Abstract:

An organic electroluminescent apparatus includes a plurality of
light-emitting elements each having an organic layer held between a pixel
electrode and a counter electrode, and a partition pattern with which the
organic layers of the individual light-emitting elements are defined. The
partition pattern has a plurality of openings in which the organic layers
are respectively provided, the plurality of openings including first
openings provided in a peripheral region of a element area, in which the
light-emitting elements are arranged, and second openings provided in a
region closer to the center of the element area than the region where the
first openings are provided. The first openings have larger planar
dimensions than those of the second openings.

Claims:

1. An organic electroluminescent apparatus comprising:a counter
electrode;a plurality of light-emitting elements arranged in an element
area, each of the light-emitting elements having a pixel electrode and an
organic layer between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode; anda
partition pattern separating the plurality of light-emitting elements
from each other,wherein the partition pattern has a plurality of openings
in which the organic layers are provided, the plurality of openings
including first openings provided in a peripheral region of a element
area and second openings provided in a region closer to the center of the
element area than the region where the first openings are provided,
andwherein the first openings have larger planar dimensions than those of
the second openings.

2. The organic electroluminescent apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the pixel electrodes of the respective light-emitting elements have
substantially the same planar dimensions.

3. The organic electroluminescent apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the pixel electrodes are arranged at constant pitches.

4. An organic electroluminescent apparatus comprising:a counter
electrode;a plurality of light-emitting elements arranged in an element
area, each of the light-emitting elements having a pixel electrode and an
organic layer between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode; anda
partition pattern separating the plurality of light-emitting elements
from each other,wherein the partition pattern includes a first partition
pattern having a plurality of first open portions and a second partition
pattern having a plurality of second open portions and, in
cross-sectional view, the second partition pattern being disposed closer
to the counter electrode than the first partition pattern,wherein the
organic layers are provided in the first open portions and in the second
open portions,wherein in each of the first open portions, at least a
portion of the corresponding pixel electrode is in contact with the
corresponding organic layer, wherein in plan view, one of the first open
portions is positioned in the corresponding second open portion,
andwherein some of the second open portions provided in a peripheral
region to the periphery of the element area have larger planar dimensions
than those of other second open portions provided in a region closer to
the center of the element area.

5. The organic electroluminescent apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
all the first open portions have substantially the same planar
dimensions.

6. The organic electroluminescent apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the pixel electrodes are arranged at constant pitches.

7. An electronic apparatus comprising the organic electroluminescent
apparatus according to claim 1.

Description:

[0004]Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), i.e., organic
electroluminescent (EL) devices included in thin and light self-luminous
displays are attracting attention. An organic EL device includes at least
one organic thin film layer composed of an organic material and held
between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode, as disclosed in
JP-A-2002-252083, for example.

[0005]Characteristics of organic thin films included in organic EL devices
are easily altered and deteriorated by oxygen or moisture. Such
alteration and deterioration of characteristics shortens the lifetime of
organic EL devices. Deterioration of organic thin films tends to occur
first in a peripheral region of a element area that easily allow entry of
oxygen or moisture. However, it takes time before organic thin films
provided in a central region of the element area start to be
deteriorated. This means that, while light-emitting elements in the
central region are still capable of emitting light, light-emitting
elements in the peripheral region may become incapable of emitting light.
In such an event, an organic EL apparatus itself becomes unusable (a
first problem).

[0006]Organic thin films can be formed by, for example, an application
method, in which a solution, i.e., ink, containing a material for organic
thin films (such as functional polymer) and a solvent is applied to a
substrate and is dried thereon.

[0007]In general, the drying rate of ink tends to be higher in a
peripheral region of the substrate than in a central region of the
substrate. This is because the concentration of the solvent in an
atmosphere around the peripheral region of the substrate tends to be
lower than that in an atmosphere above the central region of the
substrate. Such nonuniformity in the drying rate often triggers
nonuniformity in the thickness of organic thin films to be formed.
Further, nonuniformity in the thickness of organic thin films often
triggers nonuniformity in the brightness and color of light to be
emitted.

[0008]In view of such circumstances, a technique is disclosed in
JP-A-2002-252083 in which a group of dummy banks are provided around a
display pixel area (an effective optical area), in the same shape and at
the same pitches as those for display pixels, and an ink composition
containing an organic EL material is applied not only to the display
pixel area but also to the region around the display pixel area, whereby
organic EL thin films are formed. In this technique, since the ink
composition is also applied to the dummy area around the display pixel
area, the concentration of a solvent in an atmosphere above the display
pixel area can be made almost uniform. Thus, the drying rates of ink in
individual pixels arranged in the display pixel area can be made almost
uniform. Consequently, nonuniformity in the thickness of the organic thin
films can be reduced. The organic thin films formed in the dummy area,
i.e., the organic thin films formed in the peripheral region of the
substrate, are not used for light emission. Therefore, difference between
the thicknesses of the organic thin films in the peripheral region of the
substrate and in the display pixel area does not affect the light
emission characteristic.

