Screen time is a modern term for the amount of time a person spends looking at a screen such as a television, computer monitor, or mobile device. Excessive screen time is linked to negative health consequences.[2][3][4][5]

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Over the last hundred years, there has been a large shift from manual labor jobs (e.g. farming, manufacturing, building) to office jobs which is due to many contributing factors including globalization, outsourcing of jobs and technological advances (specifically internet and computers). In 1960, there was a decline of jobs requiring moderate physical activity from 50% to 20%, and one in two Americans had a physically demanding job, while in 2011 this ratio was one in five.[6] From 1990 to 2016, there was a decrease of about one third in manual labor jobs/employment.[7] In 2008, the United States American National Health Interview Survey found that 36% of adults were inactive, and 59% of adult respondents never participated in vigorous physical activity lasting more than 10 minutes per week.[8] According to a 2018 study, office based workers typically spend 70-85% sitting.[9]

Effects of a sedentary work life or lifestyle can be either direct or indirect. One of the most prominent direct effect of a sedentary lifestyle is an increased BMI leading to obesity. A lack of physical activity is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.[10]

At least 300,000 premature deaths, and $90 billion in direct healthcare costs are caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyle per year in the US alone.[11] The risk is higher among those that sit still more than 5 hours per day. It is shown to be a risk factor on its own independent of hard exercise and BMI. People that sit still more than 4 hours per day have a 40 percent higher risk than those that sit fewer than 4 hours per day. However, those that exercise at least 4 hours per week are as healthy as those that sit fewer than 4 hours per day.[12][13]

Indirectly, an increased BMI due to a sedentary lifestyle can lead to decreased productivity and increased absenteeism from necessary activities like work.[14] Missing work and not being productive results in obvious short term and long term effects like less income and job security.

A sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity can contribute to or be a risk factor for:

As a response to concerns over health and environmental issues, some organizations have promoted active travel, which seeks to promote walking and cycling as safe and attractive alternatives to motorized transport.[27] Additionally, some organizations have implemented exercise classes at lunch, walking challenges among co-workers, or allowing employees to stand rather than sit at their desk during the workday. Workplace interventions such as alternative activity workstations, sit-stand desks, promotion of stair use are among measures being implemented to counter the harms of sedentary workplace environments.[28] A Cochrane systematic review published in 2016 concluded that "at present there is very low quality evidence that sit-stand desks can reduce sitting at work at the short term. There is no evidence for other types of interventions." Also, evidence was lacking on the long term health benefits of such interventions.[29][needs update] Similarly a recently published review concluded that interventions aimed at reducing sitting outside of work were only modestly effective.[30] Organizations may also offer cholesterol or blood pressure screenings to employees.[31]

Workplace initiatives are practices and programs sponsored by employers to promote employee health, and in turn, reduce insurance costs for the employer. Multiple studies have been done on the effectiveness of healthy workplace initiative programs. Programs can be focused on either weight reduction, or prevention of further weight gain and may include a wide variety of methods such as health care screenings, smoking cessation programs, discounted gym/fitness memberships, ergonomic controls (standing desks, ergonomic keyboards), wellness classes, providing healthy food at meetings and employee events, stocking vending machines with healthy options, and surgical intervention. Due to the wide variety of work environments, and inconsistent habits and lifestyles of individuals across different workplaces, these studies have not been conclusive regarding the effectiveness of these type of programs on BMI.[32] However, other associations have been linked between workplace initiatives and outcomes such as increased work productivity or a decrease in the amount of sick days.[33]

^Olds, T.; Ridley, K.; Dollman, J. (2006). "Screenieboppers and extreme screenies: The place of screen time in the time budgets of 10–13 year-old Australian children". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 30 (2): 137–142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2006.tb00106.x. PMID16681334.

