280 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JUNE, 1906
Hemel en Dampkring. Dm Haag. 4 Jaahrg Juni 1306.
Bijdrage tot de kennis van den regenval in Neder-
Sooeietil Meteorologica Italiana. Bolletlim Birnenauale. Torino. Anno 1906.
Smits, P. J. landsch-Indig. Pp. 23-29.
SerG 2. Vol. 25. N. 5-6.
- Lo statosaopio. Pp. 38-40.
LANTERN SLIDES FOR LECTURES.
We have received from Prof. H. J. Cox, of Chicago, Ill., an
early copy of apamphlet published by the Geographic Society
of Chicago, and entitled c( Lantern Slides for Illustration in
the Study and Teaching of Meteorology ”, a subject to which
we have already alluded in the MONTHLY WEATHER RETIEW,
1905, Vol. XXSIII, pp. 61, 255, and 444, and whose import-
ance is very strongly urged in the article by Prof. J. P. Goode,
printed on another page of this REVIEW. The pamphlet by the
Geographic Society gives a detailed list of the slides offered,
about 270 in all.
METEOROLOGY IN AUSTRALIA.
According to the Daily Telegraph, of Sydney, N. S. W., the
third and last session of the Second Commonwealth Parliament
was opened a t Melbourne, with the usual ceremonies, on Thurs-
day, June 7. In his opening speech to the Senate and House
of Representatives, the Governor-General enumerated a series
of subjects upon which Parliament would be asked to take
action, and among these we find the following:
You will be invited to consider a bill for establishing a meteorological
department and authorizing agreements with the states for work of this
character hitherto undertaken by them.
These few words, taken in connection with the article by
Mr. Andrew Noble, in the MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW for No-
vember, 1905, Volume XXSIII, pages 480484, show that there
is some prospect of the eventual realization of a general fed-
eral weather bureau. A bill to this end was in the course of
preparation in August, 1905, and was introduced by Senator
Keating a t the session of the Senate immediately following
the above-mentioned opening address of the Governor-Gen-
eral, so it is likely that i t will now be taken up and considered
by the Australian Parliament.-C. A.
THE ENERGY OF A STORM.
By T. D. SMITH, &I. D. Dated Louisville, Ky., February 6, 1906.
There has lately occurred to me a thought that seems to
account for the energy employed in perpetuating the cyclone
after it has once been inaugurated. It may be assumed that
the momentum of the upward moving currents in the center
of a cyclone carries the atmosphere in that situation far above
the common level; that is, it produces a mountain of atmos-
phere in such situations, largely upheld by the momentum of
the incoming air a t the base of the cyclone. The top of this
mountain is continnouuly pulled off and carried onward by
the upper or anti-trades, if it be near the Tropics, or by the
constant easterly current if it be in the temperate zones. This
decapitated mountain, hollowed out at its base as i t is, as re-
gards its gravity, by the momentum of the upward moving
core, constitutes a vast “low” into which the air around is con-
tinuously pressed. While this continuous decapitation is tak-
ing place by the upper currents the cyclone is made to lean
in the direction of such upper current. This leaning gives to
the mas0 of atmosphere drawn into it, or rather forced into
it from in front, an advantage over the maus coming in from
the rear; that is, it can reach any given point on the front of
the cyclone sooner than the mass from behind c.an reach the
corresponding point; and this in turn will cause a reforming
of the center continuously in advance, which will carry the
cyclone with it. Thus, the upper currenta of the atmosphere,
deriving their motion from the rotation of the earth, in turn
furnish the motive force for the cyclpne, and the energy de-
rived from precipitation and latent heat might be largely or
altogether dispensed with.
AERO CLUBS AND METEOROLOGY.
