1955 Flagstaff All-Indian Powwow Program

INDIAN COUNTRY-Trips into the spectacular beauty of areas such as Monument Valley, above, may be planned
with the assistance of the Chamber of Commerce. Here a t the "Place of Coming Together" you are at the very
center of the magnificent Indian country. (U.S. Indian Service Photo)
'The Coming Together Of The People'
For countless centuries the nomadic bands of
Southwestern Indians m 0 v e d in the summer
months to the higher elevations of their vast
country where water and feed was generally
plentiful and where the hunter could expect to
find deer, antelope and elk.
Here in the great pine forest the brave could
coach his sons in the arts and crafts, of the hunter
and warrior, and here, too, the valleys afforded
plots of rich alluvial soil suitable for the planting
of corn, beans, squash and melons to relieve the
,tedium of the diet. Sometimes sufficient corn
. would be harvested to provide a store for winter.
The high country not only afforded the
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Indian a friendlier summer climate and fed him
and his large family well, but brought him closer
to the Great Spirit.
Peoples in all ages have somehow found
themselves closer to the Supernatural when on or
near the high places, the pe!aks and the rocky
crags of the great mountain ranges.
The:re are many, many references to this fact
in the religious literature of all peoples. "I lift
my eyes unto the hills, from whenCie comes my
help," sang the psalmist.
The people of ancient Dr, the great kingdom
of the Middle East, who built a rich civilization
(Contiln~~ed on Page 22)
Information For The Pow ... Wow Visitor
WHAT IS THE POW-WOW?
The Pow-Wow is a great Indian celebration staged each year at the Flagstaff Pow-Wow grounds in
the city park at the foot of the San Francisco peaks, surrounded by the largest Ponderosa pine forest in
the United States_
The Pow-Wow features daily street parades, afternoon rodeos and night ceremonial programs_
Only Indians are permitted to participate in the big show, but white spectators are welcome.
WHERE DO WE GET TICKETS?
Tickets for all six Pow-Wow performances have been on sale since early June at the office of the
Chamber of Commerce, 101 W. Santa Fe, just west of the Railroad depot.
Beginning July 1, at 9 a.m., tickets are on sale only at the ticket office in the grandstand at the Pow­Wow
grounds.
Prices are: Reserved seats for rodeo and ceremonial performances, $3 each; boxes, $5 per person;
$30 for a complete box with six seats. Bleacher tickets, $2, children $l.
WHERE DO WE GET INFORMATION?
The general office of the Pow-Wow organization is maintained at the grandstand. The executive
department is divided into sections, with a Pow-Wow board director at the head of each section. When
you have a specific question or request, go to the office, where you will be directed to the proper official.
You may also secure information concerning the Pow-Wow at the Chamber of Commerce office.
PHOTOGRAPHS
During the parades which are held each day at noon through the downtown streets of the city, you
may shoot any picture you desire. During the rodeos you can shoot your pictures from the grandstand,
but you will not be permitted to enter the arena unless you have made special arrangements with the
Pow-Wow board.
(Continued om Page 33)
THIS MAGNIFICENT BEADED VEST and the horsehair
headdress is typical of Plains Indians costume. Sioux
from South Dakota appear at the Pow·Wow each year.
their colorful, exciting war dance being one of the high
spots on the ceremonial program.-(Ray Manley Photo)
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EAGLE DANCERS are Pow·Wow ceremonial program
favorites. Their graceful, swooping steps and the
chanted accompaniment create a wonderfully realistic
impression of a eagle gently riding the air currents as
he watches for prey far below.-(Ray Manley Photo)
FINE BEAD WORK, rich fabrics, feathers and brilliant colors throughout add excitement to the spectacle of the
Pow-Wow parade which moves through the city streets of Flagstaff as noon each day of the celebration.
-(Ray Ma~ly Photo)
RIO GRANDE PUEBLO Indians are always well represented at the Pow-Wow. Their costumes are similar to those
of the Arizona Hopi, and Hopi articles, such as the brilliant sashes shown here, appear in their garb, having been
secured from the Hopi by barter. -(Ray Manley Photo)
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THE NAVAJO WOMEN are among the most skilled weavers in the world. Their famous 'rugs' or 'blankets' are
noted for their wonderful artistry, brilliant colors and native designs. Many Navajo women can be seen weaving
at the Pow· Wow. -(Milton Snow Photo, U.S. Indian Service)
The Navajo Face The Challenge:
The area of NavajO' O'cc.upancy including the
checkerboard area lying O'utside of the reserva­tiO'n
in N,ew Mexico, embraces nearly 16,000,000
acres O'f land. It is characterized by a number
of distinct tO'PO'graphic features, including flat
alluvial valleys at elevations O'f 4,500 to 6,000 feet;
broad rO'lling upland plains between 5,500 and
7,000 feet; mesa lands O'f elevations O'f 6,000 to'
8,000 feet; and mO'untains ranging frO'm 7,500 to'
O'ver 10,000 feet in altitude. Each O'f the four
maj O'r types is cut by canyO'ns ranging in depth
frO'm a few hundred feet to' more than 2,000 feet,
and each is broken by prO'minenees rising as high
as 1,500 to' 2,000 feet. MO'st of the NavajO' coun­try
lies between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevatiO'n.
As in mO'st mO'untainous cO'untry, the climate
is determined largely by features of elevatiO'n and
tO'PO'graphy which partially subdue! the influence
O'f latitude. Increased humidity O'f high altitudes
may bring abO'ut the develO'pment O'f transitional
zO'ne plant assO''CiatiO'ns, while air drainage, sub­irrigations
and nO'rthern exposures may prO'duce
~imilar assO'ciatiO'ns in the heads O'f canyO'ns 3,000
or 4,000 feet IO'wer down. Within the NavajO'
country there are three distinct climatic zO'nes
including the cold humid -climate O'f high altitudes, '
the intermediate steppe climate of the mesa and
high plains, and the comparatively warm desert
at the IO'wer elevatiO'ns. The three climatic zO'nes
are nO't separate by sharply drawn lines except
where the divisiO'n may be in terms of abrupt ele­vatiO'n.
s. Generally, de!sert merges intO' steppe,
steppe intO' humid. Wide daily, monthly and
yearly fluctuations in temperature, high evapO'ra­tiO'n
rates, periO'dic high winds, wet and dry sea­sO'ns,
and intense local stO'rms are commO'n to' all
three climatic zO'nes. Of the nearly 16,000,000
acres in the NavajO' cO'untry, O'nly 3,500,000 acres
are rated as gO'od soils from a standpoint O'f prO'­ductiO'n
of vegetatiO'n. Only 1,663,800 acres, in­cluding
a PO'rtion O'f the Hopi -cO'untry, are rated
as fair, PO'O'r, or unprO'ducltive, with a tO'tal O'f
2,205,000 acres O'f the reservatiO'n area proper be­ing
described as unprO'ductive. V-egetatiO'n varies
with SO'il quality, climate, altitude, and other such
factO'rs, but includes areas O'f grassland, meadow,
weeds, sagebrush, brO'wse, timber, barren lands,
wO'O'dlands, and even aspen in the higher altitudes.
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ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING Legislative bodies in the country is the Navajo Tribal Council, shown here in
session. The chairman sits behind the high desk at the ex ~reme left. Murals depict Navajo scenes.
-(Milton Snow Photo, U.S. Indian Service)
Survival In A Changing World
These types generally merge, in various combina­tions
throughout the N avaj 0 area. Coniferous
timber, especially Ponderosa Pine, is adapted to
the more humid portions at elevations above
7,500 feet. Commercial timber constitutes a high­ly
valuable resource, especially on the Fort De­fiance
Plateau, and in the Chuska-Carrizo range
along the New lVlexican border.
Farming opportunities in the Navajo coun­try
depend principally upon soil slope and water
availability. The most extensive dry farm agri­cultural
area lies within the humid be1lt where
agricultural soils typic;al of that zone are highly
productive. Such crops as oats, other small
grains, alfalfa, sweet clover, corn, potatoes, turn­ips,
carrots, cabbage, melons, squashes, beans, and
pasture grasses can be raised in the agricultural
areas of the reservation. In the Shiprock area,
there are areas of excellent irrigated farm land,
with other smaller irrigation projects located at
m;ti.ely scattered points over the Navajo country.
TJranium and vanadium, as well as oil, gas
and c.0al constitute important commercial resour­ces
of the Navajo country. The first oil field was
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opened in the Shiprock area, namely the Rattle
Snake Oil Field, in 1923, and the oil industry has
been an important source of Navajo tribal funds
since that time.
Although, a few Navajos live in houses built
of stone, logs or lumber, the traditional abode is
known as a "hogan." There are numerous types
of hogans, but generally speaking it is 'a ::hemis ... ;
pherical or conical shaped structure o-fstone,;
cribbed logs, upright logs, or mud with a doorway
facing eastward and a smoke hole located in thef
upper portion of the roof. The traditional hogan
lacks windows, and has a ha"rd p3Jcked dirt floor.
upon which ~he occupants sleep on sheepskins, i.
lying with their feet to the fire and their heads to.
the wall. Actually, nowadays, many hogans have
windows, stove's, chimneys, beds and other furni-
~re. .
In terms of Navajo social organization,- the
"family" is much broader in its application to
Navajo society than the bio,Iogical unit constitut­ing
merely the father, mother and offspring, al­though
the . biological family is the basic unit of
(Continued on Page 23)
THE APACHES of the San Carlos Reservation hold two great roundups a year on their 2.600 square mile range­land.
Each roundup ends with a cattle auction sale in the spring and fall. drawing buyers from southwestern
states and beyond. Above, Apache cowboys are crossing the Gila River with a herd en route to the sales pens
at Calva on U.S. 70, midway between Globe and Safford. These drives often total 65 miles from the higher ranges
down to the desert to the Southern Pacific rail line at Cal va and San Carlos.
(-Western Ways Photo)
The Apaches: Warriorland Economics
Arizona is renowned for its startling con­trasts
among its people and its countryside, but
one of the strangest exists today on the San Car­los
Apache Reservation in the eastern part of
this great s+.ate. Descendants of Cochise and Ger­onimo,
the mighty warriors of a hundred years
ago and less, are today's rapidly progressing bus­inessmen!
Side by side with brush wickieup and one­room
frame houses on this mountain-desert re­servation,
one finds a modern supermarket, a ma­jor
cattle industry with full use of the science
of artificial insemination and a central business
office with latest accounting machines.
The economic. story of the Apaches is neces­sarily
told 'against a background of strife and out­right
imprisonment of a tribal people. These
Indians were the last to' settle on a reservation in
Arizona, literally forced into a cO'mparatively
small arid area along the Gila and San Carlos
rivers. The official date is December 14, 1872.
For years the U. S. Army held sway over the
affairs O'f these warrior peoples, who really were
the remnants of numerically small bands, often
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antagonistic to each other in pre-reservatiO'n days.
Then, the Indian Bureau took over and policies
fluctated while government flDundered in the face
Df 'the Indian challenge.
Finally, Dver the years of effort by govern­ment
agency and individual officials, a beginning
was made in breeding cattle on the 1,600,000 acre
reservation. The land, with its higher grassy
ranges and pine-covered mountains bordering the
Black River on the north, made for e~cenent cat­tle
country.
Aided by gO'vernment persO'nnel, the Apaches
developed a cattle industry that soon took the fO'rm
of cooperative associations in which up to' 700
families Dwned and worked their (',attle. The tribe
itself set aside twO' ranges for herds-one to breed
registered bulls to' supply the associatiO'n, and the
other to' supply funds for aiding the needy.
Thus, cattle became the basic industry of the
reservatiO'n as the Apaches, under government in­spiration,
began to aid themselves through the re­sources
of their reservation land. The Indian
Bureau moved in experts in range conservation,
(Continued on Page 34)
Hopituh .. Hopi .. 'The Peaceful Ones'
The Hopis who dwell in a dozen villages on
and near a series of mesas in northern Arizona
are unique among American Indians in that they
have retained a very great deal of their own way
of life.
Hopis are proud of being Hopis, and suffer
from no sense of inferiority in the presence of
other peoples. While the y admire the White
Man's wonderful ways with mechanical things
and his wealth and energy they consider him
generally as a somewhat childish but clever being.
His ways, they know, are rude and some­times
("rude, and his word is not always to be
believed.
While the White Man talks much about re­ligion,
the Hopis say, he doesn't seem to try very
hard to live by religious principles.
The Hopis on the other hand are very largely
dominated by religion. Religion enters into most
of the affairs of their daily life, and the year is
marked by the series of great cere'monies in which
most of the people play some part.
Thel'e are about 4000 Hopis confined in the
small area known as "grazing district 6" although
the maps show their reservation as an area
several times larger. Most of this "Hopi reserva­tion"
is now occupied by N avaj os.
This is the maj or problem confronting the
Hopis and is probably the root of much of the
strife and disagreement which, to the outsider at
any rate, seems to characterize Hopi life today.
The Hopis simply have not enough land to
maintain flocks large enough to provide them
with the wool and meat they need for a decent
level of subsistence.
Some supplement their incomes with part­time
wOl'k in communities outside the Hopi coun­try.
And most Hopi families have farm land on
which they raise corn, beans, melons and other
things. Their farming is entirely dependent on
rainfall except for the small settlement at Moen­copi
where there is some irrigation.
Hopi were organized into a tribe by Federal
action in 1936. Actually they are not a tribe but
a collection of independent villages. which recog­nize
relationships with other villages and some­times
form coalitions for various purposes.
Much of the government's difficulty with
Hopi in the past score of years has been due to
the Indian Bureau's attempts to deal with them
as a tribe.
A movement is now underway to recognize
the fact that the Hopi are not a tribe but a group
(Continued on Page 38)
THE HOPI INDIANS of northern Arizona perform a great many ceremonial and social dances, and are acknowl­edged
everywhere as probably the best dancers in the world. Their performances at the Pow-Wow are social.
-(Western Ways Photo)
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The 'River People' The ·Pimas
When the first Europeans came to the South­west
through Mexico in the 16th century, they
found , Indians living in well-organized villages
in the' Gila and 8.alt River Valleys, and tilling the
soil along the river bottoms for a livelihood.
Among the other tribes they were known as "the
River People." To the Spaniards they became
"Pimas," the name by which they still are known.
Part of the lands they occupied then were
set aside by congressional action in 1859 for the
use of the Pimas, and the Maricopa Indians who
had joined them. Various executive orders' JIlodi­fied
the boundaries, the last change being in:1915
when a total of 372,000 acres had been set apart ,
for the Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Reser- ,I:
vation. Approximiately 6,000 Indians now 'live
on this reservation, headquarters for which are a't
Sacaton, Arizona, some 45 miles southeast of,
Phoenix.
An executive order of June 14, 1879, set
a part lands east and north of Phoenix for the use
of other Pima groups and ;Maricopas, subsequent
orders bringing the acreage to 47,000 acres,
known as the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian
Reservation. Approximately 1,500 Indians ;re­side
on 'this re erve, tribal headquarters for which
a're near Scottsdale.
Several meanings have been ascribe'd to the
name "Pima". One common but erroneous be­lief
is that it means "peaceful." It might well
mean that, for the Pimas are a peaceful people
whose proud boast it is that even in the bloodiest
days of Indian warfare, no Pima ever spilled the
blood of a whi'te man. However, well-informed
linguists maintain that Pima means "simple,"­and
to the Pimas, who were far more advanced
than the desert tribes of N o'rthwestern Arizona,
Nevada and Utah when the white man c:ame, that
translation is extremely obnoxious. Ye't the de­finition
of simple: "not given to duplicity;
straight forward", fits the Pimas. They are
straightforward and they are friendly.
One of the earliest tribes to come under the
influenr,e of the missionaries several hundred
years ago, the Pimas are Christianized to the
point where little of their original culture 'and
custom remain. All m(embers of the tribal coun­cil
and all significant tribal gatherings are open­ed
with prayer. Many a chaplain in legislative as­semblies
could envy the prayers offered by red­skinned
tribesmen whom he might regard as pa­gan
and unlearned.
Churches of several denominations are found
in the villages of the two reservations. Some of
them are served by Indian pastors, educated for
, (Continued on Pag,e 27)
SALT RIVER PIMA-Lucy Enos, champion Pi~a basket weaver of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Reservation, at
work. Basket at her left, when completed, won first priz~ at the Arizona State Fair in Phoenix.
, (U.S. Indian Service Photo.)
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HAVASUPAI INDIANS dwell in Supai canyon, a tributary of Grand Canyon in northern Arizona. This small tribe,
averaging less than 300, farms and raises stock in their canyon fastness. This is a view of one of their farming areas.
-(Dal Harris Photo)
Havasupai: 'Blue .. Green Water People'
The Havasupai (People of the Blue~Green
Wate1') are not pit dwellers. They merely live
near the bO'ttom of the world's biggest and most
beautiful hole in the ground.
Supai, the tribal village of the People O'f the
Blue-Green Water, is 3,000 feet below the rim of
Arizona's Grand Canyon of the ColO'rado. It is
on the verdant banks of brisk and sparkling Ha­vasu
(Blue-Green Water) Creek as it crosses
th1'ough Havasu Canyon to join the main stream
of the Colorado River.
Havasu (also known as Cataract) Creek spills
over a series of spectacular falls, one rivalling
Niagara in height, in a 10-mile stret-ch of Havasu
(likewise known as Cataract) CanyO'n, which is
a part Qf the great Grand CanyO'n maze'.
Long ago ·chased intO' the depths of the c'an- ,
yon by enemies, the Havasupai until recent years
lived virtually cut off f1'om the outside world;-
Even today their connections are tenous and
laborious. Physical access to the village of Supai
is attainable only on hO'rseback-no wheeled ve­hicle
c.an negO'tiate the twO' rugged trails---,and by
helicopter. Other communication is by a single
strand of telephone wire, and by short-wave ra­dio.
The very fact of their isolation is an impor- '-
, ,
tant factor in the present-day econom.y of the Ha­vasupai.
Transpo1'tation of and entertainment of
tourists now Is the ,chief reservation cash-in-hand
industry.
The furnishing of saddle and pack horses and
guide service supports several of the 34 reserva­tion
families. Members of other families b1'ing
cash to the coffers by working at Grand Canyon
Village, the tourist center on the Grand Canyon's
South Rim.
Otherwise the less than 250 people of the
Blue-Green Water are dependent on garden plots
and other small farming operations on a reserva­tion
of 518 acres, and opportunity to 'graze some
cattle in Kaibah NatiOl'fal Forest' and Grand Can­yon
NationafPark."on year-to-year permits grant­ed
by the N atiO'nal FO'rest Service and the N a­tional
Park Service.
; Tourists unable or unwilling to brave a three­hour
hO'rseback ride over a trail which drops 3,0'00
feet in eight miles should not indude Supai in
their itinerarie's.
But those who are able and willing will not
soon forg·e't the experience of vi1'tually turning
the clock back 400 years in an eighth O'f a day.
The Havasupai are a gentle and friendly peo­(
Contin1lJed on P,age 29) __
~9-
Barren Papago Land Makes Life Hard
In their beautiful but barren land abutting
the Mexican borde'r, ArizO'na's PapagO' peO'ple are
pawns in a congressiO'nal game of "Minerals, min­erals,
whO"s got the minerals 1"
The Papago are the people whO' have not the
minerals-nO'r have they much else.
They are the only Indian tribe in the United
States denied control O'f the mineral rights on
their O'wn lands.
The reservation O'f the PapagO's covers nearly
half of ArizO'na's Pima County-right through
the middle frO'm the InternatiO'nal BO'undary on
the sO'uth-and runs nO'rth intO' the cO'unties of
,Maricopa and Pinal.
, In the center O'f an established rich mineral
area, it is the O'nly Indian rese'rvation in the Unit­ed
States which is O'pen, as public dO'main, to'
mineral entry O'utsiders.
Second largest reservatiO'n in the United
States in area (2,774,538 acres-4,4O'4 seotions of
land) and in the state in PO'Pulation (apprO'xi­mately
7,0'0'0'), it is the PO'o'rest Arizona reserva­tiO'n
in PO'int O'f resO'urces now within cO'ntrol of
its peO'ple.
Nature, in her cO'mpensating way, put wealth
belO'w the surface O'f PapagO'land when she was
niggardly with her favors on to'P. With this
compensatiO'n of nature denied them by maneuver­ing
O'f men, the PapagO's are the paupers of Ari­zO'na's
Indians.
The surface type of their terrain dictates that
they shO'uld, if possible, become cattlemen. They
have becO'm;e cattlemen in a limited way by grace
O'f the very vastness O'f their domain.
With abO'ut 20'0' families engaged in stO'ck
raising they have over-grazed their widespread
but scantily brO'wsed range in order to maintain
a fO'othold in the business. They are cO'mbatting
the O'ver-grazing factor with intensive soil and
water conservation, with range and herd im­prO'vement
activities.
In defiance O'f the basic. meagerness of the
land which O'"cupies PO'rtions of three ArizO'na
counties, the Papagos fO'r centuries have been
"flash flO'od" farmers, and to' some eX+~nt have
developed irrigatiO'n frO'm wells. But the very
nature and locale of the land has relegated the
growing O'f crO'PS to' a minO'r rO'le in develO'pment
O'f the PapagO' ecO'nO'my.
Other resO'urces are inherent in the PapagO'
peO'ple. They are talented basket and rO'pe wea­vers.
With thO'se and related a:r:t...s and crafts they
bO'lster their meager ecO'nO'my. They are lovers
O'f hO'rseflesh, and have develO'ped sO'me O'f the
finest range horses in the SO'uthwest.
The PapagO'sare hospitable and they are
cleanly. NO' PapagO' village O'r isO'lated dwelling
ever is the popular, cluttered conceptiO'n of "an
Indian camp."
But withO'ut cO'ntrO'I O'f their mineral rights,
the PapagO's are PO'O'r. And if such cO'ntrO'I is nO't
attained, they are threatened with loss, as well,
of surfaoe rights, with cO'nsequent cU'rtailment of
surface prO'duction, comparatively paltry thO'ugh
it nO'w is.
CO'ntinued miineral fillings by O'utsiders could
in cO'urse of time checkerbO'ard O'r slash to' ribbO'ns
the wide dO'main O'f the Papagos, surface as well
as subsurface.
Under U. S. land laws, minerals claims un­der
specified cO'nditions O'f develO'pment and time
may become patents, thus erasing all claim O'f
Indian cO'ntrO'l.
Already the tribe has IO'cked hO'rns with :this
threat, to' the extent that O'PPO'rtunity and scant
cash resO'urces have allO'wed. It has, at tax sales,
purchased within-reservatiO'n parcels of land O'n
which outside patentees have allO'wed tax assess­ments
to becO'me delinquent.
In these effO'rts to' hold their reseratiO'n in­tact,
the PapagO's have been fO''rced to' buy lands
which O'riginally were theirs, and having dO'ne so,
to' pay taxes O'n lands which O'riginally were tax
free.
The solutiO'n O'f the prO'blem lies with CO'n­gress
which at the O'utset allowed it to' be created.
FO'r reasons nO't publicly bruited, the series O'f
Executive Orders by which the Papago Reserva­tiO'n
was established left the Indian lands O'pen,
as public dO'main, to' mineral filings.
