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WGU Ehtics Mod. 3

WGU Ethics terms

This is the study of the moral values and conduct of an individual, group or culture.

Ethics

Ethics is sometimes called _______, because it is employed to answer questions of morality.

Moral philosophy

This is the attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of morality and what it requires of us –in Socrates’ words ‘how we ought to live’, and why.

Moral philosophy

Moral philosophers who are skeptical about the primate origins of human morality argue that non-human primates (can or cannot) consciously and rationally select right from wrong.

cannot

Morality for ______ is about remembering a previous life.

Plato

Who believed that our souls exist in some realm with the Forms and that is how we know them.

Plato

Our souls have three parts what are they?

reason, spirit, and appetite

Morally, Plato argued, we need Virtues, of which he focused on four what are they?

Temperance, Courage, Wisdom and Justice

We need temperance to limit our ________.

appetites

We need ______ to control our will which causes aggression.

courage

What brings us the wisdom to keep our souls in harmony—not allowing one extreme to take over another?

Reason

Ultimately, if we practice all of these virtues we achieve _______.

Justice

This is the right or wrong of an action, decision, or way of living.

Morality

The origins of philosophy can be traced back to early _______ wisdom, which embodied certain philosophies of life.

Mesopotamian

The earliest form of logic was developed by the ________.

Babylonians

This is the attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of morality and what it requires of us –in Socrates’ words ‘how we ought to live’, and why.

Moral philosophy

Moral philosophers who are skeptical about the primate origins of human morality argue that non-human primates can or cannot consciously and rationally select right from wrong.

cannot

Morality for ______ is about remembering a previous life.

Plato

Who believed that our souls exist in some realm with the Forms and that is how we know them.

Plato

Our souls have three parts what are they?

reason, spirit, and appetite

Morally, Plato argued, we need Virtues, of which he focused on four what are they?

Temperance, Courage, Reason and Justice

We need temperance to limit our ________.

appetites

We need ______ to control our will which causes aggression.

courage

What brings us the wisdom to keep our souls in harmony—not allowing one extreme to take over another?

Reason

Ultimately, if we practice all of these virtues we achieve _______.

Justice

This is the right or wrong of an action, decision, or way of living.

Morality

The origins of philosophy can be traced back to early _______ wisdom, which embodied certain philosophies of life.

Mesopotamian

The earliest form of logic was developed by the ________.

Babylonians

It means Ancient Iraq and land between the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates rivers)

Mesopotamia

The pre-Socratic philosophers were primarily concerned with the _______ of the world.

natural physical order

This is an early Egyptian text (circa 1600 BCE), described the proper conduct needed for a happy afterlife; some historians see it as a precursor to the Ten Commandments.

Egyptian “Book of the Dead”

This is one of the earliest legal codes (circa 1760 BCE), established standards of behavior and listed crimes and their various punishments.

Hammurabi’s Code

This was established by the 6th Babylonian King.

Hammurabi’s Code

They applied to all Babylonians, including royalty.

Hammurabi’s Code

This has 282.

Hammurabi’s Code

Who is a hero-king and suggests that one “fulfills one’s destiny through service and fidelity to whatsoever becomes one responsibility.

Gilgamesh

This is a long poem from ancient Mesopotamia recounting legends and myths about a hero-king.

The Epic of Gilgamesh

This comprises the first five books (Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers and Deuteronomy) of the Hebrew Bible.

The Torah

Also called the Tanakh.

The Torah

It provides a legal and theological framework for life and an ethical system which consists of the Ten Commandments and other rules, such as 613 mitzvot (or “commandments”).

The Torah

The pre-Socratic philosophers were primarily concerned with the _______ of the world.

natural physical order

This is an early Egyptian text (circa 1600 BCE), described the proper conduct needed for a happy afterlife; some historians see it as a precursor to the Ten Commandments.

Egyptian “Book of the Dead”

This is one of the earliest legal codes (circa 1760 BCE), established standards of behavior and listed crimes and their various punishments.

Hammurabi’s Code

This was established by the 6th Babylonian King.

Hammurabi’s Code

They applied to all Babylonians, including royalty.

Hammurabi’s Code

This has 282.

