PP: LHC

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Transcript of PP: LHC

LARGE HADRON COLLIDERCERN SUPERCOLLIDERLHC is a machine to create situations similar to big bang (which created the universe), by colliding hadrons.

There are many important, unanswered questions about the origin of the universe and mass. How the things that exist came into existence and how the universe came to the state it is. LHC - IntroductionNo particle can move with speeds faster than the speed of light in a vacuum; however, there is no limit to the energy a particle can attain.in high-energy accelerators, particles normally travel very close to the speed of light, at the LHC. There is no uniform relation between energy and speed of particles, therefore, particle physicists do not generally think about speed, but rather about a particle’s energy. And so the energy of the protons rotating around LHC is 7TeVMain Goals of LHC - Higg's field is said to be a field present everywhere in space. This field is responsible for giving mass to different substances. According to the theory of Higg's mechanism the particles that interact with field with higher energy attain higher masses and vice versa. Higg's field ORprotons are boosted at a speed 99.99% of the speed of lightprotons keep rotating in this part of LHC until they reach this speedas the speed matches the 99% of speed of lightthe protons start rotating at the main pathbut in opposite directions

50% in this directionand 50% in this directiononly the Proton of an Hydrogen atom is drawn further hydrogen atoms are inserted

The two divisions collide at this point, creating situations similar to the big bang

During the big bang, it is said that two type of things were created. matter and antimatter. As per the discoveries the antimatter is till date not found in the universe, it is said that antimatter is either hidden or was created a bit less that matter. Antimatter can be created in labs.What does LHC stand for?LHC stands for Large Hadron Collider. Large due to its size (approximately 27 km in circumference), Hadron because it accelerates protons or ions, which are hadrons, and Collider because these particles form two beams traveling in opposite directions, which collide at four points where the two rings of the machine intersect.physical featuresBuilt in Swiss-French border the LHC is a circular tunnel of circumference of 27 km. The LHC is built 50m - 175m underground.This is how the LHC works Why is LHC built underground

The LHC is built underground as it would have been costlier to acquire a 27km circumference land and would also have a impact on the environment. As the energy of collisions is high and there are chances of radiation, building underground would provide a shield against radiationLHC physics' Introduction Light: particle "pure energy"Mass and Energyenergy = mass x speed of light ^ 2e = mc^2This is the famous and very important equation by Einstein, which states that mass can be converted to energy by multiplying it by square of speed of light.The standard model is limited and does not explain and implement of the whole universe. So, LHC will try to answer many of the unknown questionsThe standard model is the collection of theories and laws that explain the functioning of the world known to us. Unknown Universe The universe we know accounts for only 4% of the whole. The remaining is dark matter (23%) and dark energy (73%).Dark matter is made by neutral supersymmetric particles. it is said to be the cause of gravity.dark energy is associated with the vaccuum in space and time.

Antimatterfacts about the LHCExtra dimensionsfind out if any more dimensions exist.GravityThe reason of gravitational field in the universe. it is said that supersymmetric particles are cause of gravitation. LHC would confirm and conclude the cause.Fact 1) When the 27-km long circular tunnel was excavated, between Lake Geneva and the Jura mountain range, the two ends met up to within 1 cm.Fact 2) Each of the 6400 superconducting filaments of niobium–titanium in the cable produced for the LHC is about 0.007 mm thick, about 10 times thinner than a normal human hair. If you added all the filaments together they would stretch to the Sun and back five times with enough left over for a few trips to the Moon.Fact 3) All protons accelerated at CERN are obtained from standard hydrogen. Although proton beams at the LHC are very intense, only 2 nanograms of hydrogen(*) are accelerated each day. Therefore, it would take the LHC about 1 million years to accelerate 1 gram of hydrogen. Fact 4) The central part of the LHC will be the world’s largest fridge. At a temperature colder than deep outer space, it will contain iron, steel and the all important superconducting coils.Fact 5 ) The pressure in the beam pipes of the LHC will be about ten times lower than on the Moon. This is an ultrahigh vacuum. Fact 6) Protons at full energy in the LHC will be travelling at 0.999999991 times the speed of light. Each proton will go round the 27 km ring more than 11 000 times a second.Fact 7) At full energy, each of the two proton beams in the LHC will have a total energy equivalent to a 400 t train (like the French TGV) travelling at 150 km/h. This is enough energy to melt 500 kg of copper.Fact 8) The Sun never sets on the ATLAS collaboration. Scientists working on the experiment come from every continent in the world, except Antarctica. Fact 9) The CMS magnet system contains about 10 000 t of iron, which is more iron than in the Eiffel Tower.Fact 10) The data recorded by each of the big experiments at the LHC will be enough to fill around 100 000 DVDs every year.CMS - compact muon Solenoid - a general-purpose detector with the same physics goals as ATLAS, but different design.ALICE - A Large Ion collider Experiment- study the properties of quark-gluon plasma, a state of matter where quarks and gluons, under conditions of very high temperatures and densities, are no longer confined inside hadrons. Such a state of matter probably existed just after the Big Bang, before particles such as protons and neutrons were formed.Atlas- a general-purpose detector designed to cover the widest possible range of physics at the LHC, from the search for the Higgs boson to super symmetry (SUSY) and extra dimensions.LHCb- specializes in the study of the slight asymmetry between matter and antimatter present in interactions of B-particles (particles containing the b quark). Understanding it should prove invaluable in answering the question: “Why is our Universe made of the matter we observe?”