・・・Whatever critiques people in the Middle East may level at the United States, they feel that that we do stand taller than any other nation when it comes to the single fundamental principle of freedom.・・・http://www.slate.com/id/2285996/

＜スウェーデンのリビア大使館では、デモ隊に王政時代の旧リビア国旗掲揚を許した。↓＞ ・・・At the Libyan Embassy in Sweden, diplomats allowed protesters to raise the flag of the deposed Libyan monarchy for the first time since Gaddafi took power in 1969. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜ただし、引用しなかったが、首都トリポリは反体制派が抑え込まれているし、東部、例えば、東端に近いトブルクでも、まだ体制派が見かけられる。＞ ・・・But it is also clear that deep divisions remain. Even in this coastal town, more than 900 miles from Libya's capital and in an area that has slipped well beyond the government's control, some still support Gaddafi, who has ruled this country for 41 years. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜そうは言っても、東部でまだ体制派との間で騒擾が続いているのは、ベンガジの南方のみ。↓＞ ・・・Only around the town of Ajdabiya, south of the revolt’s center in Benghazi, were Colonel Qaddafi’s security forces and militia still clashing with protesters along the road to the colonel’s hometown, Surt. ・・・ ＜イタリアへの海底パイプラインを通じた石油供給はストップされた。↓＞ The Italian oil company Eni confirmed that it had suspended use of a pipeline from Libya to Sicily that provides 10 percent of Italy’s natural gas. Opponents of Colonel Qaddafi tightened their control of their area around Ajdabiya, an important site in the oil fields of central Libya・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/23/world/africa/23l...

＜ブレア元英首相は、首相当時英国とリビアの関係を修復させただけでなく、個人的にも裨益したらしい。どんどん剥げ落ちるブレアのメッキ。↓＞ ・・・Shortly after shaking hands with the Libyan leader on Feb. 24, Blair announced that the Anglo-Dutch oil company Shell had inked a deal for gas exploration rights off the Libyan coast worth $550 million. It was later revealed that Blair had personally lobbied the Libyan leader for the deal, using a letter drafted for him by Shell. ・・・ ＜ベルルスコーニ現イタリア首相もブレアと同じことをやった。だけど、彼の場合、「個人的裨益」してても、誰一人驚かないだろう。↓＞ Berlusconi convinced Qaddafi to look past old colonial grievances by means of a $5 billion reparations package, agreed upon in 2008. Qaddafi then flew to Rome in June 2009 to officially announce a deal to curb illegal immigration, allowing Italian patrols to return would-be migrants to Libyan ports.・・・ Italy imports 20 percent of its oil from Libya, and Italian energy companies have invested heavily in Libyan infrastructure ・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/22/a... ・・・Gaddafi and Berlusconi have a famously warm personal relationship. Less well-known, however, is the fact that Berlusconi is in business with one of the Libyan state's investment vehicles.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/22/gaddaf...

＜これまでの死者総数は300〜1,000人。↓＞ ・・・The extent of the casualties in the crackdown was not immediately clear. Human Rights Watch has reported that nearly 300 people have been killed, based on a partial count. But Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini said Wednesday that estimates of 1,000 dead were "credible." ・・・ ＜リビア西部も次々に反体制派の手に落ちている。↓＞ Anti-government forces claimed Wednesday to have taken control of Misurata, Libya's third-largest city about 126 miles from Tripoli, marking the westernmost advance of the opposition movement. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

Benghazi and much of the east of the country have now been lost to the government. Misurata is near Sirte, the leader's home town, where a key tribe has reportedly come out in support of what is being called the 17 February revolution. ・・・tribes in the Azzintan and Nalut areas, also in the west, had come out against Gaddafi. Oil facilities were now under their protection. ＜カダフィ一家の女子供はもう外国逃亡したらしい。↓＞ ・・・the leader's wife, daughter, daughters-in-law and grandchildren had left Libya for an unknown destination.・・・ ＜内相の反体制派への寝返りがカダフィには一番応えているらしい。↓＞ Libyan and Arab sources said the biggest blow to Gaddafi so far had been the defection of his interior minister and veteran loyalist, Abdel-Fatah Younes al-Obeidi, who called on the army on Tuesday to "serve the people and support the revolution and its legitimate demands".・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/23/muamma...

＜反体制派へ寝返った法相が、スコットランドでのパンナム機爆破をカダフィが命じたとばらした。↓＞ Muammar Gaddafi personally ordered the Lockerbie bombing・・・in 1988, according to his recently resigned justice minister・・・Mustafa Abdel-Jalil・・・. The claim, if it can be corroborated, would mark a sensational development in the long and tangled story of the downing of Pan Am flight 103, in which 270 people died over the Scottish Lowlands town in the worst act of terrorism in UK history.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/feb/23/gaddafi-l...

＜シエラレオネ内戦にも、無茶苦茶をやらかした連中にカダフィが深く関与していた。↓＞ ・・・in the war in Sierra Leone in the 1990s. In pursuit of diamonds, timber and gold, Sankoh, backed by Taylor, backed by Gaddafi, invaded Sierra Leone and instituted a campaign of terror, cutting off the arms and other body parts of civilians to frighten the country into compliance. Rape was a widespread weapon of war, and according to reporting by one human rights organization, Sankoh's troops played a game where they would bet on the sex of a baby being carried by a pregnant captive, then cut the fetus out of the woman to determine its gender.・・・http://swampland.blogs.time.com/2011/02/22/gaddafi...

＜リビアの東部から革命が起こったのは、そこが旧王政の発祥の地だからだと。↓＞ ・・・The unrest was centered in al-Baida in the country's northeast, the city where, in the 19th century, Muhammad al-Sanusi, the ancestor of the Sanusi monarchy from 1951 to 1969, founded his first religious brotherhood center. The spirit of this Sanusi order, which was considered conservative and had spread throughout the entire Cyrenaica region since the end of the 19th century, is still alive and well today and has repeatedly led to tensions with Gadhafi's modern Islam policies. This is part of the reason why Libya's Islamist movement has especially strong ties in Cyrenaica and why many al-Qaida fighters are from the region. Starting in al-Baida, the unrest spread to the cities of Darna and Tobruk to the east, and to Benghazi in the west, and led to the proclamation of the so-called "Islamic Emirate of Barqa." Most of the movement's activists are members of the Abu Llail tribes.・・・http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,7...

＜カダフィ体制側の「反撃」が行われている。↓＞ Thousands of mercenary and other forces struck back at a tightening circle of rebellions around the capital, Tripoli, on Thursday・・・ ＜トリポリのすぐ西のザウィヤではかくのごとし。↓＞ The bloodiest fighting centered on Zawiya, a gateway city to the capital, just 30 miles west of Tripoli. Early Thursday, Colonel Qaddafi’s forces arrived and unleashed an assault using automatic weapons and an anti-aircraft gun on a mosque occupied by rebels armed with hunting rifles, ・・・the battle lasted four hours and had killed at least 100. ・・・ ＜カダフィは三度目のTV出演。（ただし、電話を通して声だけ。）ザウィヤのことが気になって仕方ない様子。↓＞ Colonel Qaddafi, speaking in an impassioned 30-minute phone call to a Libyan television station, appeared particularly incensed by the revolt in Zawiya, close as it was to the capital, and addressed the citizens there directly. ・・・ Qaddafi loyalists also attacked in Misurata, where opponents of the government had claimed control Wednesday. Using rocket-propelled grenades and mortars, they struck at rebels guarding the airport, who seized an anti-aircraft gun used by the militias and turned it against them,・・・ ＜だけど、首都トリポリの四囲の市は次々に反体制派の手に落ちている。↓＞ Fighting intensified in other cities near Tripoli as well ― Misurata, 130 miles to the east, and Sabratha, about 50 miles west. Zuara, 75 miles west of the capital, had fallen to anti-government militias, other reports said. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/world/africa/25l... ・・・Anti-Gaddafi forces were also reported to have taken over Zuwara, further west towards the Tunisian border, after army units sided with them and police fled.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/24/muamma...

＜海岸線における体制派と反体制派の東西「境界」で体制派が攻撃をかけたがはねかえされた。↓＞ Fierce gun battles were reported as loyalist forces attacked rebels holding Misurata, Libya's third-largest city, about 125 miles east of Tripoli. The loyalists assaulted a small airport outside the city but were repelled by rebels who seized an antiaircraft gun and turned it against the attackers, news agencies said. Mutinous air force personnel then joined rebels in overrunning a nearby military air base, where they disabled fighter jets to prevent them from being used against the uprising・・・. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜第二の都市たる東部のベンガジ付近の油田攻撃を命ぜられた空軍のパイロットが後席のパイロットが銃を首筋につきつけていたのに、座席を（後部座席とともに）射出させて、搭乗ジェット戦闘機を墜落させたんだって。↓＞ ・・・the father of a defecting air force pilot wept with pride as he explained the exploits of his son, who had been sent to bomb three oilfields near Benghazi. The father's account confirms those reported by workers at the Bregga oilfield of two men parachuting to earth and a jet fighter crashing nearby."My son was ordered to take off by a man with a gun pointing at his back. He said no and pulled the lever to eject them both. He is a hero. Even if he died I would still be proud. He refused to kill the people."・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/24/libya-...

The fall of Misurata（ミスラタ）, Libya's third-largest city and located little more than 100 miles east of Tripoli, as well as a smaller town in the far west meant that the rebellion inspired by revolts in neighboring Tunisia and Egypt now spans nearly the length of the country. ＜トリポリ西方約40マイルのサブラータでは戦いが続いており、チュニジア国境から約30マイルのズワラーは反体制派の手に落ちた。↓＞ Crowds fought loyalists in Sabratha（サブラータ）, about 40 miles west of Tripoli. The opposition also claimed control of Zuwarah（ズワラー）, about 30 miles from the Tunisian border in the west, after local army units sided with the protesters and police fled.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜トリポリでは群衆めがけて体制派が銃撃した。↓＞ ・・・Mercenaries and army forces put down an attempt by protesters on Friday to break Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi’s hold on this capital city, opening fire on crowds who had taken to the streets after prayers to mount their first major challenge to the government’s crackdown・・・ ＜次席に続き、首席国連大使・・カダフィのお友達・・も完全に反体制派に寝返った。↓＞ Libya’s ambassador to the United Nations, Abdurrahman Shalgham, a longtime friend of Colonel Qaddafi, denounced him Friday in New York, comparing him with Pol Pot and Hitler. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/26/world/africa/26l...

＜駐ポルトガル、スウェーデン大使、ジュネーブ国連人権委員会代表団も寝返った。↓＞ ・・・Envoys to Portugal and Sweden renounced Gaddafi, with the ambassador to Lisbon, Ali Ibrahim Emdored, telling AP he was leaving "due to the killing of my people by this fascist regime". In Geneva, the Libyan delegation to the UN human rights council called for a moment of silence in the chamber to "honour this revolution". "We in the Libyan mission have categorically decided to serve as representatives of the Libyan people and their free will. We only represent the Libyan people," one envoy, Adel Shaltut・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/25/libya-...

＜在カイロのアラブ連盟代表団、駐仏、ユネスコ、バングラデシュ、中国、インドネシア、米国、豪州大使、そして（先週末既に辞任した大使に引き続きインド大使館全体、が寝返った。↓＞ ・・・In Cairo, the Libyan delegation to the Arab League abandoned Gaddafi and condemned his "heinous crimes against unarmed citizens".In Paris, Tripoli's ambassador to France, Mohamed Salaheddine Zarem, and its ambassador to Unesco, Abdoulsalam el-Qallali, resigned on Friday. In India, the entire staff of Libya's embassy in New Delhi renounced ties with Gaddafi's government. Ali al-Essawi, Libya's ambassador to India, resigned his post last weekend in protest at the violent crackdown. Libyan ambassadors to Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, United States and Australia are also among those who no longer represent Gaddafi.http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/25/protes...

＜戦後アラブ世界のユートピア思想のすべてが、今回のリビア革命で破産が明らかになったとよ。↓＞ ・・・The terrain of the Middle East is littered with these Ozymandian（倨傲の楼閣的な） shards（陶片）: pan-Arabism（汎アラブ主義）, Palestinian militancy（パレスティナ過激主義）, the "secular socialism" of the Baath Party in Iraq, the Islamic revival of Sudan (now facing the threat of disintegration), and finally the Jamahiriya（リビアの「直接民主制」）. The ferocity and swift spread of the uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa have demonstrated the bankruptcy of these ideologies and highlighted the disgust of citizens・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/25/t...

・・・The UN Security Council has voted unanimously to impose sanctions on Muammar Gaddafi's Libyan regime for its attempts to put down an uprising. They backed an arms embargo and asset freeze while referring Col Gaddafi to the International Criminal Court for alleged crimes against humanity. US President Barack Obama has said the Libyan leader should step down and leave the country immediately.・・・ Saturday night's vote was only the second time the Security Council has referred a country to the ICC, and the first time such a vote has been unanimous. ・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12589434

＜その時、米ブッシュ政権は棄権したが、今回は初の全会一致の決議だった↓＞ ・・・The Security Council cast a similar vote before, in 2005 when it called for an investigation of violence and crimes against humanity in the Darfur region of Sudan・・・. The United States abstained from that vote, which the official attributed to “a different administration.” The court has indicted Sudan’s president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, on charges of genocide. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/africa/27n...

＜軍は碌な装備を与えられておらず、弾薬もほとんど与えられていないのに対し、直轄の親衛諸隊は良い装備と十分な弾薬が与えられている。 だから、トリポリの「解放」は容易ではない。↓＞ ・・・During Gaddafi's 41-year rule, he steadily gutted the military because of concerns that soldiers could stage a coup, as he did in 1969. Gatrani said the military in Benghazi only has out-of-date tanks that barely run. Their weapons are old, and the government does not supply them with ammunition. Instead, Gaddafi concentrated ammunition and weapons in the hands of loyal special forces known as the Katibat, who were trained to protect the regime and are supplied with the latest and most potent tanks and arms. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜リビアには150万人もの外国人労働者がいる。引用しなかったが、サハラ以南のアフリカからの労働者は、彼らの政府から何の支援の手も差し伸べられていない。また、国外に脱出するこれら労働者は、体制派の要員達から法外な賄賂をとられるし、中にはカネを全部巻き上げられる者もある。↓＞ ・・・There are as many as 1.5 million migrants working in Libya, according to the International Organization for Migration・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/africa/27m...

リビア革命関係を離れるけど、イェーメンで、強力な部族長が体制に反旗を翻したので、サレー大統領の立場が一挙に厳しいものになった。↓

One of Yemen’s most prominent tribal sheiks resigned from the ruling party on Saturday and called for President Ali Abdullah Saleh to step down, posing one of the most significant challenges yet to the Yemeni leader・・・ A few tribal chieftains had already weighed in against Mr. Saleh, but Sheik Ahmar comes from a different branch of the same northern tribal confederation, the Hashids, as Mr. Saleh, so his decision to turn on the president is likely to be more destabilizing. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/middleeast...

＜アラビア半島東南端のオマーンで初めて反体制派の大きな動きが起こった。英国防大学の同僚のオマーンの王族たる海軍大佐（当時）・・確か、彼が同僚中一番年齢が若くて私がそれに次いだ・・に無視され続けて、ついに一度も彼と言葉を交わすことがなかった。1970年に父親をクーデターで失権させて国王（スルタン）となった現スルタンが首相、外相、蔵相、国防相を兼務する人口300万人弱のこの国http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_pro...が、ついに目を醒ました？↓＞ ・・・ In Oman on Sunday, two people were killed in protests, Reuters reported, as police fired tear gas and cordoned off protesters demonstrating for a second day in the city of Sohar. ・・・ ＜まだリビアのチュニジアとの国境は体制派が掌握しているので、西部の反体制派は日干しになる恐れが出てきている。↓＞ Pro-Gaddafi forces still maintained control of the western border with Tunisia and had set up approximately 20 checkpoints on the road to Tripoli, with western towns taken over by the opposition in recent days in danger of being cut off from food, medical supplies and fuel. ＜西部のサブラータとザウィヤ両市も依然反体制派の手中にある。全般的に情勢は膠着状態。↓＞ In the key cities of Sabratha and Zawiya, west of Tripoli, major tribal families appeared to be controlling the town centers but were still engaged in night battles with government forces on the outskirts of town. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜ベンガジでは反体制派による暫定政権が樹立されたようだ。↓＞ ・・・In Benghazi, meanwhile, the eastern city emerging as the capital of Libya’s rebellion, opposition forces nominated the country’s former justice minister to lead a provisional government・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/28/world/africa/28u...

＜リビア上空を飛行禁止区域にするの、中共とロシアの反対でダメそうだ。NATOも国連にゲタあずけちゃってる。↓＞ ・・・Cameron said he had told the Ministry of Defence and the chief of the defence staff to draw up plans for a no-fly zone in coordination with Britain's Nato allies and report back to him within days. A no-fly zone would be designed principally to prevent attacks on Libyan people by the Gaddafi regime – mainly by his helicopter gun ships.Cameron suggested the UK might even consider arming the Libyan opposition forces if Tripoli used more violence to crush demonstrations.・・・ Western officials say any military intervention in the unfolding conflict would have to be coordinated by Nato and would require the approval of the UN Security Council, and that is far from guaranteed. Russia and China, who both hold a veto, have voiced their opposition to any outside interference. France too has cautioned about Nato involvement.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/28/us-mil...

・・・政権派の部隊は二十七日夜から二十八日にかけ、首都トリポリ＜の125マイル＞東方にある反政府派が制圧した第三の都市ミスラタ＜（Misrata）＞など数カ所を空軍機で攻撃、再び激しい戦闘を繰り広げている。・・・ Gaddafi loyalists are still holding out at an airbase and a barracks on the edge of the town. There are daily attacks and counterattacks between the two sides・・・ また、・・・政権派は二十八日、トリポリ西方のサブラタを制圧。さらに戦闘機が東部ベンガジ近くのアジダビヤ・・・Ajdabiya, 100 miles south of Benghazi, the farthest east Gaddafi's forces had reached since their ignominious retreat on 20 February・・・にある武器庫を空爆するなど、激しい攻撃を加えた。・・・

＜東部の反体制派の海岸沿いの最西端の市のラス・ルサファが体制派に奪還された。↓＞ ・・・Pro-government forces were reported to have returned to the oil town of Ras Lusafa, about 125 miles further west, which had been the last rebel safe haven before the Gaddafi stronghold of Sirte, roughly halfway to Tripoli.・・・

＜トリポリから30マイルしか離れていないザウィヤに対して体制派が攻撃をしかける徴候がある。トリポリの東の重要な港であるミスラタでは戦闘が行われている。 更にずっと東部のシルテ（カダフィの生誕地）は依然体制派の手中にあり、東部からの反体制派の進撃を困難にしている。↓＞ Opposition forces also control Zawiyah, just 30 miles from Tripoli, although signs are imminent of a counter-offensive by the government. Misrata, an important Mediterranean port, east of the capital, is disputed and saw fighting again on Monday. Reports from Benghazi speak of concerns about food and medical supplies running low in a couple of weeks, although the port and the border with Egypt are open. The regime controls Tripoli, home to some 2 million of Libya's 6.5 million population, the international airport, the port and some outlying towns. It also controls Sirte, Gaddafi's home town, which opposition supporters have to skirt on a long detour south to avoid loyalist forces.

＜南部と（体制派の中心である）トリポリの周縁地域は中立地帯と言える。 なお、サハラ砂漠の端に位置するところの、遠く離れたセバは体制派の下にあり、ここの飛行場経由で、体制派はアフリカの傭兵を導入してきている。↓＞ A further large area, as much as a third of the country in the south and areas around Tripoli, are effectively neutral and under the control of tribes. Sebha on the edge of the Sahara is a Gaddafi stronghold and was reportedly used to ferry in African mercenaries.・・・

＜カダフィ政府の許可なく、既に、英独の航空機がリビアの沙漠に着陸して自国民救出をなしとげている。フランスは、人道支援物資を積んだ２機の航空機をベンガジに飛ばすが、爾後かかる活動をどんどんやって行く、と表明した。↓＞ British and German planes have already landed in the Libyan desert without the permission of Tripoli, so that barrier has been breached, and the French have announced they will fly two planes into Benghazi to deliver humanitarian supplies. The prime minister, Francois Fillon, described it as the start of "a massive operation of humanitarian support for the populations of liberated territories".・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/28/libya-...

＜ベンガジは反体制派の拠点になっているが、ベンガジ解放をめぐる戦闘の転回点となったのは、フツーの一市民が決行したところの、体制派がこもる基地に対する自動車による自爆テロだった。↓＞ Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo was the most unlikely of revolutionary heroes. The bespectacled 49-year-old worked in the supplies department of the state-owned oil company. He was a diabetic with two teenage daughters. But something snapped inside him as a youth-led uprising in Libya against the government of Moammar Gaddafi quickly turned bloody. For days Zeyo had carried the bodies of teenage boys from outside a security base in the center of the city where Gaddafi's militiamen fired on young protesters. Every day he went with hundreds of others to the cemeteries to bury the boys. His outrage grew, until Zeyo quietly made a decision, according to his family, friends and witnesses to his fiery death. On the morning of Feb. 20, he walked down the stairs of his apartment building with a gas canister hoisted on his shoulder, witnesses said. He put two canisters inside his trunk of his car, along with a tin can full of gunpowder. Driving toward the base, he flashed the victory sign to the young men protesting outside and hit the gas pedal. Gaddafi's security forces sprayed his black car with bullets, setting off a powerful explosion, witnesses said. The blast tore a hole in the base's front gate, allowing scores of young protesters and soldiers who had defected to stream inside. That night, the opposition won the battle for the base, and for Benghazi, as Gaddafi's forces retreated. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

The democratic upheaval across the Arab world has now become so profound and overwhelming -- so unstoppable -- as to engulf arguably the least oppressive and most competent autocracy in the region・・・ Qaboos is one of a kind in the Arab world. He is unmarried, lives alone, plays the organ and lute, and composes music. A graduate of Britain's Sandhurst military academy・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/01/o...

・・・The battle began at daybreak, when government fighters stormed the airport and the area around the city’s oil refinery. By the early afternoon, hundreds of men from this city, wielding Kalashnikov rifles and knives ― joined by confederates from neighboring cities with heavier artillery ― fought Colonel Qaddafi’s men, who were backed by air power and mortars. But as night fell, the government fighters were on the run and the rebels were celebrating in Brega and all along the road north to Benghazi・・・ ＜反体制派は、市民がてんでバラバラに戦ったんだってさ。↓＞ The battle of Brega was a ragged affair. There were no orders, no officers, no plans: most of the men said they had simply jumped in cars to defend their freedom after hearing that government loyalists, whom the rebels call mercenaries, had begun a dawn raid on Brega. Fighters carried every kind of weapon. Some manned big antiaircraft guns, wearing black military berets and saluting as they rode past. Others drove beat-up old taxis, clutching rifles, pistols, anything they could find, even butcher knives. ・・・ ＜だけど、体制派だって、いいころかげんな戦いぶりだったらしい。↓＞ If the opposition lacks a plan for victory, Colonel Qaddafi’s strategy is equally murky. His militiamen, traveling in 50 all-terrain vehicles, attacked at dawn, and later took dozens of local people hostage at the city’s university, using them as human shields, witnesses said. Fighter planes bombed the area, leaving craters and shrapnel in a road near the university. The town has an oil and gas company and pipelines, and a small airport that might be a useful staging point. But the attack, which left at least nine people dead and scores wounded, appeared to have succeeded only in further outraging people.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/03/world/africa/03l...

