Major Contributors to Psychology
Karen Horney:Horney developed a theory of neurosis (class of functional mental disorders) that is still used today. She identified 10 different neuroses. Horney rejected Freud’s theory of the female psychology as well. She thought men felt somewhat inferior due to “womb envy”. She mad the psychology of women more interesting. She also felt people could act as their own therapist. B.F. Skinner:

B.F. Skinner’s system was based on operant conditioning. He also stated the organism in process of “operating” encounters a reinforcing stimulus. He too brought “reinforcing stimulus” up in his studies. These theories were tested in laboratory rats. Skinner also developed fixed ratio schedules, fixed ratio schedules, fixed interval schedules, and variable schedules. These different schedules were developed to “keep rats on their toes”. William James:

James wrote on the concept of pragmatism. Pragmatism is that the human culture is analyzed as a system of signs. It can also be defined as the truth of an idea can never be proven. He opposed structuralism. He even opposed breaking down mental events to small elements. The James-Lange theory of emotion states that an event triggers a psychological reaction. He also believed emotions are cause by interpretations of psychological events. John B. Watson:

Watson is best known for the contribution of the stage for behaviorism. This study soon rose to dominate psychology. Behaviorism began to lose its hold after the 1950’s. Many of the concepts and principles are still used widely today. “Behavioral Modification” is used today. It helps people to change problematic behaviors and develop new skills. Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous thinkers in psychology history. Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. He also developed the use of “talk therapy”. Freud was an advocate and user of cocaine, which initially made is reputation as a doctor suffer....

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...﻿Lea Farrah P. Lorzano BS – Psychology II July 2, 2014
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Psychoanalysis, originated by Sigmund Freud, with its elaborate theory on the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious processes in determining personality. Freud’s understanding of human personality was based on his experiences with patients, his analysis of his own dreams, and his vast readings in the various sciences and humanities. These experiences provided the basic data for the evolution of his theories. To him, theory followed observation, and his concept of personality underwent constant revisions during the last 50 years of his life. Evolutionary though it was, Freud insisted that psychoanalysis could not be subjected to eclecticism, and disciples who deviated from his basic ideas soon found themselves personally and professionally ostracized by Freud. Freud relied more on deductive reasoning than on rigorous research methods, and he made observations subjectively and on a relatively small sample of patients, most of whom were from the upper-middle and upper classes. He did not quantify his data, nor did he make observations under controlled conditions. He utilized the case study approach almost exclusively, typically formulating hypotheses after the facts of the case were known.
Regarding about the provinces of the mind, I somehow believe that id, ego, and superego exist. Since these three are unconscious, we are never aware that we already did...

...related issues where the participants are not comfortable to disclose their identity, therefore, the ethics are important in research for they seek confidentiality in research, however, some of the researchers they breach the code of confidentiality when publishing their research, for example when the participant is guilty or has provided information which might harm other people and have committed a terrible crime violating the rights of other individuals, a psychologist might be asked by the authorities to testify against the participants thus breaching the code of conduct of confidentiality.
Ethics are important in research for it allows participants to withdraw when they have any discomfort during the research or the experiment major ethic is concerned with the right of the participant to withdraw both themselves and any data they have generated from the experiment at any time without penalty. Participants should be reminded wherever possible that they are able to withdraw, especially if they are experiencing any form of distress issues of intrusion. If Eysenck (1998) uses Milgram’s research on obedience (1974) Milgram’s experiment on obedience, the subjects were told that they were involved in an experiment concerned with “the effects of punishment on learning”. If a question was answered incorrectly, they were to administer an electrical shock of increasing intensity as a punishment to the person who answered the question incorrectly as an...

