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3 Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic ProgramTake education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized.The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

7 Social reform Win support of workers by Social security laws …National sickness and accident Insurance 18831889 old age pensions/ retirement benefits1st of its kind --- Eng to follow soonResult - they still vote socialist???-Marxist Social Dem party legal again under WIIMany in Reichstag in the 1890’s/ most in 1912

20 1850s Russia was poor agricultural society90% of the people lived off the landSerfdom was still the basic institutionEmancipation Edict - in 1861 abolished serfdomMassive investment didn’t even help, but did encourage social reformers

21 Modernization of Russia1850s Russia was poor agricultural society90% of the people lived off the landLacked a solid middle classSerfdom was still the basic institutionVery backward country – over 200 nationalities – majority were poor peasantsMajority under 10 and illiterateintelligensia

23 Crimean WarBritish and French ill-founded fear of Russian strength: “Russia is the strongest state in Europe!”Illusion of Russian expansionism “Russia plans to carve up Turkey”Ill-founded belief the Turkey was collapsing

24 WAKE UP CALLThis defeat marked a turning point for Russia and the start of the Great ReformRussia needed new railroads, better weapons, and a reorganized armyAlexander II told serf owners reform needed to come from aboveEmancipation Edict - in 1861 abolished serfdomEmancipated serfs received about half the land and had 49 years to payThe land was owned by a village (mir) and the village was responsible for individual payments

25 The govt. hoped collectivism would create unityIn reality it made it hard to progressNo incentive to improve if didn’t ind. ownZemstvos to run local govt. in the rural areasCourts were reformed, equality of law was established, education was liberalized, and censorship relaxed

26 1870s the Populists wanted more reforms and resorted to terrorismPeoples will

27 IndustrializationUntil the 20th century Russia made great progress in industry not politicsAfter 1860 the govt. encouraged and subsidized railway companiesBy 1880 Russia had a well developed rail-equipment industryIndustries grew in the suburbs of Moscow and St. PetersburgIndustrial success strengthened the military as the country expanded south and east1881 Alexander II was assassinated

30 Sergei Witte, minister of financeWitte saw Russia’s industrial backwardness as a hindrance to Russia’s greatnessHe established tariffs and put the country on the gold standard of the rest of the worldHe used the west to catch the west i.e. foreigners to use their technology and capital to build up southern RussiaIn eastern Ukraine foreigners built huge plants and factories, steel and coal industries from scratchBy 1900 only the US., Germany, and Great Britain were producing more coal/steelSmall middle class develops

33 Political PhilosophiesLiberals wanted reforms based on western modelsMarxists wanted to overthrow the monarchyPopulists wanted a massive peasant revoltAny trouble makers were arrested or forced into exile

34 Pre-Revolutionary RussiaOnly true autocracy left in EuropeNo type of representative political institutionsNicholas II became tsar in 1884Believed he was the absolute ruler anointed by GodRusso-Japanese War (1904) – defeat led to pol. instabilityPre-Revolutionary Russia

35 1903 Russia established a sphere of influence over Chinese Manchuria and were looking at northern Korea1904 Japan launched a surprise attack, defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War at Port ArthurDistance and size works against Russia and creates further peasant dissent1905 Russia accepted a humiliating defeat

36 Revolution of 1905January 1905 a crowd demonstrated at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to petition the tsar for reformTroops opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds. This massacre became known as “Bloody Sunday"

37 The image of the tsar was shatteredOctober 1905 a general strike paralyzed the country and forced the govt. to give inThe czar issued the October Manifesto granting full civil liberties and creating the Duma (national representative body)The Social Democrats rejected it and the workers protested in Moscow in December 1905The tsar dismissed the Duma, only to find a more radical one elected in 1907The tsar and his advisors rewrote the voting laws and gave more power to the landed aristocracyWith Duma full of aristocrats the tsar was assured of support

38 In 1906 Peter Stolypin was appointed chief advisorAugust Decree established military courts which hung almost 1,000 peopleWanted to preserve aristocracy but pushed agrarian reformPeasants, even more agitated, were still a caste apartIn 1911 Stolypin was assassinatedThe Revolution of 1905 had changed little in Russia- the tsar still controlled the army and the aristocracy controlled the govt. with the tsar having veto power