＜海岸沿いに、体制派は120マイルも戦線を東に押し戻したようだ。↓＞ In the past few days, Gaddafi's forces have advanced almost 120 miles from Sirte＜（Surt。カダフィの古里）＞ towards Benghazi, which is the seat of both a self-declared regional capital and a governing committee that is trying to organise the affairs of Libya's second city.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/02/libya-...

＜法的問題がクリアされたとしても、実際問題、リビアを飛行禁止区域とするのは、リビアが広いのと地対空ミサイルがたくさんあるので、容易なこっちゃないとさ。↓＞ ・・・Mr. Gates noted on Wednesday that any operation to enforce a no-flight zone would have to be large, given Libya’s size. It would require more aircraft than are aboard a single aircraft carrier, he said, and other officials noted that with American forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, a prolonged commitment to Libya, even from the air, would stretch resources thin. ・・・ Even though Libya’s air force would be no match for American piloting skills and warplanes, Libya’s Soviet-designed surface-to-air missiles present a significant risk. During the 1986 bombing of Tripoli, at least one American plane was shot down. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/03/world/africa/03m...

＜昨日とりあげたブレガの戦いに次いで、今度はその西28マイルのビシュラで戦いがあった。今回は、反体制派も戦闘機を繰り出した。↓＞ ・・・About 28 miles west of Brega, rebels clashed with Gaddafi loyalists Thursday in the Mediterranean coastal town of Bishra. Truckloads of rebel fighters left Benghazi to help their allies in Bishra. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜チュニジアとの国境とトリポリを結ぶ幹線道路の検問所は、すべて、体制派が奪還した。↓＞ Government-run checkpoints have replaced those set up by rebels. Along the 110-mile stretch between Tripoli and the Tunisian border, there were few visible signs of the unrest reported in recent days.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜ハーグ国際刑事裁判所では、カダフィとその息子達の捜査が始まった。↓＞ ・・・In The Hague, the International Criminal Court announced that it would investigate Kadafi, his sons and his inner circle for alleged crimes against humanity. "Peaceful demonstrators were attacked by security forces," prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo said at a news conference. "No one can attack civilians." Moreno-Ocampo said the investigation would be carried out within weeks. Once it is completed, ICC judges will decide whether there is sufficient evidence to issue arrest warrants. Moreno-Ocampo said the court would also look into any allegations of abuses by rebel forces.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜カダフィが政権を奪取した直後、イタリア人２万人以上が、財産を全部没収されて国外追放された。↓＞ ・・・In 1970, less than a year after coming to power, he expelled every Italian living in the country -- more than 20,000 people -- and seized all their assets. ・・・ ＜そのイタリアが、現在石油の22%、天然ガスの10%をリビアに依存。↓＞ Today the country supplies Italy with 22 percent of its oil and 10 percent of its gas -- some 28 percent of Libya's total exports. ・・・ ＜カダフィがイタリアを食い物にした方法。一、歴史を持ちだして脅迫した。↓＞ First, he used historical blackmail. Qaddafi played with the memory of the colonial past and the crimes committed by the Fascist regime against the Libyan population to ask for ne-ver-en�ding reparations. ・・・ ＜二、石油と天然ガスをちらつかせた。↓＞ Second, Qaddafi used his country's oil and gas wealth・・・ ＜三、非合法移民の流入を恐れる欧州につけいった（その防止に協力してやるから・・）。↓＞ Finally, Qaddafi played on European fears of illegal immigration. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/03/r...

現在進行形のアラブ革命を踏まえ、ハンティントンの文明の衝突論への批判が展開されている。↓

＜ハンティントンは、アラブの人々は＜汎アラブないしイスラム志向であり＞ナショナリズム志向ではないし、多元主義や民主主義志向でもないと主張したが必ずしもそうではないことが分かった。↓＞ ・・・Huntington・・・argued that people in Arab lands are intrinsically not nationalistic. He argued that they do not hunger for pluralism and democracy in the way these things are understood in the West. But it now appears as though they were simply living in circumstances that did not allow that patriotism or those spiritual hungers to come to the surface. ・・・ ＜彼が主張した、文化の重要性は間違いではないけれど、文化の奥には威厳（dignity）と民主主義的政治システムへの渇望が存在することが分かったわけだ。↓＞ Culture is important, but underneath cultural differences there are these universal aspirations for dignity, for political systems that listen to, respond to and respect the will of the people. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/opinion/04brooks...

＜孤立無援のザウィヤでは、体制派が猛攻をかけている。↓＞ ・・・Some of the fiercest clashes since the uprising began on 15 February took place in rebel-controlled Zawiyah, about 30 miles west of the Libyan capital・・・at least 13 people were killed there, and ＜as far as＞ 50 dead and more than 300 wounded. The leader of the rebels in Zawiyah, Colonel Husein Darbouk, was among those killed when his position was hit by anti-aircraft fire. Following attacks including an artillery bombardment by mercenaries and militia in Gaddafi's pay, the rebels were said to be pinned down in the central square. State media predicted the town would fall by Saturday.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/04/libya-...

＜東部の海岸沿いでは反体制派が反転攻勢をかけている。ラス・ラヌフの次に目ざすのはカダフィの古里のシルテ（スルト）。↓＞ ・・・In eastern Libya, rebels attacked a pro-Gaddafi military base on the outskirts of Ras Lanuf, about 410 miles east of Tripoli, in an attempt to capture the oil terminal on the Mediterranean. Gaddafi's forces fought back with fighter jets and ground troops, killing at least four rebels・・・ But just after dark Friday, the band of rebels said they had taken Ras Lanuf, with some loyalist forces hoisting a white flag of surrender. The rebels, armed with surface-to-air missiles, antiaircraft weaponry and other aged weapons, were pushing forward into Bin Jawad despite being severely outgunned. "The plan is to go toward Sirte," said Khaled Sayeh, the spokesman for the opposition's military council, referring to Gaddafi's home town, a loyalist stronghold. ＜そのシルテと首都トリポリの間にあり、やはり孤立無援のミスラタに対しても体制派が攻撃をしかけている。↓＞ Overnight and into the early morning Friday, Gaddafi's forces fired artillery rounds from a hilltop air base into the nation's third-largest city, Misurata, a rebel-held enclave between Tripoli and Sirte. Some residents said that government airplanes were sky-writing messages calling on residents to surrender. Opposition forces said they remained in control but were being besieged by Gaddafi loyalists and were running low on food and ammunition. ・・・opposition・・・called on foreign powers to airdrop supplies. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜首都トリポリで反体制派のデモが行われたが、外国人記者達がいるので、体制派も露骨な虐殺は控えてるみたいだな。↓＞ ・・・two truckloads of government security officers showered hundreds of protesters with tear gas in the Tripoli suburb of Tajura. A handful of foreign correspondents and television news crews were in their midst, and many protesters saw their presence as a shield. “This is the first time they have used gas,” one veteran of the protests told a journalist as he retreated. “When you leave they will shoot us with machine guns.” But the militias did not wait. Moments later, with news cameras still rolling, they unleashed bursts of Kalashnikov fire. Sporadic gunfire rang out for over an hour. A government spokesman later said the militia had fired into the air, but two doctors at the demonstration said that at least two people were wounded. The protesters, who had planned to stage a sit-in at the mosque, quickly scattered. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/world/africa/05l...

リビア等のアラブ革命のせいで、武器輸出の皮算用が次々にパーになっており、アタマを抱えるロシア。↓

・・・Over all, unrest in the Middle East has toppled or threatens to topple several governments that are longtime customers of Russian military industries, Mr. Chemezov said, and the total losses could reach $10 billion. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/world/europe/05r...

＜トリポリの西のザウィヤでは、反体制派がまだ持ちこたえている。↓＞ Rebels said government forces had moved in to Zawiya, west of the capital, with tanks and dozens of people had been injured, but they vowed to keep up the fight.・・・ ＜カダフィの古里のシルテの東90マイルのラス・ラヌーフが反体制派の手に落ちた。↓＞ Ras Lanouf, about 90 miles (140 kilometers) east of Sirte, fell to rebel hands on Friday night after a fierce battle with pro-regime forces who later fled. ・・・ ・・・the battle was won after Ras Lanouf residents joined the rebels. ・・・ "They just follow orders. After a little bit of fighting, they run away,"・・・ ＜その附近で、体制派の戦闘機が墜落した。↓＞ Also Saturday, a Libyan jet fighter has crashed near Ras Lanouf・・・ Farther east, a large arms and ammunition depot outside Benghazi, Libya's second-largest city, blew up Friday in a massive explosion that completely destroyed an area three times the size of a soccer field. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜シルテには外務省以外の全官庁を移す計画があり、公共施設が整備されている。＞ ・・・Today Sert, which has 135,000 residents in the city and surroundings, has changed dramatically because of government largesse. The town now has reasonably good infrastructure (unlike most other Libyan cities) and sports a university and large hospital, along with numerous government buildings. In fact, all central government ministries ― except for foreign affairs ― had been ordered to relocate to Sert in order to create a new administrative capital roughly in the middle of the country, between the east, dominated by Benghazi, and the west, dominated by Tripoli. However, bureaucrats with comfortable homes in Tripoli, a city of more than 2 million, managed to defer transfers, and today most ministries have set up only satellite offices in Sert, with the real business of government still taking place in Tripoli. ＜そこには、国際会議場もある。↓＞ Gaddafi was more effective setting up Sert as an international showcase, building a huge conference center, the Palais des Congres, the largest such hall in North Africa, and other facilities to host African summits, U.N. meetings and, more recently, the Darfur peace talks. "This is really the political capital of the regime,"・・・ ＜また、チャド出身の傭兵達のOBが何千人も住んでいる。↓＞ Another international touch in Sert: it is thought to have become home to possibly thousands of retired mercenaries from Chad, part of the Islamic Arab Legion Gaddafi funded in the 1980s・・・.・・・ The real defense of the city, however, would come from the families of two key tribes ― Gaddafi's Qadhadfa and the Magariha ― many of whose members have been absorbed into Gaddafi's sprawling domestic and military-intelligence services or into key security units. ・・・http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2057...

＜反体制派は、東から、ビン・ジャワド（シルテの当方100マイル）まで接近して激戦が行われた。↓＞ Rebels in eastern Libya have been locked in a struggle with government forces for the town of Bin Jawad, just 100 miles from the key city of Sirte, Muammar Gaddafi's home town.・・・ Rebels captured Bin Jawad on Saturday, but were ejected from the town on Sunday before regrouping to attack it again later in the day. Helicopter gunships are reported to have fired on the rebel force that is advancing west.・・・ The fighting occurred in the midst of what appeared to be a concerted counterattack by Gaddafi's forces. Despite claims of a string of decisive victories by the government, which brought gun-firing supporters on to the streets of Tripoli, its gains appeared largely illusory. Among cities it claimed to have recaptured were Zawiyah, Misrata, Ras Lanuf and Tobruk, all of which are held or partly held by opposition forces. ＜トリポリの西のザウィヤでは、依然として反体制派が持ちこたえている。↓＞ In Zawiyah, a television crew, who had been inside the town for several days during two large-scale assaults, saw rebels manage to capture or destroy eight government tanks. At one stage, tanks had reached the centre of the town, but were driven back by fierce resistance.・・・ ＜トリポリと東のシルテの間に位置するミスラタでも、反体制派が体制派の攻撃を撃退した。↓＞ In Misrata, rebels resisted a fierce attack by pro-Gaddafi forces, and a doctor told Reuters at least 18 had been killed. Government forces used tanks and artillery in what appeared to be their most concerted effort yet to retake the town 125 miles east of Tripoli, but were pushed back.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/06/libya-...

＜英国の特殊部隊SASと諜報機関MI6の要員がリビア東部にヘリコプターで潜入し、反体制派に外国傭兵と勘違いされて捕まる、という失態を演じた。↓＞ A British diplomatic effort to reach out to Libyan rebels has ended in humiliation as a team of British special forces and intelligence agents left Benghazi after being briefly detained. The six SAS troops and two MI6 officers were seized by Libyan rebels in the eastern part of the country after arriving by helicopter four days ago. They left on HMS Cumberland, the frigate that had docked in Benghazi to evacuate British and other EU nationals・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/06/sas-di...

＜欧州のような長子相続制でなかった。↓＞ ・・・Western systems most commonly passed all property intact to the eldest son, thus preserving large estates. In contrast, Islamic law stipulated a much fairer division of assets (including some to daughters), but this meant that large estates fragmented. One upshot was that private capital accumulation faltered and couldn’t support major investments to usher in an industrial revolution. ＜会社が構成員（出資者）の死によって解散することになっていた。↓＞ ・・・the Islamic partnership, which tended to be the vehicle for businesses. Islamic partnerships dissolved whenever any member died, and so they tended to include only a few partners ― making it difficult to compete with European industrial and financial corporations backed by hundreds of shareholders. ＜銀行制度が発展しなかった。↓＞ The emergence of banks in Europe led long-term British interest rates to drop by two-thirds leading up to the Industrial Revolution. No such drop occurred in the Arab world until the colonial period. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/opinion/06kristo...

＜ビンジャワドから反体制派が駆逐された。↓＞ ・・・a force of up to 1,000 fighters had been pushing towards Tripoli when it was ambushed and driven out of Bin Jawad, 375 miles east of the capital, on Sunday by pro-Gaddafi forces using helicopter gunships, artillery and rockets. Rebels later regrouped about 40 miles to the east, in Ras Lanuf, where MiG fighters circled over rebel positions on Monday before launching air strikes behind their front lines in the morning and afternoon.・・・ ＜ザウィヤでは、依然、反体制派が頑張っている。↓＞ In Zawiyah, the opposition city closest to the capital, witnesses said government tanks and artillery opened fire on rebels around 9am.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/07/gaddaf...

＜ビンジャワドからどうして駆逐されたか、詳細な説明がなされている。 要するに、反体制派がシロウト市民兵がほとんどでてんでバラバラに戦っているからだ。↓＞ ・・・A professional fighting force would have cleared Bin Jawwad house by house Saturday to ferret out lingering pro-Kadafi fighters. But the rebels spent the day snapping souvenir photos, waving flags and firing off their weapons. Then they rested. The next morning, pro-Kadafi fighters launched their assault by firing on the rebels from the cover of houses. They were backed by helicopter gunships and artillery in the kind of coordinated attack the outgunned rebels have yet to attempt. Nor did the rebels try to win the loyalties of five local tribes whose support has wavered between the rebellion and Kadafi. Instead, they alienated the tribesmen by shooting up their town and terrifying their wives and children.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜米国に介入して欲しいとの声がリビアの反体制派からもリビア以外のアラブ諸国からも全く起きないのは、彼らが、米国のイラク統治でのひどい顛末に呆れかえっているからだというわけ。確かにそうだろうなあ。↓＞ ・・・being right, even morally right, isn't everything. It is also important to be competent, to be consistent, and to be knowledgeable. It's important for your soldiers and diplomats to speak the language of the people you want to influence. It's important to understand the ethnic and tribal divisions of the place you hope to assist. Let's not repeat past mistakes: Before sending in the 101st Airborne, we should find out what people on the ground want and need. Because right now, I don't hear them clamoring for us to come. They are afraid of what American "assistance" might do to their country.http://www.slate.com/id/2287546/

・・・if you want a sort of trivial, but useful analogy, it's Michael Corleone, the good son in The Godfather. The war hero, the civilian, the son who's not going to be part of the Sicilian mafia. And then you know they attacked the Godfather. And Michael comes to his father's defense, throws away his reputation and the good works he's done to distance himself from the family, and becomes, you know, one and the same. Blood over chosen identity. ・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/07/u...

＜ザウィヤ危うし。また、引用しなかったが、体制派は東部でも大攻勢をかけている。↓＞ ・・・The regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi has launched a devastating assault on the opposition-held town of Zawiyah, deploying up to 50 tanks and scores of pickup trucks carrying troops.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/08/gaddaf...

＜英国は、一貫して飛行禁止区域設定を唱え続けている。↓＞ ・・・The British prime minister, David Cameron, expressed what seemed to be the prevailing European opinion on Tuesday when he said the preconditions for a no-flight zone were “regional support, a clear trigger for such a resolution and an appropriate legal basis.”・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/09/world/africa/09l...

＜NATOは既にリビア空域の24時間空中監視体制に入っている。↓＞ Nato has launched 24-hour air and sea surveillance of Libya as a possible precursor to a no-fly zone・・・ ＜湾岸協力会議（GCC）、イスラム諸国会議機構、アフリカ連合（AU）、及びアラブ連盟事務局長が飛行禁止区域設定に同意したってんだけど・・。↓＞ The Gulf Co-operation Council, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and the secretary general of the Arab League have called for the protection of Libyan civilians while rejecting the intervention of western ground troops. Turkey, the most reluctant Nato member state, has relaxed its opposition and allowed contingency planning to go ahead.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/08/un-no-...

＜ザウィヤで体制派が完全勝利を収めたと体制側は言っている。↓＞ ・・・The government said it had won control of Zawiyah, but those assertions could not be independently verified.・・・ ＜ビン・ジャワドに反体制派が再び突入を果たしたらしい。↓＞ A witness close to the front said the anti-government fighters had managed to enter Bin Jawwad amid heavy fighting・・・ ＜体制派の航空機がラス・ラヌフの石油施設を爆撃した。↓＞ Meanwhile, rebel leaders in Benghazi said government planes had bombed fuel silos and an oil pipeline near Ras Lanuf. The strike raised fears that Gaddafi had turned his weapons on petroleum assets in opposition-controlled territory, something the rebel government has dreaded. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜カイロのど真ん中でイスラム教徒とコプト教徒が衝突し死者13名。↓＞ ・・・The deaths of 13 people in clashes in Cairo between Muslims and Christians late Tuesday have prompted calls for religious tolerance and raised the prospect of a deepening sectarian divide after a post-revolution honeymoon period. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜同じくカイロのど真ん中で、女性の権利拡大を求める女性達のデモが男性達によって襲われ、性的ハラスメントを受けた。↓＞ Women hoping to extend their rights in post-revolutionary Egypt were faced with a harsh reality Tuesday when a mob of angry men beat and sexually assaulted marchers calling for political and social equality・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜東のラス・ラヌフと西のザウィヤが体制派の手に落ちたようだ。↓＞ ・・・Taking back Ras Lanouf would be a major victory for Gadhafi, pushing his zone of control farther along the coast. His regime has also claimed a victory in the west, saying Wednesday it recaptured Zawiya, the closest rebel-held city to the capital, after a six-day siege. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜米国政府高官が、戦況は体制派の方に有利に推移するだろうと証言。↓＞ The top U.S. intelligence official said Thursday that Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi is likely to "prevail" in his battle against rebels without foreign intervention or some other major change, as European governments and U.S. lawmakers sought ways to aid Gaddafi's increasingly beleaguered opponents. The prediction by James R. Clapper, the director of national intelligence, came as the Gaddafi government claimed it has regained control of Zawiyah, an oil-refining center 27 miles west of Tripoli, and has driven rebels from the key oil port of Ras Lanuf in the east. ・・・ ＜西のミスラタでも体制派が攻勢を強めている。↓＞ ・・・ On Thursday, government forces appeared to tighten their siege of rebel-held Misurata, while skirmishes continued in the contested city of Zawiyah. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜フランスが（体制派と断交し）反体制派（国民評議会）を「承認」した。↓＞ Moving ahead of its allies, France on Thursday became the first country to recognize Libya’s rebel leadership in the eastern city of Benghazi and said it would soon exchange ambassadors with the insurgents. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/world/europe/11f...

・・・Pro-Gaddafi forces launched a renewed assault Friday on the opposition-controlled western city of Zawiya・・・ Brega was hit Thursday by at least three powerful airstrikes, while rebels clashed with Gaddafi loyalists in the nearby Mediterranean town of Bishra.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜しかし、依然、ラス・ラヌフでも戦闘は終わっていない、という情報もある。↓＞

・・・In eastern Libya, fighting continued around Ras Lanuf, home to Libya's biggest oil refinery, with both sides claiming to control the strategic town. Kaim, the deputy foreign minister, told journalists that the government has seized Ras Lanuf from the rebels and promised to take journalists there Saturday to see for themselves. But a spokesman for the rebel movement, Hamid al-Hasi, told the al-Arabiya television network that Ras Lanuf was back in rebel hands. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜米国でも、オバマは、中東全体を睨んだ戦略的判断に基づき、反体制派を見放した、という専門家の声が出た。↓＞

・・・Obama undoubtedly knows that he will face intense criticism if he stands by while Qaddafi ruthlessly crushes the rebellion. Knowing this, we must presume that outcome, assuming Obama allows it to occur, is part of a larger calculation of risks. What might those calculations be? Topping the list might be that Obama and his advisors have decided that they want to encourage no more rebellions in the Arab world, particularly in Saudi Arabia or elsewhere on the Sunni side of the Persian Gulf.・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/11/t...

＜しかし、オバマは、カダフィは次第に追い詰められつつある、と言明した。↓＞

President Obama expressed concern Friday about a U.S. intelligence assessment that Moammar Gaddafi may have the firepower to win a war of attrition against Libyan rebels, but he insisted that "we are slowly tightening the noose" on the longtime leader.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

＜そして、オバマは反体制派を事実上承認した。↓＞

President Obama said Friday that he would appoint a special representative to Libya’s rebel leaders ・・・ The move is significant because although the United States has not formally recognized the rebels as legitimate representatives of the Libyan people, the appointment of a special representative is bound to be interpreted as a move toward de facto recognition. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/africa/12p...

・・・the United States presumably wants to limit its political commitment, and the nature and type of aid it may consider is also limited. But so are the needs of the Libyan opposition. Assuming the rebels can achieve at least the level of organization and training・・・, the material and training support can be rudimentary and accomplished quickly by outside experts, from either a government (France comes to mind, since the country has been first off the mark to recognize officially the opposition in Libya) or even a private company. ・・・ ・・・if Stinger missiles or similar Soviet weapons were deployed to Libyan opposition forces, the risks of loss would be manageable・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/11/a...

・・・Libyan rebel forces have meanwhile suffered fresh setbacks including the loss of the key oil port of Ras Lanuf.・・・ Reports suggested that the rebel front line had been pushed back even further back, towards the town of Ujala.・・・ A major new attack was reported near Misrata・・・ ・・・there are fears the battle for Misrata could be even nastier than the one for Zawiya, which finally fell on Friday after days of fierce fighting. Misrata is a much bigger city than Zawiya, with a population of some 300,000 people, and one rebel leader has already said he fears a massacre, our correspondent says. ・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12723554

・・・The Arab League, meeting in Cairo, called on the UN security council to impose a no fly-zone on Libya as Gaddafi's forces also began to move against Misrata, a city of 300,000 people about 125 miles from Tripoli. Misrata is the only town in the west of the country still under the control of the insurgents after their defeat in a vicious battle for Zawiya. The rebels said that Misrata was now surrounded by Gaddafi's forces, which included tanks.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/12/gaddaf...

