Sometimes, as was the case with Stikbox and
the hoverboard
, a factory or design team will spot a fledgling new product on the internet, figure out how it’s made, and start churning out near-identical products. Other times, a Chinese partner factory will produce extra units of a product they agreed to make for another company, and sell the surplus items themselves online or to other vendors.

Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, drew criticism when he
told investors in June
(paywall) that fake goods “are of better quality and of better price than the real names” and come from “exactly the same factories” as authentic goods. But there’s some truth to his comments.
Fake goods “are of better quality and of better price than the real names,” Jack Ma said.

Many analysts and historians have attributed Chinese counterfeiting to perceived aspects of Chinese culture like its emphasis on
memorization in education
, or an
authoritarian government that stifles innovation
. But rather than these reductions of culture, it has more to do with the evolution of China’s gadget and electronics manufacturing hub of Shenzhen, explains Silvia Lindtner, who researches Chinese entrepreneurship culture at the University of Michigan.

The city’s rise throughout the ’90s and early ’00s coincided with a boom in outsourcing among global multinational corporations. Instead of overseeing all the manufacturing of all the parts inside a product, large global hardware companies signed contracts with local manufacturers in Shenzhen to make and design products piecemeal. These contractors would then turn to smaller sub-contractors to help fill orders.

Many of the factories involved in these fragmented supply chains were small, family-owned entities operating without government approval. As they worked together, they realized they could do more than just supply parts that ended up in name-brand hardware. They could create rival products on their own, and reach customers who were too poor to buy a Nokia phone or Apple iPod, said Lindtner.

They banded together, at times sharing the recipes for specific electronic devices on online message boards. Thus began the
shanzhai
phenomenon, a word that literally means “mountain fortress,” but came to stand for products that skirt existing intellectual property laws. Phones and consumer electronics with names like “aPod” and “Nokla” flooded the market in the late ’00s.

The
shanzhai
era in consumer electronics gradually faded as incomes rose and brand-name smartphones became more affordable. But it enforced a culture of knowledge-sharing among manufacturers, wherein no single product design is sacred. Lindtner compares the culture of Shenzhen’s manufacturing ecosystem to the open-source movement among software developers. Much like how programmers will freely share code for others to improve upon, Shenzhen manufacturers now see hardware and product design as something that can be borrowed freely and altered. Success in business comes down to speed and execution, not necessarily originality.

Anti-protease contributes to the innate immunity of animals by its bactericidal and
anti-inflammatory
properties (
Jollés and Jollés, 1984
). The present study result also revealed that the experimental diet of
C. dactylon
mixed diet plays a vital role in the enhancement of serum anti-protease activity in all experimental days. This result confirmed that the experimental diet develops the non-specific immunity in
C. catla
. Similarly, semi purified
C. dactylon
extract administered to shrimp produced higher level of
O
2
-
, which shows the evidence that the plant extract may act as a potential immunostimulant (
Balasubramanian et al., 2008b
).

This is in an agreement with the observation of
Vasudeva and Chakrabarti (2004)
that the feeding of
C. catla
with
A. aspera
(0.5%) mixed diet for 4weeks enhanced the level of serum anti-protease level, which might provide resistance against the bacterial pathogens. Similar results also were found in aqueous extract of
E. alba
which significantly increased the serum anti-protease level after 2 or 3weeks of feeding in
O. mossambicus
(
Christybapita et al., 2007
,
Binuramesh et al., 2006
).
Magnadottir (2006)
stated that the anti-protease activity was high in serum by immunization or infection. Correspondingly,
C. dactylon
mixed diet when fed to
C. catla
enhanced the
protease inhibitor
levels. Therefore, the fish can defend more strongly against invading pathogens.

