Contents

The incumbent governor of Jakarta Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, who was contesting for the forthcoming 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, was accused of blasphemy against Islam following his speech on 27 September 2016. National outcry against his perceived misdemeanor had triggered a small scale protest on 14 October and a nationwide protest in November 2016, the later reported widely among the international media as well, with many consider it a crisis of democracy and the conservatism among the Islam in Indonesia.[2] Facing the counter-protest by the pro-Ahok groups on 30 November the oppositions and Islamist groups have jointly planned for even wider scale and more inclusive protest.

Initially, the protest was planned to be held on 25 November 2016 but then it was agreed to be held on 2 December.[3] The National Movement of Fatwa Guards - Majelis Ulama Indonesia (GNPF-MUI), the main organizer of the 4 November protest, said it would hold a similar action again on 2 December 2016. The leader of Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), Muhammad Rizieq Shihab said that this action would take place with the extra commitment for nonviolence as it will be held in the form of joint worship.[4] This statement received mixed responses. The chairman of the House of Representatives, Ade Komaruddin chose not to respond to the statement and requested reporters to ask directly to the organizers.[5] The police chief Tito Karnavian threatened not to issue permission for the action upon fear of going violent.[6] After an agreement between the organizers and the police, the action was agreed to take place with activities in the form of praying and the joint performance of Friday prayers.

Basuki later lost the elections to Anies Baswedan and was found guilty, being sentenced to 2 years on 9 May 2017.[17] On the protests' anniversary, a “reunion” was held in the same location, with the organizers claiming an attendance of 7.5 million although officials stated that the number of participants were around 30,000.[18]

The Shariah minimarket co-operative 212 Mart, setup in May 2017 was named in honour of the protests, and by August 2018 had 192 stores.[19]

1.
Joko Widodo
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Joko Widodo is the seventh President of Indonesia, in office since 2014. Previously he was the Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012 and he is the first Indonesian president without a high-ranking political or military background. Jokowi was nominated by his party, the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, Jokowi was elected as Governor of Jakarta on 20 September 2012 after a second round runoff election in which he defeated the incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo. Jokowis win was seen as reflecting popular voter support for new or clean leaders rather than the old style of politics in Indonesia. His nomination as PDI-P candidate for the 2014 presidential election was announced on 14 March 2014, the presidential election was held on 9 July 2014. After some controversy about the result of the election, Jokowi was named as president-elect on 22 July, Joko Widodo is of Javanese descent. Before changing his name, Jokowi was called Mulyono and his father came from Karanganyar, his grandparents came from a village in Boyolali. His education began in State Primary School 111, Tirtoyoso, known for being a school for the wealthy citizens. At the age of twelve, he started working in his fathers furniture workshop, the evictions he experienced three times in his childhood affected his way of thinking and his leadership later on as the mayor of Surakarta as he organised housing in the city. After primary school, he continued his studies in SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta and he had wanted to continue his education in SMA Negeri 1 Surakarta, but he failed the entrance exam and went to SMA Negeri 6 Surakarta instead. Joko Widodo graduated from Faculty of Forestry at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta in 1985 to study, Jokowi began his tenure at a state-owned enterprise company called PT Kertas Kraft Aceh, but went home not long after due to his disinterest. He then began working for his grandfathers furniture factory, before establishing his own company called Rakabu, the companys fine product has its fame heard internationally, as they are also exported to the Western World. It was in France where his furniture product first start penertrating European market and this brought Widodo to a customer named Bernard, who gave him the nickname he is famous for, Jokowi. Ultimately he was inspired to become a politician so that he can transform his hometown, Surakarta, Jokowi ran for mayoral race in 2005 together with his running mate, F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo, winning 36. 62% of the vote against the incumbent Slamet Suryanto and 2 other candidates, when he first ran for the office of mayor of Surakarta, his background as a property and furniture businessman was questioned. He adopted the development framework of European cities into his own city of Surakarta, in 2007, Surakarta had also hosted the World Music Festival which was held at the complex of Fort Vastenburg. The FMD in 2008 was held in the Mangkunegaran Palace Complex, part of Jokowis personal style was his populist can-do elements designed to build bonds with the broad electorate. Following the electric company policy to pursue a more disciplined approach to collecting overdue bills, the city government quickly authorized payment but in settling the bill protested that it should consider the public interest before taking this type of action