・・・The move represents an extraordinary step by the leading Arab organization, historically reluctant to sanction a member, and provided fresh evidence of the reformist spirit recasting long-stagnating Arab politics. It was also a risky step for a number of Arab leaders facing domestic dissent of their own. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic...

・・・The sophisticated surveillance capacity that the US and allies have in the region could be turned into actionable intelligence passed on to the Libyan opposition. Others, preferably not the US, could help move armaments and weapons supplies to the rebels.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12708727

・・・On Sunday government forces pounded the oil terminal of Brega,・・・forcing out the rebels and pushing the front line further back・・・. If the regime's forces succeed in taking the key junction of Ajdabiya next, about 50 miles further, it is possible that Gaddafi could opt to bypass the rebel headquarters in Benghazi and aim for the Egyptian border, near Tobruk, so trapping the anti-government fighters in a pincer, with no land route out. ・・・http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2058...

・・・Ajdabiya is most strategic for its location, 100 miles from Benghazi and perched on a highway that bypasses eastern Libya’s coastal cities and cuts straight to the border with Egypt, which rebels have lightly defended. It was still unclear whether Colonel Qaddafi would try to take the city in a bloody battle or bypass it en route to Benghazi and the highway. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/africa/14l...

・・・A similar fate appeared to threaten Misurata, Libya’s third-largest city and the only one outside the east still under rebel control and surrounded by government forces. There was word of dissent within government forces there Saturday and Sunday, with the sound of heavy clashes coming from 10 miles or so outside the city for two nights in a row, one witness said.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/libya-gains-co...

Military forces loyal to Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi cranked up military and psychological pressure on the rebels Monday, offering amnesty to those who surrendered their weapons while bombing a strategic linchpin in the east and invading a rebel-held town in the west. ・・・ Residents of Zawarah・・・a Berber town of about 40,000 people・・・, near the Tunisian border in the west, said the pro-Qaddafi forces that surrounded them three days ago had taken control of the isolated city・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/africa/15l...

・・・In western Libya, a government assault on the rebel-held city of Misrata seems to have stalled・・・ ・・・Ajdabiya, the last major town before the rebel base in Benghazi, came under heavy aerial attack. ・・・ Rebels say they have retaken Brega, but the government has denied the claim.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12731079

＜練度の高い部隊がブレガに潜んでいて奇襲をかけたらしい。↓＞ ・・・ a reserve force of rebels with military training had been hidden in homes in the eastern third of the sprawling petrochemical complex at Brega. After the Qaddafi men passed at about 8 p.m. last night, the rebels came out, retaking the town as well as about 20 prisoners from Qaddafi’s forces. ・・・ ・・・if he is right, it would be the fourth time Brega has changed hands in less than two weeks, emphasizing the strange, shimmering nature of the conflict being fought in Libya’s coastal desert. ＜体制派は大量の間接照準火器を打ち込んで反体制派を潰走させてきたが、いかんせん兵力が数千と少ないので、アジャビヤのような中都市でさえそうだが、ベンガジのような大都市においては、間接照準火器を打ち込んでも遮蔽物だらけなので効果が少ない上、一般住民虐殺ということで国際的非難を浴びるだけでなく、兵力的に全く太刀打ちできない。↓＞ While it remains easy for Qaddafi to rain mortars and rockets on rebel checkpoints, he doesn’t appear to have more than a few thousand men, at most, committed to his eastward advance. Without indiscriminate fire on the cities of Ajdabiya or Benghazi – just the sort of act that might galvanize the international community into action, which Qaddafi is likely keen to avoid – it’s hard to see his forces advancing quickly much farther east.・・・ ＜だから、心理戦をしかけるしかない。空爆も、心理戦の一環だと考えるべきだ。↓＞ ・・・for now, Qaddafi appears to be using softer methods on the eastern population centers. At least two air strikes hit the town today – one near a gas station, one in the middle of a deserted traffic circle on the western outskirts of town – but did little damage. The real campaign was psychological. A plane dropped propaganda leaflets on the city, which promised to soon “cleanse” Ajdabiya of the “criminals” running it, and urging citizens to turn on the rebellion. ・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/03...

＜そもそも、東部、というより中部は、砂漠であって、海岸線沿いに集落が点在しており、わずかの兵力で攻略することができる。↓＞ ・・・The rebel commander, Gen Abdul Fattah Younis, reminded a news conference on Sunday of the special nature of desert warfare. With so few settlements, large swathes of territory can be captured very quickly, and lost just as fast. That is even more true in the Libyan case, where relatively small forces are battling over a very large area. ＜しかも、かかる環境においては、空爆や海上の艇からの砲撃が効果的であり、これらは体制派だけが使える手段なので、体制派に有利にこれまで戦況が進展してきた。↓＞ Col Gaddafi's big advantage is the superior firepower, air power and sea power he has at his disposal. In the case of the oil towns of both Ras Lanuf and of Brega, it has meant he can bombard them into submission. ＜ただ、いかんせん、体制派の兵力が少なすぎる。これでは攻略はできても、逆に攻略された時に持ちこたえることは困難だ。その上、その兵站線は延びきりつつある。↓＞ But as he has found in Brega, it is harder to hold onto his gains. He has limited numbers on the ground, perhaps only a maximum of a few thousand troops in eastern Libya, and his supply lines are becoming ever longer. ＜これ以上東に向かうと、兵站線を維持するのは加速度的に困難になっていく。↓＞And his problems can only get bigger if he does manage to push further east.・・・ ＜よって、アジャビヤ攻略は不可能に近い。↓＞ The next town on the road, Ajdabiya, is much bigger than Brega. ・・・ The population numbers anything from 50,000 to 100,000, almost all of them fierce opponents of Col Gaddafi. The troops could take to the desert and skirt round the outside of the town, but that would leave their communication lines even more exposed.As for the rebel stronghold of Benghazi, that is of a different order altogether. It is a city of one million people, most vehemently opposed to Col Gaddafi, many of them armed. A frontal assault is unthinkable at the moment, with the scale of government forces and their long supply lines. Another option for Col Gaddafi is to try and consolidate either in Brega or possibly in Ajdabiya. That would give him control of a key crossroads, with the scope potentially to cut off large parts of eastern Libya. But again, he risks leaving the rear of his forces exposed, and giving time for the opposition to build up their rudimentary military machine and possibly begin a campaign of guerrilla warfare. ＜西部を完全に制圧した後、兵力を東部に振り向けることができればよいが、ミスラタ攻略にさえ仲間割れで手間取っている現状では、それがいつになることか分からない。↓＞ Ideally, Col Gaddafi would like to stifle resistance in the west, then move reinforcements further east. But that is taking longer than he might like, with reports of disagreements and even battles amongst his forces, as some government troops baulk at being asked to attack civilians in the city of Misrata.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12732613

・・・[u]nlike in the Balkans and Iraq, Libya's most populated cities and airbases are situated near its coastline, with most situated less than 10 miles from the shore" (my italics). This sheer geographical fact gives us the option of using ship- and aircraft-based missiles without sending any planes into Libyan airspace, what the authors call a "stand-off no-fly zone.・・・http://www.slate.com/id/2288214/

＜現状だが、英仏とアラブ諸国以外は、飛行禁止区域設定に極めて慎重ないし懐疑的。↓＞

・・・several countries remained cautious about the prospect・・・＜of the＞ no-fly zone・・・at the UN Security Council meeting on Monday. Diplomats said these included not only Russia and China, who traditionally oppose international intervention, but also the US, Germany, South Africa and Brazil・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12731079 前掲

・・・blew up Pan Am 103 over Scotland, killing 270 people; destroyed a French passenger jet over Niger, killing 171 people; bombed the La Belle discotheque in West Berlin, killing two U.S. soldiers and injuring more than 50 American servicemen; established terrorist training camps on Libyan soil; provided terrorists with arms and safe haven; and plotted to kill leaders in Saudi Arabia, Chad, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia and Zaire.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/does-it-mat...

サウディアラビアを中心とする湾岸諸国がバーレーンに部隊を派遣した。↓

Troops from Saudi Arabia and police officers from the United Arab Emirates crossed into Bahrain on Monday under the aegis of the Gulf Cooperation Council to help quell unrest there, a move Bahraini opposition groups denounced in a statement as an “occupation.”・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/middleeast...

＜それは、あくまで省庁や石油施設を守るためだというタテマエだ。↓＞ ・・・The Saudi official・・・said the arriving troops would protect ministries, power plans and other infrastructure. “That’s what they asked for and that’s what we provided.” The protests, he said, were an “internal Bahraini matter for the Bahrainis to sort out. They just don’t have the capacity to protect their institutions as well.”・・・ ＜バーレーンの反体制派はシーア派が中心だから、さっそくイランが抗議の声をあげた。↓＞ Iran＜'s＞・・・state-run news agency carried a warning from Iran’s foreign minister against the use of violence in Bahrain. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gulf-security-...

・・・rebel leaders say the assault was repelled.・・・ On Tuesday, there was fierce fighting around Brega. The oil town has changed hands several times over recent days and reports have suggested the rebels have lost control.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12756874

・・・the US finally joined the UK and France in supporting a draft UN resolution imposing a no-fly zone over Libya. A vote on a draft motion is expected later this week or early next week, which is likely to be too late for the rebels.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/15/libya-... 上掲

＜米国の上記決断は、その場合、アラブ諸国が兵力を提供することに同意したからだ。↓＞

The US shift comes after securing a promise that Arab countries would contribute forces to policing the no-fly zone. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Jordan would be asked to provide planes.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/15/gaddaf...

・・・President Obama met with his National Security Council on Tuesday to consider a variety of other options to respond to the deteriorating situation. Among those options are jamming Libyan government radio signals and financing the rebel forces with $32 billion in Libyan government and Qaddafi family funds frozen by the United States. That money could be used either for weapons or relief. The meeting broke without a decision・・・ The White House is considering more aggressive airstrikes, which would make targets of Colonel Qaddafi’s tanks and heavy artillery ? an option sometimes referred to as a “no-drive zone.” The United States or its allies could also send military personnel to advise and train the rebels,・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/world/africa/16l...

リビア情勢が体制派に有利に傾いているまさにそのときに、バーレーンでもイェーメンでも体制側が攻勢に転じている。↓

・・・The assault on Tuesday was the latest sign that the forces that have fueled the Arab spring over the past few weeks are coming under pressure that might prove insurmountable. In Bahrain, the government has declared a state of emergency and invited Saudi troops to quell unrest. In Yemen, police fired bullets and tear gas at protesters on Sunday, a day after security forces killed seven demonstrators in protests across the country.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-libya-gadda...

・・・Rebel leaders claimed that their forces had regained control of entrances to the west and east of the city and were still fighting with government loyalists about 44 miles south of Ajdabiya. But residents said the city remained under a tight siege, with government loyalists running exit checkpoints and shooting at anyone who approached. ・・・ In Misuratah — the last major rebel foothold in the region — residents reported holding off a fierce attack by tanks and heavy artillery from forces surrounding the city. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/17/world/africa/17l...

＜革命なんて、外国からの援助なくして成功したためしはほとんどないってさ。
確かにそうだよね。↓＞

・・・Was the American Revolution “completely organic”? Funny, I could have sworn those were French ships off Yorktown. What about Britain’s Glorious Revolution, the one that established parliamentary rule? Strange, I had this crazy idea that William III was a Dutchman. The reality is that very few revolutions, good or bad, succeed without some foreign assistance. Lenin had German money; Mao had Soviet arms.・・・http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/13/how-to-get-gadd...

・・・State TV said government troops had taken Zueitina, an oil port on the coastal road 80 miles from Benghazi, but the rebels said they had surrounded the force. The rebels also denied a claim that government troops were on the outskirts of Benghazi. Clashes around Ajdabiya, a strategic town and junction on the coast road, killed about 30 people earlier on Thursday・・・ Fighting was again reported from around Misrata, Libya's third city and a major port, despite the government's claims to have already taken it.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/17/gaddaf...

＜安保理決議は停戦を求めたものだから、反体制派は、今後、反撃作戦を展開することは許されない。↓＞ ・・・A cease-fire that saves Benghazi and rebel-held cities further east but restrains a renewed rebel offensive ・・・ ＜なお、この安保理決議がなくても、アジャビヤの戦いで敗北することはなかったろう。↓＞ ・・・on Thursday that an attack by regime forces on Ajdabiya, the last town before the rebel capital of Benghazi, was repelled by regular army units who had defected, using tanks and a helicopter・・・ ＜ただし、体制派支配下の都市・町で反体制派が蜂起してその都市・町を「解放」したら、今度は体制派は奪還することはできない。（航空攻撃を受けるから。）だから、反体制派が最終的にリビア全土を「解放」する可能性がある。↓＞ Opposition supporters may not be able mount a military attack on Tripoli, but if citizens rise up drive his enforcers out of a town, he'll be unable to send tanks or bombers to reclaim it.・・・http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2011/03/17/u-n-in...

＜カダフィや体制派首脳は半狂乱であらぬことを口走り始めた。↓＞ ・・・ Gaddafi called the vote "flagrant colonisation" and warned of dire consequences. "This is craziness, madness, arrogance," he told the Portuguese TV channel. RTP. "If the world gets crazy with us, we will get crazy too. We will respond."・・・ ・・・the defence ministry said: "Any foreign military act against Libya will expose all air and maritime traffic in the Mediterranean Sea to danger and civilian and military [facilities] will become targets of Libya's counterattack."・・・ ＜エジプトは、さっそく米国の「了解」の下、反体制派への武器供与を始めた。↓＞ ・・・Egypt, with the knowledge of the US, was already sending weapons to the rebels.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/17/libya-...

・・・ Gaddafi must stop his troops from advancing on Benghazi, pull them back from Ajubiyah, Misrata, and Zawiyah, and establish water, electricity, and gas supplies to all areas. Humanitarian assistance must be allowed to reach the people of Libya. Let me be clear: These terms are not negotiable. These terms are not subject to negotiation. If Gaddafi does not comply with the resolution, the international community will impose consequences. And the resolution will be enforced through military action. It sounded tough. But the statement was most striking for what the president did not say — namely that “Gaddafi must go.” Two weeks ago, Obama issued declaratory policy for the United States: “Let me just be very unambiguous about this. Colonel Gaddafi needs to step down from power and leave.” ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/...

・・・the Arab League endorsed the move last week, and five member states seemed likely to participate. But that has been whittled down to just Qatar and the UAE, with Jordan a possible third.・・・ Qatar and the UAE have agreed to foot most of the bill for the operation. ・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/1...

On March 18, popular demonstrations escalated into the most serious anti-government action during Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's decade-long rule. Security forces opened fire on a demonstration in the southern city of Deraa, killing at least two protesters. The unrest also does not appear to be contained to any one geographical region: Protests were also reported in the northwestern city of Banias, the western city of Homs, the eastern city of Deir al-Zur, and the capital of Damascus. ・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/18/t...

・・・The Gaddafi regime announced on Friday that it would lay down arms after the UN security council passed resolution 1973・・・But・・・ it was clear that forces loyal to the Libyan dictator had no such intention as they rushed to storm Benghazi – apparently in the belief that if they could embed themselves among the civilian population it would be more difficult for allied forces to oust them. Early yesterday, a rebel plane was shot down over Benghazi, apparently by Gaddafi's forces. Fighting in Benghazi continued during even as French military jets began initial patrols over the city.・・・ ＜体制派の外相は、反体制派が攻撃を続けているだけだと、嘘をこいた。↓＞ Moussa Koussa, Gaddafi's foreign minister, insisted that Libya was abiding by the UN security council resolution passed last Thursday and that the ceasefire he announced on Friday was in place. Libya has blamed rebels it describes as "armed gangs linked to al-Qaida" for breaching it. "Our armed forces continue to retreat and hide, but the rebels keep shelling us and provoking us," it added. ・・・more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles had been fired from US and British ships and submarines in the Mediterranean, striking more than 20 integrated air-defence systems and other military facilities on the mainland. A US national security official later said Gaddafi's air defences had been "severely disabled".・・・ Around 20 French Mirage and Rafale fighter planes went into action over Benghazi, which had been subjected to intense bombardment by Gaddafi loyalists despite the supposed ceasefire.・・・ ＜カタールが、軍事行動に参加すると言った。↓＞ Qatar announced last night it will participate in military action against Gaddafi.・・・ ＜体制派群衆がカダフィの住んでる区域周辺に集まって（集められて）人間の盾を形成している。↓＞ Jana, the official Libyan news agency, reported that pro-Gaddafi volunteers were heading to strategic sites that might be targeted by UN-mandated attacks to act as "human shields". Al-Jamahirya TV showed protests at Tripoli international airport, Gaddafi's Bab al-Azizya barracks in the capital, and the airports in his home town of Sirte.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/19/libya-... ＜ベンガジが攻撃されたのは、もともと、市内に潜んでいた体制派が命令を受けて蜂起したからだ、と反体制派は言っている。↓＞ ・・・Supporters of the uprising insist that Qaddafi’s men got inside the city so quickly because they’d been there all along. Qaddafi’s revolutionary guard, a paramilitary group dedicated to preserving his rule, had chapters in every city, and the rebels believe some were now given the order to emerge and fight as other forces have neared the city’s gate.・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/03...

米国で飛行禁止区域の設定等を推進したのは女性達ばかりで、反対したのは男性達ばかりだ、という傑作な話が出ている。↓

・・・Defense Secretary Robert Gates, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Mike Mullen, and White House chief of staff William Daley all argued against a no-fly zone in Libya. ・・・retired US Army Gen. Wesley Clark, NATO's former supreme allied commander in Europe, argued against US intervention in Libya.・・・ Anne-Marie Slaughter, former State Department policy planning director under Sec. Clinton, took on Clark’s argument.・・・ ・・・it was senior women in the administration who pushed the process toward military intervention.That included Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UN Ambassador Susan Rice, and National Security Council senior aide Samantha Power・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/201...

イェーメンでの虐殺に抗議して、政府高官や政府系メディア人が次々に辞職している。↓

・・・In protest of the violence against the demonstrators, Yemen’s ambassador to Lebanon, Faisal Amin Abu-Ras, resigned on Saturday. ・・・ On Friday night, the minister of tourism, Nabil Hasan al-Faqih, also resigned from his position and the ruling party. And on Saturday, at the demonstration here, the head of Yemen’s state-run Saba news agency, Nasser Taha Mustapha, announced that he would quit his job, as did at least two editors in chief of state-run newspapers. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/world/middleeast...

シリア「革命」が複数の都市に広がった。↓

・・・Protests broke out in four cities on Friday, a rare event in a police state that brutally represses dissent. At the largest one, a march of several thousand people in Dara’a, a police crackdown killed six people. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/world/middleeast...

＜つい最近まで、サルコジはカダフィと懇ろだったと皮肉ってる。↓＞ ・・・Barely more than three years ago, Sarkozy gave Kadafi the red carpet treatment in Paris, welcoming him with open arms and allowing the Libyan leader to pitch a Bedouin tent near the Elysee. Now the French president was announcing that he was sending warplanes in to bomb him.・・・ ＜ここが、時事と同じくだり。↓＞ ・・・the French have themselves been criticized for their muted response to the democratic uprisings in the Arab world, particularly in Tunisia, where France's cozy relations with the former government made it slow to support the demonstrations. In fact, on a visit to Tunis, the capital, three years earlier, Sarkozy had praised the nation's fight against terrorism and declared civil liberties to be expanding. Having misplayed Tunisia, and taken a back seat in Egypt, Sarkozy was determined not to be relegated to the sidelines over Libya.・・・ ＜サルコジがフライング気味にリビアの反体制派を承認した話が書かれている。↓＞ Ten days ago, European leaders and foreign ministers were reportedly furious after Sarkozy announced that France was recognizing the Libyan opposition, the first country to do so, just 24 hours before a summit to discuss the crisis.・・・ ＜リビアのフランスにとっての重要性・・西と南で旧仏領４カ国と接している＋フランスが石油権益を持つ・・を指摘している。↓＞ For France, Libya is important, partly because it shares a border with four French-speaking countries strategic to France: Tunisia, Algeria, Chad and Niger. France also imports oil from Libya, and the French oil giant Total controls an important Libyan oil field. ＜ここから先が、時事よりも特に踏み込んでいる部分だ。すなわち、フランスの偉大さ、特別さをアッピールすることで、大統領再選を果たしたいということだ、と指摘している。↓＞ For Sarkozy, though, Libya offers something else: an opportunity. He'll be up for reelection in 2012, and the French appreciate nothing more than a president who puts them on the world stage and embodies what Charles de Gaulle once famously called "a certain idea of France" as a nation of exceptional destiny.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

上記の最後の点を詳述しているのが下掲記事だ。↓

＜サルコジは、このままだと、来年の仏大統領選で２位はおろか、３位になってしまって決選投票に残れないかも、という情勢だった。↓＞ ・・・A week ago he was staring at polls so ominous some analysts wondered if he'd even make it into second place in next year's presidential contest. One survey put Sarkozy behind both his most likely Socialist opponent and Marine Le Pen・・・ ＜原因１：失業率は10%弱、フランス経済は停滞している。↓＞ The French economy is stalling, with unemployment stuck at 9.6%.・・・according to comparative polling, "the French are the most pessimistic nation in Europe" – that they are, incredibly, more worried about their future than the peoples of Iraq and Afghanistan.・・・ ＜彼が当選したときの、フランスのサッチャー化ないしはブレア化の公約は、金融危機の勃発でパーになった。↓＞ ・・・it has entirely derailed the programme on which he was elected. Out went the early, breathless talk of Thatcherising, or Blairising, the still-statist French economy, injecting a dose of neo-liberal Anglo-Saxonism. Whatever appeal that message might once have had vanished in the rubble of Lehman Brothers. ・・・ ＜原因２：そして、彼は、現在、左右からの挟撃にあっている。↓＞ His troubles are compounded because he has to look over both his shoulders, left and right. ・・・ ＜原因３：決定的なのは、彼の、君主的大統領制の主にふさわしからぬところの、短躯、細かいことにまで嘴を挟む、等々がフランス国民の鼻につきだしていること。↓＞ Sarkozy's behaviour and temperament is simply unsuited to the grandeur of the office of president of the French Republic. ・・・After Chirac, Mitterrand and Giscard, the French electorate expect their president to look a certain way: tall, fatherly, aristocratic, with statue-like features ready to be carved in marble. Sarkozy – smaller, nervy and ever-so-slightly arriviste – just doesn't look the part.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/20/libya-...

