Thursday, December 29, 2011

What is horizontal communication?

Hello dear friends here you will get what do you mean by horizontal communication? Explain merits/importance and demerits of horizontal communication. I guess here you will get advantage from this site and post.

When an employee of same level communicates each other than it can be labeled as horizontal communication. It helps employees to perform the task efficiently.

In the words of R. Pal and Korlahalli, “Communication between department or people on the same level in the managerial hierarchy of an organization may be termed as horizontal or lateral communication.”

Thus it can be stated that exchange of information between same level employees of different departments in horizontal communication.

Horizontal communication

Horizontal communication can be shown by the following configuration:

Fig: 5 Horizontal communications

Merits/Importance/Advantages of horizontal communication:Advantages of horizontal communication are as follows:1. Better Understanding:Horizontal communication ensures better understanding, accordingly employees of different division able to perform their job more efficiently.

2. Coordination:Direct communication by breaking the vertical channel strengthens the bondage between employees of different departments which helps to boost up co-ordination.

3. Increase Productivity:Horizontal communication minimizes the problems of understanding among various departments as a result, productivity increased.

4. Better implementation of decision:Decisions are made by top management but they are executed by the lower level employees. When lower level employees allowed communicating each other through horizontal communication, it helps to realize the policy and ensures better implementation of decision.

5. Motivation:Horizontal communication not only increases the level of coordination but also facilitates the task of motivation.

6. Cordiality:Due to the free flow of information cordiality among the employees increases considerably.

7. Employee morale:Better understanding and cordial environment also boost-up the morale of the employees.

8. Teamwork:In any organization for some specific purposes teamwork is essential. Horizontal communication is a prerequisite for successful teamwork.

9. Job Satisfaction:Another major advantage of horizontal communication is, it increases job satisfaction of the employees. By ensuring cordial atmosphere and lifting the morale of employees horizontal communication plays a vital role in increasing the job satisfaction.

Disadvantages/Demerits:Disadvantages of horizontal communication are as follows:1. Lack of control:Sometimes too much horizontal communication creates problem for the management and controlling may become difficult as the horizontal communication increases.

Wednesday, December 28, 2011

What is communication environment?

Hello dear friends here you will get What is communication environment?, Essential factors of communication environment.

In real world situationcommunicationtakes place among persons in family, in workplace or in the social gatherings. Infect communication is not an isolated things > it is within us and we are within it. Thus communication is influenced by the surrounding elements, which constitute the communication environment.

In the words of Prof. Lesikar and Pettit, “This is the sensory environment, in which we find ourseves throughout every walking movement.”

Finally it can be stated that, the communication environment includes all the elements by which the communication process is influenced.

Communication environment

The essential factors of communication environment Or, the factors of communication environmentEssential factors of communication environment are as follows:Two or more persons:It is the first element of communication environment. To make a communication there must be at least two persons.

Willingness to communicate:The second most important factor of the communication environment is the willingness of the both parties or all the parties to communicate.

Objectives of communication:The communication environment also influenced by the objectives or purposes of communication of the all concerned parties.

Media of communication:selection of media of communication has a strong influence on the communication system.

Response of the receiver (Feedback):Another indispensable factor of communication is the response of the receiver. Infect without feedback the communication process is not completed.

Barriers:Where there is communication there must be some barriers. It may be physical, semantic or organizational. Whatever it is, barriers influence the communication environment considerably.

Background of the parties:Last but not the least, the educational, social and religious backgrounds of the sender and receiver are considered as one of the active factors of communication environment.

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Sunday, December 25, 2011

What is difference formal and informal communication

Hello dear friends here you will get the difference between formal and informal communication.. I hope that you will get advantage from here. Difference between formal and informal communication are as follows:

Formal and informal communication

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Difference between vertical and horizontal communication

In vertical communication information are exchanged between superiors and subordinates of an organization. But in case of horizontal communication information are exchanged between the employees of same level. The major differences between vertical and horizontal communicationare as follows:

Vertical and horizontal communication

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Saturday, December 24, 2011

What is vertical communication?

Hello dear friends here you will get define vertical communication and advantages and disadvantages of vertical communication. I hope that you will get advantage from here.

The official communication that takes place between superiors and subordinates are known as vertical communication. This is the most common form of communication of an organization. It can be downward or upward.

5. Recognition:Vertical communication is one of the recognized media of internal communication.

6. Co-ordination:Both wary communications under vertical system ensures coordination among the employees.

7. Dependable:Information transmitted through vertical communication are authentic and dependable.

Disadvantages of vertical communication:1. Time consuming:As it follows the official channels it is a time consuming process.

2. Lack of flexibility:Vertical communication is not flexible, thus failed to cope up with the changed situation.

3. Lack of creativity:In vertical communication employees become mechanized and want to go by books. As a result they become less creative.

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What is Grapevine?

Hello dear friends here you will get Define Grapevine. What are the features of grapevine? I hope that you will get advantage from here.

The grapevine is an informal communication system. It consists of gossip and rumor. More information can be transmitted through grapevine. There is a negative idea about grapevine but the reality is it coexists with the formal communication system.

In the words of Prof. Keith Davis, “Grapevine arises from social interaction; it is as fickle, dynamic and varied as people are. It is the exercise of their freedom of speech and is a natural, normal activity.”

