The intention of the current book is to provide a flexible and comprehensive bibliographical tool to those scholars working or interested in Irish English. A whole range of references (approx. 2,500) relating to Irish English in all its aspects are gathered together here and in the majority of cases annotations are supplied. The book has a detailed introduction dealing the history of Irish English, the documentation available and contains an overview of the themes in Irish English which have occupied linguists working in the field. Various appendixes offer information on the history of Irish English studies and biographical notes on scholars from this area. All the bibliographical material is contained on the accompanying CD-ROM along with appropriate software (Windows, PC) for processing the databases and texts. The databases are fully searchable, information can be exported at will and customised extracts can be created by users from within an intuitive software interface.<br /><br />This bibliography is part of a larger project, called the <i>Irish English Resource Centre</i>. On the web site of the centre, under Sources, you can find updates both of software and of bibliographical items. The compiler expects to be adding items every one or two months. The web site of the centre can be found here: <a href="http://www.uni-essen.de/IERC" target="_blank">www.uni-essen.de/IERC</a>. The updates of the bibliography and its software can also be reached directly under the address <a href="http://www.uni-essen.de/~lan300/atlas/sb_update.htm" target="_blank">www.uni-essen.de/~lan300/atlas/sb_update.htm</a>.<br />For questions about or help with the software, please contact Raymond Hickey (<a href="mailto:uzr60006@uni-bonn.de">uzr60006@uni-bonn.de</a>), who will also be maintaining a FAQ page on the site.

This collection presents a balanced yet vivid picture of many of the domains of activity of lexicography. Ten contributors from eight countries discuss monolingual dictionaries (for learners and native speakers), bilingual dictionaries, an original approach to computer-aided lexicography, and the use of lexical material in language teaching. The collection of data; the inclusion, exclusion and ordering of material; definition and translation; and the provision of adequate information about grammatical valency, these are among the special topics treated, with many examples of the problems encountered and suggestions as to how they may be solved. A general introduction highlights the shared concerns that characterize the international discipline of contemporary dictionary-making.

This volume, originally published in Russian in 2012, is one of the few larger works on Nivkh (Gilyak), an underinvestigated endangered Paleosiberian language-isolate, that have appeared lately. It is a descriptive grammar based on extensive language data and supplemented with the authors’ experiments and subtle analysis, aimed at elucidating some moot points of the highly specific Nivkh syntax, and with quantitave data. It focuses on syntactic and semantic types of verbs and their aspectual and temporal characteristics, various groups of verbal grammatical morphemes, the use of finite and non-finite verb forms, and especially on numerous converbs, sentence types, word order, two-predicate constructions, relative clauses, direct and indirect speech, text structure and cohesion. The typological expertise and insights of V.P. Nedjalkov and the native intuitions of G.A. Otaina combine to add value to this volume. The book will be of interest to specialists in morphosyntax, typology, general linguistics and indigenous languages.

The papers in this volume describe and analyze an array of intriguing linguistic phenomena as they occur in the Saami languages, ranging from etymological nativization of loanwords to the formation of deadjectival and denominal verbs. Saami displays a number of characteristics that are unusual from a cross-linguistic perspective, including partial agreement on verbs, a three-way quantity distinction in consonants and spectacular consonant gradation. The eight papers presented here approach these and other issues from diverse theoretical perspectives in morphology, phonology, and syntax. The volume includes an extensive research bibliography which will be helpful for anyone interested in Saami linguistics.

This volume presents the main tenets of Sanctius’ linguistic theory and explores the questions raised by Robin Lakoff in her 1969 review of the <i>Grammaire générale et raisonnée (Port Royal)</i>. Part I surveys earlier developments in the study of language, in particular the Graeco-Roman and Medieval traditions, the Renaissance period, and Judaeo-Arabic scholarship. Part II contains a synopsis in English of Sanctius’ <i>Minerva</i>, placing special emphasis on theoretical passages and illustrative data. Part III is devoted to Sanctius’ linguistic doctrine: (1) his philosophical approach to language analysis, (2) his notion of logical structure and rule, (3) his classification of the parts of speech, and (4) his basic semantic postulates.

Satire, Humor and the Construction of Identities conveys how satire can contribute to the construction of social subjects’ identities. It attempts to provide a theoretical ground for a novel understanding of the relationship between satire and identity by finding their common denominator, namely opposition, in order to explain the mechanism through which satire can form identities. After establishing the role of opposition in satire and identity construction through a detailed analysis of various theories, it will be argued that satire can contribute to the construction of racial, ethnic, national, religious, and gender identities. Several examples from British, Persian, ancient Roman literary traditions, and different epochs illustrate the theoretical discussions. The prevalence of satire and the challenges that identity has encountered in our contemporary world guarantee the significance of this study and its socio-political implications.

Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments is not just about what takes place in literary classrooms. Settings do have a strong influence on student learning both directly and indirectly. These spaces may include the home, the workplace, science centers, libraries, that is, contexts that entail diverse social, physical, psychological, and pedagogical variables that facilitate learning, for example, by grouping desks in specific ways, utilizing audio, visual, and digital technologies. Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments puts together a series of empirical research studies on the different locations of teaching and learning. These studies represent literary learning environment throughout the world, including Brazil, the USA, China, Canada, Japan and several European countries such as the Netherlands, Ukraine, the UK and Malta. The studies reported describe quantitative and/or qualitative research and cover pre-primary, primary, high school, college, university, and lifelong learning environments. They refresh the enigmatic ambience that often surrounds the teaching and learning that goes on in literary studies and offer transparent, useful and replicable research and practice. Students and teachers alike are encouraged to take them and own them.

Here is a much needed introductory textbook on empirical research methods for the Humanities. Especially aimed at students and scholars of Literature, Applied Linguistics, and Film and Media, it stimulates readers to reflect on the problems and possibilities of testing the empirical assumptions and offers hands-on learning opportunities to develop empirical studies. It explains a wide range of methods, from interviews to observation research, and guides readers through the choices researchers have to make. It discusses the essence of experiments, illustrates how studies are designed, how to develop questionnaires, and helps readers to collect and analyze data by themselves. The book presents qualitative approaches to research but focuses mostly on quantitative methods, detailing the workings of basic statistics. At the end, the book also shows how to give papers at international conferences, how to draft a report, and what is involved in the preparation of a publishable article.

<i>Scope and Specificity</i> is an investigation of quantifier scope interaction in natural language, with special reference to English and Chinese. In particular, it is concerned with semantic properties of NPs. Quantifier scope plays an important role in current theories of syntax and semantics. However, most studies of quantifier scope are only concerned with the behavior of a small number of quantifiers, e.g. &#8216;every&#8217;, &#8216;some&#8217;, &#8216;all&#8217;. As a result, the generalizations made on the basis of these quantifiers often do not hold when a wider range of quantifiers is considered. In this study a wide variety of NP types are examined with respect to how they interact with other NPs. The key concept explored is that of semantic scope dependency/independence. NPs are considered according to two properties: whether they can induce scope-dependency and whether they can be scope-dependent. By observing how in basic sentences NPs behave with respect to the two properties, the author presents a picture of quantifier scope much different from what has been assumed in the literature.

Among the topics treated in this collection are the status of Scots as a national language; the orthography of Scots; the actual and potential degree of standardisation of Scots; the debt of the vocabulary of Scots to Gaelic; the use of Scots in fictional dialogue; and the development of Scots as a poetic medium in the modern period. All fourteen articles, written and published between 1979 and 1988, have been extensively revised and updated.<br />J. Derrick McClure is a senior lecturer in the English Department at Aberdeen University and a well-known authority on the history of Scots.

The articles in this volume deal with various phenomena which have been covered traditionally by the term scrambling. The analyses presented here refer to the most recent developments in generative grammar (the so-called Barriers-framework developed in Chomsky 1986). Some of the topics discussed are: the movement vs the base structure approach to scrambling, the correlation between the possibility of scrambling and certain infinitive structures, scrambling and ergativity, barriers and domains for scrambling.

Languages with free word orders pose daunting challenges to linguistic theory because they raise questions about the nature of grammatical strings. Ross, who coined the term <i>Scrambling</i> to refer to the relatively ‘free’ word orders found in Germanic languages (among others) notes that “… the problems involved in specifying exactly the subset of the strings which will be generated … are far too complicated for me to even mention here, let alone come to grips with” (1967:52). This book offers a radical re-analysis of middle field <i>Scrambling</i>. It argues that <i>Scrambling</i> is a concatenation effect, as described in Stroik’s (1999, 2000, 2007) <i>Survive</i> analysis of minimalist syntax, driven by an interpretable referentiality feature [Ref] to the middle field, where syntactically encoded features for temporality and other world indices are checked. The purpose of this book is to investigate the syntactic properties of middle field <i>Scrambling</i> in synchronic West Germanic languages, and to explore, to what possible extent we can classify <i>Scrambling</i> as a ‘syntactic phenomenon’ within <i>Survive</i>-minimalist desiderata.