1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

2.
United States Mint
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The United States Mint produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money, the Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centres, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints, Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, the Mint was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and originally placed within the Department of State. Per the terms of the Coinage Act, the first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States, today, the Mints headquarters are in Washington D. C. It operates mint facilities in Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, New York and a bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Official Mints were once located in Carson City, Nevada, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D. C. and even in Manila. Originally part of the State Department, the Mint was made an independent agency in 1799 and it converted precious metals into standard coin for anyones account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury and it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasurys account, the first Director of the United States Mint was renowned scientist David Rittenhouse from 1792 to 1795. The position was held most recently by Edmund C, moy until his resignation effective January 9,2011. Henry Voigt was the first Superintendent and Chief Coiner, and is credited with some of the first U. S. coin designs. Another important position at the Mint is that of Chief Engraver, the Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as Ye Olde Mint. With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, the first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana branches. Both the Charlotte and Dahlonega Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of gold deposits into coinage. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently, the New Orleans Mint closed at the beginning of the Civil War and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time. A new branch facility was opened in Carson City, Nevada, in 1870, it operated until 1893, like the Charlotte and Dahlonega branches, the Carson City Mint was opened to take advantage of local precious metal deposits, in this case, a large vein of silver. Though gold coins were produced there, no base metal coins were

3.
Kennedy half dollar
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The Kennedy half dollar, first minted in 1964, is a fifty-cent coin currently issued by the United States Mint. Intended as a memorial to the assassinated President John F. Kennedy, use of existing works by Mint sculptors Gilroy Roberts and Frank Gasparro allowed dies to be prepared quickly, and striking of the new coins began in January 1964. The silver coins were hoarded upon their release in March 1964 by collectors, although the Mint greatly increased production, the denomination was seldom seen in circulation. Continued rises in the price of increased the hoarding—many early Kennedy half dollars have been melted for their silver. Starting with 1965-dated pieces, the percentage of silver was reduced from 90% to 40%. In 1971, when silver was eliminated entirely from the coins and production increased, the series began to see improved, a special design for the reverse of the half dollar was issued for the United States Bicentennial and was struck in 1975 and 1976. In 2014 a special edition of the Kennedy half dollar was struck in 99. 99% gold. Even though ample supplies of circulating half dollars are available from most banks. Since 2002, Kennedy half dollars have only been struck to satisfy the demand from collectors, within hours of the assassination of John F. Mrs. Kennedys reasoning was that she did not want to replace George Washington on the quarter, both Roberts and Gasparros designs had been approved by Kennedy. After the Mint produced trial strikes, Jacqueline and Robert Kennedy were invited to view them, mrs. Kennedy viewed the designs favorably, but suggested that the hair be altered slightly. Frank Gasparros reverse design of the Kennedy half dollar was also influenced by the experience he gained from designing the President John, the reverse design of the Kennedy appreciation medal depicts a larger and more detailed Presidential Seal than the one he designed on the Mints Presidential series. Gasparros placement of his initials FG is also located on both the Kennedy appreciation medal and Kennedy half dollar. Congressional approval was required for any change within 25 years of the last. In early December, Representative Henry Gonzalez introduced a bill for Kennedy to appear on the half dollar, President Johnson stated that he had been moved by letters from many members of the public to agree with the plan. The bill to authorize the Kennedy half dollar passed on December 30,1963, work was already underway on coinage dies, the use of the already-available designs allowed for the completion of the first dies on January 2,1964. Only proof coins were initially struck, the first Kennedy half dollars intended for circulation were struck at the Denver Mint on January 30,1964, followed by the Philadelphia Mint the next week. A ceremonial first strike was held at both Philadelphia and Denver on February 11,1964, the Treasury Department made the coins available to the public beginning on March 24,1964

