"The Number Song (Cut Chemist Party Mix) / "Painkiller (Kill the Pain Mix)"
Released: February 23, 1998

Endtroducing..... is the debut studio album by American music producer DJ Shadow, released on September 16, 1996 by the British independent record labelMo' Wax Recordings. The album is known for being composed almost entirely of sampled content, most of which originated from various vinyl records obtained by DJ Shadow during trips to record shops. Endtroducing..... was produced by Shadow in the span of two years using minimal amounts of equipment, most notably the Akai MPC60 sampler. In creating the album's overall atmosphere, he strived to capture the downbeat nature of his previous releases for the Mo' Wax label. The album's content features both moody, slow-paced tracks and upbeat jams reminiscent of DJ Shadow's early hip hop influences.

In the United Kingdom, where DJ Shadow had already established himself as a rising act, Endtroducing..... was released to positive reception. It reached the top twenty of the UK Albums Chart and was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Mo' Wax issued four singles to promote the album, including the chart hits "Midnight in a Perfect World" and "Stem". However, it would take considerably longer for Endtroducing..... to find success in the United States. Upon completing promotion of the album and returning to his hometown of Davis, California, DJ Shadow primarily devoted his time to creating new music. After this period, significant interest in Endtroducing..... began to build in the American music press, and the album later peaked at number 37 on the American BillboardTop Heatseekers chart.

Endtroducing..... received widespread acclaim from critics, who praised DJ Shadow's approach to sampling and the beats he created from samples. It ranked highly on various year-end lists of the best albums of 1996. The album is considered to be a landmark work in the instrumental hip hop movement, with DJ Shadow's innovative sampling techniques and arrangements influencing other producers to create similar sample-based works. Endtroducing..... has since appeared in several publications' lists of the decade's greatest albums.

DJ Shadow's singles for Mo' Wax – including "In/Flux" and "Lost and Found (S.F.L.)" – were, as Sean Cooper of AllMusic wrote, hailed as "genre-bending works of art that merged elements of funk, rock, hip hop, ambient, jazz, soul, and used-bin found records."[5] Andy Pemberton, a music journalist writing for Mixmag, coined the term "trip hop" in June 1994 to describe "In/Flux" and similar tracks being spun in London clubs at the time.[6] DJ Shadow's follow-up single "What Does Your Soul Look Like" topped the British independent music charts.[5] Following this period, he began work on his debut album, intent on capturing the downbeat mood that characterized his aforementioned three singles.[7] The album was aptly titled Endtroducing....., as according to DJ Shadow, "it signified the fourth and final chapter in a series of pieces that I was doing for Mo' Wax with a certain sound, a certain tone, a certain atmosphere."[7]

The Akai MPC60 sampler was used heavily in the production of Endtroducing.....

DJ Shadow started production of the album in 1994, assembling initial work in his California apartment and later using The Glue Factory – the home studio of music producer and colleague Dan the Automator – as his work station.[8] In making Endtroducing....., DJ Shadow strived to create an "entirely 100% sample-based album."[3] His studio set-up was minimal, with only three primary pieces of equipment being utilized in making the album: an Akai MPC60 sampler, a Technics SL-1200 turntable and an Alesis ADAT tape recorder.[3] The Akai MPC60 was particularly instrumental in the production of Endtroducing....., with the sampler being used for almost all composition.[9] DJ Shadow has referred to the device as "the instrument I took seriously in terms of becoming the best at it, or one of the best."[10] He sampled from various vinyl albums and singles accumulated from his trips to Rare Records, a record shop located in his native Sacramento, where he would spend several hours each day searching for music.[11] His routine is depicted in the documentary film Scratch (2001), directed by Doug Pray.[12] The cover of the film is a photograph of the Rare Records.[13]

The sampled content on Endtroducing..... originates from various sources, including music of genres ranging from hip hop, jazz, funk, psychedelia, and heavy metal as well as films and interviews.[10] DJ Shadow layered, programmed, and cut samples into smaller fragments to create new tracks.[14] He opted to sample from more obscure selections, making it a personal rule of his to lean away from using more popular material, saying: "I've always pushed myself to use obscure things, and if I use something obvious, it's usually only to break my own rules."[3] Samples of more prominent artists such as Björk and Metallica are, however, present throughout the record.[15] Minor vocal contributions were provided by American rappers Lyrics Born and Gift of Gab, both personal friends of DJ Shadow.[16]

DJ Shadow has said that his albums "have always been really varied."[18] Speaking of the variation on Endtroducing....., he explained: "Even on an album like Endtroducing [...] I feel like 'Organ Donor' sounds nothing like 'The Number Song' which sounds nothing like 'Midnight' and on and on."[18] DJ Shadow has also said that he was "in despair" and often depressed during the production of the album and that "[his] feelings of self-doubt and self-esteem come through in the music."[19][20]

Endtroducing..... is opened by "Best Foot Forward", a brief 48-second collage of record scratching and various hip hop vocal samples.[17] "Building Steam with a Grain of Salt" is built around a looped piano melody, with various other musical elements entering throughout the song's duration: interview samples, a women's choir, bass fills, electronically altered drum kicks, and a funk guitar.[10][21] "The Number Song" is characterized by its usage of various breakbeats and vocal samples of count-offs.[22] "Changeling" is reminiscent of new-age music and differs from the fast-paced nature of the album's previous tracks, slowly building up as more samples are mixed in before finally ending with a "sublimely spacey" coda.[17][23] It segues into the first of three "transmissions" placed throughout the album, each featuring a recurring sample from the film Prince of Darkness (1987).[24] "What Does Your Soul Look Like (Part 4)" evokes "uneasy futurism and techno-anxiety" and fuses a "rolling bass groan" with wordless, robotic chants.[25] Track six is an untitled interlude featuring a man reciting a monologue about "Maureen and her five sisters" over a funk sample.[26]

The album's second half is opened by the two-part "Stem/Long Stem", which recalls genres such as ambient and jungle.[27] DJ Shadow's trademark drum chopping is juxtaposed with several other diverse sampled parts, including string movements, comedy routines, film soundtracks, and blues music.[17][28] Andy Kellman of AllMusic describes it as a "suite of often melancholy music, a piece that consistently refuses to be pigeonholed into any musical style."[28] "Transmission 2" plays before the album proceeds with "Mutual Slump", a "sedate funk" track featuring female spoken narration and prominent samples of Björk's "Possibly Maybe".[17][25] "Organ Donor" is structured around a chopped-up organ solo from Giorgio Moroder's "Tears",[29] backed by a funk breakbeat.[17] "Why Hip-Hop Sucks in '96" – DJ Shadow's commentary on the state of hip hop music at the time – is a brief interlude featuring a looping G-funk-esque beat and a lone voice proclaiming: "It's the money!"[30]

"Midnight in a Perfect World" layers a soulful vocal line and a slow drum beat.[17][31] It is based around mournful piano sampled from David Axelrod's 1969 song "The Human Abstract".[32] "Napalm Brain/Scatter Brain" builds slowly, starting with a bassline and a looped drum break before its tempo speeds and additional instrumentation enters;[17] the track eventually reaches its climax and deconstructs itself, leaving a single string sample playing by its conclusion.[21]Endtroducing..... concludes on a somber note with "What Does Your Soul Look Like (Part 1 – Blue Sky Revisit)", a wistful track that blends a warm saxophone hook with a keyboard refrain.[25] The track eventually transitions into a third and final "transmission", which closes the album with the words "It is happening again." being spoken by an "enigmatic" voice, that of The Giant from the television series Twin Peaks.[33]

