Note that there are essentially three regions to this curve: I. The region where vI is relatively low, so that the output voltage vO is high. II. The region where vI is relatively high, so that the output voltage vO is low. III. The transition region, where the input/output voltage is in an indeterminate state (i.e, an ambiguous region between high and low.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

2/12

Note that the transition region is rather arbitrarily defined by the points on the transfer function where the magnitude of the slope is greater than one (i.e., where d vO dv I > 1.0 ). Although this transfer function looks rather simple, there are actually several parameters that we use to characterize this transfer function—and thus characterize the digital inverter as well! 1. First of all, let’s consider the case when vI=0. The output of the digital inverter in this condition is defined as VOH (i.e., OH “output high”), i.e.:

VOH

vO when v I = 0

Thus, VOH is essentially the “ideal” inverter high output, as it is the output voltage when the inverter input is at its ideal low input value vI=0. Typically, VOH is a value just slightly less than supply voltage V+.
2. Now, let’s consider the case when vI =V+. The output of the digital inverter in this condition is defined as VOL (i.e., OL “output low”), i.e.:

VOL

vO when v I = V +

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

3/12

Thus, VOL is essentially the “ideal” inverter low output, as it is the output voltage when the inverter input is at its ideal high input value vI =V+. Typically, VOL is a value just slightly greater than 0. vO VOH

vO = f (vI )
VOL
0 V+

vI

3. The “boundary” between region I and the transition region “input of the transfer function is denoted as VIL (i.e., IL low”). Specifically, this is the value of the input voltage that corresponds to the first point on the transfer function where the slope is equal to -1.0 (i.e., where d vO dv I = −1.0 ).

Effectively, the value VIL places an upper bound on an acceptably “low” value of input vI—any vI greater than VIL is not considered to be a “low” input value. I.E.:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

4/12

vI considered "low" only if vI < VIL

4. Likewise, the “boundary” between region II and the transition region of the transfer function is denoted as VIH “input high”). Specifically, this is the value of the (i.e., IH input voltage that corresponds to the second point on the transfer function where the slope is equal to -1.0 (i.e., where d vO dv I = −1.0 ).

Effectively, the value VIH places a lower bound on an acceptably “high” value of input vI—any vI lower than VIH is not considered to be a “high” input value. I.E.:

vI considered "high" only if vI > VIH vO V+

d vO = −1 dvI
Transition Region

d vO = −1 dvI vO = f (vI )
I
VIL
Jim Stiles

III
VIH

II
V+
The Univ. of Kansas

vI

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

5/12

Note then that the input voltages of the transition region (i.e., VIL < v I < VIH ) are ambiguous values—we cannot classify them as either a digital “low” value or a digital “high” value. Accordingly, the output voltages in the transition region are both significantly less that VOH and significantly larger then VOL. Thus, the output voltages that occur in the transition region are likewise ambiguous (cannot be assigned a logical state). Lesson learned Stay away from the transition region!

In other words, we must ensure that an input voltage representing a logical “low” value is significantly lower than VIL, and an input voltage representing a logical “high” value is significantly higher than VIH.
Q: Seems simple enough! Why

don’t we end this exceedingly dull handout and move on to something more interesting!?

A: Actually, staying out of the transition region is sometimes more difficult than you might first imagine!

The reason for this is that in a digital system, the devices are connected together—the input of one device is the output of the other, and vice versa.
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

A: True enough! The input vI2=VOL is typically well below the maximum acceptable value VIL. In fact, we have a specific name for the difference between VIL and VOL—we call this value Noise Margin (NM):

NML = VIL − VOL

Volts ⎤ ⎡ ⎣ ⎦

The noise margin essentially tells us how close we are to the ambiguous transition region for a typical case where v I =VOL . Of course, we do not wish to be close to this transition region at all, so ideally this noise margin is very large! Now, consider the alternate case where vI1 =0.0 V. The output of the first inverter is therefore vO 1 = VOH . Thus, the input to the second inverter is likewise equal to VOH (i.e., v I 2 = vO 2 = VOH ). V+ V+

vI1 =0.0

vO1 =vI2 =VOH

vO2

be a problem—after all, isn’t VOH much larger than VIH??