4.
John R. Sinnock
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John Ray Sinnock was the eighth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1925 to 1947. Sinnock was the designer of the Roosevelt dime and Franklin half dollar and his initials can be found at the base of the Roosevelt and Franklin busts. He also sculpted, although did not design, the Purple Heart medal, Sinnock was born July 8,1888 in Raton, New Mexico and was educated at the Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Art. His longtime confidant was Margaret Campbell who inherited much of his artwork as well as his collection of materials related to the development of the Roosevelt Dime. For ten years Sinnock was an art instructor at both his alma mater and at Western Reserve University and he was appointed Assistant Engraver and Medallist at the Philadelphia Mint in 1917 before becoming the Chief Engraver in 1925. Upon the initial minting of the Roosevelt dime in 1946, a false narrative arose in the United States that the letters JS actually stood not for John Sinnock, the urban folk story coincided with the Second Red Scare. The rumor surfaced again after the release of the Sinnock designed Franklin half dollar in 1948, Sinnock denied this claim and said that the obverse portrait of the President was a composite of two studies which he made from life in 1933 and 1934. Sinnock said that he also consulted photographs of FDR and had the advice, merchant Marine World War II Victory Medal John R. Sinnock bio at askart. com

5.
Frank Gasparro
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Frank Gasparro was the tenth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, holding this position from February 23,1965 to January 16,1981. Before that, he was Assistant Engraver and he designed both sides of the Susan B. Anthony dollar, both sides of the Eisenhower Dollar, the Lincoln Memorial reverse of the cent, and the reverse of the Kennedy half dollar, Gasparro was born in Philadelphia on August 26,1909. His musician father wanted his son to continue in the family profession and his father ultimately relented and had Gasparro apprentice under sculptor Giuseppe Donato, who had earlier worked for Auguste Rodin. Frank graduated from South Philadelphia High School in 1927 and has been inducted into the SPHS Alumni Cultural Hall of Fame and he attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and traveled to Europe with the aid of scholarships that allowed him to refine his craft. He was hired by the United States Mint in December 1942 under Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock, Gasparros design was selected from a group of 23 designs prepared by the Mints engraving staff to replace the Wheat cent produced by the Mint from 1909 to 1958. His original design included the words Lincoln Memorial and 13 stars around the rim of the coin, Gasparro would often tell cashiers that he had designed the back of the penny and when asked what he had designed as a sculptor would reply its in your pocket. By the time of his death, Gasparros design had appeared on the more than 100 billion pennies produced by the Mint, asked to produce a design for the Susan B. Anthony dollar, Gasparro was able to find two photos of womens suffrage leader, one at age 28 and the other when she was 84 and he initially chose the portrait of the younger Anthony, but widespread consensus was that the design made her look too pretty. His design using the photo was accepted. While Gasparro felt that the Anthony dollar was his top achievement, the coin was largely rejected by the public, one of his best known works was the obverse of the Congressional gold medal for John Wayne, widely bought by the public in bronze. After his retirement from the mint he continued to design medals for private and public groups. He also taught art at Philadelphias Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial until shortly before his death, Gasparro died at age 92 on September 29,2001, in Havertown, Pennsylvania. He was survived by his wife, Julia, and a daughter

6.
Robert Scot
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Robert Scot was Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1793 until his death in 1823. He was succeeded by William Kneass, Scot designed the popular and rare Flowing Hair dollar coinage along with the Liberty Cap half cent. Scot is perhaps best known for his design, the Draped Bust, Robert Scot was the most prolific engraver of early American patriotic iconography, with symbols and images depicting rebellion, unity, victory, and liberty throughout his career in America. Scot was born on October 2,1745 in Canongate, Scotland and he learned watchmaking, and also was trained as a line engraver by Richard Cooper, Sr. at the Trustees Academy, with classes at the University of Edinburgh. Robert Scot moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1775 and he began engraving plates for Virginia currency in 1775, first using the Arms of Britain. After the landmark Fifth Virginia Convention of May,1776, Scot engraved Virginia currency with the radical Virginia Seal design, in 1778 Scot engraved Virginia currency with the motto Sic Semper Tyrannis meaning Thus Always to Tyrants. Scot moved from Fredericksburg to the new Virginia Capitol of Richmond in 1780, under the direction of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson in 1780, Robert Scot engraved the Virginia Happy While United medals as gifts to Native American Indian Chiefs. The medals utilized Benjamin Franklins motto Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God, on January 4,1781, Richmond was burned and destroyed by British troops under the command of General Benedict Arnold, who became an American traitor after defecting to the British Army in 1780. After the burning of Richmond, Scot planned his move to Philadelphia in the spring of 1781, Scot announced his arrival in Philadelphia with newspaper advertisements in May of 1781, listing his engraving shop at the corner of Vine and Front Streets. He began engraving for Robert Morris, then Superintendent of the Office of Finance of the United States, the paper money that Scot engraved for Morris helped to finance the Siege of Yorktown, the decisive battle of the American Revolution. Scot would continue to engrave for American officers, for the Society of the Cincinnati, as a Freemason, Robert Scot engraved the frontispiece for Ahiman Rezon, dedicated to General George Washington, for the Grand Lodge of Philadelphia. Scot also reproduced Charles Willson Peales 1772 portrait of George Washington as a drawing and line engraving. Other members included Timothy Matlack, the scribe of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence of the United States initiated a requirement for a seal that would represent the sovereignty of the United States of America. After three design committees had not yet completed the work for the Great Seal, Secretary of Congress Charles Thomson was given the assignment to complete the design in June of 1782. Thomsons design utilized many of the features of the committees work, the engraver for the original Great Seal die was attributed as Robert Scot by Richardson Dougall and Richard Patterson in their book, The Eagle and the Shield. The primary source of their attribution was a note by Thomson for payment of a seal to Robert Scot, the only seal that Thomson is known to have been involved with is the Great Seal. Robert Scot engraved 25 copperplates of scientific illustrations for Thomas Dobsons 1788 American reprint of William Nicholsons Natural Philosophy

