Ôn Tập & Bồi Dưỡng Tiếng Anh 8

APPENDIXUnit 1Page: 3o Present simple to talk about general truths.o Enough: (Not) adjective + enough + to-infinitiveUnit 2Page: 3o Be going too Adverbs of placeUnit3Page: 4o Reflexive pronounso Modals: must, have to, ought to, should, may, can, couldUnit 4Page: 6o Past simple tense: used too Prepositions of time: in , on, at, after, before, betweenUnit 5Page: 6o Adverbs of mannero Reported speech with “ commands, requests & advice”Unit 6Page: 7o Present simple with future meaningo GerundsUnit 7Page: 8o Present perfect with “ for & since”o Comparison with“ like, (not) as ….as, (not) the same as, different from”Unit 8Page: 8o Present progressive• Talk about future• Complaint with “ always”o Comparative and superlativeUnit 9Page: 10o Purpose phrase: in order to, so as to, too Future simpleUnit 10Page: 11o Passive formo Adjective followed by - an infinitive - a noun clauseUnit 11Page: 13o Past participles and present participleso Requests: Would / Do you mind if …? Would / Do you mind + V-ing ?Unit 12Page: 13o Past progressiveo Past progressive with “When & While”Unit 13Page: 14o Compound wordso Reported speechUnit 14Page: 15o Reported speech : “ If & Whether ”o Question words before to-infinitiveo Verbs + to-infinitiveUnit15Page: 16o Present perfect: “ Yet & Already ”o Comparison of present perfect and past simpleUnit 16Page: 16o Sequence markersUnit 1Present simple to talk about general truths.o We use the present simple to express general truths.For example.• The earth moves around the sun.• The moon goes round the earth.• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.• The bear sleeps during the winter.• Today is Monday; tomorrow is Tuesday.• Fish lives in the water.• Water consists of main elements: Hydrogen and OxygenUse of “enough”.o Enough is put before noun and after adjective.For exampleShe hasn’t enough money to buy a new house.There is not enough time to finish the test.There wasn’t enough room for us to sleepHe has enough reasons to be angry.S + V + Enough + N + To-infinitiveEnough + N + For + O + To-infinitiveThe rope is not long enough.She isn’t old enough to drive a car.It is not old enough for her to drive a car.I am fool enough to trust her.S + Be + ADJ + Enough + To-infinitiveIT + Be + ADJ + Enough + For / Of + O + To-infinitive---oOo---Unit 2Be going to : dự địnho We use “be going to” to express plans or intentions in the near future, it is sure to happen.For exampleWe are going to practice piano for two hours this evening.She is going to travel abroad tomorrow.o We also use “ be going to ” to predict.For exampleOh, look ! it is going to rain. Look out, she is going to faint.They are going to be married next May.S + Be (am/is/are) + going to + Bare infinitiveAdverbs of place.o We use adverbs of place to show the direction or position of people or things.For exampleHe is not outside; Maybe he is inside.They do not play football here; perhaps, they play there.She is not upstairs; it is possible that she is downstairs.Outside: bên ngoài Inside: bên trongHere: ở đây There : ở đóUpstairs: ở trên lầu Downstairs: ở dưới lầuo We can also use prepositon phrases to show place: in, on, at, behind, in front of, to the left of, to the right of, on the right, on the left.For example• We are sitting in the room.• She stays at home• The book is on the desk.• She stands behind me• Put the chairs in front of the board.• Grow flowers to the left of the house.• Keep standing on the right.Unit 3Reflexive pronounso We use reflexive pronouns to emphasize for Subject’s actions. It can stand aftermain verb or object of main verb.For exampleHe himself answered the phone, not his secretary.He answered the phone himself.o Reflexive pronoun usually refer to the subject of a sentence.He looked at himself in the mirror.o If we put reflexive pronoun after “ by ”, it means “ alone ”.She lives by herself.You must sleep by yourself tonight.o The summary of reflexive pronounsI myself ( tự tôi )You yourself ( tự bạn )He himself ( tự anh ấy )She herself (tự cô ấy )It itself ( tự nó )You yourselves ( tự các bạn )We ourselves ( tự chúng ta )They themselves ( tự bọn họ )Modals: must, have to, ought to, should, may, can, could.o Must and have to both express necessity. It has the same meaning “ phải ”For example.• All students must take the term exam.• All students have to take the term exam.(There is no other choice. The exam is required.)o In everyday statements of necessary, have to is used more commonly than must. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance.For example.• I’m looking for Sue. I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow. I can’t meet her for lunch because I have to go to a business meeting at 1:00.