A Keystone XL pipeline protest ended in the arrest of several high-profile figures and marked the first time the Sierra Club has engaged in an act of civil disobedience. Can passive resistance stop the Keystone XL pipeline?

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Longtime civil rights activist Julian Bond and activists opposed to the Keystone XL pipeline project tie themselves to the White House fence during an environmental protest in Washington Wednesday. Is civil disobedience an effective way for energy and environment groups to advance their cause?

It is also the first salvo in an escalating public battle between pipeline supporters and opponents. On Sunday, Keystone XL opponents are scheduled to hold a climate change protest on the National Mall in Washington. Organizers say they expect tens of thousands of people to attend. And they're billing it as the largest climate rally in US history. Can it work?

“For civil disobedience to be justified, something must be so wrong that it compels the strongest defensible protest,” the Sierra Club's Mr. Brune said in a statement late last month. “We are watching a global crisis unfold before our eyes, and to stand aside and let it happen – even though we know how to stop it – would be unconscionable."

History is full of nonviolent protests against everything from segregation to dictatorship, but they've met with mixed success.

"Dramatic protest events are only effective to the extent that they can mobilize people to do other things besides civil disobedience," said David Meyer, professor of sociology and political science at University of California, Irvine, and author of "The Politics of Protest: Social Movements in America." "When you scan the headlines, they’re not talking about Keystone. They’re talking about guns, immigration, and sequester, sequester, sequester. This is a way to get back on the agenda."

Bill McKibben, a founder of the environmental group 350.org, was also arrested during Thursday's protest.

“We really shouldn't have to be put in handcuffs to stop KXL – our nation's leading climate scientists have told us it's dangerous folly, and all the recent Nobel Peace laureates have urged us to set a different kind of example for the world, so the choice should be obvious,” Mr. McKibben said in a statement. “But given the amount of money on the other side, we've had to spend our bodies, and we'll probably have to spend them again.”

Supporters of the pipeline aren't standing still. In anticipation of Sunday's rally, the oil and gas industries have mobilized advocacy efforts of their own. Last week the American Petroleum Institute commissioned a poll of 1,001 registered voters across the country, concluding that 69 percent of American voters favor building the Keystone XL pipeline.

“The Keystone XL wraps new American jobs and energy security into a single common sense package," API president and CEO Jack Gerard said in a statement. "That’s why voters overwhelmingly back it, and that’s why the nation needs it and why the administration should approve it."