Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a basic physical therapeutic procedure for pain modulation and its effects are based on the pain entrance gate control theory and pain neurohumoral modulation, via endogenous opiate system.

After treatment, the children showed signs of increased gray matter volume and connectivity among brain regions involved in sensation, emotion, cognition, and pain modulation, bringing them closer to brain characteristics seen in a control group of healthy children, according to a report published March 22, 2016 in Brain Structure & Function.

A case-control study design with repeated measures and real-time monitoring of various autonomic parameters was used to evaluate whether patients with acute WAD show a dysfunctional autonomic response to pain compared with patients with chronic WAD and healthy controls and whether autonomic reactivity to pain is related to conditioned pain modulation (CPM) of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in people with acute WAD.

The opioid receptors of the posterior horn of the spinal cord play a key role in pain modulation and the direct administration of small amounts of opioids into the anterolateral chemosensitive surface of the spinal cord, into the fourth ventricle, the lateral ventricles or the pontine region cause respiratory depression.

All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.