This species has two sub species C.a. auratus (the goldfish) which is the asian form and C.a. gibelio (the Prussian carp) which is the Eastern European form. The common goldfish has have acquired a pan-global distribution through its widespread introduction for ornamental purposes. Escapes and deliberate releases have resulted in natural populations in over 20 countries and its actual distribution is probably far wider than that indicated here. For instance the species is a firmly established element in the fauna of Central Europe, Southern Scandinavia and Spain in addition to the few countries listed here. In the tropics the distribution of C. auratus is usually confined to between 200 and 1000 in altitude. The environmental effects of the species tend to be somewhat neutral although in some areas it is regarded as a nuisance due to its capacity to produce stunted populations. The Prussian carp has been less widely introduced although it has expanded its range westwards into much of the rest of Europe. Both varieties forms the basis for small scale fisheries and aquaculture.

Africa

To: Madagascar

From: France

Year: 1861

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Widespread at high altitudes: Highly appreciated for small scale fisheries.

To: Mauritius

From: Madagascar

Year: 1953

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Widespread.

To: South Africa

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Widely dispersed populations.

To: Zimbabwe

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Widespread and not very numerous populations.

Asia

To: Korea

From: Japan

Year: 1972

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Better growing and more disease free than local species.

To: Vietnam

From: China

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Not known

Comments: Widely used for stocking ponds.

Europe

To: Bulgaria

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Cyprus

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Ornament and mosquito control

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Used to stock polluted waters due to low oxygen needs.

To: Hungary

From: Bulgaria

Year: 1891, 1954

Reason: Ornament, aquaculture and bait fish

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Slow growth and dense populations make species a pest C.a. auratus introduced in 1891 was destroyed in 1952 since when it has spread throughout natural waters regarded as a nuisance.

To: Italy

From: Brazil

Year:

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Yes

To: U.K

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Ornament and escape from ornamental ponds

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Wild stocks widespread in England and Scotland.

North America

To: Canada

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Yes, in three provinces

Comments: No bad effects but may have caused decline in local species (Courtenay and Hensley, 1980).

To: U.S.A

From: Unknown

Year: 17th-18th C

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Still spreading.

Oceania

To: Australia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Established in Tasmania, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia (Mackinnon, 1987)

Although it is a well established element of the fish fauna of much of Europe, the crucian carp was probably introduced or diffused into western Europe along with the common carp in the middle ages. C.carassius has a strong preference for quiet almost stagnant waters and is found in ponds, lakes and the slow flowing lower reaches of rivers throughout its native and introduced range. The species is of moderate importance for capture fisheries and is cultured in Europe and much of Asia.

The quillback is a large sucker of wide habitat requirements which is found in turbid rivers as well as clear lakes. The species is common throughout the Mississippi system where it contributes to both commercial and sport catches. Its introduction to Mexico effectively extends is distribution southwards.

The catla is one of a group of large cyprinids which are termed major carps in India. In their native range they are widely cultured and juveniles are removed in large quantities from the rivers to stock reservoirs. The success of this species in its native India has led to several introductions mostly for experimental aquaculture to assess the potential of the species for more generalized rearing. These experiments have generally failed in that the species has not been adopted for widespread culture, although in some areas, such as Mauritius, successful aquaculture operations have been established. The species generally fails to breed naturally in ponds and thus it has to be maintained through induced breeding. Nevertheless escaped fish have established self-sustaining populations in some rivers in the Philippines. Biological data on catla have been summarized by Jhingran (1966) and Jhingran and Pullin (1985).

Africa

To: Mauritius

From: India

Year: 1960, 1970

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Widespread for culture.

To: Zimbabwe

From: India

Year: 1965

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

Asia

To: Israel

From: Southeast Asia

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Japan

From: India

Year: 1961

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

To: Malaysia

From: India

Year: 1957-70

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

To: Philippines

From: India

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Established in some rivers.

To: Sri Lanka

From: Southeast Asia

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Bred only at one aquaculture station.

Asia/Europe

To: U.S.S.R.

From: India

Year: 1966

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

Because of its auxiliary air-breathing organs the snakehead murrel is highly resistant to low dissolved oxygen concentrations in water. This characteristic makes it especially valuable for fisheries and culture in anoxic tropical water bodies and for transport to distant markets as it can be kept alive for long periods out of water. These characteristics also made the species a favourite with long distance mariners who used it for food but also assured its introduction to many of the South Pacific islands even as far away as Hawaii.

