Effective and efficient healthcare not only depends on good interpersonal
communication but also on the ability of organisations to communicate
successfully and professionally. Yet organisations can become entrenched in
rules, regulations and expected behaviours that stifle creative responses to work
situations. Deep-seated bureaucracy can alienate the personal, and is made even
more challenging if the organisation has multi-sites. This chapter will examine
the many varied structures of organisation, and how communication flow within
organisations can limit or expand inclusion of staff members within its boundaries.
This chapter offers several barriers to good organisational communication and
suggests ways these hurdles can be overcome. The ethics of healthcare practice
is discussed in relation to the effect on the individual and the organisation,
highlighting how both parties could respond to avoid conflict, clash and threats to
professionalism. Above all, this chapter emphasises how open and honest personcentred
communication in an organisation can lead to healthy outcomes for staff
and patients alike.

Laying claim to highest attainable standard of health is a human right. Support for this
right is provided by the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations
[UN], 1948) and a small number of legally binding international treaties. Among the
most important of these for health are the International Covenant on Economic, Social,
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (UN, 1966a) and the Convention on the Rights of the
Child (CRC) (UN, 1989). Both these human rights treaties are legally binding for those
countries that have ratified them. The ICESCR, in particular, articulates a comprehensive
view of the obligations of state members of the United Nations (UN) to respect, protect
and fulfil the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and
mental health – known as ‘the right to health’. It provides for both freedoms, such as
the right to be free from non-consensual and uninformed medical treatment, medical
experimentation, or forced HIV testing, as well as entitlements. These entitlements
include the right to a system of protection on an equal basis for all, a system of prevention,
treatments and control of disease, access to essential medicines, and services for sexual
and reproductive health; and access to information and education about health for
everyone. The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ECSCR) monitors
compliance with these provisions. Most states have ratified the ICESCR, and all but two
(Somalia and the US) have ratified the CRC.

The experiences of LGBT asylum seekers in the UK are the focus of this chapter. The relative invisibility of LGBT asylum seekers in social work literature and research is acknowledged. Data from interviews undertaken as part of a small scale research study is used to highlight issues of psychological stress, safety, social isolation and resilience and survival. This material is discussed in relation to models of minority stress, discrimination, social determinants of health, and human rights. A holistic approach to practice in response to an opening vignette, is presented with reference to the importance of advocacy and cross-sector partnership working.

Set in the context of the recent unprecedented upsurge of in-work poverty (IWP) in the UK – which currently exceeds out of work poverty – this article presents an account of the realities of experiencing poverty and being employed. Central issues of low-pay, limited working hours, underemployment and constrained employment opportunities combine to generate severe financial complexities and challenges. This testimony, taken comparatively over a year, reveals the experiences of, not only IWP, but of deep poverty, and having insufficient wages to fulfil the basic essentials of nourishing food and adequate clothing. This article contributes to current academic and social policy debates around low-paid work, IWP, the use of foodbanks and underemployment. New dimensions are offered regarding worker vulnerabilities, given the recent growth of the IWP phenomenon.

This article examines the key features of state failure that have adversely affected the goal of state-building and peace-building in South Sudan. Drawing on interviews with sections of local and international stakeholders in South Sudan, the article analyses the major areas of state reconstruction and peacebuilding that the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement (SPLM) government has failed to address proactively, areas and issues that seem directly or indirectly linked to the political crisis that started in December 2013 and the relapse into armed conflict. The paper also analyses the recent political developments and ongoing peace process in South Sudan and proffers some complementary policy intervention measures that could be implemented to strengthen the peace process.

The importance of trade as an engine of
growth is well established. Empirical
literature shows that the growth impact
of exports is much stronger when the
export basket is vertically and
horizontally diversified. This paper aims
to assess the role of the real exchange
rate in enhancing export supply and
promoting export diversification in
Ethiopia and Tanzania. The empirical
results suggest that, while overvaluation
is harmful to exports, undervaluation of
the real exchange rate boosts export
supply as well as export diversification.
A high rate of growth in exports is
associated with periods of undervalued currencies. A major share of the
difference in export performance
between the two countries can be
explained by differences in real
exchange rate policy. Tanzania has
maintained an undervalued real
exchange rate for a long time and as a
result, performs better in terms of
export supply and diversification.
However, export expansion achieved
through undervaluation raises the rate
of inflation for Tanzania. Tanzania
managed to maintain an undervalued
real exchange rate through the
accumulation of reserves and a high
rate of inflation.

This paper examines the political economy of tourism development in islands and uses Gili Trawangan, Indonesia as a case study. A longitudinal study drawing from fieldwork contributes to the discussion of how different types of power shape community development, and how the effects of hosting international tourism play an explicit role. Analysis using Barnett and Duvall’s Taxonomy of Power model reveals the interplay between the types of power over time and its effects on different actors. Results raise questions for Less Developed Countries, and particularly islands, concerning the social costs of using tourism for development.

The history of the electoral process in Sierra Leone is at the same time tortuous and substantial. From relatively open competitive multi-party politics in the 1960s, which led to the first turnover of power at the ballot box, through the de facto and de jure one-party era, which nonetheless had elements of electoral competition, and finally to contemporary post-conflict times, which has seen three elections and a second electoral turnover in 2007, one can discern evolving patterns. Evidence from the latest local and national elections in 2012 suggests that there is some democratic consolidation, at least in an electoral sense. However, one might also see simultaneous steps forward and backward – What you gain on the swings, you may lose on the roundabouts. This is particularly so in terms of institutional capacities, fraud and violence, and one would need to enquire of the precise ingredients – in terms of political culture or in other words the attitudes and motivations of electors and the elected – of this evolving Sierra Leonean, rather than specifically liberal type, of democracy. Equally, the development of ‘electoral rituals’, whether peculiar to Sierra Leone or not and whether deemed consolidatory or not, has something to say as part of an investigation into the electoral element of democratic consolidation.1 The literature on elections in Africa most often depicts a number of broad features, such as patronage, ethno-regionalism, fraud and violence, and it is the intention of this article to locate contemporary Sierra Leone, as precisely as possible, within the various strands of this discourse.

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