Anorexia Nervosa

What is anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa (AN), a form of self-starvation, is an eating disorder characterized by low body weight (less than 85 percent of normal weight for height and age), a distorted body image, amenorrhea (absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles when otherwise expected to occur in women), and an intense fear of gaining weight. Anorexia nervosa is sometimes referred to as anorexia.

What causes anorexia nervosa?

The cause of anorexia nervosa is not known. Anorexia usually begins as innocent dieting behavior, but gradually progresses to extreme and unhealthy weight loss. Social attitudes toward body appearance, family influences, genetics, and neurochemical and developmental factors are considered possible contributors to the cause of anorexia. Adolescents who develop anorexia are more likely to come from families with a history of weight problems, physical illness, and other mental health problems, such as depression or substance abuse. Further, often teens with the disorder come from families that are challenged by appropriate problem solving, being too rigid, overly-critical, intrusive, and overprotective. Teens may also be dependent, immature in their emotional development, and are likely to isolate themselves from others. Other mental health problems such as anxiety disorders or affective disorders are commonly found in teens with anorexia.

Who is affected by anorexia nervosa?

The occurrence of anorexia nervosa has increased over the past 20 years among adolescents. Approximately 90 percent are women between ages 12 and 25. Initially identified in upper- and middle-class families, anorexia is now known to be found in all socioeconomic groups and a variety of ethnic and racial groups.

What are the different types of anorexia?

There are two subgroups of anorexic behavior aimed at reducing caloric intake, including the following:

Bulimia (also called binge-eating/purging type)-eats in binges and then induces vomiting and/or takes large amounts of laxatives or other cathartics (medications, through their chemical effects, that serve to increase the clearing of intestinal contents).

What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa?

The following are the most common symptoms of anorexia. However, each child may experience signs differently.

Distorted view of one's body weight, size, or shape; sees self as too fat, even when very underweight; expresses feeling fat, even when very thin

Refuses to maintain minimum normal body weight

In females, absence of three menstrual cycles without another cause

Excessive physical activity in order to promote weight loss

Denies feelings of hunger

Preoccupation with food preparation

Bizarre eating behaviors

The following are the most common physical symptoms associated with anorexia--often that result from starvation and malnourishment. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

Dry skin that when pinched and released, stays pinched

Dehydration

Abdominal pain

Constipation

Lethargy

Dizziness

Fatigue

Intolerance to cold temperatures

Emaciation

Development of lanugo (fine, downy body hair)

Yellowing of the skin

Persons with anorexia may also be socially withdrawn, irritable, moody, and/or depressed. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa may resemble other medical problems or psychiatric conditions. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.

How is anorexia nervosa diagnosed?

Parents, teachers, coaches, or instructors may be able to identify the child or adolescent with anorexia, although many persons with the disorder initially keep their illness very private and hidden. However, a child psychiatrist or a qualified mental health professional usually diagnoses anorexia in children and adolescents. A detailed history of the child's behavior from parents and teachers, clinical observations of the child's behavior, and, sometimes, psychological testing contribute to the diagnosis. Parents who note symptoms of anorexia in their child or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment early. Early treatment can often prevent future problems.

Anorexia, and the malnutrition that results, can adversely affect nearly every organ system in the body, increasing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Anorexia can be fatal. Consult your child's physician for more information.

Treatment for anorexia nervosa:

Specific treatment for anorexia nervosa will be determined by your child's physician based on:

Your child's age, overall health, and medical history

Extent of your child's symptoms

Your child's tolerance for specific medications or therapies

Expectations for the course of the condition

Your opinion or preference

Anorexia is usually treated with a combination of individual therapy, family therapy, behavior modification, and nutritional rehabilitation. Treatment should always be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the adolescent and family. Individual therapy usually includes both cognitive and behavioral techniques. Medication (usually antidepressants) may be helpful if the adolescent with anorexia is also depressed. The frequent occurrence of medical complications and the possibility of death during the course of acute and rehabilitative treatment requires both your child's physician and a nutritionist to be active members of the management team. Parents play a vital supportive role in any treatment process. Hospitalization may be required for medical complications related to weight loss and malnutrition.

Possible complications of anorexia nervosa:

Medical complications that may result from anorexia include, but are not limited to, the following:

Cardiovascular (heart)While it is difficult to predict which anorexic patients might have life-threatening heart problems that result from their illness, the majority of hospitalized anorexic patients have been found to have low heart rates. Myocardial (heart muscle) damage that can occur as a result of malnutrition or repeated vomiting may be life threatening. Common cardiac complications that may occur include the following

Gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines)Normal movement in intestinal tract often slows down with very restricted eating and severe weight loss. Gaining weight and some medications help to restore normal intestinal motility.

Renal (kidney)Dehydration often associated with anorexia results in highly concentrated urine. Polyuria (increased production of urine) may also develop in anorexic patients when the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine decreases. Renal changes usually return to normal with the restoration of normal weight.

Endocrine (hormones)In females, amenorrhea (cessation of the menstrual cycle for at least three consecutive months when otherwise expected) is one of the hallmark symptoms of anorexia. Amenorrhea often precedes severe weight loss and continues after normal weight is restored. Reduced levels of growth hormones are sometimes found on anorexic patients and may explain growth retardation sometimes seen in anorexic patients. Normal nutrition usually restores normal growth.

Skeletal (bones)Persons with anorexia are at an increased risk for skeletal fractures (broken bones). When the onset of anorexic symptoms occurs before peak bone formation has been attained (usually mid to late teens), a greater risk of osteopenia (decreased bone tissue) or osteoporosis (bone loss) exists. Bone density is often found to be low in females with anorexia, and low calcium intake and absorption is common.

Prevention of anorexia nervosa:

Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of anorexia are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, enhance the child's normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by children or adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Encouraging healthy eating habits and realistic attitudes toward weight and diet may also be helpful.