The milk fish is a very tolerant of salinity differences and is widely used throughout its native range for coastal aqua-culture. The species is, on the other hand sensitive to cold and attempts to introduce it outside its favoured climatic range have failed.

This large and highly predatory, tropical speciesis highly valued for the quality of its flesh and its sporting characteristics. As a consequence the tucunare (Portuguese), Pavon (Spanish) or peacock bass has been introduced to other areas of South and Central America lying outside its native range. The species is also being considered for aquaculture but its predatory nature limits its usefulness for this purpose. The results of the introduction of the species to Lake Gatun in Panama were documented by Zaret and Paine (1973) who alleged that Cichla had eliminatedsix species of native fish from the lake fauna. It now appears that this evaluation may have been overly exaggerated as a new balance is reported between the predator and the native species, many of which persist in refugia in the mouths of inflowing streams. The situation is further complicated by the introduction of other species, including some O.niloticus which provide an alternative prey.

Comments: initially reduced populations of native fishes in Lakes Gatus, Alajuela and La Yaguada which later recovered to some extent: Excellent for sport and artisanal fisheries. Recent experiments indicate that stocking with carp and tilapia in waters where C.ocellaris are present creates a diversified and productive fishery.

The green guapote is one of the lesser known warm water aquarium fish species. It is moderately resistant to temperatures as low as 20°C but it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: One breeding population was recorded in California but subsequently disappeared.

The two-spotted cichlid is a popular tropical aquarium fish which has been widely distributed by the aquarium fish trade. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish and only one case has been recorded of an introduction into natural waters through release from aquaria.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: South America

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: In Florida it is dominant fish in areas where it has become established.

The midas cichlid is one of the less popular warm water aquarium fishes nevertheless it has been introduced into several countries by the aquarium fish trade. The species is moderately supportive of low temperatures nevertheless it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Nicaragua

Year: 1981

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Populations recorded from one canal in Dade County, Florida.

The Mojara azul (Spanish) is used for aquaculture in Guatemala and its introduction into El Salvador represents a slight southward extension of its native range. Despite a moderate resistance to low temperatures it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

The guapote tigre is one of the more important local species used for aquaculture in Latin America. Its predatory habits also make the species ideal for the control of juvenile tilapias and other forage fishes in lakes. For this reason C. managuense has been introduced throughout the Central American region where it is now an important component in capture fisheries. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

As a moderate sized and popular aquarium species the fire-mouth cichlid has been widely disseminated by the aquarium fish trade. The species is fairly tolerant of low temperatures but needs at least 24°C. to breed which accounts for theease with which escapees from aquaria have become established in several parts of the Southern U.S.A.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: C. America

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Populations recorded from Florida and Arizona. Quite abundant within range (Shafland, 1979).

A medium sized cichlid which is cultured in ponds in Guatemala. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

The convict cichlid is a popular aquarium fish and as such has been widely transported. This species is one of those in which populations occur which maintain themselves in artificially heated waters of power stations. Otherwise its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: Canada

From: Guatemala

Year: 1958, 1967

Reason: Release from aquaria

Reproducing: No

Comments: Population existed for a number of years in hot springs of Banff National Park, Alberta; now disappeared.

To: U.S.A

From: Guatemala

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: in Arizona and Nevada

Oceania

To: Australia

From: Central America

Year: 1920s

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: One population only in cooling ponds of a power station in Victoria.

The Jack Dempsey is a well known species in the aquarium fish trade and as such the species has been widely transported outside its native range. However, its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A

From: Central America

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Florida

Oceania

To: Australia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comment: Found in the cooling ponds of one power station and in the out-flew creek. Not certain that species established (McKay, 1984).

The yellow belly cichlid is an aquarium species of minor importance. It will support temperature as low as 20°C but even it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A

From: Central America

Year: 1960s

Reason: Release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: A breeding population was recorded from Florida but was deliberately eradicated in 1981.