[0009]In the organic EL apparatus disclosed in JP-A-2002-252083, however,
a belt-like space having a width of several millimeters needs to be
reserved for the dummy area on the substrate on which organic EL devices
are to be formed. Reservation of such a space prevents reduction in the
frame width of the organic EL apparatus (a second problem).

SUMMARY

[0010]An advantage of some aspects of the invention is that it provides an
organic EL apparatus and an electronic apparatus capable of solving at
least one of the first and second problems described above.

[0011]According to a first aspect of the invention, an organic
electroluminescent apparatus includes a plurality of light-emitting
elements each having an organic layer held between a pixel electrode and
a counter electrode, and a partition pattern with which the organic
layers of the individual light-emitting elements are defined. The
partition pattern has a plurality of openings in which the organic layers
are respectively provided, the plurality of openings including first
openings provided in a peripheral region of a element area, in which the
light-emitting elements are arranged, and second openings provided in a
region closer to the center of the element area than the region where the
first openings are provided. The first openings have larger planar
dimensions than those of the second openings.

[0012]In a typical organic EL apparatus, the peripheral region of the
element area easily allows entry of oxygen or moisture and therefore
deterioration of the light-emitting elements starts to occur from the
peripheral region and gradually progresses toward the center. Considering
a single light-emitting element, deterioration of the organic layer
starts to occur from a peripheral portion thereof and gradually
progresses toward the center thereof. In the first aspect of the
invention, the planar dimensions of the organic layers provided in the
first openings positioned in the peripheral region of the element area
are larger than those of the organic layers provided in the second
openings positioned closer to the center of the element area. Therefore,
even after the organic layers of the light-emitting elements provided in
the peripheral region of the element area start to be deteriorated, it
takes a long time before central portions of the same organic layers are
deteriorated. Moreover, unless a highly conductive organic material for
hole injection/transport is used, each organic layer emits light mainly
at a central portion thereof, where the organic layer overlaps both the
pixel electrode and the counter electrode, thereby allowing an effective
current flow. In contrast, the organic layer does not emit light at a
peripheral portion thereof, where there is no current flow. This means
that, in the first aspect of the invention, it takes a long time before
the organic layers of the light-emitting elements provided in the
peripheral region of the element area have portions thereof that actually
contribute to light emission deteriorated. Consequently, the lifetime of
the organic EL apparatus can be extended.

[0013]In the organic EL apparatus according to the first aspect of the
invention, it is preferable that the pixel electrodes of the respective
light-emitting elements have substantially the same planar dimensions. In
this case, even if there are some differences in the planar dimensions
among the organic layers of the light-emitting elements, portions of the
organic layers that have effective current flows and actually contribute
to light emission all have substantially the same planar dimensions.

[0014]In the organic EL apparatus according to the first aspect of the
invention, it is preferable that the pixel electrodes be arranged at
constant pitches. In this case, portions of the light-emitting elements
that actually emit light are arranged at constant pitches. Therefore,
viewers will not feel that something is wrong. Moreover, the apparatus
can be designed easily.

[0015]According to a second aspect of the invention, an organic
electroluminescent apparatus includes a plurality of light-emitting
elements each having an organic layer held between a pixel electrode and
a counter electrode, and a partition pattern with which the organic
layers of the individual light-emitting elements are defined. The
partition pattern includes a first partition pattern having a plurality
of first open portions and a second partition pattern having a plurality
of second open portions and, in cross-sectional view, being disposed
closer to the counter electrode than the first partition pattern. The
organic layers are respectively provided in the first open portions and
the second open portions. Each of the first open portions allows at least
a portion of the corresponding pixel electrode to be in contact with the
corresponding organic layer and, in plan view, is positioned in the
corresponding second open portion. Some of the second open portions
provided in a peripheral region of a element area, in which the
light-emitting elements are arranged, have larger planar dimensions than
those of other second open portions provided in a region closer to the
center of the element area than the region where the some of the second
open portions are provided. In this case, the planar dimensions of the
organic layers provided in the second open portions positioned in the
peripheral region of the element area are larger than those of the
organic layers provided in the second open portions positioned closer to
the center of the element area. Therefore, even after the organic layers
of the light-emitting elements provided in the peripheral region of the
element area start to be deteriorated, it takes a long time before
central portions of the same organic layers are deteriorated. Moreover,
unless a highly conductive organic material for hole injection/transport
is used, each organic layer emits light mainly at a central portion
thereof, where the organic layer overlaps both the pixel electrode and
the counter electrode, thereby allowing an effective current flow. In
contrast, the organic layer does not emit light at a peripheral portion
thereof, where there is no current flow. This means that it takes a long
time before the organic layers of the light-emitting elements provided in
the peripheral region of the element area have portions thereof that
actually contribute to light emission deteriorated. Consequently, the
lifetime of the organic EL apparatus can be extended.

