Vigorous in some rural areas and in Three Pagodas border area. Low or no usage in urban centers; some language shift to Burmese. Many domains in some communities; only among the elderly, in the monastery, or not at all in other communities. All ages. Positive attitudes. Many also use Burmese [mya].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L1: Some literacy among the older generation; very low literacy rates among those under 40. Taught in some Buddhist monasteries in both Myanmar and Thailand. Some literacy efforts made on Thailand-Myanmar border. Literature. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1928.