Category:CS1 errors: dates

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Future dates in |date= in CS1|2 citations are limited to current year + 1; that is, for 2018, citation dates in 2019 are acceptable but citation dates in 2020 and beyond are not.

Dates prior to 1582 are treated as Julian calendar dates. Dates from 1582 onward are treated as Gregorian calendar dates, the Julian calendar was used in some places until approximately 1923. Three Julian calendar dates in the overlap period, 29 February in the years 1700, 1800, and 1900, will cause this error message because those years are not leap years in the Gregorian calendar.

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1.
Julian calendar
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The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict, the Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years, the difference in the average length of the year between Julian and Gregorian is 0. 002%. The Julian calendar has a year of 365 days divided into 12 months. A leap day is added to February every four years, the Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical year, as a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582, consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Egypt converted on 20 December 1874/1 January 1875, turkey switched on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918, Greece made the change for civil purposes on 16 February/1 March 1923 - the national day, which was a religious holiday, was to remain on the old calendar. Most Christian denominations in the west and areas evangelised by western churches have replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian as the basis for their liturgical calendars. However, most branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church still use the Julian calendar for calculating the date of Easter, some Orthodox churches have adopted the Revised Julian calendar for the observance of fixed feasts, while other Orthodox churches retain the Julian calendar for all purposes. The Julian calendar is used by the Berbers of the Maghreb in the form of the Berber calendar. In the form of the Alexandrian calendar, it is the basis for the Ethiopian calendar, during the changeover between calendars and for some time afterwards, dual dating was used in documents and gave the date according to both systems. In contemporary as well as texts that describe events during the period of change. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, in addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia. According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, the ideal intercalary cycle consisted of ordinary years of 355 days alternating with intercalary years, alternately 377 and 378 days long. In this system, the average Roman year would have had 366 1⁄4 days over four years, Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days

2.
Gregorian calendar
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The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years

3.
Afar people
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The Afar, also known as the Danakil, Adali and Odali, are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. They primarily live in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in northern Djibouti, Afars speak the Afar language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Afar society has traditionally been organized into independent kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan, among these were the Sultanate of Aussa, Sultanate of Girrifo, Sultanate of Dawe, Sultanate of Tadjourah, Sultanate of Rahaito, and Sultanate of Goobad. During its existence, Adal had relations and engaged in trade with other polities in Northeast Africa, the Afar Sultanate succeeded the earlier Imamate of Aussa. The latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Harari city-state. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily came to an end in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adams recorded ascension to the throne, the Sultanate was subsequently re-established by Kedafu around the year 1734, and was thereafter ruled by his Mudaito Dynasty. The primary symbol of the Sultan was a baton, which was considered to have magical properties. Following an unsuccessful rebellion led by the Afar Sultan, Alimirah Hanfare, Sultan Hanfadhe was shortly afterwards exiled to Saudi Arabia. Ethiopias then-ruling communist Derg regime later established the Autonomous Region of Assab, in Djibouti, a similar movement simmered throughout the 1980s, eventually culminating in the Afar Insurgency in 1991. After the fall of the Derg that same year, Sultan Hanfadhe returned from exile, in March 1993, the Afar Revolutionary Democratic Front was established. A political party, it aims to protect Afar interests, as of 2012, the ARDUF is part of the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces coalition opposition party. The Afar principally reside in the Danakil Desert in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, as well as in Eritrea and they number 1,276,867 people in Ethiopia, of whom 105,551 are urban inhabitants, according to the most recent census. The Afar make up over a third of the population of Djibouti, Afars speak the Afar language as a mother tongue. It is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, the Afar language is spoken by ethnic Afars in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, as well as in southern Eritrea and northern Djibouti. However, since the Afar are traditionally nomadic herders, Afar speakers may be found further afield, together, with the Saho language Afar constitutes the Saho–Afar dialect cluster. They have an association with Islam through the various local Muslim polities. The Afar are traditionally pastoralists, raising goats, sheep, in addition, the Afar are reputed for their martial prowess. Men traditionally sport the jile, a curved knife

4.
Congo Pygmies
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Most Pygmy communities are partially hunter-gatherers, living partially but not exclusively on the wild products of their environment. They trade with neighbouring farmers to acquire cultivated foods and other material items and it is estimated that there are between 250,000 and 600,000 Pygmies living in the Congo rainforest. However, although Pygmies are thought of as forest people, the groups called Twa may live in swamp or desert. In Greek mythology the word describes a tribe of dwarfs, first described by Homer, the term pygmy is sometimes considered pejorative. However, there is no term to replace it. Many so-called pygmies prefer instead to be referred to by the name of their various groups, or names for various interrelated groups such as the Aka, Baka, Mbuti. The term Bayaka, the form of the Aka/Yaka, is sometimes used in the Central African Republic to refer to all local Pygmies. Likewise, the Kongo word Bambenga is used in Congo, the Congo Pygmy groups were regarded as a sub-race of the Negroid race by European anthropologists in the late 19th through to the first half of the 20th century. The Congo Pygmy speak languages of the Niger–Congo and Central Sudanic language families, there has been significant intermixing between the Bantu and Pygmies. The current racial or ethnic designation was conceived by European anthropologists to describe the various small-framed groups of the Congo rain forests that appeared to be related and this view has no archaeological support, and ambiguous support from genetics and linguistics. Some 30% of the Aka language is not Bantu, and a percentage of the Baka language is not Ubangian. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting and it has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Pygmy language. However, this type of vocabulary is subject to widespread borrowing among the Pygmies and neighboring peoples, genetically, the pygmies are extremely divergent from all other human populations, suggesting they have an ancient indigenous lineage. Their uniparental markers represent the most ancient divergent ones right after those found in Khoisan peoples. African pygmy populations possess high levels of diversity, recent advances in genetics shed some light on the origins of the various pygmy groups. Various theories have proposed to explain the short stature of pygmies. Evidence of heritability has been established which may have evolved as an adaptation to low light levels in rainforests. Music permeates daily life and there are songs for entertainment as well as specific events, polyphonic music is found among the Aka–Baka and the Mbuti, but not among the Gyele or the various groups of Twa

