..4% of cases for optic disc location, and in 96.5% of cases for fovea location. The methods are sufficiently accurate to form an important and effective component of an automated image grading system for diabetic retinopathy screening...

..The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.911 for detecting images with new vessels on the disc. This accuracy may be sufficient for it to play a useful clinical role in an automated retinopathy analysis system...

Automated clarity assessment of retinal images using regionally based structural and statistical measures

..6% in a test set of 13,219 images of which 300 contained exudates. Depending on requirements, this method could form part of an automated system to detect images showing either any diabetic retinopathy or referable diabetic retinopathy...

The role of haemorrhage and exudate detection in automated grading of diabetic retinopathy

..In conclusion, the review shows that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that automated grading, operating as a disease / no disease grader, is safe and could reduce the workload of manual grading in diabetic retinopathy screening...

Automated microaneurysm detection using local contrast normalization and local vessel detection