In 1932 Ray Lyman Wilbu'r, as Secretary of
the Interior, sought to give the PapagO's the same
I!O. " ~ .. ,ee't e l.eacle. 1ft ----:::::: _
···pe"*opmanee ~ a FOO-R-a_ ~_ ••• ' ~t"A, 1 .eco"O.··' _---- ___ .......... •
~
'E. D. BABBITT MOTOR co.
AcrO'ss from Postoffice, Corner San FranciscO' and Birch St.
-10'-
PAPAGO-A typical Papago dwelling on the huge but agriculturally poorly productive Papago Reservation.
GREETINGS FROIM
'Doc' Williams Saddlery
WHOLESALE and RETAIL
SADDLES
Cowboy Boots
and Equipment
R Hies - Pistols
Ammunition
Leather Goods
Special Orders
Mail Orders
Invited
P. O. Box 1238
106 East Santa Fe
Flagstaff, Arizona
rights as other Indians with regard to the min­erals
on their reservation lands. He approved and
signed a Department of the Interior order with­drawing
the lands of the Papagos from all forms
of mineral ,entry or claim under the public land
mining laws.
The Wilbur order stood until Congress in
1934 adopted the Wheeler-Howard Indian Reor­ganization
Act, the basis of present-day self-gov­ernment
of the nation's Indian tribes.
Again reasons were not bruited, but before
the Wheeler-Howard Act achieved congressional
(Continued on Page 31)
-11-
American Plan
Oak Creek Canyon
Fishing - Hunting
Swimming - Scenic Drives
For Information Write
TODD'S LODGE
Oak Creek Route
Flagstaff, Arizona
Established 1906
See our choice stock conveniently lo­cated
on the South Rim of Grand
Canyon.
ON FREE EXHIBITION - WORLD'S
MOST FAMOUS PAINTING OF THE
GRAND CANYON BY LOUIS AKIN
' t "
"
f'> , e·G.,
.-we
---.-;. -----
7
THE YOUNG AND THE OLD-A group of young drum majorettes in one of the Indian bands performing each year
at the Pow-Wow visit with an aged leader who tells them about events in the old days. Indians of many tribes
meet on a friendly basis at the big Flagstaff 'Coming Together' each year.
A,rizona Distribut,;ng CO. Navajo-Hopi
Trading Co.
Complete Line of Wine - Beer & Liquors
Pabst Blue Ribbon
Lucky Lager Beer
Car ling's Ale
Phone 855
f.:~Jfgstaff
*'~
.. :,.;c. ~
. :~:-' '.2
; , , - ,::"" ,I , "
• J ' ' " I n'd ian
I-~-~-----)op OPPOSITE DEPOT ~
!NDIAN AND MEXICAN HANDICRAFT
INDIAN HANDMADE SILVER JEWELRY
NAVAJO RUGS ARIZONA SOUVENIRS
MOCCA'SIN HEAD9UARTERS
NEW DOWNTO'WN L,QCATIO·N
18 North San Francisco
THE ED KERLEY TRADING POJ'T
:,' :',: ~, Jewelry ,',:/,'
ORDER iBY" , "
MAIL
'. ~~7D= ' C-;;:::::::: INDIAN A~TS AND CRAr:TS
~ ~l W--V 1 \\~
Navajo Rugs
Saddle Blanke~s
P.o. 8~)c~ ~ ~9 '---=- Indian Blankets
FLA~STAFF, ARIZONA
-12-
Colorado River Mohave .. Chemehuevi
Stubborn but at the time futile efforts of a
MO'have Indian chief to' befriend the white man­in
the days befO're the seldiers came to' enforce the
white man's will-finally paid off along the siIt­rich
banks of the "American Nile."
In the petentially lush bettomlands ef the
once-roistering, now tamed Colorado River in the
vicinities of Parker and Needles where since time
prehistO'ric their people had lived at the mercy ef
the mighty river's unpredictable everflew, the Col­erade
River Mohave-ChemehuelVi Tribes now ec­cupy
a reservation which is ene of the richest, for
its size, in the United States.
The wealth has been on depesit in the river's
banks since time imnlemorial-126,860 silken-sil­ty
acres of soil amenable to subjugation for irri­gation
farming.
It was en deposit-with water to preduce its
dividends ef maize, beans, squash and sunflewer
seeds dependent on overflow as uncertain 'as the
brawling river's meandering course-when the
Mohave chieftain tacitly preffered friendship to
an early party of whites and was rebuffed.
The chief became cO'ncel'ned, sO' a story goes,
when first he saw a wagon train plodding in its
own dust across the desert en reute to Califernia.
With a small party of his people he visited a
night camp ef the train to' make sign language
evertures.
"Although we ceuld net speak their lan­guage,"
he said later, "there was nO' deubt in our
minds that they did net want to' be friends. Their
gruff vO'ices and fel'bidding gestures warned us
away.
"This made m,e vel'y sad, and so heping they
weuld see we wanted to be friends, we followed
them fer four days, camping clese to them at
night and keeping them in sight during the day.
But we feund they did not want to' be friends with
us, So' we returned to' eur hO'mes."
.l\1eantime the wagen train, spurred by pres­ence
of "hostiles," nO' doubt reached California
sooner than anticipated. The Indian and non­Indian
mind had not met, as they many times
mol'e would fail to meet before they reached cem­mO'n
ground.
With perhaps prophetic insight the chief
worried about that. Already he had worried
about the seasens of drO'ught brought by vagaries
ef the river. He wO'rried more with the coming
of the soldiers with theil' bang-sticks and bul~
lets.
The chief wangled a way to' Washington to'
(Continued Of}~ Pa,ge 32)
WAGON 'RACE LIVENS AFTERNOON SHOW-One of the traditional features of the afternoon program at the
Pow-Wow is the Indian wagon race~ Above, a winner sweeps across the line for a nice cash prize. Usually about
a dozen wagons enter the half-mile,event.
ELABORATE COSTUMES-The Rio Grande pueblo tribes of New Mexico closely resemble the Hopi of Arizona
in mode of life. costume. ceremonial and other ways. Trade between the New Mexico and Arizona pueblos is
brisk. and includes such articles as the beautiful Hopi sash and belt shown here, left.
-14-
79 YEARS OF HARVEY HOUSES
Fred Harvey Houses are a time-honored Southwestern institution. Whether you
travel north or east of Flagstaff, don't fail to slop off at these famous Arizona
hostelries for fine room, food and drink service.
. . and in New Mexico:
EI Navajo, Gallup
The Alvarado, Albuquerque
Albuquerque Airport Restaurant
La Fonda, Santa Fe
8 North Leroux
Flagstaff, Arizona
and Twin Arrows Trading Post - E. of Flagstaff
EI Tovar Hotel,
Bright Angel Lodge
and Auto Cabins
Grand Canyon Natl. Park
Open all year - and par­ticularly
enjoyable in Spring,
Fall and Winter.
La Posada Hotel
Winslow
Combining the charm of 0
Spanish Rancho with the in­formality
of 0 motel.
Objects from space
Thousands of them
Painted Desert Inn
(Restaurant)
Petrified Foresl Natl. Mon.
Arizona's Most Distinguish)ed Museum
Sedona, Arizona, US 89A
The Finest . .. By Fla"
Applegate Bros. Union Service
PHONE 817 FREE PICK-U P & DELIVERY JOHN & DAVE
- 15-
Indians Not Wards Of u. s. Government
Indians are nDt wards Df the federal gove,rn­ment,
or of any agency or any division of any
government.
Indians are n.ot required to obtain permis­sion
to leave their reservations, temporarily or
permanently.
The government is not guardian of the In­dian
perSDn.
The government has no more control over In­dian
personal actions or morals than over those
of any other citizen of the United States.
For many years the U. S. Bureau of Indian
Affairs, a division Df the Department of the In­terior,
haS combatted with indifferent success the
many facets of the "government wardship" fall­acy
which have flourished as persistently as tall
tales of the Indian wars.
(Onc'e the Indian was a government ward,
confined by force to' his reservation. That was
when, after the Indian wars, the Army was in
command Df the fDrerunner of the present Indian
Service. And that was many years ago.)
Today the government, through the Bureau
of Indian Affairs, serves as trustee of certain In­dian
assets, including lands. It acts in an ad­visory
and regulatory capacity with regard to' In­dian
financial affairs. It furnishes the Indian
with basic services which the Indian has not been
able to provide for himself---'an activity which
gradually is diminishing as the Indian becomes
more self-sufficient.
Today reservation Indians are subject to fed­eral
laws which differ none frDm the laws to
Rimmy Jim's
Trading Post
Meteor Crater Junction
Highway 66 - Between Flagstaff and Winslow
NAVAJO RUGS and CURIOS
BEER. WINE and LIQUORS
GROCERIES SOFT DRINKS
C. B. GRIFFIN, Owner
SEE
METE'OR CRATER
Fifty times as large as any other Meteorite crater known
on earth. The crater pit is visible 570 feet deep and 4150
fleet from rim to rim.
The Crater is located 40 miles east of Flagstaff
and 5'l'2 miles south on Highway 66
which all citizens of the United States are subject.
Today Indian tribal governments make and
enforce local laws, within the framework of the
laws of the nation, as dO' non-Indian municipali­ties.
In some ways the powers of Indian tribal
cipalities.
Fruition of Indian self-government came with
approval by CoOngress of the Wheeler-Howard In­dian
Reorganization Act 21 years ago.
The Indian Reorganization Act empowered
Indian tribes to set up housekeeping as self-gov­erned
units under constitutions and by - laws
drawn by themselves to fit their special needs
within the limitations of the over-all laws of the
nation.
The act also provided for issuance to organ­ized
Indian tribes of charters conferring powers
incident to nDrmal operation of business corpora­tions,
including capacity to make contracts and
to sue and be sued in courts of competent juris­diction,
and allowing establishment and manage­ment
by the tribes of their own business enter­prises.
In the nation, Indian self-government took
several forms, in some instances that of a con­federacy.
In Arizona the tribal or community
council, membership ,elected by popular vote, has
been the accepted form. Many of the ArizDna
tribes and Indian communities also have been is­sued
corporate charters.
Indian self-government under the Wheeler­HDward
Act entails responsibility for law and or­der,
the tribal councils having jurisdiction over
conduct on the reservations Df bDth Indians and
noOn-Indians.
Today the tribal courts handle civil matters
and 'criminal cases not c.1assified as felonies (the
latter must be tried in federal courts, as they
must in non-Indian communities be tried in state
or federal courts,) and in addition they have jur­isdiction
over domestic affairs such as divorce and
adoption, their decisions in which are recognized
by bDth state and federal courts.
The tribal courts operate under law and order
codes which may be adopted by specific tribes for
their specific needs, Dr under Title 25 of U. S.
Regulations, pertaining to' Indians, which is a
general cDde. Most of Arizona's larger Indian
communities have adopted law and order codes
of their own.
-16-
INDIAN SANITARIAN AIDES-At Phoenix Indian School Sanitarium young Indians from all parts of the United
States annually receive a six-week training course to become sanitarian aides. They are paid by the U.S. Indian
Service during their training and after their assignment to their home reservations to carry sanitary knowledge
to their people. This group is using a microscope in bacterial study. (U.S. Indian Service Photo.)
INDIAN TRIBAL POLICE-Tribal po1i~e oU,cers from Arizona reservations in attendance at anllual Indian Police
Training School on the Phoenix Indian School campus. T he training sessions are conducted by the Branch of Law .
and Order, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affcdrs, with co-operation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- 17-
Pow--Wow Program July 2 .. 3 .. 4
Mornings during the Pow-Wow may be spent walking about the great Indian camp in the pine forest
surrounding the Pow-Wow grounds and visiting the many booths operated by the Indians, visiting Flagstaff's
many fine business establishments, or attending the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition.
At noon each day the big Pow-Wow parade moves through the downtown streets of the city, starting near
the underpass on west Santa Fe and ending near Emerson school between west Aspen and West Birch.
The rodeos are held each afternoon.
The night program, while subject to change, will probably be as follows:
APACHE
CHEYE'NNE
COCHITI
HOPI:
Adults
Children
JEMEZ
LAGUNA
NAVAJO Adults)
OGLALA SIOUX
SAC-FOX
SAN JUAN
TAOS
ZUNI (Adults)
NAVAJO (Ohildren)
NAVAJO
ZUN'I MAIDENS
Are
YOU
Cooking
with
Gas
,
e
.
July 2 July 3
Crown Dance Crown Dance
Lance & Shield Dance Drum Dance
Slow War Dance Victory Dance
Eagle Dance Spring Dance
Buffalo Dance
Corn Dance
Buffalo Dance
Hoop Dance
Yei-Bei-Chei
Fire Dance
Scouting and Chief
Butterfly Dance
Blossom Dance
Harvest Dance
Hoop Dance
Yei-Bei-Chei
Fire Dance
July 4
Crown Dance
Owl Dance
Fast War Dance
Corn Dance
Return
Hunting Dance
Happy Dance
Bow and Arrow Dance
Hoop Dance
Yei-Bei-Chei
Fire Dance
Dance Victory Round Dance Fast Omaha Dance
Indian Two-Step
Victory Dance
Eagle Dance
Deer Dance
Yei Yazzie
Grinding Song
Rainmakers Song
War Bow
Soloist
War Dance
Deer Dance
W.ar Dance
Chief Dance
Yellow Corn Dance
Hoop or Shield Dance
Harvesting Horse Dance Basket Dance
Yei Yazzie
Grinding Song
Rainbow Song
War Bow
Soloist
Yei Yazzie
Grinding Song
Grinding Song
War Bow
Soloist
HOPI ALL INDIAN BAND
Gray Mountain
Trading Post
HGaS Is OUR Business, NOT a Sideline"
24 Miles North of Flagstaff on u.s. 89 at
Edge of Navajo Indian Reservation
nORTHERn nRlzonn Gns SERVICE
Fagstaff, Arizona
4 -18-
NAVAJO RUGS AND SADDLE BLANKETS
INDIAN JEWELRY AND CURIOS
CAFE
. Earl Reid - Kenneth Stanfill
EXCITING RODEOS provide entertainment during the afternoons for PowWow visitors. Only Indians are permitted
to participate. Prizes include entry fees and added money. Races feature the programs each day.
:' If You Have a Thirst - See Ruff First"
Ruff's Package Store
For Your Package Liquors and Sporting Goods
BEER WINE LIQUORS
J. K. RUFF 2 S. SITGREAVES
BE THERE! AUGUST
11 thru 14
See the Biggest and Oldest Indian Ceremonial in the World
Write For Tickets
Housing
CEREMONIAL
ASSOCIATION
Dept. E
Box 1024
Gallup, New Mexico
FLAGSTAFF TRANSFER
& STORAGE CO.
*: Commercial Storage & Distributing
*: Local and Long Distance Moving
*: Delivery Service
III N. Verde
~19-
*: Packing & Crating
*: Transfer
FLAGSTAFF Phone 818
THIRD MESA HOPI BASKET MAKER-The Hopis are among the most skjlled of all American tribes in the
several arts and crafts. Third Mesa Hopi make a distinctive type of basket. This Oraibi woman is making a
plaque or basket exactly as her ancestors did for countless centuries. These and many other beautiful articles
are on display at- the H pi Craftsman Exhibition.
-20-
HOPI INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS-The Hopi Craftsman Exhibition is open to the public, admission free, at the
Museum of Northern Arizon,a, Fort Valley Road, 3 miles north of Flagstaff July 2-5, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily.
Here is a view of a small part of the exhibition in the north end of the Museum patio.
The 22nd Hopi Craftsman Exhibition
Each year at the time of the Pow-Wow the
Museum of Northern Arizona holds its widely­known
Hopi Craftsman Exhibition featuring the
arts and crafts of the H;opi Indians who live in
the northeastern part O'f the state. Long before
the opening of this exhibit Museum staff mem­bers
visit every home in each of the eleven Hopi
pueblos to collect the finest examples of craft­work
now being produced. Kachina dolls, native
silver jewelry, several types of basketry, decorat­ed
pottery, woven wool rugs, beautiful embroid­ered
and brocaded ceremonial garments, and many
other useful and decorative products of the Hopi
are brought to the Museum especially for this ex­hibit.
No other Indians in the United States make
: such a variety of native products as do the Hopi.
: The Hopi Craftsman Exhibition offers the visitor
. to northern Arizona an unequalled opportunity to
see this modern work which has its roots in the
dim past of prehistoric times. Archaeological
studies have shown that the ancestors of the Ho­pi
have been making baskets since before 300 A.
D. and pottery since 600 A. D. Weaving in cot­ton
began about 900 A. D., but the manufacture of
\!Vool rugs and blankets belongs to the" historic
period after 1600, when the Spanish inncduced
;,heep and goats. ~ilversmithing has been develop-ed
among the Hopi during the last sixty years.
The visitor to this year's exhibit will also see
Hopi Indians demonstrating their crafts of weav­ing,
basketry, silversmithing, and pO'ttery-mak­ing
in the patio of the Museum.
The Museum of Northern Arizona was found­ed
in 1928 by a committee of Flagstaff citizens
who felt that the anthropological, geological, and
natural history treasures of northern Arizona
should be preserved in this region. In 1936 the
present museum was built at the foot of the San
Francisco Peaks; it contains four exhibition gal­l,
aries and a large patio landsc'aped with plants
and trees native to' the area. Three galleries are
devoted to permanent exhibits of geology, natural
history, and the past and present Indian life of
northern Arizona. The fourth hall is maintained
for special summer exhibits. This year these in­clude
the annual Junior Indian Art Exhibit from
April 30 to May 15; Tracks and Trails from the
Geologic Past, May 28 to June 19; the HO'pi
Craftsman during the Pow-Wow; the Navaho
Craftsman from July 23 to July 31; the first an­nual
Flagstaff Camera Club Exhibit, August 20
to September 18; and Peruvian Textiles from the
Heard Museum in Phoenix, October 1 to December
1.
-21-
(C ontitnued from pagel)
3500 years before the birth of Christ, erected
mountains of brick on which to worship as their
country did not afford naturally elevated places.
In the mythology and religious history of
most Southwestern tribes this reference to the
sacred character of mountains occurs again and
again, most notably in that of the Hopi and
Navajo.
Naturally the summer-long visits to :the
mountain country afforded an opportunity for
religious ceremony, some requiring much elab­orate
preparation and many performers.
(To this very day, the great tribal initiation
ceremony of Taos Pueblo, the easternmost of the
Southwestern villages, is held high in the moun­tains
in the middle of the summer. The Taos
people are not nomads, but neverthele'ss atta<>th
this same religious significance to the high
places.)
The Hopi Indians of northern Arizona, whose
picturesque villages grace the tops of mesas 125
miles or so e1ast of the San Francisc.o Peaks ,at
Flagstaff, also attach great significance to the
mountains. To them" the San Francisco Peaks
are "Nuvatukyaovi", or "Place-of-high-snows".
It is here on the Peaks that the sacred super­natural
beings, the Katchinas, live most of the
year. These Katchinas come to the Hopi villages
early in the spring and stay until the "Home
Dance" (going-home dance) in late July.
Following the Home Dance the Kakhinas
return to the Peaks, their home.
Rainbow Forest Lodge
I n the Petrified Forest
NAVAJO RUGS - GENUINE INDIAN JEWELRY
POLISHED PETRIFIED WOOD - MEALS
KODAK FILMS - SANDWICHES
COLD DRINKS
The Petrified Forest National Monument contains 92,000 acres.
It is open all year. Here giant trees that drawfed the south­western
plains are now turned to stone.
P. O. ADDRESS - HOLBROOK, ARIZONA
Indians who originaly ranged over much of
the area immediately surrounding the San Fran­cisco
Peaks were the Cohonino, from whom our
county, Coconino, gets its name.
These Cohoninos were the Supais, the Huala­pais,
the Yavapais, little .tribes now cen~ered on
reservations in Havasupalcanyon, near It on the
west and south, and over in Yavapai county.
The big Pow-Wow held at Flagstaff each
July Fourth weekend provides an occasion for
Indian tribes all over the Southwest to move to
the mountains for a few days and perhaps in a
sense revive the ancient custom of the mid­summer
pilgrimage to the high country.
Here at the Pow-Wow they meet on friendly
terms, visit, swap stories, renew acquaintances,
watch with great interest each others' perform­ances
in the great ce'remonial area, conduct court­ships,
trade, buy and sell and have fun.
The Pow-Wow had its formal beginnings
many years ago when local citizens, desirous of
establishing a "different" sort of Independence
Day celebration, decided to bring the Indians in
on the program. That first big show was a "wild
west" or "pioneers' day" celebration with heavy
Indian overtones. Within a very few years the
Indians had completely taken it over, and before
long the celebration became the great Southwest
All-Indian Pow-Wow.
The men who stage the show each year serve
entirely without pay. Their goal is to provide a
completely-Indian celebration, with heavy em­phasis
on authenticity of costume and perform­ance.
Mornings during the big celebration are
featured by Indian rodeos; and the evenings are
devoted to the great spectacles., the ceremonial
programs during which Indians of scores of tribes
vie to present their social and ritualistic dances
and other performances.
The great Flagstaff Pow-Wow, having its
roots firmly fixed in remote antiquity, is. a
mod rn-day adaptation of the ancient "Coming
Together of the People" and no doubt will con­tinue
as long as there are Indians, and non­Indians
interested in our colorful, friendly,
strangely different but very similar brothers, the
Indians.
More Women COOK with GAS Than All Other Fuel Combined!
IT'S FASTER ... BETTER ... CHEAPER . .. IT'S MODERN!
-22-
(Continued From Page 5)
Navajo social organization. Traditionally, when
a Navajo man marries, he goes to make his home
with his wife's relatives, and his biological family
then becomes one of several such units living in a
group of adjacent hogans, and which are gen­erally
referred to as an "extended family." The
latter may include husbands and offspring of the
wife's sisters, the parents of one's wife, grand­parents,
undes, aunts or other relatives of either
spouse, and there may be as many as 20 or 25 per­sons
or more included in such a group. Children
play an important role in the ,economic activities
of the family group, and at an early age are given
minor tasks to perform, including the herding and
c.are of livestock.
A number of extended family groups with­in
given geographic areas of the Navajo ~Iountry
are loosely knit together into a larger sociological
unit commonly referred to as a "community."
However, there are few communities in the Nava­jo
country in the sense of "village''', or "town." By
and large, the only towns or villages in the N ava­jo
country are centered about Government in­stallations,
missions, etc.
In olden times, an important aspect of N ava­.
i 0 social organization and inter-group coopera­tion
was in terms of the Navajo clan. However,
although the clan still functions to limit the mar­riage
choice, it is no longer as important soc.iol­ogic,
ally as it once was. A person may not marry
a member of his own clan or of his father's clan,
and considers such persons as his close relatives.
Nowadays, Navajo men generally dress in
western clothing, including levis, western shirts,
cowboy boots etc. Some still make and use ex­cellent
moccasins. The women characteristically
wear long fluted calico skirts, contrasting velve­teen
blouses, and often carry a P'endleton blanket
draped over their shoulders. Both men and wo­men
wear silver and turquoise jewelry in profu­sion,
wear earrings, bracelets, necklaces of coral
and abalone, and use ornate silve'r buttons and
belts. Some men still wear their hair long, tied
in a knot behind their head with white woolen
yarn.