Endtroducing..... was released by Mo' Wax on September 16, 1996 in the United Kingdom and on November 19, 1996 in the United States.[34][35][36] DJ Shadow promoted the album through various interviews and press appearances.[37] The album performed well in the United Kingdom, spending three weeks on the UK Albums Chart and peaking at number 17.[38] It also managed to chart in the Netherlands, where it peaked at number 75.[39] "Midnight in a Perfect World" had previously been released as the album's first single in September, and it was released to American college and modern rock stations in January 1997.[40][41] The single's music video, directed by B Plus, received prominent airtime on the MTV program Amp; the single itself peaked at number 54 on the UK Singles Chart.[15][42] "Stem" was released as the album's second single on October 28, 1996, peaking at number 74 in the United Kingdom and at number 14 in Ireland – DJ Shadow's first top twenty hit on a singles chart.[42][43] A remix single of "What Does Your Soul Look Like (Part 1 – Blue Sky Revisit)" followed in 1997, reaching a peak position of 54 in the UK.[42] A fourth and final single – a double A-side release featuring American music producer Cut Chemist's remix of "The Number Song" and DJ Shadow's own remix of English electronic music band Depeche Mode's "Painkiller" – was issued on February 23, 1998.[44]

Describing the time spent promoting the album as "some weird roller coaster ride", DJ Shadow was dismayed by the lack of reaction he received upon returning to his hometown of Davis, compared to the thriving attention he had received within the British music scene.[37] He felt that he had been manipulated by the press and his record label and "went from being angry to being depressed about the perceived lack of control [he] had in [his] life."[37] DJ Shadow found himself compelled to produce new tracks such as "High Noon" as a way of expressing his feelings at the time.[45] It was following this period that an interest in DJ Shadow's work began to generate in the United States, with newspapers running stories on Endtroducing..... and DJ Shadow receiving several phone calls a day, enough to convince him to hire his own manager.[37] The album later debuted on the BillboardTop Heatseekers chart, where it eventually peaked at number 37.[46] A deluxe edition of Endtroducing..... was released on June 7, 2005.[47] The re-issue includes a second disc of B-sides, remixes, and demo material entitled Excessive Ephemera as well as liner notes by DJ Shadow discussing the album's making.[47][48] A second deluxe edition commemorating the album's 20th anniversary, entitled Endtrospective, was released on October 28, 2016, featuring demo material, alternate takes, live versions, and a bonus remix album entitled Endtroducing... Re-Imagined, as well as additional photography and expanded liner notes.[49]

Endtroducing..... received widespread acclaim from critics when it was first released.[5]Alternative Press called it "an undeniable hip-hop masterpiece" showing "DJ Shadow remembers that sampling is an art form",[50] while David Bennun from The Guardian said the record was "not only one of the most daring and original albums of recent times, but also one of the loveliest."[53] In Playboy, Robert Christgau claimed that while listeners unfamiliar with its style of music would not find the tracks as powerful, "they are so rich and eclectic, and spun out with such a sense of flow, that this album establishes the kind of convincing aural reality other British techno experimenters only fantasize about."[58] Tom Wilkes of Melody Maker wrote: "The album flips hip hop inside out all over again like a reversible glove, and again, and again, and each time it's sudden and new. I am, I confess, totally confounded by it. I hear a lot of good records, but very few impossible ones... You need this record. You are incomplete without it."[59] Author and rock critic Greil Marcus published a glowing review of the album in his "Real Life Rock Top Ten" column for Interview, where he called it "absolutely modern – which is to say ambient-dreamy and techno-abstract" and "quite brilliant throughout".[60]

Jon Wiederhorn of Entertainment Weekly likened Endtroducing..... to "a surreal film soundtrack on which jazz, classical, and jungle fragments are artfully blended with turntable tricks and dialogue snippets" and commended that it "takes hip-hop into the next dimension",[52] while Simon Williams of NME called DJ Shadow "both slyly knowing and brilliantly naive, fusing the dramatic and the deranged to his own sweet end."[54] Sia Michel of Spin said that the album "practically folds you into its symphonic fantasia, the coming-of-age story of a 24-year-old bunk-bed dreamer."[23] Tony Green of JazzTimes commended DJ Shadow's "unerring ear for motif and texture".[61] Jon Wiederhorn of Q also responded favorably, writing: "Shadow's brief is to develop a totally sample-based idiom, weaving a cinematically broad spectrum so deftly layered that the sampling-is-stealing argument falls flat."[62]

Endtroducing..... has been frequently ranked in professional lists of the all-time greatest albums.[73] Various publications, including Q,[74]Rolling Stone,[75]Spin,[27]Pitchfork,[76] and Slant Magazine,[77] have placed the album in their respective lists of best albums of the 1990s. Time included Endtroducing..... in their list of the 100 greatest albums of all-time.[78] "A decade on," wrote Mojo, "DJ Shadow's affirmatory essay on record collecting as a creative endeavour has lost none of its grandeur."[79]Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic remarked that the album is "innovative, but it builds on a solid historical foundation, giving it a rich, multi-faceted sound," calling it "not only a major breakthrough for hip-hop and electronica, but for pop music."[36]Will Hermes, writing in Spin, called Endtroducing..... "trip-hop's crowning achievement",[80] while Jeff Weiss of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it defined the genre's American variant.[81] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[82]

The almost entirely sampled nature of Endtroducing..... was considered groundbreaking at the time of its release, and Guinness World Records has cited the album as being the first to be created entirely from sampled sources.[83] The album was a driving force in the development of instrumental hip hop music, inspiring several other disc jockeys and producers to create sample-based works.[84] Tim Stelloh of PopMatters cited it as the "benchmark" for the genre.[85] Guitarist Jonny Greenwood of English alternative rock band Radiohead has cited Endtroducing..... as an influence on his band's critically acclaimed album OK Computer (1997), saying that they "liked how he was cutting up beats quite minutely."[27] Several of the artists sampled on Endtroducing..... – including British progressive rock band Nirvana and American musician David Axelrod – have praised the album.[86][87] DJ Shadow has expressed his surprise at the album's influence and high regard amongst other musicians, saying: "After the record, I'd always bump into these world-class producers who'd say, 'Yeah, Endtroducing..... – what a great piece of production.' I just did it on one sampler in a tiny little studio."[27]

Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club suggested that the influence of Endtroducing..... may have had a negative effect on the album itself, saying that it "has been partially diluted by the symphonic beat-collage culture it helped spawn."[88] The album's acclaim set considerably high standards for future releases by DJ Shadow,[89] and he has expressed his dissatisfaction with being expected to "repeat Endtroducing..... over and over again".[90] Despite this, DJ Shadow has made it clear that he views the album in a positive light and denies any pressure that may have come about as a result of the album's praise: "...people always seem to suggest that there's this pressure, and that Endtroducing..... is some kind of albatross, and I've just honestly never felt that way. I think that I have a healthy enough respect for the lineage of the music and how rare it is that you can connect with an audience. If that will always be 'the record' then so be it, that's cool."[91] As of April 26, 2005, Endtroducing..... has sold upwards of 290,000 copies in the United States alone.[47]

