Available applications

Background of Adenosine receptor A2a antibody

Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside generated locally in tissues under conditions of hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammation. It modulates a variety of physiological functions of many tissues including brain and heart. Adenosine exerts its action via four specific adenosine receptors (also med P1 purinergic receptors): A1-Adenosine Receptor (A1AR), A2A-Adenosine Receptor (A2AAR), A2B-Adenosine Receptor (A2BAR), and A3-Adenosine Receptor (A3AR). All are integral membrane proteins and are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, which share a common structure of seven putative transmembrane domains, an extracellular NH2 terminus, cytoplasmic COOH terminus, and a third intracellular loop important for binding G proteins. The adenosine receptors can be distinguished on the basis of their differential selectivity for adenosine alogs. Adenosine receptors control neurotransmitter release through the facilitatory A2AAR and the inhibitory A1AR. A2AAR and A1AR are the major adenosine receptor subtypes expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). A2AAR is mainly expressed in the striatum on GABAergic striatopallidal neurons, while A1AR is widely distributed throughout the CNS. A2AAR was suggested to play a critical role in attenuation of systemic inflammatory responses and prevention of extensive tissue damage. It was suggested that extracellular adenosine that accumulates in inflamed and damaged tissue may activate the A2AAR expressed in immune cells leading to termition/inhibition of the immune response. It was further suggested that this same mechanism may protect tumors from antitumor T cells through an immunosuppressive sigl generated by the activation of A2AAR on T cells by extracellular adenosine produced from hypoxic cancerous tissues.

Immunofluorescent analysis of Adenosine A2a Receptor staining in Raw264.7 cells. Formalin-fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 5-10 minutes and blocked with 3% BSA-PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody in 3% BSA-PBS and incubated overnight at 4 C in a humidified chamber. Cells were washed with PBST and incubated with a DyLight 594-conjugated secondary antibody (red) in PBS at room temperature in the dark. DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclei (blue).

Expression of A2A Adenosine Receptor in mouse diagonal band. Immunohistochemical staining of mouse diagonal band using Anti-A2A Adenosine Receptor antibody. A2A Adenosine Receptor (green) appears in the broca of individual neurons (arrows) and in neuropil (asterisk). DAPI is used as the counterstain.

Expression of A2A Adenosine Receptor in rat lung. Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin emedded rat lung sections using Anti-A2A Adenosine Receptor antibody, (1:50). A2A Adenosine Receptor is expressed in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchioli (Br). Note that smooth muscle and endothelium in blood vessels are negative. Hematoxilin is used as the counterstain.