5.
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
–
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, was a Sufi Muslim scholar and reformer in British India, and the founder of the Barelvi movement. Raza Khan wrote on topics, including law, religion, philosophy. He was a writer, religious poet, Sufi mystic. Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvis father Naqi Ali Khan was the son of Raza Ali Khan, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Naqi Ali Khan, and Raza Ali Khan. Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi belonged to the Barech tribe of Pushtuns, the Barech formed a tribal grouping among the Rohilla Pushtuns of North India who founded the state of Rohilkhand. The ancestors of Ahmed Raza Khan migrated from Qandahar during the Mughal rule, Ahmad Raza Khan was born on 14 June 1856 in Mohallah Jasoli, Bareilly Sharif, British India. Khan used the appellation Abdul Mustafa prior to signing his name in correspondence, bareilvi Sunnis Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, by his writings and fatwas, defended Sufi practices and traditional Islam. His writings, work of his students and their organizations defended the peaceful-Sufi version of Islam, Ahmed Raza Khan is regarded as Imam-e-Ahl-e-Sunnat and Alahazrat. This movement was founded when Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India and it was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of Deobandi and Wahabi extremist movement. Today the movement is spread across the globe with a number of followers in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, United States. The movement now has followers over 200 million Muslims, many religious schools, organizations and research institutions have been established that work on the teachings of Ahmed Raza Khan. The movement of Ahmed Raza Khan emphasizes primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices, since partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, has addressed leading political issues for Muslims. The movement was largely a phenomenon when begun, but currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis. Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several books on topics in Arabic, Persian and Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razaviyya. Several of his books have been translated in other European and South Asian languages, classification of 549 recovered books written by Ahmed Raza Khan, His main works include, Kanzul Iman is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Quran by the Imam of Sunni Muslims Ahmad Raza Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam and is considered widely read version of translation in the Subcontinent and it has been subsequently translated into other European and South Asian languages including English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati and Pashto. In defense of his verdict Imam Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from 268 traditional Sunni scholars in the South Asia, the treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi languages. Fatawa-e-Razvia or Fatawa-e-Radaviyyah is the fatwa book of his movement

6.
Ahn Cheol-soo
–
He was previously co-chairman of the NPAD from March to July 2014. He ran as a candidate for the election in 2012. He then supported Moon Jae-in, the candidate of Democratic United Party and he is the major candidate for the presidential election in 2017, represent the Peoples Party. Ahn founded AhnLab, Inc. an antivirus software company, in 1995 and he was chairman of the board and Chief Learning Officer of AhnLab until September 2012, and remains the companys largest stakeholder. He also served as dean of the Graduate School of Convergence Science, Ahn was born on February 26,1962, in Miryang, South Korea, while his father was on military service there, he subsequently moved with his family to Busan, where he grew up. Growing up, Ahn was known to have loved to read books and he received his Doctor of Medicine, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in physiology from Seoul National University between 1980 and 1991. He became the youngest chief of professors at Dankook University medical college at 27 years of age, Ahn researched computer antivirus software programs as a graduate student to his later years as a medical doctor, working as a doctor in the day and researching computer vaccines at night. His research eventually led to the creation of the V3 antivirus software and he resigned as CEO in 2005 and served as chairman of the board until 2012. Ahn revealed that John McAfee once suggested it would acquire AhnLab for $10,000,000 and he mentioned patriotic reasons about the decision saying that selling AhnLab might allow a foreign firm to dominate the Korean market. Ahn became a director of POSCO in 2005, and from 2010 to 2011 was chairman of the company. Ahn was awarded a degree in engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1997. He then became a professor at KAIST in 2008, and later in the beginning of 2011 became the Dean of the Graduate School of Convergence Science, in early September 2011, speculation spread that Ahn would enter politics by competing in the October 26 Seoul mayoral by-election. At this time, Ahns support base was compared to that of Roh Moo-hyun in 2002, Ahn did not ultimately run in the Seoul contest, however. He alluded to standing as a candidate in his 2012 book Thoughts of Ahn Cheol-Soo. On September 19,2012 at 3 p. m. Korea Standard Time, Ahn held a press conference and this announcement came after months of speculation on whether or not Ahn was going to run for the presidency. The South Korean presidential election was to be held on December 19,2012, Ahn at one point showed to be polling stronger than Moon Jae-in, with a few polls showing he could win against Park Geun-hye, the candidate who would go on to win the election. On November 23,2012 at 8,20 p. m. KST, Ahn announced that he would out of the race, endorsing Moon Jae-in. On March 11,2013, Ahn announced that he would run for a seat in the National Assembly of South Korea as an independent candidate in the by-election in the district of Seoul Nowon C and he won the election on April 24, entering his first elected office