2.
Merdeka Square, Jakarta
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Merdeka Square is a large square located in the center of Jakarta, Indonesia. Measuring one square kilometer in area, if the fields within the Merdeka Square are included. At 75 hectares, it is five times the size of Tiananmen Square. At its center stands the National Monument, often called Monas, the paved plaza surrounds the monument often host national events such as military and float parades, as well as civic demonstrations. Surrounding the Monument is now a park with a fountain in eastern side. The square is a destination for Jakartans for sports and recreation especially on weekends. It is surrounded by important government buildings such as the Merdeka Palace, the National Museum of Indonesia, during the colonial Dutch East Indies era the square was called Koningsplein. Merdeka is the Indonesian word for freedom or independence, formerly, it was a large open field for herding kerbau, and therefore called Buffelsveld. There were two main squares in Weltevreden, Buffelsveld and Paradeplaats, in 1818, a few years after the formation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the squares name was changed into Koningsplein. Around the same time the Governor-Generals residence was moved to a new palace, the colonial government built athletic tracks, a stadium and sports facilities on Koningsplein. The locals called the square Lapangan Gambir, after Uncaria gambir, the Lapangan Gambir became the location of Pasar Gambir, a Pasar Malam fair and festival to commemorate Queen Wilhelminas birthday in 1906. Since 1921 Pasar Gambir was held annually, turning into the annual modern Jakarta Fair, the squares name remained the same throughout colonial Dutch East Indies era until the Japanese invasion in 1942. In 1942, during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, the square was named Lapangan Ikada, the proclamation of Indonesian independence was originally intended to be staged at Lapangan Ikada. It was however moved to a house in Jalan Pegangsaan, on 19 September 1945, Sukarno held his Indonesian independence and anti-colonialism/imperialism speech, during Rapat Akbar or grand meeting. In 1949 Sukarno changed the name of Koningsplein to Medan Merdeka, in 1954, President Sukarno launched the idea of erecting a National Monument at the center of Merdeka Square. Sukarno desired that the Indonesian people and the independent nation had something to be proud of. His ambition was to make the Monas the tallest building in Jakarta, higher than Borobudur, a design competition was held in 1956, followed by a second competition in 1960, however the President was not satisfied by the design entries, and no winner was announced. Instead Sukarno — who had studied architecture — asked architects to refine sketches made by himself

3.
Islamism
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Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism and these movements have arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence, redefining politics and even borders according to Robin Wright. Some authors hold the term Islamic activism to be synonymous and preferable to Islamism, Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini. Some Islamist thinkers emphasize peaceful political processes, whereas Sayyid Qutb in particular called for violence, however, Qutb, unlike modern extremists, denounced the killing of innocents. Following the Arab Spring, some Islamist currents became heavily involved in politics, while others spawned the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist militia to date. A theocratic ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society by law, subsequently, clarified to be, the desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam on society. A movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to everything to everyone in Islam, making it unsustainable. and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals. All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their circumstances, or the workplace. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has gained political influence through military coup détats in the past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in the democratic, following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as increasingly interdependent with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that neither can now survive without the other. While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy, at the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. The term, which denoted the religion of Islam, first appeared in English as Islamismus in 1696. The term appears in the U. S. Supreme Court decision in In Re Ross, the term Islamism acquired its contemporary connotations in French academia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, a 2003 article in Middle East Quarterly states, In summation, the term Islamism enjoyed its first run, lasting from Voltaire to the First World War, as a synonym for Islam. Enlightened scholars and writers generally preferred it to Mohammedanism, eventually both terms yielded to Islam, the Arabic name of the faith, and a word free of either pejorative or comparative associations. To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage, the AP Stylebook entry for Islamist now reads as follows, An advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations, al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc

4.
Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682

5.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde

6.
Islam and blasphemy
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Blasphemy in Islam is impious utterance or action concerning God, Muhammad or anything considered sacred in Islam. The Quran admonishes blasphemy, but does not specify any worldly punishment for blasphemy, the hadiths, which are another source of Sharia, suggest various punishments for blasphemy, which may include death. However, it has argued that the death penalty applies only to cases where there is treason involved that may seriously harm the Muslim community. Various fiqhs of Islam have different punishment for blasphemy, depending on whether blasphemer is Muslim or non-Muslim, the punishment can be fines, imprisonment, flogging, amputation, hanging, or beheading. Muslim clerics may call for the punishment of an alleged blasphemer by issuing a fatwā. There are a number of surah in Quran relating to blasphemy, from which Quranic verses 5,33 and 33, 57-61 have been most commonly used in Islamic history to justify and punish blasphemers. For example, According to several hadiths, Muhammad ordered a number of enemies executed in the hours after Meccas fall, one of those who was killed was Kab ibn al-Ashraf, because he had insulted Muhammad. Some jurists believe that blasphemy automatically implies a Muslim has left the fold of Islam, a Muslim may find himself accused of being a blasphemer, and thus an apostate on the basis of one action or utterance. Some modern Muslim scholars contest that Islam supports blasphemy law, stating that Muslim jurists made the part of Sharia. The first executions for blaspheme were in the hours after Meccas fall to the Muslims in 629, Muhammad ordered a number of enemies executed and based on this early jurists postulated that sabb al-Nabi was a crime so heinous that repentance was disallowed and summary execution was required. According to Islamic sources Nadr ibn al-Harith, who was an Arab Pagan doctor from Taif, used to stories of Rustam and Isfandiyar to the Arabs. After the battle of Badr, al-Harith was captured and, in retaliation, legal historian Sadakat Kadri claims that the actual prosecutions for blasphemy in the Muslim historical record are vanishingly infrequent. One of the few cases was that of a Christian accused of insulting the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. It ended in an acquittal in 1293, though it was followed by a protest against a decision led by the famed, in recent decades Islamic revivalists have called for its enforcement on the grounds that criminalizing hostility toward Islam will safeguard communal cohesion. In one country where strict laws on blaspheme were introduced in the 1980s, Pakistan, over 1300 people have been accused of blasphemy from 1987 to 2014, mostly for allegedly desecrating the Quran. Over 50 people accused of blasphemy have been murdered before their trials were over. Individuals have been accused of blasphemy or of insulting Islam for, salafi scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid indicates that the Islamic concept of Gheerah requires that Muslims protect the Prophet Mohammed from blasphemy. Slighting a prophet who is mentioned in the Quran, or slighting a member of Muhammads family, claiming to be a prophet or a messenger

