Perhaps inversion is a residue of an early stage of human evolution which was characterized by pervasive psychical and somatic hermaphroditism, i.e., the presence in one person of the genital and secondary sex characteristics of both sexes

13Deviations in Respect of Sexual Object

But these two appear to be independent factors. For example, effeminate men are no more likely to be sexual inverts than hyper-masculine men.

Freud concludes that there is no adequate explanation of the phenomenon of inversion available to us today.

14Deviations in Respect of Sexual Object

The investigation of inversion sexual objects shows that the relationship between the sexual instinct and its object is not fixed or certain.

15Deviations in Respect of Sexual Object

As Freud puts it, the two appear to be merely soldered together.

The view of the looseness of this connection reinforces, because it fits well with, Freuds proposed explanation of perversions of sexual aim.

16Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Freuds Method for Explaining the Origin of Sexual Perversions.

The normal end of sexual arousal is sexual intercourse.

This activity is the end result of a number intermediate activities, fixations, touches, imaginative activities, etc. that produce, intensify, and direct a variety of intermediate sexual and nonsexual acts.

17Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

These intermediate activities are usually also sources of pleasure and gratification.

Therefore, in the normal processes of sexual arousal the potential for linger over and even fixating permanently upon some one or more of these intermediate activities and states of arousal.

18Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

In the developmental history of each persons mechanisms of sexual response, there is potential for these normal patterns to become stalled at an intermediate point or even redirected towards different sexual aims.

19Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

All perversions of sexual aim are to be explained on this model as interruptions and/or redirections of the normal path of development of the sexual response.

Many of the most important stages of the development of a mature pattern of sexual behavior are hidden behind of veil of infantile amnesia.

As a consequence, we are never the most reliable source of information about the origins of our patterns of sexual response

22Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Anatomical Extensions

Overvaluation Freud uses this term to refer to a kind of spreading effect wherein an erotic response to a body part of a sexual object (such as the genitals or other erogenous zone) spreads to include the rest of body and ultimately all of the person both physical and psychological.

23Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Sexual use of the lips and mouth

Use of the lips and mouth is considered (by some) perverse if it involves contact of these parts with the genitals of another person.

The typical mark of perversion is a feeling of disgust at experiencing or witnessing sexual activity of this kind.

24Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

What is or is not disgusting seems largely conventional.

Some element of learning is involved in directing the response towards particular body parts and particular kinds of activities.

What a person finds disgusting varies over time.

There is much variation between cultures in what is found disgusting.

25Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Sexual use of the anal orifice.

This is a frequent target of disgust.

But again, Freud insists, the explanation is conventional, for the feeling is not due merely to the function of this body part in excretion.

This is explained more fully in Freuds discussion of infantile and childhood sexuality and in his account of the development of erogenous zones.

26Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Fetishism

Here objects unsuited to fulfill the role of the ultimate sexual aim nevertheless substitute for its normal objects.

A transitional stage in the development of a fetish occurs when the object of a persons erotic interest must display some feature (large feet, particular style of undergarments, amputations, etc.) as a precondition of the successful completion of the sexual aim.

27Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

The situation only becomes pathological when the longing for the fetish passes beyond the point of being merely a necessary condition attached to the sexual object and actually takes the place of the normal aim, and, further, when the fetish becomes detached from a particular individual and becomes the sole sexual object. (p. 20)

28Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Determination of the fetish object

Early childhood experience (usually long forgotten) is a frequent basis of attachment to a particular kind of object.

In many cases some symbolic connection, the meaning of which is usually not conscious, determines the fetish object.

29Deviations in Respect of Sexual Aim

Sadism and Masochism

These are common sexual perversions because they have their basis in the character of normal sexuality.

Aggressiveness or passivity in response to the sexual object is quite common.

These perversions often co-occur in the very same person.

30The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

Perversion and Pathology

Perverse should not be a term of reproach because most normal persons incorporate some aspect of perversion into their normal sexual expression.

Perversion is pathological when it replaces normal sexuality, rather than augmenting it, and becomes exclusive and fixated.

31The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

The Conception of the Sexual Instincts.

The old conception A need for sexual union with members of the opposite sex that exists in virtue of a biological need for procreation.

32The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

The New Conception

By instinct is provisionally to be understood the psychical representative of an endosomatic (inside the body), continuously flowing source of stimulation, as contrasted with a stimulus, which is set up by single excitations coming from without. (p. 34)

33The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

The source of this stimulation is an organ, or organ system, within the body.

Instincts are distinguished one from another by

The organ that is their source, and

Their aim.

While their immediate aims differ, all instincts have the aim of eliminating the stimulation which is the cause of their manifestation.

34The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

The organs of sexual tension and excitation are the erotogenic (or erogenous) zones.

The sexual instincts must overcome the resistance of feelings of guilt, shame, and fear to fulfill their sexual end.

35The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

Neurotic and Hysterical symptoms arise from the repression of instincts, especially, sexual instincts.

Repression prevents urges, tensions, hostility, and fantasies of neurotic life from becoming aspects of our conscious mental life.

36The Perversions and Psychoanalysis

Repressed desires,values, and thoughts are redirected into channels of activity which can be displayed in public.

Discovering the relation that these symptoms have to the processes that caused them is the job of psychoanalysis.

37The Freudian Unconscious

Some Features of the Unconscious Mind

It contains beliefs and attitudes that the person is not aware of holding or adopting.

It has desires and aims that person does not, and probably would, acknowledge.

It undertakes actions (such as the exhibition of neurotic symptoms) that the person has not willed.

38The Freudian Unconscious

It is aware of the beliefs, desires, and attitudes of the person even though the person is not aware of its existence or operations. This is necessary for mechanisms of repression to be effective.

The more sick the person, the more effective and comprehensive the influence of the unconscious.

Psychoanalytic therapy can reveal to the person the existence of the unconscious, it contents, and its modes of operation.

39The Freudian Unconscious

How is the Freudian Unconscious Embodied? Some Possibilities

There are parts of the brain that are functionally similar to the parts that implement conscious thought and deliberation, but which are not accessible by the usual introspective means.

There is no anatomically separated mechanisms of unconscious thought, memory, or planning. Rather the unconscious makes offline or downtime use the regular faculties of thought and planning to process repressed desires and fantasies.

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