Sunday, March 26, 2017

There was a great deal of
interest in far north Queensland in the early decades of settlement in the
potential for developing profitable crops from exotic tropical plant species.
The experimentation was spearheaded by the Acclimatisation Society which
received many suggestions and samples from the general public as well as
scientists and agriculturalists. I came across a rather intriguing mention of a
suggested plant of interest (which I had never previously heard about), in The Queenslander of December 18, 1869.

The
"mooringay," or horseradish tree—the fruit of which is about a foot
long and half an inch in diameter. It makes a delicious vegetable curry, and
the root of the tree is horseradish.

The writer was incorrect, the root is not true
horseradish (Armoracia rusticana),
which is from the Brassica family, but it can be used as a substitute, as will
be revealed below.

The
tree referred too is more usually spelled “moringay”, so I had a few false
starts before I found any real information. Moringa
oleifera comprises 13 species and is indigenous to Africa, Madagascar,
western Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree
which has been cultivated since ancient times and is used to produce a wide
range of products including food, medicine, animal fooder, fuel, fertilizer,
and has more recently been suggested as a potential source of biofuel. The tree
has two common names – “drumstick tree” from the large, elongated seed
capsules, and “horseradish tree” from the pungent root. I admit to not expecting
to find any early recipes using parts of the plant, but when I decided on the
obvious – the corpus of colonial Anglo-Indian literature – I hit the motherlode
in my first source.

The
full title of my source is too good to be shortened: Culinary Jottings: A treatise in thirty chapers on Reformed Cookery and
Anglo-Indian Rites, based upon Modern English and Continental principles with
Thirty Menus for little dinners worked out in detail and an essay on our
kitchens in India (5e, 1885) by “Wyvern” (Arthur Robert Kenney-Herbert.)
The British army colonel served in India for a number of years, and wrote about
Indian cookery for several newspapers, under the pseudonym “Wyvern.”

From
the book, I give you several references to the use of the seeds and root of the
moringa:

“Horse-radish sauce” is the grand
standard adjunct to our national food, "the roast beef of old
England," and beef in India cries out for help far more piteously than its
rich relation far away. Horse-radish grows well at Ootacamund, and I once grew
some with success at Bangalore, but the scraped root of the moringa, or "drum-stick" tree,
provides so good a substitute that we may rest contented with a sauce thus
composed : — Scrape as finely as you can a cupful of the root shavings, simmer
them in half a pint of chicken broth; when done, thicken the broth custard-wise
with the yolks of three eggs beaten up with a dessertspoonful of tarragon
vinegar; add pepper, salt, and a very little grated nutmeg, and serve in a
sauce-boat.

A richer recipe suggests the
addition of a coffee-cupful of cream with the yolks of the eggs, and then to
let the sauce remain on the fire en
bain-marie, stirring well until it is very hot (but not boiling) and
serving it in a hot sauce-boat.

The cold form of this sauce is
perhaps the easiest, and I think as nice as any: — you simply rasp the moringa, or horse-radish root, till you
have a cupful of fine scrapings, and mingle them with an ordinary mayonnaise, or tartare sauce, iced. Cream is, of course, a great addition, but the
usual mixture of eggs, oil, mustard, and vinegar, will give you a good result.

And another recipe for a dish given in one
of the thirty menus:

Moringakai au gratin

If you sunmon up
courage to try this homely dish, you will often order it again. Buy enough
young moringa pods to yield seeds enough to fill a little pie-dish. Boil them,
and scrape out the seeds, and the tender flesh inside the pods, into a basin:
stir into this a table-spoonful of cream, or a coffee-cupful of milk in which
the yolks of two eggs have been well beaten; season with salt and pepper, and
add a few drops of anchovy essence; pass this into a well buttered pie-dish,
and grate over the surface a good layer of Parmesan or any nice mild dry
cheese. Bake for a quarter of an hour, and serve. If you can bake and serve the
mixture in silver coquille shells, —
one for each guest, — the entremets
will, of course, look nicer.

Apparently the Mt. Coot-tha botanic gardens
have a specimen of the moringa. I must check it out soon, and take some photos!

Sunday, March 19, 2017

Last week I gave you some ideas on how to “feed the brute,”
1930’s style. This week I am delighted to provide,
from the same era, some alternatives for the more girly members of your family.
The information, which I am sure you will find most informative and
entertaining, comes from the same source – the scripts from Housekeepers’ Chat, a regular program
from the United States Department of Agriculture Radio Service. Today’s story
is from Monday, May 7, 1934.

Feminine Food.