Q: This still doesn’t seem to

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

8/12

A: Again, this is true enough! The input vI2=VOH is typically well above the minimum acceptable value VIH. We can again specify the difference between VIH and VOH as a noise margin (NM):

NMH = VOH − VIH

Volts ⎤ ⎡ ⎣ ⎦

This noise margin essentially tells us how close we are to the ambiguous transition region for a typical case where v I = 0.0 V . Of course, we do not wish to be close to this transition region at all, so ideally this noise margin is very large!
Q: I don’t see why we care

about the values of these “noise margins”. Isn’t the simple fact that VOLVIH sufficient?

A: Ideally yes. However, in our example we have made one important assumption that in fact may not be true! It turns out that in a real digital circuit, vI2 may not be equal to vO1 !!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

9/12

V+

V+

vI1

vO 1 ≠ v I 2

vO2

possible? It appears to me that vI2 must be equal to vO1 !?

Q: What! How can this be

A: It turns out that for a real digital circuit, a lot can happen between the output of one device and the input to another. The voltage at the input of a device might be affected by many sources—only one of which is the output device connected to it!

Examples of these “extra” sources include: 1. Thermal noise 2. Coupled signals 3. Power supply transients We will combine the effect of all of these sources together into one “noise” source vn(t). Thus, a better model for our digital circuit example is:
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

10/12

V+

vI 2 =

V+

vI1

vO1

+

vO 1 + vn (t )

vO2

*

vn(t)

Now, let’s reconsider the case where vI1= V+. We find that the input to the second digital inverter is then vI 2 = VOL + vn (t ) : V+

vI 2 =
VOL

V+

vI1 =V

+

+

VOL + vn (t )

vO2

*

vn(t)

Now we see the problem! If the noise voltage is too large, then the input to the second inverter will exceed the maximum low input level of VIL—we will have entered the dreaded transition region!!!! To avoid the transition region, we find that the input to the second inverter must be less than VIL:
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

11/12

VOL + vn (t ) VIH −VOH
−vn (t ) < NMH

vn (t ) > −NMH

Note that the noise vn(t) is as likely to be positive as negative—it is in fact negative valued noise that will send vI2 to a value less than VIH!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

11/5/2004

Noise Margins

12/12

Thus, we can make the statement that the magnitude of the noise vn(t) must be less than the noise margins to avoid the ambiguous values of the disturbing transition region! I.E., make sure that:

...students in AIS courses have
already taken a survey computer class, the discussions here are brief. This chapter may
nonetheless serve as a review of computer hardware and software concepts or as a study
of how IT helps organizations accomplish strategic accounting goals.
It is helpful to view an accounting information system as a set of five interacting
components: (1) hardware, (2) software, (3) data, (4) people, and (5) procedures. Computer
hardware is probably the most tangible element in this set, but ‘‘hardware’’ is only one piece
of the pie—and not necessarily the most important piece. For example, most organizations
spend more money on people (in wages and salaries) than on computer hardware and
software combined. Similarly, computer hardware must work together with the other
system components to accomplish data processing tasks. Without computer software, for
example, the hardware would stand idle. Without data to process, both the hardware and
the software would be useless. Without procedures, accounting data could not be gathered
accurately or distributed properly. And finally, without people, it is doubtful that the rest
of the system could operate for long or be of much use.
What all this means is that ‘‘information technology’’ is a fuzzy term that includes
more than computer hardware. In this chapter, we concentrate on computer hardware (in
the next three sections of the chapter) and software (in the final section). But you should
remember......

...Sport Psychology Papers
University of Amsterdam
Index
Paper 1: Superstition in Sports
Words: 1011 Page: 2-4
Paper 2: Attentional Focus in Motor-Skill Acquisition
Words: 1183 Page: 5-8
Paper 3: The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Athletic Performance
Words: 950 Page: 9-11
Paper 4: Why is there a Home-Court Advantage?
Words: 1110 Page: 12-14
Paper 1: Superstition in Sports
In sports weird rituals and superstitions are not uncommon and if they lead to success they are even respected. For example, Johan Cruijff played his whole career with shirt number 14. Besides, he always left the dressing room last, followed by tapping the goalkeeper in his belly and spitting out is gum over the middle line just before the whistle. Many athletes develop comparable illusionary pattern perceptions, such as crossing their fingers or carrying a lucky charm (Vyse, 1997; Wiseman, & Watt, 2004, cited from cited from Damisch, Stoberock, & Mussweiler, 2010). However, it is questionable if superstition is useful because it is based on irrational beliefs that logically unrelated objects, actions, or circumstances positively influence performance. This paper will answer the question if and why superstition improves performance. First, the purpose of superstition is will be explained and subsequently the effects of superstition on performance will be discussed.
Personal control is understood as a fundamental human motivation (e.g., Heckhausen, & Schulz,......