• Where is Sue ? I must talk to her right away. I have an urgent message for her.o Should and ought to have the same meaning “ nên ”: they express advisability.For example.You should study harder.You ought to study harder.Drivers should obey the speed limit.Drivers ought to obey the speed limit.o Can (có thể) usually expresses the idea that something is possible because certain characteristics or conditions exist. Can is also used to combine possibility and ability.For example.• Tom is strong. He can lift that heavy box.• I can play the piano. I’ve taken lessons for many years.• You can see fish at an aquarium.• That race car can go very fast.o May also has the same meaning as can, but its degree is less than 50 % certain.For example.• I can walk to school. It’s not far.• I may walk to school. Or I may take the bus.o In affirmative sentences about past ability, could usually mean “ used to be ableto”. The use of could usually indicates that the ability existed in the past but does not exist now.• When I was younger, I could run fast.o Could can be used to make suggestions.• Why don’t we go on a picnic?• We could go on a picnic.Modals + bare infinitiveUnit 4Past simple tense: “Used to”o We use “ used to ” to express the past habits. But now they don’t exist any longer.For example.When she was a little girl, she used to swim in this river.When we were in grade 7, we used to play soccer.Used to (thường) + Bare infinitivePrepositions of time: “ in , on, at, after, before, between ”o In (vào) + (second / minute / hour / day / week / month / seasons / year ) In 20 seconds, she will leave here. They start working in spring and end in summer. She always gets up at 5.00 in the morning. I was born in 1978.o On (vào) + (holidays / days in a week / date)• We are going to have a party for my mom on March 8.• He has Math on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.o At ( lúc ) + ( hour time )• Minh goes to sleep at 10.00 p.m.o After (sau)+(second/minute/hour /day/week/month/seasons/year)o before ( trước )+(second/minute/hour /day/week/month/seasons/year)• After 20 seconds, she will leave here.• They start working before Spring and end after Summer.• She always gets up after 5.00 .o Between …..and ……(giữa …..và ….)They will build my house between January and September.Unit 5Adverbs of manner.o We use adverbs of manner to modify main verb in a sentence, it stand behind intransitive verb and behind objects of transitive verb.Adjective + ly => AdvmSafe safelyHappy happilyMagical magicallyBeautiful beautifullyFor example.• We learn how to drive safely.• She sings beautifully• I know he behaves badly.• The child eats his bread quickly.• Gillian angrily answered his question.• He generously helps his friends.Reported speech with “commands, requests & advice”o Command ( câu mệnh lệnh )Direct: He said to me. “Open the door.”Indirect: He told me to open the door.Direct: The doctor said. “Do more exercises.”Indirect: The doctor told her / him / me to do more exercises.(Tell + S.O + to-infinitive)- We use “tell” to change a direct command into an indirect one.- If reported verb is in the past form, we must change “tell” into “told”.- Change bare-infinitive in direct speech into full-infinitive.o Request ( câu yêu cầu )Direct: He said to me. “ Could you help me ? ”Indirect: He asked me to help him.Direct: The doctor said. “ Can you do me a favor ?”Indirect: The doctor asked me to do him a favor.( Ask + S.O + to-infinitive )- We use “ask” to change a direct request into an indirect one.- If reported verb is in the past form, we must change “ask” into “asked”.o Advice ( lời khuyên )Direct: My teacher said to Lan. “ you should study harder ? ”Indirect: My teacher advised Lan to study harder.Indirect: My teacher told Lan that She should study harder.( Advise + S.O + to-infinitive )Unit 6Present simple with future meaningo We are be also able to use the present simple to express the future meaning. It isexact to happen. It’s relative with “ Calendar, timetable, program ”For example.• The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st.• The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30.• We leave tomorrow at 11.15 and arrive at 17.50.• The flight A320 flies to Paris at 4.50 p.m.• The train leaves the Hanoi Railway Station for HCMC at 12.30.