A while ago
— sometime in March, I believe — you and I had a chat about meals for men.
Remember? We discussed what to put on the menu to suit the typically masculine
taste. And we came to the conclusion that men generally prefer simple, hearty
fare to dressy dishes, that they like old-time, substantial food to novelties
or frills. For example, most men will choose corned "beef any time to
dainty "bits like sweetbreads or squab. And we agreed that men generally
liked roasted or broiled meats best, that they count on the old reliable Irish
potato with meat, that they like plain, simple vegetables and salads, and that,
if they have a sweet tooth, they will incline toward pie and ice cream rather
than any other kind of dessert.

But when
you're having just women in to a meal, that's quite another story. When you're
entertaining the girls at a bridge luncheon, say, or when you're having the
other wives in to a May-morning breakfast or a springtime tea, then you'll probably
reverse many of these rules about menus for men. You know how we women are.
When we're out by ourselves, our taste in the food line is usually very
different from that which would please our husbands. Feminine inclinations
generally are toward light, dainty food and away from calories. We enjoy the
frills. We like food that looks pretty. And we like novelty dishes — new ways
of cooking or serving.

Colorful
fruits and vegetables appeal to us. That's one reason why tea rooms catering to
women so often make a specialty of good-looking salads, vegetable plates, and
fruit desserts. A successful restaurant in New York made a report on pies
recently. The report said that mince and apple pies were most popular with men,
but that lemon chiffon pies were the biggest sellers to women guests. Frills
again, you see.

Men enjoy
strong flavors and high seasoning. Women, on the other hand, often prefer the
more delicate, subtle flavorings and seasoning. Men like onions and strong
cheese and catsup and chili sauce and so on. Women prefer only a delicate trace
of onion flavor generally; they'll usually choose milder cheese; and less of
the highly seasoned sauces.

Quantity
appeals to men. They like hearty food in generous amounts. Appearance and
daintiness appeal to women. The time to plan your table decorations with the
greatest care, the time to work out a pretty color scheme in the menu, and to
exhibit your best china and linen — the time to pay the greatest attention to
appearances, especially to the so-called "little touches," is when
your guests are women . I heard someone say the other day that women
wanted quality and men quantity in food. I shouldn't express it quite as
strongly as that. But certainly women prefer small, perfect dishes, rather than
large helpings. They would rather have a tiny chicken pattie, say, that was
cooked to the queen's taste, than a large slice of roast beef or a big steak.
The feminine eye and appetite will appreciate clever and dainty garnishing, and
new and pretty ways of serving food.

Spring and
early summer seem to be ideal seasons for feminine parties. You can feature the
more delicate shades in your table decorations and in your menu. You have the
delicate colors of the spring flowers as your guides. And you have the new
tender garden fruits and vegetables for your menu. Spring flowers, new garden
foods, new spring clothes — somehow they all go together.

A feminine
company meal doesn't have to be expensive, either. The food nay be low in cost
and you never need to serve large amounts. But everything on the menu must be
delicious in flavor and attractive to look at.

Suppose now
that we plan a May luncheon party, maybe for your bridge club, maybe for some
other feminine occasion. This is a medium-priced menu with emphasis on delicate
color and flavor.

Just a word
about making those rhubarb tarts. They're very simple. Some people like them
made with a meringue over the top. Personally, I like just the rhubarb with no
meringue. I like to see that delicious pink color suggesting springtime.

Well, bake
your little pastry shells on the back of a muffin tin. Fill the shells with
rhubarb sauce. You remember that when we spoke of making sauce we suggested
dropping the diced rhubarb into a thick hot syrup and cooking gently until the
rhubarb was tender. We also suggested that you could make sauce just by mixing
the rhubarb with sugar and cooking. Always cook rhubarb gently so it will hold
its shape. Never remove the skin. That gives the sauce its attractive color.

Some people
like rhubarb tarts made spicy with the addition of nutmeg or even a bit of
cinnamon. Other people like it cooked with a little orange or lemon peel. You
suit yourself about that. Also suit your own taste about the meringue.

The recipes for the day come from the same
era as the article above, but from the other side of the Atlantic. I give you the
ideas for variation on a theme of rhubarb tart (including one topped with
meringue) from a feature on seasonal rhubarb recipes which appeared in the Manchester Guardian of March 9, 1936.

Rhubarb
in Season

Some
Recipes

….
Several varieties of rhubarb tart can be made, and these are a pleasant change
from apple. Here is one. Line a pie-dish with short or puff pastry. Stew three
or four sticks of rhubarb with very little water and some sugar until
half-cooked. Beat together the yolks of two eggs and two tablespoonfuls of
sugar, add the grated rind of half a lemon, and mix with the rhubarb. Put the
mixture on the pastry and bake in a moderate oven until it is cooked. Whisk the
whites of the eggs to a stiff froth, fold lightly in two tablespoonfuls of
castor sugar and pile it on the tart. Sprinkle more sugar on the top and put
into a cool oven to set the meringue.