1.
DJ Shadow
–
Joshua Paul Josh Davis, better known by his stage name DJ Shadow, is an American record producer and DJ. He first gained notice with the release of his acclaimed debut studio album. He has a record collection of over 60,000 records. During this period he was significant in developing the experimental hip-hop style associated with the London-based Mo Wax record label. His early singles, including In/Flux and Lost and Found, were genre-bending, merging elements of funk, rock, hip hop, ambient, jazz, soul, and used-bin found records. Andy Pemberton, a music journalist, writing for Mixmag, coined the term trip hop in June 1994 to describe Shadows In/Flux single and similar tracks being spun in London clubs at the time. He has cited Kurtis Mantronik, Steinski, and Prince Paul as influences on his sound, further claiming that lyrics were confining. His music rarely features more than short clips of voices or vocal work, during 1991-1992, DJ Shadow remixes were released on Hollywood BASIC, a short-lived rap/hip-hop subsidiary label of Hollywood Records. Also in 1992, Shadow contributed scratching and production work to Sleeping with the Enemy, early in 1993, Shadow was a part of the creation of the Solesides underground hip-hop label, in conjunction with Blackalicious and Lyrics Born. Rapper Gift of Gab is featured in the version of Count, Shadow continued to participate in releases on the Solesides label for years to come, until the label was disbanded in favor of Quannum Projects. Also in 1993, Mo Waxs James Lavelle contacted Shadow about releasing In/Flux on the fledgling imprint, the association with Mo Wax was a productive one, his tracks In/Flux and Lost and Found made their way onto some releases over the next few years. Shadow also worked with DJ Krush during this period, on a 1995 visit to the Mo Wax Studios in London, England, Shadow was recruited to perform scratches on a James Lavelle and Tim Goldsworthy mix of the Massive Attack song Karmacoma. Shadows first full-length work, Endtroducing. was released in late 1996 to critical acclaim, Endtroducing would go on to make the Guinness World Records book for First Completely Sampled Album in 2001. In November 2006 Time magazine named it one of its All-Time 100 best albums, in November 2014, automobile maker Chevrolet used a sample of DJ Shadows Building Steam With a Grain of Salt in a Chevy commercial. In 1998 Shadow released Preemptive Strike, a compilation of early singles, around 2000 he produced the score for the documentary Dark Days filmed by British director Marc Singer. This film is about a community of transients who live underground in a subway tunnel and it has six award wins in various competitions. Nearly six years after his debut album, his second album. In the same year, the movie Scratch was released to DVD with DJ Shadow appearing several times throughout the movie, a video for his track Six Days was also released in 2002, directed by Wong Kar-wai

2.
Trip hop
–
Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs, MCs, b-boys and graffiti artists grouped together into informal soundsystems, Bristols soundsystem DJs, drawing heavily on Jamaican dub music, typically used a laid-back, slow and heavy drum beat. Bristols Wild Bunch crew became one of the soundsystems to put a spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristols signature sound of trip hop. As the hip hop scene matured in Bristol and musical trends evolved further toward acid jazz and house in the late 1980s, another influence came from Gary Clails Tackhead soundsystem. Clail often worked with former The Pop Group singer Mark Stewart, produced by Adrian Sherwood, the music combined hiphop with experimental rock and dub and sounded like a premature version of what later became trip hop. In 1993, Kirsty MacColl released Angel, one of the first examples of the crossing over to pop. In the 1990s, Janet Jackson brought trip hop into the American charts with the song If, several songs on her Janet. and The Velvet Rope used this genre of music, Songs like Got Til Its Gone and You. Massive Attacks first album Blue Lines was released in 1991 to huge success in the UK, Massive Attack released their second album entitled Protection in 1994. The term trip hop was coined that year, but not in reference to anything on the Massive Attack albums, in 1993, Icelandic musician Björk released Debut, produced by Wild Bunch member Nellee Hooper. The album, although rooted in four-on-the-floor house music, contained elements of trip hop and is credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. She had been in contact with Londons underground electronic music scene and was involved with trip hop musician Tricky. Björk embraced trip hop even more with her 1995 album Post by collaborating with Tricky, homogenic, her 1997 album, has been described as a pinnacle of trip hop music. 1994 and 1995 saw trip hop near the peak of its popularity, with such as Howie B, Naked Funk. The period also marked the debut of two acts who, along with Massive Attack, would define the Bristol scene for years to come, in 1994 Portishead, a trio comprising singer Beth Gibbons, Geoff Barrow, and Adrian Utley, released their debut album Dummy. Their background differed from Massive Attack in many ways, one of Portisheads primary influences was 1960s and 1970s film soundtrack LPs, nevertheless, Portishead shared the scratchy, jazz-sample-based aesthetic of early Massive Attack, and the sullen, fragile vocals of Gibbons also brought them wide acclaim. In 1995, Dummy was awarded the Mercury Music Prize as the best British album of the year, Tricky also released his debut solo album Maxinquaye in 1995, to great critical acclaim

3.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu

4.
Preemptive Strike (album)
–
Preemptive Strike is the first compilation album by the American hip hop producer DJ Shadow, released on January 13,1998 by MoWax Recordings. The album contains singles by Shadow released by the MoWax label between 1991 and 1997, preemptive Strike was also released in Japan under the Toys Factory label, and limited to only 2,000 copies worldwide. It included two tracks not released on the U. S. version, The Number Song. It also had a different packaging and was dedicated to the memory of Paul Ballenger

5.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

6.
Midnight in a Perfect World
–
Midnight in a Perfect World is a song by American DJ and music producer DJ Shadow. It was released as the single from his debut studio album. The song peaked at number 52 on the Scottish Singles Chart, featuring a soulful vocal line and a slow drum beat, Midnight in a Perfect World is based around mournful piano sampled from the 1969 song The Human Abstract by David Axelrod. Midnight in a Perfect World was released as both a 12-inch single and CD single on September 2,1996, in January 1997, the song was released to American college and modern rock radio stations. A music video for the song, directed by B Plus, was released and gained lots of airplay on the MTV program Amp. Mo Wax — MW057 —12 and CD release FFRR / Mo Wax — 162-531084 —12 and CD release

7.
Stem (DJ Shadow song)
–
Stem is a song by DJ Shadow from his 1996 debut studio album, Endtroducing. The song reached number 9 on the Irish Singles Chart, DJ Shadows only ever top 10 hit, the album version of the song combines Stem with Long Stem. Like all other tracks on the album, Stem/Long Stem makes heavy use of sampling, below are among the samples used for the track, The first sample used in the track is sampled from the beginning of the 1969 song Love Suite by Nirvana. Vocal sample is taken from Moshitup by American hip-hop artist Just-Ice featuring fellow American hip-hop artist KRS-One, the high-pitched string samples are sampled from Variazione III by Italian psychedelic rock band Osanna. The recurring guitar and violin parts are sampled from Linde Manor by American singer-songwriter Dennis Linde, the organ sample that starts Long Stem is taken from Tears by Italian musician Giorgio Moroder, the same sample is used on another track on Endtroducing. The I could just lay right down, vocal sample is taken from Blues So Bad by American funk/soul group The Mystic Number National Bank. The parking tickets monologue which appears midway in the song is sampled from Freedom by American comedian Murray Roman, the synths that appear in the Long Stem section of the song are sampled from Oleo Strut by American electronic group Mother Mallards Portable Masterpiece Company. Stem –3,24 Long Stem –4,26 Red Bus Needs to Leave, –2,41 Soup –0,43 It has been featured in several films and on television, including, The 1997 film, Twin Town. The 1997 film, One Eight Seven, the 1999 film, Wisconsin Death Trip, originally broadcast in the UK as part of the BBCs Arena series. In Chris Morris TV series, Jam which aired on Channel 4 in 2000, an advert for a BBC television programme that aired in November 2006 called, Lock Them Up or Let Them Out. Used in the background of the ITV programme, The X Factor in series 3, a BBC World War II documentary about Saint-Nazaire that aired on 18 March 2007 called, Jeremy Clarkson, Greatest Raid of All Time. The show was repeated on the BBC on 29 June 2008, UK TV adverts for O2 and Guinness. The 2007 UK Bravo TV series, Brits Behind Bars, Americas Toughest Jail, a BBC Panorama programme in June 2007. Footballs Hardest Away Days on Bravo, an episode of the BBC One TV series, Britains Lost World that aired on June 26,2008. The trailer for 2003 film, Gothika, first semi-final of season 1 of British TV series, Britains Got Talent, during the flashback introduction for MD Productions. As background music in shows of the BBC program, Horizon. As background music for Ex Machina trailer

