'America needed Pearl Harbor': The history that led to devastating attack

Seventy-five years ago, on December 7, 1941, war came to a remote Pacific outpost, and forced an isolationist nation to rise as a global superpower.
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Three U.S. battleships are hit from the air during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Japan's bombing of U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbor brings the U.S. into World War II.(Photo: AP)

It was whaling, sugar and pineapples that first brought Pearl Harbor to America’s attention.

At the whaling industry’s peak in 1846, nearly 800 whaling vessels made port calls in the Hawaiian Islands, mostly U.S.-flagged ships, according to Navy history and heritage command. The Navy was ordered to send regular patrols around the islands to protect the commercial whaling ships from pirates or rival nations.

The impact on Hawaii, an exotic land where natives farmed and fished for centuries, was dramatic. Ship repair facilities cropped up, and Honolulu and Lahaina became bustling towns catering to hungry, thirsty and sometimes rowdy sailors. Bakeries, laundries, carpenter shops, blacksmiths and boarding houses sprang up overnight, according to a Navy history command account of those years.

“Business was booming,” said Guy Nasuti, a Navy historian.

Just when it seemed the growth would never stop, it did. The discovery of oil in 1859 in Pennsylvania devastated the whaling industry, since the need for whale oil for lamps and other uses drove much of the demand. The Civil War then devastated what was left of the fleet. The Confederate ship Shenandoah pursued Yankee whaling ships into the farthest reaches of the Pacific, successfully sinking many of them, in an effort to knock the air out of the Union economy.

By the late part of the 19th century, Hawaii’s whaling boom was over.

But Washington didn’t lose interest in using Hawaii as a toehold in the Pacific.

The Civil War may have helped kill the whaling industry, but it provided Hawaii with another economic opportunity and America with another chance at getting a Pacific port. The North’s boycott of Southern sugar led to an expansion in imports from Hawaii, helping to make sugar plantation owners rich. Pineapples would emerge as Hawaii’s second-largest export crop.

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In this Dec. 7, 1941 photo sailors stand among wrecked airplanes at Ford Island Naval Air Station as they watch the explosion of the USS Shaw in the background, during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
US Navy, AP

A small boat rescues a seaman from the USS West Virginia burning in the foreground in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, after Japanese aircraft attacked the military installation, Dec. 7, 1941. More than 2,300 U.S. service members and civilians were killed in the strike which brought the United States into World War II.
US Navy, AP

In this photo provided by the U.S. Navy, burning oil from shattered fuel tanks turn parts of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, into a sea of flame, Dec. 7, 1941. Barely visible through the smoke are a damaged U.S. battleship and the capsized USS Oklahoma.
US Navy, AP

This US Navy file image shows the USS California burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
Seventy-five years after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,403 Americans, a group of forensic scientists in Hawaii is still working to identify the remains of the dead. A jumble of skulls, bones and teeth deemed unidentifiable in the years following the devastating attack are now being linked to missing sailors and Marines, thanks to advances in DNA testing.
US Navy, AFP/Getty Images

This US Navy file image shows the USS California burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
Seventy-five years after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,403 Americans, a group of forensic scientists in Hawaii is still working to identify the remains of the dead. A jumble of skulls, bones and teeth deemed unidentifiable in the years following the devastating attack are now being linked to missing sailors and Marines, thanks to advances in DNA testing.
US Navy, AFP/Getty Images

A small boat rescues a USS West Virginia crew members from the water after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Two men can be seen on the superstructure, upper center. The mast of the USS Tennessee is beyond the burning West Virginia.
AP

Ships burn after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
The USS Arizona went down entombing 1,177 crew members. Seventy-five years after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,403 Americans, a group of forensic scientists in Hawaii is still working to identify the remains of the dead. A jumble of skulls, bones and teeth deemed unidentifiable in the years following the devastating attack are now being linked to missing sailors and Marines, thanks to advances in DNA testing.
US Navy, AFP/Getty Images

The hull of the capsized USS Oklahoma is seen at right as the battleship USS West Virginia, center, begins to sink after suffering heavy damage, while the USS Maryland, left, is still afloat in Pearl Harbor.
U.S. Navy via AP

U.S. Navy sailors stand among wrecked airplanes at Ford Island Naval Air Station as they watch the explosion of the USS Shaw in the background, during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
U.S. Navy via AP

At about the same time, Washington was growing more interested in establishing a more robust naval presence in the Pacific. Hawaii was a natural choice.