...Backpropagation Many hundreds of Neural Network types have been proposed over the years. In fact, because Neural Nets are so widely studied (for example, by Computer Scientists, Electronic Engineers, Biologists and Psychologists), they are given many different names. You’ll see them referred to as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Connectionism or Connectionist Models, Multi-layer Perceptron (MLPs) and Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP). However, despite all the different terms and different types, there are a small group of “classic” networks which are widely used and on which many others are based. These are: Back Propagation, Hopfield Networks, Competitive Networks and networks using Spiky Neurons. There are many variations even on these themes. We’ll consider these networks in this and the following chapters, starting with Back Propagation. Most people would consider the Back Propagation network to be the quintessential Neural Net. Actually, Back Propagation is the training or learning algorithm rather than the network itself. The network used is generally of the simple type shown in figure 1. These are called Feed- Forward Networks or occasionally Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLPs). The network operates in exactly the same way as the others we’ve seen. A Back Propagation network learns by example. You give the algorithm examples of what you want the network to do and it changes the network’s weights so that, when training is finished, it will give you the required output......

...stations;
§ In supermarkets and molls;
§ Everywhere, where you can find empty 10-12 square feet and electricity.
We want to offer you to orient your supply to those places.
Media:
Actually we are not yet ready with TV commercial but want to offer nice print advertisement. Here we designed motto and slogan for you patisseries.
Even in such conditions we keep:
§ our special features, which are unrepeatable design comfortable and kind atmosphere;
§ motto: “Cleanness, Honesty and Professionalism!”
§ slogan: “…We offer comfort in the city…”
Support:
Of course the best method to boost sales and attract more customers, the method, which can be run simultaneously, is offering discounts and gifts. For example you can offer free croissant to every sandwich meal or give free mint chewing gum after the meal. Discount on complex meals such as business lunch is good tactics too.
Approach:
What about how to tailor to different consumer tastes and cultures in the target countries, we offer additional national meals in each separate country. But the better idea is to give meals’ names according to the country where you sell it.
How to Cite this Page
MLA Citation:
"Advertising Campaign." 123HelpMe.com. 19 Mar 2014
.
Related Searches
Advertising Campaign Tv Commercial Offer Supermarkets Outlet Hotels Drinks Deviation
Keywords:
Sort By: ......

...for resolving a conflict, which can be either functional or dysfunctional, within the organization will depend upon the employees chosen to achieve the goal. I also learned that conflict should not be left to “simmer” but must be taken care of immediately. In my position there was an employee that didn’t like anyone who had their own opinion, we all met with her separately and quashed the conflict which was dysfunctional.
Chelsea Ybarbo – Team Reflection
This week I was most comfortable with the discussion on groups. I was comfortable with this because I am able to identify with groups more so than teams. In my everyday life, me and other parents go out for coffee some mornings after taking the kids to school, this would be an example of an informal group, (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Also in my work experience we mostly work in groups and not teams. I feel we should be working as a team since the goal is to provide support to our customers, but each individual is working towards a different goal.
Sonja L Shirley – Team Reflection
In Week three, we discussed a lot about the difference between teams and groups, but in speaking of teams and groups, we also referred to the most important part of those teams. The part that makes a team a team to begin with: the individual. Without individuals coming together, a team can never be a whole.
A team is a group of people who play for a same sport or play together in competitive organizations of......

...First, an issue must be relevant in order to even consider choosing an OD Practitioner. For example, I knew of an organization that experienced high volume of ambulatory care during work hours and observed excessive sick leave on the books. Verifying these issues through data or employees input is important because it determines the primary areas of concentration for the OD Practitioner. During a town hall this issue was brought to management and resulted in an external OD Practitioner that specialized in health care/nutrition on site for one year. Although the data collected by the organization may be a starting point for the OD Practitioner, they themselves may request additional data. OD Practitioners often examine company records and interview a few key members to gain an introductory understanding of the organization, its context, and the nature of the presenting problem (Cummings & Worley, 2009, pg. 76). After data verification, the process of choosing whether to select an external or internal OD Practitioner begins. There are several criteria’s that are important when evaluating an organization, whether internal/external.
For example, expectations, time, resources, and guidelines are critical areas that must be understood between both parties to ensure a smooth process. The customer expects an OD Practitioner to have some history of the organization so they are aware of the culture. Additionally, the skills and background of the OD Practitioner are a......