8.
Studio album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves

9.
Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians

10.
Music Production Center
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Akai MPCs are a popular series of electronic musical instruments originally designed by Roger Linn and produced by the Japanese company Akai from 1988 onward. Intended to function as a kind of drum machine, the MPCs drew on design ideas from machines such as the Sequential Circuits Inc. Studio 440 and the Linns own Linn 9000, combining a powerful MIDI sequencer with the ability to sample ones own sounds. A major influence to Roger Linns design was his love of rubber pads and how they could be pushed, prodded, and banged, Linn also had a passion for squares, thus, no round pads on the MPC Series. Later models feature increasingly powerful sampling, storage, interfacing and sound manipulation facilities, the original MPC60 was the first result of an alliance between Roger Linn and Akai to design products similar to those of Linn Electronics. He developed the design, including the panel layout and software/hardware specifications. He then created the software with a team of engineers, the hardware electronics were designed by English engineer David Cockerell and his team. Cockerell was a member of the synthesizer firm EMS. Shortly after the MPC60s release, the MPC60-II was designed, released in 1991, the MPC60-II offered most of the same features as the MPC60, with an added headphone output and a plastic housing replacing the original metal one. In 1994, Akai released the MPC3000, which boasted 16-bit,44 kHz sampling, 32-voice polyphony, Akai tried to save money by dropping Roger Linn, the brainchild behind the MPC, to whom they would have to pay royalties on future models. The company developed and released the MPC2000 without Linn in 1997, the MPC2000 came with 2 MB of RAM, an optional effects board, and a 100,000 note 64-track sequencer. The MPC2000 was replaced by the MPC2000XL in 2000, the MPC2000XL added an improved 300,000 note sequencer, a 64-track mixer and time-stretch and resample features. Four limited edition models of the MPC2000XL were released, in 2002 Akai unveiled the MPC4000, the most powerful MPC ever made. The MPC4000 featured 8 assignable outputs, a drive and CD-ROM drive. The MPC4000s memory could be expanded to up to 512 MB of RAM, only two years after the release of the MPC4000, Akai released the MPC1000, which was the smallest in the MPC product line at the time of its release. It was also the first MPC to utilize CompactFlash memory, both the MPC2500 and the MPC500 were added to the Akai MPC series in 2006. The MPC2500 is a mid-range MPC with 8 assignable outputs and CompactFlash storage, designed for portability, the MPC500 features 1 MIDI In/Out and CompactFlash storage, and can be powered by 6 AA batteries. At NAMM in 2012 Akai unveiled a line of controllers named the MPC Renaissance, additionally they unveiled the MPCFly, an iPad 2 and iPad controller which runs on the iPad MPCFly app, available from the Apple app store

11.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop

12.
UK Albums Chart
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The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify for the Official Albums Chart the album must be the correct length and it must be more than three tracks or 20 minutes long and not be classed as a budget album. A budget album costs between £0.50 and £3.75, additionally, various artist compilations – which until January 1989 were included in the main album listing – are now listed separately in a compilations chart. Full details of the rules can be found on the OCC website. In the 1970s the new chart was revealed at 12,45 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 1. Since October 1993 it has included in The Official Chart show from 4,00 –5,45 pm on Fridays. A weekly Album Chart show was licensed out to BBC Radio 2 and presented by Simon Mayo,2005 saw a record number of artist album sales with 126.2 million sold in the UK. In February 2015, it was announced that, due to the sales of albums and rise in popularity of audio streaming. Under the revised methodology, the Official Charts Company takes the 12 most streamed tracks from one album, the total of these streams is divided by 1000 and added to the pure sales of the album. This calculation was designed to ensure that the chart continues to reflect the popularity of the albums themselves. The final number one album on the UK Albums Chart to be based purely on sales alone was Smoke + Mirrors by Imagine Dragons, on 1 March 2015, In the Lonely Hour by Sam Smith became the first album to top the new streaming-incorporated Official Albums Chart. The most successful artists in the charts depends on the criteria used, as of February 2016, Queen albums have spent more time on the British album charts than any other musical act, followed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, U2 and ABBA. By most weeks at one, however, The Beatles lead with a total of 174 weeks. The male solo artist with the most weeks at one is Presley with a total of 66 weeks. Presley also holds the record for the most number one albums by a solo artist and most top ten albums by any artist. Madonna has the most number one albums by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the Evita film soundtrack which was a cast recording, Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queens Greatest Hits is the album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014

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Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom

14.
British Phonographic Industry
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The BPI Limited, commonly known as the British Phonographic Industry or BPI, is the British recorded music industrys trade association. Its membership comprises hundreds of companies including all three major record companies in the UK, and hundreds of independent music labels and small to medium-sized music businesses. It has represented the interests of British record companies since being formally incorporated in 1973 when the aim was to promote British music. In 2007, the legal name was changed from British Phonographic Industry Limited. It founded the annual BRIT Awards for the British music industry in 1977, the organizing company, BRIT Awards Limited, is a fully owned subsidiary of the BPI. Proceeds from both shows go to the BRIT Trust, the arm of the BPI that has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation in 1989. In September 2013, the BPI presented the first ever BRITs Icon Award to Sir Elton John, the BPI also endorsed the launch of the Mercury Prize for the Album of the Year in 1992. In September 2008, the BPI became one of the members of UK Music. The BRIT Trust is the music charity actively supporting all types of education across the entire spectrum of music. Through the projects it supports, which include Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy and the BRIT School, proceeds from the BRIT Awards and the Classic BRITs shows go to the BRIT Trust, which has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation. Opened in September 1991, the BRIT School is a joint venture between The BRIT Trust and the Department for Education and Skills, based at Selhurst in Croydon, the school is the only non fee-paying performing arts school in the UK. It teaches up to 1,100 students each year aged from 14–19 years in music, dance, drama, musical theatre, production, media and art & design. Students are from diverse backgrounds and are not required to stick to their own discipline, dancers learn songwriting. Nor do students have to work/perform in the evening to pay for the tuition, the BPI administers the Platinum, Gold and Silver awards scheme for music releases in the United Kingdom. The level of the award varies depending on the format of the release, member companies do, however, still have the option to certify titles based on shipment levels if they choose to. Since July 2014, audio streaming has also included for singles at a ratio of 100 streams equivalent to 1 unit. From June 2015, audio streams were added to album certifications, according to BPI, they would take the 12 most-streamed tracks from the standard version of an album, with the top two songs down-weighted in line with the average of the rest. The total of these streams will be divided by 1,000, additionally, personnel are also seconded to the City of London Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit top support anti-piracy operations

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Davis, California
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Davis is a city in the U. S. state of California and the most populous city in Yolo County. It had a population of 65,622 in 2010, not including the population of the University of California, Davis. The city is a suburb of Californias capital, Sacramento, Davis grew into a Southern Pacific Railroad depot built in 1868. It was then known as Davisville, named after Jerome C, however, the post office at Davisville shortened the town name simply to Davis in 1907. The name stuck, and the city of Davis was incorporated on March 28,1917, from its inception as a farming community, Davis has been known for its contributions to agricultural policy along with veterinary care and animal husbandry. The farm, later renamed the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in 1922, was upgraded into the seventh UC general campus, the University of California, Davis, in 1959. Davis is located in Yolo County, California,11 mi west of Sacramento,70 mi northeast of San Francisco,385 mi north of Los Angeles, at the intersection of Interstate 80, neighboring towns include Dixon, Winters, and Woodland. Davis lies in the Sacramento Valley, the portion of the Central San Joaquin Valley, in Northern California. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.5 square miles. 10.4 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water, the topography is flat, which has helped Davis to become known as a haven for bicyclists. The Davis climate resembles that of nearby Sacramento and is typical of Californias Central Valley Mediterranean climate regime, dry, hot summers and cool, rainy and it is classified as a Köppen Csa climate. Average temperatures range from 46 °F in December and January to 75 °F in July, thick ground fog called tule fog settles into Davis during late fall and winter. This fog can be dense with visibility to nearly zero, as in other areas of northern California, the tule fog is a leading cause of road accidents in the winter season. Record temperatures range from a high of 116 °F on July 17,1925, Davis is internally divided by two freeways, a north–south railroad, an east-west mainline and several major streets. The city is divided into six main districts made up of smaller neighborhoods, Central Davis, north of Fifth Street and Russell Boulevard. East of SR113, and west of the tracks running along G Street. Within these boundaries is the officially denoted neighborhood of Old North Davis, Downtown Davis, roughly the numbered-and-lettered grid north of I-80, south of Fifth Street, east of A Street, and west of the railroad tracks, including the Aggie Village and Olive Drive areas. East Davis, north of I-80, south of Covell Blvd. North Davis, north of Covell Blvd

