Can Congress pressure the White House on human rights?

Saudi intervention in Yemen's civil war has produced high numbers of
civilian casualties, human rights abuses and a humanitarian crisis. The White House's decision to sell arms to the Saudis is just one indication that the Trump administration may be downgrading U.S. support for human rights. In May, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson
suggested that only in some cases should the United States "condition" its policy based on how countries "treat people."

The congressional effort to stop the Saudi deal was led by Senators Rand Paul, Chris Murphy and Al Franken. The measure garnered the support of 47 senators but ultimately failed - so, the sale will move forward. Nevertheless, it stands as the latest example of congressional activism on human rights, which began in the late 1960s.

Earlier congressional battles

Dating to the
first years of the Cold War, the United States has provided military assistance to its allies to ensure their ability to resist communist aggression and forge strategic ties between the U.S. and foreign militaries.

In addition, U.S.-based manufacturers profit from such transfers. Indeed, the United States has long been the
world's leading arms dealer.

Until the 1970s, Congress had largely deferred to the president on questions of arms transfers and foreign aid. Like many of their predecessors, Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford were committed to offering military assistance to allies. These included the governments of
Greece,
South Korea and
Chile, all of which violated their citizens' human rights.

"…we do not believe that long-term U.S. foreign policy interests are served by maintaining supportive relationships with oppressive governments, especially in the military field, since military power is directly associated with the exercise of governmental control over the civilian population."

Finding the White House was resistant to this viewpoint, members of Congress tried to end U.S. military support to dictators through legislation. But White House officials maneuvered around Congress'
piecemeal efforts by exploiting loopholes.

In 1976, Congress passed Section 301, or the
International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976. It marked a dramatic attempt by Congress to curtail the president's provision of security assistance to human rights abusers in the forms of military grants, credits and cash. The legislation required the State Department to report on human rights violations by states receiving military assistance. It prevented
extending security assistance to countries that engage in "a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights."

In the wake of this stricter legislative language, the State Department and Congress worked together to monitor human rights abuses by writing annual reports on countries' human rights records. Such information enabled them to adjust U.S. foreign policy accordingly.

Members of Congress recognized that by providing support, U.S. military personnel, the U.S. government and the American people could be seen as complicit in human rights abuses. For example, observers analyzing high levels of
anti-Americanism in Greece point to U.S. support for the military dictatorship there in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Human rights concerns today

Members of Congress acted then because they saw U.S. foreign policy as out of line with American values. Today, members of Congress are similarly speaking out on the White House's and the State Department's lack of commitment to protecting international human rights.

For example,
John McCain's recent op-ed in The New York Times argued that human rights is an "essential part of our foreign policy, not a departure from it."

In May, 15 senators signed a
bipartisan letter to the president asking him to make human rights a priority in U.S. foreign policy.

And as Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin recently
put it, the United States should not pursue a foreign policy "inconsistent with the values of the United States of America."