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In the shadow of butrint albania

1.
from the field
Butrint, Albania
In the Shadow of Butrint
By Oliver Gilkes and Valbona Hysa
B
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v olu me 53, n umber 3 e xpedi ti o n
Members of the 2011 Summer School excavated at Butrint.
One of these villas is the subject of the current excavations and also the location of the annual Albanian Heritage
Foundation’s field training school, generously supported by
the Packard Humanities Institute in collaboration with the
Butrint Foundation. This year the school was attended by
Albanian undergraduates from Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia,
and, as a result of collaboration with the American University
of Rome, the United States. The Summer School started in
2000 and was run by foreign specialists; now it is directed by
its Albanian alumni.
Oliver J. Gilkes and Valbona Hysa
utrint is a place of contrasts. The main archaeological site with its forum and public buildings—described by Virgil as “Lofty Buthrotum
on the height”—is shrouded in trees, and is the
haunt of exotic birds, butterflies, and woodland life. Just across the Vivari Channel that connects Lake
Butrint to the deep blue Ionian Sea lie the flat grasslands of the
Vrina Plain, a savannah roamed by fierce beasts—shepherd
dogs which are descendants of the Molossian hunting dogs of
antiquity.
This Albanian site has been the subject of extensive archaeological investigation over the past decade. Here the town
meets countryside, with remains that span the 1st to 13th centuries AD. Examination of soil columns from the Vrina Plain,
originally part of the once much more extensive Lake Butrint,
reveals a complex history: successive episodes of open water,
subsequent marsh formation, followed by forest, succeeded by
marsh once again, and finally a thick layer of alluvial silts due
to periodic flooding of the lake. It was this rather uncertain
tract that was chosen by Emperor Augustus’s engineers to be
the core of the colony laid out after 31 BC.
This landscape was reclaimed and transformed into plots of
land by Roman land surveyors, who also built a half-mile long
bridge connecting this area to the town; beside the bridge, an
aqueduct took sweet water from a distant spring into the city.
By AD 150 the settlement and streets gradually coalesced into
a series of large townhouses, villas, and monumental cemeteries along the water frontage.

2.
Oliver J. Gilkes and Valbona Hysa
This is not the first villa to be examined at Butrint. Like the
other villas excavated by the Butrint Foundation, it was situated on a shoreline. Here, though, instead of uncovering the
grand residential rooms, the Summer School has concentrated
upon areas that were used for agricultural and productive
activities.
A geophysical survey revealed the extent of the property,
stretching back from the Vivari Channel and demarcated to the
south by an elaborate ditch system. This villa almost certainly
belongs to the age of Nero (1st century AD), when he oversaw
major investment in this region, as well as in areas further to
the south in Greece. Several seasons have been spent examining the northern part of this complex where a sequence of
rustic buildings were found, including a detached bath house
along the eastern side of an open yard, which may have been
used by estate workers. Like all the properties in the shadow
of the town, building occurred at regular intervals throughout
the 2nd century until the early 3rd century AD after which, as
elsewhere at Butrint, there was a significant economic downturn. Several service buildings were abandoned and later reemployed for a family burial cult; a substantial mausoleum
Above, an aerial view of the site shows the students’ hard work
in the Roman villa remains. Top, Lake Butrint can be seen in the
background in this photo of the summer 2011 excavations.
was constructed, which faced a massive stone platform, itself
most likely having a funerary function. A gold coin from the
4th century AD—a solidus of Constantine II—was recovered
from a grave cut into the surface of the platform. Creating a
cult center for family burial rites is a phenomenon well known
from a number of Italian sites, from Imperial villas to the
w w w .p e nn.m us e um /e xp e dit io n
35

3.
oliver gilkes is a consulting archaeologist for the Butrint
Foundation and works for Andante Travels in the UK.
valbona hysa is the director of the Butrint Summer
School with the Albanian Heritage Foundation at Tirana.
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v olu me 53, n umber 3 e xpedi ti o n
Oliver J. Gilkes and Valbona Hysa
Above, old funerary inscriptions
were reused and set into the
floor to provide ad-hoc paving.
Inside room F a marble grave
stone was found with an
inscription in Greek that can be
translated as “Noble Gall[os]—
He lived 40 years—Farewell.”
Right, this bronze reliquary
cross depicts the Virgin Mary.
The inscription is translated
as Meter Theou or Mother of
God. Below, the solidus of
Constantine II dates to 317–337
AD and weighs 4.46 g. The
obverse and reverse sides of
the coin are shown here.
farms of the country gentry. It is a sign of confidence in
the establishment of a dynasty and family tradition. The
mausoleum was modeled on a small temple, with freestanding columns, a portico, and a high central chamber
to accommodate several sarcophagi and tombs. During
the 200–300 years of its life, burials were inserted into
almost every nook and cranny.
In 2011 we also excavated a building on the southern
side of the yard. This was a barn-like structure, with a
portico and substantial doorway leading into what was
originally the yard. With the building of the mausoleum,
the portico and entrance were blocked off, closing access
as well as the view onto the funerary space, though the
building itself continued in use. After AD 235 a small
wine processing facility with a pressing floor was created
in its southeast corner, where plentiful remains of dolia,
the gigantic storage jars normally partially buried, were
found.
Thanks to its agrarian activities the villa certainly continued a rather precarious existence during the troubled
span of the 4th century AD and, as elsewhere on the
Vrina Plain, there was a modest revival in the 5th century
with some rebuilding. However, evidence of 6th century
burials within rooms of the building—some of which
cut through walls—made it clear that here as elsewhere
at Butrint, the villa was deserted after nearly 500 years of
occupation.
This prominent shoreline ruin was to have a distinguished afterlife. A medieval rubbish dump from the
11th or 12th century contained fragments of high-quality
glazed dishes from the Peloponnese, a decorated bronze
reliquary cross, and other objects that may denote an
aristocratic dwelling and family church. Another such
property including a chapel was excavated to the west a
few years ago. It is likely that the two sites shared a similar
history until the 13th century. At this time, a period of
flooding forced occupants to flee the Vrina Plain for the
walled town of Butrint. The Vrina Plain became a marshy
expanse and remained unaltered until the communist
government drained it in the 1960s.