Our readers have no doubt noticed the formation of several
aero clubs. The members are apparently wealthy gentlemen
who propose to develop the art of navigating the air. Kites,
balloons, aeroplanes, and other apparatus will be used. The
records of voyages made in balloons, and the various obser-
vations made by the members of these clubs, will interest
meteorologists, as contributing somewhat to our knowledge of
the atmosphere. The simple record of direction of motion of
a free balloon and its speed, as measured upon a map, is of
itself a very great addition to our knowledge of the move-
ments of the air. As is well known, no anemometer gives any-
thing more than the relative movements for a very restricted lo-
cality; on the other hand cloud movements are sometimes quite
illusory, because they represent only a locus of condensation,
and we may have stationary clouds with a gale of wind blow-
ing through them. Consequently every balloon voyage that
is faithfully charted, whether i t be a pilot balloon, a manned
balloon, or a sounding balloon, is a record, and at present the
only record we have, of the absolute movement of free air over
a long path.
In December, 1871, the Editor presented to the Philosoph-
ical Society of Washington the results of a study of a large
number of balloon voyages made by Prof. Samuel A. King,
the well-known aeronaut of Philadelphia. These were made
before daily weather maps were accessible, but at least one
important generalization appeared, namely, that as the balloon
rose higher and higher it kept moving in a direction that
almost always deviated more and more to the right of the
movement of the lowest wind. From that time forward bal-
loon voyages, as reported in the daily newspapers, were regu-
larly entered upon the manuscript daily maps used by the
Editor in the forecast work.
During the past ten years an increasing interest has been
shown in balloon work from a meteorological point of view;
and now the establishment of aero clubs throughout the
United States can not but be helpful to our science, no matter
whether the voyagerH work from the point of view of the prac-
tical aeronaut, the enthusiastic faddist, the wealthy pleasure
seeker, the ingenious inventor, or the intelligent investigator.
We therefore hope that each of the aero clubs established in
this country will kindly contribute records of its voyagefl,
very much as shown in the following list sent us by the Aero
Club of America.
ASC’ENSIONS MADE BY NEMBERS OF THE AERO CLUB OF ANERIC’A FROY
F(JRMATI0N OF C‘LUB TO DATE.
Dated 763 Fifth Aveuue, New York, N. Y., July 28, 1906.
[Communicated by MR. E. L. JONES !or hlr. Auguhtus Post.)
Sunday, February 12, 13r~B.-Balloon “ Alouette ”; 350 cubic meters capacity; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Charles Levee; ballast
taken, 68.04 kilograms; ascent made at West Point, N. Y., 3:55 p. m.;
descent at Hurley, 5 miles west of Kingston, N. Y., 8:lO p. m.; manner
of landing, rip cord; elapsed time, 4 hours and 15 minutes; distance,
59.515 kilometers; speed per hour, 14.01 kilometers; general direction,
north; highest altitude, 1000 meters; barometer at start, 30.6; lifting
power of the gas, 233.15 kilograms.
Wind
on the ground was from the north. After ascending, the balloon struck
a current of air from the south, carrying it over the Hudson River to-
ward Storm King Mountain; then traveled in a northwesterly direction
over the Catskill Mountains; a further change brought it back in an
easterly direction to Hurley.
waahingtOn’8 Birthday, Fehmry 22, 1306.-Balloon ‘‘ Alouette ”; 360
cubic meters capacity; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Charles
Levee; ballast taken, 9 kilograms; ballast used, 9 kilograms; ascent at
Hillburn, N. Y., 5:44 p. m.; descent at Ramsey, N. J., 6:lO p. m.; elapsed
time, 35 minutes; distance in kilometers, 8:05; speed per hour, 39.39
kilometers; general direction, south; highest altitude, 500 meters.
Gas very poor, with little ascensional force. Balloon was followed by
automobile which arrived about the time of descent. Rip cord used in
landing.
On account of the wind, inflation consumed considerable time.
JUNE, 1906. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 281
Satwdiay. March 10, lNOB.-BsUoon '( Alouette "; 350 cubic meters ca-
pacity; coal gas; pilot and passengers, Charles Levee ; ascent at Pitts-
fleld, Mass.
Balloon '' Aero Club, No. 1 "; 345 cubic meters capacity; coal gas
used; pilot and passenger, Leo Stevens; ascent at Pittsfleld, Mass.
Inflation was delayed, by lack of facilities, until late in the afternoon.