[0016]In the organic EL apparatus according to the second aspect of the
invention, it is preferable that all the first open portions have
substantially the same planar dimensions. In this case, even if there are
some differences in the planar dimensions among the organic layers of the
light-emitting elements because of differences in the planar dimensions
of the second open portions, portions of the organic layers that have
effective current flows and actually contribute to light emission all
have substantially the same planar dimensions because planar dimensions
of all the first open portions are substantially the same.

[0017]In the organic EL apparatus according to the second aspect of the
invention, it is preferable that the pixel electrodes be arranged at
constant pitches. In this case, portions of the light-emitting elements
that actually emit light are arranged at constant pitches. Therefore,
viewers will not feel that something is wrong. Moreover, the apparatus
can be designed easily.

[0018]According to a third aspect of the invention, an electronic
apparatus includes the organic electroluminescent apparatus according to
the first or second aspect of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019]The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements.

[0020]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an organic EL apparatus
according to a first embodiment of the invention.

[0021]FIG. 2 is a plan view of the organic EL apparatus shown in FIG. 1,
without a counter electrode.

[0022]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a half-finished product of
the organic EL apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

[0023]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a process, which is
included in a method for manufacturing the organic EL apparatus shown in
FIG. 1, performed after the half-finished product shown in FIG. 3 is
obtained.

[0024]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a process subsequent to the
process shown in FIG. 4.

[0025]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a process subsequent to the
process shown in FIG. 5.

[0026]FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a color filter panel according
to a second embodiment of the invention, showing a method for
manufacturing the same.

[0027]FIG. 73 is another cross-sectional view of the color filter panel
showing the method for manufacturing the same.

[0028]FIG. 7c is another cross-sectional view of the color filter panel
showing the method for manufacturing the same.

[0029]FIG. 7D is another cross-sectional view of the color filter panel
showing the method for manufacturing the same.

[0030]FIG. 8 is a plan view of the color filter panel shown in FIGS. 7A to
7D as a finished product.

[0031]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an exemplary electronic apparatus
including the organic EL apparatus according to the first or second
embodiment of the invention.

[0032]FIG. 10 is a perspective view of another exemplary electronic
apparatus including the organic EL apparatus according to the first or
second embodiment of the invention.

[0033]FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another exemplary electronic
apparatus including the organic EL apparatus according to the first or
second embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0034]Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to
the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, components are shown in
appropriate scales regardless of the actual dimensions.

First Embodiment

[0035]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an organic EL apparatus
according to a first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view
of the organic EL apparatus without a counter electrode 34. More
specifically, FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line I-I
in FIG. 2.

[0036]Referring to FIG. 1, the organic EL apparatus includes a substrate
10 and an insulator layer 20 disposed on the substrate 10. The insulator
layer 20 is composed of silicon oxide or silicon nitride, for example. A
plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) 21 and wires (not shown) for
supplying power to a plurality of light-emitting devices (organic EL
devices) 28 are embedded in the insulator layer 20.

[0037]The light-emitting elements 28 are provided on the insulator layer
20. Each of the light-emitting elements 28 includes a positive electrode,
a negative electrode, and an organic layer (organic thin film) held
therebetween. More specifically, the light-emitting element 28 includes
an individual pixel electrode 30 and an individual organic layer 32. The
counter electrode 34, serving as a common electrode, is provided over the
organic layers 32 of all the light-emitting elements 28. In the first
embodiment, the pixel electrodes 30 serve as positive electrodes and the
counter electrode 34 serves as a negative electrode. Alternatively, the
pixel electrodes 30 may serve as negative electrodes and the counter
electrode 34 may serve as a positive electrode. The organic layer 32
includes at least one of the following: a light-emitting layer, a hole
injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a
hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron
injection layer.

[0038]The insulator layer 20 has a plurality of through holes 22.
Conductors are disposed in the respective through holes 22, thereby
electrically connecting the TFTs 21 and the pixel electrodes 30.

[0039]To define the individual light-emitting elements 28, a pattern of
banks, i.e., a bank pattern (a partition pattern), is provided on the
insulator layer 20. The bank pattern includes two layers: a liquid
affinity layer (first partition pattern) 40 and a liquid-repellent layer
(second partition pattern) 50. The liquid affinity layer 40 is composed
of an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide or silicon
nitride. The liquid-repellent layer 50 is composed of a resinous
insulating material such as acryl, epoxy, or polyimide. The liquid
affinity layer 40 includes banks of a uniform cross-sectional thickness.
The liquid-repellent layer 50 includes banks 50A, 50B, 50C, 50D, and 50E,
which will be described separately below.