7.
Islam in Indonesia
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Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state, with Islam being the dominant religion in the country. Indonesia also has a larger Muslim population than any country in the world. Based on demographic statistics, 99% of Indonesian Muslims mainly follow the Shafii school of Sunni jurisprudence, although when asked, there are around one million Shias, who are concentrated around Jakarta, and about 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims. There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century, Indonesias historical inhabitants were animists, Hindus and Buddhists. However, it was not until the end of the 13th century that the spread of Islam began, the spread of Islam continued as Muslim traders married the local women, with some of the wealthier traders marrying into the families of the ruling elite. In general, traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion, dominant kingdoms included Samudra Pasai in northern Sumatra, Demak Sultanate and Mataram in Central Java, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east. Through assimilation related to trade, royal conversion, and conquest, Islam had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of Java, the eastern islands remained largely animist until adopting Islam and Christianity in the 17th and 18th centuries, whereas Bali still retains a Hindu majority. During this process cultural influences from the Hindu-Buddhist era were mostly tolerated or incorporated into Islamic rituals and this evidence cannot explain more complicated matters such as how lifestyles were affected by the new religion or how deeply it affected societies. By the late century, the Majapahit Empire in Java had begun its decline. Islam in Java then began to spread formally, building on the influences of the Wali Songo. The Dutch entered the region in the 17th century due to its lucrative wealth established through the natural resources. The Maluku Islands in the Indonesian archipelago were known as the spice islands, the countrys natural spices, including nutmeg, pepper, clove, were highly prized. Other popular trade items of the area include sandalwood, rubber, the movement built schools that combined an Islamic and secular curriculum and was unique in that it trained women as preachers for women. The activities of the reformers and the reactions of their opponents, the Minangkabau ulema played an important role in the early reform movement. In 1906, Tahir bin Jalaluddin published al-Iman, the Malay newspaper in Singapore, five years later followed publication of al-Munir newspaper in Padang. In the first 20th century, Muslim modernist school arose in West Sumatra, such as Adabiah, Diniyah Putri, later, Islamic movement also developed in Java with the birth of the NU and Muhammadiyah. Today about 88% of Indonesias 235 million people is Muslim, upon independence there was significant controversy surrounding the role of Islam in politics, this caused enormous tensions. Eventually, Indonesia adopted a civil code instead of an Islamic one, in the New Order years, there was an intensification of religious belief amongst Muslims

8.
National Monument (Indonesia)
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The National Monument is a 132 m tower in the centre of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, symbolizing the fight for Indonesia. It is the monument of the Republic of Indonesia, built to commemorate the struggle for Indonesian independence. Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Soekarno, Monas was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a covered with gold foil. The monument and the museum are open daily from 07.00 am until 12.00 am Western Indonesia Time throughout the week except for the last Monday of each month when the monument is closed. On 17 August 1954, a National Monument Committee was established, a repeat competition was held in 1960, but once again, none of the 136 entries met the criteria. The chairman of the team then asked Silaban to show his design to Sukarno. However, Sukarno did not like the design as he wanted the monument to be in the form of a linga and yoni. Silaban was asked to design such a monument, but his design was for a monument so large that it would have been given the economic conditions at the time. Silaban refused to design a monument, suggesting that construction be delayed until the Indonesian economy improved. Sukarno then asked the architect R. M, soedarsono to continue with the design. Soedarsono incorporated the numbers 17,8 and 45, representing the 17 August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, the construction of Monas proceeded in three stages. The first period, from 1961/1962–1964/1965 began with the start of construction on 17 August 1961 with Sukarno ceremonially driving in the first concrete pile. A total of 284 piles were used for the foundation block, a further 360 piles were driven in for the museum foundations, with work being completed in March 1962. The walls of the museum in the base were completed by October, construction of the obelisk then commenced and was finished in August 1963. Work in the stage, from 1966 to 1968, was delayed by shortages of funding. In the final phase, from 1969–1976, the dioramas for the museum were added. Problems remained once construction was complete, and work was needed to solve problems with water leaking into the museum, Monas was officially opened to the public on 12 July 1975

9.
Central Jakarta
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Central Jakarta is one of the five cities which form Jakarta, Indonesia. It had 898,883 inhabitants at the 2010 Census, Central Jakarta is the smallest in area and population of the five cities of Jakarta. It is the administrative and political center of Jakarta and Indonesia, Central Jakarta contains a number of large international hotels and major landmarks such as Hotel Indonesia. Central Jakarta is bounded by North Jakarta to the north, East Jakarta to the east, South Jakarta to the south, and West Jakarta to the west. At the end of the first quarter of 2010, the Jakarta CBD had a rate of 80%. According to Jones Lang LaSalle, the amount of space in the Jakarta CBD increased by 93,000 square metres between the second half of 2010 and the second half of 2009. The number of serviced office spaces in Central Jakarta increased by 50% in the leading to September 2010. SMA Negeri 4 Jakarta SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta SMA Negeri 77 Jakarta Official site Jakarta/Central travel guide from Wikivoyage