...often the best policy. One of the best examples of the benefits of this in operations management is the lean approach. Explain the basic factors that must be in place in order to achieve a balanced lean system. Problem(s): The instructor will select various problems to demonstrate concepts. Post by Sunday 12:00 a.m. (PST).
2) Suppose you work for a furniture manufacturer, one of those products is the chair depicted in Figure 14.5 in Chapter. Finished goods inventory is held in a control warehouse in anticipation of customer orders. Finished goods are controlled using EOQ/ROQ methods. The warehouse manager, Juan Villa, has suggested using the same methods for controlling component inventory. Write him a brief memo outlining your opinion on doing that.
4) Discuss ways to use lean to improve one of the following: a pizza restaurant, a hospital, and an auto dealership.
Lesson 7 Assignment Case Study: Read Case Study, “Level Operations” on p. 724 and answer the question at the end of the case.
MGT 620a Operations Management and Supply Chain - Syllabus Page 11 of 12
Lesson 8
Lesson 8 Learning Objectives After completing this Lesson, students should be able to:  Describe what scheduling involves and the importance of good scheduling.  Discuss scheduling needs in high-volume and intermediate-volume systems.  Describe scheduling needs in job shops.  Interpret Gantt charts and assignment method for loading.  Discuss and give examples of priority rules. ......

...America to North America. The goal of the Spanish was to identify and obtain the valuable resources with which trade could be performed, along with establishing new colonies in the New World to continue expanding the Spanish influence. Unlike the English, the Spanish practiced Catholicism, which lead to a push for the Spanish to convert as many people within their colonies as possible.
Evolution of Colonization
Although many countries attempted the colonization of the Americas, the methods used changed as time passed. Initially, the explorers and conquerors of the New World investigated the islands and landed closest to Central America. Many Natives were captured, and resources obtained to provide the home countries as payment and example of the value to be found in the new world. Later, once more funding and attention were provided to the Americas, more resources were provided, allowing for small forts and areas to be established, enabling areas to be conquered and owned. The forts developed further, allowing the Europeans to develop small colonies. The development resulted in ordinary people being brought to the new lands, changing the purpose of the property from finding only wealth to developing trading and extended reaches of the kingdoms that controlled them.
In the previous paragraphs, information regarding the exploration and colonization of the Americas was provided. Details regarding the early Natives that inhabited the continent are presented, along with......

...motivating people with a purpose, empowering employees at all levels, and accumulating and sharing internal knowledge,” as well as “challenging the status quo and enabling creativity” (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner, & McNamara, 2014, pg. 360). P&G has been successful in implementing a learning organization through it is focus on developing and maintaining human capital, and creating an organization that values people, including its own employees, and the consumers of their products. This focus on people allows for greater innovation and development.
Along with that, P&G also focuses greatly on their consumers by creating products that fit the needs of their consumers in different countries, especially in developing countries. An example of this is occurred when Procter & Gamble focused greatly on the needs of consumers in Vietnam. The company looked for ways to “tailor their product designs, packaging, and promotion efforts to meet the conditions” of the Vietnamese markets (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner, & McNamara, 2014, pg. 231). Not only did they change their products to appeal to Vietnamese consumers, they also “established a charitable unit that brings needed health, educational, and community services to poor regions” ((Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner, & McNamara, 2014, pg. 231).
As mentioned previously, P&G strives to be environmentally sustainable through their long-term goal of replacing petroleum with more sustainable sources. The company uses their......