The wind increased, and it was decided to fasten the half deflated bal-
loons and wait until the following day. Shortly after 9 o'clock in the
evening the envelopes broke away from the nets and sand bags. Mr.
Stevens's balloon escaped. Mr. Levee's balloon was ripped open by con-
tact with an iron stake. The watchman said the I ' Aero Club, No. 1 "
rose to a great height and sailed away to the east.,,
Saturday, March 31, 190G.-Balloon " L'Iudies ; capacity, 530 cubic
meters; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Count de la Vaulx and
Charles Levee; ascent at West Point, N. Y., 4:45 p. m.; descent at Peeks-
kill, N. Y., 5:15 p. m.; elapsed time, 30 minutes; distance, 11.27 kilo-
meters; speed per hour, 22.53 kilometers; general direction, southeast;
highest altitude, 400 meters; rip cord used in landing; 30 kilograms of
ballast taken, 20 used.
High wind prevented early start. Tho balloon pursued B direct course
across the Hudson River.
Monday, April 2, IWOB.-Balloon '' Orient "; capacity, 1000 culiic me-
tera; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Count de la Vauls, Charles Levee, and Dr. Julian P. Thomas ; ballast taken, 53.61 kilograms; ascent
made at One hundred and thirty-eighth street, New York City; descent
a t Glendale, Long Island, N. Y.; time of ascent, 5:lO p. m.; time of de-
scent 6 p. m.; elapsed time, 50minutes; distance, 11.27 kilometers; speed
per hour, 13.52 kilometers; general direction, southeast; highest altitude,
lo00 meters ; thermometer at start, No C. ; rip cord used; 100 kilograms
ballast taken; 55 kilograms used.
Balloon crossed the East Rirer in its course.
!Fueaday, April 3, 1906.-Bal1oon owned by L. Capazzay, of Belgium:
capacity, about 595 cubic meters; coal gas used; pilot and passenger,
Paul Nocquet; ballast taken, 127.01 kilograms; ballast used, 64.43 kiio-
grams; ascent at One hundred and thirty-eighth street, New York City,
about 5 p. m.; descent at Jones Beach, Long Island, N. Y., about 9
p. m.; rip cord used in landing; elapsed tlme, 4 hours; distance 45.06
kilometers; speed per hour, 11.265 kilometers; general direction, south-
east; highest altitude, about 610 meters.
The balloon pursued
an irregular course across Long Island. The landing was evidently
perfect. No one seems to have seen the balloon during the latter part
of its journey. From the marks in the sand, made by the edge of the
basket, and by the guide rope, it was concluded that the lialloon had
been driven out to sea, and, after striking a countercurrent of air or on
account of change of wind, retraced part of its course in a northerly di-
rection until i t came to the beach again, when the descent was made.
The balloon was found deflated and everything arranged in order. No
instruments were carried. The body was found on a small island be-
tween Jones Beach and the mainland of Long Island, a village on the
shore of which he was probably attempting t o reach on account of the lights of the village (Amityville) being plainly visible from where he
landed, not knowing that a multitude of small islands, creeks, and open
spaces of water separated Jones Beach from the mainland of Long
Island. The lights of life saving stations on either side of where he
landed, a short distance away, were not visible to him on account of the
sand hills. The balloon was found on the beach by the half-hourly patrol about 9 o'clock, or a little later.
His death is attributed either to exhaustion from his efforts in crash-
ing the creeks, etc., by wading and swimming, or to failure of heart
action due to unknown causes. A monument will mark the spot of his
unfortunate death.
Orient "; capacity, 1000 cubic
meters ; coal gas used ; pilot and passengers, Charles Levee, Dr. Julian
P. Thomas, Mrs. Dr. Thomas; ascent at PittsAeld, Mass., 3:30 p. m.;
descent at Somers, Conn., 6:OO p. m.; elapsed time, 2 hours and 30 minutes;
distance, 90.12 kilometers ; speed per hour, 36.05 kiIometers; general
direction, southeast; highest altitude, 1524meters; valve used in landing;
100 kilograms ballast taken, all used.