16.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste

17.
University of California, Davis
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The University of California, Davis, is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. It is located in Davis, California, just west of Sacramento, the university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The Carnegie Foundation classifies UC Davis as a doctoral research university with a medical program. The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest in the United States and has ranked first in the nation for two consecutive years,2015 and 2016. The UC Davis Aggies athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I level, primarily in the Big West Conference as well as the Big Sky Conference, in its first year of full Division I status,11 UC Davis teams qualified for NCAA post-season competition. In 1905, the California legislature passed the University Farm Bill, the commission took a year to select a site for the campus, a tiny town then known as Davisville. UC Davis opened its doors as the University Farm to 40 degree students from UC Berkeley in January 1909, the Farm was established largely the result of the vision and perseverance of Peter J. Shields, secretary of the State Agricultural Society. The Peter J. Shields Library at UC Davis was named in his honor, Shields began to champion the cause of a University Farm to teach agriculture after learning that California students were going to out-of-state universities to pursue such education. After two failed bills, a law authorizing the creation of a University Farm was passed on March 18,1905, Yolo County, home to some of Californias prime farmland, was chosen as the site. A committee appointed by the Regents purchased land near Davisville in 1906, the Regents officially took control of the property in September 1906 and constructed four buildings in 1907. Short courses were first offered in 1908 and a three-year non-degree program set up in 1909, in 1911, the first class graduated from the University Farm. The Farm accepted its first female students in 1914 from Berkeley, the three-year non-degree program continued until 1923. At that time, a two-year non-degree program began, continuing until 1958, in 1922, a four-year undergraduate general academic program was established, with the first class graduating in 1926. Renamed in 1922 as the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture, by 1951 it had expanded to a size of 3,000 acres. In 1959, the campus was declared by the Regents of the University of California as the general campus in the University of California system. Davis Graduate Division was established in 1961 followed by the College of Engineering in 1962, the Law School opened for classes in Fall 1966, and the School of Medicine began instruction in Fall 1968. In a period of increasing activism, a Native American studies program was started in 1969, one of the first at a major university, it was later developed as a full department within the university. The incident drew attention and led to further demonstrations, a formal investigation

18.
KDVS
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KDVS is an American student and community radio station based in Davis, California. Featuring a freeform programming format, the station is owned by Regents of the University of California, broadcasting at 13,000 watts, it is currently one of the most powerful freeform university based radio stations in the United States. With a good enough car radio the station can be heard as far east as Lake Tahoe, a free newsletter entitled KDViationS, written and composed by the volunteer staff of the radio station, is published quarterly. The station also produces This Week in Science which is broadcast live on the station but is mostly in podcast form. KDVS is also the home of the public affairs programs Radio Parallax and Dr. Andys Poetry, in the summer of 2006, KDVS started the non-profit record label KDVS Recordings to promote independent artists in the Davis and Sacramento areas. KDVS has a long and proud history, now famous artists passed through KDVS in their early years on their way to fame. Pavement played one of their first concerts on KDVS Live in Studio A, former KDVS DJs also include DJ Shadow, Lyrics Born, Gift of Gab and Chief Xcel of Blackalicious, Steven Wynn of The Dream Syndicate, and Kendra Smith of both The Dream Syndicate and Opal. Official web site KDVS on DavisWiki. org Query the FCCs FM station database for KDVS Radio-Locator information on KDVS Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KDVS

19.
It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
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It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back is the second studio album by American hip hop group Public Enemy, released on June 28,1988, by Def Jam Recordings. Public Enemy set out to make the hip hop equivalent to Marvin Gayes Whats Going On, Recording sessions took place during 1987 at Chung King Studios, Greene St. Recording, and Sabella Studios in New York City. Noting the enthusiastic response toward their live shows, Public Enemy intended with Nation of Millions to make the music of a faster tempo than the album for performance purposes. The album charted for 49 weeks on the US Billboard 200, by August 1989, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, for shipments of one million copies in the United States. The album was well received by music critics, who hailed it for its production techniques. Since its initial reception, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back has been regarded by music writers, Public Enemys 1987 debut album Yo. However, the continued to tour and record tirelessly. On the day that Yo. Bum Rush the Show was released, we was already in the trenches recording Nation of Millions, as said by Chuck, our mission was to kill the Cold Gettin Dumb stuff and really address some situations. Years of saved-up ideas, noted Chuck, were compiled into one focussed aural missile, Public Enemy began making the album at Chung King Studios in Manhattan but ran into conflicts with engineers prejudiced against hip hop acts. The group resumed recording at Greene St. Recording where they were more comfortable, initially, the engineers at Greene Street were also apprehensive about the group but eventually grew to respect their work ethic and seriousness about the recording process. Recorded under the working title Countdown to Armageddon, the group decided on It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back instead. The material was recorded in 30 days for an estimated $25,000 in recording costs, the album was completed in six weeks. It was aggressive, race-against-the-clock teamwork, taking chances in sound, when the group began planning the second album, the songs Bring the Noise, Dont Believe the Hype, and Rebel Without a Pause had already been completed. The latter track was recorded during the groups 1987 Def Jam tour, Chuck D later said of his contribution to the track, Flavors timing helped create almost like a band rhythm. Terminator X, the groups DJ/turntablist, also incorporated a significant element to the track, the group was satisfied with its sound after having removed the bass from his section of the track. According to Chuck D, Hank Shocklee made the last call when songs were completed, Hank would come up with the final mix because he was the sound master. Hank is the Phil Spector of hip-hop and he was way ahead of his time, because he dared to challenge the odds in sound. This was also one of the details which Chuck felt to be unique to the time, once hip-hop became corporate, they took the daredevil out of the artistry

20.
Public Enemy (group)
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Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called them the most influential and radical band of their time, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Public Enemy number 44 on its list of the Immortals,100 Greatest Artists of All Time, the highest ranking for a hip hop act. The group was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007, the band were announced as inductees for the 2013 class of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on December 11,2012, making them the fourth hip-hop act to be inducted. Carlton Ridenhour and William Drayton met at Long Islands Adelphi University in the early-1980s. M. C. Chuck D put out a tape to promote WBAU and to fend off a local MC who wanted to battle him. He called the tape Public Enemy #1 because he felt like he was being persecuted by people in the local scene and this was the first reference to the notion of a public enemy in any of Chuck Ds songs. The single was created by Chuck D with a contribution by Flavor Flav, around 1986, Bill Stephney, the former Program Director at WBAU, was approached by Ali Hafezi and offered a position with the label. Stephney accepted, and his first assignment was to help fledgling producer Rick Rubin sign Chuck D, according to the book The History of Rap Music by Cookie Lommel, Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed black youth. With the addition of Flavor Flav and another local mobile DJ named Terminator X, according to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the First World, represents that the black man can be just as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that were not third-world people, were people, were the original people. Public Enemy started out as opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latters Licensed to Ill popularity, and in 1987 released their debut album Yo. Bum Rush the Show. Over the next few years, Public Enemy released It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Fear of a Black Planet, and Apocalypse 91… The Enemy Strikes Black. In addition to ushering in the age of hip hop, during this time, Public Enemy reached the height of their popularity, adulation. The group then separated from Def Jam and has since been producing, marketing. Their debut album, Yo. Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim, the album was the groups first step toward stardom. In October 1987, music critic Simon Reynolds dubbed Public Enemy a superlative rock band, Nation of Millions. was the first hip hop album to be voted album of the year in The Village Voices influential Pazz & Jop critics poll. In 1989, the returned to the studio to record Fear of a Black Planet. The album was supposed to be released in late 1989, but was pushed back to April 1990 and it was the most successful of any of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress. Fight the Power is regarded as one of the most popular and it was the theme song of Spike Lees Do the Right Thing