[0040]Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the liquid affinity layer 40 has a
plurality of openings (first open portions) 40a, and the liquid-repellent
layer 50 has a plurality of openings (second open portions) 50a. The
openings 40a overlap the openings 50a, respectively. Each overlapping
pair of the opening 40a and the opening 50a communicate with each other,
thereby forming a single pixel opening. In plan view, the opening 40a is
positioned in the opening 50a. Each pixel opening overlaps the
corresponding pixel electrode 30 and receives the corresponding organic
layer 32. The pixel electrode 30 and the organic layer 32 are in contact
with each other through the opening 40a. The counter electrode 34 shared
between the light-emitting elements 28 spreads over the liquid-repellent
layer 50 of the bank pattern in such a manner as to be in contact with
the organic layers 32 through the pixel openings.

[0041]The pixel electrodes 30 are arranged at substantially constant
pitches in the x and y directions in FIG. 2 and have the same planar
dimensions. The openings 40a in the liquid affinity layer 40 are also
arranged at constant pitches in the x and y directions and have
substantially the same planar dimensions. The pixel electrodes 30 are in
contact with the organic layers 32 through the openings 40a. A current
flows via the contacts between the pixel electrodes 30 and the organic
layers 32. Unless a highly conductive organic material for hole
injection/transport is used, each organic layer 32 emits light mainly at
a central portion thereof (a portion overlapping the opening 40a), where
the organic layer 32 overlaps both the positive electrode and the
negative electrode, thereby allowing an effective current flow. In
contrast, the organic layer 32 does not emit light at a peripheral
portion thereof, where there is no current flow. This means that
effective light-emitting portions of the respective light-emitting
elements 28 are arranged at constant pitches in the x and y directions in
FIG. 2 and have the same planar dimensions.

[0042]The organic EL apparatus described above may be of any of the
following: a bottom emission type, a top emission type, and a dual
emission type. Materials for the substrate 10, the pixel electrodes 30,
and the counter electrode 34 are appropriately determined according to
the emission type of the organic EL apparatus.

[0043]In FIGS. 1 and 2, an area covered with the bank pattern can be
regarded as a element area in which a plurality of the light-emitting
elements 28 are arranged. Generally, banks of the liquid-repellent layer
50 provided in a peripheral region of the element area have widths
smaller than those of banks of the liquid-repellent layer 50 provided in
a central region of the element area. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1,
the bank 50D, which is the second outermost bank of the liquid-repellent
layer 50, is formed with a width smaller than that of the bank 50C
adjacent thereto on the inner side. The bank 50C is formed with a width
smaller than that of the bank 50B adjacent thereto on the inner side. The
bank 50B is formed with a width smaller than that of the bank 50A
adjacent thereto on the inner side. Exceptionally, the bank 50E, which is
the outermost bank, is formed with a width larger than that of the bank
50D adjacent thereto on the inner side. Alternatively, the bank 50E may
be formed with a width smaller than that of the bank 50D.

[0044]Banks of the liquid-repellent layer 50 in the central region
(including a region not shown) of the element area have the same width as
that of the bank 50A. The central region of the element area occupies a
large proportion of the element area. Therefore, a large proportion of
banks of the liquid-repellent layer 50 are actually formed with the same
width as the bank 50A.

[0045]As described above, in the peripheral region of the element area,
widths of the banks of the liquid-repellent layer 50 between adjacent
pixels in the x direction are generally smaller toward the outer sides of
the peripheral region of the element area in the x direction in FIG. 2
(including the outer side not shown). As shown in FIG. 2, in the
peripheral region of the element area, widths of the banks of the
liquid-repellent layer 50 between adjacent pixels in the y direction are
smaller toward the outer sides of the peripheral region of the element
area in the y direction in FIG. 2.

[0046]Such differences in the width of the banks of the liquid-repellent
layer 50 make the planar dimensions of the openings 50a provided in the
peripheral region of the element area be larger than those of the
openings 50a provided in the central region of the element area. The
planar dimensions and depths of the openings 40a and the depths of the
openings 50a are substantially uniform in any region. Accordingly, the
pixel openings provided in the peripheral region of the element area have
larger capacities. Additionally, in the peripheral region of the element
area, since the planar dimensions of the openings 50a become larger
toward the outer sides, the capacities of the pixel openings become
larger likewise.