Saturday, April 14, 1906.-Balloon '' Centaur "; capacity, 1200 cubic meters; coal gas; pilot and passengers, Count de la Vauls, Homer W.
Hedge, Alan R. Hawley, Augustus Post; ascent at Pittsfleld, Mass.
After the balloon was inflated the wind appeared to be strong and the
ascension was indefinitely postponed.
Wedneeday, A p d 18, lI,fIC.-Balloon '' Centaur "; capacity, 1200 cubic
meters; coal gas; pilot and passengers, Count de la Vaulx, A. M. Her-
ring, Alan R. Hawley, Augustus Post; ballast taken, 181.44 kilograms;
ballast used, 136.08 kilograms; ascent at Pittsfleld, Mass., 12:34 p. m.;
descent at North Colbrook, Conn., 2:21 p. m.; rip cord used in landing;
elapsed time, 1 hour and 47 minutes; distance, 51.50 kilometers; speed per
hour, 28.09 kilometers; general direction, southeast; hig1iest:altitude in
meters, 2004; thermometer at start, 20° C., at finish, 18O C., at height of 2000 meters, 4O C.
A sudden drop of 1534 kilometers in five
minutes occurred. Landing was rough in a 28-kilometer wind which
dragged the car about flfty meters, owing to unfastening of neck cord.
This trip ended in the death of Mr. Nocquet.
Wedneeday, April 11, 1906.-Balloon
Balloon deflated at 2:15 p. m.
Ascension very successful.
Saturday, April PS, lSUC.-Balloon (* Centaur "; capacity, 1200 cubic
meters; coal gas; pilot and passengers, Count de la Vaulx, Homer W.
Hedge, Charles Jerome Edwards; ballast taken, 226.80 kilograms; -cent
at Pittsfield, Mass.; descent at Waterville, Conn., near Torrington, about
6 p. m.; distance, 96.56 kilometers; general direction, south, bearing
east.
Sufurduy, Muy 12, 1906.-Balloon "Initial " ; capacity, 1000 cubic
meters ; coal gas used: pilot and passengers, Charles Levee, Alfred N. Chandler, Henry 8. GraB; ascent made a t Point Breeze, Philadelphia,
Pa., at 1:15 p. in.; descent near South Amboy, N. J., at 2:50 p. m.; rip
cord used in landing; elapsed time, 1 hour and 35 minutes; distance, 107.83
kilometers; speed per hour, 68.07 kilometers; general direction, north-
east; highest altitude, 1100 meters.
Balloon travelbd some of the time at flfty miles an hour. Mr. Post followed in automobile as far as Trenton, N. J., but
it was impossible to keep up with the balloon. From Trenton, the bal- loou was followed by telephone.
Fups&y, May 1.5,l!+o/;.-Balloon Listevens "; caparity, 623 cubic meters;
coal gas used; pilot and passenger, Leo Stevens and Tracy Tisdell; bal-
last taken, 28.68 kilograms and 27.22 kilograms of photographic appa-
ratus, including 4000 feet of film; ballast used, W.68 kilograms; ascent at
One hundred and thirty-eighth street, New York City, a t 1:80 p. m.;
descent a t Alpine, N. J., at 4p. m.; elapsed time, 2 hours and 40 mfnutes;
distance, 16.09 kilometers; speed per hour, 6.03 kilometers; general
direction, north; highest altitude, 731 meters.
Balloon contained heavy load of moving picture apparatus (kineto-
graph) in addition to ballast. In passing over the Hudson River the gas suddenly cooled and the balloon quickly dropped', hitting the Pali-
sades below Alpine, opposite Hastings. The envelope was torn in falling down the mountain side, and balloon and occupants were dragged in the
river. Machine for taking pictures was dropped on the rocks and broken. Pictures were taken up to the very moment of striking the hill. Partiesuninjured, being rescued by a man in a launch.
Monday, May 21, 1906.-Balloon '' Nirvana "; capacity, 1500 cubic
meters; coal gas used; occupants, Charles Levee and Dr. Julian P.