Because of its peaceable nature and attractive appearance the banded cichlid is one of the more important South American cichlids in the aquarium fish trade. Its high temperature requirements (waters warmer than 22°C make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A

From: S. America

Year: 1960s

Reason: Released from aquaria and transplant by local residents

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: One breeding population was established in Nevada but was deliberately eradicated in 1963.

Native range: Rivers of the Pacific slope of Southern Mexico to Guatemala

The three spot cichlid is a small ornamental species of minor importance to the aquarium trade. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A

From: Unknown

Year: 1960

Reason: Release of aquarium fish

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: One breeding population recorded from Florida which has since been eradicated.

The mud carp is widely used for warm water aquaculture in the southern part of China. It feeds on mud and bottom living diatoms and reaches about 500 g in three years. It has been introduced into waters outside China, mostly to other countries in South East Asia, for experimental aquaculture but does not seem to have entered into common culture practice. The species does not breed in ponds and stocking material has to be produced artificially.

This species, the mrigal, is one of the Gangetic major carps and as such is widely cultured within India and has been introduced to most river basins within the country. Its juveniles are removed in large quantities from the rivers to stock reservoirs. The success of this species in its native India has led to several introductions mostly for experimental aquaculture to assess the potential of the species for more generalized rearing. These experiments have generally failed in that the species has not been adopted for widespread culture, although in some areas, such as Mauritius, the species is the mainstay of the local aquaculture. The species generally falls to breed naturally in ponds and thus it has to be maintained through induced breeding. Biological data on mrigal have been summarized by Jhingran and Pullin (1985).

Africa

To: Mauritius

From: India

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Widespread for culture all over island.

To: Zimbabwe

From: India

Year: 1965

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

Asia

To: Japan

From: India

Year: 1961

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

To: Malaysia

From: India

Year: 1957-70

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

To: Philippines

From: India

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Sri Lanka

From: India

Year: 1981

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Asia/Europe

To: U.S.S.R.

From: India

Year: 1966

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala and L.rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).

The walking catfish of Southeast Asia is popular for aqua-culture within its native range where very high yields are obtained. The fact that the fish can breathe air by using its auxiliary breathing organs makes it very resistant to anoxic conditions and enables very dense populations to be maintained in ponds. It has been introduced for aquaculture to several other Southeast Asian countries where it has not generally been regarded with favour. In Florida the species is caused some alarm when it first became established due to its unfamiliar habit of leaving the water to migrate to other water bodies.

This tropical catfish is widely cultured in Taiwan and Fujian provinces of China. It resistance to low oxygen conditions and its auxiliary breathing organs also make it ideal for rearing in paddy fields (rice-fish culture). The Chinese catfish is also transported live to Chinese communities throughout S.E. Asia as it is judged to have medical properties in addition to its fine flavour. Such transport may account for its appearance in Hawaii.

C.gariepinus is senior synonym of C.lazera. In common with most other clariids the species is highly resistant and can survive extremes of aquatic deoxygenation and even desiccation. It is omnivorous with a marked tendency to feed on benthic organisms and detritus. Several attempts have been made at culturing the species and to this and it has been introduced to parts of Africa from which it was previously absent. The success of these introductions in terms of aquaculture have been negligible and there is uncertainty in most areas as to whether the species has become established in natural waters.

Africa

To: Cameroon

From: Central African Republic

Year: 1972, 1973

Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown

To: Congo

From: Central African Republic

Year: 1972, 1973

Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown

To: Gabon

From: Central African Republic

Year: 1972, 1973

Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown

To: Ivory Coast

From: Central African Republic

Year: 1972, 1973

Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Yes

To: Zaire

From: Central African Republic

Year: 1972, 1973

Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown

Europe

To: Cyprus

From: Israel

Year: 1974

Reason: Sport

Reproducing: Unknown

To: Netherlands

From: West Africa

Year: Unknown

Reason: Research and aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Being reared in power station cooling water; culture proposed for 23 fish farms.

The banded gourami is a medium sized (12 cm) ornamental fish popular in the aquarium fish trade. It requires temperatures of about 25°C. for normal development but can resist for short periods at less than 20°C. The species has been widely transported around the world and it is in some ways surprising that it has only been recorded from the natural waters of one country.

The thick lipped gourami is smaller than the banded gourami but is equally popular with aquarists. The species has therefore been widely transported around the world but has only been reported from the natural waters of one country.