• We have Math, Physics and History tomorrow.Gerundso Gerund is the “ing” form of a verb. It can be as “subject, object of verb or prep.For example.Playing tennis is fun.We enjoy playing tennis.Common verbs followed by gerundsEnjoy (thưởng thức) appreciate (đánh giá cao) mind (phiền)Quit ( từ bỏ) finish ( kết thúc) stop (dừng)Consider (xem xét) discuss ( thảo luận) suggest (đề nghị)Unit 7Present perfect with “ for & since”o For + ( a period of time )For 10 yearsFor 23 secondso Since + ( a point of time )Since MondaySince 1989I have studied English for 10 years.She has not seen Lan since 1989.Comparison with “like, (not) as ….as, (not) the same as, different from”o Like (prep) : giống nhưHe looks like his father.o The same as : giống nhưHer eyes are the same color as yoursThe bag on the left is the same as the bag on the right.o (Not) as ….as (như…..)The magazine is not as large as the newspaper.He is as tall as me.o Different from (khác với)What makes him different from the rest of the students?This table is different from that one.Unit 8Present progressiveo Talk about future: we also use the present progressive to express a plan in the near future like “be going to”.For example.We are spending next summer in Australia.He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.15 train.o Complaint with “ always”: we use “ always ” to express continually-repeated actions or to complain about someone.For example.• This week, I go to school late six times, so my teacher said. “You are always going to school late.”• I am always hearing strange stories about him.Comparative and superlativeo Comparative. ( so sánh hơn)- Short adjective: Adjective + erTall tallerBig biggerHappy happierLan is 1.8 meters tall. Nga is 1.75 meters tall. Therefore, Lan is taller than NgaNga is shorter than Lan.(S + BE + ADJ + ER + THAN + S + BE)- Long adjective: More + AdjectiveBeautiful more beautifulCareful more careful For example.Nga usually causes traffic accidents with her motorbike, but Lan doesn’t; therefore, lan is more careful than Nga.The red skirt is 120,000 VND. The green skirt is 150,000 VND. Therefore, the green skirt is more expensive than the red skirt.o Superlative. (so sánh nhất)- Short adjective: the +Adjective + estTall the tallestBig the biggestHappy the happiestLan is 1.8 meters tall. Nga is 1.75 meters tall. Hoa is 1.85 meters tall. Therefore, Hoa is the tallest.- Long adjective: More + AdjectiveExpensive the most expensiveCareful the most carefulThe red skirt is 120,000 VND. The green skirt is 150,000 VND. The pink skirt is 450,000 VND. Therefore, the pink skirt is the most expensive.Some irregular comparative and superlative forms.Adjective Comparative SuperlativeGood better (the) bestBad worse (the) worstFar farther (the) farthestfurther (the) furthestold older (the) oldestelder (the) eldest.Little less (the) least.Much more (the) mostMany more (the) mostNote: - Short adjective is one-syllable adjective- Long adjective is the adjective with more or equal to two syllables.o Comparative with “-er and -er”. (càng ngày càng ….)Nga is growing fast. She’s getting taller and tallerComputers are becoming more and more complicated.(Những chiếc máy tính càng ngày càng phức tạp.)Holidays flights are getting less and less expensive.o The more ……, the more…… (…càng….., thì ….càng…)The more money you make, the more she spends.(Bạn càng làm ra nhiều tiền, thì cô ấy càng tiêu nhiều)The more expensive petrol becomes, the less people drive.(Xăng dầu càng trở nên đắc đỏ, thì càng ít người đi xe hơi.)Unit 9Purpose phrase: in order to, so as to, toTo express the purpose, we use the following phrases:In order to (để)So as to (để) + Bare infinitiveTo (để)For example.• He came here in order to study English.• He came here so as to study English.• He came here to study English.• He came here so that he studied English.• He came here for English.For + a nounSo that + clauseIncorrect: He came here for studying English.Incorrect: He came here for to study English.Incorrect: He came here for study English.Future simpleo We use the future simple to predict events in the future.For example.Nottingham will win on Saturday.It will rain tomorrow.Will house prices rise again next year ?I don’t know if I shall see you next week.o We use the future simple to promise.I shall buy you a bike for your birthday.o We use the future simple to suggest.Shall we go swimming tomorrow ?( S + WILL/SHALL + BARE INFINITIVE )o Some future adverbs in this tense.- Next (kế tiếp) + N (time)Next month Next year, she will go to the China.- In (trong) + ( a period of time)In 20 minutes (trong 20 phút nữa)I shall sleep in 20 minutes.In 10 days (trong 10 ngày nữa)- Tomorrow (ngày mai)Tomorrow morningTomorrow afternoon.We shall go for a picnic tomorrow afternoon.Unit 10Passive form (dạng bị động).o We use the passive voice to emphasize the agent causing actions.Be + past participle S V OActive: Mary helped the boy S V O Passive: The boy was helped by Mary.The passive form in the tenses. Active PassiveSimple present: Mary helps John John is helped by Mary.Present progressive: Mary is helping John John is being helped by Mary.Present perfect: Mary has helped John John has been helped by Mary.Simple past: Mary helped John John was helped by Mary.Past progressive: Mary was helping John John was being helped by Mary.Past perfect: Mary had helped John John had been helped by Mary.Simple future: Mary will help John John will be helped by Mary.Future perfect: Mary will have helped John John will have been helped by MaryActive: People grow rice in IndiaPassive: Rice is grown in India.Active: some one broke my bike.Passive: My bike was broken.Note: - if speaker knows who causes the action, “by” phrase is used.Active: People built my house in 1987. (Unclear subject)Passive: My house was built in 1978.