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A profile of Simon Newcomb, the most celebrated American astronomer of the late 19th century. As head of the Almanac Office, Newcomb charted the challenging course of reform with a multidecade reevaluation of commonly accepted positions of the planets, Moon, and Sun as well as a recasting of the corresponding mathematical formulas and the construction of associated tables. With help from talented assistants, he completed most of the reevaluation by the mid-1890s and published his preliminary results in the monograph The Elements of the Four Inner Planets and the Fundamental Constants of Astronomy. Albert Einstein judged Newcomb's lifework to be of monumental importance to astronomy and believed the astronomer to be the last of the great masters of classical, positional astronomy."October 1998."