The smallest and most popular of the small gouramis, the dwarf gourami has been widely diffused outside its native range. It is particularly susceptible to diseases and is thus considered a delicate species.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Southeast Asia

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Not known

Comments: Found only in Florida; not known whether breeding populations exist (Courtenay and Robins, 1973).

The pirapitinga (Portuguese) is one of the largest scaled fishes of the Amazon reaching lengths of up to 85 cm. It is predominantly a frugivorous herbivore inhabiting flooded forested areas. Its flesh is very much in demand and the species is subject to very heavy fishing pressure which has caused localized declines in its numbers. The desirable nature of the flesh, the fast growth rate and the herbivorous nature of this fish make it a candidate for aquaculture and experiments to develop appropriate techniques for its rearing are underway in its native Brazil and Peru as well as in Cuba and Panama to which it has been introduced.

The tambaqui (Portuguese) or cachana (Spanish) is the largest scaled fish of the Amazon and Orinoco systems reaching lengths of up to 90 cm. Like the pirapitinga it is predominantly a frugivorous herbivore inhabiting flooded forested areas. Its flesh is very much in demand and the species is subject to very heavy fishing pressure which has caused localized declines in its numbers. The desirable nature of the flesh, the fast growth rate and the herbivorous nature of this fish make it a candidate for aquaculture and experiments to develop appropriate techniques for its rearing are underway in its native Brazil and Peru as well as in Cuba, Panama and the Dominican Republic to which it has been introduced. It is likely that larger scale introductions of this species will take place once the rearing methodologies have been satisfactorily established.

A smaller species than the two preceding ones, the Pacu (Argentinian Spanish) nevertheless shares the same desirable qualities as a candidate for culture. Some experiments have been carried out in its native Brazil and in Panama to which it has been introduced.

South and Central America

To: Panama

From: Brazil

Year: 1986

Reason: Experimental Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: A recent introduction which is being compared with C.mitrei.

The lake whitefish as an important commercial species in oligotrophic lakes throughout its native range. The species prefers cold temperate conditions and has been stocked into high Andean lakes in two countries in Southern Latin America.

Europe

To: France

From: U.S.A

Year: 1881

Reason: Establish a commercial fishery

Reproducing: No

Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985).

To: Germany

From: U.S.A

Year: 1881

Reason: Establish a commercial fishery

Reproducing: No

Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985).

To: Netherlands

From: U.S.A

Year: 1907

Reason: Establish a commercial fishery

Reproducing: No

Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985).

To: Switzerland

From: U.S.A

Year: 1887

Reason: Establish a commercial fishery

Reproducing: No

Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985).

To: U.K.

From: U.S.A

Year: 1886

Reason: Establish a commercial fishery

Reproducing: No

Comments: Introduction of this species formed pare or an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985).

The common whitefish as an important commercial species in oligotrophic lakes throughout its native range. The species prefers cold temperate conditions and has been stocked into many waters in Europe outside its original range. These attempts have frequently been successful. Coregonus lavaretus is a facultative anadrome and the establishment of a riverine stock in the River Danube implies that the species has also become established in other riparian countries of that river from which its presence has not yet been reported.

Europe

To: Belgium

From: Unknown

Year:

Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Population established in L. Butgenbach.

To: Czechoslovakia

From: Unknown

Year:

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Present in main channel of Danube; may well colonize reservoirs (This species should have spread to other Danube countries).

To: Germany F.R.

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: Unknown

Reason: Upgrade stocks alpine in lakes

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: Hybridized with local species

To: Greece

From: Unknown

Year:

Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes

Reproducing: Unknown

To: Italy

From: Switzerland

Year: 1880

Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes for commercial fishery

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Widespread in lakes in Central and Northern Italy.

To: Netherlands

From: Baltic countries

Year: 1936/37

Reason: Expand fisheries

Reproducing: No

Comments: Stocked into Ijsselmeer but with no significant result (Groot, 1985),

Within its native range the peled is an important commercial fish and is widely used for stocking of lakes. It prefers cold water lakes and rivers but is resistant to moderately high summer temperatures. Small populations of the species have appeared in the Danube in Czechoslovakia and by implication this species should also have diffused to other Danube countries from which it has not yet been recorded.