- If speaker doesn’t know exactly who causes the action. “by” phrase is not used.Active: My aunt made this rug. (Concrete subject)Passive: This rug was made by my aunt.o Verbs have two objects: Indirect object (I.O) and Direct object (D.O)Active: Someone gives Lee a gift.Passive: Lee is given a gift. (Way 1)A gift is given to Lee. (Way 2)Active: My mom bought me a new toy car.Passive: I was bought a new toy car by my mom. (w1)A new toy car was bought for me by my mom.(w2) Read something to someone. (đọc cái gì cho ai) Sell something to someone. ( bán cho ai cái gì) Lend something to someone. ( cho ai mượn cái gì ) Tell something to someone. ( kể cái gì cho ai) Offer something to someone. (tặng cái gì cho ai) Show something to someone. (chỉ cho ai cái gì) Send something to someone. (gửi cái gì cho ai) Write something to someone. (viết cái gì cho ai) Make something to/for someone. (làm cài gì cho ai) Buy something for someone. (mua cái gì cho ai) Leave something for someone.(để lại cho ai cái gì) Play something for someone. ( chơi cái gì cho ai) Do something for someone. (Làm cái gì cho ai) Bring something for someone. (mang cái gì cho ai) Call something for someone. (gọi cái gì cho ai)Adjective.o Followed by a full infinitiveIt + be + Adj + to-infinitiveFor example.It is difficult to understand what you say.It is easy to learn English.It is so nice to sit here with you.It is interesting to see this film.It + be + Adj + for + O + to-infinitive.For example.It is impossible for me to do this job.It is hard for you to pass the exam.S + be + Adj + to-infinitive.For example.I’m sure to know him.She is very happy to help everyone.o Followed by a noun clauseAdj + that clauseFor example.It’s strange (that) he should have said that.It’s possible (that) he didn’t get message.It’s important (that) you must study very hard.I am afraid that I can’t go to the movies with you.She is sorry that she broke my book.It’s sure/certain that you will like it.She is happy that you helped her.Unit 11Past participle and present participleThe form of a verb used in compound tenses and as an adjective. English uses the present participle, which ends in ‘-ing’, and the past participle, which usually ends in ‘-ed’.o We use the present participle to modify and clear meaning of nouns in front of it. Subject can cause the action of verb.For example.The boy reading a book is Ba.The man going upstairs is Mr. Tan.The woman talking to Nam is Miss Lien.o We use the past participle to modify and clear meaning of nouns in front of it. Subject cannot cause the action of verb.For example.The old lamp made in China is five dollars.The toys kept in the box are 10 dollars.The lorry recycled from 7-up cans is 2 dollars.Requests: o Would / Do you mind if …? Would you mind if + S + past simple.Would you mind if I smoked ?Would you mind if I sat here ?Do you mind if + S + present simple.Do you mind if I smoke ?Do you mind if I sit here ?o Would / Do you mind + V-ing ?Would you mind stopping the car ?Do you mind stopping the car ?Unit 12Past progressiveo We use the past progressive to express actions, events which were happening at a period of time in the past.S + were / was + V-ing + (O) + (A)For example.At 8 o’clock last night, I was studying.Last year at this time, I was attending school.Past progressive with “When & While”o Express an action happening, another came in the past.When it began to rain, I was walking down the street.While I was walking down the street, it began to raino Express two actions in progress at the same time.While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommatewas having a party in the other room.Unit 13Compound wordsWe combine a noun with a gerund to make a compound adjective.N + V-ing => AdjectiveFor example.To make a fire fire-makingTo arrange flowers flower-arrangingTo wash clothes clothes-washingTo make cars car-makingTo export rice rice-exportingReported speech: Statementso In indirect speech, we repeat the content of speech, but it is not necessaryto use phrases exactly.Direct: she said, “My brother is a student.”“ My brother is a student,” she said.