[0047]Next, a method for manufacturing the organic EL apparatus will be
described. First, a half-finished product shown in FIG. 3 is
manufactured. Specifically, by a known method, wires (not shown), the
TFTs 21, and the insulator layer 20 are formed on the substrate 10, and
subsequently a pattern of the pixel electrodes 30 is formed on the
insulator layer 20. Next, the liquid affinity layer 40 serving as a part
of the bank pattern is formed with a uniform thickness by a known method
such as spin coating, spray coating, roll coating, dye coating, dip
coating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or sputtering, and then is
subjected to photolithographic etching, for example, whereby the openings
40a are provided. Thus, central portions of the respective pixel
electrodes 30 are exposed. The etching may be either dry etching or wet
etching.

[0048]Further, the liquid-repellent layer 50 is formed with a uniform
thickness on the structure obtained as above by a known method such as
spin coating, spray coating, roll coating, dye coating, or dip coating,
and is subjected to photolithographic etching, for example, whereby the
openings 50a are provided. Thus, central portions of the respective pixel
electrodes 30 are exposed.

[0049]In this manner, the half-finished product having a bank pattern
shown in FIG. 3 is obtained.

[0050]In addition to the above process, oxygen-plasma treatment for giving
a liquid affinity characteristic and CF4 plasma treatment for giving
liquid-repellency may be performed. With liquid affinity treatment, the
liquid affinity characteristic of the liquid affinity layer 40 with
respect to a liquid material for the organic layers 32 can be improved.
On the other hand, with liquid-repellent treatment, the liquid-repellency
of the liquid-repellent layer 50 with respect to a liquid material for
the liquid affinity layer 40 can be improved. By performing such
plasma-treatment processes, even if a material not originally having
liquid repellency is used for forming the liquid-repellent layer 50, the
material can be made into the liquid-repellent layer 50 while the liquid
affinity characteristic of the liquid affinity layer 40 is maintained.

[0051]Nest, referring to FIG. 4, liquid 32L, which is a material for the
organic layers 32, is distributed into the pixel openings. The liquid 32L
is ink, for example, containing a solvent such as water or an organic
solvent. In the solvent, a conjugated-polymer or low-molecular material
to become the organic layers 32 is dispersed or dissolved as a solute.
The liquid 32L can be supplied by an ink jet method, a jet dispensing
method, or a dispensing method, for example. In the first embodiment, the
ink jet method is taken as an example.

[0052]Referring to FIG. 4, an ink jet head 80 is driven to eject the
liquid 32L from nozzles 81 of the ink jet head 80 toward the pixel
openings, whereby the liquid 32L is supplied to all the pixel openings.
As described above, since the planar dimensions of the openings 50a
provided in the peripheral region of the element area are larger than
those of the openings 50a provided in the central region of the element
area, the pixel openings in the peripheral region of the element area
have larger capacities than those of the pixel openings in the central
region. In accordance with this configuration, referring to FIG. 5,
larger amounts of liquid 32L, which is the material for the organic
layers 32, are distributed into the pixel openings provided in the
peripheral region of the element area than in the central region.
Further, in the peripheral region of the element area, larger amounts of
liquid 32L are distributed into the pixel openings provided closer to the
outer sides.

[0053]To supply larger amounts of liquid 32L in the pixel openings closer
to the outer sides, any one or any combination of the following methods
may be used:

[0054](1) The current or voltage to be applied to piezoelectric elements
that control the amount of droplets to be supplied from nozzles is
changed in accordance with positions of the pixel openings, whereby the
amount of a droplet that forms a single dot is changed.

[0055](2) The number of pulses to be applied to piezoelectric elements
that control the amount of droplets to be supplied from nozzles is
changed in accordance with positions of the pixel openings, whereby the
number of droplets to be supplied per pixel opening is changed.

[0056](3) The number of nozzles to be used per pixel opening is changed in
accordance with positions of the pixel openings, whereby the number of
droplets to be supplied per pixel opening is changed.

[0057]Next, the liquid 32L distributed to the pixel openings is dried
under vacuum. Consequently, referring to FIG. 6, the organic layers 32
are obtained. In addition, to dry the liquid 32L more sufficiently, the
substrate 10 may be annealed. During this drying process, the solvent
(water or an organic solvent) contained in the organic layers 32 is
removed.

[0058]Subsequently, the counter electrode 34 shown in FIG. 1 is formed by
a known method. It is preferable that a sealing process be performed for
providing a sealing film or a sealing cap (not shown) over the structure
shown in FIG. 1.