^Parker-Pope, T. (2011). Less Active at Work, Americans Have Packed on Pounds.https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/less-active-at-work-americans-have-packed-on-pounds/

^The State of American Jobs (2016). http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/1-changes-in-the-american-workplace/

^(2017). Paid Sick Leave and Risks of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among Adult Workers in the USA. International journal of environmental researchand public health, 14(10),
1247. doi:10.3390/ijerph14101247

Lying is the most common position while being immobilized, e. g. in bedrest while sleeping or being struck by injury or disease. When lying, the body may assume a variety of shapes. The following are the basic recognized ones, lying on the back with the face up. Prone, lying on the chest with the face down, lying on either side, with the body straight or bent/curled forward or backward. The fetal position is lying or sitting curled, with close to the torso. When medical professionals use this term to describe the position of a patient, for example, the right lateral decubitus would mean that the patient is lying on his or her right side. Left lateral decubitus position would mean that the patient is lying on his or her left side, another example is angina decubitus chest pain while lying down. In radiology, this implies that the patient is lying down with the X-ray being taken parallel to the horizon. Even though most patients in hospitals spend most of their time in the hospital beds, preterm labor with threatened miscarriage remains one of the few conditions for which bedrest remains a standard treatment.

It is a cause of thrombosis. Nap Stuempfle, K. and D. Drury, the Physiological Consequences of Bed Rest. Journal of Exercise Physiology online 10, 32-41

In cultural anthropology, sedentism simply refers to the practice of living in one place for a long time. As of 2017 the majority of people belong to sedentary cultures, sedentism means living in groups permanently in one place. It was only in locations where the resources of several major ecosystems overlapped that the earliest non-agricultural sedentism occurred. For example, people settled where a river met the sea, at lagoon environments along the coast, at river confluences, or where flat savanna met hills, and mountains with rivers. Sedentism usually meant more people, sturdier houses, new tools, more jewelry, burials or cemeteries, more long-distance goods. At sedentary sites usually more people lived together for a time compared to earlier base camp sites or annual gathering sites. This created deeper cultural layers and thus generally richer archaeological materials, there are indications that the use of rock art is connected to sedentism, both pre-agricultural and agricultural forms.

In archaeology a number of criteria is necessary for the recognition of either semi or full sedentism, according to Israeli archaeologistOfer Bar-Yosef, they are as follows,1. Increasing presence of organisms benefit from human sedentary activities, e. g. House mice Rats Sparrows 2. Cementum increments on mammal teeth Indications that hunting took place in winter and summer 3. In the Levant, the Natufian culture was the first to become sedentary at around 12000 BC, the Natufians were sedentary for more than 2000 years before they, at some sites, started to cultivate plants around 10000 BC. The Jōmon culture in Japan, which was primarily a coastal culture, was sedentary from c.12000 to 10000 BC, in northernmost Scandinavia, there are several early sedentary sites without evidence of agriculture or cattle breeding. 5300-4500 BC and are all located optimally in the landscape for extraction of major resources, e. g. the Lillberget Stone Age village site, the Nyelv site. In northern Sweden the earliest indication of agriculture occurs at previously sedentary sites, 2700-1700 BC, famous for its large caches of long distance traded flint axes from Denmark and Scania.

The evidence of agriculture at that site can be seen from c.2300 BC. Not all contemporary sites during a period were sedentary. Evaluation of habitational sites in northern Sweden indicates that less than 10 percent of all the sites around 4000 BC, were sedentary, at the same time, only 0. 5-1 percent of these represented villages with more than 3-4 houses. The shift to sedentism is coupled with the adoption of new subsistence strategies, the development of sedentism led to the rise of population aggregation and formation of villages and other community types

Sitting is a basic human resting position. The body weight is supported primarily by the buttocks in contact with the ground or an object such as a chair seat. The torso is more or less upright, Sitting for much of the day may pose significant health risks, and people who sit regularly for prolonged periods have higher mortality rates than those who do not. The form of kneeling where the thighs are near horizontal and the buttocks rest on the heels, for example as in Seiza, the most common ways of sitting on the floor involves bending the knees. One can sit with the legs unbent, using something solid as support for the back or leaning on ones arms, Sitting with bent legs can be done with the legs mostly parallel or by crossing them over each other. The position is known in several European languages as tailor style, from the traditional working posture of tailors and it is named after various plains-dwelling nomads, in American English Indian style, in many European languages Turkish style, and in Japanese agura.

