6 Anson Jones Obtained recognition of the Republic of TexasThe “Silent President” secretly promoted annexationDecommissioned the Texas NavyPresident of Texas at the time of annexation.6

7 Texas RangersA group of law enforcement officers originally formed by Stephen F. Austin to keep peace in the coloniesThe least expensive way to protect the Texas frontier

8 Edwin Moore Commander of Texas Navy in 1839Suspended then court- martialed by Houston- found not guiltyWrote book To the People of Texas (personal vindication)Prosecuted financial claims against Texas

9 Jack Coffee Hays Noted Indian fighterCommanded 1st Regiment of Texas Mounted volunteersOne of the most dangerous & influential Texas RangerSided with Anglos in all disputes

10 Chief Bowles Known as “Peace Chief” United several Cherokee tribesPetitioned the Spanish for a land grant for Cherokee inhabited land in east Texas.Expelled by Mirabeau Lamar and died while resisting expulsion at the Battle of Neches

11 William Goyens Keen business manFather was a free mulatto, and his mother was a white womenCherokee interpreter – helped negotiate treaty with Sam HoustonOne of the few free African- Americans in Texas

12 Mary MaverickAlabama born Texas pioneer, attorney, wife, mother, activistKept detailed diaries of her experiences on the Texas frontier and later turned them in to memoirs

13 Jose Antonio Navarro1 of the 3 Mexican signers of the Texas Declaration of IndependenceOnly Hispanic delegate to the convention of 1845Texas State Senator

15 Plot of rebellion against the Republic of Texas - 1838Cordova RebellionPlot of rebellion against the Republic of Texas15

16 Cordova RebellionEast Texas group who was loyal to Mexico were not allowed to assemble or carry arms.Vicente Cordova & followers proclaimed they would not tolerate violations of their rights.Thomas Rusk ordered 150 men to proceed toward Cherokee territory to find the insurrectionists against Houston’s ordersRusk allied with Lamar – no members of Cordova’s group were arrested and went into hiding.16

18 This incident contributed to continued frontier violenceCouncil House FightThis incident contributed to continued frontier violence18

19 Council House FightComanche peace representatives arrived in San Antonio where Texans demanded release of white captives, and ordered Comanches out of Central Texas.Comanches returned with a few prisoners – Texans demanded the rest of the captives be releasedTexas soldiers entered the Council House where negotiations were going on and held the Chiefs hostage until prisoners were returned.19

20 Council House FightTexan soldiers killed most of the Comanches in the Council House courtyard20

21 Santa Fe Expedition1841 – Mirabeau Lamar’s attempt to divert trade from the Santa Fe Trail to Texas and to exert political control of the New Mexico settlements by having them join the Republic of Texas.21

22 Santa Fe ExpeditionCongress would not approve the idea so Lamar offered merchants protection of their goods.Essentially Lamar’s appointees supported Mexico and the whole expedition and trade route fell into Mexican handsLamar and other Texans accused Juan Seguin of being a spy for Mexico, causing him to flee Texas for Mexico.This renewed interest in Texas by the US and Mexico.22

23 Texas NavyLaunched in 1836 to protect lines between US & Texas with the purchase and commission of 4 vesselsThe Republic purchased 6 more ships that defended the Texas coast until a truce signed with Mexico in and then the US agreed to protect TexasBy 1837 all ships had been lost at sea, run aground, captured or sold to settle repair bills23

24 Public DebtRepublic of Texas inherited debt from the provisional and ad interim governments in the form of loans & claims for services and supplies.More than doubled during Houston’s first presidency, (1.2 million to 3.25 million) Lamar’s presidency added another 4.85 million. Through many attempts to lower debt at the time of annexation public debt had risen to 12 million and was absorbed by the US.24

25 Roles of Racial & Ethnic GroupsAnglos – Took the majority of the leadership roles during the Revolution & Republic EraIndians – Frontier wars – in conflict with Anglos over land. Most were expelled from Texas during Lamar’s Presidency25

26 Roles of Racial & Ethnic GroupsMexicans – Tejanos served in the Texas army and served as liaison between Mexicans and Anglos/ Mexicans fought against Texans and viewed them as traitors. Many Mexicans lost their land and left Texas because they no longer felt wanted.African-Americans – Slaves and/ or supporting Anglos in the Revolution - later buffalo soldiers26

28 Location of the CapitolIssuesLocation of the CapitolLack of RecognitionSlaveryDisputes between Houston & Lamar on location of capitol prevented focus on greater issues & incurred expenses for the change in capitolConstant battle for Texas administration which prevented the standing of Texas for financial issues, left Texas vulnerable for invasionBecame an issue for annexation, split the population.28

29 Issues Public Debt Unrest in the Army Conflicts with American IndiansTexas could not afford operating expenses, annexation could solve debt problems. Couldn’t collect tariffs on foreign goodsUnreliable protection due to furloughs and postponed salaries. Houston fired soldiers who wanted to fight MexicoSafety of citizens, expense for protection, added to unrest and vulnerability for invasion29

30 Border Disputes with MexicoIssuesOther IssuesU.S. President James K. Polk supported Texas annexationU.S. settlers wanted Texas fertile landAmerican merchants wanted Texas as a stop on their way to the ports of CaliforniaMassive public debt caused Texans to need financial support from the USFrontier wars and threat of invasion from Mexico presented the need for protection by the USBorder Disputes with MexicoSince Texas had problems with the Army, protection and invasion became an issue, annexation could provide military protection. No-man’s land (area between Nueces & Rio Grande since both countries claimed different borders30