7.
Aizoaceae
–
Aizoaceae or Ficoidaceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1900 species. They are commonly known as stone plants, carpet weeds or vygies, species that resemble stones or pebbles are sometimes called mesembs. Several species are known as ice plants because of the glistening globular bladder cells covering their stems, fruit, the family is widely recognised by taxonomists, although once it went by the botanical name Ficoideae, now disallowed. The APG II system of 2003 also recognises the family, the APG II system also classes the former families Mesembryanthemaceae Fenzl, Sesuviaceae Horan. and Tetragoniaceae Link under the family Aizoaceae. Most species in this family are endemic to arid or semiarid parts of southern Africa, but a few are from Australia, most of these species are succulents and belong to the subfamilies Mesembryanthemoideae and Ruschioideae and are loosely termed mesems or mesembs. Most fig-marigolds are herbaceous, rarely somewhat woody, with stems growing erect or prostrate. Leaves are simple, opposite or alternate, and more or less succulent with entire margins, Flowers are perfect in most species, actinomorphic, and appear singularly or in few-flowered cymes developing from the leaf axils. Sepals are typically five and more or less connate below, however, some species have numerous linear petals derived from staminodes. The fruit is a capsule one to numerous seeds per cell. A few species have been introduced and become invasive. They are called ice plant because they have bladder-like hairs on the surface that reflect and refract light in a manner to make it appear that they sparkle like ice crystals. Several Aizoaceae are edible, including, Carpobrotus edulis and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum have edible leaves, a species known as New Zealand spinach is grown as a garden plant in somewhat dry climates and used as an alternative to spinach in upscale salads. Carpobrotus edulis was introduced to California to stabilize soil along railroad tracks, ice plant thrives in southern California. People surround their property with it believing it will act as a firewall to protect against wildfires, ice plant contains so much water, it does not burn if carefully maintained. Aizoanthemum Dinter ex Friedrich Aizoon L. Galenia L. Gunniopsis Pax Plinthus Fenzl Tetragonia L. Cypselea Turpin Sesuvium L. Trianthema L. Tribulocarpus S. Moore Zaleya Burm. f, corbichonia Gisekia Herreanthus Limeum Ophthalmophyllum Saphesia Bittrich V. H. E. K. Hartmann. Cornelia Klak, Angeline Khunou, Gail Reeves, Terry Hedderson, a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae based on four plastid DNA regions. Aizoaceae in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz, the families of flowering plants NCBI Taxonomy Browser P. Chesselet. Interactive Mesembs2 Plants of southern Africa, SANBI Aizoaceae of South Africa Family Aizoaceae Flowers in Israel

8.
Al-Nusra Front
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The group announced its formation on 23 January 2012. The United States has designated Jabhat al-Nusra as a foreign terrorist organization, followed by the United Nations Security Council and it was the official Syrian branch of al-Qaeda until July 2016, when it ostensibly split. In early 2015, the group one of the major components of the powerful jihadist joint operations room named the Army of Conquest. It also operates in neighbouring Lebanon, in November 2012, The Washington Post described al-Nusra as the most successful arm of the rebel forces. In early 2015, there were reports that Qatar and other Gulf states were trying to get al-Nusra to split away from al-Qaeda, after which they would support al-Nusra with money. Western observers and a Syrian observer considered such a split unlikely, other Syrian observers considered such a split conceivable or imminent. With members of al-Qaeda still enmeshed throughout the leadership, it can be considered that Al-Qaeda is not external to the group. After the announcement, numerous senior al-Qaeda members still within the group have been targeted by the US in airstrikes, the groups leader Abu Mohammad al-Julani, in his first recorded video message, stated its new name would be Jabhat Fateh al-Sham. On 28 January 2017, following violent clashes with Ahrar al-Sham and other rebel groups, the al-Nusra Front is primarily made up of Syrian jihadists. In early 2014, Sami al-Oraydi, a top official in the group. On 10 June 2015, al-Nusra fighters shot dead at least 20 Druze civilians in a village one of them. Al-Nusras leadership issued an apology and claimed that the killings had been carried out against the groups guidelines, analysts have noted this could give the al-Nusra Front a greater long-term advantage. While it has the aim of establishing sharia and a caliphate. They particularly criticised ISILs enthusiasm for such as executing gay people, chopping limbs off. However, Al-Qaeda agrees that hudud punishments should be implemented in the long term, the main criticism of defectors from ISIL is that the group is killing and fighting other Sunni Muslims, and that they are unhappy that other Sunnis like Jabhat al-Nusra are being attacked by ISIL. A video called The Heirs of Glory was issued by al-Nusra, the video glorified the September 11 attacks and the Islamists Sayyid Qutb and Abdullah Azzam. Its magazine, Al Risalah, was first issued in July 2015, Al-Qaeda leader al-Zawahiri urged ISIL fighters to unite with all other jihadists against their enemies and stop the infighting. The Nusra Front praised the November 2015 Paris attacks, saying even though they view ISIL as dogs of hellfire