With Figs.

Rhubarb and figs are a good mixture. Choose
the plump cooking figs usually sold on strings, and cut them into pieces. Cover
a pie plate with pastry, put on it a layer of figs, then the rhubarb cut in
pieces. Sprinkle liberally with sugar, add more figs, and cover with pastry. Bake
for at least an hour, in a hot oven at first, then reducing the heat. Should
the figs be at all hard, it is preferable to soak them in water overnight.
Rhubarb and pear, rhubarb and pineapple, or rhubarb and banana can also be
tried.

Sunday, March 12, 2017

As regular readers know, one of the sources
I return to regularly is the scripts of The United States Department of Agriculture
Radio Service program called Housekeepers’
Chat, which aired regularly during the 1920’s and 1930’s. They always offer an interesting historical
perspective.

Today’s story is from the program of March
26, 1934.

Menus for Men.

How
about this matter of the way to a man's heart. We women have often been told
that food is what takes us there. But that's rather indefinite advice to go to
work on. Another humorous maxim says, "Feed the brute." Also
indefinite. Feed him what? We need to know what kind of food appeals
especially to masculine taste, what certain dishes he likes best, and what kind
of menu pleases him. For example, suppose that you have some men guests coming
to dinner tonight and want to serve them their idea of a perfect meal.
What will you plan for the bill of fare?

Well,
I listened the other day to a group of men discussing their ideas versus their
wives' ideas of satisfying food. And I'll pass on their remarks to you for what
they are worth. How and then a man's viewpoint on matters of food is very
enlightening.

The
tall, dark man sitting in the corner began the discussion by saying, "Women
are funny, aren't they? They all seem to like real he-men. In general their
movie favorites are all of the knock-down and drag-out type. Yet when it comes
to meals, they will go on serving their husbands or their men guests feminine
food — you know, dainty, fluffy- ruffles dishes, dabs of nothing all dressed
up."

Another
man in the group agreed, "Yes, sir, that's just the way it goes. I've
often told my wife that she can't appease a man's appetite with a fruit salad
or a bit of marshmallow whip. I've often said to her, 'For goodness' sake, let's
have some muscle and brawn food for once!"

Still
another man added, "Why don't they save their dainties for women's luncheons
and teas and give us some real food when we come home?"

In
general they all agreed that the food they liked best was simple, substantial
fare; that they preferred corned beef any time to delicacies like sweetbreads
and squab; that they liked broiled or roasted meats best, and vegetables simply
cooked and simply served without sauces; they preferred simple salads with just
plain French dressing, and desserts like those two old-timers — pie and ice
cream.

From
that conversation I decided that no matter how cultured or refined a man may
become, nor how far he has left his football days behind, still his ideas about
food don't change much. He still prefers plain fare to dressed up food. And
he's still a carnivorous animal and likes steak and roast beef usually better than
the daintier meats. And in spite of present day diet fads that rule it out, most
men feel that no dinner is complete without the good old potato in some form or
other. Men also like highly seasoned foods. They're fond of onions. They're fond
of strong cheese. They like catsup and chile sauce and so on. You may be so
refined that you shudder at the thought of strong- smelling cheese, but for the
sake of household happiness, better have it on the table once in a while, so your
husband won't have to leave home to satisfy his appetite.

As
for this matter of meal plans, I gathered from the remarks on all sides that
the masculine ideal of a menu starts with soup, continues with meat or fish and
potatoes and ends with a plain salad, crackers and cheese, and coffee. A man with
a sweet tooth may want ice cream or pie or stewed fruit for dessert. Other men
may want one good cooked vegetable besides potatoes with the main course.

Well,
of course, I'm repeating to you the conversation of just one group of men.
Tastes may differ. But I think this group voiced the opinion of the sex in
general. Have you ever noticed what specialties are featured in men's clubs?
They're usually dishes like roast beef and Yorkshire pudding or beef and kidney
pie or some other plain substantial food. This is the kind of food universally
served in England where everything is planned to please the men.

The
soups men like are generally the heavier soups, bean or lentil soup, onion soup
with cheese, chowders and oyster stew. Men like Boston baked beans with brown
bread. They like calf's liver and bacon. Among the Lenten main dishes they like
Welsh rabbit and broiled fish steak. They like big baked potatoes and French
fried potatoes. For dessert, you'll find them pleased with deep-dish apple pie,
cherry pie, strawberry shortcake and plain ice creams.