4.
The forum pavement was unearthed more
than 3 m (10 ft) below the surface in Trench
17. The well and building (above) date to the
6th century AD.
The Refuse of Urban History
Excavating the Roman Forum at Butrint
By David R. Hernandez
David R. Hernandez
F
or at least eight centuries, Roman
generals marched in triumphal celebrations through the forum Romanum, the
central town square of ancient Rome, to
display to their fellow citizens booty and
prisoners captured in military campaigns. The Roman
Empire was a system built on the pursuit of plunder.
The irony, of course, is that at no time in human history, with the exception of the modern age, was there
such a degree of capital investment in urban infrastructure throughout the cities of the Mediterranean as there
was during the time of the Roman Empire, especially
in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. This was due, in large
part, to Julius Caesar, who initiated an unprecedented
colonization program across the Mediterranean. As
part of that plan, Caesar organized settlers from Rome
Work during the 2011 season focused on the east side of the Roman Forum.
w w w .p e nn.m us e um /e xp e di t io n
37

5.
Above, students clean the forum pavement and record the well dating to
the 6th century AD. Left,the Medieval house (left) and Late Antique public
building (right) are located above the forum pavement in Trench 16.
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v olu me 53, n umbe r 3 e xpedi ti o n
David R. Hernandez
to colonize the city of Buthrotum (later Butrint) against the
wishes of Cicero and his intimate friend Atticus, who lived
at this prosperous seaport on the Ionian Sea. The colonists
ultimately arrived at Buthrotum in July 44 BC, two months
after Caesar’s assassination. Two thousand years later, in June
2011, an archaeological research expedition in the UNESCO
World Heritage Site of Butrint in southern Albania unearthed
massive pavement slabs and structures belonging to the city’s
ancient Roman forum, which the colonists had built to replicate the town square of their imperial capital.
Funded by the University of Notre Dame and the American
Philosophical Society, the excavations are redefining the
urban history of Butrint. Unlike Pompeii in Italy, where sterile volcanic deposits rest directly above the ruins of the Roman
city of AD 79, the ancient urban center of Butrint is buried
deep beneath a multitude of deposits rich in cultural material, the remnants of thousands of years of human settlement.
Excavation trenches, dug as deep as 5 m (about 16 ft), allowed
us to peer, as if through a window, into the city’s historical
transformation from the 5th century BC to modern times. The
sequence of buildings and the sections of earth running from
the bottom to the top of the trench tell a story of human and
environmental actions which have buried the ancient city in
tens of thousands of tons of earth and debris. The sheer quantity and array of material evidence generated by the excava-

6.
David R. Hernandez
Wesley Wood, a student from the
University of Notre Dame, touches the
forum pavement after its discovery in
Trench 17. Below, the Medieval house with
a masonry-built hearth and burials dating
to the late 6th century AD were found in
Trench 16.
tions required a team of 40 individuals from eight countries, who worked together on site to help piece together
the story of the city’s complex urban development.
My project co-directors, Richard Hodges (Penn
Museum) and Dhimitër Çondi (Albanian Institute of
Archaeology), and I had been mulling over a topographical issue since 2005 when we discovered the Roman
forum at Butrint. After exposing the western and northern edges of the forum, we spent years speculating what
dimensions the forum might have had and whether
the eastern side of the forum preserved the same pavement slabs as the western side. Now, six years after its
discovery, we had assembled a team to locate the eastern extent of the forum and thereby reveal its complete
topographical layout in the city. In an instant, after a
month of intense excavation, this long-standing topographical problem was resolved when Tori Osmani, one
w w w .p e nn.m us e um /e xp e di t io n
39

