Privacy

Privacy issues came to the fore as digital devices intruded on peoples’ personal lives as never before. U.S. Pres. Barack Obama’s administration said that in order to prevent terrorism and identify criminals, it wanted Congress to require that all Internet services be capable of complying with wiretap orders. The broad requirement would include Internet phone services, social-networking services, and other types of Internet communication, and it would enable even encrypted messages to be decoded and read—something that in 2010 required considerable time and effort. Critics complained that the monitoring proposal challenged the ideals of privacy and lack of centralized authority for which the Internet had long been known. No action on the proposed security measure was expected until 2011. Federal officials also sought to update an existing law so it would require telephone companies and broadband providers to make it easier for the U.S. government to perform court-authorized wiretapping. Some recent telecommunications system upgrades had made wiretapping difficult.

Privacy of cell phone communications also became an issue when BlackBerry smartphone maker RIM reacted to demands from the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), Saudi Arabia, and India that security forces from those countries be given the ability to intercept communications such as e-mail and instant messages from BlackBerry users within their borders. The U.A.E. later canceled a planned ban on the BlackBerry service, saying that it had reached an agreement with RIM, which declined to reveal its discussions with the governments of other countries. The demands were part of a rising tide of security demands from national governments that cited the need to monitor criminals and terrorists who used wireless communications. Other countries, including Lebanon, were said to be considering making similar demands.

The FTC proposed an online “do not track” option for consumers. It was modeled on the FTC’s “do not call” list that was designed to bar telemarketers from calling people who opted out in advance. The proposal would allow consumers, via Web browser controls, to opt out of being tracked online for marketing purposes. The proposal did not have the force of law, and its future was unclear, but Microsoft was the first to introduce a browser containing such controls.

Photos and videos emerged as unexpected threats to personal privacy. “Geotags” were created when photos or videos were embedded with geographic location data from GPS chips inside cameras, including those in cell phones. When images were uploaded to the Internet, the geotags allowed homes or other personal locations within the images to be precisely located by those who viewed the photos online. The security risk was not widely understood by the public, however, and in some cases disabling the geotag feature in certain models of digital cameras and camera-equipped smartphones was complicated.

Google’s Street View photo-mapping service caused privacy concerns after the company disclosed that it had been recording locations and some data from unprotected household wireless networks as it took pictures. The company said that the data had been gathered inadvertently. German officials objected to Google’s actions on the basis of Germany’s strict privacy laws. The controversy led to other investigations of the Street View service by several U.S. states and the governments of Spain, France, Italy, South Korea, and the Czech Republic (which later refused to grant Google permission to offer the Street View service there). Google promised that it would not collect any more data in the Czech Republic until the issue had been resolved, though it would continue to provide Street View photos previously taken there.

Online microblogging service Twitter reached a settlement with the FTC involving two security violations that compromised privacy in 2009. One of the incidents involved a hacker’s gaining access to Twitter accounts, including that of then President-elect Obama, which the hacker had used to send out fake messages. Twitter agreed to set up a security program and was barred from misleading consumers about the degree to which it protected their privacy.

Another privacy issue was cyberbullying: using the Internet to threaten or humiliate another person with words, photos, or videos. The problem once again received public attention when a male Rutgers University student committed suicide after two acquaintances reportedly streamed a video over the Internet of the student having a sexual encounter with a man. Also in 2010, Donna Witsell, the mother of a 13-year-old Florida girl who had committed suicide in 2009 after a cyberbullying incident, formed a group called Hope’s Warriors to help curb abuse and to warn others of the threat. By December, 44 U.S. states had enacted laws against bullying, although very few of them included cyberbullying.

Computers and Information Systems: Year In Review 2010. (2015). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1725409/Computers-and-Information-Systems-Year-In-Review-2010/298304/Privacy

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