それでは、リビア革命関係です。

＜「英加米仏伊」の戦いぶりは下記のごとし。↓＞US: Firing guided missiles from USS Barry and USS Stout; providing amphibious warships, and command-and-control ship USS Mount Whitney・・・B-2 Stealth Bombers were also employed, dropping some 40 bombs on a Libyan airfield. ・・・France: Carried out mission with at least 12 warplanes including Mirage fighters and Rafale jets; deploying aircraft carrier, warshipsUK: Providing Typhoon and Tornado jet fighters; surveillance planes; HMS Westminster and HMS Cumberland; submarines・・・ Tornado＜s＞・・・flew the round trip from their base in Britain to launch Storm Shadow missiles against Libyan air defences. Storm Shadow is a long-range stand-off missile that can be launched well out of range of enemy air defences.・・・ ＜いつものことだけど、イタリアは、何にもしてないに等しいね。↓＞Italy: Nato base at Naples understood to be central hub; other Mediterranean bases made available Canada: Providing six F-18 fighter jets and 140 personnelhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12799620

＜カタールの具体的軍事的貢献の内容（戦闘機４機）が明らかになった。デンマーク、ノルウェー（どちらも６機）、スペイン（３機と空中給油機）、イタリア（？））、↓＞ ・・・Qatar is to send four planes to join the coalition・・・Denmark and Norway are each sending six planes. Spain has sent at least three planes, plus a refuelling aircraft, while Italy also has jets ready to deploy.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12801812

＜戦果は下記のごとし。↓＞ “Initial operations have been very effective,” Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said・・・. “We’ve taken out most of his air defense systems and some of his airfields. But there is still a great deal to be done.” U.S. fighter jets on Sunday mounted attacks on Libyan ground forces advancing on the rebel-held city of Benghazi.・・・ “Benghazi is certainly not safe from attack but it is certainly under less threat than it was yesterday, and we believe [Gaddafi’s] forces are under significant stress and suffering from both isolation and a good deal of confusion,” said Vice Adm. Bill Gortney, the director of the Pentagon’s Joint Staff.British and French fighter jets also took part in the strikes on the advancing Libyan forces, Gortney said.・・・ U.S. forces also mounted strikes with satellite-guided bombs on an airfield outside of Misrata, where the Libyan air force maintained fighter jets in hardened shelters. As of Sunday afternoon the Libyan government had not launched any aircraft over the country and the U.S. military had detected no radar emissions from any of the air defense sites that it had targeted・・・ Despite a plume of smoke around one of Gaddafi’s compounds in Tripoli, U.S. officials said that they were not targeting the Libyan leader. “At this point I can guarantee he is not on the target list,” Gortney said. “We are not targeting his residence.”・・・ ＜この記事を含め、ワシントンポストの記事は、すべて、アラブ連盟の事務局長がクレームをつけたと書いているが、ムーサ「前」事務局長の誤りじゃないか。↓＞ On Sunday, however, the Arab League secretary general deplored the broad scope of the bombing campaign and said he would call a new league meeting to reconsider Arab approval of military intervention.http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/international-... “What is happening in Libya differs from the aim of imposing a no-fly zone,” the secretary general, Amr Moussa, said in a statement on the official Middle East News Agency. “And what we want is the protection of civilians and not the shelling of more civilians.”・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/international-... 前掲

＜米艦に搭乗して本作戦の多国籍軍の指揮調整を行ってるのは、（NATOの帽子をかぶった）米海軍大将だとさ。↓＞ The commander of the military effort to enforce the UN resolution against Muammar Gaddafi is a US admiral who is co-ordinating the air and naval strikes from the USS Mount Whitney, the flagship of the US Navy's Sixth Fleet. Samuel Locklear III is also a Nato commander and may be chosen to continue in the post. That would give the operation a degree of continuity, though his experience is naval and a key part of the job will be to enforce the no-fly zone and co-ordinate which countries are flying what planes, where and when.・・・ ＜英軍の指揮をとってるのは英国内の英空軍大将だ。↓＞ British forces are being led by Air Marshal Sir Stuart Peach, who is based at the armed forces joint headquarters in Northwood, Middlesex. ＜彼が、麾下の英空軍部隊と駐独英軍部隊を指揮した。引用してないが、英国内からの直接飛び立ってリビアで攻撃任務を果たした戦闘機もあったんだね。↓＞ He is working with Rear Admiral Ian Calder, also at Northwood, and Air Vice Marshal Greg Bagwell at the Ramstein airbase in Germany. Military commanders say this is not as complex as it might appear – and that video conference calls make co-ordination possible.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/20/libya-...

＜米軍の指揮をとってるのは、米アフリカ軍（ドイツに司令部）司令官の大将だ。米空軍、米海兵隊、米海軍が参加したんだね。↓＞ ・・・Gen. Carter F. Ham, who as the head of the United States Africa Command is overseeing the operation・・・ The Americans, working with the British, French and others, flew a wider array of missions than the day before, when Navy cruise missile barrages were their main weapons. They deployed B-2 stealth bombers, F-16 and F-15 fighter jets and Harrier attack jets flown by the Marine Corps striking at Libyan ground forces, air defenses and airfields. Navy electronic warplanes, EA-18G Growlers, jammed Libyan radar and communications. British pilots flew many of the bombing missions, and French, British and American planes all conducted ground attacks near Benghazi・・・ ＜残されたリビアの対空能力としては、通常の火器を除き、移動式対空ミサイルと携行式対空ミサイルだけだとよ。↓＞ ・・・coalition forces had not hit Libyan mobile surface-to-air missile batteries and that shoulder-launched missiles, called Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems, or Manpads, also remained. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/africa/21l...

＜大部分のアラブ諸国は沈黙を保っている。ベネズエラ、ニカラグア、ボリヴィア、キューバは非難。↓＞ ・・・however, most Arab governments maintained public silence, and the strongest expressions of opposition came from the greatest distance. Presidents Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and Evo Morales of Bolivia and former Cuban president Fidel Castro condemned the intervention and suggested that Western powers were seeking to get their hands on Libya’s oil reserves rather than limit the bloodshed in the country. ＜露中は遺憾の意を表明。↓＞ Russia and China, which abstained from the voting on the U.N. Security Council resolution authorizing military intervention, also expressed regret that Western powers had chosen to get involved despite their advice.・・・ ＜アラブ連盟の飛行禁止区域支持決議は全会一致だと思ってたけど、シリアとアルジェリアは反対してたんだね。↓＞ When the Arab League approved imposition of a no-fly zone, only Syria and Algeria opposed the decision・・・ ＜アルカーイダは沈黙。↓＞ Al-Qaeda, which could be expected to oppose foreign intervention in an Arab country and embrace Gaddafi’s description of the Western campaign as a new crusade, made no immediate comment.・・・ ＜イランとレバノンのヒズボラはカダフィと多国籍軍の両方を批判。苦しいネー。↓＞ Iran and its Shiite Muslim allies in the Lebanese organization Hezbollah, reflexively opposed to Western influence in the Middle East, also were forced into a somewhat equivocal position, condemning Gaddafi for his bloody tactics but opposing the Western military intervention.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/arab-league-co...

＜ベンガジを出発した反体制派は、引き続き戦いが続いていたアジャビヤに向けて快進撃中。↓＞ ・・・As Gaddafi's soldiers fled from around Benghazi after the air assault, the rebels seized the advantage to move back toward Ajdabiya, a town the two sides have battled over for nearly a week.・・・ ＜反体制派は、体制派の手中にある各都市で反体制派の蜂起を期待。↓＞ Essam Gheriani, a spokesman for the national council, said that with the air strikes destabilising Gaddafi, the revolutionaries would organise fresh popular uprisings in cities still under the Libyan leader's control, in the belief that it will be difficult for him to find the forces to put them down.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/20/libya-... ・・・By early evening, the front line had fallen to some five kilometers north of Ajdabiyah, in a windy stretch of desert just south of a village called Zuweitina. Rebels poured by the truckload toward the front, even as regime tanks opened fire at them from Ajdabiyah's northern gate. Ambulances followed. ・・・http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2060...

＜英国防相は、カダフィも標的だと言明。しかし、米東郷参謀本部の海軍中将はカダフィは標的ではないと言明。↓＞ ・・・The British defence secretary, Liam Fox, said it was possible that allied forces would treat Gaddafi himself as a legitimate target for air strikes. He said: "There is a difference between someone being a legitimate target and whether we go ahead and target him.・・・ But the US, reflecting confusion over war aims, rejected the idea that Gaddafi is a target. "We are not going after Gaddafi," vice-admiral Bill Gortney, told a press conference.・・・ ＜カタールの戦闘機は、フランスの戦闘機と一緒に行動するらしいね。↓＞ A French defence ministry spokesman, Laurent Teisseire, said Qatar planes would be flying alongside French jets "in the hours to come". An Italian source told the Guardian that jets from the UAE may be hosted at Decimomannu base on Sardinia.・・・ ＜米統合参謀本部議長は、カダフィの除去は目的ではないと言明。しかし、英首相はかねてよりカダフィの除去を言明してきている。↓＞ Mullen insisted that the goals of the mission were limited to protection of civilians and not the removal of Gaddafi.・・・ The Pentagon line contrasts with the more hawkish line in Britain, where David Cameron has insisted Gaddafi needs to go.・・・ ＜仏空母シャルル・ドゴールも出撃だ。↓＞ French・・・aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle had left the port of Toulon and was en route to the Libyan coast. A number of RAF Typhoons had landed at Gioia del Colle in southern Italy. Aircraft from Spain, Denmark and Canada were also in the region.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/20/libya-...

＜カタールが派遣する戦闘機はミラージュ2000。指揮系統は別個。↓＞ ・・・The French Defense Ministry said on Sunday that it expected four Qatari Mirage 2000 jets to fly over Libya. The four Qatari jets will have autonomous command and support but will fly jointly with French aircraft・・・.http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487044...

＜反体制派を銃撃しているバーレーンとイェーメンがアラブ連盟決議に賛成しているブラックユーモア！ 米国はこの両国の方をリビアより重視。米国が世界覇権国であることを止めた瞬間じゃないか。オバマはそのことを訴えたいんじゃないかな。↓＞ ・・・The Kadafi dilemma is the latest and most dangerous challenge to the region's established order. The leaders of Tunisia and Egypt have been overthrown. The police in Bahrain and Yemen are shooting protesters. The Arab world, which has been loath to change for generations, is confronting an unsettling burst democratic fervor that is tearing down icons and demanding free elections.・・・ Yemen and Bahrain are strategically more important to Washington and Arab interests than Libya, despite the latter's vast oil supplies.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜安保理決議に反対しなかった中共はダッチロール状況。北アフリカで内政干渉を許すのを拒否しなかったということは、論理的に、東アジアでも拒否できないはずだからだ。↓＞ ・・・"China used to have a rigid non-interference policy," Dennis Blair, the Obama administration's former Director of National Intelligence, said in an interview Friday in Beijing, where he has been meeting with Chinese energy officials last week. "Now, they are taking a more mature, sophisticated view of what their interests are." Beijing risks being seen as having a double standard in the wake of the Libya vote, said Shen Dingli, a professor of international relations at Fudan University in Shanghai, as it tacitly supports military intervention against Libya but continues to oppose it in matters closer to home. "China should have one principle," he said. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487032...

＜NYタイムスは、このコラムを載せることで、バーレーンにおける反体制派の血腥い弾圧は、やむを得ないと判断したということ。それは、オバマ政権の判断でもあるのだろう。↓＞ ・・・To many around the world, the events of the past week ― the arrival of 2,000 troops from Saudi Arabia and other neighbors, the declaration of martial law, the forceful clearing out of Pearl Square, the military takeover of the main hospital and then the spiteful tearing down of the Pearl monument itself ― seem like the brutal work of a desperate autocracy. But for Sunnis, who make up about a third of the country’s citizenry but hold the main levers of power, it was the only choice of a country facing a rising tide of chaos that imperiled its livelihood and future. ・・・ ＜バーレーンの多数派たるスンニ派は、同国の中東の金融センターとしての地位を何が何でも死守したいから弾圧はやむを得なかったというわけ。↓＞ For government supporters here, it was the way protesters blocked the financial district that was especially worrisome. They say they worry mostly about what happened to Lebanon. Beirut was once the financial capital of the Middle East. Then sectarian tensions among Sunnis, Shiites, Christians and Druze, exacerbated by meddling of foreign powers, broke out in the mid-1970s, leading to civil war. Not only did the country tear out its own heart, the financial business there pulled out and never returned. Today, much of that business is here in Bahrain. Downtown Manama has mushroomed. Bahrainis worry that if Sunni-Shiite sectarianism grows out of control, the financial business will again pick up stakes and move to the waiting competitors, Dubai and Qatar. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/middleeast...

A breach within Britain's political and military leadership has opened up as David Cameron argued that the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, may be a legitimate target while the chief of the defence staff, Sir David Richards, said he was "absolutely not".・・・ A summary of the legal advice given to the cabinet by the attorney general, Dominic Grieve, was published. It implies that attacks on Gaddafi are lawful if he poses a threat.・・・ Barack Obama, on tour in South America, echoed the dispute in London, saying there was no contradiction between the Pentagon saying removal of Gaddafi was not a goal and the White House saying it was. He said the aim of the military was restricted to fulfilling the mandate of the UN, which was to protect civilians, but the White House and the state department was working for Gaddafi's removal.・・・ Obama said he had expected to transfer command from the US to Europe within days, but that is being held up by a Nato dispute involving Turkey, which objects to the scale of the attack on Libya.・・・ Mark Toner, the state department spokesman, said regime change was an aim after Gaddafi's failure to honour the ceasefire he declared last week. "What we are trying to do is convince Gaddafi and his regime to step down from power … That remains our ultimate goal."http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/21/muamma...

＜安保理決議を厳格に解釈して、地上戦闘そのものには、多国籍軍は介入していない。↓＞ ・・・Commanders, Ham said, have found themselves in the position of having to distinguish between attacks by regime forces on innocent civilians, who clearly require protection, and pitched military battles between rebels and forces loyal to Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi. Under the U.N. mandate authorizing the mission, international fighter pilots are not permitted to intervene in battles between Libya’s forces and the loosely organized rebels. Ham, the head of U.S. Africa Command, acknowledged that making distinctions between fighters and civilians from the vantage of a plane streaking across the sky at 15,000 feet presented risks. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/amid-libyan-ai...

A military showdown is looming in Yemen after the defence minister announced that the army would defend the president against any "coup against democracy". His statement came hours after 12 military commanders, including a senior general, defected from the regime and promised to protect anti-government protesters in the capital, Sana'a.・・・ General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, his longtime confidant and head of the Yemeni army in the north-west, announced that he would support "the peaceful revolution" by sending soldiers under his command to protect the thousands gathered in the capital to demand that Saleh step down.・・・ Ali Mohsen's pledge opened the floodgates to a stream of other defections. Scores of ambassadors, regional governors, editors of government newspapers, prominent businessmen and senior members of the ruling party either quit or announced their allegiance to the protesters. ＜イェーメンの駐日大使が現大統領による反体制派の虐殺への抗議で辞任したということくらい、日本の主要メディアの電子版は報じろってんだ。↓＞ Within hours, seven Yemeni ambassadors – to Japan, Syria, the Czech Republic, Jordan, China, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait – announced they were standing down.・・・ ・・・the president and his sons still have control over powerful sections of the military, including the republican guard and the air force.・・・ Piling further pressure on Saleh, the country's most powerful tribal confederation also called on him to step down.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/21/yemen-...

・・・The initial attacks were directed at such "static" targets as Libya's military command and control centres, air defence installations and air bases.Surveillance planes are now seeking what officials call "dynamic" targets – mobile equipment including tanks, anti-aircraft guns and radar.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/libya-...

＜作戦の統括は、米国からNATOへと移行することになったが、それは、米国人の司令官から米国人の司令官への移行にほかならない。↓＞ Britain, France and the US have agreed that Nato will take over the military command of the no-fly zone over Libya・・・ The operation could be run by Admiral James Stavridis, the US supreme allied commander in Europe, who works from the Nato's military headquarters in Mons, Belgium.・・・ ＜サルコジは米国から英仏合同司令部への移行を主張していたが降りた。↓＞ ・・・the agreement represents a blow for Sarkozy, who had tried to persuade Britain to set up an Anglo-French command for all military operations in Libya. That idea was strongly resisted by Britain which said Nato was best placed to run the military operations.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/libya-...

＜ただし、政策の統括は、軍事力を提供している諸国の合議体が担う。↓＞ ・・・Political oversight would be in the hands of members of the international coalition joining the action to enforce the UN security council resolution 1973. Britain, France and the US are in the lead, but the coalition also includes Arab countries such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. This oversight would be akin to the EU's role in Bosnia.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/us-nat...

＜トリポリの東方のミスラタ、及びんあんぽうのジンタンへの体制派による砲撃が行われている。↓＞ ・・・The regime・・・again shelled the besieged western town of Misrata where four children were reported to have been killed today and more than 40 on Monday. ・・・ Gaddafi's forces bombarded the rebel-held town of Zintan, about 65 miles south of Tripoli, with tank shells killing about a dozen people.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/libya-...

次にイェーメン革命だ。

＜引き続き政府高官の辞任、寝返りが続いている。↓＞ ・・・Abdel-Malik Mansour, Yemen's representative to the Arab League, told al Arabiya television he was siding with the protesters. The water and environment minister, Abdul-Rahman al-Iryani, who was sacked with the rest of the cabinet on Sunday, said he was joining "the revolutionaries".・・・ ＜フランスは、欧米諸国中、最初に、サレー大統領の辞任を求めた。↓＞ France became the first western power on Monday to call publicly for Saleh to stand down, with the foreign minister, Alain Juppe, describing his departure as "unavoidable".・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/yemen-...

＜サレーは辞任時期を2013年から2012年１月へと前倒しした。↓＞ ・・・Saleh・・・announced on Tuesday that he would accept a proposal for an early departure from office, in January 2012, though it remained unclear when or how a transfer of power would take place. Previously he had offered to leave only by 2013. ＜反体制派は即時辞任を求めている。↓＞ The Joint Meeting Parties (JMP), Yemen's opposition coalition, said they would accept nothing short of immediate resignation.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/yemeni...

最後にシリア「革命」だ。
政府はデモ隊等計６名を殺害した。↓

・・・On Friday, the security forces shot dead four people in Deraa, and on Sunday they fired teargas and live ammunition; one demonstrator was killed and scores were injured. An 11-year-old boy also died in hospital after inhaling teargas, according to local human rights monitors.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/syrian...

＜ミスラタに攻勢をかけている体制派の建屋への空爆で、攻勢は一応頓挫しているがまだ予断を許さない。＞ Nearly 12 hours of allied air strikes have broken the Libyan regime's five-day bloody assault on the key rebel-held town of Misrata.・・・ But it did not stop the regime's forces from continuing to put up stiff resistance around the strategic town of Ajdabiya in the east, despite repeated coalition bombing raids.・・・ The air strikes in and around Misrata suggest that what appears to be a tactic of Gaddafi's forces to shelter in residential areas, in response to the destruction of tanks and guns on the open desert road near Benghazi, has not provided protection. Residents of the town said that the coalition aircraft managed to destroy the regime's armour without any known civilian casualties.・・・ ＜体制派によるジンタンへの砲撃も続いている。＞ Gaddafi's forces also kept up their bombardment of Zintan in the west.・・・ ＜体制派の空軍はほぼ壊滅状況。↓＞ Colonel Gaddafi's air force "no longer exists as a fighting force". Air Vice-Marshal Greg Bagwell said the allies could now operate "with near impunity" over the skies of Libya.http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/23/libya-...

＜反体制派は多国籍軍と連絡を取り合っている。↓＞ ・・・Leaders of the opposition national council in rebel-controlled eastern Libya say they are making regular, secure contacts with allied military representatives in Europe to help commanders identify targets for the U.S.-led air assault.・・・ ＜また、反体制派は、軽火器、弾薬、需品、通信機器の補給を外国から受けている。↓＞ ・・・the rebels are receiving light weapons, ammunition, supplies and communications equipment from other nations・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-libya-r...

＜カダフィとその一派は、濡れ手の泡でボロもうけをしてきたとよ。↓＞ ・・・“Libya is a kleptocracy in which the regime ― either the al-Qadhafi family itself or its close political allies ― has a direct stake in anything worth buying, selling or owning,”・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/africa/24q...

・・・In Benghazi, a rebel spokesman said several countries had promised equipment such as anti-tank weapons and radios but none had been delivered.・・・ ・・・despite resistance by Gaddafi's forces around Ajdabiya, government soldiers were on the brink of surrender. He claimed Gaddafi's forces there include Serbian mercenaries.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/24/libyan...

カタールのようなちっぽけな国が、対リビア多国籍軍に４機の戦闘機を参加させたことの背景が詳述されている。↓

・・・For a country the size of Belgium with a population of 1.7 million, Qatar has been playing an extraordinarily high-profile role. This weekend four Qatari fighter jets are set to join the allied forces already off the Libyan coastline. The combat deployment is the first by an Arab or Muslim-majority country and thus of critical diplomatic significance. ＜そもそも、今次アラブ革命はカタール太守家所有のアルジャジーラが火を付けたと言っても過言じゃないとよ。↓＞ Then there is the key role played in the "Arab spring" by al-Jazeera, the satellite TV channel set up by the emir in 1996. Broadcasting from Doha, al-Jazeera is now the dominant Arabic-language news outlet in the region and increasingly recognised around the world. Al-Jazeera English is gaining fans. "Al-Jazeera were the first on to the events in Tunisia. Its reports from there were watched by the Egyptians. Then its reports from Egypt were watched by everyone else. It has been a very important catalyst,"・・・ ＜太守は、英陸軍士官学校卒でカタールの安全保障のためにアルジャジーラと外交とを駆使しているってわけ。↓＞ "The [Sandhurst-trained] emir is a military man and knows that Qatar is basically indefensible," said Blake Hounshell, the Doha-based managing editor of Foreign Policy magazine. "He has thought laterally about ways of making Qatar more secure." The emir's main two strategic assets are al-Jazeera and diplomacy・・・ ＜どんだけ外交力があるかは、2022年のサッカーワールドカップ招致に成功したこと一つとっても明らかだろってさ。↓＞ Qatari diplomacy is wide-ranging. Successfully bidding for the 2022 World Cup attracted global attention, as it was meant to. Qatar has good relations with the US, hosting its vast airbase at al-Udeid, and, relative to the rest of the region, with Israel too. It also maintains contacts with Hamas and Hezbollah, shares an oilfield with Iran and is careful to be friendly to Riyadh.・・・ ＜もともと、カタールとリビアとの関係は良くなかったが、２週間前にアルジャジーラのカメラマンが体制派によってベンガジ近くで殺害されたことが、戦闘機派遣の引き金になったらしい。↓＞ ・・・though relations between Qatar and Libya had been poor for a long time, it was the killing of an al-Jazeera cameraman near Benghazi two weeks ago, probably by Gaddafi's henchmen, that justified Qatar's military commitment to operation Odyssey Dawn.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/24/qatar-...

・・・Rights activists described Wednesday's shootings in the southern city of Daraa as a massacre, claiming that more than 100 people may have been killed when troops fired on a mosque in the early hours and throughout the day.・・・ Syria's many religious sects are ruled by the minority Alawite Muslim community of al-Assad, and the army is widely penetrated by Alawites and Sunni loyalists. This makes the possibility of the army joining the protesters as happened in Egypt and Tunisia unlikely. Instead, Syrians look to Libya as foretaste of what might come.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/24/syria-...

＜６日間にわたる抗議行動ってのは1982年以来であり、当時はアサドの父親が１万人を虐殺して抗議行動を圧殺した。↓＞ ・・・six days of protests of this size were unknown in Syria since at least 1982. In February of that year, Mr. Assad’s father, Hafez al-Assad, killed at least 10,000 people in an assault on the city of Hama to end an Islamist uprising definitively. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/world/middleeast...