7.
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v olu me 53, n umbe r 3 e xpedi ti o n
The silver coin of doge
Andrea Contarini dates
to AD 1368–1382.
Beneath the layer of large yellow ceramic roof tiles, the
ground was burned and it was clear that the timber roof came
crashing down while the house was in use. Complete ceramic
vessels were recovered from the earthen floor of the house.
Large amounts of wheat were recovered from the burned
deposits of the earthen floor, using an archaeobotanical system of water floatation. In addition to wheat, we found barley,
peas, legumes, and olives. These botanical remains constitute
the first physical evidence for the dietary staples of the Butrint
region in this period. The presence of food, especially in such
quantities, shows that the house was in use when it became
engulfed in flames. A masonry hearth paved with thick rectangular tiles built into the northwestern corner of the house
indicated that we were excavating the kitchen area.
Three silver coins minted in Venice were discovered on
the floor of the house. One was a soldino of doge Andrea
Contarini—the elected leader of the Venetian Empire—dating to AD 1368–1382. Coin and pottery evidence dates the
David R. Hernandez
of the most skilled Albanian workmen,
pushed his hand through thick mud
and touched the cold surface of the
stone pavement, shouting out “dysheme!” (doo-shuh-may), the word
for “pavement” in Albanian.
The forum’s dimensions turned
out to be 20 x 70 m (65 x 236 ft),
much larger than anyone had imagined. The fact that almost all the
stone slabs of the paved space remain
in place after 2,000 years is remarkable.
It is one of the best preserved forums in the
provinces of the Roman Empire. Its excellent
state of preservation is due to its violent end. An
earthquake in the 4th century AD severely damaged
the buildings around its perimeter and more significantly
led to the inundation of the forum. In an attempt to reoccupy
the space, the forum was backfilled after the earthquake in
order to raise the level of the ground above the water table.
The discovery of a public building of the 5th century AD and
later of other buildings and a well from the 6th century show
that the area continued in active use until the late 6th century,
when burials begin to appear in what was formerly an urban
environment. The dramatic downward shift of the city might
have been the result of the Bubonic plague, a pandemic which
spread across Europe during the reign of Justinian shortly
after the mid-6th century.
The urban center of Butrint was later reoccupied in
Medieval times. One of the most exciting discoveries from the
Late Medieval period was that of a large house, the first of its
kind to be excavated at Butrint. We unearthed the northern
side of the house, which measured more than 8.5 m (28 ft)
across the trench. Built on a foundation of large boulders,
the earth-bonded walls were made of small limestone blocks,
which were reused masonry fragments from ancient Roman
buildings. Patrick Conry, one of four students from the
University of Notre Dame who participated in the excavation,
found a Late Antique column fragment imbedded in the walls
of the building. When we removed the debris of fallen walls,
we found that the entire roof of the building had collapsed
within the house.

9.
building to the late 14th or 15th century, which coincides
with the acquisition of Butrint by the Republic of Venice in
1386. The house was destroyed in the 16th century, during a
time of intense conflict at Butrint between the Venetians and
Ottomans. The exact context of the destruction of the house
remains unclear. However, it is significant that the house was
never rebuilt and that the destruction debris was never cleared.
The destruction of this grand house which stood in the town’s
historic center might be linked to the capture of Butrint in
1537 by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who used Butrint
as a base to attack the Venetians at Corfu.
The most fascinating discovery occurred on the very last
day of the excavation. Three Albanian workmen—brothers
Petrit, Alfred, and Preni from the Tanushi family—descended
barefoot and covered in mud into the very bottom of Trench
16, 1.5 m (5 ft) below the forum pavement. As Catholic minorities in a predominantly Muslim country, these workmen live
in Shën Deli, one of the poorest villages in southern Albania.
Carrying pick axes and shovels, they were ready to excavate
deposits not seen since the remotest times of classical antiquity. Having worked with me on the excavations at Butrint for
years, they are skilled and experienced workers who regularly
tackle the most difficult work on site.
On this occasion, they were digging through thick dark
mud 2.4 m (8 ft) below the water table when they encountered an unexpected deposit. It consisted predominantly
of stones and was brimming with cultural material,
particularly pottery sherds and animal bones. Some
of the pottery sherds were from wine amphorae imported
from Corinth (Greece) in the 5th century BC. Many of the
animal bones were found burned and broken. Murex shells
and remains of marine life soon appeared in quantity amidst
the stones. Although we were digging below the center of the
Roman city, we had actually encountered the rocky coastline of
the Classical Greek city of the 5th and 4th centuries BC.
It occurred to me that the pottery and animal bones were
the remains of ancient trash which had been heaped on the
coast by the inhabitants of the ancient city. Almost instantly,
my mind raced back to an experience I had when I first excavated in Albania nearly a decade ago. I remembered when I set
out on a trail to get away from the smell of burning trash in the
village only to come upon a gigantic pile of trash on the beach,
which to my astonishment had been used by the villagers as a
dump site. The beauty of archaeology is that it forces one to
see new dimensions of human history, in this case that trash
is perhaps a better measure of urbanism than monumental
buildings or statues. Under a gray sky and intermittent claps
of thunder, we sifted through this ancient trash and rocky rubble. Shortly before dusk, we discovered the numinous face of a
goddess figurine from the 4th century BC.
david r. hernandez is the director of the Butrint
Archaeological Research Project and Assistant
Professor in the Department of Classics at the
University of Notre Dame.
David R. Hernandez
The face of a goddess figurine,
discovered on the last day of
excavation, dates to the 4th
century BC.
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