7.
William Kneass
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William Kneass was the second Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1824 until his death in 1840. Kneass is credited with designing the Classic Head motif, which appeared on numerous denominations of American currency, including the gold Quarter Eagle and he also modified John Reichs Capped Bust design on the half dime through half-dollar from the years 1829-1837. Additionally, Kneass utilized his modified Capped Bust for the rebirth of the half-dime in 1829, william Kneass was born in September 1781 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He served in the War of 1812 as an associate of the field engineers. He ran an office on Fourth above Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Kneass also worked as an engraver of plates for bookwork, although he mainly worked in line engraving, he was also known for producing aquatints. He also worked in two other engraving firms that bore his name, Kneass & Dellaker, and Young & Kneass & Co, on January 29,1824, Kneass was appointed Chief Engraver of the United States Mint. During his tenure as Chief Engraver, he production of gold coinage. In 1830, Kneass redesigned the quarter, and in 1834 and he also introduced a new Liberty head on the half dollar, a design that was modified several times over the next two years. In 1835 Mint director Samuel Moore wrote of him, Mr. Kneass, our present engraver. is an acceptable, popular and very useful Officer, perhaps one of the most rapid in execution in the U. I do not know whether another could be found, whose celerity in his profession could have sufficed to furnish all the dies we have necessarily employed within the last five years. On August 27,1835, Kneass suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right side. Once second engraver Christian Gobrecht was hired, he did most pattern, Kneass was succeeded by Gobrecht as Chief Engraver on December 21 of that year. Kneass was married to Mary Turner Honeyman Kneass, one of their 6 children, Samuel Honeyman Kneass, was a notable civil engineer and architect, based in Philadelphia. Another, Strickland Kneass, was an engineer, Kneass was remembered as a warm gentleman of the old-school, who had the rare quality of engaging and winning the esteem and affection of children and youth Taxay, Don. New York, N. Y. Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications

8.
Christian Gobrecht
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Christian Gobrecht was the third Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1840 until his death in 1844. He was responsible for designing the famous Seated Liberty designs, which were in turn the inspiration for the design of the Trade Dollar. He also designed the Gobrecht Dollar, which was struck in small quantities from 1836 to 1838, Gobrecht was born on December 23,1785, in Hanover, Pennsylvania, to Reverend John C. Gobrecht, who came to America from Germany in 1755, and Elizabeth Sands and he invented a medal ruling machine in 1810, which he improved upon in 1817. In 1823, Mint Director Robert Patterson sought to engage Gobrecht as assistant director, instead, in December, Gobrecht sought the position of chief engraver of the Mint, writing to President James Monroe. Instead, the position went to William Kneass, there is extant documentation showing that Gobrecht worked for the Mint as early as 1823 immediately upon the death of the first chief engraver Robert Scot. This was only an appointment until a new chief engraver William Kneass was hired in January 1824. He also engraved and sold letter and numeral punches to the Mint from this point forward and he became not an assistant but a Second engraver in September 1835 after Kneass suffered a debilitating stroke on August 27 of that year. After Kneass stroke, most all pattern and die work was done by Gobrecht from then on, including the Gobrecht Dollars, shortly after Kneass death in 1840, Gobrecht was appointed Chief Engraver of the U. S. Mint on December 21,1840. During his tenure of Chief Engraver of the Mint, Gobrecht produced perhaps what he is known for, the Seated Liberty dollar, based on sketches by Thomas Sully. That design remained on U. S. coinage as late as 1891 Gobrecht died in July 1844, additionally to engraving for the Mint, he also produced embossing plaque for bookbinding. New York, N. Y. Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications

9.
James B. Longacre
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James Barton Longacre was an American portraitist and engraver, and from 1844 until his death the fourth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint. Longacre is best known for designing the Indian Head cent, which entered commerce in 1859, Longacre was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania in 1794. He ran away to Philadelphia at age 12, becoming an apprentice in a bookstore and his artistic talent developed and he was released to apprentice in an engraving firm. He struck out on his own in 1819, making a name providing illustrations for popular biographical books and he portrayed the leading men of his day, support from some of them, such as South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun, led to his appointment as chief engraver after the death of Christian Gobrecht in 1844, in Longacres first years as a chief engraver, the Philadelphia Mint was dominated by Mint Director Robert M. Patterson and Chief Coiner Franklin Peale. Conflict between Longacre and the two men developed after Congress ordered a new gold dollar and double eagle, with both to be designed by Longacre. Peale and Patterson nearly had Longacre fired, but the engraver was able to convince Treasury Secretary William M. Meredith that he should be retained. Both Patterson and Peale left the Mint in the early 1850s, in 1856, Longacre designed the Flying Eagle cent. When that design proved difficult to strike, Longacre was responsible for the replacement, other coins designed by Longacre include the silver and nickel three-cent pieces, the Shield nickel, and the two-cent piece. In 1866–1867, he redesigned the coins of Chile, Longacre died suddenly on New Years Day 1869, he was succeeded by William Barber. Longacres coins are generally well-regarded today, although they have criticized for lack of artistic advancement. James Barton Longacre was born on a farm in Delaware County and his mother Sarah Longacre died early in his life, his father, Peter Longacre, was the descendent of early Swedish settlers of North America. When Peter Longacre remarried, his son found the home life intolerable and he apprenticed himself at a bookstore, the owner, John E. Watson, took the boy into his family. Over the following years, Longacre worked in the bookstore, Watson granted Longacre a release from his apprenticeship in 1813 so that he could follow an artistic muse, but the two remained close, and Watson would often sell Longacres works. Longacre became apprenticed to George Murray, principal in the engraving firm Murray, Draper and this business derived from the firm established by the Philadelphia Mints first chief engraver, Robert Scot. Also employed at the Murray firm from 1816 was the man who would be Longacres predecessor as chief engraver, Longacres first important commission were plates for S. F. Bradfords Encyclopedia in 1820, an engraving of General Andrew Jackson by Longacre based on a portrait by Thomas Sully achieved wide sales. Longacre then agreed to engrave illustrations for Joseph and John Sandersons Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, although the venture was marked by criticism of the writing, sales were good enough that the project was completed

10.
William Barber (engraver)
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William Barber was the fifth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1869 until his death. Mr. Barber was born in London, England on May 2,1807 and he learned his profession from his father, John Barber, and was employed on silver plate work, after his emigration to the United States. He resided in Boston for 10 years and was employed in his line of work. His skill in this way came to the knowledge of Mr. Longacre, then Engraver of the Mint, in January 1869 upon the death of Mr. Longacre, he was appointed as his successor, and continued in that position for the rest of his life. He died as a result of severe chills brought on by bathing at the seashore, besides much original work on pattern coins, he also produced over 40 medals, public and private. The work on all of them very creditable, Barber is best known for his Britannia-inspired trade dollar design, which was produced from 1873–1878 for circulation in the Far East, and in proof-only form thereafter until 1885. The 1884 and 1885 Trade Dollars are ultra-rarities, with ten and five coined and he also adapted the long-standing Seated Liberty design for use on the ill-fated 20-cent piece, which saw circulation only in 1875 and 1876, with proofs struck in 1877 and 1878. Barber was a pattern designer, and for a time engaged in a pattern war with fellow coin designer. Barber was succeeded as Chief Engraver by his son Charles, Trade Dollar Twenty Cent Piece Various patterns, including the Half-union, the Sailor Head Twenty Cent Piece, several 1877 half dollars, Amazonian Quarter and Amazonian Three Dollar Coin. Cornelius Vermeule, Numismatic art in America, aesthetics of the United States coinage, Atlanta, whisker, Pennsylvania workers in brass, copper and tin, 1681-1900, Lewiston, N. Y. Edwin Mellen Press,1993

