10 III. Double object pronounsA. Two pronouns may be used in one sentence, indirect and direct.1. Order of pronouns1. Reflexive2. Indirect3. Direct2. If the IOP is “le, les” and the direct object pronoun is “lo, la, los, las” the “le, les” changes to se. This is because you cannot le lo you have to se lo.B. Pronoun placement.1. Direct object, indirect object, and reflexive pronouns are placed before the conjugated verb. They may also be attached to the end of the infinitive or the gerund (-ándo/iéndo).2. If two pronouns are attached to the end of an infinitive an accent is needed (ár/ér/ír). If one or two pronouns are attached to the end of a present participle an accent is needed (ándo/iéndo/yéndo).

20 IV. Present Progressive (5)1. The present progressive is a form of estar in the present tense and a present participle.It means the –ing form in English.2. The forms of estar in the present tense are:Estoy estamosEstás estáisEstá están3. The regular present participle ending for –ar verbs is -ando, and for –er/-ir verbs is -iendo. These endings mean -ing in English.4. Some verbs require a y ending so that there are not 3 vowels in a row. Some of these verbs are:Ir = yendoCreer = creyendoLeer = leyendoOír = oyendoTraer = trayendoCaer = cayendo

21 5. Stem-changing –ar/-er verbs do not stem change in the present participle, but stem-changing –ir verbs do.–Ir verbs that change e—ie and e—i in the present tense change e-i in the present participle, and –ir verbs that change o—ue in the present tense change o-u in the present participle. The following verbs also stem-change in the present participle: decir—diciendo; venir--viniendo; poder—pudiendo.Some examples are:e-iservir = sirviendo pedir = pidiendorepetir = repitiendo preferir = prefiriendodecir = diciendo venir = viniendoo-udormir = durmiendo poder = pudiendomorir = muriendo6. Reflexive pronouns are placed either before the form of estar, or attached to the end of the present participle and an accent must be added (ándo/iéndo).7. Examples: I am talking.They are reading.He is falling asleep.

31 III. Mandatos con Favor DeA. The expression favor de followed by an infinitive is a very useful way to give a command to tell someone what to do. It is very polite and you can use favor de with a friend an adult, or any group of people.Ejemplo: Favor de volver pronto.B. Whenever a pronoun is used with the infinitive, the pronoun is attached to it.Ejemplo: Favor de ayudarme.

35 B. Palabras claves (Key Words)Anoche– last nightAyer- yesterdayAnteayer- the day before yesterdayEsta mañana- this morningLa semana pasada- last weekEl año/mes pasado- last year / last monthEl fin de semana pasado- last weekend

47 II. Por y Para Por Duration of time Along/through Because of / ReasonIn place of / On behalf ofPer / in exchange forStop byBy means of (transportation)General locationExpressionsParaDeadlineRecipientDestinationPurposeIn order toComparisonOpinionConsidering the fact thatEmployer/Employee

49 III. Imperfect tenseA. The imperfect tense is used to show ongoing or repeating action in the past with no definite beginning or end. It can be translated as was/were or used to.Example: Me reía = I laughed (more than once); I used to laugh; I was laughingB. Some expressions that clearly indicate use of the imperfect are:TRIGGER WORDS:a veces a menudo de vez en cuando mientras muchas veces cada día los viernes todos los días frecuentemente con frecuenciaC. Los Usos:time date thoughtsfeelings characteristics ageD. Most verbs are regular in the imperfect, except for ir, ser, and ver. There are no stem changes in the imperfect.

52 IV. Verbs like querer, creer in the pastSince most mental processes involve duration or continuance,verbs that deal with mental activities or conditions are most oftenexpressed in the imperfect tense. The most common of theseverbs are:Creer – to believeDesear – to desire, wishQuerer- to wantTener ganas de + (infinitive) – to feel like doing somethingSentir- to feelPensar- to thinkPreferir- to preferPoder- to be able toSaber- to knowGustar- to like

53 V. El Pretérito vs. El ImperfectoThe preterite shows completed action in the past that has a definite beginning and end.Some expressions that clearly show that the preterite is needed are:one time = una vez b. one day = un díayesterday = ayer d. last night = anochee. the day before yest. = anteayer f. last year = el año pasadog. on Friday = el viernes h. at two o’clock = a las dosi. three days ago = hace tres días j. on May 8th = el 8 de mayo

54 El imperfecto3. The imperfect shows repeated or ongoing action in the past that has no definite beginning or end.4. Some expressions that clearly show that the imperfect is needed are:a. sometimes = a veces b. everyday = todos los díasc. each day = cada día d. often = a menudoe. always = siempre f. while = mientrasg. on Tuesdays = los martes h. it was two o’clock = Eran las dosi. many times = muchas veces j. it was May 8th = era el 8 de mayok. once in a while = de vez en cuando l. I was sad. = Estaba tristem. I was tall. = Era alto n. I was 10 years old. = Tenía 10 años

55 CuandoWith the conjunction “cuando” both a verb in the preterite and a verb in the imperfect are generally used in the sentence. The interrupted activity (what someone was/were doing) is in the imperfect, and the interruption is in the preterite.Example: Yo enseñaba mi lección cuando Paco se durmió.I was teaching my lesson when Paco fell asleep.