In yoga it is known as sukhasana, most raised surfaces at the appropriate height can be used as seats for humans, whether they are made for the purpose, such as chairs and benches, or not. While the buttocks are nearly always rested on the surface, there are many differences in how one can hold ones legs. There are two styles of sitting on a raised surface. The first has one or two of the legs in front of the person, in the second, sitting astride something. The feet can rest on the floor, or on a footrest and they can dangle if the seat is sufficiently high. Legs can be right to the front of the body, spread apart. The upper body can be upright, recline to either side or backwards. There are many seated positions in various traditions and rituals, four examples are, Seiza correct sitting is a Japanese word which describes the traditional formal way of sitting in Japan. A related position is kiza, which differs in the tops of the feet being raised off the ground, Vajrasana is a yoga posture similar to seiza.

The lotus position involves resting each foot on the thigh so that the soles of the feet face upwards. The Burmese position, named so because of its use in Buddhist sculptures in Burma, the heels are pointing toward pelvis or upward, and toes are pointed so that the tops of the feet lie on the ground. This looks similar to the cross legged position, but the feet are not placed underneath the thigh of the next leg, one foot is placed in front of the other

Sloth is one of the seven capital sins. One definition that may be given to sloth is habitual disinclination to exertion, views concerning the need for one to work to support society and further Gods plan and work suggest that, through inactivity, one invites the desire to sin. For Satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do, in the Philokalia, the word dejection is used instead of sloth, for the person who falls into dejection will lose interest in life. Laziness is considered unbecoming in many traditional customs, the demon Belphegor is often associated with sloth. It is one of the five hindrances in Buddhism, the word sloth is a translation of the Latin term acedia and means without care. Spiritually, acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein they became indifferent to their duties, in his Summa Theologica, Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as sorrow about spiritual good and as sluggishness of the mind which neglects to begin good.

Is evil in its effect, if it so oppresses man as to him away entirely from good deeds. When bad men combine, the good must associate, else they fall, one by one. Unlike the other sins, which are sins of committing immorality. It may arise from any of the capital vices, for example. While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin and cognitively, the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world, for the people in it, or for the self. Acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world, from tristitia, asserted Gregory the Great, there arise malice, cowardice, despair. Acedia in Chaucers view is thus the enemy of every source, Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body, taking no care for its day-to-day provisions, but slows down the mind, halting its attention to matters of great importance. Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a source of humans undoing. According to Peter Binsfelds Binsfelds Classification of Demons, Belphegor is the demon of the sin Sloth.

Although, as defined above, sloth is more akin to apathy and inactivity, many English speakers narrow it to mean simple laziness, while he is wiser than seven sensible men in his own eyes. His household becomes a real ruin and he falls prey to his ″want″ coming like a person and in the end to poverty. The sluggard will share this fate with the persons, with dreamers that ″watch the wind″ or ″regard the clouds″

The agency changed names before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946, Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. Among its 369 employees, the jobs at CDC were originally entomology. In CDCs initial years, more than six and a million homes were sprayed. In 1946, there were only seven officers on duty. Under Joseph Walter Mountin, the CDC continued to advocate for health issues. In 1947, the CDC made a payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase, the benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, the mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U. S.

Public Health Service was transferred to the CDC in 1957, shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred to the CDC from PHS, and in 1963 the Immunization program was established. It became the National Communicable Disease Center effective July 1,1967, the organization was renamed the Center for Disease Control on June 24,1970, and Centers for Disease Control effective October 14,1980. An act of the United States Congress appended the words and Prevention to the name effective October 27,1992, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition. Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness

Worldwide there has been a large shift towards less physically demanding work. This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a prevalence of labor saving technology in the home. At least 31% of the population does not get sufficient physical exercise. This is true in almost all developed and developing countries, some experts refer to sitting as the new smoking because of its negative effects on overall health. These exercise trends are contributing to the rates of chronic diseases including, heart disease, stroke. Active transport has been found to be related to obesity in Europe, North America. Thus exercise has been associated with a decrease in mortality, one of the causes most prevalent in the developing world is urbanization. Physical inactivity is increasing or high among many groups in the population including, young people, studies in children and adults have found an association between the number of hours of television watched and the prevalence of obesity. A2008 meta analysis found that 63 of 73 studies showed a rate of childhood obesity with increased media exposure.