9.
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
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The al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen refers to the armed conflict between the Yemeni government with United States assistance, and al-Qaeda-affiliated cells. The strife is often categorized as a sub-conflict in the greater Global War on Terror, government crackdown against al-Qaeda cells began in 2001, and reached an escalation point on January 14,2010, when Yemen declared open war on al-Qaeda. In addition to battling al Qaeda across several provinces, Yemen is also contending with Shia insurgency in the north and militant separatists in the south. Fighting with al-Qaeda escalated during the course of the 2011 Yemeni revolution, with Jihadists seizing most of the Abyan Governorate, a second wave of violence occurred throughout early 2012, with militants claiming territory across the southwest amid heavy combat with government forces. In May 2013, attackers blew up Yemens main oil pipeline, on 18 March 2015, the conflict escalated into a full-scale civil war. Yemen has come under pressure to act against al-Qaeda, since attacks on its two allies, Saudi Arabia and the United States, by militants coming from Yemeni soil. Previous attacks linked to al-Qaeda in Yemen include the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole, the 2008 American Embassy attack, in Yemen they operate as part of a counter-terrorism training unit and assisting in missions to kill or capture AQAP leaders. Specifically, they were hunting down for the planners of the Cargo planes bomb plot, the SAS was also liaising with local commandos and provided protection to embassy personnel. December 17,2009, Yemeni ground forces carried out raids in Sanaa, Arhab, according to ABC News, American cruise missiles were also part of the raids. The U. S. denied they were involved in the strikes, December 24, U. S. drones or missiles struck an al-Qaeda meeting in Shabwa, killing some 30 individuals. One target of the strike was Anwar al-Awlaki, January 4,2010, Yemeni security forces killed two alleged militants a day earlier north of the capital. January 6, Yemeni forces arrested three suspected militants who were wounded in a raid, that was carried out by security forces. January 13, Yemeni army launches Operation Blow to the Head in Sadah city, January 14, A Yemen army air strike has killed at least six suspected al-Qaeda fighters in the north of the country, a Yemeni security official said. January 17, A radical Islamist Somali group claimed it was exchanging some of its fighters with those in Yemen, Yemeni militants are reportedly also sending fighters in return. This exchange in fighters shows the links it has with the country of Yemen. January 20, The Yemeni air force bombed the home of a suspected al-Qaeda leader, Ayed al-Shabwani, who the military had claimed was dead a week before this bombing. January 21, In order to halt terrorist infiltration, Yemen decided to issue visas through embassies. February 8, al-Qaeda leader Said Ali al-Shihri released an audio message calling for jihad in the Arabian Peninsula

10.
Alameda High School
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Alameda High School is a public coeducational high school serving grades 9-12. It is located in Alameda, California, United States, and is part of the Alameda Unified School District. It was at the Alameda Board of Education meeting held on March 6,1874, on April 17,1874, C. Y. Johns was elected the first principal. Classes began with 52 students, in July 1874, in a room over a drugstore on Park Street known as Boehmers Hall. The building still exists today as the China House restaurant, a new building was already being built on a site on Santa Clara at Chestnut, and was completed and occupied in 1875. The high school shared space with the Grammar Department in what known as Haight School. The site is occupied by this school today. The class of 1878, totalling nine students, was the first to graduate from Alameda High School and it wasnt long before the number of students enrolled in the high school outgrew the space available at Haight. Temporary quarters were located at the Porter school, located on Alameda Avenue, a campaign was started for a new separate high school building. With the help of the school student body, a bond was passed in the city for the new school. The cornerstone was laid in 1902 on the new site at Central, the building was dedicated in 1903 and occupied in time for the December 1903 term. Continued growth in enrollment required a larger campus. In 1925 a new issue was voted on. The new school, dedicated in 1926, comprised three connected buildings, including the original 1903 structure which was refurbished to blend with the style of the other two. By 1955, the old building had outlived its usefulness and was replaced with what became known as the new building by subsequent students until 1977, original plans involved tearing down the 1926 buildings and replacing them with a sports complex, and only keeping the new building of 1955. A dedicated group of alumni and citizens saved the buildings. The newest building was first occupied in 1978 and included the site of the former Porter school, the west wing now houses Language and Fine Arts, as well as the Frederick L. Chacon Little Theater. The school was made an Alameda Historical Monument in 1976 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the school has received National Blue Ribbon recognition and California Distinguished School and Digital High School awards

11.
Alamo River
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The Alamo River flows west and north from the Mexicali Valley across the Imperial Valley. The 52-mile-long river drains into the Salton Sea, the resulting flood poured down the canal and breached an Imperial Valley dike. The Alamo and New Rivers continued to flow, but at a lesser rate, the river was named after the Spanish name for the Fremont cottonwood that grows in the region. In most places, the river is a ravine with a small watercourse at the bottom. Lake Cahuilla Salton Sea Tributaries of the Salton Sea

12.
Alasdair MacIntyre
–
Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre is a Scottish philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy but also known for his work in history of philosophy and theology. During his lengthy career, he also taught at Brandeis University, Duke University, Vanderbilt University. MacIntyres After Virtue is widely recognised as one of the most important works of Anglophone moral and political philosophy in the 20th century, MacIntyre was born on 12 January 1929 in Glasgow, to John and Emily MacIntyre. He was educated at Queen Mary, University of London, and has a Master of Arts from the University of Manchester and he began his teaching career in 1951 at Manchester University. He taught at the University of Leeds, the University of Essex, MacIntyre has been something of an intellectual nomad, having taught at many universities in the US. He has also been a professor at Princeton University, and is a former president of the American Philosophical Association. In 2010, he was awarded the Aquinas Medal by the American Catholic Philosophical Association, from 2000 he was the Rev. John A. OBrien Senior Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana USA. He is also Professor Emerit and Emeritus at Duke University, since his retirement from active teaching in 2010, he remains the Senior Distinguished Research Fellow of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture, where he retains an office. He continues to make presentations, including an annual keynote as part of the Center for Ethics. He has been married 3 times, from 1953 to 1963 he was married to Ann Peri, with whom he had two daughters. From 1963 to 1977 he was married to Susan Willans, with whom he had a son, since 1977 he has been married to philosopher Lynn Joy, who is also on the Philosophy faculty at Notre Dame. MacIntyres approach to moral philosophy has a number of strains that inform it. This peculiarly modern understanding largely concerns MacIntyres approach to moral disputes. e, notions whose value can not be reduced to a common measure. This Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, he proposes, presents the best theory so far, probably his most widely read work, After Virtue was written when MacIntyre was already in his fifties. Specifically, MacIntyre argues that rival and largely incompatible conceptions of justice are the outcome of rival and these competing forms of practical rationality and their attendant ideas of justice are in turn the result of socially embodied traditions of rational inquiry. As MacIntyre puts it, It is most often to others that we owe our survival and his approach seeks to demonstrate that good judgment emanates from good character. Being a good person is not about seeking to follow formal rules, in elaborating this approach, MacIntyre understands himself to be reworking the Aristotelian idea of an ethical teleology. Before its recent resurgence, virtue ethics in European/American academia had been associated with pre-modern philosophers

