They serve as hydrogen buckets carring hydrogen atoms to where they are needed

Cellular Respiration that is anaerobic mening it is without ____
and creates _____ ATP per glucose molecule is called______.

oxygen, two, Glycolysis(sugar breaking)

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytoplasm

Does not need nitochondria

One glucose molecule is converted into two molecules ov pyruvic acid

Four ATP are made but 2 are consumed fro a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose

When can aerobic respiration take place?

when oxygen is plentiful

Aerobic respiration produces

32-34 net ATP molecules per glucose molecule (the number depends on the efficencey of the process).

True or False: if oxygen is present, pyruvate is fed into the aerobic respritory pathway.

True.

what happens when oxygen is absent from cellular respiration?

Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, a metabolic end

When lactic acid builds up as a result of anaerobic metabolism the cell becomes more acidic.

the cells metabolism is rendered less efficient( a contition called Lactic acidosis)

true or false : Lactic acid buildup does not interfere with muscle strength during exercise.

False

The steps of Aerobic Respiration

Before entering The Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid loses on carbon in the form of CO2. The resulting two carbon molecule is attached to tha carrier, making acetyle CoA

As the two carbon molecule enters the Krebs cycle, the CoA carrier is lost and a six carbon molecule is formed .

Curing the Krebs cycle the two carbons are lost as CO2 and the equivalent of one ATP is formed from ADP and phosphate. Also hydrogens are transfered to three molecules of NAD+ and on Molecule of FAD, making three NADHs and one FADH2

The Krebs cycle is also called ________ and _________.

the citric acid cycle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

How does the Krebs Cycle operate?

it operates inga circular fashon, adding and subtracting carbons and giving off electrons as a side product.

These electrons are carried by cofactors called FADH2 and NADH so they may be used in the electron transsport chain

How does Mitochondrial Electron Transport work?

NADH and FADH2 bring hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain

The H+ ions (protons)are stripped away and dumped between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

The electrons are strippe3de and used to play keep-away

Finally, protons are allowed to run down their concentration gradient to drive a "turbine" that generates ATP

Cofactors feed electron transport chain- Wheel driven by H+"stream" water and ATP produced

When the mitochondrion separates protons(H+) from electrons (e-), it creates __________ energy in the sme way that a dam represents _______ energy of water higher than its natural level.

Potential energy

We can release the potential energy in mitochondria which creates __________ energy by allowing _______ to run "downhill"(down their concentration gradient) and placing a "turbine"(the ATP synthase) in the stream of protons.

Kinetic energy, protons

Where do the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain take place.

In the Mitochondria

Excess glucose that is not needed for cellular metabolism is converted to _________ and stored in the ____and ____.

Glycogen, liver, muscle

When energy is needed glycogen is broken down to its ___________________ which are then available to provide energy.

Glucose-6-phospate monomers

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycolysis- glucose--pyruvate

Gluconeogenesis-pyruvate--glucose(making new glucose)

Energy surplus stored as glycogen

Energy needs met rapidlyby glycoigen breakdown

Which amino group is a major component of Urine?

Urea

Some amino acids cannot be made in any case and must be part of the human diet, these are called:

Essential Amino acids

What are the eight essential amino acids that must be part of the human diet to maintain health?