Another cause in the case of children is that activity in activities from self-propelled transport, to school physical education. Noncommunicable diseases, partly due to a lack of exercise, are currently the greatest public health problem in most countries around the world. Each year at least 1.9 million people die as a result of physical inactivity, australian children between 1961 and 2002 have had a marked decline in their aerobic fitness. Obese people are active than their normal weight counterparts. In Canada,27. 0% of sedentary men are obese as opposed to 19. 6% of active men, lean people are more fidgety than their obese counterparts, this relationship is maintained even if normal weight people eat more or the obese person loses weight. National data indicates that only 10% of Canadian youth are meeting the guideline for screen time of less than 2 hours per day. As well, although 2/3 of families live close enough for their children to bike or walk to school, only 1/3 report actually walking to school and 80% report never having cycled to school.

A study from China found urbanization reduces daily energy expenditure by about 300–400 kcal, a rapid decline in physical activity has occurred between the 1980s and the 2000s. The decline in activity is attributed to increasing technology in the workplace

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death, other concerns include fear of death, anxiety, grief, emotional pain, sympathy, solitude, or saudade. The potential for an afterlife is of concern for some humans, the word death comes from Old English deað, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauthuz. This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the Process, when a person has died, it is said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the person is a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away. The terms carrion and carcass can be used, though more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of decease, as in the deceased. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologismcremains, senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age.

Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfishTurritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian, unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day, physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event, conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs, in general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise definition of death becomes more difficult.

The concept of death is a key to understanding of the phenomenon. There are many approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends, determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death

Sitting is a basic human resting position. The body weight is supported primarily by the buttocks in contact with the ground or a horizontal object such as a chair seat. The torso is more or less upright. Sitting for much of the day may pose significant health risks, and people who sit regularly …

Television, sometimes shortened to tele or telly, is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in colour, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a television set, a television program, or the medium …

Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store in 2008.

The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)

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Evolution of mobile phones, to an early smartphone

Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on 3 April 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007.

Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in terminal injury. In most …

Simple living encompasses a number of different voluntary practices to simplify one's lifestyle. These may include, for example, reducing one's possessions, generally referred to as minimalism, or increasing self-sufficiency. Simple living may be characterized by individuals being satisfied with …

In cultural anthropology, sedentism is the practice of living in one place for a long time. As of 2018, the majority of people belong to sedentary cultures. In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, sedentism takes on a slightly different …

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Lack of physical education is the inadequacy of the provision and effectiveness of exercise and physical activity within modern education.When physical education fails to meet its goals of providing students with the knowledge base, life habits, and mindset necessary to be physically active …

A physical education class for secondary students in Havana, Cuba.

Elementary students playing with a parachute in their physical education class in Leland, North Carolina, USA.

Lying, also called recumbency or prostration, or decubitus in medicine, is a type of human position in which the body is more or less horizontal and supported along its length by the surface underneath. Lying is the most common position while being …

Worldwide there has been a large shift towards less physically demanding work and a more sedentary lifestyle. This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a greater prevalence of labor saving technology in the home, and less active recreational pursuits. At least 31% …

Increases in sedentary behaviors such as overuse of electronics may lead to a decrease of physical activity

Graph showing the trend in the proportion of the U.S. population which reported no leisure-time physical activity, 1988 - 2007.

Human factors and ergonomics is the application of psychological and physiological principles to the design of products, processes, and systems. The goal of human factors is to reduce human error, increase productivity, and enhance safety …

Ergonomic evaluation in virtual environment

Physical ergonomics: the science of designing user interaction with equipment and workplaces to fit the user.

A mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold and operate in the hand. Typically, any handheld computer device will have an LCD or OLED flatscreen interface, providing a touchscreen interface with digital buttons and keyboard or physical buttons along with a …

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. Non-polar solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon lipid molecules that do not dissolve in water, including fatty acids, waxes, sterols …

Active mobility, active travel, active transport or active transportation, is a form of transport of people and sometimes goods, that only uses the physical activity of the human being for the locomotion. The most known forms of active mobility are walking or cycling, though other mobility means …

The urban bicycle, one of the most spread and known vehicle for active mobility

Sloth is one of the seven capital sins. It is the most difficult sin to define, and to credit as sin, since it refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. One definition is: a habitual disinclination to exertion …

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The Merneptah Stele. While alternative translations exist, the majority of biblical archaeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," representing the first instance of the name in the historical record.

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