“ My brother,” she said, “ is a student. ”Indirect: she said that her brother was a student.How to change a direct sentence into an indirect one.1) Bỏ dấu phẩy “,” và dấu ngoặc kép.2) Thêm “ that ” vào sau động từ tường thuật “ said ”.3) Đổi tính từ sở hữu cho phù hợp với chủ ngữ của động từ tường thuật.4) Nếu động từ tường thuật ở quá khứ thì lùi động từ của câu trong dấu ngoặc kép về một thì trong quá khứ.5) Đổi trạng từ trong câu trực tiếp.How to change the tense.DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHPresent simple (hiện tại đơn) Past simple ( quá khứ đơn)Present progressive ( hiện tại tiếp diễn) Past progressive (quá khứ tiếp diễn)Present perfect ( hiện tại hoàn thành) Past perfect ( quá khứ hoàn thành )Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressivePast simple ( quá khứ đơn) Past perfectFuture simple (tương lai đơn) Conditional (điều kiện)This That These Those Now Then Today That dayTomorrow The following dayThe day after tomorrow (ngày mốt) In two days’ timeNext week The following weekYesterday The day before / The previous dayLast year The year before The day before yesterday ( hôm kia) Two days beforeA year ago A year before / the previous yearUnit 14Reported speech : “ If or Whether ”o To change a direct yes/no question into indirect one, we use “ If or whether”.For example.Direct: he said, “Do you like football?”Indirect: he asked if I liked football.Direct: he said to her, “Do you like football?”Indirect: he asked her if she liked football.Direct: he said to Nam, “Do you like football?”Indirect: he asked Nam if he liked football.If / whether ………… (or not)(Có ………………hay không)Question words before to-infinitiveo We can use question words before to-infinitive.For example.He discovered how to open the safe.I find out where to buy fruit cheaply.I don’t know when to turn the washing machine off.She couldn’t think what to say.She learned how to make a cake.Verbs + to-infinitiveReference list of verbs followed by to-infinitives.o Afford I cannot afford to buy it.o Agree they agreed to help us.o Appear she appear to be tired.o Arrange I’ll arranged to meet you at the airport.o Ask he asked to come with us.o Beg he begged to come with us.o Care I don’t care to see that show.o Claim she claims to know a famous movie star.o Consent she finally consented to marry him.o Decide I have decided to leave on Monday.o Demand I demand to know who is responsible.o Expect I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.o Fail she failed to return the book to the library on time.o Forget I forgot to mail the letter.o Hope Jack hopes to arrive next week.o Learn he learned to play the piano.o Offer they offered to help us.o Promise I promise not to be late.o Volunteer he volunteered to help us.o Want I want to tell you something.o Wish she wishes to come with us.Unit15Present perfect: “Yet & Already”o We use “yet” in negative and interrogative. It is put at the end of the sentence.For example.Have you had lunch yet ?( Bạn ăn trưa chưa ? )No. I haven’t had lunch yet.( Chưa. Mình chưa ăn trưa. )o We use “already” in affirmative. It can stand after subject and before main verb or at the end of the sentence.For example.Have you taken the semester exam yet?Yes. I have already taken the semester exam.(I have taken the semester exam already.)

Comparison of present perfect and past simpleo We use the present perfect to express actions with unidentified time and the pastsimple with identified time.For example.She has seen this film before. (Present perfect)She saw this film 10 years ago.( past simple )o We use the present perfect to express actions which happened in the past and continued in present and future, but we use the past simple to express actions which happened and finished in the past.For example.She has learnt English for 2 years.She learned English two years ago.Unit 16Sequence markerswe use sequence markers to express events or actions happening in process.First: trước tiênThen: rồi (thì)Next: kế đóAfter that: sau đóAfter this: sau điều nàyFinally: cuối cùng.• First, prepare two eggs.• Next, heat the frying pan.• Then, put cooking oil into the frying pan until it is hot.• After that, pour egg stirred into the frying pan.• Finally, wait until it can be eaten.BÀI TẬP BÁM SÁT 1I. Choose the best answer:1. The weather........................nice yesterday.a. is b. was c. will be d. has been2. I am going.....................the movie at 8 this evening.a. see b. seeing c. saw d. to see3. The theatre is a bit far .....................your house.a. from b. in c. away d. at4. Let’s ......................outside the movie theatre.a. to meet b. meeting c. met d. meet5. I’m sorry but I can’t.........................chess tonight.a. to play b. playing c. play d. played6. Alexander. G. Bell ..................born on March 3, 1847.a. was b. is c. are d. is going to7. Would you like...................her a message?a. leave b. to leave c. leaving d. left8. We................two new fishing rods yesterday.a. would buy b. buy c. bought d. to buy9. Where is mum? She’s.........................a. upstair b. downstairs