次はイェーメン革命だ。
土曜日にはサレー大統領が辞任する可能性が大。↓

・・・Both sides have agreed on the main points of departure, and Saturday is expected to be the day that Saleh and Gen. Ahmar both step down・・・ President Saleh and Gen. Ahmar agreed to the central demand of the protest movement: that a civilian council should rule in place of Mr. Saleh, instead of an Egyptian-style military council.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487037...

・・・Signs of tightening control have been visible for several years. Arrests and prosecutions for state security offenses skyrocketed in 2008 and remain high. But the authorities are now employing a range of new, illegal methods to silence their critics. Plainclothes police put activists and their family members under restrictive forms of house arrest, depriving them of their rights without any hint of due process. The police prevent suspects from contacting their lawyers and keep them in custody beyond the prescribed time limits. Interrogators practice torture with impunity. But most terrifying of all is the way in which enforced disappearance appears to have become almost routine. When agents of the state make individuals disappear, it is an act of intimidation designed to instill fear not only in those who have been taken away but also in those who might be next. Without the protection of the law, those who have been disappeared can be subjected to torture without accountability. For instance, rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng was feared dead after he disappeared for over a year. When he suddenly re-emerged last April after strong international pressure, he described brutal acts of torture and hinted at other treatment of which he could not speak. Then he disappeared again and, once more, his fate remains uncertain.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487044...

Riot police officers stormed a pro-democracy rally here in the Jordanian capital on Friday, leaving one man dead, injuring scores of other people and dispersing with water cannons a 1,000-person tent camp set up the previous day to resemble Tahrir Square in Cairo. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast...

Libyan rebels rejoice in Ajdabiya as air strikes drive Gaddafi loyalists out・・・ The revolutionaries can probably move swiftly along the coastal road and retake the small towns of Brega and Ras Lanuf, important for their oil facilities, which they held at the beginning of the uprising. But moving on to the larger and more politically important town of Sirte may prove to be a challenge too far. Sirte is Gaddafi's birthplace and he once proposed making it Libya's capital. He is likely to reinforce the town because its fall would be a devastating blow. A rebel assault on Sirte would also raise a dilemma for Nato and the coalition leading the air strikes. The UN resolution permits military action in defence of civilians. Until now, it has been Gaddafi's forces threatening rebel-held cities such as Benghazi, Misrata and Ajdabiya. But a rebel assault on Sirte would present the question of whether the coalition is prepared to launch air strikes to help take a town that has not risen up against Gaddafi. If not, it appears unlikely the rebels will be able to overcome the regime's defences in Sirte on their own.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/26/libya-...

＜反体制派が、体制派住民の巣窟のシルテを攻撃する場合、多国籍軍が空爆できるか、という悩ましい問題がある。↓＞ ・・・Things may be particularly messy if, in a town like Sirte, the population is broadly supportive of Col Gaddafi. How would protection from the air work then, if at all?・・・ ＜また、ミスラタの場合、体制派が街の中に入り込んでるので、どう空爆するかも悩ましい。↓＞ ・・・In Misrata, for example, there is no doubt that government forces are terrorising the civilian population. But they appear to be doing it using armoured vehicles concealed in the very heart of the city and teams of snipers positioned in high buildings. Destroying such targets without destroying anything else and without killing or injuring civilians is possible, but difficult. And it might involve the employment of American predator drones, bringing more US equipment and manpower into play when the Obama administration is trying to make this look like less of an American operation.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12872863

・・・The view that Mr Saleh's resignation is a matter of "when" rather then "if", was confirmed on Saturday when Foreign Minister Abubakr al-Qirbi said that Mr Saleh was negotiating actual terms of his resignation with the opposition. ・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-128685...

・・・Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton・・・predicted that Libyan leader Moammar Kadafi's regime may crack from within, as allied warplanes, resurgent rebels and the international community put more pressure on Tripoli.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜反体制派は、多国籍軍が爆撃しているシルテに接近中。ミスラタ攻囲戦は続いている。↓＞ ・・・Sunday as they pushed from the city of Ajdabiya past the oil towns of Brega and Ras Lanuf, recapturing the two important refineries. By the evening, they had pushed the front line west of Bin Jawwad・・・There wasn’t resistance・・・ In western Libya, however, the rebel-held city of Misurata was still under siege by loyalist forces.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/africa/28l...

＜シリアじゃ、政府による反体制派虐殺が続いている。↓＞ ・・・at least 30 people were shot dead by security forces as hundreds gathered in the southern settlements of Deraa and Sanamein on Friday, which have been focal points of unrest in the past week. The deadly clashes came just hours after a government official announced the president had ordered violence not be used against protesters. On Saturday, four anti-regime protesters were shot dead in the Mediterranean port city of Latakia・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/03...

＜ヨルダン国境近くのダラは体制派中のスンニ派の牙城、港町のラタキアはめずらしくもアサド一族の属するアラウィ派が多数を占める。だから、この２都市での騒擾はアサドにとってショックだろうってさ。↓＞ ・・・The rush of revolts may be especially unnerving to the leadership because they have occurred in two strongholds of the leadership. Dara’a is a majority Sunni tribal region that has long been a base of support for the elite; it is the home of key leaders in the military and the government, including the vice president, Farouk al-Sharaa. Latakia is one of the few places in the country that has an Alawite majority. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/middleeast...

・・・The deal stalled, however, when Gen. Ahmar on Saturday delivered a fresh demand from the opposition—that Mr. Saleh go into exile after he resigns—sparking a backlash from the president・・・ "We agreed yesterday with Saleh that he would step down and [his ally] Prime Minister Ali Mujawar would become president during a transition period. We agreed that the president's relatives would command [their units] for five months after he steps down for the sake of security in the country. But Saleh violated our agreement...by threatening me and my men with attacks," Gen. Ahmar said・・・ Suspected al Qaeda gunmen killed seven government soldiers in a skirmish over the weekend in the southern Mareb province, according to government officials. On Friday, tribesmen from the southern province of Shebwa said they had taken control of 17 military bases abandoned by counterterrorism units belonging to the Central Security forces, which are commanded by President Saleh's nephew.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487035...

Efforts appear to be under way to offer Muammar Gaddafi a way of escape from Libya, with Italy saying it was trying to organise an African haven for him, and the US signalling it would not try to stop the dictator from fleeing.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/28/diplom...

・・・In Libya, 28 March is British Evacuation Day, to mark the final departure of British forces in 1970. Later the same year, the Americans packed up their own airbase too・・・ ＜イタリアはひどい植民地統治をやったんだな。↓＞ Italy has the darkest record. It invaded Tripoli in 1911, hoping the Libyans would see this as a liberation from Ottoman rule. Instead it provoked 20 years of rebellion. Then as now, it was the region around Benghazi that was the main rebel domain, under the leadership of Omar al-Mukhtar. Italy's fascist dictator Benito Mussolini eventually crushed the uprising with mass punishment tactics. Over 100,000 Libyans were deported from rebel strongholds to concentration camps. Thousands died. In 1931, the Italians captured Omar Mukhtar himself and hanged him in front of his followers - turning him into a martyr and hero. ＜イタリアを追い出した英仏米は、リビアを事実上分割統治した。↓＞ British, French and American・・・drove out the Italians in World War II and occupied it themselves - with the British controlling most of the country, including Tripoli and Benghazi. As with their other Middle East dominions, the British and French occupation authorities did their best to resist pressure for Libyan independence.・・・ London came up with a plan in 1949 to divide its three main regions between itself, France and, incredibly, Italy, the former colonial power. ＜それを恒久化しようとした米国が反対した。要するに、インドを失い、サハラ以南のアフリカも失いつつあった英国が、欧州大陸だけには引き続きにらみをきかせたいってんで、リビアの英帝国主義的な植民地化を図ったのに対し、米国が、軍事基地を世界中に展開するという米帝国主義的なリビア政策で対抗したわけだ。↓＞ The new superpower, the United States, intervened at the United Nations to stop the British plan - but not because it cared about Libyan aspirations. Washington now saw Libya - with its long coastline, in the middle of the Mediterranean - as a strategic prize in its struggle with the Soviet Union and was expanding its huge Wheelus airbase just outside Tripoli. Originally built by the Italians, almost 5,000 Americans and scores of aircraft were based there by the 1960s. ＜1951年にリビアは王国として「独立」するが、それは、事実上英国の保護国であり続け、そこに米軍基地もある、という形の「独立」だった。↓＞ Libya became independent in 1951, under King Idris, but still remained a British protectorate - with both the UK and the US maintaining their military bases and control over the country's foreign and defence policies. ＜そこへ、石油が「発見」され、英米両国はリビア利権を一層熱心に維持しようとした。それを粉砕したのがカダフィによる権力奪取だった。↓＞ Commercial oil discoveries in the late 1950s gave both governments even more incentive to keep things as they were - until a young signals captain called Muammar Gaddafi seized power in 1969. ・・・ ＜英国は傭兵を派遣してカダフィ追放を図ったが、米国が再び介入してその計画を頓挫させた。英仏のスエズ介入を押しつぶしたのと同じ構図だな。智慧遅れの米国がいつも自傷行為をやらかすわけだ。↓＞ It's said the British wanted to send in SAS-trained mercenaries to arrange a counter-coup to restore the king, until the Americans intervened - apparently deciding Col Gaddafi would be a reliable anti-communist. ＜結局、カダフィに英国もろとも米国も追い出されて現在に至ってるってオハナシ。↓＞ Not that it helped the US anymore than the UK to keep its base - by September 1970 all the Americans were gone too.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12882213

・・・Egyptians “invented the concept of the nation-state that still dominates our planet,”・・・the country’s earliest kings not only “formulated and harnessed” traditional tools of leadership — like using ideology and ceremony to unite a disparate population and bind it to the state — but also used more malign instruments like police surveillance, xenophobia and the brutal repression of dissent to cement their power. ・・・> Egyptians increasingly came to hope for “something better in the next world,” to believe in the idea of “transfiguration and transformation” — an idea that “would echo through later civilizations and ultimately shape the Judeo-Christian tradition.” ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/29/books/the-rise-a...

・・・Pro-Gaddafi forces bolstered by recent reinforcements bombarded rebel positions in Bin Jawad, 45 miles from the politically and strategically significant town of Sirte on the Libyan coast. Revolutionaries around Bin Jawad eventually fled under the intense assault. The government army moved into the town and then pressed east for 20 miles to within striking distance of Ras Lanuf・・・ ＜米英は反体制派に武器供与をすることも安保理決議の下で許されると言い出したが、仏伊はぶつくさ言っている。↓＞ Hillary Clinton, the US secretary of state, said for the first time that she believed arming rebel groups was legal under UN security council resolution 1973, passed two weeks ago, which also provided the legal justification for air strikes. The British foreign secretary, William Hague, agreed that the resolution made it legal "to give people aid in order to defend themselves in particular circumstances".・・・ The French and Italians have・・・disagreed with Washington and London's interpretation of the UN resolution.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/29/libya-...

シリア「革命」関係だが、アサド大統領は閣僚全員をクビにした。
彼は、国家緊急事態を終わらせ、腐敗を取り締まる等の演説を本日行う予定。↓

Syrian president Bashar al-Assad has sacked his cabinet and suggested significant reforms in his first public intervention in a 10-day-old nationwide uprising.・・・ Assad is likely to lift emergency laws, which outlaw public gatherings, and introduce a corruption crackdown・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/29/syrian...

Syrians reacted with anger and disappointment after their president, Bashar al-Assad, failed to deliver any decisive reforms in his first public appearance since the street uprising that has threatened his regime.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/30/assad-...

The Central Intelligence Agency has inserted clandestine operatives into Libya to gather intelligence for military airstrikes and to contact and vet the beleaguered rebels battling Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi’s forces・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/africa/31i...

Libya's revolutionary・・・forces were driven further into retreat after a failed attempt to retake the oil town of Brega.・・・ ・・・the CIA is involved in training the new army・・・＜and＞ that British special forces were on the ground, directing air strikes.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/31/libya-...

空爆で５分の１から４分の１減ったけど、まだ体制派の火力は反体制派の10倍だとよ。↓

・・・the air strikes since the beginning of the operation had wiped out between 20% and 25% of Col Gaddafi's forces.・・・ ・・・bad weather had stopped them from identifying targets over the past three or four days.・・・ Gaddafi army・・・enjoyed a 10-to-one advantage over the rebels in the number of tanks and armoured personnel carriers, and that the opposition ranks included only 1,000 military-trained fighters. ・・・ Gaddafi army 'not at breaking point'・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12924807

リビア体制派の外相の英国亡命に引き続き、リビア体制派の有力フィクサーが英国訪問。体制派からの脱落が続いている。↓

Mohammed Ismail, a senior aide to Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam, visited London in recent days・・・ Ismail's visit comes in the immediate aftermath of the defection to Britain of Moussa Koussa, Libya's foreign minister and its former external intelligence head, who has been Britain's main conduit to the Gaddafi regime since the early 1990s.・・・ Ali Abdussalam Treki, a senior Libyan diplomat, declined to take up his appointment by Gaddafi as UN ambassador, condemning the "spilling of blood". Officials were checking reports that Tarek Khalid Ibrahim, the deputy head of mission in London, is also defecting.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/31/gaddaf...

体制派外相の青年時代の話等が紹介されている。
アタマすごーく切れる人物みたいね。↓

・・・few people know Gaddafi's mind as well as Koussa, whose association with the Libyan leader can be sourced to a 209-page master's thesis written about the dictator in 1978 by a graduate at the University of Michigan.The student, according to those who taught him, took great care with his work, interviewing Gaddafi twice, his family, childhood teachers, friends, and military colleagues, allowing him to paint a vivid picture of the influences that motivated the young revolutionary. The author was Koussa, then a 30-year-old sociology student, who would have had a career in academia had he not been persuaded by Gaddafi to abandon plans to study for a doctorate to become one of his closest confidants."If he had become a professor or a social planner, he would have done very well," said Christopher K Vanderpool, speaking to the Los Angeles Times. "He was a very bright guy."・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/31/moussa...

・・・On the eastern front, near the oil town of Brega, the two sides fired rockets, mortars and artillery against each other in a contest for the northern entrance of town. But the battle lines changed only slightly, and neither side appeared to have a clear upper hand. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/world/africa/04l...

・・・an opposition spokesman in the rebel stronghold of Benghazi, said there had been at least 20 deaths a day in the city. A doctor in Misurata told Reuters that 160 people, mostly civilians had been killed in the past week・・・ Residents in Zintan and Yafran also told Reuters that pro-Gaddafi forces had used tanks to shell those towns south-west of the capital.・・・http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2de491ec-5e07-11e0-b1d8-...

In an interview in Tripoli, , Levent Sahinkaya, the Turkish ambassador, said a Turkish hospital ship had left the Misurata port loaded with 250 patients seriously injured in the fighting The Qaddafi government had sought to direct the ship first to Tripoli or to postpone its trip, Mr. Sahinkaya said, but instead the Turkish government sent it directly to Misurata with the escort of 10 F-16 fighters and a warship. “The humanitarian side is so important to us,” the ambassador said. “We are the only country able to speak with both sides,” he said, referring to both the rebels and the Qaddafi government. “We think a cease-fire should be reached, and after a cease-fire a political solution can be discussed,” Mr. Sahinkaya said. “This is the Turkish position.”・・・ At least two sons of Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi are proposing a resolution to the Libyan conflict that would entail pushing their father aside to make way for a transition to a constitutional democracy under the direction of his son Seif al-Islam el-Qaddafi・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/world/africa/04l... 前掲

・・・A week ago, Qatar became the first Arab country to grant political recognition to the Libyan rebels, and its six Mirage fighter jets flying with Western coalition partners are giving the United States and European allies political cover in a region long suspicious of outside intervention. Qatari officials say they are discussing ways to market Libyan oil from any ports they might hold in the future, to give the rebels crucial financial support, and they are looking for ways to support them with food and medical supplies. Qatar ― the home base for the Al Jazeera satellite news channel, which is supported by the Qatari government ― is also helping the Libyan opposition create a television station using a French satellite, to offset the state-controlled media. ・・・ The key to Qatar’s power and political strategies, but also its vulnerability, lies in its abundance of natural gas. It has almost 14 percent of total world gas reserves, but most of it comes from a field that it shares with Iran. Regional experts say that Qatar’s principal security concern is that Iran may one day try to exert full control over the field. ・・・ And at the same time Qatar is sending warplanes over Libya, it has sent troops to nearby Bahrain as part of the Saudi-led Gulf alliance force seeking to reinforce a minority Sunni-dominated government resisting a rebellious Shiite majority. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/world/middleeast...

The United States, which long supported Yemen’s president, even in the face of recent widespread protests, has now quietly shifted positions and has concluded that he is unlikely to bring about the required reforms and must be eased out of office・・・ Mr. Saleh is depleting the national reserves paying for promises to keep himself in power. Mr. Saleh has paid thousands of supporters to come to the capital to stage pro-government protests and given out money to tribal leaders to secure their loyalties. In February he promised to cut income taxes and raise salaries for civil servants and the military to try to tamp down discontent. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/world/middleeast...

Italy became the third country after France and Qatar to recognize the opposition Transitional National Council as Libya’s legitimate government, and Kuwait said it expected to follow suit in the coming days. ＜体制派の外相臨時代理が、ギリシャに引き続きトルコを訪問して和平工作。↓＞ Acting Libyan Foreign Minister Abdul Ati al-Obeidi arrived in Turkey for talks with its government, just a day after he delivered a message from Gaddafi to Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou in Athens.・・・ ＜ブレガでの戦いを反体制派が有利に進めつつある。↓＞ In eastern Libya, there were reports that rebels had retaken most of the oil town of Brega・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/rebels-get-dip...

・・・The order to nip in the bud any reactions to the Middle East uprisings was issued from the top on Feb. 19・・・ It was delivered by top Party officials at a closed-door emergency meeting on the campus of the Central Party School in Beijing to top Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders, including members of the Standing Committee of the Politburo and leaders from the ministries, provinces, and the army, as well as universities and large corporations.・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/04/t...

・・・the United States would continue to provide aircraft for missions that other members of the coalition flying over Libya cannot field. Chiefly, he said, these are intelligence gathering, jamming and search and rescue. ・・・ But the pullback has meant U.S. aircraft that are particularly effective in providing close air support, such as the twin-jet A-10 Warthog and the AC-130 Specter gunship, are no longer deployed over Libya.http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nato-officials...

体制派からの離反者が続出しないのは、家族を人質にとられているから。↓

Libya’s former-energy minister said Wednesday that several members of Moammar Gadhafi’s inner circle want to defect, but many are too scared to abandon the dictator fearing the safety of themselves and their families.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/apnewsbreak-ex...

The government of President Bashar al-Assad of Syria offered several unusual gestures on Wednesday intended to earn it good will among Sunnis and Kurds. The government announced that Syria’s first and only casino, which had enraged Islamists when it opened on New Year’s Eve, would be closed. It also said that schoolteachers who had been dismissed last year for wearing the niqab, a type of face veil, would be allowed back to work. ・・・ Other concessions offered・・・included permission to create an Islamist satellite channel and to form an Islamist political party. The party, he said, would be similar to the AKP in Turkey. ・・・ Mr. Assad also promised to give citizenship to stateless people within Syria, and to make a national holiday of the Kurdish New Year’s festival Nayrouz・・・. An estimated 200,000 Kurds living in Syria are stateless. “If the Islamists and the Kurds enter the demonstrations, the regime will lose control,・・・The president is trying to delay the big explosion.”・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/world/middleeast...

＜３月中に、全体主義側が80発以上のロケット/迫撃砲弾をイスラエル南部に撃ち込み、それに対して、自由民主主義側が10名以上の（一般住民を含む）パレスティナ人を武力攻撃によって殺害した。↓＞ ・・・Last month saw some of the worst violence since Israel launched a major offensive in Gaza in December 2008. In one week in March, at least 10 Palestinians - including several civilians and children - were killed by Israeli attacks. In the same period, militants in Gaza fired more than 80 rockets and mortar shells into southern Israel.・・・ ＜今月に入ってからも、全体主義側が対戦車弾でスクールバスを攻撃し、16歳のの少年が頭部に重傷を負い、これに対して自由民主主義側が14人の（一般住民を含む）パレスティナ人を武力攻撃によって殺害した。これに対して、全体主義側が、木曜には迫撃砲弾50発超、金曜日にはロケット15発超をイスラエル南部に打ち込んだ。↓＞ Militants from the Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas, hit the・・・school bus・・・on Thursday near the Nahal Oz kibbutz ＜and a＞ 16-year-old boy suffered a serious head wound＜,＞with an anti-tank shell. They said it was in response to the killing of Hamas leaders last week. The bus attack was condemned by the US, EU and UN, which said it was particularly concerned by reports that the Gaza militants had used an advanced anti-tank weapon to target civilians.・・・ Since then, Israel has launched more than 20 raids on the Gaza Strip, killing 14 Gazans - many of them civilians, at least five Hamas militants and one policeman. About 45 people have been wounded. Meanwhile,・・・at least 15 rockets have been fired into Israel during Friday, causing damage but no injuries. This follows more than 50 mortar rounds fired at Israel on Thursday, one of which hit a house. Hamas's military wing said it carried out some of the strikes, accusing Israel of breaking the ceasefire declaration with its dawn raids. A small PLO faction, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, also said it fired at Israel on Friday.・・・ It is not clear whether the fresh violence signals an end to the truce, or whether the firing of rockets was carried out by a Palestinian splinter group that had not signed up to the ceasefire.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-130140...

＜太田＞

それでは、その他の記事の紹介です。

アラブ革命関係です。

シリア「革命」はエスカレートが続いている。↓

Anti-government demonstrations have spread across Syria with the highest turnout yet in a month of unrest, despite a heavy crackdown by security forces in Deraa in which at least 22 people were reported killed.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/08/syria-...

イェーメン革命だが、体制派の主要スポンサーたる米国もサウディアラビアもサレー大統領を見捨てた。↓

・・・Earlier this week US officials discreetly shifted from supporting Saleh to admitting that his rule is "untenable". Now Saleh's backers of last resort, including his own tribe and aid donors such as Saudi Arabia are ushering him towards the exit.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/08/yemen-... ＜とはいえ、サレーがたとえいなくなっても、イェーメンの反自由民主主義体制は維持される可能性が高い。↓＞ ・・・Despite reports portraying the protests in Yemen as something of a revolution, democratic change has little possibility of success. President Ali Abdullah Saleh is essentially a figurehead; whether he stays or goes, the regime of technocrats and thugs he represents is unlikely to fold under pressure. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/09/opinion/09blumi....

・・・Rebel defences around Ajdabiya appeared to be failing as Gaddafi's soldiers broke into the heart of the strategic town, 90 miles from Benghazi, and engaged in running street battles after again outmanoeuvring the revolutionaries. Although western powers continued their air strikes, the strikes did not appear to deter Gaddafi's forces.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/10/libya-...