21.
Hollywood Records
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Hollywood Records, Inc. is an American record label of the Disney Music Group. The label focuses in pop, rock, alternative, hip hop, the label also releases Marvel Studioss soundtrack and compilation albums in conjunction with Marvel Music. At the time, the company was limited to the release of soundtracks from Touchstone, lawyer Peter Paterno was the first president of the label, until his resignation in 1993 because of the divisions lackluster sales. In 1997, Disney acquired Mammoth Records, in order to get a record label that could succeed. However, the acquisition of Mammoth was a failure and the label was closed and integrated to Hollywood in 2003. In 1998, the decided to form Buena Vista Music Group, integrating the operations of Walt Disney Records along with Hollywood, Lyric Street, Mammoth. Bob Cavallo, former manager of Earth, Wind & Fire and Prince was appointed as chairman of the group and this movement looked to organize the music operations of the company under a more integrated direction. The launch of Duffs career represents a new model for the record, utilising the synergies around the company, including important outlets like Disney Channel, Radio Disney. Duffs albums released under Hollywood proved to be successful including 2004s Hilary Duff. Their musical careers proved that the label had become a success, the label also continued to release soundtracks from films and TV shows, mainly those derived from Marvel Studios productions. In 2010, Hollywood absorbed the operations of country music label Lyric Street Records. In 2011, Queen left EMI for Universal-owned Island Records, with Hollywood continuing to remain the groups North American music distributor. In January 2012, after 14 years of a successful tenure, Bob Cavallo retired as chairman of the Group, since 2013, Hollywood Records also uses the brand name DMG Nashville to specialize in country music. The genre label was founded to provide music licensing for Bigger Picture Music Group, after Bigger Pictures closure in 2014, DMG Nashville released its first studio album, Lucy Hales Road Between. Hollywood Basic was Hollywood’s short-lived hip-hop subsidiary, run by Dave Funkenklein and it also released Shadows Legitimate Mix on the B-side of a single by the group Zimbabwe Legit in 1992. Although the BASIC Beats Sampler confirmed its release date for April 1992, other notable releases came from Organized Konfusion, its challenging second album, Stress, The Extinction Agenda, was widely acclaimed. The label was home of Charizma and Peanut Butter Wolf, although, following the shooting death of Charizma in 1993. This would later inspire Peanut Butter Wolf to found Stones Throw Records in order to make this music available, acts on Hollywood BASICs roster included Charizma and Peanut Butter Wolf, Lifers Group, Organized Konfusion, Raw Fusion, Hi-C, and Zimbabwe Legit

22.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website

23.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure

24.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis

25.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements

26.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers

27.
Mixmag
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Mixmag is a British electronic dance and clubbing magazine, published in London, England. Launched in 1982, the magazine covers events, and reviews music. The first issue was printed on 1 February 1983 as a 16-page black-and-white magazine published by Disco Mix Club, the first cover featured American music group Shalamar. When house music began in the 1980s editor and DJ Dave Seaman turned the magazine from a newsletter for DJs to a magazine covering all dance music, Mixmag, in association with its original publishing company, DMC Publishing, released a series of CDs under the Mixmag Live heading. The magazine, which reached a circulation of up to 70,000 copies during the height of the popularity of house, was later sold to EMAP Ltd. in the mid-1990s. After a dip in sales in 2003, it was bought by Development Hell. In 2007, Nick DeCosemo became editor, in 2001, the magazine teamed up with Virgin Records to release a double album titled B. g Tunes. In 2012, the The Guardian collaborated with Mixmag on a survey of British drug taking habits, official website Mixmag discography at Discogs Geoghegan, Kev. Mixmag Celebrates 25 Years of Clubbing

28.
Dan the Automator
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Daniel M. Nakamura, better known by the stage name Dan the Automator, is an American hip hop producer. He founded the record label 75 Ark, which was distributed by Tommy Boy Records during its short existence, Nakamura, a classically trained violinist, started DJing when he was a teenager. He first gained fame producing Kool Keiths 1996 album Dr. Octagonecologyst, nakamuras studio, dubbed The Glue Factory, was a recording workshop for DJ Shadow, Latyrx and other artists on the Solesides label. Alongside Prince Paul, Nakamura formed the collaborative project Handsome Boy Modeling School in 1999, in 1999, he joined with Del tha Funky Homosapien and Kid Koala to form Deltron 3030. He also produced Gorillazs debut album and is one half of Got a Girl. Among his other current projects, he formed a band Crudo with Mike Patton and this list does not include singles, remixes or instrumental album versions. Music To be Murdered By A Better Tomorrow A Much Better Tomorrow Wanna Buy a Monkey. Dan the Automator Presents 2K7 Dr. Octagonecologyst When I Was Born for the 7th Time Scream 2, Music from the Dimension Motion Picture Bombay the Hard Way, Guns, XTRMNTR Deltron 3030 Gorillaz Music to Make Love to Your Old Lady By Hey You. Ruckus Christmas Remixed White People Decadence Peeping Tom Naturally The Love Album West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum Chuckles and Mr. Squeezy Colour of the Trap Velociraptor

29.
Technics SL-1200
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Technics SL-1200 is a series of turntables originally manufactured from October 1972 until 2010, and resumed in 2016, by Matsushita under the brand name of Technics. S means Stereo, L means Player, when the use of slip-mats for cueing and beat-mixing became popular in hip hop music, the quartz-controlled high torque motor system enabled records to be mixed with consistency and accuracy. Since its release in 1978, SL-1200MK2 and its successors were the most common turntable for DJing and scratching, producers, DJs and MCs refer to the Technics turntable as the Tec 12s, Wheels of Steel, and Ones & Twos. Technics 1200s are commonly used in recording studios and for live music performance. More than 3 million units were sold and it is widely regarded as one of the most durable and reliable turntables ever produced. Many 1970s units are still in heavy use, in the autumn of 2010, Panasonic announced that the series was to be discontinued. However, at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, Panasonic announced that they would return in two models named Grand Class, one a run of 1200 globally, and the other a consumer product. A lighter and less expensive 1200GR model was announced, at the London Science Museum, a Technics SL-1210 is on display as one of the pieces of technology that have shaped the world we live in. SL-1200 features include, Magnetic, direct drive mechanism, high torque, which means the platter spins at the desired speed almost immediately, and rapidly reacquires the desired speed, without overshooting, if the platter is dragged or nudged. Low wow and flutter, implying that the platter stays within 1/100 of 1% of the desired speed, heavy base, and increased isolation of platter from base, reduced the likelihood of feedback or stylus jumping. Variable pitch control, allowing the speed to be adjusted from -8% to +8%. High reliability, many examples of SL-1200s lasting well over 15 years of heavy use, s-shaped tone arm, No longer popular on high end hi-fi turntables. It was dubbed The Middle Class Player System and it was delivered in two different versions, The SL-1200 came with a tonearm section. The SL-120 came without a tonearm section, an SME tonearm was the usual choice for the audiophile. MK2 models The SL-1200 Mark 2 was introduced in 1979 as an update to the SL-1200 and it represented a culmination of Technics Turntable Innovations. It was dubbed as The Middle Class Quartz Direct Drive, model numbers indicated colour, the 1200 and 1210. This was the same in the US and Japan initially, however later the 1200 was available in silver and matte black finishes. SL-1200MK2 came in silver and matte black

