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The idea of Specification pattern according to Martin Fowler is to separate the statement of how to match a candidate, from the candidate object that it is matched against. As well as its usefulness in selection, it is also valuable for validation and for building to order.

In simple terms it means this pattern helps us to check if an object satisfies certain criteria. Well, we do that all the time in our code don’t we? For instance, we check if the data in an object that we send to a web service or database is properly validated against a business rule. We check for certain conditions on an object’s property to fetch subset of objects from a collection using say LINQ etc etc. Since we already do these things, why do we need a separate pattern to do the same?

Well the biggest advantage of Specification pattern is that we can create compartments of criteria definitions and check them against an object wherever the need arises. We then have the flexibility to change the criteria definitions in one single place as per the business requirement instead of changing it all the places where such criteria would had been used, if we didn’t use specification pattern. OK enough theory, lets see how we can implement the Specification pattern to understand it better.

We’ll start by creating the Core framework for the Specification. Lets create an Interface ISpecification with the following definition

public interface ISpecification<T>
{
bool IsSatisfiedBy(T t);
}

Now as I mentioned earlier, we can check if an object satisfies a certain condition or a set of conditions. In order to make it easy for us we’ll create classes which will help us perform the logical And, Or and Not operations on an object with the available suggestions.

That pretty much forms the core implementation of Specification pattern. Now lets get in to the fun part where we will put the specification pattern in use.

Lets assume that you are creating a module for fictional employee management application to determine the qualification of employees in order to promote them to managers. Lets start by creating a Employee class as follows

Here ExcelCompetency is an enum with values High, Medium and Low. Assume that the specification provided to you is that only Employees with High or Medium competency in Excel can become Managers. The property PotentialManager checks this condition and returns a boolean based on the value assigned for ExcelCompetency.

Though the property PotentialManager would help us in fetching a subset of employees qualified to be a manager from a list of employees, the actual condition we used inside this property might be used elsewhere in our application. In such cases, if the company decides later that employees with only High ExcelCompetency can become managers then we would have to change the condition wherever it is implemented. That is not ideal. This is where Specification pattern could be used.

Lets start by creating our own implementation of Specification framework.

Now the condition for satisfying a requirement will lie independent of the entity object and can be changed anytime without touching the entity.

Now lets assume that the management has laid down a condition that managers should not only have High Excel competency but also should have more than 10 years of experience. To satisfy this condition lets create another specification ManagerRequiredExperienceSpecification

As you can see the possibilities are limitless. If you want to create a new specification which handles both PotentialManagerSpecification and ManagerRequiredExperienceSpecification then we can also do so as follows

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Like many of my friends, the first thing I check at the start of the year is the list of public holidays for that year. Outlook’s holiday feature comes really handy as it makes it convenient for me to update my Calendar with a predefined list of holidays.

So what if you want to create your Company specific holiday list? Suppose there is a fictional company ABC, which has branches in Chennai, Bangalore and US. You can create a custom holiday file for this company which can be distributed to all its employees. To do so…