The grass carp, one of the Chinese carps, has been widely transported around the world for two main purposes, aqua-culture and the control of undesirable aquatic vegetation. The success of the fish in performing these two functions has been the subject of an extensive scientific literature which has been summarized in part by Shireman and Smith (1983). The grass carp has very strict breeding requirements (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985) which preclude its being able to reproduce in most of the waters into which it has been introduced. In many cases populations are maintained by repeated stocking with imported or artificially bred fish. Nevertheless allegedly self-breeding populations have been recorded from the Danube and the Mississippi rivers. Similar populations have also been noted in localities within the Soviet Union into which the species was introduced.

Africa

To: Egypt

From: Hong Kong

Year: 1969

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Ethiopia

From: Japan

Year: 1975

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Kenya

From: Japan

Year: 1969

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Mauritius

From: India

Year: 1975

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Widespread for culture all over island.

To: Rwanda

From: Korea

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: South Africa

From: Hungary/Germany

Year: 1975

Reason: Aquaculture and weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Useful for weed control but not yet widespread (Schoonbee et al., 1978).

To: Sudan

From: India

Year: 1975

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

Asia

To: Afghanistan

From: China

Year: 1970s

Reason: Aquaculture and stocking reservoirs

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Useful as local alternatives do not exist.

To: Bangladesh

From: Hong Kong

Year: 1969

Reason: Aquaculture and vegetation control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: India

From: Hong Kong

Year: 1959, 1968

Reason: Aquaculture and weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Useful and widespread throughout country.

To: Indonesia

From: Malaysia, Thailand, Japan

Year: 1915, 1949, 1964

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Korea

From: Japan

Year: 1963

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Malaysia

From: China

Year: 1800s

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Widespread culture throughout country.

To: Pakistan

From: China

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Philippines

From: China

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Sri Lanka

From: China

Year: 1948

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Thailand

From: China, Hong Kong

Year: 1913

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Useful for weed control but not favoured for aquaculture.

To: Vietnam

From: China

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Widely used for stocking ponds.

Europe

To: Belgium

From: U.S.S.R., Hungary

Year: 1967

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown

To: Countries of the Danube basin

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Spreading throughout the Danube system.

To: Cyprus

From: Israel

Year: 1977

Reason: Sport, weed control, reservoir fisheries

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Denmark

From: U.S.S.R., Malaysia, Netherlands

Year: 1965, 1966, 1978

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: France

From: U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Hungary

Year: 1967, 1976

Reason: Weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Germany F.R.

From: Hungary, China

Year: 1964, 1970

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Greece

From: Poland

Year: 1980

Reason: To improve lake fisheries

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: First attempt successful in one lake with increased commercial catch.

To: Hungary

From: China

Year: 1963

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes in Danube otherwise artificially

Comments: Populations in Tisza R. and later Danube from escape from aquaculture ponds. Otherwise very valuable for sport and aquaculture.

To: Italy

From: Yugoslavia

Year: 1975

Reason: Sport

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Netherlands

From: Hungary, Taiwan

Year: 1966, 1968

Reason: Weed control, Sport

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Useful for weed control (Reimans, 1978).

To: Poland

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: 1965

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Rumania

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially except in the Danube

To: Sweden

From: Hungary

Year: 1970

Reason: Weed control

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Stocked into 30 lakes where it is useful for its purpose.

To: U.K.

From: Austria, Hungary, Germany

Year: 1963

Reason: Weed control

Reproducing: No, relies on continuous imports

To: Yugoslavia

From: Rumania, Hungary, U.S.S.R.

Year: 1963

Reason: Aquaculture, weed control

Reproducing: Artificially except in Danube where there are naturally breeding populations.

Middle East

To: Israel

From: China

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Taiwan P. China

Year: 1966

Reason: Weed control

Reproducing: Yes in Mississippi R., otherwise artificially

Comments: Over feeding on weeds affecting waterfowl habitat. Species has become established in parts of the Mississippi system.

This species, known to the aquarium trade as the two-spot climbing perch, has been widely diffused by the aquarium trade. It air-breathing habits make it very resistant to poor oxygen conditions but its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: One breeding population found in Florida (Courtenay and Robins, 1973) which has since disappeared.