10.
People's Representative Council
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Together with the Regional Representative Council, a second chamber with limited powers, it makes up a legislative body, the Peoples Consultative Assembly. Currently there are 560 members, following the 2009 elections, all elected, the house has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high level of fraud and corruption. It met for the first time in 1918, ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters, the body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people. In 1925, the Volksraad gained some legislative powers and it had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and it was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments. The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942 and this body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the Committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed, on 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman, the two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August. The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president, the Central Indonesian National Committee or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee, during the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Two months later, the made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war Volksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government. This body invited heads of the making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined together to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly to represent the federal regions, initially Peoples Representative Council had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year, the KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being, the provisional Peoples Representative Council met for the first time on 16 August 1950. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. The PNI had 36 seats and no party had more than 17

11.
Priyayi
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Priyayi was the Dutch era class of the nobles of the Robe, as opposed to royal nobility or bangsawan or ningrat, in Java, Indonesias most populous island. Initially court officials in pre-colonial kingdoms, the moved into the colonial civil service. Named para yayi, nobles, officials, administrators, and chiefs were integrated in a patron-client relationship with the Sultan to preside over the peripheries of the kingdom, the homeland of priyayi culture is attributed to Mataram’s center, namely the Javanese-speaking middle and eastern parts of Java. After the arrival of the Dutch East India Company and the collapse of Mataram, although Dutch political influence severely limited their autonomy throughout the colonial period, the two kingdoms continued to serve as symbols of Javanese courtly culture. A bupati is responsible for a kabupaten, often a polity with a semi-autonomous history, the position of a bupati was often inherited from father to son, a practice allowed under the 1854 Dutch Constitutions, and families of the bupati often formed a local aristocratic class. The bupati is subordinate to, and usually has a correspondence with. Other colonial government employees considered to be of priyayi stature included tax officials, prosecutors, by 1931, Europeans accounted only for 10 percent of the entire state apparatus in the Dutch East Indies, and over 250,000 native officials were on state payroll. In Java, a class distinction existed between priyagung, a well connected to the aristocratic elite in Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Nonetheless, the distance separating the priyayi from the peasantry is much greater than that separating the priyagung from the priyayi cilik. In 1901, the Dutch East Indies government established the so-called Ethische Politiek as an official policy, among the Javanese, priyayi men were the first to be educated at Western-style institutions before entering the colonial civil service. Nationalistic sentiments among Javanese elites who received Dutch education were formative in the era of the Indonesian National Awakening, the Boedi Oetomo, the first indigenous political society in the Dutch East Indies, was established by a group of priyayi doctors and medical students in 1908. Although the group was confined to a Javanese, male priyayi following, the recognition of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949 by Dutch authorities resulted in the integration of bureaucratic institutions from Dutch-controlled federal states into the new Republic. The number of servants in Indonesia thus grew from 115,000 in the late 1920s to 400,000 in the early 1950s. However, the top echelons were dominated by an elite group of 100,000 Dutch-trained senior officials. The priyayi class used elaborate title system and these title were hereditary in some extents, a son will inherit a title one level lower than his parent, unless it is already of the lowest rank. The honorific Raden is related to the Malagasy noble titles of Randriana or Andriana, as a feudalistic subculture in Javanese society distinct from the peasantry, priyayi culture emphasizes the alus over the kasar, and the batin over the lahir. Within Javanese Islam, Geertz identified three alirans, or cultural streams, the abangan, the santri, and the priyayi. Members of the stream are more likely to be urban dwellers, and tend to be oriented to the mosque, the Quran