Обновленный 60-100W усилитель мощности

Rod Elliott (ESP)

Introduction

The basis for this amplifier is published as
Project 03, and makes no claim to be "state of the art" - in fact the base
design is now over 20 years old. It is a simple amp to build, uses commonly
available parts and is stable and reliable. The design featured is a full
update on the original project, and although it has many similarities, is really
a new design.

This new amp (like the original) is based on an
amp I originally designed many years ago, of which hundreds were built. Most
were operated as small PA or instrument amps, but many also found their way
into home hi-fi systems. The amp is capable of driving 4 Ohms, but it is
starting to push the limits of the transistors, however, even when used at 4
Ohms, very few failures were encountered.

This amplifier, although very simple, is
capable of superb performance. This is not an amp to be under estimated,
as the sonics are very good indeed, and this is due (in part, at least) to the
inherent simplicity of the design. The amp is exceptionally quiet, and is
reasonably tolerant of difficult loads. It is an ideal amplifier for biamped
systems, and may be operated in bridge mode (BTL) if the selected output
transistors have the necessary power ratings (e.g. MJ21193/4)

I have heard nothing but praise from those
who have built this amplifier - the only feedback I have received has been very
positive indeed. The sound quality is up there with the very best. Highly
recommended !

Description

Note that like the original, there is (still)
no output short circuit protection, so if speaker leads are shorted while the
amp is working with a signal, there is a very real risk of the transistors being
destroyed. The specifications are very similar to those of the original
project, but the use of a current sink in the differential pair input stage
means that there is virtually no thump at turn on or off.

I have also added the ability to
adjust the quiescent current, and with the transistors specified the amp will
provide 100W into 8 ohms, at a maximum supply voltage of +/-42V. This supply is
easily obtained from a 30-0-30V transformer.

Figure 1 - Amplifier Schematic

As can be seen, it is not a complex amp, but
the performance is excellent. Connections are provided for a SIM (Sound
Impairment Monitor), and there is also a resistor (R17) added to allow
bridging. This resistor connects to the output of the other amplifier (the
master). When used in this way, the input should be grounded - do not omit the
capacitor, or DC offset will be too high. When used in bridge mode (also called
BTL - Bridge Tied Load), the SIM should be taken from the master amplifier only.

For use into 4 ohms (including bridging into 8
ohm loads), do not exceed +/-35V (from a 25-0-25V transformer). Most
applications will be satisfied with the lower voltage, and the reliability of
the amp is assured with almost any load. In bridge mode, this amp will happily
produce 200W into 8 ohms, and will do so reliably even for continuous high power
levels. Never attempt to operate the amp in bridge mode into 4 ohms, as this
represents an equivalent load to each amp of 2 ohms. The amp was not designed
to handle this, and will fail.

D1 is a green LED, and should be a standard
type. Don't use a high brightness LED, or change the colour. This is not for
appearance (although the green LED looks pretty neat on the board), but for the
voltage drop - different coloured LEDs have a slightly different voltage drop.

VR1 is used to set the quiescent current, and
normally this will be about 100mA. The amp will work happily at lower current,
but the distortion starts to be noticeable (on a distortion meter) at less than
around 40mA. The Class-A driver (Q4) has a constant current load by virtue of
the bootstrap circuit R9, R10 and C5. Stability is determined by C4, and the
value of this cap should not be reduced. With fast output transistors such as
those specified (2SC3281 and 2SA1302), power bandwidth will be good to over
30kHz.

With the suggested and recommended 35V
supplies, Q4 and the output drivers (Q5 and Q6) will normally not require a
heatsink. With 4 ohm loads, you may find that a heatsink for Q5 and Q6 is
needed, but my experience is that these transistors should not get hot under
most operating conditions.

If using the amp at +/-42V, a small heatsink
should be used for Q4, as the dissipation will be quite a bit higher and the
device will get very warm.

Before applying power, make sure that VR1 is
set to maximum resistance to get minimum quiescent current. This is very
important, as if set to minimum resistance, the quiescent current will be very
high indeed (probably enough to blow the output transistors!).

Construction

Since I have boards available for this amp, I
will obviously suggest that these be used, as it makes construction much
easier. All resistors should be 1/4W 1% metal film for lowest noise, with the
exception of R9, R10 and R15 which should be 1W types, and R13, R14 must be 5W
wirewound.

The bootstrap capacitor (C5) needs to be rated
at at least 35V, but the other electrolytics can be any voltage you have
available. The trimpot (VR1) should ideally be a multiturn, but an ordinary
single turn pot can be used. Setting the current will be a little more
difficult with a single turn pot, and they are not as reliable.

A pair of these amps will be quite happy with a
1oC/W heatsink for normal hi-fi use. Consider using a fan if you are
going to push the amp hard. Remember - there is no such thing as a heatsink
that is too big.

Basic Specifications

The following is not comprehensive, since the
design is quite new, and I have not had a chance to measure everything as yet.
To give you an idea, this is what I have found so far ...

Gain

27dB

Input Impedance

24k

Input Sensitivity

1.22V for 100W (8 ohms)

Frequency response 1

10Hz to 30kHz (-1dB) typical

Distortion (THD)

0.04% typical at 1W to 80W

Power (42V supplies, 8 ohm load)
2 ....