...﻿Research Methods of Psychology
Psychological Research is conducted to obtain factual information about human behavior and mental processes to find out the underlying cause and effect relationship. Here we will discuss two out of five methods of conducting Psychological Research named:
1. Case History Method
2. Survey Method
1. CASE HISTORY/ CASE STUDY/ CLINICAL METHOD
Definition:
A case study is an in-depth study of one person. Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies.
Explanation:
It is sometimes very helpful to study one person (or a very small group of people) in great depth to learn as much information as possible. This method is particularly useful in studying rare disorders or circumstances.
Examples:
A. Studying the life history of a man who acquired schizophrenia at the age of 20.
B. Following one child from conception to adulthood to examine this lifespan development.
Types of Case Studies:
Explanatory: Used to do causal investigations.
Exploratory: A case study that is sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses.
Descriptive: Involves starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
Intrinsic: A type of case study in which the researcher has a personal interest in the case....

...Major Schools of Thought in PsychologyMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology
Desirae Carrion
Kaplan University
Abstract
Several researchers contributed to the development of psychology as a separate field of study. "Their work, along with Wundt's work, made Germany the undisputed center of the movement" (Schultz, & Schultz, 2011p. 77). The world's first psychological laboratory was opened by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 at the University of Leipzig (Schultz &Schultz, 2011).When researchers started to rely on controlled observations and experimentation to study the human mind psychology began to obtain its own identity separate from its philosophical roots (Schultz &Schultz, 2011). Scientific study was occurring in several psychological laboratories during this time and that is when the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. In this paper, I will be discussing some of psychologies history by identifying the major schools of thought. Each school of thought will have its strengths and weaknesses, and each one brings something different to our understanding of the human mind and behavior. The Five major schools of thought that will be addressed in this paper are structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, gestalt, and psychoanalysis. Furthermore, I will also give a description of how I imagine psychology...

...Section One – 1
When psychology first began to become a science in 1860, it was more of a field of philosophy than an actual medical study. It dealt with a more abstract concept than other medical fields; the human body is something concrete that you can physically look at and study whereas, at the time, you could not physically see the mind.
In Ancient Greece thinkers such as Aristotle and Plato could only come up with theories as to how the mind works. Plato believed that some knowledge is innate while Aristotle believed that the ability to learn depended on experience, however neither were able to prove their theories with concrete evidence. As time went on and psychology became more widely known, more theoretical approaches to psychology were introduced. Freud established the psychoanalytical theory, which emphasized the importance of the unconscious and how it shaped how humans behave. While Freud did use psychoanalysis to attempt to bring unconscious thoughts and feelings to conscious awareness, it was still far from valid scientific evidence.
In the 20th century, behaviorism was introduced. Behaviorism encouraged psychologists should limit their studies to behavior that was objectively observable. The introduction of behaviorism advanced psychology as a field of scientific study because it now focused on what people do rather than their own personal experiences. Studying behavior rather than gave...

...While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each perspective has contributed to our understanding of psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought in psychology.
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Psychoanalysis
• Behaviourism
• Humanism
• Cognitivism
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behaviour began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology.
In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of thought. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic outlook on psychology. They often draw on ideas and theories from different schools rather than holding to any singular outlook.
The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology:
Structuralism and Functionalism
Structuralism was the first school of...

...Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology:
Structuralism vs. Functionalism:
1) Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner.
2) Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. This school focused on the functions of human behaviors and not their structure. Major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr. Evolutionary psychology is founded on the view that the function of all psychological phenomena in human evolution is a necessary perspective to their understanding.
Gestalt Psychology:
3) Gestalt psychology is based...

...﻿Six Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Every academic discipline, from literature and history to sociology and theology, has competing theories or schools of thought: perspectives from which to study the subject. Psychology, the study of the mind, has hundreds of theories and subtheories, but it is possible to identify six main schools of thought every psychology student should know.
Functionalism
Functionalism has the most influence of any theory in contemporary psychology. Psychological functionalism attempts to describe thoughts and what they do without asking how they do it. For functionalists, the mind resembles a computer, and to understand its processes, you need to look at the software -- what it does -- without having to understand the hardware -- the why and how underlying it.
Gestalt Psychology
According to Gestalt psychologists, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients.
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic theory, which originated with Sigmund Freud, explains human behavior by looking at the subconscious mind. Freud suggested that the instinct to pursue pleasure, which he...