11.
Charles E. Barber
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Charles Edward Barber was the sixth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1879 until his death in 1917. Although Barbers coins were met with mixed reviews, he had a long and fruitful career in coinage, Barber did full coin designs and also reverse designs. Barber was born in London in 1840, the son of William Barber, in 1869, he was an assistant engraver at the United States Mint. In 1879, he succeeded his father, in the position as chief engraver, Barbers best-known designs are the eponymous Barber Barber dime, Barber quarter, and Barber half dollar, as well as the so-called V Liberty Head nickel. Some lesser known pattern coin designs by Barber include the trial copper-nickel cent, trial three-cent piece, and the $4 Stella Flowing Hair pieces. Citing the impracticality of the design, he was critical of Augustus St. Gaudens proposed high relief pattern for a new double eagle in 1908. Barber was succeeded as Chief Engraver by George T. Morgan

12.
George T. Morgan
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George T. Morgan was an English United States Mint engraver, who is famous for designing many popular coins, such as the Morgan dollar, and the Columbian half dollar. Born in Birmingham, England, Morgan studied in England, Morgan came to the United States from England in 1876 and was hired as an assistant engraver at the Mint in October of that year under William Barber. He figured very prominently in the production of coins from 1877 onward. Morgan designed several varieties of 1877 half dollars, the 1879 Schoolgirl dollar, eventually, Morgan took the role of seventh Chief Engraver following the death of Charles E. Barber in February 1917. Morgan is most famous for designing the Morgan dollar, one of many namesakes, gibbs, William T. Morgans half dollars. Coin World, 4–5,14,20,22,24,28,32,36,40, the Private Sketchbook of George T. Morgan

13.
Elizabeth Jones (engraver)
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Elizabeth Jones was the eleventh Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, holding this position from 1981 until her resignation in 1991. After her resignation, the post of Chief Engraver was left vacant for 15 years until John Mercanti was appointed to the post, Jones was just 46 when President Ronald Reagan appointed her as Chief Engraver, making her the first woman to hold this post. Although relatively young by chief engraver standards, by this time she had built an impressive reputation as one of the leading medallists in the world. When Frank Gasparro retired in 1981 after 16 years as chief engraver, friends in the art world and in Washington and she did, and soon had a new job. Jones was the designer of the 1983 Los Angeles Olympic one dollar coin, ms. Jones design incorporated the traditional discus thrower of conjoined outlines in three layers as if in stroboscopic motion. Elizabeth Jones was a 1953 graduate of the Montclair Kimberley Academy and she graduated from Vassar College in 1957. Hes the one responsible for my becoming a medalist, she said. I had never thought of medals until I was 25 years old

14.
John Mercanti
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John M. Mercanti is an American sculptor and engraver. He was the twelfth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint until his retirement in late 2010, there, he attended the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the Philadelphia College of Art and the Fleisher Art Memorial School. He also served in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard for six years, in 1974, Mercanti joined the United States Mint as a sculptor-engraver after working as an illustrator. On May 19,2006, he was appointed Chief Engraver of the U. S. Mint, the position had been officially vacant for 15 years following the retirement of Elizabeth Jones, the Mints eleventh Chief Engraver, in 1991. In June 2011, Mercanti became a spokesperson for Goldline International. Mercanti has produced more coin and medal designs than any employee in United States Mint history

15.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

The United States Mint produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as …

The First US Branch Mint in California is located at 608–619 Commercial Street, San Francisco, San Francisco County. The branch opened on April 3, 1854. Today the building houses the Pacific Heritage Museum.