13.
Albany Law School
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Albany Law School is a private, independent, American Bar Association-accredited law school founded in 1851 in Albany, New York making it the oldest law school in New York. It has an agreement with University at Albany that includes shared programs. The school is located near New Yorks highest court, federal courts, the executive branch, Albany Law School is the oldest independent law school in the United States. It was founded in 1851 by Amos Dean, Amasa J. Parker, Ira Harris, each member institution has its own governing board, is fiscally independent, and is responsible for its own programs. Albany Law School has a close relationship with the New York Court of Appeals. One of the members of the court, Greene C. Bronson, helped to found the law school, since that time, Albany Law School alumni have been members of the court nine times with two serving as Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. In addition, the hosts the Fund for Modern Courts Hugh R. Jones Memorial Lecture. The law school inducted its first permanent female President & Dean, Penelope Andrews, on July 1,2015, Alicia Ouellette became President & Dean. Albany Law is the law school located within 90 miles of New Yorks Capital District. Albany Law School offers 14 concentrations for J. D. candidates, as well as an L. L. M program, in addition, under the auspices of its Law Clinic and Justice Center, Albany Law School operates several public interest clinics. Albany Law School is ranked 109th in U. S. News, Albany Law School was named first in the country for preparing students for careers in government in the Winter 2016 preLaw magazine. Albany law was named 6th in the country for prosecution and public defense in the Winter 2016 preLaw magazine, Albany Law School is top 50 in the country, and 5th in N. Y. state, for job placement rates. Albany Law School offers courses and concentrations for the degree programs, J. D. Three-year program, J. D. Two-year accelerated program. In 1875, Albany Law published the nations first student-edited legal periodical, the Albany Law School Journal, which existed for only one academic year before being discontinued. It is one of only twelve law schools in the United States to have graduated two or more justices of the United States Supreme Court, Robert H. Jackson and David Josiah Brewer. On February 1,2012, it was named as a defendant in an action alleging fraudulent misrepresentation of its published employment statistics relating to past graduates. The case was dismissed in January 2013, according to Albany Law Schools 2015 ABA-required disclosures,65. 6% of the Class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment ten months after graduation

14.
Alberta Investment Management Corporation
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Alberta Investment Management Corporation is one of Canadas largest and most diversified institutional investment fund managers, with an investment portfolio of approximately $90 billion. Headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta, AIMCo manages the assets of 31 clients, legislation creating AIMCo was passed by the Alberta legislature on March 20,2007, and AIMCo became a crown corporation on January 1,2008. Prior to becoming a Crown corporation in 2008, the assets were managed by a division of Alberta Finance. At March 31,2009 assets under its administration totaled approximately $69.0 billion at market value, in its 2009 Annual Report AIMCo published its total fund return was -10. 1% for the year ending March 31,2009. In 2015 AIMCo earned a 9. 1% total fund net return on behalf of its clients, by 2015 AIMCo was managing 4 endowment funds,7 pension plans,9 government funds,8 specialty funds, and 2 other balanced funds. AIMCo is one of several pooled investment portfolios in Canada that allow for client-controlled asset allocation for multiple public-sector pension plans, through pooled asset management, these entities achieve sufficient scale to produce significant cost savings through internal investment management and access to alternative asset classes. Through funds like these Canada is emerging as a leader in successfully adapting the advantages of large funds to the public sector. These are arm’s-length investment management entities with sufficient scale, independent boards and internal investment management, AIMCo’s focuses its investments across three broad categories, Equities, Illiquid Investments, and Fixed Income all employing varying strategies. Equity holdings, which both public and private equity, total to 43% of AUM. The public equity portfolio maintains exposure to a set of common style factors, as well as stock selection. By investing with both private funds and co-venture deals, AIMCo private equity focuses on business that generate stable free cash flow and are operated by strong management teams, Illiquid Investments, which constitute 22% of AUM, include long-term holdings in Real Estate, Infrastructure and Timberland. The long term Real Estate assets are the core strategy direct investments in office, retail, industrial, AIMCo’s Infrastructure investments match long duration real return asset characteristics with inflation indexed-pension liabilities. The Timberland assets are held to provide inflation hedging and a long-term duration match with client obligations, the Fixed Income portfolios are managed with the objective of capital preservation, liquidity, and risk-controlled return relative to benchmark. These asset classes make up 35% of AIMCo’s AUM, AIMCo seeks to maximize risk-adjusted returns by integrating environmental, social and governance ) factors into investment analysis across all asset classes. Votes are guided through AIMCo’s Proxy Voting Guidelines, and take into account unique circumstances, engagements are identified through ESG focus areas approved by AIMCo’s Responsible Investment Committee. Being a signatory to the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment, the Responsible Investment Association, disclosing its Responsible Investment policies, guiding documents, activities and proxy voting record on its website. Acquired in 2011, this Chilean toll road was sold for ~$1.5 CAD billion in 2015 to Abertis Infraestructuras SA and this investment was the first AIMCo-only led private investment in the organization’s history. The active management and eventual monetization of this asset captured significant value add as it saw a return on investment