In 1923 with the opening of the Rattle Snake
oil field, it became necessary to develop some
SEARS
ROEBUCK AND CO.
Satisfaction Guaranteed or Your Money Back
I 5 N, Leroux Phone 56
FLAGSTAFF
type of representative Navajo tribal government,
in order to execute leases of tribal land and re­sources
in 'Conformity with the provisions of the
treaty of 1868. As a result, the Navajo Tribal
Council was established, and in the ensuing span
of 32 years, it has grown into a highly effective,
democratic form of tribal government. The Coun­cil
is presently co'mposed of 74 members, plus a
Chairman and Vice-Chairman, elected every four
years by the Navajo people in 74 ,election c.om­munities
or precincts. In addition, there is a 9
member Executive Committee known as the Ad­visory
Commi'ttee, which clarries on the routine
business of the N avaj 0 Tribal government under
specific delegations of authority received from
the Tribal Council itself. The Advisory Com­mittee
withdraws Tribal lands for mission, school,
business and other purposes; grants mining leases
and assignments. and performs many other duties
of this type which it is not feasible to bring before
the to'tal Council for action.
By provision of the Navajo-Hopi Long Range
Rehabilitation Act, the Navajo Tribe is authorized
to develop and adopt a Tribal constitution. Such
a constitution has been developed in proposed
draft form, and is now ready for presentation to
the Navajo people. After it has been thoroughly
explained over the Navajo country, and after such
changes have been incorporated into it as the peo-
Se?'m:ng Northern Arizona
FRED NACKARD
WHOLESALE LIQUOR CO.
PE'PS I' - COLA
23 S, San Francisco Street
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
-23-
JEWELRY IS AN INDICATION of wealth among the
Navajos. From the silver this woman carries around. it
may be supposed that she is among the well·heeled
of the tribe.
FLAMINGO
COFFEE SHOP
West Junction Hiway 66 and 89
OPEN 24 HOURS
Plenty of Free Parking
Dick and Mabel Ritchey
ATLAS TIRES
BATTERIES
ACCESSORIES
pIe may desire, the constitution will be presented
for adoptiGn or rejection by referendum vote of
the Navajo electO'rate.
Present Navajo populatio.n is clo.sely estimat­ed
at approximately 78,000, which makes it the
largest tribe in the United States.
For many years the ,NavajO' peo.ple have been
beset by many problems devo.lving about educa­tion,
health, resources development, economics,
etc. In an effort to. provide necessary facilities and
take ner,essary aCltion to reso.lve some of the out­standing
prO'blems, the Co.ngress in 1950, author­ized
the appropriation of $88,570,000 over a ten
year period for expenditure in 14 specific cate­gories,
including schools, hospitals, water supply,
irrigatiO'n, ro.ads, sO'il conservation, industrial de­velopment,
resettlement on the Co.lorado River,
surveys of natural resO'urces, off-reservation re­location,
communicatiO'ns, revolving loans, hous­ing,
and co.mmon service facilities. As of fiscal
year 1955, a total of $42,658,520 of the authorized
total has been appropriated.
BO'th the N avaj 0. people and the Bureau of
Indian Affairs recognize the fact that education
is essential to' the solutio.n of Navajo social and
econo.mic prO'blems. As of the beginning of the
c,u'rrent calender year. 22,146 o.ut of the t'Otal of
approximately 28,000 Navajo children 'Of school
age, were enrolled in s'chools of vario.us types.
This represents a substantial increase over the
16,096 enro.lled in the 1953-54 SChO'O'I year, and
the 14,662 enrO'lled in the preceding school year.
Commissio.ner Glenn L. Emmons is thorough­ly
familiar with Navajo prO'blems, in view of the
far.t that he has lived for many years at Gallup,
N'ew MexicO', close to the he'art Gf the NavajO'
country. The pro.vision of school facilities for
all Navajo scho.ol age children IS a primary ob­jective
of his administration, and a super-human
effort was put forth in 1954 to' provide as many
school facilities as possible by the opening of the
current school year. The goal during the plann­ing
stage was set at 22,052 SChOO'I seats, which
was a·ctually exceeded by the first O'f the calendar
year. SChO'Ols available to' Navajo children at
present inf'llude day SChO'O'ls and reservatio.n board­ing
schools located within the Navajo country
proper, trailer SChOO'ls, hogan sch'OO'ls, public
schools, public schools in bordertGwns where bor­dertO'wn
dormitories have been constructed to
house Navajo. children and permit them to. attend
non-Indian schools, and mission facilities. There
are 28 bO'arding SChOO'ls, 22 'cO'mmunity schools, 10
day SChOO'ls, 37 trailer schools, 18 hGgan SChO'Ols,
MINOR REPAIRS
LUBRICATION
SPECIALITST
At .Junction U.S. 66 & 89
YOUR FRIENDLY CHEVRON DEALER
West of Flagstaff 24-Hour Service
-24-
and 6 bordertown dormitories. There are pre­sently
16,886 Navajo children enrolled in Fed­eral
schools of all types, including the of-reserva­tion
boarding schools, 3,900 in public schools, and
1,360 in mission schools.
Each fall a large number of Navajo children
leave the reservation to enroll in schools loeated
in Oklahoma, Oregon, California, Nevada, Ari­zona,
Utah, and New Mexico. During the current
school year, there is a total of 6,451 ,Navajo chil­dren
enrolled in such off-reservation boarding
schools, the largest of which is Intermountain In­dian
School at Brigham City, Utah. Many of the
children enrolled in off-rese'rvation schools, are
over age children who have never previously been
in school. In order to provide vocational skills, a
knowledge of English, and other requisites for
their future life, and permit them to live inde­pendently
of reservation r,esources, a special ac­celebrated
five year program has been developed
During this five year period the essentials of an
education are provided to this group of average
children.
With relation to health, tuberculosis has long
been a scourge among the N a vaj o. During the
past three years, great strides have been made in
wiping out tuberculosis in this area through the
provision of beds by contract with a number of
off-reservation tuberculosis sanatoria, and by
other measures. At the beginning of the clurrent
calendar year, there were 461 Navajo patients
hospitalized in such off-reservation sanatoria. In
conjunction with the off-reservation hospitaliza­tion
program, an effective case finding program
is in progress, and in addition the new anti-tuber­culosis
drugs developed by the Cornell University
Medical School and the New York Hospital have
been in use for the past three years in the treat­ment
of Navajo patients. The use of the drugs
has drastically reduced the number of deaths from
tuberc.ulosis, and gives great promise of bringing
the inc,idenre of that disease' down to the national
incidence within a reasonable period of time.
Diarrhea is one of the most important di­seases
affecting Navajo children, and is respon­sible
to a great degree for the high infant mor­tality
rate. In fact, diarrhea as well as many of
the othe'I' important diseases on the Navajo re­servation,
are preventable, and a great effort is
presently being made to provide the health edu­cation
necessary to eradicate them.
There are presently 5 hospitals available in
the Navajo country, including the hospital at
Crownpoint with a capacity of 56 beds, Navajo
Medical Center at Fort Defiance with a capacity
of 115, the Shiprock Hospital with a capacity of
41, the Tuba City Hospital (newly constructed
with Long Range funds) with 75 beds, and the
Winslow Hospital with 73 beds.. In addit~on there
is a 100 bed tuberculosis sanatorium operated by
the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Fort Defiance,
-25-
Greetings
ELPASO NATURAL
GAS COMPANY
IS PROUD TO
SERVE FLAGSTAFF
HOME OF THE
POw-w,OW
EL PASO NATURAL 6ASj!COMPANY
and Mission Hospitals at Ganado, Rehoboth and
Farmington.
In recent years the Tribal Council has play­ed
a very active part in the development of health
educ'ation and preventive medicine. Mrs. Anna
Wauneka, daughter of the late Chee Dodge, and
Chairman of the Tribal Council CDmmittee on
Health and Welfare, in cDnjunctiQn with Mr.
Paul J Dnes, presently the Chairman of the Tribal
Council, have been especially active in the pro­ductiQn
of films, in the conduct of meetings, in
the organizatiO'n of health wQrk generally, in the
development of radio. prDgrams involving health
talks, and many other methods. The five leading
diseases treated among Navajos in Bureau hos­pitals
are gastro-enteritis and diarrhea, pneumon­ia,
veneral diseases, tuberculosis, and respiratory
infections exclusive Qf pneumonia and tubereu­losis.
The Long Range Act prO'vided a total of $20,-
000,000 for the construction of roads in the N ava­jo
country. This total provided fQr the construc­tion
of 636 miles of primary road and 633 miles
of secondary road. It was recognized by the CQn­gress
that the develQpment of an adequate sys­tem
Df roads and the reservation was a primary
necessity in opening the reservation as well as in
the development of natural resources and the
prDvision of adequate health and education fa­cilities.
Given first priority in the road construc­tiDn
wDrk under the Long Range Program was
the highway knDwn as Route 3 which joins Win­dow
Rock on the east with Tuba City and High­way
89 on the west. Construction Qn this pro­ject
is well along toward completion, and work has
already begun on a road which will jo,in Shiprock
on the northeast with Tuba City via Kayenta.
With completion of the 1955 rQad construction
PROTECT Our
Forests From Fire
ARIZONA
LUMBER AND
TIMBER CO.
J. C. DOLAN, President
Indian Jewelry
Concho Belts
Imported Gifts
program, presently being carried out under coli ...
tract, Route 3 will be virtually a through highway
permitting high speed travel east and west ac:ross
the reservatiDn thrDugh the Hopi country.
During the past 5 years, a total Qf 204 wells
have been completed at various points over the
Navajo country with federally appropriated and
tribally appropriated funds. The NavajO' Tribe
has thrice appropriated $250,000 for this pur­pose.
Water in the N avaj 0' cQuntry is a basic
necessity, and it is lacking in many areas with the
result that available range cannot be properly
used, and inhabitants must haul their do.mestic
water from great distanees. Both the Tribe and
the Federal Government have recognized the ur­gent
need for water development, and are in the
process of drilling as many wells, and installing
as many 'charcos and other water storage develQP-m,
ents, as possible. .
Miscellaneous: The Navajo birthrate per
1000 population is 33.7, as co.mpared to. the U. S.
general population where the rate is 24.7; the in­fant
mortality rate per tho.usand population is
126.7 for the Navajo and 28 for the general PQP­ulation.
The first school constructed o.n the Navajo
reservation was completed in 1883 at Fort De­fiance,
Arizona.
In 1953 Navajo sheep produced 2,061,223
pounds of wool with a value of $746,693 and 159,-
907 pounds of mohair with a value of $68,917.
In 1953 the total income from livestock and
livestock products, including pro.ducts consumed
at home, was $2,954,680, while during ~he same
year the total value O'f sales and of farm products
(',onsumed at home totaled $3,505,502.
The NavajO' reservation has a carrying ,ca­pacity
of 512,922 sheep units of livestock, and in
1954, total stocking was placed at 484,395 sheep
units.
The NavajO' Tribal budget passed by the-Na­vajo
Tribal Co.unclil for fiscal year 1955 provided
a total of $2,247,401.59 of Tribal funds for a num­ber
o.f purposes. The purpQses fo.r which :the
money was appropriated include the operatiQn of
the Tribal government, resources development,
business development, 'Tribal housing, law and or­der
and o.ther community services. In connection
with law and order the Navajo. Tribe provided a
total of $352,358 for the current fiscal year, in­cluding
$243,267 for law enforcement proper,
$43,390 for the judiciary, $63,180 for Legal Coun­sel,
and $2,521 fo.r the Law and Order Committee
of :the Tribal Counc.il.
Moccasins - Squaw Boots
Southwest Souvenirs
Desert Sands Pottery
-26-
(Corntinued From Page 8)
the ministry and fully ordained by the chul'ches
they represent.
Six day schools conducted by the Bureau of
Indian Affairs provide for the elementary educa­tion
of the Pima children. Buses travel the re­servations
twice daily to pick up students for
school and return them to their homes at the
close of the school day. Othel' buses provide
transportation for the older students who attend
high school in Mesa, Coolidge, Chandler and Casa
Grande, under a contract between the Bureau of
Indian Affairs and the Arizona State Department
of Public Instruction, whereby the bureau furnish­es
education funds which are administe'red by the
state. Elementary school curricula coincide close­ly
with those of the state.
Many of the present crop of high school stu­dents
are planning to go on to college and are
seeking jobs to enable them to do it. Among the
older members of the tribe there are some grad­uates
of institutions of higher learning, mainly
schools dealing with education for l'eligious work
primarily. At least three are graduates of music
conservatories and one of these conducts an or­chestra
which now is making its second tour of
European capitals. A few others are graduates
of state colleges and universities.
Indian youths trained as sanitarian aides are
doing much to assist in making the Pimas con­scious
of the value of sanitary surroundings.
Working with and through the 18 Indian women's
extension clubs on the two reservations, they have
done much to assist bureau health personnel in
reducing the scourge of the Pima baby-dysen­tery.
The modern 40-bed hospital at Sacaton is
well patronized by the tribesmen.
Yet the ways of the medicine man are not en­til'ely
forgotten. When the white man's medi­cine
seems to be failing, one of the very few re­maining
medicine m'en may be called upon, par­ticularly
if the patient is an old person. Some
time-honored legends dear to the heart of the
Pimas still live. The story of the flood waters
which rose higher and higher, until they envel­oped
the Pima families huddled atop the mountain
and turned them to stone, is kept alive from gen­eration
to generation. So is the story of the land-
ONE OF A SERIES of photo portrait studies of Indians
made several years ago by Mrs. Vi Noble of Indian­apolis,
Ind., this picture carries with it the feeling of
the long drawn out struggle with which Indians have
been faced and the scant hope of much immediate
improvement.
MOBIL PRODUCTS
YOUNG'S COLLEGE SERVICE
224 S. Sitgreaves - Phone 415
Gene,r ,al Petroleum Corp. ~ FRANK and DON CHRISTENSEN, Agents
MOBILGAS MOBILOIL MOBIL TIRES
Mobilgas
s.c .... ·wacwu.
Ed's
Mot,or Inn Service
C. E. Hartshorn E. Santa Fe
FlagstaH Motor Village
GORDON BECKLEY
Service Station & Motel
"ONE STOP SERVICE"
Phone 109 402 E. Santa Fe
-27-
-
Frank Padilla's
SANTA FE SERVICE
COMPLETE AUTO SERVICE
Tires - Tubes - Accessories
Phone 829-W 208 W. Santa Fe
Lane -Motel
Center of Town Location
122 YVest Santa Fe Phone 750
Flagstaff, Arizona
GORDON'S
LIQUOR and SPORTING GOODS
Store Hours 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. - Sundays 12 Noon to d p.m.
Gordon Eva,1S, Owner
23 N. Beaver Phone 555
RIORDA,NS INCORPORATED
COMPLETE INSURANCE
FLAGSTAFF KINGMAN
Ph. 46-Box 299 Ph. Blue 156-Box 443
YVhere There's a JOHNSON SEAHORSE -
There's Fun
Motor Supply Company
13 N. Agassiz Flagstaff, Ariz.
WELCOME STRANGER
SUNNYSIDE COCKTAIL LOUNGE
COCKTAILS - DANCTNG
Come As You Are
FLAGSTAFF MOTOR INN
Center of Flagstaff
BOB PIPER, Operator
216 E. Santa Fe Phone 48~
Isom Jackson's Texaco Service
24 Hr. Service
Washing
Lubrication
Service Calls
Phone 177-W
Free Pickup
and Delivery
ing of the Ark on the mountains southeast of
Sacaton. And there's the legend of the King
rattlesnake and others that only especially trusted
friends may be permitted to hear.
The peaceful Pimas have an outstanding'mili­tary
record with the various branches of the Unit­ed
States Armed Forces. Little known but none­the-
less true is the fact that the first Arizonan to
give his life for his country in World War I was
a full-blooded Pima Indian. And Ir.a Hayes, :the
late hero of Iwo Jima, added luster to the Pima
military hall of fame. Hundreds of other boys
have left their reservation hom·es to serve their
nation faithfully and well. ,
Economically the "River People" are relative­ly
poor basically because their rivers now are
poor. Long since, these streams have been har­nessed
by huge dams high above their lands and
their waters diver~ed to the fields and cities of
the white man. The "normal flow" upon which
they used to depend in planning the'ir crops has
become irrigation water available only at sche­duled
times-and for a price.
Of the Pima lands, 55,527 acres are .subju­gated
for cultivation-12,997 held by the tribe,
and 42,530 acres in individual trust allotments.
Some of the individual allotments, due to division
through inheritance, are in tracts no larger than
10 acres, making individual operation difficult on
a profitable basis.
Some' 42,000 acres of activated land are with­in
the San Carlos Irrigation Project, developed
by the federal government along the Gila River
below Coolidge and Florence, and of which Cool­idge
Dam and San Carlos Reservoir, considerably
to the east, near Globe, are integral parts. The
tribe holds also 8,000 acre's of as yet unsubjugated
land within the San Carlos Project.
The tribe as a whole leases 6,400 of activated
within-project land to non-Indian farmers, and
has set aside 11,000 acres for a tribal farm, only
about one-third of which is under cultivation be­cause
of water shortage. Previously operated by
the Indian Service in behalf of the tribe, the farm
enterprise since 1951 has been managed by a tri­bal
farm board.
Indian residents of the Gila River Reserrva­tion
officially are members of the Gila River Pi­ma-
Maricopa Community, formed under constitu­tion
and by-laws ,approved in 1936. A corporate
charter was ratified in 1938.
The basic gove-rning body is the tribal coun­cil.
Offioers are a governor, lieutenant governor,
secretary, and treasurer.
-28-
The Little Brown Jug
Your 7-day a YVeek Midnight
GROCERY
Beer - Wines III S. Sitgreaves
(Continued Fro'm Prage 9)
pIe. Foot trails on precipitous canyon walls of
the Apache scourge which holed them up where
they remain today, still are traceable. But the
day of the Apache raider is past, and today the
People of the Blue-Green Water have a warm wel­come
for visitors.
Modernization is coming to the Havasupai
gradually and the hard way. The only motorized
equipment on the reservation is a small farm
tractor which went down the trails, piece by piece,
in horsepacks. Main portion of the Episcopal
chapel which dominates the village is a quonset
hut, lowered into the canyon section-by-section by
helicopter.
Main outside contact of most of the village
residents is via their tourist visito'rs. Travelers
into the canyon retreat should not be surprised to
find their hosts as curious about them as they are
about their hosts.
Tourist business is increasing. Aside from
the startling scenic beauty it provides, Havasu
Creek is a pa'radise for fishermen. Big and sport­ing
rainbow trout multiply in its clear waters.
Of the two trails into Havasu Canyon, the
one from Grand Canyon Village is the longest,
chiefly used as a mail trail.
The usual tourist trail takes off from Hilltop,
some 65 miles north of Peach Springs, the turn­off
point on U. S. Highway 66.
The saddle and pack horses provided by the
Indian guides and packe'rs are kept at Supai vil­lage.
Arrangements for trips to the village
should be made sufficiently in advance to allow
the horses to be brought to the canyon rim.
Contac.t with Supai Village, by telephone or
radio, can be made through the Truxton Canyon
sub-agency headquarters of the U. S. Bureau of
Indian Affairs at Valentine, which has supervi­sion
over the Havasupai 'reservation.
Seat of the tribal government is Supai vil­lage.
The governing body consists of four coun­cilmen
elected for two-year terms, and three her­editary
sub-chiefs who are life members of the
council.
Supai is an Indian village. Four white peo­ple
live there-a field representative of the U. S.
Indian Service, his wife, and a school teacher, all
civil service employees, and a woman field worker
of the Episcopal :Missionary District of Arizona.
Our Motto - "Quality and Service"
OUT WEST CAFE
Across from Santa Fe Depot
"Prompt Delivery If It Breaks Ow Back"
F.LAGSTAFF LUMBER C9.:
Compliments of
Flagstaff - Holbrook
REFRIGERATORS WASHING MACHINES
RADIOS
Flagstaff
Furniture Company
FLOOR COVERINGS
Our lOth Year 3 Miles East of Flagslaff on Hiway 66 Phone 329-J
Gibson's Chix Fry
"We Raise 'Em"
FRIED CHICKEN BOXED TO GO - Plenty Parking Space
-29-
THE ARIZONAN
MOTOR LODGE
Owned and Operated by
Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Engstrom
Phone 1300 Flagstaff, Arizona
Featuring Chinese and American Foods
Gfiond Canyon Cafe
FLAGSTAFF'S NEWEST EATING PLACE
1 10 E. Santa Fe - On Hiway 66
Office Equipment and Supplies
10 W. Aspen Phone 221
Wester n Clothing for Men, Women
and Children
WESTERN GIFTS
Opposite Santa Fe Depot
"* Fishing Tackle "* Camping Equipment "* Guns & Ammun ition "* Hobby Supplies
CLARK'S SPORTING GOODS
7 N. Leroux Phone 1110
MOTEL & TEXACO
2'12 Miles East on Hiway 66
STARTING OUT EARLY, this young brave will un­doubtedly
add his name to the Pow-Wow rodeo entry
lists before too many moons roll around.
ARROWHEAD LODGE
Flagstaff's Homiest Motel
On Hiway 66 East of Flagstaff
M. Leadbetter Phone 491
"
Compliments of
FL1~~~~p~CY
i:LAGSTAFF rl AR 'ZON~
C»HONK .4
Switzer'si co . ..
,ut.
The HOlUe of Color .
17 N. San Francisco Phone 94 ~ ��'
Hardware
Housewears
Garden Supplies
Name Brand Tools
- 30-
(Continued From Page 11)
approval it had been amended to contain this spe­cific
provision:
"The order of the Department of the Interior
signed, dated, and approved by the Honorable Ray
Lyman Wilbur, as Secretary of the Interior, on
October 28, 1932, temporarily withdrawing lands
of the Papago Indian Reservation in Arizona
from all forms of mineral entry or claim under
the public land mining laws, is hereby revoked
and rescinded, and the lands of the said Papago
Indian Reservation are hereby restored to explor­ation
and location, under the existing mining laws
of the United States, in accordance with the ex­press
terms and provisions declared and set forth
in the Executive Orders establishing said Papago
Indian Reservation."
Bills now are pending before both houses
of Congress to rescind that portion of the Wheel­er-
Howard Act, restore the effect of the Wilbur
order, and preserve the mineral wealth of Papago
land for the Papagos.
Under the reorganization provisions of the
Wheeler-Howard Act the Papagos drew together
the more or less loosely form.ed tribal organiza­tions
of the then politically autonomous village at
Sells, Gila Bend and San Xavier to create, in 1937,
the Papago Tribal Council, with headquarters at
Sells, which also is the site of the central Papago
Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, headed
by a superintendent.