[0059]In the first embodiment, the planar dimensions of the openings 50a
provided in the peripheral region of the element area are larger than
those of the openings 50a provided in the central region of the element
area. This means that, in the process for distributing the liquid 32L,
which is the material for the organic layers 32, larger amounts of liquid
32L can be provided to the pixel openings in the peripheral region of the
element area (see FIG. 5). Therefore, a larger amount of solvent is
evaporated in the peripheral region of the element area, whereby
variation in the concentration of the solvent in an atmosphere above the
entirety of the element area can be reduced. Specifically, the
concentration of the solvent in an atmosphere around the peripheral
region becomes close to that in an atmosphere above the central region.
Thus, variation in the drying rate of the liquid 32L in the
light-emitting elements 28 arranged in the element area can be reduced.
Consequently, nonuniformity in the thickness of the organic layers 32
included in the light-emitting elements 28 can be reduced, leading to a
reduction of nonuniformity in the brightness and color of light to be
emitted. Moreover, unlike the use of a dummy area in the known art (such
as JP-A-2002-252083), the light-emitting elements 28 provided in the
peripheral region of the element area are also used for light emission.
This suppresses increase in the dimensions of a region not contributive
to light emission, leading to reduction in the frame width of the organic
EL apparatus.

[0060]In a typical organic EL apparatus, the peripheral region of the
element area easily allows entry of oxygen or moisture and therefore
deterioration of the light-emitting elements 28 starts to occur from the
peripheral region and gradually progresses toward the central region.
Considering a single light-emitting element 28, deterioration of the
organic layer 32 starts to occur from a peripheral portion thereof and
gradually progresses toward a central portion thereof. In the first
embodiment, the planar dimensions of the organic layers 32 of the
light-emitting elements 28 provided in the peripheral region of the
element area are larger than those of the organic layers 32 of the
light-emitting elements 28 provided in the central region of the element
area. Therefore, even after the organic layers 32 of the light-emitting
elements 28 provided in the peripheral region of the element area start
to be deteriorated, it takes a long time before central portions of the
same organic layers 32 are deteriorated. Moreover, each organic layer 32
emits light mainly at a central portion thereof (a portion overlapping
the opening 40a), where the organic layer 32 overlaps both the positive
electrode and the negative electrode, thereby allowing an effective
current flow. In contrast, the organic layer 32 does not emit light at a
peripheral portion thereof, where there is no current flow. This means
that, in the first embodiment, it takes a long time before the organic
layers 32 of the light-emitting elements 28 provided in the peripheral
region of the element area have portions thereof that actually contribute
to light emission deteriorated. Consequently, the lifetime of the organic
EL apparatus can be extended.

[0061]while the first embodiment concerns a method in which the organic
layers 32 are formed by an ink jet method, a jet dispensing method, or a
dispensing method, the organic layers 32 may be formed by deposition.
Also in the case where the organic layers 32 are formed by deposition, it
takes a long time before the organic layers 32 of the light-emitting
elements 28 provided in the peripheral region of the element area have
portions thereof that actually contribute to light emission deteriorated,
as described above. Consequently, the lifetime of the organic EL
apparatus can be extended.

[0062]In addition, while the first embodiment concerns a case of forming
the light-emitting elements 28 of a single color, the above-described
method can also be applied to a case where a element area includes groups
of light-emitting sub-pixels having colors of red, green and blue. Also
in such a case, the same advantageous effect can be obtained.

Second Embodiment

[0063]FIGS. 7A to 7D are cross-sectional views of a color filter panel
showing a method for manufacturing a color filter panel according to a
second embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 is a plan view of the color
filter panel as a finished product. More specifically, FIGS. 7A to 7D are
each a cross-sectional view taken along the line VII-VII in FIG. 8. The
color filter panel includes a substrate 100 composed of a transparent
material such as glass or transparent resin, color filters 104 (104R,
104G, and 104B) provided on the substrate 100, and a bank pattern
(partition pattern) provided on the substrate 100 and defining the color
filters 104. The suffixes R, G, and B given to the color filters 104
indicate colors of light that are transmitted through the respective
color filters 104. Namely, the color filters 104R transmit red light, the
color filters 104G transmit green light, and the color filters 104B
transmit blue light.

[0064]The bank pattern has a two-layer structure including a lower bank
layer 102 and an upper bank layer 106. The lower bank layer 102 is
composed of a light-shielding material such as chromium or a chromium
oxide film and functions as a black matrix. The upper bank layer 106 is
composed of a macromolecular material such as acrylic resin, polyimide
resin, olefin resin, or melamine resin. The lower bank layer 102 includes
banks of a uniform cross-sectional thickness. The upper bank layer 106
includes banks 106A, 106B, 106C, 106D, and 106E, which will be described
separately below.

[0065]The lower bank layer 102 has a plurality of openings 102a, and the
upper bank layer 106 has a plurality of openings 106a. The openings 102a
overlap the openings 106a, respectively. Each overlapping pair of the
opening 102a and the opening 106a communicate with each other, thereby
forming a single filter opening.