Hammurabi’s Code

Who is a hero-king and suggests that one “fulfills one’s destiny through service and fidelity to whatsoever becomes one responsibility.

Gilgamesh

This is a long poem from ancient Mesopotamia recounting legends and myths about a hero-king.

The Epic of Gilgamesh

This comprises the first five books (Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers and Deuteronomy) of the Hebrew Bible.

The Torah

Also called the Tanakh.

The Torah

It provides a legal and theological framework for life and an ethical system which consists of the Ten Commandments and other rules, such as 613 mitzvot (or “commandments”).

The Torah

Earliest known writings about heroes who exemplified virtues most admired. Are known as what?

Hero Stories

Value concepts can be discerned from commercial documents, law codes, wisdom sayings, hero stories and myths. These are from what?

Ethics in ancient Mesopotamia

Earliest known writings that defined acceptable and non-acceptable conduct and instructional formulations.

Legal codes

Earliest known writings provide the boasts of monarchs who conquered and often devastated neighboring territories.

Royal Archives

One of the earliest monarchs was said to be the product of the union of a high priest and the goddess Ninsun.

Gigamesh, King of Uruk

One fulfills ones destiny through service and through fidelity to whatsoever becomes ones responsibility.

Work ethic

One of several early royal prescriptions recovered by archeologists. Each ruler declared that he was divinely chosen for divine wishes.

The law code of Semitic King Lipit Ishtar

Earliest known writings contains a negative confession in which the deceased recited before a panel of 42 divine judges with a list of 42 sins no committed.

The Book of the Dead

Who said, "That Many are related by the One (water)."

Thales

Who is famous not for his general wisdom or his practical shrewdness but because he opened up a new area of thought for which he has rightly earned the title of the first philosopher of Western civilization?

Thales

Who was known as the ‘laughing philosopher’?

Democritus

Whose emphasis on the value of "cheerfulness," believed that happiness stemmed from an even temperament and from a life of moderation?

Democritus

Who quoted, "Good means not merely not to do wrong, but rather not to desire to do wrong,"?

Democritus and Leucippus

Who quoted, "He who chooses the advantages of the soul chooses things more divine, but he who chooses those of the body, chooses things human."?

Democritus and Leucippus

Who believed that knowledge and virtue are one?

Socrates

Who believed justice cannot mean harming others?

Socrates

Who believed striving for good is the condition of all humans and the soul is a person’s conscious personality?

Socrates

Who believed morality is the matter of true knowledge?

Socrates

Who theorized that no one commits an evil act to do evil?

Socrates

Who believed when people do bad things they are inevitably thinking that what they've done will lead to good for them?

Socrates

Who believed evil, vice are based on ignorance.

Socrates

Who did not, like the Sophists, who believe that "might makes right."

Socrates

The father of Philosophy is who?

Socrates

Who lived in Athens, Greece from 470-399 BCE?

Socrates

Who kept a record of Socrates teachings?

Plato

Whose core philosophy is - there is an absolute standard which applied to every man, and by this standard all people would be judged after death in the afterlife?

Socrates

Whose belief about justness (morality) was the basics of right and wrong were larger than just one person, they also applied to society?

Socrates

Who believed the ability to reason and question our authorities and principles and to rule our desires, distinguished humans from animals?

Socrates

What was worthless according to Socartes?

an unexamined life

According to who, all sane people had the standard innately built into them. They knew and understood how to be virtuous. The non-virtuous were insane or ignorant. No one knowing chooses to do wrong things.

Socrates

Who was arrested for impiety and corrupting the youth?

Socrates

Who taught Plato?

Socrates

What method of teaching is by question and answer; used to elicit truths from his students.

Socratic Method

What is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate rational thinking and to illuminate ideas.

Socratic Method

Who was born in Athens, Greece in 427-347 BCE

Plato

Who founded the Academy in 380 BC which was the first college in history?

Plato

What was taught at the Academy

Math, Philosophy, and Science

What is the comparable word for "just" when referring Plato's and Aristotle’s teachings?

Moral

People who would swing to follow the Sophist view was whose greatest fears?

Plato

What book did Plato write to combat Sophist view points

The Republic

Why was the book "The Republic" written?