The Papago Tribal Council is composed of 22
members, two from; each of 11 district. Its of­ficers
are a chairman, a vice chairman, and a sec­retary-
treasurer. Each district in turn is self­governing
in purely local matters through dis­trict
councils of five members. The tribe main­tains,
with federal participation in payment of
salaries, a tribal court consisting of a chief judge
and two associated judges, and a police organiza­tion.
J,ockson & Can.epa
B. F. Goo,drich Store
W. Birch Street
Richfield Oil Corp.
313 E. Santa Fe L. V. SMITH
Phone 185 Flagstaff Agent
COMMERCIAL HOTEL
Across From Santa Fe Depot
Flagstaff, Arizona
China Glass & Gifts
6 W. Santa Fe Flagstaff, Arizona
YOUR FRIENDLY HOME FURN ISHINGS DEALER
HARPER FURNITURE CO.
Over 30 Years in Flagstaff
15 N. Beaver Phone 473
FOR YOUR ENTERTAINMENT AND ENJOYMENT NORTHERN ARIZONA THEATR:ES, Inc.
1if!'.iJe hl1fli~ -- • ... ! ILB\ .9;RfW·.1W 4fHIhF.,
THOSE WHO KNOW -
POW-WOW WITH BUDWEISER
KLICK DISTRIBUTORS
HCLICK WITH KLICK"
-31-
Budweiser ..... DC ................ • ..... . • •
MOST INDIAN WOMEN are experts on horses. Here a
Navajo woman sit easily aboard her mount as her
husband stands by.
ARROWHEAD MOTORS
Complete Automotive Service
14 W. Sa nta Fe
THE BANK
(Contitnu.ed From Page 13)
plead with the President f0'r the ancestral lands
0'f his people. It took him two years, and upon
his return he was so impressed with the number
of white men about that he sent the President
word the Indians needed a good white man to. de­fend
them against those not so good-in return
for which the M0'haves never would draw bo.W
in war.
By act of Congress March 3, 1864, the Col0'r­ado
River Reservation was established and oc­cupied
by some 750 Mohaves, Chemehuevis and
Kawais, some of whom had C0'me d0'wn the river
from the Needles vicinity with the rafts. An ex­ecutive
order in 1880 established the Fort Mohave
Reservabon near Needles.
Tentative meeting of the minds had begun­to
reach fruition when white man's know-how
conquered the boisterous Colorado for benefit of
Indian and non-Indian alike.
Area-wise, the Colo.rado River Mohave-Che­mehuevi
Reservation is no.t impressive as Arizona
reservations go. It is overshado.wed by the Na­vajos'
m0're than 16,000,000 acres, the Papago's
nearly 3,000,000, the San Carlos and White Moun­tain
Apaches' million and three-quarters apiece,
the Hualapais' nearly a million, the Pimas' third
of a million and the H0'pis' more than half a mil­lion
acres.
Im'pressive is the fact that nearly half 0'f its
total of 265,858 ac,res are amenable to inclusion in
an agricultural empire, full development of which
may be realized within the lifetime of present��day
tribesmen.
Approximately a fourth of the potential farm
land has been subjugated. Two-thirds of the re­mainder
is subject to developm:ent through gra­vity-
flow irrigation, and the rest through pump­ing
from the river. Approximately three-fourths
of the presently irrigated land is farmed by In­dian
families, including a few Navajos and Hopis
admitted for colonization. Most of the remainder
is under lease to non-Indian farmers. Major
crops are alfalfa and cotton.
Much of the reservation area not subject to
development for irrigation-138,998 acres-is us­able
as grazing lan.d.
Additional resources of the Colorado River
Reservation tribes include title to a power plant
site at Headgatel Rock Dam, gypsum deposits es­timated
at upwards of 25,000,000 tons, recreation
OF ARIZONA
IVI ernb e1' Pede"t'al Deposit /(nsUlY"(JfYI.ce Corpor-ation
PRESCOTT - FLAGSTAFF - CLARKDALE - COTTONWOOD - WILLIAMS - SEDONA
-32-
sites in the developing play area along the Colora­do
River, and 1,015 lots in the town of Parker.
The Colorado River tribes were organized
under constitution and by-laws approved in 1937,
and are governed by a tribal council of nine serv­ing
staggered terms of four years, officers of
whioh are chairman, viele chairman and secretary.
Parker is the tribal headquarters for the popula­tion
of approximately 1,200.
Tribal headquarters for the adjacent Fort
Mohave Reservation, 38,382 a'cres and some 400
population, is Needles.
Administrative officers of the Bureau of In­dian
Affairs, headed by a supel"intendent, is at
Parker, for supeTvision over both the Mohave re­servations
and tbe small Cocopah Reservation
which has tribal headquarters at Somerton.
(Continued From Page 2)
At the night show, no flash pictures are permitted,
because it would ruin the effect which the Pow-Wow
management goes to such pains to create. After the
show is over, you can make your own arrangements
with Indian performers to pose. It's wise to ask these
people for permission to take their pictures anytime
except, perhaps, during the parade. Would you want
your picture taken by some stranger who failed to
secure your permission? Our Indian visitors feel about
this just as you do. Respect their individuality and
their dignity as fellow-citizens and human beings.
INDIAN CAMP
One of the most interesting features of the Pow­Wow
is the huge Indian camp in the pine forest sur­rounding
the Pow-Wow grounds. You will enjoy walk­ing
through the camp, but before you take any pictures,
be sure and secure permission from the Indians. If you
treat them with proper respect and friendliness, you'll
find they quickly respond.
WHO STAGES IT?
More than 10,000 Indians representing a score or
more of -southwestern and western tribes swarm to
Flagstaff -early in July to put on the great tribal get­together,
the Southwest All-Indian Pow-Wow.
GENERAL INFORMATION ...
A non-profit organization of Flagstaff businessmen,
'Pow-Wow, Inc." handles the countless details which
go into preparation of the big three-day celebration.
These men devote many weeks each year to carrying
on this work, which results in the fast-moving, exciting,
colorful events making up the big show. They work
entirely without pay.
Who Are Members of the Pow·Wow Committee?
The men who work for months each year to stage
the Pow-Wow represent a wide variety of business, pro­fessional
and other interests. They include Ted Babbitt,
merchant; Neil V. Christensen, attorney; T. M. Knoles
Jr.,bakery proprietor; Andy L. Wolf, insuranceman; Bill
Fennell, appliance dealer; Earl F. Insley, director of
athletics, Arizona State College; G. W. JakIe Jr., com­mittee
secretary, who is chief accountant for Babbitt
Brothers Trading Co.; Al C. Grasmoen, operator of the
world-famous Arizona Snow Bowl winter sports area
and proprietor of the Ski and Spur guest ranch; Robert
Prochnow, businessman; Sturgeon Cromer, Supt. of
Flagstaff schools. Bob Hansel, veteran rodeo director,
stages the afternoon shows. Mr. Wolf is announcer for
the rodeos; Howard Pyle serves as announcer for the
ceremonial programs.
COLOR FILM
P~ocessing
FINE GRAIN DEVELOPING
24 Hour Servic,e
VA'LDIS PHOTO
25 N. San Francisco Flagstaff
Hubbard
Refrigeration Supply
Sales with Service
105 W. Aspen Phone 354
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
Refrigeration Equipment Peerless Water Pumps
*
Babbitt I nve,stment Co.
19 N. San Francsico St.
Phone 422 OFFERING
LOTS IN
Antelope Valley
Sunnyside Subdivision
George Babbitt, Jr. Flagstaff
R. H. Quackenbush
-33-
*
* Mt. Elden
INDIANS FIND TIME for fun and frolic between Pow­Wow
events. Here the girl on the right enjoys the
paleface delicacy of ice cream: the girl in the center
looks inquiringly at the cameraman and the man on
the left ignores the whole proceeding to concentrate
on his activity of the moment.
(C ontinued Prom Page 6)
extension activities and others who laid down and
helped carry out range control practices, the de­veloping
of water supplies and even the organiza­tion
of the now famous cattle auctions.
The World War II years and the immediate
post-war period brought high prices for the Apa­'
che cattle, whose fame spread because of the high
quality-thanks to the development of registered
bulls by the Tribe. During this time the tribal
council began to look at costs and sources of sup­ply,
with the result that a store was established
particularly to supply the cattle operations at
wholesale prices. It was one short step :to retail
• PHONE 79
JACK YOUNG
CHEVRON SERVICE
124 E. Santa Fe Flagstaff, Ariz.
VANDEVIER (LODGE,) MOTEL
& DINING ROOM
FLAGSTAFF'S FINEST ACCOMMODATIONS
Dining Room Open for Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner
AT THE UNDERPASS FLAGSTAFF
Acme ICleaners
II I N. Leroux FLAGSTAFF Phone 9
P,rochnow's News Stand
Aromatic Tobaccos - Newspapers - Magazines
6 N. San Francisco - Phone 770
Brown's Credit Jewelers
U A Little Down Is Ernough For Brrown"
19 E. Aspen - FLAGSTAFF 108 N. Cortez - PRESCOTT
-34-
r
merchandising as the Apache People sought to buy
from the tribal store.
The second step came with the purchase of
two private trading posts at the second largest
Apache village at Bylas, on U. S. 70, almost mid­way
between Globe and Safford, A:rizona. Mean­while,
improvement of the original store at San
Carlos turned it into a modern department store,
selling everything from groceries, meats, clothing
and hardware to appliances, leather goods and fin­ished
lumber.
As tribal and association economics expanded,
the need for vehicle repairs arose and an effort
was successfully made to establish a tribal garage.
The tribal council also encouraged farming by in­dividual
families and, with government help by
way of matching funds and expert advice, launch­ed
a farm equipment program.
Throughout this mushrooming of Apache ec.­onomics,
the tribal council supervised operations
and personnel. High cattle incomes tended to
cover up inefficiencies and losses from inexper­ienced
management. Then, began the day of reck­oning.
With the slump in cattle prices, operational
expense began to overtake current income. And
where the Apache People had developed heavy
buying habits in the tribal stores, over-extended
credit began to rear its th:reatening head. The
realization began to grow among tribal leaders
that management was needed and quickly.
This, then, is the background for the present
situation of Apache ec.onomics on a reservation of
sheer contrasts. Modern management came into
being in February, 1954, among a tribal people
hardly two generations from deadly warfare - a
people living almost wholly in brush wickieups
upto 15 years ago, and still, do in small numbers.
Within a year of applied modern manage­ment
the Tribe approved a revised Corporate
Charter which turns over to the Apaches g:reater
self-governing powers in business and economic
development of reservation resources. The gen­eral
management staff includes nine key men,
two of whom are Indian, and responsible for a
million-dollar retail trade, a two-million dollar cat­tle
industry, the beginnings of a tribal farm pro-jeet
that may eventually develop some 6,000 acres,
and a central office which includes research pro­jects
and the publication of a monthly four to six
page newsletter with news photos.
But the entire program is not without its
serious problems. Management c.ame in 'at a
critical stage of tribal finances and in the face
JIM GALE CHEVRON DEALER
Standard Oil Products
COMPLETE AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE
At the Underpass on 66 Phone 567
"A Haven in the Pines"
LAKE MARY LODGE
8 Miles South of Flagstaff
Trailer Park
Lights - Water - Showers
CABINS - CAFE - BAR - STORE
Free Parking Lot Steam Heated
The Westerner H,otel
By the Underpass on Highway 66
224 W. Santa Fe FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA Phone 990
vlonl FURNITURE CO.
WESTINGHOUSE & MAYTAG Appliances
Flagstaff - Cottonwood
15 S. Sitgreaves Phone 783-W
Western Liquor Store
PACKAGE LIQUORS
102 S. San Francisco Phone 831-M
GOOD As the Best . BEllER Than t he Rest .
S-A-V-E
CITY OIL
S-A-V-E
COMPANY
Just West of the College on Highway 66 - Always Open DENVER MERRICK. Mgr.
-35-
of gradual but steady government withdrawal
from Indian economics. As rapidly as manage­ment
takes on economic problems facing the
Tribe, new ones emerged from the rapidly chang­ing
picture in American Indian Affairs. Further­more,
tribal finances are at a low ebb because
of depressed cattle prices and it is ve'ry much of
a case of pulling the Tribe up by its own boot
straps.
Another sharp contrast with the presence
of modern management is the educational status
of the Apache youth. At the moment hardly a
handful are in college and none are yet trained to
take their places in management of tribal opera­tions.
Wherever possible Apaches are employed,
such as clerks in the stores, cowboys on the range,
farm hands on the land - but a whole generation
awaits technical and professional training. 'The
Tribe today has economj,c activities for which the
People cannot undertake the responsibility.
Yet, tribal leadeTs are urging every possible
development of resources towards the day when
their children can return from training schools
and colleges. They encourage every young boy
and girl to finish school, draining tribal funds for
financial help to keep them in school. This year,
the tribal council has approved children of the
seventh and eighth grades joining the high school
students from the reservation to attend the pub­lic
school.s of nearby communities such as Globe.
There is still another aspect of education of
which tribal leaders are very aware: adult educ.a­tion.
The Apaches have today on their reserva­tion
an economic organization for which they
have little or no understanding - so rapidly has
the economic picture developed. In fact, there is
a serious gap between the world in which the
Apache live and their lack of understanding this
modern world with all of its complicated demands
and responsibilities upon people.
Tribal leaders themselves continue to have
real difficulty in keeping abreast of this rapidly
changing world, and they sense the driving need
for an adult education program among their
people to help bridge the gap.
Such a prog'ram is now in its formative stages
under the direction of general management of the
tribal enterprises. One of the outstanding tribal
leaders has been appointed administrative assis­tant
to the general manager to help interpret "in
Apa0.he for Apaches" the tribal program, to win
the cooperative understanding of these people.
Perhaps, the contrast between the new and
V,AN COURT'S GARAGE
Expert Car & Truck Service
For Studebaker and
Other Makes '
Flag"staff Phone 55
Woo's Cafe
AMERICAN and CHINESE DISHES
115 E. Aspen Flagstaff
Meet Your Friends At The
EI Pati,o Cafe &
Cock.t'ail Lounge
"Where the Best in Food and Drinks Is Served"
"We Service Our Sales"
I I I W. Birch Phone 1084
Highway Diner
A GOOD PLACE TO EAT
FLAGSTAFF WINSLOW WILLIAMS
Operating Flagstaff Realty & Insurance Co.
Coconino Cleaners
"We Call and Deliver"
20 N. San Francisco Phone 5
Flagstaff, Arizona
BANK OF FLAGSTAFF
Capital and Surplus $300,000.00
Complete Banking Services
1 / ' J ' , Member FDIC
-36-
SILVER IN ABUNDANCE adorns the dress of this
Indian woman. Necklaces such as she wears run in
val ue up to hundreds of dollars.
the old on the San Carlos Apache Reserrvation is
most sharply drawn on June 18 every year when
the Tribe commemorates the passage of the
Wheeler-Howard Aet. Usually two or more In­dian
maidens have a "coming-out" ceremony that
highlights the tribal celebration, which also in­cludes
rodeo, barbecue and sports events. Again,
medicineman and "devil" (properly, the Crown)
dancers hold sway.
For that matter, the medicineman retains
definite importance among these people and even
among the younger adult group. Social dancing
in traditional tribal manner is held often nightly
through summer months as the Apaches gather
at one or another of the many cluster of houses
or "ramps." The desert night air throbs steadily
MT. ELDEN PHARMACY
East Flagstaff Shopping Center
Phone 1557
TONY'S STEAK HOUSE ·
FOR FINE FOOD
Seafood and Fresh Trout Dinners
218 S. Sitgreaves on Highway 66
L Motel
NEW, CLEAN and MODERN
DOWNTOWN
12 I S. Sitgreaves Phone 296 Flagstaff
STEAKS SEA FOOD
Henry's Sunnyside Cafe
2 Miles East on 66
Pizza - Spaghetti - Ra ... iola
American Dishe~
Sprouse - Reitz Co.
Inc.
FLAGSTAFF STORES
10 E. Aspen and 8 E. Santa Fe
Bllock Cat Cafe
ACROSS FROM SANTA FE DEPOT
A GOOD PLACE TO EAT
BOICE - BAKER
FIRESTONE
108 North Leroux
Radio Repair Dept.
H:OME & AUTO SUPPLY
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
Indian Chant Records
-37-
Phone 40
B & B Tire Retreading Plant
to the beat of a drum till dawn as dancers move
about in a circle, men and women.
Amid all these cont rasts today, Apache and
whiteman on the reservation feel that tremendous
c.hallenge in the very air. What will be the final
outcome for this tribal people? Will their econ­omic
program succeed in the face of tight finan­ces
and in spite of social-educational handicaps?
W ill the 'coming generat ion take hold and carry
on the economic ac,tivities of the Tribe?
No one ventures a definite answer. All are
agreed it is a challenge well worth tackling for
all the odds. At stake' is the future of over 4,000
FlagstaH AUTO SUPPLY Co.
COURTESY - SERVICE - QUALITY
Evinrude Motors-Lone Star Boats
12 N. Beaver Phone 625
Greetings From
Holsum Bakery
Be Holsum - Look Holsum
Buy Holsum'
Arden Fresh Milk
Arden Ice Cream
DILLARD CRAWLEY
107 So. San Francsico Phone 419-M
men, women and children who have to telescope
within a few years the centuries-long maturing of
their fellow-Americans, if the Apache is to take
his full-fledged role in modern life.
And this is the challenge facing the Ameri­can
Indian on every reservation today.
(Continued F 1"om Page 7)
of autonomous communities, and those who know
Hopis and their problems feel sure that when
this recognition of the situation as it really is
comes about, many of the Hopi's problems will
disappear or at least greatly diminish.
The Hopis built stone houses on their mesa
tops just as their anc1estors did a thousand years
ago.
Their life is charac,terized by elaborate reli-gious
festivals and 'ceremonies, among the best
known of which is the Snake Dance.
The Hopi are a sophisticated people, wise in
the ways of dealing with othe'r people, and wise in
the ways of communal enterprise.
They recognize the val u e of fluency in
English, and consequently there is no problem
about schooling. Practically all Hopi youngsters
go to elementary school. However, f.ew can
afford to go away from home for high school
and college.
The ceremonies performed at the Pow-Wow
by Hopis are social dances. Hopis are very re­luctant
to perform religious c€remonies at times
and places other than those for which thel cere­monies
are intended.
They were called "Moki" or "Moqui" for
many years, but finally their own name for
themselves gained wide acceptanr.e and they are
now known as Hopi. They call themselves
"Hopituh," the peaceful ones.
For centuries they have been recognized as
peaceful by their neighbors in the Southwest.
Hopi peacefulness sometimes takes some strange
courses, but generally speaking they dwell in a
degree of harmony, or would if their economic
problems didn't cause serious interference with
their way of life.
The Hopi agency is at Keams Canyon, and
the superintendent is Clyde Penseneau.
The Hopi Villages can be reached via High­way
89, turning off a few miles north of Cameron
and going east on an improved graveled road
through Tuba City and on to Third Mesa.
The villages can also be reached by High­way
66 turning north near Winslow or Holbrook.
Another route is northeast from Flagstaff via
what is known as the "Turkey Tanks" road.
ARIZONA SUPPLY CO.
Phone 89
Mill, lOGGING, iNDUSTRIAL SUPPLIES
AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND EQUIPMENT
FLAGSTAFF 122 E. Santa Fe
-38-
Union Oil Products ® :~~~e ~~~L1S cOF~:j:S~:;f @)
Flagstaff - Williams - Winslow - Holbrook
DI I DIR IYQUIEIEINI
A TREAT FOR TASTE A FOOD FOR HEALTH
Enjoy Genuine
Dairy Queen
In Cones, Sundaes­Malts
& Shakes
WESTERN HILLS
Rest'aurant and Motel
Open 5 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Flagstaff's Newest and fine st
1/2 Mile Ea st of Flagstaff on Hiway 66
LEON MELVILLE HAROLD MELVILLE
NAVAJO GIRL AND WAGON-This photo, first pub­lished
in the Pow-Wow magazine several years ago has
since been widely reproduced. Taken by Milton Snow,
U.S. Indian Service, a print of the picture now hangs
in the office of the Indian commissioner at Washington,
D. C.
Indian Country Trips
While you are here at Flagstaff in the very
center of the Indian country, you may want
to take some side trips to various places of
interest. National Monuments and Parks are
only short drives distant, and the Chamber
of Commerce will give you information.
If you wish to visit Grand Canyon or the
Indian country without driving, you can
make arrangements with Nava-Hopi Tours
here in Flagstaff to plan a fine trip for you.
Phone for information including prices and
schedules.
MOTORS
Oldsmobile - Ca,dillac - GIMC Trucks
322 W. Santa Fe FLAGSTAFF Phone 95
- 39-
HOTEL MONTE VISTA
COCKTAIL LOUNGE
{ll'!"
t>~~
Hotel
Monte Vista
Owned and Operated by Flagstaff Community Hotel Co.
NORTHERN ARIZONA'S FINEST
Located in the Heart of Flagstaff
Beautiful Appointments
Early Hour Coffee Shop
Cockt ail Lounge
~ :.: ... ':::.;';~::..'~;:!-::~ .... " ... Xo ... '_",,' \ ' ... :::.~:r.t~~ ~~<k ,,,,:J:' x'>'
where you may enjoy your favorite
beverage in pleasant, restful surroundings.
DINING ROOM
One of the most attractive in Arizona
Where dining is a pleasure
FOR RESERVATIONS - see your travel agent - or wire,
write or phone Hotel Monte Vista
Phone 497 Flagstaff, Arizona
Welcome to the Pow -Wow!
ONE HOUR EAST - ON U.S. 66
LORENZO HUBBELL COMPANY
WINSLOW. ARIZONA
NAVAJO RUGS. OLD PAWN .POTTERY
Fea turing The Finest In Old And New Indian Graft
THE TRADING POST \VITH A TRADITION
YOU MIGHT MISS ONE- BUT NOT BOTH!
2'/4 HOURS NORTH - ON U.S. 89
MARBLE CANYON LODGE
North On U.S. 89 at Navajo Bridge
ONE DAY OR MANY SURROUNDED BY THE MAGNIFICENT VISTA
OF THE COLORADO GORGE
See Nearby North Rim of the Grand Canyon and Histor ic Lee's Ferry
7448 '-40-
-i
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
Arizona's "crop" of ripe timber is being
harvested scientifically, so
The forests will be preserved
indefinitely, and
The payrolls and the products of the
harvest are HELPING BUILD ARIZONA
fffoutnwe t
McNary • FlagstaH. Happy Jack • Overgaard • Maverick • Phoenix
For your heavy equipment needs
You C,an Count on Your
John Deere - "Caterpillar" dealer
44 A IZO A C
Casa Grande - Coolidge - Flagstaff - Mesa - Phoenix - Tucson
Stop in and see us while YOII aN in Flagstaff
24 S. Beaver St.
Right Across from the Santa Fe Station
. . '
From
111111111 ~!lll]~ijl~~~ 11~~lilll~I~II!lil ~ 111111I111I
5605 9100 082 858 0
Place
5c Stamp
Here
To ______________________________________ __
MAIL ORDERS
PROMPTLY HANDLED
C.O.D. ANYWHERE
•
c m
W OW Visitors
Make Babbitts' your shopping headquarters while in Flagstaff.