Thomas; ballast taken, 835.04 kilograms; ascent at One hundred and thir-
ty-eighth street, New York City, 4:45 p. m.; descent at Peekskill, N. Y.,
8:30 p. m. ; elapsed time, 3 hours and 45 minutes; distance, 57.94 kilo- meters; speed per hour, 15.45 kilometers; general direction, north.
The gas contained considerable water which leaked down from the
envelope.' Balloon traveled southeast over Long Island, dropped into
a lower current and came backwesterly, crossing the Hudson River
near Yonkers, N. P., thence northweht over the Ramapo Mountains
nearly as far as Orange County; then easterly again over the Hudson
toward Croton; then north to point of descent.
Saturday, May 26, lWG.-Balloon Initial " ; capacity, 1000 cubic
meters; coal gas used; occupants, Charles Levee, Frederic C. Unger,
Mr. Tuttle; ascent a t Point Breeze, Philadelphia, Pa., at 2:35 p. m.;
descent near Newton, Pa., 3:45 p. m.; rip cord ueed in landing; elapsed
time, 1 hour and 10 minutes; distance, 48.28 kilometers; speed per hour,
41.37 kilometers; general direction, northerly; highest altitude, 1800
meters.
Sunday, JUTE 17, 1906.-Balloou Nirvana I ' ; capacity, 1500 cubic
meters; coal gas used; occupants, Charles Levee, Dr. Julian P. Thomas;
ballast taken, 816.48 kilograms; ballast used, 775.66 kilograms; ascent
at One hundred and thirty-eighth street, New York City, 5:50 p. m.;
descent at Butternut, 8 miles from New South Berlin, near Utica, N. Y.,
8:20 a. m., 18th; rip cord used in landing; elapsed time, 14 hours and 30
minutes; distance, 241.41) kilometers ; speed per hour, 16.65 kilometers;
general direction, northwesterly; highest altitude, 2438 meters.
Immediately at the start the balloon went into the clouds, the weather
being rainy and stormy, and passed over the Hudson River without
seeing it; came down below cloud near Little Falls, N. J., and sent
message home; went into the clouds again and above them. A t 9 p. m. a very severe storm came up, the lightning being very vivid and the
thunder heavy; ropes seemed charged with electricity, sparking when
touched with the flngors; rain heavy and the water came down the sides
'The proper explanation for thiy drop may be as follows: When the wind blows along the axis of a ravine, or along the valley of a river
(as in the present case, where a south wind was blowing up the Hudson
River valley) it goes faster over smooth water, or the center of the ravine,
than over the land on either side, so that above the axis of the river there
is a swift current of air, a lower pressure, and a lower temperature, all
three directly due to the transformation of air pressure into air move-
ment. The balloon fell because i t suddenly came into a region where
the atmospheric pressure was decidedly lower, and where by reason of
t h e sudden expansion and cooling of i t s own gas the buoyancy of the
balloon diminished.-C. A. Gases used in ballooning are usually a t first saturated with moisture.
This should be extracted either by drying or by condensation methods
before going into the balloon, otherwise it condenses on the inside of
the balloon as i t rises and caubes trouble to the aeronauts and their
apparatus. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons are more buoyant when pure and dry than when moist.- C. A.
High wind at start.
All the Alms were saved.
282 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JUNE, 1906
of the balloon and caught in the baaket, causing throwing out of ballast.
Storm continued until 5 o’clock in the morning. About 12 o’clock,
hearing the sound of running water, balloon descended and landed in the
top of a tree, staying there until 3 a. m., when a sudden gust of wind
tore i t loose. Dropped some ballast and rose and fell again suddenly,
touching the ground. Balloon stayed about in the same place for one and one-half hours, going up and dow: alternately with the currents of
air. Then it got out of this “pocket in the mountains and ascended
to 2438 meters. Ballast being low, descended near Butternut. Would
have had to wme down otherwise on account of extreme thirst and
hunger. The water which rolled down the side of the balloon was unfit
to drink, being tainted by the gas.
Omitting three hours in the tree, the rate of speed was 20.99 kilo-
meters per hour. Statoscope got wet and was er;fatic.