The common carp is probably the first fish species to be subject to wide scale transfers and introductions. According to Baton (1974) wild carp were taken from the Danube for culture by the Romans and subsequently distributed widely throughout Europe as part of the medieval monastic fish pond tradition. The species was spread independently within China for similar purposes. During a period beginning about the middle of the last century the carp was spread in a series of introductions until it has achieved a near global distribution and is present in most areas where climatic conditions permit its survival. The carp has proved a controversial fish. On one hand it is one of the principal species used for inland aquaculture and provides some 250,000 tons of fish per year globally from this source alone (Pullin, 1986). In several areas the species is also the subject of capture fisheries which increase its contribution to human nutrition. On the other hand the species has been implicated in degradation of the aquatic environment mainly through its habit of rooting in the bottom which causes turbidity and deoxygenated conditions. In some of the cases the success of the introduced carp has followed on changes to the environment produced by other human activities and the carp have merely moved in on an environment where the native species were destined to disappear anyway. There is an extensive literature on the common carp; see for instance MacCrimmon (1968) or Alikunhi (1966) and Sarig (1966).

Africa

To: Cameroon

From: Israel

Year: 1970

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Central African Republic

From: Israel

Year: 1966

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Egypt

From: Indonesia

Year: 1934

Reason: Aquaculture To: Ethiopia

Reproducing: Yes From: Unknown

Year: 1936

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Ghana

From: Unknown

Year: 1962

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Ivory Coast

From: Italy

Year: 1976

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Kenya

From: Uganda

Year: 1969

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Criticized for digging habits. Has replaced native tilapias as dominant species In Mazinga Reservoir on the Tana River.

Comments: Has escaped Into natural waters and established breeding stocks. Is one of the most important species for aquaculture.

North America

To: Canada

From: France

Year: 1831

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Established in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia: The species is considered detrimental to fish stocks and water bird populations (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

To: U.S.A

From: Germany

Year: 1877

Reason: To supply ethnic food demands

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Established in every state except Alaska: Generally regarded as a pest, particularly in the Western States (Courtenay, 1979).

Oceania

To: Australia

From: U.K.

Year: 1900s

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Regarded as a pest: widespread in New South Wales. South Australia, Victoria and Queensland. Although regarded as a pest by some it forms the basis for fisheries and is thought by others to be a valuable addition to the aquatic fauna.

To: Fiji

From: New Zealand

Year: 1936

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Doubtful

To: Guam

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

To: Hawaii

From: Unknown

Year: a 1900

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: New Zealand

From: U.K.

Year: 1864-1911

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Designated a noxious fish but sought after by specialist anglers localized populations in ponds and farm dams.

To: Papua New Guinea

From: Australia

Year: 1959

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Present In most suitable highland lakes and streams. Forms basis for an important fishery in the Seplk river.

South and Central America

To: Argentina

From: Brazil (part)

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Population partly introduced for aquaculture and partly diffused down the Uruguay River from Brazil. Populations in lakes and some rivers said to cause environmental deterioration which affects B.Bonariensis populations: Successful (Ringuelet et al., 1967).

To: Bolivia

From: Mexico

Year: 1945

Reason: Aquaculture, ornament

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Used as cheap food.

To: Brazil

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1898, 1977

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Cultured In Southern regions where it occurs wild in rivers.

To: Chile

From: Germany

Year: 1875

Reason: Establish new fishery

Reproducing: Yes

To: Colombia

From: Unknown

Year: 1940

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Occurs wild in Cauca R. Cundinimarca and Santander.

To: Costa Rica

From: Taiwan P. China

Year: 1976

Reason: Extraction of pituitary

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Used for polyculture (Campos Cereda, 1970).

To: Cuba

From: U.S.A./U.S.S.R.

Year: 1927, 1983

Reason: Aquaculture, Sport

Reproducing: Yes

To: Dominican Republic

From: Mexico

Year: 1953

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Breeds in rivers and lagoons throughout the year.

To: Ecuador

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: El Salvador

From: Guatemala

Year: 1965

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Guatemala

From: Unknown

Year: 1954

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Haiti

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Honduras

From: Nicaragua

Year: 1956

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Mexico

From: France

Year: 1872, 1873

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Associated with the disappearance of native fishes in many waters: Very important fish for capture and culture.