30.
ADAT
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Alesis Digital Audio Tape or ADAT is a magnetic tape format used for the recording of eight digital audio tracks onto a Super VHS tape that is used by consumer VCRs. The product was announced in January 1991 at the NAMM convention in Anaheim, the first ADAT recorders shipped over a year later in February or March 1992. More audio tracks could be recorded by synchronizing up to 16 ADAT machines together and this capability and its comparatively low cost, originally introduced at $3995, were largely responsible for the rise of project studios in the 1990s. Several versions of the ADAT machine were produced, the original ADAT and the ADAT XT recorded 16 bits per sample. A later generation of machines - the XT-20, LX-20 and M-20 - supports 20 bits per sample, all ADAT machines use the same high quality S-VHS tape media. Tapes formatted in the older Type I style can be read and written in the modern machines. Later generations record at two sample rates, the 44.1 kHz and 48 kHz rates commonplace in the audio industry, although the original Blackface could only do 48 kHz. All models allow pitch control by varying the rate, and thus tape speed accordingly. With locate points it was possible to store sample exact positions on tape, using Auto Play and Auto Record functions made it possible to drop in recording at exact points, rather than relying on human ability to drop in at the right place. ADAT machines could be controlled externally with the Alesis LRC, which could be attached to the ADAT with a 1/4 tip/sleeve plug, and featured the transport controls and most commonly used functions. Alternatively the BRC could be used, which included more features which the stand-alone ADAT did not have, such as song naming, more locate points. ADAT is a format, and while it has been replaced by the computer-based digital audio workstation. It is also still in use for work, and to drive laser light shows. ADAT tapes are available through some pro audio retailers with products from Maxell. HHB who used to them, now no longer have stock. Many still use the ADAT as a simple I/O for transfer of analog to digital signals, ADAT is also currently used as an abbreviation for the ADAT Lightpipe protocol, which transfers 8 tracks in a single fiber optic cable. The ADAT cable standard is no longer tied to ADAT tape machines. One of the benefits of utilizing ADAT versus S/PDIF or AES3 was that a single cable could carry up to eight channels of audio

31.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H

32.
Scratch (2001 film)
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Scratch is a 2001 documentary film, directed and edited by Doug Pray. Throughout the documentary, many artists explain how they were introduced to hip-hop while providing stories of their personal experiences, in the first chapter, Grand Wizard Theodore explains the differences between rap and hip-hop, which are often confused. He explains that graffiti, breakdancing, DJing, MCing, afrika Bambaataa presents a neighborhood in the Bronx which used to be called the house of hip-hop where violence and gangs were common. The importance of the DJ is shown by how he or she selects, the relation and differences between DJs and MCs are explained, going through their roles in the music industry. Artists such as DJ Jazzy Jay, Grand Mixer DXT, Almighty K. G. Kevie Kev, Dot A Rock, in the second chapter, Mix Master Mike shares his first experience with scratch through the 1984 Grammy Awards with Herbie Hancock & Grand Mixer DXT. This is the evolution of a new hip-hop transmitted from DJs to DJs, DJ QBert explains how turntables function, describing each part. When Mix Master Mike scratched with DJ QBert, they used their scratching to communicate together and they describe it as an art and a form of intelligence. Other artists describe the popularity it had in the 1980s amongst youth in parties, many of them achieved fame through their talent in battles. Some of them made the existence of the DJ without the MC possible and this chapter features DJ Marz, DJ Eddie Def, DJ Cue, DJ Quest, Billy Jam, Dave Paul, DJ Relm, DJ Flare, DJ Shadow, Apollo, and Rob Swift. This section describes the beginning of turntablism, which involves the manipulation of the turntable, DJ Babu was the first to describe this method using this term. He believes that the turntable can be a musical instrument “as long as you see it as. ”Babu explains that turntables have notes, measures, different beats, timing, an interview with John Carluccio presents the method used to communicate compositions by transcribing scratching onto paper. Battling became popular as a result of Steve Dee’s attitude that there is room for improvement. Each competitor works on their set and practices their routine for months beforehand, scratching, like each of these elements, draws from all the others. By definition, scratching does not stand still, as Steve Dee puts it, Hip-hop is asking you a question, and that question is, what are you going to do. Discussing the ways that battling shapes his art and profession, Dee confesses, if its drawing a straight line, I wanna draw the straightest line. This concept of competition does not keep turntablists apart, rather, they make a point of working together, sharing ideas, encouraging one another, and going on record digging jaunts. DJ Shadow leads the camera through a basement so stuffed with records that he can walk through. Several scenes show artists playing with one another, Mix Master Mike and DJ Qbert, Shadow and Cut Chemist working with Steinski, the fifth chapter of the film explores the art of producing beats and examines the future of the DJ industry

33.
Psychedelic music
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Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles. Dechronicization permits the user to move outside of conventional perceptions of time. Depersonalization allows the user to lose the self and gain an awareness of undifferentiated unity, dynamization, as Leary wrote, makes everything from floors to lamps seem to bends, as familiar forms dissolve into moving, dancing structures. Music that is truly psychedelic mimics these three effects, a number of features are quintessential to psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with a fondness for the sitar and tabla are common. Songs often have disjunctive song structures, key and time signature changes, surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired, lyrics are often used. There is often an emphasis on extended instrumental segments or jams. There is a strong presence, in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron. In the 1960s there was a use of electronic instruments such as early synthesizers. Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer-generated beats, R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley. There was already a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians. One of the first musical uses of the term psychedelic in the scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles, soon musicians began to refer to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the folk, folk rock and rock scenes

34.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end

35.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982

36.
Lyrics Born
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Tsutomu Tom Shimura, better known by his stage name Lyrics Born, is a Japanese-American rapper and producer. He is one half of the duo Latyrx with Lateef the Truthspeaker, through his childhood, Shimura lived in Tokyo, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Berkeley, California. He changed his name from Asia Born to Lyrics Born in 1995 citing the desire to have his career based on his merits as opposed to his ethnicity. His first studio album, Later That Day, was released on Quannum Projects in 2003. I’ll sit there and write a rhyme, like I’ll write a line or two and then break up who’s gonna say what, and he’ll write a line or two and we’ll break up who’s gonna say what. Lyrics Born Later That Day Everywhere at Once As U Were Real People Latyrx The Album The Second Album Remix albums Same. M

DJ Shadow
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Joshua Paul Josh Davis, better known by his stage name DJ Shadow, is an American record producer and DJ. He first gained notice with the release of his acclaimed debut studio album. He has a record collection of over 60,000 records. During this period he was significant in developing the experimental hip-hop style associated with the London-based M

1.
DJ Shadow in 2007

Trip hop
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Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs,

1.
Massive Attack, a British trip hop group that helped bring the genre to mainstream success in the 1990s

2.
Tricky, a major trip hop artist

3.
Björk, an artist who has often incorporated trip hop in her music

Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select th

1.
Alan Parsons in an ESO 50th anniversary video.

2.
A Danish recording session

3.
Mixing Console

Preemptive Strike (album)
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Preemptive Strike is the first compilation album by the American hip hop producer DJ Shadow, released on January 13,1998 by MoWax Recordings. The album contains singles by Shadow released by the MoWax label between 1991 and 1997, preemptive Strike was also released in Japan under the Toys Factory label, and limited to only 2,000 copies worldwide. I

1.
Preemptive Strike

Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Ty

1.
45 rpm single record

Midnight in a Perfect World
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Midnight in a Perfect World is a song by American DJ and music producer DJ Shadow. It was released as the single from his debut studio album. The song peaked at number 52 on the Scottish Singles Chart, featuring a soulful vocal line and a slow drum beat, Midnight in a Perfect World is based around mournful piano sampled from the 1969 song The Human

1.
Endtroducing.....

2.
DJ Shadow (left) with Mo' Wax label head James Lavelle

3.
The Akai MPC60 sampler was used heavily in the production of Endtroducing.....

Stem (DJ Shadow song)
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Stem is a song by DJ Shadow from his 1996 debut studio album, Endtroducing. The song reached number 9 on the Irish Singles Chart, DJ Shadows only ever top 10 hit, the album version of the song combines Stem with Long Stem. Like all other tracks on the album, Stem/Long Stem makes heavy use of sampling, below are among the samples used for the track,