[0066]Referring to FIG. 8, the openings 102a in the lower bank layer 102
are arranged at constant pitches in the x and y directions and have the
same planar dimensions. The color filters 104 are in contact with the
substrate 100, which is transparent, through the openings 102a. Light is
transmitted through the contacts between the substrate 100 and the color
filters 104. Each color filter 104 transmits light mainly at a central
portion thereof where the color filter 104 overlap the corresponding
opening 102a, whereas the color filter 104 does not transmit light at a
peripheral portion thereof. Therefore, effective light-transmitting
portions of the color filters 104 are arranged at constant pitches in the
x and y directions in FIG. 8 and have the same planar dimensions.

[0067]Generally, banks of the upper bank layer 106 provided in a
peripheral region of the color filter panel have widths smaller than
those of banks of the upper bank layer 106 provided in a central region
of the color filter panel. Specifically, the bank 106D, which is the
second outermost bank of the upper bank layer 106, is formed with a width
smaller than that of the bank 106C adjacent thereto on the inner side.
The bank 106C is formed with a width smaller than that of the bank 106B
adjacent thereto on the inner side. The bank 106B is formed with a width
smaller than that of the bank 106A adjacent thereto on the inner side.
Exceptionally, the bank 106E, which is the outermost bank, is formed with
a width larger than that of the bank 106D adjacent thereto on the inner
side. Alternatively, the bank 106E may be formed with a width smaller
than that of the bank 106D.

[0068]Banks of the upper bank layer 106 in the central region (including a
region not shown) of the color filter panel have the same width as that
of the bank 106A. The central region of the color filter panel occupies a
large proportion of the color filter panel. Therefore, a large proportion
of banks of the upper bank layer 106 are actually formed with the same
width as the bank 10A.

[0069]As described above, in the peripheral region of the color filter
panel, widths of the banks of the upper bank layer 106 between adjacent
openings in the x direction are generally smaller toward the outer sides
of the peripheral region of the color filter panel in the x direction in
FIG. 8 (including the outer side not shown). As shown in FIG. 8, in the
peripheral region of the color filter panel, widths of the banks of the
upper bank layer 106 between adjacent openings in the y direction are
smaller toward the outer sides of the peripheral region of the color
filter panel in the y direction in FIG. 8.

[0070]Such differences in the width of the banks of the upper bank layer
106 make the planar dimensions of the openings 106a provided in the
peripheral region of the color filter panel be larger than those of the
openings 106a provided in the central region of the color filter panel.
The planar dimensions and depths of the openings 102a and the depths of
the openings 106a are substantially uniform in any region. Accordingly,
the filter openings provided in the peripheral region of the color filter
panel have larger capacities. Additionally, in the peripheral region of
the color filter panel, since the planar dimensions of the openings 106a
become larger toward the outer sides, the capacities of the pixel
openings become larger likewise.

[0071]Next, a method for manufacturing the color filter panel will be
described. First, a half-finished product shown in FIG. 7A is
manufactured. Specifically, the lower bank layer 102 is formed with a
uniform thickness on the substrate 100 by a known method such as CVD or
sputtering, and then is subjected to photolithographic etching, for
example, whereby the openings 102a are provided. Thus, portions of the
substrate 100 is exposed. The etching may be either dry etching or wet
etching.

[0072]Further, the upper bank layer 106 is formed with a uniform thickness
on the structure obtained as above by a known method such as spin
coating, spray coating, roll coating, dye coating, or dip coating, and is
subjected to photolithographic etching, for example, whereby the openings
106a are provided. Thus, portions of the substrate 100 are exposed.

[0073]In this manner, the half-finished product having a bank pattern
shown in FIG. 7A is obtained.

[0074]In addition to the above process, oxygen-plasma treatment for giving
a liquid affinity characteristic and CF4 plasma treatment for giving
liquid-repellency may be performed. With liquid affinity treatment, the
liquid affinity characteristic of the lower bank layer 102 with respect
to a liquid material for the color filters 104 can be improved. On the
other hand, with liquid-repellent treatment, the liquid-repellency of the
upper bank layer 106 with respect to a liquid material for the color
filters 104 can be improved. By performing such plasma-treatment
processes, even if a material not originally having liquid repellency is
used for forming the upper bank layer 106, the upper bank layer 106 can
be made to be liquid repellent while the liquid affinity characteristic
of the lower bank layer 102 is maintained.

[0075]Next, referring to FIG. 7B, liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL, which
are materials for the color filters 104, are distributed into the
respective filter openings. The liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL are ink,
for example, containing a solvent such as water or an organic solvent. In
the solvent, a pigment or a dye to become the corresponding color filter
104 is dispersed or dissolved as a solute. The liquids 104RL, 104BL, and
104GL can be supplied by an ink jet method, a jet dispensing method, or a
dispensing method, for example. In the second embodiment, the ink jet
method is taken as an example.