Antibody is the humoral part of the specific immune system to identify and neutralize the foreign objects, followed by invading the pathogens with the help of other humoral and cellular components of the immune system. Enhancement of specific antibody production will facilitate the
antigen
neutralization and the quick removal from the host. From our results, specific immunity measured by ELISA and plaque forming assay showed higher number of antibodies produced by the experimental diet feeding groups than the control. It proved that the plant extract could develop or induce the specific antibody in fish against the antigen, especially at the higher (5%) concentration.
Chakrabarti and Vasudeva (2006)
also stated that prophylactic treatment of
A. aspera
significantly enhanced the specific antibody response and antigen clearance against BSA in
C. catla
.
Vasudeva et al. (2004)
and
Vasudeva and Chakrabarti, 2005a
,
Vasudeva and Chakrabarti, 2005b
also confirmed that
A. aspera
enhanced the cRBC-specific hemagglutinating antibody titers and other non-specific immunity in
C. catla
,
L. rohita
and
C. carpio
. Similarly, Spirulina significantly enhanced the antibody titers to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in channel catfish
I. punctatus
. In addition
Hemapriya et al. (1997)
reported that the intraperitoneal administration of leaf extract of
Acalypha indica
,
Phyllanthus niruri
and seed kernel of
A. indica
enhanced the antibody response in tilapia (
O. mossambicus
) against sheep red blood cells.

best but not exaptable

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5 ★

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Smart Watches Price List

In the past, watches were used to tell just the time. Over time, manufacturers added extra features to the watch like date, day, moon phase, dual time, world time, stopwatch and timer. As of today, technology has taken over the development of watches. The result is the ‘Smart Watch’. These watches are capable doing almost everything smartphones can do.

We are caught up in our busy schedule these days that we sometimes forget our phones, but not our watches. Now you can track your fitness data, take and view pictures, make and accept calls in your smartwatch. There is a huge range of smart watches online. You can shop for smart watches from the following list, categorized based on their characteristics.

If you’re someone who’s looking for a watch that looks dazzling and still delivers a lot of features? Then the Asus Zenwatch 2 is the perfect smartwatch for you. It keeps you updated with things that you need in your day to day life. The battery of this watch is powerful enough to last two days. The casing of this watch is made of gunmetal.

You can download the ZenWatch Manager app to your smartphone to use the watch’s smart functions. The watch is water resistant, has an internal memory of 4GB, and powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 processor. The watch also has WiFi, Bluetooth, and Pedometer. You can also try a lot of other models available online that offer same or similar performance.

Fossil is known as one of the leading manufacturers of watches. From them comes the Q Crewmaster. A handsome smartwatch has innovative features and keeps you updated. It comes with a built-in tracker and a powerful battery. The battery is not rechargeable and has an estimated life of about 6 months.

To access all the features of the watch, the Fossil Q app needs to be installed on your smartphone. As far as the design of the watch is concerned, it features a stainless steel strap and an edgy look. The watch keeps track of your fitness goals with the help of the built-in pedometer.. Also there are other watches that look amazing and is capable of making heads turn.

If you’re looking for a sport-smart watch, look no more. The Moto 360 smartwatch is primarily designed for athletes. It lets you keep track of your fitness goals and achievements by providing you timely updates with the built-in activity tracker. It can act as your personal coach and be your new companion. This touch screen smart watch lets you customize the watch faces accordingly to your liking.
This watch requires the Motorola Connect App to experience all its features. There is a special setting known as “Ambient’ that keeps your battery lasting up to a day. It also features a built-in GPS that keeps you on track of your activities like distance traveled, lap records and speed. There are other models that are available from notable brands that offer similar features.

This smartwatch is manufactured by the pioneer in the electronic industry, Samsung. The Gear 2 Classic Smartwatch makes you look stylish and also delivers high performance. The watch has functions like calling, email, heart rate monitor, and it’s water resistant. The battery has a capacity of 250 mAh and lasts up to 10 hours or one day based on the usage. It’s a touchscreen smartwatch and supports WiFi and Bluetooth.

The display is a Super AMOLED and has a resolution of 360 x 360 pixels. The other watch functions include Ultra Power Saving Mode, Running, Weather, Alarm, Gallery, Email, Stopwatch, and Timer. The watch comes with a one-year domestic warranty.
There are also a lot of other models available. You can buy smart watches online based on your taste and requirements.