So
much for my report on a masculine conversation. Now let's plan a dinner to suit
men guests. Let's start the meal with a tomato juice cocktail, seasoned with
onion juice, a bit of horseradish and so on. Then let's have a planked steak or
just a thick broiled steak. Baked potatoes and French fried onions next. And
green beans with butter. For dessert, deep-dish apple pie. You can make it
"a la mode" if you like it. Finally, coffee.

Rather unusually for the program, this
episode did not give an actual recipe for any of the dishes mentioned. The
French Fried Onions leapt out at me as being the most “knock-down and drag-out”
dish on the menu so I went in search of contemporary instructions for cooking them.
Serendipitously the search led me to a little booklet called French Frying, published by the Home
Economics Department of the Procter & Gamble company in 1932 in support of
their popular product, Crisco.

French
Fried Onions (flour coated)

Cut
large onions into slices about ¼ inch thick. Separate slices into rings. Dip
rings into milk, dredge with flour, and fry in deep Crisco heated to 365o-375oF.
or hot enough to brown an inch cube of bread in 60 seconds. Drain. Salt
slightly.

You will be pleased to know that some weeks
later, the program did feature Feminine
Food. I will be sure to give the insights from that script, at a date in
the near future.

Sunday, March 05, 2017

“Muffins” are, if
we are honest enough to admit it, simply an excuse to eat cake for breakfast.
Or at least they are nowadays. Once upon a time, in a land far, far, away – by which
I mean when I was growing up in the north of England - a muffin was what we now
are forced to refer to as an “English” muffin. The distinction is now necessary
to avoid confusion with the modern usurper of the name – the cup-cakey, dare I
say, “American,” version. The “original” muffin was made from a yeast-leavened
batter on a hot griddle, and commonly served split and toasted. With butter of
course.

A similar
situation exists with Banana Bread, Gingerbread, Coconut Loaf, Date Loaf and
other similarly named baked goods. The names of these breakfast and tea-time
staples comes from their bread-like shape of course, and they do lend an air of
plain respectability to the items, making us feel less greedy and indulgent
about eating cake yet again. Do you agree?

Some time ago, I gave you a recipe for “real”
coconut (cocoa-nut) bread from Eliza Acton’s marvelous work The
English bread-book for domestic use
(1857.) This is a yeast-risen bread whose sweetness derives solely from the included
grated fresh coconut (cooked in milk.) In the same story was a World War 1
recipe for “real” carrot bread – again, leavened with yeast, and with no added
sugar.

I am returning to
the theme today, with another recipe from Acton’s The English bread-book for domestic use. This time, it is a variation
on a basic bread, not cake, recipe, with ginger flavouring. I have not tried
this myself, but intend to very soon. Let me know if you make it too!

Ginger
Loaf, or Rolls.

Mix
intimately two ounces of good powdered ginger,—called in the shops prepared
ginger,— and a little salt, with two pounds of flour, and make it into a firm
but perfectly light dough with German or brewers' yeast, in the usual manner.
Bake it either in one loaf, or divide it into six or eight small ones.

Flour,
2lbs.; prepared ginger, 2oz.; little salt; German yeast, ½ oz. , or fresh
brewers' yeast 1 large dessert-spoonful; milk, or milk and water, 1 pint: to
rise one hour or until quite light: to be kneaded down and left again to rise
until light.

Remark. — When diarrhoea or other complaints of a similar nature
are prevalent, this bread will be found of excellent effect, especially in
travelling; far better, indeed, than many of the compounds to which people have
recourse to avert disturbance of the system. The proportion of ginger can be
much increased if desired; but the bread should not then be habitually eaten
for a long continuance, as the excess of any stimulating condiment is often in
many ways injurious. Rather less than the pint of milk will often prove
sufficient.

Finally, I offer you an alternative idea
which is a compromise of sorts: a type of soda-bread with about 4 ounces (114
gm) of sugary stuff to a pound (454 gm) of flour.

Ginger Treacle Bread.

You require 1 lb. flour, 3 oz. butter, 2
oz. sugar, 2 tablespoonfuls treacle, 1 teaspoonful (level) baking soda, a pinch
of salt, 1 teaspoonful ground ginger, buttermilk or milk and water to mix.
Sieve all dry ingredients together and rub in butter. Mix treacle and milk
together by slightly warming, and stir into the dry ingredients to make a
medium dough. If you have not buttermilk, a mixture of milk and water is good
to mix. Form into round loaves about two inches thick or put into greased bread
tins. Bake in moderately hot oven about thirty minutes till brown and firm. –
Kathleen O’Leary, ad 10, Castelnau Gardens, London, S.W. 13.