[0076]Referring to FIG. 7B, an ink jet head 280 is driven to eject the
liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL from nozzles 281 of the ink jet head 280
toward the filter openings, whereby the liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL
are supplied to all the respective filter openings. As described above,
since the planar dimensions of the openings 106a provided in the
peripheral region of the color filter panel are larger than those of the
openings 106a provided in the central region of the color filter panel,
the filter openings in the peripheral region of the color filter panel
have larger capacities than those of the filter openings in the central
region. In accordance with this configuration, referring to FIG. 7c,
larger amounts of liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL, which are the
materials for the color filters 104, are distributed into the filter
openings provided in the peripheral region of the color filter panel than
in the central region. Further, in the peripheral region of the color
filter panel, larger amounts of liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL are
distributed into the filter openings provided closer to the outer sides.

[0077]To supply larger amounts of liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL in the
filter openings closer to the outer sides, any one or any combination of
the following methods may be used:

[0078](1) The current or voltage to be applied to piezoelectric elements
that control the amount of droplets to be supplied from nozzles is
changed in accordance with positions of the filter openings, whereby the
amount of a droplet that forms a single dot is changed.

[0079](2) The number of pulses to be applied to piezoelectric elements
that control the amount of droplets to be supplied from nozzles is
changed in accordance with positions of the filter openings, whereby the
number of droplets to be supplied per filter opening is changed.

[0080](3) The number of nozzles to be used per filter opening is changed
in accordance with positions of the filter openings, whereby the number
of droplets to be supplied per filter opening is changed.

[0081]Next, the liquids 104RL, 104BL, and 104GL distributed to the filter
openings are dried under vacuum. Consequently, referring to FIG. 7D, the
color filters 104 are obtained. In addition, to dry the liquids 104RL,
14BL, and 104GL more sufficiently, the substrate 100 may be annealed.
During this drying process, the solvent (water or an organic solvent)
contained in the color filters 104R, 104B, and 104G is removed.

[0082]In the second embodiment, the planar dimensions of the openings 106a
provided in the peripheral region of the color filter panel are larger
than those of the openings 106a provided in the central region of the
color filter panel. This means that, in the process for distributing the
liquids to become the color filters 104, larger amounts of liquids can be
provided to the filter openings in the peripheral region of the color
filter panel (see FIG. 7c). Therefore, a larger amount of solvent is
evaporated in the peripheral region of the color filter panel, whereby
variation in the concentration of the solvent in an atmosphere above the
entirety of the color filter panel can be reduced. Specifically, the
concentration of the solvent in an atmosphere around the peripheral
region becomes close to that in an atmosphere above the central region.
Thus, variation in the drying rate of the liquids in the color filters
104 arranged in the color filter panel can be reduced. Consequently,
nonuniformity in the thickness of the color filters 104 can be reduced,
leading to a reduction of nonuniformity in the transmissivity (for
example, nonuniformity in the brightness of transmitted light). Moreover,
the color filters 104 provided in the peripheral region of the color
filter panel are available for practical use. This suppresses increase in
the area of a region not contributive to practical use, leading to
reduction in the frame width of the organic EL apparatus.

Other Applications

[0083]Next, an electronic apparatus to which the organic EL apparatus
according to the first or second embodiment (hereinafter referred to as
"the present organic EL apparatus") will be described.

[0084]FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a mobile personal computer
including an image display apparatus to which the present organic EL
apparatus is applied. A personal computer 2000 includes an organic EL
apparatus 1, serving as a display apparatus, and a body 2010. The body
2010 includes a power switch 2001 and a keyboard 2002.

[0085]FIG. 10 shows a mobile phone to which the present organic EL
apparatus is applied. A mobile phone 3000 includes a plurality of
operation buttons 3001, a plurality of scroll buttons 3002, and an
organic EL apparatus 1 serving as a display apparatus. By operating the
scroll buttons 3002, the image displayed on the organic EL apparatus 1 is
scrolled.

[0086]FIG. 11 shows a personal digital assistant (PDA) to which the
present organic EL apparatus is applied. A PDA 4000 includes a plurality
of operation buttons 4001, a power switch 4002, and an organic EL
apparatus 1 serving as a display apparatus. By operating the power switch
4002, various kinds of information, such as an address file and a
schedule file, are displayed on the organic EL apparatus 1.

[0088]The present organic EL apparatus can also be used as an exposure
head of an electrophotographic printer (image printing apparatus) or any
of various other illumination apparatuses. Such image printing
apparatuses and illumination apparatuses are also regarded as electronic
apparatuses according to the invention.