Cassini Peeks Below Titan's Clouds

Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release

2004 October 27

Early analysis of images and other data captured during last night's close
flyby of Saturn's moon Titan by the Cassini spacecraft reveals greater surface
detail than ever before and shows that Titan has lost much of its original
atmosphere over time.

"Titan has incredible diversity," said Dr. Dennis Matson, project scientist for
the Cassini-Huygens mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
Calif. "We are glad that we have a full complement of instruments on this
spacecraft because it is going to take all of them to reveal the story of
Titan."

Pictures from the imaging cameras and the visual and infrared mapping
spectrometer show a complex interplay between dark and bright material on
Titan's surface. The surface appears to have been shaped by multiple geologic
processes. Although a few circular features can be seen, none can be
definitively identified as impact craters.

"We are seeing features and patterns on the surface, and there are processes
creating these patterns, and that gives us something to chew on for a while,"
said Dr. Carolyn Porco, team leader for the imaging team, Space Science
Institute, Boulder, Colo. "We can't figure out what the features are, but they
are intriguing. This is an environment we have never seen before. It is a very
different place and it will take some time to unravel and piece it all
together."

Cassini scientists were intrigued that the spacecraft's ion and neutral mass
spectrometer found that Titan's atmosphere has more of the heavy isotope of
nitrogen, compared to the lighter form. They believe that when nitrogen
molecules rose to the top of the atmosphere, the lighter form was swept away
with greater efficiency than the heavier form.

Eleven of Cassini's 12 instruments were on during the flyby. Ten instruments
returned data successfully. Engineers are working on a software glitch that
caused the composite infrared spectrometer to malfunction. The team is
confident that subsequent flybys of Titan will allow them to collect any data
not gathered last night.

Cassini swooped down to within 1,174 kilometers (730 miles) of Titan during the
close encounter. During the flyby, ground controllers were not in contact with
the spacecraft, because it was turned away from Earth to make its observations.
The signal was re-acquired as expected at 9:25 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time
yesterday (6:25 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time).

Titan holds great fascination because it is the only known moon in the solar
system to have an atmosphere. That murky atmosphere may be similar to that
which existed on Earth before life formed. Cassini will become a frequent
visitor to Titan, with 44 more targeted flybys planned during the mission. In
addition, its piggybacked Huygens probe, built and managed by the European
Space Agency, will be released on Christmas Eve for a descent into Titan's
atmosphere.

"A major goal of this flyby was to measure the properties of Titan's atmosphere
to see if our models to simulate the Huygens entry and descent are accurate,
and to assess the feasibility of subsequent flybys at the 950 kilometer
altitude [590 miles]," said Dr. Earl Maize, Cassini deputy program manager at
JPL. "Preliminary data from last night's flyby are consistent with current
predictions."

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European
Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a
division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the
Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington,
D.C.