15.
Alberto Frison
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Alberto Frison is an Italian footballer who plays for Lega Pro club Racing Roma, as a goalkeeper. Frison started his career at Veneto side Treviso. He played for Trevisos youth set-up from 2000 to 2007 and was part of the Primavera under-20 team since the 2005–06 season, Frison was primary deployed as the first choice goalkeeper for the Primavera squad, before being promoted to the first team in 2006. He was awarded the number 12 jersey in the first team, Frison officially graduated from the youth team in June 2007, and was loaned to Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Manfredonia in July 2007. With the Lega Pro Prima Divisione club, Frison was the first choice goalkeeper, ahead of Giacomo Bindi and his performances at the club were not enough to avoid relegation as Manfredonia finished last in Group A and were relegated to the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as a result. On 30 June 2008, Frison returned to Treviso, and ahead of the 2008–09 Serie B season, Frison officially joined Vicenza on the deadline day of the 2008 summer transfer window. At Vicenza, he was awarded the number 1 jersey, and he worked as understudy to veteran goalkeeper, Marco Fortin, in June 2009 Vicenza bought Frison outright from Treviso for an additional €5,000. Treviso went bankrupted in summer 2009, during the 2009–10 Serie B campaign, Frison continued as the clubs second choice goalkeeper behind Fortin and ahead of Cristian Cicioni and José Rocchi. On 18 January 2010, Serie A side Genoa signed Frison on a loan deal from Vicenza. In return, Danilo Russo moved to Vicenza in a co-ownership agreement, once at Genoa, Frison was given the number 1 jersey, and served as the third choice goalkeeper behind Marco Amelia and Alessio Scarpi. Despite making no Serie A appearances for the Ligurian club, Frison played a match for Genoa at the end of season. Frison returned to Vicenza on 30 June 2010, ahead of the 2010–11 Serie B season, upon his return to the club, Frison became a regular at the biancorossi, making 12 league starts for the club in this first half of the new season. On 19 January 2011, however, he was loaned out to Frosinone, on 31 January 2011, Pierluigi Frattali transferred from Frosinone to Vicenza, in exchange. During his loan spell with Frosinone, Frison became the first choice keeper, on 30 June 2011, Frison returned to Vicenza following the expiration of the loan deal. Following his return to Vicenza, Frison took the number 88 jersey, in January 2012, Frison was strongly linked with a move to several clubs. Frison remained at Vicenza, but was unable to prevent the eventual relegation to the Lega Pro Prima Divisione following the play-off loss on aggregate to Empoli. On 6 July 2012, Frison transferred to Catania in an agreement on a five-year contract. The total cost of the transfer was €650,000, though fullback Raffaele Imparato transferred to Vicenza as part-exchange for free, since his arrival at the Sicilian club, Frison has served as a backup to Andújar, and has made three appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia

16.
Albright special
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The Albright special or Albright knot is a knot used in angling. It is a knot used to tie two different diameters of line together, for instance to tie monofilament to braid. The Albright is relatively smooth and passes through guides when required, some anglers coat the knot with a rubber based cement to make it even smoother and more secure. When tying, it is important to wind the loops neatly around the loop of larger line, List of bend knots List of knots Animated Albright knot video and Step by Step Procedure Video instructions on how to tie an Albright knot Grog

17.
Ale-8-One
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Ale-8-One, known colloquially as Ale-8, is a regional ginger and citrus flavored soft drink, distributed primarily to brick and mortar retailers in Kentucky. It is bottled by the Ale-8-One Bottling Company, an enterprise in the small town of Winchester, Kentucky, near Lexington. Ale-8 could be described as a pop with a kick. It is a ginger and citrus blend, containing less carbonation, the formula for Ale-8-One was developed by soda bottler G. L. Wainscott in the 1920s. According to text on the back of some Ale-8 bottles, Wainscott was an old man, however. Wainscott, who had been in the business in Winchester, Kentucky since 1902, had developed Roxa-Kola, his previous flagship product. In creating the formula for Ale-8-One, Wainscott drew upon his knowledge of ginger-based recipes acquired during extensive travels in northern Europe, Wainscott began bottling his new creation in 1926. To choose a name for the drink, he sponsored one of the first name-the-product contests in the United States, the Ale-8-One logo is a pun of the phrase suggesting that his product was the latest thing in soft drinks. In 1935, Wainscott purchased a livery stable in Winchester and converted it to a factory to expand his operation. Upon Wainscotts death in 1944, half of his stock went to his wife. When his wife died in 1954, her stock was left to her brother, Frank A. Rogers, Sr. Rogers bought the company stock in 1962. He named his son, Frank Rogers, Jr. manager of the new company, the company grew rapidly, and the younger Rogers was elevated to president. The Ale-8-One Bottling Company constructed a new plant in Winchester in 1965 and it ceased production of Roxa-Kola in 1968, and by 1974, had halted production of all its other drinks to focus on Ale-8-One when Frank A. Rogers III joined the management team. The facility has expanded several times, including the addition of a warehouse in 1976, a syrup room in 1981. The company remains under the control of the Rogers family, the current president is Wainscotts great, great-nephew, Fielding A. Rogers. The recipe for Ale-8 is a closely guarded family secret, reportedly, only two executives—former company president Frank A. Rogers, III and his oldest son, Fielding Rogers, the current president—know the exact composition. Each 12-fluid ounce serving contains 37 mg of caffeine and 30 g of sugars, the company readily admits that natural ginger is included among Ale-8s flavorings. A trace of citrus can also be discerned, in 2003, the company announced limited distribution of Diet Ale-8, its first new product since the introduction of the original Ale-8 in 1926

18.
Alexa Internet
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Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign

19.
Alexander Ezer
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Alexander Ezer was a leader of the Zionist movement in Siberia and a proponent of expanding commerce, tourism and industry in both the pre-state Yishuv and the then-newly established State of Israel. Ezer was elected in 1931 to the 3rd Assembly of Representatives representing the Revisionist Party of Zeev Jabotinsky and he was the chief designer of the Middle East pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair and the organizer of the 1928 and 1934 Levant Industrial Fairs. He was the founder of Binyanei HaUma and organized its first international exhibition, Kibush Hashmama, Alexander Yevzerov, son of Miriam née Silifka and Manuel Yevzerov, was born in May 10,1894 in Pryluky, Russia. In 1913-1915 he attended the Psychoneurological Institute in Saint Petersburg, in 1915 he transferred to the University of Tomsk in Siberia to complete his law degree. In St. Petersburg he established a Zionist student organization called The Friend and was the editor of a magazine distributed to Jewish students throughout Russia. Then, while living in Siberia, the Russian Revolution broke out, the Bolshevik revolution and the oppression of Jews led Yevzerov to escaped from Siberia. He journeyed by trains, horses and seventeen days on a back through the Gobi Desert to reach Harbin, China in October,1920. He found a community of Jewish refugees in China. Alexander was also active in the underground rail-road to help Russian refugees in China get certificates to allow them to immigrate to the Land of Israel. On June 12,1921, together with 44 other members of the Siberian Zionist Organization, after 40 days at sea they arrived at Port Said, Egypt and then took another ship to Jaffa, Palestine. In Jaffa Alexander joined the Siberian Group of new immigrants that set to pave the new road between Haifa and Geda and then built British constructions in Jenin. Laborers at that group remember Alexander as the guy who after a long working day would march around the encampment reciting Russian poetry while others were entirely worn out trying to rest. When Alexander fell ill with Malaria, he was sent to the hospital in Tel Aviv and fell in love with the nurse, Alexander and Rebecca had two children, Manuela Fuller and Gabriel Ezer,6 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren. In 1973, Alexander died after a battle with cancer. Alexander and Rebecca are buried in Israels Har HaMenuchot Cemetery in Givat Shaul, Alexander developed a vision of making Israel an industrial powerhouse. He began to organize local industrial exhibitions in 1923 and 1924, which later were expanded into an international Fairs, the symbol of the fairs was the flying camel, envisioned by Ezer and designed by the architect Arie Elchanani. These fairs grew rapidly, in the Levant Fair of 1934,820 international companies were represented and 600,000 people from around the world came to see the public exhibitions, at the time, Tel Aviv was only populated by about 35,000 people. To accommodate the fair, Alexander and Meir Dizengoff established the company Mischar Ve Taasia and they also published a bi-weekly magazine, Mischar Ve Taasia, starting in 1925, with Ezer serving as its editor

20.
Alexander King Sample
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Alexander King Sample is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He is the eleventh and current Archbishop of Portland, Oregon, having served previously as the twelfth Bishop of Marquette, Alexander King Sample was born in Kalispell, Montana, to Alexander and Joyce Sample, his father was of Scottish heritage and his mother Polish. He graduated from Bishop Gorman High School in Las Vegas, Nevada and he attended Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1982 and a Master of Science degree in metallurgical engineering in 1984. He graduated in 1986 from the College of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota, Sample was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Marquette by Bishop Mark Schmitt on June 1,1990. In 1994, he was sent to further his studies in Rome at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, upon his return to the Diocese of Marquette in 1996, Sample was named chancellor and pastor of St. Christopher Parish. He also served as a member of the College of Consultors, director of Ministry Personnel Services and of Ongoing Formation of Priests, within the Marriage Tribunal, he served as judge, adjutant judicial vicar, defender of the bond, and promoter of justice. He was also director of the Bishop Baraga Association and vice-postulator of the cause of beatification for Bishop Frederic Baraga, on December 13,2005, Sample was appointed the twelfth Bishop of Marquette by Pope Benedict XVI. He received his consecration on January 25,2006, from Cardinal Adam Maida, with bishops James Garland. At the time of his consecration, Sample was the youngest Catholic bishop in the United States and he selected as his episcopal motto, Vultum Christi Contemplari, meaning To Contemplate the Face of Christ. On October 7,2007, at the invitation of Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke, Sample attended the Red Mass at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, delivering the homily. He added, It saddens me beyond words that the university named after Our Lady would bestow distinction. In July 2012, Sample ordained five seminarians to the diaconate, among these new subdeacons are five from the United States for the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest. Sample has stressed that permanent deacons should not regularly preach at Mass, rather they should preach at other services and serve the Church in the course of their daily witness to Christ. Deacons should preach the homily at Mass “for some identifiable advantage for the faithful in the congregation, on January 29,2013, Sample was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI to be the new Archbishop of Portland in Oregon, to succeed the retiring archbishop, John George Vlazny. He was installed on April 2,2013, at the Chiles Center Arena on the campus of the University of Portland

21.
Alexandra Brown
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Alexandra Brown is a British author and columnist. Formerly the City Girl columnist for The London Paper, she signed a deal with HarperCollins publishers to write the Carrington’s series of novels. In 2014 she signed a second deal with HarperCollins to write the Tindledale series. Alexandra was born in Brighton and ran away to London when she was 16, after leaving the corporate world she won a competition to write the weekly City Girl column for The London Paper. She got her first book deal after meeting a HarperCollins editor at a Romantic Novelists Association party, in 2014, HarperCollins signed her to write a further series of three books set in the fictional village of Tindledale. Brown lives in a village near Brighton on the South Coast of England with her husband. Brown says she is superstitious and needs to light a candle before she sits down to write

22.
Alexandra Lamy
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Alexandra Lamy is a French actress. Lamy started dating her Un gars, une fille costar Jean Dujardin in 2003 and they married in 2009, and divorced in November 2013. She was previous in a relationship with actor Thomas Jouannet from 1995 to 2003, with whom she had a daughter, Chloé and her sister, Audrey Lamy, is also an actress and currently stars in the French sitcom Scènes de ménage. From 1999–2003, she starred in Un gars, une fille, Thomas Jouannet Alexandra Lamy at the Internet Movie Database