We handle everything Western for Cattlemen, Lumbermen.
Indians and for vacationists and visitors.
Visit our All-Indian Curio
Store. where you will find
selected rugs woven by
the finest weavers on the
Navaio Reservation.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Mrs. Paula Brown
Babbitts' Indian Shop
Bin 90 - Flagstaff, Ar.izona
I•
Please Send the Following Items C.O.D.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ------------------ 1 J
---------... I
Name ______________________ :•
1
Address I
I' DIAN SHOP
Corner Aspen and San Francisco Streets
l

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INDIAN COUNTRY-Trips into the spectacular beauty of areas such as Monument Valley, above, may be planned
with the assistance of the Chamber of Commerce. Here a t the "Place of Coming Together" you are at the very
center of the magnificent Indian country. (U.S. Indian Service Photo)
'The Coming Together Of The People'
For countless centuries the nomadic bands of
Southwestern Indians m 0 v e d in the summer
months to the higher elevations of their vast
country where water and feed was generally
plentiful and where the hunter could expect to
find deer, antelope and elk.
Here in the great pine forest the brave could
coach his sons in the arts and crafts, of the hunter
and warrior, and here, too, the valleys afforded
plots of rich alluvial soil suitable for the planting
of corn, beans, squash and melons to relieve the
,tedium of the diet. Sometimes sufficient corn
. would be harvested to provide a store for winter.
The high country not only afforded the
- 1-
Indian a friendlier summer climate and fed him
and his large family well, but brought him closer
to the Great Spirit.
Peoples in all ages have somehow found
themselves closer to the Supernatural when on or
near the high places, the pe!aks and the rocky
crags of the great mountain ranges.
The:re are many, many references to this fact
in the religious literature of all peoples. "I lift
my eyes unto the hills, from whenCie comes my
help," sang the psalmist.
The people of ancient Dr, the great kingdom
of the Middle East, who built a rich civilization
(Contiln~~ed on Page 22)
Information For The Pow ... Wow Visitor
WHAT IS THE POW-WOW?
The Pow-Wow is a great Indian celebration staged each year at the Flagstaff Pow-Wow grounds in
the city park at the foot of the San Francisco peaks, surrounded by the largest Ponderosa pine forest in
the United States_
The Pow-Wow features daily street parades, afternoon rodeos and night ceremonial programs_
Only Indians are permitted to participate in the big show, but white spectators are welcome.
WHERE DO WE GET TICKETS?
Tickets for all six Pow-Wow performances have been on sale since early June at the office of the
Chamber of Commerce, 101 W. Santa Fe, just west of the Railroad depot.
Beginning July 1, at 9 a.m., tickets are on sale only at the ticket office in the grandstand at the Pow­Wow
grounds.
Prices are: Reserved seats for rodeo and ceremonial performances, $3 each; boxes, $5 per person;
$30 for a complete box with six seats. Bleacher tickets, $2, children $l.
WHERE DO WE GET INFORMATION?
The general office of the Pow-Wow organization is maintained at the grandstand. The executive
department is divided into sections, with a Pow-Wow board director at the head of each section. When
you have a specific question or request, go to the office, where you will be directed to the proper official.
You may also secure information concerning the Pow-Wow at the Chamber of Commerce office.
PHOTOGRAPHS
During the parades which are held each day at noon through the downtown streets of the city, you
may shoot any picture you desire. During the rodeos you can shoot your pictures from the grandstand,
but you will not be permitted to enter the arena unless you have made special arrangements with the
Pow-Wow board.
(Continued om Page 33)
THIS MAGNIFICENT BEADED VEST and the horsehair
headdress is typical of Plains Indians costume. Sioux
from South Dakota appear at the Pow·Wow each year.
their colorful, exciting war dance being one of the high
spots on the ceremonial program.-(Ray Manley Photo)
-2-
EAGLE DANCERS are Pow·Wow ceremonial program
favorites. Their graceful, swooping steps and the
chanted accompaniment create a wonderfully realistic
impression of a eagle gently riding the air currents as
he watches for prey far below.-(Ray Manley Photo)
FINE BEAD WORK, rich fabrics, feathers and brilliant colors throughout add excitement to the spectacle of the
Pow-Wow parade which moves through the city streets of Flagstaff as noon each day of the celebration.
-(Ray Ma~ly Photo)
RIO GRANDE PUEBLO Indians are always well represented at the Pow-Wow. Their costumes are similar to those
of the Arizona Hopi, and Hopi articles, such as the brilliant sashes shown here, appear in their garb, having been
secured from the Hopi by barter. -(Ray Manley Photo)
....... 3-·
THE NAVAJO WOMEN are among the most skilled weavers in the world. Their famous 'rugs' or 'blankets' are
noted for their wonderful artistry, brilliant colors and native designs. Many Navajo women can be seen weaving
at the Pow· Wow. -(Milton Snow Photo, U.S. Indian Service)
The Navajo Face The Challenge:
The area of NavajO' O'cc.upancy including the
checkerboard area lying O'utside of the reserva­tiO'n
in N,ew Mexico, embraces nearly 16,000,000
acres O'f land. It is characterized by a number
of distinct tO'PO'graphic features, including flat
alluvial valleys at elevations O'f 4,500 to 6,000 feet;
broad rO'lling upland plains between 5,500 and
7,000 feet; mesa lands O'f elevations O'f 6,000 to'
8,000 feet; and mO'untains ranging frO'm 7,500 to'
O'ver 10,000 feet in altitude. Each O'f the four
maj O'r types is cut by canyO'ns ranging in depth
frO'm a few hundred feet to' more than 2,000 feet,
and each is broken by prO'minenees rising as high
as 1,500 to' 2,000 feet. MO'st of the NavajO' coun­try
lies between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevatiO'n.
As in mO'st mO'untainous cO'untry, the climate
is determined largely by features of elevatiO'n and
tO'PO'graphy which partially subdue! the influence
O'f latitude. Increased humidity O'f high altitudes
may bring abO'ut the develO'pment O'f transitional
zO'ne plant assO''CiatiO'ns, while air drainage, sub­irrigations
and nO'rthern exposures may prO'duce
~imilar assO'ciatiO'ns in the heads O'f canyO'ns 3,000
or 4,000 feet IO'wer down. Within the NavajO'
country there are three distinct climatic zO'nes
including the cold humid -climate O'f high altitudes, '
the intermediate steppe climate of the mesa and
high plains, and the comparatively warm desert
at the IO'wer elevatiO'ns. The three climatic zO'nes
are nO't separate by sharply drawn lines except
where the divisiO'n may be in terms of abrupt ele­vatiO'n.
s. Generally, de!sert merges intO' steppe,
steppe intO' humid. Wide daily, monthly and
yearly fluctuations in temperature, high evapO'ra­tiO'n
rates, periO'dic high winds, wet and dry sea­sO'ns,
and intense local stO'rms are commO'n to' all
three climatic zO'nes. Of the nearly 16,000,000
acres in the NavajO' cO'untry, O'nly 3,500,000 acres
are rated as gO'od soils from a standpoint O'f prO'­ductiO'n
of vegetatiO'n. Only 1,663,800 acres, in­cluding
a PO'rtion O'f the Hopi -cO'untry, are rated
as fair, PO'O'r, or unprO'ducltive, with a tO'tal O'f
2,205,000 acres O'f the reservatiO'n area proper be­ing
described as unprO'ductive. V-egetatiO'n varies
with SO'il quality, climate, altitude, and other such
factO'rs, but includes areas O'f grassland, meadow,
weeds, sagebrush, brO'wse, timber, barren lands,
wO'O'dlands, and even aspen in the higher altitudes.
-4-
ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING Legislative bodies in the country is the Navajo Tribal Council, shown here in
session. The chairman sits behind the high desk at the ex ~reme left. Murals depict Navajo scenes.
-(Milton Snow Photo, U.S. Indian Service)
Survival In A Changing World
These types generally merge, in various combina­tions
throughout the N avaj 0 area. Coniferous
timber, especially Ponderosa Pine, is adapted to
the more humid portions at elevations above
7,500 feet. Commercial timber constitutes a high­ly
valuable resource, especially on the Fort De­fiance
Plateau, and in the Chuska-Carrizo range
along the New lVlexican border.
Farming opportunities in the Navajo coun­try
depend principally upon soil slope and water
availability. The most extensive dry farm agri­cultural
area lies within the humid be1lt where
agricultural soils typic;al of that zone are highly
productive. Such crops as oats, other small
grains, alfalfa, sweet clover, corn, potatoes, turn­ips,
carrots, cabbage, melons, squashes, beans, and
pasture grasses can be raised in the agricultural
areas of the reservation. In the Shiprock area,
there are areas of excellent irrigated farm land,
with other smaller irrigation projects located at
m;ti.ely scattered points over the Navajo country.
TJranium and vanadium, as well as oil, gas
and c.0al constitute important commercial resour­ces
of the Navajo country. The first oil field was
-5-
opened in the Shiprock area, namely the Rattle
Snake Oil Field, in 1923, and the oil industry has
been an important source of Navajo tribal funds
since that time.
Although, a few Navajos live in houses built
of stone, logs or lumber, the traditional abode is
known as a "hogan." There are numerous types
of hogans, but generally speaking it is 'a ::hemis ... ;
pherical or conical shaped structure o-fstone,;
cribbed logs, upright logs, or mud with a doorway
facing eastward and a smoke hole located in thef
upper portion of the roof. The traditional hogan
lacks windows, and has a ha"rd p3Jcked dirt floor.
upon which ~he occupants sleep on sheepskins, i.
lying with their feet to the fire and their heads to.
the wall. Actually, nowadays, many hogans have
windows, stove's, chimneys, beds and other furni-
~re. .
In terms of Navajo social organization,- the
"family" is much broader in its application to
Navajo society than the bio,Iogical unit constitut­ing
merely the father, mother and offspring, al­though
the . biological family is the basic unit of
(Continued on Page 23)
THE APACHES of the San Carlos Reservation hold two great roundups a year on their 2.600 square mile range­land.
Each roundup ends with a cattle auction sale in the spring and fall. drawing buyers from southwestern
states and beyond. Above, Apache cowboys are crossing the Gila River with a herd en route to the sales pens
at Calva on U.S. 70, midway between Globe and Safford. These drives often total 65 miles from the higher ranges
down to the desert to the Southern Pacific rail line at Cal va and San Carlos.
(-Western Ways Photo)
The Apaches: Warriorland Economics
Arizona is renowned for its startling con­trasts
among its people and its countryside, but
one of the strangest exists today on the San Car­los
Apache Reservation in the eastern part of
this great s+.ate. Descendants of Cochise and Ger­onimo,
the mighty warriors of a hundred years
ago and less, are today's rapidly progressing bus­inessmen!
Side by side with brush wickieup and one­room
frame houses on this mountain-desert re­servation,
one finds a modern supermarket, a ma­jor
cattle industry with full use of the science
of artificial insemination and a central business
office with latest accounting machines.
The economic. story of the Apaches is neces­sarily
told 'against a background of strife and out­right
imprisonment of a tribal people. These
Indians were the last to' settle on a reservation in
Arizona, literally forced into a cO'mparatively
small arid area along the Gila and San Carlos
rivers. The official date is December 14, 1872.
For years the U. S. Army held sway over the
affairs O'f these warrior peoples, who really were
the remnants of numerically small bands, often
-6-
antagonistic to each other in pre-reservatiO'n days.
Then, the Indian Bureau took over and policies
fluctated while government flDundered in the face
Df 'the Indian challenge.
Finally, Dver the years of effort by govern­ment
agency and individual officials, a beginning
was made in breeding cattle on the 1,600,000 acre
reservation. The land, with its higher grassy
ranges and pine-covered mountains bordering the
Black River on the north, made for e~cenent cat­tle
country.
Aided by gO'vernment persO'nnel, the Apaches
developed a cattle industry that soon took the fO'rm
of cooperative associations in which up to' 700
families Dwned and worked their (',attle. The tribe
itself set aside twO' ranges for herds-one to breed
registered bulls to' supply the associatiO'n, and the
other to' supply funds for aiding the needy.
Thus, cattle became the basic industry of the
reservatiO'n as the Apaches, under government in­spiration,
began to aid themselves through the re­sources
of their reservation land. The Indian
Bureau moved in experts in range conservation,
(Continued on Page 34)
Hopituh .. Hopi .. 'The Peaceful Ones'
The Hopis who dwell in a dozen villages on
and near a series of mesas in northern Arizona
are unique among American Indians in that they
have retained a very great deal of their own way
of life.
Hopis are proud of being Hopis, and suffer
from no sense of inferiority in the presence of
other peoples. While the y admire the White
Man's wonderful ways with mechanical things
and his wealth and energy they consider him
generally as a somewhat childish but clever being.
His ways, they know, are rude and some­times
("rude, and his word is not always to be
believed.
While the White Man talks much about re­ligion,
the Hopis say, he doesn't seem to try very
hard to live by religious principles.
The Hopis on the other hand are very largely
dominated by religion. Religion enters into most
of the affairs of their daily life, and the year is
marked by the series of great cere'monies in which
most of the people play some part.
Thel'e are about 4000 Hopis confined in the
small area known as "grazing district 6" although
the maps show their reservation as an area
several times larger. Most of this "Hopi reserva­tion"
is now occupied by N avaj os.
This is the maj or problem confronting the
Hopis and is probably the root of much of the
strife and disagreement which, to the outsider at
any rate, seems to characterize Hopi life today.
The Hopis simply have not enough land to
maintain flocks large enough to provide them
with the wool and meat they need for a decent
level of subsistence.
Some supplement their incomes with part­time
wOl'k in communities outside the Hopi coun­try.
And most Hopi families have farm land on
which they raise corn, beans, melons and other
things. Their farming is entirely dependent on
rainfall except for the small settlement at Moen­copi
where there is some irrigation.
Hopi were organized into a tribe by Federal
action in 1936. Actually they are not a tribe but
a collection of independent villages. which recog­nize
relationships with other villages and some­times
form coalitions for various purposes.
Much of the government's difficulty with
Hopi in the past score of years has been due to
the Indian Bureau's attempts to deal with them
as a tribe.
A movement is now underway to recognize
the fact that the Hopi are not a tribe but a group
(Continued on Page 38)
THE HOPI INDIANS of northern Arizona perform a great many ceremonial and social dances, and are acknowl­edged
everywhere as probably the best dancers in the world. Their performances at the Pow-Wow are social.
-(Western Ways Photo)
-7-
The 'River People' The ·Pimas
When the first Europeans came to the South­west
through Mexico in the 16th century, they
found , Indians living in well-organized villages
in the' Gila and 8.alt River Valleys, and tilling the
soil along the river bottoms for a livelihood.
Among the other tribes they were known as "the
River People." To the Spaniards they became
"Pimas," the name by which they still are known.
Part of the lands they occupied then were
set aside by congressional action in 1859 for the
use of the Pimas, and the Maricopa Indians who
had joined them. Various executive orders' JIlodi­fied
the boundaries, the last change being in:1915
when a total of 372,000 acres had been set apart ,
for the Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Reser- ,I:
vation. Approximiately 6,000 Indians now 'live
on this reservation, headquarters for which are a't
Sacaton, Arizona, some 45 miles southeast of,
Phoenix.
An executive order of June 14, 1879, set
a part lands east and north of Phoenix for the use
of other Pima groups and ;Maricopas, subsequent
orders bringing the acreage to 47,000 acres,
known as the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian
Reservation. Approximately 1,500 Indians ;re­side
on 'this re erve, tribal headquarters for which
a're near Scottsdale.
Several meanings have been ascribe'd to the
name "Pima". One common but erroneous be­lief
is that it means "peaceful." It might well
mean that, for the Pimas are a peaceful people
whose proud boast it is that even in the bloodiest
days of Indian warfare, no Pima ever spilled the
blood of a whi'te man. However, well-informed
linguists maintain that Pima means "simple,"­and
to the Pimas, who were far more advanced
than the desert tribes of N o'rthwestern Arizona,
Nevada and Utah when the white man c:ame, that
translation is extremely obnoxious. Ye't the de­finition
of simple: "not given to duplicity;
straight forward", fits the Pimas. They are
straightforward and they are friendly.
One of the earliest tribes to come under the
influenr,e of the missionaries several hundred
years ago, the Pimas are Christianized to the
point where little of their original culture 'and
custom remain. All m(embers of the tribal coun­cil
and all significant tribal gatherings are open­ed
with prayer. Many a chaplain in legislative as­semblies
could envy the prayers offered by red­skinned
tribesmen whom he might regard as pa­gan
and unlearned.
Churches of several denominations are found
in the villages of the two reservations. Some of
them are served by Indian pastors, educated for
, (Continued on Pag,e 27)
SALT RIVER PIMA-Lucy Enos, champion Pi~a basket weaver of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Reservation, at
work. Basket at her left, when completed, won first priz~ at the Arizona State Fair in Phoenix.
, (U.S. Indian Service Photo.)
-8-:-:- '
HAVASUPAI INDIANS dwell in Supai canyon, a tributary of Grand Canyon in northern Arizona. This small tribe,
averaging less than 300, farms and raises stock in their canyon fastness. This is a view of one of their farming areas.
-(Dal Harris Photo)
Havasupai: 'Blue .. Green Water People'
The Havasupai (People of the Blue~Green
Wate1') are not pit dwellers. They merely live
near the bO'ttom of the world's biggest and most
beautiful hole in the ground.
Supai, the tribal village of the People O'f the
Blue-Green Water, is 3,000 feet below the rim of
Arizona's Grand Canyon of the ColO'rado. It is
on the verdant banks of brisk and sparkling Ha­vasu
(Blue-Green Water) Creek as it crosses
th1'ough Havasu Canyon to join the main stream
of the Colorado River.
Havasu (also known as Cataract) Creek spills
over a series of spectacular falls, one rivalling
Niagara in height, in a 10-mile stret-ch of Havasu
(likewise known as Cataract) CanyO'n, which is
a part Qf the great Grand CanyO'n maze'.
Long ago ·chased intO' the depths of the c'an- ,
yon by enemies, the Havasupai until recent years
lived virtually cut off f1'om the outside world;-
Even today their connections are tenous and
laborious. Physical access to the village of Supai
is attainable only on hO'rseback-no wheeled ve­hicle
c.an negO'tiate the twO' rugged trails---,and by
helicopter. Other communication is by a single
strand of telephone wire, and by short-wave ra­dio.
The very fact of their isolation is an impor- '-
, ,
tant factor in the present-day econom.y of the Ha­vasupai.
Transpo1'tation of and entertainment of
tourists now Is the ,chief reservation cash-in-hand
industry.
The furnishing of saddle and pack horses and
guide service supports several of the 34 reserva­tion
families. Members of other families b1'ing
cash to the coffers by working at Grand Canyon
Village, the tourist center on the Grand Canyon's
South Rim.
Otherwise the less than 250 people of the
Blue-Green Water are dependent on garden plots
and other small farming operations on a reserva­tion
of 518 acres, and opportunity to 'graze some
cattle in Kaibah NatiOl'fal Forest' and Grand Can­yon
NationafPark."on year-to-year permits grant­ed
by the N atiO'nal FO'rest Service and the N a­tional
Park Service.
; Tourists unable or unwilling to brave a three­hour
hO'rseback ride over a trail which drops 3,0'00
feet in eight miles should not indude Supai in
their itinerarie's.
But those who are able and willing will not
soon forg·e't the experience of vi1'tually turning
the clock back 400 years in an eighth O'f a day.
The Havasupai are a gentle and friendly peo­(
Contin1lJed on P,age 29) __
~9-
Barren Papago Land Makes Life Hard
In their beautiful but barren land abutting
the Mexican borde'r, ArizO'na's PapagO' peO'ple are
pawns in a congressiO'nal game of "Minerals, min­erals,
whO"s got the minerals 1"
The Papago are the people whO' have not the
minerals-nO'r have they much else.
They are the only Indian tribe in the United
States denied control O'f the mineral rights on
their O'wn lands.
The reservation O'f the PapagO's covers nearly
half of ArizO'na's Pima County-right through
the middle frO'm the InternatiO'nal BO'undary on
the sO'uth-and runs nO'rth intO' the cO'unties of
,Maricopa and Pinal.
, In the center O'f an established rich mineral
area, it is the O'nly Indian rese'rvation in the Unit­ed
States which is O'pen, as public dO'main, to'
mineral entry O'utsiders.
Second largest reservatiO'n in the United
States in area (2,774,538 acres-4,4O'4 seotions of
land) and in the state in PO'Pulation (apprO'xi­mately
7,0'0'0'), it is the PO'o'rest Arizona reserva­tiO'n
in PO'int O'f resO'urces now within cO'ntrol of
its peO'ple.
Nature, in her cO'mpensating way, put wealth
belO'w the surface O'f PapagO'land when she was
niggardly with her favors on to'P. With this
compensatiO'n of nature denied them by maneuver­ing
O'f men, the PapagO's are the paupers of Ari­zO'na's
Indians.
The surface type of their terrain dictates that
they shO'uld, if possible, become cattlemen. They
have becO'm;e cattlemen in a limited way by grace
O'f the very vastness O'f their domain.
With abO'ut 20'0' families engaged in stO'ck
raising they have over-grazed their widespread
but scantily brO'wsed range in order to maintain
a fO'othold in the business. They are cO'mbatting
the O'ver-grazing factor with intensive soil and
water conservation, with range and herd im­prO'vement
activities.
In defiance O'f the basic. meagerness of the
land which O'"cupies PO'rtions of three ArizO'na
counties, the Papagos fO'r centuries have been
"flash flO'od" farmers, and to' some eX+~nt have
developed irrigatiO'n frO'm wells. But the very
nature and locale of the land has relegated the
growing O'f crO'PS to' a minO'r rO'le in develO'pment
O'f the PapagO' ecO'nO'my.
Other resO'urces are inherent in the PapagO'
peO'ple. They are talented basket and rO'pe wea­vers.
With thO'se and related a:r:t...s and crafts they
bO'lster their meager ecO'nO'my. They are lovers
O'f hO'rseflesh, and have develO'ped sO'me O'f the
finest range horses in the SO'uthwest.
The PapagO'sare hospitable and they are
cleanly. NO' PapagO' village O'r isO'lated dwelling
ever is the popular, cluttered conceptiO'n of "an
Indian camp."
But withO'ut cO'ntrO'I O'f their mineral rights,
the PapagO's are PO'O'r. And if such cO'ntrO'I is nO't
attained, they are threatened with loss, as well,
of surfaoe rights, with cO'nsequent cU'rtailment of
surface prO'duction, comparatively paltry thO'ugh
it nO'w is.
CO'ntinued miineral fillings by O'utsiders could
in cO'urse of time checkerbO'ard O'r slash to' ribbO'ns
the wide dO'main O'f the Papagos, surface as well
as subsurface.
Under U. S. land laws, minerals claims un­der
specified cO'nditions O'f develO'pment and time
may become patents, thus erasing all claim O'f
Indian cO'ntrO'l.
