seeks to explain all of reality using reason and science
When: 17th c - 18th c
Where: Starts in W Europe
Sig: Ushers in the modern age; transforms the way that people think about science, philosophy, art, politics, economics and religion

Immanuel Kant

who: Pilosopher
When:1724-1804
where: germany
Sig: think for yourself. Maturity. courage to use your own understanding. Enlightenment is the act of personal courage. Steping away from the church because the catholic church spoon fed the people info. he encourages you to discover on your own.

Laws of Nature

council of trent

What: Group who met to determine differences between Protestants and Catholics
When: 1545 - 1563
Where: Trent (border between Germany and Italy)
Significance: scripture and tradition were affirmed as equal authorities (only the church could interpret scripture). Both faith and Good works were necessary for salvation. The 7 sacraments, transubstantiation and clerical celibacy were all upheld, purgatory was strengthened but the indulgences were no longer sold.

Book of common prayer

What: revised Protestant liturgy - service manual for the Church of England
When: 1550
Where: England
Significance: Elaborate new prayer book that gave the clergy the right of marriage, the elimination of images, and moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction

Mary I

puritans

What: English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology
When: 1600's
Where: England
Significance: wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England, further helped to sculpt the English Reformation - took over Parliament and forced King to make changes, King refused, caused civil war
some stayed to attempt to reform the Anglican church while others fled to the American colonies.

Francis Xavier

Jesuits

What: "society of Jesus" founded by Ignatius of Loyola
When: 1500s
Where: Spain
Significance: The Jesuits became a group that was formed on absolute obedience to the papacy, the use of education to achieve goals, and dedication to engage in "conflict for God." They became a structured military group and were important in the papal policy. Big missionary group

Galileo

Who: Scientist, astronomer
Where: Italy
When: 1600
Significance: First European to make systematic observations by means of a telescope. Discovered imperfections in heavenly realms, He was condemned by the Catholic Church and this hindered further scientific work in Italy.

Isaac Newton

Who: Mathematician, Philosopher
Where: 1700
When: England
Significance: Pieced together a coherent synthesis for a new cosmology and used mathematical proofs to demonstrate his universal law of gravitation. Combined the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. He invented calculus!

Thomas Hobbes

Who: philosopher, a political thinker
Where: England
When: 1600s
Significance: believed that we were born with animalistic instincts seeking peace to follow (natural state is war) so therefore rights are laid down and a sovereign (Leviathan) leader is followed (God) → Social Contract Theory (motive for this is security).

Scientific Revolution

What: period of time marked by a revolution in science and intellectual life
Where: Europe
When: 17th century
Significance new view/knowledge of the universe (How things work) based on increasingly secular sources of authority for knowledge, formed basis for modern science, (look to intellectuals and science as authority on knowledge rather than God and the Bible, something still evident today)

Descartes

1596-1650 (french)
Mathematical contributions
Generalizations is the bases
Father of modern philosophy
When: early 17th c
Where: France
Sig: Tries to elevate christianity to the same level of science. Throws out everything he is capable of doubting. becomes a blank slate. Then adds things back. comes up with an argument for God that is reasonable to someone who doesnt believe it.

John Locke

Who: Social Contract Theorist, philosopher
Where: England
When: late 1600s
Sig: argued that all men were born with natural rights and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights
"christianity must pass the test of reason"
Democratic method. We elect the government

Rationalists

Empiricists

Deism

What: A school of thought in which a deity is acknowledged, but is not involved anymore
Where: Western Europe, US
When: 18th century
Significance: Belief in God as the creator of the universe, but that once he created it he had no direct involvement in it and that it runs on Natural Law. Founding fathers were deists → affected how our country was structured
Our society is going away from the involved God. A willingness to break tradition and authority. Dont treasure scripture as much ex Jefferson bible. makes a bible more of a rule book then a guide

Pietism

John Wesley

Who: founder of the methodists
when: mid to late 18th c
Where: England
Sig: All could be saved through experience. tried to revive english protestants through this, created methodists. quadrilateral scripture tradition reason experience. saw christians as ppl who transformed culture. they should be evangelizing and causing social reform.

pascal

Who: French philosopher and mathametician
When: 1623-1662
Where: france
Sig: sought to reconcile faith and scientific findings. Believing with the Heart is a big thing. wants science and reason to be reconciled. Less about strict doctrine and more about the experience of christianity. Pietist.

Epistemology

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who: Philosopher, writer, feminist
Where: England
When: 18th century
Significance: Wrote a Vindication for the Rights of Women, believed both men and women were at fault for the maltreatment of women. Argued for a social order based on reason

columbian exchange

Copernicus

wrote to the pope. scared that he would be rejected. Polish scientist whose book, on the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, put forth an initial argument for the idea that the earth revolved around the sun.
from poland
1473-1543

predestination and election

What: theory regarding salvation put forth by Calvin
When: 1500s
Where: Switzerland
Significance: The belief associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge at all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.

Copernicus

Who: Mathematician and astronomer
Where: Poland
When: 1500
Significance: believed in a heliocentric theory universe with 8 planets. He also said that the earth rotated to cause things to seem to revolve around it. Most people weren't ready to accept this idea.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Who: Philosopher
Where: Paris
When: 1700s
Significance: Social Contract Theory, tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority. What was best for all was best for each individual, wanted participatory democracy. Important in development of romanticism

Social Contract Theory

What: a political theory: you give up some of your freedoms in order for protection
Where: Western Europe
When: 17th c.
Significance: Our founding fathers relied a lot on John Lockes writtings who took this theory to heart. It was the foundatoin of American government. God isn't as previlent as much as he was thought to be earlier. He isn't putting in place a king as he used to.

Laissez faire

What: "Let it alone" (French) Economic policy
Where: western world
When: late 18th century
Significance: The state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by government regulation of the economy, but should instead leave it alone. Free trade. Adam smith was the thinker behind this term. economic growth for western powers. from staterun to individual run organizations. self interest becomes more vertuous.

columbian exchange

Middle Passage

What: slave trade travels
When: 1451 to 1860
where: between africa and america
Sig: transfer of 11 million african people from their country. awful conditions. begins a long tradition of american conflict between races. it was injustic at the hands of professing christians.