23.
Alexandre Le Roy
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Alexandre-Louis-Victor-Aimé Le Roy, C. S. Sp. was a French-born archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church, and the Superior General of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost. He served as Vicar Apostolic of Gabon from 1892 until 1896 and he was later consecrated Titular Archbishop of Caria in 1921. Alexandre Le Roy was born on 19 January 1854 in Saint-Senier-de-Beuvron, France, Le Roy received a secondary education at the Abbaye Blanche in Mortain. He went on to study philosophy at the Seminary of the Diocese of Coutances, on 10 August 1876, at the age of 22, he was ordained a priest of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit. After his ordination, he worked as an educator in the Collège Saint-Denis in Réunion and he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Gabon on 3 July 1892, with a titular bishopric, on 9 October 1892 he was consecrated as apostolic vicar, which he held until 24 May 1896. On 24 May 1896 he was appointed Superior General of his order and he was granted a titular archbishopric on 13 May 1921. He retired as general on 18 June 1926, and died on 21 April 1938 at the age of 84. The Collège Saint-Alexandre in Gatineau, Canada, was named in honor of Archbishop Le Roy and it was Le Roy who sent Father Amet Limbour to Canada, with a mission to found a school of agriculture for French emigrants to Quebec. The following blazon for Archbishop Le Roys coat of arms is taken from Armorial des prélats français du XIXe siècle, E. dargent, à la bordure du tout de sable chargée de 14 coquilles dargent. Motto, O Oriens veni et illumina

24.
Alexandria
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Alexandria is the second largest city and a major economic centre in Egypt, extending about 32 km along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. Its low elevation on the Nile delta makes it vulnerable to rising sea levels. Alexandria is Egypts largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypts imports and exports and it is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Alexandria is also an important tourist destination, Alexandria was founded around a small Ancient Egyptian town c.331 BC by Alexander the Great. Alexandria was the second most powerful city of the ancient world after Rome, Alexandria is believed to have been founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC as Ἀλεξάνδρεια. Alexanders chief architect for the project was Dinocrates, Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile valley. The city and its museum attracted many of the greatest scholars, including Greeks, Jews, the city was later plundered and lost its significance. Just east of Alexandria, there was in ancient times marshland, as early as the 7th century BC, there existed important port cities of Canopus and Heracleion. The latter was rediscovered under water. An Egyptian city, Rhakotis, already existed on the shore also and it continued to exist as the Egyptian quarter of the city. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt and never returned to his city, after Alexanders departure, his viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the expansion. Although Cleomenes was mainly in charge of overseeing Alexandrias continuous development, the Heptastadion, inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the center of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage. In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and and it became Egypts main Greek city, with Greek people from diverse backgrounds. Alexandria was not only a center of Hellenism, but was home to the largest urban Jewish community in the world. The Septuagint, a Greek version of the Tanakh, was produced there, in AD115, large parts of Alexandria were destroyed during the Kitos War, which gave Hadrian and his architect, Decriannus, an opportunity to rebuild it. On 21 July 365, Alexandria was devastated by a tsunami, the Islamic prophet, Muhammads first interaction with the people of Egypt occurred in 628, during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha. He sent Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh with a letter to the king of Egypt and Alexandria called Muqawqis In the letter Muhammad said, I invite you to accept Islam, Allah the sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, you bear the burden of the transgression of all the Copts

25.
Alexis Marcou
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Alexis Marcou /ɑːˈlɛksɪs ˈmɛərkuː/ is a visual artist and illustrator known for his commercial and self initiated work. His best known works have been for Nike, Cisco, BMW and his digital design methods and practices have led to Marcou having multiple interviews with Adobe and he has appeared in a number of their magazines. As an artist, he has also known for the design of many notable music artworks. Marcou was born in Greece and was raised in Larissa and he went on to be educated in Britain, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts in Photomedia and Design Communication in 2006 at the Plymouth College of Art. In 2007 he started doing work and since has been steadily working as a commercial visual artist. After his studies in 2006 he began to merge his drawing with the use of digital software, a notable example of this style is the Panda series of images that he created in 2008 and which were sold as limited edition prints. In 2009, Marcou designed the cover for the Mau bands album. After completing a small initiated project called Cocaine, Marcou was approached by Nike in 2010 and this resulted in Marcou designing an illustration for the company. The project focused on the recreation of the Just Do It slogan, during the same period, Marcou worked on a total of 3 separate projects for Designers Against Child Slavery. The non-profit went on to host a number of art exhibitions in the United States and this included two major exhibitions in New York City and Columbia, South Carolina. His non-profit work continued into 2011, when he did work for Pencils of Promise, Marcou worked on a self-commissioned piece called Noire during 2011. The piece was included in the International Contemporary Masters Seven, during an interview Marcou stated, Noire is an illustration mainly created by hand. Photography was also used for its completion, numerous photos of crystals were taken and then digitally composed onto the original piece to create the cold crystal mode. After working for both Pencils of Promise and Designers Against Child Slavery, he was commissioned by Hewlett Packard to design a number of illustrations, the illustrations were used as the companies official desktop backgrounds in 2012. Later that year he was commissioned by Nike to create the Nike Lion for Galatasaray football club. The design was showcased as part of the Nike Graphic Studio Show in 2013, in late 2011, Marcou had his first major venture into clothing design. He worked alongside the Indian textile company, Crusoe, Marcou was commissioned through Slang Inc, to design for Foot Locker on behalf of Nike. The commissioned work was for wall graphics to be used in Foot Locker stores and was known as the House of Hoops