Already the tribe has IO'cked hO'rns with :this
threat, to' the extent that O'PPO'rtunity and scant
cash resO'urces have allO'wed. It has, at tax sales,
purchased within-reservatiO'n parcels of land O'n
which outside patentees have allO'wed tax assess­ments
to becO'me delinquent.
In these effO'rts to' hold their reseratiO'n in­tact,
the PapagO's have been fO''rced to' buy lands
which O'riginally were theirs, and having dO'ne so,
to' pay taxes O'n lands which O'riginally were tax
free.
The solutiO'n O'f the prO'blem lies with CO'n­gress
which at the O'utset allowed it to' be created.
FO'r reasons nO't publicly bruited, the series O'f
Executive Orders by which the Papago Reserva­tiO'n
was established left the Indian lands O'pen,
as public dO'main, to' mineral filings.
In 1932 Ray Lyman Wilbu'r, as Secretary of
the Interior, sought to give the PapagO's the same
I!O. " ~ .. ,ee't e l.eacle. 1ft ----:::::: _
···pe"*opmanee ~ a FOO-R-a_ ~_ ••• ' ~t"A, 1 .eco"O.··' _---- ___ .......... •
~
'E. D. BABBITT MOTOR co.
AcrO'ss from Postoffice, Corner San FranciscO' and Birch St.
-10'-
PAPAGO-A typical Papago dwelling on the huge but agriculturally poorly productive Papago Reservation.
GREETINGS FROIM
'Doc' Williams Saddlery
WHOLESALE and RETAIL
SADDLES
Cowboy Boots
and Equipment
R Hies - Pistols
Ammunition
Leather Goods
Special Orders
Mail Orders
Invited
P. O. Box 1238
106 East Santa Fe
Flagstaff, Arizona
rights as other Indians with regard to the min­erals
on their reservation lands. He approved and
signed a Department of the Interior order with­drawing
the lands of the Papagos from all forms
of mineral ,entry or claim under the public land
mining laws.
The Wilbur order stood until Congress in
1934 adopted the Wheeler-Howard Indian Reor­ganization
Act, the basis of present-day self-gov­ernment
of the nation's Indian tribes.
Again reasons were not bruited, but before
the Wheeler-Howard Act achieved congressional
(Continued on Page 31)
-11-
American Plan
Oak Creek Canyon
Fishing - Hunting
Swimming - Scenic Drives
For Information Write
TODD'S LODGE
Oak Creek Route
Flagstaff, Arizona
Established 1906
See our choice stock conveniently lo­cated
on the South Rim of Grand
Canyon.
ON FREE EXHIBITION - WORLD'S
MOST FAMOUS PAINTING OF THE
GRAND CANYON BY LOUIS AKIN
' t "
"
f'> , e·G.,
.-we
---.-;. -----
7
THE YOUNG AND THE OLD-A group of young drum majorettes in one of the Indian bands performing each year
at the Pow-Wow visit with an aged leader who tells them about events in the old days. Indians of many tribes
meet on a friendly basis at the big Flagstaff 'Coming Together' each year.
A,rizona Distribut,;ng CO. Navajo-Hopi
Trading Co.
Complete Line of Wine - Beer & Liquors
Pabst Blue Ribbon
Lucky Lager Beer
Car ling's Ale
Phone 855
f.:~Jfgstaff
*'~
.. :,.;c. ~
. :~:-' '.2
; , , - ,::"" ,I , "
• J ' ' " I n'd ian
I-~-~-----)op OPPOSITE DEPOT ~
!NDIAN AND MEXICAN HANDICRAFT
INDIAN HANDMADE SILVER JEWELRY
NAVAJO RUGS ARIZONA SOUVENIRS
MOCCA'SIN HEAD9UARTERS
NEW DOWNTO'WN L,QCATIO·N
18 North San Francisco
THE ED KERLEY TRADING POJ'T
:,' :',: ~, Jewelry ,',:/,'
ORDER iBY" , "
MAIL
'. ~~7D= ' C-;;:::::::: INDIAN A~TS AND CRAr:TS
~ ~l W--V 1 \\~
Navajo Rugs
Saddle Blanke~s
P.o. 8~)c~ ~ ~9 '---=- Indian Blankets
FLA~STAFF, ARIZONA
-12-
Colorado River Mohave .. Chemehuevi
Stubborn but at the time futile efforts of a
MO'have Indian chief to' befriend the white man­in
the days befO're the seldiers came to' enforce the
white man's will-finally paid off along the siIt­rich
banks of the "American Nile."
In the petentially lush bettomlands ef the
once-roistering, now tamed Colorado River in the
vicinities of Parker and Needles where since time
prehistO'ric their people had lived at the mercy ef
the mighty river's unpredictable everflew, the Col­erade
River Mohave-ChemehuelVi Tribes now ec­cupy
a reservation which is ene of the richest, for
its size, in the United States.
The wealth has been on depesit in the river's
banks since time imnlemorial-126,860 silken-sil­ty
acres of soil amenable to subjugation for irri­gation
farming.
It was en deposit-with water to preduce its
dividends ef maize, beans, squash and sunflewer
seeds dependent on overflow as uncertain 'as the
brawling river's meandering course-when the
Mohave chieftain tacitly preffered friendship to
an early party of whites and was rebuffed.
The chief became cO'ncel'ned, sO' a story goes,
when first he saw a wagon train plodding in its
own dust across the desert en reute to Califernia.
With a small party of his people he visited a
night camp ef the train to' make sign language
evertures.
"Although we ceuld net speak their lan­guage,"
he said later, "there was nO' deubt in our
minds that they did net want to' be friends. Their
gruff vO'ices and fel'bidding gestures warned us
away.
"This made m,e vel'y sad, and so heping they
weuld see we wanted to be friends, we followed
them fer four days, camping clese to them at
night and keeping them in sight during the day.
But we feund they did not want to' be friends with
us, So' we returned to' eur hO'mes."
.l\1eantime the wagen train, spurred by pres­ence
of "hostiles," nO' doubt reached California
sooner than anticipated. The Indian and non­Indian
mind had not met, as they many times
mol'e would fail to meet before they reached cem­mO'n
ground.
With perhaps prophetic insight the chief
worried about that. Already he had worried
about the seasens of drO'ught brought by vagaries
ef the river. He wO'rried more with the coming
of the soldiers with theil' bang-sticks and bul~
lets.
The chief wangled a way to' Washington to'
(Continued Of}~ Pa,ge 32)
WAGON 'RACE LIVENS AFTERNOON SHOW-One of the traditional features of the afternoon program at the
Pow-Wow is the Indian wagon race~ Above, a winner sweeps across the line for a nice cash prize. Usually about
a dozen wagons enter the half-mile,event.
ELABORATE COSTUMES-The Rio Grande pueblo tribes of New Mexico closely resemble the Hopi of Arizona
in mode of life. costume. ceremonial and other ways. Trade between the New Mexico and Arizona pueblos is
brisk. and includes such articles as the beautiful Hopi sash and belt shown here, left.
-14-
79 YEARS OF HARVEY HOUSES
Fred Harvey Houses are a time-honored Southwestern institution. Whether you
travel north or east of Flagstaff, don't fail to slop off at these famous Arizona
hostelries for fine room, food and drink service.
. . and in New Mexico:
EI Navajo, Gallup
The Alvarado, Albuquerque
Albuquerque Airport Restaurant
La Fonda, Santa Fe
8 North Leroux
Flagstaff, Arizona
and Twin Arrows Trading Post - E. of Flagstaff
EI Tovar Hotel,
Bright Angel Lodge
and Auto Cabins
Grand Canyon Natl. Park
Open all year - and par­ticularly
enjoyable in Spring,
Fall and Winter.
La Posada Hotel
Winslow
Combining the charm of 0
Spanish Rancho with the in­formality
of 0 motel.
Objects from space
Thousands of them
Painted Desert Inn
(Restaurant)
Petrified Foresl Natl. Mon.
Arizona's Most Distinguish)ed Museum
Sedona, Arizona, US 89A
The Finest . .. By Fla"
Applegate Bros. Union Service
PHONE 817 FREE PICK-U P & DELIVERY JOHN & DAVE
- 15-
Indians Not Wards Of u. s. Government
Indians are nDt wards Df the federal gove,rn­ment,
or of any agency or any division of any
government.
Indians are n.ot required to obtain permis­sion
to leave their reservations, temporarily or
permanently.
The government is not guardian of the In­dian
perSDn.
The government has no more control over In­dian
personal actions or morals than over those
of any other citizen of the United States.
For many years the U. S. Bureau of Indian
Affairs, a division Df the Department of the In­terior,
haS combatted with indifferent success the
many facets of the "government wardship" fall­acy
which have flourished as persistently as tall
tales of the Indian wars.
(Onc'e the Indian was a government ward,
confined by force to' his reservation. That was
when, after the Indian wars, the Army was in
command Df the fDrerunner of the present Indian
Service. And that was many years ago.)
Today the government, through the Bureau
of Indian Affairs, serves as trustee of certain In­dian
assets, including lands. It acts in an ad­visory
and regulatory capacity with regard to' In­dian
financial affairs. It furnishes the Indian
with basic services which the Indian has not been
able to provide for himself---'an activity which
gradually is diminishing as the Indian becomes
more self-sufficient.
Today reservation Indians are subject to fed­eral
laws which differ none frDm the laws to
Rimmy Jim's
Trading Post
Meteor Crater Junction
Highway 66 - Between Flagstaff and Winslow
NAVAJO RUGS and CURIOS
BEER. WINE and LIQUORS
GROCERIES SOFT DRINKS
C. B. GRIFFIN, Owner
SEE
METE'OR CRATER
Fifty times as large as any other Meteorite crater known
on earth. The crater pit is visible 570 feet deep and 4150
fleet from rim to rim.
The Crater is located 40 miles east of Flagstaff
and 5'l'2 miles south on Highway 66
which all citizens of the United States are subject.
Today Indian tribal governments make and
enforce local laws, within the framework of the
laws of the nation, as dO' non-Indian municipali­ties.
In some ways the powers of Indian tribal
cipalities.
Fruition of Indian self-government came with
approval by CoOngress of the Wheeler-Howard In­dian
Reorganization Act 21 years ago.
The Indian Reorganization Act empowered
Indian tribes to set up housekeeping as self-gov­erned
units under constitutions and by - laws
drawn by themselves to fit their special needs
within the limitations of the over-all laws of the
nation.
The act also provided for issuance to organ­ized
Indian tribes of charters conferring powers
incident to nDrmal operation of business corpora­tions,
including capacity to make contracts and
to sue and be sued in courts of competent juris­diction,
and allowing establishment and manage­ment
by the tribes of their own business enter­prises.
In the nation, Indian self-government took
several forms, in some instances that of a con­federacy.
In Arizona the tribal or community
council, membership ,elected by popular vote, has
been the accepted form. Many of the ArizDna
tribes and Indian communities also have been is­sued
corporate charters.
Indian self-government under the Wheeler­HDward
Act entails responsibility for law and or­der,
the tribal councils having jurisdiction over
conduct on the reservations Df bDth Indians and
noOn-Indians.
Today the tribal courts handle civil matters
and 'criminal cases not c.1assified as felonies (the
latter must be tried in federal courts, as they
must in non-Indian communities be tried in state
or federal courts,) and in addition they have jur­isdiction
over domestic affairs such as divorce and
adoption, their decisions in which are recognized
by bDth state and federal courts.
The tribal courts operate under law and order
codes which may be adopted by specific tribes for
their specific needs, Dr under Title 25 of U. S.
Regulations, pertaining to' Indians, which is a
general cDde. Most of Arizona's larger Indian
communities have adopted law and order codes
of their own.
-16-
INDIAN SANITARIAN AIDES-At Phoenix Indian School Sanitarium young Indians from all parts of the United
States annually receive a six-week training course to become sanitarian aides. They are paid by the U.S. Indian
Service during their training and after their assignment to their home reservations to carry sanitary knowledge
to their people. This group is using a microscope in bacterial study. (U.S. Indian Service Photo.)
INDIAN TRIBAL POLICE-Tribal po1i~e oU,cers from Arizona reservations in attendance at anllual Indian Police
Training School on the Phoenix Indian School campus. T he training sessions are conducted by the Branch of Law .
and Order, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affcdrs, with co-operation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- 17-
Pow--Wow Program July 2 .. 3 .. 4
Mornings during the Pow-Wow may be spent walking about the great Indian camp in the pine forest
surrounding the Pow-Wow grounds and visiting the many booths operated by the Indians, visiting Flagstaff's
many fine business establishments, or attending the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition.
At noon each day the big Pow-Wow parade moves through the downtown streets of the city, starting near
the underpass on west Santa Fe and ending near Emerson school between west Aspen and West Birch.
The rodeos are held each afternoon.
The night program, while subject to change, will probably be as follows:
APACHE
CHEYE'NNE
COCHITI
HOPI:
Adults
Children
JEMEZ
LAGUNA
NAVAJO Adults)
OGLALA SIOUX
SAC-FOX
SAN JUAN
TAOS
ZUNI (Adults)
NAVAJO (Ohildren)
NAVAJO
ZUN'I MAIDENS
Are
YOU
Cooking
with
Gas
,
e
.
July 2 July 3
Crown Dance Crown Dance
Lance & Shield Dance Drum Dance
Slow War Dance Victory Dance
Eagle Dance Spring Dance
Buffalo Dance
Corn Dance
Buffalo Dance
Hoop Dance
Yei-Bei-Chei
Fire Dance
Scouting and Chief
Butterfly Dance
Blossom Dance
Harvest Dance
Hoop Dance
Yei-Bei-Chei
Fire Dance
July 4
Crown Dance
Owl Dance
Fast War Dance
Corn Dance
Return
Hunting Dance
Happy Dance
Bow and Arrow Dance
Hoop Dance
Yei-Bei-Chei
Fire Dance
Dance Victory Round Dance Fast Omaha Dance
Indian Two-Step
Victory Dance
Eagle Dance
Deer Dance
Yei Yazzie
Grinding Song
Rainmakers Song
War Bow
Soloist
War Dance
Deer Dance
W.ar Dance
Chief Dance
Yellow Corn Dance
Hoop or Shield Dance
Harvesting Horse Dance Basket Dance
Yei Yazzie
Grinding Song
Rainbow Song
War Bow
Soloist
Yei Yazzie
Grinding Song
Grinding Song
War Bow
Soloist
HOPI ALL INDIAN BAND
Gray Mountain
Trading Post
HGaS Is OUR Business, NOT a Sideline"
24 Miles North of Flagstaff on u.s. 89 at
Edge of Navajo Indian Reservation
nORTHERn nRlzonn Gns SERVICE
Fagstaff, Arizona
4 -18-
NAVAJO RUGS AND SADDLE BLANKETS
INDIAN JEWELRY AND CURIOS
CAFE
. Earl Reid - Kenneth Stanfill
EXCITING RODEOS provide entertainment during the afternoons for PowWow visitors. Only Indians are permitted
to participate. Prizes include entry fees and added money. Races feature the programs each day.
:' If You Have a Thirst - See Ruff First"
Ruff's Package Store
For Your Package Liquors and Sporting Goods
BEER WINE LIQUORS
J. K. RUFF 2 S. SITGREAVES
BE THERE! AUGUST
11 thru 14
See the Biggest and Oldest Indian Ceremonial in the World
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THIRD MESA HOPI BASKET MAKER-The Hopis are among the most skjlled of all American tribes in the
several arts and crafts. Third Mesa Hopi make a distinctive type of basket. This Oraibi woman is making a
plaque or basket exactly as her ancestors did for countless centuries. These and many other beautiful articles
are on display at- the H pi Craftsman Exhibition.
-20-
HOPI INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS-The Hopi Craftsman Exhibition is open to the public, admission free, at the
Museum of Northern Arizon,a, Fort Valley Road, 3 miles north of Flagstaff July 2-5, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily.
Here is a view of a small part of the exhibition in the north end of the Museum patio.
The 22nd Hopi Craftsman Exhibition
Each year at the time of the Pow-Wow the
Museum of Northern Arizona holds its widely­known
Hopi Craftsman Exhibition featuring the
arts and crafts of the H;opi Indians who live in
the northeastern part O'f the state. Long before
the opening of this exhibit Museum staff mem­bers
visit every home in each of the eleven Hopi
pueblos to collect the finest examples of craft­work
now being produced. Kachina dolls, native
silver jewelry, several types of basketry, decorat­ed
pottery, woven wool rugs, beautiful embroid­ered
and brocaded ceremonial garments, and many
other useful and decorative products of the Hopi
are brought to the Museum especially for this ex­hibit.
No other Indians in the United States make
: such a variety of native products as do the Hopi.
: The Hopi Craftsman Exhibition offers the visitor
. to northern Arizona an unequalled opportunity to
see this modern work which has its roots in the
dim past of prehistoric times. Archaeological
studies have shown that the ancestors of the Ho­pi
have been making baskets since before 300 A.
D. and pottery since 600 A. D. Weaving in cot­ton
began about 900 A. D., but the manufacture of
\!Vool rugs and blankets belongs to the" historic
period after 1600, when the Spanish inncduced
;,heep and goats. ~ilversmithing has been develop-ed
among the Hopi during the last sixty years.
The visitor to this year's exhibit will also see
Hopi Indians demonstrating their crafts of weav­ing,
basketry, silversmithing, and pO'ttery-mak­ing
in the patio of the Museum.
The Museum of Northern Arizona was found­ed
in 1928 by a committee of Flagstaff citizens
who felt that the anthropological, geological, and
natural history treasures of northern Arizona
should be preserved in this region. In 1936 the
present museum was built at the foot of the San
Francisco Peaks; it contains four exhibition gal­l,
aries and a large patio landsc'aped with plants
and trees native to' the area. Three galleries are
devoted to permanent exhibits of geology, natural
history, and the past and present Indian life of
northern Arizona. The fourth hall is maintained
for special summer exhibits. This year these in­clude
the annual Junior Indian Art Exhibit from
April 30 to May 15; Tracks and Trails from the
Geologic Past, May 28 to June 19; the HO'pi
Craftsman during the Pow-Wow; the Navaho
Craftsman from July 23 to July 31; the first an­nual
Flagstaff Camera Club Exhibit, August 20
to September 18; and Peruvian Textiles from the
Heard Museum in Phoenix, October 1 to December
1.
-21-
(C ontitnued from pagel)
3500 years before the birth of Christ, erected
mountains of brick on which to worship as their
country did not afford naturally elevated places.
In the mythology and religious history of
most Southwestern tribes this reference to the
sacred character of mountains occurs again and
again, most notably in that of the Hopi and
Navajo.
Naturally the summer-long visits to :the
mountain country afforded an opportunity for
religious ceremony, some requiring much elab­orate
preparation and many performers.
(To this very day, the great tribal initiation
ceremony of Taos Pueblo, the easternmost of the
Southwestern villages, is held high in the moun­tains
in the middle of the summer. The Taos
people are not nomads, but neverthele'ss atta<>th
this same religious significance to the high
places.)
The Hopi Indians of northern Arizona, whose
picturesque villages grace the tops of mesas 125
miles or so e1ast of the San Francisc.o Peaks ,at
Flagstaff, also attach great significance to the
mountains. To them" the San Francisco Peaks
are "Nuvatukyaovi", or "Place-of-high-snows".
It is here on the Peaks that the sacred super­natural
beings, the Katchinas, live most of the
year. These Katchinas come to the Hopi villages
early in the spring and stay until the "Home
Dance" (going-home dance) in late July.
Following the Home Dance the Kakhinas
return to the Peaks, their home.
Rainbow Forest Lodge
I n the Petrified Forest
NAVAJO RUGS - GENUINE INDIAN JEWELRY
POLISHED PETRIFIED WOOD - MEALS
KODAK FILMS - SANDWICHES
COLD DRINKS
The Petrified Forest National Monument contains 92,000 acres.
It is open all year. Here giant trees that drawfed the south­western
plains are now turned to stone.
P. O. ADDRESS - HOLBROOK, ARIZONA
Indians who originaly ranged over much of
the area immediately surrounding the San Fran­cisco
Peaks were the Cohonino, from whom our
county, Coconino, gets its name.
These Cohoninos were the Supais, the Huala­pais,
the Yavapais, little .tribes now cen~ered on
reservations in Havasupalcanyon, near It on the
west and south, and over in Yavapai county.
The big Pow-Wow held at Flagstaff each
July Fourth weekend provides an occasion for
Indian tribes all over the Southwest to move to
the mountains for a few days and perhaps in a
sense revive the ancient custom of the mid­summer
pilgrimage to the high country.
Here at the Pow-Wow they meet on friendly
terms, visit, swap stories, renew acquaintances,
watch with great interest each others' perform­ances
in the great ce'remonial area, conduct court­ships,
trade, buy and sell and have fun.
The Pow-Wow had its formal beginnings
many years ago when local citizens, desirous of
establishing a "different" sort of Independence
Day celebration, decided to bring the Indians in
on the program. That first big show was a "wild
west" or "pioneers' day" celebration with heavy
Indian overtones. Within a very few years the
Indians had completely taken it over, and before
long the celebration became the great Southwest
All-Indian Pow-Wow.
The men who stage the show each year serve
entirely without pay. Their goal is to provide a
completely-Indian celebration, with heavy em­phasis
on authenticity of costume and perform­ance.
Mornings during the big celebration are
featured by Indian rodeos; and the evenings are
devoted to the great spectacles., the ceremonial
programs during which Indians of scores of tribes
vie to present their social and ritualistic dances
and other performances.
The great Flagstaff Pow-Wow, having its
roots firmly fixed in remote antiquity, is. a
mod rn-day adaptation of the ancient "Coming
Together of the People" and no doubt will con­tinue
as long as there are Indians, and non­Indians
interested in our colorful, friendly,
strangely different but very similar brothers, the
Indians.
More Women COOK with GAS Than All Other Fuel Combined!
IT'S FASTER ... BETTER ... CHEAPER . .. IT'S MODERN!
-22-
(Continued From Page 5)
Navajo social organization. Traditionally, when
a Navajo man marries, he goes to make his home
with his wife's relatives, and his biological family
then becomes one of several such units living in a
group of adjacent hogans, and which are gen­erally
referred to as an "extended family." The
latter may include husbands and offspring of the
wife's sisters, the parents of one's wife, grand­parents,
undes, aunts or other relatives of either
spouse, and there may be as many as 20 or 25 per­sons
or more included in such a group. Children
play an important role in the ,economic activities
of the family group, and at an early age are given
minor tasks to perform, including the herding and
c.are of livestock.
A number of extended family groups with­in
given geographic areas of the Navajo ~Iountry
are loosely knit together into a larger sociological
unit commonly referred to as a "community."
However, there are few communities in the Nava­jo
country in the sense of "village''', or "town." By
and large, the only towns or villages in the N ava­jo
country are centered about Government in­stallations,
missions, etc.
In olden times, an important aspect of N ava­.
i 0 social organization and inter-group coopera­tion
was in terms of the Navajo clan. However,
although the clan still functions to limit the mar­riage
choice, it is no longer as important soc.iol­ogic,
ally as it once was. A person may not marry
a member of his own clan or of his father's clan,
and considers such persons as his close relatives.