...Replace this ﬁle with prentcsmacro.sty for your meeting,
or with entcsmacro.sty for your meeting. Both can be
found at the ENTCS Macro Home Page.
An Example Paper
My Name 1,2
My Department
My University
My City, My Country
My Co-author 3
My Co-author’s Department
My Co-author’s University
My Co-author’s City, My Co-author’s Country
Abstract
This is a short example to show the basics of using the ENTCS style macro ﬁles.
Ample examples of how ﬁles should look may be found among the published volumes
of the series at the ENTCS Home Page http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/entcs.
Key words: Please list keywords from your paper here, separated
by commas.
1
Introduction
This short note provides a guide to using the ENTCS macro package for
preparing papers for publication in your conference Proceedings. The Proceedings may be printed and hard copies distributed to participants at the
meeting; this is an option to Conference Organizers may choose to exercise.
The Proceedings also will be par of a volume in the series Electronic Notes
in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS), which is published under the auspices of Elsevier Science B. V., the publishers of Theoretical Computer Science.
It’s home page is http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/entcs
The ENTCS macro package consists of two ﬁles:
entcs.cls, the basic style ﬁle, and
1
2
3
Thanks to everyone who should be thanked
Email: myuserid@mydept.myinst.myedu
Email: couserid@codept.coinst.coedu
c......

...Replace this ﬁle with prentcsmacro.sty for your meeting,
or with entcsmacro.sty for your meeting. Both can be
found at the ENTCS Macro Home Page.
An Example Paper
My Name 1,2
My Department
My University
My City, My Country
My Co-author 3
My Co-author’s Department
My Co-author’s University
My Co-author’s City, My Co-author’s Country
Abstract
This is a short example to show the basics of using the ENTCS style macro ﬁles.
Ample examples of how ﬁles should look may be found among the published volumes
of the series at the ENTCS Home Page http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/entcs.
Key words: Please list keywords from your paper here, separated
by commas.
1
Introduction
This short note provides a guide to using the ENTCS macro package for
preparing papers for publication in your conference Proceedings. The Proceedings may be printed and hard copies distributed to participants at the
meeting; this is an option to Conference Organizers may choose to exercise.
The Proceedings also will be par of a volume in the series Electronic Notes
in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS), which is published under the auspices of Elsevier Science B. V., the publishers of Theoretical Computer Science.
It’s home page is http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/entcs
The ENTCS macro package consists of two ﬁles:
entcs.cls, the basic style ﬁle, and
1
2
3
Thanks to everyone who should be thanked
Email: myuserid@mydept.myinst.myedu
Email: couserid@codept.coinst.coedu
c......

...the organization is the bearer of numerous transactions. Inside organizations one may find remarkable opportunities for just or unjust behaviour, for moral or immoral behaviour, for situations of equality or inequality which deserve to be evaluated ethically.
As FEWEB is a school for the study of economics and business administration in an economic perspective we focus on so-called “economic decisions” which are decisions being taken with some form of economic calculus. In this course we will spend time on questioning whether the economic or financial outcomes of these decisions are morally neutral or deserve some further moral investigation. Now, this course trains its participants what moral investigation is all about. We do so, for example, by questioning whether such decisions or the expected outcome of such decisions may contribute to something as an increased income for some parties involves, or to our common good, or to the durability or continuity of the organization as such, or some other goal or objective. A good objective does not justify always an act, moral philosophers say since Antiquity.
Organizations as context
The study area 'ethics in the context of business organizations' is a very broad area. It considers the moral dimension of general economic problems, the moral issues of the business world and its corporate actors, and moral problems of people working in organizations.
Most productive activities and service activities that are being channelled......

...-------------------------------------------------
Examples of reflective writing
Example of reading log
Here are some examples of reflective writing in Education, focusing on school experience rounds.
EDF1302 Assessment 2: Observation and analysis
While on fieldwork, I observed a number of learning situations and while doing this I took notes on the presence of pedagogical dimensions. For this piece I will be exploring the dimensions of Intellectual Quality and Supportive Classroom Environment respectively. I will begin with the description of the learning situation and then explore how the particular dimensions are evident within them. I will identify the particular elements of these dimensions, I felt existed, and also make reference to those, which appeared absent in the learning situation. I will finish by reflecting on the importance of this assignment and the implications for teaching in general.
The children were asked to close their eyes and 'think carefully' about their favourite characters and what they knew about them. The children all did this and it was obvious by the expressions on their faces that they were concentrating and thinking really hard. This to me indicated that they were involving themselves in a form of higher order thinking. Their finished diary entries also were evidence of this, they produced extremely interesting and clever work, which showed a great deal of thought on the student's part.
Both 'deep understanding' and 'deep knowledge'......