To explain why a person should be just.

There are rewards and punishments in the afterlife resulting from our actions here and for its own sake, are two reason's why to be "just", in what writings?

The Republic

Allegory is Plato's description of _______.

"ignorance"

The hypothetical rulers of Plato’s ideal city –state are who?

Philosopher kings

Ethics, in whose theory, come from outside a person.

Plato

The people in the cave live in brutal, cruel circumstances; this is whose belief about a life without knowledge.

Plato

What charcteristics did Plato associate with the world of senses?

unreal, fleeting, untrustworthy, and evil

What did plato believe was the highest good for man?

Reason

The reward of the just man was to be released from their body and from this world into a pure good one where they can study the true meanings and ideas. Whose belief is this when a person died?

Plato

What are the two worlds that Plato believed existed?

The World of Becoming and the World of Being

The true reality, a place of pure ideas and a world of forms is what?

The World of Being

How do you access the World of Being?

Through reason and thought

This world, where everything is removed from reality is what?

The World of Becoming

The real thing from which we see shadows. The pure idea of something is considered what according to Plato?

a form

What is happening when it is no longer reality because it can be seen, touched, tastes, felt, or smelt. It is an example of the form or idea.

the form is manifesting

When were forms created?

They never were, they existed before man and will continue after.

What are the necessary qualities of forms?

eternal, unchanging, unmoving, and invisible

"Man is the measure of all things" is a sentiment held by whom?

The Sophists

Who argued for a moral philosophy of relativism one based on self-interest?

The Sophists

Who develop a theory of ethics that was based on the tenet that nothing was universal; nothing was truly knowable except for what each of us feels individually.

The three main Sophists

What did Socrates believe regarding "right action"?

Must be rational & consistent with self interest

What is the different steps required to gaining knowledge called.

The cave

Conduct or morals cannot be reduced to concepts or principles; it isn’t possible to know the "true" nature of anything because perceptions differ from person to person.

relativism

Who are the three main Sophist?

Protagoras, Gorgias, and Thrasymachus

What are the different step required to gain knowledge from the cave?

Imaging to beliveing to thinking to intelligence.

What depicts how people move from darkness to light, from ignorance to knowledge.

the cave

Who advocated living by the Golden Mean?

Aristotle

What is the desirable middle between two extremes, between excess and inadequacy.

Golden Mean

Who considered his list of preferred virtues as a mean (The Virtue) between extremes (The Deficiency and The Excess).

Aristotle

Achieving this midpoint—for example, having pride (and self-esteem) without being arrogant—was a way to live well. This was whose philosophy?

Aristotle

Deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion is called.

Syllogism

Who believed that our minds shared that order with the world. Language/grammar is the order of reality.

Aristotle

Who deduced that form and matter cannot exist without each other.

Aristotle

In whose ethics, responsibility for moral behavior is internally determined.

Aristotle

Who said, we have the potential to be good but we have to activate it with reason.

Aristotle

Goodness is not a passive condition; it requires action. Is whose philosophy?

Whose ethics are influenced by his observations of nature, based in part on Plato's theory, and are a refutation of some of Plato's theory.

Aristotle

Highest happiness not in the ethical virtues of active life, but contemplative or philosophic life of speculation, in which the dianoetic virtues of understanding, science and wisdom are exercise. & Happiness not identical to pleasure. Whose 2 elements?

Aristotle

Greatest good comes from peace of mind (ataraxia) and pleasure (lack of bodily pain). Comes from what school

School of Epicureanism

Moral motivation is advantage or disadvantage to Virtue Ethics.

Advantage

Doubts about the "ideal" of impartiality is advantage or disadvantage to Virtue Ethics.

Advantage

An adequate theory of ethics must provide an understanding of moral character is advantage or disadvantage to Virtue Ethics.

Disadvantage

Incompleteness - emphasizes moral virtues/ neglects ideas of character is advantage or disadvantage to Virtue Ethics.

Disadvantage

All actions do not fit neatly into a virtue is advantage or disadvantage to Virtue Ethics.

Disadvantage

What is an idea that is for any good reason that may be given in favor of doing an action, there is a corresponding virtue that consist in the disposition to accept and act on that reason.