California vaccination rates – record high thanks to SB277

About two years ago, California’s governor, Jerry Brown, signed SB277 into law, which mandated that all school age children must have all vaccines appropriate for their age before they could enter private or public schools. The law nearly eliminated the ability to get personal belief exemptions (PBE), which allowed parents to object to vaccinations for almost any reason. As a result of this law, it was predicted that the California vaccination rates for school age children would increase substantially, while reducing the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases.

Those of us who have been keen observers and supporters of SB277 were hoping for the best – that the vaccination rate in the state would show increases quickly. First results, released by the California Department of Public Health in April 2017 (pdf), showed a significant increase in the percentage of California’s kindergarteners who were fully vaccinated (for their age group). The vaccination rate for kindergartners rose from 92.8% to 95.6%.

But, there was even more data from that report that supported California vaccination rates. With the advent of the new law, 97.3% of California’s kindergartners have received both MMR vaccinations, up from 94.5% in 2016 and 92.6% in 2014. The same was shown for the Tdap vaccine (for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis or whooping cough), which went from 94.2% in 2015 to 96.9% in 2016.

In 2013-14, nearly 17,000 California kindergartners were granted personal belief exemptions (PBEs) from technically required vaccinations. That was about 3.2% of the total kindergarten enrollment in the state. Unfortunately, there were a number of schools had such high PBE rates that up to 81% of kindergartners were not up-to-date in vaccinations.

As you can see from the graph above, the PBE rate for kindergarteners has fallen to almost 0 in the one year since the implementation of SB277. Even in outlier counties, such as Nevada County, where anti-vaccine sentiment and high use of PBEs have congregated, there has been a noticeable increase in the vaccination rate.

This clustering effect, or a geographic area with low vaccination rates, in Nevada County led to low immunization rates of 72% for kindergartners and 89% for 7th graders, far below the herd effect level to prevent disease outbreaks.

Since the implementation of the mandatory vaccination law, the immunization rate for kindergarteners rose to 80% and for 7th-graders to 90.5% in Nevada County. Better, but still not among the lowest rates in the state.

California vaccination rates – Tdap

The decrease in PBEs resulted in an immediate increase in the rates of vaccination for the Tdap vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis, or whooping cough). The overall Tdap vaccination rate has reached about 98.5%, although private school vaccination rates still lag behind public school rates by a significant amount.

Permanent medical exemptions – a concern

California’s new vaccination law did not remove permanent medical exemptions (PME), which are exemptions to vaccines as a result of a valid medical condition. These can vary from allergies to one or more ingredients in the vaccine to a medical condition, like immunodeficiency, which results from medications, chronic diseases and other conditions.

PMEs are important to vaccinations, because children and adults have conditions that contraindicate vaccines should always be exempt from mandatory vaccinations. In fact, one of the valid arguments for mandatory vaccinations is to protect those who legitimately cannot receive vaccines from those vaccine preventable diseases.

In California, PMEs require a physician’s (or other healthcare workers’) signature on a form that clearly states the reasons for the PME.

According to data from California’s Department of Public Health research, the PME rate for 7th graders has inched upward, although that increase is much more substantial in private schools.

There could be three reasons for this:

Parents who have children with a genuine need for a PME may have just used a PBE in the past, since it was easier to obtain.

An authentic increase in the need for PME for some unknown reason.

Parents are seeking less than legitimate PMEs to get around the lack of personal belief exemptions for most students.

There is some evidence that the medical exemption has been abused by parents who do not want their children vaccinated with cooperation of like minded physicians. This does worry me, since there are pediatricians who “advertise” their services in signing these forms.

Summary

The goal of California’s vaccine law was to solidify herd immunity. Although the vaccine uptake that confers herd immunity varies by vaccine, the California Department of Public Health is pushing for vaccine uptake of 95% and higher. The higher California vaccination rates go, the greater the protection from vaccine preventable diseases for infants who are too young to be vaccinated, for individuals who are immune-compromised and for the elderly.

This new report shows a lot of good news, but there were concerns. Ten counties, in areas that have been traditional clusters for lower vaccine uptake in the past, currently are reporting vaccination rates below the goal of 95%. As the law is implemented, and abuse of PMEs is restricted, it is hoped that the vaccination rate in those counties will hit the goals of the state.

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Lifetime lover of science, especially biomedical research. Spent years in academics, business development, research, and traveling the world shilling for Big Pharma. I love sports, mostly college basketball and football, hockey, and baseball. I enjoy great food and intelligent conversation. And a delicious morning coffee!