1.
"Stem"

Studio album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The au

1.
Early record albums were packages of 78 RPM records in book form

2.
Two vinyl records with inner and outer album sleeves

3.
A blank compact cassette tape and case

4.
A compact disc within an open 'Jewel Case'

Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the d

1.
DJ Premier looking for samples he can use

2.
Girl Talk Producing Sample-Based Music Live

Music Production Center
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Akai MPCs are a popular series of electronic musical instruments originally designed by Roger Linn and produced by the Japanese company Akai from 1988 onward. Intended to function as a kind of drum machine, the MPCs drew on design ideas from machines such as the Sequential Circuits Inc. Studio 440 and the Linns own Linn 9000, combining a powerful M

1.
An AKAI MPC2000 sampler

2.
Akai MPC2000XL

Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire su

1.
1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973

2.
DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists

3.
Grandmaster Flash

4.
Afrika Bambaataa (left)

UK Albums Chart
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The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify f

1.
The Official Albums Chart logo, as introduced by the Official Charts Company in October 2011

Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments

1.
A gold record for The Beatles ' Hey Jude

2.
Gold record presented to Artie Schroeck for his arrangement on " Can't Take My Eyes Off You ", 1967

British Phonographic Industry
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The BPI Limited, commonly known as the British Phonographic Industry or BPI, is the British recorded music industrys trade association. Its membership comprises hundreds of companies including all three major record companies in the UK, and hundreds of independent music labels and small to medium-sized music businesses. It has represented the inter

1.
A gold certification for Eric Clapton 's album August.

Davis, California
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Davis is a city in the U. S. state of California and the most populous city in Yolo County. It had a population of 65,622 in 2010, not including the population of the University of California, Davis. The city is a suburb of Californias capital, Sacramento, Davis grew into a Southern Pacific Railroad depot built in 1868. It was then known as Davisvi

1.
Downtown Davis

2.
Logo

3.
Part of the UC Davis Arboretum.

4.
Bikes in front of the Davis Amtrak station.

Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in

1.
An 1896 issue of Billboard

2.
Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).

University of California, Davis
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The University of California, Davis, is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. It is located in Davis, California, just west of Sacramento, the university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of

1.
Early creamery and horticulture buildings, University Farm

2.
University of California, Davis

3.
The Silo Union, one of the original buildings

4.
A view of Mrak Hall from the arboretum

KDVS
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KDVS is an American student and community radio station based in Davis, California. Featuring a freeform programming format, the station is owned by Regents of the University of California, broadcasting at 13,000 watts, it is currently one of the most powerful freeform university based radio stations in the United States. With a good enough car rad

1.
KDVS Picnic Day Float

2.
Academics

It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
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It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back is the second studio album by American hip hop group Public Enemy, released on June 28,1988, by Def Jam Recordings. Public Enemy set out to make the hip hop equivalent to Marvin Gayes Whats Going On, Recording sessions took place during 1987 at Chung King Studios, Greene St. Recording, and Sabella Studi

1.
It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back

Public Enemy (group)
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Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called them the most influential and radical band of their time, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Public Enemy number 44 on its list of the Immortals,100 Greatest Artists of All

1.
Public Enemy performing at the Southbound Festival (2011)

2.
Public Enemy at Vegoose in 2007. From left: DJ Lord, Chuck D, and Flavor Flav.

Hollywood Records
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Hollywood Records, Inc. is an American record label of the Disney Music Group. The label focuses in pop, rock, alternative, hip hop, the label also releases Marvel Studioss soundtrack and compilation albums in conjunction with Marvel Music. At the time, the company was limited to the release of soundtracks from Touchstone, lawyer Peter Paterno was

2.
Hollywood Records

AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first r

1.
AllMusic's logotype and logo (since July 2013)

Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-

1.
George Clinton and Parliament Funkadelic in 2006

2.
James Brown, one of the founding fathers of funk

3.
George Clinton and P-Funk All Stars, Long Beach 2009

Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usu

1.
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).

2.
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for Jailhouse Rock in 1957

3.
Chubby Checker in 2005

4.
The Beach Boys performing in 1964

Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrh

1.
Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.

4.
In the late 18th-century painting The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.

Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights

1.
James Brown

2.
Al Green, influential soul performer

3.
Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966

4.
Isaac Hayes performing in 1973

Mixmag
–
Mixmag is a British electronic dance and clubbing magazine, published in London, England. Launched in 1982, the magazine covers events, and reviews music. The first issue was printed on 1 February 1983 as a 16-page black-and-white magazine published by Disco Mix Club, the first cover featured American music group Shalamar. When house music began in

1.
August 2009 cover of Mixmag

Dan the Automator
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Daniel M. Nakamura, better known by the stage name Dan the Automator, is an American hip hop producer. He founded the record label 75 Ark, which was distributed by Tommy Boy Records during its short existence, Nakamura, a classically trained violinist, started DJing when he was a teenager. He first gained fame producing Kool Keiths 1996 album Dr. O

1.
Nakamura performs at a Handsome Boy Modeling School concert

Technics SL-1200
–
Technics SL-1200 is a series of turntables originally manufactured from October 1972 until 2010, and resumed in 2016, by Matsushita under the brand name of Technics. S means Stereo, L means Player, when the use of slip-mats for cueing and beat-mixing became popular in hip hop music, the quartz-controlled high torque motor system enabled records to

ADAT
–
Alesis Digital Audio Tape or ADAT is a magnetic tape format used for the recording of eight digital audio tracks onto a Super VHS tape that is used by consumer VCRs. The product was announced in January 1991 at the NAMM convention in Anaheim, the first ADAT recorders shipped over a year later in February or March 1992. More audio tracks could be re

1.
An ADAT XT 8-channel digital audio recorder

3.
BRC (Big Remote Control) Master ADAT Controller

4.
LRC (Little Remote Control)

Sacramento, California
–
Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and econom

Scratch (2001 film)
–
Scratch is a 2001 documentary film, directed and edited by Doug Pray. Throughout the documentary, many artists explain how they were introduced to hip-hop while providing stories of their personal experiences, in the first chapter, Grand Wizard Theodore explains the differences between rap and hip-hop, which are often confused. He explains that gra

1.
Promotional movie poster

Psychedelic music
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Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles.

1.
Timothy Leary, a major advocate of the use of LSD in the 1960s, photographed in 1989.

2.
Donovan in 1965

3.
Steve Winwood of Traffic.

Heavy metal music
–
Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding mu

1.
Judas Priest, performing in 2005

2.
Enid Williams from Girlschool and Lemmy from Motörhead singing "Please Don't Touch" live in 2009. The ties that bind the two bands started in the 1980s and are still strong today.

3.
Ritchie Blackmore, founder of Deep Purple and Rainbow, known for the neoclassical approach in his guitar performances

4.
King Diamond, known for writing conceptual lyrics about horror stories

Metallica
–
Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett

1.
Metallica in London in 2008. From left to right: Kirk Hammett, Lars Ulrich, James Hetfield and Robert Trujillo.

2.
Metallica during the Damaged Justice tour

3.
Ulrich, pictured in London in 2008, led the case against Napster.

4.
Robert Trujillo, pictured in London in 2008, was announced as Metallica's new bassist on February 24, 2003.

Lyrics Born
–
Tsutomu Tom Shimura, better known by his stage name Lyrics Born, is a Japanese-American rapper and producer. He is one half of the duo Latyrx with Lateef the Truthspeaker, through his childhood, Shimura lived in Tokyo, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Berkeley, California. He changed his name from Asia Born to Lyrics Born in 1995 citing the desire to have

1.
One of the first popular alternative rock bands, R.E.M. relied on college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.

2.
Kim Gordon and Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth

3.
Robert Smith of The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative, gothic rock, and college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".

4.
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and Krist Novoselic with Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.