Features of Grapevine:The most common informal communication network in an organization is grapevine. According to Prof. J. W. Newstrom and Others, “Grapevine has three main characteristics:

Grapevine

1. It is not controlled by management.2. It is perceived by the most employees as being more believable and reliable.3. It is largely used to serve the self interest of those people within it.Now features of grapevine can be discussed in the following manner:1. Flexibility:As there is no formal control on grapevine it is more flexible than any other forms of communication.

2. Lack of control:Infect management has no control over the grapevine.

3. Rapid communication:It is faster than other formal or informal channels.

4. No record:There is no documentary evidence of grapevine that can be produced as future reference.

5. Used for self interests:Grapevine is basically used for the self interest of the employees.

6. Popular among employees:Grapevine is very much popular media among the employees. It is more believable and reliable than formal communication.

7. Distortion:One of the major characteristics of grapevine is message are distorted as it passes from man to man.

8. Spontaneous:Grapevine is spontaneous, it passes automatically from top to bottom of the organization, no one needs to be urged to deliver.

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Thursday, December 22, 2011

What is downward communication?

Hello dear friends here you will get Define downward communication. What are the purposes of downward communication?. I hope that you will get advantage from here.

When information flows from the superiors to the subordinates then it is known as downward communication. When the manager of the sales department provides an order or direction to the assistant manager of the same department, then it is a case of downward communication.

Prof. R. Pal & Korlahlli said, “Downward communication flows from a superior to a subordinate.”In the words of Prof. K. Davis & J. W. Newstorm, “Downward communication in an organization is the flow of information from higher to lower levels of authority.”

Prof. S. P Robbins said, “Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is a downward communication.”Downward communication can be depicted as follows:

Downward communication

Fig: 6 downward communications

In short information that flows to downward from up can be termed as downward communication.Purposes/objectives of downward communication:

in any organization most of the managerial communications are completed in the form of downward communication. It is basically used for providing directions or to inform matters relating to the tapes of the employees. Major purposes can be stated in the following manner:1. Provide directions:Downward communication usually used for providing direction regarding the accomplishment of the job.2. Explanation of policies:Polices are prepared by the top management but implemented by the lower level employees. Thus for better implementation, polices need to be explained through downward communication.3. Point out problems:If any problem is indentified by the top management then they need to inform the employees regarding the problem by downward communication.4. Assignment of goals:Targets or goals of the different departments also informed to the employees of respective departments through downward communication.5. Offer feedback:To judge the quality of the job, executives need continuous feedback. By downward communication executives can offer feedback to the employees.6. To inspire:For the fulfillment of the goal employees need to be inspired by the executives. By using the downward channels executives can provide inspiration to the employees for the accomplishment of the organizational goals.

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What are the barriers to effective communication?

Hello dear friends here you will get the barriers of communication process or the barriers to effective communication. I hope that you will get advantage from this site and post.

“Different man- different minds”, it is more than true in case of communication. Without any physical barriers, simply due to psychological differences a message can be misunderstood by the receiver.

Physical barriers like noise, listening problem, geographical distance etc. are also common barriers in case of communication.

Barriers to effective communication can be classified as follows:

A. Personal Barriers:Personal barriers have a strong effect on communication. Personal barriers are as follows:

1. Emotion:it can affect the development of an idea, method of transmission and decoding process. Emotional biases restrict people to understand the real meaning.

2. Difference in perception:Different people’s perceptions are different. Thus the sender may encode the message in his/her own way but the receiver can explain it differently due to difference in perception.

3. Listening:Another personal barrier is problem in listening skill. That is only due to listening problem message can be misinterpreted.

4. Psychological distance:Like perception attitude and overall psychological frame of mind varies from man to man. As a result same message can be viewed differently in different people.

Barriers to effective communication

1. Noise:It is very common type of physical barrier. Due to noise the receiver may failed to receive the actual meaning.

2. Geographical distance:Sometimes geographical distance makes it difficult to have immediate feedback. As a result communication process is not completed.

3. Incorrect choice of medium:Choice of medium depends on the nature of the message. The message can be distorted due to incorrect choice of medium.C. Semantic barriers:Semantic barriers are also known as language barriers. Two people both speak in same language, but still there may be language barriers between them. Semantic barriers are as follows:

1. Use of wrong words:Depending on the education and knowledge level of the receiver proper words should be used. Language of a farmer and language of an economist are not same. Thus use of improper or wrong words is barriers to effective communication.

2. Use of colloquial language:Use of colloquial language not only changes the original meaning, it may lead to serious misunderstanding.

3. Use of jargon:Use of jargon or technical words with the people of different profession can create confusion.

4. Symbols:People of different geographical region or from different culture use different kinds of symbols. In real world it is also observed that same symbol has different meanings in different countries.D. Organizational barriers:Business communication is also influenced by organizational barriers. Major organizational barriers are:

1. Information overload:Individuals capacity is limited, thus when too much messages need to be answered in the same time then it creates overload and communication failed.

2. Message complexity:Sometimes due to the very nature of the subject matter messages become complex and complicated.

3. Message competition:In a big organization often messages compete each other for attention. A manager can face problem if he asked something over telephone while he/she is writing a report.

4. Status:In an organization employees of lower status sometimes face problem to communicate negative news to the top management. As a result communication gap is created.

5. Lack of trust:it is another organizational barrier to effective communication. For successful communication there should be a trusting environment within the organization.

6. Unethical communication:unethical communication seriously damage the goodwill of the organization. Thus messages should be ethical and credible.

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