Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson served two terms as the seventh president of the United States. Jackson was the first president to have grown up poor and on the western frontier. He made the presidency more powerful and helped to found the Democratic Party.

Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the western Carolinas, probably in what is now South Carolina. A few days before Andrew was born, his father died. His mother and two brothers died during the American Revolution.

Jackson studied law at an office in Salisbury, North Carolina. After 1788 he worked as a lawyer in a western region that later became Tennessee. Jackson married Rachel Donelson Robards in 1791. They later adopted Robards’ nephew and named him Andrew Jackson, Jr.

In 1796 Jackson helped write the constitution for the new state of Tennessee. The state’s voters elected him as their first representative to the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1797–98 he served as a U.S. senator. Jackson then became a judge for the highest court in Tennessee.

In 1802 Jackson became major general of the Tennessee militia. During the War of 1812 with Great Britain Jackson fought the Creek Indians, who were British allies. He defeated them in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Alabama. Jackson later fought in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he forced the British to leave the city. He became a national hero.

After the war Jackson went to the Alabama-Georgia region. He was supposed to defend settlers against attacks by Seminole Indians from Florida. At the time, Florida belonged to Spain. However, in 1818, without orders, Jackson led his troops into Florida. He attacked Seminole villages in part because the Seminoles had taken in escaped slaves from the United States. The U.S. troops under Jackson forced the Seminoles to move farther south in Florida. The troops also attacked Spanish towns. The next year, Spain agreed to give up Florida.

In 1823 Jackson returned to the Senate. The next year he ran against three other candidates for president. Jackson won the highest number of votes but not a majority. The decision went to the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams.

Jackson ran for the presidency again in 1828. His war record and background attracted voters. They saw him as a man of the people, not a rich politician from the East. With the support of the western states, Jackson defeated President Adams. Jackson’s supporters formed the new Democratic Party, which helped him win a second term in 1832.

Jackson relied on the advice of some of the journalists and politicians who had helped elect him. That informal group came to be known as his “kitchen cabinet.” (The Cabinet is the president’s official group of advisers.)

As president, Jackson ended the powerful Bank of the United States. He also strengthened the central government by opposing the rights of states to make their own decisions in certain cases. When South Carolina threatened to ignore a federal law, Jackson said he would send soldiers to enforce it.

In another case, however, Jackson allowed Georgia to ignore the U.S. Supreme Court. The state had taken lands from the Cherokee people. The Supreme Court ruled against Georgia, but Jackson did nothing to enforce the ruling. Georgia later forced about 15,000 Cherokee to leave; their march west became known as the Trail of Tears.

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