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Most Advanced Giant Telescope Mirror Completed

Photonics.comOct 2012
TUCSON, Ariz., Oct. 24, 2012 — The most challenging astronomical mirror ever made — 10 times more powerful than any other large mirror — was completed for a giant telescope that will explore star formation, black holes and planets in the early universe.

Engineers at the University of Arizona and in California have been working for the past several years at the Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory—located underneath the university’s football stadium— to polish an 8.4-m-diameter mirror with an unusual, highly asymmetric shape.

This mirror, and six more like it, will form the core of the 25-m Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), providing more than 380 sq m of light-collecting area. The GMT — to be located on a remote mountaintop in the Chilean Andes where the skies are clear and dark — will lead the next generation of giant telescopes in addressing critical questions in cosmology, planetary science and astrophysics.

“The Giant Magellan Telescope has the potential to transform how we see the cosmos and our place in it,” said Matthew Colless, director of the Australian Astronomical Observatory.

The first of seven mirrors for the Giant Magellan Telescope after removal from the furnace. The back surface of the mirror is shown here during an inspection of the holes used to ventilate the mirror during operation in the telescope. Images courtesy of Ray Bertram/University of Arizona.
The mirror was cast at the lab from 20 tons of glass, melted in a rotating furnace until it flowed into a honeycomb mold. Once the glass had cooled and the mold was removed, it was polished using fine abrasives. The mirror’s figure was frequently checked using a series of precision optical tests.

It has an unconventional shape because it is part of a single 25-m optical surface composed of seven circular segments, each 8.4 m in diameter.

“We need to be certain the off-axis shape of this mirror, as well as the other six that will be made for GMT, is precisely right, to an accuracy of 1/20 of a wavelength of light,” said Buddy Martin, polishing scientist at the Mirror Lab. “Only then will the seven large mirrors form a single, exquisitely sharp image when they all come together in the telescope in Chile. We have now demonstrated that we can fabricate the mirrors to the required accuracy for the telescope to work as designed.”

The first of seven mirrors from the Giant Magellan Telescope being polished at the UA Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory. The polishing head, shown center, changes shape to match the curvature of the mirror as it moves across the surface.
The mirror surface matches the desired prescription to a precision of 19 nm — so smooth that if it were the size of the continental US, the highest mountains would be barely more than a half-inch high.

“Making this first GMT mirror required all the expertise and experience that the university has built up over 25 years of making telescope mirrors and a great deal of innovation to push beyond previous limits in optical fabrication and testing,” said astronomy professor Buell Jannuzi, director of the UA Steward Observatory. “In achieving this remarkable milestone, the team built and demonstrated all the equipment and techniques that will lead to efficient production of the remaining mirrors for the GMT.”

The second of the seven giant off-axis mirrors was cast at the mirror lab in January; the third will be cast in August 2013. The telescope is slated to begin operations late in the decade.

“The technical achievements at the UA’s mirror lab and the dedication and commitment of our national and international partners will allow us to open a new window on the universe,” said GMT board chair Wendy Freedman. “An exciting future of discovery awaits us.”

The scientific observation of celestial radiation that has reached the vicinity of Earth, and the interpretation of these observations to determine the characteristics of the extraterrestrial bodies and phenomena that have emitted the radiation.

A noncrystalline, inorganic mixture of various metallic oxides fused by heating with glassifiers such as silica, or boric or phosphoric oxides. Common window or bottle glass is a mixture of soda, lime and sand, melted and cast, rolled or blown to shape. Most glasses are transparent in the visible spectrum and up to about 2.5 µm in the infrared, but some are opaque such as natural obsidian; these are, nevertheless, useful as mirror blanks. Traces of some elements such as cobalt, copper and...

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The science includes light emission, transmission, deflection, amplification and detection by optical components and instruments, lasers and other light sources, fiber optics, electro-optical instrumentation, related hardware and electronics, and sophisticated systems. The range of applications of photonics extends from energy generation to detection to communications and...

It would be interesting to compare this mirror with the one that was fabricated for the 200 inch telescope on Mt. Palomar. As a space-minded adolescent coming of age in the 1960's, I remember reading about what a remarkable piece of engineering that was.