c. of the house d. out the house10. There’s.....................movie on TV tonight.a. an action b. action c. a action d. actions11. You have to cook dinner........................a. alone you b. yourself c. herself d. himself12. I think I will do the homework...........................a. myself b. yourself c. herself d. himselfII. Combine these sentences using “enough to...”1. I am very strong. I can lift this box alone................................................................................................................2. She is very intelligent. She can get the first price in this exam................................................................................................................3. The ladder is very long. It can reach the window................................................................................................................4. The fire is very hot. It will boil the kettle................................................................................................................5. It was very hot. We can go swimming this afternoon................................................................................................................6. Nam was very experienced. He could finish that work for an hour...............................................................................................................7. Lan is old. She can go to school by herself.........................................................................................................8. Ba is tall. He can play volleyball.........................................................................................................9. Mai is intelligent. She can do that test.........................................................................................................10.They are very rich. They can buy a new car.........................................................................................................11.Tam is old. He can ride a motorbike.........................................................................................................12.Nam is very strong. He can carry those heavy bags.........................................................................................................13.The children are tired. They go to bed early.........................................................................................................14.Mr. Hung is hungry. He eats three loaves of bread.........................................................................................................15.We are thirsty. We can drink a lot of water.........................................................................................................16.Minh and Lan aren’t tall. They can’t play basketball.........................................................................................................III. Complete the passage:Mai (live) lived in Hanoi last month, but now she (live)..................... Danang. Last week, she (go)...................shopping with her mother. She (buy).........................a lotof things there. Yesterday, She (had) ...................a small party at her house. She (invite) ........................... some new friends in her new school and the neighborhood. This morning, she (go)......................to her new school. And she (feel) ...................... very happy. She (think).......................that she (go) ..................... to school by bus because there is a bus stop near her house.IV. Make question for these answers:1. Yes. I’d like to come to your house and listen to some music.........................................................................................................2. I am going to do my homework this afternoon.........................................................................................................3. Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh .........................................................................................................4. We bought a dictionary yesterday.........................................................................................................5. The wardrobe is opposite the desk.........................................................................................................V. Make up question with “why...” and then answer them.1. Ba didn’t work hard so he failed the exam.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. The shops were closed so Minh didn’t get any milk.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. The headmaster was ill so Mai went in his place.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. It rained all day and night so they didn’t go to the beach.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................