Monday, June 26, 19#G.-Balloon “Sky Lark ; capacity, 510 cubic
meters; hydrogen ga.9 used; occupants, Leo Stevens, Maj. C. J. S. Miller,
Charles Levee; ballast taken, 95.256 kilograms; ballast used, 86.18 kilo-
grams; ascent at Franklin, Pa., 2:40 p. m.; descent at Woodhill, Pa., 5:lOp. m.; elapsed time, 2 hours and 30 minutes; distance, 49.89 kilo-
meters; speed per hour, 19.95 kilometers; general direction, east; high-
est altitude, 5900 meters.
Balloon crossed the Allegheny River and French Creek.
Wednesday, July 11, 1906.-Balloon ‘‘ Nirvana ”; capacity, 1500 cubic
meters; coal gas used; pilot and passenger, Dr. Julian P. Thomas, Roy
Knabenshue; ascent at One hundred and thirty-eighth street, New
York City, 4 p. m.; descent at Flatbush, Brooklyn, N. Y., 7:45 p. m.;
elapsed time, 3 hours and 45 minutes; distance in kilometers, 17.70;
speed per hour, 4.72 kilometers; general direction, south.
Experiments made with a barrel and rope in East River as a “sea
anchor ” at an elevation of about 250 feet. In passing over the city the
crowd caught the guide rope and held the balloon, being very close to a hot chimney at the time, with the danger of igniting the gas.
Monday, July 16, 1906.-Balloon (‘ Centaur ’ I ; capacity, 1200 cubic me-
ters; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Leo Stevens, James H. Hare,
Charles Levee: ballast taken, 29.48 kilograms; all used; ascent at Clifton,
Staten Island, N. Y., at 2:lO p. m.; descent made in Flushing Bay, Long
Island Hound, opposite Classons Point, Long Island, N. Y., at 3:30 y . m.;
elapsed time, 1 hour and 20 minutes; distance in kilometers, 24.14; speed
per hour, 18.10 kilometers; general direction, northeast; highest altitude,
1188 meters.
Experimented with sea anchor of canvas in Flush- Gas waa .very poor.
ing Bay. Balloon collided with a house in leaving the ground, but no damage was done. After cutting free from the sea anchor the balloon
rose a few feet and fell into the water alteruately several times. The balloon descended at last upon a small sailing vessel and the occupants
were helped out of the basket. Beyond some injuries t o the envelope
and the loss of a valuable photographic apparatus there was no serious
damage done.
!l’ueaday, July 19, l!I(G.-Balloon ‘I Nirvana ”; capacity, 1500 cubic me-
ters; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Roy Knabenshue, Dr. Julian
P. Thomas, Yrs. Thomas; ballast taken, 362.88 kilograms; ascent a t One
hundred and thirty-eighth street, New York City, 2:30 p. m.; descent at
Woodcliff, N. J.; manner of landing, valve; distance, counting each leg
of a zigzag course, 36.62 kilometers; general direction, southwest; high-
est altitude, 2743 meters.
A moving picture machine (kinetograph) was carried, weighing about
22.68 kilograms. Balloon traveled first southwest, then northeast, soufh-
west again, northwest and west to landing place, having crossed East
River twice and Hudson Rirer once. Drag rope caught by crowd in
One hundred and sixth street and balloon pulled to earth. Crowd let go
later and balloon ascended. In crossing the Hudson the gas quickly
cooled, bringing balloon down into the water. Threw out anchor and
ascended. Anchor pulled out and balloon drifted over to the shore when
the anchor was caught and descent made easily.
Saturday, July 27, 1906.-Balloon ‘‘ America “; capacity, 400 cubic
meters; coal gas used; pilot and passengers, Charles Walsh (?j; ballast
taken, 35 kilograms; ballast used, 20 kilograms; ascent a t One hundred
and thirty-eighth street, New Pork City, at 3:40 p. m.; descent at East
Norwalk, Conn., at 5:45 p. m.; manner of landing, valve; elapsed time, 2
hours and 5 minutes: distance, 57.94 kilometers; speed per hour, 27.81
kilometers; general direction, northeast; highest altitude, 2000 meters.
