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10 Changes in Literature More secular, less religious Focused on “Ideals”: ideal ruler, gentleman, state Use of vernacular Wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects

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12 Northern Renaissance Ideas of the Renaissance Spread north to France, England, and Flanders (modern-day Benelux area) They spread as a result of scholars and students as well as trade and war.

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13 Comparison between Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance Because of a lack of middle class, monarchs and nobles were patrons of the arts instead of merchants More interested in religious/Christian themes, ideas and values However, like the Italian Renaissance, they still valued individualism and classical learning (Greek and Roman works)

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16 Northern Renaissance Writing Humanism-focus on human potential and achievements belief that human was good versus sinful Shakespeare- English, wrote in vernacular, drew from the classics Rabelais- French, wrote in vernacular, believed humans were essentially good. Sir Thomas More - English, wrote in Latin, put to death Erasmus – Dutch, wrote in Latin, strongly Christian even though he makes fun on the church, believed in Christianity of the heart. Chaucer – English, wrote in vernacular, his most famous work Canterbury Tales is about a pilgrimage to a sacred shrine.

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17 The Printing Press Printing occurred in China and Korea first Inventor and Printer Johann Gutenberg was first in Western Europe The Bible was the first book printed

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18 Effects of the Printing Press With the invention of the printing press: Increase in the number of books (and use of vernacular), so books were less expensive Encouraged literacy and learning New ideas spread quickly People formed their own opinions about religion (people had a Bible to read)

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19 End of the Renaissance Ushered in the “Modern Era” The belief in the dignity and worth of the individual played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideals A spirit of inquiry (questioning) was present and influenced religion (Reformation), exploration (Age of Exploration), science and politics (Enlightenment)