しかし、NYタイムス読んで安心した。↓

Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi’s military forces appeared to falter in eastern Libya on Sunday on the second day of an assault against the strategic rebel city of Ajdabiya, as opposition fighters aided by NATO airstrikes retook their positions and claimed the checkpoints at the city’s approaches.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/world/africa/11l...

Like Gaddafi's government, the Libyan opposition is feeling the financial pinch. The head of the opposition's central bank last week warned that the eastern part of the country could run out of money within weeks.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/11/libyan...

・・・Syria's President Bashar al-Assad and other Arab dictators have enhanced Israel's strategic position by cheapening Arab life. Another 34 Syrians died in last Friday's protests, the largest to date, bringing the body count to 170 in the past three weeks. Estimates of the dead in Libya's civil war, meanwhile, range from 1,000 to 10,000. No one paid much attention to the dozen and a half dead in Israel's latest retaliatory strike in Gaza. At the US State Department briefing April 7, spokesman Mark Toner condemned the latest rocket attacks on Israel "in the strongest possible terms", but said nothing about the Israeli response. That is harbinger of things to come.・・・http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MD12Ak01....

NATO stepped up airstrikes around the besieged Libyan city of Misurata on Wednesday, destroying 12 government tanks, after criticism from within its own ranks that it was not doing enough to stop the Libyan government from shelling and shooting indiscriminately at civilians in the rebel-held portion of the city.Rebels, who control Misurata’s port and much of the north and east of the city, reported heavy fighting but said things seemed finally to be going their way. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nato-steps-up-...

リビアの反体制派に凍結資金を渡す手はずが整ったようだ。↓

NATO, Arab and African ministers agreed Wednesday “to work urgently” with the Libyan rebel leadership to set up a mechanism by which some frozen assets belonging to Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi and his family might be transferred to the rebel cause.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/africa/14l...

イェーメンで、ついに、体制派と反体制派の軍隊同士が衝突？↓

Fighting broke out early Wednesday between rival military factions ＜at SANA, Yemen＞, leaving at least two people dead・・・. It was the first clash between government forces and those commanded by Maj. Gen. Ali Mohsin al-Ahmar, who announced his support for the country’s antigovernment protest movement three weeks ago.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast...

宗派ごとの議席等配分システムの見直しを求める、ひと味違うアラブ「革命」がレバノンで進行中。↓

・・・some in Lebanon have begun their own rebellion. But while their chant may be the same as in the other countries, their target is different. In Lebanon there is no single dictator to confront. Rather, protesters are challenging the powerfully entrenched fiefs of sectarian politics.・・・ ・・・the movement’s・・・weekly marches have attracted thousands to the streets in Beirut and other Lebanese cities.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast...

・・・ Hosni Mubarak, and his two sons have been detained for questioning on allegations of corruption・・・ Relations between people and the ruling military council have greatly improved with the judicial steps in the past 48-hours.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-130726...

President Obama today signals the return of America to the forefront of the international effort in Libya, writing a joint article with David Cameron and Nicolas Sarkozy・・・in Washington Post, the Times and Le Figaro, ・・・say the world would have committed an "unconscionable betrayal" if the Libyan leader is left in place, putting rebels who have been fighting against the Gaddafi regime at the mercy of his government. If left, Libya risks becoming a failed state, they write.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/15/obama-...

アサドの11年間の言行不一致を並べたてられると、確かにげんなりするね。↓

・・・Assad has spent the last 11 years promising political "reform," but has never got around to delivering it. This is a well-established pattern. He talks about peace with Israel while at the same time delivering Scud missiles to Hezbollah. He promises to keep his hands off Lebanon, but recently worked with Hezbollah to bring down the government in Beirut. He says, as a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, that he wants a nuclear-free Middle East, but stonewalls International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors investigating the rubble of his North Korean-designed nuclear program. ・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/14/t...

More than 2,500 people were killed in militant attacks in Pakistan in 2010, according to the independent Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP).Nearly half of victims were civilians killed in suicide blasts. There were 67 such attacks last year, the group said.The report also said at least 900 people had been killed in US drone strikes during the same period. The number of people killed by the army is not mentioned, but it estimated to be in the region of 600-700.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-1308577...

Less than a month into the Libyan conflict, NATO is running short of precision bombs, highlighting the limitations of Britain, France and other European countries in sustaining even a relatively small military action over an extended period of time・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nato-runs-shor...

追い詰められつつあるシリアのアサド政権。↓

・・・“The ＜Syrian＞ regime has failed to impress people with both its basket of reforms and its campaign of intimidation and violence,・・・It’s to the point where, if they’re going to stay in power, they’ll have to either really massacre people or they’ll have to get very serious about reform.”http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/16/world/middleeast...

ヨルダンでイスラム原理主義勢力が体制派と衝突。
おお、昔の名前で出ていますじゃん。
まさか、やらせじゃないだろうな。↓

Hundreds of protesting Islamic hard-liners clashed in this town with supporters of Jordan’s king on Friday, leaving dozens wounded・・・ The Salafi demonstrations are separate from the protests by leftists and more moderate Islamists demanding democratic reforms. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/16/world/middleeast...

Bashar al-Assad said he thought・・・Emergency laws・・・would be lifted within a week・・・ The law bans public gatherings of more than five people.・・・ New security legislation would be introduced in place of the emergency law, he said, adding that the new government should also study ideas for a multi-party system and greater press freedom. ・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-131054... ＜しかし、反体制派の勢いはもう止められない。↓＞ Antigovernment demonstrations sweeping Syria appeared to have crossed a threshold in size and scope, with protesters battling police near the heart of the capital and the protest movement uniting people from different regions, classes and religious backgrounds against the regime.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

それ以外の記事は１つだ。
子供にあんまし手をかける必要はない、と割り切って、たくさん子供をつくろうってさ。↓

・・・ nature matters far more than nurture. In terms of the person you become once you've grown up, what genes you inherited matter a lot more than how you were raised. ・・・ ・・・you can greatly increase the chances of your children voting the way you do, going to your church and thinking fondly of you. But that's about it.・・・ In study after study, researchers find that parents are consistently less happy than non-parents. ・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487038...

Forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi could retake Misrata within days unless Nato steps up its military intervention to assist the besieged rebels, according to an opposition spokesman inside the shell-battered city.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/18/gaddaf...

そこで、EUがミスラタへの人道支援物資の護衛のための地上兵力をミスラタに送り込もうとしている。うまい名目を考えついたもんだ。↓

・・・The EU has drawn up a "concept of operations" for the deployment of military forces in Libya, but needs UN approval for what would be the riskiest and most controversial mission undertaken by Brussels. The armed forces, numbering no more than 1,000, would be deployed to secure the delivery of aid supplies, would not be engaged in a combat role but would be authorised to fight if they or their humanitarian wards were threatened. "It would be to secure sea and land corridors inside the country," said an EU official.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/18/libya-...

Thousands of anti-government protesters have occupied the centre of Syria's third largest city, Homs, insisting they will not leave until they bring down the country's leadership.・・・ Human rights groups say at least 200 protesters have been killed in the past four weeks・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-131245...

・・・the professionalism of・・・＜Gaddafi's＞ troops has been widely questioned and their numbers are limited. The Libyan leader has kept his army weak, and his campaign has been led by a handful of brigades commanded by his sons, perhaps 10,000-15,000 men in total. These are split between Tripoli, Misrata and the east. But Col Gaddafi is said to be reluctant to let even these supposedly "crack troops" operate in numbers greater than a few hundred, in case they desert. Their approach ＜in Misrata＞ has centred on a combination of long-distance bombardment and deploying snipers along Tripoli Street, Misrata's front line.・・・ Without more direct help from Nato, the Misrata rebels - said to be better organised than those further east - seem unlikely to seize the momentum themselves.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13118724 ＜このミスラタ戦闘俯瞰図は必見。上で出てくるトリポリ通りがどこか確かめてごらん。↓＞http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13133258

英仏が軍人顧問の反体制派陣営への派遣を決定し、それに体制派がイチャモンつけている。↓

・・・Libya's foreign minister Abdul Ati al-Obeidi said the Anglo-French decision・・・＜to send a＞bout 10 British and 10 French officers ＜to Benghazi＞ is a "clear violation" of the UN security council remit and will prolong the crisis engulfing the country.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/19/libya-...

シリアじゃ、アサドの旗色が日々悪くなりつつある。↓

・・・The ＜Syrian＞ regime's double-edged strategy of cracking down hard on protesters (200 have reportedly died in the last month), while simultaneously promising reform, is not working.・・・ At the same time, the regime's efforts to blame the demonstrations on foreign conspiracies, armed gangs, sectarian elements, militant Salafists and the like, are self-defeating. ・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/1...

Rebel forces fighting government troops in the far west of Libya have seized control of the border crossing with Tunisia ・・・ The Dehiba border crossing is close to the mountainous western area of Libya, where there has been sustained fighting for the past two months, centred on the city of Nalut.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/21/libya-...

Rebel fighters in the besieged city of Misrata have won a significant victory by retaking key buildings that had been occupied by Muammar Gaddafi's forces for more than a month.・・・ In a sign that the regime was giving up on Misrata, the Libyan deputy foreign minister, Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, said yesterday that the army may withdraw and let surrounding tribes deal with the rebels・・・ John McCain, the US senator who arrived in Benghazi yesterday to meet rebels・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/22/misrat...

シリアじゃアサドによる反体制派虐殺が続いている。↓

・・・ at least 88 people were reported killed, including two in Douma, one in Homs, and at least six in the southern town of Izraa, and others in Moudamiya, outside Damascus・・・ ・・・ protests had been bigger than on the past seven Fridays and more bloody.・・・ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/22/syria-...

スンニ派だけとっても宗派が分立しているから、パキスタンをイスラム過激派が席巻する可能性は少ないとさ。↓

・・・ Across much of the Muslim world, Islamist parties are in the ascendant. They are in power in Turkey and Gaza, and significant forces in Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan and Syria. Yet, with brief exceptions, the Islamist parties in Pakistan have always performed poorly at elections and seem unlikely to create a mass political movement capable of commanding a parliamentary majority. ・・・ While Iran has a monolithic form of Shia Islam, Pakistan has not just a Sunni-Shia divide but also many different forms of Sunni Islam, which limit the scope for Islamist revolution.・・・http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7622e1de-6b9f-11e0-93f8-...

Two Syrian lawmakers and a state-appointed Muslim leader resigned Saturday in a gesture of protest a day after security forces killed more than 100 people in the bloodiest crackdown since anti-government demonstrations began in Syria in mid-March.・・・ The fact that the two lawmakers were members of the ruling Baathist party made their resignations especially galling to the government・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrian-forces-...

・・・the Nafusah Mountain range, which rises out of the desert at the Tunisian border as a sudden, hazy shadow and runs several hundred miles east in a narrow chain, is hardly a rebel stronghold. Rebel fighters in the region estimate their ranks at just a few hundred ill-equipped and untrained young men. It came as a shock, then, when they captured a border crossing near Wazen last week, a strategic victory for the beleaguered rebel forces that thrust the desert region under the world’s gaze. ・・・ Colonel Qaddafi has long harbored antagonism toward the Berbers, a non-Arab ethnic group of mostly Ibadi Muslims in a country that is majority Sunni.・・・ Colonel Qaddafi has forbidden citizens from giving their children Berber names, disallowed the teaching of the Berber language in schools and banned Berber festivals and holidays. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/25/world/africa/25w...

リビアの旧王族のサヌーシ一族の動静が報じられている。

＜1937年頃に「偉大なるサヌーシ」なるスンニ派の組織が創立された。↓＞ ＜In Libya, there was＞ an Islamic revivalist movement of orthodox sufis, established in the Arabian desert by Sheikh Mohammed ibn Ali Sanusi - aka the Grand Sanusi - in 1837. It spread right across north Africa and went as far west as Senegal through a network of zawiyas, or religious lodges. In 1856, the Grand Sanusi founded a zawiya in Jaghbub, which grew to become the headquarters of the Order and Africa's second-greatest university after al-Azhar in Cairo. ＜リビアが1951年に独立した際、一族の一員が国王に奉戴された。↓＞ When Libya achieved independence under a constitutional monarchy in 1951, it was no coincidence that a member of the Sanusi family - Idris - became king. The family and the Order had won lasting respect by providing education to the masses and mediating difficult local tribal and trade disputes. The Idris monarchy proved a benign institution for Libya during its 18 years, though nationalist detractors criticised it for being ineffectual and too pro-Western. ＜1969年にカダフィが権力を握ると、サヌーシ一族は徹底的に弾圧された。↓＞ Muammar Gaddafi toppled King Idris in 1969 and sought to marginalise the Sanusis with a vengeance. Idris's heir and his family were first imprisoned then sent into exile in London, having been forced to watch their house being burnt to cinders by the regime. Then, in 1988, Gaddafi sent the bulldozers into Jaghbub and the great zawiya was razed to the ground. ・・・ ＜今でもこの宗派の旧本拠地に同派の（同一族たる）聖職者がいる。↓＞ ・・・Sheikh Mohammed Sanusi, the local imam in Jaghbub - a tiny desert oasis in eastern Libya・・・＜of this＞ Sanusi Order・・ ＜また、一族で反体制派政府の一員として活躍している人物もいる。↓＞ Ahmed al-Zubair Ahmed al-Sanusi is a member of the Transitional National Council. ＜彼は、世界最長の政治的囚人歴を持つ。↓＞ Now 77, he was the world's longest-serving political prisoner, languishing behind bars from 1970 to 2001・・・http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own... ＜また、ロンドンで亡命生活を送ってきた皇太子（国王は彼の大叔父）がカダフィ後の政府で役割を果たしたいと語った。↓＞ Mohammed El Senussi, the exiled crown prince of Libya, made an appearance at the European Parliament in Brussels on Wednesday morning・・・ ・・・the last King of Libya was El Senussi’s great uncle Idris al-Mahdi al-Senussi.・・・ “Whether people want a constitutional monarchy or a republic, I will do my best,” he told・・・. ・・・he would help the opposition organize “free and fair elections, it is my task to serve the people.”・・・http://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2011/04/20/libyan-pr...

・・・The southern town of Deraa, which has been a centre of the rebellion, bore the brunt of the regime's assault. Witnesses said at least 3,000 troops, backed by tanks and heavy weapons, entered the town in the early hours of Monday.Soldiers were said to have opened fire at random, with snipers firing from rooftops and men armed with guns and knives conducting house-to-house searches. ・・・ ＜軍部内に反抗する気配あり。↓＞ In Deraa, a battalion commander was reported to have clashed with other sections of the security forces as he tried to protect wounded civilians. A Syrian activist, Malath Aumran, said the commander was later arrested.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/25/syria-... ＜「革命」が始まってからこれまでの、軍部内での反抗の事例が紹介されている。↓＞ ・・・In the early stages of the uprising in Deraa, a soldier from the Sunni city of Homs was allegedly shot dead for refusing to open fire on protesters. Since then, there have been numerous unverified reports of soldiers and even senior officers being shot for refusing to obey orders. Last week, Gen. Abdo Khodr Tellawi from Homs was killed with his two sons and a nephew. The Syrian state-run SANA news agency claimed that “armed criminal gangs … killed them in cold blood.” But opposition activists say that the Syrian intelligence services executed them because they were showing signs of sympathy for the protesters. ＜支配的少数派たるアラウィ派軍人の中からも反抗者が出ているようだ。アラウィ派も一枚岩ではないってこと。↓＞ Other officers killed in the past two weeks include two Christian colonels, Samir Kashour and Whaib Issa, and Gen. Ayad Harfoush, who, like Tellawi, was an Alawite. Alawite military and intelligence officers are generally expected to stand with the regime, fearing a bloody backlash against them should Assad fall. But the Alawite community is not a homogenous entity and there are longstanding tensions between rival clans which could witness some powerful Alawite figures siding with the opposition against the Assads.・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/04...

Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh has agreed to an internationally negotiated plan to step down within 30 days in exchange for criminal immunity for his deadly crackdown on protests that have tipped the nation perilously close to civil war・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

Syrian army units have clashed with each other over following President Bashar Assad’s orders to crack down on protesters in Daraa・・・ About 200 mostly low-level members of Syria’s ruling Baath Party have resigned over Assad’s brutal crackdown.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/activist-syria...

＜体制派部隊が反体制派と戦いつつチュニジアに越境した。しかし、国境の関門を反体制派が奪回した。↓＞ ・・・Pro-Gaddafi troops made incursions over the border into Tunisia in a battle to retake a key crossing from rebel hands, drawing condemnation from Tunis.Libyan soldiers were captured by Tunisian forces after firing indiscriminately in clashes that lasted about 90 minutes・・・ Rebels later claimed the Wazin-Dehiba crossing was back in their hands.・・・ ＜ミスラタでは、港の周りに体制派が機雷を敷設しようとしてNATO軍に阻止された。↓＞ Nato said its warships had caught government naval forces trying to lay mines in the harbour ＜ofb Misrata＞.http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/29/gaddaf... ＜同市では、空港付近と西方の郊外で激戦が続いている。↓＞ ・・・The main clashes in the latest fighting centred on the area around the airport, the last position held by Gaddafi's forces in the city after they were defeated in the centre.・・・ On the western side of Misrata, where rebels have been slowly forcing Gaddafi's forces back along the road to Tripoli, there was close-quarter fighting near the satellite town of Zawiya al-Majhoub.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/29/libya-...

Rami Makhlouf, first cousin and childhood friend of President Bashar al-Assad ＜is＞ the country’s most powerful businessman.・・・ ・・・the tacit understanding that underlined his rule ― Alawite officers and Sunni merchants ― has weakened, as the sons and grandsons of those Alawite officers enter business.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/world/asia/01mak...

・・・Following the Homs shooting, in the city's Bab Amro suburb, military soldiers and members of the military intelligence clashed in a two-hour exchange of gunfire, two residents and one activist said. Eight members of the military intelligence forces died in the clash・・・ It seems the military intelligence had agreed with the army not to fire, but then fired,・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487039...

・・・Assad has assiduously cultivated the reformist image since he ascended to power in 2000 at age 34, promising a new and more open Syria. With his youth, his British training as an eye doctor and his elegant British-born wife, Asma, he presented a starkly different figure compared to his somewhat thuggish father Hafez, a military officer, and to the region’s other aging autocrats. It’s an image that many in the international community have cited in justifying their hesitancy to call directly for Assad’s ouster or to include him in sanctions, despite more than seven weeks of bloodshed in which human rights groups say more than 700 people have been killed.http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrian-preside...

Rebel fighters made significant gains Monday against forces loyal to Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi in both the western and eastern areas of the country, in the first faint signs that NATO airstrikes may be starting to strain the government forces. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/world/africa/10l...

In a striking show of strength, the popular movement opposing Syrian President Bashar Assad took to the streets in large numbers nationwide, defying a campaign of violence and mass detentions by security forces.・・・ Robust demonstrations were held in the capital, Damascus, including in the Muhajireen district close to Assad's residence, a sign the unrest was spreading to the very center of power.・・・ ・・・700 to 850 people had been killed in Syria's unrest・・・ Authorities initially responded to the uprising by firing on unarmed demonstrators, but that failed to stop the demonstrators, and officials have switched to a campaign of mass arrests, imprisonments and physical abuse.・・・ at least 9,500 people have been detained・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

・・・Israeli soldiers killed four people as hundreds stormed the border. But the message was far more important, since the Syrian government, which controls access to the border, allowed crowds to venture to a place it had all but declared off limits until now. For the first time in his 11-year reign, Mr. Assad demonstrated to Israel, the region and world that in an uprising that has posed the greatest threat to his family’s four decades of rule, he could provoke war to stay in power.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/world/middleeast...

・・・More and more,・・・the Middle East・・・see the United States as poorly intentioned, incompetent, and less relevant to their interests; as a result, they are ever more prepared to take major decisions and initiatives without deference to American preferences. ・・・ The Middle East is changing, and American policy toward the region needs to change, too. Unfortunately, Obama hasn't fulfilled his repeated promises to improve on George W. Bush's disastrous foreign policy. Instead, he may end up presiding over an even more precipitous decline in America's regional standing and influence than his predecessor. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/20/t...

こいつはメッチャ面白い。
アラブ革命を予言してた奴がいたんだね。↓

・・・in the middle of the Cold War, in the days of Leonid Brezhnev,・・・French social scientist Emmanuel Todd・・predicted the collapse of the Soviet system. In 2002, ＜he＞ described the economic and imperial erosion of the United States, a global superpower. And, four years ago, ＜he＞ and ＜his＞ colleague Youssef Courbage predicted the unavoidable revolution in the Arab world・・・＜which is supposedly caused by the followings, ie.＞ the rapid increase in literacy, particularly among women, a falling birthrate and a significant decline in the widespread custom of endogamy, or marriage between first cousins. This shows that the Arab societies were on a path toward cultural and mental modernization, in the course of which the individual becomes much more important as an autonomous entity.・・・ ＜He says,＞ according to the law of history that states that educational progress and a decline in the birth rate are indicators of growing rationalization and secularization, Islamism is a temporary defensive reaction to the shock of modernization and by no means the vanishing point of history. For the Muslim world, that vanishing point is far more universal than people are willing to admit. The notion of unchanging Islam and the Muslim essence are purely intellectual constructs of the West. The tracks along which the world's various cultures and religions move are converging toward an encounter rather than the battle that Samuel Huntington believed would take shape.・・・ The Arab Spring resembles the European Spring of 1848 more closely than the fall of 1989, when communism collapsed. The initial spark in France triggered unrest in Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Austria, Italy, Spain and Romania -- a classic chain reaction, despite major regional differences.・・・ ＜ここ↑までは感心しながら読んでたけど、ここ↓でのけぞっちゃったぞ。アホか。仏独は同じ穴のムジナだろが。＞ ・・・only Great Britain, France and the United States, in that historic order, constitute the core of the West. But not Germany.・・・ ・・・the postwar ＜German＞ history is all very well and good, but it had to be put into motion by the Western Allies. Everything that happened earlier failed. Authoritarian government systems consistently prevailed, while democratic conditions had already predominated in England, America and France for a long time. Germany produced the two worst totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century. Even the greatest philosophers, like Kant and Hegel, were, unlike David Hume in England or Voltaire in France, not exactly beacons of political liberalism. No, Germany's immense contribution to European cultural history is something completely different.・・・http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,7...

・・・Mr. Obama supported Hosni Mubarak until it was clear that Egypt’s own army would not, and then he waved as Mr. Mubarak was swept away. He tried to pile sandbags around friends in Bahrain, while blasting barriers away from an old foe in Libya. The leaders of Yemen and Syria refuse to go with the flow, as Washington points both toward the falls. The contradictory approaches have startled some of America’s allies. Even inside the White House, some officials were at pains to explain why Saudi forces rolling into Bahrain merited a mild news release, but Muammar el-Qaddafi’s forces in Libya were bombed. “Pragmatism is a great thing,” a senior aide to Mr. Obama said over lunch in April. “But somewhere in all this we have to lay out some principles.” On Thursday, Mr. Obama tried to do just that・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/weekinreview/22s...

David Cameron has been told by UK intelligence that Muammar Gaddafi is increasingly paranoid, on the run, and hiding in hospitals by night, and that his senior commanders in the regime are unable to communicate with one another. ＜彼を更に追いつめるために、英国は、アパッチ・ヘリの投入を決めた。↓＞ The reports from MI6 relayed to the cabinet's national security council this week prompted Cameron to authorise a high-risk escalation of attacks by agreeing to deploy four Apache helicopters into Libya with orders to gun down regime leaders and assets hiding in built-up areas.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/26/gad...

