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 What is ATOMIC ENERGY? Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion How this reactions are carried out ? Types of reactors: Common components of nuclear reactor Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power References9/6/2015 2 3.

Outline History of Nuclear Energy The science of atomic radiation, atomic change andnuclear fission was developed from 1895 to 1945,much of it in the last six of those years.  Over 1939-45, most development was focused on theatomic bomb.

 From 1945 attention was given to harnessing thisenergy in a controlled fashion for naval propulsion andfor making electricity.  Since 1956 the prime focus has been on thetechnological evolution of reliable nuclear powerplants.

 Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, aGerman chemist.  Ernest Rutherford ,James Chadwick , Fermi, done manyexperiments on radioactive metals.  At the end of 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann inBerlin showed that the new lighter elements were bariumand others which were about half the mass of uranium,thereby demonstrating that atomic fission had occurred.

 Hahn and Strassmann showed that fission not onlyreleased a lot of energy but that it also released additionalneutrons which could cause fission in other uranium nucleiand possibly a self-sustaining chain reaction leading to anenormous release of energy. This suggestion was soonconfirmed experimentally by Joliot and his co-workers inParis.

 The energy that is released through a nuclear reactionor radioactive decay process. Of particular interest is theprocess known as fission, which occurs in a nuclearreactor and produces energy usually in the form of heat.

 In a nuclear power plant, this heat is used to boil water inorder to produce STEAM that can be used to drivelarge turbines.

This, in turn, activates generators toproduce electrical power Help me do my custom atomic energy essay Academic Undergrad. Best websites to get a custom atomic energy essay A4 (British/European) 81 pages / 22275 words 24 hours for me 1011Once you are finished with your PowerPoint presentation, go to File >Save As and save your file so that you can retrieve it later..

 Atomic energy is more correctly called nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy can be produced by two processes,1.  In fission ,heavy nucleus is split into two or more lighter nuclei.

 The fission process is accompanied not only by the release of energy butalso by the emissions of neutrons called fission , neutrons.  The emitted neutrons can cause further fissions ,and so on.  For self sustaining fission chain to be possible with continuous release ofenergy ,certain requirement must be met.

1st is :Heavy nuclei must be such that they can be fissioned by neutrons of anyenergy; this substance are referred to as fissile species. (U-233, U-235,plutonium-239 are the fissile species)2nd is :The neutrons of lower energy must be capable of causing fission.

 In fusion ,two or more light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus.

 Fusion reactions occur at very high temperatures 2 Sep 2012 - At the same time, oil prices continue to rise while coal mines collapse and workers die, so some people argue that nuclear energy is cheap and safe compared to other forms of power. Still, others have pointed to the problem of storage and disposal of nuclear by- products, in particular toxic waste, .

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 Heat produced in these reactions maintain temperature of theorder of several million degrees in their cores.  The fusion of a deuterium nucleus (deuteron) and a tritiumnucleus (triton) has been found to take place most readily.  The fusion of one deuteron and one triton releases 17.  Nuclear chain reactions are carried out in closed structure callednuclear reactor in which fissile material is made to undergo acontrolled self sustaining nuclear reaction with the consequentrelease of energy.

 A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustainednuclear chain reactions.  Reactors are used for generating electricity, moving submarinesand air-craft carriers, producing medical isotopes for imaging andcancer treatment, and for conducting research.

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 Moderators: It reduces the velocity of very fast moving neutrons therebyhelping in initiating the chain reactor.  Control rods: They are used for absorbing extra neutrons thereby controls thechain reaction.

 Shielding: It is the shell that prevents radiations to reach outside the reactor.  Coolant: It is used to remove the heat generated inside the reactor core byfission.

 Turbines: it converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy.  Generator: It consists of coils and converts mechanical energy into electricenergy.

 Advantages: PWR turbine cycle loop is separate from the primary loop, sothe water in the secondary loop is not contaminated byradioactive materials.  PWR technology is favored by nations seeking to develop anuclear navy, the compact reactors fit well in nuclearsubmarines and other nuclear ships.

 Disadvantages: Pressurized components are needed so its construction isexpensive.  Fuel used must be enriched which increases the cost.

 Advantages: It may be designed to operate using only natural circulation so thatrecirculation pumps are eliminated entirely.

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 Disadvantages: Contamination of the turbine by fission products.  Much larger pressure vessel than for a PWR of similar power,which increases the overall higher cost.

 Advantages: The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR(pressurized heavy water reactor) system, enabling the use ofnatural uranium as the fuel.  Disadvantages: Heavy water generally costs hundreds of dollars per kilogram.

 The reduced energy content of natural uranium as compared toenriched uranium necessitates more frequent replacement of fuel.  Advantages:The advantage of the design is that the coolant can be heated to highertemperatures than water.

As a result, higher plant efficiency (40% ormore) could be obtained compared to the water cooled design (3334%). The gases are less prone to react chemically with the structural materialof the reactor unlike water which has higher affinity for chemicalreactions with these elements.

 Disadvantages: Higher pumping power compared to liquid coolants.  Need to maintain high pressure in the system, typically around 7 MPafor helium systems, to approximately 25 MPa for supercritical CO2. A breeder reactor creates 30% more fuel than it consumes.

Working temperature of liquid metals are higher. (Sodium is a solid at roomtemperature but liquifies at 98°C.

It has a wide working temperature since itdoes not boil until 892°C)Liquid metal cooled reactors were first adapted for nuclear submarineBecause the metal coolants have much higher density than the water & theyremove heat more rapidly and allow much higher power density. Disadvantages:It requires liquified sodium or potassium metal as a coolant, as water wouldslow down the neutrons. These metals can cause a mishap, as they reactviolently when exposed to water or air.

Between $4 to $8 billion isrequired in the construction alone.

The by-products formed during the fission of plutonium have to be removedby reprocessing, as they slow down the neutrons and reduce efficiency. However, this step of reprocessing produces a very pure strain of plutonium,which is ideal for use in nuclear weapons.

They also work at a very high temperatureTill date, not a single breeder reactor has been economically feasible. Everyyear, billions of dollars worldwide are spent for the safe storage of theplutonium produced, which is then useless, as few reactors use it as fuel.  Water-Water Power Reactor is a “series of pressurised waterreactor” designs originally developed in the Russia, by OKBGidropress.

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 Fuel assemblies for these are characterized by their hexagonalarrangement, but are otherwise of similar length and structure toother PWR fuel assemblies.  Nuclear power generation does not emit carbon dioxide (CO2) and smokeparticles. The emissions of green house gases and therefore thecontribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is thereforerelatively little.

 It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one singleplant.

 Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targetsfor terrorist attacks.  Impact on Aquatic Life and Impact on human Life9/6/2015 29 30.

(Updated 8 August 2015) India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program andexpects to have 14,600 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 & aims tosupply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050 6 Sep 2015 - The energy that is released through a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay process. Of particular interest is the process known as fission, which occurs in a nuclear reactor and produces energy usually in the form of heat. In a nuclear power plant, this heat is used to boil water in order to produce STEAM .

 Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to itsweapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclearplant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclearenergy until 2009.  Due to earlier trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquelybeen developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.

 A fundamental incompatibility between India’s civil liability law andinternational conventions limits foreign technology provision.  India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to itsexpertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle.