THE JUNGLE --Upton Sinclair

Chapter 7

All summer long the family toiled, and in the fall they
had money enoughfor Jurgis and Ona to be married according to home traditions
of decency.In the latter part of November they hired a hall, and invited
all their new acquaintances, who came and left them over a hundred dollars
in debt.

It was a bitter and cruel experience, and it plunged them
into an agonyof despair. Such a time, of all times, for them to have it,
when theirhearts were made tender! Such a pitiful beginning it was for
their married life; they loved each other so, and they could not have the
briefest respite! It was a time when everything cried out to them thatthey
ought to be happy; when wonder burned in their hearts, and leapedinto flame
at the slightest breath. They were shaken to the depths of them, with the
awe of love realized--and was it so very weak of them that they cried out
for a little peace? They had opened their hearts, like flowers to the springtime,
and the merciless winter had fallenupon them. They wondered if ever any
love that had blossomed in theworld had been so crushed and trampled!

Over them, relentless and savage, there cracked the lash
of want; the morning after the wedding it sought them as they slept, and
drovethem out before daybreak to work. Ona was scarcely able to stand with
exhaustion; but if she were to lose her place they would be ruined,and
she would surely lose it if she were not on time that day. They allhad
to go, even little Stanislovas, who was ill from overindulgence in sausages
and sarsaparilla. All that day he stood at his lard machine,rocking unsteadily,
his eyes closing in spite of him; and he all but lost his place even so,
for the foreman booted him twice to waken him.

It was fully a week before they were all normal again,
and meantime,with whining children and cross adults, the house was not
a pleasant place to live in. Jurgis lost his temper very little, however,
all things considered. It was because of Ona; the least glance at her was
always enough to make him control himself. She was so sensitive--she was
not fitted for such a life as this; and a hundred times a day,when he thought
of her, he would clench his hands and fling himself again at the task before
him. She was too good for him, he told himself,and he was afraid, because
she was his. So long he had hungered to possess her, but now that the time
had come he knew that he had not earned the right; that she trusted him
so was all her own simple goodness, and no virtue of his. But he was resolved
that she should never find this out, and so was always on the watch to
see that he did notbetray any of his ugly self; he would take care even
in little matters,such as his manners, and his habit of swearing when things
went wrong.The tears came so easily into Ona's eyes, and she would look
at him so appealingly--it kept Jurgis quite busy making resolutions, in
addition to all the other things he had on his mind. It was true that more
things were going on at this time in the mind of Jurgis than ever had in
all his life before.

He had to protect her, to do battle for her against the
horror he sawabout them. He was all that she had to look to, and if he
failed shewould be lost; he would wrap his arms about her, and try to hide
herfrom the world. He had learned the ways of things about him now. It
was a war of each against all, and the devil take the hindmost. You did
not give feasts to other people, you waited for them to give feasts to
you.You went about with your soul full of suspicion and hatred; you understood
that you were environed by hostile powers that were trying to get your
money, and who used all the virtues to bait their traps with. The store-keepers
plastered up their windows with all sorts of lies to entice you;the very
fences by the wayside, the lampposts and telegraph poles, were pasted over
with lies. The great corporation which employed you lied to you, and lied
to the whole country--from top to bottom it was nothing but one gigantic
lie.

So Jurgis said that he understood it; and yet it was really
pitiful,for the struggle was so unfair--some had so much the advantage!
Here he was, for instance, vowing upon his knees that he would save Ona
from harm, and only a week later she was suffering atrociously,and from
the blow of an enemy that he could not possibly have thwarted.There came
a day when the rain fell in torrents; and it being December,to be wet with
it and have to sit all day long in one of the cold cellarsof Brown's was
no laughing matter. Ona was a working girl, and did notown waterproofs
and such things, and so Jurgis took her and put her on the streetcar. Now
it chanced that this car line was owned by gentlemen who were trying to
make money. And the city having passed an ordinance requiring them to give
transfers, they had fallen into a rage; and first they had made a rule
that transfers could be had only when the fare was paid; and later, growing
still uglier, they had made another--that the passenger must ask for the
transfer, the conductor was not allowed to offer it. Now Ona had been told
that she was to get a transfer; but it was not her way to speak up, and
so she merely waited, following the conductor about with her eyes, wondering
when he would think of her.When at last the time came for her to get out,
she asked for the transfer,and was refused. Not knowing what to make of
this, she began to argue with the conductor, in a language of which he
did not understand a word. After warning her several times, he pulled the
bell and the car went on--at which Ona burst into tears. At the next corner
she got out,of course; and as she had no more money, she had to walk the
rest ofthe way to the yards in the pouring rain. And so all day long she
sat shivering, and came home at night with her teeth chattering and painsin
her head and back. For two weeks afterward she suffered cruelly--and yet
every day she had to drag herself to her work. The forewoman was especially
severe with Ona, because she believed that she was obstinate on account
of having been refused a holiday the day after her wedding. Ona had an
idea that her "forelady" did not like to have her girls marry--perhaps
because she was old and ugly and unmarried herself.

There were many such dangers, in which the odds were all
against them.Their children were not as well as they had been at home;
but how could they know that there was no sewer to their house, and that
the drainage of fifteen years was in a cesspool under it? How could they
know that the pale-blue milk that they bought around the corner was watered,
and doctored with formaldehyde besides? When the children were notwell
at home, Teta Elzbieta would gather herbs and cure them; now shewas obliged
to go to the drugstore and buy extracts--and how was she toknow that they
were all adulterated? How could they find out that their tea and coffee,
their sugar and flour, had been doctored; that their canned peas had been
colored with copper salts, and their fruit jams with aniline dyes? And
even if they had known it, what good would it have done them, since there
was no place within miles of them where any other sort was to be had? The
bitter winter was coming, and they had to save money to get more clothing
and bedding; but it would not matter in the least how much they saved,
they could not get anything to keep them warm.All the clothing that was
to be had in the stores was made of cotton and shoddy, which is made by
tearing old clothes to pieces and weaving the fiber again. If they paid
higher prices, they might get frills and fanciness, or be cheated; but
genuine quality they could not obtain for love nor money. A young friend
of Szedvilas', recently come from abroad, had become a clerk in a store
on Ashland Avenue, and he narrated with glee a trick that had been played
upon an unsuspecting countryman by his boss. The customer had desired to
purchase an alarm clock, and the boss had shown him two exactly similar,
telling him that the price of one was a dollar and of the other a dollar
seventy-five. Upon being asked what the difference was, the man had wound
up the first halfway and the second all the way, and showed the customer
how the latter made twice as much noise; upon which the customer remarked
that he wasa sound sleeper, and had better take the more expensive clock!

There is a poet who sings that

"Deeper their heart grows and nobler their bearing,

Whose youth in the fires of anguish hath died."

But it was not likely that he had reference to the kind of
anguish that comes with destitution, that is so endlessly bitter and cruel,
and yetso sordid and petty, so ugly, so humiliating--unredeemed by the
slightest touch of dignity or even of pathos. It is a kind of anguish that
poets have not commonly dealt with; its very words are not admitted into
the vocabulary of poets--the details of it cannot be told in polite society
at all. How, for instance, could any one expect to excite sympathy among
lovers of good literature by telling how a family found their home alive
with vermin, and of all the suffering and inconvenience and humiliation
they were put to, and the hard-earned money they spent, in efforts to get
rid of them? After long hesitation and uncertainty they paid twenty-five
cents for a big package of insect powder--a patent preparation which chanced
to be ninety-five per cent gypsum, a harmless earth which had cost about
two cents to prepare. Of course it had not the least effect, except upon
a few roaches which had the misfortune to drink water after eating it,
and so got their inwards set in a coating of plaster of Paris.The family,
having no idea of this, and no more money to throw away, had nothing to
do but give up and submit to one more misery for the rest of their days.

Then there was old Antanas. The winter came, and the place
where he worked was a dark, unheated cellar, where you could see your breath
all day, and where your fingers sometimes tried to freeze. So the old man's
cough grew every day worse, until there came a time when it hardly ever
stopped, and he had become a nuisance about the place.Then, too, a still
more dreadful thing happened to him; he worked in a place where his feet
were soaked in chemicals, and it was not long before they had eaten through
his new boots. Then sores began to breakout on his feet, and grow worse
and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had been a cut,
he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was
a regular thing--it was the saltpeter.Every one felt it, sooner or later,
and then it was all up with him, at least for that sort of work. The sores
would never heal--in the end his toes would drop off, if he did not quit.
Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and
he remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet,
and went on limping about and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces,
all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay. They carried him to
a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped
him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every
morning until the end, he never could get up again. He would lie there
and cough and cough,day and night, wasting away to a mere skeleton. There
came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones began
to poke through--which was a horrible thing to see or even to think of.
And one night he had a choking fit, and a little river of blood came out
of his mouth.The family, wild with terror, sent for a doctor, and paid
half a dollar to be told that there was nothing to be done. Mercifully
the doctor did not say this so that the old man could hear, for he was
still clinging to the faith that tomorrow or next day he would be better,
and could go back to his job. The company had sent word to him that they
would keep it for him--or rather Jurgis had bribed one of the men to come
one Sunday afternoon and say they had. Dede Antanas continued to believe
it, while three more hemorrhages came; and then at last one morning they
found him stiff and cold. Things were not going well with them then, and
though it nearly broke Teta Elzbieta's heart, they were forced to dispense
with nearly all the decencies of a funeral; they had only a hearse, and
one hack for the women and children; and Jurgis, who was learning things
fast, spent all Sunday making a bargain for these, and he made it in thepresence
of witnesses, so that when the man tried to charge him for allsorts of
incidentals, he did not have to pay. For twenty-five years old Antanas
Rudkus and his son had dwelt in the forest together, and it was hard to
part in this way; perhaps it was just as well that Jurgis had to give all
his attention to the task of having a funeral without being bankrupted,
and so had no time to indulge in memories and grief.

Now the dreadful winter was come upon them. In the forests,
all summer long, the branches of the trees do battle for light, and some
of them lose and die; and then come the raging blasts, and the storms of
snow and hail, and strew the ground with these weaker branches. Just so
it was in Packingtown; the whole district braced itself for the struggle
that was an agony, and those whose time was come died off in hordes.All
the year round they had been serving as cogs in the great packing machine;
and now was the time for the renovating of it, and the replacing of damaged
parts. There came pneumonia and grippe, stalking among them, seeking for
weakened constitutions; there was the annual harvest of those whom tuberculosis
had been dragging down. There came cruel, cold, and biting winds, and blizzards
of snow, all testing relentlessly for failing muscles and impoverished
blood. Sooner or later came the day when the unfit one did not report for
work; and then, with no time lost in waiting, and no inquiries or regrets,
there was a chance for a new hand.

The new hands were here by the thousands. All day long
the gates of the packing houses were besieged by starving and penniless
men; they came, literally, by the thousands every single morning, fighting
with each other for a chance for life. Blizzards and cold made no difference
to them, they were always on hand; they were on hand two hours before the
sun rose, an hour before the work began. Sometimes their faces froze, sometimes
their feet and their hands; sometimes they froze all together--but still
they came, for they had no other place to go. One day Durham advertised
in the paper for two hundred men to cut ice; and all that day the homeless
and starving of the city came trudging through the snow from all over its
two hundred square miles. That night forty score of them crowded into the
station house of the stockyards district--they filled the rooms, sleeping
in each other's laps, toboggan fashion, and they piled on top of each other
in the corridors, till the police shut the doors and left some to freeze
outside. On the morrow, before daybreak,there were three thousand at Durham's,
and the police reserves had to be sent for to quell the riot. Then Durham's
bosses picked out twenty of the biggest; the "two hundred" proved to have
been a printer's error.

Four or five miles to the eastward lay the lake, and over
this the bitter winds came raging. Sometimes the thermometer would fall
to ten or twenty degrees below zero at night, and in the morning the streets
would bepiled with snowdrifts up to the first-floor windows. The streets
through which our friends had to go to their work were all unpaved and
full of deep holes and gullies; in summer, when it rained hard, a man might
have to wade to his waist to get to his house; and now in winter it was
no joke getting through these places, before light in the morning and afterdark
at night. They would wrap up in all they owned, but they could not wrap
up against exhaustion; and many a man gave out in these battles with the
snowdrifts, and lay down and fell asleep.

And if it was bad for the men, one may imagine how the
women and children fared. Some would ride in the cars, if the cars were
running; but when you are making only five cents an hour, as was little
Stanislovas, you do not like to spend that much to ride two miles. The
children would come to the yards with great shawls about their ears, and
so tied up that you could hardly find them--and still there would be accidents.One
bitter morning in February the little boy who worked at the lard machine
with Stanislovas came about an hour late, and screaming with pain.They
unwrapped him, and a man began vigorously rubbing his ears; and as they
were frozen stiff, it took only two or three rubs to break themshort off.
As a result of this, little Stanislovas conceived a terror of the cold
that was almost a mania. Every morning, when it came time to start for
the yards, he would begin to cry and protest. Nobody knew quite how to
manage him, for threats did no good--it seemed to be something that he
could not control, and they feared sometimes that he would go into convulsions.
In the end it had to be arranged that he always went with Jurgis, and came
home with him again; and often, when the snow was deep, the man would carry
him the whole way on his shoulders. Sometimes Jurgis would be working until
late at night, and then it was pitiful, for there was no place for the
little fellow to wait, save in the doorways or in a corner of the killing
beds, and he would all but fall asleep there, and freeze to death.

There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might
exactly as well have worked out of doors all winter. For that matter, there
was very little heat anywhere in the building, except in the cooking rooms
and such places--and it was the men who worked in these who ran the most
risk of all, because whenever they had to pass to another room they had
to go through ice-cold corridors, and sometimes with nothing on above the
waist except a sleeveless undershirt. On the killing beds you were apt
to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned against
a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade
of your knife, you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men
would tie up their feet in newspapers and old sacks, and these would be
soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on, until by
nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of
an elephant. Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would
see them plunging their feet and ankles into the steaming hot carcass of
the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water jets. The cruelest
thing of all was that nearly all of them--all of those who used knives--were
unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their
hands would grow numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also
the air would be full of steam,from the hot water and the hot blood, so
that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with men rushing
about at the speed they kept upon the killing beds, and all with butcher
knives, like razors, in their hands-- well, it was to be counted as a wonder
that there were not more men slaughtered than cattle.

And yet all this inconvenience they might have put up
with, if only it had not been for one thing--if only there had been some
place where they might eat. Jurgis had either to eat his dinner amid the
stench in which he had worked, or else to rush, as did all his companions,
to any one of the hundreds of liquor stores which stretched out their arms
to him.To the west of the yards ran Ashland Avenue, and here was an unbroken
line of saloons--"Whiskey Row," they called it; to the north was Forty-seventh
Street, where there were half a dozen to the block, and at the angle of
the two was "Whiskey Point," a space of fifteen or twenty acres,and containing
one glue factory and about two hundred saloons.

One might walk among these and take his choice: "Hot pea-soup
and boiledcabbage today." "Sauerkraut and hot frankfurters. Walk in." "Bean
soupand stewed lamb. Welcome." All of these things were printed in many
languages, as were also the names of the resorts, which were infinite in
their variety and appeal. There was the "Home Circle" and the"Cosey Corner";
there were "Firesides" and "Hearthstones" and "Pleasure Palaces" and "Wonderlands"
and "Dream Castles" and "Love's Delights."Whatever else they were called,
they were sure to be called "Union Headquarters," and to hold out a welcome
to workingmen; and there was always a warm stove, and a chair near it,
and some friends to laugh and talk with. There was only one condition attached,--you
must drink. If you went in not intending to drink, you would be put out
in no time,and if you were slow about going, like as not you would get
your head split open with a beer bottle in the bargain. But all of the
men understood the convention and drank; they believed that by it they
were getting something for nothing--for they did not need to take more
than one drink, and upon the strength of it they might fill themselves
up with a good hot dinner. This did not always work out in practice, however,
for there was pretty sure to be a friend who would treat you, and then
you would have to treat him. Then some one else would come in--and, anyhow,
a few drinks were good for a man who worked hard. As he went back he did
not shiver so, he had more courage for his task; the deadly brutalizing
monotony of it did not afflict him so,--he had ideas while he worked, and
took a more cheerful view of his circumstances. On the way home, however,
the shivering was apt to come on him again; and so he would have to stop
once or twice to warm up against the cruel cold. As there were hot things
to eat in this saloon too, he might get home late to his supper, or he
might not get home at all. And then hiswife might set out to look for him,
and she too would feel the cold;and perhaps she would have some of the
children with her--and so awhole family would drift into drinking, as the
current of a river drifts downstream. As if to complete the chain, the
packers all paid their men in checks, refusing all requests to pay in coin;
and where in Packingtown could a man go to have his check cashed but to
a saloon, where he could pay for the favor by spending a part of the money?

From all of these things Jurgis was saved because of Ona.
He never would take but the one drink at noontime; and so he got the reputation
of being a surly fellow, and was not quite welcome at the saloons, and
had to drift about from one to another. Then at night he would go straight
home, helping Ona and Stanislovas, or often putting the former on a car.
And when he got home perhaps he would have to trudge several blocks, and
come staggering back through the snowdrifts with a bag of coal upon his
shoulder. Home was not a very attractive place--at least not this winter.
They had only been able to buy one stove,and this was a small one, and
proved not big enough to warm even the kitchen in the bitterest weather.
This made it hard for Teta Elzbietaall day, and for the children when they
could not get to school. At night they would sit huddled round this stove,
while they ate their supper off their laps; and then Jurgis and Jonas would
smoke a pipe, after which they would all crawl into their beds to get warm,
after putting out the fire to save the coal. Then they would have some
frightful experiences with the cold. They would sleep with all their clothes
on, including their overcoats, and put over them all the bedding and spare
clothing they owned; the children would sleep all crowded into one bed,
and yet even so they could not keep warm. The outside ones would be shivering
and sobbing, crawling over the others and trying to get down into the center,
and causing a fight. This old house with the leaky weatherboards was a
very different thing from their cabins at home, with great thick walls
plastered inside and outside with mud; and the cold which came upon them
was a living thing, a demon-presence in the room. They would waken in the
midnight hours, when everything was black; perhaps they would hear it yelling
outside, or perhaps there would be deathlike stillness--and that would
be worse yet. They could feel the cold as it crept in through the cracks,
reaching out for them with its icy, death-dealingfingers; and they would
crouch and cower, and try to hide from it, all in vain. It would come,
and it would come; a grisly thing, a specter born in the black caverns
of terror; a power primeval, cosmic, shadowing the tortures of the lost
souls flung out to chaos and destruction. It wascruel iron-hard; and hour
after hour they would cringe in its grasp, alone, alone. There would be
no one to hear them if they cried out;there would be no help, no mercy.
And so on until morning--when they would go out to another day of toil,
a little weaker, a little nearer to the time when it would be their turn
to be shaken from the tree.