90W

Power (35V supplies, 8 ohm load)
3

70W

Power (35V supplies, 4 ohm load)

120W

Hum and Noise

-73 dBV unweighted

DC Offset

< 100mV

Notes

The frequency response is dependent on the
value for the input and feedback capacitors, and the above is typical of that
when the specified values are used. The high frequency response is fixed by
C4, and this should not be changed.

Operation into 4 ohm loads is not
recommended with the 42V supplies. Peak dissipation will exceed 110W in each
output transistor, leaving no safety margin with typical inductive loads. All
supply voltages are at full power - your transformer may not be capable of
maintaining regulation, so power may be slightly less than shown.

This figure is typical, and is dependent on
the regulation of the power supply (as in 2, above). Worst case power with 8
ohm loads is about 50W, but the supply needs to be fairly ratty for the power
to drop this low.

Four of these amps in a biamped arrangement will give you
prodigious SPL, and is similar to the arrangement I am using. Coupled with a
Linkwitz-Riley crossover, the amplifiers can be mounted in the back of the
speaker box, so only signal and power are needed for a complete system that will
leave most commercial offerings for dead.

Powering Up

If you do not have a dual output bench power
supply - Before power is first applied, temporarily install 22 Ohm 5 W wirewound
"safety" resistors in place of the fuses. Do not connect the load at this time!
When power is applied, check that the DC voltage at the output is less than 1V,
and measure each supply rail. They may be slightly different, but both should
be no less than about 20V. If widely different from the above, check all
transistors for heating - if any device is hot, turn off the power immediately,
then correct the mistake.

If you do have a suitable bench supply - This
is much easier! Slowly advance the voltage until you have about +/- 20V,
watching the supply current. If current suddenly starts to climb rapidly, and
voltage stops increasing then something is wrong, otherwise, continue with
testing. (Note: as the supply voltage is increased, the output voltage will
decrease - down to about 2V, then quickly drop to near 0V. This is normal.)

Once all appears to be well, connect a speaker
load and signal source (still with the safety resistors installed), and check
that suitable noises (such as music or tone) issue forth - keep the volume low,
or the amp will distort badly with the resistors still there if you try to get
too much power out of it.

If the amp has passed these tests, remove the
safety resistors and re-install the fuses. Disconnect the speaker load, and turn
the amp back on. Verify that the DC voltage at the speaker terminal does not
exceed 100mV, and perform another "heat test" on all transistors and resistors.

When you are satisfied that all is well, set
the bias current. Connect a multimeter between the collectors of Q7 and Q8 -
you are measuring the voltage drop across the two 0.47 ohm resistors. The
desired quiescent current is 100mA, so the voltage you measure across the
resistors should be set to 94mV +/-10mV. The setting is not overly critical,
but at lower currents, there is less dissipation in the output transistors.
Current is approximately 1.06mA / mV, so 100mV will be 106mA.

After the current is set, allow the amp to warm
up (which it will), and readjust the bias when the temperature stabilises. This
may need to be re-checked a couple of times, as the temperature and quiescent
current are slightly interdependent. When you are happy with the bias setting,
seal the trimpot with a dab of nail polish.

If the temperature continues to increase,
the heatsink is too small. This condition will (not might - will) lead to
the destruction of the amp. Remove power, and get a bigger heatsink before
continuing. Note also that although the power transistors are mounted to
the board, never operate the amp without a heatsink - even for testing, even
for a short period. The output transistors will overheat and will be
damaged.

When all tests are complete, turn off the
power, and re-connect speaker and music source.

Power Supply

Before describing a power supply, I must issue
this ...

WARNING: Mains wiring must be done
using mains rated cable, which should be separated from all DC and signal
wiring. All mains connections must be protected using heatshrink tubing to
prevent accidental contact. Mains wiring must be performed by a qualified
electrician - Do not attempt the power supply unless suitably qualified.
Faulty or incorrect mains wiring may result in death or serious injury.

A simple supply using a 30-0-30
transformer will give a peak power of about 100W into 8 ohms, or 90W or so
continuous. This is influenced by a great many things, such as the regulation
of the transformer, amount of capacitance, etc. For a pair of amps, a 300VA
transformer will be enough. Feel free to increase the capacitance, but anything
above 10,000uF brings the law of diminishing returns down upon you. The
performance gain is simply not worth the extra investment.

Figure 2 - Power Supply

For the standard power supply, as noted above I
suggest a 300VA transformer. For 115V countries, the fuse should be 6A, and in
all cases a slow blow fuse is required because of the inrush current of the
transformer.

C1 must be rated for 240V AC (or 120V AC)
operation - do not use standard 250V DC caps under any circumstance, as they
will fail, and R1 will explode! This is not intended as humour - this is fact!
C1 and R1 may be omitted in most cases, and if you cannot get a mains rated
capacitor I suggest that you don't install these components.

The supply voltage can be expected to be higher
than that quoted at no load, and less at full load. This is entirely normal, and
is due to the regulation of the transformer. In some cases, it will not be
possible to obtain the rated power if the transformer is not adequately rated.

The bridge rectifier should be a 35A type, and
filter capacitors must be rated at a minimum of 50V. Wiring needs to be heavy
gauge, and the DC must be taken from the capacitors - not from the bridge
rectifier.