Balloon left for the north, but, owing t o expansion and reaching upper
currents, it took an easterly direction. Condensation brought the bel-
loon down above the Sound, taking the lower current, which was blowing
north; crossed the Sound with the guide rope until nearing Stamlord,
Conn.; followed the shore until landing was made on the farm of C. F. Sherwood, East Norwalk, Conn.; used valve for landing and was brought
to the ground Ipy the people, who caught the guide rope; no damage
whatever, and received all the assistance necessary; one hour from the
time of landing was ready to ship back; beautiful ascension, but weather
was misty. Total distance covered about SO kilometers, making speed
per hour about 40 kilometers.
FOREaASTS AND WARNINQS.
By Prof. E B. QARRIOTT, in charge of Foreeast Division.
Atmospheric pressure was high over the British Isles until
the third decade of the month, when the passage of an area
of low barometer was attended by exceptionally heavy rain.
In the vicinity of the Azores the barometer was high, except
from the 1st to 4th and 14th to 20th, when slight barometric
depressions covered that region.
In the middle and northern districts of the United States
east of the Rocky Mountains and in the east Gulf and South
Atlantic States there was an unusual prevalence of thunder-
storms, and in many portions of these districts the rainfall
was escessive. In the west Gulf States a period of drought
was broken on the 25th.
The most notable barometric disturbance of the month in
the region of observation appeared on the north Pacific const
of the United States on the 3d and advanced to North Dakota,
where, on the morning of the 7th, the remarkably low reading
of 28.68 inches was reported. On the 6th tornadoetl occurred
in eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin. After the 7th
this disturbance drifted slowly eastward, with diminishing
intensity, and reached the Canadian Maritime Provinces on
the loth, attended on the 8th by severe local storms in Ontario.
During the second decade of the month two disturb-ances ad-
vanced northward from the vicinity of western Cuba, attended
by heavy rain in the Southeastern States.
Moderate temperatiire prevailed until the closing days of
June, when a warm wave extended over the middle and north-
ern districts east of the Rocky Mountains. In the first decade
of the month and from the 21st to 25th frost occurred in the
northern Rocky Mountain and Plateau districts, and on the
23d and 24th snow fell in Wyoming. From the l l t h to 18th
a frost-bearing cool wave advanced from the upper Mississippi
Valley over the interior of New York and New England.
BOSTON FORECAST DISTRICT.
The weather of the month was fairly characteristic of the
season. The precipitation, which was copious, resulted largely
from showers and local storms, and was rather unevenly dis-
tributed. It was particularly heavy in the southwest portion
of Maine, the southeast sections of New Hampshire, and es-
treme northern Vermont. In several instances hea+y local
rains were attended by hail and thunderstorms of marked
severity. The temperature averaged slightly below normal
and there were no marked extremes of temperature. There
were no heavy gales along the coast, and the only delay or
inconvenience to shipping resulted from fog. No storm warn-
ings were displayed. Frost warnings were issued to cranberry
growers on the 13th and were verified by light to moderate
frosts.-J. W. ,Smith, District Forrrctster.
NEW ORLEANS FORECAST DISTRICT.
Rainfall was generally deficient, and in some sections of the
west Gulf States the month was exceptionally dry. No special
warnings were issued and no storm occurred on the coast.-
I. Jf. Cline, Disfract Forecaster.
LOUISVILLE FORECAST DISTRICT.
The warm periods of the month were from the 6th to 10th
and 27th to 30th, and the cool periods from the l l t h to 15th
and 19th to 21st. The rain periods of the month were from
the 1st to Gth, 9th to l l t h , and 13th to 26th. No special
warnings were issued and no weather conditions occurred
that would have justified them.-F. J. IValnb, District Forecaster.
While no unusually severe storms passed over the upper
Lakes, warnings were issued on the 6-7th and 21st, the latter
order being for western Lake Superior only. Special frost
CHlCAaO FORECAST DISTRICT.