Maj. Gen. John Schofield and Brevit Brigadier Gen. B.S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii in 1873 aboard the USS California on a secret mission “to examine the defensive capabilities and potential commercial facilities of the Hawaiian Islands,” the Navy history said.

“With one exception there is no harbor on the islands that can be made to satisfy all the conditions necessary for a harbor of refuge,” Schofield wrote. “This exception is the harbor of the ‘Ewa’ or ‘Pearl River.’ ”

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Two years later, the United States and Hawaii signed a “reciprocity treaty” allowing Hawaii to export sugar to the United States duty-free in return for a pledge that Hawaii would not lease the Pearl River inlet to any other country.

Naturally, the sugar barons put pressure on King Kalakaua to sign the treaty. In return, the United States got what it viewed as access to a well-defended port in the Pacific.

After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii and, in the years following, “began to look more seriously at the need for an American military presence in the Pacific,” the Navy history said.

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Pearl Harbor again emerged at the center of America’s Pacific ambitions.

In testimony before the House of Representatives, Schofield said Pearl Harbor would be an ideal harbor for a modern navy, said Steve Twomey, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who wrote Countdown to Pearl Harbor: The Twelve Days to the Attack.

“You have to define modern navy in the era before airplanes,” Twomey said in an interview.

The harbor was sheltered with a narrow approach, which made it easily defendable from attacking ships. That terrain feature would, of course, become a vulnerability, as the fleet was bottled up and getting out meant navigating a narrow channel.

In the early years of the 20th century, Pearl Harbor remained more of an outpost than the major naval base it would become in the years leading up to World War II, Twomey said. The islands had no oil or coal, and U.S. ships did not make it a permanent base. “Everything the Navy needed had to be imported from the West Coast,” Twomey said.

It was a high point for the Navy and American global power. President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the Great White Fleet, consisting of 16 battleships, to circumnavigate the globe in 1907. Among the young officers participating in the cruise was Adm. Husband Kimmel, who would be commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet when Pearl Harbor was attacked more than three decades later.

The base expanded gradually during the early part of the 20th century. By 1911, the channel to Pearl Harbor had been dredged enough to allow large vessels to navigate it, according to the Navy history. The USS California was the first deep-draft ship to navigate the channel.

A coaling station, Marine barracks, an ammunition magazine, hospital and submarine base were soon added, the Navy history said.

By 1940, Washington was worried about Japan, which was growing more militaristic and expansionist. Again, Pearl Harbor was the answer.

Roosevelt, a former assistant Navy secretary, was fascinated by the sea service and didn’t hesitate to involve himself in the minutest details of naval policy. “Roosevelt saw himself as a naval expert,” Twomey said.

The arrival of the Pacific Fleet brought Pearl Harbor to a new level. “The fighting strength of Pearl Harbor was at its peak,” Twomey said.

Pearl Harbor was also congested. It would take hours to get the entire fleet out to sea in the case of an attack.

It was a vulnerability that didn’t go unnoticed by some commanders. “All you had to do was drive down here when the fleet was all in,” Army Lt. Gen. Walter Short said, according to Countdown to Pearl Harbor. “There was too little water for the number of ships.”

Not long afterward came the devastating attack.

But Pearl Harbor’s history didn’t end on Dec. 7, 1941. The base remained a major supply facility for the Pacific theater during World War II and later served as a logistics hub for the wars in Korea and Vietnam.

In 2010, the airfield and port were merged to create Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, and in recent years the Pentagon has said it plans to refocus on the Pacific as the U.S. troop levels in Iraq and Afghanistan declined and concerns about China grew.

“America needed Pearl Harbor,” Nasuti said, referring to the years leading up to World War II.

It still does.

This article was originally published on Dec. 3, 2016.

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Five Japanese midget submarines were used in the attack on Pearl Harbor. They had an operating temperature of 135 degrees Fahrenheit. This sub is now on display at the National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredericksburg, Texas﻿.
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