Novel
A NOVEL is any relatively long, written work of narrative fiction ,
normally in prose , and typically published as a book. The genre has been described as having "a continuous and
comprehensive history of about two thousand years," with its origins
in classical Greece and Rome , in medieval and early modern romance ,
and in the tradition of the novella . The latter, an Italian word for
a short story to distinguish it from a novel, has been used in English
since the 18th century for a work that falls somewhere in between. Ian
Watt , in The Rise of the Novel, suggested in 1957 that the novel
first came into being in the early 18th century.
Miguel de Cervantes , author of
Don QuixoteDon Quixote , is frequently cited as
the first significant European novelist of the modern era , the first
part of which was published in 1605. The ROMANCE is a closely related long prose narrative
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Paper
PAPER is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres
of cellulose pulp derived from wood , rags or grasses , and drying
them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses,
including writing , printing , packaging, cleaning , and a number of
industrial and construction processes. The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China
during the early 2nd century CE, possibly as early as the year 105 CE,
by the Han court eunuch
Cai Lun , although the earliest
archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in
China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China
leading its production and the United States right behind it
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Aeneid
The AENEID (/ᵻˈniːɪd/ ;
LatinLatin : Aeneis ) is a
LatinLatin epic poem ,
written by
VirgilVirgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary
story of
Aeneas , a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the
ancestor of the Romans . It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic
hexameter . The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story
of Aeneas's wanderings from
TroyTroy to Italy, and the poem's second half
tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the
LatinsLatins ,
under whose name
Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be
subsumed. The hero
Aeneas was already known to
Greco-Roman legend and myth,
having been a character in the
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Onegin Stanza
ONEGIN STANZA (sometimes "PUSHKIN SONNET") refers to the verse form
popularized (or invented) by the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin
through his novel in verse
Eugene Onegin . The work was mostly written
in verses of iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme "aBaBccDDeFFeGG",
where the lowercase letters represent feminine endings (i.e., with an
additional unstressed syllable) and the uppercase representing
masculine ending (i.e. stressed on the final syllable)
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Printing
PRINTING is a process for reproducing text and images using a master
form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing
include cylinder seals and objects such as the
Cyrus CylinderCyrus Cylinder and the
Cylinders of Nabonidus . The earliest known form of printing as
applied to paper was woodblock printing , which appeared in China
before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing technology include the
movable type invented by
Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing
press invented by
Johannes GutenbergJohannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The
technology of printing played a key role in the development of the
RenaissanceRenaissance and the scientific revolution , and laid the material
basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of
learning to the masses
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Madame De Pompadour
JEANNE ANTOINETTE POISSON, MARQUISE DE POMPADOUR, also known as
MADAME DE POMPADOUR (French: ; 29 December 1721 – 15 April 1764),
was a member of the French court and was the official chief mistress
of Louis XV from 1745 to 1751, and remained influential as court
favourite until her death. She took charge of the king’s schedule
and was a valued aide and advisor, despite her frail health and many
political enemies. She secured titles of nobility for herself and her
relatives, and built a network of clients and supporters. She was
particularly careful not to alienate the Queen,
Marie LeszczyńskaMarie Leszczyńska .
On February 8, 1756, the Marquise de Pompadour was named as the
thirteenth lady in waiting to the queen, a position considered the
most prestigious at the court, which accorded her with honors. She
was a major patron of architecture and decorative arts, especially
porcelain
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Medieval
In the history of Europe , the MIDDLE AGES or MEDIEVAL PERIOD lasted
from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the
Western
Roman Empire and merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of
Discovery . The
Middle Ages is the middle period of the three
traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity , the
medieval period, and the modern period . The medieval period is itself
subdivided into the Early , High , and
Late Middle Ages .
Population decline , counterurbanisation , invasion, and movement of
peoples, which had begun in
Late Antiquity , continued in the Early
Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the
Migration Period ,
including various
Germanic peoples , formed new kingdoms in what
remained of the Western Roman Empire
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Classical Greece
CLASSICAL GREECE was a period of around 200 years (5th and 4th
centuries BC) in Greek culture. This Classical period saw the
annexation of much of modern-day
GreeceGreece by the Persian Empire and
its subsequent independence. Classical
GreeceGreece had a powerful influence
on the
Roman EmpireRoman Empire and on the foundations of western civilization .
Much of modern Western politics , artistic thought (architecture ,
sculpture), scientific thought, theatre , literature , and philosophy
derives from this period of Greek history
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