Nowadays, Navajo men generally dress in
western clothing, including levis, western shirts,
cowboy boots etc. Some still make and use ex­cellent
moccasins. The women characteristically
wear long fluted calico skirts, contrasting velve­teen
blouses, and often carry a P'endleton blanket
draped over their shoulders. Both men and wo­men
wear silver and turquoise jewelry in profu­sion,
wear earrings, bracelets, necklaces of coral
and abalone, and use ornate silve'r buttons and
belts. Some men still wear their hair long, tied
in a knot behind their head with white woolen
yarn.
In 1923 with the opening of the Rattle Snake
oil field, it became necessary to develop some
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FLAGSTAFF
type of representative Navajo tribal government,
in order to execute leases of tribal land and re­sources
in 'Conformity with the provisions of the
treaty of 1868. As a result, the Navajo Tribal
Council was established, and in the ensuing span
of 32 years, it has grown into a highly effective,
democratic form of tribal government. The Coun­cil
is presently co'mposed of 74 members, plus a
Chairman and Vice-Chairman, elected every four
years by the Navajo people in 74 ,election c.om­munities
or precincts. In addition, there is a 9
member Executive Committee known as the Ad­visory
Commi'ttee, which clarries on the routine
business of the N avaj 0 Tribal government under
specific delegations of authority received from
the Tribal Council itself. The Advisory Com­mittee
withdraws Tribal lands for mission, school,
business and other purposes; grants mining leases
and assignments. and performs many other duties
of this type which it is not feasible to bring before
the to'tal Council for action.
By provision of the Navajo-Hopi Long Range
Rehabilitation Act, the Navajo Tribe is authorized
to develop and adopt a Tribal constitution. Such
a constitution has been developed in proposed
draft form, and is now ready for presentation to
the Navajo people. After it has been thoroughly
explained over the Navajo country, and after such
changes have been incorporated into it as the peo-
Se?'m:ng Northern Arizona
FRED NACKARD
WHOLESALE LIQUOR CO.
PE'PS I' - COLA
23 S, San Francisco Street
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
-23-
JEWELRY IS AN INDICATION of wealth among the
Navajos. From the silver this woman carries around. it
may be supposed that she is among the well·heeled
of the tribe.
FLAMINGO
COFFEE SHOP
West Junction Hiway 66 and 89
OPEN 24 HOURS
Plenty of Free Parking
Dick and Mabel Ritchey
ATLAS TIRES
BATTERIES
ACCESSORIES
pIe may desire, the constitution will be presented
for adoptiGn or rejection by referendum vote of
the Navajo electO'rate.
Present Navajo populatio.n is clo.sely estimat­ed
at approximately 78,000, which makes it the
largest tribe in the United States.
For many years the ,NavajO' peo.ple have been
beset by many problems devo.lving about educa­tion,
health, resources development, economics,
etc. In an effort to. provide necessary facilities and
take ner,essary aCltion to reso.lve some of the out­standing
prO'blems, the Co.ngress in 1950, author­ized
the appropriation of $88,570,000 over a ten
year period for expenditure in 14 specific cate­gories,
including schools, hospitals, water supply,
irrigatiO'n, ro.ads, sO'il conservation, industrial de­velopment,
resettlement on the Co.lorado River,
surveys of natural resO'urces, off-reservation re­location,
communicatiO'ns, revolving loans, hous­ing,
and co.mmon service facilities. As of fiscal
year 1955, a total of $42,658,520 of the authorized
total has been appropriated.
BO'th the N avaj 0. people and the Bureau of
Indian Affairs recognize the fact that education
is essential to' the solutio.n of Navajo social and
econo.mic prO'blems. As of the beginning of the
c,u'rrent calender year. 22,146 o.ut of the t'Otal of
approximately 28,000 Navajo children 'Of school
age, were enrolled in s'chools of vario.us types.
This represents a substantial increase over the
16,096 enro.lled in the 1953-54 SChO'O'I year, and
the 14,662 enrO'lled in the preceding school year.
Commissio.ner Glenn L. Emmons is thorough­ly
familiar with Navajo prO'blems, in view of the
far.t that he has lived for many years at Gallup,
N'ew MexicO', close to the he'art Gf the NavajO'
country. The pro.vision of school facilities for
all Navajo scho.ol age children IS a primary ob­jective
of his administration, and a super-human
effort was put forth in 1954 to' provide as many
school facilities as possible by the opening of the
current school year. The goal during the plann­ing
stage was set at 22,052 SChOO'I seats, which
was a·ctually exceeded by the first O'f the calendar
year. SChO'Ols available to' Navajo children at
present inf'llude day SChO'O'ls and reservatio.n board­ing
schools located within the Navajo country
proper, trailer SChOO'ls, hogan sch'OO'ls, public
schools, public schools in bordertGwns where bor­dertO'wn
dormitories have been constructed to
house Navajo. children and permit them to. attend
non-Indian schools, and mission facilities. There
are 28 bO'arding SChOO'ls, 22 'cO'mmunity schools, 10
day SChOO'ls, 37 trailer schools, 18 hGgan SChO'Ols,
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West of Flagstaff 24-Hour Service
-24-
and 6 bordertown dormitories. There are pre­sently
16,886 Navajo children enrolled in Fed­eral
schools of all types, including the of-reserva­tion
boarding schools, 3,900 in public schools, and
1,360 in mission schools.
Each fall a large number of Navajo children
leave the reservation to enroll in schools loeated
in Oklahoma, Oregon, California, Nevada, Ari­zona,
Utah, and New Mexico. During the current
school year, there is a total of 6,451 ,Navajo chil­dren
enrolled in such off-reservation boarding
schools, the largest of which is Intermountain In­dian
School at Brigham City, Utah. Many of the
children enrolled in off-rese'rvation schools, are
over age children who have never previously been
in school. In order to provide vocational skills, a
knowledge of English, and other requisites for
their future life, and permit them to live inde­pendently
of reservation r,esources, a special ac­celebrated
five year program has been developed
During this five year period the essentials of an
education are provided to this group of average
children.
With relation to health, tuberculosis has long
been a scourge among the N a vaj o. During the
past three years, great strides have been made in
wiping out tuberculosis in this area through the
provision of beds by contract with a number of
off-reservation tuberculosis sanatoria, and by
other measures. At the beginning of the clurrent
calendar year, there were 461 Navajo patients
hospitalized in such off-reservation sanatoria. In
conjunction with the off-reservation hospitaliza­tion
program, an effective case finding program
is in progress, and in addition the new anti-tuber­culosis
drugs developed by the Cornell University
Medical School and the New York Hospital have
been in use for the past three years in the treat­ment
of Navajo patients. The use of the drugs
has drastically reduced the number of deaths from
tuberc.ulosis, and gives great promise of bringing
the inc,idenre of that disease' down to the national
incidence within a reasonable period of time.
Diarrhea is one of the most important di­seases
affecting Navajo children, and is respon­sible
to a great degree for the high infant mor­tality
rate. In fact, diarrhea as well as many of
the othe'I' important diseases on the Navajo re­servation,
are preventable, and a great effort is
presently being made to provide the health edu­cation
necessary to eradicate them.
There are presently 5 hospitals available in
the Navajo country, including the hospital at
Crownpoint with a capacity of 56 beds, Navajo
Medical Center at Fort Defiance with a capacity
of 115, the Shiprock Hospital with a capacity of
41, the Tuba City Hospital (newly constructed
with Long Range funds) with 75 beds, and the
Winslow Hospital with 73 beds.. In addit~on there
is a 100 bed tuberculosis sanatorium operated by
the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Fort Defiance,
-25-
Greetings
ELPASO NATURAL
GAS COMPANY
IS PROUD TO
SERVE FLAGSTAFF
HOME OF THE
POw-w,OW
EL PASO NATURAL 6ASj!COMPANY
and Mission Hospitals at Ganado, Rehoboth and
Farmington.
In recent years the Tribal Council has play­ed
a very active part in the development of health
educ'ation and preventive medicine. Mrs. Anna
Wauneka, daughter of the late Chee Dodge, and
Chairman of the Tribal Council CDmmittee on
Health and Welfare, in cDnjunctiQn with Mr.
Paul J Dnes, presently the Chairman of the Tribal
Council, have been especially active in the pro­ductiQn
of films, in the conduct of meetings, in
the organizatiO'n of health wQrk generally, in the
development of radio. prDgrams involving health
talks, and many other methods. The five leading
diseases treated among Navajos in Bureau hos­pitals
are gastro-enteritis and diarrhea, pneumon­ia,
veneral diseases, tuberculosis, and respiratory
infections exclusive Qf pneumonia and tubereu­losis.
The Long Range Act prO'vided a total of $20,-
000,000 for the construction of roads in the N ava­jo
country. This total provided fQr the construc­tion
of 636 miles of primary road and 633 miles
of secondary road. It was recognized by the CQn­gress
that the develQpment of an adequate sys­tem
Df roads and the reservation was a primary
necessity in opening the reservation as well as in
the development of natural resources and the
prDvision of adequate health and education fa­cilities.
Given first priority in the road construc­tiDn
wDrk under the Long Range Program was
the highway knDwn as Route 3 which joins Win­dow
Rock on the east with Tuba City and High­way
89 on the west. Construction Qn this pro­ject
is well along toward completion, and work has
already begun on a road which will jo,in Shiprock
on the northeast with Tuba City via Kayenta.
With completion of the 1955 rQad construction
PROTECT Our
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ARIZONA
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J. C. DOLAN, President
Indian Jewelry
Concho Belts
Imported Gifts
program, presently being carried out under coli ...
tract, Route 3 will be virtually a through highway
permitting high speed travel east and west ac:ross
the reservatiDn thrDugh the Hopi country.
During the past 5 years, a total Qf 204 wells
have been completed at various points over the
Navajo country with federally appropriated and
tribally appropriated funds. The NavajO' Tribe
has thrice appropriated $250,000 for this pur­pose.
Water in the N avaj 0' cQuntry is a basic
necessity, and it is lacking in many areas with the
result that available range cannot be properly
used, and inhabitants must haul their do.mestic
water from great distanees. Both the Tribe and
the Federal Government have recognized the ur­gent
need for water development, and are in the
process of drilling as many wells, and installing
as many 'charcos and other water storage develQP-m,
ents, as possible. .
Miscellaneous: The Navajo birthrate per
1000 population is 33.7, as co.mpared to. the U. S.
general population where the rate is 24.7; the in­fant
mortality rate per tho.usand population is
126.7 for the Navajo and 28 for the general PQP­ulation.
The first school constructed o.n the Navajo
reservation was completed in 1883 at Fort De­fiance,
Arizona.
In 1953 Navajo sheep produced 2,061,223
pounds of wool with a value of $746,693 and 159,-
907 pounds of mohair with a value of $68,917.
In 1953 the total income from livestock and
livestock products, including pro.ducts consumed
at home, was $2,954,680, while during ~he same
year the total value O'f sales and of farm products
(',onsumed at home totaled $3,505,502.
The NavajO' reservation has a carrying ,ca­pacity
of 512,922 sheep units of livestock, and in
1954, total stocking was placed at 484,395 sheep
units.
The NavajO' Tribal budget passed by the-Na­vajo
Tribal Co.unclil for fiscal year 1955 provided
a total of $2,247,401.59 of Tribal funds for a num­ber
o.f purposes. The purpQses fo.r which :the
money was appropriated include the operatiQn of
the Tribal government, resources development,
business development, 'Tribal housing, law and or­der
and o.ther community services. In connection
with law and order the Navajo. Tribe provided a
total of $352,358 for the current fiscal year, in­cluding
$243,267 for law enforcement proper,
$43,390 for the judiciary, $63,180 for Legal Coun­sel,
and $2,521 fo.r the Law and Order Committee
of :the Tribal Counc.il.
Moccasins - Squaw Boots
Southwest Souvenirs
Desert Sands Pottery
-26-
(Corntinued From Page 8)
the ministry and fully ordained by the chul'ches
they represent.
Six day schools conducted by the Bureau of
Indian Affairs provide for the elementary educa­tion
of the Pima children. Buses travel the re­servations
twice daily to pick up students for
school and return them to their homes at the
close of the school day. Othel' buses provide
transportation for the older students who attend
high school in Mesa, Coolidge, Chandler and Casa
Grande, under a contract between the Bureau of
Indian Affairs and the Arizona State Department
of Public Instruction, whereby the bureau furnish­es
education funds which are administe'red by the
state. Elementary school curricula coincide close­ly
with those of the state.
Many of the present crop of high school stu­dents
are planning to go on to college and are
seeking jobs to enable them to do it. Among the
older members of the tribe there are some grad­uates
of institutions of higher learning, mainly
schools dealing with education for l'eligious work
primarily. At least three are graduates of music
conservatories and one of these conducts an or­chestra
which now is making its second tour of
European capitals. A few others are graduates
of state colleges and universities.
Indian youths trained as sanitarian aides are
doing much to assist in making the Pimas con­scious
of the value of sanitary surroundings.
Working with and through the 18 Indian women's
extension clubs on the two reservations, they have
done much to assist bureau health personnel in
reducing the scourge of the Pima baby-dysen­tery.
The modern 40-bed hospital at Sacaton is
well patronized by the tribesmen.
Yet the ways of the medicine man are not en­til'ely
forgotten. When the white man's medi­cine
seems to be failing, one of the very few re­maining
medicine m'en may be called upon, par­ticularly
if the patient is an old person. Some
time-honored legends dear to the heart of the
Pimas still live. The story of the flood waters
which rose higher and higher, until they envel­oped
the Pima families huddled atop the mountain
and turned them to stone, is kept alive from gen­eration
to generation. So is the story of the land-
ONE OF A SERIES of photo portrait studies of Indians
made several years ago by Mrs. Vi Noble of Indian­apolis,
Ind., this picture carries with it the feeling of
the long drawn out struggle with which Indians have
been faced and the scant hope of much immediate
improvement.
MOBIL PRODUCTS
YOUNG'S COLLEGE SERVICE
224 S. Sitgreaves - Phone 415
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Ed's
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C. E. Hartshorn E. Santa Fe
FlagstaH Motor Village
GORDON BECKLEY
Service Station & Motel
"ONE STOP SERVICE"
Phone 109 402 E. Santa Fe
-27-
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Frank Padilla's
SANTA FE SERVICE
COMPLETE AUTO SERVICE
Tires - Tubes - Accessories
Phone 829-W 208 W. Santa Fe
Lane -Motel
Center of Town Location
122 YVest Santa Fe Phone 750
Flagstaff, Arizona
GORDON'S
LIQUOR and SPORTING GOODS
Store Hours 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. - Sundays 12 Noon to d p.m.
Gordon Eva,1S, Owner
23 N. Beaver Phone 555
RIORDA,NS INCORPORATED
COMPLETE INSURANCE
FLAGSTAFF KINGMAN
Ph. 46-Box 299 Ph. Blue 156-Box 443
YVhere There's a JOHNSON SEAHORSE -
There's Fun
Motor Supply Company
13 N. Agassiz Flagstaff, Ariz.
WELCOME STRANGER
SUNNYSIDE COCKTAIL LOUNGE
COCKTAILS - DANCTNG
Come As You Are
FLAGSTAFF MOTOR INN
Center of Flagstaff
BOB PIPER, Operator
216 E. Santa Fe Phone 48~
Isom Jackson's Texaco Service
24 Hr. Service
Washing
Lubrication
Service Calls
Phone 177-W
Free Pickup
and Delivery
ing of the Ark on the mountains southeast of
Sacaton. And there's the legend of the King
rattlesnake and others that only especially trusted
friends may be permitted to hear.
The peaceful Pimas have an outstanding'mili­tary
record with the various branches of the Unit­ed
States Armed Forces. Little known but none­the-
less true is the fact that the first Arizonan to
give his life for his country in World War I was
a full-blooded Pima Indian. And Ir.a Hayes, :the
late hero of Iwo Jima, added luster to the Pima
military hall of fame. Hundreds of other boys
have left their reservation hom·es to serve their
nation faithfully and well. ,
Economically the "River People" are relative­ly
poor basically because their rivers now are
poor. Long since, these streams have been har­nessed
by huge dams high above their lands and
their waters diver~ed to the fields and cities of
the white man. The "normal flow" upon which
they used to depend in planning the'ir crops has
become irrigation water available only at sche­duled
times-and for a price.
Of the Pima lands, 55,527 acres are .subju­gated
for cultivation-12,997 held by the tribe,
and 42,530 acres in individual trust allotments.
Some of the individual allotments, due to division
through inheritance, are in tracts no larger than
10 acres, making individual operation difficult on
a profitable basis.
Some' 42,000 acres of activated land are with­in
the San Carlos Irrigation Project, developed
by the federal government along the Gila River
below Coolidge and Florence, and of which Cool­idge
Dam and San Carlos Reservoir, considerably
to the east, near Globe, are integral parts. The
tribe holds also 8,000 acre's of as yet unsubjugated
land within the San Carlos Project.
The tribe as a whole leases 6,400 of activated
within-project land to non-Indian farmers, and
has set aside 11,000 acres for a tribal farm, only
about one-third of which is under cultivation be­cause
of water shortage. Previously operated by
the Indian Service in behalf of the tribe, the farm
enterprise since 1951 has been managed by a tri­bal
farm board.
Indian residents of the Gila River Reserrva­tion
officially are members of the Gila River Pi­ma-
Maricopa Community, formed under constitu­tion
and by-laws ,approved in 1936. A corporate
charter was ratified in 1938.
The basic gove-rning body is the tribal coun­cil.
Offioers are a governor, lieutenant governor,
secretary, and treasurer.
-28-
The Little Brown Jug
Your 7-day a YVeek Midnight
GROCERY
Beer - Wines III S. Sitgreaves
(Continued Fro'm Prage 9)
pIe. Foot trails on precipitous canyon walls of
the Apache scourge which holed them up where
they remain today, still are traceable. But the
day of the Apache raider is past, and today the
People of the Blue-Green Water have a warm wel­come
for visitors.
Modernization is coming to the Havasupai
gradually and the hard way. The only motorized
equipment on the reservation is a small farm
tractor which went down the trails, piece by piece,
in horsepacks. Main portion of the Episcopal
chapel which dominates the village is a quonset
hut, lowered into the canyon section-by-section by
helicopter.
Main outside contact of most of the village
residents is via their tourist visito'rs. Travelers
into the canyon retreat should not be surprised to
find their hosts as curious about them as they are
about their hosts.
Tourist business is increasing. Aside from
the startling scenic beauty it provides, Havasu
Creek is a pa'radise for fishermen. Big and sport­ing
rainbow trout multiply in its clear waters.
Of the two trails into Havasu Canyon, the
one from Grand Canyon Village is the longest,
chiefly used as a mail trail.
The usual tourist trail takes off from Hilltop,
some 65 miles north of Peach Springs, the turn­off
point on U. S. Highway 66.
The saddle and pack horses provided by the
Indian guides and packe'rs are kept at Supai vil­lage.
Arrangements for trips to the village
should be made sufficiently in advance to allow
the horses to be brought to the canyon rim.
Contac.t with Supai Village, by telephone or
radio, can be made through the Truxton Canyon
sub-agency headquarters of the U. S. Bureau of
Indian Affairs at Valentine, which has supervi­sion
over the Havasupai 'reservation.
Seat of the tribal government is Supai vil­lage.
The governing body consists of four coun­cilmen
elected for two-year terms, and three her­editary
sub-chiefs who are life members of the
council.
Supai is an Indian village. Four white peo­ple
live there-a field representative of the U. S.
Indian Service, his wife, and a school teacher, all
civil service employees, and a woman field worker
of the Episcopal :Missionary District of Arizona.
Our Motto - "Quality and Service"
OUT WEST CAFE
Across from Santa Fe Depot
"Prompt Delivery If It Breaks Ow Back"
F.LAGSTAFF LUMBER C9.:
Compliments of
Flagstaff - Holbrook
REFRIGERATORS WASHING MACHINES
RADIOS
Flagstaff
Furniture Company
FLOOR COVERINGS
Our lOth Year 3 Miles East of Flagslaff on Hiway 66 Phone 329-J
Gibson's Chix Fry
"We Raise 'Em"
FRIED CHICKEN BOXED TO GO - Plenty Parking Space
-29-
THE ARIZONAN
MOTOR LODGE
Owned and Operated by
Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Engstrom
Phone 1300 Flagstaff, Arizona
Featuring Chinese and American Foods
Gfiond Canyon Cafe
FLAGSTAFF'S NEWEST EATING PLACE
1 10 E. Santa Fe - On Hiway 66
Office Equipment and Supplies
10 W. Aspen Phone 221
Wester n Clothing for Men, Women
and Children
WESTERN GIFTS
Opposite Santa Fe Depot
"* Fishing Tackle "* Camping Equipment "* Guns & Ammun ition "* Hobby Supplies
CLARK'S SPORTING GOODS
7 N. Leroux Phone 1110
MOTEL & TEXACO
2'12 Miles East on Hiway 66
STARTING OUT EARLY, this young brave will un­doubtedly
add his name to the Pow-Wow rodeo entry
lists before too many moons roll around.
ARROWHEAD LODGE
Flagstaff's Homiest Motel
On Hiway 66 East of Flagstaff
M. Leadbetter Phone 491
"
Compliments of
FL1~~~~p~CY
i:LAGSTAFF rl AR 'ZON~
C»HONK .4
Switzer'si co . ..
,ut.
The HOlUe of Color .
17 N. San Francisco Phone 94 ~ ��'
Hardware
Housewears
Garden Supplies
Name Brand Tools
- 30-
(Continued From Page 11)
approval it had been amended to contain this spe­cific
provision:
"The order of the Department of the Interior
signed, dated, and approved by the Honorable Ray
Lyman Wilbur, as Secretary of the Interior, on
October 28, 1932, temporarily withdrawing lands
of the Papago Indian Reservation in Arizona
from all forms of mineral entry or claim under
the public land mining laws, is hereby revoked
and rescinded, and the lands of the said Papago
Indian Reservation are hereby restored to explor­ation
and location, under the existing mining laws
of the United States, in accordance with the ex­press
terms and provisions declared and set forth
in the Executive Orders establishing said Papago
Indian Reservation."
Bills now are pending before both houses
of Congress to rescind that portion of the Wheel­er-
Howard Act, restore the effect of the Wilbur
order, and preserve the mineral wealth of Papago
land for the Papagos.
Under the reorganization provisions of the
Wheeler-Howard Act the Papagos drew together
the more or less loosely form.ed tribal organiza­tions
of the then politically autonomous village at
Sells, Gila Bend and San Xavier to create, in 1937,
the Papago Tribal Council, with headquarters at
Sells, which also is the site of the central Papago
Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, headed
by a superintendent.
The Papago Tribal Council is composed of 22
members, two from; each of 11 district. Its of­ficers
are a chairman, a vice chairman, and a sec­retary-
treasurer. Each district in turn is self­governing
in purely local matters through dis­trict
councils of five members. The tribe main­tains,
with federal participation in payment of
salaries, a tribal court consisting of a chief judge
and two associated judges, and a police organiza­tion.
J,ockson & Can.epa
B. F. Goo,drich Store
W. Birch Street
Richfield Oil Corp.