シリアじゃ、反体制派が夜間デモ等新たな戦略を駆使して粘り強く戦いを続けているとさ。↓

In a shift in strategy, protesters across Syria have moved their daily demonstrations against the government of President Bashar al-Assad to the evening, in the expectation that security forces will be more reluctant to shoot at them and have a more difficult time identifying them for arrest・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/world/middleeast...

Unprecedented demonstrations by ethnic Mongols upset with Chinese rule show no signs of abating and plans for further protests are circulating on social media sites, an overseas rights group said.The protests, which began on Monday in Inner Mongolia, have continued all week in the Xilingol region and calls have been issued for daily protests in coming days・・・ The unrest in the region was sparked by the May 10 death of a Mongol herder who was run over by a truck driven by a Han Chinese・・・http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/201... ＜蒙古人は、内蒙古総人口のわずか20%になっちゃってんだね。↓＞ ・・・its indigenous community has already been numerically overwhelmed by an influx of Han migrants who now comprise 79% of the population.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/27/tensio...

・・・"I think the crackdown on protesters will succeed in the next two months," a senior western diplomat in Syria says. "But in six months time, the economy will have taken such a battering that [President Bashar al-]Assad will have lost the support of the majority of Syrians."・・・ Actually, nobody is spending at all in Syria.・・・ Tourism, which possibly accounted for up to 18% of the entire economy, was the first to go. ・・・ The next economic support to go will be foreign investment. ・・・ ＜なぜなら、エジプトと違って体制の経済自由化政策のおこぼれをかなりもらってた中産階級がアサド離れを起こすからだとさ。↓＞ Unlike in Egypt, where the educated middle class used their knowledge of the Internet and the media to help oust President Hosni Mubarak, in Syria it is the poverty-stricken masses that have led the protests while the growing business classes have sat tight. Soon, however, many of Syria's business class -- who are generally undecided on the anti-Assad demonstrations -- will start to feel the pinch when they can't afford to send their kids to schools or pay for hospital bills. The Damascus economist says that would be the beginning of the end for Assad. ・・・http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2074...

・・・The military immediately took over＜Egypt＞, and now it looks like concerns over a new regime’s attitude toward woman are unfortunately justified. The military today admitted that it did “virginity tests” on women who were arrested at a Tahrir Square demonstration that took place one month after Mubarak’s resignation. And why should such women be subject to such tests? “[S]o that the women wouldn't later claim they had been raped by Egyptian authorities,” according to Maj. Amr Imam. But it’s OK, really, as he explains in an article・・・:The girls who were detained were not like your daughter or mine," the general said. "These were girls who had camped out in tents with male protesters in Tahrir Square, and we found in the tents Molotov cocktails and (drugs). ＜↑軍当局は、検束された女性を兵士が強姦しないように、あらかじめ処女検査してるって言い放ったわけだ。＞ The comments are so ridiculous that they are almost beyond comment. If the women aren’t virgins before their arrest, it means they can’t be raped? If a woman isn’t a “good girl,” it’s OK to subject her to a horrible test? It’s hard to think of something to say in response that isn’t head-pounding-against-the-desk obvious. But we can’t just ignore them either. ＜男の医師や兵士たちが見てる前で、「拷問」を受けつつ検査が行われるってんだからね。↓＞ Because the actual description of the virginity test is terrifying: One of the women who was arrested told・・・that she was tied up, slapped, and then shocked with a stun gun. And then? “The treatment got worse,・・・when she and the 16 other female prisoners were taken to a military detention center in Heikstep.” Stun guns. Male doctors, and male soldiers watching as witnesses. The Egyptian general said the military was trying to protect soldiers from false claims of rape. But in the process, it came frighteningly close to committing that crime against the women in its custody.http://www.doublex.com/blog/xxfactor/egypt-admits-...

Libya's National Oil Corp. head Shokri Ghanem, also a former Libyan prime minister, announced his defection at a news conference in Rome・・・ Mr. Ghanem didn't say he would join the rebel leadership in Benghazi, but his announcement comes just two days after the defections of eight army officers, including five generals and those in earlier weeks of senior diplomats and former ministers, adding political momentum to the uprising against Col. Gadhafi's 41-year rule.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023036...

Embattled Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh transferred authority to his deputy Saturday and flew to Saudi Arabia, raising the prospect that a key U.S. ally in the fight against al-Qaeda had lost his grip on power and left behind a nation tumbling into chaos.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/sp...

・・・Nearly two-thirds of the ＜Egyptian＞ respondents said they supported the protests in January and February because of unhappiness over low living standards or a shortage of jobs. In contrast, just 19 percent named a lack of democracy・・・according to a U.S. government-funded poll released Sunday.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/eg...

・・・What begins with euphoric crowds soon slides into a second phase of economic paralysis. The same happened in France after the initial “bliss” of 1789 and in Russia after 1917. In each case, exuberance at the overthrow of the old regime was swiftly succeeded by exasperation at the decline in living standards. And that was what gave the political extremists their opportunity to peddle their radical ideology of war against internal and external foes. Yesterday, the Jacobins and Bolsheviks. Tomorrow, I fear, the Muslim Brotherhood and Al Qaeda.・・・http://www.newsweek.com/2011/06/05/egypt-the-revol...

・・・ “Sometimes I think Bashar means it about reform,・・・But his brother・・・Maher・・・won’t take it.” In many ways・・・the relationship between President Assad and his younger brother mirrors the relationship of their father, Hafez al-Assad, with his younger brother Rifaat, who served as the government enforcer and was the architect of the 1982 Hama massacre, in which at least 10,000 people were killed. ・・・ “The only military divisions that are definitely loyal are the Fourth Division and the Republican Guard, and of course the security forces are loyal,”・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/08/world/middleeast...

↑そのシリアで、ついに反体制派が、軍隊の中から反体制派に寝返る者が出始める形で武装を始めた。↓

Syrian state television claims that 120 security forces were killed ・・・ ・・・activists and some of the town's inhabitants concede that residents have taken up arms. Some say the gunmen were in fact army soldiers who defected and fled after refusing to fire on protesters, mirroring reports by opposition figures and activists over recent weeks.・・・http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2076...

Libyan rebels staged an armed uprising against Moammar Gaddafi in the western city of Zlitan on Friday, a rebel spokesman said, adding that 22 of their fighters had been killed. The clashes, if confirmed, would mark the first significant rebel attempt to take control of a major city in western Libya since the early days of the uprising. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/li...

・・・rebel forces are now fighting Col. Gadhafi's military on a number of fronts―in the enclave around rebel-held Misrata, to the west in the Nafusa mountains, against the main opposition forces in Brega in the east, and Zawiyah in the west. If the rebels managed to take Zawiyah, it would advance their aim of encircling the capital and cut off its supply lines.・・・ some・・・Misrata's・・・rebels saying they wanted to advance further west and capture Zlitin・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023047...

Muammar Gaddafi's increasingly stretched army is struggling to crush a surprise rebel offensive in Zawiya, a strategic town just 30 miles west of Tripoli.・・・ Zawiya first rebelled against the Libyan regime in March, but the uprising was crushed when the army sent in tanks and bulldozers, even razing the town's mosque. If sustained, the town's second rebellion will be of major significance, because it will mean that Gaddafi's forces are engaged in fighting in all three directions outside the capital, including Misrata, 130 miles to the east and a string of towns in the Nafusa mountains, about 60 miles to the south.・・・ ・・・the "clock was ticking" for Gaddafi・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/12/muamma...

次にシリア「革命」だが、アサドが事実上失脚した可能性が取りざたされ始めた。↓

・・・The facts -- that Assad has not been seen in public for weeks, that his army commander brother, Maher, is leading the offensives in the north, and that Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary general, says the president is refusing to take his calls -- suggest Assad may not only have lost the initiative but has also lost control of the reins of power.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jun/1...

・・・Erdogan had wanted to convert Turkey's parliamentary system into a presidential one based on the French model, with himself assuming the role of president. Voter turnout on Sunday was high -- about 84 percent of eligible voters went to the polls. The Kurdish minority succeeded in winning 36 seats in the 550-seat parliament, which is more than they had ever won before, and which allows them a potential role in any development of a new constitution. Erdogan's conservative AKP won 326 seats. A super majority of 367 would have been needed to change the constitution without referendum.・・・ ＜トルコはこのところ毎年８%成長を遂げてきているので、与党が勝利するのは当たり前だったんだな。↓＞ "The Turks are pragmatic to the core. They gave Erdogan this victory, not because he is a pious Muslim, but simply because he gave them a better country, with more than 8-percent growth. Of all the G-20 countries, only China has grown at a faster pace. Erdogan has turned Turkey into a confident actor in the region, and the people like that. Perhaps he deserves the most credit for breaking the political power of the military, and along the way giving new freedoms to Christians and Kurds in his country.・・・http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,7...

Syria’s most powerful businessman, a confidant and cousin of President Bashar al-Assad, announced on Thursday that he was quitting business and moving to charity work, Syrian television said. The move, if true, would suggest that Mr. Assad was so concerned about the continuing protests that he would sacrifice a relative to public anger.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/17/world/middleeast...

The International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants on Monday for Libya’s leader, Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi, one of his sons and his intelligence chief, accusing them of crimes against humanity during the first two weeks of the uprising in Libya that led to a NATO bombing campaign.・・・ ＜リビアが同裁判所の管轄を受け入れてないのにリビア人に対して逮捕状発行ができるんだねえ。↓＞ Colonel Qaddafi’s government, which is not among the 115 countries that recognize the court, denounced the ruling.・・・ ＜国際刑事裁判所による現役の国家元首に対する逮捕状発行としては、スーダンのバシール大統領のケースに続く２件目だ。 確かに、リベリアのテイラー大統領に対してはSpecial Court for Sierra Leoneだったhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liber...し、セルヴィアのミロシェヴィッチ大統領に対してはInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)だったな。http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1ev... ↓＞ For the court, which has jurisdiction over cases starting when it opened in 2002, the arrest warrant for Colonel Qaddafi was the second for a sitting president, after that of・・・Omar Hassan al-Bashir, the Sudanese president・・・. Other international courts have indicted two sitting presidents for war crimes, Charles G. Taylor of Liberia and Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia. Both were eventually arrested and brought to trial.・・・ ＜話は変わるが、リビアの反体制派は、首都トリポリへ南西から100マイルのところまで迫っている。↓＞ On Monday, rebels based in the mountains pushed north and east to the town of Bir al Ghanam, roughly 100 miles from Tripoli, in heavy fighting with Qaddafi forces.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/28/world/africa/28l...

アサド政権の事実上の容認の下で、シリア反体制派の大討論会が首都ダマスカスで開かれた。↓

Scores of opposition figures met publicly Monday in Damascus for the first time since Syria’s antigovernment uprising began. ・・・ ＜国営TV局が本討論会について報道もした。↓＞ The meeting was in the works for weeks, and though government officials had signaled that they would not oppose it, the leaders themselves spent days trying to find a locale in the capital that would set aside fears of government retaliation and host them. In the end, Syrian state television, long a tool of propaganda, covered the meeting.・・・ ＜肝心の、騒擾を起こしている人々の（自称）連絡調整委員会の人々は出席していない。↓＞ The Local Coordination Committees, which has sought to speak on behalf of youthful protesters, was not in attendance, and has yet to make a public statement on the meeting itself, though it has refused dialogue as the violence continues.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/28/world/middleeast...

・・・Rockets, machine guns and other munitions were found in the network of bunkers, situated in the desert around 25km (15 miles) from the hill town of Zintan in the Nafusa mountains. Correspondents say the seizure of the weapons was a major boost to rebels, who are hoping to push on to Tripoli from the frontline, currently on the other side of the Nafusa mountains and just 50km from the capital.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13948984

・・・As the rebel offensive has faltered in other parts of Libya, it seems to have picked up momentum in the west. The rebels have ambitious plans of consolidating control of the western mountain region and using it as a staging ground for an assault on the oil city of Zawiya and, finally, the heavily fortified capital of Tripoli.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/world/africa/29l...

・・・military chiefs in Paris confirmed that French planes had dropped consignments of machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, and anti-tank missiles to rebels in the western Nafusa mountains. ・・・ ＜イタリアも英国も、フランスの措置に好意的だ。↓＞ Italy's foreign minister, Franco Frattini, has previously claimed that the UN resolution should not prohibit providing weapons to the rebels, saying this could be "morally justified".・・・ The ＜UK＞ Ministry of Defence said British forces had not supplied any weapons, though the Foreign Office acknowledged the UN resolution could be interpreted in different ways. "Our position is clear," a spokesman said. "There is an arms embargo in Libya. At the same time, UN resolution 1973 allows all necessary measures to protect civilians and civilian populations from the threat of attack. We think that the UN resolution allows, in certain limited circumstances, defensive weapons to be provided. But the UK is not engaged in that. Other countries will interpret the resolution in their own way."http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/29/nato-r...

シリアで、政府の治安部隊がハマ等からほぼ完全に撤退した。体制側に疲れ？↓

The Syrian military and the government’s security forces have largely withdrawn from one of the country’s largest cities as well as other areas, residents and activists said Wednesday, leaving territory to protesters whose demonstrations have grown larger and whose chants have taunted a leadership that once inspired deep fear.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/world/middleeast...

President Bashar al-Assad of Syria fired the governor responsible for the city of Hama on Saturday・・・ Mr. Abdulaziz was appointed by presidential decree on Feb. 22, and his short tenure stands in contrast to gubernatorial terms that usually last years. Mr. Assad has also fired the governors of Dara’a, a poor region in southern Syria where the uprising erupted in mid-March, and Homs, a city south of Hama that has become a nexus of protest, with a well-organized local leadership. Neither move did much to stanch the unrest,・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/world/middleeast...

Syria slammed the U.S. government for inciting violence after tens of thousands of Syrians in the city of Hama defied a security crackdown and joined nationwide protests Friday―boosted by an unexpected visit to their city by the U.S. ambassador to Syria.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023035...

Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi is facing dramatic shortages of fuel for his soldiers and citizens in Tripoli, and he is running out of cash to pay his forces and what is left of his government, according to the latest U.S. intelligence reports. In France, the foreign minister reported that Gadhafi is prepared to leave power.・・・ ・・・fuel shortages could occur within as little as a month. The cash shortage follows Turkey’s move last week to seize hundreds of millions of dollars held in the Arab Turkish Bank・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/li...

Syrian security forces killed 27 anti-government protesters in several towns and cities after prayers Friday, mostly in Damascus, amid indications that opposition to President Bashar al-Assad is hardening in the capital.・・・ The scale of the protests in Damascus was perceived as significant because, until now, the capital has been considered a stronghold of government support. “Damascus has proved that it is changing,”・・・ Elsewhere, far bigger demonstrations passed off without incident, in an indication that the government may be losing its grip in some parts of the country.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/sy...

・・・Rebel fighters have penetrated Libya's southwest desert and pulled within 80 miles of Col. Moammar Gadhafi's southern stronghold・・・Sebha・・・ The city of 130,000 is a logistics hub for the regime, channeling food, fuel and other war supplies northward from southern farmlands and neighboring Algeria, Chad and Niger・・・ ・・・in recent weeks, rebels made significant inroads. In the Western Mountains, they have advanced to within 35 miles of Tripoli. ・・・ Misrata's rebels resumed an offensive against neighboring Zlitan. And in the east the rebels are in the midst of an offensive to take the oil city of Brega.・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240531119042...

・・・Rebels in the western city of Misrata said they had captured the chief of operations of government forces in Zlitan on the first day of their attack.General Abdul Nabih Zayid was caught late on Wednesday after advancing fighters overran his command post at Souk Talat, a small village on the outskirts of Zlitan, opposition commanders said.・・・ The general gained notoriety among rebels when he helped co-ordinate the deployment of tanks on the streets of Misrata in March, triggering two months of street fighting that saw much of the city wrecked and hundreds killed.・・・ Rebel units say they are now deploying on the outskirts of Zlitan. The offensive has been launched simultaneously with a push by forces on the eastern front to capture the key oil town of Brega.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/21/libya-...

Qatar lived up to its reputation as a maverick in Middle Eastern politics this week by suspending the operations of its embassy in Damascus. ・・・ Qatari investments in Syria have also reportedly been frozen, but the emirate was not reacting directly to Syrian repression. The measures were taken in response to attacks on its diplomatic mission in the leafy Damascus suburb of Ein Rummaneh, which was pelted with stones, eggs and tomatoes in protest at coverage of the unrest by al-Jazeera TV. ・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/21/qatar-...

・・・the Arab Spring・・・, which were spurned by rising food prices and unemployment, have bequeathed a cruel irony to their makers: A worsening of the very same conditions that sparked the Arab Spring. The economies of Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia are projected to shrink by a collective 0.5 percent this year, reversing 4.4 percent growth in 2010・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/22/t...

Syria's cabinet has backed a draft law to allow rival political parties to the ruling Ba'ath party of president Bashar al-Assad for the first time in decades・・・ New parties must also respect the constitution, which enshrines the dominance of the Ba'ath party as the "leading party in state and society" despite Assad's promises to look at altering it. The criteria would also continue to outlaw Kurdish parties, which operate in the north-east as the most organised of Syria's political opposition.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/25/syria-...

The Libyan rebels' chief of army staff, Abdel Fatah Younis, has been killed in an assassination by pro-Gaddafi agents, according to the rebel authorities.・・・ The press conference, which ended abruptly with the NTC president refusing to take questions, failed to explain how the general could have been ambushed in a highly guarded convoy.・・・ The rebels in the besieged city of Misrata have conspicuously refused to accept orders from Younis, to the extent of insisting that their fighters are not part of the Benghazi-controlled National Army.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/29/abdul-...

・・・the reappearance of the veil in the Muslim world, after several decades during which it had been on the verge of obsolescence ・・・ it re-appeared first among educated women (the group that, several generations earlier, had been the first to discard it) and because the process seemed to be largely voluntary, taking place in countries where no laws coerced women to cover.・・・ The ideology came primarily from the Muslim Brotherhood・・・ As for the money, Ahmed writes, it came from Saudi Arabia・・・http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/books/la...

・・・the ＜Syrian＞ government appears to have decided to head off a planned escalation of the nationwide protests during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan, due to begin Monday, by cracking down in the city＜（Hama）＞ that had become the protest movement’s biggest symbol of hope.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrian-tanks-s...

・・・The late scholar Samuel Huntington predicted soon after 9/11 that the Islamic world’s youth bulge – a full one-third of the entire Arab world is between the ages of 15 and 29 – would be a source of terrorism for years to come. “Young males are the principal perpetrators of violence in all societies: [T]hey exist in over-abundant numbers in Muslim societies,” Huntington wrote in Newsweek. Wright in this book shows how those very youths are proving to be just the opposite – they are liberal torchbearers, attracted to freedom of expression and democracy rather than violence and dictatorship. “Stirred by the young and stoked by new technology, rage against both autocrats and extremists has been building steadily within Muslim societies,” she writes. New technologies and sky-high unemployment have combined with unfulfilled promises to cause great discontent among the Middle Eastern young.・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2011/0...

Italy has recalled its ambassador to Syria to protest the repression of anti-government demonstrations, urging other European nations do the same, and Russia said it would not oppose a U.N. resolution to condemn the violence.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/italy-r...

・・・European and U.S. council members had been pressing for a legally binding resolution that would strongly condemn Syria. But Russia, China, India, Brazil and South Africa had been arguing that condemnation wouldn’t promote negotiations, promised reforms by Assad, and an end to the violence. They also feared that a resolution might be used as a pretext for armed intervention against Syria.・・・ The Europeans and the U.S. agreed to a weaker presidential statement, which still becomes part of council record, in order to get all 15 council members to sign on.・・・ Lebanon, a neighbor and close ally of Syria, didn’t block adoption of the statement. But Lebanon’s deputy U.N. ambassador Caroline Ziade invoked a procedure not used since 1974 by the Americans and 1976 by China, disassociating the country from the statement after it was read at a formal council meeting by the current president, India’s U.N. Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/un...

Libyan rebels・・・say they have captured the town of Bir al-Ghanam, 50 miles (80km) south of Tripoli・・・Hundreds of rebel fighters have moved from the mountain town of Yafran to the front lines, where heavy fighting has taken place・・・ Earlier in the week, government forces launched a counter-offensive against rebels near the strategic western town of Zlitan. Rebels had reached the city's eastern suburbs but were being hampered by a lack of ammunition.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14432108

The Syrian military tightened its suffocating siege on the city of Hama on Saturday in its drive to crush the main center of the anti-regime uprising in the country, even as the foreign minister promised that free parliamentary elections would be held by the end of the year in a gesture of reform. Like previous reform promises, the new announcement is unlikely to have much resonance with Syria’s opposition, which says it has lost all confidence in President Bashar Assad’s overtures.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/ac...

・・・Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah has demanded an end to the bloodshed in Syria and recalled his country's ambassador from Damascus, in a rare case of one of the Arab world's most powerful leaders intervening against another.It was the sharpest criticism the oil giant -- a monarchy who bans political opposition -- has directed against any Arab state since a wave of protests roiled the Middle East and toppled autocrats in Tunisia and Egypt."What is happening in Syria is not acceptable for Saudi Arabia," he said in a written statement read out on Al Arabiya satellite television.Events in Syria had "nothing to do with religion, or values, or ethics", the king said.・・・ "Syria should think wisely before it's too late and issue and enact reforms that are not merely promises but actual reforms," the Saudi king said. "Either it chooses wisdom on its own or it will be pulled down into the depths of turmoil and loss."・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/08/saudi-...

Would the monarchs of the Holy Alliance have supported a democratic uprising anywhere in Europe in 1820? Would Prince Metternich have backed nationalist movements in 1848? Of course not. But their supposed reactionary analogue in the Arab upheavals of 2011, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, has now come out, forcefully if indirectly, for a regime change in Syria. That makes the third time during this Arab spring that Saudi Arabia, the supposed champion of the status-quo, has thrown an Arab leader under the bus. Bashar al-Asad now joins Muammar al-Qaddafi and Ali Abdullah Saleh in the club of Arab leaders Saudi Arabia can do without.・・・ But that is the wrong frame in which to understand Saudi Arabia's regional policy during this time of Arab upheaval. The right frame is the regional balance of power battle between Riyadh and Tehran. In that context, the Saudi move against the Asad regime makes much more sense.Syria is Iran's most important and longest-standing Arab ally. Under Bashar's father, Hafiz al-Asad, Damascus was able to sustain good relations with Riyadh while also cultivating the Persian connection. But the son has proven less nimble in balancing his regional relations. ・・・ The sectarian element of the Syrian confrontation, with an ostensibly secular and Alawite Shiite dominated regime brutally suppressing the Sunni Muslim majority, becomes a more prominent element in how the overwhelmingly Sunni Saudis, population and leadership, view events.・・・http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/09/...