313 E. Santa Fe L. V. SMITH
Phone 185 Flagstaff Agent
COMMERCIAL HOTEL
Across From Santa Fe Depot
Flagstaff, Arizona
China Glass & Gifts
6 W. Santa Fe Flagstaff, Arizona
YOUR FRIENDLY HOME FURN ISHINGS DEALER
HARPER FURNITURE CO.
Over 30 Years in Flagstaff
15 N. Beaver Phone 473
FOR YOUR ENTERTAINMENT AND ENJOYMENT NORTHERN ARIZONA THEATR:ES, Inc.
1if!'.iJe hl1fli~ -- • ... ! ILB\ .9;RfW·.1W 4fHIhF.,
THOSE WHO KNOW -
POW-WOW WITH BUDWEISER
KLICK DISTRIBUTORS
HCLICK WITH KLICK"
-31-
Budweiser ..... DC ................ • ..... . • •
MOST INDIAN WOMEN are experts on horses. Here a
Navajo woman sit easily aboard her mount as her
husband stands by.
ARROWHEAD MOTORS
Complete Automotive Service
14 W. Sa nta Fe
THE BANK
(Contitnu.ed From Page 13)
plead with the President f0'r the ancestral lands
0'f his people. It took him two years, and upon
his return he was so impressed with the number
of white men about that he sent the President
word the Indians needed a good white man to. de­fend
them against those not so good-in return
for which the M0'haves never would draw bo.W
in war.
By act of Congress March 3, 1864, the Col0'r­ado
River Reservation was established and oc­cupied
by some 750 Mohaves, Chemehuevis and
Kawais, some of whom had C0'me d0'wn the river
from the Needles vicinity with the rafts. An ex­ecutive
order in 1880 established the Fort Mohave
Reservabon near Needles.
Tentative meeting of the minds had begun­to
reach fruition when white man's know-how
conquered the boisterous Colorado for benefit of
Indian and non-Indian alike.
Area-wise, the Colo.rado River Mohave-Che­mehuevi
Reservation is no.t impressive as Arizona
reservations go. It is overshado.wed by the Na­vajos'
m0're than 16,000,000 acres, the Papago's
nearly 3,000,000, the San Carlos and White Moun­tain
Apaches' million and three-quarters apiece,
the Hualapais' nearly a million, the Pimas' third
of a million and the H0'pis' more than half a mil­lion
acres.
Im'pressive is the fact that nearly half 0'f its
total of 265,858 ac,res are amenable to inclusion in
an agricultural empire, full development of which
may be realized within the lifetime of present��day
tribesmen.
Approximately a fourth of the potential farm
land has been subjugated. Two-thirds of the re­mainder
is subject to developm:ent through gra­vity-
flow irrigation, and the rest through pump­ing
from the river. Approximately three-fourths
of the presently irrigated land is farmed by In­dian
families, including a few Navajos and Hopis
admitted for colonization. Most of the remainder
is under lease to non-Indian farmers. Major
crops are alfalfa and cotton.
Much of the reservation area not subject to
development for irrigation-138,998 acres-is us­able
as grazing lan.d.
Additional resources of the Colorado River
Reservation tribes include title to a power plant
site at Headgatel Rock Dam, gypsum deposits es­timated
at upwards of 25,000,000 tons, recreation
OF ARIZONA
IVI ernb e1' Pede"t'al Deposit /(nsUlY"(JfYI.ce Corpor-ation
PRESCOTT - FLAGSTAFF - CLARKDALE - COTTONWOOD - WILLIAMS - SEDONA
-32-
sites in the developing play area along the Colora­do
River, and 1,015 lots in the town of Parker.
The Colorado River tribes were organized
under constitution and by-laws approved in 1937,
and are governed by a tribal council of nine serv­ing
staggered terms of four years, officers of
whioh are chairman, viele chairman and secretary.
Parker is the tribal headquarters for the popula­tion
of approximately 1,200.
Tribal headquarters for the adjacent Fort
Mohave Reservation, 38,382 a'cres and some 400
population, is Needles.
Administrative officers of the Bureau of In­dian
Affairs, headed by a supel"intendent, is at
Parker, for supeTvision over both the Mohave re­servations
and tbe small Cocopah Reservation
which has tribal headquarters at Somerton.
(Continued From Page 2)
At the night show, no flash pictures are permitted,
because it would ruin the effect which the Pow-Wow
management goes to such pains to create. After the
show is over, you can make your own arrangements
with Indian performers to pose. It's wise to ask these
people for permission to take their pictures anytime
except, perhaps, during the parade. Would you want
your picture taken by some stranger who failed to
secure your permission? Our Indian visitors feel about
this just as you do. Respect their individuality and
their dignity as fellow-citizens and human beings.
INDIAN CAMP
One of the most interesting features of the Pow­Wow
is the huge Indian camp in the pine forest sur­rounding
the Pow-Wow grounds. You will enjoy walk­ing
through the camp, but before you take any pictures,
be sure and secure permission from the Indians. If you
treat them with proper respect and friendliness, you'll
find they quickly respond.
WHO STAGES IT?
More than 10,000 Indians representing a score or
more of -southwestern and western tribes swarm to
Flagstaff -early in July to put on the great tribal get­together,
the Southwest All-Indian Pow-Wow.
GENERAL INFORMATION ...
A non-profit organization of Flagstaff businessmen,
'Pow-Wow, Inc." handles the countless details which
go into preparation of the big three-day celebration.
These men devote many weeks each year to carrying
on this work, which results in the fast-moving, exciting,
colorful events making up the big show. They work
entirely without pay.
Who Are Members of the Pow·Wow Committee?
The men who work for months each year to stage
the Pow-Wow represent a wide variety of business, pro­fessional
and other interests. They include Ted Babbitt,
merchant; Neil V. Christensen, attorney; T. M. Knoles
Jr.,bakery proprietor; Andy L. Wolf, insuranceman; Bill
Fennell, appliance dealer; Earl F. Insley, director of
athletics, Arizona State College; G. W. JakIe Jr., com­mittee
secretary, who is chief accountant for Babbitt
Brothers Trading Co.; Al C. Grasmoen, operator of the
world-famous Arizona Snow Bowl winter sports area
and proprietor of the Ski and Spur guest ranch; Robert
Prochnow, businessman; Sturgeon Cromer, Supt. of
Flagstaff schools. Bob Hansel, veteran rodeo director,
stages the afternoon shows. Mr. Wolf is announcer for
the rodeos; Howard Pyle serves as announcer for the
ceremonial programs.
COLOR FILM
P~ocessing
FINE GRAIN DEVELOPING
24 Hour Servic,e
VA'LDIS PHOTO
25 N. San Francisco Flagstaff
Hubbard
Refrigeration Supply
Sales with Service
105 W. Aspen Phone 354
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
Refrigeration Equipment Peerless Water Pumps
*
Babbitt I nve,stment Co.
19 N. San Francsico St.
Phone 422 OFFERING
LOTS IN
Antelope Valley
Sunnyside Subdivision
George Babbitt, Jr. Flagstaff
R. H. Quackenbush
-33-
*
* Mt. Elden
INDIANS FIND TIME for fun and frolic between Pow­Wow
events. Here the girl on the right enjoys the
paleface delicacy of ice cream: the girl in the center
looks inquiringly at the cameraman and the man on
the left ignores the whole proceeding to concentrate
on his activity of the moment.
(C ontinued Prom Page 6)
extension activities and others who laid down and
helped carry out range control practices, the de­veloping
of water supplies and even the organiza­tion
of the now famous cattle auctions.
The World War II years and the immediate
post-war period brought high prices for the Apa­'
che cattle, whose fame spread because of the high
quality-thanks to the development of registered
bulls by the Tribe. During this time the tribal
council began to look at costs and sources of sup­ply,
with the result that a store was established
particularly to supply the cattle operations at
wholesale prices. It was one short step :to retail
• PHONE 79
JACK YOUNG
CHEVRON SERVICE
124 E. Santa Fe Flagstaff, Ariz.
VANDEVIER (LODGE,) MOTEL
& DINING ROOM
FLAGSTAFF'S FINEST ACCOMMODATIONS
Dining Room Open for Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner
AT THE UNDERPASS FLAGSTAFF
Acme ICleaners
II I N. Leroux FLAGSTAFF Phone 9
P,rochnow's News Stand
Aromatic Tobaccos - Newspapers - Magazines
6 N. San Francisco - Phone 770
Brown's Credit Jewelers
U A Little Down Is Ernough For Brrown"
19 E. Aspen - FLAGSTAFF 108 N. Cortez - PRESCOTT
-34-
r
merchandising as the Apache People sought to buy
from the tribal store.
The second step came with the purchase of
two private trading posts at the second largest
Apache village at Bylas, on U. S. 70, almost mid­way
between Globe and Safford, A:rizona. Mean­while,
improvement of the original store at San
Carlos turned it into a modern department store,
selling everything from groceries, meats, clothing
and hardware to appliances, leather goods and fin­ished
lumber.
As tribal and association economics expanded,
the need for vehicle repairs arose and an effort
was successfully made to establish a tribal garage.
The tribal council also encouraged farming by in­dividual
families and, with government help by
way of matching funds and expert advice, launch­ed
a farm equipment program.
Throughout this mushrooming of Apache ec.­onomics,
the tribal council supervised operations
and personnel. High cattle incomes tended to
cover up inefficiencies and losses from inexper­ienced
management. Then, began the day of reck­oning.
With the slump in cattle prices, operational
expense began to overtake current income. And
where the Apache People had developed heavy
buying habits in the tribal stores, over-extended
credit began to rear its th:reatening head. The
realization began to grow among tribal leaders
that management was needed and quickly.
This, then, is the background for the present
situation of Apache ec.onomics on a reservation of
sheer contrasts. Modern management came into
being in February, 1954, among a tribal people
hardly two generations from deadly warfare - a
people living almost wholly in brush wickieups
upto 15 years ago, and still, do in small numbers.
Within a year of applied modern manage­ment
the Tribe approved a revised Corporate
Charter which turns over to the Apaches g:reater
self-governing powers in business and economic
development of reservation resources. The gen­eral
management staff includes nine key men,
two of whom are Indian, and responsible for a
million-dollar retail trade, a two-million dollar cat­tle
industry, the beginnings of a tribal farm pro-jeet
that may eventually develop some 6,000 acres,
and a central office which includes research pro­jects
and the publication of a monthly four to six
page newsletter with news photos.
But the entire program is not without its
serious problems. Management c.ame in 'at a
critical stage of tribal finances and in the face
JIM GALE CHEVRON DEALER
Standard Oil Products
COMPLETE AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE
At the Underpass on 66 Phone 567
"A Haven in the Pines"
LAKE MARY LODGE
8 Miles South of Flagstaff
Trailer Park
Lights - Water - Showers
CABINS - CAFE - BAR - STORE
Free Parking Lot Steam Heated
The Westerner H,otel
By the Underpass on Highway 66
224 W. Santa Fe FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA Phone 990
vlonl FURNITURE CO.
WESTINGHOUSE & MAYTAG Appliances
Flagstaff - Cottonwood
15 S. Sitgreaves Phone 783-W
Western Liquor Store
PACKAGE LIQUORS
102 S. San Francisco Phone 831-M
GOOD As the Best . BEllER Than t he Rest .
S-A-V-E
CITY OIL
S-A-V-E
COMPANY
Just West of the College on Highway 66 - Always Open DENVER MERRICK. Mgr.
-35-
of gradual but steady government withdrawal
from Indian economics. As rapidly as manage­ment
takes on economic problems facing the
Tribe, new ones emerged from the rapidly chang­ing
picture in American Indian Affairs. Further­more,
tribal finances are at a low ebb because
of depressed cattle prices and it is ve'ry much of
a case of pulling the Tribe up by its own boot
straps.
Another sharp contrast with the presence
of modern management is the educational status
of the Apache youth. At the moment hardly a
handful are in college and none are yet trained to
take their places in management of tribal opera­tions.
Wherever possible Apaches are employed,
such as clerks in the stores, cowboys on the range,
farm hands on the land - but a whole generation
awaits technical and professional training. 'The
Tribe today has economj,c activities for which the
People cannot undertake the responsibility.
Yet, tribal leadeTs are urging every possible
development of resources towards the day when
their children can return from training schools
and colleges. They encourage every young boy
and girl to finish school, draining tribal funds for
financial help to keep them in school. This year,
the tribal council has approved children of the
seventh and eighth grades joining the high school
students from the reservation to attend the pub­lic
school.s of nearby communities such as Globe.
There is still another aspect of education of
which tribal leaders are very aware: adult educ.a­tion.
The Apaches have today on their reserva­tion
an economic organization for which they
have little or no understanding - so rapidly has
the economic picture developed. In fact, there is
a serious gap between the world in which the
Apache live and their lack of understanding this
modern world with all of its complicated demands
and responsibilities upon people.
Tribal leaders themselves continue to have
real difficulty in keeping abreast of this rapidly
changing world, and they sense the driving need
for an adult education program among their
people to help bridge the gap.
Such a prog'ram is now in its formative stages
under the direction of general management of the
tribal enterprises. One of the outstanding tribal
leaders has been appointed administrative assis­tant
to the general manager to help interpret "in
Apa0.he for Apaches" the tribal program, to win
the cooperative understanding of these people.
Perhaps, the contrast between the new and
V,AN COURT'S GARAGE
Expert Car & Truck Service
For Studebaker and
Other Makes '
Flag"staff Phone 55
Woo's Cafe
AMERICAN and CHINESE DISHES
115 E. Aspen Flagstaff
Meet Your Friends At The
EI Pati,o Cafe &
Cock.t'ail Lounge
"Where the Best in Food and Drinks Is Served"
"We Service Our Sales"
I I I W. Birch Phone 1084
Highway Diner
A GOOD PLACE TO EAT
FLAGSTAFF WINSLOW WILLIAMS
Operating Flagstaff Realty & Insurance Co.
Coconino Cleaners
"We Call and Deliver"
20 N. San Francisco Phone 5
Flagstaff, Arizona
BANK OF FLAGSTAFF
Capital and Surplus $300,000.00
Complete Banking Services
1 / ' J ' , Member FDIC
-36-
SILVER IN ABUNDANCE adorns the dress of this
Indian woman. Necklaces such as she wears run in
val ue up to hundreds of dollars.
the old on the San Carlos Apache Reserrvation is
most sharply drawn on June 18 every year when
the Tribe commemorates the passage of the
Wheeler-Howard Aet. Usually two or more In­dian
maidens have a "coming-out" ceremony that
highlights the tribal celebration, which also in­cludes
rodeo, barbecue and sports events. Again,
medicineman and "devil" (properly, the Crown)
dancers hold sway.
For that matter, the medicineman retains
definite importance among these people and even
among the younger adult group. Social dancing
in traditional tribal manner is held often nightly
through summer months as the Apaches gather
at one or another of the many cluster of houses
or "ramps." The desert night air throbs steadily
MT. ELDEN PHARMACY
East Flagstaff Shopping Center
Phone 1557
TONY'S STEAK HOUSE ·
FOR FINE FOOD
Seafood and Fresh Trout Dinners
218 S. Sitgreaves on Highway 66
L Motel
NEW, CLEAN and MODERN
DOWNTOWN
12 I S. Sitgreaves Phone 296 Flagstaff
STEAKS SEA FOOD
Henry's Sunnyside Cafe
2 Miles East on 66
Pizza - Spaghetti - Ra ... iola
American Dishe~
Sprouse - Reitz Co.
Inc.
FLAGSTAFF STORES
10 E. Aspen and 8 E. Santa Fe
Bllock Cat Cafe
ACROSS FROM SANTA FE DEPOT
A GOOD PLACE TO EAT
BOICE - BAKER
FIRESTONE
108 North Leroux
Radio Repair Dept.
H:OME & AUTO SUPPLY
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
Indian Chant Records
-37-
Phone 40
B & B Tire Retreading Plant
to the beat of a drum till dawn as dancers move
about in a circle, men and women.
Amid all these cont rasts today, Apache and
whiteman on the reservation feel that tremendous
c.hallenge in the very air. What will be the final
outcome for this tribal people? Will their econ­omic
program succeed in the face of tight finan­ces
and in spite of social-educational handicaps?
W ill the 'coming generat ion take hold and carry
on the economic ac,tivities of the Tribe?
No one ventures a definite answer. All are
agreed it is a challenge well worth tackling for
all the odds. At stake' is the future of over 4,000
FlagstaH AUTO SUPPLY Co.
COURTESY - SERVICE - QUALITY
Evinrude Motors-Lone Star Boats
12 N. Beaver Phone 625
Greetings From
Holsum Bakery
Be Holsum - Look Holsum
Buy Holsum'
Arden Fresh Milk
Arden Ice Cream
DILLARD CRAWLEY
107 So. San Francsico Phone 419-M
men, women and children who have to telescope
within a few years the centuries-long maturing of
their fellow-Americans, if the Apache is to take
his full-fledged role in modern life.
And this is the challenge facing the Ameri­can
Indian on every reservation today.
(Continued F 1"om Page 7)
of autonomous communities, and those who know
Hopis and their problems feel sure that when
this recognition of the situation as it really is
comes about, many of the Hopi's problems will
disappear or at least greatly diminish.
The Hopis built stone houses on their mesa
tops just as their anc1estors did a thousand years
ago.
Their life is charac,terized by elaborate reli-gious
festivals and 'ceremonies, among the best
known of which is the Snake Dance.
The Hopi are a sophisticated people, wise in
the ways of dealing with othe'r people, and wise in
the ways of communal enterprise.
They recognize the val u e of fluency in
English, and consequently there is no problem
about schooling. Practically all Hopi youngsters
go to elementary school. However, f.ew can
afford to go away from home for high school
and college.
The ceremonies performed at the Pow-Wow
by Hopis are social dances. Hopis are very re­luctant
to perform religious c€remonies at times
and places other than those for which thel cere­monies
are intended.
They were called "Moki" or "Moqui" for
many years, but finally their own name for
themselves gained wide acceptanr.e and they are
now known as Hopi. They call themselves
"Hopituh," the peaceful ones.
For centuries they have been recognized as
peaceful by their neighbors in the Southwest.
Hopi peacefulness sometimes takes some strange
courses, but generally speaking they dwell in a
degree of harmony, or would if their economic
problems didn't cause serious interference with
their way of life.
The Hopi agency is at Keams Canyon, and
the superintendent is Clyde Penseneau.
The Hopi Villages can be reached via High­way
89, turning off a few miles north of Cameron
and going east on an improved graveled road
through Tuba City and on to Third Mesa.
The villages can also be reached by High­way
66 turning north near Winslow or Holbrook.
Another route is northeast from Flagstaff via
what is known as the "Turkey Tanks" road.
ARIZONA SUPPLY CO.
Phone 89
Mill, lOGGING, iNDUSTRIAL SUPPLIES
AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND EQUIPMENT
FLAGSTAFF 122 E. Santa Fe
-38-
Union Oil Products ® :~~~e ~~~L1S cOF~:j:S~:;f @)
Flagstaff - Williams - Winslow - Holbrook
DI I DIR IYQUIEIEINI
A TREAT FOR TASTE A FOOD FOR HEALTH
Enjoy Genuine
Dairy Queen
In Cones, Sundaes­Malts
& Shakes
WESTERN HILLS
Rest'aurant and Motel
Open 5 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Flagstaff's Newest and fine st
1/2 Mile Ea st of Flagstaff on Hiway 66
LEON MELVILLE HAROLD MELVILLE
NAVAJO GIRL AND WAGON-This photo, first pub­lished
in the Pow-Wow magazine several years ago has
since been widely reproduced. Taken by Milton Snow,
U.S. Indian Service, a print of the picture now hangs
in the office of the Indian commissioner at Washington,
D. C.
Indian Country Trips
While you are here at Flagstaff in the very
center of the Indian country, you may want
to take some side trips to various places of
interest. National Monuments and Parks are
only short drives distant, and the Chamber
of Commerce will give you information.
If you wish to visit Grand Canyon or the
Indian country without driving, you can
make arrangements with Nava-Hopi Tours
here in Flagstaff to plan a fine trip for you.
Phone for information including prices and
schedules.
MOTORS
Oldsmobile - Ca,dillac - GIMC Trucks
322 W. Santa Fe FLAGSTAFF Phone 95
- 39-
HOTEL MONTE VISTA
COCKTAIL LOUNGE
{ll'!"
t>~~
Hotel
Monte Vista
Owned and Operated by Flagstaff Community Hotel Co.
NORTHERN ARIZONA'S FINEST
Located in the Heart of Flagstaff
Beautiful Appointments
Early Hour Coffee Shop
Cockt ail Lounge
~ :.: ... ':::.;';~::..'~;:!-::~ .... " ... Xo ... '_",,' \ ' ... :::.~:r.t~~ ~~'
where you may enjoy your favorite
beverage in pleasant, restful surroundings.
DINING ROOM
One of the most attractive in Arizona
Where dining is a pleasure
FOR RESERVATIONS - see your travel agent - or wire,
write or phone Hotel Monte Vista
Phone 497 Flagstaff, Arizona
Welcome to the Pow -Wow!
ONE HOUR EAST - ON U.S. 66
LORENZO HUBBELL COMPANY
WINSLOW. ARIZONA
NAVAJO RUGS. OLD PAWN .POTTERY
Fea turing The Finest In Old And New Indian Graft
THE TRADING POST \VITH A TRADITION
YOU MIGHT MISS ONE- BUT NOT BOTH!
2'/4 HOURS NORTH - ON U.S. 89
MARBLE CANYON LODGE
North On U.S. 89 at Navajo Bridge
ONE DAY OR MANY SURROUNDED BY THE MAGNIFICENT VISTA
OF THE COLORADO GORGE
See Nearby North Rim of the Grand Canyon and Histor ic Lee's Ferry
7448 '-40-
-i
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
Arizona's "crop" of ripe timber is being
harvested scientifically, so
The forests will be preserved
indefinitely, and
The payrolls and the products of the
harvest are HELPING BUILD ARIZONA
fffoutnwe t
McNary • FlagstaH. Happy Jack • Overgaard • Maverick • Phoenix
For your heavy equipment needs
You C,an Count on Your
John Deere - "Caterpillar" dealer
44 A IZO A C
Casa Grande - Coolidge - Flagstaff - Mesa - Phoenix - Tucson
Stop in and see us while YOII aN in Flagstaff
24 S. Beaver St.
Right Across from the Santa Fe Station
. . '
From
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5605 9100 082 858 0
Place
5c Stamp
Here
To ______________________________________ __
MAIL ORDERS
PROMPTLY HANDLED
C.O.D. ANYWHERE
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W OW Visitors
Make Babbitts' your shopping headquarters while in Flagstaff.
We handle everything Western for Cattlemen, Lumbermen.
Indians and for vacationists and visitors.
Visit our All-Indian Curio
Store. where you will find
selected rugs woven by
the finest weavers on the
Navaio Reservation.
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Mrs. Paula Brown
Babbitts' Indian Shop
Bin 90 - Flagstaff, Ar.izona
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Please Send the Following Items C.O.D.
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Name ______________________ :•
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Address I
I' DIAN SHOP
Corner Aspen and San Francisco Streets
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