Libyan rebels・・・captured・・・Brega・・・a key oil terminal Thursday that has repeatedly changed hands in the 6-month-old civil war.・・・ On Thursday, hundreds of rebel fighters seized control of Nasser City, a small town about 16 miles (25 kilometer) south of the coastal town of Zawiya, after several hours of battle. Nasser City is the closest rebels have come to Tripoli, Gadhafi’s main stronghold. Zawiya is just 30 miles (50 kilometers) west of the Libyan capital.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/li...

シリアじゃ、独裁政党のバース党の中から、体制変革を求める声が出てきた。↓

・・・Though there are no signs of an imminent collapse, flagging support of the business elite in Damascus, divisions among senior officials and even moves by former government stalwarts to distance themselves from the leadership come at a time when Syria also faces what may be its greatest isolation in more than four decades of rule by the Assad family.・・・ In Damascus this week, 41 former Baathists and government officials・・・announced an initiative for a political transition. Led by・・・a former information minister・・・, the group urged an end to the crackdown, the deployment of the military and the relentless arrest campaign. Otherwise, the group warned, the country was headed for “catastrophic results.”・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/11/world/middleeast...

・・・In one sign of the growing frustration of the protesters, who have taken to the streets for 22 consecutive Fridays, chants at this week’s demonstrations called not only for the toppling of the government but the death of Assad.・・・ ＜トルコも、（またここには引用しなかったが）米国も日和見始めた。反体制がバラバラなので、アサド後に心配があるからだ。↓＞ ・・・an announcement by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Wednesday giving Assad 10 to 15 days to implement reforms seemed to have slowed the momentum that had been building toward calls for his departure.・・・ A key concern,・・・Clinton・・・explained・・・on Thursday, is that the largely ad hoc protest movement has still not coalesced around an identifiable leader or plan for a post-Assad Syria.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/sy...

There have been serious clashes around Zawiya in western Libya, with the government denying rebels had captured the key coastal town. It is 30km (22 miles) to the capital's west on the strategic road to Tunisia.・・・ ＜また、ミスラタの東50kmの地点まで到達した。↓＞ Meanwhile, to the east of Tripoli, rebels have taken the town of Tawarga, 50km (35 miles) outside Misrata. ・・・ Rebels now hope to press on to a strategic junction, just outside Tawarga, capturing which would sever the last remaining supply route to the city of Sirt, Col Gadaffi's birthplace.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14519304 ＜石油積み出し港のブレガではまだ戦闘が続いている。↓＞ ・・・Gaddafi's forces still control the port, oil terminal and refinery in Brega, which has changed hands several times over months of fighting. His opponents are intent on seizing the port's oil facilities to begin exporting oil.http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/13/libyan...

・・・Zawiya・・・just 50km (30 miles) west of Tripoli・・・controls the main road west from Tripoli to the Tunisia - a key supply route for Col Gaddafi's forces. Zawiya's oil refinery - the only one in western Libya - also supplies his forces with most of their fuel.・・・ Zawiya's loss would prove a decisive moment in the conflict, giving the rebels the upper hand, ・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14523802

・・・Besides Zawiyah, which lies 27 miles west of Tripoli, rebel fighters said they captured the nearby towns of Sorman and Sabrata. Gaddafi forces were reportedly still in charge of the oil refinery near Zawiyah, and it was unclear who was in control of the coastal road to the border.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/to... ＜カダフィ政権の内相がカイロに「亡命」。日本の主要紙は外電に依拠して副大臣としているが、恐らくは、外電の誤記。↓＞ ・・・ the interior minister and longstanding Gaddafi security aide, Nasser al-Mabrouk Abdullah, arrived in Cairo via Tunisia in a private plane with nine family members.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/15/muamma...

・・・Syria's overall economy, stock market, vital tourism industry and foreign investment have collapsed, according to economists and analysts. It appears to have hemorrhaged cash, with the bulk flowing to Lebanon, which has long served as a conduit for Syrian finances. But its currency, the Syrian pound, has held strong, staying about the same as before an uprising against President Bashar Assad began five months ago.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

・・・The・・・UN human rights investigators have listed the names of 50 regime figures who could be prosecuted by the international criminal court (ICC) for crimes committed against civilians during the violent crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators. The list is believed to include officials from the president's inner circle and security agencies.・・・ A decision on whether to refer the names to the ICC is likely to be made on Thursday.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/18/syria-...

・・・rebels controlling more than two thirds of the country.・・・ It was a day of heavy street fighting in Zlitan, where rebels from Misrata came up against tanks and troops from the 32nd brigade commanded by Gaddafi's son Khamis. Thirty-five rebel troops were killed and scores more injured. By Friday night, however, opposition leaders said they had taken control of the city 100 miles east of Tripoli. They said their column had reached the outskirts of Al Khums another 30 miles along the coast.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/19/tripol...

・・・カダフィ大佐派の親衛部隊が・・・トリポリに進撃中の反体制派部隊に降伏、同派部隊はカダフィ氏の次男で有力後継候補と目されていたサイフルイスラム氏を拘束した・・・＜こ＞のほか、カダフィ氏の長男ムハンマド氏や三男サアディ氏も降伏し反体制派に拘束されたという。・・・http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/news/110822/mds1108... ＜この５日間、カダフィ一家はカネ等の資産を外国に持ち出しており、彼らの多くは既にチュニジアへ脱出していて、恐らくアルジェリアに向かうことになりそう。↓＞ ・・・Western intelligence sources・・・say that Moammar Gaddafi’s family has been moving money and other assets outside the country over the past five days in anticipation of the regime’s collapse. According to these sources, Gaddafi has left Tripoli but is still in the country.・・・ The Gaddafi family, including his three sons, is said by this source to be in Tunisia, perhaps on the way to exile in Algeria.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/...

・・・"I think it's impossible that he'll surrender," said Abdel-Salam Jalloud, a former Libyan prime minister and presidential right-hand man who fled to Rome at the weekend. He added, in an interview on Italian TV: "He is not like Hitler, who had the courage to kill himself." Jalloud said his former friend had "no means of leaving Tripoli" and would most likely end up dead.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/22/muamma...

＜20日を期してトリポリで蜂起を起こすべく武器弾薬をこっそり運び入れてたんだな。蜂起に侵攻部隊が連携した。↓＞ ・・・Over the past several weeks, they smuggled weapons into Tripoli and stashed them in safe houses. They spread the word among local revolutionaries that widespread protests would begin after the Ramadan evening prayers on the appointed day. They chose Aug. 20, which also just happened to be the anniversary of the prophet Mohammed’s liberation of Mecca. In the end, it was Saturday’s uprising inside Tripoli ― combined with a rebel military advance toward the capital across three fronts ― that overwhelmed Colonel Qaddafi’s beleaguered soldiers, though fighting continues in the capital. ・・・ ＜諸外国は、武器・燃料・薬品・食糧供給を支援し、NATOは戦闘機とドローンで近接航空支援を行った。また、反体制派「兵士」多数がカタールで軍事訓練を受けていた。↓＞ They were aided by steady supplies of weapons, fuel, medicine and food from British, French and Qatari troops and an escalated bombing campaign by NATO jets and American Predator drones. Hundreds of rebels took part in secret military training inside Qatar. ＜ミスラタから船でトリポリに「兵士」を潜入させる作戦も行われた。↓＞ Rebel forces even advanced on Tripoli by boat, arranging a flotilla from the town of Misurata in an operation the rebels called Mermaid Dawn. ・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/world/africa/23r...

How dangerous is firing a gun into the air?・・・ ・・・although the velocity of a falling bullet is lower than that of one which has just been fired, it is still sufficient to be fatal.・・・ According to a 1962 study, .30 calibre rounds can reach terminal velocities of 300 feet (91m) per second as they fall. More recent research has indicated that 200 feet (61m) per second is enough to penetrate the skull.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14616491

・・・the "Iron Dome" missile-defense system shot down about 20 militant rockets in recent days before they landed in Israel cities. That provided a window for mediators from Egypt and the United Nations to step in and calm the situation.・・・ Israel only has two of the systems and has said it needs around 15 batteries for optimal protection around Gaza and the Lebanon border. Defense Minister Ehud Barak said Israel would have two more batteries by the end of this year, and nine by the end of 2013. The US Congress has budgeted $203.4 million in 2011 to help pay for more batteries, which cost $21 million each. ・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/08...

・・・Rebel forces have been advancing on Sirte from both east and west, but the symbolic value of taking the city has been outweighed by the rebels' need to overrun loyalist bases from where Scud missiles are still being launched against Misrata. The Soviet-era rockets are the heaviest weapons so far deployed by pro-Gaddafi forces. At least four have been aimed at the city, the latest exploding amid a flash of orange in a thunderous detonation in the early hours of Wednesday, causing panic among hundreds of people gathered to greet relatives fleeing from Tripoli. The missiles' failure to reach their target appears to be because of the US navy, with reports that a cruiser operating in the Mediterranean has been using Aegis missiles to intercept the Scuds each time. So far the US navy has hit four out of four, but no one is sure how many Scuds the government forces still possess, or whether Gaddafi has the capability to mount chemical warheads. Opposition forces were converging on the town from two directions: fighters from Misrata were said to be approaching the city outskirts against minimum resistance from the West. Meanwhile opposition forces from the east were advancing after capturing the key oil ports of Brega and Ras Lanuf.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/24/libya-...

長期的にも、最近においても、体制転覆は、非暴力的手段によってなされたものの方が多いってさ。↓

・・・from 1900 to 2006, major nonviolent resistance campaigns seeking to overthrow dictatorships, throw out foreign occupations, or achieve self-determination were more than twice as successful as violent insurgencies seeking the same goals. The recent past alone suggests as much; even before the Arab Spring, nonviolent campaigns in Serbia (2000), Madagascar (2002), Ukraine (2004), Lebanon (2005), and Nepal (2006) succeeded in ousting regimes from power. The reason for this is that nonviolent campaigns typically appeal to a much broader and diverse constituency than violent insurgencies.・・・http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/24/t...

・・・Even as battles continued for pockets of Tripoli on Thursday, a clearer picture is emerging to explain how Libya's uprising succeeded with little widespread bloodshed in the capital. In part, it is because onetime regime stalwarts―including internal security commanders・・・were secretly part of the rebel leadership. ・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240531119048...

・・・Iran’s foreign minister, Ali Akbar Salehi・・・, called on the government in Damascus to recognize its people’s “legitimate” demands on Saturday・・・ Mr. Salehi’s remarks echoed those on Friday by Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of the Iranian-backed Shiite militant group Hezbollah, in which he called on Syria to introduce reforms・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/middleeast...

武力でリビアのカダフィ政権が倒されたことの、シリアとイェーメンへの影響が詳述されている。↓

・・・Libian・・・rebels＜'＞・・・ astonishing success ― caught in real time on satellite television across the Middle East ― may alter what unfolds in rebellions in Syria and Yemen, which have endured months of bloody crackdowns. It is not clear whether the dissidents in these nations will shift from peaceful disobedience to armed insurrection・・・ ＜リビアでは、パレスティナ問題を巡る欧米への嫌悪感が希薄だ。↓＞ But the intervention was more palatable for Libyans, who were steeped in the all-encompassing cult of Kadafi and a bit detached from the Arab world's disdain for the United States and the West over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and other passions. ＜リビアは、シリアやイェーメンほど、地理的・政治的に重要じゃない。↓＞ Libya also did not have the strategic geographic and political importance of Syria and Yemen.・・・ ＜しかも、リビア同様、シリアとイェーメンでも、部族的対立がある上、シリアには宗派的対立もある。よって、シリアで武力闘争が始まると収拾がつかなくなる恐れがある。↓＞ ＜Besides, s＞imilar tribal divisions bristle in Yemen, and sectarian and religious differences are undercurrents in Syria. So far protesters in Syria and Yemen, which is brimming with guns and is the region's poorest country, have trodden at the edges of these dynamics. Armed revolt against Yemen's Saleh could ignite a civil war and provide the country's Al Qaeda branch more entrenched footing.・・・http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-f...

＜同国の反体制派が弱いのは、内戦の悪夢が消えていないから。それに、天然ガス・石油収入を不満軽減のためにうまく使っているから。↓＞ ・・・The fact that the Algerian regime survived almost unscathed while others fell is due partly to the country's history -- many Algerians still have bitter memories of the internal conflict in the 1990s that cost 100,000 or more lives -- as well as some smart handling of the situation by the authorities. Unlike Mubarak in Egypt, they lifted the 19-year-old state of emergency and, cushioned by oil and gas revenues, were able to offer economic concessions. ＜しかも、反体制派は分断されている。↓＞ ＜Further, t＞he opposition, while heavily constrained by the authorities, was divided by internal disagreements, and without a common set of grievances disparate groups of protesters -- students, the unemployed, civil servants, doctors, etc -- pursued their own sectional interests. ＜また、治安部隊が強力かつ狡猾。↓＞ ＜It is ＞also noted that the Algerian security forces are more integrated into the political system than in Tunisia and Egypt. The police force is very substantial, having increased from 50,000 in the mid-1990s to 170,000 today, and is comparatively well paid and professional. Perhaps more significantly, the security forces were careful not to fan the flames by killing large numbers of protesters.・・・ ＜独裁ではなく、高齢者による集団的支配が行われている。↓＞ Unlike the toppled regimes of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, the Algerian regime is not really a one-man (or one-family) show. It is more of a collective gerontocracy, whose members are gradually fading away without being replaced by new blood.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/3...

＜トリポリで関係が記された文書が見つかった。↓＞ The key figure behind secret co-operation between western spy agencies and the Gaddafi regime – and the only British intelligence officer so far identified in the documents discovered in Tripoli – is Sir Mark Allen, formerly MI6's director of counter-terrorism.・・・ ＜MI6とリビアの諜報機関が交渉して、カダフィ政権に核・化学兵器計画の放棄が実現した。↓＞ Allen was the driving force behind the secret and delicate negotiations which led Gaddafi to abandon his chemical and nuclear weapons programme. The talks, which started around the same time as the Iraq invasion, culminated in a celebratory lunch presided over by Allen in the Travellers Club in Pall Mall, London, in December 2003. The leader of the Libyan delegation was Moussa Koussa, head of Gaddafi's foreign intelligence agency. Koussa, who later became Libya's foreign minister, defected with MI6's help soon after the anti-Gaddafi movement erupted this spring. ＜MI6はカダフィの次男で後にLSEに留学することとなったサイフとも深い関係にあった。↓＞ Allen also developed a close relationship with Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam, who was Gaddafi's initial personal envoy to MI6 and later studied at the London School of Economics. ＜MI6と英法務大臣が、スコットランド上空での、いわゆるロッカビー民航機爆破事件のリビア人犯人の引き渡しを実現させた。↓＞ Along with then justice secretary Jack Straw, Allen was instrumental in arranging a prison transfer agreement with Libya which facilitated the release of the convicted Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi. Straw backed Allen to take over as chief of MI6 when the post fell vacant in 2004. Instead Blair appointed Sir John Scarlett, head of the Joint Intelligence Committee, who played a leading role in drawing up the Iraq weapons dossier. It has emerged since, mainly through his evidence to the Chilcot inquiry, that Allen was strongly against the invasion of Iraq. ＜MI6でリビアとの窓口役だった男は、対イラク開戦に反対していたこともあって、MI6の長になれず退職したが、彼が「天下った」コンサルティング会社が、サイフのLSEでの博士論文作成を手伝った。また、この会社は、カダフィ政権のイメージアップのための全球的情宣に多額の料金をせしめつつ片棒を担いだ。↓＞ Allen was knighted in 2005 and became a senior advisor to the Monitor Group, a private consultancy used by Saif Gaddafi in researching his PhD thesis at LSE – help Saif openly acknowledged. The Monitor Group was paid large sums by Gaddafi to boost his image around the world.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/04/mark-a...

・・・on Thursday, President Ahmadinejad of Iran became the most recent, and perhaps the most unexpected, world leader to call for President Assad to end his violent crackdown of an uprising challenging his authoritarian rule in Syria. ・・・ ・・・the Iranians have tried to play both sides of the barricades, supporting their allies in Syria with all manner of aid while simultaneously voicing support for the revolutions elsewhere, initially calling them the offspring of their own 1979 revolution. ・・・ ＜まるでベルルスコーニが性道徳を説いてるようなもんだってさ。↓＞ Iran calling for Syria to dialogue rather than use force against its population is akin to Silvio Berlusconi telling Charlie Sheen not to womanize・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/world/middleeast...

Syria’s uprising has become more violent in the country’s most restive regions, in what may signal the start of a protracted armed struggle after six months of largely peaceful protests in the face of a ferocious government crackdown・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/middleeast...

・・・Sabha・・・'s airport and castle had been liberated, said National Transitional Council military spokesman Ahmed Bani. ・・・ Anti-Gaddafi forces launched an offensive on・・・Bani Walid・・・on Thursday and again on Friday, but were forced to retreat under heavy fire both times. Heavy clashes have continued since then.・・・ ・・・900 armoured vehicles were involved in an assault on the Mediterranean city of Sirte over the weekend, with more reinforcements being brought in.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14980398

・・・ where Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, the deposed leader's son, was said to have been spotted ＜at Bani Walid＞.・・・ Rebels in Misrata believe a senior Gaddafi figure -- possibly another son, Mutasim -- is hiding in the coastal city of Sirte・・・ Many believe that the ferocity of the resistance in both strongholds can be explained only by the presence of a member of the former ruling family.・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/19/gaddaf...

・・・the Transitional National Council, the interim government・・・'s leader, Mustafa Abdel Jalil, was warmly welcomed by President Obama and other world leaders who had supported its side in the Libya conflict. The new flag of Libya flew over the United Nations for the first time, and the African Union officially recognized the council as the governing authority in Libya.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/africa/qad...

イラク政府が、これまでの姿勢を改め、シリアのアサド大統領の退陣を求めた。↓

After months of striking a far friendlier tone toward the government of President Bashar al-Assad of Syria, the Iraqi government has joined a chorus of other nations calling on him to step down. An adviser to the Iraqi prime minister, Nuri Kamal al-Maliki, said in an interview on Tuesday that the Iraqi government had sent messages to Mr. Assad that said he should resign. ＜一党支配と独裁制に反対すると表明。↓＞ “We believe that the Syrian people should have more freedom and have the right to experience democracy,” said the adviser, Ali al-Moussawi. “We are against the one-party rule and the dictatorship that hasn’t allowed for the freedom of expression.” The statements from Mr. Moussawi mark a significant change for Iraq. When the United States and several of its major allies called in August for Mr. Assad to cede power, the Iraqi government appeared to be more in line with Iran, which has supported Mr. Assad. The same day as the American statement, Mr. Maliki gave a speech warning Arab leaders that Israel would benefit the most from the Arab Spring.・・・http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/middleeast...

Libya's interim government said today that they believe Muammar Qaddafi is being protected by tribesmen in the desert along the Algerian border・・・ ・・・they suspect Qaddafi is hiding in the town of Ghadames, with protection by Tuareg tribesmen who also supported Qaddafi before he was ousted from power. The former leader supported their rebellions against the governments of Mali and Niger. ・・・ ＜They＞ also said that they suspect that Qaddafi's son Said al-Islam is hiding in Bani Walid, one of the loyalist holdouts, and that his son Mutassem is in Sirte, Muammar Qaddafi's hometown.・・・http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/Qaddafi...

・・・"If the Syrian leadership is incapable of conducting such reforms, it will have to go, but this decision should be taken not in Nato or certain European countries, it should be taken by the Syrian people and the Syrian leadership."Mr Medvedev has previously called for Syria to launch reforms but has stopped short of saying Mr Assad should step down if he does not implement them.・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-152187...

More than six months after the start of the Syrian uprising, Iraq is offering key moral and financial support to the country’s embattled president,・・・ hosting official visits by Syrians, signing pacts to expand business ties and offering political support・・・undermining a central U.S. policy objective and raising fresh concerns that Iraq is drifting further into the orbit of an American arch rival ― Iran.・・・ Iraqi leaders also have criticized Assad’s brutality, as, indeed, Iran’s Ahmadinejad has done in public remarks. But Iraqi officials have refused to call for Assad’s ouster, or accept Syrian refugees, or even offer symbolic support for the anti-Assad opposition. ・・・ ＜シリアはイランのお友達だし、アサドのアラウィ派は一応シーア派を標榜してるし・・。↓＞ Maliki ― a Shiite Muslim who lived in exile in Syria for nearly 15 years ― has strategic and sectarian reasons for avoiding a direct confrontation with Assad. Members of Iraq’s Shiite majority and Syria’s ruling Alawite Shiite sect share a common worry about Sunni-led insurgencies. Some Iraqis fear that a violent overthrow of Syrian Alawites will trigger unrest across the border in Iraq.・・・ Only in mid-September・・・did the Iraqi government issue a statement that appeared to call for Assad’s ouster.・・・ But less than 24 hours later・・・＜t＞he same spokesman・・・told reporters on Sept. 21 that Iraqi leaders had never called for Assad’s resignation and said he had been misquoted. ・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-secur...

・・・Libya's former "brother leader" repeatedly offered gold and money in return for his life. "・・・ "He was repeating that he would give everyone cash, that he would pay for our children to go to school. At one point someone yelled at him that instead of talking about money, he should pray, like a good Muslim, and entrust his soul to God before dying. But he continued to say he was ready to give us money, lots of money and gold."・・・http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/22/libya-...

＜最期の最期まで独裁者然としていて、上から目線で「命乞い」をしたKYなカダフィ。↓＞ ・・・"When he came out from the hole, he started saying: 'What's up, guys, please wait. What's the problem? I'm with you. You're not allowed to do that. Hey!' He still thinks he is the president or the dictator."・・・http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15419106

ドイツの諜報機関（だけ？）は、カダフィの居所を把握してたらしいね。
諜報機関すらない日本とはエライ違いだ。↓

The decision to opt out of NATO efforts to aid the Libyan revolution alienated Germany from it Western allies. But・・・Germany's foreign intelligence service, the BND, helped root out the location of deposed Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi last Thursday before his capture・・・.・・・ Indeed, the fugitive former leader's exact whereabouts in his hometown of Sirte had been known for weeks by the BND ahead of his capture and subsequent death on Oct. 20.・・・http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,7...

＜英国銀行の頭取は、そもそもユーロ危機の根本原因の一つはドイツの輸出志向で貯蓄志向だとドイツを非難している。↓＞ Germans need to stop saving and start spending, or the rolling financial crisis that kicked off in 2008 will only get worse. That, in a nutshell, was Bank of England Governor Mervyn King's message in a speech he made earlier this week,・・・http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240529702044...

Libya’s top leader declared the country officially “liberated” Sunday from the four-decade rule of Moammar Gaddafi, pledging to replace his dictatorship with a more democratic but also a more strictly Islamic system. In a speech to a cheering, flag-waving crowd, Mustafa Abdel Ja¬lil, head of the Transitional National Council, promised to ban interest on housing loans and scrap other laws that didn’t conform to Islamic jurisprudence.・・・ ・・・senior Libyan officials played down the changes Abdel Jalil was proposing, saying that he wanted to outlaw interest on housing and personal loans, but not on business loans. He also envisioned changing marriage laws to make it easier for men to take a second wife, they said.・・・ Under current Libyan law, a man